cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparing generalist physicians: the organizational and policy context.

A combination of financial, regulatory, and professional factors have led to a gradual but pronounced decline in generalist training and practice in the United States. This trend is likely to undergo dramatic reversal, however, as reflected by the diverse range of health care reform proposals incorporating incentives to promote generalist education and primary care practice. Considerable consensus has been reached by a number of professional organizations and public policy groups regarding the broad details of reform of generalist physician training, but key areas of controversy remain with important implications for academic medical centers. In addition, the generalist professional organizations, particularly those of family practice, general internal medicine, and general pediatrics, are being challenged to reconcile historic differences in the definitions and training of generalist competence. In this, the call for “retraining subspecialists” will both offer an opportunity and entail a risk. Finally, academic medical centers will need new organizational structures that can combine the distinctive intellectual traditions and the expertise of the generalist medical disciplines to develop new approaches to the education and practice of primary care.
CORRELATES OF ROMANTIC ATTITUDES TOWARD LOVE: ANDROGYNY AND SELF-DISCLOSURE

(1) To explore correlates of holding romantic attitudes toward love, 30 female students between the ages of 18 and 22 yr. (Ma,, = 20.4 yr., SD = 1.1) and 38 male students (M,,, = 20.6 yr., SD = 1.2) were given a scale to measure romantic versus rational attitudes coward love (Knox & Sporakowski, 1968) and a measure of androgyny (Bem, 1974). A romantic attitude toward love was not correlated with androgyny either for the women (Pearson r = 0.19) or for the men (7 = 0.19).* (2) Students between the ages of 18 and 22 yr. (24 men and 45 women; Ma,, = 19.3 yr., SD = 1.1) were administered the scaIe to measure romantic attitudes toward love and a measure of self-disclosure (Jourard, 1971 ) . For the women, having a romantic attitude toward love was not associated with amount of self-disclosure to the mother (r = -0.08), father (7 = 0.02), male friend (r = -0.03), or female friend (r = -0.01). For the men, however, those having a more romantic attitude toward love disclosed more to their mother, father, male friend, and female friend (r = 0.52, 0.57, 0.40, and 0.50 respectively, one-tailed p < 0.05 ) ."
A statistical based framework for predicting field cracking performance of asphalt pavements: Application to top-down cracking prediction

Abstract Most existing cracking performance models of asphalt pavements, such as top-down cracking models, are mechanistic or mechanistic-empirical based. These models usually focus on a specific type of cracking mechanism. The prediction quality of these models can also vary when field cracking conditions are complicated and clear identification of the distress type is difficult. Literature suggests that a statistical based method can account for variability and a large number of influencing factors, and could be a promising alternative. This paper aims to introduce a statistical based framework for performance prediction using top-down cracking as an example. Such a framework can be modified and implemented by local agencies for a variety of cracking distresses based on specific needs and requirements. Detailed steps of the statistical framework are presented through the development of top-down cracking models. Results indicate that the framework works effectively by integrating pavement performance concepts with several statistical methods including Partial Least Squares (PLS) Regression, Binary Logistic Regression, and Leave one out cross validation (LOOCV). Using the developed statistical based framework, critical factors that may affect the initiation and propagation of top-down cracking are identified, and their sensitivities to the field top-down cracking are further discussed.
Anti-apoptotic effects of carvedilol enantiomers in cardiac myocytes

AIM: To investigate the anti-apoptotic effects of R(+) and S(-) enantiomers of carvedilol in cardiac myocytes.METHODS: H9C2-1 cardiac myocytes were induced to apoptosis by isopropylarterenol(ISO) for 12 h,R(+) carvedilol or S(-) carvedilol was added as the treatment with 2(μmol·L~(-1)) or 10(μmol·L~(-1)) dose.Apoptotic cells were identified by Hoechst 33258, and for the determination of apoptosis ratio,Annexin Ⅴ-FITC/ PI double-staining assay was applied with the flow cytometer.The apoptotic effect of 10 μmol R(+)(carvedilol) or S(-) carvedilol alone on cell was also measured.RESULTS: 2(mmol·L~(-1)) ISO induced a apoptosis in a great quantity of H9C2-1 cells(P(0.01)),and R(+)(carvedilol) or S(-) carvedilol could decreased the apoptotic ratio markedly(P(0.01)).The late stage and total apoptotic ratios of 2(μmol·L~(-1)) R(+) carvedilol +ISO were lower than those of 2 μmol S(-) carvedilol +ISO group(P(0.05)),but there is no significant difference between 10(μmol·L~(-1)) group.The apoptotic ratio of 10(μmol·L~(1)) S(-) carvedilol itself was a little higher than that of control but was much lower than that of ISO groups(P(0.05)).CONCLUSION: Both R(+)(carvedilol) and S(-) carvedilol can effectively inhibit the apoptosis of H9C2-1 cardiac myoctytes induced by ISO,and there is stereoselective difference in it's antiapoptotic activity on cardiac myocytes between these two enantiomers.R(+) carvedilol is more potential to antagonize the cell apoptosis.
Development Trends of Chiral Chemical Industry(I)

