cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Economics: A Guide to the Economic Analysis of Clinical Practices

PUBLIC and professional concern about the cost of medical care has evoked a variety of proposed remedies. Professional societies have promulgated guidelines to help physicians provide the most appropriate services. 1,2 Government has begun to recognize the need for more research into clinical strategies in hopes of exploring the variations in medical practice and reducing federal health care outlays. 3 Insurance companies and businesses have desperately sought (and bought) consultants who promise to control beneficiaries' and employees' utilization of medical services. Underlying these cost-cutting solutions is a faith that medical care can be made cost-effective, that more value can be obtained for the money spent. The application of economics to medical practice does not necessarily mean that less should or can be spent, but rather that the use of resources might be more efficient. 4-21 To achieve more cost-effective medical practice, the attention of experts in health policy ultimately must
PREVENTION OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

The magnitude of cardiovascular disease is enormous. When the risk factors that predispose a patient to heart disease are recognized early and the appropriate intervention is instituted, the incidence of morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease can be reduced. Lifestyle modification and the judicious use of medications can improve the complications of heart disease and prevent its onset.
The chemistry and toxicology of some venomous pelagic coelenterates.

Abstract Five species of toxic pelagic marine coelenterates (Physalia physalis, the Portuguese man-o' war; Chrysaora quinquecirrha, the sea nettle; Chironex fleckeri, the sea wasp; Chiropsalmus quadrigatus, also called the sea wasp and Stomolophus meleagris, the cabbage head jellyfish) have recently been studied. Two of these animals can be lethal to man and two others produce painful cutaneous stings, of varying severity. All five species possess a significant cardiotoxic activity to mice and are lethal to lower animals. This action may be induced by an abnormality in ionic transport across membranes. Calcium ion and perhaps sodium ion transport appear to be important targets of these toxins. The pain in humans produced by the venoms of these animals may be induced by a large molecular weight polypeptide which has a kinin-like action. Although many of the venoms possess other mediators of inflammation, such as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins or compounds which result in their release, no consistency between the severity of the sting and the abundance of these substances is apparent.
Aspartame ingestion and headaches A randomized crossover trial

To examine whether ingestion of aspartame is associated with headaches, we conducted a double-blind crossover study using volunteers with self-identified headaches after using aspartame. Of the 32 subjects randomized to receive aspartame (approximately 30 mg/kg/d) and placebo in a two-treatment, four-period crossover design, 18 completed the full protocol, seven completed part of the protocol before withdrawing due to adverse effects, three withdrew for other reasons, two were lost to follow-up, one was withdrawn due to noncompliance, and one withdrew and gave no reason. Each experimental period was 7 days long. Subjects reported headaches on 33% of the days during aspartame treatment, compared with 24% on placebo treatment (p = 0.04). Subjects who were "very sure" prior to the study that aspartame triggered some of their headaches reported larger treatment differences (aspartame = 0.37 headache-days, placebo = 0.18 headache-days; p < 0.001) than subjects who were "somewhat sure" (aspartame = 0.29 headache-days, placebo = 0.22 headache-days; p = 0.51) or "not sure" (aspartame = 0.33 headache-days, placebo = 0.39 headache-days; p = 0.51). There was no significant treatment difference in the length or intensity of headaches or in the occurrence of side effects associated with the headaches. This experiment provides evidence that, among individuals with self-reported headaches after ingestion of aspartame, a subset of this group report more headaches when tested under controlled conditions. It appears that some people are particularly susceptible to headaches caused by aspartame and may want to limit their consumption.
Cosmology and Particle Pair Production via Gravitational Spin Spin Interaction in the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble Theory of Gravity

General relativity with spin and torsion [the Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble (ECSK) theory] provides a more complete account of local gauge invariance with respect to the Poincar\'e group than is possible in Einstein's general relativity. The ECSK theory introduces a new gravitational spin-spin contact interaction which is here shown to be repulsive between Dirac particles whose spins are aligned and attractive when spins are opposed. The presence of a Dirac field as source for the torsion causes a positive "effective mass" term in the energy condition of the generalized singularity theorem for this theory. The spin-spin interaction enhances rather than opposes singularity formation, in contrast with previous results for a convective spinning dust distribution. The strength of the interaction depends on number density, and for electron densities in excess of $\overline{\ensuremath{\rho}}\ensuremath{\simeq}{10}^{47}$ g${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, can cause particle pair production.
Sexual Compulsivity in Gay Men: Controversy and Treatment

Compulsive sex among some gay men has been made a more significant issue by the AIDS epidemic. There is controversy as to whether or not compulsive sex is a disorder or if it should be thought of as addiction. The clinical usefulness of the addictive model is discussed, along with the commonalities between the two most prevalent and successful approaches used to treat this disorder: namely, group treatment and the self-help Twelve Step addictive model.
A weapon for the twenty-first century

