cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The distributions of, and relationship between, 3He and nitrate in eddies

Abstract We present and discuss the distribution of 3 He and its relationship to nutrients in two eddies (cyclone C1 and anticyclone A4) with a view towards examining eddy-related mechanisms whereby nutrients are transported from the upper 200–300 m into the euphotic zone of the Sargasso Sea. The different behavior of these tracers in the euphotic zone results in changes in their distributions and relationships that may provide important clues as to the nature of physical and biological processes involved. The cyclonic eddy (C1) is characterized by substantial 3 He excesses within the euphotic zone. The distribution of this excess 3 He is strongly suggestive of both past and recent ongoing deep-water injection into the euphotic zone. Crude mass balance calculations suggest that an average of approximately 1.4±0.7 mol m −2 of nitrate has been introduced into the euphotic zone of eddy C1, consistent with the integrated apparent oxygen utilization anomaly in the aphotic zone below. The 3 He–NO 3 relationship within the eddy deviates substantially from the linear thermocline trend, suggestive of incomplete drawdown of nutrients and/or substantial mixing between euphotic and aphotic zone waters. Anticyclone (A4) displays a simpler 3 He–NO 3 relationship, but is relatively impoverished in euphotic zone excess 3 He. We suggest that because of the relatively strong upwelling and lateral divergence of water the residence time of upwelled 3 He is relatively short within the euphotic zone of this eddy. An estimate of the recently upwelled nutrient inventory, based on the excess 3 He observed in A4's lower euphotic zone, is stoichiometrically consistent with the oxygen maximum observed in the euphotic zone.
PARALLEL AND SERIAL PROCESSES IN THE HUMAN OCULOMOTOR SYSTEM : BIMODAL INTEGRATION AND EXPRESS SACCADES

Saccadic reaction times (SRTs) were analyzed in the context of stochastic models of information processing (e.g., Townsend and Ashby 1983) to reveal the processing architecture(s) underlying integrative interactions between visual and auditory inputs and the mechanisms of express saccades. The results support the following conclusions. Bimodal (visual + auditory) targets are processed in parallel, and facilitate SRT to an extent that exceeds levels attainable by probability summation. This strongly implies neural summation between elements responding to spatially aligned visual and auditory inputs in the human oculomotor system. Second, express saccades are produced within a separable processing stage that is organized in series with that responsible for intersensory integration. A model is developed that implements this combination of parallel and serial processing. The activity in parallel input channels is summed within a sensory stage which is organized in series with a pre-motor and motor stage. The time course of each subprocess is considered a random variable, and different experimental manipulations can selectively influence different stages. Parallels between the model and physiological data are explored.
Design of a dynamic optical tissue phantom to model extravasation pharmacokinetics

We describe an optical tissue phantom that enables the simulation of drug extravasation from microvessels and validates computational compartmental models of drug delivery. The phantom consists of a microdialysis tubing bundle to simulate the permeable blood vessels, immersed in either an aqueous suspension of titanium dioxide (TiO2) or a TiO2 mixed agarose scattering medium. Drug administration is represented by a dye circulated through this porous microdialysis tubing bundle. Optical pharmacokinetic (OP) methods are used to measure changes in the absorption coefficient of the scattering medium due to the arrival and diffusion of the dye. We have established particle sizedependent concentration profiles over time of phantom drug delivery by intravenous (IV) and intra-arterial (IA) routes. Additionally, pharmacokinetic compartmental models are implemented in computer simulations for the conditions studied within the phantom. The simulated concentration-time profiles agree well with measurements from the phantom. The results are encouraging for future optical pharmacokinetic method development, both physical and computational, to understand drug extravasation under various physiological conditions.
A study of the gastric glands of alligator mississippiensis

A review of the literature of the gastric glands of reptiles shows marked differences of opinion concerning the nature and character of the cells composing the gastric glands. The present investigation of the gastric glands of the alligator has been carried out by histochemical and physiological experiments, rather than by the usual morphological methods, but the results can be stated both in terms of structure and function. 1 The surface epithelial cells and those lining the gland pits in the fundic, cardiac, and pyloric regions of the stomach of the alligator are not strictly comparable functionally to the mucous cells of mammals. 2 The cells composing the necks and bodies of the glands in the fundus, according to histochemical reactions, are parietal cells. 3 Certain cells lying beneath the columnar epithelial cells lining the lumen of the stomach and the foveolae react to one method of fixation and staining as do the chief cells of mammalian material. 4 The results of the experiment with the vital dye, neutral red, show that the cells of the gastric pits, the necks and bodies of the glands in the fundus of the alligator's stomach, react identically as those of the mammalian stomach. 5 The gastric juice of the alligator is acid to litmus-paper and contains a free mineral acid.
Performing a future (in) performing a past: Identity, cultural performance, and the Utopian impulse

This article examines three performances of cultural identity that occur or have occurred in three European cities that rely heavily on the tourism industry: Barcelona, Krakow, and Venice. Taking a...
Kink Bands along the Denali Fault, Alaska

