cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Numbers of Intracellular Algae

Members of three classes of unicellular algae have exploited an intracellular habitat and occur as endosymbionts in aquatic invertebrates, including Protozoa. Such associations manifest a range of host-symbiont cellular interactions and achieve stability through the regulation of symbiont numbers. The mechanism of regulation is poorly understood. Steady-state algae:host cell ratios might be achieved by expulsion, digestion, or inhibition of growth of algal symbionts. Digestion and expulsion have been observed directly in some associations but their role in regulating numbers is circumstantial. Inhibition of growth as a result of nutrient limitation or inhibitor secretion is an attractive, but inadequately tested, hypothesis. The relation between the host cell mitosis and algal proliferation is a potential focal point for further study.
Culture and karyotyping of amniotic fluid cells

Introduction Prenatal diagnosis for an increasing variety of genetic disorders and congenital defects has been possible since about 1970. During the last decade the demand for prenatal diagnostic services has increased almost logarithmically and has become an overwhelming service load for many cytogenetic laboratories. This demand will probably continue to grow during the 1980s. Requests for chromosome studies are the most common. followed by requests to diagnose errors of morphogenesis (mostly neural tube defects), inborn errors of metabolism, and other Mendelian disorders. The most common indication for a prenatal cytogenetic study is advanced maternal age, which has an associated increased risk for trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and other aneuploid conditions (Table 1). Prenatal diagnosis is indicated for pregnant women 35 years of age or more. The incidence of trisomy 21 is greater in amniotic fluid samples than at birth partly because about 65% of trisomy 21 fetuses abort spontane~usly,~ many after the 16th week of gestation.= Couples who have had a child with karyotype abnormality may be at increased risk in subsequent pregnancies; the recurrence risk for trisomy 21 is about 1 % . Individuals who carrv a balanced chromosome rearrangement are also at risk of having offspring or abortuses with unbalanced karyotypes. The risk of the amniocentesis procedure to the mother and fetus has been the subiect of considerable discussion. Only about 2% of women experience apparent complication such as vaginal bleeding, leakage of amniotic fluid, or abdominal cramping. The chance of miscarriage or problems associated with labor and delivery have not been shown to be significantly increased, and injury to the fetus from the needle appears very rare. A study undertaken in the United States concluded that
Functions Bearing Two Chalcogens

This chapter refers to compounds with a carbon–carbon double bond in which one carbon is attached to two chalcogen atoms. In the compounds reviewed the double bond should stand alone and not be part of a heterocycle, with a few exceptions, i.e., lactones, selenium, and tellurium chalcogens, and when both chalcogens are included in a cycle. The literature has been reviewed for the period 1995 through July 2003. The sections of the review refer to functions containing two oxygen atoms, oxygen and sulfur, oxygen and either selenium or tellurium, two sulfur atoms, sulfur and either selenium or tellurium, and two selenium atoms or two tellurium atoms.
Elastic-plastic finite element analysis of short fibre composites

Abstract A finite element analysis has been employed using an elastic-plastic matrix to study the properties of aligned short fibre composites. The loading is applied in the fibre direction. The internal stresses and matrix yielding behaviour are studied and composite stress-strain curves predicted. Two different models are used to simulate the fibre packing in the composite and it is shown that fibre packing can be simulated by altering the boundary conditions.
Opposing effects of the interferon inducer, avridine: enhancement or suppression of tumor growth depending on treatment regimen.

Abstract Tumor growth and regression was studied in C57BL/6J mice injected with Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) and treated with the interferon (IFN)-inducing drug, avridine. Avridine decreased the persistence of tumors when given one or five days after virus, but shortened the prepatent period and increased persistence if given one day prior to virus. Additional studies were undertaken to study the role that serum interferon and natural killer (NK) cell activity might have in this phenomenon. Interferon levels were greatly enhanced (over that induced by virus alone or avridine alone) when avridine was given one day after, but not one day before, virus. Six days after viral infection, interferon titers had returned to near zero but could be boosted by injecting avridine at day 5. Multiple injections of avridine before and after virus resulted in refractoriness to interferon induction and tumor persistence. NK activity was greatly increased by virus at two days post-infection, and avridine given one day after infection significantly enhanced cytotoxicity of these splenic cells against tumor cells. By six days after infection, NK activity had returned to normal but could be increased by avridine given at five days post-infection. It appeared that high levels of interferon induced by avridine given at one or five days after infection increased NK activity and may have been responsible for enhanced regression. Pre-treatment by avridine had little effect on interferon levels over that induced by virus alone, but that did not explain the enhancement of tumor growth since NK activity was increased. These studies demonstrated that the growth of a viral-induced tumor in vivo could be either inhibited or enhanced by an IFN inducer depending on the timing of administration relative to tumor challenge.
New insights into innate immunity in Arabidopsis

