cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expert Systems in Accounting: A National Survey of Doctoral Accounting Schools

The research problem addressed by this study is the lack of knowledge pertaining to the current state of expert systems curriculum development efforts in accounting schools across the nation. More ...
Effect of stress voltages on voltage acceleration and lifetime projections for ultra-thin gate oxides

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of NFET (N+ poly gate, N+ diffusion of FET) stress voltage conditions, for ultra-thin gate oxides, on the voltage acceleration, and lifetime projections to use conditions. This work employs the model relating the critical defect density (NBD) to the charge-to-breakdown and the defect generation probability (Pg). The models for NBD and Pg were adjusted for effects at voltages between 2 V and 3 V, and oxide thickness less than 2.7 nm. For NBD, a model is proposed that is supported by published data and provides a gradual transition to a plateau for oxide thickness less than 2.7 nm. For Pg, a stronger dependency of Log(Pg) in the range of 2–3 V is employed to give a better fit to published data. This adjusted Pg is also used below 2 V to show trend of projection. In the direct tunneling range below 3 V, there is an increase of the voltage acceleration factor (AF) with decreasing voltage. Also, below 3 V, AF shows a decrease as the oxide thickness is reduced from 2.0 nm to 1.2 nm, and this trend becomes stronger as the gate voltage is reduced. Above a gate stress voltage of 3 V, in the range of 3–4 V, AF is almost constant, and there is a slight decrease of AF with decreasing oxide thickness in the range of 2.0–1.2 nm. A voltage power-law fit for the range above 3 V shows a decreasing power index with decreasing oxide thickness.
Distinguishing Eternal from Transient Law: Natural Law and the Judicial Law of Moses

This essay examines two interlinked efforts in early modern Europe and New England to distinguish legal provisions valid across different societies and time periods from those that were local and transitory and therefore not compulsory in the present. Consider, first, the judicial laws of Moses. A minority of Protestants, whom I will call the “Mosaic legalists,” tried to ascertain which Old Testament judicial ordinances were no longer obligatory because they were particular to the Jewish commonwealth, and which were eternally-valid “appendices” to the natural law and Decalogue. The challenge of differentiating the perpetual from the local also occupied early modern students of the law of nature. Whether one believed that God impressed natural law upon the world or that people deduced natural law from a limited set of first principles such as self-preservation and sociability, one faced the problem of distinguishing immutable natural precepts from rules that arose only to address passing issues in a specific territory. Natural lawyers and Mosaic legalists did not use the same techniques for separating eternal and transient precepts. Each had its own “rules of recognition” (to borrow a helpful modern concept). My essay compares natural lawyers’ and Mosaic legalists’ rules of recognition, their ways of telling immutable from transitory precepts. In this, it goes against the dominant tendency of modern scholarship to approach the Mosaic legalists and natural lawyers separately rather than in tandem. Reading the two in unison highlights how the projects faced common intellectual challenges. In particular, both natural lawyers and Mosaic legalists used stadial theories of historical change and both implied that immutable law should be convenient under present circumstances. Both used temporally- and contextually-sensitive categories to locate an “eternal” law. But these emphases, if pushed too far, threatened the natural lawyers’ and Mosaic legalists’ enterprise, so both groups developed stabilizing conventions. The rules of recognition mattered greatly as controversialists deployed natural and Mosaic law in fights over political oaths and allegiance, usury, sabbatarianism, church governance, and a wide range of other issues. Over and again, early modern actors asked the perennial question: What was God, through scripture and nature, commanding us to do? The Mosaic legalists’ and Protestant natural lawyers’ rules of recognition helped answer this most pressing of questions.
Ion-Channelling Effects In Scanning Microscopy And Ion Beam Writing With A 60 keV Ga+ Probe

We describe the operation and functions of a scanning ion microscope. This has been shown capable of detecting ion-channelling phenomena in crystalline materials through the observation of crystallographic contrast in images obtained with the secondary electron and secondary ion signal. The instrument also provides on-line quantitative information on surface amorphization and on channelling effects in direct ion beam writing.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparison of blood particle deposition models for non-parallel flow domains.

