cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Telescoping strategies for improved parameter estimation of environmental simulation models

The parameters of environmental simulation models are often inferred by minimizing differences between simulated output and observed data. Heuristic global search algorithms are a popular choice for performing minimization but many algorithms yield lackluster results when computational budgets are restricted, as is often required in practice. One way for improving performance is to limit the search domain by reducing upper and lower parameter bounds. While such range reduction is typically done prior to optimization, this study examined strategies for contracting parameter bounds during optimization. Numerical experiments evaluated a set of novel ''telescoping'' strategies that work in conjunction with a given optimizer to scale parameter bounds in accordance with the remaining computational budget. Various telescoping functions were considered, including a linear scaling of the bounds, and four nonlinear scaling functions that more aggressively reduce parameter bounds either early or late in the optimization. Several heuristic optimizers were integrated with the selected telescoping strategies and applied to numerous optimization test functions as well as calibration problems involving four environmental simulation models. The test suite ranged from simple 2-parameter surfaces to complex 100-parameter landscapes, facilitating robust comparisons of the selected optimizers across a variety of restrictive computational budgets. All telescoping strategies generally improved the performance of the selected optimizers, relative to baseline experiments that used no bounds reduction. Performance improvements varied but were as high as 38% for a real-coded genetic algorithm (RGA), 21% for shuffled complex evolution (SCE), 16% for simulated annealing (SA), 8% for particle swarm optimization (PSO), and 7% for dynamically dimensioned search (DDS). Inter-algorithm comparisons suggest that the SCE and DDS algorithms delivered the best overall performance. SCE appears well-suited for solving low-dimensional problems using a moderate computational budget, while DDS appears better suited for solving high-dimensional problems using a restricted computational budget.
Types of preschool friendships

The present study used observational data on preschool friends and cluster analysis to derive friendship types. Friend pairs were videotaped in a 1-hour free-play session, and observers rated several qualities of the interaction. Cluster analysis suggested that both 3- and 5-cluster solutions produced meaningful groupings. For both solutions, the largest cluster included friend pairs that were harmonious, responsive, and interactive during play. A second type of friendship was characterized by harmony but relatively independent play. A disjointed friendship type, in which friends were low on measures of coordinated interaction and positive interaction, was the most stable over a 1-year period and tended to contain at least one insecurely attached child. Discussion focuses on how an analysis of friendship type can be used to extend our understanding of the nature and socialization functions of friendship.
The effect of fuel-to-air ratio on burner rig hot corrosion

Samples of a cobalt-base alloy, Mar M-509, were subjected to hot corrosion in a Mach-0.3 burner rig. The corrodent was NaCl added as an aqueous solution to the combustion products of a sulfur-containing Jet-A fuel. The metal temperature was fixed at 900 C. The extent of hot corrosion increased by a factor of three as the fuel-to-air mass ratio was increased from 0.033 to 0.050. Because the depositing salt was always Na2SO4, the increased attack appeared to be related to the gas composition.
Religious Involvement Among Hispanic and Black Mothers of Newborns

Findings are presented from an analysis of patterns and predictors of religious involvement among 135 Hispanic and 118 Black mothers interviewed postpartum as part of the Galveston Low Birthweight Survey in 1986. Three indicators of religious involvement were examined (religious attendance, frequency of prayer, and self-rated religiosity), and six predictors were included (age, education, marital status, prepartum parity, subjective health, and pregnancy anxiety). Results of analysis of covariance and multiple regression include ethnic differences in both patterns and predictors of religious involvement. These findings are compared to similar research on religious involvement in older Hispanics and Blacks.
Dependable SRAM with enhanced read-/write-margins by fine-grained assist bias control for low-voltage operation

We present a fine-grained assist bias control technique for enhancing read-/write-margins of embedded SRAM in deep-submicron SoC. This technique controls the individual assist bias for finely segmented rows and columns of a cell array with small area overheads. We design and fabricate prototype micro-controller test chips with 1 Mb SRAM using 90-nm low-standby-power CMOS technology. The evaluation results demonstrate that V min achieves 0.64 V, which is a 21% improvement compared to the conventionally used technique.
High performance computing for the level-set reconstruction algorithm

