cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Syntheses, characterizations and thermal analyses of four novel unsymmetrical β-diketiminates

Four novel unsymmetrical β-diketiminates 2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amino-4-(phenyl)imino-2-pentene (4a), 2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amino-4-(4-methylphenyl)imino-2-pentene (4b), 2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)imino-2-pentene (4c) and 2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amino-4-(4-chlorophenyl)imino-2-pentene (4d) were synthesized with a 77-84% yield, and were characterized by spectroscopic methods (1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and mass spectrometry), elemental analysis, and X-ray single-crystal diffraction, respectively. Spectroscopic and X-ray single-crystal diffraction analyses determined the structures of the four β-diketiminates. While thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed two distinct endothermic peaks for each β-diketiminate at temperatures of 92.55°C and 221.50°C (4a), 93.51°C and 238.82°C (4b), 109.60°C and 329.22°C (4c), 115.43°C and 243.25°C (4d), respectively, corresponding to their melting and boiling points.
Genome-based approaches to understanding phosphorus deprivation responses and PSR1 control in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii transcription factor PSR1 is required for the control of activities involved in scavenging phosphate from the environment during periods of phosphorus limitation. Increased scavenging activity reflects the development of high-affinity phosphate transport and the expression of extracellular phosphatases that can cleave phosphate from organic compounds in the environment. A comparison of gene expression patterns using microarray analyses and quantitative PCRs with wild-type and psr1 mutant cells deprived of phosphorus has revealed that PSR1 also controls genes encoding proteins with potential “electron valve” functions—these proteins can serve as alternative electron acceptors that help prevent photodamage caused by overexcitation of the photosynthetic electron transport system. In accordance with this finding, phosphorus-starved psr1 mutants die when subjected to elevated light intensities; at these intensities, the wild-type cells still exhibit rapid growth. Acclimation to phosphorus deprivation also involves a reduction in the levels of transcripts encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis and both cytoplasmic and chloroplast translation as well as an increase in the levels of transcripts encoding stress-associated chaperones and proteases. Surprisingly, phosphorus-deficient psr1 cells (but not wild-type cells) also display expression patterns associated with specific responses to sulfur deprivation, suggesting a hitherto unsuspected link between the signal transduction pathways involved in controlling phosphorus and sulfur starvation responses. Together, these results demonstrate that PSR1 is critical for the survival of cells under conditions of suboptimal phosphorus availability and that it plays a key role in controlling both scavenging responses and the ability of the cell to manage excess absorbed excitation energy. While phosphorus (P) is an abundant element in the Earth’s crust, its availability can limit the growth of organisms present in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. P is essential for many fundamental processes that sustain life, including nucleic acid synthesis, membrane synthesis, energy metabolism, signaling, redox reactions, and modification of protein activities. The major form of P readily assimilated and utilized by most or
Strategies for increasing use of instructional technology by engineering faculty: a case study (or teaching old engineers new tricks)

The new engineering educational paradigm requires more active teaching strategies and more emphasis on student problem solving, collaboration, and communication. Use of instructional technology (IT) is integral to this paradigm; however, many engineering faculty resist using IT due to heavy faculty workloads, lack of time to learn new technology, lack of release time, lack of appropriate resources, no forum for exchanging information, or no recognition for innovative use of technology. The author spent 18 months working with her engineering colleagues to develop strategies to enhance the incorporation of instructional technology in engineering classes. She concluded that (1) faculty development activities should first address the pedagogy, not the technology, (2) faculty peers must be involved in introducing instructional technology into an institution, and (3) the increase in technology use was directly related to the number of strategies in which the faculty participated. The efficacy of the various strategies is discussed.
A stable algorithm with perturbed and unmodeled systems

The authors present the analysis and synthesis of a perturbed and unmodeled system based on model reference adaptive control. A novel robust adaptive control algorithm is described. By adjusting the parameter mu properly, it is concluded that the algorithm will be globally bounded within a specified region if only initial conditions are bounded. All signal vectors will tend to be exponentially stable as time t goes infinite under specified initial conditions. >
Slowness-driven Gaussian-beam prestack depth migration for low-fold seismic data

Subsurface images based on low-fold seismic reflection data or data with geometry acquisition limitations, such as obtained from ocean-bottom seismography (OBS), are often corrupted by migration swing artifacts. Incorporating prestack instantaneous slowness information into the imaging condition can significantly reduce these migration swing artifacts and improve image quality, especially for areas with poor illumination. We combine the horizontal surface slowness information of observed seismic data with Gaussian-beam depth migration to implement a new slowness-driven Gaussian-beam prestack depth migration whereby Fresnel weighting is combined naturally with beam summation. The prestack instantaneous slowness information is extracted from the original OBS or shot gathers using local slant stacks and is combined with a local semblance analysis. During migration, we propagate the seismic energy downward, knowing its instantaneous slowness information. At each image location, the beam summation is localized in a resolution-dependent Fresnel zone; the instantaneous slowness information controls the beam summation. Synthetic and real data examples confirm that slowness-driven Gaussian-beam migration can suppress most noise from inadequate stacking and give a clearer migration result.
Emotion analysis from speech using temporal contextual trajectories

