cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Milk- and starter-feeding strategies to reduce cross sucking in pair-housed calves in outdoor hutches.

ABSTRACT Social housing of preweaned calves can benefit their welfare, but housing and cross sucking are potential barriers to adoption for farmers. For farms using outdoor hutches, an option is to pair adjacent hutches with a shared fence. Our objective was to investigate milk- or starter-feeding strategies to mitigate cross sucking in this system. Holstein heifers were housed in pairs (n = 32 pairs) and divided into 4 treatments (n = 8 pairs each) in a 2 × 2 factorial design: milk in an open bucket with starter in only a bucket (OB-SB), milk in an open bucket and starter in both a bucket and a specialized teat bottle (Braden bottle; OB-BB), milk in a slow-flow teat bucket with starter in only a bucket (TB-SB), or milk in a slow-flow teat bucket and starter in both a bucket and a specialized teat bottle (TB-BB). When starter was first offered (d 6 ± 1 of life, mean ± SD), calf latency to approach was recorded, averaged within pairs, and compared between starter treatments using a linear mixed model with fixed effect of treatment and random effect of pair within treatment. Calves were initially bottle fed; milk treatments began on d 14 ± 1 of life and ended when calves were completely weaned (d 53 ± 1). Calves were observed for behaviors such as drinking milk and cross sucking twice weekly for 30 min during the afternoon milk meal using continuous video, with values averaged within pairs. Linear mixed models were run separately before (wk 3–6) and after (wk 7–8) weaning, with fixed effects of milk- and starter-feeding treatments, week, and the 2- and 3-way interactions, with week as repeated measure and pair as subject. Pairs with Braden bottles and buckets approached starter sooner than those with only buckets (Braden bottles vs. no Braden bottles: 13.1 ± 6.1 vs. 33.2 ± 6.1 min, LSM ± SEM). Before weaning, pairs with open buckets for both milk and starter cross sucked for at least twice as long (OB-SB: 2.9 ± 0.3 min) as all other treatments (OB-BB: 1.5 ± 0.3 min; TB-SB: 0.4 ± 0.3 min; TB-BB: 0.5 ± 0.3 min). This pattern held during weaning, when cross sucking increased overall (OB-SB: 3.9 ± 0.4 min; OB-BB: 1.8 ± 0.4 min; TB-SB: 0.9 ± 0.4 min; TB-BB: 1.6 ± 0.4 min). Regardless of starter treatment, calves spent less time cross sucking when fed milk in teat buckets, which extended the milk meal relative to open buckets (teat bucket vs. open bucket: preweaning = 7.0 ± 0.2 vs. 1.6 ± 0.2 min; weaning = 3.0 ± 0.1 vs. 0.6 ± 0.1 min). When calves are fed milk in open buckets, a novel option for reducing cross sucking is to provide starter through a specialized bottle. Nonetheless, providing milk in slow-flow teat buckets had the greatest effect on reducing cross sucking by directing suckling to the teat instead of another calf or pen objects.
Baseline Sensitivity for 2-D Magnetoquasistatic Through-the-Wall Position Sensing

Magnetoquasistatic (MQS) fields are not significantly disturbed by dielectrics and have been demonstrated for accurate position sensing in GPS-denied or occluded indoor environments. Previous experiments utilizing the Through-the-Wall technique have verified average position accuracies of under 1m inside a residential house under specific configurations [1] . This abstract will demonstrate the sensitivity of the MQS system baseline and how the 2-D indoor position errors increase as the separation between transmitter nodes decreases. The primary purpose of this work is to advance the understanding of transmitter node placement and mounting limitations on a fire-truck or fire-engine for emergency first responder applications and the effects on the sensitivity of the tracking accuracy. Due to practical lengths of the fire-truck, maximum baselines of about 9m and minimum baselines of about 5m are expected.
Functional Impairment in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic among Cannabis Users.

Background The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has contributed to over 2 million deaths and hospitalization of many individuals worldwide. Although preliminary evidence suggests that cannabis use has increased during the pandemic, there has been little research on the impact of cannabis use on COVID-related psychological outcomes. Cannabis use among college students is associated with problematic psychosocial outcomes; thus, it follows that cannabis users during the pandemic may experience more functional impairment problems with daily living as a result of increased psychological distress from the pandemic and difficulty with regulating that distress. Methods The current study tested whether cannabis use status was related to functional impairment in daily activities and whether this was due to difficulty with emotion regulation and COVID-related distress. The sample comprised of 727 (184 current cannabis users) young adults in Louisiana, a state that had some of the highest rates of COVID-19 deaths and infections in the U.S. Results Cannabis use was related to greater functional impairment in daily activities and this relation was mediated by the sequential effects of difficulty with emotion regulation and COVID-related distress. Conclusions Results indicated that cannabis users during the COVID-19 pandemic are experiencing problematic psychosocial outcomes further highlighting the need for the development of interventions to help target COVID-related distress and improve psychosocial functioning during the pandemic.
How Talker Identity Relates to Language Processing

