cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A unified approach to form error evaluation

Abstract Evaluation of form error is a critical aspect of many manufacturing processes. Machines such as the coordinate measuring machine (CMM) often employ the technique of the least squares form fitting algorithms. While based on sound mathematical principles, it is well known that the method of least squares often overestimates the tolerance zone, causing good parts to be rejected. Many methods have been proposed in efforts to improve upon results obtained via least squares, including those, which result in the minimum zone tolerance value. However, these methods are mathematically complex and often computationally slow for cases where a large number of data points are to be evaluated. Extensive amount of data is generated where measurement equipment such as laser scanners are used for inspection, as well as in reverse engineering applications. In this report, a unified linear approximation technique is introduced for use in evaluating the forms of straightness, flatness, circularity, and cylindricity. Non-linear equation for each form is linearized using Taylor expansion, then solved as a linear program using software written in C++ language. Examples are taken from the literature as well as from data collected on a coordinate measuring machine for comparison with least squares and minimum zone results. For all examples, the new formulations are found to equal or better than the least squares results and provide a good approximation to the minimum zone tolerance.
Application of Fuzzy Adaptive Networks in Manufacturing: Waviness Removal in Grinding of Wire-Sawn Silicon Wafers

Silicon is the primary semiconductor material used to fabricate microchips. The quality of microchips depends directly on the quality of the starting silicon wafers. One of the manufacturing problems in the manufacturing of silicon wafers is the presence of waviness on the surface as a result of wire-sawn slicing. To reduce this waviness, soft-pad grinding, a patented method, is used. Many factors influence the waviness reduction capacity during soft-pad grinding. The method of finite element analysis has been used to analyze the various factors. However, the grinding process is very complicated, the various factors are very vague and difficult to define. In this research, the recently developed fuzzy-neural adaptive network, which is ideally suited for the modeling of vague phenomenon, is used to model and to improve this waviness problem. To illustrate the usefulness of the approach, the process is modeled based on simulation data. The results, even though based on some very limited data, illustrate the influences of the various factors clearly.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Evaluation system for a digital still camera

We describe in this paper an evaluation system for completely characterizing a digital still camera developed at our laboratory. The CCD sensor array of the camera was first used to assess the modulation transfer function of the lens system, the calibrated lens was then used to measure the single-chip color CCD sensor array. Accordingly, performance of the complete camera system can be evaluated as a whole. Measurements performed on this imaging system include dynamic range, signal to noise ratio, modulation transfer function and contrast transfer function of the lens as well as the CCD. With the help of a standard color test plate and prior knowledge about the spectral distributions, spectral response of the color filters coated on the CCD were computed approximately. The results of our experiments were compared with the data sheet provided and the theoretical calculation. The apparatuses needed for measuring the entire imaging system include only calibrated light source and standard test patterns, while the data access subsystem was part of the digital camera and the mathematical analyzing tools are developed on a personal computer. Consequently, system design was simplified and the evaluation process was made more efficient and cost effective.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Intra-Industry Trade And Strategic Trade Police In The Presence of Public Firms

The literature on intra-industry trade and strategic trade policy has always considered only profit-maximizing private firms being active in international trade. This paper incorporates state-owned public firms in the context of intra-industry trade. The existence of welfare-maximizing public firms significantly affects intra-industry trade and strategic trade policy. Compared to when both firms are private, the existence of public firms lowers optimal tariffs and subsidies, but also lowers the total volume of trade between the two countries. The lower volume of trade, however, does not translate into lower levels of welfare for the trading countries. [F12, F13, D43, L32]
A conceptual framework and a heuristic program for the credit-assignment problem

The task of credit assignment is interpreted as the ability of a system to: identify and distinguish strategy components; associated with such components, in different regions of the domain of confrontation, good and poor outcomes of a sequence of actions prescribed by the strategy; improve the boundaries of these regions in minimizing the errors of misclassification of strategy actions; estimate the overall quality of a strategy; and provide information for a metastrategy that shifts the domain of confrontation to those regions in which the strategy studied is most proficient and thereby raises the effective quality of the strategy. The program QO-4, the fourth module of the large system QA (the quasi-optimizer) which can accomplish the above tasks within certain limitations, is described.
Using a Chandra Source-Finding Algorithm to Automatically Identify Solar X-ray Bright Points

We describe adapting a method that is used to find point sources in Chandra X-ray telescope data for use in finding solar X-ray bright points. The algorithm allows selected pixels to be excluded from the source-finding, thus excluding saturated pixels (from flares and/or active regions). For Chandra data the noise is determined by photon-counting statistics, whereas solar telescopes typically integrate a flux. Thus, the calculated signal-to-noise ratio is incorrect, but we find that we can scale the number to get reasonable results. We compare our source-finding to previous Yohkoh results and find a similar number of bright points. Finally, we analyze three sets of data from Hinode, representing different parts of the decline to minimum of the solar cycle. Although these preliminary results are based on a small sample, we see no dependence on the solar cycle.
Solid Phase Reactions for Derivatization in Hplc (HPLC-SPR)

