cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization of P-type calcium channels in the central nervous system.

Abstract The distribution of the P-type calcium channel in the mammalian central nervous system has been demonstrated immunohistochemically by using a polyclonal specific antibody. This antibody was generated after P-channel isolation via a fraction from funnel-web spider toxin (FTX) that blocks the voltage-gated P channels in cerebellar Purkinje cells. In the cerebellar cortex, immunolabeling to the antibody appeared throughout the molecular layer, while all the other regions were negative. Intensely labeled patches of reactivity were seen on Purkinje cell dendrites, especially at bifurcations; much weaker reactivity was present in the soma and stem segment. Electron microscopic localization revealed labeled patches of plasma membrane on the soma, main dendrites, spiny branchlets, and spines; portions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum were also labeled. Strong labeling was present in the periglomerular cells of the olfactory bulb and scattered neurons in the deep layer of the entorhinal and pyriform cortices. Neurons in the brainstem, habenula, nucleus of the trapezoid body and inferior olive and along the floor of the fourth ventricle were also labeled intensely. Medium-intensity reactions were observed in layer II pyramidal cells of the frontal cortex, the CA1 cells of the hippocampus, the lateral nucleus of the substantia nigra, lateral reticular nucleus, and spinal fifth nucleus. Light labeling was seen in the neocortex, striatum, and in some brainstem neurons.
Kinetic effects of desmethylimipramine treatment on platelet serotonin uptake in depressed patients: a comparison with imipramine.

Abstract The kinetic effects of desmethylimipramine (DMI) on platelet serotonin (5HT) uptake were compared to those of imipramine (IMI) in eight DMI-treated depressed patients and seven IMI-treated depressed patients, and compared to values after patients were off drug for 19 (± 8 SD) and 33 (± 15) days. As expected, IMI was a stronger inhibitor of 5HT uptake than DMI during treatment, with the mean apparent K m in treated patients being elevated nearly threefold over that of the drug-free condition. In DMI-treated patients, the mean K m was elevated nearly twofold over that of the drug-free condition. Although DMI is considered a preferential norepinephrine uptake inhibitor, the results suggest the following: (1) Significant decreases in the apparent platelet 5HT affinity are achieved with DMI; (2) the inhibition kinetics in depressed patients are competitive; (3) there was a significant relationship between K m change and depression outcome with DMI discontinuation; and (40 DMI, as a metabolite, appears to contribute to the %HT uptake inhibition of IMI in vivo.
Computer-Facilitated Assessment of Disaster Preparedness for Remote Hospitals in a Long-Distance, Virtual Tabletop Drill Model

Introduction: Emergency preparedness experts generally are based at academic or governmental institutions. A mechanism for experts to remotely facilitate a distant hospital’s disaster readiness is lacking.Objective: The objective of this study was to develop and examine the feasibility of an Internet-based software tool to assess disaster preparedness for remote hospitals using a long-distance, virtual, tabletop drill.Methods: An Internet-based system that remotely acquires information and analyzes disaster preparedness for hospitals at a distance in a virtual, tabletop drill model was piloted. Nine hospitals in Cape Town, South Africa designated as receiving institutions for the 2010 FIFA World Cup Games and its organizers, utilized the system over a 10-week period. At one-week intervals, the system e-mailed each hospital’s leadership a description of a stadium disaster and instructed them to login to the system and answer questions relating to their hospital’s state of readiness. A total of 169 questions were posed relating to operational and surge capacities, communication, equipment, major incident planning, public relations, staff safety, hospital supplies, and security in each hospital. The system was used to analyze answers and generate a real-time grid that reflectied readiness as a percent for each hospital in each of the above categories. It also created individualized recommendations of how to improve preparedness for each hospital. To assess feasibility of such a system, the end users’ compliance and response times were examined.Results: Overall, compliance was excellent with an aggregate response rate of 98%. The mean response interval, defined as the time elapsed between sending a stimuli and receiving a response, was eight days (95% CI = 8–9 days).Conclusions: A web-based data acquisition system using a virtual, tabletop drill to remotely facilitate assessment of disaster preparedness is efficient and feasible. Weekly reinforcement for disaster preparedness resulted in strong compliance.
Cantharidin, another natural toxin that inhibits the activity of serine/threonine protein phosphatases types 1 and 2A

Cantharidin, a natural toxicant of blister beetles, is a strong inhibitor of protein phosphatases types 1(PP1) and 2A (PP2A). Like okadaic acid, cantharidin inhibits the activity of the purified catalytic subunit of PP2A (IC50 = 0.16 μM) at a lower concentration than that of PPI (IC50 = 1.7 μM) and only inhibits the activity of protein phosphatase type 2B (PP2B) at high concentrations. Dose-inhibition studies conducted with whole cell homogenates indicate that cantharidin also inhibits the native forms of these enzymes. Thus, cantharidin, which is economical and readily available, may be useful as an additional probe for studying the functions of serine/threonine protein phosphatases.
Nanoscopic nickel aluminate spinel (NiAl2O4) formation during NiAl(111) oxidation

