cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Margaret Thatcher: Iron Lady of Charter Schools

AbstractDocumentary history reveals that charter schools are a vestige of the socially divided school system of 19th-century England. The current charter school movement in the United States raises the danger to American democracy of splitting up the U.S. school structure and creating a separate system of schools for other people's children.
Is There a Role for Fidelity Self-Assessment in the Individual Placement and Support Model of Supported Employment?

Objective:Fidelity assessments help ensure that evidence-based practices are implemented properly. Although assessments are typically conducted by independent raters, some programs have implemented self-assessments because of resource constraints. Self-assessments were compared with independent assessments of programs implementing individual placement and support supported employment.Methods:Eleven community-based outpatient programs in New York State completed both self- and independent assessments. Intraclass correlation coefficients and paired t tests were used to compare scores from self- and independent assessments.Results:For both assessment methods, mean scores for all programs were within the range of fair fidelity. Self- and independent assessment total scores were not significantly different; however, significant differences were found on some scale items in this small sample.Conclusions:Self-assessment may be valid for examining a program’s overall functioning and useful when resource constrain...
Collective action and geoengineering

This paper investigates some of the myriad collective action implications of geoengineering. Its two major components – carbon dioxide reduction and albedo modification – present diverse collective action and strategic aspects. Carbon dioxide reduction may be characterized by Prisoners’ Dilemma, threshold, or harmony games, depending on capture and sequestration procedures. In contrast, albedo modification may abide by chicken, coordination, or threshold games. Once deployed, albedo modification presents an addiction problem that makes current efforts difficult to alter, even by countries originally opposed to such modification. With its many procedures, geoengineering is tied to a host of collective action problems that may ensue prior, during, or after geoengineering deployment. For carbon dioxide reduction, governance concerns encouraging action, while for albedo modification, governance concerns inhibiting unilateral action. The latter may be a more difficult governance issue.
Transforming Providence: rebirth of a post-industrial city

Gene Bunnell first made his name as a planning scholar with his work on community and city placemaking. With ‘Transforming Providence’ he makes another very important contribution on how a once ind...
Modeling and Simulation of Human Locomotion

The human locomotive system is probably the most sophisticated and complex locomotive apparatus that ever existed. In order to understand how the models of such system are built, it is useful to consider the meaning and implication of modeling and simulation as an attempt to represent reality. The human locomotive apparatus can be considered as constituted of three systems (i.e. skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems) coupled together. Models can include a representation of one, two, or all three systems. The purpose and possibilities of each system are very different, and the accuracy of the results depends on the assumptions and formulation of the model. The possibility to verify such hypotheses relies on the state-of-the-art of measurement systems, currently available, for noninvasive assessment of human locomotion parameters.
Development of a Prototype Computer-Based Testing and Assessment System

For much of the twentieth century, American education has relied heavily on large-scale, standardized ability testing; and this use of testing, as much as it can be attributed to any one set of needs, can be seen as a result of the American belief in meritocracy. Thus, testing has historically been used and supported for selection and placement decisions, assessment of school and training programs, and evaluation of educational outcomes. Within the past fifteen years, however, both testing and the testing industry have come under increasing fire. Some of this criticism, to be sure, is deserved, but much has been due to changing expectations of testing and its results as well as changing educational needs. Now, as recent developments in psychometric theory, statistics, cognitive psychology, and testing methodology converge with the availability of more sophisticated and powerful computers that are less expensive and easier to use, we are on the threshold of a technological revolution in the testing industry and can begin to meet the new expressed needs of education and training.
Multiworld Motion Planning

While predictive planning approaches have had broad success in robot navigation, most implementations of them have important limitations. In particular, they plan around a single predicted outcome (plus uncertainty) or the union of several likely outcomes. Here, we introduce the multiworld motion planning problem, where a robot plans around each likely outcome separately, while maintaining a safe trajectory until it can determine which of the predictions actually happened. We introduce a method both for split detection (understanding when multiple plans can be created) and split planning (planning path over these separate contingencies). We apply our techniques to simulated robots with both holonomic and nonholonomic dynamics in a variety of scenarios. We show that our resulting approach can produce substantially safer and shorter trajectories than traditional motion planning in critical situations that commonly arise in tasks such as navigating in human environments.
Trajectory-Based Viewport Prediction for 360-Degree Virtual Reality Videos

