cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clone detection through srcClone: A program slicing based approach

Abstract Software clone detection is an often used approach to understand and maintain software systems. One category of clones that is challenging to detect but very useful is semantic clones, which are similar in semantics but differ in syntax significantly. Semantic clone detectors have trouble scaling to larger systems and sometimes struggle with recall and precision. To address this, we developed a slice-based scalable approach that detects both syntactic and semantic code clones, srcClone. srcClone ascertains code segment similarity by assessing the similarity of their corresponding program slices. We employ a lightweight, publicly-available, scalable program slicer within our clone detection approach. Using dependency analysis to detect and assess cloned components, we discover insights about code components that can be affected by a clone pair or set. These elements are critical in impact analysis. It can also be used by program analysts to run on non-compilable and incomplete source code, which serves comprehension and maintenance tasks very well. We first evaluate srcClone by comparing it to six state-of-the-art tools and two additional semantic clone detectors in performance, recall, and precision. We use the BigCloneBench real clones benchmark to facilitate comparison. We use an additional 16 established benchmark scenarios to perform a qualitative comparison between srcClone and 44 clone detection approaches in their capabilities to detect these scenarios. To further measure scalability, we evaluate srcClone on 191 versions of Linux kernel, containing approximately 87 MLOC. In our evaluations, we illustrate our approach is both relatively scalable and accurate. While its precision is slightly less than some other techniques, it makes up for it in higher recall including semantic clones unable to be found by any existing techniques. We contend our approach is an important advancement in software cloning that it is both demonstrably scalable and can detect more types of clones than existing work, thus providing developers greater information into their software.
"It was Something that is a Necessity": Stories of Collective Protest, Vulnerability, and Well-Being.

In this essay I explore the risks of activism I witnessed in two protesters’ accounts of participating in collective protest. Listening to their stories led me to reflect on matters of well-being, ...
A biomedical synthesis of the zygoma: bone elastic properties, morphology and function, and reconstructive medicine

The zygomas form the prominent anterolateral structure of the midfacial skeleton. Functionally different from most cranial bones, the zygoma is subject to large strains because of the forces of the...
Communication at millimetre-submillimetre wavelengths using a ceramic ribbon

Following the discovery by Kao and Hockman1,2,3 that ultra-low-loss optical fibres could be made from pure silica through the elimination of impurities, the ability to guide signals effectively at optical wavelengths has been assured. But there remains an important region of the spectrum—from 30 to 3,000 GHz (the millimetre–submillimetre band)—where low-loss waveguides are unknown. The main problem here in finding low-loss solids is no longer one of eliminating impurities, but is due to the presence of intrinsic vibration absorption bands4,5,6. And the use of highly conducting materials is also precluded owing to high skin-depth losses7,8 in this part of the spectrum. Here we show that a combination of material and waveguide geometry can circumvent these difficulties. We adopt a ribbon-like structure with an aspect ratio of 10:1, fabricated from ceramic alumina (Coors' 998 Alumina), and the resulting waveguide has an attenuation factor of less than 10 dB km-1 in the millimetre–submillimetre band. This attenuation is more than 100 times smaller than that of a typical ceramic (or other dielectric) circular rod waveguide and is sufficient for immediate application.
Newton’s Method and Scoring

This chapter explores some alternatives to maximum likelihood estimation by the EM algorithm. Newton’s method and scoring usually converge faster than the EM algorithm. However, the trade-offs of programming ease, numerical stability, and speed of convergence are complex, and statistical geneticists should be fluent in a variety of numerical optimization techniques for finding maximum likelihood estimates. Outside the realm of maximum likelihood, Bayesian procedures have much to offer in small to moderate-sized problems. For those uncomfortable with pulling prior distributions out of thin air, empirical Bayes procedures can be an appealing compromise between classical and Bayesian methods. This chapter illustrates some of these well-known themes in the context of allele frequency estimation and linkage analysis.
Binary search schemes for fast IP lookups

Route lookup is becoming a very challenging problem due to the increasing size of routing tables. To determine the outgoing port for a given address, the longest matching prefix among all the prefixes, needs to be determined. This makes the task of searching in a large database quite difficult. Our paper describes binary search schemes that allow fast address lookups. Binary search can be performed on the number of entries or on the number of mutually disjoint prefixes. Lookups can be performed in O(N) time, where N is number of entries and the amount of memory required to store the binary database is also O(N). These schemes scale very well with both large databases and for longer addresses (as in IPv6).
DIRECT DEMOCRACY IN OKLAHOMA

Americans are frustrated with their government. The increased use of direct democracy is evidence of this frustration. Since our elected representatives cannot get the job done, voters reason, we must do it ourselves! Oklahomans share this frustration with government's inability to solve problems and, like voters in 24 other states, they can utilize instruments of direct democracy to take action themselves. What follows is a brief introduction to direct democracy in Oklahoma.
Metallic mercury contamination of the dental operatory.

