cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technology as the new liberal art: the DePauw University approach to pervasive information fluency

DePauw University is a selective, liberal arts institution with 2200 undergraduate residential students. In fall 2001, DePauw initiated its Information Technology Associates Program (ITAP) for students. ITAP provides students opportunities that link the traditional strengths of a liberal arts education with technology training and skills needed to succeed in today's digital world. During their first year, ITAP students participate in training rotations with key campus information technology groups where they learn digital video/audio production, Web design, information analysis, desktop and network hardware, and client support. In their second year and following, they participate in on-campus internships to gain hands-on, real world experience and sharpen their skills in information technologies and leadership. In their third year, students have the option of a semester-long technology internship with an off-campus employer.Regardless of their major or career aspirations, ITAP recruits students who display enthusiasm, a strong desire to learn new skills, and a passion to master the latest technologies. Through real life work experiences, ITAP students gain an understanding of how their jobs and personal interactions with clients make them more marketable for future careers. They benefit in many areas: gaining technical, leadership, and consulting skills; developing life-long professional behaviors; working in a team environment; and fine-tuning interpersonal skills. In addition, the longevity of the student with the four-year program ensures that he or she is an asset that also benefits the University. Through ITAP, DePauw is able to draw upon affordable staffing by employing student workers who are specifically chosen for their talents and carefully guided in their training and development.In this paper, the program director, an ITAP student associate, and on-campus internship hosts describe ITAP and its impact on teaching, learning, and the University community from multiple perspectives, including individual student experiences and campus-wide outcomes.
Indirect Measurements of Coherent Thermal Emission From a Truncated Photonic Crystal Structure

Recently, coherent thermal emission characteristics have been demonstrated for both polarizations from a multilayer structure consisting of a one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal (PC) coated on a silver layer, i.e., PC-on-Ag structure. The key to enabling coherent emission is to excite a surface wave at the PC-Ag interface in the stop band of the PC. A detailed experimental investigation is conducted to demonstrate coherent thermal emission in the near-infrared region from the fabricated PC-on-Ag structure. A Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer, together with a specular reflectance accessory and a polarizer, is used to measure the reflectance at incidence angles of 30° and 45°. In addition, an angle-resolved scatterometer is used to measure the reflectance at the wavelength of 891 nm. Measured reflectance shows very good temporal and spatial coherence. Furthermore, the magnitude of the evanescent waves at the PC-Ag interface is plotted in terms of the wavelength and the incidence angle. It is found that dip locations of the measured reflectance precisely match with the condition when the field intensity is largely enhanced.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
One of a Kind-NIDR on its 20th Anniversary

More than 30 basic disciplines are represented in work conducted at or supported by the NIDR; the general estimate is that it has furnished at least 80 cents out of every dollar spent on dental research and training in the United States since World War II.
Activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells: a new role for cysteinyl leukotrienes.

The pathology of allergic inflammation in patients with asthma and allergic gastrointestinal disease is dominated by eosinophil infiltration and the local generation of a characteristic cassette of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13).1 Although these cytokines can be generated by TH2 cells, studies in both human subjects2 and rodents3–5 have implicated innate cell sources of the same cytokines. In 2010, several laboratories simultaneously reported novel innate lymphoid cells in the mesenteric fat and gut-associated lymphoid tissues that expanded and generated IL-5 and IL-13 in vivo in response to exogenous IL-25 and IL-33 or to helminth infection.6–8 A similar population was later found in mouse liver, spleen, and lung tissue.9,10 As such, these studies suggested that cells of the innate immune system could potentially initiate or amplify eosinophilic inflammation at mucosal sites in response to stimuli, such as tissue injury, viral infection, or pathogen-associated molecular patterns, without the requirement for antigen specificity. Shortly thereafter, a cell population with similar characteristics was identified in human intestine, lung, and nasal polyp tissue that expresses CRTH2, the chemoattractant receptor for prostaglandin D2.2 A recent consensus has reclassified these cells in both mice and human subjects as group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s).11
Calculated hardening, softening and perfectly plastic responses of a special class of materials

A special set of constitutive equations is used to calculate possible hardening, softening and perfectly plastic responses under a combination of shearing stress and pressure.
“Rice Is Essential but Tiresome; You Should Get Some Noodles”: Doi Moi and the Political Economy of Men’s Extramarital Sexual Relations and Marital HIV Risk in Hanoi, Vietnam

Research from around the world has suggested that married women's greatest risk for contracting HIV is from having sexual intercourse with their husbands. On the basis of 6 months of ethnographic research in Hanoi, Vietnam, I argue that the contemporary nature of the HIV epidemic in Hanoi is shaped by 3 interrelated policies implemented in 1986 as part of the government's new economic policy, Doi Moi (Renovation). Together, these policies structure men's opportunities for extramarital sexual relations and encourage wives to acquiesce to their husbands' sexual infidelity, putting both at risk of HIV. I propose 4 structural intervention strategies that address the policies that contribute to men's opportunities for extramarital liaisons and to marital HIV risk.
Capitalist exploitation without capitalist production: The consequences of imperfect contracting

