cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification of amoxicillin trihydrate by impurity-coformer complexation in solution

In this work, we demonstrated the purification of amoxicillin trihydrate (AMCT) by the formation of 4-hydroxyphenylglycine (4HPG)-coformer complex in solution. Without advanced knowledge of cocrystal formation of 4HPG, a workflow was established to choose the optimal coformer and the amount of coformer to add for a specific target/impurity system. Forty-seven compounds were chosen and screened due to their functional groups having the potential to form heterosynthons with the functional groups on 4HPG. Using solid-state grinding, eleven compounds were selected as coformers for separation experiments because they can form cocrystals with 4HPG but not AMCT. Four compounds, 2-picolinic acid, L-lysine, L-leucine, and L-isoleucine were shown to enhance AMCT purity the most. The purities of the AMCT crystals crystallized from solutions with a 1 : 10 4HPG : AMCT ratio and with these four compounds were significantly greater than that without the addition of coformer and greater than that obtained from a second crystallization from fresh solvent. By varying the coformer-to-4HPG ratio, we can correlate the purification results to the level of complexation in the solution. In addition, the proposed separation method has practical uses and can be applied to expensive products where low yield is unacceptable.
A single-event upset hardening technique for high speed MOS Current Mode Logic

In this paper, we introduce a SEU-hard MOS Current Mode Logic (MCML) sequential element that is used in high speed communication systems. We have implemented latches and flip-flops in 65 nm technology and show that the critical charge needed to upset the sensitive nodes in these circuits is increased with this proposed design. Simulation has been conducted for clock rates of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 GHz. The results show the critical charge increases more than 5 times (>440%) with this design while the delay (32 ps) is acceptable for GHz operations.
Modulation of potassium channels by protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Exposure of non-excitatory cells to the tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors, genistein, herbimycin A, and tyrphostin, induced at least two families of K+ currents. The first, a TEA-insensitive slow-inactivating K+ current, is induced within 3 min following treatment with 140 mM genistein or 100 nM herbimycin A. The second current, a TEA-sensitive delayed rectifier, is induced within 30 min following treatment with 50 mM genistein or 10 nM herbimycin A. Currents with similar biophysical and pharmacological characteristics are induced in these cells following exposure to ionizing radiation. The radiation-induced currents are inhibited by pretreatment with the free radical scavenger, N-Acetyl L-Cysteine, or by pretreatment with the protein kinase C inhibitor, staurosporine; those induced by PTK inhibitors are not. The latter, therefore, do not appear to be mediated through free radicals or require serine/threonine phosphorylation for activation. Once the channels are activated by the PTK inhibitors, phosphorylation of the channel at serine/threonine residues results in slower inactivation of the induced current. We propose that protein tyrosine phosphorylation of the K+ channel protein itself or of a factor that interacts with it maintains the K+ channels of non-excitatory cells in a closed state. Following exposure to ionizing radiation, free radical-induced activation of serine/threonine kinase(s) results in phosphorylation of the channel and/or inactivation of a tyrosine kinase that in turn leads to activation of the K+ channels. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of Age of Stain, Hydrolysis Time, and Freezing of the Cells on the Feulgen-DNA Content of Bovine Spermatozoa

Abstract Feulgen-stained bull spermatozoa were measured cytophotometrically in factorial tests of stain aging, hydrolysis time, semen freezing, and sample difference. None of the treatments significantly affected the area of the sperm nuclei. Regressions of optical density on nuclear area were negative and highly significant. Within one subclass, 51% of the variation in optical density could be explained by the variation in nuclear area. Stock solutions of stain prepared alike but used at different ages on the same semen samples yielded highly significant differences. The older solutions produced higher apparent DNA values than the fresher ones. The optimum hydrolysis time was found to be 8min. Freezing semen smears for short periods did not appear to influence the measured amount of DNA in the cells. Sample differences of
SEDATION OF SIMULATED ICU PATIENTS USING REINFORCEMENT LEARNING BASED CONTROL

The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is a challenging environment to both patient and caregiver. Continued shortages in staffing increase risk to patients. To evaluate the use of intelligent systems in the improvement of patient care, an intelligent agent was developed to regulate ICU patient sedation. A temporal differencing form of reinforcement learning was used to train the agent in the administration of intravenous propofol in simulated ICU patients. The agent utilized a well-studied pharmacokinetic model to calculate the distribution of drug within the patient. Pharmacodynamics were then estimated for the drug effect. A derivative of the electroencephalograms, the bispectral index, served as the system control variable. The agent demonstrated satisfactory control of the simulated patient's consciousness level in static and dynamic setpoint conditions. The agent demonstrated superior stability and responsiveness when compared to a well-tuned PID controller, the control method of choice in closed-loop sedation control literature.
The behavior of self-control

