cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal and Hepatic Function Improve in Advanced Heart Failure Patients During Continuous-Flow Support With the HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assist Device

Background— The effects of continuous blood flow and reduced pulsatility on major organ function have not been studied in detail. Methods and Results— We evaluated renal (creatinine and blood urea nitrogen) and hepatic (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and total bilirubin) function in 309 (235 male, 74 female) advanced heart failure patients who had been supported with the HeartMate II continuous-flow left ventricular assist device for bridge to transplantation. To determine whether patients with impaired renal and hepatic function improve over time with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device support or whether there are any detrimental effects in patients with normal organ function, we divided patients into those with above-normal and normal laboratory values before implantation and measured blood chemistry over time during left ventricular assist device support. There were significant improvements over 6 months in all parameters in the above-normal groups, with values in the normal ...
Indeterminacy with no-income-effect preferences and sector-specific externalities

Abstract We examine a two-sector real business cycle (RBC) model with sector-specific externalities in which household utility exhibits no income effect on the demand for leisure. Unlike in the one-sector counterpart, indeterminacy can result with sufficiently high returns-to-scale in the investment sector. Moreover, the smaller the labor supply elasticity, the lower the level of externalities needed for indeterminacy. This finding is the opposite of that in all existing RBC-based indeterminacy studies. Finally, in contrast to previous sunspot-driven two-sector RBC models, our economy is able to match the stylized facts that sectoral labor inputs are positively correlated and consumption is procyclical.
Higher-order interrelations between seismogenic structures and earthquake processes

Abstract Aki, K., 1992. Higher-order interrelations between seismogenic structures and earthquake processes. In: T. Mikumo, K. Aki, M. Ohnaka, L.J. Ruff and P.K.P. Spudich (Guest-Editors), Earthquake Source Physics and Earthquake Precursors. Tectonophysics, 211: 1–12. To advance our understanding of higher-order (smaller-scale) interrelations between the fault zone structure and the earthquake process we start with the observation that the source parameters of major California earthquakes deviate systematically from the self-similarity. This departure from the self-similarity is interpreted in terms of both the specific barrier model and the asperity model. The asperity model, however, is found to be inconsistent with the following observations: (1) sharp impulsive displacements waveform in the direction perpendicular to the fault trace; (2) the complementary relationship between fault slip and aftershock; and (3) existence of barriers in the creeping segment of the San Andreas fault. The application of the specific barrier model, on the other hand, leads to a predominant subevent crack size of a few hundred meters in the creeping segment. This result is consistent with the negative correlation between coda Q−1 and b-value observed in the Stone Canyon area for 1.5 3. Temporal increase in coda Q−1 is sometimes accompanied by an increase in the rate of surface deformation, but not always so. This is attributed to the erratic coupling between the creeping brittle region and the overlying brittle region. The applicability of the conclusions obtained from California earthquakes to other regions is investigated using the observed scaling laws of seismic source spectra, and it is suggested that the crack size of the creeping brittle zone may vary regionally from a few hundred meters to a few kilometers. As an alternative to the widely held view that the aseismic creep in the plate boundary may occur as a giant slow earthquake, our result suggests that it may be occurring as small fractures with scale lengths from a few hundred meters to a few kilometers.
Effect of epinephrine on fibrinogen receptor exposure by aspirin‐treated platelets and platelets from concentrates in response to ADP and thrombin

Synergistic effects between agonists on platelet aggregation have long been appreciated. Recently epinephrine was reported to induce maximal aggregation of aspirin-treated platelets when combined with ADP or thrombin, and to increase fibrinogen binding of non-aspirin treated platelets stimulated with low doses of ADP. The present study extends these observations to correlate fibrinogen binding in response to various combinations of ADP, epinephrine, and thrombin with platelet aggregation and 14C-serotonin release using aspirin-treated platelets as well as platelets from stored concentrates. When fresh platelets were stimulated with epinephrine (5 microM) together with either ADP (10 microM) or thrombin (150 mU/ml), fibrinogen binding increased by 180% compared to binding observed in response to ADP or thrombin alone. This was accompanied by enhanced platelet aggregation, but no increase in 14C-serotonin release. While both ADP and epinephrine potentiated the aggregation and fibrinogen binding of stored platelets in response to high doses of thrombin (150 mU/ml), maximal aggregation was achieved only with thrombin (150 mU/ml) and epinephrine (5 microM) in combination. The data thus suggest that 1) epinephrine induces maximal aggregation of aspirin-treated platelets stimulated with thrombin or ADP by significantly enhancing fibrinogen receptor exposure independently of the cyclooxygenase-mediated release reaction; 2) epinephrine stimulates platelets by a mechanism different from that of thrombin or ADP; and 3) as demonstrated by others, the ability of platelets from stored concentrates to aggregate and to bind fibrinogen in response to ADP can be enhanced by epinephrine, and, in addition, these platelets can aggregate and bind fibrinogen maximally when stimulated with combinations of epinephrine and thrombin.
Connections between integrins and Rac GTPase pathways control gonad formation and function in C. elegans

