cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adrenal cortical and body temperature responses to repeated endotoxin administration.

SummaryDogs given large doses of bacterial endotoxin do not become tolerant to either fever producing or adrenal cortical stimulating effects. Dogs receiving small doses of endotoxin readily become tolerant to the fever-producing effect, but either do not become tolerant at all or achieve only partial tolerance to adrenal cortical stimulating properties. The partial adrenal cortical tolerance observed following endotoxin administration probably represents decreased pituitary release of the ACTH rather than tolerance of adrenal cortex itself.
How Strong Is the Cα−H···OC Hydrogen Bond?

Although the existence of Cα−H···OC hydrogen bonds in protein structures recently has been established, little is known about their strength and, therefore, the relative importance of these interactions. We have discovered that similar interactions occur in N,N-dimethylformamide dimers. High level ab initio calculations (MP2/aug-cc-pTZV) yield electronic association energies (De) and association enthalpies (ΔH298) for four dimer geometries. These data provide a lower limit of De = −2.1 kcal mol-1 for the Cα−H···OC hydrogen bond. A linear correlation between C−H···O bond energies and gas-phase proton affinities is reported. The gas-phase anion proton affinity of a peptide Cα−H hydrogen was calculated (355 kcal mol-1) and used to estimate values of De = −4.0 ± 0.5 kcal mol-1 and ΔH298 = −3.0 ± 0.5 kcal mol-1 for the Cα−H···OC hydrogen bond. The magnitude of this interaction, roughly one-half the strength of the N−H···OC hydrogen bond, suggests that Cα−H···OC hydrogen bonding interactions represent a hithert...
Toward a Colonial Subtext of Sin in Quevedo's Poetry

Heraclito cristiano, Francisco de Quevedo's early collection of moral poetry, contains microtextual and subtextual allusions to America that renew classical topoi and anchor the sinner's lyrical voice close to historical circumstance; in the process, metaphysical worries of sin and conversion, which hold an equally important weight for the imperial project, become re-semanticized by way of the speaker's inner evolution as he echoes, criticizes, and embraces those notions aided by melancholic doubt. The resulting lyrical voice unfolds a psychology partly structured by the tensions and crises of colonial history contained in the renewed metaphor of greed.
Prevention of postoperative tubal adhesions: Comparative study of commonly used agents

Tubal abrasions were surgically induced in 25 rhesus monkeys following demonstration of tubal patency. Five monkeys received dexamethasone, promethazine, and ampicillin perioperatively, five received intraperitoneal 10% dextran 40, five received intraperitoneal 32% dextran 70, and 10 received no additional therapy. Fimbrial biopsies were obtained from two additional monkeys treated with 32% dextran 70 before and postoperatively on days 2, 5, and 7. Only those treated with 32% dextran 70 retained tubal patency and avoided development of adhesions, involving fimbria, omentum, ovary, uterus, and bladder. Histologic examination of fimbrial biopsies demonstrated sufficient epithelial repair to have occurred during the 5 days 32% dextran 70 remained in the pelvin cavity to prevent adhesion formation.
Inflammatory bowel disease in older people.

Inflammatory bowel disease in older people offers unique challenges for the physician in all aspects of health care delivery, namely, making the proper diagnosis, understanding causative risk factors, studying natural history of disease, and identifying beneficial, low-risk treatment options.
Prevention of infantile spasms relapse: Zonisamide and topiramate provide no benefit.

SummaryObjective There is scant evidence to guide the management of infantile spasms after successful response to initial therapies. There is significant risk of relapse, largely because effective pharmacologic treatments cannot be continued long term because of concern for significant adverse events. Zonisamide (ZNS) and topiramate (TPM) are commonly used to prevent relapse, and the purpose of this study was to specifically evaluate the efficacy of ZNS and TPM as agents for secondary prevention of infantile spasms. Methods Patients with video–electroencephalography (EEG) confirmed resolution of infantile spasms were retrospectively identified. Relevant clinical data were systematically collected, including lead time from onset of spasms to successful treatment response, etiology of infantile spasms, number of treatment failures prior to response, timing of relapse, and detailed exposure data for ZNS and TPM. Results We identified 106 patients with response to hormonal therapy (n = 58), vigabatrin (n = 25), or surgery (n = 23). To prevent relapse of infantile spasms, 37 patients received ZNS, 34 received TPM, 3 received both ZNS and TPM, and 38 patients received neither ZNS nor TPM. There were 44 relapses, occurring a median of 6.9 (3.2–10.8) months after initial response. Time to relapse was not affected by treatment with ZNS or TPM. Relapse was less likely among patients who were older (hazard ratio 0.97 [per month], p = 0.036) and those who responded to surgical resection (hazard ratio = 0.28, p = 0.017). Of note, we identified a relatively refractory cohort with multiple treatment failures and long lead time to initial response. Significance In this refractory cohort, neither ZNS nor TPM was successful in preventing relapse of infantile spasms, despite relatively high dosages. At this time, aside from surgical resection in eligible candidates, there is no known treatment that is efficacious in the prevention of relapse of infantile spasms.
A clinically relevant dose of cyclophosphamide chemotherapy impairs memory performance on the delayed spatial alternation task that is sustained over time as mice age.