One component of the US Strategic Defense Initiative is the nuclear-explosion-pumped X-ray laser. Although there are many obstacles to its development, such a weapon is technically feasible.
The system EuFeO: Compound formation and its implications for systematic crystal chemistry

Abstract Compound formation and phase relations at 1200°C have been studied for the EuOEu 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 Fe portion of the system EuFeO. Only two ternary compounds, in both of which the europium was trivalent, could be prepared over the temperature range 1100–1400°C. The existence of seven ternary compounds containing divalent europium is predicted by the crystal chemical analogy of Eu 2+ and Sr 2+ compounds. None of these could be prepared. Divalent europium was found not to be stable in any phase assemblage with trivalent iron. This result is consistent with simple oxidation-reduction thermodynamics. The relevance of these results to systematic crystal chemistry is discussed.
Surface analysis of semiconductor‐incorporated polymer systems: 2—Pt‐Nafion and Pt‐CdS‐Nafion

Pt-Nafion (chemically reduced and sputtered Pt) and Pt-CdS-Nafion membranes were studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The chemically deposited Pt was completely reduced to Pt0 and was more concentrated in the surface region than in the interior. The sputtered Pt (100 A thick) was distributed within the first several hundred Angstoms of the Nafion, probably involving Pt migration into it, during the RF sputtering process. Changes of the Pt(4f7/2) linewidth indicate interactions between CdS and Pt. The relatively high activity of the 100 A sputtered Pt-CdS-Nafion membrane for the photoassisted production of H2 in aqueous 0.1 M S2− solution is discussed.
Enclathration in D2O as a method of magnetic isolation

Abstract Rigid-lattice NMR spectra characteristic of intra-molecular spin-spin interactions are illustrated for the 6-spin molecules of sulphur hexafluoride, trimethylene oxide, and cyclobutanone, isolated in the cages of D2O clathrate lattices.
Age, Gender, and Non-modulation: A Sexual Dimorphism in Essential Hypertension

The angiotensinogen gene is one of the very few related by linkage analysis to human hypertension, but the linkage has been consistently shown only among males. Moreover, polymorphisms in this gene predict an abnormal renal responsiveness to angiotensin II, a feature of non-modulation, but again, only among males. To pursue these related bridges between genetics and physiology, we evaluated the effects of sex on a second feature of non-modulation, the aldosterone response to infused angiotensin II during low sodium balance. We tested the resultant hypothesis-that non-modulation would be less frequent in women-by conducting identical protocols on 225 hypertensive inpatients (70 women, 155 men). Non-modulation was strikingly less frequent among women (26%; 95% confidence interval, 16% to 37%) than men (49%; 95% confidence interval, 40% to 57% (P = .001). We tested the hypothesis that sex steroids play a role by comparing young, premenopausal women ( 55 years). Among the youngest women, the frequency of non-modulation was only 7%, significantly less than in young men (41%, P = .02). A steady increase in non-modulation frequency accompanied advancing age in women, reaching 47% in those older than 55 years, equal to the fraction of men affected. Age influenced non-modulation frequency in men far less. We conclude that a striking sex difference underlies the non-modulation phenotype and that female sex hormones may confer protection against a genotypic predisposition in women. This "override" of genotype, manifest by a very low frequency of non-modulation in young women, may participate in their known protection against cardiovascular disease.
Mechanisms underlying epileptiform burst discharge.

Studies of hyperexcitable cells in alumina-gel and penicillin epileptogenic foci suggest that epileptic neurons have intrinsic burst-generating properties. The burst mechanism may be released or triggered by a number of extrinsic factors which disrupt the normal depolarizing-hyperpolarizing balance. This paper presents the hypothesis that the most important influence for burst discharge is influx of calcium ions. This excitatory effect is modulated by synaptic inputs, hyperpolarazing conductances, cell morphology and membrane characteristics, and the extracellular milieu. The hypothesis incorporates findings from both penicillin and alumina models of epilepsy and provides experimentally testable concepts for further investigation.
Leveling the Field: Negotiating Positions of Power as a Preservice Teacher

Set in an undergraduate Secondary English Education Program, this qualitative study draws on theories of power, positioning, and identity to explore how positions of power affect teacher identity construction. Drawn from a larger study, the authors examine how one preservice teacher negotiated positions of power with students in ways that enabled and prohibited him from enacting his preferred teacher identities. In addition, the authors investigated how Jay engaged in reflection about those positions of power through a video analysis project that used discourse analysis and positioning theory. Ultimately, this study contributes to research in teacher education focused on how video analysis can be used to engage students in critical reflection about how positions of power affect teacher identities.
Upper bounds for local probability densities of spatially distributed quantum particles.