Viewport-based adaptive streaming has emerged as the main technique to efficiently stream bandwidth-intensive 360° videos over the best-effort Internet. In viewport-based streaming, only the portion of the video watched by the user is usually streamed at the highest quality, by either using video tiling, foveat-based encoding or similar approaches. To release the full potential of these approaches though, the future position of the user viewport has to be predicted. Indeed, accurate viewport prediction is necessary to minimize quality transitions while the user moves. Current solutions mainly focus on short-term prediction horizons (e.g., less than 2 s), while long-term viewport prediction has received less attention. This paper presents a novel prediction algorithm for the long-term prediction of the user viewport. In the proposed algorithm, the viewport evolution over time of a given user is modeled as a trajectory in the roll, pitch, and yaw angles domain. For a given video, a function is extrapolated to model the evolution of the three aforementioned angles over time, based on the viewing patterns of past users in the system. Moreover, trajectories that exhibit similar viewing behaviors are clustered together, and a different function is calculated for each cluster. The pre-computed functions are subsequently used at run-time to predict the future viewport position of a new user in the system, for the specific video. Preliminary results using a public dataset composed of 16 videos watched on average by 61 users show how the proposed algorithm can increase the predicted viewport area by 13% on average compared to several benchmarking heuristics, for prediction horizons up to 10 seconds.
Management Across Settings: An Ambulatory and Community Perspective for Patients Undergoing CAR T-Cell Therapy in Multiple Care Settings.

Background Many patients are referred to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy programs from outside their primary oncology setting and community. Collaboration between the referring and treating providers is required to coordinate safe and effective care. Objectives This article presents an overview of key considerations for referring providers and institutions prior to and following CAR T-cell therapy. Methods Definitions of the consultation and workup, leukapheresis, bridging, lymphodepleting chemotherapy, infusion and monitoring, and long-term follow-up phases are presented, along with specific considerations for referring centers. Findings Although CAR T-cell therapy is limited to select centers, the process of supporting and educating patients and their caregivers requires a partnership between referring and treating providers. As CAR T-cell indications expand, management of patients in diverse settings requires a collaborative and evidence-based approach to support safe and effective care.
Bisphenol-A benzoxazine and cycloaliphatic epoxy copolymer for composite processing by resin infusion:

The process and high-temperature performance of bisphenol-A based benzoxazine were tailored by copolymerizing with bi-functional cycloaliphatic epoxy resin in order to be used as a matrix for the a...
DNA barcoding evidence for the North American presence of alfalfa cyst nematode, Heterodera medicaginis

Specimens of Heterodera have been collected from alfalfa fields in Kearny County, Kansas & Carbon County, Montana. DNA barcoding with the COI mitochondrial gene indicate that the species is not Heterodera glycines, soybean cyst nematode, H. schachtii, sugar beet cyst nematode, or H. trifolii, clover cyst nematode. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees show that the alfalfa specimens form a sister clade most closely related to H. glycines, with a 4.7% mean pairwise sequence divergence across the 862 nucleotides of the COI marker. Morphological analyses of juveniles and cysts conform to the measurements of H. medicaginis, the alfalfa cyst nematode originally described from the USSR in 1971. Initial host testing demonstrated that the nematode reproduced on alfalfa, but not on soybeans, tomato, or corn. Collectively, the evidence suggests that this finding represents the first record of H. medicaginis in North America. Definitive confirmation of this diagnosis would require COI sequence of eastern European isolates of this species. Specimens of Heterodera have been collected from alfalfa fields in Kearny County, Kansas & Carbon County, Montana. DNA barcoding with the COI mitochondrial gene indicate that the species is not Heterodera glycines, soybean cyst nematode, H. schachtii, sugar beet cyst nematode, or H. trifolii, clover cyst nematode. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees show that the alfalfa specimens form a sister clade most closely related to H. glycines, with a 4.7% mean pairwise sequence divergence across the 862 nucleotides of the COI marker. Morphological analyses of juveniles and cysts conform to the measurements of H. medicaginis, the alfalfa cyst nematode originally described from the USSR in 1971. Initial host testing demonstrated that the nematode reproduced on alfalfa, but not on soybeans, tomato, or corn. Collectively, the evidence suggests that this finding represents the first record of H. medicaginis in North America. Definitive confirmation of this diagnosis would require COI sequence of eastern European isolates of this species.
Rare Thyroid Transcription Factor 1-Positive Tumors of the Sellar Region: Barrow Neurological Institute Retrospective Case Series.

Objective Granular cell tumors (GCTs), pituicytomas, and spindle cell oncocytomas are rare, nonfunctioning pituitary tumors sharing positive staining of thyroid transcription factor 1. We present our series, the first single-institutional report with long-term surgical follow-up of all 3 tumor types. Methods Our institutional pathology database was queried for these 3 pathologic diagnoses. Clinical records were assessed for clinical presentation, preoperative and postoperative endocrine status, tumor location on imaging, surgical characteristics, pathology results, and tumor recurrence. Results Data were analyzed for 4 patients with GCTs, 4 with pituicytomas, and 3 with spindle cell oncocytomas. The most common symptoms at presentation were vision changes (64%), headache (55%), endocrine abnormalities (55%), and fatigue (46%). GCTs were the only subtype to present exclusively in the infundibulum and the only subtype in our series to be treated with a transcranial transsylvian approach to resection (n = 2). In our study, in contrast to other reports, estimated blood loss was less than 300 mL in all patients. Imaging confirmed gross total resection in all 11 cases with no known recurrences at a mean (standard deviation) follow-up of 4.7 (3.7) years. Conclusions We present a single-institution series of rare thyroid transcription factor 1–staining posterior pituitary tumors of the sellar region. Key novel findings include gross total resection with no tumor recurrence at nearly 5 years of mean follow-up and no cases of excess or uncontrolled blood loss. Our findings reinforce the observation that GCTs present in the suprasellar space.
Real-time Activity and Fall Risk Detection for Aging Population Using Deep Learning

