cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathway to Reform: Developing Action Research Capacity in Accounting Education

ABSTRACT: Outside of accounting education, action research is widely considered crucial for supporting broad reforms. Action research integrates theory with action to solve problems, improve practices, and address issues together with those who experience them. Yet the body of action research in accounting education remains very small. Historically, efforts to reform accounting education have led to pockets of innovation but have not systematically addressed impediments that inhibit widespread continuous improvement. Lack of available formal training inhibits development of the action research capacity needed to support broad reform in accounting education. This paper provides a conceptual action research framework that includes two ontologies to classify different types of action research. One type, emancipated action research, involves taking strategic action to change or eliminate structural impediments that limit improvement achievable through other types, often earlier phases, of action research. The...
Theory-Based Cartographic Risk Model Development and Application for Home Fire Safety

There is a gap in the use of predictive risk models to identify areas at risk for home fires and burn injury. The purpose of this study was to describe the creation, validation, and application of such a model using a sample from an intervention study with parents of newborns in Jefferson County, KY, as an example. Performed was a literature search to identify risk factors for home fires and burn injury in the target population. Obtained from the American Community Survey at the census tract level and synthesized to create a predictive cartographic risk model was risk factor data. Model validation was performed through correlation, regression, and Moran's I with fire incidence data from open records. Independent samples t-tests were used to examine the model in relation to geocoded participant addresses. Participant risk level for fire rate was determined and proximity to fire station service areas and hospitals. The model showed high and severe risk clustering in the northwest section of the county. Strongly correlated with fire rate was modeled risk; the best predictive model for fire risk contained home value (low), race (black), and non high school graduates. Applying the model to the intervention sample, the majority of participants were at lower risk and mostly within service areas closest to a fire department and hospital. Cartographic risk models were useful in identifying areas at risk and analyzing participant risk level. The methods outlined in this study are generalizable to other public health issues.
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICD)

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) are devices designed for the prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in selected patients. SCD often occurs as a consequence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias as ventricular tachycardia (VT) or VT that degenerated in ventricular fibrillation (VF). Current ICD’s are capable to deliver multiple therapies, which incorporate antitachycardia pacing (ATP), cardioversion, and defibrillation, also provide support in episodes of bradycardia or heart block with a rate-response pacing and automatic switching mode function. Modern devices are able to provide resynchronization therapy an important progress in selected patients requiring advanced heart failure therapies.
Infrared thin film polarization preserving reflectors

The design of ideal infrared thin-film polarization preserving reflectors requires the equalization of the p and s polarization reflectances and zero differential phase shift between them. Depending on system design requirements for absolute reflectivity, either non-absorbing substrates such as zinc selcnide, or metallic films such as silver or gold are commonly utilized. In addition, a few dielectric layers are deposited onto the substrate for reflection enhancement and phase correction. This paper will investigate the design of enhancement layers with refractive indices n 1 and n 2 , onto various substrates for a single wavelength and in most cases, 45 degrees angle of incidence. Indices of actual film materials such as thorium fluoride, germanium and zinc sulfide will be utilized to demonstrate actual design performance. Also, an equation is presented that is used to predict the differential phase shift sensitivity to wavelength centering of a quarter wave stack. In this case, the film indices determine the incidence angle sensitivity. Next, the incidence angle sensitivity of some designs is investigated. Some designs act as polarization preserving reflectors from normal incidence to nearly 80 degrees angle of incidence. A brief summary of conventional enhanced metal coatings is presented, along with design methods. Some applications of polarization preserving reflectors are described, especially for C0 2 lasers.
Corruption Is Bad News for a Free Press: Reassessing the Relationship Between Media Freedom and Corruption

Objective. In the following analysis, we investigate the determinants of government efforts to censor media. We develop and test a new theory that argues executive-level corruption influences when governments are more likely to attempt media censorship. After modeling the media–government dynamic in game form, we utilize the new Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) dataset to empirically test this relationship on both traditional media (print and broadcast) and new media (Internet). Using panel, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression with a lagged dependent variable and country fixed effects, we examine the relationship from 1960 to 2015 for traditional media and from 1993 to 2015 for new media. The results suggest that as governments become more corrupt, governmental efforts to censor both forms of media are likely to increase. We further examine the relationship among different world regions and regime types; we find overall confirmation of our hypothesis.
Challenges and Opportunities for Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes in Redox Biology Applications

Abstract Significance: The concentrations of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are critical to various biochemical processes. Small-molecule fluorescent probes have been widely used to detect and/or quantify ROS/RNS in many redox biology studies and serve as an important complementary to protein-based sensors with unique applications. Recent Advances: New sensing reactions have emerged in probe development, allowing more selective and quantitative detection of ROS/RNS, especially in live cells. Improvements have been made in sensing reactions, fluorophores, and bioavailability of probe molecules. Critical Issues: In this review, we will not only summarize redox-related small-molecule fluorescent probes but also lay out the challenges of designing probes to help redox biologists independently evaluate the quality of reported small-molecule fluorescent probes, especially in the chemistry literature. We specifically highlight the advantages of reversibility in sensing reactions and its applications ...
New-onset left bundle branch block-associated idiopathic nonischemic cardiomyopathy and time from diagnosis to cardiac resynchronization therapy: The NEOLITH II study.

