cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genome-Guided Transcriptome Assembly in the Age of Next-Generation Sequencing

Next generation sequencing technologies provide unprecedented power to explore the repertoire of genes and their alternative splice variants, collectively defining the transcriptome of a species in great detail. However, assembling the short reads into full-length gene and transcript models presents significant computational challenges. We review current algorithms for assembling transcripts and genes from next generation sequencing reads aligned to a reference genome, and lay out areas for future improvements.
Small-polaron theory of phonon-assisted defect tunneling with quadratic defect-lattice coupling

The usual polaronlike treatment of phonon-assisted tunneling of lattice defects is a linear-coupling theory in which the defect-lattice interaction is linear in lattice displacements. We extend the treatment to include coupling terms quadratic in lattice displacements and momenta. Both the linear and the quadratic coupling are treated to all orders in the interaction so that the resulting theory is a union of small-polaron theory with Lifshitz perturbed phonon theory. Our formal results are presented in diagramatic series form and in terms of integral equations. Approximations suitable for high-and low-temperature ranges are discussed.
The effect of axially varying and unsymmetrical boundary conditions on heat transfer with turbulent flow between parallel plates

Abstract The solution is presented to the heat-transfer problem with turbulent flow between parallel plates with heating on one side only. The configuration has some practical significance when considered as a limiting case of the annulus with a heated core. The velocity and eddy diffusivity variations due to Deissler are used but are modified in the central region of the passage by assuming a constant eddy diffusivity. In solving the energy equation the eddy diffusivities for heat and momentum are taken equal. The eigenvalues and functions necessary to calculate the variation of Nusselt number with distance along the passages are tabulated for three Reynolds and three Prandtl numbers. From the two basic solutions of uniform temperature and uniform heat flux the analysis is extended to certain axial variations which are of practical interest and finally, by using superposition, the result is obtained for unequal uniform heat fluxes on each side of the passage.
The electrocardiogram in congenital heart disease; with special reference to left axis deviation.

The incidence of the four main types of axis deviation in each diagnostic group of congenital malformations of the heart was found by an examination of 2,752 electrocardiograms from the Harriet Lane Home Cardiac Clinic. Records from patients with dextrocardia or dextrarotation of the heart, and those with complete bundle branch block were excluded. The precordial and unipolar limb leads in the 289 electrocardiograms which showed left axis deviation were examined, and the types of precordial pattern most frequently seen in the different diagnostic groups analyzed. It is concluded that the precordial patterns show considerable difference in the various malformations associated with left axis deviation, and are of diagnostic aid.
Structure, binding interface and hydrophobic transitions of Ca2+-loaded calbindin-D(28K).

Calbindin-D28K is a Ca2+-binding protein, performing roles as both a calcium buffer and calcium sensor. The NMR solution structure of Ca2+-loaded calbindin-D28K reveals a single, globular fold consisting of six distinct EF-hand subdomains, which coordinate Ca2+ in loops on EF1, EF3, EF4 and EF5. Target peptides from Ran-binding protein M and myo-inositol monophosphatase, along with a new target from procaspase-3, are shown to interact with the protein on a surface comprised of α5 (EF3), α8 (EF4) and the EF2-EF3 and EF4-EF5 loops. Fluorescence experiments reveal that calbindin-D28K adopts discrete hydrophobic states as it binds Ca2+. The structure, binding interface and hydrophobic characteristics of Ca2+-loaded calbindin-D28K provide the first detailed insights into how this essential protein may function. This structure is one of the largest high-resolution NMR structures and the largest monomeric EF-hand protein to be solved to date.
A nonepidermal, primary malignant melanoma arising in a giant congenital melanocytic nevus 40 years after partial surgical removal.

G iant congenital melanocytic nevi (GCMN) are defined by their size, measuring at least 20 cm in diameter in adulthood.1 These lesions are extremely rare and have an estimated incidence of 1 in 20,000 newborns.2 The most common anatomic site of a GCMN is the trunk, followed by the extremities and head/neck areas.3 Many GCMN can be associated with smaller satellite congenital nevi involving a variety of anatomic locations. Patients with GCMN have an increased risk of developing melanoma, and malignant transformation is most likely to occur during the first decade of life.4 The lifetime risk of developing melanoma in a large congenital nevus is approximately 3% to 6%.3 Although melanomas arising in large congenital nevi are usually of cutaneous origin (epidermal or nonepidermal), reports have also shown that transformation can occur in extracutaneous sites, such as in neurocutaneous melanocytosis.5 The management of GCMN presents a challenge because of their size and the potential for increased morbidity from operation in the pediatric population. Although routine clinical observation to detect morphologic changes in these lesions is commonly recommended, malignant transformation can go undetected in cases of melanoma arising in nonepidermal sites.6 Another approach to the treatment of these lesions is prophylactic excision to the fascial plane. This procedure is often performed in the first year of life, because the period of greatest risk of developing melanoma occurs during the first decade. In addition, surgical removal might become more difficult as the patient grows and the nevus increases in size. Unfortunately, complete excision can rarely be achieved because nevus cells in GCMN can reside in deep subcutaneous structures, such as appendages, nerves, vessels, and muscles. In addition, the morbidity of a large surgical excision, along with the cosmetic and functional outcome, must be considered for patients with these types of lesions. We describe a 44-year-old woman who developed a subcutaneous, primary malignant melanoma underneath an intact skin graft 40 years after having had a partial excision and grafting of her GCMN. Although the late development of malignant melanoma is uncommon, this case clearly demonstrates the problematic nature of treating patients with GCMN.
COMPLICATIONS OF CENTRAL ARTERIAL CATHETERS: ROLE OF FLUID OSMOLARITY AND CATHETER POSITION, RABBIT MODEL