The possible application of kink bands in dynamic structural analysis is shown by a recent study along a short segment of the Denali fault, Alaska. In laboratory experiments, kink-band planes form at measured angles of 45° to 60° with the maximum principal stress (σ 1 ) in properly oriented foliated rocks; this relation can be applied in the study of fault-stress histories. Two stress patterns are postulated during the history of the Denali fault; one is compatible with reverse or thrust faulting and is based primarily on the geometry of intrafolial folds, slip cleavage, and crinkles. A second (and presumably younger) stress pattern is compatible with strike-slip movement and is based solely on kink-band geometry.
Activation of poly [ADP-Ribose] polymerase in endothelial cells and keratinocytes: role in an in vitro model of sulfur mustard-mediated vesication.

Although endothelial cells and keratinocytes appear to be the primary cellular targets of sulfur mustard (SM), the role of the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in SM-induced vesication has not been clearly defined. PARP is thought to play a crucial role in DNA repair mechanisms following exposure to alkylating agents like SM. Using a combination of fluorescence microscopy and biochemical assays, we tested the hypothesis that SM causes activation of PARP in endothelial cells and keratinocytes with subsequent loss of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. To determine if PARP activation accounts for SM-induced vesication, keratinocyte adherence and permeability of endothelial monolayers were measured as in vitro correlates of vesication. As early as 2 to 3 h after exposure to SM concentrations as low as 250 microM, dramatic changes were induced in keratinocyte morphology and microfilament architecture. Exposure to 500 microM SM induced a fourfold increase in PARP activity in endothelial cells, and a two- to threefold increase in keratinocytes. SM induced a dose-related loss of NAD+ in both endothelial cells and keratinocytes. ATP levels fell to approximately 50% of control levels in response to SM concentrations >/=500 microM. SM concentrations >/=250 microM significantly reduced keratinocyte adherence as early as 3 h after exposure. Endothelial monolayer permeability increased substantially with concentrations of SM >250 microM. These observations support the hypothesis that the pathogenic events necessary for SM-induced vesication (i.e., capillary leak and loss of keratinocyte adherence) at higher vesicating doses of SM (>/=500 microM) may depend on NAD loss with PARP activation and subsequent ATP-dependent effects on microfilament architecture. Vesication developing as a result of exposure to lower concentrations of SM presumably occurs by mechanisms that do not depend on loss of cellular ATP (e.g., apoptosis and direct SM-mediated damage to integrins and the basement membrane).
Bowel abnormalities in the fetus--correlation of prenatal ultrasonographic findings with outcome.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to correlate ultrasonographic findings with postnatal outcome in cases of fetal bowel pathologic disorders detected by either prenatal evaluation or diagnosed in the neonatal period. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 16,471 consecutive fetuses were scanned in the midtrimester or later. Fetuses were included in the study group if the prenatal ultrasonographic evaluation suggested gastrointestinal pathologic features or if gastrointestinal pathologic features were identified by postnatal evaluation. Prenatal ultrasonographic findings and postnatal outcome were collected by chart review. Prenatal ultrasonographic findings were compared with outcome. Results were compared by Fisher's exact test. Sensitivity and positive predictive values were determined. RESULTS: Of the 16,471 fetuses scanned, 15,090 (91.6%) had complete postnatal follow-up. Eighty-nine fetuses had a bowel lesion suspected by prenatal ultrasonography. Twenty-two had dilated bowel distal to the duodenum, 33 had isolated hyperechoic bowel, 20 had ascites, and 14 had a cystic abdominal mass. Twenty-two fetuses (22/89 or 25%) were found at neonatal evaluation to have a gastrointestinal lesion. In those fetuses with small-bowel lesions, the sensitivity of ultrasonography was 100% and the positive predictive value was 72.7%. For large-bowel lesions the sensitivity of ultrasonography was only 7.7%, and the positive predictive value was 18%. No ultrasonographic parameter could unequivocally differentiate between the normal and abnormal outcome groups, but progressive bowel dilatation in the third trimester and hyperperistalsis with a dilated bowel loop were frequently found in the cases of small bowel obstruction. Four of the cases of dilated bowel (18.2%) were related to cystic fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Bowel abnormalities in the fetus are manifest in diverse ultrasonographic findings, making accurate prediction of lesions difficult. The sensitivity of prenatal ultrasonography to detect large-bowel lesions was poor, although it was 100% sensitive in the detection of small-bowel lesions. Cystic fibrosis should be considered in all fetuses with bowel abnormalities suspected on prenatal ultrasonography. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:724-9.)
Hysteresis and the duration of the J-curve

Abstract The hysterisis concept suggests that the trade volume will respond when the exchange rate reaches a certain threshold. The expected time lag depends on the parameters of the stochastic process of the rate, and its initial position. The experience of Yen-Dollar fluctuations and Japan-US trade imbalances in the 1980s is examined in the light of this theory. The special feature distinguishing the 1985–1987 experience is found to be the high initial value of the dollar, far above the threshold for trade response. A reinterpretation of the J-curve concept to allow variable lags is suggested.
Toward a taxonomy of trait adjectives in Filipino: comparing personality lexicons across cultures

