cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuronal hyperexcitability in the dorsal horn after painful facet joint injury

Abstract Excessive cervical facet capsular ligament stretch has been implicated as a cause of whiplash-associated disorders following rear-end impacts, but the pathophysiological mechanisms that produce chronic pain in these cases remain unclear. Using a rat model of C6–C7 cervical facet joint capsule stretch that produces sustained mechanical hyperalgesia, the presence of neuronal hyperexcitability was characterized 7 days after joint loading. Extracellular recordings of spinal dorsal horn neuronal activity between C6 and C8 (117 neurons) were obtained from anesthetized rats, with both painful and non-painful behavioral outcomes established by the magnitude of capsule stretch. The frequency of neuronal firing during noxious pinch ( p p p p
Abstract 4148: Rapamycin potentiates the effects of paclitaxel in uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) cells through inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Objectives: Treatment of women with uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) using cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents has been met with limited success. This has led to the search for an additional agent that could be used in combination with more traditional therapies to dramatically increase therapeutic efficacy while not increasing toxicities. Among the most promising of these for endometrial cancer are inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Rapamycin and paclitaxel have been found to be synergistic in type I endometrial cancer cell lines. Thus, our objective was to examine the effects of combined therapy with rapamycin and paclitaxel in a UPSC cell line. Methods: The UPSC cell line, SPEC-2 was used. Cell proliferation was assessed after exposure to rapamycin or paclitaxel alone or in combination, and viable cell densities were determined by measuring conversion of the metabolic dye, MTT. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometric analysis of annexin-V expression. hTERT expression, as a marker of telomerase activity, was determined by real-time RT-PCR. Western immunoblotting was performed to determine the expression of the downstream targets of the mTOR pathway, including phosphorylated S6 and 4E-BP-1. Results: Paclitaxel inhibited proliferation in a dose-dependent manner in the SPEC-2 cell line, with an IC50 value of 1-10 nM. Simultaneous exposure of cells to various doses of paclitaxel in combination with rapamycin (1 nM) resulted in a significant synergistic anti-proliferative effect (p=0.0032-0.0059). In addition, rapamycin increased paclitaxel-induced apoptosis over that of paclitaxel alone. Rapamycin decreased hTERT mRNA expression while paclitaxel alone had no effect on telomerase activity. Rapamycin decreased phosphorylation of the S6 and 4E-BP-1 proteins after 24 hrs of exposure. In contrast, paclitaxel had little effect on 4E-BP-1 phosphorylation but did induce phosphorylation of S6 at higher doses (10 nM). Treatment with paclitaxel and rapamycin resulted in overall decreased phosphorylation of both S6 and 4E-BP-1. Conclusions: We demonstrate that rapamycin potentiates the effects of paclitaxel in UPSC cells through inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. This suggests that the combination of rapamycin and paclitaxel may be a promising effective targeted therapy for UPSC, an aggressive and often lethal subtype of endometrial cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4148.
Stability of a class of coupled systems

Stability in gyrodynamic control problems arising in coupled second order differential equations
RECENT STRUCTURE BASED HIGH GRADIENT WAKEFIELD EXPERIMENTS AT ARGONNE

Dielectric structures promise to support high field, especially for short wakefield pulses produced by a high charged electron beam traveling in a dielectric tube. To push the gradient higher, we have tested two structures using recent upgraded Argonne wakefield accelerator facility that capable of producing up to 100 nC charge and bunch length of < 13ps (FWHM). Here we report on the experiment results that more than 80 nC beam passes through a 14 GHz dielectric loaded wakefield structure that produced an accelerating field of ~ 45 MV/m. The two structures consist of a cylindrical ceramic tube (cordierite) with a dielectric constant of 5, inner and outer radii of 5 mm and 7.49 mm, respectively, and with length of 102 mm and 23 mm long. We present measurements made with single electron bunches and also with two bunches separated by 1.5 ns. As a next step in these experiments, another structure, with an output coupler, has been designed and is presently being fabricated.
High-Performing Inner-City Adolescents Assist Low-Performing Peers in Counseling Groups

Operating from the theoretical base that the adolescent social system and group procedures could be incorporated into strategies for improving the school performance of disadvantaged students, a supervised program of peer leadership in counseling and study groups was developed for a group of inner-city high school students. A method of training students to be peer leaders in the groups was developed, and the effects of the program on the academic performance of the selected students were evaluated. In the demonstration program, the example of achieving peers and the support and reinforcement of a group with similar goals provided the impetus for inner-city high school juniors to develop better classroom skills, higher grades, and higher levels of vocational and educational aspirations and expectations.
SYSTEMS OF HYPERBOLIC CONSERVATION LAWS WITH MEMORY

