cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disclosure and rationality: Comparative risk information and decision-making about prevention

With the growing focus on prevention in medicine, studies of how to describe risk have become increasing important. Recently, some researchers have argued against giving patients “comparative risk information,” such as data about whether their baseline risk of developing a particular disease is above or below average. The concern is that giving patients this information will interfere with their consideration of more relevant data, such as the specific chance of getting the disease (the “personal risk”), the risk reduction the treatment provides, and any possible side effects. I explore this view and the theories of rationality that ground it, and I argue instead that comparative risk information can play a positive role in decision-making. The criticism of disclosing this sort of information to patients, I conclude, rests on a mistakenly narrow account of the goals of prevention and the nature of rational choice in medicine.
Second-order nonlinear optical properties of saccharide materials

Saccharide materials are potential candidates for frequency conversion applications. In addition to being chiral, which ensures crystallization in a space-group relevant for three-wave mixing processes, they generally possess useful physical and optical properties. We have examined the powder second harmonic generation efficiencies of both saturated saccharides and sugars with simple polar (pi) -functionalities. Powder efficiencies of up to 5 times that of sucrose were observed for simple saturated sugars, whereas values of 18 times sucrose (or 0.45 X urea) were observed for unsaturated saccharide derivatives. We have noted that for both classes of material, there is a tendency for more efficient nonlinear compounds to reside in a monoclinic rather than an orthorhombic space-group. We have also noted that there appears to be a correlation between the phase-matching potential and the crystal symmetry.
The effects of speed variation on joint kinematics during multisegment reaching movements

Abstract This study examined the effects of speed variation on the joint kinematic characteristics during multisegment reaching movements. An experiment was conducted in which six subjects performed a wide variety of seated reaching movements using two speed modes within a volitional range. Motions of the upper torso and right arm were measured by tracking markers on surface body landmarks using a four-camera opto-electronic movement analysis system. Joint angle profiles were derived from the measured locations of surface markers, based on a 7-DOF biomechanical linkage model. These angle profiles were then mathematically characterized by four-parameter hyperbolic tangent functions through a non-linear curve fitting process. Accurate characterization of the profiles ( mean R 2 =0.99) allowed subsequent statistical analysis including both multi- and uni-variate ANOVA to test the speed effects on the parameters collectively as well as individually. The study revealed the following: (1) neither the joint angle selection nor the amplitude of the selected angle motions was significantly influenced by the speed variation, (2) neither the time-scaling effect nor the symmetry of velocity profile in a strict sense was present, and (3) a faster speed induced a steeper rate (time-scaled) for the primary descending/ascending but a greater fraction of total time for accelerating phase where the velocity and acceleration are in the same direction.
Intracerebroventricular passive immunization with anti-oligoAβ antibody in TgCRND8

Based on the central dogma of beta-amyloid (Abeta) as a key seeding event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), immunoneutralization strategies have been actively pursued both in AD and in models of AD as a potential means for treating AD. Both active and passive immunizations targeted at fibrillar Abeta successfully remove cerebral plaque load and attenuate Abeta-induced toxicity. Consistently with this, intracerebroventricular (ICV) passive immunization established in our laboratory using antibody against fibrillar Abeta (anti-fAbeta) reduced cerebral plaque load and reversed early synaptic deficits at pre/early plaque stage when there is an abundance of soluble dimeric/oligomeric Abeta but sparse fibrillar Abeta, indicating that anti-fAbeta-mediated partial neutralization of toxic oligomeric Abeta species might have reduced early synaptotoxicity. In the previous investigation, we found that immunoneutralization with anti-fAbeta transiently reduced cerebral Abeta and associated toxicity. The current investigation tested whether ICV im munization using antibody to conformationally changed oligomeric Abeta (anti-oligoAbeta) will overcome the transient restorative nature of anti-fAbeta and produce persistent, long-lasting preventive effects. Because oligomeric Abeta is strongly correlated with synaptotoxicity, we investigated whether immunoneutralization of oligomeric Abeta will reverse synaptic deficits by analyzing presynaptic molecular marker (SNAP-25) profile within hippocampal dendritic fields, where SNAP-25 is abundantly expressed. Results show that, in contrast to ICV anti-fAbeta antibody, ICV anti-oligoAbeta antibody significantly prevented cerebral Abeta build and almost completely restored SNAP-25 immunoreaction up to 8 weeks postinjection in TgCRND8 brain. Results show that ICV passive immunization with anti-oligoAbeta antibody might be an improved ICV immunization strategy for preventing permanent structural damage in AD.
Environmental Health Advocacy: An Overview of Natural Gas Drilling in Northeast Pennsylvania and Implications for Pediatric Nursing

This article presents an overview of the Marcellus Shale gas well drilling project in northeast Pennsylvania and serves as a model for how nurses can evaluate such problems in their own communities. Resources to help nurses become involved in the environmental health advocacy process are made available.
The Role of Asynchronous Computer Mediated Communication on Enhancing Cultural Awareness

