cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of DBFOLD: An efficient algorithm for computing folding pathways of complex proteins.

Atomistic simulations can provide valuable, experimentally-verifiable insights into protein folding mechanisms, but existing ab initio simulation methods are restricted to only the smallest proteins due to severe computational speed limits. The folding of larger proteins has been studied using native-centric potential functions, but such models omit the potentially crucial role of non-native interactions. Here, we present an algorithm, entitled DBFOLD, which can predict folding pathways for a wide range of proteins while accounting for the effects of non-native contacts. In addition, DBFOLD can predict the relative rates of different transitions within a protein’s folding pathway. To accomplish this, rather than directly simulating folding, our method combines equilibrium Monte-Carlo simulations, which deploy enhanced sampling, with unfolding simulations at high temperatures. We show that under certain conditions, trajectories from these two types of simulations can be jointly analyzed to compute unknown folding rates from detailed balance. This requires inferring free energies from the equilibrium simulations, and extrapolating transition rates from the unfolding simulations to lower, physiologically-reasonable temperatures at which the native state is marginally stable. As a proof of principle, we show that our method can accurately predict folding pathways and Monte-Carlo rates for the well-characterized Streptococcal protein G. We then show that our method significantly reduces the amount of computation time required to compute the folding pathways of large, misfolding-prone proteins that lie beyond the reach of existing direct simulation. Our algorithm, which is available online, can generate detailed atomistic models of protein folding mechanisms while shedding light on the role of non-native intermediates which may crucially affect organismal fitness and are frequently implicated in disease.
Odontogenic Infection Complicated by Cervicofacial Necrotizing Fasciitis in a Healthy Young Female.

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a critical and rapidly progressive infection of the skin and soft tissue, and it is associated with a high mortality rate. NF of the cervicofacial region is uncommon due to the rich vascular supply of the head and neck, which promotes an efficient immune response to infection. Patients who are immunocompromised or have comorbidities affecting the vasculature, such as diabetes mellitus or peripheral vascular disease, are at an increased risk of more severe disease and outcome. Cervicofacial necrotizing fasciitis (CNF) is most frequently attributed to mucosal damage, such as those related to dental infections or local trauma including medical procedures. Due to its ability to quickly spread to the neck and mediastinum, CNF must be diagnosed and treated expeditiously. In this report, we present a case of a 28-year-old female with a past medical history significant for obesity and tobacco abuse who presented to the emergency department (ED) with fever, left-sided facial pain, cervical pain, and swelling. She had worsening symptoms despite current treatment with clindamycin for a dental abscess. A CT scan of the head and neck revealed an odontogenic abscess complicated by CNF. Intravenous antibiotics were initiated and she underwent prompt surgical intervention. She remained nasally intubated following her surgery due to concern for postoperative edema leading to airway compromise. Following extubation, she experienced an uncomplicated recovery. This case demonstrates that NF is a complication of dental infection that may occur even in young and relatively healthy patients. Additionally, due to the swiftly destructive nature and high mortality rate of CNF, early diagnosis and aggressive medical and surgical therapy are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Perceptually Meaningful Image Editing: Depth

We introduce the concept of perceptually meaningful image editing and present two techniques for manipulating the apparent depth of objects in an image. The user loads an image, selects an object and specifies whether the object should appear closer or further away. The system automatically determines target values for the object and/or background that achieve the desired depth change. These depth editing operations, based on techniques used by traditional artists, manipulate either the luminance or color temperature of different regions of the image. By performing blending in the gradient domain and reconstruction with a Poisson solver, the appearance of false edges is minimized. The results of a preliminary user study, designed to evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques, are also presented.
Alteration of the ground state by external magnetic fields The Abelian Higgs model

Abstract By fully exploiting the mathematical and physical analogy to the Ginzburg-Landau theory of superconductivity, we present a complete discussion of the ground state behavior of the four-dimensional Abelian Higgs model in the static tree level approximation. We show that a sufficiently strong external magnetic field can alter the ground state of the theory by restoring a spontaneously broken symmetry, or by creating a qualitatively different “vortex” state. The energetically favored ground state is explicitly determined as a function of the external field and the ratio between coupling constants of the theory.
Brain endocannabinoids modulate lung Inflammation during sepsis (1157.4)

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response caused by infection which can lead to shock and lung injury. Previous studies indicate that septic shock is mediated by brain endocannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors. Hence, this study tested the hypothesis that the brain CB1 receptors regulate LPS-induced lung inflammation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of either the CB1 receptor antagonist Rimonabant (2 µg/kg) or vehicle, 5 minutes prior to IV injection of either LPS (5 mg/kg) or saline. Lungs were removed 0.5 h or 4 h after IV injection of LPS and isolated for assessment of pulmonary capillary pressure (Ppc), lung wet/dry weight ratio (W/D), TLR4 activation, α7nicotinic acetylcholine (α7nAch) pathway, IL-6 and VCAM. LPS- 0.5 h induced a decrease in lung levels of IRAK1 and IκBα indicating activation of TLR4, and decreased phosphorylated Src-Y416 family kinases (pSFK) and phosphorylated Raf1-S259 (pRaf1) suggesting decreased α7nAch signaling all which were prevented by R...
In The Bullring

