cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charge transfer of doubly charged and trebly charged ions with atomic hydrogen at thermal energies

The charge transfer of doubly charged and trebly charged ions of C, N, O, and Ne with atomic hydrogen at thermal energies is studied. Adiabatic potential-energy curves and radial coupling matrix elements are presented. The collision cross sections are calculated after transforming to a diabatic basis. For the trebly charged ions, there exists at least one exit channel into which charge transfer is highly probable. Cross sections for doubly charged ions are sensitive to the energy-level structure of the ionic species.
Reconstruction of STM and AFM images distorted by finite-size tips

Abstract A local, nonlinear transform is derived that allows an STM or AFM image which has been distorted by a nonideal tip to be reconstructed. The image reconstruction transform is related to the Legendre transforms of the distorted image surface and the tip surface. Two simple examples are solved analytically. It is shown that the local curvature of the true, undistorted sample surface is the sum of the curvatures of the tip and the distorted image surface. Some distorted images are, strictly speaking, not invertible, that is, cannot be completed reconstructed. The reason for this is discussed, and it is shown that in these cases the transform correctly reconstructs the parts of the image that are invertible, and leaves “holes” whenever a noninvertible section of an image is encountered. Numerical calculations are presented in which several artificially generated images and one experimentally obtained STM image of a photoresist grating are reconstructed.
Processing and performance of bridge deck subcomponents using two schemes of resin infusion

Abstract Due to their lightweight, ease of installation in the field, and potential life-cycle durability, fiber reinforced composites are increasingly being considered in applications such as replacement bridge decks. However, current costs associated with the fabrication of such decks are 4–5 times that of conventional reinforced concrete decks thus placing great importance on the development of cost-effective processes such as resin infusion. This paper describes results of a test program aimed at the assessment of two different resin infusion schemes for the fabrication of foam core filled truss-type bridge decks. Model flow studies and simple analytical procedures are used to assess flow phenomena. The results of process and performance comparisons show that although the use of a microgroove network can be more efficient than the use of a high-permeable medium, in terms of rate of infusion, and global structural performance may be comparable, there is a greater likelihood of defect formation. Process induced defect formation is different in the two schemes with the former having a higher susceptibility for localized effects. Defect types are identified, and comparisons of performance are made at both a local and global level.
Dynamic output characteristics of piezoelectric actuators

Like every dynamic output device, piezoceramic (PZT) actuators have their own output characteristics. The output characteristics of PZT actuators are functions of frequency and may be treated as frequency independent only in a certain frequency range. The dynamic excitation provided by a PZT actuator depends on its dynamic characteristics and structural mechanical impedance. The conventional method of using the statically determined induced moment or the force of PZT actuators as forcing functions is not correct. This paper uses a simple example, a PZT actuator-driven one-degree-of-freedom spring-damper-mass system, to illustrate the methodology used to determine the dynamic characteristics of PZT actuators and the structural response based on the concept of structural impedance.
Food and metabolism in infancy. The relationships of plasma amino acids as an indicator of the adequacy of protein intake.

Heird, W. C., Dell, R. B. and Winters, R. W. (Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York). Food and metabolism in infancy. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 299: 24, 1982.—Published plasma amino acid data from normally-growing term and preterm infants fed varying quantities of protein as well as proteins of varying quality were examined in an effort to assess the efficacy of these data as indicators of the adequacy and/or inadequacy of protein intake. Although the absolute plasma concentrations of most amino acids vary considerably, all sets of data from term infants, with exception of those from infants fed inadequate protein or inordinately large quantities of protein, when expressed as the ratio of TEAA/TAA and ind. EAA/TEAA, are remarkably similar. Despite variations in absolute plasma amino acid concentrations of as much as 60 %, for example, fasting and postprandial TEAA/TAA and ind. EAA/TEAA ratios are similar. The plasma TEAA/TAA ratio of infants fed a low protein intake (1.1 g/kgd) is low but this ratio is similar in plasma of infants fed either 3.0-3.5 g/kgd or 9 g/kgd. Ind. EAA/TEAA ratios, on the other hand, are the same in plasma of infants fed either 1.1 or 3.0-3.5 g/k - d but some are dramatically higher in plasma of infants fed a protein intake of 9.0 g/kgd. Although ind. EAA/TEAA ratios vary somewhat as a function of the quality of protein intake, this variation is not nearly as great as that of the intake ratios. Finally, the relatively constant plasma ratios of TEAA/TAA and ind. EAA/TEAA are remarkably similar to those of the tissue deposited during normal growth. These observations support the hypothesis that the various enteric, hepatic and other mechanisms which determine the amino acid composition of plasma have as their target these relationships among various amino acids rather than absolute plasma concentrations of the various amino acids. If so, it follows that maintenance of these relationships may be an important factor for optimal protein synthesis. If these hypotheses prove to be correct, an appropriate criteria for efficacy of alternative feeding regimens chosen for the infant who is not or cannot be breast fed is whether or not this regimen overwhelms the mechanisms responsible for maintaining these apparent relationships among the amino acids in plasma.
Effect of transit and storage temperatures of potatoes on chip color

