cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The early recognition of bronchiogenic carcinoma.

We are not in accord with the concept that there are no symptoms or signs that will aid the physician to detect early primary pulmonary malignancy. By correlating the early clinical and radiographic features of a bronchiogenic carcinoma with its site of origin within the bronchial tree, it is hoped that the protean manifestations of this cancer will be better understood. A number of illustrative cases have been briefly reviewed.
Value relevance of banks: global evidence

Using 28,785 observations of 813 banking institutions in 38 countries during the 1993–2004 period, this study investigates among others, the role of transparency, accounting standards, legal, financing, corporate, and banking environments at the country level and size, risk, and organization form at the bank-specific level affecting the extent of value relevance. The evidence indicates that at the macro-level, the extent of mandated accounting disclosure, differences in accounting measurement practices, and type of legal environment, were the most influencing factors affecting the extent of value relevance of earnings and book values. At the bank-level, the organizational form and risk had the most impact.
Domainal failure of serpentinite in shear zones, State-Line mafic complex, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Abstract Deformation within 0.2–1.4 km wide dextral strike-slip shear zones in the serpentinite portion of the State-Line mafic complex, Pennsylvania-Maryland, is partitioned into two types. Anastomosing throughgoing mylonitic faults experienced a long, relatively simple deformational history of unidirectional dextral transcurrent shearing. The relatively less deformed, lenticular shaped areas between these faults deformed in a complex sequence of faulting. The lenticular pods contain early E-striking extensional veins and brittle reverse faults with north strikes. Northeast-striking dextral strike-slip faults deformed the veins and reverse faults. East-striking shear bands developed in both the throughgoing faults and the mylonitic dextral faults within the lenticular pods. Northwest-striking sinistral strike-slip faults transected the lenticular pods and earlier faults. The sinistral mylonites formed shear bands late in their movement history. A similar sequence of faulting occurred in microscopic lenticular pods within mylonitic serpentinite. These faults exhibit the same orientation and sequence as their larger counterparts but are clearly not synchronous with them. Each lenticular pod may have acted as a separate system, and therefore like faults between pods of any size may not have been synchronous.
Spatial Patterning of Thick Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Hydrogels

Patterned hydrogel structures have potential application in microfluidics, tissue engineering, and other soft matter technologies. In this study, we describe a novel photopatterning of thick cross-linked poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels through spatial manipulation of polymerization kinetics. Specifically, patterned hydrogels were fabricated by creating an inverse photomask in which the mask allows the initiating light to pass through all areas, but at different intensities. High light intensities, corresponding to the “unwanted regions”, cause significant deviations in the polymerization kinetics to result in longer polymerization times compared to lower light intensities. This difference in polymerization kinetics is sufficient to create patterned structures. The novelty of this technique is that monomer molecules are consumed across the solution even in the “unwanted regions”, minimizing the adverse effects of diffusion in traditional photolithography. As a result, patterns in relatively thi...
Un(di)ing legacies: White matters of memory in portraits of ‘our princess’

Abstract This article analyzes ‘commemorative’ images of Diana Spencer for how they invoke tropes of charity and sympathy to produce racialized mediations of history, memory, motherhood and US national identity. Drawing from cultural theory that establishes technologies of memory and forgetting as material forces, this discussion illumines how images of Diana appearing in such popular US magazines as People and Life incorporate visual scripts of race and sentiment that have historically demarcated the relative social value(s) of maternity and reproduction. Understanding visual culture as a force that is both structured by and structuring of hierarchies of power enables us to see how the posthumous circulation of images of ‘Our Princess’ are indeed not ideologically innocent memorializations. Rather, these images are the physical, embodied material of a national monument that provides faithful ‘visitors’ an affective connection to historically idealized notions of whiteness, motherhood, and the family.
Cresol novolac-epoxy networks: properties and processability

Abstract Linear controlled molecular weight ortho -cresol novolac oligomers were crosslinked with epoxies to form tough, flame retardant networks with enhanced processability and reduced moisture uptake. At the networks' optimum stoichiometry, the fracture toughness, assessed by the critical stress intensity factor ( K IC ), was slightly higher for the cresol novolac–epoxy networks (∼1.1 MPa m 1/2 ) than for similar phenolic novolac–epoxy networks (∼0.85 MPa m 1/2 ). Cresol novolac–epoxy networks exhibited improved processability under melt conditions relative to phenolic novolac–epoxy materials, and this was attributed to the presence of a methyl group adjacent to the hydroxyl group on cresol repeat units, which reduced the rate of reaction between phenol and epoxy. The use of cresol novolac oligomers also reduced the network equilibrium water absorption, and this was likely due to the presence of the additional methyl on each repeat unit. The equilibrium water absorption for all cresol novolac containing compositions was between 1.7 and 2.1 wt%, comparable to epoxy networks. Cone calorimetry showed that the flame retardance of cresol novolac–epoxy networks was lower than that for the phenolic novolac–epoxy materials, but was far superior to the control epoxy networks.
Linkage of strain-specific nicotinic receptor α7 subunit restriction fragment length polymorphisms with levels of α-bungarotoxin binding in brain

