cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CARRIER MEDIATED BLOOD‐BRAIN BARRIER TRANSPORT OF CHOLINE AND CERTAIN CHOLINE ANALOGS

— Blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of choline and certain choline analogs was studied in adult and suckling rats, and additionally compared in the paleocortex and neocortex of adult rats. Saturable uptake was characterized by a single kinetic system in all cases examined, and in adult rat forebrains we determined a Km= 442 ± 60 μM and Vmax= 10.0 ± 0.6 nmol min-1 g-1. In 14–15-day-old suckling forebrains a similar Km (= 404 ± 88 μM) but higher Vmax (= 12.5 ± 1.5 nmol min-1 g-1) was determined. When choline uptake was compared in two regions of the forebrain, similar Michaelis-Menten constants were determined but a higher uptake velocity was found in the neocortex (i.e. neocortex Km= 310 ± 103 μM and Vmax= 12.6 ± 2.8 nmol min-1g-1; paleocortex Km= 217 ± 76 μM and Vmax= 7.2 ± 1.5 nmol min-1 g-1). Administration of radiolabelled choline at low (5 μM) and high (100 μM) concentrations, followed by microwave fixation 60 s later and chloroform-methanol-water separations of the homogenized brain did not suggest a relationship between concentration and the appearance of label in lipid or aqueous fractions as observed in another in-vitro study elaborating two-component kinetics of choline uptake. It was observed that 60s after carotid injection 12–14% of the radiolabel in the ipsilateral cortex was found in the chloroform-soluble fraction. Hemicholinium-3 (Ki= 111 μM), dimethylaminoethanol (Ki= 42 μM), tetraethyl ammonium chloride, tetramethyl ammonium chloride, 2-hydroxyethyl triethylammonium iodide, carnitine, normal rat serum, and to a lesser extent lithium and spermidine all inhibited choline uptake in the BBB. Unsubstituted ammonium chloride and imipramine did not inhibit choline uptake. No difference was observed in blood-brain barrier choline uptake of unanesthetised, carotid artery-catheterized animals, and comparable sodium pentobarbital-anesthetized controls.
Investigation of the Presence of OH Radicals in Electrolyzed NaCl Solution by Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy

In the anode side of a two-chamber electrolyzer, electrolysis of a NaCl solution generates acidic electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water, which exhibits bactericidal effects against a large number of pathogens. This study was undertaken to investigate whether OH radical species are present in EO water or are formed when EO water reacts with iron ions. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) coupled with the spin trapping technique was used for the detection of free radicals. Samples of EO water were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 min of electrolysis and immediately mixed with the spin trapping agent 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO). The 5,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxypyrrolidine-N-oxyl (DMPO-OH) spin adduct, characteristic of OH radicals, was not observed. Starting with 2-min electrolysis, a seven-line spectrum characteristic of 5,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone-N-oxyl (DMPOX) was formed. The reactions of EO water with Fe3+ and Fe2+ in the presence of DMPO yielded the spin adduct DMPO-OH. However, the addition of ...
Reexamining Jack Johnson, Stereotypes, and America's White Press, 1908–1915

This historical-critical study seeks to better situate the Jack Johnson controversy amid contemporary theories of race, culture, and the news media. The study invokes theories of Whiteness to better demonstrate how dominant White interests, as reflected by the White news media, contained the boxer by consistently defining him on their terms. This perspective contrasts with pervasive accounts that position Johnson as a paragon of resistance within an epic narrative. In contrast, the analysis argues that Johnson ultimately reinforced White stereotypes and caused White interests to expand color barriers in sports and develop new stereotypes to contain future Black athletes.
Chlorpropham [isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate] disrupts microtubule organization, cell division, and early development of sea urchin embryos

The herbicide CIPC [N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate] has been shown to disrupt microtubule organization in plants, apparently by interfering with the functioning of the microtubule organizing center. Very few studies have examined the effects of CIPC on animal cell microtubules and centrosomes, however, and the effects of this cytoskeletal disrupting agent on fertilization and early development have not been studied in detail. To address these questions, fertilized sea urchin eggs were cultured in the presence of CIPC until the prism stage, and perturbations in the cytoskeleton and development were examined. It was found that Lytechinus pictus embryos are sensitive to micromolar amounts of CIPC, and that a characteristic set of cytoskeletal and developmental deficits is produced as a result of exposure to this herbicide. Mitotic spindles were truncated and randomly oriented within zygotes and blastomeres, and cytokinesis was compromised, resulting in the production of blastomeres of various sizes and ploidy. Interestingly, in spite of these cytoskeletal and nuclear alterations, spindle poles at fourth cleavage retained their ability to interact with the plasma membrane in a manner similar to that normally characterizing the unequal division of macromeres and micromeres. CIPC treatment resulted in unequal cell divisions at atypical times, and skeletal spicule formation in these embryos was abnormal. These results indicate that CIPC may pose a significant health risk during mammalian embryogenesis; in addition, it may be a useful tool with which to study microtubule and centrosomal functioning during animal cell division-especially in those cell types that exhibit stereotypic patterns of cell division during early development.
Effects of modulator phase for comodulation masking release and modulation detection interference

