cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond food security to realizing food rights in the US

Abstract The right to food is widely accepted by nations, with the notable exception of the United States (US) and four other countries. The US government deals with domestic food insecurity through an array of needs-based food assistance programs instead of rights-based approaches; and administration officials have resisted the right to food for several decades, claiming that accepting this right would bind US actions in undesirable and contradictory ways. Food insecurity persists in the US, where 48.8 million people including 16.2 million children lived in food-insecure households in 2010. Recognizing the right to food could be a meaningful first step in overcoming chronic domestic food insecurity. This paper clarifies the distinction between the responsibilities for food security that are currently respected, protected and fulfilled by the US government and those that would be necessary were the right to healthy food accepted in full. These responsibilities extend from the community to international levels, affecting Farm Bill-based domestic funding as well as foreign aid and development efforts of the US government and philanthropic organizations based in the US. Meaningful progress is being made toward realizing the right to healthy food in the US through community-based nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Although such organizations come closer to facilitating the right to healthy food than the federal government or national anti-hunger NGOs, this right cannot be achieved in full without coordinated efforts by community-based and national NGOs, the private sector and multiple levels of government. Broad adoption of a rights-based approach and responsibilities associated with the right to healthy food by government agencies and US-based philanthropic organizations can help to remove barriers to the right to healthy food and provide focus to food system reform efforts in the US; harmonization with international efforts to promote food security; and eradication of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition (both under-nutrition and over-nutrition) in the US and globally.
The effect of truncation and round-off on computer simulated chaotic trajectories

Abstract In this short report I demonstrate that due to truncation and round-off, computer generated trajectories of chaotic dynamical systems eventually will become periodic.
Home Accessibility, Living Circumstances, Stage of Activity Limitation, and Nursing Home Use

Abstract Stineman MG, Xie D, Streim JE, Pan Q, Kurichi JE, Henry-Sanchez JT, Zhang Z, Saliba D. Home accessibility, living circumstances, stage of activity limitation, and nursing home use. Objective To explore the influence of physical home and social environments and disability patterns on nursing home (NH) use. Design Longitudinal cohort study. Self- or proxy-reported perception of home environmental barriers accessibility, 5 stages expressing the severity and pattern of activities of daily living (ADLs) limitations, and other characteristics at baseline were applied to predict NH use within 2 years or prior to death through logistic regression. Setting General community. Participants Population-based, community-dwelling individuals (N=7836; ≥70y) from the Second Longitudinal Study of Aging interviewed in 1994 with 2-year follow-up that was prospectively collected. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure NH use within 2 years. Results Perceptions of home environmental barriers and living alone were both associated with approximately 40% increased odds of NH use after adjustment for other factors. Compared with those with no limitations at ADL stage 0, the odds of NH use peaked for those with severe limitations at ADL stage III (odds ratio [OR]=3.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.20–4.41), then declined sharply for those with total limitations at ADL stage IV (OR=.96; 95% CI, .33–2.81). Sensitivity analyses for missing NH use showed similar results. Conclusions Accessibility of home environment, living circumstance, and ADL stage represent potentially modifiable targets for rehabilitation interventions for decreasing NH use in the aging U.S. population.
6-sulfooxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene is an ultimate electrophilic and carcinogenic form of the intermediary metabolite 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene.

Abstract Previous experiments have demonstrated that the intermediary metabolite 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a] pyrene (HMBP) can be activated to the electrophilic mutagen, 6-sulfooxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene (SMBP), by rat and mouse liver PAPS-dependent sulfotransferase activity or by chemical synthesis. This aralkylating metabolite and 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene were individually administered to groups of 12 female Sprague-Dawley rats, at a 0.2 μmol dose three times weekly for 20 doses. SMBP induced sarcomas at the site of injection in 12 of 12 rats by 33 weeks, whereas HMBP induced sarcomas at the site of injection in 12 of 12 rats by 31 weeks. These results, taken together with the results of previous studies, strongly support the hypothesis that the electrophilic mutagen SMBP accounts for most, if not all, of the complete carcinogenicity of the intermediary metabolite HMBP and probably at least some of the complete carcinogenicity of 6-methylbenzo[a]pyrene (MBP), 6-formylbenzo[a]pyrene (formylBP), and even benzo[a]pyrene (BP), all of which are metabolized to HMBP.
Interpretation of Mars southern highlands high amplitude magnetic field with total gradient and fractal source modeling: New insights into the magnetic mystery of Mars

