cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soil water and particle size distribution influence laboratory-generated PM10

Abstract Management of soils to reduce the amount of PM 10 emitted during agricultural tillage operations is important for attainment of air quality standards in California's San Joaquin Valley (SJV). The purpose of this study was to improve and expand upon earlier work of predicting tillage-generated dust emissions based on soil properties. We focus on gravimetric soil water content (GWC) and soil texture. A mechanical laboratory dust generator was used to test 23 soils collected for this study. Averaged results showed PM 10 concentrations (mg m −3 ) increased logarithmically as GWC decreased below soil water potentials of −1500 kPa. Soils with clay contents less than about 10% by weight began to emit PM 10 at GWCs 1.5–4 times their GWC at −1500 kPa. Soils with clay contents greater than about 10% began to emit PM 10 at GWC values closer to −1500 kPa. We found no correlation between maximum PM 10 concentrations, measured at low GWC values, and the %sand, %silt, or %clay in a soil. However, there was a significant correlation between the %silt to %clay ratio and PM 10 concentrations. This not only suggests the dependence of dust emission magnitudes on the supply of particles of PM 10 size, but also the importance of clay in stabilizing aggregates and maintaining higher amounts of capillary water at lower water potentials. Based on modeled results of pooled data, PM 10 concentrations increased linearly (slope = 564) for every unit increase in the %silt to %clay ratio. However, when soils were separated into groups based on clay content, the slopes for PM 10 concentrations vs. %silt to %clay ratio were texture dependent. The slope for soils with 20% clay (slope = 221). Improved PM 10 emission prediction based on soil properties should improve management decisions aimed at reducing tillage-generated PM 10 .
Human liver acid phosphatases: Cysteine residues of the low-molecular-weight enzyme

Abstract The stoichiometry and the reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups of a human liver acid phosphatase have been studied. The smallest (Mr = 14,400) of the three molecular-weight forms of acid phosphatase from human liver, recently purified and characterized in our laboratory, was treated with various sulfhydryl group-specific reagents: p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonate, fluorescein mercuriacetate, methyl methanethiosulfonate, p-nitrophenoxycarbonyl methyl disulfide, and thiosulfate. A total loss of enzymatic activity was obtained in each case. By spectrophotometric titration with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) and p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonate it was shown that there are six free sulfhydryls per protein molecule, consistent with the amino acid analysis of this enzyme. The same number was deduced as a result of inactivation studies carried out with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonate. A total loss of activity was obtained at reagent to enzyme ratios of 6:1 in both cases. Similar results were obtained upon inactivation by p-nitrophenoxycarbonyl methyl disulfide, where the enzyme was found to possess only 10% residual activity at an inhibitor-to-enzyme ratio of 6:1. With fluorescein mercuriacetate as an inactivator, total loss of activity was found at a 2.5 times molar excess of this reagent over protein. Both the stoichiometry of inactivation and fluorescence titration experiments suggest that fluorescein mercuriacetate can function as a bifunctional sulfhydryl group reagent. The activity of a totally inactivated enzyme preparation obtained following reaction with excess of p-nitrophenoxycarbonyl methyl disulfide or with methyl methanethiolsulfonate could be almost completely restored upon treatment with dithiothreitol. These data are consistent with the interpretation that in each enzyme molecule, there are six free sulfhydryl groups of almost equal reactivity, at least one of which is essential for enzymatic activity.
Evaluation of High Starch and High Fat Rations for Dairy Calves

Abstract Sixty-four Holstein calves were in a 3 × 2 factorial experiment of 12 wk starting at 3 days of age to evaluate growth performance when calves were fed control, high starch, and high fat pelleted diets separately or with a supplemental concentrate mix offered the first 6 wk. High starch and high fat diets were formulated to contain more digestible energy (3.48 Mcal/kg dry matter) than the control diet (3.31 Mcal/kg dry matter). Calves received whole milk the first 5 wk plus one of these rations ad libitum wk 1 thru 12. The control diet contained corn, oats, and soybean meal; the high starch diet contained corn and soybean meal; and the high fat diet contained corn and an extruded whole soybean product. All pelleted diets contained 20% ground alfalfa-bromegrass hay, 5% dry molasses, and 1% each of dicalcium phosphate, trace mineral salt, and antibiotic premix. The supplemental concentrate mix contained corn, oats, and soybean meal, 9% liquid molasses, minerals, and vitamins. Weight gains, feed intakes, and ratios of feed to gain were similar for all three pelleted diets with or without the supplemental concentrate mix during wk 1 thru 5, 6 thru 12, and 1 thru 12. Calves offered the supplemental concentrate mix during wk 1 thru 6 tended to consume more total feed than calves offered only pellets. Apparent digestibilities of control, high starch, or high fat diets measured for twenty 13-wk old male calves were generally highest for the control diet. Apparent digestibilities of the respective diets were: dry matter, 81.3, 77.7, and 76.1%; energy, 80.1, 76.5, and 75.9%; nitrogen, 83.4, 77.8, and 76.1%; and ether extract, 89.0, 80.0, and 90.0%.
Benign course of extreme hyperbilirubinemia in sickle cell anemia: Analysis of six cases†

