cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translational Control of a Transcriptional Activator in the Regulation of Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Yeast

In the enteric bacteria, expression of many amino acid biosynthetic operons is adjusted to the availability of their amino acid end-products by a feedback regulatory mechanism that monitors the amount of the corresponding aminoacylated transfer RNAs (tRNAs) present in the cell. This feedback occurs by coupling transcription of each operon to efficient translation of a leader-encoded peptide rich in codons for the amino acid end-product. When the aminoacyl-tRNA concentration falls, ribosomes stall during translation of the leader peptide at codons for the limiting amino acid. This leads to a change in the messenger RNA (mRNA) secondary structure that suppresses a transcription termination signal, thus resulting in increased synthesis of full-length operon mRNA (reviewed in Kolter and Yanofsky1).
Falling Flat: Failed Investments and Technological Evolution

This study theorizes about the behavioral and knowledge creation implications of betting on the losing technology in a competing technology situation and focuses on three main outcomes. First, in a situation with competing technological options, firms that invest initially in the losing technology will be less successful subsequently in building new knowledge in the winning technology because their experience with failure will lead them to update their expectations of the industry and choose to pursue less risky alternatives. Second, two classic risk-reducing strategies – investing in both technologies or entering after uncertainty is resolved – will not be completely effective. Firms investing in both technologies are likely to suffer the incentive and coordination-driven innovation penalties of generalists, while late entrants will suffer learning disadvantages. Third, the possession of key and relevant complementary assets – upstream and downstream – will positively moderate the observed inertial effect on firms that backed the failed technology and generalists that backed both technologies, as these complementary assets will increase incentives to adapt to the winning technology. I find empirical support for my hypotheses using a novel data set on the evolution of the global flat panel display industry from 1964 to 2003 to investigate the technological competition between plasma and liquid crystal displays. Results show that firms initially pursuing plasma generated less subsequent knowledge in liquid crystal displays, and that firms betting on both technologies were also slow to build knowledge in liquid crystal displays. Meanwhile, firms with upstream and downstream complementary assets were able to moderate, but not overcome, this barrier to knowledge creation. The findings have implications for our study of technological evolution and adaption, for learning from failure and reinforcement learning, and for the relationship between resource partitioning and adaptation.
Coronary revascularization for patients with diabetes: updated data favor coronary artery bypass grafting

Diabetes mellitus, by virtue of myriad processes, including its effects reducing vascular nitric oxide and prostacyclin production and increasing endothelin, angiotensin II, tissue factor activity, and platelet activity ([1,2][1]), wreaks havoc on coronary and other arteries, leading to diffuse and
INTENSE SWEETNESS OF NATURAL ORIGIN

Many people around the world use intensely sweet materials of natural origin. Plant parts containing intensely sweet principles are used for sweetening foods or they are used for medicinal purposes as a part of some societies' daily lives. In one culture, an intensely sweet leaf is used as a part of a special ceremony. Intense sweetness of natural origin is tasted in these cultures today as it has been done throughout the ages (25).
Wigner Function RTD Simulations with DMS Barriers

We present spin dependent Wigner function simulations of barrier devices containing dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) regions. Two situations are considered: the DMS layer transforms a single barrier structure into an effective two-barrier structure with NDC, and second the emitter and collector barriers both contain DMS layers. Transient behavior is also addressed.
Intestinal lengthening via multiple in-continuity springs.

Abstract Background Short bowel syndrome is a debilitating condition with few effective treatments. Spring-mediated distraction enterogenesis can be used to lengthen intestine. The purpose of this study is to determine whether multiple springs in series can safely increase the total amount of lengthening. Methods Juvenile mini-Yucatan pigs each received three nitinol springs placed within their jejunum. Plication was used to narrow the intestine around each spring to secure them. Compressed springs were used in the experimental group, while uncompressed springs were used in the control group. The intestine was examined 3 weeks later for lengthening and histologic changes. Results All pigs tolerated diets postoperatively with continued weight gain, and no dilation or obstruction of the intestine was observed. Segments of intestine that contained compressed springs had a significant increase in length from 2.5 cm to 3.9 ± 0.2 cm per spring, compared to segments containing control springs that showed no change (p Conclusions Intestinal plication can be safely used to secure multiple springs in series to achieve intestinal lengthening without compromising intestinal function. Using several springs at once allows for a greater amount of total lengthening. This is a promising model that has potential in the treatment of short bowel syndrome.
Early Noninvasive Detection of Response to Targeted Therapy in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