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 1971 standard threshold limit value (TLV) of 0.55 mgHg/m of air was found to be exceeded frequently in a sample of 60 dental operatories in San Antonio, Texas. Significant differences in contamination among laboratories were found, among sites within operatories, and among times of day, correlated with kilograms of mercury used, average number of amalgams inserted per day, age of operatories, height of carpeting pile, cleaning methods, frequency of cleaning, and general lack of routine monitoring and use of bioassays. Recommendations for control of metallic mercury contamination in dental operatories are offered.
Intersection Crossing Times of Bicyclists

The timing of traffic signals is rarely determined by the needs of bicyclists, in part because quantitative data about the timing of intersection crossing maneuvers by bicyclists have not generally been available. This study built on a video image-processing method developed and reported in a previous study to collect data at five new intersections with diverse physical characteristics and bicycling populations. The video data were processed to produce cumulative distributions of the most important descriptors of crossing behavior of bicyclists: the speeds of bicyclists who did not stop at the intersection and the start-up times and final crossing speeds of bicyclists who crossed from a standing start. The timing information relative to the traffic signal was used to recommend signal times to permit most bicyclists to cross intersections safely. The recommendations took into account differences in the bicyclist population and the physical characteristics of the intersection (such as approach grades).
Imbrication versus excision for fascial healing

BACKGROUND : The purpose of this study was to determine whether imbrication of native fascia versus excision and closure of new raw fascia forms a stronger union. METHODS : We utilized the anterior rectus sheath fascia of Sprague-Dawley rats as the model. Sixty rats underwent fascial tightening procedures. Each rat had the anterior rectus sheath shortened by 1 cm, 30 by imbrication and 30 by excision and closure. Ten of each group were harvested at 7 days' healing, 10 at 14 days, and 10 of each group at 28 days' healing. The anterior rectus sheath was removed, a dumbbell shape constructed, and the cross sectional area at the point of interest determined. The fascia was placed on an Instron tensiometer to determine the breaking strength. Tensile strength was calculated and the data analyzed by ANOVA and the Kruskall-Wallis test. Tissue samples of the closures were histologically analyzed for fibroblast counts, degree of inflammation, and presence of dense fibrous connective tissue. Tissue samples were also analyzed for enzymatic collagen crosslinking. RESULTS : There was a statistically significant difference in tensile strength between the two groups at 7, 14, and 28 days. Results show that at 7 days the mean tensile strength of excision was 0.133 kg/mm 2 ± 0.056 and the mean tensile strength of imbrication was 0.083 kg/mm 2 ±.048 (P <0.05) ; at 14 days the mean tensile strength of excision was 0.105 kg/mm 2 ± 0.033 and the mean tensile strength of imbrication was 0.057 kg/mm 2 ± 0.014 (P <0.002), and at 28 days the mean tensile strength of excision was 0.279 kg/mm 2 ± 0.143 and the mean tensile strength of imbrication was 0.145 kg/mm 2 ± 0.061 (P <0.03). Histologic findings showed no statistical significance between the two closure methods when comparing degree of inflammation or the number of fibroblasts present. However, at 7 and 14 days there is a significantly greater presence of dense fibrous connective tissue in the excision group (P <0.03 at 7 days and P <0.044 at 14 days by ANOVA). Collagen crosslink analysis showed that by day 28 there is a significantly greater amount (P <0.05 by ANOVA) of the difunctional crosslink dihydroxylysinonorleucine (DHLNL) and a greater ratio between DHLNL and the difunctional crosslink hydroxylysinonorleucine (HLNL) in the excision and closure group. CONCLUSION : We conclude that at 7, 14, and 28 days healing, excision provides a significantly stronger closure than imbrication. According to the crosslinking analysis, it is likely that this strength advantage may continue to increase over time. These findings suggest that excision and closure may be the preferred method for fascial tightening procedures.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL FINITE AMPLITUDE ACOUSTIC WAVES RADIATING FROM A FLAT PLATE IN ARBITRARY PERIODIC VIBRATION.

