cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolving Methodology of Scoping Reviews.

Scoping reviews have now been around for approximately 18 years with the growing use of this methodology. In a recent scoping review of scoping reviews, from 1999 to 2012, almost 70% of the scoping reviews were found from 2009 to 2012 (Pham et al., 2014). This scoping review pointed out that there are a variety of terms used to describe scoping reviews in the literature including but not limited to scoping study, scoping project, literature mapping, scoping exercise, scoping report, evidence mapping, systematic mapping, and rapid review (Pham et al., 2014). This variety of terms may stem from the lack of a universal definition of scoping review methodology. Examples of these varied definitions include (a) the Arksey and O’Malley (2005) definition that scoping reviews aim to map rapidly the key concepts underpinning a research area and the main sources and types of evidence available; (b) scoping reviews involve the synthesis and analysis of a wide range of research and non-research material to provide a greater conceptual clarity about a specific topic or field of evidence (Davis, Drey, & Gould, 2009); and (c) scoping reviews aim to provide a map of what evidence has been produced from disparate or heterogeneous sources as opposed to seeking only the best evidence to answer a particular question related to policy or practice (Joanna Briggs Institute [JBI], 2015). The purpose of scoping reviews is evolving as well. The most cited protocol for scoping reviews is the protocol put forth by Arksey and O’Malley (2005). They described the purpose of a scoping review is to examine the extent range and nature of research activity around a particular topic, to
Relative Depressant Effects of Certain Barbiturates on Heart of Elasmobranchs

ConclusionsThe depressant activity of nemlmtal, amytal, and luminal is high compared with veronal on the sino-auricular-ventricular preparation of Squnlzts ncnntlzias, each given as the sodium salt.
The Relation Between the Root and Ratio Tests

then the series C a , converges. (For proofs, see Krantz [l]or Rudin [2].) Since the limit in (1) is always greater than or equal to the limit in (21, the root test is stronger than the ratio test: there are cases in which the root test shows convergence but the ratio test does not. (In fact, the ratio test is a corollary of the root test: see Krantz [l] .) We can illuminate the relationship between these two tests with a simple calculation:
Anion and hydrogen ion distribution in human blood

Abstract The in vivo distribution of chloride, DMO − , and H + between erythrocytes and plasma has been examined in the oxygenated blood of normal human subjects. The equations of the regression lines for R Cl − , R DMO − , and R H + as functions of plasma pH are: R Cl − = −0.311 pH p + 2.928 R DMO − = −0.270 pH p + 2.490 R H + = −0.338 pH p + 3.062 At a plasma pH of 7.40, R Cl − = 0.627, R DMO − = 0.492, and R H + = 0.561. The intracellular pH values calculated from these ion distribution ratios are 7.20, 7.09, and 7.15, respectively. The differences between R Cl − , R DMO − , and R H + are statistically significant. Possible interpretations of the differences are discussed. Although intraerythrocyte pH calculated by the DMO technique is about 0.1 unit lower than that calculated on the basis of R Cl − , changes in red cell pH can be craluated by any of the three methods.
The road to service standards in a government documents collection: The methodology of surveying

Abstract According to U.S. Vice President Albert Gore’s From Red Tape to Results: Creating A Government That Works Better & Costs Less, the way to cut expenses in the United States government is to establish service standards for federal agencies that deal with customers. Surveying customers was one of the steps to reach this goal. With this in mind, MetroDocs, an organization of the metropolitan Oklahoma City depository libraries, formed a committee to establish service standards for the Oklahoma depository libraries. The libraries conducted a survey, the results of which revealed that customers were generally happy with the libraries’ services, but that there was still room for improvement. This survey inaugurated MetroDocs’ quest for service standards.
Extranet Mediated Business Linkages: Effects on Buyer-Seller Relationships

This paper presents a discussion of a proposed research study that will examine differences between Extranet and non-Extranet business structures. The study will look at both business applications as well as how buyer/seller relationships are influenced by this computer-based linkage.
Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Humans.

Abstract Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and liver failure. Treatment with n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) produced variable success in improving NAFLD. The purpose of this review is to determine if n-3 LCPUFA will decrease markers of NAFLD, compare the efficacies of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and identify factors that contribute to discrepancies in results. Methods: This study reviewed published clinical studies with n-3 LCPUFA and NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by using PubMed and Web of Science. Results: Seventeen human studies ranging in DHA 250 mg/day to a mixture of EPA+DHA 50 mL/day for 8 weeks to 2 years were identified. Results obtained varied because of different dosages of n-3 LCPUFA, EPA and DHA ratios, duration, subject characteristics, diet, exercise, compliance, methods, and other factors. Despite inconsistencies in the results reporte...
The story of Liverpool FC’s first black footballer Howard Gayle: 61 minutes in Munich

This book is much more than the story of a footballer. It is unique and an indelible read for a number of important reasons. Firstly, it sets the reader on the journey of comprehending the life and...
Dynamic Biometric Recognition of Handwritten Digits Using Symbolic Aggregate Approximation

