cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Receptor-induced heterologous desensitization of receptor-regulated phospholipase C

Activation of the P2Y purinoceptor on turkey erythrocytes results in a G11-mediated activation of a phospholipase C-beta isoenzyme and hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides. The role of the protein kinase C and Ca(2+)-mobilizing arms of the inositol lipid signalling cascade in P2Y purinoceptor-induced desensitization of phospholipase C has been examined using erythrocytes as a model system. Preincubation of intact erythrocytes with either P2Y purinoceptor agonist, ADP beta S, or the protein kinase C-activating phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate, 13 acetate (PMA), resulted in a time of preincubation-dependent decrease in guanine nucleotide-, P2Y purinoceptor-, and beta-adrenoceptor-stimulated phospholipase C activities in membranes isolated from these cells. The extent of heterologous desensitization induced by ADP beta S and PMA were additive suggesting that they did not share a common mechanism. A lack of involvement of activation of protein kinase C in P2Y purinoceptor-induced heterologous desensitization was further supported by the observation that although protein kinase C inhibitors or down-regulation of protein kinase C resulted in a loss of PMA-induced desensitization, neither treatment affected the extent of P2Y purinoceptor-induced desensitization. In addition, elevation of intracellular Ca2+ or prevention of its elevation did not induce heterologous desensitization and had no effect on the desensitization induced by ADP beta S. Thus, neither the protein kinase C nor Ca2+ mobilizing arms of the inositol lipid signalling pathway appear to be involved in P2Y purinoceptor promoted heterologous desensitization of phospholipase C. These results are consistent with the existence of a novel feedback pathway for agonist-induced heterologous desensitization of a second messenger generating enzyme. Preincubation of cells with ADP beta S or the beta-adrenoceptor agonist, isoproterenol, followed by rechallenge with each of the receptor agonists revealed that receptor-specific desensitization occurs in addition to heterologous desensitization. Thus, multiple mechanisms account for agonist-induced desensitization of the inositol lipid signalling system of turkey erythrocytes.
Radiotelemetric assessment of diel cycles in euthermic body temperature and torpor in a free-ranging small mammal inhabiting man-made nest sites.

Five free-ranging white-footed mice, peromyscus leucopus, known to inhabit man-made nest boxes were captured during winter, surgically-implanted with temperature-sensitive radiotelemeters, and released at the site of capture. The body temperatures of mice which voluntarily inhabited nest boxes were monitored from a remote location with an AM receiver on 17 days.All five mice were able to maintain stable euthermic body temperatures (approximately 35-37°C during the day; 37-39°C at night) during exposure to subfreezing ambient temperatures. Two body temperature profiles of daily torpor were obtained from one animal. On both occasions, the mouse entered torpor approximately 2 hours before sunrise, maintained a minimum body temperature of 18°C, and was fully aroused by 1500h.The influence of thermoregulation (during euthermia and torpor) on energy expenditure and survival in free-ranging mice is discussed.
A cache‐efficient implementation of the lattice Boltzmann method for the two‐dimensional diffusion equation

The lattice Boltzmann method is an important technique for the numerical solution of partial differential equations because it has nearly ideal scalability on parallel computers for many applications. However, to achieve the scalability and speed potential of the lattice Boltzmann technique, the issues of data reusability in cache-based computer architectures must be addressed. Utilizing the two-dimensional diffusion equation, , this paper examines cache optimization for the lattice Boltzmann method in both serial and parallel implementations. In this study, speedups due to cache optimization were found to be 1.9–2.5 for the serial implementation and 3.6–3.8 for the parallel case in which the domain decomposition was optimized for stride-one access. In the parallel non-cached implementation, the method of domain decomposition (horizontal or vertical) used for parallelization did not significantly affect the compute time. In contrast, the cache-based implementation of the lattice Boltzmann method was significantly faster when the domain decomposition was optimized for stride-one access. Additionally, the cache-optimized lattice Boltzmann method in which the domain decomposition was optimized for stride-one access displayed superlinear scalability on all problem sizes as the number of processors was increased. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of protein synthesis by glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate in lysed rabbit reticulocytes and the reversal of inhibition by NAD+.