In an effort to evaluate the importance of across-frequency comparisons of envelope patterns in comodulation masking release (CMR) experiments and to compare joint effects of target–masker frequency separation for both CMR and modulation detection interference (MDI) tasks, thresholds were measured for three tasks. These tasks were: (a) the detection of sinusoidal amplitude modulation (SAM) of a tone, (b) the detection of a reduction in the modulation depth of a fully modulated SAM tone, and (c) the detection of a tone added to a narrow band of noise. Thresholds were obtained for the target alone and for the target presented with two maskers. For the detection of SAM, thresholds did not depend on whether the modulation patterns of the target and masker elements were the same or random. For the latter two tasks, modulator phase effects were apparent for target–masker frequency separations less than 1–2 oct. In contrast, past work has shown that observers can compare modulator envelope phases across frequency separations larger than 1–2 oct [Strickland et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 2160–2166 (1989); Yost and Sheft, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85, 848–857 (1989)]. In a second experiment, thresholds for the detection of SAM were obtained after prolonged exposure to a fully modulated SAM tone. For four of the five observers, modulation-rate specific adaptation was obtained for test/adapting carrier-frequency separations approaching 2 oct below and 1 oct above the adaptor.
Real-time Diffusion-Perfusion Mismatch Analysis in Acute Stroke

Diffusion-perfusion mismatch can be used to identify acute stroke patients that could benefit from reperfusion therapies. Early assessment of the mismatch facilitates necessary diagnosis and treatment decisions in acute stroke. We developed the RApid processing of PerfusIon and Diffusion (RAPID) for unsupervised, fully automated processing of perfusion and diffusion data for the purpose of expedited routine clinical assessment. The RAPID system computes quantitative perfusion maps (cerebral blood volume, CBV; cerebral blood flow, CBF; mean transit time, MTT; and the time until the residue function reaches its peak, T(max)) using deconvolution of tissue and arterial signals. Diffusion-weighted imaging/perfusion-weighted imaging (DWI/PWI) mismatch is automatically determined using infarct core segmentation of ADC maps and perfusion deficits segmented from T(max) maps. The performance of RAPID was evaluated on 63 acute stroke cases, in which diffusion and perfusion lesion volumes were outlined by both a human reader and the RAPID system. The correlation of outlined lesion volumes obtained from both methods was r(2) = 0.99 for DWI and r(2) = 0.96 for PWI. For mismatch identification, RAPID showed 100% sensitivity and 91% specificity. The mismatch information is made available on the hospital's PACS within 5-7 min. Results indicate that the automated system is sufficiently accurate and fast enough to be used for routine care as well as in clinical trials.
Evaluation of gradient corrections in grid-free density functional theory

The Almlof–Zheng approach to grid-free density functional theory (DFT) uses the resolution of the identity (RI) instead of a finite grid to evaluate the integrals. Application of the RI can lead to stability problems, particularly when gradients are involved. The focus of the current work is on choosing a stable method of evaluating the gradient correction using the RI. A stable method is compared to several unstable methods.
The changing face of technical communication: new directions for the field in a new millennium

In this panel session, the authors identify four different factors shaping the future of technical communication: user-centered design, corporate universities, cross-disciplinary collaboration, and knowledge management. The authors each address how factors once considered external to the field of technical communication are now becoming thoroughly integrated with it. These four studies, in conjunction, suggest how the field of technical communication is becoming increasingly complex and how participants (practitioners, researchers, and educators) will need to adapt to this new terrain.
Using Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) Equipped with Miniaturized Synthetic Doppler Receivers to Geolocate Radio Frequency (RF) Emitters

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) has developed a technique for geolocating radio frequency (RF) emitters using multiple, cooperating small, hand-launchable unmanned aerial systems (UASs). Each aircraft has an RF sensor that measures the phase difference between multiple, rapidly-switched onboard antennas to derive line-of-bearing (LOB). The LOB estimations from each aircraft are shared among all UASs and fused using onboard Kalman filters to obtain geolocation of the target emitter. These UASs operate fully autonomously with no human-in-the-loop required for either decision-making or flight control. The basic components of this concept, from sensor development to UAS autonomous behaviors, were demonstrated in flight at the Tactical Network Topology (TNT) experiment in August 2007.
Ventricularization of Atrial Gene Expression in the Fibrillating Heart

See related article, pages 1022–1029 Structural and functional changes in the heart in response to disease or dysfunction are essential compensatory responses to stress. In the context of sustained stress such initially adaptive changes may become maladaptive or contribute to the progression of the pathological phenotype. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of such remodeling holds the promise of understanding disease mechanisms and identifying novel therapeutic targets and interventions. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in man and has justifiably been an area in which remodeling has been intensely investigated. The atria undergo a complex, time dependent series of changes in structure and cellular electrophysiological function in response to rapid atrial activation and heart disease that predispose the development of AF. Canonical individual gene and pathway, transcriptional, translational, and functional studies of animal model and human AF have identified changes in a number of important regulatory pathways in the fibrillating atria that have helped to explain the self-perpetuation of this arrhythmia or why “AF begets more AF”. In this sense, some of the findings of Barth et al1 benefits from this “cart before the horse sequence of events” and indeed validates some of the findings in the microarray dataset. …
Diversity in patterns of coital contact of mosquitoes: A scanning electron microscopic study.