Abstract Using model studies, the total gradient (TG) of the Z-component magnetic field is shown to be a useful quantity for delineating sources of satellite-altitude magnetic anomalies; this field is used to constrain the location and lateral boundaries of sources of high amplitude magnetic anomalies of southern highlands of Mars. The TG field suggests two parallel linear and oppositely magnetized sources of 1000 and 1800 km length separated by 1000 km of region of intervening non-parallel sources. The simplest interpretation of the long, linear features is that they are zones of multitudinous crustal scale dikes formed in separate episodes of rifting, and not features associated with the mechanism of seafloor spreading. Forward modeling with uniformly magnetized sources suggests that magnetizations of the order of 10–50 A/m (40 km thickness) over ∼100 km width in the case of the southern source and of 12.5–27.5 A/m (40 km thickness) and ∼200 km width for the northern source are necessary to explain the Z-component amplitudes and features of the TG field. If the crustal magnetization on Mars were to be distributed fractally as on Earth, magnetizations matching the largest amplitude features on Mars may be spatially correlated from a 50–100 km distance range ( β ∼ 3) to approaching nearly uniform magnetization ( β ∼ 5) values. To keep magnetization intensity as small as possible, the higher end of β values are preferred, whereas, small amplitude anomaly features could be generated from sources with β ∼ 3. Many of the Mars anomaly features could be coalescence effects similar to the coalescence of anomaly features observed on http://icarus.cornell.edu/information/keywords.html.Earth.
Cryopreservation of Helminths

Department of Opthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29464, USA Fig. I. The effect of cooling rate on cell survival. Each cell type has its own optimum cooling rate (A). At slower rates the cells are injured by solution effects. At faster rates injury
Fault Detection and Mitigation in Multilevel Converter STATCOMs

Many static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) utilize multilevel converters due to the following: 1) lower harmonic injection into the power system; 2) decreased stress on the electronic components due to decreased voltages; and 3) lower switching losses. One disadvantage, however, is the increased likelihood of a switch failure due to the increased number of switches in a multilevel converter. A single switch failure, however, does not necessarily force an (2n + 1)-level STATCOM offline. Even with a reduced number of switches, a STATCOM can still provide a significant range of control by removing the module of the faulted switch and continuing with (2n - 1) levels. This paper introduces an approach to detect the existence of the faulted switch, identify which switch is faulty, and reconfigure the STATCOM. This approach is illustrated on an eleven-level STATCOM and the effect on the dynamic performance and the total harmonic distortion (THD) is analyzed.
Emotion Regulation Via Maternal Touch

The study of emotion elicitation in the caregiver-infant dyad has focused almost exclusively on the facial and vocal channels, whereas little attention has been given to the contribution of the tactile channel. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of touch on infants' emotions. During the time that objects were presented to the dyad, mothers provided tactile stimulation to their 12-month-old infants by either (a) tensing their fingers around the infants' abdomen while abruptly inhaling, (b) relaxing their grip around the infants' abdomen, or (c) not providing additional tactile stimulation (control condition). The results revealed that infants in the first condition (a) touched the objects less and waited longer to touch the objects while displaying more negative emotional displays compared to infants in the control condition. However, no apparent differences were found between infants in the second condition (b) and the control condition. The results suggest that infants' emotions may be elicited by specific parameters of touch.
RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM 1, a dominant Arabidopsis disease-resistance gene, is not race specific.

Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes differ in their susceptibility to Fusarium wilt diseases. Ecotype Taynuilt-0 (Ty-0) is susceptible to Fusarium oxysporum forma specialis (f.) matthioli whereas Columbia-0 (Col-0) is resistant. Segregation analysis of a cross between Ty-0 and Col-0 revealed six dominant RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM (RFO) loci that significantly contribute to f. matthioli resistance in Col-0 relative to Ty-0. We refer to the locus with the strongest effect as RFO1. Ty-0 plants in which only the Col-0 allele of RFO1 (RFO1Col-0) was introduced were resistant to f. matthioli. Surprisingly, RFO1Col-0 also conferred resistance to f. raphani, demonstrating that RFO1-mediated resistance is not race specific. Expression of resistance by RFO2, RFO4, or RFO6 was dependent on RFO1Col-0. Map-based cloning of RFO1Col-0 showed that RFO1 is identical to the previously named Arabidopsis gene WAKL22 (WALL-ASSOCIATED KINASE-LIKE KINASE 22), which encodes a receptor-like kinase that does not contain an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain. Consistent with these results, a Col-0 rfo1 loss-of-function mutant was more susceptible to f. matthioli, f. conglutinans, and f. raphani. Thus, RFO1 encodes a novel type of dominant disease-resistance protein that confers resistance to a broad spectrum of Fusarium races.
Emerging Role of Micro-RNAs in the Regulation of Angiogenesis

During development, angiogenesis occurs as a controlled series of events leading to neovascularization that supports changing tissue requirements. Several pro- and antiangiogenic factors orchestrate a complex, dynamic process to allow initial sprouting and invasion, subsequent pruning and remodeling, and finally maturation and survival of blood vessels. In the last decade, a new class of small RNA molecules termed micro-RNAs (miRs) have emerged as key regulators of several cellular processes including angiogenesis. Micro-RNAs such as miR-132, miR-126, miR-296, miR-145, and miR-92a have been shown to play pro- and antiangiogenic roles in the vasculature of both endothelial cells and perivascular cells. However, in pathological situations such as cancer or inflammation, the same angiogenic signaling pathways and miRs are dysregulated and exploited, typically resulting in poorly organized vessels with leaky and tortuous properties. This article is a brief overview of specific miRs that have been reported to play a role in the vasculature. The authors explore emerging principles that suggest miRs insulate cellular processes from external perturbations and provide robustness to biological systems in the context of angiogenesis.
A new cascaded multilevel H-bridge drive