Abstract Glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate inhibit protein synthesis when added to lysed rabbit reticulocytes. Protein synthesis is inhibited 47% with 6 mM fructose 1,6-diphosphate and 86% with 6 mM glucose 6-phosphate. With 0.125 mM NAD + , the inhibitory effect of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-diphosphate becomes stimulatory. The stimulation of protein synthesis in those assays with NAD + and the phosphorylated sugars is 50% above those assays that contain NAD + alone. The inhibition of protein synthesis by glucose 6-phosphate and the reversal of this inhibition by NAD + occurs at a step before the synthesis of the initial dipeptide, methionyl-valine. These data illustrate the importance of NAD + and the activation of glycolysis in regulating protein synthesis in lysed rabbit reticulocytes.
A novel method for large tree visualization

Summary: Many genomic and proteomic analyses generate as a result a tree of genes or proteins. These trees are often large (containing tens of thousands of nodes and edges), and need a visualization tool to fully display all the information contained in the tree. Clustering analysis can be performed on these trees to obtain clusters of proteins, and we need an efficient way to visualize the clustering results. We present a novel tree visualization tool to help with such analyses. Availability: http://www2.renci.org/~jeff/software/bin/win32/ProteinVis-2.1.6-win32.zip Contact:[email protected]; [email protected]
Understanding Vibration Spectra of Planetary Gear Systems for Fault Detection

An understanding of the vibration spectra is very useful for any gear fault detection scheme based upon vibration measurements. The vibration measured from planetary gears is complicated. Sternfeld noted the presence of sidebands about the gear mesh harmonics spaced at the planet passage frequency in spectra measured near the ring gear of a CH-47 helicopter. McFadden proposes a simple model of the vibration transmission that predicts high spectral amplitudes at multiples of the planet passage frequency, for planetary gears with evenly spaced planets. This model correctly predicts no strong signal at the meshing frequency when the number of teeth on the ring gear is not an integer multiple of the number of planets. This paper will describe a model for planetary gear vibration spectra developed from the ideas started in reference. This model predicts vibration to occur only at frequencies that are multiples of the planet repetition passage frequency and clustered around gear mesh harmonics. Vibration measurements will be shown from tri-axial accelerometers mounted on three different planetary gear systems and compared with the model. The model correctly predicts the frequencies with large components around the first several gear mesh harmonics in measurements for systems with uniformly and nonuniformly spaced planet gears. Measurements do not confirm some of the more detailed features predicted by the model. Discrepancies of the ideal model to the measurements are believed due to simplifications in the model and will be discussed. Fault detection will be discussed applying the understanding will be discussed.
Intelligent diagnostic problem solving tutor: an experimental evaluation

The authors describe an experimental evaluation of an intelligent tutoring system designed to train operators to troubleshoot a marine power plant. Three training conditions were explored: training with simulator, training with a passive tutor and training with an active tutor. Along with the training condition effect, the effect of seen status of a problem was also analyzed. The results of the analysis show that a simulator alone is inadequate. A simulator in conjunction with a computer-based tutor can help develop efficient troubleshooting skills. The troubleshooting performance of students improves with practice and familiarity with a problem. No all students are equally receptive to every tutoring strategy and provisions must be made in training programs for individual preferences and differences in abilities and styles. >
Measurements of the low-frequency-gain fluctuations of a 30-GHz high-electron-mobility-transistor cryogenic amplifier

Low-frequency-gain fluctuations of a 30-GHz cryogenic HEMT amplifier have been measured with the input of the amplifier connected to a 15-K load. Effects of fluctuations of other components of the test set-up were eliminated by use of a power-power correlation technique. Strong correlation between output power fluctuations of the amplifier and drain current fluctuations of the transistors comprising the amplifier are observed. The existence of these correlations introduces the possibility of regressing some of the excess noise from the HEMT amplifier's output using the measured drain currents.
Probing the Mental Representation of Gesture: Is Handwaving Spatial?.

What type of mental representation underlies the gestures that accompany speech? We used a dual-task paradigm to compare the demands gesturing makes on visuospatial and verbal working memories. Participants in one group remembered a string of letters (verbal working memory group) and those in a second group remembered a visual grid pattern (visuospatial working memory group) while explaining math problems. If gesture production is mediated by visuospatial representation, gesturing should interfere more with performance on the concurrent visuospatial task than the concurrent verbal task. We found, however, that participants in both groups remembered significantly more items when they gestured than when they did not gesture. Moreover, the number of items remembered depended on the meaning conveyed by gesture. When gesture conveyed the same propositional information as speech, participants remembered more items than when it conveyed different information. Thus, in contrast to simple handwaving, the demands that gesture makes on working memory appear to be propositional rather than visuospatial.
Parallel I/O: a set of intertwined systems and applications issues

Historically, input/output (I/O) has been a bottleneck for many scientific and engineering applications. Sequential and vector supercomputers invested substantial resources into reducing that bottleneck. Now that high-performance computing is nearly synonymous with parallel computing, I/O has become more of a bottleneck and it is more difficult to eliminate it because of the complexity of data movements between hundreds or thousands of processors and dozens or hundreds of I/O devices. This problem is starting to be addressed by various research and development efforts and by computer vendors. Some early efforts and lessons learned are presented.
Multiple Polyamine Regulatory Pathways Control Compensatory Cardiovascular Hypertrophy in Coarctation Hypertension

