cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distress intolerance and worry: the mediating role of cognitive variables

Background and Objectives: Distress intolerance (DI) has been identified as a potential risk factor for a variety of maladaptive avoidance behaviors, including worry. However, mechanisms linking DI to specific behaviors remain poorly understood. One hypothesis is that DI is a general vulnerability that confers risk of particular avoidance behaviors via more specific, lower-order vulnerabilities. The current study examined associations between DI and worry-related cognitions. Design: A multiple mediator model tested the hypothesis that worry-related variables (intolerance of uncertainty [IU], cognitive avoidance, beliefs about worry, and negative problem orientation) mediated the association between DI and worry. Methods: An undergraduate student (n = 281) and a clinical (n = 123) sample completed self-report measures. Results: Across samples, worry was associated with higher levels of DI, IU, cognitive avoidance, beliefs about worry, and negative problem orientation. Mediation results differed somewhat be...
Reliability in Coding Open-Ended Data: Lessons Learned from HIV Behavioral Research

Analysis of text from open-ended interviews has become an important research tool in numerous fields, including business, education, and health research. Coding is an essential part of such analysis, but questions of quality control in the coding process have generally received little attention. This article examines the text coding process applied to three HIV-related studies conducted with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention considering populations in the United States and Zimbabwe. Based on experience coding data from these studies, we conclude that (1) a team of coders will initially produce very different codings, but (2) it is possible, through a process of codebook revision and recoding, to establish strong levels of intercoder reliability (e.g., most codes with kappa 0.8). Furthermore, steps can be taken to improve initially poor intercoder reliability and to reduce the number of iterations required to generate stronger intercoder reliability.
The Implications of Behavioral Antitrust

Behavioral economics is now mainstream. It is also timely. The financial crisis raised important issues of market failure, weak regulation, moral hazard, and our lack of understanding about how many markets actually operate. As behavioral economics (with its more realistic assumptions of human behavior) goes mainstream in academia and the business world, one expects lawyers and economists to bring the current economic thinking to the competition agencies. How should the competition agencies respond? This paper examines how competition authorities can consider the implications of behavioral economics on four levels: first as a gap filler, i.e., to help explain “real world” evidence that neoclassical economic theory cannot explain; second to assess critically the assumptions of specific antitrust policies, such as merger review and cartel prosecutions; third to revisit three fundamental antitrust questions, namely what is competition, what are the goals of competition law, and what should be the legal standards to promote those goals; and fourth, to assess how behavioral economics will affect the degree of convergence/divergence of competition law among the over 100 jurisdictions with competition laws today.
Synergistic dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MPTP and inflammogen lipopolysaccharide: relevance to the etiology of Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a profound movement disorder resulting from progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Although its etiology remains unknown, increasing evidence suggests the involvement of multiple factors such as environmental toxins and genetic susceptibilities in the pathogenesis of PD. In this study using mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures as an in vitro PD model, we demonstrated that the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 0.1-0.5 microM) and an inflammogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 ng/ml) synergistically induced a progressive and selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The synergistic neurotoxicity was observed when both agents were applied either simultaneously or in tandem. The synergistic neurotoxicity was more prominent when lower doses of both agents were applied for a longer period of time. Mechanistically, microglial NADPH oxidase-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species played a pivotal role in the synergistic neurotoxicity: MPTP and LPS synergistically stimulated the NADPH oxidase-mediated release of superoxide free radical; pharmacological inhibition and genetic inactivation of NADPH oxidase prevented superoxide production and the synergistic neurotoxicity. Additionally, inhibition of nitric oxide synthase afforded significant neuroprotection, suggesting the involvement of nitric oxide in the synergistic neurotoxicity. This study lends strong support for a multifactorial etiology of PD and provides clues for therapeutic interventions.
Dimerization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Translocator Chaperone PcrH Is Required for Stability, Not Function

Type III secretion systems rely on hydrophobic translocator proteins that form a pore in the host cell membrane to deliver effector proteins into targeted host cells. These translocator proteins are stabilized in the cytoplasm and targeted for export with the help of specific chaperone proteins. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the chaperone of the pore-forming translocator proteins is PcrH. Although all translocator chaperones dimerize, the location of the dimerization interface is in dispute. Moreover, it has been reported that interfering with dimerization interferes with chaperone function. However, binding of P. aeruginosa chaperone PcrH to its cognate secretion substrate, PopD, results in dissociation of the PcrH dimer in vitro, arguing that dimerization of PcrH is likely not important for substrate binding or targeting translocators for export. We demonstrate that PcrH dimerization occurs in vivo in P. aeruginosa and used a genetic screen to identify a dimerization mutant of PcrH. The mutant protein is fully functional in that it can both stabilize PopB and PopD in the cytoplasm and promote their export via the type III secretion system. The location of the mutation suggests that the dimerization interface of PcrH mirrors that of the Yersinia homolog SycD and not the dimerization interface that had previously been reported for PcrH based on crystallographic evidence. Finally, we present data that the dimerization mutant of PcrH is less stable than the wild-type protein in P. aeruginosa, suggesting that the function of dimerization is stabilization of PcrH in the absence of its cognate cargo.
Analytical construct of reversible desensitization of pituitary-testicular signaling: illustrative application in aging

