cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE MULTIPLE ORIGINS OF THE PLACENTAL CARNIVORES.

The various groups of carnivorous placental mammals3, living and extinct (except the toothed whales and sometimes the seals), have been in the twentieth century almost always placed in a single order, the Carnivora. In the few exceptions a group usually regarded as a suborder of the Carnivora, the "Creodonta," is elevated to ordinal rank. All the groups of the Carnivora (and "Creodonta," if separated) have been thought to come from a family of relatively primitive Paleocene and early Eocene (and now late Cretaceous: Sloan and Van Valen, 1965) mammals, the Arctocyonidae, which forms the base of the "Creodonta." This grouping, and the ph'ylogeny on which it is based, dates from the work of Cope and Schlosser 80 and 90 years ago and that of Matthew about 60 years ago. It is shown in Figure 1, derived from Romer (1945), and may be compared with my present view of the relationships of the same groups (Figure 2). Several proposals since 1940 have affected the arrangement to some degree. Gazin (1941), following a suggestion of Simpson (1936), showed that the Phenacodontidae, the family on which the Condylarthra was based, arose from the Arctocyonidae. (This. is the case cited by Simpson (1953) where different species of one genus [Protogonodon, which
The Psychosocial Experiences of Obese Insulin-Resistant Children With Successful Clinical Outcomes

Professionals in child and adolescent nutrition have noted the marked lack of success when treating childhood obesity and preventing the negative effects it has for children’s well-being. This arti...
Genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma in children.

The survival rates for childhood rhabdomyosarcomas have risen from 20% to 50% with the institution of a multidisciplinary approach involving the pediatric oncologist, radiation therapist, and surgeon. Increased survival has been particularly striking in the case of genitourinary rhabdomyosarcomas, which have a more favorable prognosis than rhabdomyosarcomas occurring in other anatomic sites. By stratifying genitourinary rhabdomyosarcomas by anatomic subgroup, i.e., paratesticular, bladder or bladder-prostate, and gynecologic, insight into specific predictors of failure can be obtained. Patients judged to be high risk at diagnosis can then be selected for more intensive or novel forms of therapy.
The cost of liver transplant complications.

Background: Complications after liver transplantation are common and expensive. The incremental costs of adult posttransplantation liver transplantation complications and who pays for these complications (center or payor) is unknown. Study Design: We reviewed the medical and financial records (first 90 postoperative days) of all adult liver transplant recipients at our center between July 1, 2002, and October 30, 2005 (N=214). The association of donor, recipient, and financial data points (total costs, reimbursements, and profits) was assessed using standard univariable analyses. The incremental costs of complications were determined with multiple linear regression models to control for the costs inherent to donor and recipient characteristics. Results: Univariate analyses demonstrated that both total hospital costs and reimbursements were substantially increased in patients with several different complications. Multiple linear regression analysis, controlling for recipient (age, gender, race, and laboratory Model for End-Stage Liver Disease [MELD]) and donor factors (donor risk index), noted that increased hospital costs and hospital reimbursements were independently associated with laboratory MELD (incremental costs of $3,368 and $2,787, respectively, per MELD point) and pneumonia ($83,718 and $68,214, respectively). A negative profit margin for the medical center was independently associated with peritonitis ($21,760). Commercial insurance was associated with no changes in total costs when compared with public insurer, but it was associated with decreased reimbursement and profit. Conclusions: The incremental costs of complications in liver transplantation are high for both the medical center and payor, but medical center profits are not affected substantially. The payor bears the financial burden for post-liver transplantation complications.
PCI express 3.0 overview

• 8.0 GT/ s silicon design is challenging but achievable • Double B/ W: Encoding efficiency 1.25 X data rate 1.6 = 2X • Next Generation PCI e Protocol Extensions Deliver - Energy Efficient Performance, - Software Model Improvements and - Architecture Scalability • Specification Status: - Rev 0.5 spec delivered to PCI SIG in Q1'09 - Rev 0.7 targeting Sept. '09 & Rev 0.9 early Q1'10
Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation refers to those measures used to restore ventilation and circulation in children. This article defines how cardiopulmonary resuscitation in infants, children, and adolescents differs from cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults and delineates the drugs and dosages to be used in the resuscitation of pediatric patients.
CERTAIN BOUNDS ON THE CLASS OF ADMISSIBLE ESTIMATORS IN CONTINUOUS EXPONENTIAL FAMILIES

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the generalization of the result of Brown to continuous exponential families, who established some simple and powerful criteria for determining the admissibility or inadmissibility of an estimator in the problem of estimating the unknown mean vector of a multivariate normal vector with identity covariance matrix, under the sum of squared error loss function. It also presents a specific new example in the estimation of gamma parameters to illustrate the general results. This example is actually consistent with the general pattern that generalized Bayes estimators corresponding to priors with heavy tails (either at infinity or zero) are inadmissible. The results established also lead to speculation that a dividing line (in Brown's sense) exists in example and is the optimum improved estimator (over the standard estimator) obtained in Berger. The proof of the inadmissibility result is based partly on a generalization of Stein's unbiased estimate of the risk.
Person-Centered Multimedia Computing: A New Paradigm Inspired by Assistive and Rehabilitative Applications

