cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ atomic force microscopy of under- and overpotentially deposited cadmium on Cu(111)

Abstract The structure of the monolayer of Cd atoms underpotentially deposited on a Cu(111) surface in perchlorate electrolyte was revealed by an atomic force microscope (AFM). A hexagonal adlattice with a 3.43 A lattice spacing was observed. This spacing, combined with its orientation relative to the underlying Cu(111), implies that the Cd lattice has a (4 × 4) structure. The slightly open lattice of the first Cd adlayer is possibly due to the retained partial charge of Cd adatoms. In the overpotential region, both the atomic structure and large scale morphology showed the formation of the Cd(0001) hcp crystalline structure. The crystalline domains were several hundred nanometers across and grow via a modified Stranski-Krastonov mechanism.
Altered cerebral blood flow patterns associated with pathologic worry in the elderly.

Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the most prevalent anxiety disorder among the elderly and has high functional and cognitive morbidity. However, late-life GAD is relatively understudied and its functional neuroanatomy is uncharted. Several imaging studies have suggested abnormalities in the cognitive control systems of emotion regulation in anxiety disorders in young adults. The aim of this study was to examine the neural correlates of emotion regulation in late-life GAD. Method: We compared 7 elderly GAD subjects and 10 elderly nonanxious comparison subjects using functional MRI. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured using pulsed arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI at rest and during an emotion regulation paradigm. Results: Relative to the rest condition, elderly nonanxious comparison subjects had increased rCBF during worry induction (WI) in the right insula, bilateral amygdala, and associative temporooccipital areas. Elderly GAD subjects had increased rCBF during WI in the associative temporooccipital areas, but not in the insula or the amygdala. During worry suppression (WS), elderly nonanxious comparison subjects had increased rCBF in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dorsal ACC. Elderly GAD subjects had no changes in rCBF during WS in the PFC. Conclusions: When attempting to regulate their emotional responses, elderly anxious subjects failed to activate prefrontal regions involved in the downregulation of negative emotions. These results, showing that elderly anxious subjects are not effectively engaging the PFC in suppressing worry, may be clinically relevant for developing personalized therapeutic strategies for the treatment of latelife GAD. Depression and Anxiety 28:202–209, 2011. r 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Impact of Consensus Guidelines by the Society of Surgical Oncology and the American Society for Radiation Oncology on Margins for Breast-Conserving Surgery in Stages 1 and 2 Invasive Breast Cancer

This study aimed to evaluate the impact that the release of consensus guidelines for margins in breast-conserving surgery (BCS) had on re-excision rates. A retrospective review examined a prospectively maintained database of patients who had operable invasive breast cancer treated with BCS at the authors’ institution. The patients were divided into two groups: (1) those with a diagnosis determined from 1 July 2011 to 31 July 2013 (before release of the guidelines) and (2) those with a diagnosis determined from 1 February 2014 to 31 July 2014 (after release of the guidelines). The groups were evaluated with respect to patient and tumor characteristics, re-excision rates, and reasons for re-excision. A total of 846 cases of BCS were managed: 597 in group 1 and 249 in group 2. Re-excision rates were significantly reduced after release of the consensus guidelines (p = 0.03). Re-excisions were performed for 115 (19 %) of 597 patients in group 1 and 32 (13 %) of 249 patients in group 2. After release of the guidelines, re-excisions were performed for positive margins, as defined by the consensus statement, in 25 (78 %) of 32 cases. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of age, tumor size, grade, nodal status, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status. Group 1 had more tumors of mixed ductal and lobular histology than group 2, and group 2 had more lobular tumors than group 1 (p = 0.02). The consensus guidelines on margins for BCS were applied for 78 % of the patients who underwent re-excision and resulted in a significant reduction in re-excision rates.
Tackling T-cell tumors

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas represent a tumor with a defined target, the somatically rearranged T-cell receptor (TCR), that should represent a tumor-specific immunologic target analogous to the idiotype (Id)-specific target of B-cell lymphomas. The Id antigen on B-cell lymphomas has been targeted by
Sudden cardiac arrest in adolescence: the case of ventricular fibrillation 11 years after presenting with Kawasaki's disease

A previously asymptomatic, 16-year-old male from China presented following a cardiac arrest. He had a past medical history of Kawasaki's disease with no known sequelae. Following 6 min of bystander resuscitation, a 200J DC shock was delivered for VF, with return of circulation. An ECG …
Are Improved Results for Hybrid Repair of Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms Due to a Learning Curve or Better Patient Selection

Open repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs) has traditionally been accompanied by significant morbidity and mortality. The use of adjuncts such as hypothermia and selective visceral perfusion has decreased the rates of permanent paraplegia to 75 years of age.3 In addition, there exists a subset of patients who are considered too high risk for open repair, usually because of the severity of their underlying pulmonary disease and other medical comorbidities.4 Article see p 2670 Thus, vascular interventionalists have searched for less morbid ways to treat these complex patients. The use of thoracic endografts has been demonstrated to decrease the overall morbidity and …
Analysis of closed arbitrary dielectric waveguides using a modified Rayleigh-Ritz technique