Global weak solutions of bounded variation to systems of balance laws with non-local source are constructed by the method of vanishing viscosity. Suitable dissipativeness assumptions are imposed on the source terms to assure convergence of the method. Under these hypotheses, the total variation remains uniformly bounded and integrable in time, the vanishing viscosity solutions are uniformly stable in L1 with respect to the initial data and converge to equilibrium as t → ∞. The motivation to study these systems is the observation that conservations laws with fading memory can be written in such form under appropriate conditions on the flux.
Dual modality microendoscope with optical zoom capability

We present a dual modality microendoscope with a miniature, 9× optical zoom lens that is capable of large field-of-view (1.3 mm) reflectance imaging and high-resolution (0.57 mm) multiphoton fluorescence imaging of unstained tissues.
The Glycolyzer: Automated Glycan Annotation Software for High Performance Mass Spectrometry and Its Application to Ovarian Cancer Glycan Biomarker Discovery

Human serum glycomics is a promising method for finding cancer biomarkers but often lacks the tools for streamlined data analysis. The Glycolyzer software incorporates a suite of analytic tools capable of identifying informative glycan peaks out of raw mass spectrometry data. As a demonstration of its utility, the program was used to identify putative biomarkers for epithelial ovarian cancer from a human serum sample set. A randomized, blocked, and blinded experimental design was used on a discovery set consisting of 46 cases and 48 controls. Retrosynthetic glycan libraries were used for data analysis and several significant candidate glycan biomarkers were discovered via hypothesis testing. The significant glycans were attributed to a glycan family based on glycan composition relationships and incorporated into a linear classifier motif test. The motif test was then applied to the discovery set to evaluate the disease state discrimination performance. The test provided strongly predictive results based on receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.93. Using the Glycolyzer software, we were able to identify a set of glycan biomarkers that highly discriminate between cases and controls, and are ready to be formally validated in subsequent studies.
Artificial enzymes, cancer chemotherapy, conjugation and nanoelectronics, and prebiotic chemistry

This is a summary, with extensive references, of several areas of chemistry in which the Breslow lab has been involved, leading to work still underway in several of them. The principal conclusions are described, but it will be necessary to consult the references for details of the work involved.
Reproductive Aging in the Male Brown-Norway Rat: A Model for the Human*

Previous studies in the Sprague-Dawley rat have demonstrated that male reproductive aging is primarily a neuroendocrine dysfunction characterized by decreased pulsatile LH secretion leading to low serum testosterone (T) levels, whereas sperm production is relatively well maintained. In contrast to the Sprague-Dawley rat, the Brown-Norway (BN) rat has a longer life span, does not become obese, and experiences fewer age-related tumors of the endocrine or reproductive system, thus providing a disease-free model for studying male reproductive aging. We studied the changes in serum hormone levels and related these alterations to testicular T production, Leydig cell morphometry, and spermatogenesis in young (6 months), aging (22 months), and old (30 months) BN rats. Low serum T levels were associated with decreased LH levels in the 22-month-old (T, 0.58 +/- 0.08 ng/ml; LH, 0.45 +/- 0.06 ng/ml) and 30-month-old rats (T, 0.63 +/- 0.10 ng/ml; LH, 0.34 +/- 0.04 ng/ml) compared to those in young rats (T, 1.35 +/- 0.30 ng/ml; LH, 0.79 +/- 0.10 ng/ml). In vitro Leydig cell T production, basally and after stimulation by LH, was similar in young and old rats. The total testicular T content was lower in 30- than in 6-month-old rats. Testicular morphometry showed smaller Leydig cell volume in the old (857 +/- 97 microns3) than in the young rats (1387 +/- 103 microns3), although their number per testis remained unchanged (6 months, 22.7 +/- 1.6 x 10(6)/testis; 30 months, 25.2 +/- 3.1 x 10(6)/testis). In contrast, a marked (68.4%) reduction in the total number of Sertoli cell per testis was noted in the 30-month-old rats. The proportion of the testis occupied by seminiferous tubules was also reduced in the old rats. Significant (P < 0.05) age-related reductions occurred in tubule diameter, length of tubules, and volume of tubules and their lumens. The testicular sperm concentration and total sperm production were significantly reduced in the 22- and 30-month-old rats. These changes in seminiferous tubule function in the old rats were associated with low serum and testicular inhibin and high serum FSH levels. We conclude that aging in the reproductive axis of the BN rat is manifested by 1) lower serum T levels due to decreased pituitary LH stimulation of endogenous T production, and 2) decreased seminiferous tubule function accompanied by elevated FSH levels indicative of a primary testicular disorder.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Securing intellectual assets: integrating the knowledge and innovation dimensions

