cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An introduction to world database transfer standards

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces several facets surrounding the effort in many parts of the world to develop spatial database transfer standards. The first reviews the work of the International Cartographic Association (ICA) Commission on Standards for the Transfer of Spatial Data and the continuing effort that originally began in 1989. The second is the set of fundamental concepts that form the basis of the spatial data transfer process. The discussion then turned to the technical characteristics of the transfer process. For the last several decades, digital spatial databases have come to replace conventional analog data sources in the spatial sciences. During this time, it has become clear that databases could be designed and built that could serve a wide number of purposes, applications, and systems. The chapter discusses spatial database transfer process that takes place between a sending and a receiving system.
Chapter 2 – Evolution, Creationism, and Intelligent Design

The last half of the twentieth century saw an increased attention to science education, including the study of evolution, in public schools. As a result, a powerful creationist movement sought first to prevent teaching evolution, then to require teaching creationism in the public schools. After several defeats in federal courts, creationism, with its overt emphasis on conservative Christian views of the Bible, was replaced by intelligent design (ID). ID still held that life, or at least certain aspects of it, were the result of a purposeful action of an intelligent agent and that this action could be detected by scientific study. In the early twenty-first century, ID still follows the trail of opposition to evolution blazed by the creationists: pointing out unanswered questions and disagreements among scientists about details of their studies and methods, arguing that things we do not know now are unknowable, calling up laws of thermodynamics and probability to prove the impossibility of evolution, drawing out credentialed dissenters and skeptics, focusing on sociopolitical organization rather than scientific research, and calling for fairness and openness in science education. In the end, their concerns echo the cultural understanding that life should have a purpose and meaning, and they object that natural scientists do not seem to concern themselves with this important issue.
Jet injection in pediatric practice.

The technic of jet injection is described. It represents the first fundamental change in the basic principles of injection in almost 100 years. The method is relatively painless, is practically innocuous to tissue, and has technical simplicity. Information is presented dealing with depth of penetration of substances injected, pain response of children, local effects on tissues, blood levels of penicillin and of streptomycin given by jet injection, and clinical response of patients given penicillin by this technic. Discussions are given concerning the need for chemical inertness of the metal used in the metapule, viscosity of material which can be injected and the possibility of inadvertent intravenous injection. The proper instrument for children under 10 years of age is one of 75 pounds spring pressure, and for children 10 years of age or older 100 pounds spring pressure. With these strengths it has consistently been possible to secure intramuscular injections in the deltoid and triceps areas, and subcutaneous injections in the lateral thigh area. Injections over large veins should obviously be avoided. Jet injection offers promise in the field of pediatrics chiefly because of its relative painlessness. It may prove of value in mass immunizations, not only because of pain prevention and technical simplicity, but also because the transmission of viral agents from one subject to another by contaminated needles would be avoided. Further investigations are indicated, for the relief of pain is one of the foremost functions of a physician.
Using Two-Phase Commit for Crash Recovery in Federated Multilevel Secure Database Management Systems

In a federated database management system, a collection of autonomous database management systems (DBMSs) agree to cooperate to make data available for sharing and to process distributed retrieval and update queries. Distributed transactions can access data across multiple DBMSs. Securing such an environment requires a method that coordinates processing of these distributed requests to provide distributed transaction atomicity without security compromise. An open question is how much of its scheduling process an individual DBMS must expose to the federation in order to allow sufficient coordination of distributed transactions. In this paper, we address the application of the two-phase commit protocol, which is emerging as the dominant method of providing transaction atomicity for crash recovery in the conventional (single-level) distributed DBMS area, to the federated multilevel secure (MLS) DBMS environment. We discuss the limits of its applicability and identify the conditions that must be satisfied by the individual DBMSs in order to participate in the federation.
An Introduction to the Philosophy of Art

Preface 1. The situation and tasks of the philosophy of art 2. Representation, imitation, and resemblance 3. Beauty and form 4. Expression 5. Originality and imagination 6. Understanding art 7. Identifying and evaluating art 8. Art and emotion 9. Art and morality 10. Art and society: some contemporary practices of art 11. Epilogue: the evidence of things not seen.
Repurchases, Employee Stock Option Grants, and Hedging

A large literature exists regarding stock repurchases by corporations. Recently, attention has focused on the link between employee stock options and repurchases. Business press and corporate disclosures often tie these two activities together. For example, in Microsoft’s 2003 10-K filing, footnote 14 to the financial statements states,1 We repurchase our common shares primarily to manage the dilutive effects of our stock option and stock purchase plans, and other issuances of common shares.
Care of the Newborn in the Delivery Room

