cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of chemical and physical properties of cumulus clouds

Abstract Numerical simulations have been carried out with a model consisting of aqueous chemical reactions, and dynamic and microphysical processes of cumulus clouds. The model computes temporal and spatial variations in dynamic parameters, chemical species concentrations, particle spectral evolution, and pH values for drops of different sizes. A preliminary simulation produces dynamic characteristics typical of fairweather cumulus. The in-cloud decrease in SO 2 concentration occurs mainly in the upper part of the cloud, where the decrease approaches 10%, while the corresponding SO 2 decrease in the near-cloud environment is about 2% during the 30 min of real time simulation. The dominant SO 2 oxidation pathway is kinetic oxidation by H 2 O 2 . For the case simulated, the droplet pH ranges between 3.5 and 5.3 for drops larger than about 20 μm in radius, while the pH of sub-μm evaporating droplets can decrease below 2.0.
The Nature of Flooding and Drying in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

Two different 50 cm2 fuel cells operated at high current density (1.3A/cm2 –1.5A/cm2 ) were visualized using neutron imaging, and the liquid water content in the flow channels and diffusion media under the lands and channels was calculated and compared. At high current density with fully humidified inlet flow, a direct comparison between flooded and non-flooded conditions was achieved by increasing the fuel cell temperature over a small range, until voltage loss from flooding was alleviated. Results indicate that a surprisingly small mass of liquid water is responsible for a significant voltage loss. The deleterious effects of flooding are therefore more easily explained with a locally segregated flooded pore model, rather than a homogeneously flooded pore and blockage phenomenon. Anode dryout was similarly observed and quantified, and results indicate that an exceedingly small mass of water is responsible for significant voltage loss, which is consistent with expectations. The results presented help to form a more complete vision of the flooding loss and anode dryout phenomena in PEFCs.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Impact of donor-specific antibodies on results of liver transplantation.

Purpose of reviewTo critically examine the recent literature evaluating the importance of HLA donor-specific antibody (DSA) impact on liver transplant and simultaneous liver–kidney transplant (SLKT) outcomes.Recent findingsMany preformed DSAs, especially of low mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), are
Counting the number of active flows on a high speed link

Internet links operate at high speeds, and past trends predict that these speeds will continue to increase rapidly. Routers and Intrusion Detection Systems that operate at up to OC-768 speeds (40 Gigabits/second) are currently being developed. In this paper we address a basic function common to several security and measurement applications running at line speeds: counting the number of distinct header patterns (flows) seen on a high speed link in a specified time period. For example one can detect port scans by counting the number of connections opened by the suspected port scanner and one can ascertain that a denial of service attack is in progress by counting the number of distinct (fake) source addresses that send packets to the suspected victim. We provide algorithms solving the flow counting problem using extremely small amounts of memory. This can translate into savings of scarce fast memory (SRAM) for hardware implementations. It can also help systems that use cheaper DRAM to allow them to scale to larger instances of the problem. The reduction in memory is particularly important for network security applications such as detecting port scans and DoS attacks that need to run a separate instance of the algorithm for each suspected attacker or victim. Our algorithms can be implemented in hardware at wire speeds (8 nsec per packet for OC-768) using simple CRC based hash functions, multiplexers and SRAM. They access at most one or two memory locations per packet. We expose the behavior of simple building blocks and provide a family of customizable counting algorithms that can be adapted to the requirements of various applications. This allows our algorithms to use less memory than the best known counting algorithm, probabilistic counting, to provide the same accuracy.• Virtual bitmap is well suited for triggers (which need only be accurate around a threshold value) such as detecting DoS attacks, and uses 292 bytes to achieve an error of 2.619% compared to 5,200 bytes for probabilistic counting.• Our "no assumptions" counting algorithm, multiresolution bitmap algorithms uses only 2143 bytes to count up to 100 million flows with an average error of 3%. Its accuracy is slightly better when the number of flows is small, while the accuracy of probabilistic counting using the same memory is much worse.• Our adaptive bitmap that exploits stationarity in the number of flows can count the number of distinct flows on a link that contains anywhere from 0 to 100 million flows with an average error of less than 1 % using only 2 Kbytes of memory. Probabilistic counting needs eight times more memory to achieve the same accuracy.• We used our triggered bitmap to replace the port scan detection component of the popular intrusion detection system Snort. Doing so reduced the memory usage from 89 Mbytes to 6.4 Mbytes (with an average error of 13.5%) as measured on a 10 minute trace. Probabilistic counting uses 23 Mbytes.This work was made possible by a grant from NIST for the Sensilla Project.
Scanning electron microscopy of the fimbriae and ampullae of rabbit oviducts.