Each year, 2.8 million older people are treated in emergency departments for fall injuries, according to CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). And human activities including fall also relate to many severe issues such as heart attack, stroke, and mobility disorders. Driven by this society issue, in this paper, we propose a new multi-view deep learning framework, to enable cellphone-based real-time activity and fall risk detection for aging population. More specially, we apply a deep convolutional neural network to automatically unveil deeply-hidden non-linear patterns from raw 3-axis accelerometer streams; we treat the multiple time series data as multi-view 1D images, which are then fed into the convolutional network; we also demonstrate that the proposed framework can robustly detect human activities and fall risks on a challenging dataset, which includes diverse daily activities, user behaviors and a broad age range to cover elderly people over 50. Experimental results show a detection rate of 91.5%, based on a very challenging dataset -11,770 activities, 17 types of activities, 30 subjects, a wide range of ages (over and under 50), and diverse user behaviors. This research is expected to contribute to cellphone-based activity and fall detection for the aging population, in the era of pervasive smart health monitoring and management.
Sleep disturbances among older adults following traumatic brain injury.

Sleep disturbances are common sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that are associated with poorer recovery. This is important among older adults, who fare worse following TBI relative to young...
Fulfillment by Amazon

Die logistischen Anforderungen im Online-Handel stellen vor allem fur kleine und mittelstandische Unternehmen eine Herausforderung dar, der sie sich annehmen mussen, um ein nachhaltig erfolgreiches Online Geschaftsmodell zu etablieren. Neben den logistischen Prozessen, die es zu handhaben gilt, konnen hohe Kosten vor allem fur Versand, Lagerhaltung und Verpackungsmaterial entstehen. Seit 2006 bietet Amazon seinen Sellern unter dem Namen „Fulfillment by Amazon“ (FBA) einen kostenpflichtigen Service an, der Verkaufern diesen Aufwand abnimmt und ihnen weitere Zusatzleistungen anbietet. Verkaufer konnen die Logistikprozesse an Amazon outsourcen und profitieren nicht nur von den Erfahrungen der E-Commerce Plattform im Logistikbereich, sondern erhalten fur ihre Produkte auch eine grosere Sichtbarkeit, wodurch sie ihre Umsatze auf Amazon deutlich steigern konnen.
THE EFFECT OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON ADOLESCENT ATHLETES POST-CONCUSSION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS.

Background Adolescent athletes are experiencing an increased number of concussions. There is currently a debate within the medical community regarding the most effective and safe treatment approach for this population, post-concussion. Interventions currently range from cognitive and physical rest to various types of physical activity, including aerobic exercise. While there are systematic reviews that focus on rest as the main intervention, there are no other systematic reviews that focus on the effects of aerobic exercise on concussion recovery in adolescent athletes. Purpose The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effectiveness of aerobic exercise on concussion recovery for adolescent athletes compared to an alternate intervention. Study Design Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Methods A computer-based search (population: adolescent athletes with concussions, intervention: aerobic exercise, comparator: non-aerobic interventions, outcome: symptom severity and recovery time) was performed. Databases including PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTdiscus, ProQuest, and Scopus were searched up to December 2019 for randomized controlled trials published since 1965. A hand search of relevant articles and exploration of grey literature was also completed. Data were extracted for the following information: interventions prescribed, outcome measures, and overall results of the study. A meta-analysis was performed for aerobic interventions using standardized mean difference as the summary measure of effect. Results Five studies, which all held a moderate to low risk of bias according to the PEDro scale, met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Overall results favored aerobic exercise for both acute and prolonged recovery symptoms as demonstrated by a decrease in symptom severity and improved recovery time. The meta-analysis revealed a moderate effect size in favor of the intervention group (SMD: 0.51, CI: 0.02, 0.81, p=0.00) when looking at the three outcome measures combined: Post-Concussion Symptom Scale, Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory, and recovery time. Conclusion The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that there is currently moderately significant evidence in support of implementing an aerobic exercise program for adolescent athletes with both acute and prolonged recovery concussion symptoms. Additional higher quality studies are needed to continue to study the effectiveness of aerobic exercise in post-concussion treatment of adolescents. Level of Evidence 1a.
Eye Health at Fresno State College

