cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An LGN inspired detect/transmit framework for high fidelity relay of visual information with limited bandwidth

The mammalian visual system has developed complex strategies to optimize the allocation of its limited attentional resources for the relay of behaviorally relevant visual information. Here, we describe a framework for the relay of visual information that is based on the tonic and burst properties of the LGN. The framework consists of a multi-sensor transmitter and receiver that are connected by a channel with limited total bandwidth. Each sensor in the transmitter has two states, tonic and burst, and the current state depends on the salience of the recent visual input. In burst mode, a sensor transmits only one bit of information corresponding to the absence or presence of a salient stimulus, while in tonic mode, a sensor attempts to faithfully relay the input with as many bits as are available. By comparing video reconstructed from the signals of detect/transmit sensors with that reconstructed from the signals of transmit only sensors, we demonstrate that the detect/transmit framework can significantly improve relay by dynamically allocating bandwidth to the most salient areas of the visual field.
Virtualizing the Virtual

This essay advances a supplementary definition of “the virtual” that is aimed at helping our research community speak more clearly to the organizational changes and the place-time reinventions taking place in connection with the virtual in the more customary sense(s) of that term. The intent in linking the issue of definition to organizational transformation is not to make proposals about the specific forms, functions, and reinventions that might, or ought to, appear, but rather to reflect on the processes through which such changes, whatever their character, come about. Adapting Deleuze’s conceptualization of the virtual, I extend virtuality to include the imaginary and fictitious. The focus, in particular, is on the kind of fiction that, in Latour’s phrasing, is “seeking to come true”; thus, our interest is in the fictionalizations in which real actors engage as they struggle discursively to construct their future realities. This calls for attention to the social and political context and, more specifically, to the manner in which the privileges of “author-ity,” for fictionalization, impact what is actualized as organizational structure and practice. The paper concludes with a consideration of the implications for research practice of viewing IT-enabled change, like that which is producing virtual work and virtual organizations, as a form of authorship.
Learning and Using Print and Braille: A Study of Dual-Media Learners, Part 2

This is the second part of a two-part report of a study about the instruction of children who are learning or using both braille and print simultaneously (dual media). It explores the instructional methods and curricular decisions of teaching dual media to students with low vision and reports the students' current literacy levels and reading rates and their teachers' expectations for future levels of literacy.
Mutations in NEUROD1 are associated with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus

The helix-loop-helix (HLH) protein NEUROD1 (also known as BETA2) functions as a regulatory switch for endocrine pancreatic development. In mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of Neurod, pancreatic islet morphogenesis is abnormal and overt diabetes develops due in part to inadequate expression of the insulin gene (Ins2). NEUROD1, following its heterodimerization with the ubiquitous HLH protein E47, regulates insulin gene (INS) expression by binding to a critical E-box motif on the INS promoter. Here we describe two mutations in NEUROD1, which are associated with the development of type 2 diabetes in the heterozygous state. The first, a missense mutation at Arg 111 in the DNA-binding domain, abolishes E-box binding activity of NEUROD1. The second mutation gives rise to a truncated polypeptide lacking the carboxy-terminal trans-activation domain, a region that associates with the co-activators CBP and p300 (refs 3,4). The clinical profile of patients with the truncated NEUROD1 polypeptide is more severe than that of patients with the Arg 111 mutation. Our findings suggest that deficient binding of NEUROD1 or binding of a transcriptionally inactive NEUROD1 polypeptide to target promoters in pancreatic islets leads to the development of type 2 diabetes in humans.
Multiple Biases in Rating Scale Construction

A significant portion of research relies on surveys that employ rating scales. It is thus very important to ensure that the rating scale as a measuring instrument is both reliable and valid. Unfortunately, there are many ways that a rating scale can be biased. The current study investigates the extent to which a study can be biased — wittingly or unwittingly — by choosing a particular type of rating scale. Dishonest researchers can manipulate the outcome of their research, if they wish, and purposely bias a study. An experiment was conducted in which seven questions were asked in two different ways in order to determine whether and how much a researcher could influence the outcome of the results by manipulating the rating scale. The results confirmed that the wording used in the rating scale could slant results in the direction desired by the researcher.
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), also known as electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) are widely used materials characterization techniques belonging to the general class of methods referred to as surface analysis. These non-destructive techniques provide, to varying degrees, semi-quantitative elemental, chemical-state and electronic-structure information from the top 10 nm of a material and are sensitive to elements Li and above. XPS and Auger have both found applications over a vast range of material classes; such as metallic, ceramic, polymeric, and composite; and technologies such as microelectronics, solar energy, and nanotechnology. Modern spectrometers are now not only capable of achieving high-energy resolution spectroscopy, but are also capable of 2-dimensional imaging.
A rapid method for extraction and purification of DNA from dental plaque