We propose a framework for speech emotion analysis that maps sequential acoustic features into descriptors that integrate the temporal ordering of the original features and the discrimination between emotions. Using the topology preserving property of Self Organizing Maps and the continuous nature of speech, the proposed framework maps a speech utterance into a temporally ordered trajectory that reflects the emotion activity over time in the underlying utterance. Using a standard emotional database, we show that the proposed framework is efficient for analysis, visualization and classification of emotions.
Wing and body kinematics of takeoff and landing flight in the pigeon ( Columba livia )

Takeoff and landing are critical phases in a flight. To better understand the functional importance of the kinematic adjustments birds use to execute these flight modes, we studied the wing and body movements of pigeons (Columba livia) during short-distance free-flights between two perches. The greatest accelerations were observed during the second wingbeat of takeoff. The wings were responsible for the majority of acceleration during takeoff and landing, with the legs contributing only one-quarter of the acceleration. Parameters relating to aerodynamic power output such as downstroke amplitude, wingbeat frequency and downstroke velocity were all greatest during takeoff flight and decreased with each successive takeoff wingbeat. This pattern indicates that downstroke velocity must be greater for accelerating flight to increase the amount of air accelerated by the wings. Pigeons used multiple mechanisms to adjust thrust and drag to accelerate during takeoff and decelerate during landing. Body angle, tail angle and wing plane angles all shifted from more horizontal orientations during takeoff to near-vertical orientations during landing, thereby reducing drag during takeoff and increasing drag during landing. The stroke plane was tilted steeply downward throughout takeoff (increasing from -60+/-5 deg. to -47+/-1 deg.), supporting our hypothesis that a downward-tilted stroke plane pushes more air rearward to accelerate the bird forward. Similarly, the stroke plane tilted upward during landing (increasing from -1+/-2 deg. to 17+/-7 deg.), implying that an upward-tilted stroke plane pushes more air forward to slow the bird down. Rotations of the stroke plane, wing planes and tail were all strongly correlated with rotation of the body angle, suggesting that pigeons are able to redirect aerodynamic force and shift between flight modes through modulation of body angle alone.
An Evaluation of Econometric Models of Adaptive Learning

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of four econometric approaches intended to identify the learning rules being used by subjects in experiments with normal form games. This is done by simulating experimental data and then estimating the econometric models on the simulated data to determine if they can correctly identify the rule that was used to generate the data. The results show that all of the models examined possess difficulties in accurately distinguishing between the data generating processes.
Power control in spectrum overlay networks: How to cross a multi-lane highway

We consider power control in spectrum overlay networks (also referred to as opportunistic spectrum access) where secondary users identify and exploit instantaneous and local spectrum opportunities without causing unacceptable interference to primary users. We quantify the impact of the transmission power of secondary users on the occurrence of spectrum opportunities and the reliability of opportunity detection. We demonstrate that the probability of spectrum opportunity decreases exponentially with the transmission power and reliable opportunity detection is achieved in the two extreme regimes of the ratio between the transmission power of secondary users and that of primary users. Such analytical characterizations allow us to study power control for optimal transport throughput under constraints on the interference to primary users.
Asthma and gender impact accumulation of T cell subtypes

The "Th2 hypothesis for asthma" asserts that an increased ratio of Th2:Th1 cytokine production plays an important pathogenic role in asthma. Although widely embraced, the hypothesis has been challenged by various empirical observations and has been described as overly simplistic. We sought to establish whether CD3+CD28-mediated and antigen-independent accumulation of type 1 and type 2 T cells differs significantly between nonasthmatic and asthmatic populations. An ex vivo system was used to characterize the regulation of IFN-γ-producing (type 1) and IL-13-producing (type 2) T cell accumulation in response to CD3+CD28 and IL-2 stimulation by flow cytometry. IL-13-producing T cells increased in greater numbers in response to antigen-independent stimulation in peripheral blood lymphocytes from female atopic asthmatic subjects compared with male asthmatics and both male and female atopic non-asthmatic subjects. IFN-γ+ T cells increased in greater numbers in response to either antigen-independent or CD3+CD28-mediated stimulation in peripheral blood lymphocytes from atopic asthmatic subjects compared to non-asthmatic subjects, regardless of gender. We demonstrate that T cells from asthmatics are programmed for increased accumulation of both type 2 and type 1 T cells. Gender had a profound effect on the regulation of type 2 T cells, thus providing a mechanism for the higher frequency of adult asthma in females.
Achieving Desired Family Size in Dual-Working Households Work and Family Influences Among Singaporean Couples

