cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN INTEGRATED LINEAR TECHNIQUE FOR POSE ESTIMATION FROM DIFFERENT GEOMETRIC FEATURES

Existing linear solutions for the pose estimation (or exterior orientation) problem suffer from a lack of robustness and accuracy partially due to the fact that the majority of the methods utilize only one type of geometric entity and their frameworks do not allow simultaneous use of different types of features. Furthermore, the orthonormality constraints are weakly enforced or not enforced at all. We have developed a new analytic linear least-squares framework for determining pose from multiple types of geometric features. The technique utilizes correspondences between points, between lines and between ellipse–circle pairs. The redundancy provided by different geometric features improves the robustness and accuracy of the least-squares solution. A novel way of approximately imposing orthonormality constraints on the sought rotation matrix within the linear framework is presented. Results from experimental evaluation of the new technique using both synthetic data and real images reveal its improved robustness and accuracy over existing direct methods.
DOES SCIENCE CLARIFY GOD'S RELATION TO THE WORLD?

. Central to the work of Arthur Peacocke on science and religion is the intention to develop a reasonable faith within an intelligible framework of meaning. Showing the inadequacy of reductionism is necessary for this purpose. Knowledge of God is related to what science can tell us about creation. From an evolutionary framework, characterized as a delicate balance that issued in humans, and manifested through contingency and chance, God's actions are expressed as exploring the potentialities of creation. The creation is understood to be in God, but God is more than the world, as in panentheism. God suffers with the creation in love, and the focus of human meaning is expressed in Jesus Christ, the Incarnation, the sacrament of God.
1D TIME-DOMAIN SOLUTION FOR SEISMIC GROUND MOTION PREDICTION

A full time-domain solution for predicting earthquake ground motion based on the 1D viscoelastic shear-wave equation is presented. The derivation results in a time-domain equation in the form of an infinite impulse response filter. A solution in the time domain has several advantages including causality, direct modeling of impulsive and transient processes, and ease of inclusion of nonlinear soil behavior. The method is applicable to any arbitrarily layered silhouette presented as SH-wave velocity, damping coefficient, and mass density profiles for designated soil intervals. For nonlinear evaluations, an equivalent-linear formulation is incorporated and the standard modulus and damping degradation curves become part of the input set. Input motion can be either rock-outcrop or body-wave motions measured or estimated at the bottom of the geologic profile, and the output is the estimated ground motion time history. Application of the method to vertical array strong motion records from Garner Valley, California, shows that predicted surface (and interval) ground motion is virtually identical to that measured. The differences between the results of linear and nonlinear analyses are negligible for most cases. A comparison of the time-domain model with SHAKE shows that SHAKE fails to accurately predict time histories in some situations, whereas the time-domain solution always yields satisfactory predicted surface ground motions.
The lobund‐wistar rat model of prostate cancer

Two models of preventable metastasizing autochthonous prostate adenocarcinoma (PA) have been described in Lobund-Wistar (L-W) rats: spontaneous PAs that develop at a mean age of 26 months; and induced PAs that develop at a mean time of 10.5 months. Both are similar in many respects to the counterpart disease in man. PAs develop spontaneously, and by induction through a combination of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)/testosterone treatments. Our investigations with L-W rats show that PA is manifested spontaneously in 26% of aged L-W rats, and by induction in approximately 90% of younger rats. It is characterized by metastatic adenocarcinoma initiated in, and expanding from, the dorso-lateral and anterior lobes, and occasionally in the seminal vesicles. It is regulated by genetic, hormonal, and age-related mechanisms. Spontaneous PAs are prevented by life-long moderate (25%) diet restriction and, in rats at risk of developing induced PA, by early treatments with estradiol, with dihydrotestosterone, with a retinoid, and by castration. While the "premalignant" stages of induced tumorigenesis are susceptible to intervention, the overtly malignant stage resists therapeutic trials with the same agents and procedures. The transition from dependency to autonomy has not yet been defined.
T1ρ imaging demonstrates early changes in the lateral patella in patients with patellofemoral pain and maltracking.

Background:Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common condition and often presents without evidence of arthritis on radiographs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown good correlation between T1ρ and T2 relaxation times and changes in the cartilage matrix, but as of yet, there are limited data in the literature utilizing these modalities to evaluate the patellofemoral joint.Hypothesis:Patients with PFP and patellar tilt will show longer T1ρ relaxation times in the lateral facets of their patella but no difference in T2 values.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A total of 20 patients aged 18 to 45 years with anterior knee pain, patellar tilt, and no evidence of osteoarthritis were identified and consented to undergo MRI including axial T1ρ and T2 relaxation time mapping sequences. Knee cartilage was segmented on spoiled gradient recalled acquisition in steady state (SPGR) images using a spline-based algorithm. These results were then compared with those of 10 age-matched contr...
Kalman Filter Formulations for Transfer Alignment of Strapdown Inertial Units

