cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meaning-Making in Emerging Adults’ Narratives About the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election

The study aimed to explore narratives of the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election to describe the ways emerging adults constructed the meaning of the self when narrating what the historical event meant....
“Reverberating Echoes: Contemporary Art Inspired by Traditional Islamic Art”

REPORT “Reverberating Echoes: Contemporary Art Inspired by Traditional Islamic Art” Graduate Theological Union Berkeley, California January 31–May 26, 2017 Carlo H. Sequin EECS, Computer Science Department University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA From January 31 through May 26, 2017, the Doug Adams Gallery, belonging to the Center for the Arts & Religion (CARe) at the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley, CA (Figure 1), hosted the exhibition “Reverberating Echoes: Contemporary Art Inspired by Traditional Islamic Art.” This exhibition was part of the broader mission of CARe to explore the relationship between the arts and religious traditions. It examines the influence of traditional Islamic visual culture on contemporary art practice. Figure 1: Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley, CA. [Photo: C. H. Sequin]. The curator of this show was Carol Bier, a historian of Islamic Art. She is a Visiting Scholar with the Center for Islamic Studies at the Graduate Theological Union; she is also a Research Associate with The Textile Museum in Washington, D.C., where she served as Curator for the Eastern Hemisphere Collections from 1984-2001. For this event, she put together an outstanding exhibition catalog with beautiful, full-page pictures of all the displayed art works [1]. This catalog is invaluable for acquiring a deeper understanding of the different art pieces and was a tremendous help in the preparation of this report. This impressive book has been dedicated to the memory of Reza Sarhangi (1952-2016), the founder of the annual Bridges conference, which explores the connections between mathematics and art, music, architecture, education, and many other cultural domains.
Mindsets of Body Weight

Obesity is currently the second leading cause of death in many industrialized nations, leading to various campaigns aimed at increasing awareness. Thus, the public is constantly bombarded with messages about the etiology of obesity and presented with strategies for prevention (e.g., the obesity is a disease decision by the American Medical Association in the United States versus the Change4Life campaign in the United Kingdom, which focuses on eating less and moving more). These weight management messages highlight the fundamental issue of whether people should believe that body weight is a fixed entity or malleable attribute. Such a lay belief is often termed an implicit theory or mindset. In the current chapter, we offer an overview of the empirical research regarding the consequences of these weight-based mindsets for a range of significant outcomes—from self-regulation, to fat stigma, to body shame. Overall, believing weight is changeable predicts more effective self-regulation and can also lead to reduced shame and stigma, if blame can be reduced. The discussion outlines implications of weight-based mindsets for interventions and highlights avenues for future inquiry.
White-nose syndrome fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, on bats captured emerging from caves during winter in the southeastern United States

Emerging infectious diseases in wildlife are an increasing threat to global biodiversity. White-nose syndrome (WNS) in bats is one of the most recently emerged infectious diseases in North America, causing massive declines in eastern bat populations. In the Northeast, winter behavior of bats during the hibernation period, such as flying during the day or in cold weather, has been attributed to WNS. However, winter emergence of bats in the southeastern United States, where winters are warmer, has received little attention. The goals of this study were to determine if winter emergence results from infection by Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative pathogen of WNS, and to investigate how pathogen load and prevalence vary by species, site, and over time. We collected epidermal swab samples from 871 active bats of 10 species captured outside of hibernacula in Tennessee during winters 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from P. destructans was not detected on 54% of these bats, suggesting that winter emergence occurs regardless of fungal infection. Among infected bats, Perimyotis subflavus (tri-colored bats) had the highest mean fungal load, whereas Myotis lucifugus (little brown bats) had the highest infection prevalence of all individuals captured. Less than 18% (n = 59 of 345 individuals sampled) of all M. grisescens (gray bats) captured had detectible P. destructans DNA on their forearms and muzzle. Hibernacula with large M. grisescens populations had lower fungal loads than sites used by other species; however, mean load per species did not significantly differ between M. grisescens and non-M. grisescens sites. We found that pathogen load and prevalence were higher on bats captured during winter 2012–2013 than in the following winter, indicating that fungal loads on bats did not increase the longer a site was presumably contaminated. Repeated low-dose exposure, mild temperatures, and availability of prey during winter in the Southeast may provide a regional refuge for surviving bat populations.
Sets, Relations, Monoids, Groups

The language of sets describes mathematical facts in a classical way. An alternative foundation to sets is the language of categories, see Appendix G.
Properdin: A multifaceted molecule involved in inflammation and diseases