Abstract The integrins are a family of αβ heterodimeric transmembrane receptors that link extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to the cytoskeleton and orchestrate cell behaviors. It's been suggested that integrins interact with Rho family small GTPases, such as Rho and Rac. We took advantage of a C. elegans nematode line expressing HA-βtail, a β integrin transgene inhibiting the functions of endogenous integrins, to determine the combined effects of reducing PAT-3 β integrin and Rac pathway activities. Double mutants of HA-βtail and unc-73 , a guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF for MIG-2/Rac, had body wall and vulval muscle abnormalities. On the other hand, HA-βtail combined with mutant CED-5, another Rac interacting protein, showed ovulation defects and sterility. RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) of pat-3 on Rac mutant backgrounds also affected gonad structure and function. These results show a functional link between integrins and Rac signaling in muscles and gonads. Furthermore, data showing distinct phenotypes of HA-βtail with unc-73 versus ced-5 suggest some tissue-specificity in the usage of Rac signaling pathways.
Site-selective spectroscopy of the solid-state defect chemistry in erbium-doped barium titanate.

Erbium-doped barium titanate crystals were studied by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. Thirteen spectroscopically distinct erbium ion sites were found. The relative concentrations of the di...
Electrochemistry of mammalian cytochrome P450 2B4 indicates tunable thermodynamic parameters in surfactant films.

Abstract Electrochemical methods continue to present an attractive means for achieving in vitro biocatalysis with cytochromes P450; however understanding fully the nature of electrode-bound P450 remains elusive. Herein we report thermodynamic parameters using electrochemical analysis of full-length mammalian microsomal cytochrome P450 2B4 (CYP 2B4) in didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) surfactant films. Electronic absorption spectra of CYP 2B4–DDAB films on silica slides reveal an absorption maximum at 418 nm, characteristic of low-spin, six-coordinate, water-ligated Fe III heme in P450. The Fe III/II and Fe II/I redox couples (E 1/2 ) of substrate-free CYP 2B4 measured by cyclic voltammetry are − 0.23 V and − 1.02 V (vs. SCE, or 14 mV and − 776 mV vs. NHE) at 21 °C. The standard heterogeneous rate constant for electron transfer from the electrode to the heme for the Fe III/II couple was estimated at 170 s − 1 . Experiments indicate that the system is capable of catalytic reduction of dioxygen, however substrate oxidation was not observed. From the variation of E 1/2 with temperature (18–40 °C), we have measured entropy and enthalpy changes that accompany heme reduction, − 151 J mol − 1 K − 1 and − 46 kJ mol − 1 , respectfully. The corresponding entropy and enthalpy values are less for the six-coordinate low-spin, imidazole-ligated enzyme (− 59 J mol − 1 K − 1 and − 18 kJ mol − 1 ), consistent with limited conformational changes upon reduction. These thermodynamic parameters are comparable to those measured for bacterial P450 from Bacillus megaterium (CYP BM3), confirming our prior reports that the surfactant environment exerts a strong influence on the redox properties of the heme.
Balancing between stiff and soft: a life-saving compromise for lung epithelium in lung injury

mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix play a much more important role in cell differentiation ([3][1]) or responses of differentiated cells to various injurious insults ([1][2], [6][3]) than was previously thought. Cells can sense the stiffness of surrounding matrix and respond to
Approche conservatrice et fonctionnelle dans les sarcomes des tissus mous des membres : place de la radiothérapie

Resume Depuis les recentes revues nationales dont le numero special de Cancer Radiotherapie [24] et la reactualisation des standards options recommandations (SOR) [41], la place de la radiotherapie dans le traitement local conservateur se precise. L'association radiochirurgicale ameliore le controle local et permet un traitement conservateur ; la qualite de l'exerese chirurgicale est determinante pour le controle local et le resultat fonctionnel. L'objectif de cette presentation est de faire une mise au point sur les aspects de la radiotherapie (volume, sequence therapeutique, dose par fraction et dose totale) qui influencent a la fois le controle local mais aussi le resultat fonctionnel de ces traitements conjugues. L'evaluation des complications tardives est decrite en utilisant la classification Lent–Soma (Analytic-Late Effects of Normal Tissues Subjective-Objective-Management). Parmi les complications tardives, les sequelles neurologiques dependent de la dose totale de radiotherapie et ont une frequence probablement sous-estimee.
QBO and ENSO variability in temperature and ozone from SHADOZ, 1998–2005

