cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Architectural core salvaging in a multi-core processor for hard-error tolerance

The incidence of hard errors in CPUs is a challenge for future multicore designs due to increasing total core area. Even if the location and nature of hard errors are known a priori, either at manufacture-time or in the field, cores with such errors must be disabled in the absence of hard-error tolerance. While caches, with their regular and repetitive structures, are easily covered against hard errors by providing spare arrays or spare lines, structures within a core are neither as regular nor as repetitive. Previous work has proposed microarchitectural core salvaging to exploit structural redundancy within a core and maintain functionality in the presence of hard errors. Unfortunately microarchitectural salvaging introduces complexity and may provide only limited coverage of core area against hard errors due to a lack of natural redundancy in the core.This paper makes a case for architectural core salvaging. We observe that even if some individual cores cannot execute certain operations, a CPU die can be instruction-set-architecture (ISA) compliant, that is execute all of the instructions required by its ISA, by exploiting natural cross-core redundancy. We propose using hardware to migrate offending threads to another core that can execute the operation. Architectural core salvaging can cover a large core area against faults, and be implemented by leveraging known techniques that minimize changes to the microarchitecture. We show it is possible to optimize architectural core salvaging such that the performance on a faulty die approaches that of a fault-free die--assuring significantly better performance than core disabling for many workloads and no worse performance than core disabling for the remainder.
From Apprenticeship to Internship: The Social and Legal Antecedents of the Intern Economy

This article looks towards the future of the intern economy by focusing on its past. What led to recent debates about the intern economy? How did it become legally possible for interns to work for free? Using the United States as my case study, I draw parallels between the current intern economy and its closest historical antecedent, the apprenticeship system. By providing a brief overview of the history of work-based learning and the unpaid internship’s legal underpinnings, this article ultimately frames current lawsuits and debates as a correction to today’s insufficiently scrutinized youth labour regime not unlike the apprenticeship systems of the past. In the attempt to facilitate youth transitions from school to work, yet maintain minimum wage standards, government intervention and—more imminently likely—legal decisions will, I anticipate, eventually transform the intern economy much like the Fitzgerald Act of 1937 drastically formalized apprenticeships in the United States.
MEMS based sun sensor on a chip

A prototype sun sensor has been developed. It consists of a thin slice of silicon coated with a layer of chrome and a layer of gold with hundreds of small pinholes, placed on top of an active pixel sensors (APS) image detector at a distance of 500 microns. Images of the sun are formed on the APS image detector when the sun illuminates the mask. Image processing of the sun image is performed externally to the chip. Sun angles are derived by determining the precise location of the sun images on the detector - just like a sundial. The envelope of the sun sensor is 10/spl times/15/spl times/1.5 mm, it has a mass of 0.5 gram and the power consumption is 30 mW. The accuracy of the MEMS based sun sensor on a chip is estimated to be 1 arcminute.
Leaf water relations and solute accumulation in two grain sorghum lines exhibiting contrasting drought tolerance

A drought-tolerant grain sorghum line (K886) maintained significantly higher relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential at full turgor (ψ π(100) ) and turgor pressure (ψ p ) than did a drought-susceptible line (CS3541) when the two genotypes were grown in containers and subjected to severe water stress prior to anthesis. Leaf area expansion was inhibited to a greater extent by water deficit in line CS3541 than in K886. Both the basal ψ π(100) and the capacity to accumulate solutes upon exposure to stress appear to play important roles in the measured genotypic differences in leaf water relations. Sap osmolarity was greater in line K886 than in CS3541 throughout the entire range of water potential induced. With the exception of proline, the baseline concentrations of each of eight solutes were higher in K886 than in CS3541. Further, when water deficit was imposed, K886 exhibited larger increases in sap osmolality than did CS3541. The concentrations of K + , sugars, Cl - and P, predominant solutes contributing to osmotic adjustment, increased with increasing stress in K886, but essentially remained constant in CS3541. The two lines exhibited large differences in the relative contributions of individual solutes to osmotic adjustment, and these contributions changed markedly during stress development both within and between lines. The most notable differences between genotypes were with respect to the contributions of sugars and K + ions. The capacity to accumulate K + ions and to minimize stress-induced reductions in water content, turgor and leaf expansion appear to be useful traits for inclusion in germplasm screening programmes for improved drought tolerance in sorghum.
Exopolysaccharides from Sinorhizobium meliloti Can Protect against H2O2-Dependent Damage

Sinorhizobium meliloti requires exopolysaccharides in order to form a successful nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with Medicago species. Additionally, during early stages of symbiosis, S. meliloti is presented with an oxidative burst that must be overcome. Levels of production of the exopolysaccharides succinoglycan (EPS-I) and galactoglucan (EPS-II) were found to correlate positively with survival in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). H2O2 damage is dependent on the presence of iron and is mitigated when EPS-I and EPS-II mutants are cocultured with cells expressing either exopolysaccharide. Purified EPS-I is able to decrease in vitro levels of H2O2, and this activity is specific to the symbiotically active low-molecular-weight form of EPS-I. This suggests a potential protective function of exopolysaccharides against H2O2 during early symbiosis.
NEUTRAL MODELS OF GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION

The amount and pattern of genetic variability in a geographically structured population under the joint action of migration, mutation, and random genetic drift is studied. The monoecious, diploid population is subdivided into panmictic colonies that exchange gametes. In each deme, the rate of self-fertilization is equal to the reciprocal of the number of individuals in that deme. Generations are discrete and nonoverlapping; the analysis is restricted to a single locus in the absence of selection; every allele mutates to new alleles at the same rate. It is shown that if the population is at equilibrium, the number of demes is finite, and migration does not alter the deme sizes, then population subdivision produces interdeme differentiation and the mean homozygosity and the effective number of alleles exceed their panmictic values. The equilibrium and transient states of the island, circular stepping-stone, and infinite linear stepping-stone models are investigated in detail.
Effect of AmtB homologues on the post-translational regulation of nitrogenase activity in response to ammonium and energy signals in Rhodospirillum rubrum.

The AmtB protein transports uncharged NH3 into the cell, but it also interacts with the nitrogen regulatory protein PII, which in turn regulates a variety of proteins involved in nitrogen fixation and utilization. Three PII homologues, GlnB, GlnK and GlnJ, have been identified in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum, and they have roles in at least four overlapping and distinct functions, one of which is the post-translational regulation of nitrogenase activity. In R. rubrum, nitrogenase activity is tightly regulated in response to addition or energy depletion (shift to darkness), and this regulation is catalysed by the post-translational regulatory system encoded by draTG. Two amtB homologues, amtB 1 and amtB 2, have been identified in R. rubrum, and they are linked with glnJ and glnK, respectively. Mutants lacking AmtB1 are defective in their response to both addition and darkness, while mutants lacking AmtB2 show little effect on the regulation of nitrogenase activity. These responses to darkness and appear to involve different signal transduction pathways, and the poor response to darkness does not seem to be an indirect result of perturbation of internal pools of nitrogen. It is also shown that AmtB1 is necessary to sequester detectable amounts GlnJ to the cell membrane. These results suggest that some element of the AmtB1-PII regulatory system senses energy deprivation and a consistent model for the integration of nitrogen, carbon and energy signals by PII is proposed. Other results demonstrate a degree of specificity in interaction of AmtB1 with the different PII homologues in R. rubrum. Such interaction specificity might be important in explaining the way in which PII proteins regulate processes involved in nitrogen acquisition and utilization.
Atherosclerosis: Risk factors and the vascular endothelium

The endothelium can respond to a local environment by releasing a variety of substances that regulate the level of vascular tone. One of the most important of these vasoregulatory substances is EDRF. The function of the endothelium is altered in a variety of pathologic and physiologic conditions. This review focused on the role of risk factors for atherosclerosis as it relates to EDRF. Atherosclerotic blood vessels respond abnormally on exposure to stimuli that release EDRF. It is now also apparent that this abnormal vascular response may precede the development of significant atherosclerosis and that normalization of the EDRF response with treatment is possible. Thus abnormal endothelium-dependent relaxation has been demonstrated in hypercholesterolemic patients with little or no evidence of coronary angiographic disease and in patients with hypertension before the development of atherosclerosis. The interaction between risk factors and the function of the vascular endothelium with development of atherosclerosis may become a useful focus for therapies that benefit patient outcomes.
Cultural (De)Coding and Racial Identity among Women of the African Diaspora in U.S. Adult Higher Education.

Over time, research has suggested there are sometimes tensions arising from differences in the way African Americans and Black Caribbean immigrants in the United States perceive each other as part of the African diaspora. In this autoethnographic study, I explore personal experiences with cross-cultural misperceptions between Black female students in three U.S. higher education settings. I use critical race feminism and dialogue education to tell my story, analyzing my encounters and cultural frame of reference and its relationship to Black identity in the United States, and calling for increased dialogue between and among diverse Black females in adult education settings.
The core^mantle boundary under the Gulf of Alaska: No ULVZ for shear waves

