cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overspray Fog Cooling in Compressor Using Stage-Stacking Scheme With Non-Equilibrium Heat Transfer Model for Droplet Evaporation

The inlet fog cooling scheme has been proven as an economic and effective means to augment gas turbine output power on hot or dry days. A previous paper developed a stage-by-stage wet-compression theory for overspray and interstage fogging using the equilibrium droplet evaporation model with given compressor and blade configurations. This paper extends the previous work by including the non-equilibrium droplet heat transfer model. An 8-stage, 2-D compressor airfoil geometry and stage settings at the mean radii are employed. Eight different cases including saturated fogging, overspray with different droplet sizes with both equilibrium and non-equilibrium heat transfer models have been investigated and compared. The results show saturated fogging increases the pressure ratio and reduces the compressor power consumption; however, overspray actually increases both the specific and total compressor power consumption. Non-equilibrium method differs from the equilibrium method due to the change of evaporation rate. Droplet size doesn’t play a role in equilibrium approach, but plays a major role in affecting the result in the non-equilibrium case. For small droplet size of 10 μm, the droplet evaporation rate is fast, so the non-equilibrium method predicts close results as the equilibrium method. Larger droplets lead to slower evaporation, reduction of pressure ratio, and less effective compressor performance than the smaller droplets. Equilibrium method predicts that wet compression increases axial velocity, blade inlet velocity, incidence angle, and tangential component of velocity. Non-equilibrium methods predict a similar trend except with lesser increments as the droplet size increases. In the present study, the equilibrium method predicts that all the water droplets evaporate completely at the end of stage 3, while the non-equilibrium approach predicts that the completion of evaporation delays, but all droplets completely evaporate in the compressor except the biggest droplets (30μm). Saturated fogging increases air density; however, both equilibrium and non-equilibrium methods predict that overspray wet compression actually reduces air density in the earlier 70% of the compressor. Non-equilibrium predicts small droplets relax the load in the earlier stages but increases the load in the later stages. Larger droplets show less load changes. Detailed stage-to-stage performance and property value changes are analyzed and discussed in this study.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
AMPK agonist AICAR improves cognition and motor coordination in young and aged mice

Normal aging can result in a decline of memory and muscle function. Exercise may prevent or delay these changes. However, aging-associated frailty can preclude physical activity. In young sedentary animals, pharmacological activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a transcriptional regulator important for muscle physiology, enhanced spatial memory function, and endurance. In the present study we investigated effects of AMPK agonist 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) on memory and motor function in young (5- to 7-wk-old) and aged (23-mo-old) female C57Bl/6 mice, and in young (4- to 6-wk-old) transgenic mice with muscle-specific mutated AMPK α2-subunit (AMPK-DN). Mice were injected with AICAR (500 mg/kg) for 3-14 d. Two weeks thereafter animals were tested in the Morris water maze, rotarod, and open field. Improved water maze performance and motor function were observed, albeit at longer duration of administration, in aged (14-d AICAR) than in young (3-d AICAR) mice. In the AMPK-DN mice, the compound did not enhance behavior, providing support for a muscle-mediated mechanism. In addition, microarray analysis of muscle and hippocampal tissue derived from aged mice treated with AICAR revealed changes in gene expression in both tissues, which correlated with behavioral effects in a dose-dependent manner. Pronounced up-regulation of mitochondrial genes in muscle was observed. In the hippocampus, genes relevant to neuronal development and plasticity were enriched. Altogether, endurance-related factors may mediate both muscle and brain health in aging, and could play a role in new therapeutic interventions.
A HIGHLY SENSITIVE TEST FOR LH-RELEASING ACTIVITY: THE OVARIECTOMIZED, ESTROGEN PROGESTERONE-BLOCKED RAT.

The LH-releasing effect of crude acidic extracts of rat stalk-median eminence tissue was evaluated in chronically ovariectomized rats in which LH secretion had been partially blocked by injection of estrogen and progesterone. Ten min after intravenous administration of these extracts a significant increment in plasma LH was detectable, as measured by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion test. The minimal effective dose (MED) of stalk-median eminence extract was approximately 40 μg wet weight of tissue extracted. By contrast, cerebral cortical extract was completely inactive at doses up to 5,000 μg wet weight of tissue extracted. Pitressin was active in inducing LH release in this test at doses of 200 or more mU. Thus, the quantity of Pitressin required to produce a positive response is approximately 200–400 times greater than the quantity of vasopressin found in the MED of hypothalamic extract. The MED for epinephrine was 5 μg, a quantity several thousand times the amount present in the MED of stalk-median...
Closed string tachyon condensation and worldsheet inflation

