cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Propagation Based Model for Communication in Vehicular Cloud

Vehicular Cloud, a new concept that merges Cloud Computing and Vehicular Network is an example of pervasive computing. This idea is based on of benefiting from the unused vehicles parked in a specific location for a period of time by running a computational operation. Because of the embedded access point in vehicles, Vehicular Clouds are main part of Internet of Things. One of the challenges in Vehicular Cloud is the communication between the vehicles. Because of dynamic nature of Vehicular Clouds, communication links may emerge and fail randomly which leads to connection failure in the entire network. Here we use the underlying network structure to propose a new strategy to mitigate this failure of service. We use label propagation method in order to cluster the network. In short, the idea is to connect a computation node with nodes within the community rather than nodes outside the community. This model increases the locality which is the main factor in performance optimization.
Nannie Helen Burroughs (1883–1961)

This chapter highlights the accomplishments and historical significance of Nannie Helen Burroughs who was an educator, orator, and religious leader. In addition to her civic work, Ms. Burroughs founded the National Training School for Women and Girls in 1909. The chapter offers a critical analysis of the role Ms. Burroughs had in contributing to the growth and development of education in the African American community, especially as it relates to education policies and practices during reconstructionism in America.
Methods for the Construction of Collagen-Based Triple-Helical Peptides Designed as Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors

The triple-helical structure of collagen has been accurately reproduced in numerous chemical and recombinant model systems. Triple-helical peptides have found application for dissecting collagen-stabilizing forces, isolating receptor and protein binding sites in collagen, evaluating collagen-mediated cell signaling activities, mechanistic examination of collagenolytic proteases, and developing novel biomaterials and drug delivery vehicles. Due to their inherent stability to general proteolysis, triple-helical peptides present an opportunity as in vivo inhibitory agents. The present chapter provides methods for the construction of collagen-based triple-helical peptides designed as matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors.
The Economics of Uncertainty and Insurance

This text provides an introduction to the analysis of economic decisions under uncertainty, with particular focus on insurance markets.
Determination of Moisture Content by Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Water is vital to all life processes. In foods, water is often the key component which determines the extent and rate of several chemical reactions, as well as the growth of microorganisms. There are several methods available to measure water content in foods; however, one of the most successful methods is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The NMR method is rapid and accurate and, most importantly, non-destructive to the sample. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the use of NMR, both as a research tool and as a quality control (off- and on-line) method, to measure moisture content in food components and food systems.
A finite element model with nonviscous damping

A constitutive law by which structural damping is modeled as a relationship between stress, strain, and strain rate in a material is used in conjunction with the finite element method to develop general integral expressions for viscous and nonviscous damping matrices. To solve the set of nonlinear equations resulting from the presence of nonviscous damping, a solution technique is developed by modifying the Newmark method to accommodate an iterative solution and treat the nonviscous damping as a pseudo-force. The technique is then checked for accuracy and convergence in single- and multi-degree-of-freedom problems, and is found to be accurate and efficient for initial-condition problems with small nonviscous damping.
Evaluation of a Preceptorship Model on Third-Year General Surgery Clerkship

Background Medical students increasingly report not feeling meaningfully involved during surgical clerkships. Preceptorship and mentorship through longitudinal experiences ameliorate this problem. A preceptorship model was introduced into the surgery clerkship at our institution to increase contact and improve relationships between students and faculty. Methods The preceptorship model was introduced at select sites in 2017. In contrast to the standard structure in which students are assigned to cases and clinics as needed, preceptorship students are assigned to attending surgeons and follow the surgeons' schedules for the rotation. Student performance data, including final grades, clinical evaluations, and shelf examination scores, were collected for clerkship students from May 2017 to November 2018. Formative and summative evaluations for each student were collected. Qualitative content analysis was used to explore evaluations for themes. Results Two hundred and seventy-four students completed the clerkship during the study period; 41 experienced a preceptorship model. There was no difference in student performance across clerkship structures. Summative and formative evaluations for preceptorship students were longer than for traditional students (137 words vs 78 words; p Conclusions A preceptorship model was successfully implemented on the third-year surgical clerkship at our institution. Although there was no difference between top performers on either clerkship structure, preceptorship students received written evaluations with better feedback as a result of their direct relationship with faculty. Strategies such as this, which improve student-faculty relationships, will be needed as programs find new ways to assess residency applicants.
Risk-Based Reserve Procurement

