cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Two Different Dosage Schedules for Administering Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (r-EPO) to Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) Infants † 1379

Introduction:Although r-EPO has been effective in reducing transfusions in VLBW infants, effective dosage schedules have varied in both dose and frequency. To understand the effect of dose frequency, we compared absolute reticulocytes (abs-Retic) between 2 and 5 times/week dosage using the same r-EPO weekly dose, 500U/kg. Study Design: 80 VLBW infants were stratified into <28 weeks and 28-30 weeks gestational age groups and randomized to either 2 or 5 doses/week; 72 completed 4 weeks and 30(<28wks) completed 8 weeks of study. The primary outcome variable was abs-Retics at 4 weeks in all infants, and at 8 weeks in those <28 wks. To further estimate the effect of dose, secondary outcome variables were examined. These were hematocrits, transfusions, iatrogenic blood losses, and infections. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of dose frequency on secondary outcome variables. Results: By 4 weeks, abs-Retics were 27% higher and by 8 weeks 44% higher in the infants given r-EPO 5 times a week (p=0.046 and p=0.03)(see Table). Hematocrits and transfusions per infant were not different between the groups. 79% of the variance in the amount transfused could be accounted for by iatrogenic blood loss, and the latter primarily associated with days ventilated (65%) and days of antibiotics (3%). Episodes of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis were significantly associated with decreased abs-Retics and increased transfusions. Conclusions: (1) More frequent administration of r-EPO produced a better response in erythropoiesis using the same weekly dose. (2) The effect of the increased erythropoiesis on transfusions was overshadowed by the impact of iatrogenic blood losses on transfusions during mechanical ventilation and evaluation for sepsis.Speculation: The most effective use of r-EPO in VLBW infants may be to provide more frequent dosage during mechanical ventilation along with strategies to reduce iatrogenic blood losses, and to adjust to less frequent dosage as iatrogenic blood losses decrease.
Training to use voice onset time as a cue to talker identification induces a left-ear/right-hemisphere processing advantage

We examined the effect of perceptual training on a well-established hemispheric asymmetry in speech processing. Eighteen listeners were trained to use a within-category difference in voice onset time (VOT) to cue talker identity. Successful learners (n=8) showed faster response times for stimuli presented only to the left ear than for those presented only to the right. The development of a left-ear/right-hemisphere advantage for processing a prototypically phonetic cue supports a model of speech perception in which lateralization is driven by functional demands (talker identification vs. phonetic categorization) rather than by acoustic stimulus properties alone.
Temporal variables in the acquisition of human free-operant avoidance of “time out”

Human Ss acquired a response on a free-operant avoidance schedule in which “time out” (TO) from monetary reinforcement was the aversive event and various R-TO and TO-TO interval durations were employed. Acquisition was more rapid in groups where the R-TO interval was longer than the TO-TO interval than in groups where the R-TO interval either equalled or was shorter than the TO-TO interval. Differences within these broad groupings were unsystematic. After acquisition, rates of response varied as a function of the R-TO interval.
Systolic and diastolic abnormalities of the left ventricle in coronary artery disease. Studies in patients with little or no enlargement of ventricular volume.

Left ventricular volume and circumference were calculated from cineangiocardiograms at 60 frames/sec in 15 patients with arteriographically proven coronary artery disease (CAD) and five control subjects. The patients with CAD had no mitral regurgitation and had an average end-diastolic volume equivalent to that reported by others in normal subjects and to that of the control group. The average end-diastolic pressure was higher in CAD and was often abnormal, despite lack of increase in enddiastolic volume. The ejection was lower in the CAD group as was the extent of circumferential fiber shortening. Maximal and mean rates of fiber shortening correlated positively with ejection fraction and were low in some individuals with CAD. We conclude that our patients without significant increase in left ventricular enddiastolic volume had abnormalities of diastolic compliance and contractile performance.
Coherent coupling in 2d arrays of silver nanoparticles

2D of closely spaced Ag nanoparticles undergo coherent quadrupole coupling when irradiated with visible light. The coupling leads to unique optical properties that result from an extremely sharp plasmon mode delocalized among several nanoparticles
Do anemonefishes use molecular mimicry to avoid being stung by host anemones

