cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation and electrochemical investigation of Li2CoPO4F cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

Abstract In this paper, we report the electrochemical characteristics of a novel cathode material, Li 2 CoPO 4 F, prepared by solid-state reactions. The solid-state reaction mechanism involved in synthesizing the Li 2 CoPO 4 F also is analyzed in this paper. When cycled between 2.0 V and 5.0 V during cyclic voltammetry measurements, the Li 2 CoPO 4 F samples present one, fully reversible anodic reaction at 4.81 V. When cycled between 2.0 V and 5.5 V, peaks occurring at 4.81 V and 5.12 V in the first anodic scan evolved to one broad oxidative, mound-like pattern in subsequent cycles. Correspondingly, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the Li 2 CoPO 4 F electrode discharged from 5.5 V to 2.0 V is slightly different from the patterns exhibited by a fresh sample and the sample discharged from 5.0 V to 2.0 V. This difference may correspond to a structural relaxation that appears above 5 V. In the constant current cycling measurements, the Li 2 CoPO 4 F samples exhibited a capacity as high as 109 mAh g −1 and maintained a good cyclability between 2.0 V and 5.5 V vs. Li/Li + . XRD measurements confirmed that the discharged state is Li 2 CoPO 4 F. Combining these XRD results and electrochemical data proved that up to 1 mol Li + is extractable when charged to 5.5 V.
WELFARE LIBERALISM, SOCIAL POLICY, AND POVERTY IN AMERICA

The conservative explanation for the persistence of poverty—that liberal social programs have created with disincentives-explains very little of the poverty that exists. It has gained acceptance because liberal anti-poverty efforts have been based on flawed understanding of the problem that insured their failure. Because of the oversupply of young adult workers in the 1970s, there was a proliferation of jobs paying low wages. Liberal programs that assumed that the poor simply needed training and education to lift themselves out of poverty, ignored the shortage of jobs paying above-poverty-level wages. Liberals also assumed that with the requisite training and jobs, all Americans have the capacity to gain the skills necessary to obtain those jobs. This neglects data showing that a larger proportion of individuals with low native ability have earnings beneath the poverty line than workers with normal ability, even when controlling for educational attainment. A new anti-poverty effort must take into account these realities.
Induced latent infection of monkeys with vacuolating SV-40 Papova virus. Virus in kidneys and urine.

SummaryA latent infection was induced by exposure of African primates by a variety of routes to the vacuolating SV-40 virus, the simian member of the papova virus group. Virus multiplied in the green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops more abundantly than in the baboon Papio doguera, without inducing an apparent illness in either species. Early in the infection SV-40 was found in the urine, with 18 isolations obtained among the 26 specimens collected from 10 green monkeys in the first 4 weeks after infection. The titer of the urine was as high as 106.5 TCD50/ml. Virus was recovered from the urine of all 4 baboons inoculated parenterally, but not from 3 baboons infected by intranasal or oral administration of virus. Later in the course of the infection when viruria was waning, neutralizing antibodies appeared in the urine (as well as in the blood). Of 18 late urine specimens which were negative for virus, 16 were positive in neutralization tests. Three to 8 months after infection, when virus was no longer recov...
Uniqueness of analytic solutions for stationary plate oscillations in an annulus

Abstract The equations governing the harmonic oscillations of a plate with transverse shear deformation are considered in an annular domain. It is shown that under nonstandard boundary conditions where both the displacements and tractions are zero on the internal boundary curve, the corresponding analytic solution is zero in the entire domain. This property is then used to prove that a boundary value problem with Dirichlet or Neumann conditions on the external boundary and Robin conditions on the internal boundary has at most one analytic solution.
Histochemical patterns of dehydrogenase activity in the development of free muscle grafts in the rat

Patterns of activity of six dehydrogenase enzymes were studied histochemically in 42 free muscle grafts in the rat. Within hours, the surviving peripheral muscle fibers can be distinguished from the central ischemic muscle fibers. The surviving muscle fibers retain their characteristic pattern of staining throughout the post-transplantation period. The central ischemic muscle fibers stain abnormally and by five or six days they lose their enzymatic activity. The zone of regeneration, between the surviving and the ischemic muscle fibers, initially shows little dehydrogenase activity, but as the regenerating muscle fibers mature, they develop first a homogeneous staining pattern and, later, differences in staining intensity among different types of muscle fibers.
Hypoxia. 3. Hypoxia and neurotransmitter synthesis

Central and peripheral neurons as well as neuroendocrine cells express a variety of neurotransmitters/modulators that play critical roles in regulation of physiological systems. The synthesis of several neurotransmitters/modulators is regulated by O2-requiring rate-limiting enzymes. Consequently, hypoxia resulting from perturbations in O2 homeostasis can affect neuronal functions by altering neurotransmitter synthesis. Two broad categories of hypoxia are frequently encountered: continuous hypoxia (CH) and intermittent hypoxia (IH). CH is often seen during high altitude sojourns, whereas IH is experienced in sleep-disordered breathing with recurrent apneas (i.e., brief, repetitive cessations of breathing). This article presents what is currently known on the effects of both forms of hypoxia on neurotransmitter levels and neurotransmitter synthesizing enzymes in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Static routing and wavelength assignment for multicast advance reservation in all-optical wavelength-routed WDM networks

