cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrapure ZBLAN glass for optical refrigerators

A quantitative description of optical refrigeration in Yb 3+ -doped ZBLAN glass in the presence of transition-metal and OH impurities is presented. The model includes the competition of radiative processes with energy migration, energy transfer to transition-metal ions, and multiphonon relaxation. The cooling efficiency is sensitive to the presence of both 3d metal ions with absorption in the near infrared and high-frequency vibrational impurities such as OH. The calculation establishes maximum impurity concentrations for different operating temperatures and finds Cu 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , and OH to be the most problematic species. Cu 2+ in particular has to be reduced to <2 ppb, and Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , and OH have to be reduced to 10-100 ppb for a practical ZBLAN:Yb 3+ optical cryocooler to operate at 100-150 K.
Similarity judgments of patterns and maps

An algorithmic technique is described for generating from a common prototype three populations of forms (dots, open forms, and polygons) having different configurational properties. Within each population, subjects rated the similarity between standard stimuli and 20 transformations of these stimuli. The stimuli were represented to the subjects as abstract patterns or as maps. High rank-order correlations were obtained between the ratings given to the various transformations in each form population and in the pattern and map conditions. These correlations led to two conclusions: (1) there was ecological validity in the stimulus factors that influenced similarity judgments in the three form populations, and (2) subjects used analogous processes when making similarity judgments in tasks focusing upon pattern perception and spatial reference systems.
No Gender Influences on Clinical Outcomes or Durability of Repair Following Carotid Angioplasty With Stenting and Carotid Endarterectomy

Introduction To determine if gender influences clinical outcomes and durability of repair after carotid angioplasty with stenting (CAS) or carotid endartercetomy (CEA), an analysis of patient records was performed.Methods This study included 89 CAS patients (47 men and 42 women) and 93 CEA patients (53 men and 40 women). Patients underwent duplex scans 6, 12, 24 months postprocedure. The outcomes of periprocedural mortality, major adverse events, strokes, and myocardial infarctions were assessed. Incidence of critical restenosis and recurrence of symptoms was also assessed.Results No significant differences were noted between men and women who had undergone either CAS or CEA (P > .05) for clinical outcomes and durability of repair. No differences for periprocedural mortality, major adverse events, critical restenosis, recurrent neurologic symptoms, and adverse event free survival were found.Conclusions These results do not indicate substantial gender influences on clinical outcomes or durability of repair...
1200 MANIFESTATIONS OF 1,25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D RECEPTORS WITH ABNORMALLY LOW HORMONE AFFINITY: COMPARISON OF TWO KINDREDS

1200 MANIFESTATIONS OF 1,25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D RECEPTORS WITH ABNORMALLY LOW HORMONE AFFINITY: COMPARISON OF TWO KINDREDS
Hemispherical wineglass resonators fabricated from the microcrystalline diamond

We present the development of millimeter scale 3D hemispherical shell resonators fabricated from the polycrystalline diamond, a material with low thermoelastic damping and very high stiffness. These hemispherical wineglass resonators with 1.1 mm diameter are fabricated through a combination of micro-electro discharge machining (EDM) and silicon micromachining techniques. Using piezoelectric and electrostatic excitation and optical vibration measurement, the elliptical wineglass vibration mode is determined to be at 18.321 kHz, with the two degenerate wineglass modes having a relative frequency mismatch of 0.03%. A study on the effect of the size and misalignment of the anchor and resonator’s radius variation on both the average frequency and frequency mismatch of the 2θ elliptical vibration modes is carried out. It is shown that the absolute frequency of a wineglass resonator will increase with the anchor size. It is also demonstrated that the fourth harmonic of radius variation is linearly related to the frequency mismatch. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
Models of bed formation

The model for bed formation by Kolmogorov consists of an unending sequence of alternating periods of deposition and erosion of sediments, with the amounts of deposition and erosion being independent random variables. This paper examines this model in relation to recent mathematical studies that are relevant to, and simplify, the analysis of the thickness of the bed that remains after the sequence is operated for a long time. This thickness obeys the exponential probability law when the amounts of deposition and erosion also obey the exponential law distributed. For the discrete version formulated by Schwarzacher, the thickness obeys the geometric probability law when the amounts of deposition and erosion obey the geometric law.
Anion Binding and Controlled Aggregation of Human Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist

