cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracellular ATP induces formation of AP-1 complexes in astrocytes via P2 purinoceptors.

THE transcription activator protein-1 (AP-1) complex is a heterodimer consisting of Fos and Jun family members. We found that extracellular ATP stimulated AP-1 DNA binding activity in cerebral cortical astrocyte cultures. This activity was maximal at 1 h and persisted for at least 3h post-treatment. Shift-Western blotting indicated the presence of c-Fos in the AP-1 complexes. Stimulation of AP-I binding by ATP was due to activation of P 2 rather than P 1 purinoceptors. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Ro 31-8220 markedly reduced P 2 purinoceptor-mediated AP-1 induction. The induction of AP-I complexes by ATP may contribute to changes in gene expression which underlie the trophic effects of extracellular ATP on astrocytes.
Generation of Standard Fields in Shielded Enclosures

In this paper a method for calibrating loop antennas in a shielded enclosure is analyzed. The scheme considered involves the generation of a known field in the vicinity of the loop by an energized wire mounted near the ceiling of the enclosure. The published formulas for computing the field are based upon simplifying approximations which result in large inaccuracies in many cases. To extend the usefulness of the method new formulas are developed with which the field can be predicted with better than 1 per cent accuracy in the low and medium frequency ranges for most installations. The results can be applied over most of the high frequency region with a possible reduction of accuracy. A method is presented for estimating the error in this region. Finally, the passible limitation of the method at very low frequencies is discussed.
An iron-peroxo porphyrin complex: new synthesis and reactivity toward a Cu(II) complex giving a heme-peroxo-copper adduct.

Side-on η2-peroxo−iron porphyrins are strong nucleophiles. In cytochrome P450-like aromatase and other enzymes, such species are postulated as the active oxidants. In cytochrome c oxidase, hemea3−p...
Racial Characteristics of Central City Schools, Family Income, and the Suburbanization of Black and White Families with Children

This paper examines the effects of racial characteristics of central city schools on decisions by individual white and black families with children to move to the suburbs. The extent to which these variables are dependent on the level of total family income is also considered, as well as the effect of income itself. The school characteristics are changes in segregation of central city schools, terminal level of segregation and percent black in the school district. Using logit analysis, terminal level of segregation seems to be more important than either of the other school variables. It appears that whites flow away from relatively desegregated school systems, while blacks are much less likely to move away from them, regardless of income. When the system is relatively segregated, the reverse pattern is observed.
Analysis of composition fluctuation lifetimes in a critical oxide mixture by volume relaxation spectroscopy

Abstract The distribution of volume relaxation times in a critical oxide mixture is calculated from longitudinal and shear modulus measurements. Ultrasonic relaxation allows the investigation of two distinct effects in the distribution of relaxation times as the temperature is lowered toward the critical point. At high temperatures, a coupling between the compressional component of the ultrasonic wave and supercritical fluctuations in composition leads to an anomalous broadening of the distribution of volume relaxation times. This interaction allows a measure of the average composition fluctuation lifetime, τD, as a function of temperature. At lower temperatures, as τD becomes longer than the volume relaxation times, the behavior of the distribution follows closely the predictions of an environmental relaxation model proposed by these authors for the analysis of shear relaxation processes in the same material.
Ionic requirements for melanophore-stimulating hormone (MSH) release

Abstract In vitro studies on ionic requirements for melanophore-stimulating hormone (MSH) release were carried out on a variety of vertebrate species. Frog ( Rana pipiens, Agalychnis dacnicolor ), toad ( Bufo marinus ), lizard ( Anolis carolinensis ), mouse, and rat pituitaries release an MSH-like substance into the incubation medium. incubation of the separated pars distalis or pars intermedia of the frog or rat reveal that most MSH-like activity is confined to the intermediate lobe, suggesting that the hormone is MSH. Removal of the Ca 2+ ion from the medium results in an almost total inhibition of MSH release from the pituitary of each of the species studied. Similarly, removal of the K + ion reduces secretion to about half that of control values, except in the mouse and the toad ( B. marinus ), where such an effect could not be demonstrated. High (5×) K + failed to increase the rate of MSH release in either normal or Ca 2+ -deficient media. Long-term (4–8 hr) incubation of frog or rat pituitaries in a Ca 2+ -deficient medium did not decrease the level of pituitary MSH over that of pituitaries incubated for similar lengths of time in normal media. Excess (10×) Ca 2+ failed to stimulate MSH release from frog or rat pituitaries over that released into normal media. Ouabain reversibly blocked the release of MSH from frog ( R. pipiens ) and rat pituitaries. Ouabain failed to block MSH release from the mouse and the toad, B. marinus (the two species which were similarly unresponsive to the absence of K + from the medium). MSH release from the frog was inhibited in a Li + -Ringer or an isotonic sucrose medium. These results suggest that MSH release from pars intermedia cells may be regulated by a Na + K + pump (active transport) mechanism. Although Ca 2+ is ultimately necessary for MSH release (in all species studied), its role may be secondary to that of an initial action of MSH release-inhibiting factors on cellular permeability to the K + and/or Na + ion. The experimental evidence presently suggests that some species may not possess an active transport system linked to the Ca 2+ ion requirement for hormone release.
"It's Not Them, It's Me": Competing Discourses in One Aspiring Teacher's Talk.

