cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myopathy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving long-term zidovudine therapy.

2. Goldman J, Reicheldefer M. Evaluation of rapid colonoscopy using a new gut lavage solution. Gastrointest Endosc 1982;28: 9-1l. 3. Ernstoff J J, Howard DA, Marshall JB, Jumshyd A, McCullough AJ. A randomized blinded clinical trial of a rapid colonic lavage solution (Golytely) compared with standard preparation for colonoseopy and barium enema. Gastroenterology 1983;83:1512-6. 4. Fordtran JS, SantaAna CA, Cleveland MB. A low sodium solution for gastrointestinal lavage. Gastroenterology 1990; 98:11-6. 5. Brady CE, DiPalma JA, Morawski SG, SantaAna CA, Fordtran JS. Urinary excretion of polyethylene glycol-3350 and sulfate after gut lavage with a polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution. Gastroenterology 1986;90:1914-8. 6. Cleghorn G J, Stringer DA, Forstner GG, Durie P. Treatment of distal intestinal obstruction syndrome in cystic fibrosis with a balanced intestinal lavage solution. Lancet 1986;1: 8-ll . 7. Koletzko S, Stringer DA, Cleghorn G J, Durie PR. Lavage treatment of distal intestinal obstruction syndrome in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 1989;83:727-33. 8. Tenenbein M. Whole bowel irrigation in iron poisoning. J PEDIATR 1987;111 : 142-5. 9. Postuma R. Whole bowel irrigation in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Surg I988;23:769-70. 10. Tolia V, Fleming S, Dubois R. Use of Golytely in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr I984;3:468-70. II. Tuggte DW, Perkins TA, Tunnell WP. Outpatient bowel preparation for children. J Pediatr Surg 1989;24:703-4. 12. Ingebo KB, Heyman MB. Polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution for intestinal clearance in children with refractory encopresis: a safe and effective therapeutic program. Am J Dis Child 1988;142:340-2.
Analytical modeling of gas recovery from in situ hydrates dissociation

Exploration activities around the world have confirmed that in situ hydrates are widely available in permafrost and oceanic sediments. These hydrocarbon deposits have stimulated worldwide efforts to understand gas production from hydrate dissociation in a porous media. This work is a contribution towards these efforts. The present study uses depressurization-driven in situ hydrate dissociation, incorporates decomposition kinetics into the radial diffusivity equation, and develops a model to predict the performance of naturally occurring hydrates. The proposed model is simple yet useful and it does not require any empirical correlation. The model-predicted performance compares well with the published experimental studies on the hydrate dissociation in porous media.
Cholangitis in Viral Disease

This review of biliary manifestations of viral diseases includes aspects of morphologic diagnosis, therapeutic implications, prognostic effect, and natural history. The viral causes of cholangitis are reviewed, with subclassification on the basis of primary hepatic versus systemic infections and immune competence of the host. Special attention is given to the histopathologic and clinical features of viruses affecting the biliary tree. Among hepatotropic viruses, hepatitis C more frequently is associated with cholangitis than is hepatitis B. In both hepatitis B and hepatitis C, the lymphocytic cholangitis duct damage is reversible and does not adversely influence the course of disease or response to therapy. Hepatitis A and hepatitis E, despite causing clinical cholestasis, do not result in severe cholangitis. The effect of systemic viruses on the biliary tree is primarily dependent on the status of the host immune system. Infants and severely immunosuppressed patients (such as those who have undergone liver transplantation) are at risk for cytomegalovirus cholangitis, whereas patients with late-stage acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are at risk for cholangitis due to numerous organisms. Overall, cholangitis attributable to viral disease encompasses a wide spectrum of clinicopathologic scenarios, depending on the etiologie virus and the immune competence of the host.
Reductive Carbonylation of Ruthenium(III) by Ethylene Glycol in the Synthesis of Ruthenium(II) alpha,alpha'-Diimine Complexes.

A carbonyl complex is synthesized by obtaining the carbonyl ligand from ethylene glycol solvent. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR, and electrochemical characterization is reported.
Tool wear and machining performance of cBN–TiN coated carbide inserts and PCBN compact inserts in turning AISI 4340 hardened steel

Abstract PCBN is the dominant tool material for hard turning applications due to its high hardness, high wear resistance, and high thermal stability. However, the inflexibility of fabricating PCBN inserts with complex tool geometries and the prohibitive cost of PCBN inserts are some of the concerns in furthering the implementation of CBN based materials for hard turning. In this paper, we present the results of a thorough investigation of cBN plus TiN (cBN–TiN) composite-coated, commercial grade, carbide inserts (CNMA 432, WC–Co (6% Co)) for hard turning applications in an effort to address these concerns. The effect of cutting speed and feed rate on tool wear (tool life), surface roughness, and cutting forces of the cBN–TiN coated carbide inserts was experimented and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique, and the cutting conditions for their maximum tool life were evaluated. The tool wear, surface roughness, and cutting forces of the cBN–TiN coated and commercially available PCBN tipped inserts were compared under similar cutting conditions. Both flank wear and crater wear were observed. The flank wear is mainly due to abrasive actions of the martensite present in the hardened AISI 4340 alloy. The crater wear of the cBN–TiN coated inserts is less than that of the PCBN inserts because of the lubricity of TiN capping layer on the cBN–TiN coating. The coated CNMA 432 inserts produce a good surface finish (
Reply to Comment on “The Latest on Volcanic Eruptions and Climate”

