cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of transforming growth factor β production by nitric oxide–treated chondrocytes: Implications for matrix synthesis

Objective Nitric oxide (NO) is generated copiously by articular chondrocytes activated by interleukin-1β (IL-1β). If NO production is blocked, much of the IL-1β inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis is prevented. We tested the hypothesis that this inhibitory effect of NO on proteoglycan synthesis is secondary to changes in chondrocyte transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). Methods Monolayer, primary cultures of lapine articular chondrocytes and cartilage slices were studied. NO production was determined as nitrite accumulation in the medium. TGFβ bioactivity in chondrocyte- and cartilage-conditioned medium (CM) was measured with the mink lung epithelial cell bioassay. Proteoglycan synthesis was measured as the incorporation of 35S-sodium sulfate into macromolecules separated from unincorporated label by gel filtration on PD-10 columns. Results IL-1β increased active TGFβ in chondrocyte CM by 12 hours; by 24 hours, significant increases in both active and latent TGFβ were detectable. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMA) potentiated the increase in total TGFβ without affecting the early TGFβ activation. IL-1β stimulated a NO-independent, transient increase in TGFβ3 at 24 hours; however, TGFβ1 was not changed. When NO synthesis was inhibited with L-NMA, IL-1β increased CM concentrations of TGFβ1 from 24–72 hours of culture. L-arginine (10 mM) reversed the inhibitory effect of L-NMA on NO production and blocked the increases in TGFβ1. Anti-TGFβ1 antibody prevented the restoration of proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes exposed to IL-1β + L-NMA, confirming that NO inhibition of TGFβ1 in IL-1β–treated chondrocytes effected, in part, the decreased proteoglycan synthesis. Furthermore, the increase in TGFβ and proteoglycan synthesis seen with L-NMA was reversed by the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamide. Similar results were seen with cartilage slices in organ culture. The autocrine increase in CM TGFβ1 levels following prior exposure to TGFβ1 was also blocked by NO. Conclusion NO can modulate proteoglycan synthesis indirectly by decreasing the production of TGFβ1 by chondrocytes exposed to IL-1β. It prevents autocrine-stimulated increases in TGFβ1, thus potentially diminishing the anabolic effects of this cytokine in chondrocytes.
Yellow mottle of tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa) caused by physalis mottle virus

Tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa) is being evaluated as a food crop in Louisiana. Preliminary studies indicate that virus diseases may be the major factor limiting production. A foliar mosaic and yellow mottle disease was found commonly affecting plants in experimental plots. The cause of the disease was identified as physalis mottle virus (PhyMV). The virus was identified by host reaction, serology and dsRNA analysis. Other viruses found less frequently included cucumber mosaic virus and tomato spotted wilt virus. The flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris, transmitted PhyMV experimentally. The annual weed Physalis pubescens was found naturally infected with PhyMV near infected tomatillo.
Rapid, solution-based characterization of optimized SERS nanoparticle substrates

We demonstrate the rapid optical characterization of large numbers of individual metal nanoparticles freely diffusing in colloidal solution by confocal laser spectroscopy to guide nanoparticle engineering and optimization. We use ratios of the Rayleigh and Raman scattering response and rotational diffusion timescales of individual nanoparticles to show that hollow gold nanospheres and solid silver nanoparticle dimers linked with a bifunctional ligand, both specifically designed nanostructures, exhibit significantly higher monodispersity than randomly aggregated gold and silver nanoparticles.
Diffusion, reaction and the pseudo-steady-state hypothesis

Abstract A comparison is made between the effectiveness factors for two cases of a cylinder, within which a Michaelis-Menten-type reaction takes place. In the first case, both the reaction in the mechanism are considered; in the second, the pseudo-steady-state hypothesis (PSSH) is invoked to reduce the system ostensibly to a single reaction. It is found that the PSSH is valid for virtual all practical conditions, slight deviations being observed for highly reactive enzymes with a small Michaelis constant. The numerical solution of the equations is discussed, and an approximate method of surprising accuracy given.
Enhancement of platinum octaethyl porphyrin phosphorescence near nanotextured silver surfaces.

We observe more than a 200-fold increase in the photoexcited phosphorescent emission of PtOEP (2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphyrin platinum II) in a polystyrene film on nanotextured silver surfaces, coincident with a reduction in the triplet state lifetime by a factor of 5. The large enhancement results in films with apparent luminescence quantum yields much greater than unity and can be understood in terms of increased radiative rates due to interactions between the molecules and the electron plasma in nearby silver nanoparticles. We study the photoluminescence efficiency, excitation spectrum, and decay dynamics as a function of film thickness and silver density. We use a model of the photophysics to decompose the phosphorescent enhancement into contributions from increases in absorption, emissive rate, and quenching. Quenching increases in importance for very thin films, and we conclude that ∼3 nm spacing between metal and chromophore leads to the largest photoluminescence enhancement.
Reconceptualizing Professional Development for Curriculum Leadership: Inspired by John Dewey and informed by Alain Badiou

