cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absence of nonresponse bias in a study of sport-caught Great Lakes fish consumption and conception failure.

Introduction: We have reported that men's lifetime sport-caught Great Lakes fish consumption was associated with lifetime prevalence of conception delay or failure. Those cross-sectional data were based on responses to a postal questionnaire. The present study was conducted to evaluate whether nonresponse bias could explain the cross-sectional findings. Methods: We conducted telephone interviews with 230 men and 38 women who did not respond to the original survey, and compared these individuals to the original responders with respect to key demographic, behavioral, and reproductive characteristics. Results: Nonresponders were approximately 1.5 years older at interview, were more likely to be Caucasian, and reported higher incomes than responders. Among men, nonresponders had fished fewer days in the past year (12% reported no fishing, compared to 4.3% of responders). Almost one half of nonresponders reported no fish consumption in the past year, compared to one quarter of responders. Nonresponders were more likely than responders to have ever conceived a live-born child, had more children, and were less likely to intend to have additional children in the next 5 years. Among both responders and nonresponders there was an increased prevalence of a period of conception failure among men who reported consuming greater quantities of sport-caught Great Lakes fish. Discussion: Our study provides support for the cross-sectional analyses presented previously, insofar as nonresponse bias is unlikely to have a major role in the observed association.
THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF VANADIUM AS MOLYBDOVANADIC ACID

Summary A colored complex formed by the condensation of the oxy-acids of molybdenum (VI) and vanadium (V) in a 5 to 1 ratio is used as the basis for a spectrophotometric method for vanadium. The absorbance of the intense yellow complex is measured at 360 mμ. The color is stable for at least 24 h and follows Beer's law over the concentration range of 2·10−5 to 6·10−4M vanadium. A standard deviation of 0.056% in steel samples containing 2.04% vanadium was obtained for five determinations. Factors affecting the color formation and the analytical applications to the determination of vanadium are presented.
The Role of Metanetworks in Network Evolution

The question of what structures of relations between actors emerge in the evolution of social networks is of fundamental sociological interest. The present research proposes that processes of network evolution can be usefully conceptualized in terms of a network of networks, or “metanetwork,” wherein networks that are one link manipulation away from one another are connected. Moreover, the geography of metanetworks has real effects on the course of network evolution. Specifically, both equilibrium and non-equilibrium networks located in more desirable regions of the metanetwork are found to be more probable. These effects of metanetwork geography are illustrated by two dynamic network models: one in which actors pursue access to unique information through “structural holes,” and the other in which actors pursue access to valid information by minimizing path length. Finally, I discuss future directions for modeling network dynamics in terms of metanetworks.
Realistic expanding source model for invariant one-particle multiplicity distributions and two-particle correlations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

We present a realistic expanding source model with nine parameters that are necessary and sufficient to describe the main physics occurring during hydrodynamical freeze-out of the excited hadronic matter produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. As a first test of the model, we compare it to data from central Si + Au collisions at ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathrm{lab}}$/A=14.6 GeV/c measured in experiment E-802 at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. An overall ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}^{2}$ per degree of freedom of 1.055 is achieved for a fit to 1416 data points involving invariant ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, ${\mathit{K}}^{+}$, and ${\mathit{K}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ one-particle multiplicity distributions and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$ and ${\mathit{K}}^{+}$ two-particle correlations. The 99%-confidence region of parameter space is identified, leading to one-dimensional error estimates on the nine fitted parameters and other calculated physical quantities. Three of the most important results are the freeze-out temperature, longitudinal proper time, and baryon density along the symmetry axis. For these we find values of 92.9 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 4.4 MeV, 8.2 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.2 fm/c, and 0.${0222}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.0069}^{+0.0096}$ ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$, respectively. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Lessons from the α2 Integrin Knockout Mouse

The α2β1 integrin (VLA-2), one of the first integrins to be identified and characterized, is a collagen receptor, although it can function as a dual collagen/laminin receptor on some cell types. 1 Numerous studies have implicated this integrin in a range of biological and pathobiological functions. 2,3 A more rigorous analysis of α2β1 function has been hindered, however, by the lack of an α2-deficient mouse. Given that mice with null mutations in other well-studied integrins that are related to α2β1 in either their expression pattern or function [α1 (α1β1);α3 (α3β1); and α6 (α6β1; α6β4)] have been available for several years and have provided considerable insight into the function of these integrins, this situation was rather surprising. Fortunately, this issue has been remedied. In this issue of The American Journal of Pathology, Zutter and colleagues report the generation and initial characterization of an α2-deficient mouse. 4 Eckes and colleagues have published similar results recently. 5 Surprisingly, or not surprisingly, depending on your preconceived notions, mice deficient in the α2 subunit are quite healthy. They are viable at birth, develop normally, and are able to reproduce. Their major organs appear to be normal, at least at the level of gross histology. The overt normality of these mice, however, did not deter Zutter and colleagues from probing more deeply into their biology, using the in vitro studies on α2β1 as their guide. Their observations are of considerable interest because they both confirm and refute these previously published studies, and they suggest specific areas for future work. A discussion of the phenotype of these mice and their use in future studies, however, warrants a broader discussion on collagen receptors and their relationship to α2β1, as well as mention of the caveats associated with the interpretation of results from integrin null mice.
Prostaglandin inhibitors in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome.

