cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exposing the Invisible Hand: The Roots of Laissez-faire's Hidden Influence

In academic circles, laissez-faire is perceived as a largely discredited idea. Yet an element of the argument—that only unencumbered markets provide societies with a truly neutral means of allocating resources—has, despite years of critique, remained intact. I argue (a) that this element is conceptually false, (b) that it is so for reasons previous critiques have overlooked, and (c) that this oversight explains why laissez-faire, in spite of its perceived discrediting, has maintained a persistent influence over debates about distributive justice.
Reversible inhibition by diamide of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases from bovine thyroid.

Abstract The effects of diamide on protein kinases isolated from bovine thyroid were studied. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity was directly, rapidly, and reversibly inhibited by diamide. This inhibition was non-competitive with respect to ATP or histone and could be prevented by thiol-reducing agents. However, a cyclic nucleotide-independent thyroid protein kinase was not affected. Our data indicate that diamide specifically inhibits protein kinases which are cyclic AMP-dependent.
DIET OF TWO NECTARIVOROUS BATS, EROPHYLLA SEZEKORNI AND MONOPHYLLUS REDMANI (PHYLLOSTOMIDAE), ON PUERTO RICO

We examined the diet of 2 island-dwelling phyllostomids, the brown flower bat (Erophylla sezekorni) and the Greater Antillean long-tongued bat (Monophyllus redmani), by analyzing fecal contents and pollen swabs from .100 individuals of each species. Although both bats are putative nectar-feeders, their feeding niches were differentiated. A greater proportion of M. redmani (91%) consumed nectar compared with E. sezekorni (50%), but the reverse was true for fruits (22% versus 85%, respectively); about 75% of both species included insects in their diets. However, insect consumption in E. sezekorni was dominated by coleopterans, whereas in M. redmani, diet was more diverse and included soft-bodied prey, such as lepidopterans and dipterans. Both species consumed fruits of Panama berry (Mutingia calabura) and elder (Piper aduncum), but E. sezekorni also included turkey berry (Solanum torvum). When consuming nectar, E. sezekorni often fed at flowers of guava (Psidium guajava), whereas M. redmani visited flowers of guava, woman’s tongue (Albizia lebbek), myrtle (Eugenia), and wild tamarind (Leucaena leucocephala). Interspecific differences in diet are consistent with published differences in craniodental and wing (flight) characteristics. The more diverse diet of M. redmani and its lesser reliance on fruit may allow it to survive stochastic events, such as hurricanes, and recover more quickly than populations of E. sezekorni.
Fear of death in the mentally ill.

Summary.-Fear of death is considered a major source of apprehension for many emocionally disturbed individuals. Hypotheses that mentally ill persons would evidence greater fcar of death than a control group of normal Ss, and the more intense the degree of emotional disturbance the greater would be the presence of fear of death, were investigated. Fear of death was assessed by means of a multilevel criterion. Results indicated that menrally ill patients did not have any significantly greater tear of death than emotionally healthy Ss. Neither did degree of emotional illness appear to be related significantly to apprehension concerning dcath. Both groups, however, manifested an over-all similarity in perception of death, i.e., repudiation of fear of death at a conscious level, linked to ambivalence at an imagery level, and to dread at below-the-levelof-awareness.
Amphetamine-induced toxicity in dopamine terminals in CD-1 and C57BL/6J mice: complex roles for oxygen-based species and temperature regulation

In order to examine differential strain susceptibility to neurotoxic effects of amphetamine and to assess the potential role of superoxide radicals in amphetamine-induced dopaminergic damage, the drug was injected to mice with different levels of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) enzyme. Administration of amphetamine (10 mg/kg, i.p., given every 2 h, a total of four times) to wild-type CD-1 and C57BL/6J mice caused significant decreases in dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels, in [(125)I]RTI-121-labeled dopamine transporters as well as a significant depletion in the concentration of dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 proteins. The amphetamine-induced toxic effects were less prominent in CD-1 mice, which have much higher levels of Cu/Zn SOD activity (0.69 units/mg of protein) in their striata than C57BL/6J animals (0.007 units/mg of protein). Transgenic mice on CD-1 and C57BL/6J background, which had striatal levels of Cu/Zn SOD 2.57 and 1.67 units/mg of protein, respectively, showed significant protection against all the toxic effects of amphetamine. The attenuation of toxicity observed in transgenic mice was not caused by differences in amphetamine accumulation in wild-type and mutant animals. However, CD-1-SOD transgenic mice showed marked hypothermia to amphetamine whereas C57-SOD transgenic mice did not show a consistent thermic response to the drug. The data obtained demonstrate distinctions in the neurotoxic profile of amphetamine in CD-1 and C57BL/6J mice, which show some differences in Cu/Zn SOD activity and in their thermic responses to amphetamine administration. Thus, these observations provide evidence for possible complex interactions between thermoregulation and free radical load in the long-term neurotoxic effects of this illicit drug of abuse.
Molecular divergence within the Oryzomys palustris complex: evidence for multiple species

