cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autologous blood transfusion in the United States: clinical and nonclinical determinants of use.

BACKGROUND : Preoperative donation of blood lowers the risk of allogeneic RBC transfusion. The use of autologous blood is not well quantified. This study aimed at identifying the frequency and determinants of use of autologous transfusion in the United States. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This national cross-sectional study, using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, included all patients admitted to 900 hospitals in 19 states in 1996. Logistic regression with weighting yielded nationally representative results for the independent effects of clinical and nonclinical patient characteristics on autologous blood use. RESULTS: Autologous transfusion was used in 19 of 1000 hospitalizations. The procedures using autologous blood most frequently were knee arthroplasty, hip replacement, prostatectomy, spinal fusion, and hysterectomy. Blacks and Hispanics were less likely to receive autologous transfusion than were whites (OR, 0. 64; 95% CI, 0.45-0.83); patients with Medicaid were less likely than the privately insured to receive autologous transfusions (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.20-0.43), with racial differences greatest among the privately insured. Women received autologous blood for cardiovascular surgeries much less often than men (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.20-0.49). CONCLUSION: Ethnic minorities, women, and patients with Medicaid appear to receive fewer autologous blood transfusions than the rest of the population. Although this could reflect either better or worse quality of care, nonclinical determinants of transfusion practice warrant attention and further investigation.
Birth control in a rural area of Puerto Rico.

(1958). Birth control in a rural area of Puerto Rico. Eugenics Quarterly: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 154-161.
Assessment of Lymphoma Therapy Using 18F-FDG PET

The evaluation of tumor response during and after cancer therapy using PET is frequently discussed. In the last 10–20 y, most hematologists and oncologists have used CT to assess the response of lymphoma to therapy; however, CT does not consistently distinguish between dividing tumor cells and
Profiling Online Social Behaviors for Compromised Account Detection

Account compromization is a serious threat to users of online social networks (OSNs). While relentless spammers exploit the established trust relationships between account owners and their friends to efficiently spread malicious spam, timely detection of compromised accounts is quite challenging due to the well established trust relationship between the service providers, account owners, and their friends. In this paper, we study the social behaviors of OSN users, i.e., their usage of OSN services, and the application of which in detecting the compromised accounts. In particular, we propose a set of social behavioral features that can effectively characterize the user social activities on OSNs. We validate the efficacy of these behavioral features by collecting and analyzing real user clickstreams to an OSN website. Based on our measurement study, we devise individual user’s social behavioral profile by combining its respective behavioral feature metrics. A social behavioral profile accurately reflects a user’s OSN activity patterns. While an authentic owner conforms to its account’s social behavioral profile involuntarily, it is hard and costly for impostors to feign. We evaluate the capability of the social behavioral profiles in distinguishing different OSN users, and our experimental results show the social behavioral profiles can accurately differentiate individual OSN users and detect compromised accounts.
NEW POPULATIONS AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF THE GEOMYID RODENTS LIGNIMUS AND MOJAVEMYS FROM THE BARSTOVIAN OF WESTERN MONTANA

Abstract New dental specimens described here from the Barstovian CC South and Flint Creek localities of western Montana are determined to be of two geomyid rodent species, Lignimus transversus and Mojavemys sp. These species were known previously from sparse material and the new samples aid the clarification of their biogeography and evolution. The presence of Lignimus transversus at both localities extends the range of that species to the north. In Mojavemys, a cline of increasing tooth size from south to north is analogous to clines in extant geomyids that correlate with nutritional or climatic gradients. Comparisons of various dental morphologic features of the new material and of the previously described populations of both genera reveal that the examined traits as well as the populations themselves were not genetically linked, and suggest mosaic evolution operated in these species. The differences in dental morphology between the various depositional basins are consistent with the idea of a tectonic ...
Provider Perspective on the Payer Perspective: What's in It for Me?

For programs aimed at addressing the rising costs of cancer care, certain factors must exist, including a sufficient patient population at a practice level eligible for payer reimbursable care management services.
Cediranib, an orally available and highly potent VEGFR signaling inhibitor, inhibits angiogenesis and progression and enhances the effects of paclitaxel in orthotopic human lung adenocarcinoma models

