cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying a Safe Zone for Midface Augmentation Using Anatomic Landmarks for the Infraorbital Foramen

Background: Midface augmentation is commonly used to improve the appearance of concave faces and to achieve balance in the facial contour. It can also be an adjunct to orthognathic or reconstructive surgery. However, an inherent risk of midface augmentation is injury to the infraorbital nerve where it exits the infraorbital foramen (IOF). This can result in significant morbidity, including loss of sensation to the midface, nasal sidewall, upper lip, and lower eyelid. Objectives: The authors identify a safe zone of dissection in the midface for subperiosteal placement of infraorbital, paranasal, malar, and submalar implants, which avoids injury to the infraorbital nerve. Methods: Given the popularity of transconjuctival and intraoral access to the midface skeleton, the authors identified relevant bony and dental landmarks from radiographic images and measured distances between the IOF and these landmarks. Forty-four computed tomography scans of adult hemifaces were used to accurately locate the IOF in relation to the anatomic landmarks. Results: Most often, the IOF's location correlated with the second premolar on a vertical axis. The average distance between the IOF and the infraorbital rim, piriform aperture, tip of the second premolar cusps, and lateral orbital rim was approximately 8.61, 17.43, 41.81, and 25.93 mm (respectively) in men and 8.25, 15.69, 37.33, and 24.21 mm (respectively) in women. Conclusions: A safe zone of dissection for midface augmentation has been identified, which differs from previous findings. Awareness of this zone may help clinicians locate the IOF and avoid injury to the nerve.
Protonmotive Force: Development of Electrostatic Drivers for Synthetic Molecular Motors

Ferrocene has been investigated as a platform for developing protonmotive electrostatic drivers for molecular motors. When two 3-pyridine groups are substituted to the (rapidly rotating) cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings of ferrocene, one on each Cp, it is shown that the (Cp) eclipsed, pi-stacked rotameric conformation is preferred both in solution and in the solid state. Upon quaternization of both of the pyridines substituents, either by protonation or by alkylation, it is shown that the preferred rotameric conformation is one where the pyridinium groups are rotated away from the fully pi-stacked conformation. Electrostatic calculations indicate that the rotation is caused by the electrostatic repulsion between the charges. Consistently, when the pi-stacking energy is increased pi-stacked population increases, and conversely when the electrostatic repulsion is increased pi-stacked population is decreased. This work serves to provide an approximate estimate of the amount of torque that the electrostatically driven ferrocene platform can generate when incorporated into a molecular motor. The overall conclusion is that the electrostatic interaction energy between dicationic ferrocene dipyridyl systems is similar to the pi-stacking interaction energy and, consequently, at least tricationic systems are required to fully uncouple the pi-stacked pyridine substituents.
P-Finder: reconstruction of signaling networks from protein-protein interactions and GO annotations

Because most complex genetic diseases are caused by defects of cell signaling, illuminating a signaling cascade is essential for understanding their mechanisms. We present three novel computational algorithms to reconstruct signaling networks between a starting protein and an ending protein using genome-wide protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and gene ontology (GO) annotation data. A signaling network is represented as a directed acyclic graph in a merged form of multiple linear pathways. An advanced semantic similarity metric is applied for weighting PPIs as the preprocessing of all three methods. The first algorithm repeatedly extends the list of nodes based on path frequency towards an ending protein. The second algorithm repeatedly appends edges based on the occurrence of network motifs which indicate the link patterns more frequently appearing in a PPI network than in a random graph. The last algorithm uses the information propagation technique which iteratively updates edge orientations based on the path strength and merges the selected directed edges. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms achieve higher accuracy than previous methods when they are tested on well-studied pathways of S. cerevisiae . Furthermore, we introduce an interactive web application tool, called P-Finder, to visualize reconstructed signaling networks.
Bovine lactoferrin in involuting mammary tissue

Bovine lactoferrin in involuting mammary tissue was identified by immunohistochemistry and tissue explant culture. Immunoreactive lactoferrin was associated with mammary epithelial cells. Immunostaining for lactoferrin increased during involution, in contrast to declining immunostaining of epithelia for the milk-specific protein β-lactoglobulin. Immunostaining for lactoferrin also was observed at the basal region of alveolar epithelia, perhaps in association with basement membrane components. Lactoferrin was preferentially synthesized in involuting mammary tissue compared with lactating tissue. Synthesis of lactoferrin in the involuting mammary gland occurs despite the apparent decline in synthesis of milk-specific proteins.
Spontaneous abortion-related deaths among women in the United States : 1981-1991