This study explores family formation–work fit (i.e., beliefs that work demands fit with desired family size) and its relation to achievement of desired family size, work–family facilitation and conflict, and marital satisfaction using a subsample (N = 690) drawn from the nationally representative Singapore National Study of Work–Life Harmony. Results indicate that family formation–work fit was positively related to desired family size achievement. Importantly, those with desired family size achievement had more than twice as many children as those who had not achieved their desired family size. In addition, workplace schedule flexibility, work-to-family facilitation, and marital satisfaction were associated with higher family formation–work fit, while family-to-work conflict and work-to-family conflict were associated with lower family formation–work fit. These findings indicate the importance of considering family formation–work fit when studying family fertility decisions, particularly in nations with l...
Shiga Toxin—Producing Escherichia coli Infection

Large-scale outbreaks of Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection have revealed the great disease-causing potential of this organism, especially among children and elderly persons. Approximately 5%–10% of people with STEC infection will develop hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), ∼10% of those who develop HUS will die or have permanent renal failure, and up to 50% of those who develop HUS will develop some degree of renal impairment. Important concepts in understanding the pathogenesis and prevention of STEC-associated HUS are emerging, although no specific therapy yet exists. Optimal management of STEC infection includes intravenous hydration, avoidance of antimotility agents and antimicrobials, and monitoring for sequelae. Antimicrobials may have a potentially harmful role, possibly by inducing intestinal production of Shiga toxin during the diarrheal phase of illness. A recent clinical trial evaluating an intraluminal Shiga toxin–binding agent to ameliorate HUS showed no improvement in outcome. Interventions to prevent HUS from developing in STECinfected children are under investigation. Prevention of exposure to STEC remains important, and animal vaccines to prevent stool shedding of STEC among food animals are in development. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) were first discovered in 1977 [1] and first associated with the clinical syndrome hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) in 1983 [2]. Since then, diarrhea-associated HUS has been recognized as one of the most common causes of acute renal failure in otherwise healthy children in the United States [3]. We cannot yet prevent HUS following STEC infection or specifically treat diarrheaassociated HUS once it has developed. However, our understanding of how STEC cause disease and our ideas about prevention and treatment strategies have evolved since this organism was first linked to HUS. In this article, recent progress that has contributed to understanding the epidemiology and disease pathogenesis of STEC is reviewed, and the state of knowledge regarding treatment of STEC infection and prevention of HUS is discussed.
Density Functional Theory: Basic Results and Some Observations

We review first the basic results of density functional theory: the lemma of Hohenberg and Kohn establishing the density n(r) as a sufficient variable for a description of a non-degenerate or degenerate ground state; the energy variational principle, including recent reformulations by Levy and Lieb; the self-consistent Kohn-Sham equations and the most recent improved approximations for the exchange-correlation functional. This is followed by a number of observations: the issue of v-representability is discussed, including, depending on the context, its significance and non-significance in the light of recent work by Levy, Lieb, and Kohn; a discussion is presented of two different approaches to the basic functionals F[n(r)] and Exc[n(r)] -- by means of many-body tech-niques or by using the definition of F[n(r)] as a minimum over a constrained set of antisymmetric functions; other interesting recent developments of density functionals are briefly mentioned; some remarks are offered concerning a proposed concept of generalized local approximations; and finally a few other promising directions for future research are listed.
Reappearance of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase containing cells in rat bone marrow following corticosteroid administration.

Administration of dexamethasone to rats lyses greater than 75% of bone marrow and thymic lymphocytes, including those containing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). Reappearance of TdT containing lymphocytes in bone marrow appears to be a phase of synchronized regeneration in which a cohort of cells differentiates together over a period of 2 wk. Days 1–5 of marrow regeneration are characterized by the rapid proliferation of large, TdT-negative lymphoid cells. On days 6–11, these cells divide less rapidly, contain TdT, and morphologically are transitional lymphocytes. The TdT-containing cells do not appear to originate in thymus because the TdT antigen is nuclear rather than cytoplasmic and the cells in marrow do not react with antiserum to thymocytes. By days 12–15, the lymphocytes are small, very few are dividing, and TdT is absent from most. Whether the cells were dividing was estimated by pulse labeling with 3H-thymidine. The relative percentage of TdT-containing cells and activity of TdT per cell are maximal on day 9 after dexamethasone. Cells from bone marrow were separated on Hypaque-Ficoll discontinuous density gradients on day 9 and a fraction containing high levels of TdT was isolated. TdT antigen was present in 8% and 34% of cells in fraction 3 from gradient separations of normal and day 9 bone marrow, respectively. TdT activity in cells containing TdT antigen was estimated to be 125 U/108 cells from normal marrow and 56 U/108 cells from day 9 marrow. These values are greater than twice the value usually observed in rat thymocytes and 60–100 times the activity per nucleated cell in unfractionated normal rat marrow. Cells containing TdT do not have surface immunoglobulin and do not adhere to nylon-wool columns. The fraction rich in TdT-containing cells was also characterized by a high rate of incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA, high level of DNA polymerase-α activity, and low level of adenosine deaminase activity. Bone marrow regenerating after dexamethasone may be an excellent source of lymphocytes at various stages of differentiation. The cells may be particularly useful for biochemical study because they are available in large numbers.
The medical problems of homeless clinic patients: a comparative study.

