cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radio-frequency-based anomaly detection for programmable logic controllers in the critical infrastructure

Abstract Advances in the processing power and efficiency of computers have led to the proliferation of information technology (IT) systems in nearly every aspect of our daily lives. The pervasiveness and reliance on IT systems, however, have increased the susceptibility to cyber attacks. This is of particular concern with regard to supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems in the critical infrastructure. Compromises of SCADA systems–in particular, the programmable logic controllers (PLCs) used as field devices to control and monitor remote processes–could have devastating consequences. However, because of their limited onboard computing resources (e.g., processing power and memory), conventional bit-level IT security mechanisms are not well suited to safeguarding PLCs. This paper describes a methodology for detecting anomalous operations of PLCs. The methodology uses information extracted from radio frequency (RF) features to identify changes in operating characteristics due to malicious actions or system failure. The experimental results demonstrate the utility of the RF-based anomaly detection methodology for PLC verification.
Treatment of addiction and anxiety using extinction approaches: Neural mechanisms and their treatment implications

Clinical interventions which produce cue and contextual extinction learning can reduce craving and relapse in substance abuse and inhibit conditioned fear responses in anxiety disorders. In both types of disorders, classical conditioning links unconditioned drug or fear responses to associated contextual cues and result in enduring pathological responses to multiple stimuli. Extinction therapy countermeasures seek to reduce conditioned responses using a set of techniques in which patients are repeatedly exposed to conditioned appetitive or aversive stimuli using imaginal imagery, in vivo exposure, or written scripts. Such interventions allow patients to rehearse more adaptive responses to conditioned stimuli. The ultimate goal of these interventions, extinction of the original conditioned response, is a new learning process that results in a decrease in frequency or intensity of conditioned responses to drug or fear cues. This review explores extinction approaches in conditioned drug reward and fear responses. The behavioral, neuroanatomical and neurochemical mechanisms of conditioned reward and fear responses and their extinction are derived from our understanding of the animal literature. Extensive neuroscience research shows that even though many mechanisms differ in conditioned fear and reward, converging prefrontal cortical glutamatergic pathways underlie extinction learning. Efficacy of pharmacological and behavioral treatment approaches in addiction and anxiety disorders may be optimized by enhancing extinction and weakening the bond between the original conditioned stimuli and conditioned responses. Adjunctive pharmacotherapy approaches using agents which alter glutamate or γ-aminobutyric acid signaling or epigenetic mechanisms in prefrontal cortical pathways can enhance extinction learning. A comparative study of extinction processes and its neural mechanisms can be translated into more effective behavioral and pharmacological treatment approaches in substance abuse and anxiety.
Semantic distance as a predictor of metaphor selection

Empirical research on metaphor has focused on the interpretation and comprehension of figurative language, while ignoring the production or encoding of metaphors. This research presents a basic model that attempts to explain the encoding of metaphors in expressive communication. A basic premise of the model is that similarity in connotative meaning, measured as proximity in semantic space, leads to metaphor selection. Two experiments that tested the premise are described here. The first utilized a semantic differential based on Osgood's work, while the second utilized a specially developed instrument. Results of both experiments supported the hypothesis.
Knowledge engineering revisited

About six years ago a paper on Knowledge Engineering was published in this Journal. This paper attempts to extend and elaborate on the ideas and concepts discussed earlier. Four major problems are addressed: Preservation of knowledge, proliferation of knowledge, dissemination of knowledge, and application of knowledge. The design principles for both rule-based expert systems and pattern-directed expert systems are discussed and compared.
A Validation Study of Respirator Fit Testing by Controlled Negative Pressure

Abstract Respirator fit testing is a fundamental part of a respiratory protection program. The development of a quantitative respirator fit test method based on controlled negative pressure (CNP) provides an alternative to standard aerosol fit test methods that is faster and less dependent on ambient test conditions. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a controlled negative pressure system using the method validation protocol proposed in the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Respirator Fit Test Methods Standard. The study procedure involved measuring 100 pairs of sequential fit tests using a generated aerosol system and a controlled negative pressure system. A study population of 25 subjects was tested with both half-mask and full-face air purifying respirators. Additional fit test series were accomplished with each mask type by inserting leak sources between each subject's cheek and respirator faceseal. The leaks were used to achieve a distribution of fit test results above...
Optical power allocation for adaptive WDM transmissions in free space optical networks