Abstract Objective: To examine trends in spontaneous abortion–related mortality and risk factors for these deaths from 1981 through 1991. Methods: We used national data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System to identify deaths due to spontaneous abortion (less than 20 weeks’ gestation). Case-fatality rates were defined as the number of spontaneous abortion–related deaths per 100,000 spontaneous abortions. We calculated annual case-fatality rates as well as risk ratios by maternal age, race, and gestational age. Results: During 1981–1991, a total of 62 spontaneous abortion-related deaths were reported to the Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System. The overall case fatality rate was 0.7 per 100,000 spontaneous abortions. Maternal age 35 years and older (risk ratio [RR] 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9–3.0), maternal race other than white (RR 3.8, 95% CI 2.2–5.9), and gestational age over 12 weeks (RR 8.0, 95% CI 4.2–11.9) were risk factors for death due to spontaneous abortion. Of the 62 deaths, 59% were caused by infection, 18% by hemorrhage, 13% by embolism, 5% from complications of anesthesia, and 5% by other causes. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was an associated condition among half of those deaths for which it was not the primary cause of death. Conclusion: Women 35 years of age and older, of races other than white, and in the second trimester of pregnancy age are at increased risk of death from spontaneous abortion. In addition, DIC complicates many spontaneous abortion cases that end in death. Because spontaneous abortion is a common outcome of pregnancy, continued monitoring of spontaneous abortion–related deaths is recommended. (Obstet Gynecol 1999;94:172–6.)
Comparison of prostaglandin synthesis by endothelial cells from blood vessels originating in the rat, baboon, calf and human

Abstract The synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) was determined in endothelial cells obtained from various vessels frpm baboon, human and rat both by radioimmunoassay and prelabel of the cells with [ 3 H] arachidonate. Cells were stimulated with bradykinin, ionophore A23187 or IOuM arachidonate. Although prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) has proven to be the major prostaglandin product of human umbilical vein and calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells, our results show that PGI 2 is frequently not the major prostaglandin product of endothelial cells from other vessels. For example baboon endothelial cells lining the large vessels, aorta and cephalic vein produce mainly PGF 2a with only small amounts of PGE 2 and PGI 2 . Human endothelial cells from saphenous vein also produce mainly PGF 2a. Baboon, human and rat adipose capillary endothelial cells make predominantly PGE 2 and PGI 2 with rat making significant amounts of PGF 2a in addition. Endothelial cells from the rat aorta produced predominantly prostacyclin.
Left Ventricular Filling Pressure as a Determinant of Subendocardial Blood Flow

Abstract The effect of ventricular diastolic pressure on subendocardial flow was studied during isovolumic contraction in an isolated heart. In 9 experiments flow averaged 95 ± 8 ml/min ˙ 100 gm of tissue (mean ± standard deviation). With balloon inflation to 50 ml, diastolic pressure increased from 1 ± 2 mm Hg to 14 ± 4 mm Hg ( p p p p p p r = −0.84; p r = 0.87; p r = 0.97; p
Tribology of titanium boride-coated titanium balls against alumina ceramic: Wear, friction, and micromechanisms

Abstract The tribological performance of titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) balls coated with a dual boride layer comprised of titanium diboride (TiB2) and titanium boride (TiB) whiskers mated against alumina ceramic disks has been determined using lubricated ball-on-disk wear testing. Measurements of coefficient of friction values and volumetric wear were made and electron microscopic investigation of wear spots and tracks was performed. The wear rate of the boride-coated titanium alloy balls was 40 times less than that of 97% dense alumina balls. Measurements of wear track width and depth corroborated this result. The superior wear resistance is attributed to the hardness and the unique structure of the dual (TiB2 + TiB) whisker layer and the consequent smoothness of the wear surface created during the wear process. The material removal mechanism is abrasive in nature in the boride-coated balls compared to grain fracture and pullout in alumina.
Carotenoid bioaccessibility from whole grain and degermed maize meal products.

Although yellow maize (Zea mays) fractions and products are a source of dietary carotenoids, only limited information is available on the bioavailability of these pigments from maize-based foods. To better understand the distribution and bioavailability of carotenoid pigments from yellow maize (Z. mays) products, commercial milled maize fractions were screened for carotenoid content as were model foods including extruded puff, bread, and wet cooked porridge. Carotenoid content of maize fractions ranged from a low of 1.77−6.50 mg/kg in yellow maize bran (YCB) to 12.04−17.94 mg/kg in yellow corn meal (YCM). Lutein and zeaxanthin were major carotenoid species in maize milled fractions, accounting for ∼70% of total carotenoid content. Following screening, carotenoid bioaccessibility was assessed from model foods using a simulated three-stage in vitro digestion process designed to measure transfer of carotenoids from the food matrix to bile salt lipid micelles (micellarization). Micellarization efficiency of x...
FTIR study of surfactant bonding to FePt nanoparticles

