cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gaming the Rankings: Richard Freeland and the Dramatic Rise of Northeastern University

This chapter uses new institutionalism and Foucault’s notion of discipline to reframe the well-known story of Northeastern University and its President Richard Freeland. Specifically, it presents the case of Northeastern and its transformation from regional teaching-oriented university to national research university. It argues that Freeland used various marketisation mechanisms, in conjunction with university rankings, to achieve this transformation.
Law Distributes I: Ricardo Marx Cls

This article appropriates Ricardo and Marx as progenitors of one of the contemporary CLS approaches to law and political economy. In the first part, I look at Ricardo and Marx through a presentist lens. I ignore their allegiance to the labor theory of value and restate what I think is important for “us” in neo-classical terms. What is left is a model in which a legal regime distributes a surplus helping some at the expense of others, setting in motion a chain of further distributional changes in a particular direction (e.g. stagnation or growth). Then I describe Ricardo’s legal presuppositions and Marx’s explicit understanding of law as seriously mistaken and restate their ideas in the “post-realist” mainstream language of contemporary American legal thought. The great question they help answer, restated, is how to decide when redistributive interventions will or will not, have or have not “hurt the people they are trying to help.” The last part introduces this approach, contrasting it with familiar liberal approaches. The normative orientation is to distribution in favor of subordinated groups rather than to efficiency and to work on transformable background rules of public and private law rather than to politically unattainable reform by tax and spend, large scale re-regulation or decommodification. A companion article applies the “neo-Ricardian” analytic to the dynamics of housing and credit markets in poor black neighborhoods. I have received valuable feedback on this version of this paper from about a dozen colleagues and friends, and I am working on a new draft that will respond to many telling criticisms and useful suggestions. I am posting the initial version here now in the hope of soliciting even more help in the interval before I can complete the new one.
Evaluating Synthetic Bugs

Fuzz testing has been used to find bugs in programs since the 1990s, but despite decades of dedicated research, there is still no consensus on which fuzzing techniques work best. One reason for this is the paucity of ground truth: bugs in real programs with known root causes and triggering inputs are difficult to collect at a meaningful scale. Bug injection technologies that add synthetic bugs into real programs seem to offer a solution, but the differences in finding these synthetic bugs versus organic bugs have not previously been explored at a large scale. Using over 80 years of CPU time, we ran eight fuzzers across 20 targets from the Rode0day bug-finding competition and the LAVA-M corpus. Experiments were standardized with respect to compute resources and metrics gathered. These experiments show differences in fuzzer performance as well as the impact of various configuration options. For instance, it is clear that integrating symbolic execution with mutational fuzzing is very effective and that using dictionaries improves performance. Other conclusions are less clear-cut; for example, no one fuzzer beat all others on all tests. It is noteworthy that no fuzzer found any organic bugs (i.e., one reported in a CVE), despite 50 such bugs being available for discovery in the fuzzing corpus. A close analysis of results revealed a possible explanation: a dramatic difference between where synthetic and organic bugs live with respect to the "main path" discovered by fuzzers. We find that recent updates to bug injection systems have made synthetic bugs more difficult to discover, but they are still significantly easier to find than organic bugs in our target programs. Finally, this study identifies flaws in bug injection techniques and suggests a number of axes along which synthetic bugs should be improved.
Evolution and Immunogenetics of Natural Killer Cell Receptors in Health and Disease

Natural killer (NK) cells are phenotypically diverse lymphocytes that contribute to innate immunity, adaptive immunity and placental reproduction. Unlike B and T cells, NK cells do not use rearranging genes to make diverse antigen receptors that are clonally expressed. Instead, NK cells express diverse combinations of a variety of receptors that are encoded by conventional non-rearranging genes. Several of these receptors are specific for conserved and variable determinants of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. In humans, the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are a diverse and polymorphic family of NK-cell receptors that recognize determinants of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, B and C, the polymorphic human MHC class I molecules. HLA-A, B and C are the most polymorphic of human genes, and they correlate with susceptibility to a wide range of diseases and clinical outcomes, including allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). During NK-cell development, interactions between epitopes of HLA class I and KIR educate the NK cells to recognize the normal expression of these epitopes on healthy cells, and to respond to unhealthy cells in which that expression is perturbed. In the context of HCT, certain types of HLA class I mismatch enable donor-derived NK cells to make an alloreactive and beneficial graft-versus-leukemia response. Although it is likely that all placental mammals have NK cells, only a small minority of these species has a diverse KIR family like that in humans. These comprise the simian primates: New World monkeys, Old World monkeys and the great apes. Under pressure from diverse and rapidly evolving pathogens, both the MHC class I and KIR gene families have been driven to evolve rapidly. Consequently, much of their character is species-specific. This is especially true for the human KIR gene family, which is qualitatively different from that of our closest relatives, the chimpanzees. Whereas chimpanzee KIR haplotype diversity represents variations on a theme of genes encoding robust MHC class I receptors, humans have an even balance between group A KIR haplotypes encoding robust HLA class I receptors and group B KIR haplotypes encoding receptors that, to varying degree, have been subject to natural selection for reduced functional recognition of HLA class I. A balance of A and B is present in all human populations and thus appears essential for the long-term survival and competitiveness of human communities. Whereas the A KIR haplotypes correlate with successful defense against viral infection, maternal B KIR haplotypes correlate with reproductive success and donor B KIR haplotypes improve the outcome of allogeneic HCT as therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Research on feature extraction algorithm based on motor imagery EEGs