Formulations of Kalman filters are presented which are capable of aligning one strapdown inertial sensor assembly with another by estimating the misalignment angle between them. One formulation treats the case of a fixed misalignment. Another treats the case of a dynamic misalignment, caused, say, by bending of the common supporting body. Measurements can be made by gyros only, or by gyros plus accelerometers. Filters which estimate inertial sensor error parameters are also discussed.
Progressive transition from resonant to diffuse reflection in anisotropic colloidal films

The synthesis and characterization of highly ordered three-dimensional photonic crystals have been the subjects of intense study over the past two decades due to the unique ability of these structures to control light at the nanoscale. Building on that work in recent years, increasing interest is now focused on the unique optical properties of disordered and quasi-ordered photonic structures. We present a study of the effects of shape anisotropy and disorder on the specular reflection properties of polymer-based colloidal films comprised of rod-shaped subunits of varying aspect ratio. We characterize the specular reflectance properties of these films as a function of their increasing levels of disorder, demonstrating progressive transition from resonant reflection to diffuse reflection. The onset of the diffuse reflection is governed by particle size. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys. 2014, 52, 611–617
The transition from strike-slip to oblique subduction in southeastern Alaska from seismological studies

Abstract Body waveform modeling of 11 moderate to large earthquakes within southeastern Alaska has been incorporated with earthquake relocations and the results of previous seismicity studies to examine the transition from strike–slip to oblique subduction in southeastern Alaska. In the Sitka region of extreme southeastern Alaska, earthquakes indicate seismic slip is parallel to the direction of motion between North America and the Pacific plate. As the plate margin begins to bend to the west near Cross Sound and encounters the southeastern edge of the Yakutat Block, partitioning of seismic slip is evident both onshore and offshore. Although the largest earthquakes (magnitude>6.0) in this region have slip parallel to plate motion, most moderate sized events have slip vectors rotated clockwise from plate motion. Offshore, the 1973 Cross Sound sequence indicates that the southern end of the Transition zone is seismogenic, with the Pacific plate being thrust beneath the Yakutat block, while onshore, strike–slip faulting has occurred along the Fairweather, Border Ranges and Denali faults. In the St. Elias region, thrust faulting is occurring along and above the plate interface. Moderate sized events in the St. Elias show a mix of slip vector orientations. In the Pamplona zone slip vectors of offshore earthquakes and deformation directions determined onshore from GPS studies show a counter-clockwise rotation relative to plate motion, suggesting that a change in strain field occurs just west of the St. Elias region.
Uniform rational approximation of functions of several variables

We present a program which has given excellent results for uniform approximation of functions by polynomials, rational functions, generalized polynomials, and generalized rational functions. The algorithm is described in detail and several examples are discussed. The approximation is done over a finite point set, which is commonly a set of real numbers or points in the plane (in the latter case we are doing what is often known as surface fitting). Input to and output from the program is in tabular form. The method used is a linear programming approach known as the differential correction algorithm, which has been shown by several authors to always converge in theory (quadratically in some situations). In practice, we have obtained convergence in nearly every case, and quadratic convergence in most cases. The program can also be used for simultaneous approximation of several functions.
Sites of plasmalemmal expansion in growth cones

Studies on plasmalemmal expansion in isolated nerve growth cones identified large, clear vesicles characteristically found in growth cones as the plasmalemmal precursor. The present article examines these plasmalemmal precursor vesicles (PPVs) in greater detail in the intact cell. (a) Pulse-chase experiments with the phospholipid precursor, [3H]glycerol, followed by radioautographic analysis show that PPVs in distal neurites and growth cones are labeled prior to equilibration of the label with the plasmalemma. (b) Pulse-chase experiments with lectin-ferritin conjugates demonstrate that PPVs are not endocytotic, that they contain lectin receptors, and that, during growth, patches of lectin receptors appear on the plasmalemma covering PPV clusters. (c) Freeze-fracture studies show that this plasmalemma shares with PPVs a paucity of intramembrane particles. (d) Lectin labeling experiments and freeze-fracture analysis demonstrate, furthermore, that the plasmalemma forms a network of invaginations at the base of PPV clusters. (e) Correlative studies indicate that the refractive 'vacuoles' seen in growth cones by phase-contrast light microscopy correspond to the PPV clusters seen at the ultrastructural level. These results confirm the identity of the plasmalemmal precursor in the intact cell and demonstrate that PPV clusters form distinct, dynamic organelles specialized for plasmalemmal expansion in the growth cone.
Anaerobic biotransformation of roxarsone and related N-substituted phenylarsonic acids

Large quantities of arsenic are introduced into the environment through land application of poultry litter containing the organoarsenical feed additive roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid). The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioconversion of roxarsone and related N-substituted phenylarsonic acid derivatives under anaerobic conditions. The results demonstrate that roxarsone is rapidly transformed in the absence of oxygen to the corresponding aromatic amine, 4-hydroxy-3-aminophenylarsonic acid (HAPA). The formation of HAPA is attributable to the facile reduction of the nitro group. Electron-donating substrates, such as hydrogen gas, glucose, and lactate, stimulated the rate of nitro group reduction, indicating a microbial role. During long-term incubations, HAPA and the closely related 4-aminophenylarsonic acid (4-APA) were slowly biologically eliminated by up to 99% under methanogenic and sulfate-reducing conditions, whereas little or no removal occurred in heat-killed inoculum controls. Arsenite and, to a lesser extent, arsenate were observed as products of the degradation. Freely soluble forms of the inorganic arsenical species accounted for 19-28% of the amino-substituted phenylarsonic acids removed. This constitutes the first report of a biologically catalyzed rupture of the phenylarsonic group under anaerobic conditions.
Effect of Heating Rates during Sintering on the Electrical Properties of Ultra-Thin Ni–BaTiO3 Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors

Microstructural control in thin-layer multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) is one of the present day challenges for increasing capacitive volumetric efficiency and high voltage dielectric properties. The present paper continues a series of investigations aimed at engineering the stability of ultra-thin Ni layers in base-metal electrode MLCCs. A kinetic approach based on the control of sintering profiles is found to not only prevent Ni electrode discontinuities, but also to significantly improve the interfacial electrical properties. Increasing sintering heating rates from 200 to 3000°C/h leads to a decrease in its temperature dependence of capacitance. Faster heating rates also reduce the BaTiO3 grain size, which is beneficial to the reliability of multilayer capacitors. A direct correlation between heating rates, the thickness of an interfacial (Ni, Ba, and Ti) alloy reaction layer and the interfacial contact resistance has been observed. The decrease in the alloy layer thickness at high heating rates leads to an increased effective Schottky barrier height between the dielectric and electrode toward its theoretical value of 1.25 eV for pure Ni–BaTiO3 interfaces.
SEMANTIC COMPONENTS OF THE QUALITY OF PROCESSED SPEECH.

Fifteen frequency distortions of one male voice were arranged on tape for paired-comparison presentation. Adult male and female listeners made quality-preference judgments and in addition rated eac...
Effect of charge carrier trapping on germanium coaxial detector line shapes

Abstract A theoretical method to predict and quantify the effects of charge carrier trapping on germanium coaxial detector line shapes has been developed. This model was used to calculate line shapes which closely matched the measured line shapes of both conventional and reverse electrode high-purity germanium coaxial detectors that had suffered fast neutron damage. In accordance with experimentally established behavior, the theory predicts that reverse electrode detectors are vastly more resistent to the effects of neutron damage than conventional electrode detectors. The theory also predicts that the energy resolution and line shape of neutron-damaged conventional electrode detectors are far more dependent on detector diameter than are detectors of the reverse electrode configuration. The generally observed variation of the energy resolution and line shape as a function of bias voltage is shown to arise from an ¢E −1 dependence of the trap cross section on electric field.
Quantum well dimension and energy level determination in Pb/Si(1 1 1)-7×7

The comparison between measured vs calculated electronic energy levels in quantum well states (QWS) depends on the dimension of the potential well confining the electrons. The dimensions of the well can be determined with structural probes (high resolution LEED and STM) while the electronic structure can be obtained with angle resolved photoemission and STM spectroscopy. For heteroepitaxial growth the dimension of the well depends on the thickness of the wetting layer between the island and the substrate. For the Pb/Si(1 1 1)-7 × 7 system using SPA-LEED and STM, we have measured the thickness of the layer underneath the islands and the substrate to be 1 ML at all temperatures. For Pb films grown on top of the Si(1 1 1)-7 × 7 at low temperatures T<110 K we have determined the height distribution at the metal/vacuum interface with STM to test how the quantitative analysis of QWS found in photoemission experiments is affected.
The subacute toxicity of four organic phosphates to dogs.

Abstract Dog plasma and red-cell cholinesterase determinations following the feeding of Dipterex, Chlorthion, methyl parathion, and Diazinon at several levels indicate that these materials are potent cholinesterase inhibitors. Dipterex, when fed at 500, 200, and 50 ppm in the diet, induced significant depression at 500 ppm and borderline depression at 200 ppm on both plasma and red-cell cholinesterase and no effect at 50 ppm. Chlorthion, fed at 15, 2, and 0.5 ppm, produced only questionable red-cell inhibition at 15 ppm, while no effect was noted at lower levels. Methyl parathion at 50, 20, and 5 ppm induced significant depression in the erythrocyte at the two higher levels, with significant depression at the 50-ppm level and only questionable depression noted in the plasma at the 20-ppm level. Diazinon at 75 and 0.75 ppm produced significant lowering of plasma cholinesterase, while 0.25 ppm was of no effect. Only the highest level of 75.0 ppm Diazinon produced significant red-cell cholinesterase depression.
Dexamethasone treatment induces susceptibility of outbred Webster mice to experimental infection with Besnoitia darlingi isolated from opossums (Didelphis virginiana)

