cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antioxidants Block Angiotensin II-Induced Increases in Blood Pressure and Endothelin

Chronically infusing a subpressor dose of angiotensin (Ang) II increases blood pressure via poorly defined mechanisms. We found that this hypertensive response is accompanied by increased oxidant stress and is prevented by blocking endothelin (ET) receptors. Thus, we now tested whether blocking oxidant stress decreases both blood pressure and ET levels. We infused Sprague-Dawley rats (via osmotic pumps) with either vehicle (group 1) or Ang II (5 ng. kg(-1). min(-1); groups 2 to 4) for 15 days. Groups 3 and 4 also received either tempol in the drinking water (1 mmol/L) or vitamin E (5000 IU/kg diet), respectively, for 15 days. We measured systolic blood pressure (SBP) and urinary nitrite excretion every 3 days, and on day 15 we measured systemic and renal venous plasma levels of ET, isoprostanes, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). SBP in Group 1 did not change throughout the study, whereas Ang II increased SBP (from 132+/-5 to 151+/-7 mm Hg). In addition, Ang II increased the systemic and renal venous levels of isoprostanes, TBARS, and ET and caused a transient decrease in urinary nitrites (that returned to control levels by day 9). Both tempol and vitamin E prevented Ang II-induced hypertension and either prevented or tended to blunt the increase in systemic and renal isoprostanes, TBARS, and ET. Finally, both antioxidants abolished the transient decrease in urinary nitrites. These results together with our previous study suggest that subpressor-dose Ang II increases oxidant stress (and isoprostanes). This in turn increases ET levels, which participate in the hypertensive response to Ang II.
VISDA: an open-source caBIG™ analytical tool for data clustering and beyond

Summary: VISDA (Visual Statistical Data Analyzer) is a caBIG TM analytical tool for cluster modeling, visualization and discovery that has met silver-level compatibility under the caBIG initiative. Being statistically principled and visually interfaced, VISDA exploits both hierarchical statistics modeling and human gift for pattern recognition to allow a progressive yet interactive discovery of hidden clusters within high dimensional and complex biomedical datasets. The distinctive features of VISDA are particularly useful for users across the cancer research and broader research communities to analyze complex biological data. Availability: http://gforge.nci.nih.gov/projects/visda/ Contact: yuewang@vt.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Diagnosis of Brain Abnormality Using both Structural and Functional MR Images

A number of neurological diseases are associated with structural and functional alterations in the brain. This paper presents a method of using both structural and functional MR images for brain disease diagnosis, by machine learning and high-dimensional template warping. First, a high-dimensional template warping technique is used to compute morphological and functional representations for each individual brain in a template space, within a mass preserving framework. Then, statistical regional features are extracted to reduce the dimensionality of morphological and functional representations, as well as to achieve the robustness to registration errors and inter-subject variations. Finally, the most discriminative regional features are selected by a hybrid feature selection method for brain classification, using a nonlinear support vector machine. The proposed method has been applied to classifying the brain images of prenatally cocaine-exposed young adults from those of socioeconomically matched controls, resulting in 91.8% correct classification rate using a leave-one-out cross-validation. Comparison results show the effectiveness of our method and also the importance of simultaneously using both structural and functional images for brain classification.
The Effects of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate on Counterregulatory Responses During Repeated Hypoglycemia in Conscious Normal Rats

We previously determined that both antecedent hypoglycemia and elevated cortisol levels blunt neuroendocrine and metabolic responses to subsequent hypoglycemia in conscious, unrestrained rats. The adrenal steroid dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) has been shown in several studies to oppose corticosteroid action. The purpose of this study was to determine if DHEA-S could preserve counterregulatory responses during repeated hypoglycemia. We studied 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats during a series of 2-day protocols. Day 1 consisted of two 2-h episodes of 1 ) hyperinsulinemic (30 pmol · kg −1 · min −1 ) euglycemia (6.2 ± 0.2 mmol/l; n = 12; ANTE EUG), 2 ) hyperinsulinemic euglycemia (6.0 ± 0.1 mmol/l; n = 8) plus simultaneous intravenous infusion of DHEA-S (30 mg/kg; ANTE EUG + DHEA-S), 3 ) hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (2.8 ± 0.1 mmol/l; n = 12; ANTE HYPO), or 4 ) hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (2.8 ± 0.1 mmol/l; n = 8) with simultaneous intravenous infusion of DHEA-S (30 mg/kg; ANTE HYPO + DHEA-S). Day 2 consisted of a single 2-h hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic (2.8 ± 0.1 mmol/l) clamp. During the final 30 min of day 2, hypoglycemia norepinephrine levels were significantly lower in the ANTE HYPO group versus the ANTE HYPO + DHEA-S group (2.0 ± 0.2 vs. 3.3 ± 0.6 nmol/l; P P −1 · min −1 ; P −1 · min −1 ; P
A Preliminary Evaluation of Learning within Developmentally Appropriate Early Childhood Settings.