In this paper, we investigate the static multicast advance reservation (MCAR) problem for all-optical wavelength-routed WDM networks. Under the advanced reservation traffic model, connection requests specify their start time to be some time in the future and also specify their holding times. We investigate the static MCAR problem where the set of advance reservation requests is known ahead of time. We prove the MCAR problem is NP-complete, formulate the problem mathematically as an integer linear program (ILP), and develop three efficient heuristics, seqRWA, ISH, and SA, to solve the problem for practical size networks. We also introduce a theoretical lower bound on the number of wavelengths required. To evaluate our heuristics, we first compare their performances to the ILP for small networks, and then simulate them over real-world, large-scale networks. We find the SA heuristic provides close to optimal results compared to the ILP for our smaller networks, and up to a 33% improvement over seqRWA and up to a 22% improvement over ISH on realistic networks. SA provides, on average, solutions 1.5-1.8 times the cost given by our conservative lower bound on large networks.
Adenylate deaminase deficiency in a hypotonic infant

1. Drummond K: Minimal lesion form of the nephrotic syndrome, in Vaughan V, et al, editors: Nelson's textbook of pediatrics, Philadelphia, 1979, WB Saunders Company, p 145. 2. McLean RH, Forsgren A, and Bjorksten B: Decreased serum Factor B concentration associated with decreased opsonization of Eschericbia coli in the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, Pediatr Res 11:910, 1977. 3. Anderson DC, York TL, Rose G, and Smith GC: Assessment of serum Factor B, serum opsonins, granulocyte chemotaxis, and infection in nephrotic syndrome of children, J Infect Dis 140:1, 1979. 4. Fikrig SM, Schiffman G, Phillipp JC, and Moel DI: Antibody response to capsular polysaecharide vaccine of Streptococcus pneumoniae in patients with nephrotic syndrome, J Infect Dis 137:818, 1978. 5. AUen RC: Evaluation of serum opsonlc capacity by quantitaring the initial chemiluminescence response from phagocytizing polymorphonuclear leukocytes, Infect Immun 15:828, 1977. 6. Ammann AN, and Pleger RJ: Determination of antibody to pneumococcal polysaccharide with chromium chloridetreated human red blood cells and indirect hemagglutination, Appl Environ Microbiol 24:679, 1972. 7. Giangiacomo J, Cleary TG, Cole BR, Hoffsten P, and Robson AM: Serum immunoglobulins in the nephrotic syndrome. A possible cause of minimal change nephrotic syndorme, N Engl J Med 293:8, 1975. 8. Giebink GS, Schiffman G, Krivit W, and Quie PG: Vaccinetype pneumococcal pneumonia. Occurrence after vaccination in an asplenic patient, JAMA 241:2763, 1979. 9. Ahonkhai VI, Landesman SH, Fikrig SM, Schmalzer EA, Brown AK, Cberubin CE, and Schiffman G: Failure of pneumococcal vaccine in children with sickle-cell disease, N Engl J Med 301:26, 1979. 10, McMillan R, Longmire, R, and Yelenosky, R: The effect of corticosteroids on human lgG synthesis, J Immunol 116:1592, 1976.
Calculation of dopant segregation ratios at semiconductor interfaces

We analyzed dopant segregation at semiconductor interfaces by equilibrating chemical potentials of dopants and electrons on each side of the interface. We apply the theory to Si/strained-SiGe interfaces and compare the predictions with existing experimental data. The calculations include changes in effective density of states (with particular attention to high-temperature hole effective mass), band-gap narrowing due to composition and temperature, and lattice parameter changes. We find that strong B segregation is dominated by stress effects, while moderate P or As segregation is dominated by changes in electronic band structure. We also observe that calculated stress energy is nearly temperature independent.
Reproductive Life History of Desmognathus folkertsi (Dwarf Black-bellied Salamander)

Abstract An earlier collection of monthly samples of presumed Desmognathus quadramaculatus from Union County, GA, revealed the presence a previously unknown, sympatric, sibling species. This new form was recently described as D. folkertsi. In this paper, we report on the reproductive life history of this new species from data taken during (1) a 14-month period in 1989–90 and (2) late spring of 1998. Adult males and females mature at approximately the same size (57–58 mm snout–vent length [SVL]), and males reach larger mean (72 versus 66 mm SVL) and maximum (81 versus 75 mm SVL) sizes. Metamorphosis apparently takes place at approximately two years of age, and reproductive maturity is reached at four or more years of age in both sexes. If number of lobes in the multi-lobed testis indicates age, as has previously been presumed in adult male Desmognathus, then the paucity of singly-lobed, presumably young male D. folkertsi in both sampling periods suggest a declining population. Relative measures of density,...
The relation of item difficulty and inter-item correlation to test variance and reliability.

