cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Old fashioned families as an endangered species

Changes in a typology of family structures incorporating household size and female labor force participation are decomposed using the 1969–78 years of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Among other things, racial, cohort, and educational differences result in: (1) a decline in large families regardless of mother's work status, due principally to racial effects; (2) a slight rise in the labor force entry of women from older cohorts; and (3) a substantial rise in the number of non-working mothers in small families, mainly from the younger cohorts. The discussion focuses on the advantages and implications of the use of the family rather than the individual as the unit of analysis in this type of research.
The First Summit: Roosevelt and Churchill at Placentia Bay, 1941

Four months before Pearl Harbour, Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt met in secret aboard a ship in a secluded Newfoundland harbour. This was the first summit conference of World War II. Although it would soon be overshadowed by the events to come, the 1941 summit at Placentia Bay produced dramatic results. It confirmed the policy of material aid for Britain and sanctioned the ""Atlantic Charter"". It also laid the groundwork for the three-way alliance that would bring about the destruction of the Axis powers. In this revised edition of his study, historian Theodore Wilson has expanded and updated the narrative. Drawing upon primary sources made available since the first edition he has added new material. Wilson analyzes the events of August 1941 and concludes that President Roosevelt was not totally in control. As the country lurched from crisis to crisis, bureaucratic politics and organizational dynamics were far more influential than FDR in determining the evolution of US strategy, US policy toward Japan, Anglo-American economic relations, and the efforts to mobilize for war. Wilson also recaptures the drama and colour of the shipboard discussions - from Roosevelt's bizarre working methods to Churchill's choice of entertainment in the evenings.
Digestibility of Phosphorus by Growing Pigs of Fermented and Conventional Soybean Meal Without and With Microbial Phytase

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) are greater than in conventional soybean meal (SBM-CV) when fed to growing pigs. Four diets were formulated to contain FSBM or SBM-CV and either 0 or 800 units/kg of microbial phytase. The only sources of P in these diets were FSBM and SBM-CV. A P-free diet to estimate basal endogenous losses of P was also formulated. Thirty barrows (initial BW: 14.0 ± 2.3 kg) were placed in metabolism cages and allotted to 5 diets in a randomized complete block design with 6 pigs per diet. Feces were collected for 5 d after a 5-d adaptation period. All samples of ingredients, diets, and feces were analyzed for P, and values for ATTD and STTD of P were calculated. Results indicated that the basal endogenous P losses were 187 mg/kg of DMI. As phytase was added to the diet, the ATTD and STTD of P increased (P < 0.01) from 60.9 to 67.5% and from 65.5 to 71.9%, respectively, in pigs fed FSMB. Likewise, addition of phytase to SBM-CV increased (P < 0.01) the ATTD and STTD of P from 41.6 to 66.2% and from 46.1 to 71.4%, respectively. The ATTD and STTD of P were greater (P < 0.01) in FSBM than in SBM-CV when no phytase was used, but that was not observed when phytase was added to the diet (soybean meal × phytase interaction, P < 0.01). In conclusion, the ATTD and STTD of P in FSBM was greater than SBM-CV when no microbial phytase was added, but when phytase was added to the diets, no differences between FSBM and SBM-CV were observed in the ATTD and STTD of P.
Mechanical, thermal and electrical analysis of a compliant interconnect

Ball grid array (BGA) package styles use solder balls as an electrical interconnect between packages and application boards. Solder balls are rigid and tend to fracture under thermal fatigue and/or shock loading. Metalized polymer spheres (MPS) offer a more compliant interconnect, compared to solder balls, thereby increasing the thermal cycling fatigue life. A reduction in thermal and electrical performance can be expected for MPS interconnects as a result of its lower thermal conductivity and an higher electrical resistance. A 5% and an 8% increase in MPS thermal resistance was measured for a carrier array ball grid array (CABGA) package and a plastic ball grid array (PBGA) package, respectively, compared to eutectic solder balls. However, this small reduction was offset by large gains in the solder joint life. A 4.5X increase in the mean thermal fatigue life was measured for a wafer level chip scale package (WLCSP) using MPS interconnects compared to eutectic solder balls. A first-order model showed that eutectic solder balls provide greater process margin in the presence of package and board warping compared to MPS interconnects.
The Ecology of Stdent Retention Undergraduate Students and The Great Recession

This study investigated qualitatively how undergraduate students experienced the Great Recession at a flagship university in the South Eastern of United States and how this experience relates to th...
Delivery and evaluation of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors in the equine distal extremity for the treatment of laminitis.

