cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissociation of intact cells from tumors and normal tissues.

Publisher Summary Cell dissociation remains a major obstacle to the technical evolution of solid tumor flow cytometry. Unfortunately, intertumoral heterogeneity represents the most significant, and most difficult to control, variable in these procedures. Typically, colorectal carcinomas have fewer cytokeratin-positive events than breast carcinomas, indicative of their generally greater proliferative capacity. These considerations imply there is probably no single dispersion protocol that optimizes yield and efficiency for every human carcinoma, even from a given primary site. Criteria for quality of cell dispersion are poorly defined in the cytometry literature. Moreover, controlled studies comparing dissociation techniques, especially for whole-cell methods, are difficult to find. In this chapter, disaggregation success is assessed by the following parameters: (1) overall yield (i.e., cells per gram of tissue), (2) proportion of detectable neoplastic events in DNA histogram, (3) histogram quality (coefficient of variation and baseline profile), and (4) morphologic appearance of disaggregated cells in cytologic preparations. Concepts of two-color, whole-cell analysis are also introduced in the chapter to illustrate the effect of certain dissociation artifacts on DNA histograms.
Electrochemical DNA Hybridization Sensor Using Poly[vinylpyridine Os(bipyridine)2Cl]-co-Ethylamine Redox Polymer

DNA hybridization sensors are important for diseases diagnosis. Until now, many approaches have been proposed for the DNA hybridization examination. These include fluorescence based, electrochemical and colorimetric based. Electrochemical hybridization for detection of DNA sequences requires the development of easy to-use, fast, inexpensive, miniaturized analytical devices. In this work, a simple electrochemical DNA hybridization sensor that uses poly[vinylpyridine Os(bipyridine)2Cl]-co-ethylamine redox polymer as the indicator was assembled. The electrochemical behavior of poly[vinylpyridine Os(bipyridine)2Cl]-co-ethylamine redox polymer polymer with both single stranded DNA (ssDNA-SH) probe and double stranded DNA (dsDNA) was determined. Both cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy results indicated strong binding of the new redox polymer onto DNA. A hybridization process involving a monolayer of a 24-mer thiol-tethered DNA capture probe on gold electrode and the corresponding complementary strand were clearly demonstrated. DNA double strand after disruption with free radicals could also be detected. The biosensor system has potential for use to recognize of damaged DNA sequences. Keywords: Cyclic voltammetry; Hybridization; Poly[vinylpyridine Os(bipyridine) 2 Cl]-co-ethylamine.
Imposing Genetic Diversity: An Imposition on Reproductive Freedom

In his target article, Sparrow (2015) argues that we ought to be wary of our positive intuitions toward genetic diversity because they result in problematic conclusions when a “reversal test” is ap...
Repairs vs. Improvements: An Intractable Issue in U.S. Income Tax Law?

The issue is seemingly simple: Is an expenditure affecting tangible property used in business or held for investment currently deductible as a repair, or must it be capitalized as an improvement to the property? In practice, the issue has proven to be a major point of conflict between the IRS and businesses. The IRS and Treasury have worked for more than a decade to develop guidance for its agents and taxpayers that will reduce the number of factual disputes over this issue. These efforts culminated with the issuance in September 2013 of comprehensive regulations. The regulations do clarify many points of frequent contention, but they introduce another problem: The regulations are lengthy and very complex, with provisions affecting particular factual scenarios being scattered over scores of pages.This paper provides an explanation of these regulations. It will be published in the treatise, Boris I Bittker & Lawrence Lokken, Federal Taxation of Income, Estates and Gifts.
Multijurisdictional drug task forces: An analysis of impacts

Abstract In the past decade, municipal police organizations have devoted significant resources toward drug enforcement. One popular strategy in addressing the American drug problem is the formulation of multijurisdictional drug task forces. Despite their popularity, the impact of these cooperative ventures on law enforcement agencies has not been adequately evaluated. The research reported here examined the effect of membership in a drug enforcement task force on levels of drug enforcement outputs and perceptions of effectiveness by comparing law enforcement agencies participating in drug task forces to agencies which do not participate. Results suggest that task force membership impacts perceptions, but does not appear to influence objective measures of drug enforcement outputs.
Response of a marine‐terminating Greenland outlet glacier to abrupt cooling 8200 and 9300 years ago

