cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Constitutions of the WTO

Constitutions have many dimensions. These dimensions include at least the following: an economic constitution in the sense of a set of rules for transactions in and institutionalization of authority; an interfunctional constitution that allows for the integration of various social values; a political constitution that reflects the cultural and democratic integrity of a group of people; a legal and judicial constitution that provides rules for the making of other rules, and for determining supremacy and the scope of judicial application of rules; a human rights constitution that limits the sphere of governmental authority, and a redistributive constitution founded on social solidarity. The WTO 'constitution' has already grown along some of these dimensions. As we assess the constitutional development of the WTO, we must first analyse these dimensions separately. Second, we must examine how these dimensions relate to one another. Third, we must examine how these dimensions of the WTO 'constitution' relate to the general international legal system's constitution and to the constitutions of other international organizations. Fourth, we must examine how these dimensions of the WTO 'constitution' relate to the domestic constitutions of the WTO's member states. Finally, we must examine the 'tertiary' rules that relate these different constitutions to one another.
Cultural Values and Racial Identity Statuses Among Latino Students: An Exploratory Investigation

The authors investigated the content and structure of cultural value orientations associated with how cultural groups view relationships, time, nature, and activity in a group of 107 Latino college and graduate students. The study employed the Visible Racial Ethnic/Identity Attitude Scale and Intercultural Values Inventory. A regression analysis revealed racial identity status attitudes predict value orientation preferences of human nature as evil, lineal and collateral social relationships, and a belief in harmony with nature. Five repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance revealed a mixed and good view of human nature, a sense of harmony with nature and a future preference. More complex preferences were found with respect to the activity and social relations orientations, reflecting a blending of Eurocentric and Latino cultural values.
Communities as Teachers: Learning to Deliver Culturally Effective Care in Pediatrics

A patient's culture has an effect on her or his view of illness, decision to seek care, and adherence to treatment plans and follow-up visits. In this article, we describe community-academic partnerships designed to teach improved delivery of culturally effective care con- ducted in pediatric residency training programs in New York, New York, and San Diego, California. Columbia University-Children's Hospital of NewYork-Presbyterian focuses most of residents' cultural-training experiences within 1 community program, a home-visitation program (Best Beginnings) with which residents work in various capacities throughout residency. The University of Cali- fornia, San Diego and Naval Medical Center San Diego use a series of cultural "immersion experiences" as a primary method. The creation of community-academic partnerships for the purpose of service and training can be a critical asset in the development of culturally effec- tive care training: community partners become teachers and local communities serve as classrooms. Pediatrics 2005;115:1160-1164; community medicine, cultural compe- tence, cultural sensitivity, culturally effective care, cul- ture, graduate medical education.
U.S. industrial intracorporate entrepreneurship practices

This article reports the intracorporate entrepreneurial program (ICEP) practices, or‘venture management’ activities, of 210 American industrial firms. The survey reveals a growing concern among US. industrial enterprises about increasing competition and outlines a viable action-oriented response to these competitive pressures. Motives for creating long-term resource commitments to the creation of new product ventures and new technology divisions in existing companies are explored. A preliminary assessment is made of the effect of such programs on the human resources and performance measures of the organization. A cautious optimism for the successful continued growth of such programs is argued.
Redox Regulation: A Broadening Horizon

Initially discovered in the context of photosynthesis, regulation by change in the redox state of thiol groups (S-S 2SH) is now known to occur throughout biology. Several systems, each linking a hydrogen donor to an intermediary disulfide protein, act to effect changes that alter the activity of target proteins: the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system, comprised of reduced ferredoxin, a thioredoxin, and the enzyme, ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase; the NADP/thioredoxin system, including NADPH, a thioredoxin, and NADP-thioredoxin reductase; and the glutathione/glutaredoxin system, composed of reduced glutathione and a glutaredoxin. A related disulfide protein, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) acts in protein assembly. Regulation linked to plastoquinone and signaling induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other agents are also being actively investigated. Progress made on these systems has linked redox to the regulation of an increasing number of processes not only in plants, but in other types of organisms as well. Research in areas currently under exploration promises to provide a fuller understanding of the role redox plays in cellular processes, and to further the application of this knowledge to technology and medicine.
Rise and Fall of a Hybrid Zone: Implications for the Roles of Aggression, Mate Choice, and Secondary Succession

