cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast teleconnections to the tropical Atlantic sector from Atlantic thermohaline adjustment

[1] We examine the first decade of adjustment of the North Atlantic climate following an abrupt freshening of the high North Atlantic and resulting slowdown of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in a coupled model, with reference to previously proposed teleconnection mechanisms. After an initial ocean-driven cooling at the subtropical-subpolar gyre boundary, subsequent equatorward progression is dominated by an atmosphere-surface ocean mechanism driving evaporative cooling in the tropical North Atlantic, and resulting in an anomalous southward ITCZ displacement by year 2. The tropical cooling is countered by fast ocean baroclinic adjustment to the reduced overturning that increases the volume of tropical surface waters, as well as ocean circulation changes to the increased northeasterly trades. However, it is the atmosphere-surface ocean teleconnection that explains the hemispheric asymmetric nature of the tropical Atlantic surface climate impact to AMOC slowdown, underlining its crucial importance in high-to-low latitude teleconnections.
Better Parallel Architectures via Emulations

As the processors and communication subsystems of parallel architectures become progressively faster, it is becoming increasingly costeffective to build simple architectures that achieve complex behavior by emulating more complicated ones. We support this thesis by describing work by the author and collaborators [10] on algorithmically implementing, for pure SIMD bit-serial processor arrays, a multigauging capability that would be prohibitively expensive to implement in hardware.
Isolation and physical chemical properties of an M-line protein from skeletal muscle.

Abstract A procedure for the isolation of an M-line protein from chicken skeletal muscle is described. This includes the extraction of M-line protein with 5 mm Tris buffer (pH 7.7) and removal of contaminants by their precipitation at pH 5.0 followed by their absorption on DEAE-cellulose in 50 mm Tris buffer (pH 8.6). Identification of the M-line protein is based on the ability of antibody prepared against crude M-line extract to specifically alter the thickness and stability of the M-line structure in myofilament preparations. The isolated protein caused the aggregation of myosin filaments. The protein is a globular particle of low axial asymmetry and molecular weight 88,000 ± 2,000. It dissociates into two subunits of molecular weight 43,000 ± 1,000 in 6 m guanidine HCl. Evidence is presented showing a high degree of homogeneity with respect to size of the native protein in dilute salt solution as well as the subunit species under denaturing conditions.
A Modified Reflection Coefficient for Layered Media

The energy leaving an antenna is considered as a series of rays reflected to a distant antenna. Each ray forms many reflected rays at each layer and invariant imbedding is used to study those rays of interest (i.e., rays forming a triangular zone connecting the antennas) and all others are considered lost. The modified reflection coefficient differs by several dB in some cases from the conventional plane-wave reflection coefficient.
Metallocyanide modified nickel electrode surfaces: Enhanced currents from solution species

Etude des proprietes d'une electrode de nickel modifiee en surface par un ferrocyanure de Ni polymere avec pont cyanure, en presence de divers couples redox
Simultaneous full-field 3-D vibrometry of the human eardrum using spatial-bandwidth multiplexed holography

Holographic interferometric methods typically require the use of three sensitivity vectors in order to obtain three-dimensional (3-D) information. Methods based on multiple directions of illumination have limited applications when studying biological tissues that have temporally varying responses such as the tympanic membrane (TM). Therefore, to measure 3-D displacements in such applications, the measurements along all the sensitivity vectors have to be done simultaneously. We propose a multiple-illumination directions approach to measure 3-D displacements from a single-shot hologram that contains displacement information from three sensitivity vectors. The hologram of an object of interest is simultaneously recorded with three incoherently superimposed pairs of reference and object beams. The incident off-axis angles of the reference beams are adjusted such that the frequency components of the multiplexed hologram are completely separate. Because of the differences in the directions and wavelengths of the reference beams, the positions of each reconstructed image corresponding to each sensitivity vector are different. We implemented a registration algorithm to accurately translate individual components of the hologram into a single global coordinate system to calculate 3-D displacements. The results include magnitudes and phases of 3-D sound-induced motions of a human cadaveric TM at several excitation frequencies showing modal and traveling wave motions on its surface.
Posterior fossa venous angiomas with drainage through the brain stem.

