cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Land cover influences on the regional climate of western North America during the early Eocene.

Abstract We present results from an early Eocene (∼ 50–56 million years ago) regional modeling sensitivity experiment that examines the role of land cover, including the addition of vast areas of lakes or wetlands in regions where sedimentological and paleobotanical data indicate their past existence, in determining the regional climate of western North America. The spatial resolution of global climate models does not permit comparison of model results to proxy climate data in a way that helps to distinguish between regional and global climate forcings. Taking a regional modeling approach allows for higher resolution and reveals the contribution of a specific climate forcing mechanism to the climate of a region with relatively dense paleoclimate proxy data coverage. Our results suggest that adding lakes to the region brings the model results into closer agreement with proxy data estimates, and indeed, it seems critical to include these more realistic land cover types to capture the climate indicated by the proxy climate data. Within the grid cells that contain and surround the lakes, mean annual temperature increased as much as 3 °C and mean annual temperature range decreased as much as 9 °C. However, this important inclusion does not yield a regional climate that matches regional proxy data in all aspects, as mean annual precipitation gave mixed results. Therefore, other forcing factors, combined with land cover influences, must have played significant roles in defining the early Eocene climate.
Exchange Rate Risk and Commodity Trade Between the U.S. and India

Floating exchange rates are said to introduce volatility into the foreign exchange market that could deter trade flows. Previous research employed aggregate import and export trade data and provided mixed results. In this paper we disaggregate the trade data between the U.S. and the emerging economy of India and use the bounds testing approach to cointegration and error-correction modeling to show that in 40 industries that trade between the two countries, exchange rate volatility has negative and positive effects in 40% of industries, in the short run. These short-run effects, however, do not last into the long run in many cases.
Backseat safety belt use and crash outcome.

Low back seat safety belt use has been observed nationally in the United States, but the risk factors for non-use and the effects of non-use on crash outcomes are not well known. This study examined two 2002 New York State public databases: police crash reports and hospital discharge data. Probabilistic linkage applies Bayesian statistical methods to link databases; observed agreements and disagreements of common fields are used to determine the probability of a match. For this study, selected match fields were date and hour of crash, geographic location, gender, age, birthday, name, injury status, crash type, and occupant type. We built a logistic regression model to impute missing values on safety belt use and adjust potentially misclassified values. The backseat occupant safety belt use was adjusted from the recorded 69% to 35% in New York State in 2002. Driver's alcohol involvement, male gender, and nighttime crashes were associated with non-use of safety belts by adult backseat occupants. Non-use of safety belts by backseat passengers was related to higher rates in hospitalization, traumatic brain injury, and vertebral cord injury.
Photochemical Reduction of Ferric Iron by Chelators Results in DNA Strand Breaks

The induction of single-strand breaks (SSB) in phi X174 RFI DNA by Fe(III) chelates under cool-white fluorescent (CWF) light or in darkness was investigated. Under CWF light, ferric iron (25 microM) without the addition of a low-molecular-weight (LMW) chelator or with the addition of a LMW chelator, such as citrate, nitrilotriacetate (NTA), or EDTA, generated SSB in 11, 30, 13, or 0% of the treated, closed-circular DNA, respectively. Addition of H2O2 increased the formation of DNA SSB to 93, 75, 62, or 25, respectively. In the dark, DNA SSB were not detected in the absence of H2O2. The addition of H2O2 resulted in 85% (none), 8% (citrate), 18% (EDTA), or 42% (NTA) DNA with SSB. The formation of DNA SSB was completely inhibited by a strong Fe(II)-specific chelator, ferrozine. Various .OH scavengers (e.g., mannitol, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide, dimethyl sulfoxide) completely inhibited DNA SSB formation in the presence of a LMW chelator, but only partially inhibited in the absence. These results suggest that Fe(II) and .OH or similarly reactive species may be involved in the induction of DNA SSB. The evolution of CO2 from chelators, such as EDTA or citrate, required CWF light and Fe(III), suggesting the participation of chelators in the reaction with Fe(III). Under CWF light, catalase inhibited and superoxide dismutase (SOD) stimulated formation of DNA SSB, indicating H2O2 was generated from O2-. and was required for DNA damage. In the dark, SOD inhibited formation of DNA SSB, suggesting O2-. was required for reaction(s) other than formation of H2O2. These results suggest that in the light the photochemical reduction of Fe(III) by the chelators results in formation of DNA SSB without the addition of H2O2. In the dark, the addition of H2O2 was required for the formation of DNA SSB, suggesting a different mechanism for DNA strand break formation.
Detection Device and Method for Thermal Insulating Properties of Exterior Windows of Building

In order to assess thermal insulating properties of exterior windows of building objectively, a detection device for thermal insulating properties of windows was designed scientifically according to the requirement of national standard. The design plan of detection device was introduced. The detection principle of the device and the calibration method of the system were discussed, and the error analysis for the result was also made. Accurate quantitative-detection of thermal insulating properties of exterior windows of building has been achieved, which provides an important technical safeguard for energy saving of building.
The application of high-performance liquid chromatography in enzymatic assays of chondroitin sulfate isomers in normal human urine.