Potatoes exposed to 30 F for eight hours chip to acceptably light color for the following three days when held at higher temperatures. After four days holding however, they chip to unacceptably dark color chips even when stored at 70 F. Potatoes subjected to 40 F for 8 hours and then stored at 50 F or above will chip light after one week, but, if stored at 40 F they will be unacceptably dark after one week.
Mathematical modeling relevant to closed artificial ecosystems.

The mathematical modeling of ecosystems has contributed much to the understanding of the dynamics of such systems. Ecosystems can include not only the natural variety, but also artificial systems designed and controlled by humans. These can range from agricultural systems and activated sludge plants, down to mesocosms, microcosms, and aquaria, which may have practical or research applications. Some purposes may require the design of systems that are completely closed, as far as material cycling is concerned. In all cases, mathematical modeling can help not only to understand the dynamics of the system, but also to design methods of control to keep the system operating in desired ranges. This paper reviews mathematical modeling relevant to the simulation and control of closed or semi-closed artificial ecosystems designed for biological production and recycling in applications in space.
CSAR Benchmark Exercise 2011–2012: Evaluation of Results from Docking and Relative Ranking of Blinded Congeneric Series

The Community Structure–Activity Resource (CSAR) recently held its first blinded exercise based on data provided by Abbott, Vertex, and colleagues at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. A total of 20 research groups submitted results for the benchmark exercise where the goal was to compare different improvements for pose prediction, enrichment, and relative ranking of congeneric series of compounds. The exercise was built around blinded high-quality experimental data from four protein targets: LpxC, Urokinase, Chk1, and Erk2. Pose prediction proved to be the most straightforward task, and most methods were able to successfully reproduce binding poses when the crystal structure employed was co-crystallized with a ligand from the same chemical series. Multiple evaluation metrics were examined, and we found that RMSD and native contact metrics together provide a robust evaluation of the predicted poses. It was notable that most scoring functions underpredicted contacts between the hetero atoms (i.e., N, O...
Stereotypy in Human Randomization and Spontaneous Sequencing of Responses

dancy as a measure of stereotypy in human performance on randomization and spontaneous sequencing tasks. In the latter study they hypothesized that in a randomization task the control over stereotypy is limited by a subject's ability to randomize and in a spontaneous task by both his ability to randomize and his willingness, suggesting a distinction between cognitive and attitudinal (volitional) components of stereotypy. Higher stereotypy scores on spontaneous sequencing were hypothesized to be related to the attitudinal component. The present study was done to determine the correlation between the tasks of randomization and spontaneous activity, using the information-theoretic measure of redundancy as a measure of stereotypy. A relative lack of positive correlation would be consistent with the notion of cognitive and attitudinal components of stereotypy as independent factors of stereotypy, while a significant positive correlation would indicate a common factor of stereotypy in both types of tasks. Subjects were 106 undergraduates of both sexes; 52 were given the spontaneous sequencing task first, followed by the randomization task. The remaining 54 subjects were tested in the reverse order. Both tasks were those described earlier (1. 2). When the spontaneous sequencing task was presented first, the product-moment correlation was -.I09 (p > .05), but when the randomization task was first, 7 was .640 (p < .01). This discrepancy requires some explanation. The spontaneous sequencing task is induced by non-specific instructions (the subject does whatever he pleases), while the randomization task is preceded by specific randomization instructions (subject has to apply his ability to randomize the sequence). While the transition from non-specific to specific tasks would not be expected to contaminate the specific task (namely, randomization), the converse would not be equally logical. An initial specific task would be expected to carry over to the following non-specific task because subjects habituate to one particular mode of responding which is also consistent with and allowed by the non-specific instructions (namely, spontaneous sequencing instructions). Tbe correlation of .640 when the randomization task is first, should be interpreted as spurious (albeit on an ex port facto basis). This interpretation is supported by an inspection of the means. When the spontaneous sequencing task was second, the redundancy dropped to a low of .430 (compared with .659 when the same task was first), a level more consistent with redundancy obtained on randomization (.346 and .296, respectively). A lack of positive correlation, when the randomization follows the spontaneous sequencing task, supports the contention that the stereotypy in the two tasks is of two different kinds, namely, of a cognitive and of an attitudinal (volitional) type.
Maximum Lifetime Scheduling for Target Coverage and Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks

Target coverage and data collection are two fundamental problems for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Target coverage is needed to select sensors in a given area that can monitor a set of interesting points. Data collection is needed to transmit the sensed data from sensors to a sink. Since, in many applications, sensors are battery powered, it is expected that a WSN can work untended for a long period. This paper addresses the scheduling problems for both target coverage and data collection in WSNs with the objective of maximizing network lifetime. First, a polynomial-time approximation scheme is developed for the case where the density of target points is bounded, and then, a polynomial-time constant-factor approximation algorithm is developed for the general case. It is also proved that it is ${\cal NP} $ -hard to find a maximum lifetime scheduling of target cover and data collection for a WSN, even if all the sensors have the same sensing radius and the same transmission radius. Further, the practical efficiency of our algorithms is analyzed through simulation. These extensive simulation results show better performances of our algorithms compared with other research findings.
Factors in Ln(III) complexation

Abstract Knowledge acquired on the factors involved in Ln(III) complexation by a variety of ligands is discussed. The effects upon complexation of Ln(III) dehydration, chel ate ring size, nature of the ligand donor atoms etc. are reviewed. Both thermodynamic and kinetic studies by a variety of techniques are discussed.
Damage evolution in SiC particle reinforced Al alloy matrix composites by X-ray synchrotron tomography

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have a combination of high strength, high stiffness, and low density. The damage behavior of MMCs has been studied extensively by a combination of traditional mechanical testing, microstructural characterization, and post-experiment fractographic analysis. X-ray tomography is an excellent technique that eliminates destructive cross-sectioning, and allows for superior resolution and image quality with minimal sample preparation. In this work, we have carried out a detailed investigation of the damage behavior of SiC particle reinforced 2080 Al alloy matrix composites by X-ray synchrotron tomography. This work is unique, relative to the existing work in the literature, because it: (a) focuses on a technologically relevant MMC system (2080/SiCp), (b) uses a combination of image analysis techniques to enable visualization and damage characterization, and (c) entails a significant amount of quantitative and statistical analyses of particle fracture and void growth in the composite. A statistically significant number of particles and volume of the composite were characterized, enabling a meaningful and realistic interpretation of the results. Based on this, a detailed understanding of the micromechanisms of fracture and the quantitative influence of particle size and aspect ratio were obtained.
Premenarchal Girls’ Genital Examination Experiences

Abstract Purpose To explore girls' experiences having an external genital examination during early adolescence. Methods Ten premenarchal girls were interviewed about their experiences receiving an external genital examination as part of a larger longitudinal study. Qualitative methods were used for analysis, looking for concepts based on themes and shared beliefs among the girls to create a model of the genital examination experience. Results Most participants could not remember ever having a genital examination before enrollment in the larger study. The examination was best characterized as "weird," and many aspects of the examination were novel. Overall, genital examinations were not experienced negatively because of moderating factors like having support from mothers during the examination and having examiner preferences toward gender and personal characteristics. With repeated study examinations in the larger study and for those participants who reported their provider performed genital examinations, the examination was viewed as a skill for growing up or routine. Conclusions External genital examinations, although a new experience for many girls, can be experienced positively. Providers should address concerns about this important recommended examination and acknowledge that examiner attributes, mothers, and experience of having examinations all influence how genital examinations are experienced.
Comparison of Performance Effects of Adaptive Automation Applied to Various Stages of Human-Machine System Information Processing

Limitations in automation (expert system) capabilities and negative human performance consequences of automation in complex systems have led to the contention that use of computer assistance in high-level human-machine system information processing may be inappropriate. Adaptive automation (AA) has been explored as a solution to these problems; however, research has focused on the performance effects of dynamic control allocations of early sensory and information acquisition functions between human operators and computer controllers of complex systems. It has examined to a limited extent the human performance and workload effects of AA of cognitive tasks, such as decision-making, or of psychomotor functions such as response execution. This research compared the affects of AA applied to psychomotor tasks and cognitive tasks, including information monitoring, information analysis, decision-making, and action implementation, on overall human-machine system performance. Results demonstrated that operators are...
The effects of thyroid hormones on the formation of stress ulcers in the rat

The Low T3 Sick Syndrome is a syndrome of low triiodothyronine (T3), low to normal thyroxine (T4), and a nonelevated thyrotropin despite the low T3 levels. This syndrome is frequently encountered in critically ill patients. These same patients are also at higher risk to develop acute stress ulcerations. The objective of this study was to access the effects of low circulating thyroid hormone levels on the development of stress ulcers in the rat. Rats having had previous surgical thyroidectomies were subjected to individual restraint stress; these animals had a significantly increased incidence of stress ulcers when compared to euthyroid stressed controls (1.6 ± 0.4 ulcers vs 0.5 ± 0.2 ulcers per animal, P < 0.05). Surgically thyroidectomized (hypothyroid) animals who were given T3 replacement and then stressed, had ulcer rates similar to normal stressed controls (0.5 ± 0.2 ulcers per animal). We conclude that low circulating thyroid hormones have an ulcerogenic effect, and that replacement of T3 in rats with surgical hypothyroidism reverses this effect.
Estimation of inbreeding and effective population size of full‐blood wagyu cattle registered with the American Wagyu Cattle Association

