cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Effective Method for Controlling False Discovery and False Nondiscovery Rates in Genome-Scale RNAi Screens:

In most genome-scale RNA interference (RNAi) screens, the ultimate goal is to select siRNAs with a large inhibition or activation effect. The selection of hits typically requires statistical control of 2 errors: false positives and false negatives. Traditional methods of controlling false positives and false negatives do not take into account the important feature in RNAi screens: many small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) may have very small but real nonzero average effects on the measured response and thus cannot allow us to effectively control false positives and false negatives. To address for deficiencies in the application of traditional approaches in RNAi screening, the author proposes a new method for controlling false positives and false negatives in RNAi high-throughput screens. The false negatives are statistically controlled through a false-negative rate (FNR) or false nondiscovery rate (FNDR). FNR is the proportion of false negatives among all siRNAs examined, whereas FNDR is the proportion of false negatives among declared nonhits. The author also proposes new concepts, q*-value and p*-value, to control FNR and FNDR, respectively. The proposed method should have broad utility for hit selection in which one needs to control both false discovery and false nondiscovery rates in genome-scale RNAi screens in a robust manner.
The Role of Embryonic Induction in Creating Self

Since our general topic is the creation of self, I wish to discuss the role of embryonic induction in the self-creation of the embryo. First, however, I must speak in general terms concerning the embryo as self.
Prediction of Normal Spirometric Values for Adults Incapable of Standing

A significant problem exists in predicting normal values for pulmonary function in subjects unable to stand for measurement of height. We studied 196 normal men and women to determine the relationship between sitting and standing height. Two predictors of standing height are recommended: (1) standing-to-sitting height ratio; and (2) multiple regression equations using sitting height and age. Either of these relationships can be selected as a predictor of height for substitution into any standard spirometric prediction equations. Spirometric prediction equations using age and sitting height are also presented. (Chest 1988; 94:572-74)
Targeting the Fanconi Anemia Pathway to Identify Tailored Anticancer Therapeutics

The Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway consists of proteins involved in repairing DNA damage, including interstrand cross-links (ICLs). The pathway contains an upstream multiprotein core complex that mediates the monoubiquitylation of the FANCD2 and FANCI heterodimer, and a downstream pathway that converges with a larger network of proteins with roles in homologous recombination and other DNA repair pathways. Selective killing of cancer cells with an intact FA pathway but deficient in certain other DNA repair pathways is an emerging approach to tailored cancer therapy. Inhibiting the FA pathway becomes selectively lethal when certain repair genes are defective, such as the checkpoint kinase ATM. Inhibiting the FA pathway in ATM deficient cells can be achieved with small molecule inhibitors, suggesting that new cancer therapeutics could be developed by identifying FA pathway inhibitors to treat cancers that contain defects that are synthetic lethal with FA.
Numerical investigation of interfacial transport resistance due to water droplets in proton exchange membrane fuel cell air channels

Abstract Oxygen transport resistance at the air flow channel and gas diffusion layer (GDL) interface is needed in modelling the performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). This resistance is expressed through the non-dimensional Sherwood number (Sh). The effect of the presence of a droplet on Sh is studied numerically in an isolated air flow channel using a commercially available package, COMSOL Multiphysics ® . A droplet is represented as a solid obstruction placed on the GDL–channel interface and centred along the channel width. The effect of a single droplet is first studied for a range of superficial mean air velocities and droplet sizes. Secondly, the effect of droplet spacing on Sh is studied through simulations of two consecutive droplets. Lastly, multiple droplets in a row are studied as a more representative case of a PEMFC air flow channel. The results show that the droplets significantly increase Sh above the fully developed value in the wake region. This enhancement increases with the number of droplets, droplet size, and superficial mean air velocity. Moreover, the analogy between mass and heat transfer is investigated by comparing Sh to the equivalent Nusselt number.
Formation of a buried soft layer in SiC for compliant substrate by ion implantation

Radiation damage and its removal have been studied in ion implanted 6H-SiC by Rutherford backscattering/Channeling (RBS). They have implanted Ga and Ti at 800 C using doses of 1 {times} 10{sup 16} to 2 {times} 10{sup 17} cm{sup {minus}2}. The implanted samples have been subsequently annealed at 1,050 C, and then at 1,400 C for 30 sec to study the removal of damage produced during implantation. The energies of implanted species have been chosen to obtain 20--40 nm projected ranges to form a buried metallic or graphitic layer. No significant damage removal has been observed after 1,050 C anneal, however 1,400 C annealing of 40 and 120 keV Ga implanted samples (fluence 2 {times} 10{sup 16} cm{sup {minus}2}) resulted in significantly less damage as can be observed from RBS/Channeling data. In the case of Ti implanted samples annealing led to an appreciable increase in the channeled backscattering yield, which might be due to the formation of some new phase (e.g., TiSi or TiSi{sub 2}) and may be related to distortions of the existing lattice.
Characterization and application of a Listeria monocytogenes reactive monoclonal antibody C11E9 in a resonant mirror biosensor.

