cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Vacuum Treatment on the Formation of TGO in YSZ-TBC on IN738LC - An Interpretation of EDX Line-Scan Data

This study examined the effects of vacuum heat-treatment on the growth of oxide (thermally grown oxide, TGO) between the ceramic top coat (yttria-stabilized zirconia, YSZ) and the metallic bond coat (NiCrAlY) of a thermal barrier coating (TBC). For the investigation, IN738LC coupons coated with a TBC were heat-treated in vacuum and/or isothermally oxidized at 1200 °C and then microscopically analyzed using SEM and EDX. The introduction of heat treatment in vacuum before isothermal oxidation resulted in a reduction of the TGO thickness and the number of interface cracks around the TGO layers. These TGO layers were further analyzed using EDX line scan data in terms of the dependence of the EDX Al intensity on the O intensity. The analysis showed that the TGO layers in the coupons only oxidized in air were divided into two sub-layers with respect to the gradient of the Al intensity on the O intensity. The pre-treatment in vacuum nullified this division and reduced cracks at the interfaces. The effects of the treatment in vacuum on the behavior of TGO and TBCs were analyzed and compared with the data obtained for a TBC-coated turbine blade serviced for a land-based heavy duty gas turbine.
Cells transformed by a wide variety of agents express higher abundance levels of some cellular RNA species

A cDNA-cloned library was prepared from mRNA synthesized by SV40-transformed mouse cells. Eleven cDNA clones were selected based on their ability to hybridize higher levels of mRNA in SV40-transformed 3T3 cells than in 3T3 cells. These cDNA clones were employed to screen the steady-state levels of cytoplasmic RNAs in a wide variety of viral (SV40, polyoma, adenovirus, and Rous sarcoma virus) and nonviral (methylcholanthrene, embryonal carcinoma) transformed cell lines. Two of the cDNA clones—A17 and 104—detected greater than 40–100-fold higher levels of mRNA in all the transformed cell lines tested when compared to nontransformed cells (3T3, C3HEF). The levels of mRNA complementary to these two cDNAs were regulated in a temperature-sensitive fashion (87–100-fold) in both SV40tsA- and RSV ts-src-transformed murine cell lines. These two cDNA clones detected greater than 100-fold, higher levels of complementary RNA derived from SV40 tumor tissue than in normal mouse liver. RNA species complementary to cDNA clones A17 or 104 were not detected in either actively growing nontransformed cells or in serum-stimulated 3T3 cells. The abundance levels of mRNAs detected by these two cDNA clones appear to be regulated 100-fold or greater by the transformed state, independent of the transforming agent. The higher levels of these RNA species detected in transformed mouse cells appear not to be solely regulated by the state of growth of nontransformed cells.
Continuity and Resurgence: Towards a continuum definition of the C P ( N − 1 ) model

We introduce a nonperturbative continuum framework to study the dynamics of quantum field theory (QFT), applied here to the $CP(N\ensuremath{-}1)$ model. We show that the ambiguities in perturbation theory due to infrared renormalons are exactly canceled by corresponding ambiguities in the nonperturbative sector coming from amplitudes of certain nonperturbative objects: neutral bions and bion-antibions. This provides an explicit weak-coupling interpretation of the IR-renormalons. We use \'Ecalle's theory of resurgent trans-series and the physical principle of continuity to continuously connect QFT to quantum mechanics, while preventing all intervening rapid crossovers or phase transitions. The quantum mechanics contains the germ of all nonperturbative data, e.g., mass gap, of the QFT, all of which are calculable. For $CP(N\ensuremath{-}1)$, the results obtained at arbitrary $N$ are consistent with lattice and large-$N$ results. The trans-series expansion, in which perturbative and nonperturbative effects are intertwined, encapsulates the multilength-scale nature of the theory, and eliminates all perturbative and nonperturbative ambiguities under consistent analytic continuation of the coupling. A theorem by Pham et al. implies that the mass gap is a resurgent function, for which resummation of the semiclassical expansion yields finite exact results in the weakly coupled domain.
Modeling of Aerodynamic Coupling Between Aircraft in Close Proximity

A method is developed for modeling the aerodynamic coupling between aircraft Hying in close proximity. Velocities induced on a trailing aircraft by vortices from an aircraft upstream are written as a function of the relative separation and relative orientation between the two aircraft. The nonuniform vortex-induced wind and wind gradients acting on the trail aircraft are approximated as effective uniform wind and wind gradients. In a dynamic simulation, the effective wind can be used directly in the equations of motion, whereas the wind gradient can be used in the standard buildup equations for the aerodynamic moments. This removes necessity to explicitly compute the induced forces and moments. Various vortex models for estimating induced velocities and averaging schemes for computing effective wind components and gradients are assessed
The effects of culture on mother-infant interaction

