cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influences of self-monitoring and goal-setting on drinking refusal self-efficacy and drinking behavior.

Abstract Despite the centrality of self-regulation in the prevention and reduction of alcohol abuse, few studies have examined its potential in the context of college drinking. Using the social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986), this pilot study investigated if and how college students' self-regulation, including self-monitoring and goal-setting, influences their drinking refusal self-efficacy (Young, Oei, & Crook, 1991) and drinking behavior. The results indicated that both self-monitoring and goal-setting increased self-efficacy, which in turn decreased the quantity of alcohol consumption. The influence of self-monitoring on both self-efficacy and behavior was less than that of goal-setting. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
28 GHz and 73 GHz signal outage study for millimeter wave cellular and backhaul communications

This paper presents millimeter wave propagation measurements in New York City and an analysis of signal outage at 28 and 73 GHz using similar spread spectrum sliding correlator channel sounders that employed high gain, directional steerable antennas (24.5 dBi gain antennas at 28 GHz and 27 dBi gain antennas at 73 GHz) at both the transmitter and receiver. Three identical transmitter locations were used for both the 28 and 73 GHz campaigns, while the 73 GHz campaign included two new TX locations. The 28 GHz campaign tested 25 receiver locations for each of the three transmitter locations, and the 73 GHz campaign tested 27 receiver locations in various combinations with the five transmitter sites. Overall, 75 TX-RX location combinations were tested at 28 GHz and 74 TX-RX combinations were tested at 73 GHz, with T-R (transmitter-receiver) separation distances up to 425 m. The maximum transmit power was 30 dBm at 28 GHz and 14.6 dBm at 73 GHz. Our analysis shows that the estimated outage probabilities at 28 and 73 GHz for the cellular communication scenario are 14% and 17%, respectively, and is 16% for the 73 GHz backhaul scenario.
Progestin target cell distribution in forebrain and midbrain regions of the 8-day postnatal mouse brain.

The present study investigated the anatomical distribution of progestin target cells throughout the forebrain and midbrain regions of the 8-day postnatal female mouse. Female ICR mice were sc injected with 100 micrograms/100 g BW estradiol valerate on postnatal day 5 (birth = day 0). On postnatal day 8, treated mice were sc injected with 0.32 micrograms/100 g BW (Z)-17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-(2-[125I]iodovinyl)4-estren-3-one ([125I] progestin). For competition, additional estrogen-treated mice were each injected with 320 micrograms R5020 (17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione; a potent synthetic progestin), 320 micrograms dihydrotestosterone, or 32, 160, or 320 micrograms corticosterone 1 h before [125I]progestin to show the specificity of [125I]progestin for the progestin receptor. Two hours after injection of [125I]progestin, the brains were removed, frozen, and processed for high resolution thaw-mount autoradiography. After 8-60 days of exposure, nuclear uptake and retention of [125I]progesti...
Attributes of the Heat Shock Response in Three Species of Dairy Lactobacillus

Summary Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. casei , and L. helveticus are industrially important bacteria for the manufacture of fermented dairy foods. Despite widespread commercial use, there is limited knowledge of basic physiological responses by these bacteria to dairy processing conditions. This study investigated the heat shock (HS) response in L. acidophilus NCFM, L. casei LC301, and L. helveticus LH212. Thermotolerance experiments showed HS improved the ability of log phase L. acidophilus NCFM, L. casei LC301, and L. helveticus LH212 cells to withstand a 20 min high temperature incubation by approximately 27-, 5- and 11-fold, respectively. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed HS induced synthesis of several proteins in each Lactobacillus species, and Western blots revealed these molecules included homologs to the universally conversed heat shock proteins DnaK, GroEL, ClpB, and GrpE. DnaJ was also detected, but expression of this protein was not stimulated by HS in any of the Lactobacillus species tested.
Duality and the normalization of standard intertwining operators

Normalized standard intertwining operators associated to an induced representation and its dual (dual in the sense of Aubert) arise in work on a conjecture of Arthur about R-groups. The purpose of this paper is to address the question of relating the normalizing factors used.
Evaluation of duration of epilepsy prior to temporal lobe epilepsy surgery during the past two decades

We examined whether duration of epilepsy prior to temporal lobe resection has decreased over the years as a result of increasing body of evidence in the literature showing the benefits of anterior temporal resection. We stratified the 213 patients, who had their first temporal lobe resection at our center between 1996 and 2007 into three groups in order to detect any trends in duration of epilepsy: group A (surgery between 1996 and 1999); group B (surgery between 2000 and 2003); group C (surgery between 2004 and 2007). No difference in mean duration of epilepsy was detected between the three groups (p=0.54). The mean duration in epilepsy prior to temporal lobe resection has persisted at greater than 20 years during the past two decades.
Morphometric properties of Martian volcanoes

