cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thinking Beyond the Wire: Emerging Biologic Relationships in Orthodontics and Periodontology

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a biologic event. It involves a series of sophisticated signal transduction processes that result in alveolar bone remodeling. Interplay of the gene expression activities between osteoblasts and osteoclasts regulate the alveolar bone adaptation to orthodontic forces. The mechanisms that sense and translate the mechanical stimulus into molecular events have remained a puzzle to current scientists for a long period of time. The mechanosome is a recently discovered cytoplasmic communication mechanism that can possibly explain the signaling between treatment and the bone cell response. That is, it may detect mechanical loads and in turn activate the downstream nuclear gene expression. Advancement in molecular biology is likely to make the manipulation of bone remodeling and control of tooth movement easier and more predictable in the future. Pharmaceutical intervention and genetic enhancement are examples of clinical applications promised by current researchers in basic science. This article reviews the biomedical literature and plots the trend in understanding the biochemical basis of OTM to date. Future dentofacial orthopedists will likely integrate both conventional orthodontic mechanotherapy and applications of molecular biology in orthodontic treatment suggested by concepts in this article.
Customer Activated Terminals

Sales and profitability are key elements to bottom line success in the quick service restaurant industry. Increases in service delivery, productivity and customer satisfaction enhance the top line. The use of a "customer activated terminal," or CAT, may be a step to improving all of these critical areas. In this pilot study, installation of CATS has increased sales and profitability, increased speed of service, increased productivity and increased customer "perceived" control in the service encounter, which may lead to increased satisfaction. A new era in customer service may be introduced by touch screen terminals.
Two Pumps and One Heart: Studies and Theoretic Considerations

Using 2 pumps specially constructed to simulate the right and left ventricles of the heart of man, it was shown that very small differences in output per stroke of the 2 pumps will result in a significant change in the volume of the "pulmonary" circulatory system and could become "pathophysiologically" im portant with time. These studies demonstrate that both ventricles must be well synchronized and regulated to maintain good health and to prevent dyspnea and other manifestations of CHF. They also indicate the inadequacy of the conven tional methods used for measuring cardiac output in man and the need to mea sure stroke volume or cardiac output of both ventricles separately and simultaneously. It must not be assumed that the cardiac output is always equal for both ventricles even in the presence of myocardial disease.An explanation is introduced for the acute onset of dyspnea associated with angina pectoris and with exercise. Also, the concept that the ventricles fill, at least in part, by "sucking" acti...
Use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor during pregnancy in women with chronic neutropenia

OBJECTIVE:To report outcomes associated with the administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to women with chronic neutropenia during pregnancy.METHODS:We conducted an observational study of women of childbearing potential with congenital, cyclic, idiopathic, or autoimmune neutro
Effect of fish oil supplementation on serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and LDL subfractions in hypertriglyceridemic adults

Abstract Background and aims The well-established triglyceride (TG) lowering effect of fish oil is accompanied by an increase in LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration. Less is known about the differential impact on LDL particle distribution – the smaller particles being associated with a greater risk for atherosclerosis. We aimed to examine the changes in serum concentrations of four subclasses of LDL particles as well as shifts in LDL phenotype patterns (A, B, AB) among hypertriglyceridemic adults. Methods and results This was a secondary analysis from a double-blind, parallel design, placebo controlled trial with 42 adults that experienced significant TG lowering and modest increases in total LDL-C concentrations after 12 weeks of 4 g/d EPA + DHA. Reduction in serum TG concentrations (mean ± SEM) was −26 ± 4 % (−0.81 ± 10.12 mmol/L), p p p Conclusion In this population of hypertriglyceridemic adults, dietary supplementation with fish oil resulted in an increase in total LDL-C concentration which was distributed relatively evenly across the range of smaller and more atherogenic as well as larger and less atherogenic LDL particles.
Bragg gratings in a new photosensitive material–photo-thermo-refractive glass

Reflecting and transmitting Bragg gratings with efficiency up to 98% working from 400 to 2700 nm are created in silicate glass. Applications for spectral and angular selection, laser beam deflection, sampling and combining are demonstrated.
New nonlinear features for inspection, robotics, and face recognition

Classification of real-time X-ray images of randomly oriented touching pistachio nuts is discussed. The ultimate objective is the development of a system for automated non- invasive detection of defective product items on a conveyor belt. We discuss the extraction of new features that allow better discrimination between damaged and clean items (pistachio nuts). This feature extraction and classification stage is the new aspect of this paper; our new maximum representation and discriminating feature (MRDF) extraction method computes nonlinear features that are used as inputs to a new modified k nearest neighbor classifier. In this work, the MRDF is applied to standard features (rather than iconic data). The MRDF is robust to various probability distributions of the input class and is shown to provide good classification and new ROC (receiver operating characteristic) data. Other applications of these new feature spaces in robotics and face recognition are also noted.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The greening of the California wine industry: Implications for regulators and industry associations

