cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SYSTEM FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE STEP RESPONSE OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES ON THE PICOSECOND TIME SCALE

We have built a system capable of measuring the step response of III-V electronic devices on the picosecond time scale, with no alteration in device design or epitaxy. To switch on the device under test (DUT), we have designed and fabricated a new type of photoconductor, the recessed-ohmic photoconductor, which swings 0.45 V with a 2-ps rise time and maintains constant output voltage for 100 ps. This switch is monolithically integrated with the DUT. To measure the output current of the DUT, we have built a Ti:sapphire-laser-based pump-probe direct electro-optic sampling system that has a minimum detectable voltage of 70 microV/ radicalHz and a measurement bandwidth of 750 GHz. The overall system, comprised of the recessed ohmic photoconductor and the electro-optic sampling system, can be used to measure the step response of III-V electronic devices on the picosecond time scale.
Suppressing the Electromagnetic Scattering With an Helical Mantle Cloak

Following our recent findings on achieving invisibility and transparency using low-profile mantle cloaks, we propose a practical implementation of an RF cloak made of a simple metallic helical sheath, whose anisotropic surface impedance can provide scattering cancellation for dielectric cylinders over a moderately broad bandwidth. By properly selecting the pitch angle of the con- ducting helix, the effective surface reactance is tailored to drastically suppress the scattering from a dielectric infinite cylinder. This simple but effective surface cloaking technique may be of particular interest to low observability and camouflaging, noninvasive probing, and low-interference communications.
STRUCTURE AND BINDING OF NEUTRAL AND CHARGED SINH2O (N = 1, 2, 7) CLUSTERS

The interaction of a water molecule with Si, Si2, and Si7 clusters is studied using local-spin-density (LSD) functional theory, with and without exchange-correlation gradient corrections. Water binds to a Si atom in a triplet state, with a binding energy of 0.704 eV, while it does not bind stably to Si2, forming a metastable singlet state Si−Si−OH2 cluster, whose dissociation into Si2 + H2O involves a barrier. Water binds weakly to Si7. Binding in the ionized species is much stronger. In all cases binding is through formation of a Si−O bond, with a partial donation of charge from the oxygen, accompanied by the development of a large dipole moment.
Self-consistent phonon treatment of second-order displacive ferroelectric

The high-temperature Curie-Weiss law of electric susceptibilityχ can be explained by quartic interactions between ak∼ 0 optic mode, whose normal mode co-ordinateq 0 is proportional to the polarization, and acoustic vibrations of the lattice. These interactions will either stabilize q0 at low temperature, preventing a ferroelectric transition, or else such a transition will occur. To obtain coexisting paraelectric and ferroelectric phases at 0 °K, with distinctχ vs.T curves for each phase as observed bySaifi andCross in SrTiO3, one must invoke anharmonic interactions between q0 and low-lying, temperature-dependent optic modes. These interactions are treated by the self consistent phonon method, which introduces an effective harmonic HamiltonianH h and calculates the Helmholtz functionF to first order inH-Hh. The approximation is optimized by minimizingF with respect to the renormalized optical mode frequencies appearing inH h, for which a system of integral equations is obtained by the minimization procedure. The condition that there are enough low-lying optic modes to produce coexisting phases leads to a prediction of weak optic dispersion at 0 °K. Under these circumstances, the self-consistent phonon equations can be approximated by a pair of coupled cubic equations. From the solution of these, we conclude thatF has three minima at 0 °K in SrTiO3, corresponding to paraelectric and two oppositely polarized ferroelectric states. 180° domain walls must be few in number and immobile under a field, except in the presence of a high dislocation concentration.
Computed-Tomography-Based Finite-Element Models of Long Bones Can Accurately Capture Strain Response to Bending and Torsion

Finite element (FE) models of long bones constructed from computed-tomography (CT) data are emerging as an invaluable tool in the field of bone biomechanics. However, the performance of such FE models is highly dependent on the accurate capture of geometry and appropriate assignment of material properties. In this study, a combined numerical–experimental study is performed comparing FE-predicted surface strains with strain-gauge measurements. Thirty-six major, cadaveric, long bones (humerus, radius, femur and tibia), which cover a wide range of bone sizes, were tested under three-point bending and torsion. The FE models were constructed from trans-axial volumetric CT scans, and the segmented bone images were corrected for partial-volume effects. The material properties (Young’s modulus for cortex, density–modulus relationship for trabecular bone and Poisson’s ratio) were calibrated by minimizing the error between experiments and simulations among all bones. The R2 values of the measured strains versus load under three-point bending and torsion were 0.96–0.99 and 0.61–0.99, respectively, for all bones in our dataset. The errors of the calculated FE strains in comparison to those measured using strain gauges in the mechanical tests ranged from −6% to 7% under bending and from −37% to 19% under torsion. The observation of comparatively low errors and high correlations between the FE-predicted strains and the experimental strains, across the various types of bones and loading conditions (bending and torsion), validates our approach to bone segmentation and our choice of material properties.
Ultradian rhythms in hand-mouth behavior of the rhesus monkey

