cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lectin receptors in the cockroach neuromuscular system. I. Distribution among the set of coxal depressor muscles.

Abstract Fluorescent derivatives of plant lectins have been used to determine if there are biochemical differences among the cell surfaces of 6 muscles in the leg of the cockroach innervated in a fixed pattern by two identified motor neurons, Df or Ds. Histochemical analysis of the binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugates of the lectins to frozen sections of muscles has demonstrated that the surfaces of muscles innervated by motor neuron Ds have more α-N-acetylgalactosamine and/or d -galactose than do those of muscles innervated by motor neuron Df. Biochemical analysis of the glycoprotein lectin receptors by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has shown that approximately 10% of them are distributed among the various muscles in a manner that correlates with innervation by Df or Ds. Some of these macromolecules may be responsible for the biochemical differences in the muscle cell surfaces that could be specifically recognized by motor neurons. This intracellular recognition could mediate the reformation of the original innervation pattern during axonal regeneration.
Wedge‐shaped conformation of the dorsolateral aspect of the third tarsal bone in the Thoroughbred racehorse is associated with development of slab fractures in this site

Anecdotal evidence suggested that many cases of third tarsal bone (T3) fracture encountered clinically were associated with an abnormal shape to this bone. The radiographs of 10 normal horses and 10 horses affected with slab fracture of T3 were therefore examined to ascertain if any pre-existent radiological abnormality was present in cases of fracture. Measurement of the maximum and minimum width between the proximal and distal articular surfaces of the dorsolateral aspect of this bone was carried out on a standardised dorso-50 degrees medial-palmarolateral radiographic projection of the tarsus of each horse. To avoid artefacts produced by possible image magnification, ratios of these values were used for comparison between horses. The results showed that wedge shaped conformation of T3, in which the articular surfaces of the bone converge and then diverge again on the dorsolateral aspect, was over-represented in the population of horses sustaining T3 fracture when compared to controls. This information may be important in making judgements on the suitability of horses during prepurchase examination for racing.
Methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice: alterations in μ-opioid receptor

We had previously demonstrated that opioid receptors contribute to the induction and expression of behavioral sensitization induced by repeated daily injection with 2.5 mg/kg of methamphetamine for 7 days. Using the same regimen, the present study investigated the alterations in mu-opioid receptor during the induction (on days 2, 5, and 8) and expression (on days 11 and 21) periods of behavioral sensitization. Radioligand binding revealed that the maximal binding of mu-opioid receptor was not changed on days 2 and 5, but down-regulated on day 8. After cessation of drug treatment, the maximal binding of mu-opioid receptor gradually and time-dependently returned to normal level on day 11 and up-regulated on day 21. In contrast, no changes in delta- and kappa-opioid receptors were detectable on any given day examined. The potency of DAMGO for [(35)S]-GTPgammaS coupling was enhanced on days 2, 5, 11, and 21. Moreover, 1 muM of naltrexone or beta-chlornaltrexamine significantly suppressed the basal [(35)S]-GTPgammaS coupling on days 2, 11, and 21. These findings indicate enhanced responsiveness and elevated constitutive activity of mu-opioid receptor. In summary, our data clearly demonstrate that alterations in mu-opioid receptor are involved in and may contribute to the sensitization to locomotor stimulating effect of methamphetamine.
Viscosity and density values from excitation level response of piezoelectric-excited cantilever sensors

Abstract In this paper, we show for the first time that excitation level of piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever (PEMC) sensors can be used as an experimental variable for determining both density and viscosity of liquids. PEMC of dimensions 3.8 mm × 2.6 mm × 0.287 mm were fabricated, characterized, and used to determine the densities and viscous damping coefficients of water, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% glycerol solutions by resonant frequency responses at applied voltages ranging from 0.01 V to 1 V. The second mode resonant frequency (38.52 kHz in air, 39.02 kHz in vacuum) was used. The resonant frequency decreased with increasing glycerol concentration and applied excitation voltages. The density of the solutions was determined from decrease in resonance frequency and was in good agreement with previously published theory. Dissipative losses due to liquid viscosity were observed in the broadening of the resonant peaks and were characterized by peak shape factor ( Q -value). The viscous damping coefficients determined from the Q -values were used in calculating viscosity. A calibration curve for viscosity determination showed good accuracy of viscosity up to 30% glycerol.
The relationship of the canine acanthomatous epulis to ameloblastoma

This paper compares the microscopic features and clinical behaviour of the acanthomatous epulis in dogs with those of ameloblastoma in human beings. The acanthomatous epulis has similar microscopic features to one histological variant of human ameloblastoma, the acanthomatous ameloblastoma. Moreover, its clinical behaviour is equivalent to that of intraosseous ameloblastoma in human beings, not of the human peripheral (extraosseous) ameloblastoma, as has been suggested. The stroma of acanthomatous epulides varies and does not always resemble periodontal ligament, a feature that in dogs has been used to distinguish them from ameloblastomas. It is concluded that the acanthomatous epulis (1) is an ameloblastoma, (2) arises from the gingival epithelium in some cases, but (3) may also arise intraosseously and then break out of bone. We recommend the term canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma as being appropriate for this lesion.
Dietary fat with reference to the spontaneous appearance and induction of leukemia in mice.