A parallelized version of the level-set algorithm based on the MPI technique is presented. TM-polarized plane waves are used to illuminate two-dimensional perfect electric conducting targets. A variety of performance measures such as the efficiency, the load balance, the weak scaling, and the communication/computation times are discussed. For electromagnetic inverse scattering problems, retrieving the target's arbitrary shape and location in real time is considered as a main goal, even as a trade-off with algorithm efficiency. For the three cases considered here, a maximum speedup of 53X-84X is achieved when using 256 processors. However, the overall efficiency of the parallelized level-set algorithm is 21%-33% when using 256 processors and 26%-52% when using 128 processors. The effects of the bottlenecks of the level-set algorithm on the algorithm efficiency are discussed.
Trafficking from CD63-positive late endocytic multivesicular bodies is essential for intracellular development of Chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that replicate solely within the confines of a membrane-bound vacuole termed an inclusion. Within this protected organelle, chlamydiae acquire host-cell-derived biosynthetic precursors necessary for intracellular subsistence, yet the mechanisms and pathways responsible for this acquisition remain elusive. The present study identifies an interaction between the chlamydial inclusion and multivesicular bodies, complex organelles pivotal in protein and lipid transport that are positioned along the endosome-lysosome pathway, and intersect the exocytic pathway in various cell types. Resident protein and lipid constituents of multivesicular bodies colocalized with intracellular chlamydiae, with direct delivery of the resident protein CD63 to the chlamydial inclusion. Interruption of trafficking from multivesicular bodies by pharmacological inhibitors and exogenous antibodies subsequently disrupted sphingolipid delivery to the maturing chlamydial inclusion and intracellular bacterial growth. This study identifies a trafficking pathway from CD63-positive multivesicular bodies to the bacterial inclusion, a novel interaction that provides essential lipids necessary for maintenance of a productive intracellular infection.
Double Hunsdiecker Reactions. Convenient Preparation of 1,1-Dibromocyclopropane and 1,1-Dibromocyclobutane

Abstract A convenient procedure for effecting the conversion of small-ring gem-dicarboxylic acids to their dibromides is described.
Interaction of Proteus mirabilis Urease Apoenzyme and Accessory Proteins Identified with Yeast Two-Hybrid Technology

Proteus mirabilis, a gram-negative bacterium associated with complicated urinary tract infections, produces a metalloenzyme urease which hydrolyzes urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. The apourease is comprised of three structural subunits, UreA, UreB, and UreC, assembled as a homotrimer of individual UreABC heterotrimers (UreABC)3. To become catalytically active, apourease acquires divalent nickel ions through a poorly understood process involving four accessory proteins, UreD, UreE, UreF, and UreG. While homologues of UreD, UreF, and UreG have been copurified with apourease, it remains unclear specifically how these polypeptides associate with the apourease or each other. To identify interactions among P. mirabilis accessory proteins, in vitro immunoprecipitation and in vivo yeast two-hybrid assays were employed. A complex containing accessory protein UreD and structural protein UreC was isolated by immunoprecipitation and characterized with immunoblots. This association occurs independently of coaccessory proteins UreE, UreF, and UreG and structural protein UreA. In a yeast two-hybrid screen, UreD was found to directly interact in vivo with coaccessory protein UreF. Unique homomultimeric interactions of UreD and UreF were also detected in vivo. To substantiate the study of urease proteins with a yeast two-hybrid assay, previously described UreE dimers and homomultimeric UreA interactions among apourease trimers were confirmed in vivo. Similarly, a known structural interaction involving UreA and UreC was also verified. This report suggests that in vivo, P. mirabilis UreD may be important for recruitment of UreF to the apourease and that crucial homomultimeric associations occur among these accessory proteins.
The politics and ethics of human embryo and stem cell research

Abstract There is great promise for stem cell research to develop cells and tissues for transplantation and treatment of diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson disease, diabetes, and heart problems. There is also promise to advance understanding and treatment of cancer and congenital defects. Human embryo research is fundamentally the only way to understand human fertilization, implantation, and early development. For years, federal funding of human embryo research has been held hostage to a congressional prolife agenda. Any reasonable solution to these political disputes that so greatly affect women’s reproductive interests and the promise of health benefits from embryo and stem cell research should mandate that governmental sponsorship proceed.
Control of prokaryotic gene expression

The Operon. Edited by J. H. Miller and W. S. Reznikoff. Pp. 449. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1978.) $42.
A Cluster of Keratin-Associated Proteins on Mouse Chromosome 10 in the Region of Conserved Linkage with Human Chromosome 21

A gene cluster of three to five high-cysteine keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) has been identified on mouse Chromosome 10 (MMU10) in the region of conserved linkage with human chromosome 21 (HSA21). One of these genes, Krtap12-1, has been sequenced in its entirety and shown to be an intronless gene encoding a predicted 130-amino-acid protein. Krtap12-1 is most closely related to two previously identified KAP4 genes, but variation in sequence and cysteine content suggests that it represents a new KAP family. Krtap12-1 is expressed in the skin of a 3-day-old mouse. The corresponding region of HSA21, between ITGB2 (integrin β2) and PFKL (the liver isoform of phosphofructokinase), has proven refractory to cloning, and thus mapping of this region at high resolution has been problematic. Based on the KAP gene cluster position in mouse, evidence has been found for an orthologous human KAP cluster on HSA21q22.3, reinforcing the observation that comparative genomics can play an essential and practical role in determining mammalian genome organization.
NEURAL TRANSMITTERS AND A PEPTIDE MODULATE DROSOPHILA HEART RATE