PURPOSE To describe 11 cases of posterior fossa venous angiomas with drainage through the brain stem. METHODS Eleven cases of posterior fossa venous angioma with drainage through the brain stem were evaluated using MR. Correlation with known routes of venous drainage for the cerebellum and brain stem is made. RESULTS Six of the 11 venous angiomas were found in the cerebellum, four in the brain stem; one involved both the cerebellum and brain stem. The cerebellar venous angiomas drained to subependymal veins about the fourth ventricle and dorsal pons. These then connected with an enlarged transmesencephalic or transpontine vein, to drain anteriorly to the anterior pontine veins. The brain stem angiomas had variable drainage depending on location. Evidence of hemorrhage was seen in five cases. CONCLUSION Cerebellar and brain stem venous angiomas have several potential routes of drainage, including an enlarged vein traversing the pons, midbrain, or medulla. A knowledge of the normal venous anatomy of this region helps to understand the occurrence of these uncommon routes of venous drainage.
Methods and data sources for identifying members of a regulated community

The Ammonium Nitrate explosion that shook West, Texas in April 2013 revealed deficiencies in the current regulatory enforcement system used for chemical safety and security in the United States. This cannot be said to be a failure of existing regulations. Rather, it is a failure in enforcement as federal regulators either had not inspected the site in decades—as with OSHA—or had not been aware of its existence at all, as with Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Regulations cannot be effective if they are not enforced and cannot be enforced unless the regulator knows who the members of the regulated community are. Methods for identifying the regulated community and moving past the voluntary reporting and compliance system currently in place have become topics of acute interest and paramount importance. This article discusses existing data sources at federal, state, and local levels that could be exploited immediately to help DHS and other regulators identify regulated facilities and begin more concerted outreach programs. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2015
The clinical significance of pericentric inversion of the human Y chromosome: a rare “third” type of heteromorphism

A 28-year-old normal East Indian was found to have a pericentric inversion of the Y chromosome. After reviewing the literature, it was concluded that an inverted Y chromosome does not impede the production of normal sperm and does not predispose to non-disjunction of other chromosomes in the progeny. Thus, the earlier concept of nondisjunction was rejected, and it is suggested that aberrant cases with aneuploidy and an inverted Y are fortuitous. The pericentric inverted Y is inherited from generation to generation and has no clinical significance. The prevalence of males with pericentric Y inversion in the general population is approximately 1 per 1000. It is suggested that a pericentric inversion of the Y chromosome is a rare chromosomal heteromorphism and should be called type III.
The effects of severity and causal explanation on social perceptions of hair loss

Abstract Trichotillomania (TTM) is associated with stigma and negative social perceptions. Disclosing one’s condition has reduced stigma in several conditions; but not in TTM. The role of severity, causal explanation, and familiarity with TTM on social perceptions of hair loss was examined. Undergraduates (N=290), randomly assigned to conditions varying by causal explanation (i.e., vignettes describing TTM, a genetic condition, or no explanation of cause) and severity of hair loss (i.e., photographs depicting mild, moderate, and severe loss), provided their social perceptions of female disclosure. Disclosure of TTM was rated more negatively than nondisclosure. Severe hair loss was associated with greater negative perceptions than mild hair loss. TTM as an explanation was perceived more negatively than a genetic explanation. When hair loss was mild or moderate, TTM as an explanation was rated most negatively. When hair loss was severe, a TTM explanation and non-explanations yielded more negative perceptions. Familiarity with TTM was associated with higher acceptability. Results suggest when TTM disclosure may be beneficial.
Rethinking the Judean Past: Questions of History and a Social Archaeology of Memory in the First Book of the Maccabees

This article explores the issue of history within post-structuralist social models of investigation applied to the biblical text. Within the context of a biblical narrative of Judean history, such as the Hasmonean revolt, the author assumes the necessary exploration of social voices, narratives, and even "controversial" texts, in order to gain a fuller understanding of the Maccabean period. While historians have perceived the past as a reality to be reconstructed and collided, this article argues for the perception of the past as an ethnographic reality, where sociability and the authority of texts depend on conflicting memories. Narratives and historical narrations arise out of a concern for continuity and the future, more than out of the past and its singularity. Thus social and individual memories reflect social and individual experiences and cannot be discarded, even when they conflict with one another.
Forssman reactivity and cell contacts in cultured hamster cells.

THE net synthesis of Forssman hapten glycolipid is enhanced in contact-inhibited NIL cells, particularly in the early stages of contact inhibition1,2. We have now found that the surface reactivity of cells to anti-Forssman glycolipid antiserum is, however, significantly decreased when they are contact inhibited.
Denatured Proteins as Cofactors for Plasminogen Activation

Activation of covalently intact plasminogen by tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is facilitated by a majority of proteins subjected to denaturing conditions. Except for heat-denatured apoferritin, the denatured proteins examined require partial proteolysis by plasmin for cofactor activity. The same proteins in their native state are resistant to proteolysis with plasmin and develop no activity. Denatured preparations of apoferritin, antithrombin, alpha1-protease inhibitor, alpha2-macroglobulin, and albumin also accelerate des(1-77)-plasminogen activation by tPA. The rate enhancements are comparable with that of the fibrin(ogen) fragments on a w/w basis. The cofactor activities are inhibited by 6-aminohexanoate and inactivated by pepsin. Analysis of heat-denatured apoferritin and albumin preparations by ultracentrifugation and gel chromatography indicates that cofactor is associated predominately with aggregates, which have binding capacity for both tPA and zymogen. Heat-denatured albumin pretreated with plasmin decreases K(M) and increases k(cat) for both intact plasminogen and des(1-77)-plasminogen activation by tPA, yielding catalytic efficiencies in excess of 8 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) and 2 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. Because of enhanced plasmin-catalyzed proteolysis of plasminogen to des(1-77)-plasminogen, activation by urokinase-type plasminogen activator is also facilitated by denatured proteins; activation of des(1-77)-plasminogen is not affected. It is concluded that denatured proteins serve as both cofactors and substrates in the fibrinolytic system, and that enhancement of plasminogen activation by denatured proteins is mechanistically indistinguishable from that observed with fibrin.
Wear particles, periprosthetic osteolysis and the immune system.