Inbred mouse strains have been shown to differ in their levels of brain α-bungarotoxin binding. These differences in α-bungarotoxin receptors have been shown to correlate with an animal's sensitivity to nicotine-induced seizures. Recent studies have shown that the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit is the major α-bungarotoxin binding site in rodent brain. In this report, we examined whether mouse strains that differ in levels of α-bungarotoxin binding and sensitivity to nicotine-induced convulsions also differ for the α7 subunit. A full-length murine α7 cDNA was cloned and sequenced and found to be identical to that of a mouse α7 cDNA recently reported. Subsequently, a comparison of α7 cDNA sequences and RNA species was performed between two strains (C3H/2 and DBA/2) that differ in levels of brain α-bungarotoxin binding and sensitivity to nicotine-induced seizures. The only difference observed was a single nucleotide difference in the open reading frame of α7 that does not affect the primary amino acid sequence. Inbred strains were also surveyed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the α7 locus. Strain-specific polymorphisms were identified, and F2 and backcross animals from a classic genetic cross between C3H/2 and DBA/2 mice were compared for the inheritance of α7 genotype and α-bungarotoxin receptor levels. A significant association between genotype and receptor levels was observed in both the F2 and backcross generations. These results indicate that α7 genotype is an important determinant of α-bungarotoxin receptor levels.
Simple and Accurate Circuit Simulation Model for Gallium Nitride Power Transistors

Simple and accurate circuit simulation model for gallium nitride (GaN) power field-effect transistors (FETs) is presented and validated in high-frequency low-voltage synchronous buck (SB) dc-dc power converters. For comparison, simulation results are also presented for the power converter based on silicon power metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS)FETs with similar voltage and current ratings. An improvement in power conversion efficiency of more than 4% is reported with GaN power FETs compared to the best commercially available silicon power MOSFETs in a 19 V/1.2 V, 7 W SB dc-dc power converter with excellent load regulation. A temperature- and frequency-dependent power inductor model is also reported and is shown to be necessary in order to accurately model the converter performance.
Plasmodium falciparum double C2 domain protein, PfDOC2, binds to calcium when associated with membranes.

Abstract The pathogenesis of malaria is strongly correlated with secretion of the micronemes, the apical organelles which contain the adhesins required for invasion of Plasmodium falciparum into human erythrocytes. A critical event in P. falciparum erythrocyte invasion is the production of calcium transients. After entering the cell, Ca2+ binds to soluble Ca2+-binding proteins, such as the double C2 domains (DOC2). Recently, deletion of a P. falciparum DOC2 protein, PfDOC2, was shown to cause impairment in microneme secretion. However, PfDOC2 remains poorly characterized. Here, we report that PfDOC2 is expressed throughout the erythrocytic cycle and demonstrate that it is associated with membrane fractions and binds to calcium when it is part of these membranous structures. In summary, we show that PfDOC2 is a calcium lipid-binding protein of the protein kinase C type of DOC2 proteins.
2-Cam LWIR imaging Stokes polarimeter

A 2-Cam micro-bolometer imaging polarimeter operating in the LWIR is presented. The system is capable of snapshot imaging Stokes polarimetry in any one channel (S1, S2, or S3) by taking two simultaneous measurements of a scene. For measurements of S1 or S2, the instrument relies on a specially optimized wire-grid beam-splitter. For measurements of S3, a form birefringent quarter-wave retarder is inserted into the optical path. Specifics associated with the design of the wire-grid beam-splitter and the form birefringent quarter-wave retarder will be overviewed, with inclusion of RCWA simulations. Calibration and simulation procedures, as well as calibration targets, will be highlighted, and initial data from the instrument are presented.
Association of comorbidities with home care service utilization of patients with heart failure while receiving telehealth.

Background: Comorbidities adversely impact heart failure (HF) outcomes. Telehealth can assist healthcare providers, especially nurses, in guiding their patients to follow the HF regimen. However, factors, including comorbidity patterns, that act in combination with telehealth to reduce home care nursing utilization are still unclear. Purpose: The purpose of this article was to examine the association of the comorbidity characteristics of HF patients with nursing utilization along with withdrawal from telehealth service during an episode of teleYhome care. Methodology: A descriptive, correlational study design using retrospective chart review was used. The sample comprised Medicare patients admitted to a New England home care agency who had HF as a diagnosis and had used telehealth from 2008 to 2010. The electronic documentation at the home care agency served as the data source, which included Outcome and Assessment Information Set data of patients with HF. Logistic and multiple regression analyses were used to analyze data. Results: The sample consisted of 403 participants, of whom 70% were older than 75 years, 55% were female, and 94% were white. Comorbidities averaged 5.19 (SD, 1.92), ranging from 1 to 11, and nearly 40% of the participants had 5 or more comorbidities. The mean (SD) nursing contacts in the sample was 9.9 (4.7), ranging from 1 to 26, and 52 (12.7%) patients withdrew from telehealth service. For patients with HF on telehealth, comorbidity characteristics of anemia, anxiety, musculoskeletal, and depression were significantly associated with nursing utilization patterns, and renal failure, cancer, and depression comorbidities were significantly associated with withdrawal from telehealth service. Clinical Implications: Knowledge of the association of comorbidity characteristics with the home care service utilization patterns of patients with HF on telehealth can assist the home health nurse to develop a tailored care plan that attains optimal patient outcomes. Knowledge of such associations would also focus home care resources, avoiding redundancy of resource utilization in this era of strained healthcare resources.
New roles for TIM family members in immune regulation

