cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre-medication to block [18F]FDG uptake in the brown adipose tissue of pediatric and adolescent patients

Background: Radiopharmaceutical uptake of [18F]2-deoxy-2-glucose (FDG) in brown adipose tissue is noted on 15–20% of positron emission tomography (PET) scans in children and adolescents. One report suggests that moderate-dose oral diazepam can partly or completely block FDG uptake in brown adipose tissue. Objective: To determine whether [18F]FDG uptake in brown adipose tissue can be adequately blocked by pre-medication other than moderate-dose oral diazepam. Materials and methods: One hundred and eighteen [18F]FDG PET body imaging studies were performed in 69 pediatric patients with a variety of solid tumors. The mean age at the time of imaging was 12.9 years (range 1.2–22.6 years), and 33 studies were performed in patients younger than 10 years old. Seventy-six were performed in boys and 42 in girls. Patients were imaged using a dedicated PET camera. Pre-medication was given in 88 studies: 45 received intravenous fentanyl (0.75–1.0 μg/kg), 34 received low-dose oral diazepam (0.06 mg/kg) and 9 received moderate-dose oral diazepam (0.10 mg/kg). Thirty patients received no pre-medication, 7 of whom were known to have received opiates for pain during the 12 h before the study. Six body regions in the neck and chest were reviewed for [18F]FDG uptake in brown adipose tissue. Uptake of FDG in brown fat was visually graded: 0 for no FDG uptake, 1 for low-grade uptake, 2 for moderate uptake, and 3 for intense uptake. Visual grades 2 and 3 were considered to interfere potentially with image interpretation in the neck and chest. Data were analyzed by multivariate regression using a Poisson distribution. Results: [18F]FDG uptake in brown adipose tissue was most often seen in the lateral neck region and superior and lateral to the lungs (in 36 and 39 studies, respectively). Uptake was also seen near the costovertebral junctions (15 studies), in the superior and central neck in 7 studies and in the anterior mediastinum in 2. Brown adipose tissue uptake was thought to interfere potentially with image interpretation (visual grades 2 and 3) in 19 studies—in 6 of 23 (26.1%) studies after no pre-medication and no opiates for pain, in 10 of 34 (29.4%) after low-dose oral diazepam, in 0 of 9 (0%) after moderate-dose oral diazepam, in 3 of 45 (6.7%) after intravenous fentanyl, and in 0 of 7 (0%) after opiates prescribed for pain. Intravenous fentanyl reduced the grade of brown adipose tissue compared to no drug (P=0.0039) and low-dose diazepam (P=0.0024). Low-dose diazepam had no effect when compared to no drug (P=0.984). There were inadequate data for statistical testing of moderate-dose valium and opiates prescribed for pain. Children younger than 10 years had lower uptake grades (P=0.019) than those older than 10 years. Summary: The frequency of interfering [18F]FDG uptake in brown adipose tissue is reduced by intravenous fentanyl pre-medication, which appears to be an effective alternative to the existing standard pre-medication, moderate-dose oral diazepam.
Managing the marine aquarium trade: is eco-certification the answer?

Global trade in marine ornamental species includes numerous countries; however, 80% of the trade involves exports from the Philippines and Indonesia to the USA. The worldwide import value of marine ornamentals is estimated at US$ 200–330 million annually. Recent concern regarding sustainability and environmental impacts on coral reefs where collection occurs has spurred debate as to how best to monitor, manage and regulate the industry. A certification programme proposed by the Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) has the potential to manage the trade efficiently by minimizing environmental impacts, thus continuing this important source of income for impoverished coastal villagers. The MAC Ecosystem and Fishery Management (EFM) Standard was established to protect fish stocks from overexploitation and will be the most difficult component of the certification programme to implement. Prerequisites for successful EFM in developing nations are local control over fisheries and accurate records to monitor catch. Collector logs were found to be a useful tool to monitor both catch per unit effort (CPUE) and catch composition from collection areas in the Philippines. Comparison of catch composition in two distinct regions of the Philippines indicated that one site was severely overfished while the other was moderately overfished. The Collection Area Management Plan required by the MAC certification programme, combined with the current legal framework in the Philippines allowing for local jurisdiction of reef resources, has the potential to prevent further overfishing in the latter region. Until sufficient ecological data can be obtained, CPUE can provide an effective means to monitor and manage the fishery within the framework of the MAC certification programme. Despite effective management plans in source nations, legislation in receiving nations may be required to help stimulate a strong market demand for certified ornamentals if the MAC certification programme is to be successful.
Mental Health Counseling in the Islamic Republic of Iran: A Marriage of Religion, Science, and Practice

This article explores the state of mental health counseling in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Topics that are addressed include training of clinicians, theoretical developments in Islamic-based theories of psychology, and issues related to the practice of counseling. Counseling issues in the Islamic Republic of Iran are influenced by its unique culture and history. A discussion of issues related to the prevalence and treatment of addiction is included.
Intracranial infectious aneurysms: a comprehensive review

