cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short read (next-generation) sequencing: a tutorial with cardiomyopathy diagnostics as an exemplar.

Rapid advances in DNA sequencing technologies have made it increasingly cost-effective to obtain accurate and timely large-scale genomic sequence data on individuals (short read massively parallel or next generation [next-gen]). A next-gen molecular diagnostic approach that has seen rapid deployment in the clinic over the last year is exome sequencing. Whole exome sequencing covers all protein-coding genes in the genome (≈1.1% of genome), and an exome test for a single patient generates ≈6 gigabases (109 bp) of DNA sequence data. A key challenge facing routine use of next-gen data in patient diagnosis and management is data interpretation. What sequence variant findings are relevant to diagnosis (pathogenic mutations)? What sequence variant findings are relevant to clinical care but not necessarily to patient diagnosis (clinically actionable incidental data)? What sequence information should be stored, and where can it be stored? This review provides a tutorial on current approaches to answering these questions. A recent landmark study showed that application of next-gen sequencing to a large cohort of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy patients found ≈27% of patients to show mutations of the titin gene, the most complex gene in the genome (363 exons). We use titin in cardiomyopathy as an exemplar for explaining next-gen sequencing approaches and data interpretation. Decreasing sequencing costs and broad dissemination of next-generation (next-gen) equipment and expertise are increasing availability of massively parallel sequencing of patient DNA samples (short read massively parallel or next-gen sequencing).1,2 Most rapidly expanding is exome sequencing, where all protein-coding sequences (exons) are selected from total genomic DNA and selectively sequenced.3 Alternative approaches to next-gen sequencing include targeted sequencing (TS) and whole genome (complete genome) sequencing. Currently, marketed targeted Sanger sequencing panels using traditional individual exon-by-exon sequencing remain expensive and time consuming, and massively parallel next-gen approaches are beginning to supplant …
Methane transfer across the water-air interface in stagnant wooded swamps of Florida: Evaluation of mass-transfer coefficients and isotropic fractionation

Emission rates from the standing water of swamps to the atmosphere calculated from literature-derived exchange coefficients were greater than measured diffusive fluxes of CH,. In north Florida mixed hardwood swamp experiments performed in the absence of ebullition, the calculated flux of CH, was 3.6 +2.6 (n = 22) times larger than the measured flux. In an Everglades cypress dome, calculated CH, fluxes were 3.lk2.5 (n = 3) times greater than measured fluxes. New mass-transfer coefficients at zero windspeed were calculated for CH, emission from the stagnant swamp water in the mixed hardwood swamps (0.75 f0.54 cm h-l, n = 22) and in the cypress dome (0.83kO.51 cm h-l, n = 3). These values were significantly less than the calculated mass-transfer coefficient for CH, (1.7 cm h-l) determined in another study. We hypothesize that insoluble organic surface films physically, chemically, or biologically inhibited CH, transfer from the floodwater to the atmosphere. Consistent with these findings we also observed greater retardation of 13CH, efflux relative to 12CH, efllux in swamp experiments relative to those conducted in the laboratory. Methane emitted from standing water was depleted in 13C by 0.8+0.3% (n = 16), 3.6+3.2% (n = 12), and 2.6f0.8(?” (n = 3) relative to the isotopic composition of dissolved CH, in the laboratory, mixed hardwood swamps, and cypress dome.
ION BASED HIGH-TEMPERATURE PRESSURE SENSOR

Abstract : A high speed, durable, ion probe based pressure sensor is being investigated for use in pulse detonation engines. The environment encountered in such engines necessitates high temperature and durable (vibration resistant) devices. Traditional pressure sensors can be used, however thermal insulating materials must be used to protect the diaphragm. These materials dampen and reduce the pressure wave allowing for qualitative results only. An alternative pressure sensing method is investigated for pressures behind a hydrocarbon flame in the pulse detonation engine. Hydrocarbon flames generate ions that are quenched by collisions with other species and walls. As the collision rate is a function of pressure, so too is the ion quench rate. The ion decay rate is measured using an ion probe well suited for the high temperature flow, inexpensive, and has no moving parts. Similar systems have been used to determine equivalence ratio in automobile engines. Further, wave speed may be determined through the use of multiple sensors. This investigation builds upon these capabilities to examine the quantitative pressures. In the current design, the ion probe acts as a charged capacitor. When an ionized field nears the probe, the electrical circuit is connected. The electrode on the probe discharges through the ionized field to a grounded plate. The rate of discharge indicates the strength of the ionized field which decays according to pressure. The experimental setup for this investigation and preliminary findings are presented here. Correlations between the decay rate and pressure are to be determined and compared to theory.
Concentrations of Morphine and Codeine in Paired Oral Fluid and Urine Specimens Following Ingestion of a Poppy Seed Roll and Raw Poppy Seeds