A study was conducted to investigate the influence of culture on infant behavior, maternal attitudes toward child rearing, and maternal-infant interaction in 39 Korean and American mother-infant dyads at two to three days after delivery. Significant findings for the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale included more rapid habituation by the Korean infants (P = 0.01) and better state regulation by the American infants (P = 0.01). In addition, on the Cohler's maternal scale, Korean mothers were found to view their infants as more passive and dependent than American mothers did (P less than 0.00). No differences were found in maternal reciprocity (Maternal-Infant Adaptation Scale) or maternal sensitivity (Maternal-Infant Play Interaction Scale). The findings are attributed to a combination of culturally specific differences, differences in the testing situation, and maternal medication during labor.
Radiation hardness evaluation of the Analog Devices AD9042 ADC for use in the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter

Abstract We report on the results of an irradiation study carried out on devices from all wafers in a lot of AD9042 40 MHz 12-bit ADCs. These devices were irradiated in a 72 MeV proton beam in order to simulate the effects in CMS at the LHC. No change in dynamic performance was observed for doses up to 2×104 Gy along with 4×10 13 n/cm 2 . The uniform behavior of all devices in the lot also indicates that radiation hardness can be assured by sampling tests on devices from one wafer in the lot.
Cryptococcus neoformans mitochondrial genomes from serotype A and D strains do not influence virulence

Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated pathogenic yeast producing meningoencephalitis. Two primary strains in genetic studies, serotype A H99 and serotype D JEC21, possess dramatic differences in virulence. Since it has been shown that mitochondrial gene expression is prominent at the site of the infection and there are significant differences between mitochondrial gene structure and regulation between the serotype A and D strains, this study used AD hybrids to move serotype A and D mitochondria under different genomic influences. When the serotype D MATa strain is involved in the mating crosses, there is uniparental transmission of mitochondrial DNA, but with the serotype A MATa strain, mitochondrial DNA can be inherited from either parent and recombination in the mitochondrial genome may also occur. In virulence studies between serotype A and D strains, it was found that the primary genetic control of the virulence composite for growth in the central nervous system is encoded in the nuclear DNA and not through mitochondrial DNA.
Microperfusion study of single short loops of Henle in rat kidney.

A perfusion study of the loop of Henle of superficial cortical nephrons of rat kidneys was undertaken to evaluate fractional and absolute reabsorption rates of sodium, potassium, and water as a function of perfusion rate. In 56% of control perfusions, net sodium and potassium reabsorption increased in proportion to the increase in perfusion rate. In this group of experiments early distal tubular sodium concentration remained constant or decreased at elevated perfusion rates. while fractional water reabsorption decreased significantly. Essentially similar results were obtained during mannitol and saline diuresis and in dehydrated rats. From measurements of the pressure drop along the loops it was estimated that resistance to flow decreased and tubular diameter of the resistance segment increased when perfusion rate was augmented. In 44% of the experiments early distal tubular sodium concentration increased with elevations of the perfusion rate. In this group net reabsorption of sodium, water, and potassium proceeded at a lower absolute level irrespective of perfusion rate and fractional reabsorption of sodium and potassium decreased with increasing perfusion rates. This behavior is thought not to be representative of the normal function of the loop of Henle.
A review of the recent research on vibration energy harvesting via bistable systems

The investigation of the conversion of vibrational energy into electrical power has become a major field of research. In recent years, bistable energy harvesting devices have attracted significant attention due to some of their unique features. Through a snap-through action, bistable systems transition from one stable state to the other, which could cause large amplitude motion and dramatically increase power generation. Due to their nonlinear characteristics, such devices may be effective across a broad-frequency bandwidth. Consequently, a rapid engagement of research has been undertaken to understand bistable electromechanical dynamics and to utilize the insight for the development of improved designs. This paper reviews, consolidates, and reports on the major efforts and findings documented in the literature. A common analytical framework for bistable electromechanical dynamics is presented, the principal results are provided, the wide variety of bistable energy harvesters are described, and some remaining challenges and proposed solutions are summarized.
Muscle metabolic profiles and fiber-type composition in some marine mammals.

Abstract 1. 1. Hexokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase activities as well as fiber type composition were determined in skeletal muscles of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), the sea otter (Enhydra lutris), and the Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). 2. 2. The subcutaneous muscle of the sea lion had intermediate glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities. 3. 3. The locomotory muscles examined in the otter and porpoise did not contain a single predominant fiber type, but did have a well developed oxidative as well as glycolytic metabolic capacity.
A comparative study of the chemical defensive system of tenebrionid beetles: Chemistry of the secretions

