cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of tyrosine administration on dopa accumulation in light- and dark-adapted retinas from normal and diabetic rats.

Abstract The interaction of tyrosine concentration and lighting on in vivo dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) accumulation rate was studied in retinas of normal and diabetic rats. In both groups of rats, dopa accumulation and in vitro hydroxylase activity were higher in retinas exposed to light than in those adapted to darkness. In light-adapted diabetic rats, though, retinal tyrosine level, dopa accumulation, and in vitro tyrosine hydroxylase activity were all below normal. In both normal and diabetic rats exposed to light, tyrosine injection raised retinal tyrosine concentrations and stimulated dopa accumulation. Injection of tyrosine into dark-adapted rats raised retinal tyrosine level but did not enhance dopa accumulation. Together, these results suggest that in vivo retinal amacrine cell;s will vary their dopa accumulation rate as a function of substrate supply, but only in the light, when tyrosine hydroxylase is activated. They further indicate that dopa accumulation rate remains sensitive to tyrosine supply in the light-activated diabetic retina.
BRDF-Shop: creating physically correct bidirectional reflectance distribution functions

A majority of the artists in the graphics community use one of the mainstream packages for modeling and designing a scene for 3D rendering. These packages - such as Alias' Maya, Discreet's 3ds Max, or Newtek's Lightwave -provide slider bars and numerical inputs that let the artist design the material's attributes, such as smoothness and metallic qualities. While advanced users develop a mental mapping from numerical input to material appearance, novice users might not have a natural feel for a material's numeric parameterization. We present a novel and intuitive approach for material design through direct control of the material's bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) via a series of brush strokes. Using our system, BRDF-Shop, the artist can paint highlights onto a spherical canvas and model a physically correct BRDF. Our principal hypothesis behind this approach is that artists understand materials through the shape and position of the highlights. We propose that these brush strokes; in combination with a real-time display, allow the artist to create a BRDF with intrinsic knowledge of how the highlight will appear on a given object.
Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of early adherence after starting or changing antiretroviral therapy.

The objectives of this research were to assess prevalence and predictors of early antiretroviral therapy adherence using multiple indicators and to estimate effects of early adherence on subsequent HIV viral load and CD4+ lymphocyte responses. Study subjects were adults with HIV infection referred to an antiretroviral therapy-monitoring clinic for initiation or change in therapy between March 1998 and June 1999. The design was a prospective observational cohort involving baseline interview followed by 30 days of electronic adherence monitoring (MEMS), 30-day interview, and follow-up viral load at 1, 3, and 6 months. Adherence indicators included MEMS therapeutic coverage, observed/expected cap openings, and self-reported adherence assessed at 30 days. Of 235 consenting patients, 60 (26%) failed to complete 30 days of electronic monitoring (noncompleters). At 6 months, mean change from baseline plasma viral load was inferior among noncompleters (0.5 log vs. 1.7 log). Predictors of adherence, varying by adh...
Merging and wetting driven by surface tension

The surface tension driven merging of two wedge-shaped regions of fluid, and the wetting of a wedge shaped solid, are analyzed. Following the work of Keller and Miksis in 1983, initial conditions are chosen so that the flows and their free surfaces are self-similar at all times after the init ial contact. Then the configuration magnifies by the factor t 2=3 and the fluid velocity at the point x=t 2=3 decays like t 1=3 , where the origin of x andt are the point and time of contact. In the merging problem the vertices of the two wedges of fluid are initially in contact. In the wetting problem, the vertex of a wedge of fluid is initially at the corner of the solid. The motions and free surfaces are found numerically. These results complement those of Keller and Miksis for the wetting of a single flat surface and for the rebound of a wedge of fluid after it pinches off from another body of fluid. © 2000 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS wetting / merging / necking / surface tension / self-similar
Large, rich countries dominate the virtual water trade

Making food requires water, and lots of it. From crops to livestock, water is needed at every step, but this water, especially when pumped from the ground or drawn from a river, is not an unlimited resource. Water drawn to irrigate a farm is water not used for something else, and when food is exported, then, in a sense, some of that region's water supply goes with it. Researchers have dubbed the global exchange of water embedded in agricultural commodities the “virtual water trade.” Each year, roughly 2 to 3 trillion cubic meters of water enter the virtual water trade—more than is used as water itself for drinking, residential, and industrial uses.
11B+ implantation and postimplant anneal studies in Hg1−x CdxTe

Abstract We report detailed studies of the change in crystal quality and electrical properties of as-implanted and postimplant annealed Hg1−x CdxTe. Using a multistage, low temperature (≤ 320°C) postimplant annealing process with a Hg1−x CdxTe native oxide encapsulation, we recover the implantation damage and activate a significant fraction of the implanted impurity.
CO oxidation for the characterization of reducibility in oxygen storage components of three-way automotive catalysts

