cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Complement in Fungal Infections

Disseminated infection exposes fungi to proteins of the complement system. Every pathogenic fungus that has been studied to date has been shown to activate the complement system using a combination of the classical and alternative complement pathways. Studies of fungal infections in animals with a variety of induced or genetic complement deficiencies have shown that the complement system contributes greatly to host defense. The biological activities of the complement system that likely contribute to host defense include opsonization and generation of an inflammatory response. Serum from most normal adults contains variable and often high levels of antibodies directed against glucans and mannans found on fungal surfaces. As a consequence, incubation of fungi that display surface glucan and/or mannan, e.g., C. albicans, B. dermatitidis, or acapsular C. neoformans, in human serum leads to rapid activation of the classical pathway and deposition of opsonic fragments of C3 on the fungal surface. If sera lack antibodies or surface glucan or mannan is occluded, e.g., encapsulated C. neoformans, activation of the complement system proceeds via the alternative pathway, however, the kinetics for such alternative pathway activation are much slower than occurs via the classical pathway.
Chapter 16 Property Value Models

Abstract One of the only places where environmental quality is traded on explicit markets is real estate. There are several techniques that can be used to study the effects of environmental quality on property values and infer willingness to pay for improvements. The most commonly used method is the hedonic model. In environmental economics the hedonic model has mainly been applied to the prices of real property and to wages. It assumes that there is a schedule of prices for the differentiated product (i.e., houses) that can be estimated. An alternative set of models postulates that consumers' choices are discrete between houses rather than continuous in characteristics as in the hedonic model. Discrete choice models are applied to estimate consumer preferences. Recently a model has been developed that mixes discrete and continuous decisions and emphasizes the locational equilibrium. This chapter reviews these techniques, with an emphasis on methodological issues and recent developments. Section 2 describes the theoretical models that underlie these techniques. The theoretical hedonic model is developed first, and then the theoretical modifications that are necessary for the discrete choice models are described. The main models are developed for residential properties, but differentiated factors of production are discussed briefly. Section 3 is devoted to the empirical issues involved in estimating a hedonic price schedule. This is the most common type of estimation in property value models. Section 4 discusses the empirical application of the second stage of the hedonic model, the estimation of the underlying preferences. Section 5 covers the two types of discrete choice models that are used in environmental economics, random utility models and random bidding models. Section 6 briefly discusses the new locational equilibrium models, and the final section is devoted to conclusions and directions for further research.
Dissociating Parallel and Serial Processing of Numerical Value

Digits serve as useful tools for studying the interaction between low-level perceptual representations and higher-level semantic information, and also the degree to which processing these stimulus attributes relies on similar or different mechanisms. Following a body of literature that debates the influence of high-level, semantic information on perceptual processing, and work by Van Opstal and colleagues (2011) investigating whether subliminally presented digit arrays affect estimates of numerical averages, here we explored the temporal dynamics of extracting numerical values associated with each digit in an array. Specifically, we examined reaction times (RTs) for estimating the average of digit arrays of varying sizes to determine whether numerical meaning is extracted in parallel, or instead may require serial processing of individual digits. In Experiment 1, participants completed a numerical mean estimation task, along with visual search tasks designed to yield RT patterns across increasing display sizes thought to be characteristic of serial and parallel processes. In Experiment 2, we controlled for brightness cues that could have contributed to performance in Experiment 1. In both experiments, comparing RT patterns for the numerical averaging tasks to those of the search tasks suggested that semantic information from multiple digits may be extracted by a parallel processing mechanism. Unlike in either search task, RTs improved with increasing display size, indicating a potential benefit of larger displays as has been reported for extracting ensemble, or summary statistical representations of lower-level visual information.
Rising Inpatient Encounters and Economic Burden for Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the USA

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the fastest-growing chronic liver disease. However, little is known about NAFLD inpatient resource utilization and clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to quantify inpatient NAFLD encounters using patient-level data over time. This was a retrospective analysis of de-identified data for NAFLD patients from the California Patient Discharge Database from 2006 to 2013. NAFLD patients were identified by ICD9 codes 571.40, 571.41, 571.49, 571.8, and 571.9. NAFLD patients (n = 91,558) were predominantly female (60%), 45–65 years old (44%), and white (53%). Inpatient encounters increased from 8153 in 2006 to 16,457 in 2013 and were associated with a 207% increase in charges ($686 million in 2006 to $1.42 billion in 2013) and average increase in charges of 9.8% per year adjusting for inflation. Comorbidities (obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, other cancer, and renal disease) increased significantly over time (all P 75 (aHR 3.9, P 75 years (HR 3.94, P < 0.0001, HR 3.86–4.03).
Ecological landscape in narrative thought: How siege survivors employ prepositions to make sense of war-torn Sarajevo

