cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symbols and Servants: Immigrant America and the Limits of Public History

Every generation attempts to preserve symbols that explain its past. Government officials, scholars, and the general public currently are investing substantial amounts of time and money to commemorate the dedication of the Statue of Liberty in 1886 and the opening of an immigrant station on Ellis Island six years later. These symbols of American immigration represent a distinctive view of American history. They stand for the notion that immigration to this country was essentially a strike for personal freedom and the enhancement of individual opportunity; they reaffirm the belief that this nation is today what it has always been: a place of hope and opportunity for diverse and less fortunate people throughout the world. In the power of their symbolism and appeal, however, they frustrate a full consideration of the historical process they celebrate. Immigration, the movement of millions of individuals to this country, cannot be considered in its full complexity. The possibility that motivations besides those of opportunity and freedom shaped immigration is not allowed. Despite the good intentions of many, the rush to enshrine these historical sites threatens to turn historical reality into a cliche. The perception of the island and the statue as symbols of immigration to the United States and of the essentially progressive nature of that process is widely held. The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Centennial Commission, whose formation was announced by President Ronald Reagan in 1982, launched the Liberty Centennial Student Campaign, headed by Elliot L. Richardson, former secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Richardson proclaimed that the purpose of his program would be to use the statue and the island as "symbols" of the ethnic diversity of America and of liberty as enduring "national values." An enthusiastic official of Hamilton Projects, Inc., the licensing agent of the commission, expressed hope of raising some $300 million for restoration work at both sites through the sale of commemorative products because they strike "a patriotic chord in people's hearts" and make people "feel good" about spending their money for such a cause. The Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) television network contributed to the momentum by initiating a series of one-minute programs entitled "An American Portrait" in honor of the 1986 centennial of the statue. The series was designed to John Bodnar is professor of history at Indiana University.
CPLR 3216 Conditional Orders Requiring Disclosure 'Can't Get No Respect'

This article examines the events in litigation that typically result in a CPLR 3216 conditional order requiring disclosure, which require the expenditure of substantial time and expense for the parties and the court system. We then turn to recent decisions in which conditional orders have issued and examine the propriety and effect of those orders. The piece then discusses several established remedies available under the CPLR to a party subject to a CPLR 3126 conditional order. These broad remedies cast further doubt on the utility of the doctrine invoked by several courts that allows a court to vacate or modify a conditional order based merely on a reasonable excuse and affidavit of merit.
The Dark Side of IPOs: Examining Where and Who Trades in the IPO Secondary Market

We study the levels of lit and dark fragmentation in IPOs. Using a sample of 451 IPOs, we find that measures of dark and lit fragmentation are higher in underpriced issues. We further test the claim that IPO price uncertainty is not fully resolved at the offering and that this ex-post uncertainty is related to aftermarket fragmentation. Our analysis shows that fragmentation, both lit and dark, contribute to this ex-post uncertainty, resulting in greater underpricing. We also document that measures of hidden, algorithmic, and retail trading are higher among underpriced issues. Further, our results indicate that algorithmic trading is relatively low around the offering, increasing in the later periods of IPO trading. Finally, we show that measures of dark and hidden trading exhibit inverse patterns around the offering, confirming that the two forms of dark trading are substitutes rather than complements.
A Conservation-Based Distributed Control Architecture for Network Consensus with Stochastic Communication Uncertainty

Due to advances in embedded computational resources over the last several years, a considerable research effort has been devoted to the control of networks and control over networks. Network systems involve distributed decision-making for coordination of networks of dynamic agents and address a broad area of applications including cooperative control of unmanned air vehicles, microsatellite clusters, mobile robotics, battle space management, and congestion control in communication networks. In this paper, we develop a conservation-based framework for addressing almost sure consensus problems for nonlinear stochastic multiagent dynamical systems with fixed communication topologies. Specifically, we present a distributed nonlinear controller architectures for multiagent coordination over networks with state-dependent stochastic communication uncertainty. The proposed controller architecture involves the exchange of generalized charge or energy between agents guaranteeing that the closed-loop dynamical network is stochastically semistable to an equipartitioned equilibrium representing a state of almost sure consensus consistent with basic thermodynamic principles.
Applying an Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction to Sharing Sexual Images of Oneself Online

In the cirrent study, we employed an integrative model [1] to examine the importance of changing beliefs (i.e., expected outcomes, normative beliefs, and self-efficacy) on individuals' sexual images sharing freqiency, image-editing behavior and their strategic preference for social media platforms. We extended the original model by exploring how sensation seeking, attachment styles, gender and relationship status were reflected in individuals' beliefs structure. Our model showed excellent fit to the data, accountion for 17% variance in sexual image sharing. Pat analysis results from survey data (N =236) suggested that affective expectations, which are reflections of sensation seeking and attachment avoidance, motivate more sexual image sharing and less protective editing. Both normatie beliefs and self-efficacy are significant predictors of sexual image sharing frequency. Though individual differences in sensatin seeking and attachment anxiet are reflected in relational expectations, nuances in sharing one's sexual images are largely not functins of relational expectations. Gender and relational differeces in individuals' beliefs are also discussed in the context of sexual image sharing of oneself.
Exposure to Court-Ordered Tobacco Industry Antismoking Advertisements Among US Adults.