Since the approach to the management and outcome of extreme hyperbilirubinemia in patients with sickle cell anemia is not clearly defined, we reviewed our experience with marked hyperbilirubinemia in six children with sickle cell disease. Intrahepatic sickling (sickle hepatopathy) rather than hepatitis or biliary stones appeared primarily responsible for the extreme jaundice in at least four children and possibly in all six. Signs and symptoms were few, and laboratory abnormalities were not striking other than marked hyperbilirubinemia (total serum bilirubin concentrations ranging from 20.4 to 57.6 mg/dl with approximately one half conjugated). All of the children improved within days to weeks and currently are well, without recurrence of hyperbilirubinemia or evidence of chronic liver disease. The patients described here suggest that sickling within the liver, previously reported to be a serious and even fatal syndrome, usually is a benign and self-limited process.
Renormalization of Maxwell's equations for turbulent plasma

A renormalization procedure is proposed for the coupled Maxwell-Klimontovich equations including the full, nonlinear electrical current. The renormalized equation for the two-point field correlation function is used to derive a renormalized quasiparticle representation of the theory.
The effect of microstructure on localized melting at separation in Ti-6Al-4V tensile samples

The phenomenon of localized melting during the separation process of tensile samples has been found in a number of different titanium alloys. In this study, the effect of microstructure on the mechanism responsible for localized melting found on the fracture surfaces of Ti-6Al-4V tensile samples has been investigated. Tensile samples with three different microstructures were strained to fracture at quasi-static applied strain rates, and the resulting fracture surfaces were investigated and characterized using stereo scanning electron microscopy. Selected fracture surfaces were also nickel-plated and sectioned to reveal the subsurface microstructures and to get an idea of the nature of deformation in the region of the fracture surface. Samples which had an equiaxed α microstructure as a result of mill annealing and heat treating showed large regions of concentrated shear and considerable localized melting. By contrast, samples with a finea plate colony microstructure displayed much higher fracture surface tortuosity and no localized melting. The connection between large-scale shear and localized melting implies that a shear instability, such as adiabatic shear, is quite likely a necessary factor for achieving the melting temperature at final separation.
Microfluidic capture and release of bacteria in a conical nanopore array

We present a simple and inexpensive method for the capture and release of bacteria contained in an array of conical nanopores on a membrane inside a microfluidic device. As an example, we demonstrate that cyanobacteria can be captured, one bacterium per pore, in a defined orientation with over 500 bacteria per membrane with viabilities as high as 100%. The device can also specifically capture cyanobacteria from a mixed suspension of cyanobacteria and chlamydomonas with a selectivity as high as 90%.
The pathogenesis of simian varicella virus in cynomolgus monkeys.

SummaryThe MLM herpesvirus is infectious for cynomolgus monkeys. The disease in this species, possibly modulated by preinoculation antibody resembles human varicella. Virus has been recovered from blood during the early incubation period, and from liver, lymph nodes, kidney, bladder and urine during the eruptive period of infection. The major target organs were skin and liver; specific pathological changes developed in both. Appropriate antibody responses, including those to Herpesvirus varicellae followed infections mounted by parenteral inoculation of cynomolgus monkeys.
Physical properties of hydrated tissue determined by surface interferometry of laser-induced thermoelastic deformation

Knee meniscus is a hydrated tissue; it is a fibrocartilage of the knee joint composed primarily of water. We present results of interferometric surface monitoring by which we measure physical properties of human knee meniscal cartilage. The physical response of biological tissue to a short laser pulse is primarily thermomechanical. When the pulse is shorter than characteristic times (thermal diffusion time and acoustic relaxation time) stresses build and propagate as acoustic waves in the tissue. The tissue responds to the laser-induced stress by thermoelastic expansion. Solving the thermoelastic wave equation numerically predicts the correct laser-induced expansion. By comparing theory with experimental data, we can obtain the longitudinal speed of sound, the effective optical penetration depth and the Gruneisen coefficient. This study yields information about the laser-tissue interaction and determines properties of the meniscus samples that could be used as diagnostic parameters.
Adolescent substance use and abuse.