The Sarcocystidae comprise a diverse, monophyletic apicomplexan parasite family, most of whose members form intracellular cysts in their intermediate hosts. The extent of pathology associated with such cyst formation can range widely. We currently lack experimental animal models for many of these infections. Here we explored dexamethasone treatment as a means to render outbred mice susceptible to Besnoitia darlingi infection and demonstrated that this approach allows viable parasites to be subsequently isolated from these mice and maintained in tissue culture. Besnoitia bradyzoites recovered from crushed cysts derived from naturally infected opossums (Didelphis virginiana) replicated and reproduced the development of besnoitiosis in mice treated with dexamethasone (0.5 mg/ml drinking water) daily for 12 days post infection (DPI). Isolates recovered from the peritoneal exudates of these mice were viable and were maintained in long-term tissue cultures. In contrast, control mice given saline without dexamethasone and challenged with similar bradyzoites remained clinically normal for up to 70 DPI. An additional group of mice challenged with the same inoculum of bradyzoites and given dexamethasone at the same concentration and treated with sulfadiazine (1 mg/ml drinking water) daily for 12 DPI also remained normal for up to 70 DPI. Severe disease developed more rapidly in dexamethasone-treated mice inoculated with culture-derived B. darlingi tachyzoites than in those inoculated with cyst-derived bradyzoites. B. darlingi tachyzoite-infected, untreated control mice developed signs of illness at 18 DPI. In contrast, mice treated with sulfadiazine showed no clinical signs up to 50 DPI. Although dexamethasone treatment was required to establish B. darlingi infection in outbred mice inoculated with opossum-derived B. darlingi bradyzoites, no such treatment was required for mice inoculated with culture-derived B. darlingi tachyzoites. Finally, sulfadiazine was highly effective in protecting mice from infection with the tachyzoite stage of B. darlingi.
Computational Design and Synthesis of Nitrogen-Substituted Carbon and Silicon Clathrates

A computational approach was utilized to design the framework and to identify potential guest atoms for stabilizing nitrogen-substituted carbon and silicon clathrates. Two new series of N-substituted carbon and silicon clathrates compounds were discovered as potential candidate materials. One of the hybrid C\bond N clathrates was successfully synthesized using an industrial arc-melting technique. The theoretical bulk moduli of these N-substituted carbon and silicon clathrates were computed and they are comparable to those of C3N4, Si3N4, and SiC. Some N-substituted carbon clathrates may be suitable for application as hard materials.
Chaotic streamlines in steady bounded three-dimensional Stokes flows

Abstract The streamline structure inside a spherical liquid drop immersed in a steady Stokes flow is studied for the case that the external flow fields are characterized by (a) the translational velocity and vorticity vectors and (b) the rate-of-strain tensor and the vorticity vector. The velocity fields internal to the drop, known analytically, are, respectively, quadratic and cubic functions of position in cases (a) and (b). Recently, the cubic flow field in problem (b) was shown to exhibit chaotic streamlines [H.A. Stone, A. Nadim, S.H. Strogatz, J. Fluid Mech. 232 (1991) 629]. Here it is demonstrated that the quadratic flow field in (a) may also produce chaotically wandering streamlines. In each flow the axisymmetric case is considered first and it is shown that the equations of motion may be expressed in canonical Hamiltonian form and so are integrated analytically. In the nearly axisymmetric case, the onset of streamline chaos in each of the situations (a) and (b) is investigated analytically by deriving the area-preserving maps giving the trajectories of fluid particles close to the separatrices of the unperturbed motion. Estimates for the width of the chaotic layers are obtained as a function of the components of the vorticity vector and the analytical predictions are verified by direct numerical simulations.
SU‐FF‐T‐346: Measurement of Surface Dose Increase From Patient Immobilization Thermoplastic Masks Using Gafchromic EBT Films

Purpose: To evaluate setup accuracy of the BrainLAB stereotactic radiotherapy head immobilization mask using orthogonal projections from on‐board imaging.Materials and Methods: Eight patients were simulated and treated with the BrainLAB stereotactic head immobilization masks and CT‐localizers for brain lesions using single and hypo‐fractions. Orthogonal pairs of kV projections were acquired using Varian Trilogy's on‐board imager. The kV projections were then registered with digitally‐reconstructed‐radiographs (DRR) obtained from treatment planning. Shifts between the kV images and reference DRR's were calculated: anterior‐posterior (A‐P), left‐right (L‐R) and superior‐inferior (S‐I). If the shifts were > 2 mm in any direction, the patient was reset within the immobilization mask until satisfying accuracy was achieved. Results: Shifts as large as 5 mm in the A‐P, L‐R and S‐I directions between kV projections and DRR's were found. These shifts represent offsets between the treatment and simulation setup using immobilization mask. The mean offsets of 0.1 mm, 0.7 mm, and −1.6 mm represent systematic errors in the A‐P, L‐R and S‐I directions, respectively, using the BrainLAB localizer. The mean of the radial shifts is about 1.7 mm. The standard deviations of shifts 2.2 mm, 2.0 mm, and 2.6 mm represent patient setup accuracy with the BrainLAB mask in A‐P, L‐R and S‐I directions. Conclusions: The BrainLAB mask provides less invasive immobilization system than the head ring. Relying on this system for patient setup might be associated with errors as large as 5 mm. Image‐guidance with the kV on‐board imager provides shifts that are required to setup patient prior to or during patient treatment. The patient may relax or move during treatment, and thus uncontrolled and undetected setup errors may be produced with patients that are not well immobilized. The combination of stereotactic immobilization and image guidance will achieve more controlled and accurate patient setup within 2 mm.
Metabolism of S-(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-cysteine to hydrogen sulfide and the role of hydrogen sulfide in S-(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-cysteine-induced mitochondrial toxicity