On the basis of a static general equilibrium analysis premised on frictionless exchange conditions in competitive markets, John Roemer’s General Theory of Exploitation and Class challenges the canonical Marxian account of capitalist exploitation by arguing that unequal distribution of economically scarce productive assets suffices to enable the exploitation of labor by capital. Marxian critics have dismissed Roemer’s characterization partly on the presumption that capitalist exploitation requires direct capitalist control of the labor process, but offer no rigorous theoretical or empirical basis for this categorical claim. This paper seeks to advance the debate by considering conditions enabling equilibrium exploitation in capital–labor transactions for which workers control the production process and, as a consequence, capital suppliers cannot directly observe either labor effort or the product of that effort. The formal argument of the paper is animated by reference to the historical literature on proto...
INDUCTION OF PSYCHIC ESTRUS IN THE HAMSTER WITH PROGESTERONE ADMINISTERED VIA THE LATERAL BRAIN VENTRICLE1

baton rouge Following estrone priming, the ovariectomized golden hamster responds to injections of progesterone in adequate doses by exhibiting psychic estrus as do also certain other common laboratory rodents, a fact first established by Frank and Fraps (1945) and subsequently verified by Kent and Liberman (1947) while studying vaginal smears associated with induced mating. While the threshold dose of progesterone necessary to effect psychic estrus when administered via a subcutaneous route has not been established, Frank and Fraps observed no mating among animals subjected to subcutaneous injection of 0.02 mg. of progesterone 24 to 48 hours after estrogen priming, but found that 0.05 mg. of progesterone was as effective in inducing mating as was 10 times this quantity. The purpose of the present paper is to report that doses of progesterone too small to effect psychic estrus when administered subcutaneously to ovariectomized, estrogenprimed females may be entirely adequate in inducing typical mating res...
Flammability limits of the polymer pyrolysates generated from flame retarded poly (ethylene terephthalate)

A device constructed and used to determine the flammability limits of pyrolysate–air mixtures as a function of percentage weight loss on pyrolysis has been employed to investigate the pyrolysate gases generated from poly (ethylene terephthalate) both in the presence and absence of chemical flame retardants. The chemicals tripropyl phosphate (TPP), dibromopropanol (DBP) and tris (2, 3 dibromopropyl) phosphate (TRIS) all influenced both the lower and upper flammability limits, with the largest effects being obtained when both phosphorus and bromine were present, followed by bromine only and then phosphorus only. The results indicate TPP has negligible condensed phase activity with only small gas phase action. DBP has no condensed phase activity but is a very active gas phase inhibitor. In contrast, TRIS has a detrimental effect upon the condensed phase reactions in that it is responsible for the formation of a more flammable pyrolysate gas mixture. Fortunately, its gas phase inhibition reaction is capable of reducing the overall flammability.
Synthesis and evaluation of 18F-labeled PPARγ antagonists.

Abstract Introduction Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) transcriptionally modulates fat metabolism and also plays a role in pathological conditions such as cancer, neurodegenerative disease and inflammation. PPARγ imaging agents are potential tools for investigating these diseases. Methods Four analogs of GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist, with different fluorine-containing substituents at the para -position of the aniline ring were synthesized and evaluated using two different receptor binding assays for measuring PPARγ affinity. Micro-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies were performed in a transgenic mouse model having a heart-specific overexpression of PPARγ. Results All four analogs were found to have binding affinities that were comparable to or better than the reference antagonist, GW9662, using a scintillation proximity assay (SPA). However, only the chloro-based analogs (compounds 3 and 4 ) had activity in a whole-cell assay measuring activation of the PPARγ/retinoid X receptor complex. The microPET imaging studies in an MHC-PPARγ transgenic mouse model showed high uptake and PPARγ-specific binding for the irreversible antagonist [ 18 F] 3 , whereas the corresponding reversible methoxy analog ([ 18 F] 5 ) displayed only nonspecific uptake in heart. Conclusions The results of this preliminary study show that the irreversible antagonist [ 18 F] 3 may represent a novel strategy for imaging PPARγ in vivo with PET.
The effects of total quality management and perceived justice on organizational commitment of hospital nursing staff

Abstract This study of 507 nurses in 12 hospitals finds that perceived procedural justice mediates the relationship between perceived Total Quality Management traits and two dimensions of commitment to the organization. Affective commitment fully mediates the effects of TQM and justice on intention to remain an employee. Such intention has a negative reciprocal effect on affective commitment. The paper suggests that hospital administrators attempting to implement TQM programs would do well to project a clear vision for the TQM program and impart a sense of fairness and correct procedure if they wish to win full employee commitment to the program. The paper concludes with suggestions for further research.
A NOTE ON MOUNTAIN REEDBUCK REDUNCA FULVORUFULA FULVORUFULA AFZELIUS IN THE KRUGER NATIONAL PARK

