cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lens Designers Are Real People Too

This informal evening lecture covered briefly the careers and accomplishments of some of the more interesting lens designers and opticians of the past. Starting in the 1600s with the early astronomers and microscope makers, this was followed by the makers of photographic lenses after the introduction of photography in 1839. Numerous portraits of early workers were shown. The names of people specifically covered in this talk are listed below. Some other names were mentioned without comment; these are not included here.
Networked sensors for the future force (NSFF) advanced technology demonstration (ATD) communications systems

The U.S. Army’s Future Combat Systems (FCS) and Future Force Warrior (FFW) will rely on the use of unattended, tactical sensors to detect and identify enemy targets in order to avoid enemy fires and enable precise networked fire to survive on the future battlefield with less armor protection. Successful implementation of these critical sensor fields requires the development of a specialized communications network infrastructure needed to disseminate sensor data to provide relevant, timely and accurate situational awareness information to the tactical common operating picture. The sensor network communications must support both static deployed and mobile ground and air robotic sensor arrays with robust, secure, stealthy, and jam resistant links. It is envisioned that tactical sensor networks can be deployed in a two tiered communications architecture that includes a lower sensor sub-layer consisting of acoustic, magnetic, Chemical/Biological and seismic detectors and an upper sub-layer consisting of infrared or visual imaging cameras. The upper sub-layer can be cued by the lower sub-layer and provides a seamless gateway link to higher echelon backbone tactical networks. The NSFF Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) communications effort focuses on providing Future Force systems such as the FCS and the Future Force Warrior with critical situational awareness data needed for survivability. The communications systems supporting this functionality must be designed such that unattended ground sensor data can flow seamlessly from the lowest unattended tactical sensor echelons into the Army’s tactical backbone networks while also allowing the “fusing” of the data with other intelligence information for correlation within a tactical command and control node. NSFF is realizing this capability by using advanced communications technologies developed under the Soldier Level Integrated Communications Environment (SLICE) Soldier Radio Waveform (SRW) project. These technologies include robust, self-organizing/healing networking protocols, energy management techniques, and stealthy, secure, jam resistant radio equipment for a significantly enhanced communications capability for the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS). CERDEC laboratory and field demonstrations in 2004 will be reviewed to show early SRW development in preparation for the NSFF ATD as well as development of affordable systems for disposable sensor applications
Autonomy of foreign R&D units in an emerging market: An information processing perspective

■ This study uses an information processing view to assess how autonomy of foreign R&D units in a major emerging market is influenced by the organizational and environmental conditions they face. ■ We argue that specification of the autonomy is an optimal decision requiring a balance between the costs of information processing capacity and the needs of information processing for performing R&D tasks.
Pictorial Depth and Related Constancy Effects as a Function of Recognition

It is argued that while pictorial cues must be fundamental in the perception of an extended ground plane in daily life (and, by definition, in the perception of depth in pictures), the traditional pictorial cues such as perspective or texture gradients are neither a necessary nor a sufficient basis for it. That they are not necessary was shown by experiments in which such cues were eliminated from pictures representing a scene in depth. Illusory size perception based on localization of objects in depth in such pictures nonetheless occurred. That they are not sufficient was shown by experiments in which photographs of grassy fields did not yield impressions of depth or related size illusions when conditions were such that the scene was not recognized. Once recognized, however, these same pictures did yield such perceptions. It is suggested that a critical step in perceiving depth based on pictorial information is recognition of the scene.
American Government in Action

A publishing house seeking an ideal volume for an American Government in Action series might very well start by purchasing the reprint rights to Cardozo's The Judicial Process. This book illumines the work of the judiciary as few books ever have, and this in a style of such clarity that undergraduates read it with understanding and enjoyment. The uniqueness of Justice Cardozo aside, one reason for the excellence of his book is undoubtedly to be found in his familiarity with the work of judges, in his participation in the judicial process. This type of saturation seems to the reviewer a sine qua non for any book in a government in action series.
New Methods for Studying Glass Corrosion Kinetics

Infrared reflection spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy have been applied to the study of glass corrosion using several new techniques that permit the kinetics of reactions near the surface to be measured on bulk samples as a function of applied stress, flow rate, temperature, time, pH, and relative humidity. Preliminary applications of these methods to the corrosion of a Li2O-2SiO2 glass are discussed. These new methods of studying the corrosion kinetics of glass under well defined conditions promise to aid in a better understanding of the nature of the reactions which take place at glass surfaces when subjected to various corrosive environments.
On electromagnetic waves in chiral media

We analyze the propagation of electromagnetic waves through chiral media, i.e., through composite media consisting of macroscopic chiral objects randomly embedded in a dielectric. The peculiar effects that such media have on the polarization properties of the waves are placed in evidence. To demonstrate the physical basis of these effects, a specific example, chosen for its analytical simplicity, is worked out from first principles.
Market and regulatory forces in the pricing of legal services