A rapid method based on previously described DNA extraction procedures was developed for the isolation of DNA from dental plaque samples. The isolated DNA is suitable for use in the PCR. Freeze-thawing, cell wall-degrading enzymes, and guanidine isothiocyanate were used to lyse cells and release DNA. The released DNA was adsorbed onto diatomaceous earth and purified by washing with guanidine isothiocyanate, ethanol, and acetone. The purified DNA was released from the diatomaceous earth into an aqueous buffer and analyzed by PCR with 16S rDNA primers (rDNA is DNA coding for rRNA). As judged from studies with pure cultures of a number of bacterial species, gram-negative and gram-positive organisms were lysed equally well by this procedure. The amount of PCR product was proportional to the number of cells analyzed over the range tested, 500 to 50,000 cells. On the basis of studies with plaque samples that were spiked with known quantities of the oral bacterium Treponema denticola, the DNA prepared from plaque was free of substances inhibitory to PCR. This method should have utility in molecular genetic studies of bacterial populations not only in uncultured plaque samples but also in other complex bacterial assemblages.
Reliability Issues of Power Devices

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Safe Operating Areas 3 Power Mosfet ESD Reliability 4 ESD for Drain-Extended NMOS
Cervical input to vestibulocollic neurons

Extracellular responses of vestibulospinal neurons projecting to neck segments (vestibulocollic neurons) to stimulation of cervical afferents were studied in decerebellate cats anesthetized with chloralose or decerebrated intercollicularly. These neurons were antidromically activated by microstimulation in the C2 ventral horn ipsilateral or contralateral to the vestibular nuclei. Contralateral neck afferents produce in vestibulocollic neurons the same responses they produce in other vestibulo-spinal neurons, although the response (early excitation, inhibition) which predominates varies with type of preparation. In intercollicular decerebrate cats, the main effect of stimulating the contralateral C2 ganglion was inhibition (latency greater than or equal to 6 msec), often followed by late excitation. Early excitation, at a latency less than 6 msec, was rarely seen, although it occurred in half the vestibulospinal neurons projecting to the cervical enlargement. In contrast to the results in decerebrate cats, stimulation of the contralateral C2 ganglion produced early excitation in over one-third of the vestibulocollic neurons studied in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Results on vestibulocollic neurons were similar whether the cells projected ipsilaterally or contralaterally, or whether or not the cells also projected to the cervical enlargement (branching neurons). The influence of cervical afferents on vestibulocollic neurons demonstrates supraspinal paths by which cervical afferents may act upon the neck and might modify vestibular reflexes of the neck.
Educating a Community in Exile: The Palestinian Experience

(1973). Educating A Community in Exile: The Palestinian Experience. Journal of Palestine Studies: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 94-111.
Data acquisition and control of wavelength and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometers using a single minicomputer

A laboratory minicomputer has been interfaced to both a wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and an energy dispersive Si(Li) X-ray detector system. In the former mode of operation, the computer is used as a controller for the setting of the goniometer, initiation of count cycle and data acquisition. In the second case, the computer serves as a substitute for the conventional multi-channel analyzer, acquiring spectral information from an ADC associated with the energy dispersive detector. In both modes of operation, data obtained may be displayed on either an oscilloscope or X-Y recorder. All data obtained can also be transferred to cassette storage for subsequent retrieval and data reduction in higher level programming languages such as BASIC or FORTRAN.
Upper limits to trace constituents in Jupiter's atmosphere from an analysis of its 5-μm spectrum

A high-resolution spectrum of Jupiter at 5 micrometers recorded at the Kuiper Airborne Observatory is used to determine upper limits to the column density of 19 molecules. The upper limits to the mixing ratios of SiH4, H2S, HCN, and simple hydrocarbons are discussed with respect to current models of Jupiter's atmosphere. These upper limits are compared to expectations based upon the solar abundance of the elements. This analysis permits upper limit measurements (SiH4), or actual detections (GeH4) of molecules with mixing ratios with hydrogen as low as 10 to the minus 9th power. In future observations at 5 micrometers the sensitivity of remote spectroscopic analyses should permit the study of constituents with mixing ratios as low as 10 to the minus 10th power, which would include the hydrides of such elements as Sn and As as well as numerous organic molecules.
International perspectives: The globalization of computing: perspectives on a changing world

Are the computing and telecommunications technologies making the entire world a better place in which to live?
Impact of hairy vetch cover crop on herbicide transport under field and laboratory conditions.

