cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Truth from familiar turns of phrase: Word and number collocations in the corpus of language influence acceptance of novel claims

Abstract People are more likely to accept a claim as true, the more often they heard it in the past. We test whether using frequently encountered formal characteristics in constructing a novel claim increases its acceptance as true. A corpus analysis (study 1) established that, in everyday language use, lower-bound modifiers (e.g., “more than”) collocate more frequently with large numbers than upper-bound modifiers (e.g., “less than”). This regularity influences which numbers people expect to follow a given modifier (study 2): large (small) numbers are categorized faster and more accurately when primed by a lower- (upper-) bound modifier than an upper- (lower-) bound modifier. Novel quantitative claims that conform with these collocation patterns are more likely to be judged true (study 3), indicating that the collocation frequency of generic elements of quantitative expressions can influence the perceived truth of novel specific claims. Collocation frequency influences truth judgment even when participants know that the choice of number was arbitrary and based on their zip-code (study 4), suggesting that the effect does not depend on speakers' assumed communicative intent and the perceived informational value of the statements. We conclude that familiar turns of phrase can increase the acceptance of novel claims.
Biodegradation of MC252 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes in two coastal wetlands.

Abstract Complementary microbial and geochemical assessment techniques investigated the biodegradation of PAHs and alkanes in salt marshes impacted by crude oil following the Macondo spill. Contamination was observed in the top 10 cm of the marsh profile based on PAH analysis and measurement of the δ13C signature of impacted marsh soils. Measurement of evolution of 13C depleted CO2 indicated mineralization of crude oil ranging from 2.7–12.1 mg CO2-C/m2-hr. Changes in weathering ratios of alkylated phenanthrenes and dibenzothiophenes indicated loss of these 3-ring PAHs consistent with biodegradation. A diverse microbial population was observed at both locations dominated by Gammaproteobacteria and including known hydrocarbon degraders such as Marinobacter and Alcanivorax. There was shared richness between sites and across seasons but results suggested substantial turnover of phylotypes in space and time. Biodegradation of alkanes and alkylated PAHs occurred when oxygen was provided in laboratory reactors but not in the absence of oxygen.
Hypoxia augments edge effects of water column stratification on fish distribution

Abstract Hypoxic conditions in both freshwater and marine habitats have a significant effect on the distribution of fish in the water column, resulting in some fishes aggregating near the edges of the hypoxic zone. These aggregations may increase fish susceptibility to fishing gears, with attendant effects on stock assessment inferences. We investigated how hypoxic conditions influenced catch rates of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in both fishery-independent bottom trawls and stationary commercial trap nets. Specifically, we examined how the presence of hypoxia affected trap net catch rates and how hypoxia interacted with hypolimnion thickness to modify trawl catch rates. Bottom trawl catch rates were significantly higher in hypoxic conditions than in normoxic conditions, and in each of these scenarios catch rates declined as hypolimnion thickness increased. By comparison, trap net catch rates had a dome-shaped response to the duration of hypoxia with the highest catch rates occurring at intermediate levels. Increased catch rates in hypoxic conditions potentially causes yellow perch population models, which rely on both trap net and trawl indices, to overestimate abundance and could result in overfishing.
Prognostic Significance of Complete Pathologic Response Obtained with Chemotherapy Versus Chemoradiotherapy in Gastric Cancer

Few studies have compared the survival advantage of complete pathologic response (cPR) achieved through neoadjuvant chemotherapy (nCT) versus neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) in gastric adenocarcinoma. Our study utilizes a large national cancer database to address this question. This is a retrospective review of patients with clinical stage I to III gastric adenocarcinoma from 2004 to 2013 who received nCT or nCRT. Patients who achieved cPR were selected. Associations were evaluated using Mann–Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests. Survival information was summarized using standard Kaplan–Meier methods, where estimates of the median and 5-year survival rates were estimated with 95% confidence intervals. A total of 413 patients who had cPR were identified. Eighty-four patients received nCT and 329 patients received nCRT. Patients in the nCRT group had higher clinical stage (88.4% vs. 75.0%) and more proximal location of tumors (95.4% vs. 45.2%). The nCT group (n = 84) had a 94% 5-year survival rate, while the nCRT group’s (n = 329) rate was 60% (p < 0.001). On Cox regression modeling using a propensity-weighted approach, nCT treatment was an independent predictor of improved overall survival (nCRT vs. nCT; HR 10.44, p < 0.001). The use of nCT leads to a significant increase in overall survival in patients when compared with nCRT for those who achieved cPR in gastric adenocarcinoma. While this study is limited in identifying the cause for this difference in overall survival, this important finding nonetheless requires further investigation and should be considered in the development of future gastric cancer trials.
Science Conversations during Family Book Reading with Girls and Boys in Two Cultural Communities

