cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lifetime exercise activity and breast cancer risk among post-menopausal women

Lifetime exercise activity has been linked to breast cancer risk among young women. However, no study has specifically evaluated whether lifetime exercise activity is related to the breast cancer risk of post-menopausal women. We conducted a population-based case-control study of post-menopausal white women (1123 newly diagnosed cases and 904 healthy controls) aged 55–64 who lived in Los Angeles County, California, USA to evaluate this relationship. Although neither exercise activity from menarche to age 40 years, nor exercise after age 40 separately predicted breast cancer risk, risk was lower among women who had exercised each week for at least 17.6 MET-hours (metabolic equivalent of energy expenditure multiplied by hours of activity) since menarche than among inactive women (odds ratio (OR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37–0.83). Exercise activity was not protective for women who gained considerable (> 17%) weight during adulthood. However, among women with more stable weight, breast cancer risk was substantially reduced for those who consistently exercised at high levels throughout their lifetime (OR = 0.42; 95% CI 0.24–0.75), those who exercised more than 4 h per week for at least 12 years (OR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.40–0.88), and those who exercised vigorously (24.5 MET-hours per week) during the most recent 10 years (OR = 0.52; 95% CI 0.32–0.85). Strenuous exercise appears to reduce breast cancer risk among post-menopausal women who do not gain sizable amounts of weight during adulthood. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaign
Short-term administration of antivascular endothelial growth factor antibody in the late follicular phase delays follicular development in the rhesus monkey.

Indirect evidence in the nonhuman primate and human suggests that angiogenesis and regulators of angiogenesis such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may play an active role in cyclic folliculogenesis. Indeed, the follicle selected for maturation and ovulation possesses a denser microvascular network, and VEGF messenger ribonucleic acid and its protein have been identified in granulosa cells of the developing follicle during the mid- and late follicular phases, with a more intense signal in the mature follicle. The objective of this study was to obtain direct evidence in the nonhuman primate for an active role of VEGF in follicular growth and maturation by studying the effect of VEGF-blocking antibodies in this process. After documenting two normal ovulatory cycles, female rhesus monkeys (n = 7) received iv injections of anti-VEGF antibodies (0.5 mg) twice on successive days in the late follicular phase. Three monkeys also received nonspecific goat IgG (0.5 mg) twice on successive days in the la...
Correlation of Local Mechanical Environment to Mechanically Induced Tissue Phenotype During Altered Bone Fracture Healing

Numerous studies have demonstrated that mechanical factors affect the healing process of skeletal tissues and can either enhance or hinder repair of orthopaedic injuries. Several mechanobiological theories have been proposed that relate specific mechanical stimuli to patterns of skeletal tissue differentiation1,2,3. However, rigorous tests of these theories have been difficult to carry out because few experimental data are available on local stress and strain magnitudes induced by mechanical stimulation of skeletal tissues in vivo.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
End-tethered chain molecules at liquid interfaces

Abstract Polymeric chains attached by one end to an interfce and immersed in a liquid environment provide a powerful tool for the modification of interfacial properties. Recent developments have advanced our understanding and control over interfacial polymer layers at the molecular level, with clear implications to tribological, biosensing and multicomponent systems design considerations.
Axial resolution for two-photon wide-field illumination microscopy and microfabrication

For the last two decades, multiphoton excitation microscopy/microfabrication based on laser scanning/writing techniques has been popular in the life science as well as photonics. Due to the slow scanning/writing nature, these applications are very limited to the production of prototypes, although its submicron optical resolution and intrinsic 3D optical sectioning capability are very attractive for creating 3D structures. In this proceeding, we introduced multiphoton excitation microscopy and microfabrication based on wide-field illumination. We derived mathematical model for wide-field illumination in the microscopy and microfabrication, and identified the design parameters that affect axial resolution for the proposed system. The future work of developing optical model combined with photopolymerization is also discussed.
Specification of Soil Volume and Irrigation Frequency for Urban Trees

Typically, limitations in soil volume deprive urban trees of adequate water supplies. As a result, tree survival, health, and development can be adversely affected. Proper sizing of urban tree pits and containers can mitigate these unfavorable consequences. Current climate-based recommendations of appropriate soil volumes for urban trees are based on average conditions and therefore do not address daily and annual variations in weather. Here, a methodology based on daily weather observations is presented and implemented. The method allows return periods to be assigned to harmful water stress events based on container volume and, separately, on irrigation interval. For example, in New York City, without irrigation a medium-size tree grown in 17.0 m3 of soil would face a water deficit (<50% available water capacity) every other year (2-year return period), whereas with 27.4 m3 of soil this deficit occurs once in 10 years. If only 4.3 m3 of soil volume can be supplied, such a tree, when irrigated approximate...
Transient ureteral obstruction by bacillary dysentery after ureterosigmoidostomy.