The concept of intellectual asset security has received widespread attention in recent times. Much of this attention can be attributed to the fact that knowledge assets can be used to secure competitive advantages for organisations. Moreover, one might assert that in today’s knowledge-based economies and markets, it is these assets that truly differentiate organisations and are the only true source of sustainable competitive advantages. In order to have a robust program for managing intellectual assets, an organisation must account for its knowledge management and innovation processes. In this paper, drawing on 1 a semiotic-based model for knowledge management (Desouza, 2006) 2 an organisational process of innovation (Desouza et al., 2006), the author describes an integrated process framework for the management of intellectual assets. The framework is then used to describe salient security management challenges faced when managing intellectual assets. Executives involved in security management programs in...
Performance of SPEC92 on prime-mapped vector cache

In this paper, we use execution-driven simulation to study and compare vector processing performances, in terms of the total execution time of an application program, of cache-based vector computers with that of uncached vector computers having a large number of interleaved memory banks. The cache memory used here is a new cache organization called prime-mapped cache. Simulation results on SPEC92 benchmarks show that the cache-based vector computers perform significantly better than the vector computers with no cache. The performance improvement is getting larger as the speed gap between processors and memories grows. Meanwhile, the cache-based vector computers are also cost-effective because of the reduction of large number of interleaved memory banks otherwise needed by vector computers with no cache. >
Clauses of childhood disorders: new findings

James K. Whittaker, Ph.D., is As sociate Professor and Coordinator, Child Welfare Project, School of So cial Work, University of Washington, Seattle. An earlier version of this article was presented at the Annual Program Meeting of the Council on Social Work Education, Chicago, Il linois, March 4, 1975. Troubled children in the United Troubled children nearly always come States constitute a target population from families that exhibit a certain and a social problem of considerable amount of pain and strain. Since the magnitude. As the 1970 White House family—the parents in particular—rep Conference on Children reported: reserf thue.TMajor furf °f influcnce ■ t • 4. i in 4. on the child s early development, it ■ In 1968 approximately 10 percent . „ ., . J « . f __ , J f, is reasonable to assume that the child s of the fifty million school-age children problem is either directly caused or had moderate to severe emotional unconsciously influenced by the pathol problems. ogy or shortcomings of the parents. ■ One out of three children from
Performance measurement for systems treating alcohol and drug use disorders.

Widespread skepticism about treatment for alcohol and drug use disorders demands that counselors and treatment centers document the quality and effectiveness of care. One response is to argue, debate the merit of treatment services, and resist change. A more effective response is to see opportunities to construct state-of-the-art performance measurement systems that facilitate program management and generate evidence of service quality and effectiveness. Agencies and systems investing in performance measurement systems are leading system change and their leaders are converting challenge to opportunity.
A Case of a Pre-Adolescent Female With a Triad of Bone Diseases

Demographics: 12 year 8 month old Caucasian female. Clinical Presentation: CM presented to the endocrinology clinic at age 10 years 3 months with lumbar and lower thoracic vertebral compression fractures. She was referred from the orthopedic clinic for endocrine evaluation of back pain and osteoporosis. She had spine x-rays and MRI which indicated severe osteoporosis, and significant loss of vertebral body height in the thoracolumbar region. Past History: She was the product of fraternal twin gestation, with birth weight of 5 lb, 11 oz. Previous fractures of the clavicle and finger have been reported. She has central obesity with BMI 26.6 kg/m (N97%). She drinks little milk, does not take vitamins, and participates in age-appropriate activities. Twin is unaffected. Evaluation: Height is 135 cm (10-25%ile), and weight is 48.4 kg (75-90%ile). Physical exam reveals a buffalo hump on the upper back, without abdominal striae. Laboratory assessments include: IGF-1 71 (117–771 ng/mL), 25-hydroxy vitamin D 20 ng/mL, alkaline phosphatase 216 (80–240 units/L), thyroid function studies normal, parathyroid hormone normal, morning cortisol 19.0 (2.9-19.4 μg/mL), urinary free cortisol 10.3 (1.0-45.0 μg/ 24 hr), growth hormone stimulation test using arginine and insulin with growth hormone maximum 0.8 ng/mL, and genetic testing for collagen mutation revealed a COL1A2 mutation consistent with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Radiologic assessments include: bone age 11 years at 10 years 3 months, and pituitary MRI normal. DEXA scan revealed bone mineral density (BMD) significantly below the expected range for the patient age. Interventions: CM was started on vitamin D supplementation 2000 IU/day for vitamin D deficiency. She was begun on growth hormone therapy at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg per week for severe growth hormone deficiency. Two years post therapy reveals no back pain, decreased fracture rate, increase in height to the 50th percentile, normal IGF-1, significant improvement in BMD, and repair of compressed vertebrae. Discussion: Both growth hormone deficiency and OI can contribute to loss of bone integrity, resulting in osteopenia or osteoporosis. The combination of these two conditions has resulted in significant impact upon the bony structure. Replacement with growth hormone only has demonstrated significant improvement in her medical condition.
Spatial bias in Australian news reporting

Summary Although the mass media in Australia have attracted a good deal of academic comment, their significance as sources of spatial information has scarcely been examined despite the fact that the ‘agenda setting’ approach to the study of media impact affords a practical method of assessing how media content may contribute to spatial awareness. News reports constitute a major source of spatial information and, accordingly, a content analysis of New South Wales press, radio, and television is undertaken to show the extent of spatial bias in news coverage and hence the highly constrained ‘agendas’ that are set before the public.
The size 1.5 laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in paediatric anaesthetic practice.