Importance In 2006, US District Judge Gladys Kessler ordered tobacco companies to make corrective statements through paid advertisements informing the public of their deceptive practices. This landmark ruling and its subsequent execution represent the first time the tobacco industry sponsored a nationwide corrective advertising campaign against its own products. Objective To assess the reach of the court-ordered antismoking advertisements within the US adult population, stratified by demographic characteristics and tobacco use. Design, Setting, and Participants This nationally representative, population-based cross-sectional survey of US adults included respondents to the 2018 Health Information National Trends Survey 5, Cycle 2. Respondents were representatives of households selected by equal-probability sampling of the Marketing Systems Group database of addresses that included all nonvacant US residential addresses. Data collection was conducted from January to May 2018, and analysis took place from December 2018 to April 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Self-reported exposure to court-ordered antismoking advertisements. Results The overall sample of 3484 respondents included 2054 women (weighted percentage, 50.8%), 1976 non-Hispanic white respondents (weighted percentage, 59.9%), 2952 respondents who lived in urban US areas (weighted percentage, 84.9%), and 450 current smokers (weighted percentage, 15.6%). Estimated exposure to court-ordered antismoking advertisements was 40.6% (95% CI, 37.5%-43.7%) among the full sample and 50.5% (95% CI, 41.4%-59.6%) among current smokers. Exposure was lowest among those aged 18 to 34 years (37.4%; 95% CI, 28.0%-46.8%), those with a high school education or less (34.5%; 95% CI, 29.3%-39.8%), and those with household annual income less than $35 000 (37.5%; 95% CI, 32.0%-42.9%). Among current smokers, Hispanic respondents had lower exposure rates (42.2%; 95% CI, 18.5%-65.9%) than non-Hispanic white respondents (51.7%; 95% CI, 40.4%-63.1%). As the advertising campaign’s duration increased, exposure rates increased. Individuals with a high school education or less had lower odds of antismoking advertisement exposure than those with college or postgraduate degrees (adjusted odds ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.48-0.94). Current smokers had higher odds of exposure than never smokers (adjusted odds ratio, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.17-2.80). Among those exposed to antismoking advertisements, 70.5% saw multiple antismoking messages. Conclusions and Relevance Approximately 1 of 2 smokers reported exposure to the federal court–ordered antismoking advertisements. However, exposure was relatively lower among several subgroups, including individuals aged 18 to 34 years, only one-third of whom reported exposure. Increasing the duration of antismoking advertisements as well as expanding their coverage to youth-oriented media may increase their potential public health impact.
Does MSRP impact women differently? Exploring gender-based differences in the effectiveness of retailer-provided reference prices

Abstract Despite the widespread use of gender-based segmentation strategies by marketers, researchers have paid little attention to examining gender-based differences in the processing of pricing information. Utilizing the selectivity hypothesis, we posit that men and women process external reference price (ERP) information differently. We report evidence from four different studies that confirm the proposed gender-based differences for ERP processing. Compared to men, women pay more attention to ERPs, expend greater effort processing ERPs, display a better recall of ERPs, and evaluate deals more favorably when deals include ERP information. Implications for managerial practice as well as future research on pricing are discussed.
Examining Contexts of Reception for Newcomer Students

ABSTRACTThe educational opportunities, experiences, and outcomes of immigrant students are shaped in critical ways by the districts and schools they attend. Using a context of reception framework, ...
Alpha v beta 3 integrin and HER-2 expression profiles of the MNU induced mammary tumors in Wistar-Furth inbred Rats

