cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Winner-Take-All Conflict

We develop a model of repeated conflict that features probabilistic winner-take-all outcomes and compare its dynamics to the dynamics generated by a similar deterministic model in which combatants divide the conflict spoils. While these models generate the same behavior in a one-shot game, in a repeated setting the winner-take-all model generates richer dynamics than the dynamics generated by the deterministic model, which are new to the economics literature on conflict. As in real-world conflicts, the winner-take-all model generates changes in the relative dominance of combatants, full mobilization of fighting resources, and endogenous surrender. We evaluate the implications for the literature.
A Trawling Device for Small Boats

(1967). A Trawling Device for Small Boats. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 241-242.
Ganglioside GM3 Is Antiangiogenic in Malignant Brain Cancer

Progression of malignant brain tumors is dependent upon vascularity and is associated with altered ganglioside composition and distribution. Evidence is reviewed showing that the simple monosialoganglioside, GM3, possesses powerful antiangiogenic action against the highly vascularized CT-2A mouse astrocytoma, which primarily expresses complex gangliosides. Brain tumors expressing high levels of GM3 are generally less vascularized and grow slower than tumors that express low levels of GM3. GM3 inhibits angiogenesis through autocrine and paracrine effects on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and associated receptors. GM3 should be a clinically useful compound for managing brain tumor angiogenesis.
Procedures for Calibrating TRANSYT Platoon Dispersion Model

The paper demonstrates some inherent limitations of the TRANSYT software with regard to calibration of the recursive platoon dispersion model and, more specifically, modification of the travel time factor. Subsequently, the paper develops a procedure that overcomes this limitation by adjusting the average link travel time to control the value of the travel time factor indirectly. Furthermore, the paper presents numerical examples that provide a preliminary investigation of different calibration procedures of the recursive relationship. Although the dataset used for this purpose was generated using the INTEGRATION microscopic traffic-simulation software, the procedures are general and intended for use with field data. The calibration procedure developed in this paper is demonstrated to produce the best results in terms of simplicity and accuracy.
VIR II System

The quality of color reproduction in color television receivers has often suffered due to the misadjustment of chroma level and tint controls by the customer. To give some help to the customer, several schemes have been introduced such as automatic chroma level, automatic tint, and factory preset controls, These systems are widely used, but do not solve the problems caused by chroma level or subcarrier phase differences between stations or control voltage drift during warm-up period. Moreover, factory preset controls are subject to drift from their original setting due to component aging and eventually should be set again, which requires a service call. Therefore, a better system which is not subject to these problems become desirable. In October, 1975, after several years of testing by the broadcasting industry and the EIA, the FCC designated the 19th line of each field of video information as reserved for a specific Vertical Interval Reference (VIR) signal. The signal itself simply consists of a chroma reference, a luminance reference, and a black level reference as shown in Fig. 1. When the chrominance reference and black level reference are equal in amplitude at the receiver's R-Y output, chroma phase (tint) conforms to that of the transmitted reference signal. Likewise, by maintaining proper amplitude relationship between the B-Y output and the luminance signal, chroma level can be matched to the reference signal. The use of this VIR signal has finally provided the color television receivers with the means for truly automatic chroma level and tint reception.
Tests of the limiting visual resolution of the DCMD system of the lubber grasshopper to rectangular gratings

Abstract Visual acuity measurements using the descending contralateral movement detector (DCMD) neuron in the lubber grasshopper, Romalea microptera , show responses to spatial angles as small as 0.3°. Moving, black-white striped objects were viewed on a rear-projection screen. Nonuniformity and spatial sub-harmonic measurements of the object patterns showed that any artifacts which were present were below the resolution limits of the human visual system (and presumably that of Romalea ). Nonstationarity in the responses of the DCMD system can be categorized as long-term (sensitivity changes) and short term (habituation). A mathematical model for habituation is used to illustrate how confidence in responses may be lost due to the incorporation of too many samples of habituated data.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Activity of Pyrazole-Based Inhibitors of p38 Kinase

A series of pyrazole inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase were designed using a binding model based on the crystal structure of 1 (SC-102) bound to p38 enzyme. New chemistry using dithietanes was developed to assemble nitrogen-linked substituents at the 5-position of pyrazoles. Calculated log D was used in tandem with structure-based design to guide medicinal chemistry strategy and improve the in vivo activity of a series of molecules. The crystal structure of an optimized inhibitor, 4 (SC-806), in complex with p38 enzyme was obtained to confirm the hypothesis that the addition of a basic nitrogen to the molecule induces an interaction with Asp112 of p38α. A compound identified from this series was efficacious in an animal model of rheumatic disease.
Digitally subtracted linear tomograms: three techniques for measuring condylar displacement.