Abstract The chemical compositions of the defensive secretions of 147 species of tenebrionid beetles from 55 genera and 16 tribes were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography on three different stationary phases. All species contained toluquinone and ethylquinone, but benzoquinone was relatively rare. A great many species contained various 1-alkenes in addition to quinones. Species of Pedinini were distinguished by the secretion of n-propylquinone, whereas 2,3-methylmethoxyquinone set apart the subgenus Blapylis (of Eleodes) and possibly Amphidora. Large amounts of octanoic acid were restricted to the genera Embaphion and Neobaphion (both Eleodini), and small amounts of 1-nonadecene were restricted to Lariversius (Eleodini) and Cratidus (Amphidorini). Most species of Eleodes had complex secretions with toluquinone, ethylquinone, 1-nonene, 1-undecene, and 1-tridecene in various ratios. 1-Pentadecene and/or 1-heptadene occurred in substantial amounts in Tribolium, Uloma, Phaleria, Pyanisia, Melanopterus, Gonopus, Schelodontes, Psorodes, Neatus, and Merinus. The genus Argoporis (Scaurini) is unique in its synthesis of 6-alkyl-1,4-naphthoquinones, and other members of the tribe also contain characteristic, as yet unidentified compounds. Many groups not distinguished by unique compounds still show characteristic combinations and ratios of compounds, and these are discussed along with problems of variation at the individual, geographic, specific, and generic levels.
Neural and metabolic control of blood flow to respiratory muscles of rabbits.

AbstractRegional blood flow was measured in respiratory muscles, limb muscles, and kidneys of rabbits anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Flow measurements were made by the use of radioactive microspheres. The responses to graded aortic nerve (AN) stimulation on regional blood flows at different levels of inspiratory resistance were determined. As the inspiratory load was increased blood flow to respiratory muscles increased due to a decreased vascular resistance. Blood flow to the limb muscle and kidneys decreased. Stimulation of the AN increased blood flow and decreased vascular resistance in the respiratory muscles at all levels of respiratory activity studied. The stimulus-response curves to AN stimulation were similar in paralyzed animals, animals breathing quietly, and in animals breathing against an inspiratory resistance sufficient to produce a peak inspiratory pressure of 15 mm Hg. These results suggest that sympathetic control of the blood flow to respiratory muscles may be important during ...
TOSSIM simulation of wireless sensor network serving as hardware platform for Hopfield neural net configured for max independent set

Abstract This paper, the third one in a three-paper sequence, presents the result of TOSSIM simulation of a Hopfield neural network as a static optimizer and configured to solve the maximum independent set (MIS) problem using a wireless sensor network as a fully parallel and distributed computing hardware platform. TinyOS with its default protocol stack along with nesC were used to develop the simulation model. Simulations were realized for mote counts of 10, 50, 100, and 182; messaging complexity, memory and simulation time costs were measured. Results indicated, as the most prominent finding, that the neural optimization algorithm was able to compute solutions to the MIS problem. The memory footprint of the TOSSIM process in Windows XP environment was about 20 MB for the range of sensor networks considered. The messaging complexity as measured by the total number of messages transmitted and the simulation time increased rather quickly indicating a need to optimize and tune certain aspects of the simulation environment if wireless sensor networks with higher mote counts need to be simulated.
COLOR AND NOUN IMAGERY IN FREE RECALL

The design of the experiment was a 2 x 2 x 15 factorial. The subjects were 8 male and 12 female students enrolled in introductory psychology classes. Half of the subjects received liscs of 15 nouns printed in black, and half received lists printed with the first 5 nouns in red, second 5 in blue, and last 5 in green. The rate of presentation was 2 sec. per noun, and recall time was 30 sec. on each of 8 trials per list. A second variable of interest was noun imagery; lists of nouns having both high and low imagery values were used. Two lists were selected from Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (3) and were matched on frequency, meaningfulness, and word length. The list with high-imagery nouns had a mean value of 6.35 on the imagery scale; low-imagery nouns had a mean value of 3.79. Imagery was manipulated within subjects, and complete betweensubjects counterbalancing was used. Imagery was included on the assumption that, if color did facilitate recall, the effect might be more pronounced for high- than for lowimagery nouns since subjects might use colors to enhance their visual images. The third variable (within subjects) was serial position, with the data being scored for the number of correct responses from each serial position (item scoring). A three-way analysis of variance was computed on the data. The nouns printed in color were recalled better than those printed in black (K,u = 4.71, p < .05). In addition, nouns of high imagery were recalled better than nouns of low imagery (K,u = 5.10, p < .05). However, the interaction of color and imagery was not significant, indicating that the use of color did not differentially benefit recall of the nouns of high and low imagery. Other significant findings were a main effect of serial position (F11.~j? = 14.34, p < ,001) and an interaction of color and serial position (FII,~ = 4.45, p < ,001). In the latter case, there was no consistent pattern in the color differences across the 15 serial positions in spite of the fact that the colored words were presented in sequences of five of each color. The results support the hypothesis that color facilitates learning. The beneficial effect of color may undoubtedly be attributed to increased attention when a novel stimulus is used. There is certainly no indication in the present study that color plays a role in the functioning of the visual-image store. Perhaps it will also prove to be true that the pub lishers of textbooks such as Lefrancois (2) and Gardiner (1) are indeed serving their student readers well!
Evolutionary genetics of plant adaptation

