cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive learning and monetary exchange

Abstract This paper investigates three classic questions in monetary theory: How can an intrinsically worthless asset, such as fiat money, maintain value as a medium of exchange? What are the short-run and long-run effects of a change in the money supply? What is the social cost of inflation? I answer these questions using a microfounded model of monetary exchange that replaces the rational expectations assumption with an adaptive learning rule. First, I show that monetary exchange is a robust arrangement in the sense that agents are able to learn the stationary monetary equilibrium while the non-monetary equilibrium is unstable under learning. Second, an unanticipated monetary injection has real effects in the short-run because learning the value of money takes time. In the long run, agents successfully learn the value of money, hence money is neutral. Third, under a constant money growth policy, an increase in the growth rate of money increases output in the short-run producing a short-run Phillips curve. A ten percent increase in the money growth rate has a social cost of 0.41 percent of output per year. Alternatively, a ten percent decrease in the money growth rate has a social benefit of 0.37 percent of output per year.
A nickel complex with a biscarbene pincer-type ligand shows high electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 over H2O

We report a planar nickel complex coordinated with a pincer-type carbene-pyridine-carbene ligand which exhibits high selectivity for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction in the presence of H2O.
Evolution of mammalian genome organization inferred from comparative gene mapping

Comparative genome analyses, including chromosome painting in over 40 diverse mammalian species, ordered gene maps from several representatives of different mammalian and vertebrate orders, and large-scale sequencing of the human and mouse genomes are beginning to provide insight into the rates and patterns of chromosomal evolution on a whole-genome scale, as well as into the forces that have sculpted the genomes of extant mammalian species.
Identification of sensory hair-cell transcripts by thiouracil-tagging in zebrafish

Sensory hair cells are exquisitely sensitive to mechanical stimuli and as such, are prone to damage and apoptosis during dissections or in vitro manipulations. Thiouracil (TU)-tagging is a noninvasive method to label cell type-specific transcripts in an intact organism, thereby meeting the challenge of how to analyze gene expression in hair cells without the need to sort cells. We adapted TU-tagging to zebrafish to identify novel transcripts expressed in the sensory hair cells of the developing acoustico-lateralis organs. We created a transgenic line of zebrafish expressing the T.gondii uracil phospho-ribosyltransferase (UPRT) enzyme specifically in the hair cells of the inner ear and lateral line organ. RNA was labeled by exposing 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) UPRT transgenic larvae to 2.5 mM 4-thiouracil (4TU) for 15 hours. Following total RNA isolation, poly(A) mRNA enrichment, and purification of TU-tagged RNA, deep sequencing was performed on the input and TU-tagged RNA samples. Analysis of the RNA sequencing data revealed the expression of 28 transcripts that were significantly enriched (adjusted p-value < 0.05) in the UPRT TU-tagged RNA relative to the input sample. Of the 25 TU-tagged transcripts with mammalian homologs, the expression of 18 had not been previously demonstrated in zebrafish hair cells. The hair cell-restricted expression for 17 of these transcripts was confirmed by whole mount mRNA in situ hybridization in 3 dpf larvae. The hair cell-restricted pattern of expression of these genes offers insight into the biology of this receptor cell type and may serve as useful markers to study the development and function of sensory hair cells. In addition, our study demonstrates the utility of TU-tagging to study nascent transcripts in specific cell types that are relatively rare in the context of the whole zebrafish larvae.
A secure and economical system for caging venomous snakes

This paper describes an inexpensive and secure cage system for housing venomous snakes. The cages are easily constructed from commercially available plastic containers and are lightweight and can be stacked, minimizing the area needed to house numerous animals. They allow easy access to the animal and can be adequately disinfected. These cages can be individually locked and also allow for full viewing of the animal.
Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the North American porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum, using paired-end Illumina sequencing

We isolated and characterized a total of 19 microsatellite loci from the North American porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum. Loci were screened in 22 individuals from St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties in northern New York State. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 14, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.316 to 1.000, and the probability of identity values ranged from 0.028 to 0.243. These new loci will provide tools for examination of the effects of habitat fragmentation, for instance by roads and other infrastructure, on gene flow and population subdivision in this species.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution. 6. A kinetic study of the formylation of aromatics with 1,1-dichloromethyl methyl ether in nitromethane

Cinetique de la formylation du benzene et du toluene en presence de AlCl 3 ou TiCl 4 a −27°C
The new, new limits of optical lithography

The end of optical lithography has been so often predicted (incorrectly) that such predictions are now a running joke among lithographers. Yet optical lithography does have real, physical limitations and even more real economic limits, and an accurate estimation of these limits is essential for planning potential next generation lithography (NGL) efforts. This paper will review the two types of resolution limits in optical lithography: the pitch resolution, governed by the amount of spatial frequency information that can pass through an imaging lens, and the feature size resolution, limited by our ability to control feature size. Projecting the trends in these resolution limits, the capabilities of 193nm immersion lithography will be explored.
Women, Media, and Consumption In Japan

Women, Media, and Consumption In Japan. Lise Skov and Brian Moeran. eds. Richmond, VA, and Surrey, UK: Curzon Press, 1995. + 318 pp., figures, notes, references, index.
Abstract 343: Transgenic C57/BL6 x Balb/c F1 mice expressing mitochondrial targeted catalase have less spontaneous lung cancer.