The traditional chemistry is still the main method for obtaining single enatiomorph, and it can yield the pure enatiotopic product, e.g. (R)-flubiprofen prepared through crystallization kinetic resolution, L-ribose prepared by induced inversion of configuration based on piperidine. The application of chiral reagent and resolution methods is more than using catalytic asymmetric synthesis. The selection of catalyst is the key problem for catalytic asymmetric synthesis chemistry. However,asymmetric epoxidation has gained great success in commercial production.
ZTE Software Defined Radio Technology Developing 3G Network New Platform

ZTE's software defined radio technology builds new generation base station product with the modular and plat-form design idea.Thus multi-frequency band,multi-system network can be integrated and issues on the carriers' cost and evolvement are solved.With an example that multi-frequency band and multi-system network is integrated into a SDR network,it explains how to reach all-win with carriers.
Characterization of a calsequestrin-like protein from sea-urchin eggs.

Following our studies on the identification of a calsequestrin-like protein (CSLP) from sea-urchin eggs [Oberdorf, Lebeche, Head & Kaminer (1988) J. Biol Chem. 263, 6806-6809], we have characterized its Ca(2+)-binding properties and identified it as a glycoprotein. The molecule binds 23 mol of Ca2+/mol of protein, as determined by equilibrium dialysis. This is in the range reported for cardiac calsequestrin but is about half the binding capacity of striated muscle calsequestrin. The affinities of the CSLP for Ca2+ are decreased by increasing KCl concentrations (20-250 mM) and the presence of Mg2+ (3 mM) in the medium: the half-maximal binding values varied from 1.62 to 5.77 mM. Hill coefficients indicated mild co-operativity in the Ca2+ binding. Ca2+ (1-8 mM)-induced u.v. difference spectra and intrinsic fluorescence changes suggest a net exposure of aromatic residues to an aqueous environment. C.d. measurements showed minor Ca(2+)-induced changes in alpha-helical and beta-sheet content of less than 10%. These spectral changes are distinctly different from those found in muscle calsequestrin. Immunoblotting studies showed that the CSLP is distinct from calreticulin, a low-affinity Ca(2+)-binding protein.
In Vitro Motility System to Study the Role of Motor Proteins in Receptor-Ligand Sorting

This chapter presents fluorescence microscope assays that can be used to study microtubule (MT)-based movement and receptor-ligand sorting in vitro. The strategy is to isolate endosomes in a concentrated active form and store them in frozen aliquots for single use. Glass microchambers are then constructed and coated with fluorescent MTs, and the endosomes are thawed and bound to the MTs. Proteins of interest are then detected and quantified by immunofluorescence. For motility experiments, time-lapse movies are captured using multichannel fluorescence microscopy, and motility is initiated by the addition of ATP. Movies are later categorized and quantified for MT-based motility and other associated events such as endocytic fission. These techniques were developed to assess the role of MTs and MT motor proteins in endocytic processing within liver cells, and we have streamlined a rapid procedure for isolating abundant, highly motile endosomes from rat liver. Cultured cells and other organelles can also be examined, and many important biological questions concerning intracellular traffic and organelle composition can be studied by creative adaptation of the protocols that are presented.
Liquid chromatographic determination of simazine, atrazine, and propazine residues in catfish

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for the simultaneous determination of the triazine herbicides, simazine (SIM), atrazine (ATZ), and propazine (PRO) in the 12.5-100 ppb range in catfish. The herbicides are extracted from catfish homogenates with ethyl acetate, followed by solvent partitioning between acetonitrile and petroleum ether and additional cleanup on a C 18 cartridge. A Supelcosil LC-18-DB column is used for LC separation, and UV determination is at 220 nm. The isocratic mobile phase is a mixture of methanol, acetonitrile, and water. Mean recoveries from catfish were 88.7, 96.9, and 91.7% ; standard deviations were 6.84, 7.78, and 6.26% ; and coefficients of variation were 7.72, 8.03, and 6.82% for SIM, ATZ, and PRO, respectively.
TRPC6 channel activation promotes neonatal glomerular mesangial cell apoptosis via calcineurin/NFAT and FasL/Fas signaling pathways

Glomerular mesangial cell (GMC) proliferation and death are involved in the pathogenesis of glomerular disorders. The mechanisms that control GMC survival are poorly understood, but may include signal transduction pathways that are modulated by changes in intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) concentration. In this study, we investigated whether activation of the canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) 6 channels and successive [Ca(2+)]i elevation alter neonatal GMC survival. Hyperforin (HF)-induced TRPC6 channel activation increased [Ca(2+)]i concentration, inhibited proliferation, and triggered apoptotic cell death in primary neonatal pig GMCs. HF-induced neonatal GMC apoptosis was not associated with oxidative stress. However, HF-induced TRPC6 channel activation stimulated nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1). HF also increased cell death surface receptor Fas ligand (FasL) level and caspase-8 activity in the cells; effects mitigated by [Ca(2+)]i chelator BAPTA, calcineurin/NFAT inhibitor VIVIT, and TRPC6 channel knockdown. Accordingly, HF-induced neonatal GMC apoptosis was attenuated by BAPTA, VIVIT, Fas blocking antibody, and a caspase-3/7 inhibitor. These findings suggest that TRPC6 channel-dependent [Ca(2+)]i elevation and the ensuing induction of the calcineurin/NFAT, FasL/Fas, and caspase signaling cascades promote neonatal pig GMC apoptosis.
Accessory respiratory muscles enhance ventilation in ALS model mice and are activated by excitatory V2a neurons