Background The optimal timing for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) after diagnosis of new-onset left bundle branch block (LBBB)-associated idiopathic nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) and treatment with guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) is unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe relationships between time from diagnosis to CRT and outcomes in new-onset LBBB-associated idiopathic NICM with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35%. Methods A retrospective cohort study examined associations between time from diagnosis to CRT (≤9 months vs >9 months) and clinical and echocardiographic outcomes. Results In 123 subjects with LBBB-associated idiopathic NICM, time from diagnosis to CRT was ≤9 months in 60 (49%) subjects and 9 months in 63 (51%) subjects. Clinical outcomes were similar for those implanted ≤9 months versus >9 months for adverse clinical events (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41–1.78; P = 0.67) and all-cause mortality (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.19–1.70; P = 0.31). Multivariable analyses demonstrated similar results. In 105 subjects with post-CRT echocardiograms, LVEF improvement to >35% was more likely in those implanted ≤9 months when compared to >9 months (odds ratio [OR], 3.53; 95% CI, 1.32–9.46; P = 0.01). This association persisted in the final multivariable model adjusted for age at diagnosis, sex, QRS duration, post-GDMT LVEF, and time from CRT to post-CRT echocardiogram (OR, 5.10; 95% CI, 1.71–15.22; P = 0.004). Conclusion In LBBB-associated idiopathic NICM, earlier CRT implantation was associated with more favorable cardiac remodeling. Delaying CRT may miss a critical period to halt and reverse progressive myocardial damage.
Igniting the “Family Sacrifice”: Cotton Mather and Familial Christian Education in Puritan New England:

In his preaching and writing, Puritan pastor Cotton Mather compared family religion to a “family sacrifice.” This image anchored a vision of home nurture that highlighted both the offering of famil...
Choline Supplementation Prevents a Hallmark Disturbance of Kwashiorkor in Weanling Mice Fed a Maize Vegetable Diet: Hepatic Steatosis of Undernutrition

Hepatic steatosis is a hallmark feature of kwashiorkor malnutrition. However, the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis in kwashiorkor is uncertain. Our objective was to develop a mouse model of childhood undernutrition in order to test the hypothesis that feeding a maize vegetable diet (MVD), like that consumed by children at risk for kwashiorkor, will cause hepatic steatosis which is prevented by supplementation with choline. A MVD was developed with locally sourced organic ingredients, and fed to weanling mice (n = 9) for 6 or 13 days. An additional group of mice (n = 4) were fed a choline supplemented MVD. Weight, body composition, and liver changes were compared to control mice (n = 10) at the beginning and end of the study. The MVD resulted in reduced weight gain and hepatic steatosis. Choline supplementation prevented hepatic steatosis and was associated with increased hepatic concentrations of the methyl donor betaine. Our findings show that (1) feeding a MVD to weanling mice rapidly induces hepatic steatosis, which is a hallmark disturbance of kwashiorkor; and that (2) hepatic steatosis associated with feeding a MVD is prevented by choline supplementation. These findings support the concept that insufficient choline intake may contribute to the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis in kwashiorkor.
Overview: Progress in Insect Neurochemistry

Great progress has been made in the area of neurochemistry since the last International Conference on Insect Neurochemistry and Neurophysiology three years ago. In 1986 only about 10 fully characterized insect peptides were known; today, there are over 40 known structures. New techniques and instrumentation used in the isolation of peptides and for determination of their structure by dedicated scientists were primarily responsible for this progress. David Schooley in his plenary lecture highlighted problems associated with peptide isolation and possible solutions to some of these problems. He emphasized that new, simple and reliable bioassays are an integral part of the isolation process. Bioassays are also very important to establish the biological role of newly discovered neuropeptides. We are now at a transition point where a shift in emphasis from identification of the peptides themselves to more emphasis on studies of the role of peptides in various physiological processes and on the isolation and identification of specific genes coding for these peptides is becoming evident.
The Limits to Knowledge in Quantitative Genetics

