cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards more flexible type systems

Loopholes and dynamic checking are expedient solutions to making type systems flexible and should be eschewed by language designers who are not in too much of a hurry. I have tried to show that careful design of primitives can make present type systems more viable and that some progress is being made towards improving type systems.
Paradoxes and violations of normative decision theory

In this article, first classic examples of descriptive violations of normative decision theory from Allais and Ellsberg are discussed, and then the behavioral phenomena of loss aversion, endowment effect, status quo bias, and framing effects are discussed. Keywords: economic decision theory; normative theory; utility theory; certainty effect; reflection effect; decision analysis; prospect theory; endowment effect; status quo bias; loss aversion
Bovine Pepsinogen and Pepsin I. ISOLATION, PURIFICATION, AND SOME PROPERTIES OF THE PEPSINOGEN

Abstract As the first step in the investigation of the structure and action of little known gastric zymogens and enzymes, pepsinogen has been isolated from the mucosa of the fourth stomach (abomasum) of the cow. The pepsinogen was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, batch absorption on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose, recycling gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, and finally chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The preparation appears to be homogeneous by chromatography, amino acid analysis, ultracentrifugation, and amino-terminal analysis, and nearly homogeneous by disc electrophoresis. Amino acid analysis by ion exchange chromatography indicates the presence of 362 ± 2 amino acid residues, which account quantitatively for the total nitrogen of the preparation. Compared to swine pepsinogen (Rajagopalan, T. G., Moore, S., and Stein, W. H., J. Biol. Chem., 241, 4940 (1966)), which has 363 amino acids, the bovine pepsinogen shows considerable similarity in composition, especially with respect to the large number of acidic and small number of basic residues. However, there are at least 22 amino acid substitutions. In both proteins there are five amino acids that occur in equal numbers of residues per molecule; these are 4 methionine, 6 half-cystine, 6 tryptophan, 15 phenylalanine, and 35 glycine. In addition, the sum of the residues of certain similar amino acids is constant for bovine and swine pepsinogens; this is true for the pairs lysine and arginine (14 residues), aspartic and glutamic acids (72 residues), and leucine and isoleucine (57 to 58 residues). Significant differences occur in some other amino acids, notably histidine (2 residues in bovine pepsinogen, 3 in swine) and proline (15 and 19, respectively). The molecular weight of the bovine pepsinogen is 38,900 by amino acid analysis and 37,500 by ultracentrifugation.
Thymidine Incorporation into Deoxyribonucleic Acid by Isolated Rat Liver Mitochondria

Abstract Isolated rat liver mitochondria can incorporate tritiated thymidine into DNA. The addition of deoxyribonucleotides and ATP are necessary. The process of incorporation was found to be inhibited to the extent of 92% by actinomycin D and only 14% by pancreatic deoxyribonuclease. The identification of the labeled product as mitochondrial DNA is supported by its insolubility in acid, resistance to alkali, stability in the presence of RNase, hydrolysis when exposed to DNase, and buoyant density which was coincident with that of unlabeled mitochondrial DNA when determined in a density gradient of cesium chloride. Evidence that the 3H-thymidine was incorporated inside the DNA chain is provided by the parallel increase in acid-solubility of 3H and absorbance at 260 mµ when the acid-insoluble, labeled material was exposed to the action of DNase, phosphodiesterase, and 5'-nucleotidase. The specific activity of the resulting 3H-thymidine was similar at three times during the hydrolysis. Tritiated, phosphorylated derivatives of thymidine were isolated from the acid-soluble fraction of the mitochondria after incubation with 3H-thymidine. Thymidine is apparently converted to TTP via formation of TMP and probably TDP. It was estimated that only 0.4 to 0.5% of the total incorporation of 3H-thymidine could be accounted for by the level of bacterial contamination present in the mitochondrial preparation.
Embryonic craniofacial bone volume and bone mineral density in Fgfr2+/P253R and nonmutant mice

Background: Quantifying multiple phenotypic aspects of individual craniofacial bones across early osteogenesis illustrates differences in typical bone growth and maturation and provides a basis for understanding the localized and overall influence of mutations associated with disease. We quantify the typical pattern of bone growth and maturation during early craniofacial osteogenesis and determine how this pattern is modified in Fgfr2+/P253R Apert syndrome mice. Results: Early differences in typical relative bone density increase are noted between intramembranous and endochondral bones, with endochondral bones normally maturing more quickly during the prenatal period. Several craniofacial bones, including the facial bones of Fgfr2+/P253R mice, display lower volumes during the earliest days of osteogenesis and lower relative densities until the perinatal period relative to unaffected littermates. Conclusions: Estimates of bone volume and linear measures describing morphology do not necessarily covary, highlighting the value of quantifying multiple facets of gross osteological phenotypes when exploring the influence of a disease causing mutation. Differences in mechanisms of osteogenesis likely underlie differences in intramembranous and endochondral relative density increase. The influence of the FGFR2 P253R mutation on bone volume changes across the prenatal period and again after birth, while its influence on relative bone density is more stable. Developmental Dynamics 243:541–551, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Physician's Workstation as an application of object-oriented database technology in healthcare

