cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunological Synapse Formation Licenses CD40-CD40L Accumulations at T-APC Contact Sites

The maintenance of tolerance is likely to rely on the ability of a T cell to polarize surface molecules providing "help" to only specific APCs. The formation of a mature immunological synapse leads to concentration of the TCR at the APC interface. In this study, we show that the CD40-CD154 receptor-ligand pair is also highly concentrated into a central region of the synapse on mouse lymphocytes only after the formation of the TCR/CD3 c-SMAC. Concentration of this ligand was strictly dependent on TCR recognition, the binding of ICAM-1 to T cell integrins and the presence of an intact cytoskeleton in the T cells. This may provide a novel explanation for the specificity of T cell help directing the help signal to the site of Ag receptor signal. It may also serve as a site for these molecular aggregates to coassociate and/or internalize alongside other signaling receptors.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROTECTION AGAINST SWINE STRESS ULCER

Cholestyramine, methysergide, and methylprednisolone were evaluated in a swine hemorrhagic shock model as they protect against stress ulceration. Twelve control piglets developed gastric ulcers within 48 hr of shock. The early intragastric administration of cholestyramine prevented ulceration in 8 of 9 animals (89%) providing additional evidence that swine stress ulceration depends upon bile reflux into the stomach. When cholestyramine administration was delayed for 1 hr, only 2 of 5 swine were protected which suggested that bile damage to mucosa occurs rapidly. Prefeeding with methysergide, a serotonin antagonist, protected 2 of 4 piglets. Giving methysergide intravenously during shock afforded no protection to 4 other animals. Methylprednisolone given in high doses intravenously to 5 piglets early in shock prevented ulceration uniformly. Delay in administration by 1 hr in 5 other animals resulted in ulceration. The mechanism of methylprednisolone protection was not studied, but results are consistent with the hypothesis that steroids stabilize lysosomal membranes. On the basis of results in the swine model, cholestyramine and methylprednisolone might be considered for clinical trial as pharmacological prophylaxis against stress ulceration. Their success would appear to depend on very early administration after the stressful event. The clinical usefulness of methysergide cannot be predicted on the basis of these experiments.
Impact of missing data in evaluating artificial neural networks trained on complete data

This study investigated the impact of missing data in the evaluation of artificial neural network (ANN) models trained on complete data for the task of predicting whether breast lesions are benign or malignant from their mammographic Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System (BI-RADS^T^M) descriptors. A feed-forward, back-propagation ANN was tested with three methods for estimating the missing values. Similar results were achieved with a constraint satisfaction ANN, which can accommodate missing values without a separate estimation step. This empirical study highlights the need for additional research on developing robust clinical decision support systems for realistic environments in which key information may be unknown or inaccessible.
Traumatic and septic shock alias post-trauma critical illness.

Background The mortality associated with septic shock, both in percentage of septic shock cases and total number of septic shock cases, has been increasing over the past several decades. This is despite major advances in diagnosis and treatment. The basic cause of traumatic and septic shock has been only partially elucidated. Methods Data sources include research papers on the subject of traumatic and septic shock from 1875 to the present. These papers numbered over 10 000, few of which are included in the reference list because many are duplicative or negative. Over 1000 articles were reviewed which documented the unsuccessful search for a treatment for septic shock based on the theory that septic shock is due to endotoxin and its secondarily induced host mediators. These references are available from the author. Results and conclusion The concept of a shock toxin in trauma and sepsis as promulgated during World War I is correct. This toxin is a thrombogenic aminophospholipid which occurs only on the inner layer of all cell membranes and is liberated by cell destruction. It causes disseminated intravascular coagulation which may obstruct the microcirculation of any or all organs, producing multiple organ failure by microclots. These microclots may be lysed by plasminogen activator and circulation to the organs restored.
Major urinary metabolites of 6-keto-prostaglandin F2α in mice

Western diets are enriched in omega-6 vs. omega-3 fatty acids, and a shift in this balance toward omega-3 fatty acids may have health benefits. There is limited information about the catabolism of 3-series prostaglandins (PG) formed from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a fish oil omega-3 fatty acid that becomes elevated in tissues following fish oil consumption. Quantification of appropriate urinary 3-series PG metabolites could be used for noninvasive measurement of omega-3 fatty acid tone. Here we describe the preparation of tritium- and deuterium-labeled 6-keto-PGF2α and their use in identifying urinary metabolites in mice using LC-MS/MS. The major 6-keto-PGF2α urinary metabolites included dinor-6-keto-PGF2α (∼10%) and dinor-13,14-dihydro-6,15-diketo-PGF1α (∼10%). These metabolites can arise only from the enzymatic conversion of EPA to the 3-series PGH endoperoxide by cyclooxygenases, then PGI3 by prostacyclin synthase and, finally, nonenzymatic hydrolysis to 6-keto-PGF2α. The 6-keto-PGF derivatives are not formed by free radical mechanisms that generate isoprostanes, and thus, these metabolites provide an unbiased marker for utilization of EPA by cyclooxygenases.
Detection of intestinal dysplasia using angle-resolved low coherence interferometry

