cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying internal medicine resident clinical experience using resident-selected primary diagnosis codes.

BACKGROUND: While experiential learning is a desirable goal of residency education, little is known regarding the actual clinical experience of internal medicine residents during their training. METHODS: We modified an electronic patient handoff tool to include a system for resident entry of a primary diagnosis for each of their patients. Using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) system, we created two methods to select the code: 1) an organ system-based dropdown list containing frequently used codes; and 2) a search option for the complete ICD-9 database. The codes were then grouped using ICD-9 categorization. RESULTS: A total of 7562 resident–patient diagnostic encounters were studied. A wide spectrum of clinical conditions was observed, with symptoms and ill-defined conditions, circulatory disorders, respiratory disorders, neoplasms, genitourinary disorders, digestive disorders, diseases of the blood/blood forming organs, endocrinologic/nutritional/metabolic/immune disorders, and disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissue accounting for about 86% of resident clinical experience. Symptoms and ill-defined conditions were noted to represent a sizable portion of resident clinical experience. Within this category, the most common conditions were fever; abdominal pain; and chest pain, unspecified. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of resident-selected ICD-9 codes might serve as a method to attempt to define resident clinical experience, and may be useful in the development of innovative experiential learning-based residency curricula. This might also be used to assess gaps in experiential learning at the program or resident level, and may serve to identify topics that require additional teaching supplementation. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
CULTIVATION OF THE PERITRICH TELOTROCHIDIUM HENNEGUYI IN AXENIC AND NON-AXENIC MEDIA.

SYNOPSIS. Telotrochidium henneguyi was cultured axenically. The major nutrients in medium T-3 were liver extract (1:20 National Biochemicals Co.), hydrolyzed yeast nucleic acid, glucose, and dl-β-hydroxybutyric acid; these were fortified with phosphate buffer, EDTA, and penicillin. The supplements were: 18 amino acids, 7 vitamins, 10 salts supplying trace-metals; uridylic, cytidylic, guanylic, and adenylic acids; thymidine-5-diphosphate, nicotinamide mononucleotide, and choline. Optimum conditions for axenic cultivation were obtained with phosphate buffer 2 × 10−1M, penicillin 5,000 U.S.P. units/ml, 23°C, pH 6.8. A monoxenic maintenance medium (“T-broth”) allowed prolific growth and produced trxmendous populations. It was composed of Bacillus cereus in an aqueous broth-concoction of Proteose-peptone, Cerophyl, and wheat kernels. Axenic T-3 medium supported serial subculture; yields of peritrichs were comparable to those in T-broth. Axenic yields were poorer in medium lacking the T-3 supplemenits but containing the major nutrients fortified with acid-hydrolyzed gelatin, serine, riboflavin, EDTA, CaCL, FeCI3, KCI, MgSO4·7 H2O, phosphate buffer, and penicillin. For rapid axenination, excystment was induced by vibrating encysted peritrichs ∼ 30 sec in a Vortex Jr. mixer. Freshly excysted animals were washed by centrifugation. A salt solution, not distilled water, was used for washing inoculants. Inocula consisting of 1 × 103 or more animals were obtained by conventional centrifuge methods. Extension of this investigation to construction of a chemically defined medium is discussed.
Pulchellaranea pedunculatan. gen.n. sp. (Araneae: Araneidae), a new genus of spiders with a review of araneid spiders in Cenozoic Dominican amber

Pulchellaranea pedunculatan. gen., n. sp. (Araneae: Araneidae), a new genus of orb web spiders, is described from Cenozoic Dominican amber. Fossil representatives of the Araneidae are uncommon, even though the family is widely distributed today. An arboreal ant adjacent to Pulchellaranea pedunculata indicates the likely habit of the fossil spider in the Dominican amber forest. The encounter with the ant may have resulted in both specimens falling into fresh resin on the trunk of the Algarroba tree. A key to araneid spiders reported in Dominican amber is provided.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D7F92A3C-46BB-48C0-9BA1-0496038F04A5
Mammary Gland Development of Dairy Heifers during Their First Gestation

Abstract Mammary gland development was determined by analysis of udders at thirteen stages of the first gestation of nine pairs of identical twin dairy heifers. Stained sagittal sections of udders showed that gland parenchyma spread into and displaced adipose tissue so that total udder weight does not reveal extent of gland development. Changes in composition of mammary gland during gestation reflected gross and histological changes. Percentages of fat and deoxyribonucleic acid decreased while percentages of nitrogen, water, dry fat-free tissue, and ribonucleic acid increased. Development of the portion of the udder which was mammary gland appeared to be a continuous exponential process through gestation, and increases in quantitative development followed the general formula for organ growth, Y=Ae kt (ln Y=1n A + kt), in which k is the rate constant for growth by months (t). Analysis of variance showed in addition to stage of gestation that body weight and pairs, but not age, affected the regression. Adjusting for body weight only produced rate constants for growth similar to those from adjusting for pairs and weight. Rates of development were approximately 33% per month for nitrogen, dry fat-free tissue, and internal surface area of mammary glands, and approximately 25% for parenchyma weight and deoxyribonucleic acid. Average rate of increase in total udder weight was only about .5 that for mammary glands only.
Atmospheric absorption of terahertz radiation and water vapor continuum effects