The immune system modulates many key biological processes in humans. However, the exact role of the immune system in particle-associated periprosthetic osteolysis is controversial. Human tissue retrieval studies, in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that the immune response to polymer particles is nonspecific and macrophage mediated. Lymphocytes may modulate this response however direct lymphocyte activation by polymer particle-protein complexes seems unlikely. However, metallic byproducts may complex with serum proteins and lead to a Type IV, lymphocyte mediated immune reaction. In predisposed individuals, this reaction may rarely lead to persistent painful joint effusions, necessitating debridement and excision of the bearing surfaces of the prosthesis. In these patients, retrieved periprosthetic tissues exhibit histological evidence of perivascular lymphocytic cuffing. These findings are worrisome, given the fact that increasing numbers of metal-on-metal joint implants are being implanted in younger more active individuals worldwide.
Mechanisms of Aβ induced synaptic toxicity

Increasing evidence favors the synapse as one of the initial sites of neuronal damage by amyloid b-protein (Ab )a nd such synaptic damage is thought to underlie the cognitive deficits seen in Alzheimer’s disease. A decade ago, Roberto Malinow and colleagues published a seminal paper proposing that neuronal activity augments processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by b -a ndg-secretases to enhance Ab production and release. In turn, Ab then depresses synaptic activity. Thus, an interesting positive feed forward and negative feedback loop is created during periods of neuronal activation. Since publication of this report, a number of elements within this intriguing pathway have been confirmed by other laboratories in both the in vitro and in vivo settings. Specifically, there is compelling evidence that neuronal activity is associated with enhanced Ab generation and subsequent amyloid deposition. Similarly, Ab has been shown by multiple investigators to depress synaptic activity and synaptic plasticity. In this presentation, I will summarize some recent work examining the mechanisms that underlie both pathways. In particular, among the many proposed pathways of Ab toxicity, I will discuss the potential involvement of APP in Ab-initiated synaptic damage.
Effect of nozzle and cathode configuration on arcjet performance

Experimental investigations were conducted to evaluate the effects of a bell-shaped contoured nozzle and modified cathode tip shape on 30-kWe-class ammonia arcjet engine performance. The experiments were conducted in a fully instrumented facility which included a thrust stand. The performance data for an arcjet with a bell-shaped nozzle were compared to the performance data of an arcjet that had a 38-deg included-angle, conical nozzle. Thrust improvements of up to 10% were demonstrated which corresponded to a 10% improvement in thrust efficiency and up to a 35-s increase in specific impulse. The modified cathode tip had a reduced diameter and more acute conical tip with respect to the baseline cathode design. A uniform 15% decrease in arc voltage was noted over a mass flow range of 0.175-0.350 g/s using the modified cathode. However, there was no change in the engine performance characteristics.
Evolution of the Adsorbed Water Layer Structure on Silicon Oxide at Room Temperature

The molecular configuration of water adsorbed on a hydrophilic silicon oxide surface at room temperature has been determined as a function of relative humidity using attenuated total reflection (ATR)−infrared spectroscopy. A completely hydrogen-bonded icelike network of water grows up to three layers as the relative humidity increases from 0 to 30%. In the relative humidity range of 30−60%, the liquid water structure starts appearing while the icelike structure continues growing to saturation. The total thickness of the adsorbed layer increases only one molecular layer in this humidity range. Above 60% relative humidity, the liquid water configuration grows on top of the icelike layer. This structural evolution indicates that the outermost layer of the adsorbed water molecules undergoes transitions in equilibrium behavior as humidity varies. These transitions determine the shape of the adsorption isotherm curve. The structural transitions of the outermost adsorbed layer are accompanied by interfacial ener...
Calculations of the dynamic susceptibility of nickel and iron