Neural messengers affect Drosophila heart rate. Serotonin increases larval, pupal, and adult heart rate. Octopamine and dopamine are inactive in larva, decrease pupal rate, and increase adult heart rate. Acetylcholine and nicotine decrease larval and pupal heart rate, while acetylcholine decreases and nicotine increases adult heart rate. Muscarine decreases pupal heart rate, but is inactive in larva and adult. GABA is inactive in larva and adult, but decreases pupal heart rate. Glutamate is inactive in larva and pupa, but decreases adult heart rate. Proctolin decreases heart rate in all three stages. Caffeine acts only to decrease adult heart rate.
Special conformal symmetry of worldvolume actions

Kappa-symmetric worldvolume actions of the D3-, M5-, and M2-branes can be coupled consistently to their near horizon bosonic geometry background. We study the gauge-fixed action in the approximation in which only the transverse radial direction of the brane is allowed to fluctuate. The generalized special conformal symmetry of these self-interacting actions is established. This opens up the possibility to find out if the full superconformal symmetry of the free actions of these branes survives in the presence of coupling defined by the size of the anti--de Sitter throat.
Specific surface area of molybdena in reduced, supported catalysts

Molybdena, both unsupported and supported on alumina (15% MoO3), chemisorbs oxygen at −195 °C after pre-reduction in hydrogen. Unsupported, pre-reduced molybdena samples, having different total surface areas, give about the same ratio of total area to chemisorbed oxygen. This ratio has been applied to supported molybdena to deduce the equivalent molybdena surface area, which in several samples was about one-fourth of the total area.
Comparative salt tolerance in triticale, wheat and rye during germination

Differences in salt tolerance of wheat and barley have been observed but knowledge of such differences in triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivars is of potential importance. Effects of six salinity levels (0 to 2% NaCl) on germination of triticales ‘Beagle’ and ‘6TA 131’ in comparison to wheat and rye were determined at 15–20°C. ‘Beagle’ triticale and rye showed similar trends in germination reduction as salinity increased from 0 to 1.5% NaCl and exhibited fairly high salt tolerance. However, ‘6TA 131’ triticale and wheat showed a significant drop in germination even at 0.5% NaCl concentration and were more susceptible to salt injury.
D’Arcy Thompson and the Science of Form

In 1945, the Public Orator of Oxford lauded D’Arcy Thompson as unicum disciplinae liber allons exemplar 1; in 1969, the Whole Earth Catalog called his major work ‘a paradigm classic’. Few men can list such diverse distinctions in their compendium of honors. But then, few men have displayed so wide a range of talent. D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860-1948), Professor of Natural History at Dundee and St. Andrews,2 translated Aristotle’s Historia Animalium, wrote glossaries of Greek birds and fishes, compiled statistics for the Fishery Board of Scotland and contributed the article on pycnogonids3 to the Cambridge Natural History.4 He also wrote a book of one thousand pages, revered by artists and architects as well as by engineers and biologists — the ‘paradigm classic’, On Growth and Form (1917, 2nd edition, 1942). To P. B. Medawar it is “beyond comparison the finest work of literature in all the annals of science that have been recorded in the English tongue.”5 To G. Evelyn Hutchinson, it is “one of the very few books on a scientific matter written in this century which will, one may be confident, last as long as our too fragile culture.”6 In it D’Arcy Thompson displayed his thoughts on organic form; these are curious in places, almost visionary in others and always profound. Almost thirty years after the second edition, and more than half a century after the first, they have gained new impact in a science that only now has the technology to deal with his insights.
The Relationship between Daily Stress and Urinary Cortisol in a Normal Population: An Emphasis on Individual Differences

Abstract Twenty-three persons participated in a study examining the relationship between daily stressors and daily fluctuations in cortisol. For 21 days, the participants completed the Assessment of Daily Experience scale, which yielded frequency and intensity stress scores and gave an indication of the subjects' perceptions of their control over the daily stressors. Nightly urines were collected and assayed for cortisol. The prospective design of the research allowed the authors to examine individual differences in cortisol over time as well as the often-studied pooled differences. Results from pooled and individual data showed that the intensity of the worst daily stressor was a significant but modest predictor of daily cortisol. The authors concluded that the relationship between cortisol and psychological events for pooled data is small because of the wide variability in individual responses.
Making Nanoflowerbeds: Reaction Pathways Involved in the Selective Chemical Bath Deposition of ZnS on Functionalized Alkanethiolate Self-Assembled Monolayers

We have investigated the chemical bath deposition (CBD) of ZnS on functionalized alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. The reaction mechanism involves both cluster-by-cluster and ion-by-ion growth. The dominant reaction pathway is dependent on both the SAM terminal group and the experimental conditions. On −COOH-terminated SAMs, two types of crystallites are observed: ∼500 nm nanoflowers formed by ion-by-ion growth, and larger ∼2 μm crystallites formed by cluster-by-cluster deposition. The nanoflowers nucleate at Zn2+- carboxylate surface complexes. On −OH- and −CH3-terminated SAMs, only the larger crystallites are formed. These do not adhere strongly to the SAM surface and can be easily removed. Finally, we demonstrate that under appropriate experimental conditions ZnS selectively deposits on the −COOH-terminated SAM regions of −COOH/−CH3-patterned SAM surfaces, forming nanoscale “flowerbeds”.
Parents' perceptions of medical diagnoses and related issues for their high-risk infants