Abstract Anemonefishes are known to have a protective mucous coat that allows them to contact the tentacles of their host anemone without being stung. There are two conflicting hypotheses as to the source and biochemical properties of this mucous coating. One hypothesis proposes that anemonefishes acquire anemone substances from their hosts during the behavioral process of acclimation, that protect the fish from being stung. Anemonefishes are considered to use anemone mucus as “chemical camouflage” or “macromolecular mimicry” to avoid recognition as “not-self” by the anemone, and possible subsequent stinging. Another hypothesis is that anemonefishes produce their own protective mucus coat, which lacks substances that elicit cnida (nematocyst and spirocyst) discharge by their hosts. The present study used immunological techniques to test whether the anemonefish Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett) (which was innately protected from two of the anemones used in the present study) has a mucous coat that resembles the external mucus of anemones. Polyclonal antibodies were prepared to the mucus of four species of anemones [Heteractis crispa, (Ehrenberg) Stichodactyla haddoni (Saville-Kent), Macrodactyla doreenensis (Quoy and Gaimard), and Condylactis gigantea (Weinland)]. Ouchterlony (double immunodiffusion) tests showed that different antigens were present in the mucus of the four anemone species. Anemone antigens were not detected in the mucous coating of either naive (fish that had never before encountered sea anemones) or associated (those living with sea anemones) anemonefishes in Ouchterlony tests. However, more sensitive ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) tests showed that anemone mucus antigens were present in the mucous coating of associated anemonefish, but not naive fish. This showed that an innately protected A. clarkii does not produce a mucus coat that is biochemically similar to that of anemones, but that the same fish does acquire anemone substances in its mucus coat when it associates with anemones in aquaria. It remains to be shown whether these anemone substances actually provide the initial protection for those anemonefishes that must undergo acclimation behavior in order to keep from being stung by their host sea anemones, or additional protection for innately protected fishes.
Localization of optic tectal input to the ventral dendrite of the goldfish Mauthner cell

Although visually evoked Mauthner cell (M-cell) startle responses occur in the goldfish, the afferent projections underlying these reactions have not been previously studied. We have recorded from the M-cell while stimulating the left optic nerve and/or right optic tectum and have traced projections of the optic nerve and restricted areas of the optic tectum using HRP histochemistry and autoradiography. Tectal stimulation elicits similar postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) in both M-cells. The responses recorded in the right (ipsilateral) cell were localized to its ventral dendrite. The existence of uncrossed tectal projections to the ventral dendrite was confirmed morphologically following application of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to the optic tectum. The PSPs contained both inhibitory and excitatory components, but with adequate stimulus strength, excitation of either M-cell dominated. Thus, this pathway is probably sufficient to trigger visually evoked startle responses mediated by the M-cell. Stimulation of the left optic nerve also evoked PSPs capable of bringing both M-cells to threshold. The blockage of this response by conditioning stimulation of the right tectum suggests that the visual information is relayed to the M-cells through this structure. In support of these findings, no label was found near any portion of the M-cell after either intraocular injection of tritiated proline or application of HRP to the cut end of the optic nerve. In summary, visual input to the M-cell is mediated via projections from the tectum, is segregated onto the ventral dendrite, and is capable of bringing this neuron to threshold. This pathway presumably accounts for the demonstrated behavioral efficacy of visual stimuli in evoking a startle response.
Volatile leaf oil of Myrcianthes coquimbensis (Barneoud) Landrum et Grifo (Myrtaceae) of Chile

Abstract The essential oil of the leaves and stems ofMyrcianthes coquimbensis collected in Chile and examined by GC/MS. Limonene (14.54±2.45%) was found to be the major component.
Information search in judgment tasks: A regression model and some preliminary findings

Abstract Previous studies of predecisional information search have predominantly drawn on Bayesian models for normative guidance. An analogous model for the continuous-variable case, in which the judge may purchase one or more items of costly but imperfect information to guide a decision in which errors are also costly, is presented. Results are reported for two experiments using a task based on this model. The findings indicate that information acquisition and use are influenced by several normatively irrelevant task characteristics as well as by appropriate normative factors and that departures from optimality may be quite large. Implications for further research are suggested.
Juvenile hormone controls early trypsin gene transcription in the midgut of Aedes aegypti

Early trypsin is a female-specific protease present in the Aedes aegypti midgut during the first few hours after ingestion of a blood meal. The enzymatic activity of early trypsin plays an essential role in the transcriptional activation of the late trypsin gene, which encodes the major midgut endoprotease involved in blood meal protein digestion. Transcription of the early trypsin gene is part of the normal post-emergence maturation of the midgut in the adult female. Abdominal ligation within 1 h of emergence completely prevented the transcription of the early trypsin gene. Topically applied JH III or methoprene induced transcription of the early trypsin gene in ligated abdomens to levels similar to those observed in non-ligated females. The induction of early trypsin transcription by JH is dose-dependent and 'head-independent', suggesting that factors coming from the neuro-secretory axis are not required.
Le Paysan dans les pamphlets toulousains en occitan: histoire d’une propagande linguistique révolutionnaire (1789–1794)

This essay emphasizes the political use of revolutionary pamphlets written in Occitan from 1788 to 1794 and outlines key elements in the difficult socio-cultural conflict between Paris and Toulouse. In 1790 the Constituent Assembly launched an important campaign to translate all speeches and rules in regional languages for those ‘peasants’ who still could not politically understand the Revolution. But the reform of the Catholic Church (‘Constitution civile du clerge’) of July 1790 marked a point of no return for the people of Toulouse: still attached to their priests and their traditional culture, they finally turned against the revolutionaries.
Novel syndromes associated with JC virus infection of neurons and meningeal cells: no longer a gray area.