I thank Johnson and Lane for pointing out details of their analysis, but there is still not enough information to evaluate their claim that Toba did not cause a significant cooling. They claim that if the top of Lake Malawi had cooled by 4 K for 4 years, there would likely have been a massive overturning of the lake and evidence in the core because the same would have happened for Lake Superior, but they present no model or observations to support that claim. Without access to their validated lake model, it is impossible to evaluate any claim about lake overturning.
Interface Technology for Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis of Multiple Connected Subdomains

Interface technology for geometrically nonlinear analysis is presented and demonstrated. This technology is based on an interface element which makes use of a hybrid variational formulation to provide for compatibility between independently modeled connected subdomains. The interface element developed herein extends previous work to include geometric nonlinearity and to use standard linear and nonlinear solution procedures. Several benchmark nonlinear applications of the interface technology are presented and aspects of the implementation are discussed.
Waardenburg's syndrome with Hirschsprung's disease: a neural crest defect.

: Waardenburg's syndrome and Hirschsprung's disease are both conditions involving a defect of migrating neural crest cells and may be seen together. We report a patient with the combination of these two diseases and review the literature on the subject. Physicians should be aware that deafness can be associated with pigmentary anomalies.
Meeting the Challenge of Change: Implementing P.L. 99-457

Early interventionists are facing major changes in the manner in which they design and deliver services, due to the requirements set forth in Public Law 99-457. These changes may be poorly implemented or fail altogether unless strategies for promoting them are adopted. This article adapts change procedures designed by organizational theorists within the field of business and applies them to the challenge facing early intervention programs. A five-step plan for change is presented and discussed, including the factor of resistance to change.
Usefulness of right ventricular tissue Doppler imaging to predict outcome in left ventricular heart failure independent of left ventricular diastolic function.

It is unknown whether right ventricular (RV) tissue Doppler (TD) predicts outcome in patients with left ventricular (LV) heart failure (HF) independently of contemporary echocardiographic Doppler variables of LV diastolic function. Comprehensive echocardiographic Doppler examination was performed before discharge in 107 patients hospitalized with LV HF. The primary end point was cardiac death or rehospitalization for HF. Follow-up was complete for 100 of 107 patients a mean of 527 days after hospital discharge. There were no significant differences in baseline clinical variables (mean age 58 ± 12 years, 46% women, 77% hypertensive, 48% diabetic, 41% current smokers, and 23% known coronary artery disease) in prediction of the primary end point. Compared with patients without an event, patients with an event had a larger left atrial volume index (42 ± 16 vs 33 ± 13 ml/m 2 , p = 0.001), lower LV ejection fraction (35 ± 19% vs 46 ± 22%, p = 0.01), higher mitral peak early diastolic flow velocity/TD early diastolic velocity (19 ± 7 vs 14 ± 7, p = 0.001), lower RV fractional area change (39 ± 11% vs 43 ± 10%, p = 0.04), and lower RV TD systolic velocity (8 ± 2 vs 10 ± 3 cm/s, p = 0.005). On Cox proportional hazards multivariate analysis, left atrial volume index (p = 0.01), mitral peak early diastolic flow velocity/TD early diastolic velocity (p = 0.03), and RV TD systolic velocity (p = 0.04) were independent predictors of outcome. Even when contemporary echocardiographic Doppler measures of LV diastolic function are considered, RV TD systolic velocity is an independent predictor of cardiac death or rehospitalization for HF in patients hospitalized with HF and appears to be superior to conventional 2-dimensional parameters of RV function.
Location of a Cytoplasmic Epitope for Monoclonal Antibody HK 12.18 on H,K-ATPase α Subunit☆

Abstract The enzyme responsible for gastric acidification is a heterodimeric (α and β subunit) P-type ATPase, an integral protein of parietal cell apical membranes, which promotes electroneutral exchange of exoplasmic K + for cytoplasmic H 3 O + . The molecular mechanisms of the catalytic exchange reaction are imperfectly understood, and await clarification of the precise topology of the enzyme with respect to the secretory membrane. Antibodies directed against H,K-ATPase subunits have been useful in confirming hydropathy plot predictions of HKα and HKβ secondary structure. The monoclonal antibody HK 12.18, which labels gastric mucosal parietal cells by immunocytochemistry, and which binds to a single M r ∼94,000 polypeptide by SDS–PAGE immunoblot of gastric microsomes, has been widely used as a specific marker of parietal cells in clinical and cell biological studies of acid secretion, and as a specific HKα probe in biochemical studies. However, the uncertain location of the HK 12.18 epitope has limited the antibody's usefulness as a topology probe. In this study, HK 12.18 immune reactivity with native H,K-ATPase tryptic peptides, HKα cDNA fragments expressed in bacteria, and overlapping synthetic HKα tridecapeptides, was used to identify the HK 12.18 epitope as seven consecutive amino acids (Asp 682 -Met-Asp-Pro-Ser-Glu-Leu 688 ) in the cytoplasmic middle third of HKα.
Transport in Shelikof Strait, Alaska: an update