We describe solutions to practical database problems encountered during the implementation of a prototype Physician's Workstation (PWS) at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories: (i) the integration of legacy data repositories using an object-oriented database management system; and (ii) the development of a clinical information model which logically encapsulates potentially heterogeneous underlying data sources, and presents a unified view of relevant patient information to the application layer. This model is a first step towards an Electronic Medical Record (EMR), In addition, we show how the system has been architected to yield substantial performance gains by applying smart caching and data staging techniques, as well as how these techniques can be used to improve availability of data. The prototype is at present being evaluated in a clinical setting at the Veterans Administration's Medical Center in Palo Alto (PA-VAMC), where we have integrated their legacy Decentralized Hospital Computer Program (DHCP). The integration approach described is equally suited to the integration of other legacy systems. The PA-VAMC prototype provides access to over 30,000 patients, of which 5,500 are cached in PWS.
Factors associated with survival in a contemporary adult sickle cell disease cohort

In this study, the relationship of clinical differences among patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) was examined to understand the major contributors to early mortality in a contemporary cohort. Survival data were obtained for 542 adult subjects who were enrolled since 2002 at three university hospitals in the southeast United States. Subjects were followed up for a median of 9.3 years. At enrollment, clinical parameters were collected, including hemoglobin (Hb) genotype, baseline laboratory values, comorbidities, and medication usage. Levels of soluble adhesion molecules were measured for a subset of 87 subjects. The relationship of clinical characteristics to survival was determined using regression analysis. Median age at enrollment was 32 years. Median survival was 61 years for all subjects. Median survival for Hb SS and Sβ0 was 58 years and for Hb SC and Sβ+ was 66 years. Elevated white blood count, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, frequency of pain crises, pulmonary hypertension, cerebrovascular events, seizures, stroke, sVCAM-1, and short-acting narcotics use were significantly associated with decreased survival. Forty-two percent of subjects were on hydroxyurea therapy, which was not associated with survival. SCD continues to reduce life expectancy for affected individuals, particularly those with Hb Sβ0 and SS. Not only were comorbidities individually associated with decreased survival but also an additive effect was observed, thus, those with a greater number of negative endpoints had worse survival (P < 0.0001). The association of higher sVCAM-1 levels with decreased survival suggests that targeted therapies to reduce endothelial damage and inflammation may also be beneficial. Am. J. Hematol. 89:530–535, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of the malonyl-CoA-sensitive carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPTo) of a rat heart mitochondrial particle : evidence that the catalytic unit is CPTi

A post 30,000 x g particulate fraction was isolated from rat heart. This mixed membrane fraction is enriched in a carnitine palmitoyltransferase which is sensitive to both malonyl-CoA and etomoxiryl-CoA at concentrations that inhibit the malonyl-CoA-sensitive carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPTo/CPT-I) of intact mitochondria. Tritiated etomoxiryl-CoA labels two proteins with the same molecular weight as the labeled proteins from rat heart mitochondria. Malonyl-CoA-sensitive carnitine palmitoyltransferase in the particulate fraction is stable to freeze-thawing, and the activity is not latent. These data show that the carnitine palmitoyltransferase associated with this particle is CPTo/CPT-I. Positive Western blots were obtained, with the particle using anti-CPTi/CPT-II at a molecular weight identical with the CPT1/CPT-II purified from rat heart mitochondria. Catalytic activity was purified to near homogeneity in approximately 40% yield. The purified protein has a molecular weight identical with CPTi/CPT-II, it cross-reacts with antibody against CPTi/CPT-II, it is not inhibited by malonyl-CoA or etomoxiryl-CoA, and mass spectral analyses of the tryptic peptides give the same molecular masses as CPTi/CPT-II, and, when mixed with equal amounts of CPTi/CPT-II, one uniform spot is found by two-dimensional electrophoresis. These data indicate that the catalytic subunit of CPTo/CPT-I is the same as CPTi/CPT-II. The average inhibition of the CPT of frozen-thawed particles is 71% by 50 nM etomoxiryl-CoA and 62% by 50 nM malonyl-CoA. The inhibitor sensitivity, but not the catalytic activity, is lost by solubilization in 1% Triton X-114; removal of Triton X-114 using Extracti-Gel D restores etomoxiryl-CoA and malonyl-CoA sensitivity (both 50 nM) of CPT to an average of 77 and 48%, respectively. Consistent with previous reports, these results show that CPTo/CPT-I is NOT inactivated by detergents, rather detergents both desensitize it to malonyl-CoA and alter its Vmax. These data show the assumption that CPTo/CPT-I is inactivated by detergents is untenable.
Causes and consequences of feelings

1. Introduction 2. Feelings: their nature and causes 3. More on the causes of feelings: appraisals and bodily reactions 4. Influences of feelings on memory 5. Personal traumas and memory 6. Feeling effects on judgments and decision making 7. Feelings, persuasion, and motivation 8. Feelings and social behavior.
Interactions of signaling proteins, growth factors and other proteins with heparan sulfate: mechanisms and mysteries

