cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined Effect of Hemipteran Control and Liquid Bait on Argentine Ant Populations

The invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), has become a worldwide problem capable of inflicting significant ecological and economic injury on urban, agricultural, and natural environments. The mobility of this pest ant has long been noted, rapidly moving nests to new food resources and then away as resources are depleted. This ant, like many pest ant species, has a special affinity for honeydew excreted by phloem-feeding Hemiptera. We investigated the effect of various hemipteran control strategies on terrapin scale densities and measured their indirect effect on local Argentine ant densities and foraging effort. We then determined whether this indirect treatment strategy improved the performance of an ant bait. We predicted that Argentine ants would move nests away from trees treated for Hemiptera and then move nests back when a liquid bait was offered, followed by a decline in ant numbers due to intake of the toxicant. A horticultural oil spray and soil application of the systemic insecticide, imidacloprid, had no effect on terrapin scale numbers. However, trunk-injected dicrotophos caused a reduction in scale and a decline in local Argentine ant nest density and canopy foraging effort. We also recorded a reduction in local Argentine ant ground foraging when large amounts of liquid bait were applied, and we found no evidence that combining dicrotophos with liquid ant bait performed better than each treatment alone. We suggest that a strategy of combined hemipteran control plus application of liquid ant bait can reduce local Argentine ant densities, when both components of this system are highly efficacious.
An examination of the interparticle contact area during sintering of W-0.3 wt pct Co

As a powder compact sinters, its microstructure evolves. One way to quantify the scale of the microstructure is to consider the interparticle contact area. This study examines two known models for calculating the interparticle contact area: the classic two-sphere model and the Voronoi cell model. Both models have particular assumptions about the microstructure that make them not applicable for treating densification to near full density with concurrent grain growth. The classic two-sphere model assumes a regular packing of particles and a perfectly spherical particle geometry and neglects an increasing particle coordination number with sintering. The Voronoi cell model assumes that the scale of the microstructure remains constant; i.e., as long as the compact is densifying, grain growth does not occur. We propose a modified Voronoi cell that accounts for an increasing grain size, making it applicable to a general case where grain growth occurs during sintering. The three models are compared to the interparticle contact area data, obtained by stereology techniques, for W-0.3 wt pct Co sintered from green state to near full density. The original Voronoi cell model fits the data only at low temperatures, before the onset of grain growth. Below approximately 90 pct relative density, the two-sphere model with an assumed coordination number of six (coordination number in a green compact) and the modified Voronoi cell model provide a good fit to the data. At higher densities, both models overestimate the interparticle contact area.
Blood Plasma Constituents in 14-Week Old Hypertensive and Hypotensive Strains of Turkeys

Plasma inorganic phosphorous, glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) were determined in 14-week old turkeys from lines genetically determined for high and low blood pressure. The turkeys received a commercial grower diet (control), control + 10% animal fat, or control + 10% animal fat and 1% cholesterol. Concentrations of uric acid in plasma were higher (P less than or equal to .05) in the control-diet group than in the other dietary groups, and the high blood pressure line had significantly higher (P less than or equal to .05) concentrations of uric acid in plasma than the low blood pressure line. Turkeys fed the diet containing added cholesterol had higher levels (P less than or equal to .05) of total plasma cholesterol than those receiving the other diets. Alkaline phosphatase levels of plasma were significantly lower (P less than or equal to .05) in the control-diet group than the other dietary groups. There were no other effects within either of the genetic blood pressure lines that indicated blood pressure had any influence on blood plasma constituents other than uric acid, nor was there any indication that dietary treatment had any effect within either blood pressure group. Blood pressure and plasma constituents were not correlated.
The impact of timely information on organisational performance in a supply chain

Information produced by ERP systems is termed JIT-information, since it is provided at the right time in the right place with a minimum of waste. The JIT-information construct is defined and described and a measurement scale is developed. A JIT-information performance model is proposed and assessed using a structural equation modelling methodology. The results indicate that the model fits the data well: (1) supply chain management strategy positively impacts JIT-information, (2) JIT-information directly impacts both logistics and organisational performance, and (3) logistics performance directly impacts organisational performance.
Raman spectroscopy with a single-frequency, high-power, broad-area laser diode

A high-power, broad-area laser diode was used as an incident light source in a Raman spectrometer. The laser was forced to lase in a very narrow frequency range ( 400 MHz) by the use of a Metcalf-Littman arrangement. All side bands and light-emitting diode (LED) modes were suppressed; their intensities are lower than the noise of recorded rotational spectra. The incident wavelength was tuned to coincide with the D1 transition of 85Rb. Due to this choice, the elastically scattered light (Rayleigh component) can be eliminated by a Rb cell in front of the spectrometer. The usefulness of this arrangement is demonstrated for CO2, N2, and air. Because of the suppression of the dominating Rayleigh intensity, this setup is ideally suited for a Fourier transform Raman spectrometer.
On the three methods for estimating deleterious genomic mutation parameters