Operating reserves are needed to accommodate the vagaries generated by stochastic resources such as the ever-increasing shares of variable renewable energy (VRE). Increasing the amounts of reserve to accommodate the increased stochasticity needs to be carefully justified since this resource comes at a cost. Therefore, reserve procurement needs to be determined considering both, the benefits in terms of reliability improvements and the increased operating costs to the system. Traditionally the procurement of this service has relied on deterministic rules-of-thumb, while academic research has demonstrated the advantages of modeling the variability and uncertainty endogenously in the decision-making process through advanced scheduling methods. Those approaches do not explicitly model the risk (or its components) in the decision-making process. This work proposes practical methods to determine the reserve requirements to maintain risk (or risk component) below a desired threshold during system operation. Numerical results on the RTS-GMLC system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
The Private Delegation Doctrine

Since its earliest days, Congress has delegated lawmaking authority to Executive Branch officials. Over time, a body of Supreme Court case law, known as the Delegation Doctrine, has grown up (ostensibly) to regulate Congress’s ability to offload legislative authority to administrative agencies. Occasionally, however, Congress, like state legislatures and municipal councils, bypasses executive officials and directly delegates lawmaking authority to private parties. The Supreme Court has addressed those delegations in only few cases and struck down three of them, the last one in its 1936 decision in Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238. In those cases, the Court did not rely on the Article I Vesting Clause or separation of powers principles, as it has in the case of delegations to administrative agencies. Instead, the Court held the delegations unconstitutional by invoking the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. Nonetheless, the Court did not explain why the Due Process Clauses play that role, and the Court has not offered a rationale since 1936. Perhaps the reason for that omission is that the Court’s contemporary “procedure vs. substance” dichotomy has obscured the original meaning of the Due Process Clause: namely, a guarantee that the government comply with “the law of the land” before trespassing on someone’s life, liberty, or property. That guarantee, which reaches back to Article 39 of Magna Carta, means that the government cannot legislate around the Constitution by empowering a private party to act in a lawless fashion. Put differently, Congress cannot escape constitutional restraints by delegating government authority to private parties to accomplish indirectly what Congress cannot do directly. So viewed, the Private Delegation Doctrine continues to have vitality today in areas such as the constitutionality of private prisons.
WhoAS Paying for the Us Tariffs? A Longer-Term Perspective

Using data from 2018, a number of studies have found that recent U.S tariffs have been passed on entirely to U.S. importers and consumers. These results are surprising given that trade theory has long stressed that tariffs applied by a large country should drive down foreign prices. Using another year of data including significant escalations in the trade war, we find that U.S. tariffs continue to be almost entirely borne by U.S. firms and consumers. We show that the response of import values to the tariffs increases in absolute magnitude over time, consistent with the idea that it takes time for firms to reorganize supply chains. We find heterogeneity in the responses of some sectors, such as steel, where tariffs have caused foreign exporters to drop their prices substantially, enabling them to export relatively more than in sectors where tariff passthrough was complete. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
Romans, Christians, and Barbarians

This chapter approaches several types of identity boundaries. We start with the phenomenon of equating heretics with barbarians, articulating religious dissent in terms of Roman group identification. Second, we explore the experiences of people who lived near the polity’s military frontiers. How they articulated their distinctiveness shed light upon the relevance of different attributes of Romanness. We next turn to experiences of individuals and groups who migrated into Rhomania, particularly in the Balkans and Anatolia. Finally, we examine problems of group identity specific to the central Mediterranean regions which were still part of the Empire in this period. Romanness served as both a tool for inclusion and exclusion depending on people’s needs.
Ex-vivo comparison of efficiency, safety and surgeon satisfaction in four commercial morcellators.

Introduction Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (HoLEP) is a size-independent treatment option for the management of benign prostatic hypertrophy. While advancements in laser technology have led to clinical improvements in the enucleation portion of HoLEP, the morcellation aspect of HoLEP is often the rate-limiting step. We sought to compare efficiency and surgeon satisfaction in four commercial morcellators. Methods This was an ex vivo study comparing four commercial morcellators: the Wolf Piranha, the Lumenis VersaCut, the JenaSurgical MultiCut Solo, and the Hawk Morcellator. Four surgeons with significant experience performing HoLEPs participated. Surgeons tested each device to morcellate two different prostate models 1) morcellating as much microwave-cooked chicken breast in 10 minutes and 2) timed morcellation of bull testicles. Surgeons completed subjective surveys after each morcellator trial. Objective outcomes included: morcellation efficiency (g/min morcellated) and aspiration power (time to aspirate 1 L of saline). Means of continuous variables were compared using ANOVA. Categorical variables were compared using chi-square tests. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4 (2019). Results Comparing subjective outcomes, the Piranha was chosen as the safest morcellator (p=0.0058). The least safe morcellator was thought to be the MultiCut by 75% of surgeons (p=0.046). The Piranha was chosen as the most effective morcellator by 75% of surgeons (p=0.046). Comparing objective parameters between the morcellators, the Piranha had the fastest aspiration time (43.50±10.34 s, p=0.0116). There were no significant differences in morcellation efficiency when using chicken breast (p=0.3096). However, when comparing the morcellation efficiency using bull testicles, the Piranha had the highest efficiency at 39.68±3.57 g/min (p=0.0268). Conclusion In this ex-vivo study comparing four different commercially available morcellators, the Piranha had the highest aspiration power. No significant differences were found in morcellation efficiency using microwave-cooked chicken breast. The Piranha was felt to be the safest and most effective morcellator.
A model for crack initiation in the Li-ion battery electrodes