Abstract Oxidation of a NiAl(1 1 1) single crystal surface was investigated using high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HRSXPS), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray mapping, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). After repeated oxygen exposure, annealing, and cleaning cycles under ultrahigh vacuum conditions, a new oxide phase in the form of tiny 3-dimensional surface structures was detected. These features are several micrometers long and ∼300 nm high and oriented along low index 〈 1 ¯ 0 1 〉 directions in the plane of the substrate; they have nickel aluminate spinel (NiAl2O4) stoichiometry. We propose that repeated cycles of oxygen dosing and annealing of the NiAl(1 1 1) surface leads to oxygen diffusion into the bulk and nucleation of spinel below the surface.
Role of lapatinib alone or in combination in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer

Purpose: This review aims to present the preclinical and clinical data regarding efficacy and safety of lapatinib alone and in combination with other agents in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-overexpressing breast cancer. Background: HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer remains a treatment challenge. It is more aggressive than other breast cancers and it is associated with a poor outcome. Targeted therapy for HER2+ breast cancer has significantly changed the clinical course of the disease. Despite advances in therapy, there remains an unmet need in the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer. Lapatinib is a novel, orally bioavailable epidermal growth factor receptor/HER2+ targeted agent. Many trials have investigated the efficacy and safety of lapatinib alone and in conjunction with other agents in the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer. Methods and results: Preclinical and clinical trials of lapatinib have shown that it is effective in the treatment on HER2+ breast cancer. More important, studies show that it is effective in the setting of trastuzumab resistance and in the treatment of central nervous system metastases, both of which are current treatment challenges. Furthermore, lapatinib is effective in conjunction with trastuzumab in the treatment of early breast cancer. Data regarding the safety of lapatinib show that it is generally well tolerated; however, multiple studies have shown significant (grade 3 and 4) diarrhea and rash associated with lapatinib, thereby limiting its use. Carditoxicity has not been a significant adverse event associated with the use of lapatinib. Conclusion: Lapatinib is effective alone and in conjunction with other agents in the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer. However, its use is limited by significant diarrhea and rash.
Performance scaling laws for electric propulsion mission analysis

Electric propulsion spacecraft mission performance scaling laws for invariant trajectory, obtaining optimum gross payload over wide range of system input parameters
Symplectic folding and nonisotopic polydisks

Our main result demonstrates the existence of different Hamiltonian isotopy classes of symplectically embedded polydisks inside a 4-ball, and by the same argument also in the complex projective plane. Furthermore, we find exactly how large the ball can be before the embeddings become isotopic; the optimal isotopy is a version of symplectic folding. Before stating the result precisely we fix some notation. We work in R with coordinates (x1, y1, x2, y2) and standard symplectic form ω = ∑ i dxi ∧ dyi. We denote by B(a) the open ball of capacity a, that is
Electron emission during interactions of multicharged N and Ar ions with Au(110) and Cu(001) surfaces.

We report measurements of energy distributions of electrons emitted during interactions 10{ital q}-keV N{sup 6+}, and Ar{sup {ital q}+} ({ital q}=7,8,9) ions with Au(110) and Cu(001) surfaces at grazing angles. The electron energy distributions have been measured as a function of angle of incidence, observation angle, and target-crystal azimuth. For both Au and Cu targets, the projectile {ital KLL} Auger peak observed for the case of the N{sup 6+} projectiles is seen to consist of two components whose intensities have strikingly different dependences on incident perpendicular velocity. The main component of the {ital KLL} peak is attributed to subsurface electron emission and is modeled using a Monte Carlo simulation of the projectile trajectories in the bulk. The second component, observed only for the smallest incident perpendicular velocities, is attributed to above-surface {ital KLL} Auger electron emission and is modeled using computer simulations of the resonance neutralization-autoionization cascade that occurs prior to projectile penetration of the surface. In the case of the Au target, {ital NNV} and {ital NVV} transitions, attributed to vacancy transfer from the projectile {ital K} shell to the {ital N} shell of Au, are also observed. The Monte Carlo simulation of the subsurface contribution to the electronmore » emission is able to reproduce the observed angle-of-incidence dependence of both the projectile and the target Auger electron intensities. In addition, it shows reasonable agreement with the observed dependences of the projectile {ital KLL} intensity on observation angle and crystal azimuth.« less
General presence of glucocorticoid receptors in mammalian tissues.