Human lung cancer is a major cause of morbidity and among the most frequent and deadly malignancies throughout the world. Discrepancies in classification and characterization approaches have resulted in confusions and difficulties in the comparative pathology of mouse and human lung tumors. Currently, there are very few mouse models of spontaneous lung cancer that are available to validate human lung carcinogenesis. Male C57/BL6 x Balb/c F1 (CB6 F1) mice have a high incidence of pulmonary adenocarcinoma that increases with increasing age. For example, 28 month old males have a 52 per cent incidence, while 32 month old males have close to 80 per cent incidence. In order to determine if these tumors were driven by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), we crossed wild type Balb/c females with transgenic males on the C57/BL6 background expressing human catalase targeted to mitochondria (mCAT). The offspring were followed through the end of their lifespan when tissues were collected for histological evaluation. Of 65 males examined, we found that those expressing mCAT had a 29 per cent incidence of lung tumors, while wild type littermates had an incidence of 71 per cent (p ≤ 0.01). The presence of mCAT had a similar effect on the incidence of lung tumors in females although the overall incidence was less than in males. Histologically, lung tumors in wild type mice had higher grade malignancy than lung tumors in mice expressing mCAT suggesting that ROS generated by mitochondria might be playing a role in driving this type of cancer in mice. We conclude that spontaneous lung adenocarcinoma in old CB6 F1 mice could be a useful model to study the anti-tumor effect of mitochondrial-targeted anti-oxidants for intervention of human lung cancer. Citation Format: Christina Pettan-Brewer, John Morton, Piper Treuting, Warren Ladiges. Transgenic C57/BL6 x Balb/c F1 mice expressing mitochondrial targeted catalase have less spontaneous lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 343. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-343 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Eye Movement Control in Voluntary Nystagmus

Raehlmann, in 1878, and shortly thereaf­ ter Campbell, in 1882, described voluntary nystagmus. This phenomenon has also been called voluntary ocular fibrillation or ophthalmodenesis. It is a rapid, pendular, horizontal nystagmus initiated and main­ tained on a voluntary basis." Typically, an individual without previous eye disease describes the ability to "wobble" or "jiggle" his eyeballs at will. The move­ ments are usually conjugate, but there are two reported instances of unilateral volun­ tary nystagmus. The slowest reported rate is seven to eight per second while the fast­ est is 23 per second, with a median around 20 cycles per second. The amplitude varies, with a median reported amplitude close to five degreees and reports of amplitudes up to 10 degrees. Only a few reports'" describe photo­ graphic or electrical measurement of the eye movement. Theories on the etiology of this little un­ derstood phenomenon range from ocular pa­ thology to alternating innervation of oppo­ site-pair members of the laterial rectus muscles.-· Even less is known, appar­ ently, about the limits of voluntary control. Two reports' indicate the necessity of sharp vergence movements to initiate the nystagmus, while one of these reports that the magnitude of nystagmic movements is somewhat attenuated when the eyes are sharp­ ly deviated from the horizontal center of gaze. Usually, voluntary nystagmus can be main­ tained for only a brief period, with reported fatigue times ranging from 2.5 seconds to
Buddhist Apologetics and a Genealogy of Comparative Religion in Siam

Contemporary identity in Thailand is prominently configured through an allegiance of reformed Buddhism with the modern Thai state. What is not well understood, however, is the centrality of “comparative religion” to the construction of this naturalized religionationalist identity, for interreligious study in Siam has been an integral component of modern Thai identity since the mid-nineteenth century. First, the emergence of “religion” as an object of study in modern Thailand is explored here, in an effort to detail the genealogy of this field for the first time. The articulation of Thai religious identity is identified as a response to intellectual challenges from colonial influences, especially the reproofs of Buddhism by Christian missionaries and Orientalist scholarship on religion. Thai Buddhist intellectuals responded to these challenges by robustly countering that Theravada Buddhism was, in fact, superior to Christianity and other religions. Finally, I explore the contentions between the Thai Buddhist apologetics and their opponents as a genealogy of the knowledge in comparative religion in Siam over the past century and a half. Given this genealogy, the field of comparative religion in Thailand is revealed as being far from a disinterested pursuit of knowledge; rather, it is part of the formation and reaffirmation of Thai national identity.
Arsenic Waste Management: A Critical Review of Testing and Disposal of Arsenic-Bearing Solid Wastes Generated during Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water