New data on individual law firms and attorneys is used to examine the effects of professional licensing restrictions and market forces on prices of legal services. The data allow detailed testing of the hypothesis that licensing restrictions serve to increase the price of professional services as well as the incomes of those providing these services. In general, little support is found for this hypothesis. Instead, the estimates show that market forces are most important in explaining variations in prices and attorney incomes.
A comparison of operative temperature estimated by taxidermic mounts and meteorological data

Abstract 1. 1.Operative temperatures (Te) calculated using meteorological data and measured directly from taxidermic mounts are compared for Brewer's Blackbirds (Euphagus cyanocephalus) and Blue-black Grassquits (Volatinia jacarina). 2. 2.High correlation coefficients (>0.9 for both species) indicate that taxidermic mount temperatures are comparable to calculated values. Mount Te differed from calculated Te by an average of 0.16°C for blackbirds and 1.20°C for grassquits. The 95% confidence interval for predicted mount Te at the mean calculated Te (=22.66°C for blackbirds and 21.94°C for grassquits) was 0.26 and 0.17°C, respectively. Mount temperatures were sometimes as much as 5°C from the best fit regression line. These errors are similar to those reported for the used of simple sphere thermometers instead of mounts. 3. 3.Te is calculated using four different equations: quartic, second order Taylor approximation, linear and iterative. Differences from the quartic values are smallest with iteration and greatest with the linear values. 4. 4.Partial derivatives for six factors of the Te equation are calculated as a sensitivity analysis. The values show the effects a change in each factor has on the final Te calculation and are used to estimate a standard deviation. 5. 5.Sensitivity analysis may also be used to predict adjustment of Te under field conditions or to assess the thermoregulatory significance of behaviour.
Portal hypertensive bleeding

Portal hypertension bleeding is a common and serious complication of cirrhosis. All patients with cirrhosis should undergo endoscopy and be evaluated for possible causes of current or future portal hypertensive bleeding. Possible causes of bleeding include esophageal varices, gastric varices, and PHG. Patients with esophageal varices at high risk of bleeding should be treated with nonselective beta-blockers for primary prevention of variceal hemorrhage. HVPG measurements represent the optimal way to monitor the success of pharmacologic therapy. EVL may be used in those with high-risk varices who do not tolerate beta-blockers. When active bleeding develops, simultaneous and coordinated attention must be given to hemodynamic resuscitation, prevention and treatment of complications, and active control of bleeding. In cases of acute esophageal variceal (Fig. 5) and PHG bleeding, terlipressin, somatostatin, or octreotide should be started. Endoscopic treatment is provided for those with bleeding esophageal varices. If first-line therapy fails, TIPS or surgery may need to be performed. Unlike esophageal variceal or PHG bleeding, there is no established optimal treatment for gastric variceal bleeding. Individual and specific treatment modalities for acute gastric variceal bleeding must be calculated carefully after considering side effects.
The GPI-anchored superoxide dismutase SodC is essential for regulating basal Ras activity and for chemotaxis of Dictyostelium discoideum

A genetic screen for Dictyostelium mutant displaying high level of constitutive phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate led to the finding that the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored superoxide dismutase SodC regulates small GTPase Ras. Cells that lack SodC exhibited constitutively high levels of active Ras, more membrane localization of GFP-PHcrac, and defects in chemoattractant sensing, cell polarization and motility. These defects of SodC-lacking cells were partially restored by expression of wild-type SodC but not by the catalytically inactive mutant SodC (H245R, H247Q). Furthermore, an inhibition of PI3K activity in SodC-deficient cells by LY294002 only partially restored chemoattractant sensing and cell polarization, consistent with the fact that SodC-deficient cells have aberrantly high level of active Ras, which functions upstream of PI3K. A higher level of active GFP-RasG was observed in SodC-deficient cells, which significantly decreased upon incubation of SodC-deficient cells with the superoxide scavenger XTT. Having constitutively high levels of active Ras proteins and more membrane localization of GFP-PHcrac, SodC-deficient cells exhibited severe defects in chemoattractant sensing, cell polarization and motility.
The commissural projection of the superior colliculus in the cat

The origin, course, and termination of the commissural projection of the superior colliculus were studied using the orthograde and autoradiographic tracing method and the retrograde method utilizing horseradish peroxidase. The complementary and mutually confirming sets of data showed that the commissural fibers interconnect a restricted region of the colliculi. This region includes the strata grisea intermedium and profundum and to a lesser degree the stratum opticum. It extends throughout only the rostral part of the colliculus where it ends abruptly at a level slightly less than half the distance from the anterior border of the deep gray layers. By using the needle used for isotope injection to record multiunit responses to somatic and visual stimuli, direct evidence was obtained that this region falls within that functional area of the colliculus devoted to face representation and central vision. The results also suggested that more commissural fibers arise from lateral than medial parts of this region and that many fibers interconnect corresponding points in the colliculi. In addition to intertectal connections, the commissural projection contains decussating axons which terminate in tegmental structures and within a restricted zone of the central gray matter directly overlying the oculomotor complex. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role the commissural projection plays in the regulation of eye and head movement.
GATA3: a master of many trades in immune regulation