We have developed a comprehensive list of Filipino person descriptive adjectives, organized them into Angleitner, Ostendorf and John's (1990) person descriptive categories, obtained college student...
α2-Adrenergic receptor activation inhibits calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a potent vasodilator, is produced in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons which extend nerves peripherally to blood vessels and centrally to the spinal cord. We previously reported that neuronal CGRP expression is significantly reduced in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) which could contribute to the elevated BP. Other studies suggest that the enhanced activity of the sympathetic nervous system in the SHR may mediate, at least in part, this reduction in neuronal CGRP expression via activation of alpha 2-adrenoreceptors (alpha 2-AR) on DRG neurons. To test this hypothesis in vitro we employed primary cultures of adult rat DRG neurons. Neuronal cultures were initially exposed (24 h) to either the alpha 2-AR agonist UK 14,304 (10(-6) M) or vehicle; however, no changes in CGRP mRNA content or immunoreactive CGRP (iCGRP) release were observed. Using the rationale that in vivo DRG neurons receive a continuous supply of target tissue derived nerve growth factor (NGF), which stimulates CGRP synthesis, the cultured neurons were treated (24 h) with either vehicle, NGF (25 ng/ml) alone, or NGF plus UK. NGF treatment increased CGRP mRNA accumulation 5.5 +/- 0.9-fold (p < 0.001) and iCGRP release 2.9 +/- 0.4-fold (p < 0.001) over control levels. The stimulatory effects of NGF were markedly attenuated, but not abolished, by UK (NGF + UK vs. control, CGRP mRNA, 2.9 +/- 0.4-fold, p < 0.05; iCGRP, 1.7 +/- 0.2-fold, p < 0.05). These values were also significant (p < 0.05) when compared to NGF treatment alone. Experiments performed using the alpha 2-antagonist yohimbine confirmed that the effects of UK were mediated by the alpha 2-AR. These results, therefore, demonstrate that alpha 2-AR activation attenuates the stimulatory effects of NGF on CGRP expression in DRG neurons.
CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS WITH SYSTOLIC HEART FAILURE AND ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE: MORTALITY AND READMISSION

Anemia of chronic disease (AOCD) is the most common anemia in systolic heart failure (SHF). While generalized anemia in SHF has been linked to a poor prognosis and greater risk of hospitalization, the effect of AOCD on outcomes in SHF is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of
Effectiveness of silicone oil removal from rabbit eyes.

Silicone oil (1000 and 12500 cs) and fluorosilicone oil (1000 and 10000 cs) were dyed red and injected into a gas-created space in the vitreous cavity of 51 rabbit eyes. Later the oils were removed from the vitreous cavity either by lavage with balanced salt solution (group 1, 27 eyes) or by injecting a sodium hyaluronate solution, followed by lavage with balanced salt solution (group 2, 24 eyes). The average amount of oil retained in the vitreous cavity in group 1 was 0.0675 ml, and occasionally a large amount of oil was found (more than 0.1 ml in 30% of eyes). The average amount of oil retained in group 2 was 0.0114 ml, and no eye retained more than 0.1 ml of oil. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.02), but there was no significant difference in oil retention within either group between the different kinds of oils, or between different viscosities of oil. The data suggest that residual oil can persist in the vitreous cavity despite thorough lavage, and that removal of silicone oil with the use of a sodium hyaluronate solution significantly lowers the risk of a large amount of residual silicone oil that is occasionally seen with conventional removal methods.
Allocating Shareholder Capital to Pension Plans

This article discusses the corporate challenge of providing retirement income to employees while limiting the costs and risks of pension plans to the companies themselves by addressing five main questions: •What are the major issues and challenges surrounding pensions? Although the pension shortfalls have been the focus of attention, the author argues that the more serious concern is the risk stemming from the mismatch between pension assets and pension liabilities— that is, the funding of debt-like liabilities with equity-heavy asset portfolios. •To what extent do the equity market and equity prices reflect the shortfall in value and the mismatch in risk? While the author describes some evidence of the market's ability to capture pension risk, analysts' P/E multiples and management's assessments of cost of capital may still be distorted by failure to take full account of the risks associated with pension assets. •How should management analyze and formulate strategic solutions? Without offering specific solutions, the author presents a framework for analyzing the problem from a strategic perspective that can be used in formulating a company's pension policy. In particular, the article recommends that companies take an integrated perspective that views pension assets and liabilities as parts of the corporate balance sheet, and the pension asset allocation decision as a critical aspect of a corporate-wide enterprise risk management program. •If a company chooses to make a major change in its pension policy, such as a partial or complete immunization accomplished by substituting bonds for stocks, how would you communicate the new policy to the rating agencies and investors? •What are the major issues to be thinking about when contemplating a change from a DB plan to a defined contribution, or DC, plan? The author argues that DC plans without some corporate oversight or responsibility for results are not a long-term solution.
Spalling failure of α-alumina films grown by oxidation. II. Decohesion nucleation and growth