Intracranial infectious aneurysms, or mycotic aneurysms, are rare infectious cerebrovascular lesions which arise through microbial infection of the cerebral arterial wall. Due to the rarity of these lesions, the variability in their clinical presentations, and the lack of population-based epidemiological data, there is no widely accepted management methodology. We undertook a comprehensive literature search using the OVID gateway of the MEDLINE database (1950–2009) using the following keywords (singly and in combination): “infectious,” “mycotic,” “cerebral aneurysm,” and “intracranial aneurysm.” We identified 27 published clinical series describing a total of 287 patients in the English literature that presented demographic and clinical data regarding presentation, treatment, and outcome of patients with mycotic aneurysms. We then synthesized the available data into a combined cohort to more closely estimate the true demographic and clinical characteristics of this disease. We follow by presenting a comprehensive review of mycotic aneurysms, highlighting current treatment paradigms. The literature supports the administration of antibiotics in conjunction with surgical or endovascular intervention depending on the character and location of the aneurysm, as well as the clinical status of the patient. Mycotic aneurysms comprise an important subtype of potentially life-threatening cerebrovascular lesions, and further prospective studies are warranted to define outcome following both conservative and surgical or endovascular treatment.
Effects of Gradation in Protein-Calorie Restriction on the Hypothalo-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Young Domestic Fowl

Abstract The effect of protein-calorie restriction on the circulating concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) was investigated in the young domestic fowl. Two-week-old broiler chicks were fed isocaloric synthetic diets with varying levels of soy protein for a period of 14 days. Growth rate, as indicated by body weight, was decreased as the level of protein in the diet was reduced. Body weights of birds on a 3% protein diet were only 29.7% that of birds on a 24% protein diet. Severe protein-calorie restriction was also associated with depressed plasma LH levels in birds of both sexes, with male birds appearing to be more sensitive to this deficiency. A reduction of protein in the diet from 24% to 3% was associated with a 69% decrease in LH in males and a 43% decrease in females. In addition to lower circulating concentrations of LH, protein-calorie restriction was associated with a reduction in gonadal weight. Testes weights in birds on a 3% protein diet were only 16% of those on a 24% protein diet. Studies with synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) indicated that protein-calorie restriction alters luteinizing hormone secretion via a hypothalamic effect.
New chromosome techniques in the study of human neoplasia.

Abstract Amethopterin sychronization of bone marrow and lymph node cells makes it possible to obtain well banded and elongated metaphases and prometaphases in the majority of patients with leukemia and lymphoma. Chromosomal analysis of most neoplasias is also possible through the use of mild tumor cell disaggregation methods, short term culture on feeder layers, and special media that help in the preferential proliferation of cancer cells. In the past, only about half of all patients with acute leukemia and lymphoma could be shown to have a chromosomal defect, and only a small proportion of solid tumors could be analyzed. With the new technology, abnormal tissue from the majority of cancer patients can be successfully studied and chromosomal abnormalities detected.
Holistic approach to learning and teaching introductory object-oriented programming

This article describes a holistic approach to designing an introductory, object-oriented programming course. The design is grounded in constructivism and pedagogy of phenomenography. We use constructive alignment as the framework to align assessments, learning, and teaching with planned learning outcomes. We plan learning and teaching activities, and media with an understanding of variation theory and the ways in which students learn to program. We outline the implementation of the course, and discuss the findings from the first cycle of an action research study with a small sample of undergraduate students. An investigation of the preferred (deep/surface) learning approaches of the students led us to believe that these approaches can be influenced through course design. Personal constructs of the students, elicited through the repertory grid technique, revealed that rich inventories of learning resources are highly valued. We comment on the transformational processes of the experience of the participants...
PTGER2 Overexpression in Colorectal Cancer Is Associated with Microsatellite Instability, Independent of CpG Island Methylator Phenotype

Background: Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2, the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee–approved official symbol for cycloxygenase-2, COX-2) and its enzymatic product prostaglandin E2 have critical roles in inflammation and carcinogenesis through the G protein–coupled receptor PTGER2 (EP2). The PTGS2 (COX-2) pathway is a promising target for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. PTGS2 (COX-2) expression in colon cancer has been inversely associated with survival as well as tumoral microsatellite instability (MSI) and the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). However, the prognostic significance of PTGER2 expression or its relationship with MSI, CIMP, LINE-1 hypomethylation, or PTGS2 (COX-2) remains uncertain. Methods: Using the database of 516 colorectal cancers in two prospective cohort studies with clinical outcome data, we detected PTGER2 overexpression in 169 (33%) tumors by immunohistochemistry. We analyzed MSI using 10 microsatellite markers; CIMP by MethyLight (real-time methylation-specific PCR) on an eight-marker panel [ CACNA1G, CDKN2A (p16), CRABP1, IGF2, MLH1, NEUROG1, RUNX3 and SOCS1 ]; BRAF, KRAS, PIK3CA , and methylation in LINE-1 by Pyrosequencing; and CTNNB1 (β-catenin) and TP53 (p53) by immunohistochemistry. Results: PTGER2 overexpression was positively associated with the mucinous component ( P = 0.0016), signet ring cells ( P = 0.0024), CIMP-high ( P = 0.0023), and MSI-high ( P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, the significant relationship between PTGER2 and MSI-high persisted (adjusted odds ratio, 2.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.69-4.72; P < 0.0001). PTGER2 was not significantly associated with PTGS2 (COX-2), TP53, or CTNNB1 expression, patient survival, or prognosis. Conclusion: PTGER2 overexpression is associated with MSI-high in colorectal cancer. Impact: Our data imply potential roles of inflammatory reaction by PTGER2 upregulation in carcinogenic process to MSI-high colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(3); 822–31
WE‐B‐T‐6C‐01: Positron Emission Tomography for Oncologic Imaging and Treatment

