cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intersecting Experiences of Healthcare Denials Among Transgender and Nonbinary Patients.

Introduction Transgender and nonbinary individuals experience high levels of health disparities and are more likely to experience denials of health care than their cisgender (nontransgender) counterparts. There is a lack of evidence on how healthcare denials vary by gender identity and other intersecting identity characteristics in the transgender and nonbinary populations. Methods Using data from the 2015 U.S. Trans Survey (n=27,715), multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze (in 2019) the increased likelihood of experiencing denials of trans-related care and standard care across socioeconomic and identity characteristics among the transgender and nonbinary population, including race, age, educational attainment, disability, income, and gender identity. Results Almost 8% of the participants had been denied trans-specific health care, and >3% had been refused general health care. Transgender (compared with nonbinary), older, biracial, or multiracial, and lower-income participants, as well as those with less than a high school diploma and those with disabilities, were significantly more likely to experience refusal of care in general or trans-specific healthcare settings. Conclusions There is a need for better training of healthcare providers to be inclusive and reduce denial rates of their transgender and nonbinary patients. However, it is also clear that current rates of denial must be considered through a whole-person lens, considering the experience of concurrent oppressed identities and recognizing the increased risk those with multiple marginalized identities experience in being denied needed health care.
Targeted delivery of acid alpha-glucosidase corrects skeletal muscle phenotypes in Pompe disease mice

Abstract Lysosomal diseases are a class of genetic disorders predominantly caused by loss of lysosomal hydrolases, leading to lysosomal and cellular dysfunction. Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT), where recombinant enzyme is given intravenously, internalized by cells, and trafficked to the lysosome, has been applied to treat several lysosomal diseases. However, current ERT regimens do not correct disease phenotypes in all affected organs because the biodistribution of enzyme uptake does not match that of the affected cells and tissues that require the enzyme. We present here targeted ERT, an approach that utilizes antibody-enzyme fusion proteins to target the enzyme to specific tissues. The antibody moiety recognizes transmembrane proteins involved in lysosomal trafficking and that are also preferentially expressed in those cells most affected in disease. Using Pompe disease (PD) as an example, we show that targeted ERT is superior to ERT in treating the skeletal muscle phenotypes of PD mice.
Organizing: Coordinating Government and Army Support 1939–1943

The first formal contact between nuclear scientists and American government representatives occurred on March 17, 1939, when, at a meeting set up by Columbia University Dean of Science George Pegram, Enrico Fermi met with naval officers in Washington to explain the possibilities of using chain reactions as power sources or in bombs. One of the officers present was Admiral Stanford Hooper, technical assistant to the Chief of Naval Operations; also present was Ross Gunn, a civilian physicist working for the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) who would later become involved with the liquid thermal diffusion project for uranium enrichment. Despite Fermi’s downplaying of the possibilities and the group’s inherent skepticism, they allocated $1,500 to Columbia to support his nuclear-pile research.
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Secondary to Ibrutinib Therapy in a Patient With Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma.

Ibrutinib is a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is approved by the FDA for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma and other hematological malignancies. Bruton tyrosine kinases promote platelet aggregation, and, therefore, bleeding is a common side effect of ibrutinib. At least half of patients taking ibrutinib experience a bleeding event, and up to 10% may experience major bleeding. Patient-specific factors that predict bleeding events remain unknown. This report describes a case of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in a 67-year-old male taking ibrutinib for refractory mantle cell lymphoma. He was initially admitted to the hospital for recurrence of mantle cell lymphoma and evidence of tumor lysis syndrome, including acute kidney injury and hyperuricemia. He was taking aspirin prior to being hospitalized and was thrombocytopenic. A deep vein thrombosis was noted following admission, and the patient was started on enoxaparin. Two days after starting ibrutinib as an inpatient, the patient developed diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, which was ultimately fatal. Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage ruled out infectious and other etiologies. To our knowledge, this is the first case of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage associated with ibrutinib. Based on the available literature, it is unclear if the patient's recent aspirin use, concurrent enoxaparin, or thrombocytopenia was contributory. Further studies are necessary to clarify these patient-specific risks.
Standardization and characterization of value added watermelon juice ( Citrullus lanatus ) ready-to-serve beverage

An experiment was conducted to study the feasibility of blending pineapple and watermelon juice in different ratio for preparation of blended RTS beverage. The formulated RTS beverages were evaluated for various chemical, organoleptic and microbial qualities. The titrable acidity, ascorbic acid, total soluble solids (TSS) and total sugars of freshly made RTS beverages increased while pH decreased with the increased concentration of pineapple juice from 10-30%. Tukey’s test results revealed that, the mean scores for all assessed organoleptic characters varying significantly (pH0.05) in the freshly made pineapple blend watermelon RTS beverages. The formulated beverage with 80:20 watermelon and pineapple juice was found to be superior in quality and could be stored at 30±1°C for a minimum period of three months without any significant changes in quality attributes.
Living with exotic annual grasses in the sagebrush ecosystem.