Due to the tremendous cost of the traditional mutation-accumulation approach (the Bateman-Mukai technique), data are rare for deleterious mutation parameters such as genomic mutation rate, selection and dominance coefficients. Two alternative approaches have been developed (the Morton-Charlesworth and Deng-Lynch techniques). Except for the Deng-Lynch method, the statistical properties (bias and sampling variance) of these techniques are poorly understood; therefore we investigated them using computer simulation. With constant fitness effects of mutations, the Bateman-Mukai (assuming additive effects) and Deng-Lynch (assuming multiplicative effects) techniques are unbiased; the Morton-Charlesworth technique (assuming multiplicative effects) is very biased if fitness is used in the regression to estimate h, but slightly biased if the logarithm of fitness is used. With variable fitness effects, all techniques are biased. The Deng-Lynch technique is statistically better than the others except when fitness is used to estimate the average degree of dominance in selfing populations with the Morton-Charlesworth technique. If fitness effects are multiplicative but additivity is assumed, the Bateman-Mukai technique is biased under constant fitness effects, and less biased under variable fitness effects relative to when fitness effects are additive (as assumed by the technique). Our study not only quantifies the degree of bias under the biologically plausible situations investigated, thus forming a basis for correct inference of the true parameters by using these techniques, but also provides insights into the relative efficiencies of these techniques when the same number of genotypes are handled experimentally.
Multivalent human papillomavirus l1 DNA vaccination utilizing electroporation

Objectives Naked DNA vaccines can be manufactured simply and are stable at ambient temperature, but require improved delivery technologies to boost immunogenicity. Here we explore in vivo electroporation for multivalent codon-optimized human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 and L2 DNA vaccination. Methods Balb/c mice were vaccinated three times at two week intervals with a fusion protein comprising L2 residues ∼11−88 of 8 different HPV types (11−88×8) or its DNA expression vector, DNA constructs expressing L1 only or L1+L2 of a single HPV type, or as a mixture of several high-risk HPV types and administered utilizing electroporation, i.m. injection or gene gun. Serum was collected two weeks and 3 months after the last vaccination. Sera from immunized mice were tested for in-vitro neutralization titer, and protective efficacy upon passive transfer to naive mice and vaginal HPV challenge. Heterotypic interactions between L1 proteins of HPV6, HPV16 and HPV18 in 293TT cells were tested by co-precipitation using type-specific monoclonal antibodies. Results Electroporation with L2 multimer DNA did not elicit detectable antibody titer, whereas DNA expressing L1 or L1+L2 induced L1-specific, type-restricted neutralizing antibodies, with titers approaching those induced by Gardasil. Co-expression of L2 neither augmented L1-specific responses nor induced L2-specific antibodies. Delivery of HPV L1 DNA via in vivo electroporation produces a stronger antibody response compared to i.m. injection or i.d. ballistic delivery via gene gun. Reduced neutralizing antibody titers were observed for certain types when vaccinating with a mixture of L1 (or L1+L2) vectors of multiple HPV types, likely resulting from heterotypic L1 interactions observed in co-immunoprecipitation studies. High titers were restored by vaccinating with individual constructs at different sites, or partially recovered by co-expression of L2, such that durable protective antibody titers were achieved for each type. Discussion Multivalent vaccination via in vivo electroporation requires spatial separation of individual type L1 DNA vaccines.
Virtual- and real-world operation of mobile robotic manipulators: integrated simulation, visualization, and control environment

This research is focused on enhancing the overall productivity of an integrated human-robot system. A simulation, animation, visualization, and interactive control (SAVIC) environment has been developed for the design and operation of an integrated robotic manipulator system. This unique system possesses the abilities for multisensor simulation, kinematics and locomotion animation, dynamic motion and manipulation animation, transformation between real and virtual modes within the same graphics system, ease in exchanging software modules and hardware devices between real and virtual world operations, and interfacing with a real robotic system. This paper describes a working system and illustrates the concepts by presenting the simulation, animation, and control methodologies for a unique mobile robot with articulated tracks, a manipulator, and sensory modules.
The relationship between social comments as unconditioned stimuli and fear responding

Abstract Most studies that attempt to condition neurotic type habits, i.e. phobias, in humans have relied upon shock or similar stimuli as the UCS. The research on humans in relation to the learning of neurotic habits remains unconvincing. In the present study social comments, insults, were paired with a CS (tone or light). A differential discrimination paradigm was used. Changes in behavior that could indicate the conditioning of fear were measured physiologically, behaviorally and verbally. It appears that social comments, such as insults, can be effective UCSs. In the series of conditioning trials, the S s exhibit initial conditioning, but appear to learn a manner in which to cope with the anxiety associated with the UCS and do not give as large CRs on the latter trials. The paradigm also may be of use in the study of the coping process.
Pattern-based algorithm for peptide sequencing from tandem high energy collision-induced dissociation mass spectra.