Abstract Steady-state, CO-oxidation kinetics at 515 K have been measured on model, Pd catalysts, prepared by vapor deposition of Pd onto either zirconia, praseodymia, ceria, or a ceria-zirconia mixed oxide. A second rate process (RE2), associated with both the metal and the oxide support and observed previously on ceria-supported catalysts in excess CO [7], was also found for Pd supported on ceria-zirconia, but neither zirconia nor praseodymia had any effect on CO oxidation under the conditions of our study. For ceria and ceria-zirconia, deactivation, through the loss of RE2, caused by high-temperature calcination, was examined, with the Pd added after calcination so that the metal particle size was not a factor in deactivation. For ceria, there was a strong dependence on calcination temperature, with almost complete loss of RE2 above 1170 K. XRD showed that the loss was accompanied by a large increase in the crystallite size. Results for ceria-zirconia showed that the loss in this case was more gradual, with CO oxidation activity due to RE2 maintained to much higher calcination temperatures. Taking the importance of RE2 as a measure of the ability of the catalyst to use oxygen from the oxide, the implications of these results with respect to oxide structure and the effect of aging on oxygen-storage properties of reducible oxides are discussed.
Psychopathic personality traits and risky sexual behavior in college students

Abstract Risky sexual behavior (RSB) is associated with a variety of negative health and social consequences including STDs and unplanned pregnancies. The present study focused on the association between psychopathic personality traits and RSB. College students ( N = 511) completed self-report measures of RSB, psychopathic personality traits, and sensation seeking. When sensation seeking, Fearless Dominance psychopathic traits, and Impulsive Antisociality psychopathic traits were entered as predictors of RSB, only Impulsive Antisociality significantly contributed to the regression. These main effects were qualified by a gender by psychopathic traits interaction: (a) Impulsive Antisociality predicted RSB in both men and women, with a stronger association between Impulsive Antisociality and RSB in men, and (b) Fearless Dominance only predicted RSB in men. Thus, RSB may require both opportunity (associated with Fearless Dominance in men) and a combination of poor judgment and impulsive behavior (associated with Impulsive Antisociality in both men and women).
Considering Public Interest Regulatory Theory: Investigating the Links between Regulatory Emphasis and Effectiveness

This article explores the linkages between public-interest and regulatory theory. By examining academic scholarship relating to effectiveness and regulatory theory, this article proposes that there are links between agencies with a public-interest orientation and effective regulatory action. In order to examine this relationship this article analyzes three federal financial services regulators and their varying levels of effectiveness. In order to do this analysis focuses on three types of regulatory actions. These are technical, clientele, and public interest interventions. Next, the article looks for linkages among variations in regulatory style and agency effectiveness (in these cases as measured by regulatory ability to prevent the failures of supervised institutions). The analysis concludes by stating that there does appear to be some evidence for linkage between an agency's public interest orientation and their ability to effectively supervise a regulated community.
The physics of mathematical frost heave models: A review

Abstract This paper is concerned with the physical and thermodynamical bases of frost heave modeling. An attempt is made to isolate and illuminate issues which all such models must address, at least by implication. Although numerous relevant publications are surveyed, emphasis is less on an enumeration of items in the literature, and more on the concepts themselves, and on their alternative mathematical expressions, approximations, and manners of applications. Ultimately a selection of specific mathematical models is discussed, in light of the points raised in the general discussion.
A Modified Abrams Needle Biopsy Technique

Study objective To compare the diagnostic sensitivity of a modified Abrams needle pleural biopsy technique (Al) with the standard Abrams (A2) and Cope needle biopsy methods. The modified Abrams pleural biopsy technique consisted of suctioning each tissue sample into a syringe without removing the needle completely from the chest until the completion of the entire procedure. Both the standard Abrams and Cope needle techniques required needle removal from the chest after each pleural biopsy. Design Retrospective chart analysis. Setting Community teaching hospital affiliated with Stanford University. Patients Forty-seven patients (30 men and 17 women) with a mean age of 44.5 years (range, 19 to 81 years) who were referred to a pulmonary consultation service for pleural biopsy. Interventions Two of us (C.M.K. and F.T.K.) used the modified Abrams technique and two of us (W.A.J. and A.C.C.) used the standard Abrams technique. The Cope needle was used as originally described. Measurements We recorded the type of pleural biopsy needle and technique used in each patient. Biopsy specimen diameter and number of tissue samples obtained, final diagnoses, and complications were recorded. Results The diagnostic sensitivity for tuberculous pleurisy was 82% for the modified Abrams method, 71% for the standard Abrams method, and 88% for the standard Cope technique (p≥0.3). There was no difference in size of tissue sample obtained (Al vs A2), number of biopsies, or complications among the three methods of pleural biopsy. Conclusions The modified method of Abrams needle biopsy demonstrates a diagnostic sensitivity for pleural tuberculosis (82%) that is equivalent to that for the standard Abrams or Cope methods.
Towards a theory of chronic pain