The nephrotoxic cysteine S-conjugate S-(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl)-L-cysteine (CTFC) is metabolized by kidney homogenates and subcellular fractions to pyruvate and a reactive thiol, which is cytotoxic and partially decomposes to yield hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate. Although hydrogen sulfide is a potent mitochondrial poison, the mitochondrial toxicity of CTFC is not attributable to hydrogen sulfide formation, as shown by different sites of inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by CTFC and hydrogen sulfide. The efficient mitochondrial oxidation of hydrogen sulfide apparently serves to protect mitochondria against the toxic effects of hydrogen sulfide generated from CTFC.
Affinity Reagents that Target a Specific Inactive Form of Protein Kinases

A number of small-molecule inhibitors have been developed that target the catalytic domains of protein kinases that are not in an active conformation. An inactive form that has been observed in several kinases is the DFG-out conformation. This conformation is characterized by an almost 180° rotation of the conserved Asp-Phe-Gly (DFG) motif in the ATP-binding cleft relative to the active form. However, the sequence and structural determinants that allow a kinase to stably adopt the DFG-out conformation are not known. Here, we characterize a series of inhibitors based on a general pharmacophore for this inactive form. We demonstrate that modified versions of these inhibitors can be used to study the thermodynamics and kinetics of ligand binding to DFG-out-adopting kinases and for enriching these kinases from complex protein mixtures.
Influence of precipitates on the mechanical response and substructure evolution of shock-loaded and quasi-statically deformed Al−Li−Cu alloys

The mechanical response and substructure evolution of two Al−Li−Cu alloys (Al-2.90 wt pct Li-1.00 pct Cu-0.12 pct Zr and Al-2.30 pct Li-2.85 pct Cu-0.12 pct Zr) subjected to shock-loading (strain rate έ> 106 s-1), Split-Hopkinson-Pressure-Bar compression (έ ~ 5 × 103 s-1), and quasi-static compression (έ ~ 1.5 × 10-3 s-1) were examined. The strain levels achieved in these three deformation paths were desined to be comparable,i.e., all ∼15 pct. Both alloys were either naturally or artificially aged to yield an underaged or overaged condition. Various precipitates, such as theδ' andT 1 phase, of different sizes and volume fractions were dispersed in the matrix and at the grain boundaries. The substructure in all of the shock-loaded, Split-Hopkinson-Pressure-Bar, and quasi-static compression samples was characterized by localized slip bands and microbands with the exception of the overaged alloys. The density of dislocations and dislocation loops was higher, independent of the aging condition, in the shock-loaded specimens. Well-defined cell structures were not observed in any of the samples, independent of strain rate. The influence of precipitates, shearable or not, on the substructure development in Al−Li−Cu alloys during shock-loading was seen to be pronounced, even though the size and volume fraction of precipitates was small and low, respectively. Flow stress measurements showed that the shock-loaded samples have flow strengths 3 to 8 pct higher than the quasi-statically deformed samples. This small, but reproducible, strength increment, for alloys deformed to equivalent strains at low and high rates, indicates that the Al−Li alloys studied have a small rate sensitivity. Based upon comparison of the results of the shock-loaded and quasi-static samples, it is concluded that the fundamental deformation mechanisms and substructure evolution in all three loading paths are not drastically different, corroborating previous investigations.
The Giant Panda is a Bear

EXOTIC habitat, rarity, striking coloration, and an appealing countenance have combined to surround the giant panda (Ailuropda melanoleuca) with an aura of mystery unmatched by most other mammals. Nonetheless, we really know little about the species, a lack perhaps best exemplified by the long-standing controversy about the giant panda's phylogenetic position among the arctoid (canoid plus pinniped) carnivores. There is general agreement that its closest affinities are with the ursids (bears) or procyonids (raccoons), but then the argument begins. The usual possibilities considered are: (1) The giant panda's closest relative is the lesser panda (Ailurus fulgens); as this is usually classified among the procyonids, the giant panda should be also. (2) The two pandas belong together in a separate arctoid family. (3) The giant panda is a somewhat aberrant bear and therefore belongs among the Ursidae1,2.
Young woman smokers gain significantly more weight over 2-year follow-up than non-smokers. How Virginia doesn't slim.

