cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limits of Learning-based Signature Generation with Adversaries.

Automatic signature generation is necessary because there may often be little time between the discovery of a vulnerability, and exploits developed to target the vulnerability. Much research effort has focused on patternextraction techniques to generate signatures. These have included techniques that look for a single large invariant substring of the byte sequences, as well as techniques that look for many short invariant substrings. Pattern-extraction techniques are attractive because signatures can be generated and matched efficiently, and earlier work has shown the existence of invariants in exploits. In this paper, we show fundamental limits on the accuracy of pattern-extraction algorithms for signaturegeneration in an adversarial setting. We formulate a framework that allows a unified analysis of these algorithms, and prove lower bounds on the number of mistakes any patternextraction learning algorithmmust make under common assumptions, by showing how to adapt results from learning theory. While previous work has targeted specific algorithms, our work generalizes these attacks through theoretical analysis to any algorithm with similar assumptions, not just the techniques developed so far. We also analyze when pattern-extraction algorithms may work, by showing conditions under which these lower bounds are weakened. Our results are applicable to other kinds of signature-generation algorithms as well, those that use properties of the exploit that can be manipulated.
Proprioceptive Reflexes Change when an Insect Assumes an Active, Learned Posture

Imposed changes in activity of a joint angle receptor of the locust leg, the metathoracic femoral chordotonal organ, produce variable, phasic reflex responses in a leg extensor motoneurone in untrained animals. After training the locust to maintain a posture in extension beyond a minimum required joint angle, these reflexes are consistently tonic and excitatory. This plasticity of reflex responsiveness permits the locust to couple motoneurone firing to afferent activity when receptor input is behaviourally relevant.
Pedagogic challenges in information retrieval - teaching mathematics to postgraduate information science students

Understanding of mathematics is needed to underpin the process of search, either explicitly with Exact Match (Boolean logic, adjacency) or implicitly with Best match natural language search. In this paper I outline some pedagogical challenges in teaching mathematics for information retrieval to postgraduate information science students. The aim is to take these challenges either found by experience or in the literature, to identify both theoretical and practical ideas in order to improve the delivery of the material and positively affect the learning of the target audience. Some ideas are put forward to resolve these issues and to promote discussion.
Electrophysiological studies in principal cells of rat cortical collecting tubules. ADH increases the apical membrane Na+-conductance.

The mechanism of ion transport across principal cells of rat cortical collecting tubules (CCT) and its regulation by vasopressin (ADH) has been studied in the isolated perfused tubule. To amplify the response to ADH rats were treated with 5 mg I. M. desoxycorticosterone 4–9 days prior to the experiments. Addition of 2·10−10 mol·1−1 ADH increased the transepithelial voltage from −5.1 ±0.7 mV to −16.1±1.4 mV (n=37) and decreased the transepithelial resistance from 51±4 Ω cm2 to 39±2 Ω cm2 (n=33). Optical and functional differentiation of impalements of principal and intercalated cells was made and only data of principal cells are presented. ADH depolarized the apical membrane from 79±1 mV to 66±2 mV (n=26) and decreased the fractional resistance of the apical membrane from 0.76±0.04 to 0.70±0.04 (n=13). These ADH effects were prevented by 10−5 or 10−4 mol·1−1 luminal amiloride which hyperpolarized the apical membrane when added in the presence or absence of ADH. Apical and basolateral membranes were dominated by large K+ conductances and addition of 3 mmol·1−1 barium to bath or lumen perfusates increased transepithelial resistance almost two-fold, whereas luminal amiloride increased the transepithelial resistance only by 26–35%. Ouabain (0.5 mmol·1−1, bath) depolarized the basolateral membrane and decreased its K+ conductance. These effects were prevented by the simultaneous presence of apical amiloride suggesting that the only route of Na+ entry into the principal cells occurred via the amiloride sensitive Na+ conductance. We conclude that ADH stimulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the rat CCT primarily by increasing the Na+ conductance in the apical cell membrane.
Coordinate invariant states for quantum gravity in 2 + 1 dimensions