GATA3 has conventionally been regarded as a transcription factor that drives the differentiation of T helper (Th) 2 cells. Increasing evidence points to a function for GATA3 beyond controlling Th2 differentiation. GATA3 regulates T cell development, proliferation, and maintenance. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated important roles for GATA3 in innate lymphoid cells. Thus, GATA3 emerges as a factor with diverse functions in immune regulation, which are in some cases cell-type specific and in others shared by multiple cell types. Here, I discuss recent discoveries and the current understanding of the functions of GATA3 in immune regulation.
Relations amongm sets of measures

The problem of determining linear functions for two sets of variables so as to maximize the correlation between the two functions has been solved by Hotelling. This article presents a more efficient computational solution for the case of two sets of variables and a generalized solution for any number of sets. Applications are discussed and a numerical example is included to demonstrate the solution for more than two sets.
Pediatricians' use of the 5 A's and nicotine replacement therapy with adolescent smokers.

The purpose of this study was to examine pediatricians’ use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and the 5 A’s counseling method with adolescent smokers. Using a mail survey, 203 randomly selected pediatricians (52% response rate) responded to a valid and reliable 37-item questionnaire regarding: perceptions of prescribing NRT, confidence in using NRT, perceived barriers to prescribing NRT, sources of information regarding NRT, and use of the 5 A’s counseling method. Forty-four percent of pediatricians did not feel competent in helping adolescents quit smoking cigarettes. Less than a fifth (17%) were currently prescribing NRT. A plurality (48%) perceived NRT to be safe for adolescent use but a majority (53%) rated themselves as not confident in their ability to use NRT. Those who prescribed NRT used transdermal patches (81%), nicotine gum (53%), or bupropion (44%). Pediatricians based their decisions on using NRT on whether: the adolescent showed an openness to quitting (78%), the adolescent requested NRT (72%), and if the adolescent had a health problem exacerbated by smoking (56%). The low level of perceived competence in helping adolescents quit smoking may be due to how few pediatricians identified medical school as a major source of information on helping adolescents stop smoking. Even though ample evidence suggests that NRT is safe to use with adolescents, less than half of the responding pediatricians perceived it to be safe, possibly indicating a desire for a more definitive conclusion on its safety before adopting the products or a lack of awareness of existing studies on this topic.
Lectotypification and synonymy of the names Solanum mozinianum Dunal and Solanum uniflorum Sessé & Moçiño

The namesSolanum mozinianum Dunal andSolanum uniflorum Sesse & Mocino are lectotypified on paintings made during the Royal Botanical Expedition to New Spain, now housed at the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Pittsburgh.
Nuclear replacement during mating in Armillaria ostoyae (Basidiomycotina)

In Armillaria ostoyae diploid mycelium may mate with haploid mycelium in a process analogous to dikaryon-monokaryon matings in other basidiomycete fungi. Cultural characteristics and molecular markers were used to study inheritance of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in four diploid-haploid matings of A. ostoyae. When haploids are mated with diploids, morphological changes from fluffy to flat in the haploid thallus can be used to follow mating progress. Progeny originating from the haploid thallus had mitochondrial haplotypes identical to the haploid parent. Progeny with fluffy colony morphology (putatively haploid) all had nuclear haplotypes identical to the haploid parent. Flat progeny (putatively diploid) had nuclear haplotypes either the same as the diploid parent or a combination of all of the diploid and haploid parent nuclear markers. Diploid-diploid pairings between the parents and flat progeny resulted in somatic incompatibility between genetically unlike diploids and demonstrated that somatic incompatibility is a reliable indicator of nuclear, but not mitochondrial, condition. The data suggest that nuclei of the diploid parent, but not mitochondria, migrate into the haploid thallus and eventually displace the haploid nuclei. In some instances, stable 2N + N dikaryons were maintained.
Robust regression with high coverage

An important parameter for several high breakdown regression algorithm estimators is the number of cases given weight one, called the coverage of the estimator. Increasing the coverage is believed to result in a more stable estimator, but the price paid for this stability is greatly decreased resistance to outliers. A simple modification of the algorithm can greatly increase the coverage and hence its statistical performance while maintaining high outlier resistance.
Diagnostic laparoscopy and laparoscopic cecostomy for colonic pseudo-obstruction.