Nucleotide sequences from 94 individuals representing the Oryzomys palustris complex (O. palustris and O. couesi) were examined to assess phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic boundaries. Sequence data from the entire mitochondrial cytochrome-b (Cytb; 1,143 base pairs [bp]), a portion of exon 1 of the nuclear interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (1,266 bp), and intron 2 of the alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (580 bp) genes were analyzed using phylogenetic methods (maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference). In the Cytb analysis, individuals recognized as O. palustris and O. couesi formed reciprocally monophyletic clades supporting their recognition as species; however, additional phylogenetically informative groups were present within each of the 2 nominate clades. In addition, levels of genetic divergence within the currently recognized taxa exceeded values normally associated with intraspecies variation. Together, the phylogenetic and genetic divergence data imply that consideration should be given to recognizing 4 additional species in this complex. DOI: 10.1644/08-MAMM-A-342.1.
Characterization of immobilized β-Glucuronidase in aqueous and mixed solvent systems

Abstract β-Glucuronidase (β- d -glucuronide glucuronosohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.31) was covalently attached to alkylamine-controlled pore glass via a glutaraldehyde immobilization scheme. The activity of this immobilized β-glucuronidase was studied with respect to several kinetic parameters in comparison with the behavior of the soluble enzyme. K m values for p -nitrophenyl glucuronide, estriol-3-glucuronide, and estriol-16β-glucuronide were determined. For each substrate the K m was essentially the same, 0.2 mM, and this value did not change when the enzyme was immobilized. The soluble and immobilized enzyme both displayed a relatively broad pH maximum centered at pH 6.8 for all substrates. Several organic-aqueous mixtures including methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile and ethylene glycol were tested, and their effects on the activity of immobilized β-glucuronidase were similar to those found for the soluble enzyme. Long-term (1 year) storage stability tests of the immobilized enzyme were carried out. The immobilized enzyme retained 40% of its initial activity after 1 year and was very robust towards most of the organic solvents tested.
Dryopteris in the Huron mountain club area of Michigan

The seven species of woodferns (Dryopteris) of the Huron Mountain Club area, a natural preserve in northern Michigan, are described briefly with respect to their habitats and chromosomes: (1) Shaded upland ravines (“D. dilatata,”D. intermedia, D. marginalis); (2) vertical rock cliffs (D. fragrans) ; (3) marsh and swamp (D. cristata, D. spinulosa, D. intermedia); and (4) rocky island habitat (D. filixmas, D. intermedia, andD. marginalis). Various sterile hybrids were found:D. cristata Xintermedia, D. cristata Xmarginalis, D. “dilatata” Xmarginalis, D. “dilatata” Xintermedia, D. intermedia Xmarginalis, andD. intermedia Xspinulosa. No new allopolyploid or apogamous hybrids were found. All of the crosses grow where the parents are close by, except thatD. cristata Xmarginalis occurs in marshes where the latter parent is absent. Chromosome studies yielded a number of new cytogeographical records, of which the following are of greatest interest:D. “dilatata” Xintermedia andD. “dilatata” Xmarginalis, both with ca. 82 unpaired chromosomes at meiosis;D. filixmas, with 82 pairs;D. filixmas Xmarginalis, 123 singles; andD. fragrans, 41 pairs. An attempt to identify the “Lake SuperiorDryopteris dilatata” gave negative results. It is not the same as “Western dilatata” nor is it conspecific with the easternD. campyloptera. It is now clear that two distinct taxa have been erroneously combined in the “Gray’s Manual Range.” Epidermal and indusial glands may be either present or absent in both of the eastern American taxa. Other observations on glands indicate that their presence does not necessarily mean that the plant is a hybrid withD. intermedia as one of the parents. Gland size and density vary considerably, and gland size is not necessarily correlated with sizes of other epidermal cells. As evidenced by the conditions in the Huron Mountain area we conclude that man-made disturbance is not a necessary condition for hybridization between species ofDryopteris. Crosses form naturally under the primitive conditions of forest and swamp.
Erlotinib-Mediated Inhibition of EGFR Signaling Induces Metabolic Oxidative Stress through NOX4