Abstract Adhesions of monocytes and platelets to a vascular surface, particularly in regions of flow stagnation, recirculation, and reattachment, are a significant initial event in a broad spectrum of particle–wall interactions that significantly influence the formation of stenotic lesions and mural thrombi. A number of approximations are available for the simulation of both monocyte and platelet interactions with the vascular surface. For the simulation of blood particle adhesion, this study hypothesizes that: (a) the discrete element approach, which accounts for finite particle size and inertia, is advantageous in the context of non-parallel flow domains including stagnation, recirculation, and reattachment; and (b) the likelihood for particle deposition may be effectively approximated as being non-linearly proportional to local particle concentration, residence time, and wall proximity. Models such as wall shear stress correlations, the multicomponent mixture approach, and Lagrangian particle tracking with and without hydrodynamic particle–wall interactions were evaluated. Quantitative performance of the selected models was established by comparisons to available experimental data sets for non-parallel axisymmetric suspension flows of monocytes and platelets. Factors including the convective-diffusive transport of particles, finite particle size and inertia, as well as near-wall hydrodynamic interactions were found to significantly influence blood particle deposition. Of the models studied, the near-wall residence time approach was found to be a particularly effective indicator for the deposition of monocytes ( r 2 =0.74) and platelets ( r 2 =0.57), given that nano-scale physical and biochemical effects must be greatly approximated in computational simulations involving relatively large-scale geometries and complex flow fields.
The Market Response to Low-Balling Earnings Expectations

After controlling for the content of earnings information over the quarter, security returns measured over the entire quarter are affected by the path of earnings expectations during the quarter. This research uncovers cases consistent with low-balling, in which negative information elicits a positive market response. There are also observed cases consistent with high-balling, in which positive information elicits a negative or zero market response.
Planning for future user services

The purpose of this paper is to explore the changes that will occur within User Services as the nature of computing changes and affects changes in institutions. In the past, most institutions have had one major computer center which supplied the bulk of the computer power and all related services and activities. Currently we are seeing a shift away from this concept. We are seeing computers springing up all over. So how is this affecting the computer centers? Should the computer center continue to compete with these other centers or should it offer something else? A possible scenario is that the services and programming, including user services, will split off from the computer center and become a central unit within the institution, offering technical support for the central computer center and the satellites on an institution-wide basis. This paper will look at the various ingredients affecting computing and will try to predict what the future might look like for User Service organizations.
Bounds for Incomplete Hyper-Kloosterman Sums☆

Abstract A new upper bound is obtained for the incomplete hyper-Kloosterman sum by means of Burgess' estimate, provided the number of variables in the sum is sufficiently large.
Stable Pb isotope ratios in aerosols, precipitation, and size-fractionated particulate matter in the Gulf of Maine, Scotian Shelf, and Labrador Sea

Measurements of Pb isotopes in aerosols, precipitation, and size-fractionated particulate matter from the Gulf of Maine, Scotian Shelf and Labrador Sea are used to investigate the source of Pb. The (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratio in aerosols and precipitation collected at New Castle, NH suggests that anthropogenic Pb is a mixture of US and Canadian sources. (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratios in >53 microm particulate matter from the Gulf of Maine and Scotian Shelf slope waters are consistent with contaminant Pb inputs predominantly from US and Canadian sources, while in shelf waters (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratios in >0.4 microm and >53 microm particles are consistent with a mixture of US and Canadian sources, as well as Pb associated with resuspended surface sediment. (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratios in particulate matter (>0.4 microm, 10-53 microm, and >53 microm) from Labrador Sea surface waters range from 1.165 to 1.211 and are a mixture of Pb derived from ore compositions consistent with Broken Hill, Australia and southeast Missouri, US sources.
Vulnerable populations at risk of potentially avoidable hospitalizations: the case of nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease.

This study explores whether nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) are affected differently by facility-level risk factors of ambulatory care-sensitive (ACS) c...
THE EVOLUTION OF LAW AND WIFE ABUSE

For over 2000 years, laws have allowed husbands to beat their wives. Until the last century, American law conformed to this tradition. This article traces the roots of American law to English and Roman law, the latter giving husbands life-and-death authority over wives. In the nineteenth century American state courts permitted husbands to beat their wives for misconduct. Pioneering women in the temperance, abolitionist, and women's rights movements first attacked the common law ofwife-beating and restrictive divorce policies. By the 1870s, wife-beating became outlawed. Earlier in the nineteenth century, legislatures had expanded the grounds for divorce, opening an avenue of escape for physically abused wives. But the law still gives limited protection to assaulted spouses, who are more often wives than husbands.
Circadian Rhythmicity in Amino Acid Incorporation in Euglena gracilis

A daily rhythm of amino acid incorporation exists in nondividing cultures of Euglena kept in a light-dark cycle. This rhythmicity persists for the two cycles measured in cultures transferred to constant conditions and is therefore probably circadian in nature.
Modeling growth rates for sauropod dinosaurs

Abstract Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest terrestrial animals and their growth rates remain a subject of debate. By counting growth lines in histologic sections and relating bone length to body mass, it has been estimated that Apatosaurus attained its adult body mass of about 25,000 kg in as little as 15 years, with a maximum growth rate over 5000 kg/yr. This rate exceeds that projected for a precocial bird or eutherian mammal of comparable estimated body mass. An alternative method of estimating limb length and body mass for each growth line, and fitting the resulting age/ mass data to the von Bertalanffy growth equation, yields a revised growth curve suggesting that Apatosaurus adult mass was reached by 70 years with a maximum growth rate of 520 kg/yr. This alternative method for growth rate determination can also be applied to histological studies of other sauropods. At only about half the mass of Apatosaurus, Janenschia took between 20 and 30 years to attain its adult size (over 14,000 kg). This re...
Structural and magnetic chemistry of NdBaCo2O5+δ