Speech carries both linguistic content – phonemes, words, sentences – and talker information, sometimes called ‘indexical information’. While talker variability materially affects language processing, it has historically been regarded as a curiosity rather than a central influence, possibly because talker variability does not fit with a conception of speech sounds as abstract categories. Despite this relegation to the periphery, a long history of research suggests that phoneme perception and talker perception are interrelated. The current review argues that speech perception itself may arise from phylogenetically earlier vocal recognition, and discusses evidence that many cues to talker identity are also cues to speech-sound identity. Rather than brushing talker differences aside, explicit examination of the role of talker variability and talker identity in language processing can illuminate our understanding of the origins of spoken language, and the nature of language representations themselves. Spoken language contains a great amount of communicative information. Speech can refer to things, but it also identifies or classifies the person speaking. This dual function links language to other types of vocal communication systems, and means that recognizing speech and recognizing speakers are intertwined. Imagine someone says the word cat. The vocal pitch of ‘cat’ is 200 Hz, and the delay between opening of the vocal tract and the beginning of vocal-cord vibration is 80 ms. The listener has to process all of this acoustic information to identify this word as ⁄ kaet ⁄ . Many would agree that the vocal pitch is relatively unimportant, while the 80-ms voice onset time is crucial because it distinguishes the phoneme ⁄ k ⁄ from the very similar phoneme ⁄ g ⁄ . But what happens to the ‘unimportant’ information? On a modular view, information not linked to phoneme identity is discarded by the speech-processing system (e.g. Liberman and Mattingly 1985). Nonetheless, details such as vocal pitch may influence comprehension because they indicate the speaker’s identity, and can refine the listener’s expectations about what particular speakers are likely to talk about. Differing theories of language processing have different accounts of talker identification. On one view, two separate, independent systems process speech and talker identification
The efficiency of X‐ray production at low energies

The absolute efficiency of X-ray production has been determined for the K-lines of Al, Si and Cu; for the L-lines of Fe, Co, Cu, Ge and As; and for the M-lines of Hf, Ir, Pt, Au and Bi, using overvoltage ratios in the range 1-10. These emissions, with the exception of the Cu K, have critical excitation energies below 2.6 keV and are therefore typical of the lines used for X-ray microanalysis at low beam energies. For K-lines it is found that the experimental results are in good agreement with a Bethe, or a Casnati, crosssection model. For the L- and M-lines a Monte Carlo technique has been used to find an effective X-ray generation cross-section for each of the elements. The functional forms of these cross-sections are found to be in general agreement with proposed theoretical models.
Feedback Linearization with Acceleration Feedback for a Two-Lin Flexible Manipulator

This paper utilizes a three-loop control strategy in a decentralized fashion for each link of a two-link flexible manipulator. The first loop employs techniques from feedback linearization for the rigid dynamics, where motor dynamics are accounted for in the model and the linearizing control law. The second (outer) loop consists of a simple proportional-derivative (PD) control law for accurate rigid body angle tracking. The third outer loop employs acceleration feedback, from sensed linear acceleration at each link endpoint, to account for flexure effects. The overall scheme is relatively simple in order to facilitate easy implementation; experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the developed schemes.
Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America

Review of: "Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement, and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America," by James Green.
Estrogenic and gonadotropic hormones in the blood of climacteric women and castrates

Abstract This report deals with the continuation of our study of the estrogenic and gonadotropic hormone content of the blood of climacteric women and castrates and its possible relationship to the production and alleviation of symptoms associated with the cessation of ovarian function (Murphy and Fluhmann 1 ).
Multidecadal global cooling and unprecedented ozone loss following a regional nuclear conflict

We present the first study of the global impacts of a regional nuclear war with an Earth system model including atmospheric chemistry, ocean dynamics, and interactive sea ice and land components. A limited, regional nuclear war between India and Pakistan in which each side detonates 50 15 kt weapons could produce about 5 Tg of black carbon (BC). This would self-loft to the stratosphere, where it would spread globally, producing a sudden drop in surface temperatures and intense heating of the stratosphere. Using the Community Earth System Model with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, we calculate an e-folding time of 8.7 years for stratospheric BC compared to 4–6.5 years for previous studies. Our calculations show that global ozone losses of 20%–50% over populated areas, levels unprecedented in human history, would accompany the coldest average surface temperatures in the last 1000 years. We calculate summer enhancements in UV indices of 30%–80% over midlatitudes, suggesting widespread damage to human health, agriculture, and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Killing frosts would reduce growing seasons by 10–40 days per year for 5 years. Surface temperatures would be reduced for more than 25 years due to thermal inertia and albedo effects in the ocean and expanded sea ice. The combined cooling and enhanced UV would put significant pressures on global food supplies and could trigger a global nuclear famine. Knowledge of the impacts of 100 small nuclear weapons should motivate the elimination of more than 17,000 nuclear weapons that exist today.
Pure-silica-zeolite low-k dielectric films for computer chips