[1] Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data have been used to construct Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of the Martian volcanoes in order to determine height, flank slope, caldera depth, and volumes. Summit elevations range from 21.1 km to −0.5 km, and relief varies from 1.0 km to almost 22 km. Average flank slopes are in the range of <1° to ∼10°, consistent with basaltic shield volcanism. The very low slopes of highland patera are also consistent with pyroclastic volcanism. Minimum volumes range from <1012 to 1015 m3. Estimates of the time required to build these volcanoes, on the basis of long-term terrestrial eruption rates, range from hundreds of thousands to tens of millions of years.
Explicit and implicit solutions for the one-dimensional cubic and quintic complex Ginzburg–Landau equations

Abstract In this work the one-dimensional cubic and quintic complex Ginzburg–Landau equations (CGL) are investigated. Generalized forms of these equations with nonlinearity of order ( 2 n + 1 ) and ( 4 n + 1 ) are examined as well. Explicit and implicit solutions are formally derived.
Optimum Shapes for Fins Rejecting Heat by Convection and Radiation

Abstract Earlier results of the author on minimum mass thin fins are specialized to the case in which the fin rejects heat by both convection and radiation. This process yields fins of smaller mass than those of Cobble who recently obtained the properties of minimum mass thin fins whose temperature distribution can be described by a power law. We also show that the Cobble approach will yield the minimum mass thin fin only in the well-known cases of pure convection and pure radiation to surroundings at absolute zero.
Importance of D 1 receptors for associative components of amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization and conditioned activity: a study using D 1 receptor knockout mice

Repeated exposure to psychostimulant drugs results in conditioned activity and behavioral sensitization. Nonassociative cellular changes are necessary for behavioral sensitization, while associative processes appear to modify the sensitized response. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the absence of the D1 receptor would disrupt associative processes modulating sensitization and conditioned activity. Wild-type and D1 receptor knockout mice (i.e., D1-deficient mice) were injected with amphetamine (AMPH; 8 mg/kg, IP) before being placed in a previously novel test chamber (AMPH-Test group) or before being returned to the home cage (AMPH-Home group). Separate groups of mice were injected with saline (SAL) at the same time points. Distance traveled was measured 60 min each day, with the preexposure phase lasting 1 or 7 days. Sensitization was subsequently assessed after an injection of AMPH (1 mg/kg, IP), while conditioned activity was assessed after an injection of SAL. After a 1-day preexposure phase, wild-type and D1-deficient mice exhibited similar patterns of sensitization and conditioned activity. After a 7-day preexposure phase, (1) D1-deficient mice exhibited more robust context-specific sensitization than wild-type mice, (2) only D1-deficient mice showed context-independent sensitization, and (3) only D1-deficient mice showed conditioned activity. Repeatedly treating D1-deficient mice with AMPH appears to cause a general increase in responsivity. The reason for this hyper-responsivity is uncertain, but it is possible that cues from the testing environment were unable to inhibit responding (i.e., associative processes were disrupted). Alternatively, compensatory mechanisms (e.g., increases in D2-like receptors) may affect processes underlying sensitization and conditioned activity.
ON THE TWO FORMS OF THE LAW OF INITIAL VALUES

Wilder's (1956, 1967) law of initial values was formulated with a view to describing the empirical relation between measures taken on a behavior process shortly before and shortly after occurrences of a srimulus event. Two forms of the law are now generally recognized, the "raw-score" form and the "change-score" form. In the raw-score form the law is defined by the regression of poststimulus (Y) on prestimulus (S) measures; in the change-score form the law is defined by the regression of poststimulus minus prestimulus measures (Y") on prestimulus measures. The purpose of this communication is to show that either form of the law can be derived from the other. Consider the rectilinear raw-score form of the law in Equation 1. If we assume that Equation 1 is veridical, then the change-score form may be derived as shown in Equations 2 through 6.
Long-term treatment with clozapine on aging mice.

Abstract To further clarify the relationship between central neurotransmitter systems, organ function and aging, we used mice to study the effects of long-term administration of the antipsychotic agent clozapine (10 and 20 mg/kg) on some age-related behavioral and organ-function tests. Compared to controls, clozapine-treated mice weighed less, had lower white-cell counts in peripheral blood, and had a shorter lifespan. Hexobarbital sleeping time of the clozapine-treated mice was elevated at 12, 16, and 20 months and decreased at 24, 28, and 32 months of age. Clozapine-treated mice had higher locomotor-activity scores (behavioral supersensitivity) at varying intervals from 12 to 24 months of age, but not at 28 and 32 months. A significant change in the total white-cell number in drug-treated mice compared to controls was also first noted at 24 months and the difference progressively increased at 28 and 32 months. These observations indicate that age may be a major factor in the level and even direction of responsiveness to longterm administration of antipsychotic agents like clozapine.
Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Growth of Pseudomonas fragi and Shelf Life of Pasteurized Half-and-Half

Abstract The effectiveness of adding small amounts of hydrogen peroxide to pasteurized half-and-half, skimmilk, and milk for controlling growth of Pseudomonas fragi was studied. Shelf life of commercial half-and-half at 11C was almost doubled by addition of 0.005 to 0.009% hydrogen peroxide, and the shelf life of half-and-half containing P. fragi was tripled. These amounts of hydrogen peroxide retarded both growth of P. fragi and growth of unknown bacteria that produced sourness in the commercial half-and-half and were not detected by a sensory evaluation panel of 19 judges. Effectiveness of the additive was influenced by concentration, bacterial population, and temperature. Addition of 0.005% or less of hydrogen peroxide to autoclaved milk containing P. fragi usually permitted some cells to survive, and those increased in population more rapidly than did untreated cells.
The effect of indomethacin on the cytokine cascade and body temperature following burn injury in rats.