The adrenal glucocorticoids are almost ubiquitous as physiologic regulators in mammalian tissues. The present experiments show that specific cytoplasmic “receptors” for glucocorticoids are present in most tissues of the juvenile rat and rabbit which respond to these hormones. These findings suggest that most physiologic effects of glucocorticoids are mediated through these receptors. A few tissues such as prostate, uterus, and seminal vesicle lack the receptor and thus may not be direct “targets” for glucocorticoids. Receptor levels in juvenile and fetal rabbit tissues are generally similar. However, with rabbit thymus and rat lung there are marked changes during development, suggesting that in some cases developmental changes in receptor levels may determine hormone responsiveness. (Endocrinology 94: 998, 1974)
Hydroacylation of 2-butyne from the alcohol or aldehyde oxidation level via ruthenium catalyzed C–C bond forming transfer hydrogenation

Abstract Under the conditions of ruthenium catalyzed transfer hydrogenation, 2-butyne couples to alcohols 1a–1j to deliver α,β-unsaturated ketones 3a–3j in good to excellent isolated yields with complete E-stereoselectivity. Under identical conditions, aldehydes 2a–2j couple to 2-butyne to provide an identical set of α,β-unsaturated ketones 3a–3j in good to excellent isolated yields with complete E-stereoselectivity. Nonsymmetric alkyne 4a couples to alcohol 1d or aldehyde 2d in good yield to deliver enone 3k as a 5:1 mixture of regioisomers. Thus, intermolecular alkyne hydroacylation is achieved from the alcohol or aldehyde oxidation level. In earlier studies employing the same ruthenium catalyst under slightly different conditions, alkynes were coupled to carbonyl partners from the alcohol or aldehyde oxidation level to furnish allylic alcohols. Therefore, under the conditions of C–C bond forming transfer hydrogenation, all oxidation levels of substrate (alcohol or aldehyde) and product (allylic alcohol or α,β-unsaturated ketone) are accessible.
Inferior Meatus Surgery for Distal Nasolacrimal Duct Obstructions: Long-term Outcomes and Treatment Paradigm

Importance Epiphora is a symptom resulting from obstruction of the nasolacrimal system. Classically, dacryocystorhinostomy has been performed to relieve epiphora. However, this does not address distal obstruction. Inferior meatus (IM) surgery at or near Hasner’s valve has been shown to have a 92.8% short-term success rate in treating distal nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction. In addition, IM surgery for proximal obstruction has shown poor success rates. Differentiation between distal and proximal obstruction would allow for more appropriate treatment and improved patient outcomes. To date, no study has addressed long-term outcomes or the workup for distal and proximal NLD obstructions. Objective To report long-term outcomes in a subset of patients with epiphora due to distal NLD obstruction who underwent IM surgery and to present a treatment paradigm to differentiate distal from proximal NLD obstruction. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective medical record review with follow-up telephone survey was conducted at a tertiary referral center. Participants were patients surgically treated for epiphora from July 2006 to March 2010. Intervention Inferior meatus surgery was performed to relieve epiphora in patients with distal NLD obstruction. Main Outcomes and Measures Improvement or resolution of epiphora. Results Seventeen patients were contacted for follow-up; 13 patients responded, representing 18 nasolacrimal systems. One patient (2 sides) was excluded owing to the surgical specimen showing leukemic infiltrates. Mean time of follow-up was 6.2 years. Ten sides had distal NLD obstruction. Of the nasolacrimal systems with distal obstruction, 9 had long-term subjective improvement of symptoms (90%). No patient had nasal complications. Conclusions and Relevance Directed IM endoscopic surgery resulted in long-term improvement of epiphora in 90% of nasolacrimal systems when performed for distal NLD obstruction. A treatment paradigm was developed and is detailed herein.
ICP etching of ZnO in BCl3/SF6 gas mixtures

ZnO epitaxial layers were plasma etched using BCl 3 /SF 6 gas mixtures in an Oxford Instruments System 100 ICP 180. Etch rates were studied as a function of gas composition, pressure, ICP coil power and RF power. The ZnO etch rate in pure BCl 3 at a pressure of 10 mTorr, RF power of 350W, and ICP power of 1000W was ~1175 A/min (-1000V bias). The etch rate increased with increasing SF 6 percentage in the flow, and for the same conditions in pure SF 6 the etch rate was ~1350 A/min (-820V bias).
Less Risk for Strong Returns in Bond Portfolios

Bond portfolio managers obviously need good measures of the risk of their portfolios. The level of yields affects the variance of bond returns in a complex way because duration decreases (increases) as yields rise (fall). On the other hand, the volatility of yields frequently increases (decreases) as yields rise (fall). An additional complicating factor, especially important for longer maturities, is the negative relation of convexity to the level of yields. We show variance may increase or decrease with level of yield depending on the model used, bond maturity, and time varying conditional variance of yields. It is noteworthy that second order relationships can give rise to results that are dramatically different from first order. It is very useful and appealing that shorter maturity bond risk may decline with lower levels of yield and strong returns.
The effect of solution variables on metal weight loading during catalyst preparation

Abstract The design of novel catalysts has been shown to be strongly dependent on their method of preparation. The objective of this research is to systematically examine the effect on metal weight loading of pH, ionic strength and concentration of metal salt in the impregnation solution. As a prototype, Ni/Al2O3 samples were prepared from nickel nitrate solution in contact with a γ-Al2O3 support. The combined effects of pH and ionic strength of the impregnation solution were demonstrated to change the amount of catalytic precursors sorbed on the support.
Lewis Acid-Promoted Kharasch−Curran Additions: A Competition Kinetics Study of Bromine Atom Transfer Addition of N-α-Bromoacetyl-oxazolidinone to 1-Hexene