Abstract A patient in whom bacillary dysentery developed thirty years after bilateral ureterosigmoidostomy was found to have bilateral ureteral obstruction during the acute phase of dysentery. The transient nature of this obstruction and the importance of its differentiation from other forms of ureteral obstruction after ureterosigmoidostomy are discussed.
Chip-interleaved self-encoded multiple access with iterative detection in fading channels

We propose to apply chip interleaving and iterative detection to self-encoded multiple access (SEMA) communications. In SEMA, the spreading code is obtained from user bit information itself without using a pseudo noise code generator. The proposed scheme exploits the inherent diversity in self encoded spread spectrum signals. Chip interleaving not only increases the diversity gain, but also enhances the performance of iterative detection. We employ user-mask and interference cancellation to decouple self-encoded multiuser signals. This paper describes the proposed scheme and analyzes its performance. The analytical and simulation results show that the proposed system can achieve a 3 dB power gain and possess a diversity gain that can yield a significant performance improvement in both Rayleigh and multipath fading channels.
Name Authority Work in Public Libraries

Random samples of U.S. public libraries were surveyed in summer 2010 to ascertain their name authority cataloging practices. Comparisons of authority work processes and types of authority work done were made among public libraries of different sizes. Results were compared to previous studies of public and academic libraries.
Carbon isotope ratios of soil organic matter and their use in assessing community composition changes in Curlew Valley, Utah

Stable carbon isotope ratios of roots and soil organic matter were measured in Curlew Valley, Utah to determine if changes in the relative dominance of two shrub species had occurred in this salt-desert community. Measurements were made on soil cores along transects stretching from monospecific stands of Ceratoides lanata, a C3 shrub, to monospecific stands of Atriplex confertifolia, a C4 shrub. δ13C values of roots and soil organic matter under Ceratoides cover appeared to be in equilibrium with the current plant community. By contrast, δ13C values of roots and soils under Atriplex portions of the transects were more negative than would be expected for a C4-dominated community. These results indicate that a change in relative C3/C4 dominance has occurred, and suggest that the C4 shrub Atriplex confertifolia is increasing in importance in this salt-desert community.
Regulation of cell division in a human glioma cell clone by arachidonic acid and α-tocopherolquinone

Abstract A human glioma cell clone (12–18 CV), derived from a previously characterized glioblastoma multiforme cell line, was established in culture. Lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid test) occurred when either 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or 5,8,11-eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid) was added to the cells in culture. The extent of lipid peroxidation was similar in fetal brain cells (CH II) treated with these polyunsaturated fatty acids. The antioxidant, α-tocopherolquinone, inhibited lipid peroxidation in both the glioma cell clone and fetal brain cells. Arachidonic acid significantly reduced cell division in both the glioma cell clone and fetal brain cells. α-Tocopherolquinone restored cell division to control levels in both cultures. These data show that cells from a tumor clone retain the capacity for lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, cell division in a tumor clone is correlated with lipid peroxidation in the same way that cell division in other cell lines is correlated with lipid peroxidation.
Quaternary history of the temperate forests of China

Abstract Pollen data from 80 sites in North China and Northeast China are reviewed to document the Quaternary history of the deciduous forest and the temperate mixed conifer-hardwood forest of China. During the Late Tertiary the forest in North China consisted of an admixture of temperate deciduous hardwoods, subtropical broadleaved evergreen elements, and ancient conifers of tropical and subtropical affinities. Pollen evidence from long boreholes through Quaternary deposits indicates four or five glacial/interglacial climatic cycles. The first glacial episode, known as the Nangou Cold Period, led to the development of a spruce-fir forest of no modern analogue in North China. Deciduous forest was re-established in North China during the intervening interglacials. The subtropical evergreen elements and Tertiary relicts were successively eliminated during the subsequent glacials. In the last glacial, spruce-fir forests which are now confined to mountain slopes above 1500 m descended to the lowlands of North and Northeast China, implying a temperature depression of at least 8–10°C. Cold steppe occurred at least locally near Beijing in the last glacial maximum, but the data base is insufficient to delimit the spatial and temporal extent of this and other paleovegetation types on a regional scale, or to reconstruct the locations of glacial refugia and the dynamics of plant migration. The Holocene pollen stratigraphies suggest a tripartite division, with a period of maximum warmth, the Hypsithermal, in the mid-Holocene. In both North and Northeast China, the forest became more diverse during the mid-Holocene when thermophilous hardwoods expanded at the expense of pine and, in more southerly locations, birch. Unequivocal evidence for intensified summer monsoon during the early Holocene, as predicted by the Kutzbach model based on orbital parameter changes, remains to be found from the pollen records of the temperate forest regions of China.
Phenotypic features in a boy with monosomy 18 mosaicism.