Background: The recently introduced size 1.5 laryngeal mask airway (LMATM) is specifically designed for use in children weighing 5–10 kg. Methods: We prospectively evaluated its use in 68 patients, mean age 8.7 months, who were undergoing a variety of routine surgical procedures. Results: The overall incidence of complications was high (42%) and was significantly more common in younger patients. Most of these related to poor positioning of the LMA, or airway problems such as obstruction or laryngospasm. Critical incidents occurred in seven patients, and all but one of these was related to the use of an LMA. Conclusions: The size 1.5 LMA is a useful addition to the range available, although the overall complication rate is considerable and is inversely related to the age of the child.
Windows phone 8 security

The Windows Phone security model is designed from the ground up to build upon a decade of Microsoft's experience with digital security. In its first release, it establishes a foundation which supports a core set of promises for consumers & developers, spanning privacy, safety, and profitability. This talk will go deep on the key challenges that the security model tackles, & how its provisions work together in practice to enable trustworthy mobile computing. Along the way, the talk will touch on a variety of upcoming investments in the platform security roadmap for Windows Phone.
LTI representations of adaptive systems with tap delay-line regressors under sinusoidal excitation

It is shown that an adaptive system whose regressor is formed by tap delay-line (TDL) filtering of a multitone sinusoidal signal is representable as a parallel connection of a linear time-invariant (LTI) block and a linear time-varying (LTV) block. The induced 2-norm of the LTV subsystem decreases as N/sup -1/ where N is the number of taps. Hence the adaptive system becomes LTI in the limit as the number of taps goes to infinity.
Prevalence of Blood Lead Levels ≥5 μg/dL Among US Children 1 to 5 Years of Age and Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors Associated With Blood of Lead Levels 5 to 10 μg/dL, Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994

Objectives. As part of an investigation into the impact of a potential revision in federal child- hood lead poisoning prevention policy that would result in screening children for blood lead levels (BLLs) >5 g/dL rather than the current 10 g/dL, we analyzed the most recent available, nationally representative data to identify prevalence of BLLs >5 g/dL and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of 1- to 5-year-old chil- dren with BLLs >5 but 5 g/dL overall and among subpopulations of children 5 but 10 but 20 g/dL) using the group reported as 0.7 to 5 g/dL among 1- to 5-year-old children was 25.6%, although most (76%) of these children had BLLs 5 g/dL included 46.8% of non-Hispanic black children, 27.9% of Mexican American children, and 18.7% of non-Hispanic white children; 42.5% of children in housing built before 1946, 38.9% of children in housing built between 1946 and 1973, and 14.1% of children in housing built after 1973 had BLLs >5 g/dL. Compared with non-Hispanic white children, non-Hispanic black children were 3 times more likely to have a BLL >5 but 20 g/dL. Similar increases in the association between risk factor and BLL were seen with respect to other known risk factors including age of housing, region of the coun- try, and poverty. Conclusions. The high prevalence of BLLs >5 g/dL overall and within US subpopulations will be an impor- tant variable in any change in screening and intervention criteria. However, most children with BLLs >5 g/dL are below the current intervention level of 10 g/dL. Expo- sure to lead from multiple sources is suggested by the prevalence of BLLs >5 g/dL but <10 g/dL among children with uncertain risk factors. The probable pres- ence of one or more known risk factors for childhood lead poisoning increases as BLL increases. Pediatrics 2003;112:1308 -1313; lead, child, prevalence, environment, NHANES III.
In vivo mitochondrial p53 translocation triggers a rapid first wave of cell death in response to DNA damage that can precede p53 target gene activation.