Abstract This study surveyed the environmental practices among Californian wineries (n = 203) and winery managers' perceptions of the pressures to improve environmental performance. We examined the extent to which external pressures and internal pressures encouraged higher levels of environmental stewardship and performance. Overall, we found ongoing progress in environmental performance. This progress was being driven by the commitment of winery managers who were highly receptive to the non-regulatory approaches to promoting sustainable practices then occurring in California. We discuss how our findings support the approach taken by the California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA), as well as the wine industry's Code of Sustainable Winegrowing Practices, of encouraging and assisting wineries to develop environmental management systems (EMSs). The Cal/EPA and the industry are driven by the conviction that EMSs can continuously improve environmental performance and promote beyond-compliance initiat...
Development of Financial Markets and Macroeconomic Policy

This paper provides a general overview of the ways that macroeconomic policies can advance or retard financial development, as well as of how financial development can affect the functioning of macroeconomic policies, with a specific focus on how it can alter the mechanisms through which central bank actions can influence domestic economic activity. Understanding the latter is important, because a failure to appreciate how the effects of monetary policy are likely to change as the financial system evolves could make the process of financial development and innovation itself a source of macroeconomic instability. The key findings are that the relative importance of alternative channels of monetary transmission is likely to vary in a systematic way over the course of financial development and that financial development enhances the premium on transparency and predictability of monetary policy. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Magnetically-Induced Genetic Response of Magnetotactic Bacteria

Magnetotactic bacteria possess the unique ability to synthesize intracellular magnetic particles, known as magnetosomes, which form magnetic chains and yield cells responsive to the Earth's ambient geomagnetic field. While several genomic regions have been identified that encode magnetosome-related genes, little is known about how these genes regulate magnetosome production. Here, we explore the genetic response of Magnetospirillum magneticum strain AMB-1 to an applied electromagnetic field as a means to identify genes activated by magnetic stimulation. Specifically, we examined magnetosome island (MAI), magnetotactic islet, flagellar, and cytoskeleton genes. AMB-1 cultures were subjected to a uniform, high magnetic field (10G) generated by a Helmholtz coil for 1 hour, 3 hours or 8 hours. After extracting total RNA and converting to cDNA, quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to measure relative transcription levels. After 1 hour of magnetic stimulation, gene expression was drastically down-regulated; whereas, gene expression was up-regulated after 3 hours. After 8 hours, gene expression was relatively unchanged, indicating that the AMB-1 cells may have adapted or equilibrated to the field. These results suggest that magnetic stimulation leads to altered AMB-1 signaling related to MAI activation/deactivation, as well as cytoskeletal and flagellar regulatory events. We believe these findings provide several significant genetic targets for new parts and modules toward an ultimate goal of creating magnetically-inducible synthetic gene networks.
A nonlinear threshold model for community response to environmental hazards

In Predescu et al. 2002, the authors present a model for the interaction between the number of mosquito breeding sites in a community and that community's “level of consciousness” of the environmental problem. We build upon this concept here by generalizing the model and incorporating a threshold relationship between the environmental hazard, , and community response, ; the hazard must exceed a critical level ω before a community intervenes. The model exhibits three different regimes of behavior as a function of the parameters: a zero-consciousness equilibrium, a positive consciousness (and low hazard) regime, and an oscillatory intermediate regime. This paper establishes global and local stability results, characterizations of trajectories and invariant regions of phase space for each of the regimes, and presents a complete characterization of the behavior of the special case in which community awareness increases at a constant rate once the threshold is reached.
A new type of chondritic meteorite found in lunar soil

Abstract A fragment found in soil from the Apollo 12 site (12037, from the rim of Bench Crater) appears to be a unique type of chondrite, petrologically and chemically distinct from other chondrites and lunar rocks. Inclusions consisting of shocked pyroxene rimmed by euhedral troilite crystals are set in a black aphanitic matrix. Abundant magnetite in the matrix exhibits microscopic morphologies (framboids and plaquets) characteristic of C1 chondrites. The bulk composition of this sample has high Mg/Si and low Fe/Si relative to other chondrites, and P and S are strongly enriched. Most compositional differences between this meteorite and other chondrites may be explained by fractionation of Fe phases, such as magnetite and troilite. Low refractory element contents preclude mixing with lunar materials. This sample may be a surviving fragment of the meteoritic component present in the lunar regolith. Its characteristics suggest that ancient meteoritic debris sampled by the moon may be significantly different from that captured by the present-day earth.
Epidural or no epidural anaesthesia: Relationships between beliefs about childbirth and pain control choices