Water treatment technologies for arsenic removal from groundwater have been extensively studied due to widespread arsenic contamination of drinking water sources. Central to the successful application of arsenic water treatment systems is the consideration of appropriate disposal methods for arsenic-bearing wastes generated during treatment. However, specific recommendations for arsenic waste disposal are often lacking or mentioned as an area for future research and the proper disposal and stabilization of arsenic-bearing waste remains a barrier to the successful implementation of arsenic removal technologies. This review summarizes current disposal options for arsenic-bearing wastes, including landfilling, stabilization, cow dung mixing, passive aeration, pond disposal, and soil disposal. The findings from studies that simulate these disposal conditions are included and compared to results from shorter, regulatory tests. In many instances, short-term leaching tests do not adequately address the range of ...
Process Dissociation, Cognitive Architecture, and Response Time: Comments on Lindsay and Jacoby (1994)

Process dissociation is based on 2 assumptions about the processes being dissociated: invariance of the processes across situations, and stochastic independence of the processes. In a recent application of process dissociation to the Stroop task (D. S. Lindsay & L. L. Jacoby, 1994), both of those assumptions were violated. It is argued that these violations were due to (a) an oversimplification of the processing architecture that ignores common stages such as guessing and response selection, (b) an assumption that the more automatic process (word reading) dominates over the intended process (color naming) in determining responses, and (c) an assumption that switching from the more common speeded response instruction (measuring speed) to a deadline response instruction (measuring, accuracy) does not change processing. General implications for applying process dissociation to dynamic tasks are discussed. Process dissociation is a method for determining how task accuracy is influenced by cognitive processes that are capable of either competing or working in conceit (Jacoby, 1991). It has been used primarily to show relative contributions of implicit and explicit memory in different tasks, but it has the potential to be used for other issues as well. Recently, Lindsay and Jacoby (1994) extended process dissociation to a visual identification task, the Stroop task, which appears to have underlying processes that sometimes compete and sometimes work in concert. The process dissociation method puts few explicit constraints on processing. But when we considered in detail how processing would be constrained by the assumptions of the method, the results are problematic, partly in ways addressed by earlier criticisms and partly in ways unique to the new domain. In particular, when one tries to reconcile this work with earlier work on understanding processing architecture of the Stroop task, three issues appear problematic: the assumption of processing independence, the side effects of applying deadlines to a dynamic process, and the characterization of automatic processing.
Cytostasis and morphological changes induced by mifepristone in human metastatic cancer cells involve cytoskeletal filamentous actin reorganization and impairment of cell adhesion dynamics

Changes in cell shape and plasticity in cytoskeletal dynamics are critically involved in cell adhesion, migration, invasion and the overall process of metastasis. Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that the synthetic steroid mifepristone inhibited the growth of highly metastatic cancer cells, while simultaneously causing striking changes in cellular morphology. Here we assessed whether such morphological alterations developed in response to cytostatic concentrations of mifepristone are reversible or permanent, involve rearrangement of cytoskeletal proteins, and/or affect the adhesive capacity of the cells. Cancer cell lines of the ovary (SKOV-3), breast (MDA-MB-231), prostate (LNCaP), and nervous system (U87MG) were exposed to cytostatic concentrations of mifepristone and studied by phase-contrast microscopy. The transient or permanent nature of the cytostasis and morphological changes caused by mifepristone was assessed, as well as the rearrangement of cytoskeletal proteins. De-adhesion and adhesion assays were utilized to determine if mifepristone-arrested and morphologically dysregulated cells had abnormal de-adhesion/adhesion dynamics when compared to vehicle-treated controls. Mifepristone-treated cells displayed a long, thin, spindle-like shape with boundaries resembling those of loosely adhered cells. Growth arrest and morphology changes caused by mifepristone were reversible in SKOV-3, MDA-MB-231 and U87MG, but not in LNCaP cells that instead became senescent. All cancer cell types exposed to mifepristone displayed greatly increased actin ruffling in association with accelerated de-adhesion from the culture plate, and delayed adhesion capacity to various extracellular matrix components. Cytostatic concentrations of mifepristone induced alterations in the cellular structure of a panel of aggressive, highly metastatic cancer cells of different tissues of origin. Such changes were associated with re-distribution of actin fibers that mainly form non-adhesive membrane ruffles, leading to dysregulated cellular adhesion capacity.
Science & music: talk of the tone.

