cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of IL-13 in regulation of anti-tumor immunity and tumor growth

Major mediators of anti-tumor immunity are CD4(+) T(h)1 cells and CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In tumor-bearing animals, the T(h)1- and CTL-mediated anti-tumor immunity is down-regulated in multiple ways. Better understanding of negative regulatory pathways of tumor immunity is crucial for the development of anti-tumor vaccines and immunotherapies. Since immune deviation toward T(h)2 suppresses T(h)1 development, it has been thought that induction affecting a T(h)2 immune response is one of the mechanisms that down-regulate effective tumor immune responses. Recent studies using T(h)2-deficient signal transducer and activator (Stat6) KO mice demonstrated that this hypothesis was the case. IL-13 is one of the T(h)2 cytokines that has very similar features to IL-4 through sharing some receptor components and Stat6 signal transduction. It has been thought that IL-13 is not as critical for immune deviation as IL-4 since it cannot directly act on T cells. However, recent studies of IL-13 reveal that this cytokine plays a critical role in many aspects of immune regulation. Studies from our lab and others indicate that IL-13 is central to a novel immunoregulatory pathway in which NKT cells suppress tumor immunosurveillance. Here we will describe biological properties and functions of IL-13, its role in the negative regulation of anti-tumor immunity, and effects of IL-13 on tumor cells themselves.
Reliable spectrum sensing for resource allocation of cognitive radio based WiMAX femtocells

Femtocells are perceived as having a strong potential to provide high data-rate services with increased coverage at low cost. In this paper, we consider a WiMAX network with both macro base stations (BS) and low-power, low-cost Femto Access Points (APs). We assume that Femto-APs share the same bandwidth as macro BS and Femto-APs are connected to the macro BS by wired backhaul such as cable or DSL. One of the important technical challenges in this framework is to mitigate the interference from macro users by avoiding their spectrum. Robust and dynamic spectrum sensing for channel occupancy by macro users is therefore necessary to schedule resources for femto users. An efficient cyclostationary-based spectrum sensing method is presented to facilitate cognitive radio (CR) aided resource allocation in femtocell networks for maximizing system throughput while minimizing inter-tier interference. Contrary to the classical energy detection (ED) approach, a cyclostationary-based spectrum sensing is more effective in dealing with imperfect knowledge of in-band noise variance in practical radio signals. Also, this method is more efficient than ED in low signal-to-noise ratio which is a very important requirement in WiMAX based macrocell-femtocell overlay network.
Triallylphosphine plasma polymerization and reaction of the product with volatile transition metal compounds

The plasma polymerization of triallylphosphine in order to form a crosslinked polymer thin film is described. The plasma polymer thin film has been characterized and shown to contain a high proporation of CC and P groups conserved from the monomer. The accessibilty of the phosphine groups has been demonstrated by reaction with O2, NO, Ni(CO)4, and Fe(CO)5. Reaction with O2, and NO results in a PO moiety formation. Reaction with the gaseous metal carbonyls results in fixation of the metal via complexation by the P groups as a result of exchange with CO ligand(s). This illustrates the utility of a ligand donor group containing plasma polymer as an avenue for the formation of a single phase transition metal containing plasma polymer.
Distribution of introns in frameshift-suppressor proline-tRNA genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Mutations in the suf9, suf10, and suf11 genes of yeast suppress + 1 nucleotide (nt) insertions in proline codons. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicates that the suf9 and suf11 genes are members of the proline tRNAUGGgene family, which also includes three other previously identified genes, suf7, suf8, and trn1. All five members of this gene family contain introns. The suf9 and suf11 introns are 31 and 30 nt in length, respectively, and are similar but not identical in sequence to other introns within the family. The suf10 gene is identical in sequence to suf2, which was shown previously to encode proline tRNAIGG. Both members of this gene family lack introns. Alleles of suf9, suf10, and suf11 that confer frameshift suppression were also analyzed. The SUF9-1. allele results in a G→U substitution at nt position 39 in the anticodon stem. The recessive suf 11-1 allele is a double mutant containing the same nt position 39 alteration as in SUF9-1 plus a second U→A substitution at nt position 38 in the anticodon loop. The SUF10-1 suppressor mutation corresponds to a + 1G insertion in the anticodon loop. Since the nt substitutions in suf11-1 alter the sequence of the 3′ exon/intron boundary, the double mutant pre-tRNA was tested for its ability to be cleaved in vitro by tRNA-splicing endonuclease. It was found that suf11-1 pre-tRNA is cleaved with reduced efficiency at the 3′ splice junction.
Synthesis and molecular structures of titanocene, zirconocene, and uranocene dichlorides containing 1,2-di-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl ligands

