cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The comparative systems course in criminal justice: Findings from a national survey

Using national survey information, I present data relating to courses in comparative criminal justice systems. The survey consisted of 25 items eliciting information about course content, title, structure, instructional methodologies, rigor, and methods employed for evaluating students. Information also was obtained regarding respondents' institutions, titles of academic departments, and resources used in course development and instruction. Comparative courses vary widely in several of these characteristics.
Coming to a Digital Library Near You

Do you know about the National Science Digital Library (NSDL)? You should, no matter what your field or occupation within science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (so visit http://nsdl.org/about). Why? Because sometime this autumn a new resource within the NSDL, called UCOMP that's dedicated to computation in physics, will join this digital collection. Editor-in-chief Norman Chonacky describes it all in this installment of his First Word column
Rodent brain slice model for the study of white matter injury.

Objective Cerebral white matter (WM) injury is common after cardiac surgery in neonates and young infants who have brain immaturity and genetic abnormalities. To understand better the mechanisms associated with WM injury, we tested the adequacy of a novel ex vivo brain slice model, with a particular focus on how the maturational stage modulates the injury. Methods To replicate conditions of cardiopulmonary bypass, we transferred living brain slices to a closed chamber perfused by artificial cerebrospinal fluid under controlled temperature and oxygenation. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) simulated circulatory arrest. The effects of maturation were investigated in 7- and 21-day-old mice (P7, P21) that are equivalent in maturation stage to the human fetus and young adult. Results There were no morphologic changes in axons after 60 minutes of OGD at 15°C in both P7 WM and P21 WM. Higher temperature and longer duration of OGD were associated with significantly greater WM axonal damage, suggesting that the model replicates the injury seen after hypothermic circulatory arrest. The axonal damage at P7 was significantly less than at P21, demonstrating that immature axons are more resistant than mature axons. Conversely, a significant increase in caspase3 + oligodendrocytes in P7 mice was identified relative to P21, indicating that oligodendrocytes in immature WM are more vulnerable than oligodendrocytes in mature WM. Conclusions Neuroprotective strategies for immature WM may need to focus on reducing oligodendrocyte injury. The brain slice model will be helpful in understanding the effects of cardiac surgery on the immature brain and the brain with genetic abnormalities.
Quantum transport equation for electric and magnetic fields

Abstract A quantum Boltzmann equation is derived which is valid for electron transport in electric and magnetic fields including all many-body effects. A solution in both d.c. and a.c. electric fields is given for electrons in simple metals. The solution for transport in large magnetic fields is also given including a theory of the Shubnikov-deHaas oscillations which includes inelastic phonon scattering rigorously.
Compatibility and stability in home care groups

Eight foster home care groups for long-stay psychiatric patients were studied for one year during which time 64 men (mainly with chronic schizophrenia) lived in the homes and 13 of the men departed. Compatibility was measured for each group between each man and his group by the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B) test of Schutz. Compatibility in the amount of control wanted over others correlated with low turnover rates across houses. The individuals who left were less compatible with their groups in the area of affection. The findings are discussed in relation to other studies of group living and structure. Compatibility should be carefully considered when attempting to form stable posthospital care groups, particularly with respect to attitudes about control.
Equations of state for hydrogen bonding systems

Abstract Considerable progress has been made over the last two decades in the modeling of hydrogen bonding fluids. Traditionally, the properties of hydrogen bonding solutions have been predicted and correlated using lattice models to give activity coefficients. Recently, several equations of state have been developed which can be used to predict activities and other configurational properties. This paper presents an overview of the specific types of chemical interactions that can be treated, the mathematical methods used to treat hydrogen bonding, and the similarities and differences in the underlying equations of state that are used to treat the “van der Waals” repulsive and attractive forces. Comparisons are made between chemical theories, quasichemical theories, and perturbation theories, including discussions on APACT, Panayiotou-Sanchez-Lacombe, and the SAFT equation.
Renal toxicity of nε-(dl-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-l-lysine (lysinoalanine) in rats*

Abstract Organically synthesized lysinoalanine was fed to weanling rats at levels of 0, 0·025, 0·05, 0·1 and 0·3% in a semi-purified diet. Karyomegalic alterations were observed in the renal tubular cells of all animals fed the lysinoalanine diets for 4 wk, and the high dose level also caused tubular necrosis. Renal lesions were observed also after oral or ip administration of 30 mg lysinoalanine for 7 days, and consisted of dilatation of proximal tubules, necrosis of epithelial cells and karyomegalia, limited almost exclusively to the outer medullary stripe. The administration of relatively small quantities of lysinoalanine produced lesions analogous to those seen in rats fed alkali-treated proteins for much longer periods of time.
Colonic involvement in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy resembling inflammatory bowel disease