Abstract Exotic annual grasses dominate millions of hectares and increase fire frequency in the sagebrush ecosystem of North America. This devastating invasion is so costly and challenging to revegetate with perennial vegetation that restoration efforts need to be prioritized and strategically implemented. Management needs to break the annual grass-fire cycle and prevent invasion of new areas, while research is needed to improve restoration success. Under current land management and climate regimes, extensive areas will remain annual grasslands, because of their expansiveness and the low probability of transition to perennial dominance. We propose referring to these communities as Intermountain West Annual Grasslands, recognizing that they are a stable state and require different management goals and objectives than perennial-dominated systems. We need to learn to live with annual grasslands, reducing their costs and increasing benefits derived from them, at the same time maintaining landscape-level plant diversity that could allow transition to perennial dominance under future scenarios. To accomplish this task, we propose a framework and research to improve our ability to live with exotic annual grasses in the sagebrush biome.
Unmet Opportunity: Intensive Care Transition Intervention for Individuals With Serious Medical-Psychiatric Illnesses

Individuals with serious mental illnesses and poorly managed medical conditions known as serious medical-psychiatric illnesses (SMPIs) are vulnerable to disruptions in care, resulting in poor outcomes. Intensive integrated care management approaches are indicated when these individuals are hospitalized on medical-surgical inpatient units in order to ensure continuity of medical and psychiatric services. This column describes a manualized intervention for hospitalized individuals with SMPIs that was developed in a National Institute of Mental Health ALACRITY research center. The approach uses a critical time intervention model incorporating motivational interviewing and shared decision making to maximize engagement and continuity of care for individuals with SMPIs.
Repeated Distances and Dot Products in Finite Fields

Let \({\Bbb F}_q^d\), d ≥ 2, where 𝔽q is the field with q elements. Let $$\displaystyle \Delta (E)=\{||x-y||: x,y \in E\}, \ ||x||=x_1^2+\dots +x_d^2, $$ and $$\displaystyle \prod (E)=\{x \cdot y: x,y \in E\}, \ x \cdot y=x_1y_1+\dots +x_dy_d. $$
Emerging therapies for dry eye disease.

INTRODUCTION Dry Eye Disease (DED) is defined as a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film, and a vicious cycle of inflammation on the ocular surface. Despite its high prevalence and standing as one of the most common eye conditions seen by practitioners, the current treatment options available to patients have not proven adequate. AREAS COVERED This review will discuss the burden of DED, its pathophysiology, as well as emerging therapies. These therapies include immunosuppressants, immunomodulators, anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids. The mechanisms of these drugs will be discussed, as well as their phase of development and results from recent clinical trials. The literature search was performed using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the Springer AdisInsight database. EXPERT OPINION The optimal therapy for DED is associated with improved bioavailability, minimal ocular side effects, and effective dosing. The ideal treatment has not yet been established, but this paper outlines a number of promising therapies. Continued development of therapies targeting the inflammation cascade, as well as the establishment of objective markers to quantify DED severity, are important aspects in the progression of treatment.
Training Cognition : Optimizing Efficiency, Durability, and Generalizability

A.F. Healy, L.E. Bourne, Jr., Introduction: Training and its Cognitive Underpinnings. A.F. Healy, V.I. Schneider, L.E. Bourne, Jr., Empirically Valid Principles of Training. A.F. Healy, L.E. Bourne, Jr., Basic Research on Training Principles. C.D. Wickens, Hutchins, Carolan, Cumming, Attention and Cognitive Resource Load in Training Strategies. R.W. Proctor, M. Yamaguchi, J. Miles, Acquisition and Transfer of Basic Skill Components. E. Heggestad, B. Clegg, Goh, Gutzwiller, How Cognitive Ability and Automation Influence Training Performance and Transfer. S. Goldberg, P. Durlach, Conducting Technology-Based Applied Training Research. W.D. Raymond, A.F. Healy, L.E. Bourne, Jr., A New Taxonomy for Training. C. Gonzalez, Cognitive Models of Training Principles and the Instance-Based Learning Tool. C.J. Buck-Gengler, W.D. Raymond, A.F. Healy, L.E. Bourne, Jr., Modeling Cognitive Tasks in IMPRINT. B. Fornberg, W.D. Raymond, C.J. Buck-Gengler, A.F. Healy, Best, L.E. Bourne, Jr., Evaluation and Comparison of Models of Human Performance During Training. M. Jones, L.E. Bourne, Jr., A.F. Healy, A Compact Mathematical Model for Predicting the Effectiveness of Training. M.A. McDaniel, Put the SPRINT in Knowledge Training: Training with SPacing, Retrieval, and INTerleaving I. Barshi, L. Loukopoulos, Training for Real-World Job Performance. Lohse, L.E. Bourne, Jr., Cognitive Retraining Following Acquired Brain Injury. L.E. Bourne, Jr., A.F. Healy, Conclusions.
Authorial idioms for target distributions in TTD-MDPs

In designing Markov Decision Processes (MDP), one must define the world, its dynamics, a set of actions, and a reward function. MDPs are often applied in situations where there is a clear choice of reward functions and in these cases significant care must be taken to construct a reward function that induces the desired behavior. In this paper, we consider an analogous design problem: crafting a target distribution in Targeted Trajectory Distribution MDPs (TTD-MDPs). TTD-MDPs produce probabilistic policies that minimize divergence from a target distribution of trajectories from an underlying MDP. They are an extension of MDPs that provide variety of experience during repeated execution. Here, we present a brief overview of TTD-MDPs with approaches for constructing target distributions. Then we present a novel authorial idiom for creating target distributions using prototype trajectories. We evaluate these approaches on a drama manager for an interactive game.
Tryptophan- and indole-excreting prototrophic mutant of Escherichia coli.

