cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regional differentiation of living standards in the RSFSR: The issue of inequality

IN the Soviet Union there is considerable regional variation in most social welfare indicators. Housing space per capita, hospital beds per capita and retail trade turnover per capita, all, for example, differ widely from region to region. From relevant literature on Soviet welfare policies two hypotheses concerning regional differences in policy results can be gleaned. These hypotheses can be labelled as follows: 1) level of development and 2) equalization. According to the level-of-development hypothesis, the higher the level of economic development the higher the level of social services and benefits. While this hypothesis is rooted in analyses of the Stalin era, it is also frequently advanced as an explanation of policy patterns for the Khrushchev and Brezhnev-Kosygin periods. Stalin's goals involved rapid industrialization, the conversion of a backward, agrarian Russia into an industrial giant. Fainsod has asserted that the industrialization drive, beginning with the onset of the five-year plans in 1929, led to the repudiation of mass welfare and egalitarianism.' Welfare became not only a secondary consideration, but was also utilitarian in nature, serving primarily as a means of reinforcing industrialization.2 The level-of-development hypothesis thus holds that a maldistribution of funds and services in the welfare realm stems from the party elite's constant resolve to place a rapidly growing industrial output before all else. But have such concerns and policy patterns been perpetuated in the post-Stalin era? Osborn has argued that welfare policy is still geared towards the reinforcement of investment in industry. 3 Hence he regards a growing industrial base as the key explanatory variable accounting for the availability of investment funds for housing and for the improvement of living conditions in general. In a similar vein Mickiewicz has asserted that the Soviet pattern of development continues to favour the city, with 'life in the country . .. becoming qualitatively inferior to that of the cities'.4 The prominent Soviet dissident, Andrei Sakharov, has spoken of the distribution issue as follows: 'There is inequality among regions: Moscow and the larger cities are favoured in the distribution of products, living comforts, cultural services, and so on.'5
PROFILE OF JTE-522 AS A HUMAN CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 INHIBITOR

Inhibitory activity and the mechanism of action of JTE-522 (4-(4-cyclohexyl-2-methyloxazol-5-yl)-2-fluorobenzenesulfonamid e), a novel selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor, on human COX-1 and COX-2 were investigated and compared with those of reference compounds. In an enzyme assay, JTE-522 inhibited yeast-expressed human recombinant COX-2 with an IC50 value of 0.085 microM. In contrast, JTE-522 did not inhibit human COX-1 prepared from human platelets at concentrations up to 100 microM. In a cell-based assay, JTE-522 diminished lipopolysaccharide-induced prostaglandin E2 production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (COX-2) (IC50 value = 15.1 nM). On the other hand, JTE-522 was less potent at inhibiting calcium ionophore-induced thromboxane B2 production in washed human platelets (COX-1) (IC50 value = 6210 nM). JTE-522 showed highly selective inhibition of human COX-2, and its activity was more selective than that of other COX-2 inhibitors (NS-398 and SC-58635). Human recombinant COX-2 activity was attenuated by JTE-522 in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. In contrast, the inhibitory activity of JTE-522 on human COX-1 was not affected by preincubation time. COX-2 inhibition by JTE-522 could not be recovered by gel filtration. These results indicate that JTE-522 is a highly selective, time-dependent and irreversible inhibitor of human COX-2.
A Critical Evaluation of Organizational Commitment and Identification

Organizational, commitment and identification continue to capture the imagination and interest of organizational researchers. There is disagreement, however, regarding how these concepts should be measured in the workplace. Given this controversy, this study examines four popular instruments used by researchers to operationalize commitment and identification. The four measures considered include the commitment measures designed by Mowday, Steers, and Porter (1979), Cook and Wall (1980), and Hrebiniak and Alutto (1972), and Cheney's (1983) organizational identification measure. The primary goals of this article include assessing the reliability and validity of these instruments and their theoretical and practical utility to individuals interested in commitment or identification.
Primate fibrinopeptides: Evolutionary significance

Abstract The fibrinopeptides A and B from two New World monkeys (spider monkey and cebus monkey) and a prosimian (slow loris) have been characterized, bringing to 12 the number of primate species which have been studied in this regard. Cladograms of the amino acid sequences have been constructed and the step-by-step amino acid replacements positioned. The results are qualitatively consistent with classical relationships. The slow loris fibrinopeptide B contains a sulfated-tyrosine, a residue found in most non-primate fibrinopeptides B, but which is absent in all the other primate B peptides examined so far. As a result, it has been possible to align primate and non-primate fibrinopeptides B using the sulfated tyrosine as a reference point. Primate fibrinopeptides B clearly fall into a group with those of rodents and lagomorphs distinctly separated from the six other mammalian orders which have been studied.
Did clinical trials in which erythropoietin failed to reduce acute myocardial infarct size miss a narrow therapeutic window