A new strategy is reported for extracting complete and partial sequence information from collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of peptides, CID spectra are obtained from high energy CID of peptide molecular ions on a four-sector tandem mass spectrometer with an electro-optically coupled microchannel array detector, A peak detection routine reduces the spectrum to a list of peak masses and peak heights, which is then used for sequencing, The sequencing algorithm was designed to use spectral data to generate sequence fits directly rather than to use data to test the fit of series of sequence guesses. The peptide sequencing algorithm uses a pattern based on the polymeric nature of peptides to classify spectral peaks into sets that are related in a sequence-independent manner, It then establishes sequence relationships among these sets, Peak detection from raw data takes 10–20 s, with sequence generation requiring an additional 10–60 s on a Sun 3/60 workstation, The program is written in the C language to run on a Unix platform. The principal advantages of our method are in the speed of analysis and the potential for identifying modified or rare amino acids. The algorithm was designed to permit real-time sequencing but awaits hardware modifications to allow real-time access to CID spectra.
Multiple target detection using a wavelet joint transform processor

An improved multiple target detection technique is proposed by using a wavelet joint transform correlator (JTC). A bank of wavelet filters are generated using the Mexican hat wavelet function which are sequentially superimposed on the joint power spectrum before applying the inverse Fourier transform to yield the correlation output. This technique is found to yield high correlation discrimination for multiple target detection for both binary and grey level input scenes while avoiding the false alarms as well as rejecting the non-target objects. An all-optical implementation for the proposed wavelet JTC technique is also suggested. Computer simulation results are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Hidden pools, hidden modes, and visible repeated eigenvalues in compartmental models

Abstract In compartmental analysis, when time-series data are initially fitted by sums of exponential functions, it is usually assumed that the eigenvalues are real and distinct and the number of pools (compartments) equals the number of exponentials. However, repeated real or complex eigenvalues, although more difficult to detect, may be inherent in the data, and the number of pools may be larger than the number of exponentials. In order to describe compartmental models with such properties, the visible multiplicity of eigenvalues and concepts of hidden pools and visible and hidden modes are defined. It is then shown that if a model is state observable, each mode is visible (not hidden) in the zero-input response for some choice of initial state, but not conversely, and also that the visible multiplicity of eigenvalues is determined by the submodel of input-output connectable compartments. Compartmental models are analyzed, using their decomposition into what we define as strongly connected components . An upper bound is given for the visible multiplicity of eigenvalues in terms of the model's strongly connected components. For models with one input and one output, this bound is shown to be attained for what we call generalized trees .
Enthalpy of mixing of synthetic almandine-grossular and almandine-pyrope garnets from high-temperature solution calorimetry

Abstract Enthalpy of solution measurements of synthetic garnet solid solutions on the joins Fe3Al2Si3O12 (almandine)-Ca3Al2Si3O12 (grossular) and Fe3Al2Si3O12-Mg3Al2Si3O12 (pyrope) have been made in eutectic (Li, Na)BO2 at 760°C. Garnets were prepared by high pressure, high temperature crystallization of homogeneous glasses and mechanical mixtures of end-member glasses and characterized by X-ray diffraction, microprobe analysis and Mossbauer resonance spectroscopy. Less than one percent of the total iron is ferric. The calorimetry shows that Ca, Fe2+ enthalpy of mixing in garnet is virtually zero and that Mg, Fe2+ mixing is substantially non-ideal, with largest positive deviations near the almandine composition. Leastsquares fits to the midpoints of the experimental brackets, including the end-members, give, for (Fe, Ca)3Al2Si3O12 and (Fe, Mg)3Al2Si3O12 solid solutions: W H G r = −9.08 KJ , W H A 1 = 13.68 KJ , W H P y = 36.17 KJ , W H A 1 = −15.76 KJ where ΔH ex = X 2 Gr X A 1 W H A 1 + X 2 A 1 X Gr W H Gr and similarly for the almandine-pyrope excess enthalpy. These calorimetric results are not predictable from ionic size considerations, which would suggest ideality for Mg, Fe2+ mixing and considerable non-ideality for Ca, Fe2+ mixing. They are, however, consistent with predictions based on analysis of natural garnet occurrences. Apparently, subtle effects of X-site volume and distortion in garnet solid solutions produce important energetic effects not currently predictable from crystal chemistry. The present calorimetry, in conjunction with experimental phase equilibrium work, indicates that excess entropy in both solid solutions is very small.
Effect of a Purified or Corn-Skim Milk Diet on Retention and Tissue Distribution of Manganese-54 in Calves

Calves were fed a corn-skim milk or a purified diet to determine if the large differences in manganese metabolism in rats fed such diets also occurred in ruminating calves. The calf purified diet was similar to the rat purified diet but with potassium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate added as buffers to be suitable for ruminating calves. In contrast to the huge differences in rats, retention of manganese-54 was the same in calves fed the corn-skim milk diet as in calves fed the purified diet. It is unlikely that the minor differences in the diets caused such large differences in effects between calves and rats. A likely reason for the difference is the functional rumen in the calf. The active rumen may metabolize ingredient(s) that affect manganese absorption in the rat and, therefore, would not be in the small intestine to affect absorption by the calf.
Effect of Administration of L-Thyroxine 25 and 50% Above Secretion Rate on Lactating Cows

