cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparative morphological study of the sixth and seventh spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae in extinct and extant species of Equus.

The lateral profile of the 6th and 7th cervical spinous processes (CSPs) were examined in four extantspecies of Equus (n=33); E. caballus (n=26), E. przewalskii (n=3), E. quagga boehmi (n=1), E. asinus (n=3)and compared to pre-domesticated Equus specimens (n=66) representing three known species: E. occidentalis(n=56), E. mosbachensis (n=2), E. curvedins/insulatis (n=1) and unknown Equus species (n=7) from five museums.Six common morphological profiles were revealed: cuneate, curvate, falcate, rudimentary, scalenate,and truncate. For the 6th CSP, the distribution of these morphologies amongst extant Equus is: cuneate, onlyE. asinus; curvate, E. caballus and E. przewalskii always in combination with ligamentum lamina nuchae (lig.lamina nuchae) attachments from the 2nd through to 7th CSP inclusive; falcate, E. caballus and E. przewalskiialways in combination with lig. lamina nuchae attachments from the 2nd through to 7th CSP inclusive;rudimentary, E. caballus always associated with lig. lamina nuchae attachments from the 2nd through to 5thCSP inclusive; scalenate, E. caballus in association with lig. lamina nuchae attachments from the 2nd throughto 5th (n=11) or 7th (n=4) CSP inclusive; truncate, not present. The 6th CSP in museum specimens of Equusexhibits one of four profiles: cuneate (n=10), curvate (n=14), scalenate (n=11) and truncate (n=4). For the 7thCSP, the distribution of these morphologies amongst extant Equus is: curvate, E. caballus mostly associatedwith lig. lamina nuchae attachments from the 2nd through to 5th CSP inclusive, falcate, E. caballus mostly associatedwith lig. lamina nuchae attachments from the 2nd through to 7th CSP inclusive, scalenate, E. caballusassociated with lig. lamina nuchae attachments from the 2nd through to 5th CSP inclusive. Only Rancho LaBrea and Tar Pits Museum provided samples suitable for examination of the 7th CSP. These exhibited fourprofiles: curvate (n=7), falcate (n=11), scalenate (n=2), and truncate (n=7). These findings suggest that thelateral profile of the 6th CSP is of potential use in identification of species; attachments of the lig. lamina nuchaealter the morphology of the 6th and 7th CSP; and that attachments of the lig. lamina nuchae on the 2ndto 7th CSP were likely present in species of Equus prior to domestication.
Design Essential #4: Teaching with Intention

When incorporating the entrepreneurial mindset into existing courses throughout the university, there are four curriculum design essentials. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the fourth and final design essential: Teaching with Intention. Best practices for teaching with intention should be grounded within student motivation to learn. The three key factors influencing student motivation to learn are self-efficacy, seeing value, and a supportive environment. Self-efficacy refers to a student’s belief they will be successful. Seeing value—connecting the theoretical topics to the real world—can be obtained through integration of intrinsic value, attainment value, and instrumental value. A supportive environment can be achieved through differentiated learning with a focus on readiness, interest, and learning profile. Backward course design promotes an objective approach to student learning, which uses intentionally designed assessments to offer evidence that the course goals have been obtained by the student. The first step is to identify the final course outcomes (e.g., goals) and then articulate the learning objectives, activities, and assessments used to support the intended course outcomes. This chapter expresses how best teaching practices connect to and support development of the entrepreneurial mindset, explains the three primary factors influencing student motivation to learn, describes the backward course design approach to curriculum development, and highlights multiple pedagogical approaches for applying best teaching practices within the classroom.
A perspective on the electro-thermal co-design of ultra-wide bandgap lateral devices

Fundamental research and development of ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductor devices are under way to realize next-generation power conversion and wireless communication systems. Devices based on aluminum gallium nitride (AlxGa1−xN, x is the Al composition), β-phase gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3), and diamond give promise to the development of power switching devices and radio frequency power amplifiers with higher performance and efficiency than commercial wide bandgap semiconductor devices based on gallium nitride (GaN) and silicon carbide (SiC). However, one of the most critical challenges for the successful deployment of UWBG device technologies is to overcome adverse thermal effects that impact the device performance and reliability. Overheating of UWBG devices originates from the projected high power density operation and poor intrinsic thermal properties of AlxGa1−xN and β-Ga2O3. This Perspective delineates the need and process for the “electro-thermal co-design” of laterally configured UWBG electronic devices and provides a comprehensive review of current state-of-the-art thermal characterization methods, device thermal modeling practices, and both device- and package-level thermal management solutions.
Antibody-array interaction mapping: a new method for studying protein-protein interactions and its application to the study of sera from pancreatic cancer patients

