cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards Practical Algorithm Based Fault Tolerance in Dense Linear Algebra

Algorithm based fault tolerance (ABFT) attracts renewed interest for its extremely low overhead and good scalability. However the fault model used to design ABFT has been either abstract, simplistic, or both, leaving a gap between what occurs at the architecture level and what the algorithm expects. As the fault model is the deciding factor in choosing an effective checksum scheme, the resulting ABFT techniques have seen limited impact in practice. In this paper we seek to close the gap by directly using a comprehensive architectural fault model and devise a comprehensive ABFT scheme that can tolerate multiple architectural faults of various kinds. We implement the new ABFT scheme into high performance linpack (HPL) to demonstrate the feasibility in large scale high performance benchmark. We conduct architectural fault injection experiments and large scale experiments to empirically validate its fault tolerance and demonstrate the overhead of error handling, respectively.
Current Status of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases

Wide use of effective vaccines has substantially reduced the morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases. The record is not good enough, however, as indicated by 25 to 30 deaths per year from measles and almost 2,000 cases per year of pertussis. Immunization activities must be given a higher priority.
New polymer of lactic-co-glycolic acid-modified polyethylenimine for nucleic acid delivery.

Aim: To develop an improved delivery system for nucleic acids. Materials & methods: We designed, synthesized and characterized a new polymer of lactic-co-glycolic acid-modified polyethylenimine (LGA-PEI). Functions of LGA-PEI polymer were determined. Results: The new LGA-PEI polymer spontaneously formed nanoparticles (NPs) with DNA or RNA, and showed higher DNA or RNA loading efficiency, higher or comparable transfection efficacy, and lower cytotoxicity in several cell types including PANC-1, Jurkat and HEK293 cells, when compared with lipofectamine 2000, branched or linear PEI (25 kDa). In nude mouse models, LGA-PEI showed higher delivery efficiency of plasmid DNA or miRNA mimic into pancreatic and ovarian xenograft tumors. LGA-PEI/DNA NPs showed much lower toxicity than control PEI NPs in mouse models. Conclusion: The new LGA-PEI polymer is a safer and more effective system to deliver DNA or RNA than PEI.
Northwest Sciences Building by Rafael Moneo: Circumstantial Evidence

Among the suite of images put together by Rafael Moneo’s office for purposes of a Powerpoint presentation about his Northwest Sciences Building at Columbia University are a rustic stone-and-brick Basque farmhouse with diagonal timber bracing and a drawing by Jasper Johns from the artist’s Crosshatching series. Beyond their sha diagonal iconography, these evocative images from utterly different worlds—along with a third, the facade of Mies van der Rohe’s unbuilt project of 1953–54 for a long-span convention center—suggest the gamut of inspiration and aspiration that informs the architecture of Moneo’s new Columbia University building. The brief was a demanding one: to fit into the university’s century-old brick-and-mortar McKim Mead & White campus; to house twentieth-first century research in several theoretical and applied sciences; to span a large preexisting sports facility that occupies most of the ground and subterranean level (and had to remain open during construction); to bridge to two adjacent science buildings; and to complete the corner of the Morningside Heights campus on a sloping city block while making a mark on the neighborhood skyline and emblematically opening to a planned extension of the university half a dozen blocks northwest in Harlem. These heterogeneous givens demanded a complex, not to say complicated, solution. It is to Moneo’s great credit that he succeeded in finding an architectural image coherent and legible enough to subsume them all.
Research: France fails to innovate

Despite its strong investment in R&D, France is falling behind other European countries in the number of patents it produces, according to the French Science and Technology Observatory "The connection between research and innovation is really bad," says Remi Barre, director of the observatory, which monitors scientific activity in France.
Enhancing wind power forecasting: A bootstrap resampling interpolated Markov model

This paper presents an improved Markov forecasting for very short-term (1 hour) wind prediction in electrical power systems. The method utilizes the probability transition matrix, obtained for the Markov Model, to observe the trends of the data; this is used to forecast the power for an hour ahead in time. Next, improvement of the forecast is achieved using the method of weighted interpolation where weights are obtained using bootstrap resampling. Finally, the forecast is improved slightly using a hybrid of the two aforementioned approaches. Past wind farm power production data are used to develop the proposed model. Computer simulations using Northwestern weather recordings from the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) website show good correlation between our predictions and the actual data.
Redefining "Immigrants" through Diaspora: Educational Experience of 1.5-Generation Chinese Youth in Cupertino.