Family conversations about science-related topics, including those involving storybook reading, may set the stage for children’s interest in science. We investigated how parents from two cultural b...
Operationalizing sense of place to evaluate potential conflicts in natural resource-dependent rural economies

This paper investigates possible opportunities for consensus-building using survey data from the Katahdin Region, Maine. The region is primarily known for its abundance in forest-based manufacturin...
Economic Thinking on the Road (or Thereabouts)

We spend a large portion of our lives moving from point to point. Indeed, mobility is a necessary condition for our modern economic progress. In a series of short, accessible essays, this chapter discusses some of the current economic issues surrounding how we do so. Topics covered include price discrimination on city buses, the safety implications of a car’s retail price, factors determining whether a person will receive a traffic citation given that they have been stopped by an officer, and the difficulties associated with ensuring safer travel for infants. Through these essays, we gain a deeper understanding of how we get around, as well as the larger economic implications of our travels.
Cardiac Issues in Football

Although relatively rare, sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the most common medical cause of death in football athletes. There are advantages and disadvantages to the various screening strategies used to identify those at risk. Screening strategies can include a combination of history, physical examination, 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, and exercise testing. Secondary prevention strategies start with an emergency action plan (EAP). Specific etiologies of cardiac morbidity in football players including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), aortic diseases, coronary artery anomalies/coronary artery disease (CAD), Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, long QT syndrome (LQTS), hypertension (HTN), and myocarditis are discussed. The increasing recognition of cardiac conditions in athletes combined with increased appreciation for patient autonomy has led to an evolving concept of shared decision making, which will be discussed in this chapter in addition to legal precedents involving the cardiac care of athletes.
Blow fly stable isotopes reveal larval diet: A case study in community level anthropogenic effects.

Response to human impacts on the environment are typically initiated too late to remediate negative consequences. We present the novel use of stable isotope analysis (SIA) of blow flies to determine human influences on vertebrate communities in a range of human-inhabited environments, from a pristine national park to a dense metropolitan area. The refrain “you are what you eat” applies to the dietary isotope record of all living organisms, and for carrion-breeding blow flies, this translates to the type of carcasses present in an environment. Specifically, we show that carnivore carcasses make up a large proportion of the adult fly’s prior larval diet, which contrasts to what has been reportedly previously for the wild adult fly diet (which consists of mostly herbivore resources). Additionally, we reveal the potential impact of human food on carcasses that were fed on by blow flies, underscoring the human influences on wild animal populations. Our results demonstrate that using SIA in conjunction with other methods (e.g., DNA analysis of flies) can reveal a comprehensive snapshot of the vertebrate community in a terrestrial ecosystem.
Assessing Disaster Impact in Real Time: Data-Driven System Integrating Humans, Hazards, and the Built Environment

AbstractCurrent disaster impact assessments are conducted within days after an event and usually with limited workforce and resources. Although many recognize the valuable information attainable in...
The Worst of Both Worlds: The Wild West of the 'Legal' Marijuana Industry

As states have legalized marijuana, they have created a booming industry that operates in violation of the federal Controlled Substances Abuse Act. Like the tobacco and alcohol industries, this new legal marijuana industry has the potential to do great harm to American consumers and communities if it is not disciplined and restrained in how it sells and develops its products. Unfortunately the federal government has not yet stepped in to regulate the industry and state governments have imposed only limited controls. In addition, because of the increased threat of criminal and civil liability hanging over the industry, it has been largely shut out from attracting professional stakeholders including banks, venture capital firms, and professional managers which could help impose market discipline. In order to achieve the policy goals behind legalization of marijuana it is important that states do everything they can in the short term to regulate this industry so that it develops in a responsible manner. One of the things states can do is promote the integration of professional stakeholders into this industry. This essay explores what it means to be a “professional” in the marijuana industry and how more professionals could help mitigate some of the harm this industry poses to the public.
Variance decomposition of forecasted sediment transport in a lowland watershed using global climate model ensembles

Abstract Forecasting change in sediment transport using global climate model ensembles is under-developed in the hydrology community due to a lack of knowledge regarding the variance structure of predictions. We investigate the uncertainty of forecast sediment transport from sources, including global climate model realizations, global climate model ensemble design, forecasted hydrologic inputs, and hydrologic modeling parameterizations. We then forecast sediment transport for the gently rolling watershed in Kentucky, USA. Contrary to past research forecasting hydrology with global climate models, hydrologic model parameterization was the most significant source of variance impacting forecasted sediment transport variables. Forecast of sediment transport responses shows the propagation of uncertainty from the hydrologic model parameterization was over two times greater than the uncertainty from the selected global climate model realizations. This result emphasizes researchers focused on forecasting sediment transport with global climate models may need to give as much, or more, consideration to their water–sediment linkages as climate-water–sediment linkages. Hydrologic inputs from climate change, including forecast precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed, impacted sediment transport. Considering changes in precipitation and temperature alone under-predicts streamflow and sediment transport by 49% and 35%, respectively, compared to including all meteorological variables inputs. Variance introduced across the three different global climate model ensembles was a relatively small source of variance impacting forecasted streamflow or sediment yield. The results suggest a quantitative effort by the researcher to design the global climate model ensemble by considering representativeness, historical performance, and independency will lead to robust results. Ensemble average forecasts forecast streamflow and sediment yield to increase by 19% and 14%, respectively, for the lowland watershed. The sediment transport forecasts reflect the shear-limited landscape of the watershed and the transport-limited conditions in the stream channel.
Restoration of Normal Cerebral Oxygen Consumption with Rapamycin Treatment in a Rat Model of Autism-Tuberous Sclerosis.

Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is associated with autism spectrum disorders and has been linked to metabolic dysfunction and unrestrained signaling of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin can mitigate some of the phenotypic abnormalities associated with TSC and autism, but whether this is due to the mTOR-related function in energy metabolism remains to be elucidated. In young Eker rats, an animal model of TSC and autism, which harbors a germ line heterozygous Tsc2 mutation, we previously reported that cerebral oxygen consumption was pronouncedly elevated. Young (4 weeks) male control Long–Evans and Eker rats were divided into control and rapamycin-treated (20 mg/kg once daily for 2 days) animals. Cerebral regional blood flow (14C-iodoantipyrine) and O2 consumption (cryomicrospectrophotometry) were determined in isoflurane-anesthetized rats. We found significantly increased basal O2 consumption in the cortex (8.7 ± 1.5 ml O2/min/100 g Eker vs. 2.7 ± 0.2 control), hippocampus, pons and cerebellum. Regional cerebral blood flow and cerebral O2 extractions were also elevated in all brain regions. Rapamycin had no significant effect on O2 consumption in any brain region of the control rats, but significantly reduced consumption in the cortex (4.1 ± 0.3) and all other examined regions of the Eker rats. Phosphorylation of mTOR and S6K1 was similar in the two groups and equally reduced by rapamycin. Thus, a rapamycin-sensitive, mTOR-dependent but S6K1-independent, signal led to enhanced oxidative metabolism in the Eker brain. We found decreased Akt phosphorylation in Eker but not Long–Evans rat brains, suggesting that this may be related to the increased cerebral O2 consumption in the Eker rat. Our findings suggest that rapamycin targeting of Akt to restore normal cerebral metabolism could have therapeutic potential in tuberous sclerosis and autism.
Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins

O’Farrell1 introduced the first high-resolution method for analyzing heterogenous populations of proteins. Earlier attempts had met with only limited success. O’Farrell’s1 two-dimensional Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (20-PAGE) technique separates proteins according to isoelectric point in one dimension and molecular weight in the second dimension. The independence of these separation criteria for proteins contributes to the high resolving power of the technique. After minor modifications, O’Farrell’s1 technique was first used to analyze nervous system proteins in my laboratory.2–5
Management of acute blunt and penetrating external laryngeal trauma.

Objectives/Hypothesis Improve the care of acute external laryngeal trauma by reviewing controversies and the evolution of treatment. Data Source Internet-based search engines, civilian and military databases, and manual search of references from these sources over the past 90 years. Review Methods Utilizing the above-mentioned sources, electronic and manual searches of primary topics such as laryngeal trauma or injury, emergency tracheotomy, airway trauma, intubation versus tracheotomy, cricothyrotomy, esophageal trauma, and emergent management of airway injuries in civilian and combat zones. Citations were reviewed, selected reports analyzed, and the most relevant articles referenced. Results Optimal treatment of acute laryngeal trauma includes early identification of injuries utilizing a directed history and physical examination. Timely management of the wounded airway is essential. The choice of intubation, tracheotomy, or cricothyrotomy must be individualized. Computed tomography (CT) may assist in differentiating patients who can be observed versus those who require surgical exploration. In selected patients, laryngeal electromyography and stroboscopy may also be useful. Surgery should begin with direct laryngoscopy and rigid esophagoscopy to evaluate the hard and soft tissues of the larynx, and to visualize the pharynx and esophagus. Minor endolaryngeal lacerations and abrasions may be observed, whereas more significant injuries require primary closure via a thyrotomy. Laryngeal skeletal fractures should be reduced and fixated. Endolaryngeal stenting is reversed for massive mucosal trauma, comminuted fractures, and traumatic anterior commissure disruption. Conclusions Acute external injury to the larynx is both life threatening and a potential long-term management challenge. Although a rare injury, sufficient experience now exists to recommend specific treatments, and to preserve voice and airway function. Laryngoscope, 124:233–244, 2014
Near Infrared Images of a Select Sample of Young Stellar Objects in Taurus