In this review, we integrate recent human and animal studies from the viewpoint of chronic pain. First, we briefly review the impact of chronic pain on society and address current pitfalls of its definition and clinical management. Second, we examine pain mechanisms via nociceptive information transmission cephalad and its impact and interaction with the cortex. Third, we present recent discoveries on the active role of the cortex in chronic pain, with findings indicating that the human cortex continuously reorganizes as it lives in chronic pain. We also introduce data emphasizing that distinct chronic pain conditions impact on the cortex in unique patterns. Fourth, animal studies regarding nociceptive transmission, recent evidence for supraspinal reorganization during pain, the necessity of descending modulation for maintenance of neuropathic behavior, and the impact of cortical manipulations on neuropathic pain is also reviewed. We further expound on the notion that chronic pain can be reformulated within the context of learning and memory, and demonstrate the relevance of the idea in the design of novel pharmacotherapies. Lastly, we integrate the human and animal data into a unified working model outlining the mechanism by which acute pain transitions into a chronic state. It incorporates knowledge of underlying brain structures and their reorganization, and also includes specific variations as a function of pain persistence and injury type, thereby providing mechanistic descriptions of several unique chronic pain conditions within a single model.
Ultrastructure of the small neurons in the superior cervical ganglion.

Abstract The granule-containing cells of the rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglion were examined by light and electron microscopy. They are sparsely distributed in small cluster of about 2–5 cells. Each group has an incomplete sheath of satellite cells and lies in apposition to a blood capillary. The granule-containing cells contain numerous microvilli that project into the intercellular clefts, and prominent in their cytoplasm are dark-cored vesicles with 1400Aaverage overall diameter. Available evidence suggests that these contain a catecholamine, probably noradrenalin or its close analogue dopamine. On their cell bodies and minor processes they receive synaptic boutons which, judged by the types of vesicles found in them, are pre-ganglionic. In addition, they posses longer processes: these form synaptic contacts with nerve elements that are likely to be dendrites of ganglionic neurons. The dark-cored vesicles that approach the pre-synaptic membrane differ from those described in other mammalian synapses. On the basis of this evidence, the granule-containing cells can be classified as interneurons which receive impulses from pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers and transmit to small nerve processes within the ganglion. Although they are commonly referred to as chromaffin cells they should not be allowed membership of this class, since they reportedly do not give the chromaffin reaction. The function of the interneuron may be to provide negative feedback to ganglionic neurons, thus limiting their dependence on direct signals from the pre-ganglionic neuron. From the numbers of interneurons that are found in the ganglia, it may be inferred that their contacts are restricted to ganglion cells on a particular pathway. Information about the kind of sympathetic pathway that would require such an interneuron would be welcome.
Identification of Olfactory Volatiles using Gas Chromatography-Multi-unit Recordings (GCMR) in the Insect Antennal Lobe

All organisms inhabit a world full of sensory stimuli that determine their behavioral and physiological response to their environment. Olfaction is especially important in insects, which use their olfactory systems to respond to, and discriminate amongst, complex odor stimuli. These odors elicit behaviors that mediate processes such as reproduction and habitat selection(1-3). Additionally, chemical sensing by insects mediates behaviors that are highly significant for agriculture and human health, including pollination(4-6), herbivory of food crops(7), and transmission of disease(8,9). Identification of olfactory signals and their role in insect behavior is thus important for understanding both ecological processes and human food resources and well-being. To date, the identification of volatiles that drive insect behavior has been difficult and often tedious. Current techniques include gas chromatography-coupled electroantennogram recording (GC-EAG), and gas chromatography-coupled single sensillum recordings (GC-SSR)(10-12). These techniques proved to be vital in the identification of bioactive compounds. We have developed a method that uses gas chromatography coupled to multi-channel electrophysiological recordings (termed 'GCMR') from neurons in the antennal lobe (AL; the insect's primary olfactory center)(13,14). This state-of-the-art technique allows us to probe how odor information is represented in the insect brain. Moreover, because neural responses to odors at this level of olfactory processing are highly sensitive owing to the degree of convergence of the antenna's receptor neurons into AL neurons, AL recordings will allow the detection of active constituents of natural odors efficiently and with high sensitivity. Here we describe GCMR and give an example of its use. Several general steps are involved in the detection of bioactive volatiles and insect response. Volatiles first need to be collected from sources of interest (in this example we use flowers from the genus Mimulus (Phyrmaceae)) and characterized as needed using standard GC-MS techniques(14-16). Insects are prepared for study using minimal dissection, after which a recording electrode is inserted into the antennal lobe and multi-channel neural recording begins. Post-processing of the neural data then reveals which particular odorants cause significant neural responses by the insect nervous system. Although the example we present here is specific to pollination studies, GCMR can be expanded to a wide range of study organisms and volatile sources. For instance, this method can be used in the identification of odorants attracting or repelling vector insects and crop pests. Moreover, GCMR can also be used to identify attractants for beneficial insects, such as pollinators. The technique may be expanded to non-insect subjects as well.
Influence of Thermal Cycle Frequency on the TGO Growth and Cracking Behaviors of an APS-TBC

