cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trauma-Informed Courts: A Review and Integration of Justice Perspectives and Gender Responsiveness

As researchers and practitioners begin to understand the complex relationship between victimization and offending, there is an increased need to address prior trauma in the court context. This incl...
Oxygen Binding and the Gelation of Sickle Cell Hemoglobin

The thermodynamics of gelation of hemoglobin S partially saturated with oxygen have been investigated. The total concentration (solubility) and fractional saturation of the solution phase in equilibrium with polymerized hemoglobin was determined by near-infrared spectrophotometry after sedimentation of the polymers. The fractional saturation of the aligned polymer phase was determined from linear dichroism measurements. Using this data and the two-phase model for the gel, we calculate gel binding curves which agree well with those recently reported by Gill et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 130:175, 1979) confirming the validity of the two-phase model. The polymer binding curve is noncooperative and can be explained by an allosteric model in which no R-state molecules polymerize, and T-state molecules are excluded from the polymer by about 600 calories/mole for each molecule of oxygen bound.
What Can Performance and Theory Teach Each Other

Until rather recently, music theory has had little to no truck with performance, whether disregarding it entirely, derogating its corporeal-temporal non-ideality, or issuing it unsolicited prescrip...
Infrastructure resilience to navigate increasingly uncertain and complex conditions in the Anthropocene

Infrastructure are at the center of three trends: accelerating human activities, increasing uncertainty in social, technological, and climatological factors, and increasing complexity of the systems themselves and environments in which they operate. Resilience theory can help infrastructure managers navigate increasing complexity. Engineering framings of resilience will need to evolve beyond robustness to consider adaptation and transformation, and the ability to handle surprise. Agility and flexibility in both physical assets and governance will need to be emphasized, and sensemaking capabilities will need to be reoriented. Transforming infrastructure is necessary to ensuring that core systems keep pace with a changing world.
Microstructure evolution for isothermal sintering of binder jet 3D printed alloy 625 above and below the solidus temperature

Abstract When compared to beam-based melting methods, binder jet 3D printing is less time consuming, and the printed material is less prone to residual stresses. However, binder jet printing often contains remnant porosity that survives pressureless sintering and limits the mechanical properties of metals including fatigue strength and ductility. In this work, gas atomized nickel-based superalloy 625 powders with three different particle size distributions are binder jet printed and subsequently isothermally sintered at subsolidus and supersolidus temperatures. Individual feature measurements were conducted on two-dimensional sections and pore size distribution frequencies were plotted to reveal the difference in microstructural evolution between subsolidus and supersolidus sintering. Supersolidus liquid phase sintering is thought to have facilitated particle rearrangement under the surface tension of the liquid phase, resulting in a homogeneous microstructure that favored subsequent densification and higher final density. Additionally, printed powder with a wide particle size distribution not only reached high green density of ~52%, but also achieved final densities above 99%.
EMERGENT GOVERNANCE: COMPETITION POLICY AS PLATFORM REGULATION

Much of the scholarly debate around platform regulation is outcome-focused, concerning rules and norms that should govern platform behavior, rather than focusing on questions of policy processes. However, the question of politics underlying the development of these rules is essential to understanding how and why particular forms of oversight have developed in response to the growing scope of platform capitalism. To address this gap, this paper provides a preliminary account of why competition policy has emerged as a prominent governance mechanism for platform oversight, which privileges stronger antitrust enforcement and economic regulation and has resulted in antitrust lawsuits against and investigations into major tech companies like Google and Facebook. With the US as a case study, I examine a series of 2017-2020 policy debates about oversight of digital platform markets, exploring how the boundaries of competition policy are discursively contested and negotiated in these debates by stakeholders ranging from policy experts to regulators to public interest groups. I argue that these policy debates, driven by a burgeoning antimonopoly movement, produced a set of policy ideas vis-a-vis platform oversight that coalesced around a governance paradigm rooted in competition policy. However, the framework ultimately ultimately prioritizes optimizing competition in digital platform markets above other goals, like data regulation. Consequently, it came up short in providing a policy answer to the expansive forces driving platform capitalism. I theorize these blind spots as partly attributable to the dominance and insularity of the competition policy framework as a foundation for governing platform sectors.
Retinal and cortical inputs to cat superior colliculus: composition, convergence and laminar specificity.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the retinal and cortical inputs to cat superior colliculus in the term of composition, convergence and laminar specificity. The key to understanding the functional significance of such heterogeneity is probably to be found in its relation to the efferent organization of the colliculus, because individual components of these afferent projections, such as the major classes of efferent cells, exhibit distinctive laminar distributions. The extreme diversity of tectofugal efferent projections implies a multiplicity of functional roles for the superior colliculus, including visual guidance of eye and head movements and transmission of visual signals to the extrastriate cortex. The two components of the retinocollicular pathway appeared to drive separate populations of collicular cells differing in their laminar distribution: those driven by the “W direct” pathway predominated throughout the superficial layers; while a smaller number excited by the “Y direct” input occupied the deepest part of the superficial gray layer (SGS) and stratum opticum.
Second Order Marketing: The Consumer Reseller