5% dextrose (D), 10%D, or 20%D with casein hydrolysate was administered at 120 ml/Kg/day, with an infusion pump, to 30, 1Kg rabbits via polyvinyl catheters placed into the aorta via a femoral artery. The catheter tip was located just above either the superior mesenteric artery(H) or the bifurcation(L). After 1-15 days the animals were sacrificed and examined. Complications found were aortic thrombosis or renal, hepatic, splenic, or GI infarction. 20 animals had catheters for ≥6 days(1g): all 11 with H catheters and 2 out of 9 with L catheters had complications (P<.005, all P values by Fisher's exact test). The major complication was renal infarction, occurring in 7 animals with H, 1g catheters and in no animals with L, 1g catheters(P=.005). 9 animals with H, 1g catheters and 2 with L, 1g catheters had aortic thrombosis(P=.021), which was minimal in the L, 1g group. In contrast to H. 1g catheters, the 10(3H, 7L)with catheters for ≤ 5 days had only minimal aortic thrombosis in 2(L), (P<.005). Neither the osmolarity of the fluid infused nor the presence of septicemia were related to complications. 6/21 had positive blood cultures at sacrifice. Our data indicate that in rabbits L catheters are safer than H ones, complications are time related in H catheters, and that osmolarity of infusate is not related to complications. If applied to the human neonate the data suggest umbilical artery catheters should be placed L, H catheters should be removed as soon as possible, and although caution is urged, it may be safe to give 20%D in L catheters.
Cyclic glucans produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens are substituted with sn-1-phosphoglycerol residues

Abstract In a previous study (Miller, K.J., Kennedy, E.P. and Reinhold, V.N. (1986) Science 231, 48–51) it was reported that the biosynthesis of periplasmic cyclic β-1,2-glucans by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is strictly osmoregulated in a pattern closely similar to that found for the membrane-derived oligosaccharides of Escherichia coli (Kennedy, E.P. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 1092–1095). In addition to the well-characterized neutral cyclic glucan, the periplasmic glucans were found to contain an anionic component not previously reported. Biosynthesis of the anionic component is osmotically regulated in a manner indistinguishable from that of the neutral cyclic β-1,2-glucan. We now find that the anionic component consists of cyclic β-1,2-glucans substituted with one or more sn-1-phosphoglycerol residues. The presence of sn-1-phosphoglycerol residues represents an additional, striking similarity to the membrane-derived oligosaccharides of E. coli.
Biscyclization reactions in butadiyne- and ethyne-linked triazenes and diazenes: concerted versus stepwise coarctate cyclizations.

A series of alkyne-linked bis-2H-indazoles has been prepared by the double cyclization of ethyne- or butadiyne-linked phenyltriazene or phenyldiazene moieties. Even though there are two five-membered ring cyclizations and several triple bond shifts involved, the reactions proceed rapidly under neutral conditions with mild heating, affording the heterocycles in excellent yields. DFT calculations, in agreement with experimental observations, indicate that the reactions: (1) occur via a very short-lived carbene intermediate, (2) are concerted via an asymmetrical transition state, or (3) are even synchronous, with as many as 16 bonds that are made or broken simultaneously. The biscyclizations presented herein strikingly illustrate the concept of coarctate reactions, the stabilization of transition states by coarctate Mobius aromaticity, the ethynologation principle, and the stereochemical rules.
Using system identification to determine the thermal properties of plastics

This article describes a new experimental and analytical method for determining the specific heat and thermal coductivity of plastic materials. This method arrives at these temperature-dependent properties by analyzing the thermal history of a slab of the plastic material. The procedure is as follows: 1) A partial differential equation model of the heat flow through the slab is established a priori. 2) A varying heat flux is a applied to the slab, and temperature readings throughout the plastic are recorded at fixed time intervals. 3) This temperature data is fed into a digital computer (along with the established mathematical model) and the required specific heat and thermal conductivity values are extracted. The extraction is done by using the maximum likelihood system identification technique.
Video augmented computer science (VACS)

The design and production of videotapes showing simple algorithms in action is described. Fortran programs and a CRT timesharing terminal allow the computer to generate animated representations of arrays as they are searched or sorted. Problems encountered during the project are outlined, along with the solutions.
Effects of a naturalistic sign intervention on expressive language of toddlers with Down syndrome.