p53 promotes apoptosis in response to death stimuli by transactivation of target genes and by transcription-independent mechanisms. We recently showed that wild-type p53 rapidly translocates to mitochondria in response to multiple death stimuli in cultured cells. Mitochondrial p53 physically interacts with antiapoptotic Bcl proteins, induces Bak oligomerization, permeabilizes mitochondrial membranes, and rapidly induces cytochrome c release. Here we characterize the mitochondrial p53 response in vivo. Mice were subjected to γ irradiation or intravenous etoposide administration, followed by cell fractionation and immunofluorescence studies of various organs. Mitochondrial p53 accumulation occurred in radiosensitive organs like thymus, spleen, testis, and brain but not in liver and kidney. Of note, mitochondrial p53 translocation was rapid (detectable at 30 min in thymus and spleen) and triggered an early wave of marked caspase 3 activation and apoptosis. This caspase 3-mediated apoptosis was entirely p53 dependent, as shown by p53 null mice, and preceded p53 target gene activation. The transcriptional p53 program had a longer lag phase than the rapid mitochondrial p53 program. In thymus, the earliest apoptotic target gene products PUMA, Noxa, and Bax appeared at 2, 4, and 8 h, respectively, while Bid, Killer/DR5, and p53DinP1 remained uninduced even after 20 h. Target gene induction then led to further increase in active caspase 3. Similar biphasic kinetics was seen in cultured human cells. Our results suggest that in sensitive organs mitochondrial p53 accumulation in vivo occurs soon after a death stimulus, triggering a rapid first wave of apoptosis that is transcription independent and may precede a second slower wave that is transcription dependent.
Critiques of World-Systems Analysis and Alternatives: Un equal Exchange and Three Forms of Class Struggle in the Japan-US Silk Network, 1880-1890

Sympathetic critics of world-system analysis contend that its systemic level of abstraction results in one-sided generalizations of systemic change. Unequal exchange theory and commodity chain analysis similarly reduce distinct and historical forms of labor and their interrelationships to common functional and ahistorical essences. This paper applies an incorporated comparisons method to give historical content to an understanding of unequal exchange and global inequality through a study of the JapanUS silk networks formation and change during the mid 18801890s. Analysis of unequal exchange processes requires, in this case, an examination of the mutual integration and transformation of distinct labor and value forms peasant sericulture, ?lature wage-labor, and industrial silk factory wage-laborand the infundibular market forces they structured. These relations were decisively conditioned by new landlordism and debt-peonage, class-patriarchy, state mediations, migration, and by peasant and worker struggles against deteriorating conditions. Indeed, the transitional nature of the silk networks formation, which concluded the Tokugawa system and decisively contributed to Japans emergence as a nation-state of the capitalist world-economy, was signi?ed by the very last millenarian and quasi-modern peasant uprising in 1884 among indebted sericulturists, the very ?rst recorded factory strikes in 188586, by women raw silk reelers in K?fu, and by strikes among unionizing workers in patriarchal and mechanized silk factories in Paterson, New Jersey, 188586 (Boles 1996, 1998). The local conditions of each con?ict were molded by the interdependence of those conditions that constituted a formative part of the world-system and its development. In the face of struggles and intensifying world-market competition, Japanese and US manufacturers took opposite spatial strategies of regional expansion to overcome the structural constraints of existing labor forms and relations. Analysis of the silk network permits the interconnections among seemingly disparate events and forms of collective protest within historical networks to be understood, revealing the world-historical dimensions of local developments and, conversely, the local faces of global inequality.
Performance-based comparison of neonatal intubation training outcomes: Simulator and live animal

The purpose of this article was to establish psychometric validity evidence for competency assessment instruments and to evaluate the impact of 2 forms of training on the abilities of clinicians to perform neonatal intubation. To inform the development of assessment instruments, we conducted comprehensive task analyses including each performance domain associated with neonatal intubation. Expert review confirmed content validity. Construct validity was established using the instruments to differentiate between the intubation performance abilities of practitioners (N = 294) with variable experience (novice through expert). Training outcomes were evaluated using a quasi-experimental design to evaluate performance differences between 294 subjects randomly assigned to 1 of 2 training groups. The training intervention followed American Heart Association Pediatric Advanced Life Support and Neonatal Resuscitation Program protocols with hands-on practice using either (1) live feline or (2) simulated feline models. Performance assessment data were captured before and directly following the training. All data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures and statistical significance set at P < .05. Content validity, reliability, and consistency evidence were established for each assessment instrument. Construct validity for each assessment instrument was supported by significantly higher scores for subjects with greater levels of experience, as compared with those with less experience (P = .000). Overall, subjects performed significantly better in each assessment domain, following the training intervention (P = .000). After controlling for experience level, there were no significant differences among the cognitive, performance, and self-efficacy outcomes between clinicians trained with live animal model or simulator model. Analysis of retention scores showed that simulator trained subjects had significantly higher performance scores after 18 weeks (P = .01) and 52 weeks (P = .001) and cognitive scores after 52 weeks (P = .001). The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of using valid, reliable assessment instruments to assess clinician competency and self-efficacy in the performance of neonatal intubation. We demonstrated the relative equivalency of live animal and simulation-based models as tools to support acquisition of neonatal intubation skills. Retention of performance abilities was greater for subjects trained using the simulator, likely because it afforded greater opportunity for repeated practice. Outcomes in each assessment area were influenced by the previous intubation experience of participants. This suggests that neonatal intubation training programs could be tailored to the level of provider experience to make efficient use of time and educational resources. Future research focusing on the uses of assessment in the applied clinical environment, as well as identification of optimal training cycles for performance retention, is merited.
Money and Mission: Moving Food with Value and Values