Abstract Buckling and spalling of thermally-grown alumina films have been studied on Fe–Cr–Al heat-resisting alloy using microscopy and photostimulated piezospectroscopy. Buckles nucleate and propagate with time after cooling to room temperature at a constant residual stress in the film and, apparently, in the absence of sufficiently large pre-existing flaws at the oxide–metal interface. The size of the slowly growing buckles is typically far below the critical size deduced in regular buckling mechanics. The growth rate of the buckles depends on the residual stress and, especially, on the thickness of the oxide. An abrupt increase of the buckle size followed by cracking at the buckle perimeter produces circular spalls. The relationship between the spall size, residual stress and oxide thickness is discussed.
A STRUCTURED MODEL FOR THE TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF MYCOBACTERIUM MARINUM BETWEEN AQUATIC ANIMALS

Mycobacterium marinum (Mm), a genetically similar bacterium to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, affects a number of fish industries (fisheries, aquaculture, aquariums and research stocks) on a comparable scale to tuberculosis (TB) in humans. Because of this, and the practical advantages of working with animal models as opposed to humans, Mm infections in recently established fish models provide a unique opportunity for the study of mycobacterial infections. We derive a model of transmission dynamics of Mm in fish, which either involves consumption of an infected host or a source of bacteria to ensure "activation" into a highly infectious state. We derive a model of transmission within a food web, in which infected fish behavior is structured by infection severity. This is a key component as chronic (seemingly asymptomatic) infection is prominent in both fish and human TB. We illustrate, via a novel numerical scheme, that this model can be used to reproduce experimental settings. We further argue that the framework developed herein is a useful tool to address key questions such as design in experimental settings and potential control strategies in large-scale situations.
Spin waves in vanadium sesquioxide V 2 O 3

We have carried out inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the spin waves propagating along the [$00l$] trigonal axis and along the [$\mathrm{hh}0$] axis in the antiferromagnetic phase of ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. We find an energy gap in the spin-wave spectrum at the zone center of 4.75 meV. We obtain exchange parameters and the anisotropy energy from these data using a nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor Heisenberg Hamiltonian model.
Thermal radiation hazards from hydrocarbon pool fires

Diverse analytical models and empirical correlations for calculating the geometry and thermal radiation characteristics of large hydrocarbon pool fires were examined. The radiation characteristics of liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, and other hydrocarbon fires were stressed. Also covered were the limitations of currently available models, the thermal radiation damage to exposed human skin, and the criteria for determining thermal radiation hazards. It was concluded that the analysis and correlation results could be used as a sequential algorithm for the evaluation of thermal radiation hazards produced by hydrocarbon pool fires. 43 references.
The Dual State Variable Formulation as an Alternative to Perturbation Methods for the Analysis of Non-Linear Oscillators

The "dual" state variable (DSV) formulation is a new way to represent ordinary differential equations. It is based on a framework that is consistent with the analysis of linear systems, and it allows the state space representation of a system to exhibit considerable symmetry. Its use in modeling requires a clear understanding of its unique four-dimensional state space, but it can be computationally simple. The DSV formulation has been successfully applied to model the nonlinear pendulum, the Duffing oscillator, and the van der Pol oscillator, with results that are superior to those of perturbation methods. An introduction to the DSV formulation and a framework for its systematic application as a modeling tool for nonlinear oscillators are presented.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Analysis of the carbon anode in carbon conversion cells

Abstract We examine further the electrochemical oxidation of carbon in molten carbonate, based on analysis of published research. Ascending and descending branches of voltage hysteresis found in current sweeps of atomically-ordered graphite and of disordered carbon (coal char) are separated by about 0.20–0.25 V and by 0.10–0.15 V for ordered and disordered forms, respectively, over a wide band of current density, 0.03–0.10 A/cm2. The higher voltage of the descending branch is in rough agreement with prediction of the Y. Li model for the carbon/carbonate electrode in the same current range, for ordered graphite (La = 70–100 nm) and for disordered structures (La = 3–5 nm), respectively. We suggest that the amplitude of the hysteresis represents the difference between the overvoltage requirements for 2- and 4 electron net transfer processes, respectively. The 2 e− reaction (C + CO32− = CO + CO2 + 2e−) dominates the low current segment (LCS) of our previous analysis, and the more hindered 4e− transfer reaction (C + 2CO32− = 3CO2 + 4e−) dominates the high current segment (HCS). The voltage increase separating LCS from HCS is effected by accumulation of CO2 within small, melt-filled pores to form highly supersaturated solutions of CO2, which enhance anode voltage by a concentration overpotential of 0.10–0.25 V. Overpotential increases with reaction extent until (1) overall polarization inhibits the interior reaction and shifts CO2 production to the more accessible exterior surface, or, (2) at a critical concentration (dependent on surface tension and pore diameter) bubbles nucleate and block current flow in the pores. Further support for this picture comes from the often-reported deviation of the gas composition from the CO/CO2 ratio of the Boudouard equilibrium at atmospheric pressure, as open circuit conditions are approached in an electrochemical cell. Our interpretation accounts for the mole fraction of CO2 at open circuit being greater than predicted from the Boudouard equilibrium.
Characterization of Pt Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Al2O3 and Their Catalytic Efficiency in Propene Hydrogenation