Abstract The 1,2-di- tert -butylcyclopentadienyl anion ( 1 ) has been used to prepare 1,1′,2,2′-tetra- tert -butyltitanocene dichloride ( 5 ), 1,1′,2,2′-tetra- tert -butylzirconocene dichloride ( 6 ), and 1,1′,2,2′-tetra- tert -butyluranocene dichloride ( 7 ). The bent metallocene structures of 5–7 have been confirmed by X-ray crystallography, and illustrate that the 1,2-di- tert -butylcyclopentadienyl ligands are arranged with all four tert -butyl groups in the open part of the wedge between the two canted cyclopentadienyl rings, but that steric interactions between the substituents afford a conformationally dictated C 2 symmetry for the modecules. In solution compounds 5 and 6 exhibit NMR spectra consistent with a facile dynamic process involving exchange between tert -butyl sites that are inequivalent in the solid state. The nature of this site exchange is discussed, and comparisons are made with related metallocene dichlorides of Group 4 metals.
Neutral solvent/crown ether interactions 3. Reorientation of the hydrogen bonds in the low temperature (−150°C) structure of 18-crown-6·2(CH 3 NO 2 )

The title complex was crystallized from a saturated solution of 18-crown-6 in nitromethane at 5°C and cooled to −150°C prior to X-ray diffraction data collection. At −150° C 18-crown-6·2(CH3NO2) is monoclinic,P21/n witha=9.290(2),b=7.864(6),c=13.627(8) A, β=1000.84(4)° andD calc=1.31 g cm−3 for Z=2. Leastsquares refinement using 1521 independent observed reflections [F o≥5σ(F o)] led to a final conventionalR value of 0.041. The complex at −150°C is isostructural with its room temperature structure with the exception of the orientation of the methyl hydrogen atoms and their crown ether oxygen interactions. The methyl group hydrogen atoms were fully refined isotropically. The crown ether resides around a center of inversion and hasD 3d symmetry. There is one methyl hydrogen...crown interaction at 2.35(3) A, one apparently bifurcated hydrogen bond utilizing a second methyl hydrogen atom (2.55(3), 2.65(3) A) and the third hydrogen atom is actually directed away from the crown ring (closest H...O contact=2.67(3) A).
Vitamin/mineral supplement use among adolescents

Adolescence is a stage in the life cycle characterized by physiological, psychological, and social maturation. As children become adults, they experiment with nutrition practices and acquire nutrition behaviors which may persist for the rest of their lives. Vitamin/mineral supplements are frequently consumed by adults (1-3), but supplement use by adolescents is not as clearly defined. This article will 1) review the current literature on the prevalence and patterns of adolescent vitamin/mineral supplement consumption, 2) discuss adolescent nutrient intake needs in relation to supplement use, 3) review problems associated with adolescent supplement consumption, 4) examine some of the influences upon adolescent supplement consumption, 5) discuss adolescent nutrition knowledge and beliefs about vitamin/mineral supplements, and 6) consider nutrition education in relation to vitamin/mineral supplement use.
The integration of cell and chemical biology in protein folding

Eukaryotic cells are specialized, interdependent functional units of complex tissues that are composed of metabolically integrated systems defined by chemically distinct organelles that operate as reaction vessels. It is now clear that the small-molecule and polymer-based composition of these organelles plays a crucial role in generating and maintaining protein folds and functions through the systems chemistry of the local environments.
Infrared and Visible Satellite Rain Estimation. Part II: A Cloud Definition Approach

Abstract This study examines the relationships between satellite infrared clouds and rainfall, and infrared-threshold visible clouds and rainfall. Clouds are defined by the outline of the 253 K isotherm. Cloud infrared area was highly correlated with rain area (ρ = 0.85) and with volume rainrate (ρ = 0.81). It was poorly correlated with mean cloud rainrate (ρ = −0.28). One-parameter models were as effective in explaining the variance of cloud volume rainrate as multiparameter methods, due to the high correlations between visible brightness, mean cloud temperature and cloud area. An exception was found for clouds >10 000 km2, where area and temperature were uncorrelated, and mean temperature was more effective in discriminating among classes of volume rain than was cloud area. Statistical separation of five- of six-volume rain classes was achieved with mean temperature; however, the probability of occurrence of the classes effectively reduced this to a four-class problem. Due to the high correlation betwee...
Chemical reactivity of CVC and CVD SiC with UO2 at high temperatures

Abstract Two types of silicon carbide (SiC) synthesized using two different vapor deposition processes were embedded in UO2 pellets and evaluated for their potential chemical reaction with UO2. While minor reactivity between chemical-vapor-composited (CVC) SiC and UO2 was observed at comparatively low temperatures of 1100 and 1300 °C, chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) SiC did not show any such reactivity. However, both CVD and CVC SiCs showed some reaction with UO2 at a higher temperature (1500 °C). Elemental maps supported by phase maps obtained using electron backscatter diffraction indicated that CVC SiC was more reactive than CVD SiC at 1500 °C. Furthermore, this investigation indicated the formation of uranium carbides and uranium silicide chemical phases such as UC, USi2, and U3Si2 as a result of SiC reaction with UO2.
Clinician-Identified Depression in Community Settings: Concordance with Structured-Interview Diagnoses

