cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symmetry and Condensed Matter Physics: A Computational Approach

Unlike existing texts, this book blends for the first time three topics in physics - symmetry, condensed matter physics and computational methods - into one pedagogical textbook. It includes new concepts in mathematical crystallography; experimental methods capitalizing on symmetry aspects; non-conventional applications such as Fourier crystallography, color groups, quasicrystals and incommensurate systems; as well as concepts and techniques behind the Landau theory of phase transitions. Adopting a computational approach to the application of group theoretical techniques to solving symmetry related problems, it dramatically alleviates the need for intensive calculations usually found in the presentation of symmetry. Writing computer programs helps the student achieve a firm understanding of the underlying concepts, and sample programs, based on Mathematica, are presented throughout the book. Containing over 150 exercises, this textbook is ideal for graduate students in condensed matter physics, materials science, and chemistry. Solutions and computer programs are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521828451.
The Discovery of the J Particle

The study of the interaction of light with matter is one of the earliest known subjects in physics. An example of this can be found in the Mo Tsu [1] (the book of Master Mo, Chou Dynasty, China, 4th century B.C.). In the 20th century, many fundamentally important discoveries in physics were made in connection with the study of light rays. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to W. C. Rontgen in 1901 for his discovery of X-rays.
Contexts of International Politics: The norm of decolonization

Moral acceptance of rights (especially rights that are valued and supported, and not just respected in the form of constraints) may call for systematic departures from self-interested behavior. Even a partial and limited move in that direction in actual conduct can shake the behavioral foundations of standard economic theory. Amartya Sen (1987, p. 57) Introduction Decentralized norms are supra-national structures that cut across boundaries. Not just national governments but many other forces combine to maintain them and keep them effective. They are in the most basic sense of the word a context within which states act. They are interesting structures because, pace power structures a la Waltz (1979), they cannot be reduced to any state attribute, but are the result of domestic political factors, the spread of ideas, and the formation of non-governmental pressure groups. The decolonization norm is one such structure. This norm stipulates that colonies and dependent territories have a right to self-determination and eventually to political independence. By 1980 the norm is virtually uncontested, signaled by the fact that the whole topic is considered primarily in historical terms. Around 1800 politicians, philosophers, and peoples created it under the auspices of the American and French Revolutions. The notion of self-determination for Caucasian settled colonies and the idea of nation -staies combined had by 1980 conquered the whole world. Throughout the nineteenth century the norm of decolonization developed, notably in Great Britain, for European-settled colonies such as New Zealand and Australia.
Estimating the Location of Brodmann Areas from Cortical Folding Patterns Using Histology and Ex Vivo MRI

The human cerebral cortex can be parcellated into a mosaic of microscopically (i.e., architectonically) definable areas based on localizable and more or less pronounced changes in the laminar distribution of neuronal cell bodies (cytoarchitecture) and/or intracortical myelinated fibers (myeloarchitecture) (Brodmann K (1909) Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Groshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig; Vogt (J Psychol Neurol 18:107–118, 1911); von Economo C (1929) The cytoarchitectonics of the human cerebral cortex. Oxford University Press, London; Sarkissov S, Filimonoff I, Kononova IP, Preobrazenskaja NS, Kukueva L (1955) Atlas of the cytoarchitectonics of the human cerebral cortex. Medgiz, Moscov). The most famous of these parcellations is the one proposed by Korbinian Brodmann (1909) Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Groshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig) a century ago. Most current imaging studies of the human cortex report the location of effects as a “Brodmann area” (BA). Although these attributions are common, they are not typically accompanied by any rigorous statistical analysis of the uncertainty associated with the localization. More commonly researchers identify Brodmann areas based on an ad hoc assessment of the location of interest relative to surrounding folding patterns. This approach is problematic as (1) there is no means to rigorously test the uncertainty of the localizations, and (2) until recently, little has been known about the relationship between the Brodmann areas and the cortical folds. In this chapter, I discuss methods for using imaging and computational tools to more accurately localize Brodmann areas, as well as to quantify the uncertainty associated with the localization. This includes the use of ultra-high-resolution ex vivo MRI, the geometry of cortical folding patterns, and the minimum interior distance that axonal fibers would need to traverse in order to connect two cortical areas. The results both improve state-of-the-art accuracy in the in vivo estimation of architectonic boundaries, but also provide some insight into the relationship between the variability of areal boundaries with respect to cortical folding patterns and an area’s place in a putative cortical processing hierarchy.
The Frolova Case: A Practitioner's View

The Frolova case may provide a substantial basis for continuing a trend away from the unfortunate decision in Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino which may some day be viewed as the Alast gasp@ of the act of state doctrine as an impediment to the realization of the international rule of law.
On Race, Gender, and Radical Tort Reform

This essay reviews an important work of feminist tort jurisprudence: Martha Chamallas & Jennifer B. Wriggins, The Measure of Injury: Race, Gender, and Tort Law (New York University Press 2010).
User-Optimized Traffic Assignment

If drivers select routes to minimize their travel times, then the division of traffic among alternative routes of a network is predicted accurately by an algorithm that utilizes realistic increases in travel time with increasing congestion and assigns traffic flow so that travel times on alternative routes carrying traffic are equal and less than travel times on routes not carrying traffic. Such a user-optimizing assignment algorithm is developed from concepts of graph theory. A computer program based on the algorithm was used to generate an example assignment, which is compared to a system-optimized assignment for the same network. Running time for the program was only several times as great as would be required for the most primitive assignment technique. The user-optimizing assignment algorithm should be valuable in conducting experimental investigations of factors affecting route selection and may reduce the uncertainties of highway planning.
Immortalization of primary epithelial cells requires first- and second-exon functions of adenovirus type 5 12S.