BACKGROUND To test a hypothesis that in negative clinical trials of erythropoietin in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) the erythropoietin (rhEPO) could be administered outside narrow therapeutic window. Despite overwhelming evidence of cardioprotective properties of rhEPO in animal studies, the outcomes of recently concluded phase II clinical trials have failed to demonstrate the efficacy of rhEPO in patients with acute MI. However, the time between symptoms onset and rhEPO administration in negative clinical trials was much longer that in successful animal experiments. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS MI was induced in rats either by a permanent ligation of a descending coronary artery or by a 2-hr occlusion followed by a reperfusion. rhEPO, 3000 IU/kg, was administered intraperitoneally at the time of reperfusion, 4 hrs after beginning of reperfusion, or 6 hrs after permanent occlusion. MI size was measured histologically 24 hrs after coronary occlusion. The area of myocardium at risk was similar among groups. The MI size in untreated rats averaged ~42% of area at risk, or ~24% of left ventricle, and was reduced by more than 50% (p<0.001) in rats treated with rhEPO at the time of reperfusion. The MI size was not affected by treatment administered 4 hrs after reperfusion or 6 hrs after permanent coronary occlusion. Therefore, our study in a rat experimental model of MI demonstrates that rhEPO administered within 2 hrs of a coronary occlusion effectively reduces MI size, but when rhEPO was administered following a delay similar to that encountered in clinical trials, it had no effect on MI size. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The clinical trials that failed to demonstrate rhEPO efficacy in patients with MI may have missed a narrow therapeutic window defined in animal experiments.
THE REPLICATION TIME AND PATTERN OF CARCINOGEN--INDUCED HEPATOMA CELLS.

The replication time and pattern have been investigated in hepatoma cells induced by feeding 3'Me-DAB to male rats for 5 months. With the use of tritiated thymidine as a DNA label along with autoradiography, mitotic nuclear labeling has been studied 0.5 to 72 hours after the administration of the label. The following time intervals have been estimated: replication time, 31 hours; DNA synthesis, 17 hours; G2 plus Mitosis, 2 hours; G1, 12 hours. Only about 8 per cent of the tumor cell (interphase) population is "flash" labeled, following a single dose of 50 µC of H3TDR. This group of cells has been followed through three cycles of division. The repeated rhythmic passage of tumor cells through cell division is similar to that previously reported for normal liver cells in the growing rat. However, tumor cells have longer replication and DNA synthesis times. In addition, the several time intervals studied vary more in the tumor cell population than they do in the growing normal cell population.
Structure of the Tie2 RTK domain: self-inhibition by the nucleotide binding loop, activation loop, and C-terminal tail.

Abstract Background: Angiogenesis, the formation of new vessels from the existing vasculature, is a critical process during early development as well as in a number of disease processes. Tie2 (also known as Tek) is an endothelium-specific receptor tyrosine kinase involved in both angiogenesis and vasculature maintenance. Results: We have determined the crystal structure of the Tie2 kinase domain to 2.2 A resolution. The structure contains the catalytic core, the kinase insert domain (KID), and the C-terminal tail. The overall fold is similar to that observed in other serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase structures; however, several unique features distinguish the Tie2 structure from those of other kinases. The Tie2 nucleotide binding loop is in an inhibitory conformation, which is not seen in other kinase structures, while its activation loop adopts an "activated-like" conformation in the absence of phosphorylation. Tyr-897, located in the N-terminal domain, may negatively regulate the activity of Tie2 by preventing dimerization of the kinase domains or by recruiting phosphatases when it is phosphorylated. Conclusion: Regulation of the kinase activity of Tie2 is a complex process. Conformational changes in the nucleotide binding loop, activation loop, C helix, and the C-terminal tail are required for ATP and substrate binding.
Confinedrandom‐flightpolymerchainsinsolution: exclusion from micropores and distribution near barriers

The statistical basis of the entropic repulsion of dissolved random-flight polymer chains from impenetrable passive barriers is described. The application of these ideas to the partial exclusion of linear and branched polymer chains from micropores and to the polymer concentration profile near a barrier is reviewed with emphasis on the mean projection of the chain as a measure of the exclusion effect.
Hardware-Software Codesign of an Embedded Multiple-Supply Power Management Unit for Multicore SoCs Using an Adaptive Global/Local Power Allocation and Processing Scheme