RATIONALE The first minutes of life may determine the quality of that life. Prompt, organized, and skilled response to emergencies in this period requires that institutions delivering maternal-infant care have written policies delineating responsibility for immediate newborn care, resuscitation, selection and maintenance of necessary equipment, and training of personnel in proper techniques. These policies should be approved by the medical staff of the hospital. Each institution should develop a list of maternal and fetal complications that require the presence in the delivery room of an individual qualified in newborn resuscitation. The individual who delivers the baby is responsible for the immediate postdelivery care of the newborn unless another person assumes this duty. Commonly, routine care of the healthy newborn may be delegated to appropriately trained nurses. Recognition and immediate resuscitation of the distressed infant require an organized plan of action and immediate availability of qualified personnel and equipment. In general, the individual who resuscitates the newborn should be the one who is best qualified to do so. 1 Planning for the provision of such services and equipment should be carried out jointly by the directors of obstetrics, anesthesia, and pediatrics with the approval of the medical staff. A physician must be designated to assume primary responsibility for the establishment of standards of care, review of practices, maintenance of appropriate drugs, and training and evaluation of personnel. Planning must include specific identification and immediate in-house availability of qualified personnel 24 hours a day. RESPONSIBILITY Responsibility for identification and resuscitation of the distressed infant may rest with a physician or may be delegated to appropriately trained nurse anesthetists, labor and delivery room nurses, nurse midwives, nursery nurses, or respiratory therapists.
Nitrogen sparing by 2-ketoisocaproate in parenterally fed rats.

In rats receiving total parenteral nutrition with or without sodium 2-ketoisocaproate (KIC; 2.48 g.kg-1.day-1), L-(1-{sup 13}C)leucine and (1-{sup 14}C)KIC were constantly infused for 6 h. CO{sub 2} production, {sup 14}CO{sub 2} production, {sup 13}CO{sub 2} enrichment, urinary urea nitrogen (N) plus ammonia N and total urinary N were measured. Whole body protein synthesis (S) was calculated in non-KIC-infused rats and also in unfed rats infused with (1-{sup 14}C)leucine from fractional oxidation of labeled leucine (1-F), where F is fractional utilization for protein synthesis, and urea N plus ammonia N excretion (C) as S = C x F/(1-F). Addition of KIC caused a significant reduction in N excretion and a significant improvement in N balance. Fractional oxidation of labeled KIC increased, whereas fractional utilization of labeled KIC for protein synthesis decreased, but the extent of incorporation of infused KIC into newly synthesized protein (as leucine) amounted to at least 40% of the total rate of leucine incorporation into newly synthesized whole body protein. We conclude that addition of KIC spares N in parenterally fed rats and becomes a major source of leucine for protein synthesis.
Field Range and Resolution in Holography

This article describes a model for predicting the effects of finite hologram-emulsion resolving power on the range of field recorded in the hologram and the resolution in the reconstructed image. The object must be located within a prescribed volume about the phase reference point to attain a certain required resolution in the reconstructed image. When the object is moved from this volume, the resolution in the reconstructed image deteriorates. A hologram and its reconstruction synthesized by numerical evaluation of the Fresnel–Kirchhoff integral supports this model. Pictures taken in various image planes of a thick object are shown. The limited range of field is not a problem in microscopy because of the small size of the specimen, so that complete three-dimensional records of a microscope specimen can be made in a single microhologram.
Mapping domains to methods in support of reuse

Abstract In this paper, we characterize the relationship between abstract problem-solving methods and the domain-oriented knowledge bases that they use. We argue that, to reuse methods and knowledge bases, we must isolate, as much as possible, method knowledge from domain knowledge. To connect methods and domains, we define declarative mapping relations, and enumerate the classes of mappings. We illustrate our approach to reuse with the PROTEGE-II architecture and a pair of configuration tasks. Our goal is to show that the use of mapping relations leads to reuse with high payoff of saved effort.
Automated Combinatorial Chemistry in the Organic Chemistry Majors Laboratory.

A multidisciplinary experiment has been developed in which students each synthesize a combinatorial library of 48 hydrazones with the aid of a liquid-handling robot. Each product is then subjected to a Kirby−Bauer disk diffusion assay to assess its antibacterial activity. Students gain experience working with automation and at the chemistry−biology interface.
Src homology domains of v-Src stabilize an active conformation of the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain.