Abstract As in all other forms of chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has come to rely quite heavily on derivatization of individual analytes for improved qualitative and quantitative identifications (1–13). Virtually all of this work has involved the use of homogeneous type derivatizations, wherein the sample solution to be injected, in the pre-column approach, or the HPLC effluent, in the post-column approach, are fully mixed with the derivatization reagents in solution. Clearly, homogeneous type derivatizations can be done off-line or on-line, in either the pre-or post-column modes, but in general, pre-column methods have been done offline, and post-column approaches have been done both on-line and off-line. Online type derivatizations, in either the pre-or post-column modes, appear to offer some very significant advantages. Major among these is the ability to perform derivatization-separation-detection or separation-derivatization-detection following injection of the sample m...
Apparatus for studying water-relations in potted plants

The apparatus here described was developed to obtain information on the flow and distribution of water in soil as effected by the moisture-absorption of plant-roots. It was desired also to obtain information on the operating characteristics of double-walled irrigators which were developed for the purpose of securing automatic control of soil-moisture for potted plants. Apparatus and experimental procedure—The essential details of the apparatus are snown in Figure 1. The irrigator-pot was suspended from a scale-beam and a pen attached to an extension of the beam was used to give a continuous record of the weight of pot. The 200-pound capacity scale-beam gave a pen-deflection of 0.67 cm for a change of ten grams in weight of pot and chart-errors due to friction-effects were less than one 0.1 cm. Shifting the small weight on the scale-beam provided a convenient means for checking the deflections-sensitivity and for bringing the recording pen back onto the 9-cm range of the disc-chart. The soil-cavity of the pot was 10 inches in diameter at the top and 14 inches deep and the cut-away section i n Figure 1 shows the double-walled construction. Two spouts were provided a t the top of the pot for making water-connections. A glass air-trap was attached to one o f these to provide visual indication that the interwall-cavity remained completely filled with water. The section-view AA shows how the supply-water connection to the other spout was made with flexible tubing on the fulcrum-axis of the scale-beam.
Spontaneous recanalization of the esophagus after exclusion using nonabsorbable staples

Perforations of the thoracic esophagus can be fatal unless diagnosed promptly and treated effectively. Two patients in whom primary repair was not feasible were treated by esophageal exclusion and diversion using nonabsorbable stapling devices. Both patients had spontaneous recanalization of the esophagus without leakage or stricture formation. We conclude that nonabsorbable staples can be used safely to achieve effective esophageal exclusion, thereby allowing complete healing of the perforation. Furthermore, use of this technique may eliminate the necessity for another major procedure to reestablish esophageal continuity.
Materials science applications of inelastic neutron scattering

Inelastic neutron scattering measures the dynamical processes in materials, as opposed to spatial arrangements of atoms. A neutron diffraction pattern is obtained from measurements of the momentum transfer between the neutron and the sample. Inelastic neutron scattering includes the additional dimension of energy. This paper explains concepts, describes instrumentation, and gives a few materials applications for inelastic neutron scattering.
The SLC39 family of metal ion transporters

SLC39 proteins are members of the broader ZIP family of metal ion transporters found in organisms at all phylogenetic levels. Most ZIP transporters have eight predicted transmembrane domains and a similar predicted topology. Their biochemical mechanism(s) of substrate transport are not yet known. Where characterized, these proteins have been found to transport metal ions from the cell exterior or lumen of intracellular organelles into the cytoplasm. Furthermore, members of the ZIP family have been implicated in the transport of zinc, iron, and/or manganese indicating that these proteins have diverse functions. There are 14 SLC39-related proteins encoded by the human genome. Studies of SLC39A1, SLC39A2, and SLC39A4, encoding the proteins hZip1, hZip2, and hZip4, have indicated roles in zinc uptake across the plasma membrane of various cell types. Genetic studies have specifically implicated SLC39A4 in the uptake of dietary zinc into intestinal enterocytes. Mutations in SLC39A4 have been identified in patients with acrodermatitis enteropathica, a genetic disease of zinc deficiency.
CLIP: A Checkpointing Tool for Message Passing Parallel Programs

