cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transblepharo-Preseptal Modified Orbitozygomatic Approach for Resection of Giant Frontal Cavernous Malformation: 3-Dimensional Operative Video.

A previously healthy 44-year-old woman presented with a first-time seizure. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a right frontal intraaxial mass extending from the orbitofrontal gyri and gyrus rectus to the head of the caudate ( Video 1 ). The mass demonstrated heterogeneous signal intensity on precontrast T1-weighted MRI, minimal contrast enhancement, and mixed intensity on gradient echo MRI sequence consistent with a likely cavernous malformation. Given the location above the orbital roof with cranial-caudal extension to the level of the caudate, a transblepharo-preseptal modified orbitozygomatic craniotomy was recommended. With the assistance of plastic surgery, the lesion was approached through an eyelid incision that extended laterally to expose the keyhole. A McCarty burr hole was made, followed by a tailored orbitozygomatic craniotomy with osteotomies extending through the superolateral orbit and greater sphenoid wing to expose the proximal sylvian fissure. Dura was opened in a C-shaped fashion over the periorbital fat to allow for mild downward retraction of the globe, exposing the subfrontal trajectory. The opticocarotid cistern was opened to allow for cerebrospinal fluid egress and relaxation, and the lesion was readily identified through the use of stereotactic neuronavigation and presence of a faint hemosiderin blush within the underlying parenchyma. The standard microsurgical technique was used to perform a gross total resection of the pathologically confirmed cavernous malformation. The orbitozygomatic bone flap was replaced and plated, and the wound was closed in multiple layers. The patient was seen at a 3-month follow-up without further seizures.
Trade and agricultural technology adoption: Evidence from Africa

Abstract The incentives for and effects of widespread technology adoption depend on the trade costs separating producers from input and output markets. I incorporate the decision to adopt imported fertilizer into a model of agricultural trade between 230 regional markets across sub-Saharan Africa. I then evaluate two alternative approaches to promoting technology adoption: lowering trade costs and subsidizing fertilizer. Whereas trade cost reduction shifts production towards the most productive regions, subsidies lead to larger increases in fertilizer use. Greater adoption lowers local food prices under existing high trade costs but only increases farmer incomes when trade costs are low.
Induced pluripotent stem cells as models of human neurodevelopmental disorders

Abstract Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have opened an important chapter in the study of neurodevelopment. They allow the study of species, such as humans and primates, whose accessibility to experimentation was previously limited or impossible. In addition, they maintain the genetic background of the individual donors, allowing to make connections between genomic variation, gene expression, gene regulation, and phenotype. Conceptual and experimental approaches to iPSC-based studies and disease modeling are described, and quality control issues and limitations are discussed. Several analytical techniques that are currently used in the iPSC field are presented, including genome, transcriptome and epigenome analyses, cell phenotyping, and electrophysiology. Finally, experimental design issues in modeling disorders with iPSC are discussed.
Targeted Drug Delivery through Optical Control of Cell Lysis

Light-induced lysis of red blood cell carriers provides a delivery strategy for protein therapeutics with spatiotemporal control.
Non-Dolichoectatic Vertebral Artery Compression of the Medulla: A Comprehensive Literature Review.

Abstract Objective Vertebral artery compression of the medulla is a rare vascular finding that causes a variety of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic to neurological disability. This article presents the largest literature review to date on medullary compression of the vertebral arteries. Methods An English literature search was performed using the PubMed database and the keywords vertebral artery tortuosity, vertebral artery compression, and medullary compression. Results A comprehensive literature search yielded 68 patients (57% male) with medullary compression by an intracranial vertebral artery (ICVA). The left side of the medulla was compressed in 44, the right side in 19, and bilateral in 7. The most common clinical symptom was weakness - 26 patients (36%) - 6 had quadriparesis and 6 had hemiparesis. 21 patients reported imbalance; 12 various sensory symptoms; 4 patients were asymptomatic. Conclusions Understanding the anatomy of the vasculature can help mitigate future debilitating stroke symptoms. Concrete guidelines for revascularization surgery in symptomatic patients may also be effective. Future studies are needed to further clarify the prevalence, natural history, vascular etiology, and treatment of this condition, including asymptomatic patients and the likelihood that they will develop further neurological signs and disability.
The Work of Coaching in Rehearsals to Enlist Mathematical Knowledge forTeaching

In this study, Ghousseini investigates how novice teachers can be supported to learn mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) inside the interactive work of teaching. The premise of the study is that teachers draw on MKT often in non-routine situations, requiring a capacity to improvise in the midst of contingent interactions, relying on professional judgment in the service of professional goals. Focusing on the pedagogy of rehearsals of teaching, the study examines what the teacher educator does to enlist MKT in the interactive work of teaching. The analysis of 30 rehearsals from elementary methods courses in three teacher education programs in the USA shows that the teacher educator enlisted MKT during rehearsals using four types of interventions that together aimed to help novices interpret and attend to situations that emerged during the facilitation of students’ strategy sharing.
Vapor- and aerosol-phase atmospheric organic matter in urban air of the Midwest USA

