cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical behavior of proton and electron auroras during substorms

[1] The substorm evolution was studied by performing a superposed epoch analysis of 91 substorms using IMAGE FUV data. Onset locations and times were determined from images produced by the Wideband Imaging Camera (WIC) usually dominated by electron aurora. Images taken by WIC and by the Spectrographic Imager SI12 channel, responsive to proton aurora, were transformed into rectangular magnetic latitude (ML) and magnetic local time (MLT) coordinates and plotted on a timescale related to the time of substorm onset (T = 0) and to a Relative MLT (RMLT) normalized to onset MLT. A double Gaussian was fitted to the auroral intensity data as a function of ML at RMLT of −4, −2, 0, +2, and +4. From the Gaussian coefficients the means of several parameters were plotted as a function of time. Presubstorm, there was an equatorward motion of the mean low-latitude boundary of the electron and proton aurora. There was no evidence of preonset auroral fading in the mean intensity. At onset the proton auroral peak intensity increased only by a factor of 2 compared with ∼5 for the electrons. At RMLT = 0, rapid poleward expansion of the proton aurora after onset occurred. The proton expansion slowed down after the first few minutes, while the electron surge continued toward higher latitudes. The mean poleward expansion of the electron aurora reached about 3.5° in 5 min and reached a total expansion of 5.5° in an hour. The protons expanded about 2.5° in 5 min and expanded about 3° one hour after onset. The latitude width of the aurora increased at onset due to both a large poleward and a moderate equatorward expansion. There appeared to be stronger substorm-related activity in the local time range toward dawn than toward dusk. In the RMLT sector duskward of onset the proton auroras were located equatorward of the electrons and poleward in the dawnward RMLT sector.
Fiber-coupled light-emitting diode for localized photostimulation of neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2

Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) is a blue-light-gated ion channel that can be used to stimulate genetically defined neurons reproducibly, rapidly and non-invasively. Existing approaches for delivering light to cells expressing ChR2 rely upon microscopes, lasers, arc lamps and shutters, all of which are relatively expensive and are not readily scalable for use on more than one brain region or animal at a time. In this paper, we describe an inexpensive method for delivering blue light locally and with millisecond precision to cells expressing ChR2. We accomplished this by coupling the light from a high-intensity blue light-emitting diode (LED; XLamp XR-E from CREE) into an optical fiber. When positioned in proximity to ChR2-expressing HEK293 cells, this fiber-coupled LED provided localized illumination of up to 32mW/mm2 and generated ChR2 photocurrents as efficiently as wide-field mercury arc lamp illumination. This fiber-coupled LED was also used to photostimulate action potentials in ChR2-expressing dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons. LED light power and pulse frequency were controlled with an inexpensive, custom-built amplifier circuit. This scalable fiber-coupled LED system can be used to deliver light independent of the microscope objective and could, in principle, deliver light in parallel to multiple brain regions or to multiple genetically engineered animals.
Gender differences in participation and responsiveness to a health intervention for older Americans.

ABSTRACT Women increasingly outnumber men in the US population (Arber & Ginn, 1993), but most research has been conducted with men (Stacey & Olesen, 1988). The purpose of this study was to determine whether older men and women differ in their participation rates and in their responsiveness to a health intervention. Three hundred sixty-three health maintenance organization members with osteoarthritis, 60 years of age or older, were randomly assigned to a control group or to receive social support, education, or a combination of education and social support. Of the 363 randomly assigned members, 245 completed all of the follow-up assessments. Men and women volunteered in proportion to their representation in the osteoarthritis population. Although the genders differed in several ways, the interventions were equally effective for men and women, and the study results applied to both genders.
HPLC analysis of nucleotide profiles in glucose-stimulated perifused rat islets

Nucleotide concentrations were measured in isolated pancreatic islets from rats using HPLC. This method was used to study the role of nucleotides in islets, which were perifused for several hours with different substrates and exhibited signs of exhaustion. Using islet tissue extracts, it was possible to determine 11 nucleotides. It was hoped that alterations in islet nucleotide concentrations would provide clues for the biochemical basis for the exhaustion phenomenon; however, changes in nucleotide concentrations that were observed in exhausted islet tissue did not correlate with corresponding changes in insulin release. Therefore, they are unlikely to be directly related to islet exhaustion.
University of Central Florida's Campus Connections Program

Purpose – The Campus Connections Program can help provide other universities with a better method to reach out to students so they can learn what resources are available to them on their university campus. This paper aims to examine how it does this.Design/methodology/approach – An investigation was performed to find out what services were on the University of Central Florida's campus. Determining that many of the necessary resources were not being promoted to the students, the Campus Connections Program was developed. A review of relevant literature highlighted the point that partnerships/working relationships are important to perform successful outreach to those you wish to contact.Findings – Through a survey instrument, it was concluded that a better way of reaching out to students was necessary. There are other outlets used to promote an organization's services, the difference shows that the Campus Connections Program provided a better forum for the exchange of information.Research limitations/implica...
Thermodynamic behavior of supercritical fluid mixtures