Abstract The thyroxine secretion rates (TSR) of six mature cows which calved normally, 12 heifers varying in age from ½ to 4 yr, which were induced to lactate experimentally, and one 13-yr-old cow which had been lactating continuously for about 10 yr had been determined on several occasions. l-thyroxine (T 4 ) was injected daily subcutaneously for 7 wk at a level 25% above their highest TSR, beginning in September, 1963. At the end of this period, the T 4 was increased to 50% above their TSR for a second period of 7 wk. The mean milk production of the six mature cows was 46.9 lb in their 26th to 39th week of lactation. The increase in production on 125% T 4 ranged from 8.5 to 81.2%, with a mean of 27.0%. The mean daily milk yield reached a maximum of 56.1 lb the 3rd wk, which was 9.2 lb above the mean pretreatment level. Five ½-yr-old heifers were producing 18.3 lb of milk before treatment. The increase in this group ranged from 8.7 to 62.9%, with a mean of 31%. The mean milk yield reached a maximum of 21.4 lb, an increase of 3.1 lb. The seven heifers ranging from 2 to 4 yr old were producing a mean of 24 lb/day. Their increase ranged from 11.6 to 62.0%, with a mean of 34%. The highest mean production of 31.0 lb was reached the 3rd wk, an increase of 7 lb per day. The old cow showed an 83.2% increase of 13.9 lb per day.
Membrane-associated HB-EGF modulates HGF-induced cellular responses in MDCK cells

In MDCK cells, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) induces epithelial cell dissociation, scattering, migration, growth and formation of branched tubular structures. By contrast, these cells neither scatter nor form tubular structures in response to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of growth factors. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family of growth factors and is synthesized as a membrane-associated precursor molecule (proHB-EGF). ProHB-EGF is proteolytically cleaved to release a soluble ligand (sHB-EGF) that activates the EGF receptor. Although recent studies suggest possible physiological functions, the role of proHB-EGF remains largely undefined. Using MDCK cells stably expressing proHB-EGF, a noncleavable deletion mutant of proHB-EGF or soluble HB-EGF, we show that epithelial cell functions differ depending on the form of HB-EGF being expressed. Expression of noncleavable membrane-anchored HB-EGF promoted cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions and decreased cell migration, HGF/SF-induced cell scattering and formation of tubular structures. By contrast, expression of soluble HB-EGF induced increased cell migration, decreased cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions and promoted the development of long unbranched tubular structures in response to HGF/SF. These findings suggest that HB-EGF can not only modulate HGF/SF-induced cellular responses in MDCK cells but also that membrane-bound HB-EGF and soluble HB-EGF give rise to distinctly different effects on cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions.
Accurate localization of mitral regurgitant defects using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography.

Abstract Background . Appropriate patient selection for surgical repair of the mitral valve depends on the specific location and mechanism of regurgitation, which, in turn, has necessitated a more detailed method to accurately describe mitral pathology. This study tests a strategy of using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography to systematically localize mitral regurgitant defects and compares these results with the surgical findings. Methods . Fifty patients with mitral regurgitation underwent intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography for the evaluation of mitral pathology and potential repair. Mitral regurgitant defects were localized using a systematic strategy and a simple nomenclature that divides each mitral valve into six sections (three sections per leaflet) and each prosthetic sewing ring into six sections (60 radial degrees=one section). Results . Thirty-nine patients with native mitral valves were studied, for a total of 234 sections evaluated. Eighty-seven of these sections contained regurgitant defects by transesophageal echocardiography (mean number of regurgitant defects per valve, 2.2; range, 1 through 6). There was agreement between the transesophageal echocardiographic and surgical localizations in 96% (224/234; p p Conclusions . This transesophageal echocardiographic strategy provides a systematic method to accurately localize mitral regurgitant lesions and has the potential to improve the preoperative assessment of patients with significant mitral regurgitation.
Solubility of hydrogen and its isotopes in metals from mixed gases

Abstract This short communication reviews the classical thermodynamics governing dissolution of hydrogen in metals. Classical thermodynamics is then applied to equilibrium dissolution of hydrogen and its isotopes in metals from mixtures of their diatomic gases. For simplicity in presentation, we use the specific example of H 2 and D 2 gas mixtures to demonstrate the general principles of equilibrium solubility; however, other systems may be treated analogously. The formation of HD gas is shown to have a significant effect on equilibrium solubility since it affects the chemical potentials of the H 2 and D 2 gases. Finally, we compare this thermodynamic analysis with empirical solutions from the literature.
Studies on the composition of lignin isolated from orchard grass hay cut at four stages of maturity and from the corresponding feces.

