cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing CMOS Using Nanoelectronic Devices: A Perspective on Hybrid Integrated Systems

In this paper, we present a vision for the cointegration of deeply scaled complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) and emerging nanoelectronic devices into CMOS-hybrid systems. These hybrid systems will create new functionality, modality and add value to existing CMOS integrated circuits. We describe several new nanoelectronic devices which may enable new dimensions to traditional CMOS circuits and systems that build on CMOS compatible, parallel nanoscale fabrication methods. In addition, we show that the integration of multimodal sensors and nonvolatile memory enables a platform of self-evolving hardware that is able to adapt to fabrication variation, environmental changes, and applications changes on-the-fly.
Coarctation of the lower thoracic aorta: Case report and literature review

Aortic coarctation is an uncommon etiology for adult-onset hypertension. Few cases in the modern literature have been reported with lower thoracic aortic coarctation as a cause for hypertension. A 36-year-old woman who had been treated for 12 years with progressive hypertension presented to her local emergency room with worsening dyspnea on exertion and acute onset of left-sided chest and upper limb pain. Evaluation for myocardial infarction was negative; however an echocardiogram revealed concentric left ventricular hypertrophy with severe global dyskinesia and an ejection fraction of 35%. Cardiac catheterization and aortography identified a lower thoracic aortic coarctation with a 90 mm Hg gradient and mild abnormalities of the coronary arteries. There was no evidence of involvement of the visceral or renal arteries. After stabilization of her blood pressure with nipride, nitroglycerin, and esmolol, she underwent a left posterolateral thoracotomy for aortic repair using an interposition Dacron graft. Operative findings showed no evidence of arteritis. Pathologic examination of a removed portion of the aorta revealed severe calcific atherosclerotic vascular disease and fibrosis in the adventitia with no evidence of active inflammation. The patient was quickly weaned from intravenous antihypertensive medication postoperatively and eventually discharged after a normal convalescence with diminished hypertension.
One-Lung Ventilation Via Tracheostomy and Left Endobronchial Microlaryngeal Tube

ONE-LUNG VENTILATION (OLV) can be achieved through several methods when a tracheostomy is present. Chen et al described using a Foley catheter for lung isolation in a patient with a tracheostomy. A commercially available bronchial blocker (BB) often is used for OLV in the setting of a tracheostomy. Although they are appropriate for many cases, BBs have disadvantages including technical difficulties related to right bronchial anatomy, frequent dislodgement, limited ability to suction, and slow lung collapse. It is possible to place a double-lumen endotracheal tube (DLT) into a tracheostomy stoma. DLTs avoid many of the problems associated with BBs but require removal of the tracheostomy tube, which, in the case of a recent percutaneous tracheostomy, carries a risk of false passage and failed airway. In this case report, the authors describe a simple and effective method for achieving lung isolation in a patient with a recent percutaneous tracheostomy.
Welding Metallurgy of Structural Steels

composition requirements for improved cold cracking susceptibility and HAZ toughness, along with the importance of low CE to both properties. TMCP operating mechanisms are then described together with conditions for optimizing their effects on the weldability of structural steels with lowtemperature toughness consistent with Arctic marine environments, tensile strengths > 500 Mpa, and thicknesses of 50 to 100 mm. Recent results at NKK with 63-mm plates are shown in Table I. The stable, accurate control required for producing TMCP steels can be adequately met by present levels of technology, but drawbacks of the process may include a heavy penalty in rolling efficiency. In his paper "A Viewpoint on the Weldability of Modern Structural Steels," P.R. Kirkwood of the British Gas Corporation discussed the controversy which has led to the belief that modern structural steels, particularly the lower sulfur steels, are more difficult to weld than their counterparts of the early 70's. Extensive investigations at British Gas did not appear to support the contention that the newer steels are more difficult to weld, but the inquiry did suggest that the British Standard weldability prediction method becomes increasingly inCritical CTOD Value at woC (mm)***
Application of two-dimensional Fourier transforms to problems of visual perception

Neurophysiological and psychophysical evidence indicates that the visual system performs a sort of Fourier analysis of retinal variations in brightness through multiple spatial frequency-tuned channels. Two types of applications of techniques of two-dimensional Fourier analysis are discussed: (1) modeling and simulation of visual functions, and (2) generation of stimuli in which the spatial frequency information is controlled. Examples of both these applications are presented.
Neural anatomy, neuromonitoring and related complications in extreme lateral interbody fusion: video lecture.

The lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach to the lumbar spine requires passage in close proximity to both superficial and deep neural structures [1, 2]. While the majority of nerves that are at risk for injury in the lateral approach are located on and within psoas major (e.g., femoral and genitofemoral nerves), the subcostal, lateral femoral cutaneous, ilioinguinal, and iliohypogastric nerves are all located outside of the psoas muscle and may be encountered prior to passage through the psoas muscle (superficial nerves). Given the less-invasive nature of the approach adjacent to these structures, a clear understanding of the relevant anatomy with respect to neural architecture, followed by close adherence to intraoperative neuromonitoring and surgical technique may reduce the risk of neurologic injury.
Contributions and constraints from agriculture in achievinga nutrition strategy to prevent chronic diseases

Improved nutrition has potential to stem the growth in chronicdiseases seen in developed and developing countries alike. The abilityof the agricultural sector to feed a country's populationis an important factor in achieving better nutrition, particularlyamong populations that cannot buy imported food. How to address chronicdisease must be considered in the very different contexts of bothdeveloped and developing countries, as well as among wealthy andpoor sub-populations. The limitations of agriculture in most developingcountries to satisfy the nutritional needs of the population arerevealed in the persistently high rates of under-nutrition in the developingworld, and increases in over-nutrition. This paper develops theargument that agriculture must change dramatically in many countriesto be able to provide the needed opportunities for improving nutritionfor reduction of chronic disease risk.
Disaster Preparedness Among Medically Vulnerable Populations

Background Vulnerable populations such as those with poor health, disabilities, and chronic diseases are at an increased risk of adverse health outcomes resulting from natural disasters. Purpose The objective of this study was to examine the association of general health status, disability status, and chronic disease status, respectively, with disaster preparedness, among Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey respondents. Methods BRFSS data were obtained for six states that implemented the optional general preparedness module from 2006 through 2008. Three dependent variables were analyzed, including presence of four preparedness items (i.e., food, water, flashlight, radio); emergency evacuation plan; and 3-day supply of medication. Primary independent variables included perceived health status, disability status, and number of chronic diseases. Data were analyzed in 2010 and accounted for BRFSS complex sampling design. Results Respondents with fair/poor perceived health (OR=0.76, 95% CI=0.65, 0.89); a disability (activity limitation; OR=0.81, 95% CI=0.73, 0.90); and three or more chronic diseases (OR=0.77, 95% CI=0.58, 1.02) were less likely to have all four preparedness items than their healthier counterparts. However, all these groups were more likely to have a 3-day supply of medication than their healthier counterparts. Results varied for presence of an emergency evacuation plan. Conclusions Vulnerable populations were generally less likely to have household preparedness items but more likely to have medication supplies than their counterparts. Public health officials should target these groups to increase levels of disaster preparedness.
Porous metal acetabular components have a low rate of mechanical failure in THA after operatively treated acetabular fracture.

Background Total hip arthroplasty (THA) for the treatment of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (OA) after acetabular fracture has been associated with a high likelihood of aseptic loosening, instability, and infection. Porous metal components may help to address the issue of loosening, but there are few data on the use of porous metal acetabular components for posttraumatic OA after acetabular fracture.
FORMALDEHYDE YIELDS FROM METHANOL ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION ON PLATINUM

Formaldehyde formed in the electrochemical oxidation of methanol was measured in order to assess its importance as a reaction intermediate and potential source of efficiency loss in direct methanol...
Effects of Psycholinguistic Instruction on Spelling Performance.

Two studies were conducted in which phonology-based instructional strategies designed for improving spelling skills of elementary school children were compared against instruction strategies that relied only on visual exposure of words. The first study involved a total of 93 children. Of these, 46 were instructed by drawing their attention to the psycholinguistic nature of their spelling errors. The remaining 47 children in the comparison group were shown the correct version of all the words. In study II 15 children were placed in a treatment group and were taught phoneme awareness, and 15 children were placed in a comparison group and were exposed to printed words only. In both studies, posttests showed that children taught through psycholinguistic and phoneme awareness methods significantly outperformed the visual training groups. Further, these gains were retained after a period of 2 weeks. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Zeno's walk: A random walk with refinements

A self-modifying random walk on \({\Bbb Q}\) is derived from an ordinary random walk on the integers by interpolating a new vertex into each edge as it is crossed. This process converges almost surely to a random variable which is totally singular with respect to Lebesgue measure, and which is supported on a subset of \({\Bbb R}\) having Hausdorff dimension less than \(1\), which we calculate by a theorem of Billingsley. By generating function techniques we then calculate the exponential rate of convergence of the process to its limit point, which may be taken as a bound for the convergence of the measure in the Wasserstein metric. We describe how the process may viewed as a random walk on the space of monotone piecewise linear functions, where moves are taken by successive compositions with a randomly chosen such function.
A paper-chromatographic method for the determination of suitable buffer systems for countercurrent distribution.