A25 Introduction: Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death and conventional treatments have reached a therapeutic plateau. Targeted therapies directed against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or its receptors (VEGFRs) have shown great promise in the clinic when combined with chemotherapy for lung cancer. In the current study, we evaluated the therapeutic and antiangiogenic effects of cediranib (AZD2171), an orally available and highly potent selective inhibitor of all three VEGFR tyrosine kinases, alone and in combination with paclitaxel in slowly or rapidly progressive models of human lung adenocarcinoma. Methods: Human lung adenocarcinoma cells (PC14-PE6 or NCI-H441) were injected orthotopically into the lungs of mice. Subgroups of mice (n=5) were sacrificed weekly and assessed for the presence of lung tumors. After 2 weeks, when tumors were observed in all mice, the remaining animals (n=10/group) were randomized to treatment with cediranib (6 mg/kg/day orally); paclitaxel (200 μg/mouse/week ip); cediranib plus paclitaxel; or vehicle control. All animals were killed and assessed for lung tumor burden and metastasis when control animals became moribund after 26 (PC14-PE6) or 107 (NCI-H441) days of treatment, and tumor and adjacent normal lung tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical studies. Results: Cediranib therapy was well tolerated and highly effective in both orthotopic human lung adenocarcinoma models and prevented metastasis. The addition of paclitaxel to cediranib resulted in the near complete prevention of lung tumor growth in both models and was superior to paclitaxel alone. In the PC14-PE6 model, median tumor volume (mm3) was 1148 (vehicle), 516 (paclitaxel; p
Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus From Fresh Sold Chicken and Drug Susceptibility Test

Objective To explore the contamination and drug resistance of sold chicken,to understand the safety of chicken and provide a basis for contro ling the danger of Staphylococcus aureu effectively.Methods A total of 197 smear cotton balls from fresh chicken in Yaan market were collected.After enrichment culture,8 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated and identified by colonial morphology,dyeing characteristics,biochemistry test.In drug susceptibility tests 17 kinds of antibiotics were used.Results Isolated ratio was 4%.All of the eight strains(100%) were resistant to tetracycline,erythromycin,fupaisuan,sinomin compositea,bacitracin,streptomycin,roxithromycin,and all(100%) were sensitive to amikacin,cefazolin sodium,gentamycin,polymyxin B,rifampicin,kanamycin,chloramphenicol.Six strains(75%) were sensitive to neomycin,two strains(25%) were sensitive to enrofloxacin,and seven strains(87.5%) were sensitive toliteling.Conclusion Staphylococcus aureusin in chicken have mang kinds of drug susceptibility.
RSV infection without ribavirin treatment in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

RSV infection without ribavirin treatment in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
The Management of Unexpected Findings at Surgery

The improved accuracy of noninvasive scanning devices has led to a decrease in unexpected findings. Nevertheless, the surgeon still may encounter unsuspected diseases during abdominal exploration. A logical approach to these problems is outlined in this article.
Design, execution, and analysis of pooled in vitro CRISPR/Cas9 screens.

The recently described clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology has proven to be an exquisitely powerful and invaluable method of genetic manipulation and/or modification. As such, many researchers have realized the potential of using the CRISPR/Cas9 system as a novel screening method for the identification of important proteins in biological processes and have designed short guide RNA libraries for an in vitro screening. The seminal papers describing these libraries offer valuable information regarding methods for generating the short guide RNA libraries, creating cell lines containing these libraries, and specific details regarding the screening workflow. However, certain considerations are often overlooked that may be important when planning and performing a screen, including which CRISPR library to use and how to best analyze the resulting screen data. In this review, we offer suggestions to answer some of these questions that are not covered as deeply in the papers describing the available CRISPR libraries for an in vitro screening.
The significance of lymphocytic-leukocytic infiltrates in interpreting late luteal phase endometrial biopsies

The effectiveness of the endometrial biopsy in diagnosing luteal phase defects as a cause of infertility depends upon the accurate determination of a histologic date based on the morphologic features of tissue. The criteria—edema, predecidual reaction, stromal mitosis, and lymphocytic-leukocytic infiltrate—used to interpret such biopsies were based on changes occurring in the normal ideal menstrual cycle. The present study examines the criteria used for dating endometrium as applied to endometrial biopsies for luteal phase deficiency. It was determined that one of these criteria, lymphocytic and leukocytic infiltration, correlated with subsequent onset of menses and not with the other indications of histologic maturity during the late secretory phase.
Modern Diagnostic Methods for Orbital Lesions

We have a number of valuable modern diagnostic methods available which make the detection and classification of an orbital lesion relatively easy and highly reliable. The diagnostic work-up of a patient with unilateral exophthalmus has to proceed logically and step-by step: 1. History: The main questions are whether the patient has any other signs or symptoms of Graves disease and what is the duration of the exophthalmus. The answers may give us a clue as to the underlying cause. The rapidly increasing proptosis due to an orbital rhabdomyosarcoma is a good example. A history of chronic periorbital sinus troubles would point toward a mucocele or a pyocele. The history of a systemic affection (leukemia, vasculitis, etc.) may indicate an orbital involvement by this disease. 2. Physical examination: The direction and extent of the exophthalmus may give us a clue as to the site of the lesion. Interference with ocular motility, pressure on the globe, damage to the optic nerve and other factors have to be evaluated. Ausculation and palpation still remain an important aspect in the diagnostic work-up. The palpation should be done vigorously using the little finger. When a tumor can be palpated, its consistency and surface can be evaluated. 3. Evaluation for Graves disease: We always have to keep in mind that the most frequent cause for a unilateral exophthalmus is the orbitotopathy of Graves disease. The systemic manifestations may be minimal and even the most sophisticated laboratory tests may be inconclusive. The clinical picture (retraction of the lids, periorbital edema, etc.) is often indicative for this condition. 4. Radiologic examinations: Plain skull x-rays are indicated in every patient with an orbital lesion. The yield of positive findings is admittedly small, but important clues may be obtained.
Signal-to-noise ratio, T2 , and T2* for hyperpolarized helium-3 MRI of the human lung at three magnetic field strengths.