The spin dynamics of the transition-metal ferromagnets nickel and iron are investigated within the framework of the itinerant theory of magnetism. The theory is developed in terms of a generalized random-phase approximation which incorporates the band and wave-vector dependence of relevant interaction matrix elements. In contrast to constant-matrix-element approximations, this formalism generates band- and wave-vector-dependent splitting of the energy bands, possible ''optical'' spin-wave modes, and a different interpretation of the spin-wave disappearance phenomena. First-principles numerical calculations of the neutron scattering intensity based on this model have been found to be in excellent agreement with experiments. Recent neutron scattering experiments have also verified the existence of an ''optical'' spin-wave branch predicted by this theory.
PERCUTANEOUS TRANSHEPATIC CHOLECTSTOGRAPHY FOR DIFFERENTIATING INTRA-AND EXTRAHEPATIC NEONATAL CHOLESTASIS

Methods of imaging the biliary tract in adults include ERCP and transhepatic cholangiography. In infants with cholestatic jaundice, in whom biliary atresia is a diagnostic possibility and early intervention critical, the patient's small size and lack of dilated intrahepatic ducts often precludes the use of these tests. We report two patients, four and five weeks old, in whom sonographically guided percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder puncture was used to facilitate a contrast study of the complete extrahepatic biliary tree. These infants presented with direct hyperbilirubinemia, acholic stools, normal ultrasound studies, and nonexcreting Disida scans on Phenobarbital. Percutaneous liver biopsies showed features of both intra and extra-hepatic syndromes. To visualize the biliary tree without an operative cholangiogram, we punctured the gallbladder under ultrasound guidance with a 22 gauge spinal needle easily visible on the sonar-grams using an anterior transhepatic approach. The AP diameters of the gallbladders measured .5 and .7 cm. Bile was aspirated allowing immediate visual inspection of color. Renograffin was injected showing complete absence of a common hepatic duct in one case, confirmed surgically as biliary atresia, and small, but patent extrahepatic ducts in the second case, showing progressive nonsyndromic bile duct paucity. IV sedation was used and there was no bleeding or bile leak. Ultrasound guided percutaneous transhepatic cholecystography offers a safe, sensitive technique for the early differentiation between intra and extrahepatic neonatal cholestasis.
OFFICE PRACTICE SURVEY OF UREASE POSITIVE BACTERIAL PATHOGENS CAUSING URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

Abstract Office patients with a positive urinary tract infection (UTI) were screened for the presence of a urease positive microorganism by a rapid biotyping. Approximately 12 per cent of the UTI episodes were caused by a urease positive organism. Over 95 per cent of Proteus and Klebsiella isolates were urease positive, and a lesser percentage of Pseudomonas. No Escherichia coli were urease positive. Determination of urease production can be assessed by the standard API (Analytab Products Inc.) biotyping technique for gram negative organisms. A specific digit in the biotype code indicates urease activity.
Predicting the unpredictable: Transmission of drug-resistant HIV

We use a mathematical model to understand (from 1996 to 2001) and to predict (from 2001 to 2005) the evolution of the epidemic of drug-resistant HIV in San Francisco. We predict the evolutionary trajectories for 1,000 different drug-resistant strains with each strain having a different fitness relative to a drug-sensitive strain. We calculate that the current prevalence of resistance is high, and predict it will continue to rise. In contrast, we calculate that transmission of resistance is currently low, and predict it will remain low. We show that the epidemic of resistance is being generated mainly by the conversion of drug-sensitive cases to drug-resistant cases, and not by the transmission of resistant strains. We also show that transmission of resistant strains has not increased the overall number of new HIV infections. Our results indicate that transmission of resistant strains is, and will remain, a relatively minor public health problem.
An ab initio study of the reaction between FO radicals and H2O

Abstract Ab initio calculations are used to examine the energetics for the reactions of FO radicals and H 2 O. Optimized geometries have been calculated for all reactants, transition states, and products at the unrestricted second-order Moller—Plesset perturbation level of theory. Both Moller—Plesset perturbation (up to forth-order) and quadratic configuration interaction (QCISD(T)) methods are used to compute the energetics. The best estimate for the heat of reaction is 18.1 kcal mol −1 at the QCISD(T)/6–311++G(2df, 2d) level of theory, while the activation energy at this level is estimated as 25.7 kcal mol −1 . The atmospheric implications of this result are discussed.
Medical and psychosocial complications associated with method of bladder management after traumatic spinal cord injury.

