cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the excitation of Görtler vortices by distributed roughness elements

Gortler vortices evolve in boundary layers over concave surfaces as a result of the imbalance between centrifugal effects and radial pressure gradients. Depending on various geometrical and flow conditions, these vortices can significantly distort the baseline flow and lead to secondary instabilities and ultimately to transition. In this study, the growth of Gortler vortices excited by distributed roughness elements is analyzed using the solution to the nonlinear boundary region equations with upstream boundary conditions derived previously via an asymptotic analysis applied in the vicinity of the roughness elements. Generalized Rayleigh pressure equation derived based on the assumption that the baseline flow is a function of the transverse coordinates only is used to determine the growth rates associated with the secondary instabilities. Within the analysis, the roughness shape, height and diameter as well as the spanwise separation between the roughness elements are varied in the linear regime, while keeping the same Gortler number. It is found that bell-shaped distributed roughness elements are more likely to excite the Gortler instabilities than sharp-edge-type (e.g., cylindrical) roughness elements, and by increasing the roughness diameter, the strength of Gortler vortices associated with the bell-shaped roughness elements increases as expected, but the strength of Gortler vortices associated with cylindrical-shaped roughness elements decreases.
Electroreception in the obligate freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon motoro

Elasmobranch fishes use electroreception to detect electric fields in the environment, particularly minute bioelectric fields of potential prey. A single family of obligate freshwater stingrays, Potamotrygonidae, endemic to the Amazon River, demonstrates morphological adaptations of their electrosensory system due to characteristics of a high impedance freshwater environment. Little work has investigated whether the reduced morphology translates to reduced sensitivity because of the electrical properties of freshwater, or because of a marine-tuned sensory system attempting to function in freshwater. The objective of the present study was to measure electric potential from prey of Potamotrygon motoroandreplicatethemeasurementsinabehaviouralassaytoquantifyP.motoroelectrosensitivity.Medianorientation distance toprey-simulating electricfieldswas2.73 cm,andthe medianvoltagegradient detected was0.20mVcm � 1 .This sensitivity is greatly reduced compared with marine batoids. A euryhaline species with marine-type ampullary morphology was previously tested in freshwater and demonstrated reduced sensitivity compared with when it was tested in seawater (0.2 m Vc m � 1 v. 0.6 nV cm � 1 ). When the data were adjusted with a modified ideal dipole equation, sensitivity was comparable to P. motoro. This suggests that the conductivity of the medium, more so than ampullary morphology, dictates the sensitivity of elasmobranch electroreception.
Pulsed-Field gel electrophoretic analysis of DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells using photostimulable storage phosphor imaging

Double-strand break (dsb) induction and repair was determined in the human colon carcinoma cell line clone A using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) coupled with photostimulable storage phosphor imaging technology. Because 14C-radioactivity was measured in a dried agarose gel following electrophoresis, no laborious processing of the gel, cutting out regions of interest, liquid scintillation counting, etc., was necessary thereby saving labour, time and cost. The signal generated by phosphor screens was linear over 5 logs and sensitive to low levels of radionuclide exposure. Migration of broken DNA into the gel upon electrophoresis was determined to be log-linear as as a function of dose, and dsb rejoining after irradiation could be measured for exposures as low as 5 Gy. The kinetic parameters of dsb rejoining are independent of the initial dose delivered within experimental error over the range of 5-20 Gy and complete after 4 h of recovery. The use of photostimulable storage phosphor imaging allows the use of low levels of radionuclide incorporation for DSB analysis in radiosensitive mammalian cells that would not be possible by other methods.
Photorefractivity in polymer composites

We report on the results of studies of photorefractive properties of a multicomponent polymer composite of PVK-TCP:C60:DEANST. Efficient plasticization of the host polymeric matrix with the TCP agent and utilization of a nonlinear chromophore with large dipole moment allow for achieving large poling-induced electro-optic coefficient. Diffraction efficiencies exceeding 40% and stationary nonreciprocal net two-beam coupling gain coefficients in excess of 100 cm-1, surpassing those of known inorganic single- crystalline photorefractive media, are reported. Dependency of the kinetics of photorefractivity in the composite on external electric field and writing beams fluencies is discussed. An example of holographic recording and retrieval of an image of the standard USAF optical resolution target is also demonstrated.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
IgG Antibodies Against Factor VIII in Normal Individuals.