Lim, P. G. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge), and R. I. Mateles. Tryptophan- and indole-excreting prototrophic mutant of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 87:1051–1055. 1964.—A mutant of Escherichia coli K-12, capable of excreting 350 mg of indole and 50 mg of tryptophan per liter when grown on minimal medium, was found to have a level of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonic acid-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthetase 60% higher than the parent, and to have a 10- to 15-fold elevation of the levels of enzymes in the tryptophan branch of the pathway for aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. Contrary to what previous investigators found in E. coli W, the presence of a tyrosine-repressible component of DAHP synthetase sensitive to end-product inhibition by tyrosine could not be demonstrated in either strain K-12 or the mutant. The mutant strain is an example of a microorganism which excretes biosynthetic end products solely because of genetic derepression, as opposed to most previously reported amino acid accumulators which require a combination of genetic and physiological manipulation to achieve derepression.
Collision experiments with highly ionized atoms

Low-energy inelastic collision processes involving highly ionized atoms have become the subject of a steadily growing number of experimental and theoretical investigations. The majority of these studies have focused on collisions which produce a net change in the charge of the ion. Summarized here are results of some recent investigations of multiply charged ion interactions with neutral atoms and with electrons conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Special emphasis is given to systematic studies of interaction mechanisms, and to two experiments which show evidence for the correlated motion of electrons during the collision.
Broken Arbour: “The Ruined Cottage” and Deforestation

The “broken arbour” in which Margaret sits despondent near the close of “The Ruined Cottage” is highly suggestive of the long and devastating deforestation of England that occurred from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. By the Romantic period, England had become one of the most deforested nations in Europe, largely in aid of a vast colonial enterprise. The vacant and huge space that spreads around the traveler at the poem's opening is not only related to this deforestation, but also to a sense of collective loss buried within cultural memory, and to the poetic and cultural traditions in which the tree plays a central historical role. By tracing the material and cultural history of the tree and its absence, this essay attempts to recapture the significance of Wordsworth's original protest and consider broader implications to critical assessments of Romantic constructions of nature.
Fuzzy gradient method in Lagrangian relaxation for integer programming problems

A major challenge in Lagrangian relaxation for integer programming problems is to effectively maximize the dual function which is concave, piece-wise linear, and consists of many facets. Available methods include the subgradient method, the bundle method, and the surrogate subgradient method. Each of these methods, however, has its own limitations. Based on the insights obtained from these methods, the paper develops the "fuzzy gradient method" that makes good use of all the information obtained from solving the "relaxed problem"-not just the optimal solution, but also near optimal solutions. In the method, the "fuzzy gradient direction" is obtained by combining subgradient directions from near optimal solutions following a simple fuzzy rule. The resulting direction is continuous with respect to multipliers, thereby significantly reducing the solution zigzagging difficulty, and is obtained without much additional computational requirements. The convergence of the method is proved, and a general framework for maximizing the dual function is established where many other methods can be viewed as special cases. The fuzzy gradient method is then applied to job shop scheduling problems, and fuzzy dynamic programming is developed to effectively obtain fuzzy gradients. Test results show that the method leads to significant improvement over the frequently used subgradient method.
Simultane Verkapselung: Moleküle unter sich

Durch reversible Verkapselung wird in Losung ein Raum erzeugt, in dem Molekule zeitweise von anderen isoliert werden. Die Aufenthaltsdauer dieser Molekule innerhalb einer Kapsel reicht von Millisekunden bis Stunden, sodass sowohl die chemische und magnetische Umgebung als auch die Anordnung der Molekule im Wirt-Gast-Komplex durch konventionelle NMR-Spektroskopie untersucht werden konnen. Der Komplex selbstorganisiert sich nur dann, wenn der Raum in der Kapsel ausreichend ausgefullt ist. Die schwachen intermolekularen Krafte, die selbstorganisierende Komplexe zusammenhalten, ermoglichen eine Gleichgewichtseinstellung der Einschlusskomplexe bei Raumtemperatur und Atmospharendruck in der flussigen Phase. Wenn zwei oder mehr Molekule simultan eingeschlossen werden, lassen sich intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen in Losung erkennen, die mit anderen Methoden nicht beobachtbar sind. Wir beschreiben hier das einzigartige Verhalten von Molekulen bei einer simultanen Verkapselung, einschlieslich neuer Formen von Stereochemie, Isomerie und Asymmetrie innerhalb von Kapselmolekulen.
Yeast protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I: steady-state kinetics and substrate binding.

Protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I (PGGTase-I) catalyzes alkylation of the cysteine residue in proteins containing a consensus C-terminal CaaX sequence ending in Leu or Phe by the C20 hydrocarbon moiety in geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). A kinetic study of the alkylation reaction was conducted with a continuous assay based on the fluorescence enhancement that accompanies geranylgeranylation of dansyl-GCIIL. The kinetic constants kcat = 0.34 ± 0.01 s-1, KMG = 0.86 ± 0.05 μM for GGPP, and KMD = 1.6 ± 0.1 μM for dansyl-GCIIL were calculated from initial rates measured at varying concentrations of the substrates. Inhibitor studies were conducted with dead-end inhibitors for GGPP and the peptide substrate. Double reciprocal plots for the peptide mimic Cys-AMBA-Leu gave a competitive pattern when plotted against varying concentrations of dansyl-GCIIL and an uncompetitive pattern against GGPP. Similar plots for 1-phosphono-(E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol, a dead-end inhibitor for GGPP, gave a competitive double...
Properties of potyvirus RNAs: Turnip mosaic, tobacco etch, and maize dwarf mosaic viruses

Abstract Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) of turnip mosaic (TurMV), tobacco etch (TEV), and maize dwarf mosaic viruses (MDMV) have molecular weights of 3.31 × 106, 3.14 × 106, and 2.89 × 106 determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and of 3.07 × 106, 3.33 × 106, and 2.94 × 106 determined by sedimentation analysis in linear log sucrose density gradients. These correspond to S values of 39.0, 40.6 and 38.2. When denatured by formaldehyde, molecular weights are TurMV, 3.07 × 106; TEV, 3.04 × 106; and MDMV, 2.90 × 106 determined by gel electrophoresis. Sedimentation coefficients after denaturation are TurMV, 24.7 S; TEV, 24.9 S; and MDMV, 24.2 S, corresponding to molecular weights of 3.16 × 106, 3.32 × 106, and 3.06 × 106 for TurMV, TEV, and MDMV, respectively. The reduction in electrophoretic mobility and sedimentation coefficient after denaturation, along with hyperchromicity and Tm measurements, suggests that all three virus RNAs have a similar degree of secondary structure.
Adaptive control for planar curve tracking under controller uncertainty

Curve tracking is a challenging and central problem in robotics. In this note, we study adaptive control and parameter estimation for two dimensional robotic curve tracking with unknown control gains. We build adaptive controllers that stabilize equilibria corresponding to a fixed constant distance to the curve and zero bearing. The significance of our work is in (a) our ability to identify the unknown control gain, (b) our proof of input-to-state stability with respect to actuator errors, and (c) the optimality of our disturbance bounds for maintaining robust forward invariance of a nested class of hexagons that fill the state space, under actuator disturbances and the unknown control gain. We demonstrate our work in simulations.
Magnetospheric models for electron acceleration and transport in the heliosphere

Electron transport and acceleration processes in the earth's magnetosphere have correspondences to analogous processes affecting electrons in the solar magnetosphere (i.e., heliosphere). Energetic electrons in planetary magnetospheres and the heliosphere are test particles probing transport and acceleration dynamics with minimal effects on dominant magnetic field configurations. Parallels are discussed relating to electron entry into the magnetospheres from interplanetary and interstellar space, circulatory transport processes, and acceleration by electric fields in boundary regions including shocks and magnetotails.
A Review of Assessments for Determining the Content of Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention Programs for Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Abstract A large proportion of national education and treatment centers for persons with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), including those providing applied behavior analysis (ABA)-based services, show a relatively high percentage of agreement among practitioners on the instruments they routinely use for a variety of purposes, including curriculum design and treatment evaluation. In this paper, several assessments are reviewed and evaluated in terms of their utility for designing comprehensive early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) curriculum programs for children with ASD. The assessments found to be most useful for this purpose are reported. A general critique regarding the available pool of assessment tools is provided and the need for a comprehensive assessment directly linked to curricula is discussed.
Polymer self-assembly: Micelles make a living.

Controlled assembly of diblock copolymers in which one of the blocks is crystalline enables the growth of a series of complex nano-architectures in a controlled fashion.
Mechanisms of Inhibition of Crevice Corrosion in Alloy 22

Alloy 22 may be susceptible to crevice corrosion in chloride-containing environments, especially at temperatures above ambient. The presence of oxyanions, especially nitrate, minimizes or eliminates the susceptibility of Alloy 22 to crevice corrosion. Other anions such as sulfate, carbonate and fluoride were also reported as inhibitors of crevice corrosion in Alloy 22. It is argued that the occurrence of crevice corrosion is due to the formation of hydrochloric acid solution in the creviced region. Inhibitors act by eliminating the occurrence of hydrochloric acid or by hampering its action.
Pediatric cardiothoracic surgery in patients with unilateral pulmonary agenesis or aplasia.