Power dissipation has become a critical design constraint for the growth of modern multicore systems due to increasing clock frequencies, leakage currents, and system parasitics. To overcome this urgent crisis, this article presents an embedded platform for on-chip power management of a multicore System-on-Chip (SoC). The design involves the development of two key components, from the hardware to the software level. From the hardware perspective, a multiple-supply power management unit is proposed and is implemented using a Single-Inductor Multiple-Output (SIMO) DC-DC converter. To dynamically respond to the sensed instantaneous power demands and to accurately control the power delivery to the processor cores, the power management unit employs a software-defined adaptive global/local power allocation feedback controller. The proposed controller is designed using the hardware-software codesign methodology to uniquely control the SIMO converter during various operation scenarios. This is achieved using several embedded software control algorithms that operate synergetically to ensure efficient and reliable system operation. The hardware-software codesign technique also allows the SIMO controller to be integrated with future microprocessor cores. Therefore, by employing the vast amount of on-chip resources, the converter can perform effective power processing to provide the most power-optimal voltages at the hardware level. Such an embedded power management module leads to an integrated, power-aware, and autonomous SoC design that is independent of additional external hardware control, thereby reducing on-chip area and system complexity. In this design, each power output from the SIMO converter provides a step-up/down voltage conversion, thereby enabling a wide range of variable supply voltage. An adaptive global/local power allocation control algorithm is employed to significantly improve Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) tracking speed and line/load regulation, while still retaining low cross-regulation. Designed with a 180nm CMOS process, the converter precisely provides three independently variable power outputs from 0.9 V to 3.0 V, with a total power range from 33 mW to 900 mW. A very fast load transient response of 3.25 μs is achieved, in response to a 67.5-mA full-step load current change. The design thus provides a cost-effective power management solution to achieve a robust, fast-transient, DVFS-compatible multicore SoC.
A Soft Combustion-Driven Pump for Soft Robots

This paper describes the design and manufacture of a monolithic high-pressure diaphragm pump made entirely of soft elastomer material and driven by a combustion chamber incorporated within the soft pump structure. The pump can deliver pressures up to 60 kPa and can reach output flows up to 40 ml/min. Methane (CH4) combustion is used as the actuation source. The pump uses two soft flap-structured check valves for directing the flow. Pumping pressure and frequency dependence were measured and analyzed. Results show that controlled and repeatable combustion of methane is possible without damaging the soft structure. Experimentally, 6–10% methane is identified as the ideal air-fuel ratio for combustion. With continuous delivery of reactants, a 1 Hz pumping frequency was achieved. The volume of the combustion chamber and the material stiffness are identified to be major determinants of the stroke volume.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Evaluation of platelet function by flow cytometry.

Platelet function in whole blood can be comprehensively evaluated by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry can be used to measure platelet reactivity, circulating activated platelets, platelet-platelet aggregates, leukocyte-platelet aggregates, procoagulant platelet-derived microparticles, and calcium flux. Clinical applications of whole blood flow cytometric assays of platelet function in disease states (e.g., acute coronary syndromes, angioplasty, and stroke) may include identification of patients who would benefit from additional antiplatelet therapy and prediction of ischemic events. Circulating monocyte-platelet aggregates appear to be a more sensitive marker of in vivo platelet activation than circulating P-selectin-positive platelets. Flow cytometry can also be used in the following clinical settings: monitoring of GPIIb-IIIa antagonist therapy, diagnosis of inherited deficiencies of platelet surface glycoproteins, diagnosis of storage pool disease, diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and measurement of the rate of thrombopoiesis.
Does Mad Money make the market go mad

Abstract Empirical studies of numerous popular investment advisory services find statistically significant abnormal returns at the time of their broadcast or published investment recommendations. Our analysis of returns and trading volume around stock recommendations aired on charismatic host Jim Cramer's Mad Money program reveals statistical evidence of response to both his buy and sell opinions, with most of the full-day return following an on-air buy recommendation captured by that day's opening price. Trading strategy analysis suggests that individuals with limited funds should be wary of short-term trading to exploit the show's suggestions, while professional investors may be able to exploit buy picks with a contra strategy.
Adaptive hybrid prismatic/tetrahedral grids

Employment of hybrid prismatic/tetrahedral grids is a relatively new approach for viscous flow computations with 3D complex geometries. The body surface is covered with triangles, which provides geometric flexibility, while the structure of the mesh in the direction normal to the surface provides thin prismatic elements suitable for the viscous region. The outermost layer of the prismatic grid is then used as the inner boundary surface for a tetrahedral grid which covers the rest of the computational domain. The hybrid grid is employed for performing Navier-Stokes calculations in the prismatic region near the body and Euler calculations in the tetrahedral regions away from the body. The generation method of hybrid prismatic/tetrahedral grids marches a triangulated surface mesh away from the body to form a semi-unstructured prismatic grid. Tetrahedra are then constructed which are linked directly to the nodes of the outermost prismatic layer. The hybrid grid is locally refined over both the prismatic and tetrahedral regions. Directional embedding of the prisms preserves the structure of the mesh in the normal-to-surface direction.
Antiphospholipid antibodies are common in patients referred for percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure

Very little is known about any interaction between patent foramen ovale (PFO) and various hypercoagulable disorders that have been associated with cryptogenic stroke. Percutaneous PFO closure for secondary prevention of paradoxical thromboembolization is receiving increasing attention. Hypercoagulability may affect the potential risks and expected benefits of percutaneous PFO closure. Consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous PFO closure at a single center were screened for the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, elevated lipoprotein(a), hyperhomocysteinemia, and dysfibrinogenemia. Sixteen of 34 patients (47%) with complete arterial hypercoagulability screening had laboratory evidence of arterial hypercoagulability. Thirteen of these patients (38%) had antiphospholipid antibodies. Antiphospholipid antibodies appear to be common in patients referred for percutaneous PFO closure for secondary prevention of systemic thromboembolic events. Thorough testing based on established recommendations is warranted. Further studies are needed regarding the interaction between PFO and various hypercoagulable disorders that have been associated with cryptogenic stroke.
Fine needle aspiration cytologic findings of micropapillary carcinoma in the lung: a case report.

