cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fading in the frame: the epistemology and ethics of documenting Alzheimer’s bodies

ABSTRACTWhile the epidemic of Alzheimer’s disease continues to proliferate, its visibility, particularly within the documentary genre, has not kept pace with its impacts. The rare documentaries that chronicle the condition have primarily been conventional, visually unimaginative texts that rely on the informative mode, but which do not take advantage of valuable opportunities to sensorially investigate epistemological and ethical issues. In contrast, I argue that Alan Berliner’s First Cousin Once Removed employs not only a range of evocative visual techniques, but the filmmaker's own body, the body of his ill first cousin once removed and the bodies of other affected individuals to creatively reveal unexplored layers of experiences with Alzheimer’s and achieve an ‘aesthetic of dis-ease’. Through a corporeal lens, I also explore how Berliner visualizes the interrelationality of sick and putatively healthy bodies, compels viewers to reflect on the contingency of their own bodies and mitigates the ethical ch...
Post-structuralist potentialities for studies of subjectivity and second language learning in early childhood:

The past two decades have seen a proliferation of studies investigating, complicating, and reimagining the relationship between second language learning and identity. Yet, with only a handful of exceptions, these studies are limited to adolescent and adult second language learners. In this article, the author proposes that identity research with very young second language learners has been limited both by a tendency to see early second language learning as less problematic than that of older learners and by the conceptualization of identity itself. The author argues that a post-structuralist perspective on identity—or, rather, subjectivity—opens possibilities for research with the youngest students. In order to explore this theoretical potential, the author examines four major studies of identity and young second language learners (kindergarten and Grade 1) to analyze how their authors conceive of identity and what each affords for analysis. These studies support the idea that a post-structural analysis, ...
Innovation in the public and nonprofit sectors: a public solutions handbook

With the widespread appearance of public sector innovation labs and new practices such as the application of big data and behavioral economics, public sector innovation has entered public awareness...
Radioimmunotherapy with Monoclonal Antibodies

This is the third article in the series on “Nuclear Medicine Updates.” Upon completion of this article the technologist will gain an understanding of the: (1) future of radiotherapy, (2) its effectiveness, and (3) its limitations.
Pharmacology of Sedative Drugs Used in Out of Operating Room Anesthesia

Due to the minimally-invasive nature of many out of operating room procedures, patient comfort and appropriate procedural conditions can oftentimes be achieved without general anesthesia. Depending on the nature of the procedure, mild, moderate, or deep sedation may be appropriate. This chapter presents the pharmacology of various drugs used for sedation. Pharmacologic considerations for obese and elderly patients are also presented.
MLL/AF10(OM-LZ) Transformed Cells Induce Myeloproliferative Disease-Like Myeloid Leukemia in the Sublethally Irradiated Mice

Abstract Chromosomal translocation t(10;11)(p12;q23) resulting in the fusion of MLL gene with AF10 is seen in patients with acute leukemias, especially in acute monoblastic leukemia. The OM-LZ domains of AF10 have been shown to be sufficient for immortalization when fused with 5′MLL, however, the leukemogenesis of MLL/AF10(OM-LZ) is not clear. By retrovirally transducing MLL/AF10(OM-LZ) fusion gene into the murine bone marrow cells, we established six MLL/AF10(OM-LZ)-immortalized cell lines in medium containing IL3, IL6, SCF and GM-CSF. The cytological and immunophenotypic studies showed that all the cell lines were consisted of immature blast-like cells and monocyt/macrophage cells, except that line MA6 also contained about 2% mature granulocytes. The percentage of mature granulocytes in line MA6 raised to 20% upon treatment with G-CSF. Virus integration site (VIS) analysis demonstrated that line MA6 had a VIS at PD-L2 gene. Whether interruption of PD-L2 gene plays a role in releasing of the granulocytic differentiation blockage caused by MLL/AF10(OM-LZ) is under investigation. Nevertheless, line MA6 and the other immortalized cell lines all induced a myeloproliferative disease (MPD)-like myeloid leukemia when they were transplanted into the sublethally-irradiated syngeneic mice. Further studies revealed that the excessive mature granulocytes in the peripheral blood of leukemic mice were generated from the recipient hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. On the other hand, the hyperleukocytosis found in line MA6 leukemic mice may be partly attributed to the expansion and maturation of the immortalized cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the MLL/AF10(OM-LZ)-immortalized cells expressed mRNAs encoding colony-stimulating factors and inflammatory cytokines. The latter were known to be able to stimulate or up-regulate endothelial cells, fibroblasts, T-lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes to produce GM-CSF, G-CSF or M-CSF, and, therefore, indirectly regulate myelopoiesis. Our results demonstrated that although the MLL/AF10(OM-LZ)-immortalized cells could not terminally differentiated into granulocytes, they could still induce a MPD by expression and secretion of the colony-stimulating factors and cytokines to over-stimulate the myelopoiesis of the recipient hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells.
Quantification of the IgG2/4 kappa Monoclonal Therapeutic Eculizumab from Serum Using Isotype Specific Affinity Purification and Microflow LC-ESI-Q-TOF Mass Spectrometry

As therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) become more humanized, traditional tryptic peptide approaches used to measure biologics in serum become more challenging since unique clonotypic peptides used for quantifying the mAb may also be found in the normal serum polyclonal background. An alternative approach is to monitor the unique molecular mass of the intact light chain portion of the mAbs using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Distinguishing a therapeutic mAb from a patient's normal polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire is the primary limiting factor when determining the limit of quantitation (LOQ) in serum. The ability to selectively extract subclass specific Igs from serum reduces the polyclonal background in a sample. We present here the development of an LC-MS method to quantify eculizumab in serum. Eculizumab is a complement component 5 (C5) binding mAb that is fully humanized and contains portions of both IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses. Our group developed a method that uses Life Technologies CaptureSelect IgG4 (Hu) affinity matrix. We show here the ability to quantitate eculizumab with a LOQ of 5 mcg/mL by removing the higher abundance IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 from the polyclonal background, making this approach a simple and efficient procedure. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Improving Sensitivity to Detect Mild Cognitive Impairment: Cognitive Load Dual-Task Gait Speed Assessment.

Objectives: Longitudinal research indicates that cognitive load dual-task gait assessment is predictive of cognitive decline and thus might provide a sensitive measure to screen for mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, research among older adults being clinically evaluated for cognitive concerns, a defining feature of MCI, is lacking. The present study investigated the effect of performing a cognitive task on normal walking speed in patients presenting to a memory clinic with cognitive complaints. Methods: Sixty-one patients with a mean age of 68 years underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing, clinical interview, and gait speed (simple- and dual-task conditions) assessments. Thirty-four of the 61 patients met criteria for MCI. Results: Repeated measure analyses of covariance revealed that greater age and MCI both significantly associated with slower gait speed, ps<.05. Follow-up analysis indicated that the MCI group had significantly slower dual-task gait speed but did not differ in simple-gait speed. Multivariate linear regression across groups found that executive attention performance accounted for 27.4% of the variance in dual-task gait speed beyond relevant demographic and health risk factors. Conclusions: The present study increases the external validity of dual-task gait assessment of MCI. Differences in dual-task gait speed appears to be largely attributable to executive attention processes. These findings have clinical implications as they demonstrate expected patterns of gait-brain behavior relationships in response to a cognitive dual task within a clinically representative population. Cognitive load dual-task gait assessment may provide a cost efficient and sensitive measure to detect older adults at high risk of a dementia disorder. (JINS, 2017, 23, 493–501)
Effects of mechanical stretching on average orientation of cellulose and pectin in onion epidermis cell wall: A polarized FT-IR study

The organization of polysaccharides in plant cell walls is important for the mechanics of plant cells. Spectral analysis of cell walls by polarized IR can reveal polysaccharide organization, but may be complicated by dipoles not aligned with the backbone. For instance, analysis of uniaxially-aligned cellulose Iβ film revealed that the dipole transition vector of the 1160 cm−1 band involving stretch vibrations of glycosidic C1–O–C4 linkages is approximately at 30° with respect to the backbone of the cellulose chain, because of coupling with C5–O–C1 bonds in the six-membered rings. In the case of homogalacturonan, the dipole transition vector of the ester carbonyl group vibration (νC=O, 1745 cm−1) is expected to be nearly normal to the homogalacturonan backbone. Using this information and the dichroism equation, the change in net orientation of cell wall polymers upon mechanical stretch was determined by polarized IR analysis. Never-dried abaxial outer epidermal cell walls of the second scale of onion bulb were mechanically stretched along longitudinal or transverse directions with respect to the long axis of the cells and then dried while under mechanical stretch. The average orientations of both 1160 and 1745 cm−1 vibration transition dipoles were rotated by ~5° and ~4°, respectively, along the stretch direction from their initial random distributions upon longitudinal strain by 14%; and by ~4° and ~3°, respectively, upon transverse strain by 12%. These results imply that both cellulose microfibrils and pectins in the cell wall are passively realigned along the stretch direction by external mechanical force. The analytical methodology developed here will be useful to study how cell wall polymers might reorganize during cell wall growth and development.
Integration of Numerical Simulation and Flow Visualization in the Design of Equipment for the Manufacture of Submicron Semiconductor Devices

Improved room and equipment aerodynamics can have a significant impact on the ability to obtain acceptable yields on high density semiconductor products.1 Goals for the equipment engineer/vendor are presented here, a set of design guidelines is established, and a design and test regimen formulated to achieve aerodynamically acceptable equipment designs is proposed.
The Trauma of Monastic Reform: Community and Conflict in Twelfth-Century Germany