Objective:To compare the prevalences of major medical problems in homeless and nonhomeless patients.
An analysis of trends in neuroscience nursing research: 1960-1988.

Abstract This study examined trends in neuroscience nursing research from 1960 to 1988. The review was an extension of a study analyzing trends in cardiovascular nursing from 1960 to 1985. Four questions (similar to those developed by Yarcheski regarding elements essential to development of a scientific base) framed the present analysis of neuroscience nursing research studies. The sampling frame for the study consisted of four journals: Nursing Research, 1960-1988; Western Journal of Nursing Research, 1979-1988; Research in Nursing and Health, 1978-1988; Journal of Neurosurgical Nursing, 1969-1985; and Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 1986-1988. These journals were canvassed for studies meeting specified criteria as neuroscience nursing research studies. A total of 71 studies meeting the stated criteria were included in the final sample and reviewed in a systematic manner to identify such characteristics as variables measured, type of approach to theory development, type of research design, number and type of subjects, data analysis procedures, interpretation and conclusions of the study. Findings of the study indicate there has been a substantial increase in the number of neuroscience studies conducted and reported by nurses and an increase in the number of principal authors with advanced degrees. The orientation of studies has shifted from chronic care or rehabilitation to acute care research. An absence of studies about prevention of head and spinal cord injury was noted. Although a trend toward the theory-then-research approach was detected, the research-then-theory approach has been and continues to be the primary strategy for the development of a body of scientific knowledge. It is possible that clinical nurses are using research more frequently to solve problems. Finally, the scientific methods employed in this group of studies have become more complex and varied over time.
Design of a microNewton Thrust Stand for Low Pressure Characterization of DBD Actuators

The design and construction of a torsion balance capable of micronewton resolution is presented. Comparative error analysis of two calibration methods (electrostatic force and logarithmic decrement) is presented, suggesting preference for logarithmic decrement method. Force measurement data from this balance is compared with a commercial precision balance, and found to be in good agreement. Low pressure performance of DBD plasma actuators between a pressure range of 100 to 760 Torr is assessed with the help of this thrust stand. The effect of dielectrics material (Teflon, Kapton) and thickness have been investigated. Experiments suggest that the force first increases upto a certain pressure, after which it drops sharply tending to zero. The amount of force amplification is found to be significant (several-fold) and dependent on the thickness of the dielectric. The power is found to increase with decreasing pressure, resulting in a peak effectiveness a sub-atmospheric pressure.
Application of On?line Monitoring System for Hydraulic Turbine in Baishan Power Plant

Taking the application of on-line monitoring system for hydraulic turbine in Baishan power plant for example,this article details the system's hardware environment,network structure,software system composition and so on.The many functions like the monitoring of hydraulic turbine stability,generator stator temperature and so on,can help users analyse and assess the entire working condition of the hydraulic turbine during the process of installing new hydraulic turbines or overhauling old ones,providing an efficient and intelligent decision-making environment for status maintenance of equipments in hydraulic power plants.The success of the application of the system indicates a more and more important role that the system will play in the safe and stable running of hydraulic power plants.
Abstract A178: Structure guided development of irreversible inhibitors for TAK1

