cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incomplete understanding of concepts: : The case of the derivative

Many philosophers have discussed the ability of thinkers to think thoughts that the thinker cannot justify because the thoughts involve concepts that the thinker incompletely understands. A standard example of this phenomenon involves the concept of the derivative in the early days of the calculus: Newton and Leibniz incompletely understood the derivative concept and, hence, as Berkeley noted, they could not justify their thoughts involving it. Later, Weierstrass justified their thoughts by giving a correct explication of the derivative concept. This paper discusses various accounts of how a thinker manages to think with a concept that they incompletely understand and finds them wanting in the case at hand. Part of the overlooked complexity is that there are many derivative concepts, and it is unclear in virtue of what a thinker would be thinking with one of them rather than another. After critical evaluation of standard accounts, this paper suggests a novel account of how one should think about the derivative concepts with which Newton and Leibniz thought and how Weierstrass could have managed to justify their thoughts even if their thoughts did not involve the same derivative concept as Weierstrass’s
Effects of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles as a Protein Source in Creep Feed. 2. Subsequent Feedlot Performance, Carcass Measurements, and Plasma Parameters

ABSTRACT A 2-yr study was conducted to evaluate the effects of protein source in a creep ration as well as creep vs. no creep treatments on subsequent feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of steers. During each year, 36 steer calves were assigned to treatments: corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) or soybeanmeal (SBM) as the protein sources compared with a noncreep dietary treatment. After the creep feeding phase, they were placed in the feedlot. During the receiving period in both years, creep-fed steers tended to have greater DMI (P
Modeling the Cost‐Effectiveness of Doula Care Associated with Reductions in Preterm Birth and Cesarean Delivery

Background One in nine US infants is born before 37 weeks' gestation, incurring medical costs 10 times higher than full-term infants. One in three infants is born by cesarean; cesarean births cost twice as much as vaginal births. We compared rates of preterm and cesarean birth among Medicaid recipients with prenatal access to doula care (nonmedical maternal support) with similar women regionally. We used data on this association to mathematically model the potential cost-effectiveness of Medicaid coverage of doula services. Methods Data came from two sources: all Medicaid-funded, singleton births at hospitals in the West North Central and East North Central US (n = 65,147) in the 2012 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, and all Medicaid-funded singleton births (n = 1,935) supported by a community-based doula organization in the Upper Midwest from 2010 to 2014. We analyzed routinely collected, de-identified administrative data. Multivariable regression analysis was used to estimate associations between doula care and outcomes. A probabilistic decision-analytic model was used for cost-effectiveness estimates. Results Women who received doula support had lower preterm and cesarean birth rates than Medicaid beneficiaries regionally (4.7 vs 6.3%, and 20.4 vs 34.2%). After adjustment for covariates, women with doula care had 22 percent lower odds of preterm birth (AOR 0.77 [95% CI 0.61–0.96]). Cost-effectiveness analyses indicate potential savings associated with doula support reimbursed at an average of $986 (ranging from $929 to $1,047 across states). Conclusions Based on associations between doula care and preterm and cesarean birth, coverage reimbursement for doula services would likely be cost saving or cost-effective for state Medicaid programs.
On Debugging Non-Answers in Keyword Search Systems

Handling non-answers is desirable in information retrieval systems. Current e-commerce websites usually try to suppress the somewhat dreaded message that no results have been found. Possible solutions include, for example, augmenting the data with synonyms and common misspellings based on query logs. Nonetheless, this is only achievable if we can know the cause of the non-answers. Under the hood, most e-commerce data sits in some structured format. Debugging non-answers in the underlying KWS-S systems is therefore not trivial — non-answers in a KWS-S system could be a problem of the data (e.g., absence of some keywords), the schema (e.g., missing key-foreign-key joins), or due to empty join results from one of possibly several joins in the generated SQL queries. So far, we are unaware of any previous work that explores how to enable developers to debug non-answers in a KWS-S system. In this paper, we take a first step towards this direction by proposing a KWS-S system that can expose non-answers to the developers. Our system presents the developers with the maximal nonempty sub-queries that represent the frontier cause of the non-answers. We outline the challenges in building such a system and propose a lattice structure for efficient exploration of the non-answer query space. We also evaluate our proposed mechanisms over a real world dataset to demonstrate their feasibility.
Impact of Pinning of the Triple Contact Line on Electrowetting Performance

Pinning of the triple contact line adversely affects electrowetting on dielectric. Electrowetting response of substrates with contact angle hysteresis ranging from 1° to 30° has been characterized, and the results are interpreted within the framework of electromechanics corrected for pinning. The relationship between contact angle hysteresis, threshold potential for liquid actuation, and electrowetting hysteresis is quantified. Our results demonstrate that a modified electrowetting equation, based on balance of forces (including the pinning forces) acting on the triple contact line and on the drop, describes the electrowetting response of substrates with significant contact angle hysteresis. Finally, the surface properties of PDMS Sylgard 184 were found to be influenced by the electric field.
A Global-Local Approach for Trajectory Generation on Rough Terrain

