cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER 5 – Coupled Nonlinear Stochastic Differential Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses coupled nonlinear stochastic differential equations. It presents the coupled Riccati equations with nonlinear interaction terms and a nonconstant coefficient. It is interesting to observe, for the special case of coupled Riccati equations, how both of the concurrent solutions, u and v, depend nonlinearly on the simultaneous initial conditions, μ and v, thus suggesting nonlinear superposition formulas. The chapter also illustrates the generalization to n coupled stochastic differential equations.
TorPolice: Towards enforcing service-defined access policies in anonymous systems

Tor is the most widely used anonymity network, currently serving millions of users each day. However, there is no access control in place for all these users, leaving the network vulnerable to botnet abuse and attacks. For example, criminals frequently use exit relays as stepping stones for attacks, causing service providers to serve CAPTCHAs to exit relay IP addresses or blacklisting them altogether, which leads to severe usability issues for legitimate Tor users. To address this problem, we propose TorPolice, the first privacy-preserving access control framework for Tor. TorPolice enables abuse-plagued service providers such as Yelp to enforce access rules to police and throttle malicious requests coming from Tor while still providing service to legitimate Tor users. Further, TorPolice equips Tor with global access control for relays, enhancing Tor's resilience to botnet abuse. We show that TorPolice preserves the privacy of Tor users, implement a prototype of TorPolice, and perform extensive evaluations to validate our design goals.
Scalable image informatics

Abstract Images and video play a major role in scientific discoveries. Significant new advances in imaging science over the past two decades have resulted in new devices and technologies that are able to probe the world at nanoscales to planetary scales. These instruments generate massive amounts of multimodal imaging data. In addition to the raw imaging data, these instruments capture additional critical information—the metadata—that include the imaging context. Further, the experimental conditions are often added manually to such metadata that describe processes that are not implicit in the instrumentation metadata. Despite these technological advances in imaging sciences, resources for curation, distribution, sharing, and analysis of such data at scale are still lacking. Robust image analysis workflows have the potential to transform image-based sciences such as biology, ecology, remote sensing, materials science, and medical imaging. In this context, this chapter presents BisQue, a novel eco-system where scientific image analysis methods can be discovered, tested, verified, refined, and shared among users on a shared, cloud-based infrastructure. The vision of BisQue is to enable large-scale, data-driven scientific explorations. The following sections will discuss the core requirements of such an architecture, challenges in developing and deploying the methods, and will conclude with an application to image recognition using deep learning.
Laser treatment of cutaneous angiokeratomas: A systematic review

Angiokeratomas can present therapeutic challenges, especially in cases of extensive lesions, where traditional surgical methods carry high risks of scarring and hemorrhage. Argon, pulsed dye (PDL), neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), copper vapor, potassium titanyl phosphate, carbon dioxide, and erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) lasers have emerged as alternative options. To review the use and efficacy of lasers in treating angiokeratomas. A PubMed search identified randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, case series, and case reports involving laser treatment of cutaneous angiokeratomas. Twenty-five studies were included. Quality ratings were assigned using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine scheme. Several laser modalities are effective in treating multiple variants of angiokeratomas. Vascular lasers like PDL, Nd:YAG, and argon are the most studied and of these, PDL offers the safest side effect profile. Nd:YAG may be more effective for hyperkeratotic angiokeratomas. Combination treatment with multiple laser modalities has also demonstrated some success. Lasers are a promising treatment option for angiokeratomas, but current use is limited by the lack of treatment guidelines. There are limited high quality studies comparing laser treatments to each other and to non-laser options. Additional studies are needed to establish guidelines and to optimize laser parameters.
Reports on Some Superconducting Materials Companies in the United States

In order to get a picture of the current state of superconducting wire manufacturing in the U.S., the editors asked some of the manufacturers to briefly review their companies’ materials programs. The reports which follow have been slightly edited and represent the viewpoint of a representative of the company described. Note that there are other manufacturers of superconductivity wire in the U.S. Thus, the report which follows is not meant to be either exhaustive or to imply any special or unique qualification of the companies. The four companies which have submitted summaries are Airco, Inc.; Intermagnetics General Corporation; Supercon, Inc.; and Teledyne Wah Chang.
Pleural mechanics and the pathophysiology of air leaks

Abstract Pleural air leaks and pneumothorax are common problems in intensive care and thoracic surgical care. The physiology of transpulmonary pressure and lung compliance can provide insights into the practical management of the pleural space in patients with a pneumothorax or pleural air leak. In both spontaneously breathing and mechanically ventilated patients, a pneumothorax is associated with increased pleural pressures and decreased lung volumes. A chest tube and pleural suction can normalize pleural pressure and restore tidal ventilation. In addition to evacuating the pneumothorax, the chest tube provides an opportunity to observe pleural pressure variations and note physiologic changes in the respiratory system. Chest tubes as well as intraoperative maneuvers can facilitate visceral-parietal pleural apposition and pleural healing. Clinical measurements of pleural pressure, airway pressure and air flow provide important data for guiding intraoperative and perioperative patient management.
HIGH WALL SHEAR STRESS IN THE PROXIMAL SEGMENTS OF HEMODYNAMICALLY SIGNIFICANT CORONARY LESIONS IS INDEPENDENTLY PREDICTIVE OF SUBSEQUENT MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A MECHANISTIC SUB-STUDY OF THE FAME II TRIAL