Abstract A study of the urinary excretion of isomeric chondroitin sulfates in normal individuals by high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determinations of the unsaturated disaccharides produced by digestion with chondroitinases is described. The composition of the HPLC mobile phase was systematically varied in order to select the optimal conditions for separation. The data show that chondroitin 4-sulfate is the major component of the chondroitin sulfate isomers in normal urine, and that chondroitin 6-sulfate is a lesser component. It is also evident that dermatan sulfate is present in small quantities in normal urine.
Isoscalar giant resonances for nuclei with mass between 56 and 60

The giant resonance region from 10 MeV $l{E}_{x}l62$ MeV in $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$, $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, and $^{60}\mathrm{Ni}$ has been studied with inelastic scattering of 240 MeV $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles at small angles, including 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Most of the expected isoscalar $E0$ and $E2$ strength has been identified below ${E}_{x}=40$ MeV. Between 56 and 72% of the isoscalar $E1$ strength has been located in these nuclei. The mass dependence of the giant monopole energy between $A=40$ and 90 is compared to relativistic and nonrelativistic calculations for interactions with compressibility of nuclear matter ${K}_{\mathrm{NM}}~211--225$ MeV.
Caloric restriction increases ketone bodies metabolism and preserves blood flow in aging brain

Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to increase the life span and health span of a broad range of species. However, CR effects on in vivo brain functions are far from explored. In this study, we used multimetric neuroimaging methods to characterize the CR-induced changes of brain metabolic and vascular functions in aging rats. We found that old rats (24 months of age) with CR diet had reduced glucose uptake and lactate concentration, but increased ketone bodies level, compared with the age-matched and young (5 months of age) controls. The shifted metabolism was associated with preserved vascular function: old CR rats also had maintained cerebral blood flow relative to the age-matched controls. When investigating the metabolites in mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle, we found that citrate and α-ketoglutarate were preserved in the old CR rats. We suggest that CR is neuroprotective; ketone bodies, cerebral blood flow, and α-ketoglutarate may play important roles in preserving brain physiology in aging.
Computerized detection of diffuse lung disease in MDCT: the usefulness of statistical texture features

Accurate detection of diffuse lung disease is an important step for computerized diagnosis and quantification of this disease. It is also a difficult clinical task for radiologists. We developed a computerized scheme to assist radiologists in the detection of diffuse lung disease in multi-detector computed tomography (CT). Two radiologists selected 31 normal and 37 abnormal CT scans with ground glass opacity, reticular, honeycombing and nodular disease patterns based on clinical reports. The abnormal cases in our database must contain at least an abnormal area with a severity of moderate or severe level that was subjectively rated by the radiologists. Because statistical texture features may lack the power to distinguish a nodular pattern from a normal pattern, the abnormal cases that contain only a nodular pattern were excluded. The areas that included specific abnormal patterns in the selected CT images were then delineated as reference standards by an expert chest radiologist. The lungs were first segmented in each slice by use of a thresholding technique, and then divided into contiguous volumes of interest (VOIs) with a 64 x 64 x 64 matrix size. For each VOI, we determined and employed statistical texture features, such as run-length and co-occurrence matrix features, to distinguish abnormal from normal lung parenchyma. In particular, we developed new run-length texture features with clear physical meanings to considerably improve the accuracy of our detection scheme. A quadratic classifier was employed for distinguishing between normal and abnormal VOIs by the use of a leave-one-case-out validation scheme. A rule-based criterion was employed to further determine whether a case was normal or abnormal. We investigated the impact of new and conventional texture features, VOI size and the dimensionality for regions of interest on detecting diffuse lung disease. When we employed new texture features for 3D VOIs of 64 x 64 x 64 voxels, our system achieved the highest performance level: a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 90% for the detection of abnormal VOIs, and a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 90% for the detection of abnormal cases. Our computerized scheme would be useful for assisting radiologists in the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease.
Compositional trends among IID irons; their possible formation from the P-rich lower magma in a two-layer core