Marked cecal dilatation due to colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) is most often treated by colonoscopic decompression. When this fails, cecostomy is usually indicated if the bowel is not infarcted. We describe a new technique of laparoscopy-guided percutaneous cecostomy using T-fasteners to retract and anchor the cecum to the anterior abdominal wall and using a Foley catheter as a cecostomy tube. We performed this procedure successfully in a patient with colonic pseudo-obstruction who had marked cecal dilatation that could not be decompressed by colonoscopy. Laparoscopic inspection showed that the cecum was viable, and a laparoscopic cecostomy was placed. This procedure can be performed easily and safely and with much less morbidity than laparotomy and open cecostomy.
Finite element analysis of pharmaceutical tablet compaction using a density dependent material plasticity model

Abstract Finite element method (FEM) simulations of pharmaceutical tablet compaction using a Drucker–Prager Cap (DPC) model are presented in which material properties are relative density (solid fraction) dependent. Results from the solid fraction dependent model are compared to those from a constant property model. Predictions from the solid fraction dependent model more closely match experimental measurements of surface hardness, punch force, and material displacement than the constant property model. These results suggest that FEM simulations using the DPC model should account for material property dependence on local solid fraction.
Superfluidity in neutron stars

Possible states of superfluidity in the liquid interiors of neutron stars, including neutron pairing, proton pairing and pion condensation are described, and recent work on the subject is reviewed.
Ejaculation increases the serum prostate-specific antigen concentration

Abstract Objectives To determine the effect of ejaculation on the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration in men at risk for developing prostate cancer. Methods A prospective, community-based study was conducted in which 64 men, aged 49 to 79 years, underwent a serum PSA determination immediately before ejaculation (baseline) and at 1 hour, 6 hours, and 24 hours following ejaculation. The serum PSA also was measured 48 hours and 1 week after ejaculation if the concentration had not returned to the baseline value by the previous time interval. All subjects abstained from ejaculation for a minimum of 7 days prior to the study and until the PSA concentration returned to the baseline level. Absolute and relative change in serum PSA concentration, as well as the time to return to baseline PSA concentration following ejaculation, were assessed. Results The serum PSA concentration increased following ejaculation in 87% of the subjects. The mean baseline PSA was 1.8 ng/mL (median, 0.7 ng/mL). The mean absolute PSA change + standard deviation 1 hour, 6 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after ejaculation was 0.8 ± 1.32 ng/mL, 0.3 ± 0.66 ng/mL, 0.2 ± 0.33 ng/mL, and 0.4 ± 0.40 ng/mL, respectively. The mean relative PSA change ± standard error 1 hour, 6 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after ejaculation was 41 ± 4%, 9 ± 1.5%, 8 ± 1.3%, and 10 ± 2.3%, respectively. The absolute and relative changes in PSA concentration noted 1 hour, 6 hours, and 24 hours after ejaculation were statistically significant ( P = 0.0001). A strong correlation was observed between absolute change in PSA and baseline serum PSA, at each time interval (1 hour: r = 0.68, 6 hours: r = 0.77, 24 hours: r = 0.70; P r = 0.37, 6 hours: r = 0.38; P = 0.002, 24 hours: r = 0.55; P Conclusions Ejaculation causes a significant increase in the serum PSA concentration in men between 49 and 79 years of age that may persist for up to 48 hours. This change appears to correlate with age and baseline PSA. It is recommended that men abstain from ejaculation for 48 hours prior to having a serum PSA determination.
Right bundle branch block as a cause of false-negative ECG classification of inferior myocardial infarction.

It is generally accepted in clinical electrocardiography that a right bundle branch block (RBBB) does not interfere with the electrocardiographic (ECG) diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI). The basic assumption is that the initial excitation wavefronts are relatively unchanged in RBBB. This study compared serial changes in Q wave duration in inferior leads II, III, and aVF in 9 patients who developed RBBB within 3 weeks after myocardial revascularization procedure (RBBB group) and in 41 revascularized patients without RBBB in the same observation period (control group). Q wave durations in the electrocardiograms obtained before the patients' procedures were not significantly different between the study and control groups. However, Q wave durations shortened significantly more in the RBBB group than in the control group. The most pronounced Q wave duration shortening took place in lead aVF, -18.2 ms in the RBBB group versus -3.8 ms in the control group (P = .0001). The shortening was less pronounced, although significant, in leads II and III: II, -7.6 +/- -10.9 ms in the RBBB group vs -2.3 +/- -3.5 ms in the control group (P = .01); III, -11.3 +/- -10.5 ms vs -2.6 +/- -6.5 ms (P = .002); aVF, -18.2 +/- -13.5 ms vs -3.8 +/- -5.3 ms (P < .0001). It is concluded that incident RBBB complicating revascularization procedures may cause significant alterations in spatial orientation of the initial excitation wavefronts. This may be a potential source of false-negative ECG diagnosis of inferior MI, particularly in clinical trials where serial ECG analysis is an important part in MI classification.
A syndrome of childhood polyarteritis

In this report the clinical, laboratory, and histopathologic findings of nine children with polyarteritis arereviewed. All have had evidence of systemic involvement. Eight presented with fever, calf pain, erythematous painful nodules, and elevation of the acute-phase reactants. All were treated with prednisone at a dosage of 2 mg/kg/day. All of the children are alive but have had relapses at least once during the course of tapering the dosage of corticosteroids. Serious complications of disease have included myocardial infarction, hypertension, and impaired renal function.
Colonialism and Culture: Hispanic Modernisms and the Social Imaginary