[1] Temperature and ozone profiles from SHADOZ (1998–2005) radiosonde and ozonesonde profiles are analyzed. Data from four representative stations are used to investigate regional differences as well as QBO and ENSO influences on vertically fine structure. Principal components of the ozone profile time series at Kuala Lumpur (101°E, 3°N) are adopted as a stratospheric QBO index to study tropospheric temperature and ozone signatures associated with the QBO. A downward propagating QBO ozone signal extends to the mid-troposphere where the phase analysis of the temperature anomalies implies that the driving force is a zonal mean overturning circulation associated with thermal wind adjustment. The maximum tropospheric ozone anomalies associated with the QBO are ≈8 ppbv, about 10–20% that of typical tropical tropospheric ozone values, and differ in phase at the four sites. Temperature and ozone fields, linearly regressed against the QBO index, suggest that dynamical processes, including horizontal transport, play an important role in the observed tropospheric ozone anomalies. Temperature profiles, regressed against the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), reveal anomalously cool, but also wavy lower stratospheric temperature anomalies over Kuala Lumpur and Nairobi (37°E, 1°S). Tropospheric ozone profiles associated with the SOI show a statistically significant signal that is consistent with anomalous vertical motions that are known to occur during ENSO, but also exhibit fluctuations at a 40–50 day time scale.
symbol and meaning in Nayar marriage ritual

This paper examines the three ceremonies of the Nayar marriage complex—talikettukalyanam, tirandukalyanam, and the ceremony beginning a sambandham relationship—as rituals consisting of indigenously meaningful symbols. These rituals are shown to have significantly different yet comparable focuses, based on their treatment of persons of each gender and of the prestige and social connections of tayavads. The symbolic representation of the taravad as a house-and-land unit is found to be a unifying theme.
Wall pressure and coherent structures in a turbulent boundary layer on a cylinder in axial flow

Measurements of wall pressure and streamwise velocity fluctuations in a turbulent boundary layer on a cylinder in an axial air flow (δ/a = 5.04, Reθ = 2870) have been used to investigate the turbulent flow structures in the cylindrical boundary layer that contribute to the fluctuating pressure at the wall in an effort to deduce the effect of transverse curvature on the structure of boundary layer turbulence. Wall pressure was measured at a single location with a subminiature electret condenser microphone, and the velocity was measured throughout a large volume of the boundary layer with a hotwire probe. Auto- and cross-spectral densities, cross-correlations, and conditional sampling of the pressure and streamwise velocity indicate that two primary groups of flow disturbances contribute to the fluctuating pressure at the wall: (i) low-frequency large-scale structures with dynamical significance across the entire boundary layer that are consistent with a pair of large-scale spanwise-oriented counter-rotating vortices and (ii) higher frequency small-scale disturbances concentrated close to the wall that are associated with the burst-sweep cycle and are responsible for the short-duration large-amplitude wall pressure fluctuations. A bidirectional relationship was found to exist between both positive and negative pressure peaks and the temporal derivative of u near the wall. Because the frequency of the large-scale disturbance observed across the boundary layer is consistent with the bursting frequency deduced from the average time between bursts, the burst-sweep cycle appears to be linked to the outer motion. A stretching of the large-scale structures very near the wall, as suggested by space-time correlation convection velocity results, may provide the coupling mechanism. Since the high-frequency disturbance observed near the wall is consistent with the characteristic frequency deduced from the average duration of bursting events, the bursting process provides the two characteristic time scales responsible for the bimodal distribution of energy near the wall. Because many of the observed structural features of the cylindrical boundary layer are similar to those observed in flat-plate turbulent boundary layers, transverse curvature appears to have little effect on the fundamental turbulent structure of the boundary layer for the moderate transverse curvature ratio used in this investigation. From differences that exist between the turbulence intensity, skewness, and spectra of the streamwise velocity, however, it appears that transverse curvature may enhance (i.e. energize) the large-scale motion owing to the reduced constraint imposed on the flow by the smaller cylindrical wall.
Parapublic Underpinnings of International Relations: The Franco-German Construction of Europeanization of a Particular Kind

Parapublic underpinnings of international relations are cross-border interactions that belong neither to the public world of states nor to the private world of societies. They underpin relations among specific states and construct social purpose in the international realm. Focusing on Franco-German parapublic underpinnings reveals a particular and neglected kind of `Europeanization'. Such parapublic activity includes massive state-financed youth exchanges, some two thousand municipal partnerships, and a host of institutes and associations. In their entirety, these parapublic interactions have developed into structural components of the European polity. Rather than directly affecting domestic political affairs, this kind of Europeanization connects French and Germans in a certain way. It makes Europeans more European, but without making them less national. This article contributes a concept to properly capture a distinct and substantial type of international activity and to identify its characteristic effe...
Estimating device availability in pervasive peer-to-peer environment

In pervasive computing environments, devices often communicate in a peer-to-peer manner, either for passing messages or collaboratively running applications. For any particular device, information about the availability of other devices can lead to more efficient communication and better execution of distributed tasks. For example, a device can distribute computation tasks to reliable devices and temporarily avoid unreliable ones. Since there usually is not a central server to coordinate or monitor the communication in such environment, a key technical challenge is for each individual device to predict the availability of other devices. In this paper, we describe some methods for predicting the availability of other devices using historic availability data of those devices obtained in routine usage. In this scheme, each device separately maintains data about the past communication with the other devices, and predicts current and future availability using the statistics of those data. These methods do not require any centralized monitoring or extra probing, and thus have very low computation cost. These characteristics make them suitable for small devices in a peer-to-peer environment.
Management of traumatic hypopharyngeal injuries

