cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How rapidly should remission be achieved

The major goal of therapy in inflammatory bowel disease is to induce remission. Remission has multiple definitions - clinical remission, where the patient's symptoms have remitted, and endoscopic remission, in which there has been complete mucosal healing. Mucosal healing is a harder endpoint of remission but may be more difficult to achieve. In clinical trials we are forced to use activity indices such as the Crohn's disease activity index that may not completely reflect the endoscopic and histologic state of the bowel. Ideally we would like to see remission as quickly as possible to improve patient quality of life. The time to remission varies between different therapeutic approaches. Steroids tend to have a rapid clinical effect with remission seen in some patients as early as two weeks. In early anti-TNF trials, a single dose of infliximab lead to 27% remission at two weeks compared to 4% of placebo patients. Adalimumab and certolizumab have similar reports of early induction of remission. Mesalamine in Crohn's disease has inconsistent and delayed remission rates, whereas in ulcerative colitis, response and remission rates are more consistent in the three-week time frame. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine have delayed onset of action but may induce remission as early as six weeks if dosing is optimized. In this presentation induction of clinical remission and mucosal healing in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis will be discussed. The impact of early remission on disease course will also be reviewed.
Individual charge changing fragmentation cross-sections of relativistic nuclei in hydrogen, helium, and carbon targets

In this paper we describe individual elemental cross sections. Over 100 of these cross sections have been measured by studying the fragmentation of beams of 12 charges ranging from $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ to $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$ in hydrogen, helium, and carbon targets. The energies of the beams ranged from \ensuremath{\sim}300 to 1700 MeV/nucleon. The relative cross sections in hydrogen, helium, and carbon targets are examined as a function of both beam charge and energy. Limits are placed on the energy region in which the concept of factorization or scaling of cross sections for different beam charges and targets applies. The approach of these elemental cross sections to the asymptotic high-energy values is examined as a function of the beam charge and the charge change. The systematics of the energy dependence of these cross sections is also described in terms of the beam charge and the charge change. Another important systematic in our data is a regular decrease in the elemental cross sections into a particular charge, ${Z}_{f}$, with increasing charge change at a constant energy. It is found that this regular behavior of the cross sections follows a simple exponential law in the charge change, ${Z}_{B}$-${Z}_{f}$. This has important implications for constructing an empirical formula to describe these cross sections, as well as having theoretical implications.
Spatiotemporal Quantification of Cerebral Blood Flow During Functional Activation in Rat Somatosensory Cortex Using Laser-Speckle Flowmetry

Laser-speckle flowmetry was used to characterize activation flow coupling after electrical somatosensory stimulation of forepaw and hindpaw in the rat. Quantification of functional activation was m...
Reaction of butyllithium with benzylidene acetals of aldopyranosides and 1,5-anhydroalditols

Abstract Under suitable conditions, butyllithium selectively cleaves 5-membered benzylidene acetals (1,3-dioxolane ring) leaving the 6-membered analogs (1,3-dioxane ring) intact in aldopyranoside and 1,5-anhydroalditol derivatives. The usual course of the reaction involves expulsion of the elements of benzaldehyde to give an enolate anion and thence a vicinal deoxyketone. The reaction is strongly regioselective and may be interpreted as proceeding via abstraction of the quasi-axial hydrogen atom on the sugar ring that is also part of the 1,3-dioxolane ring. Controlled routes of considerable synthetic utility are thereby feasible. In certain situations, an alternative reaction-pathway prevails that involves expulsion of the elements of benzoate anion with the formation of an alkene, the corresponding ring-unsaturated pyranose derivative.
Changes in attack and survival rates of acute myocardial infarction.

To the Editor.— We read with great interest the report of the Worcester Heart Attack Study by Goldberg et al.1We agree with the authors of this elegant study that it is critical that population-based epidemiologic data be collected and analyzed to determine the major reasons for the substantial decline in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates in the United States in the past two decades. In this study, the incidence and in-hospital and out-of-hospital casefatality rates for CHD were collected for the Worcester Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area for three years (1975, 1978, and 1981), during which time there was a steady decline in age-adjusted mortality from CHD. The authors conclude that the "recently observed declines in the mortality rates of CHD may reflect decreases in out-of-hospital coronary deaths and improving trends in the in-hospital survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction." While it is true that the in-hospital
Ethical Theory and the Problem of Inconsequentialism: Why Environmental Ethicists Should be Virtue-Oriented Ethicists