Abstract Objective: Although young women often report smoking for weight control purposes, no prospective study has tested whether smokers subsequently gain less weight over time than non-smokers. As this is an important lacuna because smoking results in greater mortality than obesity, the present study addresses this question. Method: Female college students (N = 398; M age = 18.4, SD =0.6; M BMI = 23.7, SD =4.3) recruited for a body acceptance intervention trial provided data on smoking behavior and had their body mass measured at baseline and at 1-mo, 6-mo, 1-yr, and 2-yr follow-ups. Results: Counter to the belief that smoking is an effective weight control strategy, baseline smokers (n = 29) gained significantly more weight (r = .29) than baseline non-smokers (n = 304), controlling for baseline BMI, parental obesity status, socio-economic status, and intervention condition; over 2-yr follow-up smokers gained 2.9 kg versus 0.9 kg for non-smokers. Descriptive data indicated that weight gain was greater for young women who quit smoking during follow-up (n = 13; M = 4.8 kg) than for persistent smokers (n = 16; M = 1.4 kg), though both groups gained more weight than non-smokers. Conclusions: Results challenge the widely held belief that smoking is an effective weight control strategy, ironically suggesting that smokers gain more weight than non-smokers during young adulthood, though non-experimental prospective studies do not establish causal relations and future research with larger representative samples is needed.
Seasonal changes in the size of the avian song control nucleus HVC defined by multiple histological markers

Bird song is controlled by a discrete network of brain nuclei. The size of several song control nuclei changes seasonally in many seasonally breeding songbird species. Reports of seasonal changes in the size of song nuclei have relied primarily on Nissl stains to define the borders of these regions. Recent studies found that the size of the song nucleus higher vocal center (HVC) in male canaries did not change seasonally when its borders were defined by histological markers other than Nissl staining. We used three labels to define the borders of the HVC in male Gambel's white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii): Nissl staining, the distribution of acetylcholinesterase-positive neuropil, and the distribution of neurons projecting to another song nucleus, area X. The HVC was larger in males exposed to a breeding photoperiod and testosterone concentrations than in males exposed to a nonbreeding photoperiod and testosterone concentrations, regardless of which of these three methods was used to define the borders of the HVC. This result suggests that seasonal changes in the Nissl-defined borders of the HVC reflect changes in the distribution of physiologically relevant markers of the nucleus and are not merely artifacts of the Nissl-staining method.
Postoperative Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth-Weight Infants With Necrotizing Enterocolitis or Isolated Intestinal Perforation: A Prospective Cohort Study by the NICHD Neonatal Research Network

Objective: Purposes of this study were: 1) to compare mortality and postoperative morbidities (intra-abdominal abscess, wound dehiscence, and intestinal stricture) in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants who underwent initial laparotomy or drainage for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or isolated intestinal perforation (IP); 2) to determine the ability to distinguish NEC from IP preoperatively and the importance of this distinction on outcome measures; and 3) to evaluate the association between extent of intestinal disease determined at operation and outcome measures.
Foreword: Structural Transitions and Local Deformation Processes at and Near Grain Boundaries

This volume contains a collection of articles reporting research that was presented at the recent symposium ‘‘Structural Transitions and Local Deformation Processes at and Near Grain Boundaries’’ held at the MS&T meeting in Fall 2009 in Pittsburgh, PA. The reader is also referred to the December 2009 issue of JOM (vol. 61, pp. 37-58) in which three articles describe additional research that was presented at this symposium.
Triplet correlation functions in the Lennard‐Jones fluid: Tests against molecular dynamics simulations

A recent theory of Haymet, Rice, and Madden (HRM) for the pair and triplet correlation functions is tested at liquid state densities against new molecular dynamics results for the Lennard‐Jones (12,6) fluid. The HRM integral equation, based on the Born–Green equation and a topological reduction of the diagrammatic expansion of the triplet correlation function, has been solved for a high temperature state (T*=2.74, ρ*=0.80) and is found to give triplet correlation functions in good agreement with the molecular dynamics results. For a lower‐temperature state (T*=0.73, ρ*=0.85), where numerical difficulties have thus far frustrated attempts to obtain a self‐consistent solution of the HRM integral equation, direct tests of the HRM closure are made using molecular dynamics pair correlation functions to evaluate the diagrams. Although some striking qualitative features of the triplet correlations are correctly described by the HRM closure for this low‐temperature state, the HRM approach is not in quantitative agreement with the molecular dynamics results. Test calculations indicate that the principle source of these errors is the neglect of important higher‐order diagrams for the triplet correlation function. A reorganization of the diagrammatic series is suggested which may identify the most important of these neglected diagrams. Additional computer simulation results are also reported for the purely repulsive Weeks–Chandler–Andersen (WCA) ‘‘reference’’ fluid and for the underlying hard sphere fluid. The similarity of the pair structures of these fluids, noted by WCA, is also found to hold with high accuracy for the triplet structures. It is suggested that these similarities may be exploited in applying the methods of HRM to the hard sphere fluid.
Logarithmic total variation regularization for cross-validation in photon-limited imaging

In fields such as astronomy and medicine, many imaging modalities operate in the photon-limited realm because of the low photon counts available over a reasonable exposure time. Photon-limited observations are often modeled as the composite of a linear operator, such as a blur or tomographic projection, applied to a scene of interest, followed by Poisson noise draws for each pixel. One method to reconstruct the underlying scene intensity is to minimize a regularized Poisson negative log-likelihood, but choosing a good scaling parameter for the regularizer is notoriously difficult. This paper presents a new model that solves for and regularizes the logarithm of the true scene, and focuses on the special case of total variation regularization. This method yields considerable gains when used in conjunction with cross-validation for regularization parameter selection, where weighting of the regularization term is automatically determined using observed data.
The Use of Weighted Ternary Histograms for the Visualizationof Segregation