Luteinizing hormone (LH) administered in pharmacological amounts downregulates Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Whether reversible downregulation of physiological gonadotropin drive operates in vivo is...
What Makes Mathematics Manipulatives Effective? Lessons From Cognitive Science and Montessori Education

Manipulatives are ubiquitous in early childhood classrooms; yet, findings regarding their efficacy for learning mathematics concepts are inconsistent. In this article, we present four general principles that have emerged from cognitive science about ways to ensure that manipulatives promote learning when used with young children. We also describe how Montessori instruction offers a concrete example of the application of these principles in practice, which may, in turn, explain the high levels of mathematics achievement among children who attend Montessori programs during early childhood. The general principles and concrete examples presented in this article should help early childhood programs maximize the benefits of using manipulatives for developmentally appropriate mathematics instruction.
The case of the disappearing bias: A 2014 update to the “Gerrymandering or Geography” debate:

This note observes that the pro-Republican bias in the relationship between seats and votes that characterized the 2012 US congressional elections largely disappeared in the 2014 elections, where Republicans won a six-point victory in the national popular vote but only a handful of additional seats. Replicating analysis from an earlier article on the 2012 elections, I find that the source of the decline in bias supports two theories about the effects of gerrymandering and geography on the US Congress. First, bias declined most sharply in states where maps were drawn by Republicans, suggesting that these maps were drawn specifically to maximize seats during a tied national election environment. And second, pro-Republican bias present in bipartisan maps almost entirely disappears, as does the previously observed effect of urbanization on bias, further supporting existing theories about the asymmetric geographic dispersion of partisans.
A CBPR Study to Test the Impact of a Church-Based Health Empowerment Program on Health Behaviors and Health Outcomes of Black Adult Churchgoers

Black adults in the United States are disproportionately affected by health disparities, such as overweight and obesity. Research suggests that Black adults engage in fewer health-promoting behaviors (e.g., physical activity and healthy eating) than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. These health-promoting behaviors are known protective factors against overweight/obesity and related health concerns. This community-based participatory research study employed a waitlist control design and a university-church partnership approach to test the impact of a church-based health-empowerment program designed to increase health-promoting behaviors (called health-smart behaviors) and improve health indicators (e.g., reduce weight) among overweight/obese Black adult churchgoers. Results indicate that the intervention group (n = 37) experienced a significant increase in levels of healthy eating and physical activity and a significant decrease in weight compared to the waitlist control group (n = 33). Results from this study have implications for the design of church-based, culturally sensitive health promotion interventions to increase health-smart behaviors and ultimately prevent and reduce obesity and related diseases in Black communities.
Prediction and Validation of Major Gas and Tar Species from a Reactor Network Model of Air-Blown Fluidized Bed Biomass Gasification

The thermochemical conversion of biomass via gasification offers a promising approach to producing fungible substitutes for petroleum-derived fuels and chemicals. The kinetic study of the gas-phase reactions of biomass gasification is key to understanding fluidized bed biomass gasification (FBBG). Under typical operating conditions for air-blown FBBG (700–1000 °C), tars exist in the product gas in significant quantities (2–50 g/Nm3). Predicting the formation and evolution of tars in a FBBG reactor model is particularly important as they introduce several operational and cleanup challenges in practice. However, such predictions require implementation of detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms due to the large number of species and competing conversion pathways involved. A detailed gas-phase mechanism has been proposed by the CRECK modeling group at Politecnico di Milano encompassing the secondary pyrolysis, cracking, and oxidation reactions of the devolatilization species of biomass, as well as the oxidation ...
Carbon Coated Silica Doped With Cerium/Zirconium Mixed Oxides as NO2 Adsorbent at Ambient Conditions

Silica gel (Si-60) was modified by carbon grafting to produce carbon coated silica composites. The resulting materials were doped with cerium zirconium mixed oxide and tested as NO2 adsorbents at ambient conditions. The textural and chemical features were characterized using SEM-EDX, adsorption of nitrogen, potentiometirc titration, thermal analysis and FT-IR. Modification with mixed oxides enhanced the adsorption of NO2. While the composites with the lowest content of carbon exhibited the best performance in dry conditions, the composites with the highest carbon content showed the best performance in moist conditions. This trend is linked to the hydrophobic nature of the carbonaceous phase, which repels water but allows NO2 accessibility to reactive sites introduced in the form of mixed oxides. Moreover, with an increase in the carbon content homogeneity of mixed oxide deposition on the surface increases. The release of NO is governed by the ability of the carbon surface to reduce nitrate species. Weakly...
Computational Prediction of Structures and Optical Excitations for Nanoscale Ultrasmall ZnS and CdSe Clusters.