Diets high in fat have been reported to increase the rate of formation of certain types of induced tumors.1, 2, 3, 4 The total number of induced tumors was also increased when threshold amounts of carcinogen were used.4, 5 The induction of some types of tumors has been found, however, to be unaffected by the amount of fat in the diet.2, 4, 5, 6 The external presence of fat at the site of percutaneous application of carcinogen was considered to be at least partially responsible for the accelerating effect in the induction of skin tumors.3, 7, 8, 9 For spontaneous mammary cancer in virgin Dba mice, the total tumor incidence was greater and the time of appearance earlier if the animals were fed a diet containing 12 rather than 3% fat;4 food intake of animals in both groups was approximately isocaloric, although the mice were fed ad libitum. Lavik and Baumann9 positively correlated caloric intake with number of induced skin tumors when animals were fed relatively high and low fat diets. The high fat animals c...
Some Stability and Instability Criteria for Ideal Plane Flows

We investigate stability and instability of steady ideal plane flows for an arbitrary bounded domain. First, we obtain some general criteria for linear and nonlinear stability. Second, we find a sufficient condition for the existence of a growing mode to the linearized equation. Third, we construct a steady flow which is nonlinearly and linearly stable in the L2 norm of vorticity but linearly unstable in the L2 norm of velocity.
Large-scale magnetic field inversions at sector boundaries

[1] During the declining phase of the last solar cycle the Wind spacecraft observed a quasi-recurrent pattern of mismatches between sector boundaries identified in suprathermal electron pitch angle spectrograms and in magnetic field data alone. Intervals of mismatch imply the presence of magnetic fields that are locally inverted or turned back on themselves in a way that is intrinsic to the sector boundary. We analyze eight cases of inversion during nine successive solar rotations in 1994–1995. These range in duration from 15 to 53 hours. In most the inversions are incomplete in a systematic way: Rather than pointing opposite to its true polarity along the Parker spiral, the magnetic field hovers at an orientation more nearly orthogonal to it, always in the sense of decreasing azimuth angle. The inversion pattern is consistent with passage through coronal streamer belt loops, in which the polarity of the two legs of each loop matches the sector structure and where one leg has been released from the Sun through interchange reconnection. There are four possible variations of this pattern, depending on the sense of polarity change across the sector boundary and on whether the leading or trailing leg has been released. The latter determines whether the sector boundary or the local field reversal passes first. Three of the four variations are represented in the eight cases. Plasma parameters in the inversions are typical of the slow wind. While some cases display signatures of interplanetary coronal mass ejections, many do not. Thus the inversions may represent the quiet, quasi-steady end of a spectrum of large-scale transient outflows.
Computer Aided Breast Calcification Auto-detection in Cone Beam Breast CT

ABSTRACT In Cone Beam Breast CT (CBBCT), breast calcifications ha ve higher intensities than the surrounding tissues. Without the superposition of breast structures, the three-dimensional distribution of the calcifications can be revealed. In this research, based on the fact that calcifications have higher contrast, a local thresholding and a histogram thresholding were used to select candidate calcifica tion areas. Six features were extracted fr om each candidate calcification: average foreground CT number value, foreground CT number standard deviation, average background CT number value, background CT number standard deviation, foreground-background contrast, and average edge gradient. To reduce the false positive candidate calcifications, a feed-forward back propagation artificial neural network was designed. The artificial neural network was trained w ith the radiologists confirmed calcifications and used as classifier in the calcification auto-detection task. In the pr eliminary experiments, 90% of the calcifications in the testing data sets were detected correctly with an average of 10 false positives per data set. KEYWORDS: Cone Beam Breast CT, CAD, Calcification Auto-detection
Every composition operator is (mean) asymptotically Toeplitz

Abstract Nazarov and Shapiro recently showed that, while composition operators on the Hardy space H 2 can only trivially be Toeplitz, or even “Toeplitz plus compact,” it is an interesting problem to determine which of them can be “asymptotically Toeplitz.” I show here that if “asymptotically” is interpreted in, for example, the Cesaro ( C , α ) sense ( α > 0 ) , then every composition operator on H 2 becomes asymptotically Toeplitz.
The power of Boolean implication networks

Human diseases have been investigated in the context of single genes as well as complex networks of genes. Though single gene approaches have been extremely successful in the past, most human diseases are complex and better characterized by multiple interacting genes commonly known as networks or pathways. With the advent of high-throughput technologies, a recent trend has been to apply network-based analysis to the huge amount of biological data. Analysis on Boolean implication network is one such technique that distinguishes itself based on its simplicity and robustness. Unlike traditional analyses, Boolean implication networks have the power to break into the mechanistic insights of human diseases. A Boolean implication network is a collection of simple Boolean relationships such as “if A is high then B is low.” So far, Boolean implication networks have been employed not only to discover novel markers of differentiation in both normal and cancer tissues, but also to develop robust treatment decisions for cancer patients. Therefore, analyses based on Boolean implication networks have potential to accelerate discoveries in human diseases, suggest therapeutics, and provide robust risk-adapted clinical strategies.
Biomarker research in neurotoxicology: the role of mechanistic studies to bridge the gap between the laboratory and epidemiological investigations.

