cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of different heat‐processed forms of sweetpotato cv. ‘Beauregard’

Summary Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cv. ‘Beauregard’ roots were cooked using three different heat-processing techniques (baked in a conventional oven, baked in a microwave oven, and boiled). Total phenolic content, individual phenolic acids, and antioxidant capacity were determined using Folin-Denis assay, HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography), and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydazyl) assay, respectively. The skin tissue (raw or processed) contained the highest concentration of total phenolics. All heat-processing methods resulted in a significant loss in total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the skin tissue. However, compared with the other processing methods, conventional oven baking resulted in greater losses in antioxidant capacity of skin tissue. Total phenolic content ranged from a low of 1.58 mg chlorogenic acid equivalent g−1 dry tissue weight in boiled pith tissue to a high of 17.7 mg chlorogenic acid equivalent g−1 dry tissue weight in raw skin tissue. The antioxidant capacity was highest in raw skin tissue (22.9 mg Trolox equivalent g−1 dry tissue weight). Chlorogenic acid was the principal phenolic acid found in all sweetpotato tissues. Caffeic acid and three isomers of dicaffeoylquinic acid (diCQA) were also identified and quantified.
Heterostructure semiconductor device analysis: A globally convergent solution method for the nonlinear poisson equation

Abstract A solution method for the nonlinear Poisson equation used in numerical modeling of III–V compound semiconductor heterostructures is presented. The method is based on a nonlinear iterative algorithm and is shown to be globally convergent and suitable for implementation on a computer with small main memory capacity. The rate of convergence also makes the solution method computationally efficient. As an application example, the equilibrium energy band diagram of a GaAs/AlGaAs double heterojunction bipolar transistor is calculated, and computer experiments are performed in order to demonstrate the convergence properties of the algorithm.
The Synthesis and Antifungal Properties of 6-Fluorothymol

The compound 6-fluorothymol was synthesized and its antifungal activity was compared with those of thymol and other 6-halothymols by in vitro test. Nine organisms, including six species of trichophyton, two species of microsporum, Candida albicans , and Stapbylococcus aureus , were used in these tests. The results indicate that at a concentration of 0.05 per cent in propylene glycol solution, 6-iodothymol was the most effective agent, followed by 6-bromothymol, 6-chlorothymol, 6-fluorothymol, and thymol.
Polyamino-Substituted Guanyl-Triazole Dinitramide Salts with Extensive Hydrogen Bonding: Synthesis and Properties as New Energetic Materials

A series of new energetic salts based on the polyamino-1-guanyl-triazole cation with three to five amino groups and the dinitramide anion were synthesized. These new nitrogen-rich salts tend to have extensive hydrogen bonding and exhibit high densities and thermal stabilities. The impact of multiple amino groups in the cation of the dinitramide salts was investigated. Their properties were modified by varying the guanyl substituents and/or the amino substituents on the triazole ring. On the basis of theoretical calculations, 3,5-diamino-1-guanyl-1,2,4-triazole dinitramide, 8, has higher detonation pressure and velocity values than the dinitramide energetic materials such as ammonium dinitramide (ADN), and N-guanylurea-dinitramide (FOX-12). The structures of salts 7−10 (where 7 is 3-amino-1-guanyl-1,2,4-triazole dinitramide, 8 is 3,5-diamino-1-guanyl-1,2,4-triazole dinitramide, 9 is 5-amino-N-amidino-1-guanyl-1,2,4-triazole dinitramide, and 10 is 3,5-diamino-N-amidino-1-guanyl-1,2,4-triazole dinitramide) w...
Does increased emergency medical services prehospital time affect patient mortality in rural motor vehicle crashes? A statewide analysis.

Abstract Background Fatality rates from rural vehicular trauma are almost double those found in urban settings. It has been suggested that increased prehospital time is a factor that adversely affects fatality rates in rural vehicular trauma. By linking and analyzing Alabama's statewide prehospital data, emergency medical services (EMS) prehospital time was assessed for rural and urban vehicular crashes. Methods An imputational methodology permitted linkage of data from police motor vehicle crash (MVC) and EMS records. MVCs were defined as rural or urban by crash location using the United States Census Bureau criteria. Areas within Alabama that fell outside the Census Bureau definition of urban were defined as rural. Prehospital data were analyzed to determine EMS response time, scene time, and transport time in rural and urban settings. Results Over a 2-year period from January 2001 through December 2002, data were collected from EMS Patient Care Reports and police crash reports for the entire state of Alabama. By using an imputational methodology and join specifications, 45,763 police crash reports were linked to EMS Patient Care Reports. Of these, 34,341 (75%) were injured in rural settings and 11,422 (25%) were injured in urban settings. A total of 714 mortalities were identified, of which 611 (1.78%) occurred in rural settings and 103 (.90%) occurred in urban settings ( P P P P P P P = .0014). Conclusions Based on this statewide analysis of MVCs, increased EMS prehospital time appears to be associated with higher mortality rates in rural settings.
Electric Field Effects in Multicomponent Fluid Lipid Membranes

