cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protozoa: Giardia lamblia

Giardiasis is the most common parasitic cause of diarrhea throughout the world. Human infections result from the ingestion of the environmentally stable cyst form, most commonly from the ingestion of contaminated water or direct fecal-oral transmission. When infection results from contaminated food, it is usually from infected food handlers or from washing food with contaminated water. Infection can be asymptomatic, or may result in prolonged diarrhea with malabsorption and weight loss. Even after successful treatment a quarter of patients have prolonged irritable bowel syndrome. The most effective prevention strategy is the maintenance of adequately pure sources of water used for consumption or recreational purposes. Food-borne transmission can be prevented by treatment of handlers known to be infected, by use of adequately purified water for washing food and by the appropriate use of hand washing and gloves by food handlers.
Air Seeders for Conservation Tillage Crop Production

Air seeders are agricultural field crop planters that use air pressure to distribute seeds from a central seed tank to individual soil openers. The basic type of openers affects seed and fertilizer placement in the soil, seedling development and crop yields. The two basic opener designs used on air seeders are disc and hoe openers. Crop producers choose opener types based on the amount and type of crop residue, the crop being planted, fertilizer placement, and soil type and conditions. Disc openers function better in standing residue rather than in conditions where the residue is cutoff and laying on the soil surface; hoe openers generally function better in these conditions. Row cleaners, usually spoked wheels mounted in front of disc openers, can be used to facilitate planting fields with high residue.
Abstract TMP91: Pre-Sepsis P-wave Terminal Force in Lead V1 (PTFV1) as a Predictor of Atrial Fibrillation, In-Hospital Mortality, and Cognition in Sepsis Patients

Introduction: Enlarged P-wave terminal force in lead V1 (PTFV1) >5000 μV*ms is a long-term predictor of the left atrial abnormality such as atrial fibrillation (AF), cognitive dysfunction, and stro...
The Initial Nonprofit Exposure and Response to Seattle's Minimum Wage Ordinance.

AbstractNearly 40 local governments adopted minimum wage rates higher than the federal minimum in the last decade. Research on such laws focuses on employment and price adjustments of for-profit fi...
Directionality for wearable, closely packed radiation detector arrays

Abstract This work defines directionality as the act of estimating a radiation source’s angular coordinate on the horizontal plane within a single measurement, usually up to a few seconds. This work develops a directionality algorithm for general use in wearable, closely packed detector arrays. The algorithm was demonstrated on three 2 ″ × 2 ″ × 4 ″ NaI(Tl) detectors. Directionality performance was quantitatively assessed by observing misclassification rates within the confusion matrices. These misclassification behaviors were condensed into a single number, the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and a trend between directionality performance and uncollided gamma fluence is reported. The MAE was measured to be 8.2 ° using a 113.4 μ Ci Cs-137 source and 17.8 ° using a 34.6 μ Ci Co-60 source, where both sources were placed 172.4 cm away. Finally, this directionality algorithm was demonstrated in the case of static detector array with a moving source where an MAE of 12.7 ° was observed for a 113 μ Ci Cs-137 source at an average distance of 350.0 cm away.
Additively Manufactured Interdigital Filters for Ultra-Wideband Radar

In this paper, we present the development of two ultra-wideband (UWB) inter-digital cavity filters manufactured with an additive technique. We employed a selective laser melting process with stainless steel via a "flipping and fixturing" approach to achieve dimensional accuracy and frequency selectivity (no post-fabrication tuning) comparable to that of conventional micromachining. Both filters provide 2 GHz of instantaneous bandwidth. Their center operating frequencies are 3.75 GHz and 6 GHz, respectively. This paper presents design and fabrication details, a discussion of the measured characteristics of both filters, and a performance comparison with respect to subtractively manufactured parts.
Early indicators of stress in mangrove forests with altered hydrology in Tampa Bay, Florida, USA

Abstract Mangroves experience stress or mortality when gas exchange by aerial root structures is hindered by sediment burial or constant inundation. The resulting loss of belowground roots and increased decomposition can lead to a loss of surface elevation through peat collapse, furthering the degree of inundation. This study identified ten live mangrove forests across Tampa Bay (Florida, USA) with stagnant water and/or abundant adventitious root growth (a sign of stress) and compared vegetative, water, and soil characteristics of stressed and reference mangrove forests to identify early indicators of stress and potential peat collapse. Two stressed sites were characterized by sandy, high-density soils and were hypothesized to have been stressed by a burial event. The remaining eight stressed locations had stagnant pools of discolored water with low dissolved oxygen (1.1 ± 1.3 mg L−1). Soil from the hydrologic stress sites had significantly lower dry bulk density than reference mangrove sites (0.24 ± 0.14 g cm−3 vs. 0.40 ± 0.11 g cm−3), greater organic matter composition (49.3 ± 17.2% vs. 26.1 ± 9.0%), and a higher proportion of root material. Salinity and porewater dissolved organic carbon varied widely but were not significantly different between reference and hydrologic stress sites. Altered hydrology due to anthropogenic alteration can often be improved; thus, proactive restoration is recommended to prevent mortality and peat collapse in affected mangrove forests.
A Spatial-Temporal Analysis of Health Care and Mortality Inequalities in China

