cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotion Regulation in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Bridging the Gap Between Treatment Studies and Laboratory Experiments

Abstract When cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was first developed approximately 50 years ago, it revolutionized the field of clinical psychology and psychiatry. Since then, modern conceptualizations of psychopathology have increasingly emphasized the role of emotion dysregulation in the onset, maintenance, and exacerbation of psychological disorders. Thus, contemporary versions of CBT have begun to adopt an emotion regulation framework in treatment. Numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have provided considerable empirical support for these newer, emotion-focused interventions. Additionally, laboratory-based experimental studies have begun to examine the specific emotion regulation mechanisms underlying the effects of CBT. However, one barrier preventing the field from advancing further and improving our cognitive-behavioral treatments is the apparent chasm between treatment outcome studies and laboratory-based experimental studies. This is a noteworthy limitation given that these methodologies are complementary and have their greatest potential when used in combination with each other. In this chapter, we first review treatment outcome studies (i.e., RCTs) that test the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral interventions that highlight the importance of emotion regulation as a key principle of treatment. We then discuss the utility of laboratory-based experimental studies to identify emotion regulation mechanisms underlying treatment efficacy. Lastly, we call for the integration of these two approaches in order to enhance our understanding of psychopathology and further elucidate the role of emotion regulation in cognitive-behavioral approaches to treating psychological disorders.
Acute liver injury in a Glatopa-treated patient with MS.

Author(s): Sabatino, Joseph J; Mehta, Neil J; Kakar, Sanjay; Zamvil, Scott S; Cree, Bruce AC
A Naval Perspective on Ship Stability

From a naval perspective, three areas have been identified as critical for examining the performance of vessels in extreme seas: the physics of large-amplitude motions; verification, validation and accreditation (VVA and performance-based criteria. In the physics of large-amplitude motions, three topics are most important: hydrodynamic forces, maneuvering in waves, and largeamplitude roll damping. In the VV&A arena, the challenge remains for performing this function for extreme seas conditions, where linear concepts such as response amplitude operators are not applicable. The challenge of performance-based criteria results from the fact that it is on the leading edge of our knowledge base.
Is There a Downside to Anticipating the Upside? Children's and Adults' Reasoning About How Prior Expectations Shape Future Emotions.

Four- to 10-year-olds and adults (N = 205) responded to vignettes involving three individuals with different expectations (high, low, and no) for a future event. Participants judged characters' pre-outcome emotions, as well as predicted and explained their feelings following three events (positive, attenuated, and negative). Although adults rated high-expectation characters more negatively than low-expectation characters after all outcomes, children shared this intuition starting at 6-7 years for negative outcomes, 8-10 years for attenuated, and never for positive. Comparison to baseline (no expectation) indicated that understanding the costs of high expectations emerges first and remains more robust across age than recognition that low expectations carry benefits. Explanation analyses further clarified this developing awareness about the relation between thoughts and emotions over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Atomic Photoionization Cross Sections

In these lectures I will discuss various methods of calculating atomic photoionization cross sections with emphasis on resonant structures. I will attempt to order the methods according to the complexity of the problem that they can be used on. Thus the Feshbach projection operator formalism, which is most applicable to the calculation of resonance parameters in two electron systems will be first and the R-matrix and quantum defect methods which can handle many channel photoionization will be last. Because of time limitation, the discussion will be descriptive rather than detailed. Not all useful approaches can be presented, but the most important ones left out (RPA, MBPT) will be covered by other lecturers.
On-line scheduling via sampling

We consider the problem of scheduling an unknown sequence of tasks for a single server as the tasks arrive with the goal off maximizing the total weighted value of the tasks served before their deadline is reached. This problem is faced for example by schedulers in packet communication networks when packets have deadlines and rewards associated with them. We make the simplifying assumptions that every task takes the same fixed amount of time to serve, that every task arrives with the same initial latency to its deadline. We also assume that future task arrivals are stochastically described by a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The resulting decision problem can be formally modelled as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP). We first present and analyze a new optimal off-line scheduling algorithm called Prescient Minloss scheduling for the problem just described, but with "prescient" foreknowledge of the future task arrivals. We then discuss heuristically adapting this off-line algorithm into an on-line algorithm by sampling possible future task sequences from the HMM. We discuss and empirically compare scheduling methods for this on-line problem, including previously proposed sampling-based POMDP solution methods. Our heuristic approach can be used to adapt any off-line scheduler into an on-line scheduler.
Fatigue Characteristics of SiCp-Metal Matrix Composite

The initiation and growth of cracks emanating from blunt notches in 6061-Al alloy reinforced with 25% particulate SiC metal matrix composite was investigated. To elucidate the role of aging condition of the matrix on the fatigue behavior studies were carried out at T6 and overaged conditions. The results indicated that the initiation of fatigue cracks are insensitive to the notch severity and to the aging condition of the matrix. The overaging heat treatment resulted in slower fatigue crack growth rates. The failure of the SiC particles during the fatigue process is given as the reason for the both observed initiation and crack growth characteristics.
Measures of Efficiency of the Estimators