Abstract Typical detection of Listeria monocytogenes involves selective enrichment, isolation and biochemical testing. Development of antibodies to Listeria species has improved detection; however, most antibodies detect all species of Listeria. A previously developed monoclonal antibody (MAb)-C11E9 was examined for its reaction to 13 L. innocua and 40 L. monocytogenes strains representing all 13 serotypes by ELISA. Absorbance values for L. monocytogenes strains were 0.44–3.58 and for L. innocua 0.22–1.44. ELISA reactions were divided into three arbitrary groups of high (Abs 1.0 or higher), intermediate (0.6–0.99) and low (0.18–0.59). Most L. monocytogenes strains (32/41, 78%) were in the high group while only 23% (3/13) of L. innocua were in the same group. In the Western blot assay, antibody reacted with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) extracted protein preparations of 52, 66 and 97 kDa. Ribopattern of all strains was analyzed and no clear relationship was observed for antibody reaction and ribotype of a given strain. MAb C11E9 was used in a resonant mirror biosensor (IAsys sensor), but failed to detect any viable intact L. monocytogenes cells at levels as high as 108 cells/ml; however, it showed binding (85–150 arc/s) with the surface protein preparations containing the 97-, 66- and 52-kDa proteins at 208 μg/ml. Binding kinetics of L. monocytogenes and L. innocua surface protein extracts showed significantly (p
Characterization of axenic Pseudomonas fragi and Escherichia coli biofilms that inhibit corrosion of SAE 1018 steel.

A. JAYARAMAN, A.K. SUN AND T.K. WOOD. 1998.Corrosion inhibition of SAE 1018 steel by Pseudomonas fragi and Escherichia coli biofilms has been evaluated using batch cultures in rich medium (LB) and seawater-mimicking medium (VNSS) at 23 °C and 30 °C with or without daily medium replenishment. Biofilm components have been stained simultaneously for polysaccharide (calcofluor) and live and dead cells (Live/Dead Baclit viability kit) and visualized using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Image analysis was used to quantify the relative proportions of live cells, dead cells, polysaccharide and void space in the biofilm. This staining technique and examination of the architecture of biofilms responsible for inhibiting metal corrosion revealed that both Ps. fragi and E. coli produce polysaccharide only in the seawater medium; in rich medium, the biofilm consisted mainly of a layer of sessile cells near the biofilm‐metal interface and sparse thick clumps of cells at the biofilm‐liquid interface. Biofilms of both strains had a higher proportion of live cells in the rich medium than in the seawater-mimicking medium at the higher temperature, and more live cells were present at the higher temperature for LB medium. The corrosion inhibition observed (2·3‐6·9-fold in 8 d) was not significantly affected by medium type or replenishment. Increase in the cellular content of the biofilms, as a result of increasing temperature, led to a reduction in corrosion.
Theory of phase-conjugate oscillators

The propagation of electromagnetic radiation in phase-conjugate oscillators is considered. These oscillators consist of conventional resonators containing a nonlinear medium that is pumped by a pair of counterpropagating beams. Both linear and ring oscillators are treated.
Non-linear Stability Models

The linear theory of morphological stability, as shown in Chapter 10, predicts neither the explicit form nor the evolution dynamics of an unstable solid–liquid interface. Instead, linear theory predicts only the system’s initial unstable behavior—viz., evolution through exponential growth or decay—of a single-mode interface perturbation in the form of a sine-wave ripple.
Simultaneous Sodium and Calcium Imaging from Dendrites and Axons

Abstract Dynamic calcium imaging is a major technique of neuroscientists. It can reveal information about the location of various calcium channels and calcium permeable receptors, the time course, magnitude, and location of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) changes, and indirectly, the occurrence of action potentials. Dynamic sodium imaging, a less exploited technique, can reveal analogous information related to sodium signaling. In some cases, like the examination of AMPA and NMDA receptor signaling, measurements of both [Ca 2+ ] i and [Na + ] i changes in the same preparation may provide more information than separate measurements. To this end, we developed a technique to simultaneously measure both signals at high speed and sufficient sensitivity to detect localized physiologic events. This approach has advantages over sequential imaging because the preparation may not respond identically in different trials. We designed custom dichroic and emission filters to allow the separate detection of the fluorescence of sodium and calcium indicators loaded together into a single neuron in a brain slice from the hippocampus of Sprague-Dawley rats. We then used high-intensity light emitting diodes (LEDs) to alternately excite the two indicators at the appropriate wavelengths. These pulses were synchronized with the frames of a CCD camera running at 500 Hz. Software then separated the data streams to provide independent sodium and calcium signals. With this system we could detect [Ca 2+ ] i and [Na + ] i changes from single action potentials in axons and synaptically evoked signals in dendrites, both with submicron resolution and a good signal-to-noise ratio (S/N).
The effects of taurine in a rodent model of aging.