Abstract Using digital subtraction enhancement, we compared the accuracy of three tomographic technique variations for quantifying small changes of condylar position. A phantom made of skeletal material and an adjustable mechanical stage provided 0.1 mm positioning accuracy of the condylar segment. Linear tomographic images were made with the condyle in a centered position and at each of three 1 mm increments of displacement in two of three directions (inferior, and posterior or lateral). Variations for frontal views included arbitrary (+20 degrees) and individualzed (+10 degrees) horizontal correction of the condylar axis. Variations for lateral views included the arbitrary and individualized correction and a fully corrected vertical (+5 degrees) and horizontal (+10 degrees) adjustment. Blinded observers made repeated measurements on randomized subtraction images with a digitizing tablet. Film images were subtracted twice, and each subtraction was read twice by two examiners. The study was repeated with a second series of films treated in an identical manner. Mean values for measurements, standard deviations, and absolute values of differences between measured and expected values were calculated for each subtraction. Analysis of variance identified statistically significant sources of variation in repositioning the phantom and producing exact displacements of the condyle. Average absolute value of differences from expected values were similar for the three techniques and for frontal and lateral orientations and increments of displacement. Typical absolute value of difference for any technique was 0.2 mm for posterior, 0.2 mm for lateral, and 0.1 mm for inferior displacements. Significantly greater accuracy of inferior displacement measures was attributed to greater accuracy of registration of the fossa in its cranio-caudal dimension. Tomography incorporating an arbitrary correction of the condylar axis was not significantly different from individualized horizontal and vertical correction techniques for measuring small changes in condylar position with digital subtraction.
Amyloid β-Peptide Possesses a Transforming Growth Factor-β Activity

Abstract Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) of 39–42 amino acid residues is a major constituent of Alzheimer’s disease neurite plaques. Aβ aggregates (fibrils) are believed to be responsible for neuronal damage and dysfunction, as well as microglia and astrocyte activation in disease lesions by multiple mechanisms. Since Aβ aggregates possess the multiple valencies of anFAED motif (20th to 23rd amino acid residues), which resembles the putative transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) active site motif, we hypothesize that Aβ monomers and Aβ aggregates may function as TGF-β antagonists and partial agonists, analogous to previously described monovalent and multivalent TGF-β peptide antagonists and agonists (Huang, S. S., Liu, Q., Johnson, F. E., Konish, Y., and Huang, J. S. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 27155–27159). Here, we report that the Aβ monomer, Aβ-(1–40) and its fragment, containing the motif inhibit radiolabeled TGF-β binding to cell-surface TGF-β receptors in mink lung epithelial cells (Mv1Lu cells). Aβ-(1–40)-bovine serum albumin conjugate (Aβ-(1–40)-BSA), a multivalent synthetic analogue of Aβ aggregates, exhibited cytotoxicity toward bovine cerebral endothelial cells and rat post-mitotic differentiated hippocampal neuronal cells (H19-7 cells) and inhibitory activities of radiolabeled TGF-β binding to TGF-β receptors and TGF-β-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression, that were ∼100–670 times more potent than those of Aβ-(1–40) monomers. At less than micromolar concentrations, Aβ-(1–40)-BSA but not Aβ-(1–40) monomers inhibited proliferation of Mv1Lu cells. Since TGF-β is an organizer of responses to neurodegeneration and is also found in neurite plaques, the TGF-β antagonist and partial agonist activities of Aβ monomers and aggregates may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
The uptake of cholesterol by L5I78Y tissue-culture cells: Studies with free cholesterol

Abstract It has been demonstrated that concentrated suspensions of L5178Y tissue-culture cells take up free cholesterol (either from serum or emulsions) by a non-enzymic adsorption process which is temperature and concentration dependent. These cells also adsorb dihydrocholesterol and cholestenone but not progesterone or testosterone. The adsorbed cholesterol cannot be removed from viable cells by repeated washings with either serum or solutions of emulsifiers. The free cholesterol in the L5178Y cells whether adsorbed or a product of synthesis de now does not exchange with exogenous cholesterol. Heat inactivation of the cells results in a 30% reduction in cholesterol uptake. Extraction of the cells with lipid solvents reduces uptake between approx. 10 and 80% depending upon the particular solvent used.
Work hardening and dislocation structure in Ta and Ta-base alloys

Abstract The work-hardening characteristics of Ta and Ta-base alloy single crystals were investigated as a function of temperature, orientation and interstitial concentration; associated dislocation structures were characterized parallel and perpendicular to the primary slip vector. The presence or absence of stage II hardening can be related to the magnitude of the effective stress τ∗. When τ∗≃0, stage II hardening occurs and the work-hardening slope θII is a maximum. Asτ∗ increases, θII decreases, and in the limit only stage I is observed. In comparison to f.c.c. metals, there is a large degree of overshoot (∼10°), and it appears that secondary slip is a necessary condition for the existence of stage II hardening. An explanation for the dependency of stage II and the magnitude of θII on the level of τ∗ is advanced, based on two factors: (1) the probability of the stable reaction α/2[111] + α/2[111] = α[100] occurring increases with decreasing τ∗; (2) the increase in internal stress required for secondar...
Efficient tissue repair underlies the resiliency of postnatally developing rats to chlordecone + CCl4 hepatotoxicity.