The limitations to our understanding of evolutionary genetic phenomena lie primarily in the empirical domain, as mathematicians have repeatedly shown that they are up to the challenges of modeling essentially any population genetic phenomenon that can be envisioned. Until recently, one of the major constraints in our attempts to understand the mechanisms by which populations evolve has been the inaccessibility of the gene. Advances in molecular technology now enable us to routinely survey populations for variation at the molecular level, although almost all such surveys involving functional genes are focused on coding regions as opposed to the frequently much more complex (and potentially more significant) regulatory regions. The latter shortcoming will certainly be surmounted in the near future, and it is fair to say that no longer are there really any fundamental limitations (other than financial ones) to our ability to monitor the dynamics of individual alleles in natural or artificial populations. Nevertheless, despite the major advances in mathematical theory and in molecular technology, one might argue that we are not much closer to a mechanistic understanding of the evolution of complex phenotypes than we were in 1920. One of the major challenges confronting evolutionary geneticists is still the development of a general and biologically based synthesis that will facilitate such understanding.
Workplace Planning, Design, and Management

As part of a general management theory, Frederick Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management (1911) marked a great turning point in our thinking about how the planning, design, and management of the workplace affects individual and organizational performance. With respect to physical design, Taylor did much more than simply suggest how factors such as office layout affect work patterns. He articulated a fundamental philosophy of office planning and design that almost 80 years later is still a powerful force influencing how offices are designed and planned in North America. Its hallmark was efficiency. Furniture and plant layouts that minimized “wasted” movement (and thus wasted time and money) were the goal.
Development of a fault-rupture environment in 3D: A numerical tool for examining the mechanical impact of a fault on underground excavations.

Abstract While faults are commonly simulated as a single planar or non-planar interface for a safety or stability analysis in underground mining excavation, the real 3D structure of a fault is often very complex, with different branches that reactivate at different times. Furthermore, these branches are zones of non-zero thickness where material continuously undergoes damage even during interseismic periods. In this study, the initiation and the initial evolution of a strike-slip fault was modeled using the FLAC3D software program. The initial and boundary conditions are simplified, and mimic the Riedel shear experiment and the constitutive model in the literature. The FLAC3D model successfully replicates and creates the 3D fault zone as a strike-slip type structure in the entire thickness of the model. The strike-slip fault structure and normal displacement result in the formation of valleys in the model. Three panels of a longwall excavation are virtually placed and excavated beneath a main valley. The characteristics of stored and dissipated energy associated with the panel excavations are examined and observed at different stages of shear strain in the fault to evaluate bump potential. Depending on the shear strain in the fault, the energy characteristics adjacent to the longwall panels present different degrees of bump potential, which is not possible to capture by conventional fault simulation using an interface.
Recent advances in chemistry of transuranium elements in non-aqueous media

Abstract The study of transuranium elements has remained vastly understudied in comparison to the rest of the periodic table, as the scarcity of research also parallels the smaller quantities of each element available when traversing the series. Previous research with these elements was mainly conducted under aqueous conditions, and albeit useful, this has left much to be discovered. This is because studying non-aqueous behavior of 5f-elements can lend to a much greater holistic understanding of the redox, coordination, and radiolytic properties these elements possess. However, a recent resurgence in actinide chemistry is reviving the field and we aim to highlight the current progress made in some of these areas during the last two decades, especially in the last few years. The chapter begins by examining solution behaviors of the transuranics and what is understood about their radiolytic effects in non-aqueous media. We follow this up by then examining many of the redox phenomena that have been observed, and then this is further followed by the isolation of some solid state compounds obtained from non-aqueous media. Throughout this chapter, many of the same concepts connect between each section and the intention is to demonstrate how interconnected these topics really are despite in many cases only isolated study. Additionally, we attempt to offer a pathway of understanding for future research and some applications.
“Producing” Politics in Wag the Dog

AbstractPolitical philosophy has long worried about the blurred line between politics and entertainment. Plato famously held that democratic politics is highly susceptible to manipulation working t...
Facile fabrication and formation mechanism of aluminum nanowire arrays.