SummaryReasons for performing study Our long-term aim is to develop a gene therapy approach for the prevention of laminitis in the contralateral foot of horses with major musculoskeletal injuries and non-weightbearing lameness. Objectives The goal of this study was to develop a practical method to efficiently deliver therapeutic proteins deep within the equine foot. Study design Randomised in vivo experiment. Methods We used recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAVs) to deliver marker genes using regional limb perfusion through the palmar digital artery of the horse. Results Vector serotypes rAAV2/1, 2/8 and 2/9 all successfully transduced equine foot tissues and displayed similar levels and patterns of transduction. The regional distribution of transduction within the foot decreased with decreasing vector dose. The highest transduction values were seen in the sole and coronary regions and the lowest transduction values were detected in the dorsal hoof-wall region. The use of a surfactant-enriched vector diluent increased regional distribution of the vector and improved the transduction in the hoof-wall region. The hoof-wall region of the foot, which exhibited the lowest levels of transduction using saline as the vector diluent, displayed a dramatic increase in transduction when surfactant was included in the vector diluent (9- to 81-fold increase). In transduced tissues, no significant difference was observed between promoters (chicken β-actin vs. cytomegalovirus) for gene expression. All horses tested for vector-neutralising antibodies were positive for serotype-specific neutralising antibodies to rAAV2/5. Conclusions The current experiments demonstrate that transgenes can be successfully delivered to the equine distal extremity using rAAV vectors and that serotypes 2/8, 2/9 and 2/1 can successfully transduce tissues of the equine foot. When the vector was diluted with surfactant-containing saline, the level of transduction increased dramatically. The increased level of transduction due to the addition of surfactant also improved the distribution pattern of transduction.
Case C-459/03 Commission v. Ireland

On May 30, 2006, the Court of Justice of the European Communities (ECJ) ruled on Case C-459/03, Commission v. Ireland, brought by the European Commission and alleging Ireland's failure to fulfill obligations under the Treaty Establishing the European Community. In 2001, Ireland had initiated proceedings against the United Kingdom before an ad hoc Arbitral Tribunal, pursuant to the Annex VII dispute settlement procedures of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. In the present case, the Commission alleged, first, that Ireland breached Article 292 of the EC Treaty and Article 193 of the EURATOM Treaty (EA Treaty) because, by submitting the dispute to Annex VII arbitration, Ireland failed to respect the ECJ's exclusive jurisdiction on the interpretation and application of EC law. Second, the Commission claimed that Ireland had violated Article 10 of the EC Treaty and Article 192 of the EA Treaty because, by not consulting with the Commission before initiating arbitral proceedings, Ireland had hindered the achievement of the EC's tasks and jeopardized the attainment of the objectives of the EC Treaty. The Court upheld all complaints. The case was the latest, though not the last, stage of a complex legal dispute pitting Ireland against the United Kingdom over the construction and operation of a nuclear power plant (the so-called MOX plant) at Sellafield, West Cumbria, which is in the northwest of England, on the Irish Sea coast. Commission v. Ireland is of interest to EC law scholars and European decision makers, both in Brussels and state capitals. However, it also has significance and ramifications well beyond the circumscribed European context. While the dispute is not the only one in which EC members have brought a dispute before an international adjudicative body other than the ECJ, it is the first time the ECJ had a chance to decide whether doing so is contrary to EC laws.
Mental illness and juvenile offenders

Within the past decade, reliance on the juvenile justice system to meet the needs of juvenile offenders with mental health concerns has increased. Due to this tendency, research has been conducted on the effectiveness of various intervention and treatment programs/approaches with varied success. Recent literature suggests that because of interrelated problems involved for youth in the juvenile justice system with mental health issues, a dynamic system of care that extends beyond mere treatment within the juvenile justice system is the most promising. The authors provide a brief overview of the extent to which delinquency and mental illness co-occur; why treatment for these individuals requires a system of care; intervention models; and the juvenile justice systems role in providing mental health services to delinquent youth. Current and future advancements and implications for practitioners are provided.
Patterns for managing an escalated issue

Within the technology service community the term Incident Management has been used to describe the activities taken to identify, analyze, and correct service-affecting issues; thereby restoring service and preventing a future reoccurrence. These service-affecting issues are normally addressed by a knowledgeable response team, designated in advance, to restore normal operations. Over the years, organizations that have continually invested in developing internal policies to address incidents have enjoyed a competitive advantage. Those that are better staffed or equipped with experienced individuals, and effective processes have an upper hand at being able to address events which are not part of the standard operation of the service, and events which may cause an interruption or a reduction of the quality of the service offered. This paper identifies the patterns used by Information Technology service providers, and presents them to the reader as additional tools which can be used to restore normal operations as quickly as possible with minimal impact on their business or the customers they have worked hard to acquire.
RADIAL CONDENSATION IN THE AXIS OF THE EVOLVING LIMB.