Abstract Introduction: The objectives of this study were (a) to compare maternal and paternal perceptions of infant medical diagnoses with hospital chart diagnoses, (b) to examine whether parental perceptions of infant medical condition (using three variables) were related to eight other parental perceptions, and (c) to determine what medical diagnoses were associated with parental expectations that neonatal diagnoses were having current effects or would have future effects on their infant. Method: With a questionnaire format 76 parents reported information about medical diagnoses and their perceptions about eight other issues for their infants who had been hospitalized in an NICU. Results: Parents reported approximately 62% of the medical diagnoses for their infants during NICU hospitalization; these significantly differed from hospital-chart diagnoses. Parents who reported current or future effects of neonatal diagnoses also (a) had fears for their infants while in the hospital or currently, (b) perceived prematurity as having current or future effects, (c) reported restrictions for their infants caused by neonatal diagnoses, and (d) gave less optimal ratings for their infants' current health status. Parents' perceptions of current or future effects of neonatal diagnoses appeared to be inaccurate given the actual diagnoses for their infants. Discussion: The underreporting of diagnoses by parents raises several issues as to how accurately parents are perceiving their infants. Parents who perceived continued effects of neonatal diagnoses also had less optimal perceptions of other related issues. Parents' perceptions of continued effects of neonatal diagnoses appeared to be unwarranted with respect to the actual diagnoses assigned to their infants.
Development and testing of portable pump for the induction of profound hypothermia in a Swine model of lethal vascular injuries.

Rapid induction of a profound hypothermic state (suspended animation) can maintain viability of key organs during repair of lethal injuries. Conventional cardiopulmonary bypass equipment (roller pump) used to induce and reverse hypothermia is expensive, bulky, requires standard electricity, and is n
Independent subspace analysis with prior information for fMRI data

Independent component analysis (ICA) has been successfully applied for the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. However, independence might be too strong a constraint for certain sources. In this paper, we present an independent subspace analysis (ISA) framework that forms independent subspaces among the estimated sources having dependencies by a hierarchial clustering approach and subsequently separates the dependent sources in the task-related subspace using prior information. We study the incorporation of two types of prior information to transform the sources within the task-related subspace: sparsity and task-related time courses. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method for source separation of multi-subject fMRI data from a visuomotor task. Our results show that physiologically meaningful dependencies among sources can be identified using our subspace approach and the dependent estimated components can be further separated effectively using a subsequent transformation.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors contribute to excitatory postsynaptic potentials of cat lateral geniculate neurons recorded in thalamic slices.

Abstract Neurons of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were recorded intracellularly to study the contribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors to excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and low-threshold calcium spikes. EPSPs were evoked by stimulation of retinogeniculate axons in the optic tract and/or corticogeniculate axons in the optic radiations; EPSPs from both sources were similar. These EPSPs had one or two components, and the second component had several characteristics of NMDA receptor-mediated events. For example, EPSP amplitude decreased when neurons were hyperpolarized and increased when stimulus frequency was increased; these EPSPs could also be blocked reversibly by application of the selective NMDA receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV). We also studied the influence of NMDA receptors on low-threshold calcium spikes, which are large, voltage- and calcium-dependent depolarizations that are often accompanied by high-frequency action potential discharge. APV blocked synaptically activated low-threshold calcium spikes, but APV had no effect on low-threshold calcium spikes that were elicited by current injection. Therefore, APV does not appear to have a direct effect on the T-type calcium channel that is involved in generation of low-threshold calcium spikes. The voltage and frequency dependence of the NMDA receptor-mediated component of the EPSPs, as well as its ability to trigger low-threshold calcium spikes, provide for complex signal processing in the lateral geniculate nucleus.
Use of Information Systems in Air Force Medical Treatment Facilities in Strategic Planning and Decision-Making

An exploratory study used Ansoff's strategic planning model as a framework to assess perceived effectiveness of information systems in supporting strategic business plan development at Air Force medical treatment facilities (MTFs). Results showed information systems were most effective in supporting historical trend analysis, strategic business plans appeared to be a balance of operational and strategic plans, and facilities perceived a greater need for new clinical, vice administrative, information systems to support strategic planning processes. Administrators believed information systems should not be developed at the local level and perceived information systems have the greatest impact on improving clinical quality outcomes, followed by ability to deliver cost effective care and finally, ability to increase market share.
When a problem is more than a teacher’s question

Not only are the problems teachers pose throughout their teaching of great importance but also the ways in which they use those problems make this a critical component of teaching. A problem-posing episode includes the problem setup, the statement of the problem, and the follow-up questions. Analysis of problem-posing episodes of precalculus instructors suggests that their mindset influences how they pose problems. In this paper, we describe the reflexive relationship between an instructor’s mindset and problem-posing episodes.
Frequency of and factors associated with severe maternal morbidity.

