cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation in signal-preference genetic correlations in Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae).

Fisherian selection is a within-population process that promotes signal–preference coevolution and speciation due to signal–preference genetic correlations. The importance of the contribution of Fisherian selection to speciation depends in part on the answer to two outstanding questions: What explains differences in the strength of signal–preference genetic correlations? And, how does the magnitude of within-species signal–preference covariation compare to species differences in signals and preferences? To address these questions, we tested for signal–preference genetic correlations in two members of the Enchenopa binotata complex, a clade of plant-feeding insects wherein speciation involves the colonization of novel host plants and signal–preference divergence. We used a full-sibling, split-family rearing experiment to estimate genetic correlations and to analyze the underlying patterns of variation in signals and preferences. Genetic correlations were weak or zero, but exploration of the underlying patterns of variation in signals and preferences revealed some full-sib families that varied by as much as 50% of the distance between similar species in the E. binotata complex. This result was stronger in the species that showed greater amounts of genetic variation in signals and preferences. We argue that some forms of weak signal–preference genetic correlation may have important evolutionary consequences.
Write process modeling in MLC flash memories using renewal theory

In the write process of multilevel per cell (MLC) flash memories, an iterative approach is used to mitigate the monotonicity problem. The monotonicity in programming is considered to be the major restriction in MLC flash. In this paper, we are mostly concerned with deriving a mathematical model for iterative programming using the framework of “renewal processes”. Then, we approximate the maximum number of steps in iterative programming, and obtain the voltage distribution in flash due to iterative programming. Moreover, the obtained results help us to accurately analyze the effect of inter-cell interference (ICI) in this type of memory. Finally, we obtain a more precise voltage distribution for the symbol states in flash memory. Simulation results show the effect of varying the step size in the iterative programming and the effect of ICI on the information rate.
Comparison of empirical equations for predicting carbon-13 chemical shifts in hydrocarbons, amines, car☐yluc acids, and amino acids

Abstract Published data for the C-13 chemical shifts of hydrocarbons were analyzed with multiple linear regression techniques to obtain predictive equations for these shifts. These equations were based on the sum of parameter terms, and parameter types proposed by various investigators were compared. Published C-13 chemical shift data for amines, car☐ylic acids, and compounds containing both polar groups, at their various ionization states in water, were supplemented with newer data. Computational experiments were done to determine which types of carbon atoms were sufficiently similar to fit the same predictive equation for chemical shifts without significant loss of accuracy. Eight equations were found to be necessary.
More surprises from the Moon

Even with the naked eye, the dark, extensive plains of the lunar maria can be clearly seen on the surface of the Moon. The maria formed after meteorite impacts created large craters that later filled with lava flows. Mare volcanism is the dominant type of volcanic activity on the Moon and the lavas are made up of basaltic rocks. However, non-mare volcanic deposits, though rare, have been observed on the lunar nearside. The deposits are distinguished from the maria because they are compositionally more evolved rich in silica, potassium and thorium. The deposits are limited in surface extent and it was unknown whether similar non-mare volcanism occurred at all on the Moon s farside. Writing in Nature Geoscience, Jolliff et al. report using Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter images and compositional data to identify the rare occurrence of more compositionally evolved volcanic deposits in an isolated area on the Moon s farside. In the 1960s and 1970s, rock and soil samples were collected by the Apollo and Luna missions, by the USA and USSR respectively. This material represents a geologic treasure trove that continues to provide a wealth of information about the Moon and its evolution, and it was a very small fraction of these samples that gave the first hint that non-mare volcanic activity might have occurred. The samples contained fragments of complex volcanic rocks that were unrelated to the maria basalts. Violent bombardment of the Moon by meteorite impacts has caused significant mixing of the rocks at its surface, so the fragments could have had a source hundreds or thousands of kilometres away. The origin of the fragments was unknown. Several decades later, the Lunar Prospector mission used a gamma-ray spectrometer to map the distribution and abundance of various elements, including thorium, on the Moon s surface. The maps identified a distinct and large area of high thorium concentration, as well as several smaller, but equally peculiar areas of high thorium concentration on the nearside of the Moon (Fig. 1). The rocks that contained high thorium contents also exhibited geomorphological and spectral features that were typical of volcanic deposits, and so the thorium hotspots were thought to represent non-mare volcanism on the nearside of the Moon. A relatively large region with extremely high thorium concentrations - the Compton-Belkovich thorium anomaly - was also identified on the Moon s farside. This thorium hotspot was particularly unusual because it was completely isolated, alone on the farside of the Moon, far from the nearest maria. No high-resolution image data were available for this region, so a definitive interpretation of the source of this isolated anomaly has been impossible.
Momentum and Mass Transport by Convective Bands: Comparisons of Highly Idealized Dynamical Models to Observations