The use of naturalistic teaching procedures to teach a variety of skills in developmentally appropriate early childhood settings was evaluated. Two single subject studies show the acquisition and m...
The impact of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy on the way endocrinologists treat primary hyperparathyroidism.

Abstract Background Minimally-invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) appears to be changing preoperative treatment and referral patterns for sporadic, nonfamilial, non–multiple endocrine neoplasia, primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Methods The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists membership was surveyed by mail (n = 1406 members) regarding physician practices and surgical referral patterns for PHPT. Results Seven hundred eighty-eight respondents (56%) practiced 17.0±0.4 years and referred 63%±1% of patients with PHPT for operation. Most endocrinologists (90%) used localizing studies before surgical referral (sestamibi, ultrasound scanning, technetium/thallium scanning, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography). Respondents identified symptoms, calcium homeostasis, bone density, health status, age, and general anesthesia risk as the most important considerations for surgical referral. Most respondents (79%) indicated that MIP availability would increase the number of patients who were referred for operation (P Conclusions MIP availability decreases the extent and duration of preoperative evaluation while decreasing the time from diagnosis to referral. MIP also lowers the endocrinologists' surgical referral threshold for PHPT, although it emphasizes the perceived shortcomings of traditional parathyroidectomy that are held by many physicians.
Efficient anisotropic adaptive discretization of the cardiovascular system

We present an anisotropic adaptive discretization method and demonstrate how computational efficiency can be increased when applying it to the simulation of cardiovascular flow. We further propose a new adaptive approach which controls the mesh adaptation procedure to maintain structured and graded elements near the wall resulting in a more accurate wall shear stress computation. To perform mesh adaptation for hemodynamic flows, a single mesh metric field is constructed for the whole cardiac cycle. Two alternative approaches are applied, one in which a metric field is constructed based on the average flow whereas in the other approach the metric field is obtained by intersecting metric fields computed at specified instants in the cycle. We apply the method to the case of a 3D branching vessel model. The efficiency of our approach is measured by analyzing the wall shear stress, a challenging but important quantity in the understanding of cardiovascular disease. The general anisotropic adaptivity based on metric intersection achieves over an order of magnitude reduction in terms of degrees of freedom when compared to uniform refinement for a given level of accuracy.
Imaging of the compact range using super-resolution techniques

A method for locating the sources of spurious scattering in a compact range which involves a probe scanning of the field in the test zone is discussed. Such a field probe system has been incorporated as one of the options in the Ohio State University compact range measurement system. The received signal can be measured along an 8-ft linear track at various orientations. These data are then used to determine the position and magnitude of spurious scatterers in the range. The basic idea of the superresolution technique described is that probe measurement data can be parametrically modeled. In the present case, probe data due to the main beam and spurious signals consist of a sum of sinusoids. The algorithm parametrically extracts the amplitudes and frequencies of these sinusoids. >
The Antirachitic Value of Sardine Oil for Growing Chicks

Abstract DURING recent years attention has been directed to the possibility of a wider distribution of the vitamin D factor in the liver and body fat of fish other than cod. Among the marine animal oils, that obtained from the pilchard (Sardinia coerulea) is available commercially in the largest volume. For the years 1929 and 1930 the production of sardine oil in the United States was respectively 6,427,404 and 5,803,166 gallons, most of which was obtained from fish taken in California waters. According to Harrison (1931) sardine oil is manufactured by what is referred to as the wet process of reduction. The fish are first cooked to disrupt the cellular structure and free the oil. The cooked mass is then pressed to express the freed oil and surplus moisture. The press liquor is placed in separating tanks where most of the suspended solids settle out, and the relatively clear oil rises . . .
Increased insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression precedes left ventricular cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in a rapidly-hypertrophying rat model system.

Chronic pressure overload leads to an increase in the size, i.e. hypertrophy, of cardiomyocytes in the heart. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this hypertrophy are not understood. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) synthesized locally in the heart is known to be associated with the hypertrophic process. So far, however, cardiac IGF-I gene expression in the widely used rat model system has only been shown to be increased when the hypertrophy induced by pressure-overload was already established. Therefore, the question of whether IGF-I serves as an initiating or early-enhancing factor for the cardiac hypertrophy remains unanswered. Here, cardiac hypertension and hypertrophy were rapidly induced in the rat by complete constriction of the abdominal aorta between the origins of the renal arteries. Carotid arterial systolic blood pressure remained unchanged in sham rats but increased rapidly in the pressure-overloaded constricted rats with a sustained hypertension established by 3 days. Hypertrophy of left ventricular (LV) cardiomyocytes in constricted rats also occurred by 3 days. However, this hypertrophy was preceded by increases in LV IGF-I mRNA and protein which occurred within 1 day. These results support the hypothesis that cardiac-synthesized IGF-I is an initiating or early-enhancing factor for hypertrophy of LV cardiomyocytes.
Histone deacetylase inhibition decreases proliferation and potentiates the effect of ionizing radiation in atypical teratoid/ rhabdoid tumor cells