There is an increasing interest in the development and validation of biomarkers for use in biochemical/molecular epidemiological studies. Though the area of neurotoxicology has received much attent...
Colicin el in planar lipid bilayers

The channel formed by the C-terminal domain of colicin E1 in planar lipid bilayers has proven to be more complex than one might have guessed for such a simple system. The protein undergoes a pH-dependent rearrangement which transforms it from a water soluble form to a much different membrane bound form. There are at least two bound states which don't form a channel. The process by which the channel opens and closes is regulated by the pH and the transmembrane voltage. The voltage is probably sensed by at least 3 (and more likely 4 or more) lysine residues which must be driven through the field to open the channel. The process appears to be hindered by particular carboxyl groups when they are in the unprotonated state. The open channel has several substates and several superstates. Very large positive voltage catalyzes a transition of the open channel to an inactivated state, and may be able to drive the channel-forming region of the protein across the membrane. Little is known about the structure of any of these states, but the open channel is large enough to allow NAD to traverse the membrane and appears to be formed by one colicin molecule. This single polypeptide mimics many of the properties found in channels of mammalian cell membranes, but it may prove more relevant as a model for the transport of proteins across membranes. The comparative ease with which the protein can be manipulated chemically and genetically, along with the complexity of its behavior, promises to keep several laboratories busy for some time.
The psychometric structure of the Wechsler memory scale in comparison to the WAIS‐R in a low‐IQ clinical population

The psychometric structure of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) and its relationship to the revised Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R) were studied in an outpatient population of 103 individuals with low Full Scale IQ scores (M = 71). We found that the age correction of the WMS scores gave memory quotients (WMQ) equivalent to WAIS-R FSIQ scores, but our findings also raised problems of interpretation. If the usual rule of thumb of a 12-point discrepancy between the MQ and the FSIQ were applied, the WMS might be relatively insensitive to memory impairment in this low-IQ clinical population, in which more numerous cases of impairment could be expected. Principal components analysis of the WMS raw scores and three WAIS-R scores included as reference variables yielded five orthogonal factors: Attention/Concentration; Visual Reproductions; New Verbal Learning; Well-learned Semantic Knowledge; and Intelligence. We argue that raw scores on the WMS should be reported to optimize possible diagnostic specificity and to align the WMS with experimental and clinical research in various types of memory functioning and impairment.
A Novel Multilineage Cell-Surface Antigen Expressed on Terminally Differentiated Chicken B Cells in Mucosal Tissues

A murine monoclonal antibody, 5M19, produced to a cell line transformed by an avian myeloblastosis virus, detects an antigen, designated chL5, that is expressed on multiple lineages of hematopoietic cells from noninfected chickens. Immunochemical analysis demonstrated the chL5 antigen to be a homodimer of two disulfide-bonded chains each having an apparent molecular weight of 128,000. The highest level of expression was found on myelomonocytic cells, including granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, as well as on activated T lymphocytes and plasma cells in mucosal tissues. A low level of chL5 expression is detectable on T lymphocytes in the thymus and peripheral tissues of juvenile chickens, and mitogen activation of T lymphocytes results in a twofold increase in antigen expression. By Day 15 of embryonic development chL5 is expressed by a small population (12%) of yolk sac cells and by the majority of mononuclear cells in the thymus, bone marrow, and spleen. Also, chL5+ cells populate the embryonic bursa of Fabricius before the appearance of IgM+ B lymphocytes. A novel characteristic of this antigen is its expression on about 50% of plasma cells in the mucosal tissues of the Harderian gland and cecal tonsils while present on only 3-11% of circulating B cells and less than 2% of splenic plasma cells. Immature B lymphocytes are negative for chL5 expression. Mitogen-induced activation and differentiation of peripheral B cells does not alter the percentage of chL5+ B cells. This antigen, therefore, is a useful marker for the analysis of terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes. The cell distribution of chL5 and the correlation of expression with cell aggregation in vitro suggests that the antigen may be involved in cell adhesion.
Future roles for FoxM1 inhibitors in cancer treatments