Properdin, the widely known positive regulator of the alternative pathway (AP), has undergone significant investigation over the last decade to define its function in inflammation and disease, including its role in arthritis, asthma, and kidney and cardiovascular diseases. Properdin is a glycoprotein found in plasma that is mainly produced by leukocytes and can positively regulate AP activity by stabilizing C3 and C5 convertases and initiating the AP. Promotion of complement activity by properdin results in changes in the cellular microenvironment that contribute to innate and adaptive immune responses, including pro-inflammatory cytokine production, immune cell infiltration, antigen presenting cell maturation, and tissue damage. The use of properdin-deficient mouse models and neutralizing antibodies has contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms by which properdin contributes to promoting or preventing disease pathology. This review mainly focusses on the multifaceted roles of properdin in inflammation and diseases, and how understanding these roles is contributing to the development of new disease therapies.
Of Primates’ Bodies: Forms of Human-Other Primate Intercorporeality

As a foray into the material connections between humans and other primates, we use this chapter to argue that human bodies can be understood as the product of material interactions between species rather than bounded entities constituted by their differences. Exploring primate bodies as research tools, as food and kin, and as memory, we draw from Haraway, Bateson, and Latour to demonstrate how bodies are less defined by the boundaries of the skin and more so through their material and social interactions and the sharing of corporeal substances and experiences. Ultimately, we contend that at stake in a consideration of these material and bodily interactions is our very humanness as we humans realize that we have never been just human.
Ion Exchange for Nutrient Recovery Coupled with Biosolids-Derived Biochar Pretreatment to Remove Micropollutants

Abstract Wastewater, especially anaerobic treatment effluent, contains high ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) and inorganic orthophosphate (PO4-P), which necessitate additional treatment to meet stringent d...
Effect of Composition and Microstructure on the Mechanical Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

We report on recent studies characterizing the intrinsic mechanical integrity of perovskite compositions and fully explore the role of various cation combinations, additives, and microstructure on perovskite cohesion. Adding cations to the perovskite decreased mechanical integrity, largely due to smaller grain sizes and increased concentration of PbI 2 . Microindentation hardness testing was performed to estimate the fracture toughness of single-crystal perovskite, and the results indicated perovskites are inherently fragile, even in the absence of grain boundaries and defects. Introducing plastically deformable cations led to a modest improvement in cohesion, and the most robust architecture was observed by infusing perovskite into a porous TiO 2 /ZrO 2 /C layer that provided extrinsic reinforcement to mechanical and environmental stressors.
Defining Pediatric Failure to Thrive in the Developed World: Validation of a Semi-Objective Diagnosis Tool

There is no concordance between current diagnostic criteria for failure to thrive (FTT). We analyzed validity of the Semi-Objective Failure to Thrive (SOFTT) diagnosis tool, which uses a combination of subjective and objective components to make the diagnosis of FTT. The tool was used to diagnose FTT in 94 patients who met 1 of 7 accepted criteria for FTT. Concurrent and predictive validity were demonstrated using anthropometric z-scores and change in anthropometric z-scores, respectively. SOFTT results correlated with differences in anthropometric z-scores for length ( P = .011), weight, weight-for-length, body mass index, mid-upper arm circumference, and triceps skinfold thickness ( P < .0001) between those diagnosed as normal and those with FTT. At follow-up, children with FTT compared with children rated as normal had significantly higher change in weight ( P ≤ .001) and body mass index ( P = .026) z-scores. The SOFTT tool leads to the accurate diagnosis of FTT demonstrated by concurrent and predictive validity.
Detecting Outliers in Streaming Time Series Data from ARM Distributed Sensors

The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Data Center at ORNL collects data from a number of permanent and mobile facilities around the globe. The data is then ingested to create high level scientific products. High frequency streaming measurements from sensors and radar instruments at ARM sites require high degree of accuracy to enable rigorous study of atmospheric processes. Outliers in collected data are common due to instrument failure or extreme weather events. Thus, it is critical to identify and flag them. We employed multiple univariate, multivariate and time series techniques for outlier detection methods and studied their effectiveness. First, we examined Pearson correlation coefficient which is used to measure the pairwise correlations between variables. Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) was applied to detect outliers by removing the anticipated annual and seasonal cycles from the signal to accentuate anomalies. K-means was applied for multivariate examination of data from collection of sensors to identify any deviation from expected and known patterns and identify abnormal observation. The Pearson correlation coefficient, SSA and K-means methods were later combined together in a framework to detect outliers through a range of checks. We applied the developed method to data from meteorological sensors at ARM Southern Great Plains site and validated against existing database of known data quality issues.
Scalable atomistic simulations of quantum electron transport using empirical pseudopotentials