Checkpointing is a useful technique for rollback recovery of parallel applications. While extensive research has been performed on checkpointing in parallel environments, there are few checkpointers available to application users on commercial parallel computers. This paper presents one such checkpointer: CLIP. CLIP is a user-level library that provides semi-transparent check-pointing for parallel programs on the Intel Paragon multicomputer. It is publicly available to Paragon users at no cost.Conceptually, checkpointing a multicomputer is quite straightforward. However, when creating an actual tool for checkpointing a complex machine like the Paragon, many more issues arise that require careful design decisions to be made. Sometimes ease-of-use must be sacrificed for efficiency and/or correctness. This paper details what these decisions are, and how they were made in CLIP.We also present performance data when checkpointing several long-running Paragon applications with CLIP. The bottom line is that a convenient, general-purpose checkpointing tool like CLIP can provide fault-tolerance on a massively parallel multicomputer like the Paragon with very good performance.
Aberrations Of Grazing Incidence Systems And Their Reduction Or Toleration

Paraboloidal mirrors used at grazing incidence have come into widespread use as components of astronomical x-ray imaging systems (Wolter lenses). Although grazing incidence paraboloids by themselves have extremely narrow fields of view that are free of aberrations, if precise imaging is not required they are most useful as collimators and objectives for radiometric purposes. A recent design for the optics of a storage ring beam line grating/crystal (G/C) monochromator (1) uses two paraboloidal mirrors at small glancing angles (2°). One mirror is a collimator that provides parallel radiation for the G/C monochromator and the other is an objective that images the monochromatic beam at the exit slit. This optical system is designed to accept 6 mrad parallel to the orbital plane (horizontal) of the storage ring from a source approximately 1 mm x 0.5 mm, and to have a resolving power of 2000 or larger. Ray tracings showed that, under certain conditions, the system faithfully images the source. However, the imaging fidelity is wavelength dependent, when gratings are used in the monochromator, for reasons not immediately obvious. This paper investigates the aberrations of the beam line optical system to assess their effect on the image and to learn to what limits the horizontal acceptance angle can be increased without undue distortion of the slit image and serious impairment of the resolving power.
A Supersymmetric regulator

Abstract The method of nonlocal regularization is applied to a simple, globally supersymmetric model. What results is a regulated theory which is perturbatively unitary and retains invariance under supersymmetry.
An overview of attention: behavior and brain.

Abstract:The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of attention as it has been studied in the field of psychology. Broad themes in terms of theory are highlighted, focusing on concepts of attentional resources and attentional effort. In addition, a functional approach to understanding att
Effects of retinal eccentricity and acuity on global-motion processing

The present study assessed direction discrimination with moving random-dot cinematograms at retinal eccentricities of 0, 8, 22, and 40 deg. In addition, Landolt-C acuity was assessed at these eccentricities to determine whether changes in motion discrimination performance covaried with acuity in the retinal periphery. The results of the experiment indicated that discrimination thresholds increased with retinal eccentricity and directional variance (noise), independent of acuity. Psychophysical modeling indicated that the results for eccentricity and noise could be explained by an increase in channel bandwidth and an increase in internal multiplicative noise.
The 11B/10B Ratio of Local Interstellar Diffuse Clouds*

The isotopic ratio 11B/10B of gas in diffuse interstellar clouds toward ? Oph, ? Ori, and ? Sco is measured using HST/Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph echelle spectra of the B II 1362 ? line. To within the errors of measurement, the three lines of sight give identical results for a mean value of 11B/10B = 3.4 ? 0.7, a value quite similar to the solar system ratio of 4.05. These results show that the latter value is not highly anomalous and that a ratio higher than 2.5, as predicted for boron produced from spallation reactions controlled by high-energy cosmic rays, most probably requires a general explanation. The observed ratio is consistent with additional boron production either by spallation by low-energy (Orion) cosmic rays or by neutrino-induced spallation of carbon in Type II supernovae. The total abundance of B in the diffuse clouds is a factor of 5 less than the meteoritic value. This depletion of B is consistent with that found for Cu and Ga, two elements with a condensation temperature similar to B.
Dual and Multiple Diagnosis Among Substance Using Runaway Youth

Although research on runaway and homeless youth is increasing, relatively little is known about the diagnostic profile of runaway adolescents. The current study examined patterns of psychiatric dual and multiple diagnosis among a sample (N=226) of treatment-engaged substance-abusing youth (ages 13 to 17) who were residing at a runaway shelter. As part of a larger treatment outcome study, the youths' psychiatric status was assessed using the DSM-IV based computerized diagnostic interview schedule for children [CDISC; (1)]. The majority of the youth in our sample met criteria for dual or multiple diagnosis (60%) with many having more than one substance-use diagnosis (56%). The severity of mental-health and substance-use problems in this sample of substance-abusing runaways suggests the need for continued development of comprehensive services. The range and intensity of diagnoses seen indicates a need for greater focus on treatment development and strategies to address their multiple areas of risk.
Falling Off Track during the Transition to High School: What We Know and What Can Be Done