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a component of cell surface and matrix-associated proteoglycans (HSPGs) that, collectively, play crucial roles in many physiologic processes including cell differentiation, organ morphogenesis and cancer. A key function of HS is to bind and interact with signaling proteins, growth factors, plasma proteins, immune-modulators and other factors. In doing so, the HS chains and HSPGs are able to regulate protein distribution, bio-availability and action on target cells and can also serve as cell surface co-receptors, facilitating ligand-receptor interactions. These proteins contain an HS/heparin-binding domain (HBD) that mediates their association and contacts with HS. HBDs are highly diverse in sequence and predicted structure, contain clusters of basic amino acids (Lys and Arg) and possess an overall net positive charge, most often within a consensus Cardin-Weintraub (CW) motif. Interestingly, other domains and residues are now known to influence protein-HS interactions, as well as interactions with other glycosaminoglycans, such as chondroitin sulfate. In this review, we provide a description and analysis of HBDs in proteins including amphiregulin, fibroblast growth factor family members, heparanase, sclerostin and hedgehog protein family members. We discuss HBD structural and functional features and important roles carried out by other protein domains, and also provide novel conformational insights into the diversity of CW motifs present in Sonic, Indian and Desert hedgehogs. Finally, we review progress in understanding the pathogenesis of a rare pediatric skeletal disorder, Hereditary Multiple Exostoses (HME), characterized by HS deficiency and cartilage tumor formation. Advances in understanding protein-HS interactions will have broad implications for basic biology and translational medicine as well as for the development of HS-based therapeutics.
What's the Problem with a “Rigorous Academic Curriculum”?: Setting New Terms for Students’ School Experiences

Abstract An analysis of the ubiquitous but taken-for-granted term “rigorous academic curriculum” reveals that by definition it is not an academically rigorous term. The term contains multiple meanings, negative connotations, and a constricted conception of the school curriculum. It is associated with a discredited learning theory and in practice tends to function more as a status marker than as a substantive educational experience. We should shift our thinking and teaching away from the imprecise and potentially miseducative notion of a rigorous academic curriculum and toward the ideal of a vigorous educative curriculum.
Evidence for kinesin-related proteins in the mitotic apparatus using peptide antibodies

To identify kinesin-related proteins that may be important for mitotic function in embryonic and tissue culture cells we have generated polyclonal antibodies to two synthetic peptides corresponding to conserved regions of the kinesin motor domain. In Xenopus eggs we have identified a family of microtubule-binding proteins, recognized by one or both affinity-purified peptide antibodies but not by monoclonal antibodies that recognize conventional kinesin heavy chain. Like kinesin, most of these proteins bind to microtubules only upon addition of AMP-PNP or nucleotide depletion and are released upon subsequent addition of ATP. At least one protein, however, exhibits markedly distinct properties, binding readily to microtubules in the absence of AMP-PNP and/or nucleotide depletion. We also report that, unlike antibodies to conventional kinesin, the peptide antibodies to the kinesin motor domain immunofluorescently label spindles and kinetochores in mitotic tissue culture cells, suggesting that kinesin-like proteins may have important roles in chromosome movement and mitosis.
Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating

We present a food pyramid that reflects Mediterranean dietary traditions, which historically have been associated with good health. This Mediterranean diet pyramid is based on food patterns typical of Crete, much of the rest of Greece, and southern Italy in the early 1960s, where adult life expectancy was among the highest in the world and rates of coronary heart disease, certain cancers, and other diet-related chronic diseases were among the lowest. Work in the field or kitchen resulted in a lifestyle that included regular physical activity and was associated with low rates of obesity. The diet is characterized by abundant plant foods (fruit, vegetables, breads, other forms of cereals, potatoes, beans, nuts, and seeds), fresh fruit as the typical daily dessert, olive oil as the principal source of fat, dairy products (principally cheese and yogurt), and fish and poultry consumed in low to moderate amounts, zero to four eggs consumed weekly, red meat consumed in low amounts, and wine consumed in low to moderate amounts, normally with meals. This diet is low in saturated fat ( 35% of energy throughout the region. The pyramid describes a dietary pattern that is attractive for its famous palatability as well as for its health benefits.
AESOP - A Computer-Aided Design Program for Linear Multivariable Control Systems

AESOP is an interactive computer program which solves quadratic optimal control and Kalman filter design problems for linear, time-invariant systems described in state-space form. The program can also be used to perform system analysis calculations such as transient and frequency responses, controllability, observability, etc. in support of the control and filter design computations.
Object identification using correlated orbital angular momentum states

A technique for object identification using pairs of correlated photons is presented. The detection of rotational symmetries by measuring the joint orbital angular momentum spectrum demonstrates a sparse sensing technique relevant to remote sensing applications.
RNA: traffic report.