Summary The objective of this research was to examine the population structure of full-blood (100%) Wagyu cattle registered in the United States with the American Wagyu Association, with the aim of estimating and comparing the levels of inbreeding from both pedigree and genotypic data. A total of 4132 full-blood Wagyu cattle pedigrees were assessed and used to compute the inbreeding coefficients (FIT and FST) and the effective population size (Ne) from pedigree data for the period 1994 to 2011. In addition to pedigree analysis, 47 full-blood Wagyu cattle representing eight prominent sire lines in the American Wagyu cattle population were genotyped using the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip. Genotypic data were then used to estimate genomic inbreeding coefficients (FROH) by calculating runs of homozygosity. The mean inbreeding coefficient based on the pedigree data was estimated at 4.80%. The effective population size averaged 17 between the years 1994 and 2011 with an increase of 42.9 in 2000 and a drop of 1.8 in 2011. Examination of the runs of homozygosity revealed that the 47 Wagyu cattle from the eight prominent sire lines had a mean genomic inbreeding coefficient (FROH) estimated at 9.08% compared to a mean inbreeding coefficient based on pedigree data of 4.8%. These data suggest that the mean genotype inbreeding coefficient of full-blood Wagyu cattle exceeds the inbreeding coefficient identified by pedigree. Inbreeding has increased slowly at a rate of 0.03% per year over the past 17 years. Wagyu breeders should continue to utilize many sires from divergent lines and consider outcrossing to other breeds to enhance genetic diversity and minimize the adverse effects of inbreeding in Wagyu.
Elemental Analysis of Gas Chromatographic Effluents with an Inductively Coupled Plasma

Abstract : The performance of the inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) as an element selective gas chromatographic (GC) detector is investigated. Special emphasis is placed on evaluating the ability of the ICP to perform simultaneous multi-element analyses on each component of a mixture. In general, ICP detection limits, linear dynamic ranges and selectivities are shown to compare favorably with those which have been observed for the flame photometric detectors (FPD) and microwave-excited plasma detectors (MEPD). (Author)
Cranioplasty in ancient Peru: a critical review of the evidence, and a unique case from the Cuzco area

Cranioplasty is a well-known procedure in modern neurosurgery. Although some authors have claimed it was also performed by prehistoric trepanners in various parts of the world, there is little hard evidence to support this. Here we review various claims of cranioplasty in Peru, where trepanation was widely practised in Prehispanic times. We find little support for assertions that cranioplasty was common. One recently discovered burial from the Cuzco region, however, provides the first documented case of the reinsertion of a bone plug into a trepanation opening. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Providing Sanctuary for Battered Women: Nicaragua's Casas De La Mujer

A combination of participant observation and in-depth interviews (10 with key informants; 21 with battered women) was used to investigate wife battering in Nicaragua and the casas de la mujer, or women's centers, that have been established to help abused women. The results are presented within the context of the historical and structural realities of women's lives in Nicaragua and the sanctions and sanctuary framework of cultural analysis of wife battering. Nicaraguan wife battering is exacerbated in the context of cultural traditions of acceptance of wife beating, machismo, and the recent history of warfare. Findings about the relationship context and intervention outcomes were similar to those found in studies of battered women and shelters in the United States. The results were generally supportive of the framework, demonstrating the importance of women's solidarity groups, community sanctions against domestic violence, and sanctuary for battered women.
Furosemide treatment, angiotensin II, and renal growth and development in the rat.

ABSTRACT: Diuretics are commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, including progressive nephropathies, cardiovascular, and pulmonary diseases. Such treatment stimulates the production of angiotensin II, an important mediator of renal growth which may accelerate progressive glomerulosclerosis. To further study the effects of diuretic treatment on normal renal growth and development, weanling male Munich-Wistar rats received no drug, enalapril, furosemide, or both drugs for 6 wk; morphometric studies were then performed using standard light and electron microscopic techniques. Plasma renin activity was elevated by furosemide treatment. Cortical tubular growth was stimulated in rats receiving furosemide or both drugs; enalapril did not affect cortical tubular growth when compared with untreated animals. Glomerular volume was increased in furosemide-treated animals, primarily due to an increase in the proportion of mesangial cells, whereas enalapril decreased glomerular volume. Furosemide also increased the filtration surface area per glomerulus whereas enalapril decreased it. Concurrent enalapril treatment blocked the furosemide-induced changes in filtration surface area as well as attenuating overall glomerular and mesangial growth. Glomerular changes correlated with plasma renin activity. Furosemide stimulated glomerular growth, especially of mesangial cells, probably via stimulation of AngII production. Given the relationship of mesangial cell growth and progressive renal disease, diuretic therapy could thus accelerate glomerulosclerosis. Cortical tubular growth also increased with furosemide; however, enalapril had no effect, so factors besides angiotensin II appeared to modulate tubulointerstitial growth in these animals.
Determination of the binding constant between alprostadil and alpha-cyclodextrin by capillary electrophoresis: implications for a freeze-dried formulation.

