cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mastery-Oriented Shared Student/System Control Over Problem Selection in a Linear Equation Tutor

Making effective problem selection decisions is a challenging Self-Regulated Learning skill. Students need to learn effective problem-selection strategies but also develop the motivation to use them. A mastery-approach orientation is generally associated with positive problem selection behaviors such as willingness to work on new materials. We conducted a classroom experiment with 200 6th --- 8th graders to investigate the effectiveness of shared control over problem selection with mastery-oriented features i.e., features that aim at fostering a mastery-approach orientation that simulates effective problem-selection behaviors on students' domain-level learning outcomes, problem-selection skills, enjoyment, future learning and future problem selection. The results show that shared control over problem selection accompanied by mastery-oriented features leads to significantly better learning outcomes, as compared to fully system-controlled problem selection, as well as better declarative knowledge of a key problem-selection strategy. Nevertheless, there was no effect on future problem selection and future learning. Our experiment contributes to prior literature by demonstrating that with tutor features to foster a mastery-approach orientation, shared control over problem selection can lead to significantly better learning outcomes than full system control.
The Development of the Indian Software Services Industry

This chapter illustrates that the software services industry in India is the largest in the developing world and that the leading Indian software firms have been successfully competing against established Western software service firms in the most lucrative segments of the services market for over a decade. The chapter examines the mechanisms and processes through which the Indian software services industry in general, and its major indigenous firms in particular, have developed. It finds that while substantive and contrasting forms of state intervention have played an important part in facilitating the industry’s rapid development, changes in market conditions and indirect yet fortuitous outcomes from industrial policy in other sectors also have proved crucial.
Deliberating on Missouri River Water Diversions in Congressional Committee Hearings

We examine the discursive influence of competing interest groups and how and when U.S. federal legislators use empirical evidence to consider Missouri River diversion projects originating in the relief, recovery, and reform thinking behind President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Twelve U.S. Congressional committee hearings that occurred between 1944 and 2006 are content analyzed to demonstrate the nature of instrumental arguments in legislative deliberations. Members of Congress in favor of diversion projects used more economic-based, instrumental arguments than interest group representatives sharing their views while members of Congress opposed to the diversion projects consistently used less science-based, instrumental arguments than did interest group representatives sharing their stance. As a percentage, more instrumental arguments were made in field hearings than in Washington, D.C. hearings. While more economic-based, instrumental arguments were made in Senate-related hearings than in House of Representatives related hearings, in the House more science-based, instrumental arguments were made than in the Senate.
Malignancy incidence in patients with psoriatic arthritis: a comparison cohort-based incidence study

Malignancy is a major cause of death in patients with inflammatory disease. The risk of individual malignancies is altered in some inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. This study aimed to examine malignancy incidence in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a related inflammatory disease. Institutional cancer registry and medical record linkage systems were retrospectively reviewed in a population-based incidence cohort of 217 patients with PsA and 434 age- and sex-matched comparators. Malignancy rates were compared using adjusted Cox models. Incidence of overall malignancy (excluding NMSC; hazard ratio (HR) 1.64; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.03-2.61) and breast cancer (HR 3.59; 95 % CI 1.22-10.61), but not NMSC (HR 1.23; 95 % CI 0.72-2.09), were significantly elevated in the PsA cohort. Age and female sex were similar predisposing risk factors in both cohorts. The overall incidence of malignancy, as well as the risk of breast cancer, was higher in patients with PsA than in the general population.
INHIBITION OF GROWTH OF AIRBORNE COLIFORMS AND OTHER BACTERIA ON SELECTIVE MEDIA1

Coliforms when sampled from air were inhibited or restricted in growth on regular selective media. For trials, growth on Standard Plate Count Agar ( SPC) was used as 100%. The percentage of colony growth of Escherchia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes on modified selective media or with SPC were respectively as follows: violet red bile/violet red bile (VRB/VRB) (overlay on base) <4, 15; desoxycholate/desoxyeholate (DES/DES) < 1, 17; tergitol/tergitol (TER/TER) 23,49; eosine methylene blue/eosine methylene blue (EMB/EMB) 122, 86; endo/endo (END/END) 40, 104; MacConkey/MacConkey (MAC/MAC) <2, 10; SPC/VRB <2, 22; SPC/DES <2, 23; VRB/SPC 54, 60; TER/SPC 72, 119; EMB/SPC 97, 119; END/SPC 95, 90; 1 VRB: 1 SPC, as overlay and base 14, 50. Recovery percentages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fragi on modified selective media were greater than those of the coliform bacteria. Fewer Serratia marcescens colonies grew on DES or SPC/DES and more grew on the other modified selective media than did coliform colon...
Monocrystalline CdTe/MgCdTe double-heterostructure solar cells with a ZnTe hole-contact and passivation layer

