cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein kinase C δ inhibits the secretion of proteolytic enzymes in murine mammary cells

4379 PKC isozymes are serine-threonin kinases that control several cell functions, including proliferation, differentiation, malignant transformation, and metastatic dissemination. We have previously shown that overexpression of the novel calcium-independent protein kinase C δ (PKCδ) in normal murine mammary cells (NMuMG) was associated with increased proliferation and resistance to apoptosis induced by cytotoxic drugs or serum starvation. Moreover, PKCδ overexpression led to anchorage-independent growth, a property closely related with the malignant phenotype. In the present work we investigated whether PKCδ could modulate the production of proteolytic enzymes, such as urokinase (uPA) and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), molecules directly associated with the metastatic dissemination process. Two methodologies were used: stable overexpression of PKCδ and PKCδ depletion using RNAi. NMuMG cells overexpressing PKCδ showed a 67% reduction in the secretion of uPA compared to vector-transfected (control) cells, as well as a 63% reduction in MMP-9 secretion. Furthermore, treatment with the PKC activator PMA induced a dose-dependent inhibition of uPA production in NMuMG-PKCδ cells (70% and 95% reduction for 25 and 50 nM PMA respectively). Similar results were observed for the secretion of MMP-9. The production of proteases was not significantly altered in control cells after PMA treatment. On the other hand, cells in which PKCδ had been depleted using RNAi showed a marked increase (4–fold) in uPA levels as well as in MMP-9 secretion (8–fold). Our results demonstrate that PKCδ has a negative modulatory role in the secretion of uPA and MMP-9 in normal murine mammary cells. Although our previous observations showed that PKCδ was inducing changes compatible with a malignant phenotype, the present results strongly suggest that PKCδ plays an important role in limiting metastatic dissemination by inhibiting the secretion of proteolytic enzymes that modulate invasiveness. In summary, PKCδ seems to be playing multiple roles in the control of breast carcinogenesis.
Thermal challenges for heterogeneous 3D ICs and opportunities for air gap thermal isolation

Thermal crosstalk within a heterogeneous 3D IC results in higher temperatures for low-power dice; this is particularly true in memory-logic, photonic-logic, and MEMS-logic stacks. The elevated temperatures may consequently impact the performance of the low-power devices. This paper describes a thermal solution for both heat removal as well as thermal isolation within a 3D chip stack. Based on the evaluated memory-logic 3D architecture and compared to conventional air-cooling, the proposed technologies reduce the maximum temperature of the memory die from 75.6 °C to 36.7 °C and processor die from 75.9 °C to 60.1 °C.
Biodiversity. Extinction by numbers

Habitat destruction, especially of the humid forests in the tropics, is the main cause of the species extinctions happening now. New work documents the uneven, highly clumped distribution of vulnerable species on the Earth, and pinpoints 25 so-called ‘biodiversity hotspots’. Seventeen of them are tropical forest areas, and here reduction of natural habitat is disproportionately high. Nonetheless, identification of this pattern should enable resources for conservation to be better focused.
Reliability and micromechanics of Composite Materials

A methodology is proposed to evaluate the reliability of composites. Micromechanical analysis is utilized as a basis for the representation of the effects of constituent properties on global respon...
The fan letter correspondence of Willa Cather: Challenging the divide between professional and common reader

Although literary scholars, including those who study American novelist Willa Cather, typically have drawn distinctions between real and professional readers, this article overturns the assumption that Cather's fan letters are merely the purview of common readers. Since both common and professional readers appear in her archive, I argue that the misplaced emphasis on who writes fan letters would be constructively replaced by treating fan letters as a genre used by many kinds of readers. Both professionals and nonprofessionals wrote fan letters to Cather and used its rhetorical methods, since it offered an attractive alternative to professional reading modes popularized by English departments of the 1890s and magazine discourse of the first quarter of the twentieth century. The fan letters create an author-reader relationship based on repeated readings and affective responses to the text as well as personal familiarity with its locations and characters. Moreover, I argue that the letters in Cather's archive are not a random sampling but are the letters that she preserved, enjoyed, and encouraged. Within the period's fraught debates about the purpose and nature of literature and the qualifications needed to interpret and judge it, the fan letter exchange creates a more detailed understanding of Cather's relationship with her audience—what reading methods she sought and preferred over others.
The cytosolic antioxidant copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase prevents the early release of mitochondrial cytochrome c in ischemic brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice.