Redox regulation of EGFR signaling helps protect cells against oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated whether the cytotoxicity of an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, erlotinib (ERL), was mediated by induction of oxidative stress in human head and neck cancer (HNSCC) cells. ERL elicited cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo while increasing a panel of oxidative stress parameters which were all reversible by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine. Knockdown of EGFR using siRNA similarly increased these oxidative stress parameters. Overexpression of mitochondrial targeted catalase but not superoxide dismutase reversed ERL-induced cytotoxicity. Consistent with a general role for NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes in ERL-induced oxidative stress, ERL-induced cytotoxicity was reversed by diphenylene iodonium, a NOX complex inhibitor. ERL reduced the expression of NOX1, NOX2 and NOX5 but induced the expression of NOX4. Knockdown of NOX4 using siRNA protected HNSCC cells from ERL-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Our findings support the concept that ERL-induced cytotoxicity is based upon a specific mechanism of oxidative stress mediated by hydrogen peroxide production through NOX4 signaling.
Characterization of intracellular elevation of glutathione (GSH) with glutathione monoethyl ester and GSH in brain and neuronal cultures: Relevance to Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with loss of total glutathione (GSH) which may contribute to progressive cell death. Peripheral GSH administration has been used clinically with reported benefits. Despite this, there is little specific information to characterize its cellular uptake or clearance, brain elevation with peripheral delivery or neuroprotective efficacy in PD models. The current study was carried out to provide this information using in vitro and in vivo approaches. In rat mesencephalic culture, the monoethyl ester of GSH (GEE), but not GSH (1-10 mM, 24 h) produced a dose-dependent elevation in GSH. The half-life for clearance was 10.14 h and was not different in cells depleted of GSH prior to loading. Elevation of GSH with GEE protected neurons from oxidative stress with H2O2 or metabolic stress with the complex I and II inhibitors MPP+ and malonate, respectively. To determine if peripheral administration of GEE could elevate brain GSH levels, rats were administered 0.1-50 mg/kg/day GEE via osmotic minipump either subcutaneously (sc) or via a cannula placed into the left cerebral ventricle (icv) for 28 days. Only central delivery of GEE resulted in significant elevations of brain GSH. Elevation of brain GSH by icv infusion of GEE was examined for its neuroprotective effects against chronic central delivery of MPP+. Infusion of 0.142 mg/kg/day MPP+ for 28 days caused a selective ipsilateral loss of striatal dopamine. Co-infusion of MPP+ with 10 mg/kg/day GEE significantly protected against striatal dopamine loss. These findings show that the ethyl ester of GSH but not GSH per se can elevate intracellular GSH, that brain elevation of GSH requires central delivery of the ethyl ester and that this elevation provides neuroprotection against oxidative stress or chronic mitochondrial impairment.
A comparison of nigerian to american views of bribery and extortion in international commerce

This study investigates the differences in the way bribery and extortion is perceived by two different cultures — American and Nigerian. Two hundred and forty American business students and one hundred and eighty Nigerian business students were presented with three scenarios describing a businessman offering a bribe to a government official and three scenarios describing a businessman being forced to pay a bribe to an official in order to do business. The Reidenbach-Robin instrument was used to measure the ethical reactions of the two samples to these scenarios. Results indicate that ethical reactions to bribery and extortion vary by (a) the nationality of the person offering the bribe, and (b) the country where the bribe is offered. In addition, Nigerians perceived some of the scenarios as being less unethical than did Americans.
Parkinsonian speech disfluencies: effects of L-dopa-related fluctuations.

Abstract The excess dopamine theory of stuttering (Wu et al., 1997) contends that stuttering may be related to excess levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. As Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients commonly exhibit changes in dopamine levels accompanied by changes in motor performance, the present study examined disfluency in PD patients to gain information on the role of dopamine in speech disfluencies. Nine PD patients with no history of developmental stuttering were recorded once before and twice after taking their morning medication (on separate days). They read a passage and produced a monologue. Within-word and overall speech disfluencies were calculated at each recording. Through motor testing, it was inferred that participants had relatively low dopamine levels before taking medication, and relatively high dopamine levels after taking medication. There were no group changes in disfluency levels when the low-dopamine and high-dopamine states were compared. There were, however, significant differences in percent disfluencies between the PD participants and age-matched controls. The results of this study do not strongly support the excess dopamine theory of stuttering. Rather, the disfluency changes exhibited by individual participants support a hypothesis that speech disfluencies may be related to increases or decreases in dopamine levels in the brain. Educational objectives: The reader will learn about: (1) the characteristics of disfluent speech exhibited by speakers with Parkinson’s disease. (2) The effect of l -dopa based medications on disfluencies of Parkinsonian speakers. (3) The complex role brain dopamine levels may play in disfluent speaking behavior.
Prevalence of Marine-Mammal Tooth and Claw Abrasions on Adult Anadromous Salmonids Returning to the Snake River

Abstract During 1990, a relatively high percentage of adult anadromous salmonids returning to the Snake River had marine-mammal tooth and claw abrasions. From 1990 through 1993, annual incidence of these injuries ranged between 14.0 and 19.2% for spring–summer chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and between 5.4 and 14.2% for steelhead O. mykiss. Open wounds were observed on about one-third of the fish with abrasions. Although these results suggest that predation by pinnipeds may be an important mortality factor for Snake River spring–summer chinook salmon, further research is needed to accurately define the magnitude of the predation.
Life Skill Service Needs: Perspectives of Homeless Youth

