cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculation of binding isotherms when ligand and receptor are in different volumes of distribution

Abstract An equation for the determination of the concentration of ligand bound in a system where the receptor and ligand occupy different volumes of distribution (nonhomogeneous) is derived. The validity of the equation is demonstrated using equilibrium dialysis as the model experimental system. The nonhomogeneous equation and the equation describing the homogeneous system are contrasted and the results discussed in terms of application to in vivo steady-state systems.
A recursive moving-target-indication algorithm for optical image sequences

A recursive track-before-detect algorithm, producing potentially large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gains under realizable conditions, is described. The basic relation has the form of a linear, constant-coefficient difference equation with a unity magnitude damping factor. Known as recursive moving-target-indication (RMTI), this procedure adapts easily to digital processing and achieves SNR gains comparable to those from other robust track-before-detect algorithms. Examples are given to demonstrate the performance of the moving target indicator (MTI) procedure. >
A self-assembled phthalocyanine dimer

Abstract The synthesis of phthalocyanines 1a and 1b appended with four glycoluril modules is presented. 1 H NMR spectroscopy showed that 1a and 1b self-assemble by means of hydrogen bonding to form discrete dimers. Capsule formation is solvent dependent where the dimeric assembly is most pronounced in aromatic solvents.
Determination of Li+ Self-Diffusion Coefficients in an Aqueous Suspension of Sulfonated Polystyrene Latex by Pulsed-Field-Gradient, Spin-Echo NMR

The self-diffusion coefficients of 7Li+ in a suspension of sulfonated polystyrene latex particles is determined by pulsed-field-gradient, spin-echo NMR over a wide range of electrolyte concentrations. The self-diffusion coefficient of the Li+ counterion in the suspension without electrolyte is significantly less than that found in a solution of LiClO4 at the same bulk concentration. This suggests that a large fraction of the Li+ counterions are electrostatically bound to the large latex particles. The effective charge on the particles is inferred from this measurement. The self-diffusion coefficient of Li+ increases upon the addition of NaClO4 to the deionized suspension. Measuring selectively the dependence of Li+ diffusion on the amount of added electrolyte characterizes the ion-exchange behavior of the latex suspension. The self-diffusion coefficients determined by NMR agree with prediction of the nonlinear Poisson−Boltzmann equation and gradient-diffusion coefficients of hydrogen counterion determined...
Noninvasive tools to assess liver disease

Purpose of review: To improve understanding of recent developments in the noninvasive assessment of fibrosis and their potential clinical application to a range of chronic liver diseases. Recent findings: Many noninvasive tests have evolved from their primary validation in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection to integration into clinical management algorithms for chronic liver disease of varying cause. Recent studies consider the use of these techniques in sequence or in combination, and compare the performance of serum and imaging-based noninvasive techniques to identify patients with significant fibrosis, or those at most risk of clinical sequelae from advanced-stage disease. Methods developed in chronic hepatitis C have now been applied in different chronic liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, HIV/HCV co-infection and primary biliary cirrhosis. A number of new management algorithms have been developed to facilitate the integration of noninvasive techniques into clinical practice. Summary: Noninvasive tools to assess liver diseases continue to evolve. New imaging technologies have been developed. Existing biomarkers and imaging modalities have been better integrated into clinical practice algorithms, and applied to different chronic liver diseases. Noninvasive techniques will likely continue to be refined and play an important role in the future management of patients with chronic liver disease.
Decision maker preferences for information in complex decision making: New directions for OR intervention

Abstract Operations research models are used in many business and non-business entities to support a variety of decision making activities, primarily well-defined, operational decisions. This is due to the traditional emphasis of these models on optimal solutions to pre-specified problems. Some attempts have been made to use OR models in support of more complex, strategic decision making. Traditionally, these models have been developed without explicit consideration for the information processing abilities and limitations of the decision makers, who interact with, provide input to, and receive output from such models. Research in judgement and decision making show that human decisions are influenced by a number of factors including, but not limited to, information presentation modes; information content, modes, e.g., quantitative versus qualitative; order effects such as primacy, recency; and simultaneous versus sequential presentation of data. This article presents empirical research findings involving executive business decision makers and their preferences for information in decision making scenarios. These preference functions were evaluated using OR techniques. The results indicate that decision makers view information in different ways. Some decision makers prefer qualitative, narrative, social information, whereas other prefer quantitative, numerical, firm specific information. Results also show that decision making tasks influence the preference structure of decision makers, but that in general, the preference are relatively stable across tasks. The results imply that for OR models to be more useful in support of non-routine decision making, attention needs to be focused on the information content and presentation effects of model inputs and outputs.
Dissociation, memory and suggestibility in adults and children