Abstract The development of high energy density Lithium-ion batteries is of intense interest due to their application in the electric car and consumer electronics industry. The primary limiter in using high energy density battery electrodes is the cracking of the electrode material due to the severe strain caused by the charging–discharging cycles. In this paper, a linear perturbation model is used to describe the evolution of the electrode surface under stress. The driving force for the surface undulation formation is the reduction in the electrode strain energy. The kinetics of mass transport is described by the surface and volume diffusion. The model predicts that the Si electrode will develop surface undulations of the order of sub-1 μm length scale on the electrode surface, showing a reasonable agreement with experimental results reported in literature. Such surface undulations roughen the anode surface and can form notches that can act as crack initiation sites. It is also shown that this model is applicable when the temperature of the system is not constant and the system is not isolated. The limitations of the model are also discussed.
Haplotypes, Hotspots, and a Multilocus Model for Linkage Disequilibrium

Current methods for understanding the relationship between LD and the underlying recombination rate are limited. The most common approach is to compute a measure of LD between every pair of sites in the region, and to form a graphical display of the results. However, it is typically difficult to assess the significance of observed patterns. More sophisticated coalescent-based statistical methods for estimating local recombination rate from patterns of LD are either computationally impractical for moderate-sized regions, or suffer from loss of information by using only a summary of the data. Furthermore, they all assume constant recombination rate, making them poor tools for studying local recombination rates. Here we propose a novel computationally-tractable model for LD across multiple loci. We apply this model to the problem of inferring recombination rates from population data, and in particular to identifying variation in the local recombination rate (”hotspots” and ”coldspots”) long chromosomes. We outline how this model might be used to develop more powerful methods for LD mapping.
Trace metal modification of immunocompetence. I. Effect of trace metals in the cultures on in vitro transformation of B lymphocytes.

Abstract Lymphocytes obtained from the spleen of Balb/C mice have been subjected to transformation by LPS in the presence of varying concentrations of Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , or Cr 3+ . Both DNA and protein turnover were followed. It was found that Pb 2+ and Cr 3+ are mitogenic over a broad range of concentrations, while Cd 2+ is slightly mitogenic at very low (10 −6 M ) concentration and rapidly becomes inhibitory of both [ 3 H]TdR and [ 3 H]ALA uptake. Pb 2+ appears to stimulate the action of LPS, while Cr 3+ appears to inhibit. Each of the metals protects the lymphocytes from cell death arising from incubation with LPS. The mechanism of the observed changes is as yet obscure.
Shape Representation via Best Orthogonal Basis Selection

We formulate the problem of finding a statistical representation of shape as a best basis selection problem in which the goal is to choose the basis for optimal shape representation from a very large library of bases. In this work, our emphasis is on applying this basis selection framework using the wavelet packets library to estimate the probability density function of a class of shapes from a limited number of training samples. Wavelet packets offer a large number of complete orthonormal bases which can be searched for the basis that optimally allows the analysis of shape details at different scales. The estimated statistical shape distribution is capable of generalizing to shape examples not encountered during training, while still being specific to the modeled class of shapes. Using contours from two-dimensional MRI images of the corpus callosum, we demonstrate the ability of this approach to approximate the probability distribution of the modeled shapes, even with a few training samples.
A programmable monolithic temperature logging device