Purpose In this study, the authors evaluated the effects of Enhanced Milieu Teaching (EMT; Hancock & Kaiser, 2006) blended with Joint Attention, Symbolic Play, and Emotional Regulation (JASPER; Kas...
Arimary afferent interactions: Analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive terminals in contact with unlabeled and GABA-immunoreactive profiles in the monkey dorsal horn

Abstract The present study analyses the relationship of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive primary afferent terminals with unlabeled and GABA-immunoreactive profiles in the primate ( Macaca fascicularis ) dorsal horn. One-hundred CGRP-immunoreactive terminals located in the superficial dorsal horn were quantitatively analysed and all profiles in apposition or in synaptic contact with these terminals were categorized as either axon terminals or dendrites with or without vesicles. These profiles were then further classified as to whether they were GABA-immunoreactive. All of the CGRP-immunoreactive teminals demonstrated axodendritic interactions; in addition to dendrites without vesicles, approximately half of the CGRP-immunoreactive terminals had dendrites with vesicles as postsynaptic elements. Of the dendrites with vesicles, 25/53 were GABAergic but only 3/67 of the postsynaptic dendrites without vesicles were GABAergic. GABAergic vesicle-containing dendrites were the most prominent CGRP-GABAergic interaction. Axoaxonic and dendroaxonic interactions were a rare occurrence, thus the classical anatomical substrate for primary afferent depolarization involving GABA- and CGRPimmunoreactive terminals could not be substantiated. CGRP-GABAergic interactions often involved diadic and triadic arrangements. These findings are discussed in relation to previously described primary afferent synaptology, primary afferent-GABAergic interactions and spinal cord mechanisms for modulation of noxious input.
Lesion induction by the plerocercoid Lacistorhynchus tenuis (Cestoda) and wound healing in the striped bass Morone saxatilis (Walbaum)

San Francisco Bay-Delta striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), form open lesions in response to a plerocercoid infection of Lacistorhynchus tenuis (Van Beneden, 1858) (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha). Laboratory infection experiments showed that striped bass can be infected with the plerocercoids by ingesting infected copepods. Histological sections indicated that a cellular host response was mounted early in the infection period, and that despite the leucocytic infiltration the parasites continued to develop. However, at 3 months post-infection some of the plerocercoids began to degenerate, and lesions formed at this time and 14 months post-infection. Open lesions in adult striped bass collected from the field took 2 months to heal and were detectable for at least 22 months. Regeneration of the muscle tissue did not occur although the wound completely healed externally.
Characterizing an Intermediate State Between Inactive and Active States of RecA

RecA is an essential enzyme for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination. The repair requires the formation of a RecA nucleoprotein filament, in which ATP and DNA are known to promote each other's binding to RecA. The RecA filament exists in two distinct conformations: a wide and compressed “inactive” conformation in the absence of DNA, and a narrow and extended “active” conformation in the presence of ATP and DNA. The inactive conformations share similar crystal structures, although biochemically only the ATP-bound state has a high DNA binding affinity. Our molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on inactive RecA filament reveal that upon ATP binding, only parts of the RecA filament adopt active-like conformations. During the simulations, the DNA binding loops assemble into an arrangement optimal structure for binding of extended ssDNA, i.e., similar to the active ssDNA-RecA state. However, the overall structure remains in its inactive form. This suggests that the ATP-bound RecA might be an intermediate state between the inactive apo-RecA and active ssDNA-RecA states. This intermediate shows overall compressed inactive conformation, with key loops in extended active-like conformation. In order to study the cooperativity between DNA and ATP, we have also performed MD simulations on nucleoprotein filament, showing that the ATP-bound state is able to maintain the organized DNA binding loops both with and without ssDNA. However, in the absence of ATP, the DNA binding loops tend to lose their organized arrangement rapidly once the DNA is removed, a process which is followed by the overall conformational changes of the protein.
Sensitometric comparison of dental films of Groups D and E

In early 1981 Kodak introduced into the market Ektaspeed dental film of speed group E, which is more sensitive than Ultra-Speed film of speed group D. This investigation compared the sensitometric properties of Kodak dental films of speed groups D and E. By plotting a graph of density against log relative exposure, the characteristic curves were drawn for the two types of films. The curves showed that film E was approximately twice as fast as film D. A table derived from a mathematical description of the characteristic curves permitted the formulation of exact exposure-multiplying factors for changing from one type of film to another. Both films had almost the same useful density range, but film D had higher average film contrast and lower latitude than film E.
Repetitively pulsed mode-locked Nd:phosphate glass laser oscillator-amplifier system

Performance of a repetitively pulsed mode-locked Nd:glass laser system employing athermal phosphate glass in the oscillator and amplifier stages is described. Improved passive mode-locking characteristics of the oscillator are achieved through use of a 100-μm thick intracavity etalon, enabling reliable generation of transform-limited pulses typically of 5-psec duration. The system produces 1054-nm pulses of high beam quality and ∼25-mJ energy at a pulse repetition rate of ∼0.2 Hz. Subsequent frequency-doubling steps give conversion efficiencies of ∼50% and 25%, respectively.
The diagnosis of myocardial infarction in patients with anomalous atrioventricular excitation (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome).