Hybridization can be an important evolutionary force by generating new species and influencing evolution of parental species in multiple ways, including introgression and the consequences of hybrid vigor. Determining the ecological processes underlying evolution in hybrid zones is difficult however because it requires examining changes in both genotypic frequencies over time and corresponding ecological information, data that are rarely collected together. Here, we describe genetic and ecological aspects of a hybrid zone between the Eastern Fence Lizard, Sceloporus undulatus, and the Florida Scrub Lizard, Sceloporus woodi, occurring over at least 23 generations. The hybrid zone, discovered greater than 35 years ago using morphological characters, originally consisted of nearly even proportions of parental species and hybrids. Now, using genetic markers (species-diagnostic mtDNA sites and 6 nDNA microsatellite loci across a total of n = 117 individuals), we confirm not only that hybridization occurred but also that subsequent backcrossing has resulted in highly introgressed hybrids, with many hybrids containing mitochondrial DNA from one species on a nuclear DNA background of the other. Ecological aspects explaining these shifts in genetic composition include female mate choice, changes in habitat associated with secondary succession, and, most strongly, a hierarchy of male territorial advantage-ecological mechanisms likely to be involved in the emergence and disappearance of many animal hybrid zones. Our results suggest that genetic assimilation is not a significant threat to either species and that rather transient hybrid zones such as this may serve to increase genetic diversity and are candidates for causing genetic discordance in phylogeographic analyses.
Wavelet based rate scalable video compression

In this paper, we present a new wavelet based rate scalable video compression algorithm. We will refer to this new technique as the scalable adaptive motion compensated wavelet (SAMCoW) algorithm. SAMCoW uses motion compensation to reduce temporal redundancy. The prediction error frames and the intracoded frames are encoded using an approach similar to the embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) coder. An adaptive motion compensation (AMC) scheme is described to address error propagation problems. We show that, using our AMC scheme, the quality of the decoded video can be maintained at various data rates. We also describe an EZW approach that exploits the interdependency between color components in the luminance/chrominance color space. We show that, in addition to providing a wide range of rate scalability, our encoder achieves comparable performance to the more traditional hybrid video coders, such as MPEG1 and H.263. Furthermore, our coding scheme allows the data rate to be dynamically changed during decoding, which is very appealing for network-oriented applications.
Integration of multi-omics data from public resourc es for the functional analysis of biological networks: molecular-genetic pathways involving aryl hydrocarbon receptor

Omics approaches are widely applied to investigate physiological processes and pathological conditions. Many public data repositories make it p ossible to extract data for their analyses, comparisons and integrations, provided the availabi lity of suitable tools. Our interest is oriented to the integration of data from different experimental app roaches and fields of investigation, covering transcriptomics, proteomics, interactomics, variati on data, and drug discovery, in order to highlight hiddens information and to mine new knowledge from available experimental data. Therefore, we look at specific gene and protein functions, for which s pecific interest has been evidenced, and search for a complete view of their relationships in physiologic al processes. Moreover, focusing on specific pathologies, we extract from public databases the l argest amount of experimental results and analyze them with meta-analysis approaches, to find novel i nsights on molecular aspects, useful for defining diagnostics or therapy. In this work, our attention is focused on i ntegrative-functional analysis of molecular pathway s that involve AHR (Aryl hydrocarbon receptor), a cyt osolic transcription factor consisting of several protein domains with distinct functions, including hydrocarbon binding as well as DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions. Previous studies from our lab on this protein give us some specific inte rest and knowledge about its involvement in many pathologies (1). Therefore, we investigate it from the physiological point of view, as well as for its rol e in specific pathologies, also in the view of the molecular network that includes other proteins of i nterest for the pathology (2-6). The functional analysis is executed by means of different open-sou rce bioinformatics platforms, including GeneCards, DSYSMAP, and in particular, Cytoscape platform for realizing and visualizing molecular networks at different levels, in order to improve the knowledge of molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, as an example on a specific pathology, we use the BioGPS platform to extrapolate by Gene Atlas the gene expression profile of our biological targets involv ed in melanoma, and MelGene DB (a database for melanoma genetic studies and for analysis some important melanoma biomarkers). The poster presents the molecular networks and disc usses the potential roles of specifc nodes evidenced by the analysis, also in consideration of the role of disease-related mutations.
Iridium(I) Complexes Containing the η1-N-Bonded Indolyl Ligand

The reaction of Ir(CO)(Cl)(PPh3)2 with indolyllithium reagents has led to the formation of σ-N-coordinated indolyl derivatives of the formula trans-Ir(CO)(PPh3)2(indolyl), 1a, when the indolyl ligand is unsubstituted, and the 2,3-Me2indolyl derivative 1b. Complex 1b has been characterized by an X-ray diffraction study. The indolyl ligand functions primarily as a σ-donor to the metal ion, and the Ir−N bond is stable to protic acid. Reaction with triflic acid results in protonation at the 3-position of the heterocycle and formation of an indolenine complex.
The Dark Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association, 1922–1926

After World War I, federal policy toward American farmers encouraged them to help themselves through cooperative action. This summary of the aspirations and failure of one of the resultant agri-business organizations provides better understanding of one commercial farm group's eventual appeal for government aid.
Three dimensional numerical and asymptotic solutions for the peristaltic transport of a heat-conducting fluid