Immortalization of primary cells is a multistep process. The adenovirus E1A 12S gene product is a member of the class of oncoproteins that have the ability to establish primary cells as cell lines in culture. It is encoded by two exons. Extensive mutational analysis demonstrates that four regions of the E1A 12S gene, encoded by both exons, are necessary for immortalization of primary epithelial cells. Expression of two regions is necessary to activate quiescent cells into the cell cycle but is unable to extend the life span of these cells in culture and thus cannot immortalize them. These regions are encoded by the first exon. A third first-exon region, for which no function has yet been identified, is also required. These three regions are also required for 12S to cooperate with an activated ras gene to bring about tumorigenic transformation. The fourth region is required to maintain the cells in a proliferative mode, extend their life span in culture, and induce an autocrine growth factor. These functions are encoded by the second exon. The cells immortalized by wild-type 12S and immortalization-competent mutants retain their epithelial morphology and expression of keratin and vimentin intermediate filament proteins. Images
A Review of “A Sense of Urgency”

Most managers reading the title of this book would imagine the last thing they need is to feel more urgent than they already do. But do not mistake Kotter's titular topic for what one normally thin...
Intimal hypertrophy in coronary arteries and considerations of the papillary muscle arteries (man)

Intimal hypertrophy is located irregularly along the coronary arteries. These irregular formations appear related to areas where accentuated intramural physical forces develop. Intimal hypertrophy develops diffusely around ostia of secondary branches apparently due to its anisotropic expansion with each pulse pressure wave. Discrete intimal hypertrophy occurs near the ostium of branch arteries which are guarded by a circumferential muscle. Diffuse intimal hypertrophy occurs in arteries supplying the posterior papillary muscles, and conversely, a barely detectable intima is seen in the arteries to the anterior papillary muscles or in the branch arteries to the ventricular wall. Intimal hypertrophy may be related to areas where naturally occurring shear or radial forces are accentuated. Regional intimal hypertrophy is present by 12 years of age in man and increases in amount and in its diffuseness with age.
Standardizing agent communication

An Agent Communication Language (ACL) is a collection of speech-act-like message types, with agreed-upon semantics, which facilitate the knowledge and information exchange between software agents. From Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language (KQML) to FIPA ACL, ACL's have been a cornerstone for the development of systems of communicating agents, and simultaneously they have been the subject of intensive standardization efforts.Standardization's goal is usability. As a result, although the initial focus on ACL's revolved around establishing the semantics of ACL's, a variety of usability-related questions have entered the picture of standardizing communication among agents. In this article, we present these questions and the work that addresses them, alongside the historical evolution of ACL's, their semantics and the results of their standardization.
Sartorius muscle interposition for the treatment of the radiation-induced vaginal fistula

A new technique for the repair of the radiation-induced vaginal fistula is described. Transplantation of the sartorius muscle is used to supply the operative site with abundant vascularity necessary for healing. The accessibility of this muscle and the segmental nature of its innervation and blood supply make it ideally suited for this procedure.
Thymic carcinoma in a child with HIV infection.

HIV infection predisposes to cancer during childhood. In addition to the AIDS-defining non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and Kaposi sarcoma, a range of other lymphoid malignancies and solid tumors have been described. We report the first case of an HIV-positive child with thymic carcinoma in the setting of regressing thymic cysts. The tumor expressed CKIT but failed to respond to imatinab mesylate after a transient response to multiagent chemotherapy. This case extends the spectrum of pediatric malignancy in the setting of HIV and suggests that patients with presumed benign thymic cysts require ongoing surveillance. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:1004–1007. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Polycaprolactone/maltodextrin nanocarrier for intracellular drug delivery: formulation, uptake mechanism, internalization kinetics, and subcellular localization

