cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Juvenile Justice Fee Repeal on Financial Sanctions Borne by Families

Juvenile justice agencies often impose fees on parents and guardians to offset the cost of their child’s legal representation, detention, and supervision. Increasingly, advocates are calling for fee repeal, to mitigate the costs and harms of various monetary sanctions. But is removing fees likely to have an appreciable effect on the financial burden families carry? Applying a rigorous causal inference approach to data on 2,401 youth placed on probation before and after a fee repeal in Alameda County, we estimate that the likelihood of experiencing any financial sanction was 22.2% lower post-repeal compared to pre-repeal, and the total amount of sanctions was $1,583 (or 70%) lower. These benefits did not depend on families’ socioeconomic status. Our analysis indicates that fee repeal can be a powerful policy lever for doing less financial harm to families during their children’s terms of probation. This study provides empirical evidence that helps bolster a growing national effort to eliminate juvenile fees.
Efficient algorithms for mining association rules in large databases of customer transactions

Mining for information from large volumes of routinely collected business data is an important development in recent years involving databases systems, machine learning and statistics. Data mining is defined as the process of discovering significant and potentially useful patterns in large volumes of data. It is driven by large business organizations and is expected to result in major cost savings, efficiency, and improved service. It also has immediate applications in diverse fields such as marketing, manufacturing, medicine, astronomy, and criminal investigation. Discovering association rules between items in a large collection of data has been described as an important class of database mining problems. In the context of retail sales data, association rules identify items which are also frequently bought when certain other items are bought. In this thesis we address two of the most important problems in data mining within the framework of discovering association rules: (a) efficiently handling very large volumes of data and (b) finding new types of associations.
Univariate and Multivariate Bonferroni-Type Inequalities: Methods for Proof and Questions of Optimality

For a sequence A 1,A 2,… ,A n of events, we denote by m n(A) the number of those which occur. The binomial moments of m n(A) are denoted by S k = S k,n(A), that is, (1).
Sequential left ventricular function studies before and after pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis. Delayed resolution of residual restriction.

Abstract A patient with constrictive pericarditis was studied 5 days before and 50 days and 13 months after extensive pericardiectomy. Functional data were derived from measurement of intracardiac pressure and left ventricular volume. Before operation the left ventricle was characterized by both systolic and diastolic unloading due to volume restriction. Complete anterior and lateral decortication was accompanied by minimal early clinical improvement. Catheterization studies reflected persistent severe biventricular restriction. A year after operation, marked clinical improvement was accompanied by studies revealing resolution of the restrictive elements.
Hospital Libraries and Internet Point of Care

Abstract The practice of evidence-based medicine and the changes in the continuing medical education format have impacted hospital libraries and the way they interact with physicians. Internet Point of Care enables the individual physician to research his or her clinical query and apply that research to his or her clinical practice. It also enables the hospital library to become actively involved in the process of CME by collaborating with the Continuing Medical Education department and the individual physician. The cumulative data tabulated from the Internet Point of Care questionnaires help the hospital librarian update the library's collection, plan educational activities for physicians, and reevaluate existing databases.
Legal Language in Nineteenth-Century America

This contribution explores the development of legal language in nineteenth-century America as a species of political discourse. In particular, I sketch the broad, competing trends in legal language. On the one hand, legal rhetoric became more popular and fragmented, as the sources of law multiplied. On the other hand, the law also became increasingly sophisticated and specialized with the rise of institutions. These features on the surface of legal rhetoric hinted at deeper changes in the imperatives of political development and efforts at cultural resistance.
WITHIN‐MUSCLE VARIATION IN COLOR AND pH OF BEEF SEMIMEMBRANOSUS

A trial was conducted to measure within-muscle variation in color and pH of the semimembranosus (SM). SM muscles from carcasses of three different quality grades were cut into 10 steaks (1.91-cm thick), which were subsequently divided into four quadrants (CaD = caudal–distal, CaP = caudal–proximal, CrD = cranial–distal and CrP = cranial–proximal). The ventral portion was generally lighter, redder and yellower than the dorsal portion. Furthermore, the CrD quadrant had the highest (P < 0.05) L*, a* and b* values, whereas the superficial quadrant (CaP) had the lowest (P < 0.05) objective color values, with quadrants CrP and CaD having intermediate values. Quadrant CrD had the highest (P < 0.05) reflectance values, whereas the lowest (P < 0.05) reflectance values were in the CrP quadrant. Traditionally, light meat color has been associated with low pH; however, the quadrant with the lightest color meat (CrD) had the highest pH. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Information presented in the current experiment can be used as a tool to define the biochemical traits of the beef semimembranosus. More specifically, this information could be used to support future studies in the area of color stability and a method to identify regions of concern regarding postmortem muscle quality of such a large muscle from the beef round. With an industry that relies on the identification of new cuts for the retail market, and consumers placing emphasis on muscle color at the time of purchase, a thorough understanding of color stability in the semimembranosus is required. Lastly, this information can be used to further enhance the fabrication and potential marketability of such under-utilized muscles from the beef carcass.
Cursor Management for XML Data