Using the Oberbeck-Boussinesq (O-B) equations as a mathematical model, asymptotic solutions in closed form and numerical solutions are obtained for the peristaltic transport of a heat-conducting fluid in a three-dimensional flexible tube. The results show that the relation between mass flux and pressure drop remains almost linear and the efficiency of the transport depends mainly on the ratio of the wave amplitudeh and the average radius of the tubed. However, the 3-D flow is much different from the 2-D flow in the following ways: (i) The 3-D flow is much more sensitive to the change of the volume expansion coefficient α r ; (ii) Trapping and backflow are much more common in 3-D case; (iii) The longwave asymptotic approximation in 3-D case is not as good as in 2-D case, especially when α r is not small; (iv) The 3-D flow is more sensitive to Reynolds number change.
Optical Measurement of Thermal Conductivity and Absorption Cross-Section of Gold Nanowires

A thin film of Al0.94Ga0.06N doped with Er3+ is used to measure the heat dissipation from lithographically prepared gold nanowires (330 nm × 20 nm × 1.6 −13.2 μm) excited at 532 nm with a Nd:YAG continuous wave laser. A temperature image of the optically excited gold nanowire is processed from the relative peak intensities from Er3+ photoluminescence. The thermal profile along the nanowire is fit using an elementary heat transfer model with the thermal conductivity as an adjustable parameter. We observe a reduction in the temperature dependent thermal conductivity of the nanowires compared to the bulk value that is attributed to an increase in scattering from grain boundaries having an average diameter of 8 nm. Energy balance yields the absorption cross-section at 532 nm, when the laser polarization is aligned with the nanowire, as 1.4 ± 0.5 × 10–13 m2.
Silicone Injection-Related Granulomatous Hypercalcemia

Cosmetic filler injections are known to cause a number of acute and chronic effects, including local inflammation, nodule formation and granulomatous reaction. The timeline of these events is highly variable, occurring from hours to decades following injection. In few cases, systemic effects have been observed. We report a case of granulomatous disease secondary to illicit silicone injection causing recalcitrant hypercalcemia. Additionally, we review the pathophysiology of inflammation in cosmetic filler injections, the prevailing understanding of hypercalcemia in granulomatous disease and summarize the most effective treatment modalities for this rare condition.
Using the Tower of Hanoi Puzzle to Infuse Your Mathematics Classroom with Computer Science Concepts.

This article suggests that logic puzzles, such as the well-known Tower of Hanoi puzzle, can be used to introduce computer science concepts to mathematics students of all ages. Mathematics teachers introduce their students to computer science concepts that are enacted spontaneously and subconsciously throughout the solution to the Tower of Hanoi puzzle. These concepts include, but are not limited to, conditionals, iteration, and recursion. Lessons, such as the one proposed in this article, are easily implementable in mathematics classrooms and extracurricular programmes as they are good candidates for ‘drop in’ lessons that do not need to fit into any particular place in the typical curriculum sequence. As an example for readers, the author describes how she used the puzzle in her own Number Sense and Logic course during the federally funded Upward Bound Math/Science summer programme for college-intending low-income high school students. The article explains each computer science term with real-life and ma...
Automatic phase pickers: Their present use and future prospects

Automatic phase-picking algorithms are designed to detect a seismic signal on a single trace and to time the arrival of the signal precisely. Because of the requirement for precise timing, a phase-picking algorithm is inherently less sensitive than one designed only to detect the presence of a signal, but still can approach the performance of a skilled analyst. A typical algorithm filters the input data and then generates a function characterizing the seismic time series. This function may be as simple as the absolute value of the series, or it may be quite complex. Event detection is accomplished by comparing the function or its short-term average (STA ) with a threshold value (THR), which is commonly some multiple of a long-term average (LTA) of a characteristic function. If the STA exceeds THR, a trigger is declared. If the event passes simple criteria, it is reported. Sensitivity, expected timing error, false-trigger rate, and false-report rate are interrelated measures of performance controlled by choice of the characteristic function and several operating parameters. At present, computational power limits most systems to one-pass, time-domain algorithms. Rapidly advancing semi-conductor technology, however, will make possible much more powerful multi-pass approaches incorporating frequency-domain detection and pseudo-offline timing.
Effect of microwave and conventional baking on yellow cakes

The quality of yellow butter cakes was adversely affected by microwave cookery. Conventional cakes consistently received the highest sensory ratings. Cakes baked on a carousel in the microwave oven were evaluated as being equal or superior to cakes baked in the microwave without a carousel. Sensory evaluations for appearance and flavor were significantly higher, and values for shear resistance were significantly lower, indicating greater tenderness, for cakes baked in the microwave oven with a carousel compared to those manually turned. Although cakes baked in a conventional oven were superior in appearance, tenderness, mouth feel, flavor, and texture, cakes baked in the microwave oven were considered satisfactory.
The endothelium as prognostic factor and therapeutic target: what criteria should we apply?