Abstract Background Cyclophosphamide chemotherapy is a mainstay of adjuvant breast cancer treatment. Unfortunately, this drug is associated with cognitive impairments in cancer patients that may accelerate cognitive aging. Memory is particularly affected in many patients. In order to better understand the precise cognitive impairments caused by this chemotherapy agent, we investigated a clinically relevant dose and administration paradigm on delayed spatial memory abilities in C57BL/6 mice. We utilized a delayed alternation paradigm similar to a delayed match to sample paradigm reported to be sensitive in human neurotoxicology research. Methods A dose of 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide was administered intravenously (at weekly intervals) for 4 weeks to C57BL/6 mice starting at 6 ½ months of age. Memory was tested in mice using a reward-based delayed spatial alternation paradigm with delay values of 1.5, 3, 6.1, 12.4 and 25 s presented randomly over 80 sessions (16 reinforcers per session), and testing began at the initiation of chemotherapy through 3 months. Results At the longest delay, i.e., that requiring the greatest memory, mice treated with chemotherapy exhibited a significant decline over time in percent correct which leveled off compared to controls that continued to improve slightly. Conclusions Our clinically relevant model shows cyclophosphamide chemotherapy causes a slight decline in delayed spatial memories at the longest delay that is sustained over time as mice age.
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Ligand-gated ion channels are membrane proteins that are fundamental signaling molecules in neurons. These molecules are localized in the plasmalemma and on intracellular organelles and can be gated by both intracellular and extracellular ligands. The neurotransmitter-gated ion channels discussed in this chapter mediate fast excitation and inhibition in the nervous system and have now been well characterized by physiological and molecular studies. Studies using the technique of voltage and patch-clamp recording have examined the three basic features of an ion channel: gating, conductance and selective permeability.
Vision-Based Classification of Developmental Disorders Using Eye-Movements

This paper proposes a system for fine-grained classification of developmental disorders via measurements of individuals’ eye-movements using multi-modal visual data. While the system is engineered to solve a psychiatric problem, we believe the underlying principles and general methodology will be of interest not only to psychiatrists but to researchers and engineers in medical machine vision. The idea is to build features from different visual sources that capture information not contained in either modality. Using an eye-tracker and a camera in a setup involving two individuals speaking, we build temporal attention features that describe the semantic location that one person is focused on relative to the other person’s face. In our clinical context, these temporal attention features describe a patient’s gaze on finely discretized regions of an interviewing clinician’s face, and are used to classify their particular developmental disorder.
Inhibitory effects of heterogeneous dextran sulphate compounds on simian type D retrovirus in vitro

Nine heterogeneous dextran sulphate compounds were tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit a type D simian retrovirus (SRV-2) known to cause simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS). Dextran sulphate, a sulphated polysaccharide, is available commercially in a variety of molecular weights ranging from 5000 (5K) to 500000 (500 K). Of the four 500 K compounds tested, three completely blocked replication and infectivity of SRV-2. Of the remaining five compounds tested, only three completely inhibited the virus
Residues in the GluN1 C-terminal domain control kinetics and pharmacology of GluN1/GluN3A N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors.

Abstract N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors assembled from GluN1 and GluN3 subunits are unique in that they form glycine-gated excitatory channels that are insensitive to glutamate and NMDA. Alternative splicing of the GluN1 subunit mRNA results in eight variants with regulated expression patterns and post-translational modifications. Here we investigate the role of residues in the GluN1 C-terminal alternatively spliced cassettes in receptor gating and modulation. We measured whole-cell currents from recombinant GluN1/GluN3A receptors expressed in HEK293 cells that differed in the sequence of their GluN1 C-terminal tail. We found that these residues controlled the level of steady-state activity and the degree to which activity was facilitated by zinc and protons. Further, we found that the phosphorylation status of sites specific to certain variants can also modulate channel activity. Based on these results we suggest that GluN1 C-terminal domain splicing may confer cell-specific and activity-dependent regulation onto the level and pharmacologic sensitivity of GluN1/GluN3A currents.
Outcomes of mental health pharmacist-managed electronic consults at a Veterans Affairs health care system.