Prostate cancer (PCa) disease progression is associated with significant changes in intracellular and extracellular proteins, intracellular signaling mechanism, and cancer cell phenotype. These changes may have direct impact on the cellular interactions with nanocarriers; hence, there is the need for a much-detailed understanding, as nanocarrier cellular internalization and intracellular sorting mechanism correlate directly with bioavailability and clinical efficacy. In this study, we report the differences in the rate and mechanism of cellular internalization of a biocompatible polycaprolactone (PCL)/maltodextrin (MD) nanocarrier system for intracellular drug delivery in LNCaP, PC3, and DU145 PCa cell lines. PCL/MD nanocarriers were designed and characterized. PCL/MD nanocarriers significantly increased the intracellular concentration of coumarin-6 and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled bovine serum albumin, a model hydrophobic and large molecule, respectively. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis revealed rapid internalization of the nanocarrier. The extent of nanocarrier cellular internalization correlated directly with cell line aggressiveness. PCL/MD internalization was highest in PC3 followed by DU145 and LNCaP, respectively. Uptake in all PCa cell lines was metabolically dependent. Extraction of endogenous cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin reduced uptake by 75%±4.53% in PC3, 64%±6.01% in LNCaP, and 50%±4.50% in DU145, indicating the involvement of endogenous cholesterol in cellular internalization. Internalization of the nanocarrier in LNCaP was mediated mainly by macropinocytosis and clathrin-independent pathways, while internalization in PC3 and DU145 involved clathrin-mediated endocytosis, clathrin-independent pathways, and macropinocytosis. Fluorescence microscopy showed a very diffused and non-compartmentalized subcellular localization of the PCL/MD nanocarriers with possible intranuclear localization and minor colocalization in the lysosomes with time.
American Rhetoric: Context and Criticism.

Nine fresh views of the interconnections of historical, critical, and theoretical scholarship in the field of American rhetoric.Stephen T. Olsen addresses the question of how to determine the disputed authorship of Patrick Henry s "Liberty or Death" speech of March 23, 1775.Stephen E. Lucas analyzes the Declaration of Independence as a rhetorical action, designed for its own time, and drawing on a long tradition of English rhetoric.Carroll C. Arnold examines the "communicative qualities of constitutional discourse" as revealed in a series of constitutional debates in Pennsylvania between 1776 and 1790.James R. Andrews traces the early days of political pamphleteering in the new American nation.Martin J. Medhurst discusses the generic and political exigencies that shaped the official prayer at Lyndon B. Johnson s inauguration.In "Rhetoric as a Way of Being," Benson acknowledges the importance of everyday and transient rhetoric as an enactment of being and becoming.Gerard A. Hauser traces the Carter Administration s attempt to manage public opinion during the Iranian hostage crisis.Richard B. Gregg ends the book by looking for "conceptual-metaphorical" patterns that may be emerging in political rhetoric in the 1980s."
DNase I preferentially digests chromatin containing hyperacetylated histones

Abstract Hepatoma Tissue Culture (HTC) cell nuclei were isolated from untreated cells and from cells treated with sodium butyrate to increase the levels of acetylated histone. Nuclei from sodium butyrate treated cells exhibited a dramatic increased rate of digestion with DNase I as compared to control cell nuclei. Micrococcal nuclease showed no preference for chromatin containing hyperacetylated histones.
Crystal engineering of a microporous, catalytically active fcu topology MOF using a custom-designed metalloporphyrin linker.

A major driving force behind the recent surge of interest in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) lies with their amenability to design using crystal engineering strategies. In particular, MOFs with specific composition and topology can be targeted by judicious selection of organic linkers and metal-based molecular building blocks (MBBs) that serve as nodes. Furthermore, their modular nature means that prototypal MOFs can serve as blueprints or platforms for a plethora of derivatives with controlled pore size and surface area, as exemplified by the practice of “reticular synthesis”. Such features make MOFs stand out over traditional porous materials, and afford them with potential for use in gas storage, separation, CO2 capture, [6] sensor, catalysis, and other areas. High-symmetry MOFs based upon high-connectivity polyhedral cage MBBs that are in effect supermolecular building blocks (SBBs) can provide exquisite control over structure because of their high connectivity and also afford the features of confined nanospace and extra-large surface area. Such MOFs have afforded superior performance in the context of gas storage for hydrogen, methane, CO2, and other gas molecules. 11,12] The nature of the nanospace in SBB-based MOFs is such that they can encapsulate catalytically active species, for example, organometallics, polyoxometallates, metalloporphyrins (porph@MOMs), and enzymes. Along with encapsulation of catalysts, it is possible to generate porphyrin-walled MOFs by customdesigning metalloporphyrin moieties so that they can serve as vertices and/or edges and/or faces. In principle, the metal clusters residing on the vertices could also contribute as active sites to achieve an even higher density of active sites than that of porph@MOMs. Polyhedral MOFs are therefore attractive targets as catalyst supports for heterogeneous catalysis. However, although metallosalens and metalloporphyrins have been utilized as linkers for catalytically active MOFs and polyhedral cage-containing metal–metalloporphyrin frameworks exist, MOFs sustained by catalytically active metalloporphyrin linkers and catalytically active MBBs remain unexplored. Herein, we report such a MOF that based upon a previously reported fcu topology net built from 12-connected cubohemioctahedral SBBs of formula [Co2(m2-H2O)(H2O)4]6(bdc)12 and benzoimidephenanthroline tetracarboxylate (bipa-tc) linkers (Scheme 1a), fcu-MOF-1. The new com-
Debonding of graded coatings under in-plane compression