The recent surge of interest in supercritical extraction has brought the unusual properties of supercritical mixtures into the focus of attention. We discuss some of the properties of binary mixtures in a range around the gas-liquid critical line from the point of view of supercritical solubility. The general thermodynamic relationships that govern the enhancement of supercritical solubility are readily derived by a mathematical method introduced by Ehrenfest. The enhancement is governed by a strong divergence centered at a critical end point. We give the classical and nonclassical power-law behavior of the solubility along the experimental paths of constant temperature or pressure. The factor multiplying the strong divergence contains the partial molar volume or enthalpy of the solute in the supercritical phase. These partials are quite anomalous, especially if the mole fraction of the solute is small. They diverge at the solvent's critical point. We cite experimental evidence of these divergences, especially the results of recent experiments in dilute near-critical salt solutions. The anomalies found in these salt solutions are common to all dilute near-critical mixtures with a nonvolatile second component. We show that on experimentally convenient paths the solubility in a binary liquid mixture near its consolute points is not strongly enhanced. Finally, we sketch a nonclassical model based on the decorated lattice gas that can be used to describe supercritical solubility enhancement at low solubility, with the pure solvent used as a reference.
The degradation of L-threose at Maillard reaction conditions

L-Threose, a comparatively unstable aldose, is produced from L-ascorbic acid in the presence of oxygen and participates vigorously in Maillard reactions, even at comparatively mild conditions. In the present study, the degradation of L-threose at pH 7.0 alone, in the presence of N-alpha-acetyl-L-lysine, and at pH 2.0 alone at 37 degrees C was investigated by identification of some of the products produced in the reactions by means of GLC and GLC-MS. Among the compounds identified were 3-deoxy-tetros-2-ulose (1), the predicted alkaline rearrangement product derived from 1 (2,4-dihydroxybutyrate, the 4-carbon metasaccharinic acid), as well as glyceraldehyde. Isotopic tracer studies clearly show that the glyceraldehyde is produced by loss of C-1 from the starting L-threose molecule. The presence of N-acetyl lysine in incubation solutions appears to accelerate the production of 1, but the formation of glyceraldehyde appears to be independent of the lysine derivative.
Asymptotics for global measures of accuracy of splines

Abstract We obtain central limit theorems for the stochastic parts of L p -norms of smoothed cubic spline estimators. The proofs are based on the observation that the variance term of the cubic spline is approximately of a form corresponding to a kernel estimator.
The incorporation of 32P from triphosphate into polyphosphoinositides [γ-32P]adenosine and phosphatidic acid in erythrocyte membranes

Abstract 1. 1. Erythrocyte ghosts incubated with [γ- 32 P]ATP incorporate radioactivity into diphosphoinositide, triphosphoinositide, phosphatidic acid, and into at least one unidentified lipid. 2. 2. Over 90% of the radioactivity incorporated into the polyphosphoinositides is in the monoesterified phosphates. 3. 3. Exogenous phosphatidyl inositol increases the labeling in diphosphoinositide by about 30% and in the unidentified compound by about 200%. The labeling in triphosphoinositide is inhibited. 4. 4. Kinetic studies of the labeling of the polyphosphoinsitides fail to provide evidence that the exchange of phosphate in the monoesterified positions is an intermediate reaction in the magnesium-dependent, sodium and potassium-activated ATPase.
Diets and lead blood levels of children who practice pica

Abstract Diets of 43 children from 1 to 6 years of age were assessed and nutrient intakes were compared to blood lead values. Children with low (12–29 μg%), moderate (30–49 μg%), and high (50–67 μg%) blood lead levels had average daily calcium intakes of 615, 593, and 463 mg, respectively. Thirty-three per cent of children in the low blood lead group consumed less than 70% of the recommended amounts of calcium compared to 83% of children in the high blood lead group. Blood lead values of individual children were negatively correlated (r = −0.327, P
Redirection policies for mission-based information sharing

When an access decision function denies a data access request by a mission participant in a mission-critical situation, the mission often suffers. In this paper, we propose a sharing control mechanism that computes and executes requests that are mission-related to denied requests. We extend the Flexible Authorization Framework (FAF)with predicates and hierarchies that permit us to specify authorization rules over denied requests and mission-specific relationships. We illustrate our techniques using a prototypical information sharing scenario, namely an emergency first-responder scenario.
Effects of recent Virginia AIDS Drug Assistance Program policy changes on diabetes and hyperlipidemia control in people living with HIV

Objectives:To describe the impacts of Virginia AIDS Drug Assistance Program’s elimination of diabetes and hyperlipidemia medication on disease outcomes in people living with HIV.Methods:Data were c...
A framework for traversing dense annotation lattices

