cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of sediment organic carbon content on the elimination rates of neutral lipophilic compounds in the midge (Chironomus Riparius)

The effects of varying sediment conditions on elimination rates for four neutral lipophilic compounds were investigated in midge larvae, Chironomus riparius. Four treatments were used: water only (no sediment present) (WO); midges screened from 3% organic carbon (OC) sediment (screened); water and 3% OC sediment (3% OC); and water and 15% OC sediment (15% OC). In general, elimination rates were larger in the 3 and 15% OC sediment systems compared to the WO and screened treatments. The largest elimination rates were found in the 15% OC treatments. The mechanism that accounts for increased elimination rates noted in the high-OC-content sediment systems is unknown; however, several possible mechanisms are discussed. A predictive relationship has been established between the elimination rate constant (Kd), the octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow), and sediment OC content. These results further emphasize the importance of sediment characteristics in determining the environmental fate of xenobiotics.
Adaptive noise cancellation with a SAW storage correlator

A Sezawa wave storage correlator was used to implement an adaptive filter for noise cancellation. The filter reduced the level of a 150 MHz CW jamming signal by 26 dB and a broadband Sezawa wave convolver was used to compress an underlying chirp signal. The tap weights are determined in 40 to 100 μs, depending on the jamming signal power and feedback gain.
Modeling Spatial Establishment Patterns of Exotic Forest Insects in Urban Areas in Relation to Tree Cover and Propagule Pressure

As international trade increases so does the prominence of urban areas as gateways for exotic forest insects (EFI). Delimiting hot spots for invasions (i.e., areas where establishment is likely) within urban areas would facilitate monitoring efforts. We used a propagule-pressure framework to delimit establishment hot spots of a hypothetical generalist EFI in six U.S. urban areas: Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, New York-Newark, and Seattle. We assessed how urban tree cover and propagule pressure interact to delimit establishment hot spots and compared the location of these hot spots with actual recent U.S. detections of two EFI: the Asian strain of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), and Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Using a lattice of 5-km-diameter cells for each urban area, we used the input data (urban tree cover and propagule pressure) to model establishment and Moran's I to delimit hot spots. We used urban population size and the area of commercial-industrial land use as indicators of propagule pressure in the model. Relative establishment of EFI was influenced more by the two propagule pressure indicators than by tree cover. The delimited land use-based hot spots for Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana and New York-Newark encompassed more of the actual detections of L. dispar and A. glabripennis, respectively, than the population-based hot spots. No significant difference occurred between hot spot types for A. glabripennis detections in the Chicago urban area. Implications of these findings for management and design of monitoring programs in urban areas are discussed.
Stibine and arsine generation from a lead-acid cell during charging modes under a utility load-leveling duty cycle

An investigation has been conducted to determine the generation of stibine and arsine during charging of a large industrial lead-acid cell (2250Ah capacity at 5-h rate) under contemplated utility load-leveling duty cycles. The toxic gases generated were absorbed in a 3n H2SO4 solution containing KI and I2. The antimony and arsenic contents of the absorber solutions were determined by colorimetry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, respectively. Total emissions of stibine and arsine, as well as their generation-rate profiles, were determined each week in experiments consisting of four charges and one equalization charge/cycles. In addition, hydride generation during successive, daily equalization charges was monitored. The average emissions of stibine and arsine from the lead-acid cell during a charge cycle, which consisted of charging the cell (discharged to 80% of its rated capacity) at constant 290A for 5–6h to 2.45V followed by taper charge at the same voltage for 3 h, were observed to be 10.1±1.4 mg of SbH3 and 0.33±0.06 mg of AsH3. The corresponding averages determined for weekly equalization charges conducted at 2.55 V for 4 h were 25.5±0.7 mg SbH3 and 0.23±0.01 mg AsH3.
TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOLOGICALLY BASED DOSE-RESPONSE MODEL OF LEAD NEUROTOXICITY

Biologically-based dose-response (BBDR) paradigms incorporate mechanistic toxicological data in the derivation of quantitative models to estimate risk. Developmental lead (Pb) exposure has been long associated with deficits in intellectual ability. To date, direct estimates of toxicant-induced functional alterations in brain that may underlie cognition have been lacking, obviating the utilization of quantitative modeling for toxicological endpoints of higher brain function. The utility of the long-term potentiation (LTP) model of synaptic plasticity in the context of Pb-induced cognitive deficits is explored in the present paper. In reviewing physiological and biochemical requirements of LTP that may overlap with cellular mechanisms of Pb toxicity, a neurobiological schema is constructed upon which we can begin to explore the possibility of applying BBDR models in neurotoxicology.
BUBBLE UP: ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO RESEARCH IN THE ACADEMIC ARCHITECTURE STUDIO