OBJECTIVE:To estimate the frequency of severe maternal morbidity, assess its underlying etiologies, and develop a scoring system to predict its occurrence.Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text.METHODS:This was a secondary analysis of a Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Chi
The effect of nucleic acid antagonists on cell division and oral organelle development in Tetrahymena pyriformis.

The effects of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, 5-fluorouridine, actinomycin D, and p-fluorophenylalanine on cell division and oral morphogenesis in both exponentially growing and synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis GL were investigated. All of the inhibitors tested were capable of preventing and/or greatly delaying cell division in both growth situations. Associated with the block of cell division, there were pronounced effects on oral morphogenesis. Following addition of any one of the inhibitors to an exponetially growing culture, the proportion of cells with developing oral primordia (particularly primordia in the process of membranelle formation) declined sharply, and there appeared, after some time, primordia with oral membranelles in the process of resorption. In synchronized cultures, the effects of the inhibitors on specific developmental stages were followed with more precision. Development continued for about 30 minutes after addition, and then stopped in most of the cells. In cells which were undergoing membranelle formation (developmental stages 3 and 4) at the time when the inhibitor took effect, development was halted and oral primordia were resorbed. On the other hand, cells in which membranelle formation was complete or nearly so (stages 5 and 6) continued to develop and eventually divided. Stabilization occurred at late stage 4 with respect to all of the inhibitors considered in this study, as well as with high and low temperatures, considered earlier. At inhibitor concentrations just below those required to permanently block development in all cells, renewed development in some cells was observed several hours after addition of the agent. The oral structures formed during this period were always normal in both size and internal pattern. In this respect the effects of the chemical inhibitors differ from those of high temperature, which not only interferes in the maintenance of development, but also brings about abnormalities in spatial pattern. The following conclusions may be drawn from these studies: (a) both protein and template RNA synthesis must take place during the process of oral development in order to maintain further development; (b) the pattern and size of the oral structures that are formed is not affected by limitation in the supply of protein and RNA precursors.
Hi Red Center’s Shelter Plan (1964): The Uncanny Body in the Imperial Hotel

This essay considers the relationship between the Japanese Fluxus-affiliated collective Hi Red Center’s performance event Shelter Plan (1964) and Frank Lloyd Wright’s Imperial Hotel, in which the event was staged. In the year of the Tokyo Olympics and the heralding of the end of the post-war era for Japan, Shelter Plan, which involved the production of tailor-made bomb shelters, rejected the ideological function of the Tokyo Olympics, and the increasingly repressive political climate that accompanied it. I argue that Shelter Plan needs to be understood as a site-specific response to one of Frank Lloyd Wright’s major works. As successor to a lineage of hotels designed to house Western visitors in Japan, and imagined by Wright as an opportunity to bring the Japanese ‘off their knees’ and into modernity, the Imperial Hotel was a highly charged site for addressing the politics of intercultural exchange between Japan and the West.
A simplified method for blinding animals.

Abstract Anesthetized fish and rats were successfully blinded by removal with needle and syringe of a little vitreous humor and its replacement with caustic disinfectant, 5% Phemerol or zephiran chloride (conc. 1:750). Postoperatively, fish failed to aggregate or avoid obstacles and swam at reduced speed. When tested later, rats failed to respond to movement and to brightness changes. Advantages of this technique over enucleation are that healing time is foreshortened, infections are less common and appearance is less altered.
Relative Importance by Averaging Over Orderings

Abstract Many ways have been suggested for explicating the ambiguous concept of relative importance for independent variables in a multiple regression setting. There are drawbacks to all the explications, but a relatively acceptable one is available when the independent variables have a relevant, known ordering: consider the proportion of variance of the dependent variable linearly accounted for by the first independent variable; then consider the proportion of remaining variance linearly accounted for by the second independent variable; and so on. When, however, the independent variables do not have a relevant ordering, that approach fails. The primary suggestion of this article is to rescue the idea by averaging relative importance over all orderings of the independent variables. Variations and extensions of the idea are described.
A simple test for heterogeneity of variance in complex factorial designs

A simple procedure for testing heterogeneity of variance is developed which generalizes readily to complex, multi-factor experimental designs. Monte Carlo Studies indicate that the Z-variance test statistic presented here yields results equivalent to other familiar tests for heterogeneity of variance in simple one-way designs where comparisons are feasible. The primary advantage of the Z-variance test is in the analysis of factorial effects on sample variances in more complex designs. An example involving a three-way factorial design is presented.
Gene Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Cellulose-Binding β-Glucosidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Analysis of a 2.4-kb cDNA of the cellulose-binding extracellular β-glucosidase (CBGL) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium suggested that CBGL is organized into two domains, an N-terminal cellulose-binding domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain. Genomic sequence analysis suggested that cbgl is encoded by 30 exons. Southern analysis of DNA from homokaryotic cultures indicated that CBGL is encoded by two alleles, cbgl-1 and cbgl-2, of a single gene.
Inmigración, federalismo y reglamentación local en Estados Unidos