Abstract Cameron AP, Wallner LP, Forchheimer MB, Clemens JQ, Dunn RL, Rodriguez G, Chen D, Horton J III, Tate DG. Medical and psychosocial complications associated with method of bladder management after traumatic spinal cord injury. Objectives To determine the relationships between bladder management method and medical complications (renal calculi or decubitus ulcers), number of hospital days, and psychosocial factors. We hypothesized that indwelling catheterization would be associated with more complications, more hospitalizations, and worse psychosocial outcomes compared with other bladder management methods. Design Inception cohort study. Setting Model spinal cord injury (SCI) centers funded by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research from 1973 to 2005. Participants Persons with new traumatic SCI (N=24,762) enrolled in the National SCI Database entire data set forms I and II. Patients were stratified according to the bladder management method recorded at each time of data collection into 1 of 4 groups as follows: indwelling catheterization, spontaneous voiding, condom catheterization, and intermittent catheterization. Those who reported no management method or errors in reporting were excluded (n=1564). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Medical complications, including pressure ulcer number and grade of worst ulcer, kidney stones, and hospitalizations, as well as psychosocial factors (satisfaction with life, perceived health status, societal participation), were stratified by bladder management method. Results were adjusted for level and completeness of neurologic injury and other confounding and modifying factors. Results Compared with other forms of bladder management, use of an indwelling catheter was associated with more pressure ulcers and longer and more hospitalizations for all causes and urology-specific causes. Indwelling catheter use was associated with the lowest levels of participation, but similar satisfaction with life and perceived health status. Conclusions Indwelling catheterization was associated with more medical complications and lower levels of participation than other bladder management methods, but more research is required to ascertain the causality of these complications.
Analytical modeling of PV maximum power curves under uniform and partial shading conditions

This paper introduces a new analytical method for locating the maximum power point of solar photovoltaic systems under partial shading. Several already established analytical models are expanded upon in order to derive a series of equations which can accurately simulate a photovoltaic power and/or current curve under uniform and partial shading conditions. The analytical model can subsequently determine the approximate location of all local maxima, so that the global maximum power point can be identified and utilized for improved efficiency. Future directions for this research involve conjunction with a real-time system to determine the global maximum power point of a photovoltaic system more quickly and accurately than currently practiced standards.
A Study on Laser Engineered Net Shaping Prototyping Technology

The objectives of th is work are to study Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS TM ) produced materials and identify the microstructures. Numerical method was used to examine the influence of materials ’ type and LENS TM process parameters on the forming of the specific microstructures from thermodynamics and fluid dynamics point of view. Samples of 316L stainless steel were examined, microstructures of samples were used to estimate the corresponding cooling rate, and the cooling rate was compared with the results of three different level of simplified models.. Nomenclature E = Energy (Jm 3 /kg) H = Enthalpy (Jm 2 /kg/s) p = Pressure (kgm -1 s -2 ) j Q = Heat Transfer (J) t = time (s) i V = i x component of velocity (m/s) j V = j x component of velocity (m/s) j x = Cartesian coordinate (m)
Self-Acceleration of a Tokamak Plasma during Ohmic H Mode

Core plasma rotation is observed to change from counter direction to co-current direction during the transition from low (L) to high (H) confinement mode, in Alcator C-Mod plasmas that are heated purely Ohmically and, hence, have no momentum input. The changes of the toroidal velocities, deduced independently from impurity Doppler measurements and from magnetic perturbations associated with sawteeth, agree. The magnitude of the change is consistent with the previously documented scaling for rotation in ion cyclotron rf--heated H modes. The rotation in this Ohmic experiment is obviously not an rf effect but demonstrates unequivocally a transport effect accelerating the plasma.
Images of the disk complex

Let M be an orientable irreducible 3-manifold with boundary and let S be a subsurface of ∂M. Suppose every curve in ∂S is disk-busting, i.e. every curve in ∂S intersects every compressing disk in M. We show that either (1) M is an I-bundle of which S is a horizontal boundary component or (2) under a natural projection, the image of the disk complex of M has diameter at most 12 in the curve complex of S.
Numerical solution of linear systems with widely separated time constants

Conditions for the numerical stability of the series expansion of eATare given, and an alternative, guaranteed stable family of expansions is presented.
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). XXII. The countercurrent distribution behavior in a single solvent system of adrenocorticotropins from sheep, beef and pig pituitary glands.

Abstract Purified preparations of sheep, beef, and pig adrenocorticotropins (ACTH) obtained from columns of the Amberlite cation-exchanger IRC-50 have been submitted to further purification by countercurrent distribution in a single solvent system, consisting of 0.1% aqueous acetic acid- n -butanol-pyridine, 11:5:3 ( v v ). In every case, two distinct adrenocorticotropically active fractions having different distribution coefficients were obtained. Identical distribution patterns were exhibited by either beef or sheep ACTH, but pig ACTH gave a different pattern. The amino acid content of these ACTH preparations was in good agreement with the data previously reported in the literature. Enhancement of the adrenal-stimulating activity of ACTH preparations by dialysis in slightly alkaline solutions has been confirmed.
Burial practices, material remains, and the anthropological record

Chapman, Robert, Ian Kinnes, and Klavs Randsborg, eds. The Archaeology of Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. vii + 159 pp. including preface, unified bibliogaphy, and index. $29.95 cloth. Humphreys, S.C., and Helen King, eds. Mortality and Immortality: The Anthropology and Archaeology of Death. New York: Academic Press, 1981. x + 346 pp. including preface, separate chapter bibliographies, personal name index, and subject index. $34.50 cloth.
The 3-channel Lissajous' trajectory of the auditory brain-stem response. VI: Effects of lesions in the cat