Interpretation of opiate drug test results can be challenging due to casual dietary consumption of poppy seeds, which may contain variable opiate content. Opiate concentrations in paired oral fluid (OF), collected with the Oral-Eze(®) Oral Fluid Collection System, and urine were analyzed after ingestion of poppy seeds from the same source, consumed raw or contained in a roll. In Part 1, 12 individuals consumed equal portions of a poppy seed roll. For Part 2, the same individuals consumed an equivalent quantity of raw poppy seeds, containing ∼3.2 mg of morphine and 0.6 mg of codeine. Specimens were analyzed both by enzyme immunoassay (opiates) and by GC-MS (morphine/codeine). Urinary morphine was between 155-1,408 (roll) and 294-4,213 ng/mL (raw), measured at 2, 4, 6 and 20 h post-ingestion. Urinary codeine concentrations between 140-194 (roll) and 121-664 ng/mL (raw) were observed up to 6 h post-ingestion. Following consumption of raw poppy seeds, OF specimens were positive, above LOQ, from 0.25 to 3.0 h with morphine ranging from 7 to 600 ng/mL and codeine from 8 to 112 ng/mL. After poppy seed roll consumption, morphine concentrations of 7-143 ng/mL were observed up to 1.5 h with codeine detected in only 5.5% of OF specimens and ranging from 8 to 28 ng/mL. Combined with the existing poppy seed literature, these results support previous findings and provide guidance for interpretation of OF opiate testing.
Abstract 219: Tissue-Specific RNAseq Identifies Novel and Cardiometabolic Disease--Associated Long Intergenic Noncoding RNAs in Human Adipose

Objective: The purpose is to identify novel long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) in human adipose, examine the association of their genetic variants with cardiometabolic traits, and explore their function in adipocytes. Methods and results: We performed deep high-throughput RNAseq (>200 million reads/sample) in adipose tissues of 13 volunteers. Of 54,944 human lincRNAs, 6,558 were detected in adipose. We utilized multiple GWAS meta-analysis of adipose-related cardiometabolic traits (e.g. BMI, triglyceride and HDL cholesterol) and interrogated 6,558 adipose LincRNAs for their overlap with GWAS SNPs. After performing Bonferroni correction for the number of adipose lincRNA SNPs tested, we identified 46 SNPs in 9 lincRNAs, 28 SNPs in 13 lincRNAs and 13 SNPs in 6 lincRNAs that were significantly associated with waist-hip ratio adjusted BMI, HDL and triglyceride respectively. Notably, RP11-392O17.1, more abundantly expressed in adipose, and linc-NFE2L3-1, predominantly detected in adipose and skeleton muscle, contain 22 and 4 SNPs reaching genome wide significance for BMI (lead SNPs rs12031603, P=2.15х10-9 and rs10267498, P=2.73х10-8 respectively). Linkage disequilibrium analysis confirmed RP11-392O17.1 and linc-NFE2L3-1 harbor the strongest GWAS signals in the loci, suggesting causality for GWAS association with BMI. Several adipose lincRNAs, including RP11-392O17.1, linc-NFE2L3-1 and linc-AQPEP, were induced during in vitro human adipocyte differentiation. As an example of adipose lincRNA functional impacts, Linc-AQPEP, an abundant adipose-specific lincRNA, was knocked down by 70% with lentiviral-based short hairpin RNAs, resulting in ~35% decrease of triglyceride content in human adipocytes. RNAseq analysis demonstrated differential expression (DE) in 3,291 of 13,653 adipocyte genes with Linc-AQPEP knockdown (FDR<0.01) and significant enrichments of DE genes in lipid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism and mitochondrion pathways. Additional studies are ongoing to further investigate biological roles of human lincRNAs in adipocytes. Conclusion: Our data suggest human LincRNAs may play specific roles in adipocyte biology and that their genetic variations may contribute to cardiometabolic traits.
Relationship of H2O and CH4 supply rates in HTGR helium to the carburization of Hastelloy-X and alloy 800H

A detailed study of the carburization of Hastelloy-X and alloy 800H in high-temperature gas-cooled reactor helium was made to determine the cause of the wide variability of data generated in retorts. Data for 1000/sup 0/C and 2500-h exposure show that up to an order of magnitude difference in the carburization levels can be caused by changes in the flow rate of the test gas and/or the position of the corrosion specimen in the gas stream. The results are unambiguously explained by the parameters S(H/sub 2/O) and S(CH/sub 4/), the supply rates of water and methane, respectively.
Dipeptide-Based Metabolic Labeling of Bacterial Cells for Endogenous Antibody Recruitment.

