cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Filmsieden eines Zweistoffgemisches

Die Betrachtung von Siedevorgangen in Mehrstoffgemischen wird durch das Auftreten von Diffusionsstromen in der flussigen Phase erschwert. Diese Diffusionsvorgange mussen jedoch berucksichtigt werden, da sie im wesentlichen die Zusammensetzung des Gemisches an der Phasengrenze zwischen Dampf und Flussigkeit bestimmen, und damit die Verdampfungstemperatur kontrollieren. Fur den Fall des Filmsiedens eines Zweistoffgemisches werden die diesen Vorgang beschreibenden Gleichungen gelost, und anhand eines Beispiels der Einflus der Diffusionsvorgange auf die Temperatur an der Phasengrenze gezeigt sowie Auswirkungen auf die Warmeubertragung diskutiert.
Intrahepatic STAT-3 activation and acute phase gene expression predict outcome after CLP sepsis in the rat

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) regulates hepatic acute phase responses by activating the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3. IL-6 also may modulate septic pathophysiology. We hypothesize that 1) STAT-3 activation and transcription of alpha2-macroglobulin (A2M) correlate with recovery from sepsis and 2) STAT-3 activation and A2M transcription reflect intrahepatic and not serum IL-6. Nonlethal sepsis was induced in rats by single puncture cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and lethal sepsis via double-puncture CLP. STAT-3 activation and A2M transcription were detected at 3-72 h and intrahepatic IL-6 at 24-72 h following single-puncture CLP. All were detected only at 3-16 h following double-puncture CLP and at lower levels than following single-puncture CLP. Loss of serum and intrahepatic IL-6 activity after double-puncture CLP correlated with mortality. Neither intrahepatic nor serum IL-6 levels correlated with intrahepatic IL-6 activity. STAT-3 activation following single-puncture CLP inversely correlated with altered transcription of gluconeogenic, ketogenic, and ureagenic genes. IL-6 may have both beneficial and detrimental effects in sepsis. Fulminant sepsis may decrease the ability of hepatocytes to respond to IL-6.
Community-Informed Health Promotion to Improve Health Behaviors in Honduras.

Background: Honduras is the second poorest country in Central America. The already high burden of disease is disproportionately worse among individuals with less education and limited access to health care. Community engagement is needed to bridge the gap in health care resources with the need for health promotion and education. Culturally relevant health promotion activities can foster transcultural partnerships. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to partner nursing students with village leaders to assess a community’s health needs and implement health promotion activities in Honduras. Design: Participatory action research was used in the study. Method: U.S. nursing students (n = 4) partnered with a nonprofit organization and community partners in Villa Soleada to interview mothers in Villa Soleada, a Honduran village of 44 families, and implement health promotion activities targeted to the health priorities of their families. Results: Structured interviews with 24 mothers identified gastrointestinal...
Teachers' Ratings of Working Memory in English Language Learners: Do Laboratory Measures Predict Classroom Analogues?

Summary This study investigated the relationship between teachers' classroom ratings of working memory (WM) and laboratory measures of WM of English language learners (ELLs) in the elementary grades. Multilevel modeling was used to identify whether teacher ratings accurately predicted ELL children's performance on WM tasks. The results indicated that teachers' ratings of WM were predicted by isolated components of WM even when measures of achievement, vocabulary and gender representation were entered into the analysis. Teacher ratings of WM were predictive of student performance on latent measures of Spanish short-term memory and the executive component of WM. Entering inattention ratings into the analysis partialed out the influence of the executive component of WM, while leaving variance related to a language-specific storage system as a significant predictor of teachers' classroom ratings of WM. The results suggest that classroom ratings of WM provide a valid analogue of student laboratory performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adult Onset Still's Disease Associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.

Adult Onset Still’s Disease (AOSD) is a systemic inflammatory disorder that can be associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a rare but potentially fatal disease of overactive histiocytes and lymphocytes. We present a unique case of AOSD complicated by Mycoplasma pneumonia infection and HLH. A 28-year-old female developed joint pains followed by a diffuse, erythematous, pruritic skin rash that quickly spread throughout the body. The patient deteriorated and developed fever, chills, cough, and dyspnea and had to be intubated. She had hypoalbuminemia, elevated liver enzymes, a very high serum ferritin level, positive anti-Mycoplasma pneumonia IgG and IgM antibodies, and normal rheumatoid factor and anti-nuclear antibodies. The chest X-ray showed diffuse bilateral infiltrates. Bone marrow biopsy revealed hemophagocytosis. The patient was treated with azithromycin, methylprednisolone, and anakinra and was discharged home on cyclosporine and prednisone. This case highlights that patients can develop features of both AOSD and HLH at the beginning of the disease and early diagnosis and treatment increase the likelihood of recovery.
A New “Mormon Moment”? The Book of Mormon in Literary Studies