BETINA recently described1 a method for the determination of suitable pH values for the extraction of antibiotics. He used air-dried buffered paper, which is absorbent and tends to lead to the formation of ‘comets’, and he did not take into account the ratio of the volumes of the moving and stationary phases, r, which also influences the R F value. Thus the accuracy of his method is rather limited. Using a relatively moist paper and taking into account some quantitative relationships involved, it is possible to make this method more precise.
δ-Acetylornithine as a major nitrogen storage compound in Bistorta bistortoides

δ-Acetylornithine was found to vary seasonally and in response to nitrogen availability in the rhizomes of the alpine herb, Bistorta bistortoides (Pursh). δ-Acetylornithine accounts for 38% of the free amino acid pool and up to 12% of the total nitrogen in rhizomes. It is concluded that this compound plays an important role in nitrogen storage in this species.
Reactively sputtered MoO3 films for ammonia sensing

We report the gas-sensing properties of ion-beam sputter deposited MoO 3 thin-films. The change in the DC conductivity was measured in dry N 2 with 10% O 2 in the presence of up to 490 ppm of NH 3 , NO, NO 2 , C 3 H 6 , CO and H 2 . At ∼440 °C the film was found to be very sensitive to NH 3 , with 490 ppm increasing the conductivity by approximately a factor of 70. This was approximately 17 times greater than the response to the other gases. The NH 3 response was strongly affected by the accompanying levels of O 2 , NO 2 and H 2 O. For example, changing the accompanying O 2 levels from 1% to 20% decreased the NH 3 response by approximately a factor of 20. Similarly, the presence of 100 ppm NO 2 (in 10% O 2 ) decreased the NH 3 response by approximately a factor of three, and 1% water vapor decreased it by more than a factor of two. The NH 3 response, however, was relatively unaffected by 100 ppm of accompanying NO, C 3 H 6 , CO or H 2 . XPS measurements show that the increased conductivity in the presence of NH 3 was also accompanied by a partial reduction of the surface MoO 3 . We observed an increase in the resistance of the films after extended time at elevated temperatures.
Chato, a KRAB zinc-finger protein, regulates convergent extension in the mouse embryo

In Xenopus and zebrafish embryos, elongation of the anterior-posterior body axis depends on convergent extension, a process that involves polarized cell movements and is regulated by non-canonical Wnt signaling. The mechanisms that control axis elongation of the mouse embryo are much less well understood. Here, we characterize the ENU-induced mouse mutation chato, which causes arrest at midgestation and defects characteristic of convergent extension mutants, including a shortened body axis, mediolaterally extended somites and an open neural tube. The chato mutation disrupts Zfp568, a Kruppel-associated box (KRAB) domain zinc-finger protein. Morphometric analysis revealed that the definitive endoderm of mouse wild-type embryos undergoes cell rearrangements that lead to convergent extension during early somite stages, and that these cell rearrangements fail in chato embryos. Although non-canonical Wnt signaling is important for convergent extension in the mouse notochord and neural plate, the results indicate that chato regulates body axis elongation in all embryonic tissues through a process independent of non-canonical Wnt signaling.
The bioartificial kidney in the treatment of acute renal failure.

The bioartificial kidney in the treatment of acute renal failure. The application of cell therapy to the successful substitution process of hemofiltration may improve the poor prognosis of patients with acute renal failure (ARF) in the intensive care unit. An extracorporeal bioartificial kidney consisting of a conventional hemofilter followed in series with a renal tubule assist device (RAD) has been developed. The RAD is a hemofiltration cartridge containing 10 9 human renal tubule cells grown as monolayers along the inner surface of the hollow fibers. The fibers provide a porous scaffold that is immunoprotective. The ultrafiltrate from the hemofilter is delivered to the luminal compartment of the RAD, and the postfiltered blood is delivered to the extracapillary space of the RAD. The RAD has been shown to possess multiple differentiated transport, metabolic, and endocrinologic activities of renal epithelium. These activities have been demonstrated to occur when the RAD is placed in the extracorporeal circuit of the bioartificial kidney in uremic animals. This approach may improve the current therapies used to treat patients with ARF because of the RAD's ability to restore lost metabolic renal function and cytokine balance in these desperately ill patients. In this regard, the RAD was able to ameliorate endotoxin and bacteremic shock in uremic animals by altering cytokine levels, improve mean arterial blood pressure, and maintain better cardiac output. With these supportive preclinical data, an FDA-approved phase I/II clinical trial has been initiated and early results are encouraging.
P‐155: High Performance Contrast Enhancing Films for VAN‐Mode LCoS Panels

Vertically aligned nematic mode liquid crystal on silicon micro displays exhibit a residual birefringence in the dark or off-state. This retardance has to be compensated in order to achieve high contrast projection systems. A birefringent film compensator with individually controllable on- and off-axis retardance and high uniformity is presented. Sequential contrast of 4500:1 has been demonstrated in a wire grid polarizer based light engine for a rear projection television.
Astroglial uptake is modulated by extracellular K

— Primary cultures of rat brain astrocytes were used to examine the uptake of the glucose analogue, 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DOG). 2-DOG competes with glucose for uptake, indicating that both are transported by the same carrier system. Extracellular K+ at 11.9 mM increased the uptake of 2-DOG at 2-DOG concentrations greater than 100 μM. Uptake. appears Na+-dependent only at high concentrations of 2-DOG. This suggests that the extracellular concentrations of Na+ and K+ may regulate the astrocytic uptake of 2-DOG.
Gravitational evidence for an undifferentiated Callisto