Previously, we found noninhibitory antibody against factor VIII in a hemophilic subject. We screened sera from normal and hemophilic individuals for the presence of similar antibodies. Sera from 18 normal individuals and 17 hemophilia A subjects were tested for the presence of factor VIII antibodies. We also tested two commercial immunoglobulin preparations for the presence of similar antibodies. Serum from two normal individuals were found to have IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies against factor VIII. The two commercial immunoglobulin preparations also contained IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies against factor VIII.Conclusions: Sera of apparently normal individuals contain antibodies to factor VIII with no inhibitory qualities. Such antibodies against factor VIII appear to be a common occurrence.
Heart rate: the hummingbird effect.

with heart failure, in whom risk of all-cause mortality and sudden death mortality is markedly increased, betaadrenergic antagonists are part of the standard of care, which is defined by randomized prospective clinical trials to pharmacologically extend longevity. A meta-analysis of 23 beta-blocker trials in patients with heart failure demonstrated that the protective effect associated with these drugs was proportional to the heart rate reduction and not related to the dose of the beta-blocker. 7 Ivabradine is a new agent with a direct effect on the funny current (If,) which is an important determinant of the pacemaker potential and periodicity in the sinoatrial node. A randomized prospective trial of ivabradine in patients with heart failure demonstrated a reduction in the primary composite end point of cardiovascular death and heart failure hospital admissions associated with ivabradine treatment. 8 Both reports provide strong evidence of a direct connection between an improvement in cardiovascular outcomes and a pharmacological effect on the resting heart rate. In this issue of HeartRhythm, Teodorescu et al 9 provide more evidence for an important link between resting heart rate and sudden death risk in patients with known coronary artery disease. For their case-control analysis, they identified 378 cases of sudden cardiac death older than 35 years that had prior electrocardiograms (ECGs) available for analysis. Cases were identified from the ongoing Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study. The control cases were chosen from the same geographic region and sex and age matched to cases. All the control patients also had coronary artery disease. Resting heart rate was defined by a 12-lead ECG identified from medical records before the sudden death event. The patient characteristics in the 2 groups were remarkable for a number of statistically significant asymmetries. Among cases, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal insufficiency, and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) were more prevalent. Among heart rate-modulating drugs, only digoxin and beta2-agonists were more commonly used among cases. After adjustment for major comorbidities such as diabetes, pulmonary, and renal disease as well as the effects of heart rate-modulating drugs, the authors found a 26% increase in risk associated with each 10-beats/min increase in resting heart rate. Subsequent adjustment for the impact of LVSD attenuated this relationship to a minor degree. Digoxin use had the strongest predictive value for sudden death, but only 12 controls were on the drug as opposed to 62 controls, of
ANALYSIS OF RECENT BRIDGE FAILURES IN THE UNITED STATES

Over 500 failures of bridge structures in the United States between 1989 and 2000 were studied. The age of the failed bridges ranged from 1 year (during construction) to 157 years, with an average of 52.5 years. The most frequent causes of bridge failures were attributed to floods and collisions. Flood and scour, with the major flood disaster in 1993, contributed to the frequency peak of bridge failures (almost 53% of all failures). Bridge overload and lateral impact forces from trucks, barges/ships, and trains constitute 20% of the total bridge failures. Other frequent principal causes are design, detailing, construction, material, and maintenance. Comparison made among three periods of similar studies (1977–1981, 1982–1988, and 1989–2000) revealed almost similar trends, with most failures occurring during the bridge’s service life. Also, human-induced external events occurred frequently in all three periods, but were most dominant in the first and third periods. Technological advances in information sys...
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Associated Functional Impairments During Pregnancy: Some Consequences of Violence Against Women

Despite the high prevalence of violence in the lives of women of reproductive age, and the adverse consequences posed to pregnant women suffering from PTSD, few studies have examined violence-related trauma and PTSD among pregnant women. A structured research interview was administered to a convenience sample of 85 prenatal care women to collect information regarding their experiences of violence victimization, PTSD symptoms related to violence-related traumatic events, and whether these symptoms impaired various aspects of the women's daily functioning. Results indicated that 69% of the women experienced a violent traumatic event, with the majority of events occurring before the current pregnancy and being perpetrated by the women's intimate partners. The traumatized women evidenced high levels of PTSD symptoms during pregnancy, with 58% of the women meeting criteria for a PTSD diagnosis. Moreover, many of the women with PTSD symptoms reported that the symptoms adversely affected aspects of their daily functioning.
Insensitivity of cerebral oxygen transport to oxygen affinity of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

The cerebrovascular effects of exchange transfusion of various cell-free hemoglobins that possess different oxygen affinities are reviewed. Reducing hematocrit by transfusion of a non-oxygen-carrying solution dilates pial arterioles on the brain surface and increases cerebral blood flow to maintain a constant bulk oxygen transport to the brain. In contrast, transfusion of hemoglobins with P50 of 4-34 Torr causes constriction of pial arterioles that offsets the decrease in blood viscosity to maintain cerebral blood flow and oxygen transport. The autoregulatory constriction is dependent on synthesis of 20-HETE from arachidonic acid. This oxygen-dependent reaction is apparently enhanced by facilitated oxygen diffusion from the red cell to the endothelium arising from increased plasma oxygen solubility in the presence of low or high-affinity hemoglobin. Exchange transfusion of recombinant hemoglobin polymers with P50 of 3 and 18 Torr reduces infarct volume from experimental stroke. Cell-free hemoglobins do not require a P50 as high as red blood cell hemoglobin to facilitate oxygen delivery.
Steady-state temperature of microwave-heated refractories as a function of microwave power and refractory geometry