Assessing the level and patterns of residential segregation is an important part of understanding many problems of today's cities. Traditional statistical measures of segregation, such as the exposure indices and the dissimilarity index, are useful but incomplete indicators. This study introduces a new graphical technique, the weighted ternary histogram, which visualizes complex patterns in the location of two or three subgroups of a population. The resultant graphs complement the common indices and expand on their descriptive power in the processes of assessment and hypothesis formulation. When the residential locations of different races in three midsize American cities are compared, the graphs show subtle differences in the pattern of residential segregation among the three cities.
Thermal attenuation of coherent charge oscillation in coupled quantum wells

Abstract Coherent oscillation of photoexcited electron wavepackets in coupled quantum-well structures has been observed recently in GaAs/AlGaAs double quantum wells. Because the oscillation frequency is in the terahertz region which overlaps the phonon frequency region, coherent charge oscillations are expected to be substantially attenuated by coupling to phonons. In this paper we investigate the attenuation of coherent charge oscillations in coupled quantum wells of GaAs/AlGaAs by phonons. It is found that the attenuation is dominated by the dephasing caused by the intrasubband transitions. The intersubband transition is shown not to be important in the attenuation of coherent charge oscillations in coupled quantum wells.
Accurate color images: from expensive luxury to essential resource

Over ten years ago the National Gallery in London began a program to make digital images of paintings in the collection using a colorimetric imaging system. This was to provide a permanent record of the state of paintings against which future images could be compared to determine if any changes had occurred. It quickly became apparent that such images could be used not only for scientific purposes, but also in applications where transparencies were then being used, for example as source materials for printed books and catalogues or for computer-based information systems. During the 1990s we were involved in the development of a series of digital cameras that have combined the high color accuracy of the original 'scientific' imaging system with the familiarity and portability of a medium format camera. This has culminated in the program of digitization now in progress at the National Gallery. By the middle of 2001 we will have digitized all the major paintings in the collection at a resolution of 10,000 pixels along their longest dimension and with calibrated color; we are on target to digitize the whole collection by the end of 2002. The images are available on-line within the museum for consultation and so that Gallery departments can use the images in printed publications and on the Gallery's web- site. We describe the development of the imaging systems used at National Gallery and how the research we have conducted into high-resolution accurate color imaging has developed from being a peripheral, if harmless, research activity to becoming a central part of the Gallery's information and publication strategy. Finally, we discuss some outstanding issues, such as interfacing our color management procedures with the systems used by external organizations.
In vivo detection of intermediate metabolic products of [1‐13C]ethanol in the brain using 13C MRS

In this study, in vivo13C MRS was used to investigate the labeling of brain metabolites after intravenous administration of [1-13C]ethanol. After [1-13C]ethanol had been administered systemically to rats, 13C labels were detected in glutamate, glutamine and aspartate in the carboxylic and amide carbon spectral region. 13C-labeled bicarbonate HCO (161.0 ppm) was also detected. Saturating acetaldehyde C1 at 207.0 ppm was found to have no effect on the ethanol C1 (57.7 ppm) signal intensity after extensive signal averaging, providing direct in vivo evidence that direct metabolism of alcohol by brain tissue is minimal. To compare the labeling of brain metabolites by ethanol with labeling by glucose, in vivo time course data were acquired during intravenous co-infusion of [1-13C]ethanol and [13C6]-D-glucose. In contrast with labeling by [13C6]-D-glucose, which produced doublets of carboxylic/amide carbons with a J coupling constant of 51 Hz, the simultaneously detected glutamate and glutamine singlets were labeled by [1-13C]ethanol. As 13C labels originating from ethanol enter the brain after being converted into [1-13C]acetate in the liver, and the direct metabolism of ethanol by brain tissue is negligible, it is suggested that orally or intragastrically administered 13C-labeled ethanol may be used to study brain metabolism and glutamatergic neurotransmission in investigations involving alcohol administration. In vivo13C MRS of rat brain following intragastric administration of 13C-labeled ethanol is demonstrated. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Planning for Cars in Cities: Planners, Engineers, and Freeways in the 20th Century

Problem: When the First National Conference on City Planning took place in Washington, DC, 100 ago, the delegates failed to foresee the consequences of automobility and suburbanization, but in other ways they were remarkably prescient. They stressed the importance of the linkage between transportation and land use, understood that transportation facilities must be harmoniously embedded in the urban fabric, and viewed transportation investment as a way to direct growth, revitalize flagging areas, and link jobs and housing. Since transportation planners in subsequent decades kept this vision alive, envisioning a network of context-sensitive urban freeways fully integrated into the urban milieu, why is this not what was built? Purpose: We consider the history of U.S. urban transportation planning over the past 100 years, to explain the evolution and legacy of the single most important transportation development of the past century save automobility itself: the emergence of the urban freeway. Methods: We revi...
Carpal tunnel release for advanced disease in patients 70 years and older: does outcome from the patient's perspective justify surgery?