(1940). Eye Health at Fresno State College. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 11, No. 7, pp. 410-442.
Long-Term Physical Health Outcomes of Resettled Refugee Populations in the United States: A Scoping Review

Several studies describe the health of recently resettled refugee populations in the US beyond the first 8 months after arrival. This review summarizes the results of these studies. Scientific articles from five databases published from January 2008 to March 2019 were reviewed. Articles were included if study subjects included any of the top five US resettlement populations during 2008–2018 and if data described long-term physical health outcomes beyond the first 8 months after arrival in the US. Thirty-three studies met the inclusion criteria (1.5%). Refugee adults had higher odds of having a chronic disease compared with non-refugee immigrant adults, and an increased risk for diabetes compared with US-born controls. The most commonly reported chronic diseases among Iraqi, Somali, and Bhutanese refugee adults included diabetes and hypertension. Clinicians should consider screening and evaluating for chronic conditions in the early resettlement period. Further evaluations can build a more comprehensive, long-term health profile of resettled refugees to inform public health practice.
How accurate are the power calculations relied on by the SEC in its regulatory deliberations

In two related decisions in Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America v. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the District of Columbia Federal Court of Appeals ruled that the SEC had not fully complied with some provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act when it required that the boards of investment companies managing mutual funds have at least 75% of their membership and the Chairman be independent directors. In preparation for renewed rule making, the Office of Economic Analysis of the SEC prepared a Power Study to respond to an industry-sponsored report claiming that the returns of funds with independent boards and chairs are not superior to funds with boards dominated by management. The Power Study concluded that the available studies on the effectiveness of independent board members do not have sufficient statistical power to detect a meaningful difference in the returns of the two types of funds. This paper demonstrates that the method used by the SEC in their power calculation is not correct, unless a very restrictive condition that rarely occurs in practice holds. When the appropriate power formulas are used, the expected power of studies of the same size as the ones examined by the SEC is actually lower than the corresponding results of the SEC. Thus, the results in the paper actually strengthen the argument that the SEC is advocating. The relevance of both the SEC and the industry studies to the main issue in the case is also questioned in the discussion.
Exosome TDP-43 profile in canine model of ALS: A preliminary study in developing surrogate biomarker

Blood-based biomarkers are considered non-invasive and have the potential to be cost effective. Validated blood-based biomarker application in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) would derive numerous benefits. Canine degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a animal disease model to study the biology of human ALS. Serum derived exosomes are potential carriers for cell-specific cargoes of proteins, lipids, and genetic materials making them ideal biomarkers for a variety of diseases and biological processes. This study examined the exosomal trans active response DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43). The TDP-43 pattern as a surrogate biomarker that reflects biochemical changes in central nervous system. Exomes were isolated from canine serum using commercial exosome isolation reagents. TDP-43 and SOD1 profiles in spinal cord homogenate lysate and that of serum-derived exosomes were found elevated in dogs with DM. The authors concluded that levels of spinal cord TDP-43 and serum-derived exosomes were similar in TDP-43 profiling Further investigations are warranted to establish the disease sensitivity and specificity of the exosomal TDP-43 profile as a blood-based biomarker in canine DM.
The Impact of Birth Order on Language Development in Autistic Children from Simplex Families

The current study investigated the impact of birth order on vocabulary and social language development in 1338 first-born and 1049 s-born autistic youth (M age = 9.03 years, SD = 3.57; 86.4% male) from the Simons Simplex Collection. Frequentist and Bayesian analyses revealed mixed findings in language development. There were no differences in vocabulary or social language between first-born and second-born children. However, birth order and income together predicted expressive vocabulary and inappropriate speech such that birth order had a greater impact on language in lower-income families. This is the first study to investigate the impact of birth order on language outcomes in autistic youth and has implications for early intervention in lower-resourced communities.
Abrogation of survival disparity between insured and uninsured individuals after the USPSTF's 2012 prostate-specific antigen-based prostate cancer screening recommendation.

77Background: In 2012, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended against prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening for prostate cancer. Studies have found that insured pati...
Contending with Carcerality: Discursive Resistance to Elite Appropriation of Antiviolence Activism in Indian Media.