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is a highly malignant central nervous system neoplasm that primarily occurs in children less than 3 years of age. Because of poor outcomes with intense and toxic multimodality treatment, new therapies are urgently needed. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) have been evaluated as novel agents for multiple malignancies and have been shown to function as radiosensitizers. They act as epigenetic modifiers and lead to re-expression of inappropriately repressed genes, proteins, and cellular functions. Because of the underlying chromatin remodeling gene mutation in ATRT, HDIs are ideal candidates for therapeutic evaluation. To evaluate the role of HDIs against ATRT in vitro, we assessed the effect of drug treatment on proliferation, apoptosis, and gene expression. In addition, we examined HDI pretreatment as a radiosensitization strategy for ATRT. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium with phenazine methosulfate electron coupling reagent (MTS) and clonogenic assays demonstrated that HDI treatment significantly reduces the proliferative capacity of BT-12 and BT-16 ATRT cells. In addition, the HDI SNDX-275 was able to induce apoptosis in both cell lines and induced p21Waf1/Cip1 protein expression as measured by Western blot. Evaluation of differential gene expression by microarray and pathway analysis after HDI treatment demonstrated alterations of several key ATRT cellular functions. Finally, we showed that HDI pretreatment effectively potentiates the effect of ionizing radiation on ATRT cells as measured by clonogenic assay. Our findings suggest that the addition of HDIs to ATRT therapy may prove to be beneficial, especially when administered in combination with current treatment modalities, such as radiation.
Wind power prediction using recurrent multilayer perceptron neural networks

The power generated by the wind changes rapidly because of the continuous fluctuation of wind speed and direction. It is important for the power industry to have the capability to predict the power produced by the wind for the power management and control. In this paper, temporal characteristics of wind power generation are studied and recurrent multilayer perceptron (RMLP) neural networks are used to predict the power. The extended Kalman filter based backpropagation through time algorithm is used to train the RMLP networks. The paper demonstrates the RMLP network solution for the power prediction, and show that the RMLPs can be used to predict the wind power in changing wind conditions.
Acoustic analyses of trained singers perceptually identified from speaking samples.

Abstract This study investigated selected acoustic cues in the speaking voices of five professional singers; cues that may have enabled naive listeners to differentiate them from nonsingers and other trained singers who were not consistently identified from their speaking voices. Subjects were divided into three groups based on listeners' perceptual judgments. Group I, the identified singers, consisted of five professional singers, three males and two females, with an average identification score, from their speaking utterances, of 79%. Group II, the unidentified singers, consisted of 15 trained singers, seven males and eight females, who, as a group, were identified correctly from their speaking utterances only 52% of the time. Group III consisted of 20 nonsingers who were incorrectly identified from their speaking utterances as singers only 36% of the time, that is, they were correctly identified as nonsingers from their speech 64% of the time. Acoustic parameters chosen for measurement from vowel productions were: (1) percent jitter, (2) percent shimmer, and (3) noise-to-harmonic ratio. The second sentence of the “Rainbow Passage” was selected to compare several frequency and duration measures between the three groups. These were: (1) mean speaking fundamental frequency, (2) standard deviation of the fundamental frequency, (3) sentence duration, (4) word duration, and (5) consonant/vowel ratio. The data indicated that the acoustic parameters that most consistently distinguished the identified singers from the unidentified singers and the nonsingers were fundamental frequency variation and durational differences. The identified singers varied their speaking fundamental frequency significantly more than did both the unidentified singers and the nonsingers. The identified singers also had longer vocalic segments than did the others.
Ring oscillator based technique for measuring variability statistics

Device parameter induced frequency variations in a dense array of nominally identical ring oscillators are measured by sequentially combining the output frequencies into a single frequency modulated signal with the statistical frequency parameters read out by a standard frequency counter. For the example described here, the ring oscillators are designed to capture random variations in MOSFET threshold voltages.
DROUGHT TOLERANCE VERSUS DROUGHT AVOIDANCE: A COMPARISON OF PLANT-WATER RELATIONS IN HERBACEOUS WETLAND PLANTS SUBJECTED TO WATER WITHDRAWAL AND REPLETION

ABSTRACT Wetlands are the intermediate between terrestrial and open water systems, and are thus fundamentally tied to changes in water table. Under normal climate conditions, wetlands may experience short periods of water scarcity through seasonal variations in precipitation or surface water run-off. However, during anomalous drought episodes, wetland plants may experience elevated water stress resulting in considerable decreases of both productivity and survival. Despite the intricate relationship between wetland macrophytes and water supply, little is known about the physiological responses of these plants to short-term water deficits. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of simulated drought on plant water relations in five herbaceous wetland species (monocots Carex alata, Juncus effusus, Peltandra virginica, and dicots Saururus cernuus, Justicia americana). In general, plant response to water deprivation may include drought avoidance (e.g., changes in stomatal conductance, ...
Municipal Bonds and Accountability to the General Electorate