Abstract This study explores how 16 individuals who grew up during the four-year long military siege of the city employ language to make sense of their everyday experiences in Sarajevo following the conclusion of the Bosnian War. Narrative inquiry is employed in this work to study sense-making, a psychological process based in language and situated in interaction with extant social and physical landscapes. During the study, participants wrote responses across the three narrative contexts (1) the prewar, (2) the acute war, and (3) the postwar. Data analyses examine how participants enact ecological landscape in narrative construction through varied use of prepositions across the three narrative contexts. Significantly higher use of prepositions in the acute war narrative context indicates that growing up amidst urban destruction gives rise to thought processes that draw on spatial and temporal relations in order to make sense of radical environmental changes in the landscape of war.
Abstract # 3111 Chronic adolescent stress differentially sensitizes neuro-immune reactivity in male and female rats

Adversity early in life is a reliable predictor of mood disorders which involve excessive innate immune signaling. However, the mechanisms by which early life adversity promotes inflammation are not yet fully understood. Using a chronic adolescent stress (CAS) model in rats, we hypothesized that a history of CAS exaggerates induction of the pro-inflammatory NF-kappa-B pathway in adult rat hippocampus without impacting the peripheral immune response. We assessed potential sex differences to determine whether females, who suffer from mood disorders twice as often as males, are disproportionally affected by stress-primed inflammation. Male and female adolescent rats underwent the CAS paradigm or received no stress. Six weeks following the last stressor, all rats received a single systemic injection of either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle to unmask possible immune-priming effects of CAS. RNA-Seq revealed that upon LPS stimulation, both male and female CAS rats displayed enhanced enrichment of the NF-kappa-B pathway in the hippocampus compared to non-stressed, same-sex controls. Peripheral inflammatory indices including splenic NF-kappa-B activity, serum cytokine and corticosterone concentrations were not altered by CAS in females, suggesting brain-specific CAS impact. Conversely, CAS males displayed lower serum corticosterone and exaggerated serum IL-1beta responses following LPS, suggesting glucocorticoid resistance. We conclude that while CAS enhances neuro-immune reactivity in both males and females months removed from the stressor exposure, the mechanism and manifestation of such alterations are sex-specific.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Using technology in applied sport psychology

The last several decades have seen dramatic advances in the use of technology in everyday life. As expected, these technological advancements have affected all areas of human existence, including s...
Integrating physics-based models with sensor data: An inverse modeling approach

Abstract Physics-based building energy models (e.g., EnergyPlus) rely on some unknown input parameters (e.g., zone air infiltration) that are hard to measure, leading to uncertainty in simulation results especially for existing buildings with varying operating conditions. With the increasing deployment of smart thermostats, zone air temperature data are readily available, posing a new opportunity for building energy modeling if such data can be harnessed. This study presents a novel inverse modeling approach which inverses the zone air heat balance equation and uses the measured zone air temperature to analytically calculate the zone air infiltration rate and zone internal thermal mass (e.g., furniture, interior partitions), which are two important model parameters with great variability and difficult to measure. This paper introduces the technical concept and algorithms of the inverse models, their implementation in EnergyPlus, and verification using EnergyPlus simulated building performance data. The inverse modeling approach provides new opportunities for integrating data from massive IoT sensors and devices to enhance the accuracy of simulation results which are used to inform decision making on energy retrofits and efficiency improvements of existing buildings.
Identifying contextual factors that impact community reintegration in injured female Veterans

Introduction: Women are an ever-growing and integral part of the U.S. military. However, the research on community reintegration (CR) for injured female Veterans is limited. The purpose of this stu...
Disease hotspots or hot species? Infection dynamics in multi-host metacommunities controlled by species identity, not source location.

Pathogen persistence in host communities is influenced by processes operating at the individual host to landscape-level scale, but isolating the relative contributions of these processes is challenging. We developed theory to partition the influence of host species, habitat patches and landscape connectivity on pathogen persistence within metacommunities of hosts and pathogens. We used this framework to quantify the contributions of host species composition and habitat patch identity on the persistence of an amphibian pathogen across the landscape. By sampling over 11 000 hosts of six amphibian species, we found that a single host species could maintain the pathogen in 91% of observed metacommunities. Moreover, this dominant maintenance species contributed, on average, twice as much to landscape-level pathogen persistence compared to the most influential source patch in a metacommunity. Our analysis demonstrates substantial inequality in how species and patches contribute to pathogen persistence, with important implications for targeted disease management.
Minimum Cost Active Labeling.