Abstract Anomalous atrioventricular excitation produces changes in the QRS complex which simulate myocardial infarction, and it conceals the presence of myocardial infarction by preventing the development of the QRS abnormalities which are diagnostic of this lesion. The anomalous order of ventricular excitation also produces changes in the S-T segments and T waves, which are characteristically unstable in this syndrome. Changes dependent on physiologic, or other, unknown influences, commonly occur. It is not possible to distinguish such changes from those which follow infarction of the myocardium. Moreover, similar S-T segment and T wave abnormalities occur with other types of injury and with other pathologic states, or may occur following the administration of certain drugs. These signs, then, cannot be considered reliable evidence of myocardial infarction. All these facts are important in the management of patients whose electrocardiograms display anomalous atrioventricular excitation. Error can be avoided only if great care is taken to recognize anomalous conduction, and then to refrain from making a diagnosis of infarction unless normally conducted beats ∗ occur, or can be induced. Carotid sinus stimulation, atropine, quinidine, and amyl nitrite, separately, or in combination, usually suffice to restore normal conduction. Failure with a given drug or measure on one occasion may be followed by success on another. The amount and rapidity of administration of drugs may be varied. The effect of digitalis in facilitating the appearance of, or in perpetuating the continuance of the anomalous mechanism, may explain failure to induce normal conduction in some cases. When feasible, efforts to convert the cardiac mechanism should be attempted before digitalis is administered, or, when it can be done without harm to the digitalized patient, the drug should be omitted when it seems impossible to abolish anomalous conduction otherwise.
Single and Double Photoionization from Dipole Response Function

A method for including the correlated motion of the electrons in the calculation of single and double ionization of atomic and molecular systems by the absorption of a single photon is described. The correlated dipole response function is central to the formulation. The single and double photoionization cross sections of helium are calculated. We show that the method accurately corrects for the error that is present at high energies when the length gauge is used to characterize the photon interaction. The cross sections obtained from the length, velocity, and acceleration gauges are brought into agreement with each other and with cross sections calculated from the many-body perturbation theory.
Naltrexone potentiates anti-HIV-1 activity of antiretroviral drugs in CD4+ lymphocyte cultures.

Abstract CD4 + T lymphocytes are the primary cell target for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and these cells are known to express opioid receptors. Due to the need for new treatment approaches to HIV-1 infection, we sought to determine whether the non-selective opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone would affect HIV-1 expression in CD4 + lymphocyte cultures and whether naltrexone would alter the antiviral properties of zidovudine (AZT) or indinavir. Activated CD4 + lymphocytes were infected with a monocytotropic or T-cell tropic HIV-1 isolate, and p24 antigen levels were measured in supernatants of drug-treated or untreated (control) cultures. While naltrexone alone did not affect HIV-1 expression, at a concentration of 10 −12 –10 −10 M naltrexone increased the antiviral activity of AZT and indinavir 2–3-fold. Similar findings with a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) selective antagonist supported the possible involvement of KOR in naltrexone's potentiation of the antiretroviral drugs. The results of this in vitro study suggest that treatment of alcohol or opiate dependent HIV-1-infected patients with naltrexone is unlikely to interfere with the activity of antiretroviral drugs. Also, based upon naltrexone's safety profile and its synergistic activity in vitro, these findings suggest clinical trials should be considered of naltrexone as an adjunctive therapy of HIV-1 infection.
Borwein's conjecture on average over arithmetic progressions

We provide asymptotic formulas for sums over arithmetic progressions of coefficients of products of the form $$ R_{p_{0},s,N}(q)=\prod_{n=1}^N\prod_{j=1}^{p_0-1} (1-q^{p_0n-j})^s, $$ where s and N are positive integers and p0 is an odd prime number. We find that the sign of these sums is consistent with Borwein's conjecture.
The use of a PCR cloning and screening strategy to identify lambda clones containing the hupB gene of Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120

Two lambda clones containing the hupB gene of Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120 were isolated from a genomic DNA library using a cloning and screening strategy which involved the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two highly conserved stretches of amino acids were identified within the HupB sequences of various organisms and two degenerate PCR primers were synthesized based on these sequences. Upon amplification of the Anabaena genomic DNA using these primers, a 278-bp DNA fragment was obtained. By sequencing this PCR fragment it was established that this was a part of the Anabaena hupB gene. Based on this sequence, two high-stringency PCR primers were synthesized that were used to isolate two lambda clones containing the hupB gene by PCR-screening of an Anabaena genomic library. By using a modified screening procedure the two lambda clones were directly isolated from those plates which appeared positive in PCR mass-screening and in which the plaques were cross-contaminated during the mass screening.
Analysis on the strip-based projection model for discrete tomography

Discrete tomography deals with image reconstruction of an object with finitely many gray levels (such as two). Different approaches are used to model the raw detector reading. The most popular models are line projection with a lattice of points and strip projection with a lattice of pixels/cells. The line-based projection model fits some applications but involves a major approximation since the x-ray beams of finite widths are simplified as line integrals. The strip-based projection model formulates projection equations according to the fractional areas of the intersection of each strip-shaped beam and the rectangular grid of an image to be reconstructed, so is more realistic in some applications. In this paper, we characterize the strip-based projection model and establish an equivalence between the system matrices generated by the strip-based and line-based projection models.
The place of the ideal observer in medical ethics.