Two geographers specializing in China analyze that country’s health care inequality from 1990 to 2008, for the purpose of: (1) examining spatial-temporal variations of health care inequality at multiple scales (the regional, provincial, and county levels); (2) exploring whether economic growth and transition to a market economy have exacerbated the unevenness of health care; and (3) analyzing the impact of health care inequality on health outcomes, especially mortality. The authors apply GIS-based spatial statistical methods to detect spatial-temporal patterns of health care, and use multilevel regression to examine the linkages between health care, mortality, and regional economic inequality, and ultimately to assess the sensitivity of health care inequality to geographic scale and examine whether reforms implemented to date have resulted in more equitable access to health care. The paper also demonstrates how the concurrent transitions of decentralization, marketization, globalization, and urbanization in China have interactively contributed to health care inequality and mortality.
Spin Probes and Spin Labels

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a versatile and exceptionally sensitive technique for detecting and studying molecular systems possessing unpaired electronic spins. It finds substantial use in characterizing paramagnetic metal ions and organic free radicals. The scope of EPR applications in analytical chemistry can be expanded significantly by means of spin labels and spin probes — exogenous EPR-active species that are introduced solely for the purpose of gaining information on the system under study. These labels and probes are persistent free radicals or paramagnetic metal ions designed to be partitioned or attached to specific molecular sites. To be suitable for analytical applications, spin labels and probes should readily report on properties of interest, exhibit distinguishable from background EPR signals, and leave the system only minimally perturbed by their presence. In this article, we describe a series of spin labels and probes as well as the associated EPR methods that are tailored to specific analytical applications of EPR spectroscopy — from assessing local oxygen and proton concentration to profiling electrostatic properties of biopolymers and lipid bilayers. The primary focus is bioanalytical applications of spin label/probe methods, with an emphasis on the synergy between the rational design of spin-bearing molecules using the tools of organic chemistry and desired analytical capabilities. Keywords: spin probe; spin label; electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy; nitroxide; free radical; spin probe; pH measurements; oximetry; electrostatic potential
Cell surface glycoproteins of CHO cells. I. Internalization and rapid recycling.

Abstract The major cell surface proteins of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been investigated after reacting cells at 4 °C with the membrane-impermeant reagent, trinitroben-zenesulfonate (TNBS). Immunoprecipitation and subsequent two-dimensional, sodium-dodecyl sulfate, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of proteins from derivatized cells that had been labelled previously with [ 3 H] d -glucosamine or [ 3 H] l -leucine showed that TNBS reacted with most of the high molecular weight (HMW) acidic glycoproteins that became labelled with iodine by the lactoperoxidase technique and that bind the lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). After warming the cells to allow endocytosis to proceed, molecules haptenized with trinitrophenol (TNP) groups were followed radiochemically by means of [ 125 I]anti-DNP antibodies. The half-life for internalization of proteins tagged with either [ 125 I]anti-DNP IgG or Fab averaged about 5 min. A similar result was obtained when a monoclonal antibody directed against a single plasma membrane glycoprotein was used, or when the rate of surface loss of TNP groups unoccupied by antibodies was measured. Within 15 min at 37 °C, a steady-state between surface and cytoplasmic label was reached, with about 65% of the hapten located internally. Recycling of internalized TNP groups back to the cell surface also occurred rapidly ( t 1 2 ~5 min ). Most of the intracellular radioactivity was associated with a membrane fraction of density similar to that of the plasma membrane. Over a 4-h period, there was no significant entry of labeled molecules into lysosomes. By contrast, the fluid-phase marker, horseradish peroxidase, became associated with the lysosomes within 1 h. Our results are consistent with the view that the majority of plasma membrane glycoproteins are continuously being internalized and recycled at a high rate.
Technologies for distribution of interactive multimedia to residential subscribers

At the University of California, San Diego, we are developing architectures and technologies targeted at the practical realization of interactive multimedia services to subscriber communities. We believe that a key deciding factor for the feasibility of interactive multimedia services is their economic viability. We propose techniques for information caching as a fundamental means of optimizing per user costs of multimedia distribution. >
Scholarship Girls Aren't the Only Chicanas Who Go to College: Former Chicana Continuation High School Students Disrupting the Educational Achievement Binary

Drawing from extensive oral history interviews with five Chicana women, Malagon and Alvarez (re)conceptualize the way educational scholarship defines "high achieving." As attendees of California continuation high schools, all five women defy societal expectations by moving from these alternative educational spaces to community colleges, then transferring into four-year universities and going on to enroll in graduate programs. The article highlights the resistance strategies these young women employ through their critique of social oppression, with the authors using critical race theory, Latina/o critical theory, and Chicana feminist epistemologies to make sense of the women's narratives and their journeys through the educational pipeline.
The effects of extreme nutritional conditions on the neurochemistry of reward and addiction.