Targeting tumor cells based on their high levels of proliferation has long been an important component of cancer treatment. Historically, oncologists have capitalized on the difference in proliferation rates of normal and tumor cells by treating patients with chemicals that damage replicating DNA and or the proteins that segregate the chromosomes of proliferating cells, thus preferentially killing tumor cells. Knowledge regarding the proteins in cells that regulate the steps of the cell cycle and the proteins that regulate these regulators has now increased. Forkhead box (Fox)M1 is a nuclear protein that turns on the expression of a long list of proteins and enzymes required for mitosis and cytokinesis, and is an example of a master cell-cycle regulator [1]. Since rapid traverse of the cell cycle is an important characteristic of at least some cells of almost all malignant tumors, it would suggest that tumor cells must produce large amounts of FoxM1 or find a way to proliferate without it. Apparently the former mode is favored as FoxM1 enrichment is one of the most consistent tumor markers among solid tumors derived from prostate, breast, lung, ovary, colon, pancreas, stomach, bladder, liver and kidney [2]. This would suggest that an alternative approach to cancer chemotherapy would be to inhibit FoxM1, a master regulator of the cell cycle.
Intragenic Suppressors of Mutant DNA Topoisomerase I-induced Lethality Diminish Enzyme Binding of DNA

Eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I (Top1p) catalyzes changes in DNA topology and is the cellular target of the antitumor drug camptothecin (Cpt). Mutation of several conserved residues in yeast top1 mutants is sufficient to induce cell lethality in the absence of camptothecin. Despite tremendous differences in catalytic activity, the mutant proteins Top1T722Ap and Top1R517Gp cause cell death via a mechanism similar to that of Cpt, i.e. stabilization of the covalent enzyme-DNA intermediate. To establish the interdomainal interactions required for the catalytic activity of Top1p and how alterations in enzyme structure contribute to the cytotoxic activity of Cpt or specific DNA topoisomerase I mutants, we initiated a genetic screen for intragenic suppressors of the top1T722A-lethal phenotype. Nine single amino acid substitutions were defined that map to the conserved central and C-terminal domains of Top1p as well as the nonconserved linker domain of the protein. All reduced the catalytic activity of the enzyme over 100-fold. However, detailed biochemical analyses of three suppressors, top1C273Y,T722A, top1G295V,T722A, and top1G369D,T722A, revealed this was accomplished via a mechanism of reduced affinity for the DNA substrate. The mechanistic implications of these results are discussed in the context of the known structures of yeast and human DNA topoisomerase I.
A Role for Cadherin-5 in Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 Activity in Endothelial Cells

FLK-1/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) is one of the receptors for VEGF. In this study we examined the effect of cell density on activation of VEGFR-2. VEGF induces only very...
Why Are "Bad Boys" always Black?: Causes of Disproportionality in School Discipline and Recommendations for Change

(2005). Why Are 'Bad Boys' always Black?: Causes of Disproportionality in School Discipline and Recommendations for Change. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 45-50.
A Comparison of an Individually Tailored and a Standardized Asthma Self-Management Education

Abstract Background: Asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the United States and can be life-threatening. There are a rising number of adults with asthma that cannot be prevented or cured but may be controlled. Selfmanagement education is essential for long-term asthma control; however, the most effective type of education is unknown. Purpose: The study examined and compared effects of an individually tailored (n = 44) and a standardized (n = 44) asthma self-management program on adult asthma control. The individually tailored education utilized an andragogical framework. Methods: A comparative, pretest-posttest design was used. Education curricula were based on National Asthma Education Prevention Program guidelines. Asthma Control Test (ACT) and Peak Expiratory Flow readings were pre and post-test measures. Independent t-test, chi-square, and repeated measure general linear model compared groups. Results: A significant difference in ACT scores between pre and post-test (F = 4.43, p = 0...
Optimal management of patients with ischemic heart disease for noncardiac surgery by complementary anesthesiologist and cardiologist interaction

Patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) constitute a considerable percentage of those undergoing anesthesia and surgery in our population. These patients comprise the spectrum from occult coronary artery disease (CAD) to severe disabling angina pectoris with little cardiac reserve. Often, at the time of noncardiac surgery, a diagnosis of the specific type or exact extent of cardiac disease is not available. Frequently, these patients have many associated disorders including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and/or congestive heart failure (CHF). Much has been reported concerning patients undergoing surgical myocardial revascularization (CABG) and their requirements for careful preoperative evaluation, perioperative monitoring, and postoperative intensive care.’ However, the patient for noncardiac surgery is often older and much sicker with diffuse inoperable CAD. Since the IHD patient undergoing noncardiac surgery does not receive the benefit of CABG, such perioperative care is critical to reduce morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, there may often be insufficient communication between the patient’s cardiologist and anesthesiologist. A principal objective of this presentation is to provide improved understanding of the anesthesiologist’s role throughout the perioperative period, for the cardiologist to gain enhanced insight into the information needed by the anesthesiologist, and the manner by which the patient is managed. To more clearly demonstrate the interaction between the two specialists, an exemplifying clinical
Development of a measure of barriers to HIV testing among individuals at high risk.