Angle-resolved low coherence interferometry (a/LCI) is an optical biopsy technique that allows for depth-resolved, label-free measurement of the average size and optical density of cell nuclei in epithelial tissue to assess the tissue health. a/LCI has previously been used clinically to identify the presence of dysplasia in Barrett's Esophagus patients undergoing routine surveillance. We present the results of a pilot, ex vivo study of tissues from 27 patients undergoing partial colonic resection surgery, conducted to evaluate the ability of a/LCI to identify dysplasia. Performance was determined by comparing the nuclear morphology measurements with pathological assessment of co-located physical biopsies. A statistically significant correlation between increased average nuclear size, reduced nuclear density, and the presence of dysplasia was noted at the basal layer of the epithelium, at a depth of 200 to 300 μm beneath the tissue surface. Using a decision line determined from a receiver operating characteristic, a/LCI was able to separate dysplastic from healthy tissues with a sensitivity of 92.9% (13/14), a specificity of 83.6% (56/67), and an overall accuracy of 85.2% (69/81). The study illustrates the extension of the a/LCI technique to the detection of intestinal dysplasia, and demonstrates the need for future in vivo studies.
Clinical markers of Crohn's disease severity and their association with opiate use.

Background: The safety of opiate use for patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) has long been a concern. The recent Crohn’s therapy, resource, evaluation, and assessment tool (TREAT) registry update has added to these concerns by demonstrating an association of opiate use with an increased risk of infection and death in CD. While the association is clear, the relationship of opiates to these negative outcomes is not. It is unknown whether opiates are a contributing factor to these negative outcomes or if their use is merely a marker of more severe disease. We hypothesized that opiate use is not harmful in CD but is a marker of disease severity and would be associated with commonly accepted clinical markers of severe CD such as early age at CD onset, disease duration, small intestinal involvement, a history of fistula or stricture, and lower quality of life (QOL) scores. Methods: Data on CD history including pain medication usage were obtained from an interviewer directed survey of patients admitted to two tertiary care hospitals over a 2-year period. CD as the primary admitting diagnosis was not required. Active opiate use was defined by usage within the past month prior to admission. Results: A total of 133 patients were approached to participate, of whom 108 consented to the survey, and 51 were active opiate users. Opiate using CD patients were more commonly smokers (22% vs. 3.45%, P < 0.010), had fistulas (40% vs. 22.4%, P < 0.048) and had a poorer quality of life score by short form inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire (mean 3.80 vs. 4.34, P < 0.036) than non-opiate users. No difference was found between opiate users and non-users for age of diagnosis, disease duration, or a history of strictures. Conclusions: The study findings demonstrate that opiate use in CD is associated with markers of disease severity including fistulas, smoking, and lower QOL scores. The findings suggest that opiates may not be directly harmful to patients with CD, but may merely be another marker of disease severity. However, given opiates unproven benefits for long term CD pain control and risk of dependence, caution should still be exercised in their use. J Clin Med Res. 2015;7(1):33-36 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jocmr1969w
Generalized inverses of large matrices using the generalized Schur complement

The development of a software package for calculating the generalized inverse of a large real matrix is described. A large matrix is defined as a matrix that is too large to reside in computer memory. The computer software is written in Microsoft C v5.0 and can be implemented on an IBM-PC or compatible. The software is file-oriented and employs windowing techniques developed to bring into RAM the block needed for the calculations that are performed. The program requires that all matrices be stored in disk files before any manipulation can take place. This design constraint is necessary because when performing calculations on large matrices, only part of the matrix can be read into memory at any given time. Details about the design structure of the software are given. An additional set of functions is developed to allow the user to use this program in a recursive fashion in order to calculate the M-P inverse of extremely large matrices. >
The human rights enterprise: political sociology, state power, and social movements

Arguably, this important book by three US-based sociologists is best understood in the context of a sea change in academic sociology, particularly in the US. Though explicitly sociological in its a...
Oculomotor delayed response abnormalities in young offspring and siblings at risk for schizophrenia

Individuals with schizophrenia are known to demonstrate cognitive and behavioral difficulties, particularly alterations in executive functions, including working memory. It is unclear whether these deficits reflect trait-related vulnerability to schizophrenia indicators and can be assessed by studying nonpsychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia. In this study, we used an oculomotor delayed response (ODR) paradigm to examine spatial working memory in 37 “high-risk” child and adolescent offspring and siblings (age range=6–25 years) of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Compared with 37 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (age range=6–23 years), high-risk subjects showed nonsignificantly greater errors in the ODR task at longer delay intervals. Statistical analyses suggested that performance improved with age in healthy control subjects, whereas it worsened with age in high-risk subjects. In both groups, the ODR errors were generally associated with poorer sustained attention (Continuous Performance Test: visuospatial d prime), some-what poorer executive function (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test), and elevated Heinrichs-Buchanan neurological soft signs scores. These findings indicate the presence of spatial working memory abnormalities in individuals at risk for schizophrenia. Furthermore, these abnormalities may be progressive in nature. The ODR task is a valuable indicator of prefrontal cortical function and spatial working memory and may be a potentially valuable marker for familial risk of schizophrenia.
EXPLORING THE VARIABLE SKY WITH LINEAR. I. PHOTOMETRIC RECALIBRATION WITH THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY

We describe photometric recalibration of data obtained by the asteroid survey LINEAR. Although LINEAR was designed for astrometric discovery of moving objects, the data set described here contains over 5 billion photometric measurements for about 25 million objects, mostly stars. We use Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data from the overlapping ~10,000 deg^2 of sky to recalibrate LINEAR photometry and achieve errors of 0.03 mag for sources not limited by photon statistics with errors of 0.2 mag at r ~ 18. With its 200 observations per object on average, LINEAR data provide time domain information for the brightest four magnitudes of the SDSS survey. At the same time, LINEAR extends the deepest similar wide-area variability survey, the Northern Sky Variability Survey, by 3 mag. We briefly discuss the properties of about 7000 visually confirmed periodic variables, dominated by roughly equal fractions of RR Lyrae stars and eclipsing binary stars, and analyze their distribution in optical and infrared color-color diagrams. The LINEAR data set is publicly available from the SkyDOT Web site.
Predictors of Perineal Wound Complications and Prolonged Time to Perineal Wound Healing After Abdominoperineal Resection

Perineal wound following abdominoperineal resection (APR) is associated with high complication rate and delayed healing. We aim to evaluate the risk factors for delayed wound healing and wound complications following APR. A retrospective review of patients who underwent APR was performed. Non-delayed wound healing occurred within 6 weeks. Major complications included infection, necrosis, and dehiscence that required surgical interventions. Minor complications included drainage and superficial dehiscence that were treated conservatively. Patients were compared for type of wound closure (primary vs. flap reconstruction). Effect of patients’ demographic and clinical variables on time to healing, and on major and minor wound complications was examined. 215 patients were identified, of which 175 (81 %) had primary closure and 40 (19 %) had flap reconstruction. Overall, major wound complications occurred in 14 (7 %) of patients and minor wound complications occurred in 48 (22 %). Mean time to wound healing was 6.3 weeks in the primary closure group and 9.3 weeks in the flap reconstruction group (p = 0.02). Delayed wound healing occurred in 44 (25 %) of the primary closure group and in 25 (62 %) of the flap reconstruction group (p < 0.001). Delayed wound healing was associated with smoking (p = 0.005), hypoalbuminemia (p = 0.05), neoadjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.02), and flap reconstruction (p = 0.03). Hypoalbuminemia was associated with major wound complications (p = 0.002), while neoadjuvant chemotherapy was associated with minor wound complications (p = 0.01). Wound complications and delayed healing are related to patients’ nutritional status, smoking, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients with these risk factors are at risk of delayed wound healing even if they underwent flap reconstruction.
Beyond the Google search bar: Evaluating source credibility in contemporary research

Courses: Research Methods, Public Speaking, Communication Theory, any other course that requires college students to engage in a formal research process. Can be conducted in traditional, online, or hybrid courses.Objectives: In this original single-class activity, students will be able to evaluate source credibility for resources that extend beyond peer-reviewed, published journal articles and books. Through the use of Internet searches and social media outlets, students will engage in an evaluation process that will promote more effective research habits.
Comparative Evaluation of Edge Linking Methods Using Markov Chain and Regression Applied Heuristic

There have been many studies on how to develop accurate edge detection algorithms for various applications – especially processing geographic images and maps, say coastline images. In this paper, we present edge linking algorithms, based on a heuristic approach using regression analysis and Markov chain technique respectively, for the coastline images. The heuristic approach consists of costs that are based on the distance and direction of the edge terminators while the Markov chain technique has been developed to investigate possible line drawing options to reconnect the broken edges so that a Markov transition matrix is generated in order to find the suitable edge terminators that can be reconnected. In this paper both techniques of using Markov chain and regression analysis have been developed and their outcomes have been evaluated comparatively upon their accuracy of reconnecting the broken edges.
Desperately Seeking Subscripts: Towards automated model parameterization

This paper addresses the laborious task of specifying parameters within a given model of student learning. For example, should the model treat the probability of forgetting a skill as a theory-determined constant? As a single empirical parameter to fit to data? As a separate parameter for each student, or for each skill? We propose a generic framework to represent and mechanize this decision process as a heuristic search through a space of alternative parameterizations. Even partial automation of this search could ease researchers’ burden of developing models by hand. To test the framework’s generality, we apply it to two modeling formalisms – a dynamic Bayes net and learning decomposition – and compare how well they model the growth of children’s oral reading fluency.
Chained Kullback-Leibler divergences