Background Unilateral pulmonary agenesis or aplasia (UPA), a rare developmental defect of the lung, is sometimes associated with congenital heart and tracheal diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess our experience of pediatric cardiothoracic surgery in UPA patients. Methods Cardiothoracic surgery for congenital heart defect or tracheal stenosis performed between 1981 and 2010 in 8 UPA patients (agenesis in 5 and aplasia in 3) was reviewed retrospectively. Associated cardiac anomalies included ventricular septal defect, double outlet right ventricle with pulmonary atresia, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, and interrupted aortic arch complex. Results For 7 patients with right UPA and 1 patient with left UPA, 12 cardiothoracic operations were performed, including 8 cardiac procedures in 4 patients and 4 tracheal procedures in 4 patients. Cardiac palliative repairs included Blalock-Park anastomosis, systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt, and pulmonary artery banding. Cardiac definitive repairs included ventricular septal defect closure, subaortic membrane resection, modified Konno procedure, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection repair, and Rastelli-type operation. Tracheal repairs were costal cartilage tracheoplasty and slide tracheoplasty. The median age at surgery was 8 months and median body weight was 6.2 kg; the median operative time was 6.5 hours. There were 3 hospital deaths and 1 late death, with the 1-year mortality rate of 25%. Cardiopulmonary bypass-induced acute lung injury has occurred in 3 cases, 2 of which required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Younger age of less than 1 month and prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time of more than 200 minutes were related to operative risk factors for hospital mortality and morbidity. Conclusions Most of the pediatric cardiothoracic operations in UPA patients were successfully performed through an optimal surgical approach and procedure, but they still presented surgical risks of high mortality and morbidity. Perioperative management of UPA patients should be provided with a precise understanding of anatomic configuration and a careful consideration of underlying risk factors.
Hypersensitivity of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to heat, ether, and immobilization.

The responses to immobilization, ether, and heat of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats (S-D) were compared. Hyperglycemia reached a maximum within 5 min of exposure and was most intense in SHR. There were no differences in the pituitary content of GH or PRL between the SHR and S-D. Circulating GH levels were especially depleted in SHR 15 min post exposure, with rebound to high blood levels at 1 h. Circulating PRL levels were slightly higher in quiescent SHR vs. S-D but surged to much higher levels post exposure in SHR vs. S-D. Postexposure blood corticosterone and aldosterone levels rose to much higher levels in SHR vs. S-D. Although the blood glucose, GH, PRL, corticosterone, and aldosterone levels are similar in hypertensive SHR and normotensive S-D under quiescent conditions, SHR appear to be much more sensitive and respond more vigorously to heat, ether, and immobilization. It is suggested that abnormal activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary system may play a ro...
Prewhitening for intelligibility gain in hearing aid arrays

In this article, prewhitening multimicrophone data prior to use in an optimum spatial‐filter preprocessor for a monaural hearing aid is considered. Considering preprocessor capabilities, interference signal spectral content and intelligibility, it is argued that prewhitening is advantageous. This advantage is illustrated via simulation of a head worn array. Also, an effective procedure for the design of (prewhitening) digital filters is presented. The effectiveness of this filter design technique is shown by presenting several prewhitening filter design examples.
Effect of Carbonyl Inhibitors and Their H2O2 Detoxification on Lactic Acid Fermentation

Biomass degradation compounds significantly inhibit biochemical conversion of biomass prehydrolysates to biofuels and chemicals, such as lactic acid. To characterize the structure-activity relationship of carbonyl inhibition on lactic acid fermentation, we examined effects of eight carbonyl compounds (furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, vanillin, syringaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, phthalaldehyde, benzoic acid, and pyrogallol aldehyde) and creosol on lactic acid production by Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Pyrogallol aldehyde reduced the cell growth rate by 35 % at 1.0 mM and inhibited lactic acid production completely at 2.0 mM. By correlating the molecular descriptors to the inhibition constants in lactic acid fermentation, we found a good relationship between the hydrophobicity (Log P) of aldehydes and their inhibition constants in fermentation. The inhibitory effect of carbonyl inhibitors appeared to correlate with their thiol reactivity as well. In addition, we found that H2O2 detoxified pyrogallol aldehyde and phthalaldehyde inhibitory activity. H2O2 detoxification was applied to real biomass prehydrolysates in lactic acid fermentation.
Infrared Emission of the Hydrogen-Fluorine (H 2 –F 2 ) Flame

The emission spectrum of the hydrogen-fluorine flame has been studied with prism resolution in the fundamental, as well as in the first and second overtone regions. Flame temperatures of approximately 4000°K are estimated from the spectroscopic data, and although due to insufficient resolution and difficulties of self-absorption, it is not possible to determine whether there is equipartition of energy between vibrational and rotational modes of excitation. However, the present experiments, together with previous high resolution absorption studies, do permit new and improved values of the molecular constants to be determined, namely, B0=20.569 cm−1, α=0.751cm−1, D0=2.42×10−3 cm−1, v1=3961.31cm−1, and v2=7751.84 cm−1.
Origins of Rainbow Smelt in Lake Ontario