Background: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is serine/threonine kinase belonging to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase family that can promote tumor cell survival by modulation of the tumor microenvironment, mediation of stress responses and suppression of pro-apoptotic signaling. Moreover, TAK1 has been identified as essential for the survival of certain KRAS-dependent cancer cells and has therefore been studied as a therapeutic target. Several TAK1 inhibitors including LYTAK1, NG25 and fungal isolate 5Z-7-oxozeanol (5Z-7) have been reported, but these compounds are relatively non-selective as illustrated by 5Z-7 which inhibits numerous other kinases including PKD2, IKKα, Mnk2, Flt3, Flt4, KDR, Trk, PDGFRα, MKK4, NLK, MEK at modest concentrations. Furthermore, 5Z-7 is a resorcyclic lactone with a complex cyclic structure, making it difficult to synthesize derivatives that might have with better selectivity and potency. In an effort to develop new TAK1 inhibitors with excellent selectivity and synthetic accessibility, we studied a series of pyrimidine-based covalent inhibitors which target CYS-174, a cysteine adjacent to the ATP binding site of TAK1. Methods: Structure-guided compound evolution was used to guide design of compounds. Candidate covalent compounds were evaluated for relative binding affinity to TAK1, and the ability to covalently label recombinant TAK1 protein. Co-crystal x-ray structures of selected compounds were additionally solved to guide iterations of compound design. Compounds were evaluated for anti-proliferative activity in TAK1-dependent cell lines from 3 distinct cancer types. Results: Co-crystal structures of TAK1 in complex with the pyrrolopyrimidine-based compound CPT1691 showed an unexpected binding mode leading to the hypothesis that substitution of the pyrrolopyrimidine for a simpler pyrimidine would provide synthetically simpler routes to compounds which covalently bind to Cys-174. This substitution was tolerated, yielding potent TAK1-binding compounds which were further evolved to optimize differential selectivity between TAK1 and other highly related kinases such as MEK1, ERK2 and FLT3. Additional co-crystal structures of these compounds were solved. These inhibitors showed anti-proliferative activity in various TAK1-dependent colon cancer cells (LoVo, SW620, SK-CO-1), pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1, AsPc-1 and Colo357FG cell lines) and renal cancer cells. Conclusions: Covalent pyrimidine-based TAK1 probes provide an effective means of TAK1 inhibition that may have value as therapeutic agents and scientific tools. Citation Format: Deepak Gurbani, Li Tan, Scott Ficarro, John C. Hunter, William Singer, Faviola B. Vazquez, Ting Xie, Sang Min Lim, Jarrod Marto, Nathanael S. Gray, Kenneth D. Westover. Structure guided development of irreversible inhibitors for TAK1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr A178.
Monoclonal antibodies for high-resolution localization of NHE3 in adult and neonatal rat kidney

Previous immunochemical studies have shown that NHE3 is an apical Na+/H+ exchanger in some renal epithelia. The purpose of the present study was to develop high-affinity, isoform-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that would be useful for carrying out high-resolution immunocytochemical studies of NHE3 in the adult and neonatal mammalian kidney. Three MAbs were developed to a fusion protein containing amino acids 702-832 of rabbit NHE3. Specificity was established by immunoblotting membranes from NHE-deficient LAP cells that had been transfected with either NHE1,-2, -3, or -4. With the use of high-resolution immunocytochemical techniques, NHE3 was found in vesicles in the apical cytoplasm of proximal tubule cells, as well as in the apical plasma membrane of the proximal tubule, and in both the thin and thick limbs of the loop of Henle. When localized in the 1-day-old rat kidney, NHE3 was first detected in the late stages of the S-shaped body. In later stages of nephron development, the pattern of NHE3 staining was similar to that seen in the adult. This study demonstrates 1) the specificity of three MAbs for Na+/H+ exchanger isoform NHE3; 2) NHE3 is present in an intracellular vesicular compartment in cells of the proximal tubule, consistent with possible regulation by membrane recycling; and 3) NHE3 is expressed on the apical membrane in early stages of the developing nephron.
A nursing decision reinforced in Haiti

The author reflects on a trip to Haiti which decided her career as a nurse. (non-author abstract)
Le redoublement des sujets en français informel québécois : une approche variationniste

Cet article se penche sur le probleme de la variation en morphosyntaxe. A partir d'une etude de cas centree sur le redoublement des sujets en francais informel quebecois (FIQ), l'auteure argumente en faveur d'une conception de la competence linguistique qui inclut la variation linguistique. Differentes analyses qui evacuent la variation de la competence linguistique sont considerees et rejetees et l'auteure conclut que l'alternance entre structures redoublees et non redoublees fait partie integrante de la competence linguistique des locuteurs du FIQ. La question de l'etrangete d'une analyse qui propose un systeme d'accord grammatical variable est ensuite soulevee. Il est alors demontre que les systemes d'accord variables sont communs dans plusieurs langues et que l'analyse proposee pour le FIQ n'est par consequent ni exotique, ni invraisemblable Finalement, une esquisse d'analyse dans le cadre du programme minimaliste de Chomsky etablit que nous disposons presentement des outils linguistiques pour rendre compte de la variation morphosyntaxique.
Conclusions and Open Issues

The main objective of this book has been the presentation of a series of design and development techniques to create a successful online social network. The presented methodology aims at the application of several best practices and well-established techniques from various scientific domains towards the designing and development of a social network platform that will be user-friendly and usable for the targeted group of people.
Developing a Sequential Functional Model