Group IID is the fifth largest group of iron meteorites and the fourth largest magmatic group (i.e., that formed by fractional crystallization). We report neutron-activation data for 19 (of 21 known) IID irons. These confirm earlier studies showing that the group has a relatively limited range in Ir concentrations, a factor of 5. This limited range is not mainly due to incomplete sampling; Instead, it seems to indicate low solid/liquid distribution coefficients reflecting very low S contents of the parental magma, the same explanation responsible for the limited range in group IVA. Despite this similarity, these two groups have very different volatile patterns. Group IVA has very low abundances of the volatile elements Ga, Sb and Ge whereas in group IID Ga and Sb abundances are the highest known in a magmatic group of iron meteorites and Ge abundances are the second highest (after group IIAB). Group IID appears to be the only large magmatic group having high volatile abundances but low S. In the volatile-depleted groups IVA and IVB it is plausible that S was lost as a volatile from a chondritic precursor material. Because group IID seems to have experienced minimal loss of volatiles, we suggest that S was lost as an early melt having a composition near that of the Fe–FeS eutectic (∼315 mg/g S). When temperatures had risen 400–500 K higher P-rich melts formed, became gravitationally unstable, and drained through the first melt to form an inner core that was parental to the IID irons. As discussed by [Kracher, A., Wasson, J.T., 1982. The role of S in the evolution of the parental cores of the iron meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta46, 2419–2426], it is plausible that a metal-rich inner core and a S-rich outer core could coexist metastably because stratification near the interface permitted only diffusional mixing. The initial liquidus temperature of the inner, P-rich core is estimated to have been ∼1740 K; after >60% crystallization the increase in P and the decrease in temperature may have permitted immiscibility with the S-rich outer core. We have not recognized samples of the outer core.
The primacy effect of the first feeding experience in the snapping turtle

Two groups of hatchling snapping turtles, without prior feeding experience, were given a meal of either meat or worms. One week later each group was fed the food it had not experienced earlier. The following week each turtle was tested for its preference between the two foods. The two groups of turtles differed significantly in the direction of preferring the first fed food. However, the two foods did not have equal effects. This indicates that although the first feeding experience has a primacy effect, this experience interacts with natural preferences in influencing subsequent behavior.
Progressive elaboration and memory for order in children

Abstract Three experiments were conducted investigating memory for items and order in a progressive elaboration paired-associates task. For all subjects retention of item information was improved by the use of progressively elaborated interactions relative to a no-elaboration control condition. For second and fourth graders, retention of order information depended upon the type of elaboration. If successive interactions were added in a logical temporal order, retention (of order information) was superior to the case where the successive interactions were added in a random order. This effect was not obtained with kindergarten children. In the second and third experiments, kindergarteners were instructed regarding the sequencing of the successive items, and results similar to those obtained with older children ensued. The data were discussed in terms of Tulving's distinction between episodic and semantic memory.
System State Awareness A Human Centered Design Approach to Awareness in a Complex World

th century, research, industry and regulatory bodies have used Reason’s (1995) Swiss cheese model as the archetype for accident analysis and safety efforts in life critical domains of complex socio-technical systems. Thus, the common ethos persists that there exists an intangible accident chain that can be followed backwards to the source of an accident; this has motivated investigators to seek to find, punish, prevent, mitigate, block, correct, and trap the root cause of the accident. Current models of safety system management are still mired in linear methods and models rooted in early 20 th
Deconstructing the Portrayals of Haitian Women in the Media: A Thematic Analysis of Images in the Associated Press Photo Archive

Haitian women constitute a group that is lauded within Haiti as the “pillar of society” and yet is also often silenced both within Haiti and abroad. Given the role of the media in shaping attitudes and behaviors toward Women of Color, evaluation of media portrayals is critical to challenge oppressive discourses about these groups. Therefore, in this study, the authors conducted a thematic analysis of 650 photographs of Haitian women in the Associated Press Photo Archive in the years 1994–2009. The analysis comprised a two-step process: First, the authors identified coding categories through an inductive analysis of the data; later, these categories were analyzed from a feminist poststructuralist framework to generate themes that could describe how Haitian women are positioned in relation to media consumers. The three themes generated—“Negotiating Power and Resistance,” “Enacting Haitian Culture,” and “Showcasing Affliction”—delineate the media’s tendency to emphasize the “otherness” in Haitian women, as w...
Antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) may result in significant morbidity, including cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The management of chronic HBV cirrhosis is advancing rapidly. Current treatment options for patients with HBV-related cirrhosis include interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil. IFN-a is used less commonly today because of its toxicity, difficulty with administration, and the availability of safer drugs. Lamivudine, an oral nucleoside analog, has proven to be at least as effective, and is safer, than IFN-a in the treatment of HBV-related cirrhosis. It is plagued by the development of resistant viral mutants, however. The newest oral nucleotide analog, adefovir dipivoxil, has shown excellent efficacy in treatment-naive and lamivudine-resistant HBV patients and has lower rates of resistance in the short-term.
Aspects of free groups

If n-tuples g,h in a rank 2 free group satisfy the same existential formulas, then there is an automorphism taking g to h. Fix a prime p. Then Fk is, up to isomorphism, the only k-generated group having all finite k-generated p-groups as homomorphic images. The theory of non-Abelian free groups has no prime model.
Abstract A6: Clinical trial awareness among racial/ethnic minorities in HINTS 2007: Sociodemographic, attitudinal, and knowledge correlates