Inspiratory accessory respiratory muscles (ARMs) enhance ventilation when demands are high, such as during exercise and/or pathological conditions. Despite progressive degeneration of phrenic motor neurons innervating the diaphragm, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and rodent models are able to maintain ventilation at early stages of disease. In order to assess the contribution of ARMs to respiratory compensation in ALS, we examined the activity of ARMs and ventilation throughout disease progression in SOD1G93A ALS model mice at rest using a combination of electromyography and unrestrained whole body plethysmography. Increased ARM activity, accompanied by increased ventilation, is observed beginning at the onset of symptoms. However, ARM recruitment fails to occur at rest at late stages of disease, even though the same ARMs are used for other behaviors. Using a chemogenetic approach, we demonstrate that a glutamatergic class of neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord, the V2a class, is sufficient to drive increased ARM activity at rest in healthy mice. Additionally, we reveal pathology in the medial reticular formation of the brainstem of SOD1G93A mice using immunohistochemistry and confocal imaging. Both spinal and brainstem V2a neurons degenerate in ALS model mice, accompanied by regional activation of astrocytes and microglia. These results establish inspiratory ARM recruitment as one of the compensatory mechanisms that maintains breathing at early stages of disease and indicate that V2a neuron degeneration may contribute to ARM failure at late stages of disease.
The obese endometrial cancer patient: how do we effectively improve morbidity and mortality in this patient population?

ABSTRACT The relationship between obesity, metabolic syndrome, and endometrial cancer has been established and accepted for decades. However, despite this understanding, endometrial cancer patients continue to die of their obesity-related comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Furthermore, studies show that gynecologic oncologists, general obstetrician/gynecologists, and bariatric specialists do not appropriately address obesity as a risk factor for cancer and also do not provide appropriate counseling on weight loss and lifestyle modification during screening, diagnosis, and follow-up for endometrial cancer. Given the increasing numbers of obese women both in the United States as well as globally, it is imperative that this risk be addressed and mitigated during patient interactions. Therefore, this article reviews the literature on obesity, metabolic syndrome, and endometrial cancer, as well as the literature on causes of death in endometrial cancer patients. Given the increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, we provide a number of methods to address obesity as a risk factor for cancer during patient visits. These methods include self-directed diet and exercise, supervised diet and exercise programs, medical management with insulin-sensitizing agents and statins, as well as bariatric surgery in extreme cases. Furthermore, we also encourage collaboration between general obstetrician/gynecologists, gynecologic oncologists, and bariatric specialists in the care of obese endometrial cancer patients to ensure that they not only survive their diagnosis, but also go on to live long, healthy lives.
Intelligence Outcome in Shunted Hydrocephalus

The intelligence outcome of 44 children, tested between 2 and 17 years, and having a shunted hydrocephalus without tumor and with normal ventricular size, was evaluated at the Departments of Child Neurology and Neurosurgery, Instituto Nazionale Neurologico, Milan, Italy.
Molecular Architecture and Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder (BP), first conceptualized as a distinct disorder in the 1850s by French psychiatrist Jean-Pierre Falret, is defined by episodic and extreme fluctuations in mood, encompassing both mania and depression. Uncertainties about the validity of categorical phenotypic constructs in psychiatry have fueled efforts to explain psychopathology from a dimensional perspective. In this chapter we review the state of progress in genetic investigations of BP and other syndromes, as well as efforts to assay quantitative measures hypothesized to represent key dimensions of psychopathology. We provide an overview of current knowledge regarding the biological underpinnings of BP, framing our discussion in relation to its key clinical features. As genetic studies of BP extend their scope to include much larger samples and to incorporate more sophisticated phenotyping strategies, we can expect to obtain a substantially greater understanding of the genetic architecture of the syndrome.
Early and dynamic colonization of Central America drives speciation in Neotropical army ants.