Abstract Two discrete studies of lesions (sectioning the auditory nerve and mid-sagittal brain-stem) were performed in 5 adult cats to determine the relationship between planar-segment formation and underlying generator activity. The experiments gave 2 major results: (1) Section of the VIII nerve at the brain-stem resulted in loss of potentials after wave II and almost total loss of wave II in most traces. In the time interval of planar segments a1, a2 and b1, only a single planar loop remained after sectioning the VIII nerve, and its orientation corresponded to that of the pre-surgical planar segment a1. (2) Whereas mid-sagittal sectioning of the brain-stem considerably reduced waves 4, 5 and 7 in vector amplitude plots, planar analysis showed that planar segments c2, c3, c4 and d1 were reduced to the simpler configuration of a line in voltage-space, and that planar segments d2, d3 and d4 were reduced in size and shifted in orientation. These results suggest the following hypotheses: (1) planar segment a1 must represent activity arising from the VIII nerve peripheral to its entry point into the brain; (2) VIII nerve activity can extend into the time that the cochlear nuclear complex is active; (3) an additional generator, probably the cochlear nuclear complex, contributes to the negativity observed after wave I; (4) planar segments c2, c3, c4 and d1 represent activity from generators whose input is from the contralateral ear. Some of the contributors to planar segments d2, d3 and d4 are activated by pathways ipsilateral to the stimulated ear, while the remaining portion is contralaterally activated.
Supersolubilization in Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Microemulsions: Solubilization Enhancement by Lipophilic and Hydrophilic Linkers

In this paper, the effect of linker molecules on the solubilization capacity of an anionic surfactant system (sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate) is studied. N-Alkyl alcohols are used as lipophilic linkers in middle-phase microemulsions of trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and hexane. The lipophilic linker effect increases the solubilization capacity of the anionic surfactant system. The solubilization parameter for both hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbon oil increases as a function of alcohol concentration. As the alkyl chain length of the alcohol linker molecule increases, the solubilization capacity increases. Moreover, the longer chain alcohol is more effective at linking oil molecules for hexane than for chlorinated hydrocarbon oils, indicating that the linker effect is more effective for higher equivilant alkane carbon number (EACN) oils. Sodium mono- and dimethylnaphthalenesulfonate is proposed as a hydrophilic linker to enhance the solubilization of lower EACN oils. The combination of lipop...
Make Me Feel Mighty Real: Gay Female-to-Male Transgenderists Negotiating Sex, Gender, and Sexuality:

Gay female-to-male transgenderists (gay FTMs) are women who become men, and who then form erotic relationships with other men. Analysis of interviews with five gay FTMs depicts how they rely upon and reproduce distinctions between sex, gender, and sexuality in order to make sense of their bodies, their feelings and their interactions. Sex, gender and sexuality are produced as distinct and real through a range of interlocking material, discursive, and interactional practices. These categories of intelligibility function in relation to each other and serve to mutually constitute and reinforce each other. Although the distinctions drawn between sex, gender, and sexuality are real, the veracity of these distinctions is limited given their inextricability in the contiguous terrain of actual human lives.
Capacity and coverage enhancement in heterogeneous networks

Disruptive innovations in mobile broadband system design are required to help network providers meet the exponential growth in mobile traffic demand with relatively flat revenues per bit. Heterogeneous network architecture is one of the most promising low-cost approaches to provide significant areal capacity gain and indoor coverage improvement. In this introductory article, we provide a brief overview of heterogeneous network architectures comprising hierarchical multitier multiple radio access technologies (RAT) deployments based on newer infrastructure elements. We begin with presenting possible deployment scenarios of heterogeneous networks to better illustrate the concepts of multitier and multi-RAT. We then focus on multitier deployments with single RAT and investigate the challenges associated with enabling single frequency reuse across tiers. Based on the spectrum usage, heterogeneous networks can be categorized into single carrier usage, where all devices within the network share the same spectrum, and distinct carrier usage, where different types of devices are allocated separate spectra. For single carrier usage, we show that interference management schemes are critical for reducing the resulting cross-tier interference, and present several techniques that provide significant capacity and coverage improvements. The article also describes industry trends, standardization efforts, and future research directions in this rich area of investigation.
Convenient access to the anhydrous thorium tetrachloride complexes ThCl4(DME)2, ThCl4(1,4-dioxane)2 and ThCl4(THF)3.5 using commercially available and inexpensive starting materials

Anhydrous thorium tetrachloride complexes ThCl4(DME)2, ThCl4(1,4-dioxane)2, and ThCl4(THF)3.5 have been easily accessed from inexpensive, commercially available reagents under mild conditions and serve as excellent precursors to a variety of thorium(IV) halide, alkoxide, amide and organometallic compounds.
Reynolds Number and Leading-Edge Bluntness Effects on a 65 Deg Delta Wing