To appreciate how our species makes sense of sound we must study the brain's response to a wide variety of music, languages and musical languages, urges Aniruddh D. Patel.
Prevalence of Benign Disease in Patients Undergoing Resection for Suspected Lung Cancer

Background In this era of expanded lung cancer screening, accurate differentiation of benign from malignant lesions remains an important problem. We sought to characterize our experience with focal pulmonary lesions suggestive of lung cancer and subsequently proven benign on surgical resection. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 1,560 patients who underwent resection for focal pulmonary lesions at our institution from January 1995 to December 2002. Computed tomography and pathology reports were reviewed for all patients. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography studies were performed on 43 patients. Results Benign processes were found on pathologic examination in 140 patients (9%). Resection was accomplished by thoracotomy in 103 patients (74%), video-assisted thoracoscopy in 36 patients (26%), and sternotomy in 1 patient (0.7%). Seventy patients (50%) underwent mediastinoscopy before resection. There was 1 (0.7%) perioperative death. Pathologic diagnoses from the pulmonary resections revealed granulomatous inflammation in 91 patients (65%), hamartoma in 17 patients (12%), pneumonia or pneumonitis in 14 patients (10%), fibrosis in 5 patients (4%), and other in 13 patients (9%). Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging suggested malignancy in 22 of 43 patients and benign lesion in 20 of 43 patients (1 study was not interpretable). Thirty-eight patients underwent needle biopsy before surgery. Of these, 29 samples were nondiagnostic, 5 samples were negative, and 4 samples were considered positive for malignancy. Conclusions Despite thorough clinical assessment, advanced imaging technology, and needle biopsy, many patients continue to undergo surgery for benign disease. Aggressive attempts to diagnose and treat early stage lung cancer must be tempered with this understanding.
Physiologic Features of Upper Airway Obstruction

In seven patients with upper airway obstruction caused by tracheal or vocal cord lesions, pulmonary function tests revealed normal distribution of ventilation and a moderate to marked elevation in airway resistance unresponsive to bronchodilators. Such findings ought to be highly specific for this condition, a diagnosis which often is unsuspected clinically.
Lesbians Under the Medical Gaze: Scientists Search for Remarkable Differences

This paper examines research, conducted under the auspices of the Committee for the Study of Sex Variants during the 1930s in New York City, which sought to determine what characteristics distingui...
The use of neural networks for variable selection in QSAR

Abstract The application of a back-propagation neural network has been found to be an efficient and effective tool to identify pertinent variables for QSAR studies.
An interactive multimedia textbook for introductory computer science

A multimedia implementation of an introductory computer science text based on the LISP dialect Scheme, is described. The text, Exploring Computer Science with Scheme [4], is designed for beginning students who may have no prior experience using computers. The goal is to create an environment that facilitates learning of the material and concepts in the text. The multimedia system includes hypertext abilities to jump through the text, search, and mark positions in the text. A personal notebook facility is provided that allows the user to enter notes while using the system or to copy sections of the text or Scheme environment directly into the notebook. The tool provides an animation feature that illustrates how various list and applicative functions work by modeling their internal actions. A Scheme listener is built into the tool to foster testing ideas and experimentation. Since the intended audience of the text includes people with no prior computing experience, the user interface is intuitive and full help features are provided.
Fenestration of the vertebral artery at the lower cervical segment—imaging findings and literature review

Abstract Fenestrations of the vertebral artery are mostly found at the upper cervical or intracranial segments. We present a rare case of vertebral artery fenestration at the lower cervical (C4–C6) segment, which showed a double-lumen appearance on ultrasonography. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and rotational angiography of the vertebral artery with three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction proved the diagnosis and nicely demonstrated the anatomic relationship between two limbs of the fenestrated artery. The embryonic mechanism and possible causes of rareness of this condition are discussed.
Investigating Outer Hair Cell Motility with a Combination of External Alternating Electrical Field Stimulation and High-speed Image Analysis

OHCs are cylindrical sensorimotor cells located in the Organ of Corti, the auditory organ inside the mammalian inner ear. The name "hair cells" derives from their characteristic apical bundle of stereocilia, a critical element for detection and transduction of sound energy. OHCs are able to change shape -elongate, shorten and bend- in response to electrical, mechanical and chemical stimulation, a motor response considered crucial for cochlear amplification of acoustic signals. OHC stimulation induces two different motile responses: i) electromotility, a.k.a fast motility, changes in length in the microsecond range derived from electrically-driven conformational changes in motor proteins densely packed in OHC plasma membrane, and ii) slow motility, shape changes in the millisecond to seconds range involving cytoskeletal reorganization. OHC bending is associated with electromotility, and result either from an asymmetric distribution of motor proteins in the lateral plasma membrane, or asymmetric electrical stimulation of those motor proteins (e.g., with an electrical field perpendicular to the long axis of the cells). Mechanical and chemical stimuli induce essentially slow motile responses, even though changes in the ionic conditions of the cells and/or their environment can also stimulate the plasma membrane-embedded motor proteins. Since OHC motile responses are an essential component of the cochlear amplifier, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of these motile responses at acoustic frequencies (roughly from 20 Hz to 20 kHz in humans) is a very important matter in the field of hearing research. The development of new imaging technology combining high-speed videocameras, LED-based illumination systems, and sophisticated image analysis software now provides the ability to perform reliable qualitative and quantitative studies of the motile response of isolated OHCs to an external alternating electrical field (EAEF). This is a simple and non-invasive technique that circumvents most of the limitations of previous approaches. Moreover, the LED-based illumination system provides extreme brightness with insignificant thermal effects on the samples and, because of the use of video microscopy, optical resolution is at least 10-fold higher than with conventional light microscopy techniques. For instance, with the experimental setup described here, changes in cell length of about 20 nm can be routinely and reliably detected at frequencies of 10 kHz, and this resolution can be further improved at lower frequencies. We are confident that this experimental approach will help to extend our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying OHC motility.
The mouse and human Ah receptor differ in recognition of LXXLL motifs