Abstract FePt nanoparticles coated with 2 nm thick films of surfactant have been studied as candidates for magnetic recording media. The self-assembly of these nanoparticles is influenced by the properties of their surfaces which are coated with a layer of mixed oleic acid and oleyl amine. These surfactant coated FePt nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The observation of both ν(COO) and ν(C=O) vibrational modes indicates that oleic acid bonds to the FePt nanoparticles in both monodentate and bidentate forms. The oleylamine bonds to the FePt nanoparticles through electron donation from the nitrogen atom of the NH2 group. The FTIR spectra indicate that there is a conversion of the alkyl chains from the oleyl form (cis-9-octadecenyl) to the elaidyl form (trans-9-octadecenyl) during the synthesis of the FePt nanoparticles. This is revealed by the presence of several vibrational absorption bands in the region of the olefinic C–H stretching modes. The presence of elaidyl groups on the FePt surfaces is very important because the structures of the oleyl groups and the elaidyl groups are quite different and are expected to pack differently around the FePt nanoparticles. This in turn will influence the self-assembly of nanoparticles on substrates.
Glycerolysis of fats and methyl esters

The glycerolysis of methyl esters and triglycerides with crude glycerol, a coproduct from the transesterification of triglycerides, was studied. Three procedures were followed for this conversion. The first procedure was a one-step glycerolysis with methyl esters. The second procedure was a two-step process. This procedure involved an initial partial glycerolysis with methyl esters, followed by fat glycerolysis. The third procedure was a simultaneous glycerolysis with methyl esters and triglycerides. In the glycerolysis with methyl esters, the removal of methanol is vital to the production of mono- and diglycerides. Methanol was removed either by drawing vacuum on the reactor or by stripping methanol out by means of an inert carrier gas (nitrogen). Different molar ratios of methyl esters to glycerol were tested in the first two processes. At low concentration of methyl esters, total conversion of methyl esters to mono- and diglycerides was achieved. As the concentration of methyl esters was increased, the conversion of methyl esters to mono- and diglycerides was decreased. Furthermore, the ratio of mono- to diglycerides was also higher at lower concentrations of methyl esters. The conversion of triglycerides in the two-step process with crude glycerol was similar to a one-step fat glycerolysis with pure glycerol. The composition of different components and the ratio of mono- to diglycerides were also comparable.
Interfacial Response of a Fluorescent Dye Grafted to Glass

The properties of an epoxy/glass interfacial region are studied by covalently grafting a fluorescent probe to the glass surface. A dimethylaminonitrostilbene fluorophore is tethered to a triethoxysilane-coupling agent, generating a fluorescently labeled silane coupling agent (FLSCA). The glass surface is coated with a silane layer that was doped with small amounts of FLSCA. When the FLSCA-doped, silane-coated glass is immersed in epoxy resin, a 42-nm blue shift in fluorescence occurs during resin cure over the grafted FLSCA layer. When the dye is dissolved in bulk epoxy a 64-nm blue shift occurs during resin cure. The difference in blue shift is attributed to higher polarity and enhanced mobility in the buried interface.
Mitochondrial DNA: Molecular fossils in the nucleus

The nuclear genomes of many animals contain non-functional copies of mitochondrial genes that provide new opportunities for evolutionary analysis.
Recognition of 5'-(A,T)GG(A,T)2-3' Sequences in the Minor Groove of DNA by Hairpin Polyamides

A series of four hairpin pyrrole−imidazole polyamides, ImImPy-γ-PyPyPy-β-Dp, PyPyPy-γ-ImImPy-β-Dp, AcImImPy-γ-PyPyPy-β-Dp, and AcPyPyPy-γ-ImImPy-β-Dp (Im = N-methylimidazole-2-carboxamide, Py = N-methylpyrrole-2-carboxamide, Dp = N,N-dimethylaminopropylamide, γ = γ-aminobutyric acid, β = β-alanine, and Ac = acetyl), designed for recognition of 5‘-(A,T)GG(A,T)_2-3‘ sequences in the minor groove of DNA were synthesized using solid phase methodology and analyzed with respect to DNA binding affinity and sequence specificity. Quantitative DNase I footprint titration experiments reveal that the optimal polyamide ImImPy-γ-PyPyPy-β-Dp binds a designated 5‘-TGGTT-3‘ match site with an equilibrium association constant of K_a = 1.0 × 10^8 M^(-1) and the single base pair mismatch sites, 5‘-TGTTA-3‘ and 5‘-GGGTA-3‘, with 50-fold and 100-fold-lower affinity, respectively (10 mM Tris·HCl, 10 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl_2, and 5 mM CaCl_2, pH 7.0 and 22 °C). Polyamides of sequence composition AcImImPy-γ-PyPyPy-β-Dp and AcPyPyPy-γ-ImImPy-β-Dp, which differ only by the position of the γ-linker, bind with similar affinities and specificities. Recognition of sequences containing contiguous G·C base pairs expands the sequence repertoire available for targeting DNA with pyrrole−imidazole polyamides.
On the stability of stochastic difference systems

Abstract In this paper the stability of linear stochastic difference equations and a class of weakly non-linear stochastic difference equations is considered. For the linear systems explicit criteria are derived for the stability of the moments of any order. We also show how the moments of a linear stochastic difference system can be computed when a certain Lie-algebraic condition is satisfied.
Chronic cocaine administration decreases dopamine synthesis rate and increases [3H] spiroperidol binding in rat brain