To examine the interactions between Src homology,domains and the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain of v-Src, various combinations of domains have been expressed in bacteria as fusion proteins. Constructs containing the isolated catalytic domain, SH2 + catalytic domain, and SH3 + SH2 + catalytic domains were active in autophosphorylation assays. For the catalytic domain of v-Src, but not for v-Abl, addition of exogenous Src SH3-SH2 domains stimulated the autophosphorylation activity. In contrast to results for autophosphorylation, constructs containing Src homology domains were more active towards a synthetic peptide substrate than the isolated catalytic domain. The ability of the SH2 and SH3 domains of v-Src to stabilize an active enzyme conformation was also confirmed by refolding after denaturation in guanidinium hydrochloride. Collectively the data suggest that, in addition to their roles in intermolecular protein-protein interactions, the Src homology regions of v-Src exert a positive influence on tyrosine kinase function, potentially by maintaining an active conformation of the catalytic domain.
Common Bile Duct Obstruction by Free Floating Tumor

Tumors usually spread by local invasion or by vascular or lymphatic metastases. We report six patients in whom tumor cells were shed into the common bile duct with resulting obstruction. The three men and three women had jaundice and upper abdominal discomfort. Jaundice was intermittent in four patients. Preoperative total serum bilirubin ranged from 2.5 to 16.1 mg/dl; alkaline phosphatase ranged from 221 to 605 IU/1. Ultrsasound showed a dilated gallbladder [GB] in five patients with dilated intrahepatic ducts in three and stones in only one. ERCP showed a single filling defect in two of three patients and multiple defects in one. PTC showed multiple defects in one patient. At operation a thick gelatinous tissue fragment or clot was seen in the common bile duct of each patient. Frozen section identified tumor tissue in all. The source was GB carcinoma [2], GB adenomyoma [1], hepatic metastases of colon cancer [2] and common bile duct cancer [1]. Treatment consisted of pancreaticoduodenectomy [2], including one for GB cancer, left hepatic lobectomy [1], choledochoduodenostomy [1], common duct exploration with T-tube insertion and cholecystectomy [1]. One patient with metastatic colon cancer and another with gallbladder cancer died within one year of operation. The other four are alive from 2 to 4 years later. Conclusion: Benign or malignant tumors within the hepatobiliary tree can shed tissue into the common bile duct which can cause biliary obstruction. Any tissue fragment found in the common bile duct should be evaluated by frozen section. Recognition of this mode of tumor spread is needed for appropriate therapy of the underlying benign or malignant tumor.
Aluminumlike spectra of copper through molybdenum

Spectra of copper through molybdenum were generated in a tokamak plasma and were photographed with a 2.2-m grazing-incidence spectrograph. The doublet system of the Al i isoelectronic sequence was derived from these data and compared with Dirac–Fock calculations of the wavelengths. The smooth variation of the differences was used to improve the wavelengths and to predict those of rubidium and strontium, which were not observed.
Global methods for time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence and steady-state absorption spectroscopy

Global methods for time-resolved and steady-state experimentation and analysis are presented. Examples considered-most of which are nucleic acid systems-include methylated and unmethylated oligo- and polynucleotides formed from alternating C and G bases, for which there is energy transfer; and polynucleotides formed from A and T bases, for which there may also be exciplex formation and dissociation. We show how time-resolved and steady-state data can be used to determine the number and nature of fluorescent components in each system, resolve species-associated absorption and emission spectra (with either time-resolved or steady-state data) , and estimate rates of energy transfer (time-resolved data) or relative quantum yields associated with energy transfer (steady-state data). Where there is an Arrhenius dependence on temperature, energies of activation can also be determined from steady-state data.
Disappearance elicited by contrast decrements.

The observation that physically present visual stimuli can sometimes disappear from consciousness has intrigued vision scientists for centuries. Two situations are known to cause such disappearance: stationary peripheral images and images (centrally or peripherally viewed) masked by abrupt contrast increments of stimuli in adjacent retinal areas. Both of these situations require near-image stabilization on the retina. Here, we describe a third way to remove stimuli from conscious awareness. It involvescontrast decrements (CDs) of nearly stabilized images in the periphery. Unlike the Troxler effect, with sufficient CD, complete disappearance can be achieved almost instantaneously without significant adaptation periods. Unlike traditional masking effects, CD disappearance does not result in an afterimage at or near the locus of stimulation. We report the results of four experiments in which some of the characteristics of this newly discovered phenomenon were examined. The results indicate that CDs produced by changes in the luminance of the target (see Experiment 2) or by changes in background luminance (see Experiment 3) result in an immediate loss of sensitivity to stimuli that would take much longer to fade with Troxler-like adaptation (see Experiment 1). However, the duration of such loss of sensitivity (≈2 sec) is comparable for the two paradigms. The frequency of disappearance increased with greater contour eccentricity, but disappearance duration remained fairly constant.
Why do male black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) give a mating call?