Anodized alumina membranes (AAMs) have proven effective at making vertically-oriented and well-ordered metal nanowire arrays, which are useful in plasmonics and electrochemistry. Here, we produced Al nanowires via directed AAM pore nucleation: a patterned oxide mask on a flat Al surface directed where pores did and did not form, the pores acting to oxidize Al around the sites without pores. This left Al nanowires embedded in the AAM, and produced freestanding Al nanowires after etching the AAM. The nanowire tops had two distinct contours, smooth bowls and flat rough surfaces—suggesting that nanowires with bowl tops result from slow pore development relative to pattern-nucleated pores, not pore blockage as prior literature suggests. The observed low porosity of ~2%, as opposed to the more typical 10%, suggests pore nucleation in the electrolyte employed may need greater local variations in electric field or pH, possibly explaining the electrolyte's peculiar ability to make Al nanowires. Finally, a soft nano-imprint lithography process was developed here to pattern the mask without damaging the stamp, avoiding a stamp degradation problem in previous work that utilized hard nano-imprint lithography.
VIP interneurons selectively enhance weak but behaviorally-relevant stimuli

Abstract Vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons in cortex regulate feedback inhibition of pyramidal neurons through suppression of somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons and, reciprocally, SST neurons inhibit VIP neurons. Here, we show that VIP neurons in mouse primary visual cortex have complementary contrast tuning to SST neurons and respond synergistically to front-to-back visual motion and locomotion. Network modeling indicates that this VIP-SST mutual antagonism regulates the gain of cortex to achieve both sensitivity to behaviorally-relevant stimuli and network stability.
Morality is relative: Anger, disgust, and aggression as contingent responses to sibling versus acquaintance harm.

Angry reactions to moral violations should be heightened when wrongs befall oneself in comparison with when wrongs befall acquaintances, as prior research by Molho, Tybur, Guler, Balliet, and Hofmann (2017) demonstrates, because aggressive confrontation is inherently risky and therefore only incentivized by natural selection to curtail significant fitness costs. Here, in 3 preregistered studies, we extend this sociofunctional perspective to cases of wrongs inflicted on siblings. We observed equivalently heightened anger in response to transgressions against either oneself or one's sibling relative to transgressions against acquaintances across studies, whereas transgressions against acquaintances evoked greater disgust and/or fear (both associated with social avoidance) in 2 of the 3 studies. Studies 2 and 3, which incorporated measures of tendencies to confront the transgressor, confirmed that the elevated anger elicited by self or sibling harm partially mediated heightened inclinations toward direct aggression. Finally, in Study 3 we compared tendencies to experience anger and to directly aggress on behalf of siblings and close friends. Despite reporting greater affiliative closeness for friends than for siblings, harm to friends failed to evoke heightened anger relative to acquaintance harm, and participants were inclined to directly aggress against those who had harmed their sibling to a significantly greater extent than when the harm befell their friend. These overall results broadly replicate Molho et al.'s (2017) findings and theoretically extend the sociofunctionalist account of moral emotions to kinship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Matthew Reidsma. Masked by Trust: Bias in Library Discovery . Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press, 2019. 194p. Paper, $28.00 (ISBN 978-1-63400-083-3). LCCN 2019010995.

In his book, Masked by Trust: Bias in Library Discovery, Reidsma addresses the increasing use and misplaced trust in search engines, and how library software developers have integrated Google-like elements into discovery systems. Since libraries license these systems, users believe that they are more reliable than web, or general purpose, search engines. However, the author asserts that, since library discovery systems are created by people with biases, they are not as neutral as vendors and libraries claim. Reidsma references several important researchers throughout the text, such as Safiya Umoja Noble, Cathy O’Neil, Carole Cadwalladr, and others, who have published works regarding algorithmic bias. These, in addition to his own research into algorithms in library systems, help support the author’s assertion that library systems are not immune from bias, thereby making the case that even library systems are not neutral.
Some fuzzy measure modeled multi-criteria formulations

ABSTRACTWe first describe an approach to multi-criteria making which makes use of a fuzzy measure over the set of criteria to model the user expressed relationship between the criteria. Under this ...
An Orienteering Program for Blind and Visually Impaired Persons

Orienteering is a timed cross-country race using maps and compasses to reach checkpoints on an unfamiliar course. It can be used in conjunction with orientation and mobility programs to improve the...
Prevalence of Rheumatic Disorders in Geriatric Population

As the world population ages and life expectancy expands, the geriatric community needs special attention paid to the diseases which ail them. The elderly population is commonly affected by multiple rheumatic diseases which, in many cases, present in a unique pattern. It is the responsibility of the primary care providers and rheumatologists to recognize the symptoms and treat accordingly to minimize pain, maintain functional capability and reduce the economic burden these disease states may cause.
The furosemide stress test: current use and future potential