Rachlin's view of self-control as a sequence or chain of behaviors is contrasted with traditional behavioral analyses of self-control which emphasize a simplistic interpretation of the hyperbolic function relating small-sooner (SS) and larger-later (LL) reinforcers to specific behaviors. The validity of Rachlin's teleological analysis is examined in relation to the acquisition and steady-state performance of self-control behaviors. Central to an analysis of self-control is the functional difference between behavior under the control of SS and LL reinforcers, because SS-reinforced behavior is more complex due to temporal parameters.
Kansagra and Farley Respond

Longjohn and Vojta miss the distinction we make in our article between the need for research on interventions implemented at the population level versus the individual level. Like metformin or other medical interventions proven effective in clinical trials, the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) is very successful in promoting health in individuals. Although the YMCA implementation of the DPP is worthwhile and contributes incrementally to a challenging large-scale problem, the unit of intervention is still the individual. Even if the DPP translation ultimately expands to 750 centers—10 times the goal for 2012—and each center treats 1000 people with prediabetes a year, it will not even reach 1% of the 79 million people with prediabetes in the United States. This cannot have a population-level impact. Examples of interventions that are implemented at the population level include smoke-free air laws and fluoridation of water to prevent dental caries. These interventions reach entire populations at a low cost precisely because they do not rely on individual-level implementation but instead change the environments in which millions of people live. If we are to truly improve the health of entire populations, large-scale changes like these are the types of interventions that need development, implementation, and evaluation.
Mandarin maintenance among immigrant children from the People's Republic of China: an examination of individual networks of linguistic contact

This detailed phenomenological study of three immigrant children's individual networks of linguistic contact (INLC) (interpersonal contact, educational support and contact through media) challenges the myth that heritage language maintenance is solely the responsibility of Chinese immigrant families and communities. Through examining children's ethnolinguistic experiences with INLC, this study identified and analysed factors that contribute to or impede children's Mandarin maintenance. Furthermore, this study made suggestions as to how a concerted effort from all spheres of the society can expand positive and abrogate negative factors.
Chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer: The current state of the art

Although small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains largely incurable, considerable progress has been made over the past 20 years in the development of combination chemotherapy regimens that significantly improve patient survival and quality of life. Several platinum plus etoposide regimens used alone, concomitantly with radiotherapy in limited-stage SCLC, or alternating with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine are currently considered the treatments of choice for most patients. However, several other regimens of equal or nearly equal efficacy can be used, especially when patient occupation or other medical conditions, such as congestive heart failure, arrythmias, renal dysfunction, arthritis or pre-existing peripheral neuropathy, or hearing loss, require avoidance of cisplatin, doxorubicin, or vincristine. Although high-dose chemotherapy regimens aimed at exploiting an apparent dose-intensity-response relationship continue to be of interest, no data justify their routine use outside of a controlled clinical trial setting. Hematopoietic colony stimulating factors have been shown to reduce infectious complications, allow the maintenance of dose rates, and offer the potential that dose-intensive regimens might be investigated more safely. However, their high cost, the question of whether maintenance or intensification of dose rates is useful, and a report of an adverse radiation therapy interaction with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor indicate that additional studies are needed to better define the role of this interesting class of agents in the treatment of this disease. Continued advances in autologous bone marrow transplantation technology that will allow safe administration of dose-intensive chemotherapy regimens, in the development of potent new microtubule and topoisomerse inhibitors (taxanes and camptothecins), and in identification of novel biological and molecular targets (autocrine growth factor loops and suppressor genes) hold great promise for significant improvements in the treatment of SCLC in the near future.
Water in the Aral Sea Basin of Central Asia: Cause of Conflict or Cooperation?

An American specialist on the water resources of the republics of the former USSR, and especially those in Central Asia, reviews the current state of the Aral Sea Basin water resource with respect to supply, consumption, and the legal/institutional framework governing its use. More specifically, he examines water resources and management in the Aral Sea Basin for the purpose of assessing the potential for either interstate conflict or cooperation among the basin states (including Afghanistan and Iran). The author explores actions that could be taken to enhance water availability in the basin and the status of current structures for interstate management of key shared water resources. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: Q15, Q25, R14. 2 figures, 2 tables, 49 references.
A formally-verified migration protocol for mobile, multi-homed hosts

Modern consumer devices, like smartphones and tablets, have multiple interfaces (e.g., WiFi and 4G) that attach to new access points as users move. These mobile, multi-homed computers are a poor match with an Internet architecture that binds connections to fixed endpoints with topology-dependent addresses. As a result, hosts typically cannot spread a connection over multiple interfaces or paths, or change locations without breaking existing connections. In this paper, we create an end-to-end connection control protocol (ECCP) that allows hosts to communicate over multiple interfaces with dynamically-changing IP addresses and works with multiple data-delivery protocols (i.e., reliable or unreliable transport). Each ECCP connection consists of one or more flows, each associated with an interface or path. Through end-to-end signaling, a host can move an existing flow from one interface to another, or change its IP address, without any support from the underlying network. We develop formal models to verify that ECCP works correctly in the presence of packet loss, out-of-order delivery, and frequent mobility, and to identify bugs and design limitations in earlier mobility protocols.
LONG-TERM CALIBRATION STABILITY OF A RADIO ASTRONOMICAL PHASED ARRAY FEED