Pattern matching, or querying, over annotations is a general purpose paradigm for inspecting, navigating, mining, and transforming annotation repositories—the common representation basis for modern pipelined text processing architectures. The open-ended nature of these architectures and expressiveness of feature structure-based annotation schemes account for the natural tendency of such annotation repositories to become very dense, as multiple levels of analysis get encoded as layered annotations. This particular characteristic presents challenges for the design of a pattern matching framework capable of interpreting ‘flat’ patterns over arbitrarily dense annotation lattices. We present an approach where a finite state device applies (compiled) pattern grammars over what is, in effect, a linearized ‘projection’ of a particular route through the lattice. The route is derived by a mix of static grammar analysis and runtime interpretation of navigational directives within an extended grammar formalism; it selects just the annotations sequence appropriate for the patterns at hand. For expressive and efficient pattern matching in dense annotations stores, our implemented approach achieves a mix of lattice traversal and finite state scanning by exposing a language which, to its user, provides constructs for specifying sequential, structural, and configurational constraints among annotations.
EPIDEMIOLOGY, PREVENTION, AND EARLY DETECTION OF BREAST CANCER

Globally, breast cancer is the third most common form of cancer and the most common among women. The age-adjusted incidence rates of breast cancer are 176% higher in developed than in developing nations. Male breast cancer is rare, but important studies provided risk factor information for comparison with studies of female breast cancer. There has been considerable interest in a possible role of organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyls in the etiology of breast cancer, but the results of several null studies indicate the likelihood of such associations is extremely remote, providing reassuring news for the public. Prophylactic mastectomy was observed to significantly reduce a woman's chances of developing breast cancer, but it does not lower the risk to zero. Tamoxifen was found to be an effective chemopreventive agent in the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial, but this result was not replicated in two randomized trials in Europe. Striking reductions in the risk for breast cancer were observed for raloxifene in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial that had been designed for the prevention of osteoporosis. A large-scale, randomized trial of tamoxifen-verus-raloxifene among women at increased risk for developing breast cancer is now underway.
Eye movement desensitization: Three unusual cases

Three complex cases are presented to document further the broad applicability of eye movement desensitization (EMD) for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the first subject this disorder was combined with panic attacks; in the second, sexual dysfunction was an additional consequence of childhood sexual abuse; and in the third the causative directly resulted in profound impairment of occupational and social function. In all three cases treatment produced rapid resolution of symptoms and functional recovery.
Pulsed Laser-Induced Melting of Intermediate Cu-Zn Phases

We have discovered that the {beta} and {gamma} brasses of Cu-Zn exhibit clearly resolved increases in reflectance upon melting with a 30 ns ruby laser, which allow their melt durations to be readily measured. This system thus offers potential for obtaining quantitative information about the solidification kinetics of metals. We have also found that a heteroepitaxial layer of {beta}{prime} brass is formed on the surface of (ordered) {gamma} brass with 63 wt % Zn following pulsed laser-induced melting. The {beta}{prime} layer is interpreted to mean that the metastable {beta} phase (bcc) formed on the liquid-solid interface as the {gamma} substrate attempted to regrow, and that {beta} ordered to {beta}{prime} (B2) during cooling. The {beta} formation implies that undercoolings > 16 K were attained during the attempted regrowth of the {gamma} phase. 17 refs., 6 figs.
The Development of Form: Causes and Consequences of Developmental Reprogramming Associated with Rapid Body Plan Evolution in the Bilaterian Radiation

Organismal form arises by the coordinated movement, arrangement, and activity of cells. In metazoans, most morphogenetic programs that establish the recognizable body plan of any given species are initiated during the developmental period, although in many species growth continues throughout life. By comparing the cellular and molecular development of the bilaterians (bilaterally symmetrical animals) to the development of their closest outgroup, the cnidarians, it appears that morphogenesis and the cell fate specification associated with germ layer formation during the process of gastrulation are separately controlled by two distinct downstream pathways (canonical and planar cell polarity) of Wnt signaling. Furthermore, a fundamental change in the early developmental program, the positioning of the site of gastrulation, allowed the spatial separation of gene regulatory networks that facilitated the rapid diversification of bilaterian body plans.
Follow-up outcomes for a large cohort of US women with negative imaged liquid-based cytology findings and positive high risk human papillomavirus test results ☆

Abstract Objective This study aimed to follow a large group of US women with negative computer-imaged liquid-based cytology (LBC) and positive high risk (hr) HPV DNA results. Methods Negative LBC and positive hrHPV cases were identified between July 1, 2005 and December 31, 2009. Cytologic and histopathologic follow-up results, repeat HPV results, and prior history were analyzed. Results 1099 Patients with negative LBC and positive hrHPV results were identified. Eight hundred sixty-nine had repeat Pap or histopathologic follow-up results. Average age was 41.2years. Average follow-up was 23.2months. Two hundred ninety of 869 had colposcopic examination and biopsies, including 33 diagnostic excisional procedures and 10 hysterectomies. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (CIN1/LSIL) and more severe lesions (CIN1/LSIL+) were detected in 211 of 689 (24.3%). CIN2+ was diagnosed in 21 (2.4%) (1 VAIN3, 2 adenocarcinoma in situ, 1 invasive cervical adenocarcinoma). Six hundred six had repeat HPV tests and 200 had multiple repeat HPV tests. More LSIL/CIN1+ was identified with repeat positive HPV results than with repeat negative HPV results ( P P Conclusion This is the largest study documenting follow-up on US cytology-negative hrHPV-positive patients screened with now widely utilized FDA-cleared methods of ciLBC and hrHPV testing. Of 869 patients followed for an average of almost 2years, 20 cases of high grade intraepithelial neoplasia (2.3%) and one case of endocervical adenocarcinoma were detected. 90.5%(190/210) of intraepithelial neoplasias detected during follow-up were CIN1.
Stable magnesium isotopes, 26Al, 10Be, and 26Mg/26Al exposure ages of iron meteorites