Abstract Using a simple energy balance model developed in a previous paper, this study presents an improved least-squares fitting equation that relates T i (the steady-state inside wall temperature for hollow cylindrical refractory caskets) to microwave input power and to casket geometry parameters. For microwave input power ranging from 200 to 700 W, 132 new casket/input power combinations were measured, adding to the authors earlier data characterizing twelve different casket geometries at a fixed input power of 600 W. When the power dissipated by the casket dominates the power dissipated by the entire casket/specimen system, then the inner wall temperature of the empty casket, T i , should approximate the processing temperature in the casket when the specimens are present.
Pedodontics: Diagnosis and Treatment Planning

Pedodontics has an outstanding oppor­ tunity to make a significant contribution in the area of preventive dental service. The pedodontist, because he treats chil­ dren, can institute preventive dentistry early. Complete dentistry implies pre­ ventive measures and treatment programs intelligently decided on after thorough diagnosis. When based on a program of prevention the diagnosis and treatment planning of dentistry assume critical roles.
Perturbation solutions of the Carson–Cambi equation

The periodic differential equation (1+e cos t)y + py = 0, hereby termed the Carson–Cambi equation, is the simplest second-order differential equation having a periodic coefficient associated with the second derivative. Provided |e|<1, which is the case we examine, then the differential equation is a Hill's equation and thus possesses regions of stability and instability in the p–e plane. Ordinary perturbation theory is employed to obtain the stable (periodic) solutions to e3. Two-timing theory is employed to obtain solutions for values of k near the critical points k = ±12, ±32, ±52. Three-timing is employed to extend the solution near k = ±12. The solutions of the Carson–Cambi equation are compared with the solutions of the corresponding Mathieu equation.
Genetic mapping of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench QTLs that control variation in tillering and other morphological characters

Grain yield of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is significantly influenced by genetically controlled variation in the number of tillers, plant height, time of anthesis, and various other morphological and physiological characters. In this study, a minimum of 27 unique QTLs that control variation in nine morphological traits, including the presence versus the absence and the height of basal tillers, were mapped, and the percentage of additive genetic variance explained by the QTLs was determined in a population of 137 recombinant inbred lines in two environments. Four QTLs explained from 86.3% to 48.9% (depending upon the environment) of the additive genetic variance in the number of basal tillers with heads, and seven QTLs explained from 85.9% to 47.9% of the additive genetic variance in panicle width. It is unlikely that different alleles were segregating in the mapping population at any of the major dwarfing loci, but five QTLs that explained from 65.8% to 52.0% of the additive genetic variance in main-culm height were mapped. QTLs controlling variation in height of the tallest basal tiller, number of basal tillers per basal-tillered plant, panicle length, leaf angle, maturity, and awn length also were mapped. Three or more QTLs were mapped in linkage groups A, E, G, and I, while none were mapped in linkage groups B and D. Several of the QTLs mapped in this study are likely candidates for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.
Percutaneous dilatation of ureteroenteric strictures or occlusions in ileal conduits.

Three patients with ureteroenteric strictures are described. In each patient successful balloon dilatation was performed using an angioplasty technique. Balloon dilatation appears to offer an acceptable alternative to major conduit reconstruction in some patients. The follow-up is so far only 8 months.
The Magnetic Moment of the Electron

A comparison of the ${g}_{J}$ values of Ga in the $^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ and $^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ states, In in the $^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state, and Na in the $^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state has been made by a measurement of the frequencies of lines in the $\mathrm{hfs}$ spectra in a constant magnetic field. The ratios of the ${g}_{J}$ values depart from the values obtained on the basis of the assumption that the electron spin gyromagnetic ratio is 2 and that the orbital electron gyromagnetic ratio is 1. Except for small residual effects, the results can be described by the statement that ${g}_{L}=1$ and ${g}_{S}=2(1.00119\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00005)$. The possibility that the observed effects may be explained by perturbations is precluded by the consistency of the result as obtained by various comparisons and also on the basis of theoretical considerations.
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of chloro-methanetricarbonitrile

Abstract The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of chloro-methanetricarbonitrile (CCl(CN) 3) are examined theoretically using the gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. Each of the vibrational modes is assigned to one of six types of motion predicted by a group theoretical analysis (C≡N stretch, C–C stretch, C–Cl stretch, C–C≡N bend, C–Cl bend, and C–C–C bend) utilizing the C 3 v symmetry of the molecule. Uniform scaling factors are derived for each type of motion. Predicted infrared and Raman intensities are reported. Molecular orbitals and bonding are examined.
Methods Suitable for Television Color Kinescopes