Abstract The binding constant between alprostadil (PGE 1 ) and α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) was determined at three temperatures by capillary electrophoresis. α-CD is an excipient material in Caverject Dual Chamber Syringe (DCS), added to enhance stability. The binding constant was used to calculate the amount of PGE 1 free upon reconstitution and injection, the latter of which is critical to product performance. Measurement was made in a pH 7.2 separation buffer to ensure a negative charge on PGE 1 . The concentration of PGE 1 was fixed while the concentration of α-CD was varied over a suitable range. As the amount of PGE 1 bound to α-CD increases, the weighted average of the resultant mobility decreases, thereby allowing a binding isotherm to be generated from which the stability constant was extracted via nonlinear regression analysis. A value of 708 ± 64 M −1 was obtained at 27°C, while at physiological temperature (37°C) the value was 537 ± 27 M −1 . These results compare favorably to values previously obtained by NMR. Calculation of the percent PGE 1 free upon reconstitution and injection show it to be near the desired outcome of 100%. Hence, we were able to conclude that the amount of free drug delivered by Caverject DCS is nominally the same as for Caverject S. Po., an earlier-developed product that contains no α-CD. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.
Improving technology for collecting platelets by apheresis: Five-year experience in one blood center

Over the past decade, newly introduced methods for apheresis platelet collection have led to increased collection yields. This has resulted in "splitting," which allows transfusion of 2 patients from 1 high-yield collection. Although many small studies exist, no large studies have described the impact of methodological changes on routine blood center collections. We constructed a database containing selected parameters from 45,224 apheresis collections spanning July 1997 to April 2002, using Gambro BCT Spectra (Lakewood, CO), Fenwal CS-3000+ (Baxter Healthcare Corp, Fenwal Division, Deerfield, IL), and Baxter Amicus instruments. A Baker 9110+ hematology analyzer (Bio Chem Immunosystems, Inc., Allentown, PA) was used for platelet counting. Monthly average collection yields, distribution yields (product platelet contents after splitting), and split rates (the fraction of donations which may be split) were determined. The monthly mean collection yield and split rate correlated very closely. Both rose throughout the study period. The split rate climbed from 25% to 70% by study end. However, mean monthly distribution yields decreased by 7% because split and unsplit platelet yields both rose as split rates rose. Overcollections with the Amicus correlated with underestimation of donors' true preprocedure platelet counts during machine programming. Undercollections occurred in donors with low counts and, with-single needle Amicus, microcytic platelet collection. These results may assist in the optimization of an apheresis program. Increased collection yields correlated with cell separator type, dual-needle access, donor platelet count >250 x 10(9)/L, programming with true preprocedure platelet counts and capacity for triple product preparation from collection yields exceeding 2-bag storage capacity.
Adjuvant radiation therapy for breast cancer in patients with schizophrenia.

Abstract Background Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of subjects in all populations studied thus far. We sought to evaluate how patients with schizophrenia who are later diagnosed with breast cancer fare when adjuvant radiation therapy (ART) is clinically indicated. Methods We searched patient treatment file, the national inpatient computer database of the Department of Veterans Affairs, to identify patients with schizophrenia who subsequently developed breast cancer. Results Forty patients had schizophrenia, who later developed breast cancer and were candidates for ART, according to well-established guidelines. Of the 40 patients who were considered candidates for ART, we found data about the decision to offer ART in 35; only 22 (63%) were offered ART and 5 of those 22 (23%) refused it. Conclusions Patients with schizophrenia and breast cancer often do not understand the nature of their illnesses well. They often do not comply with recommended standard therapies such as ART. Treatment strategies that rely on ART are likely to be met with noncompliance. Breast-preserving treatment plans may be impractical. Initial radical surgery without ART may be preferable.
Amino acid substitutions in homologs of the STAY-GREEN protein are responsible for the green-flesh and chlorophyll retainer mutations of tomato and pepper