A thermodynamic model of multicomponent fluid membranes under the influence of lateral forces is described. Membrane components are characterized by their effective molecular areas, molecular charges, and the set of critical demixing coefficients (differential interaction energies) between each of the different species present. This model is useful in the analysis of electric field induced concentration gradients in supported lipid bilayer membranes. It has been employed to determine the critical temperature for spontaneous lateral phase separation of a mixture of cardiolipin and phosphatidylcholine from field-induced concentration profiles of a fluorescent probe. More generally, it provides a convenient way of interpreting critical demixing effects in multicomponent membranes and exploring the way these influence the response of a membrane to lateral forces.
NO8 Formation Experiments in an MHD Simulation Facility

A laboratory test facility was used to simulate the conditions present in a coal-fired MHD powerplant. Various quantities of oil, oil-flyash, and oil-flyash-K/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ were burned with preheated air in order to examine the effects of primary combustion stoichiometry and several secondary combustion parameters on the generation of nitrogen oxides. Experimental results show that the effect of changing the primary combustion stoichiometry was similar to that observed for conventional coal-fired plants except that the higher MHD temperatures produced higher levels of nitrogen oxides. The secondary combustion tests identified 1950 K (3050F) as the maximum combustion gas temperature at which secondary combustion can be accomplished without producing a significant amount of additional thermal NO/SUB/x.
Evaluation of thrust measurement techniques for dielectric barrier discharge actuators

Despite its popularity in the recent literature, plasma actuators lack a consistent study to identify limitations, and remedy thereof, of various thrust measurement techniques. This paper focuses on comparing two different experimental techniques commonly used to measure the global, plasma-induced thrust. A force balance is used to make a direct measurement of the thrust produced, which is then compared with a control volume analysis on data obtained through particle image velocimetry. The local velocity measured by particle image velocimetry is also validated with a fine-tip pressure probe. For the direct thrust measurements, the effect of varying the actuator plate length upon which the induced flow acts is investigated. The results from these tests show that the length of the actuator plate is most influential at higher voltages with the measured thrust increasing as much as 20 % for a six times reduction in the length of the plate. For the indirect thrust measurement, the influence of the control volume size is analyzed. When the two methods are compared against each other, good agreement is found when the control volume size has a sufficient downstream extent. Also, the discharge length is optically measured using visible light emission. A linear correlation is found between the discharge length and the thrust measurements for the actuator configurations studied. Finally, the energy conversion efficiency curve for a representative actuator is also presented.
TH‐E‐L100J‐02: A High Precision Geometry Calibration Method for Digital Tomosynthesis Systems

Purpose: To develop a high precision geometry calibration method and an efficient image reconstruction algorithm for digital tomosynthesissystem.Method and Materials: A geometry calibration phantom was constructed with 40 markers arranged in two planes parallel to the breast holder. A 3×4 projection matrix which maps the coordinates (x,y,z) of a point in the object to the coordinates (u,v) of the correspondent projection point on the detector was constructed for each projection angle based on the projection images of the calibration phantom. All information for the system geometry, such as source‐to‐detector distance, source to ISO distance, central ray offset on the detector (u0, v0), and detector angle offsets, can be extracted from the projection matrices. The projection matrices, not explicit geometry parameters, were used in a modified Feldkamp algorithm to reconstruct the imaged object. A prototype tomosynthesissystem and a CIRS anthropomorphic breast phantom with multiple embedded structures were used to test the geometry calibration accuracy and the reconstruction algorithm. Results: 3‐D image of the breast phantom was reconstructed using the projection matrices. 4 fibers, 6 masses, and all 12 speck groups were visible in the focal plane.Conclusion: Geometry calibration based on the projection matrices is accurate and reconstruction using the projection matrices is efficient.
Genes and irritable bowel syndrome: Is there a link?

Advances in genetics and genomics during the past decade, including sequencing of the human genome and DNA sequencing technologies, have made it possible to discover the genetic basis for many diseases. With the discovery of multiple genetic loci for gastrointestinal diseases such as Crohn’s disease, some have begun to wonder—Could there be a genetic basis for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)? This article summarizes the evidence for and against a link between genes and IBS. In addition, a gene-environment paradigm is presented to combine the two opposing hypotheses, as IBS may represent a complex genetic disorder that results from the interaction of several genes and environmental risk factors.
THE PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF STEROID ESTERS.