Abstract Six laboratory rhesus monkeys were observed for a total of 270 hours. By scoring time-lapse videotapes, three mouth-related behaviors were measured: non-ingestive hand-mouth activity, feeding, and drinking. Statistical spectral analyses showed highly significant ultradian rhythms in these behaviors at frequencies of 12 to 24 cycles per day (peak activity every 60 to 120 min). Both non-alimentary and alimentary mouth-related activities were rhythmic. This experiment documents endogenous rhythms in oral behavior in a nonhuman primate and confirms previous reports of such rhythms in man and other primates.
Multivariate Intrinsic Random Functions for Cokriging

In multivariate geostatistics, suppose that we relax the usual second-order-stationarity assumptions and assume that the component processes are intrinsic random functions of general orders. In this article, we introduce a generalized cross-covariance function to describe the spatial cross-dependencies in multivariate intrinsic random functions. A nonparametric method is then proposed for its estimation. Based on this class of generalized cross-covariance functions, we give cokriging equations for multivariate intrinsic random functions in the presence of measurement error. A simulation is presented that demonstrates the accuracy of the proposed nonparametric estimation method. Finally, an application is given to a dataset of plutonium and americium concentrations collected from a region of the Nevada Test Site used for atomic-bomb testing.
3D imaging studies of rigid-fiber sedimentation

Fibers are industrially important particles that experience coupling between rotational and translational motion during sedimentation. This leads to helical trajectories that have yet to be accurately predicted or measured. Sedimentation experiments and hydrodynamic analysis were performed on 11 copper "fibers" of average length 10.3 mm and diameter 0.20 mm. Each fiber contained three linear but non-coplanar segments. Fiber dimensions were measured by imaging their 2D projections on three planes. The fibers were sequentially released into silicone oil contained in a transparent cylinder of square cross section. Identical, synchronized cameras were mounted to a moveable platform and imaged the cylinder from orthogonal directions. The cameras were fixed in position during the time that a fiber remained in the field of view. Subsequently, the cameras were controllably moved to the next lower field of view. The trajectories of descending fibers were followed over distances up to 250 mm. Custom software was written to extract fiber orientation and trajectory from the 3D images. Fibers with similar terminal velocity often had significantly different terminal angular velocities. Both were well-predicted by theory. The radius of the helical trajectory was hard to predict when angular velocity was high, probably reflecting uncertainties in fiber shape, initial velocity, and fluid conditions associated with launch. Nevertheless, lateral excursion of fibers during sedimentation was reasonably predicted by fiber curl and asymmetry, suggesting the possibility of sorting fibers according to their shape.
Control of discrete bimanual movements: How each hand benefits from the other

Abstract Lateralized sensorimotor hand functions are often investigated separately or sequentially for each hand, e.g., in matching tasks, but rarely under more ecological circumstances where both hands move simultaneously. Using a novel bimanual paradigm in 21 young, healthy participants, this study addresses how postulated lateralized control processes of one hand influence control of the other hand across modalities. More specifically, in this paradigm one hand operates under visuomotor conditions, while the other hand receives no visual feedback and operates predominantly under kinesthetic control. Performance of the hand that does not receive visual feedback is compared between when moving alone (unimanual condition) and when moving together with the contralateral visually controlled hand (bimanual condition). Results suggest that during concurrent bimanual movements the ‘invisible’ hand benefits from specific control proficiencies of the ‘visible’ hand, indicating crossmodal and interhemispheric sharing of information that complements each hand's own strengths. These findings lend further support to a more differentiated view of functional lateralization of handedness.
Rigorous study of the gap equation for an inhomogeneous superconducting state near T c

A rigorous analytic study of the self-consistent gap equation (symobolically $\ensuremath{\Delta}={\mathcal{F}}_{T}[\ensuremath{\Delta}]$), for an inhomogeneous superconducting state, is presented in the Bogoliubov formulation. The gap function $\ensuremath{\Delta}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}})$ is taken to simulate a planar normal-superconducting phase boundary: $\ensuremath{\Delta}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}})={\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}tanh(\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}z}{{v}_{F}})\ensuremath{\bigominus}(z)$, where ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}(T)$ is the equilibrium gap, ${v}_{F}$ is the Fermi velocity, and $\ensuremath{\bigominus}(z)$ is a unit step function. First a special space integral of the gap equation $\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{\int}{0+}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}({\mathcal{F}}_{T}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta})(\frac{d\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\mathrm{dz}})dz$ is evaluated essentially exactly, except for a nonperturbative WKBJ approximation used in solving the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations. It is then expanded near the transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ in power of ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}\ensuremath{\propto}{(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{T}{{T}_{c}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$, demonstrating an exact cancellation of a subseries of "anomalous-order" terms. The leading surviving term is found to agree in order, but not in magnitude, with the Ginzburg-Landau-Gor'kov (GLG) approximation. The discrepancy is found to be linked to the slope discontinuity in our chosen $\ensuremath{\Delta}$. A contour-integral technique in a complex-energy plane is then devised to evaluate the local value of ${\mathcal{F}}_{T}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}$ exactly. Our result reveals that near ${T}_{c}$ this method can reproduce the GLG result essentially everywhere, except within a BCS coherence length [not $\ensuremath{\xi}(T)$!] from a singularity in $\ensuremath{\Delta}$, where ${\mathcal{F}}_{T}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Delta}$ can have a singular contribution with an "anomalous" local magnitude, not expected from the GLG approach. This anomalous term precisely accounts for the discrepancy found in the special integral of the gap equation as mentioned above, and likely explains the ultimate origin of the anomalous terms found in the free energy of an isolated vortex line by Cleary.
Helping Occupational Therapy Students and Faculty Develop Cultural Competence