Abstract The simulation of charge transport in ultra-scaled electronic devices requires the knowledge of the atomic configuration and the associated potential. Such “atomistic” device simulation is most commonly handled using a tight-binding approach based on a basis-set of localized orbitals. Here, in contrast to this widely-used tight-binding approach, we formulate the problem using a highly accurate plane-wave representation of the atomic (pseudo)-potentials. We develop a new approach that separately deals with the intrinsic Hamiltonian, containing the potential due to the atomic configuration, and the extrinsic Hamiltonian, related to the external potential. We realize efficient performance by implementing a finite-element like partition-of-unity approach combining linear shape functions with Bloch-wave enhancement functions. We match the performance of previous tight-binding approaches, while retaining the benefits of a plane wave based model. We present the details of our model and its implementation in a full-fledged self-consistent ballistic quantum transport solver. We demonstrate our implementation by simulating the electronic transport and device characteristics of a graphene nanoribbon transistor containing more than 2000 atoms. We analyze the accuracy, numerical efficiency and scalability of our approach. We are able to speed up calculations by a factor of 100 compared to previous methods based on plane waves and envelope functions. Furthermore, our reduced basis-set results in a significant reduction of the required memory budget, which enables devices with thousands of atoms to be simulated on a personal computer.
Assessment of CT image reconstruction parameters on radiomic features in a lung cancer screening cohort: the PROSPR study

Background: Imaging biomarkers derived from quantitative computed tomography (QCT) enable to quantify lung diseases and to distinguish their phenotypes. However, variability in radiomic features can have an impact on their diagnosis and prognosis significance. We aim to assess the effect of CT image reconstruction parameters on radiomic features in the PROSPR lung cancer screening cohort (1); thereby identifying more robust imaging features across heterogeneous CT images. Methods: CT feature extraction analysis was performed using a lattice-based texture estimation for data (n = 330) collected from a single CT scanner (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany) with two different sets of image reconstruction kernels (medium (I30f), sharp (I50f)). A total of 26 features from three major statistical approaches, graylevel histogram, co-occurrence, and run-length, were computed. Features were calculated and averaged within a range of window sizes (W) from 4mm to 20mm. Furthermore, an unsupervised hierarchal clustering was applied to the features to identify distinct phenotypic patterns for the two kernels. The difference across phenotypes by age, sex, and Lung-Rads was assessed. Results: The results showed two distinct subtypes for two kernels across different window sizes. The heat map generated by radiomic features of the sharper kernel provided more distinct patterns compared to the medium kernel. The extracted features across the two kernels and their corresponding clusters were compared based on different clinical features. Conclusions: Our results suggest a set of radiomic features across different kernels can distinguish distinct phenotypes and can also help to assess the sensitivity of texture analysis to CT variabilities; helping for a better characterization of CT heterogeneity.
Family Involvement in ICU

Involvement of family members is imperative to collaborative, ethical and patient-centered care in the Intensive Care Unit. Family involvement is a broad term that encompasses participation in caregiving, decision making and rounds, being present for procedures including cardiopulmonary resuscitation, as well as improving patient safety. Family members can also be involved after their own loved one has left the ICU in influencing and developing ICU policies through participation in Patient Family Advisory Councils (PFACs). Research is ongoing into the best way to achieve collaboration and integrate with family members. The current evidence behind specific interventions is the subject of this chapter.
13 – Electric Potential

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses electric potential. Electric fields are vector fields that have both magnitude and direction at every point at which the field is defined. The electrical properties of space can also be described by electric potential, which is, in some respects, a simpler and more practical concept than the electric field. Electric potential is simpler than electric fields because electric potential is a scalar quantity and, therefore, has no direction associated with it. Electric potential is more practical than the electric field because differences in potential, at least on conductors, are more readily measured directly. Electric potentials and electric fields in a given region are related to each other, and either can be used to describe the electrostatic properties of space. The gravitational potential energy of an object at a point is meaningful only in terms of the difference in potential energy between that point and the potential energy specified at some reference point. Electric potential should have characteristics similar to those of gravitational potential energy for electric potential to be equally useful.
Soft Tissue Management in Orbital-Zygomaticomaxillary Surgery

All facial fractures involve some form of soft tissue injury. In any ZMC fracture with a facial laceration, careful examination of the facial nerve and the parotid duct is a must to rule out any potential injury to these structures. Primary repair is always recommended in all facial lacerations. Gentle handling of the soft tissue with the careful suspension of the facial ligaments will prevent the unsightly scars and the postoperative sagging of the face, respectively.
Decline in Sublethal Effects of Bt Corn on Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Linked to Increasing Levels of Resistance