Monocrystalline p-ZnTe/i-MgCdTe/n-CdTe/n-MgCdTe double-heterostructure (DH) solar cells are grown through a combination of MBE and MOCVD deposition techniques using several different dopants. The adverse effects (high interface recombination velocity) of the lattice mismatched ZnTe/CdTe hetero-interface is suppressed by the use of a DH with an intrinsic MgCdTe top barrier layer that functions as a passivation layer. The steady-state photoluminescence intensity is used to compare the potential device performance with previous ZnTe/CdTe and a-Si/i-MgCdTe/CdTe device structures while quantum efficiency measurements demonstrate the benefit of using ZnTe over previously demonstrated contact layers.
What Is the Real PFNS of 235U at Thermal Point

AbstractThe traditional assumption of prompt fission neutron spectra (PFNS) integrated over emission angle applies for any calculation of the neutron interaction inside fissile material. Only these evaluated data are included in any neutron data library. But this is not correct. Prompt fission neutrons have very strong angular energy distribution relative to fission fragment (FF) direction. The FFs have anisotropy relative to direction of incident neutrons. What is the influence of this assumption or simplification? Results of Monte Carlo simulation are submitted in this paper. The incorporation of “real” angular energy distribution changes the yield of 238U fission, and this difference may be compensated by changing the average energy of PFNS in the traditional approach. This effect is connected with correlations between different characteristics of interacted neutrons inside the environment. An additional type of correlation between multiplicity and energy of fission neutrons, named ν-E correlation, is ...
Resident Calmodulin Primes NMDA Receptors for Ca2+-Dependent Inactivation

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are glutamate- and glycine-gated channels that flux Na+ and Ca2+ into postsynaptic neurons during synaptic transmission. The resulting intracellular Ca2+ transient is essential to physiological and pathological processes related to synaptic development, plasticity, and apoptosis. It also engages calmodulin (CaM) to reduce subsequent NMDA receptor activity in a process known as Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI). Here, we used whole-cell electrophysiology to measure CDI and computational modeling to dissect the sequence of events that underlies it. With these approaches, we estimate that CaM senses NMDA receptor Ca2+ influx at ∼9 nm from the channel pore. Further, when we controlled the frequency of Ca2+ influx through individual channels, we found that a kinetic model where apoCaM associates with channels before their activation best predicts the measured CDI. These results provide, to our knowledge, novel functional evidence for CaM preassociation to NMDA receptors in living cells. This particular mechanism for autoinhibitory feedback reveals strategies and challenges for Ca2+ regulation in neurons during physiological synaptic activity and disease.
First-in-human study of the epichaperome inhibitor PU-H71: clinical results and metabolic profile

Background Molecular chaperone targeting has shown promise as a therapeutic approach in human cancers of various histologies and genetic backgrounds. The purine-scaffold inhibitor PU-H71 (NSC 750424), selective for Hsp90 in epichaperome networks, has demonstrated antitumor activity in multiple preclinical cancer models. The present study was a first in-human trial of PU-H71 aimed at establishing its safety and tolerability and characterizing its pharmacokinetic (PK) profile on a weekly administration schedule in human subjects with solid tumors refractory to standard treatments. Methods PU-H71 was administered intravenously over 1 h on days 1 and 8 of 21-day cycles in patients with refractory solid tumors. Dose escalation followed a modified accelerated design. Blood and urine were collected during cycles 1 and 2 for pharmacokinetics analysis. Results Seventeen patients were enrolled in this trial. Grade 2 and 3 adverse events were observed but no dose limiting toxicities occurred, thus the human maximum tolerated dose was not determined. The mean terminal half-life (T1/2) was 8.4 ± 3.6 h, with no dependency to dose level. A pathway for the metabolic disposal of PU-H71 in humans was derived from microsome studies. Fourteen patients were also evaluable for clinical response; 6 (35%) achieved a best response of stable disease for >2 cycles, with 2 patients remaining on study for 6 cycles. The study closed prematurely due to discontinuation of drug supply. Conclusions PU-H71 was well tolerated at the doses administered during this study (10 to 470 mg/m2/day), with no dose limiting toxicities.
The date of publication of ‘ Decapoden-Studien … auf A. B. Meyer’s Sammlungen im ostindischen Archipel ’ by Johann Thallwitz and its bearing on decapod nomenclature (Crustacea: Decapoda)

Johann Thallwitz was an assistant curator at the Koniglichen zoologischen Museum zu Dresden, Germany (Holthuis 1959: 15). Thallwitz’s publication entitled ‘Decapoden-Studien, inbesondere basirt auf A. B. Meyer’s Sammlungen im ostindischen Archipel, nebst einer Aufzahlung der Decapoden und Stomatopoden des Dresdener Museums’ (hereafter the ‘Decapoden-Studien’) which appeared in the 1890–1891 volume of the Abhandlungen und Berichte aus dem Koniglichen Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden (hereafter the Abhandlungen ) is important for decapod nomenclature as eighteen species and three genus-group names were declared to be new therein (see below).
Vulvovaginitis- presentation of more common problems in pediatric and adolescent gynecology