HORWICH, A. L., LOW, K. B., FENTON, W. A., HIRSHFIELD, I. N. and FURTAK, K. (1993) Cell 74, 909-917 CRACEROV, A., NUDLER, E., KOMISSAROVA, N., CAITANARIS, C. A., GOTTESMAN, M. E. and NIKIFOROV, V. (1992) Proc. Nat/. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89, 10341-l 0344 KUDLICKI, W., MOUAT, M., WALTERSCHEID, 1. P., KRAMER, G. and HARDESTY, B. (1994) Anal. Biochem. 217, 12-l 9 BECK, S. C. and
The dating of fossil bones using the racemization of isoleucine

Abstract The kinetics of racemization of isoleucine contained in bovine bone fragments has been studied in detail over the temperature range 100° to 148°C. These elevated temperature studies were used to evaluate the rate of racemization at the lower in situ temperatures at which bones are found in nature. At 20°C the half-life for the racemization reaction in bone is 110000 years. The amount of racemization of isoleucine was used to estimate the age of two fossil bones, one from a cave on the Island of Mallorca (Spain) and the other from the core of a deep-sea manganese nodule. The calculated ages are in close agreement with the ages determined using radiochemical methods. These preliminary results suggest the isoleucine racemization reaction may provide an important tool for dating of fossil bones which are too old to be datable by radiocarbon. The major limitation of the reaction is that some estimate of the temperature history of the fossil bone must be available.
Development of Polymorphic EST Markers Suitable for Genetic Linkage Mapping of Catfish.

Expressed sequence tag (EST) markers are important for gene mapping and for marker-assisted selection (MAS). To develop EST markers for use in catfish gene mapping, 100 randomly picked complementary DNAs from the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) pituitary library were sequenced. The EST sequences were used to design primers to amplify channel catfish and blue catfish (I. furcatus) genomic DNAs. Polymerase chain reaction products of the ESTs were analyzed to determine length polymorphism between the channel catfish and blue catfish. Eleven polymorphic EST markers were identified. Five of the 11 EST markers were from known genes and the other six were from unidentified ESTs. Seven ESTs were found to be associated with microsatellite sequences. Analysis of channel catfish gene sequences indicated highly biased codon usage, with 16 codons being preferably used. These codons were more preferably used in highly expressed ribosomal protein genes and in highly expressed pituitary hormone genes. G/C-rich codons are less used in channel catfish than those in other vertebrates suggesting AT-richness of the channel catfish genome.
Eighteen reasons animal behaviourists avoid involvement in conservation

We summarize 18 common misgivings that animal behaviourists raise about becoming involved in conservation. We argue that many of the supposed institutional and interdisciplinary differences break down under scrutiny; that the supposed basic-applied dichotomy is often imaginary or insufficient to prevent interchange of ideas between behaviour and conservation; and that arguments about professional lifestyle, scientific inflexibility and despair are not adequate justifications for remaining on the sidelines. We suggest that many studies of animal behaviour are relevant to solving conservation problems, and we therefore encourage behaviourists to contribute more strongly to finding practical solutions to the contemporary conservation crisis.
Uranium alkoxide chemistryV. Synthesis, characterization and interconversion of uranium(IV) tert-butoxide complexes

Abstract The reaction of [(Me3Si)2N]2 UN(SiMe 3 )SiMe 2 C H2 with ⩾4.5 equivalents of t-butanol in toluene provides a green crystalline solid formulated as U2(OBut)8 (HOBut) on the basis of elemental analysis, 1H NMR, IR and UV-vis spectroscopy. U2(OBut)8(HOBut) reacts with KOBut (or KH) to give the potassium salt KU2(OBut)9, with dry dioxygen to give U2(OBut)9, and with H2O to give U3O(OBut)10. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements (2–250 K) on solid U3O(OBut)10 show Curie-Weiss behaviour from 90 to 250 K. Below 90 K the susceptibility becomes temperature independent with no evidence of magnetic ordering. The history of “U(OBut)4” dates back over 30 years. Early reports on the synthesis of this compound failed to provide conclusive proof for its existence.2–4 In our opinion, Cotton and co-workers have stablished beyond reasonable doubt that the compound originally prepared in Gilman's laboratory was actually the potassium salt, KU2(O-But)9. 5 We have shown here that the alcohol adduct, U2(O-But)8(HOBut, can be synthesized from well characterized starting materials, and have obtained spectroscopic data which support its formulation. We suggest that this is the same compound prepared by Perego and co-workers from U(C3H5)4 and excess t-butanol.4 We have also shown that Cotton's KU2(OBut)9 can be prepared from U2(OBut)8(HOBut), or directly from UCl4 and potassium t-butoxide. KU2(OBut)9 and U2(OBut)8 (HOBut) exhibit similar reactivity toward oxygen and water, and their UV-vis spectroscopic signatures indicate that they have similar structures. Finally, we have developed a reproducible route to the previously reported trinuclear uranium(IV) complex, U3O(OBut)10, via hydrolysis of either U2(OBut)8(HOBut) or KU2(OBut)9. U3O(OBut)10 is a promising starting material for further explorations of uranium(IV) cluster chemistry. Magnetic susceptibility data obtained on U3O(OBut)10 indicate that there is no magnetic ordering of its uranium(IV) centres down to 2 K. It seems clear to us that U(OBut) has not yet been reported in the literature. Since uranium(IV) compounds with sterically non-demanding ligands favour high coordination numbers (⩾ 6), U(OBut)4, assuming it can be isolated, will surely adopt an oligomeric structure, [U(OBut)4]n. Efforts to prepare this compound and related anologues are continuing in our laboratory.17
Pulsed Micro Catalytic Combustor for Use in a Solid Piston Microengine

