cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spalling and Sorption of Tubing for Peristaltic Pumps

Available tubing for peristaltic pumps tend to shed particulates into the solution due to their poor abrasion characteristics. Most commonly used flexible tubing is silicone rubber or polyvinyl chloride (Tygon) tubing. Two newly available tubing are manufactured from a composite of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon PTFE) with platinum-cured silicone rubber (Sta-Pure) and a tubing composite of PTFE with fluoroelastomer (Chem-Sure). These are claimed to resist spalling and deliver constant volume when used in peristaltic pumps. The four tubing were compared for spallation. They were also compared for sorption of methylparaben, propylparaben, and benzyl alcohol over a 72 hr study. Spallation studies indicate that Tygon and silicone tubing are prone to damage and shedding of particulates due to abrasion during use in peristaltic pumps while the Chem-Sure and Sta-Pure tubing are resistant to abrasion and spalling and show negligible shedding of particulates over 72 hr use in the peristaltic pump. Chem-Sure shows no spalling after 48 hr. Decrease in volume delivered is expected using Tygon and silicone tubing only. Chem-Sure tubing did not show any preservative losses. Tygon sorbed all preservatives tested to the greatest extent, followed by Silastic and Sta-Pure tubing, in decreasing order of sorption. Propylparaben was sorbed to the greatest extent. The tubing used appear to approach saturation in 24-48 hr. Chem-Sure and Sta-Pure tubing are ideal for use in peristaltic pumps or for general use for any demanding pharmaceutical applications.
Designing digital puppetry systems: guidelines and best practices

This instructive video presents guidelines and best practices for designers of digital puppetry systems by demonstrating four common setups and illustrating the benefits and limitations of each approach. Practical suggestions and humorous examples of green-screening techniques, digital composition, using rod puppets and using a Kinect camera are included to illustrate the possibilities and pitfalls of real-time animation for HCI designers interested in using computer vision to support creative expression with physical objects.
Effect of lipid extraction, adrenalectomy, and cortisol upon free radical formation by rat lung microsomes

Abstract Free radical formation and superoxide anion production by rat lung microsomes have been determined by measurement of conversion of epinephrine to adrenochrome in vitro . There was a marked increase in Superoxide anion production by the microsomes following extraction with 10% aqueous acetone as has been seen previously following adrenalectomy in animals exposed to 100% oxygen. When the extracted lipid was added back to the extracted microsomes there was a significant reduction in the superoxide anion production similar to the reduction seen following cortisol administration to adrenalectomized animals.
HYPERPHENYLALANINEMIA DUE TO PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE COFACTOR DEFICIENCY

A child with phenylketonuria diagnosed early developed severe hypotonia with minimal signs of spasticlty and retardation in all developmental patterns despite adequate dietary management. At 4 years of age, a liver biopsy was performed and the components of the phenylalanine hydroxylase system were measured in vitro. Normal levels of phenylalanine hydroxylase, dihydropteridine reductase and dihydrofolate reductase were found. However, there was only 5% of the normal level of active phenylalanine hydroxylase cofactor. This cofactor deficiency was also demonstrable in plasma and urine. Since the phenylalanine hydroxylase cofactor (tetrahydrobiopterin) is probably also necessary for the hydroxylation of tyrosine and tryptophan, the rate limiting steps in the biosynthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine and serotonin, this child may be suffering from a lack of these neurotransmitters. The child's phenylalanine hydroxylase activity has also been measured with a new in vivo method. In this procedure, hydroxylase activity is assayed by following the rate of formation of tritiated water from ring tritium labelled phenylalanine. Phenylalanine hydroxylase activity 1-5% of normal was detected in vivo confirming the incomplete block in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine predicted by the in vitro assays on the liver biopsy.
Implications of Network Structure on Public Health Collaboratives

Interorganizational collaboration is an essential function of public health agencies. These partnerships form social networks that involve diverse types of partners and varying levels of interaction. Such collaborations are widely accepted and encouraged, yet very little comparative research exists on how public health partnerships develop and evolve, specifically in terms of how subsequent network structures are linked to outcomes. A systems science approach, that is, one that considers the interdependencies and nested features of networks, provides the appropriate methods to examine the complex nature of these networks. Applying Mays and Scutchfields's categorization of "structural signatures" (breadth, density, and centralization), this research examines how network structure influences the outcomes of public health collaboratives. Secondary data from the Program to Analyze, Record, and Track Networks to Enhance Relationships (www.partnertool.net) data set are analyzed. This data set consists of dyadic (N = 12,355), organizational (N = 2,486), and whole network (N = 99) data from public health collaborations around the United States. Network data are used to calculate structural signatures and weighted least squares regression is used to examine how network structures can predict selected intermediary outcomes (resource contributions, overall value and trust rankings, and outcomes) in public health collaboratives. Our findings suggest that network structure may have an influence on collaborative-related outcomes. The structural signature that had the most significant relationship to outcomes was density, with higher density indicating more positive outcomes. Also significant was the finding that more breadth creates new challenges such as difficulty in reaching consensus and creating ties with other members. However, assumptions that these structural components lead to improved outcomes for public health collaboratives may be slightly premature. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.
Genetic interactions of KIR and G1M immunoglobulin allotypes differ in obese from non-obese individuals with type 2 diabetes.