In response to low margins in traditional commodity markets and consumer demand for decommodified food, food value chains have emerged in the last decade as strategies for differentiating farm products and opening new, more financially viable market channels for smaller farmers. These business networks incorporate strategic coordination between food producers, distributors, and sellers in pursuit of common financial and social goals. Our analysis of the aggregation, distribution and marketing functions of eight food value chains of diverse character across the United States reveals four summary findings that encapsulate the challenges and opportunities facing these business organizations: (1) private infrastructure investment should match the organizational stage of development and market capacities; (2) identity preservation is a critical market differentiation strategy; (3) informal networks can be highly effective tools for coordinating the marketing efforts of diverse agricultural producers; and (4) nonprofits and cooperatives both can play key roles in value chain development, but should recognize their organizational competencies and limitations.
Molecular substratification of bladder cancer: moving towards individualized patient management:

Despite advances in surgical techniques, perioperative therapies and postoperative management, outcomes for patients with bladder cancer have largely remained unchanged. Current management of bladder cancer still relies on pathologic staging that does not always reflect the risk for an individual patient. Studies assessing molecular alterations in individual tumors are offering insights into the myriad of cellular pathways that are deregulated in bladder tumorigenesis and progression. Alterations in pathways involved in cell-cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell signaling, angiogenesis and tumor-cell invasion have been shown to influence disease behavior. High-throughput assays are now allowing multiplexed assessment of biomarker alterations, thereby enabling characterization of novel molecular subtypes of bladder cancer. Such approaches have also been used for discovery and validation of robust prognostic molecular signatures. The future of bladder cancer management will rely on the use of validated multimarker panels for risk stratification, optimal surgical management, and theranostic strategies to identify and target specific alterations in individual tumors.
Sustainable Debinding and Recovery of CO2-Soluble Binders

Metal and ceramic forming applications using conventional binders are associated with a number of environmental problems such as toxic emissions and carcinogenic wastes released from conventional binder removal processes. Here, we examine several materials as possible binder candidates for a sustainable technology wherein the binder can be recovered and recycled by supercritical carbon dioxide. The candidates include an acetylated sugar, β-d-galactose pentaacetate, and two tert-butyl aromatics, 1,3,5-tri-tert-butylbenzene and 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol, which have significantly high solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide. We have demonstrated high-pressure carbon dioxide debinding of sand molds, each bound with candidate binders, at moderate temperatures and pressures. Practical operating conditions are suggested from the complementary binder–carbon dioxide phase behavior studies. Compared to solvent debinding, these novel binders exhibit rapid dissolution into supercritical CO2 due to enhanced transp...
Aero-Effected Control of a Pitching Airfoil by Bleed Actuation

The aerodynamic forces and moments on a static and a dynamically pitching 2-D airfoil model are controlled in wind tunnel experiments using distributed active bleed. Bleed flow on the suction surface downstream of the leading edge is driven by pressure differences across the airfoil surfaces and is regulated by low-power louver actuators. The bleed interacts with cross flows to effect time-dependent variations of the vorticity flux and thereby alters the local flow attachment, resulting in significant changes in lift and pitching moment at static preand post-stall angles (over 50% increase in baseline post-stall lift). The flow field over the airfoil is measured using high-speed (2000 fps) PIV, resolving the dynamics and characteristic time-scales of vorticity production and advection that are associated with transient variations in lift. It is shown that bleed actuation can improve the lift hysteresis and negative damping characteristics during oscillatory pitching by affecting the shedding of the dynamic stall vortex and the ensuing flow attachment during the downstroke.
Studies on an embryonic lethal hybrid in Drosophila

The problems of nucleocytoplasmic interactions are of central importance in development and genetics. Studies of such interactions may help elucidate the mechanisms of differentiation of cells receiving the same genetic complement. One approach to a study of nucleocytoplasmic interactions is by examination of the development of interspecific hybrids, particularly those in which either syngamy fails to occur, or an abnormal development is produced. These studies describe a lethal hybrid which occurs between Drosophila montana and D. texana. In 1944, Patterson & Griffen described a genetic mechanism which acts in the hybrid females produced by crossing D. montana females to D. texana males. In this cross, only male offspring were produced, so that there appeared to be some incompatibility between the D. montana ooplasm and the D. texana X-chromosome which acted to kill the female hybrid embryos before hatching.
Investigation on polluting condition of food-borne pathogens in Changzhou from 2010 to 2012