Abstract We update and expand an earlier study dealing with computed geostrophic flow in Shelikof Strait, Alaska. Transports measured with long-term current moorings at the northern and southern sections were similar. Mean computed geostrophic transport was 0.60 × 106 m3 s−1 at the northern section and was 0.52 × 106 m3 s−1 at the southern section, indicating an approximate balance.
The N.M.R. local magnetic field shift in solid krypton

Abstract A calculation is performed of the local magnetic field shift in solid krypton. The results indicate that, although the shift is about half of the xenon value, it could be measured using available techniques.
Relation of relaxin to steroid ovarian hormones on production of mammary spreading factor.

SummaryThe injection of 25 guinea pig units of relaxin daily for 10 days to castrate female albino rats as an addition to estradiol benzoate and to progesterone failed to increase, significantly, the elaboration or activation of the mammary gland spreading factor in comparison with the steroid hormone action.
ABSOLUTE AND CONVECTIVE INSTABILITIES IN COMPRESSIBLE CONFINED MIXING LAYERS

The local two‐dimensional stability characteristics of a confined compressible mixing layer with a hyperbolic tangent velocity profile are studied on an inviscid basis. By examining the temporal growth rate at the saddle point in the wave number space, the flow is characterized as being either absolutely unstable or convectively unstable. Results are presented, showing the amount of backflow necessary to have this type of transition for a range of primary flow Mach number, M1, up to 3.0. The transition curve for M1 between zero and 1.0 and between 1.35 and 3.0 is defined by a single curve. However, for M1 between 1.0 and 1.35, multiple transition curves exist, due to the fact that multiple modes exist when M1 is greater than unity. In this region the mode that becomes absolutely unstable depends on the magnitude of the back flow.
Cftr Channel Gating Incremental Progress in Irreversible Steps

Two papers, one in this issue ([Weinreich et al. 1999][1]) and the other in the April issue of The Journal ([Zeltwanger et al. 1999][2]), help clarify the gating mechanisms of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl− channels, the products of the gene found mutated in cystic
Effects of neutrino temperatures and mass hierarchies on the detection of supernova neutrinos

The possible outcomes of neutrino events at both Super-Kamiokande and SNO for a type-II supernova are analyzed considering the uncertainties in supernova neutrino spectra (temperature) at emission, which may complicate the interpretation of the observed events. With the input of parameters deduced from the current solar and atmospheric experiments, the consequences of direct-mass hierarchy m{sub {nu}}{sub {tau}}>>m{sub {nu}}{sub {mu}}>m{sub {nu}}{sub e} and inverted-mass hierarchy m{sub {nu}}{sub e}>m{sub {nu}}{sub {mu}}>>m{sub {nu}}{sub {tau}} are investigated. Even if the {nu} temperatures are not precisely known, we find that future experiments are likely to be able to separate the currently accepted solutions to the solar neutrino problem, large-angle Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW), small-angle MSW, and the vacuum oscillation, as well as to distinguish between the direct and inverted mass hierarchies of the neutrinos. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Toward a Better Understanding of the Relationship between Transformational Leadership, Public Service Motivation, Mission Valence, and Employee Performance: A Preliminary Study

The direct and indirect impact of transformational leadership on individual performance has often been studied. Yet scholars have failed to fully explore the degree to which two motivators (i.e., public service motivation [PSM] and mission valence) interact with this leadership practice to influence employee performance. To close this lacuna in the literature, a nationwide survey was administered to federal, state, and local government employees in the United States. The findings revealed that transformational leadership and PSM had a direct, positive effect on employee evaluations. They also revealed that mission valence strengthened the positive relationship between transformational leadership and performance. However, PSM did not have the same influence on the association between transformational leadership and performance. The implications these findings have for theory and practice are discussed in the article.
A systematic histological study of palm fruits. IV. Subtribe Oncospermatinae (Arecaceae)

Pericarp histology in the Oncospermatinae reveals distinctive characters at the generic level but no unique characters at the subtribal level. Pericarp structure is diverse but parallels the diversity found in other subtribes of the Areceae. The subtribe appears to be divisible into two distinct groups: one in which sclereids alone provide the primary protective barrier in the outer fruit and one in which fibrous bundles, some-times in combination with brachysclereids, form the outer barrier. This division of the subtribe supports similar conclusions derived from morphological data.
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry: A Report on the State of the Art