With the advent of precision oncology, there is an urgent need to develop improved methods for rapidly detecting responses to targeted therapies. Here, we have developed an ultrasensitive measure of cell-free tumor load using targeted and whole-genome sequencing approaches to assess responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with advanced lung cancer. Analyses of 28 patients treated with anti-EGFR or HER2 therapies revealed a bimodal distribution of cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) after therapy initiation, with molecular responders having nearly complete elimination of ctDNA (>98%). Molecular nonresponders displayed limited changes in ctDNA levels posttreatment and experienced significantly shorter progression-free survival (median 1.6 vs. 13.7 months, P < 0.0001; HR = 66.6; 95% confidence interval, 13.0-341.7), which was detected on average 4 weeks earlier than CT imaging. ctDNA analyses of patients with radiographic stable or nonmeasurable disease improved prediction of clinical outcome compared with CT imaging. These analyses provide a rapid approach for evaluating therapeutic response to targeted therapies and have important implications for the management of patients with cancer and the development of new therapeutics.Significance: Cell-free tumor load provides a novel approach for evaluating longitudinal changes in ctDNA during systemic treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and serves an unmet clinical need for real-time, noninvasive detection of tumor response to targeted therapies before radiographic assessment.See related commentary by Zou and Meyerson, p. 1038.
Predictors of Postoperative Complications After Surgery for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis and Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis.

Introduction The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of 30-day postoperative complications for surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis with degenerative spondylolisthesis (LSSDS) in patients undergoing decompression and fusion or decompression alone. Methods A retrospective review of 253 unique patients undergoing surgical intervention for LSSDS in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was conducted. Results The overall 30-day postoperative complication rate for the population was 16.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.0% to 21.0%). Transfusions (8.9%), readmissions (5.9%), and unplanned returns to the OR (3.6%) were the most frequently observed complications across the population. ASA score and surgical time were found to be significant predictors of 30-day complications (ASA score: OR = 1.971; 95% CI, 1.077 to 3.609; P = 0.028; surgical time: OR = 1.006; 95% CI, 1.003 to 1.010; P < 0.001). Holding all other variables constant, multilevel cases, the inclusion of a fusion procedure, and body mass index were not found to be significant predictors of 30-day complications (P = 0.917, P = 0.464, and P = 0.572, respectively). Discussion and Conclusions ASA score and OR time are leading indicators of complications, specifically for the LSSDS patient population. These are two easily attainable data points that are available for all surgical cases and could be used a clinical red flag for potential complications.
Beiträge zur sensori-tonischen Feldtheorie der Wahrnehmung

30 weibliche und 30 mannliche Versuchspersonen gaben im Dunkelraum bzw. mit geschlossenen Augen bei seitlicher Korperneigung bis in die Horizontale an, in welcher Position ihnen eine Leuchtlinie und ein Metallstab senkrecht erschienen. In nichtlinearer Abhangigkeit vom Grad der Korperneigung zeigten sich dabei Abweichungen der scheinbaren von der objektiven Vertikalen. Die Tendenz dieser Abweichung war fur den visuellen wie fur den taktilen Wahrnehmungsbereich gleich, bei geringer Korperneigung entgegen, bei groser Korperneigung in die Richtung der Neigung, wobei letztere Tendenz starker fur die visuelle Vertikale ausgepragt war. Die Ergebnisse wurden auf dem Boden der sensoritonischen Wahrnehmungstheorie interpretiert, nach der sich die Veranderungen in der Lage der scheinbaren Vertikalen nach dem Prinzip der sensori-tonischen Induktion auf Tonusveranderungen des Organismus durch die Scitwartsneigung zuruckfuhren lassen. Zur Erklarung der nichtlinearen Beziehung zwischen Korperneigung und Abweichung der scheinbaren Vertikalen wurde ein dynamisches Kraftespiel zwischen einer Tendenz zur Reizzuwendung und einer im Dienst der Konstanterhaltung der Wahrnehmungswelt dieser entgegenwirkenden Reaktion angenommen. Das Ergebnis dieses Kraftespiels lies sich interpretieren, wenn man die Bedeutung einer Konstanterhaltung der Raumdimensionen in aufrechter gegenuber liegender Korperstellung fur den visuellen Fernraum gegenuber dem taktilen Nahraum berucksichtigt.
Device-Free Activity Recognition Using Ultra-Wideband Radios

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) is a fundamental building block for the current trend of smart devices in Internet of Things (IoT). Ultra-Wideband RF technology has been used in localization research while Wi-Fi Channel State Information (CSI) has been widely investigated for non-obtrusive activity recognition in the literature. This paper investigates the feasibility of using UWB technology for Human Activity Recognition (HAR). The key idea is to use machine learning classification algorithms most suited to train models to classify different activities using the Channel Impulse Response (CIR) data of the UWB signals. Our experiments show that by using CIR data as features we can classify simple activities such as standing, sitting, lying with an accuracy of 95%. To compare this performance, we have also trained statistical models using Wi-Fi CSI. We found that, for all models UWB CIR significantly outperformed Wi-Fi CSI. Thus, we believe UWB to be a very effective technology in the context of device-free activity recognition.
The mass transfer coefficient for oxygen transport from blood to tissue in cerebral cortex.