There are many challenges associated with the implementation of a phased array feed for radio astronomy applications. Among these is the need to have an adequate set of calibration measurements so that reliable beamformers can be computed. Changes in the operating environment and temporal gain drift in the electronics contribute to calibration drift, which affects the beamformer performance. We will show that calibration measurements are relatively stable over a 5 day period and may remain so for up to 70 days or longer. We have incorporated the use of a calibration update system that has the potential to refresh a set of old calibrators, specifically correcting for electronic gain drift. However, the long-term variations that are present with fresh, current calibrators are greater than the degradation due to using an old calibration set, suggesting that, at this time, there is not a need for sophisticated calibration update systems or algorithms.
WE-G-103-02: DQE of CsI Microcolumnar X-Ray Detectors Using Hybridmantis and Lubberts' Formulation

Purpose: We describe a method to study the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) performance of CsI microcolumnar CsI x‐ray detectors using hybridmantis, an approach for Monte Carlo simulations that maximizes utilization of CPUs and GPUs within modern workstations. Methods: We use hybridmantis, which is a modified version of penelope that outputs coordinates and energy deposited during x‐ray and electron interactions occurring within the scintillator which are then used as source for optical showers using fastdetect2. We make use of the Lubberts description of the scintillator as a stack of thin layers and calculate the transfer of noise and signal as the weighted summation of the contribution of each layer. Results: We show results in terms of the Lubberts fraction and then report DQE by introducing the Swank factor and the x‐ray interaction efficiency calculated from the Monte Carlo output. We report DQE results calculated using our methods for 4 screen models previously studied by our group. Conclusion: This method relies on the calculation of point response functions at each depth and proper weighting of the contribution of each layer to signal and noise transfer. This methodology can be used to guide optimization approaches for maximizing DQE of microcolumnar CsI x‐ray detectors.
BIG CITY, BIG TURNOUT? ELECTORAL PARTICIPATION IN AMERICAN CITIES

This article seeks to describe and explain variation in voter turnout in American big city municipal elections using data from 332 mayoral elections in 38 large U.S. cities over 25 years. In my cro...
Analysis of urine using inductively-coupled plasma emission spectroscopy with graphite rod electrothermal vaporization

Abstract A commercial graphite rod electrothermal atomizer is modified to vaporize micro-volume samples into an inductively-coupled plasma discharge. A custom graphite rod electrode and a novel electrode enclosure are introduced to minimize loss of vaporized samples. Optimized experimental conditions and limits of detection for 13 elements are reported. Arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, and selenium are determined in a urine reference material directly and after preconcentration with a poly(dithiocarbamate) resin.
Impact of comorbidities on hospitalization costs following hip fracture.

Background: Hip fractures are common in the elderly, and patients with hip fractures frequently have comorbid illnesses. Little is known about the relationship between comorbid illness and hospital costs or length of stay following the treatment of hip fracture in the United States. We hypothesized that specific individual comorbid illnesses and multiple comorbid illnesses would be directly related to the hospitalization costs and the length of stay for older patients following hip fracture. Methods: With use of discharge data from the 2007 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 32,440 patients who were fifty-five years or older with an isolated, closed hip fracture were identified. Using generalized linear models, we estimated the impact of comorbidities on hospitalization costs and length of stay, controlling for patient, hospital, and procedure characteristics. Results: Hypertension, deficiency anemias, and fluid and electrolyte disorders were the most common comorbidities. The patients had a mean of three comorbidities. Only 4.9% of patients presented without comorbidities. The average estimated cost in our reference patient was $13,805. The comorbidity with the largest increased hospitalization cost was weight loss or malnutrition, followed by pulmonary circulation disorders. Most other comorbidities significantly increased the cost of hospitalization. Compared with internal fixation of the hip fracture, hip arthroplasty increased hospitalization costs significantly. Conclusions: Comorbidities significantly affect the cost of hospitalization and length of stay following hip fracture in older Americans, even while controlling for other variables. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A technique of decalcification suited to electron microscopy of tissues closely associated with bone.

