cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Residual Cognitive Disability after Completion of Inpatient Rehabilitation among Injured Children

Objective To determine the prevalence and nature of residual cognitive disability after inpatient rehabilitation for children aged 7-18 years with traumatic injuries. Study design This retrospective cohort study included children aged 7-18 years in the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation who underwent inpatient rehabilitation for traumatic injuries in 523 facilities from 2002-2011. Traumatic injuries were identified by standardized Medicare Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility–Patient Assessment Instrument codes. Cognitive outcomes were measured by the Functional Independence Measure instrument. A validated, categorical staging system derived from responses to the items in the cognitive domain of the functional independence measure was used and consisted of clinically relevant levels of cognitive achievement from stage 1 (total cognitive disability) to stage 7 (completely independent cognitive function). Results There were 13 798 injured children who completed inpatient rehabilitation during the 10-year period. On admission to inpatient rehabilitation, patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) had more cognitive disability (median stage 2) than those with spinal cord injury or other injuries (median stage 5). Cognitive functioning improved for all patients, but children with TBI still tended to have significant residual cognitive disability (median stage on discharge, 4). Conclusions Injured children gained cognitive functionality throughout inpatient rehabilitation. Those with TBI had more severe cognitive disability on admission and more residual disability on discharge. This is important not only for patient and family expectation setting but also for resource and service planning, as discharge from inpatient rehabilitation is a critical milestone for reintegration into society for children with serious injury.
The Emotional Intelligence of Entrepreneurs

Abstract Entrepreneurship research has recognized the entrepreneur as catalyst to the new venture process. Apopular stream of research not yet applied to entrepreneurship has been the study of the emotional intelligence of entrepreneurial venture leaders. This web-based exploratory study collected self-assessment data of emotional competencies on successful young entrepreneurs. Participating entrepreneurs reported that they demonstrated high levels of self-confidence, trustworthiness, achievement orientation, service orientation, change catalyst, teamwork and collaboration. Trustworthiness, the ability to maintain standards of honesty and integrity, was ranked highest among 18 emotional competencies measured. The importance of teamwork and collaboration in the new venture process is also emphasized in the findings.
Esterase heterogeneity: dynamics of a polymorphism.

In the freshwater fish Catostomus clarkii, the frequency of alleles for polymorphic serum esterase varies with latitude. The activity of the allele more frequent in southern populations increases as temperature increases from 0 ° to 37 °C, whereas activity of the allele more frequent in northern populations increases as temperature decreases. Coefficients of selection used to calculate allelic equilibrium within populations are derived from the activity profiles of the genotypes.
Disentangling the racial test score gap: Probing the evidence in a large urban school district

We examine the size and distribution of the gap in test scores across races within New York City public schools and the factors that explain these gaps. While gaps are partially explained by differences in student characteristics, such as poverty, differences in schools attended are also important. At the same time, substantial within-school gaps remain and are only partly explained by differences in academic preparation across students from different race groups. Controlling for differences in classrooms attended explains little of the remaining gap, suggesting little role for within-school inequities in resources. There is some evidence that school characteristics matter. Race gaps are negatively correlated with school size—implying small schools may be helpful. In addition, the trade-off between the size and experience of the teaching staff in urban schools may carry unintended consequences for within-school race gaps. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Adaptive displays and controllers using alternative feedback.

Investigations on the design of haptic (force reflecting joystick or force display) controllers were conducted by viewing the display of force information within the context of several different pa...
Experimental Performance Comparison of a Single Cell and Multi-Cell Stack of High Temperature PEM Fuel Cell Prototype

In this study, we experimentally studied our newly designed and built single cell and multi-cell high temperature (140°C∼180°C) polymer electrolyte membrane (HTPEM) fuel cell stack prototype at different operating conditions to investigate the effects of operating temperature, pressure and CO concentration on the cell performance. In particular, the effects of these parameters on the current-voltage characteristics of the fuel cell stack are investigated extensively. Experimental results obtained from both the single cell and multi-cell stack with high temperature PBI-based membrane show that the high CO tolerance at high operating temperature of HTPEM fuel cell stack makes it possible to feed the reformate gas directly from the reformer without further CO removal. In order to develop design parameters for fuel reformer, experimental data of this type would be very useful. The experimental results revealed the fact that a fuel reformer is a consumer of heat and water, and the HTPEM fuel cell stacks are a producer of heat and water. Therefore, the integration of the fuel cell stack and the reformer is expected to improve the entire system’s performance and efficiency. The results obtained from this study showed significant variations in current-voltage characteristics of HTPEM fuel cell stack at different temperatures with different CO poisoning rates. The results are promising to understand the overall system performance development strategy of HTPEM fuel cell in terms of current-voltage characteristics while fed with on-site reformate with different CO ratios in the anode fuel stream.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Analytical Expressions for Calculating the Depletion Interaction Produced by Charged Spheres and Spheroids