Based on the event-related synchronization/desynchronization phenomena in the motor imagery EEGs, the wavelet packet transform is applied to decompose C3 and C4 channel signals into different rhythms and extracts the EEG energy of μ and β rhythm. The feature extraction is realized by using EEG rhythm energy ratio. Features extracted by this method fully reflect the characteristics of the motor imagery EEGs. The recognition result proves the efficiency of the method.
Coresets for $k$-Means and $k$-Median Clustering and their Applications.

$\renewcommand{\Re}{{\rm I\!\hspace{-0.025em} R}} \newcommand{\eps}{\varepsilon} \newcommand{\Coreset}{\mathcal{S}} $ In this paper, we show the existence of small coresets for the problems of computing $k$-median and $k$-means clustering for points in low dimension. In other words, we show that given a point set $P$ in $\Re^d$, one can compute a weighted set $\Coreset \subseteq P$, of size $O(k \eps^{-d} \log{n})$, such that one can compute the $k$-median/means clustering on $\Coreset$ instead of on $P$, and get an $(1+\eps)$-approximation. As a result, we improve the fastest known algorithms for $(1+\eps)$-approximate $k$-means and $k$-median clustering. Our algorithms have linear running time for a fixed $k$ and $\eps$. In addition, we can maintain the $(1+\eps)$-approximate $k$-median or $k$-means clustering of a stream when points are being only inserted, using polylogarithmic space and update time.
Lack of evidence for linkage between low‐density lipoprotein subclass phenotypes and the apolipoprotein B locus in familial combined hyperlipidemia

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subclass phenotype B, characterized by a predominance of small, dense LDL particles, appears to be a genetically influenced risk factor for coronary heart disease. Phenotype B, as determined by gradient gel electrophoresis, appears to be inherited in a manner consistent with the presence of a single major genetic locus, based on complex segregation analysis. Familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) is a disorder characterized by elevations in total plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels in probands and family members, variable lipoprotein phenotypes over time, and elevations in apolipoprotein B levels. Because apo B is the primary protein component of LDL particles, the present study was undertaken to determine whether LDL subclass phenotypes are controlled by the APOB locus in FCHL families. The evidence against linkage was very strong based on lod score analyses (total lod = -13.3), under assumptions that LDL subclass phenotypes are influenced by a major genetic locus and that the mode of inheritance and penetrance functions are known. Other methods requiring fewer assumptions also provided evidence against linkage, although the strength of this evidence was weaker. Thus the results demonstrate that the proposed gene responsible for LDL subclass phenotypes is unlikely to be the APOB gene in families with FCHL.
Implementation of comprehensive services as a mediator and race and ethnicity as a moderator of access and retention in addiction health services

Background Increasing evidence has suggested that well-resourced programs are more likely than low-resourced programs to deliver comprehensive care to individuals with cooccurring conditions and achieve greater client access and retention. But there is limited understanding of the service delivery process that allows high-capacity programs to reduce their wait times for treatment entry and their rates of dropout. Purpose
Cultural Baggage When You ‘Win as Much as You Can’

Using the negotiation exercise"Win As Much As You Can," I look at the ways that cultural value patterns and western-based assumptions about "how to negotiate" affect how students negotiate and respond to the exercise. I then suggest ways that teachers can create more culturally inclusive classrooms by discussing and educating students about these assumptions.
A method of measuring the surface shape of reflector antennas

As radio astronomers become increasingly interested in observing at millimeter and submillimeter wave lengths, the need arises for the measuring and setting of the surface shape of parabolic reflectors to a higher accuracy than is obtainable using conventional techniques. Typically the accuracy required is greater than 0.1mm. The method described in this paper measures the curvature of the surface with a high accuracy at many points along a radius of the surface. These curvature values are then integrated twice with respect to the distance along the surface by an on-line computer, the result being the Y coordinate of the surface as a function of distance along the radius. This measurement is repeated for different radii, the resultant data being used to generate the best fit parabola to the surface and deviations from this best fit. Measurements made on an 11 meter radio telescope yield results for the RMS surface accuracy that are consistent with the antennas measured performance at millimeter wavelengths. Two separate measurements of the same surface indicate a measurement accuracy of 0.05mm RMS. The time taken to survey the 11 meter antenna was less than 4 hours for 48 radii and greater than 3 \times 10^{5} data points.
Seasonal variation in self-reports of recent alcohol consumption: racial and ethnic differences.