The origin of the tetrapod limb has been a topic of discussion and debate in the scientific literature for well over a century. At least two disparate approaches have been employed in an attempt to establish the origin of the limb. One is the evaluation of adult fossil remains and the other is the observation of the developing embryo. While both approaches obviously have their place in evolutionary biology, the latter has proved to be the most successful in elucidating apparent phylogenetic pathways. Darwin argued that embryology offered by far the strongest single class of facts in favor of evolution (cf., Gould, 1977; Oster and Alberch, 1982). Experimental embryology offers an even more valuable tool than does purely observational embryology (cf., Morgan, 1907). However, in spite of the importance of experimental embryology in evolutionary theory, Neo-Darwinian thought has largely ignored this discipline (Maderson et al., 1982). Recently there has been a trend among some investigators to apply the data and models derived from experimental developmental biology to approach some difficult problems of evolutionary theory. Concurrent with this trend is the tendency to discuss evolution in terms of changes in developmental programs rather than changes in visible (usually adult) structures (Waddington, 1975; Maderson, 1975; Oster and Alberch, 1982; Maderson, 1983). Hinchliffe and Johnson (1980), in their excellent book on the evolution and development of the vertebrate limb, have epitomized this approach. Their work, we believe, quite clearly and accurately articulates the current majority view among evolutionary biologists as to the evolution of the tetrapod limb. While we agree with the vast majority of what Hinchliffe and Johnson (1980) have to say, we propose, in this paper, to challenge the current views of the evolution of the limb's skeletal axis as reflected in their book.
Highly Multiplexed and Reproducible Ion-Current-Based Strategy for Large-Scale Quantitative Proteomics and the Application to Protein Expression Dynamics Induced by Methylprednisolone in 60 Rats

A proteome-level time-series study of drug effects (i.e., pharmacodynamics) is critical for understanding mechanisms of action and systems pharmacology, but is challenging, because of the requirement of a proteomics method for reliable quantification of many biological samples. Here, we describe a highly reproducible strategy, enabling a global, large-scale investigation of the expression dynamics of corticosteroid-regulated proteins in livers from adrenalectomized rats over 11 time points after drug dosing (0.5–66 h, N = 5/point). The analytical advances include (i) exhaustive tissue extraction with a Polytron/sonication procedure in a detergent cocktail buffer, and a cleanup/digestion procedure providing very consistent protein yields (relative standard deviation (RSD%) of 2.7%–6.4%) and peptide recoveries (4.1–9.0%) across the 60 animals; (ii) an ultrahigh-pressure nano-LC setup with substantially improved temperature stabilization, pump-noise suppression, and programmed interface cleaning, enabling ex...
Creep Activation Energy of Electrosleeve™ Nano-Crystalline Nickel–Phosphorous Tube Repair and Ni-200

The use of nano-crystalline materials have created a need to reevaluate and/or define basic structural material properties. Electro-deposition of a nano-crystalline material on a pressure retaining structure is an engineering design solution to enhance or restore a valuable component for continued operation. This paper presents an experimental determination of the creep activation energy of an electroformed nano-crystalline nickel phosphorous micro-alloy deposition on PWR steam generator tubes.© 2003 ASME
V8-01 FULL PROCEDURAL SIMULATION FOR TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF BLADDER TUMORS (TURBT) USING 3-D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Our understanding of simulation-based training is evolving from simply practicing basic and partial tasks to learning full procedures through an accurate re-creation in the operating room. However, for full procedural simulation to be effective it requires an artificially created learning situation, that allows for the rehearsal of all salient aspects of a procedure in the same order utilizing the same devices with the opportunity to enact both appropriate and inappropriate learner actions (i.e., errors). In this video we demonstrate a high fidelity, inexpensive, simulated inanimate model for physical learning experience in TURBT (S.I.M.P.L.E.TURBT) that encompasses all fundamental aspects for an effective full procedural simulation, including procedure-based assessment metrics. METHODS: Using a proprietary method, anatomically correct models of the human bladder and relevant structures were created with poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels using 3-D printed molds. Individual bladder layers including mucosal, muscular, serosal and perivesival fat were created containing 3 tumors of varying size, location and depth of invasion. All steps of TURBT were simulated by 6 volunteer urologists. Expert designation was based on caseload (> 100 TURBT cases). Face validity was calculated by ratings of realism. Content validity was calculated by rating the usefulness of the model as a training tool. Construct validity was calculated by comparison of procedural metrics (Operative time, tumor margins, missed tumors, muscle layer sampling and complications) between the groups. RESULTS: The model was determined to have good face and content validity with an average score of 4.3/5 and 4.1/5, respectively. A significant difference between expert and novice urologists was demonstrated in both total procedure time and time to resect the large vascular tumor. No difference in resection time was appreciated in the 2cm papillary non-vascular tumor. 66 % of the novice performance exhibited bladder perforations and a missed anterior wall tumor (Table 1). CONCLUSIONS: Validation of our portable, inexpensive, high fidelity model offers a full procedural, TURBT simulation with the potential for training and maintenance of advanced procedural skills together with acquisition of procedure wisdom.
Design, Synthesis, and Preclinical Evaluation of 4-Substituted-5-methyl-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as Microtubule Targeting Agents That Are Effective against Multidrug Resistant Cancer Cells