The term innate immunity has been described as '. . . the surveillance system that detects the presence and nature of the infection and provides the first line of host defense . . .' (Medzhitov, 2001; Nat Rev Immunol 1: 135-145). The strategy of innate immunity is based on the recognition of constitutive and conserved molecules from pathogens by specific receptors, triggering defence responses (Medzhitov and Janeway, 2002; Science 296: 298-300). It has been only within the past few years that studies of plant innate immunity, especially in Arabidopsis, have provided important insights into molecular details that define innate immunity in plants. Here we review the innate immune response in Arabidopsis, where leucine-rich repeat (LRR) cell surface receptors play central roles in monitoring the presence of pathogen (microbe) associated molecules to initiate the rapid expression of defence genes. The PAMPS also activate the expression of genes encoding a family of endogenous peptides (AtPep1 paralogues) and their receptor (PEPR1) that amplify defence signalling through a feedback loop initiated by PAMPS. The concept of innate immunity has provided a valuable framework for researchers to re-evaluate the roles of exogenous and endogenous signals that regulate the expression of plant defensive genes.
An algorithm for the estimation of poisson regressions involving structural change

We consider the estimation of Poisson regression models in which structural variation in a subset of the parameters is permitted. It is noted that coventional estimation algorithms are likely to impose restrictions on the number of explanatory variables and the number of structural regimes. We propose an alternative algorithm that implements partitioned matrix inversion and thereby avoids restictions on the size of the model. The algorithm is applied to a model of shopping behavior Adjustments in the algorithm necessary for dealing with censored data are detailed.
The Isolation of Pure Strains of Cells from Human Tumors: II. Growth Characteristics of a Sarcoma and Two Brain Tumors in Tissue Culture. Conclusions

In an earlier paper (21), reasons were given for the desirability of having strains of human malignant cells comparable to the cultures of transplantable animal tumors. Following a discussion of the technic and the selection of suitable specimens, three tumors were briefly described from which pure strains of cells were isolated and kept growing for from three to nine months. Detailed description of the strains and demonstration of the fact that they constituted the specific elements of the tumors were reserved for the present article. Description of the Cultures In all of the cultures three main types of cells were encountered: (1) connective-tissue cells; (2) cells of the reticuloendothelial system; (3) those which were considered to be the specific malignant cells. (1) Connective-tissue cells of the type usually termed “fibroblasts” were the first to appear unless liquefaction of the fibrin clot by other cell types prevented their growth. The fibroblasts, often showing evidence of mitotic division, were rather large spindle or somewhat stellate cells with elongated nuclei and long, stiff, tapering processes. Their characteristics need not be discussed here. Strains of human fibroblasts of various origin have been carried in several laboratories, including our own (Fig. 1A and 2A). Their properties have been carefully studied by Chlopin (3) in cultures of human embryonic mesenchyma. They usually overgrow any other type of cell present, but in our cultures they disappeared completely, usually in less than two weeks. (2) The reticulo-endothelial system was represented by the “macrophages.” These appeared as highly motile cells of ameboid shape containing large numbers of fat droplets and ingested material, and were numerous in early cultures (Fig. 2C, 7A). In the case of the two intracranial tumors these cells were very much like the macrophages which are a regular constituent of cultures of embryonic brain. It has been well established that there they represent the “third element,” Hortega's microglia, and correspond to the histiocytes of other organs. The subject was reviewed recently by v. Mihalik (16). As in cultures of embryonic brain, this race of cells disappeared from the glioma cultures after a few transfers.
Practicing Invasive Procedures on Students and Patients: An Ethical Dilemma in Nursing Education

Clinical teaching of nursing students has long been an integral part of the educational process for nurses. Because invasive procedures encompass complex nursing techniques usually performed by the professional nurse, teaching of these important skills seems essential. The author discusses the best and safest method to teach invasive clinical nursing skills to nursing students.
Photo Quiz: Positive Blood Culture in a Patient with Sickle Cell Crisis

A 21-year-old African-American female with a history of sickle cell anemia, multiple admissions for sickle cell crises, cholecystectomy 3 years prior, and avascular necrosis of the left hip 2 years prior presented with a fever and back pain. The patient had undergone a recent 10-day hospitalization
Infrastructure for a clinical-decision-intelligence system

Clinical decision intelligence (CDI) is an emerging area in health care, covering a broad range of subjects, from clinical data integration and data analysis to knowledge management and application development. The goal of CDI systems is to improve health-care quality and reduce costs through the discovery, management, and application of clinical intelligence from heterogeneous and rapidly expanding data sources. These sources include data from clinical practice, nursing, health-care management, health-care administration, and medical research. In this paper, we discuss the functional requirements and reference architecture for CDI systems and their clinical applications. This architecture includes an integrated framework for managing the entire CDI process, a standardized enterprise ontology management system, and a clinical knowledge representation platform. The CDI approach has the potential to transform the health-care management process through the integration of business intelligence, business rule management, and business process management in a clinical setting, and to help health-care organizations move closer to an on demand model.
Possible high-lying resonances in the positronium-hydrogen system

We were previously successful in representing a series of low-lying $\mathrm{Ps}+\mathrm{H}$ scattering resonances as due to quasibound Coulomb states in the closed-channel ${e}^{+}+{\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ system. Here we investigate the analogous Coulomb states of ${\mathrm{Ps}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, which are also accessible from the $\mathrm{Ps}+\mathrm{H}$ scattering system, but at considerably higher collision energies. We locate several such states and suggest that they may be scattering resonances, but because there are many open-channel thresholds lying below they may have large widths and shifts.
Revisiting the Likert scale: can the fast form approach improve survey research?