The number of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections has increased dramatically over the past decade. To combat these pathogens, novel antimicrobial strategies must be explored and developed. We previously reported a strategy based on hapten-modified cell wall analogues to induce recruitment of endogenous antibodies to bacterial cell surfaces. Cell surface remodeling using unnatural single d-amino acid cell wall analogues led to modification at the C-terminus of the peptidoglycan stem peptide. During peptidoglycan processing, installed hapten-displaying amino acids can be subsequently removed by cell wall enzymes. Herein, we disclose a two-step dipeptide peptidoglycan remodeling strategy aimed at introducing haptens at an alternative site within the stem peptide to improve retention and diminish removal by cell wall enzymes. Through this redesigned strategy, we determined size constraints of peptidoglycan remodeling and applied these constraints to attain hapten–linker conjugates that produced high lev...
The Screening Test for Emotional Problems–Self-Report (STEP-S) Studies of Reliability and Validity

The Screening Test for Emotional Problems–Self-Report (STEP-S) was designed to assess students aged 10 to 17 years referred for wide-ranging emotional disturbances categorized under the Individuals...
Research and Design of Remote Operation and Maintenance Management System for Desktop Terminals

At present,the issues related with desktop terminals are increasing day by day because of a large number of widely distributed desktop terminals and complex user categories.The existing ways for desktop terminals managers to solve the technical issues are mainly to communicate by telephone and then troubleshoot on-site,which puts enormous pressure on desktop terminals operation and management because of absence of powerful informatization tools.This paper proposes a remote operation and management system for desktop terminals according to the centralized management requirements.The proposed system provides several functions including remote assistance,file transfer,instant messaging,and audit of operation and maintenance,improves the maintenance efficiency,and reduces the maintenance cost.Making full use of the integrated monitoring system of information operation and maintenance,it aims to standardize operation and maintenance flow of terminals,and share the knowledge and experience of operation and maintenance.
Immune dysfunction in the critically ill infant and child.

The immune system has two mechanisms of involvement in the critically ill child. Immuno deficiency is not uncommon in the critically ill child, because of multiple factors that suppress immunity in these patients. This explains the high prevalence of nosocomial sepsis in the ICU population. Immune dysactivation (inappropriate intense activation of immune cells and release of mediators) is involved in the pathogenesis of critical illness and multiple organ system failure. Future approaches may utilize our understanding of the alterations in immune functions to decrease the rate of sepsis and to improve the outcome of critically ill children.
APPLICATIONS OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

This chapter presents the definition of the area of a plane region. The definition of the volume of any solid must be consistent with the definition of volume of a solid of constant cross-sectional area, which is known to be the product of the cross-sectional area and the height. A solid wholly contained within another must have a measure at most equal to the measure of the other. The measure of volume must be additive. It is sometimes more convenient to define the volume of a solid of revolution as the limit of the sum of cylindrical shells rather than as the limit of the sum of thin right circular cylinders or discs. The chapter explores the calculations for volumes of solids having known cross sections.
Psychosocial Factors Associated with Adaptation in HIV-Infected Mothers

Factors associated with the mental health of 40 HIV-infected mothers were examined in a sample of primarily African-American and Latina, socioeconomically disadvantaged single mothers with histories of substance use recruited from pediatric HIV clinics. Structured questionnaires on stress, social support, family functioning, psychiatric disorder, psychological distress, and substance abuse were individually administered. Different dimensions of stressful experiences (particularly losses due to death and victimization), social support, and family functioning combined in different ways to influence the mother's mental health. The combined influence of stress and social support accounted for at least half the variance in both psychiatric symptoms and psychological distress. This study supports models of stress and protective factors in understanding the mental health of HIV+ mothers, particularly models that examine stress in different life domains and different positive and negative components of social support and family functioning.
Herpes simplex virus ICP27 regulates alternative pre-mRNA polyadenylation and splicing in a sequence-dependent manner

The herpes simplex virus (HSV) infected cell culture polypeptide 27 (ICP27) protein is essential for virus infection of cells. Recent studies suggested that ICP27 inhibits splicing in a gene-specific manner via an unknown mechanism. Here, RNA-sequencing revealed that ICP27 not only inhibits splicing of certain introns in <1% of cellular genes, but also can promote use of alternative 5' splice sites. In addition, ICP27 induced expression of pre-mRNAs prematurely cleaved and polyadenylated from cryptic polyadenylation signals (PAS) located in intron 1 or 2 of ∼1% of cellular genes. These previously undescribed prematurely cleaved and polyadenylated pre-mRNAs, some of which contain novel ORFs, were typically intronless, <2 Kb in length, expressed early during viral infection, and efficiently exported to cytoplasm. Sequence analysis revealed that ICP27-targeted genes are GC-rich (as are HSV genes), contain cytosine-rich sequences near the 5' splice site, and have suboptimal splice sites in the impacted intron, suggesting that a common mechanism is shared between ICP27-mediated alternative polyadenylation and splicing. Optimization of splice site sequences or mutation of nearby cytosines eliminated ICP27-mediated splicing inhibition, and introduction of C-rich sequences to an ICP27-insensitive splicing reporter conferred this phenotype, supporting the inference that specific gene sequences confer susceptibility to ICP27. Although HSV is the first virus and ICP27 is the first viral protein shown to activate cryptic PASs in introns, we suspect that other viruses and cellular genes also encode this function.
Acute Sleep Deprivation Blocks Short- and Long-Term Operant Memory in Aplysia.