Every spatially spherical, continuous, and scalable probability distribution of a particle is shown to have a general upper bound for its local densities that varies as the inverse cube of the distance from its origin, the coefficient of proportionality depending only on the form of the distribution function. For such a quantum distribution, a rigorous upper bound is derived for the coefficient that is simply the square root of its Heisenberg product divided by 2\ensuremath{\pi}. This enables the bound to be evaluated in terms of spectral properties of the particle. A similar orientationally dependent bound is derived for certain nonspherical distributions.
Fish use of ecohydraulic‐based mesohabitat units in a low‐gradient Illinois stream: implications for stream restoration

1. A classification scheme for ecohydraulic-based mesohabitat units was developed for a summer low-flow period. Mesohabitat unit designations were based on the integration of three-dimensional channel hydraulics, geomorphic maintenance processes of bed morphology, and biological resource needs of fish. Ecological relevance of the units was evaluated by a study of fish mesohabitat use patterns, and species relationships to feeding guild. By portraying the stream as a mosaic of hydraulic habitat patches that provide specific biotic resource needs, this study's aim was to advance how ecological information may be incorporated into the stream restoration design process. 2. Nine mesohabitat units were designated, including pool-front, -mid, and -rear units, scour pool, simple and complex riffles, glide, submerged point bar, and channel expansion marginal deadwater. Physical habitat structure differed among the nine mesohabitat units by length, water depth, and bed slope and complexity. Fish were collected in specific unit volumes by use of prepositioned areal electrofishing devices, in which distinct patterns of fish mesohabitat use were observed. 3. A key finding was the differences in fish assemblages among the pool units, in which fish densities were greatest in the pool-front and scour pool units. Also, fish density in the pool-front unit was positively correlated with pool entrance slope. Biomass was greatest in the pool-front and -mid units, and it was correlated with maximum mid-pool depth. Density and biomass were generally lowest in the pool-rear unit. Other unique relationships were also observed among the mesohabitat units. 4. Based on feeding guild, patterns of fish mesohabitat use were observed for this summer low-flow period; insectivores dominantly used pool-front and scour pool units, herbivores dominantly used complex riffle units, and piscivores used pool-front and -mid units. 5. Useful ecological information was derived from fish species-habitat relationships observed in this study, linking mesohabitat units with species requirements for food resources. Such findings support advancements to ecological design strategies for stream restoration that promote hydraulic habitat diversity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergent CaMK and RacGEF signals control dendritic structure and function

Structural plasticity of excitatory synapses is a vital component of neuronal development, synaptic plasticity and behavior, and its malfunction underlies many neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms that control dendritic spine morphogenesis have only recently emerged. We summarize recent work that has revealed an important connection between calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMKs) and guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) that activate the small GTPase Rac (RacGEFs) in controlling dendritic spine morphogenesis. These two groups of molecules function in neurons as a unique signaling cassette that transduces calcium influx into small GTPase activity and, thence, actin reorganization and spine morphogenesis. Through this pathway, CaMKs and RacGEFs amplify calcium signals and translate them into spatially and temporally regulated structural remodeling of dendritic spines.
IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR DISORDERS THROUGH FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF PRECURSOR BEHAVIORS

Experimental analysis procedures have been shown to be effective means for identifying the environmental determinants of problem behaviors. A potential limitation of these procedures is that it is necessary to produce and document patterns in the occurrence of the problem behavior during the assessment. In the case of severe behavior disorders, this may place the participant or therapist at such risk as to preclude the analysis. The current study arranged experimental analysis contingencies for precursor behaviors that had been observed to reliably precede the occurrence of problem behaviors targeted for reduction. For each of the 4 participants, it was possible to infer the maintaining variables for problem behaviors based on the outcomes of precursor analysis. These results suggest that the current procedures represent a promising alternative method for reducing risk during functional analysis of problem behaviors.
Accommodation of non-universal input data errors in cross-strapped redundant computer systems through forward error correction coding

Redundant computer systems that utilize cross-strapped input data busses are theoretically susceptible to nonuniversal input errors that may cause data set inconsistencies. If not corrected, mixed perceptions of the input data may potentially result, causing divergence or (in worst case) breakup of the redundant set. An approach is presented for detection and correction of input data errors; essentially assuring that all members of the redundant set perceive the information identically. >
A Review of Some Tilt-Rotor Aeroelastic Research at NASA-Langley

An overview of an experimental and analytical research program conducted within the Aeroelasticity Branch of the NASA Langley Research Center for studying the aeroelastic and dynamic characteristics of tilt-rotor VTOL aircraft is presented. Selected results from several joint NASA/contractor investigations of scaled models in the Langley transonic dynamics tunnel are shown and discussed with a view toward delineating various aspects of dynamic behavior peculiar to proprotor aircraft. Included are such items as proprotor/pylon stability, whirl flutter, gust response, and blade flapping. Theoretical predictions, based on analyses developed at Langley, are shown to be in agreement with the measured stability and response behavior.
Constraints on the Source of Short-Term Motion Adaptation in Macaque Area MT. I. The Role of Input and Intrinsic Mechanisms