The two-dimensional acoustic waves that radiate from a periodically supported plate undergoing an arbitrary periodic vibration are determined by asymptotic methods. A nonlinear wave equation is solved for the velocity potential. The derived expressions for the particle velocity components and pressure are then rendered uniformly accurate by employing the method of renormalization to strain the physical coordinates. The response predicted by linear theory consists of a series of sinusoidal waves, each of whose phase velocity is dependent on its frequency content and wavelength tangent to the plate. However, some of the harmonics generated by nonlinear effects have the same phase velocity as the sinusoidal waves predicted by linear theory. As a result the wave motion consists of groups of waves that are nondispersive relative to each other, but there is a dispersion relation for the separate wave groups. The coordinate strainings, and thus the distortion phenomena, for each group of nondispersive waves are found to be proportional to the contribution of that group to the components of velocity, whereas they are independent of the wave motion contained in the other groups.
Neuroimaging of marijuana smokers during inhibitory processing: a pilot investigation.

Neuropsychological investigations of substance abusers have reported impairments on tasks mediated by the frontal executive system, including functions associated with behavioral inhibition and decision making. The higher order or executive components which are involved in decision making include selective attention and short term storage of information, inhibition of response to irrelevant information, initiation of response to relevant information, self-monitoring of performance, and changing internal and external contingencies in order to "stay the course" towards the ultimate goal. Given the hypothesized role of frontal systems in decision making and the previous evidence that executive dysfunctions and structural brain changes exist in subjects who use illicit drugs, we applied fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques in a pilot investigation of heavy cannabis smokers and matched control subjects while performing a modification of the classic Stroop task. Marijuana smokers demonstrated significantly lower anterior cingulate activity in focal areas of the anterior cingulate cortex and higher midcingulate activity relative to controls, although both groups were able to perform the task within normal limits. Normal controls also demonstrated increased activity within the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the interference condition, while marijuana smokers demonstrated a more diffuse, bilateral pattern of DLPFC activation. Similarly, although both groups performed the task well, marijuana smokers made more errors of commission than controls during the interference condition, which were associated with different brain regions than control subjects. These findings suggest that marijuana smokers exhibit different patterns of BOLD response and error response during the Stroop interference condition compared to normal controls despite similar task performance. Furthermore, DTI measures in frontal regions, which include the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum and bilateral anterior cingulate white matter regions, showed no between group differences in fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of directional coherence within white matter fiber tracts, but a notable increase in trace, a measure of overall isotropic diffusivity in marijuana smokers compared to controls. Overall, results from the present study indicate significant differences in the magnitude and pattern of signal intensity change within the anterior cingulate and the DLPFC during the Stroop interference subtest in chronic marijuana smokers compared to normal controls. Furthermore, although chronic marijuana smokers were able to perform the task reasonably well, the functional activation findings suggest they utilize different cortical processes from the control subjects in order to do so. Findings from this study are consistent with the notion that substance abusers demonstrate evidence of altered frontal neural function during the performance of tasks that involve inhibition and performance monitoring, which may affect the ability to make decisions. Language: en
Rotational Acceleration Duration Affects Brain Strains in Lateral Impact

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of disability and fatality in the United States. Approximately two million traumatic brain injury cases occur every year [1]. Motor vehicle crashes are a primary source [2]. Both clinical and laboratory studies have been conducted to understand injury mechanisms and establish injury thresholds [3, 4]. Physical models have also been used to investigate injury biomechanics [5, 6]. Angular acceleration is considered as a major cause of diffuse brain injuries (DBI) [7, 8], while the angular velocity is chosen as a suitable load descriptor for a diffuse brain injury criterion [4]. The present study is focused on the effect of angular acceleration duration on brain strains due to lateral impact.
Infrared material requirements for the next generation of systems

High-quality semiconductor material is a prerequisite to the production of high-performance, affordable semiconductor components. With infrared (IR) components, the material quality has an even greater significance, affecting not only the device characteristics, but also the system performance and cost. The quality of the infrared material is a major factor in the system design trade-offs. Sensitivity, spectral band, noise spectrum, spatial uniformity, input power and reliability are system parameters with a direct relationship to the infrared material. Each of these system requirements has an immediate impact on the material specifications, which then define the appropriate growth technique, wafer size, requirements for on-chip signal processing and relevant material figures-of-merit. To be successful in IR material development, a concurrent engineering approach is necessary, taking into account both the material limitations and the demands of the infrared imaging system for the proposed application. In addition to the material's performance figures-of-merit, the impact of the material on device fabrication and system cost must be taken into account.
Marker Variables: A Search for Comparability and Generalizability in the Field of Learning Disabilities1

The learning disability field has been plagued by unclear definitional criteria resulting in inconsistencies and confusion regarding research findings and program effects. The concept of marker variables as presented by Keogh et al. may be a means of guiding research and comparing research results. Marker variables may be thought of as a set of core variables which are collected in common by those conducting research within a given field. The identification and adoption of a systematic, cooperative approach to the documentation of research and intervention with learning disabled students would aid in the comparability and generalizability of the findings. This article discusses the concept of marker variables as they are being applied to the learning disability field in the UCLA Marker Variable Project. - D.D.D.
Resistivity and magnetism of AMn2P2 (A=Sr, Ba): the effect of structure type on physical properties