Abstract The idea of an ideal observer is frequently employed in ethical reasoning and has recently been introduced into medical ethics. The contemporary use of this idea, however, is deeply flawed. It ignores important social and personal dimensions of ethics. By espousing a perspective of observation removed from history and community, the ideal observer notion encourages a pretense of objectivity and overlooks the distortions of distance. If taken seriously as a model for choice, the ideal observer is incoherent, as it dispenses with the concrete moral agent and the locus of choice. Adam Smith's ‘impartial spectator’ is examined as a more adequate statement of the need for appreciating diverse perspectives in ethical choices.
ALUMINOTHERMIC REACTION PATH IN THE SYNTHESIS OF A TIB2-AL2O3 COMPOSITE

Differential thermal analysis, in air and argon, in concert with X-ray diffraction, was performed on 2- and 3-component mixtures of Al, B{sub 2}O{sub 3}, and TiO{sub 2}, to foster an understanding of the reaction path involved in the TiB{sub 2}-forming thermite reaction. In argon, aluminum reacted with B{sub 2}O{sub 3} to form elemental boron, and reacted with TiO{sub 2} to form AlTi{sub 3}. These two products reacted just after boron was made available at {approximately}1060{degree}C to form TiB{sub 2}. Formation of Al{sub 18}B{sub 4}O{sub 33} by reaction between B{sub 2}O{sub 3} reactant and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} product attenuated the yield of TiB{sub 2}, but facilitated its formation by extraction of Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} reaction barriers. {copyright} {ital 1997 Materials Research Society.}
PROTEIN-LOSING GASTROENTEROPATHY: CONCEPTS DERIVED FROM LYMPHANGIOGRAPHY.

Lymphangiograms in 2 patients with protein-losing gastroenteropathy showed abnormalities of both abdominal and lower-extremity lymphatics. With the application of lymphangiography, the generalized nature of the lymphatic dysplasia in primary protein-losing gastroenteropathy has become evident. Striking lymphangiographic similarities between primary protein-losing gastroenteropathy and primary lymphedema suggest that both entities are part of a continuous spectrum of lymphatic dysplasias.
Role of the vaccinia virus O3 protein in cell entry can be fulfilled by its Sequence flexible transmembrane domain.

Abstract The vaccinia virus O3 protein, a component of the entry–fusion complex, is encoded by all chordopoxviruses. We constructed truncation mutants and demonstrated that the transmembrane domain, which comprises two-thirds of this 35 amino acid protein, is necessary and sufficient for interaction with the entry–fusion complex and function in cell entry. Nevertheless, neither single amino acid substitutions nor alanine scanning mutagenesis revealed essential amino acids within the transmembrane domain. Moreover, replication-competent mutant viruses were generated by randomization of 10 amino acids of the transmembrane domain. Of eight unique viruses, two contained only two amino acids in common with wild type and the remainder contained one or none within the randomized sequence. Although these mutant viruses formed normal size plaques, the entry–fusion complex did not co-purify with the mutant O3 proteins suggesting a less stable interaction. Thus, despite low specific sequence requirements, the transmembrane domain is sufficient for function in entry.
Measurement of integrated intensities in inelastic neutron scattering

Abstract The use of integrated intensities in neutron inelastic scattering measurements has become an increasingly important source of information for understanding a variety of problems in lattice dynamics. The use of intensity information in studies of both solid helium and neon has permitted investigators to determine the multiphonon character of some spurious peaks observed in constant - Q scans. The single-phonon character of similar unexpected peaks observed in the [100] direction of the alkali metals also could have been determined by intensity considerations. We report here that spurious peaks (that is, unexpected by symmetry consideration) of single-phonon character are quite naturally observed at small wave vector, q , in all crystalline substances. Furthermore, we show that the integrated intensities of all the observed peaks may be properly accounted for by suitable sumrule considerations. This is demonstrated for [100]L measurements on copper for | q | as small as 0.06 A−1.
Apomorphine enantiomers' effects on dopamine metabolism: receptor and non-receptor related actions.