In a relational database system, cursors provide a mechanism for traversal of a set of query results. The existing cursor defined in the SQL or JDBC, which is targeted for navigating results in the relational form, is inadequate for traversing or fetching XML query results. In this paper, we propose a mechanism for efficient and flexible cursor operations on XML data sets stored in an XML repository based on a relational database system. We first define a cursor interface for traversal of XML query result, which also provides a positioned update function. To demonstrate the feasibility of the cursor interface, we then propose and examine three different implementations in a relational database system: multi-cursor, outer union, and hybrid. Our experiments using XMach [23] benchmark data sets show that the hybrid approach has the best performance among the three in a mixed workload with both sequential and structure-aware cursor traversals.
Probabilistic computations for the main bearings of an operating engine due to variability in bearing properties

This paper presents the development of surrogate models (metamodels) for evaluating the bearing performance in an internal combustion engine. The metamodels are employed for performing probabilistic analyses for the engine bearings. The metamodels are developed based on results from a simulation solver computed at a limited number of sample points, which sample the design space. An integrated system-level engine simulation model, consisting of a flexible crankshaft dynamics model and a flexible engine block model connected by a detailed hydrodynamic lubrication model, is employed in this paper for generating information necessary to construct the metamodels. An optimal symmetric latin hypercube algorithm is utilized for identifying the sampling points based on the number and the range of the variables that are considered to vary in the design space. The development of the metamodels is validated by comparing results from the metamodels with results from the actual simulation models over a large number of evaluation points. Once the metamodels are established they are employed for performing probabilistic analyses. The initial clearance between the crankshaft and the bearing at each main bearing and the oil viscosity comprise the random variables in the probabilistic analyses. The maximum oil pressure and the percentage of time (the time ratio) within each cycle that a bearing operates with oil film thickness less than a user defined threshold value at each main bearing constitute the performance variables of the system. The availability of the metamodels allows comparing the performance of several probabilistic methods in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. A useful insight is gained by the probabilistic analysis on how variability in the bearing characteristics affects the performance of the bearings.
Four-Wave Mixing of a Laser and Its Frequency-Doubled Version in a Multimode Optical Fiber

It is shown that it is possible to couple a laser beam and its frequency-doubled daughter into a multimode optical fiber through the four-wave mixing nonlinear process and generate a new wavelength. The frequency-doubled daughter can be generated in an external crystal with a large second order nonlinearity. It is argued that while this possibility is within the design parameter range of conventional multimode optical fibers, it necessitates a lower-bound for the core-cladding refractive index contrast of the multimode optical fiber.
Lymphocyte-Mediated Cellular Immunity in Histoplasmosis

Mononuclear phagocytes freshly harvested from immunized animals restrict the intracellular growth of Histoplasma capsulatum, whereas the same cells maintained in culture for 48 hr do not. Experiments established that within the mixed cell population of the mouse peritoneal cavity the lymphocyte was the most likely mediator of the intracellular growth restriction observed. Partially purified lymphocytes, from the peritoneal cavity of mice immunized by sublethal infection, mediated the suppression of intracellular growth of the fungus in normal mouse macrophages in cell culture.
QSAR study of benzoquinolinones as inhibitors of human type 1 5-α-reductase.

Abstract QSAR models have been developed with regression analysis that related a specific lipophilic feature of the substituent of the molecule with biological activity. A second important feature of the compounds, the energy of the HOMO, was revealed using a simple visualization technique.
Social class influence on female sport involvement.

The purpose of this investigation was to analyze specific socioeconomic variables that may influence female participation in various sport types (team, individual, dual, and mixed). The first hypothesis predicted that sport type would be function of socioeconomic status. This hypothesis was verified, since team sport participants tended to come from a lower class background, while individual and dual sport participants had a higher social class status. The second hypothesis examined the relationship between reference group influence (family versus peer) and type of sport participation. No relationship was found between sport type and reference group influence. In addition, no relationship was found when socioeconomic status and type of reference group influence were examined together.
Fast Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Nannochloropsis sp. To Produce Biocrude