Background Micropapillary carcinoma is a variant of adenocarcinoma described in many anatomic sites and most recently in the lung. The cytologic recognition of this distinct pathologic entity in transthoracic needle aspiration specimens is important in providing prognostic information and therapeutic guidance. Case A 58-year-old woman presented with a < 1-cm lesion in the left breast identified on screening mammogram. A core biopsy of this lesion revealed an estrogen and progesterone receptor an estive tubular carcinoma. Before a bookwire localization biopsy, a chest x-ray revealed a 1. 7-cm spiculated mass in the right lower lobe. The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma with micropapillary features was made by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). The lobectomy specimen showed a combination of adenocarcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma and micropapillary carcinoma. Conclusion Micropapillary carcinoma is a unique variant of adenocarcinoma, having important clinical associations because of its propensity for angiolymphatic invasion and higher stage at disease presentation. This case demonstrates the cytomorphologic characteristics of micropapillary carcinoma in a transthoracic FNA of the lung.
Tuber proteins from haploids, selfs, and cultivars of group tuberosum separated by acid gel disc electrophoresis.

Tuber extracts of 46 cultivars (American varieties), and 350 haploids (2n=24) and selfs (2n=48) from four parents (2n=48), were analysed by acid gel disc electrophoresis. This system separated proteins into 12–14 bands. Twelve cultivars possessed unique patterns of bands, and the remaining cultivars could be placed in groups on the basis of 8 different banding patterns. Distinctions between varieties within groups was accomplished by either esterase or peroxidase isozyme patterns. The usefulness of basic gel proteins, esterase, and peroxidases for varietal identification is known; the acid gel protein patterns described provide a fourth system.
Worker Self-Management and Work Incentives on Nicaraguan Agricultural Production Cooperatives: An Investigation of Relative Performance

ABSTRACT During the Sandinista era Agrarian Reform in Nicaragua hundreds of collectively organized agricultural production cooperatives were created. While production and administrative scale economies were sought, internal incentive problems that typically afflict such enterprises could well have offset such advantages. After characterizing the internal factors which impact on work incentives in these cooperatives, empirical tests are designed to compare the relative efficiency of cooperative, household and capitalist tenure regimes. The findings indicate that internal incentive frictions on the cooperatives were managed such that efficiency gains were not necessarily to be captured under alternative tenure forms.
A search for the ρ(2.2) in the ϒ region

Abstract We have searched in the decays of the ϒ(1S), ϒ(2S) and B mesons for the narrow state, γ, seen by the Mark II group in radiative ψ decay. We find the product branching fractions B[ϒ(1S) → γγ]·B[γ → K+K−], B[ϒ(2S) → γ γ]· B[γ → K+K−] and B[B → γX]·B[γ → K+K−] to be less than 2×10−4, 9×10−5 and 3×10−3, respectively at 90% confidence level. These limits constrain theoretical models if the γ is interpreted as a Higgs boson.
The Many Senses of Imagination and the Manifestation of Fiction: A View from Husserl’s Phenomenology of Phantasy

The systematic importance of the eidetic account of phantasy for Husserlian phenomenology in general is undisputed, but whether this account can be relevant for Aesthetics has often been put into question. In this paper I argue that Husserl’s rich phenomenology of phantasy, and in particular his account of perceptual phantasy, can nevertheless significantly enhance our understanding of how we recognize and imaginatively participate in artistic fictions. Moreover, I show how Husserl’s peculiar formulation of a non-intuitive phantasy at stake in artistic representation anticipates some uses of the imagination in Aesthetics suggested by Ernst Gombrich and Kendall Walton.
From socialist to post-socialist cities: narrating the nation through urban space

The development of post-socialist cities has emerged as a major field of study among critical theorists from across the social sciences. Originally constructed under the dictates of central planners and designed to serve the demands of command economies, post-socialist urban centers currently develop at the nexus of varied and often competing economic, cultural, and political forces. Among these, nationalist aspirations, previously simmering beneath the official rhetoric of communist fraternity and veneer of architectural conformity, have emerged as dominant factors shaping the urban landscape. This article examines patterns, processes, and practices concerning the cultural politics of architecture, urban planning, and identity in the post-socialist city. In addition to assessing the main contours of this burgeoning field of research, this article highlights how this special issue of Nationalities Papers contributes to a broader understanding of contemporary cultural and political change in post-socialist...
Electronic phenomena in the conducting phases of orientationally disordered fullerides

