cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Div–Curl Lemma

Francois MURAT and myself could have discovered the div–curl lemma when we first encountered the analogue of (6.16), but we only found it in the spring of 1974, while analyzing cases for which we could calculate Aeff explicitly, and besides coefficients depending only upon x1, or more generally upon (x, e) for a unit vector e, we knew a case where the coefficients are products.
A DEA Bibliography (1978–1992)

Since the original DEA study by Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes (1978), there has been rapid growth in the field. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of much of the research, there is a need for a single source referencing the wide range of articles appearing in the literature. The author’s intention in maintaining a bibliography of DEA-related articles is to provide such a single source and thus facilitate comprehensive growth in the field.
A quick view ... neonatal vs. adult ventilation.

Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology 127 On most mechanical ventilators, the first control that an operator must determine for use on a patient is the mode of ventilation. Modes are basically types of breaths that the ventilator will deliver. Present day ventilators have volume modes and pressure modes. Volume modes deliver a preset volume to the patient and pressure modes deliver a preset pressure to the patient. For years, volume ventilation was preferred on adults and pressure ventilation was preferred on neonates. Over the last decade, however, pressure ventilation has become increasingly popular in the adult population, which leads to the question: What’s the difference between pressure ventilation in neonates and adults? This has become an increasingly thin line as pressure control has found favor in adult ventilation. All ventilator strategies seek to minimize barotraumas and optimize gas exchange. In addition to utilizing lower patient circuit pressures and smaller volumes, neonatal pressure ventilators have other distinguishing characteristics that allow practitioners to ventilate neonates more safely. (This should not be confused with such neonatal ventilator technologies as the High Frequency Oscillator and Jet Ventilator, which differ greatly from pressure ventilators in design and principle.) To compare neonatal and adult ventilators, we examine the 3 stages of the mechanical breath: (1) initiation of breath, (2) flow pattern of breath, and (3) termination of breath.
Cloning of Human Oncogenes

Human oncogenes homologous to v-fes, v-myb, v-myc, and v-sis have been cloned in recombinant phage vectors. Their structures have been elucidated by restriction enzyme and heteroduplex analyses, and in the case of c-sis by nucleotide sequencing as well. The complexity of these human genomic sequences is greater than that of the retroviral oncogenes, including multiple intervening sequences. In the cases of c-myb, c-myc, and c-sis, additional exons have been found by hybridization to mRNA or cDNA samples, compared to those characterized by hybridization to the retroviral oncogenes. In addition, a cDNA-containing plasmid with sequences of human c-sis mRNA has been isolated which can transform 3T3 fibroblasts. By somatic cell hybrid analysis and in situ hybridization, the chromosomal location of each of these oncogene homologues was determined, and compared to the chromosomal breakpoints in translocations in specific malignancies.
Patient Perception and Satisfaction With Insulin Pump System: Pilot User Experience Survey.

Background:The goal of this study was to assess patient perspectives and satisfaction with the MiniMed 670G insulin pump. Those participants who used the pump as part of a hybrid closed loop were a...
The role of organizational membership in overcoming dissonant sport activity identities

Abstract Forming a strong identity with a sport or activity is a key variable that informs sustained behaviour of that activity. As identities are informed by social forces, marginalized and underrepresented groups face social barriers to embodying a non-traditional sport or activity. Given the power of organizational identities, it may be possible for sport organizations to facilitate salient identities for groups for whom the sport/activity was previously considered dissonant. In this study, the authors used interviews to explore the identity formation processes for members of a national running group for Black women in the United States. Results indicate that members overcame their dissonance to running through their identification with the organization who they felt facilitated education, support, and the connection to existing members who served as identity models. Through their own negotiation strategies, they were able to form a salient identity around the activity, and contribute to a growing collective running identity for this group as a whole.
Flu Outbreak Prediction Using Twitter Posts Classification and Linear Regression With Historical Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reports: Prediction Framework Study.