Vulvovaginitis is one of the most common gynecological complaints presenting in the pediatric and adolescent female. The common causes of vulvovaginitis in the pediatric patient differ than that considered in adolescent females. When a child present with vulvar itching, burning and irritation the most common etiology is non-specific and hygiene measures are recommended. However these symptoms can mimic more serious etiologies including infection, labial adhesion, lichen sclerosis, pinworms and foreign body must be considered. Yeast infection is rare in the pediatric population but common in the adolescent. In the adolescent patient infections are more common. Yeast and bacterial vaginosis are commonly seen but due to the higher rate of sexual activity in this population sexually transmitted infections must also be considered.
Facilitators and Barriers to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Follow-Up Program Attendance: A Critically Appraised Topic.

NICU follow-up (NFU) programs often experience low service utilization rates. Attendance to follow-up appointments is vital for both the health outcomes of the infants and to ensure continued fundi...
Fracture Toughness Tests

To apply the theory developed in the previous chapters, fracture toughness values must be measured. A wealth of methods for the determination of critical values of the stress intensity factor, R-curve, energy release rate have been developed. A number of these fracture toughness test methods are described here. The choice of method to use will depend on the material being tested and on your goals. Methods that work for steel will not work for composite materials. If you need data for a critical application you’ll want to use a standard, accepted test method. If you are developing a new material and want to determine toughness as part of the development or screening process you might choose another method.
Temperature, Air Movement, and Moisture Loss in Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Storages: Température, mouvement de l'air et pertes d'eau dans les entrepôts pour fruits et légumes frais

Ce rapport presente une analyse mathematique des effets des facteurs essentiels se rapportant aux variations de la temperature ambiante et aux pertes d'eau dans les entrepots pour fruits et legumes frais. On etablit des equations et les resultats prevus a partir de celles-ci sont expliques et discutes. On discute aussi des resultats experimentaux obtenus dans des chambres d'entreposage a doubles-parois pour pommes, refroidies directement. Les facteurs inclus dans l'analyse sont la chaleur de respiration, le coefficient de transpiration d'eau, la vitesse de l'air, la longueur du passage d'air et l'humidite relative initiale.
Safety concerns regarding ephedrine-type alkaloid-containing dietary supplements.

ABSTRACT Objectives: The U.S. Air Force has adopted a policy “strongly discourag(ing) the use of … ephedra.“ However, the literature regarding this topic is limited and widely opinioned. In light of growing public and medical debate over the safety and efficacy of ephedrine-type alkaloid-containing dietary supplements, a review of the literature and assessment of the data were accomplished. Methods: Studies regarding Ma Huang, ephedra, ephedrine-type alkaloids, ephedrine, and dietary supplements were reviewed (from databases Medline, HealthSTAR, CINAHL, Cochrane Clinical Trials Database). Food and Drug Administration and Government Accounting Office documents (including reports and interagency communications) were reviewed. Results: Significant manufacturing quality control issues exist. Few studies support their efficacy or safety. Weight loss and athletic performance appear to be only modestly improved, for short durations, in the setting of large numbers of (some serious) adverse event reports. Studies...
Opinion convergence in agent networks

We empirically investigated the dynamics of opinion adaption on random networks, scale-free networks and regular lattice structures where agents adopt the opinion held by the majority of their direct neighbors only if the fraction of these exceed a certain laggard threshold [1]. We observed that either due to initial random distribution of opinion to agents or through opinion adaptation in the first few iterations, isolated pockets of agents with a different opinion than those of the surrounding population form and are sustained. Such population configurations thereafter converge to mixed or heterogeneous states. For certain values of the laggard threshold, we also observe a phase of uncertain convergence: for identical system parameters, the population will converge to homogeneous opinions whose value may be different for different random initializations. We identify the regions of consistent homogeneous convergence, heterogeneous convergence and uncertain homogeneous convergence for different values of the laggard threshold.
Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Research: Advocating for Patient-Subjects

A version of this paper was first delivered March 15, 2001 at a symposium on legal and ethical issues and conflicts of interest in clinical research at Widener University School of Law. It is intended for lawyers, physicians, clinical scientists, and others interested in human subject research. The article begins by stating broadly that there is a conflict of interest whenever researchers or an institution stand to benefit financially from the enrollment of patients in a clinical trial. The first part of the article offers a brief history of the protections offered to human subjects of research from the 1940s to the present, setting forth the premise that clinical research, although improved, still presents ethical problems and that conflicts of interest play a significant role. The second section looks at the doctor-patient relationship and the notion of informed consent, noting that the consent process for clinical trials is plagued by misconceptions and confusions on the part of patients. Regarding patients' awareness and understanding of conflicts of interest, the article points out that even if a researcher's conflict of interest were disclosed to patient-subjects, which such conflicts generally are not, most patient-subjects would not be able to reasonably assess the impact the conflict might have on subject enrollment or subsequent treatment. The third section focuses on the limitations of Institutional Review Boards, and the limits of institutional policies. The fourth section proposes some first steps to solve the conflict of interest problem, and asserts that until steps are taken to correct the current situation, clinical research will proceed in an ethically problematic atmosphere.
Water as a Bioactivator and Probe of DNA Structure: Investigation by Laser Raman Spectroscopy