Closed string tachyon condensation in spacetime generates potentials on the worldsheet that model two-dimensional inflationary cosmology. These models illustrate and elucidate a variety of aspects of inflation, in particular the generation of quantum fluctuations and their back reaction on geometry. We exhibit a class of Liouville gravity models coupled to matter that can exhibit, for example, (a) pure de Sitter gravity, (b) slow-roll inflation, (c) topological inflation, and (d) graceful exit into a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) phase. The models also provide a quantitative testing ground for ideas about the origin of inflation, such as the various ``no-boundary or tunnelling'' proposals, and the ``eternal or chaotic'' inflationary scenario. We suggest an alternative mechanism for quantum creation of cosmological spacetimes which, in the context of the model, provides a natural explanation for why the typical FRW cosmology at large scales underwent a period of inflation at small scale.
Enabling worldwide access to climate simulation data: the earth system grid (ESG)

With support from the U.S. Department of Energy's Scientific Discover Through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) program, we have developed and deployed the Earth System Grid (ESG) to make climate simulation data easily accessible to the global climate modelling and analysis community. ESG currently has 2500 registered users and manages 160 TB of data in archives distributed around the nation. From this past year alone, more than 200 scientific journal articles have been published from analyses of data delivered by the ESG.
Florian Coulmas, Sociolinguistics: The study of speakers' choices

Florian Coulmas, Sociolinguistics: The study of speakers' choices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. 263. Pb $29.99.In his new textbook, Coulmas provides readers an easy introduction to sociolinguistics, using speaker choice as the central notion for discussion. In a comfortable conversational style, the author slowly introduces topics, using common examples to demonstrate how sociolinguists think about language use. He provides summaries of findings of key sociolinguistic studies that illustrate ideas without overloading readers with unnecessary and cumbersome details of those studies. The book is accessible for beginning sociolinguistics students and is equally engaging for those already familiar with sociolinguistic concepts, largely because the author uses such interesting and global research to illustrate ideas.
When and Why Does Mastery Learning Work: Instructional Experiments with ACT-R SimStudents

Research in machine learning is making it possible for instructional developers to perform formative evaluations of different curricula using simulated students (VanLehn, Ohlsson & Nason, 1993). Experiments using simulated students can help clarify issues of instructional design, such as when a complex skill can be better learned by being broken into components. This paper describes two formative evaluations using simulated students that shed light on the potential benefits and limitations of mastery learning. Using an ACT-R based cognitive model (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) we show that while mastery learning can contribute to success in some cases (Corbett & Anderson, 1995), it may actually impede learning in others. Mastery learning was crucial to learning success in an experiment comparing a traditional early algebra curriculum to a novel one presenting verbal problems first. However, in a second experiment, an instructional manipulation that contradicts mastery learning led to greater success than one consistent with it. In that experiment learning was better when more difficult problems were inserted earlier in the instructional sequence. Such problems are more difficult not because they have more components but because they cannot be successfully solved using shallow procedures that work on easier problems.
Modeling of Boehmite Leaching from Actual Hanford High-Level Waste Samples

The U.S. Department of Energy plans to vitrify approximately 60,000 metric tons of high-level waste (HLW) sludge from underground storage tanks at the Hanford Site in Southwest Washington State. To reduce the volume of HLW requiring treatment, a goal has been set to remove a significant quantity of the aluminum, which comprises nearly 70 percent of the sludge. Aluminum is found in the form of gibbsite and sodium aluminate, which can be easily dissolved by washing the waste stream with caustic, and boehmite, which comprises nearly half of the total aluminum, but is more resistant to caustic dissolution and requires higher treatment temperatures and hydroxide concentrations. Chromium, which makes up a much smaller amount (~3%) of the sludge, must also be removed because there is a low tolerance for chromium in the HLW immobilization process. In this work, the coupled dissolution kinetics of aluminum and chromium species during caustic leaching of actual Hanford HLW samples is examined. The experimental results are used to develop a model that provides a basis for predicting dissolution dynamics from known process temperature and hydroxide concentration.
Excessive or Unpredictable? An Empirical Analysis of Patent Infringement Awards

Over the past several years, the US patent reform debate has considered the question of excessive infringement damages. More recently, claims that awards are unpredictable have gained prominence in policy discussions. This paper evaluates the charges of excessive and unpredictable awards by analyzing the outcomes of 340 cases decided in US federal courts between 1995 and 2008 in which infringement was found and damages were awarded. Our data include the amount awarded, along with information about the litigants, case specifics and economic value of the patents-at-issue. We find (1) no evidence of systematic excessiveness and (2) a high correlation between award value and ex ante-identifiable factors. First, we find that the largest eight awards are isolated occurrences that represent nearly half of the aggregate amount of damages over the target period. Second, we construct an econometric model that explains over 75% of the variation in awards. These data and findings refute claims that infringement awards are systematically excessive or unpredictable and provide empirical support for the approach recently taken in the America Invents Act. More generally, they counsel for increased focus on econometric analysis as the tool for identification of problem areas and prescription of policy solutions in legal systems.
Opportunities for Cooperation Between Educators and Apparel and Textile Trade Associations