Graded materials are multiphase composites with continuously varying thermophysical properties. The concept provides material scientists and engineers with an important tool to develop new materials tailored for some specific applications. One such application of this new class of materials is as top coats or interfacial regions in thermal barrier systems. A widely observed failure mode in these layered materials is known to be interfacial cracking that leads to spallation. In many cases it is the buckling instability of coating under mechanically or thermally induced compressive stresses that triggers spallation. Under in-plane loading since the linear elastic small deformation theory gives only a trivial solution, in this study the plane strain interface crack problem for a graded coating bonded to a homogeneous substrate is formulated by using a kinematically nonlinear continuum theory. Both the instability and the postbuckling problems are considered. The main objective of the study is the investigation of the influence of material nonhomogeneity, kinematic nonlinearity and plate approximation on the critical instability load and on such fracture mechanics parameters as strain energy release rate, stress intensity factors and crack opening displacements.
Ultrasonography in renal transplantation

Abstract Sonography is a simple, inexpensive, and readily available imaging modality that has become an essential component of the management of renal transplantation. It is indicated in almost all patients with acute renal failure and also is useful in the evaluation of pain, infection, and hematuria and the performance of percutaneous biopsy. Although many aspects of sonography are similar in native and transplanted kidneys, there are important differences and problems unique to the renal allograft, which form the basis for this review. The anatomy of renal transplantation and changes that accompany parenchymal disorders are discussed, but particular attention focuses on problems related to the urinary tract, fluid collections, and vascular disorders. By becoming more familiar with transplant sonography, nephrologists will be better able to incorporate this indispensable tool into the care of their patients. © 2002 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Three-dimensional representation of the neurotransmitter systems of the human hypothalamus: inputs of the gonadotrophin hormone-releasing hormone neuronal system.

The gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) represents the final common pathway of a neuronal network that integrates multiple external and internal factors to control fertility. Among the many inputs GnRH neurones receive, oestrogens play the most important role. In females, oestrogen, in addition to the negative feedback, also exhibits a positive feedback influence upon the activity and output of GnRH neurones to generate the preovulatory luteinising hormone surge and ovulation. Until recently, the belief has been that the GnRH neurones do not contain oestrogen receptors and that the action of oestrogen upon GnRH neurones is indirect, involving several, oestrogen-sensitive neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems that trans-synaptically regulate the activity of the GnRH neurones. Although this concept still holds for humans, recent studies indicate that oestrogen receptor-beta is expressed in GnRH neurones of the rat. This review provides three dimensional stereoscopic images of GnRH-immunoreactive (IR) and some peptidergic (neuropeptide Y-, substance P-, β-endorphin-, leu-enkaphalin-, corticotrophin hormone-releasing- and galanin-IR) and catecholaminergic neurones and the communication of these potential oestrogen-sensitive neuronal systems with GnRH neurones in the human hypothalamus. Because the post-mortem human tissue does not allow the electron microscopic identification of synapses on GnRH neurones, the data presented here are based on light microscopic immunocytochemical experiments using high magnification with oil immersion, semithin sections or confocal microscopy.
Change of European editor.

Professor Iain McCall (Oswestry, England) after over a decade of dedicated service to the journal as European editor desired to step down as an editor of Skeletal Radiology. Professor McCall had been the editor responsible for all review articles and original scientific manuscripts originating from all over the world, excluding North America and Canada. Members of the International Skeletal Society (ISS), fellow editors, and members of the editorial board most gratefully acknowledge the yeoman service provided by Professor McCall in strengthening the journal, guiding authors, especially those whose first language was not English, and influencing the content of musculoskeletal science for the readership. Professor Juerg Hodler was appointed the new European editor of Skeletal Radiology at the 2006 meeting of the International Skeletal Society held in Vancouver, Canada. Professor Hodler is chief of Radiology at the Balgrist Orthopedic hospital in Zurich, Switzerland, is extensively published, particularly in the realm of MR imaging, holds a Master’s Degree of Business Administration, and has been a member and reviewer for over half a dozen editorial boards and a dozen musculoskeletal journals in Europe and the USA. The transition of editors has gone smoothly, and Professor Hodler will now be responsible for all scientific manuscripts from Europe, Asia, South America, and Australasia (excluding case reports). He can be reached at juerg.hodler@balgrist.ch. The editors and members of the editorial board welcome Professor Hodler and wish him great success as the fourth European editor of Skeletal Radiology. Skeletal Radiol (2007) 36:709 DOI 10.1007/s00256-007-0345-z
Effects of dietary zinc restriction on bismuth induction of rat kidney metallothionein

Bismuth-stimulated elevation of metallothionein levels is proposed to inhibit side effects of chemotherapy drugs such as cisplatin and adriamycin. In the present study, low zinc intake by rats limited bismuth-induced accumulation of renal metallothionein protein, and metallothionein-associated zinc and bismuth. In contrast, bismuth strongly elevated metallothionein mRNA in rats fed low zinc. Thus, bismuth does not appear to require zinc to stimulate high metallothionein mRNA accumulation, but seems to need this metal to accumulate metallothionein protein. Therefore, the efficacy of bismuth in restricting chemotherapy drug side effects in humans may depend on the zinc status of the people under treatment.
Projected regional impacts of appliance efficiency standards for the US residential sector