While a number of factors may initiate structural alterations within the cardiovascular system in response to hypertension, there are obligate cellular signaling mechanisms, such as the polyamines, through which they must operate. This study examined the effects of polyamine synthesis inhibition using eflornithine, a suicide inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase on blood pressure, compensatory remodeling of the cardiovascular system, and cardiac and aortic polyamine contents using an aortic coarctation model in rats. Eflornithine treatment failed to reduce carotid arterial blood pressure and actually significantly elevated vascular pressure above and below the coarctation site by 14 days of hypertension. Eflornithine only transiently reduced aortic polyamine content of hypertensive rats while this agent reduced coarctation-induced aortic medial wall thickening and the synthesis/deposition of fibronectin and laminin in the hypertensive aorta. Increases in left ventricular mass and polyamine content were concomitantly reduced in hypertensive rats administered eflornithine. These results suggest that multiple polyamine regulatory pathways may maintain vascular polyamine content in response to aortic coarctation; however de novo polyamine synthesis is essential for select aspects of vascular remodeling, including matrix synthesis. Cardiac tissue, in contrast, may rely principally on de novo polyamine synthesis.
“Population” Is Not a Natural Kind of Kinds

Millstein (2009) argues against conceptual pluralism with respect to the definition of “population,” and proposes her own definition of the term. I challenge both Millstein’s negative arguments against conceptual pluralism and her positive proposal for a singular definition of population. The concept of population, I argue, does not refer to a natural kind; popula tions are constructs of biologists variably defined by contexts of inquiry.
Short Vagina In Adolescents With 46 Xy-Dsd: Vaginal Dilation As First-Line Treatment

Purpose Although Frank already described vaginal dilation therapy for treatment of a short vagina in 1938 patient selection criteria, treatment protocols and outcome parameters are still poorly defined. Since 2000 vaginal dilation is our first-line treatment in 46 XY-DSD with female gender. We present data of 15 consecutive patients. Material and Methods In 15 adolescents (mean age 16 years) vaginal length was measured under anesthesia and the compliance of the vaginal vault was assessed. Diagnosis was Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome in 9 (group A) and other cause, like T-synthesis disorder, in 6 (group B). In 5 patients from group A the vagina was considered sufficient. Four/9 from group A and all 6 from group B were considered candidates for selfdilation therapy. After psychological counseling and instruction patients were advised to dilate the vagina daily with a Hegar sound during 3-5 minutes. Results Mean vaginal length in group A was 5 (range 3-10) cm and in group B 3 (range 2-5) cm. Mean vaginal length in the 5/15 who did not require therapy was 7 (range 5-10) cm. Mean vaginal length in the therapy group was 3 (range 2-5) cm. Three/10 completed dilation therapy after 12-24 months with an average increase in vaginal length of 5,7 cm; 1/10 discontinued selfdilation after successful coitus. Three/10 are not yet ready for treatment; 3/10 are lost to follow-up. Conclusions Although follow-up is short and information on sexual function is lacking in most patients to allow definitive conclusions we consider vaginal self-dilation therapy as treatment of first choice in 46 XY-DSD patients with a short vagina. Patient motivation and a delicate approach in a multidisciplinary setting are keystones to a successful result of dilation treatment.
The CLEO-III ring imaging Cherenkov Detector

The CLEO-III Detector upgrade for charged particle identification is discussed. The design uses solid crystal radiators coupled with photosensitive multi-wire chamber photon detectors, using low-noise VLSI readout electronics. Prototype results from cosmic ray tests are also presented.
Spargel/dPGC-1 is a new downstream effector in the insulin-TOR signaling pathway in Drosophila.