Almost a hundred years ago, John Dewey clarified the relationship between democracy and education. However, the enactment of a ‘deeply democratic’ educational practice has proven elusive throughout the ensuing century, overridden by managerial approaches to schooling young people and to the standardized, technical preparation and professional development of teachers and educational leaders. A powerful counter‐narrative to this ‘standardized management paradigm’ exists in the field of curriculum studies, but is largely ignored by mainstream approaches to the professional development of educators. This paper argues for a reconceptualized, differentiated, and ‘disciplined’ approach to the professional development of educators in democratic societies that builds capacity for curriculum leadership. In support of this proposal, we amplify the tenets of Dewey's pragmatic social and educational philosophy, which have long been at the heart of democratic educational thought, with Badiou's more contemporary thinkin...
Employment Experiences of Young, Recently Certified High School Teachers of Psychology

Teachers must also be certified in another subject and the statewide demands should be determined when training programs are being planned.
Note on the categorization, recall and preference of KTSA objects by "aggressive" and "non-aggressive" prisoners.

Public opinion of criminals is often based upon the rype of crime for which they were convicted by the courts. This study investigated differences between "aggressive" and "non-aggressive'' male criminals, as defined from a common sense, "public" type of judgment. Fifty male prisoners convicted of acts seemingly involved with aggressive behavior toward another person (murder, rape, robbery) were compared to 50 male prisoners convicted of less aggressive acrs (fictitious check writing, larceny, indecent liberties, burglaries, receiving stolen goods) in terms of their responses to a portion of the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA; Kahn, 1956, 1957). If, indeed, these two groups have different personality characteristics which motivate their different types of criminal activities, this should be exhibited in the KTSA through the following variables: the number of objects sorted into the negative categories of HATE, BAD and DEAD as contrasted to the number of objects sorted into the more positive categories of LOVE, GOOD and LIVING. The major assumption of this approach is that aggressive criminals would more often place objects on the negative categories than would non-aggressive ones who would more often place objects in the positive categories. Similarly, the more aggressive criminal may be less inclined to show a preference for the heart object (since this is generally viewed as a positive affect symbol in the American culture). A further speculation is that, since the aggressive group committed more serious crimes (as indicated often by their lengths of sentence), the underlying personality is perhaps more pathological than with persons in the non-aggressive group who have committed what are considered less serious crimes. Individuals convicted of aggressive crimes then may show a deficit in their recall of previous arrangements of objects as a result of what may be intrusions stemming from lack of control over ongoing thought processes. When data were analyzed, the results indicated no significant differences existed between the two groups, i.e., on the KTSA variables investigated, the aggressive and nonaggressive convicts (as defined essentially by a social-legal viewpoint) did not differ. Subsequent research seeking clues as to the nature of personality differences motivating different criminal activities should consider the possibility that criteria other than those used in this study should be used to define "aggressiveness" and "non-aggressiveness."
Platelet Survival in the May‐Hegglin Anomaly*

The May-Hegglin anomaly is an autosomal dominant trait characterized by the association of giant platelets with Dohle bodies containing ribonucleic acid in the cytoplasm of granulocytes and monocytes. It is usually associated with thrombocytopenia (Oski, Naiman, Allen and Diamond, 1962; Davis, Wilson and Larsen, 1964), which was present in the patients reported here. We had the unusual opportunity to investigate the platelet survival of a 69-year-old woman with the May-Hegglin anomaly and of her 66-year-old brother, who had had a splenectomy 8 months previously. We have seen giant platelets of irregular shape in the blood and in the megakaryocytes of the bone marrow of these patients. The megakaryocytes appeared normal in number, and we suspected that the platelets might be prematurely destroyed by the reticuloendothelial system because of their large size and irregular shape (Fig. I). Some of the autologous platelet survival data have been published in an abstract (Davis and Wilson, 1965).
DNA adducts from N-nitrosodiethanolamine and related beta-oxidized nitrosamines in vivo: (32)P-postlabeling methods for glyoxal- and O(6)-hydroxyethyldeoxyguanosine adducts