The present article reviews research and theory related to dissociation, memory, and suggestibility in adults and children. We examine various manifestations of dissociation (e.g. trait versus state accounts of dissociation, pathological versus non-pathological dissociation), the different ways that memory and suggestibility are defined and measured across studies, and the extent to which dissociation is related to suggestibility as a function of the definition and measurement of relevant constructs. Finally, we examine the relationship between dissociation and children's resistance to misinformation, provide a critical review of the strengths and limitations of the extant literature, and suggest directions for future research and theoretical developments in the field. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global analysis of phosphorylation networks in humans

Abstract Phosphorylation-mediated signaling plays a crucial role in nearly every aspect of cellular physiology. A recent study based on protein microarray experiments identified a large number of kinase–substrate relationships (KSRs), and built a comprehensive and reliable phosphorylation network in humans. Analysis of this network, in conjunction with additional resources, revealed several key features. First, comparison of the human and yeast phosphorylation networks uncovered an evolutionarily conserved signaling backbone dominated by kinase-to-kinase relationships. Second, although most of the KSRs themselves are not conserved, the functions enriched in the substrates for a given kinase are often conserved. Third, the prevalence of kinase-transcription factor regulatory modules suggests that phosphorylation and transcriptional regulatory networks are inherently wired together to form integrated regulatory circuits. Overall, the phosphorylation networks described in this work promise to offer new insights into the properties of kinase signaling pathways, at both the global and the protein levels. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Computational Proteomics, Systems Biology & Clinical Implications. Guest Editor: Yudong Cai.
Moisture-assisted failure mechanisms in underfill epoxy/silicon systems for microelectronic packaging

Synergistic effects of moisture and mechanical stress on debond kinetics of underfill epoxies used in semiconductor packaging are increasingly understood, however, the dramatic effect of increasing both temperature and humidity is not well known. We demonstrate a way to quantitatively measure the mechanical and kinetic behavior of an underfill epoxy resin containing a broad range of filler particles. With the introduction of fillers into the bisphenol-F-based resin, the fracture energy at the epoxy/Si interface is largely increased compared to the unfilled epoxy/Si interface. We characterize the cohesive and adhesive properties of each filled epoxy to the adjacent passivated silicon substrate and report on the moisture-assisted debonding kinetics in varying humidity and temperature environments, including accelerated testing conditions.
MATURATION OF BRAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER METABOLISM IN NEONATES

Serotonin and catecholamine pathways originating in the brainstem regulate sleep,temperature, and feeding in infants. To assess maturation of these systems at birth we measured lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA), stable acid metabolites of serotonin and dopamine, using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. CSF was obtained for medical indications; samples were deproteinized with perchloric acid. 5-HIAA in preterm neonates 28-33/40 gestation(gstn) was 4 times higher than in 6-10 yr olds (107±12 ng/ml, N=19,vs 27±1, N=43) and slightly higher than in term neonates 34-42/40 gstn (96±10, N=29) and 1-6 month(mo) olds (91±8, N=13, p<.01 ANOVA). In contrast HVA peaked in the 1-6 mo olds group at 167±11 ng/ml; this level was 61% higher than in the 28-33/40 gstn (104±12) and 22% above the 34-42/40 gstn group (137±15, p<.01 ANOVA). In 6-10 yr olds HVA declined to 67±3. The HVA/5-HIAA ratio increased from 1.2±.2 in preterms to 1.94±.2 in 1-6 mo olds and 2.58±.1 (p<.01 ANOVA) in the older children. Lumbar CSF levels of HVA and 5-HIAA probably reflect turnover of transmitters emanating from brain since ventricular values in 2 infants were 2-3 fold higher than lumbar levels and obstructive hydrocephalus reduced HVA by 90% and HIAA by 67% in 1 patient. The results agree with experimental evidence that turnover of central biogenic amine transmitters is relatively high in perinatal mammals. Serotonin pathways may mature earlier than nearby dopamine neurons.
Dialoging About English Learners: Preparing Teachers Through Culturally Relevant Literature Circles

The author describes how culturally relevant children’s literature allowed teachers and teacher candidates to explore the lived realities of diverse students. Through the author’s qualitative investigation of 23 literature discussions of undergraduate and graduate students across five academic semesters, the author found that texts written by culturally and linguistically diverse authors gave participants new ways to articulate ideas and beliefs about English learners. The author discovered specific factors that opened or closed opportunities for dialog and learning in literature circles, including implementation of reader response strategies and various participant groupings. Results hold implications for preparing and supporting teachers to recognize and value the rich diversity of English learners in classrooms.
Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurement of Self‐Assembled Micellar Tubules of the Amphiphilic Decyl Ester of d‐Tyrosine and Their Enzymatic Polymerization