Abstract Introduction: The demand for mental health services has increased as more veterans have been diagnosed with—and sought care for—one or more mental health conditions. Within the South Texas Veterans Health Care System (STVHCS), providers may submit electronic consults (e-consults) to mental health clinical pharmacy specialists for medication review and recommendations. These consults aim to manage veterans with uncomplicated mental health conditions in primary care, making specialty mental health providers more available for those who need such services. Pharmacists have improved outcomes and access to care for conditions such as diabetes and hypertension, but currently, there is limited evidence demonstrating the impact of pharmacists in mental health. Methods: This quality improvement project assessed the effectiveness of the e-consult service. Information was collected through a retrospective chart review of STVHCS veterans with the corresponding consult note placed in their chart from May 2014...
Researching Collective Bargaining Agreements: Building Conceptual Understanding in an Era of Declining Union Power:

Here, we examine over two decades of empirical literature to explore the ways scholars have been working to reveal the changing set of policy and political conditions in which teachers unions are o...
Artificial Pancreas Systems: An Introduction to the Special Issue

People with diabetes cannot transfer the glucose in their bloodstream to various organs of the body for consumption or storage for later use. Blood glucose concentration (BGC) increases by absorbing carbohydrates in meals and converting them to glucose. Blood glucose is consumed by the brain for energy, stored in the liver (as glycogen) for consumption when BGC drops to low levels a few hours after a meal, and transferred to muscle and fat cells for storage and utilization. The glucose transfer to liver, muscle, and adipose tissue can happen only if enabled by insulin. Insulin is produced and secreted by the pancreas, which also produces glucagon and digestive enzymes. Diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the cells producing insulin are compromised by the immune system. If most of these cells (beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas) are destroyed such that no insulin is produced, insulin must be administered externally to regulate BGC. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) refers to people in this state. In type 2 diabetes (T2D), some beta cells are still functional, but the total amount of insulin produced is too low or the insulin produced cannot be used effectively. The treatment options for T2D include changes in lifestyle, the use of medicine to enhance insulin productivity or utilization efficiency, and insulin administration.
Power Curves for the Analysis of Means for Variances

The analysis of means for variances (ANOMV) is used for testing the k-sample homogeneity of variances hypothesis for samples from normal populations. The test can be done in a graphical form and ha...
Tensor Representations of O(V) and Sp(V)

In this chapter we analyze the action of the orthogonal and symplectic groups on the tensor powers of their defining representations. We show (following ideas of Weyl [164]) that the subspaces of harmonic tensors can be decomposed using the theory of Young symmetrizers from Chapter 9. This furnishes models (Weyl modules) for all the irreducible representations of the orthogonal and symplectic groups as spaces of harmonic tensors in the image of Young symmetrizers. Our approach involves the interplay of the commuting algebra (a quotient of the Brauer algebra) with the representation theory of the orthogonal and symplectic groups. The key observation is that the action of the Brauer algebra on the space of harmonic tensors factors through the action of the symmetric group on tensors.
Staged Reconstruction For HLHS

The Norwood operation (with its technical variations) is the only useful reconstructive surgical procedure for neonates with HLHS and related abnormalities [1]. While the Norwood operation allows the neonate to survive well beyond the first few weeks of life, it is not a stable solution for the long term. The postoperative Norwood physiology presents several problems, some of which center on RV function in the presence of pulmonary recirculation. The volume load that is necessarily imposed on the heart in HLHS may place the RV in an unfavorable position on the Starling curve, which typically has a leftward shift in comparison to the normal LV. The systemic tricuspid valve, which lacks annular definition and is supported by septal-derived papillary muscles, is functionally exquisitely sensitive to volume loading of the RV, especially when required to eject at systemic arterial pressure. Tricuspid insufficiency may thus be the limiting factor for future suitability for a Fontan operation. Finally, the small prosthetic (PTFE) tubes typically employed to create a controlled source of pulmonary blood flow (MBTS) are destined to become obstructed with thrombus, and/or neointima. Even a widely patent shunt may become inadequate as the baby grows. At the same time, the low diastolic arterial pressure typically associated with a MBTS may place the baby at continued risk for myocardial ischemia as activity increases. The presence of the shunt may also contribute to ongoing limitation of growth and distortion of the PAs. For survivors of the Norwood operation, an unacceptably high late mortality has been observed for infants who have not yet undergone further staging operations [2]. For all of these reasons, a further, more definitive procedure is required.
Humoral Immunity in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) (formerly known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) is the conventional example of a T-cell-mediated disease, which selectively targets pancreatic β cells. T1DM presents a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors, most of which have yet to be identified. The immunologic diagnosis of autoimmune diseases relies primarily on the detection of autoantibodies in the serum of T1DM patients. Although their pathogenic significance remains incompletely defined, they have the great advantage of serving as surrogate markers for specific progression to the insulin requiring stage of the disease. Autoantibodies are some of the most potent risk determinants for autoimmune diseases, with relative risks exceeding 100, and the archetypical model for the application of autoantibodies is T1DM. Seminal studies have suggested that using a combination of humoral immunologic markers gives a higher predictive value for T1DM progression and great sensitivity without significant loss of specificity. There is both a growing effort and a large opportunity for exploring novel strategies alone or in combination with immunomodulation with the ultimate goal to find the cure for T1DM. Autoantibodies directed against islet targets serve as key markers to enroll newly diagnosed T1DM patients and their family members in these intervention trials.
Sphingolipid biosynthesis induces a conformational change in the murine norovirus receptor and facilitates viral infection.