Purpose:Positron Emission Tomography(PET)images show physiological and biological information through the in‐vivo distribution of radioactive, short‐lived, positron‐emitting species. PETimaging shows focal and distributed regions of cancer and its metastases. PET uses in oncology include diagnosis, staging, and disease monitoring, important for prognosis and treatment decisions. Quantitative uses of PET include assessment of the degree of malignancy and target definition for radiation treatment. Hybrid PET‐CT devices are being used as radiation treatment simulators. Method and Materials: F‐18‐labled Fluoro‐deoxyglucose (F‐18 FDG) is the most commonly used PETimaging agent. FDG shows regions of active glucose metabolism, such as local cancer, metastases, non‐cancer inflammation, and normal glucose use in brain. Non‐FDG PET agents can be highly specific in tissue targeting (binding), such as F‐18 Misonidazole and C‐11‐labeled amino acids, to imagetumor biology like hypoxia and cell proliferation, respectively. Results:PETimaging has coarse spatial resolution compared to CT and MR. PET's clinical use is valued because of its great sensitivity for cancer detection. Voxel intensity and image fidelity depend on equipment design, patient size, anatomic site, and imaging study parameters. PET‐CT units enable CT‐based attenuation corrections and inclusion of CTinformation in a registered PET‐CT dataset. Interest is high for PET‐CT simulators. The Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) is a normalized intensity measure for quantitative indication of disease, and can be used for target delineation, with certain constraints. Conclusion: This course reviews the basic physics of PET, uses of FDG and non‐FDG PET for oncologyimaging, and quantitative aspects for PET‐based radiation target definition. Example images demonstrate the potential contributions and limitations of FDG and non‐FDG PEToncologyimaging. This review course is intended for both imaging and radiation oncology physicists. Educational Objectives: 1. Review the basics physics of PETimaging. 2. Describe FDG PETimaging and oncologic indications. 3. Review the uses and limitations of PETimages in radiation treatment. 4. Describe the SUV and other threshold parameters for target delineation. 5. Review non‐FDG PETimaging of tumor biology. Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored in part by Varian Medical Systems and GE Healthcare.
“EVERYMAN'S ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT”: A DISSIDENT VERSION

We must agree, I think, with Frank Ebersole that there is something preposterous in supposing that the God of religious belief, the God who handed down tablets to Moses on Mt. Sinai, etc., should be proven to exist by the ontological argument. Indeed, when we place the one, the ontological argument, by the side of the other, the God of religious belief, there seems hardly to be any connection between them. But if we agree to this perception of things, what sense can we make of the ontological argument, for example, the “pull” that it sometimes exerts on us?
Field review: Complex systems: Network thinking

In this article, I discuss some recent ideas in complex systems on the topic of networks, contained in or inspired by three recent complex systems books. The general science of networks is the subject of Albert-Lazlo Barabasi's Linked [A.-L. Barabasi, Linked: The New Science of Networks, Perseus, New York, 2002] and Duncan Watts' Six Degrees [D. Watts, Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age, Gardner's Books, New York, 2003]. Commonalities among complex biological networks, e.g., immune systems, social insects, and cellular metabolism, and their relation to intelligence in computational systems are explored in the proceedings of a interdisciplinary conference on ''Distributed Autonomous Systems'' [L.A. Segel, I.R. Cohen (Eds.), Design Principles for the Immune System and Other Distributed Autonomous Systems, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001]. The ideas discussed in the third book have led to me to propose four general principles of adaptive information processing in decentralized systems. These principles, and the relevance of ''network thinking'' for artificial intelligence (and vice versa), are the subject of the last two sections of the article.
Factors Contributing to Individual Propensity for Arterial Thrombosis