The importance of the vertical transport of horizontal momentum by convective clouds has been documented in studies of momentum budgets (e.g., Shapiro and Stevens 1980; Sui and Yanai 1986). Furthermore, it is obvious that the boundary-layer wind itself—and hence surface heat, moisture, and momentum transports—is affected by deep convection. Most of the airsea transfer in tropics is concentrated in regions with deep convection.
Microfabricated optical fiber with microlens that produces large field-of-view video-rate optical beam scanning for microendoscopy applications

Our goal is to produce a micro-optical scanner at the tip of an ultrathin flexible endoscope with an overall diameter of 1 mm. Using a small diameter piezoelectric tube actuator, a cantilevered optical fiber can be driven in mechanical resonance to scan a beam of light in a space-filling, spiral scan pattern. By knowing and/or controlling the fiber position and acquiring backscattered intensity with a photodetector, an image is acquired. A microfabrication process of computer-controlled acid etching is used to reduce the mass along the fiber scanner shaft to allow for high scan amplitude and frequency. A microlens ( 50 degrees full angle), up to video scan rates (>10 KHz), while maintaining a scanner diameter of 1 mm. A comparison can be made to bi-axial mirror scanners being fabricated as a MEMS device (micro-electro-mechanical system). Based on the opto-mechanical performance of these microlensed fiber scanners, flexible catheter scopes are possible for new microendoscopies that combine imaging with laser diagnoses.
Radiative transitions involving impurities

Abstract A many-electron development of effective-mass theory is given, based on a Hartree-Fock viewpoint. The procedure provides a basis for the calculation of polarization effects other than those produced by single point charges. An exact effective-mass differential equation is obtained, taking into account non-parabolicities of the band and gradients of the perturbation. Results are obtained for the matrix-element for dipole emission between two impurity-states in a semiconductor. When applied to the problem of donor-acceptor transfer, the results offer an explanation as to why the no-phonon process is considerably stronger in Ge than in Si, even though dielectric constant and effective-mass magnitude effects predict the opposite. The highly non-parabolic conduction band of Ge is responsible.
Acute treatment of mice with high doses of caffeine: An animal model for choreiform movement

Injection of caffeine at a dose of 35 to 70 mg/kg causes choreiform (dance-like) movements in NIH Swiss mice in a dose-dependent manner. The effect is less pronounced in mice that had chronically ingested caffeine for 7 days. The A2a selective adenosine agonist 2-[(2-aminoethylamino)carbonylethylphenylethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (APEC), but not the A1 selective agonist N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), diminished caffeine-elicited choreiform movement. The data suggest involvement of A21-adenosine receptors in the appearance of choreiform movements. The dopamine antagonist haloperidol also reduced the chorea movements elicited by caffeine, but high doses were required. The calcium-channel blocker nitrendipine reduced the choreiform movements. These animals could provide a model for further investigation of the mechanisms underlying choreiform movements; as well as possible therapeutic appraoches to certain choreas in humans related either to disease states (e.g., Huntington's disease or Tourette's syndrome) or to side effects of drug treatments. © 1993 wiley-Liss, Inc.
Drug administration in patients with renal insufficiency : Minimising renal and extrarenal toxicity

Renal insufficiency has been associated with an increased risk of adverse effects with many classes of medications. The risk of some, but not all, adverse effects has been linked to the patient's degree of residual renal function. This may be the result of inappropriate individualisation of those agents that are primarily eliminated by the kidney, or an alteration in the pharmacodynamic response as a result of renal insufficiency. The pathophysiological mechanism responsible for alterations in drug disposition, especially metabolism and renal excretion, is the accumulation of uraemic toxins that may modulate cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and decrease glomerular filtration as well as tubular secretion. The general principles to enhance the safety of drug therapy in patients with renal insufficiency include knowledge of the potential toxicities and interactions of the therapeutic agent, consideration of possible alternatives therapies and individualisation of drug therapy based on patient level of renal function. Although optimisation of the desired therapeutic outcomes are of paramount importance, additional pharmacotherapeutic issues for patients with reduced renal function are the prevention or minimisation of future acute or chronic nephrotoxic insults, as well as the severity and occurrence of adverse effects on other organ systems. Risk factors for the development of nephrotoxicity for selected high-risk therapies (e.g. aminoglycosides, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ACE inhibitors and radiographic contrast media) are quite similar and include pre-existing renal insufficiency, concomitant administration of other nephrotoxins, volume depletion and concomitant hepatic disease or congestive heart failure. Investigations of prophylactic approaches to enhance the safety of these agents in patients with renal insufficiency have yielded inconsistent outcomes. Hydration with saline prior to drug exposure has given the most consistent benefit, while sodium loading and use of pharmacological interventions [e.g. furosemide (frusemide) dopomine/dobutamine, calcium antagonists and mannitol] have resulted in limited success. The mechanisms responsible for altered dynamic responses of some agents (benzodiazepines, theophylline, digoxin and loop diuretics) in renally compromised patients include enhanced receptor sensitivity secondary to the accumulation of endogenous uraemic toxins and competition for secretion to the renal tubular site of action. Application of the pharmacotherapeutic principles discussed into clinical practice will hopefully enhance the safety of these agents and optimise patient outcomes.
IT employment prospects in 2004: a mixed bag