3832 Protein-protein interactions are major determinants of protein function, regulation and activity, and alterations in certain interactions can play roles in cancer pathology. A more thorough characterization of protein-protein interactions associated with disease could lead to improved diagnostic methods or treatment strategies. We present a new method for probing and measuring protein-protein interactions, called antibody-array interaction mapping (AAIM), which allows the efficient and sensitive measurement of interactions among a set of proteins in biological samples. A native, non-denatured biological sample, such as a serum sample, is incubated on replicate arrays of multiple antibodies, and after washing away unbound proteins, each array is probed with a different detection antibody, each antibody matched to one of the capture antibodies on the arrays. The binding patterns of the detection antibodies reveal interactions between the targets of the capture antibodies and the targets of the detection antibodies. The method is practical, rapid, and highly sensitive, and it can be used with native, biological samples, so that complex, multi-protein associations can be seen that would be missed with pairwise studies on purified proteins. Further, by using actual biological samples, one can view the real state of an interaction to assess its level in certain situations, which allows a better evaluation of the biological roles of interactions. The application of the method has revealed previously-uncharacterized interactions among cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and various glycoproteins in the sera of pancreatic cancer patients. Immuno-precipitation followed by western blot or mass spectrometry was used to validate two of the interactions, and others are currently under study. The measurement of these interactions in pools of sera from either pancreatic cancer patients or healthy control subjects shows that the levels of interactions between CRP and kininogen and between a CEA family member and IL-1beta may be associated with cancer. Since cytokine signaling and inflammatory processes play critical roles in processes that mediate cancer progression, the newly-observed interactions among inflammatory proteins could be involved in the regulation and control of these processes. Further, the measurement of the levels of certain interactions may prove valuable as a biomarker for certain disease states. Ongoing studies are aimed at further characterizing protein-protein interactions in serum and assessing the diagnostic potential and mechanistic implications of the interactions.
Toward automatic atlas-based surgical planning for septoplasty

Surgery for nasal airway obstruction (NAO) has a high failure rate, with up to 50% of patients reporting persistent symptoms postoperatively. Virtual surgery planning has the potential to improve surgical outcomes, but current manual methods are too labor-intensive to be adopted on a large scale. This manuscript introduces an automatic atlas-based approach for performing virtual septoplasties. A cohort of 47 healthy subjects and 26 NAO patients was investigated. An atlas of healthy nasal geometry was constructed. The automatic virtual septoplasty method consists of a multi-stage registration approach to fit the atlas to a target NAO patient, automatically segment the patient’s septum and airway, and deform the patient image to have a non-deviated septum. Our automatic virtual septoplasty method straightened the septum successfully in 18 out of 26 NAO patients (69% of cases). In these cases, the ratio of the higher to the lower airspace cross-sectional areas in the left and right nasal cavities improved from 1.47 ± 0.45 to 1.16 ± 0.33 in the region surrounding the septal deviation, showing that the nasal airway became more symmetric after virtual septoplasty. This automated virtual septoplasty technique has the potential to greatly reduce the effort required to perform computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of nasal airflow for NAO surgical planning. Future studies are needed to investigate if virtual surgery planning using this method is predictive of subjective symptoms in NAO patients after septoplasty.
Moyamoya Disease in North America

Moyamoya disease (MMD) was first described in the Japanese medical literature in 1957 by Takeuchi and Shimizu [1]. The term “moyamoya” (Japanese for “puff of smoke”), was coined by Suzuki and Takaku in 1969 to describe the diagnostic appearance of angiogenesis on catheter angiogram [2]. Since its initial discovery, the features of the disease have become clearer; however, its etiology remains unknown. MMD is a chronic cerebrovascular disease characterized by stenosis or occlusion of the bilateral terminal internal carotid arteries resulting in the characteristic development of an abnormal vascular network in the areas of the arterial occlusions [3]. It is hypothesized that, in the setting of arterial stenosis or occlusion, hypoxic regions of the brain induce deep collateral flow through dilated and tortuous perforating arteries. It has been shown that this native revascularization strategy is orchestrated by the expression of various angiogenic signaling cascades [4, 5]. Despite intense research, the etiology of MMD remains unclear [6]. Familial MMD has been noted in as many as 15% of patients, indicating an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with incomplete penetrance. Genetic analyses in familial MMD and genome-wide association studies represent promising strategies for elucidating the pathophysiology of this condition. A recent study described that carriers of a mutation in the vascular smooth muscle cell-specific isoform of alpha-actin can present with a diversity of vascular diseases, including premature onset of coronary artery disease and thoracic artery aneurysm and dissection, as well as MMD [7].
Stateless-Recipient Certified E-Mail System Based on Verifiable Encryption

In this paper we present a certified e-mail system which provides fairness while making use of a TTP only in exceptional circumstances. Our system guarantees that the recipient gets the content of the e-mail if and only if the sender receives an incontestable proof-of-receipt. Our protocol involves two communicating parties, a sender and a recipient, but only the recipient is allowed to misbehave. Therefore, in case of dispute, the sender solicits TTP's arbitration without involving the recipient. This feature makes our protocols very attractive in real-world environments in which recipients would prefer to assume a passive role rather than being actively involved in dispute resolutions caused by malicious senders. In addition, in our protocol, the recipient can be stateless, i.e., it does not need to keep state to ensure fairness.
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus of prematurity.