Acknowledgments Introduction--The Open-ended Text of Modernity I. The Dialogical Social Imaginary and Self-Representation II. To Be Modern at the Turn of the Century III. Lyric Poetry and the Constitution of the SelfIV. The Struggle for Signs V. The Dialogical Cultural Signs VI. Cultural Spheres and Resistance VII. Peninsular Moderns and the Shattered Mirror VIII. Heterology and Popular Culture in Modernity IX. Other Modernist Open-ended Beginnings (In) Conclusion--Decolonization and Social Identities Notes Works Cited Index
Parametric modelling of temporal variations in radon concentrations in homes

The /sup 222/Rn (radon) concentrations in the living area, the basement, and the underlying soil of a New Jersey home have been measured at half-hour intervals over the course of a year, as have indoor and outdoor temperatures, wind speed and direction, indoor-outdoor and basement-subslab pressures; in addition, periods of furnace operation have been logged. A preliminary version of a mathematical model is developed that demonstrates the dependence of the radon concentrations on the environmental variables and the extent of furnace use, with the purposes of improving the ability to predict occurrences of elevated concentrations in general, increasing the usefulness of short-term measurements in particular, and assisting in the devising of remedial measures. The possibility of determining the model parameters from knowledge or measurement of geological and structural characteristics is discussed. >
Alloantigen recognition in the mouse heterotopic model of OB

(CyA) has been linked to the development of accelerated cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). CyA may promote CAV by (i) impairing nitric oxide (NO) mediated vasodilatation, (ii) stimulating oxidant production and (iii) downregulating Fas-Ligand (FasL) expression thereby leading to neutrophil migration. In the present study, we hypothesized that the NO synthase cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), would attenuate the deleterious effects of CyA via the aforementioned pathways. Methods: The effects of BH4 (0.1mM) on endothelium dependent and independent relaxation were assessed in rat aortae with and without exposure to CyA (25mg/kg/day for 7 days). Lucigenin chemiluminiscence was employed to examine the effects of CyA BH4 on coronary artery superoxide production. FasL expression was measured in cultured human coronary endothelial cells exposed to CyA BH4. Results: CyA treated aortae displayed impaired endothelium dependent vasodilation (%Emax 67 7 vs 91 9, p 0.05), with no change in endothelium independent vasodilation. BH4 attenuated the CyA-induced endothelial dysfunction (%Emax 76 5, p 0.05). BH4 also attenuated the CyA-induced increase in superoxide production (BH4 1250 56 cpm/mg vs. CYA: 1845 81 vs control 848 86, p 0.05). Coronary endothelial FasL expression was not affected by either CyA or BH4. Conclusions: BH4 attenuates CyA induced endothelial dysfunction and superoxide production. BH4 may be an important cellular target for the prevention of cardiac allograft vasculopathy related to cyclosporin induced endothelial injury.
Further comparisons of wind tunnel and airplane acoustic data for advanced design high‐speed propeller models

The noise of high‐tip‐speed propellers at cruise has been identified as a possible cabin noise problem for advanced turboprop airplanes. Comparisons were made between the SR‐2 and SR‐3 model propeller noise data taken in the NASA 8×6 wind tunnel, in the United Technologies Research Center (UTRC) Anechoic Tunnel, and with boom and fuselage microphones on the NASA Jetstar airplane. Plots of peak blade passage tone noise versus helical tip Mach number generally showed good agreement. The curve shapes were similar except for the UTRC data, which was flatter than the other sets. This was attributed to the UTRC data being taken at constant power while the other data were at constant advance ratio. Directivity shape comparisons at the cruise condition were also similar. The generally good comparisons of the data from four configurations using three facilities indicates the ability to use any of these facilities for measuring the blade passage tone noise of these types of propellers.
Symposium on Global Climate Change

Since the Industrial Revolution, increased use of fossil fuels has been strongly linked with economic growth. In recent years, many scientists have argued that carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion are likely to make the earth's climate warmer, and some have argued that the consequences could be disastrous. Global climate change and policies to slow it or adapt to it may be among the primary forces shaping the world's economy throughout the next century and beyond. Nonetheless, popular treatments of this issue commonly ignore economics and assume that if society learns that any warming is likely as a result of human activity, we should do whatever is necessary to stop it. This seems to reflect the widespread view that environmental issues involve rights and wrongs, not costs and benefits, and that environmental policy should eliminate contamination, not replace missing markets.1 On this view, human activity that may alter the Earth's climate risks fouling our nest on a massive scale; it is simply wrong and must be stopped regardless of cost. Economics has also been neglected in the pronouncements of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was established in 1988 primarily to inform international negotiations on climate change policy.2 The IPCC has produced useful assessments of relevant scientific information, but
Quinine localizes to a non-acidic compartment within the food vacuole of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum

The naturally fluorescent compound quinine has long been used to treat malaria infections. Although some evidence suggests that quinine acts in the parasite food vacuole, the mechanism of action of quinine has not yet been resolved. The Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance (pfmdr1) gene encodes a food vacuolar membrane transporter and has been linked with parasite resistance to quinine. The effect of multiple pfmdr1 copies on the subcellular localization of quinine was explored. Fluorescence microscopy was used to evaluate the subcellular localization of quinine in parasites containing different pfmdr1 copy numbers to determine if copy number of the gene affects drug localization. The acidotropic dye LysoTracker Red was used to label the parasite food vacuole. Time-lapse images were taken to determine quinine localization over time following quinine exposure. Regardless of pfmdr1 copy number, quinine overlapped with haemozoin but did not colocalize with LysoTracker Red, which labeled the acidic parasite food vacuole. Quinine localizes to a non-acidic compartment within the food vacuole possibly haemozoin. Pfmdr1 copy number does not affect quinine subcellular localization.
A spectral element semi-Lagrangian (SESL) method for the spherical shallow water equations

A spectral element semi-Lagrangian (SESL) method for the shallow water equations on the sphere is presented. The sphere is discretized using a hexahedral grid although any grid imaginable can be used as long as it is comprised of quadrilaterals. The equations are written in Cartesian coordinates to eliminate the pole singularity which plagues the equations in spherical coordinates. In a previous paper [Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 35 (2001) 869] we showed how to construct an explicit Eulerian spectral element (SE) model on the sphere; we now extend this work to a semi-Lagrangian formulation. The novelty of the Lagrangian formulation presented is that the high order SE basis functions are used as the interpolation functions for evaluating the values at the Lagrangian departure points. This makes the method not only high order accurate but quite general and thus applicable to unstructured grids and portable to distributed memory computers. The equations are discretized fully implicitly in time in order to avoid having to interpolate derivatives at departure points. By incorporating the Coriolis terms into the Lagrangian derivative, the block LU decomposition of the equations results in a symmetric positive-definite pseudo-Helmholtz operator which we solve using the generalized minimum residual method (GMRES) with a fast projection method [Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 163 (1998) 193]. Results for eight test cases are presented to confirm the accuracy and stability of the method. These results show that SESL yields the same accuracy as an Eulerian spectral element semi-implicit (SESI) while allowing for time-steps 10 times as large and being up to 70% more efficient.
Focal adhesions: Transmembrane junctions between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton

INTRODUCTION 487 MORPHOLOGY AND OBSERVATION OF FOCAL ADHESIONS 488 FORMATION OF FOCAL ADHESIONS 490 DYNAMICS OF FOCAL ADHESION COMPONENTS ...... 491
Index preparation and processing

Index preparation is a tedious and time-consuming task. This paper indicates how the indexing process can be automated in a way that is largely independent of a specic typesetting system and independent of the format being used. Fundamental issues related to this process are identied and analyzed. Specically, we develop a framework for placing index commands in the document. In addition, the design of a general purpose index processor that transforms a raw index into an alphabetized version is described. The resulting system has proved very useful and eective
The in-car computing network: an embedded systems challenge

Summary form only given, as follows. Modern vehicles are in fact computer networks on wheels. Up to 60 electronic control units are connected using various networking technologies such as CAN (Controler Area Network) or MOST (optical fibres for multimedia content). Many of the control units use state of the art microcontrollers and have complex analog and digital interfacing circuitry. Software is playing an ever increasing role in the definition of vehicle control functions. The speech is giving an overview on modern vehicle electronic architecture and its inherent hardware and software challenges. The growth fields of automotive electronics will be highlighted and examples of next generation applications will be given.
Notched Fracture Behavior of an Oxide/Oxide Ceramic-Matrix Composite

The fracture behavior of an oxide/oxide ceramic-matrix composite, alumina/alumina-silica (Nextel610/AS), was investigated at 23° and 950°C using a single edge notched specimen geometry with clamped ends. Crack growth and damage progression were monitored during the tests using optical microscopy, ultrasonic C-scans, and crack mouth opening displacement. The net section strength of Nextel610/AS was less than the unnotched ultimate tensile strength. The failure mode was nonbrittle with considerable nonlinear deformation prior to and after the peak load at 23° and 950°C. The effect of temperature on the notched strength was significant. Net section failure stress decreased 50% when temperature was increased from 23° to 950°C. Observations of damage progression indicated that the reduction in notch strength with temperature was associated with self-similar crack growth at 950°C. Ultrasonic C-scans were found to be an effective method of monitoring damage progression. Ultrasonic attenuation ahead of the notch tip was correlated with surface matrix cracks and exposed fiber lengths on the fracture surface.
Simple reinforcement learning agents: Pareto beats Nash in an algorithmic game theory study

Repeated play in games by simple adaptive agents is investigated. The agents use Q-learning, a special form of reinforcement learning, to direct learning of behavioral strategies in a number of 2×2 games. The agents are able effectively to maximize the total wealth extracted. This often leads to Pareto optimal outcomes. When the rewards signals are sufficiently clear, Pareto optimal outcomes will largely be achieved. The effect can select Pareto outcomes that are not Nash equilibria and it can select Pareto optimal outcomes among Nash equilibria.
The Mw 5.1 San Juan Bautista, California Earthquake of 12 August 1998