Instrumental and technical aspects of the combination gas chromatograph mass spectrometer are discussed, with emphasis on the various ways in which the mass spectrometer can serve as a detector for the gas chromatograph. A number of examples of applications are presented, in which the gas chromatograph mass spectrometer is used in its various instrumental modes. Computerized data processing is reviewed, and examples of applications are presented. Most of the examples of applications are taken from pharmacology and toxicology. Special attention is given to stable isotope analysis and to the role of stable isotopes in quantitation by gas chromatography mass spectrometry of samples in the subnanogram range.
Formation of coding joints in V(D)J recombination-inducible severe combined immune deficient pre-B cell lines

Characterization of the severe combined immune deficient (scid) defect in the recombination process has provided many insights into the underlying mechanisms of variable (diversity) joining recombination. By using recombination-inducible scid pre-B cell lines transformed with the temperature-sensitive Abelson-murine leukemia virus, we show that large quantities of recombination intermediates can be generated, and their resolution can be followed during further cell culture. In this study, we demonstrate that the ability of these scid pre-B cell lines to resolve coding ends depends on the cell culture temperature. At the nonpermissive temperature of 39°C, scid pre-B cell lines fail to form coding joints and contain mostly unresolved hairpin-coding ends. Once the cell culture is returned to the permissive temperature of 33°C, these same cells make a significant amount of coding joints concomitant with the disappearance of hairpin-coding ends. Thus, the scid cells are capable of resolving coding ends under certain culture conditions. However, the majority of the recovered coding joints contains extensive deletions, indicating that the temperature-dependent resolution of coding ends is still scid-like. Our results suggest that the inability of scid cells to promptly nick hairpin-coding ends may lead to aberrant joining in these cells.
Hybrid PWM control for Z-source matrix converter

This paper proposes four control strategies for Z-source matrix converter: simple maximum boost control, maximum boost control, maximum gain control and hybrid minimum stress control. The maximum gain control can obtain the maximum gain at the same modulation index among all four; and the hybrid minimum voltage stress control can obtain the minimum voltage stress at the same voltage gain. The relationship of voltage gain to modulation index and the relationship of voltage stress to voltage gain have been analyzed in detail for each method and verified by simulation and experiments.
The pathology of heart transplant biopsy specimens: revisiting the 1990 ISHLT working formulation

The ultimate goal of a heart transplant team is successful long-term outcome for the patient. One of the many critical duties necessary for success is accurate and expeditious study of heart pathology after transplantation. Correctly assessing the endomyocardial biopsy specimen to monitor for rejection requires intimate knowledge of the pathophysiology of the rejection process as it affects the heart. A detailed discussion of the biologic aspects of rejection is beyond the scope of this article; therefore, this review will focus on diagnostic use of the 1990 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Working Formulation of Cardiac Allograft Pathology (ISHLT-WF90). Two recent meetings that addressed the pathology of transplantation prompted this review. The first meeting was the Sixth Banff Conference on Allograft Pathology, held in Banff, Canada, April 22–23, 2001. The first 5 meetings at Banff used an interdisciplinary approach to discussion and to improving the pathology schemas used to evaluate pathology of kidney and liver transplants. Given the success of their work in other solid organ transplantations, the organizers of the Banff conferences invited a group of pathologists, cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, and other scientists to address the pathology of the human cardiac allograft at Banff. The goal of this work group was to exchange ideas and to share vast experience using the ISHLTWF90. The second meeting that influenced this review was the “Endpoints” conference sponsored by the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, held at the Natcher Center of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, November 5–6, 2001. The goal at this conference was consensus on objective endpoints that could be used as surrogate markers in clinical trials related to solid organ transplants. For the heart group at the conference, it was clear that endomyocardial biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis. However, the ISHLT-WF90 has some limitations because it has not been revised critically in more than a decade. This article reviews the issues discussed in detail at the Banff meeting that support the wisdom of refining the ISHLT-WF90, in light of the knowledge acquired during the decade since its implementation. I will refer to the combination of speakers and audience at the Banff meeting as “the working group” (list of names and institutions provided as an appendix). After the first session, a consensus was reached that the ISHLT-WF has withstood the test of time and the intent of the clarification paper from 1998 was understood. However, several topics required further clarification or modification and thus were chosen for further discussion as described below.
Enhancement of the acute phase response to a lipopolysaccharide challenge in steers supplemented with chromium

The study examined the effect of chromium supplementation on the response of steers to an LPS challenge. Steers received a premix that added 0 (control; n = 10) or 0.2 mg/kg of chromium (n = 10) to...
Importance of amine pKa and distribution coefficient in the metabolism of fluorinated propranolol derivatives. Preparation, identification of metabolite regioisomers, and metabolism by CYP2D6.