We report on a patient with mosaicism for monosomy 18, a chromosomal abnormality that has been reported only once previously. The patient had cleft lip and palate and mild behavioral and academic problems. His phenotype was milder in comparison with the previously reported patient by Khalifa et al. [1996: Clin Genet 49:318-320]. Further case reports of this chromosomal anomaly will be needed to determine a consistent phenotypic pattern to assist in management and genetic counseling.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the antitumor agent sulfamic acid 1,7-heptanediyl ester (sulfamic acid diester) in the mouse and beagle dog.

The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of sulfamic acid diester were studied in the beagle dog and mouse. Elimination of sulfamic acid diester from the plasma and whole blood following i.v. administration at a dose of 193 mg/m2 was best approximated by a three-compartment model in both species. The compound was relatively rapidly cleared from the plasma, with a plasma beta half-life of 2.3 h and 0.9 h and a gamma half-life of 16 h and 3 h in the dog and the mouse, respectively. Sulfamic acid diester was taken up by blood cells and only slowly eliminated with a whole blood gamma half-life of 42 h in the dog and 32 h in the mouse. When sulfamic acid diester was infused i.v. to mice at 15 mg/kg over 8 h, the clearance for the parent drug was 13.2 ml/min kg from the plasma and 3.3 ml/min kg from the whole blood. Urine collected from mouse and dog contained the parent drug and three metabolic/breakdown products, namely, sulfamic acid 1,7-heptanemonoyl ester, sulfamic acid 3-hydroxyl-1,7-heptanediyl ester, and an unidentified product. Excretion of unchanged drug and products in mouse urine over 8 h accounted for less than 16% of the dose of sulfamic acid diester. Sulfamic acid diester did not react with glutathione in buffer, whole blood, or 100 000 g rat liver cytosol.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for a penalty method to be exact

This paper identifies necessary and sufficient conditions for a penalty method to yield an optimal solution or a Lagrange multiplier of a convex programming problem by means of a single unconstrained minimization. The conditions are given in terms of properties of the objective and constraint functions of the problem as well as the penalty function adopted. It is shown among other things that all linear programs with finite optimal value satisfy such conditions when the penalty function is quadratic.
Vapor-generation assisted nebulization for nonmetal determination

Abstract A new on-line vapor-generation nebulization (VGN) method is explored for non-metal detection by microwave plasma torch-mass spectrometry (MPT-MS). In the new method, a three-channel “Y” is used to introduce the sample and reactant solutions simultaneously into a nebulizer. The VGN method offers higher sampling efficiency than does simple nebulization and improves sensitivity roughly two-fold for the determination of non-metallic elements. The device is suggested to be of potential benefit also in the determination of species that do not readily form volatile products.
Speed Control For A High Speed Motion Picture Camera

AbstractMotion picture cameras exist which take pictures at frame rates as high as 10,000 frames /second. Their development has been accomplished largely by invention, trial anderror, and much hard work. They work very well, but the demands of scientific researchrequire that frame rate be closely controlled so that accurate time measurements can bemade when analyzing the photographic records. The purposes of this paper are to establisha mathematical model of the film transport system and to study the dynamics of the system.Introduction. The film transport systemFigure 1 presents a simplified diagram of the moving parts of the camera. We areconcerned only with developing a mathematical model which is suitable for computersimulation studies.Operation of the hardware is clear: the motor turns the take -up GA reel which pulls the film strip. TENT ;r SPROCKETr TEN2 SUPPLY REEL Tension in the film operates the DRIVE __; rest of the system.initially full on, and is released The brake is ' 9 GEARS
Futures Prices in Supply Analysis: Are Instrumental Variables Necessary?

Citation: Nathan P. Hendricks, Joseph P. Janzen, Aaron Smith; Futures Prices in Supply Analysis: Are Instrumental Variables Necessary?, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Volume 97, Issue 1, 1 January 2015, Pages 22–39, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aau062
Cellular defense reactions to particulate materials in the California sea hare, Aplysia californica☆☆☆

Abstract Cellular mechanisms of defense in a marine gastropod, the California sea hare Aplysia californica , were studied histologically following injections of either carmine or India ink. Sea hares were capable of mobilizing an efficient cellular defense against either of these foreign bodies injected intramuscularly into the foot. Carmine was gathered into large nodules and walled off, while ink was sequestered in situ within individual phagocytes. However, injections of India ink made directly into the body cavity resulted in death to these mollusks. In addition to the circulating phagocytes observed in most invertebrates, A. californica has primitive lymphoid tissue at the base of the gill.
A thermodynamic model based on exergy flow for analysis and optimization of pulse tube refrigerators

A thermodynamic model based on exergy flow through pulse tube refrigerators (PTRs) is developed. An exergetic efficiency parameter representing the losses in the pulse tube itself is proposed. The effects of control parameters representing a general phase shifter and their effect on the system performance are discussed. Analytical solutions representing important parameters in the design of PTRs such as the load curve, cooling power and efficiency in terms of basic system input parameters are developed. It is shown that the analytical model is powerful and convenient for optimization of PTRs and in quantifying its operational bound and important losses. Results indicating a compromise between cooling power and efficiency in PTRs under certain conditions are presented and discussed.
Staged repair of interrupted aortic arch and ventricular septal defect in infancy.