Highly concentrated human recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) aggregates at elevated temperature without perturbation in its secondary structure. The protein aggregation can be suppressed depending on the buffer ionic strength and the type of anion present in the sample solution. Phosphate is an approximately 4-fold weaker suppressant than either citrate or pyrophosphate on the basis of the measured protein aggregation rates. This is in agreement with the strength of protein-anion interactions at the IL-1ra single anion-binding site as judged by the estimated dissociation constant values of 2.9 mM, 3.8 mM, and 13.7 mM for pyrophosphate, citrate, and phosphate, respectively. The strength of binding also correlates with the anion size and with the number of ionized groups available per molecule at a given pH. Affinity probing of IL-1ra with methyl acetyl phosphate (MAP) in combination with proteolytic digestion and mass spectral analysis show that an anion-binding site location on the IL-1ra surface is contributed by lysine-93 and lysine-96 of the loop 84-98 as well as by lysine-6 of the unstructured N-terminal region 1-7. The replacement of lysine-93 with alanine by site-directed mutagenesis results in dramatically suppressed IL-1ra aggregation. Furthermore, when the unstructured N-terminal region of IL-1ra is removed by limited proteolysis, a 2-fold increase in the time course of the aggregation lag phase is observed for the truncated protein. An anion-controlled mechanism of IL-1ra aggregation is proposed by which the anion competition for the protein cationic site prevents formation of intermolecular cation-pi interactions and, thus, interferes with the protein asymmetric self-association pathway.
Characteristics of phonation onset in a two-layer vocal fold model

Characteristics of phonation onset were investigated in a two-layer body-cover continuum model of the vocal folds as a function of the biomechanical and geometric properties of the vocal folds. The analysis showed that an increase in either the body or cover stiffness generally increased the phonation threshold pressure and phonation onset frequency, although the effectiveness of varying body or cover stiffness as a pitch control mechanism varied depending on the body-cover stiffness ratio. Increasing body-cover stiffness ratio reduced the vibration amplitude of the body layer, and the vocal fold motion was gradually restricted to the medial surface, resulting in more effective flow modulation and higher sound production efficiency. The fluid-structure interaction induced synchronization of more than one group of eigenmodes so that two or more eigenmodes may be simultaneously destabilized toward phonation onset. At certain conditions, a slight change in vocal fold stiffness or geometry may cause phonation onset to occur as eigenmode synchronization due to a different pair of eigenmodes, leading to sudden changes in phonation onset frequency, vocal fold vibration pattern, and sound production efficiency. Although observed in a linear stability analysis, a similar mechanism may also play a role in register changes at finite-amplitude oscillations.
Light chain 2 profile and activity of human ventricular myosin during dilated cardiomyopathy. Identification of a causal agent for impaired myocardial function

BACKGROUNDA number of parameters reflecting the effects of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) on the structure and function of myosin from the human myocardium were analyzed.METHODS AND RESULTSThe content of the regulatory light chain, LC2, was reduced in myopathic heart myosin in contrast to the controls in which it was present in stoichiometric amounts relative to the essential light chain, LC1. In IDC hearts, the absence or significant reduction in amount of LC2 was related to the presence of an active protease, which was isolated and purified about 130-fold. The protease exhibited a significant degree of specificity: It cleaved LC2 almost totally (but not the heavy chains) in human control heart myosin but only partially cleaved LC2 in canine heart or in rabbit skeletal muscle myosins. The protease was present at a very low level or was inactive in control heart tissue. When the LC1/LC2 molar ratio was calculated, it was found to be 1:1.0 in control heart myosin and remained constant in various s...
Modeling the directional reflectance from complete homogeneous vegetation canopies with various leaf-orientation distributions

The directional-reflectance distributions of radiant flux from homogeneous vegetation canopies with greater than 90 percent ground cover are analyzed with a radiative-transfer model. The model assumes that the leaves consist of small finite planes with Lambertian properties. Four theoretical canopies with different leaf-orientation distributions were studied: erectophile, spherical, planophile, and heliotropic canopies. The directional-reflectance distributions from the model closely resemble reflectance distributions measured in the field. The physical scattering mechanisms operating in the model explain the variations observed in the reflectance distributions as a function of leaf-orientation distribution, solar zenith angle, and leaf transmittance and reflectance. The simulated reflectance distribution show unique characteristics for each canopy. The basic understanding of the physical scattering properties of the different canopy geometries gained in this study provide a basis for developing techniques to infer leaf-orientation distributions of vegetation canopies from directional remote-sensing measurements.
Exposure science can increase protection of workers and their families from exposure to asbestos and inform on the effects of other elongate mineral particles.

Exposure science can increase protection of workers and their families from exposure to asbestos and inform on the effects of other elongate mineral particles
Design And Operation Of A Time-Gated Optical System For Measuring The Angular Distribution Of Light Emitted From Laser Targets

We describe an optical system which produces two simultaneous, time-gated, magnified images of the back-side of a planar laser target. The two views of the target are from different directions relative to the target normal but may be chosen to be at the same angle relative to the direction of incidence of the laser beam so as to permit cancellation of any angular correlation relative to the laser beam direction. The two images are amplified by a time-gated channel-plate intensifier (CPI) and recorded on 35 mm film. This device permits measurement of the angular distribution relative to the target normal of light emitted from the back-side of laser targets as a function of time relative to the start of the laser pulse; such measurements are required in an experiment described in the report, "The Limb-Darkening Opacity Experiment Using a Laser-Heated Plasma," LA-7484-MS. We describe the operation of the device and discuss an important instrumental effect due to non-simultaneous gating of different portions of the CPI tube whereby an incorrrect angular distribution can be obtained. We discuss precautions necessary to insure that this does not occur. Samples of data will be presented.
New roles for EEs as volunteers