A series of 1"-mono-, di-, and trifluorinated analogs of propranolol and related steric congeners was prepared, and their metabolism was examined in recombinant-expressed CYP2D6. The structural changes in this series of compounds, principally added fluorines and methyl groups in the 1"-position of the N-isopropyl group, provided compounds that varied in pKaby more than 5 log units and also varied in lipophilicity and in steric size. Products of both aromatic hydroxylation andN-dealkylation were observed in the metabolic experiments. The regiochemistry of aromatic hydroxylation at the 4′- and 5′-positions was assigned based on high-pressure liquid chromatography, fluorescence, and mass spectral characteristics of the products and standards. Correlations of the metabolic kinetic parameters Km and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) with substituent parameters of the added groups showed that increased basicity (higher pKa values) was associated with increased enzyme affinity (low Kmvalues) and increased catalytic efficiency. More basic methyl-substituted compounds showed higher affinities for CYP2D6 than the structurally analogous less basic fluorinated congeners, indicating the decrease in affinity of the fluorinated compounds was not due to the size of the N-alkyl substituent. Correlations with log D reflected the degree of ionization and showed that the less lipophilic substrates (more basic compounds) had higher affinity for CYP2D6. These results are consistent with the proposal in the literature that ion pairing of the protonated amine of the substrate with Asp301 in the active site of CYP2D6 is very important to substrate affinity.
Poiseuille flow at a nanometer scale

The spreading behavior of non-polar polymers in the nanometer thickness range is revisited. By incorporating a distance of closest approach d0 corresponding to the unbonded atom-atom distance, to the classical London slab-slab interaction energy, we demonstrate that the spreading profiles of a non-polar perfluoropolyether molecule perfectly obeys a Poiseuille flow driven by a disjoining pressure gradient. The dynamics of the thin film is entirely defined by d0, the polymer bulk viscosity, and the composite Hamaker constant of the polymer/surface system.
A Folate Receptor-α–Specific Ligand That Targets Cancer Tissue and Not Sites of Inflammation

Folic acid has been frequently exploited to target attached drugs to cells that overexpress a folate receptor (FR). Unfortunately, folic acid and folate-linked drugs bind equally well to both major isoforms of the FR—that is, FR-α, which is primarily expressed on malignant cells, and FR-β, which is upregulated on activated monocytes and macrophages. Because both major isoforms of FR can be expressed simultaneously in the same organism, folic acid cannot enable selective targeting of therapeutic and imaging agents to either tumor masses or sites of inflammation. In an effort to develop a targeting ligand that can selectively deliver attached imaging and therapeutic agents to tumor cells, we constructed a reduced and alkylated form of folic acid, N5, N10-dimethyl tetrahydrofolate (DMTHF) that exhibits selectivity for FR-α. Methods: DMTHF–99mTc was injected into mice bearing FR-α–expressing tumor xenografts and imaged by γ-scintigraphy. The selectivity for FR-α over FR-β in vivo was examined by γ-scintigraphic images of animal models of various inflammatory diseases such as apolipoprotein E–deficient mice with atherosclerosis, DBA/1 LacJ mice with induced arthritis, C57BL/6J mice with muscle injury, and BALB/C mice with both FR-α tumor and ulcerative colitis, by administration of equal doses of DMTHF–99mTc and EC20–99mTc. The uptake of radiochelates in various organs was quantified by biodistribution studies. DMTHF–near-infrared dye conjugate and DMTHF–Oregon green dye conjugates were synthesized and evaluated for FR-α selectivity over FR-β in rat peritoneal macrophages and human peripheral blood monocytes, respectively, by flow cytometry. Fluorescence-guided imaging was also performed using folate and DMTHF dye conjugates. Results: The new targeting ligand was found to bind malignant cells in mice with solid tumor xenografts but not peripheral blood monocytes or inflammatory macrophages in animal models of atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, muscle injury, or ulcerative colitis. Results from optical and radioimaging studies and biodistribution experiments confirm the differential specificity of this new ligand for malignant masses. Conclusion: The new targeting ligand DMTHF enables selective noninvasive imaging and therapy of tumor tissues in the presence of inflammation.
Finite-state noiseless covert channels

Covert channels in a multilevel secure computer system can be exploited by malicious software to compromise information. The maximum information rate of a known channel is determined by modeling the channel as a communications channel and calculating its capacity. The capacity of an important class of covert channels, finite-state noiseless channels with nonuniform transition times, is found by adapting a technique suggested by Shannon (1964). >
On the Regulation of Gene Expression: Incompatibility in Schizophyllum

A new functional class of nucleic acids is postulated on the basis of the multiallelic incompatibility system regulating sexual morphogenesis in the higher fungi. A physical-chemical basis for distinguishing molecules active, as opposed to inactive, in promoting morphogenesis is established by the secondary structure of the resultant nucleic acid duplexes. This regulatory mechanism may be of broad import.
Heuristic segmentation of a nonstationary time series.