Color changes often accompany the onset of ripening, leading to brightly colored fruits that serve as attractants to seed-dispersing organisms. In many fruits, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum), there is a sharp decrease in chlorophyll content and a concomitant increase in the synthesis of carotenoids as a result of the conversion of chloroplasts into chromoplasts. The green-flesh (gf) and chlorophyll retainer (cl) mutations of tomato and pepper, respectively, are inhibited in their ability to degrade chlorophyll during ripening, leading to the production of ripe fruits characterized by both chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation and are thus brown in color. Using a positional cloning approach, we have identified a point mutation at the gf locus that causes an amino acid substitution in an invariant residue of a tomato homolog of the STAY-GREEN (SGR) protein of rice (Oryza sativa). Similarly, the cl mutation also carries an amino acid substitution at an invariant residue in a pepper homolog of SGR. Both GF and CL expression are highly induced at the onset of fruit ripening, coincident with the ripening-associated decline in chlorophyll. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that there are two distinct groups of SGR proteins in plants. The SGR subfamily is required for chlorophyll degradation and operates through an unknown mechanism. A second subfamily, which we have termed SGR-like, has an as-yet undefined function.
Turbulent Wake of a Bridge Pier in a Tidal Current

The evolution of a large Reynolds number O(10 6) wake was investigated using data from a ship-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). The ADCP was a custom configured 600-kHz Teleydyne RD Instruments Workhorse augmented to have a fifth beam that was nominally vertical. The test was conducted in Narragansett Bay, RI, USA, using a large support pier of the Newport Bridge as the turbulent source in the bay's tidal flow. The turbulence was manifested as a vigorously fluctuating wake in the lee of the bridge pier. A series of wake crossings between x = 10-100 D were made during the ebb of the tidal cycle, where x and D are, respectively, the downstream distance and bridge pier diameter. The data set serves as one of a handful where wake evolution has been documented for a large Reynolds number system, and is unique in that high-horizontal resolution vertical velocity profiles were taken with the vertical fifth beam of the ADCP. A range of scales was observed in the vertical velocity field within the wake, including small-scale turbulence O(2-10 m) and large vortex structures O(20-40 m). When cast in terms of nondimensional wake age ( N τ), where N and τ are, respectively, the buoyancy frequency and wake age, the decay of root mean square vertical velocity fluctuations was observed to be proportional to (N τ)-0.82, faster than the decay of an unstratified 2-D plane wake.
Inhibition of sperm motility by the volatile anesthetic halothane.

Abstract The inhalational anesthetic halothane reversibly inhibits the motility of sea urchin sperm dose-dependently at concentrations up to 5 mM. Experiments with Triton X-100 extracted, trypsinized axonemes showed that halothane has no effect on the rate of axonemal disintegration in the presence of ATP. These results suggest that halothane inhibits flagellar activity by acting at a site other than the dynein ATPase component of the flagellum.
Silica Removal From Steamflood-Produced Water: South Texas Tar Sands Pilot

Steamflood-produced waters commonly contain suspended solids, oil, hardness-causing minerals, sulfide, and silica. Removal of these contaminants would make many of these waters suitable for recycling as steamer feedwater. Reuse of steamflood-produced waters increases steamer feedwater supplies and reduces water disposal requirements. This paper describes a field pilot study of silica removal from steamflood-produced water in the south Texas tar sands region. A hot-lime precipitation process was used to reduce dissolved silica (SiO/sub 2/) concentrations from 400 to less than 50 mg/L SiO/sub 2/ in Mary R. Saner Ranch produced water. Most water systems using hot-lime precipitation for silica removal require the addition of magnesium salt, as well as lime, to enhance silica removal. In this field study, however, addition of magnesium salt did not improve silica removal efficiency. Hydrated lime, CA(OH)/sub 2/, alone was sufficient to attain desired silica residual, 50 mg/L SiO/sub 2/. The dissolved silica adsorbed onto the CaCO/sub 3/ crystals formed by lime reacting with the alkalinity present in the produced water. Required lime dosage was approximately 900 mg/L Ca(OH)/sub 2/.
LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY FOLLOWING INTRA-ACCUMBENS MICROINJECTIONS OF DOPAMINE D1 AGONIST SK&F 38393 IN RATS

The present study examined the effects of the dopamine D1 receptor subtypes agonist SK&F 38393 on locomotor activities after bilateral microinjection (0.00, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 micrograms) into the nucleus accumbens (Acb). The dose of 0.1 microgram elicited the highest response rate across measures of locomotion, rearing and stereotypy behavior. On the other hand, the largest dose of 10.0 micrograms was associated with significant increase in center time behaviors. The data were supportive of the hypothesis that dose-related locomotor activities elicited by microinjections of SK&F 38393 into the Acb are independently mediated by D1 receptors.
Frictional response of precision finished surfaces in pure sliding