Abstract Concentrations of magnesium isotopes in the iron meteorites Charlotte, Picacho, Tlacotepec, and Grant between 0.15 and 5 ppbw have been measured by glow discharge mass spectrometry, typically with a precision of 15%. The 25 Mg/ 24 Mg and 26 Mg/ 24 Mg ratios are well above terrestrial values in most samples indicating the presence of a component produced by cosmic rays. Inferred concentrations of cosmogenic 26 Mg range from barely detectable to 0.255 ppb by mass. 26 Al and 10 Be activities were measured in the same four and other iron meteorites by accelerator mass spectrometry. Cosmic ray exposure ages based on the cosmogenic 26 Mg/ 26 Al ratios are comparable to, but not precise enough to distinguish between discordant, published ages obtained from other isotopes. Measured primordial or common magnesium contents are in the range between 0.2 and 4.6 ppb.
Hypothesis: The role of acquired tubulointerstitial disease in the pathogenesis of salt-dependent hypertension

Hypothesis: The role of acquired tubulointerstitial disease in the pathogenesis of salt-dependent hypertension. We present a new hypothesis to explain the development of salt-dependent hypertension in humans. We propose that hypertension has two phases: an early phase in which elevations in blood pressure (BP) are mainly episodic and are mediated by a hyperactive sympathetic nervous or renin-angiotensin system, and a second phase in which BP is persistently elevated and that is primarily mediated by an impaired ability of the kidney to excrete salt (NaCl). We propose that the transition from the first phase to the second occurs as a consequence of catecholamine-induced elevations in BP that preferentially damage regions of the kidney (juxtamedullary and medullary regions) that do not autoregulate well to changes in renal perfusion pressure. The catecholamine response is associated with both an increase in peritubular capillary pressure and a reduction in perhjubular capillary plasma flow, resulting in injury to the peritubular capillaries with ischemia to the tubules and interstitium. The local injury triggers the release or activation (angiotensin II, adenosine, renal sympathetic nerves) or inhibition (nitric oxide, prostaglandins, dopamine) of vasoactive mediators that further augment ischemia and result in abnormal tubuloglomerular feedback and enhanced NaCl reabsorption. The peritubular capillary injury with rarefaction simultaneously blunts the pressure najriuresis mechanism. The combined effect of enhanced tubuloglomerular feedback and impaired pressure natriuresis results in a defect in NaCl excretion which, on the exposure to salt, results in the development of persistent hypertension. Evidence is provided to suggest that this may be the major mechanism for the development of salt-dependent hypertension, and particularly for the hypertension associated with blacks, aging and obesity. Thus, essential hypertension may be a type of acquired tubulointerstitial renal disease.
Peritoneal fluid urea nitrogen and creatinine reference values

Abstract Objective: To evaluate urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in peritoneal fluid. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 20 consecutive women having radical hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy. On postoperative days 2 and 3, serum, urine, and peritoneal fluid samples were tested for urea nitrogen and creatinine. Using power analysis we calculated an adequate sample size to be 16 patients. Results: The mean urea nitrogen was 11 mg/dL in serum, 11 mg/dL in peritoneal fluid, and 469 mg/dL in urine. The mean creatinine was .9 mg/dL in serum, 1.0 mg/dL in peritoneal fluid, and 141 mg/dL in urine. Urea nitrogen and creatinine values in peritoneal fluid and serum were essentially identical. Urine urea nitrogen and creatinine values were significantly greater than serum and peritoneal values (47 to 157 times greater) (P Conclusion: Normal reference values of urea nitrogen and creatinine in peritoneal fluid are equivalent to serum values and significantly less than urine levels.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Hydrolysis of 1,4-Benzodiazepines III: Nitrazepam

The hydrolysis of nitrazepam involves a two-step sequential mechanism. The intermediate is the ring-opened compound resulting from scission of the azomethine bond. The final products are glycine and 2-amino-5-nitrobenzophenone. Recyclization of the intermediate to nitrazepam occurs at pH values above the pKa of the intermediate, in the pH region where the amino group of the intermediate is not protonated. As opposed to chlordiazepoxide and oxazepam, the initial hydrolysis step occurs at the 4,5-bond, not at the 1,2-amide linkage. This difference is attributed to a preferential activation for hydrolysis of the azomethine linkage by the nitro group. The hydrolysis involves an uncatalyzed reaction, specific acid-base catalysis, and general acid-base catalysis for acetate and phosphate buffers.
Turner's syndrome and Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome in siblings.