Study objectives Insufficient sleep in individuals appears increasingly common due to the demands of modern work schedules and technology use. Consequently, there is a growing need to understand the interactions between sleep deprivation and memory. The current study determined the effects of acute sleep deprivation on short and long-term associative memory using the marine mollusk Aplysia californica, a relatively simple model system well known for studies of learning and memory. Methods Aplysia were sleep deprived for 9 hours using context changes and tactile stimulation either prior to or after training for the operant learning paradigm, learning that food is inedible (LFI). The effects of sleep deprivation on short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) were assessed. Results Acute sleep deprivation prior to LFI training impaired the induction of STM and LTM with persistent effects lasting at least 24 h. Sleep deprivation immediately after training blocked the consolidation of LTM. However, sleep deprivation following the period of molecular consolidation did not affect memory recall. Memory impairments were independent of handling-induced stress, as daytime handled control animals demonstrated no memory deficits. Additional training immediately after sleep deprivation failed to rescue the induction of memory, but additional training alleviated the persistent impairment in memory induction when training occurred 24 h following sleep deprivation. Conclusions Acute sleep deprivation inhibited the induction and consolidation, but not the recall of memory. These behavioral studies establish Aplysia as an effective model system for studying the interactions between sleep and memory formation.
Reliability analysis of a woven composite Pi-joint structure

The finite element (FE) method combined with multicontinuum theory (MCT) for analyzing composites was coupled with reliability analysis to develop a probabilistic, progressive failure, multiscale analysis of a three-dimensional braided composite Pi-joint subject to shear loading. The constituent engineering constants, ply strengths, and structural geometric parameters were treated as random variables. Failure was defined in the progressive failure framework as a minimum structure stiffness. NESSUS reliability analysis, HELIUS MCT, and Abaqus® FE analysis software packages were interfaced to create a global framework for performing multiscale reliability analysis of the composite structure. The reliability analysis resulted in the calculation of the probability of failure and sensitivities of the probability of failure to the random variables defined in the model. The model's probability of failure was most sensitive to the geometric parameters defining the thickness of the upright portion of the Pi-joint ...
Book Review: Shaken Baby Syndrome on Trial

This is a short review of Deborah Tuerkheimer's book, "Flawed Convictions: 'Shaken Baby Syndrome' and the Inertia of Injustice" (Oxford University Press 2014).
Recruiting Under the Influence: Job Applicant Reactions to Workplace Drinking Norms

Events in which alcohol plays a large role, such as happy hours, holiday parties, or meals with coworkers or clients, are a common part of organizational life. The presence of alcohol in some indus...
Retroelement-guided protein diversification abounds in vast lineages of Bacteria and Archaea

Major radiations of enigmatic Bacteria and Archaea with large inventories of uncharacterized proteins are a striking feature of the Tree of Life1-5. The processes that led to functional diversity in these lineages, which may contribute to a host-dependent lifestyle, are poorly understood. Here, we show that diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs), which guide site-specific protein hypervariability6-8, are prominent features of genomically reduced organisms from the bacterial candidate phyla radiation (CPR) and as yet uncultivated phyla belonging to the DPANN (Diapherotrites, Parvarchaeota, Aenigmarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota and Nanohaloarchaea) archaeal superphylum. From reconstructed genomes we have defined monophyletic bacterial and archaeal DGR lineages that expand the known DGR range by 120% and reveal a history of horizontal retroelement transfer. Retroelement-guided diversification is further shown to be active in current CPR and DPANN populations, with an assortment of protein targets potentially involved in attachment, defence and regulation. Based on observations of DGR abundance, function and evolutionary history, we find that targeted protein diversification is a pronounced trait of CPR and DPANN phyla compared to other bacterial and archaeal phyla. This diversification mechanism may provide CPR and DPANN organisms with a versatile tool that could be used for adaptation to a dynamic, host-dependent existence.
Redesigning the DOE Data Explorer to Embed Dataset Relationships at the Point of Search and to Reflect Landing Page Organization

Scientific research is producing ever-increasing amounts of data. Organizing and reflecting relationships across data collections, datasets, publications, and other research objects are essential functionalities of the modern science environment, yet challenging to implement. Landing pages are often used for providing ‘big picture’ contextual frameworks for datasets and data collections, and many large-volume data holders are utilizing them in thoughtful, creative ways. The benefits of their organizational efforts, however, are not realized unless the user eventually sees the landing page at the end point of their search. What if that organization and ‘big picture’ context could benefit the user at the beginning of the search? That is a challenging approach, but The Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) is redesigning the database functionality of the DOE Data Explorer (DDE) with that goal in mind. Phase I is focused on redesigning the DDE database to leverage relationships between two existing distinct populations in DDE, data Projects and individual Datasets, and then adding a third intermediate population, data Collections. Mapped, structured linkages, designed to show user relationships, will allow users to make informed search choices. These linkages will be sustainable and scalable, created automatically with the use of new metadata fields and existing authorities. Phase II will study selected DOE Data ID Service clients, analyzing how their landing pages are organized, and how that organization might be used to improve DDE search capabilities. At the heart of both phases is the realization that adding more metadata information for cross-referencing may require additional effort for data scientists. OSTI’s approach seeks to leverage existing metadata and landing page intelligence without imposing an additional burden on the data creators.
The Effects of Autoshaping and Automaintenance Schedules on Responding in Children