Many behavioural studies employ surveys that rely on a Likert scale for construct measurement. However, prior research has shown that using Likert scales can be problematic. One alternative to Likert scale construction is the 'fast form' approach which uses the semantic differential scale and has been shown to alleviate some - but not all - of the Likert scale biases. Our contribution to this methodological discussion is three-fold: First, we confirm the psychometric equivalency of fast form and Likert scales using a complex technology acceptance model in the context of tax software acceptance. Second, we compare the results of two subject groups with distinct expertise and show that cross-method differences are not significant, while cross-group differences are significant. Finally, we evaluate the efficiency of the fast form approach by comparing completion time and missing values for each approach. Our results suggest shorter survey completion times with the fast form approach.
Characterization of Oxide Materials for Exchange Decoupling in Perpendicular Thin Film Media

We report on continued measurements using an experimental model system to quantify intergranular exchange coupling in CoCrPt-oxide perpendicular magnetic recording media. A thin film multi-layered structure comprising a high coercivity CoPt unicrystal layer separated from a low coercivity CoPt layer by a thin oxide interlayer is used to model the vertically aligned grains separated by oxide boundaries in CoCrPt-oxide media. Exchange coupling is measured by field shifts of the minor loop from the low coercivity layer. Results on coupling energy as a function of interlayer thickness are presented for several different oxides. Additional measurements are presented to understand the possible role of the added alloying elements, Cr and Mn, to the magnetic grains in terms of intergranular exchange coupling.
Energy Efficiency of Fixed-Rate Transmissions with Markov Arrivals under Queueing Constraints

Energy efficiency of wireless transmissions is analyzed in the presence of Markov sources and queueing constraints. Not knowing the channel conditions, the transmitter is assumed to send the data at a fixed rate over a Rayleigh fading channel. This fixed-rate transmission is modeled as a two-state (ON/OFF) continuous-time Markov chain. Using the effective bandwidth of Markov sources and the effective capacity of the Markov fluid transmission model, a characterization of the maximum average arrival rate that can be supported in the Rayleigh fading channel under buffer constraints is given, and energy efficiency is analyzed by determining the minimum energy per bit and wideband slope expressions. The impact of queueing constraints, source and channel parameters, and fixed-rate transmissions on the energy efficiency is identified.
A Tale of Three Cities: Looking at the Trending Feature on Foursquare

This study examines and compares the temporal patterns and categorical trends of Foursquare's trending feature in three cities in the U.S. The three cities in our experiment are New York City, NY, Pittsburgh, PA and Erie, PA. We show that large cities like New York City trend more often and more consistently through time, while trending in smaller cities is influenced by holidays and weekend events. We also examine common categories of venues that trend in our test cities and see a similar theme in each city favoring food-based venues, nightlife venues and other venues. The purpose of this work is to gain a basic understanding of trending patterns in different cities and to understand why certain venues trend and others do not.
DNA repair/pro-apoptotic dual-role proteins in five major DNA repair pathways: fail-safe protection against carcinogenesis.

Two systems are essential in humans for genome integrity, DNA repair and apoptosis. Cells that are defective in DNA repair tend to accumulate excess DNA damage. Cells defective in apoptosis tend to survive with excess DNA damage and thus allow DNA replication past DNA damages, causing mutations leading to carcinogenesis. It has recently become apparent that key proteins which contribute to cellular survival by acting in DNA repair become executioners in the face of excess DNA damage. Five major DNA repair pathways are homologous recombinational repair (HRR), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair (MMR). In each of these DNA repair pathways, key proteins occur with dual functions in DNA damage sensing/repair and apoptosis. Proteins with these dual roles occur in: (1) HRR (BRCA1, ATM, ATR, WRN, BLM, Tip60 and p53); (2) NHEJ (the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK); (3) NER (XPB, XPD, p53 and p33 ING1b ); (4) BER (Ref-1/Ape, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and p53); (5) MMR (MSH2, MSH6, MLH1 and PMS2). For a number of these dual-role proteins, germ line mutations causing them to be defective also predispose individuals to cancer. Such proteins include BRCA1, ATM, WRN, BLM, p53, XPB, XPD, MSH2, MSH6, MLH1 and PMS2. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
SMAD7 antagonizes key TGFβ superfamily signaling in mouse granulosa cells in vitro