Objective: The purpose of this study was (1) to examine the association of race/ethnicity on clinical trial awareness, controlling for several socio-demographic, attitudinal, and knowledge variables, and (2) to inform future communication campaigns to increase clinical trial awareness and participation. Methods: Secondary analysis was conducted among 6754 Hispanic, black, and white adult respondents to the National Cancer Institute9s 2007 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). The dependent variable was awareness of clinical trials. Logistic regression was used to examine possible correlates of clinical trial awareness including sociodemographics, trust of sources of health information, beliefs about safety of health information, family/personal history of cancer, health seeking information, and awareness of three health agencies. Results: Compared to whites, blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to have heard of a clinical trial. Other significant correlates of clinical trial awareness included education, income, belief that health information is safely guarded, family history of cancer, awareness of the CDC, trust of health information from the Internet and charitable organizations, and distrust of health information from religious institutions. Conclusion: Blacks and Hispanics are significantly less aware of clinical trials. Campaigns that exploit unique beliefs and delivery channels for racial/ethnic subgroups should be considered. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):A6.
Does Time of Voting Affect Exit Poll Results

This study analyzes time of voting effects on the results of exit poll data collected in a Cleveland municipal tax referendum. The data reveal significant differences both in the times different groups vote and in the reported levels of support for the tax levy by time of day. The temporal variation in the reported levels of support for the tax levy are then shown to be directly related to the times when different support groups cast their ballots. Collectively, these findings suggest the need for day-long interviewing in the design of exit polls. Ronald J. Busch and Joel A. Lieske are Associate Professors in the Department of Political Science, Cleveland State University. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol 49 94-1104 ?) by the Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co, Inc 0033-362X/85/0049-94/$2 50 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.78 on Sun, 19 Jun 2016 05:45:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms TIME OF VOTING AND EXIT POLLS 95 polling organizations to project and analyze American elections both allows and now requires a systematic reexamination of this issue.2 In a post-1980 election interview, George Gallup suggested (Sanoff, 1981:32) that "by using exit polls, it would be fairly simple to call the national election by 11:00 A.M. on election day except in the very closest election." To the contrary, our analysis of the time of voting will demonstrate the risk of considerable sampling bias, especially when interviewing is confined to a threeor four-hour period on election day. Moreover, our results will show that these temporal sampling effects can be largely explained by the differences in times when different types of voters cast their ballots.
Direct Observation of a Ramsauer-Townsend Effect in Positron-Argon Collisions

Transmission measurements of the total scattering cross section for positrons of welldefined energy colliding with argon atoms in the energy range extending from 0.4 to 18 eV reveal a shallow minimum in the vicinity of 2 eV. The measured total cross section at the minimum is 2.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. These measurements also reveal an abrupt increase in the total cross section above the threshold for positronium formation (9.0 eV).
Activist online resource mobilization: Relationship building features that fulfill resource dependencies

Abstract This study examined activist group websites ( N = 300) to determine how activists are engaging in resource mobilization online and provides a benchmark for current mobilization practices by activists. Website features asking visitors to donate, join the organization, and links to other activist groups were most common on the sites. The study positions resource mobilization in terms of online relationships and organizational linkages, argues that resource dependencies drive mobilization efforts and that resource-based relationships with publics may be established in the mobilization process.
Laryngeal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma associated with bronchial MALT lymphoma: a case series and review of the literature

The objective of this study is to describe the management of two adults with laryngeal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma and concurrent bronchial MALT lymphoma and to review the literature pertaining to laryngeal lymphoma and discuss appropriate evaluation and treatment options. This is a retrospective case series where a retrospective chart review was performed. Demographic data collected includes presenting symptoms, age at presentation, gender, comorbidities, course of illness, and follow-up. Operative reports, serial endoscopic examinations, and serial CT images were used to monitor for recurrence. Between 2004 and 2006, two adult subjects were diagnosed and treated for false vocal cord MALT lymphoma with concurrent low-grade bronchial MALT lymphoma. Both patients were treated with surgical debulking, adjunctive rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (RCHOP) chemotherapy, and external beam radiation. At most recent follow-up, there was no endoscopic, clinical, or radiologic evidence of recurrence. Surgical debulking, RCHOP chemotherapy, and external beam radiation show promising results in treating false vocal cord laryngeal MALT lymphomas with concurrent low-grade bronchial MALT lymphomas. Bronchoscopy and laryngoscopy should be included in the evaluation of a patient with a laryngeal or bronchial MALT lymphoma for staging and optimal treatment since MALT lymphoma can be multifocal in both larynx and bronchus as shown in this case series.
Low cost back end signal processing driven bandwidth interleaved signal acquisition using free running undersampling clocks and mixing signals