Amphiphilic decyl derivatives of D-tyrosine self-assemble into long rodlike or tubular aggregate structures in aqueous buffered solution. In this report we demonstrate the novel use of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to measure the presence in solution, and subequent enzymatic polymerization, of long rodlike monomer aggregates of the decyl ester of D-tyrosine (DEDT) as a function of their formation and increasing surface binding level as pH values increase from 3 to 7. From these data, using the Sauerbray equation to calculate the effective elastic mass surface binding of deprotonated DEDT aggregates, a pK app of 8.3 is obtained for the DEDT α-NH 2 group protonation-deprotonation and subsequent aggregation equilibrium. Furthermore, once aggregates are bound to the QCM surface, we initiate and subsequently monitor enzymatic polymerization of the DEDT monomers by horseradish peroxidase through the measurement of significant changes in the quartz crystal frequency and motional resistance. Following the onset of polymerization, the viscoelastic properties of the bound monomer aggregates change. A final polymerized state is achieved in which the altered physical properties of the polymerized rodlike aggregates make the solution immediately above the QCM surface-solution interface behave as a Newtonian fluid, producing a nearly pure viscosity-density energy dissipative effect on the measured crystal frequency and motional resistance values.
An experimental trace gas investigation of fluid transport and mixing in a circular-to-rectangular transition duct

An ethylene trace gas technique was used to map out fluid transport and mixing within a circular to rectangular transition duct. Ethylene gas was injected at several points in a cross stream plane upstream of the transition duct. Ethylene concentration contours were determined at several cross stream measurement planes spaced axially within the duct. The flow involved a uniform inlet flow at a Mach number level of 0.5. Statistical analyses were used to quantitatively interpret the trace gas results. Also, trace gas data were considered along with aerodynamic and surface flow visualization results to ascertain transition duct flow phenomena. Convection of wall boundary layer fluid by vortices produced regions of high total pressure loss in the duct. The physical extent of these high loss regions is governed by turbulent diffusion.
Anti-diagonals of symmetric and skew symmetric matrices with prescribed eigenvalues

Abstract The complete relationship between the kth anti-diagonals and the eigenvalues of an n × n ( k ⩽ n ) real symmetric matrix is obtained. When k is even, the relationship is weak majorization. The Hermitian case is also studied. Similar results are obtained for real and complex skew symmetric matrices.
An analysis of errors in finite automata

This paper studies errors in finite automata. An error is defined as a pair of states and errors are then classified according to their probability of being corrected (i.e., being taken into the same state). Various results are then given on the partitioning properties of a particular type of error called a finite error.
Experimental and Analytical studies of reinforced crushed limestone

Abstract This research study aims at investigating the behavior of spread footings on reinforced crushed limestone using laboratory model tests. The model tests were conducted inside a steel box with dimensions of 1.5 m (length) × 0.91 m (width) × 0.91 m (height) using a steel plate with dimensions of 152 mm × 152 mm (6 in. × 6 in.). The parameters investigated include the number of reinforcement layers and the tensile modulus and type of reinforcement. An analytical solution is also developed to estimate the ultimate bearing capacity of reinforced crushed limestone. The test results show that the inclusion of reinforcement can appreciably improve the bearing capacity of crushed limestone up to a factor of 2.85 at a settlement ratio of 10% and reduce the footing settlement down to 75% at a surface pressure of 5500 kPa. The results also demonstrate that reinforcements with higher tensile modulus performed better than reinforcements with lower tensile modulus and that steel reinforcement performed better than geogrid reinforcement. The proposed analytical solution gave a good predication of experimental results of geogrid reinforced sections, while Huang and Menq's solution (1997) gave a good predication for steel reinforced crushed limestone. The analytical results also showed that the reinforced ratio ( R r ) should be high enough to form the “deep footing” effect.
Use of magnetic guidewire navigation in the treatment of lower extremity peripheral vascular disease: report of the first human clinical experience.

The use of a magnetic navigation system (MNS) to facilitate catheter placement in electrophysiologic procedures has been increasingly documented over the past decade. Recently, the utilization of MNS to aid guidewire directionality in complex coronary lesions has also been described. Given the multifaceted ability of MNS to be applied to varying vascular beds, we describe the successful employment of this modality to facilitate treatment of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease in a symptomatic male with gangrenous toe ulceration. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rates of desorption from solid surfaces: coverage dependence

The recently developed Classical Stochastic Diffusion Theory is applied to obtain the coverage dependence of desorption rates for Xe on W(111). Using the attractive Xe-Xe potential from gas phase experiments, we find a strong coverage dependence in the desorption rates and calculate Temperature Programmed Desorption Spectra (for a potential with reduced attractiveness) that are in excellent qualitative agreement with experimental results. We also investigated the effect of purely repulsive adsorbate-adsorbate interactions where we find, for some coverage ranges, that two different adsorption configurations can be stable (at different temperatures) leading to a marked change in the corresponding desorption rates and to distinct non-Arrhenius behavior.
HPMA copolymer–cyclic RGD conjugates for tumor targeting