Through the intersection of diaspora and immigrant education, this article investigates how Chinese youth perceive their experience of being immigrant and 1.5-generation in and out of school. The fieldwork was conducted in Cupertino, California, in 2013–2014. In total, 11 students were chosen to participate in the research. It combines an ethnographic approach with narrative inquiry. The findings discuss how the youth’s multiple identities were an interplay with their cultural imagination and practices on two various levels: their concept of “home” and their longing for flexible citizenship. This article suggests the framework of diaspora to capture the process of immigration not as an uprooted directional trajectory but rather a complex space where immigrants from a range of backgrounds come to forge their multiple identities in a globalized context. Perspectives from the youth will enable us to critically redefine the term immigrant in the context of transnationalism and globalization.
Platte prairies ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in restored and remnant prairie tracts in central Nebraska.

ABSTRACT In July 2012, we sampled ant species in remnant and restored prairie tracts in the Platte River Prairies, managed by The Nature Conservancy of Nebraska. The sampling period coincided with TNC's July 2012 “Week of Insects”, an event which involved both general public and invited expert participation, and was an opportunity for both education and citizen science. In four days of sampling, even under severe drought conditions, we encountered 22 species of ants. Fifteen species were found in never-plowed, remnant prairies, and four species were found only in them. Thirteen species were found on restored (planted) prairies, with three of these found only in the planted prairies. Four species were exclusively associated with mature cottonwood trees near the site headquarters.
Regulation of PTEN degradation and NEDD4–1 E3 ligase activity by Numb

ABSTRACTThe critical tumor suppressor PTEN is regulated by numerous post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination. Ubiquitination of PTEN was reported to control both PTEN stability and nuclear localization. Notably, the HECT E3-ligase NEDD4–1 was identified as the ubiquitin ligase for PTEN, mediating its degradation and down-stream events. However, the mechanisms how NEDD4–1 is regulated by up-stream signaling pathways or interaction with other proteins in promoting PTEN degradation remain largely unclear. In the present study, we identified that the adaptor protein Numb, which is demonstrated to be a novel binding partner of NEDD4–1, plays important roles in controlling PTEN ubiquitination through regulating NEDD4–1 activity and the association between PTEN and NEDD4–1. Furthermore, we provided data to show that Numb regulates cell proliferation and glucose metabolism in a PTEN-dependent manner. Overall, our study revealed a novel regulation of the well-docum...
Efficient and incentive compatible exchange of real-time information

We consider the problem of coordinating the exchange of real-time information. For example, a US Department of Transportation pilot program seeks to reduce traffic accidents by allowing each vehicle to transfer crash-relevant information (e.g. position, speed, braking status) to and from neighboring vehicles. Time is of the essence: vehicle information becomes stale quickly. Electronic files are the medium of information and corrupt/useless when partial; hence, we model them as discrete, indivisible objects. Furthermore, each agent may perfectly replicate an object in his possession and transfer it to another agent. However, replication and transfer takes time (e.g. due to bandwidth constraints), and scarcity arises due to fact that information quickly becomes valueless. How should agents transfer such objects? We study efficiency, strategy-proofness, withholding-proofness, and introduce a new axiom based on the concept of reciprocity. Our results are as follows: when each agent owns one object and consumes only one object, we identify a family of rules satisfying all four axioms. If each agent owns a bundle of objects and consumes a bundle, then the four axioms are incompatible. If agents live in a network, then for a large class of incomplete networks, efficiency is only compatible with strategy-proofness.
Abstract 430: Efficacy of ApoC-II Mimetic Peptide in Novel Apoc2 Mutant Mice With Hypertriglyceridemia and Impaired Insulin Sensitivity

Apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) is a cofactor for activating lipoprotein lipase, which hydrolyzes triglycerides (TGs). ApoC-II deficiency causes hypertriglyceridemia in humans. Here, we created Apoc2 mutant mice by using zinc finger nucleases and characterized the mice on lipid and glucose metabolism. We also investigated the efficacy of C-II-a, an apoC-II mimetic peptide, as a therapy for apoC-II deficiency. Mutant mice had apoC-II with an uncleaved signal peptide that strongly binds high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) due to a 3-amino acid deletion at the signal peptide cleavage site. Homozygous Apoc2 mutant mice had elevated plasma TG (757.5 ± 281.2 mg/dL) derived from very-low density lipoprotein and chylomicron remnants (40-200 nm) and low HDL cholesterol (31.4 ± 14.7 mg/dL) compared with wild-type mice (TG, 55.9 ± 13.3 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol, 55.9 ± 14.3 mg/dL). The homozygous mice had significantly increased body weight and % fat mass (36.4 g; 26.0% at 6-mon-old) compared to wild-type mice (29.6 g; 17.5%). Less movement and much heat (Energy expenditure) in homozygous mice was observed by metabolic cage. Both Glucose and insulin tolerance tests also revealed insulin resistance in homozygous mice. Intravenous injection of C-II-a (0.2, 1, and 5 μmol/kg body weight) decreased plasma TG in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximum reduction of 90% at 30 minutes after the high dose. TG did not return to baseline until 2 days later. Subcutaneous or intramuscular injections also had similar effects. Plasma half-life of C-II-a was 1.33 ± 0.72 hours, suggesting that C-II-a only acutely supports activation of lipolysis, and the sustained TG reduction is due to the relatively slow synthesis of TG-rich lipoproteins. Additionally, insulin tolerance test in both wild-type and homozygous mice showed improvement tendency of insulin sensitivity in intraperitoneal injections of C-II-a (1 μmol/kg) five times for 9 days. In conclusion, we found a novel mouse model of apoC-II deficiency with insulin resistance and obesity as well as hypertriglyceridemia and also revealed apoC-II mimetic peptide can ameliorate hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance in the mice, could be a potential new therapy for apoC-II deficiency and insulin resistance.
Abstract 248: Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Smooth Muscle Cells and Endothelial Cells Identifies Distinct Signaling Networks Following Inflammatory Challenges