Release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytosol is a critical step in apoptosis. We have reported that early release of cytochrome c in vivo occurs after permanent focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) and is mediated by the mitochondrial antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD). However, the role of reactive oxygen species produced after ischemia–reperfusion in the mitochondrial apoptosis process is still unknown, although overexpression of copper/zinc-SOD (SOD1), a cytosolic isoenzyme, protects against ischemia–reperfusion. We now hypothesize that the overexpression of SOD1 also prevents apoptosis after FCI. To address this issue, we examined the subcellular distribution of the cytochrome c protein in both wild-type mice and in SOD1 transgenic (Tg) mice after transient FCI. Cytosolic cytochrome c was detected as early as 2 hr after reperfusion, and correspondingly, mitochondrial cytochrome c was significantly reduced after FCI. Cytosolic cytochrome c was significantly lower in the SOD1 Tg mice compared with wild types 2 ( p < 0.0001) and 4 ( p < 0.05) hr after FCI. Apaf-1, which interacts with cytochrome c and activates caspases, was constitutively expressed in both groups of animals, with no alteration after FCI. Double staining with cytochrome c immunohistochemistry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5′-triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling showed a spatial relationship between cytosolic cytochrome c expression and DNA fragmentation. A significant amount of DNA laddering was detected 24 hr after ischemia and was reduced in SOD1 Tg mice. These data suggest that SOD1 blocks cytosolic release of cytochrome c and could thereby reduce apoptosis after transient FCI.
A comparison of a traditional geostatistical regression approach and a general Gaussian process approach for spatial prediction

A typical goal of a geostatistical analysis is to perform spatial prediction. Geostatistical models traditionally take the form of regression models with spatially correlated errors, employing covariate information in the mean function. The random process in such models is indexed in terms of the locations of the study region. The machine learning community employs Gaussian processes for many tasks, and these processes may be indexed on information that statisticians would term as covariates. We compare the predictive ability of a traditional geostatistical model with that of a non-traditional Gaussian process model, which has a constant mean and whose random process is indexed on orographic covariates. The models we compare are both simply parametrized, fit with straightforward inference methods, and use classical kriging predictors. The non-traditional model achieves non-stationarity in the geographic space. We apply the two models to soil moisture data sets, which have extensive spatial sampling, and we apply the models to six separate days of data. In terms of quantitative measures, we find that the models' predictive abilities are comparable, with the non-traditional outperforming the traditional model perhaps slightly. Qualitatively, the non-traditional model's predictions may be more closely linked to the orographic covariates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calorie estimation accuracy and menu labeling perceptions among individuals with and without binge eating and/or purging disorders.

Menu labeling is a public health policy that requires chain restaurants in the USA to post kilocalorie information on their menus to help consumers make informed choices. However, there is concern that such a policy might promote disordered eating. This web-based study compared individuals with self-reported binge eating disorder (N = 52), bulimia nervosa (N = 25), and purging disorder (N = 17) and those without eating disorders (No ED) (N = 277) on restaurant calorie information knowledge and perceptions of menu labeling legislation. On average, people answered 1.46 ± 1.08 questions correctly (out of 6) (25 %) on a calorie information quiz and 92 % of the sample was in favor of menu labeling. The findings did not differ based on eating disorder, dieting, or weight status, or race/ethnicity. The results indicated that people have difficulty estimating the calories in restaurant meals and individuals with and without eating disorders are largely in favor of menu labeling laws.
Using a Partitioned Treatment Design to Examine the Effect of Project WET.

Although young people in 50 U.S. states and 21 countries learn about water resources through Project WET (Water Education for Teachers), few researchers have conducted summative evaluations of the program. The authors employed a partitioned, or differential, treatments design in which two groups of 6th-grade students received overlapping but unique lesson components. Using hierarchical linear modeling, the authors found that classrooms from both groups had similar pre- to posttest gains on a test of the common material, but each group outperformed the other group on tests of the unique material a group experienced.
Clinical manifestations of hydrocephalus: A review

Background Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus is a disease, which results from excess cerebral spinal fluid, it is often misdiagnosed for other degenerative diseases. Symptoms of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus may be reversed with new treatment techniques such as shunting. Aims The aim of this article is to review the pathophysiology of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus, discuss how to distinguish it from other diseases and discuss treatment options, which show potential for treating Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Methods PubMed was used to conduct searches regarding the subject matter of this article. Results Gait, dementia and urinary incontinence, which are also referred to as Adam's Triad, are typical associated with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. The pathophysiology of these conditions has been outlined in this article. Review articles have been outlined which discuss the potential certain shunt operations have to treat Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Discussion There are several known treatment options that have been successful when treating Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. With the use of shunts to drain excess cerebral spinal fluid, it is possible to improve the patient's symptoms and thus improve their quality of life. Conclusion Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus should be considered when treating elderly patients that show signs of Adam's Triad. There are numerous types of treatment options available that show promise as to relieving some of the symptoms that are associated with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus.
Lifted turbulent jet flames: A stability criterion based on the jet large-scale structure