Insulin and target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathways converge to maintain growth so a proportionate body form is attained. Insufficiency in either insulin or TOR results in developmental growth defects due to low ATP level. Spargel is the Drosophila homolog of PGC-1, which is an omnipotent transcriptional coactivator in mammals. Like its mammalian counterpart, Spargel/dPGC-1 is recognized for its role in energy metabolism through mitochondrial biogenesis. An earlier study demonstrated that Spargel/dPGC-1 is involved in the insulin–TOR signaling, but a comprehensive analysis is needed to understand exactly which step of this pathway Spargel/PGC-1 is essential. Using genetic epistasis analysis, we demonstrated that a Spargel gain of function can overcome the TOR and S6K mediated cell size and cell growth defects in a cell autonomous manner. Moreover, the tissue-restricted phenotypes of TOR and S6k mutants are rescued by Spargel overexpression. We have further elucidated that Spargel gain of function sets back the mitochondrial numbers in growth-limited TOR mutant cell clones, which suggests a possible mechanism for Spargel action on cells and tissue to attain normal size. Finally, excess Spargel can ameliorate the negative effect of FoxO overexpression only to a limited extent, which suggests that Spargel does not share all of the FoxO functions and consequently cannot significantly rescue the FoxO phenotypes. Together, our observation established that Spargel/dPGC-1 is indeed a terminal effector in the insulin–TOR pathway operating below TOR, S6K, Tsc, and FoxO. This led us to conclude that Spargel should be incorporated as a new member of this growth-signaling pathway.
Rapid method for correction of CSF partial volume in quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging.

Partial volume effects with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), if uncorrected, can lead to underestimation of metabolite concentrations in quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of the brain. A rapid method for the correction of CSF partial volume effects is described based on selective CSF imaging using long echo time (TE) fast spin echo (FSE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In order to achieve maximum suppression of signal from brain parenchyma, the FSE sequence is coupled with an inversion recovery (IR) pulse. Scan time is minimized using single shot (SS) IR-FSE. The method is validated against a current “gold standard” for the determination of CSF volumes, namely, segmented 3D spoiled gradient-echo (SPGR) scans. Excellent agreement in CSF percentage determined by the two methods was found (linear regression analysis: slope = 0.99 ± 0.02, intercept = 2.08 ± 0.45; mean ± standard errors, R = 0.93) in pooled data from four healthy subjects. An example of the use of SS-IR-FSE for partial volume correction in a leukodystrophy patient with T2 hyperintense lesions is demonstrated. SS-IR-FSE is a simple and rapid method for applying partial volume corrections in quantitative proton MRSI, which may be of particular value in the clinical environment when time constraints do not allow longer, perhaps more accurate segmentation methods to be used. Magn Reson Med 48:555–558, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Potential Supply of Carbon Dioxide Offsets from the Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Waste in the United States

Anaerobic digestion allows farmers to create renewable energy and significantly reduce manure methane emissions. Estimates of the aggregate supply curve for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) equivalent offsets from the adoption of anaerobic digestion (AD) were developed based upon dairy farm data collected by the National Agricultural Statistics Service/Economic Research Service Agricultural Resource and Management Survey. The estimated supply curve demonstrates how the supply of CO 2 offsets from AD would be influenced by offset prices. A sensitivity analysis examines how changes in capital and operating costs, as well as energy prices, would influence the supply of offsets. Under a base set of assumptions, offset prices in excess of $15 per ton of CO2 equivalent would be required to reduce methane emissions from manure storages by 50% from 2005 levels. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
Reduced False Memory after Sleep.

Several studies have shown that sleep contributes to the successful maintenance of previously encoded information. This research has focused exclusively on memory for studied events, as opposed to false memories. Here we report three experiments showing that sleep reduces false memories in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) memory illusion. False recognition of nonstudied words was reduced after sleep, relative to an equal retention interval of wakefulness, with no change in correct recognition of studied words. These experiments are the first to show that false memories can be reduced following sleep, and they extend the benefits of sleep to include increased accuracy of episodic memory.
A Novel Kernel for Learning a Neuron Model from Spike Train Data

From a functional viewpoint, a spiking neuron is a device that transforms input spike trains on its various synapses into an output spike train on its axon. We demonstrate in this paper that the function mapping underlying the device can be tractably learned based on input and output spike train data alone. We begin by posing the problem in a classification based framework. We then derive a novel kernel for an SRM0 model that is based on PSP and AHP like functions. With the kernel we demonstrate how the learning problem can be posed as a Quadratic Program. Experimental results demonstrate the strength of our approach.
Tribute to John Paul Stevens

Justice Stevens is supposed to be older than I am, but the evidence is mixed. I remember one morning back in June of 2009, for example, when he and I happened to get to work at just the same time. I was in a suit, but John was still in tennis shorts, after one of his four weekly singles matches at 7:00 a.m. (He usually arrived in civvies.) I asked him, how’d the game go. There was a little victory leap. “I really beat him.” John's a player.
The value of geographic wikis