The design, synthesis, and biological evaluations of eight 4-substituted 5-methyl-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines are reported. Synthesis involved N4-alkylation of N-aryl-5-methylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amines, obtained from Ullmann coupling of 4-amino-5-methylfuro[2,3-d]pyrimidine and appropriate aryl iodides. Compounds 3, 4, and 9 showed potent microtubule depolymerizing activities, while compounds 6–8 had slightly lower potency. Compounds 4, 6, 7, and 9 inhibited tubulin assembly with IC50 values comparable to that of combretastatin A-4 (CA-4). Compounds 3, 4, and 6–9 circumvented Pgp and βIII-tubulin mediated drug resistance, mechanisms that can limit the efficacy of paclitaxel, docetaxel, and the vinca alkaloids. In the NCI 60-cell line panel, compound 3 exhibited GI50 values less than 10 nM in 47 of the cell lines. In an MDA-MB-435 xenograft model, compound 3 had statistically significant antitumor effects. The biological effects of 3 identify it as a novel, potent microtubule depolymerizing agent with antitu...
Corrosion Effects on Mechanical Properties of Sensitized AA5083-H116

The impact of sensitization levels resulting from exposure to a temperature of 150°C on AA5083-H116 mechanical properties was investigated through accelerated corrosion. Optical microscopy was performed to examine microstructure damage morphologies dependent upon β grain boundary coverage evolution and surface orientations. Corrosion in 0.6 M NaCl solution at −0.77 V from 3–48 hours led to parallel damage on exposed LT surfaces and perpendicular attack on exposed LS surfaces. After 48 hours of corrosion, a degree of sensitization (DoS) of 61 mg/cm2 was observed; an intergranular corrosion (IGC) damage depth of 184 μm occurred on the LT surface and IGC damage depth of 720 μm occurred on the LS surface. At a DoS of 66 mg/cm2, yield and ultimate tensile strengths decreased by 19% and 5%, respectively, when compared to the as-received state, while LT surface corrosion after 120 hours reduced strengths by 26% and 14%, respectively, from the as-received state.
Understanding Human Nature (Chapter 2)

In this chapter I outline the prevailing understanding of human nature in business research and practice and juxtapose emerging scientific knowledge that contradicts and complements it.
Processing Gain Advantage of Transform Domain Filtering DS - Spread Spectrum Systems

This paper presents a new perspective on the performance of so-called transform domain filtering spread spectrum communication systems. Considering a direct sequence system operating in the presence of narrowband interference, it is demonstrated by how much a conventional spread spectrum system would have to increase its processing gain (and hence its rf bandwidth) in order to provide the same degree of interference rejection as the transform domain filtering system.
Re: Patient-Provider Communication: Does Electronic Messaging Reduce Incoming Telephone Calls?

To the Editor: In “Patient-Provider Communication: Does Electronic Messaging Reduce Incoming Telephone Calls?”[1][1] the authors concluded that in fact, electronic messaging between patients and providers is associated with increased phone calls, counterintuitive to the notion that electronic
Analyzing Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Stockpiles

The development of a vaccine to prevent the contraction of the high-risk strands of human papillomavirus (HPV) 6, 11, 16 and 18 has the potential to prevent 70% of all cervical cancers. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) currently recommends that girls aged 1112 receive the HPV vaccine. At present, eighteen states have already decided or are considering to make HPV vaccination mandatory for adolescent girls. As the HPV vaccine becomes mandatory, the demand for the vaccine is expected to rise dramatically. This increase in demand could make our nation vulnerable to interruptions in HPV vaccine production. If an interruption occurs, many adolescent girls and women could be at an unnecessary risk of acquiring HPV if they were to miss routine HPV immunizations. One major factor in the prevention of HPV vaccine shortages is the creation of vaccine stockpiles by the CDC. In this paper, mathematical models are used to determine and analyze stockpile levels sufficient to minimize the effects of a production interruption for the HPV vaccine. The results indicate that the stockpile level is highly sensitive to the vaccine coverage rate and the duration of the production interruption. To protect against a six month interruption in vaccine production, a stockpile of at least 3M is recommended.
Reactive Oxygen Species and Neuronal Function