Chronic administration of cocaine HCl (10 mg/kg, IP, every 12 hours for 10 consecutive days) resulted in a significantly decreased rate of accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine following decarboxylase inhibition (-27 to -33%) and of homovanillic acid following probenecid treatment (-25 to -34%) in rat striatum, limbic forebrain and midbrain. In addition, the Bmax for [3H]-spiroperidol receptor binding was significantly increased (+24 to +36%) in these brain regions following chronic cocaine administration. These changes were observed 60 days following termination of the chronic cocaine treatment regimen. These data suggest that cocaine produces long-term, if not permanent, effects on central dopamine synthesis.
Extension of SALS to transmural quantitative structural analysis of planar tissues

Planar fibrous connective tissues are composed of a dense extra-cellular network of collagen and elastin fibers embedded in a ground matrix. Thus, quantification of fiber architecture an important step in developing an understanding of the mechanics of planar tissues. We have extensively used small angle light scattering (SALS) to map the gross fiber orientation of several soft membrane connective tissues using a custom built high speed mapping instrument. However, the current technique is limited to total through-thickness tissue structural analysis. The current study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of obtaining transmural tissue structural information from 2D SALS data. Methods: The basic approach is to utilize precisely aligned serial histological sections cut en-face through a tissue block and obtain 2D fiber structure from each section using SALS. Transumural fiber structure information is then derived by integration of 2D data to form a single data set containing the complete transmural fiber structure. To demonstrate the feasibility of the method, both explanted bioprosthetic heart valve (BHV) and native bovine pericardium (BP) tissues were evaluated. Results: The transmural SALS technique revealed for explanted BHV preferential damage in the fibrosa layer, while for BP variations in transmural fiber architecture were found consistent with optical histology. Conclusions: The transmural SALS technique successfully demonstrated quantitative transmural variations in fiber architecture in two dense collagenous tissues in a rapid, cost-effective approach.
Advances in the laboratory diagnosis of thyroid disease. Part II

Summary Thyroid function tests presently available or in development have been reviewed. The Murphy-Pattee T4, T4(D), or the T4 by radioimmunoassay, T4(RIA) are the preferred measurements of circulating serum total thyroxine. These usually are conducted in association with a test to assess T4 binding by TBG; the preferred screening test is the T3-resin uptake (RT3U). This result should be reported fractionally relative to a normal serum pool (e.g., patient RT3U/normal RT3U, referred to as the resin T3 ratio) so that the T4 can be “adjusted” for variations in TBG level. The adjusted T4 value, the product of the resin T3 ratio and T4 values, is referred to as the thyroxineresin T3 index (T4-RT3 index). In subjects with abnormal TBG binding, a measurement of TBG binding capacity, TBG concentration by RIA, TBG(RIA), or a measurement of “free” T4 concentration (FT4) can be conducted. The most sensitive test for primary hypothyroidism is the serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration measured by RIA, TSH(RIA). The measurement of the serum T3 concentration by RIA, T3(RIA), now is possible and will be increasingly utilized in the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis and “T3-thyrotoxicosis”. The thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) response test is valuable (a) to confirm a diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis, (b) to distinguish pituitary (TSH) from hypothalamic (TRH) deficiency, and (c) to assess pituitary TSH reserve. Radioiodine uptake tests are not usually necessary for routine purposes but may be helpful in selected problem cases. More sophisticated thyroid structure-function studies, including thyroid scanning, perchlorate discharge studies, radioiodine kinetic studies, and special tests are useful in patients with euthyroid or hypothyroid goiters. The laboratory approach to these more difficult diagnostic problems is discussed. Nonbiopsy criteria for the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic (Hashimoto's) thyroiditis are outlined.
Building an intelligent camera management system

Given rapid improvements in storage devices, network infrastructure and streaming-media technologies, a large number of corporations and universities are recording lectures and making them available online for anytime, anywhere access. However, producing high-quality lecture videos is still labor intensive and expensive. Fortunately, recent technology advances are making it feasible to build automated camera management systems to capture lectures. In this paper we report our design of such a system, including system configuration, audio-visual tracking techniques, software architecture, and user study. Motivated by different roles in a professional video production team, we have developed a multi-cinematographer single-director camera management system. The system performs lecturer tracking, audience tracking, and video editing all fully automatically, and offers quality close to that of human-operated systems.
El Desierto Habitado: Bajo California, de Carlos Bolado, y la Redefinición del Paisaje Fronterizo en el cine Mexicano Contemporáneo

AbstractEste articulo examina la representacion de los desiertos nortenos en Bajo California. El limite del tiempo (1998), primer film del mexicano Carlos Bolado. Bajo California se destaca por desmarcarse de una tradicion que, tanto en Mexico como en los EE.UU., ha tendido a representar los desiertos fronterizos como mero telon de fondo sobre el que escenificar los problemas de la region, o como pagina en blanco sobre la que proyectar diferentes utopias modernas y posmodernas. Partiendo de la reformulacion de los conceptos de espacio y lugar en la obra de Edward W. Soja y Doreen Massey, el desierto se analizara como un tercer espacio, es decir, una realidad a la vez fisica e imaginada en la que conviven diferentes visiones y vivencias de la identidad. Este analisis ayudara a dilucidar el modo en que las propuestas de los artistas mexicanos contemporaneos dialogan con previas representaciones del paisaje como alegoria de lo nacional, al tiempo que permitira explorar la carga simbolica y emocional que los ...
Spatial performance correlates with in vitro potentiation in young and aged Fischer 344 rats.