This study investigates the effect of CMC participation on language learners' willingness to learn more about the target culture through study abroad. Also, it seeks to discern whether CMC activities improve language learners' self-perception that they have learned more about the target culture. An experimental group of 23 U.S. university students engaged in CMC with Mexican university students with a control group of 38 students from the U.S. university. We administered a questionnaire grouped thematically around seven topics. The data suggest that CMC may have a more positive effect on the acquisition of cultural awareness of students that engage in CMC than on those who do not. A conclusion could be drawn that CMC is most effective for increasing awareness about the topic of current events, followed by daily life and educational systems. The most significant increase in the experimental group's perceived awareness of culture was in the students' changing point of view about current events, ability to n...
Consequences of the radial heterogeneity of the column temperature at high mobile phase velocity.

Abstract When a high velocity stream of mobile phase percolates through a chromatographic column, the bed cannot remain isothermal. Due to the mobile phase decompression, heat is generated along the column. Longitudinal and radial temperature gradients take place along and across its bed. The various consequences of this thermal heterogeneity are calculated and their effects on the column efficiency investigated for a 0.46 cm × 25 cm stainless steel column packed with 5 μ m particles. The maximum pressure drop applied was varied from 0.1 to 2 kbar. The amplitude of the longitudinal temperature gradient can be estimated on the basis of the integral heat balance equation applied to the whole column and of measurements of the eluent temperature at the column exit. Assuming that the radial gradient is parabolic and the longitudinal gradient linear, the amplitude of the radial gradient can be determined on the basis of the energy balance across the column and of direct measurements of the radial gradient at high inlet pressures. A radial temperature gradient causes a radial distribution of the eluent viscosity, hence of its local velocity. The result is that bands move faster in their center than along the wall, become warped, hence a radial concentration gradient, similar in origin to the one observed in open cylindrical tubes. Diffusion relaxes this gradient. If there is only a longitudinal temperature gradient, the column efficiency would be 30% smaller for a 2 kbar pressure drop than if there is no longitudinal temperature gradient. However, when both a longitudinal and a radial temperature gradient coexist, there is a large loss of efficiency. If the influence of the diffusive relaxation of the radial concentration gradient is neglected, the peak shape would be broad and exhibit a marked shoulder.
Cyclosporine in dermatology.

Cyclosporine is a potent immunosuppressive agent with no appreciable effect on the bone marrow and a selective inhibitory effect on helper T cells. Oral cyclosporine was first used to prevent organ rejection but also has been reported to be effective in other disorders. In cutaneous diseases that respond to oral cyclosporine helper T cells appear to be involved in their pathogenesis. This article reviews the cutaneous diseases that have been treated with cyclosporine and its pharmacology and side effects. Two significant adverse side effects are renal dysfunction and hypertension, both of which are reversible when short-term low-dose (less than 5 mg/kg per day) oral cyclosporine is discontinued. Lymphoma is unlikely in an otherwise healthy patient who has received low-dose oral cyclosporine for limited periods. The use of oral cyclosporine in any patient should be carefully considered in terms of the risk/benefit ratio and needs to be carried out under close medical supervision. In view of the limited experience with cyclosporine in dermatology, whenever possible its use should be confined to formal clinical studies with established protocols and guidelines. Further controlled studies need to be performed to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose Cyclosporine in many dermatoses and its side-effect profile, particularly over the long term.
Triangular Profile Imprint Molds in Nanograting Fabrication

We have developed a technique based on nanoimprint lithography for the fabrication of nanogratings with controllable line widths and smooth edges. A wet chemical etching process is employed during mold preparation to achieve smooth line edges and a triangle-shaped grating profile. Oblique angle coating (shadow evaporation) of the imprinted resist pattern determines the grating line width. Grating duty cycles can be easily tuned from 30% to 70% of the grating period by simply changing the angle of incidence for shadow evaporation. This technique also enables us to fabricate gratings with highly smooth edges that are not easily achievable by other fabrication methods.
Audio Puzzler: piecing together time-stamped speech transcripts with a puzzle game

We have developed an audio-based casual puzzle game which produces a time-stamped transcription of spoken audio as a by-product of play. Our evaluation of the game indicates that it is both fun and challenging. The transcripts generated using the game are more accurate than those produced using a standard automatic transcription system and the time-stamps of words are within several hundred milliseconds of ground truth.
PERSONAL FOLLOW-UP IN A MAIL SURVEY: ITS CONTRIBUTION AND ITS COST

This article addresses itself to the following questions: Who are the nonrespondents to a mail survey, and what effect does their absence have on the achieved sample? What types of people are brought in through personal contact? Does their inclusion improve the sample estimates appreciably over the mail response alone, and at what cost? Can extrapolation of the data be used to improve the estimates? On data for which parameters are not known, to what extent does the personal follow-up change the estimates derived from mail questionnaires? Because the population from which their respondents are drawn had previously been completely enumerated, the authors can give rather precise answers to all these questions, of concern to everyone doing survey research. Joseph R. Hochstim is Director of the Human Population Laboratory at the California Department of Public Health, Berkeley, California. Demetrios A. Athanasopoulos was the Laboratory's mathematical statistician.
Effect of Rim Thickness on Gear Crack Propagation Path.