Signs of general economic recovery and renewed IT sector growth are dampened for IT workers globally by improved productivity and locally by a global labor market. Since 1999 - when US business magazine cover stories described IT positions going unfilled and extensive congressional lobbying to increase quotas for overseas workers to fill them - the US IT job market has changed drastically, losing more than a million jobs. For US workers, this change raises two different but complementary questions. First, what are the prospects for the global IT workforce in the near and longer term? Second, how will IT jobs be distributed among competing labor markets around the world? The first question addresses total demand for IT workers. The second addresses the economics of business investments and how governments, universities, communities, and individuals can compete successfully for them.
The rhetorical implications of Taoism

(1961). The rhetorical implications of Taoism. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 27-35.
REPRESENTATION OF LOCAL CURRENT ALGEBRA AT INFINITE MOMENTUM

It has been proposed (1,2) that the charge operators Fi and Fi5 of the vector and axial-vector current octets may obey the algebra of SU(3)×SU(3) exactly, to all orders in the strong interactions, under equal-time commutation.
Computed tomography part III: Volumetric, High-Resolution X-Ray analysis of fatigue crack closure

Although single-slice computed tomography is a useful tool in materials science and engineering, there are some materials problems that are better understood when represented with volumetric data. This article describes the use of a two-dimensional detector system to examine fatigue crack closure in an aluminum-lithium alloy.
Isotopic evaluation of ocean circulation in the Late Cretaceous North American seaway

The role of the North American seaway in creating and maintaining Late Cretaceous global greenhouse conditions has been unclear. An isotopic analysis of marine turtle and fish fossils from western Kansas and the Mississippi embayment reveals that the inflow of Tethyan surface waters to the seaway was limited. During the mid- and Late Cretaceous period, North America was split by the north–south oriented Western Interior Seaway. Its role in creating and maintaining Late Cretaceous global greenhouse conditions remains unclear. Different palaeoceanographic reconstructions portray diverse circulation patterns1,2,3. The southward extent of relatively cool, low-salinity, low-δ18O surface waters critically distinguishes among these models, but past studies of invertebrates could not independently assess water temperature and isotopic compositions. Here we present oxygen isotopes in biophosphate from coeval marine turtle and fish fossils from western Kansas, representing the east central seaway, and from the Mississippi embayment, representing the marginal Tethys Ocean. Our analyses yield precise seawater isotopic values and geographic temperature differences during the main transition from the Coniacian to the early Campanian age (87–82 Myr), and indicate that the seaway oxygen isotope value and salinity were 2‰ and 3‰ lower, respectively, than in the marginal Tethys Ocean. We infer that the influence of northern freshwater probably reached as far south as Kansas. Our revised values imply relatively large temperature differences between the Mississippi embayment and central seaway, explain the documented regional latitudinal palaeobiogeographic zonation4,5 and support models with relatively little inflow of surface waters from the Tethys Ocean to the Western Interior Seaway2,3.
Hydroxyapatite accelerates differentiation and suppresses growth of MC3T3‐E1 osteoblasts

Hydroxyapatite describes both the natural mineral phase of bone as well as the widely used calcium-phosphate implant substitute. Given that hydroxyapatite is a major component of the in vivo surface with which osteoblasts interact, it is surprising that most studies examining the regulation of osteoblast growth and differentiation utilize plastic surfaces. Here we demonstrate that the phenotype of mouse MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts is significantly altered on hydroxyapatite compared with plastic surfaces. Specifically, alkaline phosphatase activity and messenger RNA levels, markers of early stages of osteoblast differentiation, are increased in osteoblasts cultured on hydroxyapatite. The precocious appearance of alkaline phosphatase activity on the hydroxyapatite surface suggests that osteoblast differentiation is activated earlier compared with plastic surfaces. Osteocalcin expression, a marker of late-stage differentiation, is also increased on hydroxyapatite and further demonstrates enhanced differentiation. Cell counts indicate that fewer osteoblasts are present on hydroxyapatite versus plastic surfaces 24 h after plating. Measurement of osteoblast attachment, apoptosis, and necrosis indicated no differences between surfaces. In contrast, the number of bromodeoxyuridine-incorporating cells was significantly decreased on hydroxyapatite compared with plastic surfaces. Taken together, our findings indicate that hydroxyapatite enhances osteoblast differentiation while also suppressing growth.
The rescue and reuse of 1960's nimbus satellite data: Preliminary sea ice extent results for 1964, 1966, and 1969

It is of critical importance in the study of Earth Sciences and climate to reliably extend our data sets farther back in time. It may be possible to build a 50-year sea ice extent record. The current satellite sea ice record starts in 1978, however polar observing satellites recorded sea ice data as early as 1962[1]. Accessing this data is difficult as many of the original data sets have been lost. The time to recover this information is running out as the data, hardware and expertise are rapidly dying out. This project has recovered much of this 1960's data and used it to determine monthly sea ice extent for both the Arctic and Antarctic.
Investigating localized corrosion susceptibility arising from Sc containing intermetallic Al3Sc in high strength Al-alloys