Because more advanced stages of nerve compression are likely to result in intraneural changes including intrinsic fibrosis and axon loss, we hypothesised that carpal tunnel release for advanced carpal tunnel syndrome might not result in satisfactory resolution of symptoms. We were particularly interested in evaluating a population of elderly patients 70 years and older for whom relief of symptoms is the overwhelming objective of surgery. Our retrospective assessment of symptom resolution and patient satisfaction in 13 patients with advanced carpal tunnel syndrome utilized a validated self-administered questionnaire and revealed minimal symptoms in 11 patients. Although carpal tunnel release is unlikely to result in the total elimination of symptoms when performed in elderly patients with advanced disease, outcome from the patient's perspective appears to be satisfactory and the surgery quite justified.
Verbal and Nonverbal Dynamics of Privacy, Secrecy, and Deceit

We discuss the ways in which deception can be used to protect privacy, as well as the ways in which claims to privacy can provide the latitude to lie. In their attempts to maintain their own privacy and their secrets, people can be assisted by others who overlook their lies. Habits of honoring other people's verbal and nonverbal claims about themselves, even when they are not totally convincing, and expectations of similar indulgences from others can keep interactions from getting derailed by small interpersonal bumps. But they also enable exploitation in the form of frauds and scams.
Drought and Recovery: Livestock Dynamics among the Ngisonyoka Turkana of Kenya

From 1980–1985, the Turkana District of Kenya experienced both drought and above average rainfall. The effects of a 2-year drought on the livestock population of the nomadic pastoral Ngisonyoka are discussed. Detailed data on mortality rates and offtake are presented for the animals of four herd owners, and the recovery process is followed for the 5-year period for one herd owner. It is concluded that during the drought, 63% of the cattle, 45% of the camels, and 55% of the small stock left the sample herds. The livestock population of one herd had recovered to pre-drought levels 3 years after the drought.
The complexification of a lattice seminormed space

Abstract We introduce tensor products in the category of lattice seminormed spaces. We show that the reasonable cross vector seminorms on the complexification of a lattice seminormed space are the same as the admissible vector seminorms. We then specialize these results to complexifications of Archimedean Riesz spaces.
The relationship of argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness to cohesion, consensus, and satisfaction in small groups

The communication traits of argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness were investigated for their relationships with small group members’ perceptions of communication satisfaction, cohesion, and consensus. Participants (N = 208) in on‐going task groups were surveyed. The results suggest that group members who are argumentative and not verbally aggressive are satisfied with their group's communication, and they perceive that the groups are more likely to reach consensus and experience a sense of cohesion. The results discuss the importance of communication traits in investigating small group communication.
Global observations of the land breeze

[1] Four-times daily satellite wind observations from the QuikSCAT and ADEOS-II tandem scatterometer mission are used to study the land/sea breeze circulation. These observations provide a global view of diurnal wind variations over the ocean. Results agree with frictional linear theory: winds follow an elliptical hodograph through the course of the day, but indicate that diurnal wind variations propagate offshore progressively like nonlinear gravity waves and are detectable several hundred kilometers from the coast.
Nutrient content prediction equations for wetland trees in the US Southern Coastal plain

Abstract Nutrient content prediction equations are presented for blackgum, green ash, red maple, sweetgum, water tupelo, hickory, laurel oak, water oak, and baldcypress growing on wetland sites in the southern United States from Virginia to Mississippi. In all, 495 trees from 19 locations on the Coastal Plain were sampled for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations and biomass of foliage, branches, bole wood, and bole bark. The ranking of nutrient concentrations in tree components was N>Ca>K>Mg>P for foliage and Ca>N>K>Mg>P for branches, bole wood, and bole bark. Individual species equations developed to predict nutrient contents for the total-bole and total-tree had coefficients of determination (R2 values) ranging from 0·87 to 0·99. These equations make it possible to compare the nutrient losses associated with total-tree and conventional bole wood harvesting on wetland sites.
A Review of the Literature on Event-Level Substance Use and Sexual Risk Behavior Among Men Who Have Sex with Men

In the United States, there continues to be high incidence of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM), who represent 57% of new infections in 2009. While many studies report associations between non-injection substance use and sexual risk behavior among MSM, overall results are mixed. Summarizing these studies is difficult because researchers have used a variety of assessment periods for substance use and sexual behavior. We review the scientific literature on event-level measures, which assess substance use and sexual risk behavior immediately before or during a sexual encounter and provide the most precise link between these two behaviors. From January 2009 through March 2010, we searched four databases: Ovid (MEDLINE and PsycINFO), Web of Knowledge, and Sociofile. Across studies, results varied by substance with little within substance consistency or a lack of research except for two notable exceptions: methamphetamine and binge alcohol use. The findings underscore the importance of providing HIV risk-reduction interventions for substance-using MSM.