Abstract This study investigates the hypothesis that indomethacin's ability to prevent “fever” following burn injury in rats is mediated via decreased plasma concentrations of IL-6, the putative mediator of increased body temperature. Sprague–Dawley rats had radio transmitters and osmotic pumps containing indomethacin placed in the peritoneal cavity. Seven days later full thickness scald burns to 50% of the body surface area were produced. Following burn injuries, daily blood samples were obtained from a carotid catheter for assay of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6. In addition, body temperature ( T B ) and activity index were obtained every five minutes by telemetry. There were four experimental groups: burn+indomethacin (B-In); burn+polyethylene glycol (Peg) (B-Peg); control+indomethacin (C-In); and control+Peg (C-Peg). Burned animals demonstrated a significant two-fold increase in plasma IL-1α levels ( p =0.004) and a seven-fold increment in IL-6 ( p =0.0001) through the 7th PBD, and indomethacin administration had no significant effect upon the cytokine plasma levels. There were no significant increases in IL-1β, TNF-α or LPS in any group. Indomethacin eliminated the chronic increase in T B following burn injury, and this effect was not produced by changes in plasma levels of the endogenous pyrogens IL-1α and IL-6.
A spectrophotometric study of the thorium-β-hydronaphthazarin disulphonate system☆☆☆

Abstract A spectrophotometric study of the reaction between thorium ion and β-hydronaphthazarin disulphonate (dipotassium 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-diketonaphthalene-2,6-disulphonic acid) in aqueous solution showed that two water-soluble complexes were formed, a green complex with a metal to ligand ratio of 1:1 and a blue complex with a metal to ligand ratio of 2:1. The green complex with an absorption maximum at 460 mμ was formed with β-hydronaphthazarin disulphonate, while the blue complex with absorption maxima at 570 and 610 mμ was formed with napthazarin disulphonate. A study of the related thorium-β-hydronapthazarin system indicated that complex formation does not occur unless conditions were such that the ligand was oxidized to naphthazarin.
`Electromaglev' (`Active-Maglev') — magnetic levitation of a superconducting disk with a DC field generated by electromagnets: Part 2 Theoretical and experimental results on lift-to-weight ratio and lateral stiffness

Abstract We present Part 2 results of a comprehensive study, both theoretical and experimental, of an electromaglev (`active-maglev') system, in which a YBCO bulk sample is levitated stably in a DC magnetic field generated by a magnet system located underneath the floating sample. The 0th-order theory presented in Part 1 is used to interpret experimental results of levitation stability, lift-to-weight ratio, and lateral stiffness for four YBCO samples: 1) disk; 2) annulus; 3) the same annulus with a permanent magnet disk placed in the hole; and 4) ring. Also presented is a procedure to induce in a sample a trapped flux that is shown experimentally to be essential for the sample to levitate tilt-free. Trapped flux is another requirement for levitation stablity; it is in addition to at least two degrees of freedom required on spatial supercurrent flow and certain spatial profiles imposed on the field generated by the magnet system.
Modeling radiant heating and cooling systems: integration with a whole-building simulation program

One of the primary goals of the radiant heating and cooling community for the past two decades has been the fair and accurate comparison of radiant space conditioning systems with conventional forced air systems. The desire of the community was to give architects and engineers the ability to compare the energy consumption of different system types while requiring the systems to produce equivalent thermal environments. Unfortunately, radiant systems, though relatively simple in concept, are relatively complex from a modeling standpoint. A rigorous model must include fundamental laws of thermodynamics and properly account for heat transfer due to radiation, convection, and conduction. In addition, the model must do this in a generic way within a program that is capable of modeling buildings of any size and type and their associated HVAC systems. Such challenges are not easily overcome and require careful attention to detail as well as a solid foundation from which to build. This paper summarizes a model which addresses these concerns and provides a radiant system model within a popular building energy simulation program.
Objective determination of monsoon season onset, withdrawal, and length