We define and characterize the “chained” Kullback-Leibler divergence min w D(p||w) + D(w||q) minimized over all intermediate distributions w and the analogous k-fold chained K-L divergence min D(p||w k −1 ) + … + D(w 2 ||w 1 ) + D(w 1 ||q) minimized over the entire path (w 1 , … w k −1 ). This quantity arises in a large deviations analysis of a Markov chain on the set of types - the Wright-Fisher model of neutral genetic drift: a population with allele distribution q produces offspring with allele distribution w, which then produce offspring with allele distribution p, and so on.
Counting independent motifs in probabilistic networks

Biological networks provide great potential to understand how cells function. Network motifs, frequent topological patterns, are key structures through which biological networks operate. Counting independent (i.e. non-overlapping) copies of a given motif however remains to be a computationally hard problem. Motif counting problem becomes computationally even harder for biological networks as biological interactions are uncertain events. The central challenge behind this problem is that different embeddings of a given motif in a network can share edges. Such edges can create complex computational dependencies between different instances of the given motif. In this paper, we develop a novel algorithm for counting independent copies of a given motif topology in probabilistic biological networks. We propose a novel mathematical model to capture the dependency between each embedding and all the other embeddings, which it overlaps with. We prove the correctness of this model. Our experiments on real and synthetic networks demonstrate that our method counts non-overlapping embeddings in practical time for a broad range of networks with different probability, and topology models as well as reasonable range of network sizes.
Optimizing Care and Outcomes for Late Preterm Neonates

The goal of this review is to define gestational age categories and discuss the epidemiology, complications, strategies for prevention, and management of late preterm infants. Late preterm (i.e., 34 to 36 weeks of gestation) birth is prevalent (8.0% of all live births in the USA in 2013) and is associated with increased infant mortality and morbidity. Although most late preterm births are medically indicated, elective early delivery plays a role. Policies limiting elective births at gestations less than 39 weeks and guidance for timing of indicated late preterm birth have reduced late preterm births. Late preterm neonates frequently require neonatal intensive care and should be monitored throughout life for developmental, educational, psychosocial, and medical morbidities. Prevention of late preterm births is key to reduction in mortality and morbidity. Continued prevention efforts and implementation of best practices may decrease acute and long-term complications of late preterm birth.
Pioneers of the Field: South Africa’s women anthropologists

In this history of six women, Andrew Bank tells the story of South African anthropology as a house that Winifred Tucker Hoernle built. She is the mother figure of a school and the chapters about th...
Aging Audiences: Association of Live Performance Attendance and Cognitive Decline in a Biracial Sample:

Objectives: To examine if attendance in live performances was associated with change in cognition among African Americans (AAs) and European Americans (EAs). Method: The study consisted of 5,567 ol...
The Role of Laboratory Testing in Differentiating Type 1 Diabetes from Type 2 Diabetes in Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery.

It may be difficult to distinguish between adults with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes by clinical assessment. In patients undergoing bariatric surgery, it is critical to correctly classify diabetes subtype to prevent adverse perioperative outcomes including diabetic ketoacidosis. This study aimed to determine whether testing for C-peptide and islet cell antibodies during preoperative evaluation for bariatric surgery could improve the classification of type 1 versus type 2 diabetes compared to clinical assessment alone. This is a retrospective analysis of the Improving Diabetes through Lifestyle and Surgery trial, which randomized patients with clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes and BMI 30–40 kg/m2 to medical weight loss or bariatric surgery; one participant was discovered to have type 1 diabetes after experiencing postoperative diabetic ketoacidosis. Using blood samples collected prior to study interventions, we measured islet cell antibodies and fasting/meal-stimulated C-peptide in all participants. The participant with type 1 diabetes was similar to the 11 participants with type 2 diabetes in age at diagnosis, adiposity, and glycemic control but had the lowest C-peptide levels. Among insulin-treated participants, fasting and stimulated C-peptide correlated strongly with the C-peptide area-under-the-curve on mixed meal tolerance testing (R = 0.86 and 0.88, respectively). Three participants, including the one with type 1 diabetes, were islet cell antibody positive. Clinical characteristics did not correctly identify type 1 diabetes in this study. Preoperative C-peptide testing may improve diabetes classification in patients undergoing bariatric surgery; further research is needed to define the optimal C-peptide thresholds.
A Wary Alliance: From Enumerating the Environment to Inviting Apprehension

In this paper we resituate discussions of community-based science beyond the emancipatory rhetoric of democratization, creative commons, and the blurring of the bulwarks of expertise to include consideration of the potentially constrictive instrumentalist scientific idiom produced by and through these practices. Collectively, we apply four interrelated insights already available within STS literature to the chemical ecologies that we are immersed within and perpetuate: 1) projects engaged in the use of science for justice claims cannot fully escape reproducing hierarchies of knowledge-power, type, and knower; 2) the pursuit of science in these instances has the potential to foreclose imaginative horizons of “how” and “why” in favor of “how much”; 3) the pursuit of more data sets the stage for adversarial epistemological encounters that can lead to entrenchment rather than resolution; and 4) these practices have the resultant effect of defining and confining (democratic) participation to one in which data become an essential gateway to having a voice. Following from this, we ask: what are the approaches to apprehending the environment that might not so easily boil down to binaries of benevolence or harm, or to renderings of uncertainty confined to the specifications of statistical confidence intervals, that in turn justify further scientific inquiry? We gesture towards an expansive conversation that we call “inviting apprehension.” Such approaches beckon multiple strata of apprehending the environment to provoke public inquiry and intervention into the questions that undergird what we assume are the problems of today and the avenues through which we must engage them.
Satisfying uncertain targets using measure generalized Dempster-Shafer belief structures