Objective— Occurrence of arterial thrombosis secondary to vascular disease in an individual is not easily predicted. After establishing that this poor predictability arises at least in part from an intrinsic thrombosis propensity of the individual, we sought to determine whether the propensity for arterial thrombosis is governed by blood or arterial wall factors. Methods and Results— To evaluate the variability arising from the blood, autologous 111 In-labeled platelet deposition was measured after high-shear perfusion of compressed aortic strips, prepared from a single pig, with heparinized blood from 25 pigs. To evaluate the variability arising from the vessel wall, aortic strips from 8 pigs were superfused with blood from a single animal. Blood samples from 25 animals superfused over aortic substrate from a single source yielded a 24-fold range of platelet deposition. In contrast, when aortic substrates from 8 different animals were superfused with blood from a single animal, platelet deposition spanned a 3-fold range. Platelet deposition was significantly correlated with whole-blood lymphocyte counts and with platelet counts . Conclusions— Individual propensity for arterial thrombosis in pigs is more greatly influenced by blood components than by elements within the arterial wall.
Negative remanence in synthetic antiferromagnetically coupled FeCo/Ru/FeCo films

Inverted hysteresis loops in a sputtered FeCo/Ru/FeCo bilayer have been investigated. A Stoner-Wohlfarth energy minimization calculation reproduced the negative remanence assuming a small misalignment of the easy axes of the ferromagnets. During the initial stage of the growth of the top layer, the external field fails to overcome the strong antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between the layers. The magnetizations, as a result, are no longer collinear and the easy axis of the top layer will vary with its thickness. The negative remanence disappeared following an annealing of the sample in a strong field confirming the theory.
A question of style

Problems in the style of writing papers in Computer Architecture are delineated. A style of writing papers is proposed and some experiences with it are reported. This style may develop into a useful vehicle for reporting research in computer science.
AP-3 mediates tyrosinase but not TRP-1 trafficking in human melanocytes.

Patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 2 (HPS-2) have mutations in the beta 3A subunit of adaptor complex-3 (AP-3) and functional deficiency of this complex. AP-3 serves as a coat protein in the formation of new vesicles, including, apparently, the platelet's dense body and the melanocyte's melanosome. We used HPS-2 melanocytes in culture to determine the role of AP-3 in the trafficking of the melanogenic proteins tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1). TRP-1 displayed a typical melanosomal pattern in both normal and HPS-2 melanocytes. In contrast, tyrosinase exhibited a melanosomal (i.e., perinuclear and dendritic) pattern in normal cells but only a perinuclear pattern in the HPS-2 melanocytes. In addition, tyrosinase exhibited a normal pattern of expression in HPS-2 melanocytes transfected with a cDNA encoding the beta 3A subunit of the AP-3 complex. This suggests a role for AP-3 in the normal trafficking of tyrosinase to premelanosomes, consistent with the presence of a dileucine recognition signal in the C-terminal portion of the tyrosinase molecule. In the AP-3-deficient cells, tyrosinase was also present in structures resembling late endosomes or multivesicular bodies; these vesicles contained exvaginations devoid of tyrosinase. This suggests that, under normal circumstances, AP-3 may act on multivesicular bodies to form tyrosinase-containing vesicles destined to fuse with premelanosomes. Finally, our studies demonstrate that tyrosinase and TRP-1 use different mechanisms to reach their premelanosomal destination.
The PhyloCode Is Fatally Flawed, and the “Linnaean” System Can Easily Be Fixed

Promoters of the PhyloCode have mounted an intensive and deceptive publicity campaign. At the centerpiece of this campaign have been slogans such as that the Linnaean System will “goof you up,” that the PhyloCode is the “greatest thing since sliced bread,” and that systematists are “afraid” to propose new names because of “downstream consequences.” Aside from such subscientific spin and sloganeering, proponents of the PhyloCode have offered nothing real to back up claims of greater stability for their new system. They have also misled many into believing that the PhyloCode is the only truly phylogenetic system. The confusion that has been fostered involves several discrete arguments, concerning: a new “method” of “designating” names, rank-free taxonomy, uninomial nomenclature, and issues of priority. Claims that the PhyloCode produces a more stable nomenclature are false, as shown with the example of “paleoherbs.” A rank-free system of naming requires an annotated reference tree for even the simplest exchanges of information. This would be confusing at best and would cripple our ability to teach, learn, and use taxonomic names in the field or in publications. We would be confronted by a mass of polynomial names, tied together only by a tree graphic, with no agreed name (except a uninomial, conveying no hierarchy) to use for any particular species. The separate issue of stability in reference to rules of priority and rank can be easily addressed within the current codes, by implementation of some simple changes, as we will propose in this article. Thus there is no need to “scrap” the current Linnaean codes for a poorly reasoned, logically inconsistent, and fatally flawed new code that will only bring chaos.
Hepatitis A vaccination in healthcare personnel.