Members of the TIM (T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain) protein family are emerging as important regulators of immune responses. As their names imply, the TIM proteins were originally thought to be T-cell-specific molecules that served mainly to regulate T-helper-cell responses. However, the recent discovery that antigen-presenting cells also express TIM molecules and the identification of new TIM-protein ligands has expanded the known roles of the TIM proteins in immune regulation.
Comparison of optic nerve head topography and visual field in eyes with open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma.

Objective To compare the optic disc and visual field (VF) alterations in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). Design Observational case series. Participants A total of 146 persons (217 eyes), 110 with POAG and 36 with PACG, recruited from a university glaucoma service. Methods Each subject underwent visual acuity measurement, applanation tonometry, gonioscopy, slit-lamp examination, dilated optic disc and retinal examination, axial eye length measurement, central corneal pachymetry, automated perimetry, optical coherence tomography (OCT) nerve fiber layer (NFL) examination, and Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) optic disc evaluation. Parameters of interest were studied by multivariate regression models. Main Outcome Measures Heidelberg Retina Tomograph parameters compared between POAG and PACG. Results Primary open-angle glaucoma and PACG groups were similar in age, ethnic background, and treated intraocular pressure, but the PACG group had significantly more women, shorter eye length, more hyperopia, and a larger disc area (all P s P = 0.001). Although 3 HRT parameters differed somewhat between POAG and PACG (cup area, rim area, and cup-to-disc area ratio), they did not significantly differ after correction for multiple comparisons. Mean deviation and disc area were much more significant predictors of the HRT measures than was diagnosis. Similar results were obtained when using OCT NFL thickness as a structural measure of damage as opposed to MD as a functional measure. When controlling for MD, current IOP was not significantly associated with disc parameters in POAG. Conclusions When the amount of optic nerve damage is taken into account by adjusting for VF MD or OCT NFL thickness, those with POAG and PACG have no significant differences in optic disc topography. Visual field damage in PACG was more diffuse than that in POAG, as measured by a lower PSD for a given level of MD. There was no corresponding difference in the uniformity of structural damage as measured by OCT NFL thickness.
Heavy Metal Gettering in Implanted Buried-Oxide Structures

To investigate gettering of heavy metal impurities to the damaged regions surrounding an implanted buried oxide, the behavior of chrominum and copper on annealing has been investigated. Cr tends to segregate to the surface Si-SiO 2 interface, although a small fraction moves to the damaged regions surrounding the buried oxide. Cu segregates to the damaged regions more readily; in addition, a large fraction of the implanted Cu moves to a location several micrometers beneath the buried oxide layer. The buried oxide does not appear to stop the movement of the Cu.
Sparing and recovery of function in spinal larval frogs (Rana catesbeiana): Effect of level of transection

Bullfrog tadpoles with cervical or midthoracic transection of the spinal cord were allowed to recover for 5 weeks, at which time axonal growth across the transection site was assessed by transport of horseradish peroxidase. Weekly behavioral tests included those for posture, spontaneous locomotion, cutaneously elicited swimming, and intersegmental coordination. Behavioral and electrophysiological assessments suggest that behavioral recovery depends, at least in part, on the growth of fibers across the transection site. Anatomical and behavioral recovery does not appear to differ with the level of spinal transection, but there was greater sparing of posture, spontaneous locomotion, and stimulus-induced locomotion in tadpoles with thoracic transection of the spinal cords.
Exploring and reexploring issues of integrality, perceptual sensitivity, and dimensional salience.

Some observations that can be described conveniently by investigators in terms of dimensional sensitivity and dimensional salience actually need not implicate the psychological reality of the dimensions for the subjects. The developmental hypothesis that stimuli are perceived often as integral in early childhood can account for such phenomena only with the assumption that young children often apprehend objects as global wholes, related to one another by overall similarity. Classification data, recently presented by J. R. Aschkenasy and R. D. Odom (Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1982, 34, 435–448) can be reinterpreted in this way. On this reinterpretation, Aschkenasy and Odom's findings are exactly what the developmental form of the integrality-separability hypothesis predicts. Moreover, a variety of other findings and lines of inference converge on the conclusion that, in young children, the use of overall similarity relations to organize perception and cognition predominates over the use of dimensional relations (and that the relative balance between these stimulus relations changes in development). Examples are selected from the literature on the natural development of word meanings, as well as from the literatures on children's and adults' classification.
Multiple variables influence the educational value of surgical clerkship sites.