Small semiconductor nanoclusters are important for understanding the initial formation and growth of quantum dots and also for application, for example in the tunability provided by size. However, electronic structures and effects of capping ligands have not been systematically characterized. Thus, ground and excited state calculations using coupled-cluster methods were carried out to provide benchmarks for evaluating the applicability of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) with different functionals for the ground and excited states, respectively. Our computed data suggests that the popular B3LYP functional does not deliver optimal results for the ground and excited state. While the PBE0 functional was found to provide a good description for both the ground and excited states for small bare (ZnS)n and bare and ligated (CdSe)n clusters, the results for the hydrated (ZnS)n clusters were found to deteriorate significantly. However, the errors appear to decrease with increasing clu...
The Benda Illustrations to My Ántonia: Cather's “Silent” Supplement to Jim Burden's Narrative

The publishing history of My Antonia emphasizes what is implicit in the novel's numerous references to pictorial art: the pictures in the first edition of My Antonia are not dispensable decorations but an essential part of Cather's text. The Benda illustrations (which Cather independently commissioned against the strong opposition of her publishers at Houghton Mifflin) reinforce the central fiction of the novel, in which “editor” Cather introduces My Antonia as the work of “author” Jim Burden. Presenting My Antonia as a critically edited or “supplemented” text, Cather hints that W. T. Benda's series of drawings is her most important addition to the “substance” of Jim's text. In her introduction to Jim's narrative, Cather suggests that Jim Burden's literary vision is faulty and in need of correction. Cather offers this corrective by providing a pictorial subtext that offsets the romantic bias of My Antonia and exposes Jim Burden's limitations as an author.
Kinetics of volume-sensitive K transport in human erythrocytes: evidence for asymmetry

The kinetic properties of volume-sensitive K fluxes in swollen human erythrocytes were investigated. Swelling-activated Cl-dependent K influx was a saturable function of external K concentration with a low affinity (apparent Km of 115-130 mM) and high capacity [maximal velocity (Vmax) = 20-30 mmol.l original cells-1.h-1 (mmol.loc-1.h-1)]. The Vmax and apparent Km for Cl-dependent K efflux were lower (Km = 47 mM; Vmax = 2.2 mmol.loc-1.h-1). The Hill coefficients for both K efflux and influx were close to unity, suggesting a single binding site for K. The increase of external K trans-stimulated K efflux, but the increase of intracellular K had no effect on Cl-dependent K influx in swollen cells. Under zero trans conditions, the Vmax (18 vs. 3 mmol.loc-1.h-1) and Km (138 vs. 32) were markedly different for influx and efflux, respectively. These results provide evidence for intrinsic functional asymmetry, such that the transporter is more prevalent and stable in the outward-facing conformation. The mean ratio of Km to Vmax for efflux (12.1) was 1.56 times larger than the same ratio for influx (7.8), but the difference between the means did not reach statistical significance. These kinetic observations are analyzed in terms of the simple carrier and the cotransport models.
Companions on a Gay Journey: Issues of Spiritual Counseling and Direction with Gay Men and Lesbian Women

Explores the spiritual lives of gay men and lesbians and raises a variety of issues relevant to those who accompany them on their journeys. Reports the results of a qualitative research project and discusses and interprets the results, particularly regarding the implications for spiritual directors and counselors.
Have Post-Kelo Restrictions on Eminent Domain Influenced State Economic Development?:

In 2005, the Supreme Court’s Kelo v. New London ruling reaffirmed governments’ right to use eminent domain for economic development purposes. Widespread public backlash over the ruling resulted in ...
In Vitro Testing of Suppresion of T Regulatory Cells ( Treg) by Lenalidomide Is Correlated to Treatment Response of Lenalidomide in Patients with Primary Myelofibrosis ( PMF).

Abstract Abstract 4987 Except allogenic bone marrow transplatation with either myeloblative or reduced intensity conditioning, there is no effective treatment for PMF. Age-related morbility and mortality factors limit this application. Anti-Jak2 treatment relieves splenomegaly but does not improve cytopenia. IMiDs on the other hand can improve anemia in up-to 20% of transfusion dependent anemic patients with PMF. In order to asses the underlying mechanism and to predict treatment responsiveness, in vitro suppression of Treg cells by lenalidomide correlated to clinical treatment response was performed. Six patients with transfusion dependent and ESD ( erythropoietin stimulating drugs) resistant PMF were studied. Mononuclear cells from blood in patients with PMF were cultured in the culture medium with FCS and Il-2 ( 100 IU/ml) in the presence of lenalidomide or DMSO for 6 days, the cells were then stained for Treg cells ( CD4+, CD 25 +,and FoxP3+,) and analyzed by flow cytometry using Treg Detection Kit from Miltenyi Biotec Inc (Auburn, CA). Treg cells were enumerated as percentage of selected CD4 + cells. The results showed that in the 4 patients who responded to lenalidomide treatment, Treg cells were suppressed by the in vitro testing by lenalidomide, while in the two patients who were clinically refractory to lenalidomide treatment, their Treg cells were not suppressed by in vitro lenalidomide treatment. These results suggest that in transfusion dependent PMF, Treg cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of anemia and that effectiveness of lenalidomide treatment may be partly related to its suppression of Treg cells. Further studies to recruit more patients and to explore the role of Treg cells in modulating erythroipoiesis in PMF using the erythroid methylcellulose culture systems are currently in progress Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Mechanism of Activation of Piezo Ion Channels