Pt nanoparticles supported in nanoporous Al2O3 catalyst are prepared by reduction of K2PtCl4 solution using H2 in the presence of Al2O3 and poly(acrylic acid) as capping material. After thorough washing with water to remove Pt nanoparticles located on the external surface of the Al2O3 and drying at 70 °C for 12 h, they were used in propene hydrogenation to evaluate catalytic activity as measured by the value of the activation energy in the temperature range between 30 and 90 °C. The Pt nanoparticles are characterized by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The particles in Pt/Al2O3 are found to be encapsulated and uniformly dispersed inside the Al2O3; however, the size and shapes are not clearly seen. After extraction of the Pt nanoparticles from the Al2O3 channels by using an ethanol-diluted HF solution, various shapes such as truncated octahedral, cubic, tetrahedral, and spherical with a size around 5 nm are observed. The encapsulated particles have various shapes but are smaller in size than t...
Results of a business ethics curriculum survey conducted by the center for business ethics

Out of 655 schools that responded, 317 offered a business ethics course. 386 courses were listed by these 317 schools. Of these 386, 279 were taught at the undergraduate level, 53 at the graduate level and 54 at both levels. 271 were elective, 101 were required and 14 were both depending on specific programs. Annual enrollment in the 386 courses was estimated between 35,000 to 40,000. Of the 338 schools which do not offer such a course, 48 are planning to offer and 144 would like to. 151 of these courses were titled ‘Business Ethics’ and 44 were titled ‘Business and Society’. 186 (out of the 386 courses) were offered by Philosophy Departments. 147 were offered by Business departments. 19 were interdisciplinary. 322 of the 386 courses have entered the curriculum since 1973, with a gradual increase each year.
Women’s Reactions to Interpersonal Violence Research A Longitudinal Study

This study assessed women's immediate and long-term reactions to completing self-report measures of interpersonal violence. College women completed surveys at the beginning and end of a 2-month academic quarter for course credit. Results showed that 7.7% of participants experienced immediate negative emotional reactions to research participation. Greater immediate negative reactions were related to interpersonal victimization and psychological distress variables. Attrition from the study over the 2-month follow-up was not predicted by participants' immediate negative emotional reactions to the research or anticipation of future distress. Of the participants who returned for the follow-up, 2.1% of participants reported experiencing distress over the interim period as a result of their initial participation in the study. These long-term reactions were bivariately related to a number of victimization, psychological distress, and reaction variables measured at the first study session. However, in the regression analyses, only immediate negative emotional reactions to the research and anticipation of future distress predicted long-term negative emotional reactions.
Visiting U.S. Specialist U.S. Department of State

The observations and recommendations in this report arise from assignment to survey, as a Visiting U.S. Specialist in Germany from May through July 1953, the present status and potentialities of socioloy at the universites and of empirical social research at institutions directly connected with them.
Lagrangian transport in a circular lake: effect of nonlinearity and the second vertical mode

Effects of the second vertical mode and nonlinearity of the background flow field on the Lagrangian transport of particle clouds are studied by employing a wind-forced linear hydrostatic model and a weakly-nonlinear, weakly-nonhydrostatic evolution model. It is confirmed that Kelvin waves primarily advect particles near the basin perimeter in a cyclonic direction, and Poincare waves primarily advect particles in off-shore (radial) directions in a manner that is oscillatory in time with frequencies near the inertial period. The internal current associated with the second vertical mode is usually far smaller than that associated with the energetically dominant, lowest vertical mode. However, because of the disparately slow eigenspeed of the vertical mode-two Kelvin wave, the resultant particle transport associated with the vertical mode-two flow near the basin perimeter can drive transport that is comparable with that associated with the Kelvin wave of the lowest vertical mode. It is discovered that nonlinear interaction between the Kelvin-Poincare wave pair can give birth to a solitary-like wave of large amplitude in an off-shore region. This new type of wave generates a large current and co-propagates with the Kelvin wave in a cyclonic direction and, eventually, can cause a burst of particle transport in an off-shore direction.
A comparison of epidural buprenorphine with epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia following stifle surgery in dogs