Labeling a data set completely is important for groundtruth generation. In this paper, we consider the problem of minimum-cost labeling: classifying all images in a large data set with a target accuracy bound at minimum dollar cost. Human labeling can be prohibitive, so we train a classifier to accurately label part of the data set. However, training the classifier can be expensive too, particularly with active learning. Our min-cost labeling uses a variant of active learning to learn a model to predict the optimal training set size for the classifier that minimizes overall cost, then uses active learning to train the classifier to maximize the number of samples the classifier can correctly label. We validate our approach on well-known public data sets such as Fashion, CIFAR-10, and CIFAR-100. In some cases, our approach has 6X lower overall cost relative to human labeling, and is always cheaper than the cheapest active learning strategy.
Increasing Fatty Acid Oxidation Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Cardiomyopathy Through Regulating Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy.

Background: Increased fatty acid oxidation (FAO) has long been considered a culprit in the development of obesity/diabetes mellitus–induced cardiomyopathy. However, enhancing cardiac FAO by removin...
A lesson unlearned? Underestimating tree cover in drylands biases global restoration maps.

Two recent global maps of tree restoration potential have identified vast regions where tree cover could be increased, ranging from 0.9 to 2.3 billion hectares. Both maps, however, emphasized dryland regions, with arid biomes making up 36%-42% of potential restoration area. Dryland biomes have repeatedly been recognized as inappropriate regions for expanding tree cover due to the risks of biodiversity loss, water overconsumption, and fire, so maps that highlight these regions for restoration must sustain careful scrutiny. Here, I show that both recent attempts to map restoration potential in arid regions have been hindered by underlying errors in the global tree cover maps they used. Systematic underestimates of existing sparse tree cover led directly to large overestimates of the potential for tree recovery in drylands. The Atlas of Forest Landscape Restoration Opportunities (Laestadius et al., Unasylva, 2011, 62, 47) overestimated tree restoration potential across a third of arid biomes by between 7% and 20% (55-166 million hectares [Mha]). Similarly, Bastin, Finegold, Garcia, Mollicone, et al. (Science, 2019, 365, 76) overestimated tree restoration potential across all arid biomes by 33%-45% (316-440 Mha). These inaccuracies limit the utility of this research for policy decisions in drylands and overstate the potential for tree planting to address climate change. Given this long-standing but underappreciated challenge in mapping global tree cover, I propose various ways forward that keep this lesson in mind. To better monitor and restore tree cover, I call for re-interpretation and correction of existing global maps, and for a new focus on quantifying sparse tree cover in drylands and other systems.
Evaluating Environmental Interpretation with Mixed Method: A Case Study at the International Crane Foundation, Wisconsin:

A mixed method approach was used to evaluate effectiveness of environmental interpretation on visitors’ knowledge, environmental attitude, and pro-environmental behavioral intentions at the Interna...
HIV and Dyslipidemia

With the development of potent and effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), life expectancy for people with HIV (PWH) has increased to the point that HIV is now considered a chronic illness. People with HIV are at increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) compared to the general population due to multiple factors, including traditional risk factors as well as immune activation and chronic inflammation due to HIV infection itself. Dyslipidemia in HIV is an important comorbidity that contributes to increased ASCVD risk in PWH. Low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with elevated triglycerides (TG) is a common lipid pattern in PWH. Management of dyslipidemia requires close attention to important drug-drug interactions between antiretrovirals (ARV) and statins.
New Insights into the Molecular Profile of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Genomic alterations in penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) appear similar to squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck and esophagus but not lung, skin, bladder and cervix. PSCCs display genomic heterogeneity, low mutation burden and potentially actionable alterations in the Notch, DNA repair, kinase and cell cycle pathways.
Lip swelling with lymphangiectasia.

Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) presents with orofacial swelling, secondary to intra- and perilymphatic granuloma formation. Multiple etiologic associations have been proposed, but the pathogenesis remains unclear. One frequent association is Crohn's disease (CD) in pediatric patients. In this report, we present a case of an adult presenting with recurrent lip swelling, diagnosed with OFG, and later found to have severe CD in the absence of significant gastrointestinal symptoms.
The Effects of Emotional Intelligence on Communications and Relationships

Possession of interpersonal and intrapersonal competencies may explain why some managers are more successful than when their technical skills are not as superior or in fact may be at a lower level. It can also explain how some managers are able to develop better relationships and communicate more effectively with little effort or motivate others with relative ease. Emotional intelligence (EQ) is the ability to analyze and control your own emotions and behaviors to achieve a more positive interpersonal outcome at home and at work. EQ focuses on stress diffusion that eliminates emotional hijacking, personality profiling, self- esteem analysis and pro-active listening.
Operations on limb buds of avian embryos.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses operations on the limb buds of avian embryos. Intraembryonic operations involving avian species are used to investigate many problems in the field of vertebrate embryology. The early embryo of the bird floats on the upper surface of the yolk, which is held relatively motionless by the albuminous coats that envelop it. This fact enables investigators to carry out microsurgical procedures on the embryo by operating through a window in the shell of the egg. The coelom of the early embryo and its vascular chorioallantoic membrane, which appears later on, are particularly useful as culture sites for analyzing the morphogenetic potentials of putative organ-forming tissues. There are various methods by which investigators may gain access to an avian embryo to carry out experiments on it. The method chosen is determined by the objectives of the experiment. The fact that ectodermal and mesodermal components of the limb buds can be safely separated and recombined offers many possibilities for other experiments.
The Two‐Tiered Politics of Financial Reform in the United States