The horse took the shock of the horns on its padded flank. The bull had nose-dived at the stirrup, but seemed to be nuzzling under it, feeling for pur chase, and then the prongs took hold, and the bull tossed its head, and the horse was lifted and dropped so quickly that it never even moved a muscle, so quickly I couldn't go "unnh!" The horse was here and then it was there. I'd been thrown, too. I was in a bullring in Madrid with a man who'd read Hemingway forty years ago. For him, being there was a dream come true. Why was I there, you are wondering. Why wasn't I the person who says, "Excuse me, but I prefer not to watch dressed-up men with pointed sticks gang up on a beast whose balls outweigh theirs?" That's who I'd been, and that's who I am, but more than once in my life, I've been knocked off my feet and dropped somewhere else. About ninety years ago, another woman sat in a bullring, shoulder-to shoulder with a happy man, in the spirit of adventure. When she was many decades older—just about the same age I am now—she wrote about it. She was a famous author by then, and a friend of hers—who at the time was edit ing the women's magazine Mademoiselle—said give me anything and I'll publish it. The essay appeared in 1955, in a special issue on the theme of "Adventure." Her point was that adventure is what happens to you, or what you invite when you throw yourself at danger, whereas experience is what you make of the happening or the tossing, what it tells you about yourself in the long run. The essay is called "St. Augustine and the Bullfight," and it was written by Katherine Anne Porter, the great Modernist short story writer born nine years before Hemingway. In her stories, she's a razorblade, but the first time I read this essay, I felt goaded by a hatpin. The first few pages—well, listen to this: "The book business... is full of heroes who spend their time, money, and energy worrying other animals, manifestly their betters such as lions and tigers And always always, somebody is out climbing mountains, and writing books about it, which are read by quite millions of persons...wl Ever so-chatty, ever-so-catty, a lady author debunking her male contemporaries—
The engineering design of TPX

The Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) is designed to develop the scientific basis for a compact and continuously operating tokamak fusion reactor. TPX has a long pulse (1000s) capability, can accommodate high divertor heat loads, has a flexible PF system, and auxiliary heating and current drive systems that make it an ideal test bed for development of attractive reactor concepts. The design incorporates superconducting magnets in both the toroidal and poloidal field magnets. Long pulse deuterium operation will produce 6/spl times/10/sup 21/ neutrons per year requiring remote maintenance of the in-vessel hardware. This paper provides an overview of the TPX Project and describes the design approach with emphasis on salient features of the tokamak.
Iron aluminide-titanium carbide composites by pressureless melt infiltration — Microstructure and mechanical properties

In this investigation, processing of fully dense TiC-based cermets with iron aluminide (Fe-40 at. % Al) as a binder by pressureless melt infiltration has been clearly demonstrated. The carbide contents in these composites varied from 70 to 85 vol. %. Specimens with 30 vol. % intermetallic exhibited bend strengths of 1034 MPa, fracture toughness of 18 MPa{center_dot}m{sup 1/2} and a Rockwell (R{sub A}) hardness of 83.5. Further improvements in bend strengths may be possible by controlling the grain size and by modifications of the Fe40Al/TiC interface strengths.
Inverse scattering. IV. Three dimensions: generalized Marchenko construction with bound states, and generalized Gel’fand–Levitan equations

This paper represents the final installment in a series on the solution of the inverse scattering problem for the Schrodinger equation in three dimensions. The potential is constructed from a given scattering amplitude without assuming its existence, even in the presence of bound states. For exponentially decreasing potentials, properties of the Jost function and of the regular solution are derived that are sufficient to establish the triangularity of the kernel on which the generalized Gel’fand–Levitan (GL) equation is based. Other generalized GL equations, for nonzero reference potentials, and a nonlinear equation are derived, and for central potentials they are shown to reduce to the well‐known radial equations. The contents of the series of papers is summarized.
GEOPOLITICS AND EMPIRE: The Legacy of Halford Mackinder. By Gerry Kearns.

(2011). Geopolitics and Empire: The Legacy of Halford Mackinder. By Gerry Kearns. Geographical Review: Vol. 101, No. 2, pp. 285-287.
Web Services, Service-Oriented Computing, and Service-Oriented Architecture: Separating Hype from Reality

Service-oriented architecture (SOA), Web services, and service-oriented computing (SOC) have become the buzz words of the day for many in the business world. It seems that virtually every company has implemented, is in the midst of implementing, or is seriously considering SOA projects, Web services projects, or service-oriented computing. A problem many organizations face when entering the SOA world is that there are nearly as many definitions of SOA as there are organizations adopting it. Further complicating the issue is an unclear picture of the value added from adopting the SOA or Web services paradigm. This article attempts to shed some light on the definition of SOA and the difficulties of assessing the value of SOA or Web services via return on investment (ROI) or nontraditional approaches, examines the scant body of evidence empirical that exists on the topic of SOA, and highlights potential research directions in the area.
Looking for Gender in Women's Campaigns for National Office in 2004 and Beyond: In What Ways Is Gender Still a Factor?