Relatively little is known about the characteristics and behavior of consumer resellers. Using data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics this paper presents a profile of a group of households that earn income by selling their personal possessions. They were found to be upscale, with high consumption expenditure levels. They put forth considerable time and effort in selling rather than destroying or otherwise disposing of their chattels.
On a theorem of Ossa

If V is an elementary abelian 2-group, Ossa proved that the connective K-theory of BV splits into copies of Z/2 and of the connective Ktheory of the infinite real projective space. We give a brief proof of Ossa's theorem.
"Feeling worthless": an ethnographic investigation of depression and problem drinking at the Flathead reservation.

The study of depression, drinking and suicidality has long preoccupied students of American Indian life, in part because of the assumed connection between these specific forms of psychiatric distress and generalized demoralization. Given the significant variation in suicidal behavior and prevalence rates intertribally, this assumption deserves closer attention. Recently, researchers working with Western populations have sought to clarify the relationships among depression, alcohol abuse and suicidality through an explicit investigation of their comorbidity. Using data collected at the Flathead Reservation, this paper explores the degree to which the investigation of the comorbidity of these three disorders can validly reveal the relevant contours of psychopathological distress in a cross-cultural setting. The data show that while the comorbidity of problem drinking and depression can sometimes indicate severe psychopathological distress, measured in this case by suicidality, comorbidity cannot account for another group at high risk for suicide. The discrepancy is explicable with reference to the cultural construction of depression, drinking and suicidality in relation to the creation, maintenance and disruption of social bonds, rather than in relation to an internal state of demoralization.
Comparison of fracture, cardiovascular event, and breast cancer rates at 3 years in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Objectives: To compare event rates for osteoporotic fractures, cardiovascular events, and breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Design: A prospective, observational study of the placebo group in the double-blind, randomized Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation trial. Setting: One hundred eighty clinical research centers in 25 countries. Participants: Postmenopausal women (n=2,565, mean age=67) with osteoporosis were given calcium (500 mg/d) and vitamin D (400–600 IU/d) supplements. Measurements: The occurrence of at least one new fracture, cardiovascular event, or breast cancer diagnosis at 3 years was identified and adjudicated. Results: The occurrence of any fracture was the most common event in these women. In women without prevalent vertebral fractures (n=1,627), the event rates per 1,000 patient-years were 45.4 for any fracture, 15.2 for vertebral fracture, 4.7 for clinical vertebral fracture, 0.9 for hip fracture, 8.3 for any cardiovascular event, and 5.2 for all breast cancer. In women with prevalent vertebral fractures (n=938), the event rates per 1,000 patient-years were 117.4 for any new fracture, 77.1 for new vertebral fracture, 25.7 for clinical vertebral fracture, 5.8 for hip fracture, 15.1 for any cardiovascular event, and 2.6 for all breast cancer. The effect of prevalent fracture status on event rates was not dependent on whether women were older or younger than 65, but women aged 65 and older had a 3.6 times greater occurrence of cardiovascular events than younger women, irrespective of prevalent fracture status. Conclusion: These data on the relative incidence of clinically significant skeletal and extra-skeletal outcomes may be useful in choosing an agent for health maintenance for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
Generalized histoplasmosis in infants and children: Review of ten cases, one with apparent recovery

Summary A case of severe generalized histoplasmosis proved by culture of the organism and which has recovered and has been clinically well for eight months is reported. The significance of this in relation to the development of positive skin tests to histoplasmin is discussed. The manifestations of histoplasmosis in nine other fatal cases are reviewed with special emphasis on the typical signs and symptoms of a respiratory-type disease with hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, leucopenia, left shift, with or without thrombocytopenia. The advantages of bone marrow culture for early and easy diagnosis are discussed. Megaloblastic anemia, reversible by folic acid, was found in one of the fatal cases.
Remote control of therapeutic T cells through a small molecule-gated chimeric receptor

There is growing interest in using engineered cells as therapeutic agents. For example, synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can redirect T cells to recognize and eliminate tumor cells expressing specific antigens. Despite promising clinical results, these engineered T cells can exhibit excessive activity that is difficult to control and can cause severe toxicity. We designed "ON-switch" CARs that enable small-molecule control over T cell therapeutic functions while still retaining antigen specificity. In these split receptors, antigen-binding and intracellular signaling components assemble only in the presence of a heterodimerizing small molecule. This titratable pharmacologic regulation could allow physicians to precisely control the timing, location, and dosage of T cell activity, thereby mitigating toxicity. This work illustrates the potential of combining cellular engineering with orthogonal chemical tools to yield safer therapeutic cells that tightly integrate cell-autonomous recognition and user control.
Seasonally varying contributions to urban CO2 in the Chicago, Illinois, USA region: Insights from a high-resolution CO2 concentration and δ13C record