Research has revealed how antiviolence activism can become entangled with the state's punitive agenda, leading to what some have called “carceral feminism.” However, this scholarship focuses primar...
Ionizing Radiation Applied to Chemical Processes and to Food and Drug Processing

Publisher Summary Radiation chemistry is the study of chemical effects produced by the energy-degradation processes that occur when ionizing radiations interact with matter. Food and drug processing and chemical processes use ionizing radiation. Foods are unique insofar as they contain a few key components, which, although present in not much more than micromole/g. concentrations, regulate the flavor and nutritional value of the fare. Food irradiation affects chemical changes, loss of nutrients, appearance and flavor, toxicity, and storage properties. Low-dose irradiation works on fruits, beer, meats, and delicatessen. Infestation can be controlled in grains and tobacco through ionizing radiation. It is also used to prevent sprouting in onions and potatoes. Sterilized drugs and pharmaceuticals have already achieved a limited market. What matters in case of pharmaceutical products are toxicity, product, and cost. Ionizing radiation also works effectively in medical and surgical specialties, chemotherapeutic agents, and vitamin products.
Optimization Problems Related to Internet Congestion Control

I’m going to be talking about a paper by Elias Koutsoupias, Christos Papadimitriou, Scott Shenker and myself, that was presented at the 2000 FOCS Conference [1] related to Internet-congestion control. Some people during the coffee break expressed surprise that I’m working in this area, because over the last several years, I have been concentrating more on computational biology, the area on which Ron Shamir reported so eloquently in the last lecture. I was having trouble explaining, even to myself, how it is that I’ve been working in these two very separate fields, until Ron Pinter just explained it to me, a few minutes ago. He pointed out to me that improving the performance of the web is crucially important for bioinformatics, because after all, people spend most of their time consulting distributed data bases. So this is my explanation, after the fact, for working in these two fields.
On the Roles of Synthesis and Degradation in Regulation of Enzyme Levels in Mammalian Tissues

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the roles of synthesis and degradation in regulation of enzyme levels in mammalian tissues. Information concerning the regulation of enzyme concentrations or levels has been obtained largely from studies with microbial systems, most specifically with Escherichia coli. The simplified organization uniform cell population and ready availability of mutants have allowed for a rapid advancement of knowledge of mechanisms involved in such regulation. An increasing wealth of evidence indicates that in mammals, marked changes in enzyme levels occur in response to a variety of physiologic, hormonal, nutritional, and pharmacologie stimuli. The nature of mechanisms responsible for the regulation of enzyme levels in mammalian tissues are discussed in the chapter.
Mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis: a review of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment

The class Zygomycetes is divided into two orders, Mucorales and Entomophthorales. These two orders produce dramatically different infections. Genera from the order Mucorales (Rhizopus, Mucor, Rhizomucor, Absidia, Apophysomyces, Cunninghamella and Saksenaea) cause an angioinvasive infection called mucormycosis. Mucormycosis presents with rhino-orbito-cerebral, pulmonary, disseminated, cutaneous, or gastrointestinal involvement. Immunocompromising states such as haematological malignancy, bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, neutropenia, solid organ transplantation, diabetes mellitus with or without ketoacidosis, corticosteroids, and deferoxamine therapy for iron overload predispose patients to infection. Mucormycosis in immunocompetent hosts is rare, and is often related to trauma. Mortality rates can approach 100% depending on the patient's underlying disease and form of mucormycosis. Early diagnosis, along with treatment of the underlying medical condition, surgery, and an amphotericin B product are needed for a successful outcome. Genera from the order Entomophthorales produce a chronic subcutaneous infection called entomophthoramycosis in immunocompetent patients. This infection occurs in tropical and subtropical climates. The genus Basidiobolus typically produces a chronic subcutaneous infection of the thigh, buttock, and/or trunk. Rarely, it has been reported to involve the gastrointestinal tract. The genus Conidiobolus causes a chronic infection of the nasal submucosa and subcutaneous tissue of the nose and face. This paper will review the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis.
OTA: Shore up federal ocean programs

Although the federal ocean effort consists of about 90 programs, at a cost of $2.52 billion in fiscal 1980, there is no comprehensive plan or coordination for the development of new technologies to advance the programs, according to a report by an Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) panel. Federally supported technologies include ships, satellites for oceanography research, buoys, submersibles, and independent instrument systems. To shore up the development of ocean technology, Congressional initiatives may be necessary, concludes the Technology and Oceanography Assessment Advisory Panel. There is no consistency, the panel charged, among agencies in their plans for future program or capital expenditures. Furthermore, some agencies plan for possible future technology needs, while others do not plan for new expenditures until new items become vital. And, some program plans include substantial contingencies and related activities, while others do not.
Creating a Safety Net: Transferring to a New Therapist in a Training Setting

Transferring clients to new therapists is a common necessity in training settings, agencies, and private practices. However, there is a paucity of empirical studies that examine the process of client transfer and its impact on the client. This qualitative study explored the experience of clients who had successfully transferred from graduating practicum students to incoming practicum students in a COAMFTE accredited MFT master program in the southeastern region of the US. The resultant grounded theory consisted of a central category (Creating a Safety Net), a paradigm (Professionalism), and two main categories (Structure and Trust). Clients described an overall process of initial disclosure of the pending transfer, their affective response, the therapist’s response, a period of co-therapy with incoming and outgoing therapists, and continuation of therapy with the new therapist.
Reducing Gravity at the Superfluid Transition in Helium-4