Abstract A colony of black-tailed prairie dogs (Rodentia: Sciuridae: Cynomys ludovicianus) is subdivided into harem-polygynous social groups called coteries. The resident male(s) of each coterie often gives a unique mating call before or after copulating. Data on mating calls were available for 367 copulations. Males of one-male coteries were significantly more likely to call than males of multi-male coteries. In cases where a female copulated with more than one male, the first copulating male was significantly more likely to call than subsequent copulating males. A mating call given by the first copulating male did not deter the oestrous female from copulating with additional males. Coterie size varied inversely with calling. Surprisingly, females that copulated with a calling male were significantly less likely to wean a litter.
Elaborating Analytic Ethnography: Linking Fieldwork and Theory

Among the diverse styles of qualitative methodology is what John Lofland referred to as `analytic ethnography.' In contrast to the traditional interpretive style that attempts to get at the crux of `what is going on', to the more formal approach that seeks to identify the cognitive rules undergirding behavior, and to the more recent postmodern preoccupation with individual experience and voices, analytic ethnography seeks to develop systematic and generic understandings and propositions about social processes. In this article we elaborate analytic ethnography beyond Lofland's original statement by articulating how it can contribute to theoretical development through conceptual refinement and theoretical extension as well as through the more traditional development of grounded theory. We discuss and illustrate these three strategies for theoretical development by drawing on various field studies, including our own, and by suggesting the conditions propitious to each strategy.
Effective Leadership of Creative Colleagues in English Primary Schools: Reality or Wishful Thinking?.

With English primary schools being encouraged to be creative we need to ask what the practicalities are for school leaders. It is not a question of ‘creative leadership’ but more to do with the leadership of creativity and creative colleagues.
Reflections of a Longtime Textbook Author; or, History Revised, Revised—and Revised Again

About three decades ago, I agreed to join a textbook team being organized for Houghton Mifflin by my friend and former University of Connecticut colleague Tom Paterson. When I signed the contract for what became A People and a Nation (APAN), it never crossed my mind that I would still be writing and rewriting the same book well into the twenty-first century, nor that our book would reshape the entire field of American history survey textbooks. We-Tom, myself, Howard Chudacoff, Bill Tuttle, and, at the initial planning stage, John Blassingame-knew we wanted to write a textbook different from any then on the market. Already friends before we became a writing team, we had all attended graduate school in the 1960s. There we had been influenced by the growing emphasis on social history and by a critical stance toward American development generally and American foreign policy in particular. As young associate professors, we were all regularly teaching the survey course, and we liked none of the available texts, which uniformly stressed political, economic, and traditional diplomatic history. Therefore, from the outset we planned a different type of textbook. In the mid-1970s the few social history texts on the market were all quirky in one way or another. Adopting any one of them would require an instructor largely to remake a survey course. We wanted to write a book that would be traditional in organization but untraditional in content-one that employed a standard chronological structure and included politics yet focused on the experiences of ordinary people and paid significant attention to race and gender. We planned a narrative that covered such subjects continuously, not episodically. Each of us brought a different scholarly emphasis to the project, and we thought it important to integrate our own pioneering research and analytical perspectives into the book. For instance, my growing interest in women's history led me to the belief, welcomed by my coauthors, that we needed to incorporate extensive discussions of women and the family throughout the book.
An experimental system for the production of antibodies in response to cryosurgical procedures.

Summary Localized freezing of tissue in rabbits by means of a liquid nitrogen-cooled probe has been shown to stimulate antibody formation in certain situations. Successful induction of antibody formation has been achieved in rabbits after intensive but brief freezing of parts of the male accessory glands of reproduction. Positive results were obtained reproducibly with antibody titers that were generally high, as measured by the method of tanned cell hemagglutination. This was the result of an experimental procedure of freezing and additional cooling, in which the coagulating gland was frozen and cooled, followed by further freezing and cooling of seminal vesicle tissue. In comparison, an earlier one-step procedure stimulated lower and less reproducible responses. Temperature profiles (freeze-thaw-time curves) were obtained by feeding the thermocouple outputs into a multichannel recording instrument. Rates of freezing were established by either of two procedures, using a single temperature set point or a stepwise series of several set points. The rates were of the order of 0.1 to 1.0°C per sec. Distinct peculiarities were shown in the nature of the temperature changes with time, indicative of asymmetric freezing. The modified freezing procedure reported here has produced antibody levels of appreciable titer in 7 out of 7 rabbits, as compared with 6 out of 12 rabbits with the use of the previous, simpler procedure. The possible mechanisms that may be responsible for the induction of antibody formation by cryosurgical destruction of tissue are discussed.
Exorcising the Specter of Development: Human Rights in the 21st Century