Symbolic aggregate approximation (SAX) is an ideal technique for dynamic biometric recognition of handwritten digits. The manipulation of time series in SAX readily lends itself to analysis of the spatial coordinate data acquired from a digit written on the touchscreen of a smartphone or tablet. SAX generates a sequence of alphabetic characters derived from a time series as a result of this analysis. Alphabetic sequences may be compared using the SAX minimum distance function. We propose a new algorithm for author authentication based on this process and the simple use of mean and standard deviation. We analyze the accuracy of our solution using JMotif, a Java time series data mining toolkit based on SAX, and a handwritten digit database of 1400 samples from 14 authors. Our experimental validation proves that our algorithm will authenticate the author of any handwritten digit almost 100% of the time. We conclude that our work has important implications in the design of handwritten Personal Identification Number systems.
Architectural Drawings as Symbols: A Goodmanian Account of Epistemic Practices in the Design Process

In contemporary architectural practice, designing and architectural drawing generally go hand in hand. Architectural drawings and other visual devices are crucial for architects to think about, develop, and build their projects. In addition to their practical functions, they are means by which a project is conceived, developed, and determined. Architectural drawings are thus the basic means through which architects think; they play a central epistemological role throughout the design process. This essay addresses the inherent cognitive complexity of architectural drawings by considering them as symbols. It makes explicit some of their underlying epistemological assumptions to understand their role in the design process as well as to shed some light on the epistemological processes that take place when dealing with such drawings. This is done by examining a particular set of drawings, that of the Pavilion at Les Cols Restaurant in Olot (Spain) by RCR Arquitectes, taking Nelson Goodman’s theory of symbols as conceptual framework. Focusing on the several architectural drawings from this project, I show the its epistemological aspects as well as the conceptual development of some ideas in architectural drawings.
In Conversation with Sindre Bangstad and Karin Kapadia. Conducted via E-Mail Correspondence in October/November 2016

Associate Professor Parvis Ghassem-Fachandi (Rutgers University) in this chapter engages with questions concerning his work on violence and Hindu nationalism in India posed by Sindre Bangstad and Karin Kapadia , an independent anthropological scholar based in New Delhi, India. Ghassem-Fachandi, trained in anthropology in his native Germany and at Cornell University in the United States , is best known for his monumental 2012 study of the 2002 pogrom in Gujarat in India in Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and anti-Muslim Violence in India (Princeton University Press). Ghassem-Fachandi herein also reflects on his ethnographic work on Hindu-Muslim shrines in the same region of India and his current work with John Borneman on refugees in Germany.
Plasma characterization in a repetitively pulsed electron beam diode

Electron beam (e-beam) generation in high power vacuum diodes results in anode and cathode plasma formation. It is well documented that expansion of these plasmas into the A-K gap may adversely affect diode performance during the main e-beam pulse. Ionized gases exist after the main pulse and can limit diode performance. For a given repetitively pulsed driver, diode physics will depend largely on the emitter material used in the cathode, the anode material, the electric field E, dE/dt, current density (J), vacuum pumping speed, the pulse width, and the pulse repetition frequency (PRF). For single shots and at a PRF of 1 pulse per second (PPS) taken on the NRL Solid State Pulser, diode plasmas are investigated using dielectric fiber velvet and graphite cathodes. A fiber laser interferometer is used to measure the line density of plasma at the cathode. A gated camera is fielded for nanosecond resolution of plasma emissions at axial positions across the anode-cathode gap.
Dynamic coupling of External to Cellular Respiration During Exercise

Analysis of the pattern of coupling of external to cellular respiration provides considerable insight into circulatory and ventilatory control. Except for the first 15 to 20 s of exercise (Phase I), the circulation does not over-perfuse the tissues nor does the ventilatory control mechanism cause hyperventilation of the pulmonary blood. During Phase I, however, the pattern of response is more complex. At the onset of very low work rate exercise, the increases in heart rate and stroke volume are normally so rapid, that the cardiac output transiently exceeds the metabolic requirement. As a result, \( \dot V{O_2} \) and heart rate decrease as work is sustained [15]. At higher work rates, heart rate continues to increase after Phase I, but \( \dot V{O_2} \) exceeds the heart rate increase causing an increase in O2-pulse ( \( \dot V{O_2} \) /heart rate) which is usually complete by one minute [15]. With prolonged exercise, O2-pulse decreases slightly presumably due to increased skin blood flow secondary to thermoregulation [4, 17].
CYTOMETRIC STUDIES ON MERCENARIA HEMOCYTES

ABSTRACT: Hemocytes of two species of Mercenaria, M. campechiensis and M. mercenaria , were compared relative to size, total cellular protein, and nuclear DNA content by employing flow cytometry. No significant differences were found in these characteristics. Cytometric profiles of nuclear DNA appear superposable for Mercenaria and easily distinguished from Crassostrea, Lymnaea , and the guinea fowl, Numida.
Empirical Probability, Objective Statistical Methods, and Scientific Inquiry