Attracting increasing attention in recent years, the Free Space Optics (FSO) technology has been recognized as a cost-effective wireless access technology for multi-Gigabit rate wireless networks. Radio over Free Space Optics (RoFSO) provides a promising enhancement to optical fiber systems. In an RoFSO system using wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), it is possible to concurrently transmit multiple data streams consisting of various wireless services at very high rate. In this paper, we develop power allocation schemes for adaptive WDM transmissions to combat the effect of weather turbulence in FSO networks. The problem of optical power allocation under power budget and eye safety constraints is investigated for adaptive WDM transmission in RoFSO networks. Simulation results show that WDM RoFSO can support high data rates even over long distance or under bad weather conditions with an adequate system design.
Recreating the Structure and Dynamics of Ancestral Proteins

Although protein structures are more evolutionarily conserved than protein sequences, the majority of work done in studying mutations in evolutionarily diverged proteins is at the DNA sequence level. In this work, we use a combination of the Zipping Assembly Method of protein structure prediction (1) and FRODA, a constrained geometric Monte Carlo simulation (2) used for exploring conformational space, to reconstruct ancestral proteins. By using reservoir Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics we effectively both determine the native like conformation and sample near native states (3). We then dock the appropriate ligands to the predicted native ancestral structure and near native conformations to compute both ligand binding affinity and also binding poses. Initial results from simulations of ∼440 million year old ancestral glucocorticoid and corticoid steroid receptor proteins indicate that we are able to fold these proteins to <3A from native and that our calculated ligand binding affinities agree with experimental results (4) from reconstructed ancestral proteins. Furthermore, by examining the flexibility of ancestral proteins, we can identify which mutations are most critical in shifting binding affinity from promiscuous binding to highly specific binding of only a few ligands. This also gives insight into the non-reversibility of evolution and into the design of new molecules.1. S. B. Ozkan, G. A. Wu, J. D. Chodera, and K. A. Dill. 2007. Proc. Nat. Aca. Sci. 104:11987-11992.2. S. Wells, S. Menor, B. Hespenheide, and M. F. Thorpe. 2005. Physical Biology 2:S127-S136.3. T. J. Glembo, S. B. Ozkan. 2009. Biophys. Journal 1683444. E. A. Ortlund, J. T. Bridgham, M. R. Redinbo, J. W. Thornton. 2007. Science. 317:1544-1548
Backscattering limitations to spatial resolution in the Auger microprobe

Abstract As Auger instrumentation for submicron analysis has improved with the introduction of field emission sources and multichannel detectors, the range of practical operating magnification has been pushed above 20 000 ×. This implies Auger analysis with spatial resolution comparable to the range of the primary electrons in the solid and care must be taken in interpreting results. Backscattering effects can limit spatial resolution in Auger electron spectroscopy, especially in particle analysis. An example of Auger analysis of a 0.7 μm cube of TiN on steel at 3 and 20 kV is shown, together with Monte Carlo simulations of electron scattering (SEEL). Correlation of the model and experimental results is in good agreement. In this case, lower primary beam voltage reduces scattering limitations to spatial resolution. The optimum beam voltage for maximizing spatial resolution depends on the sample, on the Auger transition being measured, and on the instrument.
Serum chemistries of Coturnix coturnix japonica given dietary manganese oxide (Mn3O4)

1. Plasma creatinine and inorganic phosphorus were increased in manganese oxide (Mn3O4)-treated adult male Coturnix quail, but BUN, BUN/creatinine ratio, uric acid, and total calcium were decreased. 2. Serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase) were elevated in Mn3O4-treated adult male Coturnix quail, but creatine phosphokinase was not affected. 3. Dietary Mn3O4 at 5000 ppm did not produce overt signs of toxicosis.
Optimization of Engineered Ovine Pulmonary Heart Valve Leaflet Tissue Shape for Single Leaflet Replacement

Pulmonary valve (PV) replacement surgery is a treatment option for patients with a congenitally defective pulmonary outflow track. While a tissue engineered approach offers many potential advantages, develop of such a valve involves a complex process of optimization. As an intermediate step, we have used a single leaflet replacement surgical model to further our understanding of the in-vivo remodeling process. A critical step is to determine the deformed shape of the replacement PV leaflet under transvalvular pressure. Key factors in this process are: the scaffold anisotropic mechanical properties, optimal thickness, and the exact initial leaflet shape. We have used electrospun poly (ester urethane) ureas (ES-PEUU) scaffolds since they exhibit mechanical properties very similar to the native PV. In this work we present a design framework of the optimal leaflet shape determination utilizing a single sheet of ES-PEUU for single leaflet replacement surgery via finite element (FE) simulation. The mechanical properties of ES-PEUU scaffold for leaflet replacement were obtained from biaxial in-plane tension experiments. Generalized Fung-type hyperelastic constitutive model [1] was implemented into a commercial FE software package to simulate the deformation of ES-PEUU scaffolds under pressure. By perturbing the initial shape of leaflet and simulating its quasi-static deformation under PV diastolic loading, the optimal shape of unloaded leaflet was determined by comparing the deformed shape of leaflet obtained from FE simulation of TEPV with the one from microCT scan of a native ovine PV. In-vitro test of PV after single leaflet replacement was also conducted to validate the developed method.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Bypassing lists: accelerating screen-reader fact-finding with guided tours