Object The aim of this study was to determine the role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization (ETV/CPC) in the management of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus of prematurity (PHHP) and to analyze which factors affect patient outcomes. Methods This study retrospectively reviewed medical records of 27 premature infants with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and hydrocephalus treated with ETV and CPC from 2008 to 2011. All patients were evaluated using MRI before the procedure to verify the anatomical feasibility of ETV/CPC. Endoscopic treatment included third ventriculostomy, septostomy, and bilateral CPC. After ETV/CPC, all patients underwent follow-up for a period of 6–40 months (mean 16.2 months). The procedure was considered a failure if the patient subsequently required a shunt. The following factors were analyzed to determine a relationship to patient outcomes: gestational age at birth, corrected age and weight at surgery, timing of surgery after birth, grade of IVH, the stat...
Library partnerships: a key to growth

Purpose – The purpose of this column is to review several recent library partnerships and highlight the benefit of such endeavors for the libraries and their partner institutions. Design/methodology/approach – This is a literature review and commentary on this topic that has been addressed by professionals, researchers and practitioners. Findings – Visibility and access to the library in some unexpected locations, thanks to a number of creative partnerships, can serve as greater a function to the library as to its partner and the community. The vitality of the library can be at least partially sustained by its partnerships and can serve as a model for other public/private and public/public associations where both sides of the partnership benefit in the estimation of the public. Originality/value – The value in addressing this issue is to examine the creative public/private and public/public partnerships of which libraries can avail themselves in an effort to best serve their patrons.
DEFECTS AND PEELABILITY OF PROCESSING TOMATOES

Peeling is one of the first operations in the manufacture of whole peeled and diced tomatoes, and the peelability of processing tomatoes is significantly affected by the presence of various tomato defects, in particular yellow eye and blossom-end rot. Tomato maturity also impacts both the percentage of peeled fruit and yield. Immature fruits are typically undercolored and small in size. Sunburned regions on the tomato surface are difficult to peel as well. In this study, we determined the impact of 24 selected tomato defects on tomato peelability and yield of whole peeled tomatoes. There are potential advantages to sorting to remove selected tomato defects early in the process.
High-Latitude Ionospheric Irregularity Drift Velocity Estimation Using Spaced GPS Receiver Carrier Phase Time–Frequency Analysis

The conventional spaced-receiver approach uses amplitude scintillations to estimate equatorial ionospheric irregularity drift velocities. This approach is less applicable at high latitudes where there is a lack of substantial amplitude scintillations. This paper presents a method to estimate ionosphere irregularity horizontal drift velocities based on GPS signal carrier phase measurements. Joint time–frequency analysis of the carrier phase measurements using an adaptive periodogram technique generates time-varying spectrograms of ionospheric irregularity-induced phase fluctuations. Cross correlation of the spectrograms between antenna pairs provides time lag information on propagating radio signals through the same ionospheric structure. The time lag information is combined with known positions of the receiver array, satellite orbits, and assumed irregularity altitude to infer ionospheric irregularity horizontal drift velocity. This paper presents the methodology and demonstrates its feasibility using data collected by a GPS receiver array at Gakona, Alaska. The potential error sources of this method are also analyzed.
Growth and reproduction of an insect model in controlled mixtures of air pollutants

The large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), was reared in controlled mixtures of gaseous air pollutants. Exposure to certain gas mixtures caused a decrease in growth and reproduction by the second generation and further decreases by the third and fourth generations. The added stress of crowded living conditions increased the deleterious effects of the air pollutants. Some evidence was obtained for increased sensitivity to gaseous pollutants in the last third of the growing stages when gain in weight is normally the most rapid.
Lateral extracavitary vs. costotransversectomy approaches to the thoracic spine: reflections on lessons learned.

Background The lateral extracavitary approach (LECA) and costotransversectomy (CTE) are 2 dorsolateral approaches that avoid entrance into the pleural cavity and facilitate ventral decompression. The indications and outcomes of each of these approaches have not been fully defined in the literature. Objective To assess the techniques, indications, and complications associated with the LECA and CTE approaches to the thoracic spine. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on all patients who underwent LECA and CTE between 2000 and 2009 at our institution. Results A total of 54 patient charts were reviewed (19 LECA, 35 CTE). Indications for operation included disk herniation, trauma, tumor, osteomyelitis, and scoliosis/kyphosis. Osteomyelitis was treated significantly more often with LECA (47%) than with CTE (9%; P = .002). Mean blood loss was 2134 mL and 1556 mL (P = .3) in LECA and CTE, respectively, and hospital stay was 17.2 days for LECA and 9.8 days for CTE (P = .07). Thirteen LECA patients (68%) and 19 CTE patients (54%; P = 1.0) had preoperative or postoperative complications. Conclusion LECA was used more often to treat complex pathologies such as osteomyelitis and trended toward significance for more frequent use in extensive procedures involving 1- or 2-level corpectomies. As can be expected, CTE was associated with slightly less blood loss and a shorter hospital stay compared with the more extensive LECA operation. Adverse outcomes occurred with similar frequency for CTE and LECA.
New Gauge Interactions and Single Top Quark Production

Extensions of the standard model that include new W bosons or extended technicolor gauge bosons can predict sizeable changes in the rate of single top quark production, even when constrained to be consistent with precision electroweak data. We analyze the fractional change in the rate of single top quark production for several classes of models and determine which ones predict an effect visible in the Tevatron collider’s Run 3.
Virus-induced transplantation immunity to human adenovirus type 12 tumors of the hamster and mouse.