We investigated the fast hydrothermal liquefaction of green marine alga Nannochloropsis sp. at batch reaction times of 1, 3, and 5 min and set-point temperatures of 300–600 °C. We also performed conventional liquefaction for 60 min at the same temperatures. These experiments cover the broadest range of reaction conditions yet reported for algae liquefaction. The biocrude yield obtained for 1 min reaction times, which was only long enough to heat the reactor from room temperature to about half of the set-point temperature (in °C), increased with an increasing set-point temperature to 66 ± 11 wt % (dry and ash-free basis) at a set-point temperature of 600 °C. The biocrude obtained at this condition contains 84% of the carbon and 91 ± 14% of the heating value present in the dry algae feedstock. This biocrude yield and corresponding energy recovery are the highest reported for liquefaction of this alga. For a reaction time of 1 min, as the set-point temperature increases, light biocrude (e.g., hexane solubles...
An instrumental conditioning method for the treatment of enuresis

Abstract A method is described for treating nocturnal enuresis. Contrary to conventional practice, the child is encouraged to drink liquids freely at any hour and rewards are used to establish increasingly long periods of retention of liquid in the bladder. In 3 cases in which this method was used, complete cessation of nocturnal bedwetting was achieved within approximately 1 week from the beginning of treatment. Prior to treatment, each of the 3 cases had records of almost daily bedwetting. Following treatment, none of the cases showed more than a single failure during a 1-year follow-up. The method is also promising because it may be implemented in the home by the parent, with little special training.
Does deliverability enhance the value of U.S. Treasury bonds

This study presents the first examination of the value associated with long-term U.S. Treasury bonds related to their delivery eligibility in the Treasury bond futures market. The opportunity for study has recently become possible given the reduced maturity of Treasury's noncallable bonds in the market. Consistent with rational behavior, deliverable bonds are found to be more valuable than otherwise comparable, ineligible bonds, and the estimated premia are larger than those previously documented for deliverable bills. However, although detectable and statistically significant, the deliverability component of a cash bond's value is somewhat modest in economic terms; some policy implications of this result are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28:264–274, 2008
Hematology, blood chemistry and selenium values of captive pronghorn antelope, white-tailed deer and American bison

Abstract 1. Pronghorn were observed to have a significantly higher whole blood selenium concentration than either the white-tailed deer or bison. 2. Pronghom colloid values were significantly less than those of the bison, and approached statistical significance for the white-tailed deer. 3. Differential white blood cell counts for the white-tailed deer were markedly different from those of the pronghorn and bison. 4. The American bison had significantly higher cortisol values and lower T 3 values than either the white-tailed deer or pronghorn.
BELIEF, PRACTICE, AND RELIGION

. How to reconcile belief in God with the worldview generated by modern science is a concern for those who see such belief as the essence of religion. Some religious traditions emphasize correct behavior, including observance of ritual, more than belief. Others stress individual pursuit of inner tranquility without prescribing particular beliefs or rituals by which that is to be achieved. Theological issues relating to “the God question in an age of science” are relevant to Christians, whose religious emphasis is on right belief as necessary to personal salvation; but science does not raise such issues for religion generally.
Clinical evaluation of left ventricular diastolic performance

Diastole can be divided into four phases: isovolumic relaxation, early filling, diastasis, and atrial systole. The amount of LV filling that occurs during each of these phases depends on myocardial relaxation, the passive characteristics of the LV, the characteristics of the left atrium, pulmonary veins, and mitral valve, and the heart rate. When diastolic function is normal, the net effect of these factors results in an LV filling sufficient to produce an adequate cardiac output, while mean pulmonary venous pressure is maintained below 12 mm Hg. In the absence of systolic dysfunction, abnormal diastolic performance is usually due to abnormal relaxation and/or changes in the passive LV characteristics. Invasive studies can quantitate the rate of myocardial relaxation and the LV diastolic pressure-volume relation. More recently, RNA and Doppler echocardiography have been used to noninvasively evaluate diastolic performance by determining the pattern of LV diastolic filling. At rest, most LV filling occurs early in diastole. Conditions that produce diastolic dysfunction, such as LV hypertrophy and ischemia, are associated with reduced early diastolic filling and an augmented importance of atrial systole. It is important to recognize that such patterns can occur in patients who do not have clinically apparent diastolic dysfunction and in normals. Furthermore, a normal pattern can occur in patients who have severe diastolic dysfunction. A reduced early diastolic filling, in the absence of pulmonary congestion, indicates the loss of diastolic reserve, since the left atrium is being used as a booster pump. This pattern of diastolic filling in a patient who has symptoms of pulmonary congestion may suggest diastolic dysfunction, even if the systolic LV performance is normal. Since diastolic filling of the LV results from a complex interplay of factors, it is unlikely that a single, easily interpreted index of LV diastolic performance will ever be developed. However, the recent development of a noninvasive evaluation of the pattern of LV diastolic filling by RNA or Doppler echocardiography is an important advance. When interpreted with an understanding of the determinants of LV filling and the patient's clinical status, these noninvasive tests can contribute to the rational assessment of LV diastolic performance.
Growth and cuticular synthesis in Ascaris suum larvae during development from third to fourth stage in vitro