Abstract A review of recent theoretical work describing three-dimensional electron propagation in the orientationally disordered fullerides is presented. We discuss some of the experimental consequences of on-site orientational disorder for the conducting state, and highlight parallels between the physics of the doped fullerides and of the conducting polymers.
A RAPID MONOTONICALLY CONVERGENT ITERATION ALGORITHM FOR QUANTUM OPTIMAL CONTROL OVER THE EXPECTATION VALUE OF A POSITIVE DEFINITE OPERATOR

A new iteration method is presented for achieving quantum optimal control over the expectation value of a positive definite operator. Theoretical analysis shows that this new algorithm exhibits quadratic and monotonic convergence. Numerical calculations verify that for this new algorithm, within a few steps, the optimized objective functional comes close to its converged limit.
Evidence of Population Genetic Structure within the Florida Worm Lizard, Rhineura floridana (Amphisbaenia: Rhineuridae)

The Florida Worm Lizard (Rhineura floridana) is the only extant representative of the suborder Amphisbaenia occurring in the United States and the only living representative of the Rhineuridae. We updated the known distribution of this species from 510 records with known localities. We further examined geographic genetic structure within this species using 1360 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequence data from 18 samples of R. floridana. Our results suggest an ancient divergence between populations in the north-central Florida peninsula from populations in the south-central peninsula. High genetic distances are observed within south-central populations, whereas genetic structure within northern populations is less discrete and characterized by much shallower divergences. Our findings suggest that south-central populations may be candidates for taxonomic recognition (or recognition as distinct management units) if additional genetic and morphological data support our results.
Analysis of Secondary Features From Visualization of Two-Phase Refrigerant Flow

Flow visualizations of refrigerant flows were made in a 0.5 mm glass channel. High speed videos of two-phase R134a flows were used to examine the secondary features within the two-phase flow and categorize the flow regimes present. Essentially, in small diameter channels, there are only two major observed flow regimes: inertia dominated (annular flow) and surface tension dominated (intermittent flow: slug or bubble). Image analysis was used to measure the velocities of the slugs and bubbles, and measurements of secondary features of the flow, such as the velocity of the surface waves that arose in slug-annular flow and the smaller bubbles that could be seen in the wakes of larger bubbles.The secondary features of the two-phase flow are discussed with regard to their contribution to the flow regimes that are observed as the flow moves through the channel. Rings of liquid were observed to form into liquid slugs, dividing the longer bubbles into two. This is believed to be one of the transition mechanisms between the two flow regimes. Small droplets were also observed within the vapor core, which demonstrated velocity gradients within the vapor bubbles. Velocity measurements of the secondary features within the liquid films are used in the analysis of the dynamics within these flows that lead to pressure drop and flow regime transition.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Rapid quantitative analysis of 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and comparison with an enzyme immunoassay method

Abstract A rapid liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) assay was developed for the measurement of urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F 2α (8-iso-PGF 2α ), a biomarker of lipid peroxidation. Because urine contains numerous F 2 prostaglandin isomers, each with identical mass and similar mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns, chromatographic separation of 8-iso-PGF 2α from its isomers is necessary for its quantitative analysis using MS/MS. We were able to achieve this separation using an isocratic LC method with a run time of less than 9 min, which is at least threefold faster than previous methods, while maintaining sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and reliability. The limits of detection and quantitation were 53 and 178 pg/ml urine, respectively. We compared our method with a commercially available affinity purification and enzyme immunoassay kit and found both assays to be in agreement. Despite the high sensitivity of the enzyme immunoassay method, it is more expensive and has a narrower dynamic range than LC–MS/MS. Our method was optimized for rapid measurement of 8-iso-PGF 2α in urine, and it is ideally suited for clinical sample analysis.
Anterior dental cutting in the Laetolil hominids and the evolution of the bicuspid P3

The younger Laetolil hominids provide evidence of a unique anterior cutting complex with a chisel-like action occurring between the lin- gual-distal C face and a transverse ridge on the P, perpendicular to it, extend- ing between the subequal cusps. An earlier adaptation to more efficient grind- ing may have resulted in reduced canine projection and the development of the lingual P3 cusp, raising the ridge between it and the buccal cusp. This develop- ment acted to retain the anterior cutting function by shifting it to the top of the premolar. The Tanzanian site of Laetolil, (Leakey et al., ,761, has yielded the earliest large hominid sample known, one million years or more older than the South African australopithecine oc- currences. The description of these hominids, (White, '771, mentioned large canine size, ca- nine projection beyond the occlusal plane, a polished wear facet extending across the dis- tal and distal-lingual face of the maxillary ca- nine exposing a sharpened distal edge with thin enamel lingually bordered by exposed dentin in one older specimen, and vertical wear striae on the buccal face of the P,. These form the most primitive C/P, complex known for a hominid. Additional observations suggest a unique age-dependent cutting function for this com- plex. P, morphology is known for three speci- mens: LH 3 (unerupted), LH 4 (dentally old- over 22 years, if age determination criteria ap- plicable to later hominids can be used), and LH 14 (about 18). The teeth are characterized by a dominant buccal cusp, a weaker some- what lower lingual cusp connected to the buc- cal cusp by an enamel ridge, mesial and distal ridges extending inferiorly from the apex of the buccal cusp (when unworn), and an ellipti- cal cross section for the crown base (the long axis of the ellipse is approximately transverse, although the buccal side is displaced some- what mesially). In the oldest specimen, LH 4, the central and distal aspect of the occlusal surface is worn fairly flatly, although the buc-
Commitment and Trust in Young Adult Friendships