Abstract The functional performance of a component is closely tied to the geometric properties of its surface, which is an outcome of the finishing process used to make the component. This paper investigates the role of three-dimensional (3-D) surface topographic features of four precision finished surfaces (Ground, Hard Turned, Honed, and Isotropic) commonly used in the bearing industry on their frictional response. Experiments are conducted to investigate the effect of surface type, sliding speed, and normal contact load on the coefficient of kinetic friction under point contact. The effect of lay is also analyzed for the strongly anisotropic ground surface. Based on a detailed 3-D surface characterization, it is shown that the amplitude parameter S q (rms deviation of surface), and spatial parameters S ds (density of summits) and S td (texture direction) play an important role in determining the frictional behavior of the surfaces studied. An empirical model for the coefficient of kinetic friction as a function of these parameters is proposed.
A member of a new repeated sequence family which is conserved throughout eucaryotic evolution is found between the human δ and β globin genes

A new class of human interspersed repeated sequences distinct from the AluI family was found by screening a human gene library with a mouse ribosomal gene non-transcribed spacer probe (rDNA NTS). A member of this sequence family was localized to a 251 bp segment between the human delta and beta globin genes: a region previously judged to be devoid of repeated DNA. The complete nucleotide sequence of this segment revealed a tandem block of 17 TG dinucleotides, a feature hypothesized by others to be a recombination hot spot responsible for gene conversion in the gamma globin locus region. When the genomes of Xenopus, pigeon, slime mold and yeast were examined, reiterated sequences homologous to both the mouse rDNA NTS and human globin repeat were found in every case. The discovery of this extraordinarily conserved repeated sequence family appears to have depended upon not using salmon sperm DNA during hybridization. The use of eucaryotic carrier DNA may bias the search for repeated sequences against any which may be highly conserved during eucaryotic evolution.
Syringobulbia in a pediatric population.

Objective To better understand the presentation, management, and outcome of syringobulbia in the pediatric age group. Methods The University of Iowa pediatric neurosurgery database was searched for patients under the age of 18 with a diagnosis of syringobulbia. The patients' records were retrospectively reviewed for demographic data, chief complaint and presenting symptoms, neurological and radiographic findings, treatment, outcome, and complications. Children with open neural tube defects and Chiari II malformations were excluded. Results Six pediatric patients were identified as meeting inclusion criteria. The average age at time of surgery was 14.8 years. The chief complaints were vision impairment in three children and numbness, gait instability, and headache worsened with Valsalva in one patient each. Other prominent symptoms included sleep apnea and weakness. All patients showed at least one cranial nerve dysfunction. Radiographs revealed hindbrain herniation and associated syringomyelia in all cases. Two patients had scoliosis. Treatment was posterior fossa decompression with cerebellar tonsillar shrinkage, opening of foramen of Magendie, and duraplasty. Two patients also required concomitant ventral decompression. The cavity of syringobulbia communicated with syringomyelia and the fourth ventricle in most children but was distinct from the fourth ventricle. Two patients received fourth ventricle to subarachnoid shunts. Follow-up averaged 3.2 years, and all patients clinically improved after surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging documented resolution of syringobulbia in all cases, with syringomyelia improving in all cases. There was no permanent morbidity or mortality in the series. Conclusion Syringobulbia is strongly associated with Chiari malformation and syringomyelia, and patients often present because of cranial nerve palsies. Posterior fossa decompression is a safe and effective treatment.
The Free Electron Laser at Jefferson Lab: The Technology and the Science

We discuss the physics and technology which is driving the evolution of high-brightness fourth-generation accelerator-based sources. Some of the first user facilities are in the THz and IR spectral ranges. Specifically, a new generation of sources, called energy recovery linacs, will be described and reviewed with particular emphasis on their utility for imaging, spectroscopy, and dynamics, as well as their novel applications to nonlinear phenomena.
On the asymptotic normality of sequences of weak dependent random variables

The aim of this paper is to investigate the asymptotic normality for strong mixing sequences of random variables in the absense of stationarity or strong mixing rates. An additional condition is imposed to the coefficients of interlaced mixing. The results are applied to linear processes of strongly mixing sequences. The class of applications include filters of certain Gaussian sequences.
Sampling schemes for sequential detection in colored noise

In this paper, four sampling schemes for sequential detection in colored noise are introduced. Two of them use uniform sampling procedures with high and low sampling rates, respectively. The other two employ groups of samples, which are separated by long intergroup gaps such that the intergroup correlations are negligible. Their performance, in terms of average termination time, is derived analytically. Under the assumption that all the schemes have the same power and sampling interval (x), their efficiencies are compared through analytical and numerical methods. Our results show that the scheme using group sampling with an optimal signal is the most efficient.
Pittsburgh reëlects mayor kline

On November 5. Pittsburgh reelected its present mayor for a second four-year term. The real fight was in the Republican primary, with Candidate Richard K. Martin as the protagonist of the reform element. Grand-jury revelations of vice and corruption under the Kline administration and charges of election fraud featured the primary campaign.
Estimates & Implications of Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) Prevalence: OCPD as a Common Disorder with a Cosmopolitan Distribution or Rare Strategy with a Northerly Distribution?