Reaching out to business and industry and securing outside sources of research support might be satisfied through relationships with individual firms and/or apparel and textile trade associations (ATTAs). This study explores the nature of ATTAs and examines the potential for greater involvement between apparel and textile educators and ATTAs. An interview schedule was administered by telephone to 99 ATTA executives. Data were analyzed with content analysis and simple summary statistics. Every element of the apparel and textile industry was represented by one or more trade associations. Seventy-six ATTA executives indicated they would be willing to work with apparel and textile educators while only 45 reported previously working with a small number of apparel and textile educators. Executives who were unwilling to cooperate with educators cited previous experiences and poorly prepared students. Many ATTA executives were unaware of apparel and textile programs and emphasized that interactions between indust...
The potential of biopolar devices in LSI gigabit logic

The logic swing can be reduced to improve propagation delays without affecting the noise margin due to switching transients. The author proposes a simple differential CML gate with small-geometry bipolar devices which can operate at gigabit logic speeds and at sub mW power levels. It is well suited to compete with GaAs technologies.
Does disc fragmentation prevent the formation of supermassive stars in protogalaxies

Supermassive stars (SMSs; >10^5 Msun) formed in the first protogalaxies with virial temperature T_vir>10^4 K are expected to collapse into seeds of supermassive black hole (SMBHs) in the high-redshift universe (z>7). Fragmentation of the primordial gas is, however, a possible obstacle to SMS formation. We discuss the expected properties of a compact, metal-free, marginally unstable nuclear protogalactic disk, and the fate of the clumps formed in the disk by gravitational instability. Interior to a characteristic radius R_f=few*10^{-2} pc, the disk fragments into massive clumps with M_c~30 Msun. The clumps grow via accretion and migrate inward rapidly on a timescale of ~10^4 yr, which is comparable or shorter than the Kelvin-Helmholz time >10^4 yr. Some clumps may evolve to zero-age main sequence stars and halt gas accretion by radiative feedback, but most of the clumps can migrate inward and merge with the central protostar before forming massive stars. Moreover, we found that dust-induced-fragmentation in metal-enriched gas does not modify these conclusions unless Z> 3*10^{-4} Zsun, because clump migration below this metallicity remains as rapid as in the primordial case. Our results suggest that fragmentation of a compact, metal--poor disk can not prevent the formation of a SMS.
An Exploratory Study of How Developers Seek, Relate, and Collect Relevant Information during Software Maintenance Tasks

Much of software developers' time is spent understanding unfamiliar code. To better understand how developers gain this understanding and how software development environments might be involved, a study was performed in which developers were given an unfamiliar program and asked to work on two debugging tasks and three enhancement tasks for 70 minutes. The study found that developers interleaved three activities. They began by searching for relevant code both manually and using search tools; however, they based their searches on limited and misrepresentative cues in the code, environment, and executing program, often leading to failed searches. When developers found relevant code, they followed its incoming and outgoing dependencies, often returning to it and navigating its other dependencies; while doing so, however, Eclipse's navigational tools caused significant overhead. Developers collected code and other information that they believed would be necessary to edit, duplicate, or otherwise refer to later by encoding it in the interactive state of Eclipse's package explorer, file tabs, and scroll bars. However, developers lost track of relevant code as these interfaces were used for other tasks, and developers were forced to find it again. These issues caused developers to spend, on average, 35 percent of their time performing the mechanics of navigation within and between source files. These observations suggest a new model of program understanding grounded in theories of information foraging and suggest ideas for tools that help developers seek, relate, and collect information in a more effective and explicit manner
Trace driven modelling and performance evaluation of tightly coupled multiprocessor systems

The development and comparison of two trace-driven simulation models for microsystems with tightly coupled, shared-bus multiprocessors is presented. One model monitors the complete activities of processors, private caches, global bus, and main memory, while the other first abstracts local bus activities of processors, and then takes care of the multiprocessing interaction. The second model provides a means to move more quickly within the design space, while the first model can be used to select a final optimized design. Examples are presented to illustrate how these simulation models can help a complex choice among architectures, system configurations, and chip parameters for the design of an optimized microsystem. >
The spectrum of filament entanglement complexity and an entanglement phase transition