Despite deep popular interest in Mormon culture, scholars have not given significant attention to the religion's central scripture. The Book of Mormon is relevant to literary studies at a moment when the turn to religion and debates over the secularization thesis have captured scholarly attention. Until recently, scholarship on The Book of Mormon was largely polemical and divided between apologists and skeptics. The rise of the new Mormon history beginning in the 1960s helped bring studies of Mormonism tentatively into the mainstream academy. Historians and scholars of religious studies have examined the reception of The Book of Mormon, the rise of the religion in early American culture, and the story of its founder, Joseph Smith. By studying the long-neglected internal workings of the text, literary critics have the opportunity to bring new scholarly techniques to bear on this highly influential American scripture.
La desconocida historia de la construcción de la iglesia de San Francisco en Quito

El presente estudio ofrece una nueva cronologia e historia de la construccion de la iglesia de San Francisco de Quito a traves de documentos historicos ineditos que demuestran, contrariamente a lo postulado en la historiografia tradicional, que la actual iglesia no fue construida en el siglo XVI. El estudio ilustra los participantes y el proceso de la construccion, empleando documentos, planos e imagenes. Se abarcan temas de autoria, particularmente las identidades de los disenadores y constructores, y se ofrece una reconsideracion del legado historiografico del imponente templo franciscano a la vista de nueva documentacion. ABSTRACT This study presents a new chronology and history of the construction of the Church of San Francisco in Quito, employing unpublished archival documents in order to demonstrate that, counter to the traditional historiography, the present church was not built in the sixteenth but in the seventeenth century. It addresses the people and processes of construction by employing documents, plans and images, investigates questions of authorship, particularly the identities of the designers and builders, and reconsiders the historiographical legacy of the imposing Franciscan church in light of this new documentation.
Effects of the "Circle of Life" HIV-prevention program on marijuana use among American Indian middle school youths: a group randomized trial in a Northern Plains tribe.

Background: Early substance use threatens many American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities, as it is a risk factor for maladaptive use and adverse health outcomes. Marijuana is among the firs...
Cerium(IV) Imido Complexes: Structural, Computational, and Reactivity Studies

A series of alkali metal capped cerium(IV) imido complexes, [M(solv)x][Ce═N(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)(TriNOx)] (M = Li, K, Rb, Cs; solv = TMEDA, THF, Et2O, or DME), was isolated and fully characterized. An X-ray structural investigation of the cerium imido complexes demonstrated the impact of the alkali metal counterions on the geometry of the [Ce═N(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)(TriNOx)]- moiety. Substantial shortening of the Ce═N bond was observed with increasing size of the alkali metal cation. The first complex featuring an unsupported, terminal multiple bond between a Ce(IV) ion and a ligand fragment was also isolated by encapsulation of a Cs+ counterion with 2.2.2-cryptand. This complex shows the shortest recorded Ce═N bond length of 2.077(3) A. Computational investigation of the cerium imido complexes using DFT methods showed a relatively larger contribution of the cerium 5d orbital than the 4f orbital to the Ce═N bonds. The [K(DME)2][Ce═N(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)(TriNOx)] complex cleaves the Si-O bond in (Me3Si)2O, yielding the [(Me3SiO)CeIV(TriNOx)] adduct. The reaction of the rubidium capped imido complex with benzophenone resulted in the formation of a rare Ce(IV)-oxo complex, that was stabilized by a supramolecular, tetrameric oligomerization of the Ce═O units with rubidium cations.
Modafinil reduces smoked cocaine self-administration in humans: effects vary as a function of cocaine 'priming' and cost.

Abstract Background The absence of an FDA-approved medication for the treatment of cocaine use disorder (CUD) may, in part, reflect the varying conditions present when the decision to use cocaine is made, with one medication unlikely to work under all conditions. The objective of this double-blind, placebo-controlled, human laboratory study was to test the effects of modafinil, a medication with mixed efficacy for the treatment of CUD, using a novel self-administration procedure designed to model distinct clinical scenarios. Methods During modafinil maintenance (0, 300 mg/day), participants chose to self-administer up to 7 doses of smoked cocaine (25 mg) under 9 conditions: immediately after exposure to: (a) cues associated with cocaine and a non-contingent cocaine administration, i.e. 'prime' (25 mg), (b) only cocaine cues, and (c) neither cues nor cocaine. Each condition was tested when self-administered cocaine cost $5, $10 and $15/dose. Results Nontreatment-seeking cocaine smokers (3 F,13 M), spending $388 ± 218/week on cocaine and with no history of alcohol use disorder, completed the study. Relative to placebo, modafinil robustly attenuated self-administration when cocaine was expensive ($10,$15/dose) and when there was no 'prime.' Modafinil had no effect on self-administration when cocaine was inexpensive ($5/dose) or when participants received a 'prime.' Conclusions Modafinil's effects on cocaine-taking varied substantially as a function of recent cocaine exposure and cost, which may help explain the mixed clinical findings. Modafinil may be most effective for preventing relapse in abstinent patients, particularly under conditions in which cocaine is costly, rather than initiating abstinence for those continuing to use cocaine.
Tensile Deformation of Germanium Single Crystals

Six germanium single crystals were tested in tension in the temperature range 550° to 670°C. Plastic extension of 35 pet was obtained at 670°C. The flow stress of germanium is particularly sensitive to rate of straining.
Appropriateness of Bolus Antihypertensive Therapy for Elevated Blood Pressure in the Emergency Department.