[1] Using daily precipitation data from a network of weather stations across mainland Thailand, we apply a two-phase linear regression model to objectively determine the onset, withdrawal, and length of the summer monsoon season for the years 1951–2005. Our onset metric compares favorably with an independent determination of onset. Both onset and withdrawal are associated with expected wind and geopotential height anomalies in the lower atmosphere. Comparisons between stations show no coherent spatial variability in either onset or withdrawal, and trends at each station are small and statistically insignificant at the p < 0.05 level. When averaged across all stations, onset, withdrawal, and season length all show significant correlations with sea surface temperatures (SST) in the Indian ocean, tropical Pacific, and in the North Pacific regions with relatively well understood connections to monsoon variability. Additionally, there are also significant correlations with SSTs in the South Atlantic and North Atlantic, teleconnections that have been previously suggested but remain controversial. Compared to other methods for deriving the onset and withdrawal of the monsoon, our method provides one of the most objective techniques available using data readily available from most meteorological stations.
Simulations of Spatially Developing Two-Dimensional Shear Layers and Jets

A computational study of spatially evolving two-dimensional free shear flows has been performed using direct numerical simulation of the Navier–Stokes equations in order to investigate the ability of these two-dimensional simulations to predict the overall flow-field quantities of the corresponding three-dimensional “real” turbulent flows. The effects of inflow forcing on these two-dimensional flows has also been studied. Simulations were performed of shear layers, as well as weak (large co-flow and relatively weak shear) and strong (small co-flow and relatively strong shear) jets. Several combinations of discrete forcing with and without a broadband background spectrum were used. Although spatially evolving direct simulations of shear layers have been performed in the past, no such simulations of the plane jet have been performed to the best of our knowledge. It was found that, in the two-dimensional shear layers, external forcing led to a strong increase in the initial growth of the shear-layer thickness, followed by a region of decreased growth as in physical experiments. The final downstream growth rate was essentially unaffected by forcing. The mean velocity profile and the naturally evolving growth rate of the shear layer in the case of broadband forcing compare well with experimental data. However, the total and transverse fluctuation intensities are larger in the two-dimensional simulations with respect to experimental data. In the weak-jet simulations it was found that symmetric forcing completely overwhelms the natural tendency to transition to the asymmetric jet column mode downstream. It was observed that two-dimensional simulations of “strong” jets with a low speed co-flow led to a fundamentally different flow with large differences even in mean velocity profiles with respect to experimental data for planar jets. This was a result of the dominance of the two-dimensional mechanism of vortex dipole ejection in the flow due to the lack of spanwise instabilities. Experimental studies of planar jets do not show vortex dipole formation and ejection. A three-dimensional “strong”-jet simulation showed the rapid evolution of three-dimensionality effectively preventing this two-dimensional mechanism, as expected from experimental results.
Experience-dependent changes in temperature and behavioral activity induced by MDMA

Hyperthermia and hyperlocomotor activity are commonly reported acute effects of high dose, experimenter-delivered 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). The current investigation was performed to determine short- to long-term physiological and behavioral changes induced by moderate intake MDMA self-administration. In the present study, rats self-administered MDMA (approx. 2.0-7.0 mg/kg/day) across 20 days during daily 2-h operant sessions. Locomotor activity was assessed during MDMA self-administration sessions and core temperatures were recorded before and after each session. Findings of the first several sessions showed core temperatures significantly decreased after MDMA self-administration compared to baseline and to a control group that self-administered saline during operant sessions. As sessions proceeded, the MDMA-induced hypothermic response diminished and core temperatures normalized, then increased during the last few sessions. Also, locomotor activity during MDMA self-administration sessions was initially equivalent to saline level activity, but increased by day 8 to significantly greater levels. Our findings demonstrate experience-dependent changes after voluntary administration of MDMA that are clearly observable in temperature regulation and behavioral activity.
Reproductive effort and cost in the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians concentricus

Summary Reproductive effort (0.14) and the cost of reproduction (-0.09) of 1-year-old bay scallops, Argopecten irradians concentricus, are greater than for longer-lived iteropar- ous mollusc species of the same age but less than for semelparous species. This agrees with theoretical predictions on the relationships between longetivity, reproductive effort, and residual reproductive value for the maximization of reproductive tactics. For a Florida population (representing the southern distributional limit of the species), the production of 2.8 kJ of gametes requires the catabolism of 19.9 kJ of somatic energy reserves, for a 7.1 cost ratio. Reproductive costs such as these are not included in estimates of reproductive effort and are not considered in energetic terms in cost of reproduction indexes. The relatively high reproductive effort enables A. irradians concentricus to maintain a stable population from year to year at this location in spite of a relatively high cost of reproduction (which may in turn a...
Aerosol size distribution modeling with the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system in the Pacific Northwest: 2. Parameterizations for ternary nucleation and nucleation mode processes