Abstract Staged repair of interrupted aortic arch and ventricular septal defect was carried out in 20 infants from 1979 through 1990. Among the important associated cardiac defects were transposition of the great arteries, truncus arteriosus, and anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery. The first stage, usually consisting of the placement of an 8- or 10-mm polytetrafluoroethylene graft, pulmonary artery banding, and ligation of the patent ductus arteriosus, resulted in 20 survivors (100%) There were two interim deaths (10%) before the second stage of ventricular septal defect closure and pulmonary artery band removal, which had 15 survivors (83%, 15 / 18 ). Because the major morbidity and mortality early in this experience could be traced to leaving the pulmonary artery band on too long, early removal (within 2 to 3 months) was begun. Since 1985, 8 (100%) of 8 infants have survived both stages and are now doing well. Because of the relatively large polytetrafluoroethylene graft, only 1 child (aged 9 years) has experienced substantial late aortic arch obstruction and undergone placement of an 18-mm Dacron graft without difficulty. Of interest is the finding that in only 1 (5%) of the 20 patients has major (≥40-mm Hg gradient) left ventricular outflow tract obstruction developed. In summary, the staged repair of interrupted aortic arch with ventricular septal defect has become very reliable despite the condition of the infant or major associated cardiac anomalies and can be recommended for infants at high risk for primary repair. More long-term information will be needed to determine which approach will be the best choice for the majority of infants.
Notes on boring bivalves from Phuket, Thailand

Abstract Botula cinnamomea ,Gregariella coralliophaga and three species of Lithophaga were found in large blocks of Porites. Lithophaga teres occurred predominantly in the lower side of the blocks, whereas the other species were found mainly in the upper side. The well-developed anterior pallial folds and the unscratched shells of Botula and Gregariella indicate that also these species bore chemically.
Individual Differences in the Interpretation of Commitment in Argumentation

The present study explored several dispositional factors associated with individual differences in lay adult’s interpretation of when an arguer is, or is not, committed to a statement. College students were presented with several two-person arguments in which the proponent of a thesis conceded a key point in the last turn. Participants were then asked to indicate the extent to which that concession implied a change in the proponent’s attitude toward any of the previous statements in the argument. Participants designated as ‘liberal’ used the concession to infer substantial change in commitment to earlier statements in the argument. A group designated as ‘conservative’ were reluctant to make any such inferences. A discriminant analysis indicated that variables assessing participants’ attitudes toward argument as well as their cognitive and communication styles jointly predicted their liberal or conservative status. The discriminant function and follow-up group comparisons indicated that liberals were more likely than conservatives to engage in argument. This included a greater tendency to use argument as a source of knowledge. Liberals also employed a more sophisticated message design logic than conservatives on a communication task. The groups did not clearly differ with respect to participants’ implicit theory of argument, though trends were present that merit attention in future research. Implications of these findings for future research on lay interpretations of commitment are discussed.
Épica e historia: la batalla de Las Navas de Tolosa en la Estoria de España alfonsí

The history of the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) in theEstoria de Espana—based on archbishop Rodrigo Jimenez de Rada's narration included in theHistoria de rebus Hispanie— presents not only expressions of faith and the crusader spirit that one expects in a work written by a prominent member of the Church, but also the respect and admiration for the Muslim enemy such as found in many Castilian epic texts. The crusader fervor, imported from other European regions, did not change the complex and at times benign relation between Muslims and Christians in the Iberian Peninsula.
The effects of intracranial administration of hallucinogens on operant behavior in the rat. I. Lysergic acid diethylamide.