The functioning of cerebral cortex depends on adequate tissue oxygenation. MRI-based techniques allow estimation of blood oxygen levels, tissue perfusion, and oxygen consumption rate (CMRO2), but d...
Community-based standards and community cultural wealth in freedom schools

This project contributes to the understanding and support of the social and academic development of racialised, minoritized students using criteria grounded in community goals and standards for the...
RTP: a transport layer implementation project

This paper describes a project for use in computer networks courses, implementation of the Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP), that gives students hands-on experience with network protocol concepts and construction. Lecture topics such as the protocol layering model, sliding window protocols, packet formats and headers, techniques for establishing and closing connections, and UDP sockets programming are all driven home via first-hand experience. Students gain general programming and debugging experience on a realistic, event-driven, asynchronous application as well, and necessarily exercise their knowledge of algorithms and data structures.
Experimental Assessment of Wind Loads on Roof-to-Wall Connections for Residential Buildings

Wind hazards are one of the most disastrous events that frequently occur in the United States. Hurricane Irma, which hit the southeast coast in 2017, left a majority of damage concentrated on low-rise buildings and wooden construction in its wake. As revealed by recent hurricane damage reconnaissance, hardware-type roof-to-wall connections are especially vulnerable to high wind suction. There is only limited research on the assessment of wind loads on these roof-to-wall connections, which are important components of the wind load path. Hence, it is essential to have realistic estimates of wind effects on these connections to ensure a safe design. To fill this fundamental knowledge gap, an extensive large-scale aerodynamic testing study has been recently conducted at the NSF-Natural Hazard Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) Wall of Wind (WOW) Experimental Facility (EF) to investigate wind actions resulting from simulated hurricane force winds. A wooden gable roof building of a large length scale of 1:4 was adopted for this study. Seven trusses were used to construct the roof and were connected to the top plate of the side walls. Load cells were mounted at the roof-to-wall connection (RTWC) level to measure the effective net wind-induced forces. The model was tested under different wind directions varying from 0° to 360° with an increment of 5° under varying wind speeds. In addition, three different configurations, i.e., one enclosed and two partially enclosed, were considered to assess different internal pressure scenarios that affect the net load-ing on the roof-to-wall connections and the overall roof system. The RTWC force coefficients distribution along the entire roof was obtained. The results were compared to force coefficients recommended by ASCE 7-16 version for the cases of Main Wind-Force Resisting System (MWFRS) and Component and Cladding (C&C). The experimental results were in between MWFRS and C&C values based on the ASCE provisions in general. However, for partially enclosed case, some values slightly exceeded those based on the ASCE C&C provisions. Also, the overall uplift on the roof was found to be dependent on the location of the opening (i.e., opening on long side versus short side of the building).
Ethnic diversity in central government cabinets

Why is there so much variation in the ethnic composition of cabinets? Previous work has focused on cabinet policy alignment, largely overlooking the role of identity-based characteristics like ethn...
A phase II study to evaluate the need for > two doses of nivolumab + ipilimumab combination (combo) immunotherapy.

10003Background: Standard of care nivolumab (nivo) + ipilimumab (ipi) combo immunotherapy is given for 4 doses in patients (pts) with unresectable stage III/IV melanoma. Whether 4 doses are needed ...
Maladaptive regeneration - the reawakening of developmental pathways in NASH and fibrosis.

With the rapid expansion of the obesity epidemic, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is now the most common chronic liver disease, with almost 25% global prevalence. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ranges in severity from simple steatosis, a benign ‘pre-disease’ state, to the liver injury and inflammation that characterize nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which in turn predisposes individuals to liver fibrosis. Fibrosis is the major determinant of clinical outcomes in patients with NASH and is associated with increased risks of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NASH has no approved therapies, and liver fibrosis shows poor response to existing pharmacotherapy, in part due to an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. Patient and mouse data have shown that NASH is associated with the activation of developmental pathways: Notch, Hedgehog and Hippo–YAP–TAZ. Although these evolutionarily conserved fundamental signals are known to determine liver morphogenesis during development, new data have shown a coordinated and causal role for these pathways in the liver injury response, which becomes maladaptive during obesity-associated chronic liver disease. In this Review, we discuss the aetiology of this reactivation of developmental pathways and review the cell-autonomous and cell-non-autonomous mechanisms by which developmental pathways influence disease progression. Finally, we discuss the potential prognostic and therapeutic implications of these data for NASH and liver fibrosis. Emerging data have revealed that nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis are associated with the reactivation of developmental pathways in the liver injury response. This Review describes the role of these pathways in liver development and in the pathogenesis of NASH and fibrosis.
Literature review: Substance use screening and co-morbidity in medically hospitalized youth