As part of an ongoing longitudinal study in North and South Carolina, this study reports the recovery of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) pupae in field trials with genetically engineered corn, Zea mays L., hybrids that produce insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in 2017-2019. In total, 10,400 corn ears were collected, which led to 3,927 H. zea pupae (2,215 in South Carolina and 1,712 in North Carolina). Late-planted corn led to a 3.39-fold increase in recovery of pupae compared to early-planted corn. Bt corn expressing Cry1F + Cry1Ab and Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 had 1.67-fold and 2.51-fold fewer pupae than non-Bt near-isolines, respectively. Only six pupae were recovered from the hybrid expressing Cry1F + Cry1Ab + Vip3Aa20. Averaged across trials, Bt corn expressing either Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 or Cry1F + Cry1Ab significantly reduced pupal weight compared to non-Bt near-isolines in North and South Carolina. Combining our data with a previous study at the same locations (Bilbo et al. 2018), reduction in pupal weight between Bt and non-Bt near-isolines significantly declined from 2014 to 2019 for Cry1Ab + Cry1F in North and South Carolina. This decline in levels of a sublethal effect of Bt corn expressing Cry1Ab + Cry1F on H. zea at both locations is likely correlated with resistance development.
Photonic Rashba effect.

The intercalation of an antennae array with a geometric Pancharatnam–Berry phase into a defective two-dimensional photonic crystal slab enables a spin-dependent splitting of directional emission in momentum space, that is, a Rashba effect for photons.
Delighting Baby Boomers and Millennials: Factors that Matter Most

Are delight-producing factors different for baby boomers than for millennials? Does gender have an impact on this relationship? The authors utilize the critical incident technique to answer these questions. Results reveal an age-gender interaction indicating significant differences in drivers of delight for females only. Female baby boomers cite caring employees, expertise, and service failure recovery as key factors in creating delight. Female millennials place greater importance on friendly, attentive/helpful employees, and time issues. Significant differences did not exist between baby boomer and millennial males. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of understanding different customer segments when developing a customer delight strategy.
Nonlinear Moving Horizon State Estimation

MHE is an optimization based strategy for state estimation that explicitly allows for nonlinear models and inequality constraints. In this work we investigate strategies to guarantee the stability of moving horizon estimation (MHE). We begin our discussion by analyzing the stability of the abstract MHE problem. Sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability are established. Using forward dynamic programming to analyze MHE, we introduce the fundamental concept of arrival cost to bound the size of the estimation problem. The key result is if one can construct a global lower bound for the arrival cost, then asymptotic stability is guaranteed. In the second part of our discussion, we propose a strategy that circumvents the need for a global lower bound for the arrival cost. In particular, by including bounds to guarantee the existence of a decreasing nominal sequence, we circumvent the need for a global lower bound for the arrival cost. This result is significant, because, in general, we cannot calculate nor bound the arrival cost. Notable exceptions are linear systems, where the Kalman filter covariance generates a global lower bound for the arrival cost.
Flexible Business Models and Firms’ Financial Reporting Practices

In this study, we examine whether the flexibility in a firm’s business model (i.e., the way in which the firm manages and deploys its resources) is associated with its financial reporting practices. Recent survey evidence suggests that executives view firms’ business models as a key determinant of earnings quality. The premise underlying this study is that firms with relatively more flexible business models are more likely to achieve financial reporting objectives by taking advantage of their operational and financing flexibility rather than through accrual-based earnings management. We draw on prior research to identify attributes that are associated with flexible business models and develop a within industry, within year composite measure of the flexibility of a firm’s business model. After validating the measure, we use it to test our predictions. We find that firms with flexible business models are more likely to meet or beat analysts’ consensus forecasts, but are associated with lower discretionary accruals and a lower likelihood of financial restatements. In addition, we find that flexible business model firms are significantly more likely to use stock repurchases (but not discretionary accruals) to achieve important earning benchmarks. We contribute to the literature by highlighting that firms with flexible business models are able to exploit their operational and financing flexibility (in lieu of accrual manipulation) to meet financial reporting objectives.
In Defense of Multiple Learning Spaces

Paul Farber and Dini Metro-Roland’s work rehabilitates authority as an asymmetrical relationship “between speaker and audience that permits certain speakers to command not just the attention but the confidence, respect, and trust of their audience, or — an important proviso — to make audiences act as if this were so.” The authors are concerned with authority effects: the ways a speaker and audience interact in moments of both reverence and defiance that exist because of the perceived authority of the speaker and is integral to an ideal learning and teaching experience. Thus, they suggest that we turn our attention to the question: what is the proper theater for authority effects? In what spaces are the effects of authority experienced in such a way as to promote learning? They suggest that material classroom spaces foster the proper effects of authority and online classroom spaces do not. While I am not sure that I completely agree with Farber and Metro-Roland’s characterization of authority, due to the limits of space, I take issue with the idea that material spaces are, by their nature, conducive to positive effects of authority and online spaces, by their very nature, are not.
Type I collagen receptor (α2β1) signaling promotes prostate cancer invasion through RhoC GTPase