Lignin has been reported by a number of workers to be indigestible (7, 9, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20, 39). Other reports indicate that varying amounts of lignin may be digested or broken down in the ruminant digestive tract (4, 8, 10, 11, 18, 22, 23, 28). Since the chemical structure of lignin has not been established, it is not feasible to isolate or determine a product of uniform composition from different materials. Certain characteristics of crude lignin preparations vary considerably, depending upon the material from which it is isolated and the method used for its isolation. Extensive studies have been made of the characteristics of lignin isolated from various woods, but only limited studies have been reported on lignin prepared from forage plants important in animal feeding. Phillips et al. (34) found 4.34 per cent nitrogen in the lignin obtained from oat plants 7 days old, which decreased to 1.26 per cent nitrogen in the lignin from plants 84 days old. Bondi and Meyer (4) reported from 1.18 to 1.63 per cent nitrogen in the lignin from four grass species and from 2.92 to 3.36 per cent nitrogen in the lignin from four legumes. The lignin isolated from the corresponding feces had slightly higher nitrogen contents. They also showed that the lignin nitrogen was resistant to hydrolysis by strong acid (5 h r H2S04), by weak acid (0.5 N HC1), and by pepsin added to the weak acid. These results led these investigators to conclude that the nitrogen in crude lignin preparations was not present as protein nitrogen. Furthermore, the digestive enzymes of the ruminant did not reduce the nitrogen content of the lignin. Norman and Jenkins (26) believed that protein degradation products following the treatment of plant material with strong acid resulted in high lignin yields rather than protein per se. Paloheimo (27), Waksman and Stevens (41), Phillips (29), and DeMan and DeHeus (12) have corrected crude lignin values by deducting the nitrogen content multiplied by the factor 6.25. Phillips (30) later felt that, because there was not a constant relation between the amount of protein added to samples for the determination of lignin and the size of the error involved, the apparent lignin values should not be corrected but the per cent of nitrogen in the lignin should be reported. Thomas and Armstrong (40) found amino acids in the hydrolysates from crude lignin and proposed that the factor 6.25 for converting lignin nitrogen to protein was valid. DeMan and DcHeus (12) found the tyz'osine and the tryptophane nitrogen in the lignin isolated from Lolium perenne was in agree-
Nonzero-sum differential games

Differential games theory with nonzero sum for application to economic analysis, discussing Nash equilibrium, minimax and noninferior strategies set
Barley nitrate reductase contains a functional cytochrome b557

Abstract NADH-nitrate reductase (NR) from barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Steptoe) leaves was purified to specific activity of 19 μmol NO2− produced per min per mg protein with 27% yield by blue A sepharose affinity chromatography. Reduction of NR by NADH resulted in spectral absorption maxima at 422 (γ), 528 (β) and 556 (α) nm while oxidation by nitrate caused disappearance of α and β peaks and a shift of the γ peak to 413 nm. These results demonstrate the presence of a functional cytochrome b557 in barley nitrate reductase.
Taking seriously victims of unethical experiments: Susan Brison's conception of the self and its relevance to bioethics.

Dans le cadre du debat sur l'utilisation des donnees medicales nazies qui resultent d'experiences immorales sur les prisonniers juifs des camps de concentration, l'A. donne autorite a la parole des victimes qui ont survecu et defend sa valeur rationnelle et morale face aux revendications epistemologiques de la communaute scientifique en matiere de bioethique.
MSH6 germline mutations are rare in colorectal cancer families

Germline mutations in MSH6 can cause HNPCC, which is associated with a tumor phenotype featuring MSI. However, tumors arising in persons with disease-causing mutations of MSH6 may or may not exhibit MSI. We used D-HPLC to screen for germline mutations in the promoter region, the coding region and the 3'-UTR of MSH6. Eighty-four families, enrolled on the basis of Amsterdam I and II criteria (HNPCC families) and less stringent criteria (HNPCC-like families), were tested for MMR gene mutations; 27 families had a disease-causing mutation in MLH1 or MSH2, and the remaining 57 families were tested for mutations in MSH6. Two protein-truncating mutations were identified in each of 2 families fulfilling the Amsterdam I criteria, being present in persons affected with early-onset colorectal cancers exhibiting MSI. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that expression of both MSH2 and MSH6 proteins was lost in the cancer cells of the 2 mutation carriers but only MSH6 protein expression was lost in 2 adenomatous polyps. A third possibly disease-causing mutation was found in a person affected with a tumor that did not exhibit MSI. In addition, we found 4 new polymorphisms and determined that neither of the 2 studied by association analysis conferred susceptibility to colorectal or endometrial cancer. Altogether, our results indicate that disease-causing germline mutations of MSH6 are rare in HNPCC and HNPCC-like families.
InGaAs/GaAs Graded Superlattices in Photodetectors for Wavelengths Beyond 1 μm

We have used MBE to grow graded IN{sub x}Ga{sub 1{minus}x}As/GaAs superlattices on GaAs substrates as buffers for larger period, constant composition In{sub x}Ga{sub 1{minus}x}As/GaAs superlattices. TEM analysis shows that there are numerous crystal defects associated with the presence if strained layers, but, in many cases, the buffer layers confine these defects to areas outside of the strained-layer superlattices. PIN detectors fabricated from these structures show external quantum efficiencies up to 2.7 %. 6 refs., 4 figs.
1795 DISTENDING PRESSURE DETERMINES POSTNATAL GROWTH OF LUNG PARENCHYMA IN THE CAT