Purpose of review The availability of a growing number of immunomodulatory medications over the past few years has been associated with various JC Virus (JCV) associated brain syndromes in patients with autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s disease and psoriasis which had not been previously recognized as predisposing factors for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). This review covers the three novel syndromes discovered in the last decade which are caused by JCV infection of neurons and meningeal cells.
Simple model of energy deposition by suprathermal electrons in laser-irradiated targets

Energy deposition (preheat) by suprathermal electrons in laser-irradiated targets is described using a model based on Spencer's electron transport calculation. Approximate analytical, as well as numerical, solutions are found for the specific energy deposition ${\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{dep}}(\frac{J}{g})$ and fraction $f$ of energy transmitted beyond a given depth, measured in curvilinear ranges. Example calculations are presented for homogeneous targets of gold, aluminum, and carbon. The application of the model to treat multilayer composite targets is briefly considered. The parametric dependence of these results reveal that the most significant parameter by far is the source temperature ${T}_{h}$ of the hot or suprathermal electrons. The predictions of the preheat model are shown to be in good agreement with experimental data on gold and aluminum disks irradiated by Nd-glass laser pulses at the ${10}^{15}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ level. Included in the theory-data comparison are predictions for these experiments based on several other simple models and large code simulations of the experiments. Future aluminum disk experiments in which ${T}_{h}$ is accurately measured could provide a sensitive test for the theories.
Enhancement of white light OLED efficiency by combining both internal and external light extraction structures

We proposed an internal nanostructure with a high reflective index planarization layer to solve the optical loss due to the reflective index mismatch between ITO and glass substrate. In our experiments, we found the electrical property of OLED device was significantly influenced by the internal nanostructures without planarization layer. Moreover, the internal extraction structure (IES) is not necessarily beneficial for light extraction. Therefore, we proposed a new substrate combine both internal and external extraction structure (EES) to extract trapping light. We successfully developed a high refractive index (N~1.7) planarization material with flat surface (RMS roughness < 2 nm), and improved about 70% device efficiency compared to traditional glass substrate.
The Alleged Palatinates of Norman England

The historiography of Norman and early Angevin palatine lordships, like that of Magna Carta, was determined in the seventeenth century.* The origin of the English palatinates is still customarily referred to the reign of William the Conqueror, as it was by the early writers, despite a good deal of later scholarship that argues against an Anglo-Saxon or Anglo-Norman origin of these great liberties. If, as I am led by the later record evidence as well as by tradition to believe, palatine status meant a quasi-regal authority whereby the lord of the franchise was possessed of general regalian powers over his lordship, it is anachronistic to speak of palatinates before the late thirteenth century. Sidney Painter wrote some years ago that "it seems futile to use the term palatinate before the reign of Henry II."' Jean Scammell referred to palatinate as "a title of uncertain meaning" at the end of the thirteenth century.2 Geoffrey Scammell agreed with Geoffrey Barraclough that the criterion of a palatinate in the twelfth century is difficult to discover.3 G. T. Lapsley thought that the term palatinate in its fullest pretension is inapplicable before the late thirteenth century.4 Other scholars have agreed. Margaret Tout judged that no precise significance can be attached to the use of the term palatinate by Bracton and Matthew Paris.5 Sir Frank Stenton referred to Hereford, Shropshire, and Chester as withdrawn in the Conqueror's time "from the ordinary administrative system of the country, that they were earldoms 'palatine' in the language of a later time. "6 James Tait, referring to Lancashire, noted that palatinate "must not be understood to have been a term in use in the twelfth century."7 Helen Cam wrote that "of recent years evidence has been ac-
GPS-based attitude and guidance displays for general aviation

GPS was used with a short baseline (1 and 2 wavelengths) triple antenna configuration to obtain attitude in conjunction with solid state rate gyros. The system was used to provide an inexpensive attitude-heading reference system (AHRS) for use by small general aviation aircraft. The gyros enabled a high bandwidth output while the GPS was used to estimate the gyro drift rate. The resulting attitude information was used, along with GPS-based position, by a graphical "out-the-window" view with tunnels indicating the desired path in the sky for the current phase of flight. Accuracy and ease of flying are enhanced by the system.
STRENGTH ENHANCEMENT FROM HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS OF ETHYLENE–PROPYLENE/ETHYLENE–PROPYLENE–DIENE

Abstract Random copolymers of ethylene and propylene are usually miscible with the corresponding unsaturated terpolymer (EPDM). Vulcanization of these blends yields networks in which only the EPDM is cross-linked. Despite chemical modification of the EPDM by its reaction with sulfur, there is no phase-separation evident during curing. The blend exhibits substantially higher strength than the corresponding pure EPDM networks, when compared at equal modulus. Thus, nearly miscible blend networks having a large disparity in component cross-linking can circumvent the usual trade-off between the stiffness and strength of elastomers. This exemplifies a general route to better mechanical properties via blends having a homogeneous phase morphology and whose components have substantially different cross-link densities.
Regional assessments of stream ecological condition: scientific challenges associated with the USA's national Wadeable Stream Assessment