INTRODUCTION TURNER'S syndrome (1) and Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome (2) are rare conditions, each of which is associated with multiple genetic defects. The Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome often occurs famijiaily (3); Turner's syndrome rarely does. We believe that this is the first report of the occurrence in siblings of the two syndromes separately—typical learner's syndrome in a woman and Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome in her brother. CASE REPORTS A 31-year-old woman was initialty examined here in April 1947, because of her unusually short stature and because she had never menstruated. Her birth and early development apparently had been normal, but physical growth stopped at the age of 11 years. When she was 12 years of age the right eye became affected by an inflammatory disease that resulted in ocular proptosis that failed to regress. Menarche had not occurred and there was no evidence of breast enlargement or of other secondary sexual characteristics. However, she had been active and vigorous and generally...
Proof of the chain criterion in Landau theory

A simplified proof is given for the equivalence between the Landau necessary condition and the chain criterion for the possible symmetry breakings in the Landau theory of phase transitions.
Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of HIV-1 patients with primary infection

Better characterization of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) in patients with primary infection has important implications for the development of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) vaccine because vaccine strategies should target viral isolates with the properties of transmitted viruses. In five HIV-1 seroconverters, the viral phenotype was found to be uniformly macrophage-tropic and non-syncytium-inducing. Furthermore, the viruses were genotypically homogeneous within each patient, but a common signature sequence was not discernible among transmitted viruses. In the two cases where the sexual partners were also studied, the sequences of the transmitted viruses matched best with minor variants in the blood of the transmitters. There was also a stronger pressure to conserve sequences in gp120 than in gp41, nef, and p17, suggesting that a selective mechanism is involved in transmission.
Tempered distributions on Heisenberg groups whose convolution with Schwartz class functions is Schwartz class

Abstract Let N be a nilpotent Lie group and Q a tempered distribution on N. We say that Q is a left J -multiplier if convolution on the left by Q takes Schwartz class functions to Schwartz class functions; there is a similar definition for right J -multipliers. We show that if ϱ is an irreducible unitary representation of N, then one can define ρ(Q): H ∞:(ρ)→ H ∞:(ρ) whenever Q is a left J -multiplier. The main results of the paper characterize left J -multipliers Q on Heisenberg groups in terms of the transform operators ϱ(Q) and show how this characterization can be used to find fundamental solutions of some left invariant differential operators. There is also an example of a left J -multiplier which is not a right J -multiplier.
Specific fractionation of a population of antidextran molecules with combining sites of various sizes.

Two human antidextran sera were each fractionated into two populations of antibody by specific absorption of the antidextran on an insoluble dextran (sephadex), washing away non-specific protein, eluting the first fraction of antibody with isomaltose or isomaltotriose, and the second fraction with isomaltohexaose. The differences in behavior of the purified antibody fractions alone, or reconstituted in serum, in quantitative inhibition studies with the isomaltose series of oligosaccharides, or in quantitative precipitin studies with NRC dextrans of graded molecular weight, could be ascribed to differences in the sizes of their combining sites. It was shown that the antibody fractions eluted with isomaltose or isomaltotriose were made up largely of antibodies inhibited readily by the smaller oligosaccharides and therefore having a higher proportion of molecules with smaller-sized combining sites; whereas those fractions eluted with isomaltohexaose contained primarily antibodies readily inhibitable only with the larger oligosaccharides, and hence were considered to have a higher proportion of larger-sized combining sites. The purified antibody fractions were shown to be only fast gamma globulin,—to possess the same mobility in immunoelectrophoresis; in addition the antibody fractions from one individual in double diffusion in agar gave lines which fused with one another, with gamma globulin Fr. II, and with a purified antidextran solution containing the entire population of antidextran antibodies. Evidence was also presented which indicated little or no change in the populations of antibody molecules produced in these two individuals for a period as long as 10 years following immunization. It is felt that these data offer substantial support for the hypothesis that the antidextran produced in a single individual consists of a heterogeneous population of antibody molecules with antibody-combining sites of various sizes.
In the spotlight: a novel CD37 antibody-drug conjugate

In this issue of Blood, Deckert et al make a strong argument in favor of IMGN529, a novel anti-CD37 maytansinoid antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), elegantly showing its activity against B-cell lymphoma in in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies.
Uniform spatial growth with perfect foresight and durable housing

Abstract This paper presents explicit solutions for expanding monocentric cities. Housing is durable, and redevelopment cannot take place. Landlords have perfect foresight. The utility function and housing technology are Cobb-Douglas. The population of the city, per capita income, construction costs, and transportation costs per mile change at constant percentage rates. The model is solved analytically, using an infinite time horizon. If the population growth rate is greater (less) than twice the difference between the growth rates of income and transportation costs, development density increases (decreases) with distance from the city center. Detailed comparative statics are presented for both open city and closed city growth.
Rectangular-ridge vibrational modes