Abstract Vapor- and aerosol-phase atmospheric organic matter were collected in East St. Louis, MO using the high-volume sampling method. Samples were processed by traditional analytical methods and analyzed by multidimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection. Levels of identified, hydrocarbon-like organic vapor and aerosol species (i.e., HOV and HOA, respectively) were 10–42 ng m−3 and 0.020–3.6 ng m−3, respectively. Concentrations of identified, oxygenated organic vapor and aerosol species (i.e., OOV and OOA, respectively) were 2–66 ng m−3 and 23–310 ng m−3, respectively. The principal feature of the HOV was an unresolved complex mixture that represented 54.5 ± 11.3% of the total HOVs during the field campaign. Levels of n- and branched alkanes, alkyl and cycloalkylbenzenes, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and alkyl-substituted PAHs generally declined from the morning rush hour to the 1000–1400 sampling period, which was similar to the expected trend in reactivity with respect to OH. The OOV included aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids, aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones, and alicyclic ketones, alcohols, and epoxides (i.e., montoterpenoids). The bulk of the OA species (∼99%) were a complex mixture of OOA, which included multifunctional n-aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons, dicarboxylic and ketocarboxylic aliphatic and dicarboxylic monoaromatic acids, lactones, tetrols, and pentitols. The sampling and analytic techniques provided quantitative molecular information for HOVs in ambient air, which are a missing source of secondary organic aerosol precursors. Molecular characterization and quantitation of HOVs and OOA species will facilitate predictions of SOA formation using molecular-specific models.
Limestone Sources and Crop and Soil Responses

Introduction Southeast Iowa producers have expressed interest in limestone source effects on crops and soils. Quarried, crushed limestone is the most common liming material used to neutralize soil acidity. Depending upon the quarry, limestone may be calcitic, dominated by calcium (Ca) carbonate, or dolomitic, possessing varying portions of Ca and magnesium (Mg) carbonate. Without exposure to soil acidity, very little limestone dissolves in the soil. But, when limestone is exposed to acidity, it dissolves and either Ca or Mg ions replace hydrogen (H) ions on the soil exchange complex. Among all the ions adsorbed on the soil exchange complex, there exists a chemical equilibrium between the soil solution and this complex. This not only affects the balance of nutrients absorbed by plant roots but the stability of the soil as well. This experiment examines the effects of calcitic and dolomitic limestone sources and their rates of application on crops and soils.
Curriculum Change in Context—I: Historical Evolution of Columbia Business School

As discussed in Chapter 3, Tushman and Romanelli’s (1985) punctuated equilibrium model of organizational evolution is characterized by three defining constructs: processes of convergence—long-term periods of equilibrium in which incremental change mechanisms operate to support the organization’s overall strategic orientation; periods of reorientation—shorter periods of intense activity when patterns of consistency are reordered; and executive leadership—the key intervention mechanism for concluding a period of convergence with one of reorientation. After each reorientation, an equilibrium convergent period ensues until the conditions emerge for another reorientation.
Two-Dimensional Infiltration and Wetting Fronts

To study two-dimensional infiltration, fourteen field tests on four different soils were made. During the tests, the advance of the wet front was followed visually. The tests show that both vertical and lateral advances of the wet front fit theoretical equations. An empirical equation is found that relates cumulative infiltration to time. The tests are important in waste water disposal in absorption trenches and the relationship of this disposal to ground water pollution.
Lyapunov-based output-feedback distributed control of systems on lattices

We study output-feedback control of systems on lattices with spatially distributed sensing and actuating capabilities. These systems are encountered in a wide range of modern applications such as: platoons of vehicles, arrays of microcantilevers, unmanned aerial vehicles in formation, and satellites in synchronous orbit. We use a Lyapunov-based framework as a tool for stabilization/regulation of systems in which nonlinearities depend only on the distributed output variable. We first present results for nominal design and then describe the design of adaptive output-feedback controllers in the presence of parametric uncertainties. These uncertainties are assumed to be temporally constant, but are allowed to be spatially varying. We show that our design yields the distributed controllers that inherit the information passing structure from the original plant. We also provide several examples of systems on lattices and validate derived results using computer simulations of systems containing a large number of units.
A 3.6-megadalton, highly repetitive Eco RI fragment in the genome of Novikoff hepatoma.