Abstract Objectives Pediatric and young adult patients frequently present to medical inpatient (MIP) units for treatment of substance use disorder (SUD). Given the risk of lifelong dependence and related complications in early life substance use (SU), a review of the literature is warranted. Methods We conducted a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) systematic review of literature published through April, 62,020, which examined incidence, screening, and complications of pediatric and young adult SU in the MIP setting. Results 8843 articles were screened, and 28 articles were included for final qualitative synthesis. The overall prevalence of SU-related discharge diagnoses ranged from 1.3% to 5% for patients aged 0 to 26 years. When compared to adult patients, nearly double the rate of co-morbid psychopathology was observed. Three studies utilized systematic screening tools, with the remainder relying on biologic screens and admission or discharge diagnoses. Conclusions The results of our review indicate that current screening practices for SU in the MIP clinical setting are subpar and likely result in an underestimation of incidence and morbidity due to limited use of systematic screening tools. Despite this, incidence of SU hospitalizations and related medical and psychiatric complications continue to rise.
Unsettling Start-Up Ecosystems: Geographies, Mobilities, and Transnational Literacies in the Palestinian Start-Up Ecosystem:

Scholars within the field of technical and professional communication (TPC) have called for situating the field in wider social, cultural, political, and global contexts. Despite a growing body of ...
Exchange Rate Regimes and Banking Crises: The Channels of Influence Investigated

We investigate the effects of alternative exchange rate regimes on the probability of banking crises using a new set of classifications from the IMF that allows us to distinguish between hard and soft pegs. We find that this distinction is quite important and helps explain some of the contradictory results of previous studies. We go beyond analysis of the total effects on crises and investigate some of the major mechanisms through which exchange rate regimes can affect a country’s susceptibility to banking crises. These are domestic credit growth, net foreign borrowing, and currency crises: we find stronger linkages for the last two channels than the first. We find evidence that the unstable middle hypothesis applies with respect to banking crises as well as currency crises.
Release mechanisms of major DAMPs

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous molecules which foment inflammation and are associated with disorders in sepsis and cancer. Thus, therapeutically targeting DAMPs has potential to provide novel and effective treatments. When establishing anti-DAMP strategies, it is important not only to focus on the DAMPs as inflammatory mediators but also to take into account the underlying mechanisms of their release from cells and tissues. DAMPs can be released passively by membrane rupture due to necrosis/necroptosis, although the mechanisms of release appear to differ between the DAMPs. Other types of cell death, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and NETosis, can also contribute to DAMP release. In addition, some DAMPs can be exported actively from live cells by exocytosis of secretory lysosomes or exosomes, ectosomes, and activation of cell membrane channel pores. Here we review the shared and DAMP-specific mechanisms reported in the literature for high mobility group box 1, ATP, extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein, histones, heat shock proteins, extracellular RNAs and cell-free DNA.
Relative Strengths of a Pnicogen and a Tetrel Bond and Their Mutual Effects upon One Another

The ability of the T and Z atoms of TR3ZR2 to engage in a noncovalent interaction with NH3 is assessed by DFT calculations, where the T atom refers to C, Si, and Ge; Z = As, Sb, and P; and substituents R = H and F. In most instances, the tetrel bond (TB) is both stronger and shorter than the pnicogen bond (ZB). These two bond strengths can be equalized, or preference shifted to the ZB, if F substituents are placed on the Z and H on the T atoms. Employing C as the T atom results in a very weak TB, with the ZB clearly favored energetically. The simultaneous formation of both TB and ZB weakens both, particularly the latter, but both bonds survive intact. Geometric and spectroscopic perturbations of the subunits reflect the two types of noncovalent bonds.
Where to focus? Insights from safety personnel and external safety consultants on lessons learned about safety climate interventions - A qualitative approach.

Abstract Introduction: Safety climate is important for promoting workplace safety and health. However, there is a dearth of empirical research on the effective ways of planning, designing, and implementing safety climate interventions, especially regarding what is going to be changed and improved. To address this gap, the present study sought to extract a comprehensive pool of compiled suggestions for safety climate intervention based on qualitative interviews with professionals in occupational safety and health management from potentially hazardous industries. Method: A series of systematic semi-structured interviews, guided by a comprehensive sociotechnical systems framework, were conducted with company safety personnel (n = 26) and external safety consultants (n = 15) of 21 companies from various industries. The taxonomy of five work system components of the sociotechnical systems approach served as overarching themes, representing different areas of improvement in an organization for occupational safety and health promotion, with an aim of enhancing safety climate. Results: Of the 36 codes identified, seven codes were based on the theme of external environment work system, four were based on the theme of internal environment work system, five were based on the theme of organizational and managerial structure work system, 14 codes were based on the theme of personnel subsystem, and six were based on the theme of technical subsystem. Conclusions: Safety climate intervention strategies might be most commonly based upon the principles of human resource management (i.e., codes based on the personnel subsystem theme and organizational and managerial structure work system theme). Meanwhile, numerous attributes of external/internal environment work system and technical subsystem can be jointly improved to bolster safety climate in a holistic way. Practical Applications: More systematic and organized management of safety climate would be available when various interrelated codes pertinent to a given context are carefully considered for a safety climate intervention.
Return to Performance After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Major League Baseball Pitchers: A Case-Control Assessment of Advanced Analytics, Velocity, Spin Rates, and Pitch Movement:

Background:There are limited data on the performance or pitching metrics of Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers who returned to play after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR).Purpose:T...
Cloning of normal and transformed cells on plastic films.

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on cloning of normal and transformed cells on plastic films. The method of clonal isolation is improved by growing cells on a substrate of plastic film rather than the glass or rigid plastic of a tissue culture vessel. The cell or clone to be isolated is removed from the vessel by cutting out a section of the plastic film and transferring the cut piece to a new, small vessel. The cut piece is washed in saline solution to remove any contaminating cells which attach after the culture is disturbed by removal of it or sister cultures from the incubator shelf. Careful use of the scalpel blade allows highly selective isolation of clones or even portions of clones. If it is desired to isolate single cells, this procedure increases the efficiency of isolation, as any part of the total substrate area can be removed. The plastic film technique allows cells to attach to the substrate and to maintain this attachment uninterrupted by the intrusion of trypsin or other harsh treatment. The chapter discusses the preparation, growth, improvements, and application of cloning on plastic films.
Mechanical Design of Electronic Circuit Packages for Missile Environments

This paper is a report of an integrated design and manufacturing technique called modular weldment, developed from an attempt to find common denominators in the area of module design. Modular weldment is found to be directly applicable to aircraft, ground, and test equipment, without cost penalty, and sometimes even cost reduction.
Neighboring-group participation in carbohydrate chemistry

The reaction of 6-O-benzoyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-3,5-di-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-α-D-glucofuranose with potassium acetate in N,N-dimethylformamide proceeds both by direct displacement to yield the corresponding 5-O-acetyl derivative 3, and by neighboring-group participation of the benzoyl group to yield the 6-O-acetyl-5-O-benzoyl product 4. Under the reaction conditions employed, both 3 and 4 react further by elimination of the 3-O-p-tolylsulfonyloxy group and the formation of the corresponding olefinic sugars, 5-O-acetyl-6-O-benzoyl-3-deoxy-1-2-O-isopropylidene-β-L-threo-hex-3-enofuranose (5) and 6-O-acetyl-5-O-benzoyl-3-deoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-β-L-threo-hex-3-enofuranose (6). An additional reaction resulted in the production of 6-O-benzoyl-3-deoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-β-L-threo-hex-3-enofuranose (7). The structures of 5, 6, and 7 were confirmed by independent synthesis of 3 and 4 by unequivocal routes, 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-3-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-β-L-idofuranose 13, was selectively benzoylated to yield the 6-benzoyl derivative 14, which was converted into3. Tritylation and subsequent acetylation of 13 gave the 5-O-acetyl derivative 16, which was detritylated into 6-O-acetyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-β-L-idofuranose (18), as a result of acyl migration; benzoylation of18 yielded4. In addition, 18 was prepared by the treatment of 5,6-anhydro-1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-β-L-idofuranose with potassium acetate in N,N-dimethylformamide.
THE EFFECT OF THE SEC'S ORDER-HANDLING RULES ON NASDAQ

We study the effect of the implementation of new Securities and Exchange Commission order-handling rules—the Limit Order Display Rule, the Quote Rule, and the Actual Size Rule—on NASDAQ's quoting and trading behavior. We find that the number of reported quotes increases and the bid-ask spread decreases following the implementation of the new rules. The decreased quoted depth associated with placement of individual investors' limit orders—the Limit Order Display Rule—outweighs the increased quoted depth associated with displaying institutional quotes—the Quote Rule. Further, the number of trade executions increases while the average trade size decreases. The volatility of trade-to-trade and midpoint returns decreases for the initial group of stocks subject to the rules, but not for the two subsequent groups.
A possible origin of the high-velocity neutral hydrogen gases

Using the modified characteristic method, we calculate the consequences when high-momentum extra-galactic clouds collide with galactic gases. We include both variable density and radiation loss hydrodynamically. Our results show that most of the high-velocity neutral hydrogen gases may result from recombination after the galactic post-shock gas radiates its surplus energy.
Could a future "Grand Solar Minimum" like the Maunder Minimum stop global warming?