We analyzed the natural killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes and immunoglobulin allotypes in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) based on body mass index (BMI) measurements (obese vs. non-obese) in Puerto Rican Americans. Genetic interactions between the KIR haplotype A homozygotes (HAH) and its fraction containing two inhibitory receptors 2DL3 and 2DL1 and the activating receptor 2DS4 with immunoglobulin allotypes were studied. We found a significant association between the HAH and T2D (p = 0.002; OR = 7.97) and its interaction with the immunoglobulin allotype z: GM f/f (−) (p = <0.0001; OR, not determined) only in non-obese individuals. This association were due to the interactions between the 2DL3/2DL3, 2DL1/2DL1, and 2DS4 fragment with GM f/f (−) in T2D patients (p = 0.0017; OR = 3.45). Analysis based on BMI demonstrated associations in both obese (p = 0.037; OR = 2.43; 95% CI = 0.97–6.31) and non-obese individuals (p = <0.0001; OR = 8.38; 95% CI = 2.49–29.31). By contrast, the interaction of the GM allotype f/f (−) with the HAH fragment was associated with T2D only in non-obese individuals (p = <0.0001; OR = 18.2; 95% CI = 3.71–113.4). As expected, interaction of both HAH and its fragment with HLA-C group's ligands were significant. We used informative short tandem repeats (STRs) that distinguish major populations to determine genetic admixture and found that there was no genetic stratification in our cohort. Our findings are consistent with the possibility of an autoimmune and/or innateimmune component in the pathogenesis of T2D: NK receptors with chronic inflammation in obese and genetic interactions with G1M allotype in T2D non-obese possibly mediating autoimmunity.
The Impact of Early Detection of Atrial Fibrillation on Stroke Outcomes

Early detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) before an AF-related stroke potentially allows for prevention, but the best methods are uncertain. Population screening trials have demonstrated the ability to increase detection in older individuals by systematic screening. The subset of patients with implantable cardiac rhythm management devices are at particular risk. Remote monitoring has substantially reduced the time to detection. Although primary prevention of stroke is a priority, detection in patients with cryptogenic stroke represents another opportunity for therapeutic intervention. Evidence that early detection actually leads to improved stroke outcomes is still being gathered.
Excitation of Limulus Photoreceptors by Vanadate and by a Hydrolysis-Resistant Analog of Guanosine Triphosphate

Discrete voltage fluctuations that occur spontaneously or in response to dim lights can be recorded from the ventral photoreceptors of Limulus. The injection of vanadate or the hydrolysis-resistant analog of guanosine triphosphate, GTP-gamma-S, into ventral photoreceptors induces the production of discrete waves in the dark. The chemically induced discrete waves are similar to those induced by light. Ventral photoreceptors may contain a guanyl nucleotide binding protein whose activation by vanadate or GTP-gamma-S induces the discrete waves.
Cosmogenic neon produced from sodium in meteoritic minerals

Cosmogenic neon in sodium-rich oligoclase feldspar from the ordinary chondrites St. Severin and Guarena is characterized by an unusually high ^(22)Ne/^(21_Ne = 1.50 ± 0.02. This high ratio is due to the cosmogenic22Ne/21Ne production ratio in sodium which is 2.9 ± 0.3, two to three times the production ratio in any other target element. The relative production rate of ^(21)Ne per gram sodium is one quarter the production rate per gram magnesium. The striking enrichment of ^(22)Ne relative to ^(21)Ne in sodium arises from enhanced indirect production from ^(23)Na via ^(22)Na. The unusual composition of cosmogenic neon in sodium and sodium-rich minerals explains the high ^(22)Ne/^(21)Ne ratios observed in inclusions of the Allende carbonaceous chondrite, and observed during low-temperature extraction of neon from ordinary chondrites. The isotopic composition of cosmogenic neon released during the stepwise heating of a trapped gas-rich meteorite containing sodium-rich phases can be expected to vary, and use of a constant cosmogenic neon composition to derive the composition of the trapped gas may not be justified. Preferential loss of this ^(22)Ne-enriched cosmogenic neon from meteoritic feldspar can result in a 2–3% drop in the measured cosmogenic ^(22)Ne/^(21)Ne ratio in a bulk meteorite sample. This apparent change in composition can lead to overestimation of the minimum pre-atmospheric mass of the meteorite by a factor of two.
Biological characteristics and viral susceptibility of a stable dog kidney cell line