Loop diuretics are among the most widely used drugs worldwide and are commonly employed in the management of complications associated with acute kidney injury (AKI), namely volume overload and electrolyte management. The use of loop diuretics in critically ill patients with AKI is paramount to preventing or treating pulmonary edema. The naturetic response to a loop diuretic is based on its unique renal pharmacology. Our review article summarizes the pharmacology of furosemide in the intact nephron and discusses how this response might be altered by the presence of AKI. We discuss the increasing body of literature on the latest clinical utility of furosemide namely, it's challenge test, known as the furosemide stress test which has highlighted a new and novel role for furosemide over the past number of years. This test assists with the identification of AKI subjects at higher risk of AKI progression and the need for renal replacement therapy. The stress test can also predict cessation of continuous renal replacement therapy in patients with established AKI. On the basis of the evidence presented in this review, we propose future potential studies of furosemide in AKI.
Changing climates in a blue economy: Assessing the climate-responsiveness of Canadian fisheries and oceans policy

Abstract Climate change poses challenges to achieving sustainable ocean development, with particularly acute risk posed to coastal states and marginalized coastal users. International efforts to address these challenges include the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement and the UN 2030 Agenda. Further, some countries are refocusing their ocean programs to align with blue economy strategies globally. We look to Canada, an ocean nation developing a blue economy strategy, to examine the climate-responsiveness of their oceans policies. First, we identify climate change impacts on ecosystem services affecting each of Canada’s coasts through a document scan. Then, through a structured policy analysis, we examine whether Canadian fisheries and oceans policy are responsive to these impacts. Finally, we discuss how current policies do or do not address climate impacts on oceans and coasts in Canada, and how this focus, or lack thereof, will have an outsized impact on certain ocean sectors (e.g., inshore fisheries). Our findings show a policy landscape largely dependent on climate change action promoted in a few broad federal initiatives, with oceans-related climate action operating through area-based conservation measures and research and monitoring initiatives. We conclude with recommendations for Canada and similar ocean states to integrate climate and ocean policies across federal departments and ocean sectors by centering vulnerable coastal users in policy formulation. Given Canada’s rapid development of a blue economy strategy as a new governing framework for oceans policy, we recommend the strategy be guided by long-term sustainability goals that prioritize environmental and social sustainability over short-term economic growth.
Optical experiments and model validation of perturbed starshade designs at the Princeton starshade testbed

Starshades are a leading technology to enable the direct detection and spectroscopic characterization of Earth-like exoplanets. Critical starshade technologies are currently being advanced through the S5 Project and at the Princeton starshade testbed. We report on the conclusion of Milestone 2 of the S5 Project, optical model validation. We present results from optical experiments of starshades with intentional perturbations built into their design. These perturbations are representative of the type of perturbations possible in a flight design and serve as points of validation for diffraction models and error budgets. We show agreement between experiment and diffraction model that meets the Milestone 2 criteria of 25% agreement. We then place these results into the larger context of the design and error budget of a full scale starshade mission. We also present the latest updates to the development of non-scalar diffraction models relevant to the testing of sub-scale starshades. This work completes the optics-focused S5 technology milestones that put starshade technology at TRL 5.
Enhancing the activity of solid acid catalysts with supercritical reaction media: Experiments and theory

Publisher Summary The deactivation of solid acid catalysts by coking occurs because of the coke precursors that are formed either in the fluid phase or on the catalyst that have relatively low volatilities at the operating pressure and temperature. Supercritical media have been shown to offer a unique combination of solvent and transport properties for the in situ extraction of coke-forming compounds from porous catalysts. On employing 1-hexene isomerization on a Pt/γ–Al 2 O 3 reforming catalyst as a model reaction system, isomerization rates are maximized and deactivation rates are minimized when operating with near-critical reaction mixtures. The main reaction is the acid-catalyzed isomerization of 1-hexene. The model predicts that (1) near-critical reaction mixtures provide an optimum combination of transport and solvent properties for extracting coke precursors from the porous catalyst, thereby maximizing isomerization rates and minimizing catalyst deactivation rates and (2) the mitigation of feed peroxides and the addition of inert co-solvents significantly reduce oligomer formation in the fluid phase, thereby curtailing the coke formation rates.
Why Continental European Takeover Law Matters

This paper addresses the following question in the context of considering the recommendations of the High Level Group of Company Law Experts on Takeover Bids: Why does Continental European takeover law matter given the concentrated ownership structure of most Continental European firms? In answering this question, the paper discusses the interaction between takeover rules and ownership structure and the possible lessons that can be drawn from the British and American experience with takeover regulation. While a ban on the use of defensive tactics without shareholder approval (possibly in conjunction with a mandatory bid rule) can theoretically have the effect of either encouraging or discouraging the adoption of dispersed-ownership structures, the empirical evidence suggests that the former would be the more likely result. Moreover, the British and American experience highlights the importance of adopting a takeover regime earlier rather than later in time.
MscS‐Like Proteins in Plants