Background: Drug-eluting devices have shown promising outcomes in patients receiving endovascular procedures, particularly in managing post-intervention restenosis that often leads to failure of th...
Cerebral Abscess in Young Adult with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome.

Background Cerebral abscesses are rare, potentially life-threatening entities that result from local spread or hematogenous dissemination to the brain. Prompt diagnosis and initiation of treatment is key in lowering morbidity and preventing mortality associated with cerebral abscesses. Congenital heart diseases with right-to-left intracardiac shunts can be complicated by brain abscesses via paradoxical embolism of infected microthrombi. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a rare congenital heart disease characterized by an underdeveloped left heart that uses intracardiac shunting to achieve adequate systemic circulation. We present the first reported case of a cerebral abscess in a patient with HLHS. The pathophysiology of HLHS and how it predisposes patients to development of cerebral abscesses is discussed. Case Description A 25-year-old male was transferred to our institution complaining of headache, nausea, and vomiting. The patient was not an intravenous (IV) drug user, and serologic testing was negative for human immunodeficiency virus. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 2.6-cm left occipital abscess, which was surgically resected without complication, and the patient was treated with IV antibiotics. Conclusion HLHS is a rare congenital cardiac malformation. The long-term outcome of patients with this condition continues to improve as treatment paradigms evolve. As such, patients with HLHS are living longer, and their potential to develop cerebral abscesses secondary to their unique systemic circulation is increasing with improved life expectancy. Surgeons and physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for cerebral abscess in the setting of HLHS.
A Low-Valent Molybdenum Nitride Complex: Reduction Promotes Carbonylation Chemistry.

Toward nitrogen functionalization, reactive terminal transition metal nitrides with high d‐electron counts are of interest. A series of terminal Mo^(IV) nitride complexes were prepared within the context of exploring nitride/carbonyl coupling to cyanate. Reduction affords the first Mo^(II) nitrido complex, an early metal nitride with four valence d‐electrons. The binding mode of the para‐terphenyl diphosphine ancillary ligand changes to stabilize an electronic configuration with a high electron count and a formal M−N bond order of three. Even with an intact Mo≡N bond, this low‐valent nitrido complex proves to be highly reactive, readily undergoing N‐atom transfer upon addition of CO, releasing cyanate anion.
An Instrument for Examining Elementary Engineering Student Interests and Attitudes

Engineers and policymakers have expressed concern that too few students enter the engineering pipeline. This has led to many efforts to engage students in engineering in after-school programs, summer programs, and more recently, in school curricula. The expectation is that, through these efforts, greater numbers of more demographically diverse children will become aware of engineering as a possible career option, and some will decide to pursue it, thereby increasing and diversifying the population pursuing engineering careers. This expectation makes the assumption that students will become more interested in and form more positive attitudes towards engineering as they encounter it in formal and informal settings. To measure this assumption, we have developed an Engineering Interest and Attitudes (EIA) survey, drawing from earlier surveys used to measure student interest in and attitudes toward science. We show that the subscales developed from EFA and CFA are reliable, and considerable evidence is present for the validity of use of EIA for measuring young students’ engineering interests and attitudes. We also present evidence that EIA can be used by researchers and curriculum developers with students ages 8-11 to measure change in student interests and attitudes towards the goal of evaluating engineering activities, programs, and curricula.
Competing for Emerging Markets: A Resource Dependence Model of Foreign Market Entry Mode

Resource dependency theory (RDT) is one of the preeminent theories in strategic management. It has been utilized to enhance the study of MNE strategy (i.e. mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures,...
Application of Linear and Nonlinear Programming Models in Specifying Land Use, Spatial Equilibrium and Prices for Agriculture