Cellular susceptibility to viral infections is in part determined by the presence of a host cellular receptor. Here we use murine norovirus as a model to uncover an unappreciated connection between an intracellular lipid biosynthetic enzyme and a receptor conformation that is permissive for viral infection. The serine palmitoyltransferase complex is required for de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis and we find that its absence impairs the ability of murine norovirus to bind and enter cells. Although the serine palmitoyltransferase complex is dispensable for the surface expression of the norovirus receptor, CD300lf, serine palmitoyltransferase activity is required for CD300lf to adopt a conformation permissive for viral binding. Addition of extracellular ceramide to serine palmitoyltransferase-deficient cells chemically complements both the conformational changes of CD300lf and the cellular susceptibility to murine norovirus infection. Taken together, these data indicate that intracellular sphingolipid biosynthesis regulates the conformation of the murine norovirus receptor and therefore the tropism of murine norovirus. This indicates that intracellular biosynthetic pathways can regulate viral tropism even when the receptor for a virus is expressed on the target cell surface. The serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex, which is required for de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, is required for the murine norovirus receptor, CD300lf, to adopt a conformation permissive for viral binding.
Multiple scattering effects for a solid cylinder with axis oblique relative to a nearby horizontal surface

It has been shown that when studying the acoustic scattering from a cylinder near a flat interface, there exists multiple paths by which sound can travel to, and subsequently scatter from, the cylinder. Specifically, sound can couple into a number of surface elastic waves (SEW), some of which give rise to an observed enhancement to the backscattering. Previously, the coupling conditions for these mechanisms have been derived, which are dependent on the relative angles between the target, the source/receiver and the interface [Plotnick, et al., JASA 140(3), 2016]. Here, a non-singular Helmholtz Kirchhoff Integral method has been implemented in a hybrid finite element/propagation model in order to predict the first and second order scattering mechanisms that exist when the cylinder is near an air-water interface, with its axis oblique with respect to the interface. This model, combined with the coupling conditions for SEWs, is used to dissect tank measurements that previously were only partially understood. Various multiple scattering mechanisms are identified and discussed. [Work supported by the Office of Naval Research.]It has been shown that when studying the acoustic scattering from a cylinder near a flat interface, there exists multiple paths by which sound can travel to, and subsequently scatter from, the cylinder. Specifically, sound can couple into a number of surface elastic waves (SEW), some of which give rise to an observed enhancement to the backscattering. Previously, the coupling conditions for these mechanisms have been derived, which are dependent on the relative angles between the target, the source/receiver and the interface [Plotnick, et al., JASA 140(3), 2016]. Here, a non-singular Helmholtz Kirchhoff Integral method has been implemented in a hybrid finite element/propagation model in order to predict the first and second order scattering mechanisms that exist when the cylinder is near an air-water interface, with its axis oblique with respect to the interface. This model, combined with the coupling conditions for SEWs, is used to dissect tank measurements that previously were only partially understood....
The Connection between Wage Growth and Social Security's Financial Condition

The conventional view that faster wage growth would improve Social Security's financial condition rests on several measures of the program's finances that the Social Security trustees emphasize in their annual reports. These measures include annual cash-balance ratios, the 75-year actuarial deficit, the "crossover date," and the "trust fund-exhaustion date." All of these measures show that Social Security's financial condition would improve if future wage growth were faster. This conventional view also suggests that the trustees' relatively conservative assumptions about future wage growth cause the program's financial imbalance to be overstated. Unfortunately, the measures highlighted in the trustees' annual reports have a short-term orientation that biases calculations toward showing an improvement under faster wage growth. The connection between wage growth and Social Security's finances should be evaluated using measures that are free of a short-term bias. This Policy Analysis evaluates the connection under the more comprehensive infinite-horizon "fiscal imbalance" measure. It uses simple cases of the program's operation to explore the impact of the relevant forces - population aging, wage growth, discount rates, and the projection horizon. It shows that although faster wage growth is desirable in and of itself to increase general prosperity, it would likely worsen Social Security's overall financial condition. By implication, a "do nothing" policy motivated under the conventional view would be diametrically opposed to the correct perspective: Early reforms of Social Security should receive higher priority under faster wage growth.
Hand Grip Impact on 5G mmWave Mobile Devices