Plants provide unique opportunities to study the mechanistic basis and evolutionary processes of adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. Complementary laboratory and field experiments are important for testing hypotheses reflecting long-term ecological and evolutionary history. For example, these approaches can infer whether local adaptation results from genetic tradeoffs (antagonistic pleiotropy), where native alleles are best adapted to local conditions, or if local adaptation is caused by conditional neutrality at many loci, where alleles show fitness differences in one environment, but not in a contrasting environment. Ecological genetics in natural populations of perennial or outcrossing plants can also differ substantially from model systems. In this review of the evolutionary genetics of plant adaptation, we emphasize the importance of field studies for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of model and nonmodel systems, highlight a key life history trait (flowering time) and discuss emerging conservation issues.
Electrophotographic performance of phthalocyanine pigment composites containing titanyl phthalocyanine

Rd., Boulder, CO 80301ABSTRACTSpectral sensitivity is an important consideration in photoconductor formulation, depending on the particular type ofelectrophotographic device in which the photoconductor is to be used. High sensitivity in both the near-IR and visiblespectral regions would be desirable for a photoconductor used with a wide variety ofexposure sources. One possible way toachieve this goal is to use a mixture ofcharge generation pigments with absorptions in the desired spectral regions. Theabsorption spectra (and the spectral sensitivity) ofphthalocyanine pigments vary according to the metal coordinating thephthalocyanine, and with coordination ofdifferent axial ligands (02, Cl, OW, et.al.). In this paper, phthalocyanine pigmentcomposites with different sensitometric properties are prepared by coprecipitation oftitanyl phthalocyanine with anotherphthalocyanine pigment from an organic solvent/trifluoroacetic acid solution. The phthalocyanine pigments used in thecomposites were chosen on the basis oftheir structures relative to titanyl phthalocyanine (i.e., presence or absence ofan axialligand). The crystal structure ofthe composites largely follows the structure ofthe majority component ofthe composite, andthe photosensitivity ofthe O=Ti(pc)/ClIn(pc) composites is high even at low OTi(pc) concentration.Keywords: absorption, composite, sensitivity, photoconductor, pigment, phthalocyanine, photogeneration1. INTRODUCTIONIn development ofnew organic photoconductor (OPC) materials, high photosensitivity is a key functionalconsideration, driven by the increased printing speed ofelectrophotographic engines. In a schematic of a typical two-layerphotoconductor system shown in Figure 1:Figure 1 --
Chemisorptive bonding and reaction of nitric oxide on Ir(100) and Ir(111) surfaces

Abstract Chemisorption of nitric oxide on single crystal Ir(111) and Ir(100)−(5 × 1) has been studied by UV-photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal desorption and low energy electron diffraction. At 300 K, partially dissociative adsorption is observed on both surfaces, confirming the borderline location of Ir in the Periodic Table with respect to molecular versus dissociative adsorption. Three different molecular chemisorption phases are distinguished in the UPS spectra through distinctly different 1π-level energies. A skewed orientation associated with a possible rehybridization and bending of the nitrosyl-metal bound for chemisorption on the Ir(111) surface is inferred both from a splitting of the 1π level and from observation of relative intensity variations in photoemission using a polarized photon source.
The neutral comet assay is sufficient to identify an apoptotic ‘window’ by visual inspection

As a sensitive technique for measuring DNA damage, the alkaline comet assay (capable of detecting and distinguishing apoptotic and necrotic damage) shows significantly greater ability to detect DNA breaks than a neutral counterpart. Using a heat shock model, we show that the fraction of visually detectable comets decreases using the neutral assay as cell death shifts from apoptosis to necrosis. We also show a virtual absence of neutral comets in cells dying by necrosis in another model. We conclude that the non-denaturing assay allows identification of putative apoptotic ‘windows’ by showing sensitivity to apoptotic, but not necrotic, DNA damage.
3-D optical memories for high performance computing

The design of high performance computers such as array processors has reached a critical stage. These machines are increasingly using parallel processing methods to achieve higher performance. They require low cost memory systems with much higher capacities and bandwidths than available today while retaining small volume, weight, and power consumption characteristics. Massively interconnected optical computers will require even higher performance memory systems. This paper reviews various 3-D memory concepts that are proposed to meet these demands.
Epitaxy versus oriented heterogeneous nucleation of organic crystals on ionic substrates

Abstract It is plausible to assume that epitaxy is a special case of heterogeneous nucleation in which a restrictive crystallographic relationship exists between substrate and deposit orientations. This would mean that epitaxial substrates should always induce a perceptible reduction in the critical supercooling for nucleation of the deposit. To test this hypothesis, the critical supercoolings of six organic compounds were measured on glass and 11 single-crystal cleaved substrates including (0001) graphite, (001) mica, (111) BaF2, SrF2, and CaF2, and (100) KCl, KBr, KI, NaCl, NaF, and LiF. Reductions in supercooling (with reference to glass substrates) were checked many times for repeatability and reproducibility and shown in almost all cases to have a standard deviation of 1 C or less. Acetanilide, benzoic acid, and p-bromochlorobenzene showed a wide range of supercooling reductions and were oriented on all crystalline substrates. Naphthalene and p-dibromobenzene showed only slight supercooling reductions but were oriented on all substrates, including glass. Benzil showed strong supercooling reductions only for mica and KI but was oriented not only in these cases but also with KI, BaF2, CaF2, and graphite. There was little correlation between degree of lattice match and either supercooling reduction or degree of preferred orientation. These results suggest that, for the systems and geometry studied, forces such as molecular dipole binding and growth anisotropy had a stronger effect than lattice match.
Harmonic oscillator Green’s function