Specimens, representative of each of the major taxa of mosquitoes, were fixed in copula and the external genitalia examined by scanning electron microscopy. The periphery of the basin-like everted aedeagus of Aedus aegypti precisely matches that of the everted atrial membrane of the female. These structures are appressed during coitus and sealed by pressure of the paraprocts, aedeagal pouch and proctiger. When everted, the aedeagus of male Culex pipiens reveals a ridged dome that surrounds the genital opening. This dome seals itself laterally into a gutter formed by pad-like extensions of the female's genital lips and is sealed dorsally by pressure of the aedeagal apodeme. The aedeagus of another culicine species, Wyeomyia smithii, bears the gonopore at the apex of a spined tube. This tube is inserted between the female's genital lips and is sealed within the genital atrium. The aedeagus of the toxorhynchitine species Toxorhynchitis brevipalpus is immobile and is inserted deep within the genital atrium of the female where it is sealed by pressure of the atrial walls. Males of each of these mosquitoes deliver a mixture of semen and sperm to the copulatory bursa of the female. After withdrawal of the aedeagus, sperm is transferred to the spermathecae. In contrast, sperm of Anopheles quadrimaculatus are delivered directly to the spermathecal duct. The tube-like aedeagus is positioned by its leaflets during sperm transfer and is driven deep into the atrium, where a mixture of semen and sperm is ejaculated. The significance of mechanical barriers to mating between species is discussed.
The role of glucagon in endoscopic cholangiopancreatography.

Intravenous glucagon, in a double-blind study of endoscopic cholangiopancreatography, effected a marked reduction in duodenal motility. In the total group, there was but 1 procedure failure, and 1 patient not receiving glucagon developed pancreatitis. A significant decrease in frequency and magnitude of urinary amylase activity after 24 hours was noted in patients receiving glucagon compared with those receiving placebo. The authors conclude that in duodenoscopy the use of glucagon is safe, is effective in reducing duodenal motility, and may help to prevent postprocedure pancreatitis.
Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) nanoparticle and poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) electrospun scaffold characterization for skeletal muscle regeneration

Injuries to peripheral nerves and/or skeletal muscle can cause scar tissue formation and loss of function. The focus of this article is the creation of a conductive, biocompatible scaffold with appropriate mechanical properties to regenerate skeletal muscle. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanoparticles (Np) were electrospun with poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) to form conductive scaffolds. During electrospinning, ribboning, larger fiber diameters, and unaligned scaffolds were observed with increasing PEDOT amounts. To address this, PEDOT Np were sonicated prior to electrospinning, which resulted in decreased conductivity and increased mechanical properties. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were added to the 1:2 solution in an effort to increase conductivity. However, the addition of MWCNT had little effect on scaffold conductivity, and the elastic modulus and yield stress of the scaffold increased as a result. Rat muscle cells attached and were active on the 1-10, 1-2, 3-4, and 1-1 PCL-PEDOT scaffolds; however, the 3-4 scaffolds had the lowest level of metabolic activity. Although the scaffolds were cytocompatible, further development of the fabrication method is necessary to produce more highly aligned scaffolds capable of promoting skeletal muscle cell alignment and eventual regeneration.
CITY COUNCIL POLICY ORIENTATIONS AND POLICY DEVELOPMENT

This study examines how five city councils conceptually structure the issues that come before them. These structures are uncovered by using open-ended data gathering instruments in conjunction with nonmetric multidimensional scaling and preference mapping techniques. The results suggest that all five councils essentially share a common conceptual framework in evaluating issues. What gives each council a unique orientation within this shared framework are the subtle differences in meaning and importance that are given to their policy dimensions. The results further suggest that city councils may be conceptually limited in the number of dimensions that can be used in decision making at any given time. This limitation necessitates that city councils restructure their policy frameworks if they are to cope effectively with new community challenges.
Pulmonary Pathology in Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 Deficiency Syndrome

Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) deficiency syndrome is characterized by neurologic, thyroidal, and pulmonary dysfunction. Children usually have mild-to-severe respiratory symptoms and occasionally die of respiratory failure. Herein, we describe an infant with a constitutional 14q12–21.3 haploid deletion encompassing the TTF-1 gene locus who had cerebral dysgenesis, thyroidal dysfunction, and respiratory insufficiency. The clinical course was notable for mild hyaline membrane disease, continuous ventilatory support, and symmetrically distributed pulmonary cysts by imaging. He developed pneumonia and respiratory failure and died at 8 months. Pathologically, the lungs had grossly visible emphysematous changes with “cysts” up to 2 mm in diameter. The airway generations and radial alveolar count were diminished. In addition to acute bacterial pneumonia, there was focally alveolar septal fibrosis, pneumocyte hypertrophy, and clusters of airspace macrophages. Ultrastructurally, type II pneumocytes had num...
Cross-path inference attacks on multipath TCP