SUMMARYGiven the need for health professionals, including occupational therapists, to be able to work with individuals and populations from a variety of cultures, this paper describes a qualitative study in which faculty and students from an occupational therapy program have been immersed in a community-built program serving African American, elderly citizens. Cultural competency and its measurement are addressed and used to assess positive results from the study.
Nitroguanidines induce bud break and change sterol content in apple

Bud break in apple (Malus domestica Borkh cv. Golden Delicious) was induced by 1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-nitroguanidine or 1-(α-ethylbenzyl)-3-nitroguanidine. The optimum dose was 1000 μM. An increase in bud fresh weight, dry weight, and length was more prominent in buds treated with 1-(α-ethylbenzyl)-3-nitroguanidine than in those treated with 1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-nitroguanidine. The sterol compositional changes during bud break induced by 1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-nitroguanidine were similar to those induced by 1-(α-ethylbenzyl)-3-nitroguanidine. β-Sitosterol and sitosteryl ester were the predominant sterols. The amounts of these sterols increased immediately after dormancy was broken and then declined. A decrease in the percentage of the sitosterol and sitosteryl ester was accompanied by an increase in campesterol and stigmasterol at the beginning of rapid growth. A decrease in the ratio of free sterols to phospholipids and an increase in the ratio of campesterol + stigmasterol to sitosterol upon breaking dormancy occurred in apple buds induced by 1-(3,5,-dichlorophenyl)-3-nitroguanidine or 1-(α-ethylbenzyl)-3-nitroguanidine. 1-(m-Methoxybenzyl)-3-nitroguanidine did not affect breaking of apple bud dormancy and also had no effect on changes in sterol content. The sterols in apple buds were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Signature of cloud-base-height skewness in ARM microwave water radiometer data: implications for cloud radiative parameterizations in GCMs

The statistics of ground-based retrievals of cloud liquid water path using the microwave water radiometer (MWR) are typically assumed to be independent of the cloud's absolute position in the column. Furthermore, translational invariance implies statistical parity, i.e. invariance under reflection, of cloud-base height (zbot) and cloud-top height distributions. This symmetry is necessarily broken, especially under conditions of high boundary-layer relative humidity for which a minimum large-scale lifting condensation level leads to the generation of a significant positive skewness in the distribution function of zbot. We suggest that the signature of this boundary effect is visible in ARM MWR time-series collected at the TWP site. Motivated by the MWR analysis, we incorporate a minimum lifting condensation level into the analytic model of unresolved low-cloud optical variability developed by Jeffery & Austin (J. Atmos. Sci., to appear). Preliminary results indicate that the effect of cloud-base height skewness on mean oceanic low-cloud reflectivity averaged over GCM spatial scales (order 100 km) is significant.
Rootstock influence on «Delicious» and «Golden Delicious» apple fruit quality at harvest and after storage

Abstract The influence of 9 rootstocks (M2, M7, M25, M26, MM104, MM106, MM109, MM111 and seedling) on fruit quality at harvest and after storage of ‘Wellspur Delicious’ (WS) and ‘Goldspur’ (GS), and of 3 rootstocks (M7, M26 and MM106) on fruit quality of ‘Red King Delicious’ (RK) and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) was evaluated during a 4-year period. Fruits from trees on M26 were larger, developed earlier color and soluble solids (SS), and maintained higher levels of acidity (at harvest and during storage) in comparison with other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on M2 tended to have high SS. Fruit color from trees on MM104, MM106 and MM109 tended to be comparatively poor. There were significant rootstock effects on SS, starch, acidity, color, circumference, weight and box size.
Resonance raman spectroscopic characterization of the heme coordination and spin state in the alkaline form of horseradis peroxidase

Abstract Resonance Raman spectra of the alkaline forms of horseradish peroxidase isoenzymes are indicative of six-coordinate low-spin hemes. Comparisons are made with resonance Raman spectra of horseradish peroxidase Compounds II and X. The v4 porphyrin frequencies of the Fe(IV) derivatives, that are used as oxidation state marker bands, have been found to be not significantly higher than those of the low-spin Fe(III) hemes of the alkaline forms.
Colours associated to nonsimply-laced Lie algebras and exact /S-matrices