Coronary lesions with low fractional flow reserve (FFR) are associated with higher rates of revascularization but not myocardial infarction (MI). High wall shear stress (WSS) has been associated with increased plaque vulnerability. We hypothesized that in patients with stable CAD and low FFR, high
Pressure-temperature phase diagrams of CaK(Fe 1 -x Ni x ) 4 As 4 superconductors

The pressure dependence of the magnetic and superconducting transitions and that of the superconducting upper critical field are reported for $\mathrm{CaK}{({\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{x})}_{4}{\mathrm{As}}_{4}$, the first example of an Fe-based superconductor with spin-vortex-crystal-type magnetic ordering. Resistance measurements were performed on single crystals with two substitution levels $(x=0.033,0.050)$ under hydrostatic pressures up to 5.12 GPa and in magnetic fields up to 9 T. Our results show that, for both compositions, magnetic transition temperatures ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$ are suppressed upon applying pressure; the superconducting transition temperatures ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ are suppressed by pressure as well, except for $x=0.050$ in the pressure region where ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$ and ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ cross. Furthermore, the pressure associated with the crossing of the ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$ and ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ lines also coincides with a minimum in the normalized slope of the superconducting upper critical field, consistent with a likely Fermi-surface reconstruction associated with the loss of magnetic ordering. Finally, at $p\ensuremath{\sim}4$ GPa, both Ni-substituted $\mathrm{CaK}{({\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{x})}_{4}{\mathrm{As}}_{4}$ samples likely go through a half-collapsed-tetragonal phase transition, similar to the parent compound ${\mathrm{CaKFe}}_{4}{\mathrm{As}}_{4}$.
Studying Bypass Transition to Turbulence by Computer Simulation

Transition from laminar to turbulent flow is one of the more intriguing of fluid phenomena. It has been approached by instability theory. When transition proceeds from inflectional shear flow velocity profiles that is a sound conception. The breakdown to turbulence is the endpoint that evolves from initial instability waves. However, in boundary layers that scenario seems uncommon. Tollmein-Schlicting waves are rarely the precursors of transition, except in carefully controlled wind tunnel experiments. Tollmein-Schlichting waves have very small growth rates and are usually preempted by other mechanisms. External disturbances often initiate such processes. This scenario is then called bypass transition.
State of the Art: Laboratory Strength Testing of Soils

A review and evaluation of the advantages and limitations of laboratory equipment for measuring the shear strength of soils are presented. Equipment evaluated include direct shear, torsional shear, simple shear, triaxial,multiaxial (true triaxial), plane strain, hollow cylinder triaxial, and directional shear devices. The evaluation indicates that the impetus to obtain parameters for constitutive equations and modeling has resulted in the development of improved equipment and testing techniques; specifically, the development of multiaxial (true triaxial) and hollow cylinder triaxial test equipment. Although these devices are more versatile, the conventional solid cylinder triaxial test is still the most popular. The evaluation suggests that direct shear and simple shear devices are best utilized by designers who have gained experience applying the results from such tests to structures that have behaved satisfactorily. Proper consideration must be given to the effects of membrane penetration, end restraint saturation and consolidation procedures, and rates of loading in any testing program.
National patterns of care and cancer-specific outcomes of adjuvant treatment in patients with serous and clear cell endometrial carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives To investigate outcomes of adjuvant therapy for serous and clear cell endometrial carcinoma, as prior studies are limited by sample size and/or patient heterogeneity. National guidelines permit substantial variations in treatment, suggesting the need for additional data. Methods Patients with FIGO stages I–III serous or clear cell uterine carcinoma who underwent at least total hysterectomy were identified in SEER-Medicare. Adjuvant external beam radiation, brachytherapy, and chemotherapy were determined using SEER fields and Medicare claims. The primary outcome was death from endometrial cancer (cancer-specific mortality [CSM]) evaluated using Gray's test (univariable analysis, UVA) and Fine-Gray regression (multivariable analysis, MVA). Results A total of 1789 patients (1437 serous, 352 clear cell) were identified. In stages I–II patients (n = 1188), brachytherapy was significant for survival in UVA (P = 0.03) and MVA (P = 0.02). Additionally, in the subset with serous histology (n = 947), chemotherapy was also significant in UVA (P = 0.002) and approached significance in MVA (P = 0.05). The 4-year CSM for stages I–II serous cancers was 25% without brachytherapy or chemotherapy, 15% with one, and 9% with both (P ≤ 0.05 for all pairwise comparisons). In stage III patients (n = 601), chemotherapy was significant in UVA (P = 0.002) and MVA (P = 0.006). Most (81%) patients underwent lymph node dissection, which predicted lower CSM in stage III (P = 0.001) but not stages I–II patients. Conclusions Our results suggest brachytherapy benefits stages I–II serous/clear cell cancers, chemotherapy benefits stage III serous/clear cell cancers, and both chemotherapy and brachytherapy benefit stages I–II serous cancers.
Validating curricular competencies in innovation and entrepreneurship for biomedical research trainees: A modified Delphi approach.