Under assumptions that will hold for the usual test situation, it is proved that test reliability and variance increase (a) as the average inter-item correlation increases, and (b) as the variance of the item difficulty distribution decreases. As the average item variance increases, the test variance will increase, but the test reliability will not be affected. (It is noted that as the average item variance increases, the average item difficulty approaches .50). In this development, no account is taken of the effect of chance success, or the possible effect on student attitude of different item difficulty distributions. In order to maximize the reliability and variance of a test, the items should have high intercorrelations, all items should be of the same difficulty level, and the level should be as near to 50% as possible.
Exploring School Mental Health Collaboration in an Urban Community: A Social Capital Perspective

Collaboration between community mental health professionals and school professionals involves sharing knowledge and resources to accomplish more than could be achieved by practicing in isolation. Despite its role in school mental health (SMH), there is little research evidence that collaboration is associated with improved outcomes. This qualitative study used focus group methodology to explore collaboration among 26 mental health and school professionals. The constant comparative method was used to analyze focus group data. Central categories that emerged from the analysis included the importance of integrating professionals from collaborating agencies into the school community, communication between school professionals and community providers, and the perceived positive contributions of SMH collaboration for engaging families in schools. Study findings are interpreted from a social capital perspective and implications for SMH practice and research are offered.
Stochastic simulation of electromigration failure of flip chip solder bumps

Abstract Stochastic simulations are performed for the first time to explore the nature of electromigration failure of SnPb flip chip solder bumps at room temperature. Treating the SnPb flip chip solder bump as a random resistor network and electromigration as a diffusion-controlled depletion–accumulation process, the main features of limited experimental observations are well reproduced. The microstructure and current density dependence of the time to failure, the median time to failure and the dynamics of void/hillock growth, as well as the electromigration-induced resistance fluctuations are obtained to provide a comprehensive interpretation of electromigration process and failure in terms of physical parameters in SnPb solder bumps. The approach introduced in the present work can be used for elucidating the most important factors in controlling the electromigration and its rate of flip chip solder bumps, and thus contribute to their optimal design.
A Prospective, Blinded Study of Diagnostic Esophagoscopy with a Superthin, Stand-Alone, Battery-Powered Esophagoscope

Abstract Objectives A more widely available, well-tolerated, and cost-effective technique is needed to screen a broad population at risk for esophageal cancer. An ideal solution might be to perform unsedated esophagoscopy with an entirely self-contained, small-caliber endoscope. In a prospective, blinded study in three phases, we compared the feasibility, patient tolerance, and diagnostic accuracy of esophagoscopy performed with a prototype, superthin, battery-powered esophagoscope (BPE) with standard video esophagogastroduodenoscopy (SVE). Methods In phase I, 10 healthy volunteers underwent both peroral and transnasal esophagoscopy with BPE to evaluate the technical feasibility of the examination. For phases II and III, patients were recruited to have BPE before SVE. In phase II, both procedures were performed with conscious sedation. In phase III, the BPE was performed with only topical anesthesia. Two endoscopists assessed the technical performance of the endoscope and patient tolerance and recorded the esophageal findings independently. Results In phase I, all endoscopists reported adequate visualization of the esophagus in the 10 volunteers. A total of 181 patients were evaluated in phases II and III (89 in phase II, 92 in phase III). The sensitivity for detecting columnar lined esophagus was 94% in phase II and 95% in phase III. The sensitivity for all esophageal findings was 87% and 86% in phases II and III, respectively. The technical performance of the endoscope was significantly worse for BPE compared with the SVE. The patient tolerance as evaluated by the endoscopist was similar for both procedures. Ninety-five percent of the patients undergoing unsedated BPE were willing to have the procedure repeated under similar circumstances. Conclusions Unsedated esophagoscopy with a 3.1-mm, battery-powered, stand-alone esophagoscope is feasible, well tolerated, and accurate in detecting esophageal pathologies. It might be an efficient and cost-effective screening tool for the detection of columnar lined esophagus.
Estimating the number of test cases required to satisfy the all-du-paths testing criterion

The all-du-paths software testing criterion is the most discriminating of the data flow testing criteria of Rapps and Weyuker. Unfortunately, in the worst case, the criterion requires an exponential number of test cases. To investigate the practicality of the criterion, we develop tools to count the number of complete program paths necessary to satisfy the criterion. This count is an estimate of the number of test cases required. In a case study of an industrial software system, we find that in eighty percent of the subroutines the all-du-paths criterion is satisfied by testing ten or fewer complete paths. Only one subroutine out of 143 requires an exponential number of test cases.
The newest Weber

Among the many portraits of Weber produced since his death, two have emerged as the most prominent in recent scholarship. The first-in chronology and pervasiveness-depicts Weber the theorist of rationalization and disenchantment (e.g., Habermas, 1981/1984; Roth and Schluchter, 1979; Tenbruck, 1980; Whimster and Lash, 1987). The second, to which Hennis, Eden, and Goldman contribute, depicts Weber the practical ethicist. In this portrait Weber is concerned with the demands of the external social order upon the inner personality of the individual and, more specifically, with the problem of maintaining meaning in the modern world. According to Hennis, Eden, and Goldman, Weber advanced his solution to this problem primarily in two lectures given late in his career, "Science as a Vocation" and "Politics as a Vocation" (Weber 1919/1958a: 77-156). In these lectures, Weber asserted that a properly assumed vocation or calling (Beruf) could provide the modern individual with substance, bearings, and a genuine personality. He presented what Eden calls a "vocational morality." These two portraits complement one another. For while Weber saw the Reformation conception of the calling as the root cause of the
The intractability of scaling scalp distributions to infer neuroelectric sources.