The DNA of Novikoff hepatoma cells was compared to that of normal rat liver by Eco Rl restriction endonuclease digestion, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Nuclear and nucleolar DNA from both sources was utilized. Three Eco Rl fragments were found in the Novikoff hepatoma DNA: Fragment A, 3.6 megadaltons; Fragment B, 1.3 megadaltons; and Fragment C, 0.91 megadaltons. Fragments B and C appear in equal amounts in both nuclear and nucleolar DNA of normal rat liver and Novikoff hepatoma cells. In hybridization experiments, radioiodinated Fragment A hybridized to excess Novikoff and normal liver DNA's with C t 1/2 values of 1.3 × 10-1 and 3.0 × 101, respectively. These data demonstrated a 220-fold enrichment of Fragment A in the genome of Novikoff hepatoma cells relative to the normal rat liver. By comparing these data with C t 1/2's of single-copy rat DNA, reiteration frequencies of 6600 and 30 were calculated for Fragment A in Novikoff hepatoma and normal rat liver, respectively. In preliminary studies, the relative amount of Fragment A present in digests of Novikoff nuclear and nucleolar DNA was compared; the results provided evidence that this fragment is localized to the nucleolus. As Eco Rl Fragment A is present in only 30 copies in the genome of the normal rat liver, it is probably not a part of the ribosomal cistrons, which are present in 200 to 400 copies. Fragment A did not hybridize to either 18S or 28S ribosomal RNA. However, the fragment may be one of a set of heterogeneous spacer sequences and, thus, part of the ribosomal cistron. This DNA fragment may be important to structural aspects of the nucleolus or to nucleolar hyperfunction in the Novikoff hepatoma.
Generating AspectJ Programs with Meta-AspectJ

Meta-AspectJ (MAJ) is a language tool for generating AspectJ programs using code templates. MAJ itself is an extension of Java, so users can interleave arbitrary Java code with AspectJ code templates. MAJ is a structured meta-programming tool: a well-typed generator implies a syntactically correct generated program. MAJ promotes a methodology that combines aspect-oriented and generative programming. Potential applications range from implementing domain-specific languages with AspectJ as a back-end to enhancing AspectJ with more powerful general-purpose constructs. In addition to its practical value, MAJ offers valuable insights to meta-programming tool designers. It is a mature meta-programming tool for AspectJ (and, by extension, Java): a lot of emphasis has been placed on context-sensitive parsing and error-reporting. As a result, MAJ minimizes the number of meta-programming (quote/unquote) operators and uses type inference to reduce the need to remember type names for syntactic entities.
Research contributions of Dantzer, Bluthe, and colleagues to the study of the role of vasopressin in olfactory-based social recognition memory.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the later phase in the vasopressin/memory-processing research of Koob and associates, with Dantzer, Bluthe, and colleagues at Neurobiologie Integrative in Bordeaux, France, playing a key role of vasopressin (VP) in olfactory-based social recognition memory. VP and oxytocin (OT) have many functions, some of which are concerned, primarily, with self-preservation and homeostatic maintenance of body activity, whereas others are related to species preservation and social behavior. The investigators mentioned in the chapter have covered both functional categories in their VP/memory research studies. The putative role of VP in learning/memory pertinent to self-preservation was investigated in the appetitive and avoidance tasks. Their adoption of the olfactory-based social memory paradigm for this line of study marked a significant transition to the putative role of the peptide in memory processing relevant to reproductive and social behaviors. The social memory paradigm also provides a constructive link between laboratory-generated research and ethologically relevant field investigation. The chapter is relevant to VP and OT social-oriented research that is carried out with hamsters, prairie voles, and sheep.
Genetic associations of nonsynonymous exonic variants with psychophysiological endophenotypes

We mapped ∼85,000 rare nonsynonymous exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to 17 psychophysiological endophenotypes in 4,905 individuals, including antisaccade eye movements, resting EEG, P300 amplitude, electrodermal activity, affect-modulated startle eye blink. Nonsynonymous SNPs are predicted to directly change or disrupt proteins encoded by genes and are expected to have significant biological consequences. Most such variants are rare, and new technologies can efficiently assay them on a large scale. We assayed 247,870 mostly rare SNPs on an Illumina exome array. Approximately 85,000 of the SNPs were polymorphic, rare (MAF < .05), and nonsynonymous. Single variant association tests identified a SNP in the PARD3 gene associated with theta resting EEG power. The sequence kernel association test, a gene-based test, identified a gene PNPLA7 associated with pleasant difference startle, the difference in startle magnitude between pleasant and neutral images. No other single nonsynonymous variant, or gene-based group of variants, was strongly associated with any endophenotype.
Axoplasmic asymmetry at the node of Ranvier

The previously described unilateral condensation of axoplasmic organelles at the node of Ranvier of large diameter fibres in spinal nerve roots has been confirmed in a single normal rabbit. The tendency for this phenomenon to occur on the proximal (neuronal) side of the node, as implied in previous studies, could not be supported by numerical analysis which failed to show statistical significance for any one distribution pattern. This absence of polarization may be related to the existence of both anterograde and retrograde traffic in large diameter fibres.
High-resolution seismic reflection profiles from Lake Titicaca, Peru-Bolivia: Evidence for Holocene aridity in the tropical Andes

High-resolution seismic reflection profiles of the sediments of Lake Titicaca, Peru-Bolivia, suggest that lake levels in the recent past were considerably lower than today. Incised channels on the major deltas extend to depths of 85 m below modern lake level. Erosional truncation of onlapping seismic reflectors is found at similar depths. This interpretation of the seismic data is supported by analyses of sediment cores from the lake, which indicate that there was a significant drop in lake level during the early to mid-Holocene.
Single Grid Error Estimation Using Error Transport Equation