This review describes the design and development of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-cyclic RGD conjugates for targeting tumor angiogenesis. Relative to non-targetable systems, HPMA copolymer-RGD4C and -RGDfK conjugates have shown increased tumor accumulation in a variety of solid tumors including prostate, lung, and breast tumor xenografts. Compared to free peptides, copolymers had increased tumor accumulation and decreased uptake in non-target organs such as the liver and spleen. Clinically relevant imaging agents such as (99m)Tc, (111)In, and Gd enabled in vivo imaging of the constructs by scintigraphy and magnetic resonance techniques. Targeted delivery of (90)Y, a radiotherapeutic agent by HPMA copolymer-RGD4C conjugates resulted in tumor size reduction in mice bearing prostate tumor xenografts. Delivery of the geldanamycin derivative 17-(6-aminohexylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin by HPMA copolymer-RGDfK conjugates resulted in increased tumor concentration of the free drug in a prostate xenograft model. These constructs show promise for targeted delivery of therapeutics and imaging agents to solid tumors.
Keeping Women in Their Place? Spousal Influence, Vote Choice and Changing Marital Dynamics in Japan

ABSTRACT Rural to urban migration in postwar Japan contributed to malapportionment, resulting in the inflation of seats won by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) whose traditional stronghold is rural Japan. The support of older, rural women socialized prior to the war and suffrage is considered central to the party's continued dominance, offsetting the concentrated vote of young, urban women. Conventional wisdom holds that women's voting patterns, particularly those of older, rural women, are influenced by husbands who are likely LDP supporters. This article uses survey data to test for patterns of influence and marital congruence amid rapid demographic changes that promise to undermine the strength of marriage as a traditional agent of adulthood political socialization.
Contemporary concepts of migraine pathogenesis

The pathogenesis of migraine is incompletely understood. Recent discoveries have shed light on the neuronal events mediating both the aura and the headache phases of migraine, identifying a cerebral cortical origin of migraine aura, susceptibility to attacks based on cortical hyperexcitability, and headache originating in the trigeminovascular system and its central projections. Abnormal modulation of brain nociceptive systems, at first transient but becoming permanent with continuing illness and, predisposing to central sensitization, may explain the prolonged headache of the migraine attack and the shift of the migraine phenotype from episodic to chronic headache. Migraine attacks might also originate in abnormal nociceptive neuromodulator centers in the brainstem.
A note on bosonic (spin-0) current algebras

We consider the current algebra of the conserved current associated with the invariance of the standard Lagrangian ofn spinless boson fieldsφi,i=1, …,n, under global rotations inn dimensions. We find that the zero-component (local charge density) can develop an anomaly and we determine the general expression for this anomaly.
Reduction of mercury, copper, nickel, cadmium, and zinc levels in solution by competitive adsorption onto peanut hulls, and raw and aged bark

The competitive adsorption of common heavy metal ions by peanut hulls, raw bark, and composted bark was studied. These solid wastes were found to adsorb significant amounts of one or more of the heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Ni, Cd, Zn) commonly found in municipal sludge and wastewater.
Investigating the spatial distribution of summit flats in the Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah, USA

Isolated, laterally extensive, gently sloping surfaces known as summit flats are present at high elevations in many Laramide ranges, and are particularly well developed in the Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah. To investigate the spatial distribution of these surfaces, and to consider possible controls on this pattern, a map of summit flats in the Uintas was developed from digital elevation data. Summit flats were identified as unglaciated areas of the landscape above an elevation of 3400 m, having a slope of less than 0.3 m m 1 , and an area greater than 510 2 km 2 . As defined, summit flats comprise 43% of the unglaciated land area above 3400 m in the Uintas, with the largest individual flat covering nearly 34 km 2 . To quantitatively evaluate the distribution of summit flats in the Uintas, the area of summit flats was normalized to the total unglaciated area above 3400 m in 10-km-wide swaths oriented normal to the range axis. Values of percent summit flats obtained by this method decrease dramatically westward, from a high of more than 60% at the eastern end of the Uintas, to 0% at the western end. Given that individual summit flats can be diminished through lateral erosion by surrounding valley glaciers, and that the summit flats themselves were apparently never glaciated, this result suggests that glacial erosion has been more effective in the western Uintas over the course of the Quaternary. Focused glacial erosion at the upwind end of the range is consistent with the hypothesis that the proximity of Lake Bonneville enhanced precipitation over the western Uintas during the Last Glacial Maximum [Munroe, J.S., and, Mickelson, D.M., 2002. Last Glacial Maximum equilibrium-line altitudes and paleoclimate, northern Uinta Mountains, Utah, U.S.A. Journal of Glaciology, 48, 257–266].
Challenging American Boundaries: Indigenous People and the “Gift” of U.S. Citizenship