The Earth’s core^mantle boundary (CMB) marks the boundary between the hot, molten iron core and the silicate mantle and is a thermal, chemical, and flow boundary. Previous observations of very slow compressional wavespeeds suggest that thin ultra-low-velocity zones (ULVZs), possibly composed of a mixture of molten iron and silicates, exist at the base of the mantle. A molten or partially molten layer would cause a large shear wavespeed decrease; however this velocity drop has not been observed. Here, we use core reflected ScP phases to investigate the shear properties of ULVZs. These phases reveal at least two distinct regions: one region under Central America which is distinctly average (PREM and iasp91-like) and a second region under the entire Gulf of Alaska that produces large ScP reflections with amplitudes of up to 30 times larger than calculated with average Earth models. The large amplitudes suggest a combination of focusing by CMB topography, high shear wavespeeds at the bottom of the mantle, and low attenuation (high Q) along the ScP path; high shear wavespeeds and low attenuation are opposite from what would be expected from a shear wave ULVZ. A ULVZ in compressional wavespeeds (ultra-low Vp) has previously been observed in this region; however, in addition to the large amplitudes, the short-period ScP waveforms show no complexity that can be related to a ULVZ. Thus, either there is not a ULVZ under the Gulf of Alaska or, if it does exist, it is restricted to compressional wavespeed changes, precluding interpretation as partial melt but rather suggesting a chemical origin. fl 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Worlds in Space: American Religious Pluralism in Geographic Perspective

The dynamic of American religious pluralism contains at its core a spatial politics configured by a longstanding pattern of AngloProtestant dominance coupled with a widespread though tension-filled acceptance of religious pluralism. This dynamic has been particularly dramatic and intense since the 1960s because of an increase in the numbers of adherents of non-Protestant and non-Western religions in the United States and an increase in the degree to which religious groups have sought a more active and visible involvement in American life. One can observe the American pluralist dynamic functioning spatially at three interlocking levels—regional, local, and national—with spatial politics playing out differently in different locations depending on a variety of factors. As the new century opens, new factors such as globalization, virtual communication, and heterolocalism come increasingly into play.
The Amino Acid Content of Fresh and Stored Shell Eggs. II. Arginine, Histidine, Lysine, Methionine, Cystine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, and Proline

Abstract SOME of the earliest methods of amino acid determination were for cystine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the three basic amino acids, arginine, histidine, and lysine, so consequently many data are available for the content of these amino acids in egg proteins. Furthermore, values are also available for methionine and phenylalanine, because of their classification as essential in the diet and the existence of suitable methods of determination. However, few data on the proline content of egg proteins can be found in the literature. Although no study has been reported of changes occurring during storage in the arginine, histidine, lysine, methionine, cystine, tryosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and proline content of egg proteins, changes in the content of some of these in eggs during incubation have been studied (Sendju 1925, 1927; Cho 1926; Plimmer and Lowndes 1927; Calvery 1929, 1930). It is the purpose of this paper to present data on the percentages of . . .
Brentuximab vedotin: the science of common sense

An estimated 15–30% of patients will experience either primary refractory or a relapse of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) despite modern therapy [1]. A second chance at cure can be achieved using non-cross-r...
SOD1 targeted to the mitochondrial intermembrane space prevents motor neuropathy in the Sod1 knockout mouse

Motor axon degeneration is a critical but poorly understood event leading to weakness and muscle atrophy in motor neuron diseases. Here, we investigated oxidative stress-mediated axonal degeneration in mice lacking the antioxidant enzyme, Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). We demonstrate a progressive motor axonopathy in these mice and show that Sod1(-/-) primary motor neurons extend short axons in vitro with reduced mitochondrial density. Sod1(-/-) neurons also show oxidation of mitochondrial--but not cytosolic--thioredoxin, suggesting that loss of SOD1 causes preferential oxidative stress in mitochondria, a primary source of superoxide in cells. SOD1 is widely regarded as the cytosolic isoform of superoxide dismutase, but is also found in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The functional significance of SOD1 in the intermembrane space is unknown. We used a transgenic approach to express SOD1 exclusively in the intermembrane space and found that mitochondrial SOD1 is sufficient to prevent biochemical and morphological defects in the Sod1(-/-) model, and to rescue the motor phenotype of these mice when followed to 12 months of age. These results suggest that SOD1 in the mitochondrial intermembrane space is fundamental for motor axon maintenance, and implicate oxidative damage initiated at mitochondrial sites in the pathogenesis of motor axon degeneration.
Characterization of Platelet–Monocyte Complexes in HIV-1–Infected Individuals: Possible Role in HIV-Associated Neuroinflammation

HIV-1-associated neuroinflammation persists even with effective combined antiretroviral therapy, and it is associated with the presence of activated monocytes/macrophages within the CNS. To infiltrate the CNS, monocytes transmigrate across the selectively permeable blood-brain barrier, which is compromised during HIV-1 infection. Interestingly, platelet-derived excess soluble CD40 ligand found in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-1-infected individuals with cognitive impairment has previously been implicated in increased blood-brain barrier permeability. In this study we show that soluble CD40 ligand also promotes the formation of complexes between inflammatory monocytes and activated platelets (PMCs), which are detected by flow cytometry as monocytes that express excess of CD61, a platelet marker, and that these complexes are increased in individuals with HIV-1 infection. PMCs exhibit an enhanced ability to adhere to human brain microvascular endothelial cells as compared with monocytes alone, and they migrate across the transendothelial barrier. These complexes can be found marginalized in the lumen of postcapillary venules in postmortem brain tissue derived from cases of HIV-1-associated encephalitis. The extravasation of monocytes across the brain endothelium may exacerbate neuroinflammation, indicating that enhancing this event via platelet interaction may be a contributing factor in the development of cognitive impairment. Thus, dampening platelet activation, and in turn PMC formation, with antiplatelet agents may prove beneficial in developing adjunctive therapies for use in combination with combined antiretroviral therapy in an effort to reduce HIV-1-associated neurologic deficit.
Monocyte enrichment from leukapharesis products for the generation of DCs by plastic adherence, or by positive or negative selection.