Low-level scandium additions to Al lead to the formation of Al 3 Sc dispersoids, which have a significant effect on grain refinement during thermomechanical processing. Electrochemical measurements have been carried out using a micro-electrochemical capillary cell in order to characterize any influence Al 3 Sc particles may have on the initiation and propagation of pitting corrosion in aluminum alloys exposed to dilute chloride solutions. On the basis of these measurements, Al 3 Sc is found to be spontaneously passive with a low self-dissolution rate. It is slightly cathodic to the α-Al matrix of Al-alloys in which it would be present, however, cathodic reaction kinetics are sluggish compared to other dispersoid intermetallic compounds. As a result, Al 3 Sc displays good electrochemical compatibility with Al-alloys and should be expected to pose no greater a corrosion risk than that associated with other dispersoids common in Al alloys; namely Al 6 Mn, Al 3 Zr and Al 3 Ti.
Two phase flow visualization in evaporator tube bundles using experimental and numerical techniques

This research presents results from experimental and numerical investigations of two-phase flow pattern analysis in a staggered tube bundle. Shell-side boiling tube bundles are used in a variety of industries from nuclear power plants to industrial evaporators. Fluid flow patterns in tube bundles affect pressure drop, boiling characteristics, and tube vibration. R-134a was the working fluid in both the experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis for this research. Smooth and enhanced staggered tube bundles were studied experimentally using a 1.167 pitch to diameter ratio. The experimental tube bundles and CFD geometry consist of 20 tubes with five tubes per pass. High speed video was recorded during the experimental bundle boiling. Bundle conditions ranged in mass fluxes from 10-35 kg/m[superscript]2.s and inlet qualities from 0-70% with a fixed heat flux. Classification of the flow patterns from these videos was performed using flow pattern definitions from literature. Examples of smooth and enhanced bundle boiling high speed videos are given through still images. The flow patterns are plotted and compared with an existing flow pattern map. Good agreement was found for the enhanced tube bundle while large discrepancies exist for the smooth tube bundle. The CFD simulations were performed without heat transfer with non-symmetrical boundary conditions at the side walls, simulating rectangular bundles used in this and other research. The two-phase volume of fluid method was used to construct vapor interfaces and measure vapor volume fraction. A probability density function technique was applied to the results to determine flow patterns from the simulations using statistical parameters. Flow patterns were plotted on an adiabatic flow pattern map from literature and excellent agreement is found between the two. The agreement between simulation results and experimental data from literature emphasizes the use of numerical techniques for tube bundle design.
Description of Bond Pseudorotation, Bond Pseudolibration, and Ring Pseudoinversion Processes Caused by the Pseudo-Jahn–Teller Effect: Fluoro Derivatives of the Cyclopropane Radical Cation

Curvilinear coordinates are used to describe the molecular geometry and the pseudo-Jahn–Teller surface of F-substituted cyclopropane radical cations using the equation-of-motion coupled cluster EOMIP-CCSD/cc-pVTZ approach. The monofluoro derivative 2 undergoes bond pseudolibration (incomplete bond pseudorotation) between two symmetry-equivalent biradicaloid forms separated by a barrier of 2.2 kcal mol–1 (1 kcal mol–1 = 4.186 kJ mol–1) at low temperature. Bond pseudorotation and ring pseudoinversion have barriers of 12.1 and 16.5 kcal mol–1 respectively. The relative energies of 2 are affected by the distribution of the positive charge in the C3 ring and the formation of a CF bond with partial π character. There is a change of the CF bond length from 1.285 to 1.338 A along the bond pseudorotation path. The changes of the CF bond outweigh the deformation effects of the C3 ring; however, both are a result of the pseudo-Jahn–Teller effect according to an (A′ + A′′) ⊗ (a′ + a′′) interaction. For the pentafluoro derivative 3 of the cyclopropane radical cation, bond pseudorotation has a barrier of 16.3 kcal mol–1 whereas ring pseudoinversion is hindered by a barrier of 21.7 kcal mol–1. Radical cation 3 is the first example of a trimethylene radical cation.
Type inference for locality analysis of distributed data structures

In languages with distributed heap data structures, the type system typically conveys only coarse locality information: whether a reference is local or possibly remote. Often, of interest to the optimizing compiler or the user is a more fine-grain information, such as whether two remote references point to objects in the same partition of the distributed heap.This paper proposes a dependent type system, called place types, to capture such fine-grain locality information. The type of each reference identifies the heap partition, called a place, that the reference points to. This type system is expressive enough to statically type several commonly used distributed data structures. It also accommodates a "dynamic" type when no suitable static type exists. We show how to embed this type system as type annotations in the X10 programming language.We also present a type inference algorithm for saving programmers from the burden of inserting type annotations. The type inference has been inspired by the use of type inference in functional programming languages such as ML. We have implemented the type inference algorithm in the X10 compiler. Experiments with small programs, but with the full set the relevant language features, have been successful in automatically finding the expected place types in these programs.
Effects of elevated CO2 and water stress on mineral concentration of cotton