DNA, hair, shoelaces, vortex lines, rope, proteins, integral curves, thread, magnetic flux tubes, cosmic strings and extension cords; filaments come in all sizes and with diverse qualities. Filaments tangle, with profound results: DNA replication is halted, field energy is stored, polymer materials acquire their remarkable properties, textiles are created and shoes stay on feet. We classify entanglement patterns by the rate with which entanglement complexity grows with the length of the filament. We show which rates are possible and which are expected in arbitrary circumstances. We identify a fundamental phase transition between linear and nonlinear entanglement rates. We also find (perhaps surprising) relationships between total curvature, bending energy and entanglement.
Activation of Acid Sphingomyelinase by Protein Kinase Cδ-mediated Phosphorylation

Although important for cellular stress signaling pathways, the molecular mechanisms of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) activation remain poorly understood. Previous studies showed that treatment of MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells with the potent protein kinase C (PKC) agonist, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), induces a transient drop in sphingomyelin concomitant with an increase in cellular ceramide levels (Becker, K. P., Kitatani, K., Idkowiak-Baldys, J., Bielawski, J., and Hannun, Y. A. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 2606-2612). Here we show that PMA selectively activates ASMase and that ASMase accounts for the majority of PMA-induced ceramide. Pharmacologic inhibition and RNA interference experiments indicated that the novel PKC, PKCdelta, is required for ASMase activation. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed the formation of a novel PKCdelta-ASMase complex after PMA stimulation, and PKCdelta was able to phosphorylate ASMase in vitro and in cells. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we identify serine 508 as the key residue phosphorylated in response to PMA. Phosphorylation of Ser(508) proved to be an indispensable step for ASMase activation and membrane translocation in response to PMA. The relevance of the proposed mechanism of ASMase regulation is further validated in a model of UV radiation. UV radiation also induced phosphorylation of ASMase at serine 508. Moreover, when transiently overexpressed, ASMase(S508A) blocked the ceramide formation after PMA treatment, suggesting a dominant negative function for this mutant. Taken together, these results establish a novel direct biochemical mechanism for ASMase activation in which PKCdelta serves as a key upstream kinase.
Denitrification with Methanol: a Selective Enrichment for Hyphomicrobium Species

Hyphomicrobium species were enriched in media with methanol as sole carbon source under conditions supporting denitrification. Pure cultures of Hyphomicrobium species were isolated which denitrified vigorously with methanol. Hyphomicrobium B522, isolated by aerobic enrichment, was adapted to anaerobic growth and denitrification. Hyphomicrobium B522 and a new isolate were surveyed for anaerobic growth and denitrification on a number of simple organic compounds. Cell suspensions were tested for denitrifying activity. Nitrogen production from nitrate and nitrite and carbon dioxide production from methanol were stoichiometric.
The importance of bacterial viruses in industrial processes, especially in the dairy industry.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the purpose of familiarizing the applied microbiologists outside the dairy industry with some of the problems of the dairy microbiologist and of the attempts being made to solve these problems. A number of the food industries employ cultures of microorganisms in the manufacture of their products. Such cultures are used for the development of specific flavor compounds, or one or more fermentation products produced by a culture may be necessary in the manufacturing procedure. The dairy, bakery, meat, canning, and several other industries make use of specific microorganisms in the preparation of some of their food products. Of the industries mentioned, the dairy industry is undoubtedly the largest user of bacterial cultures. Each of the food industries that use bacterial cultures has certain problems that are peculiar to that industry.
Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem worldwide and accounts for 80–90% of the cases of primary liver cancer. Although the majority of HCC cases are reported in the developing world, the incidence of HCC has been increasing in several developed countries, including the United States [1]. Globally, between 70% and 90% of cases of HCC are associated with a background of established cirrhosis. HCC can also occur in those without cirrhosis, usually in those with chronic infection with hepatitis B [2–4]. Overall, the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with a poor long-term survival [5]. However, small HCC tumors, often detected by surveillance, could qualify for curative treatments which are associated with a 5-year survival exceeding 50% [6–8].
Biomechanical Response of the Bovine Pia-Arachnoid Complex to Tensile Loading at Varying Strain-Rates

The mechanical properties of the pia-arachnoid complex (PAC), which plays an important role in the mechanical response of the brain due to impact or inertial loading, have not been well characterized. Finite element (FE) brain models have tended to oversimplify the response of the PAC. The purpose of this study was to determine, experimentally, the material properties of the PAC under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. Specimens of the PAC were obtained from freshly slaughtered bovine subjects. Experiments were performed at strain rates of 0.05, 0.5, 5 and 100/s. Directional differences of the PAC were also investigated. Results from this study revealed the PAC was rate-dependent and isotropic, suggesting that the PAC can provide omnidirectional support and load bearing to the adjacent brain tissue during an impact.
Novel Image Guidance Techniques for Portal Vein Targeting During Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation

The most challenging part of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation is arguably the transvenous access from the hepatic vein to the portal vein. As experience and technology have evolved, the image guidance aspect of this critical step in the procedure has become more robust. Improved means to target the portal vein include both direct and indirect methods of portal vein opacification, cross-sectional imaging for both targeting and access, and novel use of transabdominal and intravascular ultrasound guidance. These techniques are described herein.
Acoustics labs for a general education math and music course

This paper describes audio demonstrations and experiments that I use in my university level, general education mathematics course “Sounding Number: Music and Mathematics from Ancient to Modern Times.” These particular experiments illustrate frequency, timbre, pitch, beats, spectra, dissonance, tuning, and scale construction, which are a subset of the topics covered in the class. They can be performed with the free, open-source audio editor and recorder Audacity®.
Cell surface changes accompanying viral transformation: N-acetylneuraminic acid ectotransferase system activity.

SummaryThe activity of the sialyl ecto-transferase system of normal chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) and chick embryo fibroblasts transformed with the Schmidt-Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus (SR-RSV) have been compared. Neuraminidase treatment of the intact cells increased the sialyl ecto-transferase system activity of control and transformed cells two to three times. The ectotransferase system activity increased as the pH was decreased from 7.8 to 6.0. The temperature optimum for both systems was 40°C. Approximately 60% of the 14C-sialic acid incorporated at pH 6.5 or above could be removed with neuraminidase. The activity of the transformed cell system with or without neuraminidase treatment was more stimulated by addition of Mn2+ ions, particularly above pH 7.0. This difference in ion sensitivity indicates that a different cell surface phenomenon is being studied after transformation.We thank Lorraine Lorenz and Nancy Fraser for technical assistance.
Transmission X-Ray Imaging Detector Captures the Last Light at NSLS

Biological research constitutes a large and expanding scientific focus at synchrotron facilities. Structural biology researchers using x-ray facilities make up the majority of this community, including use of techniques such as macromolecular x-ray crystallography, small-angle x-ray solution scattering, x-ray microscopy, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence and x-ray footprinting. Many of these technologies, as they are developed to take advantage of next-generation synchrotron sources, are trending toward use of high flux beams and/or beams which require enhanced stability and precise understanding of beam position and intensity from the front end of the beamline all the way to the sample. For high flux beams, major challenges include heat load management in optics (including the vacuum windows) and a mechanism of real-time volumetric measurement of beam properties such as flux, position, and morphology. For beam stability in these environments, feedback from such measurements directly to control systems for optical elements or to sample positioning stages would be invaluable. For x-ray footprinting, a focused “white beam” is used to maximize x-ray flux density over a practical sample size using a toroidal mirror. This intense beam can melt beryllium windows and is very complicated to measure, causing difficulties with properly focusing the mirror and with understanding where the beam is and exactly what is being delivered to the sample. To address these challenges, we are developing diamond-based instrumented vacuum windows with integrated volumetric x-ray intensity, beam profile and beam-position monitoring capabilities. The prototype device will be used as the exit window for the XFP beamline currently being developed at NSLS-II for x-ray footprinting. Current progress is presented, including successful demonstration of a >1kilopixel free-standing transmission imaging detector that was used to capture the last x-ray photons at the National Synchrotron Light Source.
Ondansetron Use in Pregnancy and Birth Defects: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE:To examine the risk of birth defects in children born to women who used ondansetron early in pregnancy for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy or hyperemesis gravidarum.DATA SOURCES:PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, Journals@Ovid Fulltext, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Schola
A Hybrid Prediction Model of Energy Consumption Per Ton for Fused Magnesia

Energy consumption per ton is a main index of product quality and energy consumption in the smelting process of fused magnesia. By analyzing the electric heating conversion principle, an energy consumption per ton model of product is proposed by using the law of conservation of energy. For the complex characteristics such as unknown nonlinear and time-varying parameters of the energy consumption per ton model, a hybrid prediction model of energy consumption per ton which consists of a main model based on mechanism analysis and a compensation mode based on neural network is also proposed. The compensation model compensates the modeling errors caused by unknown nonlinearity and uncertainty of some parameters for the mathematical model. Industrial applications show the usefulness and efectiveness of the proposed hybrid prediction model for energy consumption per ton.
Bronchoscopy after cardiopulmonary transplantation