A woman 68 years of age had fever, malaise, diffuse lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly followed by abdominal pain, and diarrhea. A lymph node biopsy specimen showed nonspecific follicular hyperplasia. Symptoms were responsive initially to prednisone. Recurrent symptoms warranted colonic biopsy, which was consistent with Crohn's disease, and were responsive partially to prednisone and azulfidine. Because of progressive deterioration, a repeat lymph node biopsy was performed and showed the characteristic histologic feature of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD). The evolution of the histopathologic features of the case is discussed, and gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations of AILD are reviewed. Although the GI tract is an unusual site for extra nodal AILD, colonic involvement can imitate the clinical and histologic features of inflammatory bowel disease.
Vibration localization in dual-span, axially moving beams: Part I: Formulation and results

Abstract An investigation of the vibration localization phenomenon in dual-span, axially moving beams is presented. The effects of a tension difference among the spans, also referred to as disorder, on the natural modes of free vibration are studied in terms of inter-span coupling and transport speed. The equations governing the transverse vibration of the two-span, axially moving beam are derived through Hamilton’s principle and solution methods are developed. Results demonstrate thatnormal mode localizationindeed occurs for both stationary and translating disordered two-span beams, especially for small inter-span coupling. The occurrence of localization is characterized by a peak deflection much greater in one span than in the other. In the stationary disordered case, localization becomes more pronounced as inter-span coupling decreases, i.e., as the span axial tension increases. In the axially moving disordered case, the transport speed has a significant influence on localization and, generally speaking, localization becomes stronger with increasing speed. For a moving beam with identical spans, the two loci of each pair of natural frequencies may exhibit one or more crossing(s) (depending on the value of tension) when plotted against the axial transport speed. These crossings become veerings when the beam is disordered, and localization is strongest at those speeds at which the eigenvalue veerings occur.
Potential-field sounding using Euler's homogeneity equation and Zidarov bubbling

Potential‐field (gravity) data are transformed into a physical‐property (density) distribution in a lower half‐space, constrained solely by assumed upper bounds on physical‐property contrast and data error. A two‐step process is involved. The data are first transformed to an equivalent set of line (2-D case) or point (3-D case) sources, using Euler’s homogeneity equation evaluated iteratively on the largest residual data value. Then, mass is converted to a volume‐density product, constrained to an upper density bound, by “bubbling,” which exploits circular or radial expansion to redistribute density without changing the associated gravity field. The method can be developed for gravity or magnetic data in two or three dimensions. The results can provide a beginning for interpretation of potential‐field data where few independent constraints exist, or more likely, can be used to develop models and confirm or extend interpretation of other geophysical data sets.
Properties of cathodic arc deposited high-temperature superconducting composite thin films on Ag substrates

Abstract High temperature superconducting composite thin films on Ag substrates were prepared by cathodic arc deposition of alloy precursors. The deposition technique employed a cathode comprised of a precursor alloy for the vacuum arc plasma source. The precursor alloy was prepared by multiple arc-melting of mixed metallic constituents of the high-temperature superconducting material Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy (Bi2212) and 50 wt.% of Ag. The presence of silver in the precursor alloy film was expected to allow accommodation of the lattice and thermal expansion mismatch between the oxidized film and the silver substrate. The as-deposited film could be formed to practically any desirable shape before being subjected to heat treatments. Following deposition, controlled oxidation of the precursor alloy thin film on the Ag substrate was performed to produce the superconducting composite on the silver substrate. After the heat treatment, the composite film consisted of Bi2212 highly c-axis oriented normal to the Ag substrate.
Building a Moral Metropolis Philanthropy and City Building in Houston, Texas

When Houston Texas grew from a sleepy, southern entrepot to sunbelt metropolis, the city’s commercial civic elite adopted a systematic approach of organized philanthropy as a way to rationalize giv...
The Commercial Fishery of the Peruvian Amazon

Abstract A combination of increased human population growth, high fish harvest pressure, and adoption of more technologically advanced fishing equipment by the commercial fleet has generated concerns about the sustainability of fish stocks in the Peruvian Amazon. We assessed the status of the commercial fishery by conducting interviews with officials of the Peruvian Ministry of Fisheries as well as with commercial and artisanal fishers. We also reviewed pertinent publications and agency reports written in one of three languages (Spanish, Portuguese, and English). Based on the trend toward smaller-sized fish and greater effort needed to achieve full capacity catches, we suggest the commercial fishery is beginning to show the classical signs of overfishing. More comprehensive data collection, stringent enforcement of management regulations, research on the influence of flood level on fish production, and development of an ecologically and genetically sound native-species aquaculture program are measures we ...
Propensity for young reticulated platelet recruitment into arterial thrombi.