The purpose of this study was to look at the differences between women who labour with or without epidural anaesthesia. This study was a partial replication of a study done by Poore and Foster [(1985) Epidural and no epidural anaesthesia: differences between mothers and their experience of birth, Birth, 12(4), 205-212] looking at differences in mothers and the epidural choice. Forty­six women were surveyed within 6 months of vaginal delivery. Fear of childbirth, locus of control for childbirth, desired participation in the childbirth process, and knowledge of epidural risk were assessed. Women who chose to deliver with an epidural had high fear of childbirth, an external locus of control for childbirth, and a desire for passive compliance in the childbirth process. Results also showed that women who laboured without an epidural had low fear of childbirth, an internal locus of control for childbirth, and a desire to actively participate in the childbirth process. Women who decided not to have an epidural p...
Native Communities in the Arctic Face Climate Change Impacts

Warming temperatures, sea ice loss, permafrost melting, and other impacts of climate change are adding to the stresses indigenous communities already face in several Arctic countries, prompting some communities to consider relocating to safer areas. Native communities in Alaska, Russia, and Scandinavia are among those dealing with climate change impacts, according to researchers at a forum entitled “Arctic Indigenous Peoples, Displacement, and Climate Change” held at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D. C. on 30 January.
The organization of n-alkanes in lipid bilayers

Abstract The interaction of n- alkanes (C6–C16) with phosphatidylcholine has been studied by the combined use of differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and monolayer techniques. It has been found that the thermal properties and ultrastructure of lipid-alkane vesicles are strongly dependent on the length of the n- alkanes . Long alkanes, such as tetradecane and hexadecane, increase the transition temperature of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, while the X-ray data indicate that these long alkanes align parallel to the lipid acyl chains. In contrast, shorter alkanes, such as hexane and octane, decrease and broaden the thermal transition and electron density profiles show that these alkanes increase bilayer width by partitioning between the apposing monolayers of the bilayer. For lipids in the gel and liquid crystalline states, the short alkanes form an alkane region in the geometric center of the bilayer.
Side effect and disease related symptom representations among HIV+ adults on antiretroviral therapy

Aversive side effects from medical treatments can seem as challenging a coping demand as the health condition being treated. A clear framework for understanding how individuals taking treatment differentially understand and approach side effects from treatment and symptoms of disease is needed. Guided by Leventhal's Self Regulation Model, the present study investigates how cognitive and emotional representations of physical problems relate to quality of life (QOL) and adherence to care outcomes in the context of HIV treatment. A sample of 109 HIV + adults on highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) were interviewed using self- and interviewer-administered measures of side effect and disease-symptom representations, health-related QOL, and adherence to HAART. Results suggest that (1) side effects of disease are as important as symptoms of illness in their relationships with QOL, (2) studying an individual physical complaint in depth explains such symptoms' associations with QOL better than aggregate ...
On a class of frozen regularized Gauss-Newton methods for nonlinear inverse problems

In this paper we consider a class of regularized Gauss-Newton methods for solving nonlinear inverse problems for which an a posteriori stopping rule is proposed to terminate the iteration. Such methods have the frozen feature that they require only the computation of the Frechet derivative at the initial approximation. Thus the computational work is considerably reduced. Under certain mild conditions, we give the convergence analysis and derive various estimates, including the order optimality, on these methods.
Risk factors affecting second renal transplant outcome, with special reference to primary allograft nephrectomy

Removal of a failed primary renal allograft was found by some groups to adversely affect the outcome of a second kidney transplant. Recent data does not support this view and fail to show any such effect. Such data, however, are limited by small numbers or univariate analysis. The records of 192 patients receiving a primary and a subsequent kidney transplant between January 1980 and July 1992 were retrospectively reviewed. Immunosuppression initially included azathioprine and prednisone; cyclosporine was introduced in December 1983 with Minnesota antilymphocyte globulin (MALG) added for induction in May 1987. Regraft survival rates were 66% at one year and 60% at two years. Using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis patients having primary transplant nephrectomy had a worse second allograft outcome than patients who kept their failed grafts (P = 0.0003). Multivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between primary allograft survival and retransplant outcome. To eliminate this influence, patients whose first graft failed within six months of transplantation were excluded from the analysis. This resulted in 90 patients whose first graft functioned for more than 6 months. Graft survival was 80% at one year and 73% at 2 years in this select population. Patients with prior transplant nephrectomy still had a worse retransplant outcome than those who kept their failed grafts (P = 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified primary allograft nephrectomy, older donor age, longer interval from nephrectomy to retransplant, and lack of MALG at induction as negative risk factors. In conclusion, primary allograft nephrectomy may have a negative influence on second renal transplant outcome. This result may be improved by reducing donor age and the time interval from nephrectomy to retransplantation, and using MALG at induction.
Twenty years of productivity in ETR&D by institutions and authors