Given the importance of maintaining mutuality in interdependent relationships, the goal of the present research was to determine if interpersonal trust serves as a gauge of partners’ commitment within young adults’ close friendships. It was hypothesized that individuals trust their friends to the degree that their friends are committed to their relationship, and that individuals’ perceptions of their friends’ commitment mediates this association. A correlational design was employed and measures were obtained from both members of 60 same-sex friendship dyads. A multilevel modeling approach was used to perform a mediational analysis of model variables; the hypotheses were confirmed. Furthermore, it was revealed that friends demonstrate a moderate degree of mutual commitment in their relationships. Potential avenues for future research regarding the development and consequences of trust in close friendships are discussed.
Efficient Routing and Broadcasting in Recursive Interconnection Networks

The WK-Recursive Network (WKRN) is a hierarchical interconnection network that is recursively defined and has excellent properties for scalable message-passing multicomputer systems. In this paper, we present efficient routing and broadcasting schemes in a WKRN. For efficient routing, we define the MP-graph between the source and destination nodes of the message. For efficient broadcasting, we define the EDHP-graph and the NDST-graph. The MP-graph can also be used for message routing in the presence of faulty nodes. Similarly, the EDHP-graph (the NDST-graph) can be used for message broadcast in the presence of faulty links (nodes). Fault-tolerant communication schemes using these graphs have the advantage that no information about the presence or location of faulty components is required. Moreover, the MP-graph and the NDSTgraph can be used under different fault models. We analyze the communication delays for message routing (broadcast) along MP-graphs (EDHP-graphs and NDST-graphs) under fault-free and faulty conditions.
Reconfigurable circuit design with nanomaterials

It is generally acknowledged that nanoelectronics will eventually replace traditional silicon CMOS in high-performance integrated circuits. To that end, considerable investments are being made in the research and development of new nanoelectronic devices and fabrication techniques. When these technologies mature, they can be used to create the next generation of electronic systems. Given the intrinsic properties of nanomaterials, such systems are likely to deviate considerably from their predecessors. In this paper, we compare two potential architectures for the design of nanoelectronic FPGAs. By evaluating the performance of nanoelectronic devices at the systems level, we aim to provide insights into how they can be used effectively.
Eliminating interior resonances in finite element-boundary integral methods for scattering

A modification in the implementation of the finite-element-boundary-integral method is proposed for eliminating the interior cavity resonances. It is demonstrated that by using the scattered rather than the total field as the system variable, and by introducing a small loss in the propagation constant associated with the boundary integral equation, internal resonance effects are eliminated. Results are presented for two-dimensional problems with the finite element mesh terminated on a circular enclosure. >
A High Price for Impertinence

During the summer of 1984 I had the pleasure of spending a few months working at Newberry Volcano in central Oregon. The work involved preparing for the first major test of a new technique designed to image the shallow velocity and attenuation structure of the summit region of the volcano. A dense network of seismic sensors was to be installed about the volcano to record twelve chemical explosions detonated at distances of 3-85 km from the volcano. The recorded arrival times and associated attenuation of the waveforms would later be used to derive structural models of the volcano.⇓ To meet the design requirements of the experiment, 120 stations had to be deployed at about 1-km intervals evenly spread over the volcano, all in one day. This would require 35 people to backpack instruments out to each site. Since trails followed most of the rim of the summit crater, we determined that using pack trains of mules to drop the instruments at selected sites along the trails would facilitate the deployment. For some of the stations on the north, roadless side of the volcano, we would use llamas and mules to pack the instruments. My mission was to locate each station site, write descriptions of how to get there, and flag the routes so as to hopefully not lose any of our human packers. After contracting the mules, llamas, and packers and arranging the logistics for feeding and housing all of our volunteers, the big …
An Application of Balanced Repeated Replication (Brr) Variance Estimation To Program Evaluation

Program evaluations often are based on data drawn from samples of observation units that are not simple random samples. In particular, samples often may be clustered to maximize the number of observations that can be obtained, given project cost constraints. However, clustering gives rise to well-known problems in estimating the variance of sample estimates. The most common procedure is to apply a scalar "design effect" multiplier more or less judgmentally to inflate sample variances. An alternative procedure, as reported in this article, is to construct balanced repeated replication (BRR) estimates of sample variances. BRR estimates of variance are constructed from orthogonally-weighted subsamples of the data, and can provide better estimates of variances from complex samples than other methods.
An Expert System to Identify the Steady State Performance Characteristics of Journal Bearings through Non-Intrusive Image Processing Techniques