Abstract The crystallographic and magnetic structures of the oxygen-deficient perovskites NdBaCo 2 O 5+ δ ( δ =0, 0.38, 0.5, 0.69) have been studied as a function of temperature by neutron powder diffraction. Long-range G-type antiferromagnetic order is realized for all samples apart from that with δ =0.5. The lack of magnetic order for δ =0.5 can be understood on the basis of a crystal-field-induced spin-state ordering between low-spin and high-spin Co 3+ . Contrary to studies of similar materials with smaller lanthanides, the δ =0 material exhibits no evidence of long-range charge ordering. No evidence of a spin-state transition as observed in YBaCo 2 O 5 is found for any of our samples.
Possible World Semantics for First Order Logic of Proofs

Abstract In the tech report Artemov and Yavorskaya (Sidon) (2011) [4] an elegant formulation of the first-order logic of proofs was given, FOLP . This logic plays a fundamental role in providing an arithmetic semantics for first-order intuitionistic logic, as was shown. In particular, the tech report proved an arithmetic completeness theorem, and a realization theorem for FOLP . In this paper we provide a possible-world semantics for FOLP , based on the propositional semantics of Fitting (2005) [5] . We also give an Mkrtychev semantics. Motivation and intuition for FOLP can be found in Artemov and Yavorskaya (Sidon) (2011) [4] , and are not fully discussed here. This paper is dedicated to Sergei Artemov, an honored colleague and friend, who has made wonderful things for the rest of us to play with.
An Empirical Look at Professional Selling From a Student Perspective

In this article, the authors examined students' perceptions of professional selling. They found significant differences between the perceptions of students who had completed personal selling courses and students who had not. The authors observed differences in students' perceptions of personal selling as a career, the contribution of personal selling classes to a salesperson's skill set, and students' interest in and likelihood of pursuing a sales career. Students considered salespeople to be perceived negatively by others and to be non-customer-oriented.
Transport and structural properties of polymerized AC60 (A = K, Rb) under zero and high pressure conditions

display transport properties vastly different from their unpolymerized counterparts. We here describe structural (X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy) and dc resistivity measurements of polymerized AC60 (A = K, Rb) at zero and high pressures. The structural and electronic properties are rich, and evidence is found for unusual phase transitions in both materials.
Combined Esophagectomy and Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Expanded Indication for Supercharged Jejunal Interposition

Combined pancreaticoduodenectomy and esophagectomy poses a challenge for reconstruction. We report a case of a combined pancreaticoduodenectomy and esophagectomy for synchronous pancreatic and esophageal cancer, with reconstruction using a supercharged jejunal interposition. The supercharged jejunal anastomosis is a versatile option for foregut reconstruction.
Intracellular and extracellular magnesium depletion in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus

To investigate alterations of magnesium metabolism in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, we utilized a new magnesium-specific selective ion electrode apparatus to measure serum ionized magnesium (Mg-io) in fasting subjects with and without Type 2 diabetes, and compared these values to levels of serum total magnesium, and of intracellular free magnesium (Mgi) analysed by 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Both Mg-io (0.630±0.008 vs 0.552± 0.008 mmol/l, p<0.001) and Mgi (223.3±8.3 vs 184± 13.7 mmol/l,p<0.001), but not serum total magnesium, were significantly reduced in Type 2 diabetes compared with nondiabetic control subjects. Furthermore, a close relationship was observed between serum Mg-io and Mgi (r=0.728, p<0.001). We suggest that magnesium deficiency, both extracellular and intracellular, is a characteristic of chronic stable mild Type 2 diabetes, and as such, may predispose to the excess cardiovascular morbidity of the diabetic state. Furthermore, by more adequately reflecting cellular magnesium metabolism than total serum magnesium levels, Mg-io measurements may provide a more readily available tool than has heretofore been available to analyse magnesium metabolism in a variety of diseases.
Aqueous Geochemistry of the Sand‐and‐Gravel Aquifer, Northwest Florida