Objective To investigate the polluting situation of the food-borne pathogens in market-sold food and provide basis for prevention and control strategies of food-borne diseases in Changzhou.Methods Salmonella,Shigellosis,Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Staphylococcus aureus,Listeria monocytogenes,Escherichia coli O157:H7,Bacillus cereus,Campylobacter jejuni,Enterobacter sakazakii were isolated and identified from 550samples of 14kinds of market-sold food.Results A total of 54pathogens were detected from 550food samples and positive rate was 9.82%.The detection rate showed an increasing trend from 2010to 2012(P0.001).Detection rate in descending order was Vibrio parahaemolyticus(15.00%),Bacillus cereus(12.70%),Staphylococcus aureus(3.47%),Listeria monocytogenes(3.19%),and Salmonella(0.60%).The top three categories of serious polluted foods were rice flour/cold noodle/rice noodle/boxed lunch(20.63%),fresh frozen aquatic products(19.80%)and quick-freezing cooked rice flour products(16.67%).Conclusion The Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Bacillus cereus pollution in the aquatic products and the rice flour/cold noodle/rice noodle/boxed lunch were especially serious in Changzhou.
Ideological Drift and the Forgotten History of Intent

It would no doubt surprise many readers of contemporary Equal Protection scholarship to hear intent doctrine described as one of the major racial justice victories of the Brown v. Board of Education era. Instead, under the account familiar to most contemporary readers, the institutionalization of intent was a conservative development, marking a turn away from racial justice concerns in the mid- to late 1970s.Drawing on archival and other historical source materials, this Article contends that the former account in fact represents the true genesis of intent doctrine in Equal Protection jurisprudence. During the Plessy v. Ferguson era, restrictive doctrines barred racial justice advocates from challenging laws based on their invidious intent. Intent doctrine arose in the aftermath of Brown as a response by progressive actors to the ways that these Plessy era doctrines allowed rampant Southern evasion of Brown’s desegregation mandate.Understanding this progressive history of intent doctrine has important implications. There are strong reasons to believe that these early progressive struggles to establish intent-based invalidation helped facilitate the 1970s-era conservative turn in intent doctrine that progressive scholars today decry. Thus, although the normative valence of intent doctrine shifted from progressive to conservative in the early to mid-1970s, progressive and moderate Justices on the Court were slow to realign their own doctrinal preferences. As a result, the Court’s progressive wing rarely resisted — and at times aided — the conservative doctrinal developments of the mid- to late 1970s.The long history of intent therefore may help us to better understand the genesis of a phenomenon that scholars have long observed: the realignment of Equal Protection doctrine away from racial justice aims. And the long history of intent suggests that it is not only politics, but also doctrine, that plays a key role. Thus, while changes in popular sentiment serve as the backdrop to shifts in the Court’s normative orientation, it is the cooptation of progressive doctrine that renders such shifts familiar and unobjectionable to the Court.
Cardiac valve replacement in systemic lupus erythematosus. A review

Three cases of cardiac valve replacement for Libman-Sacks endocarditis and their long-term follow-up are described. From the review of the literature, an additional nine patients who required cardiac valve replacement are studied. Steroids probably increase the incidence of valve incompetence, but most patients presumably die of other associated organ involvement before undergoing a cardiac operation. Operation is indicated because of change in the intensity or character of the murmur, and a new murmur with resultant, resistant congestive cardiac failure. Both the aortic and mitral valves should be explored. Valve reconstruction in these young patients, with the expectation of avoiding prosthetic valve dysfunction and repeat operation, is not possible. Bioprosthetic valve replacement may be preferable, since it eliminates the need for anticoagulation during steroid treatment. Overall mortality was 25%.
Practical Management of Amblyopia

Amblyopia is the leading cause of unilateral visual loss in children. Fortunately, amblyopia is both preventable by screening for risk factors and treatable, especially if identified at an early age. Amblyopia is classified by etiology into strabismic, refractive, and deprivational. A significant amount of research has been dedicated to further understand the underlying mechanisms of amblyopia and to optimize its treatment. The Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group [PEDIG] has been instrumental in spearheading current studies that guide evidence-based management.
The Outlook for East-West Agricultural Trade

Agricultural trade figures prominently on the current list of East-West issues of immediate relevancy and concern. But during the 1970s, agricultural trade was frequently viewed as a less important aspect of East-West interactions, and in many scholarly discussions it was a forgotten issue. The vast majority of specialists misperceived the evolution of the ‘systemic’ realities and, as a result, underestimated the possibilities for agricultural trade expansion. Looking at the food and agricultural policy trends and developments of the early 1970s, and taking into account past ‘systemic’ differences, scholars usually expressed doubts whether East-West agricultural trade could soon grow to very large dimensions.
The potential for understanding the synaptic organization of human motor commands via the firing patterns of motoneurons

Motoneurons are unique in being the only neurons in the CNS whose firing patterns can be easily recorded in human subjects. This is because of the one-to-one relationship between the motoneuron and...
Combining density functional theory calculations, supercomputing, and data-driven methods to design new materials (Conference Presentation)