The mechanism by which environmentally prevalent N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) and related 2-hydroxyethyl- or other beta-oxidized nitrosamines initiate the carcinogenic process has remained obscure. (32)P-Postlabeling assays for the pH sensitive glyoxal-deoxyguanosine (gdG) and the O(6)-2-hydroxyethyldeoxyguanosine (OHEdG) DNA adducts have been developed as probes in this mechanistic investigation and used in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The ready cleavage of the glyoxal fragment from gdG at pH 7 and greater has required methods of optimization in order to achieve a detection limit of 0.05 micromol/mol of DNA. Nuclease P1 treatment enhances the detection of gdG adducts but does not increase the detection limit for OHEdG. For OHEdG, best results were achieved using fraction collection from HPLC (0.3 micromol/mol of DNA). Using radiochemical methods, both adducts could be detected either by HPLC or 2D TLC. NDELA, N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), N-nitrosomethyethanolamine (NMELA), and N-nitrosoethylethanolamine (NEELA) all produce both gdG and OHEdG adducts in rat liver DNA in vivo and are called bident carcinogens because fragments from both chains of the nitrosamine are incorporated into DNA. N-Nitroso-2-hydroxymorpholine (NHMOR), a metabolite of NDELA and NMOR, generates gdG in DNA in vitro and in vivo. gdG DNA adducts were found in the range 1.1-6.5 micromol/mol of DNA. OHEdG DNA adducts were produced from equimolar amounts of nitrosamines in rat liver in vivo over the range 4-25 micromol/mol of DNA and in the order NMELA > NEELA > NDELA > NMOR. Deuterated isotopomers of NDELA showed a marked isotope effect on DNA OHEdG adduct formation. alpha-Deuteration markedly decreased OHEdG adduct formation while beta-deuteration had the opposite effect. These data support the hypothesis that NDELA and related nitrosamines are activated by both enzyme mediated alpha-hydroxylation and beta-oxidation. The formation of OHEdG adducts from NDELA requires alpha-hydroxylation of the 2-hydroxyethyl chain, and formation of gdG necessitates a beta-oxidation as well. The bident nature of these carcinogens may explain why they are relatively potent carcinogens despite the fact that major proportions of doses are excreted unchanged.
Serum zinc, serum copper, and the Cu/Zn ratio in patients with epidermoid cancers of the head and neck

Serum zinc levels (SZL), serum copper levels (SCL), and the Cu/Zn ratio were evaluated in 50 patients with epidermoid cancer of the head and neck to treatment with respect to site and stage of disease. There was no significant difference in these parameters compared to healthy normal controls. We could not appreciate any diagnostic or prognostic value in these parameters in patients with head and neck cancer. There was, however, a sex-related difference for SZL in men with oral cavity and women with laryngeal lesions, and a trend toward decreasing SZL and increasing SCL and the Cu/Zn ratio with advanced stage of disease.
Pbx1 functions in distinct regulatory networks to pattern the great arteries and cardiac outflow tract

The patterning of the cardiovascular system into systemic and pulmonic circulations is a complex morphogenetic process, the failure of which results in clinically important congenital defects. This process involves extensive vascular remodeling and coordinated division of the cardiac outflow tract (OFT). We demonstrate that the homeodomain transcription factor Pbx1 orchestrates separate transcriptional pathways to control great-artery patterning and cardiac OFT septation in mice. Pbx1-null embryos display anomalous great arteries owing to a failure to establish the initial complement of branchial arch arteries in the caudal pharyngeal region. Pbx1 deficiency also results in the failure of cardiac OFT septation. Pbx1-null embryos lose a transient burst of Pax3 expression in premigratory cardiac neural crest cells (NCCs) that ultimately specifies cardiac NCC function for OFT development, but does not regulate NCC migration to the heart. We show that Pbx1 directly activates Pax3, leading to repression of its target gene Msx2 in NCCs. Compound Msx2/Pbx1-null embryos display significant rescue of cardiac septation, demonstrating that disruption of this Pbx1-Pax3-Msx2 regulatory pathway partially underlies the OFT defects in Pbx1-null mice. Conversely, the great-artery anomalies of compound Msx2/Pbx1-null embryos remain within the same spectrum as those of Pbx1-null embryos. Thus, Pbx1 makes a crucial contribution to distinct regulatory pathways in cardiovascular development.
Towards improved connectivity with hybrid uni/omni-directional antennas in wireless sensor networks

Connectivity is a crucial requirement for wireless sensor network deployments. Without being able to guarantee a reasonable level of connectivity, many critical network operations may not be possible. Traditionally, omni-directional antennas have been used for communication in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we analyze the effects on connectivity when a hybrid approach towards antennas is employed, by using both omni and sectorized uni-directional antennas. We present results that help understand the relationship between node density, transmission radius, uni-directional antenna beam width and network connectivity. We demonstrate that, under a broad class of conditions, a hybrid sectorized approach drastically improves connectivity and reaches higher probabilities of 100% connectivity at much smaller node densities and transmission radii. We also suggest neighborhood management procedures for a hybrid approach and comment on the costs involved in practically implementing our paradigm.
IMPORTANCE OF DIMORPHOSIPHON (CHLOROPHYTA, BRYOPSIDALES) FOR FACIES AND PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE UPPER ORDOVICIAN RICHMONDIAN RED RIVER FORMATION, WILLISTON BASIN