In this paper, a general structure for cascaded power converters is presented in which any number of H-bridge cells having any number of voltage levels are series connected to form an inverter phase leg. Equations are introduced for determining an optimal voltage ratio of DC voltages for the H-bridge cells which will maximize the number of voltage levels obtainable resulting in high power quality. Special cases of the generalized inverter are presented including novel 11-level and 15-level inverters. Laboratory measurements demonstrate the proposed inverter performance.
Hardware-based weighted random pattern generation for boundary scan

The authors introduce WARP, a weighted test generation system that includes a canonical circuit for resolving weights to any desired precision. Either cellular automata registers (CARs) or linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) are used as a source of random patterns, and optionally, it is possible to permute and linearly combine random bits from the source to control inputs to the weighting circuit. The authors analyze pattern coverage and conclude with benchmark results on fault coverage differences between CARs and LFSRs. >
A study of wavelets for the solution of electromagnetic integral equations

The use of wavelet basis functions for the efficient solution of electromagnetic integral equations is studied. It has previously been demonstrated that the use of wavelets for expansion and testing functions produces a sparse moment-method matrix. Here, this effect is examined and analyzed in terms of the radiation/receiving characteristics of the wavelet basis functions. The limitations of wavelets as an efficient solution technique are discussed, and a comparison is made to other fast algorithms. >
Rocking Response of Free-Standing Blocks under Cycloidal Pulses

This paper examines in depth the transient rocking response of free-standing rigid blocks subjected to physically realizable trigonometric pulses. First, the expressions for the dynamic horizontal and vertical reactions at the pivot point of a rocking block are derived and it is shown that the coefficient of friction needed to sustain pure rocking motion is, in general, an increasing function of the acceleration level of the pulse. Subsequently, this paper shows that under cycloidal pulses a free-standing block can overturn with two distinct modes: (1) by exhibiting one or more impacts; and (2) without exhibiting any impact. The existence of the second mode results in a safe region that is located on the acceleration-frequency plane above the minimum overturning acceleration spectrum. The shape of this region depends on the coefficient of restitution and is sensitive to the nonlinear nature of the problem. This paper concludes that the sensitive nonlinear nature of the problem, in association with the presence of the safe region that embraces the minimum overturning acceleration spectrum, complicates further the task of estimating peak ground acceleration by only examining the geometry of free-standing objects that either overturned or survived a ground shaking.
CRF-driven Implicit Deformable Model

We present a topology independent solution for segmenting objects with texture patterns of any scale, using an implicit deformable model driven by conditional random fields (CRFs). Our model integrates region and edge information as image driven terms, whereas the probabilistic shape and internal (smoothness) terms use representations similar to the level-set based methods. The evolution of the model is solved as a MAP estimation problem, where the target conditional probability is decomposed into the internal term and the image-driven term. For the later, we use discriminative CRFs in two scales, pixel- and patch-based, to obtain smooth probability fields based on the corresponding image features. The advantages and novelties of our approach are (i) the integration of CRFs with implicit deformable models in a tightly coupled scheme, (ii) the use of CRFs which avoids ambiguities in the probability fields, (iii) the handling of local feature variations by updating the model interior statistics and processing at different spatial scales, and (v) the independence from the topology. We demonstrate the performance of our method in a wide variety of images, from the zebra and cheetah examples to the left and right ventricles in cardiac images.
Modeling evaporative loss of oil mist collected by sampling filters.

Oil mists can cause respiratory distress and have been linked to skin and gastrointestinal cancers in workers. Standard concentration assessment methods call for sampling these mists with fibrous or membrane filters. Previous experimental studies using glass fiber (GF) filters and polyvinyl chloride and polytetrafluoroethylene membrane filters indicate that mist sampled onto filters may volatilize. A model has been developed to predict the evaporation of mist collected on a fibrous sampling filter. Evaporation of retained fluid from membrane filters can be modeled by treating the filter as though it is a fibrous filter. Predictions from the model exhibit good agreement with experimental results. At low mist concentrations, the model indicates that evaporation of retained mineral oil occurs readily. At high mist concentrations, significant evaporation from the filters is not expected because the vapor accompanying the airborne mist is already saturated with the compounds in the oil. The findings from this ...
A self-organizing auto-associative network for the generalized physical design of microstrip patches