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hairy vetch cover crop residue on runoff losses of atrazine and metolachlor under both no-till corn field plots and from a laboratory runoff system. A 2-year field study was conducted in which losses of atrazine and metolachlor from vetch and non-vetch field plots were determined from the first runoff event after application (5 and 25 days after application in 1997 and 1998, respectively). A laboratory study was conducted using soil chambers, designed to simulate field soil, water, vegetation, and herbicide treatment conditions, subjected to simulated rain events of 5, 6, 20 and 21 days after application, similar to the rainfall pattern observed in the field study. Atrazine losses ranged from 1.2 to 7.2% and 0.01 to 0.08% and metolachlor losses ranged from 0.7 to 3.1% and 0.01 to 0.1% of the amount applied for the 1997 and 1998 runoff events, respectively. In the laboratory study, atrazine runoff losses ranged from 6.7 to 22.7% and 4.2 to 8.5% and metolachlor losses ranged from 3.6 to 9.8% and 1.1 to 4.7% of the amount applied for the 5–6 and 20–21 day events, respectively. The lower losses from the field study were due to smaller rainfall amounts and a series of small rains prior to the runoff event that likely washed herbicides off crop residue and into soil where adsorption could occur. Runoff losses of both herbicides were slightly higher from non-vetch than vetch field plots. Losses from the laboratory study were related to runoff volume rather than vegetation type.
Patient cooperation in wearing orthodontic headgear.

Abstract Since successful orthodontic treatment depends upon patient cooperation, it would be useful to assess variables associated with cooperation so that the orthodontist might engender cooperation based on that understanding. Headgear wear was timed for twenty adolescent patients. The variables included overt measures, ratings of cooperation and malocclusion, various patient attitudes, and locus of control. Principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed four meaningful factors. Of greatest salience to encouraging headgear wear were sex differences and the interrelationship of malocclusion and patient attitudes. Patients who most needed to wear their headgear had a greater potential for troublesome attitudes. Girls were more cooperative in wearing headgear, which was related to their more general attitude of cooperation. Girls were motivated by dentofacial esthetics more than boys, who were more inclined to perceive the consequences of their actions as their personal responsibility. Orthodontists can promote headgear wear by taking sex differences into account, by sensitizing patients to their malocclusions, and by increasing their appreciation for treatment.
Intraparticle surface diffusion of metal contaminants and their attenuation in microporous amorphous Al, Fe, and Mn oxides.

Abstract Intraparticle surface diffusion is an important and rate-limiting process in the sorption of metal ions to microporous sorbents such as those of hydrous amorphous Al (HAO), Fe (HFO), and Mn (HMO) oxides; these minerals are abundant in the environment, exhibiting a high affinity for metal contaminants. In aquatic systems representative of natural environments, internal micropore surfaces of HAO, HFO, and HMO can account for 40 to 90% of the sorption sites. Surface diffusivities have been observed to range between 10−16 and 10−10 cm2 s−1 for metals including Sr, Cd, Zn, and Ni. The combination of significant microporosity and small diffusivities results in the amorphous oxides acting as natural attenuating sinks.
Measuring institutions in the Trobriand Islands: a comment on Voigt's paper

I use the historical institutions of the Trobriand Islands to discuss problems and non-problems with measuring institutions and estimating their causal effects on economic outcomes.
The Impact of Political Skill on Employees’ Perceptions of Ethical Leadership

We investigate whether leader political skill (LPS) increases employees’ perceptions of ethical leadership, even among leaders who acknowledge engaging in deviant behaviors. Study 1 indicated a positive relationship between LPS and ethical leadership perceptions, resulting in improved commitment and reduced stress levels among employees. Study 2 indicated that politically skilled leaders who engaged in deviant behaviors were perceived to be more ethical than deviant leaders with low political skill. Study 2 also suggested that LPS was negatively associated with employee deviance. These results suggest that political skill promotes ethical employee behaviors and other beneficial outcomes but might also help leaders disguise deviant intentions.
Sexual exploitation in advertising health and wellness products.

This paper examines the way women are portrayed by the media in photographs advertising health and wellness products. Data were collected from five different health and fitness magazines. For purposes of his study, only advertisements in which women appeared were used in the analysis (N = 191). Findings suggest that a high percent of advertisements: (1) place women in submissive positions to men; (2) place women in unnatural poses; (3) emphasize dismemberment of body parts; (4) focus on sexuality rather than wellness.
Perceptual ratings for pureed and molded peaches for individuals with and without impaired swallowing.

Food molds have been created to alter the appearance of pureed foods by making the pureed consistencies look more like typically prepared foods. This study examined the perceptions of 15 adults with impaired swallowing and 15 adults with nonimpaired swallowing for three different types of pureed peach: a typically prepared pureed peach, a pureed peach with a thickening agent added, and a pureed peach with a thickening agent added and molded to look like peach slices. Results are presented for the attribute ratings of overall liking; liking of taste, texture, and appearance; and ease of chewing and swallowing. The results showed that the adults with impaired swallowing rated the attributes of chewing and swallowing significantly lower (i.e., more difficult) for each type of puree. Significant differences within samples also were found for the attributes of overall liking and liking of taste. Overall, the pureed peach molds were not perceived favorably for any of the examined attributes. In addition, the molded peach was rated lower (more difficult) in its ease of chewing. The implications of these findings and ideas for further research are discussed.
Factors influencing siderosis after portacaval shunt and pancreatic duct ligation.