In the past, the main criterion used to establish both the prognosis of hypertension and the therapeutic goal has been simply blood pressure level. More recently, various expert groups have recommended models to establish overall cardiovascular risk that include other risk factors beyond blood pressure alone. An example is the three-tiered risk classification used in the sixth report of the U.S. Joint National Committee (JNC-6). Based on the overall risk status the decision is made to begin treatment and to decide between lifestyle modifications and antihypertensive drug therapy. In the future, more exact criteria will undoubtedly be used to establish prognosis and therapeutic goals. An easy and accurate assessment of endothelial function could very well serve as one of these criteria.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21: TNFR-related death receptor-6, DR6

TNFRSF21 (death receptor-6, DR6) is an orphan TNF receptor superfamily member and belongs to a subgroup of receptors called death receptors. DR6 is expressed ubiquitously with high expression in lymphoid organs, heart, brain and pancreas. Ectopic expression of DR6 in some cell lines leads to apoptosis and activation of the JNK and NF-κB pathways. Some tumor cells overexpress DR6, typically in conjunction with elevated anti-apoptosis molecules. DR6 deficient mice (DR6−/−) show normal development with no gross pathology in any major organs. In the absence of DR6, ligation of the TCR results in enhanced T-cell proliferation, activation and skewed Th2 cytokine production. Similarly, B-cells lacking Dr6 show increased proliferation, cell division and cell survival upon mitogenic stimulation (anti-CD40 and LPS) or BCR ligation. As a result, DR6−/− mice show increased Th2 immune responses to both T-dependent and -independent antigens. All those data indicate that DR6 plays an important regulatory role for the generation of adaptive immunity. More importantly, DR6−/− mice are resistant to EAE and allergic airway hypersensitivity, possibly as a result of a deficiency in the migration of antigen specific T-cells. Therefore, DR6 is a potential therapeutic target for treating inflammatory and autoimmune disease by means of biological intervention. In addition, DR6 is highly expressed in many tumor cell lines and tumor samples. Interestingly, both of its transcriptional and cell surface expression are regulated by the NF-κB pathway and metalloproteinase in some tumor cell lines, respectively. The role of DR6 as an apoptosis-inducing receptor is less clear and perhaps cell type dependent. Therefore, in addition to its roles in regulating immune responses, DR6 may also be involved in tumor cell survival and immune evasion, which is subject to future investigations.
TCR Clonal Evolution in AML Patients in Morphologic Remission Treated with Anti-PD1 Antibody, Nivolumab

Abstract We are conducting a clinical trial titled "Randomized Phase II Study to Assess the Role of Nivolumab as Single Agent to Eliminate Minimal Residual Disease and Maintain Remission in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) Patients After Chemotherapy" (REMAIN trial) (NCT02275533). A critical barrier in developing immunotherapies is the identification of predictive biomarkers of response to therapy. T lymphocytes play critical roles in response to immunotherapies but their clonality and temporal changes in the T cell repertoire during treatment have not been well investigated. Recent advances in deep sequencing technology make it possible to characterize the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire generated following immunotherapy. In this study, we characterized T cell repertoire in peripheral blood and/or bone marrow samples of three AML patients on the REMAIN trial before and after nivolumab treatment. Using Illumina MiSeq sequencer and total RNA from each sample, we conducted deep sequencing of TCR-α and -β chains, and calculated the diversity index (inverse Simpson’s index) in their CDR3 sequences to assess overall clonality of T cells. We obtained total CDR3 clonotypes of 420,765 ± 155,449 (average ± standard deviation) for TCR-α and 410,786 ± 115,219 for TCR-β per each sample. Interestingly, we found that certain TCR-α and -β clonotypes were drastically enriched in the bone marrow samples after nivolumab treatment. Many of these enriched TCR clonotypes were minimal or undetectable before nivolumab treatment, indicating that nivolumab might induce expansion of anti-AML T cell subclones. Particularly, nivolumab treatment led to marked reduction of TCR diversity indexes in both peripheral blood and bone marrow samples of one AML patient, who had shown a clearance of minimal residual disease as detected by WT1 qRT-PCR. Our results thus far indicate the feasibility of this type of comprehensive analysis of TCR repertoire in the context of immunotherapy for AML. Preliminary results suggest that such analysis may be utilized to predict response of immune checkpoint blockade, and could also be useful to identify high-affinity TCRs for adaptive T cell therapy approaches. Disclosures Liu: BMS: Research Funding; Karyopharm: Research Funding. Odenike: Incyte: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Suneisis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Geron: Research Funding; CTI/Baxter: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Spectrum: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Algeta: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sanofi-Aventis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees. Stock: ADC Therapeutics: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria; Gilead Sciences: Honoraria; Sigma-Tau: Honoraria, Research Funding; Royalties for a chapter in Up to Date: Patents & Royalties.
Teaching Notes: Partnership for Integrated Community-Based Learning: A Social Work Community-Campus Collaboration