Multipath TCP (MPTCP) allows the concurrent use of multiple paths between two end points, and as such holds great promise for improving application performance. However, in this paper, we report a newly discovered class of attacks on MPTCP that may jeopardize and hamper its wide-scale adoption. The attacks stem from the interdependence between the multiple subflows in an MPTCP connection. MPTCP congestion control algorithms are designed to achieve resource pooling and fairness with single-path TCP users at shared bottlenecks. Therefore, multiple MPTCP subflows are inherently coupled with each other, resulting in potential side-channels that can be exploited to infer cross-path properties. In particular, an ISP monitoring one or more paths used by an MPTCP connection can infer sensitive and proprietary information (e.g., level of network congestion, end-to-end TCP throughput, packet loss, network delay) about its competitors. Since the side-channel information enabled by the coupling among the subflows in an MPTCP connection results directly from the design goals of MPTCP congestion control algorithms, it is not obvious how to circumvent this attack easily. We believe our findings provide insights that can be used to guide future security-related research on MPTCP and other similar multipath extensions.
Pharmacokinetics of 4-aminopyridine derivatives in dogs

Blockade of potassium channels with 4-aminopryidine (4-AP) restores conduction to demyelinated axons and improves function. Unfortunately, 4-AP causes adverse effects and its clinical effects are unpredictable and limited. Derivatives of 4-AP have been tested in models of spinal cord injury in guinea pigs; three derivatives (methyl-, ethyl- and t-butyl carbamate derivatives) showed promise. This study investigates the safety and pharmacokinetics of these derivatives in dogs. Each derivative was administered orally to dogs starting at doses below effective doses in guinea pigs, and increasing the dose on sequential days. Routine blood work was performed prior to and 24 h after drug administration, blood samples were collected at intervals over 24 h after drug administration, and dogs were monitored for side effects. Derivative plasma levels were determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were taken to determine CSF levels. No adverse effects were seen even when using doses higher than those that improved conduction in spinal cord injured guinea pigs. Peak plasma levels occurred at 36.6 (ethyl), 87 (t-butyl) and 175 (methyl) min and plasma level was related to drug dose. Penetration of the central nervous system (CNS) was good, with CSF levels higher than plasma levels for the t-butyl derivative.
A genetic learning strategy in constrained search spaces

The performance of an adaptive learning algorithm based on evolution (the genetic algorithm) is investigated in constrained boolean search spaces where some solutions may be infeasible. This paper describes a randomized validation procedure to limit the genetic search to feasible regions of the search space. Analysis of the effect of the validation procedure on genetic optimization is presented. The performance of the modified genetic search on the set covering problem is used to illustrate the usefulness of the analysis in selecting the algorithm's parameters. >
Group and individual treatment of compulsive hoarding : A pilot study

Treatment of compulsive hoarding has rarely been described in the literature, apart from standard treatments for obsessive compulsive disorder of which hoarding is thought to be a subset. This paper presents preliminary findings from seven patients treated with cognitive and behavioral interventions derived from Frost and Hartl's (1996) theoretical model of hoarding. Six clients attended 15 group treatment sessions over 20 weeks plus individual home treatment sessions and one client received 20 weekly-sessions of individual treatment only. After 20 weeks, treatment resulted in noticeable improvement in several hoarding symptoms for five of the seven patients, especially reduction in excessive acquisition of possessions, although problems with clutter persisted. Three of four clients who continued in treatment for approximately 1 year showed substantial further improvement, although none felt entirely recovered. Findings are discussed in light of the model of hoarding and possible modifications to treatment to enhance motivation and benefits.
Polarity and oxidation level of visible absorbers in model organic aerosol

How to parametrize the absorptivity of organic aerosols in atmospheric radiative models remains uncertain. Here we report that the λ = 400 nm absorbers in model aerosol mixtures elute as weakly polar species in reversed-phase chromatography. Typical among them, the m/z = 269 (C_(12)H_(13)O_7^−, O/C = 0.58) isomers detected by mass spectrometry possess C═O groups linked by C═C bridges. More polar species, such as the m/z = 289 (C_(11)H_(13)O_9^−, O/C = 0.82) polyacids, are instead colorless. On this basis we argue that visible absorptivity, which develops from extended conjugation among chromophores, may not increase monotonically with oxidation level.
Importance of the habitat choice behavior assumed when modeling the effects of food and temperature on fish populations