A model has been developed to predict liftoff heights of turbulent jet flames. This model is based on the large-scale dynamics of the jet flow field and results in a linear relation between liftoff height and jet exit velocity, a relation that has been observed experimentally in prior studies. The parameterization of the liftoff height relation suggested a series of diluted fuel liftoff experiments which were carried out to further test the model. For small dilutions, good agreement between liftoff data and the model's predictions was obtained. For larger dilutions, a systematic deviation from the model was observed, which is not completely understood. The experimentally observed fluctuations in the liftoff height, in conjunction with the agreement achieved with the present model, provide strong evidence that large-scale dynamics determine the stabilization condition in turbulent jet flames.
MO-A-BRD-04: Prognostic Value and Reproducibility of Pretreatment CT Texture Features in Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: To determine whether pretreatment CT texture features can improve patient risk stratification beyond conventional prognostic factors (CPFs) in stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 91 patients with stage III NSCLC treated with definitive chemoradiation. All patients underwent a pretreatment diagnostic contrast enhanced CT (CE-CT) followed by a 4D-CT for treatment simulation. We used the average (average-CT) and expiratory (T50-CT) images from the 4D-CT along with the CE-CT for texture extraction. Histogram, gradient, co-occurrence, gray-tone difference, and filtration based techniques were used for texture feature extraction. Penalized Cox regression implementing cross-validation was used for covariate selection and modeling. Models incorporating texture features from the 3 image types and CPFs were compared to models incorporating CPFs alone for overall survival (OS), local-regional control (LRC), and freedom from distant metastases (FFDM). Predictive Kaplan-Meier curves were generated using leave-one-out cross-validation. Patients were stratified based on their predicted outcome being above/below the median. Reproducibility of texture features was evaluated using test-retest scans from independent patients and quantified using concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). We compared models incorporating the reproducibility seen on test-retest scans to our original models and determined the classification accuracy. Results: Models incorporating both texture features and CPFs demonstrated a significant improvement in risk stratification compared to models using CPFs alone in terms of OS (p=0.046), LRC (p=0.01), and FFDM (p=0.005). The average CCC was 0.89, 0.91, and 0.67 for texture features extracted from the average-CT, T50-CT, and CE-CT, respectively. Incorporating reproducibility within our models yielded 80.4 (SD=3.7), 78.3 (SD=4.0), and 78.8 (SD=3.9) percent classification accuracy in terms of OS, LRC, and FFDM, respectively. Conclusions: Pretreatment tumor texture may provide prognostic information beyond what is obtained from CPFs. Reproducibility of CE-CT appears inferior to average-CT and T50-CT; however model classification accuracy rates of approximately 80% were still achieved.
Formation of a Mixed Disulphide of Cysteine and Glutathione

IN our studies on the synthesis of glutathione by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the yeast was incubated in 0.01 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate with cysteine containing sulphur-35. Samples of the mixture were removed at intervals and the component amino-acids and peptides were separated by paper chromatography. The chromatograms were sprayed with a ninhydrin solution and autoradiograms of the chromatograms were made on Kodak No-screen X-ray film.
Temperature, pH, and Spore Load Effects on the Ability of Nisin to Prevent the Outgrowth of Clostridium botulinum Spores

The effectiveness of nisin in preventing the outgrowth of spores of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and E in TPYG broth was profoundly affected by pH, temperature of heat-shocking, length of the heat-shocking period, and spore load. Nisin was considerably more effective at pH 6 than at either pH 7 or pH 8 in limiting the outgrowth of all six tested strains. Heat-damaged spores were also more sensitive to nisin. Both higher heat-shocking temperatures in the range 20-30°C higher than the optimal heat-shocking temperatures for the particular strain and longer heat-shocking periods served to lower the levels of nisin required to inhibit spore outgrowth. Nisin was more effective against spore loads of 102spores/ml. than higher spore loads of 103 or 104 spores/ml with all of these variables taken into consideration, the order of sensitivity of the spores of the various strains of C. botulinum was strain 56A < strain 69A < strain 113 B = strain 213 B < strain Beluga E < strain Minnesota E
Housing and dustbathing effects on northern fowl mites (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) and chicken body lice (Menacanthus stramineus) on hens

Hen housing (cage or cage-free) did not impact overall abundances of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini & Fanzago) (Acari: Macronyssidae), or chicken body lice, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae). Cage-free hens received a dustbox with sand plus diatomaceous earth (DE), kaolin clay or sulphur. Weekly use varied from none to 100% of hens; 73% of hens used the dustbox at least once. Ectoparasite populations on dustbathing hens (users) were compared with those on non-user cage-free and caged hens. All materials reduced ectoparasites on user hens by 80-100% after 1 week of dustbox use. Diatomaceous earth and kaolin failed to reduce ectoparasites on non-user hens, and ectoparasites on user hens recovered after dustbox removal. A sulphur dustbox eliminated mites from all hens (including non-users) within 2-4 weeks. Residual sulphur controlled mites until the end of the experiment (up to 9 weeks), even after the dustbox was removed. Louse populations on hens using the sulphur dustbox were reduced in 1-2 weeks. Residual sulphur effects were less evident in lice, but the use of a sulphur dustbox by a higher proportion of hens extended louse control to all hens. This is the first experimental study to show that bird dustbathing in naturally and widely available dust materials (particularly kaolin) can suppress ectoparasites and thus the behaviour is probably adaptive.
An analysis of shock index as a correlate for outcomes in trauma by age group