INTRODUCTION An Mw 5.1 earthquake occurred at 1410 UTC on 12 August 1998 on the San Andreas Fault (SAF), 12 km south-southeast of San Juan Bautista (SJB), at a depth of 9.2 km. This is the largest earthquake to have occurred in the northern creeping-to-locked transition zone of the SAF in the past fifty years. It is of interest because it occurred at the northwestern edge of a gap in the seismicity, it is the largest earthquake in the San Francisco Bay area to have exercised the U.C. Berkeley (UCB) automated Rapid Earthquake Data Integration system (REDI, Gee et al. , 1996a), and it was large enough to have produced a detectable signal at the nearest station of the continuously recording GPS BARD network (Bay Area Regional Deformation Network). SEISMOTECTONIC SETTING The SJB region extends from the northern end of the creeping section of the SAF to the southern end of...
BioMEMS –Advancing the Frontiers of Medicine

Biological and medical application of micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) is currently seen as an area of high potential impact. Integration of biology and microtechnology has resulted in the development of a number of platforms for improving biomedical and pharmaceutical technologies. This review provides a general overview of the applications and the opportunities presented by MEMS in medicine by classifying these platforms according to their applications in the medical field.
Conversion of methionine and threonine to fatty acids by adipose tissue.

Epididymal adipose tissue was incubated with uniformly labelled (14C)-methionine, (2-14C)-methionine, and uniformly labelled (14C)-threonine. Each of these compounds is actively metabolized by adip...
The American Political Science Review Hall of Fame: Assessments and Implications For an Evolving Discipline

Fame is a matter of politics (witness the controversy surrounding the Pete Rose exclusion). Clearly, despite baseball's heavy emphasis on statistical records of performance, other criteria besides hard numbers are invoked for admission. No doubt politics would also enter into selecting individuals for a Political Science Hall of Fame. We hope to avoid some of these politics by narrowing our scope to an American Political Science Review (APSR) Hall of Fame. Who would comprise the Political Science Hall of Fame if the criterion for induction was the number of publications in the APSR? How would the APSR Hall of Fame compare to the roster that would result if other measures of visibility and performance, such as the frequency of citations, were employed?
Fragile X syndrome unstable element, p(CCG)n, and other simple tandem repeat sequences are binding sites for specific nuclear proteins

The trinucleotide repeat sequences which become unstable in fragile X syndrome and myotonic dystrophy are located in the untranslated regions of their respective genes, FMR1 and DM1. This implies that a functional constraint other than coding capacity maintains the presence of the repeats. In the case of fragile X syndrome, sequences adjacent to the repeat are methylated in affected individuals and the FMR1 gene is transcriptionally inactive. We demonstrate that the fragile X p(CCG)n repeat itself is methylated in vivo and that methylation of this repeat is able to inhibit in vitro binding of a novel, specific nuclear p(CCG)n binding protein (CCG-BP1)--one of at least 10 distinct simple tandem repeat sequence binding proteins (STR-BPs). We describe additional, apparently distinct, binding activities both for the methylated form of the p(CCG)n repeat and for each of the single strands of the repeat.
Enhancing and sustaining empathy in medical students.

Background: Empathy is an important component of physician competence that needs to be enhanced.Aim: To test the hypotheses that medical students’ empathy can be enhanced and sustained by targeted activities.Methods: This was a two-phase study in which 248 medical students participated. In Phase 1, students in the experimental group watched and discussed video clips of patient encounters meant to enhance empathic understanding; those in the control group watched a documentary film. Ten weeks later in Phase 2 of the study, students who were in the experimental group were divided into two groups. One group attended a lecture on empathy in patient care, and the other plus the control group watched a movie about racism. The Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) was administered pre-post in Phase 1 and posttest in Phase 2.Results: In Phase 1, the JSE mean score for the experimental group improved significantly (p < 0.01); no change in the JSE scores was observed in the control group. In Phase 2, the JSE mean score ...
The experiences and outcomes of children in foster care who were removed because of a parental disability

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the experiences and outcomes of children in the foster care system in the United States who were removed from their homes at least partially in relation to their parent's or caretaker's disability. This study uses administrative data from the 2012 year of the Adoption and Foster Care Reporting System (AFCARS), the federal reporting system that collects case-level data on all children in foster care through state and tribal IV-E agencies. While this administrative dataset doesn't collect data on parental disability, it does collect data on parental disability as a removal reason for children in foster care. In 2012, 19.0% of children in foster care had parental disability indicated as at least one removal reason, and 5.18% had parental disability indicated as their sole removal reason. Logistic regression was used to explore how a removal reason of parental disability correlated with removal manner, type of placement, location of placement, current case plans, discharge reasons and termination of parental rights. T-tests were used to compare children with and without parental disability as a removal reason in regards to number of placements, age at removal, length of time since last removal, length of stay in current placement, and total days in foster care. As foster children could have multiple removal reasons, analyses were conducted separately for children with parental disability as at least one removal reason, and those with parental disability as their sole removal reason. Findings indicate that children who have parental disability as a removal reason have different experiences in child welfare and different child welfare outcomes than those without parental disability as a removal reason. While the AFCARS removal reason of parental disability is not a proxy for parental disability, the study points to a need for closer attention to parental disability within the child welfare system to ensure appropriate services and supports, as well as fair treatment.
Applying Image Texture Measures to Describe Segregation in Agent-Based Modeling