In this study, we have obtained both broad K band (2.2 μm) and narrow band (2.166 μm) images of a select sample of T Tauri stars with the new near infrared grism spectrometer and imager (GRIM) on the Astrophysical Research Consortiums’ (ARC) 1.8 meter telescope at Apache Point, New Mexico. Among our objects, we have discovered several stars to be binary (with separations ≤ 2″) and find evidence for extended K band emission for at least one of the sources.
Government Urban Growth Controls

Government controls on urban land use are as pervasive as death and taxes. Certainly, I have never been in or seen reference to a country that placed no or even almost no, controls on how owners could develop and use urban land. The most comprehensive study of urban housing development policies, Angel and Mayo (1996), which covers 53 countries that include 80 percent of the world’s population, included none that approximated free markets in housing.
The effect of manganese fuel additive and exhaust gas recirculation on diesel particulate emissions

A study was undertaken to determine the combined effect of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) fuel additive and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on particulate and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions from a single-cylinder light-duty diesel engine. Further, the physical and chemical properties of the particulate material were determined to better understand MMT and EGR effects on these emissions. The results showed that EGR always decreased NOx emissions, and that MMT had no significant effect on them. In addition, EGR always increased particulate emissions, but MMT was effective in limiting this increase especially at high EGR levels.
An evaluation of audio-centric CMU wearable computers

Carnegie Mellon's Wearable Computers project is defining the future for not only computing technologies but also for the use of computers in daily activities. Fifteen generations of CMU's wearable computers are evolutionary steps in the quest for new ways to improve and augment the integration of information in the mobile environment. The complexity of their architectures has increased by a factor of over 200, and the complexity of the applications has also increased significantly. In this paper, we provide a taxonomy of their capabilities and evaluate the performance of audio-centric CMU wearable computers.
Resonances in the Disintegration of Fluorine and Lithium by Protons

The resonances in the emission of gamma-radiation from fluorine bombarded by protons have been studied from 300 kev up to 850 kev. Resonances were observed at 334, 479, 590, 660, and 820 kev with width at half-intensity, respectively, of 3.2, 2.6, 37, 7.5, and 8.3 kev. The absolute cross sections at resonance were found to vary from ${0.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10}^{\ensuremath{-}26}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for the resonance at 590 kev to ${5.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10}^{\ensuremath{-}26}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for the resonance at 334 kev. These results and previous results for the resonances at higher energies were compared to the single level dispersion formula, and the values of partial widths due to proton re-emission were found to vary from 10 volts at the 1076-kev resonance to 5.7 kev for the 1363-kev resonance.The resonance in the emission of 17-Mev gamma-radiation from lithium bombarded by protons at 440 kev was found to have an experimental width of 14 kev. The cross section for the reaction at the peak of the resonance is ${7.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10}^{\ensuremath{-}27}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The resonance curve is not symmetrical and cannot be explained by the single level dispersion formula.
Automated Methods to Determine Electrospun Fiber Alignment and Diameter Using the Radon Transform

Recent evidence demonstrates the ability to change cell function by altering the physical properties of electrospun scaffolds, but many studies still do not characterize electrospun fiber alignment and diameter. To aid in the reporting of these crucial properties, we demonstrate two methods of quantifying electrospun fiber alignment with one method capable of determining electrospun fiber diameter. The first method assesses fiber alignment in a scanning electron microscopy image using the Radon Transform (RT) to calculate the entropy of the fibers in the image. The RT entropy method was more sensitive than a commonly used Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method because the RT method was able to assess smaller changes in alignment (±2°) than the FFT (±4°, p ± 8°). The RT is introduced as a sensitive tool for assessing electrospun fiber alignment, but more importantly, we have demonstrated for the first time an automated method of determining electrospun fiber diameter.
Cell surface antigens coded for by the human chromosome 7.

Human-mouse somatic cell hybrids, containing chromosome 7 from an SV40-transformed human cell line as the only human chromosome, were injected into the same inbred strain of mouse as the mouse parental cell, and the humoral immune response assayed. A cell-surface antigen(s) coded for by the chromosome 7 common to all human fibroblastic cell lines tested and also found on African green monkey kidney cell lines was demonstrated. No reactivity to SV40-induced TSTA was detected.
TFTR Initial operations

TSTR (Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor) has operated since December 1982 with ohmically heated plasmas. Routine operation with feedback control of plasma current, position and density has been obtained for plasmas with Ip800 kA, a = 68 cm, R = 250 cm, and Bt=27 kG. A maximum plasma current of 1 MA was achieved with q2.5. Energy confinement times of ~150 msec were measured for hydrogen and deuterium plasmas with e = 2 x 1013 cm-3, Te(0) 21.5 keV, Ti(0) = 1.5 keV and Zeff1 3. The preliminary results suqgest a size-cubed scaling from PLT, and are consistent with Alcator C scaling where T ~ nR2a. Initial measurements of plasma disruption characteristics indicate current decay rates of ~ 800 kA in 8 ms which is within the TFTR design requirement of 3 MA in 3 ms.
Urban and Suburban Nashville: A Case Study in Metropolitanism