Understanding urban carbon cycling is essential given that cities sustain 54% of the global population and contribute 70% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. When combined with CO2 concentration measurements ([CO2]), stable carbon isotope analyses (δ13C) can differentiate sources of CO2, including ecosystem respiration and combustion of fossil fuels, such as petroleum and natural gas. In this study, we used a wavelength scanned-cavity ringdown spectrometer to collect ∼2x106 paired measurements for [CO2] and δ13C values in Evanston, IL for August 2011 through February 2012. Evanston is located immediately north of Chicago, IL, the third largest city in the United States. The measurements represent one of the longest records of urban [CO2] and δ13C values thus far reported. We also compiled local meteorological information, as well as complementary [CO2] and δ13C data for background sites in Park Falls, WI and Mauna Loa, HI. We use the dataset to examine how ecosystem processes, fossil fuel usage, wind speed, and wind direction control local atmospheric [CO2] and δ13C in a midcontinent urban setting on a seasonal to daily basis. On average, [CO2] and δ13C values in Evanston were 16–23 ppm higher and 0.97–1.13‰ lower than the background sites. While seasonal [CO2] and δ13C values generally followed broader northern hemisphere trends, the difference between Evanston and the background sites was larger in winter versus summer. Mixing calculations suggest that ecosystem respiration and petroleum combustion equally contributed CO2 in excess of background during the summer and that natural gas combustion contributed 80%–94% of the excess CO2 in winter. Wind speed and direction strongly influenced [CO2] and δ13C values on an hourly time scale. The highest [CO2] and lowest δ13C values occurred at wind speeds <3 m s−1 and when winds blew from the northwest, west, and south over densely populated neighborhoods.
Lectures on D-branes, tachyon condensation, and string field theory

These lectures provide an introduction to the subject of tachyon condensation in the open bosonic string. The problem of tachyon condensation is first described in the context of the low-energy Yang-Mills description of a system of multiple D-branes, and then using the language of string field theory. An introduction is given to Witten’s cubic open bosonic string field theory. The Sen conjectures on tachyon condensation in open bosonic string field theory are introduced, and evidence confirming these conjectures is reviewed.
Working parents with young children: cross‐national comparisons of policies and programmes in three countries

Manuscript. Definitive version of the article is available only through licensed access provided by the publisher at wileyonlinelibrary.com. Published in International Journal of Social Welfare, 12, 261-273. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9671.00281/pdf
The distribution of free calcium in transected spinal axons and its modulation by applied electrical fields

Intracellular free-calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured in lamprey spinal axons using the fluorescent calcium indicator fura 2. We used both a photomultiplier tube and a video-image processing system to measure the temporal and spatial distributions of [Ca2+]i in the proximal segments of transected axons. Within 3 min following transection, a spatially graded increase in the [Ca2+]i was apparent in the last few millimeters of the axons. Superimposed on the initial gradient was a moving front of calcium that progressed up the axon, reaching 1.6 mm from the cut end in 3 hr. The [Ca2+]i behind the moving front exceeded 10 microM. This movement of Ca2+ was greatly reduced by an externally applied electrical field with the cathode distal to the lesion and was increased by an applied field of the opposite polarity. When axons were transected in Ca2(+)-free medium, no increases in [Ca2+]i occurred. One d after transection, [Ca2+]i was at or below the precut levels, except in the distal 250 microns, where it remained slightly elevated. Therefore, axons can survive the high levels of [Ca2+]i that occur after transection and can reestablish normal [Ca2+]i levels within 24 hr. Measurements of both the diffusion coefficient and the fluorescence polarization of fura 2 indicate that the dye is not significantly bound to axoplasmic components.
Medical Advice on Maternal Weight Gain and Actual Weight Gain Results from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey

Weight gain advice showed a notable shift for white married mothers during the 1980s, with a large decline in reported advice of less than 22 pounds concomitant with a substantial increase in reported advice of 28 pounds or more. For black married mothers, there was little change in reported advice, except in the proportion of mothers who said they were advised to gain at least 35 pounds, which increased from 2 to 11%. It should be noted that it is not possible to corroborate the information on weight gain advice reported by mothers in 1980 or 1988 because of the lack of similar information from the providers of prenatal care. However, for the 1996 NMIHS, the feasibility of collecting such information from prenatal care providers will be examined. In view of the strong, positive relationship between maternal weight gain and birth weight, optimum weight gain advice for white and black mothers is critical. A recent nationwide survey of practicing dieticians found that 26% of the pregnant mothers they counseled believed that one shouldn't gain more than 20 pounds during pregnancy and that obese women didn't need to gain any weight at all. These beliefs were often culturally transmitted. Although only 12% of white mothers reported advice that did not meet the minimum standard in effect in 1988 and 19% reported advice that did not meet the minimum 1990 IOM guideline for their weight and height, a significantly higher proportion of black mothers reported advice of less than 22 pounds (33%) or the IOM minimum (34%). The far more frequent inappropriate advice reported by black than white mothers cannot be explained by differences in body mass index, age, education, parity, marital status, or site of care. Nevertheless, compliance with advice was almost the same for black and white mothers: More than 70% gained at least 22 pounds when this was the reported weight gain advice. It is thus entirely feasible that more appropriate advice for black women will result in significantly higher weight gains and improvement in infant birth weight and health.
Placental transfusion in the naturally born lamb

