cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Currency of White Women's Hair in a Down Economy

This short essay is a reflection on the relationship between the economy and women’s hair. I suggest that examining women’s spending on hair care products during uncertain financial conditions provides insight into the gendered aspects of the economy. As the economy has declined, sales of home hair-care products targeted toward white women have increased. Major news outlets report on salon customers trying to stretch out the time between their regular $250 hair salon treatments. Certain women turn to home hair dyes to maintain conforming appearances. In popular culture, to have white skin and gray hair is to be old (unemployable and unattractive) or menopausal (unproductive and unsexual). An attempt to retain their hair color (natural or chosen) is, for certain women, an attempt to retain a currency of employability, utility and desirability. The hair-care spending of African-American women (of all socio-economic classes), in contrast, appears to be less susceptible to economic cycles. African-American legal scholars have given voice to the complex role that hair can play in the personal, professional, social and legal lives of black women. I argue that only in a down economy do some white women grapple with their hair’s complex signaling function, including its link to race and privilege.
Postoperative radiographic findings in patients undergoing intracranial electrode monitoring for medically refractory epilepsy.

Object In this study the authors sought to determine whether any correlations existed between postimplantation head CT findings and the need to perform decompression surgery in patients with grid electrodes. Methods The authors identified 74 patients who underwent intracranial electrode monitoring for medically refractory epilepsy from January 2000 through June 2008. Only the 46 patients who had head CT scans available for review were included in the study. The authors were able to determine the number and types of electrodes placed as well as complications experienced. They reviewed the CT scans for abnormal findings including extraaxial fluid collections, intracranial hemorrhages, and signs of mass effect. Results All patients developed some degree of extraaxial fluid collection following the placement of intracranial electrodes. The maximum width of the extraaxial fluid collection and the degree of midline shift were not predictive of the need for decompressive surgery. The presence, but not degree, of...
Song- and Order-Selective Neurons in the Songbird Anterior Forebrain and their Emergence during Vocal Development

Auditory experience is critical for vocal learning in songbirds as in humans. Therefore, in a search for neural mechanisms for song learning and recognition, the auditory response properties of neurons in the anterior forebrain (AF) pathway of the songbird brain were investigated. This pathway plays an essential but poorly understood role during the period of song development when auditory feedback is most crucial. Single-unit recordings demonstrated that both the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum (LMAN) and Area X (X) contain auditory neurons in adult male finches. These neurons are strongly selective for both spectral and temporal properties of song; they respond more robustly to the bird’s own song (BOS) than to songs of conspecific individuals, and they respond less well to the BOS if it is played in reverse. In addition, X neurons are more broadly responsive than LMAN neurons, suggesting that responses to song become progressively more refined along this pathway. Both X and LMAN of young male finches early in the process of song learning (30–45 d old) also contain song-responsive auditory neurons, but these juvenile neurons lack the song and order selectivity present in adult birds. The spectral and temporal selectivity of the adult AF auditory neurons therefore arises during development in neurons that are initially broadly song-responsive. These neurons provide one of the clearest examples of experience-dependent acquisition of complex stimulus selectivity. Moreover, the auditory properties of the AF circuit suggest that one of its functions may be to mediate the auditory learning and feedback so essential to song development.
Crafting crop resistance to corn rootworms.

Transgenic corn co-expressing two complementary endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis shows promise in controlling these pernicious pests, but questions remain on how best to avoid the emergence of resistance.
Adler, Alfred (1871–1937)

Alfred Adler founded the school of Individual Psychology, a theory of personality and psychopathology, as well as a method of psychotherapy. Based on the concepts of the unit, goal striving, and active participation of the individual, it is a humanistic view of psychology rather than a mechanistic drive psychology. It stresses cognitive rather than unconscious processes. Adler accepted being called “father of the inferiority complex.”
Angiogenesis and Gene Therapy

Angiogenic growth factors constitute a potentially novel form of therapy for patients with ischemic vascular disease. The feasibility of using recombinant formulations of angiogenic growth factors to augment collateral artery development by stimulation of capillary growth in animal models of myocardial and hind limb ischemia has now been well established. This novel strategy for the treatment of vascular insufficiency, depicted schematically for peripheral vascular disease in Fig. 1, has been termed therapeutic angiogenesis. Studies have suggested that three angiogenic growth factors in particular—acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)—are sufficiently potent to merit further investigation. In the case of VEGF and aFGF, bioavailability and meaningful angiogenic bioactivity were also shown to be achievable by intramuscular gene transfer, with clinical phase I trials in patients with chronic critical limb ischemia (CLI) cautiously interpreted to support both the strategy of somatic gene therapy and the concept of therapeutic angiogenesis.
Initial results from a volume scanning three wavelength polarization lidar