In this paper we deal with the application of spatial programming models to solve certain problems in interregional competition, land use and production capacity of U.S. agriculture. The studies were initiated partly because programming models and modern computers now allow the analysis of a large number of interdependent sectors represented by regions and commodities. They also were initiated for policy purposes to determine how large U.S. agricultural capacity is and the need for supply control and price support measure; to determine the amount of food the U.S. might export under different foreign aid policies and the effect of the level of output on different farm regions and rural communities; and to determine the cost of land retirement under alternative programs. In these respects, a major use of the models was in an analysis for the National Advisory Commission on Food and Fiber in its recommendations for future agricultural policy. 1 /
Doing Metaphysics with Robots

The progress of science will allow science to answer tradional metaphysical questions such as ”What is knowledge?”, ”What is reality?”, ”Why reality appears to us to contain objects, properties, categories, space, time, a subjective and an objective part, etc.?”. Science forces us to interpret reality as adaptiation to the environment and to recognize that the knowledge of reality possessed by human beings (the animals that do science) is part of their specific adaptive pattern, and therefore is relative to this type of animal and not absolute. Science will be able to answer traditional metaphysical questions by construcing robots with different bodies, different sensor and motor organs, different brains, and different evolutionary histories. If we can construct really ”human” robots, which are very different from current ”humanoid” robots, we will be able to determine what is reality for them and to contrast their reality with the reality of other, animal-like, robots.
Sulfonamides Are an Overlooked Class of Electron Donors in Luminogenic Luciferins and Fluorescent Dyes

Many fluorophores, and all bright light-emitting substrates for firefly luciferase, contain hydroxyl or amine electron donors. Sulfonamides were found to be capable of serving as replacements for these canonical groups. Unlike “caged” carboxamides, sulfonamide donors enable bioluminescence, and sulfonamidyl luciferins, coumarins, rhodols, and rhodamines are fluorescent in water.
Abstract ES3-2: Multidisciplinary management of breast cancer brain metastases

The management of breast cancer brain metastases requires a multi-disciplinary approach. Local treatment approaches including stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and surgery remain an integral component in the management of breast cancer patients. Systemic therapies with better penetration across the blood–brain barrier are currently being investigated. In this session, we will review the role of local therapies in the treatment of brain metastases and considerations on combining these different treatment modalities. We wish to exploit the novel interactions of SRS and systemic agents. We will discuss the evolving role of surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery and whole brain radiotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer brain metastases. We will review recent clinical trial data emphasizing the importance of preserving neurocognitive function in these patients and the general impact on current clinical practice. We will discuss issues regarding the optimal timing of systemic therapies in combination with local therapies and their impact on local control. Overall, there is a changing landscape in the treatment of breast cancer brain metastases with greater emphasis on preserving patients9 neurologic function. Clinical trial research continues to be a priority. Ultimately, our goal is a significant paradigm shift in the management of breast cancer brain metastases with the prevention of central nervous system (CNS) metastases. Citation Format: Tsien C. Multidisciplinary management of breast cancer brain metastases [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES3-2.
Global Metabolomics in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients Discordant for Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease

ABSTRACT Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) remains a significant late effect issue for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) survivors, contributing to morbidity and mortality. The etiology of cGVHD is not well elucidated. Owing to a lack of early diagnostic tests and pathophysiology ambiguity, targeted treatments remain limited. Biomarkers for prediction, control response, or prognostication have not yet been identified. Metabolomics, the quantification of metabolites, is a potential biomarker of cGVHD but has not been evaluated in this population. In this study, we examined global metabolites of stored plasma to identify differentially expressed metabolites of individuals discordant for cGVHD following allo-HCT. A descriptive, comparative, cross-sectional study design was used to examine differentially expressed metabolites of plasma samples obtained from 40 adult allo-HCT recipients (20 with cGVHD and 20 without cGVHD) from 2 parent studies. Metabolomics profiling was conducted at the University of Florida's Southeast Center for Integrative Metabolomics. Full experimental methods followed a previously published method. All statistical analyses were performed by a PhD-prepared, trained bioinformatics statistician. There were 10 differentially expressed metabolites between participants with cGVHD and those without cGVHD. Differential metabolites included those related to energy metabolism (n = 3), amino acid metabolism (n = 3), lipid metabolism (n = 2), caffeine metabolism (n = 1), and neurotransmission (n = 1). Serotonin had the greatest fold change (21.01). This study suggests that cGVHD may be associated with expanded cellular energy and potentially mitochondrial dysfunction. The differential metabolic profile between patients with and without cGVHD indicates metabolic perturbations that merit further exploration as potential biomarkers of cGVHD. These findings support the need for further examination using a larger, prospective study design to identify metabolomic risk factors that may signal the need for earlier preventive measures and earlier treatment to reduce cGVHD.
L2 scientific writing: the case of agricultural researchers in Brazil

vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 15 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 40 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 49 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 85 APPENDIX: QUESTIONNAIRE 93
Research Update: Plentiful magnetic moments in oxygen deficient SrTiO3