Purpose To evaluate T2, T2*, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for hyperpolarized helium-3 (3He) MRI of the human lung at three magnetic field strengths ranging from 0.43T to 1.5T. Methods Sixteen healthy volunteers were imaged using a commercial whole body scanner at 0.43T, 0.79T, and 1.5T. Whole-lung T2 values were calculated from a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill spin-echo-train acquisition. T2* maps and SNR were determined from dual-echo and single-echo gradient-echo images, respectively. Mean whole-lung SNR values were normalized by ventilated lung volume and administered 3He dose. Results As expected, T2 and T2* values demonstrated a significant inverse relationship to field strength. Hyperpolarized 3He images acquired at all three field strengths had comparable SNR values and thus appeared visually very similar. Nonetheless, the relatively small SNR differences among field strengths were statistically significant. Conclusions Hyperpolarized 3He images of the human lung with similar image quality were obtained at three field strengths ranging from 0.43T and 1.5T. The decrease in susceptibility effects at lower fields that are reflected in longer T2 and T2* values may be advantageous for optimizing pulse sequences inherently sensitive to such effects. The three-fold increase in T2* at lower field strength would allow lower receiver bandwidths, providing a concomitant decrease in noise and relative increase in SNR. Magn Reson Med, 2016. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Applications of Bacterial Immunoglobulin-Binding Proteins to the Purification of Immunoglobulins

The specificity of the antibody molecule has proved extremely valuable for many applications in affinity chromatography. For these applications to be effective, it is necessary to be able to isolate antibodies of the desired specificity free from other serum components or nonantibody plasma proteins. The majority of the earlier studies utilized polyclonal antibodies generated in a variety of mammalian species, in particular, rabbits and goats. With the advent of monoclonal antibody technology and the ability to produce large quantities of antibodies of a single specificity, these reagents have found broad applications in affinity purification studies. Monoclonal antibodies have an advantage over polyclonal antibodies in that the majority of antibodies in the preparation are directed against the antigen of interest. By contrast, specific antibodies present in a polyclonal hyperimmune serum represent only 5–10% of the total immunoglobulin present. The ability to separate antibodies, monoclonal and polyclonal, from complex mixtures of other plasma proteins or tissue culture fluids is extremely important in obtaining pure sources of antibody for immobilization and use in affinity chromatography.
Latent-class scaling models for the analysis of longitudinal choice data

A new class of multidimensional scaling models for the analysis of longitudinal choice data is introduced. This class of models extends the work by Bockenholt and Bockenholt (1991) who proposed a synthesis of latent-class and multidimensional scaling (mds) models to take advantage of the attractive features of both classes of models. The mds part provides graphical representations of the choice data while the latent-class part yields a parsimonious but still general representation of individual differences. The extensions discussed in this paper involve simultaneously fitting the mds latent-class model to the data obtained at each time point and modeling stability and change in preferences by autocorrelations and shifts in latent-class membership over time.
Venocclusive Disease of the Liver Is Associated with the Early Development of Post-Transplant Microangiopathy in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Thirty-three patients were followed prospectively for the development of venocclusive disease (VOD) of the liver and Post-Transplant Microangiopathy (PTM) on days 0,7,14,21,30,60,90 following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The grading system of Zeigler, ZR et al (Bone Marrow Transplant, 1995) was used to categorize patients with the clinical syndrome of PTM. The diagnosis of venocclusive disease was made using the criteria of Jones, RJ, (Transplantation, 1987). Patients with and without VOD had similar peak grades of PTM, that ranged for Grade 2 – 4. However, the development of PTM occurred earlier in those with VOD. Data regarding the development of PTM is shown in the Table below as medians and 10 th and 90 th percentiles. Patients following allogeneic SCT without evidence of PTM have a median % fragmented cells of 1.4% (10 th and 90 th percentiles of 0.2 and 3.6%). Median LDH elevations expressed as x ULN in patients following allogeneic SCT (without evidence of PTM) were 0.5 ( 10 th and 90 th percentiles of 0.5–1.0). When compared with patients without VOD, patients with VOD experienced earlier an earlier onset and a higher grade of PTM. The sequence of events is an increase in bilirubin assoicated with an elevation of the LDH level at day 7 followed by the recognition of grade 2 or higher PTM by day 14. There is also an increase in fragmented cells differentiating the two groups by day 21. By day 28, those patients with VOD who have survived have similar LDH and fragmented cell levels as those that did not have VOD. We conclude that PTM that occurs less than or equal to day 21 post-SCT represents regimen toxicity and often accompanies the diagnosis of VOD.
Density functional theory + U modeling of polarons in organohalide lead perovskites