In an effort to develop a novel micro power source, the design of a solid piston microengine is introduced. The operational principle of the Penn State Solid Piston (PSSP) is to employ a pulsed catalytic combustion reaction to thermally expand and contract a solid piston connected to a piezoelectric transducer, and in turn use the piezoelectric transducer to convert the mechanical energy of the periodic expansion and contraction of the solid piston (thermal actuator) into electrical energy. The existence of controlled temperature fluctuations within the combustion chamber is critical to the solid piston microengine design. Therefore, the focus of the microcombustor research presented herein is to obtain a consistent and predictable cyclical process leading to predictable temperature fluctuations within the solid piston. Experiments have been conducted using hydrogen gas in a catalytic combustion test rig to quantify the effect of changes in pulse frequency, pulse duty cycle, and equivalence ratio on overall temperature fluctuation and average temperature within the combustion chamber. The percentage of hydrogen consumed within the reaction is also measured.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Effects of electron beam irradiations on the structure and mechanical properties of polycarbonate

Abstract Structure and mechanical properties of polycarbonate (PC) were investigated with varied electron beam processing parameters such as dose, dose rate and dose fractionation. PC showed noticeable decrease in ductility after doses of 100 kGy; a decrease in tensile strength is relatively minor. Molecular weight degradation was also noticed after 100 kGy. At 150 kGy and high dose rate (21 kGy/s), the tensile strength and ductility were evaluated against dose fractionation. It was found that tensile strength and ductility decreased with increasing number of passes, which resulted from longer cooling off times. The same temperature effect was observed with lower dose rate (1.2 kGy/s) when mechanical properties of irradiated samples were decreased significantly compared with samples irradiated with higher dose rate. No significant variation in molecular weight change was noticed in both cases.
The heretotrimeric G protein subunit Gαi is present on mitochondria

Receptors that signal through heretotrimeric GTP binding (G) proteins mediate the majority of intercellular communication. Recent evidence suggests that receptors acting through G proteins also transfer signals across the nuclear membrane. Here we present cell fractionation and immunolabeling data showing that the heretotrimeric G protein subunit Gαi is associated with mitochondria. This finding suggests that G protein receptor signaling may be a feature common to all membranes.
The interaction of liquid ammonia and urea and thiourea complexes of copper(I) and (II), silver(I), zinc(II), nickel(II) and palladium(II)☆

Abstract The following complexes have been shown to react with anhydrous liquid ammonia by ligand substitution to form the corresponding ammines: Cu(ur)Cl 2 , Ag(ur)NO 3 , Zn(tu)Cl 2 , Ni(tu) 4 Cl 2 , Pd(tu) 4 Cl 2 . The reactions of the complexes Cu(tu)Cl, Cu(tu) 3 Cl, Ag(tu) 3 NO 3 , and Pd(tu) 4 Cl 2 involve deprotonation and/or conversion of the tu ligand to other species.
The lesser of two weevils: physiological responses of spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) to above- and belowground herbivory by Larinus minutus and Cyphocleonus achates

Abstract The physiological responses of plants to variable levels of root and shoot herbivory in the field may yield valuable insights regarding potential compensation or tolerance responses for herbivory. In an infestation of Centaurea stoebe (spotted knapweed) located in the Colorado foothills, we measured physiology, biomass, and flower production of individual plants undergoing a natural range of herbivory by the above- and belowground biological control insects, Larinus minutus and Cyphocleonus achates. Over the growing season, net carbon assimilation rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and intercellular leaf [CO2] (C i) all decreased, while water use efficiency increased. The decrease in these physiological traits was due to an increase in the intensity of L. minutus damage over time; effects of C. achates root damage to plant physiology, including transpiration were only marginally significant. The effects of these two species on plant physiology were not interactive, and Larinus minutus was...
Effect of electrolytes and mixtures of surfactants on the oil-water interfacial tension and their role in formation of microemulsions

Abstract An expression for the interfacial tension of an oil-water interface in the presence of an ionic surfactant, cosurfactant, and salt is derived by coupling the Gibbs adsorption equation with a multicomponent adsorption isotherm. The adsorption isotherm includes the contribution of the electrical effects due to the surface charge generated by the ionic surfactant and to the salt. The equation derived for the interfacial tension provides indications about the conditions under which microemulsions form. A comparison between an expression previously derived assuming that the interfacial tension is equal to that of an uncharged interface plus the work of charging the interface and the present equation is made. Explanations of the minima observed in the oil-water interfacial tension with respect to surfactant concentration and ionic strength are also suggested.
High memory passive RFID tags with multimodal sensor design and application to asset monitoring in-transit