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily signaling is essential for female reproduction. Dysregulation of the TGFβ signaling pathway can cause reproductive diseases. SMA and MAD (mothers against decapentaplegic) (SMAD) proteins are downstream signaling transducers of the TGFβ superfamily. SMAD7 is an inhibitory SMAD that regulates TGFβ signaling in vitro. However, the function of SMAD7 in the ovary remains poorly defined. To determine the signaling preference and potential role of SMAD7 in the ovary, we herein examined the expression, regulation, and function of SMAD7 in mouse granulosa cells. We showed that SMAD7 was expressed in granulosa cells and subject to regulation by intraovarian growth factors from the TGFβ superfamily. TGFB1 (TGFβ1), bone morphogenetic protein 4, and oocyte-derived growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) were capable of inducing Smad7 expression, suggesting a modulatory role of SMAD7 in a negative feedback loop. Using a small interfering RNA approach, we further demonstrated that SMAD7 was a negative regulator of TGFB1. Moreover, we revealed a link between SMAD7 and GDF9-mediated oocyte paracrine signaling, an essential component of oocyte-granulosa cell communication and folliculogenesis. Collectively, our results suggest that SMAD7 may function during follicular development via preferentially antagonizing and/or fine-tuning essential TGFβ superfamily signaling, which is involved in the regulation of oocyte-somatic cell interaction and granulosa cell function.
Baroreceptor Function and Changes in Strain Sensitivity in Normotensive and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

SUMMARY Baroreceptor resetting during hypertension has been attributed to a reduction in the distensibility of the vessel wall in which the receptors are located. According to this hypothesis, a simple increase in pressure is all that is required to overcome the increase in vessel wall stiffness. However, previous work from our laboratory suggested a more complicated situation. Measurements of both vessel wall mechanical properties and baroreceptor discharge characteristics in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) showed that distortion thresholds for the receptors also undergo changes. Here we have examined the time course of resetting, measuring both aortic distensibility and baroreceptor properties in SHR and mormotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) from 5 to 30 weeks in age. An in vitro aortic arch-aortic nerve preparation was used. We found that for a given pressure the aortic radii of WKY were increasing much more rapidly than the aortic radii for SHR and, beyond 5 weeks of age, were much more distensible. The lower distensibility in SHR was accompanied by increased wall thickness. The discharge characteristics of single baroreceptors were expressed in terms of both pressure and distortion or circumferential wall strain. The change in distensibility of WKY aortas from 5 to 30 weeks was suitably matched by an increase in the strain threshold for discharge of WKY baroreceptors resulting in a constant pressure threshold for discharge. The lower distensibility of SHR aortas was accompanied by lower threshold strains in SHR baroreceptors, but the changes were not suitably matched, and progressive resetting of SHR baroreceptors to higher threshold pressures occurred. The two sets of receptors appear to be different as early as 5 weeks of age when blood pressures are similar and, futhermore, these differences are accentuated by age and hypertension. CircRes 47: 821-828, 1980
FLOW REGIMES OF AIR-WATER COUNTERFLOW THROUGH CROSS CORRUGATED PARALLEL PLATES

Heretofore unknown flow regimes of air-water counterflow through a pair of transparent, vertical, parallel cross corrugated plates were observed via high-speed video. Air flows upward driven by pressure gradient and water, downward driven by gravity. The crimp geometry of the corrugations was drawn after typical corrugated sheets used as filling material in modern structured packed towers. Four regimes were featured, namely, rivulet, bicontinuous, flooding-fronts, and flooding-waves. It is conceivable that the regimes observed might constitute the basis for understanding how gas and liquid phases contend for available space in the interstices of structured packings in packed towers. Flow regime transitions were expressed in terms of liquid load (liquid superficial velocity) and gas flow parameter of common use in pressure drop and capacity curves. We have carefully examined the range of parameters equivalent to the ill-understood high-liquid-flow operation in packed towers. More importantly, our findings ...
III—Aristotelian Supervenience

Three matchsticks could be arranged on a table so as to form a triangle. Were you to place a lump of sugar into a cup of hot tea it would dissolve. You might never have been born. Such assertions express modal judgements and, as we suppose, truths about the universe. But if modal judgements can be true, what features of the universe make them true? Thanks largely to the efforts of David Lewis, philosophers nowadays find it natural to appeal to alternative worlds to explicate modality. Something is possible if it occurs in at least one alternative world. A subjunctive conditional is true if, in the ‘nearest’ worlds in which its antecedent is true, its consequent is true. This paper includes a discussion of Lewis's ‘Humean’ ontology, the role alternative worlds play in Lewis's account of modality, and an Aristotelian alternative.
Acute carotid stenting for treatment of stuttering transient ischemic attacks after recent carotid endarterectomy

Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the established standard to treat occlusive extracranial atherosclerotic carotid disease. Complications of CEA must be recognized and dealt with efficiently due to the potentially catastrophic neurologic sequelae. A 67-year-old African American man was transferred from an outside hospital for an acute stroke. He had initially presented with a small right frontal subcortical infarct and had undergone a right CEA 2 days prior to transfer. He had a fluctuating examination with left-sided hemiplegia to slight hemiparesis and inconsistent neglect. Head CT demonstrated a watershed infarct of the right hemisphere. CT angiography demonstrated high grade stenosis at the distal aspect of the CEA anastomosis. He was promptly taken for angiography and underwent acute stenting of the right internal carotid artery. This case demonstrates that carotid artery stenting is a safe management strategy for the treatment of complications associated with failed distal anastomosis during CEA.
Legal Status of the Fetus

When does life begin? There are two moments in time — the moment of conception and the moment of birth — which have most often been used to mark the existence of a new human being. The moment of birth is easily ascertainable and has often been cited by the courts to define the entry into human society of a “person” within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment. It is a convenient landmark, but it is not universally accepted in the social or legal sense.
Fully packaged, broad-band LiNbO 3 modulator with low drive voltage

A low drive voltage of /spl sim/5 V at 40 GHz has been achieved in a fully packaged, broad-band LiNbO/sub 3/ modulator. The excellent response is attributed to nearly perfect velocity and impedance matching, along with very long electrodes (41 mm), low electrode losses, and minimal packaging effects. Very accurate frequency-dependent drive voltages are obtained by the use of independent sets of measurements.
Algorithm for Switching-Time Optimization in Hybrid Dynamical Systems

We consider the problem of minimizing a cost functional defined on the state trajectory of a switched-mode dynamical system with respect to the switching times. Following the derivation, in recent years, of various results concerning the gradient of the cost functional, we present a suitable algorithm, based on gradient projection, for computing local minima. Utilizing the problem's special structure, we prove a convenient formula for the direction of descent, and apply the Armijo procedure for computing the step size. A potential extension to the optimal mode-insertion problem is discussed, and numerical examples are provided
Probiotics, cecal microflora, and aberrant crypts in the rat colon

Our hypothesis was that administration of bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus or both to rats will minimize the numbers of aberrant crypts in the distal colon that develop in response to the carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). A series of experiments was designed to test this hypothesis where the treatments used were as follows : skim milk controls (Skim-Basal), skim milk + bifidobacteria (Bifido-Basal), skim milk + fructooligosaccharide (SkimFOS), and skim milk + bifidobacteria + fructooligosaccharide (Bifido-FOS). In two experiments, bifidobacteria + FOS administration significantly decreased the number of aberrant crypts that developed, but there was no clear relationship of aberrant crypts to numbers of bifidobacteria or Clostridium perfringens. In the third experiment, the Bifido-FOS treatment led to significantly fewer aberrant crypts and aberrant crypt foci than the Bifido-Basal treatment. The Skim-FOS group had significantly more cecal bifidobacteria than the Skim-Basal group and significantly fewer C. perfringens than the Skim-Basal and Bifido-Basal. In a fourth experiment, L. acidophilus was added as an additional treatment. The number of aberrant crypts was not significantly different among the groups. However, the number of C. perfringens was significantly decreased by the addition of bifidobacteria, L. acidophilus or the combination of the two, whereas the numbers of bifidobacteria and L. acidophilus were not affected by treatment. A significant correlation (R 2 = 0.84, P < 0.01) was noted between the body weight of rats at DMH administration and the magnitude of the difference in aberrant crypts between the Skim-Basal rats and the Bifido-FOS rats. The results suggest that there is variability in the effects of bifidobacteria and L. acidophilus administration on both aberrant crypt formation and C. perfringens.
On Designing Courses in Evolutionary Medicine

Can one develop a syllabus for a course in evolutionary medicine that covers both its diversity and its depth? What topics generate the most interest and the best discussions? How can such a course be structured to help transform students into colleagues as fast as possible? Here, I draw on my experience teaching three courses in evolutionary medicine—one a traditional lecture course, one an advanced seminar with several unusual features, and one a week-long course for professors and doctors—to answer those questions.
Decadal-Scale Change in a Large-River Ecosystem

Like many large-river ecosystems, the Hudson River has been changing rapidly, chiefly as a result of human activities. Many of these changes take place on a decadal timescale, longer than the duration of most ecological studies. We use long-term studies of the Hudson to describe decadal-scale change in this ecosystem. Major impacts on the Hudson in the last few decades include biological invasions, climate change and extreme weather events, and changes in harvests of fishes. The effects of these impacts may be manifested at even longer timescales because of slow ecological responses and rapid evolution. Similar changes are occurring in large rivers around the world. We propose a framework based on the abruptness, severity, duration, and novelty of the drivers and responses to organize and understand these highly varied decadal-scale changes. Tracking and managing these rapidly changing ecosystems require an active program of scientific research and monitoring.
Improving Practices for Students with Hearing Impairments