This paper is the first of a series which covers Radio Corporation of America work on color-television cathode-ray picture reproducers (color kinescopes) for the home. Minimum reproducer requirements are here considered to be high-light brightness and resolution equal to or exceeding that achieved in the present United States black-and-white television system and large-area three-color fidelity which encompasses the major part of the horseshoe-like area of the chromaticity diagram of the International Commission on Illumination (ICI). Color phosphors with electron-beam excitation meet the requirements. One color-kinescope method, which requires the beam to be accurately positioned at all times during scanning on a screen of adjacent subelemental color-phosphor areas, has practical disadvantages. In a second method, using a similar type of kinescope, the beam position controls the color signal; although accurate scanning is not required, some of the disadvantages are the same. A third method, which uses adjacent complete picture images, optically combined, has little to offer over the use of three separate color tubes. A phosphor screen, whose color can be changed by a difference in electron-beam velocity or current density, has attractive features, but is not available in practical form. Methods of considerable interest are those whereby either the electron beam is electrically controlled at the phosphor screen for changing color or whereby shadowing techniques are employed to produce a direction-sensitive color screen.
Choosing discrete orthogonal wavelets for signal analysis and approximation

The discrete wavelet transform decomposes a discrete time signal into an approximation sequence and a detailed sequence at each level of resolution. The approximation at any resolution is the projection of the signal onto the orthogonal space spanned by the translates of an analyzing scaling function. The choice of scaling function can have a large impact on the error in the approximation at a given resolution. A systematic method for generating scaling functions is developed. This method ensures that a scaling function will be found that is close to the optimum. The resulting scaling functions can be used by themselves or serve as starting point for further optimization. >
Drag characteristics of unsteady, perturbed boundary layer flows

A series of time-dependent numerical computations have been performed for the flow of an unsteady boundary layer over an embedded cavity, which is aligned normal to the flow direction. The unsteady flow is the result of the imposition of a Stuart vortex, at the inflow boundary of the computational domain, onto an otherwise unperturbed two-dimensional laminar boundary layer flow. This produces a strongly vortical, but spatially monochromatic, motion at inflow which is allowed to evolve downstream through the time-dependent numerical solution of appropriate conservation equations. As the imposed vortex evolves over the solid boundary, a weaker induced vortical motion is produced and together these perturbing motions interact with the fluid motion in the embedded cavity. An analysis of the pertinent dynamic variables as well as the time-dependent drag characteristics for this type of non-planar geometry is performed; with particular emphasis on the relative contribution of both pressure drag and frictional drag at various times in the evolution process.
Constrictive pericarditis following cardiac surgery; a complication that does exist

Constrictive pericarditis as a complication of cardiac surgery does exist. Although the problem is somewhat uncommon, it should be suspected in patients following cardiac surgery who present with deteriorating cardiac function. The clinical spectrum of the disease is wide and may present as true rigid shell constriction or a more subtle form of elastic sero-effusive construction. It is imperative for the physician to consider this entity in the differential of complications following cardiac surgery.
Sterol sulfate metabolism in the adrenals of the human fetus, anencephalic newborn, and adult.

The sulfurylation of pregnenolone (Δ5P), dehydroepiandrosterone (D) and cholesterol in subcellular fractions of the separated zones of normal human fetal adrenals as well as the mitochondrial sterol desmolase activities are investigated. The values obtained are compared to those found in adrenal tissues of anencephalics and adults. The β8-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase activity is localized principally in the cytosolic fraction of the tissues assayed. The highest rate of sulfurylation of Δ5P and D is found in the cytosol of the fetal zone (5 nmol min-1 mg protein-1). The corresponding activities in fetal neocortex, anencephalic, and adult adrenocortical tissues are one tenth of that in the fetal zone. Cholesterol sulfurylation is not detectable under similar assay conditions. The specific activities of cholesterol and cholesteryl sulfate desmolases are 3- 4-fold greater in the fetal zone than in the neocortex. Cholesterol desmolase activity, but not cholesteryl sulfate desmolase activity, is found in adr...
Monitoring Classroom Behavior in Early Childhood: Using Group Observation Data to Make Decisions

Monitoring and evaluating classroom behavior in early childhood for the purpose of improving teaching and learning is critical. There is a clear link between social behavior and academic learning. Classrooms where students are following expectations, engaging academically, and transitioning effectively between activities are classrooms where students spend more time accessing instruction. In order to make efficient and effective decisions for class-wide supports, data should be collected on the class as a whole. With accurate data, interventions can be implemented for the whole group that will increase instructional time. In this paper we propose quick and efficient data collection methods for three key behaviors: following expectations, engaging academically, and transitioning amongst activities. With minimal disruption and effort, teachers can collect data that will enable them to support appropriate behaviors, ensure that students understand behavioral expectations, maintain an organized environment, improve positive interactions, and decrease the number of students needing intensive, individualized supports.
α-tocopheryl succinate as a scaffold to develop potent inhibitors of breast cancer cell adhesion