We present an approach to quantify the discretization error as well as other errors related to mesh size using the error transport equation (ETE) technique on a single grid computation. The goal is to develop a generalized algorithm that can be used in conjunction with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes to quantify the discretization error in a selected process variable. The focus is on applications where the conservation equations are solved for primitive variables, such as velocity, temperature and concentration, using finite difference and/or finite volume methods. An error transport equation (ETE) is formulated. A generalized source term for the ETE is proposed based on the Taylor series expansion and accessible influence coefficients in the discretized equation. Representative examples, i.e., one-dimensional convection diffusion equation, two-dimensional Poisson equation, two-dimensional convection diffusion equation, and nonlinear one-dimensional Burger's equation are presented to verify this method and elucidate its properties. Discussions are provided to address the significance and possible potential applications of this method to Navies-Stokes solvers
Observations of algal zonation resulting from competition

Abstract In the coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest Region it was found that Iridaea cordata is excluded from areas below its normal distribution by a competitive interaction with more rapidly growing kelps, especially Laminaria saccharina . In areas cleared of kelps, I. cordata grew to cover 20% of the bottom from a natural settlement of spores.
Symptom clustering in advanced cancer.

A major goal of palliative medicine is to control symptoms that interfere with quality of life. Identification of symptoms that occur together (cluster) may aid in symptom management, resulting in greater therapeutic benefit to the patient. An analysis of 25 symptoms from 922 patients with advanced cancer was undertaken to determine if symptom clusters could be identified. Cluster analysis was done using an agglomerative hierarchical method with average linkage; the absolute value of the correlation between pairs of symptoms was used as the measure of similarity. A correlation of ≥0.68 was used to define the final clusters. Seven clusters were identified: (1) fatigue: anorexia–cachexia; (2) neuropsychological; (3) upper gastrointestinal; (4) nausea and vomiting; (5) aerodigestive; (6) debility; (7) pain. Recognition of symptom clusters should help understand symptom pathophysiology and target therapies that perhaps can be used to relieve multiple symptoms in that cluster. This could result in improved quality of life for patients with advanced cancer and perhaps reduce polypharmacy, lessen drug side effects, and have pharmacoeconomic benefits.
A numerical method for parameterization of atmospheric chemistry: Computation of tropospheric OH

An efficient and stable computational scheme for parameterization of atmospheric chemistry is described. The 24-hour-average concentration of OH is represented as a set of high-order polynomials in variables such as temperature, densities of H2O, CO, O3, and NOt (defined as NO + NO2 + NO3 + 2N2O5 + HNO2 + HNO4) as well as variables determining solar irradiance: cloud cover, density of the overhead ozone column, surface albedo, latitude, and solar declination. This parameterization of OH chemistry was used in the three-dimensional study of global distribution of CH3CCl3 (Spivakovsky et al., this issue). The proposed computational scheme can be used for parameterization of rates of chemical production and loss or of any other output of a full chemical model. Coefficients for the polynomials are computed to provide the least squares fit to results of the full chemical model. Highly overdetermined systems are used with the sets of independent variables selected randomly in accordance with the distributions expected in the atmosphere. The least squares problem is solved using the Householder method of triangularization (by orthogonal transformations). The method allows detection and rectification of ill-defined conditions (i.e., linear dependence among terms), as well as evaluation of the individual contribution of each term of the polynomial in reducing the residual vector. On the basis of that information the terms that have little bearing on the residual norm are discarded. Once the domain and the statistical distributions of independent variables are chosen, the entire parameterization procedure is implemented as a complete sequence of computer programs requiring no subjective analysis. The output of the procedure includes estimates of accuracy of the approximation against an independent sample of points, and computer written FORTRAN subroutines to compute the polynomials.
Breakdown of scaling in deep inelastic neutrino scattering

Abstract Quantitative calculations of non-scaling modifications to quark pareton model predictions for ν and ν deep inelastic scattering at NAL energies are presented. The scaling breakdown is parametrized by a form factor G(Q2)=(1+Q2/M2G)−1 with MG associated with either massive gluons or weak interaction vector beson exchange. The NAL neutrino total cross-section and ν-distribution data are compatible with MG∼10 GeV. If non-scaling corrections exist, the ν ν total cross-section ratio grows with energy. Relative differential cross-section predictions with MG ∼ 10 GeV and MG = ∞ are contrasted to identify non-scaling characteristics in σ−1 dσ/dν, σ−1t dσ/dx, and σ−1t dσ/dy.
Priming, Framing, and Position on Corporate Social Responsibility

This study tested the effects of priming, framing, and position on how participants judged a target corporation. The results suggested that the main effects of priming and framing affected participants' judgments of the target corporation's ethical CSR practices and attitudes toward the target corporation negatively. The crucial effects, however, were the interaction effects between framing and participants' positions held toward the target corporation and between priming and framing. The first of these interactions captured the degree to which the impact of framing depended on whether participants held more or less committed positions toward the target corporation. The second captured the degree to which the impact of framing depended on whether participants read the statements that explicitly primed CSR issues.
Imaging of Acoustic Wave Sources inside the Sun

A holographic imaging technique, previously used in underwater acoustics, is applied to the solar inverse source problem. This problem consists of forming acoustic images so as to localize impulsive sources in space and time in the solar interior. The difficulty with such an imaging method is that the image of a single point source is spatiotemporally extended and will produce significant overlap between images of separated sources if the source density is large. I propose a modification of the existing method in order to make reliable source images also in the case for large source density. It is suggested that the method can be used on solar observations to detect relatively strong and impulsive wave sources inside the sun and to perhaps clarify unanswered problems regarding excitation of p modes.
Clinical applications of FDG-PET in oncology.