Abstract Neonatal blood volume was measured in 22 full-term lambs using the double label, radioiodinated human serum albumin-125 (RIHSA-125) plasma tag and radiochromium-51 (Cr51) red cell tag dilution technique. Nine lambs (Group I) were born naturally and unassisted. Thirteen lambs were delivered by cesarean section, of which eight (Group II) had early clamping and five (Group III) had late clamping of their umbilical cords. The size of placental transfussion, as reflected in mean red cell volume (RCV) was 36.7 ± 2.1 ml/kg in Group I, which was significantly greater than that of Group II, 29.8 ± 2.0 ml/kg; but smaller than that of Group III, 50.4 ± 2.3 ml/kg. The findings indicate that a partial, rather than a complete, placental transfusion occured in the naturally born lambs. It is suggested that this may reflect Nature's way of regulating the volemic state in the newborn lamb.
The effect of zooplankton on phytoplankton productivity in the epilimnion of a subalpine lake

The net effect of zooplankton on phytoplankton productivity was investigated through experiments using natural concentrations of plankton in the epilimnion of Castle Lake, California. Zooplankton enhanced algal productivity during July and August, and nocturnal grazers caused greater proportionate increases than did daytime densities. Consumers had neutral or negative effects in September. Animal biomass was associated significantly with enhanced productivity for the experiment in late July, and with decreased growth rates in the last trial of September. The direct relationship between the activities of zooplankton and primary productivity observed in other lakes is qualified by this seasonal change in net effect. The removal of algae by grazing, increases in the productivity to biomass ratio through nutrient regeneration and temporary photosynthetic inhibition from ammonia excretion appear to have shifted in relative impact during the 3 month experimental period.
The United States, the French Right, and American Power in Europe, 1946–1958

(2003). The United States, the French Right, and American Power in Europe, 1946–1958. The Historian: Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 615-641.
MICROSTRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, AND THERMAL STABILITY OF AU-BASED OHMIC CONTACTS TO P-GAN

Single Ti layers, single TiN layers, and thin Ti films overlayered with Au were investigated as ohmic contacts to n-type (n 4.5 × 1017 to 7.4 × 1018 cm−3) single-crystal GaN (0001) films. Transmission line measurements (TLM) revealed the as-deposited TiN and Au/Ti contacts on n = 1.2 − 1018 cm−3 to be ohmic with room-temperature specific contact resistivities of 650 and 2.5 × 107minus;5 Ω cm2, respectively. Single Ti layer contacts had high resistance and were weakly rectifying in the as-deposited condition. The three contact/GaN systems exhibited a substantial decrease in resistivity after annealing; the value of ρc was also a function of the carrier concentration in the GaN. The Au/Ti contacts exhibited the lowest resistivity values yet observed in these contact studies, particularly for the more lightly doped n-GaN. The ρc for n = 1.2 × 1018 cm−3 reached 1.2 × 1026 Ω cm2; for n = 4.5 × 1017 cm−3, ρc = 7.5 × 1025 Ω cm2 after annealing both samples through 900 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (X-TEM) analysis revealed the formation of TiN at the interface of annealed Ti layers in contact with GaN, which is believed to be beneficial for ohmic contact performance on n-GaN.
Innate differences in singing behaviour of sparrows reared in isolation from adult conspecific song

Abstract Innate differences in the singing behaviour of male swamp (Melospiza georgiana) and song (M. melodia) sparrows were identified by rearing males from the egg in the laboratory under identical conditions, in complete isolation from adult conspecific song. Isolation-reared males of both species displayed several abnormal song features, including reduced numbers of notes per song, longer durations of notes and inter-note intervals, and fewer notes per syllable. Despite these and other abnormalities, many species differences emerged that matched differences in the natural singing behaviour of the two species. These included differences in song repertoire size, song duration and degrees of segmentation, numbers of notes per song, durations of notes and inter-note intervals, and several measures reflecting the organization of songs into note complexes, syllables and trills. Although learning can influence all levels of organization of the motor patterns of song in swamp and song sparrows, its contribution to the achievement of normal song behaviour appears to be most crucial at the level of the fine structure of the notes and syllables from which the songs are constructed.
Sensitivity of the ΦX174 am3 allele in relation to the endogenous Hprt gene for detecting mutation in transgenic mice