Greenland’s largest outlet glacier, using 10 Be surface exposure ages and 14 C‐dated lake sediments. Our chronology of ice‐ margin change demonstrates that Jakobshavn Isbrae advanced to deposit moraines in response to abrupt cooling recorded in central Greenland ice cores ca. 8,200 and 9,300 years ago. While the rapid, dynamically aided retreat of many Greenland outlet glaciers in response to warming is well documented, these results indicate that marine‐terminating outlet glaciers are also able to respond quickly to cooling. We suggest that short lag times of high ice flux margins enable a greater magnitude response of marine‐terminating outlets to abrupt
Advances in immunotherapyfor prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in American men. Metastatic prostate cancer is incurable, with the currently best treatment, androgen ablation, being only palliative. Therefore, there is a need to develop new, more effective therapies against this disease. Multiple immunotherapeutic strategies are being explored for the treatment of prostate cancer, with the hope that such treatment will be more effective and have fewer side effects than current treatment options. Several immunotherapy strategies have been shown to be effective against prostate tumors in animal models, and many of these strategies are beginning to be tested in clinical trials for their efficacy against human prostate cancer. It is likely that effective treatment of prostate cancer will require the use of both immunotherapeutic and traditional approaches in multimodality treatments. In addition, for immunotherapy to be effective against prostate cancer, ways to overcome immune evasion and immunosuppression by the tumor cells will need to be developed.
The DQ2 ALLELE, DQB1∗02:02, Differentiates mild from severe histology in adult celiac disease patients

Aim Celiac disease (CD) is a T cell, immune-mediated, small bowel disease caused by gluten exposure in patients with a genetic predisposition. It is highly associated with DQ2 and DQ8. Most CD patients type as either DQA1∗05:01/DQB1∗02:01,or DQA1∗03:01/DQB1∗03:02. A third group with DQ2 subtype DQA1∗02:01/DQB1∗02:02 was also noted. We examined the clinical characteristics of four groups of CD patients, including those positive for both DQ2 and DQ8. Methods Tissue typing was performed with LabType class II kits (One Lambda ThermoFisher,Canoga Park CA). SSP was performed to confirm alleles. Patient data was derived from a retrospective, cross sectional chart review. The Marsh Classification was used to characterize patients according to histological findings including degree of villous blunting, intraepithelial lymphocytosis and lamina propria expansion. Marsh Scoring ranges from M0 (normal) to M4 (total villus blunting). Results Of 89 adult patients with biopsy-proven CD, 45 ( 51%) carried the expected HLA DQA1∗05:01/DQB1:02:01(DQ2); 15 (16%) had DQA1∗03:01/DQB1∗03:02(DQ8), 7 (8%) had DQB1∗03:02 plus DQB1∗02:01(DQ8 + DQ2) together, and 22(25%) typed as DQA1∗02:01/DQB1∗02:02(DQ2). The M0 and M1 combined score was found in 64% of the DQB1∗02:02 group compared with 31% in the DQB1∗02:01 group (OR = 0.26, P = .017). Conclusions Patients with DQB1∗02:02 are four times more likely to have Marsh Scores of 0-1, than patients with DQB1∗02:01. These less severe histologic changes may be associated with a better prognosis. Our study reports a 24% prevalence of the allele DQB1∗02:02 compared with previous reports of 4% in adults. Download : Download full-size image
Classification of BPSK and QPSK signals with unknown signal level using the Bayes technique

Automatic modulation classification through digital signal processing has found many applications in wireless communication systems, including interference identification, spectrum management and electronic warfare. In practice, wireless communication environments suffer from ill-characterized interference, fading and multipath. As a result, the level of the received signal is always time-varying and not known. This paper studies the use of the Bayes method to distinguish BPSK signal and QPSK signal without a priori knowledge of the received signal level. The maximum a posteriori classifier is derived with Rayleigh distributed signal amplitude. Simulations show that the classifier using the Bayes technique is superior to the classifier without considering the variation of signal level.
A pattern discovery framework for adverse event evaluation and inference in spontaneous reporting systems

Safety of medical products is a major public health concern. We present a critical discussion of the currently used analytical tools for mining spontaneous reporting systems (SRS) to identify safety signals after use of medical products. We introduce a pattern discovery framework for the analysis of SRS. The terminology 'pattern discovery' is borrowed from the engineering and artificial intelligence literature and signifies that the basis of the proposed framework is the medical case, formal- izing the cognitive paradigm known to clinicians who evaluate individual patients and individual case safety reports submitted to SRS. The fundamental contribution of this approach is a strong probabilistic component that may account for selection and other biases and facilitates rigorous modeling and inference. We discuss somewhat in depth the concept of signal in pharmacovigilance and connect it with the concept of a pattern; we illustrate this conceptual framework using the example of anaphylaxis. Finally, we propose a research agenda in statistics, informatics, and pharmacovigilance practices needed to advance the pattern discovery framework in both the short and long terms. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2014
Micro-satellite based, on-orbit servicing work at the Air Force Research Laboratory

On-orbit servicing can dramatically reduce the life cycle cost, and increase the utility, of expensive space assets. However, previous servicing attempts have generally been too large, complex, and expensive to be effective. Newer, streamlined approaches, such as the Air Force's Modular On-orbit Servicing (MOS) concept, might make on-orbit servicing feasible. The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) is developing many of the technologies required for the MOS concept. AFRL's Experimental Satellite System (XSS) demonstration program is developing technologies for the micro-satellites that are at the core of the MOS concept. AFRL is also working on many of the supporting technologies for MOS. This paper describes the XSS program, how it will develop the micro-satellite technologies required for MOS, how other AFRL programs will provide additional technologies, and what technologies must still be developed to make on-orbit servicing a reality.
Characterization of the human gut microbiome during travelers' diarrhea