Ninth grade, observes Ruth Curran Neild, marks a critical juncture in American schooling. Students who manage the academic demands of the transition to high school have a high probability of graduating four years later. But those who do not-who fail to earn as many credits as they should during ninth grade-face a substantially elevated risk of dropping out of high school. Neild examines four theories about why ninth grade poses difficulties for some students. The first is that ninth grade coincides with life-course changes, such as reduced parental supervision and increased peer influence. The second is that in moving to a new school, students must break the bonds they have formed with their middle-school teachers and peers. The third is that some students are inadequately prepared for high school. The final theory is that the organization of some high schools is itself a major source of students' difficulty. Each theory, says Neild, suggests a particular type of policy response. The strongest evidence, observes Neild, points to inadequate preparation for high school and the organization of high schools. Reform efforts thus far have tended to address high school organization, with or without a focus on instructional quality or helping students to catch up on academic skills. Evaluations of these reforms, says Neild, suggest that both school organization and instructional improvement are necessary to keep ninth graders on track to graduation. Neild notes that school districts and state departments of education also are addressing the problem. In addition to supporting comprehensive school reform with a focus on ninth graders, districts have created accountability indicators of how well high schools are keeping ninth graders on track. States are helping districts to develop their capacity to maintain and analyze data on ninth-grade progress, including "early warning indicator systems" that identify students who are falling off track to graduation.
Roles of VP4 and NSP1 in Determining the Distinctive Replication Capacities of Simian Rotavirus RRV and Bovine Rotavirus UK in the Mouse Biliary Tract

Rotavirus replication and virulence are strongly influenced by virus strain and host species. The rotavirus proteins VP3, VP4, VP7, NSP1, and NSP4 have all been implicated in strain and species restriction of replication; however, the mechanisms have not been fully determined. Simian (RRV) and bovine (UK) rotaviruses have distinctive replication capacities in mouse extraintestinal organs such as the biliary tract. Using reassortants between UK and RRV, we previously demonstrated that the differential replication of these viruses in mouse embryonic fibroblasts is determined by the respective NSP1 proteins, which differ substantially in their abilities to degrade interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and suppress the type I IFN response. In this study, we used an in vivo model of rotavirus infection of mouse gallbladder with UK × RRV reassortants to study the genetic and mechanistic basis of systemic rotavirus replication. We found that the low-replication phenotype of UK in biliary tissues was conferred by UK VP4 and that the high-replication phenotype of RRV was conferred by RRV VP4 and NSP1. Viruses with RRV VP4 entered cultured mouse cholangiocytes more efficiently than did those with UK VP4. Reassortants with RRV VP4 and UK NSP1 genes induced high levels of expression of IRF3-dependent p54 in biliary tissues, and their replication was increased 3-fold in IFN-α/β and -γ receptor or STAT1 knockout (KO) mice compared to wild-type mice. Our data indicate that systemic rotavirus strain-specific replication in the murine biliary tract is determined by both viral entry mediated by VP4 and viral antagonism of the host innate immune response mediated by NSP1.
Karyotypic evolution in Aotus.

Great karyotypic diversity exists within the platyrrhine genus Aotus. Primarily by comparing banded karyograms of different forms of Aotus, the pattern of karyotypic evolution can be assessed. Out-group comparisons are used to establish primitive and derived states of particular chromosomes, and a parsimonious cladogram is constructed. Other karyotypic changes are then positioned at appropriate nodes of the cladogram. The resulting phylogenetic hypothesis is entirely self-consistent, is in accord with out-group comparisons, does not invoke hybridization between ancestral forms, and, importantly, indicates a single origin for each rearrangement of euchromatic segments. Moreover, it is consistent with the hypothesis, derived from pelage studies, that the more southerly Aotus taxa constitute a holophyletic group. The reconstructed ancestral karyotype had a diploid number of 54. There has been little loss of euchromatic material during Aotus evolution.
Dual constant composition kinetics characterization of apatitic surfaces

The use of calcium phosphate phases as implant materials in forms such as ceramic hydroxyapatite (CHAP) and hydroxyapatite plasma-coated implants (HPCTI) as well as the synthetic phases is now quite well established. Although conventional physical chemical characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction may indicate the exclusive presence of hydroxyapatite (HAP), there is little doubt that other calcium-containing surface impurities play important roles in the initial reactions that take place when such materials are brought into contact with aqueous phases. These surface impurities usually dissolve rapidly with the release of excess calcium and hydroxide ions. Based on the constant composition (CC) method, the dual constant composition (DCC) approach has been developed for investigating the dissolution kinetics behavior of these apatitic materials in an attempt to characterize and modify the surfaces, and possibly to predict their behavior when placed in vivo. The results of this study confirm the presence of highly reactive heterogeneous calcium-containing phases on the surface of materials such as CHAP and HPCTI, as evidenced by the release of appreciable amounts of calcium and hydroxyl ions upon introduction of these surfaces in saline solutions. Furthermore, these calcium phosphate phases exhibited a unique dissolution behavior when compared with synthetically prepared phases such as HAP and beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP), as suggested by the observation that they dissolve in solutions supersaturated with respect to HAP.
Path resolution by coherent averaging: trading spatial and temporal degrees of freedom