SummaryAdult Syrian hamsters and C3Hf/Gs mice, beyond the age of susceptibility to tumor induction, were immunized by 3 or 4 injections of human adenovirus type 12. These animals, together with equal numbers of non-immunized controls of the same species, sex, and age, were inoculated with 10-fold serial dilutions of tumor cells induced by adenovirus type 12 in newborn animals of the same species and strain. In both the hamster system and the mouse system preimmunization with virus increased the resistance to subsequent transplants of A-12 tumor cells. The resistance was relative rather than absolute. In the hamster it was overcome by a 10-fold increase in tumor cell inoculum. In the mouse system, an inoculum of 100 to 1000 or more times as many tumor cells was required to overcome the induced resistance. The hamster and mouse tumor cells used have previously been shown to be free of infectious adenovirus. Tumors induced by this human virus in these two species of rodents appear to behave similarly to tumo...
Factors affecting the energy efficiency of single screw extruders

Abstract A theoretical investigation of the effect of geometrical and structural variables on the energy efficiency of single screw extruders with and without a compression section is presented. For these extruders it was concluded that efficiency increases with increasing screw helix angle, channel height and clearance height and decreases with increasing L/D ratios. Lowering the rotational velocity of the screw and raising pressure increases the energy efficiency. Increasing the feed section lenght of screw extruders with compression sections decreases their energy efficiency significantly. Changing the length of the metering section, however, has little effect. The energy efficiency of extruders with a compression section is much greater than that of single parallel extruders (generally at least double) when all other parameters remain unchanged.
Regulation of Release and Mode of Action of Crustacean Chromatophorotropins

Pigment movements in crustacean chromatophores are regulated by pigment-concentrating and pigment-dispersing neurosecretory hormones. The release of these hormones from the neurosecretory system is thought to be controlled by neural signals. Although the exact cellular sources of chromatophorotropins and the nature of synaptic input to the neurosecretory system remain unresolved, recent pharmacological studies on fiddler crabs indicate that certain biogenic amines contribute to the release of some of the chromatophorotropins. The current evidence suggests that: 5-hydroxytryptamine stimulates the release of RPDH (red pigment dispersing hormone), dopamine triggers the release of RPCH (red pigment concentrating hormone), and norepinephrine stimulates the release of BPDH/MDH (black pigment/melanin dispersing hormone). Nothing is known of the regulation of release of leucophorotropins and xanthophorotropins. Like most other peptide hormones, crustacean chromatophorotropins are thought to exert their effect by first binding to receptors on the cell surface and then triggering a series of events leading to cellular responses, but the details are far from clear. Recent work suggests that hormone-induced pigment movements may be modulated/mediated by alterations in cyclic nucleotide levels and/or by changes in Ca2+ distribution or flux. Both cyclic nucleotides and Ca2+ may modulate motility by regulating the integrity and/or function of cytoskeletal elements, but the details of this mechanism and the precise roles of cytoskeletal elements in the pigment-translocating process remain unresolved.
The E → B transition (3000–3140 Å) in Br2

Abstract The region 3030–3140 A of the emission spectrum of Br 2 is reinvestigated using sources containing separated 79 Br 2 and 81 Br 2 . The analysis, which spans v ′ levels 0–15 and v ″ levels 8–31, indicates that the transition in this region is the analog of the E → B system in I 2 , and it is so redesignated. The following spectroscopic constants are obtained for the E state of 79 Br 2 : T e = 49 779.06 cm −1 , ω e = 150.46 cm −1 , ω e χ e = 0.383 cm −1 , B e = 0.04172 cm −1 , R e = 3.20 A .
The structure and properties of L10 ordered ferromagnets: Co-Pt, FePt, FePd and MnAl

In this paper a simple framework based on domain wall pinning is discussed to provide a semi-quantitative basis for understanding the relationship between structure and properties in the Co-Pt, Fe-Pt, Fe-Pd, and Mn-Al-C permanent magnet materials. In addition, some recent Lorentz microscopy studies of the unique domain configurations which emerge in the polytwinned Fe-Pt and Fe-Pd alloys will be presented which relate to the mechanism of coercivity in these ordered ferromagnets. Although the Co-Pt family of alloys will never become large volume permanent magnet materials they still have great potential for thin film applications including perhaps magnetic recording as well as in the expanding area of miniaturization. The Mn-Al-(C) permanent magnets still have great potential commercially but various problems related to processing as well as a need to enhance intrinsic properties curtain their employment in technical applications.
Protein Kinase Cα and Src Kinase Support Human Prostate-distributed Dihydrotestosterone-metabolizing UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 Activity