Abstract : Analytical and experimental studies were performed to investigate the effect of rim thickness on gear tooth crack propagation. The goal was to determine whether cracks grew through gear teeth or through gear rims for various rim thicknesses. A finite element based computer program (FRANC, FRacture ANalysis Code) simulated gear tooth crack propagation. The analysis used principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics. Quarter-point, triangular elements were used at the crack tip to represent the stress singularity. The program had an automated crack propagation option in which cracks were grown numerically using an automated re-meshing scheme. Crack tip stress intensity factors were estimated to determine crack propagation direction. Gears with various backup ratios (rim thickness divided by tooth height) were tested to validate crack path predictions. Gear bending fatigue tests were performed in a spur gear fatigue rig. From both predictions and tests, gears with backnp ratios of 3.3 and 1.0 produced tooth fractures while a backup ratio of 0.3 produced rim fractures. For a backup ratio of 0.5, the experiments produced rim fractures and the predictions produced both rim and tooth fractures, depending on the initial geometry of the crack.
Three new phyllodocid species (Polychaeta) from the Trondheimsfjord in Norway, including some notes concerning the validity of the genus Steggoa

Three new phyllodocid species are described from the deep coral reefs in the Trondheimsfjord in Norway: Eulalia hanssoni sp.n., Eulalia microoculata sp.n. and Pterocirrus nidarosiensis sp.n. The genus Steggoa Bergstrom, 1914 is considered a junior synonym of Eulalia Savigny, 1817.
Collision Strengths and Oscillator Strengths for Excitation to the n=3 and 4 Levels of Neon-like Ions

Collision strengths are given for the 88 possible fine-structure transitions between the ground level and the n = 3 and 4 levels in 20 neon-like ions with nuclear charge number Z in the range 18 less than or equal toZless than or equal to74. The results are given for the nine impact-electron energies in threshold units X = 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.9, 2.5, 4.0, 6.0, 10.0, and 15.0. In addition, electric dipole oscillator strengths obtained by various methods are given. copyright 1987 Academic Press, Inc.
Carbon nanofiber–sulfur composite cathode materials with different binders for secondary Li/S cells

Abstract A sulfur-coated carbon nanofiber (CNF–S) composite cathode material was prepared by a chemical deposition method in an aqueous solution. This CNF–S material was evaluated as the cathode material in lithium/sulfur cells with three different binders. The results of the SEM and TGA measurements reveal that CNF–S has a typical core–shell structure, containing 75.7 w/o sulfur coated uniformly on the surface of the CNFs. The effects of different binders on the potential profiles, electrode capacity and capacity retention with cycling were investigated. The electrode prepared with CMC + SBR binder has the best performance compared with PVdF and PEO binders, exhibiting a specific capacity of up to 1313 mAh g −1 S at the initial discharge and a specific capacity of 586 mAh g −1 S after 60 cycles.
Health care utilization of families of carpenters with alcohol or substance abuse-related diagnoses.

Background Patterns of health care utilization of families of carpenters with and without alcohol and/or substance abuse related diagnoses (ASRD) were compared. Methods Utilization data for families of 13,657 carpenters for a 10 year period were analyzed. Concordance of diagnoses among family members was assessed and proportionate utilization ratios were used to compare the experiences of families of carpenters with and without ASRD. Results Twenty-eight percent of the spouses with ASRD had a carpenter spouse with a similar diagnosis. Twenty-four percent of the families with a child with ASRD had a parent with one of these diagnoses compared to 9.4% of families without any children with ASRD (P < 0.0001). Families of carpenters with alcohol or ASRD also had different patterns of health care utilization. Conclusions Utilization patterns were influenced to a significant degree by concordant diagnoses among spouses and children. Excess mental health care was seen among families of carpenters with ASRD above their care for substance abuse treatment.Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:361–368, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High reliability cathode heaters for ion thrusters

A number of space missions were proposed which utilize 30-cm mercury bombardment ion thrusters and also require a large number of thruster restarts. A test program was carried out to determine thermal cycle life of several different cathode heater designs. Plasma/flame sprayed heaters and swaged type heaters were tested. Four of the five plasma/flame sprayed heaters tested failed in a comparatively short time. Four tantalum swaged heaters that were brazed to the tantalum cathode tube were successfully tested and met the goals that were set at the start of the test.
Frequency Distribution of Bilirubin Intrinsic Clearance in Adult Male Sprague–Dawley Rats