Early Paleozoic calcareous algae are potentially useful for stratigraphic correlation but remain underutilized, likely due to presence of graptolites, conodonts, brachiopods, and other fossils that are commonly used in high-resolution biostratigraphy. This study focuses on the siphonous green algae within a 2-to-24-m-thick B interval of the Red River Formation, North Dakota, where the abundance of green algae suggests an important paleoenvironmental control; the algae also had a major role in carbonate production during that narrow stratigraphic interval. The bryopsidalean genus Dimorphosiphon Hoeg is abundant in algal wacke-packstone facies interpreted as shallow subtidal deposits. One hundred and twenty-two individual Dimorphosiphon thalli were identified and studied in detail in randomly oriented thin sections; measurements indicate that Williston Basin specimens belong to the species D. talbotorum Boyd, previously reported exclusively from the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming. Dimorphosiphon is found in Upper Ordovician low-latitude, warm-water shelf carbonates of Kazakhstania, Baltica, and Laurentia; commonly, it is a major component of sediment. Several species of Dimorphosiphon appeared simultaneously in different and remote parts of the Paleotethys and Iapetus Oceans, suggesting a geologically instantaneous dispersal of the genus. Dimorphosiphon talbotorum, the focus of this study, has only been reported from western North America where it occurs within strata corresponding to the upper Katian Aphelognathus divergens Subzone of the Aphelognathus ordovicicus conodont Zone. Given its abundance, ease of identification, and short stratigraphic range, D. talbotorum potentially is very useful for regional correlation, facies, and paleobiogeographic studies of Upper Ordovician Richmondian shallow-marine strata of western North America.
Is an elective diverting colostomy warranted in patients with an endoscopically obstructing rectal cancer before neoadjuvant chemotherapy

BACKGROUND: Many surgeons prefer immediate diversion in patients with endoscopically obstructed rectal cancer before starting neoadjuvant chemotherapy. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare immediate neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with diversion for endoscopically obstructed rectal cancer. DESIGN: This study is a retrospective review of patients with rectal adenocarcinoma treated from January 2000 to December 2009. Demographic, tumor, treatment, and outcome data were obtained. Data were analyzed by the use of the Fisher exact probability test and the Student t test. SETTINGS: This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital/referral center. PATIENTS: Included were patients with a rectal adenocarcinoma unable to be traversed endoscopically but without clinical evidence of obstruction before the initiation of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Patients with recurrent tumors or those who did not complete neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy because of compliance were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes measured were the interval from diagnosis to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy initiation and resection and the incidence of complete obstruction. RESULTS: Eighty-five patients with endoscopically obstructed rectal cancer were identified; 16 underwent immediate diversion before neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (diverted group) and 69 were treated with immediate neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Five patients undergoing immediate neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy presented with bloating and distension; 2 were treated with dietary modification, and 3 (4.3%) progressed to complete obstruction following completion of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and required diversion. Both groups were similar in age, tumor height, and surgical margin status. Patients undergoing diversion required a significantly greater number of permanent stomas and were associated with a higher rate of radical pelvic surgery. There was a significant delay in the initiation of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (p < 0.05) and proctectomy (p < 0.001) from the time of diagnosis in the diverted group compared with the immediate neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy group. The tumors of patients undergoing diversions were more likely to be unresectable following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by its retrospective design and possible selection bias. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate diversion is unnecessary in endoscopically obstructed rectal cancer without clinical signs of obstruction. There appears to be a relationship between immediate diversion and delay in initiation of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and proctectomy. We conclude that immediate neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with endoscopically obstructed rectal cancer is safe and feasible.
Catalytic effectiveness, a measure of enzyme proficiency for industrial applications

Recent attention has been paid to the inadequacy of using the ratio Vmax/KM as a measure of enzyme performance, particularly in the context of industrial biocatalysis. This can lead to misleading expectations of enzyme performance and can be troublesome when used to select among different variants for scale-up evaluation under process conditions. To address these issues, we derive the average velocity based on the time-integrated behavior of the enzyme over the course of the reaction. The resulting expression, deemed catalytic effectiveness, captures important features of the system that have heretofore been ignored (such as highly variable substrate and/or product concentrations and inhibition) and offers a rigorous way to compare enzymes for their capacity to carry out industrial transformations.
Developmental expression of human hepatic CYP2C9 and CYP2C19.