Abstract Weight loss is a frequent problem in space flights. We now claim that it may affect performance and drug-seeking behavior by altering midbrain neurochemistry. In food-deprived rats (20–30% underweight) basal extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens decrease to 40–50% of normal and locomotion is depressed. However, amphetamine-induced dopamine release and locomotion are higher than in controls (1825% vs. 595% after a 25 μM d -amphetamine intraaccumbens infusion). The lower basal and the higher stimulated dopamine levels suggest that the neurotransmitter accumulates presynaptically in the accumbens of the underweight rats due to subnormal basal release. Psychostimulants are more rewarding for underweight subjects possibly because they release significantly more dopamine from elevated presynaptic stores into the accumbens. Consequently, weight loss can lead both to depression of performance and propensity to substance abuse. These effects should be considered when providing nutritional resources for space flights so that weight loss is limited.
Metallurgical improvements for enhanced stress corrosion performance of light water reactor structural materials

Incidences of stress corrosion cracking of a wide variety of structural materials used in light water reactors have caused significant forced outages, with associated high costs to utilities and ratepayers for replacement power. This paper focuses on stress corrosion cracking problems in fuel rods and other small core components, piping, steam generator tubes, and turbine discs. These problems have motivated intense research efforts to seek solutions and the resulting material remedies, involving either or both microstructure and alloy chemistry modification, are described.
Calcineurin A (Ca) Inhibition Supresses Protein Synthesis Via Amp Dependent Kinase (Ampk).

Diabetes stimulates CA activity in the kidney and CA inhibitor cyclosporine A (CYA) or CA β isoform knock-out (CA β -/-) block diabetic renal hypertrophy.CA regulates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to reduce protein synthesis (PS) during cardiac hypertrophy.To study this pathway, NRK-52E and SV40 transformed CA β +/+ and -/- proximal tubule cell lines were treated with 10 nM epidermal growth factor (EGF) and/or 8 μM CYA. After 48 hrs of CYA in NRK-52E cells, EGF-induced protein/well was 30±4% lower with decreased PS (49±2%) rather than increased protein breakdown. In CA β -/- cells, protein/well (20 + 2%) and PS (16 ±1%) were lower and CYA did not decrease PS further. In CA β +/+ cells, CYA reduced PS 20 + 2%. However, CYA did not block mTOR signaling as measured by phosphorylation (P) at S2448 or by p70S6 kinase P at T389. CYA also did not alter the mTOR dependent pathway of macroautophagy. However, CYA in NRK-52E or CA β -/- cells showed increased activation of the metformin-sensitive energy sensor, AMPK, as measured by P of T172 by ∼5- or>10-fold, respectively. AMPK reduces PS via P of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) at T356 and CYA increased eEF2 P by∼3 fold.We conclude CA inhibition reduces PS in renal hypertrophy via a novel pathway involving AMPK and eEF2 rather than by mTOR and p70S6 kinase. Activation of AMPK or altered energy metabolism via CA β may be important in CA inhibitor nephrotoxicity.
Business Communication Competencies Needed by Employees as Perceived by Business Faculty and Business Professionals

Implementation of total quality management and continu ous process improvement require validation of competencies by an institution's customers. This study was designed to determine if business fac...
Optoacoustic measurements of water vapor absorption at selected CO laser wavelengths in the 5-micron region

Measurements of water vapor absorption were taken with a resonant optoacoustical detector (cylindrical pyrex detector, two BaF2 windows fitted into end plates at slight tilt to suppress Fabry-Perot resonances), for lack of confidence in existing spectral tabular data for the 5-7 micron region, as line shapes in the wing regions of water vapor lines are difficult to characterize. The measurements are required for air pollution studies using a CO laser, to find the differential absorption at the wavelengths in question due to atmospheric constituents other than water vapor. The design and performance of the optoacoustical detector are presented. Effects of absorption by ambient NO are considered, and the fixed-frequency discretely tunable CO laser is found suitable for monitoring urban NO concentrations in a fairly dry climate, using the water vapor absorption data obtained in the study.
Biology of Septoria musiva and Marssonina brunnea in hybrid populus plantations and control of Septoria canker in nurseries

Spore dispersal and symptom development of Septoria musiva and Marssonina brunnea were studied in hybrid poplar plantings in the north central United States. Ascospores or conidia were present within the plantings throughout the growing season. Results of Septoria canker control in nurseries are discussed in relation to the biology of the fungus and use of resistant clones.
Use of radiofrequency in cosmetic dermatology: focus on nonablative treatment of acne scars

Acne is a common affliction among many teens and some adults that usually resolves over time. However, the severe sequela of acne scarring can lead to long-term psychological and psychiatric problems. There exists a multitude of modalities to treat acne scars such as more invasive surgical techniques, subcision, chemical peels, ablative lasers, fractional lasers, etc. A more recent technique for the treatment of acne scars is nonablative radiofrequency (RF) that works by passing a current through the dermis at a preset depth to produce small thermal wounds in the dermis which, in turn, stimulates dermal remodeling to produce new collagen and soften scar defects. This review article demonstrates that out of all RF modalities, microneedle bipolar RF and fractional bipolar RF treatments offers the best results for acne scarring. An improvement of 25%-75% can be expected after three to four treatment sessions using one to two passes per session. Treatment results are optimal approximately 3 months after final treatment. Common side effects can include transient pain, erythema, and scabbing. Further studies are needed to determine what RF treatment modalities work best for specific scar subtypes, so that further optimization of RF treatments for acne scars can be determined.
A randomized trial of a community-based cognitive intervention for obese senior adults.