Current controversies over the foundations of statistics are both extensive and deep, and are even beginning to affect the everyday operations of working statisticians and scientists.1 In this context it seems appropriate for a philosopher, i.e., one who’s business is analyzing the conceptual discomforts of others, to begin by considering just what a theory of statistics might be.
Duality and Upper Semicontinuity of Set Valued Functions

We shall consider here a real valued function F(u) defined and everywhere finite on a set U of R n . If U is convex (Section 8.4), then F is said to be convex in U if u1, u2 ∈ U, 0 ≤ α ≤ 1, implies F(αu1 + (1 − α)u2) ≤ αF(u1) + (1 − α)F(u2). The function F is said to be extended (Section 8.5) if we take F = + ∞ in R n − U. With obvious conventions the convexity of F in R n is equivalent to the statement that U is convex and F is convex in U. As mentioned in Section 8.5, the set \( \tilde{Q} = {\text{ }}\left[ {({{z}^{0}},u) + \infty > {{z}^{0}} > F\left( u \right),u \in U} \right] \) is said to be the epigraph of F, or epi F.
Evaluation and extensions of a structural equation modeling approach to the analysis of survival data.

Recently a new method for the analysis of survival data using a structural equation modeling approach has been suggested by Pickles and colleagues using twin data they demonstrated the application of this model to study the correlation in age of onset. The purpose of the current research is twofold: 1) to evaluate the statistical performance of the model as presented by Pickles and colleagues, and 2) to expand and evaluate the model in more applications, including both genetically informative data and other multivariate examples. Results evaluated from this study involve three areas of method performance: Type-I error rates, power, and parameter estimates under four different distributions (normal, Gamma-2, Gamma-6 and g-and-h) and four different sample sizes (n = 125, 250, 500 and 750). Results based on the original Pickles model indicated that in all sample size and distribution conditions the Type-I error rate was adequate, in fact below the nominal level of .05. Additionally, power was greater than .80 for sample sizes of 500 or more for all distribution conditions. Parameter estimates were upwardly biased when the population value was ρ = .20. This bias varied across distributions; the g-and-h distribution showed the largest bias. Results from the expanded model indicated that Type-I error rates were adequate. Power results were not affected by distribution type; sample sizes of 500 were above the .80 level. Parameter estimates continued to be upwardly biased in this more general model, although the degree of bias was smaller.
Systematics of Clupeiformes and testing for ecological limits on species richness in a trans-marine/freshwater clade

ABSTRACT Clupeiformes (herring, sardines, shad, anchovies and allies) are a globally distributed clade with nearly 400 marine, freshwater, and diadromous species. Although best known as filter feeding fishes that form large schools, this group occupies a diverse array of trophic guilds and habitats. Theory suggests that species richness in clades is modulated by ecological limits, which results in diversity-dependent clade growth, a pattern that most clades exhibit. As a trans-marine/freshwater clade that has undergone repeated transitions between marine and freshwaters, Clupeiformes are an excellent system for investigating the interplay between ecological diversity and macroevolutionary dynamics. In this study we review the systematics of Clupeiformes and explore discordance in phylogenetic relationships and divergence times between mitochondrial and nuclear loci. We then use comparative methods to test whether ecological limits regulate diversity in Clupeiformes. We find discordance in phylogenetic relationships at various taxonomic scales, but also considerable agreement between genomes. Our results suggest that trans-marine/freshwater clades are able to circumvent ecological limits on clade growth at regional, but not on local scales. Our study demonstrates that phylogenies are a critical link between ecology and macroevolutionary dynamics, and suggests habitat transitions can play a key role in shaping diversity patterns, particularly in the neotropics.
Amide-Based Cationic Polymeric N-Halamines: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial and Biofilm-Binding Properties

A series of amide-based N-halamine precursors, poly 3-(4′-vinylbenzyl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin-co-trimethyl-2-methacryloxyethylammonium chloride (PVPT), were synthesized by copolymerizing 3-(4′-vinyl...
"It's a hard thing to manage when you're homeless": the impact of the social environment on smoking cessation for smokers experiencing homelessness.

Up to 80% of the adult homeless population use tobacco, and smoking cessation programs could offer an important opportunity to address preventable mortality and morbidity for this population. This population faces serious challenges to smoking cessation, including the impact of the social environment. Forty participants (11 female; 29 male) from an ongoing smoking cessation randomized clinical trial conducted at 2 urban homeless shelters in the Upper Midwest were invited to take part in semi-structured interviews in 2016–2017. An interviewer used a semi-structured interview guide asking participants to describe their experience of how the social environment impacted their attempt to quit smoking. Participants described feeling pressure to smoke and drink in and around shelters, and that this pressure had led some to start smoking or resume smoking, along with making it very challenging to quit. Participants described being motivated to quit, and seeing smoking cessation as positively impacting the time and focus they felt they had for finding housing. However many felt more interested in reducing their smoking, rather than quitting. Addressing smoking cessation for people experiencing homelessness is both an important public health opportunity, and a challenge. There is a need to consider cessation in the context of the social and environmental factors impacting smokers who are experiencing homelessness. In particular, there is a need to address the collective value placed on smoking in social interactions. Despite these challenges, there are high levels of motivation and interest in addressing smoking. NCT01932996 . Date of registration 30th August 2013. Prospectively registered.
Reconstructing the groundwater recharge history for the Plymouth-Carver Aquifer Massachusetts, USA