Abstract The Green’s function for the harmonic oscillator in three dimensions plays an important role in the theory of atomic collisions. One representation of low-energy ion–atom collisions involves harmonic oscillator potentials. A closed-form expression for the harmonic oscillator Green’s function, needed to exploit this representation, is derived. This expression is similar to the expression for the Coulomb Green’s function obtained by Hostler and Pratt. Calculations of electron distributions for a model system of ion–atom collisions are reported to illustrate the theory.
The Play of Means and Ends: Justice in Lope’s Fuenteovejuna

Lope’s masterpiece, Fuenteovejuna, is generally considered to be a glowing endorsement of the reign of Fernando and Isabel, who represent not just a glorious and hopeful Spanish history but political acumen, justice, and the triumph of good over evil. A closer examination of several key plot elements, however, reveals that almost every time characters are called upon to make decisions, they choose the option that at best circumvents the requirements for justice and at worst actively works to the detriment of the proper administration of justice and law. This study focuses on four pivotal moments—when Frondoso takes the Comendador’s crossbow and threatens him; when the Comendador imprisons Frondoso and kidnaps Laurencia; when the town rises up and kills the␣Comendador; and when Fernando and Isabel intervene in order to reach a final verdict—and concludes that the only philosophy upheld in these instances is one not based on notions of ideal justice but on the Machiavellian notion that the right action is the one that upholds the political power of the state.
Barbara K. Townsend: Higher Educator Extraordinaire

The Community College Journal of Research and Practice (CCJRP) happily publishes this memoriam to Barbara K. Townsend. Few educators in the field of higher education are more deserving of recogniti...
Discovery and Theology

Among the reforms needed for a relevant Christian theology today is a capacity for discovery. One of the chief powers of modern science is its ability to discover hidden areas of reality and bring them to our understanding. Science by its success in continually finding new levels and dimensions in nature testifies regularly that life is interesting and dynamic. The example of science has yet to be followed in theology which may explain why the layman today does not really expect much from theologians except the trite cliches of the past.
Intermedial Maps: The Street as Site of Cultural-Political Regulation in Modern Brazil

Since the late 19th century Rio de Janeiro has grown in relation to two primary spatial axes: the planned and regularized cidade (“city”) where most wealth and power are located; and the unregulated morro (“hill”) where most poverty has been concentrated. The history of social order in modern Brazil may not flow from the city per se, but rather from the streets that link cidade and morro the spaces that channel movement between regulated and unregulated areas of the city. One might argue that the modernization of Brazil since 1900 has followed the mapping of Rio de Janeiro’s streets over the same period. Such a claim would require a kind of “alternate” or “intermedial” cartography in which various media are employed to evoke a wide range of sensorial impressions of the city’s streets. This essay therefore attempts an intermedial mapping of Rio’s streets through readings of modernist poetry, modernist architecture, and post-modern television.
History versus Theory: A Commentary on Marx’s Method in Capital

Abstract The gap between Marx’s theoretical writings on political economy (for example, the three volumes of Capital) and his historical writings (such as The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte and The Civil War in France) arises out of certain limitations that Marx placed upon his political-economic enquiries. These limitations are outlined in the Grundrisse where Marx distinguishes between the universality of the metabolic relation to nature, the generality of the laws of motion of capital, the particularities of distribution and exchange, and the singularities of consumption. What an analysis of the content of Capital shows is that Marx largely confined his efforts to identifying the law-like character of production to the exclusion of all else. While this allowed him to identify certain laws of motion of capital within any form of the capitalist mode of production, it did not and could not constitute a total theory of a capitalist mode of production. A better understanding of what it is that Marx can do for us through his identification of the general laws of motion leads to a far better appreciation of what it is that we have to do for ourselves in order to make Marx’s theoretical findings applicable to particular conjunctural conditions, such as those that have arisen throughout the economic crisis that began in 2007.
Rooting and the Metabolism of Nicotine in Tobacco Callus Cultures

The usefulness of exogenous nicotine as a factor in the induction of morphogenesis in a tobacco tissue culture medium has been demonstrated. Nicotiana rustica callus cell cultures were grown on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium with 2 mg/l indoleacetic acid (IAA) and 0.2 mg/l kinetin (MMS). Root morphogenesis was induced in roller tube callus cell cultures and solid callus cell cultures grown on MMS without kinetin supplemented with 10–100 mg/l nicotine. Optimal nicotine concentration for root induction was 50 mg/l. Other tests using varying combinations of IAA, kinetin and nicotine produced no obvious morphogenesis, although some changes in the amount of callus growth and endogenous protein concentration did correlate with nicotine concentration relative to the presence of IAA and/or kinetin. In liquid MMS medium, 14C-nicotine was primarily incorporated into the protein fraction of cultured cells while primarily incorporated into the cell wall and/or cell membrane fraction of cells cultured on MMS without kinetin in the medium. In MMS without IAA and MMS without both IAA and kinetin, there was incorporation, but to a lesser extent in both the protein and the cell wall and/or cell membrane fractions.
Site-selective imaging in scanning tunneling microscopy of graphite: The nature of site asymmetry.