For many, volunteering is a nice way of giving while refining technical skills and acquiring some new ones.
Characterization of isomers in 158Ho

The experimentally known isomers of $^{158}\mathrm{Ho}$ have been characterized by estimating the energies of two-quasiparticle excitations. Included in this modeling is the effect of a residual n-p interaction. A 21-min isomer is assigned the configuration ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$${=9}^{+}${${(7/2)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$[523\ensuremath{\uparrow}] $_{\mathrm{p}{+(11/2)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}[505\mathrm{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}{]}_{\mathrm{n}\mathit{}}}}$ and is predicted to lie 180 keV above the ${5}^{+}$ ground state. The antiparallel ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$${=2}^{+}$ state of this configuration is assigned to an observed level at 316 keV. The 21-min isomer decays by an allowed unhindered transition to a 2528-keV level in $^{158}\mathrm{Dy}$ for which we confirm the two-quasineutron configuration ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$${=8}^{+}${${(5/2)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$[523\ensuremath{\downarrow}] $_{\mathrm{n}}$ ${+(11/2)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$[505\ensuremath{\uparrow}${]}_{\mathrm{n}\mathit{}}}$. A 27-min ${2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ isomer at 67.3 keV and a 29-ns ${5}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ isomer at 156.9 keV are assigned the configuration {${(7/2)}^{+}$[404\ensuremath{\downarrow}${]}_{\mathrm{p}}$ \ensuremath{\mp}${(3/2)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$[521\ensuremath{\uparrow}${]}_{\mathrm{n}\mathit{}}}$. A 1.85-ns ${1}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ isomer at 139.2 keV is assigned the configuration {${(5/2)}^{+}$[402\ensuremath{\uparrow}${]}_{\mathrm{p}}$ ${+(3/2)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$[521\ensuremath{\uparrow}${]}_{\mathrm{n}\mathit{}}}$ and the ${K}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$${=4}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ member of this Gallagher-Moszkowski pair is predicted to occur at 70 keV. Specific experiments are suggested to verify these predictions.
Fabrication of well-defined block copolymer nano-cylinders by controlling the thermodynamics and kinetics involved in block copolymer self-assembly

Self-assembled 3-dimensional perpendicular cylinder orientation was achieved mainly by thermodynamic control of incompatibility between the block domains, and further precise modification of size and hexagonal alignment of perpendicular cylinders was also accomplished by kinetic control of diffusive molecular mobility of block copolymer microdomains. Since those two controls have been achieved by simple blending of minority homopolymers, the intrinsic advantages of block copolymer nanopatterning, such as fast and spontaneous 3-dimensional nanopatterning with high stability and reproducibility, have been completely preserved in this fabrication strategy. Thus, the fabrication strategy using the simple blending of a block copolymer with its homopolymer at an appropriate molecular weight creates new opportunities for the fabrication of low-cost and high-throughput nanostructured block copolymer materials with highly controlled 3-dimensional nanopatterns.
Photoreceptor Recovery in Retinoid-deprived Rats After Vitamin A Replenishment

Abstract Dietary deficiency in the retinoid precursors of the visual pigment chromophore 11-cis retinal results in the synthesis of photoreceptor outer segments containing opsin in excess of the vitamin A available for rhodopsin regeneration. This suggests that vitamin A-free opsin may be incorporated into newly synthesized outer segment disc membranes. If this opsin is functionally intact, it should be possible to convert it to rhodopsin in vivo by providing the appropriate retinoids, and the resulting rhodopsin should be able to mediate visual transduction. Experiments were conducted to evaluate this possibility and to identify the rate-limiting steps in photoreceptor recovery from retinoid depletion. Rats were maintained on diets either containing or lacking retinoid precursors of 11-cis retinal for 23 weeks, at which time outer segment opsin content greatly exceeded the availability of visual cycle retinoids in the retina. The retinoid-deprived animals were then each given a single intramuscular injection of all-trans retinol. At various time intervals after retinol administration, electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded on some rats, and retinal rhodopsin contents were determined in others. At similar time intervals, blood and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) retinoid levels and photoreceptor outer segment size were also determined. No significant increase in retinal rhodopsin content was observed up to 8 hr after injection, despite the fact that by 3 hr, blood retinol levels had recovered to more than 30% of normal. By 1 day after injection, however, rhodopsin levels had recovered to 30% of normal and ERG responses showed increases in visual sensitivity commensurate with the recovery in rhodopsin. The lag in rhodopsin recovery was apparently due to delayed uptake of retinol from the blood by the RPE. Photoreceptor outer segment size was reduced by over 50% in the retinoid-deprived rats and did not begin to recover by 1 day. By 1 week, however, outer segment size had returned to an average of 65% of normal. Commensurate with this regrowth of the outer segments, both rhodopsin levels and visual sensitivity increased between 1 and 7 days after vitamin A administration. Because the rates of recovery in rhodopsin levels and visual sensitivity greatly exceeded the normal rate of new opsin synthesis at short time intervals after vitamin A repletion, it appears that the opsin incorporated into the disc membranes of retinoid-deprived rats is able to form functional rhodopsin in vivo when the chromophore is supplied. Regrowth of the outer segments back to their normal size is required for full recovery of visual sensitivity.
WE-C-AUD-05: Simulation of Neutron Dose Exposure for Pediatric Proton Therapy Patients Using Whole-Body Age-Dependent Voxel Phantoms