Increased connectivity among the design disciplines has radically transformed the nature of building today. Architectural education must accordingly adapt to the emerging needs of our changing built environment by providing vital, flexible, and open learning environments. Pedagogies in the academy have typically been rooted in practices that are both reluctant to change and slow to address transformative forces in an honest and open manner. Regrettably, the resilience of such top-down methods continues to bias the lens of learning toward natural performers and the notion of singular genius. Authentic attempts to react to new demands and to introduce change are all too often met with both strong resistance and profound contempt by conservative critics. Mainline architectural academia continues to project a deep ambivalence to new methodologies, alternative approaches to context, broadened conceptual practices, and advanced visualization techniques. Yet such means provide a responsive and resilient structure to re-frame content, expedite delivery, and update pedagogical objectives for the next generation.
Hippocampal theta activity related to elicitation and inhibition of approach locomotion.

This study determined if the hippocampal theta rhythm showed phase relationships or changes in amplitude and frequency with the onset of stimuli and locomotion in a task in which auditory cues initiated and suppressed approach locomotion. Rats with electrodes in the dorsal hippocampus lapped at a milk dipper and were presented a tone which predicted the delivery of a food pellet. In some trials the pellet cue tone was negated by 60-Hz clicks beginning 0.3 s after onset, and no pellet was delivered. A video capture system (20-ms sampling) synchronized to the hippocampal recording system (10-ms sampling) was used to determine the onset of locomotor approach to the pellet area. The findings failed to support proposals that phase-related mechanisms play a role in encoding and retrieval of movement-related information. Neither the pellet cue nor the negating cue reset the theta rhythm, and they did not produce differential evoked potentials. During milk lapping, theta amplitude increased in the 1/2 s prior to all pellet cues regardless of their locomotor effect. Frequency also rose but only when a non-negated pellet elicited short-latency locomotion. During locomotor execution, theta peak amplitude peaked earlier than theta frequency by approximately one period. In general during performance of this task, increasing theta amplitude reflected a general preparation to process the cue and increasing theta frequency reflected the readiness to respond to the cue with locomotion.
Programa de tutoría Cálculo Diferencial e Integral I: éxito y permanencia

Este articulo, de caracter reflexivo, tiene como objetivo presentar el trabajo desarrollado en las tutorias iniciadas en el primer semestre de 2013. El abordaje metodologico usado fue cuantitativo con enfoque descriptivo comparativo. Los datos analizados abarcaron informacion obtenida de los estudiantes de pregrado inscritos en la asignatura de Calculo Diferencial e Integral I, en el primer y segundo semestre del 2013 y primer semestre de 2014, de una universidad en el sur de Brasil, que frecuentaran o no los espacios de tutoria fuera o dentro del salon de clase. Los resultados del analisis indican el gradual crecimiento de los indices de aprobacion de los estudiantes, luego de su participacion en el programa de Tutoria con el acompanamiento de una licenciada en matematicas - tutora titular. Los resultados muestran la necesidad e importancia del trabajo preventivo, en el que, tanto la institucion como los docentes y estudiantes, se movilizan las estrategias pertinentes para lograr el exito academico y, por ende, su permanencia en la institucion hasta la graduacion.
...like Commanding an Anthill: A Case for Micro-Distributed (Data) Management Systems

Computer system architecture has changed: an assembly of autonomous components has replaced the omnipotent CPU and its legion of dumb devices. Database Management System (DBMS) architecture, however, does not yet reflect this change: it is still dominated by a centralized kernel that limits the autonomy of the devices and, thus, their ability to exploit their increased 'smartness'. Distributed data management research can serve as an inspiration for an architecture that addresses this problem. However, the respective algorithms were never designed with CPU efficiency in mind implementing principles like dynamic programming and recursion. More than two decades ago, the transition to memory resident databases spawned a plethora of research on CPU-efficient query processors. We predict that hardware heterogeneity will trigger a similar line of research on CPU-efficient distributed algorithms and architectures. In this paper, we examine benefits and challenges that come with such a micro-distributed database management system. We also discuss a number of approaches that we consider steps towards a micro-distributed system
Comparative evaluation of the Limulus assay and the direct Gram stain for detection of significant bacteriuria.