In 2004, 39 individuals were newly elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. Eight of these individuals were women. Women went on to win two special elections held in 2005, while a man won the third contest. This increase in the numerical representation of women in the lower house of Congress in 2004–5 was a positive counter to the lack of progress women made in advancing their numbers in other elective offices, such as the U.S. Senate, governorships, and state legislatures in 2004. These gains in representation, however, only amounted to a 15.5% membership for women in the U.S. House of Representatives. Who were these successful women, and what does their election suggest to us about women and political officeholding and about gender as a factor when men and women run for public office in the early years of the twenty-first century? Do their campaigns and election reflect the continued relevance of gender, or are they indications of the demise of gender as a factor in elections?
Fast iterative algorithm for metal artifact reduction in X-ray CT

Rationale and Objectives. The reduction of metal artifacts in x-ray computed tomography (CT) has important clinical applications. An iterative method adapted from the expectation maximization (EM) formula for emission CT was shown to be effective for metal artifact reduction, but its computational speed is slow. The goal of this project was to accelerate that iterative method for metal artifact reduction. Materials and Methods. Using the row-action/ordered-subset (EM) formula for emission CT as a basis, the authors developed a fast iterative algorithm for metal artifact reduction. In each iteration of this algorithm, both reprojection from an intermediate image and backprojection from discrepancy data are performed. Results. The feasibility of the fast iterative algorithm was demonstrated in numerical and phantom experiments. In comparison with the nonaccelerated iterative algorithm, the speed of iterative metal artifact reduction is improved by an order of magnitude given image quality in terms of visual inspection, I-divergence in the projection domain, and the euclidean distance in the image domain. Conclusion. The fast iterative algorithm corrects intermediate reconstruction according to subsets of projections and produces satisfactory image quality at a much faster speed than the previously published iterative algorithm. This algorithm has important potential in clinical applications, such as orthopedic, oncologic, and dental imaging.
Repair of aortic arch and the impact of cross-clamping time, New York Heart Association stage, circulatory arrest time, and age on operative outcome.

BACKGROUND: Aortic arch replacement is associated with high morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We evaluated the postoperative complications and risk factors in 32 consecutive patients after aortic arch replacement. RESULTS: The mean age was 61+/-15 years and male to female ratio was 24/8. Diameter of ascending aorta was 6.0+/-0.8 cm and diameter of aortic arch was 5.2+/-1.2 cm. The average New York heart association (NYHA) class was 2+/-1. The 30-day mortality was 6.2% (2 of 32 patients), one patient died intraoperatively (3%); all surviving 30 patients had f/u for at least six months, a total of 3 of 32 patients had died within six months, actuarial survival was 90% at six months. The overall incidence of neurologic adverse events was 9%; however, only one patient had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) with a focal deficit (3%). The other two patients had global neurologic dysfunction. Other significant postoperative complications included atrial fibrillation in 15 patients (46%), ventricular fibrillation requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in one patient (3%), and pericardial effusion requiring pericardicentesis in eight patients (25%). The need for blood transfusion correlated with the cross-clamping length (Pearson r 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.35-0.79; P-value 0.0001; R(2)=0.38). Cross-clamp time (139+/-58 min) did not have an impact on length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay (Pearson r -0.09; 95% CI -0.39-0.23; P=0.58; R(2)=0.008) nor did the length of circulatory arrest (95% CI -0.44-0.21, P=0.44). The length of stay in the ICU (142+/-128 h) correlated with the NYHA stage of the patient (95% CI 0.001-0.62, P=0.04). The length of stay (LOS) (12+/-6 days) correlated with age of the patients (95% CI 0.03-0.57, P=0.03). CONCLUSION: Elderly patients and patients with high NYHA class need close postoperative monitoring in the ICU. A short circulatory arrest and aortic clamp time do not extend the LOS in ICU or in the hospital.
Simulation-Based Medical Education in Pediatrics

The use of simulation-based medical education (SBME) in pediatrics has grown rapidly over the past 2 decades and is expected to continue to grow. Similar to other instructional formats used in medical education, SBME is an instructional methodology that facilitates learning. Successful use of SBME in pediatrics requires attention to basic educational principles, including the incorporation of clear learning objectives. To facilitate learning during simulation the psychological safety of the participants must be ensured, and when done correctly, SBME is a powerful tool to enhance patient safety in pediatrics. Here we provide an overview of SBME in pediatrics and review key topics in the field. We first review the tools of the trade and examine various types of simulators used in pediatric SBME, including human patient simulators, task trainers, standardized patients, and virtual reality simulation. Then we explore several uses of simulation that have been shown to lead to effective learning, including curriculum integration, feedback and debriefing, deliberate practice, mastery learning, and range of difficulty and clinical variation. Examples of how these practices have been successfully used in pediatrics are provided. Finally, we discuss the future of pediatric SBME. As a community, pediatric simulation educators and researchers have been a leading force in the advancement of simulation in medicine. As the use of SBME in pediatrics expands, we hope this perspective will serve as a guide for those interested in improving the state of pediatric SBME.
Orthonormal wavelets and tight frames with arbitrary real dilations