Abstract Two phase solvent mixtures are described in which di-substituted steroid ketones and esters have partition coefficients such that they may be readily separated by partition chromatography on paper. 80 steroids and derivatives have been characterised in these solvent systems and their RF values are presented. Notable features include the resolution of otherwise similar and ostane and pregnane derivatives, 3-hydroxy-17-ketone from 17-hydroxy-3-ketones in the androstane series, aetiocholanolone from its -9: ii - unsaturated analogue and substantial inversion of general order of separation as compared with the order observed in procedures for unesterified steroids. Up to 0.5 mg of steroid or derivative per cm2 may be chromatographed from each origin.
Structure and atomization properties of dense turbulent sprays

Aspects of the structure and atomization properties of the near-injector (dense-spray) region of turbulent sprays are reviewed, considering: spray breakup regimes, dense-spray structure, and liquid breakup processes. The discussion is limited to nonevaporating round pressure-atomized sprays—a fundamental configuration that is representative of dense sprays since they normally occupy the cool portions of combusting sprays where vaporization rates are modest. Due to the complexity of spray breakup, criteria for breakup regime transitions are still not well developed. More information is particularly needed concerning effects of flow properties at the injector exit, ambient turbulence levels, and high Ohnesorge numbers where viscous effects become important. Existing measurements of dense-spray structure are limited to atomization breakup, since most practical applications involve this regime. The dense-spray region for atomization breakup consists of a liquid core (like the potential core of a single-phase jet) surrounded by a multiphase mixing layer that begins right at the injector exit. Recent measurements within the multiphase mixing layer show that the flow is surprisingly dilute and support the classical view of atomization, i.e., primary breakup at the liquid surface followed by secondary breakup of ligaments and large drops with only minor effects of collisions. In contrast, some recent computational studies suggest significant effects of collisions in dense sprays—clearly, this controversy must be resolved. Accepting the classical view, characteristic secondary-breakup and residence times are comparable in dense sprays; therefore, breakup dominates dense sprays much like drop vaporization dominates dilute sprays. Continued primary breakup along the liquid core implies significant separated-flow effects within the multiphase mixing layer, with locally-homogeneous flow only approached at large Weber numbers for sufficiently low Ohnesorge numbers. Thus, many unresolved problems of separated flow in dilute sprays are relevant to dense sprays, while breakup and modification of turbulence by dispersed phases are particularly important for dense sprays. Primary and secondary breakup have been widely studied but the dense-spray environment highlights new problems. In particular, more information is needed concerning breakup regime transitions, the temporal evolution and outcome of breakup processes, breakup mechanisms when the liquid core is turbulent, and effects of gas-phase turbulence on breakup.
Spatial Sampling and Regression Strategies

This new simulation paradigm for microarchitectural design evaluation and optimization counters growing simulation costs stemming from the exponentially increasing size of design spaces. the authors demonstrate how to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the design space by selectively simulating a modest number of designs from that space and then more effectively leveraging the simulation data using techniques in statistical inference.
Restoring professionalism: the physician fitness-for-duty evaluation.

Abstract Objectives We compare findings from 10 years of experience evaluating physicians referred for fitness-to-practice assessment to determine whether those referred for disruptive behavior are more or less likely to be declared fit for duty than those referred for mental health, substance abuse or sexual misconduct. Method Deidentified data from 381 physicians evaluated by the Vanderbilt Comprehensive Assessment Program (2001–2012) were analyzed and compared to general physician population data and also to previous reports of physician psychiatric diagnosis found by MEDLINE search. Results Compared to the physicians referred for disruptive behavior (37.5% of evaluations), each of the other groups was statistically significantly less likely to be assessed as fit for practice [substance use, %: odds ratio (OR)=0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.10–0.47, P P P =.001]. Conclusions The number of referrals to evaluate physicians presenting with behavior alleged to be disruptive to clinical care increased following the 2008 Joint Commission guidelines that extended responsibility for professional conduct outside the profession itself to the institutions wherein physicians work. Better strategies to identify and manage disruptive physician behavior may allow those physicians to return to practice safely in the workplace.
ESP: path-sensitive program verification in polynomial time

In this paper, we present a new algorithm for partial program verification that runs in polynomial time and space. We are interested in checking that a program satisfies a given temporal safety property. Our insight is that by accurately modeling only those branches in a program for which the property-related behavior differs along the arms of the branch, we can design an algorithm that is accurate enough to verify the program with respect to the given property, without paying the potentially exponential cost of full path-sensitive analysis.We have implemented this "property simulation" algorithm as part of a partial verification tool called ESP. We present the results of applying ESP to the problem of verifying the file I/O behavior of a version of the GNU C compiler (gcc, 140,000 LOC). We are able to prove that all of the 646 calls to .fprintf in the source code of gcc are guaranteed to print to valid, open files. Our results show that property simulation scales to large programs and is accurate enough to verify meaningful properties.
DNA topology, not DNA sequence, is a critical determinant for Drosophila ORC–DNA binding