Lewis acids can efficiently promote free radical atom transfer reactions of an oxazolidinone imide substrate, 1, derived from α-bromo acetic acid. Thus, 1 undergoes a radical chain addition to 1-hexene giving the atom transfer addition compound, 6, in the presence of scandium or ytterbium triflate in 1,2-dichloroethane or a cosolvent mixture of 1/9 THF/dichloromethane. In 1,2-dichloroethane the solution is heterogeneous, while the cosolvent mixture gives a homogeneous solution, even at temperatures of −78 °C. Competition experiments were carried out in both solvent systems with added carbon tetrachloride to study how Lewis acid affected the product distribution. In the presence of carbon tetrachloride, chloride 7 is formed in addition to 6 and the ratio of these two products depends on the amount of Lewis acid present. In the presence of ytterbium triflate, in the cosolvent system, the reaction rate of bromine atom transfer was enhanced up to 400-fold compared to the reaction without added Lewis acid. Sig...
Predicting spoken disfluencies during human-computer interaction

Abstract This research characterizes the spontaneous spoken disfluencies typical of human–computer interaction, and presents a predictive model accounting for their occurrence. Data were collected during three empirical studies in which people spoke or wrote to a highly interactive simulated system as they completed service transactions. The studies involved within-subject factorial designs in which the input modality and presentation format were varied. Spoken disfluency rates during human–computer interaction were documented to be substantially lower than rates typically observed during comparable human–human speech. Two separate factors, both associated with increased planning demands, were statistically related to higher disfluency rates: (1) length of utterance; and (2) lack of structure in the presentation format. Regression techniques demonstrated that a linear model based simply on utterance length accounted for over 77% of the variability in spoken disfluencies. Therefore, design methods capable of guiding users» speech into briefer sentences have the potential to eliminate the majority of spoken disfluencies. In this research, for example, a structured presentation format successfully eliminated 60–70% of all disfluent speech. The long-term goal of this research is to provide empirical guidance for the design of robust spoken language technology.
“Seans chernoi magii na Taganke”: The Hunt for Master and Margarita in the Pravda Digital Archive

This article describes the process of tracking down an obscure yet politically and culturally significant Russian theater review, “Seans chernoi magii na Taganke” by N. Potapov, published in Pravda, the official organ of the Soviet Communist Party from 1918 to 1991. What at first appeared to be a routine reference question turned into a journey full of twists and turns, a quest for the missing review. The purpose of this article is threefold: to highlight some of the challenges that librarians and researchers face when working with Russian, East European, and Eurasian materials; to inform researchers about the capabilities and limitations of the Pravda Digital Archive and similar databases (e.g., Izvestiia Digital Archive, Literaturnaia Gazeta Digital Archive) produced by East View Information Services; and to encourage discussion about the preservation of and long-term access to research materials from the region.
An Emerging Field in Religion and Reproductive Health

Separate from scholarship in religion and medicine, a burgeoning field in religion and population health, includes religion and reproductive health. In a survey of existing literature, we analyzed data by religious affiliation, discipline, geography and date. We found 377 peer-reviewed articles; most were categorized as family planning (129), sexual behavior (81), domestic violence (39), pregnancy (46), HIV/AIDS (71), and STDs (61). Most research occurred in North America (188 articles), Africa (52), and Europe (47). Article frequency increased over time, from 3 articles in 1980 to 38 articles in 2008. While field growth is evident, there is still no cohesive “scholarship” in religion and reproductive health.
The Sleep of Christ: Incarnation and the Queerness of Heresy in W. H. Auden’s “For the Time Being”

This article explores the circuitry between queerness, heresy, and materialist theology in a major literary work by W. H. Auden from the 1940s. Rather than banking on flights of erotic or ecstatic transcendence, Auden’s “For the Time Being: A Christmas Oratorio” (1944) intimates queer sexuality as a heretical form of immanence bound to theologies of the creaturely body. For Auden in the early 1940s, queerness is corporeal enough to organize a theological materialism—or, more spiritedly, a theo-corporeal-ism—whose roots lie in his considerable exposure to Soren Kierkegaard’s religious existentialism. This article reads Auden’s persistent elisions of Christ’s body in “For the Time Being” vis-a-vis the oratorio’s implicit investment in queer sexuality as theologically corporeal (i.e. theo-corporeal). Notwithstanding the paradox this implicitness poses for Auden’s queer exegetes, the article maintains that “For the Time Being” is hermeneutically compatible with Marcella Althaus-Reid’s key work on queer theology.
Translational control: the ferritin story.