Neurons in area MT, a motion-sensitive area of extrastriate cortex, respond to a step of target velocity with a transient-sustained firing pattern. The transition from a high initial firing rate to...
Climate Change, Heat Waves, and Mortality Projections for Chicago

Over the coming century, climate change is projected to increase both mean and extreme temperatures as heat waves become more frequent, intense, and long-lived. The city of Chicago has already experienced a number of severe heat waves, with a 1995 event estimated to be responsible for nearly 800 deaths. Here, future projections under SRES higher (A1FI) and lower (B1) emission scenarios are used to estimate the frequency of 1995-like heat wave events in terms of both meteorological characteristics and impacts on heat-related mortality. Before end of century, 1995-like heat waves could occur every other year on average under lower emissions and as frequently as three times per year under higher. Annual average mortality rates are projected to equal those of 1995 under lower emissions and reach twice 1995 levels under higher. An “analog city” analysis, transposing the weather conditions from the European Heat Wave of 2003 (responsible for 70,000 deaths across Europe) to the city of Chicago, estimates that if a similar heat wave were to occur over Chicago, more than ten times the annual average number of heat-related deaths could occur in just a few weeks. Climate projections indicate that an EHW-type heat wave could occur in Chicago by mid-century. Between mid- and end-of-century, there could be as many as five such events under lower, and twenty-five under higher emissions. These results highlight the importance of both preventive mitigation and responsive adaptation strategies in reducing the vulnerability of Chicago's population to climate change-induced increases in extreme heat.
Perceptions of Peacebuilding and Multi-Track Collaboration in Divided Societies for a Sustainable Peace Agreement at the Political Level: A Case Study of Cyprus

i Acknowledgments ii List of Figures iv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review Peacebuilding 4 Overview of the Cyprus Conflict 19 Chapter 3: Methodology 42 Chapter 4: Analysis Phase 1: Tracks 1, 2, & 3 47 Phase 2: Focus Group Analysis 60 Chapter 5: Conclusions 69 References 76 Appendix A Greek Cypriot Interview Questions 81 Appendix B Turkish Cypriot Interview Questions 83
Pancreatic β-cell growth and survival in the onset of type 2 diabetes: a role for protein kinase B in the Akt?

The control of pancreatic β-cell growth and survival in the adult plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In certain insulin-resistant states, such as obesity, the increased in...
Shared quality data are associated with increased protamine use and reduced bleeding complications after carotid endarterectomy in the Vascular Study Group of New England.

Objective The goal of this study was to evaluate whether protamine usage after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) increased within the Vascular Study Group of New England (VSGNE) in response to studies indicating that protamine reduces bleeding complications associated with CEA without increasing the risk of stroke. Methods We reviewed 10,059 CEAs, excluding concomitant coronary bypass, performed within the VSGNE from January 2003 to July 2012. Protamine use and reoperation for bleeding were evaluated monthly using statistical process control. Twelve centers and 77 surgeons entering the VSGNE between 2003 and 2008 were classified as original participants, and 14 centers and 60 surgeons joining after May 2009 were considered new. Protamine use for surgeons was categorized as rare ( 80%). Outcome measures were in-hospital reoperation for bleeding, postoperative myocardial infarction (POMI), and stroke or death. Results Two significant increases occurred in protamine use for all VSGNE centers over time. From 2003 to 2007, the protamine rate remained stable at 43%. In 2008, protamine usage increased to 52% ( P P P P P = .720) and stroke or death rates (1.0%, 1.2%, 1.0%; P = .656) for rare, selective, and routine users of protamine. Conclusions Protamine use increased over time by VSGNE surgeons, most significantly after the presentations of VSGNE-derived data showing the benefit of protamine, and was associated with a decrease in reoperation for bleeding. Improvements in processes of care and outcomes can be achieved in regional quality groups by sharing safety and efficacy data.
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Derived Compartments Function in Storage and as Mediators of Vacuolar Remodeling via a New Type of Organelle, Precursor Protease Vesicles

