cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic study of stacked square nets: From Dirac fermions to material realizations

Nonsymmorphic symmetries protect Dirac line nodes in square-net materials. This phenomenon has been most prominently observed in ZrSiS. Here, we systematically study the symmetry-protected nodal fermions that result from different ways of embedding the square net into a larger unit cell. Surprisingly, we find that a nonsymmorphic space group is not a necessary condition for a filling enforced semimetal: symmorphic space groups can also host nodal fermions that are enforced by band folding and electron count, that is, a combination of a particular structural motif combined with electron filling. We apply the results of this symmetry analysis to define an algorithm, which we utilize to find square-net materials with nodal fermions in specific symmorphic space groups. We highlight one result of this search, the compound ThGeSe, which we discuss in the context of nodal fermions. Finally, we discuss how band folding can impose constraints on band connectivity beyond the connectivity of single elementary band representations.
A review of resilience variables in the context of disasters

The increasing impacts of disasters, caused by more frequent extreme events coupled with the growth of adverse anthropogenic activities, has raised the importance of fostering more resilient communities. Measuring resilience is a vital step in the process of building and strengthening a community's resilience as it helps with identifying the priorities and monitoring the progress. The objective of the current research is to catalog variables proposed in the literature as measures of households' resilience to disasters. Searching the literature through content analysis and applying three selection criteria resulted in a list of 149 variables. These criteria required the variables to be influential on disaster resilience of households, to be quantitatively measurable, and to be obtainable from publicly available data sources. Additionally, a selection of resilience and vulnerability assessment models suggested in the literature were reviewed to highlight the importance of resilience variables in addressing their planned objectives. The variables were classified into five categories titled demographic, socioeconomic, infrastructural, environmental, and institutional. Further analysis of the variables led to identification of the most prevalent variables and commonalities among the categories, aimed to provide a more integrated approach toward resilience planning. This research can serve as an initial yet relatively extensive inventory for selecting variables that are deemed to be influential on households' resilience to extreme events. Further, quantifying a community's resilience using resilience variables can help with identifying and prioritizing the resilience needs, monitoring the progress, and justifying the costs of resilience programs.
Is Referral to Home Health Rehabilitation After Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Associated With 90-Day Hospital Readmission for Adult Patients With Stroke?

OBJECTIVE We examined the association between home health rehabilitation referral and 90-day risk-adjusted hospital readmission after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation facilities among adult patients recovering from stroke (N = 1219). DESIGN A secondary data analysis of the 2005-2006 Stroke Recovery in Underserved Population database. A logistic regression model, multilevel model, and the propensity score inverse probability weighting model were used to evaluate the risk of 90-day rehospitalization between patients with stroke who received a referral for home health rehabilitation and those who did not receive a home health rehabilitation referral at inpatient rehabilitation facility discharge. RESULTS The regression, multilevel, and propensity score inverse probability weighting models indicated that inpatient rehabilitation facility patients with stroke who received home health rehabilitation referral had substantially lower odds of 90-day rehospitalization after inpatient rehabilitation facility discharge compared with those who were not referred to home health (odds ratio = 0.325, 95% confidence interval = 0.138-0.764; odds ratio = 0.340, 95% confidence interval = 0.139-0.832; odds ratio = 0.407, 95% confidence interval = 0.183-0.906, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the importance of continuation of care (home health) after hospitalization and intense inpatient rehabilitation for stroke. Additional research is needed to establish appropriate use criteria and explore potential underuse of home health services as well as the benefits for follow-up outpatient services for those who do not qualify for home health at inpatient rehabilitation facility discharge.
Teachers' Knowledge about Beginning Reading Development and Instruction

Abstract This chapter focuses on the body of disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge required to provide high-quality beginning reading instruction to young children. The chapter examines quality literacy instruction from a historical perspective, reviews what science tells us about the successful teaching of reading, explores why teachers are not consistently teaching beginning reading in ways that are aligned with best practices, and provides recommendations for how the eld can support teachers in developing the knowledge needed to improve student reading outcomes. The goal is to provide research-based suggestions for strengthening both the content and delivery of teacher professional development in the area of literacy, and to demonstrate that these suggestions have the power to affect child outcomes. Key Words: teacher knowledge, teacher education, professional development, reading, word recognition Anne E. Cunningham and Colleen Ryan O’Donnell Teachers’ Knowledge about Beginning Reading Development and Instruction
Perceptions of Patient Portal Use for Advance Directive Documentation among Older Adults with Multiple Chronic Conditions

Patient portals can play an innovative role in facilitating advanced care planning (ACP) and documenting advance directives (ADs) among older adults with multiple chronic conditions. The objective of this qualitative sub-study was to (1) understand older adults' use of an ACP patient portal section and (2) obtain user-design input on AD documentation features. Although some older adults may be reluctant, participants reported likely to use a portal for ADs with proper portal design and support.
Immanuel Wallerstein, the “modern world-system,” and radical human geography:

Arguably, one of the major innovations in social science beginning in the 1970 s was Immanuel Wallerstein’s discovery of what he called the “modern world-system.” This was the idea of a progressive...
Quantifying the effects of non-hydrostatic stress on single-component polymorphs

Gibbs free energy, the fundamental thermodynamic potential used to calculate equilibrium mineral assemblages in geological systems, does not apply to non-hydrostatically stressed solids. Consequent...
The glucose catabolism of the genus Brucella: I. Evaluation of pathways

Abstract The glucose catobolism of representative strains of the genus Brucella has been examined using the radiorespirometric technique. The radiorespirometric data fit two model systems: (1) operation of the hexosemonophosphate (HMP) pathway in conjunction with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and (2) concurrent operation of the HMP and Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathways in conjunction with the TCA cycle. Only quantitative differences were observed among the species or between attenuated and virulent strains of Brucella abortus. The distribution and incorporation of d -glucose-14C into pyruvate isolated from culture supernatants of arsenite-poisoned cells and alanine isolated from cell hydrolysates suggested the absence of C3—C3 cleavage as would be expected from either the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway or the ED pathway. Trapping experiments with large amounts of “cold” acetate eliminated the heterolactic fermentation mechanism.
Localizing Program Errors for Cimple Debugging

We present automated techniques for the explanation of counter-examples, where a counter-example should be understood as a sequence of program statements. Our approach is based on variable dependency analysis and is applicable to programs written in Cimple, an expressive subset of the C programming language. Central to our approach is the derivation of a focus-statement sequence (FSS) from a given counter-example: a subsequence of the counter-example containing only those program statements that directly or indirectly affect the variable valuation leading to the program error behind the counter-example. We develop a ranking procedure for FSSs where FSSs of higher rank are conceptually easier to understand and correct than those of lower rank. We also analyze constraints over uninitialized variables in order to localize program errors to specific program segments; this often allows the user to subsequently take appropriate debugging measures. We have implemented our techniques in the FocusCheck model checker, which efficiently checks for assertion violations in Cimple programs on a per-procedure basis. The practical utility of our approach is illustrated by its successful application to a fast, linear-time median identification algorithm commonly used in statistical analysis and in the Resolution Advisory module of the Traffic Collision Avoidance System.
OpEMCSS: a graphical discrete event simulation library

A graphical discrete event simulation library is described that works with EXTEND (Imagine That Inc), an inexpensive and easy to use simulation software package. This graphical simulation library is called Operational Evaluation Modeling for Context-Sensitive Systems (OpEMCSS). Operational Evaluation Modeling (OpEM) is a graphical language that explicitly describes interacting concurrent processes. Context-Sensitive Systems (CSS) is a systems theory, based on general finite state machines, that can assist a system designer in understanding and evaluating systems. OpEMCSS facilitates the modeling of systems operation, functional flow, and architecture as they affect systems effectiveness. The parallel process view of systems is discussed in terms of CSS theory. A simulation of a space factory system that is built using some of OpEMCSS blocks is discussed as an example.
Electromagnetic structure of the proton, pion, and kaon by high-precision form factor measurements at large timelike momentum transfers.

The electromagnetic structure of the lightest hadrons, proton, pion, and kaon is studied by high-precision measurements of their form factors for the highest timelike momentum transfers of $|{Q}^{2}|=s=14.2$ and $17.4\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$. Data taken with the CLEO-c detector at $\sqrt{s}=3.772$ and 4.170 GeV, with integrated luminosities of 805 and $586\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{pb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, respectively, have been used to study ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilations into ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${K}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and $p\overline{p}$. The dimensional counting rule prediction that at large ${Q}^{2}$ the quantity ${Q}^{2}F({Q}^{2})$ for pseudoscalar mesons is nearly constant, and should vary only weakly as the strong coupling constant ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{S}({Q}^{2})$ is confirmed for both pions and kaons. However, the measurements are in strong quantitative disagreement with the predictions of the existing quantum chromodynamics-based models. For protons, it is found that the timelike form factors continue to remain nearly twice as large as the corresponding spacelike form factors measured in electron elastic scattering, in significant violation of the expectation of their equality at large ${Q}^{2}$. Further, in contrast to pions and kaons, a significant difference is observed between the values of the corresponding quantity $|{Q}^{4}|{G}_{M}(|{Q}^{2}|)/{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p}$ for protons at $|{Q}^{2}|=14.2$ and $17.4\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$. The results suggest the constancy of $|{Q}^{2}|{G}_{M}(|{Q}^{2}|)/{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p}$, instead, at these large $|{Q}^{2}|$.
Unveiling Ultra-High Temperature Wear and Indentation Damage Mechanisms of Thermal Barrier Coatings