A new set of exact scattering matrices in 1+1 dimensions is proposed by solving the bootstrap equations. Extending earlier constructions of colour valued scattering matrices this new set has its colour structure associated to nonsimply-laced Lie algebras. This in particular leads to a coupling of different affine Toda models whose fusing structure has to be matched in a suitable manner. The definition of the new S-matrices is motivated by the semiclassical particle spectrum of the nonsimply-laced Homogeneous Sine–Gordon (HSG) models, which are integrable perturbations of WZNW cosets. In particular, the S-matrices of the simply-laced HSG models are recovered as a special case.
The origin of magnetic field dependent recombination in alkylcobalamin radical pairs.

Magnetic field effect studies of alkylcobalamin photolysis provide evidence for the formation of a reactive radical pair that is born in the singlet spin state. The radical pair recombination process that is responsible for the magnetic field dependence of the continuous-wave (CW) quantum yield is limited to the diffusive radical pair. Although the geminate radical pair of adenosylcob(III)alamin also undergoes magnetic field dependent recombination (A. M. Chagovetz and C. B. Grissom, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 12152–12157, 1993), this process does not account for the magnetic field dependence of the CW quantum yield that is only observed in viscous solvents. Glycerol and ethylene glycol increase the microviscosity of the solution and thereby increase the lifetime of the spin-correlated diffusive radical pair. This enables magnetic field dependent recombination among spin-correlated diffusive radical pairs in the solvent cage. Magnetic field dependent recombination is not observed in the presence of nonviscosigenic alcohols such as isopropanol, thereby indicating the importance of the increased microviscosity of the medium. Paramagnetic radical scavengers that trap alkyl radicals that escape the solvent cage do not diminish the magnetic field effect on the CW quantum yield, thereby ruling out radical pair recombination among randomly diffusing radical pairs, as well as excluding the involvement of solvent-derived radicals. Magnetic field dependent recombination among alkylcobalamin radical pairs has been simulated by a semiclassical model of radical pair dynamics and recombination. These calculations support the existence of a singlet radical pair precursor.
Interferon-mediated block in cell cycle and altered integrin expression in a differentiated salivary gland cell line (HSG) cultured on Matrigel.

Sjogren's syndrome (SS), an idiopathic, autoimmune exocrinopathy, is partly characterized by diminished salivary flow, acinar cell atrophy, and increased expression of several cytokines. Several in...
High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue in breast cancer

Background Because metastatic breast cancer is a lethal disease despite some responsiveness to systemic chemotherapy, high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue is being utilized with increasing frequency. This analysis was undertaken to determine the outcome for such patients treated with intensive chemotherapy between 1989–1994, at the Hoag Cancer Center in Newport Beach, CA.
Early criticism of the symbolical approach to algebra

Abstract For a long time, historians have believed that in the 1830s Sir William Rowan Hamilton was a lone critic of symbolical algebra. Using published and unpublished documents, this article shows that symbolical algebra was a considerably controversial subject among British mathematicians of the 1830s and 1840s. Special attention is paid to William Frend's and Osborne Reynolds' criticism of symbolical algebra. The article ends with a brief discussion of reservations concerning symbolical algebra expressed by Augustus De Morgan, William Whewell, and Philip Kelland.
The PXR crystal structure: the end of the beginning.

Abstract The pregnane X receptor (PXR) has a key role in the regulation of both drug metabolism and drug efflux by activating the expression of genes encoding cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug efflux transporters, respectively. Thus, coadministration of a PXR ligand and drugs handled by such enzymes or transporters leads to drug interactions. The need to identify drugs in development with the least potential to cause adverse drug interactions has led to the recent solving of the crystal structure of the human PXR ligand binding domain.
Testing multiple hypotheses through IMP weighted FDR based on a genetic functional network with application to a new zebrafish transcriptome study

In genome-wide studies, hundreds of thousands of hypothesis tests are performed simultaneously. Bonferroni correction and False Discovery Rate (FDR) can effectively control type I error but often yield a high false negative rate. We aim to develop a more powerful method to detect differentially expressed genes. We present a Weighted False Discovery Rate (WFDR) method that incorporate biological knowledge from genetic networks. We first identify weights using Integrative Multi-species Prediction (IMP) and then apply the weights in WFDR to identify differentially expressed genes through an IMP-WFDR algorithm. We performed a gene expression experiment to identify zebrafish genes that change expression in the presence of arsenic during a systemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Zebrafish were exposed to arsenic at 10 parts per billion and/or infected with P. aeruginosa. Appropriate controls were included. We then applied IMP-WFDR during the analysis of differentially expressed genes. We compared the mRNA expression for each group and found over 200 differentially expressed genes and several enriched pathways including defense response pathways, arsenic response pathways, and the Notch signaling pathway.
Colchicine inhibits phosphatidylinositol turnover induced in lymphocytes by concavalin A