Introduction:Biomedical researchers need skills in innovation and entrepreneurship (I&E) to efficiently translate scientific discoveries into products and services to be used to improve health.Methods:In 2016, the European Union identified and published 15 entrepreneurial competencies (EntreComp) for the general population. To validate the appropriateness of these competencies for I&E training for biomedical researchers and to identify program content, we conducted six modified Delphi panels of 45 experts (6–9 per panel). Participating experts had diverse experience, representing such fields as entrepreneurship, academic research, venture capital, and industry.Results:The experts agreed that all 15 EntreComp competencies were important for biomedical research trainees and no additional competencies were identified. In a two-round Delphi process, the experts identified 120 topics to be included in a training curriculum. They rated the importance of each topic using a 5-point scale from not at all important (1) to extremely important (5) for two student groups: entrepreneurs (those interested in starting their own ventures) and intrapreneurs (those wanting to be innovative and strategic within academia or industry). Consensus (mean importance score >4) was reached that 85 (71%) topics were of high importance for the curriculum. Four topics were identified by multiple panels for both student groups: resiliency, goal setting, team management, and communication skills.Conclusions:I&E training for biomedical trainees should address all 15 EntreComp competencies, including “soft skills,” and be flexible to accommodate the needs of trainees on different career trajectories.
Networks and Dynamics: The Structure of the World We Live In

Many complex networks of systems have structures with similar topological properties: e.g. clustering, small world effect, and scale free structure. The dynamics of a system – either static or dynamic – are effected by the topological structure of the underlying network. Some examples of static and dynamic systems that act on networks include social, epidemiological, and transportation systems. This chapter gives an introduction to the analysis of nonlinear dynamics as it applies to such systems.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health B Reader Certification Program-An Update Report (1987 to 2018) and Future Directions.

Objective The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) B Reader Program provides the opportunity for physicians to demonstrate proficiency in the International Labour Office (ILO) system for classifying radiographs of pneumoconioses. We summarize trends in participation and examinee attributes and performance during 1987 to 2018. Methods Since 1987, NIOSH has maintained details of examinees and examinations. Attributes of examinees and their examination performance were summarized. Simple linear regression was used in trend analysis of passing rates over time. Results The mean passing rate for certification and recertification for the study period was 40.4% and 82.6%, respectively. Since the mid-1990s, the number of B Readers has declined and the mean age and years certified have increased. Conclusions To address the declining B Reader population, NIOSH is currently taking steps to modernize the program and offer more opportunities for training and testing.
Phase I randomized single-blinded controlled study investigating the potential benefit of aerobic exercise in degenerative cerebellar disease:

Objectives:To investigate whether people with cerebellar degeneration can perform rigorous aerobic exercise and to assess the clinical impact of training.Design:Randomized single-blinded controlled...
Not inconceivable: knowledge-production, the arts, and the pre-history of a Puerto Rican artist, 1934–1882

This essay gives an account of the pre-history for Puerto Rican artist Raphael Montanez, Jr. (b. 1934), not by turning to his family tree or to his artistic and intellectual influences. Nor do I pr...
State Fiscal Policies for Budget Stabilization and Economic Growth: A Dynamic Scoring Analysis

Economic downturns expose unsustainable fiscal practices. Widespread fiscal crises create opportunities to compare policy options that address especially adverse circumstances, especially progrowth fiscal constraints that can stabilize state budgets over the business cycle. Our policy option assessments depart from the normal practice of assessing rules and policies independently. Our premise is that the fiscal policy mix determines its outcomes. We include dynamic scoring to provide a richer view of the policy interactions. In this article, we assess reforms that address fiscal stress issues. We were driven, in part, by our conviction that stable spending growth over the business cycle curbs fiscal stress-induced pressures to raise taxes and weaken caps on spending growth. To generalize our findings as much as possible, we apply our dynamic scoring model to California, Montana, and Utah—states familiar to us that span the blue state‐red state gamut, with Montana in the middle. Utah is “famously conservative” (Woo 2010), with one of the top business tax climates (Tax Foundation 2011). California’s response to fiscal stress included large tax hikes, which helped create one of the worst business climates. With fiscal data and dynamic scoring, we simulate the economic growth and fiscal effects of income tax rate reductions and
A novel discretization and numerical solver for non-fourier diffusion