Abstract Background and aims. Despite effective vaccine available, hepatitis A remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide including acute liver failure, transplantation and death. Vaccination rates for hepatitis A in the general population are low. Rates of hepatitis A vaccination in healthcare personnel (HCP) are unknown. We studied vaccination rate to hepatitis A in a cohort of HCP at a large US academic center. Material and methods. An anonymous survey was circulated between 499 HCP at-risk of hepatitis A exposure at our Institution. Results were corrected for non-response rate and compared with the general US population using the 2007 CDC-National Immunization Survey. Rate of hepatitis A vaccination was compared with Institutional rate of vaccination for the Influenza 2009-2010 season. Results. Rate of vaccination for hepatitis A in HCP was 28.8% (response rate 41.4%; 207/499), with 58.9% having completed the full series and 24.7% being tested for post-vaccination immunity. Acceptance rate among non-vaccinated subjects was 70.7%. HCP hepatitis A vaccination rate was statistically greater than the national general population (28.8 vs. 12.1%, p ≤ 0.031). A statistically significant greater vaccination rate was found among US-born responders vs. foreign-born HCP (34.3 vs. 19.3%, p = 0.0324). Vaccination for hepatitis A was statistically inferior to that of Influenza (28.8 vs. 90%; P = 0.01). Conclusions. HCP have statistically higher vaccination rate for hepatitis A than the general population, but overall protection remains suboptimal with vaccination rate below those for mandatory vaccines. Further studies to determine whether hepatitis A vaccine is cost-effective in HCP are recommended.
Biotechnology in pesticide environmental research

Two agricultural problems that show promise for solution by biotechnology are the safe disposal of pesticide wastewaters and the origin of enhanced pesticide metabolism in soils. Both problems involve microbiological processes that may be capable of either genetic manipulation or may be explained by gene regulation. The waste disposal process involves destroying large volumes of wastewater generated from animal dip solutions used in livestock tick control programs. Prior microbial metabolism of the insecticide coumaphos [O,O-diethyl O-(3-chloro-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl)phosphorothioate] by a Flavobacterium (ATCC 27551) which cleaved the phosphorothioate linkage, followed by fragmentation of the resultant chlorinated phenol by UV-ozonation, proved to be a successful strategy for waste disposal. One important pesticide susceptible to enhanced metabolism is the insecticide carbofuran [2,3-dihydro-2, 2-dimethy1-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate] used for corn rootworm control. We have isolated a bacterium, an Achromobacater species, that is capable of rapidly utilizing carbofuran as a sole source of nitrogen and also rapidly hydrolyzing several other N-methyl carbamate insecticides. By isolating pesticide degradative genes through molecular cloning, we hope to manipulate them to cause more rapid degradation of waste pesticides and afford some protection for pesticides in the field.
Image processing in perception and cognition

In this paper we briefly survey theories and ideas about image processing, with some illustrative examples, taken mostly from the Human information Processing Laboratory at N.Y.U. First we develop the concepts of multiple stable states and path dependence in a basic visual-motor task (vergence of the eyes) and show how these can be encompassed in potential theory. We then consider two examples of human information extraction from complex, dynamic, visual displays: (1) the extraction of the shape and the motion of 3D wire objects from 2D images, and (2) the extraction of meaning from displays of deaf signers communicating in American Sign Language (ASL).
Population Dynamics of the Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on a Native Host in Mexico

The population dynamics of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were studied in central Mexico in 1987 and 1988. During the June-October rainy season, three generations were observed in 1987 and two in 1988. Predation and parasitism were found to be important mortality factors, particularly late in the season, contributing to generation mortality as high as 99.8%. Time series cross-correlation was used to estimate synchrony of Colorado potato beetle eggs with predators. Predators, including asopine pentatomids, carabids, thomisid spiders, and coccinellids, were abundant and well synchronized with developing Colorado potato beetle late in 1987, corresponding to the period of highest mortality.
The peritoneal permeability and surface area index

The value of the peritoneal equilibration test (PET) derived dialysate-to-plasma creatinine ratio (D/Pcr) as a measure of the peritoneal membrane's diffusive characteristics is obscured by the majo...
Cystic temporofacial brain heterotopia

Cystic temporofacial brain heterotopia has been described in only four previous reports. We present a fifth case, review the pertinent literature, and discuss optimal methods of preoperative diagnosis
Study on V245V Mutation of Human Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Gene in Tianjin Area

To investigate the characteristic of V245V mutation of human phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in Tianjin area. Methods: The DNA samples of 42 controls and 44 patients with phenyalketonuria (PKU) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), direct sequencing of PCR products and restriction enzyme. Results: the mutation frequency of V245V in the control group and PKU group was 70.2 % and 79.5 % respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The mutation of V245V was present commonly in population of Tianjin area. For Tianjin area, it should be studied that which base is wild type and which base is mutant.
A Smart Power Distribution Terminal with Integrated Control Model

This paper introduces the integrated smart DTU which can also be used as a regional substation.This terminal can reduce the number of layers of power distribution system and is flexible for various interfaces.It utilizes three-layer bus structure and a special interrupting technology for float calculation.The adaptations of object-oriented method and smart protocol based data exchange technology in its software make it compatible to the smart power distribution system.The terminal has been successfully applied in some smart power distribution systems of China's power grid.
Prostatic Aspiration Biopsy: An Assessment of Accuracy Based on Long-Term Observations