Background: Social networking sites (SNSs) such as Twitter are widely used by diverse demographic populations. The amount of data within SNSs has created an efficient resource for real-time analysis. Thus, data from SNSs can be used effectively to track disease outbreaks and provide necessary warnings. Current SNS-based flu detection and prediction frameworks apply conventional machine learning approaches that require lengthy training and testing, which is not the optimal solution for new outbreaks with new signs and symptoms. Objective: The objective of this study was to propose an efficient and accurate framework that uses data from SNSs to track disease outbreaks and provide early warnings, even for newest outbreaks, accurately. Methods: We presented a framework of outbreak prediction that included 3 main modules: text classification, mapping, and linear regression for weekly flu rate predictions. The text classification module used the features of sentiment analysis and predefined keyword occurrences. Various classifiers, including FastText (FT) and 6 conventional machine learning algorithms, were evaluated to identify the most efficient and accurate one for the proposed framework. The text classifiers were trained and tested using a prelabeled dataset of flu-related and unrelated Twitter postings. The selected text classifier was then used to classify over 8,400,000 tweet documents. The flu-related documents were then mapped on a weekly basis using a mapping module. Finally, the mapped results were passed together with historical Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data to a linear regression module for weekly flu rate predictions. Results: The evaluation of flu tweet classification showed that FT, together with the extracted features, achieved accurate results with an F-measure value of 89.9% in addition to its efficiency. Therefore, FT was chosen to be the classification module to work together with the other modules in the proposed framework, including a regression-based estimator, for flu trend predictions. The estimator was evaluated using several regression models. Regression results show that the linear regression–based estimator achieved the highest accuracy results using the measure of Pearson correlation. Thus, the linear regression model was used for the module of weekly flu rate estimation. The prediction results were compared with the available recent data from CDC as the ground truth and showed a strong correlation of 96.29% . Conclusions: The results demonstrated the efficiency and the accuracy of the proposed framework that can be used even for new outbreaks with new signs and symptoms. The classification results demonstrated that the FT-based framework improves the accuracy and the efficiency of flu disease surveillance systems that use unstructured data such as data from SNSs.
Yoga, Physical Therapy, and Back Pain Education for Sleep Quality in Low-Income Racially Diverse Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain: a Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Poor sleep is common among adults with chronic low back pain (cLBP), but the influence of cLBP treatments, such as yoga and physical therapy (PT), on sleep quality is under studied. Evaluate the effectiveness of yoga and PT for improving sleep quality in adults with cLBP. Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Academic safety-net hospital and 7 affiliated community health centers. A total of 320 adults with cLBP. Twelve weekly yoga classes, 1-on-1 PT sessions, or an educational book. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global score (0–21) at baseline, 12 weeks, and 52 weeks. Additionally, we also evaluated how the proportion of participants who achieved a clinically meaningful improvement in sleep quality (> 3-point reduction in PSQI) at 12 weeks varied by changes in pain and physical function at 6 weeks. Among participants (mean age = 46.0, 64% female, 82% non-white), nearly all (92%) reported poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5) at baseline. At 12 weeks, modest improvements in sleep quality were observed among the yoga (PSQI mean difference [MD] = − 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] − 1.82, − 0.55) and PT (PSQI MD = − 0.91, 95% CI − 1.61, − 0.20) groups. Participants who reported a ≥ 30% improvement in pain or physical function at 6 weeks, compared with those who improved < 10%, were more likely to be a sleep quality responder at 12 weeks (odds ratio [OR] = 3.51, 95% CI 1.73, 7.11 and OR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.18, 3.95, respectively). Results were similar at 52 weeks. In a sample of adults with cLBP, virtually all with poor sleep quality prior to intervention, modest but statistically significant improvements in sleep quality were observed with both yoga and PT. Irrespective of treatment, clinically important sleep improvements at the end of the intervention were associated with mid-intervention pain and physical function improvements. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01343927
Cellular considerations for optimizing bone cell culture and remodeling in a lab-on-a-chip platform

Our lab has developed a lab-on-a-chip platform for bone remodeling that enables long-term culturing of bone cells out to 7 weeks and serves as a foundation toward a multicellular organ-on-a-chip sy...
First-principles study on the effect of Sn doping in Cu2S—Acanthite phase as a substitute to low chalcocite for modeling complex doping

The major challenge in the application of Cu2S, as a solar absorber for photovoltaic, is its excessive Cu-vacancy formation tendency within the crystal structure that makes it a degenerate semiconductor. A recent study on Ag alloyed Cu2S acanthite phase has shown a reduced Cu-vacancy formation and a high Cu diffusion barrier. Though low chalcocite is the experimentally known ground state phase at room temperature, its low crystallinity makes it computationally expensive for complex doping modeling. In this work, we first establish the structural correspondence between a newly predicted acanthite and experimentally known low chalcocite phases of Cu2S. This study shows that the acanthite crystal structure of Cu2S can be used to model complex doping in the low chalcocite. The simulated pair distribution functions and diffusions of Cu at room temperature in acanthite and low chalcocite phases of Cu2S show that they have similar structural behavior. Pristine band structures and density of state plots of these two phases also show similarity. Next, we report density functional theory based first-principles investigations of Cu2−xSnxS systems for x = 0 to 0.31 in the acanthite phase for thermodynamic, electronic, and optical properties. We have found that Sn doping coupled with Cu vacancies creates charge-neutral defects and results in higher photoabsorption in the visible light spectra. It was found from these detailed studies that a low concentration of Sn doping is preferable. Then, Sn doping and Cu-vacancy related defects in low chalcocite Cu2S are also studied. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show that these compound defects in Cu2S do not negatively affect Cu diffusion inside the crystal. We propose a possible route to synthesize Sn doped acanthite like Cu2S.
Obesity Trends and Associations with Types of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2016.