The water vapor continuum absorption spectrum was investigated using Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. The transmission of broadband terahertz radiation from 0.300 to 1.500 THz was recorded for multiple path lengths and relative humidity levels. The absorption coefficient as a function of frequency was determined and compared with theoretical predictions and available water vapor absorption data. The prediction code is able to separately model the different parts of atmospheric absorption for a range of experimental conditions. A variety of conditions were accurately modeled using this code including both self and foreign gas broadening for low and high water vapor pressures for many different measurement techniques. The intensity and location of the observed absorption lines were also in good agreement with spectral databases. However, there was a discrepancy between the resonant line spectrum simulation and the observed absorption spectrum in the atmospheric transmission windows caused by the continuum absorption. A small discrepancy remained even after using the best available data from the literature to account for the continuum absorption. From the experimental and resonant line simulation spectra the air-broadening continuum parameter was calculated and compared with values available in the literature.
Is an increased dwell time of a peripherally inserted catheter associated with an increased risk of bloodstream infection in infants

objective. To estimate the risk of bloodstream infection associated with catheter dwell time in infants. design. Retrospective study. setting. Duke University Medical Center neonatal intensive care unit, an academic, level 3 nursery in Durham, North Carolina. methods. A case of catheter-associated bloodstream infection was defined as one that occurred in an infant whose culture-positive blood sample was collected more than 24 hours after catheter insertion or within 72 hours after catheter removal. We used multivariable logistic regression to control for the catheter’s position and dwell time as well as the infant’s sex, gestational age, age at time of catheter insertion, birth weight, and weight at time of catheter insertion. results. We identified 135 cases of catheter-associated bloodstream infection. The mean catheter dwell time was 12.2 days (range, 0‐113 days), and the mean time to bloodstream infection was 10.8 days (range, 1‐57 days). An increase in catheter dwell time was associated with a lower risk of bloodstream infection (odds ratio, 0.975 [95% confidence interval, 0.954‐0.996]; P .02). conclusion. No increased risk of catheter-associated bloodstream infection was observed with increased catheter dwell time. This may have been due to the infant’s improved nutrition, decreased need for other invasive devices, and maturing skin and immune system as catheter dwell time increased. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008; 29:749‐753
Convergent force fields organized in the frog's spinal cord

Microstimulation of the gray matter of the frog's spinal cord was used to elicit motor responses. Force responses were recorded with the frog's ankle clamped while EMG activity was monitored. The collections of force patterns elicited at different leg configurations were summarized as force fields. These force fields showed convergence to an equilibrium point. The equilibrium paths were calculated from the force fields with the leg clamped. These paths predicted free limb motion in 75% of trials. The force fields were separated into active and prestimulation resting responses. The active force field responses had a fixed position equilibrium. These active force fields were modulated in amplitude over time, although the balance and orientations of forces in the pattern remained fixed. The active fields grouped into a few classes. These included both convergent and parallel fields. The convergent force fields (CFFS) could be observed in deafferented preparations. Motoneuron (MN) activity underlying the force fields was marked using sulforhodamine. The marked activity covered several segments. Several simulations and MN stimulations show that topography, limb geometry, and random activation could not account for the results. It is likely that propriospinal interneurons distribute the activity that underlies the responses observed here. Experiments showed that CFFs that resemble those elicited by microstimulation also underlie natural behaviors. The full variety of fields revealed by microstimulation was larger than the repertoire elicited by cutaneous stimulation. It was concluded that fixed-pattern force fields elicited in the spinal cord may be viewed as movement primitives. These force fields could form building blocks for more complex behaviors.
Learning Axes and Bridging Tools in a Technology-Based Design for Statistics.