Abstract A Mn 2 P 2 ( A = Sr, Ba) is an example of a composition that can assume a different structure type depending on the identity of the cation. BaMn 2 P 2 crystallizes in the ThCr 2 Si 2 structure type ( I 4/ mmm ), and SrMn 2 P 2 crystallizes in the CaAl 2 Si 2 structure type ( P 3 m 1). Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility, neutron diffraction, and resistivity measurements were obtained for the two compounds. Neutron diffraction shows that BaMn 2 P 2 exhibits long-range antiferromagnetic ordering at room temperature. Mn(II) is high spin, with ordered moment 4.2 (1) μ B , and the magnetic structure is type G. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show no maxima up to 750 K, indicating that the transition temperature, T c , is very high. SrMn 2 P 2 is antiferromagnetic below T c = 53(1) K, as determined from the temperature dependence of the magnetic reflections. There are two distinct sets of magnetic reflections distinguished by different temperature dependencies and indexing schemes. The magnetic structure is evidently complex, but was not determined. Both compounds exhibit semiconducting resistivity behavior with E a = 0.073(1) eV (BaMn 2 P 2 ) and 0.0129(2) eV (SrMn 2 P 2 ). The properties of BaMn 2 P 2 and SrMn 2 P 2 are discussed in light of their structures and previous theoretical investigations by Zheng and Hoffmann.
Approximately optimal adaptive learning in opportunistic spectrum access

In this paper we develop an adaptive learning algorithm which is approximately optimal for an opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) problem with polynomial complexity. In this OSA problem each channel is modeled as a two state discrete time Markov chain with a bad state which yields no reward and a good state which yields reward. This is known as the Gilbert-Elliot channel model and represents variations in the channel condition due to fading, primary user activity, etc. There is a user who can transmit on one channel at a time, and whose goal is to maximize its throughput. Without knowing the transition probabilities and only observing the state of the channel currently selected, the user faces a partially observed Markov decision problem (POMDP) with unknown transition structure. In general, learning the optimal policy in this setting is intractable. We propose a computationally efficient learning algorithm which is approximately optimal for the infinite horizon average reward criterion.
Role of anionic lipid in bacterial membranes.

Abstract The major phospholipids of Bacillus stearothermophilus are phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and cardiolipin (CL). Under the growth conditions used in this study the concentration of anionic lipid (PG + CL) was determined by the pH of the culture medium. Cells grown in a complex medium at pH 5.8, 7.0, and 8.0 contained 17, 29 and 36 nmol of anionic (PG + CL) lipid /mg cell (dry weight). The concentration of the zwitterionic lipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was 17–20 nmol/mg cell (dry weight) under all conditions. Analysis of isolated membrane preparations suggusted that the amount of anionic lipid per unit area of membrane increased as the pH of the growth medium was increased. Membranes from cells grown at pH 5.8 and 8.0 contained 130 and 320 nmol anionic lipid/mg membrane protein, respectively. Phosphatidylethanolamine appeared to be localized on the inner membrane surface in cells grown under all conditions. Increasing the ionic strength of the culture medium by the addition of NaCl or KC1 had little effect on growth at pH 5.8 but inhibited growth at pH 7 and 8. It was concluded that anionic phospholipid plays an important physiological role in maintaining an acidic pH at the outer membrane surface.
Long-term outcome of nonconservative surgery (hysterectomy) for endometriosis-associated pain in women <30 years old

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect that a patient's age at the time of hysterectomy for endometriosis-associated pain has on long-term improvement in symptoms. Study Design: An investigation of women who underwent hysterectomy for pelvic pain and endometriosis at 40 years of age was performed by means of medical records review and mailed questionnaires. Participants were asked to complete 2 standardized surveys, the Disruption of Functioning Index and the Beck Depression Inventory. Results: Sixteen women in the study group ( Conclusion: Women who undergo hysterectomy for pelvic pain and endometriosis at
Dioxiranes: dimethyldioxirane catalyzed valence isomerization of quadricyclane

Abstract Dimethyldioxirane, 3, catalyzes the isomerization of quadricyclane to norbornadiene. Turnover numbers up to 60 have been measured. The unusual orbital occupancy in 3 may be responsible for these observations.
Visual-spatial functions persist following temporal and posterior parietal cortex lesions in rat.