Because human prostate-distributed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B15 metabolizes 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 3α-androstane-5α,17β-diol metabolite, we sought to determine whether 2B15 requires regulated phosphorylation similar to UGTs already analyzed. Reversible down-regulation of 2B15-transfected COS-1 cells following curcumin treatment and irreversible inhibition by calphostin C, bisindolylmaleimide, or rottlerin treatment versus activation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate indicated that 2B15 undergoes PKC phosphorylation. Mutation of three predicted PKC and two tyrosine kinase sites in 2B15 caused 70-100 and 80-90% inactivation, respectively. Anti-UGT-1168 antibody trapped 2B15-His-containing co-immunoprecipitates of PKCα in 130-140- and >150-kDa complexes by gradient SDS-PAGE analysis. Complexes bound to WT 2B15-His remained intact during electrophoresis, whereas 2B15-His mutants at phosphorylation sites differentially dissociated. PKCα siRNA treatment inactivated >50% of COS-1 cell-expressed 2B15. In contrast, treatment of 2B15-transfected COS-1 cells with the Src-specific activator 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) enhanced activity; treatment with the Src-specific PP2 inhibitor or Src siRNA inhibited >50% of the activity. Solubilized 2B15-His-transfected Src-free fibroblasts subjected to in vitro [γ-(33)P]ATP-dependent phosphorylation by PKCα and/or Src, affinity purification, and SDS gel analysis revealed 2-fold more radiolabeling of 55-58-kDa 2B15-His by PKCα than by Src; labeling was additive for combined kinases. Collectively, the evidence indicates that 2B15 requires regulated phosphorylation by both PKCα and Src, which is consistent with the complexity of synthesis and metabolism of its major substrate, DHT. Whether basal cells import or synthesize testosterone for transport to luminal cells for reduction to DHT by 5α-steroid reductase 2, comparatively low-activity luminal cell 2B15 undergoes a complex pattern of regulated phosphorylation necessary to maintain homeostatic DHT levels to support occupation of the androgen receptor for prostate-specific functions.
Plutonium fallout from the nuclear-powered satellite Cosmos-1402

Radiochemical measurements of239,240Pu were carried out for a total of 57 individual rain and snow samples collected at Fayetteville (36 °N, 94 °W), Arkansas, during the period between November 1984 and June 1986. The results indicate that the fallout of plutonium observed during the past three years is due, primarily, to the nuclear debris originating from the 7 February 1983 burn-up of the nuclear-powered Soviet satellite Cosmos-1402.
A randomized controlled trial of health information exchange between human immunodeficiency virus institutions.

Context In order for patients to benefit from a multidisciplinary treatment approach, diverse providers must communicate on patient care. Objective We sought to examine the effect of information exchange across multidisciplinary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care providers on patient health outcomes. Design Randomized controlled trial, randomized at the patient level. Setting Six infectious disease clinics paired with 9 ancillary care settings (eg, HIV case management). Participants Two hundred fifty-four patients with HIV receiving care at the infectious disease clinics. Intervention Health information was exchanged for 2 years per patient between medical and ancillary care providers using electronic health records and printouts inserted into charts. Medical care providers gave ancillary care providers HIV viral loads, CD4 values, current medications, and appointment attendance. Ancillary care providers gave medical providers the information on medication adherence and major changes (eg, loss of housing). Main outcome measures We abstracted from medical records HIV viral loads, CD4 counts, and antiretroviral medication prescriptions before and during the intervention. From 0-, 12-, and 24-month patient surveys, we assessed hospitalizations, emergency department use, and health-related quality of life measured by the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36). Results No statistically significant differences between cases and controls were found across time for the following: proportion with suppressed viral load, changes in viral load or CD4 values, patients being prescribed antiretroviral medication, hospitalizations, emergency department visits, or any scale of the SF-36. Trends were mixed but leaned toward better health for control participants. Conclusions The exchange of this specific set of information between HIV medical and ancillary care providers was neutral on a variety of patient health outcomes.
Analysis of sustainable materials used in ecovillages: Review of progress in BedZED and Masdar city

This paper explores reclaimed and recycled material used in ecovillages. The models discussed in this paper include BedZED in the United Kingdom and Masdar City in the Middle East. These two communities contain features characterized by the sustainable principles of the ecovillage concept by using nontraditional building materials. The creations of more ecovillages, along with the growth of current ecovillages, play an important role in positively solvening environmental and social problems. The sustainable materials used in the ecovillages also act as a model for communities wishing to implement sustainable development.
Problems in Language Instruction: Eclectic Methodological Suggestions