A 65 degree delta wing has been tested in the National Transonic Facility (NTF) at mean aerodynamic chord Reynolds numbers from 6 million to 120 million at subsonic and transonic speeds. The configuration incorporated systematic variation of the leading edge bluntness. The analysis for this paper is focused on the Reynolds number and bluntness effects at subsonic speeds (M = 0.4) from this data set. The results show significant effects of both these parameters on the onset and progression of leading-edge vortex separation.
Fathers' and Mothers' involvements in sibling communication

The purpose of this study was to measure fathers' and mothers' linguistic involvements with the development of communication between young siblings. In a laboratory setting, 39 two-child mother-father families were videotaped in semistructured activities. The older sibling was from 18 to 26-months-old (M=22.4 months, SD=2.5 months) and the younger sibling was from 4 to 8-weeks-old (M=5 weeks, SD =1.5 weeks). Regardless of type of vocalization, when only one parent was present, utterances encouraging sibling interactions were more often aimed at girls than at boys. As a result, such utterances occurred more when both siblings were girls than for any other gender combination. Fathers were more active in issuing such utterances, especially to girls. When both parents were present, gender differences between parents disappeared, although the effects of children's gender did not. Overall, the results suggest that fathers very actively direct sibling interactions, especially those involving girls.
Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor prevents post-pump syndrome.

Post-pump syndrome is an acute lung injury following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) which is indistinguishable from the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is central to the inflammatory process and is capable of triggering the entire pathophysiologic response leading to ARDS. We hypothesized that treatment with a soluble TNF receptor-binding protein (TNFbp) would reduce the increase in serum TNF and prevent acute lung injury in our sequential insult model of ARDS following CPB. Anesthetized pigs were randomized to one of three groups: Control (n = 3), surgical preparation only; CPB + LPS (n = 6), femoral-femoral hypothermic bypass for 1 h followed by infusion of low dose Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 microg/kg); and TNFbp + CPB + LPS (n = 4), pretreatment with intravenous TNFbp (2 mg/kg) followed immediately by both insults. CPB + LPS caused severe lung injury demonstrated by a significant fall in PaO2 and an increase in both intrapulmonary shunt and peak airway pressure as compared to all groups (P < 0.05). These changes were associated with a significant increase in plasma TNF level and pulmonary neutrophil sequestration. TNFbp significantly reduced plasma levels of TNF and prevented the lung injury typically observed with this ARDS model, but did not reduce pulmonary neutrophil sequestration. Thus, elevated serum TNF is not responsible for neutrophil sequestration but does play a role in neutrophil activation which causes lung injury. Prophylactic use of TNFbp in CPB patients may prevent neutrophil activation and reduce the incidence of post-pump ARDS.
Probing Protein Adsorption onto Mercaptoundecanoic Acid Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles and Surfaces by Quartz Crystal Microbalance and ζ-Potential Measurements

The adsorption characteristics of three proteins [bovine serum albumin (BSA), myoglobin (Mb), and cytochrome c (CytC)] onto self-assembled monolayers of mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) on both gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and gold surfaces (Au) are described. The combination of quartz crystal microbalance measurements with dissipation (QCM-D) and pH titrations of the zeta-potential provide information on layer structure, surface coverage, and potential. All three proteins formed adsorption layers consisting of an irreversibly adsorbed fraction and a reversibly adsorbed fraction. BSA showed the highest affinity for the MUA/Au, forming an irreversibly adsorbed rigid monolayer with a side-down orientation and packing close to that expected in the jamming limit. In addition, BSA showed a large change in the adsorbed mass due to reversibly bound protein. The data indicate that the irreversibly adsorbed fraction of CytC is a monolayer structure, whereas the irreversibly adsorbed Mb is present in form of a bilayer. The observation of stable BSA complexes on MUA/AuNPs at the isoelectric point by zeta-potential measurements demonstrates that BSA can sterically stabilize MUA/AuNP. On the other hand, MUA/AuNP coated with either Mb or CytC formed a reversible flocculated state at the isoelectric point. The colloidal stability differences may be correlated with weaker binding in the reversibly bound overlayer in the case of Mb and CytC as compared to BSA.
Mid-infrared versus far-infrared (THz) relative intensities of room-temperature Bacillus spores

Abstract We have simultaneously recorded the mid-IR and far-IR (a.k.a. terahertz, THz) spectra of the sporulated form of five Bacillus bacteria: Bacillus subtilis ATCC 49760, B. subtilis ATCC 6051, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki ATCC 35866, Bacillus globigii 01, and Bacillus atrophaeus 49337. The 295 K spectra were recorded from ∼8 to 6000 cm −1 using spore counts on the order of 10 9 deposited onto windows transparent in both the mid- and far-infrared. The results indicate that any room-temperature THz absorption features due to the spores are at least 28 times weaker (based on p–p noise) than the corresponding mid-IR amide I band.
Synthesis of Racemic cis-5-Hydroxy-3-phthalimidoglutarimide. A Metabolite of Thalidomide Isolated from Human Plasma