Analytical expressions for predicting the depletion interaction in charged systems where long-range electrostatic effects are important are presented. The approach used was to model the nonadsorbin...
The effects of limited grammar on interactive natural language

What is the best way for novice users to interact with computers? Three alternatives that are generally offered are: menu selection, query languages, and natural language. In menu selection, the user chooses from a set of preprogrammed options by entering an associated key. This technique has the advantage of placing a minimal parsing burden on the computer. However, for certain applications, such as conversational interaction, menu systems are inadequate because they severely limit the strategies available to the user.Query languages are special sets of designed specifically for interaction with the computer. They place a greater parsing burden on the computer, and are somewhat less limiting to the user. However, they suffer from human factors problems in that they are often very difficult for the user to learn (Reisner, 1981).
HUMAN SALIVARY HISTATIN-5 EXERTS POTENT FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS

Human salivary histatins (Hsns) have been known to be potent antifungal agents against Candida albicans for more than a decade. Here, we report that Hsns are also effective in killing another medically important opportunistic fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, which has become a new threat among the immunocompromised patients, especially AIDS patients. In fact, the cidal activity of Hsn-5 against C. neoformans is as high as that against C. albicans.
Allergic Responses Induced by a Fungal Biopesticide Metarhizium anisopliae and House Dust Mite Are Compared in a Mouse Model

Biopesticides can be effective in controlling their target pest. However, research regarding allergenicity and asthma development is limited. We compared the ability of fungal biopesticide Metarhizium anisopliae (MACA) and house dust mite (HDM) extracts to induce allergic responses in BALB/c mice. The extracts were administered by intratracheal aspiration at doubling doses (2.5-80 μg protein) 4X over a four-week period. Three days after the last exposure, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected. The extracts' relative allergenicity was evaluated based on response robustness (lowest significant dose response compared to control (0 μg)). MACA induced a more robust serum total IgE response than HDM. However, in the antigen-specific IgE assay, a similar dose of both MACA and HDM was required to achieve the same response level. Our data suggest a threshold dose of MACA for allergy induction and that M. anisopliae may be similar to HDM in allergy induction potential.
Tactile spatial acuity at the human fingertip and lip : Bilateral symmetry and interdigit variability

We used the spatial threshold for discrimination of grating orientation to assess tactile spatial acuity at the lower lip and each fingertip, bilaterally, in seven normal human subjects. We confirmed previous findings that: (1) this test is highly reliable, and (2) acuity at the lip is substantially higher than at the fingertips. In addition, we showed that: (1) acuity does not differ significantly between right and left sides, and (2) among fingertips, acuity is lowest at the fifth digit and comparable on the other digits.
The influence of histaminase on the course of anaphylaxis and histamine shock in guinea pigs

Abstract 1. 1. The usual course of symptoms and the lethal effects of unit doses of histamine was not significantly influenced by periodic medications with histamine over a ten-day period preceding the final shock dose of histamine. 2. 2. Pretreatment of guinea pigs either orally or parenterally with a potent histaminase preparation over a ten- to fourteen-day period prior to the administration of a normally lethal dose of histamine completely protected a small, but questionably significant, percentage of the guinea pigs. 3. 3. The intraperitoneal injection of large volumes of saline solutions to antidote partially the effects of a lethal dose of histamine and the intraperitoneal injection of a histaminase solution containing a lethal dose of histamine in a ratio of 100 units of histaminase to 1 mg. of histamine HCl permitted the survival of 90 per cent of a series of guinea pigs more than fifteen hours. However, an indefinite survival was reduced due to local reactions to such injections. 4. 4. On the basis of sensitization tests with hog and horse sera it appears that a fairly quantitative relation exists between the size of the provocative dose of the antigen and the course of anaphylaxis as well as the percentage of fatal reactions. 5. 5. Under the conditions of these experiments it was possible to materially influence by means of a histaminase preparation given orally or parenterally both the course and lethal effects of otherwise absolute lethal doses of antigen administered intravenously in the guinea pig. 6. 6. These experiments suggest that the physiologic picture of histamine shock differs materially from that of anaphylactic shock. However, on the basis of reactions contributing primarily to death, the differences may be of quantitative rather than qualitative importance.
Performance of a MAC protocol for WDM networks with on-line scheduling

This paper investigates the performance of media access protocols based on on-line scheduling for an optically connected star-coupled system with wavelength division multiple access channels. Hybrid access protocols combining reservation and pre-allocation of receiver channels have been previously proposed. Transmission consisted of a reservation phase followed by a data phase. Each node was allowed to place a reservation for one WDM channel. This protocol is extended in this paper by allowing reservations on multiple channels and using simple on-line scheduling algorithms. Existing scheduling algorithms (all are off-line) for similar reservation problems tend to have high implementation and computational complexity. We require that scheduling algorithms be real-time and amenable to hardware implementation. The performance of the extended protocol incorporating two simple on-line scheduling algorithms is presented in this paper. We show that the slight increased computational overhead with scheduling is justified by reduced packet latency and higher utilization, especially for client-server traffic.
Two high-order numerical methods for solving boundary-value nonlinear ordinary differential equations