To test the hypothesis that distending pressure produced by the respiratory muscles determines postnatal growth of lung parenchyma, we studied unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis in kittens. Twelve 10–12 week old kittens underwent left thoracotomy. In 6, unilateral phrenectomy was done via the thoracotomy; the other 6 served as controls. Five to 7 weeks later, body weight had increased by 49% in the phrenectomized group and by 47% in the controls (NS). However functional residual capacity by helium dilution under ketamine hydrochloride anaesthesia was lower in the phrenectomized group (35 ± 4 ml versus 58 ± 9 ml in the controls, P<.001). As measured by bilateral pleural balloons, mean transpulmonary pressure ipsilateral to the phrenectomy was lower than mean transpulmonary pressure contralateral to the phrenectomy (P<.05). In postmortem studies, growth of contralateral lungs relative to ipsilateral lungs was greater in the phrenectomized animals than in the controls, as shown by ratios of contralateral/ipsilateral wet lung weight (1.44 versus 1.34, P< .005), maximum inflation volume (1.53 versus 1.33, P< .005) and total protein content (1.45 versus 1.26, P<.002). Ratios of total protein/DNA and ENA/DNA were unchanged. We conclude that postnatal growth of lung parenchyma by cell proliferation in the cat depends on pulmonary distending pressure.
Role of proton dissociation in the transport of acidic amino acids by the Ehrlich ascites tumor cells

Abstract The pH profile for the uptake of l -glutamic acid by the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell arises largely as a sum of the decline with falling pH of a slow, Na + -dependent uptake by System A, and an increasing uptake by Na + -independent System L. The latter maximizes at about pH 4.5, following approximately the titration curve of the distal carboxyl group. This shift in route of uptake was verified by (a) a declining Na + -dependent component. (b) an almost corresponding decline in the 2-(methylamino)-isobutyric acid-inhibitable component, (c) a rising component inhibited by 2-aminonorbornane-2-carboxylic acid. Other amino acids recognized as principally reactive with Systems A or L yielded corresponding inhibitory effects with some conspicuous exceptions: 2-Aminoisobutyric acid and even glycine become better substrates of System L as the pH is lowered; hence their inhibitory action on glutamic acid uptake is not lost. The above results were characterized by generally consistent relations among the half-saturation concentrations of the interacting amino acids with respect to: their own uptake, their inhibition of the uptake, one by another, and their trans stimulation of exodus, one by another. A small Na + -dependent component of uptake retained by l -glutamic acid but not by d -glutamic acid at pH 4.5 is inhibitable by methionine but by neither 2-(methylamino)-isobutyric acid nor the norbornane amino acid. We provisionally identified this component with System ASC, which transports l -glutamine throughout the pH range studied. No transport activity specific to the anionic amino acids was detected, and the unequivocally anionic cysteic acid showed neither significant mediated uptake nor inhibition of the uptake of glutamic acid or of the norbornane amino acid.
Solid + liquid phase equilibria and solid compound formation in hexafluorobenzene + benzene, + pyridine, + furan, and + thiophen

Solid + liquid phase diagrams have been obtained from cooling and warming curves for the four binary systems formed from hexafluorobenzene (C6F6) + benzene (C6H6), + pyridine (C5H5N), + furan (C4H4O), and + thiophen (C4H4S). A stable 1—1 addition compound forms in each system. The C6F6 · C6H6 and C6F6 · C4H4S compounds melt congruently while the C6F6 · C5H5N and C6F6 · C4H4O compounds melt incongruently. The relative stability of the compounds is as expected if bonding results from charge transfer with the C6F6 acting as an electron acceptor and the other component as an electron donor.
Effects of structure and iodine content of the rat thyroid on the distribution of 127-I and 131-I between particulate and soluble thyroidal protein-bound iodine.

The distribution of 127I between particulate and soluble iodoproteins and the labeling of these 2 PBI fractions with 131I were studied in rat thyroids whose structure, function and iodine content were manipulated by hypophysectomy, feeding of a low iodine diet, administration of goitrogens such as propylthiouracil (PTU) or NaClO4, and feeding of diets rich or poor in iodine during recovery from NaClO4 treatment. The percentage of thyroidal PB127I in particulate form, which is around 10 in normal rats on an iodine-sufficient or iodine-deficient diet, was lowered to 2.6 in the iodine-rich, atrophic glands of hypophysectomized rats; in hyperplastic glands, whose iodine concentration was low, it ranged from 5.5 to 17.4, showing no correlation with the degree of hyperplasia or the iodine content. Both in hypophysectomized and in iodine-deficient intact rats, the percentage of thyroidal PB131I in the particulate fraction leveled off at 5-7 within 4 hr after 131I injection, in spite of marked differences in thyr...
Application of a Mini Unmanned Aircraft System for In Situ Monitoring of Fire Plume Thermodynamic Properties