The water molecule may be regarded as the quintessential ‘inorganic bioactivator’ of DNA or RNA. Here we consider the use of laser Raman spectroscopy to examine the role of water in stabilizing equilibrium structures of nucleic acids. Both high frequency (3000–4000 cm-1) and low frequency (0–300 cm-1) regions of the DNA vibrational spectrum provide information which can be correlated with adsorbed and bulk water molecules, and with effects of H2O upon DNA conformation. New correlations between the Raman frequencies of DNA and the macromolecular conformation are presented and tabulated with previously established correlations. A second objective of this paper is to demonstrate the power of the Raman method to monitor the dynamics of interaction between solvent water molecules and specific purine sites along the grooves of the DNA double helix. Solvent-mediated isotope exchanges of DNA purines (8C deuterations) may be accurately and quantitatively discriminated by means of Raman optical multichannel analysis to provide a sensitive probe of structural micro-heterogeneity in DNA.
Poverty and Conflict: A Self-Perpetuating Cycle in the Somali Regional State (Region 5), Ethiopia: 1960-2010

Region 5 is one of the most impoverished and insecure regions of Ethiopia. For decades, the region has suffered from a multitude of armed conflicts involving state and non-state actors. Region 5 is also one of the most underserved states of Ethiopia with some of the lowest levels of human development indicators nationwide. Although the adversities of poverty and conflict are widely acknowledged in their own respect, there has been little or no inquest into why poverty and conflict have prevailed under the same space for decades. Poverty and conflict have often been seen as separate phenomena that are dealt with using different sets of theories and practices in the real world. Nonetheless, a closer look at poverty and conflict in Region 5 reveals that both are strongly connected to each other. The poverty-conflict trap has been an on-going cycle in the region for the last five decades. The main intent of this research paper is analyzing the two-way relationship between poverty and conflict in Region 5. By studying this relationship, this analysis seeks to contribute to a new framework that brings peacebuilding and development closer. Poverty and Conflict ii
Understanding Changes in Attitudes Toward Suicide Between 1980s and 2010s in the United States

Objectives This study examines individual characteristics associated with suicide acceptability in the United States and how (1) effects of these characteristics on attitudes have changed over time and (2) the degree to which shifts in attitudes are explained by changes in population characteristics. Methods We use General Social Survey (GSS) data from the 1980s (n = 4,840) and 2010s (n = 5,607) and conduct an Oaxaca decomposition. Results Although Americans remain largely unaccepting of suicide, except in the case of incurable disease, a greater percentage found suicide to be acceptable in 2010s than in 1980s. Individuals who are male, white, more educated, less religious, and more politically liberal find suicide more acceptable. Changes over time in population composition (e.g., rising education levels and declines in religion) account for about 50 percent of the rise in suicide acceptability between 1980s and 2010s. Conclusions Results hint at shifting societal patterns, but the causal direction between attitudes and behavior cannot be determined.
Intraluminal Delivery of Simvastatin Attenuates Intimal Hyperplasia After Arterial Injury.

Introduction:Oral statins reduce intimal hyperplasia (IH) after arterial injury by only ∼25%. Alternative drug delivery systems have gained attention as carriers for hydrophobic drugs. We studied t...
Leadership Reflections: Who Are Your Peeps?

Leaders need to surround themselves with colleagues, mentors, and individuals who will support, challenge, and encourage development. Forming a network will aid a library leader in their individual...
Health Spillovers among Military Spouses: Evidence from Active Duty, Veteran, and Surviving Spouses

Using three subsamples from the 2010 National Survey of Veterans (Westat 2010), this study explores health spillovers—the effects of the experience of one person on the health of another—from service personnel to their spouses. Regression models point to broad and substantial spillovers, occurring over multiple stages of a military career. The spouses of active duty personnel report worse health relative to those living with a veteran, and this difference in health is comparable to the well-established effect of widowhood on health. In addition, the health of military spouses declines when their spouses suffer from service-connected disabilities. There is no evidence that the widowhood effect is larger when the death is service-connected, nor is there evidence that caring for a disabled spouse is more detrimental when it happens at younger ages, a common situation among military spouses. Nonetheless, the health of military spouses is impacted by an assortment of spillovers related indirectly and directly to military service, and occurring both among those married to active personnel and those married to veterans.
Methylated DNA markers (MDMs) in primary (pCRC) and metastatic colorectal cancers (mCRC).