As communication data rates increase, wideband signals are being increasingly used to accommodate high rates of information transmission. Acquiring and characterizing the time domain waveform of such signals requires high measurement system sampling rate and wide input bandwidth and is thus, expensive. A key problem that drives up the cost of traditional bandwidth interleaved data acquisition systems is the need to synchronize the input signal (periodic) with the sampling clock as well as the oscillator inputs to all the mixers in the band interleaved architecture. This synchronization problem is complicated at multi-GHz frequencies and increases overall design cost. In this paper, we propose a low-cost band-interleaved architecture that uses: (a) incoherent undersampling to acquire the signal across the frequency bands of the band-interleaved system and (b) does not require any mutual synchronization between the input signal, the undersampling clocks and the mixing signals (local oscillators) of each frequency band in the band-interleaved system. The reconstruction is achieved through back-end spectrum analysis and use of signal processing algorithms that compensate for the lack of synchronization. The proposed technique is supported by hardware validation experiments.
Time uncertainty for guided long wavelength neutrons on a pulsed source

The additional broadening of the time distribution of a pulse of neutrons associated with path length uncertainties caused by multiple reflections within a guide is generally small. This can become considerable for long wavelength instruments on a pulsed neutron source. This paper reports calculations for both the straight and the curved guide.
Type 2 Diabetes and the Aging Pancreatic Beta Cell

The incidence of and susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes increases with age, but the underlying mechanism(s) within beta cells that contribute to this increased susceptibility have not been fully elucidated. Here we review how aging affects the proliferative and regenerative capacity of beta cells and how this impacts beta cell mass. In addition we review changes that occur in beta cell function with age. Although we focus on the different rodent models that have provided insight into the characteristics of the aging beta cell, the limited knowledge from non-rodent models is also reviewed. Further studies are needed in order to identify potential beta cell targets for preventing or slowing the progression of diabetes that occurs with age.
Recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: ADC histogram analysis predicts response to bevacizumab treatment.

Purpose: To determine if apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis can stratify progression-free survival in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) prior to bevacizumab treatment. Materials and Methods: The study was approved by the institutional review board and was HIPAA compliant; informed consent was obtained. Bevacizumab-treated and control patients (41 per cohort) diagnosed with recurrent GBM were analyzed by using whole enhancing tumor ADC histograms with a two normal distribution mixture fitting curve on baseline (pretreatment) magnetic resonance (MR) images to generate ADC classifiers, including the overall mean ADC as well as the mean ADC from the lower curve (ADCL). Overall and 6-month progression-free survival (as defined by the Macdonald criteria) was determined by using Cox proportional hazard ratios and the Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test. Results: For bevacizumab-treated patients, the hazard ratio for progression by 6 months in patients with less than ve...
Critical process issues in selenization

Both H/sub 2/Se and elemental selenium are used to form copper-indium diselenide. Equilibrium thermodynamic calculations for H/sub 2/Se dissociation show that the higher-order Se/sub x/ species (Se/sub 5/, Se/sub 6/, Se/sub 7/) are important at temperatures below 800 K, whereas Se/sub 2/ becomes the predominant species at temperatures above 900 K. A kinetic model is presented for the decomposition of H/sub 2/Se. The reaction is found to be first order at short times, but the reverse reaction of Se/sub x/ with H/sub 2/ assumes importance at higher conversions and longer times. The constants in the kinetic model are calculated. >
Can varying flow velocity across an arterial anastomosis prevent thromboembolic injury

In this study, simulated "poor" repairs applied to transverse incisions in the iliac arteries of 40 rats were the basis for comparing the effect of variations in blood flow on thromboembolism. Using vital microscopy and digital image processing, we performed 2 experiments. In the first experiment (n = 20), the reduction of post-repair blood flow by approximately 50% resulted in an 83% reduction in the total number of emboli appearing in the microcirculation of the cremaster muscle distal to the repair. In the second experiment (n = 20), the same reduction in blood flow typically resulted in larger repair-site thrombi which required significantly more time to grow to their maximum size. We conclude that reducing pedicle artery blood flow to approximately half in our rat model during reperfusion can protect the downstream microcirculation from embolic injury without increasing the incidence of thrombotic occlusion.
Effect of Plasma Removal on Blood Stored in ACD with Adenine