In this paper, new passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags with multimodal sensors and a high on-tag memory is proposed. First, the features preferred on the new passive RFID tags are motivated followed by a detailed description on the design and fabrication of the tags. Next, the performance of the tags in terms of read range is evaluated. The experiments results show that proposed tags have a range of 5.8 meters when all sensors are disabled while the range reduces when sensors are enabled. However, it is demonstrated that the range can be enhanced to 8 meters by using energy harvesting methods like connecting a photovoltaic cell. Finally, two application examples are introduced. In the first example, the proposed tag is used to detect the abuse experienced by an asset in transit. In the second example, the tag is used to monitor asset degradation due to corrosion thus conforming the acceptable performance of the passive tag with multimodal sensors.
High spontaneous emission, coupling factor in photonic crystal nanolasers

We have demonstrated high spontaneous emission coupling factor ~ 0.1 from photonic crystal nanolasers with quantum dots. This high coupling resulted from narrow homogenous broadening of the quantum dots and the small number of resonances
Aptitude Changes as a Function of Age

The applicability of the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) for determining the aptitudes of older individuals and their relationship to job performance was studied. A sample of 400 subjects, divided into 4 groups by age, was randomly selected from a “population” of 1500 subjects. It was found that aptitudes G, V, N, and S were related to age in a curvilinear manner. The index of correlation for all the aptitudes was statistically significant, as was the correlation between aptitudes and age. Only aptitude K contributed significantly in the multiple correlation with the criterion; this was one of two variables which correlated positively with age. The possible need of a correction factor for age as well as limitations of the study were discussed.
THE RELEASE OF COLLOID FROM THE THYROID GLAND BY CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

THE THYROID gland is peculiar to chordates. In Amphioxus it is a gland of external secretion, the endostyle, in the floor of the pharynx, but its secretion is swallowed and may be absorbed and hence function as an internal secretion. In the larval stage of Petromyzon (Ammocoetes) the thyroglossal duct is open and the thyroid secretion may enter the pharynx and be swal′ lowed as in Amphioxus. In the embryos of selachians the thyroid gland is at first a string of cells. Vrtel (i) describes its development in Scyllium canicula. In the 25 mm. embryo colloid ap′ pears between the cells. There seems to be no barrier to prevent this colloid (the thyroid hormone) from passing into the general circulation. In the 33 mm. embryo the cells arrange themselves around each mass of colloid. This follicle formation may impede the passage of colloid into the circulation. Hirschlerowa (2) shows spaces between the cells of the thyroid follicle of the etamorphosing tadpole.
Ontological perspectives for autonomy performance

Goals must be assigned for any unmanned system's (UMS) operation before the system's autonomous performance can be measured. This paper reports the early results of construction of an ontology for mission goals that could serve as a template for stating the goal. The Autonomy Levels for Unmanned Systems (ALFUS) Framework is a key element in the ontology. In other words, we design the goal ontology in terms of mission, environment, and operator interaction aspects. We also leverage a collection of related efforts to further evolve the goal ontology, including the Urban Search and Rescue (US&R) robots requirements set, the Perception System for Dynamic Manufacturing, and an extension to the NIST-participated Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Spoken Language Communication and Translation System for Tactical Use (TRANSTAC) project.
Symmetric Location Estimation /Testing by Empirical Likelihood

Abstract The problem of estimating the center of a symmetric distribution is well studied and many nonparametric procedures are available. It often serves as the test problem for many nonparametric estimation procedures, and stimulated the development of efficient nonparametric estimation theory. We use this familiar setting to illustrate a novel use of empirical likelihood method for estimation and testing. Empirical likelihood is a general nonparametric inference method, see Owen [Owen, A. (2001). Empirical Likelihood. London: Chapman and Hall]. However, for symmetric location problem (and some other problems) empirical likelihood has difficulties. Owen (2001) call them “challenges for the empirical likelihood”. We propose and study a way to use the empirical likelihood with such problems by modifying the parameter space. We illustrate this approach by applying it to the symmetric location problem. We show that the usual asymptotic theory of empirical likelihood still holds and the asymptotic efficiency...
A Mixed Lubrication Model for Journal Bearings with a Thin Soft Coating—Part II: Flash Temperature Analysis and its Application to Tin Coated Al-Si Bearings

Flash temperature has a profound influence on the tribological behavior of contact surfaces. An asperity flash temperature model is developed for journal bearings with a thin soft coating. The asperity flash temperature of tin coated 339 Al-Si alloy bearings in contact with case hardened steel journals is analyzed. Factors influencing the flash temperature are discussed. Correlations of the flash temperature with asperity roughness parameters, such as the RMS roughness and skewness values, are explored. It was found that the maximum rise in temperature increased as the roughness and skewness increased. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conference in Lahaina, Hawaii, October 16–20, 1994
Quantum Monte Carlo study of composite fermions in quantum dots: The effect of Landau-level mixing