This thesis responds to the dual rising trends of geographic content and open content, where the core value of an information system is derived from the work of users. We define the essential properties of an emerging technology, the geographic wiki or geowiki, as well as two variations we invented: the computational geowiki, where user wiki input feeds an algorithm, and the personalized geowiki, where the system provides a personalized interpretation. We focus on two systems to develop these ideas. First, Cyclopath, a research geowiki we founded, serves the bicycle navigation needs of cyclists. We also present analysis in the context of Wikipedia, the well-known and highly successful wiki encyclopedia, using its size and maturity to draw lessons for smaller, younger systems which are far more numerous but hope to grow. We ask three questions with respect to this new technology. First, can it be built? Yes. This thesis describes the design and implementation of Cyclopath, which has grown to be a production system with thousands of users. Second, is it useful? Yes. We identified a representative geographic community, bicyclists, and they both tell us that the information in the Cyclopath geowiki is useful and show us by using the system in great numbers. We also present new ways to measure value in wikis, introducing new techniques for doing so from the perspective of information consumers. In particular, user work in Cyclopath has shortened the average route by 1 km. Also, we present techniques for obtaining more contributions (familiarity matters – sometimes – and users do work beyond what they are asked to) and algorithms for increasing the value of geowiki content by personalizing it, showing that traditional rating prediction algorithms (collaborative filtering) are not effective but simple algorithms based on clustering are. Finally, who cares? Many people. There are numerous communities with great interest in geographic information but limited, incomplete, or awkward access because the relevant knowledge is distributed among members of the community and otherwise unavailable. As our results demonstrate, geowikis are an effective way of gathering and disseminating geographic information, more so than previous techniques. Thus, this research has broad value.
Robust autopilot for close formation flight of multi-UAVs

Close formation control of multi-UAVs with autopilot is studied in this paper. We focus on the heading speed, heading angle and altitude tracking control issue of leading-follower UAVs. Robust control algorithms are proposed to achieve close formation maneuver under varying flight conditions. It is shown via Lyapunov stability theory that the proposed method is effective in dealing system uncertainties and external disturbances due to vortex arisen from close formation. Simulation study is conducted as a verification.
Radiation from a tapered surface wave antenna

Utilizing results obtained previously for the propagation of electromagnetic waves along a plane surface having a linear spatial variation of surface admittance, an approximate analysis of the radiation properties of a certain two-dimensional tapered surface wave antenna is carried out. The radiating structure consists of a surface waveguide of finite length having a linear susceptance variation, inserted between a feeding surface waveguide with constant susceptance, and a perfectly conducting plane. The separate junction effects at the input and output ends of the taper are evaluated approximately for the case where the taper susceptance variation is gradual, and their combined influence on the radiation pattern is discussed.
Strain-specific differences in mouse oocytes and their contributions to epigenetic inheritance

Previous experiments revealed a strain-dependent effect of egg cytoplasm on the developmental potential of androgenetic (two paternal genomes) mouse embryos. Eggs obtained from C57BL/6 mice supported androgenone development to the blastocyst stage at a much higher frequency than eggs from DBA/2 mice. Transient exposure of paternal pronuclei to DBA/2 egg cytoplasm also compromised development, indicating that the DBA/2 egg cytoplasm negatively affected the ability of paternal pronuclei to support blastocyst formation. An essential first step toward understanding the molecular mechanism by which egg modifier factors influence gene expression is to determine the number of loci that are responsible for the strain difference. To do this, (B6D2)F1 hybrid females were backcrossed to DBA/2 males and the eggs from individual female progeny assayed for their ability to support androgenetic development. Approximately one fourth of the backcross females produced eggs that failed to support androgenone development, indicating that two independently segregating genetic loci are most likely responsible for the difference between DBA/2 and C57BL/6 egg phenotypes. Comparison of DBA/2 and C57BL/6 oocytes by two-dimensional protein gel electrophoresis revealed at least 17 proteins that exhibited significant, reproducible, quantitative differences in rates of synthesis. All of these proteins were synthesized in (B6D2)F1 oocytes. These data, combined with the previous observation that the C57BL/6 egg phenotype is dominant, are consistent with a model in which a C57BL/6 allele at either locus provides a protective function, either by antagonizing the actions of the DBA/2 alleles or by providing, through partial or complete redundancy, a function not provided by the DBA/2 alleles.
Dual method use in adolescents: a review and framework for research on use of STD and pregnancy protection.