Alterations in the gut microbiota are correlated with ailments such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and diarrhea. Up to 60% of individuals traveling from industrialized to developing countries acquire a form of secretory diarrhea known as travelers' diarrhea (TD), and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and norovirus (NoV) are the leading causative pathogens. Presumably, TD alters the gut microbiome, however the effect of TD on gut communities has not been studied. We report the first analysis of bacterial gut populations associated with TD. We examined and compared the gut microbiomes of individuals who developed TD associated with ETEC, NoV, or mixed pathogens, and TD with no pathogen identified, to healthy travelers. We observed a signature dysbiotic gut microbiome profile of high Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratios in the travelers who developed diarrhea, regardless of etiologic agent or presence of a pathogen. There was no significant difference in α-diversity among travelers. The bacterial composition of the microbiota of the healthy travelers was similar to the diarrheal groups, however the β-diversity of the healthy travelers was significantly different than any pathogen-associated TD group. Further comparison of the healthy traveler microbiota to those from healthy subjects who were part of the Human Microbiome Project also revealed a significantly higher Firmicutes:Bacteriodetes ratio in the healthy travelers and significantly different β-diversity. Thus, the composition of the gut microbiome in healthy, diarrhea-free travelers has characteristics of a dysbiotic gut, suggesting that these alterations could be associated with factors such as travel.
Pseudo-Guillain-Barré syndrome masking acute myeloid leukemia relapse: Brief report and review

Central nervous system (CNS) relapse is not a rare presentation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) as its incidence ranges between 2% and 9%. It manifests with meningeal leukemia, cranial nerve palsies or cerebral mesenchymal myeloid sarcoma. We herein report the case of a 69 year-old female that presented a pseudo-Guillain–Barre syndrome masking an AML CNS relapse. Her symptoms completely resolved upon administration of a tailored treatment. This case suggests that puzzling neurological manifestations in patients with a history of AML should be considered as a CNS recurrence and investigated accordingly even in the context of normal imaging findings.
Bim regulation miRrors microRNA 17∼92 cluster expression in endothelial cells in vivo.

Sometimes disparate fields come together in interesting ways. Elsewhere in this issue, Koenig et al.1 bring together research examining regulation of blood vessel survival in the developing retina and regulation of Bim expression in endothelial cells with intriguing results.
Differential Proteomic Analysis of Mammalian Tissues Using SILAM

Differential expression of proteins between tissues underlies organ-specific functions. Under certain pathological conditions, this may also lead to tissue vulnerability. Furthermore, post-translational modifications exist between different cell types and pathological conditions. We employed SILAM (Stable Isotope Labeling in Mammals) combined with mass spectrometry to quantify the proteome between mammalian tissues. Using 15N labeled rat tissue, we quantified 3742 phosphorylated peptides in nuclear extracts from liver and brain tissue. Analysis of the phosphorylation sites revealed tissue specific kinase motifs. Although these tissues are quite different in their composition and function, more than 500 protein identifications were common to both tissues. Specifically, we identified an up-regulation in the brain of the phosphoprotein, ZFHX1B, in which a genetic deletion causes the neurological disorder Mowat–Wilson syndrome. Finally, pathway analysis revealed distinct nuclear pathways enriched in each tissue. Our findings provide a valuable resource as a starting point for further understanding of tissue specific gene regulation and demonstrate SILAM as a useful strategy for the differential proteomic analysis of mammalian tissues.
Self-diffusion in the noble metals

Abstract Elastic measurements made using polycrystalline copper, gold, silver and palladium wires show that the Young's modulus in these metals does not vary in a linear manner with temperature. Measurements using a Cu single crystal wire show that this is also true of C 11 and C 44 . Simple elastic theory indicates qualitatively that this behavior will lead to a positive curvature in the Arrhenius plots for self-diffusion at high temperatures.
On The Validity of The Geometric Brownian Motion Assumption

Abstract The geometric Brownian motion (GBM) process is frequently invoked as a model for such diverse quantities as stock prices, natural resource prices and the growth in demand for products or services. We discuss a process for checking whether a given time series follows the GBM process. Methods to remove seasonal variation from such a time series are also analyzed. Of four industries studied, the historical time series for usage of established services meet the criteria for a GBM; however, the data for growth of emergent services do not.
Association between objectively measured sedentary behavior and body mass index in preschool children.