ROS including •NO have profound effects on neuronal function. We have come a long way in our understanding of Paul Bert’s observation that high pressures of oxygen cause seizures. Sites sensitive to redox regulation are clearly a factor in both presynaptic transmitter release and the postsynaptic response to neurotransmitters. Transmitter release is decreased by •O−2, H2O2 and •OH as well as •NO and may be further modulated by redox modification of K+channels in the neuronal membrane. The response of the NMDA receptor/channel is highly sensitive to oxidation and reduction and at least one of the redox sites is extracellular. Function of this important receptor may be fined –tuned by alterations in the local redox environment. As a result, overall neuronal excitability in various regions of the CNS may be affected. Unfortunately, the potential for interaction of the reactive molecules and the complexity of the biochemical pathways used by oxyradicals often make interpretation of experimental data difficult. Continued exploration with well–defined “donor” agents and inhibitors will help to resolve the issues of which ROS are neuroactive, how they regulate neuronal function, and when they become neurotoxic.
EL NOU DOCUMENTAL TRANSGENÈRIC CATALÀ: LA PLAGA (2013) DE NEUS BALLÚS

This essay considers La Plaga (2013), the documentary film directed by Neus Ballus which was awarded the Gaudi Prize for Best Film by the Catalan Motion Picture Academy in 2014. The film is studied in the context of the current upsurge of creative documentary films in Catalonia. This study emphasizes the transgressive gender representation in a film that offers a model of genre/gender bending that expands the limits of the family metaphor and its public/private boundaries. The essay also considers La Plaga as a special critique of one of Catalonia’s official master narratives, the one that presents a country based on an urban space devoid of historical markers of past and present conflict. By focsusing on Gallecs, the small piece of land that symbolizes the limits of urbanism and urbanity, the film becomes an allegorical vision of Catalonia’s cultural and geopolitical situation as a place without history, or, better put, as a place “in-between” cultures that seems to have forgotten its roots and its true history
Subthalamic neural entropy is a feature of freezing of gait in freely moving people with Parkinson's disease.

Abstract The goal of this study was to investigate subthalamic (STN) neural features of Freezers and Non-Freezers with Parkinson's disease (PD), while freely walking without freezing of gait (FOG) and during periods of FOG, which were better elicited during a novel turning and barrier gait task than during forward walking. Methods: Synchronous STN local field potentials (LFPs), shank angular velocities, and ground reaction forces were measured in fourteen PD subjects (eight Freezers) off medication, OFF deep brain stimulation (DBS), using an investigative, implanted, sensing neurostimulator (Activa® PC + S, Medtronic, Inc.). Tasks included standing still, instrumented forward walking, stepping in place on dual forceplates, and instrumented walking through a turning and barrier course. Results: During locomotion without FOG, Freezers showed lower beta (13–30 Hz) power (P = 0.036) and greater beta Sample Entropy (P = 0.032), than Non-Freezers, as well as greater gait asymmetry and arrhythmicity (P
Twitter versus Facebook: Comparing incivility, impoliteness, and deliberative attributes

Using two quantitative methods, this study sought to understand whether user-generated posts would vary in frequency of incivility, impoliteness, and deliberative attributes on Twitter versus Faceb...
Interventional Radiation Oncology (IRO): Transition of a magnetic resonance simulator to a brachytherapy suite.

Abstract Purpose As a core component of a new gynecologic cancer radiation program, we envisioned, structured, and implemented a novel Interventional Radiation Oncology (IRO) unit and magnetic resonance (MR)–brachytherapy environment in an existing MR simulator. Methods and Materials We describe the external and internal processes required over a 6-8 month time frame to develop a clinical and research program for gynecologic brachytherapy and to successfully convert an MR simulator into an IRO unit. Results Support of the institution and department resulted in conversion of an MR simulator to a procedural suite. Development of the MR gynecologic brachytherapy program required novel equipment, staffing, infrastructural development, and cooperative team development with anesthetists, nurses, therapists, physicists, and physicians to ensure a safe and functional environment. Creation of a separate IRO unit permitted a novel billing structure. Conclusions The creation of an MR-brachytherapy environment in an MR simulator is feasible. Developing infrastructure includes several collaborative elements. Unique to the field of radiation oncology, formalizing the space as an Interventional Radiation Oncology unit permits a sustainable financial structure.
A science products inventory for citizen-science planning and evaluation

Citizen science involves a range of practices involving public participation in scientific knowledge production, but outcomes evaluation is complicated by the diversity of the goals and forms of citizen science. Publications and citations are not adequate metrics to describe citizen-science productivity. We address this gap by contributing a science products inventory (SPI) tool, iteratively developed through an expert panel and case studies, intended to support general-purpose planning and evaluation of citizen-science projects with respect to science productivity. The SPI includes a collection of items for tracking the production of science outputs and data practices, which are described and illustrated with examples. Several opportunities for further development of the initial inventory are highlighted, as well as potential for using the inventory as a tool to guide project management, funding, and research on citizen science.
Intestinal invasion by Entamoeba histolytica.

Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that infects humans and causes the disease amebiasis. The spectrum of intestinal amebiasis varies from colonization without symptoms to fulminating diarrhea and intestinal hemorrhage. The dissemination of the parasite via invasion of the intestinal epithelium allows the trophozoites to invade extra-intestinal sites, most usually the liver. Without treatment, the amebic liver abscesses may continue to enlarge and, if ruptured, cause mortality owing to acute peritonitis. Cases of clinical amebiasis have been reported worldwide, in particular in under-developed and developing counties in Africa, South America, the Indian subcontinent, and Mexico. It has been estimated that approximately 50 million individuals are infected with E. histolytica and about 100,000 people die of invasive amebiasis annually, making it the third leading parasitic cause of death, after malaria and schistosomiasis.1 The host-parasite interaction in human amebiasis is very complicated, and different aspects of innate immunity of the human host against the parasite still are unknown. New insights into the pathogenesis of amebic infections have come from development of in vitro and in vivo models of disease, new molecular and genetic approaches, the identification of key factors in E. histolytica pathogenesis, recognition of the mechanisms of evasion from the host’s harmful responses, and detection of crucial elements of the host immune responses both innate and acquired. In this chapter, we discuss the innate immunity of human hosts against the parasite and the most important parasite virulence factors and survival strategies that are implicated in pathogenesis.
K-Cl Cotransport (K-Cl COT, KCC) Activation by N-Ethylmaleimide in C6 Glioma Cells

Astrocytes make up greater than 50% of the cell population of the mammalian central nervous system and provide both structural and functional support to the neuronal population. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction1, protein immunoblotting,2 and immunohistochemical evidence3 indicate the presence of both Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (COT) and K-Cl COT in astrocytes. Of the four known isoforms of the K-Cl COT, only KCC1 is present in C6 glioma cells.4
Effect of lasalocid, monensin or thiopeptin on lactic acidosis in cattle.

Lasalocid, monensin or thiopeptin was administered intraruminally each at .33, .65 or 1.3 mg/kg body weight and evaluated for its effectiveness in preventing experimentally induced lactic acidosis in cattle. Four rumen-fistulated cattle were used for each dosage level and the design was a 4 x 4 Latin square with each animal receiving lasalocid, monensin, thiopeptin or no antibiotic. Acidosis was induced by intraruminal administration of glucose (12.5 g/kg body weight). Control cattle exhibited the typical drop in rumen pH and concurrent increases in L(+) and D(-) lactate concentrations commonly observed in cases of lactic acidosis. Alkali reserves were depleted in the control cattle as evidenced by a decrease in blood bicarbonate and a negative shift in base excess. In all three trials, cattle given lasalocid had higher rumen pH and lower lactate concentrations than did control cattle or cattle given monensin or thiopeptin. Cattle given monensin had a significantly higher rumen pH and a lower lactate concentration than the controls only at the .65 and 1.3 mg/kg body weight dosages, whereas thiopeptin was effective only at the 1.3-mg dosage. Concentrations of total VFA in rumen fluid decreased in the controls but remained unchanged in cattle given antibiotics. A significant reduction in the molar proportion of acetate and an increase in the molar proportion of propionate were observed in the rumen fluid of the cattle given antibiotics. Colony counts of Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus were significantly reduced in rumen fluid of cattle given 1.3 mg antibiotic/kg body weight. Counts of lactate-utilizing bacteria increased in both control cattle and cattle given antibiotics. Cattle given antibiotics showed no evidence of lacticacidemia, hemoconcentration or change in acid-base balance.
Developmental Issues in the Prevention of Aggression and Violence in School

Generally speaking, primary prevention has been conceptualized as ontogenetically early intervention (see Cowen, 2000, for a discussion). That is, programs seeking to prevent the emergence of some problem behavior or form of psychopathology in a population typically are construed as programs that need to be provided to children as early in development as possible given the constraints imposed by their social, emotional, and cognitive capacities. From a strictly logical standpoint, this assertion makes sense especially with regard to aggressive behavior. Aggression emerges fairly early in development (Tremblay, 2000) and can lead to socially and financially costly outcomes later on (Huesmann et al., 2002; Jones et al., 2002). Thus, it seems reasonable to maintain that aggression and violence prevention programs should target children at as young an age as possible. However, primary prevention of aggression can occur throughout childhood and adolescence given the developmental underpinnings and variants of this behavior. This chapter discusses key developmental issues and concerns in the primary prevention of aggression in school-age children and adolescents. The need for primary prevention approaches beyond early and middle childhood is particularly pressing with respect to aggressive behavior for a variety of reasons. First, aggression exhibits significant and meaningful continuity from childhood to adolescence and into adulthood (Huesmann et al., 1984, 2006; Kokko & Pulkkinen, 2005). That is, individuals who exhibit high levels of aggression in childhood are likely to maintain this position relative to their peers into adulthood. Second, aggression is both frequent and problematic among children in elementary school as well as middle and high school (Boxer et al., 2006; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006; Nansel et al., 2001). Third, aggression shows topographical variation at different developmental periods. Whereas aggressive behavior in younger children might be limited to low-impact physical and acquisitive acts (e.g., pushing, shoving, taking others’ property), mild forms of verbal provocation (e.g., teasing, name-calling), and disobedience (Eron et al., 1971), aggression among older youth can be far more varied to include interpersonal violence (including dating violence and sexual aggression), delinquency, and more elaborate verbal and social provocations (e.g., socially harmful behaviors such as defamatory gossip and ostracism). Finally, recent theoretical work suggests that aggression among younger children might result from and persist in part
Chemical aspects of the serum anaphylatoxins.