To avoid the meshing difficulties of the finite-element method, the classical Rayleigh-Ritz method is combined with an additional optimization to analyze closed arbitrary dielectric waveguides. The method is easily implemented in compact code and is user-friendly. The method and its rationale are developed, and numerical examples are presented to demonstrate its accuracy in propagation constant and nonperturbational loss calculations. The method is shown to be rapidly convergent and extremely stable. >
Copy Number Variations and Neuropsychiatric Diseases

Copy number variants (CNVs) are submicroscopic deletions and duplications of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) segments, which can have a high impact on gene expression. Methods to explore CNVs include array comparative genomic hybridisation, single-nucleotide polymorphism microarrays and whole genome sequencing. Rare CNVs are strongly associated with neuropsychiatric diseases including autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and disruptions to some specific loci have been related to more than one disorder. The chromosome 22q11.21 deletion is so far the locus identified with the highest risk, 82% for any psychiatric disorder. De novo copy number events, those present in cases but not in their parents, also have a significant risk for any of these disorders, with an overall risk of 13% to develop a neuropsychiatric disorder if present anywhere in the genome. Key Concepts: Copy number variants are so far the most potent sources of genetic risk for neuropsychiatric disease. Rare and de novo events are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Keywords: copy number variants; CNV; mental disorders; bipolar disorder; schizophrenia; autism
MicroRNAs in early vertebrate development

During embryonic development, a precise and tightly regulated hierarchy of gene expression is necessary to ensure the proper formation of all cell types and organs. In all animals and plants,microRNAs play a prominent role in the control of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In the last few years,microRNAs have emerged as important players during embryogenesis.As suggested by recent reports, microRNAs regulate crucial developmental processes, such as organizer induction,cell fate determination and body axis formation. In this review,we will discuss the role of microRNAs in early development of vertebrate model systems and in human embryonic stem cells,as an in vitro paradigm for human development.
Modulation of marrow stromal osteoblast adhesion on biomimetic oligo[poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate] hydrogels modified with Arg-Gly-Asp peptides and a poly(ethylene glycol) spacer

Novel oligo[poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate] (OPF) hydrogels functionalized with cell adhesion peptides were prepared, and the effects of incorporated peptide density and macromolecular structure of hydrogels on attachment and morphology of marrow stromal cells (MSCs) were evaluated. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG; number average molecular weight of 930, 2860, and 6090) was used to synthesize OPF. A model peptide, Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp (GRGD), was incorporated into OPF hydrogels after being coupled to acrylated PEG of molecular weight 3400. The increase of incorporated peptide concentration enhanced MSC attachment to OPF hydrogels of PEG of molecular weight of 930 and 2860. However, the number of attached MSCs to OPF hydrogels of PEG (molecular weight 6090) remained constant regardless of the peptide density. The length of PEG in OPF also influenced cell attachment. When 1 micromole peptide/g hydrogel was incorporated into the OPF hydrogels, the degree of cell attachment at 12 h relative to the initial seeding density was 93.9 +/- 5.9%, 64.7 +/- 8.2%, and 9.3 +/- 6.6% for OPF hydrogels prepared with PEG of molecular weights of 930, 2860, and 6090, respectively. However, the crosslinking density of hydrogels did not significantly affect cell attachment. The interaction was sequence specific, in that MSC attachment to GRGD-modified hydrogels was competitively inhibited when cells were incubated in the presence of 0.5 mM soluble GRGD before cell seeding. These results suggest that we can modulate MSC attachment to OPF hydrogels by altering the peptide density and the molecular structure of OPF hydrogels.
INSTRUMENT FOR TEXTURE OF SMALL CURD COTTAGE CHEESE AND COMPARISON TO SENSORY EVALUATION

The texture of washed and unwashed small curd cottage cheese is evaluated using the Instron Universal Testing Machine and Ottawa Texture Measuring System with perforated plate insert. Results indicate that such an instrumental system quantifies cottage cheese texture with excellent correlation to sensory evaluation of firmness.
Delay analysis for wireless networks with single hop traffic and general interference constraints

We consider a class of wireless networks with general interference constraints on the set of links that can be served simultaneously at any given time. We restrict the traffic to be single-hop, but allow for simultaneous transmissions as long as they satisfy the underlying interference constraints. We begin by proving a lower bound on the delay performance of any scheduling scheme for this system. We then analyze a large class of throughput optimal policies which have been studied extensively in the literature. The delay analysis of these systems has been limited to asymptotic behavior in the heavy traffic regime and order results. We obtain a tighter upper bound on the delay performance for these systems. We use the insights gained by the upper and lower bound analysis to develop an estimate for the expected delay of wireless networks with mutually independent arrival streams operating under the well-known maximum weighted matching (MWM) scheduling policy. We show via simulations that the delay performance of the MWM policy is often close to the lower bound, which means that it is not only throughput optimal, but also provides excellent delay performance.
Siblings of individuals with autism or Down syndrome: effects on adult lives