The intrinsic body clearance of bilirubin was determined in 48 adult male Sprague–Dawley rats that received an intravenous infusion of bilirubin. The intrinsic body clearance was calculated from the infusion rate, the steady-state plasma concentration of total (free and protein-bound) bilirubin, and the free fraction of bilirubin in plasma. The intrinsic body clearance of bilirubin ranged from 5.05 to 13.20 liters/kg/min and was bimodally distributed, with half of the animals in each group. The plasma free fraction of bilirubin ranged from 0.00025 to 0.00077 (mean 0.00053) in the 24 intrinsically rapid metabolizers of bilirubin and from 0.00048 to 0.00103 (mean 0.00075) in the intrinsically slow metabolizers of the pigment. Thus, interindividual differences in the total clearance of bilirubin in the rats are due to differences in both intrinsic body clearance and plasma protein binding.
Replication error amplified

Cells have a seemingly endless array of regulators to provide for fast and accurate DNA replication. Most cells succeed in doing it right, each and every time they divide, which is testimony to the powers of evolution. Failure to limit DNA replication to just once every cell cycle can lead to genome rearrangements, in particular to “amplification,” or an increase in the number of copies of some genes. Amplification can drive abnormal cell growth, and cancer cells often have amplified oncogenes ( 1 ). How gene amplification occurs, however, is unclear. One mechanism involves the breaking and fusion of aberrant chromosomes, a process first discovered by Nobel Laureate Barbara McClintock in the 1950s ( 2 ), which leads to extra copies of genes that are joined together ( 3 ). Another proposed mechanism involves defects in the “re-replication” controls that shut down the DNA-copying process after a single duplication, but this idea had not been testable ( 4 ). On page 943 of this issue, Green et al. overcome that hurdle with an extravagant experimental system in budding yeast that demonstrates that re-replication is indeed a potent mechanism of gene amplification ( 5 ).
On the use of filtered Rayleigh scattering for measurements in compressible flows and thermal fields

This work describes applications of filtered Rayleigh scattering to measure thermodynamic properties in compressible unseeded flows and thermal fields. Methodologies for measuring single and multiple properties in four flows are demonstrated including methods to calibrate the system parameters. Temperature, pressure, and velocity were measured simultaneously in a free jet and a laser-induced energy deposition experiment. Additionally, single-property temperature measurements were acquired in the energy deposition and a natural convection experiment. Modifications to the technique are discussed to simplify calibration and avoid double-valued solutions when performing temperature measurements. The uncertainty of the technique is also discussed and evaluated.
Imaging of Joint Replacement Procedures

Joint replacement procedures have improved dramatically during the past 30 years fueled by the changes in techniques for hips and knees. Joint replacements in other anatomic regions also have become more popular. It is essential to understand the importance of pre- and postoperative imaging for evaluating patients. Preoperative images are used in concert with clinical data to select the appropriate patients and components. Postoperative imaging is critical for evaluating position and potential complications. Appropriate selection of imaging modalities is essential to provide optimal, cost-effective patient care.
5-Hydroxytryptamine induces endothelium-independent relaxations of sheep pulmonary vein: role of cyclic nucleotide

5-Hydroxytryptamine produced concentration-dependent relaxations in isolated sheep pulmonary vein, which were insensitive to removal of the endothelium. 5-Hydroxytryptamine stimulated concentration-dependent increases of cyclic AMP levels in the pulmonary vein, and there was a significant linear correlation between relaxations elicited by 5-hydroxytryptamine and tissue cyclic AMP formations. The soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue (10 μM) failed to block 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced relaxations. The results suggest that 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced relaxations of sheep pulmonary vein are mediated, at least in part, by increases of tissue cyclic AMP levels.
Information retrieval, statistical analysis and graphics: An integrated approach

Abstract The social sciences require multiple methods of analysis of information from complex data bases. Data bases have been constructed which contain hierarchical, spatial, and temporal associations among information elements. To provide effective processing capability for dealing with these types of data, an integrated approach has been taken to facilitate storage and retrieval, statistical analysis and graphical display. Two existing systems have been combined: RIQS, Remote Information Query System and SPSS, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. A sample data base, taken from a study of social stratification and mobility in Puerto Rico, is used to illustrate on-line retrieval, statistical analysis and interactive graphics.
Refeeding differentially affects tumor and host cell proliferation.

Abstract Tumor and host tissue DNA synthesis in C 3 H female mice with MA16/C tumors were examined for the effects of starvation and refeeding. Animals with subcutaneously implanted tumors were randomized to either regular diet or starvation for 48 hr followed by refeeding for 6, 12, 24, 48, or 72 hr. With starvation, both tumor and host tissues demonstrated a decrease in DNA synthetic activity. After refeeding, resumption in DNA tumor synthesis preceded that of host tissues and was greatest within the first 6–12 hr. Host tissue DNA synthetic activity resumed at different times in the various tissues examined with bone marrow being earlier than spleen or liver. The differential time course between induction of tumor and host DNA synthesis could allow a more precise modeling in studies dealing with the interaction of nutritional repletion and antitumor therapy.
Purification of erythrocyte band 4.1 and other cytoskeletal components using hydroxyapatite-ultrogel