Anaphylaxis is a term originally applied by Portier and Richet (1902) to describe the adverse systemic reaction (hypersensitivity) of dogs injected repeatedly with extracts from sea anemones and mussels. The word anaphylaxis is derived from Greek words meaning “without protection.” Although the hypersensitive condition induced by repeatedly injecting an antigen may appear to reflect some deficiency in the animal’s humoral protective system, we now know that this response occurs as a result of an enhancement or stimulation of the antibody response. Interactions among antigen, antigen-specific antibodies, (IgG or IgE) and target-tissue or circulating cells (mast cells, leukocytes, and basophils) cause an active release of potent mediators (i.e., histamine, serotonin, slowreacting substances, and kininases), which in turn manifest potent pharmacological effects that may produce a lethal systemic condition known as anaphylactic shock. Obviously, the mechanisms that induce anaphylaxis do not involve complement. However, when complement is activated in the sera of certain experimental animals, symptoms appear that are essentially identical to those produced by antigenic challenge in actively sensitized animals. It was the expression of such symptoms that led Friedberger (1910) in 1910 to label the active substance generated in complement-activated guinea pig serum an anaphylatoxin.
Duality-Based Nested Controller Synthesis from STL Specifications for Stochastic Linear Systems

We propose an automatic synthesis technique to generate provably correct controllers of stochastic linear dynamical systems for Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specifications. While formal synthesis problems can be directly formulated as exists-forall constraints, the quantifier alternation restricts the scalability of such an approach. We use the duality between a system and its proof of correctness to partially alleviate this challenge. We decompose the controller synthesis into two subproblems, each addressing orthogonal concerns - stabilization with respect to the noise, and meeting the STL specification. The overall controller is a nested controller comprising of the feedback controller for noise cancellation and an open loop controller for STL satisfaction. The correct-by-construction compositional synthesis of this nested controller relies on using the guarantees of the feedback controller instead of the controller itself. We use a linear feedback controller as the stabilizing controller for linear systems with bounded additive noise and over-approximate its ellipsoid stability guarantee with a polytope. We then use this over-approximation to formulate a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem to synthesize an open-loop controller that satisfies STL specifications.
Methylglyoxal-derived posttranslational arginine modifications are abundant histone marks

Histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) regulate chromatin dynamics, DNA accessibility, and transcription to expand the genetic code. Many of these PTMs are produced through cellular metabolism to offer both feedback and feedforward regulation. Herein we describe the existence of Lys and Arg modifications on histones by a glycolytic by-product, methylglyoxal (MGO). Our data demonstrate that adduction of histones by MGO is an abundant modification, present at the same order of magnitude as Arg methylation. These modifications were detected on all four core histones at critical residues involved in both nucleosome stability and reader domain binding. In addition, MGO treatment of cells lacking the major detoxifying enzyme, glyoxalase 1, results in marked disruption of H2B acetylation and ubiquitylation without affecting H2A, H3, and H4 modifications. Using RNA sequencing, we show that MGO is capable of altering gene transcription, most notably in cells lacking GLO1. Finally, we show that the deglycase DJ-1 protects histones from adduction by MGO. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the existence of a previously undetected histone modification derived from glycolysis, which may have far-reaching implications for the control of gene expression and protein transcription linked to metabolism.
A Dynamic Data-Driven Optimization Framework for Demand Side Management in Microgrids

The efficient utilization of distributed generation resources (DGs) and demand side management (DSM) in large-scale power systems play a crucial role in satisfying and controlling electricity demand through an economically viable and environmentally friendly way. However, uncertainties in power generation from DGs, variations in load demand, and conflicts in objectives (emission, cost, etc.) pose major challenges to determine the optimal operation planning of microgrids. In this chapter, we propose a dynamic data-driven multi-objective optimization model for a day-ahead operation planning for microgrids, integrating interruption load management (ILM) as a DSM program, while collectively considering the total cost and emissions as objective functions. The proposed model includes three modules that interact with each other: (1) a simulation module that captures the behavior of operating components such as solar panels, wind turbines, etc. and provides the data for the optimization model; (2) an optimization module that determines the optimal operational plan, which includes utilization of diesel generators, purchased electricity from utility and interrupted load, considering cost and emissions objective functions using 𝜖-constraint method; and (3) a rule-based real-time decision making module that adapts the operation plan from the optimization model based on dynamic data from the microgrid and sends the revised plan back to the microgrid. The capabilities and performance of the proposed dynamic data-driven optimization framework are demonstrated through a case study of a typical electrical power system. The resultant operation plan is quite promising regarding total cost and CO2 emission.
Estimating sediment transport capacity for overland flow