Objective Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) have been linked to adult adiposity. This research aims to explore 10-year (2007-2016) trends in obesity and abdominal obesity prevalence and associations with different types of PA and SB among US adults. Methods National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data were used with 20- to 64-year-old adults (n = 20,360; mean age: 41.9 years; male: 50.5%; non-Hispanic White: 64.3%). Sex- and sex- and race-specific linear trends in the prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity, and moderate and vigorous work- and recreation-related PA and SB were estimated. Weighted logistic models explored the association between risk of obesity or abdominal obesity with each type of PA and SB by sex, adjusted for relevant confounders. Results There were significant increasing trends in obesity and abdominal obesity in both sexes and in Hispanic adults. Men at higher vigorous work-related PA levels (P = 0.045) and women at higher moderate recreational-related PA (P = 0.005) levels had decreased risk of abdominal obesity. Women at the highest versus the lowest level of SB had increased risk of abdominal obesity (P = 0.017). Conclusions There was a significantly reduced risk for abdominal obesity with a few types of PA among both sexes and an increased risk with SB among women only.
The Art and Science of Building a Computational Model to Understand Hemostasis.

Computational models of various facets of hemostasis and thrombosis have increased substantially in the last decade. These models have the potential to make predictions that can uncover new mechanisms within the complex dynamics of thrombus formation. However, these predictions are only as good as the data and assumptions they are built upon, and therefore model building requires intimate coupling with experiments. The objective of this article is to guide the reader through how a computational model is built and how it can inform and be refined by experiments. This is accomplished by answering six questions facing the model builder: (1) Why make a model? (2) What kind of model should be built? (3) How is the model built? (4) Is the model a “good” model? (5) Do we believe the model? (6) Is the model useful? These questions are answered in the context of a model of thrombus formation that has been successfully applied to understanding the interplay between blood flow, platelet deposition, and coagulation and in identifying potential modifiers of thrombin generation in hemophilia A.
NPC1 regulates the distribution of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases at Golgi and lysosomal membranes

Cholesterol and phosphoinositides (PI) are two critically important lipids that are found in cellular membranes and dysregulated in many disorders. Therefore, uncovering molecular pathways connecting these essential lipids may offer new therapeutic insights. We report that loss of function of lysosomal Niemann-Pick Type C1 (NPC1) cholesterol transporter, which leads to neurodegenerative NPC disease, initiates a signaling cascade that alters the cholesterol/phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) countertransport cycle between Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as well as lysosome-ER membrane contact sites (MCS). Central to these disruptions is increased recruitment of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases-PI4KIIα and PI4KIIIβ-which boosts PtdIns4P metabolism at Golgi and lysosomal membranes. Aberrantly increased PtdIns4P levels elevate constitutive anterograde secretion from the Golgi complex, and mTORC1 recruitment to lysosomes. NPC1 disease mutations phenocopy the transporter loss of function and can be rescued by inhibition or knockdown of either key phosphoinositide enzymes or their recruiting partners. In summary, we show that the lysosomal NPC1 cholesterol transporter tunes the molecular content of Golgi and lysosome MCS to regulate intracellular trafficking and growth signaling in health and disease.
Inclusion of the recoil shift in Doppler-broadened measurements of CO2 transition frequencies

Abstract We report an important correction to recently reported 12C16O2 transition frequencies and derived spectroscopic constants. A total of 44 previously reported frequencies corresponding to transitions in the (30012 ← 00001) and (30013 ← 00001) band with uncertainties as low as 200 Hz are modified by including the effect of photon-absorption-induced recoil shifts. This shifting mechanism decreases all the transition frequencies by approximately 1.7 kHz.
Trauma Visits to a Pediatric Emergency Department During the COVID-19 Quarantine and "Stay at Home" Period.

BACKGROUND Impact of social distancing on pediatric injuries is unknown. METHODS We retrospectively compared injury visits to a pediatric emergency department by individuals ≤21 years during "Stay at Home" (SHO) period to the same period in 2019 (non-SHO). Demographics, types, and outcomes of injuries were noted. RESULTS Although, there was a 35.6% reduction in trauma-related emergency department visits during SHO period (1226 vs 1904), the proportion of injury visits increased (15.5% vs 8.1%, P < .001) and mean age was lower (5.8 yrs ±4.5 vs 8.4 yrs ± 5.2, P < .001). There were significant increases in visits related to child physical abuse (CPA), firearms, and dog bites. Further, significant increases in trauma alerts (P < .01), injury severity (P < .01), critical care admissions (P < .001), and deaths (P < .01) occurred during the SHO period. CONCLUSIONS Although overall trauma-related visits decreased during SHO, the proportion of these visits and their severity increased. Trauma visits related to child physical abuse, dog bites, and firearms increased. Further studies are required to assess the long-term impact of pandemic on pediatric trauma epidemiology.
Faith and Practice at an Early-Eighteenth-Century Wampanoag Burial Ground: The Waldo Farm Site in Dartmouth, Massachusetts