Navigating back and forth from a list of links (index) to its target pages is common on the web, but tethers screen-reader users to unnecessary cognitive and mechanical steps. This problem worsens when indexes lack information scent: cues that enable users to select a link with confidence during fact-finding. This paper investigates how blind users who navigate the web with screen-readers can bypass a scentless index with guided tours: a much simpler browsing pattern that linearly concatenates items of a collection. In a controlled study (N=11) at the Indiana School for the Blind and Visually Impaired (ISBVI), guided tours lowered user's cognitive effort and significantly decreased time-on-task and number of pages visited when compared to an index with poor information scent. Our findings suggest that designers can supplement indexes with guided tours to benefit screen-reader users in a variety of web navigation contexts.
Localization of gamma-ray bursts with wide field multiple pinhole camera system in near earth orbit

A multiple pinhole camera system has been designed and proposed for a small satellite of the SAS type for the detection and localization of gamma-ray bursts. The instrument consists of a three unit array of detectors each of which includes a semi-cylindrical collimator surrounding a twodimensional position-sensitive detector. The collimator contains slits of 1 mm width that are cut parallel to the axis of the cylinder. The slits are randomly arranged in azimuth around the cylinder. X-rays may enter the counter through several surfaces. The point at which photoelectric interaction takes place is determined in two dimensions in a plane perpendicular to the cylinder axis. Each unit of the system determines the position of a burst to a great circle. An intersection of two (or three) great circles provides the precise positions.
Tooth root growth impairment after mantle radiation in long-term survivors of Hodgkin’s disease

The tooth root growth impairment that resulted from 35 to 37 Gy mantle port radiation in 47 long-term survivors of childhood Hodgkin's disease was quantified and related to specific age groups and categories of teeth. Root measurements of the mandibular permanent canines, first and second premolars, and first and second molars were made from sequential panoramic radiographs taken at the time of radiation therapy and after the closure of root apexes. The severity of root growth impairment was greatest in patients who received radiation during the early stages of odontogenesis. With later stages of odontogenesis, and as the age increased at the time of treatment, less impairment occurred. The potential difficulties of using repeated panoramic radiographs to assess tooth lengths in longitudinal studies also were discussed.
The Effect of Varying Task Difficulty on Subjective Workload

The effect of different difficulty distribution patterns on subjective workload, and the presence of a primacy/recency effect in subjective ratings are examined. Eight subjects performed the perceptual central processing required for response selection and manual target acquisition for response execution. The reaction time, movement time, and the percent of correct pattern matching and arithmetic equations are analyzed. The data reveal that subjective rating is unaffected by different task difficulty and no primacy/recency effects are observed in subjective ratings. It is concluded that subjective workload reflects the experience of an ongoing integration process.
Discontinuity Effects at the Junction of a Pressurized Cylinder and End Bulkhead

An analysis is made to assess the forces and moments arising at the junction of a pressurized circular cylindrical shell and end bulkhead which forms part of a hollow sphere. Expressions are developed for the stress distributions for two cases:(1)When the end bulkhead is joined rigidly and directly to the cylinder.(2)When a jointing ring is introduced at the junction.The necessary and sufficient geometric conditions for the existence of pure membrane stress in the structure are then examined.
Implications of acquired changes in tolerance for the treatment of alcohol problems.

Abstract This paper is a summary of research on tolerance to ethyl alcohol that is relevant to providing services for the prevention and treatment of alcohol problems. The emphasis of the paper is on the implications of tolerance research for planning intervention strategies. In addition, the effect of tolerance on conducting evaluations of a person's drinking behavior during and following treatment is examined. The paper concludes with discussion of possible lines of research on tolerance to alcohol that would be useful to clinicians.
Preparative separation of 1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid trisodium salt from the color additive D&C Green No. 8 (pyranine) by pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography.