The literature on regulation has typically emphasized the ability of concentrated interest groups to secure the rules they prefer. One view argues that concentrated interests are consistently able to impose diffuse costs across large and unorganized interests. A second, largely compatible, view emphasizes the ability of powerful interest groups to mobilize expertise and to provide informational goods to politicians who adjust their legislative proposals accordingly. This paper shows that the Dodd‐Frank legislation for financial reregulation in 2010 departs from both versions of this now conventional wisdom. Instead, this paper shows that both political parties adopted what we call a two‐tier political strategy of (1) maintaining good relations with the established financial elite and (2) simultaneously responding to the demands of grass‐roots advocacy groups for more stringent regulation. As a result, Dodd‐Frank Act falls far short of a thorough‐going redesign of the regulatory landscape, but also amounted to considerably more than business as usual. While the Dodd‐Frank Act creates new regulatory instruments and powers that hold the potential for far‐reaching changes, most of the existing agencies and market participants remain intact. This pattern of two‐tier politics is evident through the four primary policy domains treated in the legislation: macroprudential regulation, consumer protection, reestablishment of the partition between deposit banking versus proprietary trading (the Volcker Rule), and the regulation of derivatives trading.
SOIL EROSION, INTERTEMPORAL PROFIT, AND THE SOIL CONSERVATION DECISION

the long run (Burt; Walker; Crosson and This study developed an intertemporal Stout). profit function to determine optimal conser- Walker introduced an erosion damage funcvation adoption strategies under alternative tion based on a crop yield, soil depth (Y-D scenarios with respect to crop prices, relative function. Walker compared the net benefits yields, discount rates, and other assumptions. from conservation practices adopted in year t Special emphasis was placed on determining and continuing in subsequent years with the from the analysis when the switchover from net benefits from using conventional (non-soilconventional to soil-conserving practices conserving) practices in year t and switching should take place. Technological change was to conservation practices in subsequent years. incorporated by allowing crop yields to vary ft f th u o c t t i y incorporated by allowing crop yields to vary Walker's analysis did not account for net beneover time. Our analysis thus provides a new, fits from the use of conventional tillage in years more precise measurement of the cumula- la t a of c tla for more precise measurement of the cumula- prior to t, nor did it permit the farmer to detive net benefit differential. The optimal pe- lay the adoption of conservation tillage for riod for switchover from conventional to soil- more than one year, even if a delay was ecoconserving practices was found to vary de- nomically justified. In determining when conpending on the assumptions made about corn servation practices should be implemented, an prices and discount rates. Empirical results analysis of net benefits may indicate that a were based on an erosion damage function delay adoption of more than one year is (EDF) for Western Kentucky corn production. warranted. Thus, the erosion damage function
From a Constitutional Right to a Policy of Exceptions: Abigail Alliance and the Future of Access to Experimental Therapy

Although there has been considerable attention to the plight of terminally ill patients with highly sympathetic constitutional and contractual claims that they should be permitted access to unapproved drugs, courts have been appropriately reluctant to grant such claims. Congress and administrative agencies have the requisite institutional competence to decide complex policy issues related to science and health care such as those involved in establishing an expanded access program. Congress and FDA should allow only limited access to unapproved therapies because there are significant concerns about the safety and efficacy of unapproved drugs. Moreover, many of the proposals to widen access may cause delays to the approval process and increased health care costs that are unlikely to be borne in our current climate. Accordingly, we propose limiting access outside of clinical trials, but expanding eligibility for clinical trials in order to ensure that people receive access in a controlled and systematic manner.
The Price of Village Democracy: Vote Buying and Village Elections in China

Local elections have been occurring in most villages for over a decade in rural China, and competitive elections are one of the key indicators of the democratic process. Indeed, competition is an important aspect of any democracy, and it increases the value of a villager's vote. So much so that, in some villages, a farmer's vote can be worth a small fortune. As village elections become more competitive, reports of voting buying are on the rise, and a number of journalists and academic researchers have condemned this growing practice in rural China. Accordingly, vote buying subverts democratic development and hinders democratization efforts. However, vote buying has a long history in well-established democracies such as the United States and Great Britain. Rather than a subverting democratization, vote buying may be just part of the process or the price of democracy. While policies and laws are needed to control vote buying in the long run, initially it may be a positive indicator that voting is an important and valuable process in rural China.
Top Ten Problems in Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries

Many research communities periodically and collectively deliberate about their most significant and challenging problems as a way to agree upon pressing questions and promising research directions. Identifying top-ten problems is a useful way to reflect on what a community has achieved and define a new research agenda for the future. This chapter introduces a set of such problems for research in visual interfaces of digital libraries in order to simulate studies in this area.
Crosstalk noise estimation using effective coupling capacitance

Crosstalk noise between signal wires has become a prominent source of failures in high-speed VLSI systems. This paper describes an accurate and efficient method to estimate the crosstalk noise caused by multiple aggressor nets. Traditionally, the noise injected by each individual aggressor net is computed while the coupling capacitances from the victim net to non-switching aggressor nets are grounded. This approach, however, can significantly underestimate the maximum noise voltage. We therefore propose a more accurate approach where the noise generated by an aggressor is calculated while each quiet aggressor is replaced with an effective load capacitor, the value of which is obtained by multiplying the coupling capacitance with a load factor. A formula is derived to calculate the load factor based on parameters of the aggressor, the coupling capacitance and the effective slew rate of the victim net. Using HSPICE simulation, we demonstrate that the proposed approach results in an average error of 1% and 3/spl sigma/ error of 9%, while the traditional approach that used grounded coupling capacitors consistently underestimates the actual noise voltage and has an average error of 9% and 3/spl sigma/ error of 42%. Based on the new reduction method, a crosstalk noise estimation flow is proposed and is shown to produce promising results.
Digitised Sky Surveys at the Space Telescope Science Institute

Space Telescope Science Institute (ST ScI) activity in the general area of ‘Digitised Optical Sky Surveys’ (DOSS) is directed, on the operational side, to supporting the use of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) by providing guide stars for pointing and calibrated images for observation-planning, and, on the scientific side, to applying the same resources to selected programs in community service and astrophysics.
G beta gamma binds directly to the G protein-gated K+ channel, IKACh.

The cardiac G protein-gated K+ channel, IKACh, is activated by application of purified and recombinant beta and gamma subunits (G beta gamma) of heterotrimeric G proteins to excised inside-out patches from atrial membranes (Logothetis, D. E., Kurachi, Y., Galper, J., Neer, E., and Clapham, D. E. (1987) Nature 325, 321-326; Wickman, K., Iniguez-Lluhi, J., Davenport, P., Taussig, R. A., Krapivinsky, G. B., Linder, M. E., Gilman, A., and Clapham, D.E. (1994) Nature 368, 255-257). Cardiac IKACh is composed of two inward rectifier K+ channel subunits, GIRK1 and CIR (Krapivinsky, G., Gordon, E., Wickman, K., Velimirovic, B., Krapivinsky, L., and Clapham, D. E. (1995) Nature 374, 135-141). We show that G beta gamma directly binds to immunoprecipitated cardiac IKACh as well as to recombinant CIR and GIRK1 subunits, with dissociation constants (Kd) of 55, 50, and 125 nM, respectively. In each case, binding appeared specific as judged by competition of unlabeled G beta gamma with radiolabeled G beta gamma and inhibition of binding by antigenic peptide or G alpha-GDP, but not G alpha-GTP gamma S (guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate). In contrast, G alpha (GTP gamma S- or GDP-bound) did not bind to the native channel. We conclude that G beta gamma binds directly and specifically to IKACh via interactions with both CIR and GIRK1 subunits to gate the channel.
Delivery of evidence-based treatment for multiple anxiety disorders in primary care: a randomized controlled trial.

{CI}, �3.59 to �1.40], �2.63 [95% CI, �3.73 to �1.54], and �1.63 [95% CI, �2.73 to �0.53] at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively). At 12 months, response and remission rates (CALM vs UC) were 63.66% (95% CI, 58.95%-68.37%) vs 44.68% (95% CI, 39.76%-49.59%), and 51.49% (95% CI, 46.60%-56.38%) vs 33.28% (95% CI, 28.62%-37.93%), with a number needed to treat of 5.27 (95% CI, 4.18-7.13) for response and 5.50 (95% CI, 4.32-7.55) for remission. Conclusion For patients with anxiety disorders treated in primary care clinics, CALM compared with UC resulted in greater improvement in anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, functional disability, and quality of care during 18 months of follow-up.
The effect of light intensity on the circadian rhythms of eclosion in Drosophila pseudoobscura

1. The circadian system in Drosophila pseudoobscura responds to a non-recurrent change in light intensity in the same manner as to transitions from light to darkness or from darkness to light. 2. This simulation of the light “on” effect and light “off” effect by light intensities is more efficient when the ratio between the acclimation light intensity and the subsequent test light intensity is higher. 3. The rhythms initiated by the onset of light and continuing in it tend to wane after three or four cycles. Rhythms initiated by onset of darkness and free running in it are persistent over longer periods and better synchronized. In both cases, however, the system undergoes a transient of one cycle in duration. 4. The implications of these observations in the context of earlier work by other authors is discussed.
A sequential double-label 2-deoxyglucose method for measuring regional cerebral metabolism.