Objectives: To determine whether a cognitive intervention delivered by lay health educators (LHEs) in senior centers was effective in improving cognition in obese older adults. Methods: This cluste...
Circulation in Shelikof Strait, Alaska

Abstract Extensive hydrographic surveys were conducted in Shelikof Strait in March and October 1985. The data are used to describe circulation and property distributions and the changes that occurred. The upper layer flows to the southwest throughout the year, but greatest speeds occur in the fall when surface waters are least saline because of a maximum in freshwater discharge. The deep water has its source to the south, and the properties seem to result from vertical mixing of this southern water. Thus Shelikof Strait has an estuarine-like circulation with a northward, deep inflow. Property distribution showed that isolines were usually deepest on the right side of the channel looking to the southwest; greatest baroclinic speeds were often there also. Differential Ekman pumping may contribute to the development of this structure and its changes. Volume transport estimates varied considerably. In October the southwest flow bifurcated, with part continuing along the Alaska Peninsula and the rest exiting t...
A classification of the field of family therapy: A review of prior attempts and a new paradigmatic model

Abstract This article presents a review of the early attempts to classify the field of family therapy, including Haley's (1962) caricatures, the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry's (1970) classification, Beels and Ferber's (1969) antitheoretical model, and others. A recent paradigmatic scheme (Ritterman, 1977) based on the pretheoretical assumptions of the family theorists is examined in detail, extended to encompass more of the field and critiqued from the perspectives of its overall validity and utility. Finally, a new paradigmatic model based on the formal aspects of the family therapy theories is presented.
Seriousness of crimes: A survey of the nation's chiefs of police

The views of 105 police chiefs throughout the United States were obtained in regard to their ranking of the seriousness of 60 criminal offenses. Responses indicated that the chiefs see most crimes very much in the same light as do citizens surveyed by Rossi et al. (1974) in Baltimore a decade ago. There also is considerable consensus among chiefs throughout the country in their views about seriousness. Variations between the present findings and those of similar studies of other populations are also set forth.
Applying the Transtheoretical Model to Ethnically Diverse Women at Risk for HIV

The purpose of this study is to compare the reliability and predictability of transtheoretical model (TTM) constructs when applied to minority and White women at risk for HIV. Participants consisted of 332 women, including Blacks, Asians, Hispanics, Native Americans, other non-Whites, and Whites. The results supported the reliability and validity of the TTM variables for minority women as well as for White women. Hierarchical multiple regressions demonstrated that TTM variables were able to predict over and above demographic variables. Structural equation models indicate strong support for a mediational model in which the pros and cons predict condom stage of change and unprotected sex though the mediation of self-efficacy. This study provides strong support for TTM scales applied to minority as well as White women at risk for HIV. The authors discuss how these variables might be incorporated into interventions aimed at increasing condom use in minority women.
Developmental differences in the sensitivity of hippocampal GABAA receptor-mediated IPSCS to ethanol.

Background: Ethanol consumption by juveniles and adolescents is a public health problem of massive proportions. Recent studies have indicated that adolescents may be less sedated by ethanol than adults, and may thus be able to consume more ethanol, putting them at greater risk for ethanol addiction and other negative consequences of ethanol use. However, the mechanisms underlying this developmental difference are unknown. One contributing factor may be GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition, which is known to produce sedation. Ethanol is known to enhance this inhibitory process. Methods: Using whole cell recording, we tested the response of GABAA receptor-mediated IPSCs in brain slices of rat hippocampus from animals representing three developmental stages: juvenile, early adolescent, and adult. Results: We found significantly greater ethanol-induced enhancement of GABA-mediated IPSPs in cells from adult animals compared to those from juvenile or adolescent animals. Conclusions: We conclude that the sensitivity of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory processes to ethanol increases with development from the juvenile period to adulthood.
Efficacy of washing with hydrogen peroxide followed by aerosolized antimicrobials as a novel sanitizing process to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 on baby spinach.