Some traditional problems in language instruction include competing methodological approaches, excessive cognitive content, and ineffectual roles of teacher and student in the classroom. The author suggests the use of an eclectic methodological approach to alleviate these problems. Combining ideas from the cognitive, direct, and confluent methodological approaches, the author seeks to more efficiently utilize classroom time for “acquisition” activities, reduce grammar learning requirements, and employ a more effectual role for the instructor and student through structured activities in student groups. Specific examples in Spanish and English of activities for student groups are provided in the appendices.
Seasonal Variation in the Food Habits of the Crayfish Orconectes Propinquus (Girard) in Trout Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin, U.S.a. (Decapoda, Astacidea, Cambaridae)

Die Magen der Flusskrebse Orconectes propinquus (Girard), gesammelt in unterschiedlichen Tiefen und zu verschiedenen Jahreszeiten in Trout Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin, wurden auf ihren Nahrungsinhalt untersucht. Die Resultate sind in Prozent der Haufigkeit der vorkommenden Nahrung angegeben. Man fand Algen in den meisten Krebsmagen unabhangig von der Tiefe oder vom Datum der Untersuchung. Da in 45 bis 80% der im Herbst gefangenen Tiere Emphemeroptera-Larven, die zu dieser Jahreszeit besonders gross waren, vorkamen, kann man auf eine Bevorzugung dieser schliessen. Chironomidae Larven wurden in 10 bis 23% der in unterschiedlichen Tiefen und zu verschiedenen Jahreszeiten gesammelten Krebse gefunden. Kannibalistische Verhaltensweisen sind scheinbar auf die Hautungsperioden und die Schlupfungszeit beschrankt gewesen.
Rapid beta-adrenergic modulation of cardiac calcium channel currents by a fast G protein pathway

beta-Adrenergic agonists activate the G protein, Gs, which stimulates cardiac calcium currents by both cytoplasmic, indirect and membrane-delimited, direct pathways. To test whether beta-adrenergic agonists might use both pathways in the heart, isoproterenol was rapidly applied to cardiac myocytes, resulting in a biphasic increase in cardiac calcium channel currents that had time constants of 150 milliseconds and 36 seconds. beta-Adrenergic antagonists of a G protein inhibitor blocked both the fast and slow responses, whereas the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin produced only the slow response. The presence of a fast pathway in the heart can explain what the slow pathway cannot account for: the ability of cardiac sympathetic nerves to change heart rate within a single beat.
Effects of unsteady stretch on the strength of a freely-propagating flame wrinkled by a vortex

The objective of this study is to experimentally examine the magnitude and rate at which local flame chemistry responds to unsteady changes in imposed stretch rate. To achieve this objective, a time series of velocity field images was obtained using particle image velocimetry (PIV) diagnostics during the unsteady stretching, wrinkling, and local extinction of a laminar premixed flame by a counter-propagating toroidal vortex. The ∼10,000 velocity vectors per image in both the burned and unburned gases enable the measurement of local flame stretch rates and dilatation rate fields. Dilatation rates peak in the flamefront where the gas expands as its temperature increases. A new method is employed wherein the measured peak dilatation rate at each flame segment is used as an indicator of the local flame strength. It is found that the flame requires a relatively long time to be weakened by positive stretch, yet it is rapidly strengthened by negative stretch. Specifically, in regions where positive stretch rates are several times greater than that required to extinguish the steady flame, flame strength remains above 90% of its unstretched value for 1.2 laminar flame times, after which it drops quickly as extinction occurs. Interestingly, no such time lag is observed in regions of negative stretch, even though negative stretch magnitudes are always smaller. Flame strength is found to increase as soon as negative strain is applied, rising linearly to 240% of the unstretched value within one laminar flame time. This result indicates a significant dependence of flame chemistry on negative strain, a phenomenon that has not previously been experimentally quantified, and that may help explain observed increases in turbulent burning velocity above those produced by flame surface density increases alone.
The educational uses of computers: Hardware, software, and strategies

Computers are gaining acceptance in both work and educational settings. The presence of calculators, video games, and personal computers in both homes and schools has helped the public to feel comfortable with computer-age technology. This familiarity has, in turn, fostered an even greater use of computers in many areas, including education where computers are generating interest and excitement in learning. In this paper we have summarized the developments, trends, and strategies of computer use in education; we have also provided some specific examples of their uses in food and nutrition education.
ISOLATION OF Leptospira FROM DESERT RODENTS OF WEST TEXAS

Urine, blood and tissue samples from 369 rodents of 13 species were cultured for Leptospira. Four serogroups, including ballum, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona, and grippotyphosa, were isolated from 70 rodents (19%) of 9 species.
Intrinsic conformational preferences of and an anomeric‐like effect in 1‐substituted silacyclohexanes