A double-blind study comparing the Limulus in-vitro endotoxin assay with the direct Gram stain of uncentrifuged urine for detection of significant bacteriuria was performed. One-thousand seventy-seven urine specimens were examined by the two methods and the results compared with results of quantitative urine cultures. Two hundred three samples produced growth of >105 organisms per ml. urine. The Limulus assay detected 86.2% of these specimens, and 98.8% of urines that contained >105 Gram-negative bacilli per ml. The Gram stain procedure detected only 69.5% of urines containing >105 organisms per ml. and 74.5% of specimens with >105 Gram-negative bacteria per ml. urine. The Limulus assay demonstrated both greater sensitivity and greater specificity than the Gram stain procedure. Moreover, the Limulus test is much less susceptible to errors of interpretation than methods involving microscopy.
Connecting to “The How” of Classroom Engagement: Instruction and Optimal Learning Environments

This chapter discusses a study designed to extend ESM studies of classroom learning through combining the ESM with video techniques. This study investigated the influence of instructional practices on student engagement in high school classrooms. Seven high school classrooms in five different subject areas were observed and videoed. Students in the seven classrooms (N = 140) also participated in the experience sampling method (ESM) concurrent with the observations. Instructional activities and specific instructional features were coded from the video observations in order to predict student engagement as measured by the ESM. Overall, findings from the study were suggestive that instructional approach is a major factor with the potential to engage or disengage students in traditional public school classrooms. One of the main findings extending those of previous studies was that the instructional format (e.g., lecture, discussion, group work, and test) was not as predictive as the ways in which each of those formats could be implemented. Optimal learning environments, or those in which students were most engaged, were characterized by optimal challenge, a complex task often involving the use of materials, clear and important student goals for the activity, teacher monitoring and feedback, high teacher expectations, and good rapport between teacher and students.
Mosquito-specific microRNA-1890 targets the juvenile hormone-regulated serine protease JHA15 in the female mosquito gut

Females of the hematophagous mosquito species require a vertebrate blood meal to supply amino acids and other nutrients necessary for egg development, serving as the driving force for the spread of many vector-borne diseases in humans. Blood digestion utilizes both early and late phase serine proteases (SPs) that are differentially regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. To uncover the regulatory complexity of SPs in the female mosquito midgut, we investigated involvement of miRNAs in regulating the juvenile hormone (JH)-controlled chymotrypsin-like SP, JHA15. We identified regulatory regions complementary to the mosquito-specific miRNA, miR-1890, within the 3' UTR of JHA15 mRNA. The level of the JHA15 transcript is highest post eclosion and drastically declines post blood meal (PBM), exhibiting an opposite trend to miR-1890 that peaks at 24 h PBM. Depletion of miR-1890 results in defects in blood digestion, ovary development and egg deposition. JHA15 mRNA and protein levels are elevated in female mosquitoes with miR-1890 inhibition. JHA15 RNA interference in the miR-1890 depletion background alleviates miR-1890 depletion phenotypes. The miR-1890 gene is activated by the 20-hydroxyecdysone pathway that involves the ecdysone receptor and the early genes, E74B and Broad Z2. Our study suggests that miR-1890 controls JHA15 mRNA stability in a stage- and tissue- specific manner.
Pregnancy-related anxiety: Evidence of distinct clinical significance from a prospective longitudinal study.

Abstract Background Pregnancy-related anxiety (PrA) has attracted considerable research attention, but questions remain about its distinctiveness from conventional constructs and measures. In a high psychosocial risk, ethnically diverse sample, we examine the degree to which PrA is distinct from continuous and diagnostic measures of anxiety and worry in terms of longitudinal course, associations with psychosocial and perinatal risk, and prediction of postnatal mood disturbance. Methods 345 women oversampled for prenatal anxiety and depression were selected from an urban obstetrics clinic serving a predominantly low-income, ethnically diverse population. PrA was assessed at 20 and 32 weeks gestation; anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed from questionnaire and from clinical interview at 20 and 32 weeks gestation and again at 2 and 6 months postnatally. Data relevant to psychosocial and obstetric risks were ascertained from interview, medical exam, and chart review. Results Two distinct factors of PrA were identified, indexing specific concerns about the child's health and about the birth; these two PrA factors showed distinct longitudinal patterns in the prenatal period, and modest associations with general measures of anxiety and depression from questionnaire and clinical interview. PrA was also distinguished from conventional symptom measures in its associated features and prediction of birth weight and postnatal mood. Limitations The sample was at high psychosocial risk and ethnically diverse; findings may not generalize to other samples. Conclusions PrA can be distinguished from general measures of anxiety in pregnancy in terms of longitudinal course, associated features, and prediction to postnatal mood disturbance, and may warrant specific clinical attention.
A multi-attribute based methodology for vehicle detection and identification