In the absence of tip-sample mechanical interaction, graphite images show very different behaviors from those of typical images. Contrary to the current interpretation of site asymmetry, where protrusions in images are considered as B-site atoms, we have found that one can selectively image A- or B-site atoms depending on the bias polarity. Furthermore, the corrugation amplitude is extremely small. If measurements are performed under tip-sample mechanical interaction, one observes larger corrugations and in-phase images at opposite polarities. A new interpretation of site asymmetry is proposed.
Towards a compelling new Internet platform

Networking researchers complain that the current Internet is ossified, i.e. that it can hardly be changed. We believe that one of the fundamental reasons for that is the lack of appropriate incentives for providers to invest in new technology, especially in the absence of a compelling new architecture and a killer application that would benefit from an alternative architecture. There is a chicken-and-egg problem: In order to come up with exciting new applications, there needs to be an infrastructure supporting them. Researchers have proposed to build network testbeds (e.g. GENI/FIRE) to test new network architectures and protocols at larger scale. However, these testbeds appear to have little attraction for users, in particular for commercially oriented application developers. OpenFlow is an alternative approach enabling experimental protocols in production networks. However, one of its limitations is lack of addressing provider incentives. In this position paper, we therefore sketch the characteristics that we think a new Internet platform should have in order to be compelling. We argue for a platform that offers rich programmability at low performance cost and that separates traffic to enhance security and limit interference among applications. Moreover, the platform should be open and accessible to a wide community of users and have a high usability in terms of being easily programmable by application developers. Finally, we believe the new platform should provide support for running sophisticated applications across multiple provider domains.
Mössbauer spectra of kyanite, aquamarine, and cordierite showing intervalence charge transfer

The blue colors of several minerals and gems, including aquamarine (beryl, Be3Al2Si6O18) and cordierite (Al3(Mg, Fe)2Si5AlO18), have been attributed to charge transfer (CT) between adjacent Fe2+ and Fe3+ cations, while Fe2+→Ti4+ CT has been proposed for blue kyanites (Al2SiO5). Such assignments were based on chemical analyses and on polarization-dependent absorption bands measured in visible-region spectra. We have attempted to characterize the Fe cations in each of these minerals by Mossbauer spectroscopy (MS). In blue kyanites, significant amounts of both Fe2+ and Fe3+ were detected with MS, indicating that Fe2+→Fe3+ CT, Fe2+→Ti4+ CT, and Fe2+ and Fe3+ crystal field transitions each could contribute to the electronic spectra. In aquamarines, coexisting Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions were resolved by MS, supporting our assignment of the broad, relatively weak band at 16,100 cm−1 in E∥c spectra to Fe2+→Fe3+ CT between Fe cations replacing Al3+ ions 4.6A apart along c. A band at 17,500 cm−1 in E⊥c spectra of cordierite is generally assigned to Fe2+ (oct)→Fe3+ (tet) CT between cations only 2.74 A apart. However, no Fe3+ ions were detected in the MS at 293K of several blue cordierites showing the 17,500 cm−1 band and reported to contain Fe3+. A quadrupole doublet with parameters consistent with tetrahedral Fe3+ appears in 77K MS, but the Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios from MS are much smaller than values from chemical analysis. These results sound a cautionary note when correlating Mossbauer and chemically determined Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios for minerals exhibiting Fe2+→Fe3+ CT.
Do televised presidential debates help inform voters

Most researchers agree that presidential debates inform voters, but they disagree about whether debates only serve to widen a knowledge gap. The alternative perspective is that the holding of televised debates serves to inform a wider spectrum of voters than not holding them would. Re‐analysis of pre‐debate and post‐debate surveys from the fall 1988 campaign shows: 1) knowledge gap indices gained predictive power once debates began, but 2) even after controlling for knowledge gap indices, presidential debate exposure still predicted knowledge gains.
A two-person bidding game with non-returnable open and sealed bids