Background Shock index as the ratio of heart rate to systolic blood pressure is a simple triage tool that correlates well with various outcomes in trauma patients. Concern has been raised regarding the accuracy of shock index in older patients. We sought to investigate the effects of age on the accuracy of shock index. Methods This is a retrospective review of data from a level I trauma center. Shock index was calculated for 16,269 patients, and they were stratified into age groups by decade. The correlation between prehospital shock index for each of the age groups and for several outcome variables were evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficients. Logistic regression was used to evaluate an increase in shock index during transit and its relationship with mortality. Results All correlation values for patients between 16 and 60 years of age were positive ( P Conclusion As expected, prehospital shock index alone has diminishing accuracy for patients older than 60 years of age and should be interpreted cautiously by trauma triage personnel. Shock index alone in patients younger than 60, and its increase during transit in patients older than 60, can be used as a valuable tool for the prehospital triage of trauma patients when determining the need for transport to a trauma center, preparation of resources, or activation of the trauma team.
Business strategy and top management compensation: The mediating effects of employment risk, firm performance and size

Abstract We compare top management compensation among prospector, defender, and analyzer strategic types, and the effects of differences in managers' employment risks, firm performance, and firm size. Prospectors performed better and they paid their top management group more than did analyzers. They were also bigger, their managers faced more employment risks, and they paid their CEOs more than did defenders or analyzers. Significant differences were found among the three strategic types in managers' employment risks, firm performance, and size. On average, the strategic types whose managers faced greater employment risks also compensated their top management group more, providing evidence of a positive relationship between risk and return at the level of strategic types. Confirming previous findings, firm size constituted the greatest influence on top management compensation.
Gcn5p, a Transcription-related Histone Acetyltransferase, Acetylates Nucleosomes and Folded Nucleosomal Arrays in the Absence of Other Protein Subunits

Gcn5p is the catalytic subunit of several type A histone acetyltransferases (HATs). Previous studies performed under a limited range of solution conditions have found that nucleosome core particles and nucleosomal arrays can be acetylated by Gcn5p only when it is complexed with other proteins, e.g. Gcn5-Ada, HAT-A2, and SAGA. Here we demonstrate that when assayed in buffer containing optimum concentrations of either NaCl or MgCl2, purified yeast recombinant Gcn5p (rGcn5p) efficiently acetylates both nucleosome core particles and nucleosomal arrays. Furthermore, under conditions where nucleosomal arrays are extensively folded, rGcn5p acetylates folded arrays approximately 40% faster than nucleosome core particles. Finally, rGcn5p polyacetylates the N termini of free histone H3 but only monoacetylates H3 in nucleosomes and nucleosomal arrays. These results demonstrate both that rGcn5p in and of itself is catalytically active when assayed under optimal solution conditions and that this enzyme prefers folded nucleosomal arrays as a substrate. They further suggest that the structure of the histone H3 N terminus, and concomitantly the accessibility of the H3 acetylation sites, changes upon assembly into nucleosomes and nucleosomal arrays.
Prediction of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by endothelial cells that line brain capillaries. Specialized tight junctions between these cells form a selective barrier between the brain and the rest of the body. A major problem in drug design is the ability of the compound to cross the BBB. Neuroactive drugs are required to cross the BBB to function. Conversely, drugs that target other parts of the body should not cross the BBB in order to avoid possible psychotropic side effects. The task of predicting BBB permeability of new compounds is thus of great importance. Two gold-standard experimental measures of BBB permeability are logBB (concentration of drug in the brain divided by concentration in the blood) and logPS (the permeability-surface area product). Both are time-consuming and expensive to determine, and while logPS is considered more informative, it is lower-throughput, and more resource-intensive. We make computational predictions of these two parameters for a sample of 13 relatively small compounds. Atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations measure the potential of mean force (PMF) for these compounds through a 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) bilayer - a system often used as a simple BBB mimetic. Additionally, 1D position-dependent diffusion rates are calculated from the MD trajectories. These diffusion rates are combined with the free energy landscape to calculate permeabilities for each sample compound. The relative values of these permeabilities were compared to logBB and logPS. Our computational predictions correlate remarkably well with experimental values of both logBB (R2 = 0.92) and logPS (R2 = 0.95). Thus, we demonstrate that this approach may have the potential to relatively inexpensively and quickly give reliable, quantitative predictions of BBB permeability. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. LLNL-ABS-644465.
Availability of Water for Coal Conversion