In this paper, we deploy M.M. Bakhtin’s notions about how language works to understand aspiring teachers’ struggles about the intersecting roles race, class, gender, language background, and sexual orientation play in students’ school lives and learning. Through life-history interviews and document analysis, we investigated the authoritative and internally persuasive discourses one aspiring teacher brought with her and took from a 15-week long course on a predominantly White Midwestern public university campus. Ideas she encountered in the course and its required tutoring component challenged her thinking about how various facets of people’s lives (such as those we list above) and the contexts in which they live, work and are schooled, affect how they are perceived, what they know, and can do.
Adapting second‐order response surface designs to specific needs

Experimental design strategies most often involve an initial choice of a classic factorial or response surface design and adapt that design to meet restrictions or unique requirements of the system under study. One such experience is described here, in which the objective was to develop an efficient experimental design strategy that would facilitate building second-order response models with excellent prediction capabilities. In development, careful consideration was paid to the desirable properties of response surface designs. Once developed, the proposed design was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation to prove the concept, a pilot implementation of the design carried out to evaluate the accuracy of the response models, and a set of validation runs enacted to look for potential weaknesses in the approach. The purpose of the exercise was to develop a procedure to efficiently and effectively calibrate strain-gauge balances to be used in wind tunnel testing. The current calibration testing procedure is based on a time-intensive one-factor-at-a-time method. In this study, response surface methods were used to reduce the number of calibration runs required during the labor-intensive heavy load calibration, to leverage the prediction capabilities of response surface designs, and to provide an estimate of uncertainty for the calibration models. Results of the three-phased approach for design evaluation are presented. The new calibration process will require significantly fewer tests to achieve the same or improved levels of precision in balance calibration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classical solutions of the korteweg—devries equation for non—smooth initial data via inverse scattering*

The Cauchy problem for the Korteweg—deVries equation (KdV for short) (*) is solved classically for t>0 under the single assumption for via the so—called “inverse scattering method”. This approach, originating with Gardner, Greene Kruskal, and Miura [11], relates the KdV equation to the one—dimensional Schrodinger equation: (**) By considering the effect on the scattering data associated to the Schrodinger equation (**) when the potential u(x) evolves in t according to the KfV equation (*), one obtains a linear evolution equation for the scatering data. The inverse scattering method of solving (*) consists of calculating the scattering data for the initial value Q(x), letting it evolve to time t, and then recovering q(x,t) form the evolved scattering data. Recently, P. Deift and E. Trubowitz [9] presented a new method for solving the inverse scattering problem (obtaining the potential form its scattering data). Our solution of the KdV initial value problem uses this approach to construct a classical soluti...
Differential modulation by vascular nitric oxide synthases of the ethanol-evoked hypotension and autonomic dysfunction in female rats.

We recently reported that chronic exposure to ethanol lowers blood pressure (BP) via altering cardiac contractility and autonomic control in female rats. In this investigation we conducted pharmacological and molecular studies to elucidate the role of constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in these hemodynamic effects of ethanol. Changes caused by selective inhibition of eNOS [N 5 -(1iminoethyl)-L-ornithine; L-NIO], nNOS (N u -propyl-L-arginine; NPLA), or iNOS (1400W) in BP, heart rate (HR), myocardial contractility index (dP/dtmax), and power spectral indices of hemodynamic variability were evaluated in telemetered female rats receiving ethanol (5%, w/v) or control liquid diet for 8 weeks. Ethanol increased plasma nitrite/nitrate (NOx) and enhanced the phosphorylation of eNOS and nNOS, but not iNOS, in the tail artery. Ethanol also reduced BP, þdP/dtmax, low-frequency bands of interbeat intervals (IBILF, 0.25e0.75 Hz) and IBILF/HF ratio while high-frequency bands (IBIHF, 0.75e3 Hz) were increased, suggesting parasympathetic overactivity. L-NIO (20 mg/kg i.p.) caused greater increases in BP in control than in ethanol-fed rats but elicited similar reductions in IBILF/HF and þdP/dtmax both groups. NPLA (1 mg/kg i.p.) caused minimal effects in control rats but exacerbated the reductions in BP, þdP/ dtmax, and IBILF/HF in ethanol-fed rats. No hemodynamic modifications were caused by 1400W (5 mg/kg i.p.) in either rat group. Together, these findings suggest that nNOS acts tonically to offset the detrimental cardiovascular actions of ethanol in female rats, and the enhanced vascular NO bioavailability may explain the blunted L-NIO evoked pressor response in ethanol-fed rats.
A flat-bed scanning microdensitometer for computer image processing of electron micrographs