A recent IRS technical advice memorandum denied tax-exempt status to bonds of a development district on the grounds that the district was not “inherently accountable, directly or indirectly, to a general electorate.” This short piece reviews applicable law and private letter rulings to argue that this position represents an unprecedented change in applicable standards. Such a change should be introduced as a proposed regulation with notice-and-comment.
The Inverse Scattering Series Approach Towards the Elimination of Land Internal Multiples

The estimation and subsequent elimination of internal multiples in land seismic data is one of the most challenging steps in data processing. Although marine multiple elimination techniques, such as the SRME technology, are well established, in land their implementation is not straightforward and in many cases poor results are obtained. In this paper we use theoretical concepts from the Inverse Scattering Series (ISS) formulation and develop computer algorithms for land internal multiple elimination. The key characteristic of the ISS-based methods is that they do not require any information about the subsurface, i.e., they are fully data driven. Internal multiples from all possible generators are computed and adaptively subtracted from the input data. These methodologies can be applied preand post-stack and their performance is demonstrated using realistic synthetic and field datasets from the Arabian Peninsula. These are the first published results of the application of the ISS internal multiple attenuation method to the daunting challenge of land internal multiples.
Digitalisation of the Industry from the AUTOmobile to the autoMOBILE

There are four market forces which are developing gradually towards a mobility industry – from different directions and with different business competences. In addition to vehicle manufacturers, these include technology and electronics companies, public transport companies and mobility service providers. But influences from elsewhere can also be expected: from political regulations to evolving societal expectations of mobility, and economic uncertainties. What does this mean for the automotive industry? How can its enterprise architecture be adapted in such a way that it is equipped in the best possible way for the change? Chap. 4 attempts to provide an answer to this question.
String Selection Problems

The increasing amount of genomic data and the ability to synthesize artificial DNA constructs poses a series of challenging problems involving the identification and design of sequences with specific properties. We address the identification of such sequences; many of these problems present challenges both at biological and computational level. In this chapter, we introduce the main string selection problems and the theoretical and experimental results for the most important instances.
THAM and metabolic rate in the newborn guinea pig.

The metabolic effects of tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane (THAM) in the newborn were investigated in neonatal guinea pigs. In 32 healthy piglets administration of THAM at pH 7.4 intraperitoneally in a dose of 1,200 mg. per kilogram did not affect oxygen consumption or the ability to maintain body temperature during exposure to cold. Furthermore the same dose of neutral THAM administered by slow intra-arterial infusion had no effect on the oxygen consumption of 12 anesthetized piglets. On the other hand, slow intra-arterial infusion of alkaline THAM or sodium bicarbonate at pH 8.6 led to a temporary increase in oxygen consumption. Rapid intra-arterial infusion of the alkaline solutions resulted in a profound though transient depression of respiration and oxygen consumption. It is concluded that THAM in the dose employed in these experiments does not appear to interfere with metabolic rate in the healthy neonatal guinea pig. The temporary alterations in ventilation and oxygen consumption observed following intravascular administration are due to pH of the infusate rather than to specific interference with metabolic processes.
Patterns of Renal Damage in the Management of Vesical Exstrophy

We reviewed the patterns of pyelonephritic damage that occurred during surgical management of bladder exstrophy. Renal injury patterns indicate that papillary configuration and obstruction coupled with urinary infection were the primary factors in producing damage. Diversion by the ileal conduit resulted in frequent injury, whereas the colon conduit was associated rarely with renal damage. The incidence of renal injury from bladder closure and continence attempts suggested closure as a reasonable course, especially in view of present continence results.
Progress in periodically oriented III-nitride materials

Abstract The ability to grow III-nitride structures with alternating c-plane orientation has garnered interest in using these materials for new application spaces, such as frequency conversion. An overview of recent progress in growing periodically oriented (PO) III-nitrides is discussed, including AlN, AlGaN, and GaN. Successes in fabricating thick PO GaN structures (>500 mm) for uses in frequency conversion are highlighted.
Learning to Act Optimally in Partially Observable Multiagent Settings: (Doctoral Consortium)

My research is focused on modeling optimal decision making in partially observable multiagent environments. I began with an investigation into the cognitive biases that induce subnormative behavior in humans playing games online in multiagent settings, leveraging well-known computational psychology approaches in modeling humans playing a strategic, sequential game. My subsequent work was in a scalable extension to Monte Carlo exploring starts for POMDPs (MCES-P), where I expanded the theory and algorithm to the multiagent setting. I first introduced a straightforward application with probably approximately correct guarantees (MCESP+PAC), and then introduced a more sample efficient partially model-based framework (MCESIP+PAC) that explicitly modeled the opponent.
RT-DEFORM: Interactive Ray Tracing of Dynamic Scenes using BVHs