AbstractWe present the results of transrectal thin needle aspiration biopsy of the prostate in 133 patients. Test specificity was 94 per cent and sensitivity also appeared to be high initially. However, with repeated rectal examinations and biopsies during an 11-year period a number of additional false negatives became apparent, which resulted in an apparent test sensitivity of 82 per cent, lower than most previously published reports. Our data suggest that aspiration biopsy has specificity and sensitivity similar to core biopsy, it is important to re-test patients who have a palpable abnormality and an initially benign biopsy, and aspiration biopsy simplicity allows for a low threshold of suspicion of subtle abnormalities and for repeating biopsies after negative findings.
The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Open Space: The First Protests against the Bulldozed Landscape

“Take a last look,” William Whyte told the readers of Life in 1959. “Some summer's morning drive past the golf club on the edge of town, turn off onto a back road and go for a short trip through the open countryside. Look well at the meadows, the wooded draws, the stands of pine, the creeks and streams, and fix them in your memory. If the American standard of living goes up another notch, this is about the last chance you will have.” Why? What was the problem? “Go back toward the city five or 10 miles,” Whyte wrote. “Here, in what was pleasant countryside only a year ago, is a sight of what is to come. No more sweep of green – across the hills are splattered scores of random subdivisions, each laid out in the same dreary asphalt curves. Gone are the streams, brooks, woods and forests that the subdivisions' signs talked about. The streams are largely buried in concrete culverts. Where one flows briefly through a patch of weeds and tin cans it is fetid with the ooze of septic tanks. A row of stumps marks the place where sycamores used to shade the road and if a stand of maple or walnut still exists the men with power saws will soon be at it. Here and there a farm remains, but the ‘For Sale’ signs are up and now even the golf course is to be chopped into lots.”
Future Research Questions

There are many unanswered questions related to the development of optimal neuroprotection of the drowning victim. Eight key questions that emerged from the areas in this chapter are presented below.
Race, Crime and Criminal Justice in France

Discussion of “race” and “visible ethnicity” in France continues to be limited by the extension of the nation’s Republican ideal to the collection of official data. Those who are French citizens are not differentiated in terms of race, religion or ethnicity in official census (National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE)) or criminal justice statistics gathered by the Ministry of Justice, National Police or Gendarmerie (Jackson, 1995, 1997; Bleich, 2003; Laurence and Vaisse, 2006: 17). Nonetheless, appreciation of the current French criminal justice landscape requires recognition of the racial and ethnic distinctions not only among non-citizens (etrangers, who may be immigrants or born in France), asylum seekers and refugees, but also among French citizens. Both the non-citizen and citizen populations in France include members of the racialized Muslim ethnic groups (of Algerian, Moroccan, Tunisian and Turkish backgrounds) that are disproportionately represented at all levels of the French criminal justice system.
A New Snow Density Parameterization for Land Data Initialization

AbstractSnow initialization is crucial for weather and seasonal prediction, but the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) operational models have been found to produce too little snow water equivalent, partly because they assume a constant and unrealistically low snow density for the snowpack. One possible solution is to use the snow density formulation from the Noah land model used in NCEP operational forecast models. While this solution is better than the constant density assumption, the seasonal evolution of snow density in Noah is still found to be unrealistic, through the evaluation of both the offline Noah model output and the Noah snow density formulation itself. A physically based snow density parameterization is then developed, which performs considerably better than the Noah parameterization based on the measurements from the SNOTEL network over the western United States and Alaska. It also performs better than the snow density schemes used in three other models. This parameteriza...
All-Arthroscopic Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction Surgical Technique Using a Semitendinosus Allograft and Tenodesis Screws

Acromioclavicular joint injuries account for 9% of shoulder girdle injuries and are most often associated with direct blows to the shoulder or axially directed forces onto the ipsilateral extremity. Type IV, V, and VI injuries are generally managed surgically, whereas type I and II injuries are treated with sling immobilization, early shoulder range of motion, and physical therapy. Type III injuries are more controversial but are generally managed surgically in the active and high-demand patient. When surgical treatment is indicated, the primary goal of a coracoclavicular (CC) ligament reconstruction is to restore anatomic reduction of the acromioclavicular joint and reconstruct the biomechanical forces of the CC ligaments. Many open surgical techniques are currently used to achieve these goals but can increase patient morbidity. We describe a technique for an all-arthroscopic CC ligament reconstruction using a semitendinosus allograft and BioComposite tenodesis screws (Arthrex) without disruption of the deltoid attachment onto the distal clavicle.
Maintenance of Wakefulness Test

Excessive daytime sleepiness is a symptom of sleep disorders that can impair quality of life, performance, and safety. Multiple subjective and objective measures exist to quantify sleepiness. The maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) is an objective tool that monitors electrophysiological parameters to assess an individual’s ability to remain awake in an environment lacking stimulation. The MWT is typically used to evaluate individuals in whom sleepiness may impact their own or the general public’s safety (i.e. drivers or aviators) or to measure residual sleepiness in the context of treatment. Although the MWT provides meaningful information, a normal test result does not guarantee the ability to maintain alertness in real-life situations.
Safety Evaluation of an Automated Remote Monitoring System for Heart Failure in an Urban, Indigent Population.