Many environmental problems are longitudinal collective action problems. They arise from the cumulative unintended effects of a vast amount of seemingly insignificant decisions and actions by individuals who are unknown to each other and distant from each other. Such problems are likely to be effectively addressed only by an enormous number of individuals each making a nearly insignificant contribution to resolving them. However, when a person’s making such a contribution appears to require sacrifice or costs, the problem of inconsequentialism arises: given that a person’s contribution, although needed (albeit not necessary), is nearly inconsequential to addressing the problem and may require some cost from the standpoint of the person’s own life, why should the person make the effort, particularly when it is uncertain (or even unlikely) whether others will do so? In this article I argue that justifications for making the effort to respond to longitudinal collective action environmental problems are, on the whole, particularly well supported by virtue-oriented normative theories, on which character traits are evaluated as virtues and vices consequentially or teleologically and actions are evaluated in terms of virtues and vices. If ethical theories are to be assessed on their theoretical and practical adequacy, and if providing a compelling response to the problem of inconsequentialism is an instance of such adequacy, then this is a reason for preferring virtue-oriented ethical theory over non-virtue-oriented ethical theories, such as Kantian, act utilitarian, and global utilitarian theories.
What happens with failed blind nasal tracheal intubations

Introduction: Flight nurses and paramedics may be called on to perform a blind nasal tracheal intubation (BNTI) as an airway management adjunct. A literature review found two publications addressing air medical BNTI failure rates. No studies examining demographic factors associated with BNTI failure rates nor published reports evaluating the failure rates of subsequent oral tracheal intubation (OTI) and cricothyroidotomy (cric) attempts after failed BNTI were found. This study was undertaken to identify factors associated with BNTI failure and determine the failure rates for OTI and cric performed by flight nurses and paramedics after failed BNTI. Methods: All flight nurses' and paramedics' BNTI attempts and subsequent OTI and cric attempts after failed BNTI during 1999 were reviewed retrospectively. BNTI, OTI, and cric success versus failure groups subsequently were evaluated by student t-test and chi-squared analysis to determine if demographic differences for age, gender, type of illness (medical, cardiac, or trauma), in-hospital versus scene, nurse versus paramedic, and rotor- versus fixed-wing transport could be found. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Thirty-six BNTIs were attempted by flight nurses (N = 34) and paramedics (N = 2). Twenty-one BNTIs were attempted at the scene of injury, whereas 15 were attempted in the hospital setting. Eleven of 36 (31%) patient attempts were unsuccessful, and all of these patients received subsequent OTI attempts. Of the 11 OTI patient attempts, two were unsuccessful (18%) and subsequently required cricothyroidotomy. Both attempted patient cricothyroidotomies were successful. Failed versus successful BNTIs were analyzed for demographic differences. Our study found that the BNTI failure (10/21, 48%) was significantly more likely to occur in younger (P < 0.001) trauma (P < 0.01) patients transported from the scene of injury (P < 0.05) by rotor-wing (P < 0.05) than in the hospital (1/15, 7%) setting. Unlike BNTIs, no significant demographic differences were observed between the failed (2/11, 18%) versus successful (9/11, 82%) OTI after a failed nasal tracheal intubation. Conclusion: Flight nurse and flight paramedic teams show a rather low BNTI failure (7%) rate within the confines of the hospital setting but a significantly higher failure rate (48%) when this procedure is performed at the scene of an injury. Although not measured in this study, this difference may represent fewer insertion attempts, less time spent performing BNTI because of the need to rapidly transport trauma patients to appropriate treatment centers, or variation in technique because of the concern for cervical spine injury. Further studies are required to elucidate why differences in scene versus in-hospital BNTI success rates are occurring.
Copper impurity diffusion in sodium iodide

A thin-layer method was used to study the diffusion of copper in NaI. Final concentration-distance profiles were measured by an optical-absorption method. All plots of ${log}_{10}C$ vs ${z}^{2}$ are linear for temperatures below 265\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and above 415\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and they are curved for temperatures in between. The Arrhenius plot shows two straight segments from which activation energies are calculated to be 1.00 eV for the low-temperature region and 0.65 eV for the high-temperature region. The diffusion coefficient for copper in sodium iodide exceeds the self-diffusion coefficient of sodium in sodium iodide by factors of ${10}^{3}$-${10}^{4}$. Thus the diffusion of copper in sodium iodide cannot be explained by the vacancy mechanism, which is the usually accepted one for the alkali halides. The experimental data strongly suggest that above 415\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C most of the copper impurity will be interstitial and the diffusion is by a simple interstitial mechanism.
GROK: A Practical System for Securing Group Communications

We have designed and implemented a general- purpose cryptographic building block, called GROK, for securing communication among groups of entities in networks composed of high-latency, low-bandwidth, intermittently connected links. During the process, we solved a number of non-trivial system problems. This paper describes these problems and our solutions, and motivates and justifies these solutions from three viewpoints: usability, efficiency, and security. The solutions described in this paper have been tempered by securing a widely-used group-oriented application, group text chat. We implemented a prototype extension to a popular text chat client called Pidgin and evaluated it in a real-world scenario. Based on our experiences, these solutions are useful to designers of group-oriented systems specifically, and secure systems in general.
“What It Means To Be a Woman:” Ambivalent Sexism in Female College Students’ Experiences and Attitudes