This paper describes the design and the implementation of a miniature archival temperature monitoring device. The complete system consists of two components: a micro-chip and a small 3 V lithium battery with a charge of 30 mAh. Due to the nature of the application, the tag will spend most of its time in a sleeping mode. The MOS devices constituting the continuously operating oscillator are operated in weak inversion and thus dissipate not more than 1.5 /spl mu/W. The power consumed by the remainder of the chip's circuitry is minimized through effective power management. The temperature sampling events are controlled by an application specific protocol, which will be imported from a host PC prior to tag's deployment. The chip's memory consists of static RAM and can hold a maximum of 1,024 temperature readings.
The Underlying Bases of Gene Expression Differences in Stable Transformants of the ROSY Locus in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

This report represents a continuation of our laboratory's effort to understand the major phenomena associated with P-M dysgenesis-mediated transformation in Drosophila. A group of stable transformants are characterized with respect to rosy gene expression. Stable, true-breeding, line-specific variants in gene expression are described. These are shown to be associated with single transposons present in each line, and the lines are free of functional P elements. The effects on expression are cis-acting, and there are no identifiable rosy DNA sequence lesions associated with these transposons. Evidence is presented that demonstrates that two features of the transformation experimental system are responsible for such variation. The first relates to the fact that the transposons insert at numerous genomic sites. Both heterochromatic and euchromatic position effects are characterized. The second relates to the fact that transformation involves dysgenic mobilization of a P-element transposon. This process is mutagenic, and such a mutation is characterized.
Why We Shouldn't Turn Our Backs on Financial Globalization

This essay argues that financial globalization can be a powerful force in promoting economic growth and the reduction of poverty in emerging market countries. Financial development enables the financial system to allocate capital to its most productive uses and is crucial to the success of an economy. Financial globalization encourages financial development by weakening the power of groups such as government and entrenched private special interests, which have much to lose from an efficient financial system, and by encouraging support for institutional reforms to make the financial system work better. On the other hand, financial globalization, if it is not managed properly, has a dark side and can lead to financial crises that cause much economic hardship. Getting financial globalization to work well is no easy task and requires policies that promote property rights and good-quality financial information that encourage effective prudential supervision, and that promote a stable macroeconomic environment. Although these policies need to be home-grown, international financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank can create incentives to promote these policies in emerging market countries. Citizens in advanced countries can also help by supporting the opening up of their markets to goods and services from poorer countries, and thereby encourage expansion of their export sectors, which creates increased support for financial development and less vulnerability to financial crises.
Biomonitoring of carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines in hair: a validation study.

A facile method was established to measure heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) accumulated in human hair and rodent fur. The samples were digested by base hydrolysis, and the liberated HAAs were isolated by tandem solvent/solid-phase extraction. Quantification was done by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, using a triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometer in the selected reaction monitoring mode. In a pilot study of 12 human volunteers, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) was detected in the hair of six meat-eaters at levels ranging from 290 to 890 pg/g hair. 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) were below the limit of quantification (LOQ) (50 pg/g hair) in hair from meat-eaters and six vegetarians. PhIP was detected in the hair from one vegetarian, and at a level just above the LOQ (65 pg/g hair), indicating that PhIP exposure occurs primarily through meat consumption. The levels of PhIP in hair samples from two mea...
A comparison of the inhibitory effect of Castellani's paint and of gentian violet solution on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans.

Many organic dye solutions have been used in the clinical treatment of in-tertriginous lesions produced or complicated by the presence of Candida albicans. The yeast-like organism, gives a positive staining reaction by Gram's method as evidence of its tenacious affinity for the dye gentian violet. Churchman's (1) important work showing the inhibitory effect of gentian violet on the growth of various gram positive bacteria and moulds made tenable the assumption that Candida and other yeasts would be therapeutically vulnerable to this organic dye. Gentian violet solutions have been used, therefore, in the treatment of common monilial infections such as thrush, erosio inter digit ale, blastomycetica monilial onychomycosis, and paronychia with good clinical results in many instances.
A UNIFIED APPROACH FOR UZAWA ALGORITHMS

We present a unified approach in analyzing Uzawa iterative algorithms for saddle point problems. We study the classical Uzawa method, the augmented Lagrangian method, and two versions of inexact Uzawa algorithms. The target application is the Stokes system, but other saddle point systems, e.g., arising from mortar methods or Lagrange multipliers methods, can benefit from our study. We prove convergence of Uzawa algorithms and find optimal rates of convergence in an abstract setting on finite‐ or infinite‐dimensional Hilbert spaces. The results can be used to design multilevel or adaptive algorithms for solving saddle point problems. The discrete spaces do not have to satisfy the LBB stability condition.
Proverbs and the Ethnography of Speaking Folklore1