[1] In order to test Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model performance for ultrafine particle concentrations in the Pacific Northwest, CMAQ v4.4 was modified for ternary NH3-H2SO4-H2O nucleation and for atmospheric processing of ultrafine particles. Sulfuric acid from sulfur dioxide oxidation is iteratively partitioned into gaseous sulfuric acid, newly condensed aerosol sulfate, and aerosol sulfuric acid contained in new 1 nm particles. Freshly nucleated particles are either coagulated to larger particles or grown by sulfuric acid condensation to 10 nm at which point they are included in CMAQ's existing Aitken mode. Multiple nucleation parameterizations were implemented into CMAQ, and one other was investigated in a sensitivity analysis. For a case study in the Pacific Northwest where aerosol number concentration and size distributions were measured, standard binary nucleation in CMAQ produces nearly no particles for this case study. Ternary nucleation can produce millions of 1 nm particles per cm3, but few of these particles survive coagulation loss and grow to 10 nm and into the Aitken mode. There are occasions when the additions to CMAQ increase the number of particles to within an order of magnitude of observations, but it is more common for number concentrations to remain underpredicted by, on average, one order of magnitude. Significant particle nucleation in CMAQ successfully produces a distinct Aitken and accumulation mode and an Aitken mode that is more prominent than the accumulation mode, although errors in the size distribution remain. A more recent ternary nucleation scheme including ammonium bisulfate clusters does not nucleate an appreciable number of particles.
Toward a diversity hypothesis: Multidimensional effects of intergroup contact.

Abstract The long-standing and important contributions of the contact hypothesis in reducing prejudice in intergroup situations is augmented by the introduction of the diversity hypothesis. The diversity hypothesis argues that the positive consequences of diversity will occur when the following four conditions are met: (a) full participation occurs across all levels of society for membres of diverse ethnic, racial, and cultural groups; (b) the degree of participation approximates an appropriate index of representation for racial and ethnic groups; (c) common purpose across these levels of diversity is created; and (d) cultural identity is valued. The empirical evidence for these conditions and implications for the organizational advantages of diversity are discussed.
The presence of IgE on macrophages and dendritic cells infiltrating into the skin lesion of atopic dermatitis

Monoclonal antibodies reactive with human IgE were used to investigate the presence of surface IgE in situ on mononuclear cells infiltrating into the skin lesion of atopic dermatitis (A.D.) by application of the immunoperoxidase technique to tissue sections for light and electron microscopic examination. A substantial proportion of infiltrating macrophages but not of lymphocytes were found to bear IgE on their cell surfaces. These observations raise the possibility that IgE may contribute to the skin inflammation associated with A.D. via non-mast-cell-mediated immune mechanisms. We hypothesize that allergens introduced into the skin lesion of A.D. are potentially capable of interacting not only with IgE-bearing mast cells but also with IgE-bearing macrophages and dendritic cells to cause the release of inflammatory mediators.
A second order accurate, positive scheme for singularly perturbed boundary value problems

We give a novel finite difference method for singularly perturbed boundary value problems in $$\mathbb{R}^{\text{1}}$$ . The method is of positive type in 1−D with errors of O(h 2 + eh) in regions a few meshpoints away from possible layers, where e is the small parameter in the differential equation. Global and local error estimates are proven for the method and numerical experiments are presented. Possible extension to 2−D as a monotone scheme is considered, but more questons are unsolved than solved in 2−D.
Perspectives on blockade of TGFβ overexpression

Many approaches to blocking profibrotic TGFβ overexpression are under way. Therapeutic targeting of TGFβ–Smad signaling holds promise for slowing or halting progressive renal disease. In this issue, Fukasawa et al. , using the unilateral ureteral obstruction model, provide a new target for therapeutic intervention by identifying loss of the Smad corepressors Ski and SnoN as a mechanism that amplifies the profibrotic actions of TGFβ.
Culturally Relevant Teaching: Lessons from Elementary Classrooms

How do teachers operationalize culturally relevant pedagogies (CRP)? Although preservice teachers often learn about multicultural education in college courses and discuss diversity in university settings, putting these understandings into practice is often more challenging. The translation piece, at times, is missing. This study of successful White teachers of children of color looks at ways in which they concretely apply culturally relevant practices in their classrooms. The study provides insights into how teachers can move away from superficial efforts to include diversity in their classrooms and towards more critically-conscious pedagogies.
Assessment of intravenous fenoldopam mesylate in the management of severe systemic hypertension.

To evaluate the acute BP response to iv fenoldopam mesylate (FNP), 14 patients with severe hypertension (diastolic BP 120 to 170 mm Hg) were studied in an open-label trial. Initial infusion rate of FNP was 0.1 microgram/kg.min. Titration to diastolic BP goal (95 to 110 mm Hg) was followed by a constant infusion phase (greater than or equal to 6 h), a detitration phase (2 h), and a postinfusion phase. FNP reduced BP by 27/29 mm Hg (p less than .001) with no significant effect on heart rate. Maintenance of the BP effect was noted through the 6 h of constant rate infusion. Mild, transient vasodilating-associated adverse effects were noted with FNP. We conclude that FNP is an effective, well-tolerated iv antihypertensive agent for acute BP reduction in a severely hypertensive population.
Trace-Elements in Ilmenite - A Way to Discriminate Provenance or Age in Coastal Sands