The management of nephrotic syndrome resistant to corticosteroid and cytotoxic therapy is unclear. In such patients, prostaglandin inhibitors can reduce protein-uria. Mechanisms may include a reduction in transcapillary hydraulic pressure and a decrease in capillary wall permeability. The antiproteinuric effect of these agents is enhanced by volume depletion induced by sodium restriction and thiazide diuretics. Complications may include aggravation of edema, hemodynamic renal failure, hyperkalemia, and drug nephrotoxicity. Although a reduction in protein excretion may improve the clinical status of nephrotic patients, it is unclear whether such methods will improve renal survival.
Arguments against the possibility of perfect rationality

Many different arguments against the possibility of perfect rationality have appeared in the literature, and these target several different conceptions of perfect rationality. It is not clear how these different conceptions of perfect rationality are related, nor is it clear how the arguments showing their impossibility are related, and it is especially unclear what the impossibility results show when taken together. This paper gives an exposition of the different conceptions of perfect rationality, an the various sorts of argument against them; clarifies which conceptions of perfect rationality are targeted by which arguments; and finally attempts to systematize the results available to date.
A 30-MHz low-jitter high-linearity CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator

A fully monolithic voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with an on-chip timing capacitor and a maximum oscillation frequency of 30 MHz is reported. Using a novel on-chip servo loop, the VCO displays less than 0.17% nonlinearity in its voltage-frequency transfer function from 1 to 15 MHz without trimming. An improved circuit topology that provides a large swing on the timing capacitor allows the VCO to obtain a cycle-to-cycle jitter of less than 100 p.p.m. The circuit operates on a 5-V supply with a die size of 104 mil/spl times/154 mil.
Physical evidence for the oxidative demethylation in vitro of 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate by the udenfriend chemical hydroxylation system

Abstract 1-Naphthyl N -methylcarbamate (carbaryl) was oxygenated in the Udenfriend chemical hydroxylation system as modified by Mailing (H. V. Mailing, Mutation Res . 3 , 537, 1966). The N -methyl oxidation product, 1-naphthyl N -(hydroxymethyl)carbamate, and the N -demethylation product, 1-naphthyl carbamate, were isolated and identified by mass and/or infrared spectrometry. These results very strongly suggest that the system is, in fact, capable of N -methyl oxidation and demethylation. This capability may apply to N -alkyl groups in general.
Background Data and Autobiographical Memory: Effects of Item Types and Task Characteristics

Background data, or life history measures, ask people to recall and report prior behavior and experiences. Although these measures have been found to be effective predictors of performance, little is known about the characteristics of items contributing to accurate reporting and good recall. Accordingly, 153 undergraduates were asked to work on a complex, computer-based ‘in-basket’ task. In working through this task, objective indices of their activities were obtained. After completing this task, subjects were asked to answer a set of background data items describing their behavior and experiences during task performance. Additionally, they were asked to return one week later and, again, answer the background data questions. Indices of accuracy and recall consistency were obtained for various item types. In accordance with the literature of autobiographical memory, it was found that people could consistency recall and accurately report general summaries of activities and their reactions to the task. More specific actions or behaviors that were not linked to goals were not accurately and consistently recalled. The implications of these findings for the development and application of background data measures are discussed.
Interpretations of the sliding friction break-in curves of alumina-aluminum couples

Abstract A study was conducted of the unlubricated sliding break-in behavior of alumina-aluminum alloy couples to study the effects of transfer and debris accumulation on the changes in the friction coefficient during sliding. A computer-interfaced pin-on-disk tribometer was used. Aluminum alloys and polycrystalline alumina were used both as pins and as disks. Experiments were conducted in room temperature air at 0.98 N load and 0.1 m s −1 sliding velocity. There was clear evidence that the frictional break-in curve shapes were reproducible and depended mainly on the disk material, not the pin material. Friction coefficients were lower for the self-mated alumina couple than for any of the couples involving aluminum, and the variations in the friction force at steady state reflected the severity of wear, the roughness of the wear surface and the characteristics of the test fixture.
Remote sensing approaches for reconstructing fire perimeters and burn severity mosaics in desert spring ecosystems