This book opens a window on the lived experience of monastic reform in the twelfth century. Drawing on a variety of textual and material sources from the south German monastery of Petershausen, it begins with the local process of reform and moves out into intertwined regional social, political, and ecclesiastical landscapes. Beach reveals how the shock of reform initiated decades of anxiety at Petershausen and raised doubts about the community's communal identity, its shifting internal contours and boundaries, and its place within the broader spiritual and social landscapes of Constance and Swabia. The Trauma of Monastic Reform goes beyond reading monastic narratives of reform as retrospective expressions of support for the deeds and ideals of a past generation of reformers to explore the real human impact that the process could have, both on the individuals who comprised the target community and on those who lived for generations in its aftermath.
Glossary of Terminology Used in Catalysis

The interdisciplinary nature of heterogeneous catalysis creates the need for a glossary to make access to the literature easier by defining most of the terms frequently used in catalytic science and technology. In addition, the glossary should contain a brief description of experimental techniques commonly used in catalysis and the type of information obtained from them. Some terms have more than one definition, but this glossary presents only the definitions related to heterogeneous catalysis. although some of them apply to other forms of catalysis.
Non-invasive analysis of stored red blood cells using diffuse resonance Raman spectroscopy.

A method to acquire the Raman spectra of sub-surface components using diffusely focused radiation in a microscope sampling configuration is described. This procedure generates Raman scattering at various sample depths by producing a converging beam at the back aperture of the objective lens. This method requires illumination of the sample with a defocused laser, while simultaneously increasing the number of CCD pixels that are binned along the spatial axis of the detector. We applied this diffuse sampling method to the analysis of stored red blood cells (RBCs). During storage, biochemical changes to RBCs occur (the “storage lesion”). However, there are no existing non-invasive methods to assess this. We evaluated the instrumental parameters needed to maximize the diffusely scattered signal, including pixel binning, slit width, and bandwidth. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this diffuse resonance Raman spectroscopy (DRRS) method by detecting RBCs through a blood bag segment (1 mm wall thickness). We directly compared the DRRS method to the more common stand-off Raman spectroscopy (SORS) method using both 633 nm and 785 nm excitation. Time-dependent DRRS spectra were used in a multivariate model for classification of RBCs in polymer segments by storage age. Young (6–8 day) RBCs were differentiated from old (35–40) RBCs with 100% sensitivity and 98.5% selectivity. These data indicated that DRRS is a promising, non-invasive technique for acquiring the spectra of sub-surface components, and is particularly applicable when the underlying sample can be resonantly enhanced.
Prayer and Helping

I propose a theoretical framework to understand how the religious practice of prayer influences helping. Drawing on work from symbolic interaction and cognitive psychology, I argue that individuals...
Seasonal distribution and abundance of fungi in two desert grassland communities

Seasonal variation in soil mycoflora from hillside and valley sites was determined from samples isolated by soil-baiting and dilution-plate techniques. Of 84 species from baits and 47 species from dilution plates, 79 and 45 respectively showed seasonal patterns of presence–absence, while 5 and 2 respectively were continuously present and exhibited differential habitat abundance. Results are related to within-habitat differences and to yearly variation in the physical environment.
Expression variation analysis for tumor heterogeneity in single-cell RNA-sequencing data

Tumor heterogeneity provides a complex challenge to cancer treatment and is a critical component of therapeutic response, disease recurrence, and patient survival. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies reveal the prevalence of intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity. Computational techniques are essential to quantify the differences in variation of these profiles between distinct cell types, tumor subtypes, and patients to fully characterize intra- and inter-tumor molecular heterogeneity. We devised a new algorithm, Expression Variation Analysis in Single Cells (EVAsc), to perform multivariate statistical analyses of differential variation of expression in gene sets for scRNA-seq. EVAsc has high sensitivity and specificity to detect pathways with true differential heterogeneity in simulated data. We then apply EVAsc to several public domain scRNA-seq tumor datasets to quantify the landscape of tumor heterogeneity in several key applications in cancer genomics, i.e. immunogenicity, cancer subtypes, and metastasis. Immune pathway heterogeneity in hematopoietic cell populations in breast tumors corresponded to the amount diversity present in the T-cell repertoire of each individual. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients, we found dramatic differences in pathway dysregulation across basal primary tumors. Within the basal primary tumors we also identified increased immune dysregulation in individuals with a high proportion of fibroblasts present in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, cells in HNSCC primary tumors had significantly more heterogeneity across pathways than cells in metastases, consistent with a model of clonal outgrowth. These results demonstrate the broad utility of EVAsc to quantify inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity from scRNA-seq data without reliance on low dimensional visualization.
Approaching a vast and varied copper collection: An analysis of Oneota copper artifacts of the Lake Koshkonong region in southeastern Wisconsin