Thirty-two children performed in an experimental session consisting of 33 trials, which were presented according to one of three conditions: autoshaping, automaintenance, or a random-control procedure. Thirteen of 16 children, aged 5, 6, or 7 years, pressed an illuminated key that was correlated with monetary reinforcement (autoshaping and automaintenance). Those children exposed to the autoshaping condition maintained the response, but those who experienced the automaintenance condition showed lower maintenance levels of responding. Eight children in the same age range were exposed to the random-control procedure and exhibited little or no responding during the session. A group of 9-, 10-, and 11-year-olds exposed to the autoshaping procedure either showed early acquisition and subsequent maintenance of responding or did not respond at all during the session. The results are compared to similar studies involving pigeon and monkey subjects.
Microclimate Variation among Urban Land Covers: The Importance of Vertical and Horizontal Structure in Air and Land Surface Temperature Relationships

AbstractAir and land surface warming effects from urbanization are of increasing concern because of expanding heat-related impacts on human health. Many studies have investigated land-cover effects on air temperature Ta or land surface temperature (LST) individually, but relatively few studies have examined the relationships between these two heat indicators and other meteorological variables. The authors investigate how land cover influences local distributions of LST, Ta, and relative humidity (RH) and their interactions. During July 2016, 30 Ta and RH sensors were deployed at two heights above the ground (0.1 and 1.5 m) along with a thermal camera and an anemometer to quantify the influence of surface dynamics on atmospheric micrometeorological conditions. Sensors were distributed in Riverside, California, over five common urban land covers: asphalt, bare surface, turf grass, short trees, and tall trees. Stronger Ta–LST relationships were observed at 0.1 m for asphalt, bare surface, and grass and at 1....
Rapid, Accurate Identification of Candida auris by Using a Novel Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) Database (Library).

The newly emerging multidrug-resistant yeast Candida auris can cause serious infections and may be underrepresented, as it can be misidentified as other species (e.g., Candida haemulonii, Candida duobushaemulonii, or Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by some biochemical-based testing systems ([1][1][–][2
Rayleigh Waves in Scanning Acoustic Microscopy

The role played by the Rayleigh wave in the acoustic microscope came as a fortuitous surprise when the microscope was used in the reflection mode to examine integrated circuits and other materials having Rayleigh wave velocity greater than the velocity in water. The primary contrast mechanism for such objects is due to the presence of the Rayleigh wave, and it has made possible the use of the microscope for quantitative materials characterization. The scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) was conceived by QUATE, who together with co-workers did much to develop it. Reference [1] gives an excellent discussion of the microscope and their early work.
Primary Photoreceptor Degenerations: Retinitis Pigmentosa

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is caused by a large number of genetic defects that result in a characteristic pattern of degeneration of the rod and cone photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium. RP is a heterogenous disease that can be classified in different ways. This article discusses the different categorizations of RP based on inheritance, genetic defect, and clinical presentation.
Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering for Orthopedic Surgical Applications

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the efforts involved in the regeneration of bone and cartilage. The orthopedic surgeon manages the diseases of the patient via nonoperative and operative measures that target the tissues of the musculoskeletal system: bone, cartilage, muscle, ligament, intervertebral disc, and tendon. There have been tissue-engineering efforts to regenerate most of these tissues. Bone and cartilage tissues, although they are by no means the only musculoskeletal tissues that present unsolved problems to the treating orthopedic surgeon, are the two tissues of the musculoskeletal system that have received the greatest attention from a tissue engineering perspective. The regeneration of bone via tissue engineering strategies will likely exploit several key properties of normal bone. Bone tissue has the capacity to regenerate in response to injury. The new tissue, called woven bone, consists of randomly oriented collagen fibers that mineralize and then remodel into an organized, anisotropic bone structure that optimizes itself mechanically for the local stress environment it experiences. The remodeled bone is called lamellar bone. This transformation of woven bone into a lamellar bone that occurs in fracture healing also occurs in embryogenesis of the skeleton.
Forgive and Forget: A Typology of Transgressions and Forgiveness Strategies in Married and Dating Relationships

One hundred twenty-three married and 93 dating adults completed a survey describing the role of forgiveness in their relationship, detailing relational transgressions that prompted forgiveness, the...
New Promise for Vaccines against Tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis has now exceeded infection with the human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and malaria as the world’s largest cause of death from an infectious disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are 10.4 million new cases and 1.7 million deaths annually, including 0.4 million deaths in people with HIV infection, of which 95% occur in low-and-middle-income countries.1 The WHO End TB Strategy has set the ambitious target of reducing the incidence of tuberculosis disease by 90% by 2035. Yet since 2000, although global tuberculosis mortality has declined by 30%, the incidence of disease is being . . .
Performance of Low-Complexity Spectrally Selective One-Dimensional Mirrors for Photovoltaic Thermal Management