Drosophila origin recognition complex (ORC) localizes to defined positions on chromosomes, and in follicle cells the chorion gene amplification loci are well-studied examples. However, the mechanism of specific localization is not known. We have studied the DNA binding of DmORC to investigate the cis-requirements for DmORC:DNA interaction. DmORC displays at best six-fold differences in the relative affinities to DNA from the third chorion locus and to random fragments in vitro, and chemical probing and DNase1 protection experiments did not identify a discrete binding site for DmORC on any of these fragments. The intrinsic DNA-binding specificity of DmORC is therefore insufficient to target DmORC to origins of replication in vivo. However, the topological state of the DNA significantly influences the affinity of DmORC to DNA. We found that the affinity of DmORC for negatively supercoiled DNA is about 30-fold higher than for either relaxed or linear DNA. These data provide biochemical evidence for the notion that origin specification in metazoa likely involves mechanisms other than simple replicator–initiator interactions and that in vivo other proteins must determine ORC's localization.
On the immersion of a discrete time nonlinear system into a linear system

We consider a discrete time nonlinear system of the form ?: x(t+1) = f(x(t),u(t)) y(t) = h(x(t)) where x ? IRN, u ? Rm, y ? Rq, and f and h are analytic vector valued functions. Necessary and sufficient conditions for immersion of the system ? into a linear system are given. Also, we define local immersion by nonsingular feedback into a linear system and give necessary and sufficient conditions for this problem. Finally, we show that a similar approach can also be applied to continuous time affine nonlinear systems.
Are salmon-derived nutrients being incorporated in food webs of invaded streams? Evidence from southern Chile

Using stable isotope analyses of N and C we present preliminary evidence of marine-derived nutrients from introduced Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Walbaum) in stream food webs of Laguna Los Patos, NW Patagonia. Similar to values reported within Chinook salmon's native distributional range periphyton and aquatic insects are the trophic levels that show the greatest enrichment of δ 15 N (5–6‰). Since there is a rapid expansion of Chinook salmon in South America future effort is needed to elucidate the mechanisms and consequences of nutrients subsidies from salmon carcasses in those invaded ecosystems.
Creating an Enemy: Social Militarization in the War on Terror

One of the most prominent effects of social militarization is hostility toward anyone of the same nationality as the enemy. This is common in conventional wars, but has become even more pronounced in the War on Terror, as the enemy is hidden in the civilian population. Western fear of Muslims was common before this war, but has escalated since. Muslims are portrayed as a monolithic group that is intrinsically hostile to the west. The war narrative legitimizes xenophobia by associating individual actions with all members of a group, and for that reason, it is potentially dangerous to Canadian multiculturalism.
Envisioning the next generation of behavioral health and criminal justice interventions

The purpose of this paper is to cast a vision for the next generation of behavioral health and criminal justice interventions for persons with serious mental illnesses in the criminal justice system. The limitations of first generation interventions, including their primary focus on mental health treatment connection, are discussed. A person-place framework for understanding the complex factors that contribute to criminal justice involvement for this population is presented. We discuss practice and research recommendations for building more effective interventions to address both criminal justice and mental health outcomes.
Some Colloidal Properties of Beidellite: Comparison with Low and High Charge Montmorillonites

Recent evidence of the occurrence of beidellite in many soils around the world necessitates a better understanding of the role of charge location on the colloidal behavior of this smectite as compared to the more frequently studied montmorillonites. Clay suspension stability and sorption of an organic polymer, two properties sensitive to surface charge characteristics, were selected to examine the differences in colloidal behaviors of these smectites. The Otay montmorillonite was shown to have a higher charge than either the beidellite or the SWy-1 montmorillonite. Even though structural formulae resulted in a higher permanent charge for the beidellite as compared to the SWy- 1, effective charge of these two smectites is the same. The pH dependency of the critical coagulation concentration of the smectites could not be explained based only on edge charge considerations, and it is proposed that tetrahedral charge location enhances the pH effect on the CCC. Decreased poly(vinyl) alcohol sorption with either increasing surface charge or tetrahedral charge location was observed. Both parameters affect the ease of replacement of water molecules by PVA on the surface of smectites.
Government Research Program Administrator. A Nontraditional Career for a PhD Plant Biologist

I work for a U.S. government agency, the National Science Foundation (NSF). One might call what I do an alternative career for scientists with Ph.D. degrees. I do not do research, nor do I teach college-level science courses. I administer and manage government research funding programs so that
The ties that bind: Soil surveyor William Edgar Tharp and oceanographic cartographer Marie Tharp