Abstract The objective of this paper is to establish a complete characterization of tight frames, and particularly of orthonormal wavelets, for an arbitrary dilation factor a>1, that are generated by a family of finitely many functions in L2:=L2( R ). This is a generalization of the fundamental work of G. Weiss and his colleagues who considered only integer dilations. As an application, we give an example of tight frames generated by one single L2 function for an arbitrary dilation a>1 that possess “good” time-frequency localization. As another application, we also show that there does not exist an orthonormal wavelet with good time-frequency localization when the dilation factor a>1 is irrational such that aj remains irrational for any positive integer j. This answers a question in Daubechies' Ten Lectures book for almost all irrational dilation factors. Other applications include a generalization of the notion of s-elementary wavelets of Dai and Larson to s-elementary wavelet families with arbitrary dilation factors a>1. Generalization to dual frames is also discussed in this paper.
Comments on strongly interacting W-meson theories

We discuss the phenomenology and possible neutral-current tests of theories in which the $W$ mesons have strong as well as semiweak and electromagnetic interactions. We then show that, at least in one such model, divergence difficulties are still present in the usual way for amplitudes such as ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$.
Thermodynamics of solid solution of hydrogen in M2C type carbides of vanadium and niobium

Abstract Equilibrium hydrogen pressures in the systems V2CH2 and Nb2CH2 have been determined at several temperatures in the range 400–650°C. Hydrogen pressure data were treated to obtain various thermodynamic quantities for the solutions of hydrogen in V2C and Nb2C. It has been found that the enthalpies of the reaction H(S.S.) = 1 2 H 2 ( g ) are similar but slightly less endothermic compared to the respective metal hydrogen solid solutions. Entropies of dissolved hydrogen in V2C and Nb2C are also found to be similar to those of hydrogen in the respective metals.
Activating autoantibodies to the β1/2-adrenergic and M2 muscarinic receptors associate with atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients with hyperthyroidism

We have previously demonstrated that activating autoantibodies to β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR) and M2 muscarinic receptor (M2R) facilitate atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with Graves’ disease (GD). The objectives of this expanded study were to examine the prevalence of β1AR, β2AR, and M2R autoantibodies in hyperthyroidism subjects. Sera from 81 patients including 31 with GD and AF, 36 with GD and sinus rhythm, 9 with toxic multinodular goiter, 5 with subacute thyroiditis, and 10 control subjects were examined for these autoantibodies by ELISA. Sera from 20 ELISA-positive GD subjects, 10 with AF and 10 with sinus rhythm, were assayed for autoantibody bioactivity using cell-based bioassays. In patients with GD and AF, 45, 65, and 77 % were ELISA positive for β1AR, M2R, and β2AR autoantibodies, respectively. In patients with GD and sinus rhythm, 17, 39, and 75 % were ELISA positive for β1AR, M2R, and β2AR autoantibodies, respectively. β1AR and M2R autoantibodies were co-present in 39 % of patients with GD and AF compared to 14 % in GD with sinus rhythm (p = 0.026). Patients with toxic multinodular goiter or subacute thyroiditis had a low prevalence of autoantibodies. The mean β1AR and M2R autoantibody activity was elevated in both GD groups but higher in those with AF than those with sinus rhythm. β2AR autoantibody activity was also increased in both groups. In conclusion, β1AR, β2AR, and M2R autoantibodies were elevated in GD. β1AR and M2R autoantibodies appear to be related to concurrent AF, while β2AR autoantibodies were equally prevalent in those with a sinus tachycardia and those with AF.
Case Study-Based Evaluation of Stochastic Multicommodity Emergency Inventory Management Model

Emergency disaster management has emerged as a vital tool for reducing the harm and alleviating the suffering that disasters worldwide cause their victims. A significant task of planners involved in emergency disaster management is the ability to plan for and satisfy the vital needs of the people located in emergency shelters, such as the Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana, which was used as a shelter during Hurricane Katrina. This task requires determination of a way to reduce the uncertainties associated with emergency operations and to estimate the expected costs of delivery and consumption of vital supplies throughout these operations. This paper attempts to address these issues by application of a case study-based approach to demonstrate the usefulness of a stochastic humanitarian inventory control model and estimation of the minimum safety stock levels of emergency inventories. The emergency inventory management problem is discussed, and previous emergency inventory studies are reviewed to identify...
EMI/EMC analysis of the Global Hawk for the airborne communication node