Background: Relatively little is known about the prevalence and correlates of overdiagnosis of depression in community settings. This study examined the extent to which individuals with clinician-identified depression in the community meet the criteria for DSM-IV major depressive episodes (MDE) and characteristics of these individuals. Methods: In a sample of 5,639 participants with clinician-identified depression drawn from the 2009-2010 United States National Survey of Drug Use and Health, the proportion of participants who met the 12-month MDE criteria, ascertained by a structured interview, and variations in MDE diagnosis across different groups of participants were examined. Mental health profiles and service use of participants who met the MDE criteria were compared to those who did not meet these criteria. Results: Only 38.4% of participants with 12-month clinician-identified depression met the 12-month MDE criteria. Older adults were less likely than younger adults to meet the criteria - only 14.3% of those 65 years old or older met the criteria, whereas participants with more education and those with poorer overall health were more likely to meet the criteria. Participants who did not meet the 12-month MDE criteria reported less distress and impairment in role functioning and used fewer services. A majority of both groups, however, were prescribed and used psychiatric medications. Conclusions: Depression overdiagnosis and overtreatment is common in community settings in the USA. There is a need for improved targeting of diagnosis and treatments of depression and other mental disorders in these settings.
Submillimeter horizontal position determination using very long baseline interferometry

An analysis of interferometric phase delays from 15 years of Mark I and Mark III very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) experiments carried out with two radio telescopes in Westford, Massachusetts, about 1.24 km apart, yields weighted root-mean-square (WRMS) scatters about the mean locally horizontal coordinates of 1.0 and 2.0 mm in the north and east directions, respectively. It is concluded that VLBI antennas of at least of the structural quality of the pair in Westford satisfy a necessary but not sufficient condition for being able to maintain a global reference system with submillimeter per year accuracy for intervals in excess of a decade. These data are also used to determine an error model for the VLBI group delay measurements, and, for this particular pair of telescopes, they indicate that the WRMS difference between group and phase delays is composed of a constant part (5.4 mm, for the most recent data) and a SNR term which is about 10 percent larger than that computed theoretically.
Automatic post-processing of correlation-plane imagery

The Weapons Sciences Directorate has dedicated many years of research to the development of optical correlators for applications in automatic target tracking and recognition. A great deal of effort has been directed toward the implementation of compact optical systems, optimal filter technologies, and high frame rate modulators. This effort follows general trends in the industry to improve the quality of the correlation plane. However, relatively little attention has been directed toward automating the analysis of images obtained at the correlator's output. The existence of a reliable post processing scheme is a prerequisite to the construction of a fully automatic correlation system. The design, construction and programming of a hardware post processor has recently been completed, and preliminary tests of the device have been successful.
Subjective age bias : A motivational and information processing approach

There is broad empirical evidence, but still a lack of theoretical explanations, for the phenomenon that most older people feel considerably younger than their real age. In this article, a measurem...
Continuous requirement for pp60-Src and phospho-paxillin during fibronectin matrix assembly by transformed cells.

Fibronectin (FN) matrix assembly is an integrin-mediated process that is regulated by both the extracellular environment and intracellular signaling pathways. The activity of Src-family kinases is important for initiation of FN assembly by normal fibroblasts. Here we report that in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells, Src kinase activity is required not only for the assembly of FN matrix but also for the maintenance of FN matrix fibrils at the cell surface. Dexamethasone-induced FN fibril formation by these cells was completely blocked for at least 24 h when Src-family kinase activity was inhibited by either PP1 or SU6656. Inhibition of Src after significant matrix had already been assembled, resulted in an increased rate of loss of detergent-insoluble FN. Binding of activation-dependent integrin antibodies reveals a role for Src in maintaining integrin activity. The requirement for Src kinase activity appears to depend, in part, on phosphorylation of paxillin at tyrosine 118 (Y118). Phospho-paxillin co-localized with FN fibrils, and overexpression of GFP-paxillin but not of GFP-paxillinY118F enhanced cell-mediated assembly of FN. Our results indicate that Src maintains FN matrix at the cell surface through its effect on integrin activity and paxillin phosphorylation. J. Cell. Physiol. 210: 750–756, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Anharmonic vibrational averages for formaldehyde

Abstract In order to interpret the measured average of any physical observable in an excited vibrational state it is necessary to consider the anharmonic force field. It is convenient to use first-order perturbation theory to form the anharmonic averages and, to this end, one requires the cubic force constants in normal-coordinate space. These have been derived from two model force fields and have been used to compute the anharmonic coefficients necessary for the interpretation of measured average dipole moments in the excited states of formaldehyde.
Blood Tests to Diagnose Fibrosis or Cirrhosis in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection

This review examined evidence on the accuracy of blood tests to diagnose fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Evidence shows that platelet count, the age–platelet in...
Trends for high-performance scientific computing

Among all scientific domains, geophysics is certainly one of the most computationally demanding, with probably the broadest requirements for per-formance and scalability.
Natural structural shapes for shells of revolution in the membrane theory of shells

Natural Structural Shapes are derived for axisymmetrically loaded shells of revolution within the membrane theory of shells. The concept of natural structural shapes is based on the simultaneous minimization of the mass and the strain energy of the loaded structure, a multicriteria optimization problem with Edgeworth-Pareto optimality as the basic optimality concept. The problem is formulated as a multicriteria control problem and necessary conditions for arbitrary loading and boundary are derived. Exact and numerical results are obtained for both the case of uniform pressure and that of a ring load with zero surface loads.
The Alexandria Digital Library and the alexandria digital earth prototype