The CYP2C subfamily is responsible for metabolizing many important drugs and accounts for about 20% of the cytochrome P450 in adult liver. To determine developmental expression patterns, liver microsomal CYP2C9 and -2C19 were measured ( n = 237; ages, 8 weeks gestation-18 years) by Western blotting and with diclofenac or mephenytoin, respectively, as probe substrates. CYP2C9-specific content and catalytic activity were consistent with expression at 1 to 2% of mature values (i.e., specific content, 18.3 pmol/mg protein and n = 79; specific activity, 549.5 pmol/mg/min and n = 72) during the first trimester, with progressive increases during the second and third trimesters to levels approximately 30% of mature values. From birth to 5 months, CYP2C9 protein values varied 35-fold and were significantly higher than those observed during the late fetal period, with 51% of samples exhibiting values commensurate with mature levels. Less variable CYP2C9 protein and activity values were observed between 5 months and 18 years. CYP2C19 protein and catalytic activities that were 12 to 15% of mature values (i.e., specific content, 14.6 pmol/mg and n = 20; specific activity, 18.5 pmol/mg/min and n = 19) were observed as early as 8 weeks of gestation and were similar throughout the prenatal period. CYP2C19 expression did not change at birth, increased linearly over the first 5 postnatal months, and varied 21-fold from 5 months to 10 years. Adult CYP2C19 protein and activity values were observed in samples older than 10 years. The ontogeny of CYP2C9 and -2C19 were dissimilar among both fetal and 0- to 5-months postnatal samples, implying different developmental regulatory mechanisms.
Trait-Like Brain Activity during Adolescence Predicts Anxious Temperament in Primates

Early theorists (Freud and Darwin) speculated that extremely shy children, or those with anxious temperament, were likely to have anxiety problems as adults. More recent studies demonstrate that these children have heightened responses to potentially threatening situations reacting with intense defensive responses that are characterized by behavioral inhibition (BI) (inhibited motor behavior and decreased vocalizations) and physiological arousal. Confirming the earlier impressions, data now demonstrate that children with this disposition are at increased risk to develop anxiety, depression, and comorbid substance abuse. Additional key features of anxious temperament are that it appears at a young age, it is a stable characteristic of individuals, and even in non-threatening environments it is associated with increased psychic anxiety and somatic tension. To understand the neural underpinnings of anxious temperament, we performed imaging studies with 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) high-resolution Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in young rhesus monkeys. Rhesus monkeys were used because they provide a well validated model of anxious temperament for studies that cannot be performed in human children. Imaging the same animal in stressful and secure contexts, we examined the relation between regional metabolic brain activity and a trait-like measure of anxious temperament that encompasses measures of BI and pituitary-adrenal reactivity. Regardless of context, results demonstrated a trait-like pattern of brain activity (amygdala, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, hippocampus, and periaqueductal gray) that is predictive of individual phenotypic differences. Importantly, individuals with extreme anxious temperament also displayed increased activity of this circuit when assessed in the security of their home environment. These findings suggest that increased activity of this circuit early in life mediates the childhood temperamental risk to develop anxiety and depression. In addition, the findings provide an explanation for why individuals with anxious temperament have difficulty relaxing in environments that others perceive as non-stressful.
Finding faults: analogical comparison supports spatial concept learning in geoscience.

A central issue in education is how to support the spatial thinking involved in learning science, technol- ogy, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). We investi- gated whether and how the cognitive process of analogical comparison supports learning of a basic spatial concept in geoscience, fault. Because of the high variability in the appearance of faults, it may be difficult for students to learn the category-relevant spatial structure. There is abundant evidence that comparing analogous examples can help students gain insight into important category-defining fea- tures (Gentner in Cogn Sci 34(5):752-775, 2010). Further, comparing high-similarity pairs can be especially effective at revealing key differences (Sagi et al. 2012). Across three experiments, we tested whether comparison of visually similar contrasting examples would help students learn the fault concept. Our main findings were that participants performed better at identifying faults when they (1) com- pared contrasting (fault/no fault) cases versus viewing each case separately (Experiment 1), (2) compared similar as opposed to dissimilar contrasting cases early in learning (Experiment 2), and (3) viewed a contrasting pair of sche- matic block diagrams as opposed to a single block diagram of a fault as part of an instructional text (Experiment 3). These results suggest that comparison of visually similar contrasting cases helped distinguish category-relevant from category-irrelevant features for participants. When such comparisons occurred early in learning, participants were more likely to form an accurate conceptual representation. Thus, analogical comparison of images may provide one powerful way to enhance spatial learning in geoscience and other STEM disciplines.
Toward the development of a field methodology for evaluating discomfort glare from automobile headlamps

The aim of this research was to collect information and experimental data toward the development of a universally acceptable methodology for evaluating discomfort glare from vehicle headlamps. Three separate studies were performed: (a) an international survey of experts in headlighting and vision, soliciting opinions on desirable aspects of such a methodology; (b) a field evaluation of a proposed methodology at a speed of 50 km/hr (30 mph); and (c) a field evaluation at 100 km/hr (60 mph). The findings of this research suggest that the proposed methodology, which is easy to set up and implement, provides relatively reliable and valid measures of discomfort glare, and is time-efficient with respect to data collection.
Effects of chronic naltrexone treatment in rats on place preference and locomotor activation after acute administration of cocaethylene or ethanol plus cocaine