An initial study of the effects of long-term ovariectomy on fimbrial and ampullar epithelia from rabbit oviducts has been made with the scanning electron microscope. Several of the rabbits were given estradiol benzoate before they were killed. These observations were compared with those of epithelial cells from similar oviductal segments from post-ovulatory rabbits that served as controls. Fimbriae from oviducts of control animals were densely ciliated, partially concealing the bulbous processes of the secretory cells. In the ampullae the processes of the secretory cells were the predominant structure, their bulbous apices rising frequently above the tips of the cilia. When rabbits had been spayed for 16–18 months, the epithelial cells of both fimbriae and ampullae showed a remarkable change. A few cilia in small clumps were scattered among the secretory cells. The free surface of the secretory cells had become flattened and hexagonal in shape. Their microvilli were short, and from the center of each cell a thick, stubby central cilium protruded. Estrogen given the long-term spayed rabbits caused almost complete reciliation as well as restoration of the bulbous processes of the secretory cells.
Solution of equations describing a model of attachment and detachment of antibodies to viruses

Abstract A general solution is presented for coupled non-linear differential equations describing the time dependent coverage of larger targets by smaller particles.
Opportunities to support parents in managing their children's health

Parents always desire to take good care of their children and manage their numerous responsibilities. One of parents' main responsibilities is to manage their children's health. Through their actions of caring for their children, parents want to know they're doing the best job to ensure their children's well being. Unfortunately, much of the time this responsibility is a challenge-particularly for busy, dual-income parents-because it involves the collection, organization, retrieval, and transfer of information between many people in many different contexts. In our user research with dual-income parents they shared their experiences of forgetting to give medication, and of both not having an easy way of recording information and not having the information they needed when communicating with childcare and healthcare providers. Smart home technology appears to offer a promise to easy this situation for parents; however, the HCI community has only investigated healthcare in the home with a focus on elders. To better understand this opportunity area we conducted a user-centered design project looking at the management of children's by their parents.
A factor from damaged rat kidney stimulates collagen biosynthesis by mesangial cells

Rats were administered CCl4, a well-defined nephrotoxin, for 20 weeks to produce glomerular sclerosis. Tubular degeneration and necrosis with interstitial fibrosis was clearly evident by histological examination. Kidneys were homogenized in phosphate-buffered saline and a collagen synthesis-stimulating factor was isolated by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration. The 5 kDa component stimulated both type I and type IV procollagen synthesis by mesangial cells and type I procollagen synthesis by rat skin fibroblasts. In each cell type, 2-6-fold increases in procollagen protein production or cell proliferation was noted. The steady-state levels of mRNA encoding for procollagen alpha 1(I) and procollagen alpha 1(IV) chains in mesangial cells were determined by by hybridization to their corresponding cDNA clones. The type I procollagen mRNA was elevated 1.4-fold compared to a 1.6-fold increase in mRNA encoding for type IV procollagen. The similar properties and chemical characteristics of this fibrogenic factor with a factor from fibrotic liver suggests they are the same and that a common endogenous collagen synthesis stimulator may be present in fibrosing organs, thus providing a driving force for collagen over-production.
Coarctation of the Aorta Associated with Patent Ductus Arteriosus

The combination of patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of the aorta poses special anatomic, physiologic and surgical problems. An experience with 14 such cases is presented, which suggests that pulmonary hypertension occurs frequently in these cases. Physiologic data in cases having coarctation of the aorta, patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary hypertension that underwent cardiac catheterization are presented. Clinical, anatomic, physiologic and surgical implications of this combination are discussed.
Laparoskopische Resektionen bei malignen Erkrankungen des Gastrointestinaltrakts

Die Bedeutung der laparoskopischen Chirurgie zur operativen Behandlung benigner gastrointestinaler Erkrankungen nimmt immer mehr zu, wohingegen diese operative Vorgehensweise bei malignen Erkrankungen weiterhin sehr umstritten bleibt. Obwohl die Lokalisation von Tumormetastasen im Bereich von Wundrandern an sich nichts Neues darstellt, so ist doch das mogliche Auftreten von Metastasen im Bereich der Trokareinstichstelle der Haupteinwand gegen das laparoskopische Operieren von Malignomen. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es notwendig, Indikationen und Kontraindikationen sowie das standardisierte laparoskopische Procedere genau zu definieren. Alleinige laparoskopische Techniken oder kombiniert laparoskopisch/offene Verfahren bieten jeweils Vor- und Nachteile, die der Chirurg in seine therapeutische Entscheidung mit einfliesen lassen sollte. Die individuelle Erfahrung des Operationsteams und die Ausdehnung der malignen Erkrankung legt die Grenzen des laparoskopisch Machbaren fest. Nur durch eine Fortfuhrung der Forschungsaktivitat, der Entwicklung „intelligenter“ Instrumente sowie der Etablierung standardisierter Techniken kann die laparoskopische Chirurgie einen klaren Stellenwert bei der Behandlung maligner gastrointestinaler Tumoren erhalten.
Malignant melanoma - primary in the vagina.