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the measures of efficiency of the estimators. These include the variance, average, and conditional mean square error (MSE) and the MSE averaging over a quadratic loss function. The chapter describes three forms of the MSE for the parametric functions p's . The average MSE is the Bayes risk. Also, when the loss function is quadratic, the average MSE of the Bayes estimator is the variance of the posterior distribution. The chapter presents various examples and exercises.
Identifying Potential Habitats from Multibeam Echosounder Imagery to Estimate Abundance of Groundfish: A Case Study at Heceta Bank, OR, USA

Publisher Summary Over the past 20 years, a growing number of US West Coast fisheries biologists, marine ecologists, and marine geologists have conducted collaborative studies to quantify fish and associated invertebrate populations in the context of their marine habitats. An expanding number of these regional research programs along the US West Coast have formed the basis for a coast-wide network of sites where seafloor mapping and direct observation are supporting ongoing habitat-based groundfish research. Technologies, methods, and classification schemes for mapping marine habitats have evolved and advanced over this period and will continue to do so. Heceta Bank is one of the largest banks off the western coast of North America, extending 55 km from north to south and rising above the continental shelf to 67 m water depth. Due to heterogeneous substrate of varying relief, the bank supports a diverse assemblage of demersal fishes and is an important fishing ground off the coast of Oregon, USA. The top of the bank is comprised of boulders and cobbles eroded from outcrops of sedimentary rocks, while layers of finer grain size material cover the lower relief flanks. Using observations of fish–substrate associations from 19 remotely operated vehicle dives, 57 distinct substrate types and 9 habitat types have been identified. Using this map of potential habitats bank-wide abundance and variance values for a select group of resident fishes have been estimated.
Natural enemies and biodiversity: The double-edged sword of trophic interactions

Natural enemies, that is, species that inflict harm on others while feeding on them, are fundamental drivers of biodiversity dynamics and represent a substantial portion of biodiversity as well. Along the life history of the Earth, natural enemies have been involved in probably some of the most productive mechanisms of biodiversity genesis; that is, adaptive radiation mediated by enemy-victim coevolutionary processes. At ecological timescales, natural enemies are a fundamental piece of food webs and can contribute to biodiversity preservation by promoting stability and coexistence at lower trophic levels through top-down regulation mechanisms. However, natural enemies often produce dramatic losses of biodiversity, especially when humans are involved.
A Co-Twin Control Study of the Relationship Between Adolescent Drinking and Adult Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE The effect of drinking during adolescence on adult functioning is a public health concern. A variety of mechanisms have been proposed where drinking in adolescence has an adverse impact on later outcomes; unfortunately, few studies have included methodologies that account for confounding influences that might link adolescent drinking with subsequent problems. To address this limitation, the current study used a co-twin control design, which uses members of twin pairs that differ from each other on their adolescent drinking. METHOD We used a prospective longitudinal sample drawn from the Minnesota Twin Family Study, consisting of 2,764 twins (1,434 female) assessed at regular follow-ups from age 17 to age 29. Adolescent drinking was defined by measures of early initiation of use and a measure of overall consumption at age 17. Adult outcomes included indicators of substance use, antisocial behavior, personality, socioeconomic status, and social functioning. RESULTS The co-twin control analyses suggested that many of the associations between adolescent drinking and later outcomes were largely influenced by genetic confounding. However, for the measure of adolescent alcohol consumption, results were consistent with a small causal impact of drinking on multiple domains of adult functioning. This pattern was less consistently observed for the measures of early initiation. CONCLUSIONS These results provide empirical justification for policies designed to alleviate long-term consequences associated with adolescent drinking by reducing the level of alcohol consumption in adolescence. In contrast, the evidence did not suggest that delaying drinking would have a broad impact on later-life adjustment.
Effect of e-liquid from an electronic cigarette on the immune profile of Rana pipiens

Little is known about the effect of electronic cigarette usage, although the number of people using the devices continues to increase. Here we examine the effect of e-liquid with different concentration levels of nicotine from an electronic cigarette on the immune profile of the northern leopard frog Rana pipiens. Using a Sigelei Mini 30W electronic cigarette, frogs were exposed to vapor for 10 minutes, 6 days a week, for 3 weeks. We hypothesized that e-liquid vapor would alter the leukocyte differentials and positively correlate with the nicotine concentration. Our results indicate mean lymphocyte percent decreased with both vapor exposures without nicotine (24.8 ± 0.0% in control vs. 6.0 ± 1.2%) and with nicotine (24.8 ± 0.0% in control vs. 5.8 ± 4.0%), whereas the mean neutrophil percent increased with vapor without nicotine (60.8 ± 0.0% in control vs. 89.4 ± 3.0%) and with nicotine (60.8 ± 0.0% in control vs. 90.3 ± 6.0%). There was a significant positive correlation between vapor exposure and total neutrophil differentials (r = 0.954, p 0.05). Monocyte, basophil, and eosinophil percentages also decreased in frogs that were exposed to vapor. These findings suggest that electronic cigarette smoke alters the immune profile of frogs with or without nicotine.
Sufficient Dimension Reduction: Methods and Applications with R