RECENTLY colchicine has been shown to affect various membrane properties such as the lateral mobility of receptors and other surface membrane markers and the agglutination of different cell types. Many of the described phenomena also involve concanavalin A (con A); for example, phagocytosis by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) leads to a selective depletion of con A binding sites which is prevented by colchicine1, con A inhibition of lymphocyte immunoglobulin receptor capping is reversed by colchicine2–4 and con A-induced aggregation of PMNs, fibroblasts and hepatoma cells is inhibited by colchicine5–7. In addition to these effects on membrane properties, colchicine also has been shown to inhibit con A-induced lymphocyte transformation at an early stage in the sequence of events leading to thymidine incorporation and blast transformation8,9. These various considerations led us to determine if colchicine could alter phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover in lymphocytes since it is known that increased PI turnover is an early event induced by con A and other mitogenic lectins10–12.
TRYPTOPHAN FLUORESCENCE SHIFTS IN PROTEINS FROM HYBRID SIMULATIONS: AN ELECTROSTATIC APPROACH

We present hybrid quantum chemical−molecular dynamics computations on 15 partially hydrated proteins that support the view that the fluorescence wavelength maximum of a tryptophan (Trp) in a protein is determined almost entirely by the local electric field projection along the long axis of the indole ring, that is to say, an internal Stark effect. The response is 1.3 × 106 V cm-1/nm, with a shift to longer wavelength when the field forces electrons from the pyrrole to the benzene ring. Of 20 Trps simulated, representing a range of exposure to solvent, 15 are predicted within 10 nm of the experimental value. The findings should greatly aid the important task of finding effective methods for computing electrostatic fields and potentials within proteins.
Convex/stochastic programming and multilocation inventory problems

This paper examines a convex programming problem that arises in several contexts. In particular, the formulation was motivated by a generalization of the stochastic multilocation problem of inventory theory. The formulation also subsumes some “active” models of stochastic programming. A qualititative analysis of the problem is presented and it is shown that optimal policies have a certain geometric form. Properties of the optimal policy and of the optimal value function are described.
Clinical Impact Upon Wound Healing and Inflammation in Moist, Wet, and Dry Environments

Significance: Successful treatment of wounds relies on precise control and continuous monitoring of the wound-healing process. Wet or moist treatment of wounds has been shown to promote re-epithelialization and result in reduced scar formation, as compared to treatment in a dry environment. Recent Advances: By treating wounds in a controlled wet environment, delivery of antimicrobials, analgesics, other bioactive molecules such as growth factors, as well as cells and micrografts, is allowed. The addition of growth factors or transplantation of cells yields the possibility of creating a regenerative wound microenvironment that favors healing, as opposed to excessive scar formation. Critical Issues: Although several manufacturers have conceived products implementing the concept of moist wound healing, there remains a lack of commercial translation of wet wound-healing principles into clinically available products. This can only be mitigated by further research on the topic. Future Directions: The strong evi...
Phytoplankton communities in the littoral zone of lakes: Observations on structure and dynamics in oligotrophic and eutrophic systems

The structure and seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton communities in the littoral zone were compared between oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes in the southeastern United States. Differences in diversity and species composition between lakes could be ascribed to long-term variation in nutrients corresponding to trophic status. However, significant within-lake variation could not be accounted for by microstratification of nutrients or other abiotic variables. Local biotic factors, perhaps dominated by the spawning activities of centrarchid fishes, resuspend periphyton and generate tychoplankton which becomes a persistent and integral part of the phytoplankton community in eutrophic systems. The patchy distribution of these biotic factors and resultant tychoplankton may lead to the observed variation. Grazing by herbivorous zooplankton was considered to be the major factor affecting the relative abundance of phytoplankton in the littoral zone, completely overriding the effects of nutrient concentration and biotic interactions between phytoplankton species during spring and summer.
Rule-Based Reasoning for Understanding Opportunity Evaluation

Much research on opportunity in entrepreneurship and related fields centers on the origin of opportunities and the actions individuals take to exploit opportunities. However, our understanding of how individuals evaluate opportunities remains fragmented, with research spanning fields of study and using different terminology for similar concepts. Building on recent research suggesting that rule-based reasoning underpins how individuals evaluate opportunities, we integrate and synthesize the literature on opportunity evaluation and suggest rule-based reasoning as an overarching theoretical framework to understand opportunity evaluation across fields of study. Specifically, we illuminate how environmental factors, opportunity-related cues, and individual differences coalesce as one uses these factors as judgment rules to discern the personal attractiveness of an opportunity. Further, we explain how managers and entrepreneurs individuate opportunities, demonstrating why different individuals apply different r...
"TRUTH" AND TRUTH COMMISSIONS IN LATIN AMERICA