This paper contributes a comprehensive study on the effect of the user hand grip on the design of 5G millimeter-wave (mmWave) mobile handsets, specifically in terms of the antenna module placement and the beamforming codebook. The high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) is used to characterize the radiation fields for different antenna placements and 14 possible handgrip profiles based on the experiments that we conducted. The loss from hand blockage on the antenna gains can be up to 20-25 dB, which implies that the possible hand grip profiles need to be taken into account while designing the antenna module placement and beamforming codebook. Specifically, we consider three different codebook adaption schemes: a grip-aware scheme, where perfect knowledge of the hand grip is available; a semi-aware scheme, where just the application (voice call, messaging, and so on) and the orientation of the mobile handset is known; and a grip-agnostic scheme, where the codebook ignores the hand blockage. Our results show that the ideal grip-aware scheme can provide more than 50% gain in terms of the spherical coverage over the agnostic scheme, depending on the grip and orientation. Encouragingly, the more practical semi-aware scheme that we propose provides performance approaching the fully grip-aware scheme. Overall, we demonstrate that the 5G mmWave handsets are different from pre-5G handsets: the user grip needs to be explicitly factored into the antenna placement and the codebook design.
Pre-operative Two-Point Discrimination Predicts Response to Carpal Tunnel Release.

BackgroundLimited evidence informs whether pre-operative values of two-point discrimination (2PD) in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome predict response to surgery.Questions/PurposesThe primary a...
Effect of specific antibodies onNeisseria catarrhalis (lys−) transformation frequency

Antikorper mit einer gegen kompetenteN. catarrhalis gerichteten Spezifitat vermindern deren Transformationshaufigkeit bedeutend. Diese Beobachtung konnte auf die Existenz von Membranrezeptoren fur transformierende Wildtyp-DNS hinweisen.
Constraints, Benefits, and Opportunities

The multiple challenges and obstacles to attaining African continental and Diasporic unification are delineated and analyzed. These include internal constraints, such as superannuation of leadership and associated corruption in several countries, counter-democratic trends, inter-tribal armed conflict, the role of women, vestigial colonial income disparity, vulnerability to biogenic disasters & to periodic epidemics and environmental insouciance. There are, nonetheless, encouraging trends and opportunities, as evidenced by increased multilateral agency sustainable economic development initiatives throughout the continent, a coming-of-age for Africa’s regional and sub-regional organizations, as well as some improvement in leapfrog technological accessibility.
Coronary artery bypass grafting versus percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock.

Background Myocardial infarction (MI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS) is associated with high mortality. Early coronary revascularization improves survival, but the optimal mode of revascularization remains uncertain. We sought to characterize practice patterns and outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with MI complicated by CS. Methods Patients hospitalized for MI with CS between 2002 and 2014 were identified from the United States National Inpatient Sample. Trends in management were evaluated over time. Propensity score matching was performed to identify cohorts with similar baseline characteristics and MI presentations who underwent PCI and CABG. The primary outcome was in-hospital all-cause mortality. Results A total of 386,811 hospitalizations for MI with CS were identified; 67% were STEMI. Overall, 62.4% of patients underwent revascularization, with PCI in 44.9%, CABG in 14.1%, and a hybrid approach in 3.4%. Coronary revascularization for MI and CS increased over time, from 51.5% in 2002 to 67.4% in 2014 (P for trend Conclusions CABG was associated with lower in-hospital mortality than PCI among patients with MI complicated by CS. Due to the likelihood of residual confounding, a randomized trial of PCI versus CABG in patients with MI, CS, and multi-vessel coronary disease is warranted.
Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus

Generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) is the most clinically dramatic and medically dangerous form of status epilepticus (SE). GCSE is characterized either by continuous bilateral convulsive activity or by generalized convulsive seizures that recur without significant recovery between them. Although GCSE can in fact begin with a single partial seizure or partial SE, and although the visible convulsive activity normally decreases in intensity and frequency with time, the cardinal feature of GCSE remains the widespread clonic movements of the extremities. In simplified classification schemes of SE, GCSE is usually contrasted with non-convulsive SE and with partial or focal SE (1,2).
American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Children's Body Mass Index: Diminished Returns of Parental Education and Family Income.