Clouds and aerosols play an important role in the radiative processes affecting the Earth's climate and the thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere. Therefore, it is crucial to gain greater insight into the structure and composition of clouds and aerosols. One approach to achieving this consists of employing several different remote sensing systems operating at multiple wavelengths. At Penn State, an interdisciplinary group of researchers following this approach has developed a new research tool called WAVE-LARS (Water Aerosol Vapor Experiment-Lidar And Radar Sounder). This instrument includes a volume scanning 94 GHz radar, a volume scattering multi-wavelength lidar, and a vertically pointing Rayleigh/Raman lidar. The 94 GHz radar was based on a previous radar constructed at Penn State, augment ed with new volume scanning and polarization capabilities. This system provides vertical profiles of atmospheric water vapor and temperature. The theory, design, and initial results from the volume scanning lidar is discussed. >
Reply to Comment on "Stripe glasses: self generated randomness in a uniformly frustrated system"

Using our previous results for the configurational entropy of a stripe glass as well as a variational result for the bare surface tension of entropic droplets we show that there is no disagreement between the numerical simulations of Grousson et al. and our theory. The claim that our theory disagrees with numerical simulations is based on the assumption that the surface tension is independent of the frustration parameter Q of the model. However, we show in this Reply that it varies strongly with Q and that the resulting Q-dependence of the kinetic fragility agrees with the one obtained by Grousson et al. We believe that this answers the questions raised in the Comment by Grousson et al.
Genetic evidence in the mouse solidifies the calcium hypothesis of myofiber death in muscular dystrophy

Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of degenerative muscle disorders characterized by progressive muscle wasting and often premature death. Although the primary defect underlying most forms of MD typically results from a loss of sarcolemmal integrity, the secondary molecular mechanisms leading to muscle degeneration and myofiber necrosis is debated. One hypothesis suggests that elevated or dysregulated cytosolic calcium is the common transducing event, resulting in myofiber necrosis in MD. Previous measurements of resting calcium levels in myofibers from dystrophic animal models or humans produced equivocal results. However, recent studies in genetically altered mouse models have largely solidified the calcium hypothesis of MD, such that models with artificially elevated calcium in skeletal muscle manifest fulminant dystrophic-like disease, whereas models with enhanced calcium clearance or inhibited calcium influx are resistant to myofiber death and MD. Here, we will review the field and the recent cadre of data from genetically altered mouse models, which we propose have collectively mostly proven the hypothesis that calcium is the primary effector of myofiber necrosis in MD. This new consensus on calcium should guide future selection of drugs to be evaluated in clinical trials as well as gene therapy-based approaches.
Examination of the substrate stoichiometry of the intestinal Na+/phosphate cotransporter

The substrate stoichiometry of the intestinal Na+/phosphate cotransporter was examined using two measures of Na+-dependent phosphate uptake: initial rates of uptake with [32P] phosphate and phosphate-induced membrane depolarization using the potential-sensitive dye diSC3(5). Isotopic phosphate measures electrogenic and electroneutral Na+-dependent phosphate uptake, while phosphate-induced membrane depolarization measures electrogenic phosphate uptake. Using these measures of Na-dependent phosphate uptake, three parameters were compared: substrate affinity; phenylglyoxal sensitivity and labeling; and inhibiton by mono- and di-fluorophosphates. Na+/phosphate cotransport was found to have similar Na+ activations (apparentK 0.5's of 28 and 25mm), apparentK m 's for phosphate (100 and 410 μm), andK 0.5's for inhibition by phenylglyoxal (70 and 90 μm) using isotopic phosphate, uptake and membrane depolarization, respectively. Only difluorophosphate inhibited Na+-dependent phosphate uptake below 1mm at pH 7.4. Difluorophosphate also protected a 130-kDa polypeptide from FITC-PG labeling in the presence of Na+ with apparentK 0.5 for phosphate of 200 μm; similar to the apparentK m for phosphate uptake, andK 0.5 for phosphate protection against FITC-PG inhibition of Na+-dependent phosphate uptake and FITC-PG labeling of the 130-kDa polypeptide. These results indicate that the intestinal Na+/phosphate cotransporter is electrogenic at pH 7.4, that H2PO 4 − is the transport-competent species, and that the 130-kDa polypeptide is an excellent candidate for the intestinal Na+/phosphate cotransporter.
Case study: Introducing IT to Partners Financial Services: The case of a vision without direction

It was an exciting day when Regional Vice President Frank Mead of The Partners Financial Services announced that the home office had set dates for new personal computer installation across the Western Division. It had been about a year and a half since the new installation process had been underway, although promises for this date had been estimated to 90 days from the initial roll out. Company employees were anxious to finally get technologically inline with the times, even though the new IT system would not change the main functions of the business.
Effects of a peer-counseled AIDS education program on knowledge, attitudes, and satisfaction of adolescents