In this paper,we consider trajectory generation problem as an optimal control problem while minimizing a cost function and satisfying any boundary, terrain, path and system dynamics constraints. The optimal state and control proles are approximated by a weighted average of independent local approximations. Specially derived weight functions are used to construct a globally continuous function. Such a method provides us a way of using local information to construct near-optimal trajectories, which is useful in the context of numerically solving nonlinear trajectory generation problems.
Introduction of purified alpha 2A-adrenergic receptors into uniformly oriented, unilamellar, phospholipid vesicles: productive coupling to G proteins but lack of receptor-dependent ion transport.

Introduction of highly purified alpha 2A-adrenergic receptors (alpha 2AAR) into lipid vesicles resulted in vesicle preparations that were unilamellar in structure, nonleaky to monovalent cations, and uniformly oriented such that the cytoplasmic domains of the alpha 2AAR faced the vesicle exterior. In this orientation, addition of Gi/G(o) G proteins yielded a 4-5-fold stimulation of agonist-dependent guanosine-59-O-(3-[35S]thio)triphosphate binding to the G protein alpha subunit. These nonleaky, uniformly oriented, alpha 2AAR-containing vesicle preparations allowed us to explore the hypothesis that the alpha 2AAR itself, or in combination with Gi/G(o) proteins, is able to effect ion translocation. Measurements of 22Na+ uptake, 22Na+ efflux, and H+ movement revealed no detectable agonist-stimulated, receptor-dependent, ion translocation, even in the presence of G proteins, suggesting that allosteric regulation of alpha 2AAR by cations and amiloride analogs is not an indication that the alpha 2AAR itself is an ion transporter. Nonetheless, the methodology developed in the present studies for preparation of nonleaky vesicles containing receptor and G proteins should be well suited for evaluating the stoichiometry and selectivity of receptor-G protein interactions and, in particular, G protein specificity in mediating receptor-dependent regulation of voltage-gated or receptor-operated ion channels.
Improved survival in management of empyema thoracis

Empyema thoracis following pneumonia, trauma, and surgical procedures continues to be a source of major morbidity and mortality. We retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of 100 patients treated for empyema thoracis at San Francisco General Hospital during the past 10 years. The causes of empyema in these patients were as follows: pneumonia 44%, trauma 24%, surgical and invasive procedures 15%, lung abscess 11%, and hematogenous spread 6%. Ten patients in this series died of sepsis from necrotizing pneumonia or overwhelming injuries caused by trauma. Streptococcus (31%), Staphylococcus (21%), and Bacteroides (15%) were the organisms most commonly isolated. Bacterial isolates were single in 55%, multiple 42%, and absent in 3%. The type of organism did not correlate with severity of disease or eventual requirement for thoracotomy, pleural debridement, or Eloesser procedure. Successful methods of treatment included aspiration in 9%, tube thoracostomy in 63%, pleural debridement and drainage in 7%, and an Eloesser procedure in 11%. Because our patients were often debilitated from chronic alcoholism, drug addiction, and major trauma, conservative management was initially tried. In most patients empyema resolved with tube thoracostomy. Pleural debridement should be reserved for patients with special problems such as multiple loculation or purulence inaccessible to percutaneous tube placement. the Eloesser procedure is indicated in patients who have an infected residual pleural space that persists despite adequate tube drainage.
Identification of Genes Regulated by RosR, a Nodulation Competitiveness Determinant in Rhizobium etli

The rosR gene affects cell surface characteristics and nodulation competitiveness in Rhizobium etli. rosR mutants are dramatically reduced in nodulation competitiveness and have a hydrophobic cell surface. RosR was found to have high sequence similarity with a family of transcriptional regulators that includes Ros from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and MucR from R. meliloti, suggesting that rosR affects nodulation competitiveness via a regulatory pathway.
Censusing marine eukaryotic diversity in the twenty-first century.

The ocean constitutes one of the vastest and richest biomes on our planet. Most recent estimations, all based on indirect approaches, suggest that there are millions of marine eukaryotic species. M...
Hydrogen-reduced bismuth oxyiodide nanoflake arrays with plasmonic enhancements for efficient photoelectrochemical water reduction