A cell line derived in 1956 from normal dog kidney is described. The cells are epithelial, contact-inhibited, and can be maintained in the same culture vessels for periods of more than 2.5 yr. Karyologically, the cells are hypodiploid with a modal number of 72 as opposed to the diploid number of 78. The karyotype indicates male origin of the cells and clonal derivation of extant cultures due to the presence of two marker chormosomes in all metaphases observed. At the 159th passage the dog kidney (DK) cells did not produce tumors in athymic rats. At least 13 viruses of various types produced transmissible cytopathogenic effects in the DK cells, including all of the human influenza viruses investigated.
Special needs of children following a disaster

Abstract A great deal has been written recently regarding disaster management. Much of the recent literature focuses on the role of emergency medicine and the population's response as a whole. Little attention has been paid, however, to the special circumstances surrounding children and how they are affected by disasters. The impact on children is unique and brings forth a set of issues that are not applicable to the adult population. This article addresses the special needs of children in the post-disaster setting, specifically, the social issues surrounding the care of children separated from their parents, special staffing needs in regard to caring for children, shelter issues when caring for children, special supplies that may be needed to care for these children, and finally, strategies to prepare for such events with the special needs of children in mind.
The wetting characteristics and surface tension of some ni-based alloys on yttria, hafnia, alumina, and zirconia substrates

The surface tension and wetting characteristics of four commercial Ni-based alloys (UD718, Waspaloy, UD720, and UD520), pure Ni, and three special alloys (Ni-20 percent Cr, Ni-20 percent Cr-1 percent Al, and Ni-20 percent Cr-4 percent Al) on various ceramic substrates (including alumina, zirconia, hafnia, and yttria) were investigated using sessile drop experiments. Most of the systems studied exhibited a nonwetting behavior. Wetting improved with holding time at a given temperature to the point that some systems, such as Ni-20Cr on alumina, Ni-20Cr-4Al on alumina and on yttria, became marginally wetting. Wetting characteristics were apparently related to constitutional undercooling, which in turn could be affected by the metal dissolving some of the substrate during measurements.
Analysis of cooling a microprocessor using embedded thermoelectric coolers

Recently, advanced embedded thermoelectric coolers (eTECs) have been demonstrated for mitigating thermal problems. Operating IC at a lower temperature can result in reduced electronic power, improved reliability and potentially improved speed. However, total power dissipation must include both the electronic power and the cooling power. This study explores the amount of total power reduction using eTECs. We present a model that incorporates both a real-world microprocessor and thermoelectric cooling systems. The analysis indicates that an optimal operating point exists and depends on the parameters of electronics and cooling systems. Using the thermoelectric element of ZT=1, we demonstrate that power savings of at least 15% is realizable when the electronic components have leakage power ratio that are greater than 50%. The analysis also shows that the amount of power saving is projected to improve with technology due to increased leakage, reaching up to 16% for 32nm technology and beyond.
Demonstration of an eight-element time-division multiplexed interferometric fibre sensor array

The authors report the demonstration of an eight-element multiplexed interferometric fibre-optic sensor array based on time-division addressing. The configuration gives rise to intrinsic optical crosstalk between sensor elements of the system, which is analysed and compared with experimental results.
Development of the Organ Donation and Transplantation Knowledge Survey for Use in Asian American Adolescents

The need for kidney transplantation among Asian Americans is increasing owing to hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and the shortage of available organs. This need is likely to increase as the relatively young Asian population ages. However, knowledge about organ donation and transplantation in this population has been little investigated. The objectives of this study was to develop an Organ Donation and Transplantation Knowledge Survey for use in Asian Americans and to examine its psychometric properties. Internal consistency (Cronbach α) and factor analyses were used to determine the reliability and validity of the survey in 121 Asian American adolescents residing on the Big Island of Hawaii. Our results indicate that the survey had adequate reliability and was psychometrically valid for evaluating knowledge about organ donation and transplantation. More studies are needed to validate the usefulness and psychometric properties of the Organ Donation and Transplantation Knowledge Survey in other groups.
Primary afferent neurons express functional delta opioid receptors in inflamed skin.

Abstract Peripherally-restricted opiate compounds attenuate hyperalgesia in experimental models of inflammatory pain, but have little discernable effect on nociceptive behavior in normal animals. This suggests that activation of opioid receptors on peripheral sensory axons contributes to decreased afferent activity after injury. Previously, we reported that direct application of morphine to cutaneous receptive fields decreased mechanical and heat-evoked responses in a population of C-fiber nociceptors in inflamed skin. Consistent with reported behavioral studies, direct application of morphine had no effect on fiber activity in control skin. The aim of the present study was to determine whether mechanical responsiveness of nociceptors innervating inflamed skin was attenuated by direct activation of delta opioid receptors (DORs) on peripheral terminals. An ex vivo preparation of rat plantar skin and tibial nerve was used to examine effects of a selective DOR agonist, deltorphin II, on responsiveness of single fibers innervating inflamed skin. Electrical recordings were made eighteen hours after injection of complete Freund׳s adjuvant into the hindpaw. Deltorphin II produced an inhibition of the mechanical responsiveness of single fibers innervating inflamed skin; an effect blocked by the DOR-selective antagonist, naltrindole. The population of units responsive to deltorphin II was identified as consisting of C fiber mechanical nociceptors.
Catch strip assay for the relative assessment of two-dimensional protein association kinetics.