Systematic experiments have resulted in a method of decalcification which, although specifically developed for cytological study of reptilian aural tissue, should be applicable to other problems involving electron microscopy of organic components of bone or tissues closely associated with bone. Reptilian otic capsules and control specimens of mammalian hepatic tissue were subjected to planned variations of fixatives and decalcifying agents, embedded, sectioned, and evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Additionally, applicability of the more satisfactory agents to other mammalian tissue was checked by limited testing on specimens from Mongolian gerbils. Acceptable results were achieved in tissues fixed in glutaraldehyde, and then decalcified in cold 0.1 M solutions of disodium or tetrasodium EDTA (adjusted to pH 7.2–7.4 with sodium hydroxide or versenic acid, respectively), containing 4.0% glutaraldehyde; following decalcification, specimens were washed in buffer, postfixed in osmium tetroxide, and embedded in epoxy resins with minor modification of standard techniques. Acceptable cytological detail and morphological relationships were retained, and extended treatment with the decalcifying solution did not apparently result in degradation of tissues.
Interleaving-based error concealment for scalable video coding system

Scalable video coding (SVC) is desirable for video communication in heterogeneous environments where end-users retain different types of terminals. Because motion estimation and compensation are used in SVC to reduce redundancy between frames, the visual quality degrades due to the errors of transmission channels and the error propagation across multiple frames. In order to decrease error propagation and enhance visual quality of reconstructed frames, error concealment method is used to estimate the erroneous motion vectors by exploiting the spatial and temporal correlation of video frames in different layers. Compared with two existing error concealment methods, an improved error concealment method is proposed with incorporation of interleaving technique. A spatial-temporal scalable video coding system is implemented in two layers. Especially, the impact of burst errors on motion vectors are investigated in this paper. Experimental results verify that the proposed error concealment method with interleaving technique outperforms the existing methods.
10-MWe Solar Thermal Central Receiver Pilot Plant

The Solar One Project is the world's largest solar electric generating station. This pilot-scale research and development experiment is a cooperative effort of government and private industry to demonstrate technical feasibility, economic potential, and environmental acceptability of the solar thermal central receiver concept. The project, which is formally known as the 10-MW Solar Thermal Central Receiver Pilot Plant, has been constructed in the Mojave Desert on 130 acres of Southern California Edison Company's Cool Water Generating Station near Barstow, California, and will supply 10 MW of electrical power to the Edison grid. Solar One is a joint project of the Department of Energy (DOE), Southern California Edison (SCE), the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), and the California Energy Commission. The solar portion of the facility was designed and constructed under the direction of the DOE, and the turbine-generator facilities, including the control building, were designed and constructed by SCE. This paper presents an overview of the project, discusses the costs and schedule, highlights the planned test program including operation and maintenance, and briefly discusses the experiences through October 1982.
Women and Handguns: Evidence From National Surveys, 1973-1991

Media reports consistently point to a substantial increase in handgun ownership among American women during the 1980s and have attributed the rise to crime fears. As well, they have suggested that the profile of women gun owners has been changing in recent years; women handgun owners now are alleged to be more urban, more middle class, and more professional than in prior years. To examine these claims, findings from available literature and data from the General Social Surveys (GSS), 1973-1991, are used to analyze the trends, patterns, and predictors of female (and male) handgun ownership in the United States throughout the past two decades. Results indicate that the proportion of women - and men - owning guns was effectively constant throughout the years in question; women′s gun ownership is no more closely related to fear of crime or experiences with crime than is men′s, and, for women, the relation between fear of crime and gun ownership has not changed in recent years; and the demographic predictors of female gun ownership differ little from those of males. In short, the female gun owner has not come to approximate the portraiture of the upscale, affluent, single "woman about town" depicted in the popular literature. Our attempt to explain this finding rests in part on our belief that the media have been misled by problematic interpretation of gun industry data on ownership trends.
High resolution Raman loss spectra of solid α-nitrogen and of matrix-isolated molecules

Abstract Stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS) has been used for the first time to record spectra of cold molecular crystals of N 2 and of matrix-isolated N 2 and CO at 0.003 cm −1 resolution. For solid α-phase N 2 , accurate vibrational frequencies of the two Davydov components favor one of several proposed intermolecular potential models. The linewidth of the 0.74% 15 N 14 N impurity shows that the spread of site energies in the disordered crystal is less than 0.033 cm −1 . Matrix studies of a few percent CO in N 2 and N 2 in argon show broader lines than in α-N 2 , due in part to overlapping contributions of dimers and larger clusters in the matrix.
Polymerization reactions of the acrylate and methacrylate esters of alcohols from jojoba oil

The acrylic and methacrylic acid esters of the mixed alcohols of jojoba oil have been prepared. These esters polymerize and copolymerize in the pattern of other acrylate and methacrylate esters. All are somewhat soft and show some promise as adhesives. The polymers crosslink and become insoluble on exposure to air.
Localized Pd Overgrowth on Cubic Pt Nanocrystals for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formic Acid

Binary Pt/Pd nanoparticles were synthesized by localized overgrowth of Pd on cubic Pt seeds for the investigation of electrocatalytic formic acid oxidation. The binary particles exhibited much less self-poisoning and a lower activation energy relative to Pt nanocubes, consistent with the single crystal study.
Potent and selective ketoamide-based inhibitors of cysteine protease, cathepsin K.