The present study describes the service needs related to life skill development from the perspective of sheltered homeless youth. Qualitative semistructured life narrative interviews addressing the use of services at an emergency shelter were administered to 30 youth. All youth were residig in an emergency shelter located in a large metropolitan area at the time of interview. Youth identified factors that influence their ability to access and utilize services, categorized as service availability, factors serving as access and/or barriers to services and lack of available services. Youth identify service delivery approaches and staff characteristics as impacting service delivery. Services such as counseling and childcare were identified as facilitating development and acquisition of life skills.
Primary Oxide Film on Iron

DURING the course of an electron diffraction study of oxide films formed on iron, I have found it rather difficult to obtain surfaces the initial diffraction pattern of which can be attributed to iron alone. In particular, if the surface of a piece of clean Armco or electrolytic iron is abraided by rubbing it lightly over dry 0000 emery paper, the resulting pattern consists of the usual rings of -iron plus two diffuse rings or bands the mean radii of which correspond to spacings of 2.6 A. and 1.5 A.
Six theses on waste, value, and commons

The origins of capitalist value theory lie in transformations of property through enclosure of ‘commons-as-waste’ and practices of ‘commoning’ that supported these. These processes, repeated with difference, remain with us. Capitalist value production becomes a structure of necessity in societies that are profit seeking rather than needs oriented; the history of capitalist value is one of the unrelenting attempts to subordinate needs-oriented forms of value production to its accumulative logic. In the process, it continuously casts certain people, places, and conducts as wasteful, superfluous, or residual. In short, capitalist value constantly battles to assert its normative superiority over and autonomy from other forms of value production that interweaves with it. Waste, immanent to capital's becoming-being, poses a jeopardy to capital accumulation: it is, on the one hand, capitalist value-in-waiting and on the other hand, it is an omnipresent logic of dissipation that evades or exceeds capital's dialec...
Processing–microstructure-property predictions for short fiber reinforced composite structures based on a spray deposition process

Manufacturing of composite preforms by use of a programmed and controlled reinforcement spray deposition process presents itself as an attractive approach to produce short fiber reinforced composite structures. To predict properties of the final composite structure, simulations of the reinforcement deposition process are conducted to obtain the reinforcement orientation distribution. A micromechanics analysis incorporating the Mori–Tanaka method and texture tensors is used to predict the properties of the final consolidated composite parts. This processing–microstructure-property prediction scheme is applied to the analysis of composite structures in the carbon–carbon system. The effects of variations in reinforcement length in the spray deposited preform, and boundary effects as occurring in a near-net shape composite disk are discussed.
Image encryption using Discrete Parametric Cosine Transform

This paper introduces a new effective image encryption algorithm using the Discrete Parametric Cosine Transform (DPCT). The new algorithm transforms images into the frequency domain using the DPCT with a set of parameters, and then converts images back into the spatial domain using the inverse DPCT with a different set of parameters to obtain the encrypted images. Its security keys are the combination of the parameters of the DPCT and inverse DPCT. The simulation results show that the algorithm can fully or partially encrypt different types of digital images with efficiency while preserving the quality of the images. The algorithm can be used to protect different types of multimedia data. It can be also used for simultaneous data encryption and compression by embedding it in a data compression process such as JPEG.
Adaptive Planning in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancers: Single-Institution Experience and Clinical Implications

Purpose Anatomic changes and positional variability during intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancer can lead to clinically significant dosimetric changes. We report our single-institution experience using an adaptive protocol and correlate these changes with anatomic and positional changes during treatment. Methods and Materials Twenty-three sequential head and neck IMRT patients underwent serial computed tomography (CT) scans during their radiation course. After undergoing the planning CT scan, patients underwent planned rescans at 11, 22, and 33 fractions; a total of 89 scans with 129 unique CT plan combinations were thus analyzed. Positional variability and anatomic changes during treatment were correlated with changes in dosimetric parameters to target and avoidance structures between planning CT and subsequent scans. Results A total of 15/23 patients (65%) benefited from adaptive planning, either due to inadequate dose to gross disease or to increased dose to organs at risk. Significant differences in primary and nodal targets (planning target volume, gross tumor volume, and clinical tumor volume), parotid, and spinal cord dosimetric parameters were noted throughout the treatment. Correlations were established between these dosimetric changes and weight loss, fraction number, multiple skin separations, and change in position of the skull, mandible, and cervical spine. Conclusions Variations in patient positioning and anatomy changes during IMRT for head and neck cancer can affect dosimetric parameters and have wide-ranging clinical implications. The interplay between random positional variability and gradual anatomic changes requires careful clinical monitoring and frequent use of CT- based image-guided radiation therapy, which should determine variations necessitating new plans.
The Experiences of Registered Sex Offenders with Internet Offender Registries in Three States.