Purpose: With the average age of radiation therapy patients decreasing due to early cancer detection and a larger proportion of patients being cured and thus at risk for treatment complications, there has to be a growing concern for the risk of developing cancer due to radiation treatments, in particular for pediatric and young patients. Age and gender specific whole‐body phantoms have been implemented in Geant4 in order to determine the dose from secondary radiation in patients undergoing protontreatment.Method and Materials: In a systematic study, we have used three methods to calculate the neutronorgan equivalent dose to 14 organs distal to the target volume for six circular fields of varying diameters and range/modulation width combinations and for two patient fields that were previously used to treat two pediatric patients at the F. H. Burr Proton Therapy Center of Massachusetts General Hospital for brain lesions. Results using an adult phantom as well as phantoms of a 9‐month old male, a 4‐year old female, an 8‐year old female, an 11‐year old male and a 14‐year old male were analyzed. Results: The relative contribution to organdose from secondary radiation from the treatment head and secondary radiation generated within the patient was evaluated. We found that the organ equivalent dose has a marked dependence on the phantom age, the distance between the organ and the PTV as well as on field characteristics. Overall, the organ equivalent doses were below 3 mSv per treatment Gy. Conclusions: The organ equivalent neutrondose for protontreatments of brain lesions in organs distal to the target was calculated for six age‐dependent phantoms. We found that the dose decreases with patient age and also depends on field size, beam energy and modulation. Work supported by NIH/NCI RO1 CA 116743.
Brain oxygenation and metabolism during repetitive apnea with resuscitation of 21% and 100% oxygen in newborn piglets.

The oxygen distribution in the microcirculation of the piglet’s brain and striatal extracellular dopamine were determined during repetitive apnea and resuscitation with 21% or 100% oxygen. Pre-apnea cortical oxygen was 49.5 ± 10.4 mm Hg and during each apnea decreased to 8 ± 0.9 mm Hg. After ten apneic episodes followed by resuscitation with 21% or 100% oxygen, 7.48 ± 1.6% or 2.6 ± 0.5% of the tissue volume was below 10 mm Hg, respectively. Extracellular dopamine increased progressively with an increase in the number of apneas with resuscitation of 21% oxygen and at the end of ten apneic episodes it was up to 59,500 ± 11,320% of control. There was no increase in extracellular dopamine during apnea resuscitated with 100% oxygen. Repetitive apnea caused progressive increase in fraction of hypoxic brain tissue in newborn. The magnitude of the increase is dependent on whether the animals were resuscitated with room air or 100% oxygen.
Magnetic resonance imaging of fluid levels in an aneurysmal bone cyst and in anticoagulated human blood

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a fluid level within an aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC). Since the ABC contained gross blood at operation, an anticoagulated human blood sample was studied by MRI also, and a fluid level was again clearly visible. MRI pulse sequences emphasizing T1 contrast showed the fluid levels most clearly in both the ABC and the blood. Sequences emphasizing T2 contrast showed homogeneous, bright signals in the ABC and in the blood, with no visible fluid level in the ABC and a nearly invisible one in the blood. In the blood sample, the calculated plasma T1 value was 1585 ms, and that of the red cells was 794 ms.
Tungsten-organoimido chemistry. The crystal and molecular structures of [(n-C4H9)4N][W(NC6H4CH3)Cl5] and [(n-C4H9)4N][C7H7NH3][W2OCl8(NC6H4CH3)2]

Abstract The reaction of [(n-C4H9)4N]4[H3PW11O39] with [W(NC5H4CH3)Cl4]2 yields a mixture of [(n-C4H9)4N][W(NC6H4CH3)Cl5] (1) and [(n-C4H9)4N][C7H7NH3][W2OCl8(NC6H4CH3)2] (2). Crystal data: 1, monoclinic space group P21/c, a=10.950(2), b=11.254(3), c=12.920 A, β=108.96(2)°, V=1506.0(6) A3, Z=2, Dcalc=1.56 g cm−3, solution and refinement based on 2190 reflections converged at a conventional discrepancy value of 0.069; 2, monoclinic space group P21/c, a=14.001(8), b=26.68(1), c=15.278(9) A, β=104.28(4)°, V=5534(3) A3, Z=4, Dcalc=1.47 g cm−3, 4187 reflections, R=0.069.
CONDITION, GENOTYPE-BY-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION, AND CORRELATIONAL SELECTION IN LIZARD LIFE-HISTORY MORPHS