Composite fermion wave functions projected onto the lowest Landau level, provide an accurate description of two-dimensional quantum dots in the limit of strong magnetic fields. We show that the range of validity of these wave functions can be extended to smaller magnetic fields by incorporating Landau level mixing effects with the variational and diffusion Monte Carlo methods. We apply our method to 14 and 15 electron systems to study ground state properties in the fractional quantum Hall regime. Landau level mixing is found to be important for a quantitative understanding of experimental addition spectra.
Population substructure and isolation by distance in three continental regions

Isolation by distance and divergence from a shared population history are two sources of population substructure. Isolation by distance erases population history as populations approach migration-drift equilibrium, while diverging populations descended from a single ancestral population will accumulate genetic differences with time. Here I investigate how much of the worldwide genetic diversity from Jorde et al.'s ([1997] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 94:3100–3103) 60 tetranucleotide short tandem repeat (STR) data can be explained by isolation by distance. I use Slatkin's measure of population substructure, RST, principal components analyses, and Mantel tests to investigate the pattern of genetic diversity at both the intercontinental and intracontinental levels. Geographic distance accounts for almost 60% of worldwide interpopulation genetic relationships. Within continents, the correlations are less, although not significantly so because of wide confidence intervals. These results suggest that populations have not reached migration-drift equilibrium and that there is information in STR data to reconstruct population history. The level of population substructure worldwide is consistent with previous observations, but at the intracontinental level substructure is less. When one examines diversity against distance from the centroid, one sees excess heterozygosity in Africa, a pattern also noted by Stoneking et al. ([1998] Genome Research 7:1061–1071). A larger effective population size in Africa could explain the excess diversity. Greater gene flow in Africa is an unlikely explanation because the African RST value is slightly larger than the Asian and European RSTs, pointing to less gene flow and greater substructure among African populations. Furthermore, there are differences in patterns between heterozygosity and allele size variance. Heterozygosity has a higher correlation with distance from the centroid than does allele size variance, and this may reflect demographic history. Kimmel et al. ([1998] Genetics 148:1921–1930) have shown that after a population expansion heterozygosity returns to equilibrium more quickly than does allele size variance. The contrasting patterns between heterozygosity and allele size variance may reflect different times after an expansion. However, simulations and further work need to be done to more thoroughly investigate the possibility that these data reflect population expansions. Am J Phys Anthropol 108:147–159, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rheology of Confined Polymer Melts

The behavior of confined polymer melts in a shear flow is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Polymer molecules are modeled as bead−spring chains that interact via repulsive site−site potentials. The fluid is contained between atomistic walls and shear is imparted by moving the walls in opposite directions to simulate planar Couette flow. Experimental conditions are simulated by maintaining the walls at a constant temperature. The density, velocity, and temperature profiles during shear flow are monitored and compared to those of simple liquids under similar conditions. For the shear rates investigated, polymeric fluids exhibit a much stronger tendency for slip at the wall−fluid interface than simple fluids. The magnitude of slip increases with increasing shear rate. For short chains the magnitude of slip increases with increasing chain length but appears to reach an asymptotic value at approximately the entanglement length. The viscosity increases as the film thickness is decreased, in qua...
Analgesic effects of S and R isomers of the novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonists ADR-851 and ADR-882 in rats.

Abstract The present study examined analgesia produced by S and R isomers of the novel 5-HT 3 receptor antagonists, ADR-851 and ADR-882 (0.1–10 mg/kg s.c.) against acute thermal, mechanical and formalin-induced inflammatory pain in rats. Neither isomer of ADR-851 or ADR-882 was analgesic in the thermal or mechanical test. Similarly, neither S or R forms of ADR-882 produced significant anti-nociception in the formalin test. In contrast, ADR-851R produced significant analgesia at 3 and 10 mg/kg doses in this test, while ADR-851S produced significant analgesia only at 1 mg/kg.
Mapping and phenotypic analysis of spontaneous isatin-β-thiosemicarbazone resistant mutants of vaccinia virus

Treatment of wild type vaccinia virus infected cells with the anti-poxviral drug isatin-β-thiosemicarbazone (IBT) induces the viral postreplicative transcription apparatus to synthesize longer-than-normal mRNAs through an unknown mechanism. Previous studies have shown that virus mutants resistant to or dependent on IBT affect genes involved in control of viral postreplicative transcription elongation. This study was initiated in order to identify additional viral genes involved in control of vaccinia postreplicative transcription elongation. Eight independent, spontaneous IBT resistant mutants of vaccinia virus were isolated. Marker rescue experiments mapped two mutants to gene G2R, which encodes a previously characterized postreplicative gene positive transcription elongation factor. Three mutants mapped to the largest subunit of the viral RNA polymerase, rpo147, the product of gene J6R. One mutant contained missense mutations in both G2R and A24R (rpo132, the second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase). Two mutants could not be mapped, however sequence analysis demonstrated that neither of these mutants contained mutations in previously identified IBT resistance or dependence genes. Phenotypic and biochemical analysis of the mutants suggests that they possess defects in transcription elongation that compensate for the elongation enhancing effects of IBT. The results implicate the largest subunit of the RNA polymerase (rpo147) in the control of elongation, and suggest that there exist additional gene products which mediate intermediate and late transcription elongation in vaccinia virus.
Automated verification of potential GPS signal-in-space anomalies using ground observation data