The most frequent site of metastasis in human prostate cancer (PCa) is the bone. Preferential adhesion of PCa cells to bone-specific factors may facilitate the selective metastasis of the skeleton. The most abundant protein within the skeleton is type I collagen. We previously demonstrated that PCa cells selected in vitro for collagen I binding (LNCaPcol) are highly motile and acquired the capacity to grow within the bone compared to nontumorigenic LNCaP parental cells. Treatment with α2β1-neutralizing antibodies selectively blocked collagen-stimulated migration, suggesting that integrin signaling mediates PCa migration. To elucidate the mechanism of collagen-stimulated migration, we evaluated integrin-associated signaling pathways in non-collagen-binding LNCaP parental cells and in collagen-binding isogenic C4-2B and LNCaPcol PCa cells. The expression and activity of RhoC guanosine triphosphatase was increased five- to eightfold in collagen-binding LNCaPcol and C4-2B cells, respectively, compared to parental LNCaP cells. RhoC activation was selectively blocked with antibodies to α2β1 where treatment with a small hairpin RNA specific for RhoC suppressed collagen-mediated invasion without altering the PCa cells' affinity for collagen I. We conclude that the ligation of α2β1 by collagen I activates RhoC guanosine triphosphatase, which mediates PCa invasion, and suggests a mechanism for the preferential metastasis of PCa cells within the bone.
Hydraulic Conductivity Of Loose Coarse Sand

*ISOPEMember. Received March 21, 1992: revised manuscript received by the editors June 10,1992. Submitted directly to the Journal on March 21,1992.
PATHOGENESIS OF COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS IN MONKEYS

Abstract Converse, J. L. (U. S. Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), E. P. Lowe, M. W. Castleberry, G. P. Blundell, and A. R. Besemer. Pathogenesis of Coccidioides immitis in monkeys. J. Bacteriol. 83:871–878. 1962.—Respiratory exposure to arthrospores from the submerged growth of Coccidioides immitis, strain Cash, in liquid medium resulted in similar pathogenesis in monkeys to that of strain Silveira arthrospores harvested from solid medium. Infectivity of 100% was noted with doses of 50 to 10,000 arthrospores. The disease was characterized by loss of appetite and weight, malaise, and extreme respiratory distress accompanied by coughing, with the immediate cause of death being acute coccidioidal pneumonia. The pathological picture was one of extensive, progressive, destructive pulmonary disease in the higher dose levels and few, small, self-contained, fibrous lesions, with little destruction of lung tissue, in the low doses. This was correlated in general with the findings of serial X rays and serological tests. The presence of the parasitic phase (spherule and endospore) of the organism was noted in large numbers within the pulmonary lesions and bronchial exudates and was substantiated by cultural methods. Occasionally, hyphal elements of the saprophytic growth phase were noted around the periphery of residual cavitated areas of the lungs.
Recovery of 2'-deoxycoformycin-inhibited adenosine deaminase of mouse erythrocytes and leukemia L1210 in vivo

The antibiotic 2′-deoxycoformycin, a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, has potential as a chemotherapeutic agent. Injection of 2′-deoxycoformycin i.v. (0.2 mg/kg) to mice bearing ascites L1210 leukemia cells completely inhibits adenosine deaminase in both erythrocytes and L1210 cells. The recovery of the enzymic activity is markedly different in the two tissues. The recovery is very slow in erythrocytes (13% in 48 hr), whereas 80% recovery occurs during the same time interval in L1210 cells. This marked difference in the recovery of the enzyme in different tissues may play a role in the pharmacological and chemotherapeutic behavior of this drug.
Visible Cities: Canton, Nagasaki, and Batavia and the Coming of the Americans – By Leonard Blussé

This brief book emerged from the Reischauer Lectures that the author delivered at Harvard in 2005–2006. Leonard Blusse peers through Canton, Batavia, and Nagasaki as three “windows of opportunity” ...
Natural killer T cells in multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes demyelination of neurons in the central nervous system. Traditional therapies for MS have involved anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs with significant side effects that often only provide short-term relief. A more desirable outcome of immunotherapy would be to protect against disease before its clinical manifestation or to halt disease after its initiation. One attractive approach to accomplish this goal would be to restore tolerance by targeting immunoregulatory cell networks. Although much of the work in this area has focused on CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, other studies have investigated natural killer T (NKT) cells, a subset of T cells that recognizes glycolipid antigens in the context of the CD1d glycoprotein. Studies with human MS patients have revealed alterations in the numbers and functions of NKT cells, which have been partially supported by studies with the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of MS. Additional studies have shown that activation of NKT cells with synthetic lipid antigens can, at least under certain experimental conditions, protect mice against the development of MS-like disease. Although mechanisms of this protection remain to be fully investigated, current evidence suggests that it involves interactions with other immunoregulatory cell types such as regulatory T cells and immunosuppressive myeloid cells. These studies have provided a strong foundation for the rational design of NKT-cell-based immunotherapies for MS that induce tolerance while sparing overall immune function. Nevertheless, additional pre-clinical and clinical studies will be required to bring this goal to fruition.
The enzymatic basis of processivity in λ exonuclease