Objective: This study considered whether monthly variation in self-reports of recent alcohol consumption differs systematically by race. Method: Telephone survey data collected by the Centers for Disease Control's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used to measure self-reports of drinking and heavy episodic drinking in the 30 days before the interview. The sample (N = 1,087,813) comprises adults over the years 1985-2000. Monthly variation in self-reports of any drinking and heavy episodic use were evaluatedusing logistic regression, controlling for demographic characteristics, year effects and state clustering. Results: The previously documented "January effect" in past month alcohol consumption--that people interviewed in January are much more likely to report drinking behavior relative to the overall odds--is found to exist for every racial group. Seasonal variation in reports of heavy episodic use, however, differs substantially by race. Black and white respondents are more likely ...
Lack of effect of sublingual salvinorin A, a naturally occurring kappa opioid, in humans: a placebo-controlled trial

Rationale Salvinorin A (SA) is a highly selective kappa opioid receptor agonist and the putative psychoactive compound in Salvia divinorum (SD), an increasingly abused hallucinogenic plant. Objectives The objectives of this study were to characterize the physiological and subjective effects of SA versus placebo and measure drug and metabolite levels. Methods Sublingual SA doses up to 4 mg were administered in dimethyl sulfoxide/polyethylene glycol 400 solution to eight SD-experienced subjects using a placebo-controlled ascending-dose design. Results No dose of SA produced significantly greater physiological or subjective effects than placebo. Furthermore, effects did not resemble reported “typical” effects of smoked SD. SA was detectable in plasma and urine, but was, in most cases, below the reliable limit of quantification (0.5 ng/mL). Conclusions Our results suggest that the sublingual bioavailability of SA is low. Higher doses, alternate formulations, or alternate routes of administration will be necessary to study the effects of SA in humans.
Sport in capitalist society: a short history, by Tony Collins

Sport in Capitalist Society: A Short History is an overview of the evolution of amateur sport to a market driven, profit-driven enterprise. The scope of the book runs from the historical roots of s...
Renal allograft torsion associated with prune-belly syndrome

We report a 26-month-old child diagnosed with prune-belly syndrome and end-stage renal disease who received intraperitoneal implantation of an adult cadaveric renal graft which functioned very well for approximately 6 weeks. The patient then presented with acute renal failure which was proved to be secondary to torsion of the graft, twisting the artery and vein. The ureter was wrapped 360° around the graft. These conditions resulted in loss of the graft and nephrectomy. Ours is the second report of such an occurrence; the first was from a living-related kidney donor. We believe the lack of abdominal wall tone contributes to graft mobility and risk of torsion of the kidney. We recommend that nephropexy be considered in these patients. In addition, the risk of torsion must be at the forefront of the differential diagnosis in a prune-belly renal transplant patient with acute onset of oliguria. Renal sonorgraphy with Doppler should be employed as soon as possible so that the graft can be saved.
Analysis of Amino Acids in Soy Isolates and Navy Beans Using Precolumn Derivatization with Phenylisothiocyanate and Reversed‐Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Amino acid analysis of three legume samples using precolumn phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) derivatization and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was compared with literature data or that obtained by the conventional ion-exchange chromatographic (IEC) method. The results indicated that the amino acid profiles obtained by PITC derivatization and RP-HPLC compared fairly well with literature data for soy isolates, and fairly with that obtained by the IEC method for navy beans. Average coefficient of variability of all amino acids determined by the PITC method was 6%. It was not essential to remove lipids (2.1%) in navy beans prior to acid hydrolysis and PITC derivatization for the analysis of amino acids.
Interferons and viruses: an evolutionary arms race of molecular interactions

Over half a century has passed since interferons (IFNs) were discovered and shown to inhibit virus infection in cultured cells. Since then, researchers have steadily brought to light the molecular details of IFN signaling, catalogued their pleiotropic effects on cells, and harnessed their therapeutic potential for a variety of maladies. While advances have been plentiful, several fundamental questions have yet to be answered and much complexity remains to be unraveled. We explore the current knowledge surrounding four main questions: are type I IFN subtypes differentially produced in response to distinct pathogens? How are IFN subtypes distinguished by cells? What are the mechanisms and consequences of viral antagonism? Lastly, how can the IFN response be harnessed to improve vaccine efficacy?
Mechanotransduction and functional response of the skeleton to physical stress: the mechanisms and mechanics of bone adaptation