Violation of the hypopharynx by external penetrating trauma is an uncommon occurrence that may lead to life-threatening infectious complications if not recognized promptly and treated appropriately. A retrospective review of 48 such injuries seen during a 10-year period showed that flexible fiberoptic endoscopic examination is the best screening tool for recognition of a possible hypopharyngeal mucosal violation. Direct laryngopharyngoscopy is the best method of definitively diagnosing the injury. Size of the visualized mucosal violation alone is not sufficient information on which to base the decision for medical management versus surgical intervention (i.e., immediate exploration and drainage). Rather, the size, exact site of injury, and mechanism of the injury must be considered to have equal importance. Associated vertebral body fractures may negatively influence acute outcome if diagnosis and treatment of the hypopharyngeal injury are delayed by the cervical spine injury.
Time-domain analysis of power and energy dynamics of MIMO systems

Signals by themselves are not sufficient to analyze and design control systems with optimum and robust performance. In this paper, analysis and design problems are formulated in terms of basic physical quantities such as power and energy. First, the author develops a general framework to analyze the power and energy dynamics of multivariable systems. The power and energy interactions between various input-output nodes are investigated by using tensor products and the Kronecker algebra. In particular, tensor differential equations that describe instantaneous power and energy dynamics of MIMO systems are derived. Closed-form analytical solutions of the power differential equations are presented for systems without any external inputs.
Courtly Rivalry, Loyalty Conflict, and the Figure of Hagen in the Nibelungenlied

The variety of scholarly approaches to the Middle High German poem Das Nibelungenlied has generated an especially wide range of conflicting analyses of the complex figure of Hagen. This essay argues that Hagen’s relationship to Siegfried can be treated as an example of the courtly rivalry motif, a medieval narrative structure whose main features are outlined through a comparison of the depictions of rivalry in three contemporary Middle High German works ( Herzog Ernst B, Wolfdietrich A and Tristan ). Through the use of this narrative device, the poet problematizes the form of loyalty (MHG triuwe ) that leads Hagen to kill Siegfried while using Hagen’s later interactions with Rudiger to present the audience with an alternative definition of loyalty. Viewing Hagen’s character in relation to the problem of loyalty conflict can thus help reconcile the positive and negative aspects of his character while simultaneously shedding new light on the thematic structure of the Nibelungenlied . (KDB)
Analysis of Packery Channel Public Access Boat Ramp Shoreline Failure

Abstract The shoreline stabilization adjacent to the public access boat ramp in the Packery Channel basin has been damaged in two separate events. For the shoreline damage at the boat ramp bulkhead, toe scour is the likely mechanism for failure. Typical sources of hydrodynamic forcing that can lead to toe erosion include storm currents, locally generated storm waves, and offshore storm waves propagating into the basin through Packery Channel. Quantitative analysis of storm induced wind generated waves and currents eliminated them as possible causes of the damage. However, photographic and movie evidence indicate the presence of low-frequency low-amplitude waves propagated into the basin and impacted the boat ramp. The Coastal System Model (CMS) was used to simulate a range of these low-frequency low-amplitude waves and the results demonstrated that these waves could produce sufficient flows in the vicinity of the boat ramp shoreline to cause the damage. Subsequent modeling was used to develop design crite...
Three-Dimensional Closed Form Solutions and ∞3 Theories for Orthotropic Plates

A Navier-type method for finding the exact three-dimensional solution for orthotropic rectangular plates is presented. The present procedure is an extension of a previous author's work (which was valid for isotropic plates) and uses the Mixed Form of Hooke's Law (MFHL) which leads to the formulation of the boundary conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate directly in terms of transverse stresses. The paper also extends the Generalized Unified Formulation (GUF) to the case of orthotropic materials. ∞3 theories are presented. The unknown displacements are expanded along the thickness of the plate by using a powerful compact formulation which leads to the writing, with a single formal theory, of a class of ∞3 theories. This formal technique allows the user to treat each unknown independently and, therefore, different numerical approaches can be used in the FEM codes based on this Generalized Unified Formulation. This technique can be very useful in multifield problems such as thermoelastic appl...
Evaluating college students' evaluations of a professor's teaching effectiveness across time and instruction mode (online vs. face-to-face) using a multilevel growth modeling approach