Abstract Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was infused in one μl volumes into discrete brain regions of rats trained to press a bar for food reinforcement. The sites were chosen as major areas of the brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) system: the dorsal and median raphe nuclei, dorsal hippocampus, lateral habenular nuclei, and the prefrontal cortex. Following training in a fixed ratio-40 (FR-40) operant behavior rats were implanted with stainless steel cannulae aimed at the brain area to be examined. Bilateral cannulae were implanted for the lateral habenular nuclei, dorsal hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Following recovery from surbery, LSD (8.6 to 86 μg) or vehicle was infused immediately before a daily operant session. Infusion of vehicle was inactive. LSD produced a dose-dependent decrease in reinforcements and an increase in 10-sec periods of non-responding (pause intervals). LSD was significantly more potent when infused into the dorsal raphe nucleus than following intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration, whereas LSD was less potent when infused into the median raphe, lateral habenula or dorsal hippocampus. ED50s for increases in pause intervals were 9, 13, 23, 25, and 54 μg for infusion into the dorsal raphe, prefrontal cortex, dorsal hippocampus, median raphe, and lateral habenular nuclei, respectively. The ED50 for ICV administration in a previous study was 15 μg. The ED50 of LSD placed into the prefrontal cortex did not differ significantly from that of the ICV infusion. The time-course of effects of equivalent doses of LSD was shorter than the 40-min operant session for IP, ICV, dorsal raphe, lateral habenula, and dorsal hippocampus administrations. However, median raphe and prefrontal cortex infusions of comparable doses increased pausing throughout the 40-min session. The dose-response curve for IP administration of LSD was shifted to the left in animals with cannulae in dorsal raphe or prefrontal cortex, whereas no changes were seen in the response to IP administration of LSD in animals cannulated in the other sites. These data suggest that the disruption of operant behavior by LSD may have important components of activity in the dorsal raphe, median raphe and the prefrontal cortex. Nevertheless, it seems likely that LSD acts at multiple brain sites simultaneously in order to induce these behavioral effects.
A probe method for studying dibromocarbene by time resolved infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Dibromocarbene reacts with tertiary -butylisocyanide to form a ketenimine. The absolute rate constant of the reaction ( k TBI = 2.3 × 10 9 M −1 s −1 ) was determined by laser flash photolysis techniques with UV–vis detection of the dibromocarbene–pyridine ylide. The ketenimine was detected by TRIR spectroscopy at 2040 cm −1 . Isocyanide trapping of carbenes to form ketenimines is proposed as a general method of studying IR silent carbenes by TRIR spectroscopy.
Luminescent platinum complexes containing phosphorus-linked silole ligands.

A series of Pt(II) complexes containing silole-based ligands with diphenylphosphino groups terminally bound to a conjugated organic linker unit coordinated to the silole ring in the 2- or 2,5-positions, 1,1-dimethyl-2-(5′-diphenylphosphino-2′-thienyl)-3,4-diphenylsilole (4), 1,1-dimethyl-2,5-bis(5′-diphenylphosphino-2′-thienyl)-3,4-diphenylsilole (5), and 1,1-dimethyl-2,5-bis(4′-diphenylphosphinophenyl)-3,4-diphenylsilole (8), have been prepared from (cod)PtX2 (X = Cl, Me, C2Ph) precursors. Mononuclear, cis-P2PtX2 (P = 4) complexes 6–7 were produced from silole 4 whereas dinuclear macrocyclic, cis-cis-X2Pt(P–P)2PtX2 (P–P = 5 or 8) complexes 9–13 were produced from siloles 5 and 8. The solid state structure of the dinuclear complex 13 obtained from reaction of (cod)Pt(C2Ph)2 with silole 8, was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The optical properties of the siloles and the platinum complexes were studied by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy in solution and were found to exhibit long wavelength absorption and emission bands attributed to the π–π* transitions of the silole core.
Symmetric and antisymmetric outer plethysms of schur functions

Abstract Complete tables are given for the calculations of the outer plethysms of S functions for the symmetric and/or antisymmetric cases { n } ⊗ { m }, {1 n } ⊗ { m }, { n } ⊗ {1 m }, and {1 n } ⊗ {1 m } for all values of m and n with m · n m = 3 and n = 10–14, m = 4 and n = 8–10, and m = 5 and n = 6.
General absorption theory

Abstract The classical procedures underlying the development of the magneto ionic theory of electromagnetic propagation in an ionized medium is reviewed, on the assumption that a time invariant, homogeneous and isotropic medium is involved. Equations for the real and complex refractive index and the absorption are derived.
Diffusion of a passive scalar from a no-slip boundary into a two-dimensional chaotic advection field

Using a time-periodic perturbation of a two-dimensional steady separation bubble on a plane no-slip boundary to generate chaotic particle trajectories in a localized region of an unbounded boundary layer flow, we study the impact of various geometrical structures that arise naturally in chaotic advection fields on the transport of a passive scalar from a local 'hot spot' on the no-slip boundary. We consider here the full advection-diffusion problem, though attention is restricted to the case of small scalar diffusion, or large Peclet number. In this regime, a certain one-dimensional unstable manifold is shown to be the dominant organizing structure in the distribution of the passive scalar. In general, it is found that the chaotic structures in the flow strongly influence the scalar distribution while, in contrast, the flux of passive scalar from the localized active no-slip surface is, to dominant order, independent of the overlying chaotic advection. Increasing the intensity of the chaotic advection by perturbing the velocity held further away from integrability results in more non-uniform scalar distributions, unlike the case in bounded flows where the chaotic advection leads to rapid homogenization of diffusive tracer. In the region of chaotic particle motion the scalar distribution attains an asymptotic state which is time-periodic, with the period the same as that of the time-dependent advection field. Some of these results are understood by using the shadowing property from dynamical systems theory. The shadowing property allows us to relate the advection-diffusion solution at large Peclet numbers to a fictitious zero-diffusivity or frozen-field solution, corresponding to infinitely large Peclet number. The zero-diffusivity solution is an unphysical quantity, but is found to be a powerful heuristic tool in understanding the role of small scalar diffusion. A novel feature in this problem is that the chaotic advection field is adjacent to a no-slip boundary. The interaction between the necessarily non-hyperbolic particle dynamics in a thin near-wall region and the strongly hyperbolic dynamics in the overlying chaotic advection field is found to have important consequences on the scalar distribution; that this is indeed the case is shown using shadowing. Comparisons are made throughout with the flux and the distributions of the passive scalar for the advection-diffusion problem corresponding to the steady, unperturbed, integrable advection field.
Effects of chitin synthesis inhibitors on German cockroach (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) mortality and reproduction