We present an efficient approach for interactive ray tracing of deformable or animated models. Unlike many of the recent approaches for ray tracing static scenes, we use bounding volume hierarchies (BVHs) instead of kd-trees as the underlying acceleration structure. Our algorithm makes no assumptions about the simulation or the motion of objects in the scene and dynamically updates or recomputes the BVHs. We also describe a method to detect BVH quality degradation during the simulation in order to determine when the hierarchy needs to be rebuilt. Furthermore, we show that the ray coherence techniques introduced for kd-trees can be naturally extended to BVHs and yield similar improvements. Finally, we compare BVHs to spatial kd-trees, which have been used recently as a replacement for AABB hierarchies. Our algorithm has been applied to different scenarios arising in animation and simulation and consisting of tens of thousands to a million triangles. In practice, our system can ray trace these models at 3-13 frames a second on a desktop PC including secondary rays.
Paying for Protection: The Effects of Having an Elite Left Tackle

We exploit relatively new data collected by the NFL, since 2009, on the number of hits taken by a team’s quarterback to estimate the benefits and costs of employing an elite left tackle. We model the effect of an elite left tackle using a system of equations, which is estimated with seemingly unrelated regressions. Our system of equations considers quarterback hits, yards gained, and the probability of a quarterback injury. Overall, an All-Pro left tackle increases offensive production by 106 yards, or 8.5 points, and reduces the probability a team’s quarterback misses a game due to injury by 10.3 percentage points. However, the estimated compensation premium for elite left tackles is $1,151,000 to $1,528,000. Furthermore, the cost of an elite left tackle is far greater than the cost associated with an equal increase in points scored acquired through the running back market. Taken together; our results suggest elite left tackles are valued far above their expected contribution to offensive production due to the very large reduction in quarterback injury risk.
Floquet Study of Quantum Control of the Cis-Trans Photoisomerization of Rhodopsin.

Understanding how to control reaction dynamics of polyatomic systems by using ultrafast laser technology is a fundamental challenge of great technological interest. Here, we report a Floquet theoretical study of the effect of light-induced potentials on the ultrafast cis–trans photoisomerization dynamics of rhodopsin. The Floquet Hamiltonian involves an empirical 3-state 25-mode model with frequencies and excited-state gradients parametrized to reproduce the rhodopsin electronic vertical excitation energy, the resonance Raman spectrum, and the photoisomerization time and efficiency as probed by ultrafast spectroscopy. We simulate the excited state relaxation dynamics using the time-dependent self-consistent field method, as described by a 3-state 2-mode nuclear wavepacket coupled to a Gaussian ansatz of 23 vibronic modes. We analyze the reaction time and product yield obtained with pulses of various widths and intensity profiles, defining ’dressed states’ where the perturbational effect of the pulses is n...
Complications of colostomies

One hundred twenty-six patients underwent 130 end colostomies, 44 for benign and 86 for malignant disease, and were followed for an average of 35 months. The left or sigmoid colon was used in 99 and the transverse colon in 31. Stomas were made electively in 98 patients and urgently in 32. Seventy-six stomas were brought out through the incision and 54 from separate sites. There were 69 complications in 55 patients (44 percent) including 11 strictures, 9 wound infections, 14 hernias, 9 small-bowel obstructions, 4 prolapses, 2 abscesses, 1 peristomal fistula, 17 skin erosions, and 2 poor stoma locations. Fifteen complications required reoperation. Five of these procedures included stoma revision. Total numbers of complications were not related to the stoma site, the disease process, the urgency of the procedure, or the segment of colon used. Wound infections, however, were increased in urgently made stomas. The incidence of hernia was equivalent in stomas brought out through the incision or at a separate site. Forty-one patients (30 percent) had 43 colostomies closed an average of 3.5 months after creation. Thirteen patients had 14 complications-5 wound infections, 6 hernias, 2 small-bowel obstructions, and 1 rectovaginal fistula. One patient died. Four patients required reoperation. There were no anastomotic leaks. Complications were equivalent in Hartmann closures and transverse colostomy closures. Complications were similar in stomas created for cancer and those created for diverticular disease.
ROLE OF MEMBRANES IN ENERGY CONSERVATION

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the role of membranes in energy conservation. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) induces midpoint potential shifts of cytochromes BT and a3. As the changes in the redox potential caused by ATP are those that occur in the reverse direction when ATP is formed, elucidation of this phenomenon may provide a chemical mechanism by which electron flow through the cytochromes leads to energy conservation. Recent X-ray crystallographic studies on the hemoglobin indicate that alterations of the liganding environment of the heme cause changes in the tertiary structure of the porphyrin or in the iron atom with respect to the porphyrin. These changes are subsequently transmitted between the adjacent subunits of hemoglobin; similar interaction could occur between the heme moiety of cytochrome bT and bk or a3 and a, and be then transmitted to the membrane structure itself. It is possible that the membrane structure change recorded by the probes is the collective result of a number of heme environmental changes that summate to cause the overall response in the specific hydrocarbon regions of the membrane.
The Nature of Teacher Knowledge Necessary for the Effective Use of Geospatial Technologies to Teach Science