Abstract Bismuth oxyiodide has attracted strong interest as a nano-engineered material for high-performance electrodes in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. Herein, we demonstrate the visible-light-sensitive PEC photocathodes based on nano-engineered bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI). The photocathodes are comprised of plasmonic Au nanoparticles (NPs) on hydrogen-reduced BiOI (H-BiOI) nanoflake arrays. The BiOI-based photocathodes exhibit an AM 1.5 photocurrent of 3.6 ± 0.1 mA/cm2 at 0 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode. We attribute the enhanced photoreduction performance of our photocathodes to three factors that increase the formation and separation rates of electron-hole pairs for photocatalysis. Firstly, the small thickness of the nanoflakes facilitates the diffusion of minority carriers to the surfaces before their recombination. Secondly, the hydrogenation-induced oxygen vacancies in H-BiOI lead to increased acceptor density. Lastly, plasmonic effects in Au NPs enhance the light absorption, hot-carrier injection, and resonant energy transfer in the composite electrodes. Our experiments are coupled to optical simulations. This work demonstrates the tremendous potential of coupling plasmonic effects with nano-engineering to innovate visible-light-sensitive photocathodes for the realization of efficient PEC cells.
Generating and controlling homogeneous air turbulence using random jet arrays

The use of random jet arrays, already employed in water tank facilities to generate zero-mean-flow homogeneous turbulence, is extended to air as a working fluid. A novel facility is introduced that uses two facing arrays of individually controlled jets (256 in total) to force steady homogeneous turbulence with negligible mean flow, shear, and strain. Quasi-synthetic jet pumps are created by expanding pressurized air through small straight nozzles and are actuated by fast-response low-voltage solenoid valves. Velocity fields, two-point correlations, energy spectra, and second-order structure functions are obtained from 2D PIV and are used to characterize the turbulence from the integral-to-the Kolmogorov scales. Several metrics are defined to quantify how well zero-mean-flow homogeneous turbulence is approximated for a wide range of forcing and geometric parameters. With increasing jet firing time duration, both the velocity fluctuations and the integral length scales are augmented and therefore the Reynolds number is increased. We reach a Taylor-microscale Reynolds number of 470, a large-scale Reynolds number of 74,000, and an integral-to-Kolmogorov length scale ratio of 680. The volume of the present homogeneous turbulence, the largest reported to date in a zero-mean-flow facility, is much larger than the integral length scale, allowing for the natural development of the energy cascade. The turbulence is found to be anisotropic irrespective of the distance between the jet arrays. Fine grids placed in front of the jets are effective at modulating the turbulence, reducing both velocity fluctuations and integral scales. Varying the jet-to-jet spacing within each array has no effect on the integral length scale, suggesting that this is dictated by the length scale of the jets.
Gut content, fatty acid, and stable isotope analyses reveal dietary sources of macroalgal-associated amphipods along the western Antarctic Peninsula

Shallow water subtidal marine communities along the western Antarctic Peninsula are characterized by dense beds of macroalgae and strikingly dense assemblages of associated amphipods. However, direct grazing by amphipods on the dominant macroalgae is unlikely as most of these algae elaborate secondary metabolites known to be herbivore feeding deterrents. What resources, then, support this vast macroalgal-associated amphipod assemblage? We addressed this question by analyzing the gut contents, fatty acids, and stable isotopic ratios of 15 different amphipod species associated with the macrophyte community. The δ15N and δ13C stable isotope values revealed that most of the abundant species of amphipods are primary consumers whose ultimate carbon source is derived from some combination of brown macroalgae, epiphytic diatoms, and endo/epiphytic filamentous algae. Gut contents revealed that a large percentage of the amphipod diets are comprised of diatoms and macroalgal tissues, both filamentous and multiseriate. Fatty acid analysis corroborated our conclusions based on stable isotope and gut content data, demonstrating the importance of diatoms to assimilated material, but also highlighting the rich diversity of diets within the macroalgal-associated amphipod assemblage. Our findings suggest that amphipods routinely clean their host macrophytes of potentially harmful epiphytes, including both diatoms and emergent filaments from brown algal endophytes. Some prominent species of amphipods may also derive a small percentage of their carbon from palatable and, in one case, unpalatable, chemically defended red algae. These results, combined with previous studies showing that the amphipods gain refuge from predators by associating with unpalatable macroalgae, support the hypothesis that amphipods along the western Antarctic Peninsula are living in mutualism with their macrophyte hosts rather than consuming the host directly.
Financial Toxicity and Societal Costs of Cancer Care: Distinct Problems Require Distinct Solutions

Control of societal costs can be addressed through clinician education, value‐based guidelines and pathways, formulary restrictions, payment reform, and government regulatory decisions but should not be imposed on patients at the point of decision‐making in the cancer clinic.
Experimental study of fracture response in granite specimens subjected to hydrothermal conditions relevant for enhanced geothermal systems

Abstract Sustaining a network of connected fractures is critical to the long-term success of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS). In this study, the effects of coupled Thermal-Hydrological-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) processes on fracture aperture and permeability were examined by conducting a series of flow-through experiments on artificially-fractured granite specimens at effective stresses of 5 MPa to 36 MPa, rock temperatures of 25 °C and 130 °C, and injected fluid temperatures of 25 °C, 75 °C, and 130° C. The higher fracture closure rates observed at higher effective stresses and the incomplete recovery of fracture permeability and hydraulic aperture observed during unloading stages highlight the role of pressure solution. The increase in temperature of the injected fluid increases the recovery percentage of fracture aperture and permeability after unloading.
Self-reported methods used to judge when a hamburger is ready at-home in a sample of U.S. adults