This study used content analysis to examine if themes related to ambivalent sexism (Glick and Fiske 1996) emerged when female students wrote an essay answering the question “What does it mean to be a woman?” and examined the relationship between Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) scores (Glick and Fiske 1996) and content analysis. Participants were 78 female undergraduate students in the Southeastern U.S. Findings revealed themes related to ambivalent sexism were present in 99% of essays, indicating that ambivalent sexism is highly relevant to women’s gendered experiences. Furthermore participants’ ASI scores were positively correlated with a sexism score created from coded essay content. The discussion addresses theoretical and contextual implications of the findings.
Video as a Tool for Fostering Productive Discussions in Mathematics Professional Development.

Abstract This article explores the use of classroom video as a tool for fostering productive discussions about teaching and learning. The setting for our research is a 2-year mathematics professional development program, based on the Problem-Solving Cycle model. This model relies on video from the teachers’ own classrooms and emphasizes creating a community in which members feel comfortable learning from video. We describe our experiences carrying out the Problem-Solving Cycle model, focusing on our use of video, our efforts to promote a supportive and analytical environment, and the ways in which teachers’ conversations around video developed over a 2-year period.
Brain Temperature Distribution During Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest In Humans

This paper analyzes the effect of different cooling and rewarming strategies on the brain temperature distribution before and after circulatory arrest in adults and children. The temperature variations during systemic cooling, circulatory arrest, and rewarming are calculated using a thermal model that incorporates physiological parameters. The calculations presented here explain why sometimes hypothermia does not show the expected neuroprotective effect. This work shows the importance of departing from a steady temperature distribution when using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. In the calculations, the external cooling conditions of the head are varied, and it is observed that hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) together with external head cooling help reduce the temperature gradients within the head during periods of reduced blood flow, and reduces the temperature increase in the deep tissue produced by the residual cerebral metabolic activity. The results presented here agree with previous experimental observations1–3 regarding the duration of systemic cooling using CPB.
A Place Called Home: Educational Reform in a Concord, Massachusetts School, 1897-1914.

This paper examines the role of place in the reform efforts of two teachers who established Miss White’s Home School in Concord, Massachusetts (USA). Flora and Mary White rebelled against the prevailing industrial model of instruction in tax-supported schools where they taught. As a solution, they moved to Concord – a nonconformist town with a literary and historical heritage – where they founded a private day and boarding school within the child-centred ideals of progressive education. Their experience, and the link between school and town, highlight the significance of the writing of Edward Casey, Doreen Massey, and bell hooks on the role of place in the search for identity and the relationship between place and home.
Knowledge-Based Approach Toward Developing An Autonomous Helicopter System

The advent of advanced computer architectures for parallel and symbolic processing has evolved technology to the point at which prototype autonomous vehicles are being developed. Control of such devices requires communication between knowledge-based subsystems in charge of the vision, planning, and control aspects necessary to make autonomous systems func-tional in a real-world environment. The performance of autonomous vehicle systems is currently limited by their inability to accurately analyze their surrounding environment. In order to function in dynamic situations, autonomous vehicles must be capable of interpreting terrain on the basis of predetermined mission goals. This paper describes an autonomous airborne-vehicle simulation currently being developed at the Georgia Tech Research Institute. The Autonomous Helicopter System (AHS) is a multimission system consisting of three distinct sections: vision, planning, and control. The vision section provides the local and global scene analyses that are symbolically represented and passed to the planning section as the initial route-planning constraints. The planning section generates a task-dependent path for the vehicle to traverse that assures maximum mission system successes as well as survivability. The control section validates the path and either executes the given route or feeds back to previous sections in order to resolve conflicts.
Tactile Interaction with Taste Localization: Influence of Gustatory Quality and Intensity