This study was conducted to identify the most productive institutions and the most productive ETR&D authors from 1989 to 2008. Productivity scores were calculated using the number of first, second and third authorships in the journal. Arizona State University had both the highest institutional productivity score and the most authorships overall, while Florida State University had the most first authorships. Michael Hannafin of the University of Georgia ranked first in author productivity score and tied for first with Howard Sullivan of Arizona State for total authorships. David Jonassen of the University of Missouri had the most first authorships. Productivity patterns among top-ranked institutions and top-ranked authors are discussed.
Solutions for improving patient safety.

Harry C. Sax, MD; Patrick Browne, BMil; Raymond J. Mayewski, MD; Robert J. Panzer, MD; Kathleen C. Hittner, MD; Rebecca L. Burke, RN, MS; Sandra Coletta, MBAObjective: To quantify effects of aviation-based crew resource management training on patient safety–related behaviors and perceived personal empowerment. Design: Prospective study of checklist use, error self-reporting, and a 10-point safety empowerment survey after participation in a crew resource management training intervention. Setting: Seven hundred twenty-two–bed university hospital; 247-bed affiliated community hospital. Participants: There were 857 participants, the majority of whom were nurses (50%), followed by ancillary personnel (28%) and physicians (22%). Main Outcome Measures: Preoperative checklist use over time; number and type of entries on a Web-based incident reporting system; and measurement of degree of empowerment (1-5 scale) on a 10-point survey of safety attitudes and actions given prior to, immediately after, and a minimum of 2 months after training. Results: Since 2003, 10 courses trained 857 participants in multiple disciplines. Preoperative checklist use rose (75% in 2003, 86% in 2004, 94% in 2005, 98% in 2006, and 100% in 2007). Self-initiated reports increased from 709 per quarter in 2002 to 1481 per quarter in 2008. The percentage of reports related to environment as opposed to actual events increased from 15.9% prior to training to 20.3% subsequently (P .05). Conclusions: Crew resource management programs can influence personal behaviors and empowerment. Effects may take years to be ingrained into the culture.
Courtship sounds and behaviour of the two saguaro-breeding Drosophila and their relatives

The two saguaro-breeding Drosophila, D. nigrospiracula and D. mettleri, share striking morphological similarities even though they are not closely related. Drosophila mettleri is a member of the eremophila species complex, whereas D. nigrospiracula is a member of the anceps species complex. Both the courtship songs and courtship behaviour of the six species in these two complexes were examined. The objectives were (1) to investigate whether courtship behaviour follows the same evolutionary trend as the morphological traits and (2) to provide further insight about the evolution of courtship behaviour in these species. Results showed that the courtship song is a phylogenetically conservative trait within both species complexes. The pattern observed in the song parameters measured can be interpreted in terms of the degree with which hybrids can be formed in the laboratory and the extent to which sympatry occurs in the geographical distribution of the species within each species complex. Compared to many other species of Drosophila in the repleta group, those of the eremophila complex possess unique features, whereas those in the anceps complex have song characters that are commonly found throughout the species group.
Dissipation of four forest-use herbicides at high latitudes

Background, aim, and scope Large-scale deforestation is occurring in subarctic North America following clearing by salvage logging or insect attack. Numerous shrubs, herbs, and deciduous tree species tend to dominate areas on which stands of white spruce have grown. In the absence of economically advantageous mechanical methods, several herbicides have value in efforts to reforest by planting white spruce. Glyphosate, imazapyr, triclopyr, and hexazinone are all capable of selectively removing many competing species, but there is concern about whether they would degrade naturally or persist owing to the frigid climate.
Head and neck cancer: recent advances and new standards of care.

Arlene A. Forastiere, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD Andy Trotti, Radiation Therapy Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL David G. Pfister, Head and Neck Medical Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY Jennifer R. Grandis, Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Univeristy of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
IMMOBILIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF C-S LYASE FROM ONION (Allium cepa ) BULBS