Thermal barrier coatings are necessary to protect turbine blades within jet engines from extreme environments that the substrate material may not be capable of withstanding. Therefore, failure of the coating due to wear during its operational lifecycle is a critical event. In order to understand the failure mechanisms of the coating layers, a zirconia-based coating on a nickel alloy substrate was subjected to wear testing to simulate pressure and temperature conditions within a jet engine. Using a Hertzian contact model, the maximum shear and its depth were determined and analyzed in conjunction with the coating material properties and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry images. The coupled imaging and contact model analyses made possible the identification of the location and time of delamination and its underlying causes. Our findings provide key insights for the development of more resilient thermal barrier coatings.
Impetus for future growth in the globalization of stock investments: an evidence from joint time series and chaos analyses

The central focus of this paper is to conduct an elaborate search for chaos in the national stock market index prices. We looked at 810 days of index prices by employing all the techniques discussed in the finance literature. The structures sorted out in this paper were calendar and non-calendar factors. We provide conclusive evidence for the presence of chaos in national stock index prices data. Most importantly, this provides a rational impetus for future growth in international portfolio investments in a highly integrated world. Furthermore, future exploration of the underlying structure confirmed by the presence of chaos may lead to the clarification of unexplained changes in national stock index prices.
A method for incorporating organ motion due to breathing into 3D dose calculations

A method is proposed that incorporates the effects of intratreatment organ motion due to breathing on the dose calculations for the treatment of liver disease. Our method is based on the convolution of a static dose distribution with a probability distribution function (PDF) which describes the nature of the motion. The organ motion due to breathing is assumed here to be one-dimensional (in the superior–inferior direction), and is modeled using a periodic but asymmetric function (more time spent at exhale versus inhale). The dose distribution calculated using convolution-based methods is compared to the static dose distribution using dose difference displays and the effective volume (V eff ) of the uninvolved liver, as per a liver dose escalation protocol in use at our institution. The convolution-based calculation is also compared to direct simulations that model individual fractions of a treatment. Analysis shows that incorporation of the organ motion could lead to changes in the dose prescribed for a treatment based on the V eff of the uninvolved liver. Comparison of convolution-based calculations and direct simulation of various worst-case scenarios indicates that a single convolution-based calculation is sufficient to predict the dose distribution for the example treatment plan given.
Ethanol locomotor sensitization, but not tolerance correlates with selection for alcohol preference in high- and low-alcohol preferring mice.

Rationale: Some theories have advanced a role for both locomotor sensitization and tolerance in the reinforcing properties of drugs. The present studies used selected lines of mice to assess genetic correla- tions among ethanol drinking, ethanol locomotor sensitization, and tolerance to the depressant effects of ethanol. Objectives: Ethanol-naive high- and low-alcohol preferring (HAP and LAP) selected lines of mice were tested for locomotor sensitization to ethanol and acquisition of acute functional tolerance to ethanol using the static dowel test. Methods: For the locomotor sensitization study, mice received four i.p. injections of one of five doses of ethanol (0–3.5 g/kg) at 48-h intervals. On the sensitization test day, 48 h after the last drug administration day, all mice received a 2.0-g/kg ethanol injection. Other mice from the same lines were subjected to a two-injection (3.75 g/kg total), acute functional tolerance procedure assessing disruption of balance on a static dowel. Results: Lines differed neither in the acute locomotor activating nor depressant effects of ethanol. Additionally, neither line’s response to the depressant effect of 3.5 g/kg ethanol changed with repeated injection. However, locomotor sensitization was seen in HAP but not LAP mice that had received 2.75 g/kg or 3.5 g/kg ethanol during repeated administration. Both HAP and LAP mice acquired equivalent acute functional tolerance, as measured by an increase in blood ethanol concentration between the first and second recovery measures. Conclusions: Overall, these findings imply that high ethanol consumption in mice appears to be genetically related to ethanol locomotor sensitization. Additionally, ethanol locomotor sensitization does not appear to be related to tolerance to the depressant effects of ethanol. These findings support a role for sensitization in high alcohol-seeking behavior in mice.
Mescaline and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as discriminative stimuli.

The observation that a particular drug state may acquire the properties of a discriminative stimulus is explicable on the basis of drug-induced interoceptive cues. The present investigation sought to determine (a) whether the hallucinogens mescaline and LSD could serve as discriminative stimuli when either drug is paired with saline and (b) whether discriminative responding would occur when the paired stimuli are produced by equivalent doses of LSD and mescaline. In a standard two-lever operant test chamber, rats received a reinforcer (sweetened milk) for correct responses according to a variable interval schedule. All sessions were preceded by one of two treatments; following treatment A, only responses on lever A were reinforced and, in a similar fashion, lever B was correct following treatment B. No responses were reinforced during the first five minutes of a daily thirty-minute session. It was found that mescaline and LSD can serve as discriminative stimuli when either drug is paired with saline and that the degree of discrimination varies with drug dose. When equivalent doses of the two drugs were given to the same animal, no discriminated responding was observed. The latter finding suggests that mescaline and LSD produce qualitatively similar interoceptive cues in the rat.
State-equation fitting from frequency-response data