On June 2, 1924, President Calvin Coolidge signed into law the Indian Citizenship Act (ICA), which unilaterally made United States citizens of all indigenous people living in the United States. This new law made citizens of approximately 125,000 of the 300,000 indigenous people in the country (the remainder were already U.S. citizens). Usually, people who have been excluded from American political life see the codi- fication of their citizenship status as an unambiguously positive political development. In the case of indigenous people and U.S. citizenship, however, one cannot find such clear and certain statements. All indigenous people certainly did not look at U.S. citizenship in the same light; in fact, very few saw it as unambiguously positive. This study demonstrates that the indigenous people who engaged the debate over U.S. citizenship came to define themselves, in various ways, as “ambivalent Americans,” neither fully inside nor fully outside the political, legal, and cultural boundaries of the United States. This effort to define a form of ambivalent American-ness reflects a significant tradition in indigenous politics, which involves indigenous political actors working back and forth across the boundaries of American political life to secure rights, resources, and/or sovereignty for the indigenous people they represent.
Hydrogels for lentiviral gene delivery.

Introduction: Gene delivery from hydrogel biomaterials provides a fundamental tool for a variety of clinical applications including regenerative medicine, gene therapy for inherited disorders and drug delivery. The high water content and mild gelation conditions of hydrogels support their use for gene delivery by preserving activity of lentiviral vectors and acting to shield vectors from any host immune response. Areas covered: Strategies to control lentiviral entrapment within and retention/release from hydrogels are reviewed. The authors discuss the ability of hydrogel design parameters to control the transgene expression profile and the capacity of hydrogels to protect vectors from (and even modulate) the host immune response. Expert opinion: Delivery of genetic vectors from scaffolds provides a unique opportunity to capitalize on the potential synergy between the biomaterial design for cell processes and gene delivery. Hydrogel properties can be tuned to directly control the events that determine the ...
Is Anywhere Stuck in a Malthusian Trap

SUMMARY The key features of the Malthusian model are that (i) income determines population growth, with rising wages increasing survival rates and (ii) there is a vital factor of production (land) which is fixed, implying decreased returns to scale for all other factors. The equilibrium state in such a model is a population living on subsistence incomes. The country-level analysis in this paper suggests that (i) the link between income and population growth is (almost) everywhere broken and (ii) there is little evidence of declining returns to scale because of constraints imposed by land carrying capacity anywhere. Population dynamics are being driven by non-income factors in a manner that is reducing population growth rates everywhere. At the same time, output is increasing everywhere, in a manner inconsistent with significantly declining returns to scale based on land being a vital factor of production.
Oxygen Consumption of Coccidial Sporozoites During in Vitro Excystation

SYNOPSIS. Oxygen consumption of sporozoites of Eimeria acervulina, E. necatrix, and E. meleagrimitis was determined during in vitro excystation. Increase in O2 consumption occurred only when the permeability of the oocyst membrane was altered by either grinding or incubation in cystine buffer with CO2 when excystation fluid was present. Addition of 10−3 M KCN completely inhibited respiration. The O2 consumption reached a peak during the time the sporozoites were excysting, and then decreased to a lower level where it remained steady while the sporozoites were awaiting stimulus to penetrate host cells.
The Labor Illusion: How Operational Transparency Increases Perceived Value

Aubiquitous feature of even the fastest self-service technology transactions is the wait. Conventional wisdom and operations theory suggest that the longer people wait, the less satisfied they become; we demonstrate that because of what we term the labor illusion, when websites engage in operational transparency by signaling that they are exerting effort, people can actually prefer websites with longer waits to those that return instantaneous results---even when those results are identical. In five experiments that simulate service experiences in the domains of online travel and online dating, we demonstrate the impact of the labor illusion on service value perceptions, demonstrate that perceptions of service provider effort induce feelings of reciprocity that together mediate the link between operational transparency and increased valuation, and explore boundary conditions and alternative explanations. This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta and Preyas Desai, special issue editors. This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta and Preyas Desai, special issue editors.
Personal and Organizational Diversity Factors' Impact on Social Workers' Job Satisfaction: Results from a National Internet-Based Survey

A national online survey examined the relationship among minority status, workplace racial composition, perceived inclusion, organization diversity, and job satisfaction for social work professionals employed in organizations. A social work magazine's subscribers and members of a social work listserv were contacted by e-mail and invited to participate. Respondents consisted of 119 social workers; 86 were employed in organizations. Results indicate that organizational diversity, supervisory support, and perceptions of inclusion/exclusion were significant in predicting social workers' job satisfaction. Minority status and workplace racial composition were not found to be predictive of job satisfaction in this study. These findings call for greater attention to organizational factors such as organization diversity, perceived inclusion, and supervisory support to enhance job satisfaction for social workers.
Lag screw fixation of mandibular angle fractures

This article presents a technique of applying lag screws for treating fractures of the mandibular angle. A review of 30 patients who had lag screws placed to treat such fractures showed that it is an extremely useful, but technique-sensitive, method of providing rigid internal fixation. The advantages and complications of this technique over bone-plate fixation are discussed.
Gas phase acetaldehyde production in a continuous bioreactor.