This survey was conducted to obtain information on the mountain reedbuck population in the Kruger National Park for comparison with the population in the Loskop Dam Nature Reserve, Transvaal. During 93 hours of search effort, 36 mountain reedbuck sightings were recorded. All of the sightings were in the Malelane Hills on slopes above the Kwa Machiyaliwane drainage.
MIXED CONVECTIVE COOLING OF A RECTANGULAR CAVITY WITH INLET AND EXIT OPENINGS ON DIFFERENTIALLY HEATED SIDE WALLS

A numerical study is conducted to investigate mixed convective cooling of a two-dimensional rectangular cavity with differentially heated side walls. The horizontal walls are assumed to be adiabatic. Cold fluid is blown into the cavity from an inlet in the side wall of the cavity and is exited through an outlet in the opposite side wall. This configuration of mixed convective heat transfer has application in building energy systems, cooling of electronic circuit boards, and solar collectors, among others. The objective of the research is to optimize the relative locations of inlet and outlet in order to have most effective cooling in the core of the cavity by maximizing the heat-removal rate and reducing the overall temperature in the cavity. Various placement configurations of the inlet and outlet are examined for a range of Reynolds number and Richardson number. For a given Reynolds number, the Richardson number is varied from 0, which represents pure forced convection, to 10, which implies a dominant b...
Phase-Specific Developmental Toxicity in Mice Following Maternal Methanol Inhalation

Methanol is toxic to embryos of mice and rats when inhaled by dams at high concentrations. The present studies examined methanol-induced developmental toxicity following inhalation exposure (6 hr/day) of pregnant CD-1 mice to 5000, 10,000 or 15,000 ppm either throughout organogenesis (GD 6-15), during the period of neural tube development and closure (GD 7-9), or during a time of potential neural tube reopening (GD 9-11). Transient neurologic signs and reduced body weights were observed in up to 20% of dams exposed to 15,000 ppm. Examination of near-term fetuses revealed embryotoxicity (increased resorptions, reduced fetal weights, and/or fetal malformations) at 10,000 and 15,000 ppm, while 3-day exposures at 5000 ppm yielded no observable adverse effects. Terata included neural and ocular defects, cleft palate, hydronephrosis, deformed tails, and limb (paw and digit) anomalies. Neural tube defects and ocular lesions occurred after methanol inhalation between GD 7-9, while limb anomalies were induced only during GD 9-11; cleft palate and hydronephrosis were observed after exposure during either period. These findings were consistent with prior reports that maternal methanol inhalation at high levels induces developmental toxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, our data indicate that the spectrum of teratogenic effects depended upon both the timing (i.e., stage of embryonic development) and the number of methanol exposures.
Observations of the earth's polar cleft at large radial distances with the Hawkeye 1 magnetometer

Based on 364 spacecraft passes through the dayside region, the position of the polar cleft at large radial distances was determined with the magnetometer flown on Hawkeye 1. This data set is ideal for the study of the cusp and cleft region. Identification of the cleft depended on noting strong negative deviations of the magnetic field strength in the region from that of the dipole field. In solar magnetic coordinates, cleft observations were found between 40 deg and 70 deg latitude and + or - 75 deg latitude and + or - 75 deg longitude, while in geocentricmagnetospheric coordinates, these observations were found between 20 deg and 75 deg latitude and + or - 75 deg longitude. The extreme longitudinal extent of 150 deg is larger than those reported in some previous studies. Large magnetic depressions associated with the cleft extend out to 12 earth radii.
Identification and expression of a cDNA from Daucus carota encoding a bifunctional aspartokinase-homoserine dehydrogenase

Aspartokinase (EC 2.7.2.4) and homoserine dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.3) catalyze steps in the pathway for the synthesis of lysine, threonine, and methionine from aspartate. Homoserine dehydrogenase was purified from carrot (Daucus carota L.) cell cultures and portions of it were subjected to amino acid sequencing. Oligonucleotides deduced from the amino acid sequences were used as primers in a polymerase chain reaction to amplify a DNA fragment using DNA derived from carrot cell culture mRNA as template. The amplification product was radiolabelled and used as a probe to identify cDNA clones from libraries derived from carrot cell culture and root RNA. Two overlapping clones were isolated. Together the cDNA clones delineate a 3089 bp long sequence encompassing an open reading frame encoding 921 amino acids, including the mature protein and a long chloroplast transit peptide. The deduced amino acid sequence has high homology with the Escherichia coli proteins aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I and aspartokinase II-homoserine dehydrogenase II. Like the E. coli genes the isolated carrot cDNA appears to encode a bifunctional aspartokinase-homoserine dehydrogenase enzyme.
Analysis of partially mixed supersonic ejector