Correlated band theory is employed to investigate the magnetic and electronic properties of different arrangements of oxygen di- and tri-vacancy clusters in SrTiO3. Hole and electron doping of oxygen deficient SrTiO3 yields various degrees of magnetization as a result of the interaction between localized magnetic moments at the defect sites. Different kinds of Ti atomic orbital hybridization are described as a function of the doping level and defect geometry. We find that magnetism in SrTiO3−δ is sensitive to the arrangement of neighbouring vacancy sites, charge carrier density, and vacancy-vacancy interaction. Permanent magnetic moments in the absence of vacancy doping electrons are observed. Our description of the charged clusters of oxygen vacancies widens the previous descriptions of mono- and multi-vacancies and points out the importance of the controlled formation at the atomic level of defects for the realization of transition metal oxide based devices with a desirable magnetic performance.
Resilient Operation of Power Distribution Systems Using MPC-based Critical Service Restoration

Power distribution systems are more prone to disruptions and cause most power system outages. We propose a service restoration technique to recover the system service (electricity delivery) following an extreme event-triggered substation outage. The proposed technique considers the problem of controlling distributed energy resources (DERs) of a distribution system with the objective of achieving maximum load pick up while satisfying network flow and voltage constraints. The problem is formulated as a model predictive control (MPC), where a linearized optimal power flow (OPF) model is employed to describe the network. The formulation is augmented with a ramping (up) reserve product for the DERs to ensure an upward monotonic load restoration as time evolves. We perform simulations considering the IEEE 13-bus test feeder integrated with wind, solar, microturbine, and energy storage devices. We demonstrate the efficacy of the devised technique in restoring the system loads monotonically, without shedding previously restored loads. We also show the benefit of co-optimization of power and reserve products for DERs on service restoration. In addition, the capability of the technique in regulating nodal voltages and reducing renewable power curtailment is demonstrated.
Identifying Progress Toward Ethnoracial Achievement Equity Across U.S. School Districts: A New Approach

We draw on novel district-level test score data to describe novel approaches for measuring ethnoracial achievement gaps and assessing trends toward achievement equity from 2009 to 2016. Using SEDA ...
High-resolution fluorocarbon-based resist for 157-nm lithography

Lithography with 157 nm fluorine lasers is rapidly emerging as the next evolutionary step in optical lithography and is clearly seen as the likely successor to 193 nm lithography. In fact, it may become the technology of choice for the sub-100-nm node features. The photoresists used for this technology will be required to be extendable to less than 70 nm. As has been demonstrated with the transition to shorter wavelengths in the past, the photoresist materials that were developed for the longer wavelength applications are too absorbent for practical use as high-resolution single layer resist with 157 nm radiation. This high absorbency will force the coated resist thicknesses to be well under 100 nm. Fluorine containing polymers have been demonstrated to be more transparent in this spectral region than pure hydrocarbon polymers. We have developed and evaluated a number of unique 4-hexafluoroisopropanol styrene based polymer systems which we previously termed FESCAP resists and have developed new acetal partially blocked 4-hexafluoroisopropanol styrene based copolymers. These resists can have absorbencies of under 3 micrometers -1 at 157 nm which could allow imaging to thicknesses of 150 nm. Our recent resist designs are shown to have imaging capability down to 70 nm with a 0.60 NA microstepper.
Climate Change and the Local Environment: Communicating with Your Patients about Health Impacts.

This case provides an example of how climate change and the environment can have significant impacts on the health of our patients. It also illustrates the complex interaction of local, regional, and global environmental harms. The wide scope of environmental threats to human health presents challenges in managing patients who are increasingly affected by climate-related changes, including severe weather events, extreme heat, worsening air quality, increasing allergens, changes in vector ecology, water quality, food and water supply, and environmental degradation.
Regulation of Thymidylate Synthase Gene Expression in Growth-Stimulated Cells

Thymidylate synthase (TS) catalyzes the reductive methylation of dUMP to form TMP in the de novo biosynthetic pathway. The enzyme is essential in proliferating cells and is an important target for a variety of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs (Danenberg, 1977). The TS gene is expressed at a very low level in non-proliferating cells. When the quiescent cells are stimulated to proliferate, the amount of TS mRNA and enzyme remain low during G1 phase, then increase 10–20 fold as the cells progress through S phase (Navalgund et al., 1980).
Chromosomal microdeletions: dissecting del22q11 syndrome

Identifying the genes that underlie the pathogenesis of chromosome deletion and duplication syndromes is a challenge because the affected chromosomal segment can contain many genes. The identification of genes that are relevant to these disorders often requires the analysis of individuals that carry rare, small deletions, translocations or single-gene mutations. Research into the chromosome 22 deletion (del22q11) syndrome, which encompasses DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndrome, has taken a different path in recent years, using mouse models to circumvent the paucity of informative human material. These mouse models have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of del22q11 syndrome and have established strategies for research into chromosomal-deletion and -duplication syndromes.
Incorporating semantic relationships into an object-oriented database system