Abstract Objective To compare the efficacy of epidural buprenorphine with epidural morphine for post-operative pain relief in dogs undergoing cranial cruciate ligament rupture repair. Study design A randomized, double blind clinical trial. Animals Twenty client-owned dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Methods Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either epidural buprenorphine (4 µg kg−1) or epidural morphine (0.1 mg kg−1) in a total volume of 0.2 mL kg−1. Epidural injections were performed immediately after induction of anesthesia. End-tidal halothane and CO2 were recorded every 15 minutes from the time of epidural administration of drug to extubation. A numerical rating pain score system was used by a blinded observer to evaluate analgesia beginning at extubation and continuing at specific intervals for 24 hours after surgery. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure were recorded noninvasively at the same times. If pain score indicated moderate discomfort, rescue morphine at 1.0 mg kg−1 was administered intramuscularly. Results There were no significant differences between groups with respect to pain score, heart rate, respiratory rate, indirect blood pressure, end-tidal halothane or end-tidal CO2 at any time point. Fifty percent of dogs in the buprenorphine group and 50% of dogs in the morphine group required rescue analgesic medication. Time of systemic rescue morphine administration did not differ significantly between the two groups. There were no clinically observable side-effects from epidural administration of either drug in any of the dogs of this study. Conclusions Epidural buprenorphine is as effective as epidural morphine for the relief of postoperative hindlimb orthopedic pain in dogs. Clinical relevance Buprenorphine appears to be an effective opioid for epidural use in healthy dogs. Buprenorphine may offer certain advantages over morphine for epidural use, such as lower abuse potential and, in some clinics, reduced cost and less wastage of drug.
Family planning providers' perspectives on dual protection.

CONTEXT: Family planning providers can play an important role in helping women to identify their risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and to adopt preventive measures. In-depth investigation of providers’ attitudes about approaches to STD risk assessment, contraceptive counseling and dual protection—concurrent protection from STDs and unintended pregnancy—has been limited. METHODS: In semistructured interviews conducted in 1998, 22 health care providers from a large New York City agency offering contraceptive and STD services described how they balanced STD and pregnancy concerns, viewed risk assessment and assessed various contraceptive methods. RESULTS: STD prevention was seen as an integral part of family planning counseling, and most providers believed that risk assessment should be conducted universally. Providers viewed dual protection as use of condoms along with an effective contraceptive; few advocated use of the male or female condom alone. The female condom was believed to be a disease prevention method of last resort and was considered appropriate only for specific groups of women. Although providers lacked understanding about the effectiveness of the female condom and how to counsel clients concerning its use, they expressed interest in learning more. CONCLUSIONS: Training is needed to reduce providers’ negative perceptions of the female condom and to reinforce the importance of individualized counseling tailored to women’s specific circumstances. Studies are needed on how to encourage family planning providers to promote male and female condoms as effective contraceptive methods. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2003, 35(2):71‐78
Investigation of the role of a second conserved serine in carboxylesterases via site-directed mutagenesis

Carboxylesterases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester and amide moieties. These enzymes have an active site that is composed of a nucleophile (Ser), a base (His), and an acid (Glu) that is commonly known as a catalytic triad. It has previously been observed that the majority of carboxylesterases and lipases contain a second conserved serine in their active site [Proteins, 34 (1999) 184]. To investigate whether this second serine is also involved in the catalytic mechanism, it was mutated to an alanine, a glycine or a cysteine. Site-directed mutagenesis of this conserved serine resulted in a loss of specific activity, in both the S247G and S247A mutants (5- to 15-fold), which was due to a decrease in the rate of catalysis (kcat). Due to the instability of the S247C mutant no reliable data could be attained. A carbamate inhibitor, carbaryl, was then employed to investigate whether this decrease in the kcat was due to the rate of formation of the acyl–enzyme intermediate (k2) or the rate of deacylation (k3). The S247A mutant was found only to alter k2 (2.5-fold decrease), with no effect on k3. Together with information inferred from a human carboxylesterase crystal structure, it was concluded that this serine provides an important structural support for the spatial orientation of the glutamic acid, stabilizing the catalytic triad so that it can perform the hydrolysis.
Optimal Form of Branching Supply and Collection Networks

For the problem of efficiently supplying material to a spatial region from a single source, we present a simple scaling argument based on branching network volume minimization that identifies limits to the scaling of sink density. We discuss implications for two fundamental and unresolved problems in organismal biology and geomorphology: how basal metabolism scales with body size for homeotherms and the scaling of drainage basin shape on eroding landscapes.
iFAO: Spatial Decision Support Services for Facility Network Transformation

Facility network transformation (FNT) is a strategic approach involving assessing and optimizing the industrial facility networks such as new site selection, demand forecasting, performance evaluation in banking, retailing, etc. In practice, FNT requirements are often diverse, dynamic and industry specific, it's often difficult to implement a generic FNT service fully integrated with legacy systems. The heterogeneity of spatial information further calls for a loosely coupled architecture. An innovative spatial decision support system, iFAO (intelligent facility network analytics and optimization), is therefore developed based on service oriented architecture for FNT problems. In this paper, key FNT service patterns are identified and modeled to develop an industrial independent solution, and an SOA-based framework for iFAO is proposed correspondingly. Implementation of iFAO services is presented with a model-driven approach. With a real case in banking, it's illustrated how the SOA based iFAO services are integrated to solve the real industrial problems, especially for quick decisions on business strategy in the competitive and ever-changing marketplaces.
Frontostriatal Microstructure Modulates Efficient Recruitment of Cognitive Control