L IKE other forms of folklore, proverbs may serve as impersonal vehicles for personal communication. A parent may well use a proverb to direct a child's action or thought, but by using a proverb, the parental imperative is externalized and removed somewhat from the individual parent. The guilt or responsibility for directing the child is projected on to the anonymous past, the anonymous folk. A child knows that the proverb used by the scolding parent was not made up by that parent. It is a proverb from the cultural past whose voice speaks truth in traditional terms. It is the "One," the "Elders," or the "They" in "They say," who direct. The parent is but the instrument through which the proverb speaks to the audience. The impersonal power of proverbs is perhaps most apparent in the well-known African judicial processes in which the participants argue with proverbs intended to serve as past precedents for present actions. In European courtrooms, of course, lawyers cite previous cases to support the validity of their arguments. In African legal ritual, an advocate of a cause uses proverbs for the same purpose. Here clearly it is not enough to know the proverbs; it is also necessary to be expert in applying them to new situations. The case usually will be won, not by the man who knows the most proverbs, but by the man who knows best how to apply the proverbs he knows to the problem at hand. The distinction just made is expressed succinctly in the remark of an Ibo youth, studying at the University of California at Berkeley, which we have quoted as an epigraph: "I know the proverbs, but I don't know how to apply them." He explained that his Western-oriented education in Nigeria had cut him off from the daily use of proverbs. Thus, while he did recall the texts of a great number of proverbs, he was not really certain as to precisely how and when they should be employed in particular situations.
Acute rejection of renal allografts: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic options

Case presentation A 44-year-old white woman was admitted to The New York Hospital for a living-donor renal transplant from her husband. One and one-half years prior to admission for transplantation, she was found to have advanced renal failure; renal biopsy at that time revealed crescentic glomerulonephritis. The patient was started on maintenance hemodialysis one year prior to admission for transplantation. Pre-transplantation serology studies were negative for hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus. The recipient and donor were cytomegalovirus positive. The HLA type of the recipient was A2, All, B51, B52, and DR2 and 4; the HLA type of the donor was A2, A24, B51, B62, and DR1 and 5. The recipient was preconditioned with a regimen of donor-specific transfusions and cyclosporine. Donor-specific T- and B-cell crossmatches, including the flow cytometry crossmatch, were negative, and the patient underwent renal transplantation from her spousal donor. The immunosuppressive regimen comprised cyclosporine (10 mg/kg/day, in two divided doses), azathioprine, and corticosteroids. The renal transplant functioned immediately. The patient's serum creatinine decreased from a pretransplant value of 14.6 mg/dl to 1.0 mg/dl by the second postoperative day and remained at that level until day 5 post transplantation. On postoperative day 6, her serum creatinine increased to 2.8 mg/dl. A renal scan showed decreased uptake, and the renal sonogram did not reveal an obstruction. A diagnosis of acute rejection was made, and the patient received a course of steroid pulse therapy (250mg intravenously, twice daily for 3 days). Her serum creatinine level peaked at 5.4 mg/dl on day 9 post transplantation. The patient responded to pulse therapy, and the serum creatinine level declined until day 15. A percutaneous core needle biopsy disclosed changes consistent with acute cellular rejection. The renal biopsy material was processed for mRNA phenotyping by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Following a second course of steroid pulse therapy, the patient's serum creatinine declined to 1.5 mg/dl, and she was discharged from the hospital on day 20 post transplantation. Her medications at that time included the following immunosuppressants: cyclosporine, 250mg orally, twice daily; azathioprine, 150mg orally each day; and prednisone, 30mg orally twice daily. Her whole-blood cyclosporine level (determined with the monoclonal antibody specific for the parent compound) ranged from 90 ng/ml to 360 ng/ml during the transplant hospitalization. The patient is being followed in the transplant clinic, and her serum creatinine values were 1.1, 1.3, 1.5 and 1.6 mg/dl four, three, two, and one year ago, respectively.
Experimental and theoretical total neutron scattering cross-section of water confined in silica microspheres

In the search for moderator materials encapsulated materials have been discussed, but very little is known regarding the effect of encapsulation on neutron moderation properties. As a first step toward a better understanding, we present the measured total neutron cross-section of water confined in silica microspheres and compare the measured data to the predicted theoretical cross-section.
Second-order distributed Raman amplification with a high-power 1370 nm laser diode

We describe the combined use of co-propagating second-order Raman pumping with counter-propagating first-order pumping. With a powerful 1370 nm laser diode pump this configuration gives over 2 dB of system performance improvement.
Testing for drugs. II. Techniques and issues.

(1973). Testing for Drugs—II; Techniques and Issues. International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 997-1014.
Recovery of heart tissue following focal injury induced by dietary restriction of potassium.