This paper is a consideration of four major truth gathering projects —Argentina, Chile, Guatemala and Colombia-. This descriptive study applies a “typology of truth” to these 4 historical projects and considers how these truth commissions defined the notion of “truth” in the context of the highly politicized context of transitional justice.
Early Cardioverter Defibrillator Infection: Value of Indium-111 Leukocyte Imaging

In the early postoperative period, it may be difficult to diagnose an infected implantable cardioverter-defibrillator system using anatomic imaging modalities such as computed tomography alone. We describe a case that illustrates the complementary physiologic role of indium-111-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy in identifying and defining the extent of early postoperative implantable cardioverter-defibrillator infection.
Osteopontin: a bona fide mediator of abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Osteopontin is an arginine-glycine–aspartate (RGD) containing adhesive glycoprotein first identified in bone but subsequently detected in many other tissues, including, dentin, cartilage, kidney, and vascular tissues.1–3 It is expressed by a wide variety of inflammatory cells (eg, macrophages, T lymphocytes, NK cells), and, to a lesser extent, by endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. The RGD domain facilitates tissue binding of osteopontin to various extracellular matrix proteins, such as αvβ3 integrin and fibronectin. Additionally, osteopontin may engage CD44 through an RGD-independent mechanism. In extracellular fluids, osteopontin functions as a cytokine, and its plasma levels are increased in autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis.4 The diverse biological actions of osteopontin could potentially regulate many processes pertinent to vascular disease, including inflammation, cell adhesion, viability, angiogenesis, and calcification (Figure).5,6 Such actions may underlie its presumed role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and in modulating arteriopathy associated with diabetes and chronic renal failure (reviewed by Johnson et al7). Of relevance to the present topic, Bruemmer et al reported that deletion of osteopontin reduced formation of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) in mice infused with angiotensin II.8 Overview of potential mechanisms whereby osteopontin may bind to extracellular matrix proteins (eg, integrin) and adhesion molecules (eg, CD44) to regulate vascular disease. See page 655 Conceptually, it is logical to presume that osteopontin would contribute to the pathogenesis of AAA. First, in experimental models and in humans, AAA are characterized by extensive inflammatory cell infiltration and induction of proinflammatory cytokines.9–12 Osteopontin can positively regulate these processes through several mechanisms. Second, the inflammatory milieu of AAA is associated …
Ascorbic acid improves membrane fragility and decreases haemolysis during red blood cell storage.

Summary Background Changes that occur to red blood cells (RBCs) during routine blood bank storage include decreased deformability, increased haemolysis and oxidative damage. Oxidative injury to the RBC membrane and haemoglobin can affect changes in shape and deformability. Ascorbic acid (AA) is an antioxidant that maintains haemoglobin in a reduced state and minimises RBC oxidative injury. We hypothesised that AA would improve membrane fragility and decrease haemolysis during storage. Methods Whole blood derived, AS-5 preserved, pre-storage leucoreduced RBC units were exposed to either AA or saline control solutions. Several rheological and biochemical parameters were measured serially during storage, including RBC membrane mechanical fragility, percent haemolysis and methaemoglobin levels. Results AA exposure significantly reduced mechanical fragility and haemolysis over the entire storage period. The highest two concentrations of AA affected the greatest reductions in mechanical fragility and percent haemolysis. Addition of AA to the RBCs did not significantly alter their biochemical parameters compared to control RBCs incubated with saline. Conclusion AA reduced RBC membrane fragility and decreased haemolysis during storage without adversely affecting other RBC biochemical parameters. The clinical significance of these findings needs to be determined.
New Opportunities and Fun Events for Students

In total, 6944 students, from high school students to graduate students, attended the 2013 Fall Meeting. Several activities and services were geared toward them, with some even organized spontaneously to meet student needs. Here are some highlights:
The interface electronic structure of thiol terminated molecules on cobalt and gold surfaces

The bonding strength and interfacial electronic properties of biphenyldimethyldithiol (HS–CH2–C6H4–C6H4–CH2–SH) adsorbed on Au(111) and polycrystalline cobalt are identified from combined photoemission and inverse photoemission. In order to develop a better understanding of the thiol functional group to metal surface interaction, the stable orientation, bonding site, bonding strength and interfacial electronic properties of methylthiol (S–CH3) adsorbed on Au(111) and Co(0001) have been determined by ab initio density functional calculations. Both experiment and theory suggest that thiol bonding to cobalt surfaces is stronger compared to gold surfaces. The transfer of charge toward the adsorbed sulfur is greater for the thiols on cobalt than on gold.
Outbreak of Phytophthora Foliar Blight and Fruit Rot in Processing Pumpkin Fields in Illinois.