Abstract Background Students’ satisfaction with the educational quality of a surgical clerkship is influenced by their experiences at assigned clinical sites. We sought to identify key variables perceived by students to be associated with educationally valued clerkship sites. Methods Between 1998 and 2002, third-year medical students completed a surgery site survey for each of the 2 sites on which they rotated during their required 2-month surgery rotation, representing a total of 16 sites. Students rated each site using a Likert scale on 8 educational variables as well as the overall educational value of the site. Students recorded the hours per week of direct instructional contact with attendings and, in the 2001/2002 academic year, provided narrative comments regarding site-specific strengths and weaknesses. The relationship between site variables and overall educational value across all sites was examined by stepwise multiple regression analysis. Content analysis of narrative responses was performed to surface major strengths and weaknesses associated with site-specific educational value. Results From 1,377 completed surveys, representing an 87% completion rate, a statistically significant relationship was identified between sites’ overall educational value and 6 variables. The most significant variables were as follows: “direct instructional contact with attendings in the operating room” and “quality of house staff teaching” (accounted for 33% and 13% of the total variance in educational value, respectively). Content analysis from 359 narrative responses, representing a 92% response rate, revealed 5 major categories, with operating room experience receiving the most “strength” comments (28.8%). Conclusions Specific variables influencing the perceived educational quality of clerkship sites can be identified. The single largest influence emerging independently from both the quantitative and qualitative analyses was the students’ experiences in the operating room. Emphasis on the educational experience in the operating room should be a priority when seeking to improve the educational value of clerkship sites.
In Vitro Inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii by Four New Derivatives of Artemisinin

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is medically important and distributed worldwide. Currently available medications are limited in terms of efficacy and side effects. We synthesized novel, nonacetal, hydrolytically stable derivatives of artemisinin and showed that they inhibit the replication of Toxoplasma gondii in cell culture.
A numerical study of the rheological properties of suspensions of rigid, non-Brownian fibres

Using techniques developed in our previous publication (Mackaplow et al. 1994), we complete a comprehensive set of numerical simulations of the volume-averaged stress tensor in a suspension of rigid, non-Brownian slender fibres at zero Reynolds number. In our problem formulation, we use slender-body theory to develop a set of integral equations to describe the interfibre hydrodynamic interactions at all orders. These integral equations are solved for a large number of interacting fibres in a periodically extended box. The simulations thus developed are an accurate representation of the suspensions at concentrations up to and including the semidilute regime. Thus, large changes in the suspensions properties can be obtained. The Theological properties of suspensions with concentrations ranging from the dilute regime, through the dilute/semi-dilute transition, and into the semi-dilute regime, are surprisingly well predicted by a dilute theory that takes into account two-body interactions. The accuracy of our simulations is verified by their ability to reproduce published suspension extensional and shear viscosity data for a variety of fibre aspect ratios and orientation distributions, as well as a wide range of suspension concentrations.
Cytoskeletal signaling by way of α-actinin-1 mediates ERK1/2 activation by repetitive deformation in human Caco2 intestinal epithelial cells

Abstract Background Repetitive deformation stimulates proliferation in human Caco2 intestinal epithelial cells by way of an ERK1/2-dependent pathway. We examined the effects of cytoskeletal perturbation on deformation-induced signaling in Caco2 cells. Methods The Caco2 cell cytoskeleton was disrupted with either cytochalasin D, phalloidin, colchicine, or paclitaxel. Levels of α-actinin-1 and -4 and paxillin were reduced by specific small interfering RNA. Cells on collagen I–precoated membranes were subjected to 10% repetitive deformation at 10 cycles/min. After 1 hour, cells were lysed for Western blot analysis. Results Strain-activated ERK1/2, focal adhesion kinase, and Src phosphorylation in dimethyl sulfoxide- and/or nontargeting small interfering RNA-treated control cell populations. Cytochalasin D and paclitaxel, but not phalloidin and colchicine, blocked ERK1/2 phosphorylation. A decrease in α-actinin-1, but not in α-actinin-4 or paxillin, inhibited ERK1/2 and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation, whereas Src activation appears to be independent of these effects. Conclusions The intestinal epithelial cell cytoskeleton may transduce mechanical signals by way of α-actinin-1 into the focal adhesion complex, culminating in ERK1/2 activation and proliferation.
e3D: an energy-efficient routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks

One of the limitations of wireless sensor nodes is their inherent limited energy resource. Besides maximizing the lifetime of the sensor node, it is preferable to distribute the energy dissipated throughout the wireless sensor network in order to minimize maintenance and maximize overall system performance. Any communication protocol that involves synchronization of peer nodes incurs some overhead for setting up the communication. We introduce a new algorithm, e3D (energy-efficient distributed dynamic diffusion routing algorithm), and compare it to two other algorithms, namely directed, and random clustering communication. We take into account the setup costs and analyze the energy-efficiency and the useful lifetime of the system. We compare the algorithms in terms of system lifetime, power dissipation distribution, cost of synchronization, and simplicity of the algorithm. Our simulation results show that e3D performs comparable to its optimal counterpart while having significantly less overhead.
Authentication Control Point and Its Implications For Secure Processor Design

Secure processor architecture enables tamper-proof protec- tion on software that addresses many dificult security prob- lems such as reverse-engineering prevention, trusted com- puting, secure mobile agents by providing a secure comput- ing environment that is resistant to both physical tamper- ing and software exploits. Two essential features offered by a secure processor are software encryption for protect- ing software privacy and integrity verification for prevent- ing tampering of the protected software. Despite a number of secure processor designs have been proposed, the delicate relationship between privacy and integrity protection in the context of modern out-of-order processor design is not well understood. This paper aims to remedy this research deficiency by evaluating different designs that integrate soft- ware decryption and integrity verification into an out-of- order pipeline. Our paper provides an in-depth analysis of the security and performance trade-offs, implications of sev- eral designs in the context of memory fetch side-channel ex- ploits. Among the evaluated spectrum of design alternatives are (1) authentication-then-issue, (2) authentication-then- commit, (3) authentication-then-write, (4) authentication- then-fetch, and (5) authentication-then-commit + address obfuscation. Performance of various designs was evaluated using a cycle based processor model and SPEC 2000 bench- mark suite.
SPACECRAFT SERVICING - FIRST ORDER MODEL FOR FEASIBILITY AND COST EFFECTIVENESS

This paper describes a method that can be employed to determine which client satellite missions make the most sense to service on-orbit. The method employs a first order model appropriate for an architecture model level of detail. The client satellite constellation is modeled along with the servicing infrastructure. Depending upon the servicing approach employed, the potential savings in life cycle cost can be estimated. Analysis of these models is shown to prove that it is the client satellite constellation characteristics that influence life cycle cost the most. A variety of sample client satellite constellations are analyzed against a number of servicing architectures to show when servicing makes the most sense. The first order model equations are presented to compare serviced architectures to traditional block-upgraded satellite constellations. Using a mass model for satellite servicing architectures, unpractical, infeasible servicing infrastructure solutions can be highlighted.
Marrow-Derived Stromal Cells Express Genes Encoding a Broad Spectrum of Arteriogenic Cytokines and Promote In Vitro and In Vivo Arteriogenesis Through Paracrine Mechanisms

We recently demonstrated that marrow stromal cells (MSCs) augment collateral remodeling through release of several cytokines such as VEGF and bFGF rather than via cell incorporation into new or remodeling vessels. The present study was designed to characterize the full spectrum of cytokine genes expressed by MSCs and to further examine the role of paracrine mechanisms that underpin their therapeutic potential. Normal human MSCs were cultured under normoxic or hypoxic conditions for 72 hours. The gene expression profile of the cells was determined using Affymetrix GeneChips representing 12 000 genes. A wide array of arteriogenic cytokine genes were expressed at baseline, and several were induced >1.5-fold by hypoxic stress. The gene array data were confirmed using ELISA assays and immunoblotting of the MSC conditioned media (MSC CM ). MSC CM promoted in vitro proliferation and migration of endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner; anti-VEGF and anti-FGF antibodies only partially attenuated these effects. Similarly, MSC CM promoted smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in a dose-dependent manner. Using a murine hindlimb ischemia model, murine MSC CM enhanced collateral flow recovery and remodeling, improved limb function, reduced the incidence of autoamputation, and attenuated muscle atrophy compared with control media. These data indicate that paracrine signaling is an important mediator of bone marrow cell therapy in tissue ischemia, and that cell incorporation into vessels is not a prerequisite for their effects.
Pathogenic Consequences of Vaginal Infection with CCR5-Tropic Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIVSF162P3N