Piezo ion channels mediate the conversion of mechanical touch into electrical signals and are critical for the organism's responsiveness to mechanical forces. How Piezos detect mechanical stimuli is unknown.The apparent mechanical sensitivity of Piezo1 varies substantially across cellular environments, stimulating methods and protocols, raising the fundamental questions of what precise physical stimulus activates the channel and how its stimulus sensitivity is regulated. Here, we measured Piezo1 currents evoked by membrane stretch, while simultaneously visualizing and measuring membrane geometry. Building on this approach, we developed protocols to minimize resting membrane curvature and tension prior to probing Piezo activity. We find that Piezo1 responds to lateral membrane tension with high sensitivity as compared to other mechanically activated channels and that resting tension can drive channel inactivation, thereby tuning overall mechanical sensitivity of Piezo1. Our results explain how Piezo1 can function efficiently and with adaptable sensitivity as a sensor of mechanical stimulation in diverse cellular contexts.The next step in understanding the mechanism of Piezo activation would be the identification of structures within Piezos that detect a mechanical stimulus and that mediate channel inactivation. We hypothesized that specific structures within Piezos are highly sensitive to localized application of force, whereas others are less sensitive in comparison. To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel method, where we apply highly localized force to specific protein domains and simultaneously measure ion channel activity upon pressure-clamp stimulation. For this, we label specific domains within Piezos with magnetic nanoparticles and use an external magnetic field to generate a precise mechanical force that is highly localized. Simultaneously, we measure Piezo-activation electrophysiologically. With this approach we have identified domains that are sensitive to application of localized magnetic pulling force and other domains that are completely insensitive to the same force.
Mentoring Preservice Teachers in Disciplinary Literacies: A Model of Content Area Literacy Instruction

Despite the growing body of literature emphasizing the specialized literacy practices within the disciplines, the literature concerning how to prepare preservice teachers for disciplinary literacy ...
Long-term Clinical Outcome of Teeth Obturated with Resilon.

Abstract Introduction Although Resilon has been in clinical use as an endodontic obturation material for more than a decade, there is a lack of long-term clinical outcome studies. The purpose of this retrospective case-control study was to compare long-term clinical outcomes in teeth obturated with Resilon/RealSeal SE (RS) and GP/AH Plus (GP). Methods One hundred teeth treated at Texas AM 50 teeth were obturated with RS and 50 with GP. All cases were initial treatments without preoperative periapical radiolucencies. Success and failure were assessed on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms and/or the presence of periapical radiolucency. Chi-square test and odds ratio were used to determine the association between the obturation material and outcome. Potential prognostic factors were evaluated including age, sex, tooth location, preoperative diagnosis, and one versus multiple visits. Results The average recall time for RS was 5.8 years and 6.6 years for GP. Fifty-six percent of RS-obturated teeth were classified as successful at recall compared with 88% of GP-obturated teeth. RS had 5.7 times greater odds of failure compared with GP (P Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, teeth obturated with RS had 5.7 times greater chance of failure compared with teeth obturated with GP.
Novel Mechanisms Revealed in the Trachea Transcriptome of Resistant and Susceptible Chicken Lines following Infection with Newcastle Disease Virus

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has a devastating impact on poultry production in developing countries. This study examined the transcriptome of tracheal epithelial cells from two inbred chicken lines that differ in NDV susceptibility after challenge with a high-titer inoculum of lentogenic NDV. The Fayoumi line had a significantly lower NDV load postchallenge than the Leghorn line, demonstrating the Fayoumi line's classification as a relatively NDV-resistant breed. Examination of the trachea transcriptome showed a large increase in immune cell infiltration in the trachea in both lines at all times postinfection. The pathways conserved across lines and at all three time points postinfection included iCOS-iCOSL signaling in T helper cells, NF-κB signaling, the role of nuclear factor of activated T cells in the regulation of the immune response, calcium-induced T lymphocyte apoptosis, phospholipase C signaling, and CD28 signaling in T helper cells. Although shared pathways were seen in the Fayoumi and Leghorn lines, each line showed unique responses as well. The downregulation of collagen and the activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 signaling in the Fayoumis relative to the Leghorns at 2 days postinfection may contribute to the resistance phenotype seen in the Fayoumis. This study provides a further understanding of host-pathogen interactions which could improve vaccine efficacy and, in combination with genome-wide association studies, has the potential to advance strategies for breeding chickens with enhanced resistance to NDV.
Association of baseline pro-inflammatory (IL-6, CRP) and coagulation (D-dimer) markers with relative dose intensity (RDI) in women with breast cancer (BC) undergoing (neo) adjuvant chemotherapy (chemo).

