cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of forage source on ruminal microbial nitrogen metabolism and carbohydrate digestion in continuous culture.

Eight single-flow, continuous culture fermentors were used in Exp. 1 to study the effects of forage source on ruminal bacterial N metabolism and carbohydrate digestion. Forages included alfalfa, cicer milkvetch, birdsfoot trefoil and sainfoin with respective CP concentrations of 26.0, 28.7, 26.3 and 20.0%. Each forage provided 100% of the substrate for microbial metabolism and supplied 2.6 g N/d. Ammonia-N, protein degradation and efficiency of ruminal bacterial protein synthesis were lowest (P less than .05) for sainfoin. Protein degradation and efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis were higher (P less than .05) for birdsfoot trefoil than for alfalfa. Effluent flow of amino acids was highest (P less than .05) for sainfoin. Total nonstructural carbohydrate digestion tended to be highest for sainfoin and birdsfoot trefoil, whereas structural carbohydrate digestion was highest (P less than .05) for alfalfa and cicer milkvetch. In Exp. 2, mixed diets were supplied to dual-flow, continuous culture fermentors with alfalfa, cicer milkvetch, birdsfoot trefoil and sainfoin contributing 85% of the total dietary CP. Each diet contained approximately 12.9% CP. Ammonia-N concentration in the effluent and CP degradation tended to be lowest with the sainfoin diet and highest with the birdsfoot trefoil diet. Effluent flow of amino acids tended to be highest with the cicer milkvetch diet and lowest with the alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil diet. Total structural and nonstructural carbohydrate digestion was not different (P greater than .05) among forages. Results from these experiments indicate that bacterial degradation of protein was lower for sainfoin than for alfalfa. Birdsfoot trefoil and cicer milkvetch appear to be comparable to alfalfa with regard to metabolism of N and carbohydrates by ruminal bacteria.
Data Mining and Clinical Decision Support Systems

Data mining is a process of pattern and relationship discovery within large sets of data. Because of the large volume of data generated in healthcare settings, it is not surprising that healthcare organizations have been interested in data mining to enhance physician practices, disease management, and resource utilization. This chapter discusses a variety of data mining techniques that have been used to develop clinical decision support systems, including decision trees, neural networks, logistic regression, nearest neighbor classifiers. In addition, genetic algorithms, biologic and quantum computing, and big data analytics as well as methods of evaluating and comparing the different approaches are also discussed.
PERSONAL WATERCRAFT INJURIES AMONG CHILDREN BEFORE AND AFTER IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY POLICIES

Objective Personal water craft (PWC) are small, motorized boats that transport up to two people and can obtain speeds over 60 mph. PWC are built for adult use but children can participate as operators or passengers. Due to the hazardous nature of PWC, one state in the USA passed policies that set a minimum age of operation of a PWC and required boating education before operation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the injury rate among children under age 12 before and after the regulations were enacted. Methods The state of Arkansas passed legislation in 1999 that regulated age of operation and required boating education for PWC use. Data was obtained from the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission that investigates boating crashes on lakes and waterways. Data was evaluated for the years 1994 through 2005. Results The data suggest that the policies provided some protection immediately after implementation. However, injury rates among children climbed to levels experienced pre-policy enactment. Conclusion The impact of policies and regulations had a short-term impact on PWC-related injury among children. It is not certain the reason for the increase post-policy implementation. Suggestions are that the media campaign immediately before policy implementation created awareness that provided short-term behavior change. The injury rates went down initially post-policy but increased soon after the end of the media campaign. Another reason could be that the policy had a short-term effect but then users realized that enforcement was going to be challenging so participants took risks.
Immunotherapy in the Management of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis

Advancements in surgical technique, imaging, perioperative care, and systemic chemotherapy have improved survival for colorectal liver metastasis; however, long-term survival and curative therapies have remained largely elusive. Immunotherapy is a promising and innovative strategy in the treatment of multiple malignancies, and there is evidence to support its use in metastatic colorectal cancer. Emerging therapeutic approaches and data suggest that immunotherapy may be effective in improving outcomes for select patients with metastatic colorectal cancer to the liver.
Interferometric Microwave Radar With a Feedforward Neural Network for Vehicle Speed-Over-Ground Estimation

A novel approach to measuring the ground speed of autonomous vehicles using interferometric radar is presented. Using a microwave radar with interferometric processing and a feedforward neural network with local regression, high-accuracy velocity estimation is achieved with a downward-facing radar that, unlike forward-looking Doppler radars, can be protected from road debris and is, furthermore, unaffected by wheel slip and requires no external inputs, such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). A 16.9-GHz active interferometric array generates a grating lobe pattern and as the ground passes through the pattern, the range of frequencies over which the response is distributed increases proportionally with the ground velocity. We implement a feedforward neural network to estimate the velocity based on the interferometer’s frequency response. The estimator achieved a root-mean-squared error of 0.138 (m/s), equivalent to that of the forward-looking Doppler radars.
The Lost Judicial Review Function of the Speech or Debate Clause