¯ is the standard deviation of the mean values of the segments and s e is the standard deviation of the fluctuations within a segment. Furthermore, we determine that the performance of the algorithm is generally not affected by uncorrelated noise spikes or by weak long-range temporal correlations of the fluctuations within segments.
Real frequency wide-band impedance matching with nonminimum reactance equalizers

This paper describes two modifications to the real frequency technique of broadband impedance matching. A fundamental limitation of all broadband matching techniques is that the real and imaginary parts of the equalizer impedance must be related by the Hilbert transform. It is shown that additional degrees of freedom in the Hilbert transform, and thus a better match, can be obtained by employing equalizer impedances with nonminimum reactance and by optimizing the equalizer resistance outside the stated bandwidth. Examples will be presented for a thin wire dipole antenna.
Kant's Political Religion: The Transparency of Perpetual Peace and the Highest Good

Scholars have long debated the relationship between Kant's doctrine of right and his doctrine of virtue (including his moral religion or ethico-theology), which are the two branches of his moral philosophy. This article will examine the intimate connection in his practical philosophy between perpetual peace and the highest good, between political and ethico-religious communities, and between the types of transparency peculiar to each. It will show how domestic and international right provides a framework for the development of ethical communities, including a kingdom of ends and even the noumenal ethical community of an afterlife, and how the transparency and trust achieved in these communities are anticipated in rightful political society by publicity and the mutual confidence among citizens that it engenders. Finally, it will explore the implications of this synthesis of Kant's political and religious philosophies for contemporary Kantian political theories, especially those of Jurgen Habermas and John Rawls.
Ecological and reproductive character displacement on an environmental gradient

Character displacement, in which coevolution of similar species alters their phenotypes, can be difficult to identify on the basis of observational data alone. In two-species systems, the most commonly identified (i.e., classic) resulting pattern is greater phenotypic difference between species in sympatry than allopatry. We show that restricting studies to this pattern may exclude many instances of character displacement, particularly in the presence of spatial environmental gradients. We present four spatial models of character displacement in quantitative traits affecting competition and hybridization between the species. Our models highlight the connections between range limits and character displacement in continuous space. We conclude that the classic pattern is less likely to occur for a trait affecting resource acquisition than for a trait affecting mate choice. We also show that interspecific hybridization (when hybrids are inviable), even in very small amounts, has marked effects on the shape and stability of borders between species and the nature of character displacement. A survey of the empirical literature shows that character displacement studies often lack analysis of spatial phenotype and abundance data. We recommend more careful spatial sampling in character displacement studies, and we illustrate how comparison of clines in mean phenotype in sympatry and allopatry can be used to suggest the action of character displacement.
Atomic scale design of nanostructures

Recent advances in theoretical methods and high performance computing allow for reliable first-principles predictions of complex nanostructured materials and devices. This paper describes three examples: (i) non-equilibrium electron transport through molecular junctions, as a stepping stone for the design of molecular-scale devices and for integration of biomolecules with Si technology; (ii) polarization and piezoelectric properties of PVDF and related polymers; and (iii) the many-body optical spectrum of water. For the molecular junction, our results provide a qualitative picture and quantitative understanding of the mechanism leading to negative differential resistance for a large class of small molecules. For ferroelectric polymers, the calculations show that their polarization is described by cooperative, quantum-mechanical interactions between polymer chains. Nevertheless, the ab initio results lead to a simple parameterization of polarization as a function of copolymer concentration. Finally, our ca...
Celiac artery aneurysms: A case report and review of the literature

Celiac artery aneurysms often present with histories of vague, poorly defined symptoms; and often incidentally diagnosed. Elective repair results in low morbidity and mortality. A case report and review of the available literature is presented.
Characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae High Affinity Copper Transporter Ctr3

Copper is an essential nutrient required for the activity of a number of enzymes with diverse biological roles. In the bakers' yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, copper is transported into cells by two high affinity copper transport proteins, Ctr1 and Ctr3. Although Ctr1 and Ctr3 are functionally redundant, they bear little homology at the amino acid sequence level. In this report, we characterize Ctr3 with respect to its localization, assembly, and post-transcriptional regulation. Ctr3 is an integral membrane protein that assembles as a trimer to form a competent copper uptake permease at the plasma membrane. Whereas the CTR1 andCTR3 genes are similarly regulated at the transcriptional level in response to copper, post-transcriptional regulation of these proteins is distinct. Unlike Ctr1, the Ctr3 transporter is neither regulated at the level of protein degradation nor endocytosis as a function of elevated copper levels. Our studies suggest that Ctr3 constitutes a fundamental module found in all eukaryotic high affinity copper transporters to date, which is sufficient for copper uptake but lacks elements for post-transcriptional regulation by copper.
Reverse Genetics Generation of Chimeric Infectious Junin/Lassa Virus Is Dependent on Interaction of Homologous Glycoprotein Stable Signal Peptide and G2 Cytoplasmic Domains