We introduce a design-based research framework, learning axes and bridging tools, and demonstrate its application in the preparation and study of an implementation of a middle-school experimental computer-based unit on probability and statistics, ProbLab (Probability Laboratory, Abrahamson and Wilensky 2002 [Abrahamson, D., & Wilensky, U. (2002). ProbLab. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL: The Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University. http://www.ccl.northwestern.edu/curriculum/ProbLab/ ]). ProbLab is a mixed-media unit, which utilizes traditional tools as well as the NetLogo agent-based modeling-and-simulation environment (Wilensky 1999) [Wilensky, U. (1999). NetLogo. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL: The Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling http://www.ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/ ] and HubNet, its technological extension for facilitating participatory simulation activities in networked classrooms (Wilensky and Stroup 1999a) [Wilensky, U., & Stroup, W. (1999a). HubNet. Evanston, IL: The Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University]. We will focus on the statistics module of the unit, Statistics As Multi-Participant Learning-Environment Resource (S.A.M.P.L.E.R.). The framework shapes the design rationale toward creating and developing learning tools, activities, and facilitation guidelines. The framework then constitutes a data-analysis lens on implementation cases of student insight into the mathematical content. Working with this methodology, a designer begins by focusing on mathematical representations associated with a target concept—the designer problematizes and deconstructs each representation into a pair of historical/cognitive antecedents (idea elements), each lying at the poles of a learning axis. Next, the designer creates bridging tools, ambiguous artifacts bearing interaction properties of each of the idea elements, and develops activities with these learning tools that evoke cognitive conflict along the axis. Students reconcile the conflict by means of articulating strategies that embrace both idea elements, thus integrating them into the target concept.
2006 George Armstrong Lecture: Who's worrying about the children--and what are they doing about it?

I am deeply honored to have been selected to give the George Armstrong Lecture. I am well aware who the previous Armstrong Lecturers have been, and I am both proud and humbled to be on a list with them. And I am well aware who George Armstrong was and the contributions he made. He worked hard to provide needed services to indigent children, he taught, he published, and he died in poverty, all of which make him an icon for us in the Ambulatory Pediatric Association (APA). I want to use the opportunity of this Armstrong Lecture to invite you to think broadly with me about health services for children and, in particular, the role that pediatricians in community hospital settings can play. Permit me to begin with a personal story that goes back some 30 years. The chair of the department of pediatrics at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville invited me to consider a position at Roanoke Memorial Hospital that would enable him to send medical students there. I was eager to apply my 2 years of training at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) as an trainer/educator and my 2 “extra” years of pediatrics as chief resident, so I was attracted to the opportunity to develop a teaching program and clinical service. My wife and I drove to Roanoke. I made rounds with the family practice residents who were covering the hospitalized children and were hungry to be taught pediatrics, I met with community pediatricians, I met with the hospital administrators—and then something happened that I clearly had not anticipated. As I looked at a map of the region, I found that I could not get a particular question out of my mind: “Who is worrying about the children in southwestern Virginia—and what are they doing about it?” The practitioners were busy in their offices, and they were pleased for someone to staff the hospital, so they could send their overflow there, and they were happy for the hospital to take care of the children who were not
Treatment strategies in myelodysplastic syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of disorders characterized by progressive cytopenias and transformation to acute leukemia. Over the last four years, we have experienced a revolution in the treatment of MDS. Three drugs were approved in the U.S. Two of them, 5-azacitidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycitidine, induce DNA hypomethylation. The third agent, lenalidomide, is a thalidomide analogue with significant activity in a subset of patients with low-risk MDS, anemia and chromosome 5 alterations. Several other agents are being evaluated in MDS. In this short review, we will summarize our current approach to the therapy of patients with MDS.
Both Spike and Background Genes Contribute to Murine Coronavirus Neurovirulence

Various strains of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) exhibit different pathogenic phenotypes. Infection with the A59 strain of MHV induces both encephalitis and hepatitis, while the highly neurovirulent JHM strain induces a fatal encephalitis with little, if any, hepatitis. The pathogenic phenotype for each strain is determined by the genetic composition of the viral genome, as well as the host immune response. Using isogenic recombinant viruses with A59 background genes differing only in the spike gene, we have previously shown that high neurovirulence is associated with the JHM spike protein, the protein responsible for attachment to the host cell receptor (J. J. Phillips, M. M. Chua, G. F. Rall, and S. R. Weiss, Virology 301:109-120, 2002). Using another set of isogenic recombinant viruses with JHM background genes expressing either the JHM or A59 spike, we have further investigated the roles of viral genes in pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the high neurovirulence of JHM is associated with accelerated spread through the brain and a heightened innate immune response that is characterized by high numbers of infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages, suggesting an immunopathogenic component to neurovirulence. While expression of the JHM spike is sufficient to confer a neurovirulent phenotype, as well as increased macrophage infiltration, background genes contribute to virulence as well, at least in part, by dictating the extent of the T-cell immune response.
A boundary element technique applied to the analysis of waveguides with periodic surface corrugations

A boundary integral formulation is used to characterize Floquet-Bloch modes of two-dimensional multilayered periodic waveguides. A technique for matching fields inside the grating to those external to the grating region is described. Although a simple four-layer structure is used to illustrate the method, an extension to multilayer waveguide structures is straightforward. The mathematical formalism has been simplified, allowing for more efficient computations using fast Fourier transform algorithms. >
The adaptation of bone apparent density to applied load