The prevailing understanding of the Speech or Debate Clause of the United States Constitution is that it was transplanted without significant modification from Article 9 of the English Bill of Rights of 1689. This Note challenges that view by highlighting overlooked deviations which inform how this legislative privilege was adapted from a system of parliamentary sovereignty to fit one in which the Constitution is supreme. Courts and commentators have neglected to recognize that the Speech or Debate Clause, unlike Article 9, provides no institutional shield for the legislature in the exercise of its internal proceedings. Article 9’s protection of “proceedings in Parliament” from judicial review was omitted from the Speech or Debate Clause, and the Clause was also reconfigured to name individual members of Congress—rather than the collective body itself—as the possessors of the legislative privilege. This novel textual analysis invites questioning of an arguably undeserved discrepancy in judicial enforcement of the Constitution as between federal statutes and congressional proceedings—those investigatory and lawmaking processes which lead up to the enactment of statutes. Favoring more robust judicial review of congressional proceedings, this Note identifies matters as to which a more textually grounded understanding of the speech or debate privilege could encourage change. Potential changes include permitting motive inquiries when individuals challenge congressional investigations as infringing their fundamental rights, lifting the enrolled bill doctrine and the extreme deference which veil the lawmaking process, and differentiating between lawsuits against individual legislators and those against collective legislative bodies.
The trauma surgeon: A career of purpose and value.

ABSTRACT Hereinafter is the article for the 2021 Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma presidential address, which was delivered in a virtual format. It is my hope that I have served Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma well through the years, and I have no doubt that this organization will continue its great path under the leadership of President Jeff Claridge, a true leader of character and value for whom I have great respect. It has truly been an honor and a privilege to serve this great beloved organization. Hopefully, this address brings word of inspiration, value, and encouragement to those who serve so selflessly every day as members of our respective trauma teams.
Tumor Biology Impacts Survival in Surgically Managed Primary Hepatic Vascular Malignancies

Abstract Background Hepatic angiosarcoma (AS) and hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE) are rare primary hepatic vascular malignancies (PHVM) that remain poorly understood. To guide management, we sought to identify factors and trends predicting survival after surgical intervention using a national database. Materials and methods In a retrospective analysis of the National Cancer Database patients with a diagnosis of PHVM were identified. Clinicopathologic factors were extracted and compared. Overall survival (OS) was estimated and predictors of survival were identified. Results Three hundred ninty patients with AS and 216 with HEHE were identified. Only 16% of AS and 36% of HEHE patients underwent surgery. The median OS for patients who underwent surgical intervention was 97 months, with 5-year OS of 30% for AS versus 69% for HEHE patients (P Conclusions In this national cohort of PHVM, tumor biology, in the form of angiosarcoma histology, tumor differentiation and tumor size, was strongly associated with worse survival after surgery. Additionally, residual tumor burden after resection, in the form of positive surgical margins or the presence of metastasis, was also negatively associated with survival. Long-term clinical outcomes remain poor for patients with the above high-risk features, emphasizing the need to develop effective forms of adjuvant systemic therapies for this group of malignancies.
Revisiting Trust and Privacy Concern in Consumers' Perceptions of Marketing Information Management Practices: Replication and Extension

Abstract The marketing literature has continued to examine trust and consumer privacy concern. A 1999 study that examined 17 industries found that improving trust and reducing privacy concern are two distinct approaches to managing consumer information, with the former being a more effective strategy than the latter (Milne & Boza, 1999). However, considering the shifting levels of consumer vulnerability due to technologies, managerial actions, and legal environment in the past two decades, a re-evaluation and extension of their findings is warranted. The current study uses a new and expanded dataset as well as new analytical techniques to re-examine the role of trust and privacy concern in managing consumer information. The new analysis shows that building trust still has a greater effect than reducing privacy concern on consumers' willingness to participate in information markets. Although trust and privacy concern have a negative relationship with each other, we find that privacy concern, paradoxically, is not negatively but positively related to direct marketing usage. This study also assesses the impact of trust and privacy concern across a typology for four quadrants of industries, the relationship of trust and concern with the managerial levels of transparency and control, and the moderating influence of age and sex.
A 57-Year-Old Man With COVID-19 Pneumonia Who Required Venovenous Extracorporeal Life Support With a Rapidly Escalating WBC Count.