In recent decades, many local governments (mostly cities and towns) have entered the national debate on immigration. As was to be expected, the local governments’ stance vis a vis immigrants and immigration reflects the national debate. Local policies and legislation ranges from those that are friendly to immigrants, trying to facilitate their integration into the larger society, to those that are overtly hostile to the newly ar-rived. As local government legislative activity increases, another level of politics and political structure is layered onto the immigration debate. In addition to the well-established state and federal interest, regulation, and mandates involving immigration, local laws now come into play as well. At the local level, both city and county governments have begun to adopt legislation targeting immigrants. In this article, I analyze the legal status of these local actions and evaluate the legal relationship between and among local, state, and federal government that informs the legality of these local initiatives.
Commentary: Is it Time for Family-Based Interventions in Pediatric Psychology?

Is it time for family-based interventions in pediatric psychology? On the one hand, I am tempted to say that it is not only “time” but past time, particularly given the documented tradition of family systems intervention for children with pediatric illness (Minuchin et al., 1975; Kazak, Rourke, & Crump, 2003). On the other hand, I have a cautionary note to offer: beware of “blind empiricism” in the press for evidence-based intervention. There is a great deal of pressure, led in part by funding priorities, to develop evidence-based interventions (including family interventions for a variety of disorders). The pressure is likely due in part to an appropriate corrective retreat from a previous standard of care that included endless expensive therapies without basis for their effectiveness. It seems to me that this is a very healthy correction. But there is a potential risk in a narrow pragmatic approach to developing effective family-based (or other) interventions. The risk is the tendency to reduce investigation to the level of “blind empiricism,” that is, research that is not framed by well-articulated models. (See Drotar and Lemanek, 2001 for a wellreasoned consideration of various approaches to a clinically relevant science of interventions in pediatric settings.) The articles in this special section take substantial steps in the direction of providing a scientific foundation for the development of targeted evidencebased family interventions for children with pediatric illness. It is exciting to see so many well-articulated studies reported in the same place. What follows below are hopefully useful critiques and suggestions for future investigation and development of a family systems approach within the field of pediatric psychology. Lack of Heuristic Models Guiding Family Intervention Research
Particle flux decrease-increase events at synchronous orbit and the temporal sequence of aurora during substorms

A systematic temporal correlation has been found between the energetic particle intensity variations measured at 6.6 earth radii and the development of large scale auroral features. The intensification and equatorward drift of eastwest oriented stable discrete homogeneous auroral arc systems coincide with the decrease in energetic particle intensity at 6.6 earth radii as the nightside magnetosphere develops into a more tail-like configuration. The subsequent major breakup of the aurora coincides with the recovery in particle intensity as the field returns to a more dipolar configuration. Since this prominent decrease-increase sequence must be related to the intensification or inward convection of the tail current plasma sheet configuration followed by its diversion or dissipation, the auroral correlation documented here closely links the auroral particle precipitation to the plasma sheet and tail current dynamics.
Signals Governing the Trafficking and Mistrafficking of a Ciliary GPCR, Rhodopsin

Rhodopsin is a cilia-specific GPCR essential for vision. Rhodopsin mislocalization is associated with blinding diseases called retinal ciliopathies. The mechanism by which rhodopsin mislocalizes in rod photoreceptor neurons is not well understood. Therefore, we investigated the roles of trafficking signals in rhodopsin mislocalization. Rhodopsin and its truncation mutants were fused to a photoconvertible fluorescent protein, Dendra2, and expressed in Xenopus laevis rod photoreceptors. Photoconversion of Dendra2 causes a color change from green to red, enabling visualization of the dynamic events associated with rhodopsin trafficking and renewal. We found that rhodopsin mislocalization is a facilitated process for which a signal located within 322–326 aa (CCGKN) is essential. An additional signal within 327–336 aa further facilitated the mislocalization. This collective mistrafficking signal confers toxicity to rhodopsin and causes mislocalization when the VXPX cilia-targeting motif is absent. We also determined that the VXPX motif neutralizes this mistrafficking signal, enhances ciliary targeting at least 10-fold, and accelerates trafficking of post-Golgi vesicular structures. In the absence of the VXPX motif, mislocalized rhodopsin is actively cleared through secretion of vesicles into the extracellular milieu. Therefore, this study unveiled the multiple roles of trafficking signals in rhodopsin localization and renewal.
Prospective investigations of concentration–clinical response for immunosuppressive drugs provide the scientific basis for therapeutic drug monitoring

The performance of prospective concentration–clinical response investigations during the early stages of the development of new therapeutic agents can provide a more rigorous basis for therapeutic drug monitoring than the traditional retrospective review of drug concentrations vs clinical outcome. Here we discuss the application of the multicenter randomized concentration-controlled clinical trial study design, and related study designs, as applied to older commonly used and monitored drugs and to two new immunosuppressant drugs, mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus. Such studies can provide a more rigorous basis for assessing the risk/benefit associated with a target drug concentration in the individual patient and for designing future prospective pharmacokinetic and therapeutic drug monitoring investigations.
Narrow-spectrum staining pattern of Pityrosporum.