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand inducible transcription factor that exhibits interspecies differences, with the human and mouse AhR C-terminal transactivation domain sharing only 58% amino acid sequence identity. The AhR has a transactivation domain comprised of proline/serine/threonine-rich, glutamine-rich, and acidic amino acid subdomains. A truncated mAhR and hAhR containing only the acidic subdomain displayed widely differing transactivation potentials. Whether the glutamine-rich subdomain of the mouse AhR and the human AhR differentially recruit LXXLL-motif coactivators was investigated. Transiently expressed GAL4 DNA binding domain (GAL4DBD)-LXXLL-motif fusion proteins were used to map the critical LXXLL binding sequence of the hAhR to amino acid residues 663-688. Several LXXLL-motif GAL4DBD fusion proteins dramatically differed in their ability to influence the transactivation potential of the mAhR and hAhR. These findings suggest that the human and mouse AhR may display differential recruitment of coactivators and hence may exhibit divergent regulation of target genes.
Crustacean cardioactive peptide in the sphinx moth, Manduca sexta

Abstract The isolation, identification, and actions of crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) have been examined in the sphinx moth Manduca sexta. A sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify CCAP-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system. The CCAP-like immunoreactivity from the abdominal CNS was then purified, and its sequence was ascertained by amino acid analysis, mass spectral analysis, and HPLC. These studies showed that the nervous system of M. sexta contains a peptide with the sequence Pro-Phe-Cys-Asn-Ala-Phe-Thr-Gly-Cys-NH2, identical to CCAP originally isolated and sequenced from the shore crab Carcinus maenas. The actions of CCAP on the isolated heart of M. sexta and the extensor-tibia muscle of Schistocerca americana were tested. Crustacean cardioactive peptide had excitatory actions on both preparations: a dose-dependent increase in the rate of contractions was observed on the heart, and an increase in the rate of the myogenic rhythm was observed in the leg muscle. Moreover, purified and synthetic CCAP had identical effects on the isolated heart. We conclude that CCAP occurs in M. sexta and exerts potent neurotransmitter or neurohormonal actions on a variety of muscles.
Empirical smoothing lack-of-fit tests for variance function

Abstract This paper discusses a nonparametric empirical smoothing lack-of-fit test for the functional form of the variance in regression models. The proposed test can be treated as a nontrivial modification of Zheng's nonparametric smoothing test, Koul and Ni's minimum distance test for the mean function in the classic regression models. The paper establishes the asymptotic normality of the proposed test under the null hypothesis. Consistency at some fixed alternatives and asymptotic power under some local alternatives are also discussed. A simulation study is conducted to assess the finite sample performance of the proposed test. Simulation study also shows that the proposed test is more powerful and computationally more efficient than some existing tests.
The Family Context of Delinquency

This paper examines the relationship between broken homes and delinquency among two samples of U.S. children interviewed in 1967 and 1972. When family context is operationalized as a simple dichotomy (broken versus intact homes), broken homes are more highly associated with “family” offenses such as running away and truancy than with other types of juvenile misconduct. When family context is defined more explicitly, the number of absent biological parents as well as the presence of a stepparent strongly affects some types of juvenile misconduct. However, neither parent-specific absence (mother versus father missing) nor reason for the break-up (death versus divorce or separation) has any effect. I conclude that studies which suggest that broken homes are not an important causal factor are misleading because of their inadequate operational definitions of both family context and delinquency.
5-Ethynyluracil (776C85): protection from 5-fluorouracil-induced neurotoxicity in dogs.

Abstract 5-Ethynyluracil (776C85) is a potent mechanism-based inactivator of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the enzyme that catalyzes the rapid catabolism of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Because catabolism is the major route for 5-FU clearance, we studied the effect of 5-ethynyluracil on the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of continuous i.v. 5-FU infusion in the dog. 5-FU at 40 mg/kg/24 hr resulted in a steady-state plasma 5-FU concentration of 1.3 μM and was fatal with dogs dying from apparent neurotoxicity. 5-Ethynyluracil lowered the total clearance of 5-FU from 9.9 to 0.2 L/hr/kg and enabled 1.6 mg/kg/24 hr 5-FU to achieve a steady-state plasma 5-FU concentration of 2.4 μM with no apparent toxicity. 5-FU at 4 mg/kg/24 hr achieved a steady-state plasma 5-FU concentration of 5.3 μM and produced only mild gastrointestinal disturbances in 5-ethynyluracil-treated dogs. Thus, a catabolite of 5-FU appears to be responsible for the 5-FU-induced neurotoxicity in dogs.
Revisiting the inertial inflation hypothesis for Brazil