When cocaine and ethanol are taken together a cocaine metabolite called cocaethylene is produced. Investigators have determined that cocaine, ethanol, and cocaethylene all produce a conditioned place preference when administered intraperitoneally. On the basis of the moderate success of naltrexone at attenuating the rewarding effects of ethanol and cocaine administered independently, we examined the ability of chronic naltrexone treatment (administered by means of subcutaneous implant across 6 days) to reduce the preference and motor-stimulating effects resulting from intraperitoneal administration of cocaethylene (Experiment 1) and the co-administration of ethanol with cocaine (Experiment 2) in outbred rats. Results demonstrated naltrexone modestly reduced conditioned place preference for cocaethylene but had no effect on the locomotor stimulation resulting from cocaethylene administration. Naltrexone failed to decrease the preference for the chamber paired with co-administration of ethanol and cocaine and did not change the degree of locomotor activation produced by these drugs. These results support the suggestion that naltrexone as a pharmacotherapy to treat co-abuse of ethanol and cocaine in human beings may have limited benefits.
‘Well, I’m a lot of things, but I’m sure not a bigot’: Positive self-presentation in confrontational discourse on racism

Drawing on discursive psychology, critical discourse analysis and conversation analysis, this study examines the discursive procedures in which accusations and refutations are made in public discou...
MIRO: multi-path interdomain routing

The Internet consists of thousands of independent domains with different, and sometimes competing, business interests. However, the current interdomain routing protocol (BGP) limits each router to using a single route for each destination prefix, which may not satisfy the diverse requirements of end users. Recent proposals for source routing offer an alternative where end hosts or edge routers select the end-to-end paths. However, source routing leaves transit domains with very little control and introduces difficult scalability and security challenges. In this paper, we present a multi-path inter-domain routing protocol called MIRO that offers substantial flexiility, while giving transit domains control over the flow of traffic through their infrastructure and avoiding state explosion in disseminating reachability information. In MIRO, routers learn default routes through the existing BGP protocol, and arbitrary pairs of domains can negotiate the use of additional paths (bound to tunnels in the data plane) tailored to their special needs. MIRO retains the simplicity of BGP for most traffic, and remains backwards compatible with BGP to allow for incremental deployability. Experiments with Internet topology and routing data illustrate that MIRO offers tremendous flexibility for path selection with reasonable overhead.
Scale-dependent droplet clustering in turbulent clouds

The current understanding of fundamental processes in atmospheric clouds, such as nucleation, droplet growth, and the onset of precipitation (collision–coalescence), is based on the assumption that droplets in undiluted clouds are distributed in space in a perfectly random manner, i.e. droplet positions are independently distributed with uniform probability. We have analysed data from a homogeneous cloud core to test this assumption and gain an understanding of the nature of droplet transport. This is done by examining one-dimensional cuts through clouds, using a theory originally developed for x-ray scattering by liquids, and obtaining statistics of droplet spacing. The data reveal droplet clustering even in cumulus cloud cores free of entrained ambient air. By relating the variance of droplet counts to the integral of the pair correlation function, we detect a systematic, scale-dependent clustering signature. The extracted signal evolves from sub- to super-Poissonian as the length scale increases. The sub-Poisson tail observed below mm-scales is a result of finite droplet size and instrument resolution. Drawing upon an analogy with the hard-sphere potential from the theory of liquids, this sub-Poisson part of the signal can be effectively removed. The remaining part displays unambiguous clustering at mm- and cm-scales. Failure to detect this phenomenon until now is a result of the previously unappreciated cumulative nature, or ‘memory,’ of the common measures of droplet clustering.
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography–Related Adverse Events: General Overview

Abstract Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) represents a monumental advance in the management of patients with pancreaticobiliary diseases, but is a complex and technically demanding procedure with the highest inherent risk of adverse events of all routine endoscopic procedures. Overall adverse event rates for ERCP are typically reported as 5-10%. The most commonly reported adverse events include post-ERCP pancreatitis, bleeding, perforation, infection (cholangitis), and cardiopulomary or "sedation related" events. This article evaluates patient-related and procedure-related risk factors for ERCP-related adverse events, and discusses strategies for the prevention, diagnosis and management of these events.
Evaluation of the time frame for home ipecac syrup use when not kept in the home

Introduction. The home administration of ipecac syrup remains a recommendation in some guidelines for the management of specific pediatric poisonings. A common challenge for poison specialists is how to approach the situation when ipecac syrup is indicated but not kept in the home. This study examines whether or not ipecac syrup can be administered and produce timely emesis in this situation. Methods. Over a 6-month period, a prospective observational study was undertaken to determine if ipecac syrup can be administered in a timely manner when it is indicated but not available in the home. Cases where ipecac syrup was indicated but not kept in the home were included if parents stated that they could obtain ipecac within 15 minutes. Timely administration and the onset of emesis were defined as <30 min and <60 min, respectively. Results. During our study 14,603 human exposures were evaluated; ipecac syrup was recommended by a poison specialist in 75 cases, and 25 of these were included in our study. Ages ra...
Microstructure continuum modeling of an elastic metamaterial