3599Background: Existing tools for post-treatment CRC surveillance and monitoring are insensitive and expensive. MDMs are broadly informative for early detection of CRC but have not been extensivel...
MORPHOLOGICAL SUBSTRATES FOR THE EYE MOVEMENT RELATED ACTIVITY OF PREPOSITUS NEURONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the morphological substrates for the eye movement related activity of prepositus neurons. The chapter discusses an experiment in which a total of 0.05–0.2 μl of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were injected into the prepositus in a series of injections in nine cats. The result of the experiment showed that a large number of labeled cells were located in the perihypoglossal nuclei. The contralateral intercalatus nucleus and the lateral parts of the contralateral prepositus were particularly heavily labeled. All the major subdivisions of the vestibular nuclei contained labeled cells bilaterally, although the majority was in the medial and descending subdivisions. The total number of vestibular neurons labeled was second only to the number labeled in the perihypoglossal nuclei. Most of the labeled cells in the reticular formation were located in the contralateral medullary reticular formation, the ipsilateral paramedian pontine reticular formation, the ipsilateral interstitial nucleus of Cajal, and; the ipsilateral rostral interstitial nucleus of the MLF; areas which have been shown to contain neurons whose activity was related to eye movements.
The Use of Gel Electrofocusing in the Analysis of Hemoglobins

In 1949, Pauling and his colleagues demonstrated that hemoglobin from patients with sickle cell anemia had an abnormal mobility on moving boundary electrophoresis. The discovery of sickle hemoglobin launched the rapidly developing field of “molecular diseases.“ In the last 25 years over 250 other human hemoglobin variants have been reported. Studies on human and animal hemoglobins have provided valuable insights into such diverse topics as population genetics, molecular evolution, gene regulation, protein synthesis, physiology of oxygen transport, and the behavior of allosteric proteins.
Reservoir Characterization of Qadirpur Gas Field, Central Indus Basin, Pakistan

Due to the growing exigency for petroleum worldwide, scientists are trying to explore more and more hydrocarbon resources by employing geological and geophysical techniques. The leading purpose of well log analysis is to convert log data into petrophysical properties in a reservoir. The Qadirpur gas field was discovered by the Oil and Gas Development Company Limited (OGDCL) Pakistan in 1990 in the Central Indus Basin which consists of three main units, i.e., Punjab Platform, Suleiman Depression and Suleiman Fold Belt. The potential source rock is Sember Formation, but shales of Mughalkot, Ranikot and Sirkif Formations are also considered as potential source rock. Sui Main Limestone and Sui Upper Limestone are the main reservoir rocks. About 25 wells have been drilled for extensive development of the field. The main outcomes of the proposed petrophysical analysis in this study will examine reservoir properties within the Qadirpur gas field. This research study will assist to estimate original gas in place of reservoir.
SA–Based PMU Network Upgrade for Detectability of GPS Spoofing Attacks

Synchrophasor availability-based (SA–based) optimal PMU placement [1] has been developed to meet any specified long-run data availability profile across all buses in a power system in addition to providing synchrophasor observability, despite, for example, communication interruptions. In this paper, we impose a local detectability condition to the SA–based PMU placement problem to ensure that the resulting placement can also detect a GPS spoofing attack on any PMU using only a partial transmission circuit bordered by some PMUs, including the attacked PMU. The partial circuit is called a partition resulting from the application of a partition algorithm reported in [2] specific to the placement solution. Upon placement and partition, the performance of a proposed detection and isolation algorithm of GPS spoofing attacks is evaluated under different attack scenarios for the IEEE 300-bus system, including coordinated attacks, and the results are reported in this work.
Prophylactic Peritoneal Dialysis After the Arterial Switch Operation: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background Fluid overload contributes to poor outcomes after neonatal cardiac surgery. The optimal strategy to mitigate fluid overload related morbidity is unknown. The utility of prophylactic peritoneal dialysis remains controversial. We aimed to assess the impact of prophylactic peritoneal dialysis on outcomes and hypothesized that prophylactic dialysis would be associated with less fluid overload and improved outcomes in neonates undergoing the arterial switch operation. Methods A single-center retrospective analysis of 41 consecutive neonates between June 2010 and March 2016 undergoing the arterial switch operation was performed. Fluid balance and other outcomes were compared between those who received peritoneal dialysis (n = 25) and those who did not (n = 16). Results Demographics were similar between groups, except cardiopulmonary bypass duration, which was significantly longer in the dialysis group (125 ± 20 minutes) compared with the no dialysis group (109 ± 15 minutes; P = .01). Median time to dialysis initiation was 9.1 hours (interquartile range, 7 to 9.8) and median time to termination from cardiac intensive care unit admission was 58.7 hours (interquartile range, 44 to 76.1). Cumulative fluid balance in the dialysis group was significantly more negative compared with the no dialysis group across all 7 postoperative days. In the multivariable analysis, use of dialysis was associated with a 42% reduction in hours of mechanical ventilation (relative risk 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.4 to 0.85; P Conclusions Prophylactic peritoneal dialysis after the arterial switch operation is associated with improved postoperative outcomes without increased hospital costs (Graphical Abstract).
Effects of improvement: ƒπ and mq