Robust vehicle detection and identification is required for the intelligent persistent surveillance systems. In this paper, we present a Multi-attribute Vehicle Detection and Identification technique (MVDI) for detection and classification of stationary vehicles. The proposed model uses a supervised Hamming Neural Network (HNN) for taxonomy of shape of the vehicle. Vehicles silhouette features are employed for the training of the HNN from a large array of training vehicle samples in different type, scale, and color variation. Invariant vehicle silhouette attributes are used as features for training of the HNN which is based on an internal Hamming Distance and shape features to determine degree of similarity of a test vehicle against those it’s selectively trained with. Upon detection of class of the vehicle, the other vehicle attributes such as: color and orientation are determined. For vehicle color detection, provincial regions of the vehicle body are used for matching color of the vehicle. For the vehicle orientation detection, the key structural features of the vehicle are extracted and subjected to classification based on color tune, geometrical shape, and tire region detection. The experimental results show the technique is promising and has robustness for detection and identification of vehicle based on their multi-attribute features. Furthermore this paper demonstrates the importance of the vehicle attributes detection towards the identification of Human-Vehicle Interaction events.
Ordering-based nonlinear solver for fully-implicit simulation of three-phase flow

The Fully Implicit Method (FIM) is often the method of choice for the temporal discretization of the partial differential equations governing multiphase flow in porous media. The FIM involves solving large coupled systems of nonlinear algebraic equations. Newton-based methods, which are employed to solve the nonlinear systems, can suffer from convergence problems—this is especially true for large time steps in the presence of highly nonlinear flow physics. To overcome such convergence problems, the time step is usually reduced, and the Newton steps are restarted from the solution of the previous (converged) time step. Recently, potential ordering and the reduced-Newton method were used to solve immiscible three-phase flow in the presence of buoyancy and capillary effects (e.g., Kwok and Tchelepi, J. Comput. Phys. 227(1), 706–727 9). Here, we improve the robustness of the potential-based ordering method in the presence of gravity. Furthermore, we also extend this nonlinear approach to interphase mass transfer. Our algorithm deals effectively with mass transfer between the liquid and gas phases, including phase disappearance (e.g., gas going back in solution) and reappearance (e.g., gas coming out of solution and forming a separate phase), as a function of pressure and composition. Detailed comparisons of the robustness and efficiency of the potential-based solver with state-of-the-art nonlinear/linear solvers are presented for immiscible two-phase (Dead-Oil), Black-Oil, and compositional problems using heterogeneous models. The results show that for large time steps, our nonlinear ordering-based solver reduces the number of nonlinear iterations significantly, which leads to gains in the overall computational cost.
Hollywood's Africa after 1994

In this book, Mary Ellen Higgins, who has numerous previously published essays on the literary and cinematic representations of human rights, has brought together fifteen intriguing essays by a multidisciplinary community of contributors to examine Hollywood’s representations of Africa. Their historical starting point—1994, the year of the genocide in Rwanda—stems from how that event captured the attention of human rights activists and Hollywood celebrities to yield a symbiosis of sorts in which Hollywood made human rights films and activists saw film as a means to motivate viewer campaigns against human rights violation. These recent films have human rights issues as their “major thrust” but oftenmix the issues withHollywood’s bequeathed legacy of “colonial” tropes that cast Africa as dangerous, exotic, and savage, and render the people and places of the continent as amere backdrop forWestern protagonists and perspectives. The films discussed range in the book from big-budget studio productions to independent and transnational outputs that engage with Hollywood’s legacies. The films are Terry George’s Hotel Rwanda, Edward Hick’s Blood Diamond, Kevin Macdonald’s Last King of Scotland, Annie Sundberg and Ricki Stern’s The Devil Came onHorseback, Phillip Noyce and TomHooper’s Red Dust andCatch a Fire, Darell Roodt’s Dangerous Ground and Cry the Beloved Country, Neil Blompkamp’s District 9, Ridley Scott’s Black Hawk Down, Anton Fuqua’s Tears of the Sun, Peter Raymont’s Shake Hands With the Devil, Fernando Meirellis’s The Constant Gardener, Peter Jackson’s King Kong, Andrew Niccol’s Lord of War, Clint Eastwood’s Invictus, Newton Aduaka’s Ezra, and Mahmet Selah-Haroun’s Bye Bye Africa. The book’s driving question is: How can Hollywood’s Africa be characterized after 1994 and how has this been challenged, changed, and/or updated? In other BOOK REVIEW
Breast cancer screening and African American women: fear, fatalism, and silence.

Purpose/objectives To explore the beliefs, attitudes, and practices related to breast cancer and breast cancer screening among low- and middle-income African American women. Design Qualitative study using focus group methodology. Sample/setting 26 African American women, age 40-65, selected from three employment groups, recruited from a community-based center and a local teacher's union in a moderate-sized urban area. Methods Three 90-minute focus group discussions exploring breast cancer beliefs, attitudes, and practices were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic context analysis techniques. Findings When breast cancer was discussed, fear was the predominant feeling expressed in all groups. This fear was a primary reason not to engage in breast cancer screening. Unemployed women and service workers emphasized the role of violence in causing breast cancer, whereas teachers discussed injury and sex as causing breast cancer. All participants stressed that breast cancer is seldom discussed within the African American community. Teachers added that this secrecy within the African American community leads to breast cancer being viewed as a white woman's disease. Conclusions Despite initiatives promoting breast cancer awareness. African American women still hold misconceptions regarding the etiology of breast cancer and fatalistic perspectives regarding breast cancer outcomes, perhaps because breast cancer is discussed infrequently. Because pain, fear, and fatalism were discussed in all groups, future research should address the influence of these factors to increase screening behaviors. Implications for nursing practice Because unemployed women, service workers, and teachers differed in their beliefs about breast cancer and breast cancer screening, nurses must be mindful of the need to tailor Interventions to address the needs of both low- and middle-income African American women.
Same-Sex Couples' Decisions and Experiences of Marriage in the Context of Minority Stress: Interviews From a Population-Based Longitudinal Study.