A radiographic technique involving the use of 2-deoxyglucose (DG) has recently been introduced for the study of regional cerebral metabolism v. Its usefulness is based on the metabolic properties of DG, which bear both striking resemblances and differences to that of the natural substrate, o-glucose. Like D-glucose, DG is transported from the blood into brain cells and is phosphorylated by hexokinase. Unlike glucose6-phosphate (G-6-P), DG-6-P is, however, not a substrate for further metabolism, since the absence of an hydroxyl group in the 2 position precludes further glycclysis via phosphohexoseisomerase or oxidative metabolism via G-6-P dehydrogenase. Labeled DG-6-P is only slowly broken down and is thus metabolically trapped intracellularly, representing a time trace of glucose utilization during the period of active uptake of radiolabeled DG from the blood. In practice, an animal is injected with a tracer (subpharmacological) dose of [14C]DG while being subjected to an experimental variable. The brain is rapidly removed 30-60 rain later and frozen. Cryosections of brain, 20/~m thick, are quickly dried on glass slides to minimize diffusion of the [14C]DG-6-P. Contact radioautographs made of these sections with X-ray film possess sufficient resolution tc distinguish major brain structures. For example, gray matter is clearly recognizable, on the basis of its greater uptake of the precursor than white matter. If one eye of a rat is covered while the opposite eye is exposed to a light stimulus during the period of active uptake of labeled DG in the blood, the resultant radioautographs reveal an obvious asymmetry with increased grain density over the structures of the contralateral optic radiation s. Sokoloff et al. 1~ have derived an equation by which the optical density of a selected radioautographic region can be related to the rate of glucose utilization. The method requires measurement of blood levels of DG and D-glucose during the period of incorporation, and the use of three rate constants, established for each experimental condition. The validity of the calculations and assumptions has been supported by independent measurements of brain metabolism 13. Even without quantification, the technique has already enjoyed considerable success as a qualitative tool, the radioautographs often demonstrating striking alterations in regional glucose utilization as a result of differences in the functional state of the various brain areas, including olfactory 12, visual s, tactile 3,6 and auditory stimulation ~4.
CO2 Recovery of Heavy Oil: Wilmington Field Test

Champlin Petroleum Co.'s pilot test of the CO/sub 2/ immiscible-drive oil recovery process has been in continuous operation for 50 months in the Wilmington field, Tar zone, Fault Block III Unit reservoir. First CO/sub 2/ injection was in March 1981. The pilot, containing 1,700 acre-ft (2.1 x 10/sup 6/ m/sup 3/) includes four injection wells and three producers. The reservoir is an unconsolidated sandstone at 2,500 ft (762 m) that contained 920 bbl/acre-ft (0.12 m/sup 3//m/sup 3/) of 14/sup 0/API (0.97-g/cm/sup 3/) crude oil at the start of the CO/sub 2/ pilot. This is the first test of immiscible CO/sub 2/ tertiary oil recovery in a late-life waterflood reservoir. Cumulative water injection before start of the CO/sub 2/ pilot was three PV's. Through May 1, 1985, 2.1 Bcf (60 x 10/sup 6/ m/sup 3/) of produced and purchased CO/sub 2/ had been injected intermittently with water. Cumulative purchased CO/sub 2/ through May 1, 1985, was 1.5 Bcf (42.5 x 10/sup 6/ m/sup 3/). Each of the three producing wells has shown stimulated oil response with production rates increasing an average of seven-fold. One producing well, converted from a former water-injection well, produced 100% water for 5 months after first CO/submore » 2/ injection. The well has since steadily increased in production to over 40 B/D (6.4 m/sup 3//d) of oil. All produced oil is considered incremental oil since the pre-CO/sub 2/-flood oil rates were essentially at the economic limit and the wells would soon have been plugged and abandoned.« less
Microsurgery in clinical urology.