This study is aimed at the pharmacological exploitation of alpha-tocopheryl succinate (1) to develop potent antiadhesion agents. Considering the structural cooperativity between the phytyl chain and the carboxylic terminus in determining the antiadhesion activity, our structural optimization led to compound 5 ([2-(4,8-dimethyl-non-1-enyl)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-6-yloxy]-acetic acid), which exhibited an-order-of-magnitude higher potency than 1 in blocking the adhesion of 4T1 metastatic breast cancer cells to extracellular matrix proteins (IC(50), 0.6 microM versus 10 microM). Evidence indicates that the ability of compound 5 to block cell adhesion and migration was attributable to its effect on disrupting focal adhesion and actin cytoskeletal integrity by facilitating the degradation of focal adhesion kinase. Interactions between tumor cells and the ECM in the tumor microenvironment have been increasingly recognized as critical modulators of the metastatic potential of tumor cells. Consequently, the ability of compound 5 to block such interactions provides a unique pharmacological tool to shed light onto mechanisms that govern cell adhesion and tumor metastasis.
Magmatic flow-direction indicators in a giant diabase feeder dike, Connecticut

Recent studies have suggested that many large diabase dikes have been emplaced laterally rather than vertically. These studies report only unidirectional flow, which is usually based on measurements of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. However, in the 250-km-long Higganum dike of southern New England (United States), seven independent flow-direction indicators record a complex history of forward- and backward-moving magma. We would expect other similar-size dikes to have had equally complex histories. Measurements within one en echelon segment of the Higganum dike show that as the magma rose, it spread laterally toward the ends of the segment and that backflow was in the reverse direction of the forward flow. The Higganum dike is interpreted to have formed from a linear array of intrusive fingers, each finger spreading laterally to form an en echelon dike segment as it rose through the lithosphere.
Advanced Design Concepts in Ground Station Antennas

Large ground station antennas traditionally are of the symmetric Cassegrainian dual reflector type. New concepts, such as clear aperture (no blockage) designs, offset dual shaped reflectors and dual frequency band feed systems are examined in this paper as possible future large aperture ground facilities. It is shown that offset dual reflectors offer prospectively superior performance compared to the standard symmetric system. Theoretical designs of offset dual shaped reflectors for ground station applications are considered utilizing a newly developed synthesis approach. Recent innovations in feed design and engineering, including the S/X dichroic reflex system for the NASA/JPL 64-m and 34-m antenna projects and a dual band common aperture corrugated feed under development are discussed.
Party identity change in post-communist politics: the cases of the successor parties in Hungary, Poland and Russia

Abstract In recent years much has been written on the communist successor parties. Although much of the existent work focuses on the electoral performance of these parties or has described, in great detail, the development of single parties, this paper evaluates the utility of theories of party identity change in application to the successor parties. As an initial exploration we investigate the successor parties' programs before and after the initial competitive parliamentary elections in Hungary (in 1990), Poland (in 1991) and Russia (in 1993) to determine the extent to which poor electoral performance in initial competitive elections compelled the successor parties to alter their political identities.
Cooking Characteristics and Quality of Noodles from Food Sorghum

ABSTRACT Three white food sorghums, ATx631*RTx436, ATxARG*RTx436, and SC283-14, were decorticated, milled into flour and processed into 100% sorghum noodles. Flour, water, and salt (1%) were preheated using a hotplate or a microwave oven. The mixtures were put through a forming extruder to produce noodles. Extruded noodles were dried by three methods: air-dry method (23°C, 48 hr); one-stage (60°C, 30% rh, 3 hr), or two-stage (60°C, 100% rh for 2 hr followed by 60°C, 30% rh for 2 hr). Noodles were evaluated dry and after cooking. Sorghum flours with smaller particle sizes yielded better noodles. The microwave preheating method yielded better noodles than the hot-plate method. Stronger and firmer noodles, dry or cooked, were prepared using two-stage drying compared with the other drying methods. Fine flour that was preheated using a microwave oven and dried using the two-stage method gave the best noodles with moderate (10%) dry matter loss. Optimized processing conditions yielded sorghum noodles with good ...
Use of neuroimaging to detect early brain changes in people at genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease.

The neuropathological and cognitive changes preceding Alzheimer's disease appear to begin subtly decades before symptoms of the disease make the clinical diagnosis obvious. Clinical trials have begun to focus on preventive treatments designed to slow age-related cognitive decline and delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease in people with only mild memory complaints. Because people with few cognitive deficits represent a heterogeneous population, prevention studies require large samples in order to detect active drug effects. To address such challenges, recent neuroimaging studies have focused on middle-aged and older adults with only mild memory complaints and evaluated results according to the major known genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease, the apolipoprotein E-4 (APOE-4) allele. In studies using positron emission tomography during mental rest and functional magnetic resonance imaging during memory task performance, brain patterns differ according to genetic risk and are useful in predicting future decline measures and following disease progression in clinical trials.
Risks of Proteinuria and Hypertension With Bevacizumab, an Antibody Against Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Angiogenesis inhibitors have emerged as an effective targeted therapy in the treatment of patients with many cancers. One of the most widely used angiogenesis inhibitors is bevacizumab, a neutralizing antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor. The overall risk of proteinuria and hypertension in patients with cancer on bevacizumab therapy is unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published clinical trials of bevacizumab to quantify the risk of proteinuria and hypertension. Methods The databases MEDLINE (OVID, 1966 to June 2006) and Web of Science and abstracts presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology annual meetings from 2004 through 2006 were searched to identify relevant studies. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials of patients with cancer treated with bevacizumab that described the incidence of proteinuria and hypertension. Relative risk (RR) was calculated by using the fixed-effects model. Results A total of 1,850 patients were included in the 7 trials identified from the literature. Bevacizumab was associated with a significant increased risk of proteinuria (RR, 1.4 with low-dose bevacizumab; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 1.7; RR, 2.2 with high dose; 95% CI, 1.6 to 2.9). Hypertension also was increased significantly among patients receiving bevacizumab (RR, 3.0 for low dose; 95% CI, 2.2 to 4.2; RR, 7.5 for high dose; 95% CI, 4.2 to 13.4). Conclusion There was a significant dose-dependent increase in risk of proteinuria and hypertension in patients with cancer who received bevacizumab.
An Investigation of the Safety of the Blood Reinfusion Step Used With Tunneled Venous Access Devices in Children With Cancer