Abstract The link between soil science and geology is personified in the American father and daughter: soil surveyor William Edgar Tharp (1870–1959) and oceanographic cartographer Marie Tharp (1920–2006). From 1904 to 1935, W.E. Tharp mapped soils in 14 states for the US Department of Agriculture, and campaigned during the late 1920s–early 1930s to raise awareness of the high rates of soil erosion from croplands. The lifestyle of the federal soil surveyor in the United States during the early 20th century involved frequent household moves, and it played a formative role in Marie Tharp’s childhood. Her path to a career in geology was molded by this family experience, by mentors encountered in the classroom, and by social barriers that faced women scientists of that era.
Wireless powering of sensors embedded in concrete

Two kinds of electrical models for concrete have been used to calculate the transmission loss, propagation loss and total loss of normal incidence and oblique incidence of wave. The value of these losses depends on the electrical properties of the concrete, frequency of wave and the incidence angle. When the wave is normal incident and the frequency is between 20–80 MHz, the sensor will receive significantly larger power than the other cases we examined. Also, an optimum frequency range (corresponding to minimum transmission losses) has been identified for the cases we have examined. Detailed comparison between powering techniques that use RF signals versus low frequency inductive coupling will be presented at the conference. Also, the effects of rebars will be considered.
The persuasiveness of the straw man rhetorical technique

The straw man technique takes place when an opponent's argument or position is distorted or oversimplified so that it can easily be refuted. Two experiments assessed the technique's effectiveness. Participants read two passages ostensibly written by two people competing for a public office, the second of which did or did not include a straw man argument. In Experiment 1, participants led to believe that the office was of low personal relevance were more persuaded by the straw man technique. In Experiment 2, participants low in need for structure were less persuaded when a candidate used the technique. Our research therefore suggests that whereas the straw man may be effective when motivation to elaborate is low, the technique may be unsuccessful or even backfire when such motivation is high.
How can we help minority nursing students

This article details the example of remediating an at-risk nursing student who failed two clinical rotations at a large university nursing program. It is a case of working with a minority student using six simulations and two clinical days in the hospital. The author describes the process of how the simulations and clinical experiences were used to assist the student in increasing her confidence and clinical abilities. In addition to the example of the student, an extensive literature review was done prior to working with the student. This aided the author not only in determining methods for assisting the student, but also in understanding the student’s culture and ethnicity. The authors of the nursing journal articles discuss the variety of at risk students categories and how faculty and advisors can help these students to be successful. Nursing faculty should find this article helpful in their work with at risk students because the remediation plan outlined could be adapted to help many different students with clinical difficulties.
High Performance Computations for Large Scale Simulations of Subsurface Multiphase Fluid and Heat Flow

TOUGH2 is a widely used reservoir simulator for solving subsurface flow related problems such as nuclear waste geologic isolation, environmental remediation of soil and groundwater contamination, and geothermal reservoir engineering. It solves a set of coupled mass and energy balance equations using a finite volume method. This contribution presents the design and analysis of a parallel version of TOUGH2. The parallel implementation first partitions the unstructured computational domain. For each time step, a set of coupled non-linear equations is solved with Newton iteration. In each Newton step, a Jacobian matrix is calculated and an ill-conditioned non-symmetric linear system is solved using a preconditioned iterative solver. Communication is required for convergence tests and data exchange across partitioning borders. Parallel performance results on Cray T3E-900 are presented for two real application problems arising in the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste site study. The execution time is reduced from 7504 seconds on two processors to 126 seconds on 128 processors for a 2D problem involving 52,752 equations. For a larger 3D problem with 293,928 equations the time decreases from 10,055 seconds on 16 processors to 329 seconds on 512 processors.
Bisexual Female Adolescents: A Critical Analysis of Past Research, and Results from a National Survey

Little is known about bisexual female adolescents from the existing empirical social science research literature. We review past studies, highlighting the barriers in the methods and methodologies that have limited our understanding of female adolescent bisexuality. Using data from the first and second waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we present findings that show (1) the prevalence of both-sex romantic attraction and relationships among young women, (2) the tendency for underrepresentation of females reporting both-sex attraction and relationships in the study, and (3) the fluidity of romantic attractions and relationships over the 18-month period between waves of the study. Implications for popular and scientific conceptions of female adolescent bisexuality are discussed, as are challenges for future research.
Biochemical specificity of von Economo neurons in hominoids.