Publisher Summary Mechanotransduction is the process by which physical information about the extra‐ and intracellular environment is converted to a biochemical signal. The process of plants responding to mechanical stimuli has been under investigation since the work of Darwin, but a little is known about the molecules involved. Response to mechanical stimuli such as gravity, temperature, turgor pressure, and touch are important for plant growth and development. Tension‐responsive ion channel activities have been discovered in the plasma and vacuolar membranes of many plant species and plant cell types. Molecular genetic, electrophysiological, and phylogenetic analyses are beginning to reveal the process of mechanosensitive channel of small conductance (MscS)‐like proteins function in discrete cellular compartments, where they are implicated in the perception of membrane tension in Arabidopsis and Chlamydomonas . A comprehensive analysis of the eukaryotic members of the multiple MscS‐like gene family should provide insight into several aspects of basic plant biology.
Electron Microscopy of Archaea

Publisher Summary The information-processing systems of Archaea are surprisingly similar to, but much simpler than, the analogous systems in Eucarya. These similarities, discovered via genomics, indicate that the structural studies of Archaea may yield insights into the fundamental structures and mechanisms of the human branch in the tree of life. The small size of Archaea is an obstacle to their detailed structural study and generally precludes light microscopy. This chapter discusses the issues associated with the construction of three-dimensional (3D), full-cell models of a specific Archaeon at better than 10-nm resolution. Archaea must be prepared in some manner before imaging to withstand the rigors of the vacuum of the electron microscope. The two preparation technologies are either freezing alone [cryo- electron microscopy (EM)], or freezing followed by FS fixation, plastic embedding, and heavy metal staining. Cryo-EM holds the promise of structure elucidation without the artifacts that might be introduced by plastic embedding and heavy metal staining. However, at present, plastic embedding is the only technique that reproducibly allows the creation of full-cell 3D models by software-assisted segmentation.
A cognitive model of learning from examples

I am working on a project involving cognitive modeling. I am currently examining some of the types of study habits that cause students to learn most effectively. For this project we are focusing on students learning introductory physics. My current goal is to investigate an existing computer program called Cascade (VanLehn, Jones, & Chi, 1992), and evaluate its coverage of some recent psychological data on human learning. In past research Cascade was able to model psychological data on the “Self-Explanation Effect” (Chi, Bassok, Lewis, Reimann, & Glaser, 1989). I intend to use Cascade to explain new results (Renkl, Atkinson, & Maier, 2000) showing how student learning can depend on the particular presentation of examples and study problems. To summarize, Renkl et al. found that it is possible to increase the effectiveness of studying worked out examples, if the examples are gradually “faded” from fully worked out examples to increasingly more incomplete problems.
Titration studies on the active sites of pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase and yeast glutathione reductase as monitored by the charge transfer absorbance.

Macroscopic pKa values associated with the influence of pH on the visible spectrum of 2-electron reduced pig heart lipoamide dehydrogenase and yeast glutathione reductase have been determined by monitoring changes in the principal flavin band near 460 nm and the charge transfer band at 540 nm. The ionization of at least three active site amino acid side chains can influence the spectra over the range of pH studied the two nascent thiols (interchange thiol and electron transfer thiol) and the histidine residue which acts as the base catalyst in lipoamide dehydrogenase and the acid catalyst in glutathione reductase thiol-disulfide interchange reactions. These systems are analogous to, but more complex than, those in glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase and papain where a single thiol and a histidine residue in a relatively apolar milieu form a thiolate-imidazolium ion pair which is favored over the thiol-imidazole prototropic tautomer. In an effort tonearly mimic the papain titrations, the macroscopic pKa values were determined on reduced glutathione reductase which had been monoalkylated with iodoacetamide under conditions known to favor the reaction of the interchange thiol by at least 10 to 1 (Arscott, L. D., Thorpe, C., and Williams, C. H., Jr. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 1513-1520). Like papain and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, alkylated glutathione reductase showed two macroscopic pK, values, at pH 3.7 and pH 9.1, and by analogy, these were associated primarily with the thiol and the imidazole, respectively. Results with the native enzymes depended on the wavelength monitored. Glutathione reductase had pKa values at 4.8, 7.1, and 9.2 when monitored at 540 nm and 5.1 and 8.2 when monitored at 462 nm. Lipoamide dehydrogenase had pKa values at 4.4 and 8.7 when monitored at 529 nm and 3.9, 7.0, and 9.3 when monitored at 455 nm.
Process consistency and monetary reform: Some further evidence

Abstract In this paper we provide additional evidence that process consistency may have materialized as a restrictive constraint on the money generation process. In addition to recomputing the time series of process consistency probabilities using new data from the German case, we also supply our empirical technique to the data from the other hyperinflations studied by Cagan. The results are consistent with our earlier conclusions: in extreme hyperinflation, process consistency may have materialized as a restrictive constraint on the money generation process.
We modify each other’s lessons: the role of literacy work circles in developing professional community