Abstract Growth, molting and cuticular protein synthesis were determined during the development of Ascaris suum grown in vitro from the third (L3) to the fourth (L4) larval stage. The larvae remained highly viable (90%) and 70% reached the L4 by 7 days in culture (DIC). Analysis of growth and development indicated that ecdysis was asynchronous. The synthesis of noncuticular and cuticular proteins was monitored using 35S-methionine as a metabolic label. Synthesis of noncuticular, cuticular and collagenous cuticular proteins increased in a constant manner, reaching maximal values at about 6 DIC. Synthesis of noncollagenous cuticular proteins (cuticli) remained relatively constant during most of the culture period, but increased from 6 to 7 DIC. The increase in cuticlin synthesis and the corresponding decrease in cuticular collagen synthesis noted at 7 DIC might represent the synthesis of the outer portions of the adult cuticle in preparation for the fourth molt. The results of this study suggest that this in vitro development system for A. suum, while not suitable to study events regulating the precise timing of molting and cuticular synthesis, might be useful for the analysis of potential growth regulators.
Fixation of plant virus inclusions under conditions designed for freeze-fracture

Intracellular crystalline viral aggregates of soil-borne wheat mosaic, wheat streak mosaic, barley stripe mosaic, and cowpea mosaic viruses (CPMV) were stabilized when tissue was fixed in glutaraldehyde after equilibration in cold 0.1 M phosphate—citrate, pH 7.3, buffered 0 to 25%/25% (w/v) glycerol/sucrose gradients. Large intranuclear and cytoplasmic CPMV and CPMV capsid protein crystals were common. Tobacco mosaic virus inclusions were not preserved under the same conditions. No membrane blackening resulted after postfixation osmication unless glycerol and sucrose were removed by washing. Cell organelles and cytoplasm of all tested tissues fixed in glutaraldehyde in 25%, in 0 to 25/25, or lower glycerol/sucrose gradients appeared as well preserved as that obtained by prior chilling of intact tissue, but, CPMV crystals were destroyed in lower concentrations of glycerol and sucrose. The method may be useful for the ultrastructural investigation of other difficult-to-fix or labile plant virus inclusions.
Testing protocols modeled as FSMs with timing parameters

An optimization method is introduced for generating minimum-length test sequences taking into account timing constraints for FSM models of communication protocols. Due to active timers in many of today's protocols, the number of consecutive self-loops that can be traversed in a given state before a timeout occurs is limited. A test sequence that does not consider timing constraints will likely be unrealizable in a test laboratory, thereby potentially resulting in the incorrect failing of valid implementations (or, vice versa). The solution uses a series of augmentations for a protocol's directed graph representation. The resulting test sequence is proven to be of minimum-length while not exceeding the tolerable limit of consecutive self-loops at each state. Although UIO sequences are used for state verification method, the results also are applicable to test generation that uses distinguishing or characterizing sequences.
Quantifying the effect of drilling fluid contamination on cement-formation hydraulic bond using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy

The objective of this experimental study is to investigate the impact of physical and chemical mud contaminations on cement-formation shear bond strength for sandstone and shale formations. Physical contamination occurs when drilling fluids (mud) dehydrates on the surface of the formation, while chemical contamination on the other hand occurs when the drilling fluid (still in the liquid state) is mixed with cement slurry and reacts chemically with the cement during a cementing job. We investigated the impact of the contamination on the shear bond strength and the changes in the mineralogy of the cement at the cement-formation interface to quantify the impact of the contamination on the cement-formation shear bond strength.
Capacitor Voltage Balancing of Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converters by Space Vector PWM

Proper operation of a multilevel flying capacitor converter (FCC) necessitates a closed-loop voltage balancing strategy. This paper proposes a space vector modulation (SVM)-based approach that benefits from the switching state redundancy of an n-level FCC to implicitly carry out the voltage balancing task within the switching strategy. Based on the voltage deviations of the capacitor voltages, a cost function is defined and minimized to choose the proper redundant switching states among the available switching states. The performance of a grid-connected four-level FCC under the proposed SVM strategy for various operating conditions is studied and evaluated based on time-domain simulations in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment, and experimentally verified. The studies demonstrate the capability of the proposed SVM strategy to regulate the capacitor voltages at their nominal reference values.
Small Bowel Ischemia.