The durability of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) is controlled by fracture near the interface between the ceramic topcoat and the metallic bond coat, where a layer of thermally grown oxide (TGO) forms during service exposure. In the present work, the influence of thermal cycle frequency on the oxidation performance, in terms of TGO growth and cracking behavior, of an air-plasma-sprayed (APS) Co-32Ni-21Cr-8Al-0.5Y (wt.%) bond coat was studied. The results show that while TGO growth exhibited an initial parabolic growth behavior followed by an accelerated growth stage, higher cycle frequency resulted in a faster TGO growth and a higher crack propagation rate. It is found that a power-law relationship exists between the maximum crack length and the TGO thickness, which is independent of the cycle frequency. This relationship may warrant a TBC life prediction methodology based on the maximum crack length criterion.
Extracting embedded generalized networks from linear programming problems

If a linear program (LP) possesses a large generalized network (GN) submatrix, this structure can be exploited to decrease solution time. The problems of finding maximum sets of GN constraints and finding maximum embedded GN submatrices are shown to be NP-complete, indicating that reliable, efficient solution of these problems is difficult. Therefore, efficient heuristic algorithms are developed for identifying such structure and are tested on a selection of twenty-three real-world problems. The best of four algorithms for identifying GN constraint sets finds a set which is maximum in twelve cases and averages 99.1% of maximum. On average, the GN constraints identified comprise more than 62.3% of the total constraints in these problems. The algorithm for identifying embedded GN submatrices finds submatrices whose sizes, rows plus columns, average 96.8% of an LP upper bound. Over 91.3% of the total constraint matrix was identified as a GN submatrix in these problems, on average.
Effect of mild hyperglycemia on autonomic function in obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been hypothesized to cause a hypersympathetic state, which may be the mechanism for the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in OSA. However, there is a high prevalence of hyperglycemia in OSA patients, which may also contribute to autonomic dysfunction. Thirty-five patients with OSA and 11 controls with average body mass index (BMI) of 32.0 ± 4.6 underwent polysomnography, glucose tolerance testing, autonomic function tests, lying and standing catecholamines, overnight urine collection, and baseline ECG and continuous blood pressure measurements for spectral analysis. A linear regression model adjusting for age and BMI was used to analyze spectral data, other outcome measures were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis test. Twenty-three OSA patients and two control patients had hyperglycemia (based on 2001 American Diabetes Association criteria). Apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) correlated with total power and low frequency (LF) power (r = 0.138, 0.177, p = 0.031; and r = 0.013) but not with the LF/high frequency (HF) ratio (p = 0.589). Glucose negatively correlated with LF systolic power (r = −0.171, p = 0.038) but not AHI (p = 0.586) and was marginally associated with pnn50, total power, LF, and HF power (p ranged from 0.07 to 0.08). These data suggest that patients with OSA and mild hyperglycemia have a trend towards lower heart rate variability and sympathetic tone. Hyperglycemia is an important confounder and should be evaluated in studies of OSA and autonomic function.
A dual-shank neural probe integrated with double waveguides on each shank for optogenetic applications

This paper presents a dual-shank neural probe integrated with double-waveguides on each shank, which enables both optical stimulation and electrical recording. Two 15-μm-thick polymeric (SU-8) waveguides on each neural probe shank have been precisely defined by photolithography with a width of 24 μm and a spacing of 10 μm. The waveguides transmit a light coupled from optical fibers which are placed in the grooves located at the neural probe body. Each shank has 8 iridium recording electrodes which have the area of 11 μm × 13 μm. In front of each waveguide, four recording sites are deployed with a pitch of 100 μm. Blue light (473 nm in wavelength) has been successfully transmitted to the stimulation sites located at the end of the fabricated neural probe tips.
Mediating religion in the American-sponsored War on Terrorism

The following essay is a reflection on how American religion and the mass media became unholy (but not unwitting) partners in selling the American-sponsored War on Terrorism. I leave it to readers of this journal to decide if there are parallels to the South African experience-especially in the past.
Color measurement as a means of quantifying surface biofouling.

Abstract Laboratory reactors fitted with removable ceramic porcelain growth surfaces were inoculated with a consortium of biofilm forming environmental isolates. A Minolta colorimeter CR-200 (Minolta Camera Co., Ltd, Ramsey, NJ) was used in conjunction with a specially designed adapter to evaluate the reflective color of the porcelain disks as biofilm accumulated on them. Areal viable cell counts were monitored over a period of eleven days in two separate experiments and direct color measurements of the untreated, microbially fouled test surfaces were collected. This colorimetric assay was both non-destructive and immediate. A strong linear relationship between log cell density and log color change was observed. The Pearson product moment correlation coefficient for all 45 observations combined was r =0.95. Separate regression lines for each experiment were not significantly different ( P =0.19). When adjusted for time, the (partial) correlation coefficient between log cell density and log color change was r =0.87, which suggests that the relationship between the two measures can not be explained by their mutual dependence on time. Reflective color measurement provided a rapid, non-destructive and quantitative measure of biofilm accumulation.
Measuring participation of children with disabilities: Issues and challenges

Purpose. The aim of this paper is to examine conceptual issues that challenge development of valid and useful measures of children's participation.Method. Ambiguities in the current definition of p...
Resolution of an apparent paradox in the physics of Fermi levels