Abstract In the first section, T ⩾ 0, A > 0 and B > 0 are given real numbers. The first player selects a mixed strategy, or random rule, for choosing a > 0 such that the average value of a is A. The second player likewise chooses b ⩾ 0 such that its average value is B. The first player wins when and only when T + a ⩾ b. Mixed strategies are presented that are proved to be optimal. It is shown that, with these optimal strategies, the first player should have the following probability of winning: A 2(B − T) when 2B − 2T ⩾ A + √ A2 + 2AT, 1 − B (A + T + √ A 2 + 2AT) = 1 − B(A + T − √ A 2 + 2AT) T 2 when 2B − 2T ⩽ A + √ A2 + 2AT. In the second section, it is proved that the optimal strategies of the first section are unique. In the third section, the results of the preceding sections are utilized to discuss the game where many objects are bid on simultaneously. The ith object has bids of Ti, ai and bi and is won by the first player if and only if Ti + ai ⩾ bi. The Ti's are given and known to both players before the game starts. The requirements on the players are that their average use of resources for the ai and bi are fixed. Namely, A is given with the requirements that the first player choose his mixed strategies for the ai's such that their average values satisfy ∑ i a i = A . Similarly, the second player chooses his bi's such that ∑ i b i = B . In the fourth section, the first player may choose the Ti ⩾ 0 subject to the constraint that ∑ i T i = T . The Ti's may be thought of as open bids in that the second player knows them before choosing his bi's. Similarly, the ai's and bi's may be thought of as sealed bids, since neither player may know what his opponent has chosen. It is proved in this section that the first player may optimize his winnings by choosing the Ti's proportional to the respective values of the objects. Then the average winnings that he may expect to attain with optimal strategies, as a fraction of the total value, are the same as for the simpler game of the first section. It is also determined when and to what extent the first player may choose a different set of Ti's and still optimize his expected winnings. In the fifth section, those values of T and A that maximize the first player's winnings are found, where B, R, and c are given and it is required that A + cT = R.
World Heritage Sites: The Purposes and Politics of Destination Branding

ABSTRACT Stakeholder management and politics have been described as key component of destination branding (Balakrishnan, 2009). This article investigates the impact of political influences on destination branding by examining a sample of 94 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites (WHS) in 54 countries to determine whether democracy and political instability have a significant influence on the decisions of national tourism offices (NTOs) to promote their WHS as tourist destinations. It also examines the relative importance of political instability and democracy on the promotion of WHS by NTOs in comparison to other influences such as stewardship, economic development, and tourism. One of the key contributions of this article is that it applies a multivariate analysis to a field dominated by case study methodologies and suggests the potential complementarities between the two approaches. Democracy, it is hypothesized, facilitates the give and take inher...
A corpus-driven approach to formulaic language in English: multi-word patterns in speech and writing

The present study utilizes a corpus-driven approach to identify the most common multi-word patterns in conversation and academic writing, and to investigate the differing pattern types in the two registers. The paper first surveys the methodological characteristics of corpus-driven research and then contrasts the linguistic characteristics of two types of multi-word sequences: ‘multi-word lexical collocations’ (combinations of content words) versus ‘multi-word formulaic sequences’ (incorporating both function words and content words). Building on this background, the primary focus of the paper is an empirical investigation of the ‘patterns’ represented by multi-word formulaic sequences. It turns out that the multi-word patterns typical of speech are fundamentally different from those typical of academic writing: patterns in conversation tend to be fixed sequences (including both function words and content words). In contrast, most patterns in academic writing are formulaic frames consisting of invariable function words with an intervening variable slot that is filled by content words.
Tuberculosis complicating neoplastic disease. A review of 201 cases

Case records were reviewed of 201 patients that developed active tuberculosis (TB) complicating neoplastic disease at Memorial Hospital between 1950-1971. TB occurred in 44 patients with lung cancer, 45 with head and neck cancers, 28 with breast cancer, 29 with lymphoproliferative disorders, 20 with gynecologic cancers, 7 with leukemia, 9 with, stomach cancer, and 19 with other neoplasms. Patients with lung cancer, reticulum cell sarcoma, lymphosarcoma, and Hodgkin's disease had a TB prevalence of 92, 78, 88, and 96 cases per 10,000 patients, respectively, with each neoplasm. Patients with head and neck, stomach cancer, and acute lymphatic leukemia and acute myelogenous leukemia had a prevalence of 51, 55, 37, and 28 per 10,000 patients at risk, respectively. The prevalence in breast cancer, colon, and genitourinary cancer was 5 to 20 per 10,000. TB generally occurred when the neoplasm first developed in patients with lung and head and neck cancers, and after antineoplastic therapy for advancing disease in lymphoproliferative disorders and breast cancer. TB occurring after antineoplastic therapy caused more severe TB infection with a high mortality rate. Patients treated with adrenocorticosteroids also had more severe tuberculous infection. TB caused masses and adenopathy plus fatal pneumonias and disseminated infection. Over-all mortality due to TB was 17%, compared with 48% in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Early diagnosis and treatment of TB is stressed.
Restructuring computing programs to meet employment challenges

For many years, computing professionals have enjoyed steady employment and good salaries. Throughout most of the career in computer science education, nearly all the graduates who wanted a job in computing, even those who were clearly weaker, could find suitable employment without really trying. However, the job prospects of college graduates with degrees in computing and information technology have recently dimmed significantly. By restructuring the curriculum to create an interdisciplinary program, smaller schools can maximize their graduates' prospects for employment as computing professionals and improve the faculty's prospects of competing for national funding in focused research areas.
The relevance of the developing countries to demographic transition theory: further lessons from the Hungarian experience.