Small bowel ischemia is a relatively uncommon disorder requiring prompt recognition and aggressive management if significant morbidity and mortality are to be averted. The pathophysiology of the ischemic event usually will determine the management approach used. Factors to be considered include whether the ischemia is the consequence of arterial or venous occlusive disease; the cause and nature of the ischemia (ie, a consequence of arterial spasm, inflammation, complete or incomplete occlusion); whether the occlusion is the result of an embolus or thrombosis; the preexistence and degree of development of arterial collateral channels; and the existence and extent of comorbid conditions [1,2]. Established and experimental therapeutic interventions have varied in efficacy and include 1) correction of physiologic alterations predisposing to the ischemic event, 2) angiography with arterial infusion of vasodilators; 3) embolectomy or thrombectomy, and resection of necrotic bowel; 4) anticoagulation (veno-occlusive disease); and 5) selective application of thrombolytic agents. The overall success of any therapeutic intervention depends upon the early recognition and management of ischemia, as the incidence of morbidity and mortality rises after infarction occurs.
Multisensory convergence and integration in the neostriatum and globus pallidus of the rat

The extracellular response properties of neurons in the caudate-putamen (CPu), globus pallidus (GP) and lateral amygdaloid nucleus (La) evoked by auditory and somatosensory stimuli were investigated. A total of 61 neurons in these areas responded either singly to somatosensory stimulation (unisensory), or to both somatosensory and auditory stimulation (multisensory). Higher rates of somatosensory stimulation reduced the response magnitude of CPu neurons more than that of GP neurons. In multisensory neurons, combined somatosensory and auditory stimulation compared to unisensory stimulation resulted in three characteristic response patterns: enhancement, depression or interaction. Temporal misalignment of the peak frequency latencies evoked by auditory and somatosensory stimulation altered the response magnitude in the majority of neurons. The response properties and anatomical connectivity of CPu and GP neurons suggest that the observed multisensory integrative effects may be used to facilitate motor responses to low intensity stimuli.
HLA and hormonal studies in families of patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency - cryptic patients?

The study comprises 14 families with unaffected siblings and with one or two children (total 17) with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)-21 OH defect. HLA tissue typing and glyoxalase (GLO) confirmed the close genetic linkage between 21 OH def. and HLA-B locus. Positive association with B 47 was found: in 2 of 18 unrelated patients (normal population 0.4%, p < 0.01), negative association to B 8 (only one positive), and no selective increase in B 5 (2/18, normal pop. 10%, NS). HLA genotyping demonstrated 9 heterozygote carriers and 3 normal homozygotes among the siblings. Hormonal analyses showed that basal ACTH values were normal in all relatives and ACTH stimulated values for cortisol and 17 OH-progesterone in the relatives were overlapping with normal values. One family showed: F: A3 B7/A19 B14 - M: A29 B21/A1 B17 - 1) healthy sister: A19 B14/A1 B17, 2) classical CAH patient: A3 B7/A1 B17, 3) late onset patient: A19 B14/A1 B17. B14 was found in the late onset patient, the father and the healthy sister, and these two were from HLA types and hormonal analyses shown to be what is called “cryptic” patients or “unusual heterozygotes”.
Effect of functional group substituents on the paper chromatography of purines and pyrimidines.

Abstract Curves relating the R f of purines and pyrimidines on paper to the water content of acetonitrile-water mobile phases are used to predict the relative polarity of the solutes and the relative effect of functional groups in establishing these relative polarities. The water content of the mobile phase necessary to cause the solute to migrate to a given R f value is a measure of the polarity of the solute. Oxygen and amino groups enhance the polarity of purine, while methyl groups strongly decrease the polarity. At pH 10, oxygen is 2.5 times as effective as the amino group in establishing differences in polarity among the solutes.
Differential Time-Dependent Effects of Emotion on Recollective Experience and Memory for Contextual Information.

Emotion has been suggested to slow forgetting via a mechanism that enhances memory consolidation. Here, we investigate whether this time dependent process influences the subjective experience of recollection as well as the ability to retrieve specific contextual details of the study event. To do so we examined recognition for emotional and neutral pictures at two retention intervals and collected remember/know reports and reports about the task that had been performed with the item during encoding. Recollective experience was enhanced for emotional compared to neutral photos after a 24-h delay, but not immediately after encoding. In contrast, memory for the task performed during encoding did not differ between emotional and neutral photos at either time point. The findings indicate that emotion slows the effects of forgetting on the recollective experience associated with studied events, without necessarily slowing the forgetting of specific contextual details of those events.
Theorizing Community Reentry for Male Incarcerates and Confined Mothers: Lessons Learned from Housing the Homeless

Abstract To date, a substantial amount of research has been conducted on offender reentry that measures recidivism outcomes or examines the effectiveness of risk/need assessment instruments. However, remarkably little attention has been given to cultivating a theory of community reintegration. This article provisionally addresses this issue. By turning to the relevant homeless studies research, a conceptual strategy for offender reentry is proposed. This strategy is based on a psycho-social developmental model of resocialization grounded in several insights derived from peacemaking, anarchist, and cultural criminology. The resocialization model, coupled with its assorted conceptual features, is fitted to the issue of community reentry for male incarcerates and confined mothers. Several tentative implications stemming from this conceptual work are delineated.
Cation−π Interactions in Ligand Recognition by Serotonergic (5-HT3A) and Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: The Anomalous Binding Properties of Nicotine†