The issues in deaf education are very complex, and the population is far from homogeneous. This article presents research, describes current practices in education of students who are deaf and hard of hearing, and discusses the relevance of their implications to practitioners. First, a chronicle of federal efforts to address the needs of students who are deaf and hard of hearing is provided. Next, current statistics on the population are illustrated followed by a presentation of current research on educational outcomes and their implications. In final sections, communication options and current challenges are presented followed by descriptions of research surrounding new technologies, approaches, and options. New challenges facing the population, promising practices, and recommendations for advancing the field are also highlighted.
Superior Mesenteric Vein Thrombosis Secondary to Oral Contraceptive Use

Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis (SMVT) is a rare yet frequently fatal cause of intestinal ischemia. Despite its severe consequences, SMVT often presents with nonspecific symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. It can occur with or without gastrointestinal bleeding, and symptoms may be present for hours to weeks. Physical exam can vary from a benign to an acute abdomen. The are no specific diagnostic laboratory studies for the presence of MVT, and it can be an incidental finding of computed tomography or ultrasound. Patients at risk for MVT include those with a history of a hypercoagulable state or secondary cases such as sepsis, gastrointestinal malignancy, liver disease, pancreatic pathology, abdominal surgery and medications. The authors present a case of a patient presenting with acute abdominal pain and ultimately a SMVT secondary to oral contraceptives by exclusion.
What Works for Whom? CETA Impacts for Adult Participants.

This article presents estimates of program-induced, post-program earnings gains for men and women who enrolled in CETA between January 1975 and June 1976. Data for the analysis were obtained from the Continuous Longitudinal Manpower Survey for CETA participants with corresponding comparison group information for respondents from the March 1976 Current Population Survey. Although subject to methodological limitations, the findings suggest that CETA-sponsored classroom training, on-the-job training, and subsidized work experience noticeably increased the future earnings of female participants, but had virtually no impact for men. Impacts for women were roughly the same for all three program activities and were due primarily to increased employment rather than increased wage rates.
Behavioral anticipation in agent simulation

In this article, the following is done: (1) a systematic and comprehensive classification of input is given and the relevance of perception as an important type of input in intelligent systems is pointed out, (2) a categorization of perception is given and anticipation is presented as a type of perception, (3) the inclusion of anticipation in simulation studies is clarified and other aspects of perceptions in simulation studies especially in conflict situations are elaborated.
Advances in modeling gradual solar energetic particle events

Abstract Solar energetic particles pose one of the most serious hazards to space probes, satellites and astronauts. The most intense and largest solar energetic particle events are closely associated with fast coronal mass ejections able to drive interplanetary shock waves as they propagate through interplanetary space. The simulation of these particle events requires knowledge of how particles and shocks propagate through the interplanetary medium, and how shocks accelerate and inject particles into interplanetary space. Several models have appeared in the literature that attempt to model these energetic particle events. Each model presents its own simplifying assumptions in order to tackle the series of complex phenomena occurring during the development of such events. The accuracy of these models depends upon the approximations used to describe the physical processes involved in the events. We review the current models used to describe gradual solar energetic particle events, their advances and shortcomings, and their possible applications to space weather forecasting.
Silibinin derivatives as anti-prostate cancer agents: Synthesis and cell-based evaluations.

This study aims to systematically explore the alkylation effect of 7-OH in silibinin and 2,3-dehydrosilibinin on the antiproliferative potency toward three prostate cancer cell lines. Eight 7-O-alkylsilibinins, eight 7-O-alkyl-2,3-dehydrosilibinins, and eight 3,7-O-dialkyl-2,3-dehydrosilibinins have been synthesized from commercially available silibinin for the in vitro cell-based evaluation. The WST-1 cell proliferation assay indicates that nineteen out of twenty-four silibinin derivatives have significantly improved antiproliferative potency when compared with silibinin. 7-O-Methylsilibinin (2) and 7-O-ethylsilibinin (3) have been identified as the most potent compounds with 98- and 123-fold enhanced potency against LNCaP human androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line. Among 2,3-dehydrosilibinin derivatives, 7-O-methyl-2,3-dehydrosilibinin (10) and 7-O-ethyl-2,3-dehydrosilibinin (11) have been identified as the optimal compounds with the highest potency towards both androgen-dependent LNCaP and androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines. 7-O-Ethyl-2,3-dehydrosilibinin (11) was demonstrated to arrest PC-3 cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and to induce PC-3 cell apoptosis. The findings in this study suggest that antiproliferative potency of silibinin and 2,3-dehydrosilibinin can be appreciably enhanced through suitable chemical modifications on the phenolic hydroxyl group at C-7 and that introduction of a chemical moiety with the potential to improve bioavailability through a linker to 7-OH in silibinin and 2,3-dehydrosilibinin would be a feasible strategy for the development of silibinin derivatives as anti-prostate cancer agents.
The peptidergic control circuit for sighing