Recent archaeological interpretations of colonial Native American cemeteries in southeastern New England typically focus on the interplay of resistance and accommodation and creative reimagining of Native practices in the face of Anglo-American oppression. Resistance is tracked primarily via “traditional” mortuary ceremonialism. The Waldo Farm cemetery in Dartmouth, Massachusetts, is unlike any other archaeologically known colonial Native burial ground in the region. Native burial practices there seem indistinguishable from local Anglo-American practices. How may one approach the interpretation of such a site? Postcolonial concepts such as hybridization, mimicry, and appropriation, which emphasize the interdependence of domination and resistance, are used. The local cultural context, especially the religious context, of the Waldo site may explain mortuary choices there.
Chapter 39 Cardioactive Alkaloids

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cardioactive alkaloids. A very large number of alkaloids possess the pharmacological property of altering some function of the heart. This chapter considers only those alkaloids whose actions are, primarily, on the various functions of the heart itself. There are several factors responsible for the lack of advance of cardiac therapeutics. The objective of all therapy for heart disease is to restore to normal function an abnormal heart. Clinical cardiac disease, from the viewpoint of therapy, may be classified into three major categories: Arrhythmias, Congestive failure, and Coronary insufficiency. Arrhythmias contain further two categories: auricular and ventricular. In the auricular arrhythmias the auricles contract in chaotic, incomplete fashion and there is inefficient transfer of blood to the ventricles. The ventricular arrhythmias are more rarely encountered but often fatal. Ventricular arrhythmias so interfere with the pumping action of the heart that the blood pressure precipitously falls and death occurs in shock.
Dynamic Channel Allocation in Cellular Networks

The wireless technology and its application growing faster and faster in last decades. Mobile network is one of the fastest growing technologies in wireless network. This headed to some challenges that face mobile network such as how to serve the big number of users, efficiently of frequencies is scarce and interferes with each other. One of the solutions to deal with such challenges is Cellular Networks which is used to divide a geographical area in to cells so that we can reuse the scarce frequencies in order to support more users and also to decrease interference. This paper introduces the importance of dynamic channel allocation in cellular networks and how much gain could be utilized by this technique. The Methodology depend on an intensive reading of what other research has been done in the field, then the model factors and the goal was built according to the main importance issues in this field. In order to realize the complications and limitations of the topic and to have comprehensive understanding many work in the literature have been revised. The mechanism was tested in two different scenarios, with uniform and non-uniform load distribution. For the findings: A new mechanism was introduced to overcome the previous limitations and to gain more efficient results. Also it utilizes artificial intelligence approach to make the allocation process optimal. Moreover, the new mechanism depends on four factors cell size, coordination, frequency reuse, and hand over to make the allocation process efficient and reliable.
Chapter 18 Economics of arms trade

Abstract The end of the Cold War has increased the relative importance of economic causes and consequences of arms transfers. Unfortunately, there is surprisingly little theoretical and empirical development of the economics of arms trade, making it a sub-field of defense economics ripe for foundational contributions. We offer some preliminary steps in this direction by applying simple international trade models to the arms trade. Fields other than economics have made major contributions to our understanding of arms transfers. We review the sub-literature on arms transfers and foreign policy leverage as well as the sub-literature on the relationship between arms trade and war. The central problem of the arms trade literature, for both economists and geopolitical scientists, is how to go beyond the proliferation of (albeit useful) policy position articles, to a more solid base of theoretical and empirical models. A new theoretical synthesis of economics and geopolitics would represent a major breakthrough, but the development of the economics of arms trade must move beyond its incipient stages for this synthesis to occur. Ultimately, it would be desirable to see theoretical and empirical work on the arms trade, narrow the range of outcomes which are regarded as plausible.
Single ion channel's view of classical receptor theory.

The nature of drug agonism has been the central mystery of two conceptually different approaches: classical receptor theory, which does not require any knowledge of mechanism, and mechanistic theories, which do. Ligand-activated ion channel macromolecules that contain both the agonist receptor site and molecular machinery to generate a response present a unique experimental system with which to explore agonism and antagonism. Electrical recordings from one channel at a time offer phenomena and a perspective quite different from that usually encountered in studies of the drug-receptor interaction. This review describes patch-clamp recordings that illustrate the ligand-evoked behavior that gives rise to classical phenomena. A comparison of the channel currents recorded in the presence of different agonists reveals how these drugs act as full or partial agonists. At higher concentrations of agonist, the conformational and kinetic transitions that underlie desensitization can be observed. Receptor conformatio...
Student Perception of Achievement Influences Student Evaluation of Teaching

Student evaluation of teaching (SET) continues to be commonly used as the sole evaluation tool of teaching effectiveness during departmental evaluations and promotion and tenure packages. The valid...
The role of body size in predator recognition by untrained birds.