A phenomenological theory of bone remodeling was developed with improved spatial stability compared to some of the more standard formulations. The improved stability was created by changing the nature of the remodeling differential equation to have an exponential character. As a result, the theoretical predictions are consistent with the experimental observation that changes in bone density during disuse, after hip surgery, during growth and during aging are all consistent with an exponential dependence of density on time. The new theory and the standard theory were both used to model the time course of bone changes in two animal models of bone loss during disuse. The new theory was better able to model the results of the experiments than the standard theory. The basic continuum theory underlying the remodeling theory was presented in some detail. This presentation was used to motivate the development of the new theory, as the standard theories can predict non-smooth distributions of bone density rather than the expected smooth distributions. It was shown that these non-smooth distributions are a violation of the continuum assumption, one of the bases for the theory of finite element stress analysis. The new model's stability was investigated using example problems and shown to be improved compared to the standard model.
Evaluation of fences for containing feral swine under simulated depopulation conditions

Populations offeralswine (Sus scrofa)are estimated to include >2 million animalsinthestate of Texas, USA, alone. Feral swine damage to property, crops, and livestock exceeds $50 million annually. These figures do not include the increased risks and costs associated with the potential for feral swine to spread disease to domestic livestock. Thus, effective bio-security measures will be needed to quickly isolate affected feral swine populations during disease outbreaks. We evaluated enclosures built of 0.86-m-tall traditional hog panels for containing feral swine during 35 trials, each involving 6 recently caught animals exposed to increasing levels of motivation. During trials, fences were 97% successful when enclosures were entered by humans for maintenance purposes; 83% effective when pursued by walking humans discharging paintball projectors; and in limited testing, 100% successful when pursued and removed by gunners in a helicopter. In addition to being effective in containing feral swine, enclosures constructed of hog panels required simple hand tools,took <5 min/m to erect, and were inexpensive ($5.73/m excluding labor) relative to other fencing options. As such, hog-panel fences are suitable for use by state and federal agencies for rapid deployment in disease responsesituations, but also exhibit utility for generalcontrol of other types ofdamageassociated with feral swine. 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Basic Principles of Chromatography

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Historical Development 3. Chromatographic Systems 3.1. Phase Systems Used in Chromatography 3.2. Methods of Implementing Chromatography 4. Theory of Linear Chromatography 4.1. Plate Models 4.1.1. The Craig Model 4.1.2. The Martin - Synge Model 4.2. Statistical Models 4.3. Mass-Balance Models 4.3.1. The Equilibrium - Dispersive Model 4.3.2. Lumped Kinetic Models 4.3.3. The Golay Equation 4.4. The General Rate Model 4.5. Moment Analysis 4.6. Sources of Band Asymmetry and Tailing in Linear Chromatography 5. Flow Rate of the Mobile Phase 5.1. Permeability and Porosity of the Packing 5.1.1. Column Porosity 5.1.2. Column Permeability 5.2. Viscosity of the Mobile Phase 5.2.1. Viscosity of Gases 5.2.2. Viscosity of Liquids 6. The Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibria and Retention 6.1. Retention Data 6.1.1. Absolute Data 6.1.2. Relative Data 6.2. Partition Coefficients and Isotherms 6.3. Gas - Solid Adsorption Equilibria 6.4. Liquid - Solid Adsorption Equilibria 6.4.1. Normal-Phase Chromatography 6.4.2. Reversed-Phase Chromatography 7. Band Broadening 7.1. Sources of Band Broadening 7.2. The Plate-Height Equation 7.3. Resolution Between Peaks 7.4. Optimization of Experimental Conditions 7.5. Instrumental Requirements 7.5.1. Injection Systems 7.5.2. Connecting Tubes 7.5.3. Detectors 7.5.4. Instrument Specifications 8. Qualitative Analysis 8.1. Comparisons of Retention Data 8.2. Precision and Accuracy in the Measurement of Retention Data 8.3. Retention and Chemical Properties 8.4. Selective Detectors 8.4.1. Simple Selective Detectors 8.4.2. Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry () 8.4.3. Chromatography - IR Spectrometry 9. Quantitative Analysis 9.1. Sampling Problems in Chromatography 9.2. Measurement of Peak Area 9.3. Calibration Techniques 9.4. Sources of Error in Chromatography 10. Theory of Nonlinear Chromatography 10.1. The Ideal Model of Chromatography 10.2. The Equilibrium - Dispersive Model 10.3. Moderate Column Overloading 10.4. Preparative Chromatography 11. Reference Material 11.1. Journals 11.2. Books
Leigh disease with mitochondrial DNA A8344G mutation: case report and brief review

Leigh disease, subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy, is a neurodegenerative disorder often seen in infancy or childhood but rarely reported in adults. Genetic heterogeneity is well recognized, and the associated etiologies include both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA defects. We describe an infant presenting with developmental delay and then progressive multisystem disorder and neuroradiologic features of Leigh disease. He and his maternal relatives all have the A8344G mitochondrial DNA mutation. However, only minor clinical features are seen in his maternal relatives, with migraine being the most common problem. Additionally the A8344G mitochondrial DNA mutation is associated with spinocerebellar degeneration, other nonspecific mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, atypical Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and progressive external ophthalmoplegia. The A8344G mitochondrial DNA mutation may present with Leigh disease or other different atypical clinical features without myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers.
Fiber induced distortion in a subcarrier multiplexed lightwave system