Trace elements and Ti percentage in ilmenite grains magnetically separated from modern and late Pleistocene coastal sands of southeastern Virginia and northwestern North Carolina were used to distinguish different deposits. Multivariate analysis of ilmenite composition (Ti, Mn, Mg, Cr, V, Ni, and Cu) from coastal deposits and potential source rivers enabled the identification of dominant source rivers. Using the trace-element content of one mineral instead of heavy-mineral suites eliminated most of the hydraulic sorting, selective weathering, and intrastratal solution problems that often obscure heavy-mineral provenance determinations. Most ilmenite grains lacked exsolution or twinning, which are common to ilmenite; however, there were no significant optical differences between river and coastal deposits, and thus weathering effects were considered to be negligible in provenance determinations based on ilmenite composition. Owing to the dynamic mixing of beach sands during deposition, they contained more homogeneous ilmenite trace-element values than did river or bay sands. Late Pleistocene and modern beach deposits were compositionally similar, but different from associated bay sands. Bay sands were more similar to different source river deposits than were beach sands. Despite a similar primary or distal provenance, subtle differences in the mixture of proximal sources were revealed between the ilmenite composition of samples from a modern and a late Pleistocene beach deposit. Besides aiding in provenance determination, ilmenite trace-element content thus might be used for distinguishing beach deposits of different ages and for subsurface correlation of discontinuous segments from a barrier-island chain or other similarly well-mixed sand deposit.
Columbia Garden: Baltimore's first pleasure garden

In the summer seasons between 1805 and 1807, audiences visited Columbia Garden to dine, to stroll on the lamp‐lighted grounds, and to enjoy the theatrical performances. Columbia Garden provided a setting for the full spectrum of theatrical activities usually associated with eighteenth and early nineteenth‐century pleasure gardens.
Optimization of the germanium preamorphization conditions for shallow-junction formation

Shallow p/sup +/-n and n/sup +/-p junctions were formed in germanium preamorphized Si substrates. Germanium implantation was carried out over the energy range of 50-125 keV and at doses from 3*10/sup 14/ to 1*10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/. p/sup +/-n junctions were formed by 10-keV boron implantation at a dose of 1*10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/. Arsenic was implanted at 50 keV at a dose of 5*10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ to form the n/sup +/-p junctions. Rapid thermal annealing was used for dopant activation and damage removal. Ge, B, and As distribution profiles were measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was used to study the dependence of the amorphous layer formation on the energy and dose of germanium ion implantation. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy was used to study the residual defects formed due to preamorphization. Complete elimination of the residual end-of-range damage was achieved in samples preamorphized by 50-keV/1*10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ germanium implantation. Areal and peripheral leakage current densities of the junctions were studied as a function of germanium implantation parameters. The results show that high-quality p/sup +/-n and n/sup +/-p junctions can be formed in germanium preamorphized substrates if the preamorphization conditions are optimized. >
The Effects of Causal Structure on the Comprehension of Narratives: Implications for Education.

To grasp the meaning of a thing, an event or a situation is to see it in its relations to other things; to note how it operates or functions, what consequences follow from it; what causes it, what uses it can be put to (Dewey, 1933/1963, p. 135).
Applied ethology in a nomadic cattle culture

Abstract The management techniques of the nomadic Fulani herdsmen rely heavily on exploitation of the behavioral predispositions of cattle. Most of the predispositions had adaptive value before domestication. They include the social roles of the dominant and leader animals, amicable interactions, and the aversion of cattle to their own feces. The concept of a behaviorally-oriented approach to livestock husbandry may have value in more highly industrialized farming operations.
Size Distribution of Collisionally Evolved Asteroidal Populations: Analytical Solution for Self-Similar Collision Cascades

Abstract Collision cascades play a prominent role in processing the present asteroid belt, as well as formative planetary systems. As a first step toward understanding how this mechanism operates, an analytical solution has been obtained for the steady-state size distribution of a self-similar collisional fragmentation cascade. It is found that this corresponds to a power law for the differential mass distribution dn = Cm -α dm , where the exponent α is very nearly 11/6, equivalent to a differential radius distribution dn = C * r -3.5 dr . This is in agreement with the earlier conclusion of J. S. Dohnanyi (1969, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 2531-2554). The work of Dohnanyi has been extended considerably to include a full treatment of the simultaneous occurrence of cratering and catastrophic fragmentation. A more physically realistic model of catastrophic fragmentation is used in which the size of the largest fragment decreases with projectile mass. The average steady-state value of the exponent α (1.8333) is found to be extremely insensitive to the assumed physical parameters of the fragmentation process, such as the strength of the target, the threshold for catastrophic fragmentation, the relative contribution of cratering and catastrophic fragmentation, the size and number of the largest fragments, and the size distribution of the fragments produced by individual fragmentation events. The robust nature of the result is a consequence of the steady-state solution being primarily the consequence of geometrical rather than mechanical considerations.
Protracted superficial Wegener's granulomatosis

We describe a patient with protracted superficial Wegener's granulomatosis. On the basis of nasal mucosa and conjunctival biopsy specimens, a diagnosis of sarcoidosis was originally made. However, later biopsy specimens and the clinical condition indicated a rare variant of Wegener's granulomatosis, one with a protracted course of granulomatous ulcers localized to the skin and mucosa.
Synthesis and characterization of ferrocene-labeled oligodeoxynucleotides