We present a study of the effects of improvement on light-quark physics using the Fermilab formalism. The calculations were performed at three different lattice spacings, with the SW action and traditional Wilson action (both tadpole improved). We find that O(a) effects for the decay constant ƒπ and quark mass mq can be successfully removed using the tadpole-improved SW action in the light-quark regime.
Autoantibodies in Early Detection of Breast Cancer.

In spite of the progress made in treatment and early diagnosis, breast cancer remains a major public health issue, worldwide. Although modern image-based screening modalities have significantly improved early diagnosis, around 15-20% of breast cancers still go undetected. In underdeveloped countries, lack of resources and cost concerns prevent implementing mammography for routine screening. Non-invasive, low cost, blood-based markers for early breast cancer diagnosis would be an invaluable alternative that would complement mammography screening. Tumor-specific autoantibodies are excellent biosensors that could be exploited to monitor disease-specific changes years before disease onset. While clinically informative autoantibody markers for early breast cancer screening are yet to emerge, progress has been made in the development of tools to discover and validate promising autoantibody signatures. This review focuses on the current progress towards the development of autoantibody-based early screening markers for breast cancer.
Bats and Viruses. Current Research and Future Trends.

Book reviews express the opinions of the individual authors regarding the value of the book's content for Journal of Wildlife Diseases readers. The reviews are subjective assessments and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the editors, nor do they establish any official policy of the Wildlife Disease Association.
Evaluation of one exotic Furdui type series

This is a closed form evaluation of one interesting alternating series whose value is a combination of three mathematical constants, Pi, log 2, and Zeta (3).
Sustainability Governance Across Time and Space: Connecting Environmental Stewardship in the Firm with the Global Community

To differentiate ecosystem management, three models of firm-level environmental stewardship are paired with three types of trust, which serve as informal governance mechanisms. The interconnectedness of organizational fields and the influence of intertemporality and interspatiality (time and space) are key dynamics in developing decentralized networks as an approach for linking firms, organizational fields, and global sustainability efforts. Interviews with 18 firms, government agencies, and nonprofit-making organizations from Japan and the USA are utilized to discuss the key concepts in the paper. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Incomplete penetrance and the ascertainment of recessive characters in man. I. Introduction and distribution theory.

Abstract A model of incomplete penetrance is presented. It is based on the assumption that the trait of interest is inherited as an autosomal recessive and that the manifestation or otherwise of the homozygous state depends on environmental factors which operate on all people in the community from which the sample is drawn independently and at uniform risk, p . It also takes into consideration the well-known effects of ascertainment bias. Probability generating functions are derived together with the first two moments for the proportion of affected offspring of all three mating patterns, when ascertainment is complete and when it is single. The matter of ascertainment in a sequence of steps at different levels of sensitivity is also discussed and while the model for complete ascertainment resulting is very complex, it is pointed out that for single ascertainment there are no added complications. Later papers will deal with the statistical aspects of this problem.
Purification and characterization of crotonase from Clostridium acetobutylicum.

Abstract An enzyme catalyzing the reversible hydration of crotonylCoA has been obtained in homogeneous form from Clostridium acetobutylicum. The bacterial hydrase has a molecular weight of 158,000 ± 3,000 as determined by sedimentation equilibrium. In contrast, the enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 43,000 in 6 m guanidine hydrochloride in either the presence or absence of reducing agent. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate yields a molecular weight of 40,000, also about one-fourth that of the native enzyme. Unlike bovine liver crotonase, the bacterial enzyme is specific for short chain fatty acyl-CoA substrates and is sensitive to high concentrations of crotonyl-CoA. It requires a complete coenzyme A thioester substrate for efficient catalysis. It is concluded that crotonase from C. acetobutylicum is composed of 4 subunit polypeptide chains, with each chain containing about 370 residues devoid of any attached carbohydrate, and that the 4 subunits of the native enzyme are combined through noncovalent interactions. There are, however, a number of similarities between the bacterial and mammalian enzymes, which suggest that the two may be structurally related.
Catadioptric Projective Geometry