Abstract Hepatic and splenic hemosiderin was markedly increased in dogs after either portacaval shunt or pancreatic duct ligation. Pancreatic hemosiderin was minimally increased after portacaval shunt but markedly increased after pancreatic duct ligation. Marked pancreatic atrophy and fibrosis was present after pancreatic duct ligation but not after portacaval shunt. Weight loss, increased bone marrow fat and changes in serum iron concentration, iron-binding capacity and saturation were similar after either portacaval shunt or pancreatic duct ligation. These findings suggest that (1) weight loss and decreased erythropoiesis irrespective of the cause make available large quantities of iron for storage in tissues and (2) tissue injury provides a suitable environment for iron storage.
Electrochromic devices based on thin metallopolymeric films

Abstract Recent work from our own lab on electrochromic thin-film metallopolymers is surveyed and summarized. The survey includes discussion of (1) new electrochemical synthetic methods based on reductive halide loss or oxidative activation for nucleophilic attack, (2) spatially selective, multicomponent film formation based on semiconductor bandgap illumination, followed by electropolymerization, (3) spatially selective film formation based on solution-phase (monomer) photoredox chemistry, and (4) reversible electrochromic image recording, based on a combination of semiconductor electrode illumination and polymer-phase metal-metal bond chemistry.
ROLE OF SUPPRESSOR T CELLS IN PATHOGENESIS OF COMMON VARIABLE HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINÆMIA

Abstract The nature of the defect in patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia has been investigated using a technique established to study terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulin synthesising and secreting cells. The peripheral-blood lymphocytes from normal individuals had geometric mean synthetic rates of 1641 ng. for IgG, 1698 ng. for IgA, and 3715 ng. for IgM per 2×10 6 cells when cultured for seven days in the presence of pokeweed mitogen. In contrast, the lymphocytes from all 13 patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia studied synthesised and secreted less than 100 ng. of each class of immunoglobulin during this period. When lymphocytes from 5 of the 8 hypogammaglobulinaemic patients studied were co-cultured with normal lymphocytes and pokeweed mitogen, the synthesis of immunoglobulin by normal lymphocytes was depressed by 84 to 100%. A comparable suppression of immunoglobulin synthesis by normal lymphocytes was observed when they were co-cultured with purified thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) from a hypogammaglobulinaemic patient. In control studies, suppression of immunoglobulin synthesis was not seen when normal cells were co-cultured with lymphocytes from unrelated normal individuals or from patients with the Sezary syndrome, nor were they inhibited when incubated with purified T cells from normal individuals. In addition, no suppression of immuno-globulin synthesis by normal lymphocytes was observed when they were cultured in serum from the hypogammaglobulinaemic patients. Theses studies suggest that in some patients the disease common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia may be caused or perpetuated by an abnormality of regulatory T cells which act to suppress B-cell maturation and antibody production.
Internationalization of services: identifying the building‐blocks for future research

Purpose – Internationalization of services is emerging as an important area of research as more and more service firms are going abroad in greater numbers than ever before. This special issue is an attempt to encourage and guide research in the area of internationalization of services, and this article aims to introduce the issue.Design/methodology/approach – A framework is presented as a guiding template for future research in marketing of services internationally.Findings – This article illustrates that the special issue offers intellectual contributions and calls for more theory building and testing the theory suitable to internationalization of services.Originality/value – The article presents a framework and discusses the papers within this framework.
A fractal puzzle

Figure 2 shows the 14 different cards that are (potentially) to be used in the puzzle. Each one is an equilateral triangle with side 5 cm. The back of each card shows the mirror image of the front. There are in fact several versions of the puzzle. The trivial version of the puzzle uses six copies of card A. They are to be assembled into a picture of the Barnsley wreath that is 10 cm wide. The elementary version of the puzzle uses 24 cards (12 copies of card A, 6 copies of card B, and 6 blank cards Z). They are to be assembled into a picture of the wreath that is 20 cm wide. The novice version of the puzzle uses 96 cards. (Each version has four times the number of cards as
One tool, many uses: precopulatory sexual selection on genital morphology in Aquarius remigis

While congruent evidence indicates that sexual selection is the most likely selective force explaining the rapid divergence of male genital morphology in insects, the mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. In particular, little attention has been paid to precopulatory sexual selection. We examine sexual selection for mating success on male genital components in six populations of Aquarius remigis, a water strider characterized by unique genital morphology. Multivariate selection analysis confirms previous findings that precopulatory sexual selection favours longer external genitalia, and provides new evidence that this selection acts independently on external genital components. In contrast, the size of the major internal genital sclerite is not correlated with mating success. Thus, precopulatory sexual selection acts strongly on the size of the external genitalia, but not on the intromittent organ itself. These results highlight the multiple functions of genital organs and the importance of both precopulatory and post-copulatory sexual selection in shaping the remarkable diversity of male genitalia in insects.
The effect of exercise on atherosclerosis in the coronary artery and abdominal aorta of mature female swine.