Abstract A computer-controlled scanning two-dimensional microdensitometer suitable for the digitisation of electron micrographs for computer processing has been constructed. The design uses a Joyce-Loebl MK III Densitometer as a basis, and employs commercially available translation stages, and simple solid-state electronic circuitry. A similar performance to commercially available instruments has been obtained for approximately one-tenth of the cost.
Dipodal ligands from chiral spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-dienes: solid state conformational effects by tether substitution in dipodal η5,η1-CpP–ruthenium(II) complexes

Abstract New chiral spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-dienes were prepared and used in an efficient synthesis of cyclopentadienyl ruthenium complexes with pendant phosphine donors. Solid state structures reveal a conformation trend among three structurally homologous complexes that involves subtle twisting about the tether with increasing substitution at the alpha carbon. These results suggest architectural requirements for future ligand designs.
Monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arteritis in rats.

Summary Ethanol-extracted Crotalaria spectabilis seeds when fed to immature rats are no longer toxic. Monocrotaline at concentrations of 20 or 30 mg/kg of food is capable of producing all of the tissue changes attributed to the ingestion of ground unextracted C. spectabilis seeds. Monocrotaline feeding in addition to producing hepatic necrosis, pulmonary hemorrhage or epithelial hyperplasia may also induce pulmonary arteritis. Treatment of the toxic alkaloid either by hydrogenolysis or Ba(OH)2 hydrolysis is associated with loss of toxicity. These observations suggest that monocrotaline and not its derivatives is responsible for the toxicity encountered in C. spectabilis seeds.
ECOSYSTEM SUCCESSION, NUTRIENT CYCLING AND OUTPUT INPUT RATIOS

Abstract Two hypotheses of nutrient cycling during succession are considered. First, Odum's hypothesis that nutrient cycles “tighten” as succession proceeds, i.e. cycling within the system increases. Second, Vitousek and Reiners' hypothesis that the ratio of output to input will decrease at first as net ecosystem production (NEP) increases and then return to unity as NEP approaches zero. The two hypotheses are compatible and this is demonstrated using a simple model of nutrient cycling during succession. This suggests two independent processes involved in nutrient conservation, namely, nutrient accumulation and nutrient cycling.
Immunomodulatory effects of statins and autoimmune rheumatic diseases : Novel intracellular mechanism involved

Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, known as statins, are the most commonly prescribed agents for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. However, the effects of statins may extend beyond their influences on serum cholesterol levels resulting in cholesterol-independent or pleiotropic effects. Clinical, animal and in vitro studies suggest that statins have additional clinical uses because of their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, in part due to their capacity to interfere with the mevalonate pathway and inhibit prenylation of Rho family GTPases. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of statins. In base to all these information, we suggest that statins could have similar inhibitory effects on MAPKs pathways in cells from RA patients, including osteoclasts and fibroblasts.
Understanding new anonymity networks from a user's perspective

Anonymity networks have been studied for decades, from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Several anonymity systems, such as Tor and Java Anon Proxy (JAP), have become popular enough for general Internet users. However, both noticeably constrain the performance of a user's network and are considered too complicated for some users. A new anonymity service, SurfEasy, has created a physical device that purports to provide easy, high performance anonymous network usage. However, the service does not readily describe the anonymity system it uses. In this work, we examine Tor, JAP, and SurfEasy from a performance and end-user perspective to characterize the tradeoffs in these systems and to provide a guide for analyzing future anonymity systems. In doing so, we find that SurfEasy does indeed offer better browsing performance in some cases, but at the cost of robust anonymity.
Parallel weather modeling with the advanced regional prediction system

Abstract The Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms has developed a regional weather prediction model called the advanced regional prediction system. The massively parallel implementation of the model has been tested in an operational setting each spring, since the spring of 1995. The model has been quite successful in predicting individual storms and storm clusters during these real-time operations which were made possible by the use of massively parallel machines.
TOTAL CROSS SECTIONS FOR INELASTIC SCATTERING OF CHARGED PARTICLES BY ATOMS AND MOLECULES. V. EVALUATION TO THE NEXT ORDER BEYOND THE BETHE ASYMPTOTE.