This article presents an analytical model of a supersonic/subsonic, constant-area ejector whose exit flow is not uniformly mixed. The primary and secondary streams, separated by the dividing streamline, are treated as quasi-one-dim ensional. The shear stress on the dividing streamline, the resulting heat transfer, and the wall stresses are applied artificially on the streams. Axisymmetric and two-dimensional configurations are considered. The model predicts that the axisymmetric ejector provides better thrust augmentation than the two-dimensional one, the latter suffering from higher skin-friction losses. Thrust increases with ejector length, but at a diminishing rate. For all configurations, thrust augmentation decreases with flight Mach number and becomes zero at a flight Mach number of about 0.7. Increasing the primary-to-secondary area ratio has a minimal effect on thrust. The results compare favorably with available experimental data on pressure distributions and mass-flow ratios. Nomenclature A = cross-sectional area a = speed of sound b = ejector radius (A/5) or half-height (two dimensional) cp = specific heat at constant pressure H = total enthalpy h = static enthalpy / = length scale, Eq. (11) M - Mach number Mc = cpnvective Mach number m = mass flux p = pressure q = heat transfer R = gas constant r = velocity ratio, U^/U^ $ = entropy flux 5- = entropy T = temperature U = velocity x = streamwise coordinate y = transverse coordinate y = specific-heat ratio A£7 = tfcol - t/oc* 6W = shear-layer vorticity thickness 77 = density ratio, IJL = viscosity p = density T = shear stress
Fine-grained forward-secure signature schemes without random oracles

We propose the concept of fine-grained forward-secure signature schemes. Such signature schemes not only provide non-repudiation w.r.t. past time periods the way ordinary forward-secure signature schemes do but, in addition, allow the signer to specify which signatures of the current time period remain valid when revoking the public key. This is an important advantage if the signer produces many signatures per time period as otherwise the signer would have to re-issue those signatures (and possibly re-negotiate the respective messages) with a new key. Apart from a formal model for fine-grained forward-secure signature schemes, we present practical schemes and prove them secure under the strong RSA assumption only, i.e., we do not resort to the random oracle model to prove security. As a side-result, we provide an ordinary forward-secure scheme whose key-update time is significantly smaller than that of known schemes which are secure without assuming random oracles.
Effect of Electrical Stimulation on Muscle Characteristics of Beef Cattle Fed a High Energy Diet for Varying Lengths of Time

This study investigated the effect of electrical stimulation on quality and palatability of cattle fed a high energy diet for various lengths of time. Stimulation improved tenderness in cattle that were fed a high energy diet for times ranging from 0–210 days. However, the greatest improvement was in cattle that were not fed the high energy diet. The amount of improvement in tenderness decreased as time on a high energy diet increased. Flavor and juiciness scores, sarcomere length, and myofibril fragmentation index were not affected by electrical stimulation. Stimulation significantly improved lean color, firmness and texture and decreased the incidence of heat-ring in muscle at 24 hr postmortem.
Teaching Baccalaureate Nursing Students to Project Outcomes to Nursing Interventions

PURPOSE. To develop an innovative method of teaching baccalaureate nursing students to plan for and recognize outcomes to specific nursing interventions. METHODS. A case study design that measured the effectiveness of a teaching innovation. Tools for students (N = 8) to use during clinical practice included an Intervention-Outcome Analysis Tool and a Nursing Clinical Outcomes Tool. FINDINGS. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation data were presented that showed growth in the ability to set and meet patient outcomes during the semester. CONCLUSIONS. Thinking in terms of outcomes moved students beyond problem solving in their clinical thinking and assisted them to learn to develop individualized outcome statements for their patients.
Status of gene therapy for cystic fibrosis lung disease.

Gene therapy for the treatment of cystic fibrosis should be a “natural”: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive disease associated with loss of function mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, which has a well-characterized gene product; heterozygotes, as predicted, appear to be phenotypically perfectly normal; the level of expression of CFTR in affected cells generally appears to be low; and the dysfunctional epithelial lining cells in the organ most affected by CF (the lung) are available for direct vector delivery via topical administration (1). However, despite an impressive amount of research in this area, there is little evidence to suggest that an effective gene-transfer approach for the treatment of CF lung disease is imminent. The inability to produce such a therapy reflects in part the learning curve with respect to vector technology and the failure to appreciate the capacity of the airway epithelial cells to defend themselves against the penetration by moieties, including gene-therapy vectors, from the outside world. This Perspective will focus on the issues that impact on moving this field forward. What is the target for CF gene therapy in the lung? Cystic fibrosis affects the conducting airways of the lung and not the alveolar surfaces. The airways in general consist of a “large” airway (bronchial) region that is lined by a pseudostratified columnar superficial epithelium and contains numerous submucosal glands, and a “small” airway (bronchiolar) region that is lined by a simple columnar epithelium and is devoid of glands. Central issues for CF gene therapy are which region (large vs. small) and which tissue (superficial epithelium vs. glands) should be targeted. Obviously, the answer to this question requires knowledge of the pathogenesis of CF lung disease. As reviewed earlier in this Perspective series (2, 3), this is a controversial issue. Although the so-called “isotonic” and “hypotonic” airway surface liquid theories have different predictions on the pathogenesis of CF airways infection, both agree that defects in the superficial epithelium may initiate CF lung disease. However, studies from other model cell culture systems, like Calu-3 cells and cultured gland acini (4), predict that there may be abnormalities in gland volume/compositional (HCO3 ‐ ) regulation in CF that may be more important in the pathogenesis of CF airways infection. This debate can also be viewed in the context of the individual cell types in the airways. Advocates of the importance of the superficial epithelium in CF pathogenesis likely would
Navier-Stokes simulations of the Shuttle Orbiter aerodynamic characteristics with emphasis on pitch trim and bodyflap