Abstract Desert spring ecosystems provide water resources essential for sustaining wildlife, plants, and humans inhabiting arid regions of the world. Disturbance processes in desert spring ecosystems are likely important but have not been well studied. Documentation of historic wildfires in these often remote areas has been inconsistent and proxy records are often not available. Remote sensing methods have been used in other environments to gain information about fires that have occurred over recent decades, but these methods have not been tested in desert spring environments. The differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR) is the most commonly used method for delineating fire perimeters and burn severity mosaics, although another method, differenced linear spectral unmixing (dSMA), may produce more accurate results in heterogeneous desert spring ecosystems due to its ability to detect changes at the sub-pixel scale. This study compared dNBR and dSMA using field observations of burn presence and fire severity for two recent wildfires. The dNBR method outperformed dSMA, but required some post-processing manipulation to reduce errors of commission. The dNBR classification correctly indentified burned areas with 86% accuracy (3% omission error, 19% commission error) and classified fire severity with 76% accuracy. Misclassification errors were most common in dune and mesquite bosque/meadow land cover types (mean misclassification rate = 36%). Nine of the fifteen wildfires reported to have occurred in the study site were successfully identified, with five of the unidentified fires having reported sizes of less than one hectare. Additional refinement of remote sensing methods is necessary to better distinguish small (
Bioavailability of methylmercury to Sacramento blackfish (Orthodon microlepidotus): Dissolved organic carbon effects

The effect of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on methylmercury (MeHg) uptake across the gills of Sacramento blackfish (Orthodon microlepidotus) was investigated using the Hg-203 radioisotope (half life = 46.9 d). The efficiency of fish gills in extracting MeHg (1.4 ng/L) from water was measured using a McKim-type fish respirometer that separated exposure (inspired) water from expired water. Blackfish gill ventilation and oxygen consumption rates remained constant, while Me203Hg uptake was decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the presence of DOC (2 and 5 mg C/L). Mean Me203Hg extraction efficiency, uptake rate constant, and blood to inspired water ratio decreased 78%, 73%, and 63%, respectively, with 2 mg C/L of DOC, and 85%, 82%, and 70% with 5 mg C/L DOC, compared to the Me203Hg reference treatment group. Because respiratory parameters remained unchanged, reductions in Me203Hg uptake indicate strong interactions between DOC and Me203Hg. Methyl203Hg levels in fish gills, kidney, and spleen from 2 and 5 mg C/L were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those observed from the reference treatment group. These reductions in uptake (bioavailability) support the hypothesis that trans-gill transport of Me203Hg is inhibited when it is complexed by DOC in the aqueous medium, decreasing Me203Hg uptake and accumulation in fish organs.
The impact of asthma exacerbations and preventive strategies.

AbstractObjective:To review the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying asthma exacerbations, the impact of exacerbations, and both current and future treatment strategies to establish asthma control and reduce the risk of future exacerbations.Research design and methods:Relevant adult data were identified via PubMed, with additional references obtained by reviewing bibliographies from selected articles.Results:Asthma exacerbations or ‘attacks’ are acute episodes of progressive worsening of symptoms which occur in patients with all degrees of asthma severity and are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. For patients, these asthma attacks constitute a considerable part of the disease burden in terms of both personal suffering and economic impact. Exacerbations are characterized in part by decreases in expiratory flow or lung function. The pathophysiologic mechanism underlying these changes is likely to be different depending on the specific asthma phenotype. Asthma exacerbations are commonly initia...
Phosphorus-31 magnetic relaxation of adenosine 5′-monophosphate, adenosine 5′-diphosphate and adenosine 5′-triphosphate in solution

Abstract Measurements have been made of the longitudinal phosphorus-31 magnetic relaxation of the individual phosphorus resonances of AMP, ADP and ATP at 121.5 MHz from 278 to 333 K and at 40.5 MHz at room temperature in H 2 O solutions of the chemicals. The phosphorus-31 spin-lattice relaxation times of all compounds are dominated by dipolar interactions and influenced by chemical shift anisotropy interactions to a different extent at the two frequencies. Phosphate group motion superimposed on the tumbling of the molecules is the main source of phosphorus-31 spin-lattice relaxation. Activation energies characterizing the combined motion range between 17.1 and 20.0 kJ/mol.
Performance evaluation and asymptotics for Content Delivery Networks.