There are two intrinsic experimental limitations in measurements near Tλ for traditional ground based experiments: the gravitationally induced pressure variations present in any macroscopic helium sample limit how closely the transition can be approached, and the onset of convection in a sample with T>Tλ limits the range of heat values that can be used. To overcome these limitations, we have built a low gravity simulator consisting of a superconducting magnet with a magnetic field profile shaped to provide a magnetic force opposite that of gravity. Preliminary measurements have shown a decrease in the range of reduced temperatures across a sample but not the expected suppression of the onset of convection.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 232

The evaluator presents in this publication spectroscopic data and level schemes from radioactive decay and nuclear reactions for all nuclei with mass number A = 232. Highlights from this evaluation include the discovery of a new isotope of francium, {sup 232}Fr, and the study of its {beta} {sup -} decay to levels in {sup 232}Ra (2004Pe17,1990Me13). Also, it includes the first observation of spontaneous fission in {sup 232}Th and {sup 232}U, as well as the measurement of their respective partial half-lives of 1.2 (4) x 10{sup 21}y (1995Bo18) and 2.6 (5) x 10{sup 15}y (2000Bo46) for this type of decay.
Passing the torch: evaluating exportability of a violence intervention program.

BACKGROUND: A violence intervention program (VIP) developed at our trauma center resulted in a reduction of injury recidivism to 4% from a historical rate of 16%. Our aim was to investigate the feasibility of exporting our program to another trauma center by examining rates of and identifying potential barriers to recruitment, enrollment, and impact. We hypothesized that our VIP is feasible at another trauma center and successfully meets needs associated with risk reduction. METHODS: In January 2010, we introduced our VIP to another trauma center. To assess exportability of our program, we used a standard model of program evaluation for VIPs promoted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Specifically, the process and impact portions of the model evaluation were performed in this comparative analysis over a 1-year period. Recruitment, enrollment (process), and success at meeting risk reduction needs (impact) were our outcomes. This included patient and case manager characteristics in addition to rates at which eligible patients were approached and enrolled. These variables were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum and chi-square tests. RESULTS: During the study period, 155 patients were eligible for inclusion at the exported program compared with 119 at the original VIP. Rates at which eligible patients were approached at the exported program were significantly lower than the original program (44% vs 92%, P = .04). Rates at which approached patients were enrolled were also significantly lower (21% vs 55%, P = .002). The difference was associated with the time of injury and hospital length of stay because 40% of eligible patients were missed if injury occurred during a weekend and 70% were missed if the length of stay was less than or equal to 48 hours at the exported program. A cultural match between the client and case manager was assessed by race/ethnicity and language spoken; 2 of the 3 case managers at our site are Latino and bilingual and the other is black, whereas the 1 case manager at the exported program is black and monolingual. Cultural match was 91% versus 47%, respectively (P Language: en
A NONITERATIVE PENALTY FUNCTION TECHNIQUE FOR CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION

A new penally function method has been found effective for solving constrained non-linear optimization problems, particularly with gradient-using acceptable-point algorithms. This approach does not entail minimizing a sequence of penalty formulations as do parametric penalty functions, which the algorithm resembles in the manner of formulating the penalty terms. Several variants are presented: interior and exterior methods for inequality constraints, and modifications for inclusion of equality constraints by an exterior penalty formulation. Essentially, at each multivariate stage the penalty terms' “weights” arc updated according to a power law reflecting the iteration. Accordingly, performance of the algorithm depends upon selection of these weights. Several problems are solved, and suggestions are given for the weights. Overall, experience has been very encouraging.
Integrating Traffic Data and Model Predictive Control to Improve Fuel Economy

Abstract This paper presents a method for increasing fuel economy using traffic data and a model predictive controller. Using knowledge of the traffic ahead, a vehicle can react to changes in traffic density or speed before they happen, increasing the efficiency of a trip and providing valuable information to the driver. In particular, the traffic information is used to determine a time-varying velocity envelope that the vehicle must satisfy. Then, a vehicle model is used to compute the vehicle speed profile that minimizes fuel use and satisfies the velocity constraints. Simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed approach on a passenger vehicle with minor hardware modifications required for its implementation.
A method for high throughput bioelectrochemical research based on small scale microbial electrolysis cells