Abstract Consumers in the United States are advised to use a thermometer to cook hamburgers to 160 °F to ensure the food is safe to eat. The present study was aimed at generating current and national information on methods adults used at home to judge when hamburgers are ready and related individual characteristics. Data came from 1688 participants in a nationwide online survey conducted in 2016. This study applied a multivariate logistic regression to explore associations between reporting using temperature to judge when a hamburger is ready and participants' sociodemographic and psychological characteristics. Only 25 percent of the sample reported checking "the temperature of the burger" as a method to judge when a hamburger is ready. Among other methods, "the color of the burger" was most commonly selected (59 percent of the sample). Estimated odds ratios suggest that the temperature method was more likely reported by mid-age participants (30–44 and 45–59 years of age) relative to older participants, those who reported using a thermometer when cooking hamburgers, or those who perceived a higher risk in foods contaminated with germs, but less likely by participants who answered the survey in Spanish. This is the first known research that documents how hamburgers are judged in a large, diverse and national U.S. sample. The information can be used as input for developing and delivering effective consumer education to help reduce the population's risk of getting sick from hamburgers―a food frequently consumed and prepared at home.
Language of System Theory

This chapter discusses the language of system theory. The concept of “system” is as old as civilization. A system is a collection of the objects that are united by some form of interaction or interdependence. A system might be regarded as a set of interrelated elements. The nature of elements that are involved and the relations that might exist among the elements depend upon the type of system under consideration. The fact that a system can be regarded as a set is useful because this allows one to draw freely from the edifice of knowledge that is available in set theory, topology, and function theory. The concept of a system can be traced back to antiquity; the “systems approach” concept appears to be of a recent origin. The phrase “systems approach” is associated with a cadre of disciplines that have arisen since World War II, the most familiar being operations research, management science, and systems analysis.
Capacity and Consent

Physicians must obtain the informed consent of their patients before initiating treatments or ordering diagnostic procedures. Valid informed consent requires three elements. First, there must be adequate disclosure of information. Second, the decision must be voluntary. Third, the patient must have sufficient decision-making ability to use the provided information to reach a decision. The most commonly accepted approach to assessing decision-making capacity uses the ‘four abilities’ model that assesses the patient's ability to communicate a choice, understand, appreciate, and reason.
Ten years of non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases mapped by mailing address, stage, follow up days and treatment in the Austin Round Rock Texas metro area.

e18669Background: A review of the North American Cancer Registries (NAACCR) found that only 66.4% of Stage I, II NSCLC patients received curative surgery. Mapping treatment would reveal the neighbo...
Expanding the Scope of Protein Synthesis Using Modified Ribosomes

The ribosome produces all of the proteins and many of the peptides present in cells. As a macromolecular complex composed of both RNAs and proteins, it employs a constituent RNA to catalyze the formation of peptide bonds rapidly and with high fidelity. Thus, the ribosome can be argued to represent the key link between the RNA World, in which RNAs were the primary catalysts, and present biological systems in which protein catalysts predominate. In spite of the well-known phylogenetic conservation of rRNAs through evolutionary history, rRNAs can be altered readily when placed under suitable pressure, e.g. in the presence of antibiotics which bind to functionally critical regions of rRNAs. While the structures of rRNAs have been altered intentionally for decades to enable the study of their role(s) in the mechanism of peptide bond formation, it is remarkable that the purposeful alteration of rRNA structure to enable the elaboration of proteins and peptides containing noncanonical amino acids has occurred only recently. In this Perspective, we summarize the history of rRNA modifications, and demonstrate how the intentional modification of 23S rRNA in regions critical for peptide bond formation now enables the direct ribosomal incorporation of d-amino acids, β-amino acids, dipeptides and dipeptidomimetic analogues of the normal proteinogenic l-α-amino acids. While proteins containing metabolically important functional groups such as carbohydrates and phosphate groups are normally elaborated by the post-translational modification of nascent polypeptides, the use of modified ribosomes to produce such polymers directly is also discussed. Finally, we describe the elaboration of such modified proteins both in vitro and in bacterial cells, and suggest how such novel biomaterials may be exploited in future studies.
Characterizing Elevated Urban Air Pollutant Spatial Patterns with Mobile Monitoring in Houston, Texas.

Diverse urban air pollution sources contribute to spatially variable atmospheric concentrations, with important public health implications. Mobile monitoring shows promise for understanding spatial...
FlhF regulates the number and configuration of periplasmic flagella in Borrelia burgdorferi.