Taste is always accompanied by tactile stimulation, but little is known about how touch interacts with taste. One exception is evidence that taste can be "referred" to nearby tactile stimulation. It was recently found (Lim J, and Green BG. 2007. The psychophysical relationship between bitter taste and burning sensation: evidence of qualitative similarity. Chem Senses. 32:31-39) that spatial discrimination of taste was poorer for bitterness than for other tastes when the perceived intensities were matched. We hypothesized that this difference may have been caused by greater referral of bitterness by touch. The present study tested this hypothesis by comparing localization of quinine sulfate and sucrose under conditions that minimized and maximized the opportunity for referral. In both conditions, stimulation was produced by 5 cotton swabs spaced 1 cm apart and arranged in an arc to enable simultaneous contact with the front edge of the tongue. Only one swab contained the taste stimulus, whereas the rest were saturated with deionized water. In both conditions, the swabs were stroked up-and-down against the tongue 5 times. Subjects were asked to identify which swab contained the taste stimulus 1) 5 s after the fifth stroke (touch-removed condition) and 2) immediately at the end of the fifth stroke, with the swabs still in contact with the tongue (touch-maintained condition). Ratings of taste intensity were obtained to assess the possible effect of perceived intensity on spatial localization. Taste localization was surprisingly accurate, especially for sucrose, with errors of localization in the range of 1 cm or less. For both stimuli, localization tended to be poorer when the tactile stimulus was present while subjects made their judgments, but the difference between conditions was significant only for the lower concentration of quinine. The results are discussed in terms of both the surprisingly good spatial acuity of taste and the possibility of having a close perceptual relationship between touch and bitter taste.
Outcome of heart transplantation in pediatric cancer survivors.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome of heart transplantation in children surviving malignancies. Pediatric heart transplant recipients were identified using the UNOS database. Follow-up data including survival and rate of malignancy were analyzed. A total of 7169 children received heart transplants between 1987 and 2011. Of these, 107 (1.5%) survived previous malignancy treatment (group I) and 7062 (98.5%) did not have prior malignancy (group II). Survival after transplant was 92.5%, 90.6%, 80.3%, and 65% at three months, one, five, and 10 yr in group I, similar to the rate in group II (90.1%, 84.4%, 73.8%, and 57.7%). Survival after transplantation was similar between group I and children who underwent OHT secondary to cardiomyopathy in group II. The rate of post-OHT malignancy in group I was higher than that in group II (14/107(13%) vs. 386/7062 (5.4%), p = 0.001). Children who developed malignancy in group I had similar survival as children who developed malignancy in group II. Post-transplant survival is similar in children with and without pretransplant malignancy in spite of higher rate of malignancy in children with pretransplant malignancy. OHT appears to be a reasonable treatment option in children who develop end-stage heart disease after malignancy treatment.
Design and Modeling of Patch Antenna Printed on Magneto-Dielectric Embedded-Circuit Metasubstrate

The design and modeling of an embedded-circuit metamaterial with epsi-mu constitutive parameters as the substrate for patch antennas is presented. The magneto-dielectric metasubstrate is constructed of periodic resonant loop circuits embedded in a low dielectric host medium, and is capable of providing both permittivity and permeability material parameters at any frequency of interest. The embedded-circuit building blocks are very small in size (<lambda/20) and constitute artificial material molecules. Geometric control of the embedded-circuits allows epsiv and mu to be tailored to the application. A transmission line circuit model analogy is developed to theoretically investigate the behavior of designed embedded-circuit metamaterial and predict its physical parameters. In addition, a full wave analysis based on finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique is applied to comprehensively characterize the complex periodic structure. The potential advantage of magneto-dielectric metasubstrate for the design of small antennas having relatively wide bandwidth is investigated
An evolutional network architecture for developmental knowledge bases

We present a network architecture that supports developmental knowledge bases. Knowledge representation in our architecture is based on knowledge quanta. The network architecture described herein is evolutional in nature and utilizes spreading activation algorithms for network formation. In doing so, our research is seeking answers to fundamental questions pertinent to the way people learn as well.
CD8+ T cells responding to influenza infection reach and persist at higher numbers than CD4+ T cells independently of precursor frequency

The activation, localization, phenotypic changes, and function of CFSE-labeled naive influenza-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells following influenza infection were examined. Response of adoptively transferred CD8(+) T cells was seen earliest in draining lymph node. Highly activated cells were found later in the lung, airways, and spleen, were cytolytic, and expressed IFN-gamma upon restimulation. Similar amounts of division at early time points, but higher numbers of CD8(+) T cells, were detected at 9 and 30 days postinfection after cotransfer of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells followed by infection. Transfer of much smaller numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells led to more extensive expansion but the same difference in final number between the two cell types. These studies demonstrate how CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells respond to influenza at early time points postinfection and the differential kinetics of antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.
Novel compact ultra wideband rectangular dielectric resonator antenna

This paper proposes a new ultra wideband rectangular dielectric resonator antenna. The proposed antenna has compact size of 20×20 mm2 and a bandwidth of 8 GHz to more than 30 GHz. The full 3D electromagnetic simulation software CST STUDIO SUITE is used to simulate and analyze the proposed antenna. The reflection coefficient, the radiation pattern, and the gain are used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed antenna.
Lanelets: Efficient map representation for autonomous driving

In this paper we propose a highly detailed map for the field of autonomous driving. We introduce the notion of lanelets to represent the drivable environment under both geometrical and topological aspects. Lanelets are atomic, interconnected drivable road segments which may carry additional data to describe the static environment. We describe the map specification, an example creation process as well as the access library libLanelet which is available for download. Based on the map, we briefly describe our behavioural layer (which we call behaviour generation) which is heavily exploiting the proposed map structure. Both contributions have been used throughout the autonomous journey of the Mercedes Benz S 500 Intelligent Drive following the Bertha Benz Memorial Route in summer 2013.
Ultra-low-voltage micro-ring modulator integrated with a CMOS feed-forward equalization driver