Atherosclerosis reduces platelet survival and thereby increases the percentage of younger platelets in the circulation assuming steady-state thrombocytopoiesis. We hypothesized that younger platelets have an increased propensity for arterial thrombus participation compared to older counterparts. Platelet-rich thrombi were generated by perfusing human heparinized whole blood from normal donors over arterial cross-sections under shear conditions (3,350 s−1) corresponding to significant coronary artery stenosis using a perfusion chamber. Harvested thrombi were disaggregated, stained with thiazole orange, anti-integrin β3, glycoprotein (GP) Ibα, GP IX and P-selectin, and compared to paired whole blood samples from the same donor by flow cytometry. Thiazole orange staining intensity provides a measure of platelet m-RNA content and age. Thiazole orange staining intensity (MN ± SEM) of platelets harvested from thrombi (62 ± 13) was twofold greater compared to paired intra-individual whole blood samples (31 ± 1). Integrin β3 receptor density was also greater for thrombus platelets (12.0 ± 1.0) compared to whole blood platelets (7.0 ± 0.6; p < 0.0001). GPs Ibα and IX were reduced from thrombus platelets possibly reflecting shedding. Younger “reticulated” platelets appear to have a greater propensity for thrombus participation under shear conditions of coronary artery stenosis compared to older counterparts. This predisposition may be explained by an increased receptor density of integrin β3 in younger platelets. By this mechanism, the atherosclerotic process may enhance the individual propensity for arterial thrombosis.
Incorporating multiple patterns of activity into the design of cognitive work support systems

The design of support systems for cognitive work needs to account for the different patterns of activity resulting from changes in context. The contextual control modes from Hollnagel’s model of control are presented as a suitable framework to describe these patterns and to identify the implications for design of support systems. The design and evaluation of a prototype support system for airline operations is used as a case study in supporting multiple cognitive control modes. The evaluation of the prototype with experts illustrated clear and distinguishable changes in the patterns of activity in different contextual control modes. Notably, different designs were demonstrated to support particular contextual control modes and to disrupt cognitive activity in contextual control modes which they were not intended to support.
Protein-Bound Iodine in Serum of Rats Breathing 99 Percent Oxygen

Exposure of rats to 99 percent oxygen for 24 to 72 hours resulted in a significant fall in protein-bound iodine in serum. The fall was most prominent in the group treated for 72 hours and was not, however, associated with any detectable microscopic changes in thyroid structure.
Timing of Insemination for Dairy Cows Identified in Estrus by a Radiotelemetric Estrus Detection System

The optimal time of artificial insemination (AI) was determined from data for 2661 AI in 17 herds utilizing a radiotelemetric system for estrus detection that has the potential for continuous 24-h surveillance to monitor behavioral events associated with estrus. The system consisted of pressure-sensitive radio frequency transmitters affixed over the sacrum region of cows. The activation of the sensor sent a radiotelemetric signal to a microcomputer via a fixed antenna. Cow identification, date, time, and duration of each standing event were recorded in the software program provided with the system. Each farm selected a 3-h interval to AI for cows that were identified in estrus during the previous 24 h. Pregnancy status was determined from data for return to estrus and palpation of the uterus 35 to 75 d following AI. Standing events during estrus averaged (+/- SD) 8.5 +/- 6.6 per cow, and the number of events per estrus across herds averaged from 6.2 +/- 5.1 to 12.8 +/- 9.9 per cow. The duration of estrus ranged from 5.1 +/- 3.8 to 10.6 +/- 6.8 h across herds; the mean was 7.1 +/- 5.4 h. The interval from the first standing event to AI affected the probability of pregnancy; the highest conception rates for AI occurred between 4 and 12 h after the onset of standing activity. The probability of pregnancy was higher for cows > 100 d in milk, exhibiting > 2 standing events during estrus, and inseminated during March, April or May.
Cut-loading: a useful tool for examining the extent of gap junction tracer coupling between retinal neurons.