Abstract Adult rats were prepared with either posterior parietal, temporal, or sham neocortical lesions. Gross kinetic functions and equilibrium were assessed on alternate days for 12 days following surgery by placing the animal on an elevated rod (3.5 cm diameter) oriented 20° to horizontal and rating locomotor functions. Although all groups improved with experience and time postsurgery, rats with posterior parietal lesions exhibited a greater kinetic disturbance throughout the testing period. After a 3-week recovery period, the animals were trained on a visual-spatial task in which a visual stimulus located at the choice point cued whether the escape platform was located in the left or right arm of a T-maze. Animals were trained at a rate of 20 trials per day until a criterion of 18 correct responses in a series of 20 trials was observed. This task differed from that used in a similar previous study in this laboratory (1) in that stimulus saliency was increased and rats were punished for errors by confinement to the incorrect alley for 15 s when errors were made. All rats learned the task, and although there were subtle differences in the rate of acquisition between the groups, there were no gross differences on any of several measures of learning and performance. It is concluded that, under appropriate conditions, rats with injuries in these posterior association regions can learn and perform a task requiring the execution of different spatial responses on the basis of visual landmark cues that are spatially discontiguous from the escape site.
TRP and the PDZ Protein, Inad, Form the Core Complex Required for Retention of the Signalplex in Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells

The light response in Drosophila photoreceptor cells is mediated by a series of proteins that assemble into a macromolecular complex referred to as the signalplex. The central player in the signalplex is inactivation no afterpotential D (INAD), a protein consisting of a tandem array of five PDZ domains. At least seven proteins bind INAD, including the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel, which depends on INAD for localization to the phototransducing organelle, the rhabdomere. However, the determinants required for localization of INAD are not known. In this work, we showed that INAD was required for retention rather than targeting of TRP to the rhabdomeres. In addition, we demonstrated that TRP bound to INAD through the COOH terminus, and this interaction was required for localization of INAD. Other proteins that depend on INAD for localization, phospholipase C and protein kinase C, also mislocalized. However, elimination of any other member of the signalplex had no impact on the spatial distribution of INAD. A direct interaction between TRP and INAD did not appear to have a role in the photoresponse independent of localization of multiple signaling components. Rather, the primary function of the TRP/ INAD complex is to form the core unit required for localization of the signalplex to the rhabdomeres.
Stimulation of DNA synthesis in isolated HeLa nuclei by calf thymus histones.

Abstract DNA synthesis in isolated HeLa nuclei was measured by 3 H-TTP incorporation in the presence of cytosol from S-phase cells. The addition of total calf thymus histone at low concentrations stimulated incorporation. Higher levels of added histone markedly inhibited DNA synthesis. The effects of added histone were dependent on the physiological state of the cells from which nuclei were isolated.
Residual thermal stresses and calculation of the critical metal particle size for interfacial crack extension in metal-ceramic matrix composites

Abstract A combined experimental and theoretical study was carried out to analyze the effect of residual thermal stresses on the interfacial bonding in particulate metal-ceramic matrix composites, in particular, ductile phase toughened ceramics. The metal-ceramic microstructure studied is a two phase Ni Al 2 O 3 system produced by an in situ reduction processing technique. When a Ni particle exceeds the critical size, crack extension occurs along the particle/matrix interface upon cooling from the reduction temperature to room temperature. A closed form solution is derived for the case of thermal loading for the energy release rate and the phase angle for a crack along the interface of a cylindrical particle embedded in an infinite matrix. A theoretical estimate of the critical size for the nickel particle for crack extension is then computed based on the closed form solution and experimental data on the toughness of the Ni Al 2 O 3 interface.
Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis mimicking lymphoplasmacyte-rich meningioma

A 28-year-old woman with a 6-year history of optic neuropathy and 8 years of hearing loss had enhancing dural lesions around the brain stem and in both internal auditory canals on MRI. Histopathology from cranial procedures performed in 1990 and 1993 was originally interpreted as inflammatory meningioma, now known as lymphoplasmacyte-rich meningioma (LRM). Because the clinical course was more consistent with a relapsing process, the original surgical specimens were restudied with additional immunocytochemical stains. The review led to a pathologic diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis (IHP). IHP and LRM can be confused on both imaging and histopathologic grounds.
Generalized disturbance of DNA methylation in the uterine decidua in the CBA/J x DBA/2 mouse model of pregnancy failure