Introduction: While moderate to severely elevated blood pressure (BP) is present in nearly halfof all emergency department (ED) patients, the incidence of true hypertensive emergencies inED patients is low. Administration of bolus intravenous (IV) antihypertensive treatment to lowerBP in patients without a true hypertensive emergency is a wasteful practice that is discouragedby hypertension experts; however, anecdotal evidence suggests this occurs with relatively highfrequency. Accordingly, we sought to assess the frequency of inappropriate IV antihypertensivetreatment in ED patients with elevated BP absent a hypertensive emergency. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study from a single, urban, teaching hospital.Using pharmacy records, we identified patients age 18-89 who rec eived IV antihypertensivetreatment in the ED. We defined treatment as inappropriate if documented suspicion for anindicated cardiovascular condition or acute end-organ injury wa s lacking. Data abstractionincluded adverse events and 30-day readmission rates, and analy sis was primarily descriptive. Results: We included a total of 357 patients over an 18-month period. The mean age was 55;51% were male and 93% black, and 127 (36.4%) were considered in appropriately treated.Overall, labetalol (61%) was the most commonly used medication, followed by enalaprilat(18%), hydralazine (18%), and metoprolol (3%). There were no significant differences betweenappropriate and inappropriate BP treatment groups in terms of clinical characteristics oradverse events. Hypotension or bradycardia occurred in three (2%) patients in the inappropriatetreatment cohort and in two (1%) patients in the appropriately treated cohort. Survival todischarge and 30-day ED revisit rates were equivalent. Conclusion: More than one in three patients who were given IV bolus antihypertensive treatmentin the ED received such therapy inappropriately by our definitio n, suggesting that significantresources could perhaps be saved through education of providers and development of clearlydefined BP treatment protocols.
Exercise capacity and cancer-specific quality of life following curative intent treatment of stage I–IIIA lung cancer

Lung cancer survivors are at risk for health impairments resulting from the effects and/or treatment of lung cancer and comorbidities. Practical exercise capacity (EC) assessments can help identify impairments that would otherwise remain undetected. In this study, we characterized and analyzed the association between functional EC and cancer-specific quality of life (QoL) in lung cancer survivors who previously completed curative intent treatment. In a cross-sectional study of 62 lung cancer survivors who completed treatment ≥ 1 month previously, we assessed functional EC with the 6-min walk distance (6MWD) and cancer-specific QoL with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QoL Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC-QLQ-C30). Cancer-specific QoL was defined using a validated composite EORTC-QLQ-C30 summary score. Univariable (UVA) and multivariable linear regression analyses (MVA) were performed to assess the relationship between functional EC and cancer-specific QoL. Lung cancer survivors had reduced functional EC (mean 6MWD = 335 m, 65% predicted) and QoL (mean EORTC-QLQ-C30 summary score = 77, scale range 0–100). In UVA, 6MWD was significantly associated with cancer-specific QoL (R2 = 0.16, p = 0.001). In MVA, in a final model that also included heart failure, obstructive sleep apnea, and psychiatric illness, 6MWD was independently associated with cancer-specific QoL (partial R2 = 0.20, p = 0.001). Functional EC was independently associated with cancer-specific QoL in lung cancer patients postcurative intent treatment. Exercise-based interventions aimed at improving EC may improve cancer-specific QoL in these patients.
Beyond the Qur’ān: Early Ismaʿīlī Taʾwīl and the Secrets of the Prophets

Scholarship on the history and doctrines of Shi‘i Ismaili Muslims has progressed at a dizzying pace over the last few decades. Most publications in the field to date are historical studies of parti...
Hyperexpandable, self-healing macromolecular crystals with integrated polymer networks.