Abstract In developing analytical methods for batch certification of the color additive D&C Green No. 8 (G8), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration needed the trisodium salt of 1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid (P3S) for use as a reference material. Since P3S was not commercially available, preparative quantities of it were separated from portions of a sample of G8 that contained ∼3.5% P3S. The separations were performed by pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography using dodecylamine (DA) as the hydrophobic counterion. The added DA enabled partitioning of the polysulfonated components into the organic stationary phase of the two-phase solvent system used, 1-butanol–water (1:1). Thus, a typical separation that involved 20.3 g of G8, using sulfuric acid as the retainer acid and 20% DA in the stationary phase and 0.1 M sodium hydroxide as the mobile phase, resulted in ∼0.58 g of P3S of greater than 99% purity. The identification and characterization of the separated P3S were performed by elemental analyses, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution mass spectrometry, ultra-violet spectra, and high-performance liquid chromatography.
Lagrangian model simulations of molecular mixing, including finite rate chemical reactions, in a temporally developing shear layer

A local integral model for approximate simulations of the molecular mixing and chemical reaction processes in turbulent reacting flows is presented. The model is based on recent experimental results, which show that essentially all of the molecular mixing in turbulent flows occurs in thin strained laminar diffusion layers, and that the internal structure within these layers is essentially self‐similar. This motivates a local integral treatment of the mixing and reaction processes in these layers that removes the resolution requirements imposed on full simulations by the steep gradients within the molecular diffusion and chemical reaction scales of the flow. The resulting integral model is applied to predict the mixing and reaction progress in a temporally developing shear layer over a range of Reynolds and Damkohler numbers, and to make comparisons with results obtained from full finite difference simulations. The resulting reactant and product concentration fields, as well as the temperature and reaction rate fields obtained from the model, are in good agreement with the full simulations. The results indicate that the model is able to accurately follow even highly sensitive nonlinear measures of the mixing and reaction progress such as the local extinction phenomenon characteristic of large Zel’dovich number Arrhenius kinetics.
Inhibition of red cell Na+, K+-ATPase in digitalized patients

Abstract Na + , K + -ATPase activities of the red cells obtained from 75 patients for whom serum digoxin determinations had been ordered are compared with the enzyme activities of the 34 blood samples known not to have been exposed to digitalis. Partial inhibition of the enzyme in a substantial number of samples obtained from patients is observed. These results, in conjunction with previous observations on changes in red cell electrolytes of the digitalized subjects, provide strong support for the assumption that the inhibition of red cell Na + , K + -ATPase may occur in the course of therapy with digitalis.
Explaining Star Wars

The Star Wars proposal resulted from the conjuncture of several factors: an organizational and technological base in the weapons laboratories and aerospace industry, effective advocacy by powerful individuals and organizations, and the need of the Reagan administration for a public relations response to the nuclear freeze. The bureaucratic politics, decision process, and social movements paradigms are most useful for explaining the initiation of the proposal. Rational analysis, pressure group, organizational process, and garrison state theories help us to explain the policy outcome.
Assessment of trueness of glucose measurement instruments with different specimen matrices.

Abstract Background The trueness of glucose monitors is commonly assessed using whole-blood samples and a clinical analyzer as a comparison method. In this study, the effect of specimen matrix on trueness of one clinical analyzer and one glucose monitor was compared with a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) reference method, using split-sample comparison with capillary whole blood (CWB), venous whole blood (VWB), and plasma (PL). Methods CWB was analyzed by the glucose monitor and the GC/MS reference method. VWB was analyzed by the glucose monitor, clinical analyzer, and the GC/MS method. PL was analyzed by the clinical analyzer and the GC/MS reference method. Results For the glucose monitor, the bias was 0.4% and − 18.2% for CWB and VWB, respectively. The clinical analyzer had a bias of − 25.4% for VWB and − 12.0% for PL and a proportional bias was detected in both specimens. Using the clinical analyzer as a comparison method, the glucose monitor had a proportional bias of − 9.8%. Conclusion The trueness of clinical analyzers can be affected by the specimen matrix that needs to be assessed before they are used as comparison method to assess trueness of glucose monitors.
miR-219 Regulates Neural Precursor Differentiation by Direct Inhibition of Apical Par Polarity Proteins

Asymmetric self-renewing division of neural precursors is essential for brain development. Partitioning-defective (Par) proteins promote self-renewal, and their asymmetric distribution provides a mechanism for asymmetric division. Near the end of neural development, most asymmetric division ends and precursors differentiate. This correlates with Par protein disappearance, but mechanisms that cause downregulation are unknown. MicroRNAs can promote precursor differentiation but have not been linked to Par protein regulation. We tested a hypothesis that microRNA miR-219 promotes precursor differentiation by inhibiting Par proteins. Neural precursors in zebrafish larvae lacking miR-219 function retained apical proteins, remained in the cell cycle, and failed to differentiate. miR-219 inhibited expression via target sites within the 3' untranslated sequence of pard3 and prkci mRNAs, which encode Par proteins, and blocking miR-219 access to these sites phenocopied loss of miR-219 function. We propose that negative regulation of Par protein expression by miR-219 promotes cell-cycle exit and differentiation.
Moving beyond green: Sustainable development toward healthy environments, social justice, and strong economies