9539 Background: Chemo decreases the risk of relapse and mortality from BC. Chemo efficacy depends on RDI, and patients (pts) who receive <85% RDI have poorer overall survival. Pro-inflammatory and...
A cluster randomized trial of the Social Skills Improvement System-Classwide Intervention Program (SSIS-CIP) in first grade.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a universal social skills program, the Social Skills Improvement System Classwide Intervention Program (SSIS-CIP; Elliott & Gresham, 2007), for students in first grade. Classrooms from 6 elementary schools were randomly assigned to treatment or business-as-usual control conditions. Teachers assigned to the treatment condition implemented the SSIS-CIP over a 12-week period. Students’ social skills, problem behaviors, and approaches to learning were assessed via teacher ratings and direct observations of classroom behavior. In addition, their early literacy and numeracy skills were measured via computer-adaptive standardized tests. SSIS-CIP participation yielded small positive effects in students’ social skills (particularly empathy and social engagement) and approaches to learning (academic motivation and engagement). Students’ problem behaviors and academic skills, however, were unaffected by SSIS-CIP exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
A Case Study on Specialised Content Knowledge Development with Dynamic Geometry Software: The Analysis of Influential Factors and Technology Beliefs of Three Pre-Service Middle Grades Mathematics Teachers

This study characterises the development of Specialised Content Knowledge (SCK) with dynamic geometry software (DGS) throughout a semester. The research employed a single-case study with embedded units of three pre-service middle grades mathematics teachers. Qualitative data were collected and factors affecting these three teachers' SCK development were compared and contrasted through their experiences during semi-structured clinical interviews. The cross-case comparison indicated aspects such as opportunity to justify ideas in geometry, the level of common content knowledge, and beliefs about technology as influential factors for these pre-service mathematics teachers' SCK development with DGS
Rumors of the 'Nonreplication' of the 'Motivated Numeracy Effect' Are Greatly Exaggerated

This paper does three things. First, it describes the design defects (principally, the lack of statistical power) that make it misleading for Ballarini & Sloman (2017) to claim that they “failed to replicate” the results of Kahan, Peters et al. (2017). Second, it presents the positive results of our own replication study. Finally, we conclude with a brief discussion of why confining assertions of non-replication to studies that satisfy emerging replication protocols—in particular the imperative of “faithful recreation of a study with high statistical power” (Brandt, Ijzerman et al 2014, p. 217)—is essential to the contribution such studies can make as building blocks of a cumulative science.
Small Helium-Cooled Infrared Telescope For Spacelab 2

A helium cooled telescope of 15 cm aperture is being designed and constructed jointly by the University of Arizona, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Marshall Space Flight Center for high sensitivity infrared astronomical observations from Spacelab 2. A focal plane array of ten detectors provide a total field of view of 3 deg and cover the wavelength regions 4.5-8.5, 6-7, 9-16, 18-30 and 80-120 microns. A highly redundant all sky survey will be conducted by repeated scanning of the sky during many orbits of the spacecraft. High redundancy will allow discrimination among variable and constant celestial sources and several types of variable nearby sources. The principal astronomical result of the survey will be the absolute flux measurement of low surface brightness, large scale celestial infrared emissions but it will also extend existing IR sky surveys by a factor of 10 in point source sensitivity. The experiment will also make significant engineering measurements of contaminants in the Shuttle environment, test the technology of storage and utilization of large quantities of superfluid helium in space and test mechanical designs for future infrared telescopes for the Space Shuttle.
Angular Overlap Model parameters

Since the introduction of the Angular overlap model (AOM) in the mid-1960s, expressing d orbital energies in terms of the σ- and π-antibonding parameters e σ and eπ , the AOM has failed to supplant crystal field theory as the standard model to explain structure and electronic spectra in transition metal complexes. This is so despite the much more obvious connection in the AOM between structure and d orbital energies, the pictorial simplicity of the AOM approach, and the more consistent transferability of AOM parameters from one complex to another. The main reason is probably that AOM parameters cannot be determined uniquely when all the ligands are on the Cartesian axes. The scales for e σ and e π must then be fixed arbitrarily, as is done automatically in the crystal field model. A number of experimental approaches have evolved to solve, or at least evade, the nonuniqueness problem, including: (a) the assignment of e π for saturated amines to zero, reflecting their inability to π-bond; (b) the simultaneous use of magnetic and spectroscopic data; (c) the inclusion of data from sharp, spin-forbidden lines in Cr(III) spectra, along with application of the exact geometry and full d n configuration interaction in computations, or any combination of these; (d) the use of charge transfer bands involving dπ orbitals to determine eπ values. As of yet, the level of consistency among different techniques leaves something to be desired, and even with a common technique, reported AOM parameter values for particular metal-ligand combinations show a much higher variability than one would like, given even minimum expectations for transferability. Some of the variability can be ascribed to differences in the other ligands present. Even with these variations, AOM parameter sets can be usefully correlated with kinetic and thermodynamic data from both photochemical and thermal reactions.
Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields and Brain Tumors