The emergence of the Isthmus of Panama is one of the most important events in recent geological history, yet its timing and role in fundamental evolutionary processes remain controversial. While the formation of the isthmus was complete around 3 million years ago (Ma), recent studies have suggested prior intercontinental biotic exchange. In particular, the possibility of early intermittent land bridges facilitating colonization constitutes a potential mechanism for speciation and colonization before full closure of the isthmus. To test this hypothesis, we employed genomic methods to study the biogeography of the army ant genus Eciton, a group of keystone arthropod predators in Neotropical rainforests. Army ant colonies are unable to disperse across water and are therefore ideally suited to study the biogeographic impact of land bridge formation. Using a reduced representation genome sequencing approach, we show that all strictly Central American lineages of Eciton diverged from their respective South American sister lineage between 4 and 7 Ma, significantly prior to the complete closure of the isthmus. Furthermore, three of the lineage pairs form extensive and coincident secondary contact zones in Costa Rica and Nicaragua, with no evidence of gene flow. Such a discrete and repeated biogeographic pattern indicates at least two waves of army ant dispersal into Central America that were separated by significant genetic divergence times. Thus, by integrating phylogenomic, population genomic and geographic evidence, we show that early colonization of Central America across the emerging Isthmus of Panama drove parallel speciation in Eciton army ants.
Neuro Performance Testing as an Alternative to EDSS for Measuring Multiple Sclerosis Disability Progression in Clinical Practice (P2.118)

OBJECTIVE : Compare the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) with the four-component Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC-4) for assessing disability progression in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). BACKGROUND: EDSS has been the accepted primary outcome to quantify neurologic disability in MS clinical trials. An alternative approach, employing neuro performance testing, has gained popularity. In order to conduct pragmatic clinical research in medical practice settings, it will be necessary to identify a standardized, feasible method to quantify disability progression. Therefore, we compared EDSS with MSFC-4 in a large integrated dataset derived from 5 phase 3 clinical trials. DESIGN/METHODS : Data from 6,273 subjects enrolled in 5 different Phase 3 clinical trials were pooled for analysis. Trials included studies of natalizumab (n=2), dimethyl fumarate (n=2), and peginterferon beta-1a (n=1). Worsening from baseline by 20[percnt] for Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW), 9-Hole Peg Test (9HPT), or Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), or 2-line worsening on Low-Contrast Letter Acuity (LCLA), confirmed after 6 months, was used as the definition of disability progression for MSFC-4. EDSS progression was defined as in the clinical trials. RESULTS : Overall, 10.6[percnt] of subjects progressed on EDSS compared to 18.7[percnt] on MSFC-4 (any component). Among subjects with progression, 26[percnt] progressed on EDSS only, 58[percnt] on MSFC-4 only, and 16[percnt] on both. Progression was observed across MSFC-4 domains, suggesting that MSFC-4 was more sensitive because of domains not well captured by EDSS. Patients progressing on MSFC-4 but not on EDSS had higher baseline EDSS scores, suggesting that EDSS is less sensitive at higher disability levels. CONCLUSIONS : MSFC-4 is an attractive measure for standardized, quantitative disability assessments in clinical practice. It appears to be more sensitive than EDSS and lends itself to computer-based testing and automation. Clinical and imaging correlates of disability progression based on MSFC-4 will be presented. Study Supported by : Biogen Disclosure: Dr. Kieseier holds stock and/or stock options in Biogen, which sponsored research in which Dr. Kieseier was involved as an investigator. Dr. Rghupathi has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec as an employee. Dr. Rudick holds stock and/ or stock options in Biogen.
An Exploratory Study to Assess Individual and Structural Level Barriers Associated With Poor Retention and Re-engagement in Care Among Persons Living With HIV/AIDS.

BACKGROUND Retention in care is the most challenging step along the HIV care continuum. Many patients who engage in care and achieve viral suppression have care interruptions, characterized by moving in and out of care ("churn"). Poor retention has clinical consequences and contributes to new HIV transmissions, but how to predict or prevent it remains elusive. This study sought to understand the relationship between individual- and structural-level barriers, and poor retention for persons living with HIV/AIDS in Atlanta, GA. METHODS We administered a survey, through interviews, with HIV-infected patients continuously retained in care for 6 years ("continuously retained," n = 32) and patients with recent gaps in care ("unretained" n = 27). We assessed individual-level protective factors for successful engagement (self-efficacy, resilience, perceived social support, and disclosure), risk factors for poor engagement (substance use, mental illness, and stigma), and structural/systemic-level barriers (financial and housing instability, transportation, food insecurity, communication barriers, and incarceration history). Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the 2 populations. RESULTS Both continuously retained and unretained populations had high rates of prior viral suppression but few unretained patients were virologically suppressed upon return to care (11%). Younger age, crack cocaine use, food insecurity, financial instability, housing instability, and phone number changes in the past year were significantly more likely to be present in the unretained population. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the need for targeted risk assessment tools to predict the highest-risk patients for poor retention whereby public health interventions can be directed to those individuals.
Simulation of central glucose metabolism using queueing network