Eighteen combined heart and lung transplant operations were performed between March, 1981, and March, 1984. Six of these patients have undergone bronchoscopy, at varying intervals after transplantation. Five of these procedures were done for specific clinical indications; one was done incidentally, during another surgical procedure requiring general anesthesia. All patients had intact, healing tracheal anastomotic suture lines; there were no instances of tracheal stenosis. The distal tracheobronchial tree appeared endoscopically normal in the transplanted lungs, except in areas of known infiltrates. Four of the patients had endobronchial biopsies, and alveolar eosinophilic proteinaceous exudate and submucosal mononuclear infiltrate were consistent features. Two of the later biopsies suggest that squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium may occur with long-term follow-up. Controversy exists as to the optimal technique for tracheal anastomosis, but in the case of the steroid-treated, immunosuppressed transplant patient, continuous anastomosis with polypropylene has yielded satisfactory results.
Opportunities and Challenges in Semantic Similarity

Semantic similarity has been increasingly adopted in the recent past as a viable, scalable alternative to the full-understanding approach to natural language understanding. We present here an overview of opportunities and challenges in semantic similarity research with an emphasis on methods, data, and tools. A series of methods we developed over the past decade will be summarized. These methods and others have been integrated in a semantic similarity toolkit called SEMILAR ( www.semanticsimilarity.org ), which has been widely adopted by thousands of users sinces its launch in summer of 2013 at the Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics. Furthermore, we illustrate some drawbacks of current data sets that hamper a fair comparison of existing methods. Several suggestions will be made to improve the building of future data sets for assessing the performances of approaches to semantic similarity.
Nutritional Aspects of Renal Disease in Children and Adults

Renal disease tends to exact a greater nutritional toll in children than in adults because the needs for growth and development and differences in body composition impose a greater excretory load on the child's kidneys. Tubular disorders disturb body composition in specific ways and mandate individualized dietary supplementation or restriction. Management approaches are outlined.
Effect of hydrophobicity of gas diffusion layer in calcium cation contamination in polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Abstract To understand the effect of gas diffusion layer (GDL) in cation contamination in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), three membrane electrode assembly (MEA) configurations were soaked in a cationic (Ca2+) solution, with the major difference being whether catalyst coated membrane (CCM) was exposed (either completely or partially) to the cationic solution or separated by the GDL and gasket. Significant performance drop was observed with the CCMs which were in direct or partial contact with the Ca2+ solution, however, no significant change in performance occurred where the CCM was separated by the GDL and gasket. It seems that the GDL acts as a barrier to the transport of Ca2+ solution into the CCM, possibly due to very highly hydrophobic nature of the GDL, especially in the microporous layer (MPL) next to the catalyst layers. When a wetting agent was added to the cationic solution to increase the wettability of the GDL, a drop in the performance was observed which verified that the hydrophobicity of the GDL and the MPL hindered the transport of Ca2+ solution into the CCM.
Antecedent CHIP in CML

In this issue of Blood, Kim et al provide evidence that the t(9:22) translocation (ie, Philadelphia chromosome, or Ph), coding for the BCR/ABL gene rearrangement, is not always the first mutation acquired in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).1 These results are consistent with prior smaller studies and indicate that CML can sometimes arise from a preexisting Ph-negative (Ph−) hematopoietic clone already harboring additional gene mutations. This work also adds to the growing body of evidence suggesting that BCR/ABL expression alone may not be sufficient to induce CML.
Direct measurement of Vorticella contraction force by micropipette deflection

The ciliated protozoan Vorticella convallaria is noted for its exceptionally fast adenosine triphosphate-independent cellular contraction, but direct measurements of contractile force have proven difficult given the length scale, speed, and forces involved. We used high-speed video microscopy to image live Vorticella stalled in midcontraction by deflection of an attached micropipette. Stall forces correlate with both distance contracted and the resting stalk length. Estimated isometric forces range from 95 to 177 nanonewtons (nN), or 1.12 nN·μm-1 of the stalk. Maximum velocity and work are also proportional to distance contracted. These parameters constrain proposed biochemical/physical models of the contractile mechanism.
Ultrasonic velocities near the spin-reorientation transitions in ErFeO3 at high pressure

Abstract Longitudinal and shear sound velocities have been measured near the spin-reorientation transitions in ErFeO3 at hydrostatic pressure up to 2.4 kbar. The results, which are analyzed in terms of a phenomenological theory with magnetoelastic coupling terms, show that hydrostatic pressure has a very small effect on the magnetic anisotropy constants.
Protons vs Photons for Brain and Skull Base Tumors