Various mechanisms of habitat choice in fishes based on food and/or temperature have been proposed: optimal foraging for food alone; behavioral thermoregulation for temperature alone; and behavioral energetics and discounted matching for food and temperature combined. Along with development of habitat choice mechanisms, there has been a major push to develop and apply to fish populations individual-based models that incorporate various forms of these mechanisms. However, it is not known how the wide variation in observed and hypothesized mechanisms of fish habitat choice could alter fish population predictions (e.g. growth, size distributions, etc.). We used spatially explicit, individual-based modeling to compare predicted fish populations using different submodels of patch choice behavior under various food and temperature distributions. We compared predicted growth, temperature experience, food consumption, and final spatial distribution using the different models. Our results demonstrated that the habitat choice mechanism assumed in fish population modeling simulations was critical to predictions of fish distribution and growth rates. Hence, resource managers who use modeling results to predict fish population trends should be very aware of and understand the underlying patch choice mechanisms used in their models to assure that those mechanisms correctly represent the fish populations being modeled.
Lamarck was partially right—and that is good for corals

Ocean warming is one of the most urgent threats to coral reefs ( 1 – 3 ). Some taxa may migrate in response to changing environmental conditions ( 4 ), but corals and other sessile organisms only migrate through larval movement ( 5 ). This is viable for coral species with planktonic larvae, but not for the many coral species with crawl-away larvae that cannot migrate far. Adult corals must therefore adapt evolutionarily or acclimate physiologically to survive warming. On page 895 of this issue, Palumbi et al. ( 6 ) show that tabletop corals (see the first photo) can both acclimate and adapt to elevated temperatures in American Samoan back-reef pools (see the second photo), where high-temperature extremes are common. If the result holds for other species and locations, it provides hope for coral reefs under global warming.
The relation between adolescent self assessment of health and risk behaviours: Could a global measure of health provide indications of health risk exposures?

Objective: Self-rated health (SRH) has become a key organizing construct for assessing multiple dimensions of populations’ physical and psychosocial health functioning. However, it is unclear how a...
Business in the Bulls-Eye? Target Corp. and the Limits of Campaign Finance Disclosure

Abstract The Supreme Court's 2010 decision in Citizens United has generated a storm of debate about the role of corporations and unions in American elections. Since organizations may not be barred from participating directly in elections, the political agenda turned to whether disclosure of corporate and union involvement can serve as a check or tool of accountability. In this article we argue that disclosure provides a very limited check, grounding this conclusion on the highest profile case study to emerge in the 2010 midterm election cycle, that of the Target Corporation's contribution supporting a Republican gubernatorial candidate in Minnesota. We argue that this case should have provided extremely fertile ground for opponents of direct corporate political contributions, but that even with disclosure and targeted mobilization, the effect appears to have been sharply limited.
TGF-beta 1 is a potential regulator of vaginal tropoelastin production

Introduction and hypothesis Our aims were to correlate transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and elastin mRNA expression in the vagina of women and to measure the effects of TGF-β1 on vaginal smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and tropoelastin production.
Diode-pumped, single-frequency, pulsed master oscillator for the 60-beam OMEGA laser facility

The 60-beam, 40-kJ (UV) OMEGA laser system for IGF experiments consists of a master oscillator, a pulse-shaping system,1 a regenerative amplifier (regen), a large-aperture regenerative amplifier (LARA), rod and disk amplifier chains, and frequency converters.
Minimum Outdoor Air Control and Building Pressurization with Lack of Airflow and Pressure Sensors in Air-Handling Units

AbstractIdeally, minimum outdoor air and building static pressures are controlled through feedback controllers with the use of airflow and pressure sensors in air-handling units (AHUs). Unfortunately, because these sensors are not always installed in AHUs, it is common to maintain the minimum outdoor airflow by fixing the AHU control dampers at minimum positions and maintain the building static pressure by tracking the return fan speed with the supply fan speed. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the system performance of these alternative controls. The outdoor airflow and building static pressure of an AHU is simulated using a nonlinear network solution. The simulation results show that the fixed damper position method can approximately maintain a constant outdoor airflow ratio with an appropriate damper connection if the building static pressure is perfectly controlled. The return fan speed linear tracking method along with the fixed damper position method shows performance in maintaining the mini...
Cardiovascular activation by serotonergic stimulation: role of corticotropin-releasing factor

Serotonin (5-HT) and serotonergic agonists stimulate the release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) from hypophysiotropic neurons and thereby activate the pituitary-adrenal axis. Studies were performed to test the hypothesis that the release of CRF into central nervous system (CNS) sites where it influences cardiovascular function is likewise stimulated by serotonergic mechanisms. Experiments were thus designed to examine whether the cardiovascular effects of central administration of low doses of 5-HT and the 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), are secondary to the release of CRF. Intracerebroventricular administration of 5-HT (1 nmol) and 8-OH-DPAT (3 nmol) produced cardiovascular responses similar to those evoked by CRF (0.15 nmol), i.e., simultaneous elevations of arterial pressure and heart rate, in conscious unrestrained rats. Coadministration of the CRF receptor antagonist, alpha-helical CRF-(9-41) (9 nmol), significantly attenuated the pressor and tachycardic responses to 5-HT and 8-OH-DPAT as well as those to injection of CRF. In contrast, coadministration of alpha-helical CRF-(9-41) did not alter the pressor and bradycardic responses to a high dose (100 nmol) of serotonin. It is concluded that the cardiovascular effects of low doses of 5-HT and 8-OH-DPAT are mediated in part through the release of CRF within the CNS.
Bridging ImmunoGenomic Data Analysis Workflow Gaps (BIGDAWG): An integrated case-control analysis pipeline