An improved method for purifying erythrocyte band 4.1, the protein which mediates the interaction between spectrin and actin, has been developed. The new procedure, using adsorption chromatography on hydroxylapatite crystals immobilized within a crosslinked agarose gel (HA-Ultrogel), is simple and reproducibly provides a high yield of band 4.1 which is essentially free of protein kinase. Other components eluted from the hydroxylapatite matrix include band 4.9, ankyrin, and a 35,000-Da polypeptide that appears to be glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase that remains bound to the erythrocyte membrane in 150 mM NaCl.
Character of Pseudo-Tree Algebras

For any Boolean algebra A, the character of A is χ(A)= min{κ: every ultrafilter on A can be generated by at most κ elements}. A pseudo-tree is a partial order (T,≤T) such that for every t in T, the set {s∈T:s≤Tt} is a linear order. The pseudo-tree algebra on T, denoted Treealg T, is the subalgebra of \(\mathcal {P}(T)\) generated by the cones {s∈T:s≥Tt}, for t in T. Ultrafilters on a pseudo-tree algebra Treealg T are in one-to-one correspondence with initial chains of T whenever T has a least element. We give an explicit description of a generating set of the ultrafilter corresponding to a given initial chain, and we use this to describe the character of Treealg T in terms of the structure of initial chains of T.
Determinants of smoking and smoking cessation among health professionals in Serbia: A cross-sectional study.

Objectives: Bearing in mind high smoking prevalence in Serbia (34% in adult population; men 38%; women 30%) and leading role of health professionals in intervention and prevention, a cross-sectional study of smoking among health professionals in Serbia was assessed to characterize their smoking pattern and identify predictors of smoking and smoking cessation prior to the total smoking ban in November 2010. Methods: In this nationwide study, 3084 physicians and nurses from 4 types of institutions and four geographical regions were selected and 2282 included (response rate 74.0%). Data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Results: We found a high smoking prevalence of 38.0%, same for women and for men (37.8% and 37.6%, respectively), higher among nurses (41.7%) than physicians (29.1%), as well as among those employed in general hospitals (42.6%) and institutes of public health (43.8%). Significantly increased risk of being an ever or current smoker was noticed for nurses (OR=1.75, and OR=1.91, respectively), those employed in general hospitals (OR=1.37, and OR=1.40, respectively), and with worse self-estimated health (OR=1.15, and OR=1.17, respectively). Intentions to quit smoking or to reduce the number of cigarettes were more frequent in women (OR=1.51) and participants who worse evaluated their health (OR=1.74). Conclusion: High smoking prevalence in health professionals could be a barrier for the full implementation of smoking ban in health institutions in Serbia. Smoking cessation programs at workplaces, formal education in smoking cessation techniques, and better Law enforcement by the health administrations should be implemented.
Foundation funding sources in geriatric mental health

As federal and state funding sources become increasingly more competitive, other sources of funding for research, education and clinical programs need to be considered. In 1989, over $81 million was given by private sources in support of programs that directly benefited the elderly. This article examines methods for seeking private funding and provides a list of foundations with either specific or possible interest in geriatrics and mental health. We also offer specific suggestions for enhancing the chances of obtaining funding from these foundations.
Is cystic mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver similar to infantile hemangioendothelioma and cavernous hemangioma on dynamic computed tomography

Dynamic incremental contrast CT of a cystic mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver in a 10 year old boy demonstrated peripheral and septal enhancement with partial centripetal fill-in during the next sixty minutes, not unlike that which occurs in hemangioendothelioma and hemangioma. Histologic similarities among these messenchymal lesions may explain the similar CT and angiographic characteristics of such malformations.
Three-dimensional vortex systems of finite wings

Introduction T HE vortex strands of a finite three-dimensional vortex system must be connected in accordance with Helmholtz's law. A piercing question is how well flow visualization documents connecting arid reconnecting of the strands. Twodimensional and other cuts of visualization are incapable of addressing the question. Global visualizations, where we introduce the smoke producing titanium tetrachloride as homogeneously as possible in areas of vorticity production, can document connecting and reconnecting of vortices with moderate success, as our subsequent examples will show.
High-Throughput Fixed-Point Object Detection on FPGAs

The reliance on object or people detection is rapidly growing beyond surveillance to industrial and social applications. The Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), one of the most popular detection algorithms, achieves a high detection accuracy but delivers just under 1 frame-per-second (fps) on a high-end CPU. In this paper we explore the FPGA implementation of HOG using reduced bit-width fixed-point representation to lessen the required area resources on the FPGA, increase the clock frequency and hence the throughput per device. We evaluate the detection accuracy of the fixed-point HOG by applying the state of the art computer vision object detection evaluation methodology and show it performs as well as the original floating-point code from OpenCV. We then show our implementation achieves a 37x higher throughput than a high-end CPU, 2.7x higher than a high-end GPU and 16x higher than the same implementation using floating-point on the same FPGA.
Expectations of reassurance influence the nature of fear-stimulated attitude change