3041 Introduction: Tracking and ultimately destroying tumor cells is the most ambitious aim in cancer therapy. To achieve this one must be able to distinguish between normal and the cancerous cells. One of the most practical approaches is to focus on the tumor specific or associated antigens. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2) also known as c-erbB-2/neu and αvβ3 integrin (Vitronectin receptor) promise to be effective targets for cancer therapy. Materials and Method: In this study, N-methyl-N-nitrosoureas (50 mg/kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally twice, at a one week interval in 33 Wistar-Furth inbred female rats (32 days old). For negative control, a group of three Wistar rat were kept under the same housing conditions but with no MNU injection, receiving only the carrier buffer (0.9% NaCl, pH 4.0). Every week following the second injection, three MNU treated rats were euthanized by CO2 inhalation. Whole mount of the mammary tissues, any possible tumor, lymph nodes, etc. were dissected out and kept frozen in LN2. Five micron cryosections were made using cryostat and fixed with cold acetone for 15 minutes. For immunochemical study, mouse monoclonal anti-αv, β3, αvβ3 (Gene Tex, Inc.) and rabbit polyclonal anti-her2 (Lab Vision Neo-Markers) antibodies were used as primaries. Subsequently, FITC rabbit anti-mouse and FITC Donkey anti-rabbit were used as secondary antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories). Prior to immuonostaining, all cryosections were pre-blocked using secondary isotype matched normal sera. Results: Different tumor sizes [from very early stage ( Conclusion: Understanding about the expression profiles, the level, and the pathogenesis of these tumor markers will eventually lead to specific and effective cancer therapy. Having knowledge about the expression profiles of these tumor markers will help in using targeted particles for optimal imaging protocols in breast cancer.
Pressure tunable adhesion of rough elastomers

The ability to control adhesion is critical in various technologies including wearable electronics, pressure sensitive adhesives, and robotic systems. Biomimetic fibrillar structures, random surface roughness, and chemical surface treatments have been employed to modify the adhesion energy of materials used in these applications. However, polymer thin film dewetting has not been investigated as a surface modification tool to control adhesion. In this work, polystyrene thin films are thermally annealed on a polydimethylsiloxane substrate, causing them to dewet and form stiff, microscopic asperities on the soft substrate. The size of the asperities increases with increasing pre-annealing film thickness. Adhesion is quantified by flat-punch normal indentation testing. The largest asperities exhibited a decrease in adhesion to below the sensitivity of the instrument. More interestingly, the surfaces covered with the smallest asperities displayed a pressure-dependent adhesive response. By increasing the normal compressive stress applied prior to separation, the total debonding energy increased monotonically on the smallest asperity-covered surfaces.
Introduction to the special issue, “intersectional experiences and marginalized voices”

In order to advance our goal of highlighting intersectional work and the importance of centering critical praxis we felt it was necessary to make a visible contribution to the Mid-South Sociologica...
The Usefulness of the Two-Step Normality Transformation in Retesting Existing Theories: Evidence on the Productivity Paradox

The Two-Step normality transformation has been shown to reliably transform continuous variables toward normality. The procedure offers researchers a capable alternative to more prominent methods, such as winsorization, ranking, and power transformations. We demonstrate its utility in the context of the Productivity Paradox literature stream, which is renowned for inconsistent results. This paper demonstrates that the Two-Step normality transformation, which has not been used in Productivity Paradox research, may produce greater goodness-of-fit and affect theoretical understandings on the topic. We use a classic Productivity Paradox dataset to show that compared to the prominent normality transformations, the Two-Step produces unique findings, including 1) regression coefficients more closely resembling the original data, 2) different effect sizes and significance levels, and 3) strengthening evidence for fundamental theories in Productivity Paradox literature. We demonstrate results that challenge uncertainties about the relationship between IT investment and firm performance. Our results imply that the Two-Step procedure should be considered a viable transformation option in future information systems research.
Estimating the prevalence of text overlap in biomedical conference abstracts

Scientists communicate progress and exchange information via publication and presentation at scientific meetings. We previously showed that text similarity analysis applied to Medline can identify and quantify plagiarism and duplicate publications in peer-reviewed biomedical journals. In the present study, we applied the same analysis to a large sample of conference abstracts. We downloaded 144,149 abstracts from 207 national and international meetings of 63 biomedical conferences. Pairwise comparisons were made using eTBLAST: a text similarity engine. A domain expert then reviewed random samples of highly similar abstracts (1500 total) to estimate the extent of text overlap and possible plagiarism. Our main findings indicate that the vast majority of textual overlap occurred within the same meeting (2%) and between meetings of the same conference (3%), both of which were significantly higher than instances of plagiarism, which occurred in less than .5% of abstracts. This analysis indicates that textual overlap in abstracts of papers presented at scientific meetings is one-tenth that of peer-reviewed publications, yet the plagiarism rate is approximately the same as previously measured in peer-reviewed publications. This latter finding underscores a need for monitoring scientific meeting submissions – as is now done when submitting manuscripts to peer-reviewed journals – to improve the integrity of scientific communications.
Evaluating inter-study variability in phthalate and trace element analyses within the Children's Health Exposure Analysis Resource (CHEAR) using multivariate control charts