The harmonic and intermodulation distortions induced by fiber dispersions are analyzed. The concept of the common frequency (or common period) is introduced for the analyses of intermodulation. It is shown that both the magnitude and shape of the sum terms of the intermodulation are quite similar to those of the harmonic distortions of the same order. The difference terms of the intermodulation are much smaller if the subcarrier frequencies are not far apart from one another. It is concluded that the influence of dispersion-induced distortions depends on the subcarrier frequency, the dispersion constant, the length of the fiber, and the modulation indexes. Accompanied by the development of high-frequency and large capacity systems and single-mode lasers with extra narrow spectrum, the dispersion-induced distortions may become one of the most important factors in determining information capacity and transmission distance. >
EFFECT OF ADULT DIET ON SIGNALING ACTIVITY, MATE ATTRACTION, AND MATING SUCCESS IN MALE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Abstract Field experiments were performed to examine the effect of adult diet on calling activity, female attraction, and mating success in male Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). In all tests, comparisons were drawn between males fed sugar only (“protein-deprived” males) and males fed a protein-sugar mixture (“protein-fed” males). In tests of long-distance attraction, aggregations consisting of protein-deprived males exclusively or protein-fed males exclusively were established in a coffee field, and females were released from a central release point. Protein-fed and protein-deprived males displayed similar calling levels, but approximately twice as many female sightings were recorded at groups of protein-fed males than at groups of protein-deprived males. A second test of female attraction compared single groups of protein-deprived and protein-fed males within the canopy of a field-caged host plant. As before, calling activity did not vary with diet, and in this case numbers of f...
Liquidity Spillovers Across Assets Classes

Liquidity spillovers -- i.e., the transmissions of liquidity shocks from one asset to another -- are an important yet not fully understood feature of price formation in financial markets. In this paper, I examine liquidity spillovers across four asset classes traded in U.S. futures markets: Oil, Treasuries, Eurodollar, and S&P500. Using a reduced-form VAR, I find significant evidence of liquidity spillovers across these assets, especially during periods of financial and macroeconomic turmoil. My findings also suggest that these spillovers are driven by liquidity supply channels (as opposed to information channels): when liquidity providers face higher funding constraints, liquidity spillovers across assets increase.
Alpine Skiing Techniques: Gliding, Wedging, and Carving

Skiing can be an extreme sport, requiring precise, split-second decisions that may call for total body movements from the skier. Sometimes these decisions and movements must be made while traveling at speeds that may range up to 100 miles/hour (mph) (147 ft/s). Ski equipment is relatively heavy, and, at the speeds involved, the penalties of a crash or collision can be severe. In short, lots of physics is going on, and we ask the reader to remember that our primary objective is to explain the “why” of skiing to develop a greater sense of what actually happens as we speed down the slope, not to detail “how to” best make that descent. Our goal is to work through the physical “why” of skiing to develop a greater sense of the “how to.” In the discussion that follows, we assume that readers have some familiarity with basic ski maneuvers. Any ski maneuver, no matter how complex, can be broken into small pieces that can be treated in simple terms—this is the fundamental principal of analysis, that a whole may be examined and understood by study of its constituent parts. For the most part, basic skiing techniques have been analyzed only after the fact of their performance. Scientific and engineering analysis has only recently been employed to guide the development of new levels of skiing performance.
Mechanisms of hemodynamic responses to cocaine in conscious rats.

Several agents have been used to treat cocaine-related cardiovascular complications and toxicity occurring in sensitive individuals, yet the causes of hemodynamic responsiveness and differential sensitivity to cocaine are unknown. In this study, we sought to examine the role of different mediators in a model of variable cardiovascular responses to cocaine. As noted previously in conscious rats, cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) responses to cocaine (5 mg/kg, i.v.) varied widely. Twenty of 34 rats exhibited cocaine-induced decreases in CO of > or =8% and large increases in SVR (designated vascular responders). The remaining rats with little change or an increase in CO and smaller increases in SVR were named mixed responders. Pretreatment with propranolol (1 mg/kg) or metoprolol (1 mg/kg) reduced heart rate. In mixed responders, propranolol or metoprolol reversed the cocaine-induced increase in CO and stroke volume and enhanced the increase in SVR, making these rats respond like vascular responders. Nicardipine (25 microg/kg) reduced the pressor response and selectively reversed the CO responses in vascular responders. N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 2.7 mg/kg) increased arterial pressure by increasing SVR. Cocaine induced greater pressor and SVR responses apparently because of a shift in baseline values elicited by L-NAME alone. Therefore, differences in hemodynamic responses patterns may be the result of differences in beta-adrenergic activation or subsequent calcium channel activation or both. We predict that calcium channel antagonists may be useful to treat cocaine-induced cardiovascular complications, whereas beta-adrenergic antagonists are not likely to be beneficial.
Mucosal Invasion in Campylobacter Enteritis

Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni has recently been recognized as a significant cause of enteritis in humans. The organism has been previously postulated to cause illness by direct invasion of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, but this has not been documented. Reported is a case of Campylobacter enteritis in which mucosal ulceration and crypt abscesses were seen on rectal biopsy, suggesting that the pathogenesis of Campylobacter fetus enteritis involves direct mucosal invasion.
METABOLISM OF GLYCEROLIPIDS: V. METABOLISM OF PHOSPHATIDIC ACID.

Monoacyl glycerol phosphate is acylated more rapidly than glycerol-3-phosphate by microsomal preparations from rat or guinea pig liver. Specifically labeled diacyl glycerol phosphate derivatives were prepared. Only the 2-labeled derivative produced radioactive fatty acids when treated with Crotalus adamanteus venom, indicating that the phospholipase can hydrolyze diacyl glycerol phosphate and that the reaction is specific for the 2-ester. When glycerol phosphate was acylated, linoleate and stearate were incorporated at both the 1- and 2-positions. The results suggest that the specificities of the acyl transferase reactions leading to diacyl glycerol phosphate are not adequate to provide the pattern of fatty acids that is known to occur in glycerolipids in nature.
Nondestructive Methods for Monitoring Cell Removal During Rat Liver Decellularization

Whole liver engineering holds the promise to create transplantable liver grafts that may serve as substitutes for donor organs, addressing the donor shortage in liver transplantation. While decellularization and recellularization of livers in animal models have been successfully achieved, scale up to human livers has been slow. There are a number of donor human livers that are discarded because they are not found suitable for transplantation, but are available for engineering liver grafts. These livers are rejected due to a variety of reasons, which in turn may affect the decellularization outcome. Hence, a one-size-fit-for all decellularization protocol may not result in scaffolds with consistent matrix quality, subsequently influencing downstream recellularization and transplantation outcomes. There is a need for a noninvasive monitoring method to evaluate the extent of cell removal, while ensuring preservation of matrix components during decellularization. In this study, we decellularized rat livers using a protocol previously established by our group, and we monitored decellularization through traditional destructive techniques, including evaluation of DNA, collagen, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in decellularized scaffolds, as well as histology. In addition, we used computed tomography and perfusate analysis as alternative nondestructive decellularization monitoring methods. We found that DNA removal correlates well with the Hounsfield unit of the liver, and perfusate analysis revealed that significant amount of GAG is removed during perfusion with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. This allowed for optimization of our decellularization protocol leading to scaffolds that have significantly higher GAG content, while maintaining appropriate removal of cellular contents. The significance of this is the creation of a nondestructive monitoring strategy that can be used for optimization of decellularization protocols for individual human livers available for liver engineering.
Improving Identification of Potentially Inappropriate Medications among Older Patients: a Preliminary Report of a Single-Blind, Controlled Trial Teaching Fourth Year Medical Students Value- and Preference-Based Prescribing/De-Prescribing

This pilot curriculum was developed following Kern’s six-step curriculum development approach to teach fourth year medical students value- and preference-based prescribing/deprescribing for older patients with multimorbidity. In this single-blind, controlled trial, 147 students participated, 59 who were assigned to the intervention, and 88 to the control group. Needs assessment data from students supported the necessity of this curriculum. Students in the intervention group identified significantly more potentially inappropriate medications than students in the control group. The students’ feedback on the experience was positive. This pilot curriculum has value in education and clinical practice for fourth year medical students.
From Sex Roles to Sex Industries

It has been recognized for some time that sex role identification is a universal aspect of human development. Three aspects are involved in the process: (1) sex role preference, the desirability of one sex over another (2) sex role adoption, sex-related behaviors, and (3) sex role identification, the incorporation into one’ s personality of characteristic sex role responses (Lynn, 1959). Despite years of intensive research, it is impossible to assert that behaviors are intrinsically female or male. What has become clear is the fact that the environment is a major factor in sex role stereotyping, regardless of the tendencies of a person of either gender.
A Culture of Israel Education

Israel education is rooted in a cultural approach, which focuses on the role of social contexts and dynamics in education. Immersive environments are settings, which can influence attitudes by virtue of their synergistic nature. Connectedness refers to social linkages created by social networks. Virtual communities offer opportunities for enhancing an immersive approach to Israel education. The Israel experience is a significantly new Jewish educational framework. As in all education, the educator is a seminal force in the realization of the educational vision.
Partial discharges in polymeric insulation systems at cryogenic temperatures