Projected increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations may alter mineral and protein levels in plant tissues, systematically affecting growth, nutrient cycling and utilization, residue decomposition, and insect-plant interactions in the future. The free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) system provided an opportunity to monitor seasonal trends in nutrient status and crude protein content of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Deltapine 77) grown in a natural field setting without the limitations often imposed by growth chambers or reduced rooting volumes. In 1990, plants were exposed to two levels of atmospheric CO2 (FACE, ≈ 550 μmol mol−1 and CONTROL, ≈ 370 μmol mol−1) and two irrigation regimes (100% and 75% replacement of evapotranspiration) beginning in early July. Cotton leaves, stem, and roots were sampled at different times during the season and analyzed for C, N, Ca, K, Mg, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Mo, Si and protein. The N and protein concentrations of leaves, stems and roots were significantly lower in FACE plants than in CONTROL plants, but C:N ratios were higher for the FACE plants than the CONTROL plants. Some other elements were significantly affected by CO2 enrichment, but not for all dates and all plant tissues. There were no significant effects in any of the data because of the irrigation treatment or the irrigation—CO2 interaction. Reductions in tissue N and protein concentrations and the increases in the C:N with CO2 enrichment have important implications for agricultural and natural systems and demand additional research.
Landscapes of change: Catastrophe theory and biological processes

Elementary catastrophe theory provides a method for the qualitative description of systems with associated potential energy functions. It can serve at least as an illustrative metaphor for the local description of biological development. It replaces earlier theories of development that utilized paths on an ad hoc epigenetic landscape, for example, with one that generates trajectories on a well-defined hypersurface, the catastrophe manifold. While the elementary theory does provide a much richer mathematical language than the earlier geometric theories, it suffers from several drawbacks, outlined in this paper, which prevent it from being a conclusive theory for biological development.
Infusing Participants’ Voices Into Grounded Theory Research A Poetic Anthology

This article augments the author’s grounded theory study of student and teacher interactions in alternative education classrooms by presenting poetic transcription as a way to portray the essences and experiences of the participants. The author builds on the experimental writing traditions of other researchers to embrace her own experiences as a classroom teacher in crafting the poems out of the participants’ words. In so doing, the author actively interacts with the texts to co-construct new meaning that elucidates research findings. Utilizing her position between the worlds of research and practice, the author crafts the poems to convey personalities, victories, and complexities involved in these classrooms. This application of the methodology of poetic transcription allows for a deeper understanding of students’ and teachers’ experiences in these schools.
Effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine and its antagonists on colonic smooth muscle of the rabbit.

The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) was studied in circular and longitudinal muscle from the proximal and distal colon of New Zealand white rabbits. 5HT stimulated a dose-dependent isometric contraction of distal and proximal circular muscle that was greater than in distal longitudinal muscle (P<0.01). 5HT did not stimulate taenia coli longitudinal muscle. The EC50 for 5HT stimulation of distal circular muscle (−7.0±0.1), distal longitudinal muscle, and proximal circular muscle was similar. Methysergide dose-dependently inhibited the 5HT stimulation of both proximal and distal circular muscle. The IC50 for methysergide inhibition of 5HT (5×10−7 M) stimulation was −5.5±0.2. Ketanserine and ICS 205-930 did not inhibit 5HT stimulation of colonic muscle. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) decreased the potency, but not the efficacy of 5HT stimulation of proximal and distal circular muscle. Atropine decreased the potency (EC50=−6.6±0.1) (P<0.05) and the efficacy by 40%. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) caused an on-contraction and off-contraction of distal circular muscle and an on-contraction of proximal circular muscle. 5HT decreased the off-contraction of the distal circular muscle but did not affect the on-contraction of the other muscle strips. 5HT receptor antagonists did not affect EFS of the tissue. The studies suggest: (1) 5HT stimulates circular colonic muscle with greater efficacy than longitudinal muscle, (2) 5HT stimulates circular muscle through a 5HT1 receptor, (3) there is atropine-sensitive and atropine-insensitive 5HT stimulation of circular colonic muscle, (4) 5HT inhibits neurons responsible for the off-contraction in distal circular muscle without affecting the on-contraction. Thus, 5HT affects colonic contraction by a direct effect on muscle and indirectly through the enteric nerves.
Effect of gap harvesting on epiphytes and bark-dwelling arthropods in the Acadian forest of central Maine

Using a long-term silvicultural experiment, we (i) investigated how epiphyte and arthropod communities were affected by height on the stem, bark texture, and stem diameter of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) trees, (ii) examined how harvest gaps influenced epiphyte and arthropod communities on red maple boles, and (iii) explored whether these effects influenced the relationship between the epiphyte and arthropod communities. Arthropod and epiphyte assemblages dwelling on the bark of red maple trees located in undisturbed forest and harvest gaps varied with height. Bryophytes, Cladonia spp., and cyanolichens were most abundant near the base of the tree, while noncyano, foliose lichens and fruticose lichens were most abundant 4–6 m above the ground. Acari, Araneae, and Collembola were most abundant near the base of the tree, while Diptera were most abundant above 2 m. A previously undocumented assemblage of dipterans (flies), primarily in the suborder Nematocera, was found. Gap harvesting reduced the abundance of...
Molecular Cloning and Comparative Analysis of the Rhesus Macaque Costimulatory Molecules CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2)