Minimum efficiency standards for residential appliances have been implemented in the US for a large number of residential end-uses. This analysis assesses the potential energy, dollar, and carbon impacts of those standards at the state and national levels. We explicitly account for improvements in efficiency likely to occur in the absence of standards, but because our method for characterizing these exogenous improvements probably overestimates them, both the energy and cost savings presented in this article represent lower bounds to the true benefits. Cumulative present-valued dollar savings after subtracting out the additional cost of the more efficient equipment are about $30 billion from 1990 to 2010. Each dollar of federal expenditure on implementing the standards will contribute $165 of net present-valued savings to the US economy over the 1990 to 2010 period. Average benefit/cost ratios for these standards are about 3.5 for the US as a whole. Projected carbon reductions are approximately 9 million metric tons of carbon per year in the years from 2000 to 2010. Because these standards save energy at a cost less than the price of that energy, the resulting carbon emission reductions are achieved at negative net cost to society.
Intra and extracerebral arachnoid cyst. An atypical roentgenographic presentation

Arachnoid cysts present in a variety of ways, and the preoperative diagnosis usually requires a high degree of suspicion. Bony changes consistent with a chronic focal mass effect, a relative paucity of clinical findings compared to the size of the lesion, and an extracerebral mass with an intracerebral component suggest the possibility. We present a case in which there appears to be a large, deep intracerebral mass associated with an extracerebral expansion.
Observations on dental variation in Microtus from the Cudahy Ash Pit Fauna, Meade County, Kansas and implications for Irvingtonian microtine rodent biochronology

ABSTRACT A thorough re-examination of the Microtus remains from the Cudahy Ash Pit fauna in Meade County, Kansas revealed a greater degree of morphological variation than previously reported for this fauna. Morphological variants of the ml sample include typical M. paroperarius morphotypes with only four closed triangles, morphotypes with five closed triangles, and specimens with intermediate morphologies in which well-developed fifth triangles show variable degrees of partial closure. Morphological variants of the M2 include specimens with a well-developed posterolingual dentine field often considered to be indicative of the presence of M. pennsylvanicus. A survey of six additional species of North American Microtus revealed that the posterolingual dentine field is present as a regular feature in several species and cannot be used to confidently identify M. pennsylvanicus. Current North American microtine rodent biochronologies utilize the first appearance of M. pennsylvanicus to define the youngest micr...
Determination of dissociative limit of NO2 and characteristics of a molecular beam by fluorescence excitation spectra

Abstract Fluorescence excitation spectra are used to determine the onset of predissociation of rotationally cooled NO 2 with an accuracy of 0.2 meV. The divergence and velocity distribution of the molecular beam are measured using only time-resolved and time-integrated fluorescence spectra. This eliminates the need for a separate velocity selector and mass spectrometer.
Systematic desensitization, muscle relaxation and visual imagery in the counterconditioning of four-year-old phobic child.

Abstract A four-year-old boy with a severe phobia for loud sudden noises was successfully treated with behavior modification utilizing muscle relaxation and in vivo conditioning in six sessions. The question of theoretical importance was whether muscle relaxation and systematic desensitization by imagining feared stimuli could successfully be employed to treat a phobia in a child this young. The literature does not, to the author's knowledge, contain any reports of the combined use of muscle relaxation and imagination of fear-producing stimuli for treating phobic children of such a young age.
The polyadenylated RNA of zoospores and growth phase cells of the aquatic fungus, Blastocladiella

Abstract The stored poly(A) + RNA from zoospores of the aquatic fungus Blastocladiella emersonii represents 2.5% of the total RNA and has a model MW of 425,000 daltons and an average poly(A) isostich of 32 bases. The poly(A) + RNA also represents 2.5% of the total RNA from early growth phase cells and has a modal MW of 360,000 daltons and an average poly(A) isostich of 38 bases. The poly(A) + RNA from spores and 2-hr plants contains a structure resistant to RNases T1, T2, and A, which can be labeled with 32PO4 and which will bind to DBAE-cellulose. These characteristics strongly suggest that both the zoospore poly(A) + RNA and the 2-hr cell poly(A) + RNA are capped at the 5′ end; and, hence, it is unlikely that capping is involved in the control of protein synthesis during germination. Approximately 80% of the poly(A) + RNA of the spore is located in the membrane-enclosed ribosomal nuclear cap, and more than 90% of the poly(A) + RNA within the cap is found in the 80S monoribosome and heavier fractions. Synthesis of new poly(A) + RNA occurs very early during zoospore germination, and the labeled poly(A) + RNA rapidly enters the newly organized polysomes. The labeling data for early germination also suggest that cytoplasmic polyadenylation occurs.
High Proliferation of Immature Dendritic Cells from Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells • 28