DSM-V estimates the prevalence of Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) to fall between 2.1 and 7.9 percent, making it one of the most prevalent personality disorders in the general population. Yet, obsessive prevalence is reported without its significance being appreciated. After reviewing the estimates of several studies, this paper pursues the theme of obsessive prevalence, showing why it was ignored, how it changes etiological assumptions, and, in turn, how newly generated etiologies engender the understanding of obsessive prevalence. High prevalence, when paired with high heritability, undermines psychoanalytic etiologies and invalidates psychiatric classification, suggesting that OCPD is a rare type, rather than a common disorder. Following this, evolutionary theory is used to illustrate the conditions from which this rare phenotype arose, and the mechanistic laws that maintain it within its present proportions. As treated within the discussion section, high prevalence, when contextualized within an evolutionary explanatory paradigm, suggests an ecologically determined biogeography of OCPD.
Ethically Using Administrative Data in Research: Medicaid Administrators’ Current Practices and Best Practice Recommendations

Ethical standards and issues associated with the access and use of state Medicaid administrative data for research purposes from the data owners’ perspective (i.e., state Medicaid authorities) were examined. Key informants at Medicaid authorities were surveyed regarding their states’ policies and procedures related to the access and use of Medicaid data for research purposes. Results indicate that although a majority of states permit the use of Medicaid data by independent investigators for research purposes (74%), there is substantial variability across states in both the frequency with which access is granted as well as with the policies and procedures governing the access to these data. Literature on existing “best practices” by data owners regarding the use of administrative data in research is combined with survey findings to add the discussion in this highly important area and proposed guiding principles for administrative data owners and custodians are offered.
Is Permanent Parasitism Reversible?—Critical Evidence from Early Evolution of House Dust Mites

Long-term specialization may limit the ability of a species to respond to new environmental conditions and lead to a higher likelihood of extinction. For permanent parasites and other symbionts, the most intriguing question is whether these organisms can return to a free-living lifestyle and, thus, escape an evolutionary "dead end." This question is directly related to Dollo's law, which stipulates that a complex trait (such as being free living vs. parasitic) cannot re-evolve again in the same form. Here, we present conclusive evidence that house dust mites, a group of medically important free-living organisms, evolved from permanent parasites of warm-blooded vertebrates. A robust, multigene topology (315 taxa, 8942 nt), ancestral character state reconstruction, and a test for irreversible evolution (Dollo's law) demonstrate that house dust mites have abandoned a parasitic lifestyle, secondarily becoming free living, and then speciated in several habitats. Hence, as exemplified by this model system, highly specialized permanent parasites may drastically de-specialize to the extent of becoming free living and, thus escape from dead-end evolution. Our phylogenetic and historical ecological framework explains the limited cross-reactivity between allergens from the house dust mites and "storage" mites and the ability of the dust mites to inhibit host immune responses. It also provides insights into how ancestral features related to parasitism (frequent ancestral shifts to unrelated hosts, tolerance to lower humidity, and pre-existing enzymes targeting skin and keratinous materials) played a major role in reversal to the free-living state. We propose that parasitic ancestors of pyroglyphids shifted to nests of vertebrates. Later the nest-inhabiting pyroglyphids expanded into human dwellings to become a major source of allergens.
National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A): I. Background and Measures

Abstract Objective This article presents an overview of the background and measures used in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Method The NCS-A is a national psychiatric epidemiological survey of adolescents aged 13 to 17 years. Results The NCS-A was designed to provide the first nationally representative estimates of the prevalence, correlates, and patterns of service use for DSM-IV mental disorders among U.S. adolescents and to lay the groundwork for follow-up studies of risk and protective factors, consequences, and early expressions of adult mental disorders. The core NCS-A diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview, is a fully structured research diagnostic interview designed for use by trained lay interviewers. A multiconstruct, multimethod, and multi-informant battery was also included to assess risk and protective factors and barriers to service use. Design limitations due to the NCS-A evolving as a supplement to an ongoing survey of mental disorders of U.S. adults include restricted age range of youths, cross-sectional assessment, and lack of full parental/surrogate informant reports on youth mental disorders and correlates. Conclusions Despite these limitations, the NCS-A contains unparalleled information that can be used to generate national estimates of prevalence and correlates of adolescent mental disorders, risk and protective factors, patterns of service use, and barriers to receiving treatment for these disorders. The retrospective NCS-A data on the development of psychopathology can additionally complement data from longitudinal studies based on more geographically restricted samples and serve as a useful baseline for future prospective studies of the onset and progression of mental disorders in adulthood.