Before the arrival of the Galileo spacecraft at Jupiter, models for the interior structure of the four galilean satellites--Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto-ranged from uniform mixtures of rock and ice (that is, undifferentiated objects) or rocky cores surrounded by a mantle of water ice. Now it appears that Io has a large metallic core and that Ganymede is strongly differentiated, most probably into a three-layer structure consisting of a metallic core, a silicate mantle and a deep outer layer of ice. Direct information on the interior structure of Callisto determined from previous spacecraft fly-bys was essentially limited to an estimate of the mean density being intermediate between pure ice and pure rock. Here we report measurements of Callisto's gravitational field which reveal that, in contrast to Io and Ganymede, this galilean satellite is most probably a homogeneous object consisting of a solar mixture of 40% compressed ice and 60% rock (including iron and iron sulphide). Callisto's undifferentiated state is consistent with the apparent lack of an intrinsic magnetic field, and indicates that the outermost galilean satellite has not experienced a heating phase sufficiently high to separate its rock and metal components from the lighter ices.
Guest editorial: mechanisms of development and aging

Abstract The view is expressed that an inappropriate emphasis and research effort is currently directed towards simplistic approaches to the problem of aging; it is concluded that an understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying the aging process must be sought using a SYSTEMS analysis, at a level of complexity and integration much greater than that encompassed by any theory thus far considered.
Outcomes following cervical disc arthroplasty: a retrospective review.

Abstract Cervical disc arthroplasty has emerged as a viable technique for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy, with the proposed benefit of maintenance of segmental range of motion. There are relatively few, non-industry sponsored studies examining the outcomes and complications of cervical disc arthroplasty. Therefore, we set out to perform a single center evaluation of the outcomes and complications of cervical disc arthroplasty. We performed a retrospective review of all patients from a single military tertiary medical center undergoing cervical disc arthroplasty from August 2008 to August 2012. The clinical outcomes and complications associated with the procedure were evaluated. A total of 219 consecutive patients were included in the review, with an average follow-up of 11.2 (±11.0) months. Relief of pre-operative symptoms was noted in 88.7% of patients, and 92.2% of patients were able to return to full pre-operative activity. There was a low rate of complications related to the anterior cervical approach (3.2% with recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, 8.9% with dysphagia), with no device/implant related complications. Symptomatic cervical radiculopathy is a common problem in both the civilian and active duty military populations and can cause significant disability leading to loss of work and decreased operational readiness. There exist several surgical treatment options for appropriately indicated patients. Based on our findings, cervical disc arthroplasty is a safe and effective treatment for symptomatic cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy, with a low incidence of complications and high rate of symptom relief.
INCIDENCE OF HFM E POSITIVE STOOLS IN A NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

Since infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) often present with blood in the stools, nursery routines often dictate cessation of feedings when this sign occurs. To study the validity of this practice, we tested all stools of 35 consecutive admissions to a neonatal intensive care unit using the Hemoccult system (SmithKline Diagnostics). All infants were inborn, with weights ranging from 840 to 2900 gm and gestational ages from 27 to 36 wk. All infants were fed by oro-gastric tube during at least a portion of their hospital course and 22 received CPAP or IPPV. During the study period there was no diarrheal or known viral disease noted in the nursery population. 27 infants (77%) had heme positive stools during their course (mean 6 heme positive stools per patient, range 1 to 41). There were no apparent associations between birth weight or gestational age and the incidence or number of heme positive stools. One infant developed NEC with pneumatosis and bowel perforation, but heme positive stools were not present prior to diagnosis. We conclude that heme positive stools are frequent in the neonatal intensive care population and, as an isolated finding do not justify witholding feedings. Further, routine use of this test as a screening procedure does not appear to be justified.
Resonant spin tunneling in small magnetic particles

Abstract A new macroscopic test of spin tunneling in single-domain magnetic particles is proposed. It is shown that quantization of spin, even in particles of a considerable size, may lead to a detectable zero-field maximum in the dependence of the rate of the magnetic relaxation on the magnetic field. This effect must be especially pronounced in antiferromagnetic particles. It is argued that recent observation by several groups of the non-monotonic field dependence of the blocking temperature in ferritin may, in fact, present the experimental evidence of this effect.
GAMMA-INDUCED REACTIONS BETWEEN BORON HALIDES AND HYDROGEN

This paper reports the results of a study directed toward the preparation of diborane by a γ-induced reaction between boron halides and hydrogen. As we will show, diborane is not formed either as a product or intermediate; instead, the irradiation of BCl3-H2 or BBr3-H2 mixtures induces the formation of HX and a white, stable polymer of the general formula (BX2)n where X refers to the respective halogen.
Study of dose-rate effects on the radiation damage of polymer-based SCSN23, SCSN81, SCSN81+Y7, SCSN81+Y8 and 3HF scintillators