Dendritic cells (DC) are specialized leukocytes responsible for inducing antigen-specific immune reactions. Several groups have reported propagating murine DC from lineage depleted phagocytic precursors but reported proliferation rates are low and the specific mechanisms controlling DC maturation have not been clearly elucidated. We define conditions in which DC proliferated in large numbers from murine bone marrow (BM) Scal progenitors, expressed an immature phenotype (MHC IIlow), but increased MHC II expression in response to proinflammatory cytokines. We cultured 2 × 105 purified BM Scal progenitors under standard culture conditions using IMDM with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 ng recombinant murine (rm) SCF, 20 ng rm IL-3, 50 ng rm M-CSF, 5 ng rm GM-CSF and 25 ng human FLT-3. Under these conditions the cells expanded 19.7 ± 2.6 fold by day 7 (for n= 7 cultures) and 43.9 ± 4.8 fold by day 12. Concurrent with maximum cell proliferation; after 2 weeks in culture, most of the cells were CD80+F4/80+(60.1 + 3.7). Triple analysis showed the cells were also brightly positive for CD86, CD16/CD32, and CD11c. MHC II and CD40 expression were low. These cells were negative for mature dendritic cell markers 33D1 and NLDC-145, and the granulocyte marker Gr-1. The cells were also dendritic like (DLC) morphologically. They exhibited large irregular nuclei, copious organelle-rich cytoplasm, and many cell surface processes. FACS sorted CD80+CD86+ cells were potent allostimulators of T cell proliferation in mixed leukocyte cultures. When we cultured day 12 DLC, for an additional 5 days with 1000 units murine IL-4, the MHC II mean channel fluorescence increased 52.3% ± 26(p<0.001). In addition, when we added 100 units TNF-α, the MHC II mean channel fluorescence increased 9.4% (p<0.001). We have shown that it is possible to generate large numbers of cells with functional, morphological, and immunophenotypical characteristics of immature DC. We have also shown that it is possible to increase MHC II expression with proinflammatory cytokines indicating progression to a more mature cell.
Comparative thermodynamic elucidation of the structural stability of thermophilic proteins

Differential scanning calorimetry, circular dichroism, and visible absorption spectrophotometry were employed to elucidate the structural stability of thermophilic phycocyanin derived from Cyanidium caldarium, a eucaryotic organism which contains a nucleus, grown in acidic conditions (pH 3.4) at 54 degrees C. The obtained results were compared with those previously reported for thermophilic phycocyanin derived from Synechococcus lividus, a procaryote containing no organized nucleus, grown in alkaline conditions (pH 8.5) at 52 degrees C. The temperature of thermal unfolding (t(d)) was found to be comparable between C. caldarium (73 degrees C) and S. lividus (74 degrees C) phycocyanins. The apparent free energy of unfolding (DeltaG([urea]=0)) at zero denaturant (urea) concentration was also comparable: 9.1 and 8.7 kcal/mole for unfolding the chromophore part of the protein, and 5.0 and 4.3 kcal/mole for unfolding the apoprotein part of the protein, respectively. These values of t(d) and DeltaG([urea]=0) were significantly higher than those previously reported for mesophilic Phormidium luridum phycocyanin (grown at 25 degrees C). These findings revealed that relatively higher values of t(d) and DeltaG([urea]=0) were characteristics of thermophilic proteins. In contrast, the enthalpies of completed unfolding (DeltaH(d)) and the half-completed unfolding (DeltaH(d)) 1 2 for C. caldarium phycocyanin were much lower than those for S. lividus protein (89 versus 180 kcal/mole and 62 versus 115 kcal/mole, respectively). Factors contributing to a lower DeltaH(d) in C. caldarium protein and the role of charged groups in enhancing the stability of thermophilic proteins were discussed.
Nine Medico-Legal Pitfalls in Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the United States

Abstract The optimal care of patients with inflammatory bowel disease depends on adherence to standards of care regarding diagnosis, informing the patient of potential risks of treatment, obtaining recommended baseline studies, and monitoring the patient for efficacy and adverse effects. In clinical research as well as practice, financial conflicts of interest must be disclosed and managed to insure that patients have sufficient information to make a decision regarding participation in a study and to insure their safety. Medical education of care-givers in training carries the obligation and liability to oversee the care of the IBD patient and insure that safe and optimal care. This review addresses medicolegal issues that can arise in the care of the patient with IBD. Clinicians who provide optimal care for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) must employ appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic options and also adhere to standards of care and ethical principles. Ethical and medicolegal issues can arise from the failure to adhere to the standards of medical care, clinical research and education. In a report in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2011, gastroenterologists in the U.S. ranked 6th out of 26 subspecialities as the most commonly sued for malpractice, with the mean payment to the plaintiff of just under $200,000 [1]. It is noteworthy that two other specialties that involve invasive procedures ranked lower on the list than Gastroenterology. For example, Cardiology and Anesthesiology ranked 11th and 17th, respectively. In this review, nine of the pitfalls to adherence to the standards of practice for IBD are reviewed.
BIOELECTRIC EFFECTS OF IONS MICROINJECTED INTO THE GIANT AXON OF LOLIGO