We compared reproductive allocation and variation in condition and survivorship of two heritable female throat color morphs (orange and yellow) in a free-living population of side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana). Using path analysis and structural equation modeling, we investigated how variation in the social environment affected clutch size and egg mass and two condition traits (postlaying mass, immunological condition) and how these traits in turn affected female field survival. In the presence of many neighbors, both morphs increased their clutch sizes, although these effects were only significant in yellow females. In addition, yellow females increased their egg mass in the presence of many orange neighbors. Orange females surrounded by many orange neighbors showed sign of stress in the form of immunosuppression, whereas this effect was less pronounced in yellow females. The morphs also differed in the impact of variation in clutch size and egg mass on both condition traits. Finally, female morphotype and immune responsiveness affected fitness interactively, and hence these two traits showed signs of fitness epistasis: Selection gradients on this trait were opposite in sign in the two morphs. The correlational selection gradient (gamma throat x antibody response) between female throat color and antibody responsiveness was -0.365. Our data thus reveal important interactive effects such as genotype-by-environment interaction toward the social environment and morph-specific trade-offs as well as the occurrence of correlational selection. We discuss the use of naturally occurring and conspicuous genetic polymorphisms in field studies of selection and life-history allocation.
Dual-polarization 2×2 IFFT/FFT optical signal processing for 100-Gb/s QPSK-PDM all-optical OFDM

Dual-polarization operation of all-optical IFFT/FFT elements is demonstrated for the first time employing coupler interferometry. All-optical OFDM transmission at 100-Gb/s for two QPSK-PDM sub-carriers was experimentally performed using two matched 25G DMZIs and coherent detection.
Hexokinase and phosphatase activities of the intestinal mucosa in hypophysectomized and thyroid-treated hypophysectomized rats.

It has been found that in hyper- and hypothyroid states (1) the hexokinase activity of rat intestinal mucosa shows changes in the same direction as has been found for glucose absorption, namely, increased following thyroid administration and decreased following thyroidectomy (1,2, 3). The phosphatase activity, on the other hand, showed no change in either of these conditions. Since glucose absorption has been shown to decrease considerably following hypophysectomy (4, 5) and since this decrease has been shown to be due to thyroid deficiency (6), the hexokinase and phosphatase activities of the intestinal mucosa of hypophysectomized and thyroid-treated hypophysecto-mized rats were investigated. It was found that following hypophysectomy, the hexokinase activity falls significantly below that of paired-fed intact controls. Thyroid administration to hypophysectomized rats restored the hexo-kinase activity to the same level as their paired-fed intact controls. The phos-phatase activity also showed a highly si...
Social context as a structuring mechanism in captive groups of squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus )

Various classes of individuals were removed from three captive groups of squirrel monkeys and effects measured on the frequencies of nonagonistic interactions of the remaining individuals. Results indicated that there are regularities in the effects of certain classes of dyadic relationships on others which may be considered species-typical structuring mechanisms ofSaimiri social groups and which account for in consistencies which have appeared between experimentally identified social preferences of adults of this species and their actual behavior in social groups. A tentative process model ofSaimiri social structure and its seasonally changing character is presented and implications of this kind of analytical model for studies of evolution and adaptation are briefly discussed.
Stuffed fullerene structures for medium-sized silicon clusters

The structural properties of medium-sized silicon clusters (Si40, Si45 and Si50) have been studied using an unbiased global genetic algorithm search incorporated with a tight-binding model, followed by gradient-corrected density functional calculations. Stuffed fullerene cages are obtained as energetically favorite structures. The stuffing/cage ratio (m/n for Sim@Sin) can be understood by a space filling picture. The present results, along with our recent works on SiN (N=27-39) clusters [20], suggest that stuffed fullerene cages are the preferred structural growth pattern of medium-sized silicon clusters.
Learning from one another? International policy “emulation” and university–industry technology transfer

Cross-border "emulation" of economic and technology policies among industrial-economy governments has become common in recent years, and spans policies ranging from intellectual property rights to collaborative R&D. Recent initiatives by a number of industrial-economy governments suggest considerable interest in emulating the Bayh--Dole Act of 1980, a piece of legislation that is widely credited with stimulating significant growth in university--industry technology transfer and research collaboration in the United States. I examine the effects of Bayh--Dole on university--industry collaboration and technology transfer in the United States, emphasizing the lengthy history of both activities prior to 1980 and noting the extent to which these activities are rooted in the incentives created by the unusual scale and structure (by comparison with Western Europe or Japan) of the US higher education system. Efforts at "emulation" of the Bayh--Dole policy by other governments are likely to have modest success at best without greater attention to the underlying structural differences among the higher education systems of these nations. Copyright 2011 The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Associazione ICC. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.
The effect of head position on size discrimination

Twenty Ss were required to match the size and distance of equal-size disks in different planes of space. Head position was shown to be significantly related to the Ss’ inability to make these discriminations. Evidence was also given to support the hypothesis of a vestibular contribution to space perception.
Actin Cytoskeleton: Through the bottleneck

Abstract Like serendipity-α and nullo , the newly characterized gene bottleneck is involved in organizing the actin cytoskeleton of the Drosophila embryo to achieve the transition from a syncytium to a cellular blastoderm.
Extended use of the intrauterine device: a literature review and recommendations for clinical practice.