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the gateway to the secretory pathway, and the proteins that are made and assembled in the ER can have a variety of cellular destinations (Vitale and Denecke, 1999). Most proteins proceed to these destinations by progression through the endomembrane system via the Golgi apparatus. This pathway of protein transport has been extensively studied in plant, mammalian, and yeast cells. In most instances proteins move directly to the Golgi within minutes of being synthesized, but some proteins and other molecules can apparently be stored for shorter or longer periods of time in ERderived compartments. In some cases these ERderived compartments travel to and are incorporated into vacuoles. Plant cells appear to have flexibility in using the ER to assemble storage organelles. So far, ER-derived storage organelles such as protein bodies and oil bodies have been described primarily in seeds. Recent results substantiate a long-standing proposal for a role for the ER in vacuolar ontogeny in storage tissues of young seedlings by forming small “second vacuoles” (here called precursor protease vesicles [PPVs]) that are involved in the mobilization of proteins in the protein storage vacuoles (PSVs). A variety of designations have been used to describe ER-derived compartments, and in this Update we attempt to bring together seemingly disparate observations. We show that retention of proteins in the ER gives rise to storage compartments that may continue to exist as such or later merge with or be autophaged by vacuoles. The Update does not deal with the wellcharacterized ER-to-Golgi transport pathway that has been discussed in the context of storage protein deposition in recent reviews (Herman and Larkins, 1999; Vitale and Denecke, 1999).
MRI Biomarkers in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Conceptual Framework and Historical Analysis

Over the past 2 decades, advanced multimodal imaging has offered much promise for stroke investigators and clinicians, particularly those interested in using imaging to optimize and extend the time window for acute ischemic stroke therapies. Multimodal imaging has many potential applications in the acute stroke setting, such as the following: (1) to confirm the diagnosis of acute cerebral ischemia and exclude contraindications to treatment (eg, acute blood because of hemorrhagic transformation [HT]; (2) to select patients likely to benefit or not benefit from therapies (eg, by characterizing the extent of core irreversibly injured tissue, salvageable penumbra, or markers of high risk for HT); and (3) to serve as a surrogate or auxiliary outcome measure to test putative treatments. However, the promise of advanced multimodal imaging as a selection modality to optimize efficacy and safety of new treatments for stroke and also as a surrogate end point to test interventions has yet to be fully realized. Both of these applications use neuroimaging as a biomarker. A critical analysis of both the successes and missteps of studies performed to date, including translation of animal models to human studies, can provide valuable lessons that can be applied to the design of future studies. Applying current definitions and criteria for biomarkers to stroke neuroimaging research helps provide a conceptual framework for this analysis. The National Institutes of Health Biomarkers Definitions Working Group defines a biomarker as a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention.1 Biomarkers (Table 1 shows types, definitions, and examples) can be used as a diagnostic tool, a prognostic tool, a predictive tool (for predicting response to an intervention), or a substitute for a clinical outcome to measure the response to an intervention (surrogate end …
On Understanding Spin-Flip Synchrotron Radiation and the Transverse Polarization of Electrons in Storage Rings

A mainly didactic discussion is given of the mechanism for the gradual build up of transverse polarization of electrons and positrons in storage rings. The history and basic results are reviewed briefly. Then an intuitive explanation of the polarization in terms of spontaneous emission via a nonrelativistic magnetic dipole transition in a moving inertial frame is presented and criticized. This simple treatment contains a large part of the essential physics, but not all. It is surprisingly successful for electrons and positrons ($g=2$), becomes exact for large $g$ factors of either sign, but fails badly for particles with $g$ factors of the range $0\ensuremath{\lesssim}g\ensuremath{\lesssim}1.5$. The failure occurs because here the spin-magnetic-moment system cannot be treated even approximately in isolation from the orbital motion. A correct semiclassical description of radiation by a spin system is then given, in direct analogy with semiclassical radiation theory for charged particles ignoring spin. The classical equation of motion for a spin in relativistic motion, derived originally by Thomas, is used to obtain an effective Hamiltonian of interaction of a spin with electromagnetic fields. Emission and absorption of radiation is then described by replacing the classical electromagnetic fields with the appropriately normalized photon fields. The resulting formulas are applicable to charged particles of arbitrary $g$ factor. Expressions are given for the differential spectra in angle and in frequency for numbers of photons and for radiated power, as well as the previously known results for the total transition rates. These results seem of physical interest only for $g=2$ but serve useful pedagogic purposes, refuting some of the expectations of the naive explanation. The various differential spectra are treated in detail for $g=2$ and compared with the corresponding spectra for ordinary synchrotron radiation.
Tropical cyclone energy dispersion under vertical shears

[1] Tropical cyclone Rossby wave energy dispersion under easterly and westerly vertical shears is investigated in a baroclinic model. In a resting environment, the model simulates a Rossby wave train that has a baroclinic structure with alternating cyclonic-anticyclonic-cyclonic (anticyclonic-cyclonic-anticyclonic) circulations in the lower (upper) troposphere. A significant asymmetry appears in the wave train development under easterly and westerly vertical shears, that is, an easterly (westerly) shear confines the maximum amplitude of the wave train primarily to the lower (upper) level. It is proposed that the vertical wind shear may impact the Rossby wave train development through both the barotropic-baroclinic mode coupling and the modulation of the group velocity by the mean flow through a “Doppler shift effect”. Additional experiments with uniform westerly and easterly mean flows confirm the hypothesis. The enhancement of the Rossby wave train in the lower level by the easterly shear may have an important implication for understanding the tropical cyclogenesis and the origin of the synoptic wave trains in the western North Pacific.
Search behavior of the diversified firm: The impact of fit on innovation