Coal is abundant in the Northern Great Plains. Other forms of energy from converting coal require water. Sources where substantial water supplies are available are limited, but there are some that could serve Montana, Wyoming, and North Dakota. Sources are primarily in Upper Missouri River Basin and tributaries. Yellowstone River Compact allocates water between Montana and Wyoming on four interstate tributaries. Existing storage impoundments are preferred. Locations, capacities, and streamflow are shown. Possible routes and cost of water conveyance have been determined in studies by Bureau of Reclamation. Energy companies hold options to some stored waters. Ground water from Madison Formation deep beneath the Fort Union-Powder Basin Coal Region is possible alternative water source. Federal and state cooperation is required to make developments possible, and developers are required to satisfy environmental statutes.
SEROLOGICAL STUDIES IN CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA IN INFANTS

Chlamydia /C./ trachomatis harboured in the maternal genital tract can be transmitted from mother to infant during parturition. Infection of the neonate may lead to colnjunctivitis in the first life days or/end after a few weeks to atypical pneumonia with or without conjunctivitis, Serology is a most reliable approach to verification of C. trachomatis as the causative agent in lower respiratory infection in infants between 1-6 months of age. In 1983-85 1 to 3 serum samples of 76 young infants with atypical pneumonia were tested for A-K serotypes of C.trachomatis antibodies with indirect microimmunofluorescent method. Detection of antibodies was also carried out in serum samples of mothers whose children had a positive serological result. Serology provided evidence for chlamydial pneumonia in 9 patients. Elevated Chlamydia-specific antibody titres/128-2048/were registered. High serum concentrations of antibodies in titres 512-8192 were found in the sera of mothers, proving genital C.trachomatis infection. Positive chlamydial serology in atypical pneumonia of infants defines antibacterial therapy: erythromycin is the antibiotic of choice in infantile chlamydial infection.
Understanding physical models in design cognition: A triangulation of qualitative and laboratory studies

Designers use various kinds of physical models throughout their design process to enhance creativity. The existing literature provides conflicting guidelines about their implementation. The effects of physical models on design cognition remains largely unknown. Prior laboratory studies show that physical models supplement designers' erroneous mental models and thereby lead to higher quality ideas. These prior studies fail to demonstrate any design fixation associated with the use of physical models. In contrast, a few prior observational studies on practicing designers show that the use of physical models causes design fixation. Based on these conflicting results, this study investigates the role of physical models in industry-sponsored projects and in the development of award-winning products through a qualitative research approach. This study explores two hypotheses: The Mental Models Hypothesis - physical models supplement designers' mental models and the Fixation Hypothesis - physical models cause design fixation during the idea generation process. The data are coded qualitatively and then tested quantitatively. The results are triangulated with the results from the prior controlled study. The results provide support to the hypotheses. The differences observed between current and prior studies point to the potential role of the Sunk Cost Effect in engineering idea generation with physical models.
Bootstrapping location relations from text

Ontologies play a critical role in information organization and can be used for a range of applications from information retrieval to knowledge discovery. However, manual ontology construction is extremely labor intensive. This paper describes a bootstrapping algorithm that, when provided with a seed term, automatically induces relations from text. We describe a series of experiments that explore the role of sentence syntax during the bootstrapping process and demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by identifying a primitive instance-level relation -- the location relation, which is of interest because locations are described in multiple genres, such as in the news, novels and scientific articles. Our results suggest that syntax plays a critical role in identifying location relations.
On the use of guided design search for discovering significant decision variables in the fixed-charge capacitated multicommodity network design problem

A preprocessing technique, Guided Design Search (GDS), is presented for the fixed-charge multicommodity capacitated network design (FCMD) problem. GDS applies design of experiment (DOE) principles in order to identify the critical edges in FCMD by analyzing the observed effects of tests using strictly generated sets of edge inclusion-exclusion decisions. Reasoning that these critical edges will exist in most of the high-quality solutions, they are set to their appropriate value, resulting in a reduced solution space for FCMD. High-quality solutions to this reduced FCMD were found quickly and often improved on those found for the unreduced problem. GDS is shown to dominate several other approaches for reducing the solution space. This success serves to broaden the applicability of experimental design screening and preprocessing techniques. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009
The impact of foreign direct investment on export structure and employment generation

Abstract The literature on foreign direct investment often treats its determinants and consequences independently. This is particularly so for empirical studies. The purpose of this paper is to consider both aspects simultaneously and to provide some empirical evidence on the nature of foreign investment and its impact on export structure and employment generation. The method consists of a model which includes both industry-specific and location-specific determinants of foreign direct investment in the export sector and their effects on the employment generating capacity of individual manufacturing industries. It is estimated for three-digit S.I.C. industries in Puerto Rico in 1979. The results suggest that Puerto Rico's export sector consists of US based firms producing on a large scale. These firms are primarily attracted to the island by relatively higher profits than on the mainland. Low wage labor is not considered an important inducement to foreign investment in Puerto Rico. The labor intensity of the island's export sector lags behind that of comparable countries due to the capital-intensive nature of its principal exports. The island's manufacturing employment can be more effectively increased by altering the composition of exports than by inducing present firms to hire more workers.
INTEGRATED FAULT-DETECTION AND FAULT-TOLERANT CONTROL OF PROCESS SYSTEMS