Abstract It is often assumed that at a younger age populations are at higher risk of toxic effects from exposure to toxic chemicals. Recent studies have demonstrated that neonate and postnatally developing rats are resilient to a wide variety of structurally and mechanistically dissimilar hepatotoxicants such as galactosamine, acetaminophen, allyl alcohol, and CC1 4 . Most interestingly, young rats survive exposure to the lethal combination of chlordecone (CD) + CCl 4 known to cause 100% mortality in adult male and female rats. In a study where postnatally developing (20- and 45-day), and adult (60-day) male Sprague Dawley rats were used, administration of CCl 4 (100 μl/kg i.P.) alone resulted in transient liver injury regardless of age as indicated by plasma alanine transaminase (ALT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) levels and histopathological lesions. In CD-pretreated rats, CCl 4 -induced toxicity progressed with time culminating in 25 and 100% mortality by 72 h after CCl 4 in 45- and 60-day rats, respectively, in contrast to regression of CCl 4 -induced toxicity and 0% mortality in 20-day rats. [ 3 H]thymidine ( 3 H-T) incorporation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) studies revealed an association between delayed and diminished DNA synthesis, unrestrained progression of liver injury, and animal death. Time-course studies revealed that the loss of resiliency in the two higher age groups might be due to inability to repair the injured liver rather than due to infliction of higher injury. Intervention of cell division in 45-day CD rats by colchicine (CLC, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 h after CCl 4 challenge increased mortality from 25 to 85%, confirming the importance of stimulated tissue repair in animal survival. In contrast, efficient and substantial DNA synthesis observed in 20-day rats allows them to limit further progression of liver injury, thereby leading to full recovery of this age group with 0% mortality. Examination of growth factors and proto-oncogene expression revealed a 3- and 3.5-fold increase in transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) and H- ras mRNA expressions, respectively, coinciding with maximal hepatocyte DNA synthesis in 20-day normal diet (ND) rats, as opposed to only 2- and 2.5-fold increases observed in 60-day ND rats, respectively. Increased expression of c- fos (10-fold) in 20-day rats occurred l h after CCl 4 compared to less than a 2-fold increase in 60-day rats. These findings suggest that prompt stimulation of tissue repair permits efficient recovery from injury during early postnatal development of rats.
Excess enthalpies and heat capacities for 3,6-dioxaoctane + n-heptane mixtures

Abstract Flow calorimetric measurements of excess enthalpies and excess isobaric heat capacities are reported for 3,6-dioxaoctane + n -heptane mixtures at 298.15 K. Throughout the composition range, the excess enthalpies are positive and the excess heat capacities are negative. The excess enthalpies are compared with the results of calculations using a model involving group surface interactions.
A synthetic dataset for evaluating soft and hard fusion algorithms

There is an emerging demand for the development of data fusion techniques and algorithms that are capable of combining conventional "hard" sensor inputs such as video, radar, and multispectral sensor data with "soft" data including textual situation reports, open-source web information, and "hard/soft" data such as image or video data that includes human-generated annotations. New techniques that assist in sense-making over a wide range of vastly heterogeneous sources are critical to improving tactical situational awareness in counterinsurgency (COIN) and other asymmetric warfare situations. A major challenge in this area is the lack of realistic datasets available for test and evaluation of such algorithms. While "soft" message sets exist, they tend to be of limited use for data fusion applications due to the lack of critical message pedigree and other metadata. They also lack corresponding hard sensor data that presents reasonable "fusion opportunities" to evaluate the ability to make connections and inferences that span the soft and hard data sets. This paper outlines the design methodologies, content, and some potential use cases of a COIN-based synthetic soft and hard dataset created under a United States Multi-disciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) program funded by the U.S. Army Research Office (ARO). The dataset includes realistic synthetic reports from a variety of sources, corresponding synthetic hard data, and an extensive supporting database that maintains "ground truth" through logical grouping of related data into "vignettes." The supporting database also maintains the pedigree of messages and other critical metadata.
Estimating Prevalence of Overweight or Obese Children and Adolescents in Small Geographic Areas Using Publicly Available Data