Abstract To facilitate analysis of the role of costimulatory molecules in a nonhuman primate model, we cloned and sequenced the CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) costimulatory molecules from rhesus macaques. Rhesus CD80 and CD86 were highly homologous to their human counterparts, with overall amino acid homologies of greater than 90%, and were specifically recognized by murine antihuman CD80 or CD86 monoclonal antibodies. Stable cell lines expressing rhesus CD80 or CD86 induced proliferation of suboptimally activated CD4 + T cells and transcription of cytokine mRNA. Both CD80 and CD86 were able to provide costimulation for interferon-gamma and IL-2 synthesis by rhesus CD4 + T cells, but CD80 costimulation also resulted in synthesis of IL-4 and IL-10. The high degree of homology between the rhesus and the human CD80 and CD86 molecules should facilitate analysis of therapeutic interventions directed at this costimulatory pathway in nonhuman primates.
The Relationship Between Employee Fit Perceptions, Job Performance, and Retention: Implications of Perceived Fit

Meaningful work has become an increasingly important job outcome for individuals in recent years. Studies indicate that many employees lack experienced meaningfulness in their work and that organizations have not done a good job at creating meaningful and emotionally satisfying work experiences for employees. A person–job fit approach to meaningful work and employee retention is described that consists of matching individual self-concept with job tasks and behaviors. It is proposed that this self-concept–job fit will be strongly related to meaningful work. It is also proposed that meaningful work is related to important outcome variables valued by organizations, such as increased worker performance and employee retention. Path analysis supports the proposed relationships. Implications for human resource management activities and future research are discussed.
Prey‐attack Behavior oiAnolis Lizards

Four prey-capture behavior patterns of Anolis lizards are described here: approach-pause-strike, stationary-strike, jump-strike,.and stalk-strike. The latter two are described for the first time and appear to be used principally by two morphological groups of species which hunt predominantly on narrow surfaces. The occurrence of each prey-attack method among 15 species of Anolis in captivity and the frequency of use of the four methods for five species observed in the field in the Dominican Republic suggest a general correspondence between prey-attack method and the species morphologies. Implications of such a correlation on prey recognition and diet are discussed. Zusammenfassung Vier Verhaltensmuster des Beutefangs bei Anolis werden beschrieben. Drei dieser Muster kommen bei anatomisch verschiedenen Anolis vor und weisen auf einen Zusammenhang hin zwischen Beutefangverhalten, Morphologie und Lebensraum. Diese verschiedenen Fangweisen passen auf unterschiedliche Beutetiere. Die verschiedenen Fangmethoden (Springen, Anschleichen) erfordern weitere unterschiedliche (auch neurologische) Verhaltensanpassungen in Bewegung und Wahrnehmung. Solche Feinanpassungen fur Beutefang lassen eine zunehmende Habitat-Aufteilung unter den Anolis-Arten erwarten.
The Unexpected Catalytic Properties of a Heterodimer of GAR Transformylase.

We have developed an efficient expression and purification protocol for a heterodimer of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase that was identified in incremental truncation libraries, a general combinatorial method for protein fragment complementation (M. Ostermeier, A. E. Nixon, J. H. Shim, and S. J. Benkovic, [1999], Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3562-3567). This heterodimer (B13) containing both a bisection point and a deletion in conserved residues close to the active site was expressed and purified in high yield using Intein methodology. The N-terminus fragment (1-111) and C-terminus fragment (M114-212) were also expressed separately as stable proteins. When these two fragments were mixed together, they associate at a highly specific 1:1 ratio to give only the active heterodimer, B13. The activity of B13 is comparable to that of the wild type and the pH-dependent kinetics of B13 turned out to be nearly identical to those of the wild type, indicating that B13 operates in the same mechanism as the wild type. This result demonstrated that cutting within conserved regions is a viable domain separation and confirmed the generality of using incremental truncation for protein fragment complementation.
A preliminary framework for studying mergers of public organizations.

Abstract In times of fiscal retrenchment, it is often necessary for two or more public organizations to merge. Not surprisingly, this need is not often met favorably by the organizations involved. This paper discusses reasons why such a response might not be unreasonable if one objectively views the pressures acting upon the organization, as well as strategies which representatives of society could use to make merger a more desirable option for the public organization. It is generally suggested herein that the best actions include rather subtle efforts on the part of society and the targeting of smaller, less prestigious public organizations.
Photofission cross section of 232Th.