Fortunately for adolescents excellent models of service integration (including family planning and STD services) already exist in some areas including full-service school-based and school-linked clinics as well as community-based youth-serving clinics that have adopted protocols for interdisciplinary assessment and treatment of adolescent health problems. However the knowledge base regarding how to promote use of at least two methods to protect effectively against both STDs and pregnancy (referred to as “dual method use”) lags behind the promising possibilities presented by comprehensive adolescent health services and managed care settings that have assumed responsibility for public health prevention promotion and assurance. The expansion of this limited knowledge base is hampered by the failure of most researchers in this area to use complex integrative frameworks characterized by the potential for moving beyond and outside the limited conceptual spheres presented by most theories of health behavior. In addition as will be described shortly few datasets have contained the necessary breadth and scope of variables plus longitudinal designs to permit use of comprehensive integrating schema. (excerpt)
Sustaining the world's large marine ecosystems

Sustaining the Worlds Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) provides examples of advances made in the operationalization of the five-module approach to ecosystem based management (EBM) for sustaining the goods and services of the worlds LMEs.
The Status and Significance of the Theory of Social and Cultural Pluralism

This is a paper tracing the history of an ideology, in the classical Marxist sense of the term: a framework of thought which purports to make sense of reality but which in fact masks its real dynamics, and which is developed in the service of class interest (Marx, 1970). The ideology in question here has to do with the ways in which social scientists conceptualize and analyse the dynamics of those societies usually described as the Third World. In recent years, following the failure of functionalism and such developmentalist schemas as Rostow's stages of economic growth, there has begun to emerge an interest in thinking about Third World societies in terms of social and cultural pluralism. It is this framework of thought which is to be examined here.
Forward Programming of Cardiac Stem Cells by Homogeneous Transduction with MYOCD plus TBX5

Adult cardiac stem cells (CSCs) express many endogenous cardiogenic transcription factors including members of the Gata, Hand, Mef2, and T-box family. Unlike its DNA-binding targets, Myocardin (Myocd)—a co-activator not only for serum response factor, but also for Gata4 and Tbx5—is not expressed in CSCs. We hypothesised that its absence was a limiting factor for reprogramming. Here, we sought to investigate the susceptibility of adult mouse Sca1+ side population CSCs to reprogramming by supplementing the triad of GATA4, MEF2C, and TBX5 (GMT), and more specifically by testing the effect of the missing co-activator, Myocd. Exogenous factors were expressed via doxycycline-inducible lentiviral vectors in various combinations. High throughput quantitative RT-PCR was used to test expression of 29 cardiac lineage markers two weeks post-induction. GMT induced more than half the analysed cardiac transcripts. However, no protein was detected for the induced sarcomeric genes Actc1, Myh6, and Myl2. Adding MYOCD to GMT affected only slightly the breadth and level of gene induction, but, importantly, triggered expression of all three proteins examined (α-cardiac actin, atrial natriuretic peptide, sarcomeric myosin heavy chains). MYOCD + TBX was the most effective pairwise combination in this system. In clonal derivatives homogenously expressing MYOCD + TBX at high levels, 93% of cardiac transcripts were up-regulated and all five proteins tested were visualized. In summary: (1) GMT induced cardiac genes in CSCs, but not cardiac proteins under the conditions used. (2) Complementing GMT with MYOCD induced cardiac protein expression, indicating a more complete cardiac differentiation program. (3) Homogeneous transduction with MYOCD + TBX5 facilitated the identification of differentiating cells and the validation of this combinatorial reprogramming strategy. Together, these results highlight the pivotal importance of MYOCD in driving CSCs toward a cardiac muscle fate.
Nuclear lattice simulations and SU(4) symmetry

We discuss the theory and computational algorithms involved in nuclear lattice simulations using chiral effective field theory. We elucidate the role of Wigner’s SU(4) symmetry and the role it plays in alpha clustering and rendering the auxiliary-field projection Monte Carlo simulations tractable.
The Correlation of Social Phenomena with Community Size