Large scale Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) are one of the key components of today's information infrastructure. This paper proposes and analyzes a simple stochastic model for a file-server system wherein servers can work together, as a pooled resource, to meet individual user requests. In such systems basic questions include: How and where to replicate files? What is the impact of dynamic service allocation across request types, and whether it can provide substantial gains over simpler load balancing policies? What are tradeoffs amongst performance, reliability and recovery costs, and energy? The paper provides both explicit and asymptotic approximations for large systems towards addressing these basic questions.
Plane waves in linear elastic materials with voids

The behavior of plane harmonic waves in a linear elastic material with voids is analyzed. There are two dilational waves in this theory, one is predominantly the dilational wave of classical linear elasticity and the other is predominantly a wave carrying a change in the void volume fraction. Both waves are found to attenuate in their direction of propagation, to be dispersive and dissipative. At large frequencies the predominantly elastic wave propagates with the classical elastic dilational wave speed, but at low frequencies it propagates at a speed less than the classical speed. It makes a smooth but relatively distinct transition between these wave speeds in a relatively narrow range of frequency, the same range of frequency in which the specific loss has a relatively sharp peak. Dispersion curves and graphs of specific loss are given for four particular, but hypothetical, materials, corresponding to four cases of the solution.
Correlation measurements in grid turbulence using digital harmonic analysis

Two-point time correlations up to eighth order of longitudinal velocity fluctuations in grid-generated turbulence have been measured using linearized hot-wire anemometry, digital sampling, and a high-speed digital computer. A novel feature of the present measurements is the adoption of digital Fourier analysis, using the recently developed fast-Fourier transform method. The joint probability density function for the velocity fluctuations at two points separated in time is found to be significantly non-Gaussian. All measured even-order correlations are nearly identical with those reported by Frenkiel & Klebanoff (1967 a, b), and higher-order correlations may be accurately predicted from the second-order correlation by assuming a Gaussian joint probability density. All individual odd-order correlations are substantially different from those reported by Frenkiel & Klebanoff. In particular, all mean values of odd powers of the fluctuating velocity are nearly zero, and the correlations are nearly antisymmetrical functions of the time delay as would be the case for purely isotropic homogeneous turbulence. In spite of the large difference between the individual measured odd-order correlations and previous measurements, quantities such as the skewness and skewness factor derived from certain combinations of the correlations are found to be quite insensitive to observed differences in the form of the correlations and are very similar to previous measurements.
Laminar-to-turbulent flow transition under the action of acoustic oscillations

The formation of two conical flows in the transition from laminar flow to the turbulent part of a free jet under the action of acoustic oscillations is observed experimentally.
The Wisconsin integrally synchronized computer ¿ A University research project

IN THE fall of 1950, the University of Wisconsin began research in the design and construction of an automatic electronic digital computer to add to its servomechanism, analogue, and digital computer program. The project was undertaken for two reasons: 1. to obtain an additional research tool to supplement existing computing facilities such as the International Business Machines equipment operated by the university's numerical analysis laboratory and the electrical engineering department's high-speed electronic differential analyzer; and 2. to provide training for both students and staff in the problems of computer design, construction, maintenance, and use.
Involvement of basic amino acids in the activity of a nucleic acid helix-destabilizing protein.

Abstract Under conditions of low ionic strength, ribonuclease A, which binds more tightly to single- than to double-stranded DNA, lowers the melting temperature of DNA helices (Jensen and von Hippel (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 7198–7214). The effects of chemical modification of lysine and arginine residues on the helix-destabilizing properties of this protein have been examined. Removal of the positive charge on the lysine ϵ-amino group, either by maleylation or acetylation, destroys the ability of RNAase A to lower the T m of poly[d(A-T)]. However, reductive alkylation of these residues, which has no effect on charge, yields derivatives which lower the T m by only about one-half that seen with unmodified controls. Phenylglyoxalation of arginines can largely remove the T m - depressing activity of RNAase A. RNAase S, which is produced by cleavage of RNAase A between amino acids 20 and 21, possesses DNA helix-destabilizing activity comparable to that of the parent protein, whereas S-protein (residues 21–124) increases poly[d(A-T)] T m and S-peptide (1–20) has no effect on T m . These results suggest that the specific location of several basic amino acids situated on the surface of RNAase A is largely responsible for this protein's DNA melting activity.
Thermophysical properties of o-ring elastomers at pressures to 200 MPA

Abstract Results on the temperature- and pressure dependence of the specific volume, thermal expansivity and compressibility of elastomeric compounds are reported.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TRICHOPLUSIA NI (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON COTTON IN CALIFORNIA

The impact of natural enemies on Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) is reviewed. Disappearance of eggs and small larvae (presumably due to predation) is consistently the major intrageneration mortality. Parasitoids and a nuclear polyhedrosis virus effect mortality of larvae surviving early-instar predation. From the analysis, it is argued that natural enemies capable of effective colonization of the habitat and rapid exploitation of the prey population (i.e., r-strategists) are suitable agents for biological control of pests of annual or short-cycle crops. Polyembryony, polyphagy, and polyhedrosis represent attributes which enable the particular natural enemy to implement the rapid-host-exploitation strategy. This interpretation gives added theoretical support for importation of exotic natural enemies of pests of non-perennial crop plants.
Sympathetic nervous system and spaceflight