Objectives: Von Economo neurons (VENs) are defined by their thin, elongated cell body and long dendrites projecting from apical and basal ends. These distinctive neurons are mostly present in anterior cingulate (ACC) and fronto-insular (FI) cortex, with particularly high densities in cetaceans, elephants, and hominoid primates (i.e., humans and apes). This distribution suggests that VENs contribute to specializations of neural circuits in species that share both large brain size and complex social cognition, possibly representing an adaptation to rapidly relay socially-relevant information over long distances across the brain. Recent evidence indicates that unique patterns of protein expression may also characterize VENs, particularly involving molecules that are known to regulate gut and immune function. Methods: In this study, we used quantitative stereologic methods to examine the expression of three such proteins that are localized in VENs—activating-transcription factor 3 (ATF3), interleukin 4 receptor (IL4Rα), and neuromedin B (NMB). We quantified immunoreactivity against these proteins in different morphological classes of ACC layer V neurons of hominoids. Results:Among the different neuron types analyzed (pyramidal, VEN, fork, enveloping, and other multipolar), VENs showed the greatest percentage that displayed immunostaining. Additionally, a higher proportion of VENs in humans were immunoreactive to ATF3, IL4Rα, and NMB than in other apes. No other ACC layer V neuron type displayed a significant species difference in the percentage of immunoreactive neurons. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that phylogenetic variation exists in the protein expression profile of VENs, suggesting that humans might have evolved biochemical specializations for enhanced interoceptive sensitivity.
FUTURE: New strategies for hospitalists to overcome challenges in teaching on today's wards

Changes in the clinical learning environment under resident duty hours restrictions have introduced a number of challenges on today's wards. Additionally, the current group of medical trainees is largely represented by the Millennial Generation, a generation characterized by an affinity for technology, interaction, and group-based learning. Special attention must be paid to take into account the learning needs of a generation that has only ever known life with duty hours. A mnemonic for strategies to augment teaching rounds for hospitalists was created using an approach that considers time limitations due to duty hours as well as the preferences of Millennial learners. These strategies to enhance learning during teaching rounds are Flipping the Wards, Using Documentation to Teach, Technology-Enabled Teaching, Using Guerilla Teaching Tactics, Rainy Day Teaching, and Embedding Teaching Moments into Rounds (FUTURE). Hospitalists serving as teaching attendings should consider these possible strategies as ways to enhance teaching in the post-duty hours era. These techniques appeal to the preferences of today's learners in an environment often limited by time constraints. Hospitalists are well positioned to champion innovative approaches to teaching in a dynamic and evolving clinical learning environment.
Tissue response to chronically stimulated implanted epimysial and intramuscular electrodes

Twenty-four epimysial and 16 intramuscular electrodes were implanted in five adult dogs for periods ranging from 11 to 50 months. Chronic stimulation was applied to half of the electrodes for eight weeks near the end of the implantation period. The tissue response was rated by the amount and appearance of the fibrous tissue and inflammatory cells seen in the capsule lining the region of the electrode. The encapsulation tissues were composed primarily of collagen and fibroblasts and some macrophages and few other inflammatory cells. The epimysial electrodes exhibited more variation between and within electrodes, but had more of the better scores than the intramuscular electrodes. No difference in the distribution of scores was measured between the control and stimulated groups for the epimysial electrodes. While the scores for the intramuscular electrodes varied very little, variance was sufficient to indicate a trend for poorer ratings with the application of chronic stimulation. Fibrous capsules were generally thinner under the epimysial electrodes than around the intramuscular electrodes. For both electrode types, the thickness was not correlated with the application or level of chronic stimulation. Thickness was shown to be positively correlated to the degree of loss of the sutures used to anchor the epimysial electrodes.
Evaluating the contributions of desolvation and base-stacking during translesion DNA synthesis.

DNA polymerases catalyze the insertion of a nucleoside triphosphate into the growing polymer chain using the template strand as a guide. Numerous factors such as hydrogen bonding interactions, base-stacking contributions, and desolvation play important roles in controlling the efficiency and fidelity of this process. We previously demonstrated that 5-nitro-indolyl-2′-deoxyriboside triphosphate, a non-natural nucleobase with enhanced base-stacking properties, was more efficiently inserted opposite a non-templating DNA lesion compared to natural templating nucleobases (E. Z. Reineks and A. J. Berdis, Biochemistry, 2004, 43, 393–404). The catalytic enhancement was proposed to reflect increased base-stacking interactions of the non-natural nucleobase with the polymerase and DNA. However, the effects of desolvation could not be unambiguously refuted. To further address the contributions of base stacking and desolvation during translesion DNA replication, we synthesized indolyl-2′-deoxyriboside triphosphate, a nucleobase devoid of nitro groups, and measured its efficiency of enzymatic insertion into modified and unmodified DNA. Removal of the nitro group reduces the catalytic efficiency for insertion opposite an abasic site by 3600-fold. This results from a large decrease in the rate of polymerization (∼450-fold) coupled with a modest decrease in binding affinity (∼8-fold). Since both non-natural nucleobases show the same degree of hydrophobicity, we attribute this reduction to the loss of base-stacking contributions rather than desolvation capabilities. Indolyl-2′-deoxyriboside triphosphate can also be inserted opposite natural nucleobases. Surprisingly, the catalytic efficiency for insertion is nearly identical to that measured for insertion opposite an abasic site. These data are discussed within the context of π-electron interactions of the incoming nucleobase with the polymerase:DNA complex. Despite this lack of insertion selectivity, the polymerase is unable to extend beyond the non-natural nucleobase. This result indicates that indolyl-2′-deoxyriboside triphosphate acts as an indiscriminate chain terminator of DNA synthesis that may have unique therapeutic applications.
Unusual clear cell tumors of the jaws - clinical and histopathological considerations: a case report.