The skeleton's primary mechanical function is to provide rigid levers for muscles to act against as they hold the body upright in defiance of gravity. Many bones are exposed to thousands of repetitive loads each day. During growth and development, the skeleton optimizes its architecture by subtle adaptations to these mechanical loads. The mechanisms for adaptation involve a multistep process of cellular mechanotransduction including: mechanocoupling - conversion of mechanical forces into local mechanical signals, such as fluid shear stresses, that initiate a response by bone cells; biochemical coupling - transduction of a mechanical signal to a biochemical response involving pathways within the cell membrane and cytoskeleton; cell-to-cell signaling from the sensor cells (probably osteocytes and bone lining cells) to effector cells (osteoblasts or osteoclasts) using prostaglandins and nitric oxide as signaling molecules; and effector response - either bone formation or resorption to cause appropriate architectural changes. These architectural changes tend to adjust and improve the bone structure to its prevailing mechanical environment. Structural changes can be predicted, to some extent, by mathematical formulas derived from three fundamental rules: (1) bone adaptation is driven by dynamic, rather than static, loading; (2) extending the loading duration has a diminishing effect on further bone adaptation; (3) bone cells accommodate to a mechanical loading environment, making them less responsive to routine or customary loading signals.
SH propagation in rocks with planar fractures—I. Excess slowness

SUMMARY A model for a fractured rock is a transversely isotropic solid containing randomly spaced plane-parallel fractures with random compliance. A fracture constitutive relation is the linear slip model, in which the jump in motion across the fracture is proportional to the stress. I study the propagation at normal and oblique angles of incidence of a shear wave with polarization parallel to the fractures, obtaining the frequency-dependent excess fracture-normal slowness and attenuation. I calculate these quantities using some new methods that are not restricted to weak anisotropy or to low frequency or to any particular fracture constitutive relation. These are Monte Carlo (MC), averaged-multiple imbedding (AMI), path sum theory (PST) and a primary approximation (PA). Finite-frequency results from these dynamic theories are compared with results from quasi-static theory for a variety of rocks, all of which have the same quasi-static anisotropy of 9.5 per cent. I find that (1) quasi-static theory works well at finite frequencies for high-Q fractures if the fractures are stiff and closely spaced, but not if they are compliant and widely spaced; (2) the primary approximation works well if the interfracture distance distribution is exponential but not if it is narrow (periodic fractures) or broad (clumped fractures); (3) reducing the Q of the interfracture rock slightly increases the apparent anisotropy; (4) reducing the Q of the fracture filling material greatly reduces the apparent anisotropy; and (5) increasing the variance of either the fracture spacing distribution or the fracture compliance distribution increases the attenuation. A consequence of (4) is that estimates of fracturing derived from SH seismic data will be erroneously low if the fractures are low-Q. Elementary arguments suggest that overpressuring or lubrication increases the shear Q of natural fractures, thus making them more detectable with SH.
Anti-γ-globulins in rheumatoid arthritis sera—I. Studies on the 22s complex☆

Abstract Association constants were measured for the interaction between anti-λ-globulin rheumatoid factors (RF) and pooled normal human λG-globulin. RF preparations isolated from four rheumatoid arthritis sera gave closely similar association constants. The interaction was not influenced by the type of λG-globulin used: similar binding was found for pooled normal, individual normal and autologous λG-globulin. There was no effect of rotor speed and only a small effect of temperature; the reaction was driven mainly by entropy. Cleavage of pentameric RF into 7 S subunits did not affect the binding strength per bond.
S-Nitrosylation of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A/B Regulates Osteopontin Transcription in Endotoxin-stimulated Murine Macrophages

Osteopontin (OPN) is a highly hydrophilic and negatively charged sialoprotein of ∼298 amino acids that contains a Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser sequence. It is a secreted protein with diverse regulatory functions, including cell adhesion and migration, tumor growth and metastasis, atherosclerosis, aortic valve calcification, and repair of myocardial injury. Despite the many recognized functions of OPN, very little is known of the transcriptional regulation of OPN. In this regard, we have previously demonstrated that OPN transcription and promoter activity are significantly up-regulated in response to NO in a system of endotoxin-stimulated murine macrophages. However, the specific cis- and trans-regulatory elements that determine the extent of endotoxin- and NO-mediated induction of OPN synthesis are unknown. In this follow-up study, we demonstrate that: 1) OPN gene transcription is regulated by a constitutive transcriptional repressor protein, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B (hnRNP A/B); 2) inhibition of in vivo hnRNP DNA binding activity is accompanied by increased S-nitrosylation of hnRNP A/B in the setting of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated NO synthesis; 3) inhibition of LPS mediated NO synthesis restores hnRNP DNA binding and decreases the extent of S-nitrosylation; and 4) S-nitrosylation of hnRNP at cysteine 104 inhibits in vitro DNA binding activity, which is reversed by dithiothreitol. Our findings suggest that LPS induced S-nitrosylation of hnRNP inhibits its activity as a constitutive repressor of the OPN promoter and results in enhanced OPN expression.
Immune response in the water snake, Natrix erythrogaster transversa

Abstract One month after an intramuscular injection of bovine albumin, the plasma of a water snake ( Natrix erythrogaster transversa ) contained a macroglobulin which bound radiolabeled bovine serum albumin.
X-ray-absorption studies of electron doping and band shifts in R2-xCexCuO4- delta (R=Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd).