Section II provides insights into the design and implementation of professional development and curricular resources for teaching science with geospatial technology. This final chapter synthesizes what has been learned about the knowledge needed for teachers to successfully implement geospatial inquiry. Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) serves as a theoretical model that reveals the interrelationships between the types of knowledge and specific pedagogical approaches that teachers use when teaching science with geospatial technology. Examples from the projects profiled in this volume are used to illustrate and define the knowledge domains of Technological Content Knowledge, Technological Pedagogical Knowledge, and TPACK. Ultimately, this chapter provides a framework for understanding teacher knowledge that project designers and researchers can use when designing and studying professional development experiences and related curricular materials.
Accommodation and the Fetus

The mammalian fetus usually expresses major histocompatibility antigens not present in the mother. Such incompatibility of major histocompatibility antigens between “ordinary” grafts and the recipient provokes a powerful immune response and rejection of the grafts. Survival of the fetus despite this barrier has been ascribed to a low level of expression of histocompatibility antigens or to maternal immune tolerance or to the existence of a barrier posed by the placenta. Here, we discuss a fourth potential mechanism. The mechanism involves acquired resistance to immune-mediated injury and was originally described in organ transplants found to resist injury by antibodies and complement. The mechanism is called accommodation.
The critical roles of errors and individual differences in bilingual translation

Multilink moves the field a step forward in being able to make clear predictions about how a bilingual's languages interact in a variety of tasks. It addresses some shortcomings of the BIA (Dijkstra, van Heuven & Grainger, 1998) and BIA+ (Dijkstra & van Heuven, 2002) models, which did not explain performance from bilinguals of varied proficiency levels or on translation tasks. However, there are still gains that can be made – Dijkstra, Wahl, Buytenhuijs, van Halem, Al-jibouri, de Korte, and Rekke (2018) themselves point out that there are additional ways in which they plan to expand the model.
AP-1 and the injury response of the GFAP gene.

Increased GFAP gene expression is a common feature of CNS injury, resulting in its use as a reporter to investigate mechanisms producing gliosis. AP-1 transcription factors are among those proposed to participate in mediating the reactive response. Prior studies found a consensus AP-1 binding site in the GFAP promoter to be essential for activity of reporter constructs transfected into cultured cells, but to have little to no effect on basal transgene expression in mice. Since cultured astrocytes display some properties of reactive astrocytes, these findings suggested that AP-1 transcription factors are critical for the upregulation of GFAP in injury, but not for its resting level of expression. We have examined this possibility by comparing the injury response in mice of lacZ transgenes driven by human GFAP promoters that contain the wild-type AP-1 binding site to those in which the site is mutated. An intact AP-1 site was found critical for a GFAP promoter response to the three different injury models used: physical trauma produced by cryoinjury, seizures produced by kainic acid, and chronic gliosis produced in an Alexander disease model. An unexpected additional finding was that the responses of the lacZ transgenes driven by the wild-type promoters were substantially less than that of the endogenous mouse GFAP gene. This suggests that the GFAP gene has previously unrecognized injury-responsive elements that reside further upstream of the transcription start site than the 2.2 kb present in the GFAP promoter segments used here.
Anomalous flexor digitorum superficialis muscle belly presenting as a mass within the palm.

Anomalies of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle are extremely uncommon and usually present as a painful mass or pseudotumour within the palm. Diagnosis may be difficult because many other soft tissue tumours (lipomas, ganglions, giant cell tumours and hamartomas) may present similarly. Magnetic resonance imaging helps to define the extent and characteristics of this anomalous muscle belly and to distinguish it from a soft tissue sarcoma, whereas plain radiographs are of little value. Three types of flexor digitorum superficialis muscle anomalies have been described, and treatment consists of subtotal or total surgical debulking of the mass if symptoms persist or if the diagnosis is in question. Most patients have complete resolution and full recovery. To date, 20 cases have been reported in the literature, usually involving the right small finger. In the present paper, the case of an anomalous flexor digitorum superficialis muscle in a 17-year-old male patient’s left index finger is reported. Symptoms were relieved following surgical debulking and hand-based occupational therapy.
NUCLEOLAR CHROMOSOMES: STRUCTURES, INTERACTIONS, AND PERSPECTIVES.