Sufficient dimension reduction is a rapidly developing research field that has wide applications in regression diagnostics, data visualization, machine learning, genomics, image processing, pattern recognition, and medicine, because they are fields that produce large datasets with a large number of variables. Sufficient Dimension Reduction: Methods and Applications with R introduces the basic theories and the main methodologies, provides practical and easy-to-use algorithms and computer codes to implement these methodologies, and surveys the recent advances at the frontiers of this field. Features Provides comprehensive coverage of this emerging research field. Synthesizes a wide variety of dimension reduction methods under a few unifying principles such as projection in Hilbert spaces, kernel mapping, and von Mises expansion. Reflects most recent advances such as nonlinear sufficient dimension reduction, dimension folding for tensorial data, as well as sufficient dimension reduction for functional data. Includes a set of computer codes written in R that are easily implemented by the readers. Uses real data sets available online to illustrate the usage and power of the described methods. Sufficient dimension reduction has undergone momentous development in recent years, partly due to the increased demands for techniques to process high-dimensional data, a hallmark of our age of Big Data. This book will serve as the perfect entry into the field for the beginning researchers or a handy reference for the advanced ones. The author Bing Li obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. He is currently a Professor of Statistics at the Pennsylvania State University. His research interests cover sufficient dimension reduction, statistical graphical models, functional data analysis, machine learning, estimating equations and quasilikelihood, and robust statistics. He is a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and the American Statistical Association. He is an Associate Editor for The Annals of Statistics and the Journal of the American Statistical Association.
Double-sided guided-mode resonance metamaterials

We fabricate resonant metamaterial membranes with subwavelength gratings on both sides employing nanoimprint lithography methods. Measured spectral response of the resonance membranes is in good agreement with numerical results.
The Critical Surf Studies Reader

The cover of The Critical Surf Studies Reader is a black and white photograph of a surfer riding a wave taken from under the water. The photo is positioned sideways so that the book must be turned ...
69) Impact of a daily rounding checklist to reduce urinary catheter utilization in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)

Purpose: Medical devices such as urinary catheters (UCs) are crucial for the care of some critically ill children. However, they are not always discontinued when appropriate, increasing the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), resulting in increased morbidity, prolonged length of stay, and additional costs. Checklists are an effective tool for safeguarding against preventable medical errors and have been used to reduce UC utilization in adult inpatient settings. …
Reward sensitivity deficits in a rat model of compulsive eating behavior

Compulsive eating behavior is hypothesized to be driven in part by reward deficits likely due to neuroadaptations to the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess deficits in reward system functioning and mesolimbic DA after alternating a standard chow with palatable diet, a model of compulsive eating. In this model, rats in the control group (Chow/Chow) are provided a standard chow diet 7 days a week, while the experimental group (Chow/Palatable) is provided chow for 5 days a week ("C Phase"), followed by 2 days of access to a highly palatable sucrose diet ("P Phase"). We first tested the sensitivity to d-Amphetamine's stimulatory, reward-enhancing, and primary rewarding effects using a locomotor activity assay, an intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure, and a conditioned place preference test, respectively. We then quantified DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell after treatment with d-Amphetamine using in vivo microdialysis, quantified levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) mRNA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and lastly, quantified baseline extracellular DA and function of DAT in vivo using quantitative "no-net-flux" microdialysis. Chow/Palatable rats displayed blunted d-Amphetamine-induced locomotor activity, insensitivity to d-Amphetamine potentiation of ICSS threshold, and decreased place preference for d-Amphetamine during the P Phase. We found that Chow/Palatable rats had blunted DA efflux following d-Amphetamine treatment. Furthermore, DAT mRNA was increased in Chow/Palatable rats during the P Phase. Finally, quantitative "no-net-flux" microdialysis revealed reduced extracellular baseline DA and DAT function in Chow/Palatable rats. Altogether, these results provide evidence of reduced reward system functioning and related neuroadaptations in the DA and DAT systems in this model of compulsive eating. Reward deficits, resulting from repeated overeating, may in turn contribute to the perpetuation of compulsive eating behavior.
Chains-of-Reasoning at TextGraphs 2019 Shared Task: Reasoning over Chains of Facts for Explainable Multi-hop Inference

This paper describes our submission to the shared task on “Multi-hop Inference Explanation Regeneration” in TextGraphs workshop at EMNLP 2019 (Jansen and Ustalov, 2019). Our system identifies chains of facts relevant to explain an answer to an elementary science examination question. To counter the problem of ‘spurious chains’ leading to ‘semantic drifts’, we train a ranker that uses contextualized representation of facts to score its relevance for explaining an answer to a question. Our system was ranked first w.r.t the mean average precision (MAP) metric outperforming the second best system by 14.95 points.
Shape disparity in the blade-like premolars of multituberculate mammals: functional constraints and the evolution of herbivory