ERP researchers use differences in scalp distributions to infer differences in spatial configurations of neuroelectric generators. Since McCarthy and Wood (1985) demonstrated that a spatially fixed current source varying only in strength can yield a significant Condition × Electrode interaction in ANOVA, the recommended approach has been to normalize ERP amplitudes, for example, by vector length, prior to testing for interactions. The assumptions of this procedure are examined and it is shown via simulations that this application of vector scaling is both conceptually flawed and unsound in experimental practice. Because different spatial configurations of neural generators cannot reliably be inferred from different scalp topographies even after amplitude normalization, it is recommended that the procedure no longer be used for this purpose.
An Update on Acute and Chronic Urticaria for the Primary Care Provider

AbstractUrticaria is a common dermatologic condition seen by primary care physicians. Urticaria can result in significant morbidity and a dramatic decline in quality of life. Acute urticaria is mostly an allergic or IgE-mediated reaction and tends to be self-limited, while chronic urticaria generally does not exhibit any specific external cause and is therefore considered idiopathic. Evidence suggests that up to 30% to 50% of idiopathic cases may be autoimmune and/or related to mast cell/basophil abnormalities. There is further evidence of an autoantibody to the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcϵRI), specifically binding to the α-chain (FcϵRIα), which may be pathogenic. The treatment regimen for urticaria needs to be individualized as the severity and clinical pattern can vary considerably between patients. Histamine antagonists are the mainstays of therapy. For more severe or persistent cases, there are few Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved options, and there are limited data from controlled t...
Simulation factor screening using cross-spectral methods

We introduce a qualitative procedure for simulation factor screening which requires a single computer simulation run. This new technique uses cross-spectral information from both the input and the output of the simulation model. It is an alternative to traditional factor screening designs and Frequency Domain Methodology.
Cardiac disease and risk of sudden death in the young: the burden of the phenomenon

Sudden cardiovascular death is a rare but catastrophic event in young men and women throughout the world. Sudden death is difficult to study. Factors that need elucidation are (1) the definition of sudden death; (2) diagnosis of the cause of sudden death; (3) the true incidence of sudden death, and (4) age and gender of individuals being studied. The "burden" of sudden death is far-reaching and involves medical, emotional, and economic burdens on the family members at risk, the entire family of the victim, and society in general. The pathologist trying to evaluate a case of sudden death also has a burden to make the correct diagnosis, especially since the cause of the sudden death may determine risk to the victim's family members. Sudden death is difficult to prevent since it may be the first and last manifestation of the cardiovascular disease. Also, paradoxically, the greatest number of deaths occurs in "low-risk" groups. The most common causes of cardiovascular deaths in the young are cardiomyopathy, coronary anomaly, obstructive coronary artery disease, myocarditis, valvular disease, channelopathy, and aortic disease leading to dissection or rupture. Many sudden deaths in the young occur during or shortly after exercise. Appropriate pre-participation screening of competitive athletes can reduce the incidence of sudden cardiovascular death in the young. Which measures to try to prevent these rare deaths are indicated and/or cost effective is a matter of discussion and controversy.
First-principles lattice dynamics and heat capacity of BiFeO3

We study the lattice dynamics of bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) rhombohedral ferroelectric (R3c) using first-principles density functional theory calculations and the direct force constant method. We determine the phonon dispersions, phonon density of states, and heat capacity. Special attention is paid to the heat capacity at low temperature, at which the present phonon calculations show significant deviations from the Debye-like T 3 behavior until T 6 7 K. Based on the excellent agreement between the measured and calculated curve shapes of the heat capacity we propose that no gapped magnon modes exist for BiFeO3 that contribute to the heat capacity of BiFeO3 in the temperature range 5–30 K. 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Transvascular passage of albumin-I131 into skin of immunized mice

Mause wurden mit Kasein- und Streptokokkus-Antigen injiziert. In den immunisierten Tieren ist die Ausscheidungsgeschwindigkeit von i.v. injiziertem Albumin-I131 aus dem Plasma erniedrigt, und ebenso ist im Vergleich zu den Kontrolltieren der transvaskulare Transport in die Haut reduziert.
From Angela Davis to the Long Island Lolita: An Analysis of Contemporary Women's Prison Narratives