Association between objectively measured sedentary behavior and body mass index in preschool children
A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Ammonia Tunnel in Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase

The transfer of ammonia in carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations and experimental characterization of mutations within the ammonia tunnel. In CPS, ammonia is derived from the hydrolysis of glutamine and this intermediate must travel ∼45 A from the site of formation in the small subunit to the site of utilization in the large subunit. In this investigation, the migration of ammonia was analyzed from the exit of the small subunit through the large subunit where it ultimately reacts with the carboxy phosphate intermediate. Potential of mean force calculations along the transfer pathway for ammonia indicate a relatively low free-energy barrier for the translocation of ammonia. The highest barrier of 7.2 kcal/mol is found at a narrow turning gate surrounded by the side chains of Cys-232, Ala-251, and Ala-314 in the large subunit. The environment of the ammonia tunnel from the exit of the small subunit to the turning gate in the tunnel is filled with clusters of...
Towards a flexible data center fabric with source routing

An emerging architecture for software-defined data centers andWANs is the network fabric, where complex application-sensitive functions are factored out, leaving the network itself to provide a simple, robust high-performance data delivery abstraction. This requires performing route optimization, in real time and across a diverse choice of paths. A large variety of techniques have been proposed to provide path diversity for network fabrics. But, running up against the constraint of forwarding table size, these proposals are topology-dependent, complex, and still only provide limited path choice which (we show) can impact performance.We propose a simple approach to realize the vision of a flexible, high-performance fabric: the network should expose every possible path, allowing a controller or edge device maximum choice. To this end, we observe that source routing can be encoded and processed compactly into a single field, even in large networks, with OpenFlow 1.3. We show that, in addition to the expected decrease in required forwarding table size, source routing supports optimal throughput performance, in some cases significantly higher than some past proposals. We thus believe source routing offers a clean abstraction and efficient implementation for future network fabrics.
Radiation-thickening of iso-polyester resin

Abstract A novel method to thicken iso-polyester resins using high-energy electrons is presented along with data characterizing the physical, structural, and thermal properties of the gelled-resin using compressive testing, DSC and IR spectroscopy. Additional data are presented on the tensile properties of a cured composite, made from a radiation-thickened molding compound, compared to traditional chemically thickened compound using the same base resin.
Visualization of time-dependent redistribution of δ-opioid receptors in neuronal cells during prolonged agonist exposure

To date, the visualization of δ-opioid receptor (DOR) internalization has been largely focused on the events of short-term agonist treatment in transfected non-neuronal cells. In this study, we followed DOR trafficking upon prolonged agonist exposure in the neuronally derived neuro2a cells, stably transfected with the fusion DOR (HA-DOR) cDNA. Internalization of surface DOR was clearly visualized in 5 min of exposure to agonist (100 nM DADLE), and the cell surface DOR remained low throughout the entire 24 h agonist exposure. Significant intracellular accumulation was visible at 20 min exposure, and increased to a maximum at 4 h, after which intracellular DOR staining gradually diminished. DOR intracellular staining was enhanced in the presence of agonist and chloroquine, a lysosomotropic agent, suggesting that internalized receptors were targeted to lysosomes and degraded upon prolonged treatment. Time-dependent colocalization of DOR with transferrin and LAMP-2 following short-term and prolonged agonist exposure further confirmed that receptor was distributed to early endosomes (sequestration) and subjected to lysosomes for degradation (down-regulation), respectively.
Search for gravitational effects in diffusion

We have measured the rate of diffusion of aqueous CuSO4 into pure water across a free liquid interface both on the ground and in 'microgravity' aboard the STS-43 mission of the Space Shuttle. Because both experiments were carried out under isothermal conditions with the CuSO4 solution on the bottom and the pure water on the top, there was no obvious source of buoyancy. Moreover, the expected decrease in the diffusion coefficient due to hydrostatic pressure diffusion of CuSO4 was two orders of magnitude less than the experimental error, which was 3-4 percent. Thus, within this error, our experiments show that there is not effect of gravity on diffusion in the case of a gravitationally stabilized, isothermal liquid. This is in contrast to the results obtained by others using melts under non-isothermal conditions where effects as large as 10 percent have been reported.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Anoxia and sodium loss associated with the death of brook trout at low pH

Abstract 1. 1. Brook trout exposed to pH 2·00–3·50 (HCl) showed a considerable decrease in or a complete inhibition of O2 consumption prior to death. Death from anoxia caused by KCN occurred in about the same time as death caused by exposure to very low pH (2·00, HCl). 2. 2. At low pH, trout suffered a massive loss of Na prior to death. The rate of net Na loss was inversely related to survival time. A saline medium (150 mM NaCl) had a protective effect, prolonging the life of trout at pH 3·25, but not at pH 2·00. 3. 3. The toxicity of H2SO4 (pH 3·25) was less than HCl of the same pH. Acid mine water was less toxic to brook trout than H2SO4. 4. 4. Despite differences in toxicity of solutions of HCl, H2SO4 and mine acid, survival time can be accurately predicted if the rate of net Na loss is known. 5. 5. The lethal effect of these acids appears to be due to inhibition of O2 uptake and to a large increase in net Na loss.
Effects of products of inertia on re-entry vehicle roll behavior