Cimolodontan multituberculates were a diverse and long-lived group of mammals characterized by large, blade-like lower fourth premolars (p4). Blade-like (plagiaulacoid) dentitions have evolved numerous times in distantly related mammalian lineages. Here we investigate how p4-shape disparity changed through time in the Cimolodonta. We address two hypotheses: (H1) blade-like dentitions constrain the ability of plagiaulacoid mammals to evolve novel dental morphologies, (H2) cimolodontan dental evolution proceeded gradually along a morphocline during the Late Cretaceous. We quantify functionally important aspects of p4 shape, including ratios reflecting height (H:L), symmetry (L1:L), and mesial-face height (H1:H), in a large sample of cimolodontans spanning the mid-Cretaceous through early Paleogene of North America (ca. 100–35 Mya). Our results do not support the morphocline hypothesis (H2) and, instead, show that cimolodontans evolved a wide range of p4 shapes by the mid-Cretaceous, and that p4-shape disparity remained stable through the Late Cretaceous. We hypothesize that the two-stage cimolodontan chewing cycle (slicing-crushing then grinding) imposed functional constraints on p4 morphology. After the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, p4-shape disparity increased sharply, driven by the appearance of the Taeniolabidoidea, Microcosmodontidae, and Eucosmodontidae, in the early Paleocene. We contend that the slicing-crushing functions of the p4 became less important in those taxa, relaxing functional constraints on p4 morphology. Cimolodontans that retained both the slicing-crushing and grinding function of the p4 had a more limited range of p4 morphologies, and probably were largely restricted to animal-dominated omnivory. Taxa that shifted the initial slicing-crushing function from the p4 to the incisors had fewer functional constraints on p4 morphology, and were able to increase their molar grinding capacity to exploit plant-dominated omnivory and herbivory. That the p4 was reduced in herbivorous taxa rather than modified into a broader, multi-cusped tooth lends support to the morphological constraint hypothesis (H1), and this relationship between p4 morphology and function suggests that retaining a large, blade-like p4 might have limited the range of herbivorous diets cimolodontans could exploit. These findings highlight the ecological and evolutionary limitations that specialized dentitions can impose on mammals by restricting their morphological and, in turn, functional diversification.
Noise characterization of ultrasensitive anomalous Hall effect sensors based on Co40Fe40B20 thin films with compensated in-plane and perpendicular magnetic anisotropies

We have performed magnetotransport and noise characterization studies of ultrasensitive anomalous Hall effect (AHE) sensors based on the Ta/Co40Fe40B20/MgO multilayer structure. The magnetization is near spin reorientation transition. This greatly reduces the saturation field with improvement of the magnetic sensing performance. We have performed temperature-dependent measurements to investigate the effect of tunable magnetic anisotropy. Both 1/f noise and sensitivity have a strong temperature dependence. Moreover, the scaling relations between 1/f noise and sensitivity change dramatically as temperature changes, showing different noise originations depending on magnetic anisotropies. With a small sensing area of 20 × 20 μ m 2, the best magnetic field detectability reaches 76 nT / Hz at 1 Hz and 2 nT / Hz at 10 kHz. AHE sensors with compensated magnetic anisotropies are, thus, suitable for ultrasensitive magnetic field sensing applications.
Spectral analysis of the sixth-order Krall differential expression

In this paper, we construct a self-adjoint operator $$\widehat{T}_{A,B}$$ generated by the sixth-order Krall differential expression in the extended Hilbert space $$L^{2}(-1,1)\oplus \mathbb {C}^{2}.$$ To obtain $$\widehat{T} _{A,B},$$ we apply a new general theory, the so-called GKN-EM theory, developed recently by Littlejohn and Wellman that extends the classical Glazman–Krein–Naimark theory using a complex symplectic geometric approach developed by Everitt and Markus. This work extends earlier studies of the Krall expression by both Littlejohn and Loveland.
(Not) giving the same old song and dance: Givers’ misguided concerns about thoughtfulness and boringness keep them from repeating gifts

Abstract Much of the time when a gift giver is selecting a gift, the recipient is someone whom the giver has given a gift to previously. The present work explores how givers’ decision-making and recipients’ desires are influenced by prior gifts given from giver to recipient; in particular, this research examines whether givers and recipients agree when it comes to the decision of whether to repeat a gift that the giver previously gave to the recipient (a “repeat” gift), or opt for a different gift that the giver is yet to give to the recipient (a “novel” gift). Nine studies demonstrate that givers do not give repeat gifts nearly as often as recipients prefer because givers perceive the act of giving a repeat gift to be less thoughtful and more boring than do recipients. Critically, givers avoid repeat gifts even when they are thought to be better matches with recipients’ preferences.
Pulmonary Embolism and Massive DVT for Emergency Critical Care