Abstract Microsurgery is not a new tool to the urologist. Transurethral resection is probably the most challenging type of microsurgery, and we do it daily. The manipulations of microvascular dissections and anastomoses may be more intricate, but the basic concept of performing delicate procedures while looking down a tube is “old hat” to us. The new techniques discussed here may extend the range of operative solutions to difficult clinical problems in urology perhaps as transurethral resection did in the thirties and forties.
Exploring the relationships among humility, negative interaction in the church, and depressed affect

Objective: The purpose of this study is to test three hypotheses involving humility. The first hypothesis specifies that people who are more deeply involved in religion will be more humble than individuals who are not as involved in religion. The second hypothesis predicts that humility will offset the effects of negative interaction in the church on depressed affect scores. The third hypothesis specifies that there will be a positive relationship between age and humility.Methods: The data come from the Religion, Aging, and Health Survey, a nationwide survey of middle-aged and older Christians who attend church on a regular basis (N = 1154).Results: The findings suggest that people who are more committed to their faith tend to be more humble. The results also reveal that negative interaction in the church is greater for people with lower humility scores than individuals with higher humility scores. In contrast, the data indicate that older adults are not more humble than middle-aged people.Conclusions: Th...
Coronary Arterial Disease and Arrhythmias in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

1 Anderson CB, Roper C L , Ferguson T B : Management of pleural effusions. In Stoll BA ( e d ) : Breast Cancer Management Early and Late. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, 1977, p 178 2 Wallach H W : Intrapleural tetracycline for malignant pleural effusions. Chest, 6 8 : 5 1 0 5 1 2 , 1975 3 Rubinson RM, Bolooki H : Intrapleural tetracycline for control of malignant pleural effusions. South Med J 6 5 : 8 4 7 849, 1972 4 Sahn SA, Good J T Jr, Potts D E : The pH of sclerosing agents: A determinant of pleural symphysis. Chest, to be published
High-Resolution Measurements of HBr Transitions in the First Overtone Band Using Tunable Diode Lasers.

Abstract High-resolution absorption lineshapes of the R (7) and P (2) transitions in the first overtone ( v = 0–2) band of H 79 Br have been recorded at room temperature using a pair of distributed feedback diode lasers operating near 1.95 and 2.00 μm, respectively. Spectral line intensities and self-broadening coefficients were determined by fitting the measured spectra (for various pressures P = 10–100 Torr) with Voigt profiles and compared with values in the literature. Measured line intensities for the P (2) and R (7) transitions are ∼11 and 16% higher than those listed in the HITRAN database, respectively. The measured self-broadening coefficient of the P (2) transition is ∼14% lower than the value listed in HITRAN. Measurements of the P (2) lineshapes at low pressure (100 mTorr) were modeled with eight-line Gaussian profiles based on ground state ( v = 0) hyperfine constants to include the effects of nuclear electric quadrupole interactions.
An Improved Van De Graaff Belt Charge Regulator

New belt charge regulators have been installed on the CN and EN Van de Graaff accelerators at ORNL which allow considerably more flexible control of the belt charging current than did the original circuits. Aside from the series regulator tube all components are now solid state. Control of the series regulator (at high voltage) is achieved through optical coupling.
Using the Amazon Mechanical Turk for transcription of spoken language

We investigate whether Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) service can be used as a reliable method for transcription of spoken language data. Utterances with varying speaker demographics (native and non-native English, male and female) were posted on the MTurk marketplace together with standard transcription guidelines. Transcriptions were compared against transcriptions carefully prepared in-house through conventional (manual) means. We found that transcriptions from MTurk workers were generally quite accurate. Further, when transcripts for the same utterance produced by multiple workers were combined using the ROVER voting scheme, the accuracy of the combined transcript rivaled that observed for conventional transcription methods. We also found that accuracy is not particularly sensitive to payment amount, implying that high quality results can be obtained at a fraction of the cost and turnaround time of conventional methods.
Three-dimensional ground-penetrating radar imaging using multifrequency diffraction tomography

In this paper we present results from a three-dimensional image reconstruction algorithm for impulse radar operating in monostatic pulse-echo mode. The application of interest to us is the nondestructive evaluation of civil structures such as bridge decks. We use a multi-frequency diffraction tomography imaging technique in which coherent backward propagations of the received reflected wavefield form a spatial image of the scattering interfaces within the region of interest. This imaging technique provides high-resolution range and azimuthal visualization of the subsurface region. We incorporate the ability to image in planarly layered conductive media and apply the algorithm to experimental data from an offset radar system in which the radar antenna is not directly coupled to the surface of the region. We present a rendering in three-dimensions of the resulting image data which provides high-detail visualization.
Global secure sets of grid-like graphs

Let G=(V,E) be a graph and [email protected]?V. The set S is a secure set if @[email protected]?S,|N[X]@?S|>=|N[X]-S|, and S is a global secure set if S is a secure set and a dominating set. The cardinality of a minimum global secure set of G is the global security number of G, denoted @c"s(G). The sets studied in this paper are different from secure dominating sets studied in Cockayne et al. (2003) [3], Grobler and Mynhardt (2009) [8], or Klostermeyer and Mynhardt (2008) [13], which are also denoted by @c"s. In this paper, we provide results on the global security numbers of paths, cycles and their Cartesian products.
Cthrc1, a novel circulating hormone regulating metabolism.