Prevalence-estimate ranges across census tracts for the 50 counties in Georgia with the largest ranges. The vertical line in the middle of each box indicates the median; the left and right borders of the box represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively; the right and left whiskers mark the minimum and maximum, respectively; the dots represent outliers as determined by 1.5 times the difference between the 25th and 75th percentiles. County Minimum 25th Percentile Median 75th Percentile Maximum Clarke 25.8 32.6 34.0 37.1 41.7 Fulton 26.3 30.6 34.7 37.0 40.4 Dekalb 26.9 31.3 35.1 36.3 39.9 Muscogee 28.9 32.9 35.5 37.1 40.4 Richmond 29.8 34.3 35.9 36.8 40.0 Bibb 30.8 33.8 36.3 38.1 41.0 Chatham 29.5 32.8 34.9 37.4 39.5 Gwinnett 28.7 31.8 33.3 34.6 38.3 Liberty 29.3 33.3 34.2 34.7 38.9 Cobb 28.6 30.7 32.2 34.4 37.9 Houston 28.7 32.4 34.1 35.0 37.6 Hall 31.5 33.3 34.3 36.6 40.0 Whitfield 33.2 34.4 35.6 38.4 41.0 Lowndes 30.6 32.6 33.9 35.9 38.4 Spalding 31.9 33.9 35.0 36.3 39.4 Greene 32.6 35.9 36.5 37.8 39.9 Dougherty 32.6 34.6 36.5 37.5 39.7 Forsyth 27.6 29.3 31.3 32.3 34.5 Glynn 30.3 32.1 33.5 36.0 37.1 Laurens 33.5 33.8 35.4 36.3 39.8 Coweta 29.7 32.2 32.5 33.2 35.8 Floyd 31.9 33.5 34.2 37.0 38.0 Ware 32.6 34.2 34.9 36.2 38.5 Chattahoochee 28.6 29.3 31.1 33.0 34.4 Carroll 32.5 33.5 34.2 34.6 38.1 Walton 30.9 32.5 33.0 33.7 36.3 Troup 32.1 33.5 34.6 36.2 37.4 Habersham 32.3 32.9 34.1 35.0 37.5 Camden 29.4 31.7 32.8 33.6 34.5 Rockdale 33.5 33.9 34.6 36.0 38.6 Decatur 34.1 35.3 36.7 37.2 39.1 Bulloch 32.8 33.1 34.4 35.2 37.7 Tift 33.2 33.9 35.6 36.7 38.0 Cherokee 29.8 30.8 32.1 32.8 34.4 Peach 33.3 34.7 36.9 37.6 37.9 Jackson 30.8 32.5 33.5 34.0 35.3 Putnam 33.2 34.4 34.8 37.1 37.7 Fayette 30.4 31.6 32.3 33.7 34.8 Baldwin 34.1 35.1 36.1 37.9 38.5 Columbia 30.3 31.1 32.5 33.1 34.6 McDuffie 33.9 35.6 36.0 36.6 37.8 Bryan 30.6 31.4 32.1 33.1 34.6 Coffee 34.2 35.3 35.4 35.8 38.1 Walker 30.9 33.3 33.9 34.5 34.9 Lee 31.6 32.9 33.5 33.7 35.5 Clayton 33.8 35.2 35.9 36.5 37.7 Irwin 32.7 33.7 34.6 35.6 36.6 Mitchell 35.8 36.1 37.0 37.1 39.6 Paulding 30.6 32.4 33.0 33.4 34.4 Tattnall 34.7 35.7 35.8 36.2 38.4 View it in a separate window
The extended promoters for two outer membrane lipoprotein genes of Borrelia spp. uniquely include a T-rich region.

Summary OspA and B proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi and Vmp proteins of Borrelia hermsii are abundant outer membrane lipoproteins, whose expression varies with the environment. The genes for these proteins have the ‘ˇ358 and ‘ˇ10’ elements of a s 70 -type promoter. Deletions of the promoters for these genes were analysed with a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene and plasmid constructs that were stably maintained in Escherichia coli or transiently transfected into B. burgdorferi. Reporter expression was measured as susceptibility of transformed E. coli cells to chloramphenicol and the CAT activity of E. coli and B. burgdorferi lysates in vitro. Presence of the ‘ˇ10’ element was essential for full activity in both B. burgdorferi and E. coli. Upstream of the ‘ˇ358 elements of the ospAB and vmp promoters were tracts with Ts in 16 of 20 positions for B. burgdorferi and 18 of 20 positions for B. hermsii. Deletion of the T-rich region from the ospAB or vmp promoter caused a greater reduction of CAT activity in B. burgdorferi than in E. coli. The findings indicate that ospAB and vmp promoters are extended promoters with two parts: (i) a core region containing typical ‘ˇ358 and ‘ˇ10’ elements and (ii) a unique T-rich region.
The trace-element characteristics of Aegean and Aeolian volcanic arc marine tephra

Abstract High-silica volcanic ashes are found within deep-sea sediments throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. Although coring by Ocean Drilling Program has penetrated Lower Pliocene (∼4 Ma) sediments, few ashes older than 400 k.y. have been recovered, suggesting a young initiation to subaerial Aegean Arc volcanism. Ashes derived from the Aegean volcanic front were cored south and east of the arc, and are typified by medium-K, calc-alkaline major-element compositions, contrasting with high-K ashes from the Aeolian Arc found in the Ionian Sea and as far east as Crete. Ion microprobe analysis of individual glass shards shows that all the ashes have a light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched pattern after normalizing against a chondrite standard. Aeolian Arc-derived ashes show greater enrichment than those from the Aegean area. Within the latter set, two groups are discernible, a mildly enriched set similar to the volcanoes of the arc volcanic front, and a more enriched group corresponding to lavas from the backarc region or possible from western Anatolia. Multi-element `spider diagrams' also show a bimodal division of enriched and depleted Aegean ashes, possibly caused by source depletion due to melt extraction in the Aegean backarc followed by remelting under the volcanic front. Relative Nb depletion, a characteristic of arc volcanism, is seen to be modest in Aegean and non-existent in Aeolian ashes. Using B/Be as a proxy for the flux of material from the subducting slab, this influence is seen to be low in the Aeolian Arc but higher than at Vesuvius. B/Be is higher again in the Aegean Arc. These differences may reflect the rate of subduction in each system. Data suggest caution is required when correlating ashes solely on the basis of major elements, as alkaline ashes from the central part of the study may be derived from Italy or from the Aegean backarc.
A 40‐Year Review of Multicultural Counseling Outcome Research: Outlining a Future Research Agenda for the Multicultural Counseling Movement

This study represents a 40-year review of multicultural counseling outcome research that has been done in the mental health professions. Particular attention is directed to the outcomes that ensue from counseling situations that are composed of counselors and clients from different racial/cultural backgrounds and identities in individual, group, and family counseling settings. Recommendations are presented for the next decade of multicultural counseling outcome research.
Drug detailers, professionalism, and prudence.