Operation at elevated temperatures is detrimental to the performance of crystalline Si solar modules. One method of reducing module operating temperature is selective reflection of sub-bandgap photons, which can otherwise only be absorbed parasitically. We numerically optimize the design of a series of multilayer photonic mirrors based on real materials using a previously developed optimization routine. Combined ray tracing and finite element simulations reveal the ability of each mirror to increase energy yield and decrease operating temperature. The best design outperforms a conventional glass antireflection coating, contains only nine layers, and maintains performance regardless of geographic location.
Mitochondrial Function, Metabolic Regulation, and Human Disease Viewed through the Prism of Sirtuin 4 (SIRT4) Functions

As cellular metabolic hubs, mitochondria are the main energy producers for the cell. These organelles host essential energy producing biochemical processes, including the TCA cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation. An accumulating body of literature has demonstrated that a majority of mitochondrial proteins are decorated with diverse posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Given the critical roles of these proteins in cellular metabolic pathways and response to environmental stress or pathogens, understanding the role of PTMs in regulating their functions has become an area of intense investigation. A major family of enzymes that regulate PTMs within the mitochondria are sirtuins (SIRTs). Albeit until recently the least understood sirtuin, SIRT4 has emerged as an enzyme capable of removing diverse PTMs from its substrates, thereby modulating their functions. SIRT4 was shown to have ADP-ribosyltransferase, deacetylase, lipoamidase, and deacylase enzymatic activities. As metabolic dysfun...
The breathability of PET to water vapor: Thickness effects

A model study of the permeation of water vapor through archival polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in the context of encapsulation is reported. Using intentionally wetted paper, the rate of m...
Reenacting the Handcart Debacle: The Work of Rescue at Martin’s Cove on the Mormon Trail

The chapter analyzes contemporary depictions of the 1856 handcart pioneer disaster, at Martin’s Cove and Sixth Crossing on the Mormon Trail in Wyoming, sponsored by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Here, handcart emigrants suffered through autumn blizzards, and many died before rescue parties arrived from Utah. Today, these are pilgrimage sites for Latter-day Saints (LDS) tourists, including teenagers, who undertake handcart trek reenactments. The sacrifice of the handcart pioneers and the generosity of their rescuers are presented at the sites as model behavior for the LDS, especially young people in the Church. But this story of salvation depends on the suppression of a portion of the history, specifically the question of why the handcart pioneers set off so late in the season, when Church leaders knew that to do so was a mistake. This matter of responsibility is ignored, since the didactic emphasis on a renewable pattern of faithful conduct depends on a story of unequivocal virtue.
Protein-Mediated Synthesis of Au Nanocluster Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide: A Multifunctional Hybrid Nano-Bio Platform

The seamless integration of functional biomolecules with advanced nanomaterials not only allows for a hybrid material yielding their combined properties but also can enable novel joint functionality. In this work, the protein bovine serum albumin is used to simultaneously reduce and stabilize graphene oxide, demonstrating complete reduction of the graphene oxide to its reduced graphene oxide form. Where previous work has utilized a protein-reduced graphene oxide hybrid material as an attachment point for subsequent metal nanoparticle binding, this effort establishes an in situ methodology to directly synthesize tailored metal nanoclusters within the stabilizing protein complex. The successful synthesis of gold metal nanoclusters within the protein component of the hybrid system is verified, allowing for the creation of high-density protein-nanocluster ensembles on the graphene substrate. Utilizing the sensitive nature of the high-density protein-nanocluster materials, a protease sensor platform is demonstrated to detect the presence of trypsin, which is a biomarker for acute pancreatitis, at concentrations below 100 ng/mL.
Corpus Processing Service: A Knowledge Graph Platform to perform deep data exploration on corpora

Knowledge Graphs have been fast emerging as the {\em de facto} standard to model and explore knowledge in weakly structured data. Large corpora of documents constitute a source of weakly structured data of particular interest for both the academic as well as the industrial world. Key examples include scientific publications, technical reports, manuals, patents, regulations, etc. Such corpora embed many facts that are elementary to critical decision making or enabling new discoveries. In this paper, we present a scalable cloud platform to create and serve Knowledge Graphs, which we named \textit{Corpus Processing Service}. Its purpose is to process large document corpora, extract the content and embedded facts, and ultimately represent these in a consistent knowledge graph that can be intuitively queried. To accomplish this, we use state-of-the-art natural language understanding models to extract entities and relationships from documents converted with our previously presented CCS platform. This pipeline is complemented with a newly developed graph engine which ensures extremely performant graph queries and provides powerful graph analytics capabilities. Both components are tightly integrated and can be easily consumed through REST APIs. Additionally, we provide user-interfaces to control the data ingestion flow and formulate queries using a visual programming approach. The CPS platform is designed as a modular microservice system operating on Kubernetes clusters. Finally, we validate the quality of queries on our truly end-to-end knowledge pipeline in a real-world application in the oil and gas industry. To date, the capabilities of CPS are successfully leveraged in more than 5 client engagements.
BSPED guideline: what we know and why the guideline was changed