The physical characteristics of proton therapy result in steeper dose gradients and superior dose conformality compared to photon therapy. These properties render proton therapy ideal for skull base tumors requiring dose escalation for optimal tumor control, and may also be beneficial for brain tumors as a means of mitigating radiation-related adverse effects. This review summarizes the literature regarding the role of proton therapy compared to photon therapy in the treatment of adult brain and skull base tumors.
le-git-imate: Towards Verifiable Web-based Git Repositories

Web-based Git hosting services such as GitHub and GitLab are popular choices to manage and interact with Git repositories. However, they lack an important security feature - the ability to sign Git commits. Users instruct the server to perform repository operations on their behalf and have to trust that the server will execute their requests faithfully. Such trust may be unwarranted though because a malicious or a compromised server may execute the requested actions in an incorrect manner, leading to a different state of the repository than what the user intended. In this paper, we show a range of high-impact attacks that can be executed stealthily when developers use the web UI of a Git hosting service to perform common actions such as editing files or merging branches. We then propose le-git-imate, a defense against these attacks which provides security guarantees comparable and compatible with Git's standard commit signing mechanism. We implement le-git-imate as a Chrome browser extension. le-git-imate does not require changes on the server side and can thus be used immediately. It also preserves current workflows used in Github/GitLab and does not require the user to leave the browser, and it allows anyone to verify that the server's actions faithfully follow the user's requested actions. Moreover, experimental evaluation using the browser extension shows that le-git-imate has comparable performance with Git's standard commit signature mechanism. With our solution in place, users can take advantage of GitHub/GitLab's web-based features without sacrificing security, thus paving the way towards verifiable web-based Git repositories.
Novel Internalizing Human Antibodies Targeting Brain Tumor Sphere Cells

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive form of primary brain tumor current treatments are hampered by resistance and recurrence. A subpopulation of GBM tumor cells can grow as spheres when cultured in serum-free medium and these sphere cells exhibit enhanced tumor-initiating ability and drug resistance. Human monoclonal antibodies targeting brain tumor sphere cells have been identified by phage antibody display technology and could be useful for the development of novel therapies that target subpopulations of GBM cells to combat recurrence and resistance to treatment.
Children With Cerebral Palsy Have Greater Stride-to-Stride Variability of Muscle Synergies During Gait Than Typically Developing Children: Implications for Motor Control Complexity.

Background. There is mounting evidence that the central nervous system utilizes a modular approach for neuromuscular control of walking by activating groups of muscles in units termed muscle synerg...
Nationalism and Nationalist Movements in the Age of Neoliberal Globalization

Nationalism and nationalist movements have developed and spread around the world ever since the emergence of the nation-state as a product of the bourgeois revolutions in Europe in the transition from feudalism to capitalism in the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Since then, people around the world who never had an independent nation that they could call their own have fought under the banner of nationalism to free themselves from colonial and imperial bondage to become independent and launch a nation-state free of control and domination by powerful forces outside their national geographic territories. Thus, anti-imperialist struggles for national liberation and self-determination in the postcolonial era have resulted in the emergence of a series of independent nation-states on a global scale.
Father 2 Son: The Impact of African American Father–Son Sexual Communication on African American Adolescent Sons’ Sexual Behaviors:

Parent–child sexual communication has been associated with reducing adolescent sexual risk behaviors. Limited research on parent–child sexual communication has been conducted on African American (A...
Comparison between Single-file Rotary Systems: Part 2-The Effect of Length of the Instrument Subjected to Cyclic Loading on Cyclic Fatigue Resistance.

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of XP Shaper (XP), HyFlex EDM One File (EDM), and WaveOne Gold Primary (WOG) when operated according to their manufacturers' recommendations at different lengths and to investigate the cyclic fatigue limit of XP Shaper when operated at 3000 rpm. Methods One hundred fifty instruments from 4 different rotary systems (F2 Protaper Universal [PTU], WOG, EDM, and XP) were tested for their cyclic fatigue resistance in a simulated 90° curved canal at a 37°C water bath temperature at 3 different working lengths (15 mm, 17 mm, and 19 mm). The time taken for instruments to fracture was recorded, and the number of cycles to failure was calculated. Statistical analyses were performed by using Levene's test, Kruskal-Wallis test to identify specific groups with statistically significantly higher cyclic fatigue resistance at 5% significance level. Weibull analysis was performed to determine the predictability of survival for each instrument. Results XP Shaper had the highest cyclic fatigue resistance compared with all other instruments, followed by EDM, WOG, and then PTU. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of cycles to failure between the XP operated at 3000 or 1000 rpm in any of the tested working lengths. There was a reduction in the number of cycles to failure when the working length increased from 15 to 19 mm in EDM, WOG, and PTU. Scanning electron microscopy showed ductile fractures with classic dimpled features in all samples. Conclusions XP has a very high resistance to cyclic fatigue compared with WOG, EDM, and F2 PTU. The time to fracture will decrease by almost one third when XP is operated at 3000 rpm. The results of both parts of this study suggest that XP appears to be safe to operate at 3000 rpm in endodontic retreatment.
Three-Dimensional Nanoscale Mapping of Porosity in Solution-Processed ITO Multilayer Thin Films for Patternable Transparent Electrodes