Human-centered multimedia computing (HCMC) focuses on a tight engagement of humans in the design, development, and deployment of multimedia solutions. However, people's abilities change over time due to a variety of reasons, including age, context, and geographical location. To address this challenge, the authors recently introduced the concept of person-centered multimedia computing, where the emphasis is on understanding the individual user's preferences and expectations toward designing, developing, and deploying effective solutions. Today's multimedia technology is largely geared toward the "able" population; individuals with disabilities have largely been absent in the design process and thus must adapt themselves (often unsuccessfully) to available solutions. Further, individuals with disabilities have specific and individualized requirements that necessitate a person-centered, adaptive approach to multimedia computing. Here, the authors present the person-centered multimedia computing approach inspired by assistive and rehabilitative applications.
A Reply to Wexler: Libertarianism and Decency

Wexler’s vision of libertarianism is a hellish one indeed. Were it a correct rendition of this philosophy, I would join with him in not embracing it either. Perhaps he has attained his interpretation from reading only my article on blackmail and from no other source. In my own defense, I was there concerned not with articulating libertarianism, but merely with applying it to the issue of blackmail. Let us clear up a few of his misconceptions, and perhaps thereby assure him that this perspective is not a diabolical one.
Review of near-field optics and superlenses for sub-diffraction-limited nano-imaging

Near-field optics and superlenses for imaging beyond Abbe’s diffraction limit are reviewed. A comprehensive and contemporary background is given on scanning near-field microscopy and superlensing. Attention is brought to recent research leveraging scanning near-field optical microscopy with superlenses for new nano-imaging capabilities. Future research directions are explored for realizing the goal of low-cost and high-performance sub-diffraction-limited imaging systems.
Detecting hidden propagation structure and its application to analyzing phishing

In this paper we study the problem of how to detect and extract a particular type of propagation structure that arises in phishing activities. One of the most interesting phenomena induced by phishing is fast-flux, whereby a single malicious domain is mapped to a constantly changing IP address in order to evade capture and shut-down. This leads to malicious activities observed to be propagating through different networks, even though they originate from the same phishing campaign. To be able to detect and extract such a propagation is of significant importance as it can help us understand and analyze phishing activities. To achieve this goal, we propose a multi-layered propagation model, where layers correspond to different delay stages in the propagation and each is given by an adjacency matrix called the propagation matrix which models pairwise propagation relationships. A regression problem is then formulated to estimate this set of matrices so that the model prediction best fits the data; a Gibbs sampling based randomized algorithm is developed to efficiently find solutions with guaranteed performance. We evaluate our method using both simulation and Internet measurement data.
Categorizing Cells on the Basis of their Chemical Profiles: Progress in Single-Cell Mass Spectrometry.

The chemical differences between individual cells within large cellular populations provide unique information on organisms’ homeostasis and the development of diseased states. Even genetically identical cell lineages diverge due to local microenvironments and stochastic processes. The minute sample volumes and low abundance of some constituents in cells hinder our understanding of cellular heterogeneity. Although amplification methods facilitate single-cell genomics and transcriptomics, the characterization of metabolites and proteins remains challenging both because of the lack of effective amplification approaches and the wide diversity in cellular constituents. Mass spectrometry has become an enabling technology for the investigation of individual cellular metabolite profiles with its exquisite sensitivity, large dynamic range, and ability to characterize hundreds to thousands of compounds. While advances in instrumentation have improved figures of merit, acquiring measurements at high throughput and ...
A Discrete Loop of the SERCA N-Domain Interacts with Phospholamban and Stabilizes a Compact Conformation of the SERCA Cytosolic Headpiece

The cardiac sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium ATPase (SERCA) and its inhibitor phospholamban (PLB) are key regulators of calcium levels in cardiac cells. In previous molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of SERCA spontaneous headpiece closure, we identified a discrete N-domain beta 5,6-loop that directs the closure of SERCA headpiece. Here we use additional MD simulations to pinpoint specific negative residues that facilitate SERCA headpiece closure. In addition, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements showed that mutation of these key residues slows down calcium-dependent SERCA headpiece closure, as predicted from MD calculations. The functional significance of impaired SERCA headpiece closure was demonstrated by a 60% decrease in SERCA ATPase activity with no detectable change in calcium sensitivity. Additionally, loop mutations reduced transport of calcium as measured by a low affinity calcium sensor (R-CEPIA1er) in the ER of HEK cells. Interestingly, MD simulations of the SERCA-PLB regulatory complex model showed that PLB phosphorylation on Serine 16 stabilized a compact, ordered SERCA headpiece through an interaction with the beta 5,6-loop. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) measurements also detected a conformational change of the SERCA-PLB regulatory complex after phosphomimetic mutation of PLB. Overall, the data suggest that this discrete loop is important for SERCA transport activity and functional regulation by PLB. This novel structural element may represent a target for modulation of SERCA activity.
Remodeling vancomycin yields a victory in the battle against bacteria.