Many studies have linked activity in a frontostriatal network with the capacity to suppress inappropriate thoughts and actions, but relatively few have examined the role of connectivity between these structures. Here, we use diffusion tensor imaging to assess frontostriatal connectivity in 21 subjects (ages 7-31 years). Fifteen subjects were tested on a go/no-go task, where they responded with a button press to a visual stimulus and inhibited a response to a second infrequent stimulus. An automated fiber tracking algorithm was used to delineate white matter fibers adjacent to ventral prefrontal cortex and the striatum, and the corticospinal tract, which was not expected to contribute to control per se. Diffusion in frontostriatal and corticospinal tracts became more restricted with age. This shift was paralleled by an increase in efficiency of task performance. Frontostriatal radial diffusivities predicted faster reaction times, independent of age and accuracy, and this correlation grew stronger for trials expected to require greater control. This was not observed in the corticospinal tract. On trials matched for speed of task performance, adults were significantly more accurate, and accuracies were correlated with frontostriatal, but not corticospinal, diffusivities. These findings suggest that frontostriatal connectivity may contribute to developmental and individual differences in the efficient recruitment of cognitive control.
Ultrasonic Measurements of Stiffness in Thermal-Mechanically Fatigued IM7/5260 Composites

In recent years, ultrasonic methods have been developed that can measure the mechanical stiffness of composites. The Lamb wave velocity is directly related to the material parameters, so an effective method exists to ascertain the stiffness of composites by measuring the velocity of these waves. In this study, a Lamb wave measurement system was used to measure the bending and out-of-plane stiffness coefficients of thermoset composite laminates undergoing thermal-mechanical loading. A series of 16 ply and 32 ply composite laminates were subjected to thermal-mechanical fatigue (TMF) in load frames equipped with special environmental chambers. The composite system studied was a graphite fiber-reinforced bismaleimide thermoset, IM7/5260. The samples were subjected to both high and low temperature profiles as well as high-strain and low-strain profiles. The bending and out-of-plane stiffnesses for composite samples that have undergone over 6000 cycles of combined thermal and mechanical fatigue are reported. The Lamb wave generated elastic stiffness results have shown decreases of up to 64% at 4706 cycles for samples subjected to TMF at high temperatures and less than a 10% decrease at over 6000 cycles for samples subjected to TMF at low temperatures.
Holographic Metals and the Fractionalized Fermi Liquid

We show that there is a close correspondence between the physical properties of holographic metals near charged black holes in anti-de Sitter (AdS) space, and the fractionalized Fermi liquid phase of the lattice Anderson model. The latter phase has a "small" Fermi surface of conduction electrons, along with a spin liquid of local moments. This correspondence implies that certain mean-field gapless spin liquids are states of matter at nonzero density realizing the near-horizon, AdS₂ × R² physics of Reissner-Nordstrom black holes.
Comparison of the reflectance and Crystal Violet assays for measurement of biofilm formation by Enterococcus

In previous work, we described a protocol for measuring biofilm formation on opaque and non-opaque surfaces using reflected light. In the present work, we used the reflectance assay to assess biofilm formation for 14 strains of Enterococcus and compared our results with those obtained using a Crystal Violet (CV) assay. In general, the results for the two assays were in agreement: both identified the same Enterococcus strain as the highest biofilm-forming strain and the same two strains as the lowest biofilm-forming strains. However, two Enterococcus strains identified as high biofilm formers by the CV assay were not identified as such by the reflectance assay. A single numerical value was obtained for each of the reflectance assay results that corresponded well with the confluence of a biofilm (and presumably its depth) using phase contrast microscopy.
Daikon (Raphanus sativus cv. longipinnatus) as a Host of Alternaria brassicae in California.

In the spring of 1997, commercial plantings of daikon or Chinese radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. longipinnatus) in the San Joaquin Valley, Fresno County, were damaged by a disease previously undocumented in California. Symptoms consisted of small (2 to 5 mm diameter), circular to oblong, brown to light tan leaf spots that contained concentric rings. Following rains in January, leaf spots proliferated, coalesced, and resulted in significant necrosis of foliage. An Alternaria species with conidia with prominent beaks and spores produced singly or in chains of two was consistently observed on and isolated from the host. Conidia from naturally infected daikon leaves had mean dimensions of 190.1 × 23.1 μm, with a mean beak length of 60.0 μm. The isolates were identified as Alternaria brassicae (2). Pathogenicity was confirmed by culturing six representative isolates on sterilized 20% V8 juice solution for 14 days under a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle, filtering the suspensions through cheesecloth, adjusting spore...
Dermatocarpon (Verrucariaceae) in the Ozark Highlands, North America