Rates of HIV antibody testing remain at approximately 45% of the general population. To more effectively design interventions to increase testing, comprehensive information is needed to understand the barriers to HIV testing. A measure of barriers to HIV testing was developed using the major barriers identified in the literature on barriers to health care utilization (Melnyk, 1988), and tested with a diverse group of individuals at high risk for HIV, including heterosexuals, men who have sex with men, injected drug users, and sex workers. An exploratory factor analysis indicated that the factor structure was replicated over 2 years of data collection. Three factors—Structural Barriers, Fatalism/Confidentiality Concerns ,a ndFear—emerged for both years. The reliabilities ranged from .75 to .87, indicating moderate to high internal consistency. Health providers and public health organizations are consistently striving to increase the rate of HIV antibody testing for the general population, especially among those at high risk. Although people may believe there are several benefits associated with HIV testing (Rotheram-Borus et al., 2001), rates of HIV testing among the general population remain at approximately 43.8% to 45.6% in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.], 2001a, 2003). A population-based survey of Canadians reported that approximately 34.9% of the population has been tested for HIV (Houston, Archibald, Strike, & Sutherland, 1998). One study found that even though individuals intended to be tested, when presented with the opportunity they declined (Wilson, Jaccard, & Minkoff, 1996). The purpose of the current study is to present a new measure of barriers to HIV testing that has been tested with a diverse group of individuals at high risk, including heterosexuals, men who have sex with men (MSM), injection drug users (IDUs), and sex workers. Although overall rates of testing are at approximately 45% (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention., 2001a, 2003), rates also vary based on several group characteristics. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1995 to 1996 suggest that as a whole, 76% of individuals at high risk had been tested for HIV, with 68% of heterosexuals, 79% of MSM, and 82% of IDUs reporting testing, including testing through blood donation (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1998).
The Ras and protein kinase C signaling pathways are functionally antagonistic in GH4 neuroendocrine cells

Oncogenic Ras appears to act via protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent and PKC-independent pathways. In several systems, oncogenic Ras cooperates with c-Jun to activate gene transcription from promoters containing an AP-1 site by augmenting phosphorylation of the transcriptional activation domain of c-Jun. We have previously shown that oncogenic valine 12 Ras and PKA each separately activate the rat PRL (rPRL) promoter but together are mutually antagonistic. The goal of this study was to determine whether oncogenic Ras acts through PKC and c-Jun to activate transcription of an rPRL-luciferase reporter construct transiently transfected into GH4 rat pituitary cells. Our results show that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA) activates rPRL promoter activity through PKC, and that TPA activation of PKC diminishes the Ras response in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, inhibition of PKC with staurosporine does not block the oncogenic Ras effect. Similarly, rPRL promoter activity in GH4 cells expressing oncogenic Ras fails to respond to TPA activation of PKC. Finally, cotransfection of a c-Jun expression vector results in inhibition of basal, TPA, and oncogenic Ras-stimulated activity of the rPRL promoter. Thus, we show that the mechanism of Ras signaling does not involve PKC, and that PKC does not signal via Ras. Taken together, these results verify that the Ras and PKC signaling pathways are separate and mutually antagonistic, and that c-Jun is not the nuclear mediator of either the Ras or PKC signal. These findings emphasize the possibility that the roles and/or functions of specific components in signaling pathways may be different in distinct cell types.
Responsiveness of 6 to 14 generations of birds to dietary dieldrin toxicity.

Abstract The lethal dietary toxicity of dieldrin was estimated repeatedly during 8 years of testing young bobwhites ( Colinus virginianus ), Japanese quail ( Coturnix c. japonica ), ring-necked pheasants ( Phasianus colchicus ), and mallards ( Anas platyrhynchos ). Toxicities, quantified as 8-day LC50 values (5 days on toxic diet, followed by 3 days of untreated feed), were estimated at least 18 times per species. Average dietary LC50 values (ppm) and their 95% confidence limits for 14-day-old quail and 10-day-old pheasants and mallards were: bobwhite, 38 (34–42); Japanese quail, 61 (58–64); ring-necked pheasant, 56 (53–59); and mallard, 179 (163–195). No time-related changes were detected in LC50 values for any of the species.
Catalase as a source of both X- and V-factor for Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus influenzae requires two growth factors, designated factor X (porphyrin) and factor V (NAD). Mammalian catalases contain both bound heme and NADPH. This study shows that catalase can supply both factors X and V to H. influenzae in vitro, thus representing a potential in vivo source of these essential growth factors.
The trematode family Bucephalidae-problems of morphology, development, and systematics: description of Rudolphinus Gen. Nov.