An analysis of the longitudinal aerodynamics of the Shuttle Orbiter in the hypersonic flight regime is made through the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Particular attention is given to establishing the cause of the 'pitching moment anomaly' which occurred on the Orbiter's first flight and to computing the aerodynamics of a complete Orbiter configuration at flight conditions. Data from ground based facilities as well as Orbiter flight data are used to validate the computed results. Analysis shows that the 'pitching moment anomaly' is a real gas chemistry effect which cannot be simulated in ground-based facilities. Computed flight aerodynamics for the Orbiter are within 5 percent of the measured flight values and trim bodyflap deflections are predicted to within 10 percent.
The Set-Partitioning Problem: Set Covering with Equality Constraints

This paper gives an enumerative algorithm for the set-partitioning problem, that is, the set-covering problem with equality constraints, and presents computational results for real and randomly generated problems. The fact that many problems can be solved more rapidly than the corresponding linear programs demonstrates the efficiency of the algorithm; for example, a randomly generated problem with 1,400 variables and 100 constraints was solved in 15 minutes.
Design of an iterative solution module for a parallel sparse matrix library (P_SPARSLIB)

Abstract P_SPARSLIB is a library of portable FORTRAN routines for parallel sparse matrix computations. The current thrust of the library is in iterative solution techniques. In this paper we present the “accelerators” part of the library, which comprise the best known of the Krylov subspace techniques. The iterative solution module is implemented in reverse communication mode in order to allow any preconditioner to be combined with the package. In addition, this mechanism allows us to ensure portability, since the communication calls required in the iterative solution process are hidden in the dot-product, the matrix-vector product and preconditioning operations.
Interaction of Polyethylene and Tritium Gas as Monitored by Raman Spectroscopy

Irradiation of high-density polyethylene by ~1 atm overpressure of T2 gas at 23+- 2 degrees C has been shown to produce severe damage, about 200 MRad dose, within 6 months. Production rate of H2 gas from irradiation due to polymer incorporation of tritium increased quickly within the first 2 months, after which it slowed considerably. It is proposed that outgassing of H2 acted to inhibit diffusion of solubilized HT or T2 into the bulk, thereby limiting increases in polymer T incorporation and thus damage rate. Damage to the HDPE sample was found to be nonuniform. Laser fluorescence from the sample surface irradiated by the supply of T2 gas was ~10{sup}3-fold greater in the energy deposition layer than the fluroescence from bulk polymer after 2 months. This factor was within an order of magnitude of calculated dosages to surface and bulk. Fluorescence from the bulk, apparently caused by unsaturated polyene groups formed during irradiation, grew in time about proportionally to H2 generation and thus dose. An appreciable concentration of radical or ion-radical polyenes at room temperature could be recombined by bleaching for 15 minutes at ~150 degrees C; these species appeared to reform over night at room temperature.
Genetic linkage and association of Fcγ receptor IIIA (CD16A) on chromosome 1q23 with human systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective Although low-affinity alleles of human Fcγ receptor types IIA and IIIA (FcγRIIA and FcγRIIIA, respectively) polymorphisms have been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in case–control studies, the relative contribution of these genes to SLE susceptibility has not been resolved. Methods We analyzed the distribution of alleles of FcγRIIA, FcγRIIIA, and FcγRIIIB in 126 multiplex-SLE pedigrees and FcγRIIA and FcγRIIIA in a case–control replication study, using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing of genomic DNA. Statistical tests of association were performed to detect evidence of linkage between the single nucleotide polymorphisms and SLE. Results We found evidence for linkage at both the FcγRIIIA (single-point nonparametric linkage [NPL] 1.8, P = 0.038; multipoint NPL 2.7, P = 0.004) and the FcγRIIA (single-point NPL 2.0, P = 0.021; multipoint NPL 2.6, P = 0.006) loci, but not the FcγRIIIB locus. Family-based tests of association demonstrated increased transmission of the low-affinity F176 allele at the FcγRIIIA locus (odds ratio [OR] 2.18, P = 0.0005 by transmission disequilibrium test and P = 0.002, by pedigree disequilibrium test [PDT]), but little evidence of preferential transmission of alleles at FcγRIIA (P = 0.089 by PDT). Stratification by ethnicity showed preferential transmission of the associated FcγRIIIA allele both in families of African American ancestry and in those of European American ancestry. Despite significant linkage disequilibrium between these genes, 2- and 3-locus haplotype analysis of the extended Fcγ receptor cluster did not reveal any significant association beyond that observed with FcγRIIIA alone. In a large case–control replication study of 438 patients with SLE and 219 controls, FcγRIIIA provided the strongest evidence of an FcγR–SLE association (additive model: V/V 176 versus V/F 176 OR 1.51, V/V 176 versus F/F 176 OR 1.98, P = 0.007). Conclusion To our knowledge, these data are the first to demonstrate linkage and both family-based and case–control–based association of FcγRIIIA with SLE. These data provide genetic evidence supporting a role for the physiologically relevant single nucleotide polymorphism of the FcγRIIIA gene in the pathophysiology of this complex genetic disease.
On the foundations of trust in networks of humans and computers