A number of excellent review articles have examined the various physiological roles of taurine in adult and developing organisms19, 20, 39. A conclusion that can be drawn from these various reviews is that there is a dearth of information on the role of taurine in aging and senescence. A few studies have examined the tissue content of taurine in aging animal models. In general taurine content seems to decline modestly with advanced age. What is unclear is whether the aging process may increase the demand for the protective and regulatory actions of taurine in cellular homeostasis. This article will briefly review what is known about changes in taurine content and function during senescence and describe our recent studies of taurine supplementation using a common rodent model of aging. We will also discuss the potential consequences of a diminished cytoprotective role of taurine in advanced aging due to a age-related decrement in taurine homeostasis.
A Hybridized Discontinuous Galerkin Method for the Nonlinear Korteweg---de Vries Equation

In this paper we introduce a hybridized discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method for solving nonlinear Korteweg---de Vries type equations. Similar to a standard HDG implementation, we first express the approximate variables and numerical fluxes inside each element in terms of the approximate traces of the scalar variable (u), and its first derivative ($$u_x$$ux). These traces are assumed to be single-valued on each face. Next, we impose the conservation of numerical fluxes via two extra sets of equations. Using these global flux conservation conditions and applying the Newton---Raphson method, we construct a system of equations that can be solely expressed in terms of the increments of approximate traces in each iteration. Afterwards, we solve these equations, and substitute the approximate traces back into local equations over each element to obtain local approximate solutions. As for the time stepping scheme, we use the backward difference formulae. The method is proved to be stable for a proper choice of stabilization parameters. Through numerical examples, we observe that for a mesh with kth order elements, the computed u, p, and q show optimal convergence at order $$k+1$$k+1 in both linear and nonlinear cases, which improves upon previously employed techniques.
Cities and the challenge of multiscalar climate justice: climate governance and social equity in Chicago, Birmingham, and Vancouver

ABSTRACTThe imperative of climate justice has been gaining political and discursive power in international climate negotiations. Yet scholars are just beginning to investigate how climate policies are impacting social equity in practice. This paper contributes concrete examples and a multiscalar analysis to this emerging understanding. As cities are increasingly important players in global climate governance, it examines cases from three cities in the global North that have made notable attempts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in a socially just way: Chicago, Illinois; Birmingham, England; and Vancouver, British Columbia. These cases show that there is significant potential for cities to further global climate justice through emission reductions while enhancing social justice locally. However, they also demonstrate the importance of understanding just carbon mitigation as a multiscalar phenomenon. In each of these cities, leaders’ abilities to mitigate climate change in a just way are shaped by larger ...
Infrared instrument support for HyspIRI-TIR

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is currently developing an end-to-end instrument which will provide a proof of concept prototype vehicle for a high data rate, multi-channel, thermal instrument in support of the Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI)–Thermal Infrared (TIR) space mission. HyspIRI mission was recommended by the National Research Council Decadal Survey (DS). The HyspIRI mission includes a visible shortwave infrared (SWIR) pushboom spectrometer and a multispectral whiskbroom thermal infrared (TIR) imager. The prototype testbed instrument addressed in this effort will only support the TIR. Data from the HyspIRI mission will be used to address key science questions related to the Solid Earth and Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems focus areas of the NASA Science Mission Directorate. Current designs for the HyspIRI-TIR space borne imager utilize eight spectral bands delineated with filters. The system will have 60m ground resolution, 200mK NEDT, 0.5C absolute temperature resolution with a 5-day repeat from LEO orbit. The prototype instrument will use mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) technology at the focal plane array in time delay integration mode. A custom read out integrated circuit (ROIC) will provide the high speed readout hence high data rates needed for the 5 day repeat. The current HyspIRI requirements dictate a ground knowledge measurement of 30m, so the prototype instrument will tackle this problem with a newly developed interferometeric metrology system. This will provide an absolute measurement of the scanning mirror to an order of magnitude better than conventional optical encoders. This will minimize the reliance on ground control points hence minimizing post-processing (e.g. geo-rectification computations).
Krein-Smulian-Type Theorems

Let ( E, ℱ ) be a weakly compactly generated Frechet space and let ℱ 0 be another weaker Hausdorff locally convex topology on E . Let X be an ℱ -bounded compact subset of ( E, ℱ 0 ). The ℱ 0 -closed convex hull of X in E is then ℱ 0 -compact. We also give a new proof, without using Riemann–Lebesgue-integrable (Birkoff-integrable) functions, with the result that if ( E , ∥ · ∥) is any Banach space and ℱ 0 is fragmented by ∥ · ∥, then the same result holds. Furthermore, the closure of the convex hull of X in ℱ 0 -topology and in the original topology of E is the same.
Book Review: Paediatric Bronchoscopy. Kostas N Priftis, Michael B Anthracopoulos, Ernst Eber, Anastassios C Koumbourlis, Robert E Wood, editors. (Progress in Respiratory Research series, volume 38. CT Bolliger, series editor.) Basel, Switzerland: S Karger. 2010. Hard cover, 212 pages, $188.