Two numerical methods for solving two-point boundary-value problems associated with systems of first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations are described. The first method, which is based on Lobatto quadrature, requires four internal function evaluations for each subinterval. It does not need derivatives and is of order h7, where h is the space chop. The second method, which is similar to the first but is based on Lobatto–Hermite quadrature, makes the additional use of derivatives to achieve O(h9) accuracy. Results of computational experiments comparing these methods with other known methods are given.
AN EXPERIMENT IN EDUCATION. ANTHROPOLOGY WORKSHOPS FOR PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS

How It Came About BATA is the acronym of the Bay Area Teachers of Anthropology. It is a young organization, founded in 1971 by several junior or community college teachers of anthropology for the purpose of finding out what was going on in other community colleges, providing a chance to "rap" about their classes, and just to be able to meet other colleagues. The initial meeting, however, brought together teachers not only at the college level but also several high school teachers who were teaching anthropology. The aims in forming such an organization included:
CAPITAL-GOODS PRICES AND INVESTMENT, 1870–1950

The relative price of capital goods, an important component of the user cost of capital, has rarely been incorporated into comparative studies of long-run capital accumulation. This article constructs and explores a data set for capital-goods and equipment prices covering the 1870–1950 period for 11 OECD countries. We document substantial differences across countries in the relative prices of capital goods, but also find convergence in those prices over time. Finally, we show that relative capital-goods prices are strongly negatively correlated with investment rates.
Evolution of the Scientific Basis for Dentistry and Its Impact on Dental Education: Past, Present, and Future

Science is the fuel for technology and the foundation for understanding the human condition. In dental education, as in all health professions, science informs a basic understanding of development, is essential to understand the structure and function of biological systems, and is prerequisite to understand and perform diagnostics, therapeutics, and clinical outcomes in the treatment of diseases and disorders. During the last seventy-five years, biomedical science has transformed from discipline-based scientists working on a problem to multidisciplinary research teams working to solve complex problems of significance to the larger society. Over these years, we witnessed the convergence of the biological and digital revolutions with clinical health care in medical, dental, pharmacy, nursing, and allied health care professional education. Biomedical science informs our understanding, from human genes and their functions to populations, health disparities, and the biosphere. Science is a "way of knowing," an international enterprise, a prerequisite for the health professions, and a calling and adventure to the curious mind. Science, the activity of doing science, is in the national self-interest, in the defense of a nation, and critical to the improvement of the human condition. In the words of Vannevar Bush, "science is the endless frontier."
Coadministration of Cidofovir and Smallpox Vaccine Reduced Vaccination Side Effects but Interfered with Vaccine-Elicited Immune Responses and Immunity to Monkeypox

While the smallpox vaccine, Dryvax or Dryvax-derived ACAM2000, holds potential for public immunization against the spread of smallpox by bioterror, there is serious concern about Dryvax-mediated side effects. Here, we report that a single-dose vaccination regimen comprised of Dryvax and an antiviral agent, cidofovir, could reduce vaccinia viral loads after vaccination and significantly control Dryvax vaccination side effects. However, coadministration of cidofovir and Dryvax also reduced vaccine-elicited immune responses of antibody and T effector cells despite the fact that the reduced priming could be boosted as a recall response after monkeypox virus challenge. Evaluations of four different aspects of vaccine efficacy showed that coadministration of cidofovir and Dryvax compromised the Dryvax-induced immunity against monkeypox, although the covaccinated monkeys exhibited measurable protection against monkeypox compared to that of naive controls. Thus, the single-dose coadministration of cidofovir and Dryvax effectively controlled vaccination side effects but significantly compromised vaccine-elicited immune responses and vaccine-induced immunity to monkeypox.
High Efficiency TCR Gene Transfer into Primary Human Lymphocytes Affords Avid Recognition of Melanoma Tumor Antigen Glycoprotein 100 and Does Not Alter the Recognition of Autologous Melanoma Antigens