Groundwater systems can respond to climate forcing and millennial climate shifts more slowly than other components of the hydrologic cycle, making it difficult to reconstruct the influences and responses of groundwater to changing climate. Here, we test the linkage between climate change and groundwater responses by using water level changes situated in areas with permeable, unconfined aquifers systems. For hydroclimate histories, we compare moisture models from terrestrial water level reconstructions with predictions of available water from a transient earth system climate model. We focus our analysis on several small waterbodies with Holocene-era proxy measurements that are connected to the Plymouth-Carver glacial aquifer in southeastern Massachusetts, USA. Using these pond- and marsh-based records, we reconstruct groundwater recharge histories along individual groundwater flow paths using water level and sea level reconstructions with an analytical solution to the groundwater flow equation. We find that the water level reconstructions could contain both hydroclimate and sea level signals, with the early Holocene water levels primarily due to hydroclimate with predominantly a sea level signal after ∼7.5 ka cal BP. Our results indicate that sea level influenced coastal pond water levels, and sea level may play a more significant role than effective moisture over certain periods in the Holocene for terrestrial water bodies hydraulically connected to the evolving position of the coast. Future climate reconstructions developed from water level histories from low-elevation inland water bodies may benefit from examining the potential influence of sea level in addition to hydroclimate, but additional model validation and consideration of other cryosphere and glacial processes are needed to fully resolve sea level as a driver of terrestrial water level change.
Subjective Changes in Mood and Chronic Pain Status-Post Intravenous Ketamine for Oral and Facial Surgery

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine whether subjects who received intravenous ketamine for outpatient procedures, under intravenous sedation (IVS), show changes in mood and chronic pain. Methods Inclusion criteria were oral-maxillofacial surgery subjects age >18 years; presence of chronic pain and/or depression; eligibility for IVS. Exclusion criteria included age less than 18 years. Eligible subjects were educated about the purpose and potential risks and benefits of the study; consent was obtained if they chose to participate. Chronic pain was surveyed pre- and post-operatively. Beck's Depression Inventory (Modified) surveyed patient's mood postoperatively. Data was reviewed to determine correlation between IVS with ketamine and effects on chronic pain and mood. Results The total study population was 23 patients (average age 36 years; 57% males and 43% females). Average chronic pain score was lower postoperatively for subjects who received ketamine. Subjects who received ketamine used significantly less opioids postoperatively compared with those who did not. Subjects who received ketamine exhibited significant improvement in mood postoperatively compared with those who did not. Conclusions Ketamine appears to have value to patients beyond just its anesthetic properties. Chronic pain and mood appear to be positively altered by the use of ketamine in outpatient surgical procedures. Ketamine use should be considered as a first-line anesthetic agent, unless contraindicated, in patients with chronic pain and depression. However, the growing opioid and mental health epidemic may allow a secondary impact of ketamine. Future studies may derive appropriate ketamine dose regimens or titrations when aiding patients suffering with depression or chronic pain patients.
El juez, la reina y la policía. Etnografía, narrativa y los sentidos de la protesta

La sociologia ha intentado desentranar los significados, mecanismos, e impacto de la accion colectiva violenta desde sus origenes como disciplina. Este articulo se concentra en las maneras en que las experiencias de un "estallido social" son recordadas y relatadas seis anos despues, teniendo en cuenta la forma narrativa que adquieren las memorias cuando la entrevista etnografica abre un espacio de recuerdo. Basado entre otras fuentes en una serie de entrevistas y conversaciones informales llevadas a cabo en el invierno de 1999 en la ciudad de Santiago del Estero, el trabajo tiene tres objetivos: reconstruir parte de la historia de la protesta mas violenta en la Argentina democratica contemporanea, contribuir a los recientes debates sobre la relacion entre movilizacion, narrativa, y construccion de identidad y explorar el papel del analista social en la reconstruccion interactiva de los sentidos de la protesta colectiva.
Band Structures and Modal Fields in Topological Acoustics: An Integral Equation Formulation