The Arenaviridae are a diverse and globally distributed collection of viruses that are maintained primarily by rodent reservoirs. Junin virus (JUNV) and Lassa virus (LASV) can both cause significant outbreaks of severe and often fatal human disease throughout their respective areas of endemicity. In an effort to improve upon the existing live attenuated JUNV Candid1 vaccine, we generated a genetically homogenous stock of this virus from cDNA copies of the virus S and L segments by using a reverse genetics system. Further, these cDNAs were used in combination with LASV cDNAs to successfully generate two recombinant Candid1 JUNV/LASV chimeric viruses (via envelope glycoprotein [GPC] exchange). It was found that while the GPC extravirion domains were readily exchangeable, homologous stable signal peptide (SSP) and G2 transmembrane and cytoplasmic tail domains were essential for correct GPC maturation and production of infectious chimeric viruses. The switching of the JUNV and LASV G1/G2 ectodomains within the Candid1 vaccine background did not alter the attenuated phenotype of the vaccine strain in a lethal mouse model. These recombinant chimeric viruses shed light on the fundamental requirements of arenavirus GPC maturation and may serve as a strategy for the development of bivalent JUNV and LASV vaccine candidates.
General Approach for the Synthesis of Sarpagine Indole Alkaloids. Enantiospecific Total Synthesis of (+)-Vellosimine, (+)-Normacusine B, (−)-Alkaloid Q3, (−)-Panarine, (+)-Na-Methylvellosimine, and (+)-Na-Methyl-16-epipericyclivine

The first total synthesis of (+)-Na-methyl-16-epipericyclivine (9) was completed [from d-(+)-tryptophan methyl ester] in an overall yield of 42% (eight reaction vessels). The optical rotation [[α]D +22.8 (c 0.50, CHCl3)] obtained on this material confirmed that the reported optical rotation [[α]D 0 (c 0.50, CHCl3)]47 was biogenetically unreasonable. The total syntheses of (+)-vellosimine, (+)-normacusine B, (−)-alkaloid Q3, (−)-panarine, and (+)-Na-methylvellosimine are also described. Moreover, a mixed sample (1:1) of synthetic (−)-panarine and natural (−)-panarine yielded only one set of signals in the 13C NMR; this indicated that the two compounds are identical and further confirmed the correct configuration of (+)-vellosimine, (+)-normacusine B, and (−)-alkaloid Q3. In this approach, the key templates, (−)-Na-H,Nb-benzyltetracyclic ketone 15a and (−)-Na-methyl,Nb-benzyltetracyclic ketone 43 were synthesized on multihundred gram scale by the asymmetric Pictet−Spengler reaction and a stereocontrolled Di...
The development of empathy and prosocial behavior through humane education, restorative justice, and animal-assisted programs

Literature suggests that developing empathy for animals will result in caring toward other living things. Empathy is often seen as a key building block of prosocial behavior and can be defined as sharing of another person’s emotions and feelings. In older childhood and adolescence, a lack of empathy may have deleterious consequences, leading to antisocial behaviors. However, children and adolescents who exhibit human and non-human animal aggression have often been witness to animal cruelty in the home. When empathy and prosocial behaviors are not learned in the home, there are alternatives to facilitate that process. This study discusses the development of empathy and prosocial behavior by working with animals through the modalities of humane education, restorative justice, and animal-assisted programs. Each modality focuses on building compassion, caring, responsibility, and kindness with the help of animals. Through these violence prevention programs, children and adolescents can develop empathy, which ...
Does Descriptive Representation Improve Political Efficacy? Evidence from Obama and Clinton

Does descriptive representation improve political efficacy? Existing theory suggests that it does: individuals who share their identity with elected officials should have more positive attitudes toward government. However, the effect that has been demonstrated for African Americans is not causally identified, and the hypothesis is under-explored with respect to women. Thus, I examine the effects of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton’s successes on African-American and female political efficacy, using Iowa Electronic Markets contract prices during the 2008 primary to proxy daily shifts in perceptions of Obama and Clinton’s likelihood of winning. I combine this with daily political efficacy measures from the 2008 National Annenberg Election Study. African-American efficacy increases with Obama’s perceived probability of success, while white attitudes are unaffected, casting doubt that descriptive representation’s effect is zero-sum in diverse settings. Clinton’s price is not correlated with women’s efficacy, suggesting that descriptive representation’s effects are less pronounced among women.
Enabling Wide Autonomous DVFS in a 22 nm Graphics Execution Core Using a Digitally Controlled Fully Integrated Voltage Regulator

A digitally-controlled fully integrated voltage regulator (IVR) enables wide autonomous DVFS in a 22 nm graphics execution core. Part of the original power header is converted into a hybrid power stage to support digital low-dropout (DLDO), and switched-capacitor voltage regulator (SCVR) modes, in addition to the original bypass and sleep modes. Using voltage sensing, tunable replica circuit, or a core warning signal, the IVR detects and quickly responds to fast voltage droops to support fast dynamic workload changes without performance degradation. In a prototype, a 3D graphics execution core is powered up by the proposed hybrid IVR demonstrating measured 26% and 82% reduction in core energy in the turbo and the near-threshold voltage (NTV) modes, respectively. The total area overhead of the proposed hybrid IVR is 4% of the core compared to 2% from the original power header. Our digitally assisted control for the droop response shows ${\sim}$ 75% core frequency improvement at 0.84 V.
Overview of polarization in intermediate energy nucleon-nucleus inelastic scattering