A synthesis of the glutarimide-derived metabolite of thalidomide, 5‘-hydroxythalidomide (2), is described. The synthesis employed the lactone derivative of N-benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ)-protected 4-hydroxyglutamic acid 12, which is prepared by a de novo route from diethyl acetamidomalonate. The reaction of 12 with 4-methoxybenzylamine gave the corresponding isoglutamine, which then provided the key CBZ-protected N-PMB-glutarimide 14 after dehydration. Deprotection of both the CBZ and PMB groups followed by phthalimidation and deacetylation of the 3-amino-5-acetoxyglutarimide 16 afforded 2.
Super CitriMax (HCA-SX) attenuates increases in oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance, and body weight in developing obese Zucker rats

Super CitriMax (HCA-SX) is a novel calcium/potassium salt of (−)-hydroxycitric acid extracted from the dried fruit rind of the plant Garcinia cambogia, and commonly consumed as weight loss dietary supplement. In the present study, we investigated the effect of HCA-SX on inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in developing obese Zucker rats, an animal model of type II diabetes associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Male Zucker rats (5-week old) were supplemented with vehicle (control) and HCA-SX in drinking water for 7 weeks. Oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (DNPH), and protein tyrosine nitration (tyr-NO2) were measured in the liver and kidney tissues using biochemical and immunoblotting techniques. Compared to controls, the levels of MDA, DNPH and tyr-NO2 were lower in the liver and kidney of HCA-SX-treated animals. Furthermore, the levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, markers of inflammation measured by ELISA, were lower in the plasma of HCA-SX-supplemented animals compared to controls, as were levels of fasting plasma insulin, glucose, and triglycerides. Interestingly, insulin resistance did not develop in HCA-SX-supplemented rats. Food-intake and body weight gain was also lower in rats supplemented with HCA-SX compared to their control counterparts. These results suggest that HCA-SX supplementation in obese Zucker rats reduces food-intake, body weight gain, and also attenuates the increases in inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance observed in untreated animals. Therefore, HCA-SX may be used as an intervention to overcome obesity-related complications, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance.
Human red blood cell acetylcholinesterase inhibition as the appropriate and conservative surrogate endpoint for establishing chlorpyrifos reference dose.

Chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-(3,5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)- phosphorothioate) is an organophosphorus (OP) insecticide used for controlling insect pests. Currently, the reference dose (RfD) used by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish acceptable human exposure tolerances for chlorpyrifos is based upon inhibition of blood butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), which is not the target enzyme of chlorpyrifos, and does not play any role in cholinergic transmission. Data are presented showing that inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) associated with red blood cells (RBC), an enzyme similar to or identical with that in the nervous system, is a more appropriate endpoint on which to base the RfD. Basing an acceptable level of human exposure (e.g., RfD) on inhibition of RBC AChE provides a significant margin of safety, since it is 12- to 14-fold more sensitive as an indicator of chlorpyrifos exposure than the AChE in the most sensitive relevant neurological tissues (brain or retina). Inhibition of RBC AChE activity is consistently exhibited at lower dosages of chlorpyrifos than those required to result in clinical symptoms of OP toxicity, or alterations in cognitive functional responses. There is no unique sensitivity of the fetus or neonates to chlorpyrifos when administered by an appropriate oral dose. Thus, inhibition of RBC AChE activity is an appropriate surrogate measurement of chlorpyrifos exposure and provides a conservative endpoint for establishing appropriate margins of safety for both adults and infants.
Efficient Differentiation of Functional Hepatocytes from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to specific functional cell types can be achieved using methods that mimic in vivo embryonic developmental programs. Current protocols for generating hepatocytes from hESCs are hampered by inefficient differentiation procedures that lead to low yields and large cellular heterogeneity. We report here a robust and highly efficient process for the generation of high-purity (70%) hepatocyte cultures from hESCs that parallels sequential hepatic development in vivo. Highly enriched populations of definitive endoderm were generated from hESCs and then induced to differentiate along the hepatic lineage by the sequential addition of inducing factors implicated in physiological hepatogenesis. The differentiation process was largely uniform, with cell cultures progressively expressing increasing numbers of hepatic lineage markers, including GATA4, HNF4alpha, alpha-fetoprotein, CD26, albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, Cyp7A1, and Cyp3A4. The hepatocytes exhibited functional hepatic characteristics, such as glycogen storage, indocyanine green uptake and release, and albumin secretion. In a mouse model of acute liver injury, the hESC-derived definitive endoderm differentiated into hepatocytes and repopulated the damaged liver. The methodology described here represents a significant step toward the efficient generation of hepatocytes for use in regenerative medicine and drug discovery.