The Lyme disease bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi has 7-11 periplasmic flagella (PF) that arise from the cell poles and extend toward the midcell as a flat-ribbon, which is distinct from other bacteria. FlhF, a signal recognition particle (SRP)-like GTPase, has been found to regulate the flagellar number and polarity; however, its role in B. burgdorferi remains unknown. B. burgdorferi has an FlhF homolog (BB0270). Structural and biochemical analyses show that BB0270 has a similar structure and enzymatic activity as its counterparts from other bacteria. Genetics and cryo-electron tomography studies reveal that deletion of BB0270 leads to mutant cells that have less PF (4 ± 2 PF per cell tip) and fail to form a flat-ribbon, indicative of a role of BB0270 in the control of PF number and configuration. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that BB0270 localizes at the cell poles and controls the number and position of PF via regulating the flagellar protein stability and the polar localization of the MS-ring protein FliF. Our study not only provides the detailed characterizations of BB0270 and its profound impacts on flagellar assembly, morphology and motility in B. burgdorferi, but also unveils mechanistic insights into how spirochetes control their unique flagellar patterns.
Exploring the Relationships between Engineering Internships and Innovation Interests and Likelihood of Accepting a Job Offer

This research to practice full paper presents the work of an academic-industry research partnership to explore the internship experiences of summer interns at a large global engineering company. Engineering internships give students the opportunity to apply the engineering skills they have been learning to real products and can have high impact on innovation and engineering task self-efficacy. Innovation self-efficacy (ISE) and engineering task self-efficacy (ETSE) matter because these measures are an important predictor of major and career choice [1]. In contrast, innovation interests indicate an individual’s interest in innovative behaviors and outcomes. This paper explores students’ innovation interests, as related to their internship work assignment and supervisor interactions. Furthermore, the relationship between the internship experience and the intern’s likelihood of accepting a job offer from the same company is also explored. A survey administered to product development interns (N=115) at the end of their summer 2017 internship at a large global engineering company forms the main dataset for this work.
Role of Occupational Therapy in Facilitating Participation Among Caregivers of People With Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review.

Importance Caregivers play a critical role in facilitating the performance of people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Knowledge on how occupational therapy practitioners can mitigate the negative effects of caregiving is needed to enable caregiver participation. Objective To explore the effectiveness of interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice for caregivers of people with PD to facilitate or maintain their participation in the caregiver role. Data sources We conducted a systematic review of the literature published in CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and OTseeker between 2011 and 2019. Article reference lists were also hand searched for additional articles. Study Selection and Data Collection: Articles were screened and evaluated using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. The review was conducted in accordance with steps outlined by the American Occupational Therapy Association's Evidence-Based Practice Project. Findings Six articles met the inclusion criteria. Interventions in each article were distinct, prohibiting theme development. Overall, the strength of evidence was low, and the risk of bias was high. None of the studies included in this review were obtained from the occupational therapy literature. Conclusions and relevance Little evidence is available to support interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice for caregivers of people with PD. Existing evidence suggests that interventions need to be flexible (e.g., in terms of time, cost, and delivery method) and tailored to the unique needs of this population. What This Article Adds: There is a continued need to develop occupational therapy interventions that support participation in the caregiving role for caregivers of people with PD.
Pragmatic Randomized Trial Assessing the Impact of Digital Health Technology on Quality of Life in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure: Design and Rationale

Heart failure is a complex syndrome that contributes significantly to mortality and morbidity in the Unites States. Self-management is an ACC/AHA-recommended management tool for chronic conditions, however, those with congestive heart failure have historically poor compliance, low health literacy, and comorbidities that lead to reduced adherence to therapies and lifestyle modifications. Digital health technologies have the potential to enhance care and improve self-management. This manuscript describes the rationale and challenges of the design and implementation of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of three digital health technologies in the management of congestive heart failure. Leveraging the use of a fully electronic enrollment and consent platform, the trial will randomize 200 patients across heart failure clinics in the Yale New Haven Health system to receive either usual care or one of three distinct digital technologies designed to promote self-management and provide critical data to clinicians. Our primary outcome will measure the change in quality of life as assessed by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) at 3 months. Initial recruitment efforts have highlighted the large digital divide in our population of interest. Assessing not only clinical outcomes, but patient usability and ease of clinical integration of digital technologies will prove beneficial in determining the feasibility and success of the integration of such technologies into the healthcare system. Future learnings will illustrate strategies to improve patient engagement with, and integration of, digital health technologies to enhance the patient-clinician relationship. Clinicaltrials.govNCT04394754
Effect of viscoelastic postseismic relaxation on estimates of interseismic crustal strain accumulation at Yucca Mountain, Nevada