Abstract Inflation has been a major problem of the Brazilian economy. In the early eighties the inertial inflation approach became very influential in Brazil. According to this approach the inflation rate has a path determined by its own past. It is persistent, shocks aside, today's inflation equals last period's rate of inflation. The purpose of this paper is to reevaluate the inertial inflation hypothesis from an empirical perspective. After briefly mentioning the theoretical ideas behind the inertial approach, the inflationary persistence (inertia) is empirically evaluated using time series techniques. The results show that there is inertia; however, its importance is not large. Similar analyses are also carried out for Argentina and Germany. The Argentinean results are analogous to those found for Brazil while the inflationary persistence found for Germany is almost nil.
Simulations of the solvent structure for macromolecules. III. Determination of the Na+ counter ion structure.

We report on a computer experiment in which, using Monte Carlo techniques, we considered a three-turn (30-base-pairs) B-DNA fragment as a solute and a set of 1200 water molecules and 60 sodium counterions (at a temperature of 300 K) as a solvent. From a statistical analysis of the Monte Carlo simulation (applied to the water molecules and counterions in the B-DNA field), we determined that the counterions themselves conform to two helical structures intertwined with the two strands. The strutures of the water molecules solvating both counterion helices and the two B-DNA strands are fully analyzed and described in detail. A model for base-pair recognition based on the above findings is proposed. Aspects of the unwinding mechanism are discussed.
Racializing the Glass Escalator: Reconsidering Men's Experiences with Women's Work

Many men who work in women's professions experience a glass escalator effect that facilitates their advancement and upward mobility within these fields. Research finds that subtle aspects of the interactions, norms, and expectations in women's professions push men upward and outward into the higher-status, higher-paying, more “masculine” positions within these fields. Although most research includes minority men, little has explicitly considered how racial dynamics color these men's encounters with the mechanisms of the glass escalator. In this article, the author examines how intersections of race and gender combine to shape experiences for minority men in the culturally feminized field of nursing and finds that the upward mobility implied by the glass escalator is not uniformly available to all men who do “women's work.” The author concludes that the glass escalator is a racialized concept and a gendered one and considers the implications of this for future studies of men in feminized occupations.
Actin filaments and photoreceptor membrane turnover

The shape and turnover of photoreceptor membranes appears to depend on associated actin filaments. In dipterans, the photoreceptor membrane is microvillar. It is turned over by the addition of new membrane at the bases of the microvilli and by subsequent shedding, mostly from the distal ends. Each microvillus contains actin filaments as a component of its cytoskeletal core. Two myosin I-like proteins co-localize with the actin filaments. It is suggested that one of the myosin I-like proteins might be linked to the microvillar membrane. By interacting with the actin filaments, this motor should move the membrane of a microvillus in a distal direction, thus providing a possible mechanism for the turnover of the membrane. A vertebrate photoreceptor cell contains a small cluster of actin filaments in its connecting cilium at the site where new transductive disk membranes are formed. Disruption of the actin filaments perturbs disk morphogenesis. The most likely explanation for this perturbation is that the process of initiating a new disk is inhibited. Conventional myosin (myosin II) is found in the connecting cilium with the same distribution as actin. A simple model is proposed to illustrate how the actin-myosin system of the connecting cilium might function to initiate the morphogenesis of a disk membrane.
Acute and Residual Effects of Marijuana in Humans

Marijuana continues to be the most commonly abused illicit drug in the United States. Because many people abuse marijuana during the evening and on weekends and then go to work or school the next day, more research is needed on the residual effects of marijuana. The current study sought to examine both acute and residual subjective. physiologic, and performance effects of smoking a single marijuana cigarette. Ten healthy male volunteers who reported recent use of marijuana resided on a residential research ward. On three separate days, subjects smoked one NIDA marijuana cigarette containing either 0%, 1.8%, or 3.6% delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) according to a paced puffing procedure. Subjective, physiologic, and performance measures were collected prior to smoking, five times following smoking on that day, and three times on the following morning. Subjects reported robust subjective effects following both active doses of marijuana, which returned to baseline levels within 3.5 h. Heart rate increased and the pupillary light reflex decreased following active dose administration with return to baseline on that day. A new finding was that marijuana smoking acutely produced decrements in smooth pursuit eye tracking. Although robust acute effects of marijuana were found on subjective and physiological measures, and on smooth pursuit eye tracking performance, no effects were evident the day following administration, indicating that the residual effects of smoking a single marijuana cigarette are minimal.
Himalayan Osborn waves.