In addition to chemical synaptic transmission, neurons that are connected by gap junctions can also communicate rapidly via electrical synaptic transmission. Increasing evidence indicates that gap junctions not only permit electrical current flow and synchronous activity between interconnected or coupled cells, but that the strength or effectiveness of electrical communication between coupled cells can be modulated to a great extent1,2. In addition, the large internal diameter (~1.2 nm) of many gap junction channels permits not only electric current flow, but also the diffusion of intracellular signaling molecules and small metabolites between interconnected cells, so that gap junctions may also mediate metabolic and chemical communication. The strength of gap junctional communication between neurons and its modulation by neurotransmitters and other factors can be studied by simultaneously electrically recording from coupled cells and by determining the extent of diffusion of tracer molecules, which are gap junction permeable, but not membrane permeable, following iontophoretic injection into single cells. However, these procedures can be extremely difficult to perform on neurons with small somata in intact neural tissue. Numerous studies on electrical synapses and the modulation of electrical communication have been conducted in the vertebrate retina, since each of the five retinal neuron types is electrically connected by gap junctions3,4. Increasing evidence has shown that the circadian (24-hour) clock in the retina and changes in light stimulation regulate gap junction coupling3-8. For example, recent work has demonstrated that the retinal circadian clock decreases gap junction coupling between rod and cone photoreceptor cells during the day by increasing dopamine D2 receptor activation, and dramatically increases rod-cone coupling at night by reducing D2 receptor activation7,8. However, not only are these studies extremely difficult to perform on neurons with small somata in intact neural retinal tissue, but it can be difficult to adequately control the illumination conditions during the electrophysiological study of single retinal neurons to avoid light-induced changes in gap junction conductance. Here, we present a straightforward method of determining the extent of gap junction tracer coupling between retinal neurons under different illumination conditions and at different times of the day and night. This cut-loading technique is a modification of scrape loading9-12, which is based on dye loading and diffusion through open gap junction channels. Scrape loading works well in cultured cells, but not in thick slices such as intact retinas. The cut-loading technique has been used to study photoreceptor coupling in intact fish and mammalian retinas7, 8,13, and can be used to study coupling between other retinal neurons, as described here.
Graphs equienergetic with edge-deleted subgraphs

The energy of a graph is the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix. Two graphs are equienergetic if they have the same energy. We construct infinite families of graphs equienergetic with edge-deleted subgraphs.
Noninvasive imaging with thin dye-doped liquid crystal films

We discuss several imaging techniques that have been studied for optical imaging through turbid media. The effectiveness of many of these techniques hinges on the nonlinear optical material used in the imaging process. We have used Rhodamine dye-doped K15 liquid crystal films in a degenerate four-wave mixing geometry in order to study the potential of this material for low-coherence imaging applications. First, we observed the dc-field-induced Freedericksz transition, which leads to a reorientational nonlinearity in our nematic liquid crystal film, and is responsible for the large optical nonlinearity that leads to phase conjugation. For our low absorbing films, this threshold voltage was on the order of 400 V/cm. Next, we show that our liquid crystal films exhibited higher phase conjugate reflectivities (0.6% maximum) for smaller beam crossing angles, which is necessary for wider field-of-views in the imaging process. Finally, we studied the time-dependent response of the phase conjugate reflectivity due to electric field assisted nonlinearities in dye-doped liquid crystal films. The motivation of these studies is to improve the imaging resolution demonstrated in our previous work.
Gatekeeping During Admissions: A Survey of Counselor Education Programs

Within counselor preparation, gatekeeping begins during the admission process. This article focuses on the prevalence of screening procedures used in master's- and doctoral-level counselor educator programs (N = 79) accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. Additionally, programs' selection and matriculation processes are discussed along with implications for counselor education and supervision.
Seaward dipping reflectors and the continent-ocean boundary at passive continental margins

Abstract The definition of the continent-ocean boundary at passive continental margins has proved to be an elusive task. Even the relatively direct method of seismic refraction experiments has yielded results that cannot always be interpreted unequivocally. Multichannel seismic reflection profiles on many passive margins have revealed the presence of remarkable suites of arcuate reflectors, dipping seaward to form a wedge-shaped structure. Their general characteristics and velocity structure suggest that they may be largely volcanic in nature, but there is no agreed upon model for their origin. Nevertheless it is generally thought that they lie at or close to the boundary between continent and ocean, and as such they are extremely important structural markers that may yield important evidence concerning the structure and evolution of passive margins.
Health monitoring of railroad tracks by wavelet analysis

It has been the goal of railroad track inspectors and researchers alike to constantly strive to improve the methods being used for rail inspection. This paper proposes a method to analyze long-range rail test data with the continuous wavelet transform in order to extract reflection coefficients which may then be used to classify defects. The feasibility of using three different dynamic rail tests for defect classification of four sizes of transverse head defects was investigated. Optimum frequencies to be used for maximum sensitivity to the defects were identified.
In Play :A Commentary on Strategies in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election †

“A lot of military battle plans going back to the Civil War say ‘whoever controls the Mississippi controls America.’ And Bush is marching straight up the Mississippi,” the Democratic strategist said. “We’ve just retreated from Louisiana, Arkansas and Missouri. They already control Mississippi, Tennessee and Kentucky. Bush is now moving in on Iowa and Wisconsin. And except for Illinois, which isn’t in play, there’s only one state left: Minnesota, the mouth of the river. And it’s dead even [i.e., a tie] there.” From CNN.com, ALLPOLITICS, September 23, 2004: Mercurio, John and Molly Levinson. “CNN Survey: Bush widens lead in Electoral College.” CNN Political Unit. 27 Sept. 2004 < http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/ 09/23/electoral.map > “All total, 21 states are in play. Some will bounce between “lean [toward a candidate]” to “tossup” throughout the campaign.” USA Today, July 25, 2004: “AP: Bush leads Kerry in electoral votes.” A.P. 25 July 2004, < whttp://www.usatoday.com/news/Politicselections/nation/President/2004-07-25-bush-kerry-electoral-votes_x.htm >
The Influence of Climate and Road Conditions on Driving Patterns in the Elderly Population