The purpose of the first chapter was to provide a general description of the domain of nonverbal social behavior and propose several dimensions important in analyzing behavior patterns. Especially critical for the latter goal was defining a broad set of involvement behaviors and developing a functional classification of nonverbal behavior. This approach has facilitated more than just an organizational structure for discussing nonverbal behavior; it has provided a foundation for developing a general theoretical model for nonverbal exchange (Patterson, 1982a). In this chapter I will be describing this theory and discussing its special relevance to the content and direction of the remaining chapters. In order to facilitate the presentation of this model, some coverage of the evolution of theories about nonverbal exchange may be helpful.
Cytokine release syndrome with novel therapeutics for acute lymphoblastic leukemia

T-cell-engaging immunotherapies are exciting new approaches to treat patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These unique agents, which include blinatumomab, a CD3/CD19 bispecific antibody, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells targeted to CD19 have shown unprecedented remission rates in the relapsed, refractory ALL setting. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS), resulting from the high magnitude of immune activation by these therapies, is the most significant treatment-related toxicity. CRS manifests with fever and malaise and can progress to life-threatening capillary leak with hypoxia and hypotension. The clinical signs of CRS correlate with T-cell activation and high levels of cytokines, including interleukin 6 (IL-6). Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor antagonist, is usually effective in the management of severe CRS induced by CAR T cells and has been adopted by most clinical trial programs. With blinatumomab administration, the goal has been to prevent CRS with corticosteroid premedication, disease cytoreduction, and dose adjustments. Collaborative efforts are underway to harmonize the definition and grading system of CRS to allow for better interpretation of toxicities across trials and allow for informed management algorithms.
Damage initiation at curved free edges - Application to uniaxially loaded plates containing holes and notches

The concept which imputes initial free edge interlaminar damage to the differences in material properties among adjacent laminae, formerly applied to straight free edges, is presently extended to the case of curved free edges through interpretation in terms of differences in the shear and elongation strains among adjacent laminae. Attention is given to both material property differences and laminate strain spatial distributions at the hole edge. Since a large strain level and a small difference in material properties are found to be as damaging as a small strain and large difference, interlaminar damage will probably begin at a circumferential location other than the net section. These findings are further explored in view of a second extension, using the edges replication technique to record damage at a curved free edge. The damage recorded for uniaxially loaded plates with central circular holes and semicircular edge notches are compared with difference theory predictions.
Generalized Theodorsen solution for singular integral equations of the airfoil class

A class of singular integral equations is considered which arise in various two-dimensional mixed boundary-value problems with simple harmonic time variation. A problem typical of this class is that of determining the lifting pressure distribution on an oscillating airfoil in an unbounded incompressible potential flow. It is shown that Theodorsen's (1935) solution to this problem, with some modification, is valid for a general class of unsteady kernel functions. The technique employed is to consider an equivalent steady problem and then show that the unsteady resolvent and unsteady homogeneous solution can be written directly in terms of the steady solutions and a single frequency-dependent function which reduces to the Theodorsen function for the steady kernel.
Role of Trichoderma spp. as a Biocontrol Agent of Fungal Plant Pathogens

In developing countries, there is rampant use of chemical pesticides to control plant diseases by agriculturist. Pesticides not only pollute the soil but also cause environmental pollution and human hazard. Among the fungal biocontrol agents, Trichoderma spp. are being used most abundantly against plant pathogens. Several species of Trichoderma which produce volatile and non-volatile antibiotics and enzymes are antagonistic to phytopathogenic fungi and nematodes. Trichoderma spp. are free-living and abundantly present in the soil and rhizosphere region and are mycoparasitic of several soilborne plant pathogens. It has also been exploited successfully as a biocontrol agent for controlling the foliar diseases of economically important plants. The fungus is effective against pathogens causing various diseases of the root region of plants, viz. collar rot, foot rot, damping off, etc. In the rhizosphere region, some strains of Trichoderma spp. release metabolites which improve the growth of seedling, and it also causes resistance against abiotic stress. Trichoderma spp. have great potential against soilborne pathogens, and it may be able to replace chemical pesticides in the near future.
Functional Quadrumer Clusters for Switching Between Fano and Charge Transfer Plasmons

The study of the highly tunable plasmonic spectral features has received growing interest in recent years because of broad range of potential applications in the next generation photonics technologies. Here, we developed a four-member nanoparticle cluster composed of gold nanodisks, where two of the nanodisks are connected by a metallodielectric bridge composed of Ge2Sb2Te5 and gold sections. We showed that the optothermal functionality of the Ge2Sb2Te5 allows for excitation of Fano resonances and charge transfer plasmons in a single system. This feature opens new paths for developing highly tunable nanophotonic devices.
Metabolic Measurements of Nonpermeating Compounds in Live Cells Using Hyperpolarized NMR