We introduce the C-F diffusion model [Anderson and Tamma 2006; Xue et al. 2018] to computer graphics for diffusion-driven problems that has several attractive properties: (a) it fundamentally explains diffusion from the perspective of the non-equilibrium statistical mechanical Boltzmann Transport Equation, (b) it allows for a finite propagation speed for diffusion, in contrast to the widely employed Fick's/Fourier's law, and (c) it can capture some of the most characteristic visual aspects of diffusion-driven physics, such as hydrogel swelling, limited diffusive domain for smoke flow, snowflake and dendrite formation, that span from Fourier-type to non-Fourier-type diffusive phenomena. We propose a unified convection-diffusion formulation using this model that treats both the diffusive quantity and its associated flux as the primary unknowns, and that recovers the traditional Fourier-type diffusion as a limiting case. We design a novel semi-implicit discretization for this formulation on staggered MAC grids and a geometric Multigrid-preconditioned Conjugate Gradients solver for efficient numerical solution. To highlight the efficacy of our method, we demonstrate end-to-end examples of elastic porous media simulated with the Material Point Method (MPM), and diffusion-driven Eulerian incompressible fluids.
Sensing of COVID-19 Antibodies in Seconds via Aerosol Jet Nanoprinted Reduced-Graphene-Oxide-Coated 3D Electrodes.

Rapid diagnosis is critical for the treatment and prevention of diseases. An advanced nanomaterial-based biosensing platform that detects COVID-19 antibodies within seconds is reported. The biosensing platform is created by 3D nanoprinting of three-dimensional electrodes, coating the electrodes by nanoflakes of reduced-graphene-oxide (rGO), and immobilizing specific viral antigens on the rGO nanoflakes. The electrode is then integrated with a microfluidic device and used in a standard electrochemical cell. When antibodies are introduced on the electrode surface, they selectively bind with the antigens, changing the impedance of the electrical circuit which is detected via impedance spectroscopy. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 protein and its receptor-binding-domain (RBD) are detected at a limit-of-detection of 2.8 × 10-15 and 16.9 × 10-15 m, respectively, and read by a smartphone-based user interface. The sensor can be regenerated within a minute by introducing a low-pH chemistry that elutes the antibodies from the antigens, allowing successive sensing of test samples using the same sensor. Sensing of S1 and RBD antibodies is specific, which cross-reacts neither with other antibodies such as RBD, S1, and nucleocapsid antibody nor with proteins such as interleukin-6. The proposed sensing platform could also be useful to detect biomarkers for other infectious agents such as Ebola, HIV, and Zika.
The potential of using emoji instead of words when measuring emotions associated with food

Abstract Research shows that both emoji and word based questionnaires show information beyond liking measures alone. Prior research found that word based questionnaires were more discriminating than emoji when studying well liked products, suggesting their potential use with popular commercial products and for food product development. Based on limited evidence to date it is unclear if the emoji and word based questionnaires have a similar discriminative ability, although response format might have an impact. Another question is whether words or emoji show greater potential for more detailed evaluations with multiple related words. Emoji might have an advantage in cross cultural research where word translation is challenging. There are still relatively few studies that directly compare the two methods. Overall, we see the potential of using emoji in food-related emotion research and support the call of Jaeger, Vidal and Ares (2020) for more research on both word and emoji questionnaires.
A unified classification system for eukaryotic transposable elements should reflect their phylogeny.

A unified classification system for eukaryotic transposable elements should reflect their phylogeny
Coverage for Ill-Gotten Gains?Discussing the (Un)Insurability ofRestitution and Disgorgement

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 1078II. Background on Insurance Law 1081A. Insurance Contracts 1081B. D&O Policies 1083C. Scope of Coverage 1084D. Limitations on Coverage 10851. Restitution and Disgorgement 10852. Intentional Acts 10863. Punitive Damages 1088E. Interpretation of Insurance Contracts 1092F. Remedies in the Underlying Suit 1096III. Controversies Surrounding Coverage for Restitution and Disgorgement 1098A. The Problem 10981. Interpreting the Controversy Between Insurer Versus Insured 11002. The Definition of "Loss" 1102B. Case Law Addressing the Insurability of Restitution and Disgorgement 11031. Pre-Level 3 11042. Level 3 and the Interpretive Principle 11063. Post-Level 3 and Reactions to Level 3 1109C. Public Policy 1112D. Recent Problematic Cases 11141. J.P Morgan Securities Inc. v. Vigilant Insurance Co 11162. Cohen v. Lovitt & Touche, Inc 11193. Fidelity Bank v. Chartis Specialty Insurance Co 11234. William Beaumont Hospital v. FederalInsurance Co 11245. Where Does This Leave Us? 1126IV. What Do We Do About It? 1126A. Suggested Solutions 11281. The Third Restatement of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment 11282. Abandoning the Public Policy Rationale 11303. A Legislative Approach 11314. Insurance Policy Exclusions for Restitution and Disgorgement 1132V. Conclusion 11357. IntroductionOn June 11, 2013, the New York Court of Appeals ruled in favor of Bear Stearns & Co., Inc., a broker-dealer, denying Vigilant Insurance Company's motion to dismiss Bear Stearns' complaint.1 In J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. v. Vigilant Insurance Co.,2 Bear Stearns3 sought indemnification from Vigilant for approximately $140 million out of $160 million that Bear Stearns had paid to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as "disgorgement" in a settlement of market timing violations claims.4 Vigilant argued that, as a matter of public policy, Bear Stearns should not be entitled to indemnification for the $160 million disgorgement payment "because Bear Stearns enabled its customers to make millions through its trading tactics."5 The court rejected the insurer's public policy argument because Bear Stearns "did not share in the profits or benefits from the late trading, from which it received only $16.9 million in commissions."6 Because the SEC order did not conclusively refute Bear Stearns's allegations that approximately $140 million of the disgorgement payment represented the improper profits of its hedge fund customers, the insurers were not entitled to a dismissal of Bear Stearns's coverage claim. …
Higher Order Hybrid Invexity Frameworks and Discrete Multiobjective Fractional Programming Problems