The continued emergence of bacteria that are resistant to commonly used antibiotics is a serious danger to public health (1, 2). Policies such as incentivizing the development of new antibiotics (3) and restricting the use of currently effective antibiotics (4) can slow the march of resistant bacteria. Nonetheless, scientific breakthroughs must accompany such actions of governments and international organizations. Recently, a significant advance in the battle against bacteria has been achieved. In PNAS, Okano et al. (5) report the discovery of a new antibiotic that functions via three synergistic modes of action. Importantly, the ability of this agent to attack bacteria using multiple mechanisms dramatically slows the development of resistance. Vancomycin (Fig. 1) is the prototypical member of the glycopeptide family of antibiotics. Its mode of action involves binding to bacterial cell wall precursor peptides that terminate in a d-Ala-d-Ala sequence. This binding prevents transpeptidase enzymes from cross-linking these strands, thereby impeding the formation of the peptidoglycan protective layer that is critical to the integrity of the bacterial cell wall (6). Despite almost 60 … [↵][1]1Email: scastle{at}chem.byu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Stator incipient fault identification in short secondary linear permanent magnet synchronous machines

Technology has advanced the reliability of electrical machines; however, machine failures still occur. Undetected stator inter-turn faults in permanent magnet synchronous machines can quickly propagate to catastrophic failure. In this work, unique signatures in the phase voltages of linear permanent magnet synchronous machines with a short secondary are used to detect and locate incipient turn-to-turn faults. Finite element and experimental results are presented to show that the d-q axis voltage variations due to the fault presence provide information required to both detect and locate.
Development and characterization of a hybrid mesoporous material infused with metallic oxide nanoparticles for water treatment

In the current study, a hybrid mesoporous material infused with metallic oxide nanoparticles, MCM-48 with TiO2 nanoparticles, has been developed for potential application in water treatment. MCM-48...
Smart and Lightweight DDoS Detection Using NFV

The Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is a major threat to the network infrastructure. Network providers suffer from various types of DDoS attacks; the attack uses different advanced techniques such as botnets and tools to launch the attacks. Recent sophisticated attacks used botnets involve IoT devices which is a new DDoS method to disrupt network services. Most present mechanisms use different techniques to detect DDoS attacks; however, they have some limitations such as early and fast detection, high computation, and accuracy. In this paper, we propose a smart and lightweight DDoS detection using NFV. Our proposed solution aims to detect all DDoS attacks with different techniques and apply deep inspection to distinguish legitimate traffic from attack traffic.
Looking Back, Looking Forward

In January 2017, I proposed to my fellow editors of Educational Studies that the journal ought to develop a special issue in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the American Educational Studies ...
End-Stage Cardiomyopathy

Heart disease is the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in Western society. This problem has become well recognized in the literature over the past few decades, and researchers have mounted intense efforts to remedy the situation. A heart transplant is clearly the most effective therapy for patients with advanced heart failure; it is able to restore them to a near-normal lifestyle, and long-term survival is excellent (1). However, the number of donor hearts available for transplantation is limited to only about 2000 each year, compared to over 10,000 people each year who could benefit from such a therapy.
Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuitry

This paper is devoted to the question, What benefits would accrue if we could implement microcircuits in a three-dimensional medium? The patient reader can view the reported results as demonstrating the efficiencies to be gained once the current technological obstacles to three-dimensional VLSI chips are overcome. The less patient reader can view the results as indicating the currently attainable advantages of three-dimensional printed circuit boards.
Radiative Transfer Modelling for Calibration and Atmospheric Correction

The remotely-sensed signals in the visible and near infrared channels at satellite or airborne platforms are combinations of surface and atmospheric contributions, with relative amounts varying across the two wavelength regions, depending on the condition of the atmosphere. In order to derive accurate sensor calibration and atmospheric correction, the contribution of the atmospheric constituents to the total retrieved signal must be understood and modelled. This chapter reviews the different atmospheric contributors to the signal, the formulation of their effect and their relative effects on the measured signal. In particular, the functionality, precision and accuracy of a widely-used radiation transfer code, 5S (Simulation of Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum), and its recent successor, 6S (Second Simulation of Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum), which enables accurate simulation and correction for atmospheric effects, are examined.
Signal Processing for Computerized Spirometry