Abstract The coordinate invariant functionals ψ [ g ij ( x )] are constructed in 2 space dimensions. The superhamiltonian constraint is explicitly rewritten as an operator equation acting on the ψ's.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Turf Toe Injuries in Intercollegiate Football: Data From the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System

Background:Turf toe is the general term for a sprain of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint complex. Previously attributed to shoe design and artificial turf, the incidence of turf toe injury has been thought to decline with the advent of newer turf designs. However, the current incidence and epidemiology remain unknown as the majority of the literature consists of small series and addresses diagnosis and treatment rather than epidemiology and prevention.Methods:We examined data from the NCAA’s Injury Surveillance System (ISS) for 5 football seasons (2004-2005 through 2008-2009), including all preseason, regular season, and postseason practice and competition data. The incidence, epidemiology, and risk factors for turf toe injury, defined as injury to the connective tissue of the first MTP joint, plantar plate complex, and/or sesamoid fracture, were determined.Results:The overall incidence of turf toe injuries in NCAA football players was 0.062 per 1000 athlete-exposures (A-Es; 95% CI 0.052, 0.072)....
Information Technology, the Organization of Production, and Regional Development

Information technology (IT) was conventionally viewed as a process that affects the spatial organization of production significantly yet has little impact on technical and managerial structures. Sp...
The lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, in the Menominee River, Wisconsin-Michigan

The Menominee River is the boundary between the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and northeastern Wisconsin. It contains one of the few fishable lake sturgeon populations remaining in either state. Two sections of the river harbor naturally reproducing sturgeon stocks. Dams at either end of these sections curtail upstream movement of fish; however, some sturgeon move downstream over the dams. Surveys conducted in 1969 and 1970 and again in 1978 and 1979 intensively studied the sturgeons in a 42 km stretch of the river. Mark and recapture estimates of the number of sturgeon longer than 25 cm in this section ranged from 1884 to 2865. The number of fish longer than 107 cm ranged from 185 to 243. An estimate of 2834 sturgeon between 25 and 165 cm was made on a different 34 km stretch in 1979. Censuses on the hook and line fishery in 1969 and 1970 estimated sturgeon harvests of 59 and 48 fish, respectively. In 1974, the size limit was raised from 107 to 127 cm. Harvests of these larger fish were estimated at 19 and 41 in 1981 and 1982, respectively. Some other characteristics of the sturgeons and the fishery on the Menominee are also included.
On the buckling of cracked composite cylindrical shells under axial compression

Potential sensitivity of the buckling behavior of cracked composite cylindrical shells to service life cracking is explored by carrying out linear buckling analysis. Computational models of cracked composite cylindrical shells are developed by exploiting a special meshing scheme in which the element size is reduced incrementally from the element size employed in the uncracked region by approaching the crack tip. The effect of crack size and orientation, as well as the composite ply angle on the buckling behavior of cylindrical shells under axial compression is investigated. The results provide some insight into designing a composite laminate, which enhances the load capacity of cylindrical shells and minimizes their potential sensitivity to the presence of defects.
Expressions of disciplinarity and individuality in a multimodal genre

Abstract Recent research has illuminated some of the ways in which multilingual writers project multiple identities in their writing, conveying disciplinary allegiances as well as more personal expressions of individuality. Such work has focused on the writers’ uses of various verbal expressions, but has to this point overlooked the ways in which they manipulate the visual mode as a means for identity expression. The present study examines expressions of identity in a corpus of multimodal texts written by four multilingual graduate student writers. I consider how the writers’ uses of various verbal and visual expressions in their Microsoft PowerPoint presentation slides project both disciplinarity and individuality and how each individual's habitus has been influenced by both the discourses they have encountered and their personal reactions towards those discourses.
Fructose vs. glucose in total parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients

Wie kritisch kranke Patienten im Postaggressionsstoffwechsel parenteral ernahrt werden sollen ist nach wie vor Gegenstand zahlreicher Diskussionen. Insbesondere wird kontrovers erortert, ob Glukose allein oder zusammen mit Fruktose bzw. anderen Polyolen unter Berucksichtigung der traumabedingten Veranderungen im Glukosestoffwechsel als Kalorientrager appliziert werden soll und ob Fett als Bestandteil jedes parenteralen Ernahrungsprogramms verabreicht werden kann. Zur Objektivierung dieser Fragestellung wurde im Rahmen einer prospektiv, randomisierten Studie bei 20 aseptischen Patienten einer operativen Intensivstation das Stoffwechselverhalten unter differenten Ernahrungsbedingungen eingehend untersucht. In einem zehnstundigen Untersuchungszeitraum wurde bei isokalorischer (Kohlenhydrate: 0,25 g/kg KG/h, Fett: 0,166 g/kg KG/h) und isonitrogener (Aminosauren: 0,0625 g/kg KG/h) Gesamtzufuhr der unterschiedliche Einflus eines Glukose-/Fett- vs. Fruktose-/Fett-Regimes auf verschiedene Parameter des Kohlenhydrat- und Fettstoffwechsels verglichen. Anhand eines signifikant geringeren Blutglukose- (Anstieg gegenuber Ausgangswert: Glukose-/Fett: p<0,001; Fruktose-/Fett: n.s.) und Insulinanstiegs (Anstieg gegenuber Ausgangswert: Glukose-/Fett: p<0,001; Fruktose-/Fett: p<0,01) lies sich eine den Glukosestoffwechsel kaum beeinflussende Wirkung der Fruktose nachweisen. Eine Beeintrachtigung der Glukoseverwertung durch gleichzeitige Fettapplikation lies sich unabhangig davon, ob die Patienten primar Glukose oder Fruktose erhielten, nicht beobachten. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse haben gezeigt, das wahrend des sog. Postaggressionsstoffwechsels die gleichzeitige Verabreichung von Fruktose und Fett die Glukosehomoostase signifikant weniger beeinflust als die Applikation von Glukose als Energietrager.
SSB as an organizer/mobilizer of genome maintenance complexes

When duplex DNA is altered in almost any way (replicated, recombined, or repaired), single strands of DNA are usually intermediates, and single-stranded DNA binding (SSB) proteins are present. These proteins have often been described as inert, protective DNA coatings. Continuing research is demonstrating a far more complex role of SSB that includes the organization and/or mobilization of all aspects of DNA metabolism. Escherichia coli SSB is now known to interact with at least 14 other proteins that include key components of the elaborate systems involved in every aspect of DNA metabolism. Most, if not all, of these interactions are mediated by the amphipathic C-terminus of SSB. In this review, we summarize the extent of the eubacterial SSB interaction network, describe the energetics of interactions with SSB, and highlight the roles of SSB in the process of recombination. Similar themes to those highlighted in this review are evident in all biological systems.
Generation and characterization of rhodium carbonyls formed on silica and alumina under mild conditions