Transgenic mice have been developed containing multiple, chromosomally integrated copies of the phiX174 am3 allele that serve as reporters for in vivo mutation at a single A:T basepair. In this study, we examined the relative sensitivity of the am3 transgene for detecting the in vivo mutagenicity of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). Three-week-old male phiX174 mice were treated with 0, 40, and 160 mg/kg of ENU. After 1, 3, 6, and 9 weeks, animals were killed, their spleens removed, and isolated splenocytes were used to measure mutant frequencies (MFs) in both the am3 allele and the endogenous Hprt gene. For animals treated with 40 mg/kg of ENU, the Hprt assay detected an average 22-fold increase over background, while the am3 MFs averaged threefold above background. With the 160 mg/kg dose, the Hprt assay detected a 54-fold average increase, while a sixfold average increase above background was found for the transgenic locus. We conclude that the sensitivity of the am3 assay to ENU was compromised by the presence of ex vivo mutations. Adjustment of am3 MFs to exclude these ex vivo mutants could enhance the sensitivity of the assay.
Transformation of sweet potato tissues with green-fluorescent protein gene

The expression of the green-fluorescent protein (GFP) gene from Aequorea victoria (jellyfish) was analyzed by transient and stable expression in sweet potato Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.) ev. Beauregard tissues by electroporation and particle bombardment. Leaf and petiole segments from in vitro-raised young plantlets were used for protoplast isolation and electroporation. Embyrogenic callus was also produced from leaf segments for particle bombardment experiments. A buffer solution containing 1×106 protoplasts ml−1 was mixed with plasmid DNA containing the GFP gene, and electroporated at 375 V cm−1. Approximately 25–30% of electroporated mesophyll cell protoplasts subsequently cultured in KM8P medium regenerated cell walls after 48 h. Of these, 3% emitted bright green fluorescence when exposed to UV-blue light at 395 nm. Transformed cells continued to grow after embedding in KM8P medium solidifed with 1.2% SeaPlaque agarose. Stable expression of GFP was observed after 4 wk of culture in approximately 1.0% of the initial GFP positive cells (27.5 GFP positive micro callases out of 3024 cells which transiently expressed GFP 48 h after electroporation). In a separate experiment, 600–700 bright green spots were observed per plate 48 h after bombarding leaf segments or embryogenic cellus. In bombarded cultures, several stable GEP-expressing sectors were observed in leafderived embryogenic callus grown without selection for 4 wk. These results show that GFP gene expression can occur in various sweet potato tissues, and that it may be a useful sereenable marker to improve transformation efficiency and obtain transgenic sweet potato plants.
Leaf Gas Exchange and Related Leaf Traits among 15 Winter Wheat Genotypes

Many investigations have been conducted during the past few decades to understand the nature of photosynthetic differences among Triticium spp. and related species, yet only limited information on photosynthetic and water use efficiency differences is available among wheat (Triticium aestivum L.) genotupes. The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine leaf-gas exchange and related leaf traits among winter wheat genotypes in the field to characterize genotypic-related variation in photosynthesis and water-use efficiency. Fifteen winter wheat genotypes, 13 developed in the central and southern Great Plains of the USA and 2 from the USSR, were planted into a Nunn clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aridic Argiustoll) near Fort Follins, CO, in September 1987
T Cell Subsets and Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients

A case-control study was done to investigate the relationship between T cell subsets and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects with or without CMV retinitis and CD4 + cell counts of <0.050 x 10 9 /L. Cell surface markers on peripheral blood lymphocytes were evaluated using flow cytometry. Patients with CMV retinitis had significantly lower levels of CD8 + cells (median: 0.152 x 10 9 /L) compared with levels for controls (median: 0.296 x 10 9 /L, P <.001). Significant down-regulation of costimulatory molecule CD28 + and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) expression was observed in patients versus controls (CD28 + : 0.048 x 10 9 /L vs. 0.143 x 10 9 /L, P <.001; LFA-1: 0.238 x 10 9 /L vs. 0.400 x 10 9 /L, P <.001), but no significant differences were noted for NK cells. We propose that progressive loss of the CD3 + CDB + cell subset and down-regulation of CD28 and LFA-I accessory molecules are associated with an increased risk of CMV retinitis in HIV-infected patients.
An algorithmic decomposition system for second order recurrence relations

A new technique of accurate stable computation of sequences satisfying non-homogeneous three term recurrence relations is presented. A decomposition system consisting of one non-linear and two linear first order recurrence relations is obtained. Forward or backward recursion directions of the linear relations provide additional flexibility in computation. This leads to an integrated system of three algorithms which can accurately compute the desired solution in each region of the solution set to the original second order relations. Applications are well known and numerical examples include Bessel functions of the second kind, Anger-Weber functions, and Lommel functions.
Parents’ Selection Factors When Choosing Preschool Programs for Their Children with Disabilities

Parents, including parents of children with disabilities, are often challenged to find preschools that meet their families’ various needs and desires. Research on preschool quality is prevalent, but these studies rarely consider how parents perceive quality. This descriptive study asked what parents value most when choosing a preschool for their child with disabilities. Results showed that while parents and experts value many of the same elements, parents value additional elements as well. Many parents felt their current preschool was their only option. When parents’ responses were categorized as structural, process, and familial elements of quality, no definitive preference was found. The conclusion shares implications and avenues for further research.
Distinct molecular pathways mediate glial activation and engulfment of axonal debris after axotomy