[1] A future Maunder Minimum type grand solar minimum, with total solar irradiance reduced by 0.25% over a 50 year period from 2020 to 2070, is imposed in a future climate change scenario experiment (RCP4.5) using, for the first time, a global coupled climate model that includes ozone chemistry and resolved stratospheric dynamics (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model). This model has been shown to simulate two amplifying mechanisms that produce regional signals of decadal climate variability comparable to observations, and thus is considered a credible tool to simulate the Sun's effects on Earth's climate. After the initial decrease of solar radiation in 2020, globally averaged surface air temperature cools relative to the reference simulation by up to several tenths of a degree Centigrade. By the end of the grand solar minimum in 2070, the warming nearly catches up to the reference simulation. Thus, a future grand solar minimum could slow down but not stop global warming.
Activity scheduling as a core component of effective care management for late‐life depression

Objective Activity scheduling is an established component of evidenced-based treatment for late-life depression in primary care. We examined participant records from the Improving Mood-Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment (IMPACT) trial to identify activity scheduling strategies used in the context of successful depression care management (CM), associations of activity scheduling with self-reported activity engagement, and depression outcomes.
Evaluation of Bioelectrical Impedance for Estimation of Body Composition in 8-Week-Old Broilers

Abstract Bioelectrical measurements (resistance and reactance) were obtained from 35 male and 45 female 8-wk-old broilers using a tetrapolar technique. Body weight, dorsal body length (BL), thigh diameter (TD), and proximate analysis (percentage fat, protein, and moisture) were also ascertained. Twenty birds of each sex were randomly assigned to a calibration group and the remaining birds to a prediction group. Data for birds in the calibration group were used to generate regression equations for estimating whole body composition. Data from birds in the prediction group were collected for possible validation of the calibration equations. Repeatability values for resistance (Re), reactance (Xc), and composition variables were equal to or greater than .78. Coefficients of determination (R2) among percentage body moisture, fat, and protein and body and bioelectrical measurements in males were .41, .36, and .24 (P
Best fit to the gluino mass from quarkonia decays.

Assuming that perturbative QCD is the dominant explanation for the narrowness of the vector quarkonia, we perform a [chi][sup 2] minimization analysis of their hadronic decays as a function of two parameters: the mass of the gluino and the value of [alpha][sub 3]([ital M][sub [ital Z]]). A value below 1 GeV for the gluino mass is strongly preferred. Consequences for supersymmetry-breaking scenarios are discussed.
Observed shifts in land surface conditions during the North American Monsoon: Implications for a vegetation–rainfall feedback mechanism

Abstract The North American Monsoon (NAM) is characterized by seasonal precipitation pulses which produce a considerable impact on land surface conditions. Changes in land surface processes have received less attention among the factors that concurrently influence the NAM. In this study, we utilize remotely-sensed and ground-based measurements to infer land surface changes that can influence the NAM through a vegetation–rainfall feedback mechanism. Our study is focused over the period 2004–2007 in northwest Mexico. Results from the analysis of remote sensing data indicate that the ground observations at an eddy covariance tower are representative of the land surface dynamics in subtropical scrublands. The extensive subtropical scrubland region exhibits a high seasonality in vegetation greenness, albedo and land surface temperature. Given the site representativeness, an analysis of land–atmosphere observations prior to and during the NAM is used to infer the necessary conditions for a vegetation–rainfall feedback mechanism in subtropical scrublands. We find that precipitation during the monsoon onset leads to changes in vegetation that impact land surface states and fluxes. For sunny days, the land surface conditions support the existence of a positive vegetation–rainfall feedback. Persistent cloudiness arising from prior storm events, however, can weaken the feedback mechanism. The land-based inferences on the vegetation–rainfall feedback presented here need to be corroborated with regional atmospheric measurements and modeling.
Warning: pulmonary embolism can occur after elective shoulder surgery-report of two cases and survey of the members of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons.

Pulmonary embolism is a known complication in patients undergoing total hip and total knee arthroplasty, but it is rarely reported after shoulder surgery. We have had experience with 2 cases of pulmonary embolism after elective shoulder surgery, one of which led to the death of the patient. A survey of the members of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) revealed 52 instances in which one of their patients had a pulmonary embolism after an elective shoulder procedure. The purpose of this report is to alert surgeons to the fact that pulmonary embolism can occur with elective shoulder surgery and patients with moderate to high risk factors should be considered for prophylactic anticoagulation.
Destabilization and vitrification of crystalline matter

Abstract Crystal to glass transitions are observed in metallic alloys when a crystalline phase is prepared in, or driven to, a non-equilibrium configuration and kinetic constraints are maintained which prevent the full reestablishment of equilibrium. Several examples are discussed including amorphization of the hydrided intermetallic compound Fe2Er and of mechanically alloyed AlZr powder samples. Experimental data like excess heat capacity and excess volume are found to indicate experimentally accessible precursors of the vitrification processes encountered. Comparison with theoretical models recently developed emphasize the important role of thermodynamic functions and metastable phase diagrams including T0 lines.
Differential stimulation of insulin secretion by GLP-1 and Kisspeptin-10.