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) as a first event occurs in 100 per 100,000 persons each year in the United States with an incidence that rises exponentially with age (White RH, Circulation 107:14–8, 2003). More than 60% of symptomatic VTE cases manifest as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) alone, whereas one-third of patients present with pulmonary embolism (PE) (White RH, Circulation 107:14–8, 2003). Recurrence occurs in approximately 7% of patients and happens more frequently with PE than DVT (White RH, Circulation 107:14–8, 2003; Cushman et al., Am J Med 117:19–25, 2004). The incidence of death within 30 days of diagnosis occurs in 6% of patients with DVT and 12% with PE (White RH, Circulation 107:14–8, 2003). Less common manifestations of venous thrombosis include phlegmasia alba dolens, phlegmasia cerulea dolens (PCD), and venous gangrene, which form a clinical spectrum that carries significant morbidity (Sarwar S, Narra S, Munir A, Tex Heart Inst J 36:76, 2009; Haimovici H, J Cardiovasc Surg 5:164–73, 1965). It is important for the emergency practitioner (EP) to appropriately recognize and treat VTE, as delays in diagnosis and treatment may result in a significant increase in morbidity and mortality.
Documenting the course of loss of control over eating prior to, during and after pregnancy among women with pre‐pregnancy overweight and obesity

OBJECTIVE Loss of control over eating (LOC) is common among women, particularly those with overweight and obesity (OV/OB), and predicts weight gain. Given the importance of understanding weight and eating behaviors during pregnancy, we sought to characterize LOC across pregnancy and the postpartum period among women with pre-pregnancy OV/OB. METHODS Pregnant women (N = 257; 28.44 ± 5.48 years old) with self-reported OV/OB prior to pregnancy were interviewed using a pregnancy-adapted version of the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE-PV). Pre-pregnancy LOC was retrospectively assessed during the first trimester and then prospectively assessed monthly throughout pregnancy and postpartum over the course of seven assessments. RESULTS Rates of LOC were significantly higher during pregnancy compared to prior to ( χ12 =44.845, p < .01) and after ( χ12 =36.379, p < .01) pregnancy, with 37% (n = 95) of women reporting ≥1 LOC episode during pregnancy. LOC during pregnancy was associated with higher likelihood of LOC postpartum. Higher age (OR = 1.084, p = .04) and identifying as a minority (OR = 0.344, p = .02) was associated with greater likelihood of experiencing LOC during pregnancy only. DISCUSSION LOC during pregnancy is common among women with pre-pregnancy OV/OB, suggesting that screening and intervention for LOC during pregnancy may be warranted. Future research is necessary to examine the relationship between LOC during pregnancy and maternal and infant health outcomes.
Dynamic Pricing, Procurement, and Channel Coordination with Stochastic Learning

We consider a decentralized two-period supply chain in which a manufacturer produces a product and sells it through a retailer facing a price-dependent demand. We assume that the second period production cost declines linearly in the first-period production, but with a random learning rate. As the mean and/or the standard deviation of the learning rate increase, the traditional double marginalization problem becomes more severe, leading to greater efficiency loss in the channel. We obtain revenue sharing contracts that can coordinate the dynamic supply chain. We study the effect of the revenue sharing rate on the wholesale prices in each of the two periods and on the splitting of the total supply chain profit between the channel members. Finally, we examine the impact of the mean and the standard deviation of the learning rate on the pricing strategies of the channel members, on the retailer’s procurement decisions, and on the structure of the revenue sharing contracts.
Toward Efficient Wide-Area Identification of Multiple Element Contingencies in Power Systems

Power system $N-x$ contingency analysis has inherent challenges due to its combinatorial characteristic where outages grow exponentially with the increase of $x$ and $N$ . to address these challenges, this paper proposes a method that utilizes Line Outage Distribution Factors (LODFs) and group betweenness centrality to identify subsets of critical branches. The proposed LODF metrics are used to select the high-impact branches. Based on each selected branch, the approach constructs the subgraph with parameters of distance and search level, while using branches' LODF metrics as the weights. A key innovation of this work is the use of the distance and search level parameters, which allow the subgraph to identify the most coupled critical elements that may be far away from a selected branch. The proposed approach is validated using the 200- and 500-bus test cases, and results show that the proposed approach can identify multiple $\mathrm{N-x}$ contingencies that cause violations.
Host country network, industry experience, and international alliance formation: Evidence from the venture capital industry

Integrating resource dependence and social network theories, we investigate how foreign firms’ position in alliance network in host country influences their further allying with firms from the host and home countries. We introduce network centrality as a factor that influences two competing forces in alliance formation: willingness and attractiveness. Furthermore, we argue that foreign firms suffering from a low network centrality may find it easier to enhance their network position if they have industry experience. Our analysis of data on US venture capital firms’ investment in China supports our theoretical framework. Theoretical and managerial implications of our findings are discussed.
Applications of ESR Spectroscopy to Inorganic-Clay Systems