This study investigated the effects of chronic exercise on atherosclerosis in the aorta and coronary artery in mature female swine. Preceding and during the exercise training period these animals were fed high fat, (soybean or corn oil) cholesterol-free diets. Sixteen swine were paired according to breed, body weight, and diet. Eight swine were a non-exercise control group while the remaining eight were an experimental group and exercised 4 days per week for 4 months. The exercise training program initially consisted of running at 5.6 km·h−1, zero gradient, for 15 min with increments of 1 min of running time every 2 weeks.
Influence of prior growth conditions, pressure treatment parameters, and recovery conditions on the inactivation and recovery of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium in turkey meat

Abstract The relatively high prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in various food products is of great concern to the food industry. The objective of this study was to determine the pressure-inactivation of the pathogens in a representative food model as affected by prior growth temperature, physiological age of the culture, pressure level and treatment temperature. The effect of post-treatment conditions (incubation temperature and gas atmosphere) on the bacterial recovery was also determined. The pathogens being studied were inoculated into sterile turkey breast meat to a final level of ca. 3 log CFU/g and then grown to two stages, the early stage (representative of exponential phase) and late stage (representative of stationary phase), at 15, 25, 35, and 40 °C. Turkey meat samples were pressure-treated at 400 and 600 MPa for 2 min at initial sample temperatures of 4, 20 and 40 °C. Following treatment, bacterial counts in the samples were determined aerobically or anaerobically at incubation temperatures of 15, 25, 35, and 40 °C. Pressure inactivation of the bacterial pathogens increased as a function of the pressure levels and treatment temperatures. Generally speaking, early stage cells were more resistant than late stage cells (P
Political Parties And Democracy In Central America

Part 1 The role of political parties in national political systems: colonial heritage, external domination and political systems in Central America, Rodolf Cerdas Cruz the transitions to "Electoral" and democratic politics in Central America - assessing the role of political parties, Morris J.Blachman and Kenneth E.Sharpe politicized warriors - the military and Central American politics, Richard L.Millett constitutional framework of the political parties of Central America - from exclusion to participation, Jorge Mario Garcia Laguardia Nicaragua 1944-1984 political parties and electoral processes, Virgilio Godoy Reyes the origin and development of the political parties in Honduras, Ernesto Paz Aguilar political parties, party systems and democracy in Costa Rica, Jose Luis Vega Carballo parties, transitions, and the political system in Guatemala, Hector Rosada Granados party politics in Belize, Assad Shoman Panama - political parties, social crisis and democracy in the 1980s, David A.Smith. Part 2 Political parties and their international connections: projecting democracy in Central America - old wine, new bottles?, Cynthia J.Arnson and Johanna Mendelson Forman The Soviet Union and Cuba in Central America - guardians against democracy?, Wayne S. Smith religion and democratization in Central America, Margaret E.Crahan the party internationals and democracy in Central America, Wolf Grabendorff transnational parties and Central American democratization, Ralph M.Goldman the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the communist movement in Central America, Sergo Mikoyan the official party of Mexico and the country's diplomacy in Central America, Adolof Aguilar Zinser.
Two-tone interactions in inner hair cell receptor potentials: AC versus DV effects

Two-tone suppression was studied in both ac and dc receptor potentials recorded from inner hair cells in the third turn of the guinea pig cochlea. Frequency response functions for the ac component obtained at moderate intensities indicate that frequency selectivity is enhanced when a high-side suppressor is added to the stimulus. This occurs because the largest reductions in magnitude take place well above and below the characteristic frequency (CF) of the cell. Changes near CF are relatively small. In contrast, frequency response functions for the dc receptor potential become broader in the presence of an excitatory suppressor. The significance of these findings for the processing of complex stimuli is considered.
Polycythemia: A review of epidemiological and clinical aspects