The α- and β-chains of the TCR from a highly avid anti-gp100 CTL clone were isolated and used to construct retroviral vectors that can mediate high efficiency gene transfer into primary human lymphocytes. Expression of this TCR gene was confirmed by Western blot analysis, immunocytometric analysis, and HLA Ag tetramer staining. Gene transfer efficiencies of >50% into primary lymphocytes were obtained without selection for transduced cells using a method of prebinding retroviral vectors to cell culture vessels before the addition of lymphocytes. The biological activity of transduced cells was confirmed by cytokine production following coculture with stimulator cells pulsed with gp100 peptides, but not with unrelated peptides. The ability of this anti-gp100 TCR gene to transfer high avidity Ag recognition to engineered lymphocytes was confirmed in comparison with highly avid antimelanoma lymphocytes by the high levels of cytokine production (>200,000 pg/ml IFN-γ), by recognition of low levels of peptide (<200 pM), and by HLA class I-restricted recognition and lysis of melanoma tumor cell lines. CD4+ T cells engineered with this anti-gp100 TCR gene were Ag reactive, suggesting CD8-independent activity of the expressed TCR. Finally, nonmelanoma-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte cultures developed antimelanoma activity following anti-gp100 TCR gene transfer. In addition, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with reactivity against non-gp100 melanoma Ags acquired gp100 reactivity and did not lose the recognition of autologous melanoma Ags following gp100 TCR gene transfer. These results suggest that lymphocytes genetically engineered to express anti-gp100 TCR may be of value in the adoptive immunotherapy of patients with melanoma.
Combining assembly planning with redesign: an approach for more effective DFA

An integrated system for assembly planning and redesign, based on design for assembly (DFA) principles, is presented. DFA criteria are used in the generation of cost effective assembly sequences for mechanical products using a technique known as backward assembly planning. If the assembly cost can be further reduced by redesign, the system performs reverse engineering, produces a default design plan, and provides assistance in a DFA-based redesign process. The planner takes into account special processes encountered in assembly (such as cleaning, painting, and testing) in search of an optimum assembly sequence. The architecture of the combined system is presented, together with properties of the planning and redesign modules and their implementations. Also described is how the combined system can provide an effective method of DFA compared to currently available DFA tools. The system is designed to be compatible with either robotic, manual or automated assembly. >
Markov blanket feature selection for support vector machines

Based on Information Theory, optimal feature selection should be carried out by searching Markov blankets. In this paper, we formally analyze the current Markov blanket discovery approach for support vector machines and propose to discover Markov blankets by performing a fast heuristic Bayesian network structure learning. We give a sufficient condition that our approach will improve the performance. Two major factors that make it prohibitive for learning Bayesian networks from high-dimensional data sets are the large search space and the expensive cycle detection operations. We propose to restrict the search space by only considering the promising candidates and detect cycles using an online topological sorting method. Experimental results show that we can efficiently reduce the feature dimensionality while preserving a high degree of classification accuracy.
Genetic material is present in cadaveric dermis and cadaveric fascia lata.

Purpose: We determined whether genetic material is present in the commercially processed cadaveric allografts used in sling surgery.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 16 samples from 2 commercial sources of human allograft, including 8 each of freeze-dried γ irradiated cadaveric fascia lata and acellular cadaveric dermis. Fresh human rectus fascia and sterile saline served as positive and negative controls, respectively. All samples underwent a standard proteinase K/sodium dodecyl sulfate/phenol extraction technique to isolate DNA. Polymerase chain reaction was done to amplify the retrieved DNA material, spectrophotometry to quantify DNA concentration and agarose gel electrophoresis to determine the size of DNA fragments.Results: Of the 16 samples tested from 2 commercial sources of human allograft fascia 14 (87.5%) contained DNA. Mean DNA concentration plus or minus standard error was 258.3 ± 80.1 and 272.8 ± 168.8 μg./gm. tissue for cadaveric fascia lata and cadaveric dermis, respectively. Polymerase c...
Racial Preferences in Dating

We examine racial preferences in dating. We employ a Speed Dating experiment that allows us to directly observe individual decisions and thus infer whose preferences lead to racial segregation in romantic relationships. Females exhibit stronger racial preferences than males. The richness of our data further allows us to identify many determinants of same-race preferences. Subjects’ backgrounds, including the racial composition of the ZIP code where a subject grew up and the prevailing racial attitudes in a subject’s state or country of origin, strongly influence same-race preferences. Older subjects and more physically attractive subjects exhibit weaker same-race preferences.
Challenges to Classifying Suicidal Ideations, Communications, and Behaviours

There is no uniform set of terms, definitions, and classifications for the range of thoughts, communications, and behaviours that are related to self-injurious behaviours, with or without the intent to die. Nor is there an agreed taxonomy that encompasses the full spectrum of what is clinically defined as suicide-related behaviours. As a result, researchers cannot easily compare their study populations or results, and clinicians have difficulty in translating research findings into practical applications when working with patients at risk for suicidal behaviours. This chapter will briefly review this issue from a historical perspective, and present some of the current efforts to improve our ability to communicate clearly, consistently, and confidently about suicidal individuals. Recommendations are made as to the next steps in the process of developing and implementing a standardized nomenclature and classification system for the field of suicidology.
Latent simian varicella virus reactivates in monkeys treated with tacrolimus with or without exposure to irradiation