Glial cells efficiently recognize and clear cellular debris after nervous system injury to maintain brain homeostasis, but pathways governing glial responses to neural injury remain poorly defined. We identify the Drosophila melanogaster guanine nucleotide exchange factor complex Crk/Mbc/dCed-12 and the small GTPase Rac1 as modulators of glial clearance of axonal debris. We found that Crk/Mbc/dCed-12 and Rac1 functioned in a non-redundant fashion with the Draper transmembrane receptor pathway: loss of either pathway fully suppressed clearance of axonal debris. Draper signaling was required early during glial responses, promoting glial activation, which included increased Draper and dCed-6 expression and extension of glial membranes to degenerating axons. In contrast, the Crk/Mbc/dCed-12 complex functioned at later phases, promoting glial phagocytosis of axonal debris. Our work identifies new components of the glial engulfment machinery and shows that glial activation, phagocytosis of axonal debris and termination of responses to injury are genetically separable events mediated by distinct signaling pathways.
Effect of spray volume and time of NAA application on fruit size and cropping of Redchief ‘Delicious’ apple

Abstract The effect of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) thinning sprays on fruit size of Redchief ‘Delicious’ apple was studied in relation to spray application volume and time of application. A constant dose of NAA resulted in similar fruit size at harvest when applied in varying spray volumes from high (near full retention, Vx) to V x 8 . NAA applied as a high volume spray (15 mg l−1) at various stages of fruit development (4.6 to 22.5 mm king fruit diameter, KFD), indicated that the maximum amount of small fruit was produced following applications at about 11 mm KFD. NAA did not consistently affect growth rate of king fruit immediately after treatment when fruit competition was minimized. NAA reduced fruit size at harvest by about 11% when two competing fruits were present on the same spur, but did not significantly reduce fruit size when a single fruit was permitted to develop per spur.
Strategies for Stabilizing Nitrogenous Compounds in ECLSS Wastewater: Top-Down System Design and Unit Operation Selection with Focus on Bio-Regenerative Processes for Short and Long Term Scenarios

Water recycling and eventual nutrient recovery is crucial for surviving in or past low earth orbit. New approaches and syste.m architecture considerations need to be addressed to meet current and future system requirements. This paper proposes a flexible system architecture that breaks down pretreatment , steps into discrete areas where multiple unit operations can be considered. An overview focusing on the urea and ammonia conversion steps allows an analysis on each process's strengths and weaknesses and synergy with upstream and downstream processing. Process technologies to be covered include chemical pretreatment, biological urea hydrolysis, chemical urea hydrolysis, combined nitrification-denitrification, nitrate nitrification, anammox denitrification, and regenerative ammonia absorption through struvite formation. Biological processes are considered mainly for their ability to both maximize water recovery and to produce nutrients for future plant systems. Unit operations can be considered for traditional equivalent system mass requirements in the near term or what they can provide downstream in the form of usable chemicals or nutrients for the long term closed-loop ecological control and life support system. Optimally this would allow a system to meet the former but to support the latter without major modification.
Revisiting the superconducting phase diagram of (TMTSF)2ClO4

Abstract We present results of a search for evidence of reentrance at high magnetic field of the superconducting state in the quasi-one dimensional organic superconductor (TMTSF) 2 ClO 4 , for a specific orientation of the field at low temperature. This search was motivated by the theoretical work of Lebed' and of Dupuis & Montambaux, and in part by that of Teŝanovic and coworkers, who predict novel magnetic field-temperature phase diagrams in quasi-1-D and quasi-2-D superconductors in a strong magnetic field. In the quasi-1-D case, a field directed both normal to the chains and along the layers is proposed to induce exotic oscillations of the critical temperature at high field, while for the 2-D case, quantum effects associated with Landau quantization lead to similar predictions. We have investigated the superconducting transition in a quasi-1-D candidate material, (TMTSF) 2 ClO 4 , to 0.06 K with field oriented along the b′-axis (±0.02°). From mostly constant field temperature sweeps, we find positive curvature in H c2 (T) below about T c /2. In addition, a resistivity decrease is observed to persist to 7 T, the highest field employed, with a slightly positive slope ∂H/∂T above 5T. The possibility of these features being representative of high field superconductivity is discussed.
Numerical Simulation of the Mechanically Coupled Cook-Off Experiment

There has been a significant amount of recent interest concerning the behavior of High Explosives including work on an experiment known as the Mechanically Coupled Cook Off experiment in which a confined sample of polymer bonded explosive is heated and then ignited. This paper presents a finite element simulation of that experiment and provides comparisons with the experimental results. The numerical simulation includes elastic-plastic behavior of the confinement, thermal expansion effects, the mechanical and thermal response of the explosive, and a discrete crack propagation model. The results of the numerical simulation show that the general features of the experiment are reproduced.
Two-Dimensional Pattern Matching And Associative Memory Using A Simple Optoelectronic Architecture

