cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal compression and molding of atherosclerotic vascular tissue with use of radiofrequency energy: Implications for radiofrequency balloon angioplasty

Abstract The combined delivery of pressure and thermal energy may effectively remodel intraluminal atherosclerotic plaque and fuse intimal tears. To test these hypotheses with use of a non-laser thermal energy source, radiofrequency energy was delivered to postmortem human atherosclerotic vessels from a metal “hot-tip” catheter, block-mounted bipolar electrodes and from a prototype radiofrequency balloon catheter. Sixty-two radiofrequency doses delivered from a metal electrode tip produced dose-dependent ablation of atherosclerotic plaque, ranging from clean and shallow craters with histologic evidence of thermal compression at doses 80 J) doses. Lesion dimensions ranged between 3.14 and 3.79 mm in diameter and 0.20 and 0.47 mm in depth. Tissue perforation was not observed. To test the potential for radiofrequency fusion of intimal tears, 5 atm of pressure and 200 J radiofrequency energy were delivered from block-mounted bipolar electrodes to 48 segments of human atherosclerotic aorta, which had been manually separated into intima-media and media-adventitial layers. Significantly stronger tissue fusion resulted (28.5 ± 3.3 g) with radiofrequency compared with that with pressure alone (4.8 ± 0.26 g; p Thus, delivery of radiofrequency energy in combination with pressure to atherosclerotic tissue effectively molds atherosclerotic plaque and vessels and produces medial myocyte damage and strong tissue fusion. These observations may have important implications for preventing acute and chronic restenosis after balloon angioplasty.
Irreversible effect of cysteine protease inhibitors on the release of malaria parasites from infected erythrocytes

By studying the inactivation of malaria parasite culture by cysteine protease inhibition using confocal microscopy of living cells and electron microscopy of high-pressure frozen and freeze-substituted cells, we report the precise step in the release of malaria parasites from erythrocytes that is likely regulated by cysteine proteases: the opening of the erythrocyte membrane, liberating parasites for the next round of infection. Inhibition of cysteine proteases within the last few minutes of cycle does not affect rupture of the parasitophorus vacuole but irreversibly blocks the subsequent rupture of the host cell membrane, locking in resident parasites, which die within a few hours of captivity. This irreversible inactivation of mature parasites inside host cells makes plasmodial cysteine proteases attractive targets for antimalarials, as parasite-specific cysteine protease inhibitors may significantly augment multi-target drug cocktails.
A class of periodic orbits in classical mechanics

where DW(x) denotes the gradient at x of the potential function W(x). The second is to generahze certain results in [2] concerning the bifurcation and persistence of unstable periodic orbits of (0.1) from unstable critical points of w. The Hamiltonian nature of Eqs. (0.1) implies that the total energy (kinetic plus potential) of solutions x(t) remains constant. We will be interested in obtaining periodic solutions of (0.1) of specified energy E. Recently this problem has received a great deal of interest; see, for example, the survey [ 11) for a bibliography and the more recent papers [6,7]. Let H-‘(E) be a regular energy surface. Associated with H-‘(E) is the manifold N with boundary
A children's self-management system for reducing homework-related problems : Parent efficacy ratings

ABSTRACT This study seeks empirical validation for a behavioral self-management technique to improve homework-related behavior. Forty-two elementary and junior high school students with problems related to homework learned the technique through audiocassettes and supplementary written materials and mechanical aids. Parents rated the severity of their children's homework problems at stated intervals. Group 1 learned the technique at the beginning while Group 2 served as waiting list controls for the first 6 weeks. At 6 weeks Group 1 showed a significant reduction (p = < .0001) in mean severity rating while Group 2's mean rating was unchanged. After learning the technique, at 12 weeks Group 2 showed a similar significant reduction in severity rating. Within-group comparisons over time revealed that treatment effects were maintained at the end of 11 months. Ratings suggest that this technique may possibly have an enduring effect on children's ability to assume responsibility for their independent work.
Effects of assertive training on three dimensions of assertiveness

Abstract The relative effectiveness of several components of an assertive training program in shaping assertive responses on three dimensions of assertiveness (refusal, investigatory, commendatory) was assessed. Thirty-two unassertive females were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups: coaching plus behavior rehearsal plus modeling, coaching plus behavior rehearsal, behavior rehearsal plus modeling, and placebo control. Five behavioral and three self-report inventories were used as dependent measures. Coaching plus behavior rehearsal appears to be the most essential treatment components. Training was effective in improving assertiveness on all three dimensions.
Pulmonary effects of inhaled zinc oxide in human subjects, guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits.