Sighs are long, deep breaths expressing sadness, relief or exhaustion. Sighs also occur spontaneously every few minutes to reinflate alveoli, and sighing increases under hypoxia, stress, and certain psychiatric conditions. Here we use molecular, genetic, and pharmacologic approaches to identify a peptidergic sigh control circuit in murine brain. Small neural subpopulations in a key breathing control centre, the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group (RTN/pFRG), express bombesin-like neuropeptide genes neuromedin B (Nmb) or gastrin-releasing peptide (Grp). These project to the preBotzinger Complex (preBotC), the respiratory rhythm generator, which expresses NMB and GRP receptors in overlapping subsets of ~200 neurons. Introducing either neuropeptide into preBotC or onto preBotC slices, induced sighing or in vitro sigh activity, whereas elimination or inhibition of either receptor reduced basal sighing, and inhibition of both abolished it. Ablating receptor-expressing neurons eliminated basal and hypoxia-induced sighing, but left breathing otherwise intact initially. We propose that these overlapping peptidergic pathways comprise the core of a sigh control circuit that integrates physiological and perhaps emotional input to transform normal breaths into sighs.
Meaning reconstruction in the wake of loss: Evolution of a research program.

As theories of bereavement have evolved, so too have evidence-based interventions to mitigate complications in post-loss adaptation. This article reviews one line of programmatic research grounded in a conceptualisation of grieving as an attempt to reaffirm or reconstruct a world of meaning challenged by loss. Anchored in therapeutic encounters with the bereaved, a meaning reconstruction approach to loss has grown over the past 15 years to generate an increasingly substantial research base, as well as to develop and refine a wide array of contributions to psychological assessment and therapy. By summarising the major models, measures and methods resulting from this collaborative work, it offers an introduction to meaning reconstruction for those unfamiliar with it, noting its contributions to date, its areas of future development, and its relevance for clinical practice.
Dynamic modeling of cellular populations within iBioSim.

As the complexity of synthetic genetic circuits increases, modeling is becoming a necessary first step to inform subsequent experimental efforts. In recent years, the design automation community has developed a wealth of computational tools for assisting experimentalists in designing and analyzing new genetic circuits at several scales. However, existing software primarily caters to either the DNA- or single-cell level, with little support for the multicellular level. To address this need, the iBioSim software package has been enhanced to provide support for modeling, simulating, and visualizing dynamic cellular populations in a two-dimensional space. This capacity is fully integrated into the software, capitalizing on iBioSim’s strengths in modeling, simulating, and analyzing single-celled systems.
Growth of Rats Fed Bile Salts, Urea and Chlortetracycline.

SummaryAddition of ox bile and bile salts to a purified diet produced differential effects on growth in rats. Deoxycholate produced growth depression (P<0.001) at all concentrations. Growth was reduced further by 1% urea or 100 mg/kg of chlortetracycline. Addition of urea with chlortetracycline tended to abolish growth depression produced by either alone.
Neonatal Nasopharyngeal Colonization with Group B Streptococcus and its Association with Clinical Sepsis.

Objective This study aims to determine whether nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization with group B streptococcus (GBS) is associated with early-onset clinical sepsis within 72 hours of birth, prolonged antibiotic duration, longer neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay, and delay in tolerating full feeds among neonates ≥ 35 weeks gestation. Study Design A retrospective cohort study of 192 NICU neonates admitted for sepsis evaluation. Based on their GBS colonization status, the mother-neonate pairs were divided into four groups of mother-negative neonate (baby)-positive (MNBP), mother-positive neonate-positive (MPBP), mother-positive neonate-negative (MPBN), and a reference group of mother-negative neonate-negative (MNBN). Neonates with GBS-positive blood cultures were excluded. Results The colonized neonate groups of MNBP (odds ratio [OR]: 21.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.99, 59.44) and MPBP (OR: 35.5, 95% CI: 9.57, 131.70) were each associated with increased odds for clinical sepsis (p < 0.001). A similar pattern occurred for prolonged antibiotic use. MPBP group was associated with the increased NICU stay (adjusted β: 0.1, standard error = 0.05, p < 0.01). None of the GBS groups were associated with increased days to full feeds. Conclusion Neonatal NP GBS colonization was found among a substantial proportion of GBS-negative mothers and was associated with an increased diagnosis of clinical sepsis.
Analyzing results of Ig-M antibody in suspected measles in Quzhou during 2007～2009