Abstract We provide the basic formalisms associated with the classic Dempster–Shafer belief structure. We note it provides a model of uncertainty that has both a probabilistic uncertainty and imprecise component. We introduce the idea of generalized D–S belief structure, which, while still having an imprecise component has more a general measure based uncertainty. We discuss the idea of a target as a subset of some space X and an uncertain target is a collection of subsets each having a probability of being the true target. We consider the problem that an uncertain variable, whose value is known to be a generalized D–S structure satisfies the target, its value lies in the target set.
Electrocatalytic Difunctionalization of Olefins as a General Approach to the Synthesis of Vicinal Diamines

Vicinal diamines are highly prevalent structural motifs in therapeutic agents, bioactive natural products, and molecular catalysts. However, there are currently few unified methodological approaches for making these pertinent synthetic building blocks. This Synpacts article provides an overview of selected landmark developments in the area of olefin diamination. In particular, we highlight our recent contribution on the electrocatalytic diazidation of olefins as a general, selective, and sustainable method for the synthesis of vicinal diamines. 1 Introduction 2 Background: Intermolecular Diamination of Olefins 3 Background: Intermolecular Diazidation of Olefins 4 Electrocatalytic Diazidation of Olefins
Fan-Out Panel-Level Packaging (FOPLP)

All previously mentioned fan-out technologies are using the round 200 or 300 mm wafers as the temporary carriers for making the molds, RDLs, etc. (This is because of the existing equipment for fabricating the device wafers.) In order to increase the throughput, fan-out panel-level packaging (FOPLP) has been proposed.
On Consistency of Estimators in Simple Linear Regression Models

We derive a property of real sequences which can be used to provide a natural sucient condition for the consistency of the least squares estimators of slope and intercept for a simple linear regression.
Novel Heme-Protein Interactions— Some More Radical Than Others

Heme (iron-protoporphyrin IX), as well as being an essential cofactor for cytochromes, oxidases and oxygen-binding proteins, is an important biological regulator acting via noncovalent, reversible interactions with a variety of proteins. These include DNA-binding transcription factors (e.g., Bach 1, NPAS2 and Fur), and the cytoprotective, calcium-sensitive, K+ Slol channel. The biological processes affected by heme may be as complex as the control of certain types of memory and the regulation of circadian rhythms. Heme contributes to the control of global iron homeostasis in mammals because heme catabolism generates iron, and heme and iron metabolism merge within the enterocyte after dietary heme uptake. Novel low-spin interactions of heme with proteins (e.g., hemopexin) protect cells from heme-mediated oxidative stress. Receptor-mediated uptake of heme from hemopexin regulates gene expression (e.g., heme oxygenase) and ligand binding to the hemopexin receptor activates a signaling network of three pathways. The acceptance of control of heme synthesis with degradation thus stringently regulating heme levels has been called into question with recent proposals that heme transporters (e.g., ABCG2 and FLVCR) function to limit intracellular heme toxicity in stem cells and that heme deficiency states develop that contribute to neurodegeneration. How, and whether, the balance of regulatory heme-protein interactions is controlled by moving heme via transporters through cell compartments as well as its uptake and export across the plasma membrane will soon be apparent.
Application to Wireless Networking: Adaptive Response

In Chap. 6 we resolved the central issue of radiolocation in wireless networking, that of assigning directional information to individual packets. In this chapter, we build on this central functionality to give our wireless architecture the ability to direct its response toward the interlocutor.
Graduate Medical Education and Patient Safety

Although it is generally accepted that supervision during residency training is pivotal to the professional development of resident physicians and ensures patient safety, little work has been done to describe the nature and extent of the supervision provided and to provide recommendations for effective supervisory strategies. The implications of residency supervision extend beyond the clinical arena into such areas as financial reimbursement and malpractice liability. Questions remain regarding the formality of the attending–resident supervision relationship, namely the identification of those factors which encourage, and discourage, residents from seeking attending physician input into clinical decisions (100).
Reversible phosphorylation of G-protein-coupled receptors controls cAMP oscillations in Dictyostelium

Publisher Summary This chapter describes reversible phosphorylation of G-protein-coupled receptors controls camp oscillations in dictyostelium. Dictyostelium discoideum live as single amoebae that seek out and phagocytize bacteria. The bacteria are located by chemotaxis to secreted metabolites such as folic acid. Upon exhaustion of the food supply, growth ceases and a developmental program is initiated. When the cAMP stimulus is removed, the receptor is dephosphorylated at a rate that is independent of the level of phosphorylation. Dephosphorylation is also a biphasic event. A rapid decrease in radioactivity occurs over 3 min, initially being detected by 30 s, and the remainder gradually declines over 10 min. The half-time for maximal dephosphorylation is 2 min. When the receptor is held in the D form by cAMP, phosphate turnover on the receptor occurs at about one-fifth the initial stimulus-induced rate.
Why Experimental Design