The generation and transmission of electric power using equipment operating at cryogenic temperatures has been considered to be economically and technically feasible within ten to fifteen years. Cryogenic generators have the ad vantage of smaller size yielding greater generated power per unit volume. Superconducting or cryoresistive underground cables can transmit more power and with less losses than conventional oil/paper cables. However, the operating electric stresses of the electrical insulation have not been determined and studies of ageing phenomena are limited. A project has begun at the National Research Council of Canada to study the mechanisms of deterioration of polymeric tapes immersed in a cryogenic fluid and subjected to high electric stresses. The first part of the study is to determine the discharge inception and extinction stresses of various polymers immersed in pressurized liquid nitrogen and liquid helium. The initial results using liquid nitrogen are reported in this paper. Subsequent tests will determine the effects of partial discharges on the life of the insulation.
Simulated rRNA/DNA Ratios Show Potential To Misclassify Active Populations as Dormant

The use of rRNA/DNA ratios derived from surveys of rRNA sequences in RNA and DNA extracts is an appealing but poorly validated approach to infer the activity status of environmental microbes. To improve the interpretation of rRNA/DNA ratios, we performed simulations to investigate the effects of community structure, rRNA amplification, and sampling depth on the accuracy of rRNA/DNA ratios in classifying bacterial populations as “active” or “dormant.” Community structure was an insignificant factor. In contrast, the extent of rRNA amplification that occurs as cells transition from dormant to growing had a significant effect (P < 0.0001) on classification accuracy, with misclassification errors ranging from 16 to 28%, depending on the rRNA amplification model. The error rate increased to 47% when communities included a mixture of rRNA amplification models, but most of the inflated error was false negatives (i.e., active populations misclassified as dormant). Sampling depth also affected error rates (P < 0.001). Inadequate sampling depth produced various artifacts that are characteristic of rRNA/DNA ratios generated from real communities. These data show important constraints on the use of rRNA/DNA ratios to infer activity status. Whereas classification of populations as active based on rRNA/DNA ratios appears generally valid, classification of populations as dormant is potentially far less accurate. IMPORTANCE The rRNA/DNA ratio approach is appealing because it extracts an extra layer of information from high-throughput DNA sequencing data, offering a means to determine not only the seedbank of taxa present in communities but also the subset of taxa that are metabolically active. This study provides crucial insights into the use of rRNA/DNA ratios to infer the activity status of microbial taxa in complex communities. Our study shows that the approach may not be as robust as previously supposed, particularly in complex communities composed of populations employing different growth strategies, and identifies factors that inflate the erroneous classification of active populations as dormant.
Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome following treatment with high-dose methotrexate or high-dose cytarabine.

BACKGROUND Palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (PPES) is an uncommon side effect of high-dose cytarabine or methotrexate. Prior case reports of PPES have been limited, and the predisposing factors for the development of PPES remain unknown. METHODS A review of databases identified 22 patients (1.3%) who developed 39 episodes of PPES among 1720 patients after treatment with high-dose cytarabine or methotrexate. RESULTS Symptoms lasted a mean of 6.4 days. Hands and feet were both involved in 68% of the initial episodes. Parenteral opioids were required for pain control by 27% of the patients. In comparison with the 1698 children treated with similar therapy, the children who developed PPES were older (mean age at diagnosis, 14.3 vs 7.7 years; P = 7.5 × 10–7). The frequency of PPES was less common in patients receiving methotrexate alone (7 of 946 or 0.7%) versus cytarabine (7 of 205 or 3.4%; P = .005) but was not different for those receiving both high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine (8 of 569 or 1.4%; P = .32). Prolonged infusions of methotrexate were associated with less frequent PPES in comparison with rapid infusions (P = 1.5 × 10–5), as was the co-administration of dexamethasone with cytarabine (P = 2.5 × 10–6). Self-described race and sex were not associated with PPES. In a multivariate analysis, older age and high-dose cytarabine administration without dexamethasone remained associated with PPES (P = 1.1 × 10–4 and P = .038, respectively). A genome-wide association study did not identify any associations with PPES meeting the genome-wide significance threshold, but top variants were enriched for skin expression quantitative trait loci, including rs11764092 in AUTS2 (P = 6.45 × 10–5). CONCLUSIONS These data provide new insight into the incidence of PPES as well as its risk factors. Cancer 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Deterring poaching of a common pool resource

Abstract We present results from common pool resource experiments designed to examine the ability of a group of resource users, called insiders, to simultaneously manage their own exploitation and defend their resource from encroachment by outsiders. The insiders can use communication, peer monitoring and sanctions to coordinate their decisions. In addition, they can sanction any outsiders they observe. We vary the insiders’ ability to observe and sanction the outsiders from no observability to partial and full observability. We find a striking non-monotonicity between observability of the outsiders and levels of poaching. Poaching was higher under partial monitoring than zero monitoring, and was lower and more stable under full monitoring. Although full observability allowed the insiders to better coordinate their own harvests, they were unable to fully deter poaching because their sanctions were far too low and they were unwilling to punish low levels of poaching.
"The product, the mind and the heart of crowdfunding:The effect of signals on technology projects"