In this article, the authors describe the Partnership for Integrated Community-Based Learning as an example of “engaged” social work education that integrates social work's teaching, research, and service missions and promotes public-spirited, culturally competent leadership, and community–capacity building. The article includes a description of the community and program contexts of that partnership, the core components of the partnership model, collaborator views on the project's benefits, and key challenges in institutionalizing its long-term mission of strengthening community–campus partnerships.
Paracrine Pathways in Uterine Leiomyoma Stem Cells Involve Insulinlike Growth Factor 2 and Insulin Receptor A.

Context Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are the most common benign tumors in women. Recently, three populations of leiomyoma cells were discovered on the basis of CD34 and CD49b expression, but molecular differences between these populations remain unknown. Objective To define differential gene expression and signaling pathways in leiomyoma cell populations. Design Cells from human leiomyoma tissue were sorted by flow cytometry into three populations: CD34+/CD49b+, CD34+/CD49b-, and CD34-/CD49b-. Microarray gene expression profiling and pathway analysis were performed. To investigate the insulinlike growth factor (IGF) pathway, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation studies were performed in cells isolated from fresh leiomyoma. Setting Research laboratory. Patients Eight African American women. Interventions None. Main Outcomes Measures Gene expression patterns, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Results A total of 1164 genes were differentially expressed in the three leiomyoma cell populations, suggesting a hierarchical differentiation order whereby CD34+/CD49b+ stem cells differentiate to CD34+/CD49b- intermediary cells, which then terminally differentiate to CD34-/CD49b- cells. Pathway analysis revealed differential expression of several IGF signaling pathway genes. IGF2 was overexpressed in CD34+/CD49b- vs CD34-/CD49b- cells (83-fold; P < 0.05). Insulin receptor A (IR-A) expression was higher and IGF1 receptor lower in CD34+/CD49b+ vs CD34-/CD49b- cells (15-fold and 0.35-fold, respectively; P < 0.05). IGF2 significantly increased cell number (1.4-fold; P < 0.001), proliferation indices, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. ERK inhibition decreased IGF2-stimulated cell proliferation. Conclusions IGF2 and IR-A are important for leiomyoma stem cell proliferation and may represent paracrine signaling between leiomyoma cell types. Therapies targeting the IGF pathway should be investigated for both treatment and prevention of leiomyomas.
NMR Methodologies for the Detection and Quantification of Nanostructural Defects in Silicone Networks

We present and discuss a sensitive spectroscopic means of detecting and quantifying network defects within a series of polysiloxane elastomers through a novel application of 19F solution state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Polysiloxanes are the most utilized non-carbon polymeric material today. Their final network structure is complex, hierarchical, and often ill-defined due to modification. Characterization of these materials with respect to starting and age-dependent network structure is obfuscated by the intractable nature of polysiloxane network elastomers. We report a synthetic strategy for selectively tagging chain-end silanols with an organofluorine compound, which may then be conveniently and quantitatively measured as a function of structure and environment by means of 19F NMR. This study represents a new and sensitive means of directly quantifying aspects of network architecture in polysiloxane materials and has the potential to be a powerful new tool for the spectroscopic assessment of stru...
Electrification in the United Kingdom: A Case Study Based on Future Energy Scenarios

For the United Kingdom, one of the main drivers for a green ambition is the Climate Change Act of 2008. This forms the basis for the country's approach to responding to climate change and legally commits the U.K. government to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. This level of commitment to reducing emissions was further confirmed in the Paris Agreement, the aim of which is to hold the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 dC above preindustrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5 dC.
Poder económico e influencia social : los retos de la concentración mediática para la democracia

Los procesos de concentracion en el sector de los medios de comunicacion son un fenomeno caracteristico de la moderna industria cultural. Diversas transformaciones producidas en la ultima decada han alterado el dificil equilibrio entre los poderes economicos, politicos y sociales y la libertad de acceso al sistema de medios de comunicacion. El articulo analiza estas tendencias en los procesos de concentracion producidos durante la ultima decada, valorando los retos que suponen los ultimos cambios tecnologicos y la generalizacion de los grandes grupos multimedia para la libertad de expresion y la democracia.
Carrageenans in meat systems