Summary Sixty-four Sprague-Dawley rats (initially weighing 200–225 grams) were divided into three groups. Group 1, the experimental group, was fed a potassium depleted diet for 42 days, followed by a potassium repleted diet for up to an additional 14 days. Group 2, the dietary control group, received a potassium deficient diet, but was continuously supplemented by drinking water containing potassium chloride 150 meq/L. Group 3, the control group remained on normal rat chow and tap water during the entire investigation. Quantitative morphometric analysis was used to assess the percent of myocardium occupied by lesion. These data were analyzed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures, comparing the three groups with one another; a second analysis compared the myocardial lesions of the dietary experimental group during the potassium depletion and repletion periods. At the end of the dietary depletion period (day 42) focal areas of cardiac myocyte necrosis and mononuclear infiltrate were found in the experimental group. Morphometric assessment on day 42 revealed a volume fraction (Vv) of 8.61 (± 4.41)%, which was significantly greater (p = 0.0018), as compared with both control groups. Lesion area significantly regressed in two and one half days after potassium was supplemented in the dietary experimental group to 0.58 (± 0.34)% Vv (p = 0.0005). Six days after potassium was replaced in the diet, there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups, and only a limited connective tissue scar was noted in the experimental group. The mechanism of the rapid regression of lesions and the production of only limited connective tissue scar is suggested but requires further elucidation.
Effects of copper and copper fungicide soil residues on Phytophthora infestans

Analysis of soils from plots in which potatoes had been sprayed with copper fungicides showed that the amount of water extractable copper remained fairly constant at 5 to 7 ppm, while the content of replaceable copper ranged from 20 to 92 ppm. Copper was found to impair the germination ofP. infestans sporangia to a greater extent than that of zoospores. Copper also affected the mode of germination of sporangia and the growth of germ tubes from sporangia and zoospores. Germination of sporangia was not markedly reduced in leachates from soils with a low replaceable copper content (1–50 ppm replaceable copper). In contrast, sporangial germination was markedly reduced in leachates from soils with a replaceable copper content over 50 ppm. Growth ofP. infestans on soil slurries was inhibited by soils that contained high residues of Bordeaux mixture. Residues from the combination of a Difolatan soil treatment and of Bordeaux mixture foliar sprays resulted in complete inhibition of fungal growth on the soil slurries.
Analysis of daily variability of precipitation in a nested regional climate model: comparison with observations and doubled CO2 results

Abstract We analyze daily mean, variability, and frequency of precipitation in two continuous 3 1 2 year long climate simulations over the continental U.S., one for present conditions and one for conditions under doubled carbon dioxide concentration, conducted with a regional climate model (RegCM) nested in a general circulation model (GCM). The purpose of the work is to analyze model errors and limitations in greater detail than previously done and to calculate quantities that eventually will be used to form climate change scenarios that account for changes in daily variability of precipitation. The models used are a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM) and the climate version (RegCM) of the NCAR/Penn State mesoscale model (MM4) at 60 km horizontal grid point spacing. Model output is compared with a 30-year daily observational data set for mainly two regions of the U.S.: the Northwest, and the central Great Plains. Statistics compared include mean daily precipitation, mean daily intensity, frequency, transition probabilities, quantiles of precipitation intensity, and interquartile ranges. We discuss how different measures of daily precipitation lead to different conclusions about the quality of the control run. For example, good agreement between model and observed data regarding mean daily precipitation usually results from compensating errors in the intensity and frequency fields (too high frequency and too low intensity). We analyze how detailed topographic features of the RegCM enhance the simulation of daily precipitation compared to the CCM simulation. In general, errors in all measures are smallest at the Northwest grid points, and the damping of the seasonal cycle of mean daily precipitation from the coast to inland Oregon is basically well reproduced. However, some errors in the frequency and intensity fields can be traced to inadequate representation of topography, even with a horizontal resolution of 60 km. Differences in the control and doubled CO2 runs (for both RegCM and CCM) for these regions are also presented. The most significant changes for the RegCM grid points is increased variability of daily precipitation under doubled CO2 conditions. Areas with significant changes (both increases and decreases) of precipitation frequency and intensity are found. There are some areas where frequency decreases, but precipitation mean daily amounts increase. Such changes, which would be masked by more traditional analyses of precipitation change, are important from a climate impacts point of view. The limitations on the analyses posed by small sample sizes are discussed.
The contribution of emotional intelligence to the social and academic success of gifted adolescents as measured by the multifactor emotional intelligence scale ‐ adolescent version