Abstract Several epidemiological and clinical aspects of polycythemia were reviewed. The classification of the various sub-entities was summarized and the differential diagnosis between polycythemia vera and the other forms of polycythemia pointed out. The term benign erythrocytosis was suggested for the category of patients presenting with increased red blood cell mass but without other features of polycythemia vera or secondary polycythemia. It was noted that most of the clinical, hormonal or physiological agents reported to induce polycythemia, including cobalt, are probably related to erythrocytosis rather than to polycythemia vera. The relationship between polycythemia and several other disease entities was discussed. Only vascular complications and possibly leukemia, pernicious anemia and peptic ulcer were considered to be associated with polycythemia vera, although, the radioactive treatment employed plays a major role in leukemogenesis. It was pointed out that tumor-induced polycythemia should be classified as secondary polycythemia. Tumors capable of producing such a condition are hypernephroma, cerebellar hemangioblastoma, pheochromocytoma, hepatocarcinoma and possibly other liver tumors and uterine myomata. The importance of exploring any unexplained polycythemia for an underlying tumor was stressed. Various therapeutic measures used in the past and at present to control the course of polycythemia vera were briefly discussed.
The Empirical Status of Treatments for Children and Youth With Conduct Problems An Overview of Meta-Analytic Studies

Objective: The present study identifies and summarizes treatment effects for children and adolescent conduct problems based on accrued meta-analytic studies. Method: Systematic search and coding procedures were used to summarize studies from 1980 to 2007. Results: A total of 26 meta-analytic reviews composed of nearly 2,000 studies revealed substantial variation in effect sizes. The majority (45%) of effect sizes was small to medium in magnitude (d < .36). In terms of the distribution of effect sizes (n = 125), the mean is d = 0.43 (SD = 0.32). Conclusion: Although there is considerable variation in effect sizes, the results seem to demonstrate evidence for equifinality. Furthermore, these effects are sturdy across a number of interrelated outcomes. Practitioners who work with children and adolescents should be aware of the range of evidence-based treatments available for conduct problems. Limitations of taking stock of treatment outcome literature via meta-analyses are highlighted.
Effect of peeling procedure on the ultra structure of potato peels

Potato peel can provide a good source of dietary fiber. Peel from the caustic soda process should be the most promising source of dietary fiber derived from potatoes because of better fragmentation and partial destruction of peridermal cells resulting, among other properties, in superior water holding capacity. Scanning electron micrographs of peel from Norchip tubers are presented
Ethical Implications of Target Market Selection

Marketers have been criticized recently for the selection of target markets, especially for targeting disadvantaged segments of a society with harmful products. Very little has been done, however, to provide guidelines for marketers developing target market strategies. This article examines the ethical dimensions of target market selection. The proposed model for analyzing target markets allows for differences in both the sophistication of consumer segments and the product's benefits or harmfulness to users and society. Within this proposed framework, market failures related to target market selection are identified. Furthermore, the ethical and public policy implications of various categories of market failure are explored. Finally, future research directions are suggested for both the micro and macro levels.
The Janus-faced character of tourism in Cuba

Abstract This article examines the contradictions in the uneasy marriage between tourism and nation-building. While it appears a quick fix for socioeconomic development, the industry has potentially counter-productive effects that can undermine a developing country’s national aspirations. Few studies spotlight the place of national and social justice agendas in relation to tourism development. This article contributes to a nascent move to understand how tourism, as a tool for nation-building, affects such goals. The authors suggest that developing countries wishing to combine economic growth with social equity risk falling victim to the “Janus-faced character of tourism.”
Relativistic three-body bound state in a 3D formulation

Background: The relativistic three-body problem has a long tradition in few-nucleon physics. Calculations of the triton binding energy based on the solution of the relativistic Faddeev equation, in general, lead to a weaker binding than the corresponding nonrelativistic calculation.Purpose: In this work we solve for the three-body binding energy as well as the wave function and its momentum distribution. The effect of the different relativistic ingredients is studied in detail.Method: Relativistic invariance is incorporated within the framework of Poincar\'e invariant quantum mechanics. The relativistic momentum-space Faddeev equation is formulated and directly solved in terms of momentum vectors without employing a partial-wave decomposition.Results: The relativistic calculation gives a three-body binding energy which is about 3% smaller than its nonrelativistic counterpart. In the wave function, relativistic effects are manifested in the Fermi motion of the spectator particle.Conclusions: Our calculations show that though the overall relativistic effects in the three-body bound state are small, individual effects by themselves are not necessarily small and must be taken into account consistently.
Characteristics of magnetic amplifiers utilizing square-loop core material and square-wave supply voltage

One objective of the following analysis is to show that in full-wave self-saturating magnetic amplifiers with finite-control circuit impedance, both the dynamic and d-c hysteresis loops should be considered. Another objective is to present the theory of operation in such a manner that a physical picture of the magnetic amplifier operation can be obtained. To aid in this, a particular mode of operation of a demonstration amplifier is studied by a step by step procedure. Finally, equations predicting the amplifiers performance are developed.
On linearized airfoil and bluff-body stability theory and the scruton number

On souligne l'existence de relations entre le nombre de Scruton et d'autres parametres de stabilite des profils aerodynamiques et des corps a aretes vives
Will the real elasticity of substitution ‘in Norwegian dentistry’ please stand up?