An epidemiologic study was conducted on occupation and industry entries listed on the death certificates of 951 adult white male Maryland residents who died from brain tumor between 1969 and 1982. Compared to controls who were matched with the cases on age and date of deaths and who died of causes other than malignancy, a significantly higher proportion of primary brain tumor persons (gliomas and astrocytomas) was found to have been employed in electrical occupations such as electrician, electric or electronic engineer, and utility company serviceman. To further explore the relationship, the occupations of cases and controls were grouped according to a level of potential job exposure to electromagnetic (E-M) fields i.e., definite, probable, possible and no exposure. An increase in the odds ratio for brain tumor was found to be positively related to potential E-M exposure levels. Furthermore, the mean age at death was found significantly younger among the cases in the presumed definite E-M exposure group than those with no apparent E-M exposure group. Similar findings of an increase of brain tumors in electrical workers have been reported elsewhere. These findings suggest that E-M exposure may be associated with the pathogenesis of brain tumors, particularly in the promoting stage.
Determining the Symmetry of the Superconducting Pairing State from Phase Coherence in Josephson Junctions and dc SQUIDs

The most direct and elegant approach to determining the symmetry of the pairing state of the high temperature superconductors is to probe the spatial anisotropy of the phase of the order parameter. In contrast to magnitude measurements, the phase exhibits a clear distinction between leading candidate states such as the anisotropic s-wave state and the dx2−y2 state. We describe interferometry experiments based on phase coherence in bimetallic Josephson junctions and dc SQUIDs that are sensitive to the phase. The results in YBCO indicate a sign change of the order parameter in orthogonal directions, strong evidence for dx2−y2 pairing. To assess the present status of the pairing symmetry debate, we review subsequent phase-sensitive experiments that for the most part, but not in all cases, support a d-wave scenario.
Humanoid Robotics, Culture and Society of Japan

Even though the market size is still small at this moment, applied fields of robots are gradually spreading from the manufacturing industry to the others in recent years. One can now easily expect that applications of robots will expand into the first and the third industrial fields as one of the important components to support our society in the 21st century. There also raises strong anticipations in Japan that robots for the personal use will coexist with humans and provide supports such as the assistance for the housework, care of the aged and the physically handicapped, since Japan is one the fastest aging societies in the world. Consequently, humanoid robots and/or animaloid robots have been treated as subjects of robotics researches in Japan such as a research tool for human/animal science, an entertainment/mental-commit robot or an assistant/agent for humans in the human living environment. Over the last couple of years, some manufactures including famous global companies started to develop prototypes or even to sell mass production robots for the purposes mentioned above, such as TOYOTA, TMSUK, SONY, HONDA, Mitsubishi Heavy, ZMP, etc. Most of those robots have some life-likeness in their appearances and behaviors. Why are so many Japanese companies developing humanoid robots?
Immunology and Pregnancy Losses

Pregnancy loss is the one of the most common obstetrical complications. The majority of pregnancy losses are random or isolated incidences that in many cases are related to genetic abnormalities. However, 2–5% of reproductive age women experience recurrent miscarriages.1,2 Recurrent pregnancy loss is typically defined as two or three or more consecutive pregnancy losses. Genetic, hormonal, metabolic, uterine anatomical, infectious, environmental, occupational and personal habits, thrombophilia, or immune disorders were reported as possible etiologies.3, 4, 5, 6 Despite the many etiologies, a majority of women with recurrent miscarriage have no discernible cause. It has been postulated that immunologic aberrations may be the cause in many of such cases. Immunopathological evaluation of placenta from women with recurrent pregnancy losses of immune etiologies often demonstrate increased inflammatory cell infiltration at the implantation site and increased fibrin deposition on deciduas and/or perivillous placental membrane.7 In addition, thromboembolism has been noticed in 33.9% of the decidual vessels of the placenta from these women.7 These findings and others have suggested that inflammation and coagulation play a role in recurrent pregnancy loss.
Representing Financial Reports on the Semantic Web

We discuss a translation of financial reports from the XBRL format into the Semantic Web language OWL. Different from existing approaches that do structural translation from XBRL’s XML schema into OWL, our approach can faithfully preserve the implicit semantics in XBRL and enable the logic model of financial reports. We show that such a translation reduces the risk of redundancy and inconsistency, and enables the quick and useful inference on XBRL based financial reports for better business decisions.
Communication skills training in the twenty-first century.