The aqueous geochemistry of the sand-and-gravel aquifer in northwest Florida was characterized as part of the Florida Ground-Water Quality Monitoring Network Program, a multiagency cooperative study delineating baseline and/or background water quality for the major aquifer systems throughout the State. The aquifer is the principal source of water in northwest Florida and consists predominantly of quartz sand with smaller amounts of andesine, chlorite, calcite, kaolinite, and illite. Water from 42 wells in the sand-and-gravel aquifer sampled during 1986 and 1987 was characteristically low in dissolved solids (median value of 72 milligrams per liter) and of nondistinct water type, although relative concentrations of magnesium and sulfate tended to be lower than those of other major ions. Nonparametric statistical tests of major-ion concentration variations with depth and relative distance along flow paths indicate that the water chemistry does not change significantly (0.05 significance level) as the water moves vertically and laterally through the aquifer. Mass-balance calculations indicate that dissolved solids from rainfall and saline-water sources each account for 13 percent of the concentration of dissolved solids in ground water. Incongruent dissolution of andesine, chlorite, and muscovite to form kaolinite accounts for 94 percent of the neutralization of the total hydrogen ion input from rainfall and from carbonic acid weathering in the subsurface. The remaining neutralization is accounted for by the dissolution of calcite.
On the product of two primitive elements of maximal subfields of a finite field

Abstract Let F r denote a finite field with r elements. Let q be a power of a prime, and p 1 , p 2 , p 3 be distinct primes. Put y 1 =p 1 p 2 , y 2 =p 1 p 3 , y 3 =p 2 p 3 , z=p 1 p 2 p 3 ,A={(t 1 ,t 2 )∈ F q y 1 × F q y 2 | F q (t 1 )= F q y 1 , F q (t 2 )= F q y 2 , F q (t 1 t 2 )≠ F q z }. We express the number of elements in A in terms of q , p 1 , p 2 , p 3 .
Opioid peptides rapidly stimulate superoxide production by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages.

Opioid peptides found in the general circulation can modulate several functions of phagocytic cells that are related to their microbicidal and cytotoxic activity. Since reactive oxygen species are crucial to these activities, the affect of opioid peptides on superoxide () generation was evaluated with the use of lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminesence (CL). β-Endorphin and dynorphin stimulate the production of in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and peritoneal macrophages (PMO) at peptide concentrations that prevail systemically (10−14−10−12 m). There is an inverse dose-response relation for PMN but not PMO. The effect is rapid and sustained in PMN (peak CL at 2-4 min, duration >15 min), whereas it is rapid but brief in PMO (peak 1 min, duration 75% in both cell types.
Anatomy of a conflict: the 2006–2007 communal violence in East Timor

The 2006–2007 communal conflict in East Timor was starkly revealing of the fragility of national identity and also of the existence of deep-seated social tensions. These tensions were embodied by a wide range of warring social groups such as gangs, veterans groups and martial arts groups. A number of recent analyses have alluded to the political and ethnic nature of both the conflict and these groups. However, the manner in which all these groups emerged and interacted at different stages of the conflict did not always conform to static political and ethnic allegiances. This paper examines the internal dynamics of these groups' interactions; and how these groups prioritised often conflicting political, ethnic and social identities at different times during this two-year period. It argues that to frame more effective security and development responses and more effectively predict future conflict, we must first comprehend the complex, multi-layered nature of contemporary communal conflict in East Timor.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediate activity-dependent down-regulation of potassium channel genes during the expression of homeostatic intrinsic plasticity

Homeostatic intrinsic plasticity encompasses the mechanisms by which neurons stabilize their excitability in response to prolonged and destabilizing changes in global activity. However, the milieu of molecular players responsible for these regulatory mechanisms is largely unknown. Using whole-cell patch clamp recording and unbiased gene expression profiling in rat dissociated hippocampal neurons cultured at high density, we demonstrate here that chronic activity blockade induced by the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin leads to a homeostatic increase in action potential firing and down-regulation of potassium channel genes. In addition, chronic activity blockade reduces total potassium current, as well as protein expression and current of voltage-gated Kv1 and Kv7 potassium channels, which are critical regulators of action potential firing. Importantly, inhibition of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptors alone mimics the effects of tetrodotoxin, including the elevation in firing frequency and reduction of potassium channel gene expression and current driven by activity blockade, whereas inhibition of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels has no effect. Collectively, our data suggest that homeostatic intrinsic plasticity induced by chronic activity blockade is accomplished in part by decreased calcium influx through N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptors and subsequent transcriptional down-regulation of potassium channel genes.
Chromosomal localization of the human apoprotein CI gene and of a polymorphic apoprotein AII gene.

Summary Human apoprotein(apo) CI and apo AII cDNA probes have been used to analyze the segregation of the human genes in panels of human-mouse hybrids. The apo CI ( APOCI ) gene segregates with chromosome 19 and the apo AII ( APOA2 ) gene with chromosome 1. Somatic cell hybrids containing chromosome translocations were used to map the apo AII gene to the 1p21-1qter region. Human APOA2 is polymorphic for the restriction endonuclease Msp I. Comparison of human and mouse chromosome 1 reveals a conserved group including apo AII, renin and peptidase genes and suggests that APOA2 will be found distal to this group on human chromosome 1. The mouse apo AII gene is closely linked with genes that regulate HDL structure. Similar HDL regulatory genes will probably be found near human APOA2 .
Fimbria damage and removal of adherent bacteria after exposure to acoustic energy.