Abstract It is supposed that body size serves as an important cue in the recognition of relevant stimuli in nature. As predators of varying body size pose differing levels of threat, their potential prey should be able to discriminate between them. We tested the reaction of great tits (Parus major) to the dummies of their common predator (the European sparrowhawk—Accipiter nisus) in natural and reduced body sizes under laboratory conditions. All of the tested dummies possessed local raptor-specific features (hooked beak, claws with talons, and conspicuous eyes), but differed in global species-specific features: body size (large – the size of a sparrowhawk, small – the size of a great tit) and colouration (sparrowhawk, great tit, robin, and pigeon). The sparrowhawk-coloured dummies evoked fear regardless of their size while both great tit- and pigeon-coloured dummies evoked no fear reaction. The body size was used as the cue only for the discrimination of the robin-coloured dummies. The differences in reactions to the dummies with robin colouration (species unimportant to the great tits) could be explained as that the tits are able to recognize these birds in nature, but not so undoubtedly as the predator or the conspecific.
Childhood Poverty, Policy, and Practice

This chapter addresses the dynamic relation between programs and policies that target poor children and families on the one hand and theoretical and empirical work in the field of child development on the other. It is divided into four major sections. We begin with a brief discussion of the official measure of income poverty and its relation to other indicators of economic well-being such as socioeconomic status. In the second section, we turn attention to linkages among theory, research, and programs that seek to reduce poverty and/or its negative effects. In the third section, we review (AFDC and PRWORA) and studies that used a random assignment design to test the effects of different welfare and employment policies on parental employment, income, family processes, and child well-being. We close with a discussion of the implications of extant research for policy and practice. The ideological bases and limitations of existing antipoverty programs are considered in light of social-structural and macroeconomic forces, and suggestions to guide the practices of those working with poor children and families are offered. Keywords: child care; childhood poverty; chronic and acute stressors; cognitive development; parent education; parenting behavior; preschool education interventions; school achievement; social support; socioemotional functioning; welfare and employment policies; working poor
Presynaptic Activation of Silent Synapses and Growth of New Synapses Contribute to Intermediate and Long-Term Facilitation in Aplysia

The time course and functional significance of the structural changes associated with long-term facilitation of Aplysia sensory to motor neuron synaptic connections in culture were examined by time-lapse confocal imaging of individual sensory neuron varicosities labeled with three different fluorescent markers: the whole-cell marker Alexa-594 and two presynaptic marker proteins-synaptophysin-eGFP to monitor changes in synaptic vesicle distribution and synapto-PHluorin to monitor active transmitter release sites. Repeated pulses of serotonin induce two temporally, morphologically, and molecularly distinct presynaptic changes: (1) a rapid activation of silent presynaptic terminals by filling of preexisting empty varicosities with synaptic vesicles, which parallels intermediate-term facilitation, is completed within 3-6 hr and requires translation but not transcription and (2) a slower generation of new functional varicosities which occurs between 12-18 hr and requires transcription and translation. Enrichment of empty varicosities with synaptophysin accounts for 32% of the newly activated synapses at 24 hr, whereas newly formed varicosities account for 68%.
Solution structure and backbone dynamics of component IV Glycera dibranchiata monomeric hemoglobin-CO.

The solution structure and backbone dynamics of the recombinant, ferrous CO-ligated form of component IV monomeric hemoglobin from Glycera dibranchiata (GMH4CO) have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Distance geometry and simulated annealing calculations utilizing a total of 2550 distance and torsion angle constraints yielded an ensemble of 29 structures with an overall average backbone rmsd of 0.48 A from the average structure. Differences between the solution structure and a related crystal structure are confined to regions of lower precision in either the NMR or X-ray structure, or in regions where the amino acid sequences differ. 15N relaxation measurements at 76.0 and 60.8 MHz were analyzed with an extended model-free approach, and revealed low-frequency motions in the vicinity of the heme, concentrated in the F helix. Amide proton protection factors were obtained from H−D amide exchange measurements on 15N-labeled protein. Patterns in the backbone dynamics and protection factors were shown to ...
A new paradigm for teaching behavior change: implications for residency training in family medicine and psychiatry.