Abstract Despite almost two centuries of North American prehistoric copper research, intensive archaeological investigations focusing specifically on Oneota copper are less abundant. Building upon previous studies, this project documented and analyzed over 600 Oneota copper artifacts to assess the production, utilization, and ideological and social significance of this raw material. The artifacts of this study were recovered from four Oneota sites adjacent to Lake Koshkonong in Jefferson County, Wisconsin, which date to 1100 to 1400 CE: Crabapple Point (47Je93), Schmeling (47Je833), Koshkonong Creek Village (47Je379), and Crescent Bay Hunt Club (47Je904). Methods for analyzing North American prehistoric copper artifacts are presented in this paper, as well as the results of investigating object form, damage, and general depositional context. The data support multiple conclusions about Koshkonong Oneota copper use: manufacturing marks on beads provide arguments for multiple manufacturing traditions, use-wear both supports and questions previous assumptions of artifact use, and object distribution among sites and iconographic symbols present in the collections suggest a larger ideological and social significance of the material. These conclusions indicate that the Oneota viewed and used copper as a prestige good that established and reaffirmed social order and legitimized the ideological, economic, militaristic, and political power of certain individuals or kin groups living along the northwest shores of Lake Koshkonong at this time. Overall, this research provides possible standardized methods for future prehistoric copper studies and hopes to inspire additional Oneota copper research.
Proton Abstraction from DMEn···X+ by OH–, O2–, and XO2–, for X = Li, Na, and K: Implications for Li–O2 Batteries

The abstraction of a proton by OH-, O2-, and XO2- from DME n···X+, where X is Li, Na, or K, is studied using density functional theory. Both the gas phase and the solution phase are studied. In general, when explicit solvent molecules are added, the difference between the gas-phase and solution results becomes rather small. While the DME n···X+ binding energies differ significantly for various alkali cations, the reaction energies and transition-state energies are far less sensitive to the choice of an alkali cation. XO2- has a lower barrier height than OH-, which, in turn, has a lower barrier height than O2-. The reaction energies follow the same trends.
Endurance Testing: Histories of Liberal Education in U.S. Higher Education

This chapter reviews and critiques writing about the history of liberal/general education in U.S. higher education during the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries. It recognizes that while only limited volumes have attempted to cover the entire history of the concept and its practice in colleges and universities, many studies have focused on specific approaches (e.g., common core, survey courses, upper and lower colleges), bounded time periods (e.g., late nineteenth century, between the wars), influential educators (e.g., Noah Porter, John Henry Newman, Robert Maynard Hutchins), and pioneering institutions (e.g., Columbia University, Swarthmore College, University of Chicago). The chapter discusses the range of definitions, debates, defenses, practices, individuals, institutions, and recommendations that have appeared in accounts about the changing nature and prospects of liberal education in U.S. higher education. It concludes with the authors’ thoughts concerning possibilities for further study and discourse.
Influence of State-Switching Rotational Inertia Dampers on the Natural Frequencies and Response of Structures

Rotational inertia dampers have been proposed as passive vibration absorbers. Traditional rotational inertia dampers come in different configurations, but all feature a mechanical device called an inerter. The inerter is a two terminal device that can produce a large effective mass via the transformation of translational motion to the rotation of a flywheel. Despite the effectiveness of rotational inertia dampers at reducing the response of structures, there use has potential drawbacks. The inerter increases the effective mass of a system and, therefore, reduces the natural frequencies of that system; this shift in natural frequency is not always desirable. Furthermore, energy that is transferred to the inerter as rotational kinetic energy is transferred back to the structure when the structure’s motion slows, which can drive the response of the structure. To address these issues, one-way rotational inertia dampers have recently been proposed and investigated. In the one-way rotational damper, energy is transferred to a flywheel as rotational kinetic energy in a manner in which it cannot transfer back to the structure. In addition, the one-way rotational damper is not always engaged with the structure; thus, the effective mass of the system changes during its response. Due to these changes, also known as state-switching, it is not straightforward to evaluate the response of the system or its effective frequency. In this study, the effect of the one-way rotational inertia damper on the frequency and response of the base structure is investigated with numerical analyses.
Preliminary engagement of a patient advisory board of African American community members with type 2 diabetes in a peer-led medication adherence intervention

The Peers Supporting Health Literacy, Self-efficacy, Self-Advocacy, and Adherence (Peers LEAD) program is a culturally tailored educational-behavioral 8-week intervention that addressed psychosocial and sociocultural barriers to diabetes medication adherence in African Americans. A brief 3-week version of the Peers LEAD intervention used a community engagement approach to examine the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention amongst patient stakeholders. African Americans who were adherent to their diabetes medicines were paired with those who were non-adherent to their medicines. Together, they participated in the group and phone-based medication adherence intervention. Input from this brief intervention was important for the design of the remainder weeks of the 8-week program. The intervention targeted negative beliefs about diabetes, use of diabetes medicines, and offering culturally tailored peer support to improve medication adherence in African Americans. To receive input in the development and implementation of the program, we worked with community advisors and a peer ambassador board of African Americans who were adherent to their diabetes medicines. The peer ambassador board and community advisors reviewed intervention materials to ensure they were understandable and appropriate for the community. As well, they provided feedback on the process for intervention delivery. The active engagement of the peer ambassador board and community advisors led to a revised intervention process and materials for a medication adherence program for African Americans with type 2 diabetes.
Clinical and Echocardiographic Predictors of Reduced Survival in Patient with Functional Mitral Regurgitation.

Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is associated with a poor outcome in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Two recent studies of percutaneous mitral valvular repair therapy reported disparate results, likely due in part to variable risk among FMR patients. The aim of this study is to define echocardiographic factors of prognostic significance in FMR patients, and particularly to compare ischemic and nonischemic FMR. We followed three hundred sixteen consecutive patients (age 60 ± 14 years, men 70%) with FMR and LVEF ≤ 35% between January 2010 and December 2015 (mean follow-up 3.7 years). Patients were categorized into ischemic (39.6%) and nonischemic (60.4%). MR was graded according to the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines. Although echo findings were similar between ischemic and nonischemic patient, the incidence of death, heart transplantation (HT), or LVAD implantation was higher in ischemic than in nonischemic patients (Log rank p = 0.001). In age and gender adjusted multivariate (11 variables) Cox regression analysis, left atrium volume index (LAVI) was associated with death, HT, or LVAD with hazard ratio of 2.1 for patients with FMR (p = 0.003). LAVI greater than 48.7 mL/m2 predicts adverse outcome in both nonischemic and ischemic FMR (AUC 0.62, p
Toward a Nonviolent State

This essay argues that demilitarization of police departments is a necessary but insufficient step toward racial justice. In order to create a society in which human flourishing is possible for all, we must push the State itself to embrace the tenets of nonviolence. Traumatized communities thrust into the street in the aftermath of a police-involved killing cannot reasonably be held to a higher standard than the agents of the State. Rather, we must meet collective trauma with State-sanctioned care. Ending the transfer of weapons of war into local communities is a necessary, though small, step toward this end.
Bench Evaluation of Ventilator Mode Changes During High Frequency Jet Ventilation and Inhaled Nitric Oxide

Background: High frequency jet ventilation (HFJV), conventional ventilation (CV), and inhaled nitric oxide (INO) are therapies that are often used simultaneously. In our Level IV NICU, we noticed a discrepancy between CV set PEEP (actual PEEP), Pmin, and measured PEEP on HFJV when CV modes were changed. We aimed to evaluate the effect of this discrepancy on the delivery of INO. Methods: A Drager Babylog equipped with a F&P Evaqua 2 circuit interfaced a Bunnell LifePulse HFJV, INO was placed in-line (between gas outlet and heater) on the HFJV from a Mallinckrodt INOmax DSIR system to a Drager neonate test lung. Two models were evaluated, Model 1 included CV-PC CMV, PIP 25, Ti 0.35, RR 5, PEEP 6, HFJV- PIP 30, RR 420, Ti 0.02 and INO at 20 ppm (sampling post ETT and within the test lung). Model 2 included CV- SPN CPAP, PEEP 6, PS 6, with the HFJV and INO unchanged. Variables for analysis included: CV measured PEEP/Pmin, HFJV measured PEEP/ΔP and INO sampling on DSIR. Due to an observed decrease in PEEP and increase in ΔP on the HFJV when switching between models slightly larger VTs would be expected. INO sampling was obtained from within the test lung to evaluate INO delivery and values were obtained three times in each model after stabilization and averaged. Student’s t-test was used to determine statistical significance. Results: Average values in CMV PC mode were CV PEEP 6.2, Pmin 5.9, HFJV PEEP 6.1, HFJV ΔP 23.9, INO 19 ppm. Average values in SPN CPAP mode were CV PEEP 5.8, Pmin 5.2, HFJV PEEP 5.3, HFJV ΔP 24.7, INO 19 ppm. Pmin/HFJV PEEP is decreased and HFJV ΔP is increased when CV mode is changed from CMV PC to SPN CPAP. As PEEP decreases and ΔP increases, larger VTs are expected. All reported pressure fluctuations were determined not significant (Table 1) and fall within manufacturer9s specifications. INO delivery was not affected when CV mode changes were made when used in conjunction with HFJV. Conclusions: Despite variability in CV Set PEEP, Pmin, and measured PEEP between CV and HFJV, when CV modes were changed INO delivery remained stable in our bench model. Further research must be done to evaluate expected volume increases and the potential impact to neonatal patients on these therapies.
Advanced Diffusion of the Pediatric Brain and Spine

This article discusses new diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and fiber tractography (FT), as well as more advanced diffusion imaging in pediatric brain and spine. Underlying disorder and pathophysiology causing diffusion abnormalities are discussed. Multishot echo planar imaging (EPI) DWI and non-EPI DWI provide higher spatial resolution with less susceptibility artifact and distortion, which are replacing conventional single-shot EPI DWI. DTI and FT have established clinical significance in pediatric brain and spine. This article discusses advanced diffusion imaging, including diffusion kurtosis imaging, neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging, diffusion spectrum imaging, intravoxel incoherent motion, and oscillating-gradient spin-echo.
Therapeutic Advances in the Treatment of Cigarette Addiction.