Spirometry is one of the most important and frequently used diagnostic tests of pulmonary function. It is performed with relatively simple instruments and involves straightforward techniques. In 1846 Hutchinson described the first spirometer and established reference or “normal” values for test populations’. The Hutchinson device was a counterweighted water seal spirometer which measured only the vital capacity. Volume was measured on a graduate scale at the side of the instrument, temperature was also measured so that corrections for ambient conditions could be made. It was not until the late 1940’s and early 1950’s that the timed vital capacity, now known as the forced vital capacity maneuver (FVC), came into general use 2,3. At that time the water seal spirometer was still the most popular device, although it had dynamic response limitations. Stead and Wells4 outlined these limitations and their investigations eventually led to the development of the Stead-Wells spirometer5 Other devices developed and marketed since that time include the wedge spirometer, the rolling seal spirometer, the bellows spirometer, and a variety of flow measuring devices which use pneumotachometers. Each of these instruments has a characteristic to recommend it such as small size, low cost, operating convenience, etc.
The Adjusted p Chart and u Chart for Varying Sample Sizes

It is common to have control charts for fraction of nonconforming items or number of nonconformities that are based on differing sample sizes for each observation. This paper presents a simple method for charting such data that is as easy to interpret a..
Crohn's disease and massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding: angiographic appearance and two case reports

Massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding is described in two patients with Crohn's disease. In case 1, extravasation of contrast material from the ileal branch of the ileocolic artery was seen during selective angiography. In case 2, results of an in vitro labeled /sup 99/Tc pyrophosphate red blood cell scan localized bleeding to the ileum. In both cases, medical management was unsuccessful, and surgical resection of the affected bowel was required to stop the bleeding. Angiographic appearance of Crohn's disease is discussed, and a review of the literature of this unusual feature of Crohn's disease is presented. 16 references.
Maximizing the benefits of cholesterol-lowering drugs.

Purpose of review Drugs to lower LDL-C levels are very widely used. In this brief review, I will use selected recent studies to delineate several important principles that provide a rationale for how to maximize the benefits of using LDL-C lowering drugs to reduce cardiovascular disease. The focus will be on using statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies as recent studies have predominantly utilized these agents. Recent findings The key principles to consider when using LDL-C-lowering drugs to reduce cardiovascular disease are: the lower the LDL-C the better; the sooner and the longer one lowers LDL-C the better; the higher the risk of cardiovascular disease the greater the absolute benefit; the higher the baseline LDL-C the greater the absolute benefit; and compared with the benefits of cholesterol-lowering drugs on reducing cardiovascular disease the risk of side effects is very modest. Summary Understanding and employing these key concepts in caring for patients will allow one to use cholesterol-lowering drugs wisely to maximize the reduction of cardiovascular events.
Cardiology Evaluation Prior to Sacubitril/Valsartan Initiation Improves Goal-Directed Medication Therapy in a Large Veteran Affairs Academic Medical Center

Introduction Sacubitril/valsartan is a first in-class combination neprilysin inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker indicated in patients with heart failure New York Heart Association Class II - IV and reduced ejection fraction to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and heart failure related hospitalizations. In 2018, Veteran Affairs (VA) criteria for use of sacubitril/valsartan were revised to no longer require a BNP prior to initiation. Initial cardiology evaluation remains a requirement for use. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the appropriateness of sacubitril/valsartan utilization for VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System (VAPHS) patients. Methods This evaluation was a single-site retrospective chart evaluation of VAPHS of 54 patient charts from February 2016 to March 2019. Patients were 18 or older with an active sacubitril/valsartan prescription. The primary objective was to assess the utilization of sacubitril/valsartan. Secondary objectives of this evaluation were aimed at prescribing trends, appropriate ACEI/ARB washout, adverse events, and sacubitril/valsartan requests which did not meet national criteria. Results Fifty-four patients received sacubitril/valsartan in this evaluation, of which half received dual (non-VA) healthcare. Following cardiology service evaluation for sacubitril/valsartan initiation, many Veterans had more appropriate guideline-directed heart failure medication (GDMT) regimens (Table 1). The most commonly recorded reason for not meeting criteria for sacubitril/valsartan with initial review was due to patients lacking VA cardiology evaluation. Conclusions All sacubitril/valsartan usage was VA criteria for use concordant. The restriction of the first sacubitril/valsartan prescription to the cardiology service, issues with dual care, and time to obtain outside records were all identified as potential barriers resulting in delays in care. The requirement of VA cardiology evaluation led to increased use of GDMT medications. Therefore, the requirement of a cardiology evaluation may be beneficial in optimizing Veterans’ healthcare.
Review of Calcaneal Osteotomies Fixed With a Calcaneal Slide Plate.