Primary care physicians (PCPs) provide ~50 % of all mental health services in the U.S. Given the widening gap between patient mental health needs and resources available to meet those needs, there is an increasing demand for family medicine and psychiatry trainees to master competencies in both behavioral medicine and primary care counseling during residency-if for no other reason than to accommodate the realities of medical practice given the oft present gap between the need for psychiatric services and the availability, quality, and/or affordability of specialized psychiatric care. To begin to address this gap, a skills-based, interactive curriculum based on motivational interviewing (MI) as a teaching method is presented. The curriculum described in this paper is a four-week block rotation taught in the second year of residency. Motivational interviewing (MI) is used as a teaching approach toward the goal of clinical behavior change. Residents’ strengths, personal choice and autonomy are emphasized. Each week of the rotation, there is a clinical topic and a set of specific skills for mastery. Residents are offered a “menu” of skills, role modeling, role/real play, practice with standardized patients (SP), and direct supervision in clinic. Thirty-nine residents have completed the curriculum. Based on residents’ subjective reporting using pre-post scales (i.e., importance and confidence), all participants to date have reported substantial increases in confidence/self-efficacy using primary care counseling skills in their continuity clinic. This paper presents an innovative, empirically based model for teaching the essential skills necessary for physicians providing care for patients with mental/emotional health needs as well as health-behavior change concerns. Implications for training in the broader context, particularly as it relates to multi-disciplinary and collaborative models of teaching/training are discussed.
Soap-based detergent formulations: XVIII. Effect of structure variations on surface-active properties of sulfur containing amphoteric surfactants

Quaternary ammonium amphoteric surfactants have been found in the past to be excellent lime soap dispersing agents and detergents but exhibit unusual solubility behavior. In search of a relationship between chemical structure and surface-active properties, compounds having the following general formula were synthesized: ZN+(CH3)2(CH2)nX−, where Z is C12H25-, C14H29-, C16H33-, or C15H31CONHC3H6-, n is 2, 3, or 4 and X is SO3- or OSO3-. Tertiary amines were converted to sulfobetaines (X=SO3-) by reaction with (a) butanesultone (n=4), (b) propanesultone (n=3), or (c) sodium 2-bromoethanesulfonate (n=2). An alternate synthesis for the sulfoethylbetaines (n=2) involved the reaction of the tertiary amines with ethylene bromide, followed by treatment with sodium sulfite. All sulfated quaternary ammonium compounds (X=OSO3-) were synthesized by treatment of the tertiary amine with the appropriate chloroalcohol, followed by sulfation with chlorosulfonic acid. The sulfated quaternary ammonium amphoterics are stable to acid hydrolysis, and alkaline stability improves with increasing bridge chain length. Sulfoethyl amphoterics are less water soluble than sulfobutyl, which in turn are less soluble than sulfopropyl derivatives of the same alkyl chain length. For the most part, the sulfated amphoterics are insoluble but are solubilized by soap. The lime soap dispersing properties improve as the carbon chain bridge length increases for both the sulfates and sulfonates. Formulations of tallow soap, amphoteric surfactant, and sodium silicates gave good detergency in most cases.
Nonlinear Models for Double-Wall Systems for Vibrations and Noise Control

A theoretical model is developed for active control of vibrations and noise transmission of nonlinear double-wall systems to random wideband inputs. A velocity feedback control mechanism is integrated into governing nonlinear equations of motion using piezoelectric materials as sensors and actuators. The nonlinear von Karman thin plate theory is used to model vibrations of the face plates. A soft elastic core of the double wall is used. The nonlinear panel response is obtained by utilizing modal analyses and Monte Carlo simulation techniques. Transmitted noise inside a rectangular enclosure is obtained by solving the linearized acoustic wave equation subject to time-dependent boundary conditions of the vi- brating interior panel. Numerical results include vibration response time histories, spectral densities, rms responses, and noise reduction. The feasibility of using piezoelectric velocity feedback actuators for active control of nonlinear vibrations and noise transmission to random inputs is demonstrated.
D-amphetamine and palatability of a saccharin solution

Twenty-four female albino rats were assigned randomly to receive a 7-day series of 3.0-mg/kg injections of either d-amphetamine sulfate in isotonic saline or saline IP. Half of each group drank.13% sodium saccharin solution, the other half water. Fluid intakes were analyzed as intake per unit body weight. No differences were found among groups prior to drug administration. The prediction that d-amphetamine would produce a more taste-conscious animal was not substantiated. D-amphetamine produced a decrease in saccharin intake and an increase in water intake relative to saline controls.
On multicasting in wavelength-routing mesh networks

This paper considers multicasting on wavelength-routing mesh optical networks. Although multicasting has been studied extensively in different network environments, multicasting in this environment is different, and more involved. The paper discusses the challenges of multicast support in optical wavelength routing networks, and reports on the advances made so far in this venue. The paper introduces a classification and a comparison of such techniques, and a study of their advantages and disadvantages.
Explaining collective action with rational models

We note the failure of a rational egoist model of human behavior to generate successful predictions of important economic and political behaviors including collective action. Alternative models are presented that combine rational, utility-maximizing features with concerns about collective welfare. The performance of these models in explaining contributing behavior in an experimentally-induced public goods game is compared to the performance of a rational egoist and collective welfare model. The results indicate that a model in which subjects are presumed to “trade off” benefits to self with benefits to others provides a better explanation of actual contributing behavior than either the rational egoist or collective welfare models, but still explains only a small amount of the individual variance in contributing behavior.
Application of the Priestley–Taylor Approach in a Two-Source Surface Energy Balance Model