A 57-year-old man with history of polysubstance abuse was found in the snow in an intoxicated state by emergency medical services personnel. On arrival, his rectal temperature was 81 F and the rest of the physical examination was consistent with hypotension, bradycardia, and somnolence. His electrocardiogram (ECG) showed atrial fibrillation, tremor artifact, wide QRS, prolongation of PR and QT interval, and giant Osborn waves (Fig. 1, arrows). Initial laboratory data was consistent with anion-gap (lactic) metabolic acidosis and rhabdomyolysis. Serum and urine toxicology screens were positive for ethanol and opiates, respectively. After rewarming with an external rewarmer and warm intravenous fluids, repeat ECG showed normal sinus rhythm and decreased Osborn wave amplitude at a temperature of 89 F (Fig. 2A), followed by complete normalization after restoration of normothermia (Fig. 2B). Electrocardiographic J (or Osborn) waves are typically known to be associated with hypothermia, however, rarely can be seen in other conditions like head injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, hypercalcemia, cardiac ischemia, cocaine use, and haloperidol overdose. Apart from these conditions in which discrete J-waves can be readily distinguished, J-waves can often be partially buried in the R wave in benign early repolarization, manifesting as J-point or ST segment elevation and terminal slurring of QRS. Recent evidence has suggested that arrhythmias associated with an early repolarization pattern in the inferior or mid to lateral precordial leads,
The gendered connection between ethnic residential and labor-market segregation in Los Angeles

By simultaneously controlling for the spatial and social characteristics of neighborhoods, this study sheds new empirical light on the relationship between ethnic-enclave residence and ethnic-niche employment. Considering women's commuting constraints and their theoretically more local social networks, this study explores whether residential segregation may be a more important determinant of labor-market segregation for immigrant women than for men. The study finds that residential segregation plays an important role in sustaining labor-market segregation among immigrants, and that gender emerges as a salient mediating factor. While living in an ethnic enclave tends to be associated with ethnic-niche employment for both men and women, women who live in enclave neighborhoods have a higher rate of ethnic-niche employment than men. However, greater geographic accessibility to niche jobs is associated with niche employment for both immigrant men and women in general, and place-based context seems as important...
A GPS estimate of relative motion between North and South America

GPS velocity data are used to estimate the Euler vector describing rigid body motion of North America relative to South America. Assuming the boundary between the North and South American plates is located near the Fifteen Twenty fracture zone in the equatorial Atlantic, the Euler vector predicts extension across the Royal Trough up to 1 mm/yr, and convergence across the Barracuda Ridge at about 2 mm/yr, in agreement with geological estimates averaged over tens of millions of years. Further west, convergence between North and South America at rates up to 8 mm/yr may contribute to deformation of the Caribbean plate along its southwest boundary with South America.
Strongest Columns and Isoperimetric Inequalities for Eigenvalues

We consider the problem of determining what shape column has the largest critical buckling load of all columns of given length and volume. This problem was previously solved for a column hinged (pinned) at both ends. We solve it for columns clamped at one end and clamped, hinged, or free at the other end, assuming that all cross sections of the column are similar and similarly oriented. We also prove that the column previously obtained in the hinged-hinged case is actually strongest and not merely stationary. Graphs of the areas of the strongest columns as functions of distance along the columns are given for the various cases. The results are also expressed as isoperimetric inequalities for eigenvalues of second-order ordinary differential equations with various boundary conditions. Certain additional inequalities of this type are also obtained.
Preventive Therapy for the Patient With Both Universal Indication and Contraindication for Isoniazid

Background The delphi method of decision making was used to address an unusual clinical case in which various aspects of the case required opposing management strategies. Methods A panel of 30 pulmonary experts was surveyed repeatedly until a convergence of treatment approaches was reached for a patient who was considered to have both a universal indication for and a universal contraindication against prevention therapy. Participants were asked to evaluate the appropriateness of proposed treatments on a scale from 1 to 9, with 1 being extremely inappropriate, 5 being equivocal, and 9 being extremely appropriate. The delphi survey data responses were compared using measures of central tendency (ie, the mean and median) and measures of variability (ie, the standard deviation and interquartile range). Results Although no treatment was wholeheartedly supported by the experts, analysis of the three-round delphi survey responses resulted in two possible treatments: rifampin, 600 mg daily, for four months, or no treatment with close observation. Interestingly, the experts working in a non-university setting favored the rifampin treatment, and those working in a university setting favored no treatment with close observation. Conclusions The delphi method has the potential to be used for clinical decision making.
Use of Microcomputers for the Remediation of Learning Problems in Children with Communication Disorders

This paper discusses ten educational uses for the microcomputer in acquisition and maintenance of learning with communication disordered children. Specific needs of communication and communication related disorderd learners are presented. Language arts, reading, and math as academic areas are viewed for remediation using,in part, microcomputer assistance. Futher hardware improvement,perjipheral expansion and courseware appropriate to learner needs are supported afs areas for future development.
Artificial Photosynthesis in Ranaspumin-2 Based Foam