In response to a literature review assessing extended use of long-acting reversible contraceptives this letter to the editor argues the conclusion that extended use of the 52 mg levonorgestrel (LNG) intrauterine system (IUS) - currently marketed as Mirena - to be premature. Deeming the authors’ summary of two product studies erroneous the extremely small sample size in those two observational studies is not enough to support recommendation of prolonged use beyond five years. The author urges the medical community to understand that although it is eager to strongly believe that the 52-mg LNG IUS is effective beyond 5 years there is a lack of sufficient data for such recommendations. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Effect of dissolution media on disintegration and dissolution of hydrochlorothiazide tablets.

The disintegration and dissolution times of hydrochlorothiazide tablets granulated with acacia, polyvinylpyrrolidone, or starch were measured in distilled water, 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, simulated intestinal fluid, and borate buffer at pH 10. The influence of 0.03% polysorbate 80 in the dissolution media on the disintegration and dissolution times is reported. No correlation is demonstrated between the disintegration and dissolution times.
Regularity for a Class of Elliptic Operators with Dini Continuous Coefficients

We obtain regularity results for solutions to Pu=f when P is a kth order elliptic differential operator with the property that both P and Pt have coefficients that are continuous, with a modulus of continuity satisfying a Dini-type condition. Operators of this form arise in the study of regularity of functions that are known to be regular along the leaves of several foliations, such as arise in Anosov systems. The results here complement some previous results of the author and J. Rauch.
Predictors of positive sentinel lymph node in thin melanoma

Abstract Background The treatment of thin melanoma (Breslow thickness Methods A retrospective analysis of a prospective database revealed 1,199 patients diagnosed with primary cutaneous melanoma. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine an association between pathologic factors and SLN positivity. Results Thin melanomas were identified in 469 patients (39%). Of these, 147 patients (31%) underwent SLNB. Positive SLNs were found in 16 patients (11%). Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that both ulceration (odds ratio, 5.27; P = .047) and thickness (odds ratio, 46.69; P = .022) were associated with SLN positivity. Conclusions Patients with thin melanomas >.75 mm and/or ulceration should be considered for SLNB.
New Work on the Benefits of Environmental Regulation: Discussion

The research by Alan Krupnick, Anil Markandya, and Eric Nickell (KMN) fills a critical gap in understanding people's willingness to pay to avoid nuclear power risks. The EED model is based on expected ex post damages rather than expected utility (EU). Because the EED approach is commonly applied to environmental and industrial risks, KMN's results are of broad significance. Risk assessment experts often observe that people must be irrational because they do not behave in a manner consistent with the experts' model. Technical experts tend to question lay behavior, rather than their model. KMN turn the question around and ask whether the EED model addresses the essential economic features of people's preferences. At a conceptual level, the answer is clearly negative. The EED model does not incorporate the features of an expected utility valuation of risk: (1) risk aversion, (2) an ex ante context, and (3) differences between lay and expert judgements of risk. The KMN numeric simulations identify the flaws in EED that are empirically most important. With a first utility function, the EED and EU models give similar results if the same risk judgements are used; risk valuations are roughly proportional to the assessed risk. Expert valuations based on the EED therefore err to the ex-
Effects of growth factors and basement membrane proteins on the phenotype of U-373 MG glioblastoma cells as determined by the expression of intermediate filament proteins.

Various growth factors and basement membrane proteins have been implicated in the pathobiology of astrocytomas. The goal of this study was to determine the relative contribution of these two factors in modulating the phenotype of U-373 MG glioblastoma cells as determined by the expression of the intermediate filament proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, and nestin. For these determinations, cells plated in serum-free medium were treated either with growth factors binding to tyrosine kinase receptors including transforming growth factor-α, epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-AA, basic fibroblast growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1 or with basement membrane proteins including collagen IV, laminin, and fibronectin. The changes in the expression levels of intermediate filament proteins in response to these treatments were analyzed by quantitation of immunoblots. The results demonstrate that collagen IV and growth factors binding to tyrosine kinase receptors decrease the glial fibrillary acidic protein content of U-373 MG cells. Growth factors binding to tyrosine kinase receptors also decrease the vimentin content of these cells but do not affect their nestin content. On the other hand, basement membrane proteins decrease the nestin content of U-373 MG cells but do not affect their vimentin content. The significance of these results with respect to the role played by different factors in modulating the phenotype of neoplastic astrocytes during tumor progression is discussed.
Fabrication process development for superconducting VLSI circuits: minimizing plasma charging damage