Based on the higher order hybrid \((\varPhi ,\rho ,\eta ,\zeta ,\theta )-\)invexities, first some parametrically generalized sufficient efficiency conditions for multiobjective fractional programming are developed and then efficient solutions to the multiobjective fractional programming problems are established. Furthermore, the obtained results on sufficient efficiency conditions are generalized to the case of the \(\varepsilon -\)efficient solutions. The results thus obtained generalize and unify a wide spectrum of investigations on the theory and applications to the multiobjective fractional programming based on the hybrid \((\varPhi ,\rho ,\eta ,\zeta ,\theta )-\)invexity frameworks.
The scattered decomposition for finite elements

The solution of finite element problems with irregular geometries on a parallel computer of the hypercube type (MIMD, distributed memory) is considered. The technique of scattering the decomposition is found to be easy to implement and to effectively load balance the computation.
Financial Fragility and Contagion in Interbank Networks

In this paper I assess the resilience of different network topologies to an exogenous shock for varying degrees of financial integration, as defined by connectivity. Three different network configurations for the financial system are taken into consideration: random graphs, small world networks and scale free networks. These three network topologies are then stress-tested under four different scenarios: a benchmark case of no liquidity risk and random attack, the case of liquidity risk and two cases of targeted attack (one in a probabilistic sense, the other by setting into default the most connected institution). I find that both the topology and the scenario strongly affect the width of the contagion window and the severity of contagion itself. In particular I show how random graphs provide protection against targeted attacks, but they are particularly fragile to random attacks, while the scale free configuration is extremely fragile to targeted shocks, despite being resilient to random ones. For small world graphs I find instead that the only factor explaining contagion is the average degree, since no substantial difference is found among the four scenarios.
Evidence of a Functional Relationship between the Nucleus Accumbens Shell and Lateral Hypothalamus Subserving the Control of Feeding Behavior

Inhibition of neurons in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) with local injections of GABA agonists or glutamate antagonists elicits an intense, but specific, feeding response resembling that seen after stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH). To help characterize the contribution of the LH to the expression of AcbSh-mediated feeding, we used the immunohistochemical detection of the nuclear protein Fos to determine whether inhibition of AcbSh cells results in an activation of LH neurons. Injections of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol into the AcbSh greatly increased the number of cells exhibiting Fos-like immunoreactivity in the LH, as well as in the lateral septum, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra pars compacta, and nucleus of the solitary tract. Blocking activation of LH neurons with the selective NMDA receptor blocker D(-)-AP-5 is known to suppress deprivation-induced feeding. We found that injections of D(-)-AP5 into the LH also dose-dependently suppressed AcbSh-mediated feeding. It is likely that inhibition of GABAergic neurons in the AcbSh is responsible for eliciting this feeding. If a behaviorally relevant GABAergic projection terminates in the LH, we should be able to mimic the effects seen after inhibition of the projection neurons by applying a GABA receptor blocker to the area. However, injections of the GABA(A) receptor blocker bicuculline or the GABA(B) receptor blocker saclofen did not significantly affect food intake. Thus, it appears that the expression of the feeding response depends on an NMDA-preferring receptor-mediated activation of LH neurons and is not the result of disinhibiting LH cells by disrupting transmission at GABA synapses.
Analogies and Other Minds

The argument by analogy for other minds is customarily rejected as a weak inference because the argument is based on a single instance. The current paper argues that this objection fundamentally misunderstands the inferential structure of analogies and so misrepresents the role analogy plays in the justifycation of belief in other minds. Arguments by be uniquely suited to draw inferences from single instances. This defense does not remove all difficulties faced by the argument by analogy for other minds.
Genetic Control Of Murine Viral Leukemogenesis

Publisher Summary The question that whether the unit of malignancy is a gene, or an organism that grows in highly specialized protoplasmic environments, or a molecule that multiplies by virtue of integral chemical union with a molecule of protoplasm, remains unanswered. The question of whether leukemia in the mouse is caused by either genetic or viral mechanisms has taken on a new meaning with the recognition of host genetic constitution with the viral infection in leukemogenesis. The chapter covers the early studies of murine leukemia and the genetic control of friend virus susceptibility and naturally occurring leukemia viruses. It also discusses the h2 linked genetic control of leukemogenesis and the other genes responsible for leukemogenesis. Infection with ontogenic viruses is complex and malignancy is not an inevitable result of tumor virus infection; many specific events affect the interaction of leukemia virus with cells, leading to leukemogenesis.
When a Part Is as Good as the Whole