Although women have been writing about their prison experiences throughout history and around the world, their published narratives are rarely acknowledged as a legitimate source of data about prison life deserving of analysis in its own right. What can scholars learn about women's prisons by reading the unsolicited words of incarcerated women? Based on a content analysis of 22 prison narratives penned by U.S. women and published from 1960 to 2010, this article presents a typology for describing the women who have written about their prison experience and identifies the prominent theme of the narratives. Every single writer focused on her relationships—with other prisoners, with prison guards, and with those in the outside world—and the nature of those relationships varied according to whether the author's crime was political and whether the author obtained celebrity status.
Smooth muscle γ-actin promoter regulation by RhoA and serum response factor signaling

Abstract Smooth muscle γ-actin (SMGA) is both an early marker of smooth muscle cell differentiation, which demonstrates an expression pattern restricted to smooth muscle and the post meiotic spermatocyte. Serum response factor (SRF) DNA-binding is an important regulator of muscle differentiation, including SMGA expression during smooth muscle cell differentiation. RhoA, a low molecular weight GTPase protein, can regulate cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle differentiation through SRF-dependent mechanisms. This study's purpose was to examine RhoA expression during smooth muscle cell development, and determine if the SMGA promoter activity is sensitive to RhoA-mediated signaling through SRF. Additionally, the study identified the promoter regulation modifying SMGA expression by RhoA signaling. Western blot analysis of embryonic chick gizzard whole protein extracts during 5 to 14 days of development demonstrated a large induction of RhoA (10-fold) and β1 integrin expression at day 8, which corresponds to the time SMGA expression and differentiation are occurring. Transient transfections in CV-1 fibroblast cells demonstrated that co-overexpression of SRF and RhoA could induce a 40-fold induction of −176 bp SMGA promoter activity. Mutational analysis demonstrated that serum response element (SRE)-1, but not SRE2, was necessary for RhoA/SRF activation of the SMGA promoter. Deletion analysis revealed that although SRE1 was necessary for SMGA promoter activation by RhoA and SRF, it was not sufficient, implicating a possible obligatory role of additional promoter sequences in the response. Overexpression of a mutated SRF protein that was unable to bind DNA demonstrated that the 40-fold RhoA/SRF activation was largely dependent on SRF binding to the SMGA promoter. Thus, as the SMGA promoter appears to be a target of RhoA-mediated transcriptional regulation, the uncovering of these signaling mechanisms effecting SMGA promoter activity should provide a regulatory paradigm that can then be examined during the regulation of other smooth muscle genes.
The demand for money and non-GDP transactions

Abstract This paper argues that transactions in non-GDP items have an important influence on the level of money demand. The paper provides empirical estimates of models of both M 1 and M 2 money demand that include variables proxying for the volume of transactions in real estate and financial assets. These variables have the theoretically-predicted positive sign, and are statistically significant. Their inclusion also improves out-of-sample forecasts.
Percutaneous absorption of 4-cyanophenol from freshly contaminated soil in vitro: effects of soil loading and contamination concentration.

Despite the skin's excellent barrier function, dermal exposure to soil contaminated with toxic chemicals can represent a significant health hazard (e.g., via multiple work related contacts in the farming and waste disposal industries). The development of environmental standards or limits for chemical levels in soil has been impeded because quantification of percutaneous uptake from this medium has not been well-defined. The objective of the research described here, therefore, was to better characterize the rate and extent of dermal penetration as a function of soil loading and degree of soil contamination. The absorption of a model compound (4-cyanophenol, CP) across hairless mouse skin in vitro has been determined at four different soil loadings (5, 11, 38 and 148 mg cm-2) and at six levels of soil contamination (concentrations ranging from 0.19 to 38 mg/g soil). Following 8 h of exposure, the amount of CP absorbed was independent of soil loading when CP concentration was constant, implying that the quan...
How “we” see “them” tourism and Native Americans

Abstract The stereotypic conceptions one group has of another play an integral role in the process of “ethnic” tourism. Interviews and observations of upper-middle-class US tourists at museums of Native American culture and pueblo ceremonials in New Mexico provide the pretext for an analysis of tourists' behavior toward their Native American “hosts,” and the degree to which their perceptions of Native American culture reveal more about their own worldviews and cultural stereotypes than what they supposedly learn from their travels. Rather than travel encouraging cultural understanding, brief encouters appear to reinforce ethnocentrism and convince tourists of the correctness of their own worldviews.
Vortex-chain phases in layered superconductors

Layered superconductors in tilted magnetic field have a very rich spectrum of vortex lattice configurations. In the presence of in-plane magnetic field, a small $c$-axis field penetrates in the form of isolated vortex chains. The structure of a single chain is mainly determined by the ratio of the London $(\ensuremath{\lambda})$ and Josephson $({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{J})$ lengths, $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\ensuremath{\lambda}∕{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{J}$. At large $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ the chain is composed of tilted vortices (tilted chains) and at small $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ it consists of a crossing array of Josephson vortices and pancake stacks (crossing chains). We studied the chain structures at intermediate $\ensuremath{\alpha}$'s and found two types of behavior. (i) In the range $0.4\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.5$ a $c$-axis field first penetrates in the form of pancake-stack chains located on Josephson vortices. Due to attractive coupling between deformed stacks, their density jumps from zero to a finite value. With further increase of the $c$-axis field the chain structure smoothly evolves into modulated tilted vortices and then transforms via a second-order phase transition into the tilted straight vortices. (ii) In the range $0.5\ensuremath{\lesssim}\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.65$ a $c$-axis field first penetrates in the form of kinks creating kinked tilted vortices. With increasing the $c$-axis field this structure is replaced via a first-order phase transition by the strongly deformed crossing chain. This transition is accompanied by a large jump of pancake density. Further evolution of the chain structure is similar to the higher anisotropy scenario: it smoothly transforms back into the tilted straight vortices.
Osteocalcin Expression by Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients With Coronary Atherosclerosis