Abstract Education programs for adolescents regarding acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have been advocated by many professionals to help minimize the risk of infection in this population. This study compares a peer-led vs. an adult-led AIDS education program on the knowledge, attitudes, and satisfaction of the adolescents with their education. Eighty-two male and female adolescents, ranging in age from 12 to 18 years, were randomly assigned to a peer ( n = 27), adult ( n = 28), and control ( n = 27) group. Intervention consisted of receiving didactic information and viewing a videotape about AIDS transmission and prevention. All subjects completed the AIDS Knowledge Questionnaire-Revised, AIDS Attitude Survey, and a measure of consumer satisfaction. Statistical analyses revealed a significant effect for knowledge and attitudes toward practicing personal preventive behaviors and the seriousness of AIDS; both peer- and adult-led groups were superior to controls ( p p
Clinical Chemistry through Clinical Chemistry: A Journal Timeline

The establishment of the modern discipline of clinical chemistry was concurrent with the foundation of the journal Clinical Chemistry and that of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry in the late 1940s and early 1950s. To mark the 50th volume of this Journal, I chronicle and highlight scientific milestones, and those within the discipline, as documented in the pages of Clinical Chemistry. Amazing progress has been made in the field of laboratory diagnostics over these five decades, in many cases paralleling-as well as being bolstered by-the rapid pace in the development of computer technologies. Specific areas of laboratory medicine particularly well represented in Clinical Chemistry include lipids, endocrinology, protein markers, quality of laboratory measurements, molecular diagnostics, and general advances in methodology and instrumentation.
285 A Virilizing Adrenocortical Tumor in a Female Infant: Steroidogenesis In Vivo and In Vitro

Normal adrenal and adrenal tumor cells from a female infant with a virilizing adrenal tumor were grown in tissue culture for a period of 7 weeks with and without ACTH (0.1 unit/ml). The cells grew well and continued to produce steroid hormones, as measured by radioimmunoassay of individual steroids in the culture medium. Compared to normal cells, tumor cells with no ACTH added produced equivalent amounts of cortisol, 180H corticosterone, and 180H deoxycorticosterone, but lesser amounts of dehydroepiandosterone (DHA), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T) and progesterone. Normal cells exposed to ACTH showed an increase in all steroids measured whereas ACTH-exposed tumor cells showed an increase principally in DHA, consistent with a deficiency in 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Concentrations of DHA, A and T in the patient's serum were elevated before the adrenal tumor was removed. The relative concentration of the three androgens in media of tumor cells in vitro resembled that in patient's serum in vivo. These studies demonstrate that both normal and tumor cells of adrenal can be maintained for a long time in vitro, that they retain their ability to respond to ACTH and that they produce their characteristic steroids. The tumor cells appear to have a 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency.
Synthesis and Structure of a Diarsenechromium Complex with an Unsupported Arsenic‐Arsenic Double Bond

The complete manuscript of this communication appears in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1983, 1493. DOI:10.1002/anie.198314930
An Investigation of Receiver Apprehension and Social Context Dimensions of Communication Apprehension.

This study discusses the nature of communication apprehension and self‐report instruments designed to measure it. The Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA) and a 45‐item instrument focusing on apprehension in the reception of communication were used. Two independent factors related to source versus receiver apprehension were discovered. No dimensions of communication apprehension related to social contexts (formal versus informal) were discovered. An initial 20‐item self‐report instrument labeled the Receiver Apprehension Test (RA T) was developed.
Metabolism of NaHC1403: effects of anesthesia and route of dosage.

SummaryThe time-course of respiratory C14O2 has been followed after intraperitoneal and intravenous dosage of NaHC14O3 into anesthetized and non-anesthetized rats. Nembutal has been shown to affect the turnover of injected bicarbonate through its depression of respiration. The anesthetic did not slow peritoneal absorption. The multiple bicarbonate dosage used did not lead to appreciable labeling in tissue lipids, and the contribution of C14O2 to secondary labeling reactions can under these conditions be ignored. Liver glycogen “fixed” a small but measurable amount of the C14 label.
Polymer microsphere and polymer-ferrite nanocomposite preparation by precipitation from water-in-oil microemulsions

A simple method to encapsulate intramicellar solutes (enzymes, nanoparticles) in polymer microspheres is described. The method involves dissolving a polymer in a minimum amount of solvent. The polymer solution is then added to a large volume of a nonsolvent system containing bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) reversed micelles. Immediate precipitation of the dissolved polymer takes place. The precipitation results in the formation of stable microparticles ∼0.1–1 µm in diameter. There is a direct correlation between the internal voidage of the particles and the water content of the micelles. Precipitation also leads to encapsulation of intramicellar solutes, resulting in the formation of microspherical composites.
The evolution of the self through optimal gratification