Summary: Positron emission tomography together with F-18-deoxyglucose (FDG) has emerged as a valuable clinical tool in the field of oncology. FDG-PET diagnoses, stages and restages most cancers with a high diagnostic accuracy. The effects of chemotherapy on tumour metabolism can be monitored with this whole-body technique. Recent studies have established a high prognostic accuracy of PET for predicting the clinical outcome of cancer patients. The current review addresses the role of FDG-PET for diagnosing, staging and restaging of lung cancer, colorectal cancer, lymphoma, melanoma and breast cancer staging and provides a brief outlook for future applications of clinical PET imaging. Zusammenfassung: Die Positronenemissionstomographie in Verbindung mit FDG hat sich in der Onkologie als wertvolles klinisches Instrument bewahrt. FDG-PET ist in der Lage die meisten Formen von Krebs mit hoher Prazision zu diagnostizieren und zu stagen. Der durch Chemotherapie erzielte Effekt auf den Tumorzellenmetabolismus kann durch die Ganzkorperdarstellung verfolgt werden. Rezente Studien haben die prognostische Genauigkeit fur die Voraussage des klinischen Verlaufs von Krebspatienten bestatigt. Die hier vorliegende Arbeit bietet eine Ubersicht uber die Bedeutung von FDG-PET in Diagnose, Staging und Restaging des Lungen- und Kolorektalen Karzinoms, Lymphoms, Melanoms, und Brustkrebses. Zusatzlich wird eine kurze Zusammenfassung der in der nahen Zukunft zu erwartenden klinischen Anwendungen der FDG-PET geboten.
Response of a Twisted Pair Excited by the Nonuniform Electromagnetic Fields of Nearby Loops

This paper derives equations for the noise induced in a twisted pair when the pair is embedded in a nonuniform electromagnetic field of a small current loop. The derived equations are applied to calculate the noise induced in a typical 135-? twisted pair. In the frequency range of 10 kHz-100 MHz, the noise induced in this twisted pair is shown to be less by about 70-135 dB when compared to a similar parallel-conductor line without twist that is embedded in the same field. Included is a simplified method of applying the derived equations to the problem of finding the response of the twisted pair to distinct uncorrelated noise sources, assuming that the sources can be approximated by small current loops.
Recurring chromosomal abnormalities in non-hodgkin's lymphoma: Biologic and clinical significance

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) are a group of clinically important neoplasms with a complex biology that makes their classification and treatment difficult. Their incidence is increasing and they cause significant morbidity and mortality. NHLs result from transformation of B and T/natural killer (NK) cells. Their genetic hallmark is chromosomal translocations resulting from aberrant rearrangements of IG and TCR genes, which lead to inappropriate expression of genes at reciprocal breakpoints that regulate a variety of cellular functions, including gene transcription, cell cycle, apoptosis, and tumor progression. Cytogenetics followed by molecular genetic analysis of some of the recurring translocations continues to provide new insights into lymphomagenesis and cell biology. More recently, chromosomal and gene amplification and gene deletion have been recognized as frequent genetic changes that may play a role in lymphoma progression and clinical behavior. In this review, cytogenetic data pertaining to recurring chromosomal changes on lymphomas are reviewed and examined in relation to their relevance to lymphoma development, classification, and clinical behavior.
The oxidation of chlorophyll a in alcohols

Abstract Oxidation potentials for the chlorophyll (Chl/Chl+) couple, relative to that of the Fe2+/Fe3+ couple, were determined in methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol from the initial extent of reaction of chlorophyll with FeCl3. The presence of 4,7-dimethylphenanthroline was necessary to get sufficient oxidation of chlorophyll in isopropanol. The values were +0.75 V, +0.865 V, and approx. +1.0 V, respectively, based on an assumed value of +0.77 V for the Fe2+/Fe3+ potential. It is suggested that alcohols, especially methanol, may stabilize Chl+ by adding to the carbonyl group or the conjugated double bond system.
Evolutionary Divergence in Thermal Sensitivity and Diapause of Field and Laboratory Populations of Manduca sexta