Nonchromosomal pregnancy failure is a common but poorly understood phenomenon. Because recent data have suggested that epigenetic abnormalities such as abnormal placental DNA methylation may play a role in human pregnancy failure, we undertook experiments to test whether decidual and/or placental DNA methylation abnormalities are present in a mouse model of pregnancy failure. A large number of studies have shown that crosses between CBA/J female mice and DBA/2 males result in pregnancies with a high rate of failure/resorption, whereas other crosses with CBA/J females produce normal pregnancies. Although the CBA/J × DBA/2 mouse has frequently been used as a model for miscarriage, a detailed explanation for the pregnancy failure phenotype is lacking. We performed timed matings between CBA/J female and DBA/2 male mice as well as between DBA/2 female and CBA/J male mice. Decidual caps were isolated at Embryonic Day (E) 9.5 from both crosses, and a microarray-based method was used to comparatively assess genomic methylation at approximately 16 000 loci on mouse chromosome 7. In comparison with decidual caps from DBA/2 × CBA/J pregnancies, CBA/J × DBA/2 decidual caps were characterized by widely and apparently randomly disturbed methylation. In another set of analogous experiments, genomic methylation of placental DNA from E8.5 pregnancies was assessed using the same microarray-based method. This analysis revealed that in contrast to the decidua, placental DNA methylation from CBA/J × DBA/2 pregnancies was indistinguishable from that of normal controls. We conclude that abnormal DNA methylation in the uterine decidua likely plays a role in the CBA/J × DBA/2 model of pregnancy failure. To our knowledge, these experiments are the first to demonstrate that epigenetic abnormalities of the decidua are associated with pregnancy failure, and they set the stage for future efforts to understand the role of DNA methylation at the maternal-fetal interface.
School and Community Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing within Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale Region, and the Dilemmas of Educational Leadership in Gasfield Boomtowns.

Innovations associated with gas and oil drilling technology, including new hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques, have recently led to dramatic boomtown development in many rural areas that have endured extended periods of economic decline. The Marcellus Shale play, one of the world's largest gas-bearing shale formations, lies beneath approximately two-thirds of Pennsylvania, including some of the state's most economically lagging rural areas. Spurred by a state-level policy environment favorable to unconventional gas extraction, drilling activity in the last five years has rapidly increased, often with profound social, economic, and environmental implications for communities. In this paper we use schooling as a particular analytic lens for understanding the dynamics of natural resource boomtown development, community change, and how these changes may affect educational and instructional decision making. Using data from interviews and focus groups with educators and administrators in Pen...
Second-eye reversal acquisition as a function of overlearning and level of illumination

Four groups of albino rats were given varying degrees of training on a monocular pattern discrimination, then were reversal trained with the opposite eye. Second-eye training took longer than had first-eye training, and degree of original training had no significant effect. In a second experiment, two groups of albino rats were given monocular and second-eye reversal training under either 1 or 25 ft-c of illumination. At either level of illumination, second-eye acquisition took longer than acquisition of the first problem.
PURL&PLAIN PROFITS

With reports of commodity shortages and the US energy crisis never far from the headlines, it would seem that America is in for a do‐it‐yourself boom, dictated partly by increased leisure and partly by necessity. In this paper Professor Ellsworth predicts sharp rises in the sales of craft yarns as the American housewife picks up her needles; and he offers advice to the retailer on how to benefit.
Maternal perspectives on postpartum return to the workplace.

Objective: To describe maternal perceptions about postpartum return to the workplace. Design and Setting: The research framework was McCubbin and McCubbin's Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment, and Adaptation. Employed, postpartum women, who resided in six different states, were recruited from day care and primary care settings to participate in this descriptive study. Participants: Seventy‐four employed, married women, who returned to the workplace within one year after childbirth. Main Outcome Measure: As part of a larger study, perceptions about combining multiple roles after return to the workplace are the focus for this report. Results: Participants responded to open‐ended questions about their return to the workplace during the first months after giving birth. Content analysis of those responses resulted in two major categories, Resiliency Challenges: Negative Aspects (role conflict/overload, family stress, family/child issues, finances, psychosocial issues) and Resiliency Building: Positive Aspects (social support, maternal role satisfaction, positive adaptation, career role satisfaction). Conclusions: The data support the premise that employed women view returning to the workforce as having more challenges than they expected because the experience was viewed as being mostly negative. Preparing for return to the workplace is an important, but neglected, topic that needs to be addressed and defined more clearly in the literature. Therefore, future research is needed to identify resources and interventions that will help women experience fewer challenges associated with postpartum employment.
Real-time interactive frequency filtering of molecular dynamics trajectories☆