The formation of condensed matter typically involves a trade-off between structural order and flexibility. As the extent and directionality of interactions between atomic or molecular components increase, materials generally become more ordered but less compliant, and vice versa. Nevertheless, high levels of structural order and flexibility are not necessarily mutually exclusive; there are many biological (such as microtubules1,2, flagella3, viruses4,5) and synthetic assemblies (for example, dynamic molecular crystals6–9 and frameworks10–13) that can undergo considerable structural transformations without losing their crystalline order and that have remarkable mechanical properties8,14,15 that are useful in diverse applications, such as selective sorption16, separation17, sensing18 and mechanoactuation19. However, the extent of structural changes and the elasticity of such flexible crystals are constrained by the necessity to maintain a continuous network of bonding interactions between the constituents of the lattice. Consequently, even the most dynamic porous materials tend to be brittle and isolated as microcrystalline powders14, whereas flexible organic or inorganic molecular crystals cannot expand without fracturing. Owing to their rigidity, crystalline materials rarely display self-healing behaviour20. Here we report that macromolecular ferritin crystals with integrated hydrogel polymers can isotropically expand to 180 per cent of their original dimensions and more than 500 per cent of their original volume while retaining periodic order and faceted Wulff morphologies. Even after the separation of neighbouring ferritin molecules by 50 angstroms upon lattice expansion, specific molecular contacts between them can be reformed upon lattice contraction, resulting in the recovery of atomic-level periodicity and the highest-resolution ferritin structure reported so far. Dynamic bonding interactions between the hydrogel network and the ferritin molecules endow the crystals with the ability to resist fragmentation and self-heal efficiently, whereas the chemical tailorability of the ferritin molecules enables the creation of chemically and mechanically differentiated domains within single crystals. The integration of macromolecular ferritin protein crystals with hydrogel polymers gives a composite material that expands isotropically and reversibly to twice its size while maintaining periodicity, resists fragmentation and self-heals efficiently.
HEAT RECOVERY IN AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION

Heat recovery not only conserves fuels otherwise used to provide needed heat, but also, in some cases, improves the efficiency of cooling processes. This paper reviews the basic concepts of heat recovery, standard refrigeration cycles, and heat reclaim systems. Factors and practical limitations involved in refrigeration circuit configuration for heat recovery are examined. Based on this background, heat recovery considerations and approaches of potential use in the hot climates of Mideastern countries are discussed. Heat recovery for service water heating is identified as a very promising use of reclaimed heat in very hot climates; other potential applications include process heating and limited space heating.
Recent Advances in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Equine Parasitic Diseases

This article reviews recent advances in laboratory diagnosis of equine parasitic diseases. Laboratory diagnosis of most equine parasitic diseases continues to rely on standard methods. Only laboratory diagnostic testing for EPM, cryptosporidiosis, and giardiasis are included, and the criteria for testing and interpretation of results for each new diagnostic method are explained.
Health and Mortality Consequences of the Physical Environment

The relationship between features of physical environments and health status has become a prominent focus of research on health and mortality. Recent innovation in theoretical approaches to the mechanisms linking environments with health, combined with more sophisticated methodological tools and data collection efforts, have spurred advances in the field of contextual effects research. Mounting interest in the origin of socioeconomic status (SES) and race/ethnic differences in health has also played an important role in directing attention to broader health-relevant characteristics of residential contexts as possible explanations for durable health disparities. This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge on the relationship between physical features of environments and adult mortality. We define the physical environment to include components of the built environment (including land use, housing, transportation, such amenities as food, activity options, and green space; and urban design and decline); climate and climate-related disasters; and air and water quality. Collectively, these aspects of the physical environment play a significant role in accounting for variability across space in patterns of adult mortality.
Graphs, Part I: Basic Notions

Graphs are mathematical structures that have many applications in computer science, electrical engineering, and more widely in engineering as a whole, but also in sciences such as biology, linguistics, and sociology, among others. For example, relations among objects can usually be encoded by graphs. Whenever a system has a notion of state and a state transition function, graph methods may be applicable. Certain problems are naturally modeled by undirected graphs whereas others require directed graphs. Let us give a concrete example.
Deposit-Feeders, Their Resources, and the Study of Resource Limitation

Deposit-feeding invertebrates consume particles, digest and assimilate a fraction of the microbial community living on those particlesand often defecate the particles as compact fecal pellets. The niche of deposit-feeders may therefore be defined as: (1) particle size spectrum ingested(2) depth of feeding and living position below the sediment-water interface(3) range of sediments over which the deposit-feeder occurs, (4) possible differences in utilization of microorganisms. Because variation in occurrence of deposit-feeders may be simply related to at least the first 3 niche parameters by simple morphological features such as inhalent siphonal opening and size of buccal apparatus, one can imagine character evolution related to ecologically significant resource parameters.
The Influence of Pharmaceutical Companies and Restoring Integrity to Psychiatric Research and Practice

A growing concern across all areas of medicine is that commercial interests are undermining the medical profession’s culture and public health mission. The absence of biological markers for psychiatric conditions makes psychiatry more vulnerable to industry influence and, concomitantly, to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Although we discuss conflicts of interest, we use the more robust framework of institutional corruption to understand the economies of influence and problematic incentive structures that have had a distorting effect on psychiatric research and practice. We provide specific examples of these distortions and discuss their implications (e.g., how the DSM-5 may have inadvertently functioned as a vehicle for high-profit patent extensions). Suggestions for how the profession can work to inoculate itself from commercial influences are offered.
Radiation induced background characterization for a next generation of space telescope

A comprehensive Monte Carlo analysis was performed to model the space environment’s impact to a next generation of ultra-sensitive space telescope from radiation-induced background from various physical processes in representative spacecraft shielding materials.
Breakdown Characteristics of $\beta$ -(Al 0.22 Ga 0.78 ) 2 O 3 /Ga 2 O 3 Field-Plated Modulation-Doped Field-Effect Transistors