An algorithm has been developed which allows a simple optoelectronic architecture to have capabil-ities of matching a test image (1-D or 2-D) with stored images. It is shown that if a test image and a complementary stored image together with complementary test image and stored image are compared optically, the emerging light intensity is minimum for the best match. The suggested architecture then carries out efficient parallel comparison, and points out the best matched test image using a TV screen and transparencies. A time varying light intensity (or a time varying thresholding voltage) source and a device which switches its state when light input falls below a threshold value like a night-light are two ingredients, which are used to select the best match in parallel. The architecture is also ideally suited to finding the closeness of match of two images for quality control type operations.
Electron microscope studies on the oocyte of the fresh-water mussel (Anodonta), with special reference to the stalk and mechanism of yolk deposition.

An interesting relationship exists between the ovary and the developing oocyte in the fresh-water mussel. As the oocytes grow, they elongate and bulge into the ovarian cavity. In the early stages, the nucleus migrates from the attached region (“foot”) to the distal region of the cell. With continued growth and maturation the connection between the proximal “foot” and distal nucleated portion becomes reduced to a narrow stalk. Microtubules appear in the young oocytes as they start to elongate and become packed in the stalks of older oocytes. It is suggested that the microtubules function as supporting structures and possibly also as channels for the transfer of materials from one portion of the oocyte to the other. The fine structure of the oocyte reveals evidence that the developing yolk bodies or spheres are formed, in part at least, by the incorporation of many smaller “precursor yolk vesicles.” These appear in the region of the Golgi complex and are presumed to be derived from the Golgi saccules. The oocyte contains an unusually well developed endoplasmic reticulum whose cisternae are filled with a rather conspicuous material.
Tectonic stress: Models and magnitudes

It is shown that global data on directions of principal stresses in plate interiors can serve as a test of possible plate tectonic force models. Such tests performed to date favor force models in which ridge pushing forces play a significant role. For such models the general magnitude of regional deviatoric stresses is comparable to the 200-300 bar compressive stress exerted by spreading ridges. An alternative approach to estimating magnitudes of regional deviatoric stresses from stress orientations is to seek regions of local stress either demonstrably smaller than or larger than the regional stresses. The regional stresses in oceanic intraplate regions are larger than the 100-bar compression exerted by the Ninetyeast Ridge and less than the bending stresses (not less than 1 kbar) beneath Hawaii.
Update on the crisis in nuclear-matter theory: A summary of the trieste conference

Abstract The turbulent recent history of the nuclear-matter problem, involving large discrepancies between Brueckner-Bethe and variational calculations, is sketched, and the conference is reviewed with the resolution of these discrepancies as an underlying theme. The development and testing of advanced variational methods are recounted, and the extension of these methods to realistic treatment of realistic problems such as liquid 4 He, liquid 3 He and the electron gas is described. Some new opportunities for variational theory are indicated. The calculational schemes for handling state-dependent correlations in nuclear matter are discussed, and the current status of the nuclear saturation problem is assessed.
CHANGES IN THE QT INDEX WITH SLEEP IN YOUNG MAMMALS

Sudden death has been reported in syndromes with prolongation of the QT index (QTc). Sudden death syndrome in infancy (SIDS) occurs most frequently during sleep. Two unreported observations by Talner and Campbell of “near-miss” SIDS showed prolongation of the sleeping QTc. This study was designed to determine variations of QTc with sleep and its relationship with age in young mammals. Forty experiments were performed in healthy young piglets ranging between 1 to 77 days of age. EGG recordings were obtained during awake and artificially induced sleep with pentobarbital. QTc was calculated from measurements of QT intervals corrected for heart rate. Results showed sleeping QTc of 335 ± 27 msec as compared with waking QTc of 303 ± 26 msec. Average increase in QTc during sleep of 32 msec ( p < 0.001) persisted for the first five weeks of age for this species. Sleeping and waking ECG were also obtained in 21 babies ranging between 1 to 12 months of age. Sleeping QTc of 404 ± 23 msec were obtained as compared with waking QTc of 388 ± 17 msec (Average increase of 16 msec, p< 0.005). Prolongation of the QTc during sleep seems to be a normal electrophysiologic phenomenon in infants of this age. Whether prolongation of the QTc, by increasing the vulnerability of the ventricles to potentially lethal arrhythmias, may predispose to SIDS remains speculative.
How does homeland security affect U.S. firms' international competitiveness?