In 1990, the Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC, issued its report about alcohol problems in the United States— Broadening the Base for Alcohol Treatment in the United States . 1 In the section about adolescent drug use and abuse, the report concluded the following: (1) little is known of the nature of adolescent drug use beyond prevalence data (ie, of those who drink heavily or use illicit substances during their teenage years, who will "mature out" and who will not?); (2) despite the fact that throughout the 1980s there was a dramatic increase in treatment programs for youth, as of 1990, there were few treatment outcome studies; (3) little is known about adolescent drug users except those most heavily involved; (4) there is little consensus as to what constitutes abuse, problem use, or dependence in adolescence; (5) there is little consensus as to outcome measures (eg, how "successful treatment" is defined);
Reversible radial deformation up to the complete flattening of carbon nanotubes in nanoindentation

The reversible flattening up to 60% deformation of individual multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was revealed with nanoindentation. The nanoindentation induced, in terms of indentation force versus indentation depth, two linear deformation responses and a nonlinear one in between in the measurement of an ∼9nm diameter MWCNT having six walls. A continuum shell model was applied and found to be fully capable of describing the observed behavior and extracting accurate mechanical properties of the MWCNT. The measured linear deformation persisted up to an indentation depth twice the shell thickness of the MWCNT, a behavior much like a macroscopic thin shell in classical shell theory. Nonlinear deformation was subsequently introduced due to the extended flattening of the MWCNT in the axial direction and the formation of high curvature “bulbs” along the edges of a squashed MWCNT. Finally, the elastic deformation of such bulbs initiated the second linear deformation response. The deformation behavior was found...
Growth, nutrition, and water relations of ponderosa pine in a field soil as influenced by long-term exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2

Abstract Atmospheric CO 2 enrichment effects on growth, nutrition, and water relations of ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) were investigated in a field study of 5 years duration which included a soil N fertility variable in order to assess interactions of CO 2 and N on tree responses. Open-top chambers permitted creation of atmospheres with 700 μl l −1 , 525 μl l −1 , or ambient CO 2 concentrations. Trees were reared from seed in a mid elevation Sierra Nevada forest soil with a total N concentration of 856 μg g −1 or in soil amended with sufficient (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 to increase total N by 100 μg g −1 or 200 μg g −1 . The intermediate CO 2 treatment within the intermediate N treatment was omitted from the study. Height and diameter measurements at the conclusions of each of the five growing seasons revealed significant growth enhancement by atmospheric enrichment, initially more pronounced in 525 μl l −1 than in 700 μl l −1 CO 2 . Final measurements indicated that the twice-ambient atmosphere ultimately proved the most stimulatory, however, but the magnitude of the growth responses to elevated CO 2 was somewhat dependent on soil N availability throughout the study. Foliar analysis revealed reductions in N, P, and S concentrations during the second season and that of Mg in the third season in the above-ambient CO 2 treatments, while P was increased by high CO 2 in high soil N but decreased by high CO 2 in low N during the third season. Among micronutrients, foliar Fe was elevated in high CO 2 , a response that also extended to Al, while Mn and B concentrations were reduced in this atmosphere, but significant treatment effects on micronutrients and Al were found in the second season only and were evident primarily in low soil N. During the fourth growing season, foliar N was initially higher but then later become lower in the above-ambient atmospheres. Predawn and midday measurements of xylem water potential made at intervals during the fifth season indicated substantial variability in responses to treatment, but increased moisture stress in trees reared in the enriched atmospheres was periodically evident.
Contemporary Scholarship in Public Address: A Research Editorial

This essay considers some of the research currently being published in the area of public address and isolates several factors (anecdotal fixation, personality fixation, conceptual anomie, translation fallacies, taxonomical fascination, and tabloid scholarship) that keep some of that research from being all that it could be. The essay is an opinion piece. It does not constitute probative argument. Based on his own values and tastes (and some experience in the area of public address research), the author comments on the strengths and weaknesses of that research. By employing the editorial form, the author thereby invites continued discussion of these ideas.
Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in brain tissues of Alzheimer’s disease

Chlamydia pneumoniae , a human respiratory pathogen, has recently been reported to be associated with atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.1,2 Balin et al. has reported detection of this organism by PCR, immunocytochemistry (ICC), and electron microscopy in the brain tissues of AD in 17 of 19 patients.3 However, Gieffers et al. failed to detect C. pneumoniae by PCR in brain tissues of 20 patients with AD.4 …
Supervisee Cognitive Complexity and the Integrated Developmental Model

Abstract Stoltenberg and Delworth's (1987) Integrated Developmental Model, an increasingly popular description of supervisees' development while in training, has yielded an assessment instrument, the Supervisee Levels Questionnaire-Revised (SLQ-R; McNeill, Stoltenberg, & Romans, 1992). Though both theory and test claim a cognitive developmental component, validation efforts have emphasized experience and education variables, not cognitive ones. This study sought to investigate the cognitive developmental component by describing the relationship between scores on the SLQ-R and a measure of cognitive complexity. Results confirmed cognitive complexity, a finding which will be of use to clinical supervisors in conceptualizing their trainees; however, amount of prior supervised clinical experience was found to be the most important predictor, something clinical training supervisors of psychologists, social workers, and counselors will note with interest.
ACCELERATION OF GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS IN THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM

Challenges have arisen to diffusive shock acceleration as the primary means to accelerate galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) in the interstellar medium. Diffusive shock acceleration is also under challenge in the heliosphere, where at least the simple application of diffusive shock acceleration cannot account for observations. In the heliosphere, a new acceleration mechanism has been invented—a pump mechanism, driven by ambient turbulence, in which particles are pumped up in energy out of a low-energy core particle population through a series of adiabatic compressions and expansions—that can account for observations not only at shocks but in quiet conditions in the solar wind and throughout the heliosheath. In this paper, the pump mechanism is applied to the acceleration of GCRs in the interstellar medium. With relatively straightforward assumptions about the magnetic field in the interstellar medium, and how GCRs propagate in this field, the pump mechanism yields (1) the overall shape of the GCR spectrum, a power law in particle kinetic energy, with a break at the so-called knee in the GCR spectrum to a slightly steeper power-law spectrum. (2) The rigidity dependence of the H/He ratio observed from the PAMELA satellite instrument.
Development of focused ion beam systems with various ion species

Abstract Conventional focused ion beam systems employ a liquid-metal ion source (LMIS) to generate high-brightness beams, such as Ga+ beams. Recently there has been an increased need for focused ion beams in areas like biological studies, advanced magnetic-film manufacturing and secondary-ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). In this article, status of development on focused ion beam systems with ion species such as O 2 + , P+, and B+ will be reviewed. Compact columns for forming focused ion beams from low energy (∼3 keV), to intermediate energy (∼35 keV) are discussed. By using focused ion beams, a SOI MOSFET is fabricated entirely without any masks or resist.
Reflections on implementing a community agency-school prevention program

This article describes implementation processes and lessons learned from a longitudinal study of a multi-component after-school substance abuse prevention program for high-risk second- and third-grade children delivered by Boys and Girls Clubs and their local schools. Outcome results showing positive effects on children's personal competency skills, feelings toward school, and spelling grades, factors shown to protect children from future substance abuse and other risky behaviours. Processes associated with creating the collaborations between the Boy's and Girls Clubs and schools highlight the importance of (1) developing "true" partnerships; and (2) providing schools and teachers with what they really want. Processes (1) prevention coordinators bust be god managers; and (2) creating total organizational support for the program within the youth organization will enhance program implementation.
The foundation for Vienna: A reassessment of the CSCE in the mid-1980s

This article analyses the interim Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) interim meetings held from 1984 to 1986 in Stockholm, Ottawa, Budapest, and Bern and reassesses previous characterisations of this period as one of stagnation in the CSCE. It demonstrates that the significant groundwork laid at these meetings later manifested itself during the Vienna CSCE Review Meeting. The two most important shifts in the CSCE during these years were an increased Western and neutral emphasis on compliance with existing CSCE agreements at the expense of achieving new concluding documents and a slow evolution in Soviet thinking on its role in the Helsinki process.
Pain reports in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

The purpose of this study is to examine prevalence rates of pain reports in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and potential predictors of pain. Pain is a common and debilitating symptom of...
Class Differentiation and the Informal Sector in Amman, Jordan

Studies of economic activities among the urban poor in various parts of the world have found more variation in the so-called informal sector than they had expected. The urban poor had typically been thought of as a kind of “reserve army” for the formal sector, an underclass at the margins of survival. Even early work that recognized the links between the formal and informal sectors lumped them together as a single class that ranked below all the others. The tendency to regard workers in the informal sector as members of an underclass masked the tremendous variations among them and between informal sectors in different places.
Single-Incision External Iliac Artery Endarterectomy and Patch Angioplasty

An isolated external iliac artery chronic total occlusion is currently treated either with subintimal percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent or with a bypass. This article describes a new application of an old technique, endarterectomy and patch angioplasty, performed on the external iliac artery through a single flank incision. This novel approach can provide lasting patency with a low risk of complications. We present four cases and a review of the literature on the other available treatment options. This minimally invasive technique may provide a viable alternative that can be used alone or in combination with other open or endovascular techniques and can be applied in cases of groin sepsis.
Cognition at risk : Gestalt/feature- intensive processing and cigarette smoking in college students

Although previous research has shown the importance of feature-intensive processing of relevant information in the staving off of addictive behaviors, the present study examined the possibility that a more global, gestalt rejection of cigarette smoking may be operating to reduce smoking behavior. The present study addressed this possibility through the use of a decision efficacy rating procedure, in which smoking and nonsmoking respondents were asked to determine whether an individual was justified in smoking in a variety of given situations. Nonsmokers tended to reject smoking under any circumstances, whereas smokers tended to entertain mitigating circumstances more favorably in justifying smoking, especially when smoking could be construed as providing some perceived positive gains in serious situations. Results are discussed in terms of the gestalt/feature-intensive processing theory of cognition, and in terms of the importance of cognitive approaches to the understanding of addictive behaviors.
Plastic flow of saturated alumina powder compacts: Pair potential and strain rate