We investigate voltage breakdown of a $\beta $ -(Al0.22Ga0.78)2O3/Ga2O3 modulation-doped field-effect transistor with a gate-connected field-plate and silicon nitride (SiNx) as the passivation layer. Breakdown characteristics were found to be limited by the Schottky gate. We demonstrate a high breakdown voltage of 1.37 kV for a gate-to-drain separation ( ${L} _{\text {GD}}$ ) of $16~\mu \text{m}$ with a specific ON-resistance $\vphantom {\int ^{AAAAA^{AAA}}}$ of 120.1 $\text{m}\Omega \cdot \text {cm}^{{2}}$ . A high average electric field of 3.9 MV/cm is extracted for ${L} _{\text {GD}}={320}$ nm. The reported results suggest SiNx as a potential passivation dielectric for Ga2O3.
Holistic Approaches to HPC Power and Workflow Management

Constraints on power consumption are having per-vasive effects on high-performance computing (HPC) systems, the facilities in which they are housed, and the application codes themselves. These constraints are driven by a variety of reasons including physical limits on available power within a facility, or are due to utility demand response etc. It is essential that power management must now be added to the traditional HPC goals of monitoring and optimizing application and algorithm correctness, scalability, and performance. Irrespective of the causes for these constraints, a holistic approach must be taken to effectively manage power or schedule jobs more optimally so data centers can remain below these power constraints. In this paper we propose results of implementing several strategies for throttling power and its impact on application performance while providing insights for managing overall system energy levels.
Suicidal thoughts and behaviors in adolescents who underwent bariatric surgery

Abstract Background Extant literature warns of elevated suicide risks in adults postbariatric surgery, making understanding risks for adolescent patients imperative. Objectives To examine prevalence and predictors/correlates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) in adolescents with severe obesity who did/did not undergo bariatric surgery from presurgery/baseline to 4 years postsurgery. Setting Five academic medical centers. Methods Using a prospective observational design, surgical adolescents (n = 153; 79% female, 65% white, mean [M]age = 17 yr, Mbody mass index[BMI] = 52 kg/m2) and nonsurgical comparators (n = 70; 80% female, 54% white, Mage = 16 yr, MBMI = 47 kg/m2) completed psychometrically sound assessments at presurgery/baseline and postsurgery years 2 and 4 (year 4: n = 117 surgical [MBMI = 38 kg/m2], n = 56 nonsurgical [MBMI = 48 kg/m2]). Results For the surgical group, rates of STBs were low (year 2 [1.3%–4.6%]; year 4 [2.6%–7.9%], similar to national base rates. Groups did not differ on a year 4 postsurgical STBs (post-STBs) composite (post-STBs: ideation/plan/attempt; n = 18 surgical [16%], n = 10 nonsurgical [18%]; odds ratio = .95, P = .90). For the surgical group, predictors/correlates identified within the broader suicide literature (e.g., psychopathology [P Conclusions The present study indicates that undergoing bariatric surgery in adolescence does not heighten (or lower) risk of STB engagement across the initial 4 years after surgery. Suicide risks present before surgery persisted, and also newly emerged in a subgroup with poorer psychosocial health.
Operability of a Natural Gas–Air Rotating Detonation Engine

A combustor was developed to operate with natural gas and air as the primary propellants at elevated chamber pressures and air preheat temperatures representative of land-based power generation gas...
Effectiveness of online dementia caregivers training programs: A systematic review.

Over the next thirty years, Alzheimer's disease rates will increase alongside global aging. With the anticipated increase in demand, knowledgeable and skilled dementia caregivers will be in need across the long-term care spectrum. This study is a systematic review of online dementia-based training programs for formal and informal caregivers conducted to analyze evidence for using online training programs. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) method. Methodological quality was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group criteria. No previously published systematic review has analyzed online dementia training programs among both formal and informal caregivers. A systematic search of Web of Science, PsychInfo, and PubMed resulted in a final sample of (N = 19) studies. Results suggest that online interventions improve the condition and preparedness of caregivers, but future evaluations should consider study designs with multiple time points, control groups, and content that is personalized and interactive.
Trajectories of oral glucose tolerance testing in cystic fibrosis.