The Priestley‐Taylor (PT) approximation for computing evapotranspiration was initially developed for conditions of a horizontally uniform saturated surface sufficiently extended to obviate any significant advection of energy. Nevertheless, the PT approach has been effectively implemented within the framework of a thermal-based two-source model (TSM) of the surface energy balance, yielding reasonable latent heat flux estimates over a range in vegetative cover and climate conditions. In the TSM, however, the PT approach is applied only to the canopy component of the latent heat flux, which may behave more conservatively than the bulk (soil 1 canopy) system. The objective of this research is to investigate the response of the canopy and bulk PT parameters to varying leaf area index (LAI) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in both natural and agricultural vegetated systems, to better understand the utility and limitations of this approximation within the context of the TSM. Micrometeorological flux measurements collected at multiple sites under a wide range of atmospheric conditions were used to implement an optimization scheme, assessing the value of the PT parameter for best performance of the TSM. Overall, the findings suggest that within the context of the TSM, the optimal canopy PT coefficient for agricultural crops appears to have a fairly conservative value of ;1.2 except when under very high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) conditions, when its value increases. For natural vegetation (primarily grasslands), the optimal canopy PT coefficient assumed lower values on average (;0.9) and dropped even further at high values of VPD. This analysis provides some insight as to why the PT approach, initially developed for regional estimates of potential evapotranspiration, can be used successfully in the TSM scheme to yield reliable heat flux estimates over a variety of land cover types.
Interactions of HCOOH with stoichiometric and defective TiO2(110) surfaces

Abstract Interactions of HCOOH with stoichiometric (nearly defect-free) and defective TiO2(110) surfaces have been studied experimentally using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), and theoretically using electronic structure calculations. The HCOOH saturation coverages were 0.58 ML, 0.77 ML, and 0.92 ML (1 ML ≈ 5.2 × 1014 cm−2) for nearly defect-free surfaces, for electron-beam exposed surfaces, and for Ar+ ion bombarded surfaces, respectively. The excess formic acid adsorption quantitatively corresponds to the number of newly exposed sites created by electron-beam exposure. Electronic structure calculations show a strong adsorptive interaction for formate on cation sites on both stoichiometric and defective TiO2 surfaces, consistent with the experimental observations. In spite of adsorption at defect sites, little or no defect healing (defect healing means a reduction in defect signal observed by the photoemission measurements) was observed for either electron-beam exposed or Ar+ bombarded surfaces by HCOOH exposure up to 104L at room temperature. However, some healing will occur if extra energy provided by electrons is introduced to breakdown formate species. In contrast to water adsorption, electronic structure calculations on defective TiO2 have found that formate is located in an asymmetric position with respect to the Ti3+ sites with a potential additional interaction with the Ti4+ site.
Regional anesthesia techniques for the lower extremity

This article focuses on regional anesthesia for orthopedic procedures of the lower extremity.
OPTIMAL FUZZY CONTROL OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATION TO AN UNDERACTUATED ROBOT

Abstract To deal with complex nonlinear systems such as underactuated mechanisms, in this paper a global stable as well as optimal fuzzy controller is presented to achieve output tracking control of nonlinear systems by combining the linear optimal control theory and linear regulator theory with the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy methodology. The stability of the entire closed-loop fuzzy system is ensured by the Lyapunov stability analysis. This paper also includes a hardware description and the real-time results for the application to a benchmark underactuated robot: Pendubot.
Development of Anomalous Temperature Regimes over the Southeastern United States: Synoptic Behavior and Role of Low-Frequency Modes

AbstractDuring winter, anomalous temperature regimes (ATRs), which include cold-air outbreaks (CAOs) and warm waves (WWs), have important impacts in the southeastern United States. This study provides a synoptic–dynamic characterization of ATRs in the southeastern United States from 1949 to 2011 through composite time-evolution analyses. Events are categorized by the sign and amplitude of relevant low-frequency modes. During CAO (WW) onset, negative (positive) geopotential height anomalies are observed in the upper troposphere over the Southeast with oppositely signed anomalies in the lower troposphere over the central United States. In most cases, there is a surface east–west geopotential height anomaly dipole, with anomalous northerly (CAO) or southerly (WW) flow into the Southeast leading to cold or warm surface air temperature anomalies, respectively. Companion potential vorticity anomaly analyses reveal prominent features in the mid- to upper troposphere consistent with the coincident geopotential he...
The effect of idebenone, a coenzyme Q analogue, on hydrophobic bile acid toxicity to isolated rat hepatocytes and hepatic mitochondria