SUMMARYRoad conditions may have a significant impact on the ability of elders to continue to drive safely. To explore the relationship of these conditions to driving patterns, forty participants from Western New York (WNY) and North Florida (NFl) answered questions about driving and conditions they avoid. Although they drove more, 60 percent of WNY participants altered their driving during the winter while 20 percent of NFl altered their driving due to the different seasons. WNY participants drove more both in terms of distance driven per week, and frequency of driving trips.
Bluenet II - a detailed realization of the algorithm and performance analysis

The recent interest in ad hoc networks, in general, and in the Bluetooth technology, in particular, has stimulated much research in algorithms for topology control of such networks. In particular, the issue of scatternet formation has been addressed by a number of papers in the technical literature. In (Wang et al., 2002), we have proposed one such algorithm called the Bluenet algorithm. In this paper, we further investigate the realization and properties of the Bluenets algorithm. The performance of the resulting scatternets, such as, piconet density, usage of potential links, deviation of node degrees, average shortest path length, and maximum traffic flows are also studied. From the analysis, it is showed that the choice of p/sub 0/, the initial probability for each node to enter the page state, is very important. Since each performance index only reflects one side of the scatternet performance, we need to make trade offs when selecting p/sub 0/ to build Bluenets.
Characterization of a recombinant immunodiagnostic antigen (NIE) from Strongyloides stercoralis L3-stage larvae☆

Due to the process of internal autoinfection, even chronic asymptomatic infections with Strongyloides stercoralis have the potential to become severe disseminated disease with fatal outcome. Intermittent and scanty larval excretion makes parasitologic diagnosis difficult. Serodiagnosis is helpful, but antigen preparation from infective larvae requires access to patients or immunosuppressed experimental animals. For these reasons, attention has turned to recombinant antigens for immunodiagnosis. A 31-kDa candidate antigen (NIE) derived from an L3 cDNA library is described in this report. Multiple alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence of NIE showed approximately 12–18% identity with various other organisms, including 17.9% of Asp1 of Ancylostoma caninum, 12.6% of Hemonchus contortus, and 17.6% of insect venom allergen 5 of yellow jacket. By ELISA, antibodies to the purified recombinant NIE antigen were demonstrated in 87.5% of 48 sera from strongyloides-infected patients and in only 6.5% of sera from presumed normal controls. Immunoreactivity of purified NIE antigen with parasite-specific IgE from sera of strongyloides-infected patients indicated its potential use as an immediate sensitivity skin test antigen. This application of the NIE antigen was supported by its capacity to trigger release of histamine upon in vitro exposure to blood from strongyloides-infected patients and its failure to produce histamine release from blood of normal controls.
Nanoscale switching junctions based on an organic monolayer of molecules and solid electrolytes

We report an innovative method of fabricating atomic switching junctions using an LB film of cadmium stearate in the gap between an inert electrode and a chalcogenide solid electrolyte. The thickness of the monolayer is about 2.8 nm and it helps ensure a constant gap size maintaining identical characteristics in a large number of switching junctions. We used a new energetic plasma process to create the chalcogenide solid electrolyte using a sulfur containing plasma for converting thin films of copper into a mix of covelite phase CuS and chalcocite phase Cu2S.
DNA-binding properties of a cGMP-binding CRP homologue that controls development of metabolically dormant cysts of Rhodospirillum centenum.

Rhodospirillum centenum utilizes 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) as a messenger to regulate development of desiccation-resistant cysts. In this study, we demonstrated that gcyA, gcyB and gcyC, coding for putative subunits of a guanylyl cyclase, increase expression from 8- to 500-fold when cells transition from vegetative to cyst phases of growth. This induction did not occur in a strain that is defective in cGMP synthesis or in a strain that contains a deletion of cgrA that codes for a cGMP-binding homologue of Escherichia coli catabolite repressor protein (CRP). We also demonstrated that cgrA auto-induces its own expression in the presence of cGMP, indicating that a feed-forward loop is used to ramp up cGMP production as cells undergo encystment. Inspection of an intragenic region upstream of gcyB revealed a sequence that is identical to the CRP consensus sequence from E. coli. DNase I and fluorescence anisotropy analyses demonstrated that CgrA bound to this target sequence at a protein : cGMP ratio of 1 : 2 with K d ∼61 nM. This was in contrast to CgrA in the presence of cAMP, which exhibited K d ∼1795 nM. CgrA thus constitutes a novel variant of CRP that utilizes cGMP to regulate production of cGMP synthase for the control of cyst development.
Detection of genetic loss in tumors by representational difference analysis.