Objectives This study was designed to test whether patients with coronary atherosclerosis have increases in circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) expressing an osteogenic phenotype. Background Increasing evidence indicates a link between bone and the vasculature, and bone marrow and circulating osteogenic cells have been identified by staining for the osteoblastic marker, osteocalcin (OCN). Endothelial progenitor cells contribute to vascular repair, but repair of vascular injury may result in calcification. Using cell surface markers (CD34, CD133, kinase insert domain receptor [KDR]) to identify EPCs, we examined whether patients with coronary atherosclerosis had increases in the percentage of EPCs expressing OCN. Methods We studied 72 patients undergoing invasive coronary assessment: control patients (normal coronary arteries and no endothelial dysfunction, n = 21) versus 2 groups with coronary atherosclerosis—early coronary atherosclerosis (normal coronary arteries but with endothelial dysfunction, n = 22) and late coronary atherosclerosis (severe, multivessel coronary artery disease, n = 29). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. Results Compared with control patients, patients with early or late coronary atherosclerosis had significant increases (∼2-fold) in the percentage of CD34+/KDR+ and CD34+/CD133+/KDR+ cells costaining for OCN. Even larger increases were noted in the early and late coronary atherosclerosis patients in the percentage of CD34+/CD133−/KDR+ cells costaining for OCN (5- and 2-fold, p Conclusions A higher percentage of EPCs express OCN in patients with coronary atherosclerosis compared with subjects with normal endothelial function and no structural coronary artery disease. These findings have potential implications for the mechanisms of vascular calcification and for the development of novel markers for coronary atherosclerosis.
Heart-rate response during aversive conditioning.

36 rats were used to determine the effects of: (a) footshock before specific training, (b) CS duration (6 vs 60 sec.), and (c) form of aversive conditioning (CER vs CAR) on heart rate both during the presentation of the CS and between presentations. All three tested variables were effective in modifying the heart-rate response to the CS while only CS duration altered heart rates between CS presentations.
Dimensions of depression: A comparative longitudinal study

A study was conducted to examine the factor structure of a set of commonly employed depression-related measures and to determine whether higher-order composite variables based on factor loadings would be differentially related to changes in depression status. Five cognitive and two behaviorally oriented measures were administered to 66 hospitalized depressives at pretreatment, 4 to 8 weeks later at the end of an initial phase of pharmacological treatment, and at 2- to 4-month intervals during an 8-month follow-up period. A principal-components analysis performed on nine variables produced three interpretable factors that differed systematically with respect to amount of differentiation between responders and nonresponders, as well as magnitude of change associated with successful treatment. Analyses performed on individual measures to track maintainers versus relapsers across three time points likewise yielded results consistent with predictions based on factor membership.
Low-dose X-ray treatment of fresh channel catfish fillets does not affect color, texture, or oxidation.

Consumer uncertainty of irradiated food products has slowed implementation of food irradiation, even though it has been proven as a safe and effective technology. For acceptance, irradiated products should not be distinguishable from alternatively processed products. The present research was designed to determine if X-ray irradiation treatment results in changes in selected quality parameters (color, texture, and oxidation) of fresh aquacultured channel catfish fillets. Fillets (Ictalurus punctatus) were treated to 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kGy using an X-ray irradiator and stored at 3°C for 17 days. Periodically during storage, samples were removed and instrumentally measured for color, texture, and oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). Color, texture, and oxidation did not change (p > 0.05) over time or with irradiation dose. Results indicated that low-dose X-ray treated raw catfish fillets were not distinguishable from untreated controls.
MÖSSBAUER AND ESR STUDIES IN LOW SYMMETRY IRON COMPLEXES

Some naturally occurring iron transport complexes and some inorganic model complexes have given Mossbauer and ESR results which are well explained by a spin Hamiltonian model for the electronic state with rhombic symmetry, and not the trigonal symmetry suggested by X-ray structure determinations. A fourth order term is important in fitting the experimental ESR and ME results. The spin Hamiltonian parameters are determined from the experimental data for mycobactin P, enterobactin and some inorganic hydroxamates.
Cyclophilin B stimulates RNA synthesis by the HCV RNA dependent RNA polymerase