Aims: Do college students' ratings of a professor's teaching effectiveness suggest that a professor's teaching improves with time? Does anything predict which instructors receive the highest ratings or improve the fastest? And, importantly, do the correlates of change differ across face-to-face and online courses? Methods: I used data from 10,392 classes taught by 1120 instructors across three years and fit a taxonomy of multilevel growth models to examine whether students' ratings of teaching effectiveness (SETEs) changed across time, whether differences in average SETEs correlated with growth, and whether online vs. face-to-face, tenure, discipline, course level, sex, or minority status affected these estimates. Results: SETEs remained relatively stable across time and teachers, although analyses uncovered a statistically significant, negative correlation between initial status and growth. Instructors starting with lower SETEs improved the fastest. These findings held across online and face-to-face instruction modes. However, in face-to-face classes, minority instructors received significantly lower average SETEs. This difference did not occur in online classes. No other predictors showed statistically significant effects. Finally, considerable SETE variance remained unexplained even when including the full predictor set in the model. Discussion: These findings reveal that professors' SETEs can improve. Additionally, they indicate that patterns of change in teaching effectiveness do not differ generally across online and face-to-face instruction modes. However, the results showed that minority teachers in face-to-face but not online classes received lower evaluations than their majority counterparts. Additional research should seek to understand what leads to SETE differences across minority and majority groups in face-to-face classes but not online classes.
Building a project ontology with extreme collaboration and virtual design and construction

This paper defines the concept of the 'tripod' method of design that uses VDC modeling (multi-disciplinary performance-based virtual design and construction modeling), an integrated POP model (a formal and integrated model of Product, Organization and Process of the project) and Extreme Collaboration (a very rapid concurrent and technologically enabled social process of design). The paper focuses in particular on the generic ontology of the POP model, which specifies the related functional requirements, designed forms and predicted, observed and desired behaviors of the defined POP elements. With collateral drawings, models, analyses and explanations, the project specific POP model becomes the schematic and initial detailed design for the project. We describe use of the tripod method for the preliminary design of a large commercial building project. While large generic building project ontologies exist, e.g. the Industry Foundation Classes, we find that our ontology is so simple that teams using any design tools and methods can use it today, and it is helpful. We interpret our results as early evidence that the Tripod engineering process of VDC, Extreme Collaboration and use of a generic POP ontology together enable a design team to build a new integrated multidisciplinary project design model very rapidly. It can then be used to support downstream detailed design and construction planning and also reuse in other engineering projects.
Union Bargaining in an Oligopoly Market with Cournot-Bertrand Competition: Welfare and Policy Implications

We investigate the welfare effect of union activity in a relatively new oligopoly model, the Cournot-Bertrand model, where one firm competes in output (a la Cournot) and the other firm competes in price (a la Bertrand). The Nash equilibrium prices, outputs, and profits are quite diverse in this model, with the competitive advantage going to the Cournot-type competitor. A comparison of the results from the Cournot-Bertrand model with those found in the traditional Cournot and Bertrand models reveals that firms and the union have a different preference ordering over labor market bargaining. These differences help explain why the empirical evidence does not support any one model of union bargaining. We also examine the welfare and policy implications of union activity in a Cournot-Bertrand setting.
Die Medizinische Chemie im Goldenen Zeitalter der Biologie: Lehren aus der Steroid‐ und Peptidforschung

Die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Biologen und Chemikern hat Medikamente hervorgebracht, die fur die Gesellschaft von enormen Nutzen waren und sind. Durch diese Wechselwirkung werden zwei Vorzuge synergetisch kombiniert: die Exaktheit der chemischen Konzepte und die Fahigkeit der Biologen, Ergebnisse aus mehreren Forschungsgebieten in ubergreifenden Theorien zu vereinigen. Die resultierenden Beitrage fur die medizinische Praxis haben die Haufigkeit von Erkrankungen und die Sterblichkeitsrate erniedrigt und die Lebensqualitat erhoht. Auf der Grundlage der Arbeiten von Chemikern wie Robinson, Prelog, Woodward und Pauling hat die Medizinische Chemie die rationale Entwicklung von Medikamenten, besonders von Enzym-Inhibitoren, in einem Mase vorangetrieben, das noch vor zwanzig Jahren undenkbar schien. Einige der wichtigsten Beitrage der Medizinischen Chemie zur Gesundheit von Menschen und Tieren sind unmittelbar auf die innovative Anwendung struktureller und elektronischer Konzepte, auf die Weiterentwicklung instrumenteller Methoden und auf spektakulare Fortschritte in der Biologie zuruckzufuhren. Jedoch nutzen medizinisch orientierte Chemiker bisher erst einen Bruchteil der Moglichkeiten, welche die „Doppelhelix-Revolution” der funfziger Jahre eroffnet hat. Die Abschnitte 4, 5 und 6 dieses Aufsatzes demonstrieren die Art des Wechselspiels zwischen Molekularbiologie und Chemie besonders deutlich.
Electrochemistry of conductive polymers XVI. growth mechanism of polypyrrole studied by kinetic and spectroelectrochemical measurements