In an attempt to more accurately grasp how the psychotherapeutic process heals self pathology, this paper explores the Self Psychological construct of transmuting internalization which has always assumed a climate of attunement, but has emphasized the frustration inherent in the therapeutic process. An alternative way of conceptualizing the process is offered in an attempt to refine theory to better reflect current research, clinical observations, and therapeutic experience. Specifically, the primacy of optimal frustration as the curative factor is challenged. Gratification of basic needs through an attuned environment is proposed as the fundamental foundation for the process of self structuralization. It is argued that first one must be able to express, identify and interpret affect, and that these abilities are acquired through the activation and gratification of the fundamental needs as delineated by Kohut's concepts of mirroring, idealizing, and twinship. One must have sufficient experiences in feeling valued, confirmed, comforted, affiliated, etc. by a selfobject milieu before she or he can develop self-regulating behaviors.
Effect of parenteral magnesium sulfate on penicillin-induced seizure foci in anesthetized cats

The use of magnesium sulfate as an anticonvulsant remains controversial. The effect of parenteral magnesium sulfate on established penicillin-induced seizure foci in anesthetized cats was studied. After induction of an epileptic focus by application of penicillin to the cerebral cortex, experimental animals were infused intravenously with magnesium sulfate, whereas control animals received normal saline solution at an equivalent rate. Experimental animals achieved a mean serum magnesium level of 11.73 +/- 2.00 mg/dl. Analysis of the electroencephalogram recordings demonstrated no significant difference in epileptic spike activity between the experimental and control groups. The critical importance of adequate controls in studies of this type is stressed.
Low temperature specific heat of ferromagnetic CePt and isostructural LaPt

Abstract The intermetallic compound CePt orders ferromagnetically at 5.8 K. The specific heats of CePt and LaPt (which also has the orthorhombic CrB structure) have been measured between 1.5 K and 16 K. The difference of the two is taken to determine the entropy of ordering per Ce 4f 1 moment, k B 1n2. The specific heat of ordered CePt is observed to have an AT + BT 3 temperature dependence below 5 K.
Rachel Carson's environmental ethic – a guide for global systems decision making

Abstract The technological advances of the twentieth century drive the two most critical challenges of the twenty-first century. Climate change results directly from fossil fuel combustion that dominates the energy production system globally since the 1900's. Synthetic chemicals with carcinogenic, mutagenic and endocrine disrupting properties contaminate the biosphere. Ten thousand years of physical and biological stability of the planet shows signs of destabilizing. Yet, the credibility of scientists has come under attack, and science has become politicized and isolated from the mainstream of public influence. Rachel Carson, one of the most influential thought leaders of the twentieth century, offers a role model for addressing this critical problem. Through her gifted writing she shifted public opinion to understand the interconnectedness of all living systems. She spoke out as a scientist and an advocate in defense of protecting the natural world. Her recommendations based on sound science helped to shape the initial environmental protections that evolved through the nineteen seventies. She is a role model for the application of science in public policy. The acute environmental crises we face cross political and geographic divisions, and involve placing constraints on unfettered multi-national corporate interests whose only guide is success in the marketplace. Rachel Carson's work synthesized the principles that support precaution in man-made intrusions into the living world. Her graphic illustrations of the interconnectedness of all living systems showed that we cannot harm the environment without in turn harming ourselves. Natural laws of biology, physics and chemistry affect all countries, regardless of political persuasion, religion, social structure or priorities. Rachel Carson's environmental ethic provides a guide for decision-making that draws from our common humanity, and our common place in the global ecosystem as animals. Rachel Carson's environmental ethic has four parts: Live in harmony with nature; Preserve and learn from the natural places of the world; Minimize the impact of man-made chemicals on natural systems; and Consider the implications of all human actions on the global web of life. Governing our multiple forms of civilization according to the common laws of nature that drive life on earth can help to cross the barriers that divide us. Rachel Carson's environmental ethic can enlighten the debate over intergenerational and inter-cultural justice because the choices we face are a matter of ethics, not technology.
Effect of Speech Errors on Observers′ Judgments of Anxious and Defensive Individuals

Abstract This study represents a follow-up to an earlier series of studies which showed that individuals′ state anxiety and defensiveness were more accurately detected from audio-only compared with video-only cues. Encoding studies also have shown that changes in speech patterns (increased speech errors) occurred when state anxiety increased. In the present study (and its replication), judges evaluated speaker state anxiety from brief transcripts with and without speech errors. Judges correctly identified the level of state anxiety, and two types of speech errors seemed to be influential (speech disturbances and silent pauses). These same speech errors also occur more frequently in encoding studies of speaker anxiety. The predicted linear relationship for speaker coping style was revealed: repressors were judged as most anxious followed by defensive high trait anxious, high trait anxious, and the true low trait anxious. Predictions for two specific coping style groups showed that repressors were evaluated as more anxious than the true low trait anxious. Repressors were shown to emit more speech errors than the true low trait anxious.
Accuracy of Pressure-Sensitive Paint