We investigate the possible formation of polarons in four organic perovskites (CH3NH3PbI3, CH3NH3PbBr3, CH3NH3PbCl3, and CH3NH3PbI2Cl1) using a density functional theory (DFT) calculations with local potentials and hybrid functionals. We show that DFT+U method with U = 8 eV predicts a correct band-gap and matches the forces on ions from hybrid calculations. We then use the DFT + U approach to study the effect of polarons, i.e. to search the configuration space and locate the lowest energy localized band gap state self-trapped hole (STH). STH configurations were found for three pure halides and one mixed halide system. Spin orbit coupling (SOC) was also taken into account and the results may be found in the supplementary material. This study focuses on the +U method; however, SOC corrections added to the DFT+U calculations also resulted in STH states in all four systems.
Structured Abstract: Consumer’s Communication Channel Preferences (High-Stake vs. Low-Stake Brands)

The ways consumers gather information and communicate about brands have been changing dramatically over the last decade (Hennig-Thurau et al. 2010). Content in the traditional media era was disseminated based on prearranged schedules via one-way communication channels. This model is gradually changing to allow consumers to select the content they want at the time of their choosing (Wildman 2008). This switch challenges brand managers’ understanding about the types of connections that consumers tend to seek in this new communication landscape (Leeflang et al. 2014).
Mechanisms of statistical learning in infancy

Statistical learning is the process of identifying patterns of probabilistic co-occurrence among stimulus features, essential to our ability to perceive the world as predictable and stable. Research on auditory statistical learning has revealed that infants use statistical properties of linguistic input to discover structure that may facilitate language acquisition. More broadly, statistical learning operates across sensory modalities and across species. Research on infants’ visual statistical learning has revealed that statistical learning develops over time, yet the mechanisms (including developmental mechanisms) underlying infant performance remain unclear. This chapter examines competing models of statistical learning and how learning might be constrained by limits in infants’ attention, perception, and memory.
Mycorrhizal fungal spore community structure in a manipulated prairie

Most plant communities support a diverse assemblage of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF communities have the potential to affect plant community structure and vice versa. We examined AMF sporulation in a 4.5-ha reconstructed prairie in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin. In fall 2003, the site was planted with varied numbers and combinations of native prairie species from four functional guilds: C3 grasses/sedges, C4 grasses, legume, and nonleguminous forbs. We hypothesized that more diverse plant seeding mixtures would promote AMF diversity. To examine the interaction between plant and fungal communities, plots were divided and subplots treated with the fungicide chlorothalonil to suppress AMF, enriched with ammonium nitrate fertilizer, treated with both fungicide and nitrogen, or remained untreated (control). Soil samples were collected during the summers of 2004, 2006, and 2007 from each subplot. Spores of AMF were extracted, identified to species, and enumerated. Initial plant seeding diversity did not significantly influence spore abundance, fungal diversity, plant productivity, or plant richness 4 years after establishment. Fungal species richness was positively, but weakly, correlated with plant productivity (r2 = 0.11) and plant richness (r2 = 0.09). Fungal community composition changed significantly over time; nitrogen addition, fungicide application, and site characteristics also shaped community composition. After 4 years of treatment, nitrogen and fungicide reduced AMF richness, changed sporulation patterns among AMF taxa, and reduced diversity and productivity in plant communities. Divergence in AMF community is being mirrored by changes in the plant community independent of initial seeding treatments, though causation could not be determined.
Refugee migration today: Challenges for doing theology

Constructing theological resources is a crucial task in the current context of refugee crises to support the refugees in distress as well as to encourage Christians to come forward, protect and wel...
Issue Attention and Group Mobilization for Caste Rights Following the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake

People in Nepal labeled as low-caste carry the double burden of simultaneous denial of access to resources and to public space in which to discuss caste issues. Following the 2015 earthquake, issue...
Pulmonary Embolism: Current Role of Catheter Treatment Options and Operative Thrombectomy.

Pulmonary embolism remains a leading cause of death in the United States, with an estimated 180,000 deaths per year. Guideline-based treatment in most cases recommends oral anticoagulation for 3 months. However, in a small subset of patients, the "submassive, high-risk" by current nomenclature, with hemodynamic instability, more advanced therapeutic options are available. Treatment modalities to extract the thromboembolism and reduce pressure overload in the cardiopulmonary system include use of intravenous or catheter-directed thrombolytic agents, catheter-directed mechanical thrombectomy, and surgical embolectomy. This article discusses current minimally invasive and surgical methods for reducing embolic burden in patients with submassive, high-risk pulmonary embolism.
Zolpidem and Eszopiclone Pre-medication for PSG: Effects on Staging, Titration, and Adherence.