Approximately 65% of the total commercial processing pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata Poir.) in the United States are produced in central Illinois. In 1999, Phytophthora capsici caused severe foliar blight and fruit rot in processing pumpkin fields in Illinois. Infection was widely observed in July when fruit weights were approximately 5 kg and continued until harvest in late August. Infection of the fruit generally started on the side contacting the soil. However, when an infected leaf came in contact with a fruit, fruit rot started at the site of contact. Many fruits that looked normal fell apart when they were turned for examination. Infected fruit were generally covered with white, cottony growth consisting of mycelium, sporangiophores, and sporangia. Leaf infection began as small chlorotic lesions, which enlarged and became necrotic. Leaf petioles also were infected and developed lesions that girdled petioles, causing the collapse and death of leaves. Vines also were infected and developed girdling lesio...
Accelerating computing with the cell broadband engine processor

In this paper, we describe our approach to utilizing the compute power of the Cell Broadband Engine™ (Cell/B.E.)1 processor as an accelerator for computationally intensive portions of high performance computing applications. We call this approach "hybrid programming" because it distributes application execution across heterogeneous processors. IBM developed a hardware implementation and software infrastructure that enables this hybrid computing model as part of the Roadrunner project for Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). In the hybrid programming model, a process running on a host processor, such as an x86_64 architecture processor, creates an accelerator process on an accelerator processor, such as the IBM® PowerXCell™8i2. The PowerXCell8i is a new implementation of the Cell Broadband Engine architecture. The host process then schedules compute intensive operations onto the accelerator process. The host and accelerator process can continue execution concurrently and synchronize when needed to transfer results or schedule new accelerator computation. We describe the Data Communication and Synchronization (DaCS) Library and Accelerated Library Framework (ALF) which are designed to allow applications to create new applications and adapt existing applications to exploit hybrid computing platforms. We also describe our experience in using such frameworks to construct hybrid versions of the familiar Linpack benchmark and an implicit Monte Carlo radiation transport application named Milagro. Performance measurements on prototype hardware are presented that show the performance improvements achieved to date, along with projections of the expected performance on the final Roadrunner system.
On the relative effectiveness of affect regulation strategies: A meta-analysis

To examine the effectiveness of various affect regulation strategies and categories of affect regulation strategies, a meta-analysis was conducted. Results generally indicate that reappraisal (d=0.65) and distraction (d=0.46 for all studies; d=0.95 for studies with a negative or no affect induction) are the most effective regulation/repair strategies, producing the largest hedonic shift in affect. The effectiveness of different categories of regulation/repair strategies depended on the valence of the preceding affect induction. Results also indicate that stronger affect inductions and the use of bivariate affect measures will provide a richer understanding of affect regulation. Additionally, not all specific strategies or categories of strategies have been researched and the impact of individual differences on affect regulation has received relatively little attention. Finally, results indicate that control conditions in affect regulation research may not provide a valid point for comparison, as they faci...
Student Design Competitions in Undergraduate Engineering Education

This paper examines the role of design competitions in undergraduate engineering education. Emphasis is given to those competitions that are intended primarily to provide experience in engineering practice, and require a functional deliverable to be tested as part of the competition. Design projects in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Colorado State University are presented as a capstone course case study. The benefits of integrating design competitions into a capstone undergraduate experience are discussed
Enhancement of microfluidic mixing using time pulsing.

Many microfluidic applications require the mixing of reagents, but efficient mixing in these laminar (i.e., low Reynolds number) systems is typically difficult. Instead of using complex geometries and/or relatively long channels, we demonstrate the merits of flow rate time dependency through periodic forcing. We illustrate the technique by studying mixing in a simple “T” channel intersection by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as well as physically mixing two aqueous reagents. The “T” geometry selected consists of two inlet channel segments merging at 90 degrees to each other, the outlet segment being an extension of one of the inlet segments. All channel segments are 200 µm wide by 120 µm deep, a practical scale for mass-produced disposable devices. The flow rate and average velocity after the confluence of the two reagents are 48 nl s−1 and 2 mm s−1 respectively, which, for aqueous solutions at room temperature, corresponds to a Reynolds number of 0.3. We use a mass diffusion constant of 10−10 m2 s−1, typical of many BioMEMS applications, and vary the flow rates of the reagents such that the average flow rate remains unchanged but the instantaneous flow rate is sinusoidal (with a DC bias) with respect to time. We analyze the effect of pulsing the flow rate in one inlet only as well as in the two inlets, and demonstrate that the best results occur when both inlets are pulsed out of phase. In this case, the interface is shown to stretch, retain one fold, and sweep through the confluence zone, leading to good mixing within 2 mm downstream of the confluence, i.e. about 1 s of contact. From a practical viewpoint, the case where the inlets are 180 degrees out of phase is of particular interest as the outflow is constant.
DROSOPHILA MAYA, A NEW NEOTROPICAL MEMBER OF THE DROSOPHILA OBSCURA SPECIES GROUP (DIPTERA: DROSOPHILIDAE)