A study was conducted to describe the effect of the pair potential, as controlled by pH and salt concentration, and strain rate on the plastic flow of the saturated, consolidated alumina bodies. Alpha-alumina powder was prepared as aqueous slurries containing 0.20 volume fraction of solids at pH 4.0. After dispersing the aqueous slurry at pH 4.0, it was then either coagulated with additions of NH4Cl to create a weakly attractive network, or flocculated to create a strongly attractive network by changing the pH to 9. Bodies formulated at pH 9 and pH 6 have flow stresses at low displacement rates that were 6 to 10 times greater than the flow stresses of bodies formulated at pH 4 and pH 5 with added salt.
Systems Mechanobiology: Tension-Inhibited Protein Turnover Is Sufficient to Physically Control Gene Circuits

Mechanotransduction pathways convert forces that stress and strain structures within cells into gene expression levels that impact development, homeostasis, and disease. The levels of some key structural proteins in the nucleus, cytoskel- eton, or extracellular matrix have been recently reported to scale with tissue- and cell-level forces or mechanical properties such as stiffness, and so the mathematics of mechanotransduction becomes important to understand. Here, we show that if a given structural protein positively regulates its own gene expression, then stresses need only inhibit degradation of that protein to achieve stable, mechanosensitive gene expression. This basic use-it-or-lose-it module is illustrated by application to meshworks of nuclear lamin A, minifilaments of myosin II, and extracellular matrix collagen fibers—all of which possess filamentous coiled- coil/supercoiled structures. Past experiments not only suggest that tension suppresses protein degradation mediated and/or initiated by various enzymes but also that transcript levels vary with protein levels because key transcription factors are regu- lated by these structural proteins. Coupling between modules occurs within single cells and between cells in tissue, as illustrated during embryonic heart development where cardiac fibroblasts make collagen that cardiomyocytes contract. With few additional assumptions, the basic module has sufficient physics to control key structural genes in both development and disease.
Relative identity, singular reference, and the Incarnation: a response to Le Poidevin

In this article I object to Le Poidevin's (2009) contention that relative identity is beset with an infinite metaphysical regress. I argue, first, that since Le Poidevin's regress argument presupposes a direct theory of reference, it does not apply to accounts of relative identity which reject this account of reference. I argue, second, that Le Poidevin's regress is not inevitable for one who accepts a direct account of reference, since it does not apply to the formal logic of relative identity which van Inwagen uses to articulate and defend the mysteries of the Trinity and the Incarnation.
Search time in unstructured peer-to-peer networks with clustered demands

Search time as a function of the number of replicas of a queried object provides a key component to understanding system behavior in peer-to-peer networks. The analytical work in this area so far has assumed a uniform distribution of file replicas throughout the network with an implicit or explicit assumption of uniform file popularity distribution whereas, in reality, there is clear evidence of clustering in file popularity patterns. In this paper, we provide mechanisms for modeling clustering in file popularity distributions and the consequent non-uniform distribution of file replicas. We provide results for the search time in such networks for both random walk and flooding search mechanisms.
Isolation and molecular analysis of inv dup(15) and construction of a physical map of a common breakpoint in order to elucidate their mechanism of formation.

An inverted duplication of chromosome 15 [inv dup(15)] is the most common supernumerary marker chromosome, comprising approximately 50% of all chromosomes in this class. Structurally, the inv dup(15) is a mirror image with the central axis defining a distal break within either the heterochromatic α-satellite array or along the euchromatin in the long (q) arm of the chromosome. There are several types of inv dup(15), classified by the amount of euchromatic material present. Generally, they are bisatellited, pseudodicentric and have a breakpoint in 15q11–q14. A suggested mechanism of formation of inv dup(15) involves illegitimate recombination between homologous chromosomes followed by nondisjunction and centromere inactivation. The proximal portion of chromosome 15 contains several low-copy repeat sequence families and it has been hypothesized that errors in pairing among these repeats may result in structural rearrangements of this chromosome including the inv dup(15). To test this hypothesis and to determine the mechanism of formation, the inv dup(15) from four cases was isolated in somatic cell hybrids and polymerase chain reaction microsatellite markers were used to determine the origin of exchange. Two appeared to result from interchromosomal and two from intrachromosomal exchange, one of which occurred post-recombination. In addition, a detailed physical map of the breakpoint region in the largest inv dup(15) was constructed placing eight new sequence-tagged sites and ten new bacterial artificial chromosome markers in the region.
Genetic mechanisms of psychosis: in vivo and postmortem genomics.