Four benzoylphenyl urea and one substituted melamine chitin synthesis inhibitors were evaluated for their potential to control German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.). Chitin synthesis inhibitors fed to adult German cockroaches as 0.25% baits during only the first othecal cycle resulted in a darkening of othecal coloration and reduced egg hatch. Effects persisted to the second othecal cycle even though the feeding of treated bait was discontinued. By the third othecal cycle, reproduction returned to normal. Exposure of nymphs to residues or feeding of 0.25%baits resulted in 100%nymphal mortality for the benzoylphenyl ureas CGA--112913 N-[[[3,5-dichloro-4-[[3-chlore-t-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy])phenyl]amino]-carbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide) and UC-84572. UC-84572 significantly reduced nymphal populations from 5-12 wk after treatment as a 0.25%bait. Sprays applied at 22.9 /Jog/cm2did not result in a high degree of control of German cockroach nymphs; however, an increased rate of 45.8 /Jog/cm2did provide reliable control. The chlorpyrifos standard did not significantly reduce nymphal populations until after 5 wk after treatment.
Practice to an asymptote

Certain experimental designs are based upon the assumption that performance level becomes stabilized after a prolonged period of practice. This assumption was tested by taking a long series of repeated measurements upon a single S for the performance of each of several constant tasks, each task being tested singly in a separate series of measurements. Results showed that after thousands of practice trials on a simple task S may still be learning or showing other sequential effects in performance. These effects may disappear on one day only to reappear on the next. Therefore it is extremely doubtful that “practice to an asymptote” should be regarded as either an efficient or an effective method of eliminating sequential effects from an experiment proper.
Telephone Assessment, Support, and Counseling for Depression in Primary Care Medical Clinics

Abstract The Telephonic Assessment, Support, and Counseling Program (TASC) was developed to improve access to behavioral health assessment, counseling, and evidence-based psychotherapy in a public health system with an underserved, diverse population. The program is described in detail with examples of materials that can be replicated in other sites. TASC was designed to augment the management of depression provided through primary care clinics, which is where most people in the United States receive treatment for depression. The program used behavioral activation treatment for depression (BA), a well-researched evidence-based form of cognitive behavioral therapy that can be delivered by telephone in a relatively brief time period. TASC also incorporated motivational interviewing (MI) strategies into medication adherence and depression counseling. The intervention was conducted with primary care patients diagnosed with depression by their PCPs through five telephone calls targeting education about depression, medication adherence, and strategies to teach patients to monitor their mood and daily activities and to increase the number of specific activities in which they engage. Prior to beginning BA treatment, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Inventory were conducted to effectively identify alternative diagnoses or serious comorbidities. Primary care clinics providing medical care to low-income, diverse populations have many patients who could benefit from contact with a mental health provider, and telephonic delivery of these services in a program such as the TASC model may be a viable and cost-effective option that can increase access.
Methotrexate clearance by high-flux hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis: a case report.

We report a case of a patient on maintenance peritoneal dialysis therapy treated with a high-dose methotrexate regimen for central nervous system lymphoma. For the initial methotrexate cycles, he had received temporary daily high-flux hemodialysis starting 24 hours after the infusion of methotrexate to avoid toxicity. However, on account of issues with vascular access, he was treated with continuous multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis for the last 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Time-averaged clearances (dose divided by area under the curve, combination of endogenous and dialysis clearance) during treatment with high-flux hemodialysis and continuous multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis were 0.77 mL/min/kg (0.013 mL/s/kg) and 0.65 mL/min/kg (0.011 mL/s/kg), respectively. Peritoneal clearance of methotrexate was estimated to be 0.124 ± 0.037 mL/min/kg (0.00207 ± 0.00062 mL/s/kg). Despite lower clearance by means of peritoneal dialysis compared with hemodialysis, the patient did not develop clinical evidence of methotrexate toxicity.
Treatment of high-grade lymphoid malignancies in adults.