Accurate interpretation of recruitment rate measurements of microscale particles, such as cells and microbeads, to biofunctional surfaces is difficult because factors such as uneven ligand distributions, particle collisions, variable particle fluxes, and molecular-scale surface separation distances obfuscate the ability to link the observed particle behavior with the governing nanoscale biophysics. We report the development of a hydrodynamically conditioned micropattern catch strip assay to measure microparticle recruitment kinetics. The assay exploited patterning within microfluidic channels and the mechanostability of selectin bonds to create reaction geometries that confined a microbead flux to within 200 nm of the surface under flow conditions. Systematic control of capillary action enabled the creation of homogeneous or gradient ligand distributions. The method enabled the measurement of particle recruitment rates (keff, s-1) that were primarily determined by the interaction of the biomolecular pair ...
Role of Automated Symbolic Generation of Plant Models in Control Education

A critical precursor to deployment of model-based controllers for articulated-mechanical-systems is availability of a systematic means for generating plant-model-equations. However, the complexity and tractability of generating and analyzing models serves to limit the size of the chosen examples. Hence, we examine the use of contemporary symbolic-computation tools to assist with the automated symbolic equation generation and subsequent analysis to support control systems course work. In particular, we seek to establish linkage between traditional-approach and block-diagram-based symbolic-modeling and controller-development. The Furuta Pendulum example allows us to showcase the emergence of model-complexity, even in relatively-simple two-jointed mechanical system, while studying various aspects of model-creation, model-linearization and model-based controller development in a timely manner.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Evaluation Of Extraction Method And Characterization Of Water Soluble Organics From Produced Water By Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

An alternative method to extract, quantify, and characterize water-soluble organic (WSO) species in produced water from steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is evaluated by various techniques. He...
Human reliability modeling for the Next Generation System Code

Abstract This paper derives the human reliability model requirements for the Next Generation System Code which will be utilized to determine risk-informed safety margins for nuclear power plants through dynamic probabilistic risk analysis. The proposed model is flexible, with the facility to apply a coarse-grain or a fine-grain structure based on the desired resolution level. The varying resolution is achieved by employing human reliability analysis methods with the demonstrated capability of handling human errors that occur during the execution of procedural activities for the coarse-grain structure and the advanced cognitive IDA/IDAC method for the fine-grain structure. The paper proposes improvements to the existing IDA/IDAC model to incorporate functionalities demanded by the NGSC. The improvements are derived for four modules of IDA/IDAC. A Bayesian belief network is constructed for the performance-shaping factors and the conditional probability for existence of each factor is computed from data collected from aviation and nuclear accidents. The influence of the performance-shaping factors on the strategy-selection process of the operator is also depicted. A foundation is laid for the development of mental models with a focus on NPP operation. The research lists the modifications/additions required for the IDA/IDAC method to enable the incorporation of Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) into the Next Generation System Code.
Effects of age on brain oxidative metabolism in vivo.

Non-invasive optical techniques were used to monitor the effects of increasing cerebral energy demand on metabolic capabilities and vascular reactivity in young and aged brain. Low levels of electrical stimulation of the cortex, in both young (4–7 months) and aged (24–28 months) rat brain, were accompanied by transient oxidations of NADH and cytochrome oxidase (a,a3) as measured by microfluorometry and reflection spectrophotometry respectively. Stimulation sufficient to produce spreading cortical depression was accompanied by an oxidation of both NADH and cytochrome a,a3 in young brain together with an increase in local blood volume. There was either no change or a slight disoxygenation of hemoglobin. In aged brain, however, spreading depression was associated with an oxidation of NADH and a reduction of cytochrome a,a3 together with an increase in local blood volume and an oxygenation of hemoglobin. The present results indicate that the relationship between microcirculation and the terminal oxidase step of the respiratory chain is altered in aged brain when energy demand is high.
Atomic and molecular data for space astronomy: Needs and availability