ABSTRACTIn the emerging context of marriage equality, it is important to explore the reasons for and experience of marriage for long-term same-sex couples, including the role of minority stress. In Wave 3 of the population-based, longitudinal CUPPLES Study we interviewed 21 long-term same-sex couples (14 female, 7 male) who resided in 12 different states and who were legally married. Couple members ranged in age from 37 to 84 and reported being together as a couple from 15 to 41 years. Seven couples lived in states that did not recognize their marriage at the time of the interview. Legal protection and social validation emerged as the two primary domains that captured couples’ lived experiences of marriage. Minority stress experiences emerged in the narratives in the context of couples’ long-term commitment, the availability of civil marriage, and couples’ participation in activist efforts on behalf of marriage equality for themselves and others.
Anaplastic Plasma Cell Myeloma with Features Mimicking Angiosarcoma: A Case Report

Plasma cell neoplasms are mainly classified into plasma cell myeloma, solitary plasmacytoma of bone, and extramedullary plasmacytoma. Their anaplastic variants may have various clinical and histologic presentations. It has been reported that anaplastic plasmacytoma can be confused with high-grade sarcoma. We report a case of an anaplastic plasma cell myeloma with angiosarcoma-like presentation. The patient is a 59-year-old woman with …
Physicians' professional identities: a roadmap to understanding "value" in cardiovascular imaging.

Quality improvement efforts in cardiovascular imaging have been challenged by limited adoption of initiatives and policies. In order to better understand this limitation and inform future efforts, the range clinical values related to cardiovascular imaging at a large academic hospital was characterized. 15 Northwestern Medicine physicians from internal medicine, cardiology, emergency medicine, cardiac/vascular surgery, and radiology were interviewed about their use of cardiovascular imaging and imaging guidelines. Interview transcripts were systemically analyzed according to constructivist grounded theory and combined with 56 previous interviews with interventional radiologists, interventional cardiologists, gynecologists, and vascular surgeons to develop a model describing specialty-specific values. This model was applied to the 15 pilot interviews focused on cardiovascular imaging, highlighting specialty specific differences in values and practice patterns. Transcripts were also reviewed independently by a cardiologist and 2 radiologists followed by a group discussion to assess reproducibility and achieve a consensus regarding the results. Differences in perceived value of cardiovascular imaging and use of guidelines among physicians were well explained by three value-associated identity categories (managers, diagnosticians, and fixers) that were further differentiated along three axes (broad v. focused-thinkers, complex v. definitive-answer-seekers, and public visibility). Quality improvement in cardiovascular imaging may be limited by a lack of understanding and incorporation of the complexity of medical culture into ongoing initiatives. Both individually and during policy development, it is important to first understand the complexity of stakeholders’ diverse perceptions of “value,” “quality,” and “appropriateness.”
The devil is in the details: The successes and limitations of bureaucratic reform in India

Abstract Using a biometric technology to monitor the attendance of public health workers in India resulted in a 15 percent increase in staff presence, particularly for lower-level staff. The monitoring program led to a reduction in low-birth weight babies, highlighting the importance of improving provider presence. But, despite the government initiating this reform, there was ultimately a low demand by the government to use the higher quality attendance data available in real time to enforce their existing human resource policies (e.g. leave or salary deductions) due to logistical challenges and a not unrealistic fear of generating staff discord or increase in staff attrition, especially among doctors, who showed the least improvement in attendance. While we observed some gains from this type of monitoring program, technological solutions by themselves will not improve attendance of government staff without a willingness to use the data generated to enforce existing penalties.
Nursing aspects of acute pain management

Summary The role of nursing in the management of acute pain is expanding. Historically, just as physicians have been prone to underprescribe opioid analgesics for their patients, nurses have been reluctant to administer those prescribed doses.6, 14 As research begins to demonstrate the benefits of early and aggressive management of acute postoperative pain, care givers, both medical and nursing, have a growing responsibility to respond by planning and implementing comprehensive pain management programs.24 Fundamental to the implementation and success of these programs is the education and support for the PCN, who is at the bedside. To this end, the role of the CNS within a developed APS is beneficial for other nurses, physicians, and most of all patients. The prelude for optimal pain management is practitioners skilled in the assessment and treatment of patients experiencing acute pain. As physicians and nurses work collaboratively in an effort to achieve the goal of optimal pain management, patients are sure to benefit.
Responses in the polar and equatorial ionosphere to the March 2015 St. Patrick Day storm