A survey of published descriptions of bucephalid trematodes provides bits of information on definitive and intermediate hosts, life histories, developmental stages and systematic relations. Adults live in the digestive tracts of marine and freshwater fishes; miracidial larvae emerge from the eggs and enter bivalve mollusks, where they give rise to branched sporocysts in which fork-tailed larvae are produced. These larvae, described by von Baer (1827), invade small fishes, where they encyst; when ingested by definitive hosts, they become sexually mature, completing the cycle. Although outlines of the life history are clear, correlation between larval and adult stages is known for only two marine and four freshwater species. Lack of information on successive stages of particular species has led to confusion in systematic and taxonomic determinations. The relative significance of different morphological and developmental features, especially of the excretory system, is controversial. A new genus, Rudolphinus, is erected to contain Prosorhynchus crucibulum (Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner, 1905, since the species is not congeneric with Prosorhynchus squamatus Odhner, 1905, type of the genus.
Esophageal Leiomyoma: A 40-Year Experience

Background Esophageal leiomyomas, although infrequent, are the most common benign intramural tumors of the esophagus. They represent 10% of all gastrointestinal leiomyomas and frequently cause symptoms, necessitating resection. Methods The Massachusetts General Hospital Pathologic Database was reviewed over a 40-year period for patients who underwent surgical resection of esophageal leiomyomas. Data analyzed included demographic information, presenting symptoms, tumor location, tumor characteristics and histology, diagnostic procedures, and treatment modalities/outcomes. Fifty-three patients were identified; 31 patients were symptomatic from their leiomyomas. Results Symptomatic patients presented at a mean age of 44 years old and exhibited a twofold male predominance. Mean tumor diameter among symptomatic patients was 5.3 cm, as compared to 1.5 cm in asymptomatic patients (p Conclusions In a large pathologic series, over half of all patients with esophageal leiomyomas were symptomatic. Larger tumors were significantly more likely to be symptomatic. Local enucleation by a variety of surgical approaches was accomplished in most patients. All symptomatic patients had relief of symptoms, with no perioperative morbidity or mortality. There was no observed tendency for malignant transformation or recurrence.
Visual event-related brain potentials in 4-month-old infants at risk for neurodevelopmental impairments

The recording of event-related potentials (ERPs) is an electrophysiologic technique that has been used to evaluate the functional maturation of neural pathways responsible for recognition memory systems in infants and children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ERP correlates of visual recognition memory in 4-month-old infants at risk for later cognitive impairments. We compared ERPs using a test of shape recognition at 4 months of age (adjusted for prematurity) in 16 high-risk, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) survivors and 16 healthy full-term infants. ERPs were recorded while infants were familiarized with one stimulus (a red cross, 15 trials), then tested with 60 trials of this familiar stimulus and a novel stimulus (a red corkscrew). Both the NICU and control groups' ERPs demonstrated evidence of differential processing of the two stimuli, but the NICU groups' ERP patterns were distinctly different from those of the control group. In the NICU group, the novel stimulus elicited parietal positivity at 1000-1700 ms poststimulus, whereas in the control group the novel stimulus elicited occipital and frontal negativity at 500-1700 ms poststimulus. The ERP pattern demonstrated by the NICU group was atypical as it has not been previously described in healthy infants. The results of the study indicate that the ERP technique can be used to demonstrate altered patterns of neural activity during tasks of visual recognition memory in high-risk infants. We speculate that the atypical ERP patterns described in this study may indicate that patterns of synaptic organization were altered by neonatal events.
Amenable transformation semigroups

For any set X denote by m ( X ) the Banach space of all bounded real-valued functions on X , equipped with the supremum norm, and denote by ( X ) the semigroup (under functional composition) of all transformations of X , i.e. mappings with domain X and range contained in X . A pair ( X, S ), where S is a subsernigroup of ( X ), will be called a transformation semigroup. Important examples are obtained by letting X be the underlying set in an abstract semigroup and considering the pairs ( X, S 1 ) and ( X , S 2 ), where S 1 [Sn] denotes the set of left [right] multiplication mappings of X . We shall call transformation semigroups in these classes of examples l-[r-] semigroups.
OA12.03. Integrative medicine at academic health centers: a survey of clinicians' educational backgrounds and practices

Background and objectives Integrative medicine is a relatively new field that seeks to combine conventional and nonconventional approaches to patient care. Many academic health centers have now established integrative medicine clinics, yet little is known about the clinicians who practice at them. We used a nationwide survey to characterize the backgrounds, clinical practices, and involvement in research and education of clinicians who practice integrative medicine at academic health centers. Methods Participants included clinicians (MDs, DOs, PAs, and nurse practitioners) who practice at 30 different integrative medicine clinics that are affiliated with academic health centers. Results Completed surveys from 136 of 162 clinicians were received (84% response rate). The integrative therapies that clinicians most often reported providing themselves were breathing exercises (66%), herbal medicine prescribing (61%), meditation (44%), and functional medicine (34%). The integrative therapies that clinicians most often referred their patients for were acupuncture (96%), massage (92%), yoga (85%), and meditation (79%). Respondents reported spending a mean of 20% of their time training medical students, and 63% had participated in research in the past year. Conclusions This survey provides the first national assessment of clinicians practicing integrative medicine at academic health centers. These clinicians use a wide variety of complementary and alternative therapies and appear involved in the research and education missions of their academic health centers.
Statins and cardiovascular diseases: the multiple effects of lipid-lowering therapy by statins