For over two decades, U.S. state and federal governments have enacted broad legislation in an effort to keep communities aware about and safe from sex offenders living nearby. The current study qualitatively analyzes unsolicited responses from sex offenders regarding their feelings, attitudes, and experiences living under the auspices of such legislation. A total of 60 survey responses from offenders in three states were reviewed. Several key themes emerged, including legal issues, hopelessness and despair, collateral consequences, and lack of effectiveness of registration and notification. Policy and research implications are discussed.
Retention and Transport of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Drug Surrogate Molecules in Coronary Arteries Measured Nondestructively With Photoacoustic Ultrasound

The design and implementation of local drug delivery mechanisms in cardiovascular applications provides a method by which localized action can occur without potentially problematic systemic effects. This has been especially relevant in the case of drug-eluting stents (DESs). It has been previously shown that the degree of chemical polarization can significantly change the degree of transport and the degree of vascular retention of drugs. Understanding how these differences occur in real-time, and nondestructively, can better help guide the design of such pharmaceuticals. Previous work by our laboratory has indicated differences in transport based on location within the coronary tree (Fig. 1) [1].Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Incorporating Religion/Spirituality Into Treatment for Serious Mental Illness

Abstract This paper examines whether religion and spirituality (R/S) should be incorporated into treatment for patients with serious mental illness. This question merits attention, especially in light of the strong presence of R/S in the United States and, in particular, among members of ethnic minorities. While the literature is somewhat mixed, prior research supports the view that incorporating adaptive R/S elements into treatment for patients with serious mental illness is beneficial, particularly for patients who do not exhibit severe psychotic symptoms. Drawing from our experiences in developing a family-focused Culturally-Informed Therapy for Schizophrenia (CIT-S), we will also highlight the importance of addressing spiritual issues within minority populations. In the second half of this paper, we will present several case illustrations of how R/S issues were used in CIT-S to help patients make sense of adverse situations and obtain much-needed support and coping resources outside the treatment room. Findings from this study indicate that religion and spirituality can often be incorporated into treatment in a way that coalesces with patients’ values and enhances treatment gains. Future research should investigate how therapists’ own R/S values interact with those of their clients, and whether congruency in R/S values has any impact on treatment efficacy.
Effectiveness of Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Among Nursing Home Residents During an Influenza Type A (H3N2) Epidemic

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the use of influenza vaccine in nursing homes and its effectiveness in reducing the likelihood of influenza-like illness. DESIGN: A retrospective case-control study with active identification of influenza infection. SETTING: All nursing homes in a seven-county study area in southern lower Michigan were eligible for participation. Analyses were based on data collected from 23 homes with documented influenza transmission. PARTICIPANTS: Persons aged 65 years or older who were residents of the nursing homes under study during the influenza type A(H3N2) outbreak in 1989–1990. MEASUREMENTS: Residents were identified as cases or controls based on occurrence of febrile respiratory illness meeting a case definition. Demographic and underlying illness information were gathered as were data on the use of influenza vaccine, antibiotics, and antivirals. Characteristics of the nursing homes were also recorded. Logistic regression analyses were carried out to determine vaccine effectiveness. MAINRESULTS: Determinants of vaccine use were different from those observed in a parallel community-based study. In a multivariate model that considered the effects of resident and nursing home characteristics, vaccinated residents were significantly less likely than those who were not vaccinated to have an influenza-like illness (OR = .58 (95% CI, .43-.78), P < .001, imputed vaccine effectiveness estimate of 42%). Vaccination was more effective in younger residents (those aged 65 to 84) then in older residents (those older than 84 years). CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccination was effective in reducing the likelihood of influenza-like illness in nursing home residents. Effectiveness appeared to be related to age, which may function as a surrogate for related immunologic factors. Older nursing home residents should be targeted for newer vaccines and/or potential prophylactic use of antivirals. J Am Geriatr Soc 47:165–171, 1999.
Interactions of cold- and warm-core rings with environmental shear

Abstract : A two-layer analytical model of cold- and warm-core rings was constructed to explore steady interactions of isolated eddies with horizontally sheared flows around and below the eddies. Steady inviscid solutions to the quasi-geostrophic equations are found by assuming that the environmental shear is weak compared to the ring's shear. It is found that such interactions lead to elliptical rings; in contrast to expectations, the eccentricity of the rings is caused solely by the lower layer shear and is independent of the surrounding upper shear. Thus, when there is no shear in the lower layer, the ring's shape is circular, even though there may exist a surrounding upper shear. When the flow inside the ring rotates in the same direction as the lower shear, the elliptical ring is aligned along the lower layer flow. On the other hand, when the flow inside the ring rotates in a direction opposite to that of the lower shear, the elliptical ring is aligned across the lower-layer flow. Surprisingly, when the surrounding upper flow shear rotates in the opposite direction to that of the flow below the ring, a chain of weak vortices is generated outside the ring in the upper layer. This chain of vortices is a result of trapped planetary waves. When the surrounding upper flow and the lower layer flow rotate in the same sense, there are no such ambient vortices. Instead, U-turned flows on both sides of the ring are established. Possible applications of this theory to both warm- and cold-core rings are mentioned. Reprints. (EDC)
Power Delivery for 3D Chip Stacks: Physical Modeling and Design Implication