Background: High socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with several health-related outcomes, such as obesity and body mass index (BMI). However, we do not know whether SES is associated differently with children’s BMI from American Indian and Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (AIAN/NHPI) families when compared to non-Hispanic White (NHW) families. Aim: To compare AIAN/NHPI and NHW families for associations between parental education, family income, and children’s BMI in the United States (U.S). Methods: This cross-sectional study used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Participants (n = 8580) included 63 AIAN/NHPI and 8517 NHW children between ages 9 and 10. The independent variables were parental education and family income. The primary outcome was BMI. Race was the moderator. Age, sex, and family structure were covariates. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis. Results: In the pooled sample, higher parental education and family income were associated with lower children’s BMI. We found interactions between race and parental education and family income indicating weaker associations between parental education and family income and children’s BMI in AIAN/NHPI families than in NHW families. Conclusion: The salience of parental education and family income as social determinants of children’s BMI is diminished for AIAN/NHPI families than NHW families. As a result, AIAN/NHPIs children with high SES remain at risk for high BMI, while high-SES NHW children show the lowest BMI. Future research should test if obesogenic environments, food options, and physical activity-friendly neighborhoods can explain higher-than-expected BMI in high-SES AIAN/NHPI children. In other terms, more research is needed to understand if residential segregation, discrimination, and historical trauma explain the observed differences in the social patterning of childhood BMI in AIAN/NHPI and NHW communities.
Cognitive and Neuroimaging Correlates of the Insomnia Severity Index in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Pilot-Study.

We aim to determine the sleep correlates of age-related brain loss in a sample of middle-aged to older males with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We recruited consecutive treatment naive male patients with moderate to severe OSA from January to November of 2019. We excluded participants if they had dementia, stroke or heart disease. We collected demographic variables and vascular risk factors. We also obtained the insomnia severity index, the Epworth sleepiness scale and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index. We also obtained computerized neurocognitive testing with the go-no-go response inhibition test, Stroop interference test, catch game test, staged information processing speed test, verbal memory test and non-verbal memory test. We derived age and education adjusted domain-specific Z-scores for global cognition, memory, attention, processing speed and executive function. We used brain MRI T1-weighted images to derive total hippocampal and gray matter volumes. Partial correlations evaluated associations between variables from sleep questionnaires (e.g., insomnia severity index score), and polysomnographic variables (the apnea-hypopnea index, average oxygen levels during sleep) with cognitive domains and brain volumes. We examined 16 participants with an age range of 40-76 years, 73% Hispanic/Latino. The mean apnea-hypopnea index was 48.9 ± 25.5 and average oxygen saturation during sleep was 91.4% ± 6.9%. Hypertension was seen in 66% and diabetes mellitus in 27%. We found that the insomnia severity index score and average oxygen levels during sleep had the strongest correlations with brain volumes and cognition. These preliminary findings may aid in developing future strategies to improve age-related brain loss in patients with OSA.
Water and Production

This chapter explores how water has been put to use to serve communities. Among the myriad uses that water has served, irrigation was certainly one of the earliest and most important, particularly to communities in arid regions. Indeed, the long-term viability of these communities depended on maintaining irrigation systems in the face of multiple factors, including climate change. Canals too were relatively early interventions on the landscape helping develop inter-regional trade, and later beginning with the Industrial Revolution, connecting sources of supply with manufacturing centers, and facilitating trade. In a variety of locations around the world, water was also manipulated to turn gears that ground grain and served other production purposes. During the twentieth century, multi-purpose water development projects served multiple purposes, including flood control, transportation, irrigation, and the generation of electricity.
Coda: materials-in-interaction as assemblages, grammars of action, and phenomenological activity

This coda begins by briefly discussing the constructs at the heart of this special issue – materials use, classroom discourse, materiality, and materials – highlighting how the compilation contribu...
For the love of lists: identifying the effects of listicle type and length

Entire journalistic empires have been built upon sensational headlines designed to elicit consumer attention and provide advertising partners with what they want most: eyeballs on content. Listicle...
The Criminal Defense Lawyer as Effective Negotiator: A Systemic Approach

In the first issue of the Clinical Law Review, Peter Hoffman challenged clinical legal educators to “take skills seriously” by producing clinical scholarship that is “practical in its orientation and design” and written so as to enhance the ability of lawyers to represent their clients and to help law students prepare for law practice. To Hoffman, the best clinical scholarship about skills combines theory and practice, but ultimately is grounded in actual lawyering experiences. Finally, Hoffman insisted, if skills-focused clinical scholarship is to be useful, it must be written so that lawyers and law students can read, understand and, above all, apply the analysis provided in that scholarship to the task of representing their clients. This article takes up Hoffman's challenge in the context of examining the skill of negotiating or plea bargaining from the perspective of the criminal defense lawyer. I decided to focus on this particular skill for two reasons. As anyone familiar with the criminal justice system recognizes, criminal defense lawyers spend much of their time “plea bargaining.” Indeed, the vast majority of criminal cases are resolved by a guilty plea. It seemingly would follow then, that criminal defense lawyers interested in obtaining the best results possible for their clients would concentrate on becoming effective negotiators. And yet, despite the obvious importance of being good negotiators, criminal defense lawyers often do not bargain effectively. But why is this so? Before discussing the methods, approach or techniques that lawyers can use to enhance their ability to bargain effectively, it is critical to understand what it is about the practices of criminal defense lawyers and the criminal justice system that produces poor plea bargaining. It is only by understanding the systemic factors that pressure defense lawyers and defendants to settle most criminal cases and undercut defense counsel's negotiating strength that law students and practicing lawyers will be able to appreciate the difficulties they will encounter in implementing the approach and techniques described later in the article. The article is designed, therefore, to address a critical need -- improving the ability of those lawyers handling the defense of criminal cases to negotiate more effectively.
SU-E-J-56: Static Gantry Digital Tomosynthesis From the Beam’s-Eye-View