Lambda exonuclease is a highly processive 5'-->3' exonuclease that degrades double-stranded (ds)DNA. The single-stranded DNA produced by lambda exonuclease is utilized by homologous pairing proteins to carry out homologous recombination. The extensive studies of lambda biology, lambda exonuclease enzymology and the availability of the X-ray crystallographic structure of lambda exonuclease make it a suitable model to dissect the mechanisms of processivity. lambda Exonuclease is a toroidal homotrimeric molecule and this quaternary structure is a recurring theme in proteins engaged in processive reactions in nucleic acid metabolism. We have identified residues in lambda exonuclease involved in recognizing the 5'-phosphate at the ends of broken dsDNA. The preference of lambda exonuclease for a phosphate moiety at 5' dsDNA ends has been established in previous studies; our results indicate that the low activity in the absence of the 5'-phosphate is due to the formation of inert enzyme-substrate complexes. By examining a lambda exonuclease mutant impaired in 5'-phosphate recognition, the significance of catalytic efficiency in modulating the processivity of lambda exonuclease has been elucidated. We propose a model in which processivity of lambda exonuclease is expressed as the net result of competition between pathways that either induce forward translocation or promote reverse translocation and dissociation.
The Institutional Dimension of Consumer Protection

One of the central functions of the state is protecting the integrity of contracts such that markets and private ordering may thrive. As the scale and scope of markets change, so too must the role of the state in providing assurances against multiple forms of market malfunction. As the breadth of commercial activity expands and as exchange takes on forms unadorned by actual human contact, protecting consumers against harm becomes an essential prerequisite to the healthy functioning of markets. Simply acknowledging the need to police markets and protect consumers is an important but limited first step. All reasonably developed societies do that in some fashion. What is of interest for us is how that is done and what forms of institutional arrangements follow from the array of choices that remain. In this chapter, we take up two topics: first, the typology of harm management itself. By dividing enforcement agents into "public" and "private," and the moments of enforcement into ex ante and ex post, it is possible to develop a typology. Our main focus, however, is not so much on identifying the forms that regulation might take, but on the institutional demands made by these different modes of regulation. It is here that the temporal dimension emerges as critical. Each of the regulatory options must have its own supporting institutions and its own societal infrastructure to make it work. The choice of how to regulate harm ought to be as sensitive to what the tool requires as it is to the shape of the harm itself. These choices are about institutional design and competence as much as alleviation of substantive harm. Our claim is not that a particular form of regulation is superior across all settings. Rather, it is that each regulatory strategy must ensure that the proper institutional actors are in place for its effective implementation.
Test And Evaluation Of Stability In IR Staring Focal Plane Arrays After Nonuniformity Correction

Nonuniformity correction is a necessary image processing step for achieving background limited performance in staring IR focal plane arrays. In developing successful correction techniques, drift in the array output must be considered in order to ensure that the correction coefficients remain valid over a reasonable length of time. We discuss two generic sources of drift, namely system drift and drift originating within the individual unit cells. The latter source of drift is synonymous with 1/f noise and can be shown to have a direct effect on the spatial noise of the array as a function of time. Examples of these phenomena in two current state-of-the-art MWIR staring arrays are given.
Industry Perceptions of University‐Industry Relationships Related to Agricultural Biotechnology Research*

Following a rise in university-industry relationships (UIRs), scholars began questioning the efficacy of those relationships, as well as whether industry and university research interests and integrity are being compromised. Although many of these studies focus on the university, few examine the perspectives of industry participants. We conducted intensive interviews with 63 managers and scientists at agricultural biotechnology companies involved in UIRs related to agricultural biotechnology. Our analysis of their comments reveals nuanced critical perspectives of UIRs and creative ideas for reforming policies and practices. Industry representatives listed many advantages of UIRs, but some also expressed an interest in reforming policies to preserve a public-interest emphasis for university research. We conclude by considering the structural relationships that may explain the industry representatives' critical evaluations and by identifying policy implications.
Hamilton decompositions of balanced complete multipartite graphs with primitive leaves

A graph G is said to be primitive if it contains no proper factors. In this paper, by using the amalgamation technique, we find sufficient conditions for the existence of a d-regular graph G on n vertices which: 1.has a Hamilton decomposition, and 2.has a complement in K"m^p that is primitive. These general results are then used to consider the bounds on m when p and d are fixed. The case p=6 for all m and d is considered in more detail.
Ventral somatosensory determinants of nursing behavior in Norway rats. I. Effects of variations in the quality and quantity of pup stimuli.