The EMI/EMC issues associated with implementation of the Airborne Communication Node (ACN) payload on the Global Hawk Unmanned Air Vehicle are explored. Two ACN subsystems are evaluated in greater detail, the Single Channel Ground and Airborne Radio System (SINCGARS) and a commercial based personal communication system. A novel antenna design for SINCGARS is defined. A VHF variant of existing commercial cell and paging technology is described with an appropriate antenna.
Observation of electron secondaries from V0 decays

Three examples of V0 particles having electron secondaries have been observed in a cloud chamber exposed to a 1.9 GeV π− beam from the Cosmotron. The experimental evidence is suggestive of the decay scheme, Ke30 → π± + e∓ + v.
Electroencephalographic correlates of learning in subcortical and cortical structures.

Abstract 1. 1. Spectral analysis was applied to EEG records taken from amygdala, subthalamus, midbrain reticular formation and visual cortex simultaneously with records from hippocampus during a discrimination learning experiment in cats. High spectral peaks were located in all these structres at 1, 2 and 3 c/sec, indicating an increase in regularity of these slow wave rhythms in advanced stages of training. 2. 2. Spectral peaks in the theta range (particularly at 5 and 6 c/sec) appeared during approach period in the advanced training in all these structures, but were less pronounced and more variable than in hippocampus. 3. 3. Computations of coherences between pairings of EEG records from different structures revealed high degrees of linear interrelation. High and consistent coherences were found between homotopic points in the hippocampal formation of the two hemispheres. More variable coherences were seen between hippocampus and subthalamus, midbrain reticular formation and visual cortex. These relationships were most consistent in the theta range, in the approach epoch and in the advanced stage of learning. 4. 4. Our data indicate that during the period of consolidation of learning, the hippocampus plays a leading role in complex interacting neural circuits comprising hippocampus, subthalamus, midbrain reticular formation and cerebral cortex.
Fat embolism syndrome associated with asthma and sickle cell-beta(+)-thalassemia.

A 25-year-old African-American man with sickle cell-β+-thalassemia presented with acute asthma of 2 days' duration. The asthma was well controlled by 48 hr, and parenteral medications were changed to oral bronchodilators and steroids. Sixty hours after presentation, he developed pain similar to that of sickle cell vasooclusion, for which he received small amounts of analgesics. He died approximately 84 hours after presentation. Autopsy showed extensive marrow necrosis and massive fat embolism. This is the first reported case of fat embolism syndrome associated with this genotype, the mildest of the clinically significant sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. The relationship between these etiologic factors and indications for transfusions are discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Results of mathematical modeling of oil shale retorting in an aboveground, internal combustion retort

Abstract The one-dimensional mathematical model developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to simulate the detailed chemical reaction kinetics involved in modified in-situ retorting of oil shale has been applied to simulate aboveground retorting in a moving, packed-bed retort. Application of the model to simulate such a retort was made for the internal combustion mode of operation, using typical operating conditions of the Paraho semiworks retort. Comparison with the semiworks experimental data revealed the general accuracy of the model in calculating retort temperature profiles, oil yield, off-gas composition, and outlet shale composition. The model was also applied to a hypothetical set of commercial-scale conditions in order to identify key operating or design parameters. These parameter studies predicted that the oil yield and the overall process performance could be markedly improved by increasing the recycle gas flux, decreasing the inlet-air flux, and relocating the inlet-air distributors. A process flowsheet was developed for the complete retorting system.
Phycoerythrin-containing picoplankton in the Southern California Bight

Abstract Flow cytometry was used to examine the distribution of phycoerythrin-rich picophytoplankton, referred to here as Synechococcus , off the Southern California coast during six California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) cruises. Depth profiles revealed that Synechococcus was most abundant in the surface mixed layer, gradually disappearing with depth below the thermocline. Within the surface mixed layer, Synechococcus abundance was generally greater and more variable at stations shoreward of the California Current than at stations offshore of it. In waters associated with the California Current not impacted by upwelling, Synechococcus abundance increased with increasing bulk chlorophyll. In contrast, Synechococcus abundance declined with increasing bulk chlorophyll at stations that were impacted by upwelling. Synechococcus at stations impacted by upwelling also had more phycoerythrin per cell than at non-upwelling stations. Offshore of the California Current, Synechococcus cells in waters intruding from the Central North Pacific displayed higher side-scatter relative to forward scatter than did Synechococcus cells elsewhere in the region. Flow cytometrically distinct Synechococcus cell types were also detected below the thermocline at most of the stations where depth profiles were analyzed. These patterns in Synechococcus abundance and cellular characteristics might reflect physiological and/or genetic differences among Synechococcus associated with the various water masses that comprise the CalCOFI region. The data presented here provide a framework from which to launch more detailed and mechanistic studies examining the role of Synechococcus in the CalCOFI ecosystem.
Remote polar substituent effects on 13C NMR spectra of olefinic and aromatic carbons