Huddle (2010) claims that the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), in advocating the exclusion of pharmaceutical detail representatives from academic medical centers, erred in placing t...
Charged droplet dynamics in the submicrometer size range.

The highly charged droplets produced by electrospray are of significant importance in analytical chemistry, particularly in mass spectrometry. In spite of this, little is known about the mechanisms of charge loss for highly charged droplets in the submicrometer size range. In this study, electropsrayed droplet charge loss dynamics in the submicrometer size range were examined for the first time using tandem differential mobility analysis (TDMA) of aerosol particles originally enclosed in methanol−water droplets. After complete droplet evaporation, the remaining aerosol particles carried the nonejected charges from droplets; thus, particle electrical mobility spectra are reflective of the electrical mobility spectra of droplets of similar size. Bayesian data inversion was used to compare measured electrical mobility spectra to models for droplet losing charge by Coulombic fission and by single ion emission. Data inversion showed that, at a size of ∼40 nm, a transition of the mechanism of charge loss occurr...
Penetrative convection of a plane turbulent wall jet in a two-layer thermally stable environment: a problem in enclosure fires

Abstract An experimental investigation has been carried out on the penetrative characteristics of a heated, two-dimensional, turbulent wall jet discharged downward into a two-layer thermally stable environment. Such flows, with opposing buoyancy effects, are frequently encountered in heat rejection processes and in enclosure fires. The discharge temperature of the jet is taken as higher than the upper layer temperature so that the jet is negatively buoyant in both layers. Of particular interest is the penetration of the jet into the lower layer. The conditions for which it fails to penetrate the interface between the two layers are also determined. The penetration distance of the jet is measured and related to the inflow conditions, particularly to the temperature and the velocity at the discharge. The thermal field is studied in detail to determine the basic characteristics of such flows. The mass flow rate penetrating downward as well as that rising upward due to thermal buoyancy are obtained and compared with the jet inlet mass flow rate. The heat transfer to the surface is measured for several wall temperatures and considered in terms of the penetrative flow. Flow visualization with smoke is also undertaken in order to obtain further insight into the basic nature of the flow.
Mass spectrometric studies of phosphine pyrolysis and OMVPE growth of InP

The mechanism of PH3 decomposition was studied by using D2 as a carrier gas and analyzing the reaction products with a mass spectrometer. The effects of InP and silica surfaces were investigated. The only gaseous product below 600 C is H2. Since any gas-phase H atoms would produce HD, the reaction occurs entirely on the surface. The slow step is the unimolecular removal of the first hydrogen atom, with an activation energy of 36.0 kcal/mole on InP surfaces. The reaction on InP is first-order for PH3 concentrations as high as 15 percent, so the surface is not saturated at those conditions. When trimethylindium (TMIn) is added to the gas mixture, the mechanism changes dramatically, probably proceeding via an unstable intermediate adduct of TMIn and PH3 which eliminates CH4 upon formation. This concerted reaction lowers the pyrolysis temperatures of both PH3 and TMIn.
Stochastic simulations of web search engines: RBF versus second-order regression models

Stochastic simulation has been very effective in many domains but never applied to the World Wide Web (WWW). This study is a premiere in using neural networks in stochastic simulation of the number of rejected web pages per search query. The evaluation of the quality of search engines should involve not only the resulting set of web pages but also an estimate of the rejected set of web pages. The iterative Radial Basis Functions (RBF) neural network developed by Meghabghab and Nasr [Iterative RBF neural networks as meta-models for stochastic simulations, in: The Second International Conference on Intelligent Processing and Manufacturing of Materials, 1999, p. 729] was applied for the evaluation of the number of rejected web pages on four search engines, i.e., Yahoo, Alta Vista, Google, and Northern Light. Nine input variables were selected for the simulation: (1) precision, (2) overlap, (3) response time, (4) coverage (5) update frequency, (6) Boolean logic, (7) truncation, (8) word and multiword searching and (9) portion of the web pages indexed. Typical stochastic simulation meta-modeling uses regression models in Response Surface Methods (RSM) to test the N training data or patterns collected. RBF neural networks become a natural target for RSM because they use a family of surfaces each of which naturally divides an input space into two regions Z+ and Z-, and the N patterns for testing will be assigned either class Z+ or Z-. This technique divides the resulting set of responses to a query into accepted and rejected web pages. To test the hypothesis that the evaluation of any search engine query should involve an estimate of the number of rejected web pages as part of the evaluation, RBF meta-model was trained on a set of 9000 different simulation runs on the nine different input variables. Results show that two of the variables can be eliminated which include: response time and portion of the web indexed without affecting evaluation results. Results show that the number of rejected web pages for a specific set of search queries on these four engines is very high. Also a goodness measure of a search engine for a given set of queries can be designed which is a function of the coverage of the search engine and the normalized age of a new document in result set for the query. This study concludes that unless search engine designers address the issue of rejected web pages, indexing, and crawling, the usage of the Web as a research tool for academic and educational purposes will stay hindered.
PDE6 is an effector for the Wnt/Ca2+/cGMP-signalling pathway in development.