The multipath passive location problem with wideband source signal is considered. Spatio temporally based high resolution algorithms are presented that assume no knowledge of the second order statistics of the emitted signal. With these methods, the restriction on the size of the receiving aperture commonly imposed by spatial-only high resolution algorithms is substituted by a global condition on the total number of spatial and temporal degrees of freedom. This approach shows that the frequency contents of the emitted signal are effectively used to compensate for the eventual deficiency in the number of available sensors, extending the number of detectable paths for an array of a given size. >
Contributions of Public Health to Caregiving

Health is a concern of every American. As a large portion of the US population ages (Giguere, Minneapolis–St. Paul Star Tribune, 2007; Kausler and Kausler, The graying of America: An encyclopedia of aging, health, mind, and behavior, 2001), the avoidance of illness and disease is increasingly viewed as both desirable and obtainable for the majority of the population. Middle and old age, viewed through the lenses of a generation of aging individuals who consider all things to be possible, have been psychologically transformed from the stereotypical view as a time to wind down and prepare for life’s end to a time of enrichment and opportunity for new experiences and adventures. As life spans lengthen for most individuals (U.S. Census Bureau, 65+ in the United States: 2005 (pp. 23–209), 2005, Census bureau estimates number of adults, older people and school-age children in states, 2006, Facts for features: Older Americans month: May 2006 , 2006), concerns about the quality of life become paramount. A public health model supports this shift by calling for not only disease prevention, but also health promotion (CDC, About CDC: Our story, 2007).
Online logistic regression on manifolds

This paper describes a new method for online logistic regression when the feature vectors lie close to a low-dimensional manifold and when observations of the feature vectors may be noisy or have missing elements. The new method exploits the low-dimensional structure of the feature vector, finds a multi-scale union of linear subsets that approximates the manifold, and performs online logistic regression separately on each subset. The union of subsets enables better performance in the face of noisy and missing data, and offsets challenges associated with the curse of dimensionality. The effectiveness of the proposed method in predicting correct labels of the data and in adapting to slowly time-varying manifolds are demonstrated using numerical examples and real data.
Conversations About Death: Talking to Residents in Independent, Assisted, and Long-Term Care Settings

The purpose of the present study was to begin to understand/conceptualize how older adults in three different levels of care think about death. Based on the recommendations of facility administrators, participants were chosen and 17 face-to-face semistructured interviews were conducted with older adults residing in independent, assisted and long-term care settings. Utilizing a qualitative method, this study allowed the respondents to tell their own stories about death. Analysis of the data yielded the following themes that were presented: acceptance of death, talk of the afterlife, impact of living situation and talk of suicide. Respondents talked of acceptance and little fear, mixed notions of the afterlife, the importance of place of residence, and the salience of suicide as an issue. Practice implications for clinicians involved in end-of-life care and study limitations are presented.
“Taking the waters”—springs, wells, and spas

[O]ne of the deepest and most enduring preoccupations, both of the sick and of the medical profession, from the baths of antiquity through to the Victorian deluge of “hydros,” has been water. . . . the pernicious potential of standing waters, humid vapors, excessive rainfall, pestilential miasmatic fogs, and subterranean aqueous abysses . . . the curative powers of water . . . engendering ferocious local disputes as to the desirable mineral constituents of particular healing springs, wells, streams, and spas. . .(1)
Genetic exchange and the origin of adaptations: prokaryotes to primates

Data supporting the occurrence of adaptive trait transfer (i.e. the transfer of genes and thus the phenotype of an adaptive trait through viral recombination, lateral gene transfer or introgressive hybridization) are provided in this review. Specifically, we discuss examples of lateral gene transfer and introgressive hybridization that have resulted in the transfer or de novo origin of adaptations. The evolutionary clades in which this process has been identified include all types of organisms. However, we restrict our discussion to bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Each of these examples reflects the same consequence, namely that the transfer of genetic material, through whatever mechanism, may result in adaptive evolution. In particular, each of the events discussed has been inferred to impact adaptations to novel environmental settings in the recipient lineage.
Recognition of Nutrition Intake Using Time-Frequency Decomposition in a Wearable Necklace Using a Piezoelectric Sensor