We present a theoretical analysis of the mode spectrum for elastic waves localised at the top of a semi-infinite rectangular ridge. We find their speeds of propagation to be well below the values obtained previously, where the ridge is supported by a substrate.
Theoretical vs. actuarial analyses of personality ratings, and other rudimentary distinctions

In their respective attempts to identify the “critical flaws” in Lamiell, Foss, Trierweiler, and Leffel's research on the role of dialectical reasoning in intuitive personology, both Conger and Woody (1983; see preceding articles) err by obscuring a crucial distinction between judgments, which are mental phenomena, and ratings, which are behavioral phenomena. By elaborating this distinction in the present article, we explain, among other things, the following: (1) Contrary to Woody's claim, Lamiell et al.'s formal representation of dialectical reasoning via interactive measurement is neither equivalent to nor reducible to Anderson's weighted averaging model of impression formation. (2) Contrary to Conger's claim, Lamiell et al.'s formal representations of demonstrative reasoning in terms of the normal-curve equivalents of z-scores did not bias their results against the normative or ipsative models, and in fact presented those models more favorably and in a manner more consistent with the extant empirical literature on rating behavior than does the alternative Conger proposes. (3) The profile dissimilarity analyses reported by Lamiell et al. were entirely adequate for their purposes. It is concluded that Lamiell et al.'s findings stand as billed: preliminary evidence for the dialectical quality of subjective personality impressions.
Tn916ΔE: A Tn916 transposon derivative expressing erythromycin resistance

Abstract The tetracycline resistance gene encoded within the transposon Tn916 was replaced with the gene encoding erythromycin resistance from the plasmid pVA838. The derivative transposon of Tn916 was designated Tn916ΔE and was introduced into the Streptococcus faecalis chromosome by protoplast transformation. The conjugation/transposition functions of Tn916ΔE were similar to those observed for Tn916 in S. faecalis and Tn916ΔE was capable of self-conjugation at frequencies similar to those of other S. faecalis and Group B Streptococcus. This transposon will be useful for mutagenesis studies in gram-positive organisms, especially in those species where erythromycin resistance is a more desirable selectable marker.
Probe and Adjust in Information Transfer Games

We study a low-rationality learning dynamics called probe and adjust. Our emphasis is on its properties in games of information transfer such as the Lewis signaling game or the Bala-Goyal network game. These games fall into the class of weakly better reply games, in which, starting from any action profile, there is a weakly better reply path to a strict Nash equilibrium. We prove that probe and adjust will be close to strict Nash equilibria in this class of games with arbitrarily high probability. In addition, we compare these asymptotic properties to short-run behavior.
Advances In Picosecond Optoelectronics

The generation of high power picosecond risetime electrical pulses that are in picosecond synchronism with optical pulses using laser-induced photoconductivity in high-resistivity semiconductors) has resulted in a number of applications. These include jitter-free streak camera operation, picosecond active pulse shaping, active prepulse suppression, and more recently the generation of picosecond microwave bursts.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ELECTROSTATIC AND NON-ELECTROSTATIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BINDING FREE ENERGIES OF ANTHRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTICS TO DNA

The knowledge about molecular factors driving simple ligand-DNA interactions is still limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the electrostatic and non-electrostatic contributions to the binding free energies of anthracycline compounds with DNA. Theoretical calculations based on continuum methods (Poisson-Boltzmann and solvent accessible surface area) were performed to estimate the binding free energies of five selected anthracycline ligands (daunomycin, adriamycin, 9-deoxyadriamycin, hydroxyrubicin, and adriamycinone) to DNA. The free energy calculations also took into account the conformational change that DNA undergoes upon ligand binding. This conformational change appeared to be very important for estimating absolute free energies of binding. Our studies revealed that the absolute values of all computed contributions to the binding free energy were quite large compared to the total free energy of binding. However, the sum of these large positive and negative values produced a small negative value of the free energy around -10 kcal/mol. This value is in good agreement with experimental data. Experimental values for relative binding free energies were also reproduced for charged ligands by our calculations. Together, it was found that the driving force for ligand-DNA complex formation is the non-polar interaction between the ligand and DNA even if the ligand is positively charged.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Hydride Transfer for a Series of Molybdenum and Tungsten Hydrides

The free energies for hydride donation (ΔGM+) have been determined in acetonitrile solution for a series of seven molybdenum and tungsten compounds (1−7) of general formula (C5R5)M(CO)2(L)H, which yield the salts [(C5R5)M(CO)2(L)(NCMe)][BF4] in these reactions. These data constitute the first thermodynamic data for hydride transfer by transition metal hydrides, and were gathered from equilibrium studies with carbenium ion salts of known hydride ion affinities in acetonitrile. The metal hydride ΔGM+ values range from ca. 79 to 89 kcal/mol, and these values may be compared with pKas for related compounds to demonstrate that proton-transfer processes are somewhat more sensitive to changes in co-ligands than are hydride transfer processes. Additionally, kinetic studies of hydride transfer reactions with hydride acceptor [(p-MeOPh)2CPh][BF4] exhibit second-order rate constants ranging from ca. 200 to 7500 M-1 s-1. These rates show a correlation with thermodynamic driving force, and a Bronsted plot yields a slo...
A Review of: “Tehran Rising: Iran's Challenge to the United States”