Abstract The effect of the metal precursor on the surface structure of rhodium supported on SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 and treated under very mild conditions was examined. For both SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 supports, the mild conditions used produced samples with properties different from those that have heretofore been reported. Rh(I) on SiO 2 was obtained by sublimation of [Rh(CO) 2 Cl] 2 and by mild reduction under CO of RhCl 3 SiO 2 and of ( RhNO 3 ) 3 SiO 2 . In each case, three v (CO) IR bands (two strong and one weak) were obtained with frequency and intensity patterns that closely matched those for molecular dirhodium complexes such as [Rh(CO) 2 Cl] 2 and [Rh(CO) 2 OSiMe 3 ] 2 , indicating a dinuclear structure on the SiO 2 surface. Solvent extraction results led to the conclusion that if a dicarbonyl species was generated with ( RhNO 3 ) 3 SiO 2 it was in the form [Rh(CO 2 O s ] 2 (where O s is a surface oxide), while direct sublimation of [Rh(CO) 2 Cl] 2 onto SiO 2 and reduction of RhCl 3 SiO 2 both formed physisorbed [Rh(CO) 2 Cl] 2 that could be extracted readily from the surface into pentane. The [Rh(CO) 2 Cl] 2 absorbed on pretreated Al 2 O 3 behaved differently. Three v (CO) IR bands initially evident (two strong and one weak) displayed a pattern different from that for the parent dirhodium complex. The weak band vanished within an hour while the two strong bands remained. The remaining bands were indistinguishable from the v (CO) bands reported for monomeric surface Rh i (CO) 2 species derived from RhCl 3 Al 2 O 3 and Rh(NO 3 ) 3 Al 2 O 3 , while the short-lived species identified with the weak band is proposed to be a monocarbonyl of Rh(I). Pretreatment of the Al 2 O 3 at 800 °C produced a sample with shifted v (CO) bands and color much different from that for other samples studied. The formation of the proposed monocarbonyl and the different behavior after 800 °C pretreatment are discussed in terms of the role of Cl and Lewis acid sites.
Seed production is reduced by small population size in natural populations of the invasive grass Lolium multiflorum

As founders of new invasions or survivors of control efforts, small populations can play important roles in biological invasions. Theory and models have explored how population size can affect invasion probability and dynamics. In contrast, there have been few studies of small population size and invasions in the wild, especially for plants. Here, we identified 21 naturally-occurring small populations of the invasive annual grass Lolium multiflorum to elucidate the effects of population size on plant reproduction and potential invasiveness. We compared seed production of focal plants to three attributes of the population: population size, a focal plant’s floret neighborhood (a measure of the size and pollen production of nearby potential pollen donors), and focal plant size. Population size and floret neighborhood were weighted by inter-plant distance to account for variation in density and spatial arrangement. Variation among populations in the proportion of florets producing a seed was explained by population size and floret neighborhood. In contrast, the focal plant’s size did not significantly affect the seed production proportion. A decrease in reproduction due to the size and density of the population (while accounting for maternal size) is an Allee effect, which may limit the ability to predict invasion risks and rates early in the invasion process, particularly if the effect is not recognized.
Predation and the cost of replication: New approaches to malware prevention?

Computer viruses and worms are often compared to their biological counterparts. Researchers in the field speak of ''infection'', ''innate immunity'' and ''epidemics'' - all expressions with distinctly biological connotations. However, despite the similarity of language, there are marked and important differences between computer viruses and their biological namesake. In this paper, some of the most critical differences are examined, and an illustration of how they may limit the application of biologically inspired defenses to computer virus spread is given. Furthermore, due to our historical lack of success in containing computer virus outbreaks, we apply a different biological metaphor to the problem: that of predator and prey. In particular, we focus on the issue of the cost of predation, and note that the essentially ''free'' predation computer viruses enjoy limits the applicability of biological analogies of protection in the global computing infrastructure.
Oxygen sensitive microwells

Oxygen tension is critical in a number of cell pathways but is often overlooked in cell culture. One reason for this is the difficulty in modulating and assessing oxygen tensions without disturbing the culture conditions. Toward this end, a simple method to generate oxygen-sensitive microwells was developed through embossing polystyrene (PS) and platinum(II) octaethylporphyrin ketone (PtOEPK) thin films. In addition to monitoring the oxygen tension, microwells were employed in order to isolate uniform clusters of cells in microwells. The depth and width of the microwells can be adapted to different experimental parameters easily by altering the thin film processing or embossing stamp geometries. The thin oxygen sensitive microwell substrate is also compatible with high magnification modalities such as confocal imaging. The incorporation of the oxygen sensor into the microwells produces measurements of the oxygen tension near the cell surface. The oxygen sensitive microwells were calibrated and used to monitor oxygen tensions of Madin–Darby Canine Kidney Cells (MDCKs) cultured at high and low densities as a proof of concept. Wells 500 µm in diameter seeded with an average of 330 cells exhibited an oxygen level of 12.6% whereas wells seeded with an average of 20 cells per well exhibited an oxygen level of 19.5%, a 35.7% difference. This platform represents a new tool for culturing cells in microwells in a format amenable to high magnification imaging while monitoring the oxygen state of the culture media.
Thermal degradation at 393 K of poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) containing a hindered amine stabilizer: a study by 1D and 2D electron spin resonance imaging (ESRI) and ATR–FTIR