The Bethe procedure to obtain an asymptotic expression for the total cross section for inelastic scattering is extended to include three constants instead of the usual two. Within the first Born approximation, the third constant is essentially related to the total number of electrons in the target. By subtracting the sum of the cross sections for discrete excitations from the total cross section, the ionization cross section can also be given in an asymptotic form with three constants. The Mott formula is used to estimate the correction for electron exchange in the ionization cross section. The resulting cross sections compare favorably with experiments on the ionization of H, ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, He, and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ by fast charged particles.
A role set analysis of managerial reputation

Abstract This paper offers an alternative perspective on managerial effectiveness. Effectiveness of managers is analyzed from their reputation in the role set. It is proposed that focal managers gain the reputation of being effective by meeting the self-interested expectations of role set members. It is further proposed that the most reputationally effective managers tend to be more successful in their careers than the least reputationally effective managers. Five hypotheses relating to this reputational viewpoint were tested using a sample of 217 middle managers, 173 superiors, 387 subordinates, and 303 peers. Results confirm the hypotheses and provide the foundation for a new direction of managerial effectiveness research.
Global decomposition kinetics and critical explosion temperatures of 2-(5-cyanotetrazolato) pentaammine cobalt (III) perchlorate

Abstract Kinetics of decomposition of 2-(5-Cyanotetrazolato) Pentaammine Cobalt (III) Perchlorate, CP, at constant pressure and constant volume were determined
Physically Gelled Ionic Liquids: Solid Membrane Materials with Liquidlike CO2 Gas Transport

A room-temperature ionic liquid was combined with a low-molecular-weight organic gelator to form a cuttable, soft gel solid. When used as a supported membrane, this material has enhanced transport properties for CO2 gas separations compared to traditional supported liquid membranes, while showing increased mechanical stability.
The Mediated Effect of Contextual Risk Factors on Trajectories of Violence: Results from a Nationally Representative, Longitudinal Sample of Hispanic Adolescents

The current study sought to estimate trajectories of violent behavior and evaluate the direct and indirect effects of contextual factors among Hispanics, stratified by gender. Relying on data from 3,719 Hispanic adolescents surveyed as a part of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), violence trajectories were estimated using group-based trajectory modeling. The results identified three groups of violence trajectories for both males and females (non-violent, desistors, and escalators) and there were considerable gender differences in the direct and indirect effects of risk and protective factors on violent behavior. Study limitations and policy implications are also discussed.
A novel bombesin receptor antagonist selectively blocks the satiety action of peripherally administered bombesin

To investigate the effect of a new, specific antagonist for bombesin receptors on the satiating action of exogenous bombesin, adult male rats were adapted to a nondeprivation test regimen with daily access to a palatable liquid food. In a prefeeding paradigm, rats received intraperitoneal injections of the bombesin receptor antagonist, BW2258U89 (6.25, 25, 50, or 100 micrograms kg-1) or vehicle 20 min before, and then a second injection of either bombesin (4 micrograms kg-1), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP; 16 micrograms kg-1), the C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8; 4 micrograms kg-1), or vehicle 5 min before a 2-h feeding test. BW2258U89 pretreatment antagonized the satiating actions of bombesin and GRP18-27 in a very potent, dose-related manner, but did not antagonize the satiating action of CCK-8. These differential results with BW2258U89 are consistent with prior results showing the potency of this antagonist for bombesin receptor-mediated effects in visceral systems; in addition, they demonstrate the selectivity of the compound for the satiating actions of peripherally administered bombesin and bombesin-like peptides.
Morphology of polymorphonuclear neutrophils during periodontal disease in the cynomolgus monkey

Abstract The polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) appears to be an important cell in the protection of the host from pathogenic periodontal micro-organisms. The purpose of the present histological studies was to observe the emigration of the PMN from the gingival vessels to the periodontal packet during gingivitis and ligature-induced periodontitis in the cynomolgus monkey 2 adult female monkeys were treated by application of a silk ligature around selected posterior teeth. After 9 weeks, the monkeys were perfused and block sections of both ligated (early periodontitis) and non-ligated (gingivitis) sites were obtained, cut into smaller blocks containing a single interdental area (N= 15 for periodontitis, N= 5 for gingivitis) and processed for light and electron microscopic observations. Morphologically, no differences in PMNs between gingivitis and periodontitis wrere observed and therefore the following description applies to both disease slates. In the vessels, the endothebal cells appeared to be actively involved in PMN emigration, maintaining long processes which surrounded the PMNs. Within the connective tissue, the PMNs maintained their typical morphology which included polylobated nuclei and numerous lysosomal granules. Many intact PMNs were observed intercellularly within the connective tissue and the epithelium. Within the periodontal pocket, a multilayer of PMNs surrounded the plaque mass. Cells with numerous bacteria-containing phagolyso-somes were observed with increasing frequency as they approached the plaque. Deeper within the bacterial deposit, PMNs were seen in varying stages of degeneration. These histologic studies, when interpreted in the light of reports of severe, rapidly-progressive periodontitis in patients with PMN disorders, suggest that the interaction of PMNs with bacterial plaque may serve to maintain a defensive boundary which protects the host tissues from irreversible destruction.
Peer interaction and learning in small groups