Abstract The growth mechanism of polypyrrole has been studied in acetonitrile by kinetic and spectroelectrochemical measurements. The results indicate that the polymerization reaction rate is 1 3 ∼ 1 2 order with respect to the pyrrole concentration and 1 3 order with respect to the amount of polypyrrole. In-Situ spectroelectrochemical studies at lower pyrrole concentrations indicate that reasonably high steady state concentrations of trimeric and tetrameric species are maintained during the polymerization reaction. From these observations, we conclude that: (1) both the monomer and polymer films are important for the growth (from the rate equation), (2) the formation of dimeric species appears to present the rate limiting step for the reaction (from the reaction order), (3) polymers grow in one-dimension, and (4) further growth of polymers from trimeric and tetrameric species requires a high monomer concentration.
Computational Structural Dynamics

This chapter presents an overview and a state-of-the art compilation of time integration methods for solving problems of dynamics, with a particular focus on developments that have occurred during the past 25 years. Various classifications of time integration algorithms are provided that assist the reader in understanding the many different types of numerical methods available for solving time-dependent problems. Time integration algorithms for linear structural dynamics are reviewed thoroughly, from classical Newmark-type schemes, to recent developments in time finite element-based approaches. The distinction between linear and nonlinear dynamics is articulated and numerical methods developed for direct application towards solving nonlinear dynamics probems are presented. The chapter concludes with guidelines towards selecting an appropriate time integration method, along with guidelines towards choosing appropriate time step sizes. Keywords: time integration algorithms; structural dynamics; nonlinear dynamics; ordinary differential equations
Patterns of Interaction in Union-Management Relations

At the present time research in the field of industrial relations is being carried on much more actively than in the past. But while the completed studies yield interesting insights, in few cases can we add the conclusions of one study to the conclusions of others. This necessary step in the building of a scientific discipline is generally impossible because the studies are carried out with many different frames of reference.
Imagery Data Mining: The IDEC Experiment

Scientific fields of study such as astrobiology and cave and karst science contain large collections of images and their associated biological, physiochemical, and geological datasets. The vast majority of these images are never shared or examined by more than a handful of scientists. Being able to mine these kinds of data to make new linkages and discoveries becomes ever more important as interdisciplinary studies grow in importance. The goal of our project is to design and implement an online workspace to allow scientists to collaboratively view, analyze, and annotate visual datasets and to train future scientists in the power of collaborative workspaces. We are creating a series of electronic scenarios that address unresolved questions in geomicrobiology, such as the question of which materials are biological in origin. These questions have important implications for the detection of life on other planets and in our subterranean worlds of caves. Our initial albums focus on the geomicrobiology of caves and karst. The target users are the interdisciplinary community of scientists who study karst samples to learn more about critical biological and geological processes and the microbial communities often found in karst terrain. Our pilot project of such a collaborative workspace is IDEC: Imagery data extraction collaborative, created by our group, that consists of an integration of three open-source tools: Drupal, Gallery, and DSpace. We are using this configuration as a base for developing our broader collaborative workspaces for knowledge discovery with weblogs, forums, feeds, and image functionality enabled.
Projection of Tropical Cyclones on Wavenumber–Frequency-Filtered Equatorial Waves

Theimpactoflocalizedconvectionassociatedwithtropicalcyclones(TCs)onactivityascribedtoequatorial waves is estimated. An algorithm is used to remove outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) signal in the vicinity of observed tropical cyclones, and equatorial wave modes are extracted using the standard wavenumber‐ frequency decomposition method. The results suggest that climatological activity of convection-coupled equatorial waves is overestimated where TC tracks are densest. The greatest impact is found for equatorial Rossby (ER)- and tropical depression (TD)-type waves followed by the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO). The basins most affected are the eastern and western North Pacific Ocean where, on average, TCs may contribute up to 10%‐15% of the climatological wave amplitude variance in these modes. In contrast, Kelvin waves are least impacted by the projection of TCs. The results are likely relevant for studies on the climatology of equatorial waves in observations and global climate model simulations and for those examining individual cases of TC genesis modulated by equatorial wave activity.
The Selection of Grammatical Features in Word Production: The Case of Plural Nouns in German☆

Two experiments investigate the effect of number congruency using picture‐word interference. Native German participants were required to name pictures of single objects (Nase ‘nose’) or two instances of the same object ( Nasen ‘noses’) while ignoring simultaneously presented distractor words. Distractor words either had the same number or were different in number. In addition, the type of plural formation (same or different inflectional plural suffix) and the semantic relationship (same or different semantic category) between target and distractor were varied in Experiments 1 and 2. Results showed no effect of number congruency in either experiment. Furthermore, the type of inflectional suffix did not exert an influence on naming latencies in Experiment 1, but semantic relationship led to a significant interference effect in Experiment 2. The results indicate that selection of the number feature diacritic in noun production is not a competitive process. The implications of the results for models of lexical access are discussed. ≈ 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)
Improved Clinical Functioning for Patients Receiving Fee Discounts That Reward Treatment Engagement.