Smoking-related diseases are preventable. Along with behavioral counseling, nicotine replacement therapies improve the chance for a successful attempt at quitting. Many of these nicotine replacement products are available without a prescription. Pharmacists are in a unique position to help decrease the number of smokers by encouraging smokers to quit. Once a patient has made the decision to quit, the pharmacist should discuss the physical and psychological effects of nicotine addiction and withdrawal and provide counseling on behavioral modifications and nicotine replacement products. Pharmacists can offer smoking cessation programs in their practice and will be rewarded for cost-effective management of smoking cessation.
Localization error of underwater multistatic scenarios with uncertain transducers' location

This publication investigates the impact of inaccurate source and receiver positions on multi-static localization errors. A geometry-based localization error estimate is derived for such situations and it is demonstrated that such error estimate can be exact in some cases. Examples illustrate that the resulting localization error is better conditioned than existing localization error estimates for degenerate cases found in the literature. Moreover, the proposed localization error estimate can act as a tight upper bound.
Cockpit seat and pilot helmet vibration during flight operations on aircraft carriers.

INTRODUCTION: Human vibration exposure data relative to military tactical and strategic aircraft operations are required for assessing the potential health risks and performance consequences when using helmet-mounted equipment. The objective of this study was to characterize cockpit seat and pilot helmet vibration in a jet aircraft during aircraft carrier flight operations. METHODS: The Remote Vibration Environment Recorder (REVER) was used to measure triaxial accelerations at the seat base, seat pan, seat back, and helmet in the F/A-18C (Hornet) jet aircraft. Data were collected during flight operations on 2 aircraft carriers for a total of 11 catapult launches (CATs), 9 touch-and-goes (TGs), and 4 arrested landings (TRAPs). Helmet pitch acceleration and displacement were estimated from the helmet translational acceleration data. RESULTS: Of particular interest was the substantial low frequency seat and helmet vibration observed during the catapult launch. During the stroke period, seat and helmet vertical (Z) accelerations reached 6 and 8 g peak-to-peak, respectively, and occurred in the frequency range of 3-3.5 Hz. The associated helmet pitch reached peak-to-peak displacements ranging between 90 and 18 degrees. DISCUSSION: The large helmet rotations may be associated with helmet slippage that can cause partial or complete loss of the projected image on a helmet-mounted display (HMD) (vignetting). This is highly undesirable when using the HMD as the primary flight reference. The aircraft operational vibration can be regenerated in the laboratory for investigating this specific concern. The goal is to develop helmet-mounted equipment design guidelines that consider hostile vibratory environments.
Molecular mechanism of uncompetitive inhibition of human placental and germ-cell alkaline phosphatase

Placental (PLAP) and germ-cell (GCAP) alkaline phosphatases are inhibited uncompetitively by L-Leu and L-Phe. Whereas L-Phe inhibits PLAP and GCAP to the same extent, L-Leu inhibits GCAP 17-fold more strongly than it does PLAP. This difference has been attributed [Hummer & Millan (1991) Biochem. J 274, 91-95] to a Glu----Gly substitution at position 429 in GCAP. The D-Phe and D-Leu enantiomorphs are also inhibitory through an uncompetitive mechanism but with greatly decreased efficiencies. Replacement of the active-site residue Arg-166 by Ala-166 changes the inhibition mechanism of the resulting PLAP mutant to a more complex mixed-type inhibition, with decreased affinities for L-Leu and L-Phe. The uncompetitive mechanism is restored on the simultaneous introduction of Gly-429 in the Ala-166 mutant, but the inhibitions of [Ala166,Gly429]PLAP and even [Lys166,Gly429]PLAP by L-Leu and L-Phe are considerably decreased compared with that of [Gly429]PLAP. These findings point to the importance of Arg-166 during inhibition. Active-site binding of L-Leu requires the presence of covalently bound phosphate in the active-site pocket, and the inhibition of PLAP by L-Leu is pH-sensitive, gradually disappearing when the pH is decreased from 10.5 to 7.5. Our data are compatible with the following molecular model for the uncompetitive inhibition of PLAP and GCAP by L-Phe and L-Leu: after binding of a phosphorylated substrate to the active site, the guanidinium group of Arg-166 (normally involved in positioning phosphate) is redirected to the carboxy group of L-Leu (or L-Phe), thus stabilizing the inhibitor in the active site. Therefore leucinamide and leucinol are weaker inhibitors of [Gly429]PLAP than is L-Leu. During this Arg-166-regulated event, the amino acid side group is positioned in the loop containing Glu-429 or Gly-429, leading to further stabilization. Replacement of Glu-429 by Gly-429 eliminates steric constraints experienced by the bulky L-Leu side group during its positioning and also increases the active-site accessibility for the inhibitor, providing the basis for the 17-fold difference in inhibition efficiency between PLAP and GCAP. Finally, the inhibitor's unprotonated amino group co-ordinates with the active-site Zn2+ ion 1, interfering with the hydrolysis of the phosphoenzyme intermediate, a phenomenon that determines the uncompetitive nature of the inhibition.
Stateside Puerto Ricans and the Public Workforce Development System: New York City, Hartford, Springfield/Holyoke

Resumen en: This study examines, first, how public workforce development systems under the Workforce Investment Act (1998) are responding to the needs of Puerto Rica...
Equivariant Analogue of Grothendieck’s Theorem for Vector Bundles on ℙ1