Abstract This work considers the problem of fault-tolerant control of nonlinear processes with input constraints subject to control system/actuator failures, and presents and demonstrates an approach to fault-tolerant control predicated upon the idea of integrating fault-detection, feedback and supervisory control. Specifically, a nonlinear observer is initially designed to generate estimates of the states that are used to implement Lyapunov-based state feedback controllers and a fault-detection filter. The fault-detection filter uses the state estimates to compute the expected closed-loop behavior in the absence of faults, and detects the occurrence of faults by comparing the expected behavior of the process variables with the estimates. A switching policy is then derived to orchestrate the activation/deactivation of the constituent control configurations to achieve fault-tolerant control in the event that a failure is detected. Finally, simulation studies are presented to demonstrate the implementation and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed fault-tolerant control scheme.
Second row transition metal sulfides for the hydrotreatment of coal-derived naphtha II. Removal of individual sulfur compounds

Abstract The disappearance of individual sulfur compounds has been investigated during the hydrotreatment (simultaneous removal of sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen) of coal-derived naphtha over each of the bulk second row transition metal sulfides. The sulfur compounds in the naphtha mainly consist of thiols/sulfides, thiophene and substituted thiophenes. Thiols/sulfides are, in general, more easily converted than thiophenic compounds are. Lighter thiols/sulfides are intermediates in the conversion of higher boiling thiols/sulfides or thiophenes. Side chain alkyl CC bond breaking is predominant during the disappearance of thiophenes over the Zr and Nb catalysts while CS bond breaking is predominant over the other catalysts. Thiophenic compounds are hydrogenated prior to desulfurization over the Mo, Ru, Rh and Pd sulfides. Highly substituted thiophenes are the compounds most difficult to convert over the Mo, Ru, Rh and Pd sulfides. The substituted thiophenes exhibit different reactivity trends over molybdenum sulfide, on one hand, and the Group VIII sulfides, on the other, indicating different adsorption modes and surface mechanisms for their conversion over these catalysts. Individual sulfur compounds do not follow first order kinetics and the disappearance rate is limited by product inhibition. The overall removal of sulfur does not follow simple first or second order kinetics since the individual compounds do not react in parallel, independent or first order reactions.
Flow Control Over a Backward-Facing Step with Application of a Magnetic Field

High-speed flows over a backward-facing step that is subject to an applied magnetic field are numerically simulated. The global domain of computation has been decomposed into upstream and downstream domains from the step location. The low magnetic Reynolds number approximation under a multiblock grid approach is used for modeling the backstep flow. Flux-vector splitting for the convective terms and central differencing for the diffusion terms are used. A time-explicit multistage Runge–Kutta scheme for time integration is implemented. Pressure distribution for the Navier–Stokes analysis is found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Different typesofmagnetic fielddistributionsareinvestigated.Bothuniformandvariableelectricalconductivitydistributions havebeenconsidered.Ithasbeenobservedthatanincreaseintheseparationzoneanddisplacementofobliqueshock wave toward the exit section occurs subsequent to application of the magnetic field. Comparison of results obtained with uniform and variable electrical conductivities has shown a reduction in magnetic interaction for variable electrical conductivity.
InfoMaps : A Session Based Document Visualization and Analysis Tool

InfoMaps is an information visualization tool designed for personal information management and for supporting data analysis. In this paper we briefly discuss the design of InfoMaps and explain its role in finding relevant information. InfoMaps is tightly coupled with Weave, an open source framework, providing a set of data analysis and visualization tools. Weave's framework is built with session states as its core and this provides InfoMaps the ability to store the entire user's interactions as well as visualization layouts. We discuss the implications of using the Weave framework with InfoMaps and its relevance to the field of information retrieval and visual analytics.
Dissociation Dynamics of Energy Selected, Propane, and i-C3H7X+ Ions by iPEPICO: Accurate Heats of Formation of i-C3H7+, i-C3H7Cl, i-C3H7Br, and i-C3H7I†

The dissociation dynamics of energy selected i-C3H7X (X = H, Cl, Br, and I) ions have been investigated by imaging photoelectron−photoion coincidence (iPEPICO) spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation from the X04DB VUV beamline in the Swiss Light Source of the Paul Scherrer Institut. The 0 K dissociation energy (E0) for i-C3H8 was determined to be 11.624 ± 0.002 eV. This leads to a 298 K isopropyl ion heat of formation of 805.9 ± 0.5 kJ mol−1. The ΔfH298K°(i-C3H7+) combined with the measured 0 K onsets for i-C3H7+ formation from isopropyl chloride (11.065 ± 0.004 eV), isopropyl bromide (10.454 ± 0.008 eV), and isopropyl iodide (9.812 ± 0.008 eV) yields the 298 K isopropyl chloride, bromide, and iodide heats of formation of −145.7 ± 0.7, −95.6 ± 0.9, and −38.5 ± 0.9 kJ mol−1, respectively. These values provide a significant correction to literature values and reduce the error limits. Finally, the new i-C3H7+ heat of formation leads to a predicted adiabatic ionization energy for the isopropyl radical of 7....
ACCEPTABILITY OF FROZEN CONVENIENCE FOODS COMPARED TO A COOK AND SERVE SYSTEM