Pediatric bronchoscopy is a relatively young procedure that has rapidly evolved over the past 30 years into a fundamental diagnostic tool in the evaluation of respiratory disease in children. The first flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope small enough to be useful in infants and children was introduced
Fund Managers Who Take Big Bets: Skilled or Overconfident

We document a positive relation between mutual fund performance and managers' willingness to take big bets in a relatively small number of stocks. Focused managers outperform their more broadly diversified counterparts by approximately 30 basis points per month, or roughly 4% annualized. The results hold for mimicking portfolios based on fund holdings as well as when returns are measured net of expenses. Concentrated managers outperform precisely because their big bets outperform the top holdings of more diversified funds. The evidence suggests that investors may enhance performance by diversifying across focused managers rather than by investing in highly diversified funds.
Aesthetics of Absent Causality: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Half of a Yellow Sun

In March 2012 Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, author of the internationally bestselling historical novel Half of a Yellow Sun (2006), spoke to the Commonwealth Foundation in London on the subject of realist literature. In her address (‘To Instruct and Delight’), she describes writing and reading as acts of cultural exploration founded on a humanistic appreciation of the ‘magnificent diversity [of] the world’. The realist novel, she argues, promotes a cosmopolitan ethos of unity-in-diversity that is matched by its grounding in local specificity: ‘realist literature transmits this sensibility’, she avows, it ‘is steeped in this sensibility, both for the reader and the writer’. Adichie points out that the paradoxical enabler of this communicative function is imperialism. Writers across the globe are able to draw on a common language and repertoire of literary genres ‘not simply because our countries had been colonized by the British, […] but because we had, from childhood, read British books’. Even as metropolitan chauvinism led to the ‘loss of language and stories, the loss of a way of being and a way of thinking, the loss of dignity’, it was also establishing structures of global communication that underpin today’s transnational literary sphere. Adichie’s words demonstrate her sense that, as a contemporary realist author, her writing reflects and enables processes of imaginative border-crossing matched by an ethical commitment to territorial communities of affiliation.
Silicon nanowire photodetectors made by metal-assisted chemical etching

Silicon nanowires have unique optical effects, and have potential applications in photodetectors. They can exhibit simple optical effects such as anti-reflection, but can also produce quantum confined effects. In this work, we have fabricated silicon photodetectors, and then post-processed them by etching nanowires on the incident surface. These nanowires were produced by a wet-chemical etching process known as the metal-assisted-chemical etching, abbreviated as MACE. N-type silicon substrates were doped by thermal diffusion from a solid ceramic source, followed by etching, patterning and contact metallization. The detectors were first tested for functionality and optical performance. The nanowires were then made by depositing an ultra-thin film of gold below its percolation thickness to produce an interconnected porous film. This was then used as a template to etch high aspect ratio nanowires into the face of the detectors with a HF:H2O2 mixture.
The effect of die casting machine parameters on porosity of aluminium die castings

The primary objective of this research is to investigate the effect of machine related parameters on porosity formation in the aluminum die casting process. The amount and distribution of porosity in die castings was examined in relation to plunger velocity during the 1st phase, fast shot set point, plunger velocity during the 2nd phase, die cavity filling time and multiplied pressure during the 3rd phase.Standard statistical analysis was performed in order to identify the effect of each of the considered parameters and parameter interactions on porosity formation. It was found that, among the parameters considered, multiplied pressure, plunger velocity in the 2nd phase and die cavity filling time have the most significant effect on porosity formation. Using optimal die casting machine parameter levels, the optimum porosity value of aluminum alloy die-castings was predicted. The results were confirmed by further experiments.
Ni-TaN Nanocomposite Absorber For Next-Generation Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography

A thin Ni-TaN nano-composite absorber is studied for next-generation EUV lithography. We show that the performance is insensitive to the size and location of nanoparticles, and that such an absorber can greatly reduce HV bias.
Changes in Summer Weather Type Frequency in Eastern North America