Cathepsin K, a lysosomal cysteine protease of the papain superfamily, is abundantly and selectively expressed in osteoclasts, suggesting that this enzyme is crucial for bone resorption. Prevention ...
The path to redemption: Fundamentalist Judaism, territory, and Jewish settler violence in the West Bank

By applying theological arguments for a Jewish Eretz Israel (biblical Greater Israel) to modern Israeli politics, Jewish fundamentalist organizations—most notably Kach, Kahane Chai, and Gush Emunim—are gradually redefining the focus of Jewish theology and politics; they have begun to elevate the territory of the Land of Israel, rather than the Israelites’ covenant with God, to the status of the core element of Jewish national identity. To further their vision of an exclusively Jewish Israel—an event seen as necessary for the coming of the messiah and the divine redemption—these organizations also use religious arguments to sanction and even encourage violence against Palestinians and Jews who “betray” the Judaization of the Promised Land. The three movements attract support from the relatively small numbers of Israeli settlers who have moved to the West Bank out of a sense of religious obligation, and they recruit primarily from this segment of the population; ongoing violence and security concerns, howev...
On Optimal and Achievable Fix-Free Codes

Fix-free codes are prefix condition codes which can also be decoded in the reverse direction. They have attracted attention from several communities and are used in video standards. Two variations (with additional constraints) have also been considered for joint source-channel coding: 1) “symmetric” codes, which require the codewords to be palindromes; 2) codes with distance constraints on pairs of codewords. Approaches to determine the existence of a fix-free code with a given set of codeword lengths, for each of the three variations, are proposed. These appear to involve the first use of Boolean satisfiability (SAT) for the existence and design of source codes. Branch-and-bound algorithms to find the collection of optimal codes for asymmetric and symmetric fix-free codes are described. The first bound for the performance of optimal symmetric binary fix-free codes is provided. An earlier conjecture on optimal symmetric binary fix-free codes is proven and related results for asymmetric fix-free codes are presented. A variation of the 3/4 conjecture for fix-free codes is introduced. A key idea in the first conjecture and the new one is a definition of how one sequence of nondecreasing natural numbers dominates another.
Electronic structure, doping and lattice dynamics of LiGaO2

ABSTRACT First-principles calculations are used to study the properties of LiGaO 2 , a potentially useful opto-electronic material in conjunction with ZnO. Its band structure is evaluated using the quasiparticle self-consistent GW method. The band gap is found to be significantly larger than the reported room temperature absorption onset. Estimates are made of the finite temperature and excitonic corrections. Potential n- and p-type dopants are studied in the local density approximation, using a supercell approach. The lattice dynamical properties are studied using the density functional perturbation method. Keywords: band structure, LiGaO 2 , phonons, doping, elastic constants, piezo-electric constants 1. INTRODUCTION LiGaO 2 is a material with a crystal structure closely related to wu rtzite [1]. In recent years it has mainly been studied as a potential substrate for GaN and ZnO thin film growth because large size crystals can be grown by the Czochralski method [2] and its lattice mismatch to the above semiconductors is fairly small. Here we propose that it is worthwhile to investigate LiGaO
An empirical analysis of the accuracy of SA, OLS, ERLS and NRLS combination forecasts

Abstract Theoretically, the efficiency of OLS combination forecasts can be improved by imposing linear equality or nonnegativity restrictions on the combination weights. In Equality Restricted Least Squares (ERLS) combinations, the weights are restricted to sum to unity, whereas in Nonnegativity Restricted Least Squares (NRLS) combinations, the weights are constrained to be nonnegative. There is little empirical evidence on the relative peformance of OLS, ERLS and NRLS combination forecasts. In this study, we provide empirical results on the relative accuracy of OLS, ERLS, NRLS and Simple Average (SA) ex ante combined forecasts using three macroeconomic and thirty-seven firm specific series. The empirical results reveal that combined forecasts are not always more accurate. NRLS and SA combinations almost always outperform OLS and ERLS combinations, while NRLS combinations are at least as robust and accurate as SA combinations. On average, ERLS combination models without a constant term produce more accurate forecasts than OLS combination models.
New Paradigms for U.S. Higher Education in the Twenty-First Century.

: Our present and future economic security depends on our ability as a nation to communicate effectively with potential business partners, customers, and competitors around the world. Our success in the global marketplace is directly related to our ability to understand, appreciate, value, and within foreign cultures, differing sets of social customs, diverse economic contexts, and varied political systems. The colleges and universities that prosper in the future are those that will, among other things, focus foreign language curricula on the needs of students specializing in business and other professions, while modifying their business and professional courses and programs to include foreign languages, international perspectives, and cross-cultural content. This article describes the fundamental changes in U.S. society and the world that are dictating modifications in the rules and assumptions for U.S. higher education, in general, and for instruction in foreign languages, foreign cultures, and professional preparation, in particular.
Activation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in initiation of Wolffian lens regeneration.