Ballistic re-entry vehicles having lateral center-of-gravity offsets (mass asymmetries) exhibit anomalous roll behavior as a result of trim-angle-generated lateral aerodynamic forces. The trim angles caused by mass and aerodynamic asymmetries have been thoroughly investigated. However, inertia asymmetries, which result when the principal axes of the vehicle become inclined with respect to the body reference axes, are a source of trim angle which has not been considered in detail. This paper presents a linear quasi-steady theory which demonstrates that inertia asymmetries are 1) more effective than equivalent mass and aerodynamic asymmetries in generating trim angles over the super-resonant region of re-entry flight; 2) equally as effective at resonance; and 3) less effective over the subresonant region. The predictions of the theory are verified by numerical integrations of the complete equations of motion and by the the results of three angular degree-of-freedom wind-tunnel experiments.
Coevolving team tactics for a real-time strategy game

In this paper we successfully demonstrate the use of coevolving Influence Maps (IM)s to generate coordinating team tactics for a Real Time Strategy (RTS) game. Each entity in the team is assigned their own IM generated with evolved parameters. The individual IMs allows each entity to act independently of the team and team coordination is then achieved by evolving all team entities' IM parameters together as a single chromosome with a single evaluation. These evolved parameters are then evaluated by measuring performance against another coevolving population of individuals. Using this method we have generated some interesting strategies, and have demonstrated the potential of using IMs for coevolving team tactics. In the future, coevolved tactics could then be used to provide a challenging opponent for human players.
A generalization of Scholz’s reciprocity law

Nous donnons une generalisation de la loi de reciprocite de Scholz fondee sur les sous-corps K 2 t-1 et K 2 t de Q(ζp) de degres 2 t-1 et 2 t sur Q, respectivement. La demonstration utilise un choix particulier d'element primitif pour K 2 t sur K 2 t-1 et est basee sur la division du polynome cyclotomique Φ p (x) sur les sous-corps.
Intervoxel heterogeneity of event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging responses as a function of T1 weighting

Inflow effects on activation-related BOLD signal changes in event-related fMRI experiments were assessed by varying the repetition time (TR) and flip angle (FA) values for gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (GE-EPI). Surprisingly, both increases and decreases were detected in these signal changes with increased T(1) weighting (reduced TR, increased FA). The well-known "positive" effect is attributed to inflow of fresh spins in the slice, leading to an apparent reduction in T(1). The "negative" effect is attributed to voxels containing pure parenchyma, where large-vessel inflow effects are very small and the BOLD effect is dominated by microvascular blood volume and oxygenation changes. Because blood T(1) is greater than tissue T(1) at 1.5 T, the fractional BOLD effect decreases with increased T(1) weighting. To aid in the interpretation of these experimental results, numerical simulations were performed based on a physiological multicompartment model, including pure tissue, large vessels (arteries, veins), microvessels (arterioles, capillaries, venules), and cerebrospinal fluid.
Synthesis, morphology, and viscoelastic properties of cyanate ester/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocomposites

Cyanate ester (PT-15, Lonza Corp) composites containing the inorganic–organic hybrid polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) octaaminophenyl(T8)POSS [1; (C6H4NH2)8(SiO1.5)8] were synthesized. These PT-15/POSS-1 composites (99/1, 97/3, and 95/5 w/w) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission election microscopy (TEM), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, solvent extraction, and Fourier transform infrared. The glass-transition temperatures (Tg's) of the composite with 1 wt % 1 increased sharply versus the neat PT-15, but 3 and 5 wt % 1 in these cyanate ester composites depressed Tg. All the PT-15/POSS composites exhibited higher storage modulus (E′) values (temperature > Tg) than the parent resin, but these values decreased from 1 to 5 wt % POSS. The loss factor peak intensities decreased and their widths broadened upon the incorporation of POSS. XRD, TEM, and IR data were all consistent with the molecular dispersion of 1 due to the chemical bonding of the octaamino POSS-1 macromer into the continuous cyanate ester network phase. The amino groups of 1 reacted with cyanate ester functions at lower temperatures than those at which cyanate ester curing by cyclotrimerization occurred. In contrast to 1, 3-cyanopropylheptacyclopentyl(T8)POSS [2; (C5H9)7(SiO1.5)8CH2CH2CH2CN] had low solubility in PT-15 and did not react with the resin below or at the cure temperature. Thus, phase-separated aggregates of 2 were found in samples containing 1–10 wt % 2. Nevertheless, the Tg and E′ values (temperature > 285 °C) of these composites increased regularly with an increase in 2. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3887–3898, 2005
Ecology of the gastropod epifauna of eelgrass in a Virginia estuary

Twenty-three species of gastropod molluscs, including 10 prosobranchs and 13 opisthobranchs, were collected during a 14-month period fromZostera in the lower York River, Virginia. Salinities ranged from 16.0 to 22.4 ‰ during the sampling period; temperatures ranged from 2.8 to 28.3 C. Seasonal abundance, depth distribution, and notes on the life cycles and general ecology of this epifauna are reported.Diastoma varium andCrepidula convexa occurred throughout the year and were the two most abundant species collected.
Characterization of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor interactions with target sequences in the rat osteocalcin gene.