By varying the quality and quantity of tactile input that rat dams, between Days 2 and 14 postpartum, received from their pups, we found the following: a) After a 4-hr separation from their litter, mothers continuously display an array of activities, until the onset of nursing, in response to displaced pups and to pups gathered in the nest. b) While the dam hovers over the gathered pups, engaged in an activity such as pup-licking, the young gain access to the dam's ventrum and root for a nipple. c) Pups capable of effective rooting, nipple attachment, and suckling thereby stimulate the dam's immobility (i.e., inhibition of head and limb movements), assumption of the upright crouching posture, and milk ejections. d) Rat dams do not become immobile or crouch in response to pups that are inactive or that are active but incapable of rooting effectively or suckling. e) The likelihood and speed of assuming the quiescent nursing posture, as well as of having milk ejections subsequently, are directly related to the number of effective pups in the nest. We propose that the initiation, maintenance and termination of nursing behavior are related to the spatial and temporal summation of effective ventral somatosensory afferents.
Role of mast cell and neutrophil proteases in airway secretion.

To investigate the hypothesis that mast cell and neutrophil proteases stimulate airway gland secretion, we studied the effects of two mast cell proteases (tryptase and chymase) and two neutrophil enzymes (human neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G) on secretion of 35S-labeled macro-molecules from cultured bovine airway gland serous cells. Tryptase had no effect, but the other three enzymes stimulated secretion. Threshold concentrations of the enzymes (greater than or equal to 10(-10) M) were lower by two orders of magnitude than other agonists (e.g., histamine, prostaglandins, beta-adrenergic agonists). Only proteases induced maximal secretory response (greater than or equal to 80% depletion of 35S-labeled macromolecules), and these responses were greater than 10-fold larger than those of other agonists. The active catalytic sites of the enzymes are required for their secretory activities. These findings suggest a role for these enzymes in the pathogenesis of inflammatory airway diseases associated with hypersecretion, and they suggest that the use of selective site-directed inhibitors of these enzymes may provide a novel strategy for intervention in inflammatory diseases of the airways associated with hypersecretion (e.g., cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis).
Analysis of fine-mode aerosol retrieval capabilities by different passive remote sensing instrument designs

Remote sensing of aerosol optical properties is difficult, but multi-angle, multi-spectral, polarimetric instruments have the potential to retrieve sufficient information about aerosols that they can be used to improve global climate models. However, the complexity of these instruments means that it is difficult to intuitively understand the relationship between instrument design and retrieval success. We apply a Bayesian statistical technique that relates instrument characteristics to the information contained in an observation. Using realistic simulations of fine size mode dominated spherical aerosols, we investigate three instrument designs. Two of these represent instruments currently in orbit: the Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and the POLarization and Directionality of the Earths Reflectances (POLDER). The third is the Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor (APS), which failed to reach orbit during recent launch, but represents a viable design for future instruments. The results show fundamental differences between the three, and offer suggestions for future instrument design and the optimal retrieval strategy for current instruments. Generally, our results agree with previous validation efforts of POLDER and airborne prototypes of APS, but show that the MISR aerosol optical thickness uncertainty characterization is possibly underestimated.
Abnormal angiogenesis and responses to glucose and oxygen deprivation in mice lacking the protein ARNT

The arylhydrocarbon-receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) is a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix–PAS family of heterodimeric transcription factors which includes the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AHR), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and the Drosophila single-minded protein (Sim)1–4. ARNT forms heterodimeric complexes with the arylhydrocarbon receptor, HIF-1α, Sim and the PAS protein Per2,4–6. In response to environmental pollutants, AHR–ARNT heterodimers regulate genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics7–9, whereas ARNT–HIF-1α heterodimers probably regulate those involved in the response to oxygen deprivation10–13. By generating a targeted disruption of the Arnt locus in the mouse, we show here that Arnt–/– embryonic stem cells fail to activate genes that normally respond to low oxygen tension. Arnt–/– ES cells also failed to respond to a decrease in glucose concentration, indicating that ARNT is crucial in the response to hypoxia and to hypoglycaemia. Arnt–/– embryos were not viable past embryonic day 10.5 and showed defective angiogenesis of the yolk sac and branchial arches, stunted development and embryo wasting. The defect in blood vessel formation in Arnt–/– yolk sacs is similar to the angiogenic abnormalities reported for mice deficient in vascular endothelial growth factor14,15 or tissue factor16. On the basis of these findings, we propose a model in which increasing tissue mass during organogenesis leads to the formation of hypoxic/nutrient-deprived cells, the subsequent activation of ARNT, and a concomitant increase in the expression of genes (including that encoding vascular endothelial growth factor) that promote vascularization of the developing yolk sac and solid tissues.
The covering radius of doubled 2-designs in 20 k