This paper provides a new approach to account for the relationship between diversification and innovation by integrating insights concerning strategic fit. We argue that the type of diversification strategy leads to greater innovation output when the appropriate technological search strategy is employed. Using a longitudinal study of the patenting activity of 258 manufacturing firms, we find that strategic fit is important for innovation output. More specifically, a related diversification strategy leads to greater innovation when firms use a narrow technological search strategy. In contrast, an unrelated diversification strategy leads to greater innovation when a broader technological search strategy is used. Implications for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reciprocal fields: A model for random fields pinned to two boundaries

We define reciprocal fields as a model for random fields pinned to two boundaries, an example of which is the temperature distribution of a thick pipe with appropriate boundary conditions on the inside and outside wall. Previous studies of models for random fields have been restricted to fields pinned to one boundary, called Markov random fields. Our key contribution is to derive from the reciprocal field (pinned to a two boundary hypersurfaces) a statistically equivalent Markov random field (pinned to a one boundary hypersurface). Going from the reciprocal field to a Markov random field is accomplished by an Origami type folding of the index set of the reciprocal field. This allows the use of known tools for Markov random fields to reciprocal fields. As an example, we derive recursive representations and recursive estimators for reciprocal fields that initiate at the two boundaries of a reciprocal field and telescope to any appropriate hypersurface between the two boundaries.
Patterns of Internet and smartphone use by parents of children attending a pediatric otolaryngology service

Abstract Objectives To assess Internet use and the influence of smartphones on health-information seeking by parents and carers of children with ENT conditions. Methods A paper-based questionnaire was circulated to parents attending otolaryngology services in both the out-patient and day-case settings at a tertiary referral centre. Results 79.5% of questionnaires were returned. 29.9% had consulted the Internet for ENT-related information. Factors associated with increased rates of ENT-related online activity included younger age, university education, and access to a smartphone (all p ≤ 0.001). 65.7% and 57.7% had found the information which they had found online to be understandable and helpful, respectively; however, just 25.5% felt that it had influenced the medical decisions they had made for their child. 50.3% had previously or intended to discuss information found online with their surgeon. 9.2% had searched online for information regarding their child's surgeon; 19.6% of these said that this had been a factor in choosing that particular surgeon. On ranking 8 information sources in terms of importance (scale 0–5), the ENT Surgeon ranked as most important (mean = 4.63), whilst the Internet ranked lowest (3.10). 48.6% of respondents or their partners had an Internet-enabled smartphone; 45.2% said they would definitely use an iPhone app regarding their child's condition if one was available. 36.1% reported they would definitely use the Internet in the future. Conclusions Whilst online sources must increasingly be considered in the dialogue with parents, it is clear that parents still rate the clinical team as most important for information gathering. Clinician-provided websites and smartphone applications may be the key to ensuring the provision of quality information into the future.
Endogenous Levels of Five Fatty Acid Metabolites in Exhaled Breath Condensate to Monitor Asthma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract-Airway inflammation characterizing asthma and other airway diseases may be monitored through biomarker analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC). In an attempt to discover novel EBC biomarkers, a high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was used to analyze EBC from ten control non-asthmatics and one asthmatic individual for five fatty acid metabolites: 9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid (9,12,13-TriHOME), 9,10,13-TriHOME, 12,13-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid (12,13-DiHOME), 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), and 12(13)-epoxyoctadecenoic acid (12(13)-EpOME). The method was shown to be sensitive, with an on-column limit of quatitation (LOQ) in the pg range (corresponding to pM concentrations in EBC), and linear over several orders of magnitude for each analyte in the calibrated range. Analysis of EBC spiked with the five fatty acid metabolites was within 81%-119% with only a few exceptions. Endogenous levels in EBC exhibited intraand inter-assay precision of 10%-22%, and 12%-36%, respectively. EBC from the healthy subjects contained average analyte levels between 15 and 180 pM with 12-HETE present above the LOQ in only one of the subjects at a concentration of 240 pM. Exposure of the asthmatic subject to allergen led to increased EBC concentrations of 9,12,13-TriHOME, 9,10,13-TriHOME, 12,13-DiHOME, and 12(13)-EpOME when compared to levels in EBC collected prior to allergen exposure (range =40-510 pM). 12,13-DiHOME was significantly increased (Student's t-test, p < 0.05). In conclusion, we have developed a new HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the analysis of five fatty acid metabolites in EBC, which are potential biomarkers for asthma monitoring and diagnosis.
Activating and dominant inactivating c-KIT catalytic domain mutations in distinct clinical forms of human mastocytosis