The physical effects of low-frequency acoustic energy on Actinomyces viscosus were studied with electron microscopy to explore both acoustically induced damage to fimbriae on the surface of these bacteria and acoustic removal of bacteria from saliva-treated hydroxyapatite disks. A bacterial suspension was exposed to acoustic energy from a laboratory acoustic generator (50 kPa, 200 Hz) and from a new electronic toothbrush, the SonicareTM. The exposed bacteria were examined with electron microscopy after negative staining. A decrease in both the percentage of bacterial surface covered with fimbriae and the fimbria length was observed after acoustic exposure. To study the acoustic effects on adherent bacteria, A. viscosus bound to hydroxyapatite disks were exposed to acoustic energy and examined with scanning electron microscopy. Quantitative evaluation of the micrographs for the number of bacteria present after exposure revealed that acoustic energy removed both bacteria adherent to the hydroxyapatite surface and adherent to each other. The results support the concept that an electronic toothbrush employing low-frequency acoustic energy may help prevent and control periodontal J diseases by altering bacterial adherence.
Fate Restriction in the Growing and Regenerating Zebrafish Fin

We use transposon-based clonal analysis to identify the lineage classes that make the adult zebrafish caudal fin. We identify nine distinct lineage classes, including epidermis, melanocyte/xanthophore, iridophore, intraray glia, lateral line, osteoblast, dermal fibroblast, vascular endothelium, and resident blood. These lineage classes argue for distinct progenitors, or organ founding stem cells (FSCs), for each lineage, which retain fate restriction throughout growth of the fin. Thus, distinct FSCs exist for the four neuroectoderm lineages, and dermal fibroblasts are not progenitors for fin ray osteoblasts; however, artery and vein cells derive from a shared lineage in the fin. Transdifferentiation of cells or lineages in the regeneration blastema is often postulated. However, our studies of single progenitors or FSCs reveal no transfating or transdifferentiation between these lineages in the regenerating fin. This result shows that, the same as in growth, lineages retain fate restriction when passed through the regeneration blastema.
Effects of Alcohol Intoxication and Instructional Set on Women’s Sexual Arousal Vary Based on Sexual Abuse History

The influence of alcohol intoxication and arousal instructional set on psychophysiological measures of sexual responding was examined in a non-clinical sample of sexually abused (SA) and non-sexually abused (NSA) women. Participants (n=42) were randomly assigned to consume alcoholic (target blood alcohol level = .08%) or non-alcoholic drinks and to receive instructions to maximize or suppress their sexual response to erotic films. Measures included vaginal pulse amplitude (VPA), self-reported sexual arousal, and mood. SA classification interacted with instruction condition such that NSA women’s VPA scores were higher under maximize than suppress instructions, but this did not occur for SA women. SA classification interacted with alcohol such that, compared to their sober counterparts, intoxicated NSA women reported less sexual arousal, whereas intoxicated SA women reported more sexual arousal than their sober counterparts. Moreover, positive mood ratings were highest among intoxicated SA women. Findings indicate that alcohol may affect women differently based on SA history and imply that SA history may be associated with differences in response to subsequent sexual situations.
Emerging areas: urban operations and UCAVs: research plan development for modeling and simulation of military operations in urban terrain

The transformation of the US Army to the Objective Force will rely heavily upon the use of modeling and simulation (M&S) for analysis, including assessment of our ability to fight in urban environments. Current model research for military operations in urban terrain (MOUT) is disjoint. Current models are judged to be insufficient as a foundation for simulation of urban operations. The Army Model and Simulation Office (AMSO) has formed a Focus Area Collaborative Team (FACT) to address these issues. The MOUT FACT directs all future urban operations modeling efforts to ensure that new simulations credibly depict MOUT. The MOUT FACT employs a top-down approach designed to (1) identify the best urban M&S projects that will address prioritized deficiencies and (2) identify potential collaboration opportunities. This paper details the methodology employed by the MOUT FACT to develop the urban M&S research plan and the results of its efforts to date.
Selectivity and energetics in the MPD of isomeric fluoropentanes

Abstract The multiphoton gas-phase HF elimination from 1-, 2- and 3-fluoropentanes (1FP, 2FP and 3FP) has been studied; 1FP does not react. The conversion per flash for 3FP is 1000 times greater than that for 2FP. The average excitation energies for 3FP and 2FP are 125 and 110 kcal/mole, respectively; the 3FP undergoes secondary reaction. The difference in photophysical properties of 2FP and 3FP can be used as the basis for a purification technique.
Congenital hepatic cyst with antenatal diagnosis: a case report and literature review