Protein-carrageenan gels were made using a combination of salt-soluble meat proteins (SSMP) and carrageenans (K-, i-, and X-CGN). The effects of CGN on the rheological properties, water loss and ultrastructure of SSMP gels were evaluated. Also, the natures of the forces involved in the formation and maintenance of SSMP/K-CGN gels were investigated. Of all CGN studied, K-CGN showed the greatest effect on gel strength, while A,-CGN was detrimental to SSMP gelation. K-CGN increased significantly the gel strength of SSMP, suggesting that a molecular interaction may have occurred. However, no indication of specific molecular interactions between K-CGN and SSMP was observed. Cryo-SEM studies suggested that improvement of water holding capacity and texture of combined SSMP/K-CGN gels may be due to physical rearrangement of the K-CGN and SSMP molecules rather than to a molecular interaction. Authors DeFreitas, Sebranek and Olson are with the Departments of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, lA. Author Carr is with Sanofi Bio-Industries, Waukesha, WI.
Subdural Hematoma in the Elderly

The presentation of subdural hematoma is often more subtle in the elderly than in younger patients, due in part to cerebral atrophy and in part to the interaction with other medical conditions to which the elderly are prone. With the advent of computed tomography, the diagnosis of subdural hematoma has become easier and noninvasive. This improvement in diagnostic capability has enhanced the understanding of the epidemiology and presentation of subdural hematomas in the elderly. The role of magnetic resonance imaging is also discussed, as is the pathophysiology, management, and prognosis in the elderly patient.
Primary carcinoma of the jejunum

Abstract The difficulty of early diagnosis of carcinoma of the jejunum is reflected in the curability rate. Even early Roentgen therapy is of little value because a considerable degree of obstruction must be present before it is manifest and, frequently by this time, some extension has taken place. Routine examination of the stool for occult blood and insistence on early exploratory operation in the absence of definite Roentgen findings seem to offer the only hope of detecting these cases earlier so that the curability may be increased.
Gruen: Shopping Town: Designing the City in Suburban America

How should we recognize a great planner? Suppose that a person perceives a major urban problem of his or her time, conceives a vision of an effective response, designs it and mobilizes the capital ...
Pisano on dynamic capability: why size matters

Business firms and other organizations have various sorts of competence at dealing with change. Dynamic capability is a particular sort of competence that goes largely unrecognized in mainstream economics, but has been much illuminated in the strategic management literature. Pisano extends this illumination and restores the grounding of the discussion in fundamental issues of strategic choice. This comment emphasizes that dynamic capability is particularly a feature of the largest firms – those to whom society has de facto delegated a central responsibility for making significant economic use of the possibilities that the progress of knowledge has revealed.
Dietary Acrylamide Is Not Associated with Renal Cell Cancer Risk in the CPS-II Nutrition Cohort

Background: Acrylamide, an industrial chemical and probable human carcinogen, can be formed in primarily carbohydrate-containing foods during high-heat cooking or processing. Most epidemiologic studies show no associations of dietary acrylamide intake with most cancer outcomes, but limited prospective evidence suggests a positive association with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods: In 1999, 102,154 men and women from the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort completed a questionnaire on diet, lifestyle, and cancer risk factors and were followed through June 30, 2013. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the HR and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between estimated dietary acrylamide intake and risk of RCC. Results: After 1,137,441 person-years of follow-up, 412 cases of invasive RCC occurred. In multivariable-adjusted models, there was no association between acrylamide intake and risk of RCC (HR = 1.09; 95% CI, 0.82–1.43) for the highest versus lowest quartile of intake. Associations were not modified by sex or smoking history. Conclusions: We found no associations between dietary acrylamide exposure and risk of invasive RCC. Impact: The findings from this large, prospective analysis do not support a positive association between higher dietary acrylamide intake and RCC risk.
Wake characterization of coupled configurations of vertical axis wind turbines using Large Eddy Simulation

Abstract Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of three different coupled configurations of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) are reported for two values of Tip Speed Ratio (TSR). A few studies are currently available on the wake features of isolated VAWTs, while detailed understanding of wake interaction between VAWTs is still limited, both from experiments and computations. A better insight would be very useful, since recent field tests suggested that interaction between VAWTs in array configurations is potentially beneficial, improving performance, compared to isolated turbines. It is shown here that mutual vortex interaction between wakes of coupled VAWTs is weak, while blockage effects play an important role in making available an increased momentum flux downstream. Such effects are more obvious at higher TSRs, corresponding to a larger dynamic solidity of the overall system. This result suggests that arranging turbines in staggered wind farms configurations – relative to the typical wind direction at a particular site – is beneficial in increasing the momentum flux available to rows of turbines located downstream.
Balancing ecological impairment and repair for sustainability

Although this manuscript was prepared for a specific region, the North American Great Lakes, the major elements are important to the quest for sustainable use of the planet anywhere in the world. Since sustainability will often involve an eco-region that consists of more than one political entity, a bio-regional entity will be essential. The unifying theme is the intent to leave a habitable planet for future generations. In order to accomplish this, a consilience (literally leaping together) of the social and natural sciences is essential. When one considers the often bitter fragmentation of human society in many parts of the world and the isolation of disciplines in educational institutions, consilience seems visionary and utopian. But, visions of a better future can be very powerful and produce major paradigm shifts. The future of human society depends on the development of robust sustainability initiatives for Earth's bioregions. This `futures studies' manuscript explores the broad outlines of such an undertaking.
In utero metal exposures measured in deciduous teeth and birth outcomes in a racially-diverse urban cohort.