The gas phase continuous production of acetaldehyde was studied with particular emphasis on the development of biocatalyst (alcohol oxidase on solid phase support materials) for a fixed bed reactor. Based on the experimental results in a batch bioreactor, the biocatalysts were prepared by immobilization of alcohol oxidase on Amberlite IRA-400, packed into a column, and the continuous acetaldehyde production in the gas phase by alcohol oxidase was performed. The effects of the reaction temperature, flow rates of gaseous stream, and ethanol vapor concentration on the performance of the continuous bioreactor were investigated.
ATHENA trial CIN 2+ cervical biopsy misclassifications raise questions.

To the Editor We read with interest the report by Stoler et al1 documenting pathologic misclassification of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2+ cases in the ATHENA (Addressing THE Need for Advanced Diagnostics) trial. Of the 8 cervical biopsy specimens that were …
Flywheel Energy Storage Systems for Wind Turbine Grid Frequency Stability: A Review

Most recent grid codes require wind turbines to contribute to the recovery of frequency drops in the grid. More of the recently build wind turbines use variable speed generators. Unlike fixed speed generators, these generators do not naturally contribute to the recovery of the frequency drop since the rotor rpm is decoupled from the grid frequency. This decoupling is achieved by controller and power conditioning units. The studies reviewed in this paper focused on the design of such a controller so that the wind turbine could react to frequency drops. Another approach to responding to frequency drops is to connect an energy storage system to the DC bus of variable speed generator. Flywheels have been used as energy storage systems to fill energy gaps in several applications and can be used for frequency recovery application for wind turbines as well. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the improvement of frequency stability of wind turbines connected to electrical grids in the presence of flywheel energy storage systems (FESS). Studies reviewed show that FESS can enhance the power quality and frequency stability of wind turbines connected to an electrical grid.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Disease prevention with islet autoantigens

Type 1A (immune-mediated) diabetes mellitus is now a predictable disorder, and its onset can be prevented or delayed in animal models with therapies that include the administration of islet autoantigens. To date, therapies that can delay but not prevent anti-islet autoimmunity in animal models have not delayed the development of the disease in humans. Basic and physician scientists are addressing a number of barriers to the development of effective preventive therapy, with important recent progress in monitoring immune responses to β-cell-specific autoantigens. It is likely that optimal prevention of type 1A diabetes mellitus will depend on the ability to abrogate pre-existing autoimmunity directed at β-cell-specific peptides.
Online Real-Time Quality Monitoring in Additive Manufacturing Processes Using Heterogeneous Sensors

The objective of this work is to identify failure modes and detect the onset of process anomalies in additive manufacturing (AM) processes, specifically focusing on fused filament fabrication (FFF). We accomplish this objective using advanced Bayesian nonparametric analysis of in situ heterogeneous sensor data. Experiments are conducted on a desktop FFF machine instrumented with a heterogeneous sensor array including thermocouples, accelerometers, an infrared (IR) temperature sensor, and a real-time miniature video borescope. FFF process failures are detected online using the nonparametric Bayesian Dirichlet process (DP) mixture model and evidence theory (ET) based on the experimentally acquired sensor data. This sensor data-driven defect detection approach facilitates real-time identification and correction of FFF process drifts with an accuracy and precision approaching 85% (average F-score). In comparison, the F-score from existing approaches, such as probabilistic neural networks (PNN), naive Bayesian clustering, support vector machines (SVM), and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), was in the range of 55–75%.
Multi-scale Molecular Modeling of Chemical Reactivity

We present a review of the most widely used methods to model chemical reactions, at both the electronic and atomistic levels. While, in principle, ab initio methods alone should provide the required prediction of reaction mechanisms, yields and rates, in practice this can rarely be achieved due to the intensive nature of the computations and the poor scaling of the computational burden with the number of electrons. In many applications a combination of ab initio and semi-classical atomistic simulations will be needed. Specialized atomistic simulation methods are necessary, since the reactions are themselves rare events, and the free energy landscape for the reaction is often rugged with many possible reaction paths. We provide a survey of these methods, with comments on their applicability and a description of their strengths and weaknesses.
Effect of solar wind pressure pulses on the size and strength of the auroral oval