Abstract Human mastocytosis is characterized by increased mast cells. It usually occurs as a sporadic disease that is often transient and limited in children and persistent or progressive in adults. The c-KIT protooncogene encodes KIT, a tyrosine kinase that is the receptor for mast cell growth factor. Because mutated KIT can transform cells, we examined c-KIT in skin lesions of 22 patients with sporadic mastocytosis and 3 patients with familial mastocytosis. All patients with adult sporadic mastocytosis had somatic c-KIT mutations in codon 816 causing substitution of valine for aspartate and spontaneous activation of mast cell growth factor receptor (P = 0.0001). A subset of four pediatric onset cases with clinically unusual disease also had codon 816 activating mutations substituting valine, tyrosine, or phenylalanine for aspartate. Typical pediatric patients lacked 816 mutations, but limited sequencing showed three of six had a novel dominant inactivating mutation substituting lysine for glutamic acid in position 839, the site of a potential salt bridge that is highly conserved in receptor tyrosine kinases. No c-KIT mutations were found in the entire coding region of three patients with familial mastocytosis. We conclude that c-KIT somatic mutations substituting valine in position 816 of KIT are characteristic of sporadic adult mastocytosis and may cause this disease. Similar mutations causing activation of the mast cell growth factor receptor are found in children apparently at risk for extensive or persistent disease. In contrast, typical pediatric mastocytosis patients lack these mutations and may express inactivating c-KIT mutations. Familial mastocytosis, however, may occur in the absence of c-KIT coding mutations.
A male spider׳s ornamentation polymorphism maintained by opposing selection with two niches

Abstract The Levene mechanism to maintain genotypic polymorphism by opposing selection on genotypes in multiple niches was proposed 60 years ago, and yet no systems were found to satisfy the mechanism׳s rather restrictive conditions. Reported here is such an example that a wolf spider population lives in a habitat of mixed rocks and leafy litter for which the females are phenotypically indistinguishable and the males have two distinct phenotypes subject to opposing selection with respect to the substrates. Census data is best-fitted to a population genetics model of the Levene type. A majority of the best fit support polymorphism, with many fitted parameter values quantitatively consistent with various laboratory studies on two closely related species.
Swarming activities to distribute information in large sensor networks

In nature, large autonomous networks of organisms form swarms adopting strategies that are highly adaptable and can serve as an inspiration for the design of future sensor networks. The technique we propose in this paper is inspired by the "integrate-and-fire" model applied the analysis of many biological swarms. This technique, which we call opportunistic large arrays (OLA), allows to efficiently flood a wireless network with information and, at the same time, permits to transmit reliably to far destinations that the individual nodes are not able to reach (the reachback problem). The idea is that the leader will ignite an avalanche of signals from the other nodes and the resulting distributed activity will constitute specific patterns embedding information from the leader and the nodes themselves. An adaptive receiver that acquires the resulting pattern, will be used to extract the information produced. We show, through numerical simulations, that in broadcasting applications our system gains in both energy-savings and broadcasting delay.
Binocular Counterrolling in Humans During Dynamic Rotation

Seven subjects 18 to 66 years old underwent 360 degrees rotation at a constant velocity of 3 degrees/sec, in 27 trials beginning randomly right ear down or left ear down. A camera on the rotating chair photographed both eyes every 10 degrees. Dual projectors measured counterrolling, the image from one projector being aligned and rotated until it was superimposed on the image from the other. Right and left eyes were measured independently. The group reached maximum counterrolling at about 70 degrees and 270 degrees in rotations to the right, with values of about -6 degrees and 4 degrees respectively. Rotations to the left reached maximum at 50 degrees and 270 degrees with about 4.5 degrees and -5.25 degrees respectively. Individual subjects showed ranges of counterrolling varying from 4.03 degrees to 17.44 degrees, mean 11.30 degrees. More counterrolling was observed when subjects were tilted to right than to left. The downward eye counterrolled more than the upward. Amount of counterrolling was inversely correlated with age.
Future Directions in Lichen Chemistry

ficult to explore. Future chemical studies will use newly developing methods of separation and structural analysis to study the more complex compounds, including pigments and polysaccharides, terpenoids, and other aliphatic products. Future biological studies will clarify the genetics and evolution of biosynthetic pathways and explain how these compounds contribute to the success of the lichen symbiosis and of the lichen as a functional unit in nature.
The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985—Behavior of Steel Buildings

Abstract During the September 19, 1985 earthquake about 60 post‐1957 multistory steel buildings in Mexico City were subjected to a severe test. In most cases, the damage in the post‐1957 structures was minor to moderate. The notable exception is the Pino Suarez complex in which one 21‐story building collapsed onto a 14‐story building, and two other 21‐story buildings were severely damaged. The behavior of these buildings as well as two other case studies are analyzed. Conclusions are drawn on the ductility demands imposed on steel buildings in Mexico City, utilizing simplified structural models and considering the actual strength of buildings that may be much higher than the code design strength.
Sustaining Adoption of Science-based Prevention Through Communities That Care.