Bridging ImmunoGenomic Data-Analysis Workflow Gaps (BIGDAWG) is an integrated data-analysis pipeline designed for the standardized analysis of highly-polymorphic genetic data, specifically for the HLA and KIR genetic systems. Most modern genetic analysis programs are designed for the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms, but the highly polymorphic nature of HLA and KIR data require specialized methods of data analysis. BIGDAWG performs case-control data analyses of highly polymorphic genotype data characteristic of the HLA and KIR loci. BIGDAWG performs tests for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculates allele frequencies and bins low-frequency alleles for k×2 and 2×2 chi-squared tests, and calculates odds ratios, confidence intervals and p-values for each allele. When multi-locus genotype data are available, BIGDAWG estimates user-specified haplotypes and performs the same binning and statistical calculations for each haplotype. For the HLA loci, BIGDAWG performs the same analyses at the individual amino-acid level. Finally, BIGDAWG generates figures and tables for each of these comparisons. BIGDAWG obviates the error-prone reformatting needed to traffic data between multiple programs, and streamlines and standardizes the data-analysis process for case-control studies of highly polymorphic data. BIGDAWG has been implemented as the bigdawg R package and as a free web application at bigdawg.immunogenomics.org.
'See No Evil, Hear No Evil, Speak No Evil' - Developing a Policy for Disclosure by Counsel to Public Corporations

The purpose of this article is to develop policy and guidelines for counsel to observe when deciding whether and in what fashion he or she should disclose previously undisclosed information concerning an ongoing or future illegality committed by his or her corporate client. In developing these policies and guidelines, this article will discuss the current (1982) ABA policy and the relevant case law concerning corporate counsel's duty of disclosure, and proposed rules 1.13(b) and (c) of the 1980 ABA Discussion Draft and the 1981 Final Draft of Rules of Professional Conduct.
Mortgage Brokers, Origination Fees, and Competition

This paper examines the relation between mortgage origination fees and mortgage broker competition. A reverse first-price sealed-bid auction model is used to motivate pricing behavior by brokers. Confirming the model predictions, our empirical analysis shows that increased mortgage brokerage competition at the Metropolitan Statistical Area level leads to lower origination fees. The findings are robust to different measures of fees as well as different measures of competition. We also provide evidence that broker competition reduces mortgage origination fees on retail (non-brokered) loans as well. Our results suggest that mortgage brokers increase competition and lower fees in the mortgage market.
Insights from Parasite-Specific Serological Tools in Eco-Immunology

Eco-immunology seeks evolutionary explanations for the tremendous variation in immune defense observed in nature. Assays to quantify immune phenotypes often are crucial to this endeavor. To this end, we suggest that more use could (and arguably should) be made of the veterinary and clinical serological toolbox. For example, measuring the magnitude and half-life of parasite-specific antibodies across a range of host taxa may provide new ways of testing theories in eco-immunology. Here, we suggest that antibody assays developed in veterinary and clinical immunology and epidemiology provide excellent tools--or at least excellent starting points for development of tools--for tests of such hypotheses. We review how such assays work and how they may be optimized for new questions and new systems in eco-immunology. We provide examples of the application of such tools to eco-immunological studies of seabirds and mammals, and suggest a decision-tree to aid development of assays. We expect that addition of such tools to the eco-immunological toolbox will promote progress in the field and help elucidate how immune systems function and why they vary in nature.
The visible lesbian: the Lesbian Community Action Association and lesbian visibility.

SUMMARY The Lesbian Community Action Association is a grassroots organization founded in a Midwestern university town in 1993 to counteract and thwart the efforts of the Amendment Coalition. These social and religious conservatives were collecting signatures in the hopes of placing on a state-wide ballot an initiative that would have made it illegal for cities, counties, and other governmental organizations to pass legislation protecting the rights of homosexuals in areas such as housing and employment. Once the crisis passed, the LCAA continued its existence as a service and social organization, as well as a political one. One important purpose of the LCAA remains making lesbians visible within the larger community to improve attitudes toward them. Members do this by engaging in philanthropic causes and donating time and money to charities.
Pott's Disease with Paraparesis

Figure 1. A 13-year-old boy presented with increasing kyphotic deformity, back pain, and progressive paraparesis seven years after a one-year course of medical therapy for tuberculosis. He reported shock-like sensations in his legs whenever he bent forward and fatigue in his thighs and calves, which limited his activities. Physical findings included a rigid gibbus (Panel A, arrow), inability to tiptoe, hyperreflexia of the ankles with mild clonus, and normal proprioception and sensation to light touch. A magnetic resonance imaging scan (Panel C) showed that the bodies of T9 through L1 had collapsed into one mass, compressing the spinal cord to . . .
Spectrum Sharing of Radar and Wi-Fi Networks: The Sensing/Throughput Tradeoff