Background:The calcaneal slide osteotomy is a common procedure used for the surgical correction of heel varus and valgus deformities. A variety of fixation methods exist including screws and plates...
Selection of key visual cues in real and virtual environments for assembly tasks

Abstract Previous research identified that learning assembly tasks in Virtual Environments (VEs) is more difficult than in Real Environments (REs). This work's objective is to identify the key visual areas for both environments when performing an assembly task for ten consecutive cycles, when following visual instructions and when having visual distractors. Using an eye-tracker, we identified the key visual areas required for an assembly task in both environments. Results indicate that practice allowed participants to reduce their assembly time in both environments. They also indicate that two areas, Assembly Area and Blocks, concentrated a higher proportion of eye-fixations; 59.98% for REs and 81.48% for VEs, with a statistically significant observation difference between environments (t-test value = −14.23, with p-value
Framework for simulating gauge theories with dipolar spin systems

Gauge theories appear broadly in physics, ranging from the standard model of particle physics to long-wavelength descriptions of topological systems in condensed matter. However, systems with sign problems are largely inaccessible to classical computations and also beyond the current limitations of digital quantum hardware. In this work, we develop an analog approach to simulating gauge theories with an experimental setup that employs dipolar spins (molecules or Rydberg atoms). We consider molecules fixed in space and interacting through dipole-dipole interactions, avoiding the need for itinerant degrees of freedom. Each molecule represents either a site or gauge degree of freedom, and Gauss's law is preserved by a direct and programmatic tuning of positions and internal state energies. This approach can be regarded as a form of analog systems programming and charts a path forward for near-term quantum simulation. As a first step, we numerically validate this scheme in a small-system study of $\mathrm{U}(1)$ quantum link models in ($1+1$) dimensions with link spin $S=1/2$ and $S=1$ and illustrate how dynamical phenomena such as string inversion and string breaking could be observed in near-term experiments. Our work brings together methods from atomic and molecular physics, condensed matter physics, high-energy physics, and quantum information science for the study of nonperturbative processes in gauge theories.
PROMIS-10 scores at six months post-baseline among breast and gynecologic oncology patients participating in a text-based symptom monitoring program with patient navigation.

e19173Background: Unreported symptoms during cancer treatment can lead to poorer patient care and quality of life. eHealth technologies enable effective means to track patients’ health in real time...
Analysis of factors associated with prolonged post-operative course after surgical repair of aortic coarctation.

Objective: We sought to describe patient characteristics associated with prolonged post-operative length of stay in a contemporary cohort of infants who underwent isolated repair of aortic coarctation. Methods: We reviewed patients less than 1 year of age who underwent isolated repair of aortic coarctation at our institution from 2009 to 2016. Prolonged post-operative length of stay was defined as length of stay within the upper tertile for the cohort. Bivariate and multi-variable analyses were performed to determine independent risk factors for prolonged length of stay. Results: We reviewed 95 consecutive patients who underwent isolated repair of aortic coarctation, of whom 71 were neonates at the time of diagnosis. The median post-operative length of stay was 6.5 days. The upper tertile for post-operative length of stay was greater than 10 days; 32 patients within this tertile and 1 patient who died at 8.5 days after surgery were analysed as having prolonged post-operative length of stay. In a multi-variable analysis, pre-maturity (odds ratio: 3.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.2, 10.7), genetic anomalies (odds ratio: 4.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.2, 18), absence of pre-operative oral feeding (odds ratio: 7.4, 95% confidence interval: 2.4, 22.3), and 12-hour vasoactive-ventilation-renal score greater than 25 (odds ratio: 7.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.9, 29) were independently associated with prolonged length of stay. Conclusions: In neonates and infants who underwent isolated repair of aortic coarctation, pre-maturity, genetic anomalies, lack of pre-operative oral feedings, and 12-hour vasoactive-ventilation-renal score more than 25 were independent risk factors for prolonged post-operative length of stay. Further study on the relationship between pre-operative oral feedings and post-operative length of stay should be pursued.
Context-Responsive Anticoagulation Reduces Complications in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Purpose: We sought to determine the impact of a comprehensive, context-responsive anticoagulation and transfusion guideline on bleeding and thrombotic complication rates and blood product utilization during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Design: Single-center, observational pre- and post-implementation cohort study. Setting: Academic pediatric hospital. Patients: Patients in the PICU, CICU, and NICU receiving ECMO support. Interventions: Program-wide implementation of a context-responsive anticoagulation and transfusion guideline. Measurements: Pre-implementation subjects consisted of all patients receiving ECMO between January 1 and December 31, 2012, and underwent retrospective chart review. Post-implementation subjects consisted of all ECMO patients between September 1, 2013, and December 31, 2014, and underwent prospective data collection. Data collection included standard demographic and admission data, ECMO technical specifications, non-ECMO therapies, coagulation parameters, and blood product administration. A novel grading scale was used to define hemorrhagic complications (major, intermediate, and minor) and major thromboembolic complications. Main Results: Seventy-six ECMO patients were identified: 31 during the pre-implementation period and 45 in the post-implementation period. The overall observed mortality was 33% with no difference between groups. Compared to pre-implementation, the post-implementation group experienced fewer major hemorrhagic and major thrombotic complications and less severe hemorrhagic complications and received less RBC transfusion volume per kg. Conclusions: Use of a context-responsive anticoagulation and transfusion guideline was associated with a reduction in hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications and reduced RBC transfusion requirements. Further evaluation of guideline content, compliance, performance, and sustainability is needed.
Numerical Study of Electronic States in a Quantum Wire at Crossing Heterointerfaces