β-cells in the pancreatic islet respond to elevated plasma glucose by secreting insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis. In addition to glucose stimulation, insulin secretion is modulated by numerous G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The GPCR ligands Kisspeptin-10 (KP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) potentiate insulin secretion through Gq and Gs-coupled receptors, respectively. Despite many studies, the signaling mechanisms by which KP and GLP-1 potentiate insulin release are not thoroughly understood. We investigated the downstream signaling pathways of these ligands and their affects on cellular redox potential, intracellular calcium activity ([Ca2+]i), and insulin secretion from β-cells within intact murine islets. In contrast to previous studies performed on single β-cells, neither KP nor GLP-1 affect [Ca2+]i upon stimulation with glucose. KP significantly increases the cellular redox potential, while no effect is observed with GLP-1, suggesting that KP and GLP-1 potentiate insulin secretion through different mechanisms. Co-treatment with KP and the Gβγ-subunit inhibitor gallein inhibits insulin secretion similar to that observed with gallein alone, while co-treatment with gallein and GLP-1 does not differ from GLP-1 alone. In contrast, co-treatment with the Gβγ activator mSIRK and either KP or GLP-1 stimulates insulin release similar to mSIRK alone. Neither gallein nor mSIRK alter [Ca2+]i activity in the presence of KP or GLP-1. These data suggest that KP likely alters insulin secretion through a Gβγ-dependent process that stimulates glucose metabolism without altering Ca2+ activity, while GLP-1 does so, at least partly, through a Gα-dependent pathway that is independent of both metabolism and Ca2+.
Field Programmable Gate Array-Based Attitude Stabilization

Abstract : A system for determining vehicle attitude using a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and low cost gyroscopes is presented. The method is intended to support the stabilization of a short duration, unmanned aerial vehicle. Using a microelectronmechanical system (MEMS) inertial sensor for the calibration and serial interface, the algorithm sidesteps concerns related to electronmagnetic interference and the impact of embedded, proprietary filters. An Allan variance analysis is used to characterize the sensor errors and predict system performance. A floating point representation using a direction cosine matrix is hosted on the FPGA alongside the platform stabilization feedback loops. Although prone to drifting without additional aiding, the derived attitude has been demonstrated to be effective in stabilizing a remotely piloted quadrotor.
The risk of treatment versus the risk of HIV replication.

It has been about 25 years since the initial AIDS case reports and 10 years since the first reports suggesting that combination highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can potently and perhaps indefinitely suppress HIV replication. During that time several widely accepted conclusions about treatment have emerged. First HAART works. When the right drugs are given to a motivated and highly adherent patient HIV replication is suppressed indefinitely. Second most if not all antiretroviral drugs have short-term and long-term side-effects. These side-effects include chronic gastrointestinal symptoms low-level malaise mood changes lipid abnormalities accelerated atherosclerosis and peripheral fat-wasting (lipoatrophy). Third life-long adherence to even a well-tolerated regimen can be challenging for most patients. Pill fatigue eventually sets in for many patients leading to a lower quality of life and an increased risk of nonadherence and eventual treatment failure. Fourth antiretroviral therapy and its monitoring are expensive. First-line regimens range from US$5000 to $10 000 a year in resource-rich countries and from $300 to over $1000 a year in resource-poor regions. Second-line regimens are even more expensive. (excerpt)
Plutonic zones in the Peninsular Ranges of southern California and northern Baja California

Metamorphic and plutonic rocks within the Peninsular Ranges batholith of southern and Baja California can be divided into structural and petrographic zones parallel and symmetrical to the axis of the batholith. If the axial zone exposes deep plutonic phenomena and the lateral zones progressively shallower phenomena, it is possible to reconstruct a cross section of the area as it existed during the last phases of plutonic rock emplacement. Such a cross section can be used to demonstrate that great welts of tonalitic magma accumulated near the base of the pre-existing crust. These spawned plutons that rose as diapirs through the zone of plastic deformation to the level of fracture deformation; the diapirs then bled upward into shallow plutons and extrusive masses.
120 PRIMARY PIGMENTED NODULAR ADRENOCORTICAL DISEASE. RARE CAUSE OF THE CUSHING SYNDROME