Abstract Rose and Williams have recently described a gedanken experiment in which two connected metal plates with different workfunctions do work although the Fermi levels are equal. We resolve this apparent paradox by demonstrating that (1) the first order change in energy due to charge transfer is zero due to a cancellation between “intrinsic” and electric field contributions, and (2) the movement of the plates liberates electric field energy to produce the work.
Synthesis and properties of cyclic diester based aliphatic copolyesters

Melt polycondensation was used to prepare a systematic series of random and amorphous copolyesters using the following cycloaliphatic diesters: dimethyl-1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylate (DMCD), dimethyl bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1,4-dicarboxylate (DMCD-1), dimethyl bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-dicarboxylate (DMCD-2), dimethyl bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane-1,5-dicarboxylate (DMCD-3), 1,4-dimethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane (DMCD-M) and the aliphatic diols: ethylene glycol (EG) and 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol (CHDM). The polymer compositions were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and the molecular weights were determined using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The polyesters were characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The copolyester based on DMCD-2 was observed to have a higher glass transition temperature (Tg up to 115 °C) than the other copolyesters of this study. For poly[x(DMCD-2)y(DMCD) 30(EG)70(CHDM)], Tg increases linearly with increase of DMCD-2 mole content. DMA showed that all of the cycloaliphatic copolyesters have secondary relaxations, resulting from the conformational transitions of the cyclohexylene rings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2162–2169, 2010
A replication-deficient rabies virus vaccine expressing Ebola virus glycoprotein is highly attenuated for neurovirulence

We are developing inactivated and live-attenuated rabies virus (RABV) vaccines expressing Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein for use in humans and endangered wildlife, respectively. Here, we further characterize the pathogenesis of the live-attenuated RABV/EBOV vaccine candidates in mice in an effort to define their growth properties and potential for safety. RABV vaccines expressing GP (RV-GP) or a replication-deficient derivative with a deletion of the RABV G gene (RVΔG-GP) are both avirulent after intracerebral inoculation of adult mice. Furthermore, RVΔG-GP is completely avirulent upon intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice unlike parental RABV vaccine or RV-GP. Analysis of RVΔG-GP in the brain by quantitative PCR, determination of virus titer, and immunohistochemistry indicated greatly restricted virus replication. In summary, our findings indicate that RV-GP retains the attenuation phenotype of the live-attenuated RABV vaccine, and RVΔG-GP would appear to be an even safer alternative for use in wildlife or consideration for human use.
IDIOPATHIC LEFT ANTERIOR FASCICULAR TACHYCARDIA PRESENTING AFTER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Idiopathic left fascicular ventricular tachycardia (VT) is the most common VT originating from the left ventricle. Left anterior fascicular tachycardia (LAFT) is an uncommon subset of idiopathic left fascicular VT which may respond to verapamil. ![Figure][1] A 59 year-old male with
Respiratory adaptations in selected amphibians.

Abstract In order to evaluate some of the respiratory adaptations concomitant with the transition from water breathing to air breathing, three amphibians were studied: the aquatic Necturus maculosus which possesses external gills and a poorly developed lung, Amphiuma tridactylum which has no gills but remains in water and depends on pulmonary breathing, and the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, which is somewhat terrestrial and uses pulmonary respiration. Respectively for Necturus, Amphiuma and bullfrog the oxygen capacity was 6.3, 7.6, and 8.0 vol %; the affinity for 02 or P50 at the physiological PCO2, was 14.5, 27 and 39 mm Hg; the Bohr effect or Δlog P50/ΔpH was −0.131, −0.205 and −0.288; the CO2 combining power at the physiological PCO2 was 20.0, 31.2 and 30.4 vol % and the buffering capacity, or ΔHCO3−/ΔpH, was −8.0, −9.2, and −16.4 mM/1/pH. The respiratory characteristics of these animals kept at 20°C was studied by in vivo blood gas measurements made at the same temperature. PaCO2 and PaCO2 of Necturus kept in water were 35 and 4.4 mm Hg respectively. When removed from water the exchange of blood gases was greatly impaired in spite of frequent air breathing. In free-breathing Amphiuma PaO2 was 81 and PaCO2 6 mm Hg. When prevented from air breathing PO2 decreased and PCO2 increased slowly suggesting that the animal uses its skin to exchange gases with water fairly effectively. In the bullfrog PaO2 was 95 and PaCO2 8 mm Hg. When the animal was immersed, PO2 decreased and PCO2 increased rapidly suggesting the absence of efficient skin respiration. These findings are regarded as expressing adaptive changes to meet an increased O2 availability of the external medium, and on elevated internal PCO2 in the transition from aquatic to aerial respiration.
Cerebral hemodynamics after traumatic brain injury of immature brain.