An evaluation of the effects of plasma in blood preservation was carried out on units of blood from which the plasma had been removed at different times during storage and on other units in which the plasma volume had been replaced by saline. Blood was either collected in ACD and stored for 14 or 21 days, or collected in ACD supplemented with adenine and stored for 21 or 42 days. These units were given in homologous transfusions to human volunteers. Autologous transfusions were used for separate groups studied at the same time. Stored units reflected progressive chemical deterioration with increasing storage. The elevation of plasma hemoglobin concentration was observed to be greater in units stored as packed cells. Average posttransfusion survival values for blood stored for 21 or 42 days were higher for adenine-supplemented blood than for blood in ACD alone, Autologous transfusions with ACD-adenine blood stored for 21 or 42 days survived for the same length of time as did homologous transfusions. Packed cells with plasma removed shortly after collection had the poorest survival. The similarity of values obtained for cells without plasma suggested that plasma was not particularly involved with the preservation of blood for up to 21 days of storage as tested by red blood cell survival. Improved preservation obtained with adenine was observed even when plasma was removed. Hence, the usefulness of plasma for component therapy may well outweigh its role in blood storage.
Impossible to Regulate: Social Media, Terrorists, and the Role for the U.N.

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 283II. Terrorism and Social Media: A Recent Phenomenon 285A. Social Media and Its Advantages 286B. Terrorists' Use of Social Media 288III. The U.N. and Internet Governance 289A. Social Media and the Right to Freedom of Expression 290B. The U.N.'s Stance on Terrorists' Use of the Internet 291IV. The Challenges of Regulating the Internet and Social Media 292A. Collective Action Problems: The Internet as a Commons 292B. The Definition of Terrorism: A Baseline Issue 293C. The Failed Convention on Internet Governance: The World Conference on International Telecommunications 294D. The Implausibility of a Limited Treaty: Cyberterrorism and Social Media, an Imperfect Analogy 2971. The Convention on Cybercrime: a success story 2972. Fundamental differences between cyberterrorism and social media.....298V. The U.N.'s Role in Social Media Governance: An Ideal Facilitator 299A. The Insufficiency of Private Regulation 300B. Solving the Collective Action Problem: Principles of Effective Monitoring and Their Application to the U.N 301C. A Preliminary First Step: Identifying the Best Definition of Terrorism 3041. The U.S 3042. The U.K 3053. France 3064. Russia 3065. China 3076. Who has it best? France 308D. The U.N. Must Also Coordinate with Private Actors 309VI. Conclusion 310I. INTRODUCTIONTerrorists have increasingly used social media as a recruiting and publicity tool.' Social media is a recent innovation that allows individuals to "share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content ([such] as videos)" around the world.2 It has several features advantageous to dissemination of content: open access to users, the ability to reproduce and transmit information quickly, and easy-to-use interfaces.3 But these advantages also make social media a useful tool for terrorists. In the last year, teenagers from the U.S., Europe, Asia, and Australia joined terrorist organizations, recruited by social media platforms.4 The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) also used social media to post the beheadings of journalists.5 Due to the growing terrorist presence on social media, regulation to limit and remove harmful content has the potential to save lives.6Since the 1990s, the U.N. has recognized the threat of terrorists using the Internet.7 However, regulation raises complicated questions of balancing an individual's right to freedom of expression with the need to reduce terrorism's toll on human life. Because social media transcends borders, commentators have questioned whether the U. …
Adult offspring of high-fat diet-fed dams can have normal glucose tolerance and body composition.

Maternal high-fat diet consumption and obesity have been shown to program long-term obesity and lead to impaired glucose tolerance in offspring. Many rodent studies, however, use non-purified, cereal-based diets as the control for purified high-fat diets. In this study, primiparous ICR mice were fed purified control diet (10–11 kcal% from fat of lard or butter origin) and lard (45 or 60 kcal% fat) or butter (32 or 60 kcal% fat)-based high-fat diets for 4 weeks before mating, throughout pregnancy, and for 2 weeks of nursing. Before mating, female mice fed the 32 and 60% butter-based high-fat diets exhibited impaired glucose tolerance but those females fed the lard-based diets showed normal glucose disposal following a glucose challenge. High-fat diet consumption by female mice of all groups decreased lean to fat mass ratios during the 4th week of diet treatment compared with those mice consuming the 10–11% fat diets. All females were bred to male mice and pregnancy and offspring outcomes were monitored. The body weight of pups born to 45% lard-fed dams was significantly increased before weaning, but only female offspring born to 32% butter-fed dams exhibited long-term body weight increases. Offspring glucose tolerance and body composition were measured for at least 1 year. Minimal, if any, differences were observed in the offspring parameters. These results suggest that many variables should be considered when designing future high-fat diet feeding and maternal obesity studies in mice.
Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and reservoir properties of an unconventional, shallow, frozen petroleum reservoir in the Cretaceous Nanushuk Formation at Umiat field, North Slope, Alaska