Occupational exposure to freshly formed zinc oxide (ZnO) particles (<1.0 µm aerodynamic diameter) produces a well-characterized response known as metal fume fever. An 8-hr threshold limit value (TLV) of 5 mg/m3 has been established to prevent adverse health effects because of exposure to ZnO fumes. Because animal toxicity studies have demonstrated pulmonary effects near the current TLV, the present study examined the time course and dose-response of the pulmonary injury produced by inhaled ZnO in guinea pigs, rats, rabbits, and human volunteers. The test animals were exposed to 0, 2.5, or 5.0 mg/m3 ZnO for up to 3 hr and their lungs lavaged. Both the lavage fluid and recovered cells were examined for evidence of inflammation or altered cell function. The lavage fluid from guinea pigs and rats exposed to 5 mg/m3 had significant increases in total cells, lactate dehydrogenase, β-glucuronidase, and protein content. These changes were greatest 24 hr after exposure. Guinea pig alveolar macrophage function was ...
The structure of some classes of bivariate distributions and some applications

Abstract The extreme points of the set of all bivariate distributions with fixed marginals are characterized and analyzed when the marginal distributions have finite support. The extreme points of this set are compared with the extreme points of the set of all bivariate positive quadrant dependent distributions with the same fixed marginals. Also, it is pointed out that the extreme point analysis is helpful in power computations and power comparisons of tests of independence. Affine property of certain measures of dependence is discussed exploiting the structure of these classes of distributions. The notion of positive regression dependence is also discussed within this framework.
A Classroom Exercise in Impression Formation

This classroom exercise provides students with an opportunity to examine aspects of their own impression-formation processes. The data generated can be used to stimulate discussion about the origins of implicit personality theories, person prototypes, and the accuracy of first impressions.
Diffusive equilibrium distributions of He+ in the plasmasphere

Recent satellite observations of thermal ion composition in the near-equatorial plasmasphere have shown that He(+) comprises 5-10 percent typically and occasionally 25 percent or more of the total thermal ion density. A steady state diffusive equillibrium model for the distributions of H(+), He(+) and O(+) along a plasmaspheric flux tube is used to elicit effects that may help explain these observed high He(+) fractional concentrations. The model indicates that both the ionospheric composition and the temperature distribution along the flux tubes are important factors controlling the equatorial He(+) composition, through the phlasma scale height and thermal diffusion effects. Direct comparison of the model results with thermal ion observations by ISEE-1 indicates that the effects incorporated into the model may explain some of the elevated He(+) concentrations. In some instances, however, effects not included in the model may be of importance.
EFFECTS OF FAMILIARITY ON SELF-DISCLOSURE IN A CLIENT-COUNSELOR RELATIONSHIP

A modified version of Jourard's self-disclosure questionnaire was administered at periodic intervals to 33 undergraduates in psychology who were volunteer counselors for youths referred to the Wayn...
Thin-film rechargeable lithium batteries

Thin-film rechargeable lithium batteries using ceramic electrolyte and cathode materials have been fabricated by physical deposition techniques. The lithium phosphorous oxynitride electrolyte has exceptional electrochemical stability and a good lithium conductivity. The lithium insertion reaction of several different intercalation materials, amorphous V{sub 2}O{sub 5}, amorphous LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}, and crystalline LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} films, have been investigated using the completed cathode/electrolyte/lithium thin-film battery.
Social change: introduction

In 1971, when one of the editors of this special issue (LAS) proposed to do her dissertation on sex role socialization, her advisor was concerned that this might not prove to be a viable field for a research career. He argued that the phenomenon might disappear as the result of legislation, perhaps within five years! As we are now aware, with or without legislation, gender stereotypes cannot be expected to vanish within the immediate future. Assumptions about the properties, traits, and roles of women and men seem to be so basic to our culture, and to our individual thought processes, that they resist most attempts at change. Obviously, too, it is against the perceived interests of many powerful subgroups, composed of both males and females, to change existing gender roles. In this context, it is not difficult to see why a special issue of Sex Roles on social change should be published in 1986. Clearly, gender roles are still being acquired and practiced, albeit with more overt social conflict than in some previous decades. We initially viewed a special issue on social change as an opportunity to review the changes that have occurred in gender roles and in our understanding of the processes that contribute to them over the decade since this journal was founded. In reviewing the content of the journal over this period, however, we were struck by the relatively small number of either empirical or theoretical articles dealing with change. Those that did often documented or discussed lack of change rather than sweeping success in modifying gender roles or gender-related behaviors.
The Subxiphoid Approach in the Treatment of Pericardial Effusion

Subxiphoid pericardiotomy for diagnosis and treatment of pericardial effusion is a safe procedure. Not only does it appear to be safer than aspiration, but it yields more information because of its ability to obtain pericardial tissue. The recurrence rate of pericardial effusion is lower using subxiphoid pericardiotomy. For these reasons it is the technique of choice for diagnosis and treatment of nontraumatic pericardial effusion.
The structure of the tips of mammalian respiratory cilia