Emotional intelligence has been popularly portrayed as critical to human success and sometimes even more important than IQ (e.g., D. Goleman, 1995), yet sparse evidence exists supporting such a claim. The purpose of this study was to measure emotional intelligence, as conceptualized by J. D. Mayer and P. Salovey (1997), in order to better understand its contribution to the success of gifted adolescents. An adolescent version of the unpublished Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS‐A) was used to measure emotional intelligence, while measures of interpersonal relations, social stress, and grade point average were utilized to gauge success. Thirty‐nine gifted adolescents (mean age = 16.5) participated. The results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that emotional intelligence did not significantly contribute to the social and academic success of these adolescents. Recommendations for future research in this area are provided, including suggestions for designing studies that could...
Loss of channeling in a disordered lattice of focusing scatterers

Abstract We investigate the 2-d motion of a point particle moving through an arrangement of identical scatterers. Each of these penetrable scatterers represents a potential field of fixed negative constant potential and each is randomly displaced from the lattice sites of a 2-d square lattice by a vector of magnitude e. For e=0, the motion is a non-ergodic flow on the two-torus, where there exists a channeling-type motion of the point particle through the scatterers and parallel to one of the axes. For any non-zero value of e, the particle eventually abandons this channeled motion. The time needed to abandon the channeled motion as the magnitude of e is lowered varies as T escape ∝1/e 2 . A simple argument demonstrates why this behavior is synonymous with the diffusion of the particle out of the neighborhood of the elliptic fixed point in phase space and into the surrounding chaos in phase space. Moreover, if a temperature is associated to the lattice in a natural way, one recovers a result reminiscent of an Einstein relation; i.e. the diffusion constant is proportional to the temperature.
Adult Laryngotracheal Stenosis: Diagnosis and Treatment

Educational objectives: To understand the etiology and diagnosis of laryngotracheal stenosis and the surgical options available for management of laryngotracheal stenosis in adults.
Sign pattern matrices that require domain-range pairs with given singn patterns

Given an m-by-n sign pattern matrix , an n-by-1 pattern , and an m-by-1 pattern , we establish a necessary and sufficient condition that, for each matrix A having pattern , there is a vector x with pattern such that Ax has pattern . This work generalizes previous results by several authors on qualitative semipositivity and centrality.
Evaluating a campus nitrogen budget for Auburn University, Alabama, USA

Prompted by recent sustainability trends, some institutions and municipalities have begun quantifying their local impact on the nitrogen (N) cycle. To better understand the N budget at Auburn University (AU), we measured N inputs and outputs in four subsystems (near surface atmosphere, human metabolism, animal metabolism, and landscape) utilizing methods established by Savanick et al. (2007) for the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities (UM). The total AU input of 245.7 Mg N yr−1 and total output 217.5 Mg N yr−1 was made up of the balance of subsystem inputs and outputs (near surface atmosphere 174 Mg N yr−1 input, 174 Mg N yr−1 output; human metabolism 22.8 Mg N yr−1 input, 20.5 Mg N yr−1 output; animal metabolism 39.2 Mg N yr−1 input, 20.9 Mg N yr−1 output; landscape 9.7 Mg N yr−1 input, 2.1 Mg N yr−1 output). We compared these results with N balances for UM and the University of Virginia (UVA) (Leach et al. 2013) and found that larger campus area was associated with higher commuter emissions, colder average temperatures were associated with more on-campus energy emissions, presence of agriculture and veterinary schools were associated with larger animal metabolism N flux, and campuses greater urban density or crop presence tended to have greater landscape N flux. We found that overall N flux for each campus was similar when normalized per capita (7–11 kg N cap−1 yr−1). This study provides insight towards reaching sustainability goals at AU and other institutions and can inform decisions regarding pollution reduction plans.
HCMV Targets the Metabolic Stress Response through Activation of AMPK Whose Activity Is Important for Viral Replication