With the commodification of rights as private privileges under neoliberal capitalism, movements in the Global South have begun to reinterpret the human rights canon. Cosmopolitan notions of human rights have spread from the Global South only to face parochial resistance from postmodern intellectuals and neoliberal power structures in the Global North. In advancing a vision of “cosmopolitanism from below” as an antidote to neoliberalism, these alliances have articulated their demands in terms of economic and social rights. In the process, they have ruptured the connection – crucial to US hegemony from the late 1940s through the early 1970s – between human rights and development. Supporting these new interpretations of human rights discourse, we argue for an explicit decoupling of human rights from previously existing development projects predicated on “catching up” through programmed industrialization. We contend that proposals for a new global system in the 21st century could be centered not on micronationalist localisms, but rather on a genuinely inclusive universalism. The concept of human rights in our times is rooted in world-historical struggles that must include the universal right to food, health, and prosperity, and social ownership of resources on the one hand and freedom from exploitation, inequality, geographical location, gender and sexual domination, racial control, structural violence, and environmental degradation on the other hand. In this sense, the concept of societies without borders is inextricably linked with a notion of human rights that in its breadth, depth, inclusivity, and universality goes far beyond the limited class-based notion of rights rooted in the advent of bourgeois civil society and inherited by the development project.
Overcoming technical challenges with robotic surgery in gynecologic oncology

The majority of data published on robotic surgery in gynecologic oncology has focused on patient outcomes and surgical data. We have found that technical challenges due to the complexity of the robotic technology create a separate set of issues, adding time and difficulty to the actual surgical procedure. This study focuses on these technical problems and identifies pitfalls and potential solutions in robotics. All patients who underwent robotic surgery for gynecologic oncology indications from August 2006 through July 2008 were eligible for inclusion in the study. Data collected prospectively included demographics, surgical and clinicopathologic data, and technical problems with the robotic equipment. One hundred thirty-seven patients underwent robotic surgery during the study period. A total of 11 cases (8.02%) were associated with problems with robotic technology: 2/11 (18.2%) involved malfunction of robotic arms, 2/11 (18.2%) involved light or camera cords, and the remainder included a variety of problems, including malfunction of Maylard bipolar instrument [1/11 (9.1%)], power failure requiring reboot of robot [1/11 (9.1%)], port problems [2/11 (18.2%)], and 3/1 (27.3%) had miscellaneous problems. An estimated average of 25 min was added to each of these 11 cases in order to solve robot-related technological problems. No cases required conversion to laparotomy. All problems were solved by the robotic surgeon with the assistance of robotic surgery staff. Surgeons performing robotic surgery must become familiar with troubleshooting robotic technology. Several issues related to technical problems may arise, delaying progression of the case, and potential solutions were identified. As this technology is implemented, robotic surgeons must be trained to solve problems related to the robotic technology and associated equipment. Failure to do so may add time and technical difficulty to robotic cases.
Extreme quantum field theory and particle physics with IZEST

The prospect of next-generation ultra-high-intensity laser sources has prompted recent renewed study of nonlinear QED processes, such as the Schwinger effect, in which the instability of the QED vacuum is probed by external fields. Experimental observation of these nonlinear QED effects would provide unprecedented controlled access to non-perturbative processes in quantum field theory under extreme conditions, which is of direct interest in particle physics and astrophysical applications. I summarize important theoretical issues, both conceptual and computational, related to these nonlinear QED effects.
Variation at the major histocompatibility complex in Savannah sparrows

The class I and class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) encode dimeric glycoproteins responsible for eliciting the adaptive immune response of vertebrates. Recent work with birds suggests that the number, size, and arrangement of these genes can differ markedly across species, although the extent of this variation, and its causes and consequences, are poorly understood. We have used a 157-base-pair (bp) portion of the second exon of a class II B gene to probe the Mhc in a free-living population of Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis). Segregation analysis of Mhc bands suggests that class II B genes can be found in two independently assorting clusters, as previously described for domestic chickens (Gallus gallus) and ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) but unlike gene organization in mammals. The Mhc in Savannah sparrows appears large (with many class II B genes) and variable; we found 42 unique genotypes among 48 adults breeding on Kent Island, New Brunswick, Canada in 1995. Savannah sparrows are long-distance migrants, and these results support recent predictions that migratory birds should show higher levels of Mhc polymorphism and/or a greater number of genes than sedentary species. Savannah sparrows are also socially polygynous with high levels of extra-pair paternity, suggesting that a history of sexual selection might also influence the size and/or structure of the avian Mhc.
On the nature of income measurement: The basic results