The ciliary crown and the relationship of the ciliary crown to the underlying axoneme were studied by electron microscopy in cilia from hamster and rat trachea and bronchioles, and rabbit trachea. The ciliary crown is a cluster of 4 to 6 fibrils 35 nm long protruding beyond the plasma membrane at the tips of the cilia. The fibrils are well preserved after tannic acidglutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixation and have high contrast with a periodic density of 4.5 nm. They stain relatively weakly with phosphotungstic acid. The surface of the fibrils stains with ruthenium red. The microtubules of the axoneme end in a plate of electron dense amorphous material. A five layered disc occupies the space between the membrane and the amorphous plate at the tip of the axoneme. The plasma membrane can be dissolved with the detergent triton X-100 without loss of the ciliary crown. This indicates that the ciliary crown is composed of transmembranous filaments which are bound to the disc at the tip of the axoneme.
Reinforcing reachable routes

This paper studies the evaluation of routing algorithms from the perspective of reachability routing, where the goal is to determine all paths between a sender and a receiver. Reachability routing is becoming relevant with the changing dynamics of the Internet and the emergence of low-bandwidth wireless/ad hoc networks. We make the case for reinforcement learning as the framework of choice to realize reachability routing, within the confines of the current Internet infrastructure. The setting of the reinforcement learning problem offers several advantages, including loop resolution, multi-path forwarding capability, cost-sensitive routing, and minimizing state overhead, while maintaining the incremental spirit of current backbone routing algorithms. We identify research issues in reinforcement learning applied to the reachability routing problem to achieve a fluid and robust backbone routing framework. This paper also presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a new reachability routing algorithm that uses a model-based approach to achieve cost-sensitive multi-path forwarding; performance assessment of the algorithm in various troublesome topologies shows consistently superior performance over classical reinforcement learning algorithms. The paper is targeted toward practitioners seeking to implement a reachability routing algorithm.
The Role of Family Structure, Functioning, and Pain Modeling in Headache

SYNOPSIS In an initial attempt to examine relationships between family functioning and chronic headache disorders, the present study examined: a) family structure characteristics, b) family functioning, and c) family pain modeling. Subjects completed an assessment battery consisting of several measures of family functioning. Analyses showed that migraine sufferers (N = 42) as compared to headache-free controls (N=59) were more likely to describe their families as emphasizing clear organization, structure, rules, and overall control, but less likely to encourage emotional expression. No differences were found between tension headache subjects (N = 43) and headache-free controls. While only an initial exploration of the importance of family characteristics in chronic headache, these results suggest that there are important differences in headache subjects' (particularly migraine) reports of family environment and functioning.
Changes in Taste Neurons Support the Emergence of an Adaptive Behavior in Cockroaches

In response to the anthropogenic assault of toxic baits, populations of the German cockroach have rapidly evolved an adaptive behavioral aversion to glucose (a phagostimulant component of baits). We hypothesized that changes in the peripheral gustatory system are responsible for glucose aversion. In both wild-type and glucose-averse (GA) cockroaches, D-fructose and D-glucose stimulated sugar-gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs), whereas the deterrent caffeine stimulated bitter-GRNs. In contrast, in GA cockroaches, D-glucose also stimulated bitter-GRNs and suppressed the responses of sugar-GRNs. Thus, D-glucose is processed as both a phagostimulant and deterrent in GA cockroaches, and this newly acquired peripheral taste sensitivity underlies glucose aversion in multiple GA populations. The rapid emergence of this highly adaptive behavior underscores the plasticity of the sensory system to adapt to rapid environmental change.
MEASURING SIGNAL PLATOON FLOW

Traffic-flow models are often based on an assumption of random vehicle arrivals. Arrivals are not random where upstream flow interruptions, such as traffic signals, cause platoons to form. Some way is needed to identify and describe periods of high and low flow rates if these traffic models are to be more accurate. A statistical procedure is developed to predict these flow rates. The procedure is demonstrated with five sets of data from unsignalized intersections affected by platoon flow. The demonstration includes identification of the high-flow period, determination of confidence limits for flow rates, and testing for randomness of the vehicle arrivals. Ramifications of using the procedure in the analysis of unsignalized intersections and other types of traffic-flow problems are then discussed.
Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Two Constitutional Isomeric Libraries of AB2-Based Monodendrons and Supramolecular Dendrimers

The synthesis and structural analysis of two constitutional isomeric libraries of self-assembling AB2 monodendrons based on 3,4- and 3,5-disubstituted benzyl ether internal repeat units containing four different first generation monodendrons, i.e., 3,4,5-tris(n-dodecan-1-yloxy)benzyl ether, 3,4-bis(n-dodecan-1-yloxy)benzyl ether, 3,4,5-tris[p-(n-dodecan-1-yloxy)benzyloxy]benzyl ether, and 3,4-bis[p-(n-dodecan-1-yloxy)benzyloxy]benzyl ether, on their periphery are described. Regardless of the repeat unit on their periphery, the first three or four generations of the 3,4-disubstituted series of monodendrons self-assemble into spherical supramolecular dendrimers that self-organize into a Pm3n 3-D cubic lattice while the same generations of the 3,5-disubstituted series of monodendrons self-assemble into cylindrical supramolecular dendrimers that self-organize into a p6mm hexagonal columnar 2-D lattice. The internal repeat unit of the monodendrons determines the shape of the supramolecular dendrimers. However...
The Book of Concord and Human Sexuality, Seen Through the Institution of Marriage