Summary These studies were designed to characterize the cerebral hemodynamic effects of fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) in the newborn pig equipped with a closed cranial window. Reductions in cerebral blood flow, pial artery diameter, and cerebral oxygenation following FPI were greater in newborn (1–3 days old) vs. juvenile (3–4 weeks old) pigs, suggesting that newborns were exquisitely sensitive to brain injury. Additionally, in piglets, there was decremented dilation to nitric oxide, cGMP, and cAMP dependent stimuli following FPI. The membrane potential of vascular muscle is an important contributor to vascular tone and the activity of K+ channels is an important regulator of membrane potential. Recent studies indicate that altered dilator responsiveness and cerebral hemodynamic control following FPI results from impaired K+ ATP sensitive (KATP) and calcium sensitive (Kca+2) channel function. Impaired KATP channel function results, at least in part, from protein kinase C activation by the peptide endothelin-1. These observations indicate that the effects of brain injury on cerebral hemodynamics in the newborn are multifaceted and multifactorial.
RECURSIVE STRUCTURALIZATION IN ALGORITHM CYBERNETICS

An approach to the cybernetic design of a wide class of algorithms is presented. The approach allows the implicit elimination of symbolic forms for an algorithm, while the search for a symbolic form can be dynamically restricted to a narrow space of symbolic forms. The immediate practical use of the design concept is demonstrated.
10 Treatments for menopausal and post-menopausal problems: present and future

Probable developments in HRT and non-HRT treatments for menopausal and post-menopausal problems have been reviewed. More information is required on potential benefits and side-effects of HRT. The major potential benefit is prevention against stroke amelioration of Alzheimer's disease: the major potential side-effect discussed in this chapter is ovarian cancer. At present, techniques for delivering oestrogens are more varied and advanced than those for progestogens. Non-oral delivery systems for progestogens which minimize side-effects will be introduced during the next decade. It is not clear whether benefits expected with new progestational agents will be realized. Preliminary data suggest that SERMs and phytoestrogens are worthy of further evaluation. Their development will provoke intense interest over the next 10 years.
Alleviating gender role strain in adult men with traumatic brain injury: an evaluation of a set of guidelines for occupational therapy.

OBJECTIVE A set of guidelines to assist men with traumatic brain injury (TBI) to alleviate gender role strain was assessed to determine its effectiveness and acceptability to participants. METHOD Four adult male participants with TBI received the intervention (the set of guidelines) for 4 months. The intervention consisted of rebuilding self-identified gendered social roles and activities. Focused interviews and participant observation were used to determine whether gender role strain changed after intervention. RESULTS The participants reported that the intervention enabled them to (a) enhance their gender role satisfaction through newly rebuilt roles and activities, (b) attain certain long-held personal goals, (c) feel more like members of society, (d) perceive a greater congruency between their internal self-images and external postinjury roles, (e) learn more about personal skills and values as men, (f) feel more comfortable using help-seeking behaviors, (g) feel a sense of shared experience and affinity, (h) feel more understood and accepted, and (i) contribute to others through community member roles. DISCUSSION The set of guidelines for alleviating gender role strain was effective in assisting these participants to enhance their gender role satisfaction through rebuilding desired male-gendered social roles and activities. Dating, courtship, extended family member, community member, friend, and mentor-protege roles, lost as a result of TBI, were rebuilt through gender-neutral activities that facilitated a sense of volitional control, competency, and normalcy. Nonetheless, the men continued to lack desired rites of passage leading from male adolescence to adulthood.
Binding properties of shark immunoglobulins

Abstract 1. 1. Immunization of nurse sharks with DNP elicits a prolonged synthesis of antibodies of low binding affinity. 2. 2. After extremely long intervals antibody of higher affinity emerges. 3. 3. The change in affinity is different for the 7S and 19S IgM molecules (greater for the former). 4. 4. Natural antibodies of the shark react with a large array of antigens: viral, cellular and haptenic. There are indications that antigens of different specificity can bind to a molecule of natural antibody. 5. 5. Natural antibody has a low binding affinity but the binding appears to occur in the Fab region as is the case with antibody produced by immunization.
Regeneration in the African lungfish, Protopterus. I. Gross aspects

The regeneration of appendages of Protopterus annectens and P. aethiopicus has been studied. Both limbs and tail demonstrate a notable capacity for self-replacement. The initial direction of growth in the regenerate depended upon the nature of the amputation plane: straight, pointed, or terminally notched cuts elicited new growth along the primary axis, whereas cuts made at an angle resulted in regenerates whose axis was perpendicular to the plane of cut. In these cases, differential growth ultimately compensated and the final form was consistent with the axis of the original appendage. Lateral notches made in the posterior margin of the pectoral limb may effect the growth of a secondary filament. Such bifidism could not be elicited from pelvic limbs or tails. Growth curves showed a lag period of up to three and one-half weeks, a period of rapid growth lasting one or more months, and then a time of decelerating growth. For each individual fish, these phases were undergone simultaneously, regardless of appendage, direction of cut, or amputation level. Limbs cut proximally, however, showed greater and more rapid growth than those with less material removed. Total replacement was found in all but some pelvic limbs. Regeneration, if in the lag phase, was halted by estivation, but rapid growth commenced shortly after arousal. Comparisons are made with other vertebrates.
Human lymphoid cell lines: models for immunological analysis.