Introduction The non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotic (NBSH) eszopiclone improves polysomnography (PSG) quality and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) adherence. It is unclear whether zolpidem has the same effect and neither NBSH has been studied in populations with milder forms of obstructive sleep apnea. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective analysis on patients undergoing level I PSG at our institution. Patients are pre-medicated with NBSHs at the discretion of the sleep physician. We compared PSG/CPAP titration quality and subsequent CPAP adherence for patients receiving NBSHs or no pre-study medication. We adjusted for obstructive sleep apnea pre-test probability (PTP), arousal threshold, and other factors showing differences at baseline. Results Data on 560 patients were analyzed. Mean age and body mass index were 42.2 ± 10.1 and 28.8 ± 4.5, respectively. Median apnea hypopnea index was 12.9 (6.4-25.3), 100 (18.0%) patients had normal studies, 97 (17.3%) were split, and 457 (81.6%) had a respiratory low-arousal threshold. After adjusting for differences at baseline, neither NBSH was associated with sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, or total sleep time on PSG. After adjustment, patients receiving eszopiclone had a higher apnea hypopnea index at the final CPAP pressure (β = 14.2; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 7.2-21.2; p < 0.001) and were more likely to have an unacceptable titration (odds ratio (OR) = 6.6; 95% CI 2.0-21.0; p = 0.002). When only split-night studies were examined, there were no differences in any adherence variables across or between categories. Conclusions In a population with predominantly mild obstructive sleep apnea, NBSHs did not improve PSG or CPAP titration quality and did not increase CPAP adherence. There was no difference in effect between eszopiclone and zolpidem.
EXPOSURE TO ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS IN PREGNANCY AND THE RISK OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND CONGENITAL CARDIAC MALFORMATION

The goal of this study is to investigate the impact of exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (Ace-i) in pregnancy on the risk of low birth weight and congenital cardiac anomalies. This is a retrospective cohort study that included singleton births in the Kaiser Permanente Southern
Analyzing Multi-Agent Assemblages

Many archaeofaunas encountered by zooarchaeologists may bear evidence that testifies to complex post-mortem histories, so the problem of “multi-agent assemblages” is not just a concern of zooarchaeologists grappling with the who-done-it of early hominid faunal assemblages. Chapter 17 discusses untangling the primary agents of accumulation and modification in “multiagent accumulations,” where evidence for the action of more than one actor or process exists. It notes that actors and processes responsible for accumulation may not be identical with those responsible for modification. It advocates as a first step in this process listing all possible bone accumulators and modifiers and systematically eliminating some through contextual evidence, bone surface modifications and other traces on specimens, and in some cases arguing from clearly articulated, actualistically based first principles. No “recipe” for multiagent accumulation analysis exists, so to illustrate how zooarchaeologists have approached this, the chapter presents four case studies from Plio-Pleistocene and early Holocene epochs. Chapter 17 is intended to bridge between the book’s preceding section, which largely dealt with causal relations between actor and effector and their products, and the balance of the book, which addresses the use of aggregated data from archaeofaunal samples. It presents an argument that zooarchaeologists might follow paleontologists with multivariate statistical assemblage characterization and comparison and suggest the potential benefits of a Bayesian statistical approach.
Analysis and design of periodic beams for vibration attenuation

This paper presents a new finite-element-based design procedure for geometrically periodic beam structures to target a specific desired attenuation frequency band. Using the “forward approach,” the...
Hill climbing-based histogram equalization for camouflage object detection

Camouflage aims at making objects disappearing in the background environment by presenting similar textures, color information and patterns with the background. The camouflage objects can be divided into two groups: dark camouflage and light camouflage. To locate the camouflage objects, many existing detection algorithms have been published. And, their performance is highly related to the image enhancement as their pre-processes. Even though existing histogram equalization-based image enhancement algorithms perform well at either dark camouflage image or light camouflage image, there is still a challenge to deal with an image containing both dark camouflage and light camouflage. To meet this challenge, a new hill climbing-based histogram equalization algorithm is proposed to follow a three-step framework of segmentation, enhancement and integration. Different from existing approaches, this proposed method aims at segmenting the dark camouflage content and light camouflage content by utilizing the hill climbing algorithm. The segmented camouflage contents are enhanced by their corresponding histogram equalization. Finally, the enhanced segments are combined by an integration process to get the final output images with a satisfied quality. This hill climbingbased histogram equalization can enhance the detailed structural information in both dark and light regions of images simultaneously. Experimental and comparison results demonstrate its superior performance.
de Haas-van Alphen effect and Fermi surface of YBa2Cu3O6.97.