Abstract A growing number of studies have examined associations of metal exposures with birth outcomes, however, results from these studies have been inconsistent, and hampered by methodological limitations. We measured direct fetal exposure to three metals (lead, manganese and zinc) during the second and third trimester and examined its association with birth weight and gestational age at delivery. Participants in the Wayne County Health, Environment, Allergy and Asthma Longitudinal Study (WHEALS), a population-based birth cohort established between September 2003 and December 2007, were invited to donate teeth to the study. Lead, manganese and zinc during the second and third trimesters were measured via high-resolution microspatial mapping of dentin growth rings, a validated biomarker for prenatal metal exposure. Gestational age at delivery and infant birth weight were obtained from the delivery medical record. A total of 145 children had tooth metal measurements and birth outcome data. Mean birth weight was 3431 ± 472 g and mean gestational age at delivery was 39.0 ± 1.3 weeks. Overall, there was a positive association between second (β = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.37, P = 0.01) and third trimester (β = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.37, P = 0.01) tooth manganese and birth weight Z-score; this remained statistically significant after covariate adjustment. There was also a negative association between second trimester tooth lead level and birth weight Z-score (β = −0.20, 95% CI: −0.38, −0.02, P = 0.02), however, this was attenuated after adjusting for covariates. Mixture analysis revealed similar findings. There was evidence for a sex-specific effect of manganese with birth weight Z-score, with the association stronger in female compared to male infants. Overall, we found evidence suggesting that higher in utero manganese is associated with larger birth weight Z-scores and that these associations may vary by infant sex.
Ions Modulate Key Interactions between pHLIP and Lipid Membranes

Abstract The pH-low insertion peptide (pHLIP) is used for targeted delivery of drug cargoes to acidic tissues such as tumors. The extracellular acidosis found in solid tumors triggers pHLIP to transition from a membrane-adsorbed state to fold into a transmembrane α-helix. Different factors influence the acidity required for pHLIP to insert into lipid membranes. One of them is the lipid headgroup composition, which defines the electrostatic profile of the membrane. However, the molecular interactions that drive the adsorption of pHLIP to the bilayer surface are poorly understood. In this study, we combine biophysical experiments and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to understand the role played by electrostatics in the interaction between pHLIP and a 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine bilayer. We observed that the solution ionic strength affects the structure of pHLIP at the membrane surface as well as the acidity needed for different steps in the membrane insertion process. In particular, our simulations revealed that an increase in ionic strength affected both pHLIP and the bilayer; the coordination of sodium ions with the C-terminus of pHLIP led to localized changes in helicity, whereas the coordination of sodium ions with the phosphate moiety of the phosphocholine headgroups had a condensing effect on our model bilayer. These results are relevant to our understanding of environmental influences on the ability of pHLIP to adsorb to the cell membrane and are useful in our fundamental understanding of the absorption of pH-responsive peptides and cell-penetrating peptides.
Analysis of Multimodal Physiological Signals Within and Between Individuals to Predict Psychological Challenge vs. Threat