Abstract Samples of commercial, polymer-based scintillators (SCSN23, SCSN81, SCSN81+Y7, SCSN81+Y8 and 3HF) have been exposed in air to a radiation dose of 1.3 Mrad and at a dose rate of 267 rad/h from a 60 Co source. The light yield and attenuation length were measured before and after irradiation. Results on the relative change in the light yield and the attenuation length versus dose are reported and they are compared with previous measurements at higher dose rates.
Geometrical Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis and the Role of Tunneling Therein

Abstract The utilization of petroleum is managed primarily by heterogeneous catalysis. This technology at least quadruples the usefulness of a given amount of crude oil as compared to thermal processing. It seems clear that a similar increase in the usefulness of other fossil fuels such as coal and oil shale should be possible, In view of the energy shortage which we have all come to realize in the last year or so, the important central role of heterogeneous catalysis seems to be obvious.
Highly selective catalyst-directed pathways to dihydropyrroles from vinyldiazoacetates and imines.

Copper-catalyzed reactions of vinyldiazoacetates with imines occur via a pathway in which the activated imine undergoes electrophilic addition to the vinyldiazo compound, whereas reactions catalyzed by rhodium(II) proceed through a metal carbene to an intermediate iminium-ylide. Both pathways exhibit high stereoselectivities.
Spatial and functional properties of pseudo-alleles at the white locus in Drosophila melanogaster

Spatial and functional properties of pseudo-alleles at the white locus in Drosophila melanogaster
Experimental factors that influence collagen calcification in vitro.

Factors that influence the rate and extent of the phenomenon in which calcium and phosphate ions become firmly associated with collagen-containing fibers prepared from beef tendon by two different extraction methods have been investigated. The fibers produced by both methods specifically require phosphate for calcium uptake and calcium is required for phosphate uptake. Ion uptake by both types is inhibited by Mg++, pyrophosphate, and an acidic peptide isolated from human serum. Whereas the collagen-containing fibers prepared by both methods induce ion uptake at nearly identical rates, only one of the methods produced a matrix that gives a positive response to the silver nitrate staining technique of von Kossa. Since both criteria of calcification are similarly influenced by reaction conditions and inhibitors, it is concluded that both are manifestations of different stages of the overall calcification process and that studies of ion uptake provide a quantitative assessment of calcification which could be of importance for investigating the mechanism and control of tissue mineralization.
Hemispheric and facial asymmetry: gender differences.

Facial asymmetry (facedness) of female and male college students was investigated. Comparisons of facedness were made between 45 female and 45 male Dartmouth undergraduates. Facedness was defined in terms of the relative sizes (in square centimetres) of the two hemifaces. Data were derived from measurements of two-dimensional frontal photographs of the subjects. Reliable differences in facedness were found between the two groups. The females on average were found to be right faced, the males left faced. This difference was interpreted in terms of the contralateral control (below the eyes) of the two sides of the face by the two hemispheres, and the known differences in cognitive processing by the two hemispheres (left hemisphere-verbal; right hemisphere-visuospatial) in females and males. The observed difference in facial asymmetry between the two sexes is attributed to differential muscular development of the two sides of the face as related to the factors just noted. Suggestions are made for further res...
Intrinsic sticking in dt muon-catalyzed fusion: Interplay of atomic, molecular and nuclear phenomena☆

Abstract A comprehensive reaction theory for the resonant muon catalyzed fusion of deuterium and tritium is formulated. Emphasis is put on non-perturbative, many body, treatment of the long range Coulomb force and its interference with the nuclear forces, with the aim of providing the theoretical framework for an accurate calculation of the branching ratio dtμ → {(αμ) + n} {α + μ + n} essential for muon catalyzed fusion.
Automatic Spoken Document Processing for Retrieval and Browsing

Ever increasing computing power and connectivity bandwidth together with falling storage costs is resulting in overwhelming amounts of multimedia data being produced, exchanged, and stored. One key application area in this realm is the search and retrieval of spoken audio documents. As storage becomes cheaper, the availability and usefulness of large collections of spoken documents is limited strictly by the lack of adequate technology to exploit them. Manually transcribing speech is expensive and sometimes outright impossible due to privacy concerns. This leads us to exploring an automatic approach to searching and navigating spoken document collections. This tutorial will present an overview of speech transcription, indexing, and search technologies for spoken documents, with an emphasis on a corpus containing recorded academic lectures. The tutorial will point out general problems in this area and suggest possible solutions. Included in the tutorial will be a discussion of scenarios and previous projects in the area of spoken document retrieval, issues of automatic transcription of long audio files, and techniques for the indexing and retrieval of spoken audio files.
Atypical antipsychotics in the elderly with Parkinson disease and the “black box” warning

In the last 2 years, regulatory agencies in the UK and the USA have made recommendations and "black box" warnings, regarding the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs in the elderly because of a purported increase in risk of stroke and death in elderly demented patients. These advisories did not address the adverse effects of "typical" (first-generation) antipsychotics. In this article, the author reviews the history of these developments and raises issues that still need to be addressed by the neurologic community.
Isolation of Mesophyll Cells from Sedum telephium Leaves