The Alexandria Digital Library, together with its follow-on -- the Alexandria Digital Earth Prototype Project -- is one of the flagship projects of the NSF/NASA/ Digital Library Initiative Uniquely among these projects, ADL is a georeferenced library i.e. a library in which the principal mode of access to information is by specifying the location of the information on the surface of the Earth. The most immediate application of this technology is in support of a library of maps, aerial photographs and remote sensing images, and ADL is now run as an operational service by UCSB's Map and Image Library, one of the largest such libraries in the US.But the longer term objective is to provide georeferenced search as an alternative way of accessing conventional libraries i.e. libraries of textual information With the aid of a natural language parser and the ADL gazetteer, the locations (lat, long) of places named in a text can be identified This functionality offers a quantum leap in information retrieval performance in the many cases in which locational information is involved For example, it becomes possible to discover documents about California, even if the name California" does not appear explicitly in the text. It also offers a foundation technology for the concept of the Digital Earth able to answer questions such as: "What information do you have about this place?The primary focus of the ADEPT project, however, is on the development of digital learning environments (DLEs) for undergraduate education There are two particularly innovative strands to this research: first the use of digital library technology to provide curated learning and teaching resources for the DLEs; and second a pedagogic approach based on an explicit concept model of the chosen field of study ADEPT has naturally chosen Geography as the experimental field of study but the approach is quite general and could be applied to any other field A first course using this approach was given at UCSB in Fall 2003".
Reliability-based optimization under random vibration environment

A methodology of formulating the optimum design problem for structural systems with random parameters and subjected to random vibration as a mathematical programming problem is presented. The proposed method is applied to the optimum design of a cantilever beam with a tip mass and a truss structure supporting a water tank. The excitations are assumed to be Gaussian processes and the geometric and material properties are taken to be normally distributed random variables. The probabilistic constraints are specified for individual failure modes since it is easier to specify the reliability level for each failure mode keeping in view the consequences of failure in that particular mode. The time parameter appearing in the random vibration based constraints is eliminated by replacing the probabilities of failure by suitable upper bounds. The numerical results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of applying the reliability-based design concepts to structures with random parameters and operating in random vibration environment.
An anytime assignment algorithm: From local task swapping to global optimality

The assignment problem arises in multi-robot task-allocation scenarios. Inspired by existing techniques that employ task exchanges between robots, this paper introduces an algorithm for solving the assignment problem that has several appealing features for online, distributed robotics applications. The method may start with any initial matching and incrementally improve the current solution to reach the global optimum, producing valid assignments at any intermediate point. It is an any-time algorithm with a performance profile that is attractive: quality improves linearly with stages (or time). Additionally, the algorithm is comparatively straightforward to implement and is efficient both theoretically (complexity of $$O(n^3\lg n)$$ O ( n 3 lg n ) is better than many widely used solvers) and practically (comparable to the fastest implementation, for up to hundreds of robots/tasks). The algorithm generalizes "swap" primitives used by existing task exchange methods already used in the robotics community but, uniquely, is able to obtain global optimality via communication with only a subset of robots during each stage. We present a centralized version of the algorithm and two decentralized variants that trade between computational and communication complexity. The centralized version turns out to be a computational improvement and reinterpretation of the little-known method of Balinski---Gomory proposed half a century ago. Thus, deeper understanding of the relationship between approximate swap-based techniques--developed by roboticists--and combinatorial optimization techniques, e.g., the Hungarian and Auction algorithms--developed by operations researchers but used extensively by roboticists--is uncovered.
Bodies of Maximum Lift-to-drag Ratio in Hypersonic Flow

Optimum shaped-bodies of maximum lift-to-drag ratio in hypersonic flow for modified Newtonian pressure distribution and constant skin friction
Approximate mapping of the two-impurity symmetric Anderson model in the local-moment regime to a classical problem

Using a path-integral formulation for the partition function the two-impurity symmetric Anderson model in the local-moment regime is mapped onto a problem of a classical four-component "Coulomb" gas interacting with a logarithmic potential. This can be viewed alternately as a problem of a general four-state spin system with inverse-square interaction in one dimension. The scaling equations for this model are derived and their implications for the properties of the Anderson model are pointed out. This mapping, although approximate, provides an explicit and physically interesting realization of a class of general $n$-state inverse-square spin systems in one dimension.
Trauma focused cognitive behavioural therapy reduces PTSD more effectively than child centred therapy in children who have been sexually abused.