Ferritin is a protein found in all cells of animals and plants and also in bacteria and molds. Ferritin stores iron within its protein shell, and thus provides protection against the accumulation of excessive levels of iron in the cytosol, where the iron can peroxidize unsaturated lipids and damage other cell constituents. Channels penetrating the protein wall of the ferritin molecule allow cytoplasmic iron to enter it and stored iron to be returned to the cytosol for use in essential metabolic processes. At sites not yet clearly defined, as ferrous iron enters it is oxidized to ferric iron for storage as ferric oxyhydroxide.
The Search for Political Community: American Activists Reinventing Commitment

This book challenges the myth that Americans' emphasis on personal fulfilment necessarily weakens commitment to the common good. Drawing on extensive participant-observation with a variety of environmentalist groups, Paul Lichterman argues that individualism sometimes enhances public, political commitment and that a shared respect for individual inspiration enables activists with diverse political backgrounds to work together. This personalised culture of commitment has sustained activists working long-term for social change. The book contrasts 'personalised politics' in mainly white environmental groups with a more traditional, community-centred culture of commitment in an African-American group. The untraditional, personalised politics of many recent social movements invites us to rethink common understandings of commitment, community, and individualism in a post-traditional world.
Distinct, crucial roles of flavonoids during legume nodulation

RNA interference-mediated silencing of the key flavonoid and isoflavone biosynthesis enzyme, respectively, by two different research groups has provided direct genetic evidence for the essential roles that these compounds play in nodulation. Anton Wasson et al. have shown that flavonoids are essential for localized auxin transport inhibition during nodulation in the indeterminate legume Medicago truncatula. By contrast, Senthil Subramanian et al. have shown that isoflavones are essential for endogenous nod gene induction in the determinate legume soybean.
On selection rules of molecules having one, two and three CH3 tops

Abstract Symmetry groups are considered which are generated by various associated elements of the molecular symmetry group (PE-group) of the molecule. It is shown that these (associated) symmetry groups are essentially the same symmetry groups used earlier for the classification of the eigen functions and for evaluation of the selection rules for the rotation-torsion and torsional-vibration problem of molecules having one, two, and three CH 3 tops and C s , C 2v , and C 3v symmetry, respectively.
Perturbation of topological solitons due to sine-Gordon equation and its type

Abstract This paper studies the adiabatic dynamics of topological solitons in presence of perturbation terms. The solitons due to sine-Gordon equation, double sine-Gordon equation, sine–cosine Gordon equation and double sine–cosine Gordon equations are studied, in this paper. The adiabatic variation of soliton velocity is obtained in this paper by soliton perturbation theory.
Indigenous Kikuyu Agroforestry: A Case Study of Kirinyaga, Kenya

This article analyzes agroforestry practices among the Ndia and Gichugu Kikuyu of Kirinyaga, Kenya, at the turn of the century, before the onset of colonial rule. It describes ways in which people adapted to competing pressures for retaining and removing tree cover. It shows how religious beliefs, tenure relations based on a communal property-rights regime, and farm forestry practices contributed to the conservation of trees. Such strategies were not aimed at reversing deforestation, but mitigating its impact by incorporating valued trees into local sociocultural and household production systems. The article points out that indigenous agroforestry practices need to be viewed in the context of local socioeconomic and ecological differences. It also considers the impact of the caravan trade on land use during the late 1800s. Tree scarcity in the late precolonial era is briefly contrasted with the area's “woodfuel crisis” of the 1980s.
Improving the quality of prestack inversion by prestack data conditioning

AbstractPrestack seismic inversion techniques provide valuable information of rock properties, lithology, and fluid content for reservoir characterization. The confidence of inverted results increases with increasing incident angle of seismic gathers. The most accurate result of simultaneous prestack inversion of P-wave seismic data is P-impedance. S-impedance estimation becomes reliable with incident angles approaching 30°, whereas density evaluation becomes reliable with incident angles approaching 45°. As the offset increases, we often encounter “hockey sticks” and severe stretch at large offsets. Hockey sticks and stretch not only lower the seismic resolution but also hinder long offset prestack seismic inversion analysis. The inverted results are also affected by the random noises present in the prestack gathers. We developed a three-step workflow to perform data conditioning prior to simultaneous prestack inversion. First, we mitigated the hockey sticks by using an automatic nonhyperbolic velocity a...
Reading African‐American literature to understand the world: critical race praxis in teacher preparation

Teacher preparation programs have come under close scrutiny and teacher educators are being called to shift the center of gravity from traditional approaches to more transformative and urban‐focused curricula that will better prepare teacher candidates (TCs) to become effective and caring teachers of diverse pupils, particularly in urban sites. Critical race praxis scholars and practitioners have long argued that colleges of education have been complicit in maintaining the education inequalities that exist in schools that serve children of color, English language learners, and other pupils of non‐dominant backgrounds. In this paper, I will give an account of the changes made in a student‐teaching seminar, including the assigned readings and fieldwork assignments, that aimed to explore the key ideas of historical context, especially as it is reflected in schools and communities, and the notion of self as situated within it. Drawing from the experiences of many years as a teacher educator but especially fro...
Potential Inaccuracies in MODFLOW Simulations Involving the SIP and SSOR Methods for Matrix Solution