A general theory of trust in networks of humans and computers must be built on both a theory of behavioral trust and a theory of computational trust.1 This argument is motivated by increased participation of people in online social networking, crowdsourcing, human computation, and socio-economic protocols; e.g., protocols modeled by trust and gift-exchange games, norms-establishing contracts, and scams/deception. We illustrate a class of interactive social protocols that relies both on trustworthy properties of commodity systems2 (e.g., verifiable end-to-end trusted path) and participant trust, since on-line verification of protocol compliance is often impractical; e.g., it can lead to undecidable problems, co-NP complete test procedures, and user inconvenience. Trust is captured by participant preferences (i.e., risk and betrayal aversion) and beliefs in the trustworthiness of other protocol participants. Both preferences and beliefs can be enhanced whenever protocol non-compliance leads to punishment of untrustworthy participants; i.e., it seems natural that betrayal aversion can be decreased and belief in trustworthiness increased by properly defined punishment. Similarly, risk aversion can be decreased and trustworthiness increased by feasible recovery from participant non-compliance.A general theory of trust which focuses on the establishment of new trust relations where none were possible before would help create new economic opportunities. New trust relations would increase the pool of services available to users, remove cooperation barriers, and enable the "network effect" where it really matters; i.e., at the application level. Hence, it seems important that security research should enable and promote trust-enhancement infrastructures in human and computer networks; e.g., trust networks. Finally, we argue that a general theory of trust should mirror human expectations and mental models without relying on false metaphors and analogies with the physical world.Virgil D. Gligor received his B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of California at Berkeley. He taught at the University of Maryland between 1976 and 2007, and is currently a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University and co-Director of CyLab. Over the past thirty-five years, his research interests ranged from access control mechanisms, penetration analysis, and denial-of-service protection to cryptographic protocols and applied cryptography. Gligor was an editorial board member of several IEEE and ACM journals, and the Editor in Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing. He received the 2006 National Information Systems Security Award jointly given by NIST and NSA in the US, and the 2011 Outstanding Innovation Award given by the ACM Special Interest Group on Security, Audit and Control.
Cryptococcus gattii infection in solid organ transplant recipients: description of Oregon outbreak cases

Cryptococcus gattii was recognized as an emerging infection in the Pacific Northwest in 2004. Out of 62 total infections in Oregon since the outbreak, 11 were in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. SOT recipients were more likely to have disseminated disease and higher mortality than normal hosts, who mostly had isolated mass lesions. The median time from transplantation to C. gattii diagnosis was 17.8 months. The primary sites of infection were lung (n = 4), central nervous system (n = 3), or both (n = 4). The Oregon-endemic strain, VGII (subtypes IIa and IIc) was present in 10 of 11 patients; the median fluconazole minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 12 μg/mL (range 2-32 μg/mL) for this strain. We found C. gattii infection among organ transplant recipients was disseminated at diagnosis, had low cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal antigen titers, and was associated with an elevated fluconazole MIC and high attributable mortality.
Chemotherapy targeted to cancers through tumoral hormone receptors

Work on cytotoxic analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), somatostatin and bombesin, designed for targeting chemotherapy to peptide receptors on various cancers, is reviewed here as the project is at advanced stages of development and clinical trials are pending. Cytotoxic analogs of LH-RH, AN-152 and AN-207, containing doxorubicin (DOX) or 2-pyrrolino-DOX (AN-201), respectively, target LH-RH receptors and can be used for the treatment of prostatic, breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers and melanomas. AN-201 was also incorporated into the cytotoxic analog of somatostatin, AN-238, which can be targeted to receptors for somatostatin in prostatic, renal, mammary, ovarian, gastric, colorectal and pancreatic cancers as well as glioblastomas and lung cancers, suppressing the growth of these tumors and their metastases. A cytotoxic analog of bombesin AN-215, containing 2-pyrrolino-DOX, was likewise synthesized and successfully tested in experimental models of prostate cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, gastrointestinal cancers and brain tumors expressing receptors for bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide. This new class of targeted cytotoxic peptide analogs might provide a more effective therapy for various cancers.
The effect of oral and intravenous glucose administration on the adrenal response to cold exposure.