Cohen JA, Deblinger E, Mannarino AP, et al . A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;43:393–402. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Q Is trauma focused cognitive behavioural therapy more effective than child centred therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in sexually abused children? ### ![Graphic][5] Design: Randomised controlled trial. ### ![Graphic][6] Allocation: Concealed. ### ![Graphic][7] Blinding: Single blinded (clinicians). ### ![Graphic][8] Follow up period: 12 weeks. ### ![Graphic][9] Setting: One metropolitan and one suburban outpatient clinic, USA; timeframe not specified. ### ![Graphic][10] Patients: 229 children aged 8–14 years with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after contact sexual abuse (DSM-IV). Exclusions: active psychotic or substance use disorder; non-English speaking; taking psychotropic medication for less than two months; parent or primary carer unwilling or unable to participate; parent or primary carer with active psychotic or substance use disorder. ### ![Graphic][11] Intervention: Children were randomised to trauma focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT; n = 114) or child centred therapy (CCT; n = 115). Treatments involved 12 weekly sessions with a trained CCT or TF-CBT therapist for each child and carer, except for three TF-CBT sessions … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2Bthe%2BAmerican%2BAcademy%2Bof%2BChild%2Band%2BAdolescent%2BPsychiatry%26rft.stitle%253DJ%2BAm%2BAcad%2BChild%2BAdolesc%2BPsychiatry%26rft.aulast%253DCohen%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D43%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D393%26rft.epage%253D402%26rft.atitle%253DA%2Bmultisite%252C%2Brandomized%2Bcontrolled%2Btrial%2Bfor%2Bchildren%2Bwith%2Bsexual%2Babuse-related%2BPTSD%2Bsymptoms.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1097%252F00004583-200404000-00005%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15187799%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1097/00004583-200404000-00005&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=15187799&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmental%2F7%2F4%2F113.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000220384300005&link_type=ISI [5]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [6]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [7]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [8]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif [9]: /embed/inline-graphic-5.gif [10]: /embed/inline-graphic-6.gif [11]: /embed/inline-graphic-7.gif
Absence of detectable X rays from supercluster candidate 4U0134—11

A CORRELATION between a small subset of high galactic latitude X-ray sources and superclusters of galaxies has been suggested1. The existence of superclusters (that is, clusters of clusters of galaxies) was first discussed in the context of optical observations2,3. A hot intrasupercluster gas could lead to detectable X-ray emission as well as provide a large fraction of the mass necessary to close the universe4. The Goddard, Space Flight Center Cosmic X-ray Spectroscopy experiment onboard Orbiting Solar Observatory 8 (OSO 8) scanned directly over the position of 4U0134—11, one of the three 4U sources associated with a supercluster. We did not observe X rays from this source with an upper limit to the source strength a factor of 6 below the catalogued Fourth Uhuru (4U) strength.
Data Mining of General Corrosion of Most Commonly Used Iron-Based Alloys Using Kohonen Mapping

This study was developed to provide an innovative methodology for designing steel alloys. Information on the general corrosion of a wide number of steel alloys in various electrolytes and environments was obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Parameters such as pH and conductivity used in each experiment (alloy in contact with an environment), along with alloy composition (from UNS number), and corrosion rates, were all collected in a single data row, or vector. To cluster by similarities, a web-based, publicly available Kohonen mapping software was used to perform the clustering analysis; Kohonen maps work by clustering together similar vectors and separating those vectors that differ. A vector was formed for each experiment for which corrosion rates were recorded; 1521 experiments were performed and each of those vectors was used to train the Kohonen Map. Once the Kohonen map is trained, each one of the cells forming the two-dimension Kohonen map will form clusters of vectors. Vectors containing similar information will be clustered together while dissimilar vectors will be clustered separately on the Kohonen map. The cells of the Kohonen map will adopt a “prototype” vector to be the representative of that cell; the prototype vector adopts the average values of all stored vectors in that cell. After the Kohonen map is trained, new vectors containing fabricated metal alloy composition (steels) and environment information can be input into the map. These new vectors, even though they do not contain corrosion rates, can be classified by the Kohonen map and entered into a cluster on the map. This methodology can be use to explore “if-then” scenarios of a new alloy in a different environment as well as obtain an expected corrosion rate of that particular alloy in that particular environment. Preliminary results of the trained Kohonen map are shown and discussed. The map results are used to explore the effects of the experiment environments and alloy composition on the general corrosion of the stainless steels.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Inhibition of Mold Growth by Butylated Hydroxyanisole

Direct addition of 200 ppm of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) inhibited growth of some species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, or Geotrichum in a Glucose Salts Broth (GSB) and of A. flavus and P. expansum in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) or applesauce. In processed cheese spread direct addition of 400 ppm BHA was required to inhibit growth of A. flavus or P. expansum, whereas the concentration necessary for inhibition of A. flavus by a BHA emulsion sprayed on the surface was decreased to 150–200 ppm. BHA was effective in GSB over a wide range of pH values and incubation temperatures against A. flavus at a concentration of 200 ppm. The antimicrobial activity against A. flavus was slightly decreased by autoclaving and A. flavus slightly overcame BHA inhibition on extended incubation. Lipid depressed the antimicrobial activity of BHA against A. flavus in GSB or PDA. A combination of 150 ppm BHA plus 0.2% potasssium sorbate gave total inhibition of growth of A. flavus in GSB.
Classical spin and its quantization

We develop a new formulation of the quantum mechanics of a relativistic fermion based on the existence of an extended set of underlying classical coordinates. We enlarge the classical theory to a superspace built out of ordinary space-time coordinates and a set of Grassmann coordinates which transform like Majorana spinors and describe a classical spin. We introduce a natural supersymmetry between the Grassmann and the space-time coordinates. We quantize the theory both canonically and via a relativistic particle-mechanics path-integral prescription. The quantization of the motion of the coordinates in the superspace gives rise to the standard Dirac structure of a relativistic quantum-mechanical particle with spin one-half.
Neuronal migration and the evolution of the human brain.