In order to realize the potential of superconducting digital integrated circuits and make them competitive with semiconductor ICs, their integration scale must be increased from a current level of ~ 104 Josephson junctions (JJs) per chip to a VLSI level, and the maximum clock frequency, currently ~ 30 GHz, must also be increased above 50 GHz. It is shown that the main factor preventing successful fabrication of VLSI superconducting digital circuits is variations of the Josephson critical currents in logic cells caused by plasma-induced charging damage (electric stress) to the ultra thin oxide tunnel barrier of JJs. The results are presented for Nb/Al/AlOx/Nb tunnel junctions fabricated on 150-mm wafers by an 11-level process for superconducting integrated circuits. It is shown that, as a result of charging in processing plasmas, the critical current Ic of JJs becomes dependent on the way the junctions are connected to the circuit ground plane and interconnected with other circuit elements. For instance, the Ic of the grounded junctions may abnormally increase with respect to the Ic of the floating junctions. Depending on the processing plasma parameters, plasma charging can damage all junctions in a circuit or only some specific junctions, e.g., the smallest in size. In addition to the Ic enhancement, the damage also reveals itself as increased subgap conduction in tunnel junctions and as an enhanced spread of the critical currents of the same-size junctions, a result of the statistical nature of the oxide barrier breakdown under electric stress. The plasma damage model is proposed and the most damaging plasma processing fabrication steps are discussed as well as the ways of minimizing the plasma-induced charging damage to superconducting integrated circuits.
Asymptotic distributions of the sample mean, autocovariances, and autocorrelations of long-memory time series

We derive the asymptotic distributions of the sample mean, autocovariances, and autocorrelations for a time series whose autocovariance function “γκ” has the powerlaw decay γκ ∼ λκ−Σ, λ > 0, o < α < 1, as κ → ∞. The results differ in important respects from the corresponding results for short-memory processes, whose autocovariance functions are absolutely summable. For long-memory processes the variances of the sample mean, and of the sample autocovariances and autocorrelations for 0 < α ⩽ 12, are not of asymptotic order n−1. When 0 < α < 12 the asymptotic distributions of the sample autocovariances and autocorrelations are not Normal.
Homogeneous Coordinates and Projective Planes in Computer Graphics

Discrepancies between euclidean three-dimensional space and the projective space modeled by means of homogeneous coordinates account for seemingly paradoxical phenomena in computer graphics.
A method, system, and tools for intelligent interruption management

Interrupting users engaged in tasks typically has negative effects on their task completion time, error rate, and affective state. Empirical research has shown that these negative effects can be mitigated by deferring interruptions until more opportune moments in a user's task sequence. However, existing systems that reason about when to interrupt do not have access to task models that would allow for such finer-grained temporal reasoning. We outline our method of finding opportune moments that links a physiological measure of workload with task modeling techniques and theories of attention. We describe the design and implementation of our interruption management system, showing how it can be used to specify and monitor practical, representative user tasks. We discuss our ongoing empirical work in this area, and how the use of our framework may enable attention aware systems to consider a user's position in a task when reasoning about when to interrupt.
Driver distraction recognition based on dual compass motion sensoring

Distraction driving has been reported to significantly increase accident risks. In fact, taking eyes off from road is defined as distraction driving by United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) and usually comes with abnormal head poses. This paper presents a distraction driving monitoring system based on dual compass head motion sensoring technology. The major difficulty is that single head-mounted sensoring device suffers from vehicle motion. When vehicle is moving, the sensory angle velocity from head-mounted compass includes vehicle motion, but not pure driver's head motion. The affected head angular velocity causes inaccurate subsequent analysis. Therefore, an additional compass was placed on the vehicle for calibration and compensation. Then, abnormal head poses were applied to calculate distraction index. When distraction index was greater than a threshold, the driver was warned to make sure driving safety. In addition, the distraction events can be feedback to driving behavior analysis platform. According to the collected data, the abnormal head pose events not only can be real-time warned to driver, but also can mine the common distraction patterns based on collaborative data analysis techniques. These data can be notified to driver for an early reminder when drivers are approaching the common distraction road sections.
More Experiments in Ethics

This paper responds to the four critiques of my book Experiments in Ethics published in this issue. The main theme I take up is how we should understand the relation between psychology and philosophy. Young and Saxe believe that “bottom line” evaluative judgments don’t depend on facts. I argue for a different view, according to which our evaluative and non-evaluative judgments must cohere in a way that makes it rational, sometimes, to abandon even what looks like a basic evaluative judgment because we have changed our minds about the facts. This leads me to qualify Tiberius’s claim that our moral judgments always derive, in part, from fundamental evaluative “justificatory stopping points,” arguing that even these can themselves be adjusted in the light of scientific understanding. Weinberg and Wang object to my use of Kant’s distinction between the perspective of the senses and the perspective of the understanding, because they identify it with a distinction between scientific and philosophical worlds. I argue that a distinction of perspectives isn’t a distinction between worlds and that, in any case, the distinction is not between science and ethics. Finally, in responding to Machery’s objections to a couple of my proposals, I return to the suggestion that a coherentist epistemology is required to deal with the relations between science and ethics.
Electrochemical studies of plasma-formed films of tin