Purpose: Orthostatic stability on Earth is maintained through sympathetic nerve activation sufficient to increase peripheral vascular resistance and defend against reductions of blood pressure. Orthostatic instability in astronauts upon return from space missions has been linked to blunted vascular resistance responses to standing, introducing the possibility that spaceflight alters normal function between sympathetic efferent traffic and vascular reactivity. Methods: We evaluated published results of spaceflight and relevant ground-based microgravity simulations in an effort to determine responses of the sympathetic nervous system and consequences for orthostatic stability. Results: Direct microneurographic recordings from humans in space revealed that sympathetic nerve activity is increased and preserved in the upright posture after return to Earth (STS-90). However, none of the astronauts studied during STS-90 presented with presyncope postflight, leaving unanswered the question of whether postflight orthostatic intolerance is associated with blunted sympathetic nerve responses or inadequate translation into vascular resistance. Conclusions: There is little evidence to support the concept that spaceflight induces fundamental sympathetic neuroplasticity. The available data seem to support the hypothesis that regardless of whether or not sympathetic traffic is altered during flight, astronauts return with reduced blood volumes and consequent heightened baseline sympathetic activity. Because of this, the ability to withstand an orthostatic challenge postflight is directly proportional to an astronaut's maximal sympathetic activation capacity and remaining sympathetic reserve.
Intensity Of Agricultural Land Use Near Cities: A Case Study

(1972). Intensity Of Agricultural Land Use Near Cities: A Case Study. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 7-10.
A Clockless ADC/DSP/DAC System with Activity-Dependent Power Dissipation and No Aliasing

In this work, these issues are addressed and solved, and an entire ADC/DSP/DAC 8b system is implemented in a UMC 90nm CMOS process with a 1V supply.
The impact of future technology on oncologic diagnosis: Oncologic imaging and diagnosis

Over the past few years, the discipline of medical imaging has entered an evolutionary period that reflects primarily the introduction of computers and digital technology into the imaging process. Clinical applications of this evolution realized to date (e.g., transmission computed tomography, ultrasound and quantitative nuclear medicine) are only indicative of future developments that promise to increase the contributions of medical imaging in a very substantial manner. This increase in the area of oncologic diagnosis is one of the more exciting possibilities existing in medicine today.
Synsedimentary deformation in the Jurassic of southeastern Utah—A case of impact shaking?

In southeastern Utah, the Middle Jurassic Carmel Formation and Slickrock Member of the Entrada Sandstone locally show convolute bedding and syndepositional folds. Newly recognized liquefaction features indicate that this deformation occurred rapidly. None of the five explanations found in the literature fully accounts for these features. The large scale of liquefaction and soft-sediment deformation is distinctive and implies strong disturbances that are difficult to explain by traditional structural or stratigraphic interpretations. Upheaval Dome, within the area of the deformation, displays in detail the structures expected of a complex, central-peak impact crater representing energy release at least equivalent to that of a magnitude 8 earthquake. Upheaval Dome is not well dated, but may be the same age as the deformation. We suggest that the Carmel–Slickrock Entrada deformation may be an example of folding and liquefaction due to impact shaking; if so, it would be one of a very few known cases. Although this kind of deformation should not be common, other examples should be recognizable in outcrop and from subsurface information.
Pharmacometabolomics Reveals Racial Differences in Response to Atenolol Treatment

Antihypertensive drugs are among the most commonly prescribed drugs for chronic disease worldwide. The response to antihypertensive drugs varies substantially between individuals and important factors such as race that contribute to this heterogeneity are poorly understood. In this study we use metabolomics, a global biochemical approach to investigate biochemical changes induced by the beta-adrenergic receptor blocker atenolol in Caucasians and African Americans. Plasma from individuals treated with atenolol was collected at baseline (untreated) and after a 9 week treatment period and analyzed using a GC-TOF metabolomics platform. The metabolomic signature of atenolol exposure included saturated (palmitic), monounsaturated (oleic, palmitoleic) and polyunsaturated (arachidonic, linoleic) free fatty acids, which decreased in Caucasians after treatment but were not different in African Americans (p<0.0005, q<0.03). Similarly, the ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate was significantly decreased in Caucasians by 33% (p<0.0001, q<0.0001) but was unchanged in African Americans. The contribution of genetic variation in genes that encode lipases to the racial differences in atenolol-induced changes in fatty acids was examined. SNP rs9652472 in LIPC was found to be associated with the change in oleic acid in Caucasians (p<0.0005) but not African Americans, whereas the PLA2G4C SNP rs7250148 associated with oleic acid change in African Americans (p<0.0001) but not Caucasians. Together, these data indicate that atenolol-induced changes in the metabolome are dependent on race and genotype. This study represents a first step of a pharmacometabolomic approach to phenotype patients with hypertension and gain mechanistic insights into racial variability in changes that occur with atenolol treatment, which may influence response to the drug.
Exact universal amplitude ratios in two-dimensional systems near criticality