Background: Broad-spectrum fungal stains are used to detect fungal organisms, but narrow-spectrum stains can assist in fungal differential diagnosis. These stains include mucicarmine and Fontana–Masson (FM) for Cryptococcus, Alcian Blue for Cryptococcus and Blastomyces, Congo Red for Blastomyces and Coccidioides, and Ziehl–Neelsen for some examples of Blastomyces and Histoplasma. Pityrosporum is increasingly being recognized as a pathogen capable of significant cutaneous and systemic infections, but the narrow-spectrum staining pattern of Pityrosporum has not yet been systematically studied and reported. Methods: Paraffin-embedded archival tissue from 10 skin biopsies containing Pityrosporum was stained with Alcian Blue, Congo Red, Ziehl–Neelsen acid-fast stain, and FM stain. In addition to the 60-min staining time, a modified FM stain with 15-, 30-, and 45-min staining times was also performed. Results: All cases stained positive with Alcian Blue, Congo Red, and FM stains and negative with the Ziehl–Neelsen stain. The modified FM stain with the 15-min staining time showed significant staining in more than 50% of the cases. Discussion: The narrow-spectrum staining pattern of Pityrosporum distinguishes it from Cryptococcus, Blastomyces, Candida, Histoplasma, and Coccidioides.
POINTWISE BOUNDEDNESS AND EQUICONTINUITY IN ß-DUALS

Let E be a vector valued sequence space with operator valued s- dual EsY. If E satisfies certain gliding hump assumptions, we show that pointwise bounded subsets of EsY are sequentially equicontinuous. The result is established by considering uniform convergence of the elements in EsY
Biodiversity and Emerging Biogeography of the Neutrophilic Iron-Oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria

Members of the neutrophilic iron-oxidizing candidate class Zetaproteobacteria have predominantly been found at sites of microbially mediated iron oxidation in marine environments around the Pacific Ocean. Eighty-four full-length (>1,400-bp) and 48 partial-length Zetaproteobacteria small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequences from five novel clone libraries, one novel Zetaproteobacteria isolate, and the GenBank database were analyzed to assess the biodiversity of this burgeoning class of the Proteobacteria and to investigate its biogeography between three major sampling regions in the Pacific Ocean: Loihi Seamount, the Southern Mariana Trough, and the Tonga Arc. Sequences were grouped into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) on the basis of a 97% minimum similarity. Of the 28 OTUs detected, 13 were found to be endemic to one of the three main sampling regions and 2 were ubiquitous throughout the Pacific Ocean. Additionally, two deeply rooted OTUs that potentially dominate communities of iron oxidizers originating in the deep subsurface were identified. Spatial autocorrelation analysis and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that geographic distance played a significant role in the distribution of Zetaproteobacteria biodiversity, whereas environmental parameters, such as temperature, pH, or total Fe concentration, did not have a significant effect. These results, detected using the coarse resolution of the SSU rRNA gene, indicate that the Zetaproteobacteria have a strong biogeographic signal.
Acute Leakage Patterns of Fluorescent Plasma Flow Markers after Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia Suggest Large Openings in Blood‐Brain Barrier

Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening during acute reperfusion permits the passage of smaller macromolecules but not larger ones and that this molecular size restriction disappears over time.Methods: Following 3 hours (h) of unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion and either 3 or 21 h of reperfusion, Wistar rats (n = 42) were injected with Evans blue (EB, a fluorescent dye that binds instantly to plasma albumin yielding EB-tagged albumin, EB-Alb) and with one of three fluorescent dextrans ranging in size from 77- to 2000-kDa. During occlusion and reperfusion, ischemic status of the affected tissue was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Blood-to-brain transfer of the dextrans relative to that of EB-Alb was examined by fluorescence microscopy within three regions with ischemic damage.Results: Increase in EB-Alb leakage from 3 to 21 h of reperfusion was significant (from 40–60% to 80–90% of fields examined; p < 0.05). Co-leakage of the largest dext...
Emotional and cognitive stimuli differentially engage the default network during inductive reasoning