Case Presentation A 57-year-old man who had been intubated and placed on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 pneumonia was transferred to our facility. He underwent anticoagulation with IV heparin titrated to an anti-Factor Xa goal of 0.1 to 0.3 international unit/mL. Over extracorporeal membrane oxygenation days 13 to 17, his WBC count rose from 17,500 to 47,000 cells/μL. He simultaneously experienced the development of fluid-refractory shock that required multiple vasopressors and received stress-dose hydrocortisone when his WBC was 30,000 cells/μL. He remained afebrile and was started on broad-spectrum antimicrobials that included antifungal and anthelminthic therapy.
Consequences of coupled barriers to gene flow for the build-up of genomic differentiation: Reproductive barriers and coupling in corn borers

ABSTRACT Theory predicts that when different barriers to gene flow become coincident, their joint effects enhance reproductive isolation and genomic divergence beyond their individual effects, but empirical tests of this ‘coupling’ hypothesis are rare. Here, we analyze patterns of gene exchange among populations of European corn borer moths that vary in the number of acting barriers, allowing for comparisons of genomic variation when barrier traits or loci are in coincident or independent states. We find that divergence is mainly restricted to barrier loci when populations differ by a single barrier, whereas the coincidence of temporal and behavioral barriers is associated with divergence of two chromosomes harboring barrier loci. Furthermore, differentiation at temporal barrier loci increases in the presence of behavioral divergence, while differentiation at behavioral barrier loci increases in the presence of temporal divergence. Our results demonstrate how the joint action of coincident barrier effects leads to levels of genomic differentiation that far exceed those of single barriers acting alone, consistent with theory arguing that coupling allows indirect selection to combine with direct selection and thereby lead to a stronger overall barrier to gene flow. Thus, the state of barriers – independent or coupled – strongly influences the accumulation of genomic differentiation.
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation

The Program Committee and I are pleased to present the proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2008 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation. This volume contains 34 papers selected out of 184 submissions. We believe this volume demonstrates that our field is vibrant, influential and expanding. We hope you find these papers innovative, informative, and exciting. In consultation with the program committee, I also selected two additional external reviewers. All together 837 reviews were collected from the PC and 371 external reviewers. In order to maintain the quality of this premier conference, it is important to get detailed and thoughtful reviews from the experts in the community. While arranging all these reviews was a nightmare, I am extremely appreciative of all of you who took on the review task and provided the PC with many important insights. Your reviews made a big difference and were influential in most decisions during the PC meeting. We used a double-blind review process to reduce the reviewer bias against authors or institutions. However, we recognized that when authors build upon their previous work, double blind reviews can leave the reviewer without sufficient information to do a credible review. Thus, we asked the authors to submit a separate list of URLs for their own related work and indicate in the submission that the citations were available from the PC chair. In the instructions to the reviewers, I asked them to do a first read and then contact me if they felt the need to look at the omitted material. About 10 reviewers requested this information. Another issue that came up during the process was double submission. On more than one occasion we found that the same or a similar paper was submitted to a different conference with an overlapping review period. In all these cases, in accordance with the SIGPLAN policy, we informed the other PC chair and summarily rejected the paper. One exception was the co-located International Symposium on Memory Management (ISMM), whose review period overlapped with PLDI. After a long discussion, we allowed co submission to both PLDI and ISMM with the explicit rule that if the paper is accepted to PLDI it will be automatically rejected from ISMM. We also required the authors to inform both PC chairs that they were also submitting to the other conference. At the end of the review period, the authors were given three days to provide a short rebuttal. Then the program committee met in Cambridge, Massachusetts on January 25th and 26th and after much discussion and debate selected this program. We hope you enjoy the program and the presentations. We are also recording the presentations and are planning to make them available to the community via YouTube.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis: diagnosis, natural history, management, and outcome.

A panel of experts representing the Histiocyte Society has suggested that the original terminology for the various syndromes in the “histiocytosis X” category (eosinophilic granuloma, Letterer-Siwe disease, and Hand-Christian-Schuller syndrome) be discarded and replaced by the term Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) (Chu et al. 1987). This is because the proliferative cell which causes these entities is known to be the Langerhans cell.
Modeling Surface Soil Erosion and Sediment Transport Processes in the Upper North Bosque River Watershed, Texas

AbstractA sediment transport module added to the Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC–HMS) Version 4.0 computes surface erosion, reach routing, and reservoir trap efficiency. The HEC–HMS sediment transport module was applied to the Upper North Bosque River Watershed (UNBRW) in central Texas, a well-instrumented watershed with good parameterization and calibration data, to test model robustness. The UNBRW is 98% rural including rangeland, forage, and dairy waste application fields. Simulation results were compared to observed average daily total suspended solid (TSS) data at five gauge locations. The HEC–HMS results matched observed TSS across the UNBRW (<1% error at all gauges) during model calibration and maintained modest residuals (−31 to 12% error) during the validation period. The HEC–HMS also performed well compared to published results through two other commonly used models.
Click and Think, Not Chalk and Talk: An Interactive Spreadsheet Approach for Teaching Economics

We present spreadsheets as a tool for teaching economics. In particular, we focus on how a price searching firm chooses its profit maximizing quantity. We then extend the example to competitors in a two-firm market. Students can alter the demand and cost structure to see the impact on market clearing. A classroom experience using the spreadsheets is described. An easy-to-use template simplifies creation of additional spreadsheets customized to professor's needs. Alternately professor's can modify the existing spreadsheets. A website allows readers to download all of the spreadsheets discussed.
Effects of management and co‐digestion on life cycle emissions and energy from anaerobic digestion