Three-dimensional (3D) integration creates vast opportunities to improve performance and the level of integration in nanoelectronic systems. However, 3D integration presents many challenges for power delivery network design due to larger supply currents and longer power delivery paths compared to 2D systems. In this paper, an analytical physical model is derived to incorporate the impact of 3D-integration on power supply noise. The model has less than 4% error compared to SPICE simulations. Based on the model, design guidelines and opportunities for reducing power supply noise, such as inserting "decap" die and through-vias, are discussed in this paper.
StarDust: a flexible architecture for passive localization in wireless sensor networks

The problem of localization in wireless sensor networks where nodes do not use ranging hardware, remains a challenging problem, when considering the required location accuracy, energy expenditure and the duration of the localization phase. In this paper we propose a framework, called StarDust, for wireless sensor network localization based on passive optical components. In the StarDust framework, sensor nodes are equipped with optical retro-reflectors. An aerial device projects light towards the deployed sensor network, and records an image of the reflected light. An image processing algorithmis developed for obtaining the locations of sensor nodes. For matching a node ID to a location we propose a constraint-based label relaxation algorithm. We propose and develop localization techniques based on four types of constraints: node color, neighbor information, deployment time for a node and deployment location for a node. We evaluate the performance of a localization system based on our framework by localizing a network of 26 sensor nodes deployed in a 120-60ft2 area. The localization accuracy ranges from 2 ft to 5 ft while the localization time ranges from 10 milliseconds to 2 minutes.
Regulation of protein production in the silk glands of spiders.

Abstract 1. 1. A single injfected dose of acetylcholine into the spider, Araneus sericatus , causes secretion of performed fibroin from the ampullate silk glands. This is followed by increased protein synthesis, measured by incorporation of labelled amino acids and nucleic acid precursors. 2. 2. Puromycin inhibits the increased synthesis of new protein but does not affect the initial secretion. Thus the processes of secretion and synthesis can be separated. 3. 3. A scheme is proposed for the overall regulation—both central and local— of the protein production in the ampullate gland of Araneus sericatus .
Cancer Suppression by Compression

Recent experiments indicate that uniformly compressing a cancer mass at its surface tends to transform many of its cells from proliferative to functional forms. Cancer cells suffer from the Warburg effect, resulting from depleted levels of cell membrane potentials. We show that the compression results in added free energy and that some of the added energy contributes distortional pressure to the cells. This excites the piezoelectric effect on the cell membranes, in particular raising the potentials on the membranes of cancer cells from their depleted levels to near-normal levels. In a sample calculation, a gain of 150 mV in is so attained. This allows the Warburg effect to be reversed. The result is at least partially regained function and accompanying increased molecular order. The transformation remains even when the pressure is turned off, suggesting a change of phase; these possibilities are briefly discussed. It is found that if the pressure is, in particular, applied adiabatically the process obeys the second law of thermodynamics, further validating the theoretical model.
Effects of pressure on the thermal decomposition kinetics, chemical reactivity and phase behavior of RDX

Abstract The effedts of pressure on the thermal decomposition kinetics, chemical reactivity, and phase behavior of RDX have been studied by a combination of measurement techniques in conjunction with a high-pressure diamond anvil cell. These techniques include (1) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for kinetic measurements and phase identification, (2) energy dispersive x-ray powder diffraction for identification of the observed polymorphic forms and also compression measurements, and (3) optical polarizing microscopy for visual detection and confirmation of phase transformations and determinations of transition pressures. The ruby method of pressure measurement was used in all methods employed. Studies were generally limited to the region where decomposition rates could be measured within reasonable laboratory time, i.e., below 10 GPa and 573 K. The P-T phase diagram for RDX was determined to 573 K and 7.0 GPa, delineating the stability fields of three solid phases, α, β, and γ, and the liquids. The α and β phases of RDX were found to thermally decompose, while the γ phase transformed to either α or β before reaching decomposition temperatures. The decomposition rate of α phase was found to increase with increasing pressure, suggesting a bimolecular-type mechanism. An activation energy of 51 kcal/mol and activation volume of −5.6 cm3/mol were calculated for the thermal decomposition reaction of α RDX.
Geochemical and neomorphic alteration of dolomite: A review

Many ancient dolomites are suspected of being alteration products of preexisting dolomite phases rather than being originally formed, unaltered dolomites. Such diagenetic alteration commonly results in changes in geochemistry and/or neomorphic changes in dolomite crystal sizes and textures. Hence, previous studies that have interpreted environments of initial dolomitization based on presumed preservation of diagnostic geochemical compositions and textures must be reevaluated because these parameters ar known to reequilibrate during later diagenesis. The principal driving forces for neomorphism are the inherent thermodynamic instability of preexisting, non-stoichiometric dolomites, and to an unknown extent, the surface free energy-driven recrystallization of fine crystalline mosaics to coarser crystalline textures. The four inter-related criteria that are used commonly as collective evidence of alternation of preexisting dolomites are: (1)) non-stoichiometric and poorly-ordered dolomites have an inherent tendency to transform to the more stoichiometric and better ordere phase typical of many ancient dolomites, a process that commonly is concurrent with (2) the neomorphic change from fine crystalline to coarse crystalline mosaics of either planar or nonplanar texture; (3) based on comparison to modern dolomites, depletion in18O isotopic composition and Sr and Na concentrations relative to ppresumed preexisting phases; and (4) homogenization of primary cathodoluminescent zonation that may have been present in the preexisting phase. Although certainly not unequivocal, the inference or recognition of such changes suggest the complexity of diagenetic modifications that have affected many ancient dolomites.
Ten cases of head-injured, suicide-surviving adolescents: challenges for rehabilitation.