Congenital hepatic cysts are rare lesions of infancy. While operative management and outcomes have been extensively studied in adult patients with hepatic cysts, data in pediatric patients are limited. We discuss our experience in an infant and review relevant literature regarding operative technique and surgical outcomes.
Political Support for Regional Government in the 1990s Growing in the Suburbs

Regional government, in its various forms, has long been advocated as a necessary condition, for addressing the problems that plague modern urban areas with multiple jurisdictions. Political support for regional approaches has been scant, however, particularly among residents of suburban areas who ostensibly covet the political independence of their suburban municipalities. The authors present the results of a survey of likely voters in a suburban area, Santa Clara County in California, and find widespread support for regional governance. Support for regional approaches was consistent for both general and specific measures and did not vary considerably among demographic subgroups. The authors link this support to the perceived growth of urban problems in the vicinity, such as congestion and pollution.
DCTN1 Mutations and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy–Like Phenotype

outsintheringorconcussionsontheplayingfieldonlytocom-peteandexcelatthehighestechelonofhisorherchosensport?DrCantuisindeedrightwhenhestressestheneedforfurtherevidence-based research in this area. One size does not fit allwhenitcomestoreturntoplayvspermanentretirementdeci-sionsinpatientswithconcussion.Nitin K. Sethi, MD
Patient-controlled analgesia for sickle cell pain crisis in a pediatric emergency department.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether a protocol to start patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in the emergency department (ED-PCA) would shorten the length of time between narcotic bolus doses and PCA initiation as compared with standard inpatient initiation of PCA (IP-PCA). Also, to compare patient satisfaction and inpatient length of stay for the 2 groups. METHODS To improve care, we developed a protocol to institute ED-PCA after an initial bolus dose of narcotics. This was a nonrandomized pilot study. Patient records were reviewed for location of PCA initiation, time from narcotic bolus to initiation of PCA, and length of stay. A brief patient/parent satisfaction survey was collected. RESULTS Sixty-nine records were reviewed. Patients treated using the protocol had initiation of PCA therapy within 35 +/- 7 minutes from the last bolus narcotic dose in the emergency department versus 211 +/- 17 minutes for nonprotocol patients. Forty-eight of 50 patient surveys indicated preference for starting ED-PCA; 2 did not have a preference. No complications were identified in either group. CONCLUSIONS A protocol to initiate PCA for sickle cell patients in a pediatric emergency department shortened the time of its initiation and was preferred by patients.
Frequency synthesis based on bandpass sigma-delta modulation

A PLL frequency synthesiser using a bandpass sigma-delta digital oscillator as the frequency reference is described. The system emphasises digital signal processing and allows the use of a wideband loop filter
Icosahedral symmetry and the quintic equation

Abstract An algorithm has been implemented on a microcomputer for solving the general quintic equation. This algorithm is based on the isomorphism of the A5 alternating Galois group of the general quintic equation to the symmetry group of the icosahedron, coupled with the ability to partition an object of icosahedral symmetry into five equivalent objects of tetrahedral or octahedral symmetry. A detailed discussion is presented of the portions of this algorithm relating to these symmetry properties of the icosahedron. In addition, the entire algorithm is summarized.
Subcritical solvent extraction of anthocyanins from dried red grape pomace.

Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was used to optimize and determine the effectiveness of an alternative, environmentally friendly extraction procedure using subcritical solvents to recover anthocyanins from freeze-dried, ground Sunbelt red grape pomace. Anthocyanins were extracted from pomace using the following ASE variables: pressure (6.8 MPa), one extraction cycle, and temperature (40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 °C). Conventional solvent extraction with methanol/water/formic acid (60:37:3 v/v/v) was compared to four hydroethanolic solvents (10, 30, 50, and 70% ethanol in water, v/v). Anthocyanins in the extracts were identified and quantified by HPLC-MS and HPLC. There was an insignificant interaction between solvent and temperature (p = 0.0663). Solvents containing 70 and 50% ethanol in water extracted more total anthocyanins (463 and 455 mg/100 g of DW, respectively) than other solvents. The total amounts of anthocyanins extracted at 100 °C (450 mg/100 g of DW), 80 °C (436 mg/100 g of DW), and 120...
Computational studies of the cone and 1,2,3 alternate calix[6]arene bis-crown-4 isomers: structures, NMR shifts, atomic charges, and steric compression

The cone and 1,2,3 alternate isomers of calix[6]arene bis-crown-4 were investigated computationally. Structural optimizations, energies, bond distances, and Mulliken charges were calculated by the application of the B3LYP/6-31g(d) method/basis, followed by NMR calculations via both B3LYP/6-31g(d) and HF/6-31g(d). Calculations were completed at three different levels of imposed symmetry, and two calculations investigated the chloroform solvent effects. Better NMR results were obtained from HF/6-31g(d) calculations that did not impose molecular symmetry constraints. Consideration of solvent effects improved ground state energies, but other improvements were minimal and not significant enough to justify the added computational expense of solvent calculations. Overall results are consistent with known experimental assignments and were valuable for assigning previously unknown NMR peaks. Net charges, electrostatic forces, and local dipoles – but not bond lengths – are strongly correlated to spectroscopic manifestations of steric compression. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eosinophilic abscess and eosinophilic pseudotumor presenting as bile duct masses: a report of 2 cases.