We demonstrate that the confinement produced by the internal electric fields at crossing heterointerfaces is sufficient to produce a bound electronic state in two dimensions. The potential profiles and electronic states are obtained by numerically solving the Poisson and Schrodinger equations using the Finite Element Method. We also investigate the feasibility of parallelizing the calculations on the local element level by using a cluster of networked workstations as a distributed computational resource.
A branch-and-cut framework for the consistent traveling salesman problem

Abstract We develop an exact solution framework for the Consistent Traveling Salesman Problem. This problem calls for identifying the minimum-cost set of routes that a single vehicle should follow during the multiple time periods of a planning horizon, in order to provide consistent service to a given set of customers. Each customer may require service in one or multiple time periods and the requirement for consistent service applies at each customer location that requires service in more than one time period. This requirement corresponds to restricting the difference between the earliest and latest vehicle arrival-times, across the multiple periods, to not exceed some given allowable limit. We present three mixed-integer linear programming formulations for this problem and introduce a new class of valid inequalities to strengthen these formulations. The new inequalities are used in conjunction with traditional traveling salesman inequalities in a branch-and-cut framework. We test our framework on a comprehensive set of benchmark instances, which we compiled by extending traveling salesman instances from the well-known TSPLIB library into multiple periods, and show that instances with up to 50 customers, requiring service over a 5-period horizon, can be solved to guaranteed optimality. Our computational experience suggests that enforcing arrival-time consistency in a multi-period setting can be achieved with merely a small increase in total routing costs.
Chapter 9 Terrorism: Theory and applications

Abstract This chapter reviews game-theoretic and choice-theoretic depictions of terrorist behavior. A simple game-theoretic framework is presented to ascertain under what circumstances a government would want to precommit itself to a no-negotiation strategy. In another game model, we analyze whether two governments (nations) that are targeted by the same terrorist group would overdeter or underdeter terrorist attacks. Moreover, we demonstrate that piecemeal policy, which allows the governments to share intelligence but not deterrence decisions, can be worse than no coordination. Choice-theoretic models identify substitution and complementarity possibilities among diverse modes of terrorist attacks as terrorists respond optimally to government actions. A host of time-series techniques are used to study the effectiveness of alternative antiterrorism policies. Vector-autoregression intervention procedures are particularly suited. Time-series analyses are also used to identify cycles, trends, and irregular components for forecasting purposes.
Chromatography, ion exchange

Introduction Background Factors Affecting the Ion Exchange of Proteins Stationary-Phase Materials Particle Size Ion Exchange Functional Groups Capacity and Porosity Novel and Traditional Matrices Dynamic Capacity Membrane Adsorbers Regeneration, Cleaning-in-Place, and Sanitization Relative Efficacy of Resin Materials Modes of Column Operation Step Gradient Linear Gradient Displacement Chromatofocusing Models Linear Chromatography Nonlinear Chromatography Nonstoichiometric Models Conclusions Nomenclature Bibliography Keywords: ion exchange; models; nonlinear chromatography; preparative chromatography
Deference to Agency Interpretations of Regulations: A Post-Chevron Assessment

This Article examines deference principles insofar as they apply to an agency's interpretation of its own regulations. Attention is given to the evolution of those standards since Chevron and to Chevron's impact on the scope of review. Part II focuses on deference standards of pre-Chevron case law. Part III scrutinizes Chevron’s holdings in order to gain an understanding of how Chevron has affected the court's approach to agency interpretations of regulations. Part IV examines Chevron’s implications for agency interpretations of regulations and illustrates the changes made.
The clinical impact of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus colonization and bloodstream infection in patients undergoing autologous transplantation.

Background Although several studies have documented adverse outcomes for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) colonization and infection in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) recipients, data are inadequate for patients undergoing autologous (auto-)HSCT. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 300 consecutive patients receiving an auto-HSCT between 2006 and 2014. Patients had stool cultures for VRE on admission and weekly during hospitalization. Results Thirty-six percent of patients had VRE gastrointestinal (GI) colonization and 3% developed a VRE bloodstream infection (BSI), all of whom were colonized. VRE strain typing of BSI isolates showed that some patients shared identical patterns. Rates of colonization and BSI in colonized patients were similar to simultaneous patients undergoing allo-HSCT, except that the latter had a higher rate of colonization at admission. A diagnosis of lymphoma was associated with an increased risk of colonization. VRE BSI was associated with longer lengths of stay and possibly higher costs, but no decrease in overall survival, and colonized patients had no VRE infections during the year following discharge. Repeat stool cultures in patients subsequently undergoing allo-HSCT suggested that most, if not all, VRE-positive auto-HSCT patients lose their detectable GI colonization within a few months of discharge. Conclusion VRE colonization is frequent but carries a low risk for infection in patients undergoing auto-HSCT. However, these patients can serve as reservoirs for transmission to higher risk patients. Moreover, patients may remain colonized if proceeding to an allo-HSCT shortly after auto-HSCT, potentially increasing the risk of the allogeneic procedure.
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever at 60 Years: Early Evolution of Concepts of Causation and Treatment