: Although The Book of Concord says only a few things about sexuality explicitly, by observing the distinction between law and gospel and the way the reformers correlate the law with their social situation, today's Lutheran readers may reach broader conclusions about their approach to such matters. The most important issue regarding sexuality in the sixteenth century arose from the reformers' desire to distinguish monastic celibacy from true chastity and thus to support their conviction that every-day married life was a God-pleasing, Christian vocation.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone regulates the activities of the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 through modulation of phosphorylation.

ACTH treatment of Y1 adrenocortical cells induces the synthesis of Nur77, an orphan nuclear receptor that can act as a potent trans-activator for such genes as 21-hydroxylase (CYP21). Nur77 has thus been proposed to be a mediator of ACTH action in activating the expression of genes that encode steroidogenic enzymes. Here we show that ACTH regulates the activity of Nur77 at the level of phosphorylation. ACTH induces the synthesis of transcriptionally active, DNA-binding Nur77 that is unphosphorylated at Ser354, which resides within the DNA-binding domain. By contrast, the Nur77 population that is constitutively present in Y1 cells is phosphorylated at Ser354 and does not bind DNA. Substitutions of Ser354 with negatively charged amino acids, such as Asp or Glu, dramatically decreased Nur77 DNA-binding and trans-activation activities, whereas mutation to the neutral Ala had no effect. Aside from phosphorylation within the DNA-binding domain, ACTH treatment does not induce modifications in the N- and C-termin...
Primary actinomycoma of the third ventricle--the colloid cyst. A histochemical and ultrastructural study.

Primary actinomycoma of the third ventricle has been reported to be a very rare form of central nervous system actinomycosis. Others have demonstrated actinomycotic-like colonies in colloid cysts of the third ventricle. We have confirmed these structures (HLS) in five colloid cysts and have demonstrated by various histochemical stains that they consist of desoxyribose nucleic acid, basic protein and phospholipid. Ultrastructurally, they consist of amorphous to granular electron dense material, probably deposited on a lamellar substructure. On the basis of the available information, we believe that the lesions, previously reported as primary actinomycomas, are actually colloid cysts containing degenerative HLS. The possible origin of the hyphal-like structures is discussed.
RDCAPP: A real-time dynamic CAPP system for an FMS

Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) systems need to consider the uncertain nature of the shop-floor prior to the identification of job routes and processing sequences. This paper describes the design and development of a prototype, real-time dynamic CAPP (RDCAPP) system for a multimachining-centre flexible manufacturing system (FMS). Concepts relevant to this research include CAPP, profile input using group technology (GT), artificial-intelligence-based expert systems, and FMSs.
Momentum control for balance

We demonstrate a real-time simulation system capable of automatically balancing a standing character, while at the same time tracking a reference motion and responding to external perturbations. The system is general to non-human morphologies and results in natural balancing motions employing the entire body (for example, wind-milling). Our novel balance routine seeks to control the linear and angular momenta of the character. We demonstrate how momentum is related to the center of mass and center of pressure of the character and derive control rules to change these centers for balance. The desired momentum changes are reconciled with the objective of tracking the reference motion through an optimization routine which produces target joint accelerations. A hybrid inverse/forward dynamics algorithm determines joint torques based on these joint accelerations and the ground reaction forces. Finally, the joint torques are applied to the free-standing character simulation. We demonstrate results for following both motion capture and keyframe data as well as both human and non-human morphologies in presence of a variety of conditions and disturbances.
Simplified Automatic Determination of In Vitro Drug Dissolution Rates Using Direct Concentration Recording

A system is described which permits automatic recording of dissolution rates directly in terms of percentage dissolution versus time without the need for an intermediate absorbance-time plot.
Solid teratomas of the ovary.