A variety of genetic lesions are found in tumors, including DNA losses, point mutations, gene amplifications, and rearrangements (Lasko et al. 1991; Salomon et al. 1991). Frequent losses of both alleles at a given locus or losses of one allele with functional inactivation of the other have been detected in many tumor types. These genetic lesions, manifesting themselves as loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and hemizygous and homozygous deletions, have been found to be the hallmarks of the presence of tumor suppressor genes. Many approaches have been taken in the past to identify these genes, but recently we have developed a new method that is both general and efficient (Lisitsyn et al. 1993, 1995). The method, called representational difference analysis, or RDA, is designed for analyzing the differences between complex but highly related genomes and combines three elements: representation, subtractive enrichment, and kinetic enrichment.
Startle Reflex Modification: Effects of Attention Vary With Emotional Valence

This report examines the concurrent effects of manipulating attentional focus and emotional context on human blink reflex modulation Eyeblink reflexes were elicited by air puffs or noise bursts from two groups of subjects while the focus of attention was manipulated Emotional context was varied by changing the description of the air-puff stimulus between groups, all other protocol parameters were identical Blink amplitude varied directly with the allocation of attention resources across sensory modalities in the neutral affective context In the negative context, a general reflex facilitation was augmented when attention was focused on the aversive stimulus These results indicate that the emotional context can affect the expression of attentional mechanisms involved in modulation of the eyeblink reflex
Regional, Holocene Records of the Human Dimension of Global Change: Sea-Level and Land-Use Change in Prehistoric Mexico

Abstract Regional, Holocene records hold particular relevance for understanding the reciprocal nature of global environmental change and one of its major human dimensions: “sustainable agriculture”, i.e., food production strategies which entail fewer causes of and are less susceptible to environmental change. In an epoch of accelerating anthropogenic transformation, those records reveal the protracted regional causes and consequences of change (often agricultural) in the global system as well as informing models of prehistoric, intensive agriculture which, because of long tenures and high productivities, suggest strategies for sustainable agricultural in the present. This study employs physiographic analysis and the palynological, geochemical record from cores of basin fill to understand the reciprocal relation between environmental and land-use change in the Gulf of Mexico tropical lowland, focusing on a coastal basin sensitive to sea-level change and containing vestiges of prehistoric settlement and wetland agriculture. Fossil pollen reveals that the debut of maize cultivation in the Laguna Catarina watershed dates to ca. 4100 BC, predating the earliest evidence for that cultivar anywhere else in the lowlands of Middle America. Such an early date for a cultivar so central to Neotropical agroecology and environmental change, suggests the urgency of further research in the study region. Moreover, the longest period of continuous agriculture in the basin lasted nearly three millennia (ca. 2400 BC-AD 550) despite eustatic sea-level rise. Geochemical fluxes reveal the reciprocity between land-use and environmental change: slope destabilization, basin aggradation, and eutrophication. The consequent theoretical implications pertain to both applied and basic research. Redeploying ancient agroecologies in dynamic environments necessitates reconstructing the changing operational contexts of putative high productivity and sustainability. Adjusting land use in the face of global warming and eustatic sea-level rise necessitates understanding sediment influxes to coastal basins which, in turn, depend on vegetation, climate, and land use in watersheds.
Multi-user MIMO and adaptive frequency reuse for next-generation mobile broadband networks

In order to meet the constantly increasing demand for ubiquitous, mobile access to the internet, next-generation mobile broadband communications systems based on OFDMA, such as IEEE 802.16m, require a significant performance increase over previous generation systems, such as IEEE 802.16e-2005, particularly in cell-edge and average spectral efficiency [2]. In this paper, we address the downlink adaptive frequency reuse (AFR) and multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) techniques which are considered to be the most promising candidates for meeting the requirements on cell-edge and average spectral efficiency of next-generation mobile broadband systems.
Research on Carbon Dioxide Fixation in Photosynthetic Microorganisms (1971-present).

This paper presents my personal account of research on CO2 fixation from when I began these studies as a postdoctoral student in the early 1970s. It traces interests in microbial ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and considers early breakthroughs on the isolation, characterization, and significance of this enzyme from nonsulfur purple photosynthetic bacteria and other phototrophic organisms. This article also develops a historical perspective as to how recent efforts may lead to an understanding of molecular mechanisms by which the synthesis of this enzyme and other proteins of the pathway are regulated at the molecular level. In addition, how these studies impinge on the interactive control of CO2 fixation, along with nitrogen fixation and hydrogen metabolism, is also considered. Finally, CO2-fixation studies in green sulfur photosynthetic bacteria and the discovery of the rather surprising Rubisco-like protein are described.
Core level shake up structures of N2 adsorbed on nickel surfaces: Cluster models