Abstract Aerosolization was investigated as a potential way to apply allyl isothiocyanate (AIT), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), acetic acid (AA) and lactic acid (LA) on fresh baby spinach to control Escherichia coli O157:H7 during refrigeration storage. In this study, baby spinach leaves were dip-inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 to a level of 6 log CFU/g and stored at 4 °C for 24 h before treatment. Antimicrobials were atomized into fog-like micro-particles by an ultrasonic nebulizer and routed into a jar and a scale-up model system where samples were treated. Samples were stored at 4 °C for up to 10 days before the survival of the cells was determined. A 2-min treatment with 5% AIT resulted in a > 5-log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 on spinach after 2 days refrigeration regardless if the samples were pre-washed or not; however, this treatment impaired the sensory quality of leaves. Addition of LA to AIT improved the antimicrobial efficacy of AIT. In the jar system, washing with 3% H2O2 followed by a 2-min treatment of 2.5% LA + 1% AIT or 2.5% LA + 2% AIT reduced E. coli O157:H7 population by 4.7 and > 5 log CFU/g, respectively, after 10 days refrigeration. In the scale-up system, up to 4-log reduction of bacterial population was achieved for the same treatments without causing noticeable adverse effect on the appearance of leaves. Thus, this study demonstrates the potential of aerosolized AIT + LA as a new post-washing intervention strategy to control E. coli O157:H7 on baby spinach during refrigeration storage.
Diagnosis and management of primary biliary cirrhosis

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized histologically by destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts and serologically by the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies. The incidence and prevalence of PBC are increasing. Fatigue and pruritus are common symptoms in PBC, although the proportion of asymptomatic PBC is increasing due to the widespread use of screening biochemical tests and antimitochondrial antibody assays. PBC may eventually lead to cirrhosis and its consequent complications. In the 1980s, PBC was the leading indication for liver transplantation. Ursodeoxycholic acid is the only US FDA-approved therapeutic agent for PBC. Clinical trials have shown that the use of ursodeoxycholic acid in PBC results in reduction of liver biochemistries, a delay in histological progression, a delay in the development of varices and improvement in survival without liver transplantation.
Association mapping of segregating sites in the early trypsin gene and susceptibility to dengue-2 virus in the mosquito Aedes aegypti.

Abstract Evidence suggests that midgut trypsins in Aedes aegypti condition the mosquito's ability to become infected with the dengue-2 flavivirus (DEN2). The activity of early trypsin protein peaks ∼3 h after blood feeding and then drops within a few hours. We use association mapping to test the hypothesis that segregating sites in early trypsin condition midgut susceptibility to DEN2 virus. A total of 1642 females from throughout Mexico and the southern US were fed an artificial blood meal containing DEN2. After 2 weeks, mosquito heads and midguts were tested for DEN2. Mosquitoes with an infected head were classified as susceptible, those without a midgut infection had an infection barrier, and those with an infected gut but no head infection had an escape barrier. The early trypsin gene was amplified in two overlapping pieces from each mosquito and analyzed for single strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCPs). Unique SSCP genotypes were sequenced and 90 segregating sites were found. The dataset was divided into the four geographic regions within which Ae. aegypti is panmictic in Mexico. Heterogeneity χ 2 analyses between alleles or genotypes and infection phenotypes demonstrated significant associations but allelic and genotypic effects were inconsistent among geographic regions. No consistent associations were found between segregating sites in early trypsin and susceptibility to DEN2 in Ae. aegypti in Mexico.
Improving La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ infiltrated solid oxide fuel cell cathode performance through precursor solution desiccation

Abstract Here, for the first time, the average size of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrode nano-particles was reduced through the chemical desiccation of infiltrated precursor nitrate solutions. Specifically, after firing at 700 °C, CaCl2-desiccated La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (LSCF) – Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (GDC) cathodes contained LSCF infiltrate particles with an average size of 22 nm. This is in contrast to comparable, undesiccated LSCF-GDC cathodes which contained LSCF infiltrate particles with an average size of 48 nm. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and controlled atmosphere electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that desiccation reduced the average infiltrate particle size without altering the infiltrate phase purity, the cathode concentration polarization resistance, or the cathode electronic resistance. Compared to undesiccated LSCF-GDC cathodes achieving polarization resistances of 0.10 Ωcm2 at 640 °C, comparable CaCl2-dessicated LSCF-GDC cathodes achieved 0.10 Ωcm2 at 575 °C. Mathematical modeling suggested that these performance improvements resulted solely from average infiltrate particle size reductions.
On diffusion paths with “horns” and the formation of single phase layers in multiphase diffusion couples

Abstract The current study using DICTRA finite difference software predicts sharp deviations from the linear zigzag diffusion paths predicted by an error function model for multiphase diffusion couples. The deviations appear as “horns” that protrude from the linear paths. It was found that the horn length is proportional to the composition vector component along the major eigenvector of the effective diffusivity matrix. Applying these results to a study on Ni–Cr–Al diffusion couples prepared from γ + β alloys, it was also found that the formation of single phase β layers could be attributed to the horns pointing away from each other, in which case the diffusion path could intersect the single phase β region of the phase diagram.
Sources of Scholarly and Professional Literature in Psychology and Management