The important relation between adrenal cortical hormones and the metabolism of carbohydrate has occasioned some interest in the effect of glucose on the function of the adrenal gland itself. Dohan and Lukens (1948) found that intraperitoneal injections of glucose result in a significant decrease in adrenal cholesterol. A 25% reduction in adrenal cholesterol values after oral administration of glucose has been reported by Abelin (1945), a finding in substantial agreement with the results of Steeples and Jensen (1949). Elmadjian, Freeman and Pincus (1946) also reported adrenal activation after oral glucose administration. These reports would seem to indicate that oral or intraperitoneal glucose administration results in increased adrenal activity. Other evidence suggests that carbohydrate administration by intravenous injection or by feeding exerts an inhibitory action on the metabolic effects of adrenal cortical hormones or an adrenal cortical activity itself. Constantinides (1950) has reported less adrena...
The relationship between psyllid leaf galls and redbay (Persea borbonia) fitness traits in sun and shade

The interactions between Persea borbonia (redbay), its psyllid leaf gallers, and its seed predators were examined in field conditions using natural differences in light levels in order to determine (a) the distribution of galls relative to light availability, (b) the relationship between galls and plant growth and reproductive traits and (c) the relationship between gallers and seed predators. Galls were more abundant in shade than sun across sites. This finding is consistent with the Sink Competition Hypothesis, which predicts higher gall loads on plants with longer internodes (as those in shade) and hence less competition among sinks. Galled leaves were smaller and senesced more rapidly, and galled shoots grew less. In the sun, galled branches produced fewer flowers, but there was ultimately no relationship between gall load and seed production in the year sampled. Gall load was not correlated with seed predation in sun or shade, suggesting no indirect interactions between herbivores. This work suggests that gall insects negatively affect plant growth and reproduction, but manipulative experiments must be conducted to confirm this. Additionally, this study suggests that relationships between leaf gall load and plant fitness traits may not be clearly regulated by the availability of sunlight resources to the plant.
Changes in glycaemic control and risk of coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus: findings from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study (EDC)

Aims/hypothesis To complete a comparative analysis of studies that have examined the relationship between glycaemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD)/coronary artery disease (CAD) and perform a prospective analysis of the effect of change in glycosylated Hb level on CAD risk in the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study (EDC) of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (n = 469) over 16 years of two yearly follow-up.
β PICTORIS AND AB DORADUS MOVING GROUPS: LIKELY NEW LOW-MASS MEMBERS

We present results from our continuing program to identify new, low-mass, members of the nearby young moving groups (NYMGs) using a proper motion selection algorithm and various observational techniques. We have three goals: (1) to provide high priority targets for exoplanet searches by direct imaging, (2) to complete the census of the membership in the NYMGs down to ~0.1 M ☉, and thus (3) provide a well-characterized sample of nearby (median distances at least twice as close as the Taurus and Ophiuchus star-forming regions), young (8-50 Myr) stars for detailed study of their physical properties and multiplicity. Our program proceeds as follows: we apply the selection algorithm to a proper motion catalog where initial selection cuts of candidate members are based on the mean motion of known NYMG members and the proper motions and photometric distances of the candidates. NYMG membership is investigated further using possible signs of youth, including Hα emission and X-ray flux, and then verified through radial velocity measurements. We identify TYC 1766-1431-1 (M3), TYC 1208-468-1 and 2 (K3), TYC 7558-655-1 (K5), and PM I04439+3723W and E (M3) as likely members of the β Pictoris moving group (BPMG) and TYC 1741-2117-1N and S (K7), TYC 1752-63-1 (K7), TYC 523-573-1 (K7), and TYC 4943-192-1 (M0) as likely members of the AB Doradus moving group (ABDMG). We also rule out the membership of several BPMG and ABDMG candidates. To date our program has identified 16 new NYMG members of spectral type K3 or later.
Kinetics Analysis by Digital Parameter Estimation

Abstract One of the more important problems that a chemist or chemical engineer may encounter is the determination of the mechanism and/ or model for a chemical reaction system. This problem may be encompassed within the broader area of identification [30–32] which ranges from the one extreme where no a priori information regarding the system representation is known, to the other extreme where much is known about the system. The development of a suitable chemical kinetic representation for the experimental reaction system lies somewhere between these two extremes. This results from the fact that there usually exist certain postulated models to represent experimental kinetic data; however, the determination of the best constants in these mechanistic models and perhaps the discrimination among a number of alternative models usually remain as vexing questions.
Impact of disorder on the 5/2 fractional quantum Hall state.

We compare the energy gap of the $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$ fractional quantum Hall effect state obtained in conventional high mobility modulation-doped quantum-well samples with those obtained in high quality GaAs transistors (heterojunction insulated gate field-effect transistors). We are able to identify the different roles that long-range and short-range disorders play in the $5/2$ state and observe that the long-range potential fluctuations are more detrimental to the strength of the $5/2$ state than short-range potential disorder.
Transforming Communities: Restorative Justice as a Community Building Strategy

Restorative justice is entering the social work literature as a strategy that can transform lives harmed by violence. However, the literature has yet to explore how restorative justice can transform communities. Despite the lack of published information, communities across the globe and the United States are experiencing important benefits from restorative justice-based interventions. This article explores 4 restorative justice strategies that seek to transform communities: restorative boards, community conferencing, community restorative support, and truth and reconciliation commissions. The examination of the strategies includes case studies that are used to support a larger discussion of application, practice, outcomes, evaluation literature, and critiques.
THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF DOG'S BLOOD AT BODY TEMPERATURE.