During the decade of the 1960s, the epidemiology of a new dengue disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS), was described by collaborative research performed by Thai scientists from many institutions and by workers at the U.S. Army's SEATO Medical Research Laboratory in Bangkok, Thailand. Careful clinical and physiological studies provided the initial description of DSS. DSS cases were caused by each of the four dengue viruses (DENV) and not chikungunya (CHIK) virus or DENV 5 and 6, were associated with a secondary-type dengue antibody response in children over the age of 1 year, were associated with a primary antibody response in infants less than 1 year old whose mothers had neutralizing antibodies to all four DENV, were associated more frequently with secondary DENV 2 infections than those due to DENV 1 and 3, and were more common in females than males over the age of 3 years. Robust laboratory methods for growth and recovery of DENV in tissue cultures were introduced. In addition, life-saving principles of fluid and plasma protein resuscitation of hypovolemia were described. Most epidemiological observations made during the decade of the 1960s have been confirmed in the succeeding 45 years. Much contemporary research on pathogenesis fails to address the two distinct immunological antecedents of DHF/DSS.
Theoretical investigation of the conversion of methylene-1,2-diphosphirane carbene to 1,4-diphospha-1,2,3-butatriene

The structures of trans- and cis-methylene-1,2-diphosphirane carbene (5 and 6), trans- and cis-2,4-diphosphabicyclo[1.1.0]-1-butene (7 and 8), and Z- and E-1,4-diphospha-1,2,3-butatriene (9 and 10) were optimized at the HF/6-31G∗ level with single-point calculations performed at MP2, MP3, and CISD levels. Structure 7 is a transition structure on the energy surface, and though 8 is a local minimum, it lies 13–15 kcal mol−1 above 5, and is unlikely to be an intermediate in the conversion of 5 to 10.
THE NARRATIVE LABYRINTH OF VIOLENT DYING

This essay outlines the dynamics of retelling the violent death of a loved one and the narrative "dilemma" of vulnerable family members fixated on retelling. To counter this fixation, the author presents a mythic retelling of violent death (the Myth of Theseus) as narrative basis for developing a restorative retelling. The essay begins by exploring the deformed and deforming structure of the violent dying story, then details the dynamics of its retelling and concludes by presenting a restorative retelling model for family members who cannot release themselves from the story for months or years after the violent dying.
Alterations in Langerhans cells during growth of transplantable murine tumors.

To investigate the response of Langerhans cells to tumor growth, we examined the appearance and number of ATPase+ and la+ dendritic cells in tile epidermis covering subcutaneous tumors. Mice were injected with cells from syngeneic UVB- and PUVA-induced tumors and a melanoma, and the overlying skin was examined at various times during progressive tumor growth. An increase in the number of ATPas+ and Ia+ dendritic cells was observed in skin over all three tumor types. Morphologic alterations in the cells were also noted, including a decrease in dendricity. These changes were apparent only in skin directly over growing tumor masses; contralateral and perilesional skin was unaffected. Injection of nontumorigenic cells and implantation of silicon did not induce changes in Langerhans cells. Regression of highly antigenic tumor cells and tumor regression in immunized mice were not accompanied by detectable alterations in Langerhans cells, whereas changes in Langerhans cells were apparent during tumor growth in nude mice. These results demonstrate that changes in the number and morphology of Langerhans cells occur in response to tumor growth but that the changes are not dependent on immunologic or inflammatory responses.
Applications of ultrasound to food systems

Abstract This review provides a comprehensive survey of the use of ultrasonic techniques with regard to foods. Experimental work on a wide range of foodstuffs is reviewed critically and summarized in tabular form. The difficulties inherent in using ultrasonics to provide useful information (e.g. structural or compositional) about foods are discussed in relation to those arising in biological media. Possible directions of future research are considered.
Preparation and hydrodenitrogenation performance of rhenium nitride

This paper describes the preparation of rhenium nitride and its behavior in hydrodenitrogenation. Hydrodenitrogenation of quinoline was measured at 3.1 MPa between 523 and 613 K, and compared to rhenium metal and rhenium sulfide. The rhenium sulfide had the best catalytic performance of the three samples. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed that, after reaction, the rhenium nitride surface was similar to the rhenium metal surface.
Treatment of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with vincristine infusion