EOSINOPHILIC CHOLANGITIS, a term coined by Rosengart et al in 1990, is a rare inflammatory disease causing eosinophilic cholecystitis and associated extrahepatic biliary obstruction.1 This entity has been described in only 3 patients during the past 20 years.1-3 This report presents 2 patients who had obstructive jaundice caused by an eosinophilic abscess and an eosinophilic pseudotumor mimicking a neoplastic process in the biliary tree. A review of the literature including the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease is presented.
Theory and empiricism in virulence evolution.

Dobzhansky famously wrote, “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.” Given the importance of viral evolution to disease emergence, pathogenesis, drug resistance, and vaccine efficacy, it has been well studied by theoreticians and experimentalists. Indeed, as the highly theoretical concepts of quasispecies and error catastrophe gained mainstream attention over the last thirty years, notions of viral populations and viral evolution became almost inseparable for many virologists. In contrast, a large body of theoretical work on the evolution of virulence has yet to gain traction in the virology community. Our purpose here is to offer a brief introduction to virulence theory, explain some of its strengths and weaknesses, and suggest how theory might be united with empiric data. While we focus our discussion on viruses, many of the concepts presented are similarly applicable to other prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens.
Effect of Double-Hyperconjugation on the Apparent Donor Ability of σ-Bonds: Insights from the Relative Stability of δ-Substituted Cyclohexyl Cations

A combination of electronic, structural, and energetic analyses shows that a somewhat larger intrinsic donor ability of the C−H bonds compared to that of C−C bonds can be overshadowed by cooperative hyperconjugative interactions with participation of remote substituents (double hyperconjugation or through-bond interaction). The importance of double hyperconjugation was investigated computationally using two independent criteria: (a) relative total energies and geometries of two conformers (“hyperconjomers”) of δ-substituted cyclohexyl cations (b) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of electronic structure and orbital interactions in these molecules. Both criteria clearly show that the apparent donor ability of C−C bonds can vary over a wide range, and the relative order of donor ability of C−H and C−C bonds can be easily inverted depending on molecular connectivity and environment. In general, relative donor abilities of σ bonds can be changed by their through-bond communication with remote substitue...
Optimal Design of Structures Against Buckling: A Complementary Energy Approach

ABSTRACT The complementary energy approach is used to establish the basic principles in terms of generalized stress components for the optimum design of elastic structures against buckling. The necessary condition of optlmality is derived and its sufficiency is established for those structures whose compliance densities are convex and which are statically determinate. By way of illustration, the development is used to rederive the governing equations for the optimal design of a column against lateral buckling. The formulation is further applied to obtain optimum design of thin-walled beams against lateral-torsional buckling.
Ataxias of childhood.

BACKGROUND This review examines the causes of ataxias in children. It is a relatively common manifestation of neurological diseases in children. The etiology of ataxia covers a broad range, from infections to rare hereditary metabolic diseases. A systematic approach is required to make the correct diagnosis. REVIEW SUMMARY The more common causes of ataxias in children are discussed in detail. The importance of recognizing potentially reversible conditions such as vitamin E deficiency and Refsum's disease is stressed. Recent advances in molecular genetics of some of the chronic ataxias are discussed. The importance of categorizing diseases based on the duration of symptoms and associated signs is discussed. Treatment options are mentioned. CONCLUSION Ataxia is a common mode of presentation of cerebellar, posterior column, and vestibular disease in children. Awareness of the spectrum of disease entities that cause ataxia in childhood may lead to better diagnosis.
Thermal stresses in thick laminated composite shells

The paper provides an analytical formulation to investigate the thermomechanical behavior of thick composite shells subjected to a temperature distribution which varies arbitrarily in the radial direction. For illustrative purposes, shells under uniform temperature change are presented. It is found that thermal twist would occur even for symmetric laminated shells. Under uniform temperature rise, results for off-axis graphite/epoxy shells show that extensional-shear coupling can cause tensile radial stress throughout the shell and tensile hoop stress in the inner region. Laminated graphite/epoxy shells can exhibit negative effective thermal expansion coefficients in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Finally, the stacking sequence has a strong influence on the thermal stress distributions.
An all-speed projection and filtering method for gravity-stratified flows