The pathology and clinical follow-up of seven solid ovarian teratomas diagnosed over a 25-year period were reviewed. Prognosis could be related, within limits, to the histologic degree of maturation of the component tissue—tumors composed solely of adult elements pursued a benign course, while teratomas consisting principally of immature elements were fatal. The behavior of tumors of intermediate maturation was hazardous to predict. The benign behavior of neoplasms with mature glial peritoneal implants is reviewed, and the importance of thorough sectioning is emphasized. Neuroectodermal derivatives were the principal embryonal components withing these tumors.
Influence of surface topography on frictional properties of Cu surfaces under different lubrication conditions: Comparison of dry, base oil, and ZnS nanowire-based lubrication system

Abstract This work deals with the frictional properties of ductile Cu surfaces of varying morphologies under three different lubrication conditions including dry, base oil only, and nanowire+base oil. It was found that the frictional properties of base oil and nanowire-based lubrication system strongly depended on the surface topography while the friction for the dry surfaces was independent of the surface topography.
Relation between the superfluid density and order parameter for superfluid He near Tc

Abstract Relations are derived between the superfluid density, the order parameter, and the specific heat singularity for superfluid helium near the lambda point.
Linear array beamforming: Sensitivity to anisotropic noise and correlated sources

This paper examines the influence of correlated wavefronts and directional noise (anisotropic background) on the performance of conventional and adaptive beamforming schemes used with linear arrays in the ocean environment.
Photoresponse nonlinearity in platinum silicide photodiodes

Sources of photoresponse nonlinearity in charge-integrating platinum silicide photodiodes are identified. Simulation results are presented, illustrating the magnitude of this nonlinearity as a function of wavelength, initial bias voltage, and stray capacitance. Additional simulation studies are discussed, revealing the impact of photoresponse nonlinearity on slope-and-offset- corrected thermal imaging. Application charts are provided, indicating the proper choice of calibration points for platinum silicide imaging systems.
Microstructural Comparisons of Meat Emulsions Prepared with Corn Protein Emulsified and Unemulsified Fat

The microstructures of comminuted meat products containing 0, 1 and 2% of corn germ protein as a powder additive and as a stabilizer for pre-emulsified fat (PEF) were studied. A modified fixation technique and protein contrasting ingredient were used to improve the resolution of the microstructure. Meat products containing 2% protein additive exhibited a uniform distribution of fat globules and increased water and fat binding capacity. Corn germ protein used as a stabilizer in PEF preparation formed a more uniform distribution of fat globules than of additive product. These protein micellar structures may stabilize the larger size fat globules, resulting in less coalescence of the fat component during heat treatment.
Using ECC and redundancy to minimize vmin induced yield loss in 6T SRAM arrays

VMIN induced Yield Loss is increasing in nanoscale CMOS era, due to quest for performance at low power. SRAM arrays are the largest contributor to this variety of yield loss due to a wide VMIN distribution. To minimize yield loss due to wide SRAM VMIN distribution, authors propose the use of error correction techniques and redundancy. Measured VMIN distribution data of a 30MB SRAM array designed in 32nm process technology node is presented to demonstrate efficacy of redundancy and error correction techniques.
Treatment of corner node problems and its singularity

Abstract In boundary element analyses, special treatments have to be applied at geometric corner nodes in order to achieve a higher accuracy of the boundary element results. This paper first reviews the existing methods in the treatment of corner node problems, and then proposes the boundary point element method, which possesses continuous boundary displacements and discontinuous tractions at the geometric corners. A way to deal with the singularity that occurs when displacements are prescribed at both nodes of a boundary point element is also presented. Numerical analyses of various typical examples are carried out using different treatments for the corner node problems and their performances are compared. It is shown that the boundary point element method is an accurate and effective approach in treating the problems.
Validation of the Graduate Record Examinations and the Miller Analogies Test in a Doctoral Program in Education

In view of previous inconclusive studies and often crude criteria, the authors studied the predictive validity of the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) Aptitude Test and the Miller Analogies Test (MAT) in a doctoral program in Education. Four rather discriminating criterion variables derived from an analytic exercise and course grades in statistics and research were used. Twenty-five classes in a core course over a nine-year span provided subjects (N = 348) for the data analyses. The highest first-order correlations between GRE scores and criterion measures ran about .5 whereas those for the MAT were very low. Considering both the restriction in range of scores and the fact that a combination of predictors through multiple regression procedures yielded still higher correlations than those afforded by single prediction, the investigators concluded that the GRE Aptitude Test was useful in this program, but not the MAT.
Alteration of collagen synthesis in lung organ cultures by hyperoxic environments

Abstract Organ cultures of neo-natal rat lungs continue to accumulate collagen at a nearly linear rate for 5 days, when maintained in an atmosphere consisting of 5% CO 2 in air. Nearly 70% of the collagen synthesized in these cultures is Type I and 30%, Type III. When these cultures are maintained in 5% CO 2 + 95% O 2 , the per cell accumulation of collagen increased. Although there is no significant change in the amount of radiolabeled proline incorporated, the rate of incorporation per cell is increased since there appear to be fewer cells in the O 2 -treated cultures. These parameters of collagen synthesis parallel lung O 2 injury in vivo . There is a shift in the type of collagen synthesized, nearly 70% being Type III and 30%, Type I in O 2 -exposed cultures. This finding is reminiscent of tissue repair after injury. Such changes in collagen may contribute to pulmonary connective tissue disorders in oxidant-induced lung injury.
Perspectives on innovative concepts in wind-power generation