Universal amplitude relations associated with hyperscaling are obtained exactly for several integrable perturbations of two-dimensional (multi)critical points described by minimal models. The results are confirmed numerically and it is discussed how they can be verified by experiment.
Lithodemes, suites, supersuites, and complexes: intrusive, metamorphic, and genetically mixed assemblages of rocks now embraced by North American Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature

Geologists engaged in the study and mapping of intrusive, highly deformed, and/or highly metamorphosed and genetically mixed assemblages of rock will find that a useful and logical classification for such rocks is now a part of the North American Stratigraphic Code (North American Commission of Stratigraphic Nomenclature (NACSN), 1983 ). The present note is intended to achieve broader professional readership for this part of the Code than was achieved by the original publication (AAPG Bulletin), and is an official statement from NACSN. In its most recent form, the Code is greatly modified from the preceding version (American Commission of Stratigraphic Nomenclature, 1970), and now embraces the above-mentioned kinds of rocks, which have not been regarded traditionally as stratigraphic units. Collectively, these rock bodies are called lithodemic, rather than lithostratigraphic, units. Such rock units generally lack primary stratification and usually do not conform to the Law of Superposition, but each is defined on objective lithologic characteristics, and is a mappable entity.
PLATELET-MONOAMINE-OXIDASE ACTIVITY PREDICTS RESPONSE TO LITHIUM IN MANIC-DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS

Platelet-monoamine-oxidase activity predicts treatment response to lithium in manic-depressive illness. In the treatment-responsive group enzyme activity is similar to that in normal controls, whereas in the treatment-refractory group enzyme activity is significantly less than both control and treatment-responsive groups.
Truncated Linear Gaussian Loss Integrals

Abstract The linear Gaussian (normal) loss integral is a well-known technique in economic risk analysis. This integral is easily evaluated with a loss table or standardized normal tables to find an expected cost. Modifications to this basic technique are shown in this paper which increase its versatility with little loss in applicational simplicity. These modifications include a truncation of the cost function and a connected series of linear cost segments. This series modification makes it possible to approximate virtually any nonlinear cost polynomial. Numerical demonstrations are shown.
Masculinity and relationship agreements among male same-sex couples.

Extradyadic sex is a significant source of risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among men in same-sex relationships. Nonmonogamous sexual agreements are common among male same-sex couples and may serve as effective targets for risk reduction interventions; however, there is a dearth of research reporting on the social and cultural determinants of explicit nonmonogamous agreements. In this study, it was hypothesized that attitudes toward dominant cultural standards of masculinity (i.e., normative masculinity) would be associated with the types of sexual agreements negotiated among gay male couples. An Internet-based survey was used to collect data from 931 men for this analysis. Results indicated that men who reported high endorsement of normative masculinity were more likely to be in nonmonogamous relationships. Furthermore, high endorsement of normative masculinity was predictive of relationship agreements characterized as the most sexually permissive. These findings indicate that rather than ...
Impact of interproximal groove placement and remaining coronal tooth structure on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated maxillary anterior teeth.

Purpose: This in vitro study investigated the effect of grooves, remaining tooth structure, and their combination on tooth fracture resistance of endodontically treated anterior teeth with cast dowel and cores. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted maxillary anterior teeth of similar dimensions were endodontically treated and then randomly divided into three groups of 20 teeth each. The teeth in the first group were cut horizontally at the widest part of their anatomical crowns. Three hundred and sixty degree 1 and 2 mm axial walls for ferrule effect were provided for the teeth in the second and the third groups, respectively. Cast dowel and cores were fabricated for all teeth. Each group was then subdivided in two groups: one with no grooves and another with mesial and distal grooves. Hence, six groups were created as follows: (1) teeth with no remaining coronal tooth structure and no grooves (group A-control); (2) teeth with no remaining coronal tooth structure, with mesial and distal grooves (group B); (3) teeth with 1 mm remaining coronal tooth structure, with no grooves (group C); (4) teeth with 1 mm remaining coronal tooth structure, with mesial and distal grooves (group D); (5) teeth with 2 mm remaining coronal tooth structure and no grooves (group E); and (6) teeth with 2 mm remaining coronal tooth structure, with mesial and distal grooves (group F). Complete cast crowns were then fabricated for all teeth. A universal testing machine applied controlled loads to the teeth at a crosshead speed of 2.54 mm/min at an angle of 130° to the long axes of the teeth until failure occurred. The loads were applied 2 mm lower than the incisal edges of the specimens. Descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA (α= 0.05) and Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) tests were used to determine the effect of failure loads among the tested groups (α= 0.05). Results: The mean failure loads were (N): group A (control), 151.21 ± 38.18; group B, 221.53 ± 107.03; group C, 295.35 ± 81.92; group D, 270.20 ± 76.01; group E, 491.70 ± 180.36; group F, 432.67 ± 193.83. Group E presented the highest failure load and group A (control) the lowest. Conclusion: The inclusion of interproximal grooves on the cast dowel and cores of endodontically treated anterior teeth with 1–2 mm of remaining coronal tooth structure does not significantly lower the failure threshold.
Her way: women presidents leading companies