Uncertainty in pressure sensitive paint (PSP) measurement is investigated from a standpoint of system modeling. A functional relation between the imaging system output and luminescent emission from PSP is obtained based on studies of radiative energy transports in PSP and photodetector response to luminescence. This relation provides insights into physical origins of various elemental error sources and allows estimate of the total PSP measurement uncertainty contributed by the elemental errors. The elemental errors and their sensitivity coefficients in the error propagation equation are evaluated. Useful formulas are given for the minimum pressure uncertainty that PSP can possibly achieve and the upper bounds of the elemental errors to meet required pressure accuracy. An instructive example of a Joukowsky airfoil in subsonic flows is given to illustrate uncertainty estimates in PSP measurements.
A Dehydrogenation Mechanism of Metal Hydrides Based on Interactions between Hδ+ and H-

This paper describes a reaction mechanism that explains the dehydrogenation reactions of alkali and alkaline-earth metal hydrides. These light metal hydrides, e.g., lithium-based compounds such as ...
Mitotic forces control a cell-cycle checkpoint

Every time a cell divides, the chromosomes must be distributed accurately to the daughter cells. Errors in distribution arise if chromosomes are improperly attached to the mitotic spindle. Improper attachment is detected by a cell-cycle checkpoint in many cells and the completion of cell division is delayed, allowing time for error correction. How is an improperly attached chromosome detected? An absence of tension from mitotic forces is one possibility. Here we test this possibility directly by applying tension to an improperly attached chromosome with a micromanipulation needle. In the absence of tension, the entry into anaphase and the completion of mitosis was delayed by 5-6 hours. When the misattached chromosome was placed under tension, however, the cell entered anaphase in 56 minutes, on average. Tension from mitotic forces or from a micromanipulator's needle evidently signals to the checkpoint that all is in order and that cell division can proceed.
Application of the Systolic Stiffness Concept to Assess Myocardial Function in Developing Hypertension

The concept of end-systolic myocardial stiffness permits the quantification of preload effects on fiber shortening and changes in the slope (max Eav) of the end-systolic stress-strain relation, which, if linear, reflect changes in the inotropic state. As an application of this new concept, the end-systolic stress-strain and shortening-afterload relations were evaluated on the basis of data from dogs studied during development of perinephritic hypertension. End-systolic stress-strain relations were linear before and 2 weeks after the induction of hypertension and the end-systolic pressure-diameter relations were not always linear. The shortening-afterload relations obtained directly from raw data points displayed enhanced contractility in the hypertensive state under betaadrenergic receptor blockade. However, the preload-corrected shortening-afterload relations demonstrated that contractility was unchanged in hypertension. Hypertensive hearts operated at higher preload than normotensive hearts at any afterload levels. This discrepancy between the conventional method without preload-correction and the preloadcorrected analysis indicates the importance of preload- correction on shortening-afterload relations in hypertension.
Embeddable modular hardware for multi-functional sensor networks

A multi-layer node is described for multi-functional sensor networks. The generation-4 smart sensor node (G4SSN) is light weight, has a small footprint, and is low power to support dedicated, embedded applications. It has core layers for data sensing, data processing and wireless networking. The modular physical layout is built around a flexible, multi-channel bus architecture and routing protocols are easily tailored. Additional stackable layers and devices can be easily configured and programmed to meet specific application requirements, especially for prototyping and research investigations. The feasibility for high-resolution sensor data acquisition and wireless transmission is demonstrated using the dynamic strain behavior of an instrumented cantilever beam. The G4SSN is adaptable with different hardware components such as different sensor types and radio layer capabilities.
The Hazy Details of Early Earth's Atmosphere—Response

Russell proposes that early Earth's atmosphere contained primarily CO2 and lacked N2. For this idea to make sense, one must explain how volcanic outgassing or comet/asteroid impact delivery of the early atmosphere's constituents could provide CO2 yet sequester N2. In my Perspective, I focused on
Use of Radcube for extraction of finding trends in a large radiology practice.

The purpose of our study was to demonstrate the use of Natural Language Processing (Leximer), along with Online Analytic Processing, (NLP-OLAP), for extraction of finding trends in a large radiology practice. Prior studies have validated the Natural Language Processing (NLP) program, Leximer for classifying unstructured radiology reports based on the presence of positive radiology findings (F POS) and negative radiology findings (F NEG). The F POS included new relevant radiology findings and any change in status from prior imaging. Electronic radiology reports from 1995–2002 and data from analysis of these reports with NLP-Leximer were saved in a data warehouse and exported to a multidimensional structure called the Radcube. Various relational queries on the data in the Radcube were performed using OLAP technique. Thus, NLP-OLAP was applied to determine trends of F POS in different radiology exams for different patient and examination attributes. Pivot tables were exported from NLP-OLAP interface to Microsoft Excel for statistical analysis. Radcube allowed rapid and comprehensive analysis of F POS and F NEG trends in a large radiology report database. Trends of F POS were extracted for different patient attributes such as age groups, gender, clinical indications, diseases with ICD codes, patient types (inpatient, ambulatory), imaging characteristics such as imaging modalities, referring physicians, radiology subspecialties, and body regions. Data analysis showed substantial differences between F POS rates for different imaging modalities ranging from 23.1% (mammography, 49,163/212,906) to 85.8% (nuclear medicine, 93,852/109,374; p < 0.0001). In conclusion, NLP-OLAP can help in analysis of yield of different radiology exams from a large radiology report database.
Chronic Kidney Disease Risk Reduction in a Hispanic Population Through Pharmacist-Based Disease-State Management