Tissue engaged in the transformation of iris into lens, triggered by lens removal in the adult newt (Triturus viridescens), was labeled in vitro with 14C-uridine, and the sedimentation profiles of RNA synthesized by the tissue were studied in sucrose density gradients. The radioactivity in the 18S and 28S areas, which is insignificant in the normal iris, increases significantly during 2 to 10 days after lens removal, and subsequently retains a high level until the completion of lens regeneration. These data are interpreted as indicating activation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis by lens removal, and are discussed in connection with the ultrastructural modification of the nucleoli. Further data from the radioactive profiles are consistent with the notion that the level of control of rRNA production in this system is the transcription of the rRNA precursor rather than the post-transcriptional processing of the precursor. The activation of rRNA production described in this paper is the earliest event so far detected in this system, preceding activation of DNA replication, cell replication, and dedifferentiation.
The preschool wheezer

Abstract Wheeze is one of the most common reasons for seeking medical attention for young children. The management of preschool wheeze presents physicians with challenging problems. This article addresses the different patterns of preschool wheeze and explains how one might differentiate between them. It looks at the risk factors and important preventative measures that can be taken. Current therapies are reviewed and the paucity of evidence supporting common use is highlighted. Fortunately, the majority of preschool wheezers will grow out of their symptoms.
Considerations Toward a General Aviation Controller-Pilot Datalink Communication Display:

This study proposed the design of a graphic user interface by which pilots will be able to receive and send text messages through the on-board avionics equipment. Although the technology exists in select commercial applications, it has yet to be implemented in General Aviation (GA) operations. Because GA avionics capabilities are not as extensive as those in commercial operations, certain features required simplification or exclusion from the development consideration. The first task involved gathering user needs data from a sample of pilots through the use of an online survey. The survey provided data for user display design preferences and projected comfort of using controller-pilot datalink communication (CPDLC) methodologies in certain phases of flight. The study culminated with the development and initial usability evaluation of an interactive wireframe model. After navigating through each of seven scenarios, participants completed the After Scenario Questionnaire (ASQ) to provide feedback on the perceived ease of use and time to complete a task. At the conclusion of all scenarios, the participants completed the System Usability Scale (SUS), providing additional insight to aspects of the user experience (UX).
Behavioral thermoregulation: Solar orientation in Frontinella communis (Linyphiidae), a 6-mg spider

1. The Linyphiid spider Frontinella communis changes its orientation from random with respect to the sun (Fig. 1A) to aligned with the rays of the sun (Fig. 1B) on days when both insolation and ambient temperature are high (Fig. 2). The orientation is not mediated by visual photoreception. Because the orientation behavior is not elicited when insolation is high and ambient temperature is low, an antipredator or antiprey behavioral role is rejected and a thermoregulatory function proposed. 2. Body temperature measurements of a spider at different orientations to the sun reveal that alignment of the spider's oral-anal axis with the sun's rays results in at least a 0.5°C decrease in TB relative to TB when the spider's axis is perpendicular to the sun. 3. F. communis has a LT50 of 41.8°C, a temperature that the spider probably never approaches over much of its geographic range. Therefore, it is unlikely that the orientation behavior functions to keep the spider within a nonlethal temperature range. Instead, the behavior probably functions in depressing this poikilotherm's metabolic rate over a broad temperature range, and thus permits reallocation of nutrient resources from maintenance to reproduction.
Microsecond structural health monitoring in impact loaded structures

Early results and status of a research effort to frame the possibility in compressing the time scale of structural health monitoring to the impulsive transient domain are presented. Output only modal methods using a frequency domain decomposition technique are used to extract the operational modes of a plate subject to impulsive loading. A strain energy method for plates is the used to detect the damage on the plate. The method detects damage, but the location of damages is not very precise. The development of an extremely short duration, transient structural health monitoring algorithm will be discussed. Challenges in studying this new domain of health monitoring will also be highlighted.
Ceramic Miniature Heat Pipes and Liquid Charging Methods

Three working-liquid charging methods for miniature heat pipes are introduced, and their advantages and disadvantages are described. The methods are referred to as the micro-syringe method, thermodynamic equilibrium method, and capillary-tubing method. Using these methods, two types of ceramic heat pipes were charged and tested. The ceramic heat pipes were made of alumina and have overall dimensions of 89 mm × 12 mm × 2.9 mm and a designed vapor space of 82.5 mm × 4.1 mm × 1.27 mm. Axial micro-capillary grooves were provided on the top and bottom or sidewalls inside the heat pipes as wick structures. Water was used as the working liquid. More than 20 W of heat input was achieved on a 5 mm × 5 mm heating surface. The corresponding heat flux was 80 W/cm2.
TAM receptors: two pathways to regulate adult neurogenesis