Investigations with human long term lymphoid cell lines have amply demonstrated the versatility of these tissue culture systems for the detection, definition, and solution of current problems in cell biology, biochemistry, genetics, and immunology. These systems are contributing much to our understanding of the multiple functions of lymphoid cells in the immune response. Human lymphoid cell lines produce, in large quantities, the putative extracellular mediators of cell-mediated immunity, including migration inhibitory factor (MIF), lymphotoxin, interferon, and a specific, reversible inhibitor of lymphocyte biosynthetic activity. The MIF released by human lymphoid cell lines is similar to that produced by phytomitogen- or antigen-stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes. Human lymphoid cells from lines producing MIF mimic the capillary migration patterns of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages, and are more sensitive than the guinea pig cells to human MIFs. Studies with these migrating cells indicate that MIF is not solely a lymphoid cell product, but is synthesized by a wide variety of activated cell types. Extracts of cultured human lymphoid cells inhibit the synthesis of RNA, protein, and DNA by established lymphoid cell lines and by phytomitogen-stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes, but have no inhibitory effects on human nonlymphoid cells. The reversible inhibition is produced with physiological quantities of extract, suggesting a functional immunoregulatory activity for this material in lymphocyte-mediated immunological reactions. Initial findings indicate that these mediators are multiple and distinct molecular species. The remarkable proliferative and synthetic potential of human lymphoid cell systems provides a most useful resource for the purification and characterization of these immunological substances.
Detection of Cystoid Macular Edema with Three-Dimensional Optical Coherence Tomography versus Fluorescein Angiography

Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a cause of severe visual loss that occurs in a variety of pathologic conditions, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD),1,2 diabetic retinopathy (DR),2–4 branch or central retinal vein occlusion (BRVO/CRVO),2 and epiretinal membrane or vitreomacular traction (ERM/VMT),2,5 and as a complication of intraocular surgery.2 In CME, two primary pathologic events occur: abnormal fluid accumulation and cystoid degeneration.6 On fluorescein angiography (FA), the appearance of CME is relatively well-defined as a petaloid, or honeycomb-like, pattern of hyperfluorescence as a result of dye pooling in the cystoid spaces.7 Although FA has been the traditional gold standard for the detection of CME, it is somewhat invasive, has potential adverse effects, and is largely a subjective tool with demonstrated interpretation variability in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration.8,9 Moreover, several disease entities produce a slit lamp biomicroscopic picture typical of CME, yet FA reveals no abnormal vascular permeability or accumulation of dye.10–12 Optical coherence tomography (OCT), first described by Huang et al.13 in 1991, is an imaging modality capable of providing high-resolution cross-sectional images of the neurosensory retina. As OCT is noninvasive, it was quickly adopted by clinicians for the assessment of patients with CME. In part because of the relative ease with which they can detect CME, many clinicians now prefer OCT over FA for its detection.14 It has been reported that certain conditions may demonstrate significant intraretinal cystoid spaces on OCT without leakage on FA.5,14–18 Conversely, investigators have also described cases of CME that appear only on FA and not on OCT.3,19 Most of these studies, however, were performed with conventional time-domain OCT, with at most six radially oriented, cross-sectional scans with limited axial resolution (∼8–10 μm). More recently, the advent of high-speed, spectral-domain OCT (3D-OCT) has allowed more complete coverage of the macular area via dense raster scanning and with higher axial resolution (∼6 μm) that may provide higher sensitivity for the detection of macular abnormalities.20 In this study, we compared the sensitivity of FA and 3D-OCT in the detection of CME and determined the level of agreement of these assessments between certified graders at an image-reading center. We chose to focus only on CME for this study because of the relatively clear definitions of CME on FA and OCT. Therefore, we remind the reader that results from this study should not be extrapolated to comparisons of detection of noncystoid causes of leakage by FA with that of edema by OCT.
Revelation of the grassland: The Han sent-down youths in Inner Mongolia in China's Cultural Revolution

The Han Chinese migration into Inner Mongolia has been an ongoing process. There have been academic studies on such migration, and on Han Chinese peasant migrants and their interactions with the Mongols. This paper is a study of a particular group of Han migrants, known in English as the sent-down youths, sent by the government to Inner Mongolia, in the movement of ‘going up to the mountains and down to the villages’, or the rustication movement, which reached its height during the Cultural Revolution (1966 – 1976). Among the total of 17 million urban middle school graduates sent to various parts of China to become farmers, about 200,000 went to Inner Mongolia. By the mid-1980s the majority of these sent-down youths had returned to the cities and regained their urban household status. Based on works written by those who went to Inner Mongolia, and especially the interviews I conducted with some of them, this paper analyses their experiences, what it meant to them and the impact they had on the ecology and...
Quantitative determination of pilocarpine in ophthalmic solutions