Food intake levels, hydration, ingestion rate, and dietary choices are all factors known to impact the risk of obesity. This paper presents a novel wearable system in the form of a necklace, which aggregates data from an embedded piezoelectric sensor capable of detecting skin motion in the lower trachea during ingestion. The skin motion produces an output voltage with varying frequencies over time. As a result, we propose an algorithm based on time-frequency decomposition, spectrogram analysis of piezoelectric sensor signals, to accurately distinguish between food types, such as liquid and solid, hot and cold drinks, and hard and soft foods. The necklace transmits data to a smartphone, which performs the processing of the signals, classifies the food type, and provides visual feedback to the user to assist the user in monitoring their eating habits over time. We compare our spectrogram analysis with other time-frequency features, such as matching pursuit and wavelets. Experimental results demonstrate promise in using time-frequency features, with high accuracy of distinguishing between food categories using spectrogram analysis and extracting key features representative of the unique swallow patterns of various foods.
Spatial Frames of Reference Used in Identifying Direction of Movement: An Unexpected Turn

Despite extensive interest in the role of frames of reference in spatial representation, there is little consensus regarding the cognitive effort associated with various reference systems and the cognitive costs (if any) involved in switching from one frame of reference to another. Relevant to these issues an experiment was conducted in which accuracy and response latency data were collected in a task in which observers verified the direction of turns made by a model car in a mock city in terms of four different spatial frames of reference: fixed-observer (relative-egocentric), fixed-environmental object (intrinsic-fixed), mobile object (intrinsic-mobile), and cardinal directions (absolute-global). Results showed that frames of reference could be differentiated on the basis of response accuracy and latency. In addition, no cognitive costs were observed in terms of accuracy or latency when the frames of reference switched between fixed-observer vs. global frames of reference or between mobile object and fixed environmental object frames of reference. Instead, a distinct performance advantage was observed when frames of reference were changed. This unexpected result is attributed to a phenomenon analogous to release from proactive inhibition.
Classification of Buried Targets Using Ground Penetrating Radar: Comparison Between Genetic Programming and Neural Networks

The detection and classification of buried targets such as unexploded ordnance (UXO) using ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology involves complex qualitative features and 2-D scattering images. These processes are often performed by human operators and are thus subject to error and bias. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, such as neural networks (NN) and fuzzy systems, have been applied to develop autonomous classification algorithms and have shown promising results. Genetic programming (GP), a relatively new AI method, has also been examined for these classification purposes. In this letter, the results of a comparison between the classification performances of NN versus the GP techniques for GPR UXO data are presented. Simulated 2-D scattering patterns from one UXO target and four non-UXO objects are used in this comparison. Different levels of noise and cases of untrained data are also examined. Obtained results show that GP provides better performance than NN methods with increasing problem difficulty. Genetic programming also showed robustness to untrained data as well as an inherent capability of providing global optimal searching, which could minimize efforts on training processes.
Host Plant Choice Experiments of Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Virginia

Field and laboratory-choice experiments were conducted to understand aspects of host plant orientation by the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in Virginia. In laboratory bioassays, L. decemlineata oriented to volatiles emitted by potato, Solanum tuberosum L., foliage over both tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum L., and eggplant, Solanum melongena L., foliage, and eggplant over tomato foliage, all of which had been mechanically damaged. Field choice tests revealed more L. decemlineata adults, larvae, and egg masses on eggplant than on tomato. In other experiments, counts of live L. decemlineata on untreated paired plants and counts of dead beetles on imidacloprid-treated plants did not differ between potato and eggplant. L. decemlineata was significantly attracted to eggplant over both tomato and pepper. To determine whether feeding adults affected orientation to host plants, an imidacloprid-treated eggplant or potato plant was paired with an untreated eggplant or potato plant covered in a mesh bag containing two adult male beetles. Significantly more adults were attracted to eggplant with feeding male beetles paired with another eggplant than any other treatment combination. These results indicate that the presence of male L. decemlineata on plants affects host plant orientation and suggests that the male-produced aggregation pheromone may be involved.
Diurnal changes and adaptation by the liver of hamsters to an atherogenic diet