Abstract After harvesting energy from the wind for centuries, for a long period in history which started with the industrial revolution, wind power development has lagged behind due to the advent of other types of technologies based on fossil fuels and nuclear fission. It was not until the 20th century that technological developments in other fields revolutionized wind power conversion and ultimately led to modern wind turbine systems. This re-emergence of wind as a significant energy source is now encouraged by the need to meet increasing worldwide electricity demand and reduce the environmental impact caused by the conventional electricity generation technologies. Considerable progress in wind-power technology during the last decades has pushed it as an important supplier of grid-connected electricity in the worldwide energy picture. Today, wind turbines on the market show a variety of innovative concepts combined with proven technology for both generators and power electronics. But, there are still several technological challenges in wind power. Some are related to the development of utility-scale turbines of cheaper construction, transport and deployment, that may further reduce generation cost at both inland and offshore locations. Some others are related to finding practical and economical ways of harvesting wind energy at the small-scale level for isolated consumers or for distributed generation systems. The objective of this paper is to explore innovative concepts proposed in wind power that may help address these challenges by going beyond the classical evolutive-design process.
Attractor stability in nonuniform Boolean networks

The attractor graph of a Boolean network F has the attractors of F as vertices. There is a directed edge between attractors A i and A j if there is a state x ? A i and an index k such that x when perturbed in the kth coordinate yields a state x ' in the basin of attractor A j . Kauffman (2007) proposed to use the strongly connected components of the attractor graph (called ergodic sets) to model possible targets for cell differentiation. However, computational follow-up work by him and others has revealed that most Boolean networks have a single strongly connected component in an overwhelming number of cases, and two strongly connected components in rare cases.As a proof of concept, we explicitly construct classes of hierarchical, nonuniform Boolean networks where the attractor graph may have an arbitrary number of ergodic sets. The construction uses threshold functions and networks that are combinations of connected cliques. Earlier work does not address the structure of ergodic sets. Building on the previous construction we show how to generate Boolean networks where ergodic sets possess binary hyper-cubes Q 2 m as sub-graphs.Although the focus of this paper is to demonstrate that there are Boolean networks with a large number of ergodic sets and that ergodic sets can be arbitrarily large; we remark that networks we construct have community structure and the results may therefore be relevant to application areas ranging from biology to social science. The results also provide a starting point for additional studies into the attractor structure of Boolean networks, their basins of attractions, and conditions for stability under state noise.
Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of gallium by the 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate method

A new ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the determination of gallium(III) is proposed which is based on the formation of a stable, extractable complex using ammonium 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate as the reagent. Conformity to Beer's law was observed and the optimum concentration range is 2 to 25 p. p. m. of gallium. The molar absorptivity at 308 nm is 2.58 · 103 1 mole−1 cm−1.
Quantitation of hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in fasting humans with 13C NMR

The rate of net hepatic glycogenolysis was assessed in humans by serially measuring hepatic glycogen concentration at 3- to 12-hour intervals during a 68-hour fast with 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The net rate of gluconeogenesis was calculated by subtracting the rate of net hepatic glycogenolysis from the rate of glucose production in the whole body measured with tritiated glucose. Gluconeogenesis accounted for 64 +/- 5% (mean +/- standard error of the mean) of total glucose production during the first 22 hours of fasting. In the subsequent 14-hour and 18-hour periods of the fast, gluconeogenesis accounted for 82 +/- 5% and 96 +/- 1% of total glucose production, respectively. These data show that gluconeogenesis accounts for a substantial fraction of total glucose production even during the first 22 hours of a fast in humans.
A comparison of international references for the assessment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity in different populations

Objective: To compare different references assessing child and adolescent overweight and obesity in different populations. Design: Comparison cross-sectional study. Setting: The United States, Russia, China. Subjects: A total of 6108 American, 6883 Russian and 3014 Chinese children aged 6–18 y. Investigation: Using nationwide survey data from the USA (NHANES III, 1988–1994), Russia (1992), and China (1991), we compared three references: (1) the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) reference, sex–age-specific body mass index (BMI) cut-offs that correspond to BMIs of 25 for overweight and 30 for obesity at age 18; (2) the World Health Organization (WHO) reference–BMI 85th percentiles for overweight in adolescents (10–19 y) and weight-for-height Z-scores for obesity in children under 10; (3) a USA reference–BMI 85th and 95th percentiles to classify overweight and obesity, respectively. Results: Using the IOTF reference and 85th BMI percentiles, overweight prevalence was 6.4 and 6.5% in China, 15.7 and 15.0% in Russia, and 25.5 and 24.4% in the USA, respectively. Notable differences existed for several ages. Kappa (=0.84–0.98) indicated an excellent agreement between the two references in general, although they varied by sex–age groupings and countries. Overweight prevalence was twice as high in children (6–9 y) than in adolescents (10–18 y) in China and Russia, but was similar in the USA. Estimates of obesity prevalence using these three references varied substantially. Conclusions: The references examined produce similar estimates of overall overweight prevalence but different estimates for obesity. One should be cautious when comparing results based on different references. Sponsorship: University of Illinois and University of North Carolina.
Alcator C-Mod experiments in support of the ITER baseline 15 MA scenario