Dynamic and steady state characteristics of rotating shafts housed in journal bearings are partially defined by the flow of lubricating fluids within a small gap between the shaft and the housing. This paper identifies the steady state operation and generates qualitative, as well as quantitative results with regard to flow velocities and accelerations within the journal bearing. The small gap between the shaft and the housing is illuminated by the laser beam, the resulting scene is magnified, digitized and stored for further processing. This non-intrusive measurement process combined with image processing techniques creates a complete quantitative flow trajectory profile. The image processing has two steps. A statistical model-based technique first identifies small special particles within the fluid. This information is then conveyed to a rule-based expert system in the second step to determine the flow characteristics. Additional circumferential pressure measurements between the shaft and the casing complement the results of image processing for a complete non-intrusive identification of the steady state performance of the journal bearing.
Combinatorial proofs of hook generating functions for skew plane partitions

Abstract We provide combinatorial proofs of two hook generating functions for skew plane partitions. One proof involves the Hillman-Grassl (1976) algorithm and the other uses a modification of Schutzenberger's (1963, 1977) “jeu de taquin” due to Kadell (to appear). We also provide a bijection showing directly that these two generating functions are equal. Analogous results for skew shifted plane partitions are proved. Finally, some open questions are discussed.
Th1 and Th17 Cells Regulate Innate Immune Responses and Bacterial Clearance during Central Nervous System Infection

Brain abscesses arise following parenchymal infection with pyogenic bacteria and are typified by inflammation and edema, which frequently results in a multitude of long-term health problems. The impact of adaptive immunity in shaping continued innate responses during late-stage brain abscess formation is not known but is important, because robust innate immunity is required for effective bacterial clearance. To address this issue, brain abscesses were induced in TCR αβ knockout (KO) mice, because CD4 + and NKT cells represented the most numerous T cell infiltrates. TCR αβ KO mice exhibited impaired bacterial clearance during later stages of infection, which was associated with alterations in neutrophil and macrophage recruitment, as well as perturbations in cytokine/chemokine expression. Adoptive transfer of either Th1 or Th17 cells into TCR αβ KO mice restored bacterial burdens and innate immune cell infiltrates to levels detected in wild-type animals. Interestingly, adoptively transferred Th17 cells demonstrated plasticity within the CNS compartment and induced distinct cytokine secretion profiles in abscess-associated microglia and macrophages compared with Th1 transfer. Collectively, these studies identified an amplification loop for Th1 and Th17 cells in shaping established innate responses during CNS infection to maximize bacterial clearance and differentially regulate microglial and macrophage secretory profiles.
Plasma-sprayed ceramic coatings: anisotropic elastic and conductive properties in relation to the microstructure; cross-property correlations

Effective anisotropic elastic stiffnesses and thermal conductivities of the plasma sprayed ceramic coating are calculated in terms of the relevant microstructural parameters. The dominant features of the porous space are identified as strongly oblate (crack-like) pores that tend to be either parallel or normal to the substrate. ‘Irregularities’ of the microstructure — the scatter in pore orientations — are shown to have a pronounced effect on the effective properties. The explicit elastic-conductive cross-property correlations are derived. © 2001 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
The RHIC injector accelerator configurations, and performance for the RHIC 2003 Au-d Physics Run

The RHIC 2003 Physics Run required collisions between gold ions and deuterons. The injector necessarily had to deliver adequate quality (transverse and longitudinal emittance) and quantity of both species. For gold this was a continuing evolution from past work. For deuterons it was new territory. For the filling of the RHIC the injector not only had to deliver quality beams but also had to switch between these species quickly. This paper details the collider requirements and our success in meeting these. Some details of the configurations employed are given.
Learning visual behavior for gesture analysis

A state-based method for learning visual behavior from image sequences is presented. The technique is novel for its incorporation of multiple representations into the Hidden Markov Model framework. Independent representations of the instantaneous visual input at each state of the Markov model are estimated concurrently with the learning of the temporal characteristics. Measures of the degree to which each representation describes the input are combined to determine an input's overall membership to a state. We exploit two constraints allowing application of the technique to view-based gesture recognition: gestures are modal in the space of possible human motion, and gestures are viewpoint-dependent. The recovery of the visual behavior of a number of simple gestures with a small number of low resolution image sequences is shown.
Cloud Profiling Radar Performance Eastwood Im

The Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), the primary science instrument of the CloudSat Mission, is a 94-GHz nadir- looking radar that measures the power backscattered by clouds as a function of distance from the radar. This instrument has been acquiring global time series of vertical cloud structure at 500-m vertical resolution and 1.4-km horizontal resolution since June 2, 2006. In this paper an overview of the radar performance during the first year in flight is provided.
Suppressive role of regucalcin in liver cell proliferation: involvement in carcinogenesis