Abstract Heart Failure (HF) is the most expensive preventable condition, regardless of patient ethnicity, race, socioeconomic status, sex, and insurance status. Remote telemonitoring with timely outpatient care can significantly reduce avoidable HF hospitalizations. Human outreach, the traditional method used for remote monitoring, is effective but costly. Automated systems can potentially provide positive clinical, fiscal, and satisfaction outcomes in chronic disease monitoring. The authors implemented a telephonic HF automated remote monitoring system that utilizes deterministic decision tree logic to identify patients who are at risk of clinical decompensation. This safety study evaluated the degree of clinical concordance between the automated system and traditional human monitoring. This study focused on a broad underserved population and demonstrated a safe, reliable, and inexpensive method of monitoring patients with HF.
Reasons for Open and Closed Attitudes Regarding Type 1 Diabetes

Thirty-one adults with type 1 diabetes participated in this qualitative study to explore reasons why they were willing (had an open attitude) or unwilling (had a closed attitude) to disclose diabetes-related information to others. Participants (61.3% female, mean age 38.48 years, mean duration of diabetes 21.94 years, 100% white) answered open-ended questions about living with type 1 diabetes. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded to identify major patterns that emerged in the data. Reasons for open attitudes included support from others, confidence and feeling comfortable, feeling normal despite diabetes, seeking to educate, and feeling that it was not a major concern to share information with others. Reasons for closed attitudes included fear of discrimination, misunderstanding from others, embarrassment and shame, and feeling that it was not a major concern to share information. A higher number of participants reported open attitudes after diagnosis than at initial diagnosis; a lower number of participants reported closed attitudes after diagnosis than at initial diagnosis. Professionals should consider effective forms of type 1 diabetes–related education to reduce diabetes misconceptions and discrimination against diagnosed individuals. This may help individuals feel more open and willing to adhere to and seek assistance with their diabetes-related self-care.
Environmental and epigenetic regulation of postprandial lipemia.

Purpose of review Postprandial lipemia (PPL), the prolonged increase in plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins following food consumption, is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Genetic variation, environment and the interplay between these direct an individual's postprandial lipid response. From such interplay, inducible and reversible epigenetic changes arise. Increasing evidence suggests epigenetic variation contributes to postprandial response in lipids and risk. Recent findings Diet and exercise are central agents affecting postprandial lipemia - triglyceride, but heterogeneity of the findings warrant more and larger studies. Several epigenetic loci identified from a human intervention study account for a substantial proportion of PPL phenotype variation, but the burden to conduct an intervention study of postprandial responses likely limits translation to personalized nutrition. Summary The impact of both DNA methylation patterns and environmental factors such as diet, exercise, sleep and medication on PPL is multifaceted. Discovery of interactions that modify the association between CpG (oligodeoxydinucleotide) methylation and postprandial phenotypes is unfolding.
Does misuse lead to a disorder? The misuse of prescription tranquilizer and sedative medications and subsequent substance use disorders in a U.S. longitudinal sample.

Abstract Objectives We used two waves of National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) data and examined whether the misuse of prescription tranquilizers or sedatives at Wave 1 was associated with either continued misuse, tranquilizer/sedative use disorder, or other substance use disorder (SUD) at Wave 2. Methods Prospective data were analyzed from structured diagnostic interviews using the Alcohol Use disorders and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule: DSM-IV Version (AUDADIS-DSM-IV). A nationally representative sample of 34,653 of U.S. adults, 18 years or older at Wave 1 (2001 − 2002), were re-interviewed at Wave 2 (2004–2005). After applying the survey weights, the sample represented a population that was 52% female, 71% White, 12% Hispanic, 11% African American, 4% Asian and 2% Native American or other. Results An estimated 79% of adults who engaged in tranquilizer or sedative misuse at Wave 1 had stopped using these drugs at Wave 2. Only a small percentage (4.3%) of misusers at Wave 1 had a tranquilizer or sedative use disorder at Wave 2. However, 45% (45.0%) of misusers at Wave 1 had at least one other SUD at Wave 2. Among those in remission from a sedative or tranquilizer use disorder at Wave 1, 4.8% had a tranquilizer or sedative use disorder while 34.7% had at least one other SUD at Wave 2. Conclusions Most adults who engaged in the misuse of prescription tranquilizers or sedatives ceased using within 3 years; however, their prior misuse was associated with higher prevalence of having a SUD three years later.
Survival of non-psychrophilic methanogens exposed to martian diurnal and 48-h temperature cycles