This study applies life cycle assessment (LCA) techniques to evaluate the processes controling the environmental impacts of anaerobic digestion (AD) pathways on a modeled dairy farm setting representative of Wisconsin. Seven electricity-producing AD pathways are compared against a base-case (BC) pathway to understand the effect of management practices, co-digestion strategies, and energy conversion processes on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, ammonia (NH3) emissions, depletion of fossil fuels (DFF), and nutrient balances. The pathway selected has a substantial influence on the estimates of environmental impacts. GHG emissions range from 178 to 267 kg CO2-eq GJ−1, NH3 emissions range from 11 to 18 kg GJ−1, DFF range from 176 to 327 MJ GJ−1, and N availability ranges from 7 to 15 kg GJ−1 of produced energy. The results of this paper show that the environmental benefits and concerns of anaerobic digestion systems can be further improved with the adoption of management practices on-farm. Injection of digestate during land application is an effective management practice to reduce NH3 emissions, which at the same time increases N availability and reduces GHG emissions and DFF given that the manufacturing of purchased fertilizers is fossil energy intensive. Co-digesting manure with corn stover and switchgrass increases energy production. Recovering heat has proven to be an easy to adopt strategy that improves all sustainability indicators without implementing major operational changes. Finally, 100 kg CO2-eq GJ−1, 4.2 kg NH3 GJ−1 and 566 MJ GJ−1 are determined for GHG emissions, NH3 emissions and DFF respectively for a compressed biogas pathway. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A scalable FPGA architecture for nonnegative least squares problems

Nonnegative least squares (NNLS) optimization is an important algorithmic component of many problems in science and engineering, including image segmentation, spectral deconvolution, and reconstruction of compressively sensed data. Each of these areas can benefit from high performance implementations suitable for embedded applications. Unfortunately, the NNLS problem has no solution expressible in closed-form, and many popular algorithms are not amenable to compact and scalable hardware implementation. Classical iterative algorithms generally have a per-iteration computational cost with cubic growth, and interdependencies which limit parallel approaches. In this paper we develop two efficient hardware architectures. One is based on a novel algorithm we develop in this paper specifically to reduce FPGA area consumption while preserving performance. We implement our architectures on a very small FPGA and apply them to reconstruction of a compressively sensed signal showing residual error results competitive with traditional algorithms.
Source localization using adaptive subspace beamformer outputs

Maximum likelihood (ML) parameter estimation for multi-dimensional adaptive problems is addressed. Multiple adaptive outputs are ordinarily combined by utilizing the full dimension data. However, many adaptive problems utilize subspace processing for each adaptive beam which can increase the difficulty of many super-resolution techniques. This paper shows that the steering vector structure can be utilized to allow ML techniques for a fixed grid of hypothesis vectors to be computationally feasible for many scenarios.
Charles E. Robinson, Ed. The Original Frankenstein

As with the seemingly inexhaustible supply of film adaptations of Frankenstein, just when you think the last word has been said on this fascinating novel, year after year its malleable text has pro...
Macromolecular Synthesis and Degradation in Arthrobacter During Periods of Nutrient Deprivation

Abstract Cells of Arthrobacter atrocyaneus and A. crystallopoietes, harvested during their exponential phase, were starved in 0.03 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) for 28 days. During this time, the cells maintained 90 to 100% viability. Experimental results were similar for both organisms. Total cellular deoxyribonucleic acid was maintained. Measurable degradation rates for deoxyribonucleic acid as determined by radioisotope techniques were not observed, and only during the initial hours of starvation could a synthetic rate be determined. Total ribonucleic acid levels remained stable for the first 24 h of starvation, after which slow, continuous loss of orcinol-reactive material occurred. Synthetic and degradative rates of ribonucleic acid, as determined by radioisotope techniques, dropped quickly at the onset of starvation. Constant basal rates were attained after 24 h. In A. atrocyaneus, total cell protein was degraded continuously from the onset of starvation. In A. crystallopoietes, total cell protein remained stable for the first 24 h, after which slow continuous loss occurred. After 28 days, the total protein per cell was similar for both organisms. In the first week, amino acid pools stabilized at about 50% of the values characteristic of growth. Rates of degradation of protein decreased rapidly for the first 24 h for both organisms, but leveled to a constant basal rate thereafter. Rates of new protein synthesis dropped during the first 24 h and by 48 h achieved a constant basal rate.
Coding of Electronic Laboratory Reports for Biosurveillance, Selected United States Hospitals, 2011