Background DCs for use in immunotherapy are frequently generated from peripheral blood monocytes. However, there are different approaches to monocyte enrichment.Method Plastic adherence is a widely used method for the enrichment of monocytes collected in a leukapheresis procedure. Alternatively, monocytes may be enriched by positive selection using magnetic beads coupled to CD14 Abs, or by cell depletion using beads coupled to Abs against CD2 and CD19 to remove non-monocytes.Results Positive selection resulted in the highest purity of immature DCs (97±1%), but in a low yield (8±3%). In contrast, depletion of non-monocytes gave a good yield (21±6%), but insufficient purity (42±10%). Conventional adherence procedures resulted in a good yield (25±5%) and reasonable purity (72±4%). All three monocyte enrichment procedures resulted in DCs that underwent maturation upon exposure to a combination of lipopolysaccharide and IFN-γ. These DCs had a typical immune phenotype, they released similar amounts of IL-12, an...
An inductively powered scalable 32-channel wireless neural recording system-on-a-chip for neuroscience applications

We present an inductively powered 32-channel wireless integrated neural recording (WINeR) system-on-a-chip (SoC) to be ultimately used for one or more small freely behaving animals. The inductive powering is intended to relieve the animals from carrying bulky batteries used in other wireless systems, and enables long recording sessions. The WINeR system uses time-division multiplexing along with a novel power scheduling method that reduces the current in unused low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) to cut the total SoC power consumption. In addition, an on-chip high-efficiency active rectifier with optimized coils help improve the overall system power efficiency, which is controlled in a closed loop to supply stable power to the WINeR regardless of the coil displacements. The WINeR SoC has been implemented in a 0.5-μ m standard complementary metal-oxide semiconductor process, measuring 4.9×3.3 mm2 and consuming 5.85 mW at ±1.5 V when 12 out of 32 LNAs are active at any time by power scheduling. Measured input-referred noise for the entire system, including the receiver located at 1.2 m, is 4.95 μVrms in the 1 Hz~10 kHz range when the system is inductively powered with 7-cm separation between aligned coils.
A Monopoly Model Of Accounting Fraud

A monopoly model is used to show why a CEO would engage in accounting fraud, high risk behavior given the severe negative consequences, should the fraud be exposed. A monopoly model of the market transaction between the buyer of the fraud, the CEO, and the seller of the fraud, the accountant, demonstrates the motivation behind the CEO’s willingness to engage in the fraud. The accountant (seller) receives a monopolist profits while the CEO (the buyer) pays a price equal to the perceived net marginal benefit. The CEO wants the accountant to believe that the net marginal benefit equals the price when in fact the actual net marginal benefit to the CEO is much lower than the monopolist’s price. The resulting cost to the CEO for fraud is relatively low because of the CEO’s ability to shift a substantial portion of the cost to the company.
Hannelore Wass: the lasting impact of a death educator, scholar, mentor, and friend

While there is no doubt that every individual’s experiences with death and grief have a significant impact on his or her work as a death educator, scholar, or a clinician, it is a deeply personal choice whether or not one chooses to disclose those experiences to others thoughout one’s career. Drawing upon memories of Dr. Hannelore Wass shared by colleagues, this article documents Wass’s impact on the lives of thanatologists as a result of her talents as a scholar, death educator, and mentor as well as her friendship.
Sound Localization and Pinna Movements in the Behaving Cat

The ability to localize the source of a sound is an important function of the auditory system. It is of obvious utility for both prey and predator, as well as for social reasons, to quickly and accurately identify the locus of a sound source. Consequently, the neural mechanisms underlying sound localization have been of much interest to psychophysi- cists, anatomists and physiologists studying the auditory system. It is probably safe to say that we understand more about the central processing of sound localization cues than of any other auditory function (e.g. pitch perception, vowel discrimination)(see Irvine, 1986; Yinetal. 1997).
Integrated Payment And Delivery Models Offer Opportunities And Challenges For Residential Care Facilities

Under health care reform, new financing and delivery models are being piloted to integrate health and long-term care services for older adults. Programs using these models generally have not included residential care facilities. Instead, most of them have focused on long-term care recipients in the community or the nursing home. Our analyses indicate that individuals living in residential care facilities have similarly high rates of chronic illness and Medicare utilization when compared with matched individuals in the community and nursing home, and rates of functional dependency that fall between those of their counterparts in the other two settings. These results suggest that the residential care facility population could benefit greatly from models that coordinated health and long-term care services. However, few providers have invested in the infrastructure needed to support integrated delivery models. Challenges to greater care integration include the private-pay basis for residential care facility s...
Complications of Laparoscopic Incisional and Ventral Hernia Repair