AbstractDirect measurements of wildland fire plume properties are rare because of difficult access to regions near the fire front and plume. Moisture released from combustion, in addition to added heat, can enhance buoyancy and convection, influencing fire behavior. In this study, a mini unmanned aircraft system (miniUAS) was used to obtain in situ measurements of temperature and relative humidity during a prescribed fire. The miniUAS was successfully maneuvered through the plume and its associated turbulence and provided observations of temperature and humidity profiles from near the centerline of the plume. Within the plume, the water vapor mixing ratio increased by 0.5–3.5 g kg−1 above ambient and was caused by the combustion of fuels. Potential temperature perturbations were on the order of 2–5 K. These results indicate that significant moisture and temperature enhancement can occur and may potentially modify convection dynamics of fire plumes.
INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION OF MENTALLY ILL PRISONERS AND PRETRIAL DETAINEES

ABSTRACT In 1992, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that the State of Nevada had improperly forced a mentally ill pretrial detainee to take psychotropic drugs. One legal expert hailed the decision as a victory for mentally ill criminal defendants. However, the U. S. Supreme Court linked this decision involving the Nevada pretrial detainee to a 1990 Court decision which permitted the State of Washington to treat a mentally ill prisoner involuntarily. This essay explains and criticizes these decisions and the convergence of the right of mentally ill prisoners and pretrial detainees to resist psychotropic treatment. Additionally, this essay offers alternatives for prison and jail administrators and a different legal standard for deciding the issue of involuntarily medicating severely mentally ill prisoners and pretrial detainees.
A New Method for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Separation Processes

Abstract A new method for evaluating the ability of a sorting process to attain a specific set of goals is presented. This ability is characterized by an inefficiency number, I, which ranges between zero and unity. Processes which fractionate objects without committing sorting errors are characterized by an I of zero. Separation processes which merely subdivide a collection of objects without regard to their type are characterized by an I of unity. The inefficiency number of a sorting process is calculated from observations of the number and type of errors it makes while sorting a representative collection of objects. The cost of these sorting errors is then assessed by determining how much these errors detract from the goals of the sorting procedure. This cost is then divided by the cost of randomly sorting the same collection of objects to yield the inefficiency number of the process being evaluated.
Organic Composition and Energy Content of the Hepatopancreas of Hermit Crabs (Coenobita) From Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands (Decapoda, Paguridea)

[Die Hepatopancreas von drei Arten tropischer Einsiedlerkrebse (Coenobita pei-latus, C. brevimanus, und C. rugosus) besteht primar aus neutralen Lipiden und ist daher auserordentlich energiereich. Da die relative Grose des Hepatopancreas umgekehrt proportional ist zum Korpergewicht, ist die relative Menge der Energie, welche im Hepatopancreas gespeichert wird, am grosten in der Art mit der kleinsten Individualgrose. Die biologische Rolle dieses Energiespeichers ist unbekannt. Es ist unwahrscheinlich, das die Krebse unter normalen Bedingungen hungern mussen. Da keine Unterschiede festgestellt werden konnten in der Hepatopancreas-Zusammensetzung von Weibchen mit und ohne Eiern, kommt der Reproduktion offenbar keine entscheidende Rolle als Verbraucher der dort gespeicherten Energie zu. Alle analysierten Individuen befanden sich im Zwischenhautungszustand; eine Beurteilung der Hepatopancreas-Reserven als mogliche Energie- und Materialquelle fur den Hautungsprozess ist daher nicht moglich., Die Hepatopancreas von drei Arten tropischer Einsiedlerkrebse (Coenobita pei-latus, C. brevimanus, und C. rugosus) besteht primar aus neutralen Lipiden und ist daher auserordentlich energiereich. Da die relative Grose des Hepatopancreas umgekehrt proportional ist zum Korpergewicht, ist die relative Menge der Energie, welche im Hepatopancreas gespeichert wird, am grosten in der Art mit der kleinsten Individualgrose. Die biologische Rolle dieses Energiespeichers ist unbekannt. Es ist unwahrscheinlich, das die Krebse unter normalen Bedingungen hungern mussen. Da keine Unterschiede festgestellt werden konnten in der Hepatopancreas-Zusammensetzung von Weibchen mit und ohne Eiern, kommt der Reproduktion offenbar keine entscheidende Rolle als Verbraucher der dort gespeicherten Energie zu. Alle analysierten Individuen befanden sich im Zwischenhautungszustand; eine Beurteilung der Hepatopancreas-Reserven als mogliche Energie- und Materialquelle fur den Hautungsprozess ist daher nicht moglich.]
The electron heat flux in the polar solar wind: Ulysses observations

Ulysses measurements of the solar wind electron heat flux as a function of heliographic latitude are presented. Contamination from a light leak at the highest latitudes has been removed from the data by interpolating between uncontaminated pixels. After normalization by the radial gradient in the electron heat flux obtained during the inecliptic phase of the Ulysses mission, the electron heat flux is essentially constant from −80° to 80° of heliographic latitude. During brief periods of the fast latitude scan, both uncorrelated and anti-correlated modulations of the electron heat flux and the solar wind velocity are observed. The implications of the observations with regards to different models of electron heat flux regulation are discussed.
A feasibility study of a two-session home-based cognitive behavioral therapy-insomnia intervention for bereaved family caregivers.