This study examines the leadership styles provided by women in top corporate positions. Three women – each president of a southern California apparel manufacturing company – were selected for case studies. Major findings show an integrative leadership model characterised by task commitment, demonstrated by a “hands‐on” approach to work, personal sacrifice, multi‐tasking and goal orientation; a commitment to personal relationships with employees, shown by an emphasis on teamwork‐collaboration, egalitarianism and concern for employees; and power sharing, shown by information sharing, autonomous decision making and employee development. This integrative leadership has a strong impact not only on how women deal with employees within their companies but also on how they deal with external business constituents. The study concludes by showing that this leadership style lays a foundation for future studies of women’s leadership in other types of apparel industries as well as in other fields.
The Challenge to Political Scientists in Recent American Foreign Policy: Scholarship or Indoctrination?.

This effort is impelled by a growing conviction that most of our people and much of our responsible political and intellectual leadership are so hopelessly confused in matters of foreign affairs, as actually to be becoming dangerously irresponsible. The paper is not meant to appear spectacular, nor is it aimed at being pleasing. It will attempt a bit of plain speaking to a very important segment of our intellectual leadership, with whatever persuasiveness it may attain. Most of it will consist of simple statements of readily verifiable fact. In the very nature of my space and personality limitations, my statements will have to be somewhat dogmatic, and readers are invited each to pursue his own confirmations of them. Implicit in the title are two propositions: (1) that our recent and current foreign policies and strategies have been basically so poorly conceived and so increasingly dangerous that they have been largely unworthy of the apparently dominant intellectual support they have received, and (2) that too much of what has been passing for political science scholarship has been little more than footnoted rationalization and huckstering of those policies. There is also, of course, the further implication, intended to be complimentary to political scientists, that a higher proportion of them have an opportunity, and an urgent challenge to re-examine completely the whole shimmery fabric of our foreign policy and to join the ranks of those, to whom sincere tribute is paid here, who have sought to let the chips of relatively objective scholarship fall where they may. That has not been easy for them. It may not be easy for some others, but it is a social and professional obligation for all. This paper is not a product of a sudden impulse. In the late 1930's, I began to examine, retrospectively, what had been happening to myself and to my associates in our teaching of international relations in the two decades following World War I. I also began collecting and studying materials on what has now come to be called the "cold war," many of the essential makings of which were already discernible. It follows, then that if the paper be as bad as some may well consider it to be, no very plausible alibi can be offered. It may seem no very profound discovery to be reminded that all persons and all peoples must live in the great sweep of history, involving necessarily some risks and hazards, from which there is never any complete "security" hedging, either personal or national. Yet recent and current American foreign policy has been dominantly grounded upon two shaky pillars, both of which appear largely to ignore this elementary truth. They are: (1) fear-fear to live in the normal course of history, which has led to persistent pursuit of the illu-
The police code of silence and different paths towards democratic policing

We study the contours of the code of silence among the police in two Eastern-European countries (the Czech Republic (CR) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH)). These two countries have experienced relatively recent, but dramatically different paths towards democratisation of the police. We surveyed 604 Czech police officers and 451 officers in BiH regarding their willingness to report misconduct and expectations about the willingness of fellow officers to report misconduct. The results indicate that, although the code of silence is present among supervisors and line officers in both countries, the code is stronger among line officers than among supervisors. In addition, it appears that officers and supervisors in both countries have a good grasp of the extent of protection the code will actually provide. We also report that the code is more homogeneous among the line officers and supervisors in BiH than in the CR, and that tolerance of the use of excessive force is stronger in Bi than in the CR. Both of these...
Savings and loan ownership structure and expense-preference

Abstract This paper studies the influence of ownership structure on managerial expense-preference behavior. The hypothesis is that the greater the diffusion of ownership, the weaker is the monitoring by owners and the greater is the degree of expense-preference behavior. Whereas expense-preference behavior affects inputs, particularly on-the-job consumption of managers, well-functioning managerial labor markets should resolve the problem by equating the total compensation of managers across firms of different ownership structures. A more serious problem, however, is the potential impact of expense-preference behavior on output. Evidence from the savings and loan industry is adduced indicating that the more diffuse ownership structures associated with mutuality exhibit greater agency costs through the expansion of inputs and outputs beyond profit maximizing levels.
β-Turn-driven early evolution: The genetic code and biosynthesis pathways