We have measured the polarized x-ray-absorption spectra at the Cu K edge of ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ single crystals and the unpolarized spectra of ${\mathit{R}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ (R=Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd) ceramic samples. The results indicate that up to the T '-phase stability limit (and including the narrow region of superconductivity), Ce doping continuously donates electrons into the Cu 3d orbitals. Our results evidence a ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{1+}$ content in these T '-phase materials which increases almost linearly with the Ce-doping level x, and an electron doping fraction from each Ce atom to Cu which is quite close to unity (except in the R=Gd series). It is found that the size variation of the rare-earth elements R causes a number of feature changes in the Cu K edge, including an about 0.5 eV upward edge shift. These effects are explained by the ligand field shift of the unoccupied Cu 4p and 3d bands. A cluster model description has been developed to correlate the spectral features of the Cu K-edge spectra to different 3d configurations. The experimental results can be well described by the following model parameters: Cu 1s-3d Coulomb interaction ${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{c}\mathit{d}}$\ensuremath{\sim}6.5 eV, Cu 1s-O 2p Coulomb interaction ${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{c}\mathit{L}}$\ensuremath{\sim}1.1 eV, d-ligand hybridization V\ensuremath{\sim}2.7 eV, Cu\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}O charge-transfer energy \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sim}1.3 eV (at x=0), and \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\sim}0.5 eV (at x=0.2).
The Use of Performic Acid Oxidation to Facilitate Differential Staining of Epoxy-Embedded Adenohypophysis

Preoxidation with performic acid facilitated the differential staining of 1–2 μ thick sections of water-insoluble Durcupan (Swiss Araldite)-embedded adenohypophysis. Alcian blue-PAS-Orange G and aldehyde fuchsin-Orange G staining procedures were used. Except for increases in staining times, these procedures were unmodified from those previously reported for paraffin sections. These techniques permit the light microscopic recognition of two groups of basophils and two groups of acidophils in thick sections cut adjacent to thin sections for electron microscopy.
VARIATIONS IN THE ERYTHEMAL RESPONSE OF GUINEA–PIG SKIN†

In albino guinea-pigs marked differences were found in the erythemal responses at different sites of the back. The minimal erythemal dose (MED) to UVB (290-320 nm) radiation of the upper part of the back was less than 20% of the MED of the lower part of the back. This difference was not due to variations in the thickness of the skin or optical transmission by the epidermis.
Insulin Release in Aging: Studies on Adenylate Cyclase, Phosphodiesterase, and Protein Kinase in Isolated Islets of Langerhans of the Rat

The enzymes of the adenylate cyclase-cAMPprotein phosphorylation system have been studied in islets of Langerhans from older and young male Sprague-Dawley rats to ascertain if changes in these enzymes might be related to the decreased insulin release observed from islets of aging rats and to the hyperglycemia of aging. Islets of Langerhans were isolated by collagenase digestion from pancreases of 15-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats and 3-month-old male controls. The islets were incubated in Krebs- Ringer bicarbonate buffer with low or high concentrations of glucose for studies of insulin release or were sonicated and assayed for adenylate cyclase, high and low Km phosphodiesterase, and basal protein kinase activities. Basal insulin secretion with 2.8 DIM D-glucose was not different in the two groups of islets (22.3 ± 3.6 pg insulin released islet-1 min-1 from 15-month-old rats compared with 22.5 ± 3.3 from controls; P > 0.9). In response to 16.7 mM D-glucose, insulin release was diminished in islets fro...
The effect of photometric and geometric context on photometric and geometric lightness effects

We measured the lightness of probe tabs embedded at different orientations in various contextual images presented on a computer-controlled stereo display. Two background context planes met along a horizontal roof-like ridge. Each plane was a graphic rendering of a set of achromatic surfaces with the simulated illumination for each plane controlled independently. Photometric context was varied by changing the difference in simulated illumination intensity between the two background planes. Geometric context was varied by changing the angle between them. We parsed the data into separate photometric effects and geometric effects. For fixed geometry, varying photometric context led to linear changes in both the photometric and geometric effects. Varying geometric context did not produce a statistically reliable change in either the photometric or geometric effects.
Application of the patankar-spalding finite difference procedure to turbulent radiating boundary layer flow

Abstract The Patankar/Spalding finite difference solution procedure has been modified to account for the transport of radiant energy in a turbulent optically thin boundary layer. The resulting procedure has been applied to high speed external flows. Results show that radiation losses at a Mach number of 25 and sea-level conditions do not significantly alter temperature profiles or heating rates while at Mach 40, radiation cooling reduces heating rates by approximately 20 per cent.
Haemangiopericytomas of the head and neck: A report of two cases

Haemangiopericytomas are rare tumours derived from the pericyte. Two cases originating in the head and neck are described and the methods of treatment outlined.
Crystal growth and transport properties in the mixed system MnSe-CdSe☆

MnSe-CdSe mixed crystals growth investigation by elements, binary compounds and solid solutions vapor transport properties
Mode-III fracture of bonded non-homogeneous materials†