Objective Financial incentives may have utility in promoting psychotherapy attendance and adherence, leading to improved clinical functioning. This study presents results from a novel application of financial incentives—a progressively lowered pay scale that rewards therapy attendance and adherence. Method Overall, 110 outpatients participated; 56 patients (51%) were enrolled in the financial incentives condition and received a 5% fee discount—applied iteratively across sessions—if they followed defined criteria (e.g., completed homework). Results There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of the number of sessions attended, therapy duration, and number of no-shows and cancellations. However, adjusting for Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) at intake, patients receiving the financial incentives had significantly higher GAF rating at termination compared with those who did not receive the intervention. Conclusions Financial incentives that reward therapy attendance and adherence with discounted fees is associated with improved clinical functioning.
Regulatory science: a special update from the United States Food and Drug Administration: Preclinical issues and status of investigation of botanical drug products in the United States.

A recent survey was conducted across the therapeutic divisions within the CDER, U.S. FDA regarding the number of submissions related to botanical drug products over the past ten years. The overall number of botanical submissions as expressed in the parenthesis are as follows: 1990 (1), 1991 (4), 1992 (4), 1993 (5), 1994 (6), 1995 (5), 1996 (13), 1997 (16), 1998 (10). In the total of 64 counted, 50 of them are submitted in original IND and the rest (14) in pre-IND format. The therapeutic categories are focused on dermatological and topical (19), anti AIDS/antiviral (12), oncologic (13), neuropharmacologic (8), endocrine and metabolic (3), urologic (2), tobacco (2), and cardio-renal products (1). The regulatory actions taken on these submissions showed that 68% of them are evaluated as safe to proceed for the human trials, while the rest (32%) of submissions required agency's regulatory guidance. Among the submissions that required further guidance, 81% were deficient in preclinical pharmacology/toxicology information and the rest (19%) lacks information in other areas (chemistry, clinical protocols). Following agency's guidance, 93% of the submissions that were put on hold were allowed to proceed. In summary, a total of 94% of all the botanical INDs submitted to the agency were allowed to proceed without additional animal toxicity studies conducted. In conclusion, this survey indicates that the growing public interest in botanical supplements has prompted more formal evaluation of the efficacy/safety claims of these products.
“Let the ‘like’ one in”: Five portals to invite similarity into conversations about “differences” in Asian Pacific communication

This article addresses an ongoing and persistent problem of imbalance between similarity and difference in cultural description by proposing a way to simultaneously explore both similarity and difference, relying on the principles of Russian literary and cultural critic Mikhail Bakhtin. Five principles, employed as sensitizing concepts, are described as portals to allow consideration of cultural similarity into linguistic descriptions of culture: specificity; ownership; tension; open and closed perception; and uncompletedness. These portals are applied to various forms of cultural description to be found in East Asia, including transnational political depictions; cyberactivist protest; and touristic literature. It is concluded that the Bakhtinian ideas offer a convenient and useful means to bring together similarity and difference, with the result that each quality enhances the other.
Identification of prognostic factors predictive of CNS metastasis in patients (pts) with advanced unresectable metastatic melanoma (MM)

8060 Background: Diagnosis (Dx) ofCNS metastasis (met) in MM is associated with poor prognosis. The objective of this study was to find prognostic factors that may predict CNS met. Methods: 743 che...
Synthesis of CdO Nanoneedles for Photonic and Sensing Applications

Single-crystalline needle-shaped CdO nanostructures were synthesized using a chemical vapor deposition method and characterized using a variety of techniques. Devices consisting of individual CdO nanoneedles were fabricated and high conductance as well as high carrier concentrations was observed. The temperature dependence of the conductance revealed thermal excitation as the dominating transport mechanism. Our devices exhibited good sensitivity to both infrared light and diluted NO2 gas, indicating potential applications as infrared photo-detectors and toxic gas sensors.
SIG como herramienta de estudio y planificación del uso del suelo en zonas agrícolas [Using GIS for land use planning for rural landscapes]

Resumen Este articulo presenta los pasos metodologicos para el analisis historico del uso del suelo usando sistemas geograficos de informacion, SIG, y sensores remotos, SR. Asi mismo, muestra la aplicacion de estas tecnicas a un estudio de caso para la produccion de herramientas digitales que puedan servir para planear y administrar zonas agricolas de una forma eficiente y sostenible. En el estudio se describe como fotos aereas de 1973 a 2001, y una imagen de satelite, fueron usadas para generar mapas basicos, mapas de cambio de uso del suelo, asi como de unidades administrativas agricolas. En este estudio se muestra como los mapas y tablas ademas de otros analisis generados con los sistemas SIG-SR se convierten en una importante estructura analitica para la toma de decisiones en el sector rural . Palabras clave: Uso del suelo, planificacion rural, SIG, sostenibilidad Abstract This paper discusses the use of geographic information systems, GIS, supported by remote sensing, RS, data as an important tool in the day to day decision making process on agriculture areas. The study is used to demonstrate how historical aerial photographs and a satellite image from 1973 to 2001 were used to produce land use, and land use change maps as well as maps of agriculture units for the study area that are later used for planning purposes of agriculture activities. The paper summarizes the methodological steps followed in the GIS analysis and the way that GIS-RS systems can be used in rural areas to plan and to manage day to day activities in agriculture areas under the philosophy of sustainable agriculture. Keywords: Sustainable agriculture, GIS, rural planning
Perfect and Near-Perfect Adaptation in Cell Signaling