A new study demonstrating a pathway for neuronal migration in humans, but not in monkeys, suggests that migration has a key role in the evolution of the brain, as well as its development.
Thin precollision crust can explain aspects of Indo‐Asian convergence

Between 40 and 50 million years ago, the Indian and Eurasian continental plates collided, eventually forming the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau. If an average crustal thickness is assumed before the collision occurred, recent research reveals that what is left of the Eurasian and Indian plates after the collision is 30% less than what it should be—a finding that has puzzled scientists because the modern Eurasian plate is twice the normal crustal thickness in Tibet.
Event-to-event variations in the isotopic composition of neon in solar energetic particle events

Using the Solar Isotope Spectrometer on the Advanced Composition Explorer, we have measured the isotopic composition of neon at 24–72 MeV/nucleon in nine solar energetic particle events between 4 November 1997 and 16 November 1998. The ^(22)Ne/^(20)Ne ratio varies from ∼0.7 to ∼2 times the solar wind value from event to event, indicating significant mass fractionation in the acceleration and/or transport of these particles. The mass fractionation is strongly correlated with the Fe/O and Na/Mg element abundance ratios, suggesting that elemental and isotopic fractionation are both governed by the ionic charge to mass ratio.
Occurrence of sulfonylurea, sulfonamide, imidazolinone, and other herbicides in rivers, reservoirs and ground water in the Midwestern United States, 1998

Sulfonylurea (SU), sulfonamide (SA), and imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides are relatively new classes of chemical compounds that function by inhibiting the action of a plant enzyme, stopping plant growth, and eventually killing the plant. These compounds generally have low mammalian toxicity, but plants demonstrate a wide range in sensitivity to SUs, SAs, and IMIs with over a 10 000-fold difference in observed toxicity levels for some compounds. SUs, SAs, and IMIs are applied either pre- or post-emergence to crops commonly at 1/50th or less of the rate of other herbicides. Little is known about their occurrence, fate, or transport in surface water or ground water in the USA. To obtain information on the occurrence of SU, SA, and IMI herbicides in the Midwestern United States, 212 water samples were collected from 75 surface-water and 25 ground-water sites in 1998. These samples were analyzed for 16 SU, SA and IMI herbicides by USGS Methods Research and Development Program staff using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Samples were also analyzed for 47 pesticides or pesticide degradation products. At least one of the 16 SUs, SAs or IMIs was detected above the method reporting limit (MRL) of 0.01 μg/l in 83% of 130 stream samples. Imazethapyr was detected most frequently (71% of samples) followed by flumetsulam (63% of samples) and nicosulfuron (52% of samples). The sum of SU, SA and IMI concentrations exceeded 0.5 μg/l in less than 10% of stream samples. Acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine and metolachlor were all detected in 90% or more of 129 stream samples. The sum of the concentration of these five herbicides exceeded 50 μg/l in approximately 10% of stream samples. At least one SU, SA, or IMI herbicide was detected above the MRL in 24% of 25 ground-water samples and 86% of seven reservoir samples.
In Pseudomonas aeruginosa ethidium bromide does not induce its own degradation or the assembly of pumps involved in its efflux.

Abstract Xu et al. [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 305 (2003) 941] reported that, when a mutant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lacking its major multidrug efflux pump complex, MexAB–OprM, was incubated with 100 μM ethidium bromide, the fluorescence, caused by its binding to DNA following its entry into cells, decreased gradually. The authors concluded that the intracellular ethidium bromide “induced” either its degradation or its efflux through the assembly of unknown efflux pumps. We found, through quantitation of ethidium bromide by absorption spectroscopy, that the total amount of ethidium bromide in the system remained constant under these conditions, indicating the absence of its degradation. Furthermore, intracellular ethidium bromide kept increasing during the experiment, showing that the decrease of fluorescence was due to self-quenching, and that ethidium bromide is not pumped out by a newly assembled efflux system.
Optimal portfolio choice for investors with industry-specific labor income risks

Abstract We study optimal investment decisions for long-horizon investors with industry-specific labor income risks. We find that in addition to the volatility of labor income growth, the correlation between labor income and risky asset returns is another important factor that affects the optimal portfolio decisions and may provide a plausible explanation for the mixed empirical evidence of the relationship between labor income risk and portfolio holdings. Depending on its relative covariance with stock and bond returns, labor income may help resolve or deepen the asset allocation puzzle.
Parallel algorithms for multinephron renal medullary models

Abstract A multiple-nephron inner medullary model is extended to include the outer medulla. The number of solutes modeled is also increased to include osmolyte in the central compartment. Two efficient parallel algorithms are described for solving the systems of differential and algebraic equations arising in mathematical models of solute and water flow along the tubules with permeable walls. We show that both algorithms approach a perfect speedup rate when modeling a large number of nephrons.
Human colon carcinoma cells with increased invasive capacity obtained by selection for sialyl-dimeric LeX antigen.