Sustainability initiatives in higher education in general and student affairs specifically must recognize the impact of our present decisions on environmental health, social justice, and economic strength. Efforts must push beyond “green” ideas to identify solutions that move toward a future that is environmentally capable, more just and equitable, and economically viable for all.
Capping the electricity cost of cloud-scale data centers with impacts on power markets

In this paper, we propose a novel electricity cost capping algorithm that not only minimizes the electricity cost of operating cloud-scale data centers, but also enforces a cost budget on the monthly electricity bill. Our solution first explicitly models the impacts of power demands on electricity prices and the power consumption of cooling and networking in the minimization of electricity cost. In the second step, if the electricity cost exceeds a desired monthly budget due to unexpectedly high workloads, our solution guarantees the quality of service for premium customers and trades off the request throughput of ordinary customers. We formulate electricity cost capping as two related constrained optimization problems and propose an efficient algorithm based on mixed integer programming. Simulation results show that our solution outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions by having lower electricity costs and achieves desired cost capping with maximized request throughput.
Nasal CPAP Effect on Patterns of Sleep Apnea

To evaluate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure via nasal mask (nasal CPAP) on occlusive, mixed, and central apneas (OA, MA, and CA, respectively), we performed nocturnal polysomnography without and with nasal CPAP on 21 patients with sleep apnea. Three patients were unable to tolerate nasal CPAP. The remaining 18 patients had significant reductions in the overall apnea frequency when using nasal CPAP (52.9 ±5 per hour slept vs 3.3 ± 1 per hour slept, mean ± SE, p
A novel class of polymeric pH-responsive MRI CEST agents.

In this communication, we report that ionizable, tertiary amine-based block copolymers can be used as pH-responsive contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) through the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) mechanism. The CEST signal is essentially “off” when the polymers form micelles near physiological pH but is activated to the “on” state when the micelles dissociate in an acidic environment.
Parenting a daughter with precocious puberty of turner syndrome

Alterations in sexual maturation present parenting challenges for mothers of these children. The purpose of this exploratory study was to identify specific childrearing problems and management behaviors used by mothers of daughters with two chronic conditions, precocious puberty and Turner syndrome. Problems included communicating with school personnel, supervising peer relationships, and attempting to normalize their daughter's physical appearance. The most common management behavior was taking charge to prevent or attempt to solve problems. Implications for clinical practice include providing anticipatory guidance, supporting parent communication strategies, and providing support and information resources.
A Signal Strength Priority Based Position Estimation for Mobile Platforms

Global Positioning System (GPS) products help to navigate while driving, hiking, boating, and flying. GPS uses a combination of orbiting satellites to determine position coordinates. This works great in most outdoor areas, but the satellite signals are not strong enough to penetrate inside most indoor environments. As a result, a new strain of indoor positioning technologies that make use of 802.11 wireless LANs (WLAN) is beginning to appear on the market. In WLAN positioning the system either monitors propagation delays between wireless access points and wireless device users to apply trilateration techniques or it maintains the database of location-specific signal fingerprints which is used to identify the most likely match of incoming signal data with those preliminary surveyed and saved in the database. In this paper we investigate the issue of deploying WLAN positioning software on mobile platforms with typically limited computational resources. We suggest a novel received signal strength rank order based location estimation system to reduce computational loads with a robust performance. The proposed system performance is compared to conventional approaches.
A Bayesian classifier for uncertain data

Data uncertainty is widespread in a variety of applications. This paper proposes a new Bayesian classification algorithm for classifying uncertain data. In the paper, we apply probability and statistics theory on uncertain data model, and provide solutions for model parameter estimation for both uncertain numerical data and uncertain categorical data. We also prove the correctness of the solutions. The experimental results demonstrate the proposed uncertain Bayesian classifier can be efficiently constructed, and it significantly outperforms the traditional Bayesian classifier in prediction accuracy when data is highly uncertain.
Quantitative assessment of radiation-induced fibrosis of the breast with tissue compliance meter, palpation, and radiological imaging: preliminary results.