Publisher Summary This chapter directs toward nucleolar chromosomes, their nucleolar organizers, and the origin of nucleolar substance. The role of the nucleolus in transmitting genetic information from the gene locus in the chromosome to the cytoplasm has been considered. The chapter also discusses the role of nucleolar chromosomes not only in normal cellular differentiation but also in the cancer process. In conventional cells, during interphase, only the nucleolar bodies are clearly visible as nuclear structures. In most cases, the chromosomes are invisible. Occasional allocycly provides a conspicuous chromatin mass that may be associated with the nucleolar bodies. The nucleolar chromosome consists of three integrated components: nucleolar body (nucleolus), the nucleolar organizer, and the chromosome. In some genomes, the nucleolar chromosome may carry considerable heterochromatin, especially for a sex chromosome. Experimental studies on nucleoli include modification of nucleoli by chemical agents, action of microbeam ultraviolet irradiation on nucleoli, modifications in nucleoli by genetics, and transplantation of nucleoli. The chapter gives a detailed account of lampbrush and polytene chromosomes. Experimental modifications of puffing patterns in salivary gland chromosomes have been provided in the chapter. The polytene chromosomes help to demonstrate functional activity of chromosomes and to obtain an insight into the mechanisms of transferring genetic information from chromosomes to cytoplasm. As these intriguing structures also have nucleoli, it helps to study the relationship between chromosome and nucleolus as well as between nucleolar and non-nucleolar chromosomes. The chapter also summarizes the relationships of chromosomes, nucleoli, nuclei, and other subcellular structures on the basic problems of cellular differentiation. With the availability of polytene chromosomes, coupled with experimental and genetic controls of puffing, the biologist has, for the first time, the material that pinpoints an operon going into action and controlling not only when the operon acts, but also of controlling the period of time the operon is permitted to act.
Risk Factors and Outcomes From All-Terrain Vehicle Injuries Compared With Motor Vehicle Collisions in Children.

We compared risk factors and outcomes of children injured from all-terrain vehicle (ATV) injuries to those injured from motor vehicle collisions (MVC). We reviewed records of patients ≤18 years of ...
Spatial Auto-regressive Dependency Interpretable Learning Based on Spatial Topological Constraints

Spatial regression models are widely used in numerous areas, including detecting and predicting traffic volume, air pollution, and housing prices. Unlike conventional regression models, which commonly assume independent and identical distributions among observations, existing spatial regression requires the prior knowledge of spatial dependency among the observations in different spatial locations. Such a spatial dependency is typically predefined by domain experts or heuristics. However, without sufficient consideration on the context of the specific prediction task, it is prohibitively difficult for one to pre-define the numerical values of the spatial dependency without bias. More importantly, in many situations, the existing techniques are insufficient to sense the complete connectivity and topological patterns among spatial locations (e.g., in underground water networks and human brain networks). Until now, these issues have been extremely difficult to address and little attention has been paid to the automatic optimization of spatial dependency in relation to a prediction task, due to three challenges: (1) necessity and complexity of modeling the spatial topological constraints; (2) incomplete prior spatial knowledge; and (3) difficulty in optimizing under spatial topological constraints that are usually discrete or nonconvex. To address these challenges, this article proposes a novel convex framework that automatically jointly learns the prediction mapping and spatial dependency based on spatial topological constraints. There are two different scenarios to be addressed. First, when the prior knowledge on existence of conditional independence among spatial locations is known (e.g., via spatial contiguity), we propose the first model named Spatial-Autoregressive Dependency Learning I (SADL-I) to further quantify such spatial dependency. However, when the knowledge on the conditional independence is unknown or incomplete, our second model named Spatial-Autoregressive Dependency Learning II (SADL-II) is proposed to automatically learn the conditional independence pattern as well as quantify the numerical values of the spatial dependency based on spatial topological constraints. Topological constraints are usually discrete and nonconvex, which makes them extremely difficult to be optimized together with continuous optimization problems of spatial regression. To address this, we propose a convex and continuous equivalence of the original discrete topological constraints with a theoretical guarantee. The proposed models are then transferred to convex problems that can be iteratively optimized by our new efficient algorithms until convergence to a global optimal solution. Extensive experimentation using several real-world datasets demonstrates the outstanding performance of the proposed models. The code of our SADL framework is available at: http://mason.gmu.edu/∼lzhao9/materials/codes/SADL.
Models of Situated Intelligence Inspired by the Energy Management of Brains

Embodiment is a key feature of biological intelligence, and energy-awareness can be viewed as the ultimate expression of situated intelligence. Energy constraint is often ignored, or it has just secondary role in typical cutting-edge AI approaches. For example, Deep Learning Networks often require huge amount of data/ time/ energy/ resources, which may not be readily available in various practical scenarios. We outline a simple computational model of spiking neural activity lined link astrocytes responsible for energy management in brains. We analyze oscillatory neural dynamics and its modulation by astrocytes mediating energy constrains. We indicate the potential benefits of the proposed design to be implemented on neuromorphic computational platforms.
Hydrodams in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: Death by over 100 Cuts and 100 Blockages Built During a ‘Development Hype’ but Without a Relevant Impact Assessment or Synthesis