Abstract The tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta has been an important model system in insect biology for more than half a century. Here we report the evolutionary divergence in thermal sensitivity and diapause initiation between field and laboratory populations that were separated for more than 35 yr (>240 laboratory generations) and that are descendants from the same field populations in central North Carolina. At intermediate rearing temperatures (20°–25°C), mean body size was significantly larger and development time significantly faster in the laboratory than in the field populations. At higher temperatures (30°–35°C), these mean differences between populations were reduced or eliminated, and larval survival at 35°C was significantly lower in the laboratory population than in the field population. F1 crosses had survival and development time to wandering similar to the field population times at both 25° and 35°C; body mass at wandering for F1 crosses was intermediate compared with that of the field and la...
Reaction mechanism independent particle-gamma correlation functions using polarized particles

Abstract The use of polarized particles in particle-gamma correlation experiments permits the extraction of the spectroscopic information in a manner independent of the reaction mechanism. Two methods for doing this are proposed. The results extend reaction-independent techniques to virtually any common projectile-outgoing particle reaction.
Size Effects on the Uptake of Particles by Populations of Tetrahymena pyriformis Cells

Flow cytometry has been used to make direct measurements of rates of uptake of latex microspheres from dilute, monodisperse suspensions by Tetrahymena pyriformis. Measurements were made for five different sizes of microspheres, ranging from 1.09 to 6.17 μm diameter. Fractions of cells in the population that did not ingest the microspheres offered were also determined. In addition, the size distributions, as indicated by the forward angle light scattering intensity which is measured by the instrument, were determined for the whole population and for the subpopulations of cells that did and did not ingest the particles, for each particle size used. It was found that the fraction of cells that did not ingest the particles was small and independent of particle size when this was less than about 2.7 μm, but increased with particle size when particle size was increased above this value. The so-called maximum clearance rate, which can be calculated from the data, was found to increase monotonically with particle size if it were based only on those cells which actually ingested the particles offered. However, a plot of maximum clearance rate vs. particle size exhibited a maximum if the clearance rate were based on all cells present in the population.
Shrines, Ancestors, and Cognatic Descent: The Kwaio and Tallensi1

Parallels between Kwaio (Solomon Islands) social structure and the system of ancestral cults and shrines are drawn. Kwaio distinguish between, and make important use of, agnatic descent, cognatic descent, and cognatic kinship, and each is reflected in ritual. Comparisons are drawn between Kwaio social structure, ancestors, and shrines, and those of the Tallensi. Remarkable similarities emerge. It is suggested that many facets of “complementary filiation,” and other features of Tallensi social structure, may reflect a secondary principle of cognatic descent.
Basement complexes in the Wasatch fault, Utah, provide new limits on crustal accretion

New and reinterpreted isotopic data for crystalline rocks ex- posed in the Wasatch Range require a reevaluation of Precambrian crustal boundaries in Utah. Crystalline rocks of the Santaquin Com- plex underwent metamorphism prior to ca. 1670 Ma, consistent with Sr and Nd isotope data. Mafic to intermediate rocks have major element, trace element, and isotope ratios indicative of derivation in an arc accreted to the Archean craton in Proterozoic time, requiring the crustal suture to be north of the Santaquin Complex. Farther north, the Farmington Canyon Complex has been considered Ar- chean based on published Nd model ages and discordant U/Pb zir- con ages. However, Nd model ages and zircons could be inherited from sedimentary protoliths. U/Pb and electron microprobe ages of monazite have a mode at 1650 to 1700 Ma, concordant with the Santaquin Complex, and lack inheritance. We propose that the Farmington Canyon Complex was first cratonized from Archean- derived sediments in the Proterozoic, requiring a crustal suture to be north of it as well. Accretion ages of arc terranes in southeastern Wyoming are ;60-100 m.y. older than in Utah. Thus, a serious reevaluation of basement architecture in Utah is needed and a pre- viously unrecognized temporal complexity of accretion is indicated.
O02.3 Treatment Outcomes For Persistent Mycoplasma Genitalium-Associated NGU: Evidence of Moxifloxacin Treatment Failures

Background Recent treatment trials have demonstrated low efficacy of doxycycline against Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) and increasing resistance to azithromycin. Treatment with azithromycin is recommended for persistent NGU if not used for the initial episode. We evaluated microbiologic cure rates for men with NGU and persistent detection of MG. Methods English-speaking men aged 16 years attending the STD clinic in Seattle, WA with NGU (urethral discharge or urethral symptoms plus ≥ 5 PMNs/HPF) were enrolled in a randomised trial of NGU therapy between January 2007 and July 2011. Urine was tested for MG by PCR. Men received 1g azithromycin plus placebo doxycycline or doxycycline (100mg bid x 7d) plus placebo azithromycin. Treatment failures after 3 weeks received ‘reverse therapy’ (active doxycycline if they first received active azithromycin and vice versa). Persistent failures after 6 weeks received moxifloxacin (400mg x 7d). After September 2010, microbiologic failures at 3 weeks received moxifloxacin. Results Of 606 enrolled men, 65 were positive for MG at enrollment and returned after 3 weeks. Microbiologic failure (positive MG test) occurred in 23/38 (60.5%) who received azithromycin and 19/27 (70.4%) who received doxycycline (p = 0.41). Of the 37 men with microbiologic treatment failure who received ‘reverse therapy’ and returned after 6 weeks, 19 (51.4%) had persistent detection of MG, including 14/20 (70.0%) retreated with doxycycline and 5/17 (29.4%) retreated with azithromycin (p = 0.02). All 19 men were prescribed moxifloxacin; 16 returned at 9 weeks and 2 (12.5%) had microbiologic failure, despite clinical cure. Four men received moxifloxacin after initial failure; 1 had microbiologic failure at 6 weeks, was retreated with moxifloxacin and microbiologically cured at 9 weeks. Conclusion One half of MG-positive men retreated with a second standard NGU treatment regimen experienced microbiologic treatment failure. Moxifloxacin treatment failure, while not common, did occur, suggesting antimicrobial susceptibility in MG merits careful monitoring.
Spiking neural networks on high performance computer clusters