The surface chemistry and physical properties of clay minerals are often very much dependent on the nature of the metal ions which balance the negative charge of the oxygen framework. The most abundant metal ions normally found in clays (silicon, aluminum, magnesium, and alkali and alkaline earth metals) are diamagnetic, but paramagnetic ions such as Fe3+ may also be found to substitute for silicon, aluminum or magnesium in tetrahedral or octahedral positions. A variety of paramagnetic ions or metal complexes, such as VO2+ or Cu(phen) 2 2+ , can become part of a clay structure by replacing the interlayer alkali or alkaline earth exchange cations. Thus, it is only natural that electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR), sometimes called electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), should be a useful tool in studying the behavior of metal ions in clays.
Converging Perspectives in Psycholinguistics and Behaviorism

It is comforting when two researchers who make widely differing assumptions regarding language and communication develop converging perspectives. Such convergence is enough to make one believe that there is an underlying order in nature. Dr. Helen Tager-Flusberg (Chapter 4) and I (Chapter 3) focus on a number of problems that each of us agrees are well worth addressing, regardless of theoretical orientation. That is not to say that we agree on everything. For instance, I suspect that she would attach much less importance to factors such as operant conditioning and modeling than would I. Nonetheless, there are several noteworthy commonalities that emerged from our respective chapters and it is on these commonalities that I would like to focus.
A Crystallographic Investigation of a Human IgG Immunoglobulin

Abstract A human IgG immunoglobulin (Mcg), differing from "cryoglobulins" in solubility, was crystallized from water in the orthorhombic space group C2221. The dimensions of the unit cell were a =87.8 ± 0.3; b = 111.3 ± 0.4; and c = 186.3 ± 0.6 A. The unit cell contained 4 IgG molecules, and the crystallographic asymmetric unit consisted of 1 half-molecule (one light and one heavy chain). The two halves of the molecule were related by a 2-fold rotation axis.
Direct to Consumer Genetic Testing: Public Right or Public Harm?

Direct to Consumer Genetic Testing is a new technology that provides consumers with relative risks of over 90 diseases, conditions, and traits, bypassing the healthcare profession completely, allowing private companies to market their products directly to consumers. Worries have emerged about the risks of consumer vulnerability in light of the average person’s ignorance about genetics, and subsequent consequences of uninformed decisions about personal health. Thus the issue emerges of whether the government has the right to regulate the technology at all, or whether this regulation would be infringing on the protectable interest of knowing information about your own body.
Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios in polygenetic carbonate allochems from a Michigan marl lake

Abstract Rapid accumulation of CaCO 3 is occurring in Littlefield Lake, a marl lake located in central Michigan. The sediment, which is 95% CaCO 3 , primarily consists of eight different genetic groups of carbonate allochems. These include calcite muds, sands, algal oncoids and Chara encrustations, as well as the dominant aragonitic gastropods Valvota tricarinota . Gyraulus deflectus and Amnicola integra . and the dominant aragonitic pelecypod Sphaerium partumeium . Samples of each of these groups were analyzed for Ca, Sr and Mg. Molar Mg Ca ratios are primarily controlled by allochem mineralogy, with calcitic forms having Mg Ca ratios 5–10 times larger than aragonitic (shelled) forms. The Sr Ca ratios are primarily controlled by biochemical fractionation, and are significantly lower than Sr Ca ratios of inorganically precipitated aragonite from other settings. Partition coefficients were determined for both Sr and Mg for each carbonate allochem group and, based on comparisons with results reported by other workers, the partition coefficients determined here are generally considered ‘typical’ or representative values for biogeneous freshwater carbonates. An analysis of variance of the data indicates that most genera and species of carbonate-secreting organisms in marl lakes have highly characteristic Sr Ca and Mg Ca ratios. These ratios can potentially serve as geochemical tracers in future investigations of lacustrine carbonate diagenesis. Both Sr and Mg are influenced by grain size and/or surface area, probably due to the presence of these elements in non-lattice-held (exchangeable) positions.
Electron spin resonance of 63 Cu and 65 Cu carbonic anhydrases. Resolution of nitrogen ligand superhyperfine structure.

Abstract Electron spin resonance of Cu(II) derivatives of three carbonic anhydrase isozymes, human B, human C, and bovine B, show that two of the three protein ligands to the copper ion at the metal binding site are nitrogen atoms. The copper 3/2 hyperfine line at ∼2680 gauss in the ESR spectrum of the CN- complexes of 63Cu and 65Cu human carbonic anhydrase B clearly shows five lines from two equivalent nitrogen ligands. The same ESR line in the CN- complexes of the bovine B and human C enzymes also shows five superhyperfine lines. Interpretation of the ESR spectra was substantiated by comparison of the data to spectra simulated by computer calculation of the spin Hamiltonian. It is shown that the difference in the position of copper hyperfine lines between the two naturally occurring copper isotopes caused by their differing nuclear magnetic moments is sufficient to prevent an absolute determination of the number of nitrogen ligands in a species containing mixed copper isotopes. On the other hand computer simulation of both the g|| and g⊥ regions of the ESR spectra from a pure copper isotope can be used to distinguish between two and three nitrogen ligands. The ESR spectra from all species and isozyme variants of carbonic anhydrase formed from pure copper isotopes are fit by the assumption of two rather than three nitrogen ligands. The relevance of this finding to the coordination of the native zinc ion is discussed.
The conflict over global warming