Two key drivers underpinned the most controversial changes to the guideline—revised recommendations regarding fluids and an increased emphasis on treating shock. The first was the PECARN FLUID study (Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network), a randomised controlled trial comparing a rapid with a slower rehydration fluid regimen.1 The second was concern, triggered by three deaths (unpublished audit data), that the fluid regime introduced in 2015 may be overly restrictive, increasing morbidity, and that anxiety about fluids may be inhibiting adequate resuscitation. Cerebral oedema affects 1% of admissions with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The traditional view that cerebral oedema is mediated by osmotic changes and may be precipitated or exacerbated by fluid administration has resulted in more restrictive fluid regimes.2 However, there is little evidence that such regimes have reduced the incidence of cerebral oedema.3–5 Evidence now suggests cerebral oedema results from initial cerebral hypoperfusion followed by a vasogenic or reperfusion injury.2 Cerebral oedema occurs at presentation, prior to any fluid administration, in up to 19% of cases.6 Asymptomatic subclinical cerebral oedema is evident in 50% of cases on MRI.7 Why some patients develop overt cerebral oedema remains unclear, and the role of fluids is contentious. Of the six predominantly small case-control studies cited in the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guidance NG18 from which the previous 2015 British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (BSPED) guideline evolved, four studies suggested that fluids were not a causal factor for cerebral oedema.5 6 8 9 The prospective UK case–control study, given the highest evidence rating, suggested higher fluid volumes may be a factor.10 However, the mean pH …
Implementation of the resident exposure to nursing and administration curriculum.

Objectives Clinical competence is an essential component of the practice of emergency medicine (EM), but a well-rounded physician must gain appreciation and understanding of the many nonclinical aspects of EM, including emergency department (ED) throughput, operational metrics, financial principles, policies and procedures, interaction with nursing, and patient experience. While most residency programs include an administrative component, the majority are during the final year of training. We designed and piloted the Resident Exposure To Nursing and Administration (RETNA) curriculum for postgraduate year one (PGY-1) residents during orientation. The curriculum included a lecture, departmental tour with operational focus, and nurse shadowing experience, which were completed prior to their first clinical shift. We hypothesized that residents would view this favorably and advocate for formal adoption of the RETNA curriculum. Furthermore, we anticipated that the curriculum would improve relationships between residents and nursing. Methods The three-component RETNA curriculum was piloted at an urban, academic center, with 14 PGY-1 residents per class, to two PGY-1 classes over a two-year period. Surveys were used to assess the resident perception of each component of the curriculum. Quantitative survey results were compared year over year using an unpaired t-test. Qualitative comments were also recorded and analyzed for content. Nursing evaluation scores of PGY-1 residents were used to independently analyze the impact of the curriculum on nurse-resident interactions. Results The overall survey response rate was 82%. There was no statistically significant difference between the responses recorded in 2019 versus 2020 (p < 0.05). All PGY-1s, with one exception, agreed or strongly agreed that a similar session should be included in future orientations. Of the respondents, 88% thought that the lecture on ED flow was educational and 91% agreed that the nurse shadowing shift was a valuable learning experience. All subjective survey responses were positive, and all three components of the curriculum, ED flow, nursing workflow, and patient experience, were mentioned in the comments. Nurse-resident relationships improved after implementation of the curriculum. Conclusion The overwhelmingly positive feedback we received on this curriculum has led to the adoption of the RETNA curriculum as a core component for future EM orientations at the study institution. Introducing trainees to ED administration and nursing early in residency has few drawbacks and many potential benefits. As such, we advocate for further study and adoption of similar curricula to enhance and supplement existing postgraduate EM resident education.
Rational design of a deuterium-containing M2-S31N channel blocker UAWJ280 with in vivo antiviral efficacy against both oseltamivir sensitive and -resistant influenza A viruses.

Seasonal influenza A virus (IAV) infections are among the most important global health problems. FDA-approved antiviral therapies against IAV include neuraminidase inhibitors, M2 inhibitors, and po...
The Search for Hypotheses: Induction

Science, as we have noted, devotes its first stage to the observation of data, at first passively but then under controlled conditions. It confronts the data with the commonly received notions which are the inheritance of common sense (that traditional philosophy of experience). Then it moves to make the corrections which are forced on it by the new data. This last step involves some degree of theoretical speculation. The rhythm of scientific investigation calls for periods of immersion in fact alternating with periods of withdrawal to consider the observed material. The first stage was that of observations, of samplings, ending with conceptualized particulars. Further samplings locate interpolations between the observed facts to reach smoothed out generalizations. The first half of the second stage consists in collating data and then by their means proposing the generalizations as invariants. It may be named construction. The discovery of hypotheses mark the second half and is named induction. We shall begin by examining construction.
La relación Práctica Profesional Institucional / Población en la atención Pública Odontológica: su derivación en los grupos domésticos Tobas-Qom- asentados en el barrio "Los Pumitas" de la ciudad de Rosario