Regional assessments describe the status of an entire ecological resource within a region of interest. Considering the global scope of landscape, atmospheric, and waterway alterations, such assessments are critically needed to guide environmental policies that can ensure sustainable management of the planet’s natural resources (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment 2005, Carpenter et al. 2006). Objective regional assessments depend on the application of sound and credible science including sampling designs that allow accurate extrapolation to the whole resource population and indicators that are quantitative, ecologically interpretable, and regionally comparable. In 2006, in response to increasing requests for data describing the quality of surface waters and other ecosystems in the US (e.g., USGAO 1981, 1988, H. John Heinz Center for Science, Economics and the Environment 2002, 2008), the US Environmental Protection Agency and its state and tribal collaborators published the first nationwide assessment of stream ecosystems in the US (USEPA 2006). Producing that assessment required that research teams tasked with designing and implementing the assessment address several technical challenges. Some of those challenges were overcome, others remain in need of additional attention, and some new challenges emerged after the assessment. In this special issue of J-NABS, we have compiled a series of papers that describe some of the major scientific challenges that were encountered during the national Wadeable Streams Assessment (WSA) and some of the lessons learned subsequent to the assessment. Our goal in producing this series was to use the WSA as a case study to illustrate the variety of scientific challenges that can arise when planning and implementing regional assessments, describe how those challenges were addressed for the WSA, describe some important spin-offs that emerged as a consequence of the WSA, and identify remaining knowledge or data gaps that will require attention in future regional assessments. We hope these papers will stimulate thinking about how to improve future assessments in the US and elsewhere. The series consists of 4 sets of papers: 1) policy and overview, 2) WSA-specific case studies, 3) extensions that build on or augment initial WSA results, and 4) an invitation to other researchers to use the WSA data to test other ideas regarding the structure and function of stream ecosystems. The series opens with a paper by Shapiro et al. (2008) that describes the policy background that led to the WSA. Paulsen et al. (2008) then provide an overview of the major findings that emerged from the WSA. The 2 set of papers includes papers that cover issues of survey design and indicator development and application. Olsen and Peck (2008) describe 1 E-mail addresses: chuck.hawkins@usu.edu 2 paulsen.steve@epa.gov 3 vansickle.john@epa.gov 4 yuan.lester@epa.gov
The Bipolar Diffusion Charging of Nanoparticles: A Review and Development of Approaches for Non-Spherical Particles

Theoretical and experimental analyses of the steady state, bipolar diffusion charge distribution on nanoparticles are reviewed. This charge distribution plays a critical role in electrical mobility measurements of nanoparticle size distribution functions, where it is approximated via empirical regression equations. While the regression approach has been broadly successful, there remain several unresolved issues related to charge distribution calculations. Specifically, research to date has not revealed a method to reliably calculate nanoparticle-ion collision rates in the presence of strong attractive potentials, charge distribution predictions do not routinely consider the mass and (electrical) mobility distributions of the charging ions, and calculation approaches applicable to both spherical and nonspherical particles have not been compared to experimental data. In light of these issues, we examine the steady-state bipolar charge distribution on gold nanospheres and gold nanorods via tandem differentia...
New scaled DCT algorithms for fused multiply/add architectures

The authors present novel scaled discrete cosine transform (DCT) and inverse scaled DCT algorithms designed for fused multiply/add architecture. Since the most popular case used in image processing involves 8*8 blocks (both emerging JPEG and MPEG standards call for DCT coding on blocks of this size), the authors discuss this case in detail. The scaled DCT and inverse scaled DCT each use 416 operations, so that, combined with scaling or descaling, each uses 480 operations. For the inverse, the descaling can be combined with computation of the IDCT (inverse DCT). If multiplicative constants, which depend on the quantization matrix, can be computed offline, then the descaling and IDCT can be computed simultaneously with 417 operations. >
Rasetti-Regge Dirac bracket formulation of Lagrangian fluid dynamics of vortex filaments

We review the Rasetti-Regge Dirac bracket (RRDB) for determining the constrained Hamiltonian dynamics of vortex filaments moving with an incompressible potential flow of superfluid helium-II in the Lagrangian fluid picture. We compare the equations for Lagrangian vortex filaments with their corresponding Eulerian vorticity dynamics in the examples of the Euler fluid, superfluid vortices, the local induction approximation (LIA), the Rosenhead regularization and a new class of alternative regularized theories including the Euler-alpha model. The RRDB formulation generalizes the Betchov-Da Rios equation for the transverse self-induction velocity of a vortex filament from LIA to the case of an incompressible fluid whose energy may expressed as an arbitrary functional of spatial vorticity. We also discuss the relation of RRDB to the Marsden-Weinstein bracket for vortex filaments and its implications under the Hasimoto transformation for physically meaningful nonlocal nonlinear Schrodinger (NLNLS) equations.
Relative Importance of Vessel-Generated and Wind Waves to Salt Marsh Erosion in a Restricted Fetch Environment