In this research, the Spatial Synoptic Classification (SSC), a weather type scheme, is used as an alternative method of demonstrating evidence of climate change in the Eastern United States and southern Canada. Changes in frequencies for the seven SSC weather types were assessed for summer trends (May–September) at thirty-eight stations and also at four regions of latitude between 1950 and 2015. Using the SSC, results show significant summer decreases in dry polar (DP) days and transitional (TR) days and significant increases in moist tropical (MT) days. The North region exhibited the greatest breadth of significant results among all weather types. The DP and TR decline was strongest at higher latitudes and weakened approaching the subtropics. The MT gain was strongest across the midlatitudes but statistically significant in all four regions. The four remaining SSC weather types showed more localized statistically significant trends. Results suggest that these trends in weather type frequency are an indic...
Structural Learning in a Visuomotor Adaptation Task Is Explicitly Accessible

Structural learning is a phenomenon characterized by faster learning in a new situation that shares features of previously experienced situations. One prominent example within the sensorimotor domain is that human participants are faster to counter a novel rotation following experience with a set of variable visuomotor rotations. This form of learning is thought to occur implicitly through the updating of an internal forward model, which predicts the sensory consequences of motor commands. However, recent work has shown that much of rotation learning occurs through an explicitly accessible process, such as movement re-aiming. We sought to determine if structural learning in a visuomotor rotation task is purely implicit (e.g., driven by an internal model) or explicitly accessible (i.e., re-aiming). We found that participants exhibited structural learning: following training with a variable set of rotations, they more quickly learned a novel rotation. This benefit was entirely conferred by the explicit re-aiming of movements. Implicit learning offered little to no contribution. Next, we investigated the specificity of this learning benefit by exposing participants to a novel perturbation drawn from a statistical structure either congruent or incongruent with their prior experience. We found that participants who experienced congruent training and test phase structure (i.e., rotations to rotation) learned more quickly than participants exposed to incongruent training and test phase structure (i.e., gains to rotation) and a control group. These results suggest that structural learning in a visuomotor rotation task is specific to previously experienced statistical structure and expressed via explicit re-aiming of movements.
Envisioning the era of 3D printing: a conceptual model for the fashion industry

The emergence of 3D printing technology in the fashion industries has led to a rapidly growing attention and discussion on its coming impacts, novel approaches and those relevant challenges involved in its supply chain integration. The purpose of this conceptual study is to examine the potential impacts and challenges of integrating Direct Digital Manufacturing methods, specifically 3D printing (3DP), in the fashion industry. To recognize and organize such integration, we first examine the nature of Direct digital manufacturing (DDM) in contrast to traditional manufacturing approaches. After that, a conceptual model applied to DDM integrated fashion industry was then proposed to address this change. With respect to 3DP, four areas of its direct and indirect impacts were prudently examined, which were primarily put on (1) design and product development, (2) sourcing and manufacturing, (3) retail, distribution and consumer, as well as (4) the sustainability optimization. The potential challenges of integrating 3DP, which ultimately leads to the DDM paradigm, in each of these areas were also evaluated. Beyond the identified impacts and challenges, this proposed conceptual model ultimately aims to help lay the groundwork, explore future research topics and curricula for the fashion field integrating DDM, focusing on the 3DP technology.
Psychological Distress Among Caregivers of Individuals With a Diagnosis of Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder

Objective:The aim was to quantify caregiver distress among informal caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and identify its correlates.Methods:From December 2014 through April 2015, ads posted with mental health advocates and the media recruited informal caregivers, age ≥21 years, to complete an online questionnaire. It included the ten-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) (0, no distress; 39, highest) and hypothesized distress correlates in four groups: caregiver and care recipient characteristics; caregiver role demands; caregiver social supports; and caregiver cognitive appraisals of caregiving. Three hypotheses were tested: first, distress is significantly related to variables from each group; second, social supports moderate the effects of role demands on distress; and third, cognitive appraisals mediate the effects of role demands on distress. Hypotheses were tested with multiple linear regression equations and structural equation models (SEMs).Results:Of 2,338 Web sit...
Medical Professionalism: Using Literary Narrative to Explore and Evaluate Medical Professionalism

Demonstration and measurement of “professionalism” have become explicitly stated goals in medical education in recent years. However, these goals have proved elusive, as neither teachers nor students always have a clear and precise definition of the features and constituent parts of medical professionalism. This chapter describes a “workshop” on professionalism in the field of pediatrics that uses literary narrative to explore and evaluate medical professionalism. In 2013, The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education asked particular specialties in medicine to define and articulate particular “milestones” (i.e., observable activities) for “core competency” areas, including competency in professionalism. The chapter sets forth schemas of narrative—a useful delineation of “features” of narrative—and traces the use of Dr. Richard Selzer’s short story, “Imelda,” as the narrative basis for workshop members to identify and discuss the professional competencies in medicine in general and in pediatrics more specifically. The chapter concludes with the results from four workshops following the procedures set forth.
Substrate-Dependent Physical Aging of Confined Nafion Thin Films