The photofission cross section of $^{232}\mathrm{Th}$ was measured in the 5.8--12 MeV energy range with an average photon energy resolution of 600 eV. Intermediate structure was observed at 5.91, 5.97, and 6.31 MeV. The experimental fission probability and various properties of the intermediate structure were compared with calculated values based on a double-humped fission barrier as well as a triple-humped one. The results favor, though not decisively, the presence of a shallow third well in the barrier. Certain features of both barriers, a rather high first hump and a deep secondary well, are quite different from those predicted by current theoretical barrier calculations.
Are your votes really counted?: testing the security of real-world electronic voting systems

Electronic voting systems play a critical role in today's democratic societies, as they are responsible for recording and counting the citizens' votes. Unfortunately, there is an alarming number of reports describing the malfunctioning of these systems, suggesting that their quality is not up to the task. Recently, there has been a focus on the security testing of voting systems to determine if they can be compromised in order to control the results of an election. We have participated in two large-scale projects, sponsored by the Secretaries of State of California and Ohio, whose respective goals were to perform the security testing of the electronic voting systems used in those two states. The testing process identified major flaws in all the systems analyzed, and resulted in substantial changes in the voting procedures of both states. In this paper, we describe the testing methodology that we used in testing two real-world electronic voting systems, the findings of our analysis, and the lessons we learned.
1273 PREDICTORS OF IQ AND IQ LOSS IN TREATED PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU)

Early-treated children with PKU are protected from mental retardation. However, recent studies have found IQ loss in these children, especially after termination of the low phenylalanine diet. We have studied IQ and IQ change in 91 early-treated children with PKU and 29 untreated or partially treated children with mild hyperphenylalaninemia (MH) who have been followed for up to 22 years. Their most recent psychological evaluations were compared to similar assessments done 5 years previously. In children with PKU, age (10.8 ± 4.7 yrs.) was negatively correlated with IQ (mean IQ = 98.4 ± 16.7) (r=-.30, p=.002). With age controlled, the treatment variable that best predicted IQ was the percent of blood phenylalanine levels ≥ 16 mg/dl while on diet (r2=0.86). These results suggest that IQ is significantly affected by dietary control during treatment. Over a 5 year period, mean IQ changes were -4.3 ± 14.8 in children with PKU off-diet, +7.4 ± 14.1 in children with PKU on-diet, and +2.8 ± 10.5 in children with MH. IQ change did not correlate with IQ score. With age controlled, the best predictor of IQ loss was diet discontinuation (r2=.159); natural (pre- or post-diet) blood phenylalanine level was the second best predictor (r2=.083). This suggests that loss of IQ is greater in children who have terminated the diet, particularly in those with higher natural blood phenylalanine levels. These findings may have implications for the issue of diet continuation or discontinuation during school age years.
Effects of immediately initiating an epidural infusion in the combined spinal and epidural technique in nulliparous parturients.

Abstract Background and Objectives: Intrathecal fentanyl with bupivacaine provides rapid labor analgesia of limited duration. We investigated the effect of initiating an epidural infusion of 0.1% ropivacaine with fentanyl 2 μg/mL and epinephrine 1:400,000 (REF) on the duration of analgesia and incidence of side effects after intrathecal injection in the combined spinal and epidural technique. Methods: Thirty-four nulliparous parturients with a cervical dilation of 3 to 5 cm were randomized to receive epidural saline or REF at 10 mL following the intrathecal injection of fentanyl 25 μg and bupivacaine 2.5 mg. Degree of analgesia, severity of pruritus, motor block, blood pressure, and sensory level to coolness were assessed until the patient requested additional analgesia. Results: Analgesia was significantly longer in the REF group, 158.4 ± 59.6 minutes versus 103.8 ± 26.2 minutes. The decrease in blood pressure compared with the blood pressure at intrathecal injection was greater for the REF group at all times, but achieved statistical significance at 60 minutes. There was no difference in ephedrine use, pruritus, or motor block between groups. There was no difference in sensory level to coolness at 90 minutes after intrathecal injection between groups. Conclusions: Initiating an infusion of REF prolongs the duration of analgesia, but also results in a greater decrease in blood pressure. Despite this effect on blood pressure, there was no difference in ephedrine use. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2000;25:223–227.
Abstract 4780: The effects of the global loss of DNA methylation on the functional organization of the epigenome