HOUSER, C., 2010. Relative importance of vessel-generated and wind waves to salt marsh erosion in a restricted fetch environment. Journal of Coastal Research, 26(2), 230–240. West Palm Beach (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Erosion of a salt marsh at Fort Pulaski National Monument threatens a pier of historical significance along the North Channel of the Savannah River, the main shipping channel for the Port of Savannah, Georgia. The erosion was initiated by the alongshore and onshore migration of a supratidal oyster shell ridge that exposed a marsh scarp that is susceptible to lateral retreat in response to both wind-generated and vessel-generated waves undercutting the upper-marsh surface. An instrumented field study was completed between October 2007 and February 2008 to examine the relative importance of wind-generated and vessel-generated waves to the retreat of the scarp by 0.21 m along the instrumented transect. On average, there were 14 sailings by container ships per day and up to twice as many sailings by pilot boats ferrying the harbor pilots to container ships offshore, but only those vessels that sailed within 1 m of the high-tide water level had waves capable of reaching the scarp. The vessel-generated waves accounted for 5% of the cumulative wave energy over the study, but because of their larger height and longer period, they accounted for almost 25% of the cumulative wave force. It is the locally generated wind waves that account for most of the wave force acting on the exposed scarp and which are largely responsible for the observed retreat. Waves generated during both frontal and tropical storms tend to be associated with storm tides that maintain water levels at or near the elevation of the scarp for several days. Now that the shell ridge has largely migrated past the site and the areas of greater retreat historically are protected by a wedge of sand, it is argued that an increase in vessel traffic and/or the use of larger, post-Panamax ships will not significantly accelerate the retreat of the marsh.
Direct numerical simulation of transition in a sharp cone boundary layer at Mach 6: fundamental breakdown

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) were performed to investigate the laminar–turbulent transition in a boundary layer on a sharp cone with an isothermal wall at Mach 6 and at zero angle of attack. The motivation for this research is to make a contribution towards understanding the nonlinear stages of transition and the final breakdown to turbulence in hypersonic boundary layers. In particular, the role of second-mode fundamental resonance, or (K-type) breakdown, is investigated using high-resolution ‘controlled’ transition simulations. The simulations were carried out for the laboratory conditions of the hypersonic transition experiments conducted at Purdue University. First, several low-resolution simulations were carried out to explore the parameter space for fundamental resonance in order to identify the cases that result in strong nonlinear interactions. Subsequently, based on the results from this study, a set of highly resolved simulations that proceed deep into the turbulent breakdown region have been performed. The nonlinear interactions observed during the breakdown process are discussed in detail in this paper. A detailed description of the flow structures that arise due to these nonlinear interactions is provided and an analysis of the skin friction and heat transfer development during the breakdown is presented. The controlled transition simulations clearly demonstrate that fundamental breakdown may indeed be a viable path to complete breakdown to turbulence in hypersonic cone boundary layers at Mach 6.
A Genetic Algorithm Approach for Doing Misuse Detection in Audit Trail Files

This paper focuses on the development of an Intrusion Detection System based on Genetic Algorithms. We present and justify a fitness function independent of variable parameters that addresses the problem of false positives. This fitness function is a generic one that can be used for either off-line or online intrusion detection systems and it allows us consider pseudo intrusions, which could be used to prevent the occurrence of actual intrusions. The paper also describes extending the system to account for the fact that intrusions may be mutually exclusive and defines the union operator which greatly speeds the search for intrusions.
Investigation of Thunder™ Actuators as Underwater Propulsors:

Piezoelectric actuators have been used for active vibration control, noise suppression, health monitoring, etc. The large appeal in using smart material actuators stems from their high mechanical energy density. A relatively new actuator Thin Layer Composite Unimorph Ferroelectric Driver and Sensor (THUNDER) has overcome the displacement hurdles that have plagued traditional piezoelectric based actuators. It is capable of providing a displacement of the order of 0.5 cm. This allows the actuator to be used in some underwater applications, such as propulsion. To date the electrical power consumption and electro-mechanical efficiency of these actuators has not been quantified; specifically, applied as underwater propulsors. Some of the challenges in obtaining this information stems from the actuator’s nontraditional actuating architecture, high voltage requirements, and its electrical nonlinearity. This work experimentally determines the mechanical displacement and the electrical power consumption of the THU...
Isokinetic Strength Characteristics of the Quadriceps Femoris and Hamstring Muscles in High School Students