Abstract This study deals with the mode-III fracture of bonded non-homogeneous materials. Assuming that the shear moduli of the materials vary exponentially with the spatial coordinates, the problem is reduced to the solution of a singular integral equation with a Cauchy type kernel. It is shown that, as for homogeneous materials, the stresses have the usual square-root singularity. The stress intensity factors and the mode III strain energy release rate are computed for various values of the ratio of shear moduli and the non-homogeneity parameters α, β 1 , and β 2 . The results indicate that non-homogeneity may have a very significant effect on the fracture of bonded materials.
Relative dating techniques to distinguish late Pleistocene-Holocene continental sediments

Abstract Radiometric dating, particularly with 14 C, provides ages for those Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments that contain datable materials. Standard stratigraphic and morphostratigraphic techniques of superposition, geomorphic position, partial overlap, and offlap provide relative chronology in many situations. The use of multiple relative dating (RD) techniques, developed for the study of glacial deposits, makes use of these techniques where possible, but depends heavily on the additional comparison of the results of surface processes that act continuously and more or less uniformly after accumulation is complete. For sediments at the surface that have not been buried, the most important of these processes are weathering and morphological alteration. Soil profile development is progressive; careful field description plus laboratory analysis provide data to distinguish soils of differing maturity, hence, of different ages. Clasts at the surface and within the soil profile weather continuously, and quantification of the degree of their decay permits recognition of age differences. In mountains adjacent to deserts, a veneer of loess accumulates slowly, and is thicker on older alpine deposits. Quantification of gully development provides still another morphometric approach to dating young sediments. These RD methods have been effective in distinguishing relative ages of continental sediments from 10 2 to 10 7 yr. old in the western U.S.A. mountains and in the Central Andes.
Electrospun ceramic fibers: Composition, structure and the fate of precursors

Fibers are electrospun from aluminum acetate/polymer mixtures and characterized by an array of techniques before and after annealing at 1200 °C. We demonstrate that sodium and boron present in the initial starting materials as adducts and stabilizers remain incorporated into the resulting fibers after annealing and pyrolysis of the host polymer. The influence of these minor constituents on the surfaces of the fibers is suggested by infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic data. The presence of these species may impact potential chemical applications of small diameter ceramic fibers, such as their use as catalytic supports or for chemical decomposition.
Mental Imagery, Hypnotizability, Differential Item Difficulty, and Context Effects

Abstract This study attempted to determine the relationship of mental imagery to general hypnotizability and differential difficulty of susceptibility scale items, as well as the effect of con text on these relationships. Undergraduates completed a mental imagery questionnaire in or out of a hypnotic context prior to being administered a group susceptibility scale. Most predicted correlations between sensory modalities on the imagery questionnaire scale item performance were small and nonsignificant. The relationship of imagery to hypnotizability was significant for an out-of-context condition, but not for an in-context condition. Reasons for the largely negative results are discussed.
Differential Behavior of the Mo+PyF101 Enhancer Variant of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus in Rats and Mice

The Mo + PyF101 enhancer variant of Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) has been very useful in investigating M-MuLV leukemogenesis. When inoculated subcutaneously (s.c.) into neonatal mice, Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV is attenuated for development of disease. Previous studies in mice infected with wild-type M-MuLV have revealed several important preleukemic events, including development of splenic hyperplasia, defects in bone marrow hematopoiesis, and in vivo generation of MCF viruses that arise by recombination in the uninfected mouse. Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV is defective in inducing these effects after s.c. inoculation. In the experiments reported here, a study of Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV infection in rats was carried out. Wild-type M-MuLV is leukemogenic in rats, but infected rats do not form MCF recombinants since they lack the necessary endogenous polytropic envelope sequences. Since Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV's leukemogenic defect is correlated with a failure to generate MCF recombinants, it seemed possible that wild-type M-MuLV might not have a leukemogenic advantage over Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV in rats, where MCF recombinants cannot form. Neonatal Fisher F344 rats were inoculated s.c. or intraperitoneally by wild-type and Mo + PyF101 M-MuLVs. Surprisingly, Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV was completely deficient in leukemogenesis in rats when inoculated by either route while wild-type M-MuLV induced lymphoma with the predicted time course. The leukemogenic defect for Mo + PyF101 M-MuLV resulted from a pronounced defect for establishing infection in rats. Further studies of wild-type M-MuLV in rats indicated that infection was confined almost exclusively to the thymus at early times. In mice wild-type M-MuLV establishes substantial infection in other hematopoietic organs such as spleen and bone marrow as well. Thymic infection was also correlated with a decrease in thymic cellularity at early times.
International Production Networks and Export Performance in Developing Countries: Evidence from China

Developing countries may expand their exports through participating in international production networks organized by multinational corporations. China appears to have been successful with this approach in the past two decades. Its exports rose from $9.8 billion in 1978 (ranked as thirty-second in the world) to $762 billion in 2005 (the third-largest in the world). In the same period, accumulated foreign direct investment (FDI) flows into China increased from zero to $602 billion, and exports by foreign-invested enterprises in 2005 comprised 57 percent of China's total exports. FDI promotes China's exports mainly through labor-intensive processes and component specialization within vertically integrated international industries. However, the challenge facing China is how to increase domestic value added and how to upgrade its industry in international production networks.
Race, empire and British wartime national identity, 1939–45