We present an all-CMOS micro-ring modulator packaged with a feed-forward equalization driver circuit, operating in charge-injection mode at 8 Gbps with a drive voltage of only 50 mVp-p and a power consumption of 1.8 pJ/bit.
Sponsored search with contexts

We examine a formal model of sponsored search in which advertisers can bid not only on search terms, but on search terms under specific contexts. A context is any auxiliary information that might accompany a search, and might include information that is factual, estimated or inferred. Natural examples of contexts include the zip code, gender, or abstract "intentions" (such as researching a vacation) of the searcher. After introducing a natural probabilistic model for contextbased auctions, we provide several theoretical results, including the fact that under general circumstances, the overall social welfare of the advertisers and auctioneer together can only increase when moving from standard to context-based mechanisms. In contrast, we provide and discuss specific examples in which only one party (advertisers or auctioneer) benefits at the expense of the other in moving to context-based search.
A distributed hierarchical video-on-demand system

This paper describes research issues in the design and implementation of a video-on-demand system. Issues related to database design and population, user interface design, media formats, tertiary storage and video file server management, video delivery, and copyrights are discussed.
The Emerging Roles of Screening and Prevention in Women’s Cancer

The Oncologist 2004;9:228-231 www.TheOncologist.com Correspondence: Franco M. Muggia, M.D., Director of Medical Oncology, Kaplan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10014, USA. Telephone: 212-263-6485; Fax: 212-263-8210; e-mail: muggif01@gcrc.med.nyu.edu Received June 9, 2003; accepted for publication October 13, 2003. ©AlphaMed Press 10837159/2004/$12.00/0 INTRODUCTION The emerging roles of screening and prevention in women’s cancer were presented during a symposium hosted by The Lynne Cohen Foundation for Ovarian Cancer Research. The April 26, 2003 meeting, held at the University of Southern California Health Sciences Campus in Los Angeles, was divided into three sessions: Research on High Risk Identification and Preventive Measures; Intervention Outcomes and Psycho/Social Repercussions of Preventive Measures; and Research on Screening and Early Detection: New Methods. This report summarizes the salient presentations and ensuing discussions during these sessions.
Infusion of D1 Dopamine Receptor Agonist into Medial Frontal Cortex Disrupts Neural Correlates of Interval Timing

Medial frontal cortical (MFC) dopamine is essential for the organization of behavior in time. Our prior work indicates that blocking D1 dopamine receptors (D1DR) attenuates temporal processing and low-frequency oscillations by MFC neuronal networks. Here we investigate the effects of focal infusion of the D1DR agonist SKF82958 into MFC during interval timing. MFC D1DR agonist infusion impaired interval timing performance without changing overall firing rates of MFC neurons. MFC ramping patterns of neuronal activity that reflect temporal processing were attenuated following infusion of MFC D1DR agonist. MFC D1DR agonist infusion also altered MFC field potentials by enhancing delta activity between 1 and 4 Hz and attenuating alpha activity between 8 and 15 Hz. These data support the idea that the influence of D1-dopamine signals on frontal neuronal activity adheres to a U-shaped curve, and that cognition requires optimal levels of dopamine in frontal cortex.
Protein Kinase Cα Activates c-Src and Induces Podosome Formation via AFAP-110

We report that the actin filament-associated protein AFAP-110 is required to mediate protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) activation of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Src and the subsequent formation of podosomes. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that activation of PKCalpha by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), or ectopic expression of constitutively activated PKCalpha, directs AFAP-110 to colocalize with and bind to the c-Src SH3 domain, resulting in activation of the tyrosine kinase. Activation of c-Src then directs the formation of podosomes, which contain cortactin, AFAP-110, actin, and c-Src. In a cell line (CaOV3) that has very little or no detectable AFAP-110, PMA treatment was unable to activate c-Src or effect podosome formation. Ectopic expression of AFAP-110 in CaOV3 cells rescued PKCalpha-mediated activation of c-Src and elevated tyrosine phosphorylation levels and subsequent formation of podosomes. Neither expression of activated PKCalpha nor treatment with PMA was able to induce these changes in CAOV3 cells expressing mutant forms of AFAP-110 that are unable to bind to, or colocalize with, c-Src. We hypothesize that one major function of AFAP-110 is to relay signals from PKCalpha that direct the activation of c-Src and the formation of podosomes.
Sarcoma of the bladder and prostate in children. Rationale for the role of radiation therapy based on a review of the literature and a report of fourteen additional patients