A technique is described for mechanically isolating metabolically active individual spongy mesophyll cells from the Crassulacean acid metabolism plant, Sedum telephium. Mature leaves are selected at about 2 PM when acidity is low, and three different media are used to reduce the problem of leaf acidity and to maintain isotonic conditions. The upper and lower epidermis is peeled from chilled leaves and the leaves are suspended in a buffered "soaking medium," then gently ground with a mortar and pestle. Cells and debris are separated using a "washing medium," with cells being filtered through a 136 micron net and collected on an 80 micron net. Cells then are suspended in a "cell suspension medium" and concentrated by centrifugation. Approximately 2 hours are required for the isolation procedure, and activity in CO(2) fixation is constant for up to 4 hours after isolation. Microscopic examination shows about 65% of the isolated cells appear intact and unplasmolyzed and are similar to leaf msophyll cells. The yield of cells on a leaf chlorophyll basis is about 1%. A light micrograph of the isolated cells is given.The isolated cells upon addition of phosphoenolpyruvate, 2-phosphoglycerate, and ribulose-1, 5-diphosphate fix CO(2) as rapidly as intact leaves; however, without exogenous substrate the cells only fix CO(2) between 10 and 20% of intact leaves. The temperature and pH optima for cellular CO(2) fixation in the presence of phosphoenolpyruvate is 35 to 45 C and 7.5 to 9.0, respectively. The light and dark portions of CO(2) fixation with the isolated cells are considered in relation to a scheme for net CO(2) fixation by Crassulacean acid metabolism plants.
Speech Without Rights: The Status of Public Space on the Internet

This article examines the legal status of public space and speech rights on the Internet. I analyze court cases addressing whether public forums exist online and thus whether the public has speech rights in this medium. The analysis reveals that legal interpretations of public forum law do not recognize public spaces online but rather constrict policy opportunities that seek to create discursive public spheres or rights of access. I discuss the alternatives available for establishing public spaces online.
Vibrational substructure in the OH stretching band of water

Abstract Spectral diffusion in the OH stretching ( ν OH ) band of water is studied by ultrafast IR-Raman spectroscopy. The ν OH transition consists of two overlapping inhomogeneously broadened subbands, a broader (∼500 cm −1 ) redshifted band and a smaller, narrower (∼200 cm −1 ) blueshifted band. The blueshifted band, which shows less spectral diffusion, has a longer lifetime (0.75 vs 0.55 ps) and a smaller vibrational frequency blueshift from the ground state (65 vs 90 cm −1 ), is tentatively assigned to water molecules where one hydrogen atom has a broken hydrogen bond.
Automatic input rectification

We present a novel technique, automatic input rectification, and a prototype implementation, SOAP. SOAP learns a set of constraints characterizing typical inputs that an application is highly likely to process correctly. When given an atypical input that does not satisfy these constraints, SOAP automatically rectifies the input (i.e., changes the input so that is satisfies the learned constraints). The goal is to automatically convert potentially dangerous inputs into typical inputs that the program is highly likely to process correctly. Our experimental results show that, for a set of benchmark applications (namely, Google Picasa, ImageMagick, VLC, Swfdec, and Dillo), this approach effectively converts malicious inputs (which successfully exploit vulnerabilities in the application) into benign inputs that the application processes correctly. Moreover, a manual code analysis shows that, if an input does satisfy the learned constraints, it is incapable of exploiting these vulnerabilities. We also present the results of a user study designed to evaluate the subjective perceptual quality of outputs from benign but atypical inputs that have been automatically rectified by SOAP to conform to the learned constraints. Specifically, we obtained benign inputs that violate learned constraints, used our input rectifier to obtain rectified inputs, then paid Amazon Mechanical Turk users to provide their subjective qualitative perception of the difference between the outputs from the original and rectified inputs. The results indicate that rectification can often preserve much, and in many cases all, of the desirable data in the original input.
Carotid Angiography in Contemporary Vascular Surgery Practice

While most patients with carotid artery disease can safely undergo carotid endarterectomy based on duplex ultrasound alone, carotid angioplasty and stenting must, by its nature, be performed in conjunction with carotid arteriography. The techniques of carotid angiography are a necessary prerequisite to carotid intervention. The indications, technique, and results of carotid angiography in a contemporary vascular surgery practice are described.
A Multisatellite Investigation of the Convective Properties of Developing and Nondeveloping Tropical Disturbances