Self-consistent Hartree-Fock-LCAO calculations on a linear NiN2 cluster are used to explain the two-peak structure observed in core level photoemission from N2 adsorbed on the Ni(100) surface. The two peaks are due to different N2 core hole final states, a screened and an unscreened final state that can be clearly identified in the cluster model. The energy separation and intensity ratio (computed using the sudden approximation) of the two final states in NiN2 are comparable with the experimental peak separation and intensity ratio for reasonable cluster geometries. A comparison with previous model studies on NiCO is used to explain the different shape of the core level spectra of N2 and CO adsorbed on nickel surfaces.
Once Burned, Twice Cautious: Explaining the Weinberger-Powell Doctrine:

The Pentagon's reluctance to use force in recent conflicts in Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, and Rwanda stems ultimately from the organizational trauma the U.S. military suffered in Vietnam. The near tota...
The development of a psychoanalytic outcome study: choices, conflicts, and consensus.

This article tells the story of the development of an outcome study of psychoanalysis and describes the debate that took place over critical methodological issues. The protocol committee included career psychotherapy researchers who have conducted rigorous outcome studies, clinical psychoanalysts, study methodologists, and a statistician with clinical trial expertise. The committee worked for two years to develop the study design. This project is based on the premise that clinical psychoanalysis is a treatment. Areas specifically addressed are the goals and hypothesis of the study, inclusion and exclusion criteria, choice of psychotherapies as comparison treatments, definition of treatments and selection of therapists, use of medication, development of a treatment adherence measure, randomization of patient assignment vs. patient self-selection, and primary outcome measures. The execution of this outcome study will require significant effort and resources. A positive result would boost the standing of psy...
A camera-based target tracking system for football playing robots

This paper describes the design and the implementation of an application-driven target tracking system. The objective of the system is to improve the performance of a team of football playing robots in a “modified rules” football game. In this application, a throwing robot, the “quarterback”, equipped with a camera will attempt to locate a flashing LED mounted on the target robot, the “wide receiver”. Once located, the quarterback will adjust its throwing speed and throwing angle to increase the chances to hit the wide receiver. The results show that, the quarterback had a 100% success rate in locating the receiver when the distance between the two is no more than 15 feet. The location of the target is estimated with an average error of less than 0.31 inch.
Oral findings in fragile X syndrome

This study compares the oral findings in fragile X syndrome individuals to those of normal age-matched patients. Sixteen fra(X) males (mean age 22 10/12 years) had a low caries rate (decayed, missing and filled surfaces (DMFS) = 12.3) and minimal intraoral hard or soft tissue disease. Rate of malocclusion, as determined by the first permanent molar classification of Angle, was not significantly different from that of matched subjects. Fra(X) subjects had a significantly higher occurrence of malocclusion as compared to matched subjects using crossbite and openbite as criteria. Palatal dimensions of fra(X) subjects did not differ significantly from those of the matched sample. The fra(X) males also demonstrated significantly more severe occlusal wear of their teeth than the matched sample.
Detection of subpixel anomalies in multispectral infrared imagery using an adaptive Bayesian classifier

The detection of subpixel targets with unknown spectral signatures and cluttered backgrounds in multispectral imagery is a topic of great interest for remote surveillance applications. Because no knowledge of the target is assumed, the only way to accomplish such a detection is through a search for anomalous pixels. Two approaches to this problem are examined in this paper. The first is to separate the image into a number of statistical clusters by using an extension of the well-known k-means algorithm. Each bin of resultant residual vectors is then decorrelated, and the results are thresholded to provide detection. The second approach requires the formation of a probabilistic background model by using an adaptive Bayesian classification algorithm. This allows the calculation of a probability for each pixel, with respect to the model. These probabilities are then thresholded to provide detection. Both algorithms are shown to provide significant improvement over current filtering techniques for anomaly detection in experiments using multispectral IR imagery with both simulated and actual subpixel targets.
Poultry Production’s Environmental Impact on Water Quality

Poultry meat and eggs are rapidly becoming the major source of animal protein in the diets of American consumers. Such expansion has resulted in a similar increase in waste management problems. The national production of broilers and mature chickens was 5.68 billion, 242 million turkeys, 31 million ducks, and 69 trillion table eggs in 1989 based on the USDA National Statistics Survey. Annual production of fecal waste from poultry flocks was 8.8 million tons on a dry weight basis plus more than 106,000 metric tons of broiler hatchery waste. Add to this 37 million dead birds and condemnations at processing plants (figures are also from USDA for 1989 based on USDA National Statistics Survey). When all this waste is added together, the task of keeping the environment clean becomes monumental. The following waste management practices can and must take care of these poultry industry waste products: sanitary land fills, rendering facilities, extrusion machinery, compost plants, lagoons or holding tanks, and land application techniques.
Word Problem Strategy for Latino English Language Learners at Risk for Math Disabilities