Abstract Sialyl-dimeric Le x antigen (NeuAcα2-3Galβ1-4[Fuc-α1-3]GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4[Fucα1-3]GlcNAcβ1-R; SLX) is an oncodevelopmental carbohydrate antigen expressed both on glycolipids and on mucin-like glycoproteins in human colorectal carcinomas. The levels are higher in primary tumors at advanced stages than in tumors at early stages, and metastatic lesions contain a greater quantity of this antigen than corresponding primary tumors. To study whether this antigen influences the metastatic behavior of tumor cells, we selected SLX variant cells from the human colon carcinoma cell line KM12C using the specific monoclonal antibody FH6. We obtained two stable cell lines: a high expresser (KM12-HX) and a low expresser (KM12-LX) of this antigen. The growth rate of these cells are similar. A mucin-like glycoprotein reactive with monoclonal antibody FH6 was detected after electrophoretic separation of KM12-HX cell lysates but not of KM12-LX lysates. The degree of invasion was compared in assays in vitro using matrigel-coated filter membranes. The number of KM12-HX cells that invaded the membranes was significantly higher than KM12-LX cells.
COMMENT ON BRIDGES AND KUNSELMAN (2005)

A case is made that a clear understanding of premature mortality of Status Indians due to suicide, homicide, and motor vehicle accidents must begin with a clear idea of what the indicator, potential years of life lost before age 75 (PYLL), is, and how it was measured or calculated.
Solution‐NMR Characterization of Outer‐Membrane Protein A from E. coli in Lipid Bilayer Nanodiscs and Detergent Micelles

X-ray crystallography and solution NMR of detergent-reconstituted OmpA (outer membrane protein A from E. coli) had shown that this protein forms an eight-stranded transmembrane β-barrel, but only limited information was obtained for the extracellular loops. In NMR studies of OmpA in two different detergent micelles, "NMR-invisible" amino acid residues in-between the extracellular loops and the β-barrel prevented complete structural characterization. Here, we show that this NMR-invisible ring around the β-barrel of OmpA is also present in lipid bilayer nanodiscs and in mixed micelles with a third detergent, thus suggesting that the implicated rate processes have a functional role rather than representing an artifact of the protein reconstitution. In addition to sequence-specific NMR assignments for OmpA in the nanodiscs, the present results are based on a protocol of micro-coil TROSY- and CRINEPT-type NMR diffusion measurements for studying the hydrodynamic properties and the foldedness of [(2)H,(15)N]-labeled membrane proteins in nanodiscs. This protocol can be applied under conditions closely similar to those used for NMR structure determinations or crystallization trials.
Formation Mechanism of Carbogenic Nanoparticles with Dual Photoluminescence Emission

We present a systematic investigation of the formation mechanism of carbogenic nanoparticles (CNPs), otherwise referred to as C-dots, by following the pyrolysis of citric acid (CA)–ethanolamine (EA) precursor at different temperatures. Pyrolysis at 180 °C leads to a CNP molecular precursor with a strongly intense photoluminescence (PL) spectrum and high quantum yield formed by dehydration of CA–EA. At higher temperatures (230 °C) a carbogenic core starts forming and the PL is due to the presence of both molecular fluorophores and the carbogenic core. CNPs that exhibit mostly or exclusively PL arising from carbogenic cores are obtained at even higher temperatures (300 and 400 °C, respectively). Since the molecular fluorophores predominate at low pyrolysis temperatures while the carbogenic core starts forming at higher temperatures, the PL behavior of CNPs strongly depends on the conditions used for their synthesis.
Effects of interleukin-6 ablation on fracture healing in mice.

This study examined the impact of an interleukin-6 (IL-6) knockout on fracture healing in terms of histological and biomechanical responses. Following IACUC approval, tibial fractures were produced in 4- to 6-week-old IL-6 knockouts (n = 35) and wild-type mice (n = 36) and harvested along with contralateral limbs at 2 and 6 weeks postsurgery. Histology quantified stage of healing, lymphocyte infiltration, TRAP+ cells, and osteocalcin deposition. Bend testing established maximum load and stiffness. Based on normality assessments, Mann–Whitney U or independent t-tests were used for data analysis using a p-value threshold of 0.05. Stage of healing, lymphocyte infiltration, and osteocalcin deposition were similar for all time points (p ≥ 0.243). TRAP+ cell counts were reduced approximately 10-fold in the knockout at 2 weeks (p = 0.015) but were similar at 6 weeks (p = 0.689). Force-to-failure in knockouts was approximately 40% that of wild-type mice at 2 weeks (p = 0.040) but similar at 6 weeks (p = 0.735). Knockout bone was about 25% less stiff at 2 weeks but approximately 60% stiffer at 6 weeks (p ≥ 0.110). The absence of IL-6 during early fracture healing significantly reduced osteoclastogenesis and impaired callus strength. By 6 weeks, most histological and biomechanical parameters were similar to fractures in wild-type bone. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1437–1442, 2011
Progress on a system for measuring wide-band electromagnetic induction responses

This work presents recent progress on a system for measuring and characterizing wide-band electromagnetic induction (EMI) target responses. The problems involved in the system design are discussed and a number of measurements of discrete targets and samples of distributed targets are provided. Measurements are mapped to a wide-band model that represents a large amount of data about the EMI response of the target in a very compact form. The issues and techniques involved in this mapping are discussed. When theoretical predictions are possible, measurements show good agreement with theory.
Simultaneous Measurement of Phonons and Ionization using SiCAD s