Objective Electronic laboratory reporting has been promoted as a public health priority. The Office of the U.S. National Coordinator for Health Information Technology has endorsed two coding systems: Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) for laboratory test orders and Systemized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) for test results. Materials and Methods We examined LOINC and SNOMED CT code use in electronic laboratory data reported in 2011 by 63 non-federal hospitals to BioSense electronic syndromic surveillance system. We analyzed the frequencies, characteristics, and code concepts of test orders and results. Results A total of 14,028,774 laboratory test orders or results were reported. No test orders used SNOMED CT codes. To describe test orders, 77% used a LOINC code, 17% had no value, and 6% had a non-informative value, “OTH”. Thirty-three percent (33%) of test results had missing or non-informative codes. For test results with at least one informative value, 91.8% had only LOINC codes, 0.7% had only SNOMED codes, and 7.4% had both. Of 108 SNOMED CT codes reported without LOINC codes, 45% could be matched to at least one LOINC code. Conclusion Missing or non-informative codes comprised almost a quarter of laboratory test orders and a third of test results reported to BioSense by non-federal hospitals. Use of LOINC codes for laboratory test results was more common than use of SNOMED CT. Complete and standardized coding could improve the usefulness of laboratory data for public health surveillance and response.
Phase II Trial of Weekly Intravenous Gemcitabine With Continuous Infusion Fluorouracil in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer

PURPOSE: To determine the clinical response rate of the combination of weekly intravenous (IV) gemcitabine with continuous infusion fluorouracil (5-FU) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between June 1998 and February 1999, 41 patients with metastatic RCC were enrolled onto this multi-institutional phase II study of gemcitabine 600 mg/m2 over 30 minutes on days 1, 8, and 15 and 5-FU 150 mg/m2/d via continuous IV infusion through a permanent catheter on days 1 to 21 of a 28-day cycle. Patients had a Cancer and Leukemia Group B performance status of 0 or 1, with a median time since diagnosis of metastatic disease of 10 months (range, 0 to 129 months). Thirty-three patients (80%) had multiple metastatic sites, and 34 patients (83%) had prior chemotherapy or immunotherapy. RESULTS: Of the 39 assessable patients, there were no complete responses but seven partial responses (objective response rate = 17%; 95% confidence interval, 8% to 34%). Five minor responses (25% t...
Global Capital Mobility: Some New Empirical Evidence

Using Saving-Investment relationship as indirect evidence of global capital mobility, this paper empirically examines the capital mobility hypothesis using new data for forty developing countries. The paper utilizes annual data over 1960-2013 period, the longest time period of 54 years for as many developing countries ever used with a panel sample size of 2,160 (40 x 54) annual observations, the longest time periods and largest cross-sections ever used previously. For this study, panel regression analysis was used to estimate the relationship and then use the relationship to test some hypothesis regarding the capital mobility. The study finds evidence of partial capital mobility among the sample developing countries, and the degree of capital mobility was found to be stronger than that originally found by Feldstein and Horioka
The effects of cathodic charging on the magnetic internal friction in Armco iron

Samples of Armco iron were cathodically charged in a 1 N H2SO4 solution while the resonant frequency and internal friction (damping) were measured. The internal friction as a function of vibratory strain amplitude was measured before and after cathodic charging. Each of these measurements was made both in and out of a strong steady state longitudinal magnetic field. The magnetic damping was obtained by subtraction of the damping at saturation from the total damping. The change in magnetic internal friction was found to be entirely in the vibratory strain-amplitude-dependent region and is attributed to plastic deformation resulting from hydrogen-induced cracking. The mechanical hysteresis coefficient varies with the amount of time that the sample was charged, the current used in the charging and the vibratory strain amplitude used during charging.
Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa caused by mutations in the α subunit of rod cGMP phosphodiesterase

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) constitutes a group of genetically heterogeneous progressive photore-ceptor degenerations leading to blindness and affecting 50,000–100,000 people in the U.S. alone. Over 20 different RP loci have been mapped1, of which six have been identified. Three of these encode members of the rod photoreceptor visual transduction cascade2: rhodopsin3, the rod cGMP-gated cation channel α subunit4, and the β subunit of cGMP-phosphodiesterase (PDEB)5. As null mutations in PDEB cause some cases of RP and since both α and β subunits are required for full phosphodiesterase activity, we examined the gene encoding the α subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDEA) in 340 unrelated patients with RP. We found three point mutations in PDEA in affected members of two pedigrees with recessive RP. Each mutation alters an essential functional domain of the encoded protein and likely disrupts its catalytic function. PDEA is the seventh RP gene identified, highlighting the extensive genetic heterogeneity of the disorder and encouraging further investigation into the role of other members of the phototransduction cascade in RP.
Structure and behavior of R bodies from killer paramecia.