ABSTRACT We previously reported efficient transmission of the pathogenic R5 simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF162P3N isolate in Indian rhesus macaques by intravenous and intrarectal inoculations, with a switch to CXCR4 coreceptor usage in ∼50% of infected animals that progressed rapidly to disease. Since women continue to be disproportionately affected by HIV, we developed an animal model based on the intravaginal challenge of female rhesus monkeys with SHIVSF162P3N and sought to validate the utility of this model to study relevant aspects of HIV transmission and pathogenesis. The effect of viral dose on infection outcome was evaluated to determine the optimal conditions for the evaluation of HIV-1 preventive and therapeutic strategies. We found that the virus can successfully cross the vaginal mucosal surface to establish infection and induce disease with coreceptor switch, but with lower efficiencies compared to intravenous and rectal transmissions. In contrast to intrarectal infection, peak and cumulative viral load over a 1 year-infection period were significantly greater in macaques exposed intravaginally to lower rather than higher inoculum doses. Moreover, low and transient viremia was observed only in macaques that were challenged intravaginally twice within the same day with a high dose of virus, which can be seen as doubling the dose. Taken together, these results show that SHIVSF162P3N can successfully transmit across the genital mucosa, undergo coreceptor switch, and induce disease. However, the administered dose appears to impact SHIVSF162P3N vaginal infection outcome in an unexpected manner.
Role of Experiments in Phonological Investigation

The psychological status of many phonological analyses has been questioned on several grounds. Experimental evidence is presented as a crucial part of an analysis that professes psychological significance. A strong and weak sense of psychological reality are defined and discussed in relationship to the traditional and experimental approaches to phonology. Several criticisms of experimental evidence are presented and contested. Examples of experimentally acquired evidence are given, which address the issue of the psychological reality of certain phonological analyses.
Preparing health professions education leaders worldwide: A description of masters-level programs

Purpose: Until 1996, there were only 7 masters-level programs in health professions education (HPE); currently, there are 76 such programs. The purpose of this article is to provide information and...
Detection of Cattle Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Using Nucleic Acid Hybridization

A ribonucleic acid (RNA) hybridization assay to identify cattle infected by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is described. The RNA probe was derived from the coding region at the 3' end of the genome of the NADL strain of BVDV. Total RNA from infected cell cultures or peripheral blood leukocytes from suspect animals was extracted and applied to nylon membranes with a slot blot apparatus. Peripheral blood leukocytes were tested concurrently for BVDV by virus isolation. The results of hybridization and virus isolation were in agreement for 92% of the cases. When compared with virus isolation, hybridization had a sensitivity of detection of 59.5% and a specificity of 95%. Cross-reactivity to RNA extracts of border disease virus-infected cells was noted. No cross-reactivity was detected to other common bovine viruses (bovine herpesvirus-l, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, and bluetongue virus), to viruses classified in related families (equine arteritis virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus), or to viruses having similar genomic orga- nization (dengue virus type 2 and Japanese encephalitis virus). Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a nonarthro- pod-borne member of the Togaviridae, genus Pestivi- rus. It is a small (40-60 nm) enveloped 3,11 positive- sense RNA virus. 8 Bovine viral diarrhea virus has a worldwide distribution with reported serum antibody prevalence in cattle of 50-90%. 1 Infections caused by BVDV result in a significant financial loss to the beef and dairy industries annually. 15
Some properties of skin conductance and potential.

SC and SP were measured simultaneously from opposite hands during a stress period and a subsequent prolonged relaxation in 19 Ss. With the Ss relaxed, toward the end of the session, simultaneous measures of SC and SP were taken between various combinations of two active and two drilled reference electrodes on both hands. It was found that SC measured with the external voltage connected in series-adding with the endogenous SP (i.e., positive pole to the active electrode) was some 13 percent higher than when measured in reverse polarity. Supplementary experiment showed that this‘rectification effect’ could be entirely attributed to the effect of the endogenous potential. A method of estimating SC from SP readings with no external current source was shown to give results equivalent to values measured in the usual way. These and other findings support the claim that steady-state electro-dermal properties fit a simple model consisting of a variable voltage and a variable resistance in series. Within-subject correlations of SC and SP were high for Ss with low average SCs, lower for high-SC Ss who seemed less able to relax. The data suggest that SP may be an inverted-U shaped function of arousal and perhaps that the‘beta process,’ which drives the tonic SP downward with increasing arousal, may begin to function at much lower levels of arousal for some Ss than for others. Phasic responses obtained at the end of the session when some Ss were apparently asleep suggest that, when S is drowsy or in light sleep, both the SCR and the SPR have lengthened and variable latencies, and the SPR is uniformly a large, negative going (alpha) response. Uniphasic beta SPRs were rather consistently obtained when the pre-stimulus tonic SP was already high.
Extraction of acidic drugs from water and plasma: study of recovery with five different solvents

The recovery of 28 acidic drugs from water and plasma was investigated spectrophotometrically using five different solvents for extraction: hexane, diethyl ether, toluene, n-butyl chloride, and chloroform. Nine barbiturates, three sulfonamides, four diuretics, and twelve other acidic drugs were studied. As classes, the barbiturates, the sulfonamides, and the diuretics were optimally extracted with diethyl ether from both water and plasma, while considerable variation in recovery was noted among solvents for the other drugs. In general, recoveries from water were higher than those from plasma with most solvents, except for the sulfonamides for which recoveries were often better from plasma. Extraction recoveries for the individual drugs are tabulated and compared.
Electron‐transfer polymers. XXX. Preparation of poly(1‐vinyl‐3,4,6‐trimethyl‐2,5‐benzoquinone)