Experiments on Alcator C-Mod from 2009?2012 have examined the rampup, flattop and rampdown phases of the proposed ITER 15?MA baseline scenario. Rampup studies show ICRF heating can significantly reduce the V-s requirement, and that an H-mode late in the ramp can reduce this further. ICRF modifications to li in L-mode are minimal, although the Te profile is peaked relative to ohmic in the plasma centre, and reduces the sawtooth onset times. Flattop plasmas targeting ITER baseline parameters have been sustained for 20?E or 8???13?CR, but only reach H98???0.6 at n/nGr?=?0.85, rising to 0.9 at n/nGr?=?0.65. Rampdown studies show H-modes can be routinely sustained with ICRF power injection, avoiding an OH coil over-current associated with the H?L transition. In addition, faster current rampdowns are preferred to avoid an over-current when an H?L transition ultimately does occur. In the H-mode rampdown the density is found to drop with Ip, preserving the n/nGr ratio, so long as ICRF power is injected.
Addition of plerixafor to mobilization regimens in autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplants does not affect the correlation of preharvest hematopoietic precursor cell enumeration with first-harvest CD34+ stem cell yield.

The CXCR4 antagonist plerixafor is increasingly used in the mobilization regimens for autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation. This agent may mobilize a different subset of the stem cell population than traditional regimens, such as growth factors (with and without chemotherapy). Thus, it is important to determine whether plerixafor has an effect on the utility of measurements used to predict the yield of CD34+ cells, usually either preharvest peripheral blood CD34+ enumeration by flow cytometry or hematopoietic precursor cell (HPC) enumeration by automated hematology analysis. Although HPC enumeration has a weaker correlation with first-harvest CD34+ cell yield, this parameter still plays an important role in the timing of apheresis procedures for autologous PBSC transplantation because of its technical simplicity and low cost. In the present study, we retrospectively examined the correlation of HPC measurements with CD34+ cell yields in patients with multiple myeloma and lymphoma undergoing autologous PBSC transplantation, and investigated how the mobilization regimen affected these results. We found that the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.5877 to 0.7668 and were not significantly impacted by differences in diagnosis or inclusion of plerixafor in the mobilization regimen. The predictive ability of HPC enumeration for various target yields was also examined, and receiver-operating characteristic curves were generated. An HPC cutoff of 20 should result in adequate initial CD34+ cell yields (>2.5 × 106 cell/kg) in >80% of autologous donors with or without plerixafor. This study confirms the utility of HPC enumeration in prediction of adequate initial cell yields, and demonstrates that this utility is maintained regardless of whether or not plerixafor is included in the mobilization regimen.
Utah's Liberal Drug Laws: Structural Foundations and Triggering Events

Utah was one of the first states to reduce the penalty for first-offense possession of marihuana, as well as other drugs, to a misdemeanor. Such innovative legislation in Utah was not expected given the Mormon domination of the state legislature and Mormons' strict prohibition of drug use. To shed light on this development, interviews were conducted with a number of Mormon and non-Mormon citizens of Utah, including a variety of state officials. Other sources of information included Mormon Church documents, local newspapers and Utah state records including legislative floor debates. By distinguishing between legislative triggering events and relevant structural conditions it appears that the legislation was triggered by powerful special interest groups but seems to have been supported by many citizens in this unusually homogeneous state as a way of protecting their children. A corollary of the conflict perspective, which is supported by these results, is that consensus on lenient drug penalties is most easily achieved if the drug in question is not associated with a threatening minority.
Mothers' Preferences for Regulating Children's Television

Abstract The potential ill effects of television advertising and programming directed at children and who should assume responsibility for them are issues being debated by parents, broadcasters, government officials, and child advocates. Some contend that protecting children is government's responsibility; others argue that parents are ultimately responsible. Though many opinions have been offered, few have represented parental views. The authors fill that gap by examining mothers' preferences for the regulation of children's television. They also segment mothers by their parental styles and examine their group views of various options. Finally, they offer some insights for persons who affect policies.
Molecular diversity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

: The potent behavioral and cognitive effects of nicotine highlight the physiological importance of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). These receptors are part of the superfamily of neurotransmitter-gated ion channels that are responsible for rapid intercellular communication. Molecular cloning of the protein subunits that make up these receptors has led to greater understanding of the pharmacology and physiology of nAChRs. This review outlines our current understanding of the molecular constituents of these receptors and some of the recent studies of the structural determinants of receptor function.
Studies on human thyroid venous blood--TSH response.