Catadioptric sensors are devices which utilize mirrors and lenses to form a projection onto the image plane of a camera. Central catadioptric sensors are the class of these devices having a single effective viewpoint. In this paper, we propose a unifying model for the projective geometry induced by these devices and we study its properties as well as its practical implications. We show that a central catadioptric projection is equivalent to a two-step mapping via the sphere. The second step is equivalent to a stereographic projection in the case of parabolic mirrors. Conventional lens-based perspective cameras are also central catadioptric devices with a virtual planar mirror and are, thus, covered by the unifying model. We prove that for each catadioptric projection there exists a dual catadioptric projection based on the duality between points and line images (conics). It turns out that planar and parabolic mirrors build a dual catadioptric projection pair. As a practical example we describe a procedure to estimate focal length and image center from a single view of lines in arbitrary position for a parabolic catadioptric system.
Chapter 5A Initiation mechanisms: The contact activation system in plasma

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes some current biochemical information and presents several integrated hypotheses for the explanation of the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for activation of the contact system of plasma. The discovery of plasma proteins involved in contact activation reactions has been based on finding human plasmas deficient in specific plasma proteins. It appears that four plasma proteins are involved in normal contact activation reactions—namely, (1) factor XII, (2) factor XI, (3) plasma prekallikrein, and (4) high MW kininogen. The most readily observed property of plasmas deficient in contact activation proteins is the markedly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time. The three major roles of negatively charged surfaces include: (1) to induce a structural change in factor XII such that surface-bound factor XII is highly susceptible to proteolytic activation, (2) to promote high MW kininogen-dependent interactions between factor XII and prekallikrein that result in reciprocal proteolytic activation of each molecule, and (3) to promote the high MW kininogen-dependent activation of factor XI by surface-bound α -factor XII a .
Democracy and the policy sciences

The policy sciences approach has recently came under sustained criticism for being insensitive to the values and preferences of the ordinary citizen. This paper attempts to address these problems by outlining a post-positivist approach, drawing upon the works of Jurgen Habermas. The paper proposes a “participatory policy analysis” that utilizes a sampling of affected citizens to create a “policy forum” to inform the policymaker of citizens' positions on important policy issues.
Microstructural Assessment of Copper Friction Stir Welds

Friction stir welding (FSW) of electrolytic tough pitch copper plates was conducted using a conventional CNC milling machine. The microstructure evolution of the weld was correlated with the process parameters used in the study and in conjunction with increasing temperatures during processing. When the optimum process parameters were achieved, a sound weld joint was obtained. The weldments were evaluated by microstructural analysis, using optical and scanning electron microscopes, and in terms of mechanical properties. At early stages of FSW and/or when using less than optimum welding parameters low temperatures result, metal does not plasticize effectively producing defects, such as large cavities, porosity, and poor bonding, due to the lack of plasticized material. Cavities were found at the advancing region of the weld, and in this area the finest grains were observed from the entire weld. The cavities were reduced, and the grain size increased further along in the weld as the temperature increased also. The typical weld nugget found in the friction stir welding of other metals was not observed in this case. Dynamic recrystallization was observed in the "stirred zone" of the weld; considering that the strain rate in this region was the same in all three cases, the difference in grain size was attributed to the differences in process temperature.
Health Practices and Indices of a Poor Urban Population in Indonesia Part I: Patterns of Health Service Utilization

This first section in a two-part study of health indices and practices among residents living in a Jakarta slum describes the use of public and private primary health care services in relation to socioeconomic and health status. As problems associated with urban poverty rapidly increase in developing countries, it is important to study the ethnic and economic diversity which exists in slums and shanty towns: results of such studies should inform the development of effective strategies for outreach and service delivery. Through a survey of 690 mothers and 593 children, we found that 1) poorer residents were more likely than relatively affluent ones to rely on local government clinics (posyandus) for primary health care; 2) regular posyandu users were more likely than non-users to be fully immunized and to use ORT correctly; 3) delivery in hospital was common among all residents, but especially among the more affluent; and 4) prevalence of contraception was high and not associated with socioeconomic status or type of primary health care service used. Strengthening primary health care services at the government's local health posts could benefit all groups in the community if wealthier residents participated more in the posyandus. Standards of care in the private sector should also be improved.
Serum Proteomic Patterns Associated With Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Children

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a major public health problem affecting approximately 2% to 3% of children. However, snoring, the cardinal symptom of OSA, affects at least 5-fold more children, such that evaluation by overnight polysomnography (ONP) is required for the diagnosis. ONP is laborious, expensive, and relatively unavailable to children. Proteomic mass spectrometry coupled with bioinformatic tools provide valuable means for discovery of new biomarkers in serum for a variety of human disorders. The possibility exists that snoring children with and without OSA may exhibit different protein expression profiles in serum that could be useful in the development of novel diagnostic tools for this condition. The proteomic patterns of 20 children with OSA and of 20 children with habitual primary snoring but no evidence of OSA (HS) were evaluated using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS). Linear discriminative analysis identified three differentially regulated proteins with molecular masses of 5896, 3306, 6068 Da that were capable of diagnosing OSA with 93% sensitivity and 90% specificity. Thus, the proteomic signatures of sera from children with OSA differ from those of HS who do not fulfill the current criteria for treatment. Identification and sequencing of those differentially expressed proteins discovered through proteomic strategies may lead to future development of serum-based diagnostic tests for OSA in snoring children.
Fate of US and Canadian combustion nitrogen emissions