1-Vinyl-3,4,6-trimethyl-2-methoxy-5-hydroxy-benzene (I) was prepared in good yield by the Wittig reaction from the corresponding chloromethyl compound. It could be polymerized cationically to low molecular weight material. The polymer could be oxidized to poly(1-vinyl-3,4,6-trimethyl-2,5-benzoquinone) (III) and could be reduced to the corresponding hydroquinone. Compound (I) was acetylated at the phenolic hydroxyl group and polymerized. The acetyl group was quantitatively reduced with lithium aluminum hydride, and the resulting polymer could be oxidized quantitatively to (III). Its molecular weight was a little higher than that prepared directly from (I).
Trends in the associations between family income, height and body mass index in US children and adolescents: 1971-1980 and 1999-2008.

Aim: This paper evaluates trends in the childhood and adolescent associations between family income, height and body mass index (BMI) between the periods 1971–1980 and 1999–2008.Subjects and methods: US-born children (aged 2–11) and adolescents (aged 12–19) in the NHANES I, NHANES II and 1999–2008 NHANES are evaluated for BMI and height using flexibly-estimated structured additive regression models.Results: Three trends are identified: BMI gains have been greater in lower-income relative to higher-income children and adolescents; height has increased more in lower-income relative to higher-income children (but not in adolescents); and BMI has increased more in taller children than shorter children (but not in adolescents). Following from these trends is that contemporary children exhibit a negative height-income interaction effect on BMI such that the inverse association between income and BMI is larger in taller children. Similar results hold when categorical obesity is considered but with modest height-...
Detection of clustered microcalcifications using spatial point process modeling

We propose a spatial point process approach to improve the detection accuracy of clustered microcalcifications (MCs) in mammogram images. The conventional approach to MC detection has been to first detect the individual MCs in an image independently, which are subsequently grouped into clusters. Our proposed approach aims to exploit the spatial distribution among the different MCs directly during the detection process. We model the MCs by a marked point process (MPP) in which spatially neighboring MCs interact with each other. The MCs are then simultaneously detected through maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation of the model parameters of the MPP process. The proposed approach was evaluated with a dataset of 141 clinical mammograms from 66 cases, and the results show that it could yield improved detection performance compared to a recently proposed SVM detector.
STS Education for Knowledge Professionals

This chapter considers the value of an education in science, technology, and society studies (STS) for managers or analysts in knowledge-based industries, government, and other professions who are concerned with managing the course of technological change. By technological change, I mean intentional social innovation in the form of new tools and new ways of using them. The term “knowledge professional” is appropriate to describe these workers, because the kinds of social innovation they analyze or manage intimately involves the creation, synthesis, dissemination and application of new, science-based knowledge. (I wavered between the term “knowledge professional” and “innovation professional” to describe the workers I am discussing here. Knowledge professional seemed too broad, perhaps too closely related to the common term “knowledge worker.” It might be taken to include data entry specialists or anyone else whose occupational use of “knowledge” is passive or routine. Innovation professional seemed too narrowly focused on those who work specifically to adopt a new technology, thus omitting, for example, research program managers, research administrators and science policy analysts, all of whom I would intend to include.)
An examination of the use of angling data to estimate total returns of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, to two rivers in Newfoundland, Canada

Conservation spawning requirements (limits) for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., have been developed for a number of rivers in Newfoundland. Status of stocks is evaluated against these limits and scientific advice and recommendations on levels of recreational catch provided to resource managers. A critical factor in this process is the determination of total returns. This has been accomplished for 30–40% of the rivers in question over the years through the use of fish counting fences and traps installed in fishways. In Newfoundland, it is not logistically or financially possible to operate fish counting facilities in all of the approximately 200 Atlantic salmon rivers. Thus angling catch data have been used as an alternative means of estimating total returns to rivers without counting facilities. Estimates of total returns were three to four times higher than the actual values for one of the two rivers studied and deviated from the actual by as much as 60% for the other. Management implications of the approach are discussed.
The Roles of Intrinsic Disorder in Orchestrating the Wnt-Pathway

The canonical Wnt-pathway plays a number of crucial roles in the development of organism. Malfunctions of this pathway lead to various diseases including cancer. In the inactivated state, this pathway involves five proteins, Axin, CKI-α, GSK-3β, APC, and β-catenin. We analyzed these proteins by a number of computational tools, such as PONDR(r)VLXT, PONDR(r)VSL2, MoRF-II predictor and Hydrophobic Cluster Analysis (HCA) to show that each of the Wnt-pathway proteins contains several intrinsically disordered regions. Based on a comprehensive analysis of published data we conclude that these disordered regions facilitate protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications, and signaling. The scaffold protein Axin and another large protein, APC, act as flexible concentrators in gathering together all other proteins involved in the Wnt-pathway, emphasizing the role of intrinsically disordered regions in orchestrating the complex protein-protein interactions. We further explore the intricate roles of highly disordered APC in regulation of β-catenin function. Intrinsically disordered APC helps the collection of β-catenin from cytoplasm, facilitates the b-catenin delivery to the binding sites on Axin, and controls the final detachment of β-catenin from Axin.
Signal complex regulation of renal transport proteins: NHERF and regulation of NHE3 by PKA