Regucalcin (RGN/SMP30) was discovered in 1978 and is a unique calcium-binding protein contains no EF-hand motif calcium-binding domain. Its name, regucalcin, was proposed as it suppresses activation of enzymes related to calcium signalling. The regucalcin gene (rgn) is localized on the X chromosome. Regucalcin plays its role of suppressor protein in intracellular signalling pathways, including of protein kinases and protein phosphatase activities, protein synthesis, and DNA and RNA synthesis in liver cells. Overexpression of endogenous regucalcin has a suppressive effect on cell proliferation in modelled rat hepatoma H4-II-E cells, which are induced by various signalling stimulations in vitro. This suppressive effect is independent of apoptosis. Endogenous regucalcin plays a suppressive role on overproduction of proliferating cells in regenerating rat liver in vivo. Regucalcin mRNA expression is uniquely down-regulated in development of carcinogenesis in liver of rats in vivo. Regucalcin mRNA and protein expressions are also depressed in human hepatoma HepG2 cells, MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Depression of regucalcin expression may be associated with activity progression of carcinogens. Regucalcin may be a key molecule suppressor protein in cell proliferation and carcinogenesis.
Retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma: A report of diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration cytology

Ganglioneuroma is a rare benign tumor composed of nerve fibers and mature ganglion cells. Because it shares morphologic features with other neural tumors, both benign and malignant, accurate preoperative diagnosis is often difficult, but nonetheless, critical for proper management. The use of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in the diagnosis of ganglioneuroma has been rarely documented. In this report, a 25-yr-old man presented with a large retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma that was initially diagnosed by FNA cytology. This case illustrates the utility of FNA cytology in the diagnosis of ganglioneuroma and supports the routine incorporation of FNA cytology in the evaluation of retroperitoneal masses.
Later-Life Employment Preferences and Outcomes: The Role of Midlife Work Experiences

In this article, the authors evaluate relationships between midlife work experiences and the realization of preferences for full-time employment, part-time employment, and complete retirement at ag...
Composite photon and W±,Z0 vector bosons from a top-condensation model at fixed v=247 GeV

Abstract Starting from the historical Fermi four-fermion low-energy effective electroweak interactions Lagrangian for the third generation of quarks, augmented by an NJL type interaction responsible for dynamical symmetry breaking and heavy quark mass generation, and fixing the scalar (Higgs) field v.e.v. at v = 247 GeV, we show that: (1) heavy quark bound states Q Q with quantum numbers of the W ± bosons exist for arbitrarily weak (positive) vector coupling G F , so long as the quark mass is sufficiently large; (2) a massive composite neutral vector boson ( Z 0 ) appears; (3) a massless composite parity-conserving neutral vector boson ( γ ) appears, the composite Higgs-Kibble ghosts decouple from the quarks and other particles, the longitudinal components of the vector boson propagators vanish, as G F →G F expt. =1/( 2 v 2 ) , which also implies that the cutoff Λ →∞. Thus, the Fermi interaction model is equivalent to a locally gauge invariant theory but with definite values of coupling constants and masses. The model discussed here was chosen for illustrative purposes and is not equivalent to the Standard Model.
Size effects in Al nanopillars: Single crystalline vs. bicrystalline

The mechanical behavior of bicrystalline aluminum nano-pillars under uniaxial compression reveals size effects, a stochastic stress–strain signature, and strain hardening. Pillar diameters range from 400 nm to 2 μm and contain a single, non-sigma high angle grain boundary oriented parallel to the pillar axes. Our results indicate that these bicrystalline pillars are characterized by intermittent strain bursts and exhibit an identical size effect to their single crystalline counterparts. Further, we find that the presence of this particular grain boundary generally decreases the degree of work hardening relative to the single crystalline samples. These findings, along with transmission electron microscopy analysis, show that nano-pillar plasticity in the presence of a grain boundary is also characterized by dislocation avalanches, likely resulting from dislocation nucleation-controlled mechanisms, and that at these small length scales this grain boundary may serve as a dislocation sink rather than a dislocation source.
Biomimetic finger control by filtering of distributed forelimb pressures

A linear filter was developed for decoding finger commands from volitional pressures distributed within the residual forelimb. Filter parameters were based on dynamic pressures recorded from the residual limb within its socket, during specific finger commands. A matrix of signal features was derived from eight-dimensional pressure vectors, and its pseudoinverse comprised the filter parameters. Results with amputees showed that the filter could discriminate specific finger flexion commands, suggesting that pressure vector decoding can provide them with biomimetic finger control.
A convenient synthesis of bis-dialkylaminoacetylenes

Abstract The novel compounds tris-diethylaminocyclopropenyl perchlorate, bis-diethylaminocyclopropenone, and bis-dimethylaminocyclopropenone have been made. Pyrolysis of the cyclopropenones affords bis-dimethylamino- and bis-diethylaminoacetylene, and with iron carbonyl these have been converted to iron complexes of tetrakis-dialkylaminocyclopentadienones.