One hundred twenty-five cases of sarcoma of the bladder and prostate in children have been reviewed from the literature. Eighty-seven arose in the bladder and 37 in the prostate. One arose in an unknown site. Seventy percent of patients with rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder survived following total cystectomy; no patient survived following more limited surgical resection. Five of 25 patients with rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate survived following limited or radical surgery, irradiation in 3 patients, and chemotherapy in all cases. No patient survived without chemotherapy. Review of our own experience revealed a survival of 78% (seven of nine patients) for rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder following radical surgery. Four of these patients had chemotherapy and two had irradiation also.
Lifted wavelet-based image dataset compression with column random access for image-based virtual environment navigation

A lifted wavelet-based compression scheme with effective image-column random access for coding image datasets is proposed. This image dataset compression scheme is based on the approach of a lifted wavelet transform combined with embedded block entropy coding. This approach is adapted to compressing the image datasets used for image-based virtual environment navigation and facilitating a column random access mechanism. A specific data structure is designed to achieve efficient compression and accommodate column random access. The code stream syntax is constructed to efficiently assemble bit streams corresponding to the designed data structure. The two-level index tables in the code stream are used to assist random access. This image dataset compression scheme features a proper compromise between the coding efficiency and the random access flexibility, and thus ensures fast interactive image rendering. It reduces the decoding delay, simplifies the implementation of a random access mechanism and easily facilitates real-time image decoding. Experimental results of the software implementation of this image dataset compression scheme show its superior coding performance over the standard JPEG and JPEG 2000 schemes.
Framework Development in Plant Disease Risk Assessment and its Application

This article reviews recent developments in plant disease risk assessment. The role of risk assessment as an application area in macrophytopathology and its contribution to the development of macroscale disease study are discussed. This article also discusses the concepts and components of risk assessment for different end points and the assessment framework of different potential ranges of a new pathogen: establishment range, suitability range, damage range, and dispersal range. Different end points generate risk information suitable for decision makers at different levels. New insights gained from selected major diseases, especially from risk assessment due to the recent global movement of soybean rust, are presented. The role of pathologists in presenting risk information has extended beyond the professional research domain and has become critical in influencing decision-making, evident by soybean rust in both South and North America. The bias components of risk communication are defined, and different levels of receivers for risk information are identified based on their interpretation capability of risk information, bias potential, and utilization of risk information. Lack of predictability of dispersal potential contributes to uncertainty of risk assessment for airborne diseases. Potential research areas in disease risk assessment are discussed.
Adipocyte-specific expression of murine resistin is mediated by synergism between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins

Resistin antagonizes insulin action in mouse, making it a potential therapeutic target for treating metabolic diseases such as diabetes. To better understand how mouse resistin gene (Retn) expression is restricted to fat tissue, we identified an adipocyte-specific enhancer located ∼8.8-kb upstream of the transcription start site. This region contains a binding site for the master adipogenic regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and binds endogenous PPARγ together with its partner retinoid-X receptor α (RXRα). It also contains three binding sites for CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP), and is bound by endogenous C/EBPα and C/EBPβ in adipocytes. Exogenous expression of PPARγ/RXRα and C/EBPα in non-adipocyte cells synergistically drives robust expression from the enhancer. Although PPARγ ligands repress Retn transcription in adipocytes, rosiglitazone paradoxically stimulates the enhancer activity, suggesting that the enhancer is not directly involved in negative regulation. Unlike expression of Retn in mouse, human resistin (RETN) is expressed primarily in macrophages. Interestingly, the region homologous to the mouse Retn enhancer in the human gene contains all three C/EBP elements, but is not conserved for the sequence bound by PPARγ. Furthermore, it displays little or no binding by PPARγ in vitro. Taken together, the data suggest that a composite enhancer binding both PPARγ and C/EBP factors confers adipocyte-specific expression to Retn in mouse, and its absence from the human gene may explain the lack of adipocyte expression in humans.
DELETIONS OF THE ISO-1-CYTOCHROME c AND ADJACENT GENES OF YEAST: DISCOVERY OF THE OSM1 GENE CONTROLLING OSMOTIC SENSITIVITY

Some of the deletions in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that encompass the CYC1 gene, which determines iso-1-cytochrome c, extend into the OSM1 gene, causing inhibition of growth on hypertonic media, and into the RAD7 gene, causing sensitivity to UV light. Two deletions (cyc1–363 and cyc1–367) encompass only the CYC1 gene, two deletions (cyc1–366 and cyc1–368) encompass the CYC1 and OSM1 genes, three deletions (cyc1–1, cyc1–364 and cyc1–365) encompass the CYC1, OSM1 and RAD7 genes, while none of the deletions extend into the closely linked SUP4 gene.
Evolutionary Analysis for Functional Divergence of the Toll-Like Receptor Gene Family and Altered Functional Constraints

The Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene family consists of type 1 transmembrane receptors, which play essential roles in both innate immunity and adaptive immune response by ligand recognition and signal transduction. Using all available vertebrate TLR protein sequences, we inferred the phylogenetic tree and then characterized critical amino acid residues for functional divergence by detecting altered functional constraints after gene duplications. We found that the extracellular domain of TLR genes showed higher functional divergence than that of the cytoplasmic domain, particularly in the region between leucine-rich repeat (LRR) 10 and LRR 15 of TLR 4. Our finding supports the concept that sequence evolution in the extracellular domain may be responsible for the broad diversity of TLR ligand-binding affinity, providing a testable hypothesis for potential targets that could be verified by further experimentation.
Virtual infrastructure for wireless ad hoc networks

One of the most significant challenges introduced by ad hoc networks is coping with the unpredictable deployment, uncertain reliability, and erratic communication exhibited by emerging wireless networks and devices. The goal of this thesis is to develop a set of algorithms that address these challenges and simplify the design of algorithms for ad hoc networks. In the first part of this thesis, I introduce the idea of virtual infrastructure, an abstraction that provides reliable and predictable components in an unreliable and unpredictable environment. This part assumes reliable communication, focusing primarily on the problems created by unpredictable motion and fault-prone devices. I introduce several types of virtual infrastructure, and present new algorithms based on the replicated-state-machine paradigm to implement these infrastructural components. In the second part of this thesis, I focus on the problem of developing virtual infrastructure for more realistic networks, in particular coping with the problem of unreliable communication. I introduce a new framework for modeling wireless networks based on the ability to detect collisions. I then present a new algorithm for implementing replicated state machines in wireless networks, and show how to use replicated state machines to implement virtual infrastructure even in an environment with unreliable communication. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
The Gil Evans Orchestra Plays the Music of Jimi Hendrix; The Jewel in the Lotus; and Bill Evans Live '64–'75

The Gil Evans Orchestra. Produced by Barry Feldman and Michael O. Drexler. 1 CD and 11 pp. booklet. Liner notes by Ian Dove, Philippe Carles, Alain Tercinet, and Stephanie Stein Crease. 2002. BMG F...
Crystal structure of methyl 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranuronate

Abstract The identity of the crystalline product formed by the acetylation of a mixture of methyl α- and β- d -glucopyranuronates has been confirmed as being methyl 1,2,3,4-tetra- O -acetyl-β- d -glucopyranuronate ( 3 ), which agrees with the assignment from 1 H NMR. The absolute configuration of compound 3 was assigned to agree with the known chirality of the precursor sugar, d -glucono-6,3-lactone.
Radionuclide determination of myocardial blood flow.

The diffusible-indicator method of determining tissue blood flow was devised by Kety and his associates, 1–3 who observed the washout of an intraarterially injected tracer from the tissue of interest, and found that it was proportional to tissue blood flow. Kety's original tracer was nitrous oxide, but he soon adapted his method to the use of 24 Na. Other investigators developed Kety's method further, substituting 85 Kr, and ultimately, 133 Xe as diffusible indicators. It has been found that if 133 Xe is injected directly into a coronary artery and its washout from myocardium is observed with a scintillation probe over the precordium, the resulting determination, mean myocardial blood flow, is of limited application. Since coronary artery disease is a regional process, the most useful determination is one that yields regional myocardial blood flow. This may be determined by one of the original Kety methods, 3 i.e., observing the washout of tracer injected directly into the myocardium, but since it requires thoracotomy this method is not widely applicable. Several groups have assembled instrument systems based on the use of scintillation camera-computer combinations with which they can enter the image of the passage of a bolus of intracornoary arterially injected tracer, and by means of image data quantification derive regional myocardial blood flow values by Kety's method. The authors have studied more than 130 dogs before and after experimental coronary embolization and have described a complete method of deriving regional myocardial blood flows with an Anger camera-small computer system. Analysis of flow curves thus generated has suggested the existence of more than one compartment within myocardial blood flow. These compartments might be related to primary/collateral flow or to the volume of perfused tissue incorporated in the region of interest. Cannon et al. 25–27 have employed a multicrystal camera of the autofluoroscope type and an IBM 360/91 computer, in which the camera functions as 294 isolated detectors for the purpose of identifying as many regions of myocardial blood flow. Cannon et al. have studied both normal human subjects and patients with radiographically demonstrable coronary artery disease and have found regional flow to be a valid method both for identifying the myocardial flow inhomogeneities expected with coronary artery disease and for evaluating the results of reparative surgery.
Homophilic Adhesion Mechanism of Neurofascin, a Member of the L1 Family of Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules

The L1 family neural cell adhesion molecules play key roles in specifying the formation and remodeling of the neural network, but their homophilic interaction that mediates adhesion is not well understood. We report two crystal structures of a dimeric form of the headpiece of neurofascin, an L1 family member. The four N-terminal Ig-like domains of neurofascin form a horseshoe shape, akin to several other immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules such as hemolin, axonin, and Dscam. The neurofascin dimer, captured in two crystal forms with independent packing patterns, reveals a pair of horseshoes in trans-synaptic adhesion mode. The adhesion interaction is mediated mostly by the second Ig-like domain, which features an intermolecular β-sheet formed by the joining of two individual GFC β-sheets and a large but loosely packed hydrophobic cluster. Mutagenesis combined with gel filtration assays suggested that the side chain hydrogen bonds at the intermolecular β-sheet are essential for the homophilic interaction and that the residues at the hydrophobic cluster play supplementary roles. Our structures reveal a conserved homophilic adhesion mode for the L1 family and also shed light on how the pathological mutations of L1 affect its structure and function.
Long-term elevation of atmospheric CO2 concentration and the carbon exchange rates of saplings of Pinus taeda L. and Liquidambar styraciflua L.

The relationship between carbon exchange rate (CER) and internal CO(2) concentration was measured in leaves of saplings of Liquidambar styraciflua L. (sweetgum) and Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) grown from seed for more than 14 months at atmospheric CO(2) concentrations of either 350 or 500 microl l(-1). An elevated concentration of CO(2) during growth reduced CER at any given internal CO(2) concentration in sweetgum, but not in loblolly pine. Stomatal limitation of CER showed little response to concentration of CO(2) during measurement, but was higher in both species when grown at 500 than at 350 microl l(-1) CO(2). The net effect of a long-term increase in CO(2) concentration from 350 to 500 microl l(-1) was an increase in CER of loblolly pine, but a slight decrease in CER of sweetgum. It is suggested that the depression of CER in sweetgum resulted from a reduction in the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase.
The forelimb swellings of Pygoderma bilabiatum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

Pygoderma bilabiatum is a medium-sized short-faced stenodermatine bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) with prominent doughnut-shaped glandular tissue masses surrounding the eyes, among other distinctive characters. In this paper, we describe gross external morphology of newly discovered swellings of Pygoderma, probably enclosing glandular tissue found in the dorsal forelimbs of certain male individuals and discuss intra-specific variation in their development. All male individuals observed with large forelimb swellings also had largely developed periorbital and submandibular glands thus suggesting that all male skin glands/swellings in this species develop more or less concordantly. The episodic chronological distribution of male Pygoderma specimens with developed forelimb swellings suggests a relationship with reproductive cycles.
Creating Designs for Planned Communities

This is the second chapter in a book, Designing Planned Communities (2010), that reviews the concepts and ideas that go into the design of planned communities, and explores how local governments can encourage and provide for their good design through land-use regulation. Planned communities require a number of design solutions: a design for the entire project as well as designs at the site, building, and streetscape levels. The discussion of these issues in this chapter assumes a planned community large enough to need design solutions at the project level and for a number of subsidiary elements such as mixed-use centers, neighborhoods, sites, buildings, and streetscapes. Many of these design solutions are also required in smaller planned communities such as mixed-use communities. All planned communities need a neighborhood design, for example, and all must consider designs for buildings and their sites. This is true even of cluster housing. The chapter surveys the design ideas, concepts, and solutions that are available for planned communities and for each level within these communities. The entire book can be downloaded by going to the author's profile on Washington University Law School's website.
Renal medullary interstitial infusion of diltiazem alters sodium and water excretion in rats

The role of renal papillary blood flow in regulation of fluid and electrolyte excretion was examined. The effects of an acute infusion of diltiazem (5 micrograms.kg-1 x min-1) into the renal medullary interstitium on papillary blood flow and sodium and water excretion were studied. Changes of renal blood flow were measured using an electromagnetic flow probe. Cortical and papillary blood flows were measured using laser-Doppler flowmetry. Renal and cortical blood flows were unchanged during medullary interstitial infusion of diltiazem, but papillary blood flow increased 26% (P < 0.05) and remained elevated for 1 h after diltiazem infusion was discontinued. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the infused kidney increased by 21% from a control of 1.0 +/- 0.1 ml.min-1 x g-1 during infusion of diltiazem (P < 0.05), but it returned to control after diltiazem infusion was stopped. Urine flow and sodium excretion increased by 70% (P < 0.05), and fractional sodium excretion rose from 1.5 +/- 0.2 to 2.4 +/- 0.3% of the filtered load during the hour after diltiazem infusion. Renal blood flow, cortical and papillary blood flow, GFR, urine flow, and sodium excretion in the 0.9% sodium chloride vehicle-infused kidney were not significantly altered during the experiment. Intravenous infusion of the same dose of diltiazem (5 micrograms.kg-1 x min-1) increased GFR by 22%, but had no effect on urine flow and sodium excretion. These results indicate that renal medullary interstitial infusion of diltiazem selectively increased renal papillary blood flow, which was associated with an increase of sodium and water excretion.