The component of the magnetic susceptibility periodic in 1/B, the de Haas--van Alphen effect, has been investigated using a 100-T flux compression system. It is concluded from these measurements that ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6.97}$ exhibits a Fermi surface with at least three separate extremal frequencies for the c axis parallel to the applied field. Orbital masses, renormalization \ensuremath{\lambda}'s, and scattering rates are estimated from an amplitude analysis.
In Situ and In Vivo Animal Models

An important property in any central nervous system drug is the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and to reach therapeutic concentrations in brain at safe and acceptable doses. Multiple parameters influence brain drug bioavailability, including solubility, membrane permeation, and affinity for influx and efflux transporters. This chapter overviews the primary in vivo methods to assess brain drug distribution in preclinical and clinical reports. In most studies, two parameters, the BBB permeability-surface area product (PS) and brain distribution volume or partition coefficient (K p,brain), are used to characterize the ability of a drug compound to gain access to and distribute in brain. Together with the time course of systemic drug exposure, these two parameters can be used to predict total drug concentration within brain. Further, because unbound drug concentration often correlates better with drug activity, a number of studies also determine the drug free fraction (f u) so that the free concentrations can be calculated. Specific methods, such as in situ brain perfusion, brain efflux index, and brain microdialysis, are valuable to dissect specific elements of BBB drug permeation or transport as well as equilibration in brain interstitial fluid and cellular elements. Overall, these approaches complement in vivo drug distribution studies and in vitro BBB permeation methods.
President Hayes - Nihilist?

This short essay connects President Rutherford B. Hayes (1822 - 1893) with the thought of Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 - 1882). It shows that President Hayes was an avid reader of Emerson and that he thought in Emersonian terms when he considered political questions. In private letters Hayes was wont to describe himself with the unusual term 'nihilist.' His use of this appellation has to be understood in the context of the times. What he meant was that he had been called a 'nihilist' by devotees of the principle of 'laissez-faire' for his preference for policies which saw the state in a 'proactive' role in terms of economic regulation and so on. Hayes was proud to be a 'nihilist' understood in this sense because he believed state activity for the sake of social improvement is in fact the legacy of the Declaration of Independence and the Sermon on the Mount. Hayes' religious views were very 'liberal' but he was a long way from what the term 'nihilist' subsequently came to mean in later generations.
Disengaged, exhaustive, benevolent: Three distinct strategies of mate retention:

Mate retention behaviors are designed to reduce the risk of partner infidelity or relationship defection. In the current research, we used k-means cluster analysis to identify distinct strategies o...
Shared Human-Machine Control for Self-Aware Prostheses

This paper presents a framework for shared, human-machine control of a prosthetic arm. The method employs electromyogram and peripheral neural signals to decode motor intent, and incorporates a higher-level goal in the controller to augment human effort. The controller derivation employs Markov Decision Processes. The system is trained using a gradient ascent approach in which the policy is parameterized using a Kalman Filter and the goal is incorporated by adapting the Kalman filter output online. Results of experimental performance analysis of the shared controller when the goal information is imperfect are presented in the paper. These results, obtained from an amputee subject and a subject with intact arms, demonstrate that a system controlled by the human user and the machine together exhibit better performance than systems employing machine-only or human-only control.
Propionibacterium (Cutibacterium) acnes Bacteriophage Therapy in Acne: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

Acne vulgaris is the most common dermatological disorder worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease that involves increased sebum production, hyperkeratinization of the pilosebaceous unit, Propionibacterium acnes (Cutibacterium acnes) colonization, and inflammation. The human skin microbiome hosts a wide variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. A delicate balance of these microorganisms is essential for the barrier function of the skin. Propionibacterium acnes represents nearly 90% of the human skin microbiome of healthy adults. Acne is a chronic recurrent disease that requires long-lasting treatment, which has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. New alternatives to traditional therapy are emerging, including antimicrobial peptides, natural engineered antibodies, and bacteriophages. Bacteriophages have been shown to play a role in human skin health and disease. There is evidence supporting phage therapy in many types of skin infections. P. acnes bacteriophages have been isolated and characterized. However, only a few in vitro studies have tested the ability of bacteriophages to kill P. acnes. Furthermore, there is no evidence on bacteriophage therapy in the treatment of acne in humans. In this review, we summarize the most recent evidence regarding P. acnes bacteriophages and the potential role of these bacteriophages in the treatment of acne. Further research on this field will provide the evidence to use phage therapy to decrease rates of antibiotic resistance and restore antibiotic susceptibility of P. acnes.
Molecular Mechanisms for the Mechanical Modulation of Airway Responsiveness