The humidity-induced physical aging, or structural relaxation, of spin-cast Nafion thin films on gold, carbon, and native oxide silicon (n-SiO2) substrates was examined using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Physical aging rates, β, were calculated from the change in measured sample thickness, h, upon exposure to controlled humidity. Three Nafion films, h = 188, 57, and 27 nm, deposited on gold substrates demonstrated an increased β with decreasing thickness due to confinement. The Nafion film on n-SiO2, h = 165 nm, also showed a humidity-induced aging, while a Nafion film deposited on carbon, h = 190 nm, exhibited no measurable humidity-induced aging. The reported rate of aging was related to the strength of the polymer/substrate interactions during film formation. Strong interactions between Nafion and the gold and n-SiO2 substrates anchored the thin film to the substrate during film formation, resulting in a nonequilibrium as-cast film and subsequent relaxation upon exposure to water vapor until comple...
Social Activity Hubs: Estimating User Specific Contextual Factors from Social Media Data

Context influences sociopolitical attitudes and behaviors, making the estimation of individuals' contexts an important methodological problem for the social sciences. We add to this body of work by presenting a method to estimate an individual's spatial contexts, specifically the set of geospatial areas an individual is most active in. Our approach, which utilizes the Dirichlet process mixture model, departs most significantly from more traditional approaches to estimating relevant spatial locations in that it does not arbitrarily constrain the number of spatial contexts an individual can have. This modeling approach reflects our recognition that an individual's lived experiences is a combination of different contexts that overlap to varying degrees. This flexibility therefore yields a more valid measure of spatial contexts. To illustrate our method, including its performance relative to other measures, we apply our method to Twitter data generated by protesters who participated in the 2015 Freddie Gray protests in Baltimore, MD.
Public Health Outreach Forum: lessons learned.

The accompanying article in this report, “Public Health Outreach Forum: Report,” describes the planning process and the program that constituted a forum held at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) on April 4 to 5, 2001. The forum brought together health sciences librarians who had been funded from 1998 to 2001 to conduct information outreach to the public health workforce, along with selected public health professionals. There were twenty-seven such projects represented at the forum: twenty-one of these were funded by NLM through the Partners in Information Access to Public Health Professionals, the remainder were funded through other mechanisms by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). The cost of each project, on average, was slightly less than $50,000. The forum was planned to provide a structured format in which to share experiences of reaching out to the public health community from a health-sciences-library base. The underlying intent was to elucidate the collective knowledge and experience gained from this work, which could not be gained from any one project alone. NLM and the Forum Steering Committee were particularly interested in what lessons could be learned from the body of work already done that could be applied toward future outreach efforts. The forum was not intended as a way to evaluate the individual projects. Most of the projects were complete or near completion at the time of the forum. The projects had provided different services, in different settings, to diverse audiences—from training emergency medical system personnel in Alaska about accessing information resources to exhibiting NLM and other resources for school nurses in Pennsylvania—so there was no attempt to compare them according to some a priori metric, which did not exist.
The Gendered Nature of Workplace Mistreatment

There is a fairly vast literature on workplace violence and aggression; two entire books recently were published on the topic (Griffin & O’Leary-Kelly, 2004; Kelloway, Barling, & Hurrell, 2006). A gap exists, however, in the analysis of the gendered nature of such experiences. Although empirical and theoretical accounts have appeared here and there, an overview of this scattered work is due. Hence, our goal for the present chapter is to provide a summary of the research and thinking on ways in which workplace violence and aggression are gendered phenomena.
Repetitive trunk loading leads to faster trunk movement in response to external perturbation.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine trunk movement pattern responses to mechanical perturbation before and after two different repetitive trunk flexion-extension loading schemes. Spatial and temporal parameters were studied to understand the trunk recovery from an anteriorly directed perturbation. Eighteen male and female subjects (18–27 yrs) participated in active and passive trunk flexion-extension, performed seven days apart. Subjects performed 60 trunk flexion-extension repetitions in each condition. Subjects either volitionally moved their trunks (active condition) or relaxed while a dynamometer controlled the movements (passive condition). Trunk perturbations occurred before and immediately after two 30 repetition sessions. Initial responses included latency measures of trunk displacement and peak trunk velocity (VP). Temporal measures included perturbation onset to initial trunk movement (TD), movement initiation to VP (TMIPV), and perturbation onset to VP (TPPV). Recovery measures included peak recovery velocity (VPR), recovery time (TR), velocity slope (VS), and recovery slope (RS). Differences between loading sessions were present for TPPV (p
The use of zeolite-based additives for immobilising iron during pressure filtration of coal refuse slurry