Molecular dynamics simulations of atomic motion in protein and nucleic acid molecules must be done on a femtosecond time-scale. Much of this rapid motion is unimportant for the slower changes that are most relevant to biological function (conformational changes, substrate binding, protein folding). The high-frequency motion makes simulations computationally expensive. More importantly, the high frequencies obscure visualization of the relevant dynamics processes. Sessions, Dauber-Osguthorpe and Osguthorpe presented a method for removing high-frequency motions from atomic co-ordinates of trajectories generated by simulation. While that study used fast Fourier methods and emphasized the use of filtering for analysis of trajectories, this communication describes a new method that makes it much easier to use frequency filtering in programs that display trajectories as a sequence of moving images. Tests of the method on systems extending from pure water to proteins and nucleic acid molecules in vacuo and in solution have demonstrated its general utility. Impressed with the power and simplicity of the new method, we wish to present it in sufficient detail to allow others to implement it themselves.
Effect of bacterial antigens, propranolol, and insulin on the susceptibility of mice to hypothermic stress

Bordetella pertussis hat zwei Komponenten, eine mit derselben Wirkung wie Endotoxin vonSalmonella typhosa mit sofortiger kaltesensibilisierender Wirkung, die andere mit einer um 5 Tage verspateten Sensibilisierung. Beide Komponenten konnen hypoglykamisch wirken.
The Risk of Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins in Human Milk

Recently, the news media have reported the presence of the carcinogenic compounds commonly called dioxins in human milk. Based on published Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) levels, the amounts of dioxins in human milk are below the level shown to have any toxic effect in test animals, but above the level recommended by the EPA as safe.
A role of diffusion tensor imaging in movement disorder surgery

The safe and reversible nature of deep brain stimulation (DBS) has allowed movement disorder neurosurgery to become commonplace throughout the world. Fundamental understanding of individual patient’s anatomy is critical for optimizing the effects and side effects of DBS surgery. Three patients undergoing stereotactic surgery for movement disorders, at the institution’s intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging operating suite, were studied with fiber tractography. Stereotactic targets and fiber tractography were determined on preoperative magnetic resonance imagings using the Schaltenbrand–Wahren atlas for definition in the BrainLab iPlan software (BrainLAB Inc., Feldkirchen, Germany). Subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus interna, and ventral intermediate nucleus targets were studied. Diffusion tensor imaging parameters used ranged from 2 to 8 mm for volume of interest in the x/y/z planes, fiber length was kept constant at 30 mm, and fractional anisotropy threshold varied from 0.20 to 0.45. Diffusion tensor imaging tractography allowed reliable and reproducible visualization and correlation between frontal eye field, premotor, primary motor, and primary sensory cortices via corticospinal tracts and corticopontocerebellar tracts. There is an apparent increase in the number of cortical regions targeted by the fiber tracts as the region of interest is enlarged. This represents a possible mechanism of the increased effects and side effects observed with higher stimulation voltages. Currently available diffusion tensor imaging techniques allow potential methods to characterize the effects and side effects of DBS. This technology has the potential of being a powerful tool to optimize DBS neurosurgery.
Impact of microwave heating on the physico-chemical properties of a starch-water model system

The objective of this work was to understand the physico-chemical changes induced in a wheat starch model system as a result of microwave heating. Wheat starch dispersions in water, with final solids content of 33%, 40% or 50%, were heated in a microwave oven. Following heating the samples were stored at 25 °C for up to 120 h and analyzed periodically. Microwave heated gels were significantly different from conduction heated gels in all parameters measured. The differences in properties are a reflection of the differences in the heat and mass transfer of the different modes of heating. The lack of granule swelling and the resulting soft gel are two key observations. The results of this study suggest a different mechanism of starch gelatinization compared to conduction heating. The vibrational motion and the rapid increase in temperature also result in granule rupture and formation of film polymers coating the granule surface.
Enhancing Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering Education With Computer Aided Engineering

This paper addresses the importance of integrating Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software and applications in the mechanical engineering curriculum. Computer aided engineering tools described include Computer-Aided Design, Computer-Aided Manufacturing, and Computer-Aided Analysis tools such as finite element (FE) modeling and analysis. The integration of CAE software tools in the curriculum is important for three primary reasons: it helps students understand fundamental engineering principles by providing an interactive and visual representation of concepts, it provides students an opportunity to explore their creative ideas and designs while keeping prototyping costs to a minimum, and it teaches students the valuable skill of more efficiently designing, manufacturing and analyzing their products with current technology making them more marketable for their future engineering careers. While CAE has been used in the classroom for decades, the mechanical engineering program at the University of North Florida is making an aggressive effort in preparing the future engineering workforce through computer-aided project-centered education. The CAE component of this effort includes using CAE software when teaching stress, strain, dynamics, kinematics, vibrations, finite element modeling and analysis, design and design for manufacturing, manufacturing and technical communication concepts. This paper describes CAE projects undertaken in several of the mechanical engineering courses at UNF in an effort to share creative teaching techniques for others to emulate.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Problematizing communication: Revisiting (and resisting) the basic speech communication course

While most basic course textbooks offer useful skills designed to help students gain a sense of control, many fail to problematize communication. With a focus on the hybrid basic course textbook, this essay highlights some symptoms associated with this failure and discusses the potential negative impact on students’ learning. Foundations for an alternative approach in which the textbook is viewed as a multi‐leveled discourse is outlined, one which seeks to encourage other readings. It is argued that the conceptual understanding of students can be improved when subservience to psychological tenets in the basic course textbook is resisted.
Results of a randomized controlled trial to examine the efficacy of a chronic pain self-management group for older adults [ISRCTN11899548].