Background In this study, we examine instrumental and affective involvement in the sibling relationship for adults who have a brother or sister with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or Down syndrome (DS). We ask three research questions: (1) How do adult siblings of individuals with ASD differ from siblings of individuals with DS in their assessment of the quality of the sibling relationship and their experience of growing up with a brother or sister with a disability? (2) Are there gender
Structure-activity relationships of phencyclidine derivatives in rat cerebellum

The depressant effects of phencyclidine [1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine, PCP] and three of its analogs (m-amino-PCP, m-nitro-PCP, and PCP-methyliodide) on the spontaneous action potential discharge of cerebellar Purkinje neurons in urethane-anesthetized rats were examined in this study. Both intraperitoneal injection and micro-pressure ejection were employed as routes of drug administration. The relative potency after parenteral administration corresponded closely with previous findings in behavioral test paradigms. PCP and m-amino-PCP were equipotent, m-nitro PCP was less potent than either PCP or m-amino-PCP, and PCP-methyliodide showed almost no activity. After local administration onto neurons, m-amino-PCP was significantly more potent than PCP, while PCP, m-nitro-PCP, and PCP-methyliodide were equipotent. Tritiated PCP, m-nitro PCP, and m-amino PCP have similar distribution and metabolism in cerebellum. PCP-methyliodide, a quaternary ion, does not cross the blood brain barrier. M-nitro PCP is appreciably less ionized at pH 7.4 than PCP or m-amino-PCP and, therefore, may be more easily sequestered into lipids. Differences between PCP and its analogs found in experiments which employ parenteral administration may reflect differences in drug distribution. These differences are minimized when these drugs are administered directly onto neurons via pressure microejection.
Structure and receptor binding preferences of recombinant hemagglutinins from avian and human h6 and h10 influenza a virus subtypes.

ABSTRACT During 2013, three new avian influenza A virus subtypes, A(H7N9), A(H6N1), and A(H10N8), resulted in human infections. While the A(H7N9) virus resulted in a significant epidemic in China across 19 provinces and municipalities, both A(H6N1) and A(H10N8) viruses resulted in only a few human infections. This study focuses on the major surface glycoprotein hemagglutinins from both of these novel human viruses. The detailed structural and glycan microarray analyses presented here highlight the idea that both A(H6N1) and A(H10N8) virus hemagglutinins retain a strong avian receptor binding preference and thus currently pose a low risk for sustained human infections. IMPORTANCE Human infections with zoonotic influenza virus subtypes continue to be a great public health concern. We report detailed structural analysis and glycan microarray data for recombinant hemagglutinins from A(H6N1) and A(H10N8) viruses, isolated from human infections in 2013, and compare them with hemagglutinins of avian origin. This is the first structural report of an H6 hemagglutinin, and our results should further the understanding of these viruses and provide useful information to aid in the continuous surveillance of these zoonotic influenza viruses.
Boundary conditions and Conserved densities for potential Zabolotskaya-Khokhlov equation

We study local conservation laws and corresponding boundary conditions for the potential Zabolotskaya-Khokhlov equation in (3+1)-dimensional case. We analyze an infinite Lie point symmetry group of the equation, and generate a finite number of conserved quantities corresponding to infinite symmetries through appropriate boundary conditions.
Creative thinking and computing machines in optical design.

Our present optical programs are made up of a group of subroutines which may be used in a large variety of ways. These routines are automatic first- and third-order aberration, fifth-order aberration, ray tracing, energy distribution, and tolerance analysis. The design procedure is to string these routines together into iterative loops. As the design nears completion a high and higher degree of automation is possible. Perhaps the greatest value of the computer is that it enables designers to explore some of their wildest ideas. The program is flexible enough to allow individual differences in the method of approaching the design.
Bovine Somatotropin Attenuates Phorbol Ester-Induced Prostaglandin F2α Production in Bovine Endometrial Cells

Abstract The recent observation that bovine somatotropin (bST) treatment at a timed insemination improves pregnancy rates in lactating dairy cows raises the possibility that growth hormone (GH) may modulate the endocrine and biochemical cross talk between the conceptus and maternal uterus at the time of pregnancy establishment in cattle. The objective of this study was to characterize the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which exogenous GH affects phorbol esterinduced prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) production in cultured bovine endometrial (BEND) cells. Serum-deprived BEND cells were incubated with or without recombinant bovine GH (rbGH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, recombinant bovine interferon (rbIFN)- τ or a combination of rbGH + rbIFN- τ for 3h and then treated with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) for an additional 6h. Exogenous PDBu increased PGF 2α secretion and steady-state levels of COX-2 mRNA within 3h. Priming of BEND cells with rbGH reduced PGF 2α response to PDBu, whereas cotreatment with IGF-I amplified PDBu induction of PGF 2α Preincubation of cell monolayers with rbIFN- τ suppressed PGF 2α and COX-2 mRNA responses to PDBu. Inhibitory effects of rbGH and rbIFN- τ on PDBu-induced PGF 2α production were additive. Results provide the first direct evidence that supplemental bST may interact with conceptus-secreted IFN- τ to modulate PGF 2α secretion at the critical time of maternal recognition of pregnancy.
3-D integrated inductor on silicon backend using compliant interconnect process for 10GHz low jitter VCO application