The sequences in the rat osteocalcin gene that bind the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] receptor and mediate its effects on gene transcription contain three copies of a motif homologous to those found in other steroid response elements. To evaluate the relative importance of these motifs and their flanking sequences, functional properties and receptor binding of a series of mutant response elements were analyzed. Mutations in the third motif, including its deletion, have no effect on receptor binding and only modestly detrimental effects on the ability of the upstream motifs to confer 1,25-(OH)2D3 responsiveness in transfected cells. Mutations in the first two motifs have negative effects on both receptor binding and gene activation. Mutagenesis of bases upstream from each of the first two motifs alters receptor binding and gene activation; these bases are, therefore, an integral part of the rat osteocalcin 1,25-(OH)2D3 response element. Two direct hexameric repeats (GGGTGA ATG AGGACA) and not the...
Learning by Teaching Human Pupils and Teachable Agents: The Importance of Recursive Feedback

Feedback is important for learning. However, there are different types of feedback, and not all feedback is effective. Here we introduce recursive feedback (RF), which occurs when tutors observe their pupils use what they have been taught. Two experiments examined the value of RF during learning by teaching. In the first study adults taught another adult face to face about human biology. Those participants who observed their pupil interact with an examiner exhibited superior learning relative to individuals in several control conditions that included elements of learning by teaching but not RF. The second study examined whether RF benefits extend to teaching computerized teachable agents in regular classrooms. High school students played games in which they induced logical rules. Students taught their agent the governing rules. They received RF when they observed their teachable agent play a prediction game against a second competitor agent. On a posttest, these students exhibited greater abilities to use...
The bitter and the sweet: The irony of assessment-driven social studies professional development in one US school

Abstract This article is focused on the Michigan Educational Assessment Program (hereafter referred to as the MEAP), and its immediate and evolving influence on social studies professional development at Reed Elementary School located in a Southwest Michigan Public School District in the United States. This particular elementary school has a 7-year-old schooluniversity partnership that involves university coordinators and a concentrated number of intern teachers (from 9-20 per semester). The school/university partners (two university coordinators and 10 mentor teachers) meet each week for 2 hours to focus on professional development. This study examines the evolution of the mentor teachers as they requested to become involved in a professional development focus on social studies. Their progress toward increased social studies developed slowly, but there is substantive evidence which documents the group's progress in three areas, i.e. their understanding regarding the intersection of and defined difference...
NGOs and Resources in the Construction of Intellectual Realms: Cases from India

Resources received by NGOs, particularly in the developing world, are instrumental in shaping program activities and in establishing, through donors, the hegemony of Western knowledge. Building on earlier work involving the spatial and locational politics of knowledge, I argue that donors providing resources for designing and implementing programs, including that for capacity building, impact the structuring of knowledge to create intellectual realms. Intellectual realms structure knowledge and create bounded spaces in ways that maintain the centrality and power of knowledge producers in the West. The donors pre-determine activities to be pursued and utilize, the capacity building initiatives as mechanisms for promoting theoretical ideas and frameworks that conform to knowledge production in the West. Using two cases from rural India, I discuss the ways in which donor priorities can adversely impact local communities and how power relations at the local level and across the local and global levels facilit...
Coronary thrombosis in a five-month-old infant.

Summary A case of coronary thrombosis resulting from an acute myocarditis, endocarditis, and coronary arteritis possibly due to rheumatic fever in a 5-month-old infant has been presented. A review of the literature shows that coronary occlusive disease in the very young is somewhat more common than one might suspect from the usual brief mention it receives in most pediatric texts. Rheumatic fever as a cause of coronary occlusive disease in infants is comparatively rare, there being only three cases reported previously.
Antigen-restricted γδ T-cell receptors?

After more than two decades of investigation, the biological role of the γδ T-cell receptors (TCRs) remains elusive. In fact, a theory of ligand recognition is still lacking that accounts for their adaptable structure, their peripheral selection, and the observed responses of γδ T cells, which do not require immunization but only include cells sharing germline-encoded components of the TCR. Assuming that all γδ T cells recognize ligands by a common mechanism, we now propose that germline-encoded components of the γδ TCRs provide for the specific recognition of a select set of antigenic determinants (Ags) which appear on the cell surface in various molecular associations. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the adaptivity of the γδ TCRs serves to increase affinity for the molecules with which these Ags associate rather than for the Ags themselves. Here we outline this hypothetical mechanism and discuss its possible implications for thymic selection and potential for complementing known innate and adaptive mechanisms of immune defense.
Analysis Of Spatially Correlated Images With Implications For Independent Sampling And Linear Correlator Image Detection