The physicochemical properties of β-turns suggest their biological importance prior to the formation of the genetic code. These properties include ones potentially affecting the preference for eitherl- ord-amino acids. The abundance of certain amino acids in β-turns is correlated with their assignment to a small, well-defined part of the genetic code and with their role as metabolic precursors for other amino acids. It is proposed that in the prebiotic environment, β-turns became objects of selection that influenced the evolution of the genetic code and biosynthetic pathways for amino acids.
Methods to Promote Preceptor Scholarship through Resident Collaboration

Preceptor participation in scholarly endeavors is recognized in the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists’s (ASHP) residency accreditation standards as a method to demonstrate commitment and contribute to the profession of pharmacy. Although workplace demands and position responsibilities may not allow adequate time for preceptors to pursue scholarly activities, collaboration with pharmacy residents in a structured environment can be mutually beneficial and aid in the professional development of the resident and preceptor. The goal of this article is to provide preceptors with a description of activities suitable for collaboration with residents and with tips to ensure success within the residency year.
Acute myocardial infarction due to thrombolytic reperfusion of chronically occluded saphenous vein coronary bypass grafts.

Abstract Late occlusion of saphenous vein grafts is a major cause of recurrent angina in the years after successful coronary artery bypass surgery. Reestablishment of circulation to the involved artery is problematic, because direct angioplasty may be precluded by chronic occlusion of the native artery and extensive thrombus in the occluded vein graft. It has recently been demonstrated that chronically occluded aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts can be successfully recanalized by prolonged low-dose intragraft infusions of urokinase. 1–5 Hartmann et al 2 achieved recanalization in 11 of 12 chronically occluded grafts using 16- to 72-hour urokinase infusions in total doses ranging from 870,000 to 6,290,000 U. Marx et al 3 reported recanalization in 8 of 10 grafts with shorter urokinase infusions. Neither investigator reported significant cardiovascular complications as a result of the procedure. We report on 2 consecutive patients who developed acute myocardial infarction as a direct result of successful thrombolytic reperfusion of chronically occluded saphenous vein grafts.
Intestinal Mucosal Lymphocytes in a Mouse Model of Chemical Enterocolitis|[diams]| 46

Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) are a unique population of T-cells when compared to T-cells found in the periphery. Because of their location within the epithelial layer, IEL likely play a role in both specific immune responses to diverse antigens and in the surveillance of epithelial cell integrity. To study the effects of acute intestinal epithelial disruption on populations of large (LI-IEL) and small intestinal IEL (SI-IEL), we adopted the acidified calcium/casein (ACC) rabbit model of a chemical colitis characterized by Clarke and others for study in mice. For these experiments, mice were treated with intracolonic instillation of ACC. Following treatment, mucosal lymphocytes were prepared from the large (LI) and small intestines(SI) with concurrent preparation of intestinal samples for histologic analyses. Histologic examination of LI at 24 hours revealed epithelial disruption, transmural hemorrhagic necrosis, and an inflammatory infiltrate. By 48 hours, there were areas of normal mucosa, consistent with epithelial restitution, and by one week the LI appeared normal. Correspondingly, LI-IEL were virtually absent at 24 and 48 hours but were restored to normal numbers and phenotype by one week. Interestingly, while the SI appeared histologically normal at 24 hours, there was a paucity of IEL. Phenotypic analysis of SI-IEL at one week showed repopulation by T-cells expressing CD62L, recognizing L-selectin, an adhesion molecule normally not expressed by SI-IEL. These studies indicate that LI-IEL are rapidly restored even after profound epithelial injury. While the mechanism of SI-IEL loss following acute LI injury is uncertain, reappearance of T-cells with a unique phenotype may imply a novel pathway for repopulation. The presence of these cells may alter normal mechanisms of immune homeostasis within the intestine. Funded by NIH Grant DK09332.
Volition and the Function of Consciousness

What are the psychological functions that could only be performed consciously? People have intuitively assumed that many acts of volition are not influenced by unconscious information. These acts range from simple examples such as making a spontaneous motor movement, to higher cognitive control. How ever, the available evidence suggests that under suitable conditions, unconscious information can influence these behaviors and the underlying neural mechanisms. One possibility is that stimuli that are consciously perceived tend to yield strong signals in the brain, which makes us think that consciousness has the function of such strong signals. However, if we could create conditions where the stimuli could yield strong signals but not the conscious experience of perception, perhaps we would find that such stimuli are just as effective in influencing volitional be havior. Future studies that focus on clarifying this issue may tell us what the defining functions of consciousness are.