This paper presents a 3-D integrated coil inductor fabricated on silicon backend for 10GHz LC type (L for inductance, C for capacitance) voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) for low jitter VCO applications , with improved quality factor (Q) of on-chip inductors. The 3-D inductor is formed using a compliant interconnect processing method used for flip chip technologies (Muthukumar, 2006). The compliant die-package interconnects are designed to have a very small inductance (100/spl sim/200pH) to minimize the insertion loss for high-frequency signals (Braunisch, 2004). Using this compliant interconnect processing method a 3-D high Q coil inductor with inductance of 0.8/spl sim/1.2nH for low jitter LC type VCO applications at 10GHz can be fabricated. At high frequencies, the higher the Q of the inductor, the lower is the jitter/phase noise of the LC VCO. A 2-D integrated inductor in a package substrate having Q higher than a 2-D on-chip inductor can also be used for 10GHz VCO application. However, the additional routing trace inductance resulting from the integrated inductor in package substrate may limit the implementation of LC-tank part of the VCO compared to a high Q 3-D coil inductor located on silicon backend. This paper presents the design of a 3-D coil for the 10GHz low jitter VCO application, the simulated performance of the 3-D coil and 2-D integrated inductors in package substrate using Ansoft HFSS, and a method to fabricate and integrate the 3-D coil on the silicon backend layers.
Polyelectrolyte complex formation between alginate and chitosan as a function of pH

Chitosan and alginate are two polyelectrolytes that can be used as thickening agents in the food industry, in drug-release systems in pharmaceutical applications as biomaterials in wound healing, and cell culture applications, or as ion exchange material for the removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastewaters. These two polysaccharides can also be used together to form a polyelectrolyte complex, especially to encapsulate proteins, cells, and enzymes. Although there are many applications of these polyions, few publications explain the interaction between their functional groups. This is mostly because of the difficulty of following ionic interaction in an interface of macromolecules, especially since they alter much with the reaction conditions such as pH. The present study reveals the interaction between chitosan and alginate at different pH values by means of a particular method for Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies. A previously reported disagreement between the yield of the complexes in weight and density of the interacting functional groups is explained through this method. The obtained results are supported with the morphological studies of the polyelectrolyte beads prepared at different pH values. Freeze-dried beads of both alginate and chitosan-coated alginate beads could be viewed after hexamethyl disilazane (HMDS) treatment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 346–351, 2003
High performance reconfigurable pipelined matrix multiplication module designer

Matrix multiplication operations are heavily used in communication systems, video, signal and image processing applications such as echo cancellation, adaptive beamforming, and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems, and are also used in matrix factorizations such as Cholesky, LU, QR and DCT. However, it is challenging to implement a high speed matrix multiplication operator for large matrices due to the fact that the number of multiplication operations grows rapidly with functions of n3. This paper presents the implementation of a reconfigurable pipelined high speed and high precision matrix multiplication module designer for large matrices on Xilinx Virtex-5 and Spartan 3E FPGAs using high speed memory interface for data transfers.
Endovascular Management of Central Venous Stenoses in the Hemodialysis Patient: Results of Percutaneous Therapy:

The purpose of this study was to determine the functional results of transvenous angioplasty for the treatment of central venous stenoses in patients with failing upper extremity arteriovenous access. Two hundred consecutive patients presented with threatened arteriovenous access from January 1999 through July 2002. Angiographic evidence of central venous stenosis was present in 35 patients (18%) (superior vena cava 5, brachiocephalic veins 14, and subclavian veins 18). Follow-up averaged 873 days from the date of initial intervention. The initial technical success rate was 89%. Primary patency for each intervention was 85% at 30 days, 55% at 6 months, 43% at 1 year, and 0% at 2 years. Assisted primary patency rates were 88% at 30 days, 80% at 1 year, and 64% at 2 years. Freedom from central venous dialysis catheter placement was 82% at 30 days, 63% at 3 months, 51% at 1 year, 37% at 2 years, and 25% at 3 years. Freedom from a dialysis catheter was superior in those patients with autogenous arteriovenous fistulas. Transvenous angioplasty appears to be beneficial for hemodialysis patients with central venous stenoses, and it helps preserve functional access in the affected extremity, particularly in patients with autogenous fistulas.
PLAYMAKER: A KNOWLEDGE-BASED APPROACH TO CHARACTERIZING HYDROCARBON PLAYS