Chemical shifts of the olefinic carbons of ω-substituted 1-pentenes and 1-butenes and the aromatic carbons of phenylethanes and phenylpropanes have been measured. Correlations with various substitutent constants, electronegativities, NMR data from related chemical systems and calculated electrical fields were evaluated. Although the pattern of results is quite consistent with expectations for a field-induced shift of π-electron density, simple correlations of high statistical precision are not found. The general problem of correlating substitutent effects with reactivity and NMR shifts is discussed.
Validation of Santos Biomechanics

A validation methodology for an optimization-based predictive dynamics framework for digital human motion simulation is presented in this work. The proposed validation methodology has been implemented in time and frequency domains on a predicted walking task. The methodology uses selected critical key frames in the comparison process in the time domain, as against the full profile of all joint angles. In the frequency domain, the methodology considers using fast Fourier transform and power spectrum density. In addition to human kinematics, the methodology compares inertia and ground reaction forces, a key kinetic parameter for motion validation. The results have shown considerable correlation and insight information between the predicted and the measured data.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A task force to reduce prison overcrowding: Implications for criminal justice policy, planning and research methods courses

This article describes an undergraduate criminal justice research methods course that uses interactive teaching methods to explore the dynamics of policy analysis and program evaluation. The issue of prison overcrowding is introduced after a solid base of research methods concepts has been mastered. Prison overcrowding is presented in a detailed scenario that includes changes in state and local policy. Student workgroups explore issues involved in prison overcrowding using multiple sources of information, including the World Wide Web.
Parties, political decay, and democratic regression in Sri Lanka

Among states that gained independence following World War II, Sri Lanka was widely considered to have a good chance of succeeding democratically. This promise was sundered when successive leaders embraced ethnocentric policies that were geared towards empowering the majority Sinhalese Buddhists at the expense of minorities. This ethnocentrism contributed to civil war and adversely affected the country's institutions – including the island's political parties. The attendant political decay has not only led to malgovernance and democratic regression, it has pushed the country in an authoritarian direction. Sri Lanka thus represents a classic case of how ethnocentrism can undermine democratic institutions and of the long-term negative consequences.
Neural response telemetry results with the nucleus 24 contour in a perimodiolar position.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to analyze changes in neural response telemetry using the Cochlear Nucleus 24 Contour before and after stylet removal in a human model. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Twelve patients (23-72 years old) undergoing cochlear implantation, using the Nucleus 24 Contour implant, secondary to congenital and age-related hearing loss. INTERVENTION Cochlear implantation with Cochlear Nucleus 24 Contour implant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Neural response telemetry thresholds were recorded initially with the stylet in and then with the stylet out during the implant procedure. RESULTS Stimulus levels to obtain neural response telemetry threshold after stylet removal were statistically lower after the stylet was removed. CONCLUSION The Nucleus 24 Contour achieves a perimodiolar position once the stylet is removed, and this leads to reduction in the current required to elicit a threshold neural response telemetry response.
Motility in chick embryos with substitution of lumbosacral by brachial by lumbosacral spinal cord segments

In two and one-half-day chick embryos, brachial segments were substituted for lumbosacral segments (Bl series) and vice versa (Lb series). Recordings were made of spontaneous (type I) motility in 9- to 17-day embryos at daily intervals. Total embryonic motility (per cent time spent in activity in 10-minute periods) and total wing and leg motility did not differ significantly from normal in both series. Furthermore, frequency of movements (per minute) was recorded for wings and legs separately and for combined wing/leg movements. In both experimental series, combined wing/leg movements were significantly more frequent and isolated wing or leg movements less frequent than in normal embryos. This means that two brachial or two lumbosacral segments in the experimental embryos are more tightly coupled than the brachial and lumbosacral segments in a normal embryo. Regional differences between brachial and lumbosacral segments are thus demostrable as early as nine days. The increased frequency of combined wing/leg movements persists after hatching. In hatched chicks of the Bl series, legs are incapable of making alternating stepping movements; they are always abducted and adducted simultaneously as in wing flapping. This is another expression of regional specificity of the brachial cord. We assume that regional specifications of spinal cord segments are built into the cord at the stage of operation.
The high-resolution infrared spectra of the ν2 and ν3 bands of HOCl

Abstract The infrared spectra of the a -type transitions of the ν 2 and ν 3 bands of HO 35 Cl and HO 37 Cl have been obtained under high resolution. Line assignments of both bands have been made, and the spectroscopic constants have been obtained for both bands using a Watson Hamiltonian. Lines of the K a = 5 subband of the ν 2 band of the HO 35 Cl molecule were found to be slightly shifted by an interaction with the K a = 4 level of the 2 ν 3 vibrational state. The b -type transitions permitted for both bands were too weak to observe. Relative intensities of selected lines of both bands have been measured, and empirical Herman-Wallis factors have been determined.
Effect of microstructure, strength, and oxygen content on fatigue crack growth rate of Ti-4.5AI-5.0Mo-1.5Cr (CORONA 5)