Introduction of neurogenesis: Neurogenesis is a process characterized by the production and differentiation of new neurons from neural stem cells (Emsley et al., 2005). This was previously thought to occur in prenatal and early postnatal development only; however, several studies have shown that it occurs continuously in our adult brains as well, mainly in the lateral ventricles of the brain, the lining of the subventricular zone (SVZ), and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (part of the hippocampal complex). Neurogenesis may also be induced in the adult brain by injury or degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS). In this instance, new neurons have been found in other parts of the brain, such as in the neocortex, amygdala, substantia nigra and tegmentum of the midrain, the brain stem and spinal cord (Wang and Jin, 2014). There are numerous steps involved in differentiating neural stem cells into fully-grown neurons, starting with stem cell proliferation, then migration and survival, followed by commitment to neuronal lineage, and lastly the assimilation of the new neurons into existing brain circuits, ranging from up in the neocortex to down in the spinal cord. Neurogenesis is a dynamic process that is modulated by several factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic, such as growth and transcriptional factors, cell surface receptors, signal transduction molecules, and cytokine or chemokines. In adult brains, physiological as well as pathological conditions can affect neurogenesis. Neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation can be inhibited by infection or invoked inflammation. The interruption of neurogenesis in adult brains leads to hippocampus-dependent learning and behavior impairment (Yan et al., 2007).
Economic Development Research Project, Makerere University College, Kampala

This Project was initiated two years ago with three main objectives: (i) fundamentally, to carry out a coherent set of applied research studies of important economic development problems of the East African countries; (ii) to contribute East African readings and research experience to university teaching of economics; and (iii) to assist the East African Governments in using economic research for development planning. Organisationally, the Project is simply a group of economists working on related topics under the leadership of the director, Professor P. G. Clark. The group forms the economics section of the East African Institute of Social Research (which has similar sections for sociology and anthropology and for political science); the Institute in turn is the social sciences research department of Makerere University College. The four-year project is now in mid-course, and it can be fairly said that at least some progress has been made toward all three objectives.
A non-linear estimation program

A program for non-linear estimation has been written for the IBM 704, based on metholology developed by G. E. P. Box, Director of the Statistical Techniques Research Group, Department of Mathematics, Princeton University. The program represents a cooperative effort between that group and the Mathematics and Applications Department, Data Processing Division, IBM.
Structural recognition and functional activation of FcγR by innate pentraxins

The classical pentraxins, serum amyloid P component (SAP) and C-reactive protein (CRP), are major acute phase reactants in mouse and man. As shown in this paper, pentraxins recognize various FcγRs, and SAP opsonization activates FcγR-mediated phagocytosis and cytokine secretion. The receptor binding sites for SAP and IgG overlap resulting in competition of IgG binding to FcγR as well as inhibition of immune complex-mediated phagocytosis by soluble pentraxins. The classical pentraxins, serum amyloid P component (SAP) and C-reactive protein (CRP), are major acute phase reactants in mouse and man. It is shown that pentraxins recognize various FcγRs and SAP opsonization activates FcγR-mediated phagocytosis and cytokine secretion. The receptor binding sites for SAP and IgG overlap, resulting in competition of IgG binding to FcγR as well as inhibition of immune complex-mediated phagocytosis by soluble pentraxins. Pentraxins are a family of ancient innate immune mediators conserved throughout evolution. The classical pentraxins include serum amyloid P component (SAP) and C-reactive protein, which are two of the acute-phase proteins synthesized in response to infection1,2. Both recognize microbial pathogens and activate the classical complement pathway through C1q (refs 3 and 4). More recently, members of the pentraxin family were found to interact with cell-surface Fcγ receptors (FcγR) and activate leukocyte-mediated phagocytosis5,6,7,8. Here we describe the structural mechanism for pentraxin’s binding to FcγR and its functional activation of FcγR-mediated phagocytosis and cytokine secretion. The complex structure between human SAP and FcγRIIa reveals a diagonally bound receptor on each SAP pentamer with both D1 and D2 domains of the receptor contacting the ridge helices from two SAP subunits. The 1:1 stoichiometry between SAP and FcγRIIa infers the requirement for multivalent pathogen binding for receptor aggregation. Mutational and binding studies show that pentraxins are diverse in their binding specificity for FcγR isoforms but conserved in their recognition structure. The shared binding site for SAP and IgG results in competition for FcγR binding and the inhibition of immune-complex-mediated phagocytosis by soluble pentraxins. These results establish antibody-like functions for pentraxins in the FcγR pathway, suggest an evolutionary overlap between the innate and adaptive immune systems, and have new therapeutic implications for autoimmune diseases.
Conman: vectorizing a finite element code for incompressible two-dimensional convection in the Earth's mantle

Abstract We discuss some simple concepts for vectorizing scientific codes, then apply these concepts to ConMan, a finite element code for simulations of mantle convection. We demonstrate that large speed-ups, close to the theoretical limit of the machine, are possible for entire codes, not just specially constructed routines. Although our specific code uses the finite element method, the vectorizing concepts discussed are widely applicable.
Toxic interactions of ethanol with other central depressants: antagonism by naloxone to narcosis and lethality.