Background The Children's Health Exposure Analysis Resource (CHEAR) program allows researchers to expand their research goals by offering the assessment of environmental exposures in their previously collected biospecimens. Samples are analyzed in one of CHEAR's network of six laboratory hubs with the ability to assess a wide array of environmental chemicals. The ability to assess inter-study variability is important for researchers who want to combine datasets across studies and laboratories. Objective Herein we establish a process of evaluating inter-study variability for a given analytic method. Methods Common quality control (QC) pools at two concentration levels (A and B) in urine were created within CHEAR for insertion into each batch of samples tested at a rate of three samples of each pool per 100 study samples. We assessed these QC pool results for seven phthalates analyzed for five CHEAR studies by three different lab hubs utilizing multivariate control charts to identify out-of-control runs or sets of samples associated with a given QC sample. We then tested the conditions that would lead to an out-of-control run by simulating outliers in an otherwise "in-control" set of 12 trace elements in blood QC samples (NIST SRM 955c). Results When phthalates were assessed within study, we identified a single out-of-control run for two of the five studies. Combining QC results across lab hubs, all of the runs from these two studies were now in-control, while multiple runs from two other studies were pushed out-of-control. In our simulation study we found that 3-6 analytes with outlier values (5xSD) within a run would push that run out of control in 65-83% of simulations, respectively. Significance We show how acceptable bounds of variability can be established for a given analytic method by evaluating QC materials across studies using multivariate control charts.
Low glycaemic diets alter lipid metabolism to influence tumour growth.

Dietary interventions can change metabolite levels in the tumour microenvironment, which might then affect cancer cell metabolism to alter tumour growth1–5. Although caloric restriction (CR) and a ketogenic diet (KD) are often thought to limit tumour progression by lowering blood glucose and insulin levels6–8, we found that only CR inhibits the growth of select tumour allografts in mice, suggesting that other mechanisms contribute to tumour growth inhibition. A change in nutrient availability observed with CR, but not with KD, is lower lipid levels in the plasma and tumours. Upregulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), which synthesises monounsaturated fatty acids, is required for cancer cells to proliferate in a lipid-depleted environment, and CR also impairs tumour SCD activity to cause an imbalance between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids to slow tumour growth. Enforcing cancer cell SCD expression or raising circulating lipid levels through a higher-fat CR diet confers resistance to the effects of CR. By contrast, although KD also impairs tumour SCD activity, KD-driven increases in lipid availability maintain the unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios in tumours, and changing the KD fat composition to increase tumour saturated fatty acid levels cooperates with decreased tumour SCD activity to slow tumour growth. These data suggest that diet-induced mismatches between tumour fatty acid desaturation activity and the availability of specific fatty acid species determine whether low glycaemic diets impair tumour growth. Lien et al. show that low glycemic diets can reduce tumour growth by deregulating lipid metabolism.
Controlling elements in the mouse X-chromosome. II. Location in the linkage map.

The frequency and nature of the changes in ‘state’ of the mouse X-chromosome controlling element (inactivation centre) have been investigated on an inbred background. The results indicate with near-certainty that meiotic crossing over is the responsible mechanism and that the frequency of recombination between the T(1; X)Ct breakpoint and the locus of the controlling element is approximately 3%. Maize-type ‘changes in state’ may occur under other experimental conditions. The data do not distinguish on which side of the autosomal insertion the element lies but when combined with observations of other investigators suggest that the location must be on the Mo-Ta side and very close to Ta.
Early GABAA receptor clustering during the development of the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract

While there is an abundance of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the gustatory zone of the nucleus of the solitary tract of the perinatal rat, we know that GABAergic synapse formation is not complete until well after birth. Our recent results have shown that GABAB receptors are present at birth in the cells of the nucleus; however, they do not redistribute and cluster at synaptic sites until after PND10. The present study examined the time course of appearance and redistribution of GABAA receptors in the nucleus. GABAA receptors were also present at birth. However, in comparison to GABAB receptors, GABAA receptors underwent an earlier translocation to synaptic sites. Extrasynaptic label, for example, of GABAA receptors was non-existent compared to GABAB receptors at PND10 and well-defined clusters of GABAA receptors could be seen as early as PND1. We propose that while GABAA receptors may play an early neurotransmitter role at the synapse, GABAB receptors may play a non-transmitter neurotrophic role.
Combining linguistic and pictorial information: using captions to interpret newspaper photographs