Background We discovered the gene Collagen Triple Helix Repeat Containing 1 (Cthrc1) and reported its developmental expression and induction in adventitial cells of injured arteries and dermal cells of skin wounds. The role of Cthrc1 in normal adult tissues has not yet been determined.
Aripiprazole for the treatment of irritability associated with autism

Introduction: Irritability (including tantrums, aggression and moodiness) is often associated with autistic disorder. Children with autism are frequently prescribed atypical antipsychotic medications for these behaviors. Although multiple agents have been found to be effective, the safety and tolerability of each antipsychotic may be the determining factor in its selection. Areas covered: The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and efficacy data on aripiprazole for the treatment of irritability associated with autism are discussed. Knowledge of the mechanism of action, advantages and disadvantages relative to other atypical antipsychotics, and an appreciation of the efficacy of aripiprazole when used to treat irritability in autism is also explored in this paper. Expert opinion: Aripiprazole may have a more favorable side-effect profile than another commonly prescribed medication, risperidone, because of its unique mechanism of action. It seems to be effective in treating irritability associated wi...
Occlusion effect: Bone Conduction speech audiometry using forehead and mastoid placement

The occlusion effect (OE) was determined for bone conduction speech reception thresholds (SRTs) in 24 normally hearing subjects using forehead and mastoid placement. Results indicated that the OE w...
A Comparison of Non-Linear and Linear Models for Describing Gallery Length Distribution of Dendroctonus frontalis Attacking Shortleaf Pine

Non-linear and linear models were compared to determine how well they described the within-tree distribution of egg gallery constructed by the southern pine beetle attacking short leaf pine. The model which resulted in the best description, i.e., smallest root mean squared error and highest R2, was y = a + bx + cx2 + d1 IBTm + d2R + d3A, where y is the gallery length per 100 cm2, x is the height of infestation, IBTm is the innerbark thickness at mid-bole, R is the ratio of infested bole length to tree height and A is representative of infested area computed by multiplying infested bole length by diam at breast height.
Nucleated Red Blood Cells in Congestive Heart Failure

Five patients with congestive heart failure who had peripheral nucleated red cells are reported and the literature is reviewed. We believe that bone marrow anoxia is the cause for the premature or abnormal release of nucleated red cells in congestive heart failure. The presence of nucleated red cells in the peripheral blood of patients with congestive heart failure is suggestive of a poor prognosis.
Factors that affect juvenile emergence in Gammarus palustris (Bousfield, 1969)

Abstract In the laboratory, hatched juveniles of the amphipod Gammarus palustris (Bousfield, 1969) emerged from the female's brood pouch at increased rates when the mother was pipetted, fed on mussel meat, or was immersed after a period of exposure to the air. Because juveniles emerged unaided from females feeding on mussel meat, its presence appeared to stimulate the juveniles to emerge. G. palustris is typically found at the high tide mark in the intertidal zone during the reproductive season. Females experience factors similar to those tested in the laboratory only when covered by water; when the tide is out they lie quiescent under rocks and debris. It is hypothesized that in the field juveniles emerge at the greatest rate at the beginning of an incoming tide.
Theoretical Generality, Case Particularity: Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Trade Union Growth and Decline1

This papers makes three points and offers one demonstration. First, the selection of cases in comparative research ideally should capture all of the variation that exists in a theorized population of interest, and not be based merely on data convenience, the presence or absence of the instance under analysis, or assumptions about causal invariance or the representativeness of cases. Second, partly due to flawed case-selection criteria and partly due to overly generous or overly restrictive logic used in determining causality, neither traditional "small-N" qualitative designs nor conventional "large-N" quantitative research designs are optimal for many comparative problems. Third, a relatively new causal comparative methodology based on a data reduction logic rooted in Boolean algebra-Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)-appears of substantial utility in those research sites with relatively large number of cases, causal heterogeneity, and the expectation of delimited theoretical generalizations. These points are then demonstrated through a QCA analysis of comparative patterns of growth and decline of trade union membership across the 18 largest, politically stable capitalist democracies in the 1970s and 1980s.
Tapulator: a non-visual calculator using natural prefix-free codes

A new non-visual method of numeric entry into a smartphone is designed, implemented, and tested. Users tap the smartphone screen with one to three fingers or swipe the screen in order to enter numbers. No buttons are used--only simple, easy-to-remember gestures. A preliminary valuation with sighted users compares the method to a standard accessible numeric keyboard with a VoiceOver-like screen reader interface for non-visual entry. We found that users entered numbers faster and with higher accuracy with our number entry method than with a VoiceOver-like interface, showing there is potential for use among blind people as well. The Tapulator, a complete calculator based on this non-visual numeric entry that uses simple gestures for arithmetic operations and other calculator actions is described.