Simian varicella virus (SVV) infection of primates resembles human varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection. After primary infection, SVV becomes latent in ganglia and reactivates after immunosuppression or social and environmental stress. Herein, natural SVV infection was established in 5 cynomolgus macaques (cynos) and 10 African green (AG) monkeys. Four cynos were treated with the immunosuppressant tacrolimus (80 to 300 μg/kg/day) for 4 months and 1 was untreated (group 1). Four AG monkeys were exposed to a single dose (200 cGy) of x-irradiation (group 2), and 4 other AG monkeys were irradiated and treated with tacrolimus for 4 months (group 3); the remaining 2 AG monkeys were untreated. Zoster rash developed 1 to 2 weeks after tacrolimus treatment in 3 of 4 monkeys in group 1, 6 weeks after irradiation in 1 of 4 monkeys in group 2, and 1 to 2 weeks after irradiation in all 4 monkeys in group 3. All monkeys were euthanized 1 to 4 months after immunosuppression. SVV antigens were detected immunohistochemically in skin biopsies as well as in lungs of most monkeys. Low copy number SVV DNA was detected in ganglia from all three groups of monkeys, including controls. RNA specific for SVV ORFs 61, 63, and 9 was detected in ganglia from one immunosuppressed monkey in group 1. SVV antigens were detected in multiple ganglia from all immunosuppressed monkeys in every group, but not in controls. These results indicate that tacrolimus treatment produced reactivation in more monkeys than irradiation and tacrolimus and irradiation increased the frequency of SVV reactivation as compared to either treatment alone.
High-power erbium-doped fibre amplifier with 975 nm tapered-gain-region laser pumps

A two-stage erbium-doped fibre amplifier has been demonstrated with an output power of 700 mW at 1547 nm for 1 mW of input power. Tapered-gain-region semiconductor lasers were used as the pump source. >
Opportunities and challenges of parallelizing speech recognition

Automatic speech recognition enables a wide range of current and emerging applications such as automatic transcription, multimedia content analysis, and natural human-computer interfaces. This article provides a glimpse of the opportunities and challenges that parallelism provides for automatic speech recognition and related application research from the point of view of speech researchers. The increasing parallelism in computing platforms opens three major possibilities for speech recognition systems: improving recognition accuracy in non-ideal, everyday noisy environments; increasing recognition throughput in batch processing of speech data; and reducing recognition latency in real-time usage scenarios. We describe technical challenges, approaches we've taken, and possible directions for future research to guide the design of efficient parallel software and hardware infrastructures.
Theoretical Foundations for Health Communication Research and Practice

Communication failures in health care are brought about by multiple challenges of communicating in this high stakes domain. These failures are far too common and create safety risks and contribute to sub-optimal patient outcomes. Although communication research in health care environments is not always informed by theory, existing theoretical foundations used in communication research can be fruitfully applied to address these key challenges in health care. Communication theories are essential to understanding how cognitive and communication complexity reduce work efficiency and safety, how information is grounded to be mutually understood and acceptable to clinicians doing collaborative work, and how different communication media impact mutual understanding, all of which provide a foundation for improving communication and collaboration in health care. We highlight the information processing and interactive approaches to communication, and describe how these approaches can help improve communication, work efficiency, and safety in several areas related to health information technology and communication.
Salmonella enterica Infections in the United States and Assessment of Coefficients of Variation: A Novel Approach to Identify Epidemiologic Characteristics of Individual Serotypes, 1996-2011.

Background Despite control efforts, salmonellosis continues to cause an estimated 1.2 million infections in the United States (US) annually. We describe the incidence of salmonellosis in the US and introduce a novel approach to examine the epidemiologic similarities and differences of individual serotypes. Methods Cases of salmonellosis in humans reported to the laboratory-based National Salmonella Surveillance System during 1996–2011 from US states were included. Coefficients of variation were used to describe distribution of incidence rates of common Salmonella serotypes by geographic region, age group and sex of patient, and month of sample isolation. Results During 1996–2011, more than 600,000 Salmonella isolates from humans were reported, with an average annual incidence of 13.1 cases/100,000 persons. The annual reported rate of Salmonella infections did not decrease during the study period. The top five most commonly reported serotypes, Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Newport, Heidelberg, and Javiana, accounted for 62% of fully serotyped isolates. Coefficients of variation showed the most geographically concentrated serotypes were often clustered in Gulf Coast states and were also more frequently found to be increasing in incidence. Serotypes clustered in particular months, age groups, and sex were also identified and described. Conclusions Although overall incidence rates of Salmonella did not change over time, trends and epidemiological factors differed remarkably by serotype. A better understanding of Salmonella, facilitated by this comprehensive description of overall trends and unique characteristics of individual serotypes, will assist in responding to this disease and in planning and implementing prevention activities.
Lessons in Transnational Corporate Liability from Bhopal