One of the biggest bacterial enzymes is RNA polymerase, which synthesizes all of the different types of RNA in bacteria. In their Perspective, [deHaseth and Nilsen][1] dissect new work ([ Young et al .][2]) that identifies the minimal portion of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase that is capable of inducing promoter melting, a critical step in the initiation of RNA synthesis. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/303/5662/1307 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/303/5662/1382
Systematics of "quasimolecular" resonances: A search for sub-Coulomb resonant structure in the reactions 14 N + 14 N and 9 Be + 12 C

A correlation between the absence of nonstatistical sub-Coulomb resonant structure in many reactions previously studied and the density of levels in the associated compound (or precompound) nucleus is noted and discussed in terms of the intermediate structure model of nuclear reactions. Such a correlation would predict the absence of structure in the $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ + $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ system, in disagreement with a previous measurement of excitation functions for the production of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ radiation. Excitation functions for the reactions $^{14}\mathrm{N}(^{14}\mathrm{N},p)^{27}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{14}\mathrm{N}(^{14}\mathrm{N},d)^{26}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{14}\mathrm{N}(^{14}\mathrm{N},\ensuremath{\alpha})^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$, $^{9}\mathrm{Be}(^{12}\mathrm{C},\ensuremath{\alpha})^{17}\mathrm{O}$, and $^{9}\mathrm{Be}(^{12}\mathrm{C},p)^{20}\mathrm{F}$ have been measured in the region of the Coulomb barrier in a search for resonance structure of the "quasimolecular" type observed in $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ scattering. The present measurements of excitation functions for charged-particle production in $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ + $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ do not exhibit any correlated resonances. The $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$ + $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ system at the Coulomb-barrier energy produces $^{21}\mathrm{Ne}$ in a region of excitation where the level density is relatively low and hence could be a reaction in which intermediate structure might be observed. The excitation functions measured for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle production show fluctuations, but with no apparent correlations.
Microstructure and annealing behaviour of cold-drawn isotactic polypropylene

Isotactic polypropylene tensile bars were cold-drawn at room temperature and subsequently annealed for various times at temperatures ranging from 50 to 155° C. The material was examined at room temperature in the as-drawn state at several stages of annealing. SAXS, density and mechanical loss data were obtained. Furthermore, thin films were cast. These films were drawn at −196° C and subsequently examined in the electron microscope at −120° C and at higher annealing temperatures. SAXS results for lower temperature annealing showed increases in the intensity of the small-angle Bragg hump with no change in position. High temperature annealing produced a very large intensity increase. In no case did the density of the material show a large increase. Electron microscopy indicated a microstructureless material in the as-drawn state. Annealing at low temperatures produced a fibrous morphology with no observable density modulation in the draw direction. High temperature annealing produced a lamellar microstructure with “normal”, stepwise density modulation. Dynamical mechanical loss curves exhibited no or little β relaxation, except after high temperature annealing. On the basis of these observations, a microstructural model is proposed. The model suggests a very highly defective crystal or paracrystal in the as-drawn state. Low temperature annealing promotes a fibrillar, fringed micellar morphology, in which “crystalline” and “amorphous” regions are not clearly delineated. At higher annealing temperatures, a lamellar, two-phase microstructure is produced.
Two Faces of Progress: Fairness and Flexibility in Arbitral Procedure

ARRANGED IN pairs, the biographies in Plutarch's Parallel Lives contrast great statesmen, orators and soldiers from the ancient Roman and Greek worlds.1 Cicero, the Roman orator, finds himself juxtaposed with his Greek counterpart, Demosthenes. The Roman general Caesar stands compared with the Hellenic military genius of Alexander. And so on. A comparative approach might also commend itself on how arbitrations are conducted in England. The relevant distinctions, however, lie not with noble individuals (although many giants of the profession remain active), but rather relate to legislative provisions. In particular, sections 34 and 68 of the Arbitration Act 1996 provide a prism through which to examine two significant themes in arbitration's legal framework.2 The first provision, section 34, emphasises arbitrator discretion in procedural matters. The arbitral tribunal decides all procedural and evidential matters, subject only to the parties’ right to agree otherwise. A non-exhaustive list of procedural matters includes language, the form of written statements of claim and defence, the extent of oral submissions, questions of document disclosure, and the application of rules of evidence. This discretion, however, must always be exercised in the shadow of section 68, which imposes constraints related to fundamental procedural fairness. Arbitral awards may be challenged for ‘serious irregularity’ and set aside if that irregularity results in substantial injustice. This control mechanism permits the judiciary to monitor aberrant arbitrator behaviour, with the aim of insuring a floor of procedural integrity in arbitration. These provisions work in tandem to present the two faces of progress in English arbitration law. One rejects parochial application of purely local procedures. The other aims to safeguard elemental due process. The text of section 34 is significant less for what it says than for what it does not say. The statute stipulates that ‘It shall be for the arbitral tribunal …
Cognitive–Behavioral Stress Management Interventions for Persons Living with HIV: A Review and Critique of the Literature