Abstract Cysteine sulfoxide lyase (C‐S lyase; EC 4.4.1.4), the enzyme responsible for flavor potentiation in minced Allium tissues, was immobilized by entrapment within an alginate gel. Both the free and immobilized C‐S lyase had an optimum pH of 7.5 for activity. Also, similar Km values were observed for both forms of the enzyme using (±)‐S‐methyl‐L‐cysteine sulfoxide (± MCSO; 14.2–19.2 mM) and an alk(en)yl‐L‐cysteine sulfoxide extract (0.9–1.8 mM) prepared from onion bulbs. Both forms of the enzyme were stable for 6–8 weeks at 4°C. At 25°C, the immobilized enzyme was fully stable for 5 weeks whereas the free enzyme lost 50% of its activity within 2 weeks. As the alginate content in the gel was increased from 0.25 to 3%, the % yield of activity of the immobilized enzyme system decreased from 65 to 44%. However, as % alginate content was increased, the yield of active enzyme immobilized in the gel increased from 62 to 97%. Reaction of both the free and alginate‐entrapped C‐S lyase with (±) MCSO resulted i...
Psychological Support to Defense Counterintelligence Operations

The practice of providing psychological or behavioral science support to counterintelligence operations is relatively new, but actively evolving. Psychologists—some of whom refer to themselves as o...
Polyuria and Polydipsia in Horses

Polyuria and polydipsia provide a diagnostic challenge for the equine clinician. This article describes the various known causes of polyuria and polydipsia in horses and provides a description of a systematic diagnostic approach for assessing horses with polyuria and polydipsia to delineate the underlying cause. Treatment and management strategies for addressing polyuria and polydipsia in horses are also described.
Parenting Styles, Adolescent Substance Use, and Academic Achievement:

This article investigates how children and their parents rate their parenting styles, and how this rating is associated with academic achievement, alcohol, and tobacco use. We surveyed students and their parents in two public school districts. A total of 386 matched parent-child pairs from eighth- and ninth-grade students were analyzed for parent and student classification of parents as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, or mixed parenting styles. Agreement on parenting styles between parents and children was poor. Students perceived parents as less authoritative, less permissive and more authoritarian than parents considered themselves. High grades were associated with child and parent perception of higher authoritativeness, lower permissiveness, and lower authoritarianism. Child tobacco and alcohol use was associated with child perception of lower authoritativeness, and higher permissiveness while parent perception of parenting style was not associated with child substance use. This study provides further evidence that parenting styles and adolescents' perceptions of them are associated with child achievement and substance use. While we cannot determine whether child or parent perception of parenting style is more accurate, child perception is more strongly associated with grades and substance use than is parent perception. It is likely that parents would benefit from understanding how they are perceived by their children.
POLYCHRONOUS WAVEFRONT COMPUTATIONS

There is great interest in methods for computing that do not involve digital machines. Many computational paradigms were inspired by brain research, such as Boolean neuronal logic [McCulloch & Pitts, 1943], the perceptron [Rosenblatt, 1958], attractor neural networks [Hopfield, 1982] and cellular neural nets [Chua & Yang, 1988]. All these paradigms abstract biological circuits to artificial neural networks, i.e. interconnected units (neurons) that perform computations based on the connections between the units (synapses). Here we present a novel computational framework based on polychronous wavefront dynamics. It is entirely different from an artificial neural network paradigm, rather it is based on temporal and spatial patterns of activity in pulse-propagating media and their interaction with transponders, which create pulses in response to receiving appropriate inputs, e.g. two coincident input pulses. A pulse propagates as a circular wave from its source to other transponders. Computations result from interactions between transponders, and they are encoded by the exact physical locations of transponders and by precise timings of pulses. We illustrate temporal pattern recognition, reverberating memory, temporal signal analysis and basic logical operations using polychronous wavefront computations. This work reveals novel principles for designing nanoscale computational devices.
Bifurcation and stability properties of periodic solutions to two nonlinear spring-mass systems

Abstract The behavior of a periodically forced, linearly damped mass suspended by a linear spring is well known. In this paper we study the nature of periodic solutions to two nonlinear spring-mass equations; our nonlinear terms are similar to earlier models of motion in suspension bridges. We contrast the multiplicity, bifurcation, and stability of periodic solutions for a piecewise linear and smooth nonlinear restoring force. We find that while many of the qualitative properties are the same for the two models, the nature of the secondary bifurcations (period-doubling and quadrupling) differs significantly.
Crystallization of the Zα domain of the human editing enzyme ADAR1 complexed with a DNA–­RNA chimeric oligonucleotide in the left-­handed Z-conformation

The Zα domain of human double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase (ADAR1) has been crystallized with a hexanucleotide containing alternating deoxyribose and ribose furanose sugars. Solution circular dichroism experiments show that this double-stranded chimera (dCrG)3 initially adopts the right-handed A-­conformation. However, addition of stoichiometric amounts of Zα causes a rapid transition to the Z-conformation. Raman spectroscopy of crystals of the Zα–(dCrG)3 complex confirm that the chimeric oligonucleotide is stabilized in the Z-conformation. A complete data set has been obtained at 2.5 A resolution. The Zα–(dCrG)3 crystals belong to the tetragonal I422 space group, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 104.2, c = 117.6 A. Work is under way to solve the structure by molecular replacement.
Shape Control of Vibrating Simply Supported Rectangular Plates