Porous silicas are promising candidates to replace dense silica for use as low dielectric constant (low-k) insulators in microprocessors. With amorphous porous silicas, the mechanical strength deteriorates rapidly with increasing porosity and creates significant concerns over the reliability of these materials under mechanical stresses imposed during the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) and packaging processes. In this presentation, we summarize our recent works that show experimentally that pure-silica-zeolites (PSZs) have a remarkably higher mechanical strength than amorphous porous silicas at any given porosity or k value due to their crystalline structure, making them a likely dielectric material for enabling smaller feature sizes in future generation microprocessors.
Increased histone acetyltransferase and lysine acetyltransferase activity and biphasic activation of the ERK/RSK cascade in insular cortex during novel taste learning.

Changes in gene expression are thought to be involved in neuronal plasticity associated with learning and memory. Although acetylation of lysine residues on histones by histone acetyltransferases (HAT) is an obligatory component of transcription, HAT activity has been largely ignored in studies of the nervous system. We developed a new model for studying novel taste learning using novel solid food presentation to nondeprived animals. Using this behavioral paradigm, we investigated short- and long-term regulation of lysine acetyltransferase activity and the ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/RSK cascade in insular cortex, a CNS region known to be crucial for the formation of novel taste memories. We observed that novel taste learning elicited biphasic (acute and long-lasting) activation of two distinct lysine acetyltransferase activities along with the ERK/MAPK cascade in insular cortex. In vitro studies revealed that the ERK cascade could regulate the lysine acetylation of a 42 kDa lysine acetyltransferase substrate, suggesting a causal relationship between ERK activation and lysine acetyltransferase activity in insular cortex. Overall, our studies reveal an unanticipated long-lasting activation of insular cortex signal transduction cascades in novel taste learning. Furthermore, our studies suggest the hypothesis that acute and long-term ERK activation and lysine–histone acetyltransferase activation may play a role in regulating gene expression in single-trial learning and long-term memory formation.
Echocardiographically Assisted Balloon Atrial Septostomy

Balloon atrial septostomy is an accepted method for palliation of certain types of congenital heart disease. However, malposition of the balloon may lead to cardiac perforation, avulsion of an atrioventricular valve, or laceration of the systemic or pulmonary veins. Inasmuch as single-phase fluoroscopy may not identify balloon position correctly and as biplane fluoroscopy adds significant radiation exposure, two-dimensional echocardiography has been used to assist in balloon atrial septostomy in ten infants. The catheter is advanced from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium across the foramen ovale to the left atrium with the echo transducer in the subxiphoid position. The balloon is inflated and its position within the left atrium is confirmed by echo. The catheter is withdrawn according to the technique of Rashkind. Withdrawal is halted when the balloon traverses the atrial septum. Adequate septostomy is indicated on echo by a defect at least 5 mm in diameter and by flapping of the inferior rim of the atrial septum. There were no complications using this technique and a clinically adequate septostomy was achieved in each patient. Two-dimensional echocardiography-assisted balloon atrial septostomy minimizes risk of complications and decreases exposure to ionizing radiation.
BUBBLE FORMATION AT A PUNCTURE IN A SUBMERGED RUBBER MEMBRANE

Abstract Very large enhancements in volumetric mass transfer coefficients have recently been reported using a new type of sparger which is comprised of a punctured rubber membrane. The punctured sheet has been reported to produce very uniform emulsions of small bubbles, which leads to large apparent increases in gas voidage and mass transfer area. Flooding(slugging) is presumably repressed owing to the “elastic hole” phenomenom whereby the rubber sheet balloons and expands as applied pressure increases. Under conditions of expansion, a puncture in the sheet also expands thereby mitigating the occurence of jetting. In the present effort, we study a single puncture in the center of circular rubber sheets of 2, 3, and 4 inch diameters. By measuring bubble frequency and flow rate, we compute average bubble size. These results for flow rates from 0.01 to 2.0 cc/sec suggest that bubble size is practically constant over a nearly two decades of flow rate, until a flow of around 0.5 cc/sec, thence bubbles tend to ...
Bill and Al's Excellent Adventure Forecasting the 1996 Presidential Election