[1] It has recently been found that solar wind dynamic pressure changes can dramatically affect the precipitation of magnetospheric particles on the high-latitude ionosphere. We have examined the effect of large solar wind dynamic pressure increases on the location, size, and intensity of the auroral oval using particle precipitation data from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft. Three events have been selected for study during the time period after 1997 when four DMSP spacecraft (F11–F14) were simultaneously operational. Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation is different from event to event. For each event, we determine equatorward and poleward boundaries of the auroral oval before and after an increase in solar wind pressure. Also, using measured integral fluxes, we construct precipitating particle energy input maps for the auroral oval. All cases studied show a significant change of the auroral oval location, size, and intensity in response to the solar wind pressure pulse. Most prominent are an increase of the auroral zone width and a decrease of the polar cap size when the solar wind dynamic pressure increases under steady southward IMF conditions. An increase in total precipitating particle energy flux is also observed. A smaller response is seen when the IMF Bz has a simultaneous northward turning and when it is nearly zero before the pressure enhancement. Our results also point to significant differences between the auroral precipitation response to solar wind pressure changes and its response to isolated substorms, the former inducing a global auroral reaction while the latter is related to more localized premidnight disturbances. Auroral UV observations from the Polar spacecraft during our events are found to give results consistent with the results we get from the precipitating particle observations.
Nilpotent bases for a class of nonintegrable distributions with applications to trajectory generation for nonholonomic systems

This paper develops a constructive method for finding a nilpotent basis for a special class of smooth nonholonomic distributions. The main tool is the use of the Goursat normal form theorem which arises in the study of exterior differential systems. The results are applied to the problem of finding a set of nilpotent input vector fields for a nonholonomic control system, which can then used to construct explicit trajectories to drive the system between any two points. A kinematic model of a rolling penny is used to illustrate this approach. The methods presented here extend previous work using "chained form" and cast that work into a coordinate-free setting.
Developmental Toxicity Risk Assessment: Consensus Building, Hypothesis Formulation, and Focused Research

Risk assessment for developmental toxicity has become more defined over the last decade and the most recent EPA guidelines for developmental toxicity risk assessment were published in 1991. Development of approaches for risk assessment in this area have relied on building of consensus opinion among experts about the interpretation of developmental toxicity data. These discussions have aided in strengthening the scientific basis for risk assessment for developmental toxicity, including the default assumptions that must be used when more complete information on mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics are unavailable. Such discussions continue on both a national and international basis. The EPA risk assessment guidelines outlined several major areas of research needed to strengthen risk assessment for developmental toxicity and led to the formulation of hypotheses to be tested in focused research projects. Several major research efforts have focused on dose-related mechanisms and biologically based modeling of specific agents, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models of pregnancy that can be scaled across species, and the influence of dose and duration of exposure on developmental outcomes, as well as the delineation of specific biomarkers of adverse developmental effects. Although such research initiatives will require a long-term effort, it is important that attention be focused now on those approaches that can improve the risk assessment process to avoid continued reliance on default approaches that have been used for the past 30 years or more. The impact of the EPA Guidelines for Developmental Toxicity Risk Assessment has been widespread. One of the main purposes for developing risk assessment guidelines by EPA was to communicate procedures to risk assessors inside the agency in an effort to promote consistency. In addition, the guidelines were to communicate to those outside the agency in private industry and other regulatory agencies how EPA would evaluate and interpret data. The developmental toxicity guidelines have standardized terminology used in developmental toxicity risk assessments. They also have influenced the revision of testing guidelines and the writing of new guidelines, such as the developmental neurotoxicity testing guidelines. More extensive use of developmental toxicity data within the RfD/RfC process was influenced by the guidelines, as well. More recently, the risk assessment guidelines have had a major impact on the harmonization of international testing and risk assessment guidelines through cooperative efforts with the World Health Organization under the auspices of the International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). We foresee these types of interagency and international cooperative efforts continuing as we attempt to make more efficient use of the limited resources available for testing, risk assessment, and research to better understand and prevent developmental toxicity.
Effects of Cyanogenic Plants on Fitness in Two Host Strains of the Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)

The generalist moth, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) consists of two genetic subgroups (host strains) that differ in their distribution among host plant species. The corn strain prefers crop plants such as corn, sorghum, and cotton, while the rice strain is found in small grasses such as Cynodon spp. and rice. Little is known about the physiological factors that drive this host preference. Here, we report a feeding study with natural host plants and an artificial diet containing cyanide. We found that corn, two Cynodon spp. (bermudagrass C. dactylon (L.) Persoon, 'NuMex Sahara', and stargrass C. nlemfuensis var. nlemfuensis Vanderyst, 'Florona'), and a hybrid between bermudagrass and stargrass, 'Tifton 85', exhibited differences in the concentration of the cyanogenic precursors or cyanogenic potential (HCNp) and the release of hydrogen cyanide per unit time or cyanogenic capacity (HCNc). Corn plants released low levels of hydrogen cyanide, while stargrass had greater HCNp/HCNc than bermudagrass and 'Tifton 85'. Feeding studies showed that corn strain larvae experienced higher mortality than the rice strain when fed stargrass or artificial diet supplemented with cyanide. Also, corn strain larvae excreted higher levels of cyanogenic compounds than the rice strain when fed Cynodon spp. These differences in excretion suggest potential disparities in cyanide metabolism between the two strains. We hypothesize that differences in the susceptibility to cyanide levels in various host plants could play a role in driving strain divergence and what appears to be the incipient speciation of this moth.
The Ethics of Creating and Responding to Doubts about Death Criteria