Computational methods of metabolic pathway modeling permit a better understanding of health, disease, and the basic biological principles of regulation and metabolism; yet, model development and solving sets of ordinary differential equations is a computationally intensive process. Employing the queueing theory, an approach commonly employed to evaluate telecommunication networks, reduces the computational power required to generate simulated results, while simultaneously reducing expansion of errors inherent to classical approaches. The presented simulation model of the glycolysis pathway in human cancer cells well replicates experimentally derived data 30 minutes post-stimulation.
¿De qué mundo vienes? Aprendiendo de las raíces transmediales de netprov

espanolEste articulo explora una serie de proyectos de netprov, una forma de arte hibrida que utiliza tecnologias disponibles en las combinaciones transmediales como soporte para juegos de rol improvisados y para crear narrativas ficticias en tiempo real. A partir de la implementacion de una Experiencia Air-B-N-Me, presentamos los resultados de nuestro objetivo de usar trucos probados en el tiempo partiendo de la tradicion literaria, teatral y ludica y de otras tradiciones creativas. El objetivo de nuestra investigacion es, por lo tanto, rechazar la compartimentalizacion de la tradicion creativa en silos que se produce incluso a nivel individual. EnglishThe present article explores a range of netprov projects, a hybrid art form that uses available technologies in transmedia combinations to support improvised role-playing and the creation of fictional narratives in real time. From the implementation of an Air-B-N-Me experience, we present the results of our aim to use time-tested tricks from literary, theatre, game and other creative traditions. Our research aims to reject the compartmentalisation of creative tradition into silos, something that takes place even within individuals. catalaAquest article explora una serie de projectes de netprov, una forma d'art hibrida que utilitza tecnologies disponibles en les combinacions transmedia com a suport per a jocs de rol improvisats i per a crear narratives ficticies en temps real. A partir de la implementacio d'una Experiencia Air-B-N-Em, presentem els resultats del nostre objectiu d'usar trucs provats en el temps partint de la tradicio literaria, teatral i ludica i d'altres tradicions creatives. L'objectiu de la nostra recerca es, per tant, rebutjar la divisio de la tradicio creativa en compartiments que es produeix fins i tot a nivell individual.
THE FREQUENCY OF MEGAKARYOCYTES IN AUTOPSY SECTIONS

Abstract 1. Megakaryocytes can be demonstrated with great frequency in the viscera. 2. Megakaryocytes were present in the lungs in all of 50 autopsies studied. 3. They were next most frequently found in the spleen. 4. The simultaneous occurrence in the various organs, in the absence of extra-medullary hematopoiesis, is roughly related to the concentration in the lungs. 5. Under normal conditions megakaryocytes in small numbers circulate in the blood stream.
Building a Judiciary for the Empire: The Development of the Colonial Legal Service

This chapter explores the development of the Colonial Legal Service and its policies on recruitment, training, appointments and promotion structures, lifestyle in the colonies, dismissal, and retirement. It argues that the Colonial Office’s efforts to build a judiciary for the Empire detached colonial legal officers from the places where they served and helped shape the nature and practice of British colonial justice. This chapter also examines the reputation of colonial judges, offering a nuanced assessment of the barristers who joined the Colonial Legal Service and the variety of factors motivating them to serve on the colonial Bench.
Global value chain and manufacturing analysis on geothermal power plant turbines

Abstract The global geothermal power market has shown significant growth since the last decade and is expected to reach a total installed capacity of 18.4 gigawatts electric (GWe) by the end of 2021 (GEA, 2016). The global geothermal power plant turbine market is dominated by a small number of manufacturers. Between 2005 and 2015, 82% of the geothermal steam turbines were manufactured in Japan, and 74% of the geothermal binary cycle turboexpanders were manufactured in Israel. During this period, the United States played an important role in the global trade flow of fully assembled turbine units and turbine parts, with a high volume of imports and exports. Another significant growth area was in Italian turbine/turboexpander manufacturers, who have increased their market share in the last couple of years. One other important change in the manufacturing market was in Turkey, where the bonus on feed-in-tariff (FIT) for domestic hardware components boosted the national manufacturing sector between 2010 and 2020. When planning geothermal power projects, developers customize their power plant size to fit the available geothermal resource capacity. The turbine is designed and sized to optimize the efficiency and utilization of resource and revenue production. The rest of the power plant components such as heat exchangers (HX), water-cooled cooling towers (WCCT), or air-cooled condensers (ACC) are then chosen to complement the turbine size and design. These one-off manufacturing custom design turbines have relatively higher manufacturing set-up costs, longer lead times, and higher capital costs than the standard design turbines manufactured in larger volumes. However, turbines produced in standard increments and in larger manufacturing volumes could result in lower costs per turbine, but potentially lower efficiency. Based on pipeline projects and resource assessments, there is significant potential value in creating standard turbine sizes that could offer an economic advantage, as is done for modular microturbines.
Linking Weather Patterns, Water Quality And Invasive Mussel Distributions In The Development And Application Of A Water Clarity Index For The Great Lakes