Abstract The first rainbow smelt ( Osmerus mordax ) to enter Lake Ontario were probably migrants from an anadromous strain introduced into New York's Finger Lakes. Since the upper Great Lakes were originally stocked with a landlocked strain from Green Lake, Maine, subsequent migration to Lake Ontario from Lake Erie makes Lake Ontario unique among the Great Lakes in probably having received introductions from two distinct populations.
Numerical Investigation of Some Potential Problems of Univariate Minimization Methods

Many nonlinear programming algorithms employ a univariate subprocedure to determine the step length at each multivariate iteration. In this note, a popular polynomial approximation-interpolation univariate algorithm (DSC-P) is compared to two versions of the golden section search. One-dimensional test functions which model the behavior of barrier and penalty functions are used for the comparison. In general, the polynominal method indicates convergence in fewer function evaluations than the golden section search. However, it is significantly less reliable. Tight convergence criteria do not necessarily lead to accurate results with the polynomial-based univariate strategy. A companion paper provides a theoretical basis for the observations and gives conditions underwhich DSC-P will fail—even for strictly convex, unimodal functions and exact arithmetic.
Don't Make Me Laugh: People Are Funny in WALL-E and Tropic Thunder

The current difficulties of making challenging humor while respecting the legitimate sensibilities of stigmatized people are discussed. Two very different movie comedies include jokes about people. One is received with outrage on behalf of the group that is made the butt of the jokes, people who are “mentally challenged”; the other, about sedentary obese people, is not criticized. It is hard for humorists to know when they might transgress with serious consequences, but the use of taboo words, in any context, can lead to trouble.
The skew-Cauchy distribution

Abstract Suppose ( X ,Y) has a ( k +1)-dimensional Cauchy distribution. Consider the conditional distribution of X given Y > y 0 , for some fixed value of y 0 ∈ R . The resulting distribution is the multivariate skewed Cauchy, in which there is truncation with respect to Y : this is but one of a general class of skewed distributions for which the initial distribution is symmetric. The skewing function, which depends upon the distribution of Y , need not be from the same family as the initial density.
Informed Consent in the Long Term Care Setting

Abstract Informed consent, considered as either an ethical construct or legal requirement, is a concept with which any healthcare professional should have a thorough familiarity prior to working with patients in any type of care setting. The evolution of informed consent during the twentieth century has resulted in the adoption of a patient-oriented approach which mandates the provision of full disclosure of relevant treatment information, under circumstances in which the patient's voluntary participation in the treatment protocol is made explicit. It is also assumed that the healthcare professional will make an inquiry, whether informal or otherwise, to ensure that the informed consent to treatment is being obtained from a competent individual. Healthcare professionals in long term care settings, whether in the role of employees or consultants, should be cognizant of special circumstances with such patients, including specific statutory requirements, which result in ethical and legal obligations for prac...
Metastatic colorectal cancer: survival comparison of hepatic resection versus cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy

Background Liver resection has long been considered the standard of care for resectable colorectal hepatic metastases (HM). Patients with colorectal peritoneal surface disease (PSD) are now also being treated with aggressive therapy in the form of cytoreductive surgery (CS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC).
Protein kinases of rabbit and human erythrocyte membranes Solubilization and characterization

Two protein kinases (EC 2.7.1.37) from rabbit and one from human erythrocyte membranes have been solubilized with 0.5 M NaCl. These enzymes have been partially purified by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and gel filtration. The rabbit membrane enzymes have apparent Mr values of 100 000 and 30 000, as determined in the presence of 0.4 M NaCl. In the absence of salt, these enzymes aggregate into high molecular weight species. The kinase from human erythrocyte membranes has an apparent Mr of 30 000 and appears to have properties similar to those of the 30 000-dalton rabbit kinase. All three enzymes catalyze the phosphorylation of casein and phosvitin in salt-stimulated reactions. None of these enzymes appears to be related to cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases.
Quantitative relationship between initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis and induction of altered cell islands

We have quantified the initiation of hepatocytic neoplasms and the induction of altered cell islands in regenerating livers of rats given a single treatment with one of three carcinogens before or during the peak of DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy. For up to 20 wk after treating livers during the peak of DNA synthesis with methyl(acetoxymethyl)nitrosamine (DMN-Ac), hepatocytic neoplasms were not seen. Thereafter, in rats fed the liver tumor promoter, phenobarbital, neoplasms emerged continuously so that by 60 wk after initiation, livers held an average of 5.5 neoplasms. Islands of cellular alteration, identified by their abnormal retention of glycogen on fasting, also appeared to emerge continuously between 20 and 60 wk after initiation. By 60 wk, promoted livers contained about 10,000 islands. In DMN-Ac-initiated, phenobarbital-promoted livers, neoplasms and islands maintained a constant numerical relationship over time with about 1,450 islands emerging for every neoplasm that emerged. This ratio of islands to neoplasms differed according to the type of carcinogen used to initiate hepatocarcinogenesis and depending on whether promotion with phenobarbital was included. In livers initiated with DMN-Ac but not promoted with phenobarbital, the ratio of islands to neoplasms was about 7,750:1. In livers initiated by treatment with (+/-)-7 alpha, 8 beta-dihydroxy-9 beta, 10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9, 10-tetrahydrobenzo[alpha]pyrene at the peak of DNA synthesis and then promoted with phenobarbital, the ratio of islands to neoplasms was 7,200:1. In livers exposed to gamma rays at the peak of DNA synthesis in regenerating livers and promoted, no neoplasms were seen in our sample although islands could be enumerated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
High-energy X-ray diffraction studies of i-Sc12Zn88