Abstract: Quantification of radiation (RT)-induced fibrosis (RIF) continues to present a challenge in breast cancer survivors. We compare assessment of RIF by palpation and tissue compliance meter (TCM) to the radiological findings in women treated with RT. Of 300 patients treated with adjuvant RT, 17 women had ≥2-year follow-up sufficient to document RIF. Palpation and TCM were employed by three radiation oncologists in a blinded fashion. Palpation grades 1, 2, and 3 denoted mild, moderate, and severe RIF. TCM measured degree of compliance (DC) of RIF in irradiated (RTB) and nonirradiated breasts (NRTB). Architectural distortions (AD) on mammograms, ultrasound (US), and MRI were assessed. Median time of follow up was 3.9 years (range 2.1–6.5 years). Palpation revealed RIF grades 1, 2, and 3 in four, 10, and three patients, respectively. Mean percent changes (PC) in DC between RTB and NRTB by TCM were 19.5%, 37.1%, and 57.5% for grades 1, 2, and 3 RIF, respectively (p < 0.0001). There was a strong linear correlation between palpation grade and PC of DC by TCM (spearman-rank correlation=0.88, p < 0.0001). Interobserver variability (reliability) was computed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for TCM and kappa statistic for clinical palpation (ICC=0.99 [p < 0.0001] and kappa=0.70 [p < 0.0001], respectively). There was no correlation between average size of the AD as measured by the imaging modalities and RIF as assessed by palpation or TCM. Our preliminary data suggest that quantification of RIF is best with TCM. TCM results correlate better with palpation than with radiological imaging. The study with larger number of patients required to confirm our findings is underway.
Fighting for the Afterlife: Spiritists, Catholics, and Popular Religion in Nineteenth-Century France

This article examines the position of nineteenth-century French spiritism in relation to the Catholic Church. Spiritism offered an alternative “religion” to French Catholics dissatisﬁed with the church’s traditionalism in a modernizing world. I begin by describing the spiritists’ position on Catholic dogma and the movement’s place as an urban popular religion. Spiritist critiques of heaven and hell incorporated liberal and republican values, thus making it appealing to these groups who were often hostile to the church. I move next to conﬂicts between the adversaries. Spiritists, unfettered by dogma or even logic in some cases, freely incorporated the supernatural into the nineteenth-century acceptance of Enlightenment values such as reason and science. The church, unable to deny the reality of supernatural phenomena claimed by the spiritists, limited itself to asserting the devil’s hand in these phenomena. It thus could not fully address the challenge of spiritism. Spiritism as a popular religion complicates the assumption by many folklorists regarding the disappearance of popular beliefs in the face of the modern. The article concludes with a call to modify these theories in order to understand an evolving, often urban, popular culture which integrated “tradition” and “modernity” and continually created new forms of the marvellous.
Feature pruning by upstream drainage area to support automated generalization of the United States National Hydrography Dataset

The United States Geological Survey has been researching generalization approaches to enable multiple-scale display and delivery of geographic data. This paper presents automated methods to prune network and polygon features of the United States high-resolution National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) to lower resolutions. Feature-pruning rules, data enrichment, and partitioning are derived from knowledge of surface water, the NHD model, and associated feature specification standards. Relative prominence of network features is estimated from upstream drainage area (UDA). Network and polygon features are pruned by UDA and NHD reach code to achieve a drainage density appropriate for any less detailed map scale. Data partitioning maintains local drainage density variations that characterize the terrain. For demonstration, a 48 subbasin area of 1:24 000-scale NHD was pruned to 1:100 000-scale (100 K) and compared to a benchmark, the 100 K NHD. The coefficient of line correspondence (CLC) is used to evaluate how well pruned network features match the benchmark network. CLC values of 0.82 and 0.77 result from pruning with and without partitioning, respectively. The number of polygons that remain after pruning is about seven times that of the benchmark, but the area covered by the polygons that remain after pruning is only about 10% greater than the area covered by benchmark polygons.
Dietary intake patterns of Vietnamese in California

Abstract To characterize dietary intake patterns among Vietnamese immigrants, we developed a Vietnamese-language nutrition survey using items from the Centers for Disease Control's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance survey and other sources. We surveyed a random sample of 1011 Vietnamese adults in California using a computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) system. Vietnamese respondents reported consuming a mean of 1.3 servings of fruits or fruit juices daily and 1.8 servings of vegetables daily, for a combined consumption of 3.1 servings of fruits and vegetables daily. Respondents reported frequent consumption of high-fat and high-cholesterol foods and frequent use of a variety of high-sodium condiments. Linear regression analyses showed that earlier immigrants were significantly less likely to consume eggs and salty foods, that younger individuals were more likely to consume beef and fried foods, and that males were significantly more likely to consume fried foods and to drink alcohol. A logistic regression analysis showed that respondents who were older than the median age of 37 years or who were high school graduates were more likely to have consumed five or more servings of fruits and vegetables during the previous 24-hour period. The results underscore the need to collect quantitative data regarding intake of dietary fat, cholesterol, sodium, and fiber among Vietnamese.
Plasma corticosterone in nestling american kestrels: effects of age, handling stress, yolk androgens, and body condition.