Indium tin oxide (ITO) films constitute components of many layered heterostructures used for emergent technologies beyond conventional optoelectronics. Compositional and morphological changes have a direct impact on the device’s performance. Hence control over the morphology with advanced multimodal characterization approaches is required to evaluate the devices. Herein multilayer ITO films deposited by spin-coating were quantified in nanoscale detail in three dimensions by combining results from depth-sensitive neutron reflectometry (NR), noncontact topographic AFM images, and cross-sectional SEM images. Films with a different number of deposited layers were visually transparent even though the topmost layer was as high as 60% porous, with porosity gradually decreasing as the number of the underneath sublayers increased. Surface and interfacial roughness through the total film and individual layer thickness were obtained. NR data also furnished quantitative depth information on the films’ chemical compos...
Exploring young adult consumers’ sustainable clothing consumption intention-behavior gap: A Behavioral Reasoning Theory perspective

Abstract Clothing overconsumption is a growing global phenomenon with serious effects on the environment and society. Huge amounts of textile waste are ending up U.S. landfills due to unsustainable clothing consumption patterns. With the conceptual underpinnings of Behavioral Reasoning Theory, the purpose of this study was to explore sustainable clothing consumption behaviors (SCCBs) that young consumers were most and least likely to engage in and to understand specific reasons for their decisions to engage in a variety of SCCBs. The study used qualitative method of inquiry and conducted six focus groups with forty-one young adult consumers. Data was transcribed and analyzed to develop specific reasons that the participants attached to engage or not engage in SCCBs. Qualitative analyses revealed that participants’ reasons for engaging in SCCBs included perceived value, sustainability commitment, uniqueness, acquisition from known sources and lifestyle changes. Specific reasons for not engaging in SCCBs included perceived lack of variety/style, budget constraints, skepticism, lack of knowledge/skills, emotions attached to consumption, perceived lack of availability and consumers’ self-indulgent behavior. The findings of this study provide important implications for public policy makers and businesses to integrate and promote circularity in the fashion industry. The study also emphasizes the important role consumers’ play in extending clothing lifecycle.
Is gun control really about people control

The Second Amendment of the USA Constitution states: "A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed." Today around the USA and the world some people are advocating the removal of guns from the citizens, called "Gun Control," as the solution to violent crime that they associate with guns in the hands of the public, contrary to what the Second Amendment states. This review provides a factual background to the debate about the issues surrounding the arguments for and against "Gun Control." The paper documents many factors that lead to violent crimes committed by people. The means used to cause violent crimes cover the history of human civilization. They include weapons of all types, bombs, toxic substances, vehicles of many kinds, and planes, all to cause the death of others. Some who commit or threaten violent crime against others are emotionally disturbed and in many cases are known to the police through screening systems. Family dysfunction, alcohol and drug abuse, an incessant stream of media and entertainment featuring gun violence, and an educational system that does not equip the young with the proper civic and ethical principles to deal with life's challenges all contribute to violent behavior using guns and other lethal means. With this background of multiple factors leading to the commission of violent crimes against others, the focus has been concentrated on banning firearms from public ownership rather than understanding the reasons for this criminal behavior. Why? There is the overwhelming evidence that disarming the public from using firearms will not reduce violent crimes and will render people defenseless. Other facts indicate that allowing citizens to carry arms will prevent or reduce violent crimes. The debate over Gun Control has become politicized and emotionally based, because the real goal is not stated. In respected scientific journals and in the Media, factual information about the causes and prevention of violent deaths has been misrepresented or is blatantly false. Using censorship, the medical press and the mass media have refused to publish articles or print opposing opinions such as those supporting the rights of citizens to bear arms. There is evidence that tax-exempt foundations and wealthy individuals are financially supporting Gun Control efforts with the goal of disarming the public to establish a centrally controlled government and to eliminate the US Constitution. It is obvious that in the rapidly changing world we need to find answers to the many factors behind Violent Crime in which guns are used. That will take time and patience. In the meantime, is there a gray area for compromise in the Guns and Violence issue? Yes, logically, from all the evidence presented in this review, citizens should be encouraged to carry arms for self, family, and fellow citizen protection, and as a check on government, a right guaranteed by the constitution and endowed by our God-given natural right. The challenges facing us are multifaceted. Is Gun Control really about People Control?