Ventral hernia repairs are among the most common operations performed by general surgeons throughout the world. In the United States, ∼105,000 ventral abdominal hernias are repaired each year. Incisional hernias, most commonly resulting from a laparotomy, occur after 3–20 % of operations [1–3]. Factors predisposing patients to the formation of an initial ventral hernia include obesity, advanced age, diabetes, steroid use, pulmonary disease, and infectious wound complications. Surgical approaches to ventral hernia repair have been a subject of much research and debate for many years. Existing evidence strongly supports performing tension-free hernia repairs using prosthetic devices in most patients and all hernia sizes [4]. Recurrence rates below 20 % are the norm with the currently popular Rives/Stoppa/Wantz method of the prosthetic repair of a ventral hernia. The key principles of this operation are the use of a large prosthesis as an underlay, wide fascial overlap, and tension-free repair [5, 6]. The Achilles heel of this approach is the possibility of mesh infection and the frequent wound complications, ranging from 12 to 20 % [2]. The minimally invasive approach takes advantage of the wide exposure and accessibility for prosthetic placement while eliminating the large incision, extensive subcutaneous dissection and tissue flaps, the need for drains, and ultimately lowering the incidence of wound complications [7]. Since the first reports of a laparoscopic ventral hernia repair more than 15 years ago, large series as well as randomized studies have been published.
Fuel Film Temperature and Thickness Measurements on the Piston Crown of a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine

Fuel film temperature and thickness were measured on the piston crown of a DISI engine under both motored and fired conditions using the fiber-based laser-induced fluorescence method wherein a single fiber delivers the excitation light and collects the fluorescence. The fibers were installed in the piston crown of a Bowditch-type optical engine and exited via the mirror passage. The fuel used for the fuel film temperature measurement was a 2x10 -6 M solution of BTBP in isooctane. The ratio of the fluorescence intensity at 515 to that at 532 nm was found to be directly, but not linearly, related to temperature when excited at 488 nm. Effects related to the solvent, solution aging and bleaching were investigated. The measured fuel film temperature was found to closely follow the piston crown metal temperature, which was measured with a thermocouple. A detailed analysis of the fiber-based laser-induced fluorescence technique was used to ascertain film thickness based on a single-point calibration. The calibration methodology also accounted for the effects of fuel film temperature. A 4% by volume solution of 2,3-hexanedione in isooctane was found to be a suitable choice for fuel film thickness measurement because it was verified to be co-evaporative. The fuel film thickness was found to be quite small, less than 10 μm, for both motored and fired conditions performed at the same piston temperature. The 2,3-hexanedione was found to leave a viscous residue on the piston crown, which carried over from cycle to cycle and limited the results.
Finding More Like Us: Values and Practices for Hiring in Community Colleges

ABSTRACTThis article describes the author's observations related to hiring practices in a new community college undergoing a growth phase. While the goals of a search committee are alike at all academic institutions, the types of candidates sought out by community colleges differs significantly in comparison to their four-year peers. Successful candidates reflect the values espoused by the community college faculty and staff, including a focus on teaching, a preference for generalist knowledge over specialist expertise, a deep concern for the needs of students, an activist orientation, and the right “fit.” The author further describes a range of creative hiring practices discussed that can help bring quality candidates to light for search committees at community colleges and their libraries.
Batson Revisited - Batson Symposium

The twenty-fifth anniversary of Batson v. Kentucky provides an important moment to reflect on Batson and to consider how this seminal case and its progeny have affected the use and abuse of peremptory challenges. I had initially welcomed the U.S. Supreme Court’s approach to peremptory challenges in Batson back in 1986. Although Batson was a compromise — preserving peremptories while seeking to address discriminatory peremptories — it had the noble goal of trying to eliminate discrimination during jury selection. I also embraced its expansion over the years. The logic of Batson was inexorable: just as prosecutors should not be permitted to use peremptories to eliminate African Americans as jurors, so too, defense attorneys and civil parties should be similarly constrained. Just as African Americans should not be subjected to discriminatory peremptories, so too, members of any race, ethnicity, or gender should not be subjected to discriminatory peremptories. However, over time I developed serious doubts that Batson and its progeny could achieve their central goal of eliminating discrimination during jury selection. Now, with twenty-five years of experience, we can look back and see just how ineffective Batson has been. This anniversary is an appropriate juncture to renew the call for the elimination of the peremptory challenge, echoing Justice Thurgood Marshall’s recommendation in his Batson concurrence twenty-five years ago.
Subsecond electrophoretic separations from droplet samples for screening of enzyme modulators.