We determine the optimum location of a given rectangular piezoceramic (PZT) actuator that will require the minimum voltage to annul the deflections of a simply supported rectangular linear elastic plate vibrating near one of its fundamental frequencies. Keeping the location of the centroid and the shape of the PZT fixed, we ascertain the voltage required as a function of the length of its diagonal to nullify the deflections of the plate.
Tacit Bargaining in International Relations A Game Model and a Case Study

The authors develop a characterization of subgame perfect equilibrium strategies in discounted repeated games that highlights a class of strategies called countervailing. When using countervailing strategies, the players focus on manipulating the other side's payoff to induce his cooperation. These strategies do not require one player to entertain specific expectations about the strategic choice of the other. For this reason, countervailing strategies are promising vehicles for tacit bargaining. The authors test their relevance using a case of international trade—Japan's penetration of the U.S. automobile market in the early 1980s. The empirical section provides evidence of the tacit bargaining behavior that the model predicts.
A comparison of MPI and process networks

The Message Passing Interface (MPI) is a popular communication library that supports the SIMD model of parallel computing. Process networks (PN), where processes communicate through first-in-first-out channels, support the MIMD model of parallel computing. Java implementations of both MPI and PN are available. We show that the communication primitives available in MPI, such as send/receive, scatter/gather, and broadcast can be emulated in PN. We present benchmark results comparing the performance of MPIJava and to own PN library.
Effective cardiovascular health education in the young: an elusive goal.

The study was designed to assess the efficacy of one national health education effort, the School Health Curriculum Project ("Berkeley Project"), in increasing the level of cardiovascular health knowl edge of sixth-grade students. Using a recently developed test of cardiovascular health knowledge, the Iowa Cardiovascular Health Test (ICVHT), 577 sixth-grade and 358 seventh-grade students from six Iowa school districts participating in the Berkeley Project were compared to two control groups. Significant differences in knowledge were present following comple tion of the cardiovascular unit when sixth-grade students in the experimental group weere compared to those in the control groups. However, differences in knowledge levels were transient, lacking practical significance when seventh-grade students were tested one year following completion of the instruction. The results of this investigation have implicationsforfuture health education curricular design and imple mentation.
Genetically Engineered Bt Corn and Range Expansion of the Western Bean Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the United States: A Response to Greenpeace Germany

The western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta (Smith), is a pest of corn and dry beans in North America. Before the late 1990s, economic infestations of the insect were restricted mostly to the western Great Plains and Idaho. During 1999–2009, it greatly expanded its range and moved across the central and eastern regions of the Corn Belt, eventually reaching northeastern Atlantic coast states. Greenpeace Germany issued a 2010 report claiming that the dramatic range expansion of the western bean cutworm was due entirely to “pest replacement” that resulted from the adoption of genetically engineered Bt corn, which suppressed one pest species and allowed another species—the western bean cutworm, in this case—to take its place. We maintain that the scientific literature does not provide empirical field-collected data to support the Greenpeace Germany claim that Bt corn is the sole factor that influenced the range expansion of the western bean cutworm. We propose broader ecological and agronomic factors to explain why the western bean cutworm has recently expanded its geographic range to include all of the major corn-growing areas in the central and eastern United States. These additional factors may include insect biology, insect and corn phenology synchrony, reduced insecticide use, conservation tillage, soil type, glyphosate-resistant crops, insect genetics, insect pathogens, preexisting insect population densities, and climate change.
Remote sensing of the impact of accelerated local sea level rise on wetlands

The substantial relative sea level rise and more frequent storms predicted for the next 50 years, will impact coastal wetlands, beach erosion control strategies, salinity of estuaries and aquifers, coastal drainage systems, and coastal economic development. Coastal wetlands, including tidal salt marshes, tidal freshwater marshes and mangrove swamps, are generally within fractions of a meter of sea level, and could be lost, especially if the impact of relative sea level rise is amplified by coastal storms. To plan for wetland protection and sensible coastal development, scientists and managers need to monitor the changes in coastal wetlands as the sea level continues to rise. The primary objective of our study is to analyze changes at a unique Delaware Bay tidal wetland site, which faces an accelerated sea level rise due to a canal breach and to show how remote sensors and related techniques can be used for studying the impact of relative sea level rise (RSLR) and human activities on coastal wetlands. A secondary objective is to evaluate several RSLR models by trying to predict future changes at this test site. Preliminary results indicate that rapid changes of vegetation, hydrology, sediment accretion and erosion are taking place at the Milford Neck Conservation Area test site and that satellite and aircraft remote sensors, supported by a reasonable number of site visits, are highly suitable for mapping and studying these changes. The improved understanding of the processes occurring at this site will help wetland managers decide whether to intervene in the hydraulic regime by channel modification in order to accelerate or delay marsh development in a particular direction.
An emerging medium: interactive three-dimensional digital video