Adaptation is an important basic feature of cellular regulation. Previous theoretical work has identified three types of circuits—negative feedback loops, incoherent feedforward systems, and state-dependent inactivation systems—that can achieve perfect or near-perfect adaptation. Recent work has added another strategy, termed antithetic integral feedback, to the list of motifs capable of robust perfect adaptation. Here, we discuss the properties, limitations, and biological relevance of each of these circuits.
Chemical evidence for differentiation, evaporation and recondensation from silicate clasts in Gujba

The silicate and metal clasts in CB chondrites have been inferred to form as condensates from an impact-generated vapor plume between a metal-rich body and a silicate body. A detailed study of the condensation of impact-generated vapor plumes showed that the range of CB silicate clast compositions could not be successfully explained without invoking a chemically differentiated target. Here, we report the most comprehensive elemental study yet performed on CB silicates with 32 silicate clasts from nine slices of Gujba analyzed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for 53 elements. Like in other studies of CBs, the silicate clasts are either barred olivine (BO) or cryptocrystalline (CC) in texture. In major elements, the Gujba silicate clasts ranged from chondritic to refractory enriched. Refractory element abundances ranged from 2t o 10� CI, with notable anomalies in Ba, Ce, Eu, and U abundances. The two most refractory-enriched BO clasts exhibited negative Ce anomalies and were depleted in U relative to Th, characteristic of volatilization residues, while other BO clasts and the CC clasts exhibited positive Ce anomalies with excess U (1–3 � CI), and Ba (1–6 � CI) anomalies indicating recondensation of ultra-refractory element depleted vapor. The Rare Earth Elements (REE) also exhibit light REE (LREE) enrichment or depletion in several clasts with a range of (La/Sm)CI of 0.9–1.8. This variation in the LREE is essentially impossible to accomplish by processes involving vapor–liquid or vapor–solid exchange of REE, and appears to have been inherited from a differentiated target. The most distinctive evidence for inherited chemical differentiation is observed in highly refractory element (Sc, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, Th) systematics. The Gujba clasts exhibit fractionations in Nb/Ta that correlate positively with Zr/Hf and span the range known from lunar and Martian basalts, and exceed the range in Zr/Hf variation known from eucrites. Variations of highly incompatible refractory elements (e.g., Th) against less incompatible elements (e.g., Zr, Sr, Sc) are not chondritic, but exhibit distinctly higher Th abundances requiring a differentiated crust to be admixed with depleted mantle in ratios that are biased to higher crust/mantle ratios than in a chondritic body. The possibility that these variations are due to admixture of refractory inclusion-debris into normal chondritic matter is raised but cannot be definitively tested because existing ‘‘bulk” analyses of CAIs carry artifacts of unrepresentative sampling. The inferences drawn from the compositions of Gujba silicate clasts, here, complement what has been inferred from the compositions of metallic clasts, but provide surprisingly detailed insight into the structure of the target. Evidence that metal and silicate in CB chondrites both formed from impact-generated vapor plumes, taken together with recent work on metallic nodules in E chondrites, and on ordinary chondrites, indicates that chondrule formation occurs by this mechanism quite widely. However, the nature of
Banners, Barricades, and Bombs: The Tactical Choices of Social Movements and Public Opinion

In this article, we use an experimental survey design to explore how the tactical choices of social movements affect public opinion about whether the government should negotiate with the movement and the bargains that should be struck once negotiations begin. In doing so, we test competing theories about how we should expect the use of tactics with varying degrees of extremeness—including demonstrations, occupations, and bombings—to influence public opinion. We find that respondents are less likely to think the government should negotiate with organizations that use the tactic of bombing when compared with demonstrations or occupations. However, depending on the outcome variable and baseline category used in the analysis, we find mixed support for whether respondents think organizations that use bombings should receive less once negotiations begin. The results of this article are generally consistent with the theoretical and policy-based arguments centering around how governments should not negotiate with...
First-Principles Study of Chemical Stability of the Lithium Oxide Garnets Li7La3M2O12 (M = Zr, Sn, or Hf)

Li-oxide garnet-related structures are promising solid-state Li-ion electrolytes in Li-ion batteries. However, garnet-type structures are susceptible to carbonate and hydroxide formation in environments containing gaseous CO2 and H2O. Therefore, in considering garnets for Li-ion conducting applications, chemical stability is an important issue. We examine the chemical stability of Li7La3Zr2O12, Li7La3Sn2O12, and Li7La3Hf2O12 with respect to carbonate and hydroxide formation reactions using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. From these studies, we rank the chemical stability of Li-oxide garnet-related structures against CO2 and H2O. The ranking of these materials by their chemical stability with respect to carbonate and hydroxide formation changes at higher partial pressures of CO2 and H2O.