There are many situations where linguistic and pictorial data are jointly presented to communicate information. A computer model for synthesising information from the two sources requires an initial interpretation of both the text and the picture followed by consolidation of information. The problem of performing general-purpose vision (without apriori knowledge) would make this a nearly impossible task. However, in some situations, the text describes salient aspects of the picture. In such situations, it is possible to extract visual information from the text, resulting in a relational graph describing the structure of the accompanying picture. This graph can then be used by a computer vision system to guide the interpretation of the picture. This paper discusses an application whereby information obtained from parsing a caption of a newspaper photograph is used to identify human faces in the photograph. Heuristics are described for extracting information from the caption which contributes to the hypothesised structure of the picture. The top-down processing of the image using this information is discussed.
A description of preference criterion in constructive learning: a discussion of basic issues

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews a preference criterion that can be used in a constructive learning, the four basic criteria being accuracy, operationality, generality, and simplicity. The criterion for preferring one concept description over the other plays an important role in both empirical and analytical learning systems. Without the preference criterion, these learning systems would lack the means for deciding which of the many alternative candidate descriptions should be chosen. For an analytical learning system, given a complete domain theory, a goal concept description, and a positive instance, a set of descriptions explaining the given instance are deductively generated from the goal concept description. To choose among the candidate descriptions in both systems, a criterion is needed for preferring one description over the other. The problem of evaluating description is not new to empirical learning systems, and a number of measures of description quality have been developed in the past. Some of them concentrate solely on the aspects of completeness and consistency. Other measures include additional criteria such as the simplicity and the cost of evaluating the learned descriptions. To design a learning system that integrates empirical and analytical methods, a unified preference criterion that combines the criteria used in both methods has to be defined first.
Abstract 13403: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is Associated With Impaired Coronary Distensibility and Predicts Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events

Introduction: Impaired coronary distensibility index (CDI) is an endothelial dependent process and is associated with vulnerable plaque composition and cardiovascular mortality. We recently reported that PTSD is independently associated with impaired CDI. This study investigates the relation of impaired CDI and PTSD with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Hypothesis: There is a significant association between PTSD and impaired CDI with MACE. Methods: This study is consist of 246 subjects (aged 63±10 years, 12% women) with (n=50) and without (n=196) PTSD underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) and their CDI were assessed. Subjects were followed for the median of 50 months. CDI in left anterior descending artery (LAD) was defined as: [(Early diastole - mid diastole lumen cross section area (CSA))/ (lumen CSA in mid diastole x central pulse pressure) x 1000]. Major-adverse-cardiac-event (MACE) was defined as myocardial-infarction or cardiovascular-death. Survival regression was employed to a...
Explaining the Lyman-alpha forest

It is shown that many properties of Ly-alpha forest absorbers can be derived using simple physical arguments. Analytical expressions are derived for the density and the size of an absorber as a function of its neutral hydrogen column density, which agree well with both observations and hydrodynamical simulations. An expression is presented to compute Omega_IGM from the observed column density distribution, independent of the overall shape of the absorbers. Application to the observed column density distribution shows that at high redshift most of the baryons are in the forest and suggests a simple interpretation for its shape and evolution.
IgE Cross-Linking or Lipopolysaccharide Treatment Induces Recruitment of Th2 Cells to the Lung in the Absence of Specific Antigen

We previously showed that Th1 cells can increase recruitment of Th2 cells to the lungs even in the absence of the Th2-specific Ag. The fact that Th2 recruitment is independent from the Th2 cell Ag suggested that Th1 cells may support Th2 cell recruitment using their Ag-nonspecific proinflammatory functions. To investigate the potential for inflammatory stimuli that are distinct from Ag-specific signals to affect the recruitment of T cells, we tested whether cross-linking of IgE or treatment with LPS modulated influx of Th2 cells into the airways in the presence or absence of inhaled Ag. When naive mice that had been treated with OVA-specific Th2 cells and passively sensitized with anti-DNP IgE were challenged by intranasal administration of either DNP-haptenated OVA or DNP-BSA, increased numbers of Th2 cells were recruited to the lung compared with mice challenged intranasally with OVA alone. Intranasal administration of LPS also increased recruitment of Th2 cells to the airways. These two distinct inflammatory stimuli increased the numbers of recruited Th2 cells equally with or without concurrent challenge using the cognate Th2 Ag. This Ag-independent recruitment of Th2 cells to the lung was not associated with localization of these cells to the regional lymph nodes and was independent of Th2 cell activation. Interestingly, P- or E-selectin contributed to Th2 cell recruitment to the lung. These data suggest that Th2 cells of the adaptive immune response are similar to cells of the innate immune response in their lack of requirement for protein Ag to initiate cell recruitment. They demonstrate further that recruitment can occur independently of Ag-dependent activation.
Some Volatile Components of Vitis Vinifera Variety White Riesling.