Studies were performed in freely feeding, male (F1B) Syrian hamsters fed a high-fat diet to determine the extent and manner of adaptation of the liver to diurnal changes in eating patterns and an increase in serum lipids. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides strongly paralleled changes in food consumption and were 40-50% greater during the 12-h dark period than the 12-h light period of the diurnal cycle. Hepatic cholesterol changes closely approximated changes in serum cholesterol (r = 0.916) due principally to changes in hepatic cholesteryl esters that were on average about 10-fold greater with the high-fat diet than with a chow diet. With the high-fat diet, hepatic cholesteryl esters were, however, extremely variable and were 40% greater at the mid-dark than at the mid-light period. With high fat there was also a marked increase in the secretion of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) from the liver that were cholesteryl ester rich and closely paralleled the diurnal changes in hepatic cholesteryl esters (r = 0.911). In contrast, although with a high-fat diet biliary cholesterol secretion was increased, the increase in cholesterol in bile exhibited no diurnal pattern and with the high-fat diet was far less in magnitude than the increase of cholesterol in VLDL. Biliary cholesterol secretion is dependent on bile acid secretion. However, with the high-fat diet, neither the bile acid pool size nor bile acid secretion was increased compared with chow-fed controls. Moreover, with high fat at mid-dark period, bile acid secretion was significantly less than controls at mid-dark period. Thus in these hamsters a high-fat diet produced a marked increase in serum cholesterol that was distinctly diurnal and was compensated for by a diurnal increase in hepatic cholesteryl ester stores and the secretion of cholesteryl esters in VLDL. In contrast, cholesterol secretion in bile did not correspond to the fluctuating changes of cholesterol in the liver and was far less in magnitude than would be necessary to reduce a greatly expanded pool of hepatic cholesterol.
Comprehensive genetic testing identifies targetable genomic alterations in most patients with non-small cell lung cancer, specifically adenocarcinoma, single institute investigation

This study reviews extensive genetic analysis in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in order to: describe how targetable mutation genes interrelate with the genes identified as variants of unknown significance; assess the percentage of patients with a potentially targetable genetic alterations; evaluate the percentage of patients who had concurrent alterations, previously considered to be mutually exclusive; and characterize the molecular subset of KRAS. Thoracic Oncology Research Program Databases at the University of Chicago provided patient demographics, pathology, and results of genetic testing. 364 patients including 289 adenocarcinoma underwent genotype testing by various platforms such as FoundationOne, Caris Molecular Intelligence, and Response Genetics Inc. For the entire adenocarcinoma cohort, 25% of patients were African Americans; 90% of KRAS mutations were detected in smokers, including current and former smokers; 46% of EGFR and 61% of ALK alterations were detected in never smokers. 99.4% of patients, whose samples were analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS), had genetic alterations identified with an average of 10.8 alterations/tumor throughout different tumor subtypes. However, mutations were not mutually exclusive. NGS in this study identified potentially targetable genetic alterations in the majority of patients tested, detected concurrent alterations and provided information on variants of unknown significance at this time but potentially targetable in the future.
Impairment of Net Synthesis of Glutathione in Mouse Liver After Tourniquet Trauma.

SummaryNet glutathione synthesis, occurring in mouse liver after S35-L-cysteine administration, was estimated for mice with liver GSH previously depleted by use of bromobenzene or trauma. Evidence was secured that glutathione synthesis was impaired by trauma but not by bromobenzene, and that the trauma impairment was likely due to decreased capability of the liver to synthesize GSH rather than to lack of substrate.
Nucleic acid metabolism of bone marrow and spleen. I. Normal values and effect of sodium pentobarbital.

Summary(1) Normal values are presented for the desoxyribose nucleic acid phosphorus and ribose nucleic acid phosphorus as well as the rate of uptake of P32 by the DNA and RNA in the bone marrow and spleen of adult rats. (2) Anesthetic doses of sodium pentobarbital were found to produce a significant decrease in the relative rate of formation of DNA in the bone marrow and spleen during a period of 5 1/2 hours. (3) The significance of these observations is discussed.
From Habitat II to Pachamama: a growing agenda and diminishing expectations for Habitat III

Preparations for the upcoming United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) in Quito in October 2016 have included a wide range of meetings and work on a negotiated outcome document entitled “The New Urban Agenda”. This is intended to present a global consensus on the significance and challenges of human settlements, as well as a Global Plan of Action. What can reasonably be expected from these activities? Will a meaningful and substantively appropriate “new urban agenda” emerge from the discussions? If so, what is the likelihood that it can actually be implemented? Or is all this activity and expense a waste of time and human energy? This article examines the results of the Habitat I and Habitat II conferences, the weakness of the associated monitoring and evaluation, and the changing dynamics of human settlements since 1996. It provides a forward-looking assessment of both the likely results of Habitat III and the issues to be faced subsequently.
Validation of the AIRS Radiative Transfer Algorithm

This paper presents comparisons between observed AQUA-AIRS spectra and spectra computed from the European Center for Medium Range Forecasting (ECMWF) numerical weather prediction model fields.
Mexican-origin parents' latent occupational profiles: Associations with parent-youth relationships and youth aspirations