This paper describes ten adolescents who made unequivocal suicide attempts which resulted in near-death and brain damage. As predicted from studies of successful suicide, this group was mostly male, in late adolescence, and with histories of psychiatric difficulties. The fact that each had tried to commit suicide was avoided by the medical care facilities and by the families. The term ‘accident’ was customary. This paper makes suggestions for mental health clinicians who consult to head-injury rehabilitation teams treating such adolescents. Two cases are presented to highlight the findings and recommendations of this study.
INNOVAN-N2O ANAESTHESIA IN NORMAL MEN: EFFECT ON RESPIRATION, CIRCULATORY DYNAMICS, LIVER FUNCTION, METABOLIC FUNCTIONS, ACID-BASE BALANCE, AND PSYCHIC RESPONSES.

The experimental evaluation of intravenous. Innovan anaesthesia in healthy male subjects showed that this drug mixture, in a low dose, exerts a marked neuro and hypno sedative effect and, in higher doses, with N2O-O2 supplementation, produces unconsciousness accornpanied by depression of the sympathetic nervous system, as shown by the Horner’s syndrome, warm, dry extremities, engorged veins, and moderate depression of blood pressure. Cardiovascular depression appears to be minimal and of short duration and, in most of the subjects, the cardiovascular system remained remarkably stable during the action of this agent. Respiratory depression is intense for a short period and mild for a much longer period Hypertonic reactions, affecting the neuromuscular system, appear early as spasm of the thoracic, abdominal, and neck muscles, which would probably necessitate the use of muscle relaxants to ensure adequate pulmonary ventilation, and later as restlessness and dyskinesia of the muscles in the face and neck—which may require treatment with anticholinergic drugs such as atropine or cogentin Two subjects complained of the occurrence of hallucinations which lasted several days in one case Whether or not this disturbance was due to Innovan alone could not be established Representative liver function and metabolic tests indicate that Innovan is a relatively non-toxic substance in the dose range required for approximately one hour of general anaesthesia. The incidence of nausea and vomiting appears to be negligible after this anaesthetic.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Degradation of Methyl Parathion in Aqueous Hydrogen Sulfide Solution: Investigation of Natural Organic Matter Effects

The kinetics of the transformation of methyl parathion have been investigated in aqueous solution containing reduced sulfur species and small concentrations of natural organic matter (NOM) from different sources such as soil, river, and peat. It was shown that NOM mediates the degradation of methyl parathion in aqueous solutions containing hydrogen sulfide. After evaluating and quantifying the effect of the NOM concentration on the degradation kinetics of methyl parathion in the presence of hydrogen sulfide, it was found that the observed pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants (k(obs)) were proportional to NOM concentrations. The influence of pH on the degradation of methyl parathion in the aqueous solutions containing hydrogen sulfide and NOM has been studied. The rate of degradation of methyl parathion was strongly pH dependent. The results indicate k(obs) with a commercially available humic acid has a maximum value at approximately pH 8.3. Two main reaction mechanisms are identified to dominate the degradation of methyl parathion in aqueous solution containing hydrogen sulfide and NOM based on the products aminomethyl parathion and desmethyl methyl parathion. The two mechanisms are nitro-group reduction and nucleophilic attack at the methoxy-carbon. The reduction of the nitro-group is only observed in the presence of NOM. The results of this study form an important base for the evaluation and interpretation of transformation processes of methyl parathion in the environment.
Rocks of ages: propagation of hot-rock cookery in western North America

Cook-stone technology's Old-World roots were established by 30,000 B.P. and reappeared in the New World by 10,000 B.P., after millennia of direct-fire cooking. Hot-rock cookery, which is necessary for foods that require prolonged cooking, facilitated land-use intensification by affording greater utilization of nutrients in available foods on a given landscape. This technology gradually diversified during the early Holocene in western North America. By 4000 B.P. its initial intensification was underway; final intensification began by 2000 B.P. and typically peaked during the last 1500 years. Propagation of hot-rock cookery exemplifies pre-Columbian food crises and signals carbohydrate revolutions wherein more high-cost foods feed growing populations. As modeled, cook-stone griddles, earth ovens and steaming pits with rock heating elements are more costly facilities, insofar as fuel is used to heat rocks that, in turn, extend cooking time and temperature. More expensive still is stone boiling, given that fuel heats rocks that, in turn, heat water that cooks the food. Even more expensive in terms of energy expended is the manufacture of heating elements in the form of stone, ceramic, and metal cooking containers, all of which afford further evidence of land-use intensification.
Thermal Fracture of an Interpenetrating Phase Composite: Effects of Local Thermal Nonequilibrium