A series of tryptophan analogues has been introduced into the binding site regions of two ion channels, the ligand-gated nicotinic acetylcholine and serotonin 5-HT3A receptors, using unnatural amino acid mutagenesis and heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes. A cation−π interaction between serotonin and Trp183 of the serotonin channel 5-HT3AR is identified for the first time, precisely locating the ligand-binding site of this receptor. The energetic contribution of the observed cation−π interaction between a tryptophan and the primary ammonium ion of serotonin is estimated to be approximately 4 kcal/mol, while the comparable interaction with the quaternary ammonium of acetylcholine is approximately 2 kcal/mol. The binding mode of nicotine to the nicotinic receptor of mouse muscle is examined by the same technique and found to differ significantly from that of the natural agonist, acetylcholine.
Excitonic frequency-frequency correlation functions in a GaAs quantum well

The frequency-frequency correlation function for excitons in a GaAs quantum well is measured using optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy and a numerical fitting procedure. We also report frequency-frequency correlation functions for biexciton and two-exciton states.
Major and daily stress and psychopathology: On the adequacy of the definitions and methods

A number of the most frequently used measures of major and daily stress are critically examined in an effort to untangle some of the knotty questions facing the field of stress research: (a) how adequate are the prevailing definitions of stress; (b) how well do the measures operationalize these definitions; (c) which definitions and methods are most appropriate for use in studies seeking to document and explain the relations of stress with dysfunction? Suggestions are offered for measurement directions leading to a more fully-developed process model of stress.
Detection of PhIP in Grilled Chicken Entrées at Popular Chain Restaurants Throughout California

Heterocyclic amines (HCAs), compounds formed when meat is cooked at high temperatures particularly through pan frying, grilling, or barbequing, pose a potential carcinogenic risk to the public. It is unclear whether there is any level at which consumption of HCAs can be considered safe. Efforts to measure these compounds mainly include cooking studies under laboratory conditions and some measurement of home-cooked foods, but analysis of commercially cooked foods has been minimal. Attempts to estimate exposure of the public to these compounds must take into consideration dining outside the home, which could result in significant exposure for some individuals. We surveyed at least 9 locations each of 7 popular chain restaurants (McDonald's, Burger King, Chick-fil-A, Chili's, TGI Friday's, Outback Steakhouse, and Applebee's) in California, collecting one or two entrees from each location. Entrees were analyzed for 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. All 100 samples contained PhIP. Concentrations were variable within and between entrees and ranged from 0.08 to 43.2 ng/g. When factoring in the weight of the entrees, absolute levels of PhIP reached over 1,000 ng for some entrees. Potential strategies for reducing exposure include the avoidance of meats cooked using methods that are known to form PhIP.
Development and Commercial Use of 275 kV XLPE Power Cable

As the first such line in the world, a 275 kV XLPE-insulated power cable transmission line was completed for the Nagoya substation of Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. (Japan) in June, 1979
Voluntary allocation versus automatic capture of visual attention.

Is there a difference in the kind of attention elicited by an abrupt-onset peripheral cue and that elicited by an instruction (e.g., a central arrow cue) to move attention to a peripheral location? In Experiment 1, we found that peripheral cues are no more effective in orienting attention than are central cues. No evidence was found for separable attentional systems consisting of a volitional response to central cues and an automatic response triggered only by peripheral cues. Rather, an identical or similar attentional process seems to be activated by either type of cue, although perhaps in different ways. Peripheral cues seem to have an automatic component, however, in that once attention is engaged by a peripheral cue, it cannot easily be disengaged for refocus elsewhere. In Experiment 2, after several sessions of practice, subjects were able to circumvent automatic attentional capture by an abrupt-onset peripheral cue and to volitionally redirect the focus of attention. Thus, attentional capture by abrupt-onset stimuli is not strongly automatic.
Almost block independence

A stationary finite state process is almost block independent, if long blocks are almost independent in the ¯d-sense. We show here that the concept of almost block independence is equivalent to very weak Bernoulli and to finitely determined, hence that the class of almost block independent processes coincides with the class of stationary codings of i.i.d. processes.
Dynamin Self-assembly Stimulates Its GTPase Activity