Pressure filtration of coal refuse slurry has the potential to provide a concentrated solids stream that can be stacked, thereby offering multiple environmental benefits. However, potential leachates from the solids stream can impact the environment. In that context, this study performed preliminary investigations of the application of zeolite-based additives to adsorb metals leaching from coal refuse slurry at low pH. Additives were added to the coal refuse slurry, which was filtered using bench- and lab-scale pressure filtration units. Results indicated that the overall filtrate flux and cake moisture characteristics were not significantly affected by the addition of additives up to 20% (by weight of solids). It was shown that adsorption as high as 80% was achieved by using the additives to capture iron. It was concluded that the finer additive with less silicon content was more effective in capturing iron. The results showed that the thickener feed stream leached out less iron than the thickener underflow stream. The adsorption process was not significantly affected by slight variations in initial iron concentration in the solution. The use of lower pH water on the filter cakes treated with the additive showed minimal release of iron and manganese into the aqueous phase.
The Clinical Course of Idiopathic Bilateral Vocal Fold Motion Impairment in Adults: Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Summary Aim Steps for assessment and successful management of bilateral vocal fold motion impairment (VFMI) are (1) recognition of its presence, (2) identifying the etiology and factors restricting vocal fold motion, (3) evaluation of airway patency, and (4) establishing a management plan. No large series documenting the course and outcome of adult idiopathic bilateral VFMI has been published within the past 15 years. Methods Retrospective chart review of adult patients with idiopathic bilateral VFMI at a tertiary academic center. A diagnosis was established if history, physical examination with laryngoscopy, and initial imaging excluded a cause. Records were reviewed for demographics, clinical characteristics, surgical intervention details, and length of follow-up. Results Nine adult patients with idiopathic bilateral VFMI were identified. There were five males and four females with a mean age of 59.6 years. The mean follow-up period was 54.4 months (range, 6–111 months). Upon presentation to our laryngology service, three patients were advised observation, three patients were advised to undergo urgent tracheostomy, and three patients were advised to undergo elective surgery for airway management. By the end of the follow-up period, only four patients (4/9, 44.4%) were tracheostomy dependent, one of them was lost to follow-up after tracheostomy tub downsizing for decannulation. Conclusions To our best knowledge, this is the largest series so far of adult patients with idiopathic bilateral VFMI. Conservative treatment can be considered as an alternative to surgery in select cases.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer.

A 55-year-old man with no medical history presents to his primary care physician with fatigue and dark stools and is found to have anemia. He is referred for diagnostic colonoscopy and found to have an ulcerated mass in the ascending colon. Metastatic workup is negative. He is referred to a colorectal surgeon and undergoes an uneventful laparoscopic right hemicolectomy. Final pathology reveals a 4-cm ulcerated mass involving the muscularis propria with 3 positive lymph nodes out of 12 (T2N1bM0, stage IIIA). The patient arrives at his postoperative appointment with questions about chemotherapy.
Using the CPA/CMA Competencies to Enhance Learning Objectives for Accounting Courses

Accounting knowledge evolves over time. This study uses textual analysis and word frequencies to demonstrate how Certified Public Accounting (CPA) Examination competencies have evolved over time. This analysis applies a spreadsheet-based process based on word frequencies to compare CPA Examination Blueprints and CMA Examination competencies with accounting program syllabi objectives. Because of internal curriculum review and the demands of external stakeholders, accounting faculty must keep their course content current with regard to the most recent business practices. Corpus comparisons provide a useful tool for this purpose. In this study, the accounting program at one university is analyzed with a pilot study and a second university accounting department serves as a beta test. Sensitivity/validation analyses are conducted utilizing Bloom’s taxonomy and several other schools. Results provide indication and guidance for change.
Compilation and spatio-temporal analysis of publicly available total solar and UV irradiance data in the contiguous United States.

Abstract Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States, the majority of which is caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiance, which is one component of sunlight. National Environmental Public Health Tracking Program at CDC has collaborated with partners to develop and disseminate county-level daily UV irradiance (2005–2015) and total solar irradiance (1991–2012) data for the contiguous United States. UV irradiance dataset was derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and solar irradiance was extracted from National Solar Radiation Data Base (NSRDB) and SolarAnywhere data. Firstly, we produced daily population-weighted UV and solar irradiance datasets at the county level. Then the spatial distributions and long-term trends of UV irradiance, solar irradiance and the ratio of UV irradiance to solar irradiance were analyzed. The national average values across all years are 4300 Wh/m2, 2700 J/m2 and 130 mW/m2 for global horizontal irradiance (GHI), erythemally weighted daily dose of UV irradiance (EDD) and erythemally weighted UV irradiance at local solar noon time (EDR), respectively. Solar, UV irradiances and the ratio of UV to solar irradiance all increased toward the South and in some areas with high altitude, suggesting that using solar irradiance as indicator of UV irradiance in studies covering large geographic regions may bias the true pattern of UV exposure. National annual average daily solar and UV irradiances increased significantly over the years by about 0.3% and 0.5% per year, respectively. Both datasets are available to the public through CDC's Tracking network. The UV irradiance dataset is currently the only publicly-available, spatially-resolved, and long-term UV irradiance dataset covering the contiguous United States. These datasets help us understand the spatial distributions and temporal trends of solar and UV irradiances, and allow for improved characterization of UV and sunlight exposure in future studies.
Plasma metabolites related to cellular energy metabolism are altered in adults with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease

Down syndrome (DS) is a well-known neurodevelopmental disorder most commonly caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Because individuals with DS almost universally develop heavy amyloid burden and Alzheimer's disease (AD), biomarker discovery in this population may be extremely fruitful. Moreover, any AD biomarker in DS that does not directly involve amyloid pathology may be of high value for understanding broader mechanisms of AD generalizable to the neurotypical population. In this retrospective biomarker discovery study, we examined banked peripheral plasma samples from 78 individuals with DS who met clinical criteria for AD at the time of the blood draw (DS-AD) and 68 individuals with DS who did not (DS-NAD). We measured the relative abundance of approximately 5,000 putative features in the plasma using untargeted mass spectrometry (MS). We found significantly higher levels of a peak putatively annotated as lactic acid in the DS-AD group (q = .014), a finding confirmed using targeted MS (q = .011). Because lactate is the terminal product of glycolysis and subsequent lactic acid fermentation, we performed additional targeted MS focusing on central carbon metabolism which revealed significantly increased levels of pyruvic (q = .03) and methyladipic (q = .03) acids in addition to significantly lower levels of uridine (q = .007) in the DS-AD group. These data suggest that AD in DS is accompanied by a shift from aerobic respiration toward the less efficient fermentative metabolism and that bioenergetically derived metabolites observable in peripheral blood may be useful for detecting this shift.
On Iranian case and agreement

This paper investigates case and agreement patterns in Iranian languages, mainly focusing on Zazaki and Kurdish varieties. Empirically, the paper discusses the typologically rare double-oblique pattern, along with a novel way of splitting the oblique. On the basis of the syntactic behavior of oblique-bearing arguments, the paper argues that the term ‘oblique’ corresponds to distinct cases, ranging from structural accusative case to nonstructural dative case and ergative case. Oblique number agreement is case-sensitive, targeting only ergative-oblique out of the oblique cases. In order to capture the facts, I adopt a Multiple Agree account (Hiraiwa 2005), in which partial number agreement is a process that takes place in the morphology via Impoverishment, and not in the syntax proper. The study proposes to capture the case patterns in Iranian languages along the lines of Svenonius (2006), in which arguments bearing nonstructural case get their licensing from a combination of two heads (cf. Chomsky 1993), one of which is Stem, the locus of split-ergativity in Iranian. A chain is established between Stem and v, which yields the nonstructural case on internal arguments, whereas the ergative case on external arguments is the result of the chain between Stem and Voice.
An exploratory component analysis of emotion regulation strategies for improving emotion regulation and emotional eating.

Emotion-focused treatments are generally efficacious for improving emotion regulation and consequently, improving clinical symptoms across numerous disorders. However, emotion-focused treatment approaches often contain numerous treatment components, limiting our ability to identify which are most efficacious. As such, the current pilot study sought to isolate three components common across a range of emotion-focused treatments (i.e. emotional awareness, emotion down-regulation, and distress tolerance) and test the impact of each component on (1) emotion regulation and (2) emotional eating behavior. Adults (N = 76) who reported four or more emotional eating episodes in the past month were assigned to attend a one-time, three-hour workshop focused on either awareness, down-regulation or tolerance of emotions, and were subsequently evaluated at one-week and two-weeks follow-up. All groups experienced equivalent improvements in emotional eating at two-weeks follow-up (F [1.47, 85.38 ] = 7.60, p < .01). However, groups showed differential patterns of change across facets of emotion regulation. Improvements in access to healthy emotion regulation strategies was moderately related to improvements in emotional eating in Down-Regulation and Distress Tolerance groups (r [18] = 0.40, r [20] = 0.63, respectively). In the Distress Tolerance group, improvements in emotional eating were moderately related to improvements in acceptance of emotions (r[20] = 0.33) and ability to refrain from impulses (r[20] = 0.41). In the Emotional Awareness group, improvements in emotional acceptance (r[20] = 0.30), awareness (r[20] = 0.38) and clarity (r[20] = 0.39) were moderately related to improvements in emotional eating. While several components of emotion-focused treatments may improve outcomes, each component may demonstrate a unique mechanism of action. Further study is needed to isolate these treatment components in fully powered clinical trials to better understand the mechanisms of action for emotion-focused treatments and ultimately develop more efficient and effective treatment approaches.