Berman Ilan, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2005. 218 pages. In his State of the Union Address on 31 January 2006, President Bush again discussed the regime in Iran, reminding A...
Influence of material strength level on fatigue crack closure

Abstract Fatigue crack growth behavior of a medium carbon alloy steel (AISI 4130) has been investigated in two different heat treated conditions. The investigation also examines the influence of material strength level and fracture toughness on fatigue crack growth rate and fatigue crack closure behavior. Compact tension specimens with TL orientation were used. All specimens conformed to ASTM E 647 test requirements. All tests were carried out in constant amplitude tension-tension mode in room temperature environment under load control mode. Crack closure loads were measured by using a clip gage at crack mouth, as per tentative ASTM standard procedure. The results of the present investigation indicates that crack closure in this material does not depend upon the material strength level or K max . In the threshold as well as linear region crack growth rate was found to increase significantly with increase in yield strength and decrease in fracture toughness. However, in the linear region, the influence of yield stress on fatigue crack growth rate was found to be much more compared to threshold region. Crack closure load at threshold did not exhibit any appreciable decrease with increase in yield strength. The threshold was found to decrease with increase in load ratio ( R ) and increase in yield strength.
Calmodulin-Dependent Cyclic AMP Phosphodiesterase in Liver Plasma Membranes: Stimulated by Insulin

Abstract In vivoinsulin consistently stimulates the plasma membrane, high-affinity (lowKm) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) from diabetic rat liver or adipose tissue.In vitrostimulation of membrane PDE by insulin has been reported to be inconsistent. Also, the involvement of calmodulin (CaM) in insulin stimulation of PDE has been controversial. In this report, conditions for the isolation of rat liver plasma membranes containing PDE has been controversial. In this report, conditions for the isolation of rat liver plasma membranes containing PDE that is sensitive toin vitroinsulin stimulation and the involvement of CaM in insulin stimulation of PDE were investigated.In vitroinsulin raised theVmaxof the enzyme without altering its apparentKmand was dose dependent. Insulin stimulation was lost after freezing, sonication, solubilization with detergents, or storage of the membranes at 4° for 4 h after isolation, Insulin stimulation was completely blocked by the CaM antagonist compound 48/80, EGTA, or trifluoperazine. Two isoforms of membrane-bound PDE were separated by ion-exchange chromatography following solubilization of the plasma membranes. The activities of both isoforms were stimulated by exogenous CaM. Plasma membrane PDE eluted after the application of exogenous CaM plus Ca2+. The data support the concept of a critical involvement of CaM in insulin activation of liver membrane PDE.
The effect of pH on the viability of hypothermically stored rat hepatocytes

Hepatocytes isolated from the rat liver were stored for up to 72 hr at 4 degrees C in a tissue culture medium (Liebovitz-15) at different pH values to determine how pH affects hepatocyte viability. This is a model to simulate cold storage of livers for transplantation and determine the optimal pH for maintenance of liver cell function. The cells were stored in the absence of oxygen. At the end of cold storage the percentage of the total cellular LDH released into the extracellular medium was used as a measure of hepatocyte viability. Also, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was determined in hepatocytes incubated at normothermia (37 degrees C) for 90 min following 72 hr of cold storage. The results demonstrate that hepatocytes tolerate a wide range of pH values in the storage medium and that only about 10% of the total LDH was released from hepatocytes stored up to 72 hr at pH's from 5.0 to 8.0. Normothermic incubation, however, demonstrated that the pH of the storage medium affected viability. After 48 hr of storage only hepatocytes stored at pH values from 7.0 to 8.0 remained viable (LDH release similar to that of freshly incubated hepatocytes = 28 +/- 7.2%). After 72 hr of storage and 90 min of normothermic incubation, hepatocytes incubated at all pH values studied were nonviable (greater than 60% release of LDH). These results suggest that the optimal pH for storage of hepatocytes at 4 degrees C is near neutrality (7.0 to 7.4).
Noninvasive Imaging of Breast Cancer

ABSTRACTWith the development of molecularly targeted cancer therapies, it is highly advantageous to be able to determine their efficacy, to improve overall patient survival. Non-invasive imaging techniques are currently available for visualizing different pathological conditions of the human body, but their use for cancer monitoring is limited due to the lack of tumor-specific imaging probes. This review will attempt to summarize the current clinical diagnostic approaches for breast cancer detection, staging, and therapy assessment. In addition, I will present some novel concepts from the field of molecular imaging that form the basis of some of our research. We believe that this general imaging strategy has the potential of significantly advancing our ability to diagnose breast cancer at the earliest stages of the pathology, before any overt clinical symptoms have developed, as well as to better direct the development of molecularly-targeted individualized therapy protocols.
On the morphological stability of finite-length intergranular phases☆