The purpose of this study was to determine the isokinetic strength of the quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles in high school-aged students. Forty-seven 15- to 18-year-old high school volunteers served as subjects. Data were gathered on each subject by a questionnaire, lower extremity musculoskeletal assessment, and isokinetic testing of the two muscle groups at 60 degrees/sec and 180 degrees/sec. This study found no age effect on peak torque and no significant differences in peak torque between dominant and nondominant limbs. Significant differences (p less than .001) occurred between the isokinetic strength of male and female subjects. The average hamstring muscle to quadriceps femoris muscle torque ratio was 57 percent at 60 degrees/sec and 70 percent at 180 degrees/sec. A value of foot pounds of torque per kilogram of body weight was provided as a guideline for clinicians. This investigation supports several findings already reported for other age groups.
Multi-mission technical subsystem management measures taken and lessons learned

The primary focus of the Instrument Operations Subsystem (IOS) within NASA's Advanced Multi-Mission Operations System (AMMOS) is to provide adaptable multi-mission operations core capabilities (ground data systems tools and services) supporting mission instrument operations planning, decision-making, and performance assessment for a wide variety of instrument types (cameras, spectrometers, robotic components, etc.) for deep space planetary exploration (orbiter, in-situ, fly-by) and observatory missions. This paper addresses, from the technical program leadership perspective, the measures taken and lessons learned relative to managing the system engineering, development, and cost of IOS tools and services which provide payload instrument data processing, management, and distribution (primarily in the form of science imagery and higher order data products) in support of mission operations. Items to be covered include measures taken to: a) draft IOS functional processes/procedures within the boundaries of institutional and managing/oversight organizations, b) create a software and infrastructure management plan for the IOS team with roles and responsibilities, c) develop a strategic plan and roadmap for expanded and/or new tool capabilities which build upon an existing tool-base to support upcoming missions (such as Mars2016) and additional/new instrument types, d) define subsystem level functional work-breakdown-structure and related requirements, e) formulate an adjustable/verifiable cost model for developing/adapting functional components, f) achieve Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) level 3, and g) lessons learned along with suggestions for improvement when accommodating competing agendas from a multitude of stakeholders and contributors. 1 2
PERSPECTIVE: On Solid Ground: Preserving the Quality of Place

Fred Kent, President of the Project for Public Spaces, once stated that to rebuild our urban communities, we have to first recreate our public places. To do this he believes we must first regain co...
Phenotypic Integration Without Modularity: Testing Hypotheses About the Distribution of Pleiotropic Quantitative Trait Loci in a Continuous Space

Theories of phenotypic integration have relied heavily on the concept of modularity in order to model the ways in which traits in an organism correlate and covary. Recent investigations suggest that, while some functional and developmental processes may be morphologically and ontogenetically localized, and thus modular in a developmental sense, there is a great deal of overlap among these influences on patterns of integration in the adult form. This can result in blurry boundaries between hypothesized modules constructed to test hypotheses about phenotypic integration. This investigation tests hypotheses about the contribution of pleiotropic quantitative trait loci (QTL) to phenotypic integration in the mouse mandible without using a priori categorical hypotheses about which traits constitute a module. We ask two main questions: (1) Are the effects of pleiotropic QTL localized to highly correlated traits or more spread out among traits than one might expect by chance? (2) Does the pattern of trait influence when all pleiotropic QTL are considered together deviate from what we might expect if QTL affect traits without regard for the correlations among traits? We find that a large proportion of pleiotropic QTL affect traits that are more highly correlated than we expect by chance with the remainder having effects that are distributed as if by chance. Furthermore, the overall distribution of the effects of pleiotropic QTL differs significantly from the null distribution of no association between pleiotropic effects on traits and correlations among traits. The main modular hypothesis used by earlier studies often does not predict the distribution of sets of traits sharing a common QTL. These results suggest that there is a clear tendency for pleiotropic effects of QTL to be localized but that the localization may be best thought of as occurring in a continuous space rather being clustered in discrete modules.
Differentiating between Source and Location of Error for Solution-Adaptive Mesh Refinement

Numerical experiments were performed to study the effectiveness of error indicators used in solution-adap tive mesh refinement. The experiments were based on a twodimensional, steady, incompressible, laminar, cavitydriven flow with h-refinement. Results obtained show that even when the exact relative and absolute errors are used as error indicators, h-type mesh refinements could still be highly inefficient. Results also show that grid refinement is needed in two regions - a region referred to as errorsource (ES) region, where error initiates but is not yet apparent and a region referred to as error-apparent (EA) region, where the error is high. A new error indicator was developed that refines the mesh in both ES and EA regions. This error indicator was shown to be more effective in reducing relative error by using fewer cells than when the exact absolute and relative errors are used as error indicators.
Organometallic polymers. XV. Synthesis and characterization of some ferrocene‐containing oxysilane polymers from bis(dimethylamino)silanes