This article presents a review of the major academic and professional databases (online files) for searching topics in the field of business and management. I argue that professionals are well served in using a multidatabase strategy when comprehensive reviews of the literature are needed (Piotrowski & Perdue, 1986, 1988, 2003). To this end, several key databases across major disciplines are noted. Moreover, a list of online databases in the field of business and management are presented. I illustrate, with search examples, the benefit of implementing a multidatabase search strategy on select topics in psychology and management.
Carbon Dioxide as Cushion Gas for Natural Gas Storage

Natural gas storage is used to smooth the natural gas supply to meet high peak demand. In natural gas storage, the working gas (methane) is injected and produced seasonally while a cushion gas that is not extracted is used to provide pressure support. In the case of depleted gas reservoirs being used for gas storage, the cushion gas is commonly leftover native gas (methane). Another approach is to produce most of the methane from the reservoir since it can be sold for profit and inject a cheap inert gas for use as the cushion gas. Carbon dioxide injection during carbon sequestration with enhanced gas recovery can be carried out to produce the methane while simultaneously filling the reservoir with carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide undergoes a large change in density near its critical pressure, an advantageous feature if used as a cushion gas. Furthermore, the injection of carbon dioxide into the ground may in the future be economically favorable through carbon credits or tax advantages offerred to encourage carbon sequestration. Reservoir simulations of methane injection into a model gas storage reservoir with carbon dioxide as cushion gas demonstrate that 30% more methane can be stored relative to a native gas cushion. Along with economic considerations of carbon dioxide and natural gas prices, the critical issue for the use of carbon dioxide as a cushion gas is limiting the rate of mixing between methane and carbon dioxide through careful reservoir selection and operations.
Antibody response after immunisation with typhoid-paratyphoid A and B vaccine in kala-azar.

Summary The ability to produce antibodies during the course of Kala-azar was studied by immunising 12 Kala-azar patients with T.A.B. raccine and 12 controls. Controls yielded good antibody response after immunisation while patients with Kala-azar yielded poor antibody response. The etiology of this deficiency is discussed.
Continuous alendronate treatment throughout growth, maturation, and aging in the rat results in increases in bone mass and mechanical properties

Alendronate (4-amino-1-bydroxybutylidene bisphosphonate) is a novel amino bisphosphonate that is being developed for the treatment of osteolytic bone disorders such as osteoporosis. As part of a 2-year carcinogenicity study, we investigated the morphologic and biomechanical effects of long-term alendronate (ALN) therapy, given throughout skeletal growth, maturation, and aging, on rat vertebrae and femora. Three treatment groups, receiving either deionized water, low- (1.00 mg/kg), or high-dose (3.75 mg/kg) ALN, were given daily oral treatment for 105 weeks. Results from mechanical tests indicate that ALN therapy (in males) increased the vertebral ultimate compressive load by 96% in the high- and 51% in the low-dose groups when compared with controls. ALN similarly increased the male ultimate femoral bending load by 59% in the high- and 31% in the low-dose groups. Vertebrae and femora from female rats treated with both high- and low-dose ALN also failed at significantly higher loads than controls, but no differences were seen between low- and high-dose groups. Morphologic analysis of both male and female vertebrae revealed a dose-dependent increase in area fraction of bone. Rats receiving high-dose ALN had a greater area fraction of bone than those receiving low doses. Both groups were greater than controls. Thus, the administration of ALN resulted in increased femoral cortical bending load when compared with control animals, as well as increased vertebral ultimate compressive load commensurate with a dose-related preservation of vertebral bone. We therefore conclude that long-term ALN treatment preserves the structural and morphologic properties of both cortical and trabecular bone in rats and, with further study, may provide a valuable alternative to current therapy for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Leaf Closure in the Venus Flytrap: An Acid Growth Response

The rapid closure of leaves in the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) involves irreversible cell enlargement, which can be initiated by acidifying the cell walls to pH 4.50 and below. Leaves infiltrated with neutral buffers that keep the pH above 4.50 to 4.75 will not close in response to stimulation of their trigger hairs even though the action potentials that ordinarily cause closure are produced. During the 1 to 3 seconds required for closure about 29 percent of the cellular adenosine triphosphate is lost. It is likely that this adenosine triphosphate is used in very rapid transport of hydrogen ions from the motor cells and that the movement is due to a mechanism of "acid growth."
Variability of the limited lifespan state in ameba

Abstract Muggleton & Danielli [6] reported that the normally immortal Amoeba proteus could be switched into a state of limited lifespan by restricting their food intake for several weeks so as to preclude division. Upon return to normal feeding, these cells were reportedly no longer immortal, but were only capable of a limited, unspecified number of divisions before the resulting clone died out. Attempts to duplicate these results with our present ameba stocks have resulted in failure. It appears that the presence of this phenomenon is variable and the life-spanned state may no longer be present in these cultures. An extended period on a maintenance diet which precludes division may sometimes have effects on cell viability for several generations but it no longer results in a general limitation of lifespan. Further work on this phenomenon must involve rigorous proof that the phenomenon is indeed present in the ameba being used.
Design-based mask metrology hot spot classification and recipe making through random pattern recognition method

Design Based Metrology (DBM) requires an integrated process from design to metrology, and the very first and key step of this integration is to translate design CD lists to metrology measurement recipes. Design CD lists can come from different sources, such as design rule check, OPC validation, or yield analysis. These design CD lists can not be directly used to create metrology tool recipes, since tool recipe makers usually require specific information of each CD site, or a measurement matrix. The manual process to identify measurement matrix for each design CD site can be very difficult, especially when the list is in hundreds or more. This paper will address this issue and propose a method to automate Design CD Identification (DCDI), using a new CD Pattern Vector (CDPV) library.
Identifying and treating myofascial pain syndrome.