AbstractA comprehensive passive microwave satellite dataset is analyzed to quantify and compare the time evolution of convective properties of the pregenesis stage of developing disturbances (12 cases) and nondeveloping disturbances (3 cases), to determine whether the properties within the day prior to formation are unique, and to determine whether there is a credible connection between convection and the organization of the incipient circulation. Cases examined were the focus of recent (since 2005) field programs, and include those investigated during the triagency field programs in the Atlantic during 2010 [NASA’s Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) project, the National Science Foundation (NSF)/NCAR Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud-Systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) program, and NOAA’s Intensity Forecasting Experiment (IFEX)]. Among the properties examined (raining area, intensity, areal coverage of “strong” and “intense” convection, frequency, and proximity to the disturbance center)...
Integrin switching regulates normal trophoblast invasion

Cells invade extracellular matrices in a regulated manner at specific times and places during normal development. A dramatic example is trophoblast invasion of the uterine wall. Previous studies have shown that differentiation of trophoblasts to an invasive phenotype is accompanied by temporally and spatially regulated switching of their integrin repertoire. In the first trimester human placenta, alpha 6 integrins are restricted to cytotrophoblast (CTB) stem cells and downregulated in invasive CTBs, whereas alpha 5 beta 1 and alpha 1 beta 1 integrins are upregulated in differentiating and invasive CTBs. The goal of the present study was to determine whether these changes have functional consequences for CTB invasiveness. Using an in vitro invasion model, we determined first that aggregates of invading first trimester CTBs in vitro undergo the same pattern of integrin switching as was observed in situ, thereby validating the utility of the model. We then showed that antibody perturbation of interactions involving laminin or collagen type IV and their integrin alpha 1/beta 1 receptor inhibited invasion by CTBs, whereas perturbing interactions between fibronectin and the alpha 5/beta 1 fibronectin receptor accelerated invasion. Finally, we report that later gestation CTBs, which display greatly decreased invasive capacity, are also unable to upregulate alpha 1 beta 1 complexes, providing further evidence that this integrin is critical for CTB invasion. This gestational regulation is transcriptional. These data indicate that integrin switching observed during differentiation in situ has significant functional consequences for CTB invasion. The data suggest further that differentiating CTBs upregulate counterbalancing invasion-accelerating and invasion-restraining adhesion mechanisms. We propose that this contributes to regulating the depth of CTB invasion during normal implantation.
What Is in a Name? Understanding the Implications of Participant Terminology

The authors discuss the history of research terminology in American psychology with respect to the various labels given to those upon whom we conduct research ("observer"-"subject"-"participant"-"client"). This history is supplemented with an analysis of participant terminology in APA manuals from four historical eras, from the 1950s to the present. The general trend in participant terminology reflects the overall trends in American psychology, beginning with a complex lexicon that admitted both the passive and the active research participant, followed by a dominance of the passive term 'subject' and ending with the terminological ambiguity and multiplicity reflected in contemporary psychology. This selective history serves to contextualize a discussion of the meaning, functions, and implications of the transformations in, and debates over, participant terminology.
Gasdynamic fusion propulsion system for space exploration

An open-ended fusion system in which a high-density plasma is confined and heated to thermonuclear temperatures is examined as a potential high specific power propulsion device that can be used for space exploration. With a collision mean free path much smaller than a characteristic dimension of the system, the plasma behaves much like a continuous medium (fluid) for which the confinement time is drastically different from that which characterizes a typical fusion power reactor. Noting that fact and using an appropriate set of balance equations we derive an expression for the length of the rocket in terms of the plasma parameters required for certain propulsive capabilities. We find that a moderately sized system can produce large values of specific impulse and thrust that would allow a massive rocket to make a round-trip to Mars in months instead of years. By carrying out a preliminary engineering design we also identify those technological areas that must be developed before such a system can become practical. Many of these technologies are surprisingly not out of reach today.
Tobacco industry smokers' rights publications: a content analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to identify the content of tobacco industry smokers' rights publications and to analyze their major themes. METHODS: Fifty-eight issues of smokers' rights publications from 1987 to 1992 were selected at random and analyzed. The number of publications per year, number of mentions (sentences) in different thematic categories per year, and number of mentions per category per publication were examined. RESULTS: The number of smokers' rights publications increased rapidly from 1987 to 1992. The number of mentions across all thematic categories increased over time, with the largest numbers appearing in 1990, 1991, and 1992. The category of Political and Social Action comprised the highest average number of mentions across years. CONCLUSIONS: These publications appear to be consistent with past and present tobacco industry strategies to counter tobacco control efforts and negative public perceptions by attempting to refute scientific evidence about the health impact of envir...
Rapid microtubule-independent dynamics of Cdc20 at kinetochores and centrosomes in mammalian cells

Cdc20 is a substrate adaptor and activator of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), the E3 ubiquitin ligase whose activity is required for anaphase onset and exit from mitosis. A green fluorescent protein derivative, Cdc20–GFP, bound to centrosomes throughout the cell cycle and to kinetochores from late prophase to late telophase. We mapped distinct domains of Cdc20 that are required for association with kinetochores and centrosomes. FRAP measurements revealed extremely rapid dynamics at the kinetochores (t1/2 = 5.1 s) and spindle poles (t1/2 = 4.7 s). This rapid turnover is independent of microtubules. Rapid transit of Cdc20 through kinetochores may ensure that spindle checkpoint signaling at unattached/relaxed kinetochores can continuously inhibit APC/CCdc20 targeting of anaphase inhibitors (securins) throughout the cell until all the chromosomes are properly attached to the mitotic spindle.
Minor changes in the hemagglutinin of influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus alter its antigenic properties