Five patients (three females and two males, ages 12-21 years) had clinical features of the Cushing syndrome. Results of biochemical studies (in four patients tested) suggested the presence of an autonomously functioning adrenocortical neoplasm. However, radiologic examination of the adrenals did not show an adrenal tumor. The five patients underwent curative bilateral total adrenalectomy and did not manifest the Nelson syndrome postoperatively (follow-up, 0.5-22 years). The adrenal pathologic findings in these patients were similar. Gross findings included: 1) decreased, normal, or slightly increased total gland weight; 2) studding of the external and cut surfaces by small (<4 mm) black, brown, dark-green, red, or (rarely) yellow nodules; and 3) cortical atrophy and disorganization of the normal zonation between the nodules. Microscopically, the nodules were composed predominantly of enlarged, globular, cortical cells with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm that often contained lipofuscin. Twenty-six similar cases have been reported or communicated to us. Findings in these plus our five cases identify a special type of adrenocortical pathology associated with Cushing syndrome, for which we suggest the name “primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease.” There were three instances of familial involvement. Associated conditions include myxomas (cardiac, cutaneous and mammary), spotty pigmentation (cutaneous and mucocutaneous) and other types of endocrine overactivity (sexual precocity and gigantism).
Error analysis of in situ field tests of fenestration net energy performance

Abstract The need for information about fenestration net energy performance under realistic conditions is discussed and the method of measuring it in a “field test” on a complete building is reviewed. A detailed consideration of the energy flows entering the energy balance on a building space adjacent to a fenestration system and the effect of random measurement errors on the determination of fenestration performance is presented. Estimates of the error magnitudes are made for prototypical field tests utilizing a residential and a moderate-sized commercial building. In both cases, it is shown that these errors make it difficult to isolate the fenestration performance even for relatively low-performance windows (1 – 2 times the resistance of single glazing). It is concluded that whole-building measurements are not well adapted to measuring the performance of advanced fesestration system (thermal resistance 2 – 10 times that of single glazing or shading coefficient less than 0.7).
MIR spectroscopy: A new method for studying the hydrolysis of hexamethylcyclotrisilazane in air

A new method for studying the rate of hydrolysis of hexamethylcyclotrisilazane has been developed. This method, MIR spectroscopy in the infrared region of 4000–625 cm−1, was employed to characterize the reactions. The change in relative intensity of characteristic bands of the reactant is plotted as a function of time to give the required rate curves. The effects of temperature, pressure, exterior magnetic fields, and ultraviolet–visible radiation on the rate curves are also discussed.
The impact of moderate-to-end-stage renal failure on outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Objectives Currently, established renal failure is a well-recognized risk factor for operative mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The authors aimed to establish the relative impact of dialysis-dependent renal failure (DRF) and nondialysis-dependent renal failure (NDRF) on early and late outcome after CABG surgery. Design A retrospective cohort study. Setting A single teaching hospital. Participants The authors analyzed prospectively collected data from 2,960 adult patients who underwent isolated CABG surgery between 1998 and 2006 at the authors' institution, according to whether they had preoperative NDRF based on preoperative creatinine >2.5 mg/dL, DRF, or neither (controls). Interventions CABG surgery. Measurements and Main Results Outcome measures included hospital mortality, postoperative complications, length of stay, and survival. Hospital mortality was 1.8% (n = 52). Patients in the NDRF and DRF groups had a significantly increased mortality (8.3%, n = 13) compared with the control group (1.4%, n = 39), and both NDRF (odds ratio [OR] = 6.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.3-16.5; p < 0.001) and DRF (OR = 4.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-10.0; p = 0.004) were found to be independent predictors of operative mortality. The overall mean follow-up was 3.9 ± 2.5 years. Multivariate analysis revealed DRF (OR = 5.1) to be an independent predictor of late mortality after cardiac surgery, whereas NDRF was not found to be an independent predictor of late mortality. Conclusions Preoperative renal failure is an independent risk factor for adverse early and late outcomes after CABG surgery. NDRF is associated with increased hospital mortality and major morbidity compared with patients with lesser degrees of renal dysfunction, but also compared with DRF patients.
Magnetism in Ruthenates

Investigations of magnetic transition metal oxides with metal-insulator transitions in their phase diagrams have revealed a remarkable range of interesting, complex and often unanticipated phenomena, including high temperature superconductivity, various charge, spin and orbital ordered states, triplet superconductivity, giant magnetoelastic effects, and heavy Fermion behavior [1]. A good example is provided by the perovskite manganites [2]. Although known for several decades, these compounds were re-investigated in detail during the last few years because of interest in the colossal magnetoresistive effect, which is basically a metal-insulator transition occurring at or near the magnetic ordering temperature for some compositions. What has been revealed is a complex rich phase diagram including charge, spin and orbital ordered phases resulting from an interplay of strong correlations, strong lattice coupling, and band structure effects, as discussed by Solovyev and Terakura in this volume.