The St. Patrick Day storm of 2015 (17 March 2015) occurred at a unique time when there were multiple spacecraft observing the Earth's ionosphere between 350 and 885 km. Observations of the plasma flows and densities from the five operational polar-orbiting DMSP spacecraft combined with those from the equatorial-orbiting C/NOFS spacecraft provided a comprehensive global record of the both the polar and equatorial ionosphere regions' responses to the storm. This paper presents an overview of the data from this suite of spacecraft focusing on the following aspects: (1) the polar cap ionosphere's reaction to the storm, (2) the change in the penetration electric field in the midlatitude region as a function of time and the solar local time during the storm, (3) the equatorial ionosphere's response of the meridional (vertical) flows to the penetration electric field and the disturbance dynamo during the storm, and (4) the creation of a predawn ionospheric bubble system near the equator during the storm's main phase that was observed at low altitudes by C/NOFS and later at high altitudes by several DMSP. Examining these phenomenon enable us to trace the dynamic flow of energy from the solar wind input in the polar ionosphere all the way to the equatorial ionosphere.
Biomarkers of Extra-Renal Complications of AKI

Abstract Although the primary focus of biomarker development in AKI has been to detect AKI early in its course with the goal of initiating therapy to improve kidney function, early identification of AKI may also facilitate treatments to target extra-renal complications. A wealth of data has accumulated that AKI is associated with numerous extra-renal complications that affect numerous organs such as the lung, brain, and heart and that these adverse effects likely contribute to the increased mortality associated with AKI. Thus, the development of biomarkers that diagnose AKI earlier may used to better establish the course of extra-renal complications and the role of AKI in the development of other organ dysfunction. Although numerous extra-renal complications may occur in patients with AKI, the best studied complications that have associated biomarkers are inflammation and lung injury. Therefore, in this section, the inflammatory and pulmonary complications of AKI as well as their potential biomarkers will be discussed. Data from animal as well as clinical studies will be reviewed.
Teaching Chinese in K–12 Schools in the United States: What Are the Challenges?

This study deepens and extends research into the challenges that Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) teachers face both in terms of classroom instruction and in their work more broadly. These challenges reflect CFL teachers’ struggles to reconcile their educational beliefs, values, and experiences as teachers and learners in China with their experiences as teachers in American schools. The conflicts between the two educational systems manifest themselves in a large number and range of difficulties, including designing curriculum; selecting appealing lesson themes and choosing classroom activities, strategies, and materials that motivate students; managing student behavior; and working with parents. Cultural differences and difficulties inherent in the Chinese language are also issues for CFL teachers. Suggestions for teacher preparation, professional development programs, and school leaders as well as directions for future studies are offered.
Maximum Monoreflections and Essential Extensions

An extension operator “c” in a category is an assignment, to each object A a monomorphism c A : A→cA. Seeking to approximate such a c by a functor, in our earlier paper “Maximum monoreflections,” we showed that with some hypotheses on the category, and on c, there is a monoreflection μ(c) maximum beneath c. Thus, in a suitable category of rings, using the complete ring of quotients operator Q, each object A has a “maximum functorial ring of quotients” μ(Q)A. But the proof gave no hint of how to calculate the general μ(c)A's, nor the particular μ(Q)A's. In the present paper, we give an explicit formula (and separate proof of existence) for the μ(c)A's, under more complicated hypotheses on the category and assuming the c A 's are essential monomorphisms. We discuss briefly how the formula proves adequate to calculate the μ(Q)A's in Archimedean f-rings, and some related and necessary constructs in Archimedean l-groups.
Angiomyomatous hamartoma of lymph nodes, revisited: clinicopathologic study of 21 cases, emphasizing its distinction from lymphangioleiomyomatosis of lymph nodes