[1] We estimate the long-term crustal strain rate at Yucca Mountain (YM), Nevada from GPS velocities taking into account viscoelastic relaxation following recent earthquakes to remove bias associated with transient deformation. The YM data reveal postseismic relaxation in time series non-linearity and geographic variation of the transient signal. From the data we estimate best-fitting lower crust and upper mantle viscosities of 1019.5 Pa s and 1018.5 Pa s, respectively. Once the relaxation model predictions are subtracted from the data, the long-term shear strain accumulation rate is between 16.3 and 25.1 nanostrains/year (ns/yr) to 99% confidence, a range much larger than the formal uncertainties from GPS measurement. We conclude that 1) a Maxwell viscoelastic model cannot explain all the deformation observed at YM, 2) uncertainty in viscosities dominates uncertainty in YM strain rates, and 3) the effects of large, recent earthquakes must be accounted for in seismic hazard studies using GPS.
Implications of heavy-ion-induced satellite X-ray emission IV: Chemical effects in L X-ray satellites of molybdenum compounds and alloys

The L X-ray satellites produced by 1MeV/uClq+ bombardment of a series of molybdenum compounds and alloys were examined using a high-resolution (7 eV at 2.3 keV) crystal spectrometer. The normalized emission spectra exhibited variations in the intensity distribution of the LnαMm and LnβMm satellites for different targets. Using Mo metal as a reference or subtrahend, amplification of the intensity variations was obtained by calculating difference spectra. Select regions of these difference spectra displayed systematic variations that were correlated to the valence-electron density of the material. These results clearly demonstrate that heavy-ion-induced L X-ray satellites may be used to probe the chemical environment of intermediate Zelements. In addition, the alloy results may provide a basis for the application of this technique to a variety of materials problems.
A NEW PARADIGM FOR REAR-END CRASH PREVENTION DRIVING PERFORMANCE

This paper presents a new data analysis approach to describe driver performance in situations that have the potential of leading to a rear-end crash. The approach provides at least two key benefits. It provides a unified means of analyzing data from different sources such as simulators, test tracks, and instrumented vehicles. It may also provide a means of addressing the huge diversity of driver performance in precrash situations.
Extension of Piyavskii''s Algorithm to Continuous Global Optimization

We use the simple, but little-known, result that a uniformly continuous function on a convex set is e-Lipschitz (as defined below) to extend Piyavskii‘s algorithm for Lipschitz global optimization to the larger domain of continuous (not-necessarily-Lipschitz) global optimization.
Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) separates ions based on their mobility in an inert buffer gas in the presence of an electric field. The mobility of ions is based on their size, shape, and charge, thus IMS provides insights into structure. In addition to being used for structural information, IMS can also be used as a separation device for complex mixtures. When coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), IMS–MS offers a powerful hybrid analytical technique that has many biological, pharmaceutical, structural, environmental, and other applications. This article provides an overview of IMS–MS, which focuses on principles of drift-time ion mobility spectrometry (DTIMS), high-field-asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS), and traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) methods. Several IMS–MS instruments are discussed and examples of the current applications of the technology are provided.
Design and Fabrication of VLSI Components for a General Purpose Analog Neural Computer

The design of components for a programmable analog neural computer and simulator is described. The machine can be scaled to any size and is composed of three types of interconnected modules, each containing on a VLSI chip arrays of Neurons, modifiable Synapses and Routing Switches. It runs entirely in analog mode but the connection architecture, synaptic gains and time constants as well as neuron parameters are set digitally from a digital host computer. Each neuron has a limited number of inputs and can be connected to any but not all other neurons.
The satisfiability of temporal constraint networks

A popular representation of events and their relative alignment in time is James Allen's intervals and algebra. Networks of disjunctive interval constraints have served both to assimilate knowledge from ambiguous sentences, and to hold partial solutions in a planner. The satisfiability of these networks is of practical concern, and little has been achieved beyond proving that determining satisfiability is NP-hard. This paper scrutinizes the interval representation and its mechanisms. We make explicit the unstated assumptions of the mechanisms, introduce several useful theorems regarding interval networks, distinguish three types of inconsistency exhibited by these networks, and point out under what conditions these inconsistencies are detected. Finally the theorems, observations, and distinctions regarding inconsistency are exploited to design a practical algorithm to determine the satisfiability of an interval network. The extension of our results to two dimensional spatial reasoning is under investigation.
Viewpoint 9--molecular structure of aqueous interfaces