Abstract Challenge and threat characterize distinct patterns of physiological response to a motivated performance task where the response patterns vary as a function of an individual's evaluation of task demands relative to his/her available resources to cope with the demands. Challenge and threat responses during motivated performance have been used to understand psychological, behavioral, and biological phenomena across many motivated performance domains. In this study, we aimed to investigate individual and group-level variations in physiological responding across a series of motivated performance tasks that vary in difficulty. The proposed approach is motivated by documented individual differences in physiological responses observed in motivated performance tasks, such that we first focus on individual differences in physiological responses rather than group-level comparisons. Then, through our analysis of individuals we identify sub-groups (i.e., clusters) of individuals that share common physiological patterns across tasks of varying difficulty and we perform across-subject analysis within each cluster. This is distinct from existing studies which typically do not examine individual vs. subgroup-specific patterns of physiological activity. Such an approach enables us to identify patterns in physiological responses that can be used to predict self-reported judgments of challenge vs. threat with higher accuracy in each subgroup compared to an analysis that includes the entire sample population as a single group. Specifically, three hypotheses were tested: (H1) individuals will have different sets of physiological patterns (features) across tasks of varying difficulty; (H2) there will be subgroups of individuals who share common salient physiological features across the subgroup clusters that differentiate their physiological responding across tasks of varying difficulty; and (H3) the accuracy of predicting self-reported judgments of challenge vs. threat across individuals will be higher within each subgroup with shared salient physiological features than across all subgroups or the entire sample with all computed features. To test these hypotheses, we developed an integrated analytic framework for multimodal physiological data analysis. We employed data from an existing experiment in which participants completed three mental arithmetic tasks of increasing difficulty during which different modalities of physiological data were collected. Analyses revealed three subgroups of participants who shared common features that best differentiated their within-individual physiological response patterns across tasks. Support vector machine (SVM) classifiers were trained using both shared features within each group and all computed features to predict challenge vs. threat states. Results showed that, the within-group classification model using group common features achieved higher self-report prediction accuracy compared to an alternative model trained on data from all participants without feature selection.
Universal Waveshape-Based Disturbance Detection in Power Quality Data Using Similarity Metrics

The increasing deployment of triggerless power quality monitors provides valuable data about power systems and their components. However, efficient and accurate data mining techniques are necessary for parsing through large datasets and obtaining useful insights about the power system operation. While multiple studies can be found in the literature for detection of power quality events, they either detect only severe disturbances or are applicable to a specific subset of disturbances. This study proposes a universal approach for detecting power quality disturbances within large datasets regardless of the event root causes. It is based on the comparison between the shapes of multiple cycles of waveform data through similarity scores. Pre-processing techniques to enhance the detector accuracy are presented. They include correction of time misalignment between successive cycles caused by variations in the power system operating frequency, and reduction of load variation effects. The threshold values for detecting abnormal waveforms is time-adaptive, so that detection is based on local outliers. The proposed framework performance is assessed through multiple types of field datasets, and its superiority over other waveform abnormality detectors is empirically demonstrated. Moreover, current waveform is shown to be more suitable than that of voltage for novelty detection in power quality data.
Dynamics between Sleep and Self-Control

When people do not sleep enough or if their sleep is too disrupted, self-control difficulties and failures are more likely to emerge. These difficulties and failures are likely due to changes in the goals and temptations that characterize a self-control dilemma as well as due to deteriorations in the underlying cognitive and emotional factors which support the exertion of self-control. While sleep is a key factor in self-control, self-control is critical for getting healthy sleep. Self-control is often necessary for avoiding nighttime distractions and temptations which delay bedtime and for down-regulating arousing emotions which make it difficult to fall and stay asleep. Putting these disparate streams of research together suggests that sleep and self-control are locked in a reciprocal relation and understanding this dynamic can provide further insight into sleep and self-control.
Catalog of 5' fusion partners in RET+ NSCLC Circa 2020.

Abstract Since the discovery of RET fusion–positive (RET+) NSCLC around late 2011 to early 2012, clinical trials of multikinase inhibitors and highly potent and selective RET tyrosine kinase inhibitors have indicated that RET fusion is an actionable oncogenic driver in NSCLC. There seems to be a differential response to multikinase inhibitors depending on the fusion partner (KIF5B-RET versus non–KIF5B-RET); thus, knowledge of the fusion partners in RET+ NSCLC is important. To date, we identified 48 unique fusion partners in RET from published literature and congress proceedings. Two of the novel fusion partners (CCNYL2 and TRIM24) were identified in RET fusions that emerged as resistant to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In addition, multiple intergenic rearrangements were identified.
What Is the Impact on Rural Area Residents When the Local Physician Leaves

Background and objectives Scarce evidence exists in the medical literature describing the attitudes of rural community residents about the impact of losing their local physician. This pilot study explores aspects of access to care, both within and outside of primary care settings, that result from loss of a rural family physician. Methods We selected study participants through convenience and snowball sampling, and we conducted in-person interviews of up to 60 minutes. We audio recorded and transcribed the interviews (May to August, 2018), then analyzed transcripts using immersion crystallization and managed within Atlas.ti 7.0 software (Berlin, Germany). Results We interviewed 18 participants, some of whom interviewed as pairs. Our analysis revealed three significant themes: rurally-specific access to care concerns, relationships valued for being both community and care based, and loss felt specific to the integrated community leadership roles occupied by family physicians. In addition, participants identified social challenges they associated with losing their "country doctor," such as withering community cohesion. Conclusions Our findings suggest that rural physicians offer tremendous value to their communities, both inside and beyond their clinic walls. Issues of social cohesion and local health leadership affected by physician loss should be addressed by policy makers and educators charged with designing patient-centered solutions to improve health outcomes in rural communities. Current health and medical education reforms would benefit from greater focused attention on these issues.