QNE OF THE greatest tragedies related to the unsolved problems of metropolitan areas is the fact that most of the work being done on these problems is curative rather than preventive. Metropolitan growth brings conditions similar in many respects to a disease which can be prevented with comparative ease if properly anticipated, or easily arrested if properly diagnosed and treated in the early stages. Almost without exception, however, the town fathers either do not recognize the symptoms in the early stages or do not become seriously concerned about them until it is too late for simple or easy measures. An effective remedy then becomes exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to achieve. Charles E. Merriam's oft-quoted statement that "the adequate organization of modern metropolitan areas is one of the great unsolved problems of modern politics"1 is no less true today. Such cities as New York, Chicago, Pittsburg, St. Louis, and Philadelphia, each of which has over five hundred units of government within the metropolitan area, have long ago passed the stage in which relatively quick and easy solutions for governmental headaches are possible. In these and many other large cities local government seems to have become almost hopelessly fractionalized. The result has been unequal governmental services in different parts of what is essentially one urban community, uneven distribution of tax resources throughout the area, and dispersion and dissipation of citizen control of local government. Virtually all of these metropolitan headaches can be traced directly to lack of foresight or failure to act in time. Metropolitan Nashville, with its some 320,000 persons, provides an interesting case study of a city in the early stages of metropolitanism. While the problem Nashville faces in achieving integrated government for the whole community may seem to be an exceedingly difficult one in the eyes of Nashvillians, it cannot be compared in complexity to the problem of most of the larger cities. Even in the case of
Adrenocorticotropins XXXV. The optical rotatory dispersion of sheep adrenocorticotropic hormone in acidic and basic solutions

Abstract The optical rotatory dispersion of αs-ACTH (sheep adrenocorticotropic hormone) was measured at pH 1.3, 8.1, and 10.1, and the results were interpreted by means of the Moffitt-Yang equation and the modified two-term Drude equation. Provided that λ0 of the Moffitt-Yang equation is taken as 209 mμ, the estimated helical contents by the two methods are in good agreement at all three pH values. The apparent helical content at pH 8.1 is 11–15%. Consideration of the amino acid sequence suggests that any helical content at this pH probably involves the first eleven residues from the NH2-terminus.
Subfascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery

Chronic venous insufficiency is a tremendous health care problem in western societies. Venous disease can affect any combination of the superficial, deep, and perforator venous systems of the lower extremities. Generally the superficial venous deficits are addressed through sclerotherapy, enovenous ablation, stab phlebectomy, and or stripping. Patients with advanced clinical sequelae (lipodermatosclerosis or ulceration) of CVI should also be evaluated for the presence of incompetent perforating veins. Open surgical approached to the calf perforating veins (ie. Linton procedure) were complicated by significant wound complications and have largely been replaced by the less invasive Subfascial Endoscopic Perforator Surgery (SEPS). The use of SEPS in patients with ulceration has been shown to be safe and to reduce the time that patients will have ulcers during follow-up. This chapter will review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of incompetent perforating veins of the legs with particular attention to surgical issues.
Domestic Novels of the 1920s: Regulation and Efficiency in The Home-Maker, Twilight Sleep, and Too Much Efficiency

In part because efficiency is made to appear so ludicrous, E.J. Rath’s 1917 Too Much Efficiency projects in bold relief the absurdities of household management. When it is read with Dorothy Canfield Fisher’s 1924 The Home-Maker and Edith Wharton’s 1927 Twilight Sleep, we can see how all three novels contributed to a domestic management counter-narrative that contested the easy solution promoted by home economists of adapting industrial practices to the upper-class and middle-class home. While that counter-narrative directly challenged some of the tenets and assumptions of domestic management, it was most powerful in its reminding readers that the home is not an assembly line.
Supportive psychotherapy: a crash course for medical students.

In summary, this column proposes the need for teaching core elements of supportive psychotherapy during medical school and then provides preliminary evidence for the feasibility of a simple teaching module. Regardless of the students& eventual specialty choice, basic training in therapeutic techniques provides an invaluable opportunity to introduce future physicians to an important aspect of the field of psychiatry. Such training may improve students& interactions with patients while nurturing those who wish to pursue specialty training in psychiatry.
Equivalent effects of stimulant treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during childhood and adolescence.