In this article I descnbe a model for forecasting the outcomes of U.S. presidential elections. The model uses three predictors: the incumbent president's approval rating at midyear, the annual rate of growth of real gross domestic product during the first half of the election year, and the length of time that the president's party has held the White House. The time factor most clearly distinguishes this model from other presidential forecasting models. Using this model, it is possible to forecast the outcome of the presidential race in early August with greater accuracy than most final preelection polls. Based on the president's approval rating in mid-May (55%) and the rate of economic growth during the first quarter of 1996 (2.8%), the model yields a conditional forecast of a decisive victory for Bill Clinton in November with approximately 56% of the major party vote.
Remote sensing of precipitation structures using combined microwave radar and radiometric techniques

After reviewing published multiparameter radar observations and their interpretation for microphysical retrieval, the paper presents radiative transfer model simulations performed using radar measurements and a cloud model. The qualitative and quantitative aspects of the remote sensing of precipitation are discussed with particular attention given to the potential of estimating scattering-based ice water path.
The Fuel Cell in Space

O THE methods of energy conversion currently receiving renewed, major research attention (l), three, power sources, represented by the thermionic converter, the thermoelectric generator, and the fuel cell, are particularly attractive for possible use in space. Such power sources must above all be reliable, otherwise the electrical equipment will not function properly and satisfactory communication cannot be maintained. They must have at least the needed life, which will be short in a rocket but long in a satellite. Power sources should be light and compact, e.g., a saving of 1 lb in the weight of an orbiting satellite ma}^ reduce the weight of propulsion vehicle and fuel required for launching by 50 to 1000 lb. The fuel cell is a promising power source of great versatility. It can serve as a primary converter of chemical energy or as a component of systems into which other kinds of energy (heat, solar, nuclear) are introduced and stored to be consumed as electricity when needed. Compact and flexible as to form, it gives promise of simplicity, high efficiency and long life. It uses fuels of high energy. In certain modifications, it is light and adaptable to gravity free operation. As yet, the emphasis in the preceding paragraph must be upon "promising." Because more research and development activity will be directed toward fuel cells during the next decade than has been in all their long previous history, rapid progress is assured. Yet it is well to remember that other power sources are also receiving greatly increased attention, and that fuel cells will have to compete for space applications against devices—even long established devices such as conventional batteries—that are still being developed.
Branching Morphology of Gametophytes and Tetrasporophytes of Ceramium Codicola is Related to Phase and Reproductive Structures

Most red algae with a Polysiphonia-type life history are regarded as having isomorphic phases. However, some show minor deviations in morphology, including differences in branching reported in female gametophytes and tetrasporophytes of Ceramium. By sampling populations of Ceramium codicola, an epiphyte of Codium fragile, it was possible to characterize the morphology of female and male gametophytes and tetrasporophytes. Branching pattern was characterized by the Strahler method, in which terminal branches are counted as primary branches, and higher order branches are counted where lower order branches meet. Since Ceramium shows dichotomous branching, this method can be used to characterize the degree in which branching is dichotomous. The angle of branching was also measured. Female gametophytes had a higher ratio of primary to secondary branches (3.6–5.1) than male gametophytes (2.5) and tetrasporophytes (2.5–2.6), which have a similar ratio to each other. This indicates that males and tetrasporophytes have a more dichotomous pattern of branching while female gametophytes have more proliferative primary branches. The differences in branching pattern appear to be related to the location of reproductive cells, which occur along the surface of branches in male gametophytes and tetrasporophytes, but occur near the apices in female gametophytes. The branching angle of female and male gametophytes is similar to each other, and greater than that of tetrasporophytes. Therefore, gametophytes and sporophytes differ in branching angle.
Facilitating Problem Solving in High School Chemistry.

The major purpose for conducting this study was to determine whether certain instructional strategies were superior to others in teaching high school chemistry students problem solving. The effectiveness of four instructional strategies for teaching problem solving to students of various proportional reasoning ability, verbal and visual preference, and mathematics anxiety were compared in this aptitude by treatment interaction study. The strategies used were the factor-label method, analogies, diagrams, and proportionality. Six hundred and nine high school students in eight schools were randomly assigned to one of four teaching strategies within each classroom. Students used programmed booklets to study the mole concept, the gas laws, stoichiometry, and molarity. Problem-solving ability was measured by a series of immediate posttests, delayed posttests and the ACS-NSTA Examination in High School Chemistry. Results showed that mathematics anxiety is negatively correlated with science achievement and that problem solving is dependent on students' proportional reasoning ability. The factor-label method was found to be the most desirable method and proportionality the least desirable method for teaching the mole concept. However, the proportionality method was best for teaching the gas laws. Several second-order interactions were found to be significant when mathematics anxiety was one of the aptitudes involved.
The BubbleWrap many-core: popping cores for sequential acceleration