Abstract A method is given for optimally fitting parameter matrices of state equations from the real and imaginary parts of noise free frequency-response data of a multi-input, multi-output, linear dynamic system. It is assumed that all state variables are accessible for measurement. The obtained data may contain measurement errors.
Enhanced crystal packing due to solvent reorganization through reductive methylation of lysine residues in oxidoreductase from Streptococcus pneumoniae

Protein crystallization is in part driven by the changes in the entropy of the system, but opinions differ as to whether the solute (protein) or solvent (water) molecules make more of a contribution to the overall entropic change. Methylation of lysine residues in proteins has been used to enhance protein crystallization. We investigated using molecular dynamics simulations with explicit solvent molecules, the behavior of several native proteins and their methylated counterparts chosen from an earlier large-scale study. Methylated lysines are capable of making a variety of interactions including H-bonds with protein residues and solvent. We demonstrate that methylation on the lysine slightly increases its side chain conformational entropy by about 3.5 J mol−1 K−1. Analysis of the radial and spatial distributions of the water molecules around the methylated lysine surface in oxidoreductase from Streptococcus pneumoniae revealed a larger sphere of water molecules with low entropy, as compared with solvent associated with unmethylated lysine. If methylated lysine were to make interactions at the protein–protein interface, the low-entropy water molecules associated with methylated lysines would be released, resulting in a gain of entropy. We show that this gain more than compensates for the loss of protein entropy. Therefore, we propose that lysine methylation favors the formation of crystals through solvent entropic gain.
Attitudes toward hate crime laws

The research reported here was a survey study exploring attitudes toward hate crime laws and possible causes of such attitudes. In a path model, which was supported by the data, it was found that the major factor determining acceptance or rejection of a hate crime law was whether or not homosexuals would be included as a protected group: those wanting inclusion supporting such a law, and those not wanting inclusion opposing such a law. Consistent with identity politics theory, the data-supported model further found that both social and economic liberals, and people who thought hate crimes created fear in other members of the victim's group, wanted homosexuals included in hate crime laws. Other findings, however, were inconsistent with the identity politics theory position that this movement was a united front. Other results from the data-supported model are also discussed and explanations are provided.
Chronic sinopulmonary inflammatory diseases in adults with undetectable serum IgE in inner-city Chicago: A preliminary observation

Background The association between undetectable serum total IgE level and chronic upper and lower respiratory tract inflammatory diseases is uncertain. We sought to determine whether chronic sinopulmonary inflammatory diseases are present in adult patients with undetectable serum total IgE who reside in inner-city Chicago, IL, USA.
Range profiles and thermal release of 3He implanted into various nickel-based amorphous alloys

Abstract The behavior of 3He in the amorphous alloys Ni75.1Cr14P10.1C0.08, Ni63.5Zr36.5 and Ni87.7P12.3 is investigated. The samples were implanted with 150 keV 3He ions with doses of 1 × 1016 and 5 × 10163He/cm2. The samples were isochronally annealed at several consecutive stages up to their crystallization temperatures. After each annealing stage, 3He depth profiles were measured by a thermal-neutron-induced nuclear-reaction technique called neutron depth profiling (NDP). The maximum 3He release (∼20%) was observed for the Ni63.5Zr36.5 sample and it occurred before crystallization. Smaller but measurable amounts of 3He were released from most other combinations of sample material and implant doses. The 3He release that we observed is controlled by a detrapping process, and there are indications that it is dependent on the implantation dose. In addition to 3He release measurements, our study yielded a determination of projected depths of 3He ions with an initial energy of 150 keV in the alloys studied. The most probable range values are: 320 ± 21 nm for Ni75.1Cr14P10.1C0.08, 378 ± 34 nm for Ni63.5Zr36.5 and 375 ± 29 nm for Ni87.7P12.3.
A comparison of 9-aminoacridine with other commonly used endodontic medications

Abstract This study compared the antimicrobial activity and toxicity of 9-aminoacridine and 9-aminoacridine plus benzalkonium chloride with those of cresatin, parachlorophenol, and eugenol. The in vitro antibacterial activity of 9-aminoacridine and 9-aminoacridine plus benzalkonium chloride was generally greater than that of cresatin or eugenol but less than that of parachlorophenol against the organisms tested. Rabbit-eye toxicity indicated that 9-aminoacridine was the least irritating of the drugs tested, and the combination with benzalkonium was only slightly more irritating than cresatin.
Gravitons and Photons: The Methodological Unification of Source Theory*

The phenomenological, nonspeculative attitude of source theory is used in parallel developments of electromagnetism and gravitation, based on the analogous properties of the massless particles, photon and graviton, thus providing a methodological unification of these two areas of physics. The power and economy of the approach is illustrated by an application to perihelion precession.
Nitriding reactions with a Zr–Mn–Fe metal getter