In this review we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the structure of aqueous interfaces emerging from molecular level computer simulations. It is emphasized that the presence of the interface induces specific structural effects which, in turn, influence a wide variety of phenomena occurring near the phase boundaries. At the liquid-vapor interface, the most probable orientations of a water molecule is such that its dipole moment lies parallel to the interface, one O-H bond points toward the vapor and the other O-H bond is directed toward the liquid. The orientational distributions are broad and slightly asymmetric, resulting in an excess dipole moment pointing toward the liquid. These structural preferences persist at interfaces between water and nonpolar liquids, indicating that the interactions between the two liquids in contact are weak. It was found that liquid-liquid interfaces are locally sharp but broadened by capillary waves. One consequence of anisotropic orientations of interfacial water molecules is asymmetric interactions, with respect to the sign of the charge, of ions with the water surface. It was found that even very close to the surface ions retain their hydration shells. New features of aqueous interfaces have been revealed in studies of water-membrane and water-monolayer systems. In particular, water molecules are strongly oriented by the polar head groups of the amphiphilic phase, and they penetrate the hydrophilic head-group region, but not the hydrophobic core. At infinite dilution near interfaces, amphiphilic molecules exhibit behavior different from that in the gas phase or in bulk water. This result sheds new light on the nature of hydrophobic effect in the interfacial regions. The presence of interfaces was also shown to affect both equilibrium and dynamic components of rates of chemical reactions. Applications of continuum models to interfacial problems have been, so far, unsuccessful. This, again, underscores the importance of molecular-level information about interfaces.
Fine-Scale Movements and Home Ranges of Red Snapper around Artificial Reefs in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

AbstractRed Snapper Lutjanus campechanus are generally associated with artificial reef habitats in the northern Gulf of Mexico, but whether this association results in fish production is still controversial. Information on fine-scale habitat use patterns would be helpful in evaluating this. Little is known about the fine-scale movement patterns of Red Snapper around artificial reefs. The present study examined fine-scale (∼1-m accuracy) movements of Red Snapper with the Vemco VR2W Positioning System. This system enabled continuous monitoring of tagged fish from 100 to 694 d. Locations of individual fish were recorded approximately every 10 min and totaled over 1.9 million accurate locations of Red Snapper from August 2010 through May 2012. Red Snapper showed close association with the reef structure (mean ± SD distance = 26.3 ± 35.4 m) but differential habitat use in relation to both diel and seasonal periods. Home range areas (95% kernel density estimates [KDE]) were significantly larger during day than ...
Repetition and Associative Context Effects in Speech Production

An experiment is reported that addresses the impact of lexical constraint on the production characteristics (mean duration and peak amplitude) of a given target word within a sentence production task. Subjects produced aloud sentences from memory that contained a target word (e.g., cat) that was either a repetition of an earlier word in the sentence (e.g., cat), associatively related to an earlier word in the sentence (e.g., dog), or unrelated to an earlier word in the sentence (e.g., son). The position within the sentence and phonetic environment of the target were equated across conditions. The results indicated that the mean durations for the target word were shorter in the repetition condition, compared to the associatively related condition, which in turn produced shorter production durations compared to the unrelated condition. In addition, the peak amplitude measurements indicated that the repeated condition produced relatively lower peak amplitudes for the target word, compared to the remaining two conditions which did not differ.
2 – MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF ICE PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE

This chapter discusses the mathematical descriptions of ice particle size and shape. The chapter argues that except for some small frozen cloud droplets, ice particles in clouds are basically non-spherical. This non-sphericity causes many difficulties in the quantitative treatment of physical processes involving ice particles specifically in finding aggregation state, which cannot be described by the size distribution alone but has to be specified by the shape-size distributions. This chapter provides the relations for describing the two-dimensional shapes of hexagonal ice crystals using amplitude, width, and center-size and polygonality parameters. The chapter also gives mathematical expressions for describing the three-dimensional shapes of ice crystals, focusing on planar hexagonal crystals, spatial dendrites, and rosettes. The mathematical expressions for describing conical hydro-meteors focusing on mathematical formulas for two-dimensional cross section, cross-sectional area, volume, and surface area of revolution are discussed in the chapter. In the end, the chapter gives three-dimensional expressions for conical particle with circular and elliptical cross sections.
Regulation of the SOS response in Bacillus subtilis: evidence for a LexA repressor homolog.

The inducible SOS response for DNA repair and mutagenesis in the bacterium Bacillus subtilis resembles the extensively characterized SOS system of Escherichia coli. In this report, we demonstrate that the cellular repressor of the E. coli SOS system, the LexA protein, is specifically cleaved in B. subtilis following exposure of the cells to DNA-damaging treatments that induce the SOS response. The in vivo cleavage of LexA is dependent upon the functions of the E. coli RecA protein homolog in B. subtilis (B. subtilis RecA) and results in the same two cleavage fragments as produced in E. coli cells following the induction of the SOS response. We also show that a mutant form of the E. coli RecA protein (RecA430) can partially substitute for the nonfunctional cellular RecA protein in the B. subtilis recA4 mutant, in a manner consistent with its known activities and deficiencies in E. coli. RecA430 protein, which has impaired repressor cleaving (LexA, UmuD, and bacteriophage lambda cI) functions in E.coli, partially restores genetic exchange to B. subtilis recA4 strains but, unlike wild-type E. coli RecA protein, is not capable of inducing SOS functions (expression of DNA damage-inducible [din::Tn917-lacZ] operons or RecA synthesis) in B. subtilis in response to DNA-damaging agents or those functions that normally accompany the development of physiological competence. Our results provide support for the existence of a cellular repressor in B. subtilis that is functionally homologous to the E. coli LexA repressor and suggest that the mechanism by which B. subtilis RecA protein (like RecA of E. coli) becomes activated to promote the induction of the SOS response is also conserved.
Preschool Children with Gender Normative and Gender Non-Normative Peer Preferences: Psychosocial and Environmental Correlates