This paper discusses the design and implementation of PLAYMAKER, a knowledge-based system for characterizing hydrocarbon plays. PLAYMAKER is a component of XX (eXpert eXplorer), a workstation-based tool that aids exploration geologists in a number of different tasks: sediment and carbonate simulation, play and field characterization, retrieval and storage of information in a geological database, comparison of the play or field under study with other fields in the database, and report generation. PLAYMAKER is implemented using MIDST (Mixed Inferencing Dempster-Shafer Tool), a rule-based expert system shell that incorporates mixed-initiative and inexact reasoning based on the Dempster-Shafer evidence combination scheme. This paper discusses the effectiveness of a two-level knowledge base structure adopted for the design and implementation of PLAYMAKER.
Health-Culture Reorientation of Registered Nurse Students

There is a need for a health-culture reorientation of nurses from acute care to community-based care if the profession is to respond effectively to sociocultural, political, economic, and educational forces moving health care and decision making back into the community. Concepts from anthropology, international health, and transcultural nursing provided the basis for initiating a health-culture reorientation of acute care-oriented (RN-BSN) students enrolled in a population-based community health nursing course given in a weekend format. The course centered on developing a primary health care project from assessment data gathered via the community-as-partner model. Problems encountered, methods of evaluation, and ongoing project development are discussed.
Managing gesture and timbre for analysis and instrument control in an interactive environment

This paper describes recent enhancements in an interactive system designed to improvise with saxophonist John Butcher [1]. In addition to musical parameters such as pitch and loudness, our system is able to analyze timbral characteristics of the saxophone tone in real-time, and use timbral information to guide the generation of response material. We capture each saxophone gesture on the fly, extract a set of gestural and timbral contours, and store them in a repository. Improvising agents can consult the repository when generating responses. The gestural or timbral progression of a saxophone phrase can be remapped or transformed; this enables a variety of response material that also references audible contours of the original saxophone gestures. A single simple framework is used to manage gestural and timbral information extracted from analysis, and for expressive control of virtual instruments in a free improvisation context.
Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk of Fractures: A Meta-Analysis of 11 International Studies

Abstract Background Concerns have been raised about the risk of fractures with acid-suppressive medications, such as proton pump inhibitors and histamine 2 -receptor antagonists. Methods This meta-analysis evaluated the association between proton pump inhibitor or histamine 2 -receptor antagonist use and fractures. We performed a systematic search of published literature (1970 to October 10, 2010) in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and other sources. Ten publications reporting 11 studies were considered eligible for analysis. Results All studies were observational case-control or cohort studies and primarily evaluated older adults. The summary effect estimate for risk of hip fracture increased modestly among individuals taking proton pump inhibitors (relative risk [RR] 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-1.43). There also was an increase in spine (RR 1.56, 95% CI, 1.31-1.85) and any-site fractures (RR 1.16, 95% CI, 1.04-1.30) among proton pump inhibitor users. These findings were similar in both men and women and after stratification by duration of use. In contrast, histamine 2 -receptor antagonist use was not significantly associated with increased risk of hip fracture (RR 1.12, 95% CI, 0.97-1.30). Conclusion In this meta-analysis of observational studies, proton pump inhibitors modestly increased the risk of hip, spine, and any-site fractures, whereas histamine 2 -receptor antagonists were not associated with fracture risk. The possibility of residual confounding cannot be excluded. Further skeletal evaluation should be considered for patients who are taking proton pump inhibitors and also at risk for osteoporotic fracture.
Fast pipelined storage for high-performance energy-efficient computing with superconductor technology

New superconductor single flux quantum (SFQ) technology, such as Reciprocal Quantum Logic (RQL), is currently considered one of the promising candidates for highperformance energy-efficient computing. This paper presents our work on the design and detailed energy efficiency analysis of three types of 32- and 64-bit RQL multi-ported pipelined local storage structures (13 total), namely 1) random access memory (RAM) and register files, 2) direct-mapped write-through and write-back caches, and 3) first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffers. Our layout-aware cell-level design process uses a VHDL RQL cell library developed at the Ultra High Speed Computing Laboratory at Stony Brook University (SBU). The SBU VHDL RQL cell library specifies the dynamic and standby energy consumption, gate delays, a number of Josephson junctions (JJs) per cell, and approximate sizes of individual cells based on the parameters of the 248 nm 100 μA/μm2 10 Nb metal layer SFQ fabrication process currently under development at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Gate and wire delays as well as clock skew are taken into account during digital circuit simulation done with Mentor Graphics CAD tools. After completing a physical chip layout, the circuit models need to be updated and re-simulated to include the effects of parasitic inductances and actual wire lengths on signal propagation delays. To meet both performance and energy efficiency targets, the RQL storage structures were designed with RQL non-destructive read-out single-bit storage cells. We chose a relatively moderate clock frequency of 8.5 GHz for all storage units to keep their read latencies in the range of 1- 3 cycles. The most complex design in terms of JJs is a tripleported 4 Kbit 64x64-bit register file with 253,918 JJs and its read access latency of 338 ps. The highest energy consumption in terms of energy/operation/bit (~9.5 aJ at 4.2 K) is for a write hit in a 2 Kbit 32-bit wide write-back cache. The average energy consumption of the RQL storage designs varies from ~1.6 aJ/operation/bit for a small 4x32-bit FIFO to 7.3 aJ/operation/bit for the 2 Kbit write-back cache at 4.2 K. Given the cryocooler efficiency of 0.1%, this means the energy consumption of ~1.6-7.3 fJ/operation/bit at room temperature. The physical implementation of the RQL storage units will become feasible upon the development of the target MIT fabrication process and CAD tools for VLSI RQL chip design in 2015-2016.
Explanation, Prediction, and Control