Abstract Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina is a rare lesion. Only 38 cases are reported in the world literature. Of these, only three have survived 5 yr or more. This report adds another case of documented primary malignant melanoma of the vagina to the literature.
Increased astrocyte proliferation in rats after running exercise

Abstract The aim in this study was to investigate whether physical exercise could induce astroglial proliferation in the frontoparietal cortex and dorsolateral striatum where extensive angiogenesis had been found after exercise in previous studies. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats ( n = 48) were used in four experimental groups. Animals were exercised 30 min each day on a treadmill on which repetitive locomotor movement was required, for 0 ( n = 12), 3 ( n = 12) or 6 ( n = 12) weeks, as well as 3-week exercise plus 3-week rest ( n = 12). Brain tissues of the exercised and non-exercised rats were processed for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunocytochemistry ( n = 6 × 4) and Western blotting ( n = 6 × 4) to evaluate regional astrocyte proliferation in the frontoparietal cortex and dorsolateral striatum. By using GFAP immunocytochemistry and stereological methods, we compared the density of astrocytes in the animals with or without exercise. In comparison to non-exercised animals, a significant ( p p p
Evolving force-free magnetic fields. III - States of nonequilibrium and the preflare stage

The paper considers whether a neighboring magnetostatic equilibrium exists to allow a magnetic field initially in a force-free configuration to accommodate any imposed weak pressure. The following problem is treated. The foot points of the field are fixed and the plasma is frozen into the field lines under the approximation of infinite electrical conductivity. A weak pressure is introduced. It is determined infinitesimal plasma displacements exist to adjust the field lines to a new equilibrium without changing the field line connectivity. The analysis is carried out for the bipolar force-free fields forming one of two evolutionary sequences modeling the development of the preflare stage. It was found that for the force-free field corresponding to the quasi-static stage of evolution, the neighboring magnetostatic equilibrium always exists and the imposed gas pressure can be accommodated with a slight departure of the field from being exactly force free.
Characteristics of Auto Anti-idiotypic Antibodies Reactive with Antibodies Expressing the Pathogenic Idiotype, IdLNF1, in the (NZB×SWR)F1Model for Lupus Nephritis and its Parental Strains

Abstract The F 1 cross between SWR and NZB mice, SNF 1 , develops severe immune complex glomerulonephritis, in a similar manner to humans with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our previous data indicate that the idiotypically-related family of antibodies, Id LN F 1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of this nephritis. The sera of SNF 1 mice, but not NZB or SWR, contained high titers of Id LN F 1 + IgG antibodies, which peaked at 22–24 weeks, coinciding with an increase in the CD4 to CD8 ratio of Id LN F 1 -reactive T cells and Id LN F 1 Ig (IgG+IgM) deposition in the kidney glomerulus. Here, auto anti-Id LN F 1 antibody levels were quantitated as the mice aged and were found to be significantly different in the three strains, particularly after 20 weeks of age. Moreover, auto anti-Id LN F 1 antibody levels were decreased only in SNF 1 mice at 20–24 weeks of age. Auto anti-Id LN F 1 antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography; anti-Id LN F 1 antibodies derived from SNF 1 appeared to be of the Ab2β or γ type, while those from SWR mice were Ab2α. Thus, differences in the specificity of auto anti-idiotypic antibodies may be critical in the regulation of the Id LN F 1 idiotype in SWR and SNF 1 mice, and the development of nephritis in SNF 1 mice.
Occurrence of soybean stem canker (Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis) in Wisconsin.

Soybean (Glycine max) developed symptoms characteristic of stem canker during the 2000 to 2003 growing seasons in Wisconsin. Symptoms were widespread in 2003 and were associated with yield losses of ≈1% statewide and as much as 25% in individual fields. Affected plants expressed dieback of foliage beginning at growth stage R3 and progressed until the R6 growth stage. Dark brown lesions were frequently observed at a single node on the lower portion of stems of plants expressing foliage dieback. Fungi were isolated from symptomatic plants collected from seven growers' fields in Rock, Sauk, Veron, and Walworth counties and the Arlington and Marshfield Agricultural Research Stations. Stems with lesions were cut into ≈5-mm pieces, surface disinfested with a 0.5% NaOCl solution for 3 min, rinsed three times in sterile distilled water, and placed on water agar (WA) or potato dextrose agar (PDA) at pH 4.5. Hy-phal tips from colonies of interest were excised and placed on acidified PDA at 25°C under continuous light for 25 to 30 days. In addition to Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora (the cause of northern stem canker), four isolates of D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis (the cause of southern stem canker) were isolated. Colonies of D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis isolates were white, lanose, and became tan with age as previously described for D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis (1). Pycnidia with alpha conidia (no beta conidia) and perithecia with 3.1 to 3.4 × 9.5 to 9.8 μm ascospores formed on oat flakes on acidified WA after 30 days. Stromata were brown to black and irregularly shaped. Four isolates of D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis were tested for pathogenicity in a controlled environment using a cut stem inoculation method (2). Stems of 3-week-old seedlings of cv. Sturdy were cut at the midpoint between the second and third node, and a PDA mycelial plug (4 mm in diameter) was placed on the surface of the cut stems. This method was used to inoculate 15 plants in three replicates for each isolate tested. Inoculated plants were placed in a mist chamber in the dark at 25°C for 4 days and later moved to a greenhouse with a 16-h photoperiod at 24 ± 3°C for 3 days. All plants challenged by this method exhibited stem lesions that were 2 to 3 cm long and of similar color to lesions observed in field-grown plants. For each isolate tested, D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis was reisolated from three randomly selected symptomatic plants. Negative controls with a PDA plug did not produce lesions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis on soybean in Wisconsin. The significance of this report relates to the potential spread of D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis beyond its known southern range in the United States. References: (1) F. A. Fernandez et al. Stem Canker. Pages 33-35 in: Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 4th ed. G. L. Hartman et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999. (2) S. Li et al. Plant Dis. 85:1031, 2001.
Contributions of vibrational dynamics to the local and excess thermodynamic properties of Cu 3 Au surfaces