The ground-water flow model MODFLOW is the most widely used and accepted model of its type in the world today. Several modeling runs were completed with MODFLOW for relatively simple hydrogeologic conditions to evaluate the accuracy of the strongly implicit procedure (SIP), slice successive overrelaxation (SSOR) and preconditioned conjugate-gradient 2 (PCG2) methods for matrix solution. A series of simulations was performed with the SIP, SSOR, and PCG2 methods while adjusting the matrix solution parameters sequentially one at a time. A wide range of converged solutions was generated for identical input data. The simulation results show that MODFLOW will produce accurate results for the specific conditions simulated with PCG2, or with SIP if the proper combination of SIP matrix solution parameters is chosen by the user. Accurate results could not be obtained with SSOR for any of the combinations of matrix solution parameters used in this investigation. The simulation results confirm that model convergence for a small head change convergence criterion is not a good indicator of accurate results unless water balance error also is small.
Crystal Growth Mechanisms of Quartz Overgrowths in a Cambrian Quartz Arenite

ABSTRACT Mechanisms of crystal growth during quartz cementation can be investigated by determining the relationship between growth increments and crystal radii. Crystal growth is theoretically described as (1) dr/dt = k for polynuclear growth and spiral growth, where dr/dt is the rate, r is the radius of the crystal, and k is some constant, (2) dr/dt = kr for mononuclear growth, and (3) dr/dt = k/r for diffusion-limited growth. Empirical results in this study, where r = detrital grain radius and dr/dt = quartz overgrowth thickness, define another crystal growth mechanism, size-dependent growth described by the rate equation dr/dt = kr. Grain radii and quartz overgrowth thicknesses were measured in 16 thin sections of quartz arenite from the Galesville Sandstone (Cambrian, Wisconsin, U.S.A.) and plotted to determine correlation coefficients between radius and rate. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.145 to 0.855. Ten of 16 samples show statistically significant correlations between detrital grain radii and overgrowth thicknesses representing dr/dt = kr. Standard deviations (sorting) of detrital grain size correlate with the correlation coefficient between radius and rate. Samples indicating no correlation may in fact grow by dr/dt = kr, but for smaller grain size ranges the overgrowth thicknesses cannot be measured precisely enough to detect small variations. Size-dependent growth (dr/dt = kr) is a new type of mineral-water interaction that has also been observed in ancient dolomites as well as metamorphic garnets and other various minerals grown in the laboratory and now in quartz-cemented sandstone. This indicates that crystal growth theory may not include some significant growth mechanisms.
Cardiovascular incentive effects where a challenge is unfixed: Demonstrations involving social evaluation, evaluator status, and monetary reward

Cardiovascular effects of social evaluation, evaluator status, and monetary reward were examined in participants presented with a challenge that allowed them to work as hard as they pleased (unfixed conditions) or called for a low level of effort (fixed conditions). In Experiment 1, evaluation was found to potentiate systolic pressure and heart rate responses insofar as the evaluator had status where the challenge was unfixed, but to have no impact on the responses where the challenge was fixed. In Experiment 2, reward value was found to potentiate the responses where the challenge was unfixed, but not where it was fixed. The main findings confirm and extend results from a previous experiment, and broaden the base of empirical support for the suggestion that active coping will be proportional to success importance where performance is unconstrained.
Mining Generalized Actionable Rules Using Concept Hierarchies

A series of mining actionable rule methods have been proposed from various aspects, but the existing models do not incorporate the concept of hierarchy/taxonomy into the mining process and restrict the terms used to build actionable rules to atomic concepts. In order to resolve this problem, an integrated framework for extracting multiple-level actionable rules with ontology support is proposed so more generalized knowledge from data can be extracted. This type of generalized rules will contain not only the attribute values contained in data, but also some concepts encoded in a given taxonomy. Obtaining generalized actionable rules are a necessity since they provide a more general view of the domain. The proposed framework is based on a breadth-first top-downward model to be developed by extending the existing single-level actionable rule discovery methods. This framework can improve the quality of the extracted actionable rules in terms of their interestingness and understandability.
Expressive Prostheses: Meaning and Significance

AbstractProsthetic limbs have historically been intended for replacing loss, and as a result, are usually functional or naturalistic in design. The basic, or “functional,” prosthesis meets the rudimentary operational needs of the user. A naturalistic prosthetic limb, or cosmesis, is focused on discretion, thereby disguising limb loss. However, a new type of artificial limb is appearing in the marketplace. These prostheses differ from the traditional designs, in that they solicit attention and express the personal style and self-concept of the individual with limb loss or absence. Based on the Lamb and Kallal (1992) FEA Consumer Needs Model, these prostheses fulfill the expressive needs of prosthetic limb users, which have historically been overlooked. This article explores the current literature in order to establish a context for what will be designated expressive prostheses. The analysis will begin by reviewing recent scholarship on prosthetic limbs. Since there is limited relevant research on prosthesi...
Better optical triangulation through spacetime analysis