Topological states in photonics were initially proposed by Haldane in analogy to the quantum Hall (QH) effect in electronic system. Topological acoustics has also been demonstrated recently. In this paper, an integral formulation is developed to study the band structure and the band modal field distribution within a phononic crystal that supports acoustic topological edge states through rotations of the ambient fluid. The governing acoustic wave equation includes a vector potential term that originates from the rotation and lifts the degeneracy at the Dirac points and induces topological wave phenomena. This wave equation resembles that governs the wave function of a nonrelativistic particle in a periodic vector potential and can be mapped to a QH system. We have converted this modified inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation into a volume/surface integral equation using the periodic lattice Green’s function of the stationary ambient fluid. We represent the lattice Green’s function using a novel hybrid representation that includes fast converging spatial series evaluated at a given imaginary wavenumber and a fast converging spectral series in terms of Floquet plane waves that is suitable for broadband evaluations. The volume integral equation is solved using the method of moments and converted into a nonlinear eigenvalue problem. We illustrate solutions of this eigenvalue problem that represent band diagrams and band modal field distributions of the phononic crystal that vary with the magnitude and direction of the ambient fluid rotation. Topologically protected eigenmodes are revealed at K point in the Brillouin zone.
High-Framerate Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging of Rat Kidney Perfusion

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) causes pathophysiological changes resulting in vascular injury. Conventional tests for urinary albumin and glomerular filtration rate lag behind kidney damage. We hypothesize that dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (DCEUS) imaging as well as power Doppler using microbubble contrast agents may serve as early markers for DKD screening. We implement plane-wave contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging on the Verasonics Vantage to perform high-framerate DCEUS and contrast-enhanced power Doppler imaging. Here, we demonstrate that high-framerate imaging does not provide significant improvements to DCEUS, making clinical machines reasonable for use in studying the fast-flowing kidney cortex. Furthermore, we show how temporal filter-based power Doppler with contrast agents allows for the visualization and quantification of flow in the slow medullary regions of the kidney.
Responsive neural stimulation for epilepsy

Abstract A 27-year-old man who had had seizures for over 15 years was being evaluated for possible invasive monitoring to define his epileptic focus in a more localized fashion. His hope, of course, was that a resectable focus could be found, and he was looking forward to proceeding with that surgery in the near future after several years of deliberation over this option. He had had several discussions with his parents and his epileptologists (two different neurologists over the past 10 years) regarding potential risks and benefits of intracranial epilepsy surgery. One reason he decided to move forward now was that he had recently had an increase in his seizure frequency, despite recent pharmacological attempts to regain some modicum of control over them again. For a few years in his early twenties, he had only one or two seizures per year. However, more recently, seizures had increased in frequency, and in the last 6 months, they had become now almost one per week, making his ability to maintain the employment he had in a start-up company as a programmer very difficult. Although supportive, his superiors indicated they hoped he would be able to return to work within a 6-month timeframe if they gave him time off to try to resolve things better with his epilepsy.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy Decreases Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents in an Acute-Care Inpatient Unit

Objective: Research has shown that dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is an effective treatment modality to decrease suicidal ideation, incidents of nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior, and suicide...
Characterising the sustainability performance of cyclic manufacturing processes: a hybrid manufacturing case

The drive for ever-increasing materials and energy efficiency and associated cost savings has compelled manufacturers to adopt flexible and rapid production systems. The technical limitations and sustainability concerns of conventional unit processes and sequential process flows have led to widespread adoption of advanced manufacturing processes that exhibit cyclic nature, termed cyclic manufacturing processes. While cyclic manufacturing processes enable efficient production through reduced time-to-market, lower production costs, and shorter manufacturing process chains, relatively little attention has been paid toward characterising their associated environmental, economic, and social impacts. A holistic manufacturing process modelling framework is developed to support sustainability performance characterisation of cyclic manufacturing processes. The developed framework enables model reusability, extensibility, and composability to characterise, assess, and extract product and process sustainability information. It is applied to characterise environmental impacts of a low-cost, hybrid (additive-subtractive) process for production of polylactide (PLA) parts, and compared with a conventional subtractive process (milling).
Reinforcement learning for adaptive optimal control of continuous-time linear periodic systems

Abstract This paper studies the infinite-horizon adaptive optimal control of continuous-time linear periodic (CTLP) systems, using reinforcement learning techniques. By means of policy iteration (PI) for CTLP systems, both on-policy and off-policy adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) algorithms are derived, such that the solution of the optimal control problem can be found without the exact knowledge of the system dynamics. Starting with initial stabilizing controllers, the proposed PI-based ADP algorithms converge to the optimal solutions under mild conditions. Application to the adaptive optimal control of the lossy Mathieu equation demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed learning-based adaptive optimal control algorithm.
Analysis of survey results of iodine deficiency disorders and water iodine in Wuhan City in 2017