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of a pharmacist-based disease-state management service to improve the care of indigent, predominately Spanish-speaking patients with diabetes mellitus and common comorbid conditions at high risk for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients at high risk for developing CKD who have diabetes at a community health center were placed in a pharmacist-based disease state management service for CKD risk reduction. A residency-trained, bilingual, certified diabetes educator, with a PharmD served as the patient's provider using diagnostic, educational, and therapeutic management services under a medical staff approved collaborative practice agreement. Outcomes were assessed by using national standards of care for disease control and prevention screening. The impact on CKD was shown with a mean A1C decrease of 2% and improvement in the proportion of patients at target goals for blood pressure, A1C, and cholesterol levels and receiving aspirin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker. A pharmacist-based disease-state management service for CKD risk reduction, care of diabetes, and frequently associated comorbid conditions improved compliance with national standards for diabetes care in a high-risk population.
Personality and risk of Alzheimer's disease: New data and meta-analysis

Abstract Background We examine whether broad factors and specific facets of personality are associated with increased risk of incident Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a long-run longitudinal study and a meta-analysis of published studies. Methods Participants (n = 1671) were monitored for up to 22 years from a baseline personality assessment. The meta-analysis pooled results from up to five prospective studies (n = 5054). Results Individuals with scores in the top quartile of neuroticism (hazard ratio=3.1; 95% confidence interval=1.6–6.0) or the lowest quartile of conscientiousness (hazard ratio = 3.3; 95% confidence interval=1.4–7.4) had a threefold increased risk of incident AD. Among the components of these traits, self-discipline and depression had the strongest associations with incident AD. The meta-analysis confirmed the associations of neuroticism ( P = 2 × 10 −9 ) and conscientiousness ( P = 2 × 10 −6 ), along with weaker effects for openness and agreeableness ( P Conclusions The current study and meta-analysis indicate that personality traits are associated with increased risk of AD, with effect sizes similar to those of well-established clinical and lifestyle risk factors.
Molecular carbon isotopic evidence for the origin of geothermal hydrocarbons

Isotopic measurements of individual geothermal hydrocarbons that are, as a group, of higher molecular weight than methane are reported. It is believed in light of this data that the principal source of hydrocarbons in four geothermal areas in western North America is the thermal decomposition of sedimentary or groundwater organic matter.
Chronicle and Calendar of Events

The Princeton Conference on Maitreya Studies was held at Princeton University on May 1-3, 1983. Sponsored by the Department of Religion and the Program in East Asian Studies, the Conference was funded in part by a grant from the Division of Research Programs, National Endowment for the Humanities and was co-directed by Helen Hardacre and Alan Sponberg. Drawing upon scholars in various disciplines, representing specialists in the major cultural areas of Buddhist influence, the purpose of the Conference was to clarify the significance of Maitreya in Buddhist history, thought and culture. Specifically, the Conference addressed the following questions: What forms does the cult of Maitreya take in various Asian societies? What iconographic and ritual symbols are associated with Maitreya? What expectations do believers have of Maitreya? Under what circumstances does the Maitreya cult develop millenarian tendencies? Since papers were distributed in advance, Conference discussions were devoted to issues raised by each author. The following is a listing of papers presented at each of the four panels.
Interaction of Ca2+ with endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver: A standardized procedure for the isolation of rat liver microsomes

Abstract A standardized method has been developed for the rapid isolation of rat liver microsomes using Ca 2+ and its advantages over other available methods have been outlined. In addition to hydrolytic enzymes and chemical composition, the important enzymes in the electron transport system were determined in Ca 2+ microsomes and normal 105,000 g microsomes and indicate only minor differences between the two preparations. Two classes of microsomes—smooth and rough particles prepared with or without the addition of Ca 2+ —were compared for their chemical and biochemical properties and indicated little differences within each microsomal fraction. The ability of other divalent cations like Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ , Ba 2+ , Zn 2+ , and Hg 2+ to aggregate the microsomes was observed while the monovalent and trivalent cations tested did not appreciably sediment the microsomes under the present experimental conditions.
A sofic system which is not spectrally of finite type