Abstract Reliable estimation of sediment transport capacity is essential for soil erosion modeling. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of twelve widely used transport capacity functions with a wide range of hydraulic conditions and soil properties. The comparisons with observed data indicated that none of the selected twelve functions gave satisfactory results for transport capacity prediction over all overland flow datasets in this study, and all of them gave very poor predictions for loess soil. Therefore, a new equation was developed for sediment transport capacity estimation. Among these twelve functions, the Ali equation gave the best fit for the whole dataset, but calibration was necessary when using it for large sediment grains (>2 mm) or loess soil. The Yalin equation and the simplified Yalin equation worked better for soils than sands, and predictions for smaller sands (∼0.2 mm) were acceptable. The Govers equation had relatively uniform performance for all datasets. The performance of empirical equations changed dramatically for different datasets. A new function developed in this study was generated based on dimensional analysis and gave good predictions within the range of hydraulic conditions and particle sizes in the datasets considered in this study. The results provide a summary of the transport capacity functions evaluated and suggest an improved function for modeling overland flow sediment transport capacity.
State gun laws and the movement of crime guns between states

Abstract Previous research by Kahane (2013) and Knight (2013) studied the relationship between differential state gun laws and the movement of crime guns between states using ATF gun tracing data for 2009. The basic result from these earlier studies is that crime guns tended to flow out of weak-law states and into strict-law states. This paper builds on these earlier studies by employing previously unavailable ATF data on crime gun recoveries for multiple years and with information on the ‘time to crime’ aspects of gun recovery. Furthermore, a larger scope of state gun laws is considered. Using the gravity model of trade to model crime gun flows, the empirical results find robust results for five state gun laws that are negatively related to interstate crime gun exports: state laws requiring inspections of federally licensed dealers, required permits or licenses for gun purchases, prohibiting individuals with domestic violence-related restraining orders from possessing guns, required reporting of lost or stolen firearms by gun owners, and laws granting local authorities with discretion in deciding whether to grant a concealed carry permit. Furthermore, estimated coefficients for various state gun laws are significantly larger (in absolute terms) when short time to crime gun data are used in comparison to data for all crime gun flows (regardless of time to crime). Given a short time to crime aspect is considered by law enforcement as a key indicator of illegal gun trafficking, previous research by Kahane (2013) and Knight (2013) likely underestimated the relationship between state gun laws and the movement of crime guns between states.
The American Workingmen's Parties, Universal Suffrage, and Marx's Democratic Communism

The American Workingmen's Parties in the 1828–32 period occupy a distinctive place within the history of socialism: they were the first to embrace a strategy of organizing a working-class political party and seizing the democratic state for their collective self-liberation. With universal suffrage, a working-class majority could take political power electorally and expropriate the rich. Karl Marx read about these workers’ parties through works by Thomas Hamilton and Thomas Cooper in the period of his early political development. Like the American workers, he was stringently in favor of robust political rights and conceived of socialism as a democratic mass movement. Unlike the antipolitical socialists predominant in his day, Marx saw the northern United States as uniquely situated for socialism precisely because it had already solved the basic political problem facing Europe: the workers could vote.
Auditory-Vestibulomotor Temporal Processing and Crossmodal Plasticity for Musical Rhythm in the Early Blind

The auditory dorsal stream (ADS) is a cortical brain network responsible for sensorimotor control and integration, including spatiotemporal processing. Although spatiotemporal movement of the head and body involves input from the vestibular system, and despite the wealth of evidence for the strong coupling between the vestibular and visual systems, very little is known about how vestibular information is integrated with auditory-motor inputs in the ADS. There is also no evidence addressing to what extent auditory-vestibulomotor integration is affected by early visual deprivation. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and motion capture technology we show that in a task of sensorimotor temporal processing (feeling the beat), the ADS includes an extension to parietoinsular vestibular cortex (PIVC) and to subcortical regions including basal ganglia and vestibular cerebellum. This circuit is engaged after sensorimotor synchronization training, during beat recognition, and is preserved in the early blind. The strength of activation of PIVC in the early blind correlates with a measure of lifetime physical spatial activity, suggesting that experience with vestibular stimulation via physical spatial activities might compensate for any negative effects of early blindness, and thus reinforcing the potential beneficial effects of mobility training. Finally, rhythmic entrainment provides an effective tool for studying auditory-vestibulomotor integration and music appreciation, and for developing music- and movement-based interventions for early blind individuals.