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the therapeutic effect size of methylphenidate on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during childhood versus adolescence. Method A retrospective follow-up study of 16 individuals with diagnosed ADHD who completed double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover studies of methylphenidate 0.3 mg/kg during two separate summer treatment programs. The programs were completed when the subjects were children (aged 8 to 11 years) and adolescents (aged 12 to 14.5 years). Dependent variables include objective measures of academic performance and social behavior and ratings completed by counselors and teachers. Results Effect sizes ranged from very large to small, with most effects in the moderate to large range. Across the 12 dependent variables, t tests found that only 3 showed statistically significant changes in effect size from childhood to adolescence. Putative changes in effect sizes can be dismissed for methodological reasons. Conclusion Stimulant medication is equally effective with children and adolescents with ADHD if they are engaged in similar activities. Treatment providers should rigorously examine environmental causes to problems before prescribing higher doses of stimulants to adolescents with ADHD who exhibit a worsening in functioning. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1998, 37(3):314–321.
Effects of diet and phenotype on adipose cellularity and 5'-deiodinase activity of liver and brown adipose tissue of diabetic SHR/N-cp rats.

Abstract 1. 1. Groups of lean and obese male SHR/N-cp rats were fed isoenergetic diets containing 54% carbohydrate as cornstarch (CS) or sucrose (SU) plus other nutrients from 5 weeks of age, and measures of adiposity, thyroxine 5' deiodinase (T4-5'DI) activity, and tissue and plasma triiodothyronine (T3) content determined at 9.5 months of age. 2. 2. Body weights (BW) of obese > lean, and were greater when fed the SU than CS diet in both phenotypes. Phenotype effects (obese > lean) were present for fat pad weights and adipose cellularity in most primary adipose tissue depots, and diet effects (SU > CS) were present for epididymal and retroperitoneal depots in both phenotypes. 3. 3. Interscapular brown adipose tissue (1BAT) and IBAT:BW ratios of obese > lean, and diet effects (SU > CS) were present for lean but not obese rats. Liver T4-5'DI activity and plasma and tissue T3 of lean > obese, while IBAT 5'DI activity of obese > lean in the CS diet. 4. 4. These results indicate that obesity occurs in the SHR/N-cp rat as the result of hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipose tissue, and that isoenergetic substitution of simple for complex carbohydrate exagerates fat accretion in lean but not obese rats. Moreover, the obesity occurs in spite of greater mass, cellularity, and T4-5'DI activity of IBAT, consistent with a thermogenic defect in the obese phenotype of this strain.
Xanthones from the Botanical Dietary Supplement Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) with Aromatase Inhibitory Activity

Twelve xanthone constituents of the botanical dietary supplement mangosteen (the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana) were screened using a noncellular, enzyme-based microsomal aromatase inhibition assay. Of these compounds, garcinone D (3), garcinone E (5), alpha-mangostin (8), and gamma-mangostin (9) exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory activity. In a follow-up cell-based assay using SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells that express high levels of aromatase, the most potent of these four xanthones was gamma-mangostin (9). Because xanthones may be consumed in substantial amounts from commercially available mangosteen products, the consequences of frequent intake of mangosteen botanical dietary supplements require further investigation to determine their possible role in breast cancer chemoprevention.
Murine Xenograft Model for Human Uterine Fibroids: An In Vivo Imaging Approach:

Uterine fibroids are the most prevalent benign tumors in women of reproductive age. The current knowledge on the fibroid disease mechanism has derived from studies of the Eker rat model where a unique germ line defect in the tuberous sclerosis 2 (Tsc2) tumor suppressor gene leads to the development of leiomyosarcoma, leiomyoma, and renal cancer. To study fibroids of human origin, we sought to establish fibroid xenografts in immune-compromised mice. We determined that lentiviral-mediated transduction of a green fluorescence protein (GFP)-luciferase (LUC) fusion gene and bioluminescence-based whole animal imaging allowed for the monitoring of transplanted fibroid cells in mice. We used this in vivo imaging approach to test a series of transplantation protocols and found that only freshly dissociated fibroid cells, but not the fibroid-derived smooth muscle cells grown in ex vivo cultures, can generate stable xenografts in subcutaneous Matrigel implants. Formation of the fibroid-xenografts requires the implantation of 17betaestradiol-releasing pellets in the recipient mice. Furthermore, freshly dissociated myometrial cells do not form xenografts under the experimental conditions. The xenograft protocol developed from this study provides an avenue for investigating the pathogenesis and drug responses of human fibroids.
Interlayer correlation of embedded quantum-dot arrays through their surface strain energy distributions

We propose an interlayer correlation of multilayer quantum-dot (QD) distributions from a rigorous strain energy calculation. This leads to a map of correlations, or interlayer alignment, based solely on lateral and vertical spacing ($xdist/b$ versus $hdist/h$). We identify four distinct correlation regimes---aligned correlation, antialigned correlation, noncorrelation, and the transition zone between the aligned and antialigned correlation. Our prediction matches well with available experimental data for a broad range of semiconductors with low elastic anisotropy $[A=2{\text{C}}_{44}/({\text{C}}_{11}\ensuremath{-}{\text{C}}_{12})l2]$ and can further predict the QD array distribution for those with high elastic anisotropy $(A\ensuremath{\ge}2)$ by a simple shift in $hdist/h$. The agreement spans both IV-VI and III-V systems. Moreover, the aligned correlation regime produces a large decay in strain energy magnitudes in subsequently grown layers, which may contribute to their observed larger nucleation domains.
Synthesis of di‐t‐alkyl nitroxides enriched in 2H and 12C