The brains default network (DN) is comprised of several cortical regions demonstrating robust intrinsic connectivity at rest. The authors sought to examine the differential effects of emotional reasoning and reasoning under certainty upon the DN through the employment of an event-related fMRI design in healthy participants. Participants were presented with syllogistic arguments which were organized into a 2 � 2 factorial design in which the first factor was emotional salience and the second factor was certainty/uncertainty. We demonstrate that regions of the DN were activated both during reasoning that is emotionally salient and during reasoning which is more certain, suggesting that these processes are neurally instantiated on a network level. In addition, we present evidence that emotional reasoning preferentially activates the dorsomedial (dMPFC) subsystem of the DN, whereas reasoning in the context of certainty activates areas specific to the DNs medial temporal (MTL) subsystem. We pos- tulate that emotional reasoning mobilizes the dMPFC subsystem of the DN because this type of reasoning relies upon the recruitment of introspective and self-relevant data such as personal bias and temperament. In contrast, activation of the MTL subsystem during certainty argues that this form of reasoning involves the recruitment of mnemonic and semantic associations to derive conclusions.
Generalized Ellipsometry Using a Rotating Sample

We propose a generalized ellipsometric technique using a rotating sample. The ellipsometer consists of a polarizer, a rotatable sample holder, an analyzer, and a detector. Fourier coefficients are measured and used to extract the system’s dielectric tensors and film thicknesses. The main advantage of the technique is that all parts of the ellipsometer are fixed except the sample, whose azimuth angle can be modulated. We show calculated responses to isotropic and anisotropic materials as well as superlattices. Potential applications for characterizations of anisotropic nanostructures are discussed.
Measurement of Interfacial Evolution in Three Dimensions

The experimental measurement of the evolution of interfaces in three dimensions is reviewed, concentrating on the evolution of polycrystalline and solid-liquid systems, including growth and coarsening in dendritic systems and evolution during liquid-phase sintering. Both ex situ destructive techniques and in situ nondestructive techniques are considered. The importance of making three-dimensional measurements that can be quantified and unambiguously compared with theory is discussed, showing that these measurements provide a direct validation of theory and critical initial conditions for simulations.
A short cervix is a risk factor for acute inflammatory lesions of the placenta even in patients who deliver 34 weeks

PLACENTA EVEN IN PATIENTS WHO DELIVER 34 WEEKS NAHLA KHALEK, SONIA HASSAN, ISRAEL HENDLER, LORRAINE NIKITA, JULIE MOLDENHAUER, ROBERTO ROMERO, Wayne State University, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Detroit, Michigan OBJECTIVE: A short cervix is a risk factor for preterm birth and acute inflammatory lesions of the placenta, suggesting that a reduction in length of the endocervical canal may predispose to ascending intrauterine infection. The purpose of this study was to determine whether women with a short cervix, but who subsequently deliver at term, have an increased rate of inflammatory placental lesions. STUDY DESIGN: Patients at risk for spontaneous preterm birth were prospectively followed in our preterm birth high risk clinic. Those with a cervical length %25 mm and who delivered R34 weeks were identified. The placental pathology reports were reviewed to ascertain the frequency of histological chorioamnionitis, funisitis, and villitis. Patients with multiple gestation, PPROM, placement of a cerclage, and clinical chorioamnionitis were excluded. Fisher’s Exact test, one way ANOVA and logistic regression were used for analysis. RESULTS: Inflammatory placental lesions were identified in 59.4% (38/64) of cases. Patients with a cervical length %25 mm had a higher rate of inflammatory lesions [66%, (35/53)] than patients with a cervical length >25 mm [27.3% (3/ 11), P = .039]. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between cervical length, parity, history of SPB, duration of membrane rupture and GBS. Only a cervical length of %25 mm was associated with an increased risk of placental lesions OR 5.0, (95% CI: 1.132-21.722). CONCLUSION: A short cervix increases the risk of inflammatory lesions of the placenta even in patients who deliverR34 weeks. This suggests that a long cervix may protect against ascending intrauterine infection. SMFM Abstracts S67
Susceptibility of Xenopus laevis tadpoles to infection by the ranavirus Frog-Virus 3 correlates with a reduced and delayed innate immune response in comparison with adult frogs.

Xenopus laevis adults mount effective immune responses to ranavirus Frog Virus 3 (FV3) infections and clear the pathogen within 2–3 weeks. In contrast, most tadpoles cannot clear FV3 and succumb to infections within a month. While larval susceptibility has been attributed to ineffective adaptive immunity, the contribution of innate immune components has not been addressed. Accordingly, we performed a comprehensive gene expression analysis on FV3-infected tadpoles and adults. In comparison to adults, leukocytes and tissues of infected tadpoles exhibited modest (10–100 time lower than adult) and delayed (3 day later than adult) increase in expression of inflammation-associated (TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ) and antiviral (Mx1) genes. In contrast, these genes were readily and robustly upregulated in tadpoles upon bacterial stimulation. Furthermore, greater proportions of larval than adult PLs were infected by FV3. Our study suggests that tadpole susceptibility to FV3 infection is partially due to poor virus-elicited innate immune responses.
A state-space model for an aeroelastic system

A complete dynamic model is formulated for a system in which the elastic motions of a structure are coupled with the motions of the surrounding fluid. While certain aspects of the problem are well-studied, the emphasis here is on development of a well-posed state-space formulation. Such models have proven conceptual and computational value in problems of optimal control and parameter identification.