We addressed several issues concerning children who show gender non-normative (GNN) patterns of peer play. First, do young children with GNN peer preferences differ from children with gender normative (GN) peer preferences in problem behaviors? Second, do GNN and GN children differ in sociability and isolation and do they have differential socialization opportunities with externalizing, internalizing, and socially competent peers? We employed a Bayesian approach for classifying children as GNN based on their peer preferences as compared to their peers using a sample of Head Start preschool children from a large Southwestern city (N = 257; 53 % boys; M age = 51 months; 66 % Mexican American). To calculate socialization opportunities, we assessed affiliation to each child in the class and weighted that by each peer's characteristics to determine the exposure that each child had to different kinds of peers. GN children of both sexes interacted more with same-sex peers, which may limit learning of different styles of interaction. As compared to GN children, GNN children exhibited more engagement in other-sex activities and with other-sex play partners and GNN children experienced somewhat fewer peer interactions, but did not differ on problem behaviors or social competence. Boys with GNN peer preferences had increased exposure to peers with problem behaviors. GNN girls experienced little exposure to peers with problem behaviors, but they also had little exposure to socially competent peers, which may reduce learning social skills from peers. Implications of these findings for future socialization and development will be discussed.
Convulsions and cerebral inositol-1-phosphate levels in rats treated with diisopropyl fluorophosphate.

: In order to examine the relationship of organophosphate-induced cholinergic stimulation to phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis in the brain, diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP; 1.3 or 1.5 mg/kg subcutaneously) was given to rats pretreated with saline or LiCl (5 meq/kg subcutaneously). Behaviour was monitored 60 min. after the administration of DFP, and inositol-1-phosphate (IP1), an intermediate in PI metabolism, was measured in the brain DFP alone caused tremors, whereas with LiCl pretreatment, DFP caused tremors and tonic-clonic convulsions. DFP alone did not increase IP1 above control levels. LiCl alone elevated IP1 2–5 fold but did not alter rat behavior. With LiCl pretreatment, DFP caused IP1 to increase 2–4 fold above LiCl control values in convulsing rats. LiCl increased the potential of DFP to induce convulsions and greatly amplified IP1 elevations induced by DFP.
Flexible-Voltage DC-Bus Operation for Reduction of Switching Losses in All-Electric Ship Power Systems

The multizonal medium voltage dc architecture of all-electric ship shipboard power systems (SPSs) includes a variety of distributed energy resources, energy storage devices, and power electronic voltage source converters. Due to the limited fuel supply and tight space, control of the converters should be aimed at increasing their efficiency and compactness. In this paper, a novel approach to voltage control in all-electric ship power systems is proposed to fulfill these goals. In contrast to the traditional SPSs that emulate the land-based electricity grid, maintaining a steady bus voltage is no longer an objective here. On the contrary, the voltage is compelled to fluctuate in order to minimize switching losses in the converters. A method for calculation of the minimum required dc voltage level is described, and results of computer simulations of an SPS with a flexible-voltage dc bus are presented. The minimum-voltage operation of the system results in a significant efficiency increase.
Three-year-olds understand belief: A reply to Perner

Les auteurs repondent a des critiques formulees par Perner (1989) a propos de leur travail concernant la comprehension de la notion de croyance par des enfants de trois ans
Late Neogene changes in diatom sedimentation in the North Pacific

Abstract During the late Neogene, North Pacific diatom sedimentation underwent major changes in response to high-latitude cooling and changes in surface and deep water circulation. At 9 Ma diatom mass accumulation rates (MARs) increased in the NW Pacific and off northeast Japan, possibly due to shoaling of the Isthmus of Panama, which lead to an enrichment of nutrients in North Pacific deep waters. During the latest Miocene, diatom MARs increased progressively off southem California (6.5 Ma), at high latitudes of the North Pacific (6.2 Ma), and off northeastern Japan (5.5 Ma), presumably in response to high latitude cooling. At about 4.5 Ma diatom sedimentation abruptly increased in the NW Pacific but declined off Japan and California, coincident with the onset of a prolonged period of high-latitude warmth. Enhanced upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters in the NW Pacific probably stimulated diatom production there. A major step in high latitude cooling at 2.7 Ma caused a reversal of these mid Pliocene diatom sedimentation patterns. Upwelling of deep, nutrient-rich waters waned at higher latitudes, leading to a decline in diatom productivity; while wind-driven, coastal upwelling increased off southern California and stimulated diatom growth.