High-throughput screening (HTS) using multiwell plates and fluorescence plate readers is a powerful tool for drug discovery and evaluation by allowing tens of thousands of assays to be completed in 1 day. Although this method has been successful, electrophoresis-based methods for screening are also of interest to avoid difficulties associated fluorescence assays such as requirements to engineer fluorogenic reactions and false positives. We have developed a method using droplet microfluidics to couple multiwell plate-based assays to microchip electrophoresis (MCE) to screen enzyme modulators. Samples contained in multiwell plates are reformatted in to plugs with a sample volume of 8 nL segmented by an immiscible oil. The segmented flow sample streams are coupled to a hybrid polydimethylsiloxane–glass microfluidic device capable of selectively extracting the aqueous samples from the droplet stream and rapidly analyzing by MCE with laser-induced fluorescence detection. This system was demonstrated by screeni...
Study on the status of HBV infection and its determinants among family members with HBV infected persons in Shanghai

Objective To understand the status of HBV infection among family members with HBV infected persons in Shanghai and to probe the determinants of HBV infection so as to provide evidence for improving the related strategies on hepatitis B prevention and control.Methods Three hundred and four hepatitis B patients together with 288 HBsAg carriers from 6 districts in Shanghai were randomly sampled in 2010.All the said persons and their families members were asked to fill in questionnaires and to be drawn 5 ml venous blood for HBV serologic indicators detection.The subjects were divided into case group and control group according to their status of HBV infection.Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were carried out to identify the determinants of HBV infection among family members.Results Among 1485 subjects from 592 households,a total of 1137 persons were infected by HBV,with the overall infection rate as 76.57％.Fifteen infection modes were noticed,in which double positive of anti-HBs and anti-HBc,triple positive of HBsAg,anti-HBe and anti-HBc,together with triple positive of anti-HBs,anti-HBe and anti-HBc accounted for the top three,with the proportions as 30.69％,26.65％ and 10.03％ respectively.The differences between the years of carrying HBV and the proportions of numbers that carrying HBV in families,were not statistically significant.The infection rate among children (42.86％) was significantly lower than that of their parents (87.54％)(P＜0.001).Results from both univariate and multivariate analysis showed that gender,age,utensil sharing,histories of receiving hepatitis B vaccines and dental outpatient service were determinants of HBV infection among families members (P＜0.05),with OR values being 9.009 for persons without immunization history of hepatitis B vaccines,3.817 for persons above 40 years old and 2.283 for persons of 21-40 years old,2.222 for families members who sharing utensil,2.124 for persons with history of dental outpatient service and 1.339 for male members,respectively.Conclusion Family clustering of HBV infection in was seen in Shanghai.In order to reduce the number of HBV infection in families,hepatitis B vaccination program need to be carried out.Healthy lifestyle should be emphasized to prevent HBV infection due to close contact.The risk of iatrogenic HBV transmission should also be prevented. Key words: Hepatitis B virus; Family clustering; Determinant
Upper-Extremity Vascular Injuries

Although upper-extremity injuries alone are usually not life-threatening, they can produce significant immediate or long-term morbidity, especially if there is an associated nerve injury. The diagnosis of an arterial injury may be readily apparent, but the excellent upper-extremity collateral circulation may create palpable distal pulses despite a significant proximal arterial injury. Therefore, a high index of suspicion and the liberal use of arteriography are necessary to avoid missing these injuries. Compression of the brachial plexus by a hematoma can produce a serious neurologic deficit. Prompt evacuation of the hematoma may significantly reduce the deficit, another fact that supports an aggressive surgical approach in these patients. The long-term results of upper-extremity vascular injuries are usually determined by the extent of any associated nerve injuries.
Complex Dependencies: Nominative Objects

In the previous chapter l developed a theory of A-dependencies based on a strict version of locality: only the complement and the spec of the complement can be probed. Having set up the playing field in these spartan terms, the first issue on the agenda is what to do about nominative objects, which would seem to involve a long distance dependency. The purpose of this chapter is to show that the concept of Complex Dependencies, also introduced in Chapter 2, is perfectly adequate to account for this phenomenon and obtain a wide range of empirical consequences.
Peer Influence on Academic Performance: A Social Network Analysis of Social-Emotional Intervention Effects

Longitudinal social network analysis (SNA) was used to examine how a social-emotional learning (SEL) intervention may be associated with peer socialization on academic performance. Fifth graders (N = 631; 48 % girls; 9 to 12 years) were recruited from six elementary schools. Intervention classrooms (14) received a relationship building intervention (RBI) and control classrooms (8) received elementary school as usual. At pre- and post-test, students nominated their friends, and teachers completed assessments of students’ writing and math performance. The results of longitudinal SNA suggested that the RBI was associated with friend selection and peer influence within the classroom peer network. Friendship choices were significantly more diverse (i.e., less evidence of social segregation as a function of ethnicity and academic ability) in intervention compared to control classrooms, and peer influence on improved writing and math performance was observed in RBI but not control classrooms. The current findings provide initial evidence that SEL interventions may change social processes in a classroom peer network and may break down barriers of social segregation and improve academic performance.
A framework for probabilistic segmentation of continuous sensor signals