Abstract A new Neotropical member of the Drosophila obscura species group from El Salvador and Honduras, Drosophila maya, is described. This species belongs to the New World pseudoobscura subgroup and, based on a variety of internal and external morphological characters, is most closely related to D. lowei. This species is distinguished from other members of the pseudoobscura subgroup by the shape of the hypandrium and by having fewer teeth on the sex combs. Ecologically, D. maya inhabits cloud forests at elevations around 2,000 m in El Salvador and Honduras. A key to eight members of the obscura species group which have been recorded in and near the Neotropical region is presented.
An Accounting International Experience Course

Accounting students need practical opportunities to personally experience other cultures and international business practices if they are to effectively compete in today’s global marketplace. In order to address this need, the Department of Accounting at Murray State University offers an international experience course which includes a short-term study tour of London. This paper examines the rationale for an accounting international experience course, provides an overview of the class and presents a suggested itinerary for the London trip.
Electroencephalography: Clinical Applications

Quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) measures reflect precise regulation by a complex brain homeostatic system and have extremely high test-retest replicability. Normative data from age 6 to 97 have been shown to be independent of ethnic or cultural factors. Current QEEG techniques, together with advanced source localization methods, provide economical and noninvasive tools to quantitatively compute and statistically assess functional images of the resting activity of the brain, with sensitivity, specificity, and temporal resolution far superior to those of any other imaging method, and with good spatial resolution. QEEG methods have numerous applications in the assessment and diagnosis of developmental, neurological, and psychiatric disorders and in the selection and evaluation of treatments.
Epilogue: Choosing to Learn or Not-Learn in School

As Herb Kohl has pointed out, some students learn to not-learn, refusing to pay attention in school, overriding curiosity. Often students are trying to short-circuit a pattern of failure and humiliation. In classrooms where students have some personal control over what and how they learn, not-learning seems to occur less frequently. I discuss examples of personal control in a reinvented writing program that I studied, as well as in examples from the other papers in this volume. Personal control, or self-determination, is an important component in integrated, constructivist education.
Spatial Associations of Rattus exulans in Central Java, Indonesia

Nearest-neighbor association analysis was applied to activity centers of 2,062 individual Rattus exulans of different age-sex categories captured in 31 monthly trapping sessions. Means of relative association indices revealed that adult males and females were negatively associated with individuals of the same age-sex category, but immature males and females showed the reverse tendency. Adult males were associated with adult females and vice versa, as were immature males and females. Adult females associated with immature females but not vice versa; adult and immature males were negatively associated. Adult females and immature males showed negative associations, but adult males and immature females were associated. Seasonal differences were not marked. Association analysis has potential for detecting, representing, and classifying the spatial associations within populations and between species, and may permit elementary inferences of social structure.
Aerodynamic Control of Micro Air Vehicle Wings Using Electroactive Membranes

Electrically controlled adaptive materials are ideal candidates for developing high agility micro-air-vehicles (MAV) due to their intrinsic multi-functionality. The dielectric elastomer VHB 4910 is one such material, where deformation occurs with an applied electric field. Here, we study the aerostructural response and control authority of a VHB 4910 membrane wing. An experimental membrane-wing platform was constructed by stretching VHB 4910 over a rigid elliptical wing-frame. The low Reynolds number (chord Reynolds number < 106 ) aerodynamics of the elliptical wing were characterized with different electrostatic fields applied. We observe an overall increase in lift with maximum gains of 20% at 4.5 kV, and demonstrate the ability to delay stall. Aerodynamic effects are investigated with membrane displacement and strain data obtained through visual image correlation (VIC). The VIC data is compared to a finite deforming finite element shell model to help understand structural shape changes under electrostatic fields and low Reynolds number aerodynamic flows. The model is formulated to directly input three dimensional membrane displacements to quantify aerodynamic loads on the electroactive membrane surface.© 2011 ASME
Guiding-center Hall viscosity and intrinsic dipole moment along edges of incompressible fractional quantum Hall fluids

The discontinuity of guiding-center Hall viscosity (a bulk property) at the edges of incompressible quantum Hall fluids is associated with the presence of an intrinsic electric dipole moment on the edge. If there is a gradient of drift velocity due to a nonuniform electric field, the discontinuity in the induced stress is exactly balanced by the electric force on the dipole. The total Hall viscosity has two distinct contributions: a ``trivial'' contribution associated with the geometry of the Landau orbits and a nontrivial contribution associated with guiding-center correlations. We describe a relation between the guiding-center edge-dipole moment and ``momentum polarization,'' which relates the guiding-center part of the bulk Hall viscosity to the ``orbital entanglement spectrum (OES).'' We observe that using the computationally more-onerous ``real-space entanglement spectrum'' just adds the trivial Landau-orbit contribution to the guiding-center part. This shows that all the nontrivial information is completely contained in the OES, which also exposes a fundamental topological quantity, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ = $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{c}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\nu}$, the difference between the ``chiral stress-energy anomaly'' (or signed conformal anomaly) and the chiral charge anomaly. This quantity characterizes correlated fractional quantum Hall fluids and vanishes in uncorrelated integer quantum Hall fluids.