The properties of R bodies from kappa particles of killer paramecia have been studied. R bodies from stock 7 of Paramecium aurelia , when obtained by means of ultrasonic treatment, have the full killing activity of unlysed kappa particles. When kappa particles of stock 51 are lysed by this or other methods, all killing activity is lost. R bodies of stock 7 (which, like stock 51 R bodies, consist of a roll of some 10 turns of thin tape) unroll from the outside. Unrolling occurs spontaneously in low frequency but may be induced in high frequency by sodium lauryl sulfate. R bodies of stock 51 unroll from the inside when exposed to pH values of 6.0 or lower and rewind, also from the inside, when the pH is raised to 7.0 or above. The structure of several forms of R bodies is described.
Particle Deposition in a Cast of Human Tracheobronchial Airways

Abstract Regional particle deposition efficiency and deposition patterns were studied experimentally in a human airway replica made from an adult cadaver. The replica includes the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and four generations of bronchi. This study reports deposition results in the tracheobronchial (TB) region. Nine different sizes of monodispersed, polystyrene latex fluorescent particles in the size range of 0.93–30 μm were delivered into the lung cast with the flow rates of 15, 30, and 60 l min− 1. Deposition in the TB region appeared to increase with the increasing flow rate and particle size. Comparison of deposition data obtained from physical casts showed agreement with results obtained from realistic airway replicas that included the larynx. Deposition data obtained from idealized airway models or replicas showed lower deposition efficiency. We also compared experimental data with theoretical models based on a simplified bend and bifurcation model. A deposition equation derived from t...
A DNA Repair Complex Functions as an Oct4/Sox2 Coactivator in Embryonic Stem Cells

The transcriptional activators Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog cooperate with a wide array of cofactors to orchestrate an embryonic stem (ES) cell-specific gene expression program that forms the molecular basis of pluripotency. Here, we report using an unbiased in vitro transcription-biochemical complementation assay to discover a multisubunit stem cell coactivator complex (SCC) that is selectively required for the synergistic activation of the Nanog gene by Oct4 and Sox2. Purification, identification, and reconstitution of SCC revealed this coactivator to be the trimeric XPC-nucleotide excision repair complex. SCC interacts directly with Oct4 and Sox2 and is recruited to the Nanog and Oct4 promoters as well as a majority of genomic regions that are occupied by Oct4 and Sox2. Depletion of SCC/XPC compromised both pluripotency in ES cells and somatic cell reprogramming of fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. This study identifies a transcriptional coactivator with diversified functions in maintaining ES cell pluripotency and safeguarding genome integrity.
DDT moratorium in Arizona: residues in soil and alfalfa after 12 years.

Dosage par chromatographie en phase gazeuse des residus de DDT et DDE dans les echantillons de sol et de graminees de 3 zones principalement irriguees de l'Arizona (region de phoenix, Casagrande et Yuma) et du desert, de 1969 a 1980
Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on nitroglycerin-induced augmentation of regional coronary blood flow in patients.

Although beta-adrenergic blockade may increase coronary vascular resistance in some patients with severe ischemic heart disease, the effects of beta blockade on the nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced augmentation of coronary blood flow have not been elucidated. Therefore, systemic hemodynamic and anterior left ventricular regional coronary bloodflow (thermodilution) data were measured during administration of NTG into the left coronary artery, before and 10 min after intravenous propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) in 22 patients. Six patients (Group 1) had normal left coronary arteries and nine (Group 2) had severe coronary artery disease with at least >70% narrowing of the left anterior descending artery. In seven additional patients (three without and four with >70% left anterior descending coronary artery disease), measurements were obtained with constant-paced heart rates (Group 3). Before beta blockade, NTG (200 mcg) significantly increased anterior regional great-vein flow [for Group 1, 84 ± 38% (81 ± 20 to 140 ± 60 ml/min); Group 2, 39 ± 41% (61 ± 26 to 83 ± 38 ml/min); and Group 3, 87 ± 55% (75 ± 36 to 144 ± 86 ml/min)]. In Groups 1 and 2, beta-adrenergic blockade reduced heart rate 10% (p<0.01) but did not affect mean arterial or pulmonary artery pressures. After beta blockade, although control great cardiac vein flow was reduced only for Group 2 (58 ± 23 to 50 ± 15 ml/min, p<0.05), the hyperemic responses to NTG were unaffected (99 ± 47% 46 ± 23%, and 83 ± 73% for the three groups, respectively). These findings indicate that beta-adrenergic blockade neither potentiates nor attenuates NTG-induced increases in coronary blood flow and that the concomitant use of beta blockade does not appear to limit NTG-induced vasodilatory responses in regions supplied by normal or diseased coronary arteries
Effect of temperature and temperature adaptation on calcification rate in the hermatypic coral Pocillopora damicornis

Using 45Ca incorporation into the coral skeleton as a measure of calcification rate, the effect of temperature on clacification rate was studied in the hermatypic coral Pocillopora damicornis. Both immediate and long-term (adaptation) effects were investigated. Temperature has a marked effect on rate — an effect that varies depending on the temperature history of the coral (i.e., temperature adaptation occurs). P. damicornis showed both 27° and 31°C temperature optima, one or the other being dominant depending on the natural water temperature to which the coral was adapted. The two optimum temperatures may indicate two isoenzymes or two alternate metabolic pathways involved in the calcification process.
Reassuring Ourselves of the Reality of Ethical Reasons: What McDowell Should Take from Foot’s Ethical Naturalism

Dans cet article, je demontre que les objections de John McDowell au naturalisme ethique de Phillipa Foot ne justifient pas le rejet de ses opinions, mais ne font qu'eclaircir ce que nous pouvons defendre dans sa position. En outre, les commentaires de McDowell presentent une maniere suivant laquelle le naturalisme de Foot peut aider a affermir le realisme que McDowell defend dans sa propre œuvre. En notant comment le naturalisme de Foot est en mesure de defendre la realite des raisons ethiques, nous pouvons comprendre comment McDowell soit invoquer quelque chose comme le naturalisme de Foot pour satisfaire a ses propres aspirations realistes en ethique.
Transcriptome analysis of the murine forelimb and hindlimb autopod.