. This paper reconsiders certain issues raised by Beaver and Demski (1979) regarding the nature of income measurement. Three points are made. First, it is argued that income measurement cannot, and should not be, abandoned. Second, the discussion emphasizes that the (social) usefulness of information does not depend on stockholder unanimity, the optimality of income maximization, and the structure of markets (such as complete markets). As a corollary, no apparent reasons suggest that any of the latter conditions rule out income measurement as providing useful information. Third, the paper shows how one links economic efficiency to income measurement within a standard neoclassical framework. This linkage is of interest because it is weaker than the relationship between income maximization and stockholder unanimity. The analysis contrasts stockholder unanimity theory to efficiency theory. Resume. Cet article examine certaines questions deja soulevees par Beaver et Demski (1979) en ce qui concerne la nature de la mesure du benefice. Trois points sont soulignes. Premierement, il est soutenu que la mesure du benefice ne peut et ne doit etre abandonnee. Deuxiemement, la discussion insiste sur le fait que l'utilite (sociale) de l'information ne depend ni de l'unanimite au niveau des actionnaires, ni du caractere optimal de la maximisation du benefice, ni de la structure des marches (comme les marches complets). Comme corollaire, il n'existe pas de raisons apparentes laissant supposer qu'une quelconque des conditions precedentes empeche la mesure du benefice de generer de l'information utile. Troisiemement, l'article montre comment il est possible, dans un contexte neo-classique normal, de lier l'efficience economique a la mesure du benefice. Ce lien s'avere des plus interessant d'autant qu'il est plus faible que celui existant entre la maximisation du benefice et l'unanimite des actionnaires. L'analyse oppose la theorie de l'unanimite des actionnaires a la theorie de l'efficience.
NASH (Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis): A case of multiorganelle failure

The clinical term 'multiorgan failure' lends itself, modified to 'multiorganelle failure', to the cascading events in cellular systems leading to hepatocyte injury, cell death, inflammation and fibrosis and ultimately to cirrhosis in NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis). NASH is one of the most common forms of liver disease and constitutes the severe form of NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). The key features that distinguish potentially progressive NASH from relatively stable non-NASH fatty liver (NNFL, often referred to as simple steatosis) are cellular ballooning, inflammation and fibrosis. These findings, together with steatosis or accumulation of greater than normal hepatic lipid, usually constitute histological NASH seen on liver biopsy or in laboratory samples. Cellular ballooning is not specific to NASH but it is perhaps the most emblematic finding on histological samples. The ballooned hepatocyte has evidence of cytoskeletal injury (depletion and condensation as Mallory-Denk bodies), accumulation of partially oxidized small fat droplets, mitochondrial morphological changes presumably related to organelle dysfunction, dilated endoplasmic reticulum and autophagosomes - an attempt at cellular repair. Ballooning itself likely results from a combination of cytoskeletal injury resulting in loss of normal cell shape and from accumulation of injured and somewhat derelict small fat droplets and dilated endoplasmic reticulum. Cellular injury in NASH and especially cellular ballooning can be viewed as a process of 'multi-organelle failure' beginning with generation of super oxide and failure to contain the subsequent oxidative injury and by-products in an environment rich in lipid fuel. These events lead to activation of imunologic pathways. Dysfunction of the small fat droplet appears to be a central mechanism and the oxidative injury can be viewed as the process of rancidification - the chemical decomposition of oils, lipids and fats.
Assessing Voter Attitude Toward Language Policy Issues in the United States

Two exploratory studies, Bilingual Education and Voter Intent: Colorado 2002, and The Language Policy Attitude Scale (LPAS) Study, investigated the attitudes of registered voters toward selected language policy issues in the United States. In both studies, the Language Policy Attitude Scale (LPAS) consistently measured Cronbach’s α > 0.8, despite disparities between the two samples in age, education, and political ideology and party. Logit regression analysis of the 2002 data identified the LPAS as the strongest predictor variable of voting intention among those variables tested. Most respondents in the two studies supported both English as the national language of the United States, and the public use of other languages in the United States, thereby providing evidence within the American voting public for support of English Plus rather than strict assimilationism. This research provides insight for language educators, formulators of language policy, and language planning and policy researchers.
Timing of administration mediates the memory effects of intraseptal carbachol infusion.

Abstract Medial septal neurons innervate the entire hippocampal formation. This input provides a potent regulation of hippocampal formation physiology (e.g. theta) and memory function. Medial septal neurons are rich in cholinergic receptors and thus are potential targets for the development of cognitive enhancers. Direct intraseptal infusion of cholinomimetics alters hippocampal physiology and can produce either promnestic or amnestic effects. Several variables (e.g. age of animal, integrity of septohippocampal circuits, task difficulty) may influence treatment outcome. We have previously demonstrated that intraseptal carbachol (12.5–125 ng) infusion immediately after the sample session of a delayed-non-match-to-sample radial maze paradigm produces a dose-dependent amnesia. The present study examined whether manipulating the timing of intraseptal carbachol infusion with respect to the sample session would alter the amnestic effect. A within-subjects design was used to examine the effect of intraseptal carbachol (125 ng/0.5 μl) in a delayed-non-match to sample radial maze task. During a sample session, rats retrieved rewards from six of 12 maze arms. At the test session (3 h later), only the alternate set contained reward and entries into the sample set arms constituted errors. Intraseptal carbachol was administered: 1) 30 min prior; 2) immediately prior; 3) immediately after and 4) 90 min after the sample session. Intraseptal carbachol prior to the sample had no effect on any index of accuracy. Infusion immediately after the sample, or delayed 90 min into the retention interval, produced an acute amnesia. These findings demonstrate that the timing of treatment is a critical variable in determining the memory effects of septohippocampal manipulations and that dynamic changes in cholinergic tone are important for memory.
Assessing intercultural sensitivity: an empirical analysis of the Hammer and Bennett Intercultural Development Inventory