Abstract Sophisticated computer models have been employed by the United Nations Environment Programme's Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assess past variations of world climate and to project possible trends over the next century. Attention has focused on the growing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and other greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. Critics in scientific and policy professions hold that simulation models are not yet adequate to guide policy decisions. Many western governments dissent from this judgment and insist that a 20% reduction in CO 2 emissions should be achieved within 15 years and that remedial policies must be adopted to prevent catastrophic climate change. The proposed remedies range from saving tropical rain forests to forced conservation of energy or taxation of fossil-fuel combustion. A consensus is emerging in the scientific community to endorse a ‘no regrets’ policy that involves buying various kinds of ‘insurance’ against future global warming.
Spacetime Foliations and p-Brane Dynamics

We propose a precise definition of multidimensional fluids generated by self-gravitating extended objects such as strings and membranes: a p-dimensional perfect fluid is a smooth p-dimensional spacetime foliation, each integral manifold of which is a timelike, connected, immersed submanifold of dimension, p -- representing the history of a (p-1)-dimensional extended object. This geometric formulation of perfect fluids of higher dimensions naturally leads to the associated stress-energy tensor. Furthermore, the laws of temporal evolution and symmetries of such systems are derived, in general, from the Einstein field equations and the integrability conditions.
Closed recirculatory spinal subarachnoid perfusion for determining CSF dynamics

✓ A new method for determining rates of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production under nonsteady-state conditions, namely, closed recirculatory spinal subarachnoid perfusion, was used to determine the effect of enflurane on the rate of CSF production in dogs. Considerable variability in results was observed such that there was no statistical difference in rates of production among animals that received enflurane 2.2%, enflurane 2.2% and nitrous oxide 60% to 70%, enflurane 3.2% and nitrous oxide 60% to 70%, or nitrous oxide 60% to 70% (controls). Possible sources of variability were sought in additional studies using a modification of the new method, and in an in vitro model. The results were compared to those obtained using an established method for determining rates of CSF production, namely, open ventriculocisternal perfusion. It was concluded that the sources of variability in the closed recirculatory method relate in part to adherence of the fluorescein-conjugated albumin tracer to glass and other surface...
What's New in Science and Race since the 1930s?: Anthropologists and Racial Essentialism

The words, rhetoric, and ideas about science, race, and public policy used in the United States clearly differ in, say, the early twenty‐first century from what they were a half century ago. Scient...
Continuum–discontinuum modelling of shear bands

A methodology to model shear bands as strong discontinuities within a continuum mechanics context is presented. The loss of hyperbolicity of the IBVP is used as the criterion for switching from a classical continuum description of the constitutive behaviour to a traction–separation model acting at the discontinuity surface. The extended finite element method (XFEM) is employed for the spatial discretization of the governing equations. This enables the shear bands to be arbitrarily positioned within the mesh. Examples that study the shear band progression within a rate-independent material are presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rethinking Tropical Ocean Response to Global Warming: The Enhanced Equatorial Warming*

Abstract The response of tropical Pacific SST to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration is reexamined with a new focus on the latitudinal SST gradient. Available evidence, mainly from climate models, suggests that an important tropical SST fingerprint to global warming is an enhanced equatorial warming relative to the subtropics. This enhanced equatorial warming provides a fingerprint of SST response more robust than the traditionally studied El Nino–like response, which is characterized by the zonal SST gradient. Most importantly, the mechanism of the enhanced equatorial warming differs fundamentally from the El Nino–like response; the former is associated with surface latent heat flux, shortwave cloud forcing, and surface ocean mixing, while the latter is associated with equatorial ocean upwelling and wind-upwelling dynamic ocean–atmosphere feedback.
The fallout: what happens to whistleblowers and those accused but exonerated of scientific misconduct?

Current DHHS regulations require that policies and procedures developed by institutions to handle allegations of scientific misconduct include provisions for “undertaking diligent efforts to protect the positions and reputations of those persons who, in good faith, make allegations.” Analogously, institutions receiving PHS funds are required to protect the confidentiality of those accused of such misconduct or, failing that, to restore their reputations if the allegations are not confirmed. Based on two surveys, one of whistleblowers and one of individuals accused but exonerated of scientific misconduct, this paper examines how well the system works to protect both sets of participants in cases of alleged misconduct.
High-speed operation of LiNbO 3 electro-optic interferometric waveguide modulators

High-speed optical intensity modulation is reported for the first time using single-mode electro-optic interferometric waveguide modulators formed from Ti-diffused waveguides in LiNbO3. For cw 0.633-μm optical inputs, modulation at rates up to 1.4 GHz has been achieved by driving the interferometer through multiple-π phase shifts. Envelope modulation of a 275-MHz optical pulse train from a cw mode-locked frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser with a 68.9-MHz drive signal has also been demonstrated.
Regulation of caspase activation and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)-induced cell death by protein kinase C.