Abstract Polygonal ground and other geomorphological features reminiscent of recent freeze/thaw cycling are evident on Mars, despite the widespread belief that the planet is currently inhospitably cold and dry. On Earth, permafrost microbial communities are subjected to wide ranges in temperature and are often active at subfreezing temperatures. The existence of active microbial communities within permafrost on Earth suggests that permafrost on Mars may constitute a habitable environment. Terrestrial microbial permafrost communities typically contain methane-producing Archaea, which is cause for concern as global temperatures rise, resulting in permafrost thaw and the release of the potent greenhouse gas. Similarly, on Mars, the overlap between patterned ground and detections of localized methane plumes suggest that the compound may have been released from thawing permafrost. Analyses of permafrost ice cores and soil samples on Earth note that (1) archaeal communities often contain both mesophiles and psychrophiles at different depths and (2) active methane is being produced at subfreezing temperatures over geological timescales. Thus, the purpose of the experiments described here was to determine the effect of extreme temperature changes (reminiscent of the martian diurnal temperature cycle) on the growth and survival of four non-psychrophilic methanogens previously used as models for potential life on Mars. The results indicate that non-psychrophilic methanogens are capable of survival during extreme diurnal and 48-h temperature changes, similar to those on Mars.
Cooperation in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are collections of self-organizing mobile nodes with dynamic topologies and no fixed infrastructure [1, 2]. Cooperation among nodes is fundamental to the function of a MANET. However, nodes in a MANET are autonomous and independent wireless devices. Due to the lack of infrastructure, the constraints of resources at each node, and the ad hoc nature of nodes, we cannot assume that every node behaves as the protocol requires. This chapter presents a detailed study on the recent advances in stimulating cooperation in MANETs. Virtual currency systems and reputation systems are described, followed by a discussion of the directions for future research.
Is Life in Literature a Fiction

The title of my paper raises a hermeneutical question. It hints at the mission of Hermes, the messenger of the Greek gods, who had the task of transmitting communications to the mortals. Hermes’ mission was not an easy one since he had to establish communication between two unequal parties. To be effective he had to be a trans-lator in both the literal and figurative senses. In the literal sense he was a messenger who had to “carry” his messages “across” a boundary — as the Latin root of “to translate” clearly implies. This “carrying across” was the easy task because it meant locomotion he could speedily perform. But this alone did not yet fulfill his task. Besides delivering his message, he had also to make sure that it was understood by the mortals. To establish understanding was his major task and to achieve this he had to be a translator in the figurative sense as well. It did not suffice to re-late (note the same Latin root) or just repeat verbatim what the gods had told him. Hermes had to translate in the sense of “interpret” by providing clarification through additional commentary so that the mortals could understand.
Psychobiological Factors in Bodily Disease

Psychosomatic medicine is based on the axiom that there are no diseases per se but only sick persons. Psychosomatic medicine is not a subspecialty of medicine dedicated to the investigation of one bodily organ or bodily system, nor is it defined by a special technology with which to examine diseased organs or cells. Finally, is is not confined to the study of a small number of diseases (von Uexkull, 1979; Weiner, 1977).
Intrinsic Multiscale Geometry

The geometric analysis of point cloud data as well as of triangle meshes is intimately tied to the notion of scale at which the data is examined. It is well known that dierent features of the data manifest at dierent scales and the discovery of scales at which prominent features appear in a stable form is a challenging research problem. This question has recently been addressed by both classical multiresolution analysis tools, as well as by persistent homology approaches. Many (though not all) of these tools, however, approach the data in an extrinsic form, requiring an explicit or implicit embedding of the shape or space from which the samples are taken and/or of any simplicial approximations obtained. In this talk we focus on multiscale analysis in the intrinsic setting, an area that has been much less explored. Our aim is to study interesting properties of geometric data when only geodesic distances between the samples are given (and, if occasionally extrinsic information is needed as well, we aim to limit it to local embeddings of small neighborhoods of the shape). Specically, we look at the reconstruction of shapes from samples using the witness complex, under mild sampling conditions { including the ability to have dierent reconstructions at dierent scales multiscale descriptors for shape neighborhoods obtained by examining heat diusion on manifolds and restricting the heat kernel to the temporal domain { what we call heat kernel signatures (HKS) the analysis of scalar elds over shapes using persistent homology, exploiting recent advances in the stability of persistence diagrams The approaches presented come with correctness guarantees and can be realized by algorithms with reasonable complexities. An advantage of the intrinsic approach is that the corresponding analysis can be used to compare dierent isometric embeddings of the same shape. It also allows us to consider the same questions in more general data analysis settings where the ambient dimension may be high or where no natural embedding of the data in a Euclidean space may be available.
Movement-evoked pain: transforming the way we understand and measure pain.

Movement-evoked pain: transforming the way we understand and measure pain Duane Corbett;Corey Simon;Todd Manini;Steven George;Joseph Riley;Roger Fillingim; PAIN