Precooked frozen convenience foods were substituted for foods “prepared from scratch” in a recent effort to reduce the labor cost of foodservice operations. A total of 764 consumers evaluated the impact on food acceptance of substituting commercially prepared frozen foods in bulk for 140 existing prepared foods. During the first stage of the study, sociodemographic and acceptance data were collected on foods commonly eaten in the dining hall. One month later similar data were collected on the “convenience foods”. Acceptability ratings for “prepared foods” ranged from “dislike slightly” to “like very much” and “convenience foods” ratings ranged from “neither like nor dislike” to “like very much”. A total of 15 “convenience foods” were rated significantly higher than the “prepared foods”, while 13 “prepared foods” were rated significantly higher than “convenience foods”. Older customers were more satisfied than younger customers with the food normally served in the dining room (p <.05). Customers rated the majority of “convenience” breakfast, lunch and dinner foods between “just the same” to “somewhat better” for quality and appearance. These results suggest that selected “convenience foods” can be substituted for prepared food items without sacrificing customer satisfaction.
Downregulation of CXCR4 Gene Expression in Primary Human Endothelial Cells Following Infection with E1−E4+ Adenovirus Gene Transfer Vectors

Infection of human endothelial cells with first-generation E1 − E4 + adenovirus (Ad) vectors leads to prolonged cell survival and changes in the cell phenotype to a more quiescent stage. Based on the concept that the CXCR4, the receptor for the endothelial chemoattractant stromal-derived factor-α (SDF-α), is constitutively expressed by quiescent, resting endothelial cells, the present study analyzes the effect of Ad vector infection on CXCR4 expression and SDF-α responses of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). CXCR4 transcripts were markedly downregulated in E1 − E4 + Ad-infected cells 48 h following infection, but not in uninfected control cells or when the cells were infected with an E1 − E4 − Ad vector. Analysis of surface CXCR4 expression by flow cytometry demonstrated marked reduction of the CXCR4 receptor on cells infected with E1 − E4 + Ad compared to uninfected control cells or E1 − E4 − Ad-infected cells. Infection of other cell types which express CXCR4, such as dendritic cells and myeloma cells, did not exhibit CXCR4 receptor downregulation following infection with E1 − E4 + Ad. Consistent with the observed downregulation of CXCR4 mRNA and surface protein, infection of the endothelial cells with an E1 − E4 + Ad rendered the cells unresponsive to the chemoattractant SDF-α compared to naive or E1 − E4 − Ad-infected cells. Together, the data suggest that first-generation Ad vectors, likely the E4 region, modify the ability of endothelial cells to respond to at least one important chemoattractant.
Gradient-search phase-retrieval algorithm for inverse synthetic-aperture radar

We describe a new algorithm for correcting phase errors in synthetic-aperture radar data. It employs a gradient-search algorithm to minimize the energy of the image outside a support constraint. We give analytic expressions for the gradient of the error metric with respect to a point-by-point description of the phase error and with respect to the coefficients of a polynomial expansion of the phase error. These analytic gradients greatly speed the computations for the algorithm. We demonstrate successful phase-error correction for an image of a CV-580 aircraft collected with ERIM's Ground-to-Air Imaging Radar.
Covalent attachment of a molecular CO2-reduction photocatalyst to mesoporous silica

Abstract A molecular CO 2 -reduction photocatalyst, Re(bpy)(CO) 3 Cl where bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, was successfully immobilized on mesoporous silica through covalent attachment and physical adsorption. The covalently attached Re(I) complex demonstrated excellent stability under photochemical conditions and higher activity than its homogeneous counterpart in solar CO 2 reduction. In contrast, the physically adsorbed Re(I) complex showed poor photochemical stability and activity. Furthermore, the covalently attached Re(I) photocatalyst possess enhanced absorption in the visible-light region due to derivatization of the bpy ligand with amido groups. Our study suggests that covalent attachment through simple organic linkages is a promising strategy to immobilize molecular CO 2 -reduction photocatalysts on solid-state surfaces.
Effect of cage confinement on social behavior in squirrel monkeys

Data on the effects of cage confinement in squirrel monkeys was obtained as part of a larger study on social perception. Approach-withdrawal behavior was studied at three intervals over a 6-month period, during which the animals were confined in individual cages. At the sixth month a noticeable change in behavior occurred. During 20-min test intervals the animals displayed very strong attachment behavior. This was in marked contrast to their earlier behavior.
A data mining course for computer science: primary sources and implementations