Hyperpolarization by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP) has emerged as a technique for enhancing NMR signals by several orders of magnitude, thereby facilitating the characterization of metabolic pathways both in vivo and in vitro. Following the introduction of an externally hyperpolarized compound, real-time NMR enables the measurement of metabolic flux in the corresponding pathway. Spin relaxation however limits the maximum experimental time and prevents the use of this method with compounds exhibiting slow membrane transport rates. Here, we demonstrate that on-line electroporation can serve as a method for membrane permeabilization for use with D-DNP in cell cultures. An electroporation apparatus hyphenated with stopped-flow sample injection permits the introduction of the hyperpolarized metabolite within 3 s after the electrical pulse. In yeast cells that do not readily take up pyruvate, the addition of the electroporation pulse to the D-DNP experiment increases the signals of the downst...
Radiation-Induced Responses in Mammalian Cells

In bacteria, a well-characterized response to cellular stress DNA damage has been identified and termed the SOS response. This response is a program of gene induction that allows bacteria to respond to damaged DNA and other cellular stresses in a protective manner, allowing for optimal conditions for cell survival (Ossanna et al., 1987). In mammalian cells, a similar DNA-damage response pathway has been shown to exist, but the mechanisms regulated by this pathway are not as clear-cut as in bacteria (Herrlich et al., 1984, 1986; Mai et al., 1989).
Neurology’s Influence on American Psychiatry: 1865–1915

Prior to the middle of the nineteenth century psychiatry was clearly identified with the asylum and with the humane care of the most disturbed members of society. Between 1865 and 1915, however, this began to change, and psychiatry began to assume its twentieth century form. During this period the profession became more scientific, and simple concern with humane care became suspect. Psychiatrists also began to show more interest in less severely disturbed patients who might be treated outside of the confines of an asylum. Furthermore, the treatment of these patients in particular came increasingly to be understood in psychological terms as the ground was laid for the explosive development of twentieth century psychotherapies. In the United States it is clear that these changes did not simply evolve out of the older asylum psychiatry but resulted from the catalytic action of a new medical specialty—neurology—on the practice of caring for the mentally ill. In Europe, largely through the influence of Wilhelm Griesinger, psychiatry and neurology were more or less united after 1860. In the United States, by contrast, asylum superintendents were both well organized and isolated from the mainstream of medicine. This meant that newer perspectives were assimilated in the course of conflict and competition between two professional groups. Neurologists stimulated the assimilation of these newer perspectives by advocating a more scientific approach to patients, criticizing the quality of asylum care, treating patients previously unnoticed by psychiatrists, and importing a new psychological point of view from Europe. While asylum superintendents at first bitterly resisted the intrusion of these new specialists into their territory, in time they came to adopt a point of view quite similar to that of the neurologists. By the first World War this process was largely complete, and psychiatry was well on its way toward assuming its twentieth century form. This chapter will trace, in greater detail, the events just outlined. It will focus on developments in the United States because they serve both as a demonstration of how the intellectual and social shape of professions change and as an example of how such changes are brought about through conflict between social groups.1
Toward a Theory of Decriminalization

This brief think piece explores the topic of decriminalization. It discusses three ways in which legal prohibitions may become obsolete: scientifically, technically and morally, paying most attention to the last. The paper argues that a phenomena related to cognitive dissonance, which it calls moral dissonance, helps explain the success of a number of decriminalization efforts, a concept analogous to cognitive dissonance, and sets fourth two hypotheses: The core idea is that based on indicators of social status people are presumptively allocated moral character and based on behavior the morality of their actions is evaluated. When these two indicators clash (presumptive moral character is inconsistent with moral evaluations of action) tension is created which is ordinarily resolved by changing the character evaluation so that it is consistent with the action evaluation. When, however, enough people of presumptive good moral character engage in an action that is presumptively immoral, judgments of the morality of the action, and eventually the law itself, will often change. Two hypotheses regarding these outcomes are illustrated with examples from the Salem witch hysteria and the movements to end the prohibition of alcohol and marijuana. Applications to the current gay rights movement are obvious.
Effects of dietary nitrogen source and concentration in high-grain diets on finishing steer performance and nutrient digestion.

Two experiments were designed to evaluate dietary N source and concentration on finishing steer performance and nutrient digestion. In Exp. 1, 100 steers were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with 2 x 2 + 1 factorially arranged treatments. Diets contained 1.93 or 2.24% N supplemented by urea or soybean meal (SBM), or 2.24% N supplemented by cottonseed meal (CSM). Steers fed SBM-supplemented diets gained 13% faster (P <.01) and were 9% (P <.01) more efficient converting feed to gain than steers receiving urea. Steers fed diets containing 2.24% N were 4% ( P <.05) more efficient than those fed diets containing 1.93% N. Steers fed CSM-supplemented diets gained 6% (P < .10) less efficiently than steers receiving SBM. Increasing dietary N with urea from 1.93 to 2.24% decreased carcass weights 3%, whereas increasing dietary N with SBM increased carcass weights 3%. Carcass-adjusted gains were reduced 8% by increasing urea from.9 to 1.5% but increased 7% by increasing SBM from 6.1 to 10.5% of DM. In Exp. 2, four ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers (390 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate urea and SBM supplementation on digestion. Diets contained no supplemental N, 1.84% N with urea or SBM as the supplement, or 2.16% N with SBM as the supplement. Total tract starch digestion, duodenal microbial N flow, and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen were higher ( P <.10) in steers fed SBM- than in those fed urea-supplemented diets. Supplementation with SBM increased metabolizable protein supply and dietary energy utilization.
SORTING AND SEARCHING