Fatigue crack growth rate behavior in CORONA 5, an alloy developed for applications requiring high fracture toughness, has been examined for eight material conditions. These conditions were designed to give differences in microstructure, strength level (825 to 1100 MPa [120 to 160 ksi]), and oxygen content (0.100 to 0.174 wt pct), in such a manner that the separate effects of these variables could be defined. For all eight conditions, fatigue crack growth rates (da/dN) are virtually indistinguishable over the full spectrum of stress-intensity range (ΔK) examined,viz., 8 to 40 MPa√m (7 to 36 ksi√in). Concomitantly, it is noted that over the sizable solution annealing range studied (830° to 915 °C [1525° to 1675 °F]), the primary α-phase morphology was substantially invariant. Eachda/dN curve exhibits a bilinear form with a transition point (ΔKT) between 16 and 19 MPa√m (15 and 17 ksi√in). A change in microfractographic appearance occurs at ΔKT, as extensive secondary cracking along α/β interfaces is observed at all hypertransitional levels ofAK, but not for AK < ΔKT. For each material condition, the mean length of primary α platelets is approximately the same as the cyclic plastic zone size at ΔKT. Accordingly, locations ofAKT (and their similarity for the different material conditions) are rationalized in conformance with a cyclic plastic zone model of fatigue crack growth. Finally, the difference in behavior of CORONA 5, as compared to conventional α/β alloys such as Ti-6A1-4V, is rationalized in terms of crack path behavior.
Income Adequacy and Social Security Differences Between the Foreign‐Born and U.S.‐Born1

This paper projects retirement income and Social Security taxes and benefits among the foreign-born and U.S.-born in the United States. Focusing on the Depression and the late baby boom birth cohorts, we find that foreign-born persons have higher poverty rates than the U.S.-born, and as a group do not receive higher lifetime net benefits from Social Security than do the U.S.-born. However, persons from the late baby boom cohort who immigrated after 1969 have higher projected rates of return in Social Security than do U.S.-born persons of the same birth cohort.
Report from the President

Although the original Commission on Standardization of Biological Stains was first organized in 1921, it was not until 1944 that this was incorporated as an independent, nonprofit organization known as the Biological Stain Commission (see Clark 1974). The certification of dyes, as indicated by special labels purchased by manufacturers or vendors for attachment to the dye containers, originated with the parent organization and has continued to this day. The objectives of the Biological Stain Commission (BSC) are 1) to identify and standardize the content and performance of dyes and dye preparations used in staining biological tissues and products, 2) to issue labels of certification to companies that buy these to inform consumers that their certified dyes meet the specifications of the BSC, 3) to carry out and to support investigations on dyes and their performance, 4) to publish scientific data concerning biological stains and their use, and 5) to maintain, through scientific meetings and correspondence, ...
The Characterization and Galactic Distribution of Infrared Dark Clouds

Using 13CO J = 1 ? 0 molecular line emission from the Boston University-Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory Galactic Ring Survey (BU-FCRAO GRS), we have established kinematic distances to 313 infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) by matching the morphology of the molecular line emission in distinct velocity channels to their mid-infrared extinction. The Galactic distribution of IRDCs shows an enhancement toward the Galaxy's most massive and active star-forming structure, the so-called 5 kpc ring. IRDCs have typical sizes of ~5 pc, peak column densities of ~1022 cm-2, LTE masses of ~5 ? 103 M?, and volume-averaged H2 densities of ~2 ? 103 cm-3. The similarity of these properties to those of molecular clumps associated with active star formation suggests that IRDCs represent the densest clumps within giant molecular clouds where clusters may eventually form.
Abstract B29: A meta-analysis of racial disparities in the association between 8q24 and prostate cancer risk

Purpose: The aim of this meta-analysis was to elucidate potential racial disparities in the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and prostate cancer risk. Background: Racial disparities in the incidence of prostate cancer exist but remain unexplained. Recent studies implicate SNPs within the 8q24 region as risk factors for prostate cancer and the frequency of variant alleles at these SNPs appear to differ by race. Methods: Twenty-nine studies of seven SNPs and one microsatellite marker located within the 8q24 region were included in the meta-analyses. Allelic odds ratio (OR) values and confidence intervals were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel test. This test assumes homogeneity so the Breslow-Day test was first used to determine whether or not the assumption of homogeneity was valid in each population. Results: Prostate cancer risk was associated with the following SNPs in all included races: rs6983267, rs1447295, rs6983561, rs7837688, rs16901979, and DG8S737(-8). However, race-dependent differences were detected in (1) baseline allele frequencies, (2) degree of risk conferred, and (3) predictive power relative to the other SNPs. Conclusions: The inheritance of 8q24 polymorphisms may in part account for racial disparities in the incidence of prostate cancer. Citation Format: Douglas K. Price, Sarah M. Troutman, Tristan M. Sissung, Cheryl Cropp, David J. Venzon, Shawn D. Spencer, William D. Figg. A meta-analysis of racial disparities in the association between 8q24 and prostate cancer risk [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr B29.
Septic right superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis complicated by left sphenoid sinusitis