Cholesterol lowering involving different therapies improves the clinical outcome of patients. To define the underlying pathomechanism, we studied whether treatment with statins was associated with changes in blood thrombogenicity, endothelial dysfunction and soluble adhesion molecule levels. Fifty hypercholesterolemic patients were treated with pravastatin (40 mg/day, n=24) or simvastatin (20 mg/day, n=26). Lipid profile and blood thrombogenicity were assessed in all patients before and after 3 months of cholesterol reducing therapy. Blood thrombogenicity was assessed as thrombus formation, perfusing non-anticoagulated blood directly from the patients' vein through the Badimon perfusion chamber (shear rate 1690/s). Endothelial-dependent vasomotor response was tested by laser-Doppler flowmeter. Soluble adhesion molecule level were measured by ELISA. Total and LDL cholesterol were reduced in the two treatment groups by statin therapy. Statin therapy was associated with a significant reduction in blood thrombogenicity and endothelium-dependent vasoresponse. No differences were observed between simvastatin or pravastatin treatment. Lipid lowering by statins had no effect on plasma levels of fibrinogen, sL-selectin, sP-selectin and sICAM-1 antigen. Cholesterol lowering by both statins reduced the increased blood reactivity and endothelial dysfunction present under hypercholesterolemia. The multiple effects of lipid lowering therapy by statins may explain the benefits observed in recent epidemiological trials.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF FUCHSIN BODIES, WITH SPECIAL STAINING TECHNIQUE.

In summarizing the results of this work I feel justified in drawing the following conclusions: 1. The fuchsin body represents a type of body subject to wide variations in morphology and in staining reaction. 2. Though more frequently associated with plasma cells than with any other cell type, these bodies may and do occur in a great variety of cells. 3. Further, certain sections show unmistakable fuchsin bodies within blood vessels; some of these bodies are true hyaline thrombi, while others are due to autolytic changes in the red blood corpuscles. 4. Fuchsin bodies are most numerous in granulation tissue and lymphoid areas. In the former, they follow closely the distribution of capillaries and show a parallel with the changes in the extra- and intravascular red blood corpuscles. 5. The number and type of fuchsin bodies in tissues can be influenced by methods of fixation, the number of typical bodies being inversely proportional to the rapidity and degree of fixation of the red blood cells. 6. The type of body found after the best fixation is not, as a rule, what is considered the typical form, but an irregular fragmentary type or the fuchsinophilic granular form. 7. The identity in staining reaction, the constant association with changes in red blood corpuscles, the relation to distribution of capillaries in granulation tissues, the occurrence in hemorrhagic lesions associated with pigment, the intravascular occurrence, and, finally, the close relation to pigment deposits, all indicate conclusively that fuchsin bodies arise from red blood corpuscles. 8. No theory of origin from plasma cells, or other granular cells, offers an adequate explanation for the origin of fuchsin bodies, nor can any theory prove adequate which does not take into account the red blood corpuscles. 9. The peculiar association of plasma cells with fuchsin bodies and hemosiderin seems explainable on the assumption that the plasma cell in such instances is the active factor in a metabolic process, the fuchsin body representing a stage in the metabolism of hemoglobin by an intracellular enzyme, and hemosiderin, one of the products of the process.
Nonmissile penetrating spinal injury: Case report and review of the literature

Nonmissile penetrating spinal injuries (NMPSIs) are rare, even among the population of patients treated in large trauma centers. Patients who present with retained foreign body fragments due to stabbings represent an even smaller subset of NMPSI, and their optimal management is unclear. The authors report the case of a 42-year-old man who presented to the University of California at Davis Medical Center with a retained knife blade after suffering a stab wound to the lower thoracic spine. They discuss this case in the context of a literature review and propose management options for patients with NMPSIs in whom fragments are retained. A search of PubMed was undertaken for articles published between 1950 and 2006; the authors found 21 case reports and eight case series in the English-language literature but discovered no published guidelines on the management of cases of NMPSI with retained fragments. After clinicians undertake appropriate initial trauma evaluation and resuscitation, they should obtain plain x-ray films and computerized tomography scans to delineate the anatomical details of the retained foreign body in relation to the stab wound. Neurosurgical consultation should be undertaken in all patients with an NMPSI, whether or not foreign body fragments are present. Surgical removal of a retained foreign body is generally recommended in these patients because the fragments may lead to a worse neurological outcome. Perioperative antibiotic therapy may be beneficial, but the result depends on the nature of the penetrating agent. There is no documentation in the literature to support the use of steroid agents in patients with NMPSIs.
Reduced order modeling of power electronics cabinet with double-sided cooling