Three bis(dimethylamino)silane monomers have been polymerized with 1,1'-bis-(hydroxymethyl)ferrocene to give ferrocene-containing polyoxysilanes I and II. They were bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsilane (III), bis(dimethylamino)diphenylsilane (IV), and 1,4-bis(N,N-dimethylaminodimethylsilyl)benzene (V). Mixing of the diol and III or IV at O°C followed by heating resulted in polymerization to higher molecular weights than when the monomers were initially mixed at higher temperatures. At higher temperatures the formation of monomeric cyclic products seriously competed with polymerization, and the five atom bridged derivative, 3-sila-2,4-dioxa-3,3diphenyl[5]ferrocenophane (VI) was isolated in good yield. The use of silane V, where cyclization is not expected to compete, led to higher polymer yields and molecular weights. The polymers were low melting and I (R = C6H5) could be cast into films and weak fibers were drawn from its melt. The polymers were sensitive to hydrolytic decomposition; those containing Si-CH3 linkages were completely hydrolyzed in refluxing THF-H2O (10:1) in 1 hr. The polymers were characterized by viscosity studies, gel-permeation chromatography, and infrared and NMR spectroscopy.
A built-in self-test PLA design with full fault coverage

A built-in self-test (BIST) PLA (programmable logic array) design using a new technique for on-chip storage and retrieval of the compressed signature of a fault-free PLA is proposed. The design uses function-independent test input sequences, and provides function-independent test responses. Additional features of the proposed BIST PLA design are: (1) simplified implementation of test evaluator, (2) reduced test length (2n/sub i/n/sub p/ test inputs for a PLA with n/sub i/ inputs and n/sub p/ product lines), (3) full fault coverage in the naked PLA, (4) crosspoint fault locatability, and (5) only three extra pinouts. The proposed input decoder augmentation will not result in any performance degradation. With these features, the proposed design is more efficient than other BIST PLA designs reported in the literature. >
Landau transitions at higher gaps in InSb and GaSb

Abstract Landau levels have been resolved at the E1 + Δ1 gap in InSb and at the E1 edge in GaSb. Transverse reduced masses of 19 ± 3 and 21.4 ± 1.5 have been obtained at the respective edges. Using band gaps determined from the experiment, the spin-orbit splitting Δ1 has been measured as 0.500 ± 0.013 eV in InSb. Combined with a measurement of the zone center spin-orbit splitting, this gives a ratio of 0.623 ± 0.02 of slightly less than 2 3 .
Voltage distribution in the windings of an AC motor subjected to high dV/dt PWM voltages

In this paper voltage distribution in the windings of an induction motor subjected to PWM voltage waveforms is studied. A circuit model with the first few turns of the first coil modeled as a distributed transmission line is developed for a general purpose, mush wound low voltage induction motor. Inductance, resistance, mutual coupling and capacitance between turn to ground are incorporated into the proposed model. Simulation and experimental results are employed to validate the circuit model. Further, a 3 HP dual voltage 230/460 V induction motor with tappings from the first five turns and first coil is specially constructed. The motor is powered by an IGBT based PWM inverter and the measured voltage between the turns, and across the first coil are fully discussed. The test motor is also excited with sinusoidal 60 Hz voltage and the results are compared. >
Content-based music similarity search and emotion detection

The paper investigates the use of acoustic based features for music information retrieval. Two specific problems are studied: similarity search (searching for music sound files similar to a given music sound file) and emotion detection (detection of emotion in music sounds). The Daubechies wavelet coefficient histograms (Li, T. et al., SIGIR'03, p.282-9, 2003), which consist of moments of the coefficients calculated by applying the Db8 wavelet filter, are combined with the timbral features extracted using the MARSYAS system of G. Tzanctakis and P. Cook (see IEEE Trans. on Speech and Audio Process., vol.10, no.5, p.293-8, 2002) to generate compact music features. For the similarity search, the distance between two sound files is defined to be the Euclidean distance of their normalized representations. Based on the distance measure, the closest sound files to an input sound file are obtained. Experiments on jazz vocal and classical sound files achieve a very high level of accuracy. Emotion detection is cast as a multiclass classification problem, decomposed as a multiple binary classification problem, and is resolved with the use of support vector machines trained on the extracted features. Our experiments on emotion detection achieved reasonably accurate performance and provided some insights on future work.
Phase-only filtering for the masses (of DNA Data): a new approach to sequence alignment

Alignment of DNA segments containing repetitive nucleotide base patterns is an important task in several genomics applications, including DNA sequencing, DNA fingerprinting, pathogen detection, and gene finding. One of the most efficient procedures used for this task is the cross correlation method. The main computations of the procedure are the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and a pointwise multiplication of two complex Fourier transform sequences. In this paper, the standard magnitude-and-phase cross correlation technique is compared with the lesser known but closely related phase-only cross correlation method. It is shown that for a periodic DNA sequence, the standard approach leads to significant sidelobes in the cross correlation, the magnitude of which increases with sequence length, while the phase-only approach yields a perfect cross correlation with zero sidelobes. For a DNA sequence that contains both irregularly distributed symbols and periodic patterns, the difference in performance is less pronounced, but still significant. Numerical experiments on synthesized and real data demonstrate that the phase-only approach is robust to isolated symbol insertions and deletions and that it is capable of identifying positions of matching segments in the sequence.
Proton Therapy as Salvage Treatment for Local Relapse of Prostate Cancer Following Cryosurgery or High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound.