Though common, myofascial Pain syndrome can be difficult to recognize and distinguish from underlying entities. It is often confused with fibromyalgia. Diagnosis hinges on the identification of painful muscle trigger points that, when palpated, create local twitch responses and refer pain in predictable patterns. With appropriate treatment, such as stretch and spray, trigger point injections, or massage therapy, prognosis is good. Perpetuating factors, such as poor posture or workplace ergonomics, also need to be addressed.
The Three “Switches” of Identity Construction in Genocide: The Nazi Final Solution and the Cambodian Killing Fields

If we want to understand why political elites choose to commit genocide, we need to inquire into how elite perpetrators reconstruct the collective identity of the victim group such that genocide becomes the only possible policy option. This article argues that elites decide to commit genocide, and not some other less catastrophic policy of repression or violence, when three conceptual "switches" concerning the identity, interests, and future actions of the victim group are "turned on" by the perpetrators. First, members of the victim group lose their (often marginal) status within the political community and are constructed as outsiders, to whom rights and obligations are no longer owed. Next, they come to be seen as dangerous enemies whose continued physical presence is seen to pose an overwhelming threat to the political community. This second mortal-threat conception consists of three mortal-threat "motifs": the struggle between the perpetrator and victims as an epic battle; the victims as the controlling force behind, or controlled by, powerful threatening external forces; and the victims as carriers of deadly biological contagion. Finally, the victims are viewed as subhumans who can be killed without compunction. The process of identity reconstruction as a whole is underpinned by a pre-genocide history of exclusionary and authoritarian intergroup norms and practices, and of authoritarian approaches to conflict management, and is triggered by serious economic, political, or security crises.
Managing metadata for digital projects

Metadata plays a key role in digital projects. This article introduces the six steps of metadata implementation for digital projects at the Pennsylvania State (Penn State) University Libraries: analyzing metadata requirements, adopting metadata schemes, creating metadata content, delivery and access, evaluation of metadata, and sustaining metadata maintenance. An array of technical, managerial, and organizational questions and issues of metadata implementation are discussed in the context of digital initiatives. The author proposes a coordinated metadata management approach based upon Penn State's experiences and best practices.
The effects of neighborhood satisfaction on perception of safety among refugees from the former Soviet Union

ABSTRACT Neighborhood and urban conditions have long been shown to have a strong impact on residents’ feelings of safety and fear or crime. Researchers, however, have not tested the relationship between neighborhood conditions and perception of safety among refugees groups. Comparisons between a general sample of Louisville residents and refugees from the former Soviet Union indicated that refugees were less satisfied with their neighborhoods than the general sample, yet had significantly higher levels of perception of safety. These findings are contrary of previous research that has shown that less satisfaction is associated with lower perception of safety and are explained in terms of the contextual shifts in the management of risk. The relative and subjective meanings of social change may be of greater importance in understanding refugees’ perception of safety than relationships to immediate neighborhood settings.
Dantzig selector homotopy with dynamic measurements

The Dantzig selector is a near ideal estimator for recovery of sparse signals from linear measurements in the presence of noise. It is a convex optimization problem which can be recast into a linear program (LP) for real data, and solved using some LP solver. In this paper we present an alternative approach to solve the Dantzig selector which we call "Primal Dual pursuit" or "PD pursuit". It is a homotopy continuation based algorithm, which iteratively computes the solution of Dantzig selector for a series of relaxed problems. At each step the previous solution is updated using the optimality conditions defined by the Dantzig selector. We will also discuss an extension of PD pursuit which can quickly update the solution for Dantzig selector when new measurements are added to the system. We will present the derivation and working details of these algorithms.
The Language Characteristics of Hyperverbal, Hydrocephalic Children