Cyclophilins are cellular peptidyl isomerases that have been implicated in regulating hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Cyclophilin B (CypB) is a target of cyclosporin A (CsA), an immunosuppressive drug recently shown to suppress HCV replication in cell culture. Watashi et al. recently demonstrated that CypB is important for efficient HCV replication, and proposed that it mediates the anti-HCV effects of CsA through an interaction with NS5B (Mol. Cell 19:111). We examined the effects of purified CypB proteins on the enzymatic activity of NS5B. Recombinant CypB purified from insect cells directly stimulated NS5B-catalyzed RNA synthesis. CypB increased RNA synthesis by NS5B derived from genotype 1a, 1b, and 2a HCV strains. Stimulation appears to arise from an increase in productive RNA binding. NS5B residue Pro540, a previously proposed target of CypB peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity, is not required for stimulation of RNA synthesis.
Regions of the pea Lhcb1*4 promoter necessary for blue-light regulation in transgenic arabidopsis

Pea ( Pisum sativum ) and Arabidopsis contain similar, if not identical, blue-light (BL)-responsive systems that alter expression of specific members of the Lhcb (light-harvestingchlorophyll-binding) gene family. In both plants a single, short pulse of low-fluence BL (threshold = 10 −1 μmol m −2 ) causes an increase in the rate of transcription from specific members of the Lhcb gene family in etiolated seedlings. Constructs of the BL-regulated pea Lhcb 1*4 promoter ( PsLhcb 1*4) were created, which altered sequences previously implicated in light responses, deleted the 5′-promoter sequence, or removed the 5′-untranslated region. These constructs were tested for BL induction in transgenic Arabidopsis. The PsLhcb 1*4 promoter deletions to −150 bp maintained normal fluence response, time course, and reciprocity characteristics. The 5′- untranslated region contained enhancer elements, but was not necessary for BL induction. The −95 to +2 promoter was capable of responding to BL, whereas sequences from −50 were not. Promoters that lack conserved light-regulatory elements or sequences directly implicated in phytochrome and circadian responses retained BL activity, suggesting that the low-fluence BL response utilizes regions of the promoter independent of those that modulate the phytochrome and circadian responses.
A Fluorescence Lifetime and Integral Equation Study of the Quenching of Naphthalene Fluorescence by Bromoethane in Super- and Subcritical Ethane

We report on the solvent effect on a kinetic-controlled energy-transfer reaction in super- and subcritical ethane. The reaction chosen, the quenching of naphthalene fluorescence by C2H5Br, occurs well below the diffusion-controlled limit in liquid solvents and in ethane. The reaction was studied in ethane over a wide range of pressures, extending from 34.8 to 111.6 bar at 40 °C, which corresponds to reduced densities (ρr = ρ/ρc, where ρc is the critical density of ethane) between 0.27 and 1.76. The rate constants in super- and subcritical ethane range from 2.42 × 108 to 1.36 × 109 M-1 s-1, which is several orders of magnitude below the diffusion-controlled limit (which is on the order of 1011 M-1 s-1 at these conditions). As in several previous reports, the apparent rate constants, based on bulk concentrations of the reactants, increase dramatically with decreasing pressure in the supercritical region. More importantly, at reduced densities below about 0.44, the apparent rate constants based on bulk conce...
Regulation of expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in cultured rat osteoblastic cells by osteogenic protein-1 (BMP-7).

Osteogenic Protein-1 (OP-1), a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family that belongs to the TGF-β superfamily, induces bone formation in vivo and stimulates the synthesis of biochemical markers characteristic of osteoblast phenotypes in vitro. In the present study, effects of OP-1 on the expression of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in fetal rat calvaria (FRC) cells were examined. The PAI-1 protein levels in conditioned media of FRC cells treated with OP-1 or solvent control were determined by quantitative 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The identity of PAI-1 was confirmed by mass spectroscopy. OP-1 increased the PAI-1 protein level by about 5-fold after 48 h. Northern blot analysis showed that the PAI-1 mRNA level was elevated by OP-1 by about 25% compared to the control. The observed increase in the PAI-1 mRNA and protein level was regulated post-transcriptionally as supported by the following observations: (a) OP-1 did not stimulate the cloned PAI-1 promoter-reporter gene activity in transient transfection studies, (b) inhibition of transcription by actinomycin D did not change the PAI-1 mRNA level in the OP-1-treated FRC cells, and (c) the stability of the PAI-1 mRNA in FRC cells treated with OP-1 was increased by about 28% compared to that in the control cells. Hence, the present study shows that primary cultures of rat osteoblastic cells synthesize and secrete PAI-1 protein and that OP-1 elevates the PAI-1 protein level. At least, one of the regulatory mechanism is by stabilizing the PAI-1 mRNA. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 36: 46–54, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Spring home ranges of white bass in irrigation reservoirs of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska

Fishery biologists have documented small home ranges, relative to available habitat, for many littoral freshwater fishes. Home ranges for pelagic species, such as white bass Morone chrysops, are generally not well described, yet are thought to be large. We studied white bass movement using acoustic telemetry in two irrigation reservoirs of the Republican River basin in south-western Nebraska. Acoustic transmitters were implanted in fall of the previous year and tracking occurred a minimum of once per week throughout spring (mid-March to May) 2007 and 2008. Linear home ranges were calculated from observed locations of individual fish. Twelve of the twenty-seven tagged fish with at least five locations exhibited localised home ranges throughout the spring whereas the remaining fish exhibited home ranges extending across large portions of each reservoir. Home range size was not correlated with fish size or condition.
The Peasant Economy of Refugee Resettlement in Eastern Sudan

Abstract This study seeks to contribute to the growing literature on migration in developing countries by placing refugee resettlement into the larger context of social transformation in agrarian societies. Eastern Sudan has experienced a massive influx of refugees during the last twenty-five years as a consequence of the longest war in postcolonial Africa. This case study examines the process of resettlement by conceptualizing the mechanisms of accumulation and impoverishment that structure the economy into which refugees have moved from Eritrea. The socioeconomic processes of differentiation and commoditization associated with agrarian change are important mediators of the interaction between incoming refugees and the host community. I argue that it is in explicating the position of refugees in the social relations of production that one can understand why some refugees become markedly better off during exile while others remain destitute. Most Eritreans are forced to survive at the bottom of a new soci...
Provider and consumer control: interpersonal power relations at board meetings.

Routine interpersonal processes which typically occur at consumer health board meetings are analyzed to determine the degree to which they can be viewed as subtle power techniques which function to limit consumer participation and control. It is argued that power techniques inherent in the formal and informal organization of consumer board meetings are more effectively used by providers than consumers. Providers are thus able to recreate and maintain their “provider mystique” which in turn often intimidates consumers, resulting in their powerlessness and passive behavior at meetings. Consumer intimidation is an emergent, unplanned, often unrecognized process, rather than one necessarily intended by providers. It is suggested that training programs exposing the tacit interpersonal dynamics at board meetings may aid consumers in achieving more participation and control.
The challenge of quantitative risk analysis for wildland fire

Quantitative fire risk analysis depends on characterizing and combining fire behavior probabilities and effects. Fire behavior probabilities are different from fire occurrence statistics (historic numbers or probabilities of discovered ignitions) because they depend on spatial and temporal factors controlling fire growth. That is, the likelihood of fire burning a specific area is dependent on ignitions occurring off-site and the fuels, topography, weather, and relative fire direction allowing each fire to reach that location. Research is required to compare computational short-cuts that have been proposed for approximating these fire behavior distributions. Fire effects in a risk analysis must also be evaluated on a common scale for the variety of values susceptible to wildland fire. This means that appraisals of fire impacts to human infrastructure and ecological values must be measured by the same currency so that the risk assessment yields a single expectation of fire effects. Ultimately, this will help guide planning and investment into management activities that can alter either the probabilities of damaging fire or the susceptibility to those fire behaviors.
Online Estimation of Effective Delivery Capability in Delay-Tolerant Mobile Sensor Networks

The delay-tolerant mobile sensor network (DTMSN) distinguishes itself from conventional sensor networks by several unique characteristics, such as nodal mobility, sparse connectivity, delay tolerability, and fault tolerability. Being an opportunistic network where the communication links exist with certain probabilities only and thus become the scarcest resource, the routing metrics that have been commonly adopted in conventional networks do not reflect this unique network resource of DTMSN. Therefore, they may lead to poor network performance or even failure if used for routing in DTMSN. In this work, we investigate a simple and effective online estimation approach to obtain a converged and accurate parameter that reflects the node's effective delivery capability. Specifically, we devise an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) approach to effectively maintain and update the routing metrics. We prove that the expectation of the EWMA parameter converges to a constant when the nodes are under statically distributed mobility and the system becomes stable as time t rarr infin, and the converged value is the average data delivery rate of the node. To further validate our discussion in a close-to-realistic mobility, we conduct simulations under the CRAWDAD mobility traces. The simulation results show that EWMA closely follows the variation of the actual delivery rate and thus serves as an effective metrics for efficient routing.
Long-term oxandrolone treatment increases muscle protein net deposition via improving amino acid utilization in pediatric patients 6 months after burn injury.

Background We recently showed that mechanisms of protein turnover in skeletal muscle are unresponsive to amino acid (AA) infusion in severely burned pediatric patients at 6 months postinjury. In the current study, we evaluated whether oxandrolone treatment affects mechanisms of protein turnover in skeletal muscle and whole-body protein breakdown in pediatric burn patients 6 months postinjury. Methods At the time of admission, patients were randomized to control or oxandrolone treatments. The treatment regimens were continued until 6 months postinjury, at which time patients (n = 26) underwent study with a stable isotope tracer infusion to measure muscle and whole-body protein turnover. Results Protein kinetics in leg muscle were expressed in nmol/min per 100 mL leg volume (mean ± SE). During AA infusion, rates of protein synthesis in leg muscle were increased (P Conclusion Long-term oxandrolone treatment increased net deposition of leg muscle protein during AA infusion by attenuating protein breakdown, but did not affect whole-body protein breakdown.