The general role that polarization transfer (PT) can play in the ''dissection'' of medium-energy N-nucleus inelastic reactions is reviewed, specifically concentrating on the importance of complete sets of PT observables for the study of nuclear structure. The discussion is largely in the context of plane-wave impulse approximations, with the effects of distortions considered through comparisons between simple plane-wave predictions and DWIA computations. 31 refs., 11 figs. (LEW)
Automated speed enforcement systems to reduce traffic-related injuries: Closing the policy implementation gap

In the USA, traffic-related injuries are responsible for over 33 000 deaths each year1 and are the leading cause of death for individuals aged 1–24 years.2 Traffic-related injuries also take a substantial economic toll, accounting for over $99 billion annually in medical costs and associated productivity losses.3 Globally, >1.3 million people are killed each year by traffic-related injuries, and an additional 78.2 million sustain nonfatal injuries warranting medical care.4 Controlling speed is an important means for preventing traffic-related injuries. Speed is a ‘two-pronged aggravator’ of injuries, correlated both to crash likelihood and to severity.5 Speed is estimated to be a factor in over 30% of fatal crashes in the USA, resulting in over 10 000 annual fatalities.1 Enforcement of speed limits has been repeatedly demonstrated to reduce the frequency and severity of motor vehicle crashes (MVCs).6 ,7 Speed enforcement can also have positive environmental impacts, reducing fuel consumption and resultant emissions.7 How best to enforce speed limits remains an open question. In the USA, the most common method of speed enforcement relies upon police officers using radar technologies installed in vehicles to detect speeding drivers and issue citations at the time of the offense. However, several features of traditional enforcement limit its effectiveness. As Delaney et al 8 note, traditional enforcement is ‘resource intensive and inconsistent in its application.’ This inconsistency reduces effectiveness, while introducing concerns for biased enforcement, including the potential for racial profiling in traffic stops.9 Drivers may also evade traditional enforcement by reducing speed only in areas known for high enforcement or using in-car radar detection systems.7 Automated speed enforcement (ASE) is a promising strategy to address many of the limitations of current approaches to speed enforcement. Evidence from several countries suggests that ASE is an effective and cost-effective …
The Cobalt–Methyl Bond Dissociation in Methylcobalamin: New Benchmark Analysis Based on Density Functional Theory and Completely Renormalized Coupled-Cluster Calculations

The Co–CMe bond dissociation in methylcobalamin (MeCbl), modeled by the Im–[CoIIIcorrin]–Me+ system consisting of 58 atoms, is examined using the coupled-cluster (CC), density-functional theory (DFT), complete-active-space self-consistent-field (CASSCF), and CASSCF-based second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) approaches. The multilevel variant of the local cluster-in-molecule framework, employing the completely renormalized (CR) CC method with singles, doubles, and noniterative triples, termed CR-CC(2,3), to describe higher-order electron correlation effects in the region where the Co–CMe bond breaking takes place, and the canonical CC approach with singles and doubles (CCSD) to capture the remaining correlation effects, abbreviated as CR-CC(2,3)/CCSD, is used to obtain the benchmark potential energy curve characterizing the Co–CMe dissociation in the MeCbl cofactor. The Co–CMe bond dissociation energy (BDE) resulting from the CR-CC(2,3)/CCSD calculations for the Im–[CoIIIcorrin]–Me+ system using the 6...
The Field of Population Quality

IT IS conventional in the current literature to divide the field of population sociology into two parts, one in which primary emphasis is on numbers and individuals are treated as biological units in enumerations, the other where the qualities or attributes of these unitindividuals become the subject of investigation. The two sub-fields overlap since the division of population into groups for enumeration is necessarily based on some classification by attributes and on the other hand the attention paid to a given quality trait of individuals will be in part proportional to the frequency with which the trait appears in populations. But while a clear cut line of demarcation may not be drawn, the differences in emphasis on quantity or numbers by one group of students of population and on quality by another has actually been sufficiently definite to mark off the two fields of specialization. The field of population quality has on the whole received less attention from careful scientific investigators and many of its basic methodological problems remain unsolved. In spite of this fact there has been a considerable output of generalizations and of programs for the improvement of the quality of succeeding generations of human beings. These so-called eugenic programs have been widely propaganaJized and have in some cases received the official backing of governments, but the scientific groundwork on which they are supposed to rest is still in many respects incomplete and shaky. The field of population quality as a scientific discipline has suffered from its too enthusiastic friends. The logic underlying the eugenic reform programs needs reexamination, if only to reveal more clearly the degree to which they rest on hypotheses and gross approximations which may eventually prove to be correct and accurate but which are not yet known to be so. Of course there have not been lacking able critics of the eugenics cult' and in recent years their strictures have had the effect of making eugenists more moderate. There is now a greater recognition of the inherent difficulties that stand in the way of a soundly based program for control over quality and the measures urged by the official eugenics societies2 are neither as radical nor as hopeful of improvement as they were fifteen years ago. Changes have in fact come so rapidly and so recently that it is possible that an effort to redefine the field of population quality in the light of these developments may have some utility. This paper aims to do this by stating explicitly the basic assumptions of the eugenist and then attempting to outline step by step the chain of reasoning leading from these assumptions to the eugenics programs of