We exhibit a transitive sofic system for which the core matrix has negative trace, and hence cannot share the nonzero spectrum of any subshift of finite type cover. We also show that every transitive sofic system has an integral core matrix.
Cholestatrienol Time Resolved Fluorescence In Phosphatidylcholine Bilayers

Multifrequency phase and modulation fluorometry and a fluorescent sterol analogue,u5,7,9 (11) cholestatrien-3$-ol (CTE), were used to examine properties of sterols in l-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) small unilamellar vesicles (SUV). The fluorescence decay of CTE in POPC SUV was examined both by sum of exponentials and by distributional analyses. The data best fit a continuous distribution of lifetimes with a two component Lorentzian function. The centers of lifetime distribution were near c1=0.86 ns and c2=3.24 ns, fractional intensities f1=0.96 and f2=0.04, and peak widths were very narrow. The centers of lifetime distribution, fractional intensities, and peak width at half-height were highly dependent on cholesterol content and vesicle curvature. In the range 0-6 mole %, CTE underwent a concentration dependent transition characterized by red shifted wavelengths of absorption maxima as well as altered ratios of absorbance maxima and fluorescence excitation maxima at 338nm/325nm. Fluorescence intensity of CTE increased up to 6 mole % CTE in POPC SUV while other parameters remained relatively constant. In contrast, between 6-33 mole % CTE, the CTE interacted to self-quench thereby decreasing fluorescence intensity, quantum yield, steady state anisotropy, limiting anisotropy, and rotational relaxation time without decreasing lifetime. The results were consistent with the interpretation that below 6 mole % sterol, the sterols behaved as monomers exposed to some degree to the aqueous solvent in POPC SUV. At higher concentrations the sterol partially segregated. At low mole %, CTE was an excellent probe molecule for determination of the motional properties of sterols in POPC membranes.
The Neglect of Culture in Psychiatric Nosology : the Case of Culture Bound Syndromes

Descriptive psychopathology and clinical phenomenology inform contemporary psychiatric diagnosis and nosology. The process of psychiatric diagnosis and classification is intricate and subject to continuous revision. This paper attempts to illustrate the effect of culture on psychopathology, with special emphasis on the diagnosis and classification of culture bound syndromes. There is a need for more clarity and specificity about the diagnosis and classification of culture bound syndromes. The paper suggests some questions that need to be addressed for the better integration of these syndromes into the main body of international classificatory systems. It is presumed that answers to these questions will provide a better nosological framework for culture bound syndromes.
Lipid-protein interactions in the plasma lipoproteins

The purpose of this review has been to discuss new information about the mechanism of lipid and apoprotein interaction in the plasma lipoproteins. A special form of the amphipathic helix has been identified as a major structural element of the apolipoproteins sequenced to date. Evidence is reviewed concerning the role of the amphipathic helix in the binding to phospholipids. Several different models for the organization of the components of HDL, LDL and LP-X have evolved from extensive structural studies. Resolution of the differences among these models will require additional experimental testing. Verification of models based on the study of reconstituted HDL will require rigorous proof of native structure in these particles. A detailed description of the molecular organization of the lipid and protein constituents of the plasma lipoproteins is still lacking. Further structural and sequence studies with apoB and the "arginine-rich" protein are needed. Crystallization of an apoprotein or lipoprotein and determination of the three-dimensional structure would be a major achievement. With such further detailed structural information, it may then be possible to correlate changes in structure with determinants of metabolism.
Pickles and ice cream! Food cravings in pregnancy: hypotheses, preliminary evidence, and directions for future research