Britain's self-portrait as a democratic and paternalistic imperial nation was persistently undermined by the contradictory repercussions of racial divisiveness. The consequences of racism in both the metropole and in the colonies threatened the metropole-colonial relations so fundamental to British imperial sensibilities. Thus, government officials were involved throughout the war in repairing Britain's reputation with its imperial subjects. Using evidence from Colonial Office and Ministry of Information files, this article contributes to historical understanding of the empire's place in British national identity in the World War II years. It suggests the extent to which racism at “home” and in the colonies destabilized British efforts to bolster imperial loyalties that would persist into the post-war future.
Introduction—Nanotechnology and the Public

This article introduces the special issue of Science Communication on “nanotechnology and the public.” It argues that studies of “nanotechnology and the public” are important not for themselves, bu...
Pediatric Articles: Bilateral Testis Tumors in an Infant: Synchronous Teratoma and Epidermoid Cyst

ABSTRACTTeratoma ranks second in frequency to yolk sac carcinoma among testicular germ cell tumors in infants, accounting for 25% of cases. Testicular teratomas are uniformly benign in children younger than 24 months old. Epidermoid cysts are tumor-like lesions of unknown etiology, probably monodermal teratomas, comprising 3% of all pediatric testis tumors. Bilaterality is rare for both tumors. We report a case of a synchronous left testis teratoma and a right testis epidermoid cyst. Appropriate therapy is discussed.
Interconnection network analysis for a compliant massively parallel processor

Abstract The paper analyzes and selects an appropriate interconnection network for a compliant multiprocessor. The multiprocessor is compliant to the tasks assigned to it in the sense that it can be reconfigured to provide a more efficient fit to the tasks to be executed. A number of possible candidate networks for the multiprocessor is considered: Omega, ADM, Hypercube and Torus. The potential applicability of these networks to the multiprocessor is analyzed from the points of view of partitionability, inter-PE delay, fault impact, and cost. After the individual analysts of the above points of consideration is completed, a weighted network factor is formed, and the optimal type of network is selected, under different performance criteria. The overall results point to the selection of the Torus or Hypercube network for most cases under consideration.
Recognition of Verbal Labels of Pictured Objects and Events by 17- to 30-Month-Old Infants

A technique for efficiently presenting a large number of vocabulary items was developed for the testing of vocabulary comprehension in children younger than two years. The technique, incorporating ...
Influence of anthropogenic aerosols on the Asian monsoon: a case study using the WRF-Chem model

Abstract. Aerosols, in particular those related to anthropogenic activities, including black carbon, organic carbon, and sulfate aerosols, have been found to affect the Asian monsoon through direct and indirect aerosol radiative forcing. In this work, we use the coupled regional Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to understand how aerosol changes from local emission sources could modulate the Asian monsoon precipitation through aerosol direct and indirect radiative effects. Our modeling results with the consideration of the local emissions show an improvement in simulated monsoon precipitation, when compared to reanalysis data and satellite observations. Aerosols generally induce a reduction in pre-monsoon and monsoon precipitation in East Asia. Over the Indian region, local anthropogenic emissions tend to reduce precipitation in the source regions while slightly increasing precipitation outside of the emission source regions. The increase in precipitation corresponds to a decrease in the cloud base level or lifting condensation level. Analysis of vertical cloud properties suggests that the increased cloud droplet number and prolonged cloud lifetime/reduced precipitation efficiency due to the local aerosol emissions are responsible for the precipitation reduction over East Asia. Aerosols from local emissions also play a very important role in the simulated surface temperature, radiation, and monsoon circulations.
Shift in purine/pyrimidine base recognition upon exchanging extracellular domains in P2Y1/6 chimeric receptors