Abstract This chapter discusses the kinds of peer interaction that influence learning in small groups and describes the characteristics of students, groups and tasks that predict different patterns of peer interaction. Based on previous empirical research, critical features of peer interaction include the level of elaboration of help given and received, and the appropriateness of responses to requests for help. Predictors of peer interaction in small groups include student ability, gender, and personality, and group composition on ability and gender. Hypotheses about important, but neglected, aspects of peer interaction that may predict learning are discussed.
Role for DNA Polymerase κ in the Processing of N2-N2-Guanine Interstrand Cross-links

Although there exists compelling genetic evidence for a homologous recombination-independent pathway for repair of interstrand cross-links (ICLs) involving translesion synthesis (TLS), biochemical support for this model is lacking. To identify DNA polymerases that may function in TLS past ICLs, oligodeoxynucleotides were synthesized containing site-specific ICLs in which the linkage was between N2-guanines, similar to cross-links formed by mitomycin C and enals. Here, data are presented that mammalian cell replication of DNAs containing these lesions was ∼97% accurate. Using a series of oligodeoxynucleotides that mimic potential intermediates in ICL repair, we demonstrate that human polymerase (pol) κ not only catalyzed accurate incorporation opposite the cross-linked guanine but also replicated beyond the lesion, thus providing the first biochemical evidence for TLS past an ICL. The efficiency of TLS was greatly enhanced by truncation of both the 5 ′ and 3 ′ ends of the nontemplating strand. Further analyses showed that although yeast Rev1 could incorporate a dCTP opposite the cross-linked guanine, no evidence was found for TLS by pol ζ or a pol ζ/Rev1 combination. Because pol κ was able to bypass these ICLs, biological evidence for a role for pol κ in tolerating the N2-N2-guanine ICLs was sought; both cell survival and chromosomal stability were adversely affected in pol κ-depleted cells following mitomycin C exposure. Thus, biochemical data and cellular studies both suggest a role for pol κ in the processing of N2-N2-guanine ICLs.
Extreme environment simulation - current and new capabilities to simulate Venus and other planetary bodies

Science, technology, and planetary mission communities have a growing interest in components and systems that are capable of working in extreme (high) temperature and pressure conditions. Terrestrial applications range from scientific research, aerospace, defense, automotive systems, energy storage and power distribution, deep mining and others. As the target environments get increasingly extreme, capabilities to develop and test the sensors and systems designed to operate in such environments will be required. An application of particular importance to the planetary science community is the ability for a robotic lander to survive on the Venus surface where pressures are nearly 100 times that of Earth and temperatures approach 500C. The scientific importance and relevance of Venus missions are stated in the current Planetary Decadal Survey. Further, several missions to Venus were proposed in the most recent Discovery call. Despite this interest, the ability to accurately simulate Venus conditions at a scale that can test and validate instruments and spacecraft systems and accurately simulate the Venus atmosphere has been lacking. This paper discusses and compares the capabilities that are known to exist within and outside the United States to simulate the extreme environmental conditions found in terrestrial or planetary surfaces including the Venus atmosphere and surface. The paper then focuses on discussing the recent additional capability found in the NASA Glenn Extreme Environment Rig (GEER). The GEER, located at the NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, is designed to simulate not only the temperature and pressure extremes described, but can also accurately reproduce the atmospheric compositions of bodies in the solar system including those with acidic and hazardous elements. GEER capabilities and characteristics are described along with operational considerations relevant to potential users. The paper presents initial operating results and concludes with a sampling of investigations or tests that have been requested or expected.
Effect of chronic exposure to prometryne on oxidative stress and antioxidant response in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Abstract The effects of the triazine herbicide prometryne, commonly present in surface and ground waters, on oxidative stress and antioxidant status of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) were investigated. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of prometryne (0.51, 8, and 80 μg/l) for 14, 30, and 60 days. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs) were assessed in brain, gill, intestine, liver, and muscle. After 14 days exposure, decreased GR activity in brain was observed for all prometryne-exposed groups compared with the controls. Changes were observed in SOD activity in brain and gill after 30 days in all exposure groups. Changes in CAT activity were observed only at the highest concentration (80 μg/l) in liver and intestine after 60 days. The observed effects on carp antioxidant systems may be a defense against oxidative damage. The study demonstrated changes in antioxidant parameters and the importance of evaluating the potential long-term risk to fish of prometryne, at environmentally realistic concentrations (0.51 μg/l). The results suggest that antioxidant responses may have potential as biomarkers for monitoring residual triazine herbicides in aquatic environments.
Volunteerism among surgeons: an exploration of attitudes and barriers.