The effects of age, handling-induced stress, yolk androgens, and body condition on plasma corticosterone levels were investigated in free-living nestling American kestrels, Falco sparverius, a semialtricial falcon species. In an observational study, corticosterone levels varied with age and handling time. Specifically, corticosterone was low until age 15 days and then rose from age 20 through 25 days. Nestlings as young as age 10 days showed a handling-induced rise in corticosterone. Neither sex nor hatching order of the nestling affected corticosterone levels. Concentrations of maternally derived yolk androgens have previously been shown to be lower in first-laid than in later-laid eggs in the clutch. In an experimental study, androgens were injected into the yolk of the first-laid egg to elevate its levels to those of later-laid eggs, a treatment that substantially reduces nestling body condition compared with that of controls. Yolk androgen treatment elevated posthatching corticosterone levels compared with those of controls, and corticosterone levels were negatively correlated with body condition. These findings indicate that even very young, developing birds can show stress-induced increases in corticosterone and that age-related changes in corticosterone secretion may be modified by body condition and maternal effects such as yolk androgen deposition. The short- and long-term consequences of high glucocorticosteroid levels in young, developing vertebrates are largely unknown.
The role of SNP-loop diuretic interactions in hypertension across ethnic groups in HyperGEN.

Blood pressure (BP) is significantly influenced by genetic factors; however, less than 3% of the BP variance has been accounted for by variants identified from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of primarily European-descent cohorts. Other genetic influences, including gene-environment (GxE) interactions, may explain more of the unexplained variance in BP. African Americans (AA) have a higher prevalence and earlier age of onset of hypertension (HTN) as compared with European Americans (EA); responses to anti-hypertensive drugs vary across race groups. To examine potential interactions between the use of loop diuretics and HTN traits, we analyzed systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood BP from 1,222 AA and 1,231 EA participants in the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN). Population-specific score tests were used to test associations of SBP and DBP, using a panel of genotyped and imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for African Americans (2.9 million SNPs) and European Americans (2.3 million SNPs). Several promising loci were identified through gene-loop diuretic interactions, although no SNP reached genome-wide significance after adjustment for genomic inflation. In AA, SNPs in or near the genes NUDT12, CHL1, GRIA1, CACNB2, and PYHIN1 were identified for SBP, and SNPs near ID3 were identified for DBP. For EA, promising SNPs for SBP were identified in ESR1and for DBP in SPATS2L and EYA2. Among these SNPs, none were common across phenotypes or population groups. Biologic plausibility exists for many of the identified genes, suggesting that these are candidate genes for regulation of BP and/or anti-hypertensive drug response. The lack of genome-wide significance is understandable in this small study employing gene-drug interactions. These findings provide a set of prioritized SNPs/candidate genes for future studies in HTN. Studies in more diversified population samples may help identify previously missed variants.
Microwave bistability in a magnetostatic wave interferometer with external feedback

Microwave bistability has been obtained for the first time in a magnetostatic wave (MSW) interferometer with external magnetic field feedback. The interferometer contained a magnetostatic surface wave transmission line with a 7.5-/spl mu/m thick epitaxial film of yttrium iron garnet magnetized with an external static magnetic field of 1048 Oe, a variable attenuator in a parallel reference channel, and external feedback in the form of an additional static field derived from the line output. Bistable and multistable output power versus input power responses are derived from the frequency dependence of the interferometer transmission and the MSW wave number dependence on the static magnetic field. Typical bistable and multistable output versus input power hysteresis loops were obtained under constant frequency operation in the range 4.9 to 5.2 GHz, and for input powers from -30 to +10 dBm. The bistable response depends on the frequency of the microwave signal, the attenuation in the reference channel, and the gain of the feedback loop. An analysis based on linear MSW theory agreed with experiment. Applications of MSW microwave bistability include power limiter devices and basic microwave logic elements.
A model of the spring bloom in the North Atlantic and its impact on ocean optics

A model of the development of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the North Atlantic and its effect on light attenuation in the water column is presented. The model uses as input data on the climatological mixed-layer depth, solar irradiance at the sea surface, and basin-scale distribution of nitrate at standard depths. The simulated phytoplankton bloom progresses from mid- to high latitudes following the shallowing of the mixed layer during March through June. The bloom occurs first in coastal waters where the mixed layer is shallow and later in the open ocean. Local peak concentrations of phytoplankton last l-2 weeks. As phytoplankton are the major absorbers and scatterers of light in the open ocean, the relationship between chlorophyll concentration and light attenuation can be used to predict time-varying fields of light extinction. The basin-scale variability in the attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance at 490 nm (K490) in May is computed as an example. The objective of this modeling research I is to simulate the geographic and seasonal variability of light attenuation in the open ocean using fundamental relationships between mixed-layer dynamics, plankton dynamics, and ocean optics. The depth of the mixed layer determines the light and nutrient levels available to the phytoplankton for growth. As phytoplankton pigment is the major absorber and scatterer of light penetrating the water column in the open ocean, mathematical relationships can be used to derive light extinction at various wavelengths (Morel 1988) from seasonally varying fields of phytoplankton concentration. Model simulations of ocean basin-scale patterns in phytoplankton concentration and light attenuation with 1” latitude and lon
JanusVF: Accurate Navigation Using SCAAT and Virtual Fiducials