There is great interest in studying exoelectrogenic microorganisms, but existing methods can require expensive electrochemical equipment and specialized reactors. We developed a simple system for conducting high throughput bioelectrochemical research using multiple inexpensive microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) built with commercially available materials and operated using a single power source. MECs were small crimp top serum bottles (5 mL) with a graphite plate anode (92 m²/m(3)) and a cathode of stainless steel (SS) mesh (86 m²/m³), graphite plate, SS wire, or platinum wire. The highest volumetric current density (240 A/m³, applied potential of 0.7 V) was obtained using a SS mesh cathode and a wastewater inoculum (acetate electron donor). Parallel operated MECs (single power source) did not lead to differences in performance compared to non-parallel operated MECs, which can allow for high throughput reactor operation (>1000 reactors) using a single power supply. The utility of this method for cultivating exoelectrogenic microorganisms was demonstrated through comparison of buffer effects on pure (Geobacter sulfurreducens and Geobacter metallireducens) and mixed cultures. Mixed cultures produced current densities equal to or higher than pure cultures in the different media, and current densities for all cultures were higher using a 50 mM phosphate buffer than a 30 mM bicarbonate buffer. Only the mixed culture was capable of sustained current generation with a 200 mM phosphate buffer. These results demonstrate the usefulness of this inexpensive method for conducting in-depth examinations of pure and mixed exoelectrogenic cultures.
Effects of the estrous cycle stage on the prolactin secretory response to dopamine in vitro.

Dopamine (DA) will both stimulate and inhibit prolactin (PRL) secretion from the anterior pituitary gland in vitro and in vivo. The present study was designed to determine if there are selected times during the estrous cycle of the rat when one function is favored over the other. Anterior pituitary glands collected on diestrus-1 (D1), diestrus-2 (D2), the morning of proestrus (Pro-AM), the afternoon of proestrus (Pro-PM), and estrus (E) were enzymatically dissociated and placed in monolayer culture. On the fourth day in culture, cells were challenged for 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 180, or 240 min with media alone or media containing either 100 pM or 1 μM DA. The concentration of PRL in the media was determined by radioimmunoassay. Regression analysis revealed that in the absence of DA, PRL secretion from cultured cells differed significantly depending on the stage of the estrous cycle during which they were obtained. Cells obtained during the morning of diestrus-2 secreted PRL at the greatest rate compared to other stages of the cycle. When all stages were compared, the rates of PRL secretion were: D2>E>D1>Pro-AM>Pro-PM (each significantly different from the others,P<0.01). By 20–30 min of exposure to 100 pM DA, the rate of PRL secretion from cells obtained during each stage of the cycle was significantly enhanced. This enhanced secretion persisted in cells obtained during D2 and Pro-PM but was short-lived in cells obtained during other stages. No inhibition of PRL secretion was induced by this dose of DA. PRL secretion was inhibited when treated with 1 μM DA in cells obtained at all stages of the estrous cycle. Inhibition was more prolonged in cells obtained on D1, D2, and Pro-AM. DA was least effective as an inhibitor of PRL secretion in cells obtained during Pro-PM and E. Prior to inhibiting PRL secretion in cells obtained during Pro-PM, 1 μM DA rapidly stimulated PRL secretion. This effect persisted for 60 min. These data suggest that in the absence of DA, the dynamics of PRL secretion from anterior pituitary cells in vitro differ depending on the stage of the estrous cycle during which the cells were obtained. Moreover, the in vivo environment of the cell determines the direction and magnitude of the PRL-secretory response to DA.
Magnetic resonance demonstration of vertebral artery dissection. Report of two cases.

✓ Vertebral artery dissection may be spontaneous or related to some traumatic event. Diagnosis has usually been made by angiography, an invasive procedure with certain well-known risks. The authors describe the magnetic resonance (MR) appearance (both on conventional spin-echo and on gradient refocused “flow” sequences) in two patients with vertebral artery dissection confirmed by angiography. It is proposed that the less invasive MR imaging might be the imaging modality of choice for initial evaluation of suspected vertebral artery dissection.
Remarks on polarimetric-radiative transfer of the atmosphere involving ground reflections

The radiative transfer (RT) approach is widely used for studying scattering from layered random media with rough interfaces. Although it has been successful in several applications such as remote sensing of atmosphere it is well known that this approach involves certain approximations. In this paper these assumptions and approximations are reexamined and explained. To enable this a statistical approach is employed to this problem and the governing equations for the first and second moments of the wave fields are derived. A transition is hence made to arrive at a system of equations corresponding to that of the RT approach. It is thus found that more conditions are implicitly involved in the RT approach than generally believed to be necessary.
Intelligent Tutoring Systems by and for the Developing World: A Review of Trends and Approaches for Educational Technology in a Global Context