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of plasma-formed tin films on aluminum is compared with that of conventional β-Sn. Rest potential measurements in K2SO4 solutions (pH 3.4–5.9) show that plasma-formed tin samples attain more noble potentials than those of pure tin for experimental times up to 4 h duration. The plasma-formed tin exhibits a similar behavior to conventional β-Sn when cathodically polarized in 0.33 M citric acid. However, a passive film apparently forms on the surface during the anodic polarization whereas the pure tin shows a behavior exemplifying active metal dissolution. Auger analyses show an increase in the [O]/[Sn] ratio for both pure and plasma-formed tin after oxidation but the value for plasma-formed tin is higher. Atomic absorption analyses show that more plasma-formed tin dissolves into solution than predicted by Faraday's law. This suggests that considerable local corrosion occurs on the plasma-formed tin surface. However, the total corrosion current is almost ten times less than that for pure tin. The unique physical or chemical nature (carbon and oxygen in the film, fine grain size and low porosity) of plasma-formed tin is believed to play an important role in its electrochemical behavior.
Crack Path Selection in Adhesively-Bonded Joints: The Role of Material Properties

Abstract This paper investigates the role of material properties on crack path selection in adhesively bonded joints. First, a parametric study of directionally unstable crack propagation in adhesively-bonded double cantilever beam specimens (DCB) is presented. The results indicate that the characteristic length of directionally unstable cracks varies with the Dundurs' parameters characterizing the material mismatch. Second, the effect of interface properties on crack path selection is investigated. DCB specimens with substrates treated using various surface preparation methods are tested under mixed mode fracture loading to determine the effect of interface properties on the locus of failure. As indicated by the post-failure analyses, debonding tends to be more interfacial as the mode II fracture component in the loading increases. On the other hand, failures in specimens prepared with more advanced surface preparation techniques appear more cohesive for given loading conditions. Using a high-speed camer...
Recognition of the HIV capsid by the TRIM5α restriction factor is mediated by a subset of pre-existing conformations of the TRIM5α SPRY domain.

The binding of the TRIM5α restriction factor to the HIV capsid is mediated by the C-terminal SPRY domain of TRIM5α. Atomic-level details of this host-pathogen interaction, which involves mobile variable loops of the SPRY domain, remain unclear. Some of the key determinants of restriction are encompassed by the long and disordered v1 loop of the SPRY domain. We applied molecular modeling to elucidate the conformational repertoire of the v1 loop and its role in the interaction with the capsid. All-atom replica exchange molecular dynamics revealed multiple transient, interconverting states of the v1 loop consistent with the intrinsic disorder observed experimentally. The docking of the SPRY conformations representing 10 most populated states onto the high-resolution model of the assembled HIV-1 capsid revealed that a subset of v1 conformations produced plausible binding poses, in which the SPRY domain binds close to the pseudo-2-fold symmetry axis and the v1 loop spans the interhexamer gap. Such binding mode...
In Vitro Assembly of Retroviruses

Assembly, part of the late stages of the retroviral life cycle, begins when the structural polyprotein Gag associates with viral genomic RNA. Ultimately, more than a thousand Gag molecules form a spherical immature virion. Maturation takes place soon after or concomitantly with virus budding and is initiated as Gag is cleaved by the retroviral protease into its constituent protein domains. The immature core is thought to disassemble and the liberated CA proteins to reassemble into a morphologically distinct mature capsid. In vitro assembly with derivatives of Gag and CA has been used to study retroviruses for over two decades. In this review, we examine the discovery and development of three major model systems [human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV)] and discuss structural features and aspects of the retroviral assembly pathway that have been uncovered using in vitro assembly. We also put forward two major unresolved questions in the field and propose future avenues of research.
Density functional theory approach for improving the catalytic activity of a biomimetic model based on the Fe-only hydrogenase active site

Abstract A complete catalytic cycle for H2 oxidation on a model emulating the active site of Fe-only hydrogenases, [Fe2(μ-DTMA)(CO)4(CN)2]2− (DTMA = SCH2NHCH2S), has been investigated using density functional theory (DFT). Our calculations show that the bridged CO group in the fully reduced species does not play a significant role on the H2 activation. According to the studied mechanism, the rate-determining step is neither kinetically nor thermodynamically favorable for the second proton transfer. A modified model aiming to improve the catalytic efficiency has been designed and a plausible catalytic mechanism is suggested. In the new model, [Fe2(μ-PDTN)(CO)4(CN)2]2− (PDTN = SCH2CH(NH2)CH2S), a shorter proton transfer path has been obtained by changing the base position and the process is significantly facilitated. In the modified catalytic cycle, the highest barrier for H2 oxidation is only 7.90 kcal mol−1.