A series of ab initio computations have been performed to estimate the CCSD(T) complete basis set limit of the axial/equatorial energy difference for the chair conformation of 1-fluoro, 1-chloro, 1-methyl, 1-hydroxy, and 1-methoxysilacyclohexanes. The equatorial conformation is more stable than the axial by 0.21 kcal mol−1 for 1-methylsilacyclohexane, while the axial position is more stable for 1-fluoro, 1-chloro, and 1-methoxysilacyclohexane (by 0.09, 0.40, and 0.15 kcal mol−1, respectively). The axial and equatorial orientations of 1-hydroxysilacyclohexane are nearly electronically isoenergetic (equatorial favored by 0.03 kcal mol−1). Zero point vibrational energy corrections have very little effect on the relative energies (less than 0.08 kcal mol−1). These results suggest the presence of an interesting stereoelectronic effect, similar to the anomeric effect, in these silacyclohexanes even without an additional heteroatom, like O, in the ring. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Resonances in Dispersive Wave Systems

Weakly nonlinear wave interactions under the assumption of a continuous, as opposed to discrete, spectrum of modes is studied. In particular, a general class of one-dimensional (1-D) dispersive systems containing weak quadratic nonlinearity is investigated. It is known that such systems can possess three-wave resonances, provided certain conditions on the wavenumber and frequency of the constituent modes are met. In the case of a continuous spectrum, it has been shown that an additional condition on the group velocities is required for a resonance to occur. Nonetheless, such so-called double resonances occur in a variety of physical regimes. A direct multiple scale analysis of a general model system is conducted. This leads to a system of three-wave equations analogous to those for the discrete case. Key distinctions include an asymmetry between the temporal evolution of the modes and a longer time scale of O(∈√t) as opposed to O(∈t). Extensions to additional dimensions and higher-order nonlinearities are then made. Numerical simulations are conducted for a variety of dispersions and nonlinearities providing qualitative and quantitative agreement.
The operator Carleson measure criterion for admissibility of control operators for diagonal semigroups on 1 2

Abstract Suppose a control system is described by a diagonal semigroup on the state space l 2 and by an unbounded control operator B defined on the input space l 2 . We formulate a condition called the operator Carleson measure criterion, and show that this condition is necessary for the admissibility of B . If the semigroup is analytic or invertible, then the condition is sufficient as well. Our results extend the ones of Ho, Russell and Weiss concerning the case where the input space is one dimensional.
Integral inequalities in q-calculus

Abstract In this paper, q -calculus analogues of some classical and some recent integral inequalities are found. Applications to estimation of sums of some convergent series are also given.
Epidermal growth factor enhances proliferation, migration, and invasion of follicular and papillary thyroid cancer in vitro and in vivo

The prognosis of patients with follicular (FTC) and papillary (PTC) thyroid cancer depends on age and the size and extent of the tumor. Differentiated thyroid cancers bind more epidermal growth factor (EGF) than normal thyroid tissue, but the role of EGF in the proliferation and invasion of thyroid cancer is unknown. We investigated the effects of EGF on growth, migration, and invasion in a follicular thyroid cancer that metastasized to cervical lymph nodes and the lung (FTC 133, primary; FTC 236, lymph node; and FTC 238, lung metastasis) and in a papillary thyroid cancer (PTC-UC3). As measured by the formazan method (dimethylthiazol-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), EGF caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in the growth of FTC 133 and PTC-UC3 by 25%, but its stimulatory effect on growth of the metastatic FTC subclones was smaller (FTC 236, 14%; FTC 238, 8%; P < 0.001). EGF also enhanced the ability of all cell lines to migrate (through 8-microns pore membranes without Matrigel) or invade (membranes with Matrigel). Migration of FTC 133 was enhanced from 86% migrated tumor cells to 95% after 72 h (P < 0.02). Again, stimulation by EGF was lower in FTC 236 and FTC 238. EGF increased migration in PTC-UC3 from 49% to 58%. EGF stimulated invasion of FTC 133 from 17.5% to 24.9%. In the absence of EGF, FTC 238 was the most invasive tumor, but, again, the EGF stimulatory effect was less pronounced than in the primary tumor. EGF stimulated the invasion of PTC-UC3 from 10.9% to 14.3% (P < 0.03). EGF also stimulated the growth of thyroid cancer xenografts in nude mice. Although all FTC cell lines were 100% tumorigenic in nude mice, PTC-UC3 was less tumorigenic. However, after sc inoculation of EGF-pretreated tumor cells, 7 of 10 animals developed tumors (mean size, 2.3 cm3) compared to 2 of 10 animals (mean size, 1.4 cm3) in the control group (P < 0.02). In summary, EGF stimulates the growth and invasion of differentiated thyroid cancer cells in culture and in nude mice. Escape from growth factor control, such as in FTC 236 and FTC 238, may be an important step in the development of metastatic thyroid cancer.
Beyond Percept and Affect: Beckett’s Film (1964) and Non-Human Becoming

Film, Samuel Beckett’s 1964 experimental short starring Buster Keaton, dubbed by Deleuze as ‘The Greatest Irish Film’, is a seminal, albeit transitional, text in the latter’s overall cinematic taxonomy. Deleuze uses it as a reverse proof of the three varieties of movement-image through their progressive extinguishing or exhaustion, moving in reverse order from the action-image, through the perception-image, to the affect-image. However, Deleuze has an even larger agenda, attempting to discover the movement-image as it exists in-itself, that acentred, primal ‘mother state’ of movement (Peirce’s Firstness) that we discussed in the last chapter as a primordial zone of indetermination. ‘How can we rid ourselves of ourselves, and demolish ourselves? This is the astonishing attempt made by Beckett in his cinematographic work entitled Film, with Buster Keaton’ (Deleuze, 1986, p. 66).
A data mining system based on SQL queries and UDFs for relational databases