Abstract This article reports the results of the authors’ psychometric analysis of the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) (The intercultural development inventory manual. Intercultural Communication Institute, Portland, OR, 1998). The study had two major research objectives: to examine the empirical properties of the IDI and to generate a single, composite IDI score that could be used for research and training (participant profiling/diagnostic) purposes. In May, 1998 and January, 1999, the IDI was administered to 378 high school students, college students, and instructors in foreign language, language and culture, and intercultural education courses. IDI data from the final sample of 353 were analyzed using a standard set of psychometric procedures including factor analysis, reliability and validity testing, and social desirability analysis. The results demonstrate that the IDI is a reliable measure that has little or no social desirability bias and reasonably, although not exactly, approximates the developmental model of intercultural sensitivity (Towards ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In: R. M. Paige (Ed.), Cross-cultural orientation: New conceptualizations and applications, University Press of America, New York, 1986, pp. 27–69; Towards ethnorelativism: a developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In: R. M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience, Intercultural Press, Yarmouth, ME, 1993, pp. 21–71) upon which it is based. The study also produced a weighted mean composite measure, the IDI developmental score, which should be of particular value for profiling and diagnosis.
Neuropsychological performance predicts clinical recovery in bipolar patients

Background Although a number of investigations have reported cognitive deficits in patients with bipolar disorder, relatively few have focused on the relationship between these impairments and clinical outcome.
Effects of live attenuated and killed Salmonella vaccine on T-lymphocyte mediated immunity in laying hens

The impact of live and killed Salmonella vaccines on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was investigated in 18- and 32-week-old White Leghorn chickens, by assessing splenic lymphocyte proliferation, expression of IL-2 mRNA in concanavalin A (Con A) stimulated cells and flow cytometric analysis of cell subpopulations. Con A and Salmonella enteritidis (SE) flagella induced proliferation of splenocytes were enhanced in the 18- and 32-week-old chickens treated with live vaccine, compared to the corresponding control chickens. Among the killed vaccine treated birds, Con A-mediated response was higher in the 18-week-old chickens compared to the corresponding control birds. Increased proliferation was accompanied by increased CD4 and reduced CD8 and γδ T-lymphocytes in the 18-week-old live vaccine treated chickens. Relative expression of IL-2 mRNA in Con A-stimulated splenocytes from 18-week-old birds was not affected by vaccine treatment. Overall, live vaccine was more effective in increasing the lymphocyte proliferation to Con A as well as SE antigen. This enhanced CMI may prove beneficial in protecting chickens against SE infection.
Heat capacity and phase transitions of 2-amino-2-hydroxymethylpropan-1,3-diol from 290 K to 455 K

Abstract The heat capacity of 2-amino-2-hydroxymethylpropan-1,3-diol was measured from 290 K to its melting temperature by means of an automated adiabatic calorimeter. A bifurcated solid-to-solid transition was found for the compound with the temperatures of the maxima occurring at (407.44 ± 0.01) K and (407.56 ± 0.01) K, and with a molar transition enthalpy of (33.42 ± 0.21) kJ · mol −1 . In addition, the melting temperature and molar enthalpy of melting for the compound were determined to be (443.6 ± 0.1) K and (2.41 ± 0.17) kJ · mol −1 , respectively.
Serological studies with X protein, tobacco mosaic virus, polymerized X protein, and virus reconstituted from nucleic acid and X protein.

Abstract Anti-TMV and anti-X protein sera cross-react with X protein and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), respectively. The potency of the X protein antigen is greatly enhanced when precipitin reactions are carried out at pH 5.3. In accordance with the results of Starlinger, anti-TMV serum absorbed with X protein still reacts with TMV. Anti-X protein serum absorbed with TMV, however, is inactive against X protein. Anti-TMV serum absorbed with X protein will react with X protein if it is polymerized into rod-shaped particles or if it is reconstituted into virus with TMV nucleic acid. But anti-TMV sera absorbed with polymerized X protein or with TMV reconstituted from X protein and virus nucleic acid do not react with TMV.
ELF propagation parameters for uniform models of the Earth–ionosphere waveguide