Although quasicrystals form in a wide variety of ternary and quaternary metallic alloys, examples of stable binary icosahedral quasicrystals are quite rare. Indeed, it has been a decade since the discovery of icosahedral phases in Yb–Cd and Ca–Cd. We have discovered millimeter-sized facetted grains of i-Sc12Zn88 with icosahedral (pentagonal dodecahedral and rhombic triacontahedral) morphologies in solution-grown samples. Structural characterization of the bulk icosahedral phase was accomplished through single-grain high-energy X-ray diffraction. For both growth morphologies, all diffraction peaks could be indexed by a primitive (P-type) icosahedral phase. The two types of morphology do, however, present interesting differences in their respective degrees of quasicrystalline order.
South Korea's Missile Defense Policy: Dilemma and Opportunity for a Medium State

Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) delivery systems has made missile defense a key security challenge, but missile defense systems are highly controversial. I closely examine the development of the missile defense system in South Korea. South Korea has steadfastly remained outside the theater missile defense (TMD) structure, but it cooperates on missile defense, in a limited way, with its U.S. ally. South Korea's refusal to participate in TMD even as it quietly acquires air defense systems can be explained by political and diplomatic considerations regarding its neighbors (especially China), military and economic considerations about missile defense, and strategic considerations for the United States-South Korea alliance. The TMD situation demonstrates South Korea's dilemma and opportunity as a medium power in a particularly harsh security environment. South Korea is walking a fine line to diversify security relations, to maintain the alliance structure with the United States (albeit in a changed form), and to build a self-reliant military capability.
Family Therapists and School Counselors: A Collaborative Endeavor.

Working with families through a systemic model requires the therapist to reach out to allied professionals who may have a vested interest in and may be able to make a valuable contribution to the assessment and treatment plan for a given family. As perhaps the second most influential setting on the child’s development, the school and its professional staff can serve as an invaluable resource to the family therapist. A collaborative approach to family therapy is presented in this article.
Tapping the Wisdom of Crowd Phenomenon in Healthcare Social Networks

Online social networks are increasing in popularity. Among teens, they are fast becoming synonymous with being online, i.e., using the Internet Lenhart et al., 2011. As online social networks became widespread, it is found that people are using it for various purposes including work, leisure, entertainment, as well as healthcare. In this paper, the authors share their viewpoint and insights on the use of online social networks for healthcare related purposes which are sometimes also referred to as Health 2.0, or as Health Social Networks HSNs. The authors examine the potential of HSNs in empowering patients and health information seekers towards wellbeing and healthy living. They also discuss the various potential uses of HSNs by healthcare providers and healthcare organizations. A three-dimensional framework is developed by analyzing 37 best-known commercial HSN sites to help categorize HSNs that can aide in their design process. More importantly, we provide an in-depth discussion on the future role of social networks within Healthcare.
“It Ain't Over ‘til It's Over”: Infinite Conversations, Imperfect Endings, and the Elusive Nature of Termination

Despite general agreement as to the importance and subtlety of managing the final (“termination”) phase of psychoanalysis, the way that analytic work is brought to a close has been both undertheorized and problematic in practice. How and under what conditions a psychoanalytic process might best be brought to an end is a problem that has plagued psychoanalytic theorists, clinicians, and their patients from the earliest days of psychoanalysis. Patient and analyst do not discover a “royal road” to the end of analysis. Rather, patient and analyst together forge a trail through the thickets of their work to a juncture at which they find that their paths can once again diverge. This paper attempts to explore the ways in which patients and analysts negotiate these most complex and elusive transitions. Analyst and analysand, having come to recognize the limits of their conscious awareness and the ultimate uncertainty at the heart of the psychoanalytic process, must live with the tension generated in the encounter...
Computation of Electric Fields: Recent Developments and Practical Applications

This paper describes a library of computer field programs available for design investigations during the development of high-voltage switchgear equipment. The emphasis is on recent developments to a general-purpose multidielectric field program suitable for solving practical field problems in two dimensions or in three dimensions with one axis of symmetry. These developments include an improved presentation of printout data, automatic drawings of computed equipotentials, and accurate calculation of gradient values for practical systems. A quadratic fit method and finite-difference techniques to compute gradient values are discussed together with associated accuracies. Finally, examples are given of the application of this numerical technique to high-voltage switchgear design.
Black radical theory and practice: Gender, race, and class

(2003). Black radical theory and practice: Gender, race, and class. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 17, Radical Perspectives on Race and Racism, pp. 109-122.
A tutorial on test power