For the Global Positioning System (GPS), signal-inspace (SIS) user range error (URE), the pseudorange inaccuracy attributable to the ground control and the space vehicles, is one of the major error sources affecting positioning accuracy and integrity. As SIS anomalies occur occasionally and UREs of tens of meters or even more have been observed, knowledge of the SIS anomalies in history has a great importance for not only assessing the general GPS SIS performance but also developing next generation GNSS integrity monitoring systems.
Prediction of Perceived Workload From Task Performance and Heart Rate Measures

To improve operator efficiency and effectiveness, designers increasingly apply automation to allocate tasks once performed by human operators to the system. Unfortunately, these systems are often complex, potentially imposing increased mental task load on the operator, or placing the operator in a supervisory role where they can become overly dependent on automation. A proposed solution is adaptive automation, which increases automation when an operator is overloaded, and disabled as the operator has spare mental capacity. Changes in performance and physiological measures have shown promise in triggering changes in automation levels. However, the literature lacks well-documented or consistently supported measures for mental workload prediction. The present work sought to define a model which could predict perceived workload as a function of performance and heart rate measures by imposing various levels of task loading on a group of individuals while monitoring their performance, recording their heart rate...
Assessing hospital readmission risk factors in heart failure patients enrolled in a telemonitoring program

The purpose of this study was to validate a previously developed heart failure readmission predictive algorithm based on psychosocial factors, develop a new model based on patient-reported symptoms from a telemonitoring program, and assess the impact of weight fluctuations and other factors on hospital readmission. Clinical, demographic, and telemonitoring data was collected from 100 patients enrolled in the Partners Connected Cardiac Care Program between July 2008 and November 2011. 38% of study participants were readmitted to the hospital within 30 days. Ten different heart-failure-related symptoms were reported 17,389 times, with the top three contributing approximately 50% of the volume. The psychosocial readmission model yielded an AUC of 0.67, along with sensitivity 0.87, specificity 0.32, positive predictive value 0.44, and negative predictive value 0.8 at a cutoff value of 0.30. In summary, hospital readmission models based on psychosocial characteristics, standardized changes in weight, or patient-reported symptoms can be developed and validated in heart failure patients participating in an institutional telemonitoring program. However, more robust models will need to be developed that use a comprehensive set of factors in order to have a significant impact on population health.
Flow Regime Transition and Interfacial Characteristics of Inverted Annular Flow

Abstract Among various two-phase flow regimes, the inverted flow in the post-dryout region is relatively less well understood due to its special heat transfer conditions. The review of existing data indicates further research is needed in the areas of basic hydrodynamics related to liquid core disintegration mechanisms, slug and droplet formations, entrainment, and droplet size distributions. In view of this, the inverted flow is studied in detail both analytically and experimentally. Criteria for initial flow regimes in the post-dryout region are given. Preliminary models for subsequent-flow regime transition criteria are derived together with correlations for a mean droplet diameter based on the adiabatic simulation data.
Moderation and Mediation in Structural Equation Modeling: Applications for Early Intervention Research:

Second-generation early intervention research typically involves the specification of multivariate relations between interventions, outcomes, and other variables. Moderation and mediation involve variables or sets of variables that influence relations between interventions and outcomes. Following the framework of Baron and Kenny's (1986) seminal paper, this paper differentiates moderation and mediation conceptually and methodologically. Four cases of moderation defined by the scale of predictor and moderator variable scales are described, and several design and statistical issues associated with testing mediation are discussed. Use of structural equation modeling is proposed to address some of the difficulties in testing moderation and mediation effects. A hypothetical early intervention data set is used to discuss and demonstrate the use of structural equation modeling for examining moderation and mediation.
Momentum Distributions in Liquid 4He

We report high-resolution neutron scattering measurements at Q = 23 A−1 of 4He in the low-temperature superfluid and in the normal liquid phase at much higher momentum transfers than in previous measurements. When the impulse approximation prediction is broadened according to a recent theory for final-state effects, the data are in excellent agreement with ab initio Monte Carlo calculations of momentum distributions, which predict a Bose condensate fraction of 9.2% in the superfluid at T = 0 K.
Optical Absorption in Co-Deposited Mixed-Phase Hydrogenated Amorphous/Nanocrystalline Silicon Thin Films

The conductivity of amorphous/nanocrystalline hydrogenated silicon thin films (a/nc-Si:H) deposited in a dual chamber co-deposition system exhibits a non-monotonic dependence on the nanocrystal concentration. Optical absorption measurements derived from the constant photocurrent method (CPM) and preliminary electron spin resonance (ESR) data for similarly prepared materials are reported. The optical absorption spectra, in particular the subgap absorption, are found to be independent of nanocrystalline density for relatively small crystal fractions (< 4%). For films with a higher crystalline content, the absorption spectra indicate broader Urbach slopes and higher midgap absorption. The ESR spectra show an approximately constant defect density across all of the films. These data are interpreted in terms of a model involving electron donation from the nanocrystals into the amorphous material.