Abstract This paper frames the issue of homeland security and its relationship to the international competitiveness of U.S. firms in general. This is largely a conceptual statement, identifying the areas of national security (homeland security) that are key to business, and exploring the management concerns of business to the new threats and opportunities that have arisen. We establish the point that homeland security is a purposeful, conscious, and rational response to terrorist events that is an emergent and evolving systems phenomenon. This systems approach is an especially useful way to look at the implications of homeland security in its relation to business. We then look specifically at the kinds of costs and risks that are generated for U.S. international business (exports, imports, incoming and outgoing investments) as a result of this phenomenon. Management strategies for dealing with these costs and risks are explored for U.S. firms. Our conclusion is to demonstrate the scope of analysis that is needed to understand and to managerially cope with the homeland security problem. We show the value of using theory from various disciplines for analyzing a multi-dimensional problem like this. And finally we are able to recommend some policy dimensions for both companies and the U.S. Government toward mitigating the negative impacts of the homeland security problem.
Surgical cure of cardiac arrhythmia

The first surgical procedure undertaken for the intended purpose of curing a patient with recurrent tachycardia was performed by Sealy in 1968, and the report of that operation was published in The Annals of Thoracic Surgery in 1969. The first attempted accessory bundle ablation was successful, marked the beginning of cardiac arrhythmia surgery, and has set the standard against which other methods of arrhythmia control must be measured.
Examining the genetic and neural components of cognitive flexibility using mice

This commentary summarizes the research presented during the symposium “Examining the genetic and neural components of cognitive flexibility using mice” at the annual meeting of the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society 2011. Research presented includes examining: 1) Corticostriatal networks underlying reversal learning using GluN2B knockout mice, cFos expression, and in vivo electrophysiological recording; 2) Cerebellar contribution to reversal learning using mutants with Purkinje cell loss and in vivo electrochemical recording; 3) Parvalbumin contribution to reversal learning and set-shifting using PLAUR mutants and in vitro recording to examine fast-spiking interneurones; and 4) Alpha 7 nAChR contribution to reversal learning, set-shifting, motivation, and the ‘eureka moment’ of rule acquisition. It is proposed that these studies revealed more about the neurobiology underlying these behaviors than could be discovered using pharmacological techniques alone. Together, the research presented stressed the importance of exploring the genetic contribution to neuropsychiatric disease and the important role that the mouse, coupled with robust behavioral measures, can play in understanding neurobiology underlying cognitive flexibility.
The Language of the Inka since the European Invasion

The Language of the Inka since the European Invasion. Bruce Mannheim. Texas Linguistic Series. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991. 326 pp. $25.00 (cloth)
Vitamin G potency of purified liver preparations.

SummaryPurified liver extracts (P.A. factor) prepared from the Lilly extract No. 343 and of known potency in pernicious anemia were tested on vitamin G deficient rats. The extracts failed to induce growth in such animals. These experiments indicate that a purified preparation of the P.A. factor is lacking in vitamin G as tested by the growth method.
Retention Tracking Using Institutional Data.

This chapter presents a sophisticated approach for tracking student cohorts from entry through departure within an institution. It describes how a researcher can create a student tracking model to perform longitudinal research on student cohorts.
Elastic-plastic springback of sheet metals subjected to complex plane strain bending histories

Abstract The double-bend technique, which has been experimentally observed to be effective in reducing springback, and which involves a rather complex bending-unbending procedure, is successfully analyzed. This is accomplished by showing that the forming operations produced by most common die configurations can be described by one of three different models constructed herein. These models are analyzed for two classes of material behavior: the standard isotropic hardening type, and one quite general type of anisotropic hardening; this facilitates an assessment of the importance of reversed plastic flow in the springback process. Very good qualitative agreement is observed between the analytical results (for both isotropic and anisotropic hardening) and experimental ones showing the dependence of total springback upon several important parameters. Quantitative discrepancies between the predicted and test results, in the meantime, do decrease as a consequence of the fact that early reversed plastic flow is accounted for in the anisotropic hardening model.
Two theorems concerning rational approximations

The two theorems of the title constitute the mathematical results underlying well-formed scale theory. This paper includes the purely mathematical portion of a manuscript from 1988, which the authors cited the following year in N. Carey and D. Clampitt [Aspects of well-formed scales, Music Theory Spectrum 11 (1989), pp. 187–206]. Both theorems concern finite sets of the fractional parts of multiples of a positive real number θ. Such sets may be taken to represent musical scales generated by a single interval, and they have nice properties when their cardinalities are the denominators of convergents or semi-convergents (intermediate convergents) in the continued fraction representation of θ. Here, the results and their proofs are brought together in a notationally consistent framework.
“She Is Fine, Other Than Her Spinal Epidural!”

Lumbar puncture is a neurologic diagnostic procedure performed multiple times daily with minimal risks to the patient. Headache and backache are typical postprocedure complaints in children. Rarely, more serious neurologic consequences (such as hematoma in the subdural or epidural space, spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage, cranial nerve palsies, and brain herniation) are encountered. Post–lumbar puncture symptomatic epidural fluid collections have been described. This is a case of a patient with an incidental, asymptomatic epidural fluid collection found on imaging looking for further evidence of demyelination.