Patient-centered communication skills should be taught, practiced in simulation, and evaluated, just as technical skills are.
Organization Theories Can Inform Research on the Marketing Organization

To advance research, the theoretical integration of marketing activities, customer value-creating processes, networks, and stakeholders in the boundary-spanning marketing organization can be informed by a number of organization theories (cf. Ketchen and Hult 2007a, b, 2011; Wind 2009). Thirty-one theories appear particularly applicable to inform work on the marketing organization as conceptualized within the confines of MOR theory (a listing of the 31 organization theories can be found in Table 1.2). These 31 theories have emerged as potentially insightful for studying marketing organizations (cf. Workman et al. 1998) and strategic marketing phenomena (cf. Varadarajan 2010). At the outset, it is important to realize that these 31 organization theories have different arguments, units of analysis, assumptions, antecedents, and/or consequences. It is also important to note that the 31 theories can be used within organizational settings, although an argument can be made that some of them are not necessarily “organization theories” by their origin. Importantly, while a complete integration of any pair of theories is difficult, an integration of 31 theories is impossible. Instead, what I intend to accomplish is to draw out the most applicable aspects of each of the 31 organization theories within the context of the boundary-spanning marketing organization. The idea is that each theory has a unique ability to explain and predict certain aspects of the boundary-spanning marketing organization which cannot be as effectively or efficiently done by another theory.
Electroretinography in central retinal vein occlusion. Correlation of electroretinographic changes with pupillary abnormalities.

In 149 eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), we prospectively investigated the role of routine, clinical electroretinography (ERG) in differentiating ischemic (60 eyes) from nonischemic CRVO (89 eyes). Single-flash photopic and scotopic ERGs were recorded. Data for the amplitudes and implicit times of a- and b-waves and for the b-/a-wave amplitude ratio were analyzed in detail. The study revealed that the best ERG parameter (for both photopic and scotopic ERG) for differentiating ischemic from nonischemic CRVO was a subnormal b-wave amplitude (reduced to ≤ 60% or by ≥ 1 SD from the normal mean value, or ≤ 64%–69% of that in the fellow normal eye), with a sensitivity of 80%–90% and a specificity of 70%–80%. ERG findings were correlated with the relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD). An RAPD of ≥ 0.7 log units showed a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 90% in differentiating ischemic from nonischemic CRVO. ERG and RAPD findings showed a good correlation. The combined ERG and RAPD tests could differentiate 97%–100% of ischemic from nonischemic CRVO cases, with a specificity of about 70%.
Expectations versus reality: The impact of men's expectancy violations in conversations with healthcare providers about BRCA-related cancer risks.

Abstract Objective To investigate the experiences of men with germline pathogenic BRCA variants or who have a first-degree family member who tested positive for BRCA regarding their interactions with healthcare providers about their cancer risks. Methods 25 phone interviews were conducted with men at risk for hereditary cancer. Data were analyzed using an iterative approach where emergent themes were compared to existing research and theories. Results Informed by Expectancy Violation Theory (EVT), a model for understanding men’s experiences when interacting with healthcare providers about their BRCA-related cancer risks—comprised of three stages including expectation, violation, and outcomes—was developed. Conclusions These findings show the importance of men’s basic expectations for patient-provider interactions and how violations of expectations impact perceptions, communication, and behavior. Outcomes of negative expectancy violations may impact not only men with BRCA-related cancer risks but also their family members. Practice Implications Healthcare providers can be mindful about the ways in which they positively and negatively violate patients’ expectations. Patients can engage in self-advocacy behaviors, and advocacy organizations can design resources for patients and healthcare providers to encourage and support effective communication between providers, patients, and their family members.
Death by a Thousand Cuts: Stress Exposure and Black-White Disparities in Physiological Functioning in Late Life.

OBJECTIVES This paper investigates Black-White differences in stress-including diverse measures of chronic, acute, discrimination-related, and cumulative stress exposure-and examines whether race differences in these stress measures mediate Black-White disparities in C-reactive protein (CRP) and metabolic dysregulation in later life. METHODS Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (2004-2012), this study uses stepwise ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models to examine the prospective associations between multiple stressors-including traumatic and stressful life events, financial strain, chronic stress, everyday and major life discrimination, and measures of cumulative stress burden-and CRP and metabolic dysregulation. Mediation analyses assessed the contribution of stress exposure to Black-White disparities in the outcomes. RESULTS Blacks experienced more stress than Whites across domains of stress, and stress exposure was strongly associated with CRP and metabolic dysregulation. Race differences in financial strain, everyday and major life discrimination, and cumulative stress burden mediated Black-White gaps in the outcomes, with measures of cumulative stress burden mediating the greatest proportion of the racial disparities. DISCUSSION The "thousand cuts" that Blacks experience from their cumulative stress exposure across domains of social life throughout the life course accelerate their physiological deterioration relative to Whites and play a critical role in racial health disparities at older ages.
Does patient-reported perception of pain differ based on surgical approach in total hip arthroplasty?