Atomic and molecular spectroscopic data are essential for the analysis of astronomical spectra and for modelling conditions in astronomical objects where photon-induced processes are important. In order to assess the atomic and molecular data required for analyzing spectroscopic observations from existing and planned orbiting observatories, and to provide space astronomers with a current inventory of atomic and molecular data compilations, a meeting was held as part of the XXIst General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in July of 1991. This book comprises written versions of the majority of the presentations made at the meeting. This chapter reviews, in general terms, the use of atomic and molecular spectroscopic data in astrophysics and discusses current state of laboratory capabilities for obtaining these data.
A Fundamental Model of Cyclic Instabilities in Thermal Barrier Systems

Cyclic morphological instabilities in the thermally grown oxide (TGO) represent a source of failure in some thermal barrier systems. Observations and simulations have indicated that several factors interact to cause these instabilities to propagate: (i) thermal cycling; (ii) thermal expansion misfit; (iii) oxidation strain; (iv) yielding in the TGO and the bond coat; and (v) initial geometric imperfections. This study explores a fundamental understanding of the propagation phenomenon by devising a spherically symmetric model that can be solved analytically. The applicability of this model is addressed through comparison with simulations conducted for representative geometric imperfections and by analogy with the elastic/plastic indentation of a half space. Finite element analysis is used to confirm and extend the model. The analysis identifies the dependencies of the instability on the thermo-mechanical properties of the system. The crucial role of the in-plane growth strain is substantiated, as well as the requirement for bond coat yielding. It is demonstrated that yielding of the TGO is essential and is, in fact, the phenomenon that differentiates between cyclic and isothermal responses.
The politics of police reporting in Indianapolis, 1948–1978

Crime statistics from the Indianapolis Police Department are interpreted inlight of news reports and interviews. A shift from proactive enforcement (vice, traffic, and juvenile arrests) to reactive enforcement (taking citizen crime reports) begins in the mid-1950s. If they do report offenses, police are blamed for failing to control crime. Eventually, if they fail to report offenses, they are chided for being unresponsive to citizens. Even homicide statistics get manipulated as police are caught in political cross-pressures. It is concluded that police would be better off if relieved of responsibility for defining the size and shape of the crime problem.
Focal nodular hyperplasia in a child with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) is associated with somatic overgrowth and a high risk for embryonal tumors, including hepatoblastoma, a highly malignant liver tumor of childhood. Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), on the other hand, is a benign tumor of the liver that is uncommon in childhood. Herein we describe a case of FNH in a child with BWS, the first such report in the literature.
Expression of tolerogenic HLA-G molecules in cancer prevents antitumor responses.

Abstract In this paper, we focus our attention on the relevance of HLA-G in cancer in the light of our recent advances on the expression and immunological function of HLA-G. Regarding HLA-G function, we recently showed that in addition to its direct inhibitory effects on T, APC and NK function, HLA-G induces suppressor cells via two distinct processes: (i) either by cell differentiation of naive T cells into lasting suppressor T cells or (ii) by rapid transfer of HLA-G from APC or tumor cells to T or NK cells converting them into temporary HLA-G-positive suppressor cells. Regarding HLA-G expression, we described that tumor-microenvironment factors such as hypoxia, IDO and, TNF-α regulate the expression of HLA-G by tumor cells in a way that favors tumor escape from NK lysis. These findings reinforce the role of HLA-G as one mechanism of tumor-driven immune evasion and provide potential targets for testing novel anticancer treatment strategies.
An opponent process approach to modeling the blue shift of the human color vision system

Low light level affects human visual perception in various ways. Visual acuity is reduced and scenes appear bluer, darker, less saturated, and with reduced contrast. We confine our attention to an approach to modeling the appearance of the bluish cast in dim light, which is known as blue shift. Both photographs and computer-generated images of night scenes can be made to appear more realistic by understanding these phenomena as well as how they are produced by the retina.
Peptides Adsorbed on Hydrophobic Surfaces—A Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy and Modeling Study

Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy has been used to characterize the interfacial structure of a series of model peptides at the hydrophobic polystyrene-buffer interface. The peptides contain two types of amino acids, one hydrophobic (X) and one hydrophilic (Y). Their sequences are Ac-XYYXXYXXYYXXYX-NH2 (XY14) and Ac-XYXYXYX-NH2 (XY7), respec- tively, where the X and Y combinations are: leucine (L) and lysine (K); alanine (A) and lysine (K); alanine (A) and arginine (R); and phenylalanine (F) and arginine (R), respectively. One additional peptide was synthesized and characterized, Ac- LKKLLKL-NH2, referred to as LK7 α. The XY14 peptides showed SFG spectra that were characteristic of the hydrophobic (X) amino acid of the peptide. Comparison with the 7-amino acid peptides shows that the molecular orientation of alanine is more sensitive to changes in sequence and chain length than leucine or phenyl- alanine. The hydrophilic amino acids are not observed in the SFG spectra of these peptides at the hydrophobic polystyrene interface (with the possible exception of the AR7 peptide), suggesting the hydrophilic amino acids studied here have a random orientation at this interface. The results of these studies are put into the context of recent SFG studies of proteins adsorbed onto hydrophobic surfaces. Furthermore, our approach to theoretical understanding of interfacial peptide structure is outlined. The results of a molecular dynamics simulation of the LK14 peptide on a hydropho- bic interface are presented and discussed.
Transformation of 3H-dopamine during transport from CSF to hypophysial portal blood.