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Aberrant epigenetic changes which include alterations in DNA methylation, nucleosome positioning and histone modifications have been studied extensively in the context of tumorigenesis. The role of DNA methylation in the organization of genome-wide chromatin structure and its interaction with other epigenetic modifiers in cancer, however, remains unclear. Here, we use the Nucleosome Occupancy and Methylation whole-genome sequencing (NOMe-seq) assay to compare a colorectal cancer cell line, HCT116, with its derivatives that carry homozygous deletions of DNMT3B and are hypomorphic for DNMT1, DKO1, to examine the role of DNA methylation in the functional organization of the cancer epigenome. Upon the global loss of DNA methylation, we observe a widespread chromatin remodeling where specifically, DKO1 cells gain nucleosome depleted regions (NDRs) and/or well-phased nucleosome that are not present in the parent HCT116 cells. Interestingly, this genome-wide nucleosome repositioning in DKO1 cells is accompanied by significant histone modification changes and low level expression increase only in CpG islands (CGI), where promoters may gain permissive histone marks H2A.Z, H3K4me3 and H3K4me1 as well as the polycomb repressive mark, H3K27me3. Non-CGI promoters on the other hand, do not gain permissive or repressive histone modifications despite dramatic nucleosome reorganization, which suggests that distinct mechanisms regulate the equilibrium between DNA methylation, nucleosome and gene expression in CGI and non-CGI promoters. Taken together, our study demonstrates the cross-talk between epigenetic mechanisms wherein DNA methylation may directly control the organization of chromatin architecture. Citation Format: Fides D. Lay, Yaping Liu, Theresa K. Kelly, Heather Witt, Adam Blattler, Peggy J. Farnham, Ben P. Berman, Peter A. Jones. The effects of the global loss of DNA methylation on the functional organization of the epigenome. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4780. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4780
68Ga chelating bioorthogonal tetrazine polymers for the multistep labeling of cancer biomarkers

We have developed a 68Ga metal chelating bioorthogonal tetrazine dextran probe that is highly reactive with trans-cyclooctene modified monoclonal antibodies for multistep imaging applications. Confocal microscopy and positron emission tomography (PET) were used to characterize the dextran probe in vitro and in vivo.
Non-local ocean mixing model and a new plume model for deep convection

Abstract Turbulent fluxes can be represented by a diffusivity tensor, the symmetric part of which describes “turbulent diffusion” while the anti-symmetric part describes “advection”. Diffusion is a local process in the sense that it depends only on the local gradients of the mean fields while advection is non-local for it is represented by an integral over all length scales (all eddies) that can “fit” from say the bottom of the physical domain to the z where the fluxes are computed. In the ocean, there are two main regimes where non-local transport is important. One regime is where storms release a sudden burst of mechanical energy to the ocean surface that is then transported downward by energetic eddies that deepen the mixed layer. Even relatively simple non-local models yield results considerably more realistic than those of local models. The second regime is deep convection (DC) caused by loss of surface buoyancy, the description of which is required for a reliable assessment of water masses formation. At present, there is no reliable model for either of these non-local regimes individually or much less a formalism capable of accounting for both regimes simultaneously. The goal of this paper is to present a formalism that provides the expressions for the non-local fluxes for momentum, heat and salinity encompassing both cases. Since the resulting number of dynamic equations involves is however large, we work out two sub-models, one when only shear must be treated non-locally (e.g., when storms release mechanical energy) and one when only buoyancy is to be treated non-locally (the DC case). We employ the Reynolds Stress formalism in which non-locality is represented by the third-order moments which in turn depend on the fourth-order moments for which we employ a new model that has been tested against LES data, aircraft data and a full PBL simulation. For the DC case, we rewrite the non-local model in terms of Plumes since thus far the only non-local model used to treat oceanic DC has been the “plume model” of Morton, Taylor and Turner (MTT model). We show that the MTT model has two key limitations, (1) an important physical process such as the rate of entrainment cannot be determined by the model and remains an adjustable parameter and (2) MTT is purely advective and thus only applicable to the initial stages of DC but not to the whole process which is both advective and diffusive. The model we derive bypasses these limitations, is a generalization of the MTT model and is applicable to the entire development of deep convection.
Monoclonal murine anti-nucleic acid antibody with double-stranded specificity.

Abstract The NZB/NZW F1 murine model for the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been employed in somatic cell hybridizations to develop hybridoma autoantibodies with double-stranded (ds) DNA specificity. Monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies from one hybridoma cell line were purified and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Results of comparative binding studies with tritiated [3H]-colicin El plasmid DNA probes suggested preferential binding for the native DNA conformation relative to single-stranded DNA. [3H]dsDNA binding was inhibited by several ribohomopolymers (poly G, U and I) but not by free nucleotides, indicating that the phosphodiester-ribose backbone may contribute to the binding specificity of the clonotype.
Radiofrequency catheter ablation of an accessory pathway with discontinuous retrograde conduction: Potential insight into mechanism of longitudinal dissociation

Kronzon I. Right atrial papillary fibroelastoma: diagnosis by transthoracic and transesophagelil chocardiography and percutaneous transvenous biopsy. AM HEART J 1989;1$8:1047-50. Shub C, Tajik AS, Seward JB, Edwards WD, Prnitt RD, Qrzulask TA. Pluth JR. Cardiac nabillarv fibroelastomas. Twodimensional echocardiographic rkcogdition. Mayo Clin Proc 1981;56:629-33. Fowles RE, Miller DC, Egbert BM, Fitzgerald JW, Popp RL. Systemic embolization from a mitral valve papillary endocardial fibroma detected by two-dimensidnal echocardiography. AM HEART J 1981;102:128-30. Top01 EJ, Biern 0, Reitz BA. Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma and stroke: echocardiographic diagnosis and guide to excision. Am J Med 1986;80:129-32.