Many-core scaling now faces a power wall. The gap between the number of cores that fit on a die and the number that can operate simultaneously under the power budget is rapidly increasing with technology scaling. In future designs, many of the cores may have to be dormant at any given time to meet the power budget. To push back the many-core power wall, this paper proposes Dynamic Voltage Scaling for Aging Management (DVSAM) --- a new scheme for managing processor aging to attain higher performance or lower power consumption. In addition, this paper introduces the BubbleWrap many-core, a novel architecture that makes extensive use of DVSAM. BubbleWrap identifies the most power-efficient set of cores in a variation-affected chip --- the largest set that can be simultaneously powered-on --- and designates them as Throughput cores dedicated to parallel-section execution. The rest of the cores are designated as Expendable and are dedicated to accelerating sequential sections. BubbleWrap attains maximum sequential acceleration by sacrificing Expendable cores one at a time, running them at elevated supply voltage for a significantly shorter service life each, until they completely wear-out and are discarded --- figuratively, as if popping bubbles in bubble wrap that protects Throughput cores. In simulated 32-core chips, BubbleWrap provides substantial improvements over a plain chip. For example, on average, one design runs fully-sequential applications at a 16% higher frequency, and fully-parallel ones with a 30% higher throughput.
Changes in responsiveness of rat tracheal epithelial cells to transforming growth factor‐β1 with time in culture

Primary rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cell cultures have previously been shown to be highly sensitive to growth inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF beta 1) when treated within 1-2 days after plating. The purpose of the present studies was to examine the effects of TGF beta 1 on the growth of RTE cells as a function of time in culture. We found that the sensitivity of RTE cells to growth inhibition by TGF beta 1 decreased dramatically as the cultures aged. The IC50 for inhibition of colony forming efficiency was 0.18 pM when TGF beta 1 was added 24 h after cell plating. When TGF beta 1 treatment was begun on day 5 of culture, the IC50 was 3-4 pM as measured by inhibition of growth (cell number) and DNA synthesis. However, when TGF beta 1 was begun on day 19, the IC50 was 65 pM or greater than 500 pM, depending on whether inhibition of growth or DNA synthesis, respectively, was measured. TGF beta 1 accelerated cell death, as measured by exfoliation of cells, and inhibited cell proliferation. The decrease in responsiveness to TGF beta 1 in late cultures was shown to be dependent on culture age as well as on cell density. No evidence was found for inactivation or degradation of the added TGF beta 1 by the late stage cultures. Cells subcultured from late stage primary cultures remained less responsive to TGF beta 1 than subcultured cells from early cultures. Similar to its effect on proliferation, TGF beta 1 down-regulated the expression of two proliferation-related genes, c-myc and transforming growth factor-alpha, in early but not late RTE cell cultures. On the other hand, fibronectin expression was increased by TGF beta 1 by about twofold at both early and late times in culture. This indicates that the changes in TGF beta 1 responsiveness with time in culture are selective, apparently affecting primarily proliferation-related events.
Coordinate interactions of Csk, Src, and Syk kinases with αIIbβ3 initiate integrin signaling to the cytoskeleton

Integrins regulate cell adhesion and motility through tyrosine kinases, but initiation of this process is poorly understood. We find here that Src associates constitutively with integrin αIIbβ3 in platelets. Platelet adhesion to fibrinogen caused a rapid increase in αIIbβ3-associated Src activity, and active Src localized to filopodia and cell edges. Csk, which negatively regulates Src by phosphorylating Tyr-529, was also constitutively associated with αIIbβ3. However, fibrinogen binding caused Csk to dissociate from αIIbβ3, concomitant with dephosphorylation of Src Tyr-529 and phosphorylation of Src activation loop Tyr-418. In contrast to the behavior of Src and Csk, Syk was associated with αIIbβ3 only after fibrinogen binding. Platelets multiply deficient in Src, Hck, Fgr, and Lyn, or normal platelets treated with Src kinase inhibitors failed to spread on fibrinogen. Inhibition of Src kinases blocked Syk activation and inhibited phosphorylation of Syk substrates (Vav1, Vav3, SLP-76) implicated in cytoskeletal regulation. Syk-deficient platelets exhibited Src activation upon adhesion to fibrinogen, but no spreading or phosphorylation of Vav1, Vav3, and SLP-76. These studies establish that platelet spreading on fibrinogen requires sequential activation of Src and Syk in proximity to αIIbβ3, thus providing a paradigm for initiation of integrin signaling to the actin cytoskeleton.
African China, Nigerian popular music, national development and the search for musical idiom