Semantic relationships, those class-to-class connections that carry inherent support for constraints and various other functionalities, play an important role when building information models for applications. This is true whether one employs traditional data modeling techniques, knowledge representation languages, or object-oriented modeling methodologies. An example of such a semantic relationship is the part-whole relationship. In fact, most of the popular object-oriented modeling approaches include such constructs in their repertoire of data modeling primitives. However commercial object-oriented database (OODB) systems ordinarily do not provide built-in support for them. We present a methodology by which a semantic relationship can be incorporated into an existing OODB system. At first, we give an overview of the general methodology for carrying out this integration task. Then, in order to ground our work in a real system, we show the addition of a part-whole semantic relationship to the ONTOS DB/Explorer OODB management system. This implementation is up and running, and an example application demonstrating its use is available on the Web.
ON-Response Deficit in the Electroretinogram of the Cone System in X-Linked Retinoschisis

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that the reduced b-wave to a-wave ratio of the brief-flash electroretinogram (ERG) of the cone system typically observed in X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) represents a relatively greater deficit in the ON response (response to light onset) than the OFF response (response to light offset). A second purpose was to investigate the use of sawtooth flicker as a stimulus for eliciting ERG ON and OFF responses. METHODS. Light-adapted, full-field ERGs were recorded in six patients with XLRS and six age-similar control subjects in response to 8-Hz rapid-on and rapid-off sawtooth flicker to emphasize ON and OFF responses, respectively. ERG responses were analyzed in terms of the amplitudes and implicit times of the a-wave, b-wave, and d-wave components. RESULTS. There was no significant difference between the patients with XLRS and the control subjects for either the amplitude of the a-wave of the ON response or the amplitude of the d-wave of the OFF response. However, the amplitude of the b-wave of the ON response was reduced significantly in the patients with XLRS, resulting in a significantly reduced b-wave to d-wave ratio. The patients’ implicit times were increased significantly for all waveform components. CONCLUSIONS. The reduced b-wave to d-wave ratio of the ERG of the cone system in these patients with XLRS is consistent with a relative dysfunction of the cone ON bipolar cell pathway in this disorder. The results show further that sawtooth flicker is a promising stimulus for eliciting well-defined ERG waveforms that can provide a quantitative assessment of the properties of ON and OFF responses in retinal disease. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42:453‐ 459)
Numerical investigation of silicon nitride trench waveguide

We numerically investigated optical properties, including evanescent intensity ratio (EIR), effective refractive index ( N eff ), dispersion coefficient ( D ), and mode area ( A eff ) of the silicon nitride trench waveguides fabricated by using conventional lithography. The waveguides are etched 3 μm deep with potassium hydroxide for triangle and trapezoidal waveguides, which is then followed by 3 μm thermal oxidation and 725 nm silicon nitride deposition. The waveguide with 725 nm thickness has an EIR peak of 0.025 when its bottom width W btm equals 0.65 μm. A thinner waveguide has higher evanescent intensity ratio, which can be used in sensing applications. The locations of EIR peaks correspond to the quasi-TM and TE mode boundary. Narrower waveguides mainly support quasi-TM modes, whereas wider waveguides can support only TE modes. As the waveguide width increases, higher orders of TE modes emerge. In addition, a boundary of TE single mode and multimode can also be linearly curve fitted, according to the starting points of TE higher modes, in order to provide the single mode condition of the waveguide. The waveguide dispersion can be engineered to be in the anomalous region while at the same time remain close to zero. The waveguide with 725 nm thickness and 0.2 μm bottom width has its anomalous dispersion region between the wavelength of 1356 nm and 1462 nm. The mode area decreases with increasing waveguide width. This is the first time we have studied the mode properties of trench waveguides systematically. The waveguide will find more applications in sensing and nonlinear fields with the help of this mode analysis.
Usable access control in collaborative environments: authorization based on people-tagging

We study attribute-based access control for resource sharing in collaborative work environments. The goal of our work is to encourage sharing within an organization by striking a balance between usability and security. Inspired by the great success of a number of collaboration-based Web 2.0 systems, such as Wikipedia and Delicious, we propose a novel attribute-based access control framework that acquires information on users' attributes from the collaborative efforts of all users in a system, instead of from a small number of trusted agents. Intuitively, if several users say that someone has a certain attribute, our system believes that the latter indeed has the attribute. In order to allow users to specify and maintain the attributes of each other, we employ the mechanism of peopletagging, where users can tag each other with the terms they want, and tags from different users are combined and viewable by all users in the system. In this article, we describe the system framework of our solution, propose a language to specify access control policies, and design an example-based policy specification method that is friendly to ordinary users. We have implemented a prototype of our solution based on a real-world and large-scale people-tagging system in IBM. Experiments have been performed on the data collected by the system.
Activity-dependent regulation of tachykinin-like immunoreactivity in neurons of monkey visual cortex