Abstract A study was conducted to examine fear as a determinant of the extent of processing of the arguments presented in an involving persuasive communication. Under baseline (low fear) conditions, subjects differentiated between strong and weak argument quality messages. Under moderate fear conditions, however, the effect of fear on argument processing was dependent on subjects' expectations of the reassurance that would be provided by the message. When subjects' expectations about the efficacy of the solution to be presented in the message were clearly positive, subjects evaluated the solution favorably and equivalently, whether it was supported by strong or weak arguments. When expectations were unclear, however, subjects evaluated the solution based on the quality of the arguments in the message. These results held whether the induced fear was relevant or irrelevant to the topic of the persuasive communication.
Dose of contrast material in the MR imaging evaluation of central nervous system tumors.

Keywords: Brain neoplasms, diagnosis, 10.12143; Brain neoplasms, MR, 10.12143; Contrast enhancement; Nervous system, MR, 10.12143; Nervous system, neoplasms, 10.12143
Climate states and variability of Arctic ice and water dynamics during 1946–1997

Recently observed changes in the Arctic have highlighted the need for a better understanding of Arctic dynamics. This research addresses that need and is also motivated by the recent finding of two regimes of Arctic ice - ocean wind-driven circulation. In this paper, we demonstrate that during 1946-1997 the Arctic environmental parameters have oscillated with a period of 10-15 years. Our results reveal significant differences among atmosphere, ice, and ocean processes during the anticyclonic and cyclonic regimes in the Arctic Ocean and its marginal seas. The oscillating behaviour of the Arctic Ocean we call the Arctic Ocean Oscillation (AOO). Based on existing data and results of numerical experiments, we conclude that during the anticyclonic circulation regime the prevailing processes lead to increases in atmospheric pressure, in ice concentration and ice thickness, river runoff, and surface water salinity - as well as to decreases in air temperature, wind speed, number of storms, precipitation, permafrost temperatures, coastal sea level, and surface water temperature. During the cyclonic circulation regime the prevailing processes lead to increased air and water temperatures, wind speed, number of storms,open water periods, and to decreases in ice thickness and ice concentration, river runoff, atmospheric pressure, and water salinity. The two-climate regime theory may help answer questions related to observed decadal variability of the Arctic Ocean and to reconcile the different conclusions among scientists who have analysed Arctic data obtained during different climate states.
Asymmetric Dimethylarginine and Mortality in Stages 3 to 4 Chronic Kidney Disease

Background and objectives: Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, reduces bioavailability of nitric oxide and induces endothelial dysfunction. This dimethylated amino acid accumulates in chronic kidney disease and may be involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in this population. Design, settings, participants, & methods: The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study was a randomized, controlled trial conducted between 1989 and 1993. We measured ADMA in frozen samples collected at baseline (n = 820) and obtained survival status, up to December 31, 2000, from the National Death Index. We examined the relationship of ADMA with prevalent CVD and performed multivariable Cox models to examine the relationship of ADMA with all-cause and CVD mortality. Results: Mean (SD) age was 52 (12) yr, GFR was 32 ± 12 ml/min per 1.73 m2, and ADMA was 0.70 ± 0.25 μmol/L. A 1-SD increase in ADMA was associated with a 31% increased odds of prevalent CVD in an adjusted logistic regression model. During the 10-yr follow-up period, 202 (25%) participants died of any cause, 122 (15%) from CVD, and 545 (66%) reached kidney failure. In multivariable Cox models, a 1-SD increase in ADMA was associated with a 9% increased risk for all-cause and 19% increased risk for CVD mortality. Conclusions: In this cohort of patients with predominantly nondiabetic, stages 3 to 4 chronic kidney disease, there was a strong association of ADMA with prevalent CVD and a modest association with all-cause and CVD mortality.
Role of Mg in the stress corrosion cracking of an Al-Mg alloy

The corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of an Al-Mg alloy, AA5083, has been shown to depend on the precipitation of the Mg-rich β phase, (Al3Mg2), but not the enrichment of elemental Mg at grain boundaries to an enrichment ratio of 1.4. These results were determined by measuring the progress of Mg enrichment at grain boundaries, for increasing thermal-treatment times, using auger electron spectroscopy (AES) of grain boundaries exposed by fracture within the spectrometer and by analytical electron microscopy (AEM) of thin foils. The progress of the β phase precipitation was followed by AEM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), for the same thermal-treatment times. The lack of a Mg-segregation effect on SCC was demonstrated by results obtained with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of Mg-implanted Al following in-situ electrochemical tests and SCC tests, while the dominance of β phase precipitation was demonstrated by electrochemical analysis and SCC testing. Crack-growth tests of alloy AA5083 demonstrated faster cracking at potentials anodic to the open circuit potential (OCP) with no increase at potentials cathodic to the OCP.
Statistical Methods for the Investigation of Solvolysis Mechanisms Illustrated by the Chlorides of the Carbomethoxy Protecting Groups NVOC and FMOC