While approximately 7.5 × 1012 grams (7.5 Tg) of combustion nitrogen are emitted yearly in the United States and Canada1–3, only 1.5–2.3 Tg are deposited as acid rain over that same region4–6. Past nitrogen budget estimates4,10 as well as recent observations11 suggest that dry deposition and export play major roles. Here we report how the yearly accumulated deposition and transport of combustion nitrogen is simulated for the first time by a global transport model with realistic meteorology. The model predicts that dry deposition over the United States and Canada accounts for at least 2.1 and most probably 3.5 Tg of the emissions. The remainder is exported, principally over the North Atlantic. But at most 0.2 Tg, less than 3% of the estimated European emissions4, is predicted to reach Europe from North America. Furthermore, the model predicts that, while less than 40% of the nitrogen deposited as acid rain in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada comes from emissions in that region, almost all of the dry-deposited nitrogen and over half of the total acid nitrogen deposition comes from there.
Storage and later recognition of exemplars of concepts

Abstract This paper concerns the problem of abstraction: whether when we encounter several exemplars of a concept, we retain only the abstracted concept, only the exemplars, or both. Although many studies concur that both are stored, a recent article argued strongly that only the abstracted concept is stored. The present study, aimed at replication of this recent finding, follows the earlier procedural details but adds appropriate controls and uses simpler material. A set of 24 exemplars of four concepts, in the form of four-tuples of letters and numbers, was presented to Ss who, after presentation, rated a larger set of exemplars for recognition. One group of Ss experienced the conceptual exemplars; control group Ss experienced items that were similar in composition but not exemplars of a concept. Two major results appeared: Unlike the study on which this was based, all Ss were able to distinguish those items that were originally experienced from those that were not. And, the more completely an exemplar fit the concept (the longer the item), the more confident the S was that it had been presented. In contrast, in the control condition, the longer the item, the more confident the S was that it had not been presented earlier. Two models are described to account for these results. One is based on the S's initial storage of the exemplars in a concept-plus-correction format; the other is based on a procedure whereby the S can make recognition judgments without having previously abstracted and retained the concepts.
Cover Crops for Saline Soils

A 3-year study was conducted in the Central Valley of California to evaluate 125 prospective winter-growing cover crops for growth and nitrogen productivity in saline soils. Soil saturation paste electrical conductivities (ECes) in the surface 15 cm averaged 7dS m -1 at fall planting and 5.3 dS m -1 at spring harvest dates of each experiment. Species evaluated varied substantially in plant height. In general, the tallest plants were the Brassica species, which consistently grew to over 1.4m. Annual grasses (barley, rye, triticale and wheat) averaged about 1.0-1.3 m in each year. Of the legume species screened, heights were greatest for Hedysarum coronarium, Trifolium alexandrium, Vicia spp., and Medicago polymorpha and truncatula, averaging 59, 47, 39, 38 and 37 cm, respectively, over all experiments. About one third of the species screened produced crop cover in excess of 90% in each year. Groups of plants with consistently high crop cover percentages included various species/accessions of Brassica, Hedysarum, annual grasses, cool-season annual medics, Medicago polymorpha and Medicago truncatula, and two annual clovers, Trifolium alexandrium cv 'Multicut' and rose clover, Trifolium hirtum cv 'Hykon.' Total above-ground plant dry weights were highest for Brassica spp., which produced twice as much biomass as the annual grass species, and roughly four times as much dry matter as any of the legume species. Hedysarum, Lana and Namoi woolypod vetch, purple vetch, berseem clover, and several of the annual medic species consistently had the highest biomass among the legumes.
Agents related to a potent activator of the acetylcholine receptor of Electrophorus electricus.

Abstract The synthesis of a number of compounds related to trans -3,3′-bis[α-(trimethylammonium)methyl]azobenzene dibromide ( trans -3,3′-BisQ) (1)∗ is described. Among the compounds are: [ 14 C]- trans -3,3′-BisQ (1)∗ diiodide, cis -3,3′-BisQ (2)∗ dibromide, the trans -2,2′ (7)∗ and 4,4′ (11)∗ isomers of BisQ, 2,2′, (12)∗, 3,3′ (13)∗ and 4,4′ (14)∗ isomers of bis-benzyldimethylammonium analogues, and related compounds in which the azo bridge between the two aromatic rings is replaced by diketo and amide bridges. Of them all, trans -3,3′-BisQ (1)∗ was the most active cholinergic compound in the electroplax system of Electrophorus electricus; the pure cis isomer (2)∗ was without activity. Intermediate activities were found for some of the other compounds and others were inhibitors. The relationship of the structure of these agents to a proposed conformation and topography of the binding site of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is discussed.