Abstract Popular music in Nigeria, especially guerrilla hip-hop, seems to be enjoying unprecedented popularity since the enthronement of democracy in 1999. This popular art form, with its focus on urban street life, has become a dominant means of expression within contemporary Nigerian adolescent/youth culture. Interestingly, therefore, it speaks directly to issues of identity, culture, nationhood and nationalism. Invariably, this art form has become a pie chart from where Nigeria's sociopolitical position can be easily appraised. The paper addresses numerous issues, but most importantly, it examines how Hip-hop artists experience and interpret their lives, and how they respond to conditions in their communities. How do popular music artists who emerge from economically and marginalised social contexts use their song lyrics to facilitate a consciousness of resistance among the members of their respective social groups? These questions are explored in a content analysis of the music of African China, the m...
Consumption, Retirement and Social Security: Evaluating the Efficiency of Reform that Encourages Longer Careers.

Abstract This paper proposes and analyzes a Social Security reform in which individuals no longer face the OASI payroll tax after, say, age 54 or a career of 34 years, and their subsequent earnings have no bearing on their benefits. We first estimate parameters of a life-cycle model. Our specification includes non-separable preferences and possible disability. It predicts a consumption–expenditure change at retirement. We use the magnitude of the expenditure change, together with households' retirement-age decisions, to identify key structural parameters. The estimated magnitude of the change in consumption–expenditure depends importantly on the treatment of consumption by adult children of the household. Simulations indicate that the reform could increase retirement ages one year or more, equivalent variations could average more than $4000 per household, and income tax revenues per household could increase by more than $14,000.
Global Visions and Grassroots Movements: An Anthropological Perspective

In the past decade many progressive anthropologists have been concerned with understanding the transformative possibilities of social movements in redefining and limiting the worldwide inroads of global capital. In emphasizing cultural transformation, Castells’ approach in The City and the Grassroots (1983) may help to conceptualize the idealistic and sometimes quixotic movements of the information age. Like Christopher Hill and other social historians, Castells seeks to understand culturally available paths and ideals that opened the possibilities for democracy, whether or not the visionaries succeeded at any particular historical moment. Today, working-class solidarity is less clearly defined in the face of a rapidly shrinking and ever-relocating manufacturing sector, while, at the same time, social provisions have been cut back and privatized. At the grey dawning of the twenty-first century, in the face of US imperialist aggression and increasing global corporate wealth, Castells’ emphasis on the genesis of a new democratic vision as well as on mobilization around issues of collective consumption has become ever more salient.
The Influence of Field Instructor-Student Gender Combinations on Student Perceptions of Field Instruction Quality

The currently available studies investigating the influence of field instructor-student gender combinations on the perceived quality of field work yield ambiguous findings. Given the importance of arranging a satisfactory field placement in the student's overall professional education, the authors conducted an empirical investigation to isolate the relative influence gender considerations contribute to the field experience. Results indicate that although same-gender combinations produce the most favorable rating of field instruction, the effects of both student gender and field instructor gender were of little practical meaning, accounting for only five percent of the variance in student satisfaction with field instruction.
Observation of a Quadratic Term in the hfs Pressure Shift for Muonium and a New Precise Value for Muonium Δ ν

New measurements of $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ for muonium in argon at low pressures and at very weak magnetic field provide the first observation for muonium of a quadratic term in the hfs pressure shift and lead to a new precise value for the hfs interval in muonium, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}=4463.311(12)$ MHz.
CHLORINE-38 AND SULPHUR-38 PRODUCED BY COSMIC RADIATION

DURING the past few years several cosmic-ray spallation products of atmospheric argon have been found in rain water and aerosols. The first observed argon spallation product was 32P (ref. 1), and was reported to be present in rain water in 1955. During the next two years the presence of 39Cl (ref. 2), 35S (ref. 3), 33P (ref. 4) and 22Na (ref. 5) were reported. In December of 1963 an additional radionuclide, 24Na (ref. 6), was reported to be present in rain water. The radionuclides 38Cl and 38S have now been detected in rain water for the first time.
Brain waste? Educated immigrants in the U.S. labor market

The authors investigate the occupational placement of immigrants in the U.S. labor market using census data. They find striking differences among highly educated immigrants from different countries, even after they control for individuals' age, experience, and level of education. With some exceptions, educated immigrants from Latin American and Eastern European countries are more likely to end up in unskilled jobs than immigrants from Asia and industrial countries. A large part of the variation can be explained by attributes of the country of origin that influence the quality of human capital, such as expenditure on tertiary education and the use of English as a medium of instruction. Performance is adversely affected by military conflict at home which may weaken institutions that create human capital and lower the threshold quality of immigrants. The selection effects of U.S. immigration policy also play an important role in explaining cross-country variation. The observed under-placement of educated migrants might be alleviated if home and host countries cooperate by sharing information on labor market conditions and work toward the recognition of qualifications.
Patterns of Cardiac Care in Infants With Down Syndrome