Abstract In seven of eight patients given 1.0 U of TSH via a thyroid artery, a significant rise of radioactivity in the thyroid vein was observed. In two control patients and in four others receiving less than 1.0 U. of TSH, there was slight or no rise in thyroid vein I 131 content. In only one of three patients receiving 1.0 U. TSH IV was a significant rise in I 131 content in the thyroid vein observed. Peripheral venous samples failed to reflect the change in thyroid vein radioactivity. The response to TSH is observed as early as ten minutes after injection and may continue to rise 30 to 60 minutes later. Manipulation of the intact thyroid gland did not increase the release of thyroglobulin into the circulation. Iodoprotein may be released into the thyroid vein by TSH. The increase in the I 131 content of thyroid venous blood appears to be reflected in both iodide and thyroxin-like fractions.
Effects of a perovskite-post perovskite phase change near core-mantle boundary in compressible mantle convection

[1] Numerical simulations of compressible, isochemical mantle convection are used to investigate the effect of the perovskite to post-perovskite phase transition at around 2700 km depth, which has recently been discovered by high-pressure experiments and ab initio calculations, on the convective planform, temperature, and heat transport characteristics of the mantle. The usual phase transitions at 410 km (olivine-spinel) and 660 km (spinel-perovskite) are also included. The exothermic post-perovskite phase change at 2700 km depth destabilizes the lower thermal boundary layer, increasing the heat flow, increasing interior mantle temperature, and increasing the number and time-dependence of upwelling plumes. The resulting weak, highly time-dependent upwellings also have a smaller horizontal spacing than the plumes that occur in the absence of the phase transition. While the influence of post-perovskite phase change may be smaller than that of some other complexities, such as compositional stratification, it appears to have an important enough effect that it should not be ignored in dynamical studies of mantle convection.
A Dynamic Response Model for Pressure Sensors in Continuum and High Knudsen Number Flows with Large Temperature Gradients

This paper develops a dynamic model for pressure sensors in continuum and rarefied flows with longitudinal temperature gradients. The model was developed from the unsteady Navier-Stokes momentum, energy, and continuity equations and was linearized using small perturbations. The energy equation was decoupled from momentum and continuity assuming a polytropic flow process. Rarefied flow conditions were accounted for using a slip flow boundary condition at the tubing wall. The equations were radially averaged and solved assuming gas properties remain constant along a small tubing element. This fundamental solution was used as a building block for arbitrary geometries where fluid properties may also vary longitudinally in the tube. The problem was solved recursively starting at the transducer and working upstream in the tube. Dynamic frequency response tests were performed for continuum flow conditions in the presence of temperature gradients. These tests validated the recursive formulation of the model. Model steady-state behavior was analyzed using the final value theorem. Tests were performed for rarefied flow conditions and compared to the model steady-state response to evaluate the regime of applicability. Model comparisons were excellent for Knudsen numbers up to 0.6. Beyond this point, molecular affects caused model analyses to become inaccurate.
Westward propagation of the Indian monsoon depression

Being restricted in their vertical development by the Tibetan high, monsoon depressions propagate westward against monsoon westerlies embedded in the Indian monsoon trough. The cause of this peculiar propagation has not been well explained. Special characteristics of individual depressions were revealed from observations of previous studies; particularly, the major rainfall of a depression occurs over its west–south-west sector. The latent heat released by this rainfall forms east–west differential heating across the depression in developing an east–west asymmetric circulation. Because this east–west circulation is a part of the depression’s divergent circulation, a spatial quadrature relationship exists between this divergent circulation and the depression. Based on these characteristics, a westward propagation mechanism of the depression is introduced. The depression’s rainfall is supported by the convergence of water vapor transported by the low-level divergent circulation. In turn, the divergent circulation is maintained through a feedback of the latent heat released by the rainfall. The upward branch of the east–west circulation coupled with the convergent center of the low-level divergent circulation generates a negative streamfunction tendency. The depression is propagated westward by a dynamic interaction between rainfall/convection and this monsoon disturbance through the negative streamfunction tendency. The spatial quadrature relationship between a depression and its east–west (divergent) circulation rejuvenates the water vapor supply maintaining diabatic heating and the divergent circulation, and perpetuating the generation of negative streamfunction tendency ahead of the depression. The entire process from the maintenance of east–west differential heating to the generation of negative streamfunction tendency west of a depression will not diminish until the cessation of water vapor supply. Budget analyses of heat, water vapor, velocity potential, and streamfunction for 143 depressions identified over 24 summers (1979–2002) were performed with ERA-40 reanalyses and three daily rainfall data sources. The westward propagation mechanism of monsoon depressions was illustrated/confirmed in terms of these budget analyses.