The solvolysis of 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl chloroformate (NVOC-Cl, 1) is followed at 25.0&#xb0;C in twenty hydroxylic solvents. A comparison with previously published rates for benzyl chloroformate and p-nitrobenzyl chloroformate indicates that the inductive effect of the nitro and the two methoxy groups strongly influences the rate of reaction. For 1, the specific rates of solvolysis are correlated using an extended Grunwald-Winstein (G-W) treatment. A direct comparison with the data for phenyl chloroformate (PhOCOCl) in identical solvents strongly suggests that the addition step within an addition-elimination mechanism is rate-determining for both substrates. A reevaluation of the kinetic data for 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl, 2) involves a correlation of versus . In this plot, deviations were observed in solvents rich in a hydrogen-bonding fluoroalcohol component. Omitting the aqueous fluoroalcohol rate measurements for 2 in an analysis using the extended G-W equation suggested the occurrence of dual pathways differing in the dependences upon the ionizing power and nucleophilicity of the solvent. In addition, the fluorenyl ring is rotated out of the plane containing the ether oxygen and, as a result, PhOCOCl is found to solvolyze 20 times faster than 2 in ethanol and methanol.
Expression cloning and characterization of the canine parietal cell gastrin receptor.

Abstract Gastrin is an important stimulant of acid secretion by gastric parietal cells and is structurally related to the peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). The pharmacologic properties of the parietal cell gastrin receptor are very similar to the predominant CCK receptor in the brain, CCK-B. Neither the gastrin nor the CCK-B receptor have been cloned thus far, making it difficult to resolve whether these two receptors are distinct. We have isolated a clone encoding the canine gastrin receptor by screening a parietal cell cDNA expression library using a radioligand-binding strategy. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame encoding a 453-amino acid protein with seven putative hydrophobic transmembrane domains and significant homology with members of the beta-adrenergic family of G protein-coupled receptors. The expressed recombinant receptor shows the same binding specificity for gastrin/CCK agonists and antagonists as the canine parietal cell receptor. Gastrin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in COS-7 cells expressing the cloned receptor suggest second-messenger signaling through phospholipase C. Affinity labeling of the expressed receptor in COS-7 cells revealed a protein identical in size to the native parietal cell receptor. Gastrin receptor transcripts were identified by high-stringency RNA blot analysis in both parietal cells and cerebral cortex, suggesting that the gastrin and CCK-B receptors are either highly homologous or identical.
Medical and physiological considerations in the use of artificial cardiac pacing. Part II

Abstract This review has been concerned with medical and physiological considerations in the clinical use of cardiac pacing. Certain problems were selected for discussion and the relevant pathology and pathophysiology treated in some depth. Particular attention was given to the Stokes-Adams syndrome, heart block complicating acute myocardial infarction, the electrophysiological complications of pacing, the appropriate roles of synchronous vis-a-vis-fixed-rate pacemakers, and the nature and possible applications of coupled and paired pacing. The importance of hemodynamic and electrophysiologic studies during a preliminary period of temporary pacing in establishing the optimal mode and rate of permanent pacing was stressed. The review was confined to clinical material and no attempt was made to discuss purely experimental and investigative uses of pacing.
Smoking cessation interventions with female smokers living with HIV/AIDS: A randomized pilot study of motivational interviewing

Smoking among people living with HIV, particularly women living with HIV, is associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates when compared to nonsmoking individuals with HIV. Despite patients' higher risk of adverse health outcomes, in particular preventable smoking-related diseases for smokers living with HIV, few smoking cessation interventions have been examined with this population. The aim of the current study was to test the potential efficacy of a brief motivational intervention for smoking cessation with HIV-infected women smokers. Participants (N=30) were randomly assigned to receive a single session of motivational interviewing (MI) or prescribed advice (PA). The primary outcome was seven-day point prevalence abstinence at the one-month follow-up interview. Secondary outcome measures included mean cigarettes smoked per day, desire to quit smoking, perceived difficulty in quitting smoking, and expectation of success. We detected no significant differences between intervention and control groups in self-reported seven-day point prevalence abstinence at the one-month follow-up. However, participants in the MI condition reported a significant decrease in the mean cigarettes smoked per day when compared to the PA condition. There were no significant between-group differences in participants' desire to quit, perceived difficulty, and expectation of success. The results of this pilot study indicate that MI may be an effective smoking cessation intervention for HIV-positive women smokers and should be studied further in a larger clinical trial.
Katalyse an aufgedampften Metallfilmen. II. Über den Mechanismus des Ameisensäuredampf‐Zerfalls am Nickel

Der HCOOH-Zerfall an dunnen Nickelschichten verlauft nach einer gehemmten nullten Ordnung. Aus Vorbelegungsversuchen und Widerstandsmessungen wird ein Mechanismus fur diese Reaktion abgeleitet.
Fast gas chromatography: The effect of fast temperature programming