Several critical limitations exist in the currently available tracking technologies for fully-enclosed virtual reality (VR) systems. While several 6DOF tracking projects such as Hedgehog [24] have successfully demonstrated excellent accuracy, precision, and robustness within moderate budgets, these projects still include elements of hardware that can interfere with the user's visual experience. The objective of this project is to design a tracking solution for fully-enclosed VR displays that achieves comparable performance to available commercial solutions but without any artifacts that can obscure the user's view. JanusVF is a tracking solution involving a cooperation of both the hardware sensors and the software rendering system. A small, high-resolution camera is worn on the user's head, but faces backwards (180 degree rotation about vertical from the user's perspective). After acquisition of the initial state, the VR rendering software draws specific fiducial markers with known size and absolute position inside the VR scene. These virtual markers are only drawn behind the user and in view of the camera. These fiducials are tracked by ARToolkitPlus [25] and integrated by a single-constraint-at-a-time (SCAAT) [26] filter algorithm to update the head pose. Early experiments in a six-sided CAVE-like system show performance that is comparable to alternative commercial technologies.
Effects of unweighting and speed on in-shoe regional loading during running on a lower body positive pressure treadmill

The purpose of this study was to determine how unweighted running on a lower body positive pressure treadmill (LBPPT) modifies in-shoe regional loading. Ten experienced runners were fit with pressure distribution measurement insoles and ran at 100%, 120%, and 140% of self-reported easy training pace on a LBPPT at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% body weight percentage settings (BWSet). Speeds and BWSet were in random order. A linear mixed effect model (p<0.05 significance level) was used to compare differences in whole foot and regional maximum in-shoe plantar force (FMAX), impulse, and relative load distribution across speeds and BWSet. There were significant main effects (p<0.001) for running speed and BWSet for whole foot Fmax and impulse. The model revealed 1.4% and 0.24% increases in whole foot FMAX (times body weight) and impulse, respectively, for every unit increase in body weight percentage. There was a significant main effect for BWSet on Fmax and relative load (p<0.05) for each of the nine foot regions examined, though four regions were not different between 80% and 100% BWSet. There was a significant (p<0.001) main effect for BWSet on forefoot to rear foot relative load. Linear relationships were found between increases in BWSet and increases in-shoe Fmax and impulse, resulting from regional changes in foot pressure which represent a shift towards forefoot loading, most evident <80% BWSet. Estimating in-shoe regional loading parameters may be useful during rehabilitation and training to appropriately prescribe specific speed and body weight levels, without exceeding certain critical peak force levels while running.
Future Directions in Computer Architecture Research

A year ago, the 36th International Symposium on Computer Architecture featured the latest installment of the Computer Architecture Research Directions workshop. CARD is a series of minipanels, in which two experts take somewhat opposing viewpoints on important topics related to the future of computer architecture, under the direction of a moderator. As in previous years, attendees flocked to the CARD workshop to hear these debates. Two years ago, Micro featured a special issue on the 2007 CARD workshop. This issue features two articles derived from those minipanels, followed by two excellent general-interest articles.
The Politics and Reality of Environmental Justice: A History and Considerations for Public Administrators and Policy Makers

This article provides a short history of the environmental justice movement in the United States and discusses four dominant problems in environmental justice discourse. It also will discuss three other aspects of the environmental discourse: weak empirical research; the failure to recognize the distinction between hazard and risk; and the possibility that environmental justice is more about fear, blame, procedural inclusion, and power politics than it is about public health in minority and low–income communities. More rational mechanisms for managing the issue would better serve the ideal of democracy, giving society a better chance of solving public health problems in minority and low–income communities.
Accurate Theta jc measurement for high power packages

Measuring the case temperature is one of the most challenging measurements for determining the junction-to-case thermal resistance (Theta jc) in high power packages. This is especially true for low Theta jc measurement, in which high power is necessary to control accuracy. Inaccurate case temperature measurement would lead to an inaccurate Theta jc value. This study explores different methods for measuring case temperature and quantifies their impact on Theta jc. A new method of cold-plate protruded thermocouple is proposed and compared with commonly adopted method of lid embedded thermistor both experimentally and numerically. It is found correction is not negligible for low Theta jc measurement in both methods due to the temperature difference between the case surface and the thermal probe location. A standard test jig is also proposed to determine the correction for the cold-plate protruded thermocouple experimentally.