Density functional theory (DFT) simulations solve for the electronic structure of materials starting from the Schrodinger equation. Many case studies have now demonstrated that researchers can often use DFT to design new compounds in the computer (e.g., for batteries, catalysts, and hydrogen storage) before synthesis and characterization in the lab. In this talk, I will focus on how DFT calculations can be executed on large supercomputing resources in order to generate very large data sets on new materials for functional applications. First, I will briefly describe the Materials Project, an effort at LBNL that has virtually characterized over 60,000 materials using DFT and has shared the results with over 17,000 registered users. Next, I will talk about how such data can help discover new materials, describing how preliminary computational screening led to the identification and confirmation of a new family of bulk AMX2 thermoelectric compounds with measured zT reaching 0.8. I will outline future plans for how such data-driven methods can be used to better understand the factors that control thermoelectric behavior, e.g., for the rational design of electronic band structures, in ways that are different from conventional approaches.
Intestinal inflammation drives differentiation of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cell populations with enhanced migratory ability

Tissue-resident memory (T RM ) CD8 + T cells represent a distinct population of memory T cells that are maintained independently of the circulation and are positioned to respond rapidly to reinfection of the tissue. Using intestinal infection with the bacterial pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis , we determined that CXCR3-mediated recruitment to areas of inflammation during bacterial colonization drives differentiation of a CD103 − subset of lamina propria (LP) CD8 + T RM cells. However, the inflammatory cytokines that regulate the development of this subset remain unidentified. Ex vivo cytokine stimulation of Yersinia -primed CD8 + effector T cells identified several cytokines capable of preventing CD103 upregulation by TGF-beta, including IFN-beta and IL-12. Yersinia infection resulted in induction of IL-12 and IFN-beta in infected macrophages both in vitro and in proinflammatory microenvironments in the intestinal tissue. Eliminating IFN-beta signaling in T cells resulted in the preferential development of CD103 + T cells during infection, indicating type I interferon plays a role in the differentiation of the CD103 − LP T RM population. Ex vivo migration assays indicated CD103 − LP T RM cells are able to migrate more readily than CD103 + cells; these populations also display distinct chemokine receptor profiles, supporting differential migration of LP T RM populations in response to secondary challenge. These studies identify inflammatory cytokines encountered in the intestinal tissue that can dictate the phenotype and function of CD8 + T RM cells.
NiMo-ceria-zirconia catalytic reforming layer for solid oxide fuel cells running on a gasoline surrogate

Abstract This paper describes an application of a NiMo-ceria-zirconia (NiMo-CZ) catalyst as a micro-reforming layer for solid oxide fuel cells running on isooctane (i.e., a gasoline surrogate). The catalyst layer was applied on top of a conventional anode supported single cell with a configuration of Ni-yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) anode, YSZ/Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 bi-layer electrolyte and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ cathode. Our findings show that the application of the novel catalyst layer was an effective way to reform the mixture of isooctane and air into H2 and CO, which facilitated the electrochemical oxidation of complex hydrocarbons at the anode. At 750 °C, the single cell with the micro-reforming layer exhibited a low polarization resistance of 1.36 Ω cm2 and a maximum power density of 405 mW cm−2 in the direct feeding condition of an isooctane/air mixture. At the current density of 500 mA cm−2, the cell voltage presented a fairly low degradation rate of 3.0 mV h−1 during a 12 h stability test. The excellent electrochemical performance suggests the high catalytic activity of the NiMo-CZ catalyst layer for reforming isooctane and suppressing degradation of the single cell in the direct feeding of isooctane/air.
Romantic Jealousy on Facebook: Causes and Outcomes

This article uses White and Mullen's jealousy model as a basis to derive hypotheses about the causes and effects of Facebook-related romantic jealousy. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to test these hypotheses N = 196. General Facebook use by the user or the romantic partner were not substantially related to user jealousy. Reports of a variety of interactions between partners and potential rivals were positively related to jealousy, including the partner posting on others' walls and acquiring new Facebook friends which are unknown to the user. Additionally, those interaction were also associated with attempts to improve the relationship using Facebook relational maintenance behaviors as well as intentions to end it or have casual extra-dyadic sex infidelity.
Addiction Biomarkers: Dimensional Approaches to Understanding Addiction

Trends towards dimensional approaches in understanding psychiatric disorders may also be applied to addictive disorders. Advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of addiction can inform these efforts. Furthermore, dimensional approaches to addiction, such as the proposed Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA), may be used in identifying novel addiction biomarkers, and refining ones that currently exist. These biomarkers, derived from both an understanding of the neurobiology of addiction and behavioral phenotypes, represent a departure from traditional markers of alcohol-relevant biomarkers, such as tests of liver function (LFTs). We posit that a potential addiction-relevant biomarker is reinforcer pathology, found to be relevant across addictions to different substances, and which may offer a target for modification through the use of episodic future thinking.