INTRODUCTION Annual oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) is the recommended screening modality for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). This study aimed to determine if there were patterns of progression of worsening glucose homeostasis in pediatric CF patients and to explore any relationship to lung function. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of CF patients, ages 10-18 years, without CFRD and with ≥3 OGTT from 2013 to 2016. Latent class mixture models were used to determine unique trajectories of 2-h OGTT glucose values (2hrGlu) over time. Multivariable linear models were used to adjust for clinical covariates. RESULTS For 63 subjects, three unique 2hrGlu trajectories were identified: high (impaired glucose tolerance) to higher (n = 8), low (normal glucose tolerance [NGT]) and increasing (n = 47), and low (NGT) and flat (n = 8). There was high variability of 2hrGlu, but most patients belonged to a trajectory that increased over time. After controlling for age, pancreatic insufficiency, modulator use, and mutation type, there was a significant difference in the study baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 s percent predicted (ppFEV1) in the high to higher group compared to the low and increasing and low and flat groups (p < .005). DISCUSSION Among pediatric CF patients without diabetes, three 2hrGlu trajectories were identified with 87% of patients exhibiting a trajectory where glucose homeostasis worsened over time. Starting ppFEV1 was lower in those with a high to higher trajectory, supporting that lower lung function is present early in the development of CFRD.
Exposed Buffer Architecture for Continuum Convergence

Exposed Buffer Architecture addresses the problem of creating a programmable service platform for the digital continuum by reexamining the particular form of virtualization that is inherent to the Internet architecture. In the Internet stack below the Network Layer, the Link layer models services that are local to network nodes, or that connect them in local area networks. Aggregating these low level resources in the implementation of IP to create wide area services serves two different purposes: 1) It virtualizes local services, enabling interoperability through the adoption of a common model, and 2) It hides the topology of local infrastructure. The main premise of ExposedBuffer Architecture is that we can separate these two tasks, addressing the first with an invariant system model that provides a highly general, programmable platform for transcontinuum services, enabling a variety of approach to address the second.
Beyond Mat\'ern: On A Class of Interpretable Confluent Hypergeometric Covariance Functions

The Matern covariance function is a popular choice for prediction in spatial statistics and uncertainty quantification literature. A key benefit of the Matern class is that it is possible to get precise control over the degree of differentiability of the process realizations. However, the Matern class possesses exponentially decaying tails, and thus may not be suitable for modeling polynomially decaying dependence. This problem can be remedied using polynomial covariances; however one loses control over the degree of mean-square differentiability of corresponding processes, in that the random processes with polynomial covariances are either infinitely mean-square differentiable or nowhere mean-square differentiable at all. We construct a new family of covariance functions called the \emph{Confluent Hypergeometric} (CH) class using a scale mixture representation of the Matern class where one obtains the benefits of both Matern and polynomial covariances. The resultant covariance contains two parameters: one controls the degree of mean-square differentiability near the origin and the other controls the tail heaviness, independently of each other. Using a spectral representation, we derive theoretical properties of this new covariance including equivalent measures and asymptotic behavior of the maximum likelihood estimators under infill asymptotics. The improved theoretical properties of the CH class are verified via extensive simulations. Application using NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 satellite data confirms the advantage of the CH class over the Matern class, especially in extrapolative settings.
A nuclear-based quality control pathway for non-imported mitochondrial proteins

Mitochondrial import deficiency causes cellular toxicity due to the accumulation of non-imported mitochondrial precursor proteins, termed mitoprotein-induced stress. Despite the burden mis-localized mitochondrial precursors place on cells, our understanding of the systems that dispose of these proteins is incomplete. Here, we cataloged the location and steady-state abundance of mitochondrial precursor proteins during mitochondrial impairment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that a number of non-imported mitochondrial proteins localize to the nucleus, where they are subjected to proteasome-dependent degradation through a process we term nuclear-associated mitoprotein degradation (mitoNUC). Recognition and destruction of mitochondrial precursors by the mitoNUC pathway requires the presence of an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence and is mediated by combined action of the E3 ubiquitin ligases San1, Ubr1, and Doa10. Impaired breakdown of precursors leads to alternative sequestration in nuclear-associated foci. These results identify the nucleus as an important destination for the disposal of non-imported mitochondrial precursors.
Saunders Karp: Striking the Proper Balance

This case involves the decision making process of Saunders Karp, a private equity firm, which was considering investing in Dollar Tree, a single-price-point discount store chain. The case requires students to perform a cursory valuation analysis, negotiate with counterparts from the Dollar Tree team, and make an investment recommendation. Excerpt UVA-ENT-0050 Rev. Mar. 18, 2013 Saunders Karp: Striking the proper balance Three Weeks or Out Sitting in the waiting area at the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, Macon Brock turned to John Megrue and threw down the gauntlet: “Either we finish these discussions in the next three weeks, or the deal is off.” Brock, CEO of Dollar Tree Stores (“Dollar Tree”), and Megrue, an associate in the private equity firm of Saunders Karp (“SK”), were in the final stages of a courting process, and each was trying to determine whether to complete a transaction that would make them equity partners in Dollar Tree. As part of the investment process, SK requested a due diligence tour of a sample of Dollar Tree's stores in Detroit. Megrue was intrigued by what he saw during the trip: Dollar Tree customers seemed to line up in order to buy a variety of one-dollar merchandise. . . .
Somatic Mosaicism and Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a genetically heterogenous neurodevelopmental disorder. In the early years of next-generation sequencing, de novo germline variants were shown to contribute to ASD risk. These germline mutations are present in all of the cells of an affected individual and can be detected in any tissue, including clinically accessible DNA sources such as blood or saliva. In recent years, studies have also implicated de novo somatic variants in ASD risk. These somatic mutations arise postzygotically and are present in only a subset of the cells of an affected individual. Depending on the developmental time and progenitor cell in which a somatic mutation occurs, it may be detectable in some tissues and not in others. Somatic mutations detectable at relatively low sequencing coverage in clinically accessible tissues are suggested to contribute to 3-5% of simplex ASD diagnoses, and "brain limited" somatic mutations have been identified in postmortem ASD brain tissue. Somatic mutations likely represent the genetic diagnosis in a proportion of otherwise unexplained individuals with ASD, and brain limited somatic mutations can be used as markers to discover risk genes, cell types, brain regions, and cellular pathways important for ASD pathogenesis and to potentially target for therapeutics.
Impact of the Louvre Accord on Actual and Anticipated Exchange Rate Volatilities