1. A technique is described for recording the bioelectric activity of the squid giant axon during and following alteration of the internal axonal composition with respect to ions or other substances. 2. Experimental evidence indicates that the technique as described is capable of measuring changes in local bioelectric activity with an accuracy of 10 to 15 per cent or higher. 3. Alterations of the internal K+ or Cl- concentrations do not cause the change in resting potential expected on the basis of a Donnan mechanism. 4. The general effect of microinjection of K+ Rb+, Na+, Li+, Ba++, Ca++, Mg++, or Sr++ is to cause decrease in spike amplitude, followed by propagation block. 5. The resting potential decreases when the amplitude of the spike becomes low and block is incipient. 6. The decrease in resting potential and spike amplitude may be confined to the immediate vicinity of the injection. 7. At block, the resting potential decreases up to 50 per cent, but injection of small quantities of divalent cations may cause much larger localized depolarization. 8. The blocking effectiveness of K+, Na+, and Ca++ expressed as reciprocals of the relative amounts needed to cause block is approximately 1:5:100. Rb+ has the same low effectiveness as does K+. Li+ resembles Na+. Ba++ and Mg++ are approximately as effective as Ca++. 9. Microinjection of Na+ may cause marked prolongation of the spike at the injection site as well as decrease in its amplitude. 10. The anions used (Cl-, HCO3-, NO3-, SO4-, aspartate, and glutamate) do not seem to exert specific effects. 11. A tentative explanation is offered for the insensitivity of the resting potential to changes in the axonal ionic composition. 12. New data are presented on the range of variation, in a large sample, of the magnitude of the resting potential and spike amplitude.
Simulation of future trade in wood pulp between Canada and the United States

A model of the North American pulp and paper industry developed previously by the authors was used to simulate the trade of wood pulp between various regions of Canada and the United States, to the year 2000, under three different scenarios. The base simulation assumed no change in trade policies or cost competitiveness between regions, concentrating on the effects of changes in population and income. Under these assumptions, it was found that Canadian exports to the United States would remain approximately constant until 1990, but then double by the year 2000, reaching 5 million tons per year. Meanwhile, exports to the rest of the world would decline by 40 percent, to 2.5 million tons. Total Canadian exports would increase by some 15 percent over the next 20 years. In the second set of simulations, an ad valorem tariff on Canadian pulp was assumed. This led to a sharp reduction in U.S. imports. However, this decrease of Canadian exports to the United States would be compensated to a large extent by increased Canadian exports to Western Europe. The third simulation assumed a sustained rise in manufacturing costs for the entire pulp and paper sector in Canada. This resulted, unexpectedly, to a rise in exports of pulp to the United States. The reason was a rise in paper and newsprint production in the United States that made it advantageous for U.,S. producers to import more Canadian chemical pulp.
Die Tuberkulinreaktion im Röntgenbilde und ihre diagnostische Bedeutung bei Hilusdrüsentuberkulose

1. Der Beweis einer Spezifitat der Tuberkulinreaktion ist durch rontgenologische Darstellung der Herdreaktion bei zweifelhafter Hilusdrusentuberkulose gelungen. 2. Der Befund bestatigt die vonTrostler undHayes bei Lungentuberkulose im Dezember 1924 gemachten Erfahrungen. Die von den beiden Autoren behauptete Harmlosigkeit der rontgenologisch nachweisbaren Reaktion wird bestritten, zum mindesten fur einzelne Falle, in denen eine Schadigung durch Tuberkulinuberdosierung denkbar ist. Die Gefahr einer Miliarisierung erscheint indessen bei einer Hilusdrusentuberkulose geringer zu sein, als bei aktiver Lungentuberkulose. 3. Eine vorsichtig steigende, mit kleinsten Mengen beginnende Tuberkulinisierung mag in einzelnen Fallen die oft sehr schwierige Rontgendiagnose einer Hilusdrusentuberkulose sichern.
Major 56,000-dalton, soluble phosphoprotein present in bovine sperm is the regulatory subunit of a type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

It has been shown that cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of a soluble sperm protein is important for the initiation of flagellar motion. The suggestion has been made that this motility initiation protein, named axokinin, is the major 56,000-dalton phos-phoprotein present in both dog sperm and in other cells containing axokinin-like activity. Since the regulatory subunit of a type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase is a ubiquitous cAMP-dependent phosphoprotein of similar subunit molecular weight as reported for axokinin, we have addressed the question of how many soluble 56,000-dalton cAMP-dependent phosphoproteins are present in mammalian sperm. We report that in bovine sperm cytosol, the ratio of the type I to type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase is approximately 1:1. The type II regulatory subunit is related to the non-neural form of the enzyme and undergoes a phosphorylation-dependent electrophoretic mobility shift. The apparent subunit molecular weights of the phospho and dephospho forms are 56,000 and 54,000 daltons, respectively. When bovine sperm cytosol or detergent extracts are phosphorylated in the presence of catalytic subunits, two major proteins are phosphorylated and have subunit molecular weights of 56,000 and 40,000 daltons. If, however, the type II regulator subunit (RII) is quantitatively removed from these extracts using cither immobilized cAMP or an anti-RII monoclonal affinity column, the ability to phosphorylate the 56,000- but not 40,000-dalton polypeptide is lost. These data suggest that the major 56,000 dalton cAMP-dependent phosphoprotein present in bovine sperm is the regulatory subunit of a type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase and not the motility initiator protein, axokinin.
A linguist looks at “schizophrenic” language