The activity of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) isoform of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger in the brush-border membrane of the renal proximal tubule is tightly regulated. Recent biochemical and cellular experiments have established the essential requirement for a new class of regulatory factors, sodium/hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF) and NHERF-like proteins, in cAMP-mediated inhibition of NHE3 activity. NHERF is the first PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ) motif-containing protein localized to apical membranes and appears to facilitate cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation of NHE3 by interacting with the cytoskeleton to target a multiprotein complex to the brush-border membrane. Other recent experiments have indicated that NHERF also regulates the activity of other renal transport proteins, suggesting that the signal complex model of signal transduction in the kidney may be more common than presently appreciated. This article reviews studies on the regulation of NHE3 by NHERF, PKA, and ezrin and introduces the concept of regulation of renal transporters by signal complexes. Although not the primary focus of this review, recent studies have indicated a role for NHERF in membrane targeting, trafficking, and sorting of transporters, receptors, and signaling proteins. Thus NHERF and related PDZ-containing proteins appear to be essential adapters for regulation of renal transporters in the mammalian kidney that maintain salt and water balance.
Evaluating the impact of health promotion programs: using the RE-AIM framework to form summary measures for decision making involving complex issues

Current public health and medical evidence rely heavily on efficacy information to make decisions regarding intervention impact. This evidence base could be enhanced by research studies that evaluate and report multiple indicators of internal and external validity such as Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) as well as their combined impact. However, indices that summarize the combined impact of, and complex interactions among, intervention outcome dimensions are not currently available. We propose and discuss a series of composite metrics that combine two or more RE-AIM dimensions, and can be used to estimate overall intervention impact. Although speculative and, at this point, there have been limited empirical data on these metrics, they extend current methods and are offered to yield more integrated composite outcomes relevant to public health. Such approaches offer potential to help identify interventions most likely to meaningfully impact population health.
Thinning of the upper mantle during late Paleozoic Appalachian orogenesis

Across the Appalachian orogen of New England, the splitting of core-refracted shear waves from a wide range of arrival directions indicates the presence of two nearly uniform horizontal layers of anisotropic upper mantle. The anisotropy in the lower layer has a fast axis nearly parallel to the absolute motion of the North American plate and thus is attributed to basal shear as the plate plows through asthenospheric mantle. The anisotropy of the upper layer is inferred to be a fossil fabric, residing in lithospheric mantle. The finite extension direction of the upper fabric is subhorizontal and oriented normal to the local trend of the Appalachian orogen. The upper fabric is consistent over a broad region beneath and west of the New England Appalachians, which indicates that it formed after Devonian closure of the Iapetus ocean, probably during or after the Paleozoic Acadian and Alleghany orogenies. Tectonic scenarios for synconvergent or postconvergent extension, developed for Tibet, predict rapid surface uplift and increased heat flow due to lithospheric thinning, consistent with coeval late orogenic mantlederived magmatism in both the northern Appalachians and Morocco.
The role of social impact bonds in pediatric health care.

* Abbreviation: SIB — : social impact bond In 2010, the United Kingdom’s Ministry of Justice entered into an agreement with a nonprofit known as Social Finance to prevent reoffending by juvenile offenders released from prison in Peterborough, England. What made this contract unique is that the government payments to Social Finance were not based on delivery of services but instead on the level of government cost aversion from reduced recidivism. To cover the upfront cost of funding this prevention effort, Social Finance raised $5 million from private investors. If the effort successfully reduces recidivism 7.5% by 2016, then they will receive back their initial investment plus a performance bonus—totaling up to $8 million. This contract, now commonly known as a social impact bond (SIB), represents an innovative financing strategy that leverages private investment to move public services upstream to prevent greater costs in the future. Interim results from the Peterborough SIB indicated that recidivism has dropped 6% compared with the rest of England.1 Since its implementation, new SIBs are being developed to target a wide array of public problems (eg, reducing recidivism, preterm births, and special education). These bonds are attracting substantial interest and support from the private sector. For instance, Goldman Sachs is supporting a $9.6 million SIB to reduce recidivism on Rikers Island in New York City. In addition, they are supporting, along with the J.B. and M.K. Pritzker Family Foundation, a $7 million bond in Salt Lake City, Utah, to reduce special education needs. Goldman Sachs has also recently announced the development of a $250 million social impact … Address correspondence to D. Max Crowley, PhD, Center for Child and Family Policy, Box 90545, Durham, NC 27705. E-mail: max.crowley{at}duke.edu