To address teacher isolation in schools, more reform leaders are finding hope in establishing professional communities as a way to promote continuous school improvement. This case study presents one approach for developing teacher professional community: a teacher work circle. Using the characteristics of professional community created by Kruse, Louis, and Bryk, this case study describes a sixth-grade, middle school, teacher work circle addressing the problem of students reading in the content areas. This case suggests that the work circle approach may productively support professional community among teachers focused on instruction. This paper discusses implications for professional development and further supporting a social infrastructure of teaching colleagues.
Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients have an increased lifetime risk of repeat operations when compared to laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy patients

Although long-term data have been published on the complications after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB), laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is a relatively new procedure without a well-established long-term procedure-related morbidity profile. Our aim was to compare the 6-year data on re-operations occurring after and related to LRYGB versus LSG at a large academic bariatric center. Retrospective review of all the bariatric procedures at the Massachusetts General Hospital between 2009 and 2014. A total of 934 LRYGB and 553 LSG were performed. There were no significant differences in the gender, age, or BMI of the patients at the time of their index operations (p > 0.05 for all). A higher percentage of LRYGB patients required cholecystectomy as compared to LSG patients (5 vs. 2 %, X 2 = 8.63, p < 0.01). There was also a significant difference in the proportion of patients requiring re-operations for other reasons following LRYGB as compared to LSG (6.9 vs. 0.9 %, X 2 = 27.8, p < 0.01). A total of 32.8 % of these bypass patients underwent more than one re-operation, with a relative risk of 11.5 (95 % CI 4.69–28.5) as compared to those undergoing SG. A total of 9.3 % of secondary operations occurred at a mean of 1 month after the LRYGB for functional obstruction, with most of these cases related to a technical error. Other re-operations occurred in a delayed fashion, without a clearly identifiable intra-abdominal source in 22.2 %, due to adhesive bowel obstruction in 17.6 %, and internal hernia in 15.7 %. Non-healing ulcers and intussusception were responsible for a small percentage of re-operations (3.7 and 2.8 %). SG is associated with a relatively low rate of re-operations, while patients after LRYGB are at a significant long-term risk for multiple operative procedures.
Model for natural convective flow of visco-elastic nanofluid past an isothermal vertical plate

The present article addresses the classical problem of the natural convection flow past a vertical plate by considering visco-elastic nanofluid. The mathematical model is constructed by following the constitutive equations of the upper-convected Maxwell (UCM) fluid. The novel aspects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are taken into account. The recently proposed condition of passively controlled wall nanoparticle volume fraction is used. The shooting approach combined with the fourth-fifth-order Runge-Kutta integration procedure is utilized for computing the numerical solutions. The results are in agreement with the available studies in limiting sense. Our results indicate that the velocity profile is parabolic and it decreases with an increment in the visco-elastic parameter.
Angiotensin II Receptors in Bovine Adrenal Cortex: MODIFICATION OF ANGIOTENSIN II BINDING BY GUANYL NUCLEOTIDES

Abstract Angiotensin II binding to adrenal cortex receptors is inhibited with high specificity by GTP, 5'-guanilylimidophosphate, (Gpp(NH)p), and ITP. Half-maximum inhibition of angiotensin II binding is achieved with 1.6 x 10-7 m GTP in the presence of a nucleotide-regenerating system, and Gpp(NH)p is equally effective in the absence of the nucleotideregenerating system. Guanosine 3' : 5'-monophosphate, 5'GMP, ATP, and UTP demonstrate little or no inhibition at concentrations which were 1,000- to 10,000-fold higher than those of Gpp(NH)p or GTP. Inclusion of the guanyl nucleotides (GTP and Gpp(NH)p) in the binding assay leads to a lower steady state binding of the hormone to its receptor, and addition of these nucleotides to the binding assay at steady state leads to a rapid release of bound tracer angiotensin II. It is proposed that these actions of the guanyl nucleotides are based on a conformational change at the receptor level.
Growth and Rejection of Leukemia Cells in Individual Mice After Combined Treatment With Amphotericin B and 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea

We assayed the femoral marrows of individual AKR mice for leukemia colony-units (LCFU) after treatment with amphotericin B (AmB) and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) or with BCNU alone. No differences between the groups were noted in the first 7 days after treatment. All the mice treated with BCNU alone were dead by day 8, and all the survivors among the animals receiving AmB and BCNU retained high levels of LCFU for 2 more days; these LCFU were subsequently rejected by the host. By day 12, LCFU were undetectable. Histologic examination of organs from the same mice on day 5 showed fewer leukemia cells in the mice treated with the combination of agents. In all treatment groups, mice dying of leukemia early (by day 9) had systemic leukemia and most had central nervous system (CNS) involvement. All animals dying between days 10 and 14 had CNS leukemia, but few had systemic leukemia; at later times, though few animals died, they invariably had CNS leukemia without systemic involvement.
Recent compensation research: An eclectic review

Abstract The purpose of this article is to review the literature of compensation and compensation-related issues within the field of management. After reviewing 6867 articles included in 20 top journals over the past 7 years, 396 articles were found to be within the compensation domain. These compensation-related articles were grouped into 12 categories. Upon synthesis of these articles, we analyze the linkages across these categories and suggest areas for future research. We conclude with some observations on the current state of compensation research.
Creativity and the aspects of neuroticism

The personality trait neuroticism has two aspects, withdrawal and volatility, that are both associated with different forms of psychopathology. Specific psychopathological disorders have also been associated with increased creativity, implying that certain traits that make one more vulnerable to mental illness may also play a role in creative innovation. However, few studies have looked at the relation between the specific aspects of neuroticism and creativity. This study looked at creative achievement (measured by the Creative Achievement Questionnaire) and the aspects of neuroticism in three separate samples (total N = 720), after controlling for age, gender, intelligence, and openness. It found that volatility positively predicted creative achievement, especially in the arts, whereas withdrawal negatively predicted creative achievement. This suggests that the trait of volatility may account for some of the relationship between psychopathology and creativity.
Viewing Disease Progression Through a Bioluminescent Window

Bioluminescent markers for biological processes permit noninvasive detection in living animals, which can accelerate novel drug development, increase our understanding of gene regulation, and facilitate assessment of genetic therapies.
Acoustic correlates of English and French nasalized vowels

Acoustic analysis of nasalized vowels in the frequency domain indicates the presence of extra peaks: one between the first two formants with amplitude P1 and one at lower frequencies, often below the first formant, with amplitude P0. The first-formant amplitude A1 is also reduced relative to its amplitude for an oral vowel. These acoustic characteristics can be explained by speech production theory. The objective of this study was to determine the values for the acoustic correlates A1-P1 and A1-P0 (dB) for quantifying nasalization. They were tested as measures of nasalization by comparing vowels between nasal consonants and those between stop consonants for English speakers. Also, portions of nasal vowels following a stop consonant were compared for speakers of French, which makes a linguistic distinction between oral and nasal vowels. In the analysis of English, the mean difference of A1-P1 measured in oral vowels and nasalized vowels had a range of 10 dB–15 dB; the difference of A1-P0 had a range of 6 d...
An overview of the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease.

The pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is reviewed, focusing on an overview of the physiologic mechanisms that regulate mucus transport. A major emphasis is placed on the active transport systems that regulate the airway surface liquid (ASL) volume and, particularly, regulate the volume of the periciliary liquid (PCL) layer. A sequence is developed for CF whereby there is a depletion of the PCL that reflects the combined dysfunctions of accelerated Na(+)-dependent volume absorption and failure to secrete Cl(-). Both dysfunctions are a direct consequence of missing cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) at the apical membrane of airway epithelial cells. PCL depletion leads to failure of mucus transport, which is associated with persistent mucin secretion and formation of adherent mucus plaques and plugs. These plugs become the nidus for persistent bacterial airway infections that ultimately lead to a markedly anaerobic luminal environment.
The Statistical and Dimensionless-Time Analog to the Generalized Dykstra-Parsons Method

Statistical and graphic representation of the recently generalized Dykstra-Parsons vertical stratification analysis are presented for the injection constraints of constant rate and pressure. Waterflood performance parameters include the instantaneous reservoir water cut and the vertical coverage as functions of dimensionless real time and injection constraint for a complete range of mobility ratios and permeability variations. The layer permeabilities are log-normally distributed. The real times associated with the two injection constraints are reduced to dimensionless forms by use of reference times that are both rational and different for the respective injection constraints. The introduction of real time or dimensionless real time reveals the dramatic distinction in performance characteristics between the constant-injection-rate (CIR) and constant-injection-pressure (CIP) cases. Elimination of the time basis between the waterflood performance parameters masks the distinction between the two injection constraints and reduces the graphic solutions to those originally presented by Dykstra and Parsons without the inclusion of their severely restrictive recovery correlation. The relationship between complete vertical coverage and dimensionless time is shown to be a simple analytic function of the permeability variation statistic and the number of beds for the case of constant injection pressure.