One of the philosophical virtues of realism is that it is theoretically neutral. Other philosophical “paradigms” do not share this virtue. The methodological prescriptions of the behaviorist deny the legitimacy of psychological explanations. The doctrines of scientific psychology deny the legitimacy of agency explanations, via the commitment to the Humean account of causality. The doctrines of hermeneutical psychology deny the legitimacy of explanations of human action in terms of ontologically sufficient conditions.
Achieving the Lisbon Strategy: Compensating for Lost Time

This 2005 paper evaluates the Lisbon Strategy that aimed to transform the European Union into the world’s most dynamic and competitive economy between the years 2000 and 2010. The paper notes that the European Union is not meeting the strategy’s goals due to a sluggish internal market, lack of reform in national labor markets, and the failure to maximize trade relations. For a better chance of success, the European Union requires better enforcement mechanisms and the Lisbon Strategy needs to become a national priority in individual member countries.
Claiming the State: Exit, Voice, Brokerage, and Access to Public Goods - Evidence from Rural Rajasthan

What accounts for the uneven distribution of publicly-provided goods and services across and within otherwise similar localities? So-called “public” goods are rarely purely public, but rather are often distributed along class, caste, partisan, or other lines. Who, then, gets these goods and services at the local level? Drawing on fieldwork and an original survey of 2210 households across four districts of rural Rajasthan, India, this paper argues that access to publicly-provided goods is significantly associated with — and perhaps explained by — the different sets of claim-making practices through which people seek state resources. Fieldwork reveals a wide array of claim-making practices, ranging from the ballot box, to forms of “voice” (direct engagement with state officials), to channels of “brokerage” (mediated engagement), to a lack of claim-making (“exit”). These practices are, I suggest, the product of repertoires, or strategies of action, that stem from the set of ideas or beliefs that different individuals — set apart by class, caste, and gender — hold about the state. Different repertoires predispose people to engage the state in different ways, with consequences for material access to public goods. Access to high-spillover goods consumed at the village level appears to be the most sensitive to forms of voice, while access to low-spillover goods at the neighborhood-level appears most responsive to local brokerage: in particular the mediation of caste associations and local fixers.
International and Regional Responses to the Aral Crisis: An Overview of Efforts and Accomplishments

An authoritative U.S. analyst of Central Asian water management problems, and former advisor to the Uzbek government on water management issues, surveys the nature and effectiveness of international and regional programs to mitigate the Aral Sea crisis. After first reviewing the history and magnitude of the crisis, the author assesses international and regional assistance programs during the late Soviet period and subsequent initial years of independence for the Central Asian republics within the Aral Basin. A concluding section includes policy recommendations based on the author's extensive experience in the field and familiarity with many of the principal organizations involved. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F35, Q15, Q25. 2 figures, 1 table, 32 references.
Oxidative stress and hippocampal synaptic protein levels in elderly cognitively intact individuals with Alzheimer's disease pathology

Neuritic amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are major components used for the clinical diagnosis of this disorder. However, many individuals with no cognitive impairment (NCI) also present at autopsy with high levels of these AD pathologic hallmarks. In this study, we evaluated 15 autopsy cases from NCI individuals with high levels of AD-like pathology (high pathology no cognitive impairment) and compared them to age- and postmortem-matched cohorts of individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and NCI cases with low AD-like pathology (low pathology no cognitive impairment [LPNCI]). Individuals classified as high pathology no cognitive impairment or amnestic mild cognitive impairment had a significant loss of both presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins in the hippocampus compared with those in the LPNCI cohort. In addition, these 2 groups had a significant increase in 3 different markers of oxidative stress compared with that in the LPNCI group. The changes in levels of synaptic proteins are strongly associated with levels of oxidative stress. These data suggest that cognitively older subjects without dementia but with increased levels of AD-like pathology may represent a very early preclinical stage of AD.
Effect of Rate of Freezing on the Transmitting Agent of Neoplasms of Mice.