The synthesis of a family of di-t-alkyl nitroxides is described, beginning with N-t-butyl-2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane 2H18, 12C8 (12C-pd-DTBN) and including molecules with 9, 10, and 11 carbons. Eliminating the proton and, in some cases, the 13C isotopes simplifies the resulting electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum and improves the spectral resolution. Solvent dependent ESR parameters are given for this family of monofunctional spin probes. ESR evidence is seen for rotational isomerization within the most sterically hindered probe molecules. Some of these spin probes are especially useful for ESR spin probe studies in biomembranes where a range of probe hydrophobicity is desired.
Immune regulation in the retina

Immune reactivity in the retina can be critically important in inflammation and infections, but regulation of this response is essential. The retinal pigment epithelial (RPE), a unique retinal cell, displays a number of essential functions to support the health of the retina. In this review, we highlight how the RPE cell plays a pivotal role in immune defense. The RPE cell orchestrates both innate and adaptive immunity since it expresses TLRs, complement components, MHC class I and II molecules, and serves as an antigen presenting cell. Moreover, both of these immune responses result in the production of a plethora of cytokines, mainly proinflammatory. In order to counteract these inflammatory factors and silence unwanted immune reactivity, the RPE cell also generates suppressive molecules. Recently, chronic immune reactivity has been implicated in a number of retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Current evidence suggests that the generation of excessive retinal inflammation may be the consequence of a loss of RPE immunosuppressive factors. Herein, we summarize the varied interactions of the RPE cell with the immune response and highlight how the RPE cell survives and participates in this dynamic environment.
The galvanically‐induced vestibulo‐ocular reflex in the cat

Rotatory vestibular input is processed by receptor organs and relayed along the vestibular nerves to a central processor, whence the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is generated. Electrical stimuli applied to the labyrinth can bypass receptors and stimulate the nerve directly, thereby generating horizontal eye movements (EVOR). It was our purpose to mathematically relate the EVOR to the VOR in an effort to generate a parameter by which the experimental effects of ototoxins on the inner ear can be evaluated. A feline preparation was created in which the VOR and EVOR were measured in response to various sinusoidal stimuli. A detailed comparison between VOR and EVOR with respect to gain and phase was performed. From analysis of the data, the differential sensitivity to rotatory amplitude with respect to electrical amplitude was proposed as this parameter.
Neutrinos from the Universe

Abstract We describe the possible impact of Neutrino Oscillations on future neutrino astronomy. There are two key areas where this impact can be large: (1) Neutrinos from Supernova Type II explosions in the Galaxy and (2) UHE neutrinos from the Galaxy and beyond In both cases the neutrino oscillations could make the neutrino detector somewhat easier. We then review the possibility of detecting UHE ϑ by upward airshowers as was recently discussed in a UCLA workshop. We discuss the OWL/EUSO space-based detector. Finally we discuss a possible new generation of detectors that could serve as a universal neutrino factory detector and the astrophysical neutrino detector, LANNDD.
Dynamic Reliability Sensitivity Design of Cutting Tool with Arbitrary Distribution Parameters

The variation rules of strength, load, and reliability of cutting tool are studied with a change in time, and a model is established for dynamic reliability of cutting tool under the random load acting. By combining the theory of reliability design with the method of sensitivity analysis, the computational method of dynamic reliability sensitivity design with arbitrary distribution parameter is proposed based on the methods Edgeworth and perturbation, and the problem of dynamic reliability sensitivity design of cutting tool distributed arbitrary distribution is solved as well as the variation rules of dynamic reliability sensitivity are given. The variation of reliability is studied as design parameters change a little, which provides theoretical data for dynamic reliability design of cutting tool
Results of extended bridge to transplantation: window into the future of permanent ventricular assist devices.

Background. There is interest in expanding ventricular assist device use from short-term bridging to transplantation to long-term and permanent support. Methods. We have reviewed the outcome of 162 patients who had a mechanical bridge to transplantation that lasted at least 60 days. Eighty-five patients received the HeartMate, 40 the Novacor, and 37 the Thoratec device. Results. Of the 162 patients, 125 received transplants, and 115 survived after transplantation (93%). Within the group there were 174 complications including 54 infections of the driveline, 73 other infections, and thromboembolic strokes in 47. Infections of the driveline were considered major in 24 of 54 cases, and other infections were major in 36 of 73 cases. Twenty-seven of those who sustained thromboembotic events had residual effects. Of 11 patients with a major stroke and infection, only 1 survived transplantation. Eighty-two patients were supported between 60 and 100 days, 63 patients between 101 and 200 days, 12 patients between 201 and 300 days, and only 5 patients in excess of 300 days. A greater percentage of candidates died waiting between 101 and 200 days than between 60 and 100 days (25% versus 10%). The incidence of complications also rose in those patients bridged more than 100 days. Conclusions. The data reinforce the excellent results obtained in the bridge to transplantation trials that reported a shorter duration of support. For those interested in extended bridge to transplantation or permanent use of the currently available devices, the results suggest reasonable success can be anticipated, but the serious infections and strokes tend to be more common with longer duration of support.
TU-C-224A-07: Multi-Objective IMRT Planning: A New Algorithm, with Clinical Examples