Abstract Elastic metamaterials have unusual microstructures that can make them exhibit unusual dynamic behavior. For instance, if treated as classical elastic solids, these materials may have frequency-dependent effective mass densities which may become negative in certain frequency range. In this study, an approach for developing microstructure continuum models to represent elastic metamaterials was presented. Subsequently, this continuum model was used to study wave propagation and band gaps in elastic metamaterial with resonators. In contrast to the use of the conventional continuum theory with which the effective mass density would become frequency-dependent and negative, the main advantage of the microstructure continuum model is that the local microstructural deformation/motion is accounted for with the introduction of additional kinematic variables. Moreover, the material constants of the microstructure continuum model are explicitly expressed in term of the properties of the host medium and the resonator. The accuracy of the microstructure continuum model was evaluated by comparing dispersion curves of harmonic waves to those obtained by the finite element analysis based on the exact geometry of the elastic metamaterial.
Metallacarboranes in the new millennium

Abstract The field of metallacarborane chemistry has grown in many different directions and now interfaces with several other disciplines including metal cluster and organometallic chemistry, transition-metal catalysis, materials science, environmental science, and biomedical applications. In this turn-of-the-century overview, some of the more significant recent developments and trends in this area are selectively examined and an attempt is made to project some useful directions in which this chemistry might develop over the next decade or two.
High Throughput Fingerprint Analysis of Large-Insert Clones

As part of the Human Genome Project, the Washington University Genome Sequencing Center has commenced systematic sequencing of human chromsome 7. To organize and supply the effort, we have undertaken the construction of sequence-ready physical maps for defined chromosomal intervals. Map construction is a serial process composed of three main activities. First, candidate STS-positive large-insert PAC and BAC clones are identified. Next, these candidate clones are subjected to fingerprint analysis. Finally, the fingerprint data are used to assemble sequence-ready maps. The fingerprinting method we have devised is key to the success of the overall approach. We present here the details of the method and show that the fingerprints are of sufficient quality to permit the construction of megabase-size contigs in defined regions of the human genome. We anticipate that the high throughput and precision characteristic of our fingerprinting method will make it of general utility.
Beyond liaison: a future role for psychiatry in medicine.

Integrated biopsychosocial treatment is necessary for medical patients in whom psychosocial and behavioral issues strongly influence medical outcome. In this article the authors identify several large groups of such patients, and point out the limitations of three established approaches to improving their care: psychosocial education for non-psychiatrists, traditional consultation-liaison psychiatry, and ‘behavioral medicine.’ They present reasons why many of these patients would best be served by having psychiatrists as their primary physicians. Primary care of selected medical patients by psychiatrists is feasible and would improve patient care, interspecialty communication, reimbursement, and recruitment of psychiatric residents.
Portuguese History in a Global Context

The founding team, which also composes the group of editors of the e-Journal of Portuguese History decided to celebrate the journal’s tenth year of existence by organizing a colloquium where some key issues in Portuguese History could be revisited. The idea was to make it happen in an American university since that would present an opportunity to bring those issues to the English-speaking world, particularly through the ensuing publication of the papers. The goal was to revisit some key topics of the most important periods of Portuguese history. It was also decided to dedicate a closing session to four significant books on Portuguese themes by Anglo-American historians. However, given the fact that it was a colloquium to take place in an English-speaking country, it seemed fitting to find a venue to honor some Anglo-American historians who have devoted significant parts of their careers to the study of Portuguese history. This, it was thought, would be best done through the dedication of a special session of the colloquium to their works. An agreement was easily reached on the authors: Charles Boxer, Peter E. Russell, A. J. R. Russell-Wood, and Kenneth Maxwell, four lusophile historians whose writings have greatly contributed to the understanding of Portuguese history not only in the English-speaking world but also in the Lusophone world. Of course, when a list of this kind includes a figure of the statue of Charles Boxer, whose scholarly breadth covers centuries, any attempt of assessing his work becomes an impossible task. To complicate matters, Russell-Wood’s writings also, though to a much lesser degree, covered various centuries. The same holds for Maxwell, who started as an historian of the Enlightenment but later moved to twentieth-century topics. It was then agreed that the revisitation should focus on one single book of each author. The next step was to identify Portuguese scholars to take on those four books. Some of the choices were more than obvious. Diogo Ramada Curto had recently edited the complete works of Charles Boxer, and the Medievalist Luis Adao da Fonseca has written extensively on Medieval Portugal and particularly on the Luso-British relations in
Embedded Instruction: An Evaluation of Evidence to Inform Inclusive Practice

Abstract A systematic review of the literature was conducted for articles published between January, 1975 and January, 2013 to (a) examine the use of embedded instruction to teach students with intellectual disability (ID) at the lowest to middle range of the spectrum academic content in inclusive settings and (b) evaluate its use as an evidence-based instructional strategy for inclusion. A total of 11 studies were analyzed for research quality with all studies meeting the criteria for adequate or high quality (Horner et al., 2005; National Secondary Transition Technical Assistance Center, NSTTAC, 2010). Embedded instruction was found to be an evidence-based strategy to support academic learning of students with ID in inclusive settings. All 11 studies used systematic instruction to embed academic trials in various inclusive settings, grade levels, and across the curriculum, with constant time delay being the most prevalent strategy used in 10 of the studies. Furthermore, grade level, subject matter, when...
Cyclopentadiene-mediated hydride transfer from rhodium complexes