Young adult (2–4 months old) and aged (24–26 months old) Fischer 344 (F344) rats were trained for spatial behavior (locating a hidden escape platform) in a circular water maze. The aged rats showed deficits in both the acquisition and retention of the learned response. Following the behavioral training, hippocampal slices from the rats were prepared. Potentiation of CA1 extracellular, somatic field potentials was studied in vitro following either a short stimulus train (4 pulses) or a longer train (50 pulses). Slices from the aged rats showed less short-term potentiation (124.8 ± 4.9%baseline, mean±S.E.M.) at 1 min following the short train in comparison to slices from the young rats(151.8 ± 7.5%, P
Ciliate Ultrastructure: Some Problems in Cell Biology*

SYNOPSIS. Protozoology, along with other cell sciences, has profited immeasurably during the last 25 years from the application of electron microscopy and other new technics to studies of cell structure and function. Protozoa were among the first objects examined with the electron microscope in the 1940's and an extensive literature in protozoan ultrastructure has accumulated since then. Some examples of recent investigations of ciliate cortical ultrastructure are selected to illustrate the importance of protozoan studies to the development of fundamental concepts of cell biology. Ciliates are choice subjects for analysis of ciliary structure and motility and of myoneme contractility. Membrane-limited alveoli contribute to the structure of the characteristic ciliate pellicle and provide evidence of how multiple pellicular membranes may affect cell-surface activities. The striated fibrils and microtubules associated with ciliate kinetosomes resemble those of other cell types but are more highly organized; wherever they occur, these structures appear to be related to the development and maintenance of polarity and asymmetry of cells and organelles. Their stability and the precision of their arrangement in ciliates make them peculiarly suitable for the study of the properties and behavior of such fibrous organelles and also for investigation of the morphogenetic role of the kinetosome.
International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the third generation.

In August 1981 the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy revised the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF). It is the second revision since the inception of the IGRF in 1968. The revision extends the earlier series of IGRF models from 1980 to 1985, introduces a new series of definitive models for 1965-1975, and defines a provisional reference field for 1975-1980. The revision consists of: (1) a model of the main geomagnetic field at 1980.0, not continuous with the earlier series of IGRF models, together with a forecast model of the secular variation of the main field during 1980-1985; (2) definitive models of the main field at 1965.0, 1970.0, and 1975.0, with linear interpolation of the model coefficients specified for intervening dates; and (3) a provisional reference field for 1975-1980, defined as the linear interpolation of the 1975 and 1980 main-field models. The new models are series of solid spherical harmonics up to and including the tenth degree and order for the main-field models, and up to and including the eighth degree and order for the secular variation model. The models were derived from three sets of proposed models by taking weighted means. The weights were chosen according to the apparent accuracy of the proposed models. A brief history of the IGRF, a review of basic formulas, and a set of world contour maps of the geomagnetic elements based on the IGRF 1980 model are included.
Capillary electrophoresis of insulin-like growth factors: enhanced ultraviolet detection using dynamically coated capillaries and on-line solid-phase extraction.

Abstract Insulin-like growth factor-I and -II (IGF-I and IGF-II) are difficult to separate and measure as a result of their homology, both structurally and immunologically. A number of binding proteins (BPs) which interact with the IGFs with high affinity complicate the ability to measure the IGFs accurately and reproducibly. Current methodology for measuring IGF is immuno-based and involves dissociation from the IGFs and removal of the binding proteins through sample acidification and removal by solid-phase adsorption. However, the net result is an assay that is time-consuming and, at best, semiquantitative. In an attempt to improve the reproducibility and accuracy of IGF-I and -II measurement, electrophoretic systems employing dynamically coated and bare silica capillaries were evaluated. Separations in bare silica capillaries in the presence or absence of the cationic additive, decamethonium bromide were ineffective for resolving IGF-I and IGF-II. However, when the capillary was coated dynamically with polybrene, IGF-I and -II could be resolved in a BSA sample matrix using a low pH buffer. Despite the fact that the IGFs could be resolved in the presence of an IGF-I analog used as an internal standard, polybrene recoating was required after as few as 12 runs and poor coating-to-coating reproducibility was observed. Use of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDMAC) as a dynamic cationic coating and a low pH buffer containing 0.5% PDMAC was found to be much more effective, providing reproducible separation of IGF-I and -II. It was found that PDMAC need not be included in the separation buffer to obtain reproducible analyses regarding IGF separation. Subsequently, functionality remained intact for as many as 35–40 consecutive analyses before recoating was required. Without the need for PDMAC in the buffer, on-line solid-phase extraction–capillary electrophoresis could be accomplished for detection of IGF-I and -II at concentrations as low 195 ng/ml.
Least Restrictive and Natural Environments for Young Children with Disabilities: A Legal Analysis of Issues.