Activation of caspases is critical for the induction of apoptosis. We have shown previously that cell death mediated by the anticancer agent cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cDDP) is influenced by the protein kinase C (PKC) signal transduction pathway. In the present study, we have examined whether regulation of cDDP sensitivity by PKC involves caspase activation. cDDP caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the generation of the catalytic fragment (CF) of novel (n) PKCδ, nPKCe, and atypical (a) PKCζ but had little effect on conventional (c) PKCα. Cleavage of PKC isozymes was associated with the activation of caspase-3 and -7 but not of caspase-2. PKC activators enhanced cDDP-induced cleavage of these isozymes and activation of caspase-3. Rottlerin, an inhibitor of nPKCδ, blocked caspase-3 activation and proteolytic cleavage of nPKCδ by cDDP. Bryostatin 1, which elicits a biphasic concentration-response in potentiating cell death by cDDP, exhibited a similar biphasic effect on cDDP-induced...
Application of isolated hepatocytes to studies of drug metabolism in large food animals.

1. A definitive hazard assessment of xenobiotics translocated through food animals into edible products such as meat or milk requires a complete analysis of metabolism in food animals. However, large animal metabolism studies present many experimental difficulties. None of several in vitro alternatives such as subcellular fractions has been established as an acceptable predictor of in vivo metabolism.2. The feasibility of using isolated hepatocytes to predict the metabolism of xenobiotics, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in large ruminant animals (e.g. cattle) is being studied in our laboratory. A procedure was developed for isolating hepatocytes aseptically from the caudate process of the liver which was obtained surgically from 100–125 kg calves. A modified two-step vascular perfusion procedure provides hepatocyte suspensions that are typically ≫85% viable and ≫1 × 107 viable hepatocytes/g of liver (wet wt). Xenobiotic metabolism has been evaluated in suspensions and primary cultures using aldrin...
Aziridinomitosanes via Lactam Cyclization

Aziridinomitosane ketones 4 and 24 are accessed by internal acyl anion equivalent-lactam cyclization of 29 in a convergent route. The key aziridinolactam 6 is prepared by tin−lithium exchange via the lithiated aziridine 11.
Advances in the evaluation and treatment of the infertile man.

Numerous advances in technology have been made in the last several years in the diagnosis and treatment of the infertile man. Using case presentations, this article highlights these important new developments and reviews the basics of a comprehensive male infertility evaluation. The use of ultrasound as a critical, indispensable, yet noninvasive tool in the evaluation of possible male reproductive tract obstruction is discussed. Since assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) have be come increasingly important in the management of the otherwise untreatable infertile man, specialized testing of sperm function, e.g., the sperm penetration assay (SPA), and strict morphology assessment are often useful prior to the initiation of some of these assisted reproductive procedures such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF). Testicular touch preparation cytology and image analysis are also important additions to routine testicular biopsy for quantifying the extent of spermatogenesis. Finally, the revolutionary micromanipulation procedure of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has forever changed the practice of andrology by enabling men previously thought to be irreversibly infertile the chance to initiate their own biologic pregnancy.
VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS: The Virus

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and herpes zoster. After acute infection the virus becomes latent in dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia for the lifetime of the individual. The viral genome encodes about 70 proteins, at least three of which are thought to be expressed during latency in humans. VZV grows in cell culture, but is very cell-associated; it is relatively difficult to obtain high titers of cell-free virus.
Contribution of Conformer Focusing to the Uncertainty in Predicting Free Energies for Protein−Ligand Binding

When a ligand binds to a protein, it is typically not in the lowest-energy conformation for the unbound ligand and there is also a loss of conformational degrees of freedom. The free-energy change for this “conformer focusing” is addressed here formally, and the associated errors with its estimation or neglect are considered in the context of scoring functions for protein−ligand docking and computation of absolute free energies of binding. Specific applications for inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase are reported. It is concluded that the uncertainties from this source alone are sufficient to preclude the viability of current docking methodology for rank-ordering of diverse compounds in high-throughput virtual screening.
Study of rubber‐filled cementitious composites

A possible method for recycling automobile and truck tires is to comminute them and incorporate the rubber particles in to cementitious mixtures for nonstructural applications. It was found that addition of rubber granules led to a decrease in compressive and flexural strengths of the mortar. The fracture behavior of cementitious paste containing untreated rubber particles showed particulate pull out characteristics and weak interface. The interfacial strength of rubber-cementitious composite can be improved upon chemical treatment of rubber by gamma mercapto trimethoxy silane coupling agent (GMPTS). The extent of interfacial bonding of rubber and cement was measured by peel strength analysis. The increased interfacial strength of the composite was found to play an important role in the ability of the composite to withstand postpeak loading and postpeak displacement. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 934–942, 2000