Abstract The metal getter Zr–Mn–Fe (SAES ST909) is an important component of a metal hydride-based tritium clean-up system at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The system is normally used to clean a glovebox with a helium/nitrogen atmosphere. During start-up operations, it was found that the Zr–Mn–Fe alloy exhibited an anomaly during activation, namely an exotherm upon initial exposure to nitrogen. The purpose of this work is to better understand this nitriding reaction. Nitrogen absorption studies, temperature profile experiments, and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the nitriding reaction. An exothermic reaction between nitrogen and ST909 was observed at ∼450°C only when the getter was heated for the first time. ST909 that had been previously heated without nitrogen did not produce an exotherm when heated a second time with nitrogen. Based on the XRD evidence, it was speculated that nitrogen reacts exothermically with the zirconium in the ST909 material. After heating above ∼660°C, the aluminum binder in the ST909 melts and may alloy with the zirconium. The resulting alloy appears to be less reactive with nitrogen and does not produce an exotherm.
Landscape characteristics of disturbed shrubsteppe habitats in southwestern Idaho (U.S.A.)

1. Abstract We compared 5 zones in shrubsteppe habitats of southwestern Idaho to determine the effect of differing disturbance combinations on landscapes that once shared historically similar disturbance regimes. The primary consequence of agriculture, wildfires, and extensive fires ignited by the military during training activities was loss of native shrubs from the landscape. Agriculture created large square blocks on the landscape, and the landscape contained fewer small patches and more large shrub patches than non-agricultural areas. In contrast, fires left a more fragmented landscape. Repeated fires did not change the distribution of patch sizes, but decreased the total area of remaining shrublands and increased the distance between remaining shrub patches that provide seed sources. Military training with tracked vehicles was associated with a landscape characterized by small, closely spaced, shrub patches. Our results support the general model hypothesized for conversion of shrublands to annual grasslands by disturbance. Larger shrub patches in our region, historically resistant to fire spread and large-scale fires because of a perennial bunchgrass understory, were more fragmented than small patches. Presence of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), an exotic annual, was positively related to landscape patchiness and negatively related to number of shrub cells. Thus, cheatgrass dominance can contribute to further fragmentation and loss of the shrub patch by facilitating spread of subsequent fires, carried by continuous fuels, through the patch. The synergistic processes of fragmentation of shrub patches by disturbance, invasion and subsequent dominance by exotic annuals, and fire are converting shrubsteppe in southwestern Idaho to a new state dominated by exotic annual grasslands and high fire frequencies.
Encouraging Experimental Results on Learning CNF

This paper presents results comparing three simple inductive learning systems using different representations for concepts, namely: CNF formulae, DNF formulae, and decision trees. The CNF learner performs surprisingly well. Results on five natural data sets indicates that it frequently trains faster and produces more accurate and simpler concepts.
Student Participation in the ESL Classroom or Some Imperfections in Practice.

This study explores the relationship between student participation in the ESL classroom and proficiency in English, use of the target language outside the classroom, and field sensitivity. The 58 subjects, mainly from Asia, were studying ESL in an intensive program in Honolulu. Their classroom participation, which, for the purposes of the study, was defined as responses to teachers’general solicits and self-initiated turns, was coded during the beginning and end of an eight-week term. The subjects were also asked to fill out a questionnaire on their use of English outside of the classroom. In the sixth and seventh weeks of the term, the subjects were given an English cloze test and a measure of field dependence/independence; in addition, 26 subjects were administered an oral interview. The results indicate that there was no significant relationship between classroom participation and scores on either the oral interview or the cloze test, between classroom participation and use of the target language away from the classroom, and between classroom participation and field sensitivity. These findings are discussed with respect to the work of others who have conducted similar research.
Enduring Dilemmas of Female Celebrity

Today's tabloids, and their messages, are remarkably similar to the first glossies that appeared in Hollywood's "Golden Age." Even the first female film stars were caught between celebration and condemnation as they navigated traditional notions of femininity.
Monolithic Optoelectronic Circuits For High-Speed Optical Interconnects

We report on the status of a monolithically integrated transceiver chip being developed in our lab. The functional components of this chip consist of a TJS laser, a photodetector, an amplifier, a 4:1 multiplexer, a 1:4 demultiplexer, and a gate-array. The total gate count is -500, and the chip is designed for operation at 1.0 Gbps. The receiver section of the chip has been tested with optical inputs at a 1.0-GHz clock frequency. Fabrication of the entire transceiver chip is in progress.
Influence of Individual and Team Rewards on Collaboration and Productivity of Team