(1965). Why Experimental Design? Proceedings. Annual meeting - American Society of Brewing Chemists: Vol. 23, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting 1965, pp. 161-166.
An Empire Built on a Lie – the Peregrine Fraud: A Case Study on Confirmations as Audit Evidence

This study examines the real world case of the Peregrine fraud. In this fraud, the CEO Russell Wasendorf, Sr. duped the auditors and the public for years. Wasendorf was able to carry out a fraud using an unsophisticated scheme involving falsified bank statements and falsified audit evidence. Only when an electronic confirmation services was used by the auditors did the fraud unravel. This case provides interesting discussion points for an auditing, fraud detection and deterrence, forensic accounting or ethics class. Students typically need one to two hours of time outside of class to complete the case and instructors should budget approximately one to one and a half hours of class time to discuss the case after the students have completed it.
Heterogeneous Memory Subsystem for Natural Graph Analytics

As graph applications become more popular and diverse, it is important to design efficient hardware architectures that maintain the flexibility of high-level graph programming frameworks. Prior works have identified the memory subsystem of traditional chip multiprocessors (CMPs) as a key source of inefficiency; however, these solutions do not exploit locality that exists in the structure of many real-world graphs. In this work, we target graphs that follow a power-law distribution, for which there is a unique opportunity to significantly boost the overall performance of the memory subsystem. We note that many natural graphs, derived from web, social networks, even biological networks, follow the power law, that is, 20% of the vertices are linked to 80% of the edges. Based on this observation, we propose a novel memory subsystem architecture that leverages this structural graph locality. Our architecture is based on a heterogeneous cache/scratchpad memory subsystem and a lightweight compute engine, to which the cores can offload atomic graph operations. Our architecture provides 2x speedup, on average, over a same-sized baseline CMP running the Ligra framework, while requiring no modification to the Ligra programming interface.
Boron-Containing Catalysts for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane/Propane Mixtures

Oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethane and propane feeds has been examined under a variety of temperatures, flow rates, and gas compositions in a fixed bed reactor using boron nitride-based cata...
Collision system and beam energy dependence of anisotropic flow fluctuations

Author(s): Magdy, Niseem; Adam, J; Adamczyk, L; Adams, JR; Adkins, JK; Agakishiev, G; Aggarwal, MM; Ahammed, Z; Alekseev, I; Anderson, DM; Aoyama, R; Aparin, A; Arkhipkin, D; Ashraf, MU; Atetalla, F; Attri, A; Averichev, GS; Bai, X; Bairathi, V; Barish, K; Bassill, AJ; Behera, A; Beliwied, R; Bhasin, A; Bhati, AK; Bielcik, J; Bielcikova, J; Bland, LC; Bordyuzhin, IG; Brandenburg, JD; Aschenauer, EC; Brandin, AV; Brown, D; Bryslawskyj, J; Bunzarov, I; Butterworth, J; Caines, H; Sanchez, M Calderon de la Barca; Cebra, D; Chakaberia, I; Chaloupka, P; Chan, BK; Chang, F-H; Chang, Z; Chankova-Bunzarova, N; Chatterjee, A; Chattopadhyay, S; Chen, JH; Chen, X; Cheng, J; Cherney, M; Christie, W; Contin, G; Crawford, HJ; Csanad, M; Das, S; Dedovich, TG; Deppner, IM; Derevschikov, AA; Didenko, L; Dilks, C; Dong, X; Drachenberg, JL; Dunlop, JC; Efimov, LG; Elsey, N; Engelage, J; Eppley, G; Esha, R; Esumi, S; Ewigleben, J; Fatemi, R; Fazio, S; Federic, P; Fedorisin, J; Filip, P; Finch, E; Fisyak, Y; Flores, CE; Fulek, L; Gagliardi, CA; Galatyuk, T; Geurts, F; Gibson, A; Grosnick, D
Tracking the Indigenous Sacred, Chidester-style

The article evaluates David Chidester’s Wild religion (2012) for what it teaches us about tracking and studying the ‘indigenous sacred’ in contemporary South Africa, and, by extension, in Africa more generally, and the diaspora. By adopting a more dynamic and open-ended approach to religion as a set of resources and strategies, Chidester provides critical insights on the production, appropriation, and interpretation of indigenous religious myths and rituals in the post-apartheid setting.Keywords: indigeneity, traditional religion, South Africa, symbols, heritage, dreams, media, education, politics, methodology
Reviewing the Potential Vectors and Hosts of African Swine Fever Virus Transmission in the United States