Aims Whether patient-reported pain differs among surgical approaches in total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains unclear. This study’s purposes were to determine differences in pain based on surgical a...
Recent Advances in Imaging Steroid Hormone Receptors in Breast Cancer

Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) are important prognostic and predictive biomarkers in breast cancer. PET using ER- and PR-specific radioligands enables a whole-body, noninvasive assessment of receptor expression. Recent investigations of ER imaging with 18F-fluoroestradiol have focused on diagnosing ER-positive metastatic disease, optimizing ER-targeted drug dosage, and predicting endocrine therapy benefit. Studies of PR imaging with 18F-fluorofuranyl norprogesterone have investigated how imaging changes in PR expression as a downstream target of ER activation may reflect an early response to ER-targeted therapy. This focused review highlights recent achievements in preclinical and clinical imaging of ER and PR in breast cancer.
Working the literature harder: what can text mining and bibliometric analysis reveal?

The scientific literature is growing rapidly. By the time an average reader finishes reading this editorial (~5 min), 13 new articles will have been added to PubMed (>1.3 million articles added in ...
Beyond Residential Segregation: Mobility-Based Connectedness and Rates of Violence in Large Cities

A longstanding finding is that neighborhood racial segregation is linked to violence. In this paper, we look beyond neighborhoods of residence to consider the everyday mobility of urbanites in their daily rounds. Analyzing estimates of neighborhood mobility from largescale social media data in the 50 largest American cities, we find that residential segregation by race is not only associated with higher violence but also lower equitability of travel across neighborhoods and a lower concentration of visits to common hubs. Further, the interaction of equitable and concentrated mobility is significantly associated with rates of violence, controlling for both racial and income segregation, education, city size, and density. There is little evidence, however, that patterns of everyday mobility mediate the influence of residential racial segregation. Both dimensions of the structural connectedness of cities—one rooted in place of residence, and the other encompassing interneighborhood exposure based on travel throughout the metropolis—are implicated in violence.
Safety and Efficacy of Apixaban vs Enoxaparin for Preventing Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism in Women Undergoing Surgery for Gynecologic Malignant Neoplasm: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Current guidelines recommend a 28-day course of enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after surgery for gynecologic cancer. The high cost of this medication and the low adherence rates observed in prior studies provide an opportunity to benefit patients by demonstrating the safety of a more cost-effective, easier to use thromboprophylactic. Objective To investigate the safety and efficacy of an oral treatment alternative for thromboprophylaxis in postoperative patients with gynecologic cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a patient-based, multicenter, open-label, blinded, end point, randomized clinical trial conducted May 2015 to March 2019 in outpatient and inpatient gynecologic oncology settings. Women undergoing surgery for suspected or confirmed gynecologic cancer were approached for recruitment. The trial compared rates of major bleeding and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding events during a 90-day follow-up period in patients taking apixaban or enoxaparin for postoperative thromboprophylaxis using a modified intent-to-treat analysis. Data analysis was performed from October to December 2019. Interventions Women were randomized to 28 days of apixaban (2.5 mg orally twice daily) or enoxaparin (40 mg subcutaneously daily). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was major bleeding and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding events. Secondary outcomes included incidence of venous thromboembolic events, adverse events, medication adherence, participant quality of life, and medication satisfaction. Results Of 500 women recruited for the study, 400 were enrolled and randomized (median age, 58.0 years; range, 18.0-89.0 years); 204 received apixaban and 196 received enoxaparin. Treatment groups did not differ in terms of race/ethnicity, cancer stage, or surgery modality (open vs robotic). There were no statistically significant differences between the apixaban and enoxaparin groups in terms of rates of major bleeding events (1 patient [0.5%] vs 1 patient [0.5%]; odds ratio [OR], 1.04; 95% CI, 0.07-16.76;P > .99), clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding events (12 patients [5.4%] vs 19 patients [9.7%]; OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 0.87-4.1;P = .11), venous thromboembolic events (2 patients [1.0%] vs 3 patients [1.5%]; OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.26-9.50;P = .68), adverse events, medication adherence, or quality of life between the groups. Participant satisfaction was significantly greater in the apixaban group with regard to ease of taking the medication (186 patients [98.9%] vs 110 patients [58.8%]; OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01-0.25;P Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that oral apixaban is a potentially safe, less painful, and easier-to-take alternative to subcutaneous enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after surgery for gynecologic cancer. The efficacy of apixaban to prevent venous thromboembolic events is hypothesized as being equivalent. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02366871