Wnt signalling in development operates via members of the Frizzleds, G-protein-coupled receptors that bind specific Wnt ligands and mediate signalling via distinct pathways. The Wnt/Ca2+/cGMP pathway mediated by Frizzled-2 was discovered recently. Activation of this pathway leads to increased intracellular concentrations of Ca2+ and decreased intracellular concentrations of cGMP. The nature of the phosphodiesterase responsible for this Frizzled-2-mediated effect on cGMP levels was identified based on three separate criteria: (i) sensitivity to selective enzyme inhibitors, (ii) behaviour on chromatographic separation, and (ii) isolation by two-dimensional gels in tandem with direct mapping by MS of tryptic digests of the activity. On the basis of results from these three analyses, the cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase, PDE6, is demonstrated to be an effector for the Wnt/Ca2+/cGMP signalling pathway of development, which is mediated by Frizzled-2. Abbreviations: FPLC, fast-performance liquid chromatography; Fz, Frizzled; GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor; GSK3-β, glycogen synthase kinase 3-β; IBMX, isobutylmethylxanthine; ODN, oligodeoxynucleotide; PDE, phosphodiesterase; PE, primitive endoderm; PKC, protein kinase C; Rfz2, rat Fz2
Systematically altering the apparent topology of constrained quantum control landscapes

A quantum control experiment typically seeks a shaped electromagnetic field to drive a system towards a specified observable objective. The large number of successful experiments can be understood through an exploration of the underlying quantum control landscape, which maps the objective as a function of the control variables. Specifically, under certain assumptions, the control landscape lacks suboptimal traps that could prevent identification of an optimal control. One of these assumptions is that there are no restrictions on the control variables, however, in practice control resources are inevitably constrained. The associated constrained quantum control landscape may be difficult to freely traverse due to the presence of limited resource induced traps. This work develops algorithms to (1) seek optimal controls under restricted resources, (2) explore the nature of apparent suboptimal landscape topology, and (3) favorably alter trap topology through systematic relaxation of the constraints. A set of mathematical tools are introduced to meet these needs by working directly with dynamic controls, rather than the prior studies that employed intermediate so-called kinematic control variables. The new tools are illustrated using few-level systems showing the capability of systematically relaxing constraints to convert an isolated trap into a level set or saddle feature on the landscape, thereby opening up the ability to find new solutions including those of higher fidelity. The results indicate the richness and complexity of the constrained quantum control landscape upon considering the tradeoff between resources and freedom to move on the landscape.
Amino Acids in Avian Nutrition 1. Introduction

Abstract THE idea for this symposium originated in the Committee on Animal Nutrition, National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council and was proposed to the Program Committee of this 60th meeting of the Poultry Science Association. “Amino Acids in Avian Nutrition” is an appropriate subject for a symposium for several reasons. Amino acids are fundamental units both of structure and of function in animals. Much of the work of animal nutritionists in recent years has been directed toward a better understanding of interrelationships among dietary amino acids and other nutrients and effects on metabolic functions and on economy and efficiency of production. This work has produced a voluminous literature, and there is a great need for comprehensive and critical reviews. The objective of this symposium is to provide such reviews. I wish to express thanks to the authors for preparing these reviews, to the general program chairman, Dr. A. J. Wyatt,…
The Attributes and Attitudes of Multiunit Managers in a National Quick-Service Restaurant Firm

The authors report the results of a large empirical study which identified the attitudes and perceptions of three levels of chain restaurant managers from a single, national quick-service restauran...
Does exercise stimulate protein breakdown in humans. Isotopic approaches to the problem

Protein metabolism in exercise has been investigated for 100 yr, yet it is still unclear if exercise induces an increased rate of protein breakdown. We have recently addressed this general question in a series of experiments in human subjects using stable isotopic tracers. In this paper, the results of those studies are reviewed. We have found that in light exercise the de-carboxylation of leucine is increased. However, urea production is not increased correspondingly, nor is the rate of incorporation into urea of nitrogen from either leucine or lysine. Further complicating the picture is the fact that lysine de-carboxylation is not markedly elevated in exercise. From these studies, we must conclude that isotopic techniques which have achieved general acceptance in other circumstances cannot reliably be used to answer the question of whether exercise stimulates protein breakdown in humans. However, these methods do provide results which enable a better understanding of the metabolism of the individual amino acids in exercise.
Conversion of the Bifunctional 8-Oxoguanine/β-δ Apurinic/Apyrimidinic DNA Repair Activities ofDrosophila Ribosomal Protein S3 into the Human S3 Monofunctional β-Elimination Catalyst through a Single Amino Acid Change *

The Drosophila S3 ribosomal protein has important roles in both protein translation and DNA repair. In regards to the latter activity, it has been shown that S3 contains vigorous N-glycosylase activity for the removal of 8-oxoguanine residues in DNA that leaves baseless sites in their places. Drosophila S3 also possesses an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) lyase activity in which the enzyme catalyzes a β-elimination reaction that cleaves phosphodiester bonds 3′ and adjacent to an AP lesion in DNA. In certain situations, this is followed by a δ-elimination reaction that ultimately leads to the formation of a single nucleotide gap in DNA bordered by 5′- and 3′-phosphate groups. The human S3 protein, although 80% identical to its Drosophila homolog and shorter by only two amino acids, has only marginal N-glycosylase activity. Its lyase activity only cleaves AP DNA by a β-elimination reaction, thus further distinguishing itself from the Drosophila S3 protein in lacking a δ-elimination activity. Using a hidden Markov model analysis based on the crystal structures of several DNA repair proteins, the enzymatic differences between Drosophila and human S3 were suggested by the absence of a conserved glutamine residue in human S3 that usually resides at the cleft of the deduced active site pocket of DNA glycosylases. Here we show that the replacement of the Drosophila glutamine by an alanine residue leads to the complete loss of glycosylase activity. Unexpectedly, the δ-elimination reaction at AP sites was also abrogated by a change in the Drosophila glutamine residue. Thus, a single amino acid change converted the Drosophila activity into one that is similar to that possessed by the human S3 protein. In support of this were experiments executed in vivo that showed that human S3 and the Drosophila site-directed glutamine-changed S3 performed poorly when compared with Drosophilawild-type S3 and its ability to protect a bacterial mutant from the harmful effects of DNA-damaging agents.
Morphometric analysis and identification of infiltrating leucocytes in regressing and progressing Shope rabbit papillomas.