The approach to spectrum sharing explored in this paper is based on unilateral action by Wi-Fi networks to prevent unacceptable interference to incumbent search radars (e.g., those operating in S-band). Specifically, we evaluate the ability of a single Wi-Fi network to speedily detect radar operation and to subsequently switch to a clear channel as a means of protecting them. We rely on the opportunistic use of naturally occurring random quiet/idle periods in a Wi-Fi network employing distributed coordination function to detect the presence of a radar using energy detection. We analytically characterize the statistical properties of the idle periods in terms of occurrence and duration in the full buffer and downlink only traffic cases, and verify our analysis using simulations. We then suggest simple modifications to Wi-Fi parameters in order to improve radar detection performance and examine the resulting Wi-Fi throughput costs. The key contribution of this paper is to thoroughly characterize the Wi-Fi throughput versus detection tradeoff implicated by this coexistence mechanism.
Remote Control of T Cell Activation Using Magnetic Janus Particles

We report a strategy for using magnetic Janus microparticles to control the stimulation of T cell signaling with single-cell precision. To achieve this, we designed Janus particles that are magnetically responsive on one hemisphere and stimulatory to T cells on the other side. By manipulating the rotation and locomotion of Janus particles under an external magnetic field, we could control the orientation of the particle-cell recognition and thereby the initiation of T cell activation. This study demonstrates a step towards employing anisotropic material properties of Janus particles to control single-cell activities without the need of complex magnetic manipulation devices.
Privacy in sociotechnical realms: semantic network analysis of discourses

Ubiquitous 21st century technologies create an increasingly transparent society, leading some to suggest that the meanings of privacy are less relevant in these sociotechnical realms, particularly among millenial youth. The design of sociotechnical systems is clearly influenced by shifting social norms and values of privacy. Discursive research provides unique insights into the shifting meanings of privacy in 21st century sociotechnical realms. The goal of this project is to to provide an empirical examination of the discourses about privacy's meaning to young adults, particularly college-aged youth, using semantic network analysis methods. In particular, we examine whether there are differential values of privacy depending on gender, and also in developmental shifts during college-age years. Participants (N=61) were 33 female (54%) and 28 male (46%) undergraduate students (average age 20.17, SD = 1.32). In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted using open-ended questions and hypothetical scenarios. A total of 28 hours of recorded text were transcribed, yielding 371 pages of single-spaced text. Analysis of the text was conducted using Leximancer semantic network software to generate conceptual maps, knowledge pathways, and concept co-occurrences. Results indicate that privacy is meaningful to young adults, yet in varied ways: Males more typically articulate privacy in material and informational terms, while females tend to articulate privacy in relational terms. A shift in the meaning of privacy is also seen in young adults' developmental phases: Younger adults showed more concern for relational privacy aspects, whereas upperclassmen defined privacy in material and informational terms. Thus as students near graduation, material consequences become more salient and shift concerns of privacy away from the relational issues more common in early college years. This study expands understanding of discursive meanings of privacy in sociotechnical realms, providing key insights that can be incorporated in the design of privacy-enhanced sociotechnical systems. This study also opens up a new perspective for technology and policy design to consider relational aspects of privacy along with material privacy concerns.
Phase equilibria of Co3 V

In situ neutron diffraction experiments were performed over a wide range of temperatures on the alloy Co3V. These experiments showed that theL13 region of the phase diagram does not exist. The ob-served Ll2 phase appears to be a metastable state that can be obtained in quenched alloys. The hP24-fcc phase boundary was estimated to be 1045 ‡.
Budgeting for Accreditation Management

In regard to budgeting of accreditation processes, one of the oft-cited criticisms of accreditation by those in academe is the relatively large expenses that institutions must set aside for their required regional and increasingly needed specialized accreditations (Graham et al. 1995; Trow 1996). Although new and innovative accreditation strategies can be utilized to help reduce these expenses, such as those discussed in the planning section of this book on accreditation synchronization, the inclusive objective of budgeting for accreditation management should contain detailed and comprehensive plans for complete budget expectations to attain the accreditations that are needed in the institution’s overall strategic plan. Additionally, the increase in expected tuition and other income for the institution that can be achieved for the internal revitalization and external public recognition that accreditation can accomplish should also be concurrently planned for in the budget. For the majority of postsecondary institutions, the expense for regional accreditation is a truly required expense to maintain student enrollment due to the current connection between regional accreditation and approval of federal student aid and grant funds. However, specialized or professional accreditation can impact institutional budgets in several ways. It is thought by some in higher education that professional accreditations may restrict an institution’s planned faculty utilization and affect student admissions, which can result in increased expenses and reduced revenues. However, other specialized accreditation achievements may produce greater public approval and awareness in certain fields, which then is the source of more enrolled and paying students for the budget.
U.S. Public–Housing Transformations and the Housing Publics Lost in Transition:

For several decades now an era of dismantling traditional, place–based public housing developments has emerged. Our essay draws upon sociological and geographical thought to argue for a more critic...
Induction of pear ripening capacity as influenced by harvest maturity, conditioning temperature, and ethylene treatment