Objective To detect IgM antibodies in suspected cases of measles in Quzhou during 2007 and 2009,and to provide the basis for taking preventive measures.Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used for testing.Results 259 suspected cases were detected,149 confirmed,with a positive rate of 57.53%.In 2009 the positive rate of measles was significantly lower than that in other years.The age of confirmed cases was mainly in the group of 20 to 40 years old,the age of onset shifting to the older population.The peak incidence of measles is still in winter and spring.Conclusion It is necessary to maintain high-quality routine immunization,strengthen the intensive immunization of older population,and strengthen the laboratory testing so as to effectively control measles epidemic.
Measurement of fission gas release from irradiated UMo dispersion fuel samples

Abstract The uranium-molybdenum (U Mo) alloy dispersed in an Al Si matrix has been proposed as one fuel design capable of converting some of the world’s highest power research reactors from the use of high enriched uranium (HEU) to low enriched uranium (LEU). One aspect of the fuel development and qualification process is to demonstrate appropriate understanding of the extent of fission product release from the fuel under anticipated service environments. In this paper, two irradiated samples containing 53.9 vol% U-7wt% Mo fuel particles dispersed in an Al-2wt% Si matrix were subjected to specified thermal profiles under a controlled atmosphere using a thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyzer coupled with a mass spectrometer inside a hot cell. Measurements revealed three distinct fission gas release events for the samples from 400 to 700 °C, as well as a number of minor fission gas releases below and above this temperature range. The mechanisms responsible for these events are discussed, and the results have been compared with available information in the literature with exceptional agreement.
Intraneural ganglion of the tibial nerve. A case report.

A case of intraneural ganglion of the tibial nerve within the popliteal fossa of a man twenty-two years old is reported. The cyst did not communicate with any joint or bursa. Pain was the presenting symptom, and was relieved by simple evacuation of the contents of the cyst.
Posttreatment-Related Marrow Changes

Current medical treatments, including radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hematopoietic growth factors, may affect the MR imaging appearance of bone marrow. A robust understanding of posttreatment marrow changes is required in order to differentiate these expected findings from pathologic marrow processes. Therapy-induced MR imaging characteristics are related to alterations in bone marrow cellular composition, vascularity, and metabolism. Therefore, posttreatment changes evolve in a time-dependent fashion and on occasion may be reversible. Therapy-specific complications such as radiation osteonecrosis and insufficiency fractures must also be differentiated and recognized by MR imaging.
SELECTIVE EXPRESSION OF MULTIPLE HEMOGLOBINS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF Chironomus LARVAE

ABSTRACT. Previous studies have shown that two of the ten monomeric hemoglobins present as a normal complement in larvae of Chironomus tentans are interrelated in their genetic regulation, showing competitive or compensatory shifts in synthesis from one genetic strain to another. These two hemoglobins, which are structurally quite similar and seem to represent the least divergent of a number of duplicate loci, both show a striking increase in quantity at the start of the fourth and last larval instar when they become the major hemoglobin components. On the supposition that a high post-moult titer of juvenile hormone is responsible for this synthesis, third-instar larvae were exposed to a synthetic juvenile hormone for eight days. Instead of stimulating early synthesis of the two hemoglobins, the synthetic hormone blocked production of both forms dramatically into the fourth instar. The findings not only confirm that the two components are involved in some common and highly selective scheme of regulation, but also indicate that synthesis of important proteins may be coupled with insect hormone titer independent of morphological change. It seems likely, however, that ecdysone is a factor in the stimulation of these late hemoglobins.
Assessing Situated Reading Motivations Across Content Areas: A Dynamic Literacy Motivation Instrument:

While educators and researchers agree on the crucial role of literacy motivation for performance, research on methods for accurately assessing adolescent reading motivation is still uncommon. The m...
Lessons From a New Continuing Education Mandate: The Experience of NASW-NYC

ABSTRACTThe New York City Chapter of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW-NYC), one of the largest in the country, launched a continuing education initiative in 2015 in response to passage of a new statute mandating that all MSW-level state licensed social workers begin accumulating approved hours of continuing education as a requirement for triennial licensure renewal. This article presents the NASW-NYC Chapter’s response, along with the results of a participant evaluation of the conference launched by NASW-NYC to meet this new professional need.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF INTERFERONS ON PORCINE NK AND K-CELL ACTIVITIES

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on role of interferons in the regulation of natural killer (NK) cell and/or killer (K)-cell activity in the gnotobiotic miniature swine system. The effects of the well-known interferon inducer, double-stranded complex polynucleotides of polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), has been tested. The apparent enhancement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) (TNP–SB plus anti-TNP) was because of the enhancement of spontaneous cytotoxicity against TNP–SB in the absence of added anti-TNP antibody and therefore, net ADCC was calculated by subtracting percent specific lysis of TNP–SB from that of TNP–SB plus anti-TNP to determine the effects on ADCC only. Interferon inducers or interferons have differential effects on porcine NK and ADCC activities; they enhance NK-cell activity but not K-cell activity. Human interferons effectively augment porcine NK activity suggesting that our gnotobiotic miniature swine system may serve as a valuable animal model for in vivo and in vitro studies of the effects of human interferons.