Abstract Using a facile on-column derivatization procedure, oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are labeled with a ferrocene derivative at specific sites. A Sonagashira cross-coupling reaction, using Pd(PPh3)4 and CuI, links ferrocene propargylamide to a halogenated base, such as 2′-deoxy-5-iodouridine or 8-bromo-2′-deoxyadenosine, which has been previously incorporated in the ODN strand. The structure and stability of the DNA duplex are not significantly altered after site-specific labeling with ferrocene, as demonstrated by Tm and CD spectroscopy.
The Origin of Enantioselectivity in Aldolase Antibodies: Crystal Structure, Site-directed Mutagenesis, and Computational Analysis

Catalytic aldolase antibodies, generated by reactive immunization, catalyze the aldol reaction with the efficiency of natural enzymes, but accept a much broader range of substrates. Two separate groups of aldolase antibodies that catalyze the same aldol reactions with antipodal selectivity were analyzed by comparing their amino acid sequences with their crystal structures, site-directed mutagenesis data, and computational docking of the transition states of the aldol reaction. The crystal structure of aldolase antibody 93F3 Fab' at 2.5A resolution revealed a combining site with two lysine residues, including LysL89 that reacts to form the covalent enamine intermediate. In contrast, antibody 33F12 has one active site lysine, LysH93. The reactive lysine residues in each group of antibodies are differentially located on the heavy and light chain variable regions in pseudo-symmetric opposite orientations, but both within highly hydrophobic environments. Thus, the defining feature for the observed enantioselectivities of these aldolase antibody catalysts is the respective location and relative disposition of the reactive lysine residues within the active sites of these catalysts.
Deriving orthogonality to optimize the search for summary data

Abstract An effective optimization strategy for evaluating statistical queries is to use precomputed summary data on certain categories. An important step in this strategy is to compare categories for containment in order to decide whether the summary data on one category can be used to compute the summary on another. This paper studies optimization for such comparisons. A category in this paper is represented by a relation whose attributes are partitioned into pair-wise disjoint sets, each called a dimension. A category is said to be orthogonal if it is equal to the cross product of the projections of itself on all the dimensions, and k-partially orthogonal if it is the union of k orthogonal ones. Comparing k -partially orthogonal categories for containment is computationally much easier than comparing arbitrary categories if k is small and all the orthogonal subcategories are known. It is shown however that it is computationally intractable (NP-hard) to partition an arbitrarily given category into the smallest number of orthogonal subcategories. In order to avoid this intractable task but still take advantage of orthogonality, this paper investigates methods that derive orthogonality in categories which are results of relational queries, assuming the orthogonality in input categories is known. The methods are based on a careful examination of each relational operation and on certain auxiliary constructs for labelling orthogonal subcategories.
Complex storage of rhyolite in the central Snake River Plain

Abstract Analysis of hundreds of co-existing individual clinopyroxene crystals and crystal aggregates from rhyolitic ignimbrites of the central Snake River Plain has revealed that magma storage prior to eruption was complex. Crystal aggregates are dominated by plagioclase, augite, pigeonite, ilmenite, magnetite and zircon, and commonly lack sanidine and quartz which may be present as single crystals. In the ignimbrites, multiple compositions of pigeonite and augite may occur as single crystals, yet within the crystal aggregates, only single compositions of augite and pigeonite are recorded. Multiple crystal aggregates may be present within a deposit containing the whole spectrum of clinopyroxene compositions within the unit, yet only one pair of clinopyroxene compositions occur in a single aggregate. Evidence of compositional zonation is rare to absent both throughout the deposit as a whole and within individual pyroxene grains. The restricted compositions of the crystal aggregates are interpreted as reflecting a magmatic system in which the magma was physically segregated into a number of separate bodies evolving in parallel prior to eruption. One case was recorded whereby the composition of a crystal aggregate did not agree with the compositions of single crystals in that ignimbrite. This aggregate represents a silicic magma not currently recognised in surface outcrops and reflects entrainment of surrounding crystal mush. Although multiple compositions of pigeonite and augite appear to be present only in ignimbrites, no relationship exists between the volume of erupted material and the number of clinopyroxene compositions present within the deposit.
A low power, on demand electrothermal valve for wireless drug delivery applications

We present a low power, on demand Parylene MEMS electrothermal valve. A novel Ω-shaped thermal resistive element requires low power (∼mW) and enables rapid valve opening (∼ms). Using both finite element analysis and valve opening experiments, a robust resistive element design for improved valve opening performance in water was obtained. In addition, a thermistor, as an inrush current limiter, was added into the valve circuit to provide variable current ramping. Wireless activation of the valve using RF inductive power transfer was demonstrated.
Hadwiger number and chromatic number for near regular degree sequences