Most research on data mining has proposed algorithms and optimizations that work on flat files, outside a DBMS, mainly due to the following reasons. It is easier to develop efficient algorithms in a traditional programming language. The integration of data mining algorithms into a DBMS is difficult given its relational model foundation and system architecture. Moreover, SQL may be slow and cumbersome for numerical analysis computations. Therefore, data mining users commonly export data sets outside the DBMS for data mining processing, which creates a performance bottleneck and eliminates important data management capabilities such as query processing and security, among others (e.g. concurrency control and fault tolerance). With that motivation in mind, we developed a novel system based on SQL queries and User-Defined Functions (UDFs) that can directly analyze relational tables to compute statistical models, storing such models as relational tables as well. Most algorithms have been optimized to reduce the number of passes on the data set. Our system can analyze large and high dimensional data sets faster than external data mining tools.
Effect of thioridazine on gap junction intercellular communication in connexin 43-expressing cells.

Propagation of electrical activity between myocytes in the heart requires gap junction channels, which contribute to coordinated conduction of the heartbeat. Some antipsychotic drugs, such as thioridazine and its active metabolite, mesoridazine, have known cardiac conduction side-effects, which have resulted in fatal or nearly fatal clinical consequences in patients. The physiological mechanisms responsible for these cardiac side-effects are unknown. We tested the effect of thioridazine and mesoridazine on gap junction-mediated intercellular communication between cells that express the major cardiac gap junction subtype connexin 43. Micromolar concentrations of thioridazine and mesoridazine inhibited gap junction-mediated intercellular communication between WB-F344 epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner, as measured by fluorescent dye transfer. Kinetic analyses demonstrated that inhibition by 10 μmol/L thioridazine occurred within 5 min, achieved its maximal effect within 1 h, and was maintained for at least 24 h. Inhibition was reversible within 1 h upon removal of the drug. Western blot analysis of connexin 43 in a membrane-enriched fraction of WB-F344 cells treated with thioridazine revealed decreased amounts of unphosphorylated connexin 43, and appearance of a phosphorylated connexin 43 band that co-migrated with a “hyperphosphorylated” connexin 43 band present in TPA-inhibited cells. When tested for its effects on cardiomyocytes isolated from neonatal rats, thioridazine decreased fluorescent dye transfer between colonies of beating myocytes. Microinjection of individual cells with fluorescent dye also showed inhibition of dye transfer in thioridazine-treated cells compared to vehicle-treated cells. In addition, thioridazine, like TPA, inhibited rhythmic beating of myocytes within 15 min of application. In light of the fact that the thioridazine and mesoridazine concentrations used in these experiments are in the range of those used clinically in patients, our results suggest that inhibition of gap junction intercellular communication may be one factor contributing to the cardiac side-effects observed in some patients taking these medications.
Onset and development of intersegmental projections in the chick embryo spinal cord.

The ontogeny of intersegmental (propriospinal) projections was studied in the chick embryo spinal cord between embryonic day 2.5 and day 6. Our goals were (1) to determine the earliest projections of intersegmental interneurons between specific spinal regions and to establish the cell types involved; and (2) to follow the ontogeny of these projections during the early formative stages of spinal cord development. Studies were carried out in vitro by using an isolated spinal cord/brainstem preparation. Horseradish peroxidase injections were made either uni- or bilaterally at various levels of the spinal cord along the rostrocaudal axis of the embryo. HRP histochemistry was done on Vibratome sections with diaminobenzidine as the chromogen. Following unilateral injections at day 2.5, labelled commissural interneurons were found contralaterally and were confined to the injected segment. Subsequently, labelled cells were found progressively further away from the injected segment. By day 4.5 reciprocal projections extended between lumbar and brachial regions. Interneurons with intersegmental axonal projections were often undifferentiated, consisting of primitive unipolar or bipolar cells with little, if any, dendritic development. In some cases migrating interneurons could be retrogradely labelled from two or three segments away from the location of their translocating cell body. Anterograde Golgi-like labelling of early undifferentiated cells revealed growing axons, axonal terminals, and growth cones. Five or six reasonably distinct classes of intersegmental interneurons were identified based on their location, axonal projections, and morphology of dendritic arbors. These appeared to be segmentally and bilaterally arranged along the rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord. The axons of some of these types of interneurons exhibited preferences in their longitudinal projections within the ventral and ventrolateral marginal zone at the very onset of pathway formation. From the present observations it can be concluded that intersegmental connectivity precedes the development of ascending and descending supraspinal, as well as primary afferent connections in the chick embryo spinal cord.