A monoclonal antibody that recognizes the carboxyl terminus of substance P was used to localize tachykinin-like immunoreactivity in neurons of area 17 of the adult monkey cerebral cortex. Tachykinin immunostaining was examined in normal monkeys, in monkeys receiving monocular injections of the sodium channel blocker TTX for 10 or 15 d, and in monkeys from which the crystalline lens of one eye had been removed 3 or 6 months prior to death. The immunocytochemical staining in each monkey was compared with the histochemical staining for the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase (CO). These forms of monocular deprivation produce the most profound changes in the staining of layers II-III and IVC. In layers II-III of normal monkeys, tachykinin- immunoreactive somata are uniformly distributed by immunostained puncta are densely packed in rows of patches that correspond to the rows of CO- stained patches. Following monocular TTX injections, both the patches of CO staining in the deprived-eye columns and the corresponding patches of intense tachykinin immunostaining shrink. Quantitative analyses indicate the numerical density of immunostained somata is reduced by 50% within the deprived-eye rows of patches and is also reduced within regions surrounding the patches in both sets of ocular dominance columns. Following the removal of the lens from one eye, the CO-stained patches and the immunostained patches in one set of rows shrink and the density of immunostained somata in these rows is reduced by 60%. In the alternating rows, the CO staining between patches increases so that many of the patches fuse to form long, continuous bands. Patches of immunostained puncta also enlarge and fuse; the density of immunostained somata in these rows of enlarged patches is approximately 30% greater than normal. In layer IVC of normal monkeys, the CO staining and the tachykinin immunostaining are relatively uniform. Following monocular TTX injections the CO staining and the tachykinin immunostaining are greatly reduced in columns dominated by the injected eye, corresponding to an 80% reduction in the numerical density of immunoreactive somata. By contrast, the CO staining in layer IVC of aphakic monkeys is changed only slightly from normal and the tachykinin immunostaining appears normal. The changes in the density of immunostained somata in both layers II-III and in IVC occur even through the total density of thionin-stained neurons remains normal.
Renal Actions of Vasopressin

The sections in this article are: 1 Vasopressin and the Urinary Concentrating and Diluting Mechanism 1.1 General Features of the Urinary Concentration and Dilution Process 1.2 Mechanism of Tubule Fluid Dilution 1.3 Mechanism of Tubule Fluid Concentration 1.4 Countercurrent Multiplication 1.5 Role of Vasopressin in Urinary Concentration and Dilution 2 Vasopressin Receptors 2.1 V1a and V1b Receptor Subtypes 2.2 V2 Receptors 2.3 Renal Localization 3 Regulation of Aquaporin Water Channels by Vasopressin 3.1 Aquaporin Structure 3.2 Localization of Aquaporins in the Kidney 3.3 Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Water Permeability in the Collecting Duct 3.4 Short-Term Regulation of Aquaporin-2 by Vasopressin-Induced Trafficking 3.5 Long-Term Regulation of Water Transport Through Regulation of Aquaporin Protein Abundance 3.6 Role of Vasopressin in Pathophysiological Stales Associated with Abnormalities of Water Balance 4 The Vasopressin-Regulated Urea Transporter 4.1 Physiological Evidence for a Vasopressin-Regulated Urea Transporter 4.2 Molecular Cloning of Renal Urea Transporters 4.3 Short-Term Regulation 4.4 Long-Term Regulation 5 Regulation of Loop of Henle Function by Vasopressin 5.1 Thick Ascending Limb 5.2 Thin Ascending Limb 6 Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics by Vasopressin 6.1 Medullary Blood Flow 6.2 Glomerular Function
Psychosocial predictors of disability in patients with low back pain

We prospectively studied outcomes for 179 patients with low back pain. Predictors of future function, employment, and medical utilization were drawn from 21 clinical, demographic, and psychosocial variables using multivariate techniques. Education, previous episodes, and whether the patient "always feels sick" were independently associated with most outcome measures, but prescribed therapy and physical findings were not. These 3 items created a scale defining subgroups with 3-fold differences in outcomes (e.g., 35% functionally improved in the worst group vs 93% in the best, p less than 0.001). Data from a national survey supported the importance of education and self-rated health as correlates of back related disability.
General conditions for the success of bootstrapping models