In a comparative study of the local and excess thermodynamic properties of ordered (100), (110), and (111) surfaces of Cu{sub 3}Au using interaction potentials from the embedded atom method, and a real space Green's function method for the calculation of the local vibrational density of states, we find surface effects to be most pronounced on (110). The enhancement of the low frequency modes resulting from the softening of intralayer force constants causes a remarkable lowering of the vibrational free energy on (110). On Cu{sub 3}Au(100) the stiffening of interlayer force constants leads to the appearance of modes above the bulk band that reduce the effect of the enhancement of low frequency modes. Atoms on all three surfaces display characteristics that are distinct from those in the bulk. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Successfully Climbing the “STAIRs”: Surmounting Failed Translation of Experimental Ischemic Stroke Treatments

The Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) provided initial (in 1999) and updated (in 2009) recommendations with the goal of improving preclinical stroke therapy assessment and to increase the translational potential of experimental stroke treatments. It is important for preclinical stroke researchers to frequently consider and revisit these concepts, especially since promising experimental stroke treatments continue to fail in human clinical trials. Therefore, this paper will focus on considerations for several key aspects of preclinical stroke studies including the selection and execution of the animal stroke model, drug/experimental treatment administration, and outcome measures to improve experimental validity and translation potential. Specific points of interest discussed include the incorporation of human comorbid conditions and drugs, the benefits of defining a proposed mechanism of action, replication of results using multiple methods, using clinically relevant routes of administration and treatment time windows, and performing and reporting good experimental methods to reduce bias such as, as suggested by the updated STAIR recommendations, sample size calculations, randomization, allocation concealment, blinding, and appropriate inclusion/exclusion criteria. It is our hope that reviewing and revisiting these considerations will benefit researchers in their investigations of stroke therapies and increase the likelihood of translational success in the battle against stroke.
An Online Change-Point-Based Model for Traffic Parameter Prediction

This paper develops a method for predicting traffic parameters under abrupt changes based on change point models. Traffic parameters such as speed, flow, and density are subject to shifts because of weather, accidents, driving characteristics, etc. An intuitive approach of employing the hidden Markov model (HMM) and the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm as change point models at these shifts and accordingly adapting the autoregressive-integrated-moving-average (ARIMA) forecasting model is formulated. The model is fitted and tested using publicly available 1993 I-880 loop data. It is compared with basic and mean updating forecasting models. Detailed numerical experiments are given on several days of data to show the impact of using change point models for adaptive forecasting models.
A Failure of Convivencia: Democracy and Discourse Conflicts in a Virtual Government

Early utopian notions of Internet-based community as enabling transcendence of earthly governments and cultural divides manifested in the massively multiplayer online nongame platform, Second Life. However, while platform users nearly unanimously chose governance regimes based on professional management rather than democratic self-governance, one of the few democratic experiments experienced deep conflict over precisely the utopian notions it held in common. This article examines a failed merger between two experimental democratic communities in the virtual world of Second Life as an example of the general failure of internet utopianism and a specific failure to transcend distinctions in cultures of origin (the “failure of convivencia,” of the title, a term reflecting a historical model chosen by one of the communities) in a common online space. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this article will analyze a distinction between radically different, and ultimately incommensurable, discourses around governance...
Heathens and Saints: St. Erkenwald in Its Legendary Context