When subjected to thermal shocks, an interpenetrating phase composite may undergo significant, long range temperature difference between the constituent phases due to the interconnected microstructural networks, which facilitate faster heat transfer in the phase of higher thermal diffusivity. This temperature differential may alter the macroscopic temperature field thereby inducing additional thermal stresses in the composite. This work presents a local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) thermoelasticity theory for interpenetrating phase composites. In the LTNE thermoelasticity theory, the temperatures of the constituent phases are governed by the LTNE heat conduction equations based on the continuum theory of mixtures. A weighted average of temperatures for the constituents is employed in the thermoelastic constitutive equations of the homogenized composite. The model is subsequently applied to an infinite composite strip with an edge crack subjected to a thermal shock. Asymptotic solutions of temperature, th...
Hunting the Hedgehog Pathway

Since the observation nearly 50 years ago of cyclopic newborn lambs borne by ewes grazing on California corn lily, an explosion of discovery has ensued. The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway is perhaps one of the most exciting targets in cancer research today. Here we provide a summary of the HH signaling pathway and detail its clinical relevance for treatment of patients and future research directions. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2010) 87 6, 743–747. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2010.34
Weighted-ensemble simulated annealing: Faster optimization on hierarchical energy surfaces

A method, weighted-ensemble annealing, is proposed for finding the global minima of complicated functions, such as those found in biological problems. This method performs simulated annealing using multiple system copies; it automatically adjusts the distribution of copies and the allocation of computer resources as the cooling proceeds. This readjustment procedure is designed to take advantage of the hierarchical structure of the energy landscape of biomolecules and other systems. This method is applied to a fractal-like function with energy barriers of many sizes and a large entropy barrier. It is shown that using an optimal number of system copies results in a success rate for finding the global minimum, which is an order of magnitude higher than the success rate from traditional single-copy annealing, using the same total number of function evaluations.
Using an object-oriented database to encapsulate heterogeneous scientific data sources

There are many problems facing scientists in their efforts to use computers to manage, access, and analyze data. One serious problem is the heterogeneity of data sources. Previous research into accessing heterogeneous data has not addressed problems with accessing large data sources that are not managed by database management systems. We believe that an object-oriented database management system can be used to implement an object-oriented heterogeneous database (OOHDB) that efficiently addresses the problem of heterogeneity among large scientific property databases. The object-oriented data model provides a powerful modeling paradigm for representing complex scientific data. Objects within the OOHDB hide heterogeneity among various data sources. Efficient access to external data is achieved by representing external data with a small amount of data stored within the OOHDB. >
Mining Cultures: Men, Women, and Leisure in Butte, 1914-41

Copper metropolis -- Habits of drink -- Manners and morals -- Born miners -- Ladies and gentlemen, brothers and sisters -- Imagination's spur : station K -- Depression blues and New Deal rhythms.
Mechanistic study of nickel based catalysts for oxygen evolution and methanol oxidation in alkaline medium

Abstract Nickel based catalysts have been studied as catalysts for either organic compound (especially methanol) oxidation or oxygen evolution reactions in alkaline medium for decades, but methanol oxidation and oxygen evolution reactions occur at a similar potential range and pH with nickel based catalysts. In contrast to previous studies, we studied these two reactions simultaneously under various pH and methanol concentrations with electrodes containing a series of NiOOH surface concentrations. We found that nickel based catalysts are more suitable to be used as oxygen evolution catalysts than methanol oxidation catalysts based on the observation that: The rate-determining step of methanol oxidation involves NiOOH, OH− and methanol while high methanol to OH− ratio could poison the NiOOH sites. Since NiOOH is involved in the rate-determining step, methanol oxidation suffers from high overpotential and oxygen evolution is favored over methanol oxidation in the presence of an equivalent amount (0.1 M) of alkali and methanol.
Hubble Space Telescope characterized by using phase-retrieval algorithms

We describe several results characterizing the Hubble Space Telescope from measured point spread functions by using phase-retrieval algorithms. The Cramer-Rao lower bounds show that point spread functions taken well out of focus result in smaller errors when aberrations are estimated and that, for those images, photon noise is not a limiting factor. Reconstruction experiments with both simulated and real data show that the calculation of wave-front propagation by the retrieval algorithms must be performed with a multiple-plane propagation rather than a simple fast Fourier transform to ensure the high accuracy required. Pupil reconstruction was performed and indicates a misalignment of the optical axis of a camera relay telescope relative to the main telescope. After we accounted for measured spherical aberration in the relay telescope, our estimate of the conic constant of the primary mirror of the HST was - 1.0144.