Angiomyomatous hamartoma of lymph nodes (AMH-LN) is an uncommon benign proliferation of smooth muscle, blood vessels, collagenous stroma, and adipocytes, most commonly affecting inguinal LN. A similar constellation of cell types constitutes various members of the perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) family, including lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), which can involve LN in women. Because some LN-LAM patients have tuberous sclerosis complex and/or other PEComa family lesions, it is clinically relevant to distinguish LN-LAM from AMH-LN. Given their similar features, however, the possibility that AMH-LN is a morphologic variant of LN-LAM merits inquiry. The dual melanocytic and myoid immunophenotype distinguishes the PEComa family from its mimics. Cathepsin K has recently emerged as a more sensitive marker for the PEComa family than HMB-45, which can be weak and focal, but cathepsin K has not been studied in AMH-LN. This study evaluated 21 AMH-LNs for clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic features of LN-LAM. None (0/21) had tuberous sclerosis complex or PEComas. Thirteen (62%) were male, unlike LN-LAM, which is restricted to women. All cases exhibited intraparenchymal proliferation of variable-sized, thick-walled blood vessels within collagenous stroma containing a sparse to focally cellular population of haphazardly distributed smooth muscle cells. Admixed adipocytes were commonly present. None exhibited classical features of LN-LAM such as subcapsular localization, extranodal extension, intralymphatic growth, compact nests, branching lymphatic channels, plump cell shape, or foamy/clear cytoplasm. None exhibited any staining for cathepsin K, HMB-45, or microphthalmia transcription factor. There is no clinical, morphologic, or immunohistochemical evidence to suggest that AMH-LN is a variant of LN-LAM.
Predictive modeling capabilities from incident powder and laser to mechanical properties for laser directed energy deposition

This paper presents an overview of vertically integrated comprehensive predictive modeling capabilities for directed energy deposition processes, which have been developed at Purdue University. The overall predictive models consist of vertically integrated several modules, including powder flow model, molten pool model, microstructure prediction model and residual stress model, which can be used for predicting mechanical properties of additively manufactured parts by directed energy deposition processes with blown powder as well as other additive manufacturing processes. Critical governing equations of each model and how various modules are connected are illustrated. Various illustrative results along with corresponding experimental validation results are presented to illustrate the capabilities and fidelity of the models. The good correlations with experimental results prove the integrated models can be used to design the metal additive manufacturing processes and predict the resultant microstructure and mechanical properties.
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), PD-L1, and overall survival (OS) of patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer.

50Background: Immune checkpoint inhibition of PD-L1 is emerging as an important therapeutic target for patients with advanced esophageal cancer. However, response rates to therapy remain low. IDO1 ...
Temporal and Polarization Dependence of the Nonlinear Optical Response of Solvents

It has long been known that nonlinear refraction in solvents can depend on pulse width, and this along with experimental uncertainties has led to orders-of-magnitude disagreements in nonlinear refractive coefficients reported in the literature. To resolve this issue, we perform beam-deflection (BD) measurements of the rigorously defined nonlinear impulse response function for 24 commonly used solvents selected from various classes of molecules. Using this polarization-resolved BD, the bound-electronic and the three major nuclear contributions are separately measured by determining the magnitudes, symmetry, and temporal dynamics of each mechanism. This allows us to construct the response functions that we use to accurately establish self-consistent references for predicting and interpreting the outcomes of other experiments performed on these materials over the temporal range from 10 fs to 1 ns. The results also provide insight into relating solvent nonlinearities with their molecular structures and exploring the effects of the Lorentz–Lorenz local field. We find that nonconjugated molecules with small polarizability anisotropy exhibit negligible reorientational response, and hence the nonlinear refraction is almost independent of pulse width. Knowledge of the response functions also allows engineering the transient nonlinear refractive properties of solutions of organic dyes, for example, materials with effectively zero nonlinear refraction.
Enzyme Architecture: Amino Acid Side-Chains That Function To Optimize the Basicity of the Active Site Glutamate of Triosephosphate Isomerase

We report pH rate profiles for kcat and Km for the isomerization reaction of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate catalyzed by wildtype triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) from three organisms and by ten mutants of TIM; and, for Ki for inhibition of this reaction by phosphoglycolate trianion (I3–). The pH profiles for Ki show that the binding of I3– to TIM (E) to form EH·I3– is accompanied by uptake of a proton by the carboxylate side-chain of E165, whose function is to abstract a proton from substrate. The complexes for several mutants exist mainly as E–·I3– at high pH, in which cases the pH profiles define the pKa for deprotonation of EH·I3–. The linear free energy correlation, with slope of 0.73 (r2 = 0.96), between kcat/Km for TIM-catalyzed isomerization and the disassociation constant of PGA trianion for TIM shows that EH·I3– and the transition state are stabilized by similar interactions with the protein catalyst. Values of pKa = 10–10.5 were estimated for deprotonation of EH·I3– for wildtype TIM. This pKa decrea...
Architecture and Function of the Eukaryotic Chromosome

Viewed from a molecular perspective, the eukaryotic chromosome is an immense structure. Viewed from a physiological perspective, it is not one structure at all, but a family of related structures, differing from one another in form and activity. Even a single chromosome has pronounced structural variation along its length and is changeable from one moment to the next. These factors make the chromosome a difficult object to study, and our understanding of the details of its structure and function remains incomplete. However, in recent years the analytical methods of molecular biology and the discovery of model systems in which to study chromosome function have greatly expanded our understanding of the eukaryotic chromosome. The results have been reviewed in numerous books and articles (for example, Alberts et al., 1983, 1989; Darnell et al., 1990; Jeppesen and Bower, 1987).
Modtran ® 6 Multiple Line-Of-Sight (MLOS) Option