HE passage of time since Davie's 1932 summary' of the unfinished business confronting urban sociologists has brought continuous refinement of study techniques for differentiating urban communities, along with an increasing knowledge of the structure of the city. A preoccupation, however, with "functional" categories of urban places has had the effect of deemphasizing the significance of community size as a basic factor of variation.2 Many recent and undeniably valuable studies would lead one to believe all communities fall into one of the many functional categories (areal units) or are explained by one of the operational definitions. Actually community size continues to be a fundamental morphological characteristic and a useful index, although today no analysis of a single community or group of city places can fail to consider the implications of such basic concepts as, for example, regionalism, metropolitanism or metropolitan rings, dominance, gradience, suburbs, rural-urban fringe, specialization, zones or sectors. Studies which posit variations between communities as not "explained by their difference in size, because many of them are in the opposite direction from that expected on a size basis"3 in fact may show that an excellent adjustment for one size of community is a maladjustment for another. Furthermore, students of the city that deny themselves the useful tool which size-of-place provides for analyses of urbanization pass up a basic variable which continues to be the major approach for crosscultural studies. Lack of perspective, usually preoccupation with twentieth century North America, is a perennial characteristic of urban sociology.4 Some recent monographs and textbooks5 have both criticized and utilized hitherto unpublished material, gathered in 1939-1941, which attempted to answer two questions: (1) Is there a correlation between community size and variety of social phenomena? (2) When a vast range of communities is considered, are differentiable groups discovered which are helpful in determining the locatioln of the rural-urban dividing line, the points at which the community becomes unmistakably "urban" and attains city status?6 The study examined the 3,890 communities which had populations of 2,000 or more in 1930. Nice distinctions were necessary in deciding what social phenomena to select. Desired were those which might be expected to differentiate communities when the distribution community-wise was examined. This meant that phenomena which occurred in almost every American community were not germane, e.g., graveyards, or those which were primarily pervasive elements of our culture and therefore not specifically concomitants of size or urbanization, e.g., elementary schools. This was the first culling process. As much as possible, facilities were omitted the absence of which might be explained by the presence of equivalent services or by historical accident, e.g., Negro newspapers. The group of phenomena that remained had to pass another test: only those could be utilized for which data were available in terms of distribution by communities.
Normative cultural values and the experiences of Mexican-American mothers in the neonatal intensive care unit.

PURPOSE: To explore the experiences of Mexican-American mothers who have had infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 15 English-speaking, Mexican-American women was interviewed. DESIGN: The study used an exploratory qualitative approach. METHODS: Data collection was conducted through audiotaped, transcribed, semistructured, individual interviews and field notes. The 5 normative cultural values for Latino families-(1) simpatia, (2) personalismo, (3) respeto, (4) familismo, and (5) fatalismo-were used as a sensitizing framework to guide data interpretation. RESULTS: The women's discussions of their NICU experiences clearly reflect the 5 normative Latino cultural values. Positive and negative exemplars of these values are provided as evidence. CONCLUSIONS: These findings can be used to inform nursing care provided for Mexican-American mothers and their infants by assisting nurses to customize care to meet the cultural needs of this population.
Signifying Deviance and Transgression Jazz in the Popular Imagination

This article analyzes a jazz trope that appeared in literature, film, and journalism from the 1930s to the early 1960s. It shows how the distinct symbolic order and moral boundaries of these cultur...
Pseudogaucher Cells in Mycobacterium Avium Intracellulars Infections in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

This report describes a 28-year-old woman with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) with culture-proven disseminated Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection. The histopathologic and cytologic features in this case were unique in that these organisms that stained positively with the Ziehl-Neelsen and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains were numerous, present intracellularly within histiocytes, transforming them into pseudogaucher cells. Differential diagnostic criteria for pseudogaucher cells and abnormal macrophage handling of the intracellular organisms in AIDS are discussed.
In vivo structural and cellular remodeling of engineered bone–ligament–bone constructs used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in sheep

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures rank among the most prevalent and costly sports-related injuries. Current tendon grafts used for ACL reconstruction are limited by suboptimal biomechanical properties. We have addressed these issues by engineering multiphasic bone-ligament-bone (BLB) constructs that develop structural and mechanical properties similar to native ACL. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute remodeling process that occurs as the BLB grafts advance toward the adult ligament phenotype in vivo. Thus, we implanted BLB constructs fabricated from male cells into female host sheep and allowed 3, 7, 14, or 28 days (n = 4 at each time point) for recovery. To address whether or not graft-derived cells were even necessary, a subset of BLB constructs (n = 3) were acellularized, implanted, and allowed 28 days for recovery. At each recovery time point, the following histological analyses were performed: picrosirius red staining to assess collagen alignment and immunohistochemistry to assess both graft development and host immune response. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, performed on every explanted BLB, was used to detect the presence of graft-derived male cells remaining in the constructs and/or migration into surrounding host tissue. The analysis of the PCR and histology samples revealed a rapid migration of host-derived macrophages and neutrophils into the graft at 3 days, followed by increased collagen density and alignment, vascularization, innervation, and near complete repopulation of the graft with host cells within 28 days. This study provides a greater understanding of the processes of ligament regeneration in our BLB constructs as they remodel toward the adult ligament phenotype.
Hierarchical Address Event Routing for Reconfigurable Large-Scale Neuromorphic Systems