Most pear (Pyrus communis) cultivars require postharvest conditioning in order to develop ripening capacity. In this study, the influence of fruit maturity at harvest, conditioning temperature and exposure to exogenous ethylene on the time required for fruit to develop ripening capacity was evaluated. 'Bosc' pears harvested at first maturity (<71 N fruit firmness) needed 15 d to develop ripening capacity at -0.5°C, ~10 d at 5°C, and <5 d at 10°C. Conditioning time at -0.5°C to develop ripening capacity decreased linearly with later harvest to zero when fruit were harvested 28 d after first maturity. After 24 h in 100 µl L-1 ethylene at 20°C, 'Bosc' pears were capable of ripening to a buttery-juicy texture without further temperature conditioning. 'Comice' pears harvested at first maturity (<58 N) developed ripening capacity in 30 d at -0.5°C, ~18 d at 5°C, and ~12 d at 10°C. Conditioning time at -0.5°C decreased linearly with later harvest to ~15 d when fruit were harvested 28 d after first maturity. After 24 or 48 h of ethylene conditioning, subsequent temperature conditioning progressed more rapidly with increasing conditioning temperature up to 10°C. After 72 h in 100 µl L-1 ethylene at 20°C, 'Comice' pears were capable of ripening without further temperature conditioning. 'd'Anjou' pears harvested at first maturity (<67 N) developed ripening capacity in 60 d at -0.5°C, ~30 d at 5°C, and ~18 d at 10°C. Conditioning time at -0.5°C needed to develop ripening capacity decreased linearly with later harvest to ~22 d when fruit were harvested 28 days after first maturity. 'd'Anjou’ pears harvested at 67 N treated with 100 µl L-1 ethylene at 20°C for 24 h required additional conditioning for 30 d at -0.5°C, 20 d at 5°C, or 7 d at 10°C to develop ripening capacity. After 48 h in ethylene an additional 20 d at -0.5°C, 8 d at 5°C, or 4 d at 10°C were required. After 72 h in ethylene ‘d’Anjou’ pears required no further conditioning. Using conditioning temperatures of -0.5, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, or 18°C, peak efficiency for induction of ripening capacity in ‘Comice’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pear fruit was observed at 10°C.
Altered peripheral immune profiles in treatment-resistant depression: response to ketamine and prediction of treatment outcome

A subset of patients with depression have elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, and some studies demonstrate interaction between inflammatory factors and treatment outcome. However, most studies focus on only a narrow subset of factors in a patient sample. In the current study, we analyzed broad immune profiles in blood from patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) at baseline and following treatment with the glutamate modulator ketamine. Serum was analyzed from 26 healthy control and 33 actively depressed TRD patients free of antidepressant medication, and matched for age, sex and body mass index. All subjects provided baseline blood samples, and TRD subjects had additional blood draw at 4 and 24 h following intravenous infusion of ketamine (0.5 mg kg−1). Samples underwent multiplex analysis of 41 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors using quantitative immunoassay technology. Our a priori hypothesis was that TRD patients would show elevations in canonical pro-inflammatory cytokines; analyses demonstrated significant elevation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6. Further exploratory analyses revealed significant regulation of four additional soluble factors in patients with TRD. Several cytokines showed transient changes in level after ketamine, but none correlated with treatment response. Low pretreatment levels of fibroblast growth factor 2 were associated with ketamine treatment response. In sum, we found that patients with TRD demonstrate a unique pattern of increased inflammatory mediators, chemokines and colony-stimulating factors, providing support for the immune hypothesis of TRD. These patterns suggest novel treatment targets for the subset of patients with TRD who evidence dysregulated immune functioning.
Mutational analysis of substrate specificity in a Citrus paradisi flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase

Citrus paradisi 3-O-glucosyltransferase (Cp3GT, Genbank Protein ID: ACS15351) and Citrus sinensis 3-O-glucosyltransferase (Cs3GT, Genbank Protein ID: AAS00612.2) share 95% amino acid sequence identity. Cp3GT was previously established as a flavonol-specific 3-O-glucosyltransferase by direct enzymatic analysis. Cs3GT is annotated as a flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase and predicted to use anthocyanidins as substrates based on gene expression analysis correlated with the accumulation of anthocyanins in C. sinensis cv. Tarocco, a blood orange variety. Mutant enzymes in which amino acids found in Cs3GT were substituted for position equivalent residues in Cp3GT were generated, heterologously expressed in yeast, and characterized for substrate specificity. Structure–function relationships were investigated for wild type and mutant glucosyltransferases by homology modelling using a crystallized Vitis vinifera anthocyanidin/flavonol 3-O-GT (PDB: 2C9Z) as template and subsequent substrate docking. All enzymes showed similar patterns for optimal temperature, pH, and UDP/metal ion inhibition with differences observed in kinetic parameters. Although changes in the activity of the mutant proteins as compared to wild type were observed, cyanidin was never efficiently accepted as a substrate.