Abstract P2Y receptors are G protein-coupled receptors stimulated by extracellular nucleotides. Both the P2Y 1 and the P2Y 6 receptors are preferentially activated by nucleoside 5′-diphosphates, but favor different base moieties. In the case of the P2Y 1 receptor the preferred base is adenine, while the P2Y 6 receptor is activated by uracil nucleotides. To identify potential amino acid domains that interact with the base moiety, we used a chimeric receptor approach, employing the human P2Y 1 receptor as core structure to investigate the role in receptor activation of extracellular loops (ELs) and transmembrane domains (TMs) of the rat P2Y 6 receptor. The chimeric receptors were expressed in COS-7 cells and measured for stimulation of phospholipase C (PLC) induced by the potent P2Y 1 receptor agonist 2-MeSADP or the potent P2Y 6 receptor agonist UDP. Replacement of the N-terminus or EL2 resulted in low (∼50 μM) potency of the agonist 2-MeSADP, thus confirming the importance of EL2 in ligand recognition. Upon replacement of several regions, the potency of the P2Y 1 agonist 2-MeSADP was either 1–2 μM (N-terminus and EL1, or EL1 and EL3) or 72 μM (N-terminus and EL3). Concurrent replacement of three regions (N-terminus, EL1, and EL3) completely precluded activation by 2-MeSADP. Our study identified domains of the P2Y 6 receptor that contribute to receptor activation by UDP and hence seem to be involved in uracil recognition. Upon replacement with extracellular domains of the P2Y 6 receptor sequence we observed a trend toward gain of receptor-induced PLC activation by UDP, for example, in the chimera containing replacements of both the N-terminus and EL1. Exchange of three receptor domains led to a construct with an EC 50 value for UDP of 19 μM and a maximal inositol phosphate accumulation similar to the native P2Y 6 receptor. Within receptor constructs of combined domain exchanges the additional substitution of Tyr 110 by the corresponding Asn from the P2Y 6 receptor showed a significant increase for activation by UDP, but only when combined with the N-terminal domain and TM1. The residue Tyr 110 was identified to play an important role in the recognition of the nucleobase in the P2Y 1 and P2Y 6 receptors.
Line positions and intensities for the ν12 band of 13C12CH6

Abstract High-resolution, high signal-to-noise spectra of a high-purity (99%) mono-substituted 13C-enriched ethane (13C12CH6) in the ν12 fundamental band near 12.2 μm region were recorded with a Bruker IFS 125HR Fourier transform spectrometer. The data were obtained for four sample pressures at three different temperatures (130–208 K) using a 20.38-cm long coolable absorption cell. The spectra were fitted simultaneously to retrieve individual line positions and absolute line intensities for 1660 absorption features. A multispectrum nonlinear least squares spectrum fitting technique was employed in the analysis. Constraints were used to fit each pair of doublet components arising from torsional Coriolis interaction of the excited ν12 = 1 state with the nearby excited torsional ν6 = 3 state. Line positions and absolute line intensities were retrieved by simultaneously fitting the four experimental spectra recorded at three low sample temperatures (130 K, 178 K and 208 K). The measured positions and intensities were determined for the standard reference temperature of 296 K and compared with the predicted values listed in the HITRAN database. Calculated line intensities at each of the measured spectrum temperatures are also provided as supplemental data. Integrated intensities are also reported.
Charge Dependent Distribution of Endogenous Proteins within Vitellogenic Ovarian Follicles of Actias luna.

In vitellogenic ovarian follicles of Actis luna, internal Ca2+ activity currents create an electrical gradient which influences the distribution of charged macromolecules between nurse cells and oocyte. We show that, between oocyte and nurse cells, there is an ionic gradient of 1–12 mV with the nurse cells being more electronegative than the oocyte by an average 3.5±0.2 mV(s.e.)(p<0.001). As previously reported for another saturniid, Hyalophora cecropia, the transbridge ionic gradient of luna: (1) is focused across the intercellular bridges, (2) is abolished by 200 μm vanadate and (3) includes a [Ca2+]i gradient. Endogenous soluble proteins collected from control and from vanadate treated populations of nurse cells and oocytes were separated by two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and visualized with sliver stain. Densitometric analysis showed that 14 out of the 19 acidic proteins and six of the eight basic proteins studied, changed their oocyte-to-nurse cell distribution in consort with change in the transbridge ionic gradient. This suggests that a transbridge ionic gradient may be, at least within the saturniidae, a method for maintaining different molecular concentrations in nurse cells compared to oocytes. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Fiscal Adjustment in Sudan: Size, Speed and Composition

The paper aims to identify the optimal size, speed and composition of the medium-term fiscal adjustment in the context of Sudan's limited oil reserves. The permanently sustainable non-oil primary balance approach suggests the need for significant fiscal adjustment over the medium term, requiring a widening of the tax base. Cross-country comparisons highlight VAT and personal income tax (as well as tax administration) as key areas for reform. The paper also suggests the need for complementary expenditure-side measures in the areas of petroleum pricing and anchoring fiscal policy in non-oil indicators.
Iron deficiency and phytoplankton growth in the equatorial Pacific

Several experiments were conducted in the equatorial Pacific at 140°W during the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, equatorial Pacific, 1992 Time-series I (TS-I, 23 March–9 April), Time-series II (TS-II, 2–20 October) and FeLINE II cruises (10 March–14 April), to investigate the effects of added Fe on phytoplankton communities. Seven series of deckboard iron-enrichment experiments were performed, with levels of added Fe ranging from 0.13 to 1000 nM. Time-course measurements included nutrients, chlorophyll a and HPLC pigments. Results of these experiments showed that subnanomolar (sub-nM) additions of Fe increased net community specific growth rates, with resultant chlorophyll a increases and nutrient decreases. Community growth rates followed Michaelis-Menten type kinetics resulting in maximum rates of 0.99 doublings per day and a half-saturation constant of 0.12 nM iron. The dominant group responding to iron enrichment was diatoms.