Purpose We have designed a novel TumoTrak™ x-ray system that delivers 19 distinct kV views with the linac gantry stationary. It images MV treatment beam above and below the patient with a kV tomosysthesis slice image from the therapy beam’s-eye-view. Results will be high quality images without MLC shadowing for notable improvements relative to conventional fluoroscopic MV imaging and fluoroscopic kV imaging. Methods A complete design has a kV electron beam multisource X-ray tube that fits around the MV treatment beam path, with little interference with normal radiotherapy and unblocked by the multi-leaf-collimator. To simulate digital tomosynthesis, we used cone-beam CT projection data from a lung SBRT patient. These data were acquired at 125 kVp and 11 fps (0.4 mAs per projection). We chose 19 projections evenly spaced over 27° around one of the treatment angles (240°). Digital tomosynthesis reconstruction of a slice through the tumor was performed using iterative reconstruction. The visibility of the lesion was assessed for the reconstructed digital tomosynthesis (DTS), using fluoroscopy MV images acquired during radiation therapy, and a kV single projection image acquired at the same angle as the treatment field (240°). Results The fluoroscopic DTS images provide the best tumor contrast, surpassing themore » conventional radiographic and the in-treatment MV portal images. The electron beam multisource X-ray tube design has been completed and the tube is being fabricated. The estimated time to cycle through all 19 projections is 700 ms, enabling high frame-rate imaging. While the initial proposed use case is for image guided and gated treatment delivery, the enhanced imaging will also deliver superior radiographic images for patient setup. Conclusion The proposed device will deliver high quality planar images from the beam’s-eye-view without MLC obstruction. The prototype has been designed and is being assembled with first imaging scheduled for May 2015. L. Partain, J. Kwon, D. Boyd: NIH/SBIR R43CA192489-01. J. Rottmann, G. Zentai, R. Berbeco: NIH/NCI 1R01CA188446-01. R. Berbeco: E. Research Grant, Varian Medical Systems.« less
Harnessing Cell–Biomaterial Interactions for Osteochondral Tissue Regeneration

Articular cartilage that is damaged or diseased often requires surgical intervention to repair the tissue; therefore, tissue engineering strategies have been developed to aid in cartilage regeneration. Tissue engineering approaches often require the integration of cells, biomaterials, and growth factors to direct and support tissue formation. A variety of cell types have been isolated from adipose, bone marrow, muscle, and skin tissue to promote cartilage regeneration. The interaction of cells with each other and with their surrounding environment has been shown to play a key role in cartilage engineering. In tissue engineering approaches, biomaterials are commonly used to provide an initial framework for cell recruitment and proliferation and tissue formation. Modifications of the properties of biomaterials, such as creating sites for cell binding, altering their physicochemical characteristics, and regulating the delivery of growth factors, can have a significant influence on chondrogenesis. Overall, the goal is to completely restore healthy cartilage within an articular cartilage defect. This chapter aims to provide information about the importance of cell–biomaterial interactions for the chondrogenic differentiation of various cell populations that can eventually produce functional cartilage matrix that is indicative of healthy cartilage tissue.
Neuroinflammation and sickness induced by lipopolysaccharide in adult and aged mice are not mitigated by dietary broccoli (134.4)

Aging is associated with chronic neuroinflammation and a heightened neuroinflammatory response during infection resulting in prolonged sickness. Dietary interventions to reduce neuroinflammation ar...
Selection of conflict resolution strategies in dynamically organized sensible agent-based systems