We present a cell-free artificial photosynthesis platform that couples the requisite enzymes of the Calvin cycle with a nanoscale photophosphorylation system engineered into a foam architecture using the Tungara frog surfactant protein Ranaspumin-2. This unique protein surfactant allowed lipid vesicles and coupled enzyme activity to be concentrated to the microscale Plateau channels of the foam, directing photoderived chemical energy to the singular purpose of carbon fixation and sugar synthesis, with chemical conversion efficiencies approaching 96%.
Mode-coupling theory of the dynamics of polymer liquids: Qualitative predictions for flexible chain and ring melts

The qualitative predictions of the mode–mode‐coupling (MMC) theory developed in the preceding paper are determined for various transport properties and time correlation functions. The degree of polymerization N dependence of the self‐diffusion constant D of long flexible chain and rigid rod melts are found to be in agreement with the reptation/tube model scaling predictions. Ideal ring polymer liquids also follow a D∝N−2 law, but for collapsed non‐Gaussian rings a stronger power law dependence is obtained. The viscoelastic properties of chain melts are derived from a linear generalized Langevin equation (GLE), which at long times consists of the usual Rouse terms plus a chain length and internal normal mode‐dependent frictional contribution.The latter novel term gives rise to of order N slow internal modes, and hence a plateau modulus, and a shear viscosity and recoverable compliance which scale as N3 and N0, respectively. All the predictions are derived from the MMC dynamic memory function by neglecting ...
Common Elements and Interconnections

The major concepts addressed in this article are the synergistic nature of science, engineering, and technology; the benefits and burdens of technology; the resolution of societal issues; and the roles of scientists and engineers in the resolution of societal issues.
In vitro analysis of cardiac progenitor cell differentiation

Cardiac myoblast commitment and differentiation were studied in the developing avian embryo. Single cell analysis of isolated cardiogenic cells grown in vitro established that stage 4 (newly gastrulated) mesodermal cells are capable of myocyte differentiation in the absence of intercellular contact or short range cellular interactions. While cardiac myocytes derived from single isolated progenitors expressed muscle-specific myosin heavy chains (MHC), atrial and ventricular MHCs characteristic of in vivo development were not detected. When the same progenitors were grown at high density or in organ cultures, cell-specific, expression of atrial and ventricular MHCs was observed, suggesting a role of cell density-dependent processes for differential MHC expression. Cardiogenic mesoderm (stages 4-8) was treated with the cocarcinogen 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), maintained as organ cultures, and assayed for muscle differentiation in an attempt to identify possible stage-specific variations in cardiac progenitors. TPA irreversibly blocked the differentiation of early (stages 4-7) progenitors. When exposed to TPA, stages 4-7 cardiogenic cells failed to synthesize several muscle-specific proteins as determined by immunochemical analysis of myosin synthesis and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of 35S-labeled proteins isolated from cardiogenic cultures. In addition, stages 4-7, TPA-treated cells did not differentiate after the withdrawal of TPA. In contrast, TPA had no effect on the expression of several muscle-specific proteins in late (stage 8) cells including the cell-specific expression of atrial and ventricular MHCs.
M-shell ionization in Gd, Er, and Au by slow protons

Abstract M X-ray yields were measured from 50 to 300 keV protons striking thick targets of Gd, Er, and Au. Sub-shell and total X-ray production cross sections were determined and compared with calculations from ECPSSR theory. Generally, the ECPSSR theory under-predicted the experimental cross sections.
A representation theorem and Z-cyclic whist tournaments

Let E denote the group of units (i.e., the reduce set of residues) in the ring Z. Here we consider q,p to be primes, q ≡ 3 (mod 4), q ⩾ 7, p ≡ 1 (mod 4). Let W denote a common primitive root of 3, q, and p2. If H denotes the (normal) subgroup of E that is generated by {−1, W}, we show that the factor group E/H is cyclic by demonstrating the existence of an element x in E such that the coset xH has order equal to |E/H|. This order is given by gcd(pn−1(p − 1),q − 1). This representation of E/H is exploited via an appropriate construction to produce Z-cyclic whist tournaments for 3qpn players. Consequently these results extend those of an early study of Wh(3qpn) that was restricted to gcd(pn−1(p − 1),q − 1) = 2. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
What a Mess: eBay’s narratives about personalization, heterosexuality, and disordered homes

eBay promises to engage everyone while asserting its organizational logic and configuring people. eBay encourages members to identify as traditionally gendered and heterosexual by employing personalization and Web 2.0 conventions. Members tend to follow eBay’s directives and self-present with such culturally approved identities as binary gendered individuals and heterosexual couples. These identities, including the over 1000 portrayals of heterosexual couples and chaotic homes that I analyze using the humanities methods of close visual, textual and theoretical analysis are worth studying because they are derived from significant identifications with objects, consumerism and the company, and compromised by the messy aspects of collecting and the purportedly defiling features of used objects. Members’ depictions of disordered homes negatively code individuals, render the eBay site and auctions as less desirable and suggest the association of the company with goodness and heteronormative purity is fraudulent...