Abstract The enantiomers of apomorphine (APO) inhibited dopamine synthesis in rat striatal synaptosomes, with R(−)-APO being about twice as potent as S(+)-APO. Sulpiride, a DA receptor antagonist, partially antagonized the inhibitory effects of only (−)-APO, suggesting that (−)-APO's, but not (+)-APO's effects on dopamine synthesis may be at least partially receptor-mediated. The addition of 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterine (6-MPH4), an artificial cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase, partially antagonized the inhibitory effects of both enantiomers, being considerably more effective against the (+)enantiomer. These data suggest that the APO enantiomers may directly inhibit enzymes within the synaptosome which regulate dopamine synthesis. Furthermore, investigations measuring DA synthesis rates in synaptosomes that had been pre-incubated with (−)-APO and then washed to remove the (−)-APO in the medium, indicate that (−)-APO may be retained by synaptosomes. Preliminary studies measuring the accumulation of [3H](−)-APO by synaptosomes also suggest that synaptosomes can accumulate APO. Although both APO enantiomers suppressed DA synthesis in vitro, only (−)-APO reduced striatal DA metabolite concentrations in vivo, and this reduction was prevented by haloperidol, a DA receptor antagonist. In addition, 6-MPH4 prevented the decrease in the DA metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) produced by (−)-APO but not the decrease in the DA metabolite homovanillic acid (HVA).
RhoGDIγ: A GDP-dissociation inhibitor for Rho proteins with preferential expression in brain and pancreas

GDP-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) play a primary role in modulating the activation of GTPases and may also be critical for the cellular compartmentalization of GTPases. RhoGDI and GDI/D4 are two currently known GDIs for the Rho-subfamily of GTPases. Using their cDNAs to screen a human brain cDNA library under low stringency, we have cloned a homologous cDNA preferentially expressed at high levels in brain and pancreas. The predicted protein, named RhoGDIγ, is ≈50% identical to GDI/D4 and RhoGDI. It binds to CDC42 and RhoA with less affinity compared with RhoGDI and does not bind with Rac1, Rac2, or Ras. RhoGDIγ functions as a GDI for CDC42 but with ≈20 times less efficiency than RhoGDI. Immunohistochemical studies showed a diffuse punctate distribution of the protein in the cytoplasm with concentration around the nucleus in cytoplasmic vesicles. Overexpression of the protein in baby hamster kidney cells caused the cells to round up with loss of stress fibers. A distinct hydrophobic amino terminus in RhoGDIγ, not seen in the other two RhoGDIs, could provide a mechanism for localization of the GDI to specific membranous compartment thus determining function distinct from RhoGDI or GDI/D4. Our results provide evidence that there is a family of GDIs for the Rho-related GTPases and that they differ in binding affinity, target specificity, and tissue expression. We propose that RhoGDI be renamed RhoGDIα and GDID4 be renamed RhoGDIβ. The new GDI should widen the scope of investigation of this important class of regulatory protein.
Exposure to herbicides in house dust and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We examine the association between exposure to herbicides and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Dust samples were collected from homes of 269 ALL cases and 333 healthy controls (<8 years of age at diagnosis/reference date and residing in same home since diagnosis/reference date) in California, using a high-volume surface sampler or household vacuum bags. Amounts of agricultural or professional herbicides (alachlor, metolachlor, bromoxynil, bromoxynil octanoate, pebulate, butylate, prometryn, simazine, ethalfluralin, and pendimethalin) and residential herbicides (cyanazine, trifluralin, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), mecoprop, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), chlorthal, and dicamba) were measured. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by logistic regression. Models included the herbicide of interest, age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, year and season of dust sampling, neighborhood type, and residence type. The risk of childhood ALL was associated with dust levels of chlorthal; compared to homes with no detections, ORs for the first, second, and third tertiles were 1.49 (95% CI: 0.82-2.72), 1.49 (95% CI: 0.83-2.67), and 1.57 (95% CI: 0.90-2.73), respectively (P-value for linear trend=0.05). The magnitude of this association appeared to be higher in the presence of alachlor. No other herbicides were identified as risk factors of childhood ALL. The data suggest that home dust levels of chlorthal, and possibly alachlor, are associated with increased risks of childhood ALL.
A Prevalent Misconception Regarding Wide-Complex Tachycardias

In response to a questionnaire, 59% of 196 physicians indicated that they were influenced by a patient's blood pressure and clinical status when attempting to distinguish ventricular tachycardia (VT) from paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with bundle-branch block. A sizable proportion of physicians are unaware that VT need not be associated with shock. More emphasis should be placed on making physicians aware that the differentiation of VT from paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia should be based on electrocardiographic findings and not on the patient's blood pressure or clinical status. ( JAMA 1985;254:2790-2792)
Dietary β-Glucan and Nucleotide Effects on Growth, Survival and Immune Responses of Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Effects of dietary supplementation of β-glucans and nucleotides on growth, survival and immune responses of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) at a low salinity (5 ppt) were evaluated during a 30 d feeding trial. Final mean weight of shrimp fed nucleotides at 0.5% was highest and significantly different from those fed the basal diet or diets supplemented with β-glucans. Survival was significantly higher for shrimp fed the diet with 0.2% β-glucans compared to all other diets and was lowest for shrimp fed the basal diet. Shrimp fed diets containing β-glucans and nucleotides had generally better immune responses than shrimp fed the basal diet with higher total hemocyte count (THC) recorded for shrimp fed 0.2% β-glucans followed by those fed 0.2% nucleotides. Shrimp fed diets with 0.2% and 0.5% nucleotides and 0.2% β-glucans had significantly higher respiratory burst values than shrimp fed the basal diet. These results indicated that dietary supplementation of either nucleotides or β-glucans has ...
Vibration analysis of single element transducer in acoustic arrays.