St. Erkenwald is a Middle English narrative poem in alliterative verse which relates the confrontation between Erkenwald, who was bishop of London and the East Saxons in the late seventh century, and the uncorrupted corpse of a righteous judge of pre-Roman London. In the climax of the encounter, Erkenwald delivers the judge's pagan soul from hell by inadvertently baptizing the corpse with his tears.' The poem is usually labeled, rather loosely, a "saint's legend" or simply a "legend."2 As more than one reader of the poem has pointed out, however, it is not a saint's "life," since it deals with only one incident in the career of the saint.3 One might categorize it more specifically as a miracle tale,4 differing from works such as Chaucer's Prioress's Tale, for example, only in that Erkenwald performs the miracle in question during his lifetime rather than posthumously.5 Other examples in Middle English verse include the anonymous Trental of St. Gregory and John Lydgate's St. Augustine at Compton,6 which is based on an anecdote in the Latin chronicle attributed to John of Brompton.
Endless documents: a publication as a continual function

Variable data can be considered as functions of their bindings to values. The Document Description Framework (DDF) treats documents in this manner, using XSLT semantics to describe document functionality and a variety of related mechanisms to support layout, reference and so forth. But the result of evaluation of a function could itself be a function: can variable data documents behave likewise? We show that documents can be treated as simple continuations within that framework with minor modifications. We demonstrate this on a perpetual diary.
Glucocorticoid-induced stimulation of ribosomal gene transcription in rat hepatoma cells is mediated by modification of RNA polymerase I or an associated factor

An in vitro transcription system was developed from H411EC3 (H4) hepatoma cells, which mimics the in vivo up-regulation by glucocorticoid hormones on ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription in extracts derived from H4 cells grown in the presence of 100 nM triamcinolone acetonide was 4- to 5-fold greater than that in extracts derived from cells grown in the absence of glucocorticoid. This effect was not a general stimulation by the steroid, as RNA polymerase II transcription of the metallothionein-1 gene which lacked a glucocorticoid responsive element was unaffected. The increased transcription in hormone-treated extracts was also independent of differential ribonuclease activities or inhibitors as ascertained by the inclusion of ribonuclease inhibitor and mixing experiments, respectively. Chromatography of H4 cell extracts on heparin-sepharose followed by transcription complementation analysis, showed that the hormone-induced stimulatory activity eluted with the fraction (TFIA) which contains RNA polymerase I (Pol I). Immunoblot analysis with specific anti-Pol I antibody showed similar subunit profiles in the absence and presence of the hormone. The presence of a Pol I enhancer element in addition to the rDNA promoter did not further modify the glucocorticoid-induced transcription. These results indicate that the glucocorticoid-mediated effects could be observed in cell extracts which accurately initiate transcription of cloned rat rDNA. Moreover, the alterations of rDNA transcription by the hormone is effected by a factor which elutes with fraction TFIA.
THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF TRIETHYLENETETRAMINENICKEL(II) PERCHLORATE

Abstract The crystal structure of Ni(trien)(ClO4)2(trien = triethylenetetramine, NH2CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2) has eight formula units in an orthorhombic unit cell of dimensions: a = 14.67, b = 14.95, and c = 13.85 A, with a space group of Pna21-C 9 2v . The structure was solved by Patterson and Fourier methods using film data and refined by least squares to a conventional R factor of 0.136 for the 1583 observed reflections. The coordination around each nickel atom is planar with four nitrogens in a trapezoidal arrangement. The perchlorate groups do not occupy the fifth and sixth coordination positions, but link, through hydrogen bonds, the essentially identical ligand complexes that comprise the asymmetric unit. The complex is the meso isomer with the central ring in the eclipsed cis form. Although the normal gauche conformation is not present in the central ring formed by the secondary nitrogens, the gauche conformation is present in the chelates formed between the secondary and primary nitrogens.
Mixed-signal ASIC simulation via an analog modeling package

Problems in designing mixed-signal ASICs come from different simulation accuracy requirements and, as a result, different modeling approaches for analog and digital circuits. The conventional design styles for mixed-signal ASICs use two separate simulators, such as a SPICE-like simulator for analog circuits and a logic simulation for digital circuits. This approach is engineering-intensive, time-consuming, and error-prone. To solve these problems, the analog modeling package (AMP) has been developed. The authors describe how the AMP presents a systematic solution to mixed-signal simulation on a pure digital-logic simulator. In the AMP, analog behavioral models are created by connecting parameterized building blocks in a schematic capture tool with SPICE-characterized data. Then a chip-level mixed-signal design verification is implemented on one simulator to eliminate errors. An analog-signal trace file is also created for automatic test program generation. This solution significantly enhances the competitiveness of mixed-signal design and development in cost, cycle-time, and first-pass success. >
Autoinhibition of the Ron receptor tyrosine kinase by the juxtamembrane domain

Background The Ron receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) has been implicated in the progression of a number of carcinomas, thus understanding the regulatory mechanisms governing its activity is of potential therapeutic significance. A critical role for the juxtamembrane domain in regulating RTK activity is emerging, however the mechanism by which this regulation occurs varies considerably from receptor to receptor.
Radiopacity of light-cured posterior composite resins