Fast gas chromatography (GC) has been around ever since the introduction of capillary GC columns. M. Golay's patent application for capillary GC (Patent 2,920,478, January 12, 1960) showed five peaks in 15 s in 1957. Desty et al. (Desty, D. H.; Goldup, A.; Swanton, W. T. In Gas Chromatography; Brenner, N.; Caller, J. E.; Weiss, M. D., Eds.; Academic: New York, 1962; p. 105), LeClercq et al. (LeClercq, P. A.; Scherpenzeel, G. J.; Vermeer, E. A. A.; Cramers, C. A. J Chromatogr 1982, 241, 61–71), and Cramers et al. (Schutjes, C.; Vermeer, E.; Rijks, J.; Cramers, C. J Chromatogr 1982, 253, 1–16), among others, followed up this early work on fast GC. The work in this paper is a continuation of fast GC, primarily using fast oven temperature programming. This work is restricted to normal pressures, routinely used on Hewlett Packard 5890 and 6890 model gas chromatographs. The first step in doing fast GC is to reduce the column length, since the retention time is directly proportional to the length, only true for isothermal runs. Columns of 1 to 6 m are used and since this step sometimes sacrifices resolution, 100 μm inner diameter columns with thin films, 0.1 to 0.2 μm, are used with small sample sizes (split ratios of 500:1 to 2000:1). © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 12: 351–355, 2000
Cytologic Studies of Sputum and Bronchial Secretions in Primary Carcinoma of the Lung

Summary A simple, practical method which has proved useful in suggesting, establishing or confirming the diagnosis of carcinoma of the lung has been described. Criteria for the cytologic diagnosis of malignancy are discussed. In our series and in those of other workers malignant cells have been detected in the sputum of about 80 per cent of patients proved to have carcinoma of the lung. In a series of 1755 specimens from 500 patients, malignant cells have been demonstrated in 82 cases. Of these 82 cases, 57 have been proved to have carcinoma of the lung by tissue section. In the total series of 500 patients, 71 have been proved to have bronchogenic carcinoma; and in 57 (80 per cent) of these cases, malignant cells were demonstrated. There is a close correlation of the results obtained by using either sputum or bronchial secretions. The use of sputum is more practical. The cytologic examination of sputum is a valuable addition to the procedures for the diagnosis of carcinoma of the lung.
Perfluoroalkylether reactions on iron and oxygen covered iron surfaces studied using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry have been used to investigate the reaction of a model perfluoroalkylether (PFAE), CF3 OCF2 CF2 OCF2 CF3, with clean iron, oxygen modified iron and clean gold surfaces. These studies revealed an unexpected low temperature decomposition reaction on clean iron surfaces. The decomposition appeared to proceed through a defluorination of the carbon backbone, followed by a dissociation of the entire molecule. The clean gold and oxygen covered iron surfaces were essentially unreactive toward the PFAE.
Mouse Mesenchyme forkhead 2 (Mf2): expression, DNA binding and induction by sonic hedgehog during somitogenesis

Cloning and sequencing of mouse Mf2 (mesoderm/mesenchyme forkhead 2) cDNAs revealed an open reading frame encoding a putative protein of 492 amino acids which, after in vitro translation, binds to a DNA consensus sequence. Mf2 is expressed at high levels in the ventral region of newly formed somites, in sclerotomal derivatives, in lateral plate and cephalic mesoderm and in the first and second branchial arches. Other regions of mesodermal expression include the developing tongue, meninges, nose, whiskers, kidney, genital tubercule and limb joints. In the nervous system Mf2 is transcribed in restricted regions of the mid- and forebrain. In several tissues, including the early somite, Mf2 is expressed in cell populations adjacent to regions expressing sonic hedgehog (Shh) and in explant cultures of presomitic mesoderm Mf2 is induced by Shh secreted by COS cells. These results suggest that Mf2, like other murine forkhead genes, has multiple roles in embryogenesis, possibly mediating the response of cells to signaling molecules such as SHH.
Auditory Brainstem Responses in Infants Recovering From Bacterial Meningitis: Audiologic Evaluation

• Auditory brainstem response (ABR) was used to assess possible hearing loss in 60 patients recovering from bacterial meningitis. The ABR results were consistent with either unilateral or bilateral hearing loss in 35% of the cases tested. Of these, 15% were conductive-type hearing loss. Twelve percent had sensorineural hearing losses and normal brainstem function. The remaining 8% had elevated ABR thresholds coincident with findings suggestive of neuropathology of the auditory brainstem pathways. A case of reversible sensorineural hearing loss was documented. Various clinical and demographic factors were examined to determine their predictive value with regard to hearing loss. As expected, otitis media occurred significantly with conductive hearing loss. Type of pathogen ( Streptococcus pneumoniae ) and hospitalization greater than two weeks were significantly correlated with sensorineural hearing loss. As meningitis typically affects young children who are difficult to test with conventional audiometry, ABR provides an effective means of testing hearing in this population. ( Arch Otolaryngol 1983;109:13-18)