In this paper we examine the acceleration of two spiking neural network models on three clusters of multicore processors representing three categories of processors: x86, STI Cell, and NVIDIA GPGPUs. The x86 cluster utilized consists of 352 dualcore AMD Opterons, the Cell cluster consists of 320 Sony Playstation 3s, while the GPGPU cluster contains 32 NVIDIA Tesla S1070 systems. The results indicate that the GPGPU platform can dominate in performance compared to the Cell and x86 platforms examined. From a cost perspective, the GPGPU is more expensive in terms of neuron/s throughput. If the cost of GPGPUs go down in the future, this platform will become very cost effective for these models.
Sensitivity calculations for iteratively solved problems

The calculation of sensitivity derivatives of solutions of iteratively solved systems of algebraic equations is investigated. A modified finite difference procedure is presented which improves the accuracy of the calculated derivatives. The procedure is demonstrated for a simple algebraic example as well as an element-by-element preconditioned conjugate gradient iterative solution technique applied to truss examples.
Reaction products and subsequent thermal decomposition of Ba films exposed to CO, CO2, H2O and O2

Abstract The reactions involving thin Ba films (monolayer as well as 10-layer films on Ir) and CO, CO2, H2O and O2 have been studied using Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and thermal desorption. Common to these reactions is the formation of BaO which is evident from the growth of the interatomic 68 eV (Ba 4d, 5p, O 2p) Auger line and decreases in 73 eV (Ba 4d, 5p, 6s) line. From CO and CO2 exposures, BaC2 has also been observed to form as indicated by the Auger peak shape in the carbon Auger lines. A quantitative analysis has been used to determine the chemical equation governing each reaction. The presence of BaC2 in BaO has been observed to increase the work function to 2.0 eV (compared to 1.4 eV for an active BaO film). Although this poisoning is moderate compared to that resulting from BaCO3 or Ba(OH)2 formation, it requires higher temperature for reactivation. In addition to BaC2, BaS has also been analyzed in terms of interatomic Auger transitions. The results showed that BaS like BaO exhibited such a transition indicating a charge transfer from Ba to S in the molecular bond. BaC2 on the other hand showed no such transition.
A stress steroid triggers anxiety via increased expression of α4βδ GABAA receptors in methamphetamine dependence.

Abstract Methamphetamine (METH) is an addictive stimulant drug. In addition to drug craving and lethargy, METH withdrawal is associated with stress-triggered anxiety. However, the cellular basis for this stress-triggered anxiety is not understood. The present results suggest that during METH withdrawal (24 h) following chronic exposure (3 mg/kg, i.p. for 3–5 weeks) of adult, male mice, the effect of one neurosteroid released by stress, 3α,5α-THP (3α-OH-5α-pregnan-20-one), and its 3α,5β isomer reverse to trigger anxiety assessed by the acoustic startle response (ASR), in contrast to their usual anti-anxiety effects. This novel effect of 3α,5β-THP was due to increased (three-fold) hippocampal expression of α4βδ GABAA receptors (GABARs) during METH withdrawal (24 h–4 weeks) because anxiogenic effects of 3α,5β-THP were not seen in α4−/− mice. 3α,5β-THP reduces current at these receptors when it is hyperpolarizing, as observed during METH withdrawal. As a result, 3α,5β-THP (30 nM) increased neuronal excitability, assessed with current clamp and cell-attached recordings in CA1 hippocampus, one CNS site which regulates anxiety. α4βδ GABARs were first increased 1 h after METH exposure and recovered 6 weeks after METH withdrawal. Similar increases in α4βδ GABARs and anxiogenic effects of 3α,5β-THP were noted in rats during METH withdrawal (24 h). In contrast, the ASR was increased by chronic METH treatment in the absence of 3α,5β-THP administration due to its stimulant effect. Although α4βδ GABARs were increased by chronic METH treatment, the GABAergic current recorded from hippocampal neurons at this time was a depolarizing, shunting inhibition, which was potentiated by 3α,5β-THP. This steroid reduced neuronal excitability and anxiety during chronic METH treatment, consistent with its typical effect. Flumazenil (10 mg/kg, i.p., 3×) reduced α4βδ expression and prevented the anxiogenic effect of 3α,5β-THP after METH withdrawal. Our findings suggest a novel mechanism underlying stress-triggered anxiety after METH withdrawal mediated by α4βδ GABARs.
Increased synthesis of striatal dopamine by N,N-dimethyltryptamine.