Objective:In 2008 over two million family caregivers will become bereaved. The vast majority of these caregivers have provided ‘round-the-clock care for a period ranging from months to years. Bereaved family caregivers report insomnia symptoms that persist beyond 1 year, longer than what is seen in bereaved noncaregivers, placing them at increased risk of depression and complicated grief. Despite some rewarding elements, caregiving is a stressful and exhausting role that often requires the caregiver to restructure his or her life around the needs of the patient. Once the patient dies, the structure is lost. Cognitive behavioral therapy interventions are effective in providing structure. This pilot study explored the feasibility of a two-session home-based cognitive behavioral therapy–insomnia (CBT-I) intervention for bereaved family caregivers.Method:A 5-week longitudinal descriptive study design was used with 11 adult primary family caregivers of patients who died from cancer. A master's prepared nurse delivered two CBT-I intervention sessions in participant homes. Data collection sessions occurred at baseline, 3, and 5 weeks. A debriefing session was held at Week 6.Results:Participant evaluations of the intervention indicated that it was feasible and acceptable (e.g., 100% would recommend it to others); objective data further supported its feasibility (e.g., 100% completed the trial). In addition, when comparing baseline with Weeks 3 and 5, participants demonstrated improvement in insomnia and depressive symptoms.Significance of results:The results of this pilot study suggest that the intervention is feasible and acceptable and produces promising effects on insomnia and depressive symptoms in bereaved family caregivers.
Model for double-base propellant combustion

The Beckstead-Derr-Price (BDP) monopropellant model that was originally developed as a limiting case for composite propellants has been modified and applied to double-base propellants. The work was performed with the intent of applying the model to modern double-base systems of interest in rocket propulsion. Therefore, the model has been developed to predict burn rate as a function of pressure, initial temperature, and the double-base binder energy. The model has been compared to a set of experimental data covering a wide range of pressures, initial temperatures, and binder energy with excellent agreement. A comparison with 81 test conditions resulted in 96% of the predictions within ± 10% of the data and a maximum error of 12%. All of the calculated rates, sensitivities, and combustion parameters using the double-base model appear to be consistent with available experimental data. The quantitative predictions of the model varying pressure, initial temperature, and binder energy are considered a significant advance in the state of the art.
A population balance approach to modelling of continuous emulsion polymerization

Abstract A population balance approach is used to mathematically model continuous emulsion polymerization. The Smith-Ewart recursion relation is incorporated directly as the “rate of formation” relation for polymer, particles. As a result of this approach, the mechanism of free radical desorption from polymer particles is easily included, and finite termination rates in particles are allowed. Particle growth is incorporated in the model, and particle size distributions are easily obtained. A brief parameter study is conducted. Model predictions are compared to data from the literature. Practical consequences of changes in system parameters are discussed.
Simulation in production scheduling: scheduling flow-shops with limited buffer spaces

The work described in this paper attempts to validate the implicit assumption in traditional flow shop scheduling research that there is a buffer of infinite capacity between any two adjacent machines. The modified NEH (Nawaz, Encore and Ham) algorithm is used to generate an initial permutation schedule which is then improved by tabu search. For any given sequence, a limited equal buffer size is considered in computing job completion times. The scheduling objective is to minimize mean job flowtime. Computational results and analysis are presented. Through these simulation experiments, it was found that the improvement by tabu search can be significant and there is no need for more than 4 buffer spaces between any two adjacent machines. Future research directions are also discussed.
Impact of technological advances on complications of revisional bariatric operations.

Background Revisional bariatric operations are technically challenging and are associated with a high perioperative complication rate. Several parameters were analyzed to determine whether experience, coupled with technical innovation, reduced complications after these high-risk procedures. Study Design Outcomes of 215 consecutive revisional bariatric operations performed by 1 surgeon during the past 22 years were assessed before and after routine use of 6-row endostaplers and harmonic scalpel, which began in 2001. Results All but 3 operations were performed open, including 151 for weight loss failure (14 jejunoileal bypass, 71 gastroplasty or banding, 66 gastric bypass) and 64 for complications of the primary procedure (12 jejunoileal bypass, 11 gastroplasty or banding, 41 gastric bypass). Major perioperative complications occurred in 45 patients (21%): there were 15 leaks, 11 wound infections, 3 pulmonary embolisms, and 16 miscellaneous, including 3 deaths (1.4%). Morbidity after January 2001 was 6 of 73 (8.2%) versus 39 of 138 (28%) before 2001 (p Conclusions Incorporating the endostaplers and harmonic scalpel into open revisional operations significantly reduced postoperative complications. Because these 2 devices were introduced during the last 5 years of this study, it seems likely that cumulative experience also contributed to improved outcomes. Our results also suggest that surgeons perform their initial revisions on their own patients rather than on patients who had primary procedures elsewhere. Patients presenting as candidates for a second revision should be cautiously evaluated, anticipating a high morbidity rate.