A method is described for the quantitative determination of pilocarpine in ophthalmic solutions. It is based on reaction with hydroxylamine in an alkaline medium to give the hydroxamic acid, which is complexed with ferric ion. Although the color produced is relatively unstable, the method has a high degree of precision if the experimental conditions are observed carefully. Certain preservatives which interfere in the reaction can be removed easily by extraction prior to the determination of pilocarpine.
Karyotypic analysis of human ovarian carcinoma cells cloned in short term agar culture

Abstract We report detailed chromosome banding analysis of six cases of ovarian adenocarcinoma cultured 24–96 hr in a recently developed bioassay for clonogenic tumor cells. The results of G and C banding revealed a variety of chromosome changes including the observation of a simple deletion for a portion of the long arm of chromosome #6, del(6) (pter → q15–21:), in tumor cells from four of six patients. Our study indicates that short-term agar culture can provide a valuable tool in the study of tumor cell karyology. A comparison of our results with previously published studies suggests that in addition to alterations of chromosome #1, the deletion of 6q may represent a characteristic chromosomal aberration in ovarian carcinoma.
Online Faculty and Adjuncts: Strategies for Meeting Current and Future Demands of Online Education Through Online Human Touch Training and Support

Online education has grown exponentially over the past decade. Data collected by the Sloan Consortium reveals that between 2002 and 2009 students enrolled in at least one online course increased from 1.6 million to 5.6 million. It is projected that by 2020 up to 60% of college students will take their courses entirely online. A critical question for higher education administrators is â€œWho will teach these online courses?â€ Institutions need to be proactive and develop strategies for hiring and training faculty and adjuncts to meet this shift in educational delivery. Moreover, with online student attrition reported as being higher than traditional student attrition, faculty must also know how to engage and retain students in the online classroom environment. This article examines online faculty recruitment, online faculty training, and ten strategies for integrating Online Human Touch training and support into current and future online programs to increase faculty and student engagement and retention. Institutions that are not evaluating online education delivery options may face crisis or financial exigency. For many colleges and university, online faculty and adjuncts will be a central part of the future of the institution.
Fourth-Order Charge Renormalization in Spin-Zero Electrodynamics

The discrepancy between two recent calculations of the divergent part of ${Z}_{3}$ in scalar electrodynamics is resolved. It is shown that in both approaches certain improper operations have been performed on linearly divergent diagrams. The terms which are necessary to correct each of these two calculations are determined and the results thereby brought into agreement. It is found that while the corrections happen to cancel in Sinclair's approach, there is a nonvanishing contribution to the earlier result of the present authors.
Effects of metoprolol on rest and exercise cardiac function and plasma catecholamines in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic cardiomyopathy

To define the effects of 2 months of metoprolol therapy on cardiac function, aerobic performance and sympathetic nervous system activity, metoprolol (75 to 100 mg/day) was administered to 10 patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF). Metoprolol was discontinued in 2 patients because of worsening CHF. In the remaining 8 patients, peak oxygen uptake increased significantly (14.8 +/- 3.0 to 16.1 +/- 2.5 ml/kg/min, p less than 0.05) as did the oxygen pulse (9.0 +/- 2.2 to 12.6 +/- 1.8 ml/beat, p less than 0.02). Resting heart rate (87 +/- 18 to 62 +/- 9 beats/min, p less than 0.05) and peak exercise heart rate (133 +/- 13 to 105 +/- 30 beats/min, p less than 0.02) were both reduced. Mean resting ejection fraction increased from 0.15 +/- 0.06 to 0.25 +/- 0.11 and peak exercise ejection fraction also tended to increase (0.19 +/- 0.11 to 0.28 +/- 0.15, difference not significant). Both resting plasma norepinephrine (613 +/- 706 to 303 +/- 142 pg/ml, p less than 0.05) and epinephrine (71 +/- 50 to 40 +/- 21 pg/ml, p less than 0.05) were reduced. Circulating lymphocyte beta-adrenergic receptor number was unchanged (1,334 +/- 292 to 1,344 +/- 456 receptors/cell, difference not significant). It is concluded that metoprolol therapy is associated with improvements in rest and exercise ventricular performance and maximal aerobic capacity. These improvements are associated with a decline in resting sympathetic nervous system activity.
Fish Oil Modulates Macrophage P44/P42 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activity Induced By Lipopolysaccharide

Background: Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades represent a major signal system to transduce extracellular signals into cellular responses. Overactivity of MAPK has been implicated in the development of many diseases, including cancer and sepsis. This study investigated the hypothesis that fish oil altered the membrane phospholipid composition and modulated MAPK activity. Methods: RAW 264.7 cells, a mouse macrophage (M(ϕ) cell line, were grown in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-rich media (114 μmol/L) for 48 hours. Mϕ were washed and exposed to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 μg/mL) for 10 minutes. Both total and activated (phosphorylated) portions of MAPK (P44 and P42) were determined by Western blot assays. AP-1 transcription factor activity was determined by electrophoretic mobility gel shift assays (EMSA). Mϕ tumor necrosis factor (TNF) mRNA expression was measured by Northern blot assays. Results: LPS stimulation induced RAW cell phosphorylation of P44/P42. In contrast, RAW cells...