Abstract Background: The Clinical Brain Disorders Branch Sibling Study data set was initiated in 1996 to examine genetic associations and to identify biological traits associated with susceptibility gene effects. Characterizing genes—and translating their effects on brain development and function—has potential implications for improving the prevention and treatment of schizophrenia. Objective: The goal of this article was to discuss the relationship between genetic variation and schizophrenia using in vivo and postmortem genomics. Conclusions: Over the past 2 years, several specific genes have been convincingly associated with schizophrenia risk in a number of populations around the world. Some of the genesthat have been studied more extensively include: catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) (chromosome 22q), dysbindin-1 (chromosome 6p), neuregulin 1 (chromosome 8p), metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (GRM-3) (chromosome 7q), glutamate decarboxylase 1 (chromosome 2q), and disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) (chromosome 1q). A functional polymorphism in the COMT gene, which affects prefrontal cortical function by changing dopamine signaling in the prefrontal cortex, has been studied extensively. This gene impacts the regulation of dopamine neuronal activity in the brainstem, which is associated with psychosis. GRM-3shows similar results on prefrontal function; in postmortem tissue, it has an effect on expression of various glutamate synaptic markers. DISC1 affects hippocampal anatomy and function, whereas dysbindin-1 appears to be a general cognitive capacity gene that is underexpressed in the schizophrenic cortex. Data suggest that these susceptibility genes influence the cortical information processing which characterizes the schizophrenic phenotype. Thesedata add to the evidence that such genes contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and provide insights into their mechanisms. Thus, genetic variation and its influence on the biological processes underlying schizophrenia may be key to developing future prevention strategies and new treatments.
Playing games: A fresh look at rate and capacity regions

Notions from cooperative game theory arise in a very natural way in connection with the study of rate and capacity regions for many important problems. Furthermore, (i) game theory clarifies the fundamental structural connection between rate regions and information inequalities, and (ii) the interpretation of these regions in terms of users that are thought of as players in a cooperative game is of intrinsic value. Both these aspects are illustrated in a variety of settings, including Slepian-Wolf compression and Gaussian multiple access channels.
Optimal Level Controller for Steam Generators in Pressurized Water Reactors

The authors consider the design of a suboptimal water-level controller for steam generators in large pressurized water reactors using linear output feedback control. A methodology for feasibility analysis and linear output feedback control design is developed through eigenvalue dynamics. The proposed controller is a linear, constant, partial state feedback law. The controlled system has the following desirable features: (a) the controller is independent of disturbance, (b) the water level returns to its prespecified level value following a step disturbance, (c) the controlled system is asymptotically stable, and (d) transient response is similar to the transient response of an optimal complete state feedback controller. An example illustrates the applicability and the effectiveness of the proposed techniques. >
More Than Skin Deep Visceral States Are Not Projected Onto Dissimilar Others

What people feel shapes their perceptions of others. In the studies reported here, we examined the assimilative influence of visceral states on social judgment. Replicating prior research, we found that participants who were outside during winter overestimated the extent to which other people were bothered by cold (Study 1), and participants who ate salty snacks without water thought other people were overly bothered by thirst (Study 2). However, in both studies, this effect evaporated when participants believed that the other people under consideration held political views opposing their own. Participants who judged these dissimilar others were unaffected by their own strong visceral-drive states, a finding that highlights the power of dissimilarity in social judgment. Dissimilarity may thus represent a boundary condition for embodied cognition and inhibit an empathic understanding of shared out-group pain. Our findings reveal the need for a better understanding of how people's internal experiences influence their perceptions of the feelings and experiences of those who may hold values different from their own.
Regional Variation in Use of a New Class of Antidiabetic Medication Among Medicare Beneficiaries The Case of Incretin Mimetics

Background: When incretin mimetic (IM) medications were introduced in 2005, their effectiveness compared with other less-expensive second-line diabetes therapies was unknown, especially for older adults. Physicians likely had some uncertainty about the role of IMs in the diabetes treatment armamentarium. Regional variation in uptake of IMs may be a marker of such uncertainty. Objective: To investigate the extent of regional variation in the use of IMs among beneficiaries and estimate the cost implications for Medicare. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis of 2009-2010 claims data from a nationally representative sample of 238 499 Medicare Part D beneficiaries aged ≥65 years, who were continuously enrolled in fee-for-service Medicare and Part D and filled ≥1 antidiabetic prescription. Beneficiaries were assigned to 1 of 306 hospital-referral regions (HRRs) using ZIP codes. The main outcome was adjusted proportion of antidiabetic users in an HRR receiving an IM. Results: Overall, 29 933 beneficiarie...
In vitro metabolism of the 5-hydroxytryptamine1B receptor antagonist elzasonan.

The metabolism of elzasonan has been examined in vitro using hepatic microsomes from human and recombinant heterologously expressed P450 enzymes (rCYP). Metabolism occurs primarily via oxidative N-demethylation to form M4 and oxidation reactions to form elzasonan N-oxide (M5) and 5-hydroxyelzasonan metabolite (M3). Additionally, elzasonan was shown to be metabolized to the novel cyclized indole metabolite (M6) which undergoes subsequent oxidation to form the iminium ion metabolite (M3a). The rCYP data was normalized relative to the levels of each CYP form in native human liver microsomes to better assess the contribution of each rCYP in the metabolism of elzasonan. Results demonstrated the involvement of CYP3A4 in the pathways leading to M3a, M3, M5 and M6 and CYP2C8 in the formation of M4. Kinetic constants for the formation of M3 were determined and correlation and inhibition studies suggested that CYP3A4 is primarily responsible for the formation of M3 and CYP2C19 plays a very minor role in its formati...
Block Coding for Space Communications

A theory for use in the design of block-coded telemetry systems is delineated. This theory is useful in designing and testing the performance of one- and two-way phase-coherent telemetry systems when a phase-locked receiver preceded by a bandpass limiter is used to track the modulation. System analysis for either orthogonal or biorthogonal codes is given. Design trends, relating the various system parameters, for practical code sizes are presented in graphical form. Emphasis is placed on design situations where the data rate is large when compared to the design point bandwidth of the carrier tracking loop. This appears to be the case of greatest practical interest.
Employee wellness in the private club industry.