Abstract In this paper variations in marital fertility and nuptiality in 48 Hungarian provinces over the period 1880–1910 are investigated in order to test competing hypotheses about the soda-economic and cultural sources of the European demographic transition. Models are contructed to compare three explanations: (1) the conventional hypothesis of demographic transition emphasizing infant mortality, urbanization, education and modernization; (2) the recent re-interpretation including cultural and ethnic factors; and (3) an hypothesis drawn from the literature on contemporary demographic transitions which emphasizes poverty and economic inequality. These three models are tested and compared through multivariate statistical analysis, using statistics for four census periods. The results show that neither the conventional model nor the revision explains which cultural and ethnic factors adequately explain differentials and changes in Hungarian fertility during the period of transition. The consideration of e...
A scenario generation framework for automating instructional support in scenario-based training

Within training, scenario creation can be a long and costly activity. This often results in the same scenarios being re-used. While this can work with new trainees, it does not provide effective training for those using a system for continuing training. In order to provide an easier capability for instruction, the authors are pursuing a line of research in scenario generation. While this includes methods for instructors to build scenarios easily via a manual process, automated approaches for scenario generation are also being investigated.The authors have previously completed efforts in reviewing the needs of a scenario generation system (Martin et al., 2009) and in building a conceptual model for scenarios and how varying complexity can be achieved. This paper provides a review of this work and then presents a computational approach to automated scenario generation. The authors are pursuing research investigating processes and tools for scenario generation, both manual and automated.A recently re-discovered approach (Shape Grammars) and a newly-developed approach (Functional L-systems) each shows great promise for their use in automated scenario generation. However, based on their additional expressive power, the authors have chosen to use Functional L-systems within their software, which will be reviewed.
Twenty-eight cases of Mycobacterium marinum infection: retrospective case series and literature review

Purpose Invasive Mycobacterium marinum disease (tenosynovitis and osteomyelitis) may be an increasingly common manifestation of M. marinum infection that presents unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. We conducted a retrospective case series and literature review of M. marinum infection to better understand the clinical spectrum of invasive versus cutaneous disease.
N-Acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity in the cortical granules of Xenopus laevis eggs

The glycosidase activities associated with Xenopus laevis eggs were determined using p-nitrophenyl glycosides as substrates. The egg lysate contained significant amounts of α-fucosidase, N-acetyl-β-D-galactosaminidase, and α-mannosidase activities with smaller amounts of other glycosidase activities, including N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase. A cortical granule exudate obtained from ionophore-activated dejellied eggs contained predominantly glucosaminidase activity with only trace amounts of other glycosidase activities. Perivitelline space material obtained from activated or fertilized jellied eggs contained only glucosaminidase activity. Using cytochemical staining procedures, glucosaminidase activity was present in the perivitelline space and the inner aspect of the jelly coat after fertilization or activation of the egg, but not before. The rate of glucosaminidase activity released from activated eggs occurred with the same kinetics as the cortical reaction. The cortical granule and noncortical granule glucosaminidase activities had different electrophoretic mobilities as determined by disc gel electrophoresis. Thus, the Xenopus laevis egg has two N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities, one associated with the cortical granules and the other associated with the noncortical granule compartment of the cell. The cortical granule enzyme released from the egg at fertilization may function in altering the egg's penetrability to supernumerary sperm.
Differential motion between upper crust and lithospheric mantle in the central Basin and Range

Stretching of the continental crust can double its surface area, but it is unknown whether similar amounts of extension occur at depth. Seismic results from the central Basin and Range province, western USA, reveal a thick root of lithospheric mantle that has not been extended and indicates that crustal stretching is decoupled from extension at depth. Stretching of the continental crust in the Basin and Range, western USA1, has more than doubled the surface area of the central province2. But it is unknown whether stretching affects the entire column of lithosphere down to the convecting mantle, if deep extension occurs offset to the side, or if deeper layers are entirely decoupled from the upper crust3,4. The central Basin and Range province is unusual, compared with its northern and southern counterparts: extension began later1; volcanism was far less voluminous5; and the unique geochemistry of erupted basalts6,7,8,9,10,11 suggests a long-preserved mantle source. Here we use seismic data and isostatic calculations to map lithospheric thickness in the central Basin and Range. We identify an isolated root of ancient mantle lithosphere that is ∼125 km thick, providing geophysical confirmation of a strong, cold mantle previously inferred from geochemistry6,7,8. We suggest that the root caused the later onset of extension and prevented the eruption of voluminous volcanism at the surface. We infer that the root initially pulled away from the Colorado Plateau along with the crust, but then was left behind intact during extension across Death Valley to the Sierra Nevada. We conclude that the upper crust is now decoupled from and moving relative to the root.