• To determine if the pattern of cardiac care is affected by the presence of Down syndrome (DS) we analyzed the records of infants enrolled in the Baltimore-Washington Infant Study, a regional case-control study of congenital cardiovascular malformations. The age at cardiac diagnosis, the timing of cardiac surgery, and the one-year outcome were compared in 160 infants with DS and 540 infants with the same cardiac diagnoses but without chromosomal or other extracardiac anomalies (isolated cardiovascular malformation [ICM] group). Cardiac referral and diagnosis were accomplished by 13 weeks of age in 78% of infants with DS and 67% of those with ICMs. However, by 26 weeks of age, the proportion of infants in both groups was comparable. Cardiac surgery was performed before 1 year of age in 99 of 160 infants with DS and in 141 of 540 infants with ICMs. The surgical outcome was similar in the two groups. We conclude that for defects of comparable severity, the pattern of cardiac care in the Baltimore-Washington, DC, area for infants with DS is timely and comparable to care for infants with ICMs. (AJDC1989;143:363-365)
A lateral look at olfactory bulb lateral inhibition.

Contrast enhancement in sensory systems often relies on spatial filters implemented by lateral inhibition. However, in this issue of Neuron , Fantana et al. provide evidence that lateral inhibition in the olfactory bulb selectively acts between sparse populations of principal neurons without regard to spatial relations.
Abstract A14: Esperanza y Vida: A community-based approach to increasing breast and cervical cancer screening for immigrant Latinas

As health disparities continue to plague our nation it is imperative that we find ways to reduce and eliminate this public health issue. Further, as Latinos have become the largest minority group in the United States, we must address disparities in breast and cervical cancer screening rates as well as find ways to successful reduce disparities in cancer survival. Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among Latinas; often diagnosed at advanced stages. The incidence rates for cervical cancer are higher than non-Latina white women. Latinas have faced many difficulties within the medical care system, including accessing health services. Patient navigation has become increasingly common as a way to increase adherence to treatment and more recently, as a method of increasing cancer screening. Esperanza y Vida was developed as an intervention to reach groups of women from diverse Latino backgrounds, as a culturally and linguistically appropriate approach to cancer education and screening. Following the educational component of the program, women were contacted 2-months later to determine their age-specific screening adherence status (mammography, clinical breast exam and/or Pap test). Women who were still non-adherent to screening were offered navigational assistance. Navigational services included assistance in locating bilingual services as well as free and/or low cost screening programs, logistical assistance, encouragement for screening and additional education about the importance of screening. All women were again contacted 8 months post the educational program. This presentation will focus on the outcomes following navigation. The sample included women who were reached for both the 2- and 8-month follow up assessments and received navigational services. We will demonstrate the success of navigation; of women who were non-adherent to mammography, 63% became adherent. Univariate predictors include where the programs were conducted (Arkansas, New York City and Western NY) and concurrent screening. For clinical breast exams, 61% of non-adherent women became adherent with significant predictors of program location, years living in the US, conducting breast self exams, and concurrent other screening. For Pap test, 59% of the women became adherent with significant predictors of program location, marital status, current screening and not being afraid of hear the results of medical exams. In multiple regression analyses, significant predictors of each screening test included adherence to the other screening exams, at the same time point. This is very encouraging, in that it appears that once we can connect women with clinical services, they are able to access other exams. Next steps include understanding why 40% of women still remained unscreened. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):A14.
Post‐occupancy evaluation: how to make buildings work better

Post‐occupancy evaluation (POE) is a diagnostic tool and system which allows facility managers to identify and evaluate critical aspects of building performance systematically. This system has been applied to identify problem areas in existing buildings, to test new building prototypes and to develop design guidance and criteria for future facilities. Outlines the numerous benefits of POE, including better space utilization, as well as cost and time savings. Describes a conceptual framework and evaluation data‐gathering techniques. Presents examples of the outcomes of a case study POE on a medical facility. Highlights the primary effect of a POE database development project on FM software and summarizes the outcomes of an IFMA Pilot Survey on Academic Facility Performance Feedback.
A simple apparatus for underwater seal in pneumothorax of the newborn

Abstract A simple, safe and dependable method of accomplishing underwater seal drainage for patients with spontaneous pneumothorax using equipment readily available in the hospital has been particularly useful in treating pneumothorax of the newborn.
Imaging coherent scatter radar studies of bottomside equatorial spread F