SUMMARY— Volatile components of the grape Vitis vinifera var. White Riesling were isolated by reduced pressure steam distillation followed by solvent extraction and fractionation by gas-liquid chromatography. Individual components were identified by a combination of the techniques of functional group analysis, gas-chromatographic relative retention times, and infrared spectroscopy. Major components are: ethanol, isobutanol, 2.methylbutanol, 3-methylbutanol, 2-hexenal, n-hexanol, trans-2-hexen-1-01, and 2.Dhenethanol. Alcohols oresent in relatively smaller amounts are: methanol, n-butanol, n-pen-tanol, n-heptanol, linalool, n-octanol, n-decanol, and benzyl alcohol. Acids constitute only a small part of the total volatiles of White Riesling, the maior acids being: acetic, n-caproic, 2-hexenoic, n-caprylic, n-pelargonic, and n-capric. Acids present in trace amounts are: propionic, isobutyric, n-butyric, 2-methylbutyric, isovaleric, isocaproic, n-heptanoic, n-undecanoic, succinic, and ethyl acid succinate. The only esters detected were trace quantities of ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate.
The Dilmun Bioarchaeology Project: a first look at the Peter B. Cornwall Collection at the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology

Author(s): Porter, Benjamin W; Boutin, Alexis T | Abstract: This article presents an overview of the Peter B. Cornwall collection in the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. Cornwall conducted an archaeological survey and excavation project in eastern Saudi Arabia and Bahrain in 1940 and 1941. At least twenty‐four burial features were excavated in Bahrain from five different tumuli fields, and surface survey and artefact collection took place on at least sixteen sites in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. The skeletal evidence, objects and faunal remains were subsequently accessioned by the Hearst Museum. The authors recently formed the Dilmun Bioarchaeology Project to investigate this collection. This article provides background information on Cornwall’s expedition and an overview of the collection. Additionally, skeletal evidence and associated objects from two tumuli in Bahrain, D1 and G20, are presented to illustrate the collection’s potential contribution. Although the tumuli’s precise locations cannot be determined, associated objects help assign relative dates to these interments at the beginning of the second millennium BCE, the Early Dilmun Period.
Hypertension testing among high school students. I. Surveillance procedures and results.

Abstract A study was carried out to determine the feasibility of studying hypertension among New York City high school students and to get some idea of the distribution of blood pressure among adolescents. The study showed a high degree of compliance to blood pressure testing among the students with over 90 per cent participation. Examinations of the distribution of blood pressures show race and sex differences consistent with investigations of adult populations—generally higher pressures among adolescent males than females and blacks as compared to whites. With respect to age, the per cent of elevated pressures was generally higher in the older age groups (16 and above). Difference in blood pressure distribution seems not to be related to socioeconomic status. In addition a significant number was found to be hypertensive by adult standards.
Automatic verification of Pipelined Microprocessor Control

We describe a technique for verifying the control logic of pipelined microprocessors. It handles more complicated designs, and requires less human intervention, than existing methods. The technique automatically compares a pipelined implementation to an architectural description. The CPU time needed for verification is independent of the data path width, the register file size, and the number of ALU operations. Debugging information is automatically produced for incorrect processor designs. Much of the power of the method results from an efficient validity checker for a logic of uninterpreted functions with equality. Empirical results include the verification of a pipelined implementation of a subset of the DLX architecture.
Validating an Electronic Method for Prospective Fall Counting in People with MS (P3.142)

OBJECTIVE: To validate an electronic method for daily prospective counting of falls in people with MS (PwMS). BACKGROUND: People with neurological disorders are at risk for accidental falls. The standard for assessing fall frequency is a paper prospective falls calendar. This is burdenson to patients, providers and researchers, and prone to error when data for the month are entered sporadically. Daily emailed fall surveys have the potential to be more convenient and accurate but have not been validated. DESIGN/METHODS: An electronic fall survey was created and emailed daily to 6 PwMS participating in the 8-week National MS Society Free From Falls education and exercise fall prevention program. Subjects counted their falls daily during and for 8 weeks following the program using the electronic surveys and paper fall calendars. Completion rates, satisfaction, and correlation between the number of falls recorded on the electronic surveys and the paper calendars were evaluated. RESULTS: Subjects were aged 27-66 years (mean 48) with median Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 5.0 (range 4.5-6.0). The average fall rate per person per week was 5.5 in the first week of the program, 4.5 in the last week of the program and 2.3 in the eighth week after the program. The electronic surveys had a 91% completion rate compared to a 65% completion rate for the paper calendars. When falls were reported, there was a correlation of 0.98 between the total fall counts per week using both counting methods. Five subjects preferred the electronic to the paper survey, one subject indicated no preference, and all subjects reported that the electronic survey fit very well into their daily routine. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that a daily electronic fall survey is a valid method for prospectively assessing fall frequency in people with MS. Further study with larger samples is needed. Support by: Michelle Cameron was supported by a CDA-2 from the Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research Development Service. Disclosure: Dr. Downs has nothing to disclose. Dr. Murchison has received research support from National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Dr. Mazumder has received research support from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and the 2012 Foundation of the Consortium of MS Centers Workforce of the Future. Dr. Cameron has received personal compensation for activities with Acorda Therapeutics, and the MS Association of America. Dr. Cameron has received research support from Acorda Therapeutics, and the VA Rehabilitation Research Development Service.
Immunochemical studies of diphtherial toxin and related nontoxic mutant proteins.