Due to an increased globalization in modern system development, there is a growing need for engineers to collaborate with other engineers in distant locations, in different organizations, and across different disciplines. An effective collaboration among engineers is the key to successful system development and engineering projects. A cross-functional team is an example. The need for collaboration in real engineering environment has resulted in increasing numbers of team-based projects in undergraduate and graduate programs. This paper uses an economic prisoner's dilemma game to investigate how students decide to collaborate in hypothetical team projects under different individual and team reward schemes. Experiment results suggest that individual rewards may significantly reduce students' intention to collaborate with their teammates. Lack of collaboration resulted in lower productivity in the prisoner's dilemma framework.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Optimum Location of an Internal Hinge of a Uniform Column on an Elastic Foundation

The buckling of a column affected by both an internal hinge and an elastic foundation is studied analytically. It is found that the elastic foundation raises the buckling force, but nonlinearly. The optimum locations for the hinge are determined.
Sonic IR imaging of delaminations and disbonds in composites

Sonic IR is a nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique that makes images of defects in objects using an infrared camera with an ultrasonic transducer as an active stimulation source. The advantages of the method are its speed, taking only seconds, or, more usually, only a fraction of a second to make a dark-field image that shows the location and size of the defect, and its ability to cover a wide area, typically a square meter, or a significant fraction of a square meter, in a single image. This NDE method has principally been used for finding cracks in metals, but its application to polymeric composites has been lagging, in part because of artefacts that mask the indications of defects. In this paper we discuss the application of sonic IR to disbonds and delaminations in composites, and describe the use of broadband chaotic sound to eliminate artefacts resulting from acoustic interference. An additional benefit arises from the simultaneous stimulation of defects with different resonant frequencies.
Changes over time in blood basophil counts of x-irradiated rabbits.

Frequent determinations over several months explored the size and timing of changes in total white cell, basophil, and percentage basophil values in the blood of 11 male rabbits, six untreated controls and five given single-dose whole-body X-irradiation of 300 R. The main results of analysis were: 1. Before exposure, the treated group did not differ significantly from the untreated group on any measure. 2. Shortly after exposure, all three kinds of values for all irradiated animals dropped to initial minima which were significantly smaller than corresponding control minima. 3. Thereafter, all kinds of values for all irradiated rabbits rose to a first set of maxima on Days 10 to 13 after exposure, dropped to a second set of minima, then rose to near or above starting levels in Months 2 to 4. 4. In all treated rabbits the initial basophil drop was proportionately greater and the minima earlier, Days 1 to 3, than the initial white cell minima, Days 21/2 to 41/2. Derived basophil percentages hit bottom even sooner, Hours 6 to 12. 5. The total white cell means of treated rabbits never regained their starting level, but basophil means neared theirs on Days 8 to 15 and exceeded it in Months 2 to 4. Meanwhile the basophil percentages of treated animals became significantly larger than those of controls on Days 8 to 14, then rose even more, to 2.5 times the control level, in Months 3 to 4.
Synchronous machine block diagram analysis with fast dynamics

Abstract Reduced order modelling techniques are employed to incorporate the dynamic effects of a q-axis damper winding in a lower-order synchronous machine model. Using timescale analysis of the two-axis model, it is shown that the DeMello-Concordia model is an approximation of the former under special conditions. An improved version of this model is derived which accounts for the damping provided by the amortisseur winding.
Median Unbiased Estimation for Binary Data

Abstract This article compares the accuracy of the median unbiased estimator with that of the maximum likelihood estimator for a logistic regression model with two binary covariates. The former estimator is shown to be uniformly more accurate than the latter for small to moderately large sample sizes and a broad range of parameter values. In view of the recently developed efficient algorithms for generating exact distributions of sufficient statistics in binary-data problems, these results call for a serious consideration of median unbiased estimation as an alternative to maximum likelihood estimation, especially when the sample size is not large, or when the data structure is sparse.
Effects of milling brominated P-100 graphite fibers

Preliminary procedures have been developed for the ball milling of pristine and brominated P-100 graphite fibers. Because of the lubricative properties of graphite, large ball loads (50 percent by volume) are required. Use of 2-propanol as a milling medium enhances the efficiency of the process. The fibers, when allowed to settle from the milling medium, tend to be preferentially aligned with rather few fibers standing up. Milled, brominated P-100 fibers have resistivities that are indistinguishable from their pristine counterparts, apparently because of loss of bromine. This suggests that bromine would not be the intercalate of choice in applications where milled fibers of this type are required. It was found that brominated graphite fibers are stable in a wide variety of organic solvents.
A parallel-vector equation solver for unsymmetric matrices on supercomputers

A parallel-vector unsymmetric equation solver is presented. The solver exploits both vector and parallel capabilities provided by modern, high-performance supercomputers. A special storage scheme and loop-unrolling technique are used to optimize the vector performance. A parallel FORTRAN language is used to develop the solver on the CRAY 2 and CRAY Y-MP multiple processing computer environment. Three numerical examples are presented which demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of this equation solver. The first two examples demonstrate the improved performance, and the third example utilizes the proposed solver to solve a highly nonlinear, unsymmetric finite element formulation for panel flutter.
Molecular orbital model for pyridine/α-pyridyl adsorption on metal surfaces