The effects of naloxone on narcosis and/or lethality induced by diazepam, lithium, methaqualone and phenobarbital either alone or in combination with ethanol were studied in mice. Interaction toxicities between ethanol and the various psychotropic drugs were dose-dependent and so was the degree of antagonism by naloxone. Treatment with phenobarbital (10 mg/kg) or methaqualone (50 mg/kg) or lithium (4 meq/kg) prolonged the narcosis induced by ethanol (5 g/kg) by 45, 269 and 107% respectively. Naloxone (10 mg/kg) shortened the ethanol (5 g/kg) induced narcosis by 38%. Naloxone (10 mg/kg) also shortened narcosis induced by ethanol (5 g/kg) in combination with phenobarbital (10 mg/kg) or methaqualone (50 mg/kg) or lithium (2 meq/kg) by 31, 12 and 38% respectively. At 10 mg/kg of naloxone, the LD50 due to methaqualone was increased from 240 mg/kg to 416 mg/kg, and the LD50 due to ethanol was increased from 9.2 g/kg to 10.8 g/kg. Multiple injections of naloxone significantly (p < 0.01) protected against the lethality of phenobarbital but not that of lithium. These findings provide further evidence of naloxone antagonism towards various CNS depressants.
Comment on "vibrational recognition of hydrogen-bonded water networks on a metal surface".

A Comment on the Letter by Sheng Meng et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 176104 (2002). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Credit Market Equilibrium with Bank Monitoring and Moral Hazard

We characterize a credit market equilibrium in which banks coexist with capital markets and firms obtain funding from both sources. An incentive problem exists between the firm's insiders and outside providers of capital. Banks can provide not only credit but also monitoring services. We show that when banks cannot precommit to a particular level of monitoring, there is a unique credit market equilibrium with firms being financed with a combination of bank credit and external capital. In this equilibrium, a marginal substitution of bank credit for capital market financing would raise the firm's stock price. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Identifying and assessing targets of opportunity for plastics recycling

Abstract This paper identifies and assesses “targets of opportunity” for additional recycling of plastic wastes. Targets are discussed in terms of the quantities of plastics wastes that might be affected, the relevant supply-side and demand-side constraints that must be overcome before these targets can be met, and the degree to which meeting these targets might be facilitated by government sponsored incentive programs or other regulatory measures. Five hypothetical scenarios are developed that depict various supply-side and demand-side conditions. In some cases, the supply-side and demand-side assumptions are consistent with current technical, economic, institutional, and regulatory conditions. In other cases, particularly with respect to supply-side constraints, the assumptions represent significant shifts in the ways plastics are collected and processed in the United States. The quantities and types of plastics that could be recycled, given the hypothetical conditions, are estimated. The viability of the assumptions in the various scenarios is also assessed. Given current conditions and expected future trends, three broad options exist to increase the percentage of plastics recycled. First, actions can be taken to promote the collection and recycling of relatively clean plastic waste. Technical constraints and the relative sizes of markets for different resins suggest that a focus on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) packaging is most appropriate. Second, actions can be taken to promote the collection and recycling of commingled plastics. Third, plastics can be collected with other combustible wastes and incinerated to recover heat value. The recycling of PET and HDPE faces fewer technical, economic, and institutional constraints than does the recycling of commingled plastics. Although more risky, recycling of commingled plastics offers the opportunity to recycle a much larger percentage of the total plastics waste stream. Incineration with heat recovery could utilize all plastic wastes. The potential for incineration may, however, be limited by environmental concerns. Given the uncertainties that currently exist about these recycling approaches, a flexible public policy with respect to plastics recycling is suggested at this time.
Predator avoidance by the freshwater snailPhysella virgata in response to the crayfishProcambarus simulans

We examined predator avoidance behavior of the freshwater snailPhysella (=Physa) virgata in response to the crayfishProcambarus simulans. In both laboratory and field enclosure experiments snails crawled above the waterline for 2 h or longer, then returned to the water.Physella virgata react to chemical signals given off by crayfish actively foraging on conspecific snails; they do not react to inactive crayfish. Low dissolved oxygen, crowding, and disturbance of the sediments did not elicit “crawlout” behavior. Crawling above the waterline, by reducing the probability of encounter between vulnerable, thin-shelled snails and crayfish, is an adaptive response to predation.