Attempts to generate a proposed rhodium hydride catalytic intermediate instead resulted in isolation of (Cp*H)Rh(bpy)Cl (1), a pentamethylcyclopentadiene complex, formed by C–H bond-forming reductive elimination from the fleeting rhodium hydride. The hydride transfer ability of diene 1 was explored through thermochemistry and hydride transfer reactions, including the reduction of NAD+.
Introduction “Hands Up! Don’t Shoot!”: Policing Race in America

This essay serves as the introduction to a Special Issue on “policing race in America.” It was initiated on the occasion of the Michael Brown case in Ferguson Missouri as endemic of a nation-wide e...
Defenses of Eggs of Manduca sexta against Predation by Jalysus spinosus

Toleration of feeding, active resistance by the fully developed embryo, and a serosal barrier to stylet penetration were found to be effective defense mechanisms of Manduca sexta (L.) eggs to reduce mortality because of predation by Jalystts spinosus (Say). The predatory behavior of J. spinosus was observed.
Biosynthesis of heparan sulfate

Microsomal preparations from Englebreth-Holm-Swarm mouse sarcoma were incubated with UDP-N-acetyl[3H] glucosamine and UDP-[14C]glucuronic acid to form proteoglycan containing [3H,14C]glycosaminoglycan with equimolar amounts of [3H]glucosamine and [14C]glucuronic acid. The labelled glycosaminoglycan was totally resistant to degradation by testicular hyaluronidase, but could be degraded readily by a crudeFlavobacter heparinum enzyme preparation which is capable of degrading heparin and heparan sulfate. Chromatography of the [3H,14C]glycosaminoglycan on DEAE-cellulose provided a pattern with three peaks: the first appearing before hyaluronic acid, the second and largest appearing at the site of hyaluronic acid, and a third appearing slightly beyond hyaluronic acid but before a standard of chondroitin sulfate. When 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate was also included in the reaction mixture, a change appeared in the [3H,14C]glycosaminoglycan so that chromatography on DEAE-cellulose presented a pattern with a significant amount of material which cochromatographed in the area where heparan sulfate would be found. There was no material that co-chromatographed with the more highly sulfated substance, heparin. This indicates that the microsomal preparation from the Englebreth-Holm-Swarm sarcoma is capable of producing a heparan sulfate-like molecule and is controlled in its sulfation of precursors so that heparin is not formed.
Design and Evaluation of a Prompting Instrument to Support Learning within the Diffusion Simulation Game.

Conducting an iterative usability testing, a set of prompts used as a form of instructional support was developed in order to facilitate the comprehension of the diffusion of innovations theory (Rogers, 2003) in a simulation game called the Diffusion Simulation Game (DSG) (Molenda & Rice, 1979). The six subjects who participated in the study stated that the prompts were necessary in order to properly complete the game and that they would have done worse without them. However, the game performance and learning test scores did not correspond to the notion that the prompts significantly enhanced the learners' performances in the DSG or increased their knowledge of the underlying game theory. We assume that, as the DSG is a complex strategy game, the prompts may not be sufficient support by which to help learners. As such, it is possible that the game requires a different type of instructional support. We further speculate upon potential factors that could have affected the subjects' learning and performances...
Simple Extrapolation Method To Predict the Electronic Structure of Conjugated Polymers from Calculations on Oligomers

We introduce two simple tight-binding models, which we call fragment frontier orbital extrapolations (FFOE), to extrapolate important electronic properties to the polymer limit using electronic structure calculations on only a few small oligomers. In particular, we demonstrate by comparison to explicit density functional theory calculations that for long oligomers the energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), and of the first electronic excited state are accurately described as a function of number of repeat units by a simple effective Hamiltonian parametrized from electronic structure calculations on monomers, dimers and, optionally, tetramers. For the alternating copolymer materials that currently comprise some of the most efficient polymer organic photovoltaic devices one can use these simple but rigorous models to extrapolate computed properties to the polymer limit based on calculations on a small number of low-molecular-weight oligomers.
Yesterday's Conservationists: How Were They Educated about the Outdoors and the Environment?.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of early-life educational experiences on the development of environmental attitudes among historical conservation individuals. Five key individuals who were active in conservation and environmental issues were identified in this study. Specifically, the goal was to discover what caused conservation and environmental ideals and behaviors among the historical figures chosen for this study. The factors found to be consistent in influencing the environmental attitudes of historical environmental/conservation scholars are interaction with nature (alone or with friends), family and education (reading).