The Louvre Accord resulted in an agreement among central banks to stabilize exchange rate movements. This study assesses how foreign exchange market participants reacted to the agreement. Specifically, we analyze actual volatilities and anticipated volatilities implied from currency option premia during a two-year period surrounding the Accord. We find that volatility, whether actual or anticipated, is not tempered in the post-Accord period. Thus, the Accord was unsuccessful as a cooperative international effort to reduce exchange rate volatility. Implications of this finding for stabilization policy are offered.
Controlling cavitation-based image contrast in focused ultrasound histotripsy surgery

Purpose To develop MRI feedback for cavitation-based, focused ultrasound, tissue erosion surgery (histotripsy), we investigate image contrast generated by transient cavitation events. Methods Changes in GRE image intensity are observed while balanced pairs of field gradients are varied in the presence of an acoustically driven cavitation event. The amplitude of the acoustic pulse and the timing between a cavitation event and the start of these gradient waveforms are also varied. The magnitudes and phases of the cavitation site are compared with those of control images. An echo-planar sequence is used to evaluate histotripsy lesions in ex vivo tissue. Results Cavitation events in water cause localized attenuation when acoustic pulses exceed a pressure threshold. Attenuation increases with increasing gradient amplitude and gradient lobe separation times and is isotropic with gradient direction. This attenuation also depends upon the relative timing between the cavitation event and the start of the balanced gradients. These factors can be used to control the appearance of attenuation while imaging ex vivo tissue. Conclusion By controlling the timing between cavitation events and the imaging gradients, MR images can be made alternately sensitive or insensitive to cavitation. During therapy, these images can be used to isolate contrast generated by cavitation. Magn Reson Med 73:204–213, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ribosomal accretion, apriorism and the phylogenetic method: a response to Petrov and Williams.

Historical (ideographic) and non-historical (nomothetic) studies of ribosomal accretion appear to arrive at diametrically opposite conclusions. Phylogenetic analysis of thousands of RNA molecules and protein structures in hundreds of genomes supports the structural origin of the ribosome in RNA decoding and ribosomal mechanics. Predictions from extant features in a handful of rRNA structural models of the large ribosomal subunit support its origin in protein biosynthesis. In recent correspondence, one of us reported that correcting dismissals of conflicting data and avoiding unwarranted assumptions of the nomethetic method reconciled conclusions. In response, Petrov and Williams dismissed our arguments claiming we did not understand their ‘BS’ algorithmic model of ribosomal apical growth. Instead, they controverted the historical approach. Here we show that their objections to the phylogenetic method are unjustified, that the BS algorithm subjectively guarantees back-in-time molecular deconstructions towards the protein biosynthetic core, and that processes of ribosomal growth are much more complex. We prompt abandoning apriorism, decreasing ad hoc hypotheses and integrating historical and non-historical scientific methods.
Influence of Online Formative Assessment Upon Student Learning in Biomedical Science Courses

Research suggests that high-quality formative assessment has a strongly positive effect upon student learning. Unfortunately, formative assessment does not appear to be frequently used in didactic dental curricula. Our hypothesis was that providing students with practice online exam questions would enable those who voluntarily took the exam to perform better on subsequent summative exams than did students who did not utilize this opportunity. A test bank of exam questions was written for dental students enrolled in two different biomedical science courses. Half the questions were arbitrarily assigned to an electronic test site; the other half were used as a written summative classroom exam taken later. Students who took the online formative exam in the first semester course scored 8.8 percent higher on the summative exam than did those who did not take the practice exam. This represents almost a full letter grade higher for the formative exam-takers. Students who took the formative online exam in the second semester course scored 5.2 percent higher on the summative exam than did the non-takers. Both of these differences were statistically significant. Under these experimental circumstances, providing formative online exams appeared to promote student performance as reflected by higher scores on the summative exams.
Pro: the general anesthesiologist should be trained and certified in transesophageal echocardiography