Abstract The morphological stability of finite-length intergranular phases, with coordination numbers ( n ) of 2 and 3, and dihedral angles ψ ranging from 180° to 0° for n = 2, and from 180° to 60° for n = 3 is considered. Dihedral angle and coordination number dependent aspect ratios are determined, specifying minimum length/“diameter” ratios necessary for breakup into multiple “particles”. Implications are discussed.
High-power/high-pulse repetition frequency (PRF) pulse generation using a laser-diode-activated photoconductive GaAs switch

The generation of subnanosecond risetime pulses with 2 MW peak power at 1 kHz PRF has been achieved by triggering a hybrid pulser with a laser diode array. The hybrid pulser combines an optical switch centered in a metallized teflon disk that serves as an energy storage medium as well as a radial transmission line. Nearly 90 ofthebias voltage (10 kV) was delivered to a 50 ohm load impedance as a result of the variation of impedance of the radial line. Avalanche switching yielded 4 nano seconds pulses with a risetime of less than 500 picoseconds. _
Opposing actions of 5HT1A and 5HT2-like serotonin receptors on modulations of the electric signal waveform in the electric fish Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus.

Serotonin (5-HT) is an indirect modulator of the electric organ discharge (EOD) in the weakly electric gymnotiform fish, Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus. Injections of 5-HT enhance EOD waveform “masculinity”, increasing both waveform amplitude and the duration of the second phase. This study investigated the pharmacological identity of 5-HT receptors that regulate the electric waveform and their effects on EOD amplitude and duration. We present evidence that two sets of serotonin receptors modulate the EOD in opposite directions. We found that the 5HT1AR agonist 8-OH-DPAT diminishes EOD duration and amplitude while the 5HT1AR antagonist WAY100635 increases these parameters. In contrast, the 5HT2R agonist α-Me-5-HT increases EOD amplitude but not duration, yet 5-HT-induced increases in EOD duration can be inhibited by blocking 5HT2A/2C-like receptors with ketanserin. These results show that 5-HT exerts bi-directional control of EOD modulations in B. pinnicaudatus via action at receptors similar to mammalian 5HT1A and 5HT2 receptors. The discordant amplitude and duration response suggests separate mechanisms for modulating these waveform parameters.
Guest Editorial: From intrusion detection to self-protection

Modern computer systems have become so complex and interdependent that the traditional model of system defense, utilizing layers and including an intrusion detection system that provides alerts to a human who responds to them, is becoming unfeasible. Effective human-guided real-time responses are no longer a reasonable expectation for large scale systems--this is particularly troublesome because a failure to respond correctly and rapidly can have disastrous consequences. In an ideal world, our systems would automatically detect and respond to threats of all kinds, including but not limited to automated attacks, human-guided attacks, and the constant onslaught of unsolicited email (spam). Traditionally, these threats have been dealt with by separate communities--the anti-virus community, the intrusion-detection/firewall community, and the anti-spam community. Today however, we see an increasing need for integrating different technologies toward achieving a common goal. In this special issue, we surveyed the research community with the intent of identifying novel, multidisciplinary and integrated approaches to system defense that contribute towards development of true self-protecting and self-healing systems. The result is reflected in the articles we selected.
Protein adsorption and fouling in ceramic ultrafiltration membranes

Abstract The adsorption of proteins to membrane surfaces can lead to the formation of a fouling layer, which drastically reduces permeate flux and represents a serious impediment to efficient ultrafiltration operations. In this work, the factors influencing permeate flux, adsorption and fouling during crossflow ultrafiltration of bovine serum albumin using microporous alumina membranes with mean pore diameters of 40, 350 and 1000 A have been examined. p]In general, the permeate flux was observed to be a function of concentration, transmembrane pressure and crossflow velocity as described by classical gel polarization theory. For protein concentrations above 1 g/l, solute rejection was nearly complete even for the 1000 A membranes. At low solute concentrations, rejection increased with decreasing pore size and increasing crossflow velocity. p]Studies of the flux and rejection dependence on pH, solute concentration, ionic strength, membrane pore size and cleaning procedure, coupled with adsorption studies, indicated that adsorption-related pore plugging plays a significant role in the two larger pore size membranes.
Variola Virus-Specific Diagnostic Assays: Characterization, Sensitivity, and Specificity

A public health response relies upon rapid and reliable confirmation of disease by diagnostic assays. Here, we detail the design and validation of two variola virus-specific real-time PCR assays, since previous assays cross-reacted with newly identified cowpox viruses. The assay specificity must continually be reassessed as other closely related viruses are identified.
Humoral factors in inflammatory disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system.

Abstract The immune-mediated disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems all involve humoral mechanisms in which immunoglobulin, complement and/or other mediators are implicated. The disorders can be characterized by pattern of disease activity, site of immunoglobulin synthesis, humoral mechanism of injury, and presence of one or more concurrent cellular mechanisms of injury. Control of the humoral and cellular components, the specific components of each disorder might predict the response to specific therapeutic approaches.