Using signaling theory, the current research intends to comprehend how technology entrepreneurs can successfully secure crowdfunding. Specifically, we predict that the radicalness of a project, the...
Methods matter: Contrasting undergraduate research experience outcomes based on surveys and interview methods

Undergraduate students who engage in research can realize a variety of personal and professional benefits. Studies of undergraduate research experiences in engineering have largely relied on survey methods, which can be subject to positive response bias due to acquiescence and/or social desirability. This research compared two convenience sources of information to determine the impacts of undergraduate research experiences for engineering students. Survey findings from 8-years assessing a summer REU site focused on environmental engineering (n=85) tended to be overwhelmingly positive based on Likert-type responses to pre and post survey questions. Open-ended responses were enlightening in regards to the most valuable aspect of the summer REU experience for the students. The second data source were yearly student interviews not explicitly targeted to study research experiences; nine engineering students discussed their research experiences. The interviews yielded more balanced discussions on the negative and positive aspects of research experiences. The immersive summer program that included cohort elements and intentional scaffolding generally provided different experiences compared to more individualized research during the academic year. The interview findings point to the benefits of rich research methods and raise concerns about placing too much weight on assessments based on responses to agree-disagree type survey items.
Benzodiazepines I: Upping the Care on Downers: The Evidence of Risks, Benefits and Alternatives

Benzodiazepines are some of the most commonly prescribed medications in the world. These sedative-hypnotics can provide rapid relief for symptoms like anxiety and insomnia, but are also linked to a variety of adverse effects (whether used long-term, short-term, or as needed). Many patients take benzodiazepines long-term without ever receiving evidence-based first-line treatments (e.g., psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, sleep hygiene education, serotonergic agents). This review discusses the risks and benefits of, and alternatives to benzodiazepines. We discuss evidence-based indications and contraindications, and the theoretical biopsychosocial bases for effectiveness, ineffectiveness and harm. Potential adverse effects and drug-drug interactions are summarized. Finally, both fast-acting/acute and delayed-action/chronic alternative treatments for anxiety and/or insomnia are discussed. Response to treatment—whether benzodiazepines, other pharmacological agents, or psychotherapy—should be determined based on functional recovery and not merely sedation.
Impact of a national QI programme on reducing electronic health record notifications to clinicians

Background Emerging evidence suggests electronic health record (EHR)-related information overload is a risk to patient safety. In the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), EHR-based ‘inbox’ notifications originally intended for communicating important clinical information are now cited by 70% of primary care practitioners (PCPs) to be of unmanageable volume. We evaluated the impact of a national, multicomponent, quality improvement (QI) programme to reduce low-value EHR notifications. Methods The programme involved three steps: (1) accessing daily PCP notification load data at all 148 facilities operated nationally by the VA; (2) standardising and restricting mandatory notification types at all facilities to a recommended list; and (3) hands-on training for all PCPs on customising and processing notifications more effectively. Designated leaders at each of VA’s 18 regional networks led programme implementation using a nationally developed toolkit. Each network supervised technical requirements and data collection, ensuring consistency. Coaching calls and emails allowed the national team to address implementation challenges and monitor effects. We analysed notification load and mandatory notifications preintervention (March 2017) and immediately postintervention (June–July 2017) to assess programme impact. Results Median number of mandatory notification types at each facility decreased significantly from 15 (IQR: 13–19) to 10 (IQR: 10–11) preintervention to postintervention, respectively (P Conclusions Based on prior estimates on time to process notifications, a national QI programme potentially saved 1.5 hours per week per PCP to enable higher value work. The number of daily notifications remained high, suggesting the need for additional multifaceted interventions and protected clinical time to help manage them. Nevertheless, our project suggests feasibility of using large-scale ‘de-implementation’ interventions to reduce unintended safety or efficiency consequences of well-intended electronic communication systems.
The masters thesis in applied behavior analysis: Rationale, characteristics, and student advisement strategies.

We have never collected data on the number of hours spent meeting with students, driving to and negotiating research sites in schools and agencies, serving as second observers, and reading, editing, and re-reading each successive draft of the four chapters that comprise the thesis. Had we known beforehand the level of involvement we were committing ourselves to, we may not have been so enthusiastic in our unanimous decision 14 years ago to require the thesis for all of our masters students. Nevertheless, our experience has convinced us that the benefits derived by the thesis requirement far outweigh its costs. We encourage colleagues who train masters-level applied behavior analysts to consider a research thesis as the capstone accomplishment for their students. Finally, we invite faculty in programs requiring a thesis to share the outcomes with the behavior analysis community.