English Language Learners (ELLs) at risk for math disabilities (MD) are challenged in solving word problems for numerous reasons such as (a) learning English as a second language, (b) limited exper...
Convergence and stability of a distributed CSMA algorithm for maximal network throughput

Designing efficient scheduling algorithms is an important problem in a general class of networks with resource-sharing constraints, such as wireless networks and stochastic processing networks [7]. In [5], we proposed a distributed scheduling algorithm that can achieve the maximal throughput in such networks under certain conditions. This algorithm was inspired by CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access). In this paper, we prove the convergence and stability of the algorithm, with properly-chosen step sizes and update intervals. Convergence of the joint scheduling and congestion control algorithm for utility maximization in [5] can be proved similarly.
Homotopies for resolutions of skew-hook shapes

We present characteristic-free resolutions and splitting homotopies for the Weyl modules associated to skew-hook shapes.
Tracing Assemblage and Identity in Eli Clare's Exile and Pride: Disability, Queerness and Liberation

In his autobiographical reflections on politics and activism in Exile and Pride: Disability, Queerness, and Liberation, Eli Clare undermines the “auto-”, the individual reflecting on his own experiences, complicating contemporary and liberal notions of the subject, of philosophy, law, politics. He continually turns and re-turns to the conviction that “bodies have never been singular.”1 His text is a tactile experience. His words and reflections have weight, texture, temperature even, their interweaving drawing our attention again and again to bodies and their variegated movements. As most theories of subjectivity offer a framework of individuals interpellated by a social contract that confers culture, politics, discourse, Clare's text provides important reflections to complicate this reading. Exile and Pride calls upon the complexities of oppression, resistance, community, and identity, never reducing these away from that complexity or its multiple meanings. However complicated the intellectual framework for understanding interpellation or the social contract, these frameworks provide a grid of possibility, containing movement and change and relegating resistance to predictable points on that grid.. Brian Massumi asks: “Aren’t the possibilities for the entire gamut of cultural emplacements, including the ‘subversive’ ones, precoded into the ideological master structure? Is the body as linked to a particular subject position anything more than a local embodiment of ideology? Where has the potential for change gone?” (Massumi 3). Clare's tactile, affective, relational, and identity-oriented text inhabits a tension between intersectionality theorizing, as a framework for identity, and Deleuze and Guattari's1 concept of assemblage, usually opposed to identity discourse. To show how Clare navigates this kind of productive tension, I will trouble the empty critiques of so-called identity politics so that we might reposition ourselves as to the relationality and tactility of identity, and avoid some of the pitfalls of identity politics which are the subject of valid, engaged critique.
An efficient method for calculating RMS von Mises stress in a random vibration environment

An efficient method is presented for calculation of RMS von Mises stresses from stress component transfer functions and the Fourier representation of random input forces. An efficient implementation of the method calculates the RMS stresses directly from the linear stress and displacement modes. The key relation presented is one suggested in past literature, but does not appear to have been previously exploited in this manner.
Robust, But Transient Expression of Adeno-Associated Virus-Transduced Genes During Human T Lymphopoiesis

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) have been proposed to be gene transfer vehicles for hematopoietic stem cells with advantages over other virus-based systems due to their high titers and relative lack of dependence on cell cycle for target cell integration. We evaluated rAAV vector containing a LacZ reporter gene under the control of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter in the context of primary human CD34+CD2- progenitor cells induced to undergo T-cell differentiation using an in vitro T-lymphopoiesis system. Target cells from either adult bone marrow or umbilical cord blood were efficiently transduced, and 71% to 79% CD2+ cells expressed a LacZ marker gene mRNA and produced LacZ-encoded protein after exposure to rAAV-CMV-LacZ. The impact of transgene expression on the differentiation of T cells was assessed by sequential quantitation of immunophenotypic subsets of virus-exposed cells and no alteration was noted compared with control. The durability of transgene expression was assessed and found to decay by day 35 with kinetics dependent on the multiplicity of infection. In addition, vector DNA was absent from CD4 or CD8 subselected CD3+ cells by DNA-polymerase chain reaction. These data suggest that rAAV vectors may result in robust transgene expression in primitive cells undergoing T-cell lineage commitment without toxicity or alteration in the pattern of T-cell differentiation. However, expression is transient and integration of the transgene unlikely. Recombinant AAV vectors are potentially valuable gene transfer tools for the genetic manipulation of events during T-cell ontogony but their potential in gene therapy strategies for diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is limited.
Experimental Validation of an Algorithm for 3-Dimensional Tumor Localization in Turbid Media with a 2-Dimensional Frequency-Domain Measurement

Over the last few years, common geometries used for near infrared imaging with diffuse photon density waves (DPDWs) are source-detector pairs scanned (1) horizontally or (2) circularly.