Spontaneous regressions of papillomavirus lesions frequently occur in both human and animal infections. The mechanism by which this occurs is currently unknown. Mononuclear infiltrates are found in regressing human and rabbit papillomas. To assess the potential functional role of these infiltrates in regression, we have characterized and quantitated the cell types present in regressing rabbit lesions. Forty New Zealand white rabbits were inoculated with cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) at 2 sites on the dorsal skin. All tumors on 6 rabbits markedly decreased in volume within 6 to 8 weeks of inoculation. Tumors on 4 of these 6 regressor rabbits were studied by immunohistochemistry. Regressor papillomas had conspicuous leucocytic infiltrates, most concentrated at the epithelial basement membrane, and often obliterating the basal cells of the germinal layer. Infiltrating leucocytes were also concentrated in the subjacent dermis immediately beneath the basement membrane. The infiltrates gradually lessened at increased depths in the dermis. In contrast, progressor papillomas contained fewer leucocytes, which were randomly distributed in the dermis. The phenotype of the infiltrating leucocytes was examined in 4 regressing and 12 progressing papillomas. In regressing papillomas, infiltrating leucocytes were predominantly T cells (68.0%), with relatively few B cells (7.4%). Progressing papilloma dermis contained fewer T cells and B cells than regressing papillomas. Most of the infiltrating T cells in regressing papillomas were labelled with a rabbit MHC-class-II-specific monoclonal antibody (MAC) (2C4), in contrast to only a small number in progressing papillomas. In addition to the leucocytic infiltrates, keratinocytes in regressing, but not in progressing, papillomas, frequently exhibited strong 2C4 staining. These results demonstrate that infiltration with T cells expressing rabbit class II is characteristic of regressing Shope papillomas and strengthens the assertion that cell-mediated immunity is the mechanism of Shope papilloma regression.
Interpolating analytic visualizations

Several authors have developed automated parameterized visualization generation systems14,15,16. All generate classic visualizations or combinations of such visualizations. A vector space model of visualization was proposed by Hoffman18, leading to the development of new visualizations and the concept of interpolating visualizations. These new visualizations provide alternative representations and insights into data and have been applied successfully in numerous data analysis problems including gene expression, drug discovery, clinical trials, toxicogenomics, and medical informatics23. In this paper we elevate this vector space model to include analytic visualizations, ones with tightly coupled analysis, such as Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) and Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS). We describe our new model and provide an example interpolation of a SOM and a scatterplot with a simple data set (the Fisher Iris data) and a more complex and larger one (microarray gene expression data).© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Symptoms and symbols: A multiple code theory of Somatization

(1997). Symptoms and symbols: A multiple code theory of Somatization. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 17, Somatization: Bodily Experience and Mental States, pp. 151-172.
The genetics of male reproductive failure : What every clinician needs to know

What do we know about the genetic causes of reproductive failure in men who are otherwise healthy? What is the rationale for testing? What therapeutic and counseling interventions are most appropriate, based on the genetic diagnoses? Research and clinical experience are beginning to provide some answers.
Dehydrogenation of venus.

VENERA 4, 5 and 6 indicate that the surface layers and atmosphere of Venus are considerably dryer than corresponding regions on Earth. The water content of the atmosphere is in the region of 0.1 to 1 per cent of the total atmospheric gases by volume1, and at the Venus surface temperatures of about 700 K this is very dry indeed.
VISTA: validating and refining clusters via visualization

Clustering is an important technique for understanding of large multi-dimensional datasets. Most of clustering research to date has been focused on developing automatic clustering algorithms and cluster validation methods. The automatic algorithms are known to work well in dealing with clusters of regular shapes, for example, compact spherical shapes, but may incur higher error rates when dealing with arbitrarily shaped clusters. Although some efforts have been devoted to addressing the problem of skewed datasets, the problem of handling clusters with irregular shapes is still in its infancy, especially in terms of dimensionality of the datasets and the precision of the clustering results considered. Not surprisingly, the statistical indices works ineffective in validating clusters of irregular shapes, too. In this paper, we address the problem of clustering and validating arbitrarily shaped clusters with a visual framework (VISTA). The main idea of the VISTA approach is to capitalize on the power of visualization and interactive feedbacks to encourage domain experts to participate in the clustering revision and clustering validation process. The VISTA system has two unique features. First, it implements a linear and reliable visualization model to interactively visualize multi-dimensional datasets in a 2D star-coordinate space. Second, it provides a rich set of user-friendly interactive rendering operations, allowing users to validate and refine the cluster structure based on their visual experience as well as their domain knowledge.
Efficiency determination for a windowless Si(Li) X-ray detector for photon energies below 5 keV using atomic-field bremsstrahlung