Background Psychological adjustment and coping are central to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) management. To improve HIV-infected patients’ ability to cope with stress, a variety of stress management interventions have been designed and evaluated.
Comparing structural, strategic, and feminist-informed family therapies: Two delphi studies

Abstract Two Delphi studies are compared to examine the similarities and differences inherent in structural, strategic and feminist-informed family therapies. The results of each study are summarized; their theoretical assumptions, goals of therapy, and therapeutic techniques are described. Common themes and basic incompatibilities between the approaches are highlighted. Recommendations for the field of family therapy are discussed.
Coprophagy Facilitates Horizontal Transmission of Bait Among Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

Baits offer several advantages over other insecticide formulations in the control of populations of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). However, they may fail to target certain life stages that feed only sparingly. Recently we have demonstrated that 1st instars are significantly more vulnerable to insecticidal baits when adults are present. By preventing adults or nymphs from eating bait we now conclude that adults translocate insecticide bait to the shelter, thus facilitatingahorizontaltransferoftheinsecticidetonymphs.Bytrackingbaitmovementwithatracer dye, we show that nymphs take up adult-delivered bait via coprophagy. An alternative hypothesis, that adults delivered novel food odors to nymphs thereby stimulating them to forage and eat bait, was experimentally rejected. Analysis of time-lapse video records showed that 1st instars foraged sparingly compared with 2nd instars and adults, indicating that direct ingestion of a remotely placed bait accounted for little, if any, mortality in 1st instars. The magnitude of coprophagy in 1st instars was related to the proximity of the food to their aggregation site; nymphs ate significantly more adult feces when food was far from the shelter. We conclude that aggregating 1st instars are relatively sedentary, and that they depend on conspecific foragers to deliver widely dispersed food. Innovative baiting strategies should therefore maximize forager-mediated translocation and delivery of slow- acting bait insecticides to inaccessible cockroach aggregations.
NUCLEAR DATA SHEETS FOR A = 200.

Abstract Detailed level schemes and the experimental reaction and decay data on which they are based are presented for all the nuclei with mass number A = 200. The experimental data are evaluated, inconsistencies and discrepancies are noted, adopted values for level and gamma energies, gamma intensities and other nuclear properties are given. Conclusions regarding spin assignments are presented.
Estimating Absolute Rates of Molecular Evolution and Divergence Times: A Penalized Likelihood Approach

Rates of molecular evolution vary widely between lineages, but quantification of how rates change has proven difficult. Recently proposed estimation procedures have mainly adopted highly parametric approaches that model rate evolution explicitly. In this study, a semiparametric smoothing method is developed using penalized likelihood. A saturated model in which every lineage has a separate rate is combined with a roughness penalty that discourages rates from varying too much across a phylogeny. A data-driven cross-validation criterion is then used to determine an optimal level of smoothing. This criterion is based on an estimate of the average prediction error associated with pruning lineages from the tree. The methods are applied to three data sets of six genes across a sample of land plants. Optimally smoothed estimates of absolute rates entailed 2- to 10-fold variation across lineages.
Books or Guards? Charter School Security Costs.

Little is known about the costs charter schools incur to foster security—a vexing phenomenon when one considers policymakers' and parents' seemingly high and growing want for school safety. Using data from the National Center for Education Statistics and Texas, we reveal how much charter schools spend on security, how they put these resources to use, and the extent to which spending differs between charter and traditional public schools. Our findings contribute to a sparse but important literature on how charters allocate resources generally, while also disaggregating an important, yet little understood, component of school spending.
Pedogenesis along a thermal gradient in a geothermal region of the southern Cascades, California