We report a case of septic right superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis complicated by left sphenoid sinusitis with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Early recognition by clinical symptoms, and computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resolution image (MRI) of the head and sinus is needed for prompt surgical drainage of the sinus and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. The use of steroids and anticoagulation for this condition is still debated.
Inference on the capability index: Cpm

In this paper properties of two estimators of Cpm are investigated in terms of changes in the process mean and variance. The bias and mean squared error of these estimators are derived. It can be shown that the estimate of Cpm proposed by Chan, Cheng and Spiring (1988) has smaller bias than the one proposed by Boyles (1991) and also has a smaller mean squared error under certain conditions. Various approximate confidence intervals for Cpm are obtained and are compared in terms of coverage probabilities, missed rate and average interval width.
Differentiation of retinal and nonretinal contributions to averaged evoked responses obtained with electrodes placed near the eyes

Recent visual evoked potential (VEP) studies suggest that during sustained voluntary attention, irrelevant or unattended visual stimuli may be filtered precortically. Testing of this hypothesis in humans requires knowledge of the origin of specific components of the VEP that are affected by selective attention. This study describes techniques and procedures for distinguishing between retinal and nonretinal components of VEPs recorded from electrodes placed strategically around the eyes and on the forehead. By visually stimulating one eye at a time while recording simultaneously from both, and by stimulating a given retinal area with the eyes fixated on the target at different angular deviations from the normal line of regard, components of the VEPs around the eyes can be distinguished as of retinal or nonretinal origin. The results are discussed in terms of volume conduction theory.
Dosimetry systems for radiation processing

Abstract Dosimetry serves important functions in radiation processing, where large absorbed doses and dose rates from photon and electron sources have to be measured with reasonable accuracy. Proven dosimetry systems are widely used to perform radiation measurements in development of new processes, validation, qualification, and verification (quality control) of established processes and archival documentation of day-to-day and plant-to-plant processing uniformity. Proper calibration and traceability of routine dosimetry systems to standards are crucial to the success of many large-volume radiation processes. Recent innovations and advances in performance of systems that enhance radiation measurement assurance and process diagnostics include dosemapping media (new radiochromic film and solutions), optical waveguide systems for food irradiation, solid-state devices for real-time and passive dosimetry over wide dose-rate and dose ranges, and improved analytical instruments and data acquisition.
Specific detection and quantification of culturable and non-culturable mycobacteria in metalworking fluids by fluorescence-based methods.

Aims: To optimize and evaluate fluorescence microscopy assays for specific assessment of mycobacteria and co-contaminants, including culturable and non-culturable sub-populations, in metalworking fluids (MWF). Methods and Results: Auramine-O-rhodamine (AR) staining and LIVE/DEAD BacLight™ Bacterial Viability staining (L/D staining) were adapted and evaluated for detection/quantification and differentiation (viable vs non-viable) of the MWF-associated mycobacteria and the background bacterial flora, respectively. The AR staining method was found to be specific to MWF mycobacteria with a minimum detection limit of 10 cells ml−1 and was comparable to the QPCR in quantification efficiency in MWF matrix. The L/D staining-based microscopy allowed differential quantification of viable vs non-viable cells. In general, a 3-log difference was observed between the L/D microscopy count and culture count accounting for the presence of non-culturable fraction in the bacterial population in in-use MWF. Conclusions: The optimized AR staining- and the L/D staining-based microscopy methods have the potential for rapid, specific and differential assessment (viable vs non-viable) of MWF-associated mycobacteria and co-contaminants in field MWF. Significance and Impact of the study: Early detection of MWF mycobacteria by rapid, low-cost, less-skill intensive and culture-independent fluorescence-based microscopy methods will facilitate timely intervention to protect the machine workers from occupational hazards.
Food of Three Species of Sunfishes (Lepomis, Centrarchidae) and Their Hybrids in Three Minnesota Lakes

(1971). Food of Three Species of Sunfishes (Lepomis, Centrarchidae) and Their Hybrids in Three Minnesota Lakes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 100, No. 1, pp. 124-128.
A FORTRAN routine for computation of coupled bending-torsional dynamic stiffness matrix of beam elements

Abstract A FORTRAN subroutine for computing coupled bending-torsional dynamic stiffness matrix of a uniform beam element is developed. An annotated listing of the program is presented. The application of the subroutine is discussed with particular reference to an established algorithm. An illustrative example on the use of the subroutine is given with representative results.
Comparative organization of mammalian auditory cortex

A range of species will be discussed here. Domestic cats, however, will receive the most attention since most of the research on auditory cortex has used them as experimental animals.