Abstract The language of some patients diagnosed as schizophrenic is apparently caused by a disruption in the ability to order linguistic elements into meaningful structures. This disruption affects different levels of language at different times, even in the same patient, thus causing six definable characteristics of schizophrenic speech. These characteristics are discoverable only through a linguistic analysis of a corpus of such speech.
Solid-phase microextraction and on-line methylation gas chromatography for aliphatic carboxylic acids

Methylation of carboxylic acids upon syringe injection of a mixture of the acid sample and phenyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (PTMAH) into the GC injection port is a convenient but under-utilized derivatization procedure. To minimize potential instrumental problems due to the sample matrix, it was shown that solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is effective for the absorption of both the carboxylic acid (RCOOH) and PTMAH permitting on-line methylation from the fiber. A comparison of three fibers, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyacrylate (PA), and carboxene/PDMS for decanoic and stearic acids showed the carboxene/PDMS fiber was about five times more effective for the extraction of the RCOOH-PTMAH mixture dissolved in methanol. The optimum fiber absorption time was about 20 min and the optimum desorption time in the injection port held at 280 degrees C was about 5-10 min. The optimum PTMAH/RCOOH ratio was about 125:1. Linearity for C18:0 at 3.3 x 10(-6)-3.3 x 10(-4) M was demonstrated by GC-MS with a detection limit of 1 microM. This SPME method is also effective for the methylation of C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 fatty acids. Transesterification of olive oil using PTMAH and then on-line methylation either by the syringe method or by SPME gave comparable fatty acid methyl ester profiles.
Proximate and ultimate causes: how come? and what for?

Proximate and ultimate causes in evolutionary biology have come to conflate two distinctions. The first is a distinction between immediate and historical causes. The second is between explanations of mechanism and adaptive function. Mayr emphasized the first distinction but many evolutionary biologists use proximate and ultimate causes to refer to the second. I recommend that ‘ultimate cause’ be abandoned as ambiguous.
Diallelic Nuclear Microsatellites for Diversity and Population Analyses of the Allotetraploid Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera)

Nine diallelic nuclear microsatellite loci were characterized and developed as markers for analyses of diversity and population biology in creeping bentgrass, Agrostis stolonifera L. (2n = 4x = 28, A 2 A 2 A 3 A 3 ). They may also help with identification of bentgrass germplasm resources. Polymorphic loci were isolated from genomic libraries from A. stolonifera and from A. transcaspica Litv. (2n = 2x = 14, putative A 3 A 3 ). Markers were characterized in 87 A. stolonifera individuals from six distinct population sources. Analysis of molecular variance indicated significant variation between crop and wild groups. Highly significant variation was observed among and within the six populations. Bayesian analyses with STRUCTURE resolved crop from wild genotypes and assigned individuals to clusters that corresponded to their sources, in agreement with principal coordinates analysis results. The markers also correctly identified intraspecific creeping bentgrass F 1 hybrids. Cross-species analyses were conducted on sexually compatible relatives A. gigantea R. (2n = 6x = 42, A 1 A 1 A 2 A 2 A 3 A 3 ), A. capillaris L. (2n = 4x = 28, A 1 A 1 A 2 A 2 ), and A. canina L. (2n = 2x = 14, A 1 A 1 or possibly A 2 A 2 ), plus A. transcaspica. Seven markers were diallelic in A. gigantea. Six of these markers were also diallelic in A. transcaspica, but not other species, suggesting that these loci are A 3 genome specific. Results also support the hypothesis that A. transcaspica is the source of the A 3 subgenome found in A. stolonifera and A. gigantea.
Caloris impact basin: Exterior geomorphology, stratigraphy, morphometry, radial sculpture, and smooth plains deposits

The Mariner 10 flybys revealed the eastern third of the Caloris basin and demonstrated its importance as a chronostratigraphic marker for the geological history of Mercury. Uncertain after that mission were the size of the basin, the full distribution of materials deposited or modified during the impact process, and the stratigraphic and age relationships between Caloris and surrounding terrain. Images obtained during MESSENGER's January 2008 flyby of Mercury revealed that the Caloris basin is ∼ 15% larger than previously estimated and moderately elliptical (∼ 1525 by ∼ 1315 km). Basin-related sculpture and secondary craters are dispersed widely in areas surrounding the basin, confirming the widespread significance of this event as a stratigraphic marker. Units mapped around Caloris on the basis of Mariner 10 data are generally recognized in regions observed for the first time by MESSENGER, including most facies of the Caloris Group (the Caloris Montes, Odin Formation, and Van Eyck Formation). The only unit without obvious exposures in MESSENGER images is the Nervo Formation, which was originally interpreted as impact melt or fallback ejecta. New measurements of the size-frequency distribution of impact craters both within the Caloris basin and on surrounding units, particularly the Odin Formation, support the hypothesis that the vast majority of circum-Caloris plains postdate the basin and are likely volcanic. The MESSENGER observations re-emphasize the importance of understanding the exterior stratigraphy of the basin in order to utilize the Caloris event as a discrete time horizon in the geological history of Mercury.
Enhancing entrepreneurial activities in BoP markets: Understanding the influence of poverty

This study contributes to our understanding of the influence of poverty on entrepreneurial activities in the informal economy. The informal economy, base of the pyramid (BoP), and subsistence marke...