Both average power and peak power specifications of a circuit pose serious problems for the prevalent test methods like scan and built-in self-test. This tutorial discusses the problems and solutions for minimizing power dissipation in these test procedures. Hardware approaches and test vector optimization methods are outlined. Power-constrained testing of core-based systems is discussed. Finally, an open problem of finding an efficient test for verifying the power specification of a system is formulated. Today's electronic systems are complex, fast, and energy efficient. Power is a circuit design criteria, added to the previous list of area, delay and testability. Controlling test power and minimizing test time requires tradeoffs. Design for testability methods like scan and random-pattern self-test use non-functional test inputs that must conform to circuit specifications on average power (energy consumption) and peak power. Test power has thus become an active area of research, innovation and practice. Electronic circuits should dissipate no more power or energy than they are designed for. In testing of circuits cost and quality are the requirements and high fault coverage can lead to long, often nonfunctional, test sequences. Such tests generate substantially higher signal activity and can potentially cause an otherwise good circuit to fail due to excessive power dissipation. Tests are, therefore, run at a slower speed, incurring longer test time and higher test cost. This extra cost of testing does not completely solve the test power problem. The slow speed test can contain high activity vectors that would cause excessive supply current surges. Once again a perfectly good circuit can potentially fail during test due to conditions such as power droop, ground bounce and hot spots.
Supplemental Instructions for Developing Computer Codes for Stratigraphic Terms: GEOLOGIC NOTES

For original codes see, Cohee G. V., Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., Vol. 51, No. 10, 1967
Demographic differences in Down syndrome livebirths in the US from 1989 to 2006

Objective To explore demographic differences in Down syndrome livebirths in the United States. Methods Using National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) birth certificate data from 1989 to 2006 we analyzed Down syndrome livebirths after correcting for under-reporting. We created six subsets based on maternal age (15–34 and 35–49 years old); US regions, that is, Northeast, Midwest, South and West; marital status, (married, unmarried); education, ( ≤ 12 years, ≥ 13 years); race, (white, black); and Hispanic ethnicity, (non-Hispanic, Hispanic). We estimated expected Down syndrome livebirths assuming no change in birth certificate reporting. The percentage of expected Down syndrome livebirths actually born was calculated by year. Results There were 72 613 424 livebirths from 1989 to 2006. There were 122 519 Down syndrome livebirths expected and 65 492 were actually born. The Midwest had the most expected Down syndrome livebirths actually born (67.6%); the West was lowest (44.4%). More expected Down syndrome livebirths were born to women who were 15 to 34 years old (61 vs 43.8%) and to those with ≤ 12 years education (60.4 vs 46.9%), white race (56.6 vs 37%), unmarried (56.0 vs 52.5%), and of Hispanic ethnicity (55.0 vs 53.3%). Conclusion The percentage of expected Down syndrome livebirths actually born varies by demographics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who Exploits Who?1

This article considers two concepts put forward by van Donselaar in a case against basic income: ‘the abuse of rights’, i.e. receiving income from an asset one has no interest in working with; and ‘Donselaarian exploitation’, i.e. A exploits B if A is better off and B worse off than either of them would have been in the other’s absence. This article argues that these concepts do not imply a solid case against unconditional transfers. Most of van Donselaar’s conclusions rely on two-person examples with very specific assumptions about preferences. Under other reasonable assumptions, unconditional transfers do not involve the abuse of rights or exploitation and the proposed solution of work requirements can actually cause abuse and exploitation.
Cerium acetate-modified aminopropylsilane triol: A precursor of corrosion-preventing coating for aluminum-finned condensers

A poly-acetamide-acetoxyl methyl-propylsiloxane (PAAMPS) polymer containing a cerium (Ce) oxide-derivative was synthesized through three spontaneous reactions: condensation, amidation, and acetoxylation. The PAAMPS synthesizing took place between the Ce acetate dopant and aminopropylsilane triol (APST) as the film-forming precursor aqueous solution at 150°C. PAAMPS was evaluated for use as a corrosion-preventing coating for air-cooled condensers consisting of two metal components: aluminum fins and carbon steel tube. The key factors to ensuring the maximum performance of the PAAMPS/Ce oxide coating system in mitigating the corrosion of both aluminum and steel included (1) minimizing the content of non-reacted water-soluble APST and Ce acetate remaining in the coating, (2) lowering the susceptibility of the coating’s surface to moisture, (3) precipitating a passive Ce3+ oxide (Ce2O3) film insensitive to Cl dissolution over the metal’s surfaces, and (4) possessing excellent adhesion to the metal’s surfaces. The combination of these factors considerably decreased the rate of the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction at the corrosion site of the metals. In fact, the corrosion rate, measured in milli-inches per year (mpy), of bare steel was reduced more than one order of magnitude by applying this coating. Correspondingly, the coating extended the useful lifetime of steel exposed in a salt-fog chamber at 35°C from only ∼10 hr to ∼768 hr. Furthermore, this coating system far better protected an aluminum substrate from the corrosion than it did one of steel. Even a very thin nanoscale coating film deposited on the aluminum’s surfaces reduced the corrosion rate, (mpy), by nearly two orders of magnitude over that of the bare aluminum. Also, the salt-spray resistance of aluminum panels covered by this nanoscale film was strikingly extended to more than 1440 hr, compared with ∼40 hr for bare aluminum.