A Multi-Agent System can be seen as a group of entities interacting to achieve individual or collective goals. In the past two decades, researchers have developed various MAS architectures, one being the Sensible Agent (SA) model (Barber 1996). Because one specific level of autonomy is not suitable for all situations in dynamic environments, SAs are equipped with the capability to reason about and switch among levels of autonomy. Typical autonomy levels (which are assigned to goals instead of agents) include: commanddriven, master, consensus, and locally autonomous. The challenge of coordination and conflict resolution in SA-based systems arises from the dynamic organizational structures; when SAs switch their autonomy levels, they also modify their roles and organizational structures. No existing single coordination technique can satisfy such a variety of needs. Results of previous research on various Conflict Resolution (CR) strategies do provide a foundation to solve this problem, but there is limited research focusing on how agents can select proper one. In the work of Adler and his colleagues (Adler, et al. 1989), agents can select one of the following strategies: arbitration, self-modification (independence), centralization, negotiation, priority convention, and mutual accommodation. The criteria agents use to select CR strategies is the network performance. When network traffic is heavy, agents use arbitration for resolving conflicts; when the load is light agents may try negotiation as well as other CR strategies. For dynamically organized Sensible Agents systems, a more advanced decision process is necessary. We propose that a SA should dynamically select a suitable conflict resolution strategy according to: 1) the nature of conflicts (e.g. goal conflict, plan conflict, or belief conflict), 2) the agent’s social roles (represented by its autonomy levels), and 3) its solution preferences (based on an agent’s local view). In addition to using utilities to evaluate potential solutions, agents also use certain indexes to evaluate available CR strategies, and finally agents conduct some trade-off reasoning between solutions and CR strategies. The following simplified formula (may not be linear) shows how an agent can estimate alternative combinations of specific solutions and CR strategies: TotalValue U Utility M Cost CR Cost weight weight weight = × − × − × mod ify CR strategy
Investigation of resonant tensioning in submerged cables subjected to lateral excitation

Cables are used in a variety of ocean engineering applications and are often selected for their inherent flexibility. As compliant elements, cables possess vastly different stiffness properties in the tangential and lateral directions. For submerged cables, this stiffness anisotropy is augmented by drag anisotropy; heavy lateral drag verses light tangential drag. These stiffness and drag properties come to bear on a resonant tensioning mechanism that is controlled by nonlinear fluid/cable interaction. Numerical simulations herein demonstrate the tension resonance to be the result of 3:1 internally resonant energy transfer between in-plane vibration modes. The tension resonance is further shown to scale with the square of the normal coordinate response. The source of the tensioning is identified through systematic inspection of the nonlinear fluid/cable model.
Signal Detection for Spherically Exchangeable (Se) Stochastic Processes

Consider signal detection in the following context. The background pure noise (PN) is produced by nature’s choosing a parameter value and then generating a time series according to a (stochastic process) law with that parameter value. This process may be repeated N times. If there is a signal present, what is generated is a noise-plus-signal (N + S), time series. The statistical properties of the latter-type of time series are different from those of the former.
ECDYSONE 20-MONOOXYGENASE SYSTEMS IN A LARVAL AND AN ADULT DIPTERAN: AN OVERVIEW OF THEIR BIOCHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY

Abstract Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase, the enzyme system that hydroxylates ecdysone to 20-hydroxyecdysone, was characterized in wandering stage larvae of Drosophila melanogaster and blood fed adult female Aedes aegypti using an in vitro radioassay in conjunction with analytical thin layer chromatography. Preliminary data suggested that ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity is present in body wall/fat body complexes, gut/Malpighian tubule complexes and ovaries of Aedes and that this enzyme activity varies in a tissue-specific fashion during the gonadotropic cycle. The 20-monooxygenase in both Drosophila and Aedes was most active in sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, and exhibited a temperature optimum at 35°C. Differential centrifugation has revealed that ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity is associated with both the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of Aedes and Drosophila and this has been confirmed in Drosophila by sucrose step gradient centrifugation, electron microscopy and organellemarker enzyme analysis. Substrate kinetics experiments have shown that both the Aedes and Drosophila monooxygenase systems have low apparent Kms for ecdysone in the range of 0.6–3 × 10 −7 M . Both Drosophila and Aedes monooxygenase systems were inhibited by 20-hydroxyecdysone. The cytochrome P-450 dependency of the Drosophila monooxygenase systems was established by cofactor requirements, inhibitor studies and photochemical action spectra determinations. The cytochrome P-450 dependency of the Aedes monooxygenase systems was suggested by their cofactor requirements and inhibitor studies.
Sources of polysemy in indexing practice: The case of games, experimental in MeSH

Polysemy in practice (the use of one indexing term to represent several different concepts) can be detected through contextual co-descriptor analysis and content analysis. The research reported here demonstrates this through the co-descriptor profiles and content analysis of the primary research literature indexed with the MeSH term GAMES, EXPERIMENTAL over the years 1974-1999 and 2005-2012. The indexing profiles illustrate an early-to-late period shift in goals from a 70% focus on education to a divided focus (∼60% total) on various aspects of individual and interactive decision making. In a content analysis of reported “games,” word puzzles, adaptations of quiz and board games, and simulations/role playing dominated in 1974-99—goals and activities not congruent with the game-theoretic notion of a “game.” In 2005-2012, game-theoretic scenarios and individual risky-decision activities (e.g. Iowa Gambling Task) dominated. Overall, it appears that indexers relied on the occurrence of the term “game” in the article and/or the more common notion of what a “game” is in indexing the article. This was particularly evident in the early time period, before the rise of experimental economics/game theory, but even in recent years, the term is used to tag a wider variety of activities than would be expected by the term's position and syndetic relationship.