This chapter discusses the sorting and searching of data of the internal sorts in business data processing languages. Sorting of data is frequently an extremely useful activity. Optimization algorithms often work most efficiently—that is, obtain answers in a shorter time, when data is sorted in certain ways; plotting becomes easier with sorted data, and sorting results in a certain order will often increase the legibility of outputs. Updating of data on disc storage is often not even possible if the data is not sorted. In general, it is faster and safer to sort data first and then process it, with the knowledge that items will appear in a given, predefined order, than it is to process data that may appear in any order. Sorting techniques differ in the manner in which the new sequencing relationships are established and in the manner in which the file is physically rearranged. The chapter presents three different approaches to file rearrangements: (1) the physical moving of records, (2) the use of address tables, and (3) the use of linked lists. It is often difficult to decide which of the many different approaches to sorting should be used for a particular application. The dominant criteria for making such a selection usually are core space, execution time, and availability. As considerable time and effort are expended in writing and testing a new sort code, availability is probably the prime criteria for short, one-shot applications. Time and core requirements become the overriding concerns for extensive or repeated applications.
Patterns of glucocorticoid prescribing and provider-level variation in a commercially insured incident rheumatoid arthritis population: A retrospective cohort study.

Abstract Objective Glucocorticoids are common in RA management despite an unfavorable, exposure-dependent risk profile impacted by patient and provider-level factors. Existing work describing glucocorticoid use in RA is not generalizable and does not adequately examine provider factors. We aim to describe how providers prescribe glucocorticoids to commercially insured, newly diagnosed RA patients in the United States. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study which used the national Optum© administrative database. We identified 9221 adults ages 18–65 with RA diagnosed 2010–2014. We assessed glucocorticoid dispensing 3 months pre-diagnosis through 12months post-diagnosis (“study period”), cumulatively stratified by calendar quarter and prescriber specialty (rheumatologist, primary care, other). We examined prescribing variation among individual rheumatologists by dividing quarterly distribution of per-patient dose and days’ supply into quartiles. Results 6717 (72.8%) patients filled ≥1 glucocorticoid prescription during the study period. 2890 (31.3%) patients received ≥3 months’ supply, with median (IQR) daily dose 10 (6.6) mg/day and days’ supply 189 (143) days. 52.6% of patients received glucocorticoids 1–3 months post-diagnosis; 29.2% received glucocorticoids 10–12 months post-diagnosis. Among glucocorticoid users post-diagnosis, quarterly median daily dose and days’ supply were consistently ≥10 mg/day and ≥30 days, respectively. Rheumatologists prescribed most glucocorticoids, with median per-quarter daily dose and days’ supply 10 mg/day and 43–60 days. Individual rheumatologists’ prescribing varied widely across all quarters. Conclusion Among commercially insured incident RA patients, receipt of ≥10 mg/day prednisone equivalent for months is common, typically prescribed by rheumatologists, and persists a year post-diagnosis in 29.2% of patients. Glucocorticoid prescribing varies widely across rheumatologists. Further work is warranted to identify provider factors explaining variation in glucocorticoid prescribing, and assess how these affect health outcomes.
Privacy-Preserving Image Classification in the Local Setting.

Image data has been greatly produced by individuals and commercial vendors in the daily life, and it has been used across various domains, like advertising, medical and traffic analysis. Recently, image data also appears to be greatly important in social utility, like emergency response. However, the privacy concern becomes the biggest obstacle that prevents further exploration of image data, due to that the image could reveal sensitive information, like the personal identity and locations. The recent developed Local Differential Privacy (LDP) brings us a promising solution, which allows the data owners to randomly perturb their input to provide the plausible deniability of the data before releasing. In this paper, we consider a two-party image classification problem, in which data owners hold the image and the untrustworthy data user would like to fit a machine learning model with these images as input. To protect the image privacy, we propose to locally perturb the image representation before revealing to the data user. Subsequently, we analyze how the perturbation satisfies {\epsilon}-LDP and affect the data utility regarding count-based and distance-based machine learning algorithm, and propose a supervised image feature extractor, DCAConv, which produces an image representation with scalable domain size. Our experiments show that DCAConv could maintain a high data utility while preserving the privacy regarding multiple image benchmark datasets.