The Great Lakes contain 84% of the fresh water in North America and provide many critical and valuable ecosystem services to lakeside communities. In the past decade, a rapid ecosystem regime shift has occurred where changing precipitation and runoff patterns, along with invasive zebra and quagga mussels, have contributed to dramatic lake-specific responses in water clarity, reductions in phytoplankton, increases in toxic algal blooms, and disruptions in the food chain. Focusing on Lake Michigan, this study applies a newly improved remote sensing algorithm for water clarity and integrates meteorological data and in-situ sampling of mussels to understand the spatial and temporal linkages between historical weather patterns, water clarity and mussel abundance. Results from a decade of satellite-derived ocean color images reveal the complex spatio-temporal patterns of ‘bio-clarification’ occurring in Lake Michigan. Mussel biomass was negatively correlated with phytoplankton concentrations and turbidity, but association was likely weakened by unmeasured variables such as nearshore runoff, patterns of plankton and nutrient dynamics, thermal structure and mixing.
Economic feasibility of combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems considering electricity standby tariffs

Abstract This study examines economic viability of combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems when applied to the Department of Energy (DOE) reference large office building in three locales in the U.S.: San Francisco, Boston, and Miami. For realistic power generation unit (PGU) sizes, annual, monthly, and hourly operation costs are estimated using local utility tariffs and compared to those of conventional separate heat and power systems. The results show that compared to conventional systems, CCHP systems reduce operation cost by 0.11–0.42 million $/y in San Francisco and Boston, whereas they increase the cost by 0.16–0.29 million $/y in Miami. The cost savings are mainly attributed to electricity savings; therefore, be maintained unless electricity costs drastically decrease. Considerable cost savings are attributed to both energy and demand charges if tariff structures estimate demand charges as much as energy charges (e.g., San Francisco). Under time-of-use rates, the largest cost saving occurs during peak periods because of high utilization of PGUs that significantly reduces energy and demand charges. Although a larger PGU capacity yields a greater cost saving, an over-sized PGU decrease profitability. The results suggest that for regions with relatively expensive natural gas and low electricity cost, CCHP systems would not be profitable.
Combustion partitioning inside a natural gas spark ignition engine with a bowl-in-piston geometry

Abstract A solution to increase the use of natural gas in U.S. is to convert existing diesel engines to natural-gas spark-ignition operation through the addition of a gas injector in the intake manifold and of a spark plug in place of the diesel injector. This study presents experimental and numerical simulation results of flame propagation inside a such converted engine. Compared to the conventional theory of flame propagation inside a spark ignition engine, the results showed that the combination of strong radial inward movement and tumble resulted in a strong turbulence inside the bowl compared to the low turbulence intensity inside the squish region. After ignition, the characteristic turbulence distribution partitioned the combustion into two separated events: a fast, thick flame inside the bowl but a slow, thinner, and delayed flame inside the squish region, a feature unique to the lean-burn natural-gas spark-ignition combustion inside a bowl-in-piston geometry. Specifically, the high turbulence inside the bowl increased the local flame speed. By contrast, the squish experienced a much lower turbulence, which, combined with the higher surface/volume ratio, reduced the turbulent flame speed. In addition, the overlap between the fast- and the slow-burn events, which determined the phasing and the amount of fuel inside the squish, was controlled by the combustion phasing. For example, advancing the burning inside the bowl increased the fraction of fuel burning in the late combustion stage, which also increased the phasing difference between the fast- and the slow-burn events and produced a secondary peak in the apparent heat release rate. As the less-favorable combustion conditions inside the squish region would increase carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons emissions, this study suggests that combustion strategies in diesel engines converted to lean NG SI operation should minimize the amount of fuel burning in the squish region.
Organofluorine Compounds as Anticancer Agents

Abstract Modern therapeutics for cancer are, in general, based on the mechanism-based selective inhibition of kinases or inactivation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerases to inhibit cancer cell proliferation. gem-Difluorinated nucleoside analogs, such as gemcitabine, are mimetics of their nonfluorinated nucleosides, and thereby competitively bind to the DNA polymerase and suppress chain elongation. Afatinib, a recently Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved pharmaceutical for first-line treatment of metastatic non–small cell lung cancer, is a mechanism-based inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinases, and is also a potent inhibitor of the drug-resistant versions of EGFR tyrosine kinases. Fluorinated taxoid derivatives conjugated to vitamins, or immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibodies, are designed for cancer-cell-specific drug delivery. Biotin conjugates of taxoids with an 18F-labeled alkyl side chain serve as positron emission tomography tracers for monitoring the biodistribution of these drug conjugates. This chapter outlines synthesis and mechanisms of action of various fluorinated anticancer agents that include receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, fluorinated versions of taxoids, and the recently FDA-approved anticancer therapeutics such as ponatinib, clofarabine, afatinib, sorafenib, regorafenib, trametinib, dabrafenib, and vemurafenib.
Serial Entertainment: A Content Analysis of 35 Years of Serial Murder in Film:

Serial murder is a rare phenomenon, yet an incredibly popular topic as evidenced by the availability of various types of entertainment media about serial murder. The present study provides a conten...
The depressogenic potential of added dietary sugars