The paper below will examine the legal issues that surround the liability of multinational companies in third world countries by examining the Bhopal Gas Disaster incident in India. It will also evaluate the role and implications of the forum non-conveniens doctrine in transnational corporate liability cases.
'The Importance of Research Design in Political Science,': A Response to Five Authors in the Symposium 'The Qualitative-Quantitative Disputation: Gary King, Robert O. Keohane, and Sidney Verba's Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitiative Research'

Receiving five serious reviews in this symposium is gratifying and confirms our belief that research design should be a priority for our discipline. We are pleased that our five distinguished reviewers appear to agree with our unified approach to the logic of inference in the social sciences, and with our fundamental point: that good quantitative and good qualitative research designs are based fundamentally on the same logic of inference. The reviewers also raised virtually no objections to the main practical contribution of our book - our many specific procedures for avoiding bias, getting the most out of qualitative data, and making reliable inferences. However, the reviews make clear that although our book may be the latest word on research design in political science, it is surely not the last. We are taxed for failing to include important issues in our analysis and for dealing inadequately with some of what we included. Before responding to the reviewers' more direct criticisms, let us explain what we emphasize in Designing Social Inquiry and how it relates to some of the points raised by the reviewers.
PBIS in Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections: How Tier II Practices Build Upon Tier I

This article discusses the decision making process that the Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections used to implement the framework of Positive Behavioral Supports and Interventions (PBIS) facility wide. Specifically, the article describes the process Tier II interventions in a juvenile justice setting, including the formation of a Behavioral Intervention Team, examples of two Tier II practices, exit and entrance criteria, progress monitoring, and the nomination/referral process for Tier II interventions. In closing, the article shares three case studies of youth who received various levels of intervention under our PBIS framework and lessons we learned throughout the implementation process.
Heterogeneous Uptake of Gaseous N2O5 by (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4, and H2SO4 Aerosols

The heterogeneous uptake of gaseous N2O5 by ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4], ammonium bisulfate [NH4HSO4], and sulfuric acid [H2SO4] aerosols as a function of relative humidity has been investigated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Ammonium-containing aerosols were generated by a constant-output atomizer and conditioned by passing through a diffusion dryer. Sulfuric acid aerosols were produced by the homogeneous reaction of SO3 and H2O in a borosilicate vessel. Addition of a dry or wet N2 flow controlled the relative humidity (RH) of these aerosol flows. Using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) for N2O5 concentration monitoring and a scanning mobility particle spectrometer (SMPS) for aerosol characterization, reaction probabilities (γ) in the range of 0.001 to 0.1 for the uptake of N2O5 were determined as a function of RH. The results are expressed as follows: γ[(NH4)2SO4] = 2.79 × 10-4 + 1.30 × 10-4 × (RH) − 3.43 × 10-6 × (RH)2 + 7.52 × 10-8 × (RH)3, γ[NH4HSO4] = 2.07 × 10-3 − 1.48...
An ontology of fungal subcellular traits

UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY The Fungal Subcellular Ontology used in the Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life project is a taxon-wide ontology (controlled vocabulary for attributes) designed to clarify and integrate the broad range of subcellular characters and character states used in higher-level fungal systematics. As in the algae, cellular characters are important phylogenetic markers in kingdom Fungi. The Fungal Subcellular Ontology has been developed primarily to help researchers, especially systematists, in their search for information on subcellular characters across the Fungi, and it complements existing biological ontologies, including the Gene Ontology. • METHODS The character and character state data set used in the Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life Structural and Biochemical Database (http://aftol.umn.edu) is the source of terms for generating the ontology. After the terms were accessioned and defined, they were combined in OBO-Edit file format, and the ontology was edited using OBO-Edit, an open source Java tool supported by the Gene Ontology project. • KEY RESULTS The Fungal Subcellular Ontology covers both model and nonmodel fungi in great detail and is downloadable in OBO-Edit format at website http://aftol.umn.edu/ontology/fungal_subcellular.obo. • CONCLUSIONS The ontology provides a controlled vocabulary of fungal subcellular terms and functions as an operating framework for the Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life Structural and Biochemical Database. An ontology-based design enhances reuse of data deposited in the Structural and Biochemical Database from other independent biological and genetic databases. Data integration approaches that advance access to data from the diversity of biological databases are imperative as interdisciplinary research gains importance. In this sense, the Fungal Subcellular Ontology becomes highly relevant to mycologists as well as nonmycologists because fungi interact actively as symbionts and parasites or passively with many other life forms.
Bleeding Tendency of Obstructive Jaundice: Prothrombin Deficiency and Dietary Factors.∗

Summary1. The bleeding tendency in cases of obstructive jaundice and biliary fistula is due to a prothrombin deficiency. 2. With restoration of bile to the intestine the prothrombin gradually retur...
Cellular Response in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) during Growth, Development, or Aging