Providing appropriate programs for young children with disabilities is a priority of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 (IDEA), recently reauthorized as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) of 2004. The IDEIA requires that programs be provided in natural or least restrictive environments, and issues concerning this area have been the focus of recent litigation. In this article, the author explores the issues surrounding this litigation and offers recommendations for developing Individualized Family Service Plans (IFSPs) and Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) for young children with disabilities. An analysis of administrative and judicial decisions revealed four themes: placement decisions were based on the potential for academic and nonacademic benefits, placement decisions were based on readiness for inclusion, placement decisions were based on instructional approaches, and placement decisions must be based on the considerations of a full continuu...
A Contribution to the Empirics of Total Factor Productivity

Our paper analyzes the causal links between human capital accumulation and growth in total factor productivity (TFP). In particular, it tests the NelsonPhelps hypothesis that human capital is crucial in enabling the imitation of technologies developed at the frontier. To this end we calculate TFP for a sample of 86 heterogeneous countries over the period 1960-1990 and investigate whether there has been (conditional) convergence in TFP. Our regressions use a variety of GMM estimators in a dynamic panel framework with fixed eects. Human capital is found to have a positive and significant eect on the long run growth path of TFP. Countries are found to be converging to these growth paths at a rate of about 3% a year. This work goes some way in resolving the debate over whether factor accumulation or TFP increases are more important for economic growth; while TFP dierences explain most of the static variation in GDP across countries, human capital accumulation is a crucial determinant of the dynamic path of TFP
Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Wave Simulations under High Wind Conditions

Abstract The impact of ocean surface waves on the structure and intensity of three tropical cyclones and a topographically forced bora event is investigated using a coupled atmosphere–ocean wave modeling system. The coupled system is capable of representing surface momentum fluxes that are enhanced due to young ocean waves in fetch-limited conditions, which yield surface roughness lengths that significantly depart from the conventional Charnock-type formulation. In general, the impact of ocean-wave-induced stress on the tropical cyclone central pressure was quite variable with ocean wave feedback resulting in changes ranging from 8 hPa deeper to 3 hPa shallower. The increased low-level stress due to the ocean waves reduced the near-surface winds by 2–3 m s−1, with local differences in excess of 10 m s−1, which directly led to a 10% reduction in the significant wave height maxima. The reduced significant wave heights in the coupled model were in closer agreement with observations for Tropical Cyclone Bonni...
Anti-inflammatory agents inhibit the induction of leptin by tumor necrosis factor-α

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α stimulates the secretion of the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin. However, the cellular mechanisms by which TNF-α influences leptin production are poorly understood. T...
The Roots of Domination: Beyond Bourdieu and Gramsci

In this article I examine Bourdieu’s conception of symbolic domination as based on misrecognition and compare it with Gramsci’s notion of hegemony based on consent. Drawing on ethnographic research in workplaces in the USA and Hungary I show how both theories are flawed. Gramsci does not appreciate the importance of mystification as a foundation for stable hegemony in advanced capitalism while Bourdieu’s notion of misrecognition, based on the notion of habitus, is too deep to comprehend the fragility of state socialist regimes. Comparative analysis, I argue, calls for a concept of domination that is more contingent than Bourdieu’s symbolic domination, yet deeper than Gramsci’s hegemony.
Towards a Context-Based Dialog Management Layer for Expert Systems

Speech-based conversation agents describe those computer-based entities that interact with humans to help accomplish a certain task via spoken word input. This paper proposes a method of managing spoken dialog interactions in response to recognizing the human user's goals when accessing an expert system. In particular, a set of goals can co-exist during a single conversation, and that each goal may be presented in an asynchronous manner. Such a stipulation exists to enhance the naturalness of the interaction. Inspired by the Context-Based Reasoning paradigm, the Lifelike dialog system described herein features a goal management system that ultimately controls the behavior of the expert system.
Perceiving heading in the presence of moving objects.

In most models of heading from optic flow a rigid environment is assumed, yet humans often navigate in the presence of independently moving objects. Simple spatial pooling of the flow field would yield systematic heading errors. Alternatively, moving objects could be segmented on the basis of relative motion, dynamic occlusion, or inconsistency with the global flow, and heading determined from the background flow. Displays simulated observer translation toward a frontal random-dot plane, with a 10 deg square moving independently in depth. The path of motion of the object was varied to create a secondary focus of expansion (FOE') 6 deg to the right or left of the actual heading point (FOE), which could bias the perceived heading. There was no effect when the FOE was visible, but when the object moved in front of it, perceived heading was biased toward the FOE' by ∼1.9° with a transparent object, and ∼3.4° with an opaque object. The results indicate that scene segmentation does not occur prior to heading es...
Structural Adjustment Intensity, Vulnerability and Poverty in Africa: Evidence from a Nigerian Village