To gain insight into the coordination of gene expression profiles during forelimb and hindlimb differentiation, a transcriptome analysis of mouse embryonic autopod tissues was performed using Affymetrix Murine Gene Chips (MOE-430). Forty-four transcripts with expression differences higher than 2-fold (T test, P ≤0.05) were detected between forelimb and hindlimb tissues including 38 new transcripts such as Rdh10,Frzb, Tbx18, and Hip that exhibit differential limb expression. A comparison of gene expression profiles in the forelimb, hindlimb, and brain revealed 24 limb-signature genes whose expression was significantly enriched in limb autopod versus brain tissue (fold change >2, P ≤ 0.05). Interestingly, the genes exhibiting enrichment in the developing autopod also segregated into significant fore- and hindlimb-specific clusters (P ≤ 0.05) suggesting that by E 12.5, unique gene combinations are being used during the differentiation of each autopod type. Developmental Dynamics 234:74–89, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The influence of sample site on intraoperative PTH monitoring during parathyroidectomy

Background Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) monitoring is common during parathyroidectomy. We hypothesized that sample site (peripheral vs central vein) may impact IOPTH interpretation. Methods Two hundred and one patients underwent curative parathyroidectomy for single-gland disease. IOPTH was drawn peripherally (PV) in 114 patients and centrally (CV, jugular vein) in 87 patients. Decrease from baseline IOPTH and the presence of a normal value at 10 and 15 minutes were determined. The slope of IOPTH decay was calculated. These data were compared between sample sites. Results Median baseline IOPTH was 268 pg/mL (CV) and 191 pg/mL (PV, P = .003). The mean IOPTH decay slopes were −0.75 (PV) and −0.76 (CV, P = NS), and the mean percent IOPTH decrease at 10 minutes was 79% PV and 80% CV (P = NS). At 10 minutes, a ≥50% drop from baseline was seen in 94% (CV) versus 97% (PV) of patients (P = NS), resulting in a median IOPTH of 40 pg/mL (CV) versus 34 pg/mL (PV, P = .09). By 15 minutes, the central IOPTH had decreased by ≥50% of baseline in 98% of patients (P = NS when compared to the 10-minute PV site). Conclusions IOPTH kinetics are largely the same for PV and CV sample sites, but baseline values are higher with central sampling. Consequently, CV IOPTH levels are generally higher at 10 minutes, but this discrepancy resolves by 15 minutes. The surgeon utilizing CV samples may need to extend the sampling period.
Parental Perceptions of Weight Terminology That Providers Use With Youth

OBJECTIVES: Little research has been performed to examine patient perceptions of weight-related language, especially related to childhood obesity. In this study we assessed parental perceptions of weight-based terminology used by health care providers to describe a child9s excess weight and assessed perceived connotations associated with these terms including stigma, blame, and motivation to reduce weight. METHODS: A national sample of American parents with children aged 2 to 18 years ( N = 445) completed an online survey to assess their perceptions of 10 common terms to describe excess body weight in youth (including “extremely obese,” “high BMI,” “weight problem,” “unhealthy weight,” “weight,” “heavy,” “obese,” “overweight,” “chubby,” and “fat”). Parents were asked to use a 5-point rating scale to indicate how much they perceived each term to be desirable, stigmatizing, blaming, or motivating to lose weight. RESULTS: Regression models revealed that the terms “weight” and “unhealthy weight” were rated as most desirable, and “unhealthy weight” and “weight problem” were rated as the most motivating to lose weight. The terms “fat,” “obese,” and “extremely obese” were rated as the most undesirable, stigmatizing, blaming, and least motivating. Parents9 ratings were consistent across sociodemographic variables, body weight, and child9s body weight. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study have important implications for the improvement of health care for youth with obesity; it may be advantageous for health care providers to use or avoid using specific weight-based language during discussions about body weight with families. Pediatricians play a key role in obesity prevention and treatment, but their efforts may be undermined by stigmatizing or offensive language that can hinder important discussions about children9s health.
Origin and Development of Turborotalia pachyderma (Ehrenberg): ABSTRACT