Let T be a complex torus acting algebraically on ℙ1(ℂ). In this note we prove a T-equivariant analogue of a theorem of Grothendieck. More specifically, we show that any T-equivariant vector bundle on ℙ1(ℂ) is a direct sum of T-equivariant line subbundles.
Infection Control: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Health care personnel come into contact with Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on a daily basis. Emergency practitioners must become aware of the trend toward community and health care acquired infections and how to treat and prevent them. Medication treatment is specific to each infection. Disease prevention is mandatory to keep the number of cases decreasing. In this study, a survey of literature has been conducted on the evolution of health care acquired infection based on level of evidence. Early identification and isolation for MRSA at the point of patient entry can prevent MRSA spread and Health Care Associated Infections (HAIs).
Serotonin and morphogenesis in the cultured mouse embryo.

Morphogenesis Is the process whereby cell movements, changes in cell shape and cell-cell interactions result in the formation of tissues and organs in the embryo. Beginning with the work of Vogt (1929), who traced the complex movements of cells during gastrulation, and the discovery that the dorsal lip of the blastopore moving underneath the overlying ectoderm was responsible for induction of the nervous system during gastrulation (Spemann and Mangold, 1924), the importance of morphogenetlc cell movements for the shaping and patterning of the embryo has become increasingly evident (see Gurdon, 1987; Gustafson and Wolpert, 1963; Holtfreter, 1968; Holtfreter and Hamburger, 1955). However, little is known concerning the forces which set in motion or control these dynamic processes, although a variety of basic cellular mechanisms have been implicated. This chapter reviews evidence that neurotransmitter substances, in particular serotoinin (5-HT) may be involved in the regulation of some morphogenetic processes in neural and non-neural tissues.
Direct Measurements of Contact Force between Clathrate Hydrates and Water

A method for precise and reproducible initial contact force measurements is introduced utilizing an apparatus fabricated with a microbalance and z-axis stage to study the interaction behavior between cyclopentane (CP) hydrate and water in a temperature controlled hydrocarbon environment. CP hydrate probes are prepared using hydrate slurries composed of 5 wt % CP and Wilhelmy rods. The CP hydrate probe is slowly brought into contact with water to determine the initial contact force. The effect of substrate morphology on the initial contact force is reported through employing aluminum substrates prepared using physical vapor deposition (PVD) and milling. Accurate and facile measurements are performed by applying a high-resolution microbalance with 0.1 μN resolution to provide repeatable and consistent results of initial contact force between hydrate and water.
Study of migration in Cr:Er:YSGG using an upconversion light induced grating technique

Abstract An excitation migration over the level 4 I 1 1 2 was studied in Cr:Er:YSGG laser crystal using an upconversion nonholographic light induced grating (LIG) technique A long distance of migration (≃ μm) was found. The diffusion coefficient was determined to be equal to 7 × 10−7 cm2/s. This value was compared to that calculated in dipole-dipole approximation from the emission and absorption spectra overlap. The analysis shows, that excitation migration in Er:Cr:YSGG cannot be described in terms of dipole-dipole energy transfer, other possibilities are discussed.
Sources of variation in phonetograms.

Summary Despite the growing popularity of the phonetogram or F 0 -SPL Profile in the United States and its continuing use in Europe, it is generally acknowledged that a wide range of results are obtained by different investigators using the technique. Nonuniformity of results calls into question the basic validity of the method as a descriptor of vocal function limits. This article reviews some of the more common diversities in methods among investigators and suggests that variation of results in voice profiles may be as much an indication of nonstandardization of technique as in the inherent variability of subjects.
A Critical Period for Social Experience–Dependent Oligodendrocyte Maturation and Myelination

Early social isolation results in adult behavioral and cognitive dysfunction that correlates with white matter alterations. However, how social deprivation influences myelination and the significance of these myelin defects in the adult remained undefined. We show that mice isolated for 2 weeks immediately after weaning have alterations in prefrontal cortex function and myelination that do not recover with reintroduction into a social environment. These alterations, which occur only during this critical period, are phenocopied by loss of oligodendrocyte ErbB3 receptors, and social isolation leads to reduced expression of the ErbB3 ligand neuregulin-1. These findings indicate that social experience regulates prefrontal cortex myelination through neuregulin-1/ErbB3 signaling and that this is essential for normal cognitive function, thus providing a cellular and molecular context to understand the consequences of social isolation.
Scientific theory as partially interpreted calculus II

L'A. s'attache a defendre et a retablir dans ses droits la conception des theories scientifiques qu'avaient proposee les positivistes logiques : une theorie scientifique est un calcul partiellement interprete. Il montre que les objections qui ont ete adressees a cette conception ne sont pas dirigees contre elles, mais contre l'empirisme qui l'accompagnait, et qu'une fois celui-ci separe de celle-la, elle est defendable a nouveaux frais.
Further Opportunities for Cost Reduction of Medical Care