Communities That Care (CTC) has been shown to increase the use of science-based prevention, resulting in community-wide improvements in youth development. Using data from a community-randomized trial of CTC in 24 communities, this study examined the extent to which community leaders endorsed the use of science-based prevention in CTC communities compared to control communities 3 years after study support for implementation ended, and whether participation in CTC training affected leader endorsement of science-based prevention. This study found that CTC community leaders reported significantly higher stages of adoption of science-based prevention than did leaders in control communities 3 years after study funding ended. However, use of science-based prevention in CTC communities declined. At follow-up, leaders who participated in CTC training reported significantly higher use of science-based prevention than did leaders in CTC communities who did not receive training. Providing continued CTC training could support sustained community adoption of science-based prevention.
A non-randomized phase II study of sequential irinotecan (CPT) and flavopiridol (F) in patients (pts) with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

4148 Background: F is a CDK inhibitor which potentiates CPT- induced apoptosis. In a phase I trial of CPT 100mg/m2 followed 7 hours later by F given over 1 hour weekly for 4 out of 6 weeks (Shah, C...
Entity-Centric Coreference Resolution with Model Stacking

Mention pair models that predict whether or not two mentions are coreferent have historically been very effective for coreference resolution, but do not make use of entity-level information. However, we show that the scores produced by such models can be aggregated to define powerful entity-level features between clusters of mentions. Using these features, we train an entity-centric coreference system that learns an effective policy for building up coreference chains incrementally. The mention pair scores are also used to prune the search space the system works in, allowing for efficient training with an exact loss function. We evaluate our system on the English portion of the 2012 CoNLL Shared Task dataset and show that it improves over the current state of the art.
A New Parametric Method for the Analysis of Ordering Configurations in Binary Alloys

In ordering alloy systems, the overall long-range order parameter does not distinguish the degree to which the component structures are delocalized for different configurations of equal randomness. We define a new parameter, which is sensitive to such differences, by considering the short-range order parameters as a set of statistical moments for geometric variation in the crystal. A computer model has been developed which uses this parameter to analyze finite alloy systems for configurational preferences by a Monte Carlo method. Initial studies have established the parametric range as a function of LRO and nonstoichiometry. Qualitative results correspond well to predictions for ideal systems.
Foraging Ecology and Relative Importance of Subterranean Termites in Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystems

Foraging activity of subterranean termites was studied on grids of artificial food units (toilet paper rolls) and on natural foods on the surface using belt transects. Preferred forage items were portions of Yucca elata logs and cattle dung which provided large surface area contact with the soil. Foraging at the surface occurred at soil temperatures >3–5°C at 15 cm depth and at soil moisture tensions between 0 and minus 140 bars. Estimated foraging group densities were 440/ha and 61/ha for 2 areas. Differences in foraging group densities were related to soil texture and depth above the caliche. Mid-summer field determined consumption rates were 7.9±2.8 and 1.2±0.04 kg/ha on the 2 study areas. We concluded that termites account for the consumption of ca. 50% of the production in creosotebush and mesquite-yucca grassland communities in the Chihuahuan desert.
Changes in chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) polyphenols during juice processing and storage.

Chokeberries are an excellent source of polyphenols, but their fate during juice processing and storage is unknown. The stability of anthocyanins, total proanthocyanidins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonols at various stages of juice processing and over 6 months of storage at 25 °C was determined. Flavonols, total proanthocyanidins, and hydroxycinnamic acids were retained in the juice to a greater extent than anthocyanins, with losses mostly due to removal of seeds and skins following pressing. Anthocyanins were extensively degraded by thermal treatments during which time levels of protocatechuic acid and phloroglucinaldehyde increased, and additional losses occurred following pressing. Flavonols, total proanthocyanidins, and hydroxycinnamic acids were well retained in juices stored for 6 months at 25 °C, whereas anthocyanins declined linearly. Anthocyanin losses during storage were paralleled by increased polymeric color values, indicating that the small amounts of anthocyanins remaining were present i...
Self-Injury Implicit Association Test: Comparison of Suicide Attempters and Non-attempters

Given the weaknesses of self-report measures, there has been an increased interest in alternative methods of suicide risk assessment, primarily the implicit measures of suicide risk. This study aimed to determine differences in implicit identification with self-injury and implicit attitude towards self-injury between attempters and non-attempters using the self-injury implicit association test (SI-IAT). The SI-IAT is a computer test designed to measure the implicit associations about self-injury. Participants were 100 forensic and civil inpatients at three psychiatric hospitals. A history of attempted suicide was very common in this sample. All participants completed the SI-IAT. Attempters and non-attempters did not significantly differ with respect to implicit identification with self-injury and implicit attitude towards self-injury. Implications are presented for assessment of suicide risk and future research.