Infection has been identified as the most serious potential complication of the indwelling catheter. As a result, the primary nursing goal using the catheters is to prevent infection. Nurses must frequently manipulate the catheters when securing blood specimens and are concerned that this manipulation may serve as a source of infection for the immunocompromised pediatric oncology patient. One particular step in catheter manipulation during blood sampling is blood reinfusion, ie, residual blood in the catheter is withdrawn and set aside while a second sample is collected for laboratory analysis but is subsequently returned to the patient through the catheter. The purpose of this study was to examine this nursing procedure for its potential of contaminating the blood sample that was to be reinfused, or for the potential of reinfusing a sample that contained preexisting pathogens independent of the procedure itself. An experimental design was used with 21 patients randomly assigned to an experimental group (...
Carbamyl phosphate synthesis in invertebrates

Abstract 1. 1. Carbamyl phosphate synthesis in mitochondria from land snail ( Otala lactea and Helix aspersa ) hepatopancreas, earthworm ( Lumbricus terrestris ) gut tissue and land planarian ( Bipalium kewense ) whole body is mediated, in part, by an enzyme that utilizes l -glutamine as a substrate and requires N-acetyl- l -glutamate as a cofactor. This glutamine enzyme was first described in hepato-pancreas of the snail Strophocheilus oblongus and now appears to be widely distributed among invertebrates. 2. 2. In addition to the glutamine enzyme, mitochondria from the earthworm and land planarian and possibly the snail Helix also possess an enzyme that utilizes ammonia in the presence of N-acetyl- l -glutamate and is therefore similar to carbamyl phosphate synthetase-I, the enzyme for arginine and urea biosynthesis in vertebrates. 3. 3. In all four species, the major site of carbamyl phosphate synthesis was in the mitochondrion and the major enzyme detected was the glutamine enzyme. In the earthworm, the amount of carbamyl phosphate synthetase-I was only slightly less than that of the glutamine enzyme and both enzymes were found in the soluble cellular fraction as well as in the mitochondrial fraction during localization studies.
Religious Organizations Data Resources and Research Opportunities

This article distinguishes the following three types of religious organizations: congregations, denominational organizations (religious organizations that are not congregations but that mainly produce religion), and religious nonprofits (religious organizations that work mainly in functional fields other than religion). For each type of religious organization, I discuss the key questions we might ask, the current data resources relevant for answering these key questions, and the appropriate action for advancing empirical research. I also describe the political economy of data production on religious organizations.
Decay of 54V

Abstract The decay of 54V was studied with the use of a Ge(Li) spectrometer and β- and γ-scintillation detectors. Eight new γ-rays and 3 new β-rays were observed and several coincidence measurements performed. A half-life of 43 ± 3 sec was measured and a β-decay Q-value of 7.0 ± 0.1 MeV was determined. A tentative decay scheme is presented and discussed in view of the more recent theoretical and experimental studies of 54Cr.
The type A behavior pattern, hostility, and interpersonal skill.

The present study assessed the anger expression and general conversational skill of Type As and Bs in role-play scenes reflecting typical natural environment situations. In addition, the study assessed skill differences among hostile and nonhostile subgroups of Type As and Bs. Observers and confederates rated subjects' interpersonal skill during challenging and nonchallenging interactions. Type As expressed anger less appropriately than Bs in challenging situations, but displayed greater overall social skill and made significantly more interesting conversational partners than Type Bs across conditions. In general, nonhostile Type As and Bs received better skill ratings than the hostile groups. The relationship of interpersonal skill to physical health, the utility of classifications derived from current Type A assessment methods, and the potential efficacy of treatments targeting interpersonal skill deficits such as those apparent here are discussed.
Reflection-Absorption infrared spectroscopy and ellipsometry of epoxy films on metals

Reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy and ellipsometry have been used to determine the structure of films formed by an epoxy resin adsorbed from solution onto polished iron and copper mirrors. Films only about 15 A thick were obtained. The infrared spectra of these films were characterized by absorption bands near 1500 and 1240 cm−1. Consideration of the thickness of the adsorbed films as well as wetability, surface coverage and the relative intensities of the bands near 1500 and 1240 cm−1 indicates that the epoxy resin molecules are probably adsorbed with a vertical conformation where only a single oxirane oxygen atom is in contact with the surface.
Numerical simulation of penetration of aluminum targets by spherical-nose steel rods

Abstract Numerical simulations of the penetration processes in aluminium blocks by spherical-nose steel rods were performed in this study. The specific impact configuration of this study involves 152-mm diameter 6061-T651 aluminum bars impacted by spherical-nose projectiles machined from T-200 maraging steel rods at nominal impact velocities between 300 and 1000 m/s. The transient dynamic finite element code LS-DYNA2D was used for the numerical analysis. The erosion capability in LS-DYNA2D was exercised in conjunction with the maximum equivalent plastic strain criterion to carry out failure simulations in the target. Calculated results were compared to the experimental data. Good correlation was obtained.
Holocene vegetation, climate, and fire history of the Hudson Highlands, southeastern New York, USA

Holocene vegetation, climate, and fire history of the Hudson Highlands, lower Hudson Valley, south eastern New York, are inferred from AMS radiocarbon-dated pollen, plant-macrofossil and charcoal records from Sutherland (41°23'29''N, 74°02'16''W) and Spruce Ponds (41°14'22''N, 74°12'15"W). Expanding Quercus-dominated forests were invaded by Pinus strobus at 10 175 radiocarbon years before present (BP), followed by Tsuga canadensis at 9645, Fagus grandifolia at 8100, Carya at 6200, and Castanea dentata at 3600 BP; ages are averaged over two sites. Large Quercus pollen percentage and influx values are associated with continuous charcoal influx throughout the record, suggesting that fire may have played an important role in the development and maintenance of Quercus in the forest. At Sutherland Pond, a temporary decrease in fire at approximately 9500 BP apparently was a factor enabling expansion of Tsuga canadensis populations. Onset of Euroamerican agricultural practices in the region (approximately AD 1700) is well documented by rises in pollen of Ambrosia, Gramineae and Tubuliflorae and presence of Rumex and Plantago. Domestic/industrial use of Quercus, Pinus and Tsuga canadensis is also recorded by decreased percentages of these trees. Increased charcoal influx during Euroamerican settlement, particularly at Spruce Pond, may be explained by fire in connection with land clearance, wood-related industries (charcoal, iron and brick manufacturing), and operation of railroads (track fires).
The state of the 'state' in globalization: Social order and economic restructuring in Malaysia

This article asserts that, instead of anticipating or searching for indications of the 'end of the state' in an era of neoliberal globalization, it is more fruitful to examine the relationship between the state and social order, because of the potential to discern the conditions and consequences in which occur the ruling elite's and social forces' resistance to and/or alliance with, transnational capital. A case study of Malaysia is presented to demonstrate the complex and even contradictory ways in which social order is regulated that allows the state to manage demands emanating within and beyond the country. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the different historical junctures in which changing bases of state power, paths of development, and official manipulation of social identities converge in the regulation of social order that facilitates capital accumulation while maintaining state legitimacy in a multi-ethnic context.
Back to the Future: Implementing a Broad Economic, Inquiry-Based Approach to Accounting Education

Motivated by concerns about the quality of accounting education and calls for a broader, more active approach to learning by numerous accounting educators and practitioners over the past 2 decades, the authors of this article sought to provide a framework and example materials to address those issues. The framework makes use of broad, economic contracting notions to supplement the traditional decision-usefulness approach to accounting. The contracting perspective more explicitly considers the incentives of all parties to the various contracts with the entity and the information environment in which decisions are made. The approach, which can be applied with any textbook in multiple settings, supports a "discovery" mode of learning focusing on the methods and skills of inquiry, analysis, judgment, and decision making.
ARGININOSUCCINIC ACIDURIA: PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS AND STUDIES OF AN AFFECTED FETUS

Argininoiuccinic acid (ASA) lyase deficiency, the basic defect in ASAuria, can be studied in cultured skin fibroblasts and cultured amniotic fluid (AF) cells. We diagnosed a fetus affected with ASAuria, after studying the obligate heterozygote parents and an affected child. The affected child had been thought to excrete cystathionine, which we showed to be an ASA anhydride. An increased ASA cone was found in AF from amniocenteses at 14, 15 and 17 weeks (fetus at risk = 0.3 μmoles/ml, norm i=0). ASA lyase activity in cultured AF cells from the fetus at risk, as measured by the ratio of 14C-cltrulline/3H leucine uptake into TCA-precipitable protein, was 0.4% of that in normal AF cells. The pregnancy was terminated, and the in utero diagnosis was confirmed by analysis of fetal liver for ASA lyase (1.8% of normal). It was demonstrated also that all 8 fetal tissues studied. Including brain, had significant accumulations of ASA (normal=0). These findings: demonstrate the possible pitfalls in the diagnosis of ASAuria by urinary amino acid analysis; confirm earlier suggestions that ASAuria may be diagnosed by determining ASA levels in amniotic fluid; cast doubt upon the value of “early” neonatal dietary therapy with arginine, as it appears that the enzymatic defect is already producing an accumulation of unmetabolized substrate in fetal tissues by the beginning of the second trimester; and provide evidence that the urea cycle is active prenatally.
Hepatic abscess following NSAID use in an adolescent