Numerous oil and gas accumulations exist in the Brooks Range foothills of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA). We use cores and well logs from 12 abandoned legacy wells at Umiat field, near the southeastern boundary of the NPRA, to characterize the sedimentology and stratigraphy of unconventional shallow frozen reservoirs in sandstones of the Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian) Nanushuk Formation. The Nanushuk Formation at Umiat has five facies associations: offshore and prodelta, lower shoreface, upper shoreface, delta front, and delta plain.Three stratigraphically distinct, regionally extensive Nanushuk Formation depositional systems at Umiat contain several potential petroleum reservoirs. The lower Nanushuk Formation, including a reservoir interval known informally as the lower Grandstand, primarily consists of marine mudstone and shoreface sandstones. The middle Nanushuk Formation is dominantly deltaic and contains a second major reservoir interval in the informal upper Grandstand sandstone. Both the upper Grandstand and lower Grandstand are regressive. The transgressive upper Nanushuk Formation contains an additional potential reservoir interval in shoreface sandstones of the informal Ninuluk interval. The primary reservoir intervals at Umiat field are upper shoreface and delta-front sandstones in the upper Grandstand and lower Grandstand, where increased sorting and decreased bioturbation in high-energy depositional environments affect overall permeability and permeability anisotropy.
Development of a new humanized mouse model to study acute inflammatory arthritis

Background Substantial advances have been generated in understanding the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Current murine models of RA-like disease have provided great insights into the molecular mechanism of inflammatory arthritis due to the use of genetically deficient or transgenic mice. However, these studies are limited by differences that exist between human and murine immune systems. Thus, the development of an animal model that utilizes human immune cells, will afford the opportunity to study their function in the initiation and propagation of inflammatory arthritis.
CMOS VLSI implementation of gigabyte/second computer network links

High speed computer network links require a variety of on-chip system components in order to achieve optimal performance. These components include systems that provide clock generation and synchronization as well as line driver and receiver circuits for signal conditioning. This paper presents designs for a link synchronizer, a low voltage differential signal (LVDS) I/O system, and a phase locked loop for providing a system clock. Portions of these systems have been implemented in 2 /spl mu/m and 1.2 /spl mu/m MOSIS chips.
A quantitative comparison of potentially lethal damage repair and the rejoining of interphase chromosome breaks in low passage normal human fibroblasts

After long postirradiation incubation periods, the residual frequency of prematurely condensed chromosome fragments following X-ray exposure of noncycling diploid human fibroblasts was found to be correlated with the frequency of chromosome aberrations observed under identical treatment conditions when the cells were subcultured and scored after they reached mitosis. Over a wide range of doses, the proportion of such cells without aberrations at their first metaphase was not significantly different from the proportion able to form macroscopic colonies. Further, the rate of rejoining of interphase chromosome breaks was the same as the rate of increase in survival due to the repair of potentially lethal damage (PLD). These results suggest that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the initial breakage and rejoining of G0 chromosomes and the induction and repair of PLD measured by delayed plating from plateau-phase cultures of these cells.
Long-term outcome of autologous stem cell transplantation in light chain deposition disease.

Background Light chain deposition disease (LCDD) is a systemic disorder characterized by deposition of non-amyloid monoclonal light chains. Renal dysfunction is a ubiquitous manifestation of the LCDD disease. Reports suggest that high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) may be beneficial in the treatment of LCDD. However, the impact of ASCT on renal function is unclear. This study retrospectively reviewed the effect of ASCT on renal function in patients with LCDD. Methods Six patients with LCDD have been transplanted at our institution since 2001. Patients received dexamethasone alone, dexamethasone plus thalidomide or no chemotherapy prior to conditioning. All the patients underwent high-dose melphalan conditioning after stem cell mobilization. Results Three of the six patients had concurrent multiple myeloma (MM), and one patient was on haemodialysis prior to transplantation. Four patients were male and two were female. The median age was 43.5 years with a median serum creatinine of 2.4 mg/dl and a median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 26.5 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Five patients survived ASCT and one died on Day 26 of transplantation. Median follow-up was 31.7 months (range 31.3-60.7 months) after ASCT. Of the surviving patients, all the five achieved a haematological response post-transplantation although two ultimately relapsed and required further chemotherapy. The eGFR of one patient declined with relapse and improved with treatment, while the eGFR of the second patient remained stable throughout relapse and treatment. The patient on haemodialysis prior to transplantation continued to require it afterward, but ultimately received a renal transplant. Median reduction in proteinuria was 92% and median improvement in eGFR was 95%. Of the four evaluable patients all achieved criteria for a renal response after ASCT. Conclusions ASCT may be an effective therapy for renal dysfunction associated with LCDD. In cases where kidney dysfunction persists after ASCT, a haematological response may permit successful kidney transplantation with improved graft viability and decreased risk of recurrence.
Exploiting Constrained Rotation for Localization of Directional Sensor Networks