Electron spin resonance imaging (ESRI) was developed in our laboratory as a method for spatial and spectral profiling of radicals formed during polymer degradation. We present the application of this approach to the study of thermal degradation at 393 K of poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) containing 1 or 2% w/w Tinuvin 770 as the hindered amine stabilizer (HAS). The spatial distribution of the HAS-derived nitroxide radicals, obtained by 1D ESRI, was homogeneous at short treatment times but became heterogeneous after treatment times ⩾ 70 h. The spatial variation of the ESR line shapes with sample depth was visualized by 2D spectral–spatial ESRI. Nondestructive (“virtual”) slicing of the 2D images resulted in a series of ESR spectra along the sample depth, which were used to deduce the relative intensity of nitroxide radicals present in two distinct sites. The two sites represent radicals located in butadiene-rich and SAN-rich domains, respectively. Taken together, 1D and 2D ESRI allowed the determination of the extent of degradation within morphologically-distinct domains as a function of sample depth and treatment time. The conclusions from the ESRI experiments were substantiated by attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy of the outer layer (500 μm thick) of the polymer. Comparison of the two techniques suggested that the advantage of the ESRI method is its ability to provide mechanistic details on the early stages of the ageing process. ESRI and FTIR data indicated that the larger Tinuvin 770 content in the polymer, 2%, leads to less efficient stabilization.
Academic Librarians' Jobtype and Contact with Information Sources.

The jobtype of an academic librarian appears to be an important determinant as to his/her corresponding contacts with various types of information sources. Administrators contact substantially more information sources than do public service librarians, who, in turn, contact more information sources than technical service librarians. Contacts with information sources may be a useful means to describe the nature of an employee's position not only in terms of routineness, but other organizational characteristics as well.
Gas phase elemental mercury: A comparison of LIF detection techniques and study of the kinetics of reaction with the hydroxyl radical

Abstract We have examined the sensitivity of single and sequential two-photon laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) techniques for the detection of elemental mercury, Hg(0), in the gas phase. Single photon LIF involves excitation of the 6 3 P 1 –6 1 S 0 transition at 253.7 nm, followed by observation of resonance fluorescence. Sequential two-photon techniques follow the initial 6 3 P 1 –6 1 S 0 excitation with a second excitation step to either the 7 1 S 0 or 7 3 S 1 levels followed by observation of blue or red shifted fluorescence. We have examined four variants of these approaches which all exceed the sensitivity of single photon LIF. The most sensitive detection approach involves the initial 253.7 nm excitation followed by excitation of the 7 1 S 0 –6 3 P 1 transition at 407.8 nm. Fluorescence is observed on the 6 1 P 1 –6 1 S 0 transition at 184.9 nm. Using this approach, our limits of detection are 0.1 ng m−3 with a 10 s integration time in air. We have also examined the effects of saturation, quenching and line-width on detection sensitivity. We have used the pulsed laser photolysis–pulsed laser-induced fluorescence (PLP-PLIF) technique to study the kinetics of the reaction of elemental mercury with the hydroxyl radical under atmospheric conditions at 298 K. We see no evidence for reaction and obtain an upper limit of 1.2×10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for the rate coefficient.
Early recognition of hepatic portal vein gas on CT with appropriate surgical intervention improves patient survival