An organismal and/or cellular investigation of weight, percent water content, and protein: weight, RNA: weight, and DNA: weight ratios during the development, growth, or aging of Aedes aegypti (L.) was made. The resulting data showed a continuous increase in both weight and water uptake per mosquito embryo through the 1st 24 hours of development. As the DNA concentration (cell numbers) per mosquito embryo continued to increase, reaching its peak at 72 hours, the weight per cell diminished, being lowest at 72 hours of development. The weight per cell per larval mosquito was at its peak at 2.5 days of development (1.419×10-7 mg). The pupal weight per cell was lower in males than in females. The weight per cell was higher in adult females than in males at all intervals of investigation. The DNA:weight ratio increased with development during embryogenesis and also for the 1st 4 days of the adult male's life and the 1st 5 days of the adult female's life. However, in all other periods of investigated development, the DNA: weight ratios either decreased or remained essentially constant. The protein:weight and RNA:weight ratios either decreased or remained constant during embryogenesis and all adult life. The decreases in the protein: weight, RNA:weight, and DNA:weight ratios were more pronounced during the larval period.
Influence of the uncertainty sense of illness on quality of life in the patients with malignant bone tumors

Objective: To investigate the uncertainty in illness in patients with malignant bone tumor on the quality of life.Methods: Questioned 70 cases with malignant bone tumor in our hospital from May 2007 to May 2011 by the table of uncertainty in illness scale and quality of life scale.Results: The patient's overall uncertainty illness score was(125.00±15.98) points,uncertainty in illness in the four dimensions were present.Group of patients with high level of uncertainty in illness quality of life score had lower scores than the group of low level(P0.05),and had the highest scores in the four dimensions of uncertainty in the patients with illness.Conclusion: Medical staff should use a variety of related measures to reduce uncertainty in illness in patients and help them build the confidence to overcome the disease and improve their quality of life.
VLSI Reed Solomon Decoder Design

A Reed Solomon code is a highly efficient error correcting code that NASA will use in future space communication missions. A VLSI implementation of the decoder is presented that accepts data rates of 80Mbits/second. A total of 7 chips are needed and operate with the symbol clock being the system clock for the chip set. Approximately 1.65 billion Galois Field operations per second are achieved with this chip set.
Analysis and identification of the Grem2 heparin/heparan sulfate-binding motif.

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are regulated by extracellular antagonists of the DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) family. Similar to the BMP ligands, certain DAN family members have been shown to interact with heparin and heparan sulfate (HS). Structural studies of DAN family members Gremlin-1 and Gremlin-2 (Grem2) have revealed a dimeric growth factor-like fold where a series of lysine residues cluster along one face of the protein. In the present study, we used mutagenesis, heparin-binding measurements, and cell surface-binding analysis to identify lysine residues that are important for heparin/HS binding in Grem2. We determined that residues involved in heparin/HS binding, while not necessary for BMP antagonism, merge with the heparin/HS-binding epitope of BMP2. Furthermore, the Grem2–BMP2 complex has higher affinity for heparin than the individual proteins and this affinity is not abrogated when the heparin/HS-binding epitope of Grem2 is attenuated. Overall, the present study shows that the Grem2 heparin/HS and BMP-binding epitopes are unique and independent, where, interestingly, the Grem2–BMP2 complex exhibits a significant increase in binding affinity toward heparin moieties that appear to be partially independent of the Grem2 heparin/HS-binding epitope.
Dicarboxylato ligands in osmium carbonyl sawhorse clusters: Chelating vs. bridging

Abstract Seven new complexes comprising of diosmium(I) tetracarbonyl sawhorse units bound to dicarboxylate anions (DCAs) have been synthesized using microwave heating. Succinic, adipic, pimelic, suberic, tetradecanedioic, and terephthalic acids react with Os 3 (CO) 12 at temperatures ranging from 180 to 205 °C for 12–20 min to produce the osmium sawhorse complexes, which are subsequently reacted with phosphine ligands to replace the labile axial CO ligands. X-ray crystallographic analysis was used to determine the molecular structures of these complexes. Two complexes, those with suberato and tetradecanedioato ligands, are dinuclear species containing Os 2 sawhorse molecules with chelating DCAs that form intramolecular loops. The succinato, adipato and pimelato complexes are tetranuclear species consisting of two Os 2 sawhorse moieties linked together by two bridging DCAs. Thus the straight-chain hydrocarbon backbone of the DCAs must contain at least six carbon atoms in order for these ligands to prefer to chelate a single Os 2 unit instead of forming bridges between multiple Os 2 units. The terephthalato complex is a triangular hexanuclear species consisting of a trimer of dimers with three bridging dicarboxylato anions.
Towards Practical Privacy-Preserving Life Cycle Assessment Computations

Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) is crucial for evaluating the ecological sustainability of a product or service, and the accurate evaluation of sustainability requires detailed and transparent information about industrial activities. However, such information is usually considered confidential and withheld from the public. In this paper, we present a rigorous study of privacy in the context of LCA. The main goal is to explore the privacy challenges in sustainability assessment considering the protection of trade secrets while increasing transparency of industrial activities. To overcome privacy concerns, we apply differential privacy to LCA computations considering the idiosyncratic features of LCA data. Our assessments on a specific real-life example show that it is possible to achieve privacy-preserving LCA computations without losing the utility of data completely.
The Feasibility of Using a Rapid Adenosine Triphosphate Bioluminescence Assay as an Objective Means of Assessing the Presence of Biological Contamination on Laboratory Surfaces

The underlying causes of many reported laboratory associated infections (LAIs) are often not objectively identified and are generally attributed to poor laboratory technique or surface contaminatio...
Ground Penetrating Radar for Material Characterization in Structural Health Monitoring Applications

Unusual behavior in reinforced concrete structures, including those instrumented with embedded sensor networks, can often be detected by structural health monitoring (SHM) methods. This behavior can be caused by corrosion, cracking, delamination, or construction that differs from the design specifications. It is necessary to investigate unusual behavior to determine its cause. Nondestructive investigations are often applied to validate conclusions drawn from SHM methods, i.e. localization and description of features. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been used to investigate defects in structures, but has yet to be used to investigate the influence of material or mechanical properties of materials for the purposes of SHM. In this work, a post-tensioned concrete pedestrian bridge instrumented with fiber optic sensors was investigated (1) to quantify the differences between the concrete used in each of the two construction phases and (2) to locate and map continuous internal features of the bridge deck. A 2.6 GHz GPR antenna was used to survey the main span and two of four approaches of the bridge (one of which was constructed in the second construction phase). In addition to analyzing the data with standard processing and filtering techniques, additional attributes of the data were analyzed to quantify the difference between the concrete strength of each construction phase. The difference in mechanical properties of the concrete in each phase has been the subject of numerous SHM studies on the bridge and has been confirmed during this investigation. This discrepancy agrees with standard lab testing of concrete cores at 7 and 28 days, which is advantageous in associated SHM and analysis of the bridge. The results explore the relationship between electromagnetic and strength characteristics of the concrete, as well as the value of using GPR to complement SHM sensing approaches in understanding anomalies and as-built conditions of a structure.
Enhanced filler-tube wall interaction in liquid nanofoam-filled thin-walled tubes

Abstract Interfacial bonding is essential to the mechanical properties of foam-filled tubes, but the imperfection in the solid–solid interfacial bonding limits the filler-tube wall interaction, leading to reduced performance. Here, we have employed liquid nanofoam (LN) as a novel filling material in thin-walled tubes, creating a liquid–solid “interfacial bonding”. The crushing behavior of LN-filled tube (LNFT) has been characterized by quasi-static compression and dynamic impact tests. Results show that the strengthening coefficient of the LNFTs was 3.8, much higher than that of best solid foam-filled tubes. The improved reinforcement effect indicates that the filler-tube wall interaction is much enhanced at the liquid–solid interface, which demonstrates the “perfect bonding” between LN and the tube wall. These findings provide new concepts in designing novel composite materials and structures.
Challenges in plate fixation of chest wall injuries

Abstract Unstable chest wall injuries can result from multiple rib fractures or a flail chest, and are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Traditionally such injuries have been treated non-operatively, with mechanical ventilation when required, and pain management. Surgical treatment of these fractures is technically possible, and studies suggest improved outcomes, such as lower time on mechanical ventilation and length of time in the intensive care unit, compared to non-operative treatment. However, there are many challenges and controversies regarding indications for surgical fixation, patient selection, outcomes, and fixation strategy. Further research in this area is warranted to better answer these questions.
Improvisation experience predicts how musicians categorize musical structures

Western music improvisers learn to realize chord symbols in multiple ways according to functional classifications, and practice making substitutions of these realizations accordingly. In contrast, ...
The biological functions and signaling mechanisms of the p75 neurotrophin receptor.

The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) regulates a wide range of cellular functions, including programmed cell death, axonal growth and degeneration, cell proliferation, myelination, and synaptic plasticity. The multiplicity of cellular functions governed by the receptor arises from the variety of ligands and co-receptors which associate with p75NTR and regulate its signaling. P75NTR promotes survival through interactions with Trk receptors, inhibits axonal regeneration via partnerships with Nogo receptor (Nogo-R) and Lingo-1, and promotes apoptosis through association with Sortilin. Signals downstream of these interactions are further modulated through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) of p75NTR and by interactions with numerous cytosolic partners. In this chapter, we discuss the intricate signaling mechanisms of p75NTR, emphasizing how these signals are differentially regulated to mediate these diverse cellular functions.