The smooth muscle of the airways is exposed to continuously changing mechanical forces during normal breathing. The mechanical oscillations that occur during breathing have profound effects on airway tone and airway responsiveness both in experimental animals and humans in vivo and in isolated airway tissues in vitro. Experimental evidence suggests that alterations in the contractile and mechanical properties of airway smooth muscle tissues caused by mechanical perturbations result from adaptive changes in the organization of the cytoskeletal architecture of the smooth muscle cell. The cytoskeleton is a dynamic structure that undergoes rapid reorganization in response to external mechanical and pharmacologic stimuli. Contractile stimulation initiates the assembly of cytoskeletal/extracellular matrix adhesion complex proteins into large macromolecular signaling complexes (adhesomes) that undergo activation to mediate the polymerization and reorganization of a submembranous network of actin filaments at the cortex of the cell. Cortical actin polymerization is catalyzed by Neuronal-Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) and the Arp2/3 complex, which are activated by pathways regulated by paxillin and the small GTPase, cdc42. These processes create a strong and rigid cytoskeletal framework that may serve to strengthen the membrane for the transmission of force generated by the contractile apparatus to the extracellular matrix, and to enable the adaptation of smooth muscle cells to mechanical stresses. This model for the regulation of airway smooth muscle function can provide novel perspectives to explain the normal physiologic behavior of the airways and pathophysiologic properties of the airways in asthma.
Common Statistical Mistakes in Entomology: Pseudoreplication

Pseudoreplication occurs when a sample or observation unit is used as if it was a true statistical replication. In some cases of pseudoreplication, experimental treatments are not replicated at all. In other cases the treatments are replicated but the statistical analysis does not correctly distinguish these replicates from the sampling units. This statistical problem is common in the entomological literature, and often results in incorrect conclusions. A key to avoidance of pseudoreplication is recognition of the experimental unit, which is the physical entity to which treatments are assigned and applied. When these experimental units are properly identified in a statistical analysis, valid tests of the treatments are possible. As a rule of thumb, when statistical software reports any test of a treatment in which the error degrees of freedom are much greater than the number of experimental units, pseudoreplication has occurred. This simple guideline will allow scientists to recognize and correct problems with pseudoreplication, and readers to recognize when reported statistical tests are not valid.
Enhancing cylindrical compression by reducing plasma ablation in pulsed-power drivers

Warm dense matter, which can be found in planetary cores, is too dense to be described by plasma theory and too hot to be considered condensed matter. With no theory describing perfectly how such large quantum systems evolve at macroscopic scales, modeling planetary evolution is simply out of reach. While recent experiments using high power lasers and heavy ion beams have produced warm dense matter samples, they do not confine matter long enough to allow for bulk material properties to take hold, precluding the validation of any theories beyond electron-ion equilibration time. To this end, pulsed-power drivers are required. This approach allows experimentalists to probe macroscopic states of matter where bulk material properties are at equilibrium. High resolution numerical simulations show that a mega-ampere pulsed-power driver can generate macroscopic samples of warm dense matter, using direct magnetic compression, without any pusher. A thin coating, deposited onto the material just before the experiment, softens the density gradients responsible for plasma ablation. Starved of plasma outside the conductors, electrical currents are forced to flow along material surfaces, resulting in a very stable magnetic topology that yields homogeneous compression above 1 Mbar. Another key aspect is as follows: mega-ampere pulsed power systems are compact enough to be located next to existing high brilliance x-ray sources, which can probe best the properties of matter under extreme pressure.
Democratic Hauntings: Michael Hanchard’s the Spectre of Race and the challenge of comparison

ABSTRACTMichael Hanchard’s the Spectre of Race: How Discrimination Haunts Western Democracy is a sophisticated examination of the disciplinary absence and seething presence of race in the subfield ...
The American National Subcommission of ICMI

This chapter attempts to describe the work of the American National Subcommission, from its formation until the dissolution of ICMI. David Eugene Smith, who proposed the formation of ICMI, was the chairman and leading figure of its American Subcommission; his archives contain numerous documents that make possible a relatively complete reconstruction of what took place during those years, shedding light on the selection of the commission’s collaborators, the financial aspects of its work, and the preparation of its publications. Analysis of the subcommission’s work enables a better understanding of the state of mathematics education in the country at this important stage in its development.
Anejaculation: Relevance to Sexual Enjoyment in Men and Women.