Employee wellness in the private club industry is discussed relative to the seven wellness dimensions: physical, intellectual, social, occupational, spiritual, emotional, and environmental. Food and beverage employees (n = 125) responded to a set of 42 holistic wellness questions describing their behaviors, nine demographic questions, and one question on their perceived health. Behavior questions were a subset of the validated 100 question TestWell, Wellness Inventory. The regression model was found to be a significant predictor of perceived health. As expected, the researchers of this study found that the seven dimensions are significantly correlated, suggesting that improving employee wellness involves a holistic approach to improving all dimensions of wellness. Significant differences were found among respondents based on job type, education, ethnicity, and perceived health relative to the seven wellness dimensions. Insight is provided as to the relationship of the wellness dimensions to club managemen...
Transgender bodies, identities, and healthcare: Effects of perceived and actual violence and abuse

“Disparity” implies the existence of a “markedly distinct in quality or character,” difference between one group and another. Some groups, due to elevated stigma associated with group membership, are invisible as a disparate minority and therefore, while there may be a great inequity in healthcare between that group and the normative population, the invisible minority is ignored. This chapter addresses the issue of healthcare for the transgender-identified population. We address how the normative viewpoint of mental illness and unacceptable religious status, along with lifelong perceived and actual abuse and violence, creates a socially sanctioned inequality in healthcare for this population.
Pitfalls in the Imaging and Interpretation of Benign Thymic Lesions: How Thymic MRI Can Help.

Received July 21, 2015; accepted after revision September 4, 2015. and by aiding in the discernment of thymoma from lymphoma [2, 3]. Thymic MRI typically is prompted by an incidental finding noted in the thymic bed on chest CT. A prior chest CT examination enables focused MRI to best answer a defined clinical question. Although MRI is useful in the diagnosis of thymic lesions, it can be helpful only if it is performed and interpreted correctly and if certain pitfalls are avoided. The purpose of this article is to heighten the awareness of these pitfalls.
Experimental Evidence for Non-encysted, Freeze-resistant Stages of Terrestrial Naked Amoebae Capable of Resumed Growth after Freeze-thaw Events

Experimental evidence is presented to support a hypothesis that terrestrial naked amoebae, collected during late autumn from cold, moist temperate soil, develop a non-encysted, freeze-thaw resistant stage that is capable of surviving winter frozen soil. Therefore, in addition to cyst formation, naked amoebae may survive harsh, frozen winter soil in a dormant or resting stage that is capable of rapid resumed growth in spring, thus gaining an immediate competitive advantage in exploiting food and other environmental resources early after the winter thaw.
Mutagenesis of GATA motifs controlling the endoderm regulator elt-2 reveals distinct dominant and secondary cis-regulatory elements

Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are crucial links in developmental gene regulatory networks, but in many cases, it can be difficult to discern whether similar CREs are functionally equivalent. We found that despite similar conservation and binding capability to upstream activators, different GATA cis-regulatory motifs within the promoter of the C. elegans endoderm regulator elt-2 play distinctive roles in activating and modulating gene expression throughout development. We fused wild-type and mutant versions of the elt-2 promoter to a gfp reporter and inserted these constructs as single copies into the C. elegans genome. We then counted early embryonic gfp transcripts using single-molecule RNA FISH (smFISH) and quantified gut GFP fluorescence. We determined that a single primary dominant GATA motif located 527bp upstream of the elt-2 start codon was necessary for both embryonic activation and later maintenance of transcription, while nearby secondary GATA motifs played largely subtle roles in modulating postembryonic levels of elt-2. Mutation of the primary activating site increased low-level spatiotemporally ectopic stochastic transcription, indicating that this site acts repressively in non-endoderm cells. Our results reveal that CREs with similar GATA factor binding affinities in close proximity can play very divergent context-dependent roles in regulating the expression of a developmentally critical gene in vivo.
Orthopaedic Aspects of Achondroplasia