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a known cause of peptic ulcer disease, resulting in gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation. We present a case of a sixteen year old male athlete who presented with abdominal pain and was found to have a pyogenic liver abscess secondary to a gastrohepatic fistula due to a deeply penetrating ulcer from NSAID use. This patient was successfully managed with antibiotics, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), percutaneous drainage, and bowel rest. Perforating peptic ulcer disease (PPU) is rare in children, and this is a novel report of a resulting gastrohepatic fistula and subcapsular hepatic abscess. In otherwise healthy adolescents with abdominal complaints, a careful history of NSAID use should be obtained.
Adsorption of copolymer chains from a melt onto a flat surface

The segregation of symmetric styrene-methyl methacrylate diblock copolymers (PS-PMMA) at interfaces formed between different polymer melts and flat, impenetrable surfaces was investigated using elastic recoil detection. Situations in which the copolymers were allowed to adsorb onto silicon from polystyrene melts of variuous degrees of polymerization were examined. Interfacial segregation of the copolymers was not obderved when the polymer host was PMMA, PVC or a blend of PS and poly(phenylene oxide).
Polarized reflectance of alkali metal—graphite intercalation compounds

Abstract Drude-like metallic reflectance spectra are observed for KC 8 and CsC 8 with light polarized both parallel and perpendicular to the hexagonal axis. The optical data can be analyzed in a manner consistent with the anisotropy of d.c. conductivity by assuming two free carrier plasmons, one purely two-dimensional and the other three-dimensional. The 2D carriers are found to dominate the basal plane conductivity. The effective mass anisotropy of the 3D carriers is m(|) m(τ) ≅ 8 .
Development of the human temporomandibular joint.

Summary The TMJ develops later than most other human joints. Unlike other joints which develop from a single blastema, the TMJ forms from two blastemata which grow toward one another. Most joints are covered by hyaline cartilage while the articulating surfaces of the TMJ are covered by fibrous tissue consisting of both elastic and collagen fibres. Finally, the process of bone formation in the condyle is different from that seen in growth plates.
VARIOUS DIETARY FIBERS DECREASE THE RATE OF LIPASE‐CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS OF OLIVE OIL IN VITRO

An in vitro method was used to evaluate the effect of different types of dietary fiber on the initial rate of hydrolysis of olive oil catalyzed by porcine pancreatic lipase. Lipolysis was measured at pH 6.5 and 37C while stirring at 20 rpm. Excellent recoveries of added known amounts of oleic acid were obtained in control and fiber-containing samples. Dietary fibers tested (all 3% by weight unless otherwise noted) were: red wheat bran, white wheat bran, oat bran, soyfiber, sugarbeet fiber, chitin, chitosan, cellulose, pectin-LM and psyllium seed (1.5%). All inhibited lipolysis (35–85%) except cellulose and pectin. The contribution of aqueous extracts of the insoluble fibers to the total inhibitory properties of the fibers were: 0% for the two wheat brans; 100% for oat bran, chitin, chitosan and sugarbeet fiber; and 63% for soyfiber.
Expression of type XIV collagen in developing chicken tendons: association with assembly and growth of collagen fibrils.

Collagen fibril assembly is a multistep process involving multiple macromolecular interactions. Type XIV collagen contains multiple domains and is capable of interacting with collagen fibrils and other extracellular matrix components. During tendon development, naturally changing expression of type XIV collagen and its variants may modulate such interactions. Type XIV collagen was studied using immunochemical and molecular approaches. Western analysis demonstrated that type XIV collagen content was high between days 14 and 19, decreasing sharply at hatching. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that type XIV collagen was fibril-associated, with a periodicity of 67 nm, indicating specific interactions. Decreased fibril-associated reactivity for type XIV collagen was seen at hatching, indicating a removal of collagen XIV from the fibril surface. The expression of two NC1 splice variants was analyzed. Overall, type XIV collagen mRNA decreased significantly from day 14 to hatching. The long NC1 splice variant was the predominant species at 14 days; at 19 days the two variants were expressed in lower amounts at nearly a 1:1 ratio; at hatching, both variants were expressed minimally. Changes in splice variant expression, suggest that different functional forms of type XIV collagen are present, allowing modified interactions with fibrils during development. In conclusion, type XIV collagen is fibril-associated and developmentally regulated. Modulation of expression of the NC1 splice variants may mediate the fibril interactions that allow the transition from growing fibril intermediates to mature fibrils. Dev Den;217:430–439. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.