Electronic density functional calculations were used to explain the proposed formation of α-pyridyl from pyridine on silver, copper, cadmium, and gold surfaces. Our results show that the formation of α-pyridyl is governed by the mixing of metal wavefunctions with pyridine's near-HOMOs. When the organic orbitals mix with metal sp-character, a bonding interaction results and pyridine is the dominant surface species. If the metal orbitals mixing most strongly with the pyridine near-HOMOs are of d-character then an antibonding or nonbonding interaction results and α-pyridyl is the dominant surface species. A predicted correlation between the ratio of the concentration of the two surfaces species and the applied electrode potential is supported by analysis of surface-enhanced Raman data.
Interaction of Apple Cultivars with Populations of Cedar‐Apple Rust

Five physiological populations of Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schw. were identified on the basis of pycnial and aecial lesion formation when seven apple cultivars grown in a glasshouse were inoculated with basidiospores of rust populations collected from six locations in the U.S.A. The relationship between cultivars and rust populations was explored quantitatively using the parameters N, D, and DR, where N was the highest number of pycnial lesions on a leaf/plant; D was the largestdiameter measurement of pycnial lesions on a leaf/plant; and DR, the disease rating, was proportional to the diseased area of the leaf and calculated as ND2. Statistically significant differences among cultivars over all rust populations for variables N, D, and DR were obtained, indicating the possible existence of race non-specific resistance in apple to cedar-apple rust. Moreover, significant differences among the rust populations over all cultivars for variable N and DR were obtained, confirming the existence of physiologically different rust populations of the pathogen. A change in the pathogenicities of these physiological populations must have occurred over time (10-year period). A significant interaction between cultivars and rust populations was observed for lesion size (D) only, indicating a probable existence of race specific resistance in apple as well. Zusammenfassung Wechselwirkung zwischen Apfelsorten und Populationen des Cedar-Apfel-Rostes Sieben Apfelsorten wurden in Gewachshausversuchen mit Basidiosporen des Rostpilzes Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae aus sechs verschiedenen Standorten der USA inokuliert. Anhand der Pyknidien- und Aecidien-Lasionenbildung wurden funf physiologische Populationen festgestellt. Die Beziehungen zwischen Apfelsorten und Rostpopulationen wurden quantitativ untersucht, und dafur die Parameter N, D und DR verwendet. N gab die hochste Pyknidienlasionenzahl an einem Blatt/Pflanze an, D den grosten Pyknidienlasionendurchmesser an einem Blatt/Pflanze und DR die Befallsnote, die mit der befallenen Flache eines Blattes gekoppelt war und als ND2 gerechnet wurde. Statistisch signifikante Unterschiede der Variablen N, D und DR wurden bei adlen Sorten und Rostpopulationen festgesteilt, was auf eine nicht rassenspezifische Resistenz gegen Cedar-Apfel-Rost hindeutet. Auserdem wurden signifikante sortenunabhangige Unterschiede der Rostpopulationen fur die Variablen N und DR ermittelt, die das Vorhandaisein physiologisch unterschiedlicher Populationen des Rostpathogens bestatigen. Eine Verandening in der Pathogeoitat dieser physiologischen Populationen musuber einen Zeitraum von ca. 10 Jahren stattgefunden haben. Eine signifikante Wechselwirkung zwischen Sorten und Rostpopulationen konnte nur bei der Lasionengrose (D) beobachtet werden, die auf eine rassenspezifische Resistenz der Apfel hindeutet.
A clinical, genetic, and ultrastructural study of snow-capped teeth: Amelogenesis imperfecta, hypomaturation type☆

Snow-capped teeth (SCT) is a rare form of amelogenesis imperfecta, hypomaturation type. It has been alluded to on numerous occasions but, to our knowledge, no pedigree or clinical-histopathologic data have been published. In this report, two families are described. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies of unetched teeth from affected persons revealed numerous defects of the enamel surface. After etching with 10 percent hydrochloric acid for 21/2 minutes to remove the outer prismless layer of enamel, SEM features of the enamel prism were essentially identical to those of normal teeth. These findings suggest that the structural defect in SCT is confined to the outer prismless enamel layer and that the bulk of the enamel is normal. The genetic analysis supports the concept that SCT is inherited in an X-linked recessive fashion and not as an autosomal dominant trait, as previously reported.
How Can Pictures be Propositions