Abstract Coherent scatter radar imaging observations have been made of a bottomside spread F layer at Jicamarca. Whereas conventional range-time-intensity (RTI) images cannot resolve the primary waves in the layers, the in-beam images show that the layers are composed of vertical chains of patches of scatterers drifting through the radar scattering volume. These chains outline and delineate primary collisional interchange instability waves with wavelengths of a few km. Different phases of the primary waves ascend at different rates, and the Doppler spectra of the radar backscatter represent superpositions of spectral lines from different patches on the various phases of the primary waves. A computer simulation of the fluid instability reproduces many features of the radar observations, including the patchy appearance of the backscatter from small-scale, linearly damped waves excited by the nonlinear instability. Some of the patches come into existence by means of a secondary gradient drift instability, leading them to be arranged quasi-periodically in the vertical direction. It is shown that the coherent scatter Doppler frequency spectrum may give a poor representation of the line-of-sight velocity distribution, particularly when a small scattering volume is sampled for a short time.
Cannulation of the biliary tree, cystic duct and gallbladder using a hydrophilic polymer-coated steerable guide wire.

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Notch and human hematopoietic stem cells.

In this issue of Blood , Benveniste et al report contrasting effects of canonical Notch signaling on human hematopoietic stem cells ex vivo and in vivo. Notch enhanced stem cell expansion in culture, but not in xenogeneic recipients.[1][1] ![Figure][2] Canonical Notch signaling is required
Automated forest fire dispatching-a progress report

Computers may offer a way of speeding up forest fire dispatching. Results of tests made on a prototype system suggest that automated fire dispatching is feasible, and can be a useful tool to both the skilled and unskilled dispatcher.
The HBT-interferometry of expanding inhomogeneous sources

The Bose-Einstein correlations of pions and kaons emitted from expanding inhomogeneous systems that eventually formed on ultra-relativistic A + A collisions are considered. The structure of the correlation function is obtained using the conception of the system’s lengths of homogeneity. The analysis of the transversal momentum behavior of thelong-, out- andside-interferometry radii is done for radiating sources with relativistic transversal and longitudinal flows moreover for the sources with large temperature gradients. The universal ratios between the momentum slopes of the different interferometry radii of 3D expanding systems are found at large transversal momenta. Simple analytical formula for the interferometry radii are obtained for typical classes of transversal flows.
Neuroscience of Behavioral and Pharmacological Treatments for Addictions

Although substantial advances have been made in behavioral and pharmacological treatments for addictions, moving treatment development to the next stage may require novel ways of approaching addictions, particularly ways based on new findings regarding the neurobiological underpinnings of addictions that also assimilate and incorporate relevant information from earlier approaches. In this review, we first briefly review theoretical and biological models of addiction and then describe existing behavioral and pharmacologic therapies for the addictions within this framework. We then propose new directions for treatment development and targets that are informed by recent evidence regarding the heterogeneity of addictions and the neurobiological contributions to these disorders.
On the robustness of Herlihy's hierarchy

A wait-free hierarchy maps object types to levels in Z(+) U (infinity) and has the following property: if a type T is at level N, and T' is an arbitrary type, then there is a wait-free implementation of an object of type T', for N processes, using only registers and objects of type T. The infinite hierarchy defined by Herlihy is an example of a wait-free hierarchy. A wait-free hierarchy is robust if it has the following property: if T is at level N, and S is a finite set of types belonging to levels N - 1 or lower, then there is no wait-free implementation of an object of type T, for N processes, using any number and any combination of objects belonging to the types in S. Robustness implies that there are no clever ways of combining weak shared objects to obtain stronger ones. Contrary to what many researchers believe, we prove that Herlihy's hierarchy is not robust. We then define some natural variants of Herlihy's hierarchy, which are also infinite wait-free hierarchies. With the exception of one, which is still open, these are not robust either. We conclude with the open question of whether non-trivial robust wait-free hierarchies exist.
Statistical penetration of diffuse light into vegetative canopies: effect on photosynthetic rate and utility for canopy measurement

Abstract The approximately independent penetration of radiant flux from all sky zones into a vegetative canopy further broadens the statistical distribution of received intensities on leaf surfaces. Using standard geometric descriptions of the canopy, I show that the distribution from the diffuse skylight is still quite narrow. Thus, estimation of canopy photosynthesis is, in contrast to the case of the direct solar beam, accurate when one approximates that each leaf receives identical flux, the average flux. The width of the distribution relative to the average, however, gets large at large canopy depth. Measurements of the average flux at depth might be supplemented by measurements of the variance to estimate rapidly the cumulative leaf area index and the foliage angular distribution.
On the evolution of N-atom state prepared by absorption of a single photon

We study evolution of timed symmetric N-atom state prepared by conditional absorption of a single photon and exhibiting superradiant decay. We find analytical expression for the initial decay rate of the state valid for any size of spherical atomic cloud. We show that the timed symmetric state is only approximately an eigenstate of the system for a large atomic cloud even if virtual processes are neglected.