Many agent-based models produce output as multi-region patterns on a two dimensional grid. The degree of mixing versus segregation in these displays is a particularly interesting outcome of some of these models, and comparing output patterns is an important component of evaluating their results. Typically these comparisons are made in an ad-hoc and qualitative manner. This paper proposes applying measures used to describe textures in the field of image processing to quantitatively evaluate patterns resulting from agent-based models. The rationale for using these measures is made by relating the underlying image formation process, based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, to the Schelling segregation process. Examples are presented that support the premise that these statistics capture the degree of segregation in a 2D display. The ideas are also tested on the output of the agent based model, Wetlands (Cioffi-Revilla C, Paus S, Luke S, Olds JL, Thomas J (2004) Mnemonic structure and sociality: a computational agent-based model. In: Conference on collective intentionality IV, Certosa di Pontignano, Siena, Italy, 13–15 October 2004), supporting the premise.
The Dis-closure of World in Waking and Dreaming

The dream world is sometimes indiscernable from the wake world and so parsimony demands a common explanation of world as such. The widespread conviction that the world of dreams is somehow “synthesized” from memory traces of various disparate waking worlds in space and time is implausible, leaving explanation to a mysterious synthetic process. It is argued instead in a Heideggerian vein that closure is fundamental, an “abground” from which world is dis-closed in waking and dreaming both. The abground has dual modes, in accordance with thermofield quantum brain dynamics. Dis-closure of world takes place in the dual modes’ belonging-together, whether waking or dreaming. Three factors participate in the process of matching during waking: (1) sensory input representations and their entanglements, (2) self-actions (self-tuning) and their entanglements, (3) re-traces (memory traces of recognitions). The first factor is of course absent during dreaming, yet an authentic world may appear. This leaves waking and dreaming worlds at ontological parity, both dis-closures between-two.
Techniques for Estimating Body Composition

In normal individuals from one-half to two-thirds of the body weight is water (in the very obese it can be as little as one-third). It is generally agreed that the body fluids exist in several compartments; and although these compartments have recognizable anatomic boundaries, in the physiologic sense they are interconnected, since water, amino acids, electrolytes, carbon dioxide, and oxygen pass freely from one compartment to another.
Generalized oscillator strengths for the 3s 2S-->3p 2P transition in Mg II.

Generalized oscillator strengths (GOS's) are calculated from accurate five-state close-coupling differential cross sections for the resonance transition in Mg ii at electron impact energies 15, 50, 60, and 100 eV. Curves of the GOS versus momentum transfer squared, ${K}^{2}$, remain separate down to zero scattering angle, with the 50, 60, and 100 eV curves showing maxima close to ${K}^{2}$=0. We interpret the new phenomenon, maxima at small scattering angles, as a manifestation of the inadequacy of the Lassettre et al. formula to represent the GOS at small ${K}^{2}$ for intermediate energies. At 50 eV our GOS's compare well with those deduced from measurement.
I Lost at Trial - In the Court of Appeals!: The Expanding Power of the Federal Appellate Courts to Reexamine Facts

In just the past few years, the United States Supreme Court, in a sharp break with more than 150 years of Seventh Amendment jurisprudence, has transferred to federal appellate courts meaningful power to supplant jury verdicts. This power, in effect, permits significant de novo review of jury fact-finding. Thus, the Court's recent decisions have dramatically undermined the jury's supremacy as the first and final fact-finder. In the past five years, the Supreme Court has issued three decisions expanding federal appellate court power into the fact-finding arena by directly contravening its own long-established precedent. The subject matters of these three decisions were distinctly unrelated: the application of Erie principles to a New York law supplying a state-court standard of review; the admission of expert evidence on review from the denial of a motion for judgment as a matter of law; and the review of a punitive damages award in a trademark action. These substantive distinctions have largely obscured the Court's underlying procedural revolution. The Supreme Court's intrusion into jury fact-finding is the very evil contemplated by the Framers, and the very evil the Seventh Amendment was intended to prevent. The Supreme Court's intrusion into the discretionary power of the district court also implicates the Seventh Amendment by, in effect, permitting appellate reexamination of jury fact-finding in a manner other "than according to the rules of the common law." Thus, both developments upset the Framers' concept of the respective spheres of the trial courts and juries versus the federal appellate courts.