SUMMARY A group of hydrocephalic children considered by clinicians to be hyperverbal were interviewed in a conversational setting and then given the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA). Each child was matched with a non-hydrocephalic child of a similar age and with a similar history of hospitalization. Depending on their age, these hyperverbal, hydrocephalic children exhibited one or more of the following unusual characteristics: hyperverbality, inappropriate language usage, and an itpa profile which reflected the superficiality of their output. RESUME Caraeteristiques linguistiques des enfants hydrocephales et hyperverbaux Un groupe de jeunes hydrocephales considered par des cliniciens comme hyperverbaux ont ete etudies au cours de la conversation et a partir de lIllinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA). Chaque enfant a ete compare a un enfant non hydrocephale de meme âge et avec les memes antecedents dhospitalisation. En fonction de leur âge, ces enfants hydrocephales, hyperverbaux presentaient une ou plusieurs des caracteristiques inhabituelles suivantes: verbalisme usage inapproprie du langage et un profil dITPA qui montrait le caractere superficiel de leur production verbale. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Sprachcharakteristika hyperverbaler Kinder mit Hydrocephalus Eine Gruppe hydrocephalischer Kinder, die von Klinikern fur hyperverbal gehalten wurden, wurde im Rahmen einer Unterhaltung interviewt und dann dem Illinois Test fur Psycholinguistische Fahigkeiten (ITPA) unterzogen. Jedes Kind wurde mit einem gleichaltrigen nicht-hydrocephalischen Kind mit ahnlich langem Krankenhausaufenthalt verglichen. Altersabhangig zeigten diese hyperverbalen Kinder mit Hydrocephalus eines oder mehrere der folgenden ungewohnlichen Charakteristika: Hyperverbalitat, ungeschickter Sprachgebrauch und ein ITPA-Profil, das die Oberflachlichkeit ihrer Aussagen darstellte. RESUMEN Los caracteres del lenguaje en ninos hidrocefalicos con hiperverbalismo Un grupo de ninos hidrocefalicos considerados por los clinicos como hiperverbales fueron entrevistados en un encuentro conversacional y posteriormente se les aplico el test de Illinois de habilidad psicolinguistica (ITPA). Cada nino fue aparejado con un nino no hidrocefalico de edad similar y con una historia similar de hospitalizacion. En dependencia con su edad estos ninos hidrocefalicos hiperverbales presentaban una o mas de las caracteristicas infrecuentes siguientes: hiperverbalismo, utilizacion inapropiada del lenguaje y un ITPA que reflejaba la superficialidad de su expresion.
Sex-specific effects of prolactin on food intake by rats.

While prolactin (PRL) has been reported to increase food intake by virgin female rats, its effects on food intake by male rats are relatively unexplored. The present studies examined the possibility that PRL has sex-specific effects on food intake by rats. In the first study, intact female and male rats were given subcutaneous injections of saline vehicle or ovine (o) PRL (1.0 mg/kg) twice daily at 08:00 and 20:00 h for 10 days. Food intake, body weight, and water intake were measured daily. Results indicate that oPRL administration increased food intake by an average of 4.5 g per day in female subjects, but did not significantly alter body weight or water intake. Male rats treated with oPRL did not significantly alter their food intake, even after an additional five days of treatment. In the second study, a wide range of oPRL doses (vehicle, 0.02, 0.2, 2.0, and 20.0 mg/kg/day) were tested in gonadectomized female and male rats. The results indicate that female rats responded to increasingly larger doses of oPRL with greater increases in food intake, with a maximum increase of approximately 6.1 g per day at a dose of 20.0 mg/kg. In contrast, male rats maintained baseline levels of intake across all oPRL doses tested. These data suggest that PRL has sex-specific effects on food intake.
Multimedia Learning in an Interactive Self-Explaining Environment: What Works in the Design of Agent-Based Microworlds?.

Students learned about electric motors by asking questions and receiving answers from an on-screen pedagogical agent named Dr. Phyz who stood next to an on-screen drawing of an electric motor. Students performed better on a problem-solving transfer test when Dr. Phyz's explanations were presented as narration rather than on-screen text (Experiment 1), when students were able to ask questions and receive answers interactively rather than receive the same information as a noninteractive multimedia message (Experiments 2a and 2b), and when students were given a prequestion to guide their self-explanations during learning (Experiment 3). Deleting Dr. Phyz's image from the screen had no significant effect on problem-solving transfer performance (Experiment 4). The results are consistent with a cognitive theory of multimedia learning and yield principles for the design of interactive multimedia learning environments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Efficacy of decoquinate against Neospora caninum tachyzoites in cell cultures.

Abstract Neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in dairy cattle in the United States and other countries. Abortions and neonatal mortality also occur in other ruminant species. Decoquinate is an anticoccidial that is approved for use in cattle and goats in the United States. We studied the efficacy of decoquinate against tachyzoites of N. caninum in a 5-day of treatment, cell culture flask lesion-based assay. Decoquinate killed tachyzoites at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01 μg ml−1. Decoquinate had little measurable effect on extracellular tachyzoites. Decoquinate acted quickly to kill intracellular stages at coccidiocidal concentrations; tachyzoites were killed within 5 min at 0.1 μg ml−1 decoquinate.
Schizophrenia Research in the Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health: Editor's Introduction

One of the major reasons for the existence of National Institute of Mental Health's Intramural Research Program is the study of schizophrenia. The program provides relatively stable funding for the long-term examination of the basic and clinical sciences as they relate to this major public-health problem. This article and those that follow review some of the past and current contributions to our understanding of schizophrenia that have emanated from the Intramural Research Program.