SummaryThe transmitting agent of leukemia of mice, presum-ably malignant leukocytes, is inactivated by rapid freezing to −30°C., but remains viable even at −70°C. when frozen slowly. Sarcoma tissue of mice can also be frozen to at least −70°C. without being inactivated, and can be preserved at this temperature with little or no subsequent deterioration during at least 56 days.
Influence of Low Dose of 2-Acetylaminofluorene on Liver Tumorigenesis in Mice.

SummaryAdministration by stomach tube of a suspension containing 2-acetylaminofluorene to suckling albino mice was followed by development of high incidence of hepatomas in males (60%) but not in females (1%). A similarly low incidence of hepatomas (0%-4%) was observed in untreated mice from same strain or mice treated with suspension alone. The low dose of 2-acetylaminofluorene represents smallest quantity of this compound effective to date in liver tumorigenesis. Also, results indicate that suckling male mouse is especially susceptible to hepatoma induction with 2-acetylaminofluorene.
Expression and identification of the domain III of dengue II virus envelop protein in Escherichia coli

Objective To express the domain Ⅲ of dengue Ⅱ virus envelop protein in Escherichia coli(E.coli)and evaluate its immunoreactivity.Methods Dengue Ⅱ virus was cultured in C6/36 cells.Total RNA was extracted from the culture supernatant,and the domain Ⅲ DNA fragment was amplified by RT-PCR.After endonuclease digestion,the target DNA fragment was inserted into vector pET30a(+) to construct the recombinant plasmid pET30a-D2E-DⅢ which was then transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3) and protein expression was induced by IPTG.The expressed products were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot.Results After RT-PCR amplification,a specific DNA fragment of D2E-DⅢ about 300 bp was obtained.Double digestion of the recombinant plasmid pET30a-D2E-DⅢ showed that the insert fragment is at the correct position and sequence analysis showed that the insert sequence and its open reading frame are correct.On the 15% acrylamide SDS-PAGE,we observed a significant expression fragment approximately 10 kDa which was in line with the predictive size;Western blot results confirmed the specific reaction of the recombinant protein with the dengue Ⅱ positive serum.Conclusion The domain Ⅲ of dengue Ⅱ virus envelop protein was successfully expressed in E.coli and the expressed protein showed potent immunoreactivity with the dengue Ⅱ positive serum.
Assessing Alternative Explanations of Dominican Decentralization

Two competing theoretical accounts of Dominican decentralization focus, respectively, on economic shocks and on the interests of individual political parties. Neither model explains the course of Dominican events well. The nation did experience major economic traumas in 1984 and 1990, but the state reacted by revising the nation’s basic macro-economic model, not by spinning off responsibilities and revenue to subnational governments. The national government retained most policy functions, linked closely to vital fl ows of patronage. Kathleen O’Neill posits that a political party may strengthen local governments if it anticipates both losing national power and enjoying stronger future local-level support. The Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) initiated many decentralizing reforms, but as part of a project to attain and hold presidential power, not to prepare for national defeat.
Deficiency of plasma prothrombin conversion accelerators in the postoperative state with a description of a simple method of assay.

1. A simple method for distinguishing between prothrombin and prothrombin conversion accelerators has been described. 2. A deficiency in prothrombin conversion accelerators in the early days after major surgical operations has been observed.
JVM Configuration Management and Its Performance Impact for Big Data Applications

Big data applications are typically programmed using garbage collected languages, such as Java, in order to take advantage of garbage collected memory management, instead of explicit and manual management of application memory, e.g., dangling pointers, memory leaks, dead objects. However, application performance in Java like garbage collected languages is known to be highly correlated with the heap size and performance of language runtime such as Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Although different heap resizing techniques and garbage collection algorithms are proposed, most of existing solutions require modification to JVM, guest OS kernel, host OS kernel or hypervisor. In this paper, we evaluate and analyze the effects of tuning JVM heap structure and garbage collection parameters on application performance, without requiring any modification to JVM, guest OS, host OS and hypervisor. Our extensive measurement study shows a number of interesting observations: (i) Increasing heap size may not increase application performance for all cases and at all times, (ii) Heap space error may not necessarily indicate that heap is full, (iii) Heap space errors can be resolved by tuning heap structure parameters without enlarging heap, and (iv) JVM of small heap sizes may achieve the same application performance by tuning JVM heap structure and GC parameters without any modification to JVM, VM and OS kernel. We conjecture that these results can help software developers of big data applications to achieve high performance big data computing by better management and configuration of their JVM runtime.
A sequential multi-target Mps1 phosphorylation cascade promotes spindle checkpoint signaling