This paper describes a new visual medium called interactive 3D digital video. 3D digital video displays motion pictures of real-world events from the view of a virtual camera controlled by the viewer during playback. For 3D video to become of practical use, sophisticated data manipulation, management and processing capabilities are required. These tasks are daunting, given the amount and complexity of data involved. Furthermore, due to the hybrid nature of the 3D video data, no standardized representation and coding schemes are available. We explore these issues and present an overview of a functional system called immersive video. For real events such as basketball games, immersive video analyzes and composites recorded multiviewpoint videos to create a full 3D version of the event which is then encoded and stored for immersive playback. While replaying this 3D digital movie, viewers are able to explore the scene continuously from any perspective. We describe the steps we have taken toward using the Internet infrastructure and a client-server configuration to allow World Wide Web users to interactively view any of our experimental 3D videos including a one minute staged karate demonstration captured by six video cameras. Applications of this new medium include telepresence, interactive video and television, video-based virtual environments, and immersive feature films.
In utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure: effects on fetal and adult cardiac gene expression and adult cardiac and renal morphology.

The mouse heart is a target of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) during fetal development, and microarray analysis demonstrates significant changes in expression of cardiac genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. We tested the hypothesis that developmental TCDD exposure would disrupt cardiac ECM expression and be associated with changes in cardiac morphology in adulthood. In one study, time-pregnant C57BL/6 mice were dosed with corn oil or 1.5, 3.0, or 6.0 µg TCDD/kg on gestation day (GD) 14.5 and sacrificed on GD 17.5, when changes in fetal cardiac mRNA expression were analyzed using quantitative PCR. TCDD induced mRNA expression of genes associated with ECM remodeling (matrix metalloproteinase 9 and 13, preproendothelin-1), cardiac hypertrophy (atrial natriuretic peptide, β-myosin heavy chain, osteopontin), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation (cytochrome P4501A1, AHR repressor). Further, all TCDD-induced changes required the AHR since gene expression was not altered in AHR knockout fetuses. In a second study, time-pregnant mice were treated with corn oil or 6.0 µg TCDD/kg on GD 14.5, and male offspring were assessed for changes in cardiac gene expression and cardiac and renal morphology at 3 mo. All TCDD-induced changes in cardiac gene expression observed fetally, except for preproET-1, remained induced in the hearts of adult male offspring. Adult male offspring of TCDD-exposed dams also displayed cardiac hypertrophy, decreased plasma volume, and mild hydronephrosis. These results demonstrate that in utero and lactational TCDD exposure alters cardiac gene expression and cardiac and renal morphology in adulthood, which may increase the susceptibility to cardiovascular dysfunction.
Role of Endothelin-1 in the Active Constriction of Human Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries

Background— Atherosclerotic coronary arteries are prone to constriction but the underlying causes are incompletely understood. We tested the hypothesis that endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, contributes to the heightened tone of atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. Methods and Results— In 8 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 8 patients with angiographically smooth coronary arteries (normal), we infused BQ-123, an antagonist of the ETA receptor, into a major coronary artery (infused artery) at 40 nmol/min for 60 minutes. The infused artery in the CAD patients contained a >50% stenosis. Using quantitative angiography, we compared the dilation of the infused artery with another, noninfused coronary artery. To estimate the magnitude of the contribution of ET-1 to coronary tone, we compared the dilation to BQ-123 with that elicited by intracoronary nitroglycerin (200 μg). BQ-123 induced significant dilation in the normal arteries (7.3% at 60 minutes, P<0.001 versus noninfused arte...
Adhesion and partial slip between normally loaded round surfaces

A simple mechanism is sought to account for the frictional energy losses encountered in the mutual contact surface of two bodies pressed normally against each other. The mathematical model of Coulomb friction is assumed valid, and it is shown that slip between the contacting surfaces develops in the outlying regions of contact. This model, used in conjunction with a numerical scheme, leads to a set of nonlinear simultaneous algebraic equations in the surface tractions. Two specific cases are computed: those of a rigid sphere and of a rigid roller each pressed against an elastic medium. The relative size of the slip region is shown to depend on the material properties. Energy dissipation duringa half contact cycle is calculated, and the influence of the secondary adhesive tractions on the contact stresses is discussed.
Robust change detection in highly dynamic guided wave signals with singular value decomposition