The MODTRAN6 radiative transfer model enjoys widespread use throughout the remote sensing community. A multiple line-of-sight option is now available that dramatically increases processing time when spectral transmittances and radiances are required for multiple paths within a scene. The option is demonstrated for three applications: (1) modeling residuals between plane-parallel and spherical earth atmosphere hemispherical fluxes; (2) computing wave boundary layer weighting functions; and (3) generating look-up tables for simulating an airborne visible through shortwave infrared hyperspectral sensor.
Learning Native Wisdom: What Traditional Cultures Teach Us about Subsistence, Sustainability, and Spirituality

This paperback version of the book by Gary Holthaus a humanities scholar, writer, poet, educator and currently a called minister at the Anchorage Unitarian Universalist Fellowship is a collection of vernacular essays addressing deeper issues related to sustainability as most of us know it. With an overarching theme of spirituality as a way of life and thinking, this book is a narration of his reflections and insights gained through his years growing with a farmer grandfather in Iowa, working with nonprofits and the Alaska Humanities Forum; his discoveries in commercial fishing, teaching, reading and in-depth interactions with indigenous Alaskan populations as well as people in the arts and humanities. It is an enriching creation on understanding the assets of traditional communties to build and evollve sustainable cultures.
Tracking Cross-Cultural Gender Bias in Reputations:

While ethnologists have long noted that females lack access to social capital across cultures, the magnitude of this effect is rarely examined. Here, we investigate the nature of gender bias in one...
Abstract A05: Incidence and trends in head and neck cancer among United States’ pediatric, adolescent, and young adult population

Objectives: In 2009, there were 48,010 new cases of head and neck cancer in the United States. A decade later, it is projected that there will be 65,410 new cases in 2019, a 36% increase in new cases of the disease. While this number represents the general head and neck cancer population in the United States, only a few studies have described incidence and trends in head and neck cancer in the pediatric, adolescent, and young adult population—individuals who may have to live with the effects of cancer treatment due to a younger than average age of diagnosis. This study aimed to estimate head and neck cancer incidence and trends in the United States’ pediatric, adolescent, and young adult population. Methods: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 9 database from 1975-2016, we analyzed age-adjusted head and neck cancer incidence rates for pediatric cases (aged 0 to 14 years) and young adult cases (aged 15-39 years). We used Joinpoint regression analyses to examine incidence trends stratified by sex (male, female), race (white, blacks, and Others), and age groups (0-14, and 15-39 years). Results: There were 424 pediatric HNC cases and 6,936 adolescent and young adult cases in the study. Whites accounted for 70.6% of cancers, and 57.6% of cancers occurred in males. Overall, there was a 14.7% decrease in the incidence of HNC (1.32 per 100,000 in 1975 vs. 1.12 per 100,000 in 2016). For pediatric cases, there was a 51.2% decrease in incidence of HNC (0.18 per 100,000 in 1975 vs. 0.09 per 100,000 in 2016); in young adults, there was a 12.8% decrease in incidence of HNC (2.01 per 100,000 in 1975 vs. 1.75 per 100,000 in 2016). While there was overall decrease in incidence, we found differences based on sex. Among young adult males, the annual percent change (APC) from 1975 to 2016 was -0.46 (p Conclusions: Among pediatric, adolescent, and young adults in the United States, head and neck cancer has decreased markedly in all groups in the last four decades, except among white female adolescents and young adults where there has been a significant increase in the time period of the study. As this trend differs from the adult head and neck cancer population, it is critical that further investigations provide more insight into the epidemiology of head and neck cancer among white adolescent and young adult females. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters, Kara M. Christopher, Matthew C. Simpson, Premal B. Desai, Rebecca L. Rohde, Sai D. Challapalli, Adnan S. Hussaini, Neelima Panth, Eric Adjei Boakye. Incidence and trends in head and neck cancer among United States’ pediatric, adolescent, and young adult population [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 17-20; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(14 Suppl):Abstract nr A05.
Learning partially observed meshed distribution grids

This article analyzes statistical learning methods to identify the topology of meshed power distribution grids under partial observability. The learning algorithms use properties of the probability distribution of nodal voltages collected at the observed nodes. Unlike prior work on learning under partial observability, this work does not presume radial structure of the grid, and furthermore does not use injection measurements at any node. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work for topology recovery in partially observed distribution grids, that uses voltage measurements alone. The developed learning algorithms are validated with non-linear power flow samples generated by Matpower in test grids.