African swine fever virus (ASFV) continues to threaten global animal health and agricultural biosecurity. Mitigating the establishment of ASFV in the United States (U.S.) is contingent on (1) the identification of arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts that are capable of viral maintenance and transmission in the U.S. and (2) knowledge of vector-host associations that may permit transmission. We aggregated data on vector competence, host competence and tick-host associations by systematic review of published articles and collection records to identify species that may support the invasion of ASFV in the U.S. Three species of competent soft ticks occur in the U.S., Ornithodoros coriaceus, Ornithodoros turicata, and Ornithodoros puertoricensis, however, vector competence for the majority of soft ticks in the U.S. remains unknown. Three species of competent vertebrate hosts currently occur in the U.S.: domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), feral hogs (Sus scrofa), and common warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus). Hierarchical hazard categories based on vector competence, tick-host contact rates, and vector abundance were used to semiquantitatively rank U.S. soft tick species by their relative risk for contributing to ASFV transmission to identify which soft tick species are a priority for future studies. High-risk vector and host species identified in this study can be used to focus ASFV risk assessments in the U.S., guide targeted surveillance and control strategies, and proactively prepare for an ASFV incursion event. Results indicate O. coriaceus, O. turicata, and O. puertoricensis demonstrate the highest relative risk for contributing to ASFV transmission in the U.S., however, many gaps in knowledge exist preventing the full evaluation of at least 30 soft tick species in the U.S. Further study is required to identify soft tick vectors that interact with feral swine populations, elucidate vector competence, and further understand the biology of soft tick species.
Changes in conformation and stability upon formation of complexes of erythropoietin (EPO) and soluble EPO receptor.

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone which belongs to the four-helical-bundle cytokine family and regulates the level of circulating red blood cells. The EPO receptor (EPOR) belongs to the cytokine-receptor family of proteins. While many of the downstream events following receptor/ligand interaction have been defined, both ligand-induced receptor dimerization and conformational changes induced by binding have been implicated as the initial step in signal transduction. In a recent paper [Philo et al. (1996), Biochemistry38, 1681–1691] we described the formation of both 1:1 and 2:1 EPOR/EPO complexes. In this paper, we examine changes in protein conformation and stability resulting from the formation of both 1:1 and 2:1 complexes of the soluble extracellular domain of EPOR and the recombinant EPO derived from either Chinese hamster ovary cells or from Escherichia coli cells. Occupation of the first binding site results in a slight conformational change that is apparent in both the far- and near-UV circular dichroism spectra. Formation of the 2:1 complex results in an even greater change in conformation which involves the local environment of one or more aromatic amino acids, accompanied perhaps by a small increase in helical content of the complex. This change in local conformation could occur in the EPO molecule, in the EPOR, in both EPOR molecules due to dimerization, or in all molecules in the trimer. The 1:1 complex exhibits increased stability to thermal-induced denaturation relative to the individual protein component; indeed, the E. coli-derived (nonglycosylated) EPO stays folded in the complex at temperatures where the EPO alone would have unfolded and precipitated. Glycosylation of the receptor increases the reversibility of thermal denaturation, but does not affect the temperature at which this unfolding reaction occurs.
An Innovative Chain Coding Technique for Compression Based on the Concept of Biological Reproduction: An Agent-Based Modeling Approach

The accelerated progress of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the nature of its heterogeneous parts cause difficulties in transferring data between different components. These rapid developments make it crucial to investigate new techniques to reduce the size of the data transmitted over the channels. In this paper, we develop an original chain code for compression that is inspired by the concept of biological reproduction. The new chain code is implemented via developing an agent-based modeling simulation consisting of rabbits, carrots, and paths for the rabbits to wander. The environment in the model represents an actual bi-level image consisting of zeros and ones. In our “biological reproduction” method, a rabbit starts wandering in the virtual world to consume carrots, while its movements are tracked and recorded by the algorithm. Each rabbit’s movement is recorded based on its previous movement. Additionally, after a rabbit consumes a certain number of carrots, it gains energy and therefore reproduces another rabbit, which continues to work on the same image, and so on. Accordingly, more rabbits simultaneously work on different parts of an image, which makes the biological reproduction method advantageous over many other classical image processing approaches. The experimental results showed that the current method could outperform well-known image compression techniques, including JBIG family algorithms, on all the images used for testing.
Prediction-error filters for signal and noise separation within ultrasound recordings