Radiographic images of teeth and restorations were used to evaluate the radiopacity of 11 light-cured posterior composite resins. The radiopacity of these composite resins provided enough variation on radiographs so that clinicians distinguished the images of the restoration from adjacent tooth structure.
ABSORPTION OF PEPTIDE AND PEPTIDOMIMETIC DRUGS

Peptide drug delivery has been of considerable interest for the past 10 to 15 years, due in part to the availability of therapeutic proteins on a commercial scale. The advent of biotechnology and advances in peptide synthesis have made the synthesis of small peptides almost routine. These two factors augmented by the development of receptor-based screening procedures have led to a large number of drug discovery programs focused on peptide-type drugs. For the purposes of this review, we define a peptide-type drug as a drug composed of amino acids or amino acid analogs whose synthesis is based on some analogy with natural peptides or proteins. The focus of this report is principally oral delivery because this is the preferred route of drug administration, though comparative results for other routes are presented. Oral drug absorption is usually considered to be drug absorbed into the systemic circulation. This is the most relevant definition for the majority of drugs that are active by parenteral administration. However, the most basic definition of drug absorption would be drug absorbed into the gastrointestinal tissue, because once past the intestinal mucosal cell brush border, the drug may be considered to be in the body. This view emphasizes that the processes limiting systemic availability must also
Trout Ovulatory Proteins Are Partially Responsible for the Anti-Proteolytic Activity Found in Trout Coelomic Fluid

After ovulation in salmonids, the eggs are held in the peritoneal cavity and bathed in coelomic fluid. Using a chromogenic peptide substrate, the anti-protease activity of brook trout coelomic fluid was measured. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pancreatic elastase activities were significantly inhibited by coelomic fluid containing 5.0, 10.0, and 25.0 μg of total protein, respectively. Using subtractive cDNA cloning, we have previously characterized a set of ovarian proteins called TOPs (trout ovulatory proteins) that are secreted into the coelomic fluid after ovulation. TOPs are most homologous to mammalian antileukoprotease, a heat- and acid-stable serine protease inhibitor. On the basis of this homology, we hypothesized that the anti-trypsin activity observed in the coelomic fluid was related to the presence of TOPs. In the present study, this hypothesis was supported by the acid- and heat-stability of the anti-trypsin activity present in coelomic fluid. Coelomic fluid could be heated to 50°C or treated at a pH less than 5.2 without a significant decrease in the inhibitory activity. Further, coelomic fluid from which TOPs were immunoprecipitated had significantly less anti-trypsin activity than nonimmunoprecipitated controls. We propose that TOP proteins are uniquely produced by the ovary and secreted into the coelomic fluid to act as protease inhibitors following ovulation.
What Are We?: The Convergence of Self and Communications Technology

The invention of each new communications technology has brought new opportunities for understanding the self by blending our vague, diffuse notions of self over time with our notion of self as a user of the technology. These technologies include semaphore signaling systems, signed language, telegraphy, personal letter writing, telephony, radio, television, e-mail, and chat rooms. We know our technologies better than we know ourselves. Our communications technologies are designed to operate at human scale and are therefore at the center of what we know best. Accordingly, we think of ourselves in terms of them, by blending our general concept of ourselves with our understanding of how the communications technology works.
Thermodynamic data from X-ray and neutron scattering

Abstract The use of Compton Scattering to obtain heats of solution and X-ray or neutron determination of Debye-Waller factors to obtain alloy free energies is discussed. Even though these techniques are well established their direct use in Calphad still waits exploitation.
Quantitative Easingand U.S. Financial Asset Returns

Abstract. This paper is a comprehensive study of the unconventional monetary policy taken by the Federal Reserve since the financial crisis of 2008, specifically on the purchases of different assets by the Fed to change medium and long-term rates. Included in this study are the three rounds of quantitative easing, and the two rounds of Operation Twist. A study as such is needed in order to examine if the Fed’s purchases of these various long-term assets had any effect on the financial markets in the longer term perspective since the first announcement of the first round of purchase in November 2008. While there exists a variety of literature on the effects of quantitative easing on Treasuries and mortgage backed securities, there is no single study comprising of all the large scale asset purchases by the Fed, covering their effects on all major financial assets. This study is an attempt to fill this void in current literature on quantitative easing. Keywords. Unconventional Monetary Policy, Quantitative Easing, the Federal Reserve. JEL. E52, E58, G14.
Periorbital edema associated with separate courses of ibuprofen and naproxen.