Purpose: Intensity modulated radiation treatment planning for difficult cases is typically a time‐consuming manual search for a plan which gives an acceptable tradeoff between tumor coverage and critical structure sparing. We develop a method to calculate the efficient tradeoff surface of a multi‐objective IMRT inverse planning problem. This serves two purposes: to eliminate the time‐consuming manual search process, and to provide the treatment planners with the complete tradeoff information, allowing them to make more informed decisions. Method and Materials: We formulate a linear multi‐objective IMRTtreatment planning problem, the solution of which is a set of Pareto optimal treatment plans. Since each Pareto optimal plan involves a lengthy optimization, it is prudent to represent the complete surface with as few points as possible. Given the current set of Pareto surface plans, we use geometric considerations to formulate the optimization problem which computes the next plan. In this way, plans are added to the Pareto database until the surface is well represented. Results: The algorithm is applied to two clinical cases. For the prostate case, we display a tradeoff between the prostate coverage, femoral head sparing, and rectal sparing. For the skull‐based tumor, we display a tradeoff between tumor coverage, and the maximum doses of the chiasm, pituitary, and brainstem. Conclusion: We provide a method to efficiently generate Pareto surfaces for treatment planning, even when the number of organs to be traded off exceeds two or three. The method is applicable to any convex objective functions, including equivalent uniform dose, as well as the more standard quadratic penalty IMRT formulations. We expect that the clinical benefit of being able to visualize the tradeoff information — e.g. exactly how a decrease in critical structure dose degrades the tumor coverage — during the planning process will inspire a surge of research in this field.
Stability of yttria stabilized zirconia in molten oxy-fluorite flux for the production of silicon with the solid oxide membrane process

Abstract Solar grade silicon can be formed using a YSZ solid oxide membrane (SOM). The SOM membrane is exposed to a complex fluoride flux with dissolved silica at high temperature and electrochemically separated into silicon and oxygen. A failure mode of the SOM membrane by the formation of ‘inner cracks’ was studied, and attributed to yttria depletion in the YSZ, leading to phase transformation from cubic to tetragonal phase. The roles of silica and YF 3 in the flux were studied, and it was shown that silica attacks the SOM membrane, while YF 3 retards the attack. A detailed mechanism of the yttrium depleted layer (YDL) formation, and its role in the formation of inner cracks is proposed. Based on this study, a new flux composition was designed and tested. The flux composition did not attack the SOM membrane, and Si crystals were produced, demonstrated long-term viability of the Si–SOM process.
World energy markets and the developing countries

Abstract Primary energy consumption in the developing countries has been increasing rapidly in the last ten years, giving rise to the prospect that these countries will play an even greater role in world energy markets. This paper describes the adjustments to higher petroleum prices that have taken place in the developing countries and looks at their likely future role. For the purpose of exposition, the developing countries are divided into oil-exporting and oil-importing groups. Analysis is conducted mostly at the aggregate level but fuel-specific and sectoral trends are also identified. The author notes that the experience of the last ten years suggests that the dramatic increases in international petroleum prices had a relatively minor impact on the developing countries′ total energy consumption. There was, however, a significant degree of substitution for other fuels for petroleum in the oil-importing developing countries. The prognostications for the future presented in this paper are based on the assumption that adjustments to price changes take more time in the developing countries. A reasonable degree of adjustment can be expected for the years ahead.
Evaluating forum discussions to inform the design of an API critic

Learning to use a software framework and its API (Application Programming Interfaces) can be a major endeavor for novices. To help, we have built a critic to advise the use of an API based on the formal semantics of the API. Specifically, the critic offers advice when the symbolic state of the API client code triggers any API usage rules. To assess to what extent our critic can help solve practical API usage problems and what kinds of API usage rules can be formulated, we manually analyzed 150 discussion threads from the Java Swing forum. We categorize the discussion threads according to how they can be helped by the critic. We find that API problems of the same nature appear repeatedly in the forum, and that API problems of the same nature can be addressed by implementing a new API usage rule for the critic. We characterize the set of discovered API usage rules as a whole. Unlike past empirical studies that focus on answering why frameworks and APIs are hard to learn, ours is the first designed to produce systematic data that have been directly used to build an API support tool.