Gravity waves arise in gravitationally stratified compressible flows at low Mach and Froude numbers, and these waves impose a sharp restriction on the time step. This paper presents a filtering strategy for the fully compressible equations based on normal-mode analysis that is used throughout the simulation to compute the fast dynamics and is able to damp only chosen modes. This method is based on an asymptotic analysis and respects the dynamics of gravity waves for thin layers. Finally, the filtering method is tested on a series of examples.
Identification of 14-series sulfido-conjugated mediators that promote resolution of infection and organ protection

Upon infection and inflammation, tissue repair and regeneration are essential in reestablishing function. Here we identified potent molecules present in self-limited infectious murine exudates, regenerating planaria, and human milk as well as macrophages that stimulate tissue regeneration in planaria and are proresolving. Characterization of their physical properties and isotope tracking indicated that the bioactive structures contained docosahexaenoic acid and sulfido-conjugate (SC) of triene double bonds that proved to be 13-glutathionyl, 14-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid (SCI) and 13-cysteinylglycinyl, 14-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid (SCII). These molecules rescued Escherichia coli infection-mediated delay in tissue regeneration in planaria, improving regeneration intervals from ∼4.2 to ∼3.7 d. Administration of SCs protected mice from second-organ reflow injury, promoting repair via limiting neutrophil infiltration, up-regulating Ki67, and Roof plate-specific spondin 3. At nanomolar potencies these conjugates also resolved E. coli infections by limiting neutrophil infiltration and stimulating bacterial phagocytosis and clearance as well as efferocytosis of apoptotic cells. Together, these findings identify previously undescribed conserved chemical signals and pathways in planaria, mouse, and human tissues that enhance host responses to contain infections, stimulate resolution of inflammation, and promote the restoration of function.
Soil management for semiarid regions

Abstract Water related climatic factors and soil physical and chemical properties exert a dominant effect on crop production in semiarid regions. Soil management practices which beneficially affect crop production by increasing water storage or through more efficient water use have been intensively studied at a number of locations with their associated soil conditions and under the climatic conditions encountered. The practical benefits of such research have been extensive. The application of field research to specific sites is restricted by the extreme variations in climatic conditions, by the large differences in soil physical and chemical properties, and by the variation in management practices which occur in the region. Because of these soil and climatic differences, the probability levels of expected responses to management practices generally have not been determined. Part of the difficulty has been due to the inability to precisely define and numerically describe the soil and climatic characteristics involved for sites and years other than those in which the research was conducted. Computer-based simulation techniques permit the development of long- and short-term site specific soil management recommendations with expected results expressed on a probability basis. The research results from specific geographic locations measured under a specific set of climatic conditions can thus be generalized to a much wider range of soils and expressed on a probability basis using long-term climatic records. Examples are given where crop yield frequencies are computed as a function of long-term climatic conditions involving various management practices. These results illustrate the impacts of a range of residue management, deep tillage, and fallowing practices on crop production in the semiarid environment. The modeling techniques presented can be used with a range of models and potential management practices.
The effects of testing on science process skill achievement

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of testing on the achievement of students using self-instructional materials to learn science process skills. In one section of an undergraduate science method class, students were paced through a programmed textbook and were given short quizzes in class after each of the process skill lessons was assigned, while in another section, students worked at their own pace and were held responsible for completing the lessons by the end of the semester. Students taking the quizzes throughout the semester were expected to attain a higher level of process skill proficiency because previous studies have shown that taking a test immediately after learning leads to better retention of the material. Results indicated that taking frequent quizzes did not differentially affect process skill acquisition.
Influence of mastitis on properties of milk. V. Total and free concentrations of major minerals in skimmilk.

Abstract The influence of mastitis on the total and unbound concentrations of eight minerals in skimmilk was investigated with individual quarter milk samples. Wisconsin Mastitis Test positive (WMT > 20 mm) samples contained approximately 9, 8, and 4% less total potassium, inorganic phosphorus, and calcium than corresponding negative (WMT
FRACTIONATION OF THE STABLE ISOTOPES OF CARBON AND OXYGEN IN MARINE CALCAREOUS ORGANISMS: THE ECHINOIDEA. PART II. ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS

The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of the calcite skeletons of recent sea urchins and sand dollars has been determined for representatives of all major taxonomic groups. The specimens comprise a world-wide sampling of the class Echinoidea in which polar to tropical and littoral to abyssal dwellers are included. Although the spines differ relatively little in isotopic composition, large variations in δC13 (up to 13 per mil) and δO18 for the tests and parts of the echinoid lantern are apparent. C13C12 and O18O16 for individuals of a single species from a given locality, for different species from the same locality, and for the same species from different localities, in conjunction with depth and temperature data, show that the degree of isotope fractionation is largely genetically controlled, although the effect of temperature is detectable, especially in the case of O18O16. Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios are correlated with crystallographic data and the application of this information to phylogenetic problems is discussed with two examples: the question of a polyphyletic ancestry of the order Echinoida, and inhomogeneity in the order Cidaroida.