As information and communication technology access expands in the developing world, learning technologies have the opportunity to play a growing role to enhance and supplement strained educational systems. Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) offer strong learning gains, but are a class of technology traditionally designed for most-developed countries. Recently, closer consideration has been made to ITS targeting the developing world and to culturally-adapted ITS. This paper presents findings from a systematic literature review that focused on barriers to ITS adoption in the developing world. While ITS were the primary focus of the review, the implications likely apply to a broader range of educational technology as well. The geographical and economic landscape of tutoring publications is mapped out, to determine where tutoring systems research occurs. Next, the paper discusses challenges and promising solutions for barriers to ITS within both formal and informal settings. These barriers include student basic computing skills, hardware sharing, mobile-dominant computing, data costs, electrical reliability, internet infrastructure, language, and culture. Differences and similarities between externally-developed and locally-developed tutoring system research for the developing world are then considered. Finally, this paper concludes with some potential future directions and opportunities for research on tutoring systems and other educational technologies on the global stage.
Analysis of TM mode light extraction efficiency enhancement for deep ultraviolet AlGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes with III-nitride micro-domes

Analysis of transverse magnetic (TM) mode light extraction efficiency enhancement for AlGaN quantum wells (QWs) based deep ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with III-nitride micro-hemisphere and micro-dome structures on the p-type layer are studied and compared to that of the conventional deep-UV LEDs with flat surface. The transverse electric (TE) and TM components of the spontaneous emission of AlGaN QWs with AlN barriers were calculated by using a self-consistent 6-band k∙p method, which shows the TM component overtakes the TE component and becomes the dominant contribution of the spontaneous emission when the Al-content of the AlGaN QWs is larger than 0.66. The TM mode light extraction efficiency of the deep-UV LEDs emitting at 250 nm with AlGaN micro-domes as compared to the conventional LEDs with flat surface is calculated based on three dimensional finite difference time domain (3D-FDTD) method. The effects of the III-nitride micro-dome diameter and height as well as the p-type layer thickness on the light extraction efficiency were comprehensively studied. The results indicate optimized light extraction efficiency enhancement (>7.3 times) of the dominant TM polarized spontaneous emission for deep-UV LEDs with III-nitride micro-domes.
Reframing Due Process and Institutional Inertia: A Case Study of an Urban School District.

This article recounts a community's struggle for access to biliteracy in one of the largest urban school districts in the country. The authors examine the roles school personnel assume, the symbols they employ, and the scripts they follow in their efforts to deny English Learners (ELs) access to quality programs and due process of rights. At a deeper level, the authors highlight the impact institutional inertia plays, within the backdrop of an educational reform movement, in thwarting the educational choices of ELs and their parents' rights to make pedagogical decisions on their behalf.
Composite liver–Small bowel allografts with preservation of donor duodenum and hepatic biliary system in children ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Background/Purpose: Liver and intestinal transplantation is commonly required for children with intestinal failure who suffer concomitant total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-induced liver failure. Retrieval of such composite allografts using previously described "standard techniques" mandates reconstruction of the biliary system with a defunctionalization loop of the proximal allograft jejunum. The occasional posttransplant biliary complications have been associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Also, size matching has limited the pool of donor organs for this patient population. To improve outcome and increase the donor pool the authors have utilized a duodenal-sparing composite liver small bowel allograft technique (DLSBTx) by preserving the head of the pancreas and the pancreatic-duodenal arteries. This precludes a biliary drainage procedure. Methods: Nine children (5 girls, 4 boys), with a mean age of 1.4 years (range, 1 to 17.4 years) received a DLSBTx. In 2 patients the liver was reduced; 1 patient received the whole pancreas. The mean recipient weight at the time of transplantation was 17.4 kg (range, 6.6 to 49.8 kg). The mean age and mean weight for donors was 7.9 years (range, 3 days to 22 years) and 25 kg (range, 4 to 70 kg), respectively. All transplants were performed under tacrolimus and steroid immunosuppression. Results: With a mean follow-up of 419 days (range, 5 to 795 days), patient and graft survival rates are 78% and 67%, respectively. One patient under went a combined retransplantation with the standard technique 31 days after the primary allograft was destroyed by a native pancreatic fistula. Currently, all surviving recipients are at home and off TPN. DLSBTx allowed the expansion of the donor pool by transplanting 6 patients with donor to recipient weight ratio ≥1 and utilizing 2 less than 5-kg donors, including a neonatal donor. In 55% of the patients, chemical pancreatitis was observed during the early postoperative period. None of the duodenal allografts experienced signs of ischemia or leak. Conclusions: The technical advantages of this procedure include avoidance of a biliary reconstruction and simplification of the operative procedure. This, together with the feasibility of split or reduced liver grafting promises to increase the donor pool from neonates to adults. J Pediatr Surg 35:291-296. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Thermal Resistance of Holmium Ethyl Sulfate

A maximum in the thermal resistance of holmium ethyl sulfate as a function of magnetic field below 5 deg K is explained as resulting from the attenuation of a low-level optical phonon mode that is capable of carrying thermal currents, A second maximum is predicted in the range of acoustic modes of phonons. Data are given for fields up to 11 kgauss, (T.F.H,)