Ultrasonic image quality can be compromised by several mechanisms such as reverberation, off-axis scattering, and sound-speed inhomogeneities. These mechanisms can cause a loss of coherence of signals across the aperture and clutter in a B-mode image potentially leading to inadequate visualization and misdiagnosis. We develop a processing technique based on prediction-error filters (PEFs) for isolating tissue signal and several types of noise in the individual channel data of ultrasound scans. We first estimate a set of PEFs that allows for prediction of the 2-D spectra of signal and noise in the channel data domain and then use these filters to separate the signal and noise components within the recorded echoes. We use the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem as a priori knowledge of the signal spectrum to develop the signal-PEF, while the noise-PEFs are estimated directly from the channel data. We apply our PEFs to channel data from fullwave simulations of abdominal scans and to data acquired on a lesion phantom through a layer of bovine tissue. The proposed technique successfully separates signal from noise and improves lag-one coherence of the speckle signal from 0.47 to 0.97.Ultrasonic image quality can be compromised by several mechanisms such as reverberation, off-axis scattering, and sound-speed inhomogeneities. These mechanisms can cause a loss of coherence of signals across the aperture and clutter in a B-mode image potentially leading to inadequate visualization and misdiagnosis. We develop a processing technique based on prediction-error filters (PEFs) for isolating tissue signal and several types of noise in the individual channel data of ultrasound scans. We first estimate a set of PEFs that allows for prediction of the 2-D spectra of signal and noise in the channel data domain and then use these filters to separate the signal and noise components within the recorded echoes. We use the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem as a priori knowledge of the signal spectrum to develop the signal-PEF, while the noise-PEFs are estimated directly from the channel data. We apply our PEFs to channel data from fullwave simulations of abdominal scans and to data acquired on a lesion phantom...
Identification of Tn antigen O-GalNAc-expressing glycoproteins in human carcinomas using novel anti-Tn recombinant antibodies

The Tn antigen is a neoantigen abnormally expressed in many human carcinomas and expression correlates with metastasis and poor survival. To explore its biomarker potential, new antibodies are needed that specifically recognize this antigen in tumors. Here we generated two recombinant antibodies to the Tn antigen, Remab6 as a chimeric human IgG1 antibody and ReBaGs6 as a murine IgM antibody and characterized their specificities using multiple biochemical and biological approaches. Both Remab6 and ReBaGs6 recognize clustered Tn structures, but most importantly do not recognize glycoforms of human IgA1 that contain potential cross-reactive Tn antigen structures. In flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analyses, Remab6 recognizes human cancer cell lines expressing the Tn antigen, but not their Tn-negative counterparts. In immunohistochemistry (IHC), Remab6 stains many human cancers in tissue array format but rarely stains normal tissues and then mostly intracellularly. We used these antibodies to identify several unique Tn-containing glycoproteins in Tn-positive Colo205 cells, indicating their utility for glycoproteomics in future biomarker studies. Thus, recombinant Remab6 and ReBaGs6 are useful for biochemical characterization of cancer cells and IHC of tumors and represent promising tools for Tn biomarker discovery independently of recognition of IgA1.
The Government Receives Moral License to Commit Transgressions When Compared to Other Entities

In this paper, we examine moral judgments about different entities including individuals, corporations, nonprofits, and governments following a transgression. Although there is some research examin...
Use of a Laryngeal Mask Airway Decreases Radiation Exposure During Computed Tomography-Guided Percutaneous Glycerol Rhizotomy for Trigeminal Neuralgia.

Background We have been using computed tomography (CT) guidance for percutaneous glycerol rhizotomy (PGR) for the last 7 years. As a quality improvement exercise, we recently began using general anesthesia (GA) with the use of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) because of our perception that the procedure went faster and that there was less radiation exposure because of less patient movement. We aim to compare PGR radiation exposure and procedural time between patients receiving local anesthetic with sedation and those receiving GA/LMA. Methods A single-center historical cohort study was performed using patients treated with PGR between 2017 and 2019. Ninety-two surgeries were conducted during the study period: 64 surgeries had local anesthetic with intravenous sedation, and 28 surgeries had deeper anesthetic with LMA. Data analyzed included the number of CT sequences obtained, needle placement time, and total radiation dose. Results Use of GA/LMA resulted in a 23% decrease in mean radiation dose (565.5 vs. 436.1 μGy × cm, P = 0.014), number of CT sequences required (7.4 vs. 5.7, P = 0.003), and needle placement time (12.8 vs. 9.8 minutes, P = 0.006). Additionally, 10 patients underwent multiple glycerol rhizotomies during the collection period with both anesthetic types being used at least once. Seven of 10 patients (70.0%) had a reduction in total radiation dose, number of CT sequences obtained, and needle placement time when GA/LMA was used. There were no procedure- or anesthetic-related complications in this patient cohort. Conclusions The use of GA/LMA during PGR is associated with decreased radiation exposure without increased anesthetic complications.
Supraclavicular Translocation of Aberrant Left Subclavian Artery for Vascular Ring Division and Resection of Kommerell’s Diverticulum:

Intrathoracic left subclavian to common carotid artery translocation is advocated for patients undergoing vascular ring division in the setting of an enlarged Kommerell’s diverticulum and aberrant ...
Design method for resonant inductive power transfer systems using a resistor ladder prototype

This paper presents a method for finding the optimum load resistance that maximizes the power efficiency of a tuned-resonant inductive power transfer (IPT) system. In this method, the equivalent AC circuit of the IPT system is transformed to match the topology of a reference ladder prototype. This simplifies the design problem, because the ladder prototype offers intuitive and accurate closed-form approximations for the optimum load resistance and maximum power efficiency. The process is graphical in the sense that manipulations and transformations are made directly on the circuit diagram. Compared to traditional circuit analysis, the ladder prototype approach does not entail complicated systems of equations or matrix manipulations. We show the utility of our method by designing a practical IPT system.