Objective To understand the household consumption of iodized salt, iodine nutrition status and water iodine status in Wuhan after implementation of the new iodized salt standard, in order to provide a new scientific basis for prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders. Methods In 2017, in 13 districts of Wuhan, each district was divided into five sampling areas by east, west, south, north and middle, and one town/street was selected in each district, 20 pregnant women and 40 students aged 8-10 years old (half males and females) from one non-boarding elementary school were selected, to collect salt samples from their home. Salt iodine was detected by the "Salt Industry General Test Method for Determination of Iodine" (GB/T 13025.7-2012). According to "Wuhan City's 2017 Endemic Disease Prevention and Control Work Plan", urine samples of children aged 8-10 years old and pregnant women were collected in 8 districts of Wuhan, and urinary iodine levels were tested using the "Arsenic and Cerium Catalyzed Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Urinary Iodine" (WS/T 107-2006). Goiter of children aged 8-10 years old was examined by B-ultrasonography in 5 districts of Wuhan. Water iodine survey was conducted in 13 districts based on township/street, and water iodine was tested via the arsenic and cerium catalyzed spectrophotometric method (GB/T 5750.5-2006). Results A total of 3 900 edible salt samples were tested, the median of salt iodine was 23.69 mg/kg, the coverage rate of iodized salt was 98.82% (3 854/3 900), the consumption rate of eligible iodized salt was 95.03% (3 706/3 900). A total of 1 600 urine samples of children were collected, and the median of children's urinary iodine was 267.00 μg/L. A total of 800 urine samples of pregnant women were collected, and the median of pregnant women's urinary iodine was 182.00 μg/L. A total of 1 000 children were monitored their thyroid gland, with a goiter rate of 1.9% (19/1 000). A total of 218 water samples were collected, the median of water iodine was 2.90 μg/L (below national standards of 10-100 μg/L). Conclusions After adjustment of new iodized salt standards in Wuhan, the iodine nutrition status of children and pregnant women are good. However, due to low water iodine content, the geographical environment of Wuhan still belongs to iodine-deficient area. Therefore, it should continue to implement the salt iodization policy and strengthen the monitoring of iodine nutrition in key populations such as children and pregnant women. Key words: Iodine; Salts; Urine; Goiter; Water
Yttrium-90 Radioembolization and Tumor Hypoxia: Gas-challenge BOLD Imaging in the VX2 Rabbit Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Rationale and Objectives To use a rapid gas-challenge blood oxygen-level dependent magnetic resonance imaging exam to evaluate changes in tumor hypoxia after 90Y radioembolization (Y90) in the VX2 rabbit model. Materials and Methods White New Zealand rabbits (n = 11) provided a Y90 group (n = 6 rabbits) and untreated control group (n = 5 rabbits). R2* maps were generated with gas-challenges (O2/room air) at baseline, 1 week, and 2 weeks post-Y90. Laboratory toxicity was evaluated at baseline, 24 hours, 72 hours, 1 hours, and 2 weeks. Histology was used to evaluate tumor necrosis on hematoxylin and eosin and immunofluorescence imaging was used to assess microvessel density (CD31) and proliferative index (Ki67). Results At baseline, median tumor volumes and time to imaging were similar between groups (p = 1.000 and p = 0.4512, respectively). The median administered dose was 50.4 Gy (95% confidence interval:44.8–55.9). At week 2, mean tumor volumes were 5769.8 versus 643.7 mm3 for control versus Y90 rabbits, respectively (p = 0.0246). At two weeks, ΔR2* increased for control tumors to 12.37 ± 12.36sec−1 and decreased to 4.48 ± 9.00sec−1 after Y90. The Pearson correlation coefficient for ΔR2* at baseline and percent increase in tumor size by two weeks was 0.798 for the Y90 group (p = 0.002). There was no difference in mean microvessel density for control versus Y90 treated tumors (p = 0.6682). The mean proliferative index was reduced in Y90 treated tumors at 30.5% versus 47.5% for controls (p = 0.0071). Conclusion The baseline ΔR2* of tumors prior to Y90 may be a predictive imaging biomarker of tumor response and treatment of these tumors with Y90 may influence tumor oxygenation over time.
Successful treatment of lipofibromatosis-like neural tumor of the lumbar spine with an NTRK-fusion inhibitor.

Lipofibromatosis-like neural tumors (LPF-NT) are a newly identified class of rare mesenchymal neoplasms. Current standard of care therapy is surgical resection alone; there are no chemotherapies or molecular targeted therapies that have been shown to be effective in patients who are not surgical candidates due to either tumor bulk or location. Most LPF-NT harbor NTRK fusions, although the therapeutic significance of these fusions has not been previously demonstrated in this malignancy. Here, we present the first case of a patient with surgically-unresectable LPF-NT successfully treated with medical therapy, specifically the TRK fusion-protein inhibitor entrectinib. The patient is a 21 year old man with no co-morbidities who presented for evaluation due to intermittent abdominal pain and was found to have a mass spanning from T12-L2. Biopsy revealed a mesenchymal spindle cell neoplasm and S100 positivity pointed to possible nerve sheath origin. The sample was ultimately found to have an LMNA-NTRK1 fusion, confirming the diagnosis of LP-NFT. Unfortunately, due to the bulk and location of the tumor, surgery was felt to be exceptionally morbid and the patient was treated in a clinical trial with the NTRK inhibitor entrectinib. Surprisingly, he had such a robust clinical response that he was ultimately deemed a surgical candidate and he was successfully taken to surgery. Post-operative pathology revealed > 95% necrosis, demonstrating exceptional sensitivity to the targeted therapy. The patient remains NED and on entrectinib 12 months post-operatively. The exceptional treatment response of this patient suggests that NTRK fusions are true drivers of the disease. Thus, all patients should be evaluated for NTRK fusions using sensitive methodologies and treatment with TRK fusion-protein inhibitors should be considered in patients who are not candidates for oncologic resection.
Physical Activity Space Methodology for Assessment and Prioritization (PASMAP): Combining systematic observations with community perceptions to identify community physical activity resource priorities.