Our group at Stanford has configured a double-sided Silicon Crystal Acoustic Detector (SiCAD) for simultaneous measurement of both phonons and ionization. This detector operates at ∼370mK and consists of Ti Transition Edge Sensors (TES), having microsecond resolution times, patterned on both sides of a 300µm thick Si wafer. Distinguishing an electron-recoil event from a nuclear-recoil event is possible due to the different partitioning of energy into phonons vs. ionization for the two types of event. This is a powerful background rejection technique for neutrino physics experiments and dark matter searches where the events of interest are nuclear-recoils. In addition, the phonon sensor is position sensitive. In particular, it determines the depth of an event and can be used to reject events occurring near the surface. This detector also allows us to refine our recent measurement of the fraction of phonon energy propagating ballistically from nuclear-recoil events1.
Inhibition of translation by IFIT family members is determined by their ability to interact selectively with the 5′-terminal regions of cap0-, cap1- and 5′ppp- mRNAs

Ribosomal recruitment of cellular mRNAs depends on binding of eIF4F to the mRNA's 5'-terminal 'cap'. The minimal 'cap0' consists of N7-methylguanosine linked to the first nucleotide via a 5'-5' triphosphate (ppp) bridge. Cap0 is further modified by 2'-O-methylation of the next two riboses, yielding 'cap1' (m7GpppNmN) and 'cap2' (m7GpppNmNm). However, some viral RNAs lack 2'-O-methylation, whereas others contain only ppp- at their 5'-end. Interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) are highly expressed effectors of innate immunity that inhibit viral replication by incompletely understood mechanisms. Here, we investigated the ability of IFIT family members to interact with cap1-, cap0- and 5'ppp- mRNAs and inhibit their translation. IFIT1 and IFIT1B showed very high affinity to cap-proximal regions of cap0-mRNAs (K1/2,app ∼9 to 23 nM). The 2'-O-methylation abrogated IFIT1/mRNA interaction, whereas IFIT1B retained the ability to bind cap1-mRNA, albeit with reduced affinity (K1/2,app ∼450 nM). The 5'-terminal regions of 5'ppp-mRNAs were recognized by IFIT5 (K1/2,app ∼400 nM). The activity of individual IFITs in inhibiting initiation on a specific mRNA was determined by their ability to interact with its 5'-terminal region: IFIT1 and IFIT1B efficiently outcompeted eIF4F and abrogated initiation on cap0-mRNAs, whereas inhibition on cap1- and 5'ppp- mRNAs by IFIT1B and IFIT5 was weaker and required higher protein concentrations.
Correlation of the biosynthesis of prostaglandin and cyclic AMP in monolayer cultures of rabbit articular chondrocytes

Abstract We have utilized ionophores to test whether stimulation of chondrocyte prostaglandin biosynthesis is accompanied by an increase in cyclic nucleotide levels in these cells. Radioimmunoassay of prostaglandin E 2 , 6-oxo-prostaglandin F 1α (the stable metabolite of prostaglandin I 2 ) and prostaglandin F 2α showed that synthesis of each was stimulated by the divalent-cation ionophore, A23187 after short-term incubation (1–7 min) in serum-free medium. No stimulation of thromboxane B 2 was detected. Two monovalent ionophores, lasalocid and monensin failed to stimulate prostaglandin biosynthesis after short-term incubation. Ionophore A23187-stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis was variably and partially inhibited by sodium meclofenamate, indomethacin and aspirin, but not by sodium salicylate. Ionophore A23187-stimulated prostaglandin biosynthesis was accompanied by a 7.5-fold increase in cyclic AMP levels after 15 min. Sodium meclofenamate, indomethacin and aspirin which inhibited prostaglandin E 2 biosynthesis also reduced cyclic AMP levels. Exogenous prostaglandin E 2 (1 μg/ml) stimulated cyclic AMP biosynthesis, which was not inhibited by aspirin. These results indicated that prostaglandins can be considered as one of the local effectors controlling cyclic AMP production in articular cartilage.
The microwave spectrum, barrier to internal rotation of the methyl group, and molecular dipole moment of 2-methyl-1-buten-3-yne

Abstract The mirowave spectrum of 2-methyl-1-buten-3-yne is recorded and the ground vibrational state spectrum is assigned by the observation of μ a and μ b type transitions. The ground state rotational constants are A = 9359.58 ± 0.02, B = 4013.52 ± 0.01, and C = 2854.80 ± 0.01, all in units of MHz. The moments of inertia show that only two hydrogen atoms are out of the molecular plane. The barrier to internal rotation of the methyl group is found to be V 3 = 2010 ± 70 cal/mole. This surprisingly low barrier is interpreted in light of a recently proposed model. The molecular dipole moment components in the principal inertial axis system are μ a = 0.448 ± 0.015 and μ b = 0.248 ± 0.01 in Debye units. The total dipole moment is orientated 29 ± 1° in a direction toward the methyl group from the a axis with a magnitude of μ = 0.513 ± 0.020 D.