The current work deals with the efficient physical design of patch antennas given the desired parameters like resonant frequency f/sub r/, feed point position a/sub f/, substrate thickness h, relative permittivity /spl epsiv//sub r/, input impedance Z (=R+jX), and efficiency /spl eta/. Based loosely on the analogy of perception of the human brain, a neurocomputing network has been designed, consisting of two distinct phases, namely, the training phase and the application phase. The training phase accepts as input the exhaustive set of the said parameters for patches of different shapes and sizes and determines the optimized processors (processors that adequately define the information topology of the input data set) from the exhaustive training instances using a set of information extracting self-organizing neural networks. The outputs of the training phase are n sets of processors, n being the number of different shapes of patches taken into consideration. The application phase determines the shape and size of a microstrip antenna when its desired parameters are presented to the network as the external input. This is achieved by comparing the external input with each set of processors, hence determining the cost due to each comparison. A cost matrix is thus formed which when passed through an optimization network gives the best match and hence the shape and shape determining attributes of the patch whose parameters had been passed as external input.
Denoising Archival Films using a Learned Bayesian Model

We develop a Bayesian model of digitized archival films and use this for denoising, or more specifically de-graining, individual frames. In contrast to previous approaches our model uses a learned spatial prior and a unique likelihood term that models the physics that generates the image grain. The spatial prior is represented by a high-order Markov random field based on the recently proposed field-of-experts framework. We propose a new model of the image grain in archival films based on an inhomogeneous beta distribution in which the variance is a function of image luminance. We train this noise model for a particular film and perform de-graining using a diffusion method. Quantitative results show improved signal-to-noise ratio relative to the standard ad hoc Gaussian noise model.
A 3-decade dearth of deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in a wolf (Canis lupus)-dominated ecosystem

Abstract Some 30 y after wolves (Canis lupus) were implicated in decimating wintering white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in a 3000-km2 area of northeastern Minnesota, wintering deer still have not recolonized the area. From 1976 to 2004, we aerially radio-tracked wolves there during 250 h and recorded 2 deer (in 1985 and 2000) killed or eaten by wolves during February and March. We observed no other deer or deer sign, but regularly observed deer, deer sign and wolf-killed deer in adjacent wolf-pack territories. Although habitat in the study area generally remains poor, some regeneration has taken place, and deer have increased adjacent to the area. However, wolf numbers have persisted by preying on moose (Alces alces). We could detect no reason other than wolf predation and deer migration traditions for why wintering deer have not recolonized the area.
Tapeworms of the Chaco Boreal, Paraguay, with two new species.

Mathevotaenia paraguayae sp. n. is described from Euphractus sexcinctus. It differs from M. didelphidis (Rud.) in having a transverse cirrus pouch anterior to the vagina. Monoecocestus mackiewiczi sp. n. was found in Phyllotis sp. It differs from M. parcitesticulatus Rego in having a much smaller scolex, a poral ovary, and a cirrus pouch 360 to 440 μm long. Other species reported are Taenia macrocystis, Taenia omissa, Spirometra mansonoides, Spirometra gracilis, Spirometra longicollis, Diphyllobothrium trinitatis, Atriotaenia parva, and Mathevotaenia tetragonocephala.
Ability factors and cognitive processes

Several measures of the speed of information processing were related to ability factors derived from the Cattell-Horn theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Ninety-one college students took a battery of paper and pencil tests designed to measure four ability factors: fluid intelligence (Gf), crystallized intelligence (Gc), spatial visualization (Gv), and clerical perceptual speed (CPS). They also performed paper and pencil and computerized versions of three information processing tasks: mental rotations, letter matching, and sentence verification. Correlations among the ability measures, among the information processing measures, and between the two domains were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. The four ability factors were found to be largely independent in this college population. Speed of letter-matching and sentence verification were highly correlated, but neither was related to speed of mental rotation. Mental rotation speed was strongly correlated with Gv; letter matching speed was correlated with CPS; and sentence verification speed was correlated with both Gc and CPS. During the past decade there have been numerous attempts to relate the cognitivt abilities measured by psychometric tests to the information processing function., observed in paradigms devised by experimental psychologists (Carroll & Maxwell, 1979). One of the methods used to achieve this goal is the "cognitive correlates" approach (Pellegrino & Glaser, 1979), in which psychometric test performance is correlated with performance on one or more information processing tasks. Typically these tasks are chosen because they are regarded as pure tests of cognitive processes. The psychometric tests used are often quite broadly defined. Consider, for instance, studies in which "verbal intelligence" has been correlated with performance on an experimental test battery (Hogaboam & Pellegrino, 1978; Hunt, Davidson, & Lansman, 1981; Hunt, Lunneborg & Lewis, 1975). In this situation, relatively fine measures derived from one theoretical approach to cognition are compared to broader based measures developed from another theoretical tradition. An obvious refinement is to choose psychometric tests that will measure
Sex-sorted semen for dairy heifers: Effects on reproductive and lactational performances