Abstract Uniform models for the Earth–ionosphere cavity are considered with particular attention to the physical properties of the ionosphere for the extremely low frequency (ELF) range. Two consistent features have long been recognized for the range: the presence of two distinct altitude layers of maximum energy dissipation within the lower ionosphere, and a “knee”-like change in the vertical conductivity profile representing a transition in dominance from ion-dominated to electron-dominated conductivity. A simplified two-exponential version of the Greifinger and Greifinger (1978) technique widely used in ELF work identifies two slopes in the conductivity profile and, providing accurate results in the ELF communication band (45– 75 Hz ), simulates too flat a frequency dependence of the quality factor within the Schumann resonance frequency range (5– 40 Hz ). The problem is traced to the upward migration, with frequency increasing, of the lower dissipation layer through the “knee” region resulting in a pronounced decrease of the effective scale height for conductivity. To overcome this shortcoming of the two-exponential approximation and still retain valuable model analyticity, a more general approach (but still based on the Greifinger and Greifinger formalism) is presented in the form of a “knee” model whose predictions for the modal frequencies, the wave phase velocities and the quality factors reasonably represent observations in the Schumann resonance frequency range.
The Effect of Resonance Tubes on Glottal Contact Quotient With and Without Task Instruction: A Comparison of Trained and Untrained Voices

Phonation into narrow tubes or straws has been used as a voice training and voice therapy technique and belongs to a group of techniques known as semi-occluded vocal tract exercises. The use of what are called resonance tubes has received renewed attention in the voice research literature, in both theoretical and empirical studies. The assumption is that the partially occluded and lengthened vocal tract alters supraglottal acoustics in such a way as to allow phonation near a lowered first vocal tract formant, which has been suggested as a way to bring about a more efficient glottal closure pattern for sustained oscillation. In this study, two groups of male participants, 10 with no vocal training and 10 with classical vocal training, phonated into a resonance tube for approximately 1 minute. Electroglottography was used to estimate glottal contact quotient (CQ) during spoken /a/ vowels before tube phonation, during tube phonation, and again during spoken /a/ vowels after tube phonation. Half of each group of participants was made to keep pitch and loudness consistent for all phases of the experiment, replicating the method of a previous study by this author. The other half was instructed to practice phonating into the resonance tube before collecting data and was encouraged to find a pitch and loudness combination that maximized ease of phonation and a sense of forward oral resonance. Glottal CQ altered considerably from baseline for almost all participants during tube phonation, with a larger variability than that during vowel production. Small differences in glottal CQ were found as a function of training and instruction, with most participants' CQ increasing during tube phonation. A small post-tube phonation effect was found primarily for the trained and instructed group. Secondary single-subject analyses revealed large intersubject variation, highlighting the highly individualized response to the resonance tube task. Continued study of resonance tubes is recommended, comparing both male and female as well as vocally trained and untrained participants. Future studies should continue to examine systematic variations in task instruction, length of practice, and resonance tube dimensions.
Job Queues and Wages

This paper uses job applications data to investigate the relationship between job queues and wage differentials. The main finding is that openings for jobs that pay the minimum wage attract more job applicants than jobs that pay either slightly more or slightly less than the minimum wage. This spike in the job application rate distribution suggests that ex ante rents generated for employees by an above market-level minimum wage are not completely dissipated by reductions in nonwage benefits. In addition, we find that highly unionized firms, large firms, and firms in high-wage industries tend to receive relatively many job applicants for openings.
Restoration of broadband imagery steered with a liquid-crystal optical phased array

In many imaging applications, it is highly desirable to replace mechanical beam-steering components (i.e., mirrors and gimbals) with a nonmechanical device. One such device is a nematic liquid crystal optical phased array (LCOPA). An LCOPA can implement a blazed phase grating to steer the incident light. However, when a phase grating is used in a broadband imaging system, two adverse effects can occur. First, dispersion will cause different incident wavelengths arriving at the same angle to be steered to different output angles, causing chromatic aberrations in the image plane. Second, the device will steer energy not only to the first diffraction order, but to others as well. This multiple-order effect results in multiple copies of the scene appearing in the image plane. We describe a digital image restoration technique designed to overcome these degradations. The proposed postprocessing technique is based on a Wiener deconvolution filter. The technique, however, is applicable only to scenes containing objects with approximately constant reflectivities over the spectral region of interest. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique.
Filling in the Blanks: Deriving Meaning from Objects in the Vietnam Veterans' Memorial Collection

The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Collection is one of the most fascinating American museum collections being compiled today. It consists of over 100,000 photos, letters, diaries, personal mementoes, military paraphernalia and other objects visitors have left at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington D.C. since the Memorial was dedicated in 1982. The National Park Service of the National Capitol Region, which is the body that manages and cares for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, officially created and began managing the objects associated with the Memorial in 1984.