Purpose A case of periorbital edema associated with separate courses of ibuprofen and naproxen is reported. Summary An 80-year-old African- American woman with a history of osteoarthritis and hypertension came to the clinic. Her medication regimen included fosinopril sodium 40 mg daily, which she began two years prior. She had no known drug allergies and denied consuming any over-the-counter medications or herbal substances and reported a negative atopic status. She had seen her primary care provider several days prior and reported pain in the hands, fingers, and ankles, which would escalate in the morning and progressively lessen during the course of the day. Her physician prescribed naproxen 375 mg every eight hours as needed. After ingesting two doses of naproxen, she developed itching, swelling, and erythema around the left eye that became progressively worse and spread to the right eye. She contacted her primary care physician, who instructed her to discontinue the naproxen, and the reaction resolved within three days. The patient was maintained on acetaminophen for the arthritic pain with no issues. Approximately three months prior, ibuprofen 600 mg every eight hours as needed was prescribed for the same pain. She stated that after ingesting two doses of ibuprofen, she experienced a reaction similar to that recently experienced with naproxen. At that time, she was instructed to discontinue the ibuprofen, and her symptoms resolved. Conclusion An elderly woman developed periorbital edema after taking ibuprofen on one occasion and naproxen on another.
Reduced Atlantic Storminess during Last Glacial Maximum: Evidence from a Coupled Climate Model

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 21 000 yr before present, was the time of maximum land ice extent during the last ice age. A recent simulation of the LGM climate by a state-of-the-art fully coupled global climate model is shown to exhibit strong, steady atmospheric jets and weak transient eddy activity in the Atlantic sector compared to today’s climate. In contrast, previous work based on uncoupled atmospheric model simulations has shown that the LGM jets and eddy activity in the Atlantic sector are similar to those observed today, with the main difference being a northeastward extension of their maxima. The coupled model simulation is shown to agree more with paleoclimate proxy records and thus is taken as the more reliable representation of LGM climate. The existence of this altered atmospheric circulation state during LGM in the model has implications for understanding the stability of glacial climates, for the possibility of multiple atmospheric circulation regimes, and for the interpretation of paleoclimate proxy records.
The Humanbecoming Modes of Inquiry Refinements

The purpose of this column is to explicate refinements of the humanbecoming modes of inquiry. These refinements were made in the ongoing development of sciencing humanbecoming.
Analysis of soft and hard strip-loaded horns using a circular cylindrical model

Strip-loaded horns with transverse (soft) and longitudinal (hard) strips are analyzed theoretically. The method is based on a circular cylindrical and uniform waveguide model with a periodic strip structure. The field is represented by an infinite series of space harmonics (Floquet modes) in the air-filled central region and in the dielectrically filled wall region. The tangential field is forced to be continuous across the air-dielectric boundary. The propagation constant and the total field (including the hybrid factor) can be determined by solving the resulting matrix equations. The convergence of the solution has been accelerated by calculating the higher-order terms analytically. It is shown that the soft-strip-loaded horn in principle exhibits the same electrical behavior as a corrugated horn. The horn represents an interesting alternative to the corrugated horn in wide-band or dual-band applications, in particular for millimeter waves and for lightweight applications onboard satellites. The hard-strip-loaded horn has potentially high gain and low cross polarization over a certain frequency range, dependent on the horn dimensions, thickness of the dielectric wall and on how strongly the stripline modes are being excited. >
Part I-learning to write in organizations: what newcomers learn about writing on the job

When newcomers join an organization, one of the most challenging tasks that they face is learning to write the way that particular organization recognizes as appropriate. Supervisors who review the writing produced by those newcomers are often expected to ensure that the documents meet organizational standards. This article, based on an ethnographic study of newcomers in two organizations, describes what newcomers need to learn in order to write appropriately and suggests resources and strategies that can help guide employees through the maze of organizational discourse conventions. Part II of this article will describe how newcomers learn and will provide further suggestions for facilitating learning about writing in the workplace.
An innovative optical laboratory design in studying thermal effects of laser-emitters and PIN-photodiodes

The reliability of laser-emitters and PIN- photodiodes used in fiber optic communication as the light source and the light receiver is a major concern. These devices are temperature dependent, especially the laser- emitters. This sets the limitations on all fiber optic devices when the application requires operation that is beyond specified temperature range. The operational temperature range is commonly from -40degC to 85degC. The information of fiber optic devices can be found in their manufacturer's specification sheets that are mostly typical and often not available for every device, unless requested by the user. In the process of selecting the components, further study of the supplied devices is necessary before making decision even though it is time- consuming and required expensive equipments. The purpose of this project is to design an effective and reliable testing facility into a real world problem solving experience for students. This hand-on testing experience will be a valuable asset to the students as it is an important part of many industrial operations. The system is capable of studying the temperature dependency of fiber optic device characteristics. This innovative design project can also enhance the opportunities for collaboration and service with local technical community.
A di-leucine sequence and a cluster of acidic amino acids are required for dynamic retention in the endosomal recycling compartment of fibroblasts.

Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP), a transmembrane aminopeptidase, is dynamically retained within the endosomal compartment of fibroblasts. The characteristics of this dynamic retention are rapid internalization from the plasma membrane and slow recycling back to the cell surface. These specialized trafficking kinetics result in <15% of IRAP on the cell surface at steady state, compared with 35% of the transferrin receptor, another transmembrane protein that traffics between endosomes and the cell surface. Here we demonstrate that a 29-amino acid region of IRAP's cytoplasmic domain (residues 56–84) is necessary and sufficient to promote trafficking characteristic of IRAP. A di-leucine sequence and a cluster of acidic amino acids within this region are essential elements of the motif that slows IRAP recycling. Rapid internalization requires any two of three distinct motifs: M15,16, DED64–66, and LL76,77. The DED and LL sequences are part of the motif that regulates recycling, demonstrating that this motif is bifunctional. In this study we used horseradish peroxidase quenching of fluorescence to demonstrate that IRAP is dynamically retained within the transferrin receptor-containing general endosomal recycling compartment. Therefore, our data demonstrate that motifs similar to those that determine targeting among distinct membrane compartments can also regulate the rate of transport of proteins from endosomal compartments. We propose a model for dynamic retention in which IRAP is transported from the general endosomal recycling compartment in specialized, slowly budding recycling vesicles that are distinct from those that mediate rapid recycling back to the surface (e.g., transferrin receptor-containing transport vesicles). It is likely that the dynamic retention of IRAP is an example of a general mechanism for regulating the distribution of proteins between the surface and interior of cells.
Acute Epiglottitis: Pitfalls in Diagnosis and Management

Diagnosis and management of epiglottitis are subjects of some controversy. Repeated attempts at direct visualizatian of the epi glottis may lead to sudden respiratory arrest; emergency endo tracheal intubation may be impossible, and crisis tracheostomy too slow. Rapid confirmation of diagnosis by lateral neck film and early "elective" tracheostomy may be more acceptable alternatives.
Is ductal evaluation always necessary before or during surgery for biliary pancreatitis

Abstract Background Whether all patients undergoing cholecystectomy following an episode of biliary pancreatitis require direct common bile duct evaluation is controversial. We hypothesized such evaluation can be omitted safely among select patients at low risk for choledocholithiasis. Methods One hundred forty-eight patients undergoing cholecystectomy for biliary pancreatitis (January 1995–December 2005) met the following inclusion criteria: (1) no preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); (2) normal or decreasing liver function tests (LFTs) preoperatively; and (3) no ductal dilation on non-invasive preoperative imaging. Group I had intraoperative cholangiography (IOC, n=27); group II did not (n = 121). Results No differences between groups I and II were evident in postoperative retained-stone related events: recurrent pancreatitis (11% vs 8%, P = .7), cholangitis (0% in both groups), and asymptomatic LFT elevation (0% vs 3%, P > .99). Conclusions Direct ductal evaluation can be omitted safely in select patients undergoing cholecystectomy for biliary pancreatitis who are at low risk for choledocholithiasis.
SHARING A WEB—ON THE RELATION OF SOCIALITY AND KLEPTOPARASITISM IN THERIDIID SPIDERS (THERIDIIDAE, ARANEAE)

Abstract Sociality and kleptoparasitism occur commonly in theridiid spiders. In both behaviors a number of conspecifics occupy a single web; gregariousness entails tolerance. Sociality has evolved several times in theridiids, but kleptoparasitism seems to have arisen only once. All four or more instances of sociality in theridiids are concentrated within a clade of relatively distal theridiids. This distribution of sociality suggests common cause, i.e. the presence of some characteristics that may facilitate the evolution of social behavior. The monophyletic genus Argyrodes, many of which are kleptoparasitic, is sister to the clade containing all social theridiids. Sociality and kleptoparasitism may thus be phylogenetically related in theridiid spiders; behaviors that facilitated the evolution of sociality could also have facilitated kleptoparasitism. Both may have their roots in maternal care.
High Gain, High Linearity Mixer for 1.9GHz Receiver Front-Ends

A high gain, high linearity CMOS Mixer design for the RF front-end receiver has been presented and simulated in the TSMC 0.18um CMOS technology. We propose a High gain and High linearity down-conversion Mixer design at 1.9 GHz using Currentinjection circuit and boosting inductors at the source of switching stage in order to improve the gain and linearity. This introduced Mixer is simulated in the TSMC 0.18um CMOS technology. The metrics achieved include a conversion gain at 15.9 dB, the input third-order intercept point (IIP3) at 10.5 dB, and the Noise Figure is at 7.2 dB DSB. Further, the power consumption is 8mW at 1.2V supply voltage. CONCLUSION In this paper, we used the TSMC 0.18um CMOS to simulate the mixer design. The mixer demonstrates high linearity and high gain performance. Furthermore, we achieved a good noise figure. On the other side, we achieved a mixer that has a 15.9 dB conversion gain and 10 dBm IIP3 linearity with 7.2 dB DSB-noise figure. In this work, the injection current with boosting inductor achieve a high performance for the mixer at low voltage supply.