Abstract Hydrothermal alteration is an important soil forming factor in the vicinity of active volcanic centers, yet we are aware of no studies that have addressed the role of active fumaroles on soil development. This paper examines a soil developmental sequence of five pedons established across a thermal gradient (∼ 100 m) induced by an active fumarole in Lassen Volcanic National Park in the southern Cascades of California. The soil temperature gradient at the time of sampling ranged from 100 to 15 °C with a corresponding change in vegetation from barren areas near the fumarole, to pygmy conifer, conifer, and meadow (grasses and herbs) with increasing distance from the fumarole. The primary objectives of this study were to characterize morphological, chemical, and mineralogical soil properties across the thermal gradient, and document pedogenic processes within this exotic soil forming environment. Field morphological properties, standard soil characterization, soil solution chemistry and detailed mineralogical investigations were conducted. The hydrothermally altered parent material from which the soils formed was relatively clay-rich (18–48% clay) with a mineralogical composition dominated by mica–smectite, chlorite, and montmorillonite. Soils near the fumarole were strongly acidified (pH 6). High soil temperatures near the fumarole resulted in iron (hydr)oxides being primarily crystalline, while non-crystalline iron (hydr)oxides were generally dominant in the upper horizons of the non-thermal soils. Steam-heated alteration in the vicinity of the fumarole resulted in the transformation of the mica–smectite and chlorite to smectite, kaolinite, and alunite (KAl(SO 4 ) 2 ). A similar, but less intense alteration appeared in the conifer pedons resulting in both smectite and kaolinite as weathering products. The meadow pedon displayed the least alteration with appreciable mica–smectite and/or chlorite–smectite still present. There was no evidence of poorly crystalline aluminosilicates materials (e.g., allophane, imogolite) in any of the soils. The lack of vegetation establishment on soils near the fumarole appears to result primarily from the high soil temperatures (> 59 °C at 50 cm), with strong soil acidity (pH 3+ (generally > 10 cmol c kg − 1 ), low base saturation, and low nutrients further impairing soil fertility.
Pupil response to tropicamide following laser in situ keratomileusis.

Purpose To investigate the effect of corneal thinning after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) on the corneal penetration of topical eye medication. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Methods Laser in situ keratomileusis surgery was performed in 19 eyes of 10 patients enrolled in this prospective study. Measurements were made before surgery and 3 months postoperatively. After instillation of tropicamide 1%, the change in pupil size over time was measured with a Colvard pupillometer. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured with ultrasonic pachymetry before and 3 months after LASIK. The corneal epithelial condition was also examined by fluorescein dye staining. Results The mean CCT decreased significantly from 564 μm ± 33 (SD) before LASIK surgery to 514 ± 48 μm 3 months postoperatively ( P P =.0083, P =.0043, and P =.0144, respectively). The mean time to reach a pupil diameter of 6.0 mm decreased significantly from 14.4 ± 4.3 minutes in preoperative eyes to 11.5 ± 2.3 minutes in postoperative eyes ( P =.0281). Mild punctate corneal epithelial staining (fewer than 5 spots) were observed in 4 eyes at the 3-month postoperative examination. Conclusions Pupil dilation after tropicamide 1% instillation was significantly faster after LASIK surgery. Corneal thinning that resulted from LASIK enhanced corneal penetration of tropicamide 1%.
Effect of diabetes mellitus on response of the basilar artery to activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels.

Our goal was to determine whether responses of the basilar artery to activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels are altered during diabetes mellitus. We measured changes in diameter of the basilar artery in vivo in non-diabetic and diabetic rats (streptozotocin; 50–60 mg/kg i.p.) in response to activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels using aprikalim (RP 52891) and levcromakalim (BRL 38227). Aprikalim (1.0 μM) dilated the basilar artery in non-diabetic rats by27 ± 6%, but by only11 ±3% in diabetic rats (means±S.E.; P< 0.05). Levcromakalim (1.0 μM) dilated the basilar artery in non-diabetic rats by45 ± 11%, but by only20 ± 5% in diabetic rats (P < 0.05). Nitroglycerin (1.0 μM) dilated the basilar artery by20 ± 5% in non-diabetic rats and 17 ± 2% in diabetic rats (P < 0.05). Thus, impaired dilatation of pial arterioles in diabetic rats in response to aprikalim and levcromakalim is not related to a non-specific effect of diabetes mellitus on vasodilatation. The findings of the present study suggest that ATP-sensitive potassium channels are functional in the rat basilar artery in vivo and are altered during diabetes mellitus.
Predicting online purchase intentions for clothing products

Shopping online for clothing products is gaining in popularity. This study identified the dimensions of online shopping attributes and predictors of the intention to purchase clothes, jewelry, or accessories based on online shopping attributes and demographic variables. A mailing survey was conducted with 303 adults who had a computer at home and had access to the Internet in the USA. The perceived attributes of online shopping consisted of four factors: transaction/cost; incentive programs; site design; and interactivity. The transaction/cost factor and the incentive programs factor, along with demographic variables (gender, income and number of children), were important predictors in determining the intention to purchase clothing, jewelry, or accessories via the Internet. Incentive program also mediated the relationship between education level and online purchase intention. This study provides managerial implications for the future online marketing of clothing products.
Developing new manufacturing processes: A case study and model

Abstract New product requirements may be stimuli for initiating the development of improved tools and processes for manufacturing. Following a well-defined, flexible development methodology facilitates transforming these requirements into tools and processes. The need for enhanced fine-pitch solder interconnection in electronics manufacturing serves as a useful vehicle for viewing the application of one specific development methodology. A detailed description of this methodology is illustrated by following its implementation to achieve a solution for the fine-pitch solder interconnection problem: viz., forming reliable, cost-effective soldered interconnections between new, miniaturized electronic components and printed circuit board surfaces. The resulting attainment of an effective new tool and process set solving the manufacturing problem demonstrates the value of the methodology in the electronics industry. It also indicates its usefulness as a specific framework for empirical studies of future development activities in other industry settings.