High-grade, B-lineage lymphoproliferative disorders can have a leukemic (acute lymphocytic leukemia [ALL] French-American-British [FAB] stage L-3), a lymphomatous (Burkitt's or small noncleaved [SNC]), or often a mixed clinical presentation in adults. Manifestations of these diseases in both adults and children include a propensity for abdominal and CNS involvement and a high incidence of metabolic abnormalities due to rapid cell growth and turnover, which are acutely exacerbated by treatment. Numerous studies show that FAB L-3, Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), and SNC are among the most curable of the multiple leukemia/lymphoma subtypes if treated appropriately. At least 50% of adults with these disorders are cured with the use of short-term intensive chemotherapeutic regimens, with treatment failure a consequence of both drug resistance and an inability of older adults to tolerate the side effects of therapy. Published studies have included very heterogeneous groups of patients, some characterized only by morphology, and others studied with cytogenetics but not necessarily having the classic mutations involving c-myc. Future studies should focus on better characterizing the patient populations to help identify the patients most likely to benefit from these aggressive regimens, as well as those who might require high-dose therapy with stem-cell transplantation.
Setting target rotation times in an IEEE token bus network

The IEEE standard 802.4 token bus protocol requires each network station to implement a synchronous (highest priority) message class, and permits a station to implement three lower priority classes: urgent asynchronous, normal asynchronous, and time available. Each of the lower three priorities (called access classes) is assigned a target token rotation time that limits the amount of time that a station can use to service lower priority traffic. A formulation of the problem is presented in which messages are transmitted from an access class as long as network throughput remains below a user-specified threshold. Formulas are derived that transform this priority scheme, based on network throughput limits, into the proper target rotation time settings that the token bus protocol actually requires. The analytical model is compared with a computer simulation of the token bus protocol and shows close agreement. >
A Cross-Cultural View of Adults’ Perceptions of Children’s Rights

This study examined how the need for autonomy may be coexisting with current cultural norms. A total of 264 U.S., 76 Swiss, and 51 British adults completed two perceptions of children’s rights surveys. The results showed that Swiss and British participants were significantly more likely to advocate for autonomy or self-determination rights than same-aged U.S. adults. British participants were also more likely to advocate for children’s self-determination rights than U.S. and Swiss participants, whereas Swiss adults were more likely to grant children nurturance rights than British and US adults. Generally, parents were less likely to advocate for autonomy than non-parents. The results are discussed in terms of individualism—collectivism, self-determination theories, and parentalism.
Rights Without Remedies

The Court should not apply the traditional standing requirements in some contexts for the same reason that, in Shelby County, it invalidated two provisions of the Voting Rights Act: the legislature cannot and will not fix the problem. No legal doctrine should be applied without examining whether elected representatives are capable of remedying specific harms and accounting for the relative unfairness in democratic governance. When the traditional standing requirements are rigidly applied without considering these factors, the Court undermines the separation of powers and prevents sound judicial decision-making. In essence, rigid application of the standing doctrine sends a message to litigants that they have “come to the wrong branch of government, even though no other branch is capable of addressing the crux of her claim.” That message should not be tolerated in a democratic society where fundamental constitutional rights provide the foundation for individual liberty and the judiciary safeguards those rights against arbitrary deprivation.The Court’s jurisprudence should implicitly acknowledge that elected representatives sometimes act in self-interested ways. The nature of democratic governance means that, elected representatives will, at least part of the time, make decisions to garner popularity with voters, increase the likelihood of reelection, and build entrenched majorities. For the same reason, elected officials may be reticent to address politically unpopular issues or vote to enact or re-authorize laws that raise serious constitutional questions. Whether through action or inaction, the result is the same, and the remedy can only come from one branch: the judiciary. Unfortunately, by applying the standing doctrine, courts can, wittingly or not, concentrate power in the legislative branch and give it the power not only to make laws, but to insulate itself from the constitutional constraints on its lawmaking power. This can result in a political process that eschews accountability and transparency, and that embraces a system of democratic governance for the privileged at the expense of the powerless. Part of the judiciary’s role is to prevent this from occurring, and to protect individual rights against dysfunction in the political process. And sometimes democracy is enhanced through undemocratic means, and if federalism is to “increase opportunit[ies] for citizen involvement in democratic processes,” citizens must know that rights are not without remedies, and that their status under the law is equal. Simply put, when the legislature cannot adequately address an issue or remedy a legal harm, the judiciary should.
The Role of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Dietary fatty acids, especially n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), are believed to play a role in reducing BC risk. Evidence has shown that fish consumption or intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are beneficial for inhibiting mammary carcinogenesis. The evidence regarding α-linolenic acid (ALA), however, remains equivocal. It is essential to clarify the relation between ALA and cancer since ALA is the principal source of n-3 PUFA in the Western diet and the conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is not efficient in humans. In addition, the specific anticancer roles of individual n-3 PUFA, alone, have not yet been identified. Therefore, the present review evaluates ALA, EPA and DHA consumed individually as well as in n-3 PUFA mixtures. Also, their role in the prevention of BC and potential anticancer mechanisms of action are examined. Overall, this review suggests that each n-3 PUFA has promising anticancer effects and warrants further research.
Activation of the Antitumor Agent Aminoflavone (NSC 686288) Is Mediated by Induction of Tumor Cell Cytochrome P450 1A1/1A2