Expressing doubts about death criteria can serve healthy purposes, but can also cause a number of harms, including decreased organ donation rates and distress for donor families and health care staff. This paper explores the various causes of doubts about death criteria-including religious beliefs, misinformation, mistrust, and intellectual questions-and recommends responses to each of these. Some recommended responses are relatively simple and noncontroversial, such as providing accurate information. However, other responses would require significant changes to the way we currently do business. Policymakers should establish minimum national standards for determining death to foster a trustworthy system; academics and publishers have a duty to publish only materials that substantially engage and advance the debate to minimize the harm caused by divided expert opinion; and opposition to the dead donor rule should be conceptually separated from doubts about death criteria.
Short wavelength FELs

The generation of coherent ultraviolet and shorter wavelength light is presently limited to synchrotron sources. Even though synchrotrons can produce a wide range of wavelengths, the output power in a narrow bandwidth is limited relative to that attainable by free-electron lasers (FELs). The use of FELs for the generation of short wavelength light with high output power is discussed. The progress in the development of brighter electron beams enables the use of much lower energy electron RF linacs to reach short-wavelengths than previously considered possible. The author summarizes the results obtained with synchrotron sources, reviews proposed short-wavelength FEL designs and then presents a new design which is capable of over an order of magnitude higher power in the extreme ultraviolet. >
Rapid Synthesis of Pattern Classification Circuits

We describe digital circuit synthesis and placement algorithms specialized for the domain of pattern matching circuits implemented in reconfigurable logic. We propose to use these algorithms as part of a system for implementing high-throughput pattern classification, for instance as part of a packet filter in a internetwork router. The goals of the approach are throughputs on the order of 100M classifications per second with reconfiguration times (including all synthesis) on the order of 10 seconds. We evaluate the algorithms using rulesets from two pattern classification problems in networking: IP routing (41,000 rules on 32 bits) and IP firewalling (180 rules on 100 bits) and compare their performance against standard tools. We find that the fast synthesis tools suffer about a 2× increase in circuit size but achieve substantial speedups over standard tools.
Vaccine-mediated immunity to experimental Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not impaired in the absence of Toll-like receptor 9

Accumulating evidence indicates that inflammatory signals required for maximizing effector T cell generation have opposing effects on the development of memory T cell precursors. Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, and TLR9 significantly contribute to the inflammatory milieu and therefore in this study we examined whether the absence of TLR9 alone or the combined absence of TLR2 and TLR9 would affect vaccine-mediated immunity to Mtb. We found that TLR9KO and TLR2/9DKO mice vaccinated with a live Mtb auxotroph, akin to vaccinated WT mice, exhibited early control of Mtb growth in the lungs compared to their naive counterparts. The granulomatous response, IFNγ production and cellular recruitment to the lungs were also similar in all the vaccinated groups of mice. These findings indicate that there is minimal contribution from TLR2 and TLR9 in generating memory immunity to Mtb with live vaccines. Defining the innate milieu that can drive maximal memory T cell generation with a tuberculosis vaccine needs further inquiry.
Community-Acquired, Health Care-Associated, and Ventilator- Associated Pneumonia Three Variations of a Serious Disease

Pneumonia affects millions of people every year in the United States. Hospital-acquired pneumonia is associated with a mortality rate as high as 50%. Pneumonia is classified according to where it was acquired or by the infecting organism. This article explores the similarities and differences in three types of pneumonia seen routinely in the intensive care unit: community-acquired pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and health care-associated pneumonia.
Two Systems of Public Finance: Entrepreneurial and Parasitical

Expositions of the theory of public finance mostly assume that taxation must be the primary instrument for generating revenue. This assumption is neither historically accurate nor theoretically necessary. Rather, it universalizes an institutional arrangement that is particular to the nation-state, where taxation is the prime instrument of public finance. In contrast to this system of parasitical public finance, we explore a system of entrepreneurial public finance within a setting of city-states where attraction and not compulsion dominates public finance. Cities are corporate bodies which can be organized under diverse institutional arrangements. We use the United Arab Emirates to illustrate our analysis of divergent systems of public finance.