Ultrasonic guided waves are sensitive to small scatterers and can, in principle, be used to detect damage in pipe structures. However, pipes are often subjected to varying environmental and operational conditions (EOC), which can produce false positives or mask the change of interest. We apply singular value decomposition as a robust change detection method in ultrasonic signals. We test the methods on experimental data collected in a realistic highly dynamic environment, and show successful detection of a mass scatterer as a physical simulation of damage. We also compare our method to two other change detection methods that are robust to EOC.
Endorsements as Voting Cues: Heuristic and Systematic Processing in Initiative Elections1

This project explores how organizational endorsements influence voter attitudes during initiative elections. Building on the heuristic-systematic model (Chaiken, 1980; Chen & Chaiken, 1999), we propose that voters use organizational endorsements as heuristic cues to help them develop their attitudes toward initiatives. It is hypothesized that the influence of endorsements on initiative voting depends on the applicability, availability, and diagnosticity of the endorsement voting cue and on the degree to which the voter is motivated to fully evaluate the arguments behind the initiative. An experiment was conducted in which motivation (processing goal instructions), cue applicability (match between endorsing organization and initiative), and initiative (four different hypothetical ballot issues) were manipulated. Results showed support for our first two hypotheses, but not for the third.
Hydrodimerization of Dimethyl Maleate in Methanol Using an Undivided Cell

The electrohydrodimerization of dimethyl maleate to tetramethyl butanetetracarboxylate occurs with high selectivity at high payload in an undivided cell having graphite electrodes using methanol as the solvent and sodium acetate as the supporting electrolyte. We describe here the experiments performed to define likely reaction pathways and conditions for later use in a pilot‐scale operation of this process.
Stimulated Brillouin scattering in Raman-pumped fibers: a theoretical approach

We develop a theoretical approach to describe stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in Raman-pumped optical fibers. We derive the condition for the SBS threshold as a function of fiber parameters and the input power of forward and/or backward pump. A particular emphasis is given to the effect of the fiber length and unequal absorption coefficients for pump and signal wavelengths on the SBS threshold. Simple, yet accurate, analytical expressions for the SBS threshold in pumped fibers are also obtained. We show that in pumped fibers, the SBS threshold power is inversely proportional to the path-average integral of Raman gain. Validity ranges of derived formulas are considered in detail. The theoretical predictions are verified experimentally. The calculated values of the SBS threshold powers are in a good agreement with the measured threshold power in Raman-pumped dispersion-compensated fibers.
Cudahy High School Survey and Focus Groups: Assessment of the Needs of a Teen Population. A Community–Campus Collaboration

Collaboration between local public health agencies and university schools of nursing can be advantageous to both parties. Students need opportunities to learn aggregate-based care; health officers need community partnerships that expand their potential to accomplish core functions. This article offers a case study to illustrate a collaborative relationship. A high school survey and a plan for teen services were the focus of the joint endeavor. With guidance from faculty, students offered labor and expertise; the agency offered a real world laboratory for learning.
Rites and Rights of Passage Seeking a Diasporic Consciousness

This article explores the possibility, and constitution, of what might be called a diasporic consciousness among Indians in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Memorialized in diaspora stories about the betrayal of indentured laborers, and in concerns about acquiring proper knowledge with which to practice religious rituals, diasporic consciousness is an expression of Indo-Trinidadians' agency and is fundamentally political. Seeking to alleviate, or countermand, the vulnerability that betrayal and ignorance are perceived to foster, Indo-Trinidadians strive for potent visibility in nationalist ideology through narrative memorializations of injustice and practiced attainments of religious knowledge. In these efforts, rights and rites are mutually constitutive.
Stereotype Threat and Race of Interviewer Effects in a Survey on Political Knowledge

Social desirability is generally thought to underlie the propensity for survey respondents to tailor their answers to what they think would satisfy or please the interviewer. While this may in fact be the underlying motivation, especially on attitudinal and opinion questions, social desirability does not seem to be an adequate explanation for interviewer effects on factual questions. Borrowing from the social psychology literature on stereotype threat, we test an alternative account of the race-ofinterviewer effects. Stereotype threat maintains that the pressure to disconfirm and to avoid being judged by negative and potentially degrading stereotypes interferes with the processing of information. We argue that the survey context contains many parallels to a testing environment in which stereotype threat might alter responses to factual questions. Through a series of framing experiments in a public opinion survey and the reliance on the sensitivity to the race of the interviewer, our results are consistent with expectations based on a theory of “stereotype threat.” African American respondents to a battery of questions about political knowledge get fewer answers right when interviewed by a white interviewer than when interviewed by an African American interviewer. The observed differences in performance on the political knowledge questions cannot be accounted for by differences in the educational background or gender of the respondents.