This study used an ecological, person-centered approach to identify subgroups of families who had similar profiles across multiple dimensions of Mexican-origin mothers' and fathers' occupational characteristics (i.e., self-direction, hazardous conditions, physical activity) and to relate these subgroups to families' sociocultural characteristics and youth adjustment. The study included 160 dual-earner Mexican-origin families from the urban Southwest. Mothers' and fathers' objective work characteristics and families' sociocultural characteristics were assessed when youth were in early to middle adolescence; adjustment was assessed during late adolescence and early adulthood for 2 offspring in each family. A latent profile analysis identified 3 profiles that evidenced distinct patterns of occupational characteristics: a differentiated high physical activity profile characterized by high levels of physical activity and low levels of self-direction; an incongruent profile characterized by large differences between parents on self-direction, hazards, and physical activity; and a congruent highly self-directed profile characterized by congruence across parents on occupational characteristics. These profiles were linked to sociocultural characteristics (i.e., family income, educational attainment, and acculturation) and to relational adjustment (i.e., mother- and father-youth conflict, father warmth) and educational aspirations. Results are discussed with respect to implications of parents' work for youths' future family relationships and attainment.
Chapter 11 – High-Order Models

The macroscopic traffic flow models discussed so far, including both analytical and numerical models, have been focused on the LWR model and its variants, the so-called first-order models. At the center of these models is mass or vehicle conservation, which can be mathematically expressed as a first-order partial differential equation. In addition, the LWR model assumes a functional relationship between flow and density, which is captured in equilibrium models. This chapter introduces high-order models, which differ from first-order models in a number of ways. For example, the equilibrium relationship can be relaxed by the incorporation of dynamic effects of driver behavior. Further, an equation for momentum conservation can be introduced in addition to one for mass conservation, and one may further consider energy conservation in addition to the above two forms of conservation.
Clinical Value of Gene Detection in Early Diagnosis of Sepsis in Neonates

Objective To analyze the clinical value of 16S rRNA gene in early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis and find out a rapid and accurate assay to diagnose it.Methods A universal primer was synthesized based on the highly conserved sequences of bacterial 16S rRNA gene,37 strains of common pathogenic bacterium were amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and the result was observed with agorose gel electrophoresis.The specifity and sensitivity of the PCR were tested.Next,blood speciments from 106 cases of suspected sepsis were cultured and DNA isolated from these speciments was amplified by PCR also,C reactive protein,blood routine and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were detected,and compaired with 20 non-infected cases.Results The positive fragment with length of 371 bp were amplified from all strains.The primer could only amplify bacteria no cross reaction with human DNA and viruses DNA,and its sensitivity could be improved to 104CFU·L-1.Of 106 speciments with suspected bacterial,15 cases were positive on blood culture and 36 cases on PCR.The positive rate of PCR was significantly higher than that of blood culture(P0.005),while 20 specimens of non-infected infants were all negative on PCR.The sensitivity,specifity and diagnosis index of PCR were 82.93%,96.92% and 179.85,respectively,which were superior to blood culture and non-specific criteria.The time of PCR spent only for 6-8 h,improving the extracting technique of DNA,it could be 4-6 h.Conclusions 16S rDNA amplified by PCR can be used to detect the pathogenic bacteria in specimens rapidly.It has higher sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.
Head and Neck Cancer: A General Overview

In 1987 the American Cancer Society estimates there will be 41 900 cases of head and neck cancer in the United States alone (Silverberg and Lubera 1987). There will be approximately 13 200 deaths due to these malignancies. While tumors of the head and neck are uncommon compared to those arising in the lung, breast, prostate gland, or gastrointestinal tract, their diagnosis and treatment constitutes a major medical management problem. The majority of head and neck cancers are squamous cell in histology and are associated with the twin risk factors of tobacco and ethanol abuse. They generally occur in patients in the lower socioeconomic strata and such persons often wait until the tumors are quite advanced before seeking medical attention. These patients may have a marginal existence at best and often cannot cope with the cosmetic deformities of surgery and/or the rigors of radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Teacher Characteristics and Productivity: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Teacher Mobility

Many studies have attempted to estimate the relationship between teacher characteristics and teacher productivity. Much of this work is potentially confounded by nonrandom assignment of students to teachers. To the extent that students with higher unobserved ability are assigned to teachers with attractive characteristics, many prior estimates will tend to overstate the true relationship between these characteristics and teacher productivity. This work reexamines this question using a quasi-experimental design that exploits teacher mobility across school-grade-year-subject cells. Assuming teacher mobility across cells within a given school is not related to changes in aggregate student characteristics in those cells, this approach is robust to nonrandom teacher-student sorting. Using this quasi-experimental approach, this work finds that teacher productivity is positively related to experience and certification exam scores. Whether a teacher holds an advanced degree is not indicative of productivity. Unlike many related studies, this work finds that teacher experience matters well beyond the first few years.