Nigeria has implemented structural adjustment policies for the past twenty years, with the intensity of reforms increasing each year. However, there is an ongoing debate as to whether strong adjust...
Mutual benefits in hospital-based clinical education for the allied health professions: A position

Hospitals are traditionally centers for health care as well as institutions for health education. This latter function has been changing during the last few decades and continues to change with regard to both type and form of education offered. By providing clinical training sites, an increasingly involved association with higher education institutes has emerged. In this paper, it is argued that student, college, hospital and society all benefit from this cooperation.
Capillary–gravity and capillary waves generated in a wind wave tank: observations and theories

Short water surface waves generated by wind in a water tunnel have been measured by an optical technique that provides a synoptic picture of the water surface gradient over an area of water surface (Zhang & Cox 1994). These images of the surface gradient can be integrated to recover the shape of the water surface and find the two-dimensional wavenumber spectrum. Waveforms and two-dimensional structures of short wind waves have many interesting features: short and steep waves featuring sharp troughs and flat crests are very commonly seen and most of the short waves are far less steep than the limiting wave forms ; waveforms that resemble capillary-gravity solitons are observed with a close match to the form theoretically predicted for potential flows (Longuet-Higgins 1989); capillaries are mainly found as parasitics on the downwind faces of gravity waves, and the longest wavelengths of those parasitic capillaries found are less than 1 cm; the phenomenon of capillary blockage (Phillips 1981) on dispersive freely travelling short waves is also observed. The spectra of short waves generated by low winds show a characteristic dip at the transition wavenumber between the gravity and capillary regimes, and the dip becomes filled in as the wind increases. The spectral cut-off at high wavenumbers shows a power law behaviour with an exponent of about minus four. The wavenumber of the transition from the dip to the cut-off is not sensitive to the change of wind speed. The minus fourth power law of the extreme capillary wind wave spectrum can be explained through a model of energy balances. The concept of an equilibrium spectrum is still useful. It is shown that the dip in the spectrum of capillary-gravity waves is a result of blockage of both capillary-gravity wind waves and parasitic capillary waves.
Teaching interpersonal and communication skills.

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education mandates that radiology residency programs provide instruction and assessment in six core competencies. Among these are professionalism, interpersonal and communication skills, and patient care. Although no one contests the importance of these competencies, many faculty members, program directors, and residents express uncertainty about how they should be taught. Traditional instructional methods such as lectures and readings exhibit shortcomings. Consider the teaching of interpersonal and communication skills. Methods such as lecture and reading tend to place learners in a passive mode, merely absorbing information. Learning by doing is often preferable and more productive. What we need are opportunities for more active participation that facilitate role modeling and the development of practical skills. We need to develop opportunities to learn such skills that do not place patients at risk, while enabling learners to practice what they are learning. One relatively recent innovation is the development and implementation of medical simulations. Most of these have focused on the development of technical skills, such as intubation, catheterization, and resuscitation. But simulation can also be used to develop other dimensions of clinical practice, such as interpersonal and communication skills. Just as people can become more adept at catheter placement and manipulation by placing and manipulating catheters, so they can become more effective communicators by communicating with patients and families. We recently attended the Program to Enhance Relational and Communication Skills (PERCS), which is sponsored by the Institute for Professionalism and Ethical Practice. The daylong session took place at Boston Children’s Hospital. Although the institute’s programs are targeted at a variety of medical and health care fields, this session was part of a series designed for radiologists, and participants included faculty
Worker Participation: Lessons from the Worker Co-Ops of the Pacific Northwest. By John Pencavel. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001. Pp. ix, 117. $29.95, cloth; $12.95, paper.

John Pencavel is a highly respected labor economist who in this work has written a small gem of new institutional analysis. This book deserves a readership among economic historians because it is a model of how institutional differences can be analyzed empirically. In this work Pencavel undertakes a theoretical and empirical analysis of cooperatives in the lumber industry in the Pacific Northwest.Pencavel begins his work by pointing out that the bargain between employers and workers tends to favor the employer. That is, that labor markets at their most fundamental level are not as efficient as, say, the market for tomatoes. Participants, especially employees, face relatively large search and information costs, which, along with the public-goods aspect of work, means entry and exit does not necessarily lead to optimal outcomes.
Parsing and recognition of city, state, and ZIP codes in handwritten addresses

In this paper we present a solution to the general vision problem of parsing and recognizing a set of correlated entities in the presence of imperfect information. Our solution mechanism involves the generation of multiple hypotheses in the initial stages of the system, and the use of very-large vocabulary recognition, together with a database of all the valid combination of the correlated entities, to choose among the hypotheses. We have applied our ideas and techniques to the specific task of identifying the city, state and zipcode fields in handwritten addresses. Given the image of a handwritten address, our algorithm produces a ranking of the 76,121-entry database of valid (city, state, zip) triples in the U.S. and in nearly 75% of the cases, the correct entry for the input address is assigned a rank of at most 10.
Drosophila MEF2 is a direct regulator of Actin57B transcription in cardiac, skeletal, and visceral muscle lineages