Achondroplasia is a specific entity and is no longer considered to be synonymous with short-limb dwarfism. Achondroplastic dwarfs are detected at birth by their short limbs, normal size trunk, and craniofacial abnormalities. Roentgenograms are diagnostic and show caudal narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal, short vertebral pedicles, a narrow sacrosciatic notch, and rhizomelic micromelia. Frequently encountered orthopaedic problems include bowlegs, supinated feet, hip-flexion contractures, fibromyositis, and bursitis. Spinal malalignment, excluding the invariably exaggerated lumbar lordosis, may be expected in 70 per cent of patients. Kyphosis is usually mild, and located in the thoracolumbar area; scoliosis, usually also mild, is predominantly in the lumbar vertebrae. Some of the serious neurological difficulties, encountered in at least 12 per cent of patients, may result from spinal-cord or nerve-root encroachment not seen in normal individuals. This encroachment may be the result of a narrowed spinal canal on the normal sized cord, herniated nucleus pulposus (on the basis of exaggerated lumbar lordosis), angulation of the spinal cord, mushroom spurring of the articular processes, and a recessed or unstable vertebral body. When present, neurological signs are associated with kyphosis, scoliosis, or both, in 72 per cent of achondroplastic dwarfs and do not seem to be dependent upon the age of the individual. In contrast to existing opinions, coxa vara, tibial torsion, and dislocated patellae are not features of achondroplasia and their presence should lead one to suspect some other form of dwarfism. Arthritis of major weight-bearing joints does not appear to be a problem in achondroplasia; at least there is no evidence of an increased incidence of degenerative change compared with normal individuals. In general, angulation osteotomies of the tibiae are to be preferred to bowleg braces when shoe fitting, appearance, or pain due to established poor joint mechanics is a problem. Of the many forms of dwarfism which must be differentiated from achondroplasia, one should include the more severe pseudoachondroplastic spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and the less severe hypochondroplasia. Thanatophoric dwarfism, rather than achondroplasia, is probably the diagnosis in the severely dwarfed new-born infants dying in the perinatal period.
Aerospace Vehicle Motion Emulation Using Omni - directional Mobile Platform

Testing and validation of flight hardwar e in ground -based facilities can result in significant cost savings and risk reduction. We designed a relative motion emulator for aerospace vehicles using omni -directional mobile bases which provide large 3 degree -of freedom motion , while Stewart platfor ms mounted atop these bases allow superposition of limited 6 degree -of -freedom motion. This paper addresses the design and implementation of the omni -directional mobile base. Each omni -directional base uses a trio of active split offset castor drive modu les to provide smooth, holonomic, precise control of its motion. Three encoders on each castor, three optical mice sensors , and a 3 -axis inertial measurement unit provide full feedback information to a kinematics based control law. We built a one -third scale prototype to demonstrate design feasibility and for use in testing and development of data fusion techniques, control laws, and a dynamics model of the full -scale platform . Results presented in the paper validate the feasibility of the design and the approach. Nomenclature R = distance from center of mass of base to pivot point w r = wheel radius (m) c r = distance from pivot to shaft along 1 ˆ c c � = distance from pivot to castor CM along 1 ˆ c i � = angle between 1 ˆ
Effect of O-diazo acetyl-l-serine on rat litter.

Summary1. The observation that AZS affects the rat fetus in utero is confirmed and greatly extended. 2. AZS acts on the fetus directly—and not on the ovary, placenta or pituitary. 3. AZS efficiently destroys the entire litter of rats in doses of: (a) 5 mg/kg at the time following implantation (7th and 8th days of gestation); (b) 10 mg/kg at midterm (11th and 12th days of gestation); without affecting the mothers adversely. 4. This drug effect is sharply limited in time. 5. Combination of 6MP and AZS was effective in litter destruction in smaller doses than either compound alone. 6. Neither progesterone nor adenine protected the litter against AZS. 7. AZS given before mating did not delay it, nor did it affect the subsequent litter. 8. Rats aborted 4 and 5 consecutive times with AZS showed no accumulative toxicity nor impairment of their fertility. 9. Litters raised from rats aborted 4 or 5 times were normal in all respects and produced normal litters.
Preconditioning Full Waveform Inversion With Phase-encoded Hessian

Full waveform inversion (FWI) has received an increasing amount of attention thanks to its ability to provide a highresolution velocity model of the subsurface. The computational cost still presents a challenge, however, and the convergence rate of the FWI problem is usually very slow without proper preconditioning of the gradient. While preconditioners based on the Gauss-Newton Hessian matrix can provide significant improvements in the convergence of FWI, computation of the Hessian matrix itself has been considered highly impractical due to its cost in computational time and storage requirements. In this paper, we design preconditioners based on an approximate Gauss-Newton Hessian matrix obtained using the phase-encoding method. The new method requires only 2Ns forward simulations compared to Ns(Nr + 1) forward simulations required in conventional approaches, where Ns and Nr are the numbers of sources and receivers, respectively. We apply the diagonal of the phase-encoded GaussNewton Hessian to both sequential-source FWI and encoded simultaneous-source FWI. Numerical examples using a truncated Marmousi2 model demonstrate that the phase-encoded Gauss-Newton Hessian improves the convergence of the FWI significantly.