Abstract Despite benefits of physical activity (PA), most Americans are not regularly active, with notable disparities for residents of low-income communities. PA is positively correlated with resource availability and quality, which can be measured and quantified by PA resource assessment tools. However, community members’ perceptions are often not considered. This study incorporates community perceptions with systematic environmental observations to identify community PA resource priorities. The PA Space Methodology for Assessment and Prioritization (PASMAP) includes three phases. Phase 1: Promotora-researchers completed 57 PA Resource Assessments (PARAs) in colonias along the Texas-Mexico border assessing quantity and quality of features, amenities, and incivilities. Characteristics were ranked using average PARA scores from all PA spaces. Phase 2: community advisory board (CAB) members (n = 36 from 3 CABs) ranked the importance of each feature, amenity, and incivility respectively; rankings were averaged and ordered. Phase 3: differences between phases 1 and 2 were calculated. Large differences indicated high discordance between systematic observations and perceived importance. Phase 1: highest ranked PARA characteristics were sidewalks, non-street lighting, and noise. Phase 2: CAB members ranked trails/paths, sidewalks, play equipment, bathrooms, drinking fountains, substance abuse evidence, and litter most important. Phase 3: multiple characteristics had high discordance: trails/paths, fenced-in open fields (features), drinking fountains (amenity), and litter (incivility); low quantity/poor quality yet perceived as highly important. Discordant characteristics identified through PASMAP provide evidence-based, community-valued recommendations on PA resource priorities for planning and advocacy. Future work should incorporate perceptions from additional community members and apply PASMAP methods to other environmental assessments.
Capture and recover dissolved phosphorous from aqueous solutions by a designer biochar: Mechanism and performance insights

Excessive phosphorus (P) in marine and freshwater systems has been identified as a primary perpetrator for the harmful and nuisance algal blooms. In this study, a novel designer biochar was produced from sawdust biomass treated with lime sludge prior to pyrolysis. The adsorption of dissolved P on the designer biochar was comprehensively evaluated under different experimental conditions. It revealed that the removal of dissolved P by the designer biochar was more efficient than unmodified biochar, lime sludge, and their post-combination, suggesting that the pretreatment of biomass with lime sludge for the designer biochar production has a significantly synergic effect on enhancing P removal. Post-adsorption characterization and mathematical modeling analyses indicated that the adsorption of dissolved P on the designer biochar could be controlled by multiple mechanisms including physical and chemical adsorption. The precipitation reaction between P anions and metal ions on the surface of the designer biochar was identified as a predominant mechanism. The X-ray diffraction showed that the precipitation reaction generated a series of P fertilizer forms depositing onto the designer biochar. In addition, batch adsorption experiments showed that both initial solution pH and coexisting anions had a lesser effect on the P removal by the designer biochar. This study proposed that the designer biochar could be a promising sorbent to remove dissolved P, and the nutrient-captured biochar could be used as a fertilizer to recover nutrients.
Spoken Corpora Data, Automatic Speech Recognition, and Bias Against African American Language: The case of Habitual 'Be'

Recent work has revealed that major automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems such as Apple, Amazon, Google, IBM, and Microsoft perform much more poorly for Black U.S. speakers than for white U.S. speakers. Researchers postulate that this may be a result of biased datasets which are largely racially homogeneous. However, while the study of ASR performance with regards to the intersection of racial identity and language use is slowly gaining traction within AI, machine learning, and algorithmic bias research, little to nothing has been done to examine the data drawn from the spoken corpora which are commonly used in the training and evaluation of ASRs in order to understand whether or not they are actually biased, this study seeks to begin addressing this gap in the research by investigating spoken corpora used for ASR training and evaluation for a grammatical linguistic feature of what the field of linguistics terms African American Language (AAL), a systematic, rule-governed, and legitimate linguistic variety spoken by many (but not all) African Americans in the U.S. This grammatical feature, habitual 'be', is an uninflected form of 'be' that encodes the characteristic of habituality, as in "I be in my office by 7:30am", paraphrasable as "I am usually in my office by 7:30" in Standardized American English. This study utilizes established corpus linguistics methods on the transcribed data of four major spoken corpora -- Switchboard, Fisher, TIMIT, and LibriSpeech -- to understand the frequency, distribution, and usage of habitual 'be' within each corpus as compared to a reference corpus of spoken AAL -- the Corpus of Regional African American Language (CORAAL). The results find that habitual 'be' appears far less frequently, is dispersed in far fewer transcribed texts, and is surrounded by a much less diverse set of word types and parts of speech in the four ASR corpora as compared with CORAAL. This work provides foundational evidence that spoken corpora used in the training and evaluation of widely used ASR systems are, in fact, biased against AAL and likely contribute to poorer ASR performance for Black users.
Design of facility location-allocation network with an emergency backup supply system