Abstract Background In a recent survey, the American College of Surgeons found great interest in surgically related volunteerism, but it was unclear if the interest reflected participation. The purpose of the current study was to explore attitudes and barriers to volunteering. Methods To assess surgeons' experiences and beliefs about volunteerism, we mailed a questionnaire to Nathan A. Womack Society members. We analyzed respondents' demographics and attitudes, and associations between physician characteristics and volunteer status. Results The response rate was 42.5%. More than half (56%) of respondents volunteered surgical skills at least once, and 48% actively volunteer a mean of 9 days per year. Full-time practicing status was associated with being an active volunteer (57.8% vs 17.2% not full-time, P Conclusions Many different kinds of surgeons volunteer their surgical skills, reflecting the interest found by the College. Knowledge of barriers can be used to develop strategies to help interested surgeons pursue volunteer interests.
Current strategies for explaining the decline in ischemic heart disease mortality

Abstract Mortality from ischemic heart disease has declined sharply since the mid 1960's in the United States and several other industrialized nations. The causes of this decline have thus far not been established. Six major strategies for investigating determinants of ischemie heart disease mortality trends are discussed in this review: (1) analyses of mortality data; (2) morbidity surveillance; (3) surveillance of change in medical care; (4) surveillance of cardiovascular risk factors; (5) social and ecological surveillance; (6) experimental and quasi-experimental community approaches. The rationale, problems and limitations of each are discussed.
Active Walks: the First Twelve Years (part Ii)

Active walk is a paradigm for self-organization and pattern formation in simple and complex systems, originated by Lam in 1992. In an active walk, the walker (an agent) changes the deformable landscape as it walks and is influenced by the changed landscape in choosing its next step. Active walk models have been applied successfully to various biological, chemical and physical systems from the natural sciences, and to economics and many other systems from the social sciences. More recently, it has been used to model human history. In this review, the history, basic concepts, formulation, theories, applications, new developments and open problems of active walk are summarized and discussed. New experimental, theoretical and computer modeling results are included.
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory: Latest results and future prospects

This article summarizes measurements of the 8 B decay rate in the sun and neutrino oscillation parameters made with the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), and discusses prospects for future improvements to the analysis. These improvements include a particle identification analysis for the proportional counter data obtained from the final phase of data taking, which should significantly improve the signal to noise ratio for that phase. Other analyses discussed include searches for high frequency temporal fluctuations in the solar neutrino signal, and supernovae with no optical signal, both of which resulted in a null result.
PROBING THE RRNA ENVIRONMENT OF RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S5 ACROSS THE SUBUNIT INTERFACE AND INSIDE THE 30 S SUBUNIT USING TETHERED FE(II)

A newly developed 30 S subunit reconstitution system using a complete set of recombinant proteins was used to study the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) neighborhood of ribosomal protein S5 in 30 S subunits and 70 S ribosomes by directed hydroxyl radical probing. Using three cysteine-containing mutant S5 proteins derivatized with 1-(p-bromoacetamidobenzyl)-Fe(II)-EDTA, we expanded on experiments carried out earlier using a natural protein reconstitution system. Natural 16 S rRNA, Fe(II)-S5, and the other recombinant ribosomal proteins were reconstituted into 30 S subunits. Both 30 S subunits and 70 S ribosomes containing Fe(II)-S5 were purified, and hydroxyl radicals were generated in situ from the tethered Fe(II). In 30 S subunits, 16 S rRNA nucleotides targeted by two positions on S5, C21 and C99, were virtually identical to those observed in the previous work, supporting the validity of the recombinant protein reconstitution system for probing studies. Interestingly, new cleavages were detected using Fe(II)-C129-S5, possibly reflecting incorporation of more derivatized protein into 30 S subunits due to the increased reconstitution efficiency of the recombinant protein system. These newly targeted positions overlap, but are distinct from, those observed using Fe(II) tethered to C21, which is near C129 in the S5 structure. In 70 S ribosomes, the cleavage pattern of 16 S rRNA was very similar to that observed in 30 S subunits for all target sites except for the absence of those at the extreme 5' end of 16 S rRNA. Additionally, probing of 70 S ribosomes from Fe-C99-S5 results in cleavage of 23 S rRNA in the 1690-1770 region of domain IV. These data provide constraints for the three-dimensional location of nucleotides within domain IV of 23 S ribosomal RNA relative to known features of the 30 S subunit.
Measuring neighborhood cohesion: A review and some suggestions

A central focus of neighborhood studies has been on the cohesion of neighborhood social groups. When it has been studied as an independent variable, concern has been with the effect of varying levels of neighborhood cohesion on the behaviors of residents within the area. In studies of cohesion as a dependent variable, emphasis has been on changes occurring in the larger community and society which may affect the formation of cohesive neighborhoods. In most cases, however, the concept of cohesion has beeen inadequately conceptualized and measured. This paper discusses two considerations that are important in measuring neighborhood cohesion but are often neglected. These considerations refer to the number of separate dimensions of the cohesion concept and the system level at which the concept is measured. Four different dimensions of cohesion are discussed: use of local facilities, personal identification, social interaction, and value consensus. Differences between individual and structural measures of the concept are also discussed. A review of some of the ways in which neighborhood cohesion has been measured within the literature is provided, according to these two considerations. Some suggestions are made for constructing new measures, and an empirical example, concerned with land development, is presented to support the argument that cohesion must be measured on a number of different dimensions.
Fruits, Vegetables, and Their Components and Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Review