Abstract Competitive binding radioimmunoassays were used to analyze the immunochemistry of diphtherial toxin. Rabbit antisera obtained by immunization with formolized toxoid or fragment A were used to characterize purified toxin, toxoid, fragment A, and related nontoxic mutant proteins. Antitoxoid serum had a high titer of neutralizing activity. Most of the antibodies in antitoxoid bound to toxin but not to fragment A. The anti-fragment A antibodies that were present in antitoxoid recognized determinants of fragment A that were exposed on unnicked toxin. Formaldehyde treatment partially destroyed antibody-binding sites associated with the A and B domains of toxin. Anti-fragment A serum had a low titer of neutralizing activity. The specificities of the anti-fragment A antibodies in antitoxoid and anti-fragment A sera were different. Approximately half of the anti-fragment A antibodies in anti-fragment A serum recognized determinants of fragment A that were masked in toxin. Per unit of fragment A-binding activity, anti-fragment A serum was significantly more potent than antitoxoid serum as an inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of fragment A. By analyzing the antigenic structure of several nontoxic mutant proteins (cross-reacting materials) that cross-react with toxin, we distinguished three different subgroups of antigenic determinants associated with the B domain of toxin. Furthermore, the exposed antigenic determinants of the A domain of toxin were separated into two subgroups, both of which were distinct from the masked determinants of the A domain. The radioimmunoassays described here provide rapid, sensitive, quantitative, and versatile methods for immunochemical characterization of toxin or related cross-reacting proteins encoded by corynebacteriophages.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Programmable Nanoporous Graphene

AbstractNanoporous graphene has emerged as a powerful alternative to conventional membrane filters and gained an appreciable popularity in a variety of applications because of its many remarkable and unique properties. Careful regulation of the size and density of nanopores can generate graphene membranes with controllable selectivity and flow rate, thereby greatly enhancing the potential marketability of graphene-based membranes. In this research, molecular dynamics simulation is employed to systematically investigate the mechanistic and quantitative effect of significant parameters such as temperature, impact energy, strain, and pore density on the nanopore morphology of graphene by impacting fullerenes into a graphene sheet. Simulation results have demonstrated that both nanopore size and morphology in a graphene sheet can be tailored by carefully controlling the energy of the impact cluster, the temperature of the environment, and the strain applied on the graphene sheet. This serves as a conceptual g...
Enhancement of rhodanese activity during controlled digestion with trypsin.

Abstract When the enzyme rhodanese (EC 2. 8. 1. 1) is digested with trypsin under controlled conditions, the parent protein is converted from a polypeptide of molecular weight 32,600 to a polypeptide of molecular weight 28,800. This proteolytic conversion occurs with no loss of rhodanese activity. In fact, preliminary results indicate that the polypeptide produced by proteolysis has higher sulfur transferase activity than the native rhodanese.
Hedonic and utilitarian shopping motivations of fashion leadership

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between fashion innovativeness/opinion leadership and utilitarian/hedonic shopping motivations. This study seeks to develop a better understanding of fashion leadership and determine the primary shopping motivations associated with fashion leadership.Design/methodology/approach – A survey was completed by a total of 150 students at a large university in the southeastern USA. Multiple regression analyses, MANCOVA, and ANCOVA were employed to test the research hypotheses.Findings – The results indicated that fashion innovativeness was significantly related to various hedonic shopping motivations; fashion innovativeness was positively associated with adventure and idea shopping motivations, whereas it was negatively associated with value shopping motivation. Fashion opinion leadership was positively associated with utilitarian shopping motivation.Practical implications – The results of the study help to suggest various marketing and reta...
Energy-efficient signal processing in wearable embedded systems: an optimal feature selection approach

Many wearable embedded systems benefit from classification algorithms where statistical features extracted from physiological signals are mapped onto different user's states such as health status of a patient or type of activity performed by a subject. Conventionally selected features lead to rapid battery depletion in these battery-operated systems, mainly due to the absence of computing complexity criterion while selecting prominent features. In this paper, we introduce the notion of power-aware feature selection, which minimizes energy consumption of the signal processing for classification applications. Our approach takes into consideration the energy cost of individual features that are calculated in real-time. The problem is formulated using integer programming and a greedy approximation is presented to select the features in a power-efficient manner. Experimental results on thirty channels of activity data demonstrate that our approach can significantly reduce energy consumption of the computing module resulting in more than 30$% energy savings while achieving 96.7% classification accuracy.
Prototyping energy harvesting active networked tags (EnHANTs)