We present a hierarchical address-event routing (HiAER) architecture for scalable communication of neural and synaptic spike events between neuromorphic processors, implemented with five Xilinx Spartan-6 field-programmable gate arrays and four custom analog neuromophic integrated circuits serving 262k neurons and 262M synapses. The architecture extends the single-bus address-event representation protocol to a hierarchy of multiple nested buses, routing events across increasing scales of spatial distance. The HiAER protocol provides individually programmable axonal delay in addition to strength for each synapse, lending itself toward biologically plausible neural network architectures, and scales across a range of hierarchies suitable for multichip and multiboard systems in reconfigurable large-scale neuromorphic systems. We show approximately linear scaling of net global synaptic event throughput with number of routing nodes in the network, at $3.6\times 10^{7}$ synaptic events per second per 16k-neuron node in the hierarchy.
Polysilicon thin film transistor for analogue circuit applications

The authors examine the suitability and use of polysilicon thin-film transistors (TFTs) for analog circuit applications. It is shown that the electrical characteristics of TFTs present significant problems for analog design and are likely to make new design techniques necessary. Nevertheless, an operational amplifier built with TFTs is demonstrated, the performance of which is adequate for many basic signal processing functions. A CMOS polysilicon TFT technology was chosen for this study. >
High-speed, low-power device trend and low-k layer delamination

Flipchip is one of the key technologies that offer lower parasitic impedance and better power delivery to compensate reducing margins between power and threshold voltages with. The roadmap of core voltage is shown in Fig. 1 cited from the Japan Jisso Technology Roadmap (JJTR 2011, [1]). Requirements and trends of electronic systems are surveyed every other year in Japan and broken down to the parameters by JJTR Committee of Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JEITA). The introduction of fragile low-k layers and lead-free solder bumps with higher Young's modulus into a die has made chip-package interaction critical. Delamination of low-k layer on a flipchip die can be seen as white spots (white bumps) in the image of scanning acoustic tomography (SAT). This paper introduces the countermeasures against white bumps during flipchip bonding and reflowing process.
Drug and chemical residues in livestock.

Adulteration of the food supply by foreign chemicals is becoming an increasingly important and costly problem to the livestock industry. This paper addresses the processes that lead to violative drug residues in foods of animal origin; the perceived versus actual risks to humans from consumption of residues; those specific drugs and chemicals that are most likely to persist as residues in meat, milk, and eggs; and methods for avoiding residue problems. In addition, this paper also examines recent, controversial, residue-related issues such as sulfamethazine contamination in U.S. milk and the European Economic Community's ban on the use of anabolic growth hormones.
Aqueous humor flow during sleep.

The rate of aqueous humor flow of 19 normal subjects was measured by a fluorescein clearance technique during the day, during sleep (at night) and during sleep deprivation (at night). Subjects engaged in routine activities during the daytime measurements and slept in comfortable quarters during the nighttime measurement. They remained awake and active during the sleep deprivation study. The nomographic method of Coakes and Brubaker , a method in which the subject is not disturbed at all during the critical 5-hr period, was used to calculate flow. Flow was lower during sleep in all but one subject. The range of nighttime flow suppression was 8% to 68% in all of the other subjects with a mean suppression of 45% +/- 20%. Aqueous flow was lower at night even when the subjects were awake but was lowest during sleep at night. The reduction of aqueous flow during sleep is comparable with the suppression that can be achieved with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors or beta adrenergic blockers.
Deborah B. Gewertz and Frederick K. Errington, Twisted Histories, Altered Contexts: Representing the Chambri in a World System

My approach to this excellent ethnography is not based on assessing its contribution to the enthnography of a particular geographical area nor to a particular theoretical paradigm in anthropology. In the spirit of revealing “where you’re coming from,” I take the selfish point of view of a teacher--of introductory sociocultural anthropology, of upper-division and graduate courses in kinship and social structure (Graburn 1971c), the anthropology of art (Graburn 1971a), and the anthropology of tourism (Graburn 1980, 1983b, 1988)--and of a researcher--of village-based societies “during the period of transition between a regional and a world system,” in the words of Gewertz and Errington (p. 20) (Graburn 1969, 1971b, 1981, 1982), of non-Western arts as they become commoditized (Graburn 1976, 1978, 1979, 1984, 1987), and of modern tourism, its motivations and impacts (Graburn 1977, 1983a; Graburn and Jafari 1991). As a teacher who views this work as a potential case study at both the lowerand upper-division levels, I find it praiseworthy. It might be used for introductory courses as well as those on art and tourism, and it could also be helpful in teaching psychological anthropology, social change and development, ethnographic writing, the anthropology of Oceania, gender, religion, and particularly ritual.
GHOSTS OF THE TEMERAIRE

In order to frame each of the individual stories of the respective transports that I focus on, I first want to found my discourse on one wonderfully evocative, and indeed provocative, vision. Sadly, this vision is not my own. Rather, it derives from the inspiration of a nineteenth century artist who created an image that has become one of the most emblematic of a nation.