The vapor pressures of dog's blood and blood plasma were determined at 37.5° by the dynamic method and the osmotic pressures calculated from the experimental data. The vapor pressures calculated from experimentally determined freezing point data agreed, within the experimental error, with the values obtained from direct measurement. The vapor pressure lowering produced by the colloid constituents of the blood was also determined and found to be minimal compared to that of the other constituents.
Content area teachers’ attitudes and practices toward reading in the content areas: A review

Abstract In an earlier review, Moore, Readence and Rickelman (1983) explored the historical foundations of content area reading instruction. They suggested further research needs to be conducted as to actual classroom practices regarding content area reading instruction. In investigating content area teachers’ practices, a logical first step is to investigate the attitudes that content area teachers hold toward incorporating reading instruction in their classrooms. This article, then, presents a review of the literature related to content area teachers’ attitudes toward teaching reading in the content areas. The research reviewed suggests four major findings: (1) content area teachers know less than they need to know about reading in general and about reading skills unique to their content areas; (2) attitudes toward reading instruction vary with respect to instructional level, level of knowledge of reading, and content area taught; (3) teachers are willing to enroll in content area courses; and (4) such ...
Amiloride augments TRAIL-induced apoptotic death by inhibiting phosphorylation of kinases and phosphatases associated with the P13K-Akt pathway

We have previously shown that low extracellular pH (pHe) promotes cell killing by the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). In this study, we examined whether amiloride, an inhibitor of the Na(+)/H(+) antiporter capable of lowering the intracellular pH (pHi), can potentiate TRAIL-induced apoptotic death. Human prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 cells were treated with various concentrations of TRAIL (10-200 ng/ml) and/or amiloride (0.1-1 mM) for 4 h. Amiloride, which caused little or no cytotoxicity by itself, enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The TRAIL-mediated activation of caspase, and PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) cleavage were both promoted by amiloride. Western blot analysis showed that combined treatment with TRAIL and amiloride did not change the levels of TRAIL receptors (death receptor (DR)4, DR5, and DcR2 (decoy recepter 2) or antiapoptotic proteins (FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP), inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP), and Bcl-2). However, unlike pHe, amiloride promoted the dephosphorylation of Akt. Interestingly, amiloride also induced the dephosphorylation of P13K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) and PDK-1 (phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1) kinases along with PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) and PP1alpha phosphatases. In vitro kinase assays revealed that amiloride inhibited phosphorylation of kinases and phosphatases by competing with ATP. Taken together, the present studies suggest that amiloride enhances TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting phosphorylation of the PI3K-Akt pathway-associated kinases and phosphatases.
Effect of Freezing and Frozen Storage of Alaska Pollock on the Chemical and Gel‐Forming Properties of Surimi

Alaska pollock was headed, gutted, and frozen at sea in pre- and postrigor condition. Surimi made from this fish held at - 29°C showed a gradual loss in gel-forming ability with time of storage. This loss in gel-forming ability was accompanied by a loss in viscosity and Ca++-ATPase activity of the surimi over the 9-month storage period. The gel strength of kamaboko gels showed an inverse linear relationship with gel moisture over a limited moisture range. Simply freezing and thawing pollock resulted in surimi with significantly lower gel strength than that from fresh pollock.
Carbonyl Nonahydrodecaborate(1-): A Versatile Synthon for Functionalized Borane Anions

Despite the surging interest in neutron capture therapy, the development and testing of new boron containing compounds has not received as much attention as other areas of BNCT. The most intensively studied boron agents are the mercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate dianion ([B12H11SH]2-, “BSH”) and 4-(dihydroxyboryl)phenylalanine (BPA), yet both of these species have been known for decades.1,2 The development of new boron agents for BNCT requires convenient high-yield methods for the introduction of boron moieties into suitable chemical structures.
Using Statistics to Determine Causal Relationships

(2000). Using Statistics to Determine Causal Relationships. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 24-32.
Innovative recycling options for biomedical research facilities

Almost everyone agrees that recycling is the right thing to do whenever feasible. Recycling prevents the emission of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants, saves energy, supplies valuable raw materials to industry, creates jobs, stimulates the development of greener technologies, conserves resources, and reduces the need for new landfills and combustors [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Solid Waste—Basic Facts . http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm (accessed 11/22/2006)]. The widespread adoption of Environmental Management Systems (EMS), ISO 14000, executive order 13148, and the growing environmental stewardship movement have all helped increase the popularity of beneficial reuse programs. Biomedical research facilities can offer unique recycling opportunities for the creative manager.