The non-homothetic production cost structure in Norwegian private dentistry involves more than two factor inputs. Consequently, this paper implements-separately for solo and group practices-three conceptually different measures of factor substitutions to infer the precise nature of input associations using translog cost model estimates based on 1993 data. We calculate own- and cross-price elasticities of factor demands, pairwise elasticities of substitution and their approximate S.E.s. We find that: (1) dentists and dental assistants cannot be consistently aggregated as one homogeneous labour input; (2) input demands are inelastic; (3) the theoretically restrictive Allen-Uzawa and the less restrictive shadow and Morishima elasticities of substitution are not equivalent; (4) dentists and auxiliary dental personnel relate as significant substitutes in solo practices and as significant complements in group practices; (5) 'supplies' (e.g., dental materials) in the aggregate are substitutes for the two types of dentistry labour; and (6) there appears to be a wider scope for factor substitutions in group rather than solo practices. Due to inelastic factor demands, opportunities for cost controls are limited despite some tendencies for factor interchange. Finally, future researchers of production costs involving more than two inputs should investigate the less restrictive, alternative measures of factor substitutions.
The response of viscoelastic materials to small deformations

The main features of the theory of linear viscoelasticity are reviewed. The time-dependent behavior of any viscoelastic material can be described in terms of a complex viscosity η (s) which must possess a certain specific analytic character, considered as a function of the complex variable s. It is shown that the complex viscosity representing the dynamic response of viscoelastic fluids to oscillatory motion superimposed upon steady shear can not be evaluated in terms of a spectrum of relaxation times and can not be compared on such basis to the complex viscosity measured in the vicinity of equilibrium. Any non-linear theory of viscoelasticity should be compatible with the linear theory. This criterion is discussed; it is shown that a non-linear constitutive equation of the Rivlin—Ericksen type involving only a finite number of derivatives of the strain rate should not be regarded as a proper constitutive equation.
Recognition and assembly using protein “building blocks”

A new approach to materials design is presented, utilizing specific recognition and assembly of proteins at the molecular level. The approach exploits the control over polymer chain microstructure afforded by biosynthesis to produce protein-based materials with precisely defined physical properties. Incorporated into these materials are recognition elements that stringently control the placement and organization of each chain within higher order superstructures. The proteins, designated Recognin A2 through Recognin E2, are recombinant polypeptides designed de novo from both natural consensus sequences and an appreciation of the physical principles governing biological recognition. The synthesis and characterization of the protein recognition elements is briefly described and initial studies on self-assembly-recognition patterns using surface plasmon resonance and circular dichroism are presented. A subset of these materials are programmed to spontaneously assembly into complex, multicomponent structures and represent a first step in a rational approach to nanometer-scale structural design.
First Report of Root Rot Caused by Fusarium solani on Benincasa hispida in the United States

Root rot was observed on wax gourd (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.) cv. Black Giant in August 2010 in a commercial vegetable farm in southern Georgia. Approximately 5% of the plants were affected and infected roots turned light to dark brown with partial or entire roots affected and the lower leaves became wilted. Symptomatic roots from six plants were surface sterilized with 0.6% sodium hypochlorite and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Pure cultures had white mycelia and spore masses and were obtained from all six plants by subculturing hyphal tips onto PDA. One- to two-celled, oval- to kidney-shaped microconidia and cylindrical macroconidia with two or three cells plus apical and basal cell were produced, which averaged 12.5 × 4 μm and 28 × 4.5 μm, respectively. Microconidia were abundant and macroconidia were sparse on PDA. Single-spore isolates were obtained and identified as a Fusarium sp. by PCR analysis with primers ITS-Fu-f and ITS-Fu-r (1). Genomic DNA of two isolates obtained from ...
Recovery of thermo-electric power and electrical resistivity of gold following small plastic deformation at −195°C

Abstract The isochronal recovery of the thermoelectric power of gold wires was measured, following a small plastic deformation at 78°K. In the stage III recovery range a fine structure was observed. In one of the substages we observed by simultaneous measurements of the resistivity and thermo-electric power: ΔS/Δp = 1.2 ± 0.4 V/°KΩ cm . A comparison with the known value of this parameter for quenched gold gives some support to ascribe this stage to vacancy diffusion.
Selection of Patients for Breast Cancer Conservation Therapy

: Modified radical mastectomy and lumpectomy axillary node dissection with postoperative radiation therapy are both good surgical options for the treatment of early stage breast cancer. A number of parameters should be considered when evaluating a breast cancer patient for mastectomy versus breast conservation therapy. These parameters include size of the lesion and its biological characteristics as well as patient age and preference. Progress in breast cancer screening and treatment, including BRCA-1 testing and sentinel node biopsy, may also affect these decisions.
Gamma-Ray Spectrometers for the Assay of Complex Mixtures of Low Concentration of Radionuclides in Environmental and Biological Materials