Introduction Clear cell neoplasms of the jaw are very infrequent and a review of the literature reports only isolated cases of metastatic renal clear cell carcinoma of the jaw.
Major glutamatergic projection from subplate into visual cortex during development.

Subplate neurons, the first neurons of the cerebral cortex to differentiate and mature, are thought to be essential for the formation of connections between thalamus and cortex, such as the system of ocular dominance columns within layer 4 of visual cortex. To learn more about the requirement for subplate neurons in the formation of thalamocortical connections, we have sought to identify the neurotransmitters and peptides expressed by the specific class of subplate neurons that sends axonal projections into the overlying visual cortex. To label retrogradely subplate neurons, fluorescent latex microspheres were injected into primary visual cortex of postnatal day 28 ferrets, just prior to the onset of ocular dominance column formation. Subsequently, neurons were immunostained with antibodies against glutamate, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-67), parvalbumin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SRIF), or nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Retrograde labeling results indicate that the majority of subplate neurons projecting into the cortical plate reside in the upper half of the subplate. Combined immunostaining and microsphere labeling reveal that about half of cortically projecting subplate neurons are glutamatergic; most microsphere-labeled subplate neurons do not stain for GAD-67, parvalbumin, NPY, SRIF, or NOS. These observations suggest that subplate neurons can provide a significant glutamatergic synaptic input to the cortical plate, including the neurons of layer 4. If so, excitation from the axons of subplate neurons may be required in addition to that from lateral geniculate nucleus neurons for the activity-dependent synaptic interactions that lead to the formation of ocular dominance columns during development. J. Comp. Neurol. 398:105–118, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Family planning providers perspectives on family planning service delivery in Ibadan and Kaduna Nigeria: a qualitative study.

Objective In Nigeria, fertility continues to be high and contraceptive prevalence remains low. This study was conducted in order to understand the perceptions of, experiences with and challenges of delivering family planning services in two urban areas of Nigeria from the perspectives of family planning service providers. Methods A qualitative study using 59 in-depth interviews was conducted among family planning providers working in hospitals, primary health centres, clinics, pharmacies and patent medicine vendors in Ibadan and Kaduna, Nigeria. Results Providers support a mix of individuals and organisations involved in family planning provision, including the government of Nigeria. The Nigerian government9s role can take a variety of forms, including providing promotional materials for family planning facilities as well as facilitating training and educational opportunities for providers, since many providers lack basic training in family planning provision. Providers often describe their motivation to provide in terms of the health benefits offered by family planning methods. Few providers engage in any marketing of their services and many providers exclude youth and unmarried individuals from their services. Conclusions The family planning provider community supports a diverse network of providers, but needs further training and support in order to improve the quality of care and market their services. Adolescents, unmarried individuals and women seeking post-abortion care are vulnerable populations that providers need to be better educated about and trained in how to serve. The perspectives of providers should be considered when designing family planning interventions in urban areas of Nigeria.
Two new arboreal species of pseudophylline katydids from northern Peru (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae)

Abstract Two new arboreal katydid species (Pseudophyllinae) were recently discovered from northern Peruvian rainforest canopies using pesticide-fogging methods. Although these two species are in different tribes, they share the distinction of being the smallest of the pseudophylline katydids. One species, belonging to the platyphylliine genus Brachyauchenus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1895, is known only from the male sex and differs from both described species of that genus by its more elongate pronotum, the mother-of-pearl markings on the pronotal disc, and differences in the shape of the male cercus and subgenital plate. The other new species belongs to the pleminiine genus Bufotettix Caudell 1918, but is easily distinguished from B. alpha Caudell by its unusually expanded pronotum and by genitalic characters. Both sexes of this species are described. The occurrence of these species in rainforest canopies suggests that many species of katydids may yet be discovered as this poorly known habitat is studied in...
A Parameterization of the Cloudiness Associated with Cumulus Convection; Evaluation Using TOGA COARE Data

Abstract A new parameterization of the cloudiness associated with cumulus convection is proposed for use in climate models. It is based upon the idea that the convection scheme predicts the local concentration of condensed water (the in-cloud water content) produced at the subgrid scale, and that a statistical cloud scheme predicts how this condensed water is spatially distributed within the domain. The cloud scheme uses a probability distribution function (PDF) of the total water whose variance and skewness coefficient are diagnosed from the amount of condensed water produced at the subgrid scale by cumulus convection and at the large scale by supersaturation, from the degree of saturation of the environment, and from the lower bound of the total water distribution that is taken equal to zero. This parameterization is used in a single-column model forced by the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) data, and including the cumulus convection scheme of E...
Sustainable Supply Chain Management Programs In The 21st Century