Abstract The effect of acute doses of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) on the synthesis or degradation rates of rat diencephalon norepinephrine and striatal dopamine was estimated by administering 150 μCi L-tyrosine-3,5- 3 H at various times before sacrifice. In all cases DMT, 20 mg/kg, was injected one-half hour before sacrifice. In both acute and chronically treated rats, an increase in endogenous levels of 3-methoxytyramine was observed, while no effect was observed in the diencephalon adrenergic system. The results suggest that DMT increases central dopamine turnover.
US Technology Policies and Their Regional Effects

This paper contains an examination of the changes in US science and technology policies in response to the recently increasing international competition and worldwide economic restructuring. Although historically these policies have been the responsibility of the Federal Government, in recent years the states and local governments have emerged as important partners in a ‘grass roots’ movement to help bridge the gap between science and industry. The central focus is on overcoming technical, financial, labor market, and community locational barriers to high-technology expansion. The old practice of ‘smoke-stack’ chasing has given way to inward-looking policies that encourage business start-ups and expansions. Key objectives of state and local government policies are to increase the flow of new ideas into the innovation process, to shorten the time for its initial introduction into a new product or process technology, and for a more rapid assimilation of new technology through-out the regional industrial str...
A New Method of Wiregrass (Aristida stricta Michaux.) Viability Testing using an Enhanced Forceps Press Test

ABSTRACT: Wiregrass (Aristida stricta Michx.) is a keystone species in fire dependent pine ecosystems throughout the southeastern United States and is often re-introduced into sites via broadcast seeding. Using seed lots of high quality may enhance these restoration efforts. However, parameters that determine seed lot quality, such as viability, have not been studied in detail. Moreover, methods for determining wiregrass seed viability have not been reported. Here we describe a new method for determining wiregrass seed viability using forceps and a microscope. This method is relatively rapid, requires no specialized training in seed biology or chemical viability assay analysis, and is as accurate and precise as chemical viability assay methods. The new forceps press test approach can be exploited by wiregrass propagators and practitioners to gain a better understanding of seed lot quality that may augment their restoration efforts.
Modulation by neuropeptides of bradykinin-stimulated second messenger release in dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Abstract Fetal rat dorsal root ganglion neurons (7–8 days in culture) were labeled with [3H]arachidonic acid for 24 h. Stimulation with 10 μM bradykinin (BK) for 30 s resulted in nearly 2-fold increases in levels of radioactive diglyceride and arachidonic acid. A similar result was obtained in the absence of receptor stimulation using the Ca2+ channel agonist BAY K 8644 (10 μM, in the presence of 100 mM potassium chloride) or the Ca2+ ionophore, ionomycin (2.5 μM). If Ca2+ influx was inhibited by adding 3 mM Co2+, a blocker of voltage-sensitive calcium channels, or 2.5 mM EDTA, then BK-stimulated accumulation of both arachidonate and diglyceride was inhibited. These data suggest Ca2+ influx is required for ligand-stimulated accumulation of both arachidonate (a product of diglyceride-lipase or phospholipase A2) and diglyceride (a product of phospholipase C). Two distinct populations of channels may be involved in these reactions since pretreatment with 10 μM nifedipine or 50 μM verapamil (agents which block a subset of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels) inhibited BK-stimulated accumulation of arachidonic acid, but did not inhibit diglyceride accumulation. Such functional discrimination appears to have physiological importance; the inhibitory effect of nifedipine and verapamil on BK-stimulated arachidonate release was mimicked by pretreatment with peptides which decrease Ca2+ channel conductance in dorsal root ganglion neurons. The three peptides used were 1 μM neuropeptide Y, 10 μM somatostatin, and 10 μM[N-MePhe3, d -Pro4]-morphiceptin. The effect of neuropeptide Y was blocked by pretreatment with pertussis toxin. We conclude that ligand-stimulated arachidonic acid release may be blocked by occupation of inhibitory peptide sites coupled to a subset of calcium channels by a pertussis toxin sensitive G-protein.
Cognitive Congestion Control for Data Portals with Variable Link Capacity

Network congestion, one of the challenging tasks in communication networks, leads to queuing delays, packet loss, or the blocking of new connections. In this study, a data portal is considered as an application-based network, and a cognitive method is proposed to deal with congestion in this kind of network. Unlike previous methods for congestion control, the proposed method is an effective approach for congestion control when the link capacity and information inquiries are unknown or variable. Using sufficient training samples and the current value of the network parameters, available bandwidth is adjusted to distribute the bandwidth among the active flows. The proposed cognitive method was tested under such situations as unexpected variations in link capacity and oscillatory behavior of the bandwidth. Based on simulation results, the proposed method is capable of adjusting the available bandwidth by tuning the queue length, and provides a stable queue in the network.