Solid state detectors, especially Ge(Li) drifted diodes, have given the biologist a new and powerful tool for determining the identity of radioactive species in biological samples. Often these samples contain very low quantities of radioactivity in a complex mixture of radionuclides. High resolution, maximum counting efficiency, suppression of background and Compton radiation and enhancement of photopeaks are required. A series of gamma-ray spectrometers has been developed to assay radionuclides in biological materials. These spectrometers have incorporated features that facilitate achieving these requirements. Samples up to 8.5 cm in diameter and 2.5 cm thick are now routinely analyzed. A range of gamma and x-ray energies from a few kilovolts to 2.5 Mev can be analyzed. Since the probability becomes rather high above 1 Mev that the favored gamma interaction within the Ge(Li) detector will be a Compton event with the resultant photoelectron interfering with the spectrum below the initial gamma-ray energy, it is necessary to suppress this type of interaction. This has been achieved by surrounding the Ge(Li) detectors with a scintillator for detecting scattered Compton photons. A method is described to enhance both anticoincidence and coincidence events. Both NaI(Tl) and plastic scintillators are used as anticoincidence shields. The optimum anticoincidence shield may not be a simple annulus. Some arguments and preliminary results are given to show the advantages of totally surrounding the Ge(Li) with a scintillator for 4 ? Compton suppression. The Compton shields vary from 9 inches in diameter for NaI(Tl) to 30 inches for plastic.
The Language of Science, The Lanuage of Students: Bridging the Gap with Engaged Learning Vocabulary Strategies

Vocabulary is the essential element of comprehending concepts in content areas. Many words used in science content-area materials are used to define concepts and to increase the conceptual developm...
Inference on inequality from household survey data

Abstract I develop a theory of asymptotic inference for the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient for testing economic inequality when the data come from stratified and clustered household surveys with large number of clusters per stratum. Using the asymptotic framework of Bhattacharya [Asymptotic Inference from multi-stage surveys. Journal of Econometrics 126(1), 145–171], I derive a weak convergence result for the continuously-indexed Lorenz process even when the underlying density is not uniformly bounded away from zero. I provide analytical formulae for the asymptotic covariance functions that are corrected for both stratification and clustering and develop consistent tests for Lorenz dominance. Inference on the Gini coefficient follows as a corollary. The methods are applied to per capita household expenditure data from the complexly designed Indian national sample survey to test for changes in inequality before and after the reforms of the early 1990s. Ignoring the survey design is seen to produce qualitatively different results, especially in the urban sector where the population sorts more completely into rich and poor neighborhoods.
Organotin polymers.I. Copolymerization on tributyltin methacrylate with (hydroxy) alkyl methacrylates

Copolymers of tributyltin methacrylate (M1) with cyclohexyl methacrylate, ethoxyethyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate were synthesized in solution at 55°C utilizing azobisisobutyronitrile initiator. Copolymer compositions were determined by tin analysis; monomer reactivity ratios were calculated by Kelen-Tudos method. Since the reactivity ratios indicate the distribution of different monomer units in the polymer chain, the measured values are compared and discussed. Preliminary results of the biotoxicity studies on some of the copolymers are also reported.
Pathological Heterogeneity of Angiographically Occult Vascular Malformations of the Brain

There is considerable confusion in the literature regarding the pathological substrates of angiographically occult vascular malformations (AOVMs) of the brain and their clinical significance. We retrospectively reviewed the cases of 34 consecutive patients with AOVMs undergoing surgical excision at a single institution during a 10-year period. Pathological specimens were reexamined, and the lesions were classified according to strict histopathological criteria. There were 21 cavernous malformations, 3 arteriovenous malformations, 3 venous malformations, 2 capillary malformations, and 5 mixed (pathologically heterogeneous) lesions. The initial pathological diagnostic report had been imprecise or had misidentified the lesion type in 18 of the 34 cases (53%), most commonly labeling a cavernous malformation as an arteriovenous malformation or not recognizing mixed features within the same lesion. Clinical presentation (including hemorrhage) and outcome were not significantly different among the various lesion types. Preoperative diagnostic imaging included a variety of modalities that were introduced or evolved during the period of the study and generally suggested a suspected vascular malformation but did not predict pathological subtypes. Acute hematomas in this surgical series made the identification of underlying vascular malformations highly speculative. We conclude that the majority of AOVMs requiring surgical intervention are cavernous malformations, although there was a notable pathological heterogeneity of the remaining lesions. Histopathological subtypes of AOVMs are not associated with unique clinical or radiographic features.