Abstract The efficiency of a windowless Si(Li) X-ray detector has been determined experimentally for photon energies down to 600 eV. Thin foil targets of Au, Ag, and Al were bombarded with 66.5 keV electrons, and the resulting atomic-field bremsstrahlung was measured with the detector. The shape of the detector's efficiency function was determined by comparing these measured distributions (away from characteristic X-ray lines) with calculated spectral distributions for the bremsstrahlung, which are accurate to within 11%. The efficiency determined with a calibrated radioactive source at 5.4 keV was used for absolute normalization of this curve. The overall uncertainty in final efficiency was 12–13%. The general applicability of the calibration technique at low photon energies, its limitations, and proposals for further refinement are discussed.
Dermatomyositis with pericardial tamponade and polymyositis with pericardial effusion

Fig. 2. Case 2. A, Peripheral blood smear. May-Griinwald-Giemsa stalin; original magnification x600. Many vacuoles of TG are seen in cytoplasm of granulocyte (Jordans’ anomaly). Similar vacuoles were also observed in monocytes, but neither in lymphocytes nor in erythrocytes. B, Electron micrograph of same specimen, original magnification x5000. Bar-l pm. Many homogeneous deposits of TG are seen surrounded by mitochondria, which are increased in number. TG deposits have no specific membranes of cell organelles.
The polymerization of styrene oxide by the triisobutylaluminum–water system

Styrene oxide has been polymerized by the triisobutylaluminum–water catalyst system. Kinetic studies of the effects of varying the monomer, triisobutylaluminum, and water concentrations in benzene solutions have been made. Styrene oxide was consumed in two reactions: an initial fast one producing trimer and a slower reaction forming higher molecular weight polymer.
Acute toxoplasmosis in a gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)

Toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) found moribund in Lake Loundes Park, Mississippi. There was almost total necrosis of mesenteric lymph nodes, focal hemorrhage and necrosis in the brain. Lesions in all of these organs were associated with numerous Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. Tissue cysts were seen in the brain. Organisms reacted with anti-T. gondii serum in an avidin-biotin immunohistochemical test. There was no evidence of concurrent distemper or rabies virus infection. Hammondia heydorni-like schizonts and gamonts were seen in sections of intestinal epithelium.
Relationship of dietary vitamin E to prostanoid production in rat lung

Abstract To study the relationship between dietary vitamin E and pulmonary prostaglandin (PG) production, weanling rats were fed either a vitamin E-deficient (-Vit E) or a supplemented diet (+Vit E) containing 200 mg all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg diet. Four rats from each group were killed after 9, 12, and 15 wk. Serum tocopherol in the deficient animals was 0.28 ± 0.17 μg/ml, compared to 13.81 ± 0.61 μg/ml in the supplemented group. Peroxidation in lung tissue, as measured by malondialdehyde levels, was significantly higher (p 2 , 5% CO 2 for 10 min. Production of PGE, PGF 2α , thromboxane B 2 (TXB 2 ), and the prostacyclin metabolite, 6-keto-PGF 1α , in lung tissue was measured by radioimmunoassay. No significant differences in prostanoid levels were found between the -Vit E and +Vit E groups.
Intralaryngeal approach to laryngeal web using lateralization with silastic.

INTRODUCTION The primary goals of management for congenital or acquired laryngeal webs are twofold: to establish a patent airway and to achieve a good voice quality. In a review of current otolaryngology literature, surgical treatments could be classified into four categories: 1) intralaryngeal resection of web and repeat lysis of adhesions; 2) laryngofissure, resection of laryngeal web, and placement of a keel; 3) intralaryngeal resection of web and placement of a plate; and 4) intralaryngeal mucosal flap. Among these methods, the second category, proposed by McNaught in 1950, is recognized as the treatment of choice for laryngeal webs. However, the need for two separate external approaches and a tracheotomy rendered this method less desirable. Therefore the third method, using an intralaryngeal approach, is favored and is still under modification and improvisation. The advantages for this method are multiple. First, it does not require an external wound. Second, it allows the patient to maintain normal speech and deglutition function after surgery. In this report, we combined the intralaryngeal approach and the concept of lateralization proposed by Kirchner and designed a simple surgical method for the management of laryngeal webs.
New dimension for archaeology in tool use

Experimental Determination of Stone Tool Uses: A Microwear Analysis. By L. Keeley. Pp.320. ISBN hbk 0-226-42888-5; ISBN pbk 0-226-42889-3. (University of Chicago Press: 1980.) Hbk $15, £10.50; pbk $7, £4.90.
Observation of exit surface sputtering in TiO2 using biased secondary electron imaging

Abstract A dedicated ultra-high-vacuum 100 kV scanning transmission electron microscope has been used to characterize the electron-beam-induced damage which occurs on the surfaces of rutile crystals as a result of extensive electron irradiation. Biased secondary electron images from the entrance and exit surfaces indicate that the latter surface is damaged at a substantially greater rate than the former. It is concluded that knock-on collisions play an important role in the observed exit surface sputtering.