Thermal control of power electronics cabinets requires thermal characterization under multiple length scales and transport modes. Detailed numerical calculations or measurements are often time consuming or simply unfeasible. An efficient multiscale thermal modeling methodology is proposed for electronic cabinets with hybrid liquid, forced air convection, and thermoelectric cooling. Compact models are developed for complex components such as air-cooled heat sinks, thermoelectric coolers, microchannel coolers, and liquid-to-air heat exchangers. These models are validated through detailed simulations or experimental measurements and utilized in system level simulation subsequently. Reduced order modeling based Proper orthogonal decomposition is used to model the full system. A combination of compact modeling at the component level and reduced order modeling at system level is achieved. Performance and limitations of this approach are addressed.
Habitability, Taphonomy, and the Search for Organic Carbon on Mars

[Curiosity special section][1] The quest for extraterrestrial life is an old and inevitable ambition of modern science. In its practical implementation, the core challenge is to reduce this grand vision into bite-sized pieces of research. In the search for organic remnants of past life, it is
Spatial-resolution enhancement in micro-CT

We propose a new strategy to improve sampling density and image resolution in micro-CT without changing hardware and without sacrificing the size of the allowable maximum field of view (FOV). Such a strategy is achieved by use of the asymmetric scanning configurations in which the center of rotation is moved to an off-center position and a reconstruction algorithm specifically developed for such configurations. We conducted numerical studies to validate and evaluate the proposed strategy, and quantitative results in these studies confirm that the proposed configurations and algorithm can significantly improve spatial resolution properties in micro-CT.
Why Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases is a broad discipline that is almost unique in contemporary medicine with its ability to cure and prevent disease, to identify specific disease causes (microbes), and to deal with diverse, sometimes massive outbreaks. The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. Infectious disease careers have great personal rewards to the practitioner based on these observations. It is unfortunate that we have been so effective in our work, but relatively ineffective in convincing the healthcare system of this value.
An Integrated Model of Human Motion Perception with Visual-Vestibular Interaction

The authors conducted a study, the purpose of which was to develop a model of human motion perception that includes both visual and vestibular sensation and incorporates the interaction between the two stimuli. The model includes the effects of visually induced self-motion, normally referred to as vection. The general characteristics of visually induced selfmotion in the absence of confirming vestibular stimuli as supported in the literature is summarized. Several experiments are also described that quantify the latency of the onset of vection. The authors reviewed existing models that characterize the visual-vestibular interaction. It was revealed that a simple linear summation of the cues failed to predict the perceived response, suggesting that each cue must be weighted based on the amount of inter-cue conflict. It was also suggested that the visual estimate of self-motion is an optokinetic influence that is formed by filtering the difference between the cues through a first-order low-pass filter. A visual-vestibu lar interaction model for rotational motion is proposed. The model incorporates mathematical models of the semicircular canals and visual sensory dynamics. The model also includes a conflict signal estimator that controls the optokinetic influence gain. This conflict estimator also models the latency to onset of vection. A model for translational motion is also proposed, incorporating a mathematical model of the otolith dynamics. Model responses with either separate visual or vestibular cues and responses to confirming cues are examined.
Simple method for determining the fast axis of a wave plate

Based on the metals property of modifying the phase of an incident beam, a simple method for identifying the fast axis of a wave plate independent of a standard retarder is demonstrated. © 2002 Society
Reduced renal responses to nitric oxide synthase inhibition in mice lacking the gene for gp91phox subunit of NAD(P)H oxidase.

Both short-term and long-term nitric oxide (NO) blockade were shown to cause an increase in O2− activity. To assess the contribution of such enhanced O2− activity in the kidney, responses to admini...
Challenging children in kin versus nonkin foster care: perceived costs and benefits to caregivers

This study uses social exchange theory as a framework for examining 102 kin and 157 nonkin foster parents' perceptions of their foster children, their relationships with them, and their own functioning. The authors argue that these perceptions reflect perceived costs and benefits of parenting these children, which may influence their investment in them. All children in the study were referred to Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for treatment of the children's behavior problems, participating with their foster parents. Analyses showed that nonkin caregivers rated their foster children's behavior problems as significantly more severe than kin caregivers but rated themselves as significantly less stressed. Analyses predicting early treatment termination showed that kin caregivers were more likely than nonkin caregivers to complete the course of treatment in PCIT, particularly if they reported elevated levels of parental distress. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for foster children's placement stability and long-term success.
Circumpolar Science: Scandinavian Approaches to the Arctic and the North Atlantic, ca. 1920 to 1960

ArgumentThe Scandinavian countries share a solid reputation as longstanding contributors to top level Arctic research. This received view, however, veils some deep-seated contrasts in the ways that ...