Abstract Introduction Ejaculation and orgasm are important components of sexual response in men. Our understanding of both phenomena is limited. Anejaculation can be a source of substantial distress, even when procreation (ostensibly the only purpose of ejaculation itself) is not a priority. Aim To present an opinion on male perceptions of ejaculation disorders (specifically anejaculation) based on a variety of data sources, including peer-reviewed literature. Methods A non-systematic review of literature on anejaculation and other impairments of ejaculatory and orgasmic response was conducted. Relevant articles were critically analyzed and reported Main Outcome Measure An opinion is presented, based on existing data sources, on how and why ejaculation is deemed important to men and their sexual partners. Results The peer-reviewed literature on disorders of ejaculation is scant; existing reports oftentimes do not adequately distinguish between orgasm and ejaculation in assessment. Men’s perceptions of ejaculation quality appear to be positively associated with satisfaction with sexual response, particularly regarding orgasm. Based on very limited data, female sexual partners of men appear to often (but not always) value the orgasmic experience of their partner; only a minority prioritize actual ejaculation. There is evidence that disorders of ejaculation may be particularly troublesome for men who have sex with men. Clinical Implications The influence of medical conditions and treatments on ejaculation should be considered in the clinical context. Psychological adaptations and interventions may be of value in some cases. Strengths & Limitations Data on the clinical relevance of anejaculation outside the context of concomitant orgasmic dysfunction are sparse. Men’s experience of orgasm is at least partially associated with ejaculation-specific variables; whether this association is mediated by psychological, physical, or a combination of factors remains unclear. Conclusions Ejaculation, orgasm, and sexual satisfaction are closely intertwined but distinct phenomena. Shindel AW. Anejaculation: Relevance to Sexual Enjoyment in Men and Women. J Sex Med 2019;16:1324–1327.
The Origin of the Special Surface and Catalytic Chemistry of Ga-Rich Ni3Ga in the Direct Dehydrogenation of Ethane

Synthesis of kinetically trapped, alumina-supported Ni3Ga nanoparticles with particle surface composition partially controlled by off-stoichiometric Ni:Ga loading ratios enabled active, highly sele...
Impact of the introduction of a paediatric ‘virtual TB clinic’

Introduction: We present the results of a paediatric virtual TB clinic established to improve patient diagnosis and treatment across a large geographical area. The clinic runs weekly using teleconferencing supported by clinical documentation and electronic image sharing to provide tertiary support to local district hospitals. Method: All patients discussed at the virtual TB clinic from November 2017 to November 2018 were included. We assessed the impact on patients with respect to changes in; diagnosis, radiology interpretation, investigation, treatment, follow up and location of care. Results: In the first year, there were 65 discussions about 42 children in the virtual clinic from 8 district hospitals. 16 children had TB disease, 13 LTBI and 13 no evidence of TB infection. Referrers sought advice on radiology 22 (55%), investigation options 22(55%) and screening 15 (36%). 16 (38%) discussions led to a change of management. In 5 of these children (31%) there was a change of diagnosis. Importantly two children were treated for active disease that had previously been diagnosed as latent TB, one of whom was aged Conclusion: The TB virtual clinic has been well received by TB teams across the region and the number of patients discussed continues to increase. This approach has been shown to improve diagnosis and management of Paediatric TB patients. It provides a mechanism to support unplanned gaps in workforce, ensure consistency of school screening events, prevent referral to tertiary care and facilitate earlier return to local care.
Enhancement by TNF-α of TTX-resistant NaV current in muscle sensory neurons after femoral artery occlusion.

Femoral artery occlusion in rats has been used to study human peripheral artery disease (PAD). Using this animal model, a recent study suggests that increases in levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (...
Information Aggregation and Transmission in Network Games

Observing the increasingly important roles played by the creation and transmission of information and tacit knowledge, we construct an information-network model incorporating both information transmitters and information aggregators. Given information-processing roles in aggregation or transmission, we establish various general properties concerning the existence of a network equilibrium, its optimality and the patterns of equilibrium and optimal configuration. We then allow for endogenous choice of the information-processing roles. We prove the existence and show that, with sufficiently small link maintenance costs, the monocentric network with one aggregator connecting to all other agents as transmitters on a tree graph is the unique configuration of equilibrium network. We further characterize an information-processing chain network with all information aggregators and transmitters linked along a chain and compute numerically the ranges of transmission decays and link maintenance costs within which a network equilibrium arises.
An Integrated Model of Nature and Nurture Factors that Contribute to Addiction and Recovery

In the context of the opioid epidemic and growing awareness of addiction as a public health concern, there are efforts to inform the public, patients, families, and policy makers about the factors ...
Radius Shaft Fractures-What Alignment is Acceptable at What Age? Plates or Flexible Nails?

Introduction The transition from pediatric to adolescent fractures can lead to uncertainty on what level of surgical correction is warranted as remodeling is limited in these older patients. Discussion Adolescent diaphyseal radial shaft fractures present several unique challenges; the radial bow must be restored to preserve forearm rotation and there are several clinical scenarios where plating, even in the skeletally immature child, is strongly recommended and will have more reliable results over flexible intramedullary nails. In addition, judging how much angulation, rotation, and displacement will remodel in the older child can be a challenging decision, even for experienced pediatric orthopaedists. Conclusion This overview discusses parameters for acceptable alignment in these fractures, when surgical fixation should be considered, and circumstances where plating should be considered over flexible nails.
Impact of COVID-19 on social determinants of health for adults with cystic fibrosis.

Introduction:Outcomes in cystic fibrosis are influenced by multiple factors, including social determinants of health. Low socioeconomic status has been shown to be associated with lung function dec...