AbstractFor an image not dominated by regular features or structures, it is often desireable toquantify its "information content" in terms of an effective number of independent samples, N.. This quantity is useful in several applications such as understanding the performanceor certain image detection and registration schemes or calculating data redundancy. Thispaper offers a definition for N. and applies it to three types of correlation functionspostulated as spanning the range of "real world" image correlation: exponential, Whittle,and Gaussian correlation models. As an illustration of its use and importance, Ni iscalculated for all three models at three distinct stages of a matched filter imagedetection system. Limited analysis of one type of aerial imagery supports the hypothesisthat a Whittle model may be the canonical form of image correlation.IntroductionStatistical models of images are not uncommon, and these descriptions can be quiteaccurate in applications such as texture analysis'. These statistical models are alsoinvoked in a number of other applications such as matched filter image detection2 -6, butinvoking statistics in these cases is risky given the high degree of (non -statistical)structure in most images. Nonetheless, a statistical analysis can be useful in providinginsight into general trends and a zeroth order measure of expected performance. Clearlysuch analyses become more accurate whenever the images more closely conform to thestatistical assumptions.Statistical studies often assume no correlation within an image and proceed to developequations in terms of an "effective number of independent samples" N.. Alternatively,models may be based on a single correlation model such as Gaussian or exponential. In theanalysis below a definition for N. is given and computed for three models postulated tospan the expected range of "real world" correlation: exponential, Whittle, and Gaussiancorrelation. The derivations are based on a spatially continuous, gray -scale model; noassumptions about the first order statistics (single point probability density) arerequired.Use of N. is illustrated at three stages of a matched filter image detection device:
Immunological aspects of acute leukemia in man

Abstract During recent years the immunological aspects of acute leukemia in man have been the subject of an ever increasing number of studies. Our purpose is to review progress made in four specific areas of research: the relationship between immune competence and susceptibility to leukemia, the role of immune competence during overt leukemia and its modification by chemotherapy, the characterization of leukemia antigens, and the effect of active immunotherapy on acute leukemia in man.
The Benjamin-Ono and related equations [1]

Abstract Properties of the Benjamin-Ono equation are discussed. In particular a whole hierarchy of related equations are introduced. Explicit multi-soliton solutions are given both for the periodic and non-periodic cases.
Conceptual change and science teaching

Summaries English In this article, the authors address themselves to the important question of how learning in science education relates to the growth of scientific knowledge. After discussing how changes in scientific concepts come about, they offer suggestions for modifying the objectives and content of science curricula and teaching approaches in science education in the light of knowledge and understanding of the history and philosophy of science.
Cryptodiaporthe Canker of Pagoda Dogwood in North Dakota.

Cryptodiaporthe canker, caused by Cryptodiaporthe corni (Wehm.) Petrak (anamorph Myxosporium nitidum Berk. & Curt.), is known to occur only on pagoda dogwood (Cornus alternifolia L. fil.) throughout its native range in eastern Canada and most of the eastern United States (1). Cankered branches with yellow-to-orange pigmented bark were recently observed on four ≈25-year-old C. alternifolia plants in an ornamental planting on the campus of North Dakota State University in Fargo. Although the fungal anamorph was usually present on all symptomatic materials, the teleomorph was also present on branches with larger diameters (>15 mm). Collections of infected branches made on 25 April 2001 contained perithecia but did not contain mature ascospores. Shoot growth began during the first week of May. Subsequent collections made on 11 May and 8 June 2001 contained perithecia with mature ascospores. A previous collection made on 12 October 2000 contained fully developed perithecia devoid of ascospores. A range of symptoms was present among the individual trees: one tree was severely cankered (up to 4 cm diameter) with many dead branches; one tree showed only minor damage with tip dieback on a few small twigs; and two trees had intermediate symptoms (1 cm diameter with cankers) with several dead branches. Pagoda dogwood is generally seed propagated, and differences in disease severity observed in these plants may be the result of genetic variation in resistance. Selection for resistant genotypes may be a possibility. Specimens (BPI 840955A and B) consisting of cankered branches containing both fungal morphs were deposited at the U.S. National Fungus Collections at Beltsville, MD. Although Cryptodiaporthe canker was previously collected from a native woodland tree in Minnesota (1), the current North Dakota specimens were collected from cultivated plants in a landscape setting. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Cryptodiaporthe canker in North Dakota. Management of this disease may need to be considered when recommending C. alternifolia for horticultural plantings. Reference: (1) S. C. Redlin and A. Y. Rossman. Mycologia 83:200, 1991.
On charging equipment and batteries in plug-in vehicles: Present status

In 2005 Kempton and Tomic laid out a vision for V2G which presumed that use of V2G technology could provide a high revenue stream to early plug-in electric vehicles, enabling market penetration of relatively high cost early-to-market electric drive vehicles. In their vision the high benefits of V2G would help get plug-in electric vehicles started, allowing cost reductions that would lead to widespread success, and in the long term, support for wind generation. If the vision is correct, then the question is — when can we start? Alternatively, the needs of the vision might actually distort the attributes of plug-in electric vehicles and lock in a relatively high cost approach. By examining the status of battery electric vehicles in light of the Kempton and Tomic assumptions about what early plug-in electric vehicle and charge circuit capabilities would be, we can shed some light on whether the Kempton and Tomic vision is close to its starting vision, needs some costly alterations and improvements to begin, or perhaps is somewhere in between.
An algorithm using right ventricular apical pacing to differentiate atypical atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia with eccentric atrial activation from orthodromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia utilizing a left lateral accessory pathway