Among the major challenges in the realization of practical health monitoring systems is the identification of short-duration events from larger signals. Time-series segmentation refers to the challenge of subdividing a continuous stream of data into discrete windows, which are individually processed using statistical classifiers to recognize various activities or events. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic algorithm for segmenting time-series signals, in which window boundaries are dynamically adjusted when the probability of correct classification is low. Our proposed scheme is benchmarked using an audio-based nutrition-monitoring case-study. Our evaluation shows that algorithm improves the number of correctly classified instances from a baseline of 75% to 94% using the RandomForest classifier.
Das auditorische und das vestibuläre System

Kapitel 11 beschaftigt sich mit zwei sensorischen Systemen, die sehr unterschiedliche Funktionen, aber uberraschende Ubereinstimmungen in Bau und Funktionsweise haben: mit dem Gehorsinn, der auch als auditorischer Sinn bezeichnet wird, und dem vom vestibularen System vermittelten Gleichgewichtssinn. Horen ist ein wichtiger Teil unseres bewussten Erlebens, wahrend wir den ganzen Tag hindurch unser Gleichgewichtssystem einsetzen, ohne weiter daruber nachzudenken. In diesem Kapitel werden die Mechanismen in Ohr und Gehirn untersucht, die Schallwellen in der Umgebung in aussagekraftige neuronale Signale und Kopfbewegungen in ein Gefuhl dafur umwandelt, wo im Raum man sich befindet. Diese Transformationen werden in Stufen statt in einem einzigen Schritt ausgefuhrt. Im Hirnstamm und im Thalamus werden die von den Rezeptoren kommenden Signale integriert, bevor sie schlieslich den auditorischen und den vestibularen Cortex erreichen.
Dynamic Properties of Frozen Silt Under Cyclic Loading

Cyclic triaxial tests were conducted to evaluate the dynamic properties of laboratory prepared samples of frozen silt under simulated earthquake loading conditions. Dynamic Young's modulus and damping ratio were evaluated for Hanover and Alaska silt at two water contents over axial strain amplitudes from approx 2x10 to the power -3% to 8x10 to the power -2%, temperatures from 30.2 deg F to 14 deg F (-1 deg C to -10 deg C), frequencies from 0.95 cps to 10.0 cps, and confining pressures from 0 psi to 200 psi (0kN/m squared to 1400kN/m squared). Values of dynamic Young's modulus obtained over the range of test parameters were from 1x10 to the 5th power psi to 35x10 to the 5th power psi (7x10 to the 5th power kn/sq m to 245x10 to the 5th power kn/sq m) for Hanover silt and 1x10 to the 5th power psi to 22x10 to the 5th power psi (7x10 to the 5th power kn/sq m to 154x10 to the 5th power kn/sq m) for Alaska silt; values of damping ratio ranges from .02 to .36 for Hanover silt and from .02 to .32 for Alaska silt. The test results indicate that dynamic Young's modulus of frozen silt decreases with increasing axial strain amplitude and temperature, increases with increasing frequency, and is unaffected by confining pressure. The damping ratio increases with increasing axial strain amplitude and temperature and decreases with increasing frequency, water content, and confining pressure. (ASCE)
Single Molecule Electrochemistry: Impact of Surface Site Heterogeneity.

Probing the electrochemistry of single molecules is a direct pathway toward a microscopic understanding of a variety of electron transfer processes related to energy science, such as electrocatalysis and solar fuel cells. In this context, Zaleski et al. recently studied the single electron transfer reaction of the dye molecule rhodamine-6G (R6G) by electrochemical single molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-SMSERS) (J. Phys. Chem. C 2015, 119, 28226−28234). In that work, the reductions of the dye molecule R6G were not only observed in the same potential range as in the ensemble surface cyclic voltammogram but also seen under some less negative potentials. Aiming to understand and explain this experiment theoretically, we relate the binding energy of R6G+ adsorbed on a silver nanoparticle (AgNP) to its reduction potential and further use periodic density functional theory to calculate this adsorption energy at different local surface sites. Well-defined crystal facets and defective surfaces, ar...
An Atlantis Allusion in H. G. Wells's THE COUNTRY OF THE BLIND

In addition to his many novels, histories, and political treatises, H. G. Wells wrote almost a hundred short stories during his long career, some deeper and more enduring than others. His most cele...
Relative Abundance, Movements, and Habitat Use of Southeastern Blue Sucker Cycleptus meridionalis in the Lower Pearl River, Louisiana