Wittgenstein’s Picture Theory of language holds that one fact can represent another, and that propositions are pictures of states of affairs. What makes a fact into a picture of a given s tate of affairs are the correlations between picture elements and objects and the correlations between relations among picture elements and relations among objects. But a problem sometimes raised is that propositions can’t be pictures, as pictures—unlike propositions—do not say anything. An interpretation (e.g. Anscombe’s) holds that the above-mentioned correlations do make the picture into a proposition. But this neither handles the objection, nor is it Wittgenstein’s view. Further, Wittgenstein’s own account faces serious difficulties in addressing these issues, and the Anscombe-type interpretation obscures this fact.
GENETIC SUBTYPES OF UNIPOLAR PRIMARY DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS DISTINGUISHED BY HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS ACTIVITY

Serum-cortisol response to the 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test was investigated in 86 patients with unipolar primary depressive illness and 80 non-depressed controls (45 with mania and 35 with schizophrenia). The depressed patients were assigned to one of three genetic subtypes according to the family psychiatric history. Resistance to suppression of serum-cortisol by dexamethasone was found in 37 of 86 (43%) depressives and none of the 80 controls. Non-suppression distinguished the three genetic subtypes of depression, being found in 23 of 28 (82%) patients with familial pure depressive disease (F.P.D.D.), 13 of 35 (37%) patients with sporadic depressive disease (S.D.D.), and 1 of 23 (4%) patients with depression spectrum disease (D.S.D.). The three genetic subtypes were further distinguished by the age of onset, with S.D.D. the oldest, and by the number of previous depressive episodes, with F.P.D.D. the most. Severity of depression did not separate the three subtypes. This is the first report of a distinct neuroendocrine abnormality which supports an objectively defined classification of unipolar primary depressive illness. It is suggested that unipolar primary depressive illness is three or more separate illnesses, each with a potentially distinctive mode of inheritance, pathophysiology, neurochemistry, clinical course, and treatment response.
Neutral beam deposition in large, finite-beta noncircular tokamak plasmas

A “parametric” pencil beam model is introduced for describing the attenuation of an energetic neutral beam moving through a tokamak plasma. The nonnegligible effects of a finite beam cross-section and noncircular shifted plasma cross-sections are accounted for in a simple way by using a smoothing algorithm dependent linearly on beam radius and by including information on the plasma flux surface geometry explicitly. The model is bench-marked against more complete and more time-consuming two-dimensional Monte Carlo calculations for the case of a large D-shaped tokamak plasma with minor radiusa=120 cm and elongationb/a=1.6. Deposition profiles are compared for deuterium beam energies of 120–150 keV, central plasma densities of 8×1013 to 2×1014 cm−3, and beam orientation ranging from perpendicular to tangential to the inside wall.
Standard enthalpies of formation of some 4d transition metal silicides by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry

The standard enthalpies of formation for some 4d transition metal silicides have been measured by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry at 1473±2 K. The following results in kJ (mole of atoms)−1 are reported: Y5Si3 (−80.4±2.3); YSi (−80.7±1.3); YSi2 (−61.8±1.4); Zr5Si4 (−91.9±1.9); ZrSi (−94.5±2.3); ZrSi2 (−60.3±1.7); Nb5Si3 (−64.6±2.4); NbSi2 (−53.7±1.6); Mo5Si3 (−38.2±1.6); MoSi2 (−47.9±2.1); RuSi (−58.1±2.1); Ru2Si3 (−60.7±1.7); Rh2Si (−63.9±2.4); RhSi (−75.8±1.6); Pd3Si (−57.9±1.9) and Pd2Si (−64.2±2.4). The results are compared with some earlier values obtained by calorimetry or derived from EMF or vapor pressure measurements. They are also compared with predicted values from the semi-empirical model of Miedema and coworkers and with available enthalpies of formation for 3d transition metal silicides, and with values for 4d germanides and aluminides.
Stable Models and Causal Explanation in Evolutionary Biology

Models that fail to satisfy the Markov condition are unstable because changes in state variable values may cause changes in the values of background variables, and these changes in background lead to predictive error. Such error arises because non‐Markovian models fail to track the causal relations generating the values of response variables. This has implications for discussions of the level of selection: under certain plausible conditoins most standard models of group selection will not satisfy the Markov condition when fit to data from real populations. These models neither correctly represent the causal structure generating nor correctly explain the phenomena of interest.
Breaking Boundaries: Temporality and Work–Life Practices in Hospital Organizations

Hospitals are typically perceived as bureaucratic, fast-paced, complex, and exigent organizations in which one wrong diagnosis or misread chart can potentially harm a patient's life. The hefty legal and health consequences this type of organization faces make it an exceptional place to study work–life interference, identity and boundary negotiation, and conceptions of time. The sociotemporal patterns perceived by employees in hospital organizations broaden our understanding of the work–life interference levels that hospital employees experience on a daily basis. This cross-organizational study relies on work–life interference and practice theory to predict variables that account for the levels of urgency and work–life interference perceived by 91 hospital employees. Survey results reveal that scheduling and linearity are positively correlated predictors of work–life interference while embracing a future orientation at work is a negatively correlated predictor. Implications for perceived workplace temporal...