Abstract Chronic pain is a common, disabling problem in older adults. Pain self-management training is a multimodal therapy that has been found to be effective in young to middle-aged adult samples; however, few studies have examined the effectiveness of this therapy in older adults. In this randomized, controlled trial, we evaluated a pain self-management training group (SMG) intervention as compared with an education-only (BOOK) control condition. Participants, 65 years of age or older who experienced persistent, noncancer pain that limited their activities, were recruited from 43 retirement communities in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The primary outcome was physical disability, as measured by the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes were depression (Geriatric Depression Scale), pain intensity (Brief Pain Inventory), and pain-related interference with activities (Brief Pain Inventory). Randomization occurred by facility to minimize cross-contamination between groups. Two-hundred and fifty-six individuals, mean age = 81.8 (SD: 6.5), enrolled and 218 completed the study. No significant differences in outcomes were found between groups at post-intervention, 6-month follow-up, or 12-month follow-up. The SMG group showed a significantly greater increase over time, relative to the BOOK group, in two process measures, as measured by the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory: use of relaxation and use of exercise/stretching. In both cases, the increase was greatest from baseline to the post-intervention assessment. Study findings indicate that additional research is needed to determine the most effective content and delivery methods for self-management therapies targeted at older adults with chronic pain.
Heuristic Structuring and Methods Selection in the SEP: An Expert System in M.4

Systems engineering problems, and their analysis and design methods, become increasingly structured during the systems engineering process. The analysis and control function plays a structuring role in the concept phase and at the start of every loop (e.g., requirements, design, validation) in the systems engineering process. Part of analysis and control can be decomposed into a structuring loop which selects or matches methods to be applied. Heuristics are a powerful unstructured method for leveraged structuring in the critical concept phase, and later. The criteria for matching of heuristics and more structured methods to problems is logically described in decision tables. These in turn may be implemented in a knowledge base or expert system. One such operational prototype has been developed in the M.4 rule-based environment, and is described here. The benefits of such aids may be significant for the systems engineering management and systems architects heavily involved in the analysis and control function. The same approach may be followed using existing taxonomies for specific tool selection.
Linear polydiorganosiloxanes as plastic bases for radiation hard scintillators

Abstract Melt-processible (spinnable) polydiorganosiloxanes have been tested. The polymers offer advantages over previously explored thermosetting siloxane systems. Radiation damage to the optical properties of this polymer have been measured and are smaller than other known optical polymers. Most importantly, intramolecular proton transfer dyes (e.g. 3-Hydroxyflavone) exhibit large Stokes shifted fluorescence in the thermoplastic, unlike that in comparable thermosetting systems. A plastic scintillator based on this system should find application in the harsh radiation environment of the Superconducting Super Collider.
Surface morphology and texture of TiAlN/CrN multilayer coatings

Abstract Multilayer thin films of TiAlN/CrN were deposited at varying bilayer periods (λ = 2, 4, 8 and 16 nm), along with a co-deposited (TiAlCr)N film and constituent TiAlN and CrN films, in order to examine the effects of periodicity on grain structure, texture and surface morphology. Characterization was performed using electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. All films exhibited a rock-salt B1-type structure. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy cross-sections showed a columnar morphology with lateral coarsening of the columns during film growth that is more pronounced in the multilayer films with smaller bilayer periods. The surface morphology was found to be dependent on period with sharp pyramidal surface features at λ = 2 nm, an increase in secondary faceting with increasing periodicity, and nearly rounded column tops at λ = 16 nm. Consistent with these morphological observations, surface roughness measurements showed an increasing roughness with decreasing bilayer period. X-ray diffraction pole figures revealed that the multilayer films had a crystallographic texture that could be described as preferential [200] poles tilted approximately 15° away from the substrate normal and clustered near the deposition direction. The distribution of the [111] poles was nearly random for the films with larger periodicities (8 and 16 nm), but a small [111] texture component was noted for the 2 and 4 nm period films. A mechanism for the effect of the multilayer period on the surface morphology is proposed wherein the higher interfacial energy density in the smaller period multilayers promotes a higher degree of (200) faceting at the film surface, reducing grain orientation effects on adatom mobility.