The aim of this review is to evaluate the current literature on the role of fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption and their components in the prevention of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. The components investigated include vitamins C and E, carotenoids, polyphenols, and B vitamins. There is little research evaluating F&V intake and MCI. Studies find inconsistent relationships between F&V and their components and cognitive decline and dementia. Inconsistencies throughout the research on F&V and their components do not allow for strong conclusions to be made at this time regarding their influence on cognitive function. However, F&V should still be considered an important component of a healthy diet.
Incorporating 3D modeling and visualization in the first year engineering curriculum

We describe how 3D modeling and visualization have been incorporated into a first year engineering concepts course at the University of Virginia. Previously we eliminated the traditional engineering graphics course and integrated that material into other courses. We now introduce geometric modeling, computer aided design, and the basic ideas of visualization to our students during their first semester. In their first CAD lesson, our students learn to construct a solid model, to view it from multiple perspectives and to render it. The second lesson introduces Boolean operations; the third, working in multiple spaces, the fourth, a variety of solid modeling techniques, and the fifth annotating a model. A sixth lesson covers the fundamental ideas of rendering. Thus, we start with three dimensional thinking and emphasize the importance of modeling and visualization to the engineering design process. Students find this approach exciting, challenging, and relevant. They learn to capture their ideas as 3D models, and gain an early understanding of the role of design in engineering.
Relational Self-Construal and its Relationship to Academic Citizenship Behavior

Despite the abundance of research on personality traits and citizenship behavior, no study has examined the role of relational self-construal, which is a self-definition based on one’s close relationships. We hypothesized that relational self-construal would be positively related to academic citizenship behaviors, and that this association would remain significant while controlling for sex and agreeableness. In the study, 2,222 college undergraduates completed a self-report questionnaire measuring their relational self-construal, sex, personality, and academic citizenship attitudes. The results also confirmed the hypothesis that relational self-construal is positively related to some academic citizenship behaviors while controlling for sex and agreeableness. Specifically, relational self-construal was associated with consideration and civic virtue, but not with other citizenship behaviors.
Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy of a β‐sheet peptide: a model for membrane protein folding

The partitioning of a hydrophobic hexapeptide, N-acetyl-tryptophan-pentaleucine (AcWL5), into self-associated β-sheets within a vesicle membrane was studied as a model for integral membrane protein folding and insertion via vibrational and electronic spectroscopy. Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy allows selective examination of the structures of amino acid side chains and the peptide backbone and provides information about local environment and molecular conformation. The secondary structure of AcWL5 within a vesicle membrane was investigated using 207.5-nm excitation and found to consist of β-sheets, in agreement with previous studies. The β-sheet peptide shows enhanced Raman scattering cross-sections for all amide modes as well as extensive hydrogen-bonding networks. Tryptophan vibrational structure was probed using 230-nm excitation. Increases in Raman cross-sections of tryptophan modes W1, W3, W7, W10, W16, W17, and W18 of membrane-incorporated AcWL5 are primarily attributed to greater resonance enhancement with the Bb electronic transition. The W17 mode, however, undergoes a much greater enhancement than is expected for a simple resonance effect, and this observation is discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding of the indole ring in a hydrophobic environment. The observed tryptophan mode frequencies and intensities overall support a hydrophobic environment for the indole ring within a vesicle, and these results have implications for the location of tryptophan in membrane protein systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE ETA FUNCTION IN BF TOPOLOGICAL FIELD THEORY

The eta function in BF topological field theory is computed in a gauge which is both non-local and non-covariant. As expected, the result differs from that obtained when a covariant gauge is used. An explicit calculation of the Vilkovisky-DeWitt correction term is then presented which allows one to recover the covariant gauge result, which is proportional to the Chern-Simons term.
Mode localization in coupled circular plates

This paper well examine the behavior of several circular plates that are coupled together through springs, a system that models a multiple disk computer disk drive. These drives typically consist of several disks mounted on a single spindle, coupled by read/write heads, which act as weak springs, thus leading one to suspect the possibility of localization
Recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: advances in treatment and promising drug candidates

Recurrent glioblastoma multiforme is a lethal disease with currently available treatment options having a limited impact on outcome. In this article, current and novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma multiforme, including chemotherapy, targeted molecular agents, virotherapy/gene therapy and immunotherapy and challenges in developing novel therapeutic agents for glioblastoma multiforme will be discussed.
Extreme errors of numerical integrations in colorimetric calculations