One of the most difficult challenges for an undergraduate supply chain management program at smaller universities is to create an environment of sustainability. Supply chain management is not at the tip of tongue for many graduating high school students and few undergraduate curriculums require a course in the content area. This research addresses undergraduate supply chain management programs, how best to develop a viable program (from a curriculum and operational perspective), and how to create a program that is sustainable with limited resources.
Abstract 281: Nogo-B, a Novel Regulator of Macrophage Foam Cell Formation

Nogo-B, a novel regulator of macrophage foam cell formation Macrophage-derived foam cell formation has long been considered a requisite and initiating event in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Nogo-B belongs to the reticulon family of proteins and plays important roles in vascular remodeling and angiogenesis in vivo . Previously, we have shown that Nogo -/- mice on an ApoE -/- background develop larger atherosclerotic lesions and increased lipid content compared to ApoE -/- mice in vivo . In the present study, we will define the role of Nogo-B in foam cell formation and its underlying mechanisms. Our results show that both a high-fat regiment and modified LDL stimulation upregulate Nogo-B in macrophages in vivo and in culture, respectively. Loss of Nogo in macrophages increased cholesterol binding, uptake and foam cell formation. Moreover, the loss of Nogo-B specifically increased the expression of type I scavenger receptor A (SR-AI) in modified LDL treated macrophages and in the laser capture microdissected macrophages from atherosclerotic lesions in vivo . Mechanistically, we show that Nogo-B directly binds to MEKK3, and loss of Nogo-B enhanced JNK2 phosphorylation and its downstream c-Jun/AP-1 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. ChIP assays show c-Jun/AP-1 directly binds to the AP-1 binding sites in the promoter region of Nogo-B and SR-AI and promotes transcription of Nogo-B and SR-AI. Collectively, we have identified Nogo-B as a novel regulator of foam cell formation. Our results suggest that 1) modified LDL activates MEKK3/JNK2/c-Jun signaling pathway, and c-Jun directly activates Nogo-B and SR-AI; 2) upregulated Nogo-B interacts MEKK3 and modulate foam cell formation through negative feedback on the MEKK3/JNK2 pathway.
Dispersion-managed RZ propagation in a circulation loop with NZ-DSF and DCF with 100 km EDFA spacing and dispersion compensation period

Nonlinear propagation is reported for dispersion-managed 10 Gbps RZ data patterns in the net anomalous-, zero-, and normal-dispersion regimes. Dynamical evolution of higher-order dispersion-managed soliton behavior is shown, and a novel dispersion management strategy is presented to minimize intersymbol interference during this transient regime. The maximum error-free distance achieved is 12000 km with 100 km EDFA spacing.
Risks associated with smallpox vaccination in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To estimate the maternal and fetal risks of smallpox vaccination during pregnancy.
Al2O3-ZrO2 Ceramics with Submicron Microstructures Obtained through Microwave Sintering, Plasma Sintering and Shock Compaction

Submicron and nanocrystalline grain sizes were achieved in the Al2O3-ZrO2 eutectic composition through conventional, microwave and plasma sintering of rapidly solidified starting powders and through shock compaction of commercial powders. Post sintering studies revealed nanocrystalline intragranular ZrO2 in the 1–2 μm Al2O3 grains, which is thought to be a result of the solidification synthesis. Additions of B2O3 greatly increased the final density through liquid phase sintering. Shock compression of commercial powders produced dense, crack-free, fine grained ceramics with loading pressures up to 9.1 GPa and a metastable ZrO2 phase under higher pressures.
Treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with encephalitogenic basic proteins.

SummaryThe therapeutic effect of myelin basic protein on established EAE, reported for actively immunized guinea pigs by Alvord et al., has been extended to rats with clinical signs of EAE produced by active sensitization or passive transfer. Furthermore, there was evidence of a limited degree of species specificity inasmuch as rat or guinea pig basic proteins were more effective than monkey basic protein in treating EAE produced with rat spinal cord and adjuvants. However, monkey basic protein appeared to be a fully effective therapeutic agent when EAE was produced with monkey spinal cord. The present work derives importance from current interest in treating patients with multiple sclerosis with basic protein or substances derived from basic protein. The experiments described herein provide a basis for further investigation, in which therapeutic gains can be measured by clinical signs, mortality and histological scoring after only 1 to 3 treatments and in as short a time as 2 days.
Shining a Light on Solar Water Splitting—Response

A number of Chandross's questions are addressed in References 5 and 6 of the Perspective ([ 1 ][1], [ 2 ][2]). Reference 2 provides a detailed engineering analysis for four different photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting system designs, including tilted panels. Designs 1 and 2 have been