Abstract This paper offers a method for the vibration analysis of single element transducer in acoustic arrays as a damped multi-degree of freedom mechanical system with forced excitation at the fundamental thickness mode. The link between the frequency response and the element structural modal shape is analyzed and a method for controlling these modes such that they introduce no artifacts in the performance of the final array and imaging system is discussed.
Changes in the gestational age distribution among U.S. singleton births: impact on rates of late preterm birth, 1992 to 2002.

There is mounting evidence that infants born late preterm (34-36 weeks) are at greater risk for morbidity than term infants. This article examines the changing epidemiology of gestational length among singleton births in the United States, from 1992 to 2002. Analyzing gestational age by mode of delivery, the distribution of spontaneous births shifted to the left, with 39 weeks becoming the most common length of gestation in 2002, compared with 40 weeks in 1992 ( P P
Networking into neural plasticity: a rising score on the cytokine learning curve.

• This Brief Commentary provides the background for the study by Del Rey et al. in this issue of BBI and highlights its implications.
Microcomputer voice-response telephone entry for balanced clinical trial randomization.

Simple randomization of patients to treatment regimens in clinical trials can result in inbalance among stratum categories. Procedures that produce balance may lack randomness. Systems that are not deterministic yet produce balance are often extremely complex and are not easily performed by randomization clerks. A microcomputer-based voice-response system has been implemented that permits clinic staff to easily randomize patients in clinical trials despite the complexity of the algorithm. Data entry is accomplished by the use of Touch-Tone® keys.§ Input prompts and regimen assignment are spoken by a commercially available voice synthesizer.
A biological principle and its converse: some implications for carcinogenesis.

The relationship of somatic and inherited mutations in carcinogenesis is discussed, and the generalization is made that where the etiology of a neoplasm involves somatic nuclear gene mutations, individual tumors will be found in which inherited mutations have substituted for somatic. The converse should also be valid, i.e., where Mendelian inheritance of a neoplasm can be demonstrated, somatic mutations should also contribute to its genesis. An analysis of the etiology of human leukemias is attempted, and conclusions are given on both child and adult leukemias. The mechanisms of radiogenic leukemias at Hiroshima and Nagasaki are considered along with leukemia from background radiation. (D.L.C.)
In vivo metabolism of tryptophan in meningiomas is mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1.

Expression and activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the first and rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism, can enable tumor cells to effectively evade the host’s immune response. The potential role of this system was investigated in meningiomas. Surgical specimens from 22 patients with meningiomas were used for cellular, immunological and molecular techniques (immunofluorescence, western blotting, RT-PCR and biochemical assay of enzyme activity) to investigate the expression and activity of IDO. In addition, PET imaging was obtained preoperatively in 10 patients using the tracer α-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan (AMT) which interrogates the uptake and metabolism of tryptophan. Strong AMT accumulation was noted in all meningiomas by PET imaging indicating in vivo tryptophan uptake. Freshly-resected meningiomas expressed both LAT1, the tryptophan transporter system and IDO, demonstrating an active kynurenine pathway. Dissociated meningioma cells lost IDO expression. Following exposure to interferon-γ (IFNγ), IDO expression was reinduced and could be blocked by a selective IDO1 inhibitor. IDO activity may represent an element of local self-protection by meningiomas and could be targeted by emerging IDO1 inhibitors.
Regional Ventilation and Lung Mechanics Using X-Ray CT1

Advances in computed tomographic (CT) imaging of the lung in the past decade, particularly with increased speed, resolution, gating capability, and rapidly expanding volumetric image acquisition, along with advances in image processing, have expanded the repertoire of imaging methods beyond anatomic visualization into the noninvasive study of regional lung physiological function. Recognizing that significant local disease or dysfunction can exist before global measures begin to deteriorate, the motivation for the development and application of these regional techniques is to further our understanding of the basic pathophysiological characteristics of evolving lung disease and, ultimately, develop sensitive measures for its early detection. This review emphasizes the key elements of ventilation and lung mechanics relevant for regional approaches and CT measurement principles available for their study. Examples of established and evolving methods for imaging regional ventilation and mechanics, including the xenon CT ventilation method; the relationship between changing regional CT density and air volume change; and registration-based methods for examining regional lung expansion and strain, are presented.
Liver grafts from donors with central nervous system tumors: A single-center perspective