Twenty-five patients with a variety of histologic types of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma refractory to previous chemotherapy were entered into a trial of vincristine infusion. Patients received 5-day courses of vincristine 0.25 mg/m2/day by continuous intravenous infusion after an initial 0.5 mg intravenous bolus injection. Courses were repeated every 3 weeks. Objective responses were observed in nine patients (36%), all of whom had previously received vincristine given by conventional bolus injection. A complete response occurred in a patient with diffuse mixed histiocytic lymphocytic lymphoma, and partial responses were observed in eight patients with the following histologic types: diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic (4); nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic (2); diffuse mixed histiocytic lymphocytic (1); and diffuse histiocytic (1). Duration of response lasted from 1.2 to 16.2 months (mean, 4.4 months). The principal complication of therapy was mild-to-moderate neurotoxicity; this occurred in 12 patients (48%) who received a total of 54 courses of vincristine infusion. Hematologic toxicity was minimal and nausea/vomiting did not occur. Vincristine infusion may afford palliation for patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphomas who have become refractory to standard chemotherapeutic regimens even if they have received prior vincristine by conventional bolus injection. These data suggest the possibility of enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of vincristine in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by use of an infusion technique.
The Synthesis and Characterization of Re2(Xap)4Cl2 Compounds

Five dirhenium(III) compounds, Re2(3,5-(CH3)2ap)4Cl2 (1), Re2(ap)4Cl2 (2), Re2(3-MeOap)4Cl2 (3), Re2(3-Clap)4Cl2 (4), and Re2(3,5-Cl2ap)4Cl2 (5), were synthesized and characterized, where 3,5-(CH3)2ap, ap, 3-MeOap, 3-Clap and 3,5-Cl2ap are 2-(3,5-dimethylanilino)pyridinate, 2-anilinopyridinate, 2-(3-methoxyanilino)pyridinate, 2-(3-chloroanilino)pyridinate and 2-(3,5-dichloroanilino)pyridinate, respectively. Structural studies revealed the Re–Re bond lengths ranging from 2.2214(4) to 2.2262(11) A, signifying that the dirhenium core maintains its quadruple bond. The asymmetric nature of 2-anilinopyridinate ligands resulted in several possible regioisomers: compounds 1 and 4 adopt a cis-(2,2) arrangement, while compounds 2 and 5 assume trans-(2,2) and (3,1) arrangements, respectively. All five compounds display three (quasi)reversible one electron couples, two oxidations and one reduction, and their electrode potentials correlate linearly with the Hammett constant of the aniline substituent.
An Interactive Design Advisor for Energy Efficient Buildings

Abstract This paper presents a holistic evaluation model that assists in designing energy efficient buildings. The model is based on computer-designer interaction. Here, the designer suggests a ran...
Digital filtering methodology used to reduce scale of measurement effects in roughness parameters for magnetic storage supersmooth hard disks

Abstract Roughness of disk media influences the tribological interaction of head-disk interfaces, especially when the intended flying-height is below 5 nm that is required to achieve extremely high-density recording (EHDR). Roughness parameters such as the root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude, however, are influenced by the scale of measurement, such as the scan size. Effects related to scale of measurement such as varying the scan size were investigated and means to reduce such effects were proposed by establishing an “ad hoc” digital filtering procedure. Two types of magnetic disks intended for EHDR were measured by an atomic force microscope (AFM) at various scan dimensions ranging from 0.5 μm × 0.5 μm to 112 μm × 112 μm. The proposed filtering method used the RMS values as a filter design parameter for choosing the appropriate high-pass cutoff wavelength for each scan size. The study revealed the existence of a unique cutoff wavelength that would identify different wavelength regimes and the associated critical scan size in each disk. To substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed filtering method in reducing the scale of measurement effects related to the scan size, other roughness parameters were also calculated subsequent to the filtering procedure. It was found that the proposed filtering scheme effectively reduced the scale of measurement effects in the amplitude parameters (e.g., RMS and the ten-point height variation) and the functional parameters (e.g., material and core void volumes). These parameters exhibited steady-state trends with respect to increasing scan size, indicating reduced scale of measurement effects.
Using a speaker-adaptable, task-customisable, dictation system for high accuracy text input: a case study

Abstract This paper describes the design principles of a large vocabulary, free text, dictation system, employing advanced speech recognition technology. It can be used for a wide variety of tasks, and is rapidly customisable to new domains. A case study of the application of the technology in the creation of a Pathology reporting workstation is described. The objectives of using large vocabulary speech recognition technology to implement a system for the dictation of free text are described. The process of creating text, from draft to final version is discussed in terms of the pre-requisites on both the technology and its implementation. The constraints on the performance and user acceptability of a system using this technology are noted. The design of a flexible system component supporting user adaptation is shown. The use of a general purpose, standalone dictation system for a wide variety of potential applications is noted. The customisation of the system to a new task by the rapid rebuilding of its parameter tables is described. The application of a customised version of the system to an actual end user environment is exemplified by a case study of a Pathology reporting workstation.