The standard methods for extracting range data from optical triangulation scanners are accurate only for planar objects of uniform reflectance illuminated by an incoherent source. Using these methods, curved surfaces, discontinuous surfaces, and surfaces of varying reflectance cause systematic distortions of the range data. Coherent light sources such as lasers introduce speckle artifacts that further degrade the data. We present a new ranging method based on analyzing the time evolution of the structured light reflections. Using our spacetime analysis, we can correct for each of these artifacts, thereby attaining significantly higher accuracy using existing technology. We present results that demonstrate the validity of our method using a commercial laser stripe triangulation scanner. >
Management of Impacted Teeth in Children

Ankylosis remains one of the major complications associated with impacted teeth in children. Orthodontically-assisted eruption of an ankylosed tooth may intrude or displace the adjacent teeth. Children who undergo orthodontically assisted eruption should be followed closely to ensure that movement of an impacted tooth is occurring. In general, the removal or assisted eruption of impacted teeth in children requires a thoughtful interdisciplinary evaluation between the surgeon and orthodontist/primary dental care provider. Factors that must be considered include operative feasibility, orthodontic management, future growth, and psychosocial considerations. The use of emerging technology, such as cone beam CT and skeletal anchorage, should better equip surgeons to navigate the anatomy three-dimensionally and provide assistance in management of difficult cases.
Trends toward on-chip networked microsystems

This survey paper identifies some trends in the application, implementation technology, and processor architecture areas. A taxonomy which captures the influence of these trends on processor microsystems is presented, and the communication needs of various classes of these architectures is also briefly surveyed. We observe a trend toward on-chip networked microsystems derived from logically and physically partitioning the processor architecture. Partitioning the architecture logically enables the parallelism offered by growing application workloads to be well exploited. Partitioning the architecture physically enables the scaling properties of the underlying implementation technology to continue providing increased performance and not be encumbered by chip-crossing wire delay, which no longer is negligible. The impact on future research directions of this paradigm shift in the way microsystems are designed and intraconnected is briefly highlighted.
Carbonate equilibria in the open ocean and their bearing on the interpretation of ancient carbonate rocks

Abstract A model of steady-state equilibrium deposition of carbonates in the open sea, where exchange of material between the sediment and the water is permitted, is studied from the phase-equilibrium point of view. Allowing for the possibility of arbitrary variations in temperature, pressure and activity of CO2 in the system, in general only one-carbonate deposits, either calcite or dolomite, should result. The contact between calcite beds and dolomite beds should be sharp although the two carbonates should be in mutual equilibrium. Changes in hydrographie conditions may result in onlap-offlap relations in the deposits and apparent interbedding of the strata. Experimental results in the literature on the solubility of dolomite in water are not all internally consistent, although they do indicate that, under atmospheric conditions, the solution relations are sensitive to the value of the CO2 activity. Increases in total pressure (depth) favour the precipitation of dolomite. Available thermochemical data indicate that dolomite may be the carbonate phase in equilibrium with many sea-water compositions. Modern carbonate deposits are either calcite or aragonite at the surface, but may change over, abruptly, to dolomite at depth. Two-carbonate deposits, where carefully studied, show evidence of incomplete reaction. The prevalence of one-carbonate deposits thus accord with theoretical considerations although the nature of the surface deposit is at variance with thermochemical data. In the sedimentary record, carbonate rocks with nearly equal amounts of calcite and dolomite are not uncommon; these beds cannot be due to direct chemical precipitation in the open sea.
The cost-benefit of federal investment in preventing Clostridium difficile infections through the use of a multifaceted infection control and antimicrobial stewardship program.

OBJECTIVE To determine the potential epidemiologic and economic value of the implementation of a multifaceted Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) control program at US acute care hospitals DESIGN Markov model with a 5-year time horizon PARTICIPANTS Patients whose data were used in our simulations were limited to hospitalized Medicare beneficiaries ≥65 years old. BACKGROUND CDI is an important public health problem with substantial associated morbidity, mortality, and cost. Multifaceted national prevention efforts in the United Kingdom, including antimicrobial stewardship, patient isolation, hand hygiene, environmental cleaning and disinfection, and audit, resulted in a 59% reduction in CDI cases reported from 2008 to 2012. METHODS Our analysis was conducted from the federal perspective. The intervention we modeled included the following components: antimicrobial stewardship utilizing the Antimicrobial Use and Resistance module of the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN), use of contact precautions, and enhanced environmental cleaning. We parameterized our model using data from CDC surveillance systems, the AHRQ Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, and literature reviews. To address uncertainty in our parameter estimates, we conducted sensitivity analyses for intervention effectiveness and cost, expenditures by other federal partners, and discount rate. Each simulation represented a cohort of 1,000 hospitalized patients over 1,000 trials. RESULTS In our base case scenario with 50% intervention effectiveness, we estimated that 509,000 CDI cases and 82,000 CDI-attributable deaths would be prevented over a 5-year time horizon. Nationally, the cost savings across all hospitalizations would be $4.0 billion). CONCLUSIONS The potential benefits of a multifaceted national CDI prevention program are sizeable from the federal perspective. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;00(0): 1–7
Demographic patterns of ED patients diagnosed as having corneal ulcer.