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of using sex-sorted semen for first AI of heifers on health and productivity during first lactation. Holstein heifers (herd A=227 and herd B=1,144) received first artificial insemination (AI) with sex-sorted semen (SX; n=343) or conventional semen (CS; n=1,028), and all heifers that displayed estrus after first AI were reinseminated with conventional semen up to 11 times before being culled. Age at first AI was 13.1+/-0.1 and 13.8+/-0.1 mo for SX and CS heifers, respectively, in herd A and 12.9+/-0.1 mo for both SX and CS heifers in herd B. Pregnancy per AI after first AI was greater for CS heifers than for SX heifers (51.8 vs. 40.2%). From heifers initially enrolled, 70.2% calved in herds A (n=188) or B (n=774) and first-lactation data were collected. Interval from first AI to calving was greater for SX heifers than for CS heifers (10.2+/-0.1 vs. 9.9+/-0.1 mo). Among heifers conceiving to first AI, SX heifers were more likely than CS heifers to deliver a female calf (85.7 vs. 47.7%), but because SX heifers were more likely to deliver a dead calf (8.8 vs. 3.4%), the difference in proportion of SX and CS heifers delivering a live female calf was smaller than expected (SX=79.1%; CS=47.2%). Rearing cost from first AI to calving was greater for SX heifers than for CS heifers ($775.3+/-6.7 vs. $750.0+/-5.9), but calf revenue tended to be greater for SX heifers ($142.0+/-7.2 vs. $126.7+/-6.4) and cost per female calf produced was smaller for SX heifers than for CS heifers ($-809.4+/-10.8 vs. $-1,249.7+/-10.9). Treatment did not affect calving difficulty, proportion of heifers needing assistance, and incidence of retained fetal membranes or metritis. Among heifers that conceived to first AI, however, SX heifers were more likely to be culled within 30 DIM (3.3 vs. 1.6%) and tended to be more likely to be culled within 60 DIM (5.5 vs. 3.4%) than CS heifers, but overall replacement cost was not different ($136.8+/-13.4). Total milk yield (9,245.5+/-84.7 kg) and income over feed cost ($554.7+/-5.1) were not different. Overall economic return was greater for SX heifers than CS heifers ($-83.7+/-36.7 vs. -175.3+/-33.4). Use of sex-sorted semen for first insemination of virgin heifers reduced the cost per female calf produced and increased the economic return during the first lactation.
CYCLIN D1 INTEGRATES ESTROGEN-MEDIATED DNA DAMAGE REPAIR SIGNALING

The cyclin D1 gene encodes the regulatory subunit of a holoenyzme that phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and nuclear respiratory factor (NRF1) proteins. The abundance of cyclin D1 determines estrogen-dependent gene expression in the mammary gland of mice. Using estradiol (E2) and an E2-dendrimer conjugate that is excluded from the nucleus, we demonstrate that E2 delays the DNA damage response (DDR) via an extranuclear mechanism. The E2-induced DDR required extranuclear cyclin D1, which bound ERα at the cytoplasmic membrane and augmented AKT phosphorylation (Ser473) and γH2AX foci formation. In the nucleus, E2 inhibited, whereas cyclin D1 enhanced homology-directed DNA repair. Cyclin D1 was recruited to γH2AX foci by E2 and induced Rad51 expression. Cyclin D1 governs an essential role in the E2-dependent DNA damage response via a novel extranuclear function. The dissociable cytoplasmic function to delay the E2-mediated DDR together with the nuclear enhancement of DNA repair uncovers a novel extranuclear function of cyclin D1 that may contribute to the role of E2 in breast tumorigenesis.
Law's Authority is not a Claim to Preemption

In recent years we have witnessed major developments in philosophical inquiry concerning the nature of law and, with the continuing development of international and transnational legal institutions, in the phenomenon of law itself. This volume gathers leading writers in the field to take stock of current debates on the nature of law and the aims and methods of legal philosophy. The volume covers four broad themes. The essays within the first theme address and develop the traditional debates between legal positivism, natural law theory, and Dworkinian interpretivism. Papers within the second theme focus on the power of coercion, often overlooked in contemporary legal philosophy. The third set of papers addresses the aims and methods of legal theory, and the role of conceptual analysis. The final section explores new methods and issues in the subject, and offers fresh starting points for future work in the field. Gathering many leading and up-and-coming writers in the subject, the volume offers a snapshot of the best current work in general jurisprudence.
ACL reconstruction in youth athletes results in an improved rate of return to athletic activity when compared with non-operative treatment: a systematic review of the literature

Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are being seen and treated with increasing frequency in youth athletes, with the goal of returning patients to sports activity. This is particularly important for youth athletes, for whom sports provide physical, social and psychological development. Objectives To perform a systematic review of the orthopaedic surgery literature to investigate for any associations between treatment strategy and return to athletic activity after ACL tear in youth athletes under age 18 years. Data sources PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane computerised databases. Study eligibility criteria Inclusion criteria: (1) Participants Youth Interventions Acute ACL reconstruction, delayed ACL reconstruction, non-operative management. Synthesis methods Qualitative synthesis. Results Twenty studies met inclusion and exclusion criteria, of which four evaluated return to play after acute ACL reconstruction (ACLR), five studies evaluated return to play after delayed ACLR, and nine evaluated return to play after ACLR with an unspecified injury-to-surgery time interval. Two studies investigated return to play in a non-operative cohort. Of the 18 surgical studies, 14 employed a soft tissue transphyseal reconstruction. Rates of return to play were 78–100% after acute ACLR, 84–100% after delayed ACLR, 41–100% after ACLR with an indeterminate injury-to-surgery time interval and 6–52% after non-operative treatment of ACL tear. Limitations Several studies did not provide details about the timing of injury-to-surgery, and study heterogeneity precluded combining results in quantitative meta-analysis. Furthermore, the amount of time to full postinjury recovery remains largely unstudied. Conclusions and implications of key findings Based on available literature, there appears to be an improved rate of return to athletic activity after ACLR when compared with non-operative treatment. Future research should directly focus on time to return to sports activity, while taking into account the unique aspects of ACL reconstruction and non-operative management in youth athletes. This is of particular importance in children and adolescents given the physical, social and psychological development that occurs with sports participation. Trial registration number CRD42015027536.
Dosing, Monitoring, and Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade: Are Anesthesiologists Following Evidence-Based Practices?

Paralysis is an integral component of many balanced anesthetics, and appropriate dosing, monitoring, and reversal of paralytic agents are important aspects of anesthetic care. Recommendations for all three have been well-described in the literature, yet the literature is also replete with evidence that providers often do not follow published guidelines, and that patients suffer with residual paralysis with subsequent serious or catastrophic sequelae. We discuss appropriate evidence-based techniques for dosing, monitoring, and reversal of paralytic agents, and barriers to implementation of best practices.
Interview with Alex Zachary Pettit, PhD, chief information officer for the State of Oregon

Dr. Alex Pettit is the Chief Information Officer (CIO) for the State of Oregon and serves at the pleasure of Governor Kate Brown. As the State CIO, he is responsible for all information and telecom...
First Metatarsal Head-Shaft Angle: A Method of Determination:

The distal metatarsal angle (DMAA) is a measurement of the relationship between the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal and the articular surface of the metatarsal head. We measured the DMAA on radiographs with and without markers on the articular edges and compared them with measurements of the anatomic specimens. Based on the studies, the significance of the radiographic measurements to the actual DMAA and the normal distribution of the measurement were determined.
Synchronization of Adult Emergence of the Western Cherry Fruit Fly in the Laboratory

A minimum of ca. 200 days of chilling at 3°C was needed to minimize days-to-emergence after chilling and to maximize synchronization of emergence of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens (Tephritidae), under laboratory conditions at 26.7°C and photoperiod 19L:5D. Because of this effect, rearing of flies from field-collected material is preferred to mass rearing on artificial diet.
Accounting measurement of domain name

In view of the serious phenomenon of the registered domain,and to enhance the value of the domain,we put forward the domain name should be recognized and measured as an intangible asset.The article elabrates the measurement of domain name,with the excess earnings method and etc.The reserch result has reference vale for the rational value management of domain name.
Partnership Matters in Health Services Research: A Mixed Methods Study of Practitioners’ Involvement in Research and Subsequent Use of Evidence-Based Interventions:

Health and social service practitioners have not readily incorporated research-based behavioral interventions in HIV prevention practice due to lack of awareness, lack of training, and challenges translating research findings into practice. Practitioners’ involvement in research is associated with their willingness to use research to guide practice. Likewise practitioners’ personal and organizational characteristics have been shown to be associated with use of research findings in practice. Factors associated with practitioners’ use of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) in HIV prevention, however are not well understood. While research involvement has been recommended to help practitioners overcome barriers to the use of EBIs, the types of research involvement that result in practitioners’ actual use of EBIs is not known. This is partly because most studies are either qualitative or quantitative and ignore the voices of practitioners, which can be best unearthed with qualitative research followed by surv...
HISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SALIVARY GLAND SECRETION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses how using histochemical staining methods for mucosubstances can yield information about the nature of the secretory products of salivary glands. The application of histochemical staining methods for carbohydrates to salivary gland tissue sections has yielded considerable information about the nature of salivary gland secretions. However, one must recognize, and work within, the limitations inherent in histochemical methodology. The application of histochemical methods often enables researchers to distinguish differences between salivary glands, or portions of glands, that are indistinguishable when morphological staining methods are used—for example, the anterior and posterior lobes of the rhesus monkey. Phenyl hydrazine pretreatment of sections before staining with the periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) method blocks neutral mucosubstance staining, but PAS-positive acidic mucosubstances are stained.
An Introduction to Catholicism: The many meanings of Catholicism