Oxidant stress induced by hydrophobic bile acids has been implicated in the pathogenesis of liver injury in cholestatic liver disorders. We evaluated the effect of idebenone, a coenzyme Q analogue, on taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDC)-induced cell injury and oxidant stress in isolated rat hepatocytes and on glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC)-induced generation of hydroperoxides in fresh hepatic mitochondria. Isolated rat hepatocytes in suspension under 9% oxygen atmosphere were preincubated with 0, 50, and 100 micromol/l idebenone for 30 min and then exposed to 1000 micromol/l TCDC for 4 h. LDH release (cell injury) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (measure of lipid peroxidation) increased after TCDC exposure but were markedly suppressed by idebenone pretreatment. In a second set of experiments, the addition of 100 micromol/l idebenone up to 3 h after hepatocytes were exposed to 1000 micromol/l TCDC resulted in abrogation of subsequent cell injury and markedly reduced oxidant damage to hepatocytes. Chenodeoxycholic acid concentrations increased to 5.15 nmol/10(6) cells after 2 h and to 7.05 after 4 h of incubation of hepatocytes with 1000 micromol/l TCDC, and did not differ in the presence of idebenone. In freshly isolated rat hepatic mitochondria, when respiration was stimulated by succinate, 10 micromol/l idebenone abrogated the generation of hydroperoxides during a 90-minute exposure to 400 micromol/l GCDC. These data demonstrate that idebenone functions as a potent protective hepatocyte antioxidant during hydrophobic bile acid toxicity, perhaps by reducing generation of oxygen free radicals in mitochondria.
Surgical indications and extent of resection in gallbladder cancer

Gallbladder cancer often is diagnosed at an advanced stage when the prognosis is dismal. Early tumors (T1) that are recognized incidentally are curable with simple cholecystectomy alone. All other tumors should be resected with an extended cholecystectomy (T2) or with an extensive liver resection that obtains the negative margins. Patients with tumors greater than T1 should undergo lymphadenectomy that includes the porta hepatis and superior pancreatic nodes. Long-term survival with this approach is possible, even with T3 and T4 tumors. The role of extended lymphadenectomy, including the retropancreatic and aortocaval basins, is unclear and should be attempted only in selected cases.
Formation of lunar basin rings

The outer rings of impact basins are interpreted as the bounding rings of the excavated basin cavities analogous to Copernicus-type crater rim crests. It is suggested that the inner rings are strata from depth uplifted during excavation of the transient cavity. Spacing relations and morphology appear to indicate a transition from central peaks to rings but not from terraces to rings. Evidence related to terrestrial craters with rings or peaks produced by meteorite impacts suggests that one or more crater rims may form inside the main, outer crater rim, resulting in nested craters. There is some evidence that peaks grade into inner rings as material is ejected from their cores in progressively larger impacts. Multiply layered materials may produce multiple rings by differential excavation of the layers.
Evaluating women's homemaking and volunteer work experiences for college credit

This project developed methods and materials to assist colleges in evaluating the competencies which women acquire from their nonmarket (volunteer work and homemaking) experiences. Competencies were identified through interviews and questionnaires of women's activities. Next an informal task analysis of each activity was conducted to develop a list of the competencies involved, the “I Can” lists. A twelve step counseling process, based on the use of the “I Can” lists, is described. The paper also discusses methods of dealing with faculty and administrative concerns about this type of experiential learning evaluation.
Thyrocalcitonin inhibition of bone resorption induced by parathyroid extract in thyroparathyroidectomized rats.

The mode of action of thyrocalcitonin on bone was examined in vivo in rats. Rats that had been injected 24 hr previously with 45Ca were thyroparathyroidectomized and injected with parathyroid extract (PTE). The resulting hypercalcemia, enhanced by the thyroidectomy, was associated with decreased specific activity of serum calcium, a result that supports the concept that parathyroid hormone mobilizes calcium from “stable” bone. Thyrocalcitonin was injected 2½ hr after the administration of PTE and again 1¼ hr later. During the 2½ hr after thyrocalcitonin treatment began, serum calcium decreased by 33% but serum 45Ca decreased by only 17%. The results indicate that thyrocalcitonin inhibited the release of calcium from both “stable” and “labile” bone, but that the inhibition was more marked in unlabeled bone, presumably the same area of bone that was responsive to parathyroid hormone. (Endocrinology 80: 539, 1967)
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF CLOSED BIOPROSTHETIC VALVE LEAFLETS.

Abstract The dynamic response of the leaflets of a closed bioprosthetic valve was determined using triangular shell elements. The damping ratio of the system was estimated using a one-dimensional spring-mass system and was found to be 0.02. This damping ratio was used in estimating the transient response of the three-dimensional leaflets that occurs due to the normal pressure gradient during diastole. The maximal deflection with a Young's modulus of 600 kPa was 3.71 mm. Stiffening of the leaflet was shown to reduce the maximal deflection. A perforation in one of the leaflets (20% area of a single leaflet) did not change the response appreciably.