This paper considers an emergency backup supply (EBS) system from the secondary supplying facility (SSF) when the primal supplying facility (PSF) cannot satisfy the demand in case of disruptions. In this context, EBS requires each demand point to be covered by a PSF and an SSF. Using a multi-objective programming model, we propose a procedure of finding the option that would generate the most efficient EBS system and investigate the effect of backup supply from the SSFs on the facility location-allocation (FLA) design problem. We demonstrate the applicability of our proposed efficiency-driven approach and compare two cases, without and with the EBS system. From the numerical results, we observe that the FLA schemes with the EBS system perform well regarding increasing ENDS and yielding higher productivity. The proposed efficiency-driven FLA model with the EBS system would help decision-makers design and select efficient FLA schemes. [Received 29 June 2019; Revised 9 December 2019; Accepted 1 February 2020]
Not the Last Word: Codman Was Right—Spread The Word

Second only to the discovery of insulin by Sir Frederick G. Banting, the development of an “End Result System” by Ernest A. Codman MD was the greatest contribution to general medicine by an orthopaedic surgeon. You may know Codman more for his eponymous Codman’s Triangle (made by the elevated periosteum adjacent to a long bone tumor) or for his classification of proximal humeral fractures (which is the basis of the current practice of defining such fractures in terms of “parts”), but the End Result System outweighs them both, by far.
Enterprise computing with objects: from client/server environments to the Internet

1. Client/Server Computing. Client/Server Concepts. Client/Server Architecture Models. Distributed Computing and Concurrent Computing. Summary. 2. Object Technology. A Typical OO System. Object-Oriented Concepts. Advantages of the Object Model. Summary. 3. Integrating Object Technology with Enterprise Systems. Objectifying Individual Modules. Objectifying the Conventional Architecture Model. Using an OO Language in an OO Architecture Model. Objectifying an Entire System. Summary. 4. Object-Oriented Clients. A Historical View of Clients. Fat and Slim Clients. Objects in Client Development. Summary. 5. Object-Oriented Services. Types and Characteristics of Servers. Transaction Servers. Database Servers. Native Servers. Pathways to OO Servers. Summary. 6. Object-Oriented Glue. The Plumbing. Different Kinds of Glue. Local Glues. Distributed Glues. Summary. 7. Object Persistence and Sharing. Object Persistence Concepts. Basic Tool Support. Transaction Models. Performance. Reasonable Expectations. Databases. Summary. 8. Objects Across the Internet. The Impact of the World Wide Web. An Architectural View of the Web. The Internet and OO Client/Server Computing. Summary. 9. End-to-End 00 Enterprise Development. The Development Models. OO Enterprise Development Tools. Summary. 10. Performance. Throughput and Response Time. Optimization. Client Performance. Server Performance. Glue Performance. Data Performance. Load Balancing. Summary. 11. The Scaleable OO Enterprise System. Reliability and Fault Tolerance. System Management. Maintenance & Legacy System Integration. Summary. 12. Security. An Overview of Client/Server Security. Risk Assessment. Risk Prevention. Security in an OO C/S Environment. Summary. 13. Business Systems. Groupware. Business System Engineering and Realization. Summary. 14. Some Conclusions and Predictions. Objects in the Three-Part Model. Objects Across the Enterprise. An Ever-Evolving Technology. Abbreviations. Glossary. References and Further Reading. Index. 0201325667T04062001
Statistical monitoring to control a proactive routing protocol

OLSR is a proactive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. In OLSR, each node collects two-hop neighbourhood information and periodically sends topology control (TC) messages to update the link state. Rather than sending TC messages periodically, at each interval each node: (1) monitors betweenness of its two-hop neighbourhood graph; (2) if the measure is in-control no message is sent, otherwise a TC message is sent. Betweenness, a measure of centrality in a graph first used in social and biological network analysis, appears to correspond closely to the multi-point relay sets of OLSR. Hence a significant change in betweenness indicates a significant change in topology. Using this approach the control overhead in OLSR is reduced by 35-40%, with a corresponding savings in energy, and little impact on throughput or delay.
The promise of automated interactivity

This paper discusses issues and potential methods that can be applied to create instruction and interactive instructional material automatically from knowledge components. Knowledge management systems generally promote a static recombination of text and images, with little concern as to how these objects and components will actually work as useful, well-designed instruction. Interactivity itself has historically been poorly defined; the structural model of interactivity created an operational definition of instructional interactivity that will be used as the basis for the discussion of automated interactivity. A prototype system that uses automated interactivity in diagnosis is illustrated.