Traditionally, patients who die with a malignancy have been excluded from donation. However, it has become a common practice to accept organs from donors that have low-grade tumors or tumors with low metastatic potential. The aim of this study was to analyze our experience with the use of liver grafts from donors with central nervous system (CNS) tumors. A retrospective review of 1173 liver transplants performed between 1992 and 2006 identified 42 donors diagnosed with a CNS tumor. Thirty-two tumors were malignant, and 10 tumors were benign. Forty-two liver transplant recipients received livers from these donors. All patients were followed until May 2007 with a mean follow-up of 29 17 months. Among 42 donors, there were 28 males and 14 females. The mean donor risk index was 1.78 0.39. Twenty (47.6%) of the CNS tumors were glioblastoma multiforme (astrocytoma grade IV), 11 (26.2%) were other astrocytomas, and 1 (2.4%) was an anaplastic ependymoma. Twenty (62.5%) neoplasms were grade IV tumors, 8 (25%) were grade II tumors, and 4 (12.5%) were grade III tumors. Over 80% of the patients had at least 1 kind of invasive procedure violating the blood-brain barrier. The rate of recurrence for the entire group was 2.4% (all CNS tumors). There were 7 (7.2%) deaths in all. The most common cause of death was sepsis (n 3, 7.2%). There was no difference in survival between recipients of grafts from donors with CNS tumors and recipients of grafts from donors without CNS tumors (1 year: 82% versus 83.3%, P not significant; 3 years: 77.4% versus 72%, P not significant). In conclusion, in our experience, despite violation of the blood-brain barrier and high-grade CNS tumors, recurrence was uncommon. Grafts from these donors are often an overlooked source of high-quality organs from younger donors and can be appropriately used, particularly in patients who, despite low Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores, carry a high risk of mortality. Liver Transpl 15:1204-1208, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
Estimating the probability of load curtailment in power systems with responsive distributed storage

Controllable electricity loads and storage devices have the potential to significantly and inexpensively increase the operating reliability of power systems, especially in systems with variable, unpredictable generation from renewable sources. However, in cases where a large number of small devices is used for operating reserves, it may be difficult to estimate the available reserve capacity, especially if one desires to minimally impact the end-use function of the devices. To address this issue, we present a probabilistic modeling framework with the specific goal of developing a model of active storage devices, i.e. devices that can both consume and supply electricity to a power system, and to develop bounds on the probability of a load curtailment event based on limited observable characteristics of the devices. The formal analysis in this paper uses asymptotic probability theory to derive bounds for the probability of load curtailment. We expect that this work will form the basis to developing control laws for active device power management as well as for designing reliability-constrained power systems with large active device populations.
Double Disadvantage or Blessing in Disguise? Understanding the Relationship Between College Major and Employment Sector

Although college graduates earn substantial labor market rewards, not all college degrees are rewarded equally. Graduates who majored in female-dominated fields earn substantially lower incomes than do graduates who majored in male-dominated fields. Income differentials that are associated with different types of college majors are extensively noted but poorly understood. This article advances the previous literature by examining how college major affects the labor market outcomes of college graduates through its relationship with employment sector. The results show that graduates of female-dominated fields are disproportionately employed in public and nonprofit organizations, which offer lower monetary rewards but facilitate access to professional and managerial positions. Notably, college major and employment sector interact in ways that reduce income penalties and enhance the occupational location of graduates of female-dominated fields who work in public and nonprofit settings. These findings highligh...
Spironolactone use in patients with heart failure

Summary Background: The addition of spironolactone, an aldosterone antagonist, to standard therapy can reduce the risk of both morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Objective: To evaluate the use of spironolactone in class III and IV heart failure patients in four urban teaching hospitals. Methods: We conducted a concurrent medical record review of 163 patients with documented heart failure admitted to a general medicine service over a 5-week period. Data retrieved included patient demographics, heart failure class, left ventricular ejection fraction, spironolactone contraindications, spironolactone use, dose and frequency, and other heart failure medication use, dose and frequency. All data reflected patients’ baseline status. Results: Our patient population was 80% white people, 61% male, with a mean age of 70 years (35–99). A total of 114 had class III or IV heart failure (70%). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or appropriate alternative were prescribed in 117 (72%) patients, whereas β-blockers were used in 121 (74%) patients. Fifty-seven patients met spironolactone ideal candidate criteria. Of these, eight (14%) were appropriately prescribed spironolactone. Conclusions: Three years after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study, spironolactone is underutilized in the treatment of heart failure. Results of this study indicated that the majority of patients in class III or IV heart failure were not prescribed spironolactone. Improvements in spironolactone prescribing are needed.
The Evolution and Future Trends of Technology and Information Sciences

Abstract--Technology is evolving and being transformed. Many boundaries among science, engineering and social systems are cross-linked in the face of combinations of knowledge and tools. It is the time we look at how things work at a system level from past, present to future with great precision. It is the time when the physical, biological and social sciences are joining forces with information sciences and technology. It is the time when we will make extraordinary advances in the history of mankind through information sciences and technologies. Recently the system view of technologies is emerging. In this paper, we classify technology and information sciences into three main domains: (1) physical technology and information science (non-organic/nonliving material-based); (2) biological technology and information science (organic/living material-based); and (3) societal technology and information science (language/mind-based). Furthermore we exam each branch of technologies and information sciences and establish a system-based model of technology and information sciences and discuss the evolution and future trends of technology and information sciences.