Linear models which fit regression equations to clinical judgments. then use the fitted parts of judgments as "bootstrapped" judgments, have outperformed clinical judgments in many tasks. Empirically, the phenomenon has been pervasive, but general conditions for the success of bootstrapping models have never been explicitly linked to cross-study data. This link, combined with psychologically plausible evidence about the relationships between judgmental variables, shows that bootstrapping will improve judgments slightly under almost any realistic task conditions. This result allows one to apply bootstrapping blindly in cases where criterion information is missing or vague (precisely the cases where bootstrapping models are useful), and be confident that predictions are being improved. A simple comparison of bootstrapping models with equal weighting models is also made, but general conditions for relative success of those two models are not specified.
Signature visualization of software binaries

In this paper we present work on the visualization of software binaries. In particular, we utilize ROSE, an open source compiler infrastructure, to pre-process software binaries, and we apply a landscape metaphor to visualize the signature of each binary (malware). We define the signature of a binary as a metric-based layout of the functions contained in the binary. In our initial experiment, we visualize the signatures of a series of computer worms that all originate from the same line. These visualizations are useful for a number of reasons. First, the images reveal how the archetype has evolved over a series of versions of one worm. Second, one can see the distinct changes between versions. This allows the viewer to form conclusions about the development cycle of a particular worm.
Addressing Weight Loss Recidivism: A Clinical Focus on Metabolic Rate and the Psychological Aspects of Obesity

Obesity in the United States has reached epidemic proportions and has become an unprecedented public health burden. This paper returns to the evidence for metabolic rate set points and emphasizes the clinical importance of addressing changes in metabolic rate throughout the weight loss process. In addition to the importance of clinically attending to the modulation of metabolic rate, the psychological aspects of obesity are addressed as part of the need to holistically treat obesity.
Risk Insurance and Underinvestment in Education

Introduction In recent years considerable attention has been given to the role of the State in the financing and provision of education. Public financing of education has, in particular, been widely justified on the grounds that there are external benefits from education (1). Underinvestment in education occurs because the individual equates private benefits and private costs. But social costs equal private costs while social benefits exceed the private ones. This situation can be corrected by reducing private costs through public subsidies.
Spatiotemporal temperature profiling of corneal surface during LTK

Accurate prediction of LTK treatments requires refined thermal corneal models which necessitate precise input parameters. The overall objective of this study was to provide detailed information on the spatiotemporal temperature profile of the corneal surface, during in-vitro thermal keratoplasty. LTK was performed in-vitro on freshly harvested porcine eyes (N equals 16) with the Sunrise Technologies corneal shaping system (Model SUN 1000). Spatiotemporal thermal imaging of the irradiated corneas were obtained with a short wave Inframetrics thermal camera (Model PM290). Images were obtained at 8-bits resolution, with ~100 microns spatial and ~17 msec temporal resolution respectively. Treatment pattern consisted of eight spots at 6 mm zone, while lasing was conducted at settings of either 100 mJ and 15 pulses (N equals 8), or 260 mJ and 7 pulses (N equals 8). Temporal and spatial variation of the corneal surface temperatures were calculated at locations of importance to LTK. At the laser spot, temperature profiles consisted of transients coinciding approximately with the laser pulses. Maximum transient temperatures observed were 98.0+/- 4.6 degree(s)C for the high and 56.3+/- 2.6 degree(s)C for the low energy respectively. These temperature transients were superimposed on an envelope of lower-slowly varying temperatures. The maximum temperatures observed for this temperature envelope, were 51.8+/- 3.4 degree(s)C for the high and 35.4+/- 3.4 degree(s)C for the low energy respectively. The evolution of either the maximum temperature transients or the lower temperature envelope, followed exponential growth of the form: T equals A * exp(B*t). Maximum temperatures at locations 0.5 mm and 1 mm away from the laser spot, reached 25.7 degree(s)C and 23.3 degree(s)C for the low energy, and 34 degree(s)C and 25.6 degree(s)C for the high energy settings respectively. Temperature decay constants were approximately 2 to 3 sec, while the spatial temperature profile at the laser spot extended more than 2 mm at 2.5 sec post irradiation. The data obtained may help to refine corneal thermal modeling during LTK, and thus improve predictability of current or future-modified-treatments.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Major depression and treatment response in adolescents with ADHD and substance use disorder

Abstract Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently co-occurs in adolescents with substance use disorders (SUDs) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the impact of MDD on substance treatment and ADHD outcomes and implications for clinical practice are unclear. Methods Adolescents (n = 303; ages 13–18) meeting DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and SUD were randomized to osmotic release methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) or placebo and 16 weeks of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Adolescents with (n = 38) and without (n = 265) MDD were compared on baseline demographic and clinical characteristics as well as non-nicotine substance use and ADHD treatment outcomes. Results Adolescents with MDD reported more non-nicotine substance use days at baseline and continued using more throughout treatment compared to those without MDD (p Conclusions These preliminary findings suggest that compared to non-depressed adolescents with ADHD and SUD, those with co-occurring MDD have more severe substance use at baseline and throughout treatment. Such youth may require interventions targeting depression.