End_Page 1690------------------------------Studies of the morphology and ultrastructure of Turborotalia pachyderma (Ehrenberg) support the concept that this species arose from T. continuosa (Blow) in the upper part of Neogene Zone 12; both species occur together up to the upper Miocene zones N16 or N17, which is the upper limit of T. continuosa. Early chambers in T. pachyderma have the highly arched, laterally directed aperture of T. continuosa. This is a lineage quite distinct from that leading from T. globorotaloidea (Colom) to the Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (d'Orbigny) group in the upper Miocene (N17-N18). The pachyderma group invariably has a well-developed thickened imperforate lip and the umbilicus is small or closed; the dutertrei group has an open umbilicus, and the apertural edge has only a smooth band (temperate form such as the subspecies subcretacea) or toothlike flanges (tropical forms such as the typical dutertrei). Preferential coiling ratios occur almost at the base of the range for T. pachyderma, derived from its ancestor T. continuosa. Sinistral populations adjusted to cold polar waters whereas dextral populations adapted to temperate waters, providing one of the better planktonic indices of paleoceanography for the late Neogene. Upper Miocene and Pliocene forms have mostly 4 to 4½ chambers in the final whorl; the aperture varies from being almost a closed slit to more of an open arch. In the glacial Pleistocene, additional variants developed sometimes with 5 chambers in the final whorl; other variants show the progressive restriction of the aperture, especially the development of a highly thickened wall in polar waters. In wall thickening, the early stage is that with little thickening ("incompta" of Cifelli), a second stage is that in which some thickening is added ("pseudopachyderma" of Cita, Silva, and Rossi), and finally a third stage is the typical thick-walled form. Wall thickening progressively reduces the depressions between the chambers until it is very difficult to recognize the individual chambers in extreme cases. This transition occurs as the populations settle progressively deeper in the water column. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1691------------
Conductance fluctuations in doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract Recent measurements of random telegraph switching noise (RTSN) in n-type doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) are described. The discrete two-state switching noise can be changed by light soaking or thermal cycling, which is consistent with the bonded hydrogen microstructure influencing the current filaments believed responsible for the RTSN. Computer simulations of dynamical percolation of a random resistor network also display sharp discrete jumps, similar to that observed in a-Si:H, providing support for the proposal that hydrogen motion underlies the conductance fluctuations.
Linking KSHV to human cancer.

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), has been linked to several malignancies in humans. KSHV is the etiologic agent associated with the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD). KSHV is a double-stranded DNA virus that has been classified as a gammaherpesvirus. Here, we review the association of KSHV with human cancer, viral genes that may potentially be involved in the neoplastic process, and current therapies used to treat KS, PEL, and MCD.
Rodent models of alcoholic liver disease: Of mice and men

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of acute and chronic liver disease worldwide. The progressive nature of ALD is well described; however, the complex interactions under which these pathologies evolve remain to be fully elucidated. Clinically there are no clear biomarkers or universally accepted, effective treatment strategies for ALD. Experimental models of ALD are an important component in identifying underlying mechanisms of alcohol-induced injury to develop better diagnostic markers, predictors of disease progression, and therapeutic targets to manage, halt, or reverse disease progression. Rodents remain the most accessible model for studying ALD pathology. Effective rodent models must mimic the natural history of ALD while allowing examination of complex interactions between multiple hepatic, and non-hepatic, cell types in the setting of altered metabolic or oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammatory responses, and sensitivity to cytotoxic stress. Additionally, mode and duration of alcohol delivery influence hepatic response and present unique challenges in understanding disease pathology. This review provides an overview of rodent models of ALD, their strengths and weaknesses relative to human disease states, and provides insight of the potential to develop novel rodent models to simulate the course of human ALD.
Stokes flow in wedge-shaped trenches

In this paper we develop a separation of variables theory for solving problems of Stokes flow in wedge-shaped trenches bounded by radial lines and concentric circles centred at the vertex of the wedge. The theory leads to a set of Stokes flow eigenfunctions which in the full wedge reduce to the corner eigenfunctions studied by Dean & Montagnon (1949) and Moffatt (1964). Asymptotic formulae for the distribution of eigenvalues are derived, an adjoint system is defined and is used to develop an algorithm for the computation of the coefficients in an eigenfunction expansion of edge data prescribed on the circular boundaries. To illustrate the algorithm we find the motion and the shape of the free surface in a wedge-shaped cavity heated from its side.
Vocal Cord Paralysis: Treatment with Teflon Paste Injections

The immediate restoration of laryngeal function in patients suffering unilateral vocal cord paralysis after major thoracic vascular procedures makes the use of Teflon paste injection a desirable treatment. It is safe, effective, and simple when performed by an experienced surgeon and OR team.
Cross-sectional STM on superlattices and the effect of doping

Abstract The effect of semiconductor doping on the topography and spectroscopy in cross-sectional STM is discussed. The experimental work refers to the ultra-high-vacuum cleaved (110) plane of (001) MBE-grown Be-doped GaAs superlattices. The electronic signature of individual active dopant sites on the electronic charge density as well as the sensitivity to modulated doping are demonstrated. The doping density assigned from our STM experiments is compared with SIMS data. Furthermore, the effect of the doping density on the tunneling spectroscopy is investigated: the voltage-induced subsurface space-charge region has a profound effect on the observed current-voltage characteristics.