Women in the United States experience an increase in food cravings at two specific times during their life, (1) perimenstrually and (2) prenatally. The prevalence of excess gestational weight gain (GWG) is a growing concern due to its association with adverse health outcomes in both mothers and children. To the extent that prenatal food cravings may be a determinant of energy intake in pregnancy, a better understanding of craving etiology could be crucial in addressing the issue of excessive GWG. This paper reviews the available literature to corroborate and/or dispute some of the most commonly accepted hypotheses regarding the causes of food cravings during pregnancy, including a role of (1) hormonal changes, (2) nutritional deficits, (3) pharmacologically active ingredients in the desired foods, and (4) cultural and psychosocial factors. An existing model of perimenstrual chocolate craving etiology serves to structure the discussion of these hypotheses. The main hypotheses discussed receive little support, with the notable exception of a postulated role of cultural and psychosocial factors. The presence of cravings during pregnancy is a common phenomenon across different cultures, but the types of foods desired and the adverse impact of cravings on health may be culture-specific. Various psychosocial factors appear to correlate with excess GWG, including the presence of restrained eating. Findings strongly suggest that more research be conducted in this area. We propose that future investigations fall into one of the four following categories: (1) validation of food craving and eating-related measures specifically in pregnant populations, (2) use of ecological momentary assessment to obtain real time data on cravings during pregnancy, (3) implementation of longitudinal studies to address causality between eating disorder symptoms, food cravings, and GWG, and (4) development of interventions to ensure proper prenatal nutrition and prevent excess GWG.
Neutropenia Is Associated With Bacteremia in Patients Infected With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT: Neutropenia occurs in approximately 17% of symptomatic patients infected with HIV. Results of studies have failed to demonstrate a consistent relationship between HIV-related neutropenia and the subsequent development of bacterial infections. This was a case control study to determine if HIV-related neutropenia was associated with increased rates of bacteremia. The experimental group was comprised of 29 patients infected with HIV that had an absolute neutrophil count less than 1000 cells/ mm 3 and were paired with 29 control subjects infected with HIV that had been matched for age, sex, CD4 count, and month and year of entry. The frequency of bacteremia was 12.6 per 100 patient months among the experimental group compared to a frequency of 0.87 per 100 patient months among the control group (relative risk [RR] = 14.9, P = 0.0027). Other independent risks for the development of bacteremia included central venous catheters (RR = 3.9, P = 0.03), with a trend toward increased risk for bacteremia in those patients who were intravenous drug users (RR = 3.8, P = 0.11), or who had infiltrative bone marrow disease (RR = 3.1, P = 0.11). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that neutropenia (odds ratio [OR] = 22.6, P = 0.028) and the presence of a central venous catheter (OR = 8.5, P = 0.026) were significant risks for bacteremia. These data suggest that neutropenia is a significant risk for the development of bacteremia in patients infected with HIV.
THE TEETH OF TIME: PIERRE HADOT ON MEANING AND MISUNDERSTANDING IN THE HISTORY OF IDEAS†

The French philosopher and intellectual historian Pierre Hadot (1922–2010) is known primarily for his conception of philosophy as spiritual exercise, which was an essential reference for the later Foucault. An aspect of his work that has received less attention is a set of methodological reflections on intellectual history and on the relationship between philosophy and history. Hadot was trained initially as a philosopher and was interested in existentialism as well as in the convergence between philosophy and poetry. Yet he chose to become a historian of philosophy and produced extensive philological work on neo-Platonism and ancient philosophy in general. He found a philosophical rationale for this shift in his encounter with Wittgenstein's philosophy in the mid-1950s (Hadot was one of Wittgenstein's earliest French readers and interpreters). For Hadot, ancient philosophy must be understood as a series of language games, and each language game must be situated within the concrete conditions in which it happened. The reference to Wittgenstein therefore supports a strongly contextualist and historicist stance. It also supports its exact opposite: presentist appropriations of ancient texts are entirely legitimate, and they are the only way ancient philosophy can be existentially meaningful to us. Hadot addresses the contradiction by embracing it fully and claiming that his own practice aims at a coincidence of opposites (a concept borrowed from the Heraclitean tradition). For Hadot the fullest and truest way of doing philosophy is to be a philosopher and a historian at the same time.
Pathogenicity studies in rabbits, hamsters, mice and embryonated eggs with herpes T virus variants.

Herpes T large plaque variant (LPV) and Herpes T small plaque variant (SPV) had different pathogenicity in various laboratory hosts (rabbits, hamsters, mice and embryonated eggs).
An Investigation of Systematic Gender-Related Error in Job Evaluation

The present study manipulated the gender composition and the current pay level of one of three jobs in an experiment designed to address potential gender bias in job evaluation. Three samples of su...
Single parenthood as a predictor of cross-national variation in violent crime

This article investigates the role of single parenthood ratios in predicting violent-crime rates (murders, rapes, assaults) of 39 countries and pitted the predictions of parental investment theory ...
Characteristics of calcaneal bone infarction: an MR imaging investigation.

Objective. Bone infarction (BI) of the calcaneus is an uncommon entity which has received little mention in the recent literature. In this paper, we review the MR images of six calcanei with BI, which demonstrate a pattern of presentation that may explain the etiology of BI at this unusual location. Design. A retrospective review was performed of the transcribed reports of the foot or ankle MR examinations at our institution. MR images of examinations with any marrow signal abnormality were reviewed for presence of BI and its distribution. Patients. Based on MRI criteria, four patients had calcaneal BI (none biopsy proven); they ranged in age from 37 to 51 years old. Two patients were diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus, one with fibrositis, and another with polymyositis. All were treated with corticosteroids. Results. Six calcanei (in four patients) contained a region of calcaneal BI. In five of the six, the lesions were entirely or predominantly located in the posterior half of the calcaneus. Conclusion. Two theories are proposed which may explain why BI predominantly occurs in the posterior half of the calcaneus. First, the convergence of the recurrent intraosseous calcaneal vessels may occasionally produce the equivalent of a single dominant vessel that is more prone to vascular accidents. Secondly, the region between the recurrent and the epiphyseal vessels may act as a watershed zone, increasing its susceptibility to ischemia.