Historically, hepatic portal vein gas has been linked with a dismal prognosis. However, in the last 3 decades, identification of hepatic portal vein gas has undergone a transition from late recognition on roentgenograms to earlier identification on computed tomography scan. The 5 patients in this case series were found to harbor hepatic portal vein gas identified using computed tomography scan. Eighty percent of the patients had concomitant pathology identified by computed tomography, felt to be the cause of the hepatic portal vein gas. All patients were taken to the operating room for exploration and resection of the offending pathology. All 5 patients survived. We suggest that early recognition using computed tomography scan, with appropriate operative intervention, improves the chance for patient survival when hepatic portal vein gas is identified.
Abstract IA28: Haploinsufficiency in cancer

Breast cancer is a collection of diseases with distinct clinical behaviors and underlying genetic causes. We have searched genetically for genes that have cancer relevant phenotypes including genes that alter cellular proliferation, cellular transformation, cell survival, cellular senescence, and genes that are essential for the proliferation of cancer cells. We have approached this by the generation of libraries of shRNAs for loss of function experiments and libraries of ORFs for gain of function experiments. We will discuss these technologies and how they can be applied to the functional dissection of genes important for breast cancer. Using these new technologies we have identified new oncogenes and tumor suppressors. We find that tumor cells selectively delete negative growth regulators and suggest that the deletion of clusters of these genes may drive tumorigenesis by haploinsufficiency. These recurrent deletions also avoid deletion of one copy of many essential genes through haploinsufficiency. We put forward the Cancer Gene Island model that postulates that tumors select for hemizygous loss of islands of gene enriched in negative regulators of proliferation and depleted in essential genes to promote tumor cell proliferation through cumulative haploinsufficiency. Citation Format: Teresa Davoli, Nicole L. Solimini, Natalya N. Pavlova, Qikai Xu, Kristen Mengwasser, Laura M. Sack, Anthony C. Liang, Michael R. Schlabach, Ji Luo, Anna E. Burrows, Anthony N. Anselmo, Mamie Z. Li, Stephen J. Elledge. Haploinsufficiency in cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr IA28.
An Unusually Benign Course of Extensive Posterior Circulation Occlusion

Background Acute basilar artery occlusion is associated with poor outcome. In a few cases, occlusion occurs over a period allowing adequate collateral circulation to the posterior fossa. We describe a rare presentation with transient loss of consciousness (LOC) in a patient with extensive occlusion of the posterior circulation. Methods Case report. Results We describe a 70-year-old right-handed man with a history significant for atrial fibrillation and dolichoectasia of the basilar artery. Fourteen years ago, he had a small infarction in the pons resulting in right hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance angiogram at that time showed mild intracranial atherosclerosis. He was treated with warfarin for secondary stroke prevention. He presented to our emergency department after a witnessed spell of LOC after a large meal. On regaining consciousness, he had 2 episodes of emesis. Examination revealed only a spastic right hemiparesis from the old stroke in the pons. Cerebral angiogram showed absent flow in the mid and distal basilar arteries, both posterior cerebral arteries, and both posterior communicating arteries with bilateral stenoses of internal carotid arteries. His international normalized ratio in the emergency department was 1.1. He was treated with intravenous heparin and did well. Three months later, he underwent stent treatment of the worsening stenosis (90%) of the right internal carotid artery. Conclusions Occasionally, collateral circulation has the potential to maintain adequate perfusion to the posterior fossa in severe cases of posterior circulation occlusion and diffuse intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Careful patient selection is essential before planning any endovascular intervention.
A Performance Assessment of a Tactical Airborne Separation Assistance System using Realistic, Complex Traffic Flows