The tristimulus values of object-color stimuli are commonly calculated by means of the weighted-ordinate method at constant wavelength intervals. By assuming that the tristimulus values are calculated accurately when the wavelength interval is Δλ = 5 nm, we have estimated the extreme errors that can occur when Δλ is increased to 10 and 20 nm. We have also estimated the extreme errors that can occur when other approximate numerical integrations are used, such as Simpson’s rule or Durand’s rule of integration. The extreme errors, are always very large and are caused by jagged spectral distributions of the object-color stimuli included in this study.
Electroformation of Uniformly Sized Giant Liposomes with Functional Membrane Proteins

Giant proteoliposomes mimic natural cell membranes and provide excellent models for membrane biophysical studies such as membrane phase separation, lipid-protein interactions, and functional studies of membrane proteins. Here, we present a simple and versatile approach for producing a large number of uniformly-sized giant proteoliposomes in a parallel fashion. This approach that combines the versatile technique of hydrogel-based microcontact printing and the commonly used technique of electroformation is efficient, low-cost, and doesn't require any specialized equipment. The resulting liposomes are attached to the surface in an array format, enabling rapid data collection for statistical analysis of membrane processes. We applied these vesicles for monitoring lipid-protein and protein-protein binding interactions. Alternatively, liposomes can be easily detached from the surface to produce a large number of giant liposomes with functional membrane proteins. We employed these vesicles for studying the channel activity of aquaporin protein and for monitoring material transport across lipid membranes. This approach may further be applicable to produce giant polymerosomes with increased stability compared to liposomes. The presented method can, hence, be useful in biomaterials, biotechnology, and biosensing applications as well as in the biophysical fundamental studies.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
The Number of Countable Models in Realizability Toposes

Abstract The goal of this paper is to extend Morley’s results in Morley (1970) [9] to realizability toposes. We consider three natural notions of “countable model” in this context. We show for each of these notions of countable and for any first order theory T in a countable language, there is either a perfect set of non-isomorphic models of T or there are at most ℵ 1 many non-isomorphic models of T in the realizability topos over any countable PCA.
Between Subject and Object: Using the Grammar of Verbs to Enhance the Therapeutic Construction of Personal Agency

The basic English language structure of subject-verb-object divides experience into positions that are socially as well as linguistically meaningful. Clients often seek counseling as a result of feeling acted upon (i.e., being in an object position with respect to the difficulties they are facing), and our work as therapists often entails assisting them to regain a subject position in which they can experience an increased sense of themselves as competent social agents. As the fulcrum between the object and the subject, verbs play a key role in effecting the transition from object to subject positions, and more generally in mediating linguistic constructions of personal agency. This article reviews ways in which we can use the grammar of verbs more deliberately to help clients shift from the object position of feeling acted upon to the subject position of taking effective action with respect to their difficulties.
The information content of the exchange rate and the stability of real output under alternative exchange-rate regimes

Abstract When the exchange rate is flexible, and thus responds to market forces, it provides agents with useful information, while when it is fixed (by a feedback rule) it does not. The implications of this asymmetry for the stability of real output under the two regimes is discussed. It is shown that whenever shocks are predominantly of one variety, or when domestic monetary shocks accompanied by one real shock, a flexible exchange rate does a better job of stabilizing real output than does a fixed exchange rate. These results undermine arguments favoring fixed exchange rates because they ‘discipline’ monetary policy. In addition, it is demonstrated that managed floating rules and exchange rate feedback rules are irrelevant for the distribution of real output.
Enhancing the throughput-delay performance of IEEE802.11 based networks through direct transmissions

It has been advocated so far that operating at the lowest power level that keeps the network connected would achieve optimal throughput performance as the number of nodes in the network grows to infinity; a trend that has yet to be proved in practical ad hoc networks. Adopting this strategy might have a significant effect by deteriorating both throughput and delay performance in many practical situations. The main culprit is the relatively low spatial reuse factor one can attain in typical network topologies, even when operating at the lowest possible power levels. This, in turn, is due to the large carrier-sensing range adopted in most implementations of the protocol. In this paper, we prove that transmitting at the per-link-minimality condition (employing just enough power to reach the final destination directly in one hop) is always optimal from a delay-throughput perspective in most network sizes and traffic patterns of interest. In the cases where the final destination is out of the radio range of the transmitter, it is always optimal for the transmitter to employ the highest possible power level that would allow it to reach the destination in the least number of hops.
General theorem of spatial coherence: application to three-dimensional imaging

Three-dimensional imaging of incoherent light sources by the Michelson stellar interferometer is considered. When the interferometer’s pinholes are arranged properly, its output result is equivalent to a two-dimensional Fourier hologram that stores information about the source object’s three-dimensional intensity distribution.