Background The influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus has been the dominant type of influenza A virus in Finland during the 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 epidemic seasons. We analyzed the antigenic characteristics of several influenza A(H1N1)2009 viruses isolated during the two influenza seasons by analyzing the amino acid sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA), modeling the amino acid changes in the HA structure and measuring antibody responses induced by natural infection or influenza vaccination. Methods/Results Based on the HA sequences of influenza A(H1N1)2009 viruses we selected 13 different strains for antigenic characterization. The analysis included the vaccine virus, A/California/07/2009 and multiple California-like isolates from 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 epidemic seasons. These viruses had two to five amino acid changes in their HA1 molecule. The mutation(s) were located in antigenic sites Sa, Ca1, Ca2 and Cb region. Analysis of the antibody levels by hemagglutination inhibition test (HI) indicated that vaccinated individuals and people who had experienced a natural influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus infection showed good immune responses against the vaccine virus and most of the wild-type viruses. However, one to two amino acid changes in the antigenic site Sa dramatically affected the ability of antibodies to recognize these viruses. In contrast, the tested viruses were indistinguishable in regard to antibody recognition by the sera from elderly individuals who had been exposed to the Spanish influenza or its descendant viruses during the early 20th century. Conclusions According to our results, one to two amino acid changes (N125D and/or N156K) in the major antigenic sites of the hemagglutinin of influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus may lead to significant reduction in the ability of patient and vaccine sera to recognize A(H1N1)2009 viruses.
Face Recognition Using a Hybrid General Backpropagation Neural Network

In this paper, we propose two techniques for face recognition, namely, view-based and biometric-based face recognition. Both use general backpropagation neural networks (GBPN's). In the view-based method, we extract sub-images of the eyes, the nose, and the mouth and feed them into a GBPN. In the biometric-based method, seven measurements of the face will be fed into another GBPN. We illustrate the results of the proposed algorithms by applying them on the Cambridge ORL face database, which contains quite a high degree of variability in expression, pose, and facial details. We have found that the view-based method outperforms the biometric-based method. Thus, we have selected the view-based method to function as the main neural network whereas the biometric-based method will function as a supportive neural network.
Estimate of the Ionization Degree of Ionic Micelles Based on Krafft Temperature Measurements

The Krafft temperature, TK, of two classical ionic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), were measured by conductivity, in the absence and in the presence of added salt, to test a recent suggestion (J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 9033) that TK measurements can be used to estimate the degree of counterion dissociation of ionic micelles, α. The method is based on the fact that TK of SDS and CTAB are functions of the concentration of counterions in the aqueous phase, Caq, whether the counterions are provided by the surfactant or both the surfactant and added salt. The values of α are estimated by requiring that the values of TK fall on a common curve when plotted against any function of Caq and are found to be in good agreement with the literature. The present results confirm that the Krafft temperature of ionic surfactants is one of the properties from which α can be derived for both anionic and cationic micelles. In the case of SDS, because the aggregation number...
Heart period variability of intubated very-low-birth-weight infants during incubator care and maternal holding.

• BACKGROUND Heart rate has been used to measure infants’ physiological stability during skin-to-skin holding. Variability in heart period (interbeat interval), a more sensitive measure of autonomic nervous system tone, has not. • OBJECTIVE To describe heart period variability in intubated very-low-birth-weight infants during incubator care and during maternal skin-to-skin holding. • DESIGN/METHODS An experimental, interrupted time series, crossover design was used; infants served as their own controls. Infants were randomly assigned to treatment order: 2 hours of intermittent skin-toskin holding for 2 consecutive days followed by 2 days of incubator care or vice versa. The analog signal representing heart period was sampled and quantized at 5 Hz via a dedicated computer system in multiple 300-second epochs each day. • RESULTS Fourteen infants with similar characteristics completed the protocol. The mean interbeat interval was 332 ms during skin-to-skin care and 368 ms during incubator care. Power within the lowand high-frequency regions of heart period was not significantly different between skin-to-skin holding and incubator care. Mean low-frequency power was 124.6 ms 2 during skin-to-skin holding and ranged from 51.9 ms 2 to 71.4 ms 2 during all periods of incubator care. Mean high-frequency power was similar during skin-to-skin holding and incubator care (8.8 ms 2 and 6.1 ms 2 ). Infants of 32 to 34 weeks’ corrected gestational age had increased power in the low- and high-frequency regions. • CONCLUSIONS Heart period variability did not improve during skin-to-skin holding. Gestationally older infants had increased power in the low- and high-frequency regions, suggesting a maturing autonomic nervous system. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2003;12:54-64)