GTP hydrolysis by dynamin is required to drive coated vesicle budding at the plasma membrane. A diverse set of molecules including microtubules, grb2, and acidic phospholipids stimulate dynamin GTPase activity in vitro, although the physiological relevance of these effectors remains to be determined. Dynamin has been shown to assemble around microtubules, the most potent stimulatory molecule, into structures indistinguishable by electron microscopy from collars captured in vivo at the necks of endocytic coated pits. Under low ionic strength conditions purified dynamin self-assembles into rings and helical stacks of rings. Here we show that dynamin self-assembly stimulates its GTPase activity as much as 10-fold. Thus, we identify dynamin, itself, as the first effector of dynamin GTPase activity known to be physiologically relevant. Assembled dynamin's stimulated GTPase activity is not dependent on the direct interaction of high affinity GTP binding sites since a mutant defective in GTP binding and hydrolysis can coassemble with and stimulate GTP hydrolysis by wild-type dynamin. Finally, we find that GTP destabilizes assembled dynamin structures, suggesting that the activated rates of GTP hydrolysis reflect a continuing cycle of assembly, GTP hydrolysis, and disassembly.
The Role of Auxin and Abscisic Acid in the Induction of Cell Division in Jerusalem Artichoke Tuber Tissue Cultured in vitro

Summary This paper deals with two specific questions with respect to the role of auxin and abscisic acid in the induction and promotion, respectively, of DNA synthesis in tuber tissue of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus). The first of the question concerns with the need of an auxin during first few hrs of the wound response in the tissue, for induction of DNA synthesis and cell division. The second of the questions relates to the need for the simultaneous presence of NAA and ABA for the promotion of auxin-induced DNA replication. Evidence is presented here to show that a pre-incubation of the explants in the absence of auxin neither affects the duration of the lag period observed when auxin is provided, nor does it affect the number of cells/explant that respond to auxin at the later stage. If the tuber explants are pre-incubated in the absence of a hormone for 12 hrs before transfer to medium containing NAA, the synthesis of DNA does not commence until after the tissue has been in contact with the auxin for a time equal to the total duration of the lag period. The peak of DNA synthesis is also delayed by about 12 hrs in these explants as compared to the controls. While an auxin is required during the whole length of the lag period for the induction of DNA replication, it does not seem to be true of ABA for the promotion of auxin-induced DNA replication. When the explants are pre-incubated in NAA (1 mg/1) for 12 hrs and then transferred to NAA + ABA, the rates of 3H-thymidine incorporation at different times during the S period are quite comparable with those grown in a mixture of NAA + ABA from the very beginning. On the basis of the data presented here, it is suggested that auxin acts on about 60–70% of the cells in the explant to initiate a sequence of events that can eventually lead to DNA synthesis in these cells. But only about half of these cells (about 30–35% of the total cell population) actually undergo DNA synthesis, while the other half are somehow inhibited from doing so. Abscisic acid if given from the beginning or just before the initiation of DNA replication, somehow overcomes this inhibition and as a result all of the auxin-activated cells enter the S phase.
Combinatorial proofs of identities in basic hypergeometric series

In this paper, the q-Pfaff-Saalschutz formula and the q-Sheppard @f23 transformation formula are established combinatorially.
How safe is bowel preparation with oral sodium phosphate solution

The fact that there is no ideal bowel preparation has prompted the development of new preparations as well as examination of the efficacy and safety of available ones. Oral sodium phosphate (NaP) is one of the most commonly used bowel preparations and is associated with considerable water and electrolyte shifts. In this Practice Point commentary, we discuss the findings and limitations of a retrospective study conducted by Singal et al. that investigated the renal safety of bowel preparation with oral NaP or polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution in patients undergoing colonoscopy. The study showed that renal toxicity with NaP solution might be minimal in well-selected, well-hydrated patients and seems similar to that with PEG solution. This commentary highlights the issues to consider when interpreting and generalizing these results and commends Singal and colleagues for having provided a comprehensive appraisal of the weak points of the study in their discussion.
Active site mutants in the six regulatory particle ATPases reveal multiple roles for ATP in the proteasome

A family of ATPases resides within the regulatory particle of the proteasome. These proteins (Rpt1-Rpt6) have been proposed to mediate substrate unfolding, which may be required for translocation of substrates through the channel that leads from the regulatory particle into the proteolytic core particle. To analyze the role of ATP hydrolysis in protein breakdown at the level of the individual ATPase, we have introduced equivalent site-directed mutations into the ATPbinding motif of each RPT gene. Non-conservative substitutions of the active-site lysine were lethal in four of six cases, and conferred a strong growth defect in two cases. Thus, the ATPases are not functionally redundant, despite their multiplicity and sequence similarity. Degradation of a specific substrate can be inhibited by ATP-binding-site substitutions in many of the Rpt proteins, indicating that they co-operate in the degradation of individual substrates. The phenotypic defects of the different rpt mutants were strikingly varied. The most divergent phenotype was that of the rpt1 mutant, which was strongly growth defective despite showing no general defect in protein turnover. In addition, rpt1 was unique among the rpt mutants in displaying a G1 cell-cycle defect. Proteasomes purified from an rpt2 mutant showed a dramatic inhibition of peptidase activity, suggesting a defect in gating of the proteasome channel. In summary, ATP promotes protein breakdown by the proteasome through multiple mechanisms, as reflected by the diverse phenotypes of the rpt mutants.
Lymphocyte Proliferation Responses in Children with HIV-1 Infection on Antiretroviral Therapy