The master spindle checkpoint kinase Mps1 senses kinetochore-microtubule attachment and promotes checkpoint signaling to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. The kinetochore scaffold Knl1, when phosphorylated by Mps1, recruits checkpoint complexes Bub1–Bub3 and BubR1–Bub3 to unattached kinetochores. Active checkpoint signaling ultimately enhances the assembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) consisting of BubR1–Bub3, Mad2, and Cdc20, which inhibits the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome bound to Cdc20 (APC/CCdc20) to delay anaphase onset. Using in vitro reconstitution, we show that Mps1 promotes APC/C inhibition by MCC components through phosphorylating Bub1 and Mad1. Phosphorylated Bub1 binds to Mad1–Mad2. Phosphorylated Mad1 directly interacts with Cdc20. Mutations of Mps1 phosphorylation sites in Bub1 or Mad1 abrogate the spindle checkpoint in human cells. Therefore, Mps1 promotes checkpoint activation through sequentially phosphorylating Knl1, Bub1, and Mad1. This sequential multi-target phosphorylation cascade makes the checkpoint highly responsive to Mps1 and to kinetochore-microtubule attachment.
Isolation of Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells Using a Novel Point-of-Care Device: Cell Characterization and Review of the Literature

The GID SVF-1 and GID SVF-2 are closed-system, disposable, scalable cellular isolation devices designed for isolating the human adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (hSVF) from lipoaspirates at the clinical point of care. The purpose of this study was to characterize the device performance with respect to cell yield and viability of the hSVF, as well as the hSVF purity and cellular composition. Our results demonstrate that adipose-derived hSVF can be safely obtained using both devices and standardized methods, yielding cells that are free of bacterial contaminants as measured by endotoxin levels, Gram stain, and culture. In addition, they produce cellular preparations with compositions consistent with reported values within the peer-reviewed literature using similar methods.
Sigmund Freud as a Logical Phenomenologist

I am in agreement with Professor Henle’s conclusion that Sigmund Freud was conservative in his theorizing on the one hand, but an original genius on the other. I only wish that she had spelled out a bit more clearly what it was that Freud actually wanted to introduce into our characterization of the human being. Reading Freud, and what others have said about Freud’s writings, is a little like reading the Bible and Biblical commentary. We can find just about anything we like in the Freudian literature, because, as with the Bible, there has been a conscious effort to represent different constituencies on the theoretical matters at hand. Freudian theory is on the border between, and hence a mixture of, the mechanistic Newtonian conceptions of science on which traditional medical explanation rested and a new style of explanation in which Freud wanted to describe people teleologically. Freud thought of human beings as intentional organisms, having wishes to fulfill, both knowing and not knowing something at the same time, and constantly reenacting dramas from out of a past in which they were agents rather than pawns. But his medical education and the direct pressures he experienced from teachers and colleagues like Brucke, Breuer, and especially Fliess demanded that he find some way of expressing telic theory in a nontelic manner (Rychlak, 1981b, Chapter VII).
Ultrasound-guided therapeutic injections for neural pathology about the foot and ankle: a 4 year retrospective review

To describe a 4-year clinical experience with ultrasound-guided therapeutic perineural injections of peripheral nerves about the foot and ankle. Retrospective analysis of foot and ankle perineural injections performed between January 2012 and August 2016. Demographics, clinical indications, presence of structural pathology, immediate and interval pain relief, as well as complications were recorded. Fifty-nine therapeutic injections were performed among 46 patients, accounting for multiple injections in a single visit or multiple visits [mean age = 43 years (range 18–75), 31 female (67%) and 15 male (33%)]. Most commonly, perineural injections involved the hallux branch of the medial plantar nerve (n = 17, 22%). Least commonly, perineural injections involved the saphenous nerve (n = 3, 4%). Other injections in our series include sural (10), superficial (11) and deep (7) peroneal, medial (5) and lateral (3) plantar nerves, and the posterior tibial nerve (3). Ultrasound evaluation revealed structural abnormality associated with the nerve in 30 cases (51%)—most commonly thickening with perineural scarring (n = 14). Of 45 injections with complete documentation, immediate relief of symptoms was reported in 43 (96%) cases. Interval symptom relief was achieved in 23 injections [short term (n = 12), intermediate (n = 6), and long term (n = 5)] out of 38 for which follow-up was available (61%). Complications are rare, occurring in only one case. Ultrasound-guided perineural injections about the foot and ankle are safe and provide lasting symptomatic relief for many indications. Concomitant sonographic evaluation identifies structural abnormalities that may contribute to neuropathic symptoms, allowing targeting of injection or clinical therapy.
Factors That Influence Photocarcinogenesis

Laboratory animals have been shown to be susceptible to carcinogenesis by UV radiation. For example, the inbred strain of hairless (but immunologically competent) HRA/Skh mice normally develop very few spontaneous tumors; among mice that live for 2 yr, only about 6% have skin tumors, in a distribution of about 4 papillomas to 1 sarcoma to 1 carcinoma. However, when these animals are exposed to UV radiation under certain circumstances, all exposed animals can develop multiple, aggressive tumors in less than 1 yr. The proportion of affected mice, the multiplicity of tumors, the tumor types, and growth rates are all strongly influenced by circumstances of exposure and related events. This chapter considers some of those circumstances.