To identify regulatory events occurring during myogenesis, we characterized the transcriptional regulation of a Drosophila melanogaster actin gene, Actin 57B. Act57B transcription is first detected in visceral muscle precursors and is detectable in all embryonic muscles by the end of embryogenesis. Through deletion analysis we identified a 595 bp promoter element that was sufficient for high levels of expression in all three muscle lineages. This fragment contained a MEF2 binding site conserved between D. melanogaster and Drosophila virilis which bound MEF2 protein in embryo nuclear extracts. Mutation of the MEF2 site severely reduced promoter activity in embryos, and in Mef2 mutants Act57B expression was severely decreased, demonstrating MEF2 is an essential regulator of Act57B. We also showed that MEF2 likely acts synergistically with factors bound to additional sequences within the 595 bp element. These findings underline the importance of MEF2 in controlling differentiation in all muscle lineages. Our experiments reveal a novel regulatory mechanism for a structural gene where high levels of expression in all embryonic muscles is regulated through a single transcription factor binding site.
Collectins and Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides of the Respiratory Epithelia

The respiratory epithelium is a primary site for the deposition of microorganisms that are acquired during inspiration. The innate immune system of the respiratory tract eliminates many of these potentially harmful agents preventing their colonization. Collectins and cationic antimicrobial peptides are antimicrobial components of the pulmonary innate immune system produced by respiratory epithelia, which have integral roles in host defense and inflammation in the lung. Synthesis and secretion of these molecules are regulated by the developmental stage, hormones, as well as many growth and immunoregulatory factors. The purpose of this review is to discuss antimicrobial innate immune elements within the respiratory tract of healthy and pneumonic lung with emphasis on hydrophilic surfactant proteins and β-defensins.
Electrochemical studies of nickel tris(phenanthroline) in nonaqueous solvents. Part II. Electrocatalytic polymerization of activated olefins

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of Ni(II)(phen)32+ has been investigated in the presence of a series of activated olefins, i.e., those bearing electron withdrawing substituents. Following the two-electron reduction to the Ni(0) state, a ligand exchange reaction occurs with replacement of a phen molecule by the olefin. The equilibrium constants and kinetics of this reaction were evaluated by electrochemical techniques. Further reduction of the Ni-phen-olefin complex takes place in a one-electron reversible reaction to yield a Ni(−I) species, which acts as a polymerization catalyst for excess olefin in solution. An additional study, using a variety of substituted phen derivatives, shows that the electron transfer properties of the Ni-phen-olefin complex are more greatly influenced by the phen ligand than by the olefin. Also the rate of the olefin polymerization reaction can be markedly diminished by the presence of electron withdrawing substituents on the phen ligand. The properties of the Ni-phen complex are compared to those of Ni-macrocyclic ligand complexes and to the organometallic compound, Ni(bipy)(Et)2.
Semiotics and the social analysis of material things

Abstract This article discusses certain aspects of Peircean semiotics as they can contribute to the social analysis of material artifacts. It focuses on the concepts of iconicity and indexicality, paying particular attention to their roles in mediating contingency and causality, and to their relation with possible actions. Because iconicity and indexicality themselves ‘assert nothing,’ their various social roles turn on their mediation by ‘Thirdness’. This circumstance requires an account of semiotic ideologies and their practical embodiment in representational economies. The article concludes with a call for a richer concept of the multiple possible modes of ‘objectification’ in social life.
Journal of addictions and offender counseling submission patterns, topic areas, and authors: 1999-2004

In October 2001, an article was published in the Journal of Addictions and Offender Counseling (JAOC) to examine the journal's submission patterns, topic areas, and authors from 1979 through 1998. The current authors reviewed articles published in JAOC between 1999 and 2004 to provide an updated analysis of the types of information published in the journal and the authors who submit them.
Microbiology of the Phyllosphere

The above-ground parts of plants are normally colonized by a variety of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. While a few microbial species can be isolated from within plant tissues, many more are recovered from the surfaces of healthy plants. The aerial habitat colonized by these microbes is termed the
Use of equivalent boundary conditions for the solution of a class of strip grating structures

Equivalent boundary conditions for an electromagnetic strip grating are used to derive reflection and transmission coefficients for a boundary value problem consisting of three nonconducting media where the strip grating exists at one of the planar boundaries. The results are used to generate data for a number of cases where data and/or theories exist. The theory presented compares favorably with the literature cited for the limiting condition that the period of the grating be small when compared with the free-space wavelength of the radiation. >
Fatigue characteristics of high glass content sheet molding compound (SMC) materials

Static and fatigue properties of high glass content sheet molding compound (SMC) materials were studied at various temperatures. It was shown that the matrix plays an important role in both fatigue characteristics and failure mechanism of such randomly oriented short fiber composites. Specifically, vinyl ester matrix shows better fatigue properties and post-fatigue performance than the polyester system considered here.