The already high and still rising cost of health care has become a matter of serious concern and a subject of political dispute. The problem has no magic cures but, as is shown here, there are a number of promising modifications in current practice that promise to reduce the required outlays without impairing appropriate health care. Continual reports of new medicines, new tests, and new procedures have created an urgent need for careful comparison and evaluation of the advantages and beneficial results that these innovations offer. The same is true for the growing knowledge of genetic variations, which affects the course of therapy for some patients. Costs also can be saved, in some instances, by utilization of medical therapy, rather than interventional procedures. Preventive medicine provides still more opportunities for cost savings. This paper provides an overview of promising potential approaches to reduce the cost of health care.
Optimal portfolio investment in a dynamic horizon

The static version of the mean-variance model of optimal portfolio investment has found very wide applications for the investor’s decision problem (Lin and Boot 1982, Mao 1969, Sharpe 1970, Ziemba and Vickson 1975). The dynamic version has not been so adequately analyzed in the standard literature, perhaps due to the specification problems of intertemporal variations in mean and variance of portfolio returns. Hillier (1963) attempted a nonlinear programming version of the intertemporal problem of risky interrelated investments with discounted cash flows that have random components over time. Dynamic stochastic programming models have also been considered for the consumer, who has to optimally decide between consumption and investment over his lifetime, when there are risky and also riskless assets (Ziemba and Vickson 1975). These models however, in their steady state, do not necessarily lead to a static mean-variance formulation of the standard portfolio model. Besides, they do not analyze specifically for the investor dealing inn risky assets such decision problems as risk-sensitivity, the length of the planning horizon.
Pulsed monocoil magnets for highest fields

Abstract Simulation calculations have been performed to explore the maximum magnetic field that can be achieved with small single coil pulsed magnets. Peak magnetic fields of up to 100 T and even above seem feasible if the current density distribution within the winding is optimized for equal stress and temperature, and modern reinforcement materials, such as Zylon, are used. Compared to high-field two-coil systems, these monocoil magnets are very cost effective and energy efficient, and require only one energy source, among other advantages. Recommendations for the development of high-strength conductors with the focus on high conductivity are introduced, which result from the wish to have relatively long pulses in the 10–30 ms range. The highly efficient design needs less than 2 MJ for a 10 mm bore, 10 ms pulse magnet, or 5.3 MJ for a 15 mm bore, 30 ms pulse magnet. The magnet design follows the polyhelix concept and the successful test coils developed at the NHMFL for 65 T and 75 T monocoil user magnets. We describe the results of the simulation calculations, scaling, the magnet design concept, reinforcement requirements, and the conductor development needs.
The antiquity of microbial sulfate reduction

The phylogenetic positions of sulfate-reducing organisms, as revealed from comparisons of small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA), are spread over both the Archaeal and Bacterial domains, though when they evolved is uncertain. The low-branching positions of some of these groups on the Tree of Life have inspired the hypothesis that the metabolic innovation of microbial sulfate reduction is of great antiquity. Only recently, however, have sulfur isotope data from Precambrian rocks begun to emerge that clearly demonstrate sulfate-reducing microbes had evolved by the early Archean. The large spread of δ34S values of microscopic pyrites aligned along growth faces of former gypsum crystals in the ∼3.47-Ga North Pole barite deposit of northwestern Australia provide the oldest evidence of microbial sulfate reduction and the earliest indication of a specific microbial metabolism. The distinct expression of microbial sulfate reduction in this localized and cool sulfate-rich environment provides the oldest date for calibrating the temporal progress of early evolution on the Tree of Life.
Nitrogen Release from Environmentally Smart Nitrogen Fertilizer as Influenced by Soil Series, Temperature, Moisture, and Incubation Method

Environmentally Smart Nitrogen (ESN) is a polymer-coated urea fertilizer with potential to increase crop recovery of fertilizer nitrogen (N). Our research objectives were to characterize ESN N retention across time as affected by soil series, temperature, moisture, and incubation method. A rumen bag containing 38 to 44 mg ESN N was placed in 400 g soil, and the amount of ESN N remaining in prills was measured every 5 d for 40 d. Soil was incubated at 25 °C and 250 g H2O kg−1 soil, except in experiments where soil temperature or moisture was varied. Nitrogen retention in ESN was linear for three silt and sandy loams and curvilinear in two clayey soils with retention declining more rapidly in clayey soils. Soil temperature had the greatest effect on N retention with the rate of ESN N release increasing as soil temperature increased. Near complete release of ESN N was achieved by 40 d with temperatures ≥ 20 °C.
Changes in affective and continuance commitment in times of relocation

Abstract Affective and continuance commitment were measured during a corporate relocation and again 2 years later. Although mean levels of commitment across all employees remained constant, there were individual increases and decreases in both types of commitment. The changes in the two forms of commitment were associated with different patterns of antecedent factors. Changes in affective commitment were related to both work and non-work impacts , as well as two positive outcomes of the relocation. Changes in continuance commitment bore a relationship to only one relocation outcome—financial impact. Thus, the discriminant validity of the two forms of commitment was supported in this longitudinal analysis.