The present studies were performed to elucidate the mechanism of cytotoxicity of the aminoflavone analog (5-amino-2,3-fluorophenyl)-6,8-difluoro-7-methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (AF; NSC 686288), a novel flavone with potent in vitro and in vivo antiproliferative activity against a number of human tumor cell lines and with a unique pattern of antiproliferative activity in the National Cancer Institute tumor cell line screen. AF was extensively metabolized by cytochrome P450 (P450) 1A1 and 1A2 to several metabolites, one of which was identified by mass spectrometry as a potentially reactive hydroxylamine. Radiolabeled AF was converted by rat and human microsomes, by recombinant CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, and by sensitive human tumor cell lines to species that covalently bound macromolecules. Treatment of sensitive human MCF7 cells with AF resulted in increased CYP1A1 mRNA and CYP1A1/1A2 protein followed by covalent binding of an AF metabolite to DNA, phosphorylation and stabilization of p53, and increased expression of the p53 transcriptional target p21. Covalent binding of the AF metabolite was increased by pretreatment with the CYP1A inducer 3-methylcholanthrene and decreased by coincubation with the CYP1A inhibitor alpha-naphthoflavone. In contrast, induction of CYP1A1 and covalent binding of the AF metabolite did not occur in AF-resistant M14-MEL cells. These observations suggest that AF is uniquely able to induce its own metabolic activation via CYP1A1/1A2 in duction to cytotoxic DNA-damaging species directly in tumor cells. AF, and possibly other agents, may offer a treatment strategy for tumors responsive to CYP1A1/1A2 induction, such as breast, ovarian, and renal cancers.
Visible emission contours for neon plasmas in silicon microcavity discharge devices: pressure dependence of spatially resolved fluorescence above the anode plane

Images of the Ne plasma plume residing above the microcavity of a Si inverted square pyramid microdischarge device have been obtained with an optical telescope and a charged-coupled device camera. Viewing the discharge along the device surface show the plume to be approximately hemispherical with a bright core having a width (at the surface) of /spl sim/140 /spl mu/m for p/sub Ne/=300 torr. The dependence of the plume contour on pressure is in qualitative agreement with recent computational results (Kushner, 2004).
Biogenic Structures Produced by Sand-Swimming Snakes: A Modern Analog for Interpreting Continental Ichnofossils

Abstract A noichnological experiment using the Kenyan sand boa, Eryx colubrinus, reveals the diversity of biogenic structures produced by sand-swimming vertebrates in unconsolidated sand. Documentation of these biogenic structures will aid in the identification and interpretation of similar ichnofossils in the geologic record and help improve paleoenvironmental and paleoecological reconstructions. Two sand boas and three sand-filled chambers containing 1–3 cm thick layers of fine- to medium-grained sand were used in this burrowing experiment. The burrowing activities of the snakes were observed over a 14-day period and the chambers were photographed regularly to record sediment disturbance. Eryx colubrinus produced a number of biogenic structures including (1) cone-shaped, downward-tapering features; (2) straight, vertical tubes; (3) elongate, sinuous tunnels; (4) semicircular, concave divots; (5) downward- and upward-deflected laminae; and (6) offset laminae. These different trace morphologies are present together, forming a large compound ichnofossil resulting from locomotion, resting, and dwelling behaviors. Absent from the sand-swimming biogenic structures were active backfill features, open tunnels, and burrow linings. The recognition and interpretation of ichnofossils in the rock record of sand-swimming vertebrates requires their association with assemblages of known terrestrial body and trace fossils, rhizoliths, and pedogenic fabrics. Given the ecology of extant sand-swimming vertebrates, their biogenic structures characterize loose sediments with low interstitial moisture and environments with arid to semiarid climates. The biogenic structures produced in this experiment represent a new type of previously unrecognized biodiversity—that of sand-swimming vertebrates. In order to understand the evolution of fossorial behavior in continental vertebrates, recognition of the morphology of all types of interactions between vertebrates and the sediment must be considered.
Kerr effect imaging of dynamic processes in magnetic recording heads

Techniques for imaging microscopic dynamic magnetic phenomena in magnetic recording heads are reviewed. Two experimental apparatus which utilize the Kerr magnetooptic effect are described. A scanning magnetooptic photometer uses the principles of confocal optical microscopy in which a focused laser spot serves as a high-resolution ( approximately 0.3 mu m) probe of magnetic activity to very high frequencies (250 MHz). Magnetooptic flash photography uses the technique of stroboscopic imaging with digital image processing to provide instantaneous (10 ns exposure time) images of magnetic phenomena on a microscopic scale by utilizing a pulse laser for illumination. Results from various studies of ferrite, metal-in-gap, and thin-film magnetic recording heads using these apparatus are reviewed along with their methods. >