Abstract The following problem originated from interconnection network considerations: what is the graphical covering radius of a doubled 2-design in the antipodal double cover of the odd graph 2Ok? In particular, when k is even, we take this design to be a Hadamard design. We obtain upper and lower bounds on this parameter for large values of k. The upper bound is obtained by generalizing the concept of q-covering in Johnson graphs to the graphs 2Ok. We use probabilistic arguments analogous to the Norse bounds of coding theory.
Leadership Style and Cognitive Complexity

Five samples, ranging from business executives to students, and two measures of cognitive complexity were used to replicate Mitchell's finding of a positive relationship between Fiedler's LPC and a...
Reputation and uncertainty Toward an explanation of quality problems in competitive LDC markets

Abstract This paper attempts to explain the puzzle of low and variable product qualities in seemingly competitive LDC markets. It shows that the cost of overcoming quality moral hazard through seller reputation rises with the rate of interest, the rate of seller turnover, the amplitude of idiosyncratic cost fluctuations, and the relative scarcity of exogenous entry costs. Since markets with a multiplicity of small producers are more likely to have these characteristics, they are more susceptible to suffering from quality problems. The model developed here in particular highlights the role of cost variations in impeding the function of reputation in markets with moral hazard and adverse selection. The derived conditions for the persistence of quality problems contribute to the explanation of quality differences between similar markets in developed and less developed countries.
Grandparents Raising Their Grandchildren

Grandparents who raise their grandchildren have become more prevalent as an alternate family form that is, by its very nature, intergenerational in character. This paper explores the state of our knowledge about such grandparents in light of the following themes: (1) the diversity among grandparent caregivers, (2) the importance of social support for such persons and the impact of raising a grandchild on relationships with others, (3) theoretical perspectives on grandparents raising their grandchildren, (4) the salience of issues related to parenting among grandparent caregivers, and (5) interventions with custodial grandparents. The implications of these issues for current and future cohorts of grandparent caregivers are discussed, as are directions that future work with such grandparents might take in light of these issues.
On the origin of superplastic flow at very low stresses

Abstract An important characteristic of the deformation behavior of micrograin superplastic alloys is the experimental observation that the relationship between stress and steady-state creep rate is often sigmoidal. Under creep conditions, such a sigmoidal behavior is characterized by the presence of three regions: region I (the low-stress region), region II (the intermediate-stress region or the superplastic region), and region III (the high-stress region). Experimental results and theoretical consideration have suggested that regions II and I are controlled by the same deformation process, in which the sliding of groups of grains is accommodated by dislocation motion in the blocking grains, and that region I arises from the presence of a threshold stress. The origin of this threshold stress is discussed in terms of impurity segregation either at boundaries or at dispersion particles in the interiors of the blocking grains.
The Attempt to Form a Jewish Bloc: Jewish Notables and Politics in Wilhelmian Germany

One of the ironical facts in the history of the Jews in Germany is that it was not until after Hitler came to power that they united and formed for the first time a central organization to represent their interests in politics. Before 1933 German Jews made several attempts to create a separate political platform or pressure group. The first venture had perhaps the best prospects of success. It started around 1900, a time when the ideological divisions that later polarized the German Jews into liberal, Orthodox, and Zionist camps were not yet strongly felt, and when cooperation between liberal and Zionist leaders was possible. Despite what appeared to be an opportune moment, all efforts came to naught. Historians can argue at length over whether or not German Jews committed a grave error in failing to form an independent political front, and whether or not it was possible in Germany for Jews to follow the example of Russian Jews and form an autonomous party. A more fruitful discussion will begin only when historians consider why Jewish leaders, who had stood within the existing party framework since 1848, decided in the late 1890's to organize independently of the liberals to whom they felt indebted for emancipation, and why they never achieved their goal. This essay attempts to answer these questions and to shed light on the political behavior of Jewish notables in Wilhelmian Germany.
Application of high rate magnetron sputtering to the fabrication of A-15 compounds

High quality Nb 3 Sn films have been fabricated using a recently developed magnetron sputtering process capable of deposition rates approaching 1 μm/min. at sputtering voltages less than 500 V and power levels of about 5 KW. Low sputtering voltages allow more complete thermalization at lower pressures of the material condensing on the substrate which can improve long range order. Transition temperatures of up to 18.3 ° K, J c (O)'s of 15 × 106A/cm2and Hc 2 as high as 240 kOe have been achieved in 1-3 μm films deposited from a Nb 3 Sn reacted powder target with substrate temperatures between 600 and 800°C. The films exhibit smooth surfaces and, generally, a preferred orientation. The growth of the film is columnar in nature. The sputtering parameters, substrate material and temperature will be related to film structure, T c and J c (H,T) and the Nb/Sn ratio as determined by Rutherford backscattering.