Purpose Local recurrence of prostate cancer after cryosurgery (CS) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is an emerging problem for which optimal management is unknown. Proton therapy (PT) may offer advantages over other local therapeutic options. This article reviews a single institution's experience using PT for salvage of local recurrent disease after HIFU or CS. Methods and Materials We reviewed the medical records of 21 consecutive patients treated with salvage PT following a local recurrence of prostate cancer after CS (n=12) or HIFU (n=9) between January 2007 and July 2014. Patients were treated to a median dose of 74 Gy(relative biological effectiveness [RBE]; range: 74-82 Gy[RBE]) and 8 patients received androgen deprivation therapy with radiation therapy. Patients were evaluated for quality of life (QOL) by using the Expanded Prostate Index Composite questionnaire and toxicity by using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0, weekly during treatment, every 6 months for 2 years after treatment, and then annually. Results Median follow-up was 37 months (range: 6-95 months). The 3-year biochemical progression-free survival (bPFS) rate was 77%. The 3-year grade 3 toxicity rate was 17%; however, 2 of these patients had pre-existing grade 3 GU toxicities from their HIFU/CRYO prior to PT. At 1 year, bowel summary, urinary incontinence, and urinary obstructive QOL scores declined, but only the bowel QOL score at 12 months met the minimally important difference threshold. Conclusions PT achieved a high rate of bPFS with acceptable toxicity and minimal changes in QOL scores compared with baseline pre-PT functions. Although most patients have done fairly well, the study size is small, follow-up is short, and early results suggest that outcomes with PT for salvage after HIFU or CS failure are inferior to outcomes with PT given in the de novo setting with respect to disease control, toxicity, and QOL.
3D structural integrity and interactions of single-stranded protein-binding DNA in a functionalized nanopore.

Biomarker-binding nucleotide sequences, like aptamers, have gained recent attention in cancer cell isolation and detection works. Self-assembly and 3D conformation of aptamers enable them to selectively capture and bind diseased cells and related biomarkers. One mode of utilizing such an extraordinary selective property of the aptamers is by grafting these in nanopores. Coating the inside walls of the nanopore with biomarker specific ligands, like DNA, changes the statistics of the dynamic translocation events. When the target protein passes through the nanopore, it interacts with ligand coated inside the nanopore, and the process alters the overall potential energy profile which is essentially specific to the protein detected. The fundamental goal in this process is to ensure that these detection motifs hold their structure and functionality under applied electric field and experimental conditions. We report here all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the effects of external electric field on the 3D conformation of such DNA structures. The simulations demonstrate how the grafted moieties affect the translocation time, velocity, and detection frequency of the target molecule. We also investigated a novel case of protein translocation, where DNA is prebound to the protein. As model, a thrombin-specifi cG - quartet and thrombin pair was used for this study.
Tuning the Magnetic Domain Structure of Spin-polarized Complex Oxide Nanostructures

To successfully incorporate the highly spin-polarized material La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) into spin-based electronic devices it is essential to be able to control and tune the magnetic domain structure. In this work, we geometrically confine epitaxial thin films of LSMO into hexagons to examine the effect of magnetostatic and magnetic anisotropy energies on the domain formation. We find through careful choice of hexagon aspect ratio, crystalline direction, and substrate orientation, we can tune the magnetic domain formation to be single, two, six (flux closure), or other domain configurations.
Indacenodithiophene and Quinoxaline-Based Conjugated Polymers for Highly Efficient Polymer Solar Cells

Two new low-band-gap conjugated polymers based on the polymerization between indacenodithiophene and 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline or phenanthrenequinoxaline were synthesized. Due to the fused phenanthrenequinoxaline unit, the polymer (PIDT-phanQ) possesses better planarity than PIDT-diphQ, resulting in an improved hole mobility in organic field-effect transistors and power conversion efficiency in polymer solar cells.
The penetration of cephalosporin antibiotics into bone.

SummarySubcutaneous doses of cephalothin and cephaloridine and oral doses of cephalexin were administered to rats. The 3 antibiotics rapidly entered the blood serum and bone: peak concentrations were reached 15–30 min after administration. The antibiotic activity in the bone was dependent on the coexisting activity in the serum for each of the compounds.
Changes in the delivery of care under comprehensive health care reform.

Physicians occupy a pivotal position in the health care system. Economist Victor Fuchs has called them the captain of the ship, responsible for the large majority of decisions that direct the treatment of patients and determine what happens to them1. Physicians also understand the health care system as no one else can. They know when the system works and when it fails. The critical test of the Health Security Act will lie in the day-to-day practice of medicine. How will it work for patients? How will it work for doctors? Will reform through the Health Security Act foster better . . .