Added sugars are ubiquitous in contemporary Western diets. Although excessive sugar consumption is now robustly associated with an array of adverse health consequences, comparatively little research has thus far addressed its impact on the risk of mental illness. But ample evidence suggests that high-dose sugar intake can perturb numerous metabolic, inflammatory, and neurobiological processes. Many such effects are of particular relevance to the onset and maintenance of depressive illness, among them: systemic inflammation, gut microbiota disruption, perturbed dopaminergic reward signaling, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and the generation of toxic advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Accordingly, we hypothesize that added dietary sugars carry the potential to increase vulnerability to major depressive disorder, particularly at high levels of consumption. The present paper: (a) summarizes the existing experimental and epidemiological research regarding sugar consumption and depression vulnerability; (b) examines the impact of sugar ingestion on known depressogenic physiological processes; and (c) outlines the clinical and theoretical implications of the apparent sugar-depression link. We conclude that the extant literature supports the hypothesized depressogenic impact of added dietary sugars, and propose that an improved understanding of the effects of sugar on body and mind may aid in the development of novel therapeutic and preventative measures for depression.
On populism and social movements: from the Indignados to Podemos

This paper examines the mobilizational plane of Spain’s Podemos party’s populist proposal to transform popular outrage into political power. Drawing on thirty-four semi-structured interviews with c...
Legacy work: three strategies of adversarial meaning-making of historical characters

Memory struggles over historical characters in contentious politics have often been framed as reputation struggles in which the valence of a character is disputed by adversarial groups. However, antagonist actors often invoke and appropriate the same revered character to endorse contradicting political goals. These struggles often revolve around a different dimension of the character’s memory: the significance of the character’s legacy. In this study, I examine three strategies employed to battle over the political legacy of Mexican President Lazaro Cardenas. I introduce the term Legacy Work to explain how actors in contentious politics transform or preserve the meaning of political legacies and provide a sociological answer to the question “What would leaders of the past have us do today?”
Taste coding strategies in insular cortex.

While the cortical representation of sensory stimuli is well described for some sensory systems, a clear understanding of the cortical representation of taste stimuli remains elusive. Recent invest...
Weight-Related Information Avoidance Prospectively Predicts Poorer Self-Monitoring and Engagement in a Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention

Background Self-monitoring is a key component of behavioral weight loss (BWL) interventions. Past research suggests that individuals may avoid self-monitoring in certain contexts (e.g., skipping self-weighing after higher-than-usual calorie intake). However, no studies have attempted to quantify individuals' inclination to avoid information about their weight control ("weight-related information avoidance"; WIA) or prospectively examined its implications for treatment engagement and outcomes in BWL programs. Purpose Characterize WIA using a validated questionnaire among adults enrolled in BWL treatment and examine whether WIA prospectively predicts self-monitoring adherence, session attendance, treatment discontinuation, or weight loss. Methods Participants (N = 87; MBMI = 34.9 kg/m2, 83% female) completed a measure of WIA prior to starting a 12 week, group-based BWL intervention. Participants were given digital self-monitoring tools and instructed to self-monitor their food intake daily, physical activity daily, and body weight weekly (Weeks 1-10) and then daily (Weeks 11-12). Session attendance and treatment discontinuation were recorded. Weight was measured in-clinic pretreatment and posttreatment. Results While mean WIA was low (M = 2.23, standard deviation [SD] = 0.95; potential scale range: 1-7), greater WIA predicted poorer attendance (r = -.23; p = .03) and poorer self-monitoring of physical activity (r = -.28; p = .009) and body weight (r = -.32; p = .003). WIA did not predict food monitoring (p = .08), treatment discontinuation (p = .09), or 12 week weight loss (p = .91). Conclusions Greater WIA, as assessed via a brief questionnaire, may place individuals at risk for poorer self-monitoring and treatment engagement during BWL. Further research on the implications of WIA in the context of weight management is warranted, including evaluation of correlates, moderators, and mechanisms of action of WIA. Clinical trial registration NCT03337139.
Study protocol for IMAGE: implementing multidisciplinary assessments for geriatric patients in an emergency department observation unit, a hybrid effectiveness/implementation study using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.