El autor analiza criticamente la interaccion: Practica Profesional Institucional / Poblacion en la Odontologia Publica y sus implicaciones entre la Facultad de odontologia de la UNR y los indigenas Tobas asentados en Los Pumitas Rosario. Argentina.
Reconstitution of energy converting proteins in biocompatible materials

As technology approaches a new era of device miniaturization, a compact and more efficient power source to drive these devices are in demand. It is worth exploring the potential of nanometer-scale hybrid organic/inorganic devices as an alternative to conventional power sources that have obvious limitations in size miniaturization. Some proteins in nature have played critical roles of energy conversion and transduction in biological systems over millions of years. There have been attempts to utilize energy converting proteins in laboratories in vivo. Although most in vivo experiments provide the most accurate recreation of the natural environments for membrane bound proteins, these conditions carry discrepancies from uncontrollable biological reactions. It is necessary to produce a more convenient experimental environment in which protein structure and function are maintained in vitro. We are engineering a biocompatible membrane embedded with energy converting proteins: bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and cytochrome oxidase (COX). Light absorption initiates transfer of protons by BR from one side of the artificial membrane to the other, creating an electro-chemical gradient that turn drives COX backwards. Reversed COX mechanism generates intermediates from O/sub 2/ to H/sub 2/O along with electrons. These electrons are attracted to a metal electrode that serves as current reservoir. The system converts optical energy to electrical energy, eventually allocating the derived energy to an external source.
Adaptive motion control for a differentially driven semi-autonomous wheelchair platform

Motorized wheelchairs are systems with changing parameters: rolling friction which depends on the ground surface, center of gravity and even the total mass of the system may vary. This affects the performance of PID controllers normally used for wheelchair velocity control. This paper presents an adaptive controller with online parameter estimation for the motion control of a semi-autonomous robotic wheelchair platform. The proposed controller accepts a second-order trajectory as an input rather then the desired velocity at each moment in time. Mathematical and computer models are developed for the wheelchair and the controller. Four simulation experiments with different initial conditions are demonstrated and analyzed in this work based on a custom developed MATLAB/Simulink® framework for wheelchair dynamic modeling and visualization. Advantages and limitations of the proposed approach are discussed.
Matching at the Synapse

Neurons in the brain make many thousands of connections (synapses) with other neurons. In a Perspective, [Thompson][1] discusses a technical tour-de-force ([Koester and Johnson][2]) that reveals subtle differences in the characteristics of neurotransmitter release, which depend on the type of postsynaptic target cells with which the presynaptic cell connects. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/308/5723/800 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/308/5723/863
Anti-chaperone behavior of BiP during the protein disulfide isomerase-catalyzed refolding of reduced denatured lysozyme.

Folding catalysts of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), such as protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), accelerate the slow chemical steps, such as disulfide bond formation, that accompany protein folding. Molecular chaperones of the ER, notably the heavy chain-binding protein, BiP (grp78), bind and release unfolded proteins in an ATP-dependent fashion. In vitro, the fate of reduced, denatured lysozyme is dependent on whether the substrate interacts first with BiP or PDI. Depending on the ratio of PDI to substrate and order in which the components of the reaction are mixed, PDI can exhibit a foldase/chaperone activity, which increases the rate and extent of lysozyme refolding, or it can function as an anti-chaperone that promotes the formation of inactive, disulfide-linked lysozyme aggregates (Puig, A., and Gilbert, H.F. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 7764-7771). Reduced, denatured lysozyme, but not the native protein, interacts with BiP and efficiently stimulates its peptide-dependent ATPase activity. When present at substoichiometric amounts, BiP, like PDI, facilitates the formation of large, inactive lysozyme aggregates that are non-covalently associated with BiP. BiP and PDI compete for a limited number of sites in these insoluble aggregates. If BiP is present at a high molar excess, the chaperone binds unfolded lysozyme and inhibits its aggregation by maintaining it in a soluble, yet inactive, conformation, both in the presence or absence of ATP. Increasing concentrations of BiP decrease the extent, but not the initial rate, of refolding, suggesting that BiP and PDI compete for unfolded lysozyme and that the BiP-lysozyme complex is not a very good substrate for PDI either in the presence or absence of ATP. Depending on the BiP and PDI concentrations, unfolded lysozyme may either be efficiently refolded into the native conformation in a PDI-catalyzed reaction, or it may form both soluble and insoluble BiP-lysozyme complexes. In vitro, PDI- and BiP-facilitated aggregation, as well as the competition of the two proteins for substrate, reproduces many of the features of the quality control system of the ER.