Dermatocarpon, a saxicolous lichen, is common throughout the Ozarks Highlands of North America where exposed rock is abundant. Dermatocarpon is an understudied genus. Species delimitation is difficult because of a paucity of morphological characters and a large degree of variation within this genus. The taxonomy of Dermatocarpon in North America was recently thrown into flux because of a molecular study which limited the use of a once widely applied name, D. miniatum. The Melzer's reagent test, currently used for identifying members of the miniatum-complex in North America, is not useful for identifying Ozark specimens. A revision of Dermatocarpon for the Ozark Highlands of North America is presented based on morphological, molecular and ecological studies. The results of these studies indicate that eight taxa are present in the Ozarks. Four taxa are described new to science: D. arenosaxi, D. dolomiticum, D. luridum var. xerophilum and D. multifolium.
MicroRNAs and Endothelial Function: Many Challenges and Early Hopes for Clinical Applications∗

The human genome contains more than 20,000 protein-encoding genes and at least as many noncoding RNA (ncRNA) genes, which are not translated into protein but may contribute to regulation of gene expression by modulating transcriptional or post-transcriptional processes [(1)][1]. Although they
Bacteroides fragilis type VI secretion systems use novel effector and immunity proteins to antagonize human gut Bacteroidales species

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are multiprotein complexes best studied in Gram-negative pathogens where they have been shown to inhibit or kill prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells and are often important for virulence. We recently showed that T6SS loci are also widespread in symbiotic human gut bacteria of the order Bacteroidales, and that these T6SS loci segregate into three distinct genetic architectures (GA). GA1 and GA2 loci are present on conserved integrative conjugative elements (ICE) and are transferred and shared among diverse human gut Bacteroidales species. GA3 loci are not contained on conserved ICE and are confined to Bacteroides fragilis Unlike GA1 and GA2 T6SS loci, most GA3 loci do not encode identifiable effector and immunity proteins. Here, we studied GA3 T6SSs and show that they antagonize most human gut Bacteroidales strains analyzed, except for B. fragilis strains with the same T6SS locus. A combination of mutation analyses,trans-protection analyses, and in vitro competition assays, allowed us to identify novel effector and immunity proteins of GA3 loci. These proteins are not orthologous to known proteins, do not contain identified motifs, and most have numerous predicted transmembrane domains. Because the genes encoding effector and immunity proteins are contained in two variable regions of GA3 loci, GA3 T6SSs of the species B. fragilis are likely the source of numerous novel effector and immunity proteins. Importantly, we show that the GA3 T6SS of strain 638R is functional in the mammalian gut and provides a competitive advantage to this organism.
A GENERIC LANDING GEAR DYNAMICS MODEL FOR LASRS

The Langley Standard Real-time Simulation in C++ (LaSRS++) Generic Gear Model is a simple flexible design that provides realism and can easily simulate different aircraft by changing a few design parameters. Typical closed loop characteristics of the entire aircraft are used to model the dynamics during ground operations. The model consists of three principal functions: struts, braking, and steering. Dynamic characteristics are assumed to produce nearly critical damping with a fixed natural frequency in all axes. The model outputs the body frame axial, lateral, and vertical forces and roll, pitch, and yaw moments generated by the landing gear. This model is used in the simulation of the HL20 lifting body, general aviation aircraft and a generic fighter similar to an F-16 at NASA Langley Research Center, including motion base operations.
Biologic foundation of the therapy for advanced germ cell tumors

An understanding of the elements that have contributed to the remarkable cure rate in patients with germ cell cancers is a useful exercise for clinicians. The prevailing view is that the introduction of chemotherapy was largely responsible for this remarkable success. Although chemotherapy is clearly the required ingredient, there are other important contributing factors that were essential for the high cure rate. These contributing elements include the understanding of the biology of the cancer and the availability markers. The understanding of the clinical biology and ability to assay persistent minimal cancer led to the appropriate integration of systemic and local therapies. The treatment of germ cell cancers is the paradigm of multidisciplinary therapy of cancer because it accommodates many variables into the clinical decision-making process.
Inhibitory learning approaches to exposure therapy: A critical review and translation to obsessive-compulsive disorder

The majority of treatment research on OCD has focused on pre/post treatment efficacy of exposure-based interventions, with less attention directed towards (a) understanding mechanisms of change, and (b) maximizing long-term effectiveness. Inhibitory learning theory (ILT) provides a novel foundation for understanding how exposure therapy reduces fear. Moreover, ILT is consistent with empirical evidence that raises questions about the more traditional (i.e., habituation) explanation for exposure therapy's efficacy. Yet ILT has yet to be applied to understanding the treatment of OCD and its heterogeneity. The current review is an examination of human experimental research on ILT that seeks to translate laboratory findings on fear extinction to exposure therapy across empirically established OCD symptom dimensions. We provide an up-to-date critical review of the existing evidence for a series of strategies derived from ILT that have been proposed for the treatment of fear, discuss the limitations of existing studies, and provide suggestions for future research within this rapidly accelerating area of study. We also offer conceptual considerations for applying these principles to the treatment of OCD symptom dimensions. A common theme is the idea of introducing "desirable difficulties" into the implementation of exposure in order to foster more durable long-term learning.