The capacity of the hypothalamus to transport dopamine from brain tissue into hypophysial portal blood was investigated. One hour after injecting 10 ¼Ci of 3H-dopamine into a lateral ventricle of male rats, radioactivity was present in the brain, in the anterior pituitary gland, and in systemic plasma. The highest concentration of radioactivity was found in the hypothalamus,whereas the lowest was found in systemic plasma. The cerebrum and systemic plasma contained over 50% of the dose injected, whereas the anterior pituitary gland contained no more than 0.2%. Three doses of 3H-dopamine (0.1, 1, and 10 ¼Ci) were injected into a lateral ventricle, and hypophysial portal and arterial blood were collected at 7 ¼l/min for two hours. Ten min after injection, radioactivity was detected in hypophysial portal blood, reached a peak within 15–20 min, and then declined gradually to attain a concentration similar to that in arterial blood. Portal and arterial plasma and tissue extracts from rats injected intraventricu...
Murine hematopoietic stem cells change their surface phenotype during ex vivo expansion.

Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is important for many clinical applications, and knowledge of the surface phenotype of ex vivo–expanded HSCs will be critical to their purification and analysis. Here, we developed a simple culture system for bone marrow (BM) HSCs using low levels of stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (TPO), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2), and fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) in serum-free medium. As measured by competitive repopulation analyses, there was a more than 20-fold increase in numbers of long-term (LT)–HSCs after a 10-day culture of total BM cells. Culture of BM “side population” (SP) cells, a highly enriched stem cell population, for 10 days resulted in an approximate 8-fold expansion of repopulating HSCs. Similar to freshly isolated HSCs, repopulating HSCs after culture were positive for the stem cell markers Sca-1, Kit, and CD31 and receptors for IGF-2. Surprisingly, prion protein and Tie-2, which are present on freshly isolated HSCs, were not on cultured HSCs. Two other HSC markers, Endoglin and Mpl, were expressed only on a portion of cultured HSCs. Therefore, the surface phenotype of ex vivo–expanded HSCs is different from that of freshly isolated HSCs, but this plasticity of surface phenotype does not significantly alter their repopulation capability.
An iterative method for generalized complementarity problems

Given a generalized complementarity problem (i.e., complementarity problem over a cone), Habetler and Price introduced an iterative method to solve it under the conditions that the cone is solid and the function is continuous and strongly copositive on the cone. In this paper, we provide an easier iterative method to solve this problem provided that the function is Lipschitz continuous and strongly monotone on the (maybe nonsolid) cone. A separate consideration is given to polyhedral cones.
The Application of Z-Transform Theory to the Analysis of Switched-Type Nonlinear Systems

The stability of certain discontinuous feedback systems is analyzed by using the z-transform theory. In the z plane, a system which is equivalent to the nonlinear system under steady-state conditions can be found, as well as the existence of any limit cycle, together with the frequency at which it occurs. An intuitive argument for the stability of a limit cycle is also presented, several examples are worked, and the results compared with those obtained by other methods. The z-transform method is exact and is not restricted by the order of the system.
Project Baseline: Historiographic Foundations for Vocational Education Statistics

A frequently overlooked need in education is simply to know what is happening. When the need is overlooked in a research context, the risk is that conclusions will reference non-events (Charters and Jones, 1973). When the need is overlooked in a statistical context, the certainty 'is that decisions will influence events in total ignorance of the events or the influence of decisions. No one would advocate such a situation, of course. Yet it is naive to think that "finding out what is happening" in a complex program of national proportions is an easy straightforward accomplishment. For the 'last five years, Project Baseline has sought to establish a sound foundation for knowledge about what is happening in vocational education. A brief account of that experience may be instructive for the investigators currently concerned with matters of policy and program implementation. Until the middle of the 1950s vocational education was a welldefined activity in the schools carrying out well-established programs in four instructional fields —vocational agriculture, home economics, trade and industrial education, and distributive education. The Health Amendments Act of 1956 added training in practical nursing and other health occupations. Another Act that same year added vocational education in the fishery trades. In 1958 the National Defense Educa-. tion Act added technical education. The Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962 established an entirely new set of federally supported training programs administered through the Department of Labor, with provisions for coordination with vocational education. Then a major revision in federal policy took place in the enactment of the Vocational Education Act of 1963. The emphasis in vocational education up to this time had been on the support of a few instructional programs which were easily identified. Vocational students were those enrolled in programs receiving federal support. Now the emphasis was shifted to assist students in acquiring a wide variety of employment skills. There was no limit to the number of instructional programs which could be supported with federal funds, as long as they required less than a baccalaureate degree. Not all vocational programs would necessarily receive federal support, and the identity of persons receiving vocational education was soon lost in a confusion of terms among state agencies and local schools.
Analysis of atmospheric turbulence measurements obtained with the Starfire Optical Range 3.5-m telescope adaptive optical system