Abstract Purpose This work aimed to study the demographic features of patients with emergency department (ED) visits for ulcerative keratitis, including information on insurance coverage and on-site consultant support. Methods Demographic features of corneal ulcers diagnosed in the ED were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes in Florida Agency of Health Care data sets for 2010. Patterns of patient encounters, including type of insurance coverage and consultant ED visits, were analyzed foremost descriptively. Result In 2010, 2124 patients were evaluated in EDs in Florida with the primary diagnosis of corneal ulcer. Of these patients, 190 required hospital admission for further care. Thirty percent of patients discharged from the ED were seen on the weekend. About one-third of patients had no insurance (34.7%). Compared with outpatients, those hospitalized were older (54 years vs 39 years [ P P Conclusion Emergency department participation by ophthalmologist for ulcerative keratitis was relatively high. Whether the lack of health insurance affects the decision to hospitalize patients with corneal ulcers is a question that deserves further study. What influence the high proportion of uninsured ED patients will have on ophthalmologists coverage in the future may need to be addressed.
Tandem machine learning for the identification of genes regulated by transcription factors

The identification of promoter regions that are regulated by a given transcription factor has traditionally relied upon the identification and distributions of binding sites recognized by the factor. In this study, we have developed a tandem machine learning approach for the identification of regulatory target genes based on these parameters and on the corresponding binding site information contents that measure the affinities of the factor for these cognate elements. This method has been validated using models of DNA binding sites recognized by the xenobiotic-sensitive nuclear receptor, PXR/RXRα, for target genes within the human genome. An information theory-based weight matrix was first derived and refined from known PXR/RXRα binding sites. The promoter region of candidate genes was scanned with the weight matrix. A novel information density-based clustering algorithm was then used to identify clusters of information rich sites. Finally, transformed data representing metrics of location, strength and clustering of binding sites were used for classification of promoter regions using an ensemble approach involving neural networks, decision trees and Naive Bayesian classification. The method was evaluated on a set of 24 known target genes and 288 genes known not to be regulated by PXR/RXRα. We report an average accuracy (proportion of correctly classified promoter regions) of 71%, sensitivity of 73%, and specificity of 70%, based on multiple cross-validation and the leave-one-out strategy. The performance on a test set of 13 genes showed that 10 were correctly classified. We have developed a machine learning approach for the successful detection of gene targets for transcription factors with high accuracy. The method has been validated for the transcription factor PXR/RXRα and has the potential to be extended to other transcription factors.
Solute transport across the peritoneal membrane

The current understanding of the transport pathways that govern solute removal during peritoneal dialysis is reviewed. Diffusive transport rates across the peritoneal membrane for small solutes are slow. Even though the rate of diffusive solute transport decreases with increasing molecular size, large molecules (e.g., albumin) are nevertheless removed from the patient during routine peritoneal dialysis. Recent work has confirmed a previous suggestion that diffusive solute transport is limited by the small area of the peritoneal membrane that participates in the transport process. This small functional area is due to either poor contact of the peritoneal membrane with dialysis solution bathing the peritoneal cavity or to the limited surface area of capillaries that perfuse peritoneal tissues. Convective solute transport during peritoneal dialysis is proportional to the transperitoneal ultrafiltration rate but is less than that expected, because of low solute sieving by the peritoneal membrane and fluid absorption from the peritoneal cavity. Low solute sieving across the peritoneal membrane was first identified in 1966, a phenomenon that is now attributed to the presence of water-only transport pathways mediated by aquaporin-1. Fluid absorption from the peritoneal cavity occurs at the same time as transperitoneal ultrafiltration, but the pathways by which these two processes occur simultaneously remain speculative. This review proposes a novel hypothesis, whereby fluid absorption occurs in areas of the peritoneal membrane that are governed by different physical forces than those governing transperitoneal ultrafiltration. Further understanding of the pathways for fluid and solute transport during peritoneal dialysis will permit improvements in the adequacy of the dialysis dose and the more efficacious use of peritoneal dialysis to treat patients with end-stage renal disease.
ENCLAVES DES ROCHES CRISTALLINES DU NORD‐OUEST DU PLATEAU CENTRAL FRANCAIS*

Resume Au Nord-Ouest du Plateau Central francais on rencontre frequemment, dans les granites a biotite, des enclaves qui sont beaucoup moins abondantes dans les autres roches eruptives. Ces enclaves presentent presque toujours des caracteres differents de ceux de roches encaissants. Elles paraissent generalement tres foncees et a grain fin, leur composition mineralogique semble plus basique. Il y a en effet, en quantite de la biotite ou de la hornblende. On peut lithologiquement conclure que les enclaves des granites ressemblent a la diorite quartzique, sauf celles de granite de Huriel des Trillers qui se rapprochent de la syenite, de la diorite et du gabbro. Les enclaves des granulites ont un aspect tres micace et plus ou moins schisteux, celles des grano-diorites, des diorites quartziques et des diorites presentent, des analogies avec la diorite ou l'amphibolite. Le grands blocs contenus dans lea gneiss du Pont Noir possedent la meme apparence, de ces denieres.