AN ALGORITHM USING RIGHT VENTRICULAR APICAL PACING TO DIFFERENTIATE ATYPICAL ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA WITH ECCENTRIC ATRIAL ACTIVATION FROM ORTHODROMIC ATRIOVENTRICULAR REENTRANT TACHYCARDIA UTILIZING A LEFT LATERAL ACCESSORY PATHWAY Pugazhendhi Vijayaraman, MD, Mark A. Wood, MD, Richard K. Shepard, MD, Donna Sargent, MD and Kenneth A. Ellenbogen, MD. McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA and Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.
What is the Prognosis After Retransplantation of the Liver

In patients with failing liver grafts, hepatic retransplantation cannot be abandoned for the ethical and practical reasons that have been detailed previously. The current recommendations involve a strategy for risk stratification of retransplant candidates. The long-term patient and graft survival outcomes after ReLT are excellent and acceptable for the low and intermediate groups, respectively. However, pursuing ReLT in transplant candidates in the high-risk category cannot be recommended. Furthermore, ReLT should be reserved for centers equipped to manage the difficulties of the endeavor because it is a technically demanding operation that requires surgical expertise and excellent anesthesiology and critical care support both before and after transplantation.
Fast Beam Choppers for the Electron-Ring Accelerator

Two beam choppers were constructed which produce an approximately square, 20-ns pulse of 3+-MeV electrons out of the best portion of the 300-ns Astron beam or an 8-?s microwave electron linac beam for injection into the electronring accelerator (ERA) compressor. The choppers are impedance-matched traveling-wave devices which deflect the beam with equal strength electric and magnetic forces, and are powered with either three-electrode spark gaps or thyratrons and a 20-ns pulse line. The electron beam is biased out of the beam-transport system with a dc magnetic field, and switched into it with the chopper.
Influence of environmental factors on the accumulation and differentiation of prefusion G1 lizard myoblasts in vitro

Abstract The prolonged G1 G0 period exhibited by lizard myoblasts immediately prior to their fusion is distinct from earlier G1 periods in terms of cell morphology, cell surface topography and behavior [1–4]. It is during this period that the cells permanently withdraw from the cell cycle and begin accumulating proteins characteristic of terminal muscle differentiation [5, 6]. In the present study, effects of environmental factors on the accumulation and differentiation of prefusion G1 lizard myoblasts in vitro are examined. We demonstrate that: (1) Increased cell densities accelerate the entrance of lizard myoblasts into their extended prefusion G1 period; (2) density-related effects may be reproduced by varying medium volume; a reduced volume promoting the formation of prefusion G1 myoblasts within cultures; (3) conditions which accelerate the formation of prefusion G1 myoblasts also accelerate the subsequent differentiation of these cells as evidenced by their accumulation of skeletal muscle myosin; (4) in order for a myosin-negative rounded prefusion cell to progress directly from extended G1 into a myosin-positive G0 state, high density conditions must be maintained. Myosin-negative cells plated at low density re-enter the cell cycle; (5) proliferation-staged myoblasts transferred to high density conditions cease proliferation and differentiate. We conclude that in the lizard myogenic system, cell density-related factors regulate the formation and subsequent differentiation of prefusion G1 myoblasts.
Soliton energy in an easy-plane quantum spin chain

The lowest order quantum corrections to the energy of a static soliton, of an easy plane spin chain, are calculated. The discreteness of the lattice of spins is shown to significantly effect the quantum corrections. However, if one uses a similar approximation to treat the spin wave dispersion relation, then the parameters which one extracts from the experimentally determined dispersion are such that the magnitude of the quantum corrections calculated in the continuum approximation are essentially exact.
Development of a monoclonal antibody against a tumor-associated antigen

A monoclonal antibody-producing hybrid cell line was obtained by fusing mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from a mouse immunized with C6 glioma cells. This antibody binds to a specific cell-surface antigen that is present on C6 rat glioma cells, transformed astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and a human glioma cell line but is absent on a normal glial cell line, fibroblasts, and primary cultures of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The antigen also appears on tumor tissue of transformed oligodendrocytes but not on normal brain tissue.
Fatigue life variability due to variations in interference fit of steel bushings in 7075-T651 aluminum lugs

Abstract Fatigue of metallic components is a concern in rotary wing aircraft. There exists a potential for loss of an aircraft if a component fatigue life does not take into account all factors than can cause life variation. Much literature was located dealing with the impact of large interference fits and cold working. Literature covering small changes was lacking. This study focused on small changes in interference such as those that could come from a tolerance on a drawing. Testing was completed on 7075-T651 Aluminum alloy lugs with steel bushings of varying interference fit. Testing three different levels of interference fit revealed three different S–N curves even though the variation from fit to fit was small. Significant improvements can be achieved in the S–N curve simply by small changes in interference. From a safety point of view these changes should be looked at as potential reductions.