The adaptive optical system for the Starfire Optical Range 3.5-meter telescope includes a SHack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (WFS) with 30 by 30 subapertures and a continuous facesheet deformable mirror (DM) with 31 by 31 actuators within the telescope aperture. Time histories of turbulence- induced phase distortions have been estimated from WFS gradient measurements and DM actuator commands acquired simulators with the adaptive optics loop closed. The statistics of these phase distortion profiles have been characterized in terms of spatial structure functions, Zernike coefficient statistics, and temporal power spectral densities. The results obtained are in good agreement with predictions based upon Kolmogorov theory.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Local glucose utilization changes caused by subarachnoid contrast media in the rabbit.

The glucose metabolism effects of six hour exposures to subarachnoid injections of metrizamide, iohexol, iodixanol and control solutions were studied in vivo in 18 rabbits. The brain tissue uptake of intravenously injected 14C labelled deoxyglucose was measured using autoradiographic techniques. Metrizamide and iodixanol caused significant (p<0.05) decreases in deoxyglucose uptake in the outer cortical areas where the contrast medium concentrations were highest. Iohexol and the control CSF solution did not cause significant effects. The results appear to indicate that iohexol has less effect on brain tissue glucose metabolism than either metrizamide or the new non-ionic dimer iodixanol.
Spatial filtering with complementary source-pupil masks

A variety of spatial-filtering tasks can be performed with an incoherent source and various source and pupil masks {a technique proposed by Rhodes and Koizumi [ Proceedings of the Tenth International Optical Computing Conference ( Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, 1983), p. 32] for image enhancement}. A simple method of analyzing such systems is described and used to qualify the images obtained with a few different mask pairs. Some examples of edge extraction and characterization are given.
Phagocytosis and digestion of spirochetes by amebocytes of infected brine shrimp.

Amebocytes observed in the hemocoel of spirochete-infected specimens of Artemia salina were studied with the electron microscope. These cells were highly branched in shape and possessed large lipid droplets, abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous digestive vacuoles. Profiles of spirochetes were seen within the vacuoles, and in some instances the contained spirochetes appeared to have undergone morphological alteration. These observations suggest that the amebocytes function in phagocytosis and digestion of microorganisms.
Astronomy: an early stellar nursery.

Searching for distant objects in our Universe is equivalent to looking back in time, to the early origins of stars and galaxies. The most distant object known shows the earliest evidence of star formation.
Two dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis of aortic dissection.

Abstract The usefulness of two dimensional echocardiography in establishing the diagnosis of aortic dissection was evaluated. Forty-two patients were referred for study; 15 had a dissection and 27 did not. Two dimensional echocardiography detected the intimai flap in 12 of 15 patients with a dissection; the three false negative studies were in patients with a localized dissection. There was one false positive study in the 27 patients who did not have a dissection.
Relationship between fractures, fault zones, stress, and reservoir productivity in the Suban gas field, Sumatra, Indonesia

It is becoming widely recognized that a relationship exists between stress, stress heterogeneity, and the permeability of subsurface fractures and faults. We present an analysis of the South Sumatra Suban gas field, developed mainly in fractured carbonate and crystalline basement, where active deformation has partitioned the reservoir into distinct structural and stress domains. These domains have differing geomechanical and structural attributes that control the permeability architecture of the field. The field is a composite of Paleogene extensional elements that have been modified by Neogene contraction to produce basement-rooted forced folds and neoformed thrusts. Reservoir-scale faults were interpreted in detail along the western flank of the field and reveal a classic oblique-compressional geometry. Bulk reservoir performance is governed by the local stress architecture that acts on existing faults and their fracture damage zones to alter their permeability and, hence, their access to distributed gas. Reservoir potential is most enhanced in areas that have large numbers of fractures with high ratios of shear to normal stress. This occurs in areas of the field that are in a strike-slip stress style. Comparatively, reservoir potential is lower in areas of the field that are in a thrust-fault stress style where fewer fractures with high shear-to-normal stress ratios exist. Achieving the highest well productivity relies on tapping into critically stressed faults and their associated fracture damage zones. Two wellbores have been drilled based on this concept, and each shows a three- to seven-fold improvement in flow potential.
Pharmacologically Regulated Induction of Silent Mutations (PRISM): Combined Pharmacological and Genetic Approaches for Learning and Memory:

Mouse transgenic and knock-out approaches have made fundamental contributions to our understanding of the molecular and cellular bases of learning and memory. These approaches have successfully identified a large number of molecules with either a central or modulatory role in learning and memory. However, there are limitations associated with first-generation mutant mice, which include, for example, the lack of temporal control over the mutation. Recent technical developments have started to address some of these shortcomings. Here, the authors review a newly developed inducible approach that takes advantage of synergistic interactions between subthreshold genetic and pharmacological manipulations. This approach is easily set up and can be used to study the functional interactions between molecules in signaling pathways. NEUROSCIENTIST 9(2): 104–109, 2003.
Correlation Versus Interchangeability: The Limited Robustness of Empirical Findings on Democracy Using Highly Correlated Data Sets

This article shows that highly correlated measures can produce different results. We identify a democratization model from the literature and test it in more than 120 countries from 1951 to 1992. Then, we check whether the results are robust regarding measures of democracy, time periods, and levels of development. The findings show that measures do matter: Whereas some of the findings are robust, most of them are not. This explains, in part, why the debates on democracy have continued rather than been resolved. More important, it underscores the need for more careful use of measures and further testing to increase confidence in the findings. Scholars in comparative politics are drawn increasingly to large-N statistical analyses, often using data sets collected by others. As in any field, we show how they must be careful in choosing the most appropriate measures for their studies, without assuming that any correlated measure will do.
Choice reaction times for skilled responses

Abstract Two kinds of choice reaction time experiments are reported, both of which make use of a highly overlearned sensori-motor response. When a response is required for each stimulus presented, no increase in reaction time occurs as a function of the number of alternative stimuli available. It is proposed that the increase in choice reaction times commonly thought to accompany an increase in the number of alternative choices provided reflects the unpractised state of the responder. When a response is required for only one out of n possible stimuli, a slight but consistent increase in reaction time takes place with an increase in the number of alternatives. An analogy is drawn between the second experiment and a vigilance task and an expectancy hypothesis is invoked to explain the results.
Towards the UAL open source project

Unified Accelerator Libraries (UAL) software has been introduced as an open accelerator simulation environment providing support for many-to-many associations between diverse accelerator algorithms and diverse accelerator applications. Recently, UAL has been successfully applied to the development and study of the SNS Ring realistic beam dynamics model-including a complex combination of several physical effects and dynamic processes (such as injection painting, field errors, space charge effects, impedances, fringe fields, misalignments, etc.). The SNS and previous applications have confirmed the major UAL conceptual solutions and have encouraged us to transform this software into an Open Source project. The major efforts have been releasing documentation and consolidation of UAL modules based on the Accelerator Propagator Framework (APF). At this time, the documentation encompasses User Guide, API specification of C++ classes, Perl User interface, and a collection of feature-illustrating examples. Also APF has been implemented to enhance the UAL infrastructure by providing a uniform mechanism for development and integration of accelerator algorithms. The key part of this approach is the Accelerator Propagator Description Format (APDF) that provides physicists a mechanism for switching among simulation models within their applications.
The long term effects of early acquired skills and behaviors on young children’s achievement in literacy and mathematics

Using the recently available wave of a large nationally representative sample of American elementary school children (ECLS-K data), this study examined the relationship between 6-7 year old students’ behaviors exhibited in the 1st grade (approaches to learning, interpersonal skills, externalizing and internalizing behavior) and their reading and mathematics achievement at the end of the 5th grade (pupils aged 10 - 11 years), controlling for their achievement in the 1st grade. Findings include the single behavioral dimension that has a substantial association with later achievement is students’ approaches to learning. The analysis of the interaction effects showed that students from families of low socioeconomic status, girls (in case of math) and minority students were more likely to have higher test scores given their improved approaches to learning. Further, the results demonstrated that basic skills (math and reading in the 1st grade) are substantial predictors of the 5th-grade approaches to learning. ...
Bounds on the outage-constrained capacity region of space-division multiple-access radio systems

Space-division multiple-access (SDMA) systems that employ multiple antenna elements at the base station can provide much higher capacity than single-antenna-element systems. A fundamental question to be addressed concerns the ultimate capacity region of an SDMA system where in a number of mobile users, each constrained in power, try to communicate with the base station in a multipath fading environment. In this paper, we express the capacity limit as an outage region over the space of transmission rates R1, R2, ..., Rn from the n mobile users. Any particular set of rates contained within this region can be transmitted with an outage probability smaller than some specified value. We find outer and inner bounds on the outage capacity region for the two-user case and extend these to multiple-user cases when possible. These bounds provide yardsticks against which the performance of any system can be compared.
Impact of Aggregation on the Estimation of Outdoor Recreation Demand Functions

This research indicates that aggregating data tends to cause multicollinearity and difficulty in estimating the parameters of recreation demand functions. Gains in efficiency of estimation of several hundred percent could often be obtained by using individual observations, rather than the traditional zone averages, as illustrated with an empirical example.