Lymphocyte Proliferation Responses in Children with HIV-1 Infection on Antiretroviral Therapy
Dynamic binary translation specialized for embedded systems

This paper describes the design and implementation of a novel dynamic binary translation technique specialized for embedded systems. Virtual platforms have been widely used to develop embedded software and dynamic binary translation is essential to boost their speed in simulations. However, unlike application simulation, the code generated for systems simulation is still slow because the simulator must replicate all of the functions of the target hardware. Embedded systems, which focus on providing one or a few functions, utilize only a small portion of the processor's features most of the time. For example, they may use a Memory Management Unit (MMU) in a processor to map physical memory to effective addresses, but they may not need paged memory support as in an OS. We can exploit this to specialize the dynamically translated code for more performance.We built a specialization framework on top of a functional simulator with a dynamic binary translator. Using the framework, we implemented three specializers for an MMU, bi-endianness, and register banks. Experiments with the EEMBC1.1 benchmark showed that the speed of the specialized code was up to 39% faster than the unspecialized code.
Theoretical study of isolated dangling bonds, dangling bond wires, and dangling bond clusters on a H : Si ( 001 ) − ( 2 × 1 ) surface

We theoretically study the electronic band structure of isolated unpaired and paired dangling bonds (DBs), DB wires, and DB clusters on $\mathrm{H}:\mathrm{Si}(001)\text{\ensuremath{-}}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ surface using extended H\"uckel theory and report their effect on the Si band gap. We show that an isolated unpaired DB introduces a near-midgap state, whereas a paired DB leads to $\ensuremath{\pi}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{*}$ states, similar to those introduced by an unpassivated asymmetric dimer (AD) $\mathrm{Si}(001)\text{\ensuremath{-}}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ surface. On the other hand, the surface state induced due to an unpaired DB wire in the direction along the dimer row (referred to as $[\overline{1}10]$) has a large dispersion due to the strong coupling between the adjacent DBs, being $3.84\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$ apart. However, in the direction perpendicular to the dimer row (referred to as [110]), the DBs are $7.68\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$ apart and there is a reduced coupling between them due to exponential dependence of the wave function, leading to a small dispersion. Moreover, a paired DB wire in the $[\overline{1}10]$ direction introduces $\ensuremath{\pi}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{*}$ states similar to those of an AD surface, but with a large dispersion, and a paired DB wire in the [110] direction exhibits surface states with a smaller dispersion, as expected. Besides this, we report the electronic structure of different DB clusters, which exhibit states inside the band gap that can be interpreted as superpositions of states due to unpaired and paired DBs.
Gastroparesis after combined callosotomy and unilateral frontal lobectomy

Abstract An 8-year-old boy with medically refractory seizures received a combined anterior corpus callosotomy and extensive right frontal cortical resection. Postoperatively, the patient developed severe, persistent gastroparesis without other apparent cause. A literature review revealed no similar cases. Human and animal studies suggest that the frontal lobe influences gastric motility via the hypothalamus. This experience indicates that removal of such frontal lobe influence or combined frontal lobectomy/callosotomy may precipitate gastroparesis. Surgery involving the insular cortex, orbitofrontal area, and premotor cortex may particularly place patients at risk for this complication.
Markedness and perspective in the interpretation of the active and passive voice

The subjects were presented with active and passive sentences. For each sentence, they had to choose between two alternative implications. The pattern of choices indicates that in the passive the logical subject was interpreted by the subjects as the focal point of the information asserted by the sentence and as the carrier of overall responsibility for the sentential proposition. In contrast to the passive, there was no clear pattern of preferences for the active. The difference between the two voices was attributed to their markedness asymmetry, the passive being marked and the active unmarked. It is concluded that the active offers a neutral structure for conveying information; a structure available for use when one does not want to superimpose on the information content any stylistic or connotational implications. The passive, on the other hand, suggests special connotations in addition to the basic message.
Mitotic nondisjunction in cultivated human cells.

HAPLOIDIZATION, mitotic crossing-over and mitotic nondisjunction are three modalities of mitotic recombination which could permit the mapping of human genes via genetic analysis of cultured human somatic cells1. It is assumed2, but not proved, that at least one of these mechanisms, mitotic nondisjunction, is of routine occurrence in established cultures of diploid or essentially diploid human somatic cells. We report here cytogenetic evidence for the repeated occurrence of this process within clones of fibroblasts derived from the skin of a child with Down's syndrome (mongolism). In this presumably exceptional genotype, the event involved only acrocentrics; with one exception, these were all small (G group)3 acrocentric chromosomes.