INTRODUCTION It is common for many people to understand the word “Catholicism” to mean a particular denomination as distinguished, say, from Protestantism or Orthodoxy, within the larger world of Christianity. Thus, for example, Catholics say the rosary, revere the pope, go to mass on Sunday, and have a clergy that does not marry, and those characteristics, among many other things, distinguish Catholics from Protestants. Catholics are also said to reflect certain ethnic backgrounds: The Irish are Catholics but the Scots are Presbyterian; Italians are Catholics but Norwegians are Lutheran. In some places, Catholics are identified by class. In the USA a century ago, Catholics were considered mainly but not exclusively working class while some mainline Protestants were identified with the managerial class. In England, until very recently, that was also the case. These and similar stereotypes are very much a part of the popular culture, but they are stereotypes nonetheless. People are divided by denominational difference, and they frequently understand themselves through their inherited religious upbringing: To be Irish is to be Catholic. This popular conception of Catholicism, understood as a sociological category, is true of most large religious traditions. To belong to any or other religious tradition depends very much on where one lives and how one perceives oneself relative to the larger culture. In that general sense, then, Catholicism can be considered as one Christian denomination among many but identifiable as having its own distinct culture, character, and sometimes dependent on ancestry and geographical location.
Benefits and limitations of prenatal screening for Prader-Willi syndrome.

This review summarizes the status of genetic laboratory testing in Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) with different genetic subtypes, most often a paternally derived 15q11–q13 deletion and discusses benefits and limitations related to prenatal screening. Medical literature was searched for prenatal screening and genetic laboratory testing methods in use or under development and discussed in relationship to PWS. Genetic testing includes six established laboratory diagnostic approaches for PWS with direct application to prenatal screening. Ultrasonographic, obstetric and cytogenetic reports were summarized in relationship to the cause of PWS and identification of specific genetic subtypes including maternal disomy 15. Advances in genetic technology were described for diagnosing PWS specifically DNA methylation and high-resolution chromosomal SNP microarrays as current tools for genetic screening and incorporating next generation DNA sequencing for noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using cell-free fetal DNA. Positive experiences are reported with NIPT for detection of numerical chromosomal problems (aneuploidies) but not for structural problems (microdeletions). These reports will be discussed along with future directions for genetic screening of PWS. In summary, this review describes and discusses the status of established and ongoing genetic testing options for PWS applicable in prenatal screening including NIPT and future directions for early diagnosis in PWS. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of Patients With Residual or Recurrent Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas.

BACKGROUND Despite the advancement of microsurgical and endoscopic techniques, some nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) can be difficult to cure. Tumor recurrence or incomplete resection may occur in some patients with NFPAs, and management strategies for these NFPAs remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To review the existing literature as it pertains to the management of postsurgical residual or recurrent NFPAs. METHODS A systematic review of the treatment options for residual or recurrent NFPAs was performed. In this review, the authors critically evaluated the evidence to support the options of repeat microsurgical resection, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT), and fractionated radiation therapy (XRT). RESULTS Forty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria for analysis: outcome of repeat surgical resection (n = 4), radiosurgery (ie, single-session or hypofractionated SRS; n = 24), or fractionated radiotherapy (ie, conventional XRT, proton beam radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, SRT; n = 21). No class I evidence was available; 6 studies met criteria for class II evidence; and other studies provided class III evidence. A meta-analysis of 5 class II studies with recurrence rates for both adjuvant radiation therapy and observation demonstrated that XRT for residual/recurrent NFPAs offered a lower rate of recurrence (odds ratio = 0.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.20; P < .001). The analysis also demonstrated significant heterogeneity between the included studies (χ = 20.70; P = .003; I = 81%). CONCLUSION Repeat resection, SRS, SRT, and XRT play a role in the management of patients with recurrent or residual NFPAs. SRS or some type of radiation therapy is typically performed for patients with residual tumor or tumor recurrence after resection. The full guidelines document for this chapter can be located at https://www.cns.org/guidelines/guidelines-management-patients-non-functioning-pituitary-adenomas/Chapter_7. ABBREVIATIONS NFPA, nonfunctioning pituitary adenomaSRS, stereotactic radiosurgerySRT, stereotactic radiotherapyXRT, fractionated radiation therapy.
The association between maternal depression and sensitivity: Child-directed effects on parenting during infancy

The current study prospectively explored infant behaviors as a moderator of the association between maternal depression and parenting sensitivity in a sample of 167 families. Maternal depression was only associated with later sensitivity for infants who displayed more negativity during mother-infant interactions.
Elder Care Journey: A View From the Front Lines, by Laura Katz Olson

Elder Care Journey had me rapt from page one. Laura Katz Olson, an expert on Medicare, Medicaid, and aging policy, relates the enormous challenges of securing appropriate long-term care and health ...
Small bowel: Pneumatosis intestinalis

Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) is the presence of air within the bowel wall and may represent a benign finding of no clinical significance or more serious bowel ischemia. Given the broad spectrum of causes of PI, diagnosis and treatment can be difficult. Clinical scenario, physical examination, radiographic, and laboratory findings all need to be assessed to determine when exploration is necessary. Clinical signs and symptoms necessitating operative intervention are diffuse peritonitis, shock, leukocytosis, and lactic acidosis. Radiographic signs suggesting the presence of ischemia are bowel dilation, mesenteric stranding, and ascites. Once the decision is made to operate, clearly ischemic bowel should be resected, while areas of questionable ischemia can be assessed with Doppler signal, palpation of a mesenteric pulse, and fluorescein evaluation. Rather than overly aggressive resection of marginally viable bowel, the abdomen should be temporarily closed with a planned second-look laparotomy in 24–48 h. When the etiology of PI is the result of a thrombus or embolus, either vascular bypass or embolectomy will need to be performed to minimize the extent of gangrene and need for further resection. In the setting of venous outflow obstruction, anticoagulation must be used expeditiously. Complications of PI associated with bowel ischemia include short bowel syndrome, fistula formation, and prolonged open abdomen with subsequent incisional hernia development.
Does the Age of a Patient Affect the Outcome of Temporomandibular Joint Arthroscopic Surgery

Purpose Although temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders encompass all age groups, it is generally considered to affect young to middle-age adults. The aim of this investigation was to study patients who met the criteria for TMJ arthroscopy and to determine whether there was a difference in outcomes between younger and older patients. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent TMJ operative arthroscopy. The primary variable studied was patient age. Major outcome variables included changes in subjective pain measured by a visual analog scale (VAS) and changes in maximum interincisal opening (MIO) after arthroscopic surgery. Other variables of interest included the presence of systemic disease, synovitis, and osteoarthritis diagnosed arthroscopically. Data analysis included the Student t test, regression analysis (R Studio, Boston, MA), and χ2 test with a P value less than .05 indicating statistical significance. Results The study population consisted of 103 patients diagnosed with internal derangement and severe inflammatory or degenerative TMJ disease (Wilkes stages II to V) who underwent operative arthroscopy. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on age (group Y, 40 yr old, n = 52, mean age, 56 yr). The presence of osteoarthritis diagnosed arthroscopically was significantly greater in group O than in group Y (P < .01). There was significant postoperative improvement in pain (VAS) and MIO in group Y (P < .01) and group O (P < .01). Although the 2 groups showed substantial improvement after arthroscopy, when comparing differences in outcomes between the groups, the absolute postoperative pain level for group O was significantly lower than for group Y (P < .05). Comparison of postoperative MIO did not show a significant difference between group Y and group O (P = .286). Conclusions Groups Y and O showed substantial improvement in pain (VAS) and mandibular mobility (MIO) after surgical TMJ arthroscopy. Group O had a higher prevalence of arthroscopically diagnosed osteoarthritis and lower postoperative pain levels compared with group Y. Older patients with advanced TMJ disease responded well to TMJ arthroscopy.
Who Should Assess the Needs of and Care for a Dementia Patient’s Caregiver?

Using a clinical case example, we examine whether health and human service professionals have a moral obligation to assess and address the needs of family caregivers of persons with dementia and, if so, the challenges in doing so under current health care and reimbursement mechanisms. We also discuss specific strategies for involving caregivers.
Optical trapping and cooling of glass microspheres

We report optical trapping of glass microspheres in air and vacuum, and measurement of Brownian motion of single microspheres at different pressures. We have also cooled the center of mass in vacuum to 2 mK.
Fibrinogen deficiency suppresses the development of early and delayed radiation enteropathy.

Fibrinogen deficiency suppresses the development of early and delayed radiation enteropathy
Dose and Concentration Responses of Common Nursery Weeds to Gallery, Surflan and Treflan

Abstract Preemergence herbicides are applied as often as every eight to ten weeks in container nursery crop production in the southeastern United States. However, weeds often emerge before reapplication. Experiments were conducted to assess the minimum surface-applied doses and the in vitro concentrations of preemergence herbicides required to control susceptible weed species. Greenhouse and outdoor container experiments were conducted to determine surface-applied Treflan (trifluralin) doses required to control large crabgrass and perennial ryegrass. In the greenhouse, 0.8 to 1.1 kg ai/ha (0.7 to 1.0 lb ai/A) was necessary for 6 weeks control. Outdoors, 1.5 to 1.9 kg ai/ha (1.3 to 1.7 lb ai/A) was needed for control 3 weeks after treatment (WAT). However, 6 WAT, 2.6 to 3.4 kg ai/ha (2.3 to 3.0 lb ai/A) was required. Petri dish experiments were conducted to determine the aqueous concentrations of Gallery (isoxaben), Surflan (oryzalin), and Treflan required to control common nursery weeds including eclipta,...
Room-tempearutre CO 2 sensing based on interdigitated capacitors and resonant cantilevers

This paper compares a MEMS-based resonant cantilever and an interdigitated capacitor, both coated with an amino-functionalized sensing film, as room temperature carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) detectors. The sensor sensitivities at room temperature to CO 2 are assessed as well as their cross-sensitivities to temperature and humidity. The effectiveness of an uncoated reference cantilever for temperature compensation is demonstrated, reducing the temperature sensitivity of the system by a factor of 300.