Rivers of the world haven taken their ways and flows downhill for millions of years. However, the last 50 years have been specifically devastating for them, and mankind changed flow regimes and watersheds in unprecedented terms. Over 100 barrages and dams are known for the wider Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region and many more are forthcoming and planned. Promoted and approved by the U.N. as ‘green’, China is leading those efforts internationally, but proper impact assessments and synthesis with good conclusions are not really known. This has far-reaching impacts with easily over 100 consequences reaching from biofilm modifications and human right violations to bank credit ratings, landscape, biodiversity and climate changes. Here an overview is provided how those impacts look like and what steps are taken to build dams and how they are argued for ‘green energy’ and modern ‘global progress’ when instead a brutal water and democracy crisis looms, based on the roof of the world downriver affecting watersheds for billions of people and global well-being.
Association between gastrointestinal phenotypes and weight gain in younger adults: a prospective 4-year cohort study.

Gastrointestinal phenotypes have previously been associated with obesity, however it is unknown if these phenotypes are a cause or a consequence of obesity and weight gain. Our aim was to assess whether these gastrointestinal phenotypes are associated with future weight gain in younger adults. At baseline, 126 adult participants under the age of 35 were weighed and underwent measurement of gastrointestinal phenotypes including gastric emptying (GE), gastric volume, satiation, satiety, and gastrointestinal hormones. Patients were reappraised after median 4.4 years unless, during the period of follow-up, they participated in a formal weight loss program, received obesity-weight loss interventions, or developed a health condition likely to affect weight. Participants were dichotomized into two groups for each phenotype at the median of each phenotype. In total, 60 participants met criteria for inclusion and were evaluated after a median of 4.4 years [IQR: 3.5–5], 36 participants were excluded due to conditions that would abnormally affect weight during study period including pregnancy and weight loss treatment, and 30 participants were lost to prospective follow-up. Faster GE was significantly associated with weight gain. Those with faster GE at baseline (n = 30) gained a median of 9.6 kg [3.1–14.9] compared with those with slower GE at baseline (n = 30) who gained a median of 2.8 kg [−4.6 to 9.2] (p = 0.03), over the follow-up period. There was no association between the other phenotypes and weight gain. In adults ≤35 years old, faster gastric emptying is associated with significantly increased weight gain over the medium term. This provides supportive evidence for the role of gastric emptying in weight gain and development of obesity.
Deep forest: Neural network reconstruction of the Lyman-α forest

We explore the use of Deep Learning to infer physical quantities from the observable transmitted flux in the Lyman-alpha forest. We train a Neural Network using redshift z=3 outputs from cosmological hydrodynamic simulations andmock datasets constructed from them. We evaluate how well the trained network is able to reconstruct the optical depth for Lyman-alpha forest absorption from noisy and often saturated transmitted flux data. The Neural Network outperforms an alternative reconstruction method involving log inversion and spline interpolation by approximately a factor of 2 in the optical depth root mean square error. We find no significant dependence in the improvement on input data signal to noise, although the gain is greatest in high optical depth regions. The Lyman-alpha forest optical depth studied here serves as a simple, one dimensional, example but the use of Deep Learning and simulations to approach the inverse problem in cosmology could be extended to other physical quantities and higher dimensional data.
The Need for the Tort Law Necessity Defense in Intellectual Property Law

The COVID-19 pandemic has laid bare inherent tensions between the protection of intellectual property (IP) and the health of individuals touched by life-threatening medical conditions. Examples from around the world have made front page news: hospitals desperate for ventilator parts while 3D-printing instructions for such parts remain unshared for fear of liability; potentially lifesaving medicines whose manufacture and distribution on sufficient scale is limited by the threat of patent infringement; proprietary clinical data essential for making life-or-death decisions withheld from doctors and patients; the list continues. The threat of liability for IP infringement also dampens the ability to innovate under conditions of emergency, further contrasting the protection of IP with the protection of human lives. A number of policy responses for the current pandemic have been advanced, including the application of government rights under the Defense Production Act to IP contexts, compulsory licensing, legislation that would allow for emergency overrides to IP protections, and efforts to encourage companies to make their IP freely available voluntarily through the Open COVID Pledge. But fears of disrupting IP protections have curtailed the use of these measures, leaving the tensions between protection and life-saving access largely unaddressed. In this Article we argue that the time is ripe for doctors, hospitals, independent compounders, medical products manufacturers, engineers and, ultimately, litigants and the courts to consider the necessity doctrine as an old-new tool for resolving IP disputes. Doing so would not only be ethically sound but would also help to resolve many of the public health critiques that have been plaguing IP law by attenuating ingrained misalignments between IP frameworks and the furtherance of public health goals. The Article demonstrates the need for the necessity doctrine in IP law; explains how claims under the doctrine may allow defendants to avoid liability in circumstances in which infringement is necessary to prevent adverse public health outcomes; and shows why the adoption of this doctrine is needed to increase preparedness ahead of future—indeed expected—outbreaks of infectious diseases.