This paper focuses on a new type of wireless devices in the domain between RFIDs and sensor networks - Energy Harvesting Active Networked Tags (EnHANTs). Future EnHANTs will be small, flexible, and self-powered devices that can be attached to objects that are traditionally not networked (e.g., books, toys, clothing), thereby providing the infrastructure for novel tracking applications. We present the design considerations for the EnHANT prototypes, developed over the past 3 years. The prototypes harvest indoor light energy using custom organic solar cells, communicate and form multihop networks using ultralow-power Ultra-Wideband Impulse Radio (UWB-IR) transceivers, and adapt their communications and networking patterns to the energy harvesting and battery states. We also describe a small scale EnHANTs testbed that uniquely allows evaluating different algorithms with trace-based light energy inputs.
Potentiation of cold swim stress analgesia in rats by diazepam

It was hypothesized that diazepam (DZP) would attenuate the analgesia produced by cold swim stress because of its anxiolytic and biochemical anti-stress properties. In fact, it had the opposite effect. Administered alone, neither DZP nor its vehicle affected the nociceptive thresholds of rats, as assessed by a flinch-jump test. In combination with cold swim stress, DZP elevated nociceptive thresholds significantly more than did the stressor alone. This was true whether DZP was injected before or after exposure to the stressor, or whether or not DZP administration was acute or chronic.
The definition of ‘truth’ for Numerical Weather Prediction error statistics

A consistent definition of ‘truth’ is presented to define the errors in a numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecast, analysis and observations resulting from the unresolved turbulent field. ‘Truth’ is defined as the convolution of the continuous atmospheric variables by the effective spatial filter of an NWP model. Direct measurements of atmospheric variables are represented as an instrument error and a convolution of the continuous atmospheric variables by the observation sampling function. This clearly separates the instrument error from the observation sampling error that describes the mismatch between the NWP model effective spatial filter and the observation sampling function. The ensemble average that defines error statistics is defined by an infinite number of atmospheric realizations with statistically similar random fluctuations in the unresolved model field. This results in large spatial variations in the observation sampling errors due to the atmospheric variations in turbulence statistics. Two approaches are discussed to describe these spatial variations: one that defines observation error referenced to each model coordinate and one that assigns observation error referenced to each observation coordinate. The observation-error statistics depend on the observation sampling function, the local spatial statistics of the turbulence field and the NWP model filter. The effects of imprecise knowledge of the shape of the model filter on observation sampling error are small for rawinsonde measurements and for observations that produce a linear average along a track. The modifications to data-assimilation algorithms (the maximum-likelihood (ML) method, minimum mean-square-error algorithms, Kalman filtering, variational data assimilation and ensemble data assimilation) to include the spatial variations in observation-error statistics are discussed. In addition, the generation of ensemble forecast members should be consistent with the spatial variations in total observation error. A rigorous definition of error statistics is essential for evaluating the many different types of current and future observing systems. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Spectroscopic studies of Pyrococcus furiosus superoxide reductase: Implications for active-site structures and the catalytic mechanism

The combination of UV/visible/NIR absorption, CD and variable-temperature magnetic circular dichroism (VTMCD), EPR, and X-ray absorption (XAS) spectroscopies has been used to investigate the electronic and structural properties of the oxidized and reduced forms of Pyrococcus furiosus superoxide reductase (SOR) as a function of pH and exogenous ligand binding. XAS shows that the mononuclear ferric center in the oxidized enzyme is very susceptible to photoreduction in the X-ray beam. This observation facilitates interpretation of ground- and excited-state electronic properties and the EXAFS results for the oxidized enzyme in terms of the published X-ray crystallographic data (Yeh, A. P.; Hu, Y.; Jenney, F. E.; Adams, M. W. W.; Rees, D. C. Biochemistry 2000, 39, 2499−2508). In the oxidized state, the mononuclear ferric active site has octahedral coordination with four equatorial histidyl ligands and axial cysteinate and monodentate glutamate ligands. Fe EXAFS are best fit by one Fe−S at 2.36 A and five Fe−N/...
Modeling an irritant gas plume for epidemiologic study.

Plume dispersion modeling systems are often used in assessing human exposures to chemical hazards for epidemiologic study. We modeled the 2005 Graniteville, South Carolina, 54,915 kg railcar chlori...