Abstract The southeastern blue sucker population in the lower Pearl River that runs through Louisiana has been impacted historically by numerous natural and anthropogenic habitat alterations, with collection records indicating a significant population decline in this system over recent decades. Electrofishing surveys, radio telemetry, and bathymetry and habitat mapping were used to examine relative abundance, movements, and habitat associations of southeastern blue sucker in the lower Pearl River. Relative abundance of southeastern blue sucker was lower relative to other large benthic Pearl River species. Radio telemetry surveys indicated southeastern blue suckers exhibited small home ranges, limited movements, and strong associations with upstream outside edges of deep bends that were characterized by gravel substrates and woody debris. Increased consideration for elevating southeastern blue sucker conservation status in the lower Pearl River system may be warranted given their high habitat specificity, ...
The new voice of America: Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act

AbstractJust before the 2016 Christmas holiday weekend, President Barack Obama quietly signed the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) into law. Deep within the act is a controversial provision called the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act (CFPDA), which establishes a Global Engagement Center under the State Department and consolidates the power of several federal broadcasting entities under one authority. This center will coordinate efforts to counter foreign propaganda, mainly from Russia and China, that is aimed at undermining the United States’ national security interests. The consolidation of power creates some concerns regarding journalistic independence and credibility for media outlets such as the Voice of America. The new Trump administration’s perceived amicable relationship with Russia also generates uncertainty around the commitment to fight Russian disinformation and propaganda. This essay argues that the US does in fact need some kind of governmental entity devote...
On European Deposit Protection Scheme(s)

This chapter aims to provide a dynamic overview of the Deposit Protection Schemes (DPSs) across the EU28. Using data gathered by the World Bank’s Bank Regulation and Supervision Surveys, the analysis critically systematises the different features that shape the national DPSs’ design. Finally, this study highlights the area where legislative intervention is most needed in order to reach a fully-fledged European Deposit Insurance Scheme (EDIS).
Toward an Affect-Based View of Principal-Agent Problems

Three decades after the introduction of agency theory to the strategic management literature (Eisenhardt, 1985), our paper explores an overlooked area that can have a profound impact on research co...
What the non‐nephrologist needs to know about dialysis

The End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) program now serves approximately 675,000 individuals in the United States at a cost of $26.1 billion to the Medicare system. Given the size of this population, healthcare providers from all disciplines will deliver care to patients on dialysis. Mortality remains high among patients on chronic dialysis, with 42.3% surviving 5 years. As this is a vulnerable population, it is important in the care of ESRD patients that non-nephrologists have a working knowledge of issues germane to dialysis. This review examines the physiology, mechanics, complications, and care delivery concerns of kidney dialysis modalities relevant to the non-nephrologist. The majority of patients receive in-center hemodialysis thrice weekly, with a small proportion on home-based therapies such as peritoneal dialysis or home hemodialysis. Inpatients may undergo hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, and in critically ill patients, continuous renal replacement therapies are utilized. Practical aspects of each of these modalities are discussed.
Treatment of a Paediatric Distal Femoral Malunion Deformity

Objective The aim of this article was to describe the surgical re-alignment technique and stabilization of a distal femoral deformity in a 6-week-old, male, Foxhound. Methods A healing metaphyseal fracture, resulting in a valgus deformity with internal rotation, was observed just proximal to the distal femoral physis. The deformity was treated by an opening wedge osteotomy with lateral translation and external rotation of the distal epiphysis using a guide-wire technique; a corticocancellous allograft bridged the defect, which was stabilized with a 2.0-mm locking Y-plate designed for human phalangeal fractures. Results Successful deformity correction was obtained with subsequent healing of the osteotomy and maintained longitudinal bone growth. Sciatic neurapraxia developed as a result of a migrating adjunct pin (9 days post-operatively), which was removed. At long-term follow-up (4 years), a 12% shortening of the femur did result in addition to an asymptomatic grade 2 medial patellar luxation (MPL). The cause of the MPL was not evident; the owners declined treatment and the dog continued to function as an active hunting dog. Clinical Significance Prior to ossification of the epiphyses in very young animals, which precludes effective radiographic pre-planning, the guide-wire technique can be utilized as the primary tool for performing angular deformity correction. Adequate fixation and stabilization can be obtained with small human specialty locking plates.
Counselors as Advocates: Effects of a Pilot Project Designed to Develop Advocacy Knowledge and Confidence in Trainees

While there has been increased attention to advocacy within counseling and counseling psychology, it has been noted that trainees generally feel unprepared to engage in advocacy and do not participant e in this type of work to a large extent, even with increased age or professional experience). The qualitative study summarizes the findings of a project within a graduate multicultural counseling course designed to increase trainee knowledge and confidence related to advocacy. This project required students (N = 19) to complete individual advocacy projects in the community, with opportunities for self-reflection and evaluation of their progress throughout the semester. Student reflection responses about the effects of this project were analyzed using methods from Grounded Theory by a collaborative research team. This process resulted in a core category of responses that included expanded definitions of advocacy, increased self-confidence regarding advocacy work, obstacles encountered, and reactions to the course assignment. Implications and future directions are discussed.