Older adults in the emergency department (ED) are at high risk for functional decline, unrecognized delirium, falls, and medication interactions. Holistic assessment by a multidisciplinary team in the ED decreases these adverse outcomes and decreases admissions, but there are many barriers to incorporating this type of care during the ED visit. This is a hybrid type II effectiveness-implementation study using a pre-/post-cohort design (n = 380) at a tertiary care academic ED with an ED observation unit (Obs Unit). The intervention is a two-step protocol of (step 1) ED nurses screening adult patients ≥ 65 years old for geriatric needs using the Delirium Triage Screen, 4-Stage Balance Test, and the Identifying Seniors at Risk score. Patients who have geriatric needs identified by this screening but who do not meet hospital admission criteria will (step 2) be placed in the Obs Unit for multidisciplinary geriatric assessment by the hospital’s geriatric consultation team, physical therapists, occupational therapists, pharmacists, and/or case managers. Not all patients may require all elements of the multidisciplinary geriatric assessment. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research: Care Transitions Framework was used to identify barriers to implementation. Lean Six Sigma processes will be used to overcome these identified barriers with the goal of achieving geriatric screening rates of > 80%. Implementation success and associated factors will be reported. For the effectiveness aim, pre-/post-cohorts of adults ≥ 65 years old cared for in the Obs Unit will be followed for 90 days post-ED visit (n = 150 pre and 230 post). The primary outcome is the prevention of functional decline. Secondary outcomes include health-related quality of life, new geriatric syndromes identified, new services provided, and Obs Unit metrics such as length of stay and admission rates. A protocol for implementing integrated multidisciplinary geriatric assessment into the ED setting has the potential to improve patient functional status by identifying and addressing geriatric issues and needs prior to discharge from the ED. Using validated frameworks and implementation strategies will increase our understanding of how to improve the quality of ED care for older adults in the acute care setting. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier, NCT04068311, registered 28 August 2019
Cell Type Specificity of Intralocus Interactions Reveals Oligodendrocyte Intrinsic Mechanisms For Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by attack on oligodendrocytes within the central nervous system (CNS). Despite widespread use of immunomodulatory therapies, patients face progressive disability due to failure of myelin regeneration and loss of neurons, suggesting additional cellular pathologies. Here, we describe a general approach for identifying specific cell types in which a disease allele exerts a pathogenic effect. Applying this approach to MS risk loci, we pinpoint likely pathogenic cell types for 70%. In addition to T cell loci, we unexpectedly identified myeloid and CNS-specific risk loci, including two sites that dysregulate transcriptional pause release in oligodendrocytes. Functional studies demonstrated inhibition of transcriptional elongation is a dominant pathway blocking oligodendrocyte maturation. Furthermore, pause release factors are frequently dysregulated in MS brain tissue and are associated with white matter microstructure. These data implicate cell-intrinsic aberrations outside of the immune system and suggest new avenues for therapeutic development.
FB-ZCS DC–DC Converter With Dual-Capacitor Resonant Circuit for Renewable Energy Integration With MVDC Grids

Full-bridge zero-current-switching (FB-ZCS) dc–dc converters realize quasi-resonant soft-switching and smooth current commutation by utilizing the leakage inductance of high-frequency transformer and a resonant capacitor. The following two types of resonant capacitor configurations are proposed in the literature: First, shunt-connected across the transformer-secondary and, second, series-connected with the transformer-primary. Shunt-connected capacitor has the drawbacks of storing full-load-rated resonant energy irrespective of converter loading. This results in large duty-cycle loss and consequently regulation loss at light-loads. Series-connected capacitor addresses this issue but suffers from higher peak-voltage stress across components and insufficient voltage for resonance at light-loads. To address these limitations, a dual-capacitor resonant circuit is proposed in this article. Series-capacitor facilitates current-adaptive resonant energy storage and shunt-capacitor is designed only for a fraction of full-load-rated resonant energy, which lowers the duty-cycle loss and supports soft-switching at light-loads. This combination also reduces the series-capacitor voltage required for resonance, thereby reducing the peak-voltage stress. Steady-state analysis of converter operation is presented and the advantages over existing converters are demonstrated through simulations for medium-voltage dc application. Experimental results from a scaled-down prototype are presented to validate the proposed converter.
Geometrical effects of microchannel plates: Grazing incidence operation of time-of-flight mass spectrometry and comparison to standard carbon foil.

Direct detection of plasma composition in situ is integral to our understanding of ionospheric, magnetospheric, and heliospheric dynamics. Heavy, singly charged ions have been shown to contribute significantly to the mass and energy redistribution within the magnetosphere. However, most studies neglect the individual contributions of CNO group ions (instead attributing all effects to oxygen) due to the lack of mass separation of the spectrometer. In this paper, we investigate how the mass resolution of a traditional Time-of-Flight (ToF) mass spectrometer responds to different geometric applications of “grazing incidence” scattering. We apply this technique by utilizing standard Microchannel Plates (MCPs) to generate the “Start” signal, instead of the traditional carbon foil, reducing overall scattering via physically limiting plasma collisions to shallow angles of incidence. We considered only geometric differences, comparing LD 20 and LD 40 (length to diameter ratio) MCP effects on mass resolution observed by the ion composition and distribution function analyzer; traditional carbon foil spectra are contrasted against that produced by replacing one foil with these MCPs and subsequently illuminated with H+, H2+, He+, N+, H2O+, N2+, Ar+ ions over energies from ∼15 keV to 29 keV, similar to those seen in magnetospheric plasma. We found that among the MCP geometries, the increasing LD ratio corresponds to spectra that observe smaller FWHM and faster mean ToF, indicative of a significant drop in scattering. Additionally, the mass resolution is significantly better than when using the traditional carbon foil for masses above 4 amu. However, the geometry limits detection efficiencies due to the plasma’s reduced cross section of collision with the surface that generates the “Start” signal.