Constrained rotation may change the configuration of a directional sensor network for improving the sensing performance while incurring low resource overhead. One of the premises is that localization has been completed before the network embarks on the reconfiguration process. In this paper we consider a localization problem of 2-D directional sensor networks that contain a subset of anchor nodes with fixed positions. All sensors are assumed to recognize the global north exactly through the operation of equipped compass. We introduce a distributed strategy to calibrate the position of non-anchor sensors. In our approach, sensors with directional sensing capability measure relative range and bearing with respect to line-of-sight neighboring nodes. Moreover, sensors enable constrained rotation (pan) to compensate the confined field of view and improve relative bearing measurements. We discuss the localization accuracy as a function of deployment density and bearing granularity. Using noisy distance and bearing (angular) information allows sensors to compute position estimate that asymptotically approaches ground truth given sufficiently high deployment density. We evaluate the performance through simulations.
Sensitivity of a System of Care in Recognizing Communication Disorders in Children with Serious Emotional Disorders

This study evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of a system of care (SOC) in identifying communication disorders in children with serious emotional disorders (SED). Speech/language screenings were completed on 39 children. Children showing possible communication disorders received comprehensive speech-language evaluations. Records were reviewed for communication disorders suspected and identified by the SOC and for services provided. Results showed that the SOC was poor in identifying communication disorders in children with SED. This study underscores the importance of SOCs addressing the needs for appropriate identification and treatment of communication disorders in children with SED.
Racial/ethnic disparities in ADHD diagnosis by kindergarten entry.

Background Whether and to what extent racial/ethnic disparities in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnosis occur by kindergarten entry is currently unknown. We investigated risk factors associated with an ADHD diagnosis by kindergarten entry generally, and specifically whether racial/ethnic disparities in ADHD diagnosis occur by this very early time period.
Elastic Modulus of Vulcanizates as Related to Carbon Black Structure

Abstract The elastic modulus Gf′ of filled SBR vulcanizates has been measured as a function of strain amplitude A. At low loadings of carbon black (20 phr), where Gf′ is practically independent of ...
Extrahepatic right portal vein ligation allows parenchyma-sparing en bloc resection of segments 7, 8 and 4a for liver tumors engaging the right and middle hepatic veins

Right trisectionectomy for posterior liver tumors engaging the right and middle hepatic veins may lead to post-hepatectomy liver failure if the anticipated liver remnant is small. In such patients we developed a parenchyma-sparing one-step approach, that includes extrahepatic right portal vein ligation accompanied by en bloc resection only of segments 7, 8 and 4a and resection of the right and middle hepatic veins. The technique was applied in 3 patients with normal liver function, where according to the preoperative computed tomography the volume of segments 1, 2 and 3 ranged between 17% and 20% of the total liver volume. In all patients liver biochemistry improved rapidly postoperatively and a doubling of volume of segments 1, 2 and 3 was achieved by the third postoperative week, as extrahepatic right portal vein ligation ameliorated reperfusion injury of the remaining segments 5 and 6 and induced hypertrophy of segments 1, 2, 3 and 4b. There was no mortality or long-term complications. Patients are alive and free of disease 74, 50 and 17 months after the operation, respectively. We propose that the term "extended upper right sectionectomy" may be considered for the en bloc resection of segments 7, 8 and 4a, in future revisions of the Brisbane 2000 terminology of hepatic anatomy and resections.
A Supertag-Context Model for Weakly-Supervised CCG Parser Learning

Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) is a lexicalized grammar formalism in which words are associated with categories that specify the syntactic configurations in which they may occur. We present a novel parsing model with the capacity to capture the associative adjacent-category relationships intrinsic to CCG by parameterizing the relationships between each constituent label and the preterminal categories directly to its left and right, biasing the model toward constituent categories that can combine with their contexts. This builds on the intuitions of Klein and Manning’s (2002) “constituentcontext” model, which demonstrated the value of modeling context, but has the advantage of being able to exploit the properties of CCG. Our experiments show that our model outperforms a baseline in which this context information is not captured.
An Atlas of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 2nd ed.

Nikolaus Wulker, Michael M. Stephens, and Andrea Cracchiolo III, editors. London: Taylor and Francis; 2005. 480 pages. $329.95. This handsome guide to foot and ankle surgery, now in its second edition, is an excellent reference work for orthopaedic surgeons. The editors have an impressive roster of leading international specialists and have updated the content from the first edition. The chapters cover a broad range of topics, addressing problems in both children and adults, including …
Somalia and Human Rights Violations

This paper analyses different existing options to promote human rights accountability in Somalia. It does that with the purpose of making specific recommendations and suggestions on mechanisms that could be appropriate to the Somali situation.The paper is divided in three parts. The first section analyses the legal framework applicable to Somalia and the crimes allegedly committed in the course of the conflict and which may give rise to individual criminal responsibility. The second part looks at available options to promote accountability. These options are both prosecutorial and non prosecutorial. They can also be instituted within both the international or national systems. The third part gives specific recommendations to promote accountability for human rights in Somalia in the framework of national reconciliation and peacebuilding.