ESPITE MONITORING OF routine hemodynamic variables, many patients develop complications of cardiovascular origin while undergoing noncardiac surgery. Not only is monitoring of routine hemodynamic variables insufficient to accurately diagnose and treat hemodynamic instability, it does not even ensure maintenance of intravascular volume. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) allows multiplane imaging of the myocardium, heart chambers and valves, pericardium, and great vessels and the assessment of blood flow characteristics and the timing of intracardiac events. It is an excellent intraoperative hemodynamic monitor. 1 TEE has aided in the diagnosis of numerous discrete entities and determination of the etiology of hemodynamic instability, 2-5 hypoxemia, 6 and cardiac arrest. 7,8 Many published reports indicate that the problem was not diagnosed until TEE examination was performed and that TEE directly contributed to patients’ survival. The question then arises: should the modern-era general anesthesiologist be trained and certified in TEE? The answer is clearly yes. INTRAOPERATIVE MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT DURING NONCARDIAC SURGERY Multiple reports indicate that TEE provides high-quality monitoring, assists in the hemodynamic management of patients, and is believed to improve outcome during noncardiac surgery. In patients at risk for myocardial ischemia or hemodynamic instability during noncardiac surgery, Hofer et al 9 reported changes in drug therapy in 47% of patients and changes in fluid therapy in 24% of patients. In a study by Kolev et al, 10 224 patients monitored with TEE, a pulmonary artery
An individually, modified approach to desensitize infants and young children with Pompe disease, and significant reactions to alglucosidase alfa infusions.

Abstract Purpose Pompe disease (PD) is a progressive metabolic myopathy for which the only available treatment is alglucosidase alfa (Myozyme®). Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has improved ventilator-free survival, and cardiac and motor functions in patients with infantile PD. However, for an adequate response to occur, a large amount of enzymes must be infused. In some patients, this may be problematic due to infusion-associated reactions (IARs) occurring in approximately 50% of patients receiving alglucosidase alfa infusions. Whilst the majority of these reactions are mild, life threatening hypersensitivity reactions may occur in some patients. In these patients desensitization is indicated to enable continued ERT safely. Infants and young children with PD and significant infusion reactions pose unique management challenges because of their young age, limited communication skills, variable presentation and underlying cardiomyopathy. Methods/subjects In 2 patients with PD who experienced significant ERT-related reactions: an infant (IgE positive) and a young child (IgE negative), we implemented a desensitization protocol, that started by administering a reduced dose of alglucosidase alfa (10 mg/kg weekly) instead of the standard (20 mg/kg bi-weekly) using serial micro-dilutions that were individually prepared and delivered in a highly regulated manner based on patients' clinical manifestations and tolerance. Results Successful desensitization was achieved in both patients, allowing them to eventually continue to receive the full dose of ERT safely. Conclusion Therapeutic demands in infants and young children with PD need to be tailored according to the patient presentation, and underlying cardiac and fluid-volume status. Desensitization allowed both patients to continue alglucosidase alfa treatment at the recommended dose without prolonged interruption of therapy, or further reactions.
Transmission of viral disease to the recipient through the donor liver.

Purpose of reviewMorbidity and mortality after liver transplantation continue to be significantly influenced by infectious complications. A particular concern is transmission of pathogens through the graft, which may cause significant disease in the recipient.Recent findingsFor frequently transmitte
An early regulatory gene of Salmonella phage P22 analogous to gene N of coliphage λ

Abstract Mutants of the Salmonella phage P22 that are pleiotropically deficient in early phage functions, e.g., lysogeny and DNA replication, have been isolated. These mutants define a new early regulatory cistron called gene 24. Gene 24 has been located on the genetic map and is adjacent to imm C between genes c 3 and c 2 (which encodes the imm C repressor). P22 24 − mutants are grossly analogous in phenotype as well as in map position to N − mutants of coliphage λ.
Work-place predictors of duration of breastfeeding among female physicians.

Objective To identify work-related predictors of breastfeeding duration among female physicians. Study design Data on 238 children were obtained from 50 female physicians, whose main affiliation was with Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD), and 80 female physicians, whose main affiliation was with the University of Florida (Gainesville, FL). We used a mixed linear model to determine which variables were significant predictors of breastfeeding duration when controlling for maternal demographics and taking into account the clustering of observations on study location and mothers. Results Although female physicians intended to breastfeed 56% of the infants for at least 12 months and 97% of infants were breastfed at birth, only 34% of infants continued to receive breast milk at 12 months. Duration of lactation among female physicians correlated with the following work-related factors: (1) not having to make up missed call/work that occurred as result of pregnancy or maternity leave; (2) longer length of maternity leave; (3) sufficiency of time at work for milk expression; and (4) perceived level of support for breastfeeding efforts at work from colleagues, program director, or division/section chiefs. Conclusion Our findings support the importance of work-related factors in breastfeeding maintenance among female physicians and suggest that a tailored intervention, providing time and institutional encouragement, might result in significant improvement in their breastfeeding duration.