An undergraduate elective course in data mining provides a strong opportunity for students to learn research skills, practice data structures, and enhance their understanding of algorithms. I have developed a data mining course built around the idea of using research-level papers as the primary reading material for the course, and implementing data mining algorithms for the assignments. Such a course is accessible to students with no prerequisites beyond the traditional data structures course, and allows students to experience both applied and theoretical work in a discipline that straddles multiple areas of computer science. This paper provides detailed descriptions of the readings and assignments that one could use to build a similar course.
Measurement of fountain pressure and other thermal properties in superfluid 3 He

The fountain pressure, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of superfluid 3 He have been measured simultaneously at pressures of 29, 23.2, 10, and 2.5 atm and at the saturated vapor pressure. If the fountain equation, based on the two-fluid model, is used to compute the entropy from the observed fountain pressure, it is consistent with the entropy obtained by integrating the specific heat. The measured thermal conductivities are dominated by a diffusive conductivity which is inversely proportional to the temperatureT c .
Aspherical Earth structure from fundamental spheroidal-mode data

Free-oscillation data reveal heterogeneity in the Earth's mantle whose geographical pattern is dominated by spherical harmonics of angular degree two and correlates well with the hydrostatically referenced geoid. The heterogeneity can be modelled as localized in the transition zone (420–670 km depth) and may be related to a large-scale component of mantle convection.
A Cultura Humanitária Contestada em Zonas de Guerra

Humanitarian action in war zones was never easy but has proved especially daunting in the post-Cold War era. This essay begins with the dominant traditional humanitarian culture as a metric to explore the move away from an agreed culture of cooperation to a contested one of competition as a result of militarization, politicization, and marketization. These three aspects are not the whole truth of the humanitarian project, but they are essential components. It is crucial to understand how the international humanitarian system functions if one hopes to improve its operations and attenuate, if not eliminate, the culture of competition and counter-productivity. The essay concludes with a plea for a "learning culture" oriented to responsible reflection rather than rapid reaction.
Statins may reduce femoral osteolysis in patients with total hip arthroplasty

In experimental studies, statin use has been associated with reduction of osteoclastic activity and promotion of bone formation around implants. Moreover, a large clinical study recently reported a substantially reduced risk of revision for aseptic loosening among statin users with THA. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of statin use on the development of femoral osteolysis within 5 years after THA. We conducted a case-cohort study including all THAs presenting with femoral osteolysis at the 5 year visit (cases) and compared them with those without osteolysis (controls). Cases and controls were identified from a cohort of primary THAs operated between 2001 and 2005. Seven hundred thirty-five THAs were included, mean age 68 years. Five years after surgery osteolysis had developed around the femoral component of 40 THAs (5.4%). Ever-use of statins was much less frequent among cases (5 of 40, 12.5%) than among controls (199 of 695, 28.6%). The crude risk ratio of femoral osteolysis among statin users was 0.36 (95% CI 0.14; 0.92). After adjusting for age, sex, activity level, BMI, diagnosis, bearing surface, and type of stem, the adjusted risk ratio was 0.38 (95% CI 0.15; 0.99). In conclusion, statin use was associated with a reduced risk of developing femoral osteolysis 5 years after THA. Statins may be useful for reducing the risk of implant failure following THA.
Analysis of Soil Resistivity Test Methods in Two-Layer Earth

The performance of two commonly used soil resistivity measurement techniques in theoretical two-layer soil conditions has been extensively analyzed and the results are described and discussed. The behavior of the Wenner four-pin method and the driven rod method for the same soil conditions are illustrated in several graphs. The results demonstrate that there is a predicable relationship between the measurements obtained by these two methods. This relationship is summarized in several graphs which may be used for design purposes. Finally, it is shown that this relationship must be considered when it is planned to install ground rods based on. resistivity measurements obtained by the four-pin test method.
Aversive smoking therapies: A conditioning analysis of therapeutic effectiveness

Abstract Rapid smoking (RS) and a less aversive rapid-puffing (RP) treatment were compared on ability to enhance the impact of a behavioral-counseling (BC) procedure on psychophysiological, attitudinal and behavioral response to cigarettes. Data reveal that both aversive smoking treatments resulted in less smoking once treatment began, reduced smoking in post-treatment taste tests, and superior follow-up performance at 6 months and 1 yr. At 1 yr, RS S s achieved the highest number of days abstinent of any group. Regression analyses showed that S s' confidence ratings of remaining abstinent were highly predictive of follow-up status, and that these ratings were related to number of cigarettes smoked during treatment and amount of smoking during post-treatment taste tests.
Normal upper abdominal vasculature: A study correlating contact B scanning with arteriography and gross anatomy

A major problem in studying the pancreas by ultrasound B scanning results from the difficulty in precisely identifying the margins of the gland with non-grey scale contact scanners.