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection induces several metabolic activities that have been found to be important for viral replication. The cellular AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic stress response kinase that regulates both energy-producing catabolic processes and energy-consuming anabolic processes. Here we explore the role AMPK plays in generating an environment conducive to HCMV replication. We find that HCMV infection induces AMPK activity, resulting in the phosphorylation and increased abundance of several targets downstream of activated AMPK. Pharmacological and RNA-based inhibition of AMPK blocked the glycolytic activation induced by HCMV-infection, but had little impact on the glycolytic pathway of uninfected cells. Furthermore, inhibition of AMPK severely attenuated HCMV replication suggesting that AMPK is an important cellular factor for HCMV replication. Inhibition of AMPK attenuated early and late gene expression as well as viral DNA synthesis, but had no detectable impact on immediate-early gene expression, suggesting that AMPK activity is important at the immediate early to early transition of viral gene expression. Lastly, we find that inhibition of the Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase (CaMKK), a kinase known to activate AMPK, blocks HCMV-mediated AMPK activation. The combined data suggest a model in which HCMV activates AMPK through CaMKK, and depends on their activation for high titer replication, likely through induction of a metabolic environment conducive to viral replication.
Potentiation of astroglial nitric oxide synthase type-2 expression by lithium chloride

Abstract: The mechanisms underlying the antimanic effects of lithium are largely unknown but may involve long-term changes in brain gene expression. To determine if lithium could modify gene expression in astrocytes, the predominant cell type in brain, we tested the effects of LiCl on expression of nitric oxide synthase type 2 (NOS-2) in cultured glial cells. Incubation of primary rat astrocytes with endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and proinflammatory cytokines induced NOS-2 gene and protein expression, as assessed by nitrite production and measurement of l-citrulline synthesis in whole cell lysates. Incubation with LiCl, but not KCl, increased NOS-2 activity up to 1.6-fold. LiCl also potentiated (up to 2.7-fold) the induction of NOS-2 expression by LPS plus interferon-γ in C6 glioma cells but had little effect on LPS-induced nitrite accumulation from mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. LiCl increased NOS-2 mRNA steady-state levels, suggesting an effect on mRNA stability and/or NOS-2 gene transcription. These results demonstrate that LiCl can modify astroglial gene expression and suggest that chronic treatment with lithium could exacerbate inflammatory responses in brain glial cells.
On the lag phase and initial decline of microbial growth curves

The lag phase is generally thought to be a period during which the cells adjust to a new environment before the onset of exponential growth. Characterizing the lag phase in microbial growth curves has importance in food sciences, environmental sciences, bioremediation and in understanding basic cellular processes. The goal of this work is to extend the analysis of cell growth curves and to better estimate the duration of the lag phase. A non-autonomous model is presented that includes actively duplicating cells and two subclasses of non-duplicating cells. The growth curves depend on the growth and death rate of these three subpopulations and on the initial proportion of each. A deterministic and a stochastic model are both developed and give the same results. A notable feature of the model is the decline of cells during the early stage of the growth curve, and the range of parameters when this decline occurs is identified. A limited growth model is also presented that accounts for the lag, exponential growth and stationary phase of microbial growth curves.
Recent Experimental Results on Orbital Electron Capture

A summary is presented of experimental techniques and experimental results on electron-capture ratios, comparative half-lives, and transition energies. The effect of electron capture from the $M$ shell and higher shells is taken into account. Transition energies are computed from the observed capture ratios for about twenty cases. A summary of mean $L$-fluorescence yields following nuclear excitation is brought up to date, and the origins of uncertainties in the interpretation of experimental results are discussed.Six experiments are precise enough to be compared critically with the theory of Brysk and Rose, and the observed $\frac{L}{K}$ capture ratios are found to be some ten percent greater than predicted. The discrepancies seem to be more or less independent of atomic number for $18l~Zl~53$; it is not at all clear that the effect of correlations between the coordinates of the $K$ electrons, suggested by Odiot and Daudel, is sufficient to account for the discrepancy.
Dependencies and graphical interfaces in object-oriented simulation languages

An object-oriented style of computation is especially well-suited to simulation in domains that may be thought of as consisting of intentionally interacting components. In such domains, the programmer can map the constituent domain components onto objects, and intentional interactions (e.g. communications) onto message transmissions. However, some events or interactions between real world objects cannot be modeled as naturally as we might like. Improper modeling of these interactions inevitably leads to inconsistent simulation states and processing errors.The research reported in this paper identifies two categories of simulation activities that are unnatural and difficult to implement in object-oriented simulations: (1) scheduling events which depend on the continuous aspect of time; and (2) presenting a graphical display of a simulation so that any changes in the simulation state are immediately visible.Following a discussion of these deficiencies, we present a methodology for performing these tasks that is transparent to the simulation programmer. Our approach utilizes extensions to the Ross object-oriented language allowing a programmer to declaratively specify characteristics of the simulation dealing with time dependent attributes and graphics display strategies. The example presented in this paper demonstrates the many advantages of our declarative approach to maintaining consistency. With these capabilities, we expect object-oriented simulation languages to become increasingly attractive for modeling dynamic systems.