We consider a problem related to Hadwiger's Conjecture. Let D=(d1, d2, …, dn) be a graphic sequence with 0ld1ld2l···ldnln-1. Any simple graph G with D its degree sequence is called a realization of D. Let R[D] denote the set of all realizations of D. Define h(D)=maxlh(G): G∈R[D]r and χ(D)=maxlχ(G): G∈R[D]r, where h(G) and χ(G) are Hadwiger number and chromatic number of a graph G, respectively. Hadwiger's Conjecture implies that h(D)gχ(D). In this paper, we establish the above inequality for near regular degree sequences. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 64: 175–183, 2010
Rauwolfia and breast cancer: No relation found in long term users age fifty and over

It has been suggested that conflicting findings regarding rauwolfia drugs as predisposing factors for breast cancer can be explained by the hypothesis that use for a long duration predisposes to breast cancer occurring after age 50. In a follow-up study of 2077 women who received prescriptions for rauwolfia drugs there was no excess risk for breast cancer diagnosed at age 50 or greater (morbidity ratio = 0.9 compared to 1.0 expected). In comparing 35 patients in this age group with 168 women who received rauwolfia but remained free of breast cancer, there was no excess risk for long (greater than or equal to 5 yr) duration of use (relative risk = 0.9). Thus, the hypothesis could not be confirmed in this study group. It is likely that the excess risk among long-duration rauwolfia users, if present at all, is less than 2-fold.
COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR PROCESSING LITTER AND AIR FILTER MATRICES FROM POULTRY HOUSES TO OPTIMIZE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION DETECTION OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM

An integrated effort to reduce the occurrence of Salmonella in poultry products should include the control of Salmonella in poultry production in early stages, which requires an efficient monitoring of Salmonella spp. in poultry houses. Studies were conducted to evaluate the potential advantages of using air samples as an alternative to litter samples for PCR detection of Salmonella spp. from poultry houses. The air filter and litter samples from a poultry house were spiked with a culture of Salmonella typhimurium. The intact samples and the DNA extracted from the samples were used for amplification of Salmonella-specific DNA using hns gene specific primers. The ***hns gene was more effectively amplified with filter samples than litter samples when the intact sample was used as template. When extracted DNA was used, however, there was no difference between the two samples in their intensities of PCR products as visualized on an agarose gel. The dilution of the matrices from both sampling methods greatly increased the amplification efficiency, indicating that it was the background matrices that hindered the PCR amplification. The results in this study suggest that air filter sampling may be a labor-saving alternative to litter sampling, which can be used to increase the sensitivity of PCR detection of Salmonella spp. without prior sample processing.
The Surface Slit Viscosimeter and the Viscosity of Monolayers

PERHAPS the greatest advantages of the surface viscosimeter which makes use of the flow of a film through a rectangular slit are (1) that the theory is relatively simple, and (2) since there are no moving parts, the substrate, usually water, is not set in motion by the apparatus, but only by the film. In a recent letter in NATURE1, Harkins and Myers show that the flux of the film through a narrow slit varies inversely as the cube (a3) of the diameter of the slit. Since this neglects the effect due to the viscosity of the substrate, η0, it seems to be essential to develop the complete theory, and this has been done by one of us (Kirkwood). For a slit of length l, depth h, and width a, the area flux A, is given by where α = (f2–f1)/l is the pressure gradient in the slit. If h/a is large relative to unity, this may be represented by a practically adequate approximation as.
Strong risk invariance in multiobjective programming

Abstract A utility function exhibiting strong risk invariance (SRI) is employed to study a problem in which a decision maker's objectives, y , are linked to his decision variables, x , by the linear system y = A x , with matrix A random. An application of the model to macroeconomic planning is considered.
Dynamic shear behavior of high polymers at low frequencies

The experimental techniques used to measure the dynamic shear behaviour of polymers at low frequencies, that is below 10 sec−1, are discussed with particular reference to the torsion pendulum. The various types of relaxations which can occur in amorphous and semicrystalline polymers are considered. Polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, and polystyrene are examples of amorphous polymers. The effects of crosslinking, intermolecular forces, steric effects, and plasticizers on the main glass transition of other amorphous polymers are also described. Polytetrafluorethylene is an example of a linear, semi-crystalline polymer. The effect of introducing trifluoromethyl groups along the chain in copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene is described. Results obtained with polypropylene are also discussed.
Effect of nitriles on the polarization of iron in 1·0N HCl

Abstract The polarization of iron in the presence of nine nitriles was studied at absolute concentrations of 1·0 × 10−4M and 1·0 × 10−3M for nitriles of eight carbons or less and at reduced concentrations of 0·2, 0·4, 0·75 and 1·0 for all nine nitriles. At the same reduced concentration, it was found that normal aliphatic nitriles from C4 to C15, phenylacetonitrile and 1,6-dicyanohexane gave about the same inhibition. Cycloheptylcyanide at reduced concentrations less than 1·0 resulted in a lower inhibition than the others. All nine nitriles were of a mixed type, affecting both the anodic and cathodic polarization curves.