This paper presents the results from a study that investigates the performance of a tactical Airborne Separation Assistance System (ASAS) in en route airspace, under varying demand levels, with realistic traffic flows. The ASAS concept studied here allows flight crews of equipped aircraft to perform separation from other air traffic autonomously. This study addresses the tactical aspects of an ASAS using aircraft state data (i.e. position and velocity) to detect and resolve projected conflicts. In addition, use of a conflict prevention system helps ASAS-equipped aircraft avoid maneuvers that may cause new conflicts. ASAS-capable aircraft are equipped with satellite-based navigation and Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) for transmission and receipt of aircraft state data. In addition to tactical conflict detection and resolution (CD&R), a complete, integrated ASAS is likely to incorporate a strategic CD&R component with a longer look-ahead time, using trajectory intent information. A system-wide traffic flow management (TFM) component, located at the FAA command center helps aircraft to avoid regions of excessive traffic density and complexity. A Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS), as used today is the system of last resort. This integrated approach avoids sole reliance on the use of the tactical CD&R studied here, but the tactical component remains a critical element of the complete ASAS. The focus of this paper is to determine to what extent the proposed tactical component of ASAS alone can maintain aircraft separation at demand levels up to three times that of current traffic. The study also investigates the effect of mixing ASAS-equipped aircraft with unequipped aircraft (i.e. current day) that do not have the capability to self-separate. Position and velocity data for unequipped aircraft needs to be available to ASASequipped. Most likely, for this future concept, state data would be available from instrument flight rules (IFR) aircraft, equipped with at least ADS-B transmission capability. The objective is to reduce the number of losses of separation to a minimum and investigate the limits of tactical-only CD&R. Thus, the objective is not, expressly, to achieve zero losses of separation with tactical ASAS because this is one component of an integrated ASAS.
The Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle Is Spared from MuRF1-Mediated Muscle Atrophy in Mice with Acute Lung Injury

Background Skeletal muscle wasting in acute lung injury (ALI) patients increases the morbidity and mortality associated with this critical illness. The contribution of laryngeal muscle wasting to these outcomes is unknown, though voice impairments and aspiration are common in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors. We evaluated the intrinsic laryngeal abductor (PCA, posterior cricoarytenoid), adductor (CT, cricothyroid) and limb (EDL, extensor digitorum longus) muscles in a mouse model of ALI.
MULTI-MODE ANALYSIS OF BEAM-LIKE STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO DISPLACEMENT-DEPENDENT DRY FRICTION DAMPING

Abstract A multi-mode analysis of a beam-like structure undergoing transverse vibration and subjected to a displacement-dependent force is conducted. The system model uses a ramp configuration to increase the normal force of the dry friction damper proportional to the beam's transverse displacement. The system is studied by using harmonic balance as an approximate analytical solution and then by using a time integration method. Interesting findings include the appearance of internal resonance peaks when multiple beam modes are considered. Also, as with the earlier single-degree-of-freedom study, two dynamic response solutions exist at certain parameter values. It is found that the ability to control the amplitude of the response is a function of the frequency range considered. In general, near modal resonance peaks, the amplitude of the response decreases with increasing ramp angle. However, in an “overlapping” region between resonance peaks, the amplitude of the response actually increases with increasing ramp angle. It is also found that the damping contribution from the displacement-dependent dry friction damper is “linear structural-like” in nature and relatively insensitive to the amplitude of the response. This result suggests that in the case of turbine or compressor blades, this type of damping arrangement may be effective in the suppression of flutter.
Katznelson's Working Within the System Now

Germany has been reunified. The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe have fractured into ethnically defined nationalist republics trying to dismantle decades of communist political and economic structures and replace them with free markets and free marketplaces of ideas. It seems only fitting that Ira Katznelson should publically embrace liberal political theory with a new "zest for political engagement," enthusiastically endorsing the old liberal vision of political science as a discipline, and thrusting both onto labor historians as the perfect solution to political and epistemological crises in their field. In response, I would say to Katznelson, "You're work ing within the system now, but do we all need to?" Even more significantly, did the working-class populations we study operate within a liberal frame work sufficiently enough to make liberal, state-centered concerns?the relationships and negotiations between actors in civil society (particularly articulated through unions and parties) and the liberal state?the "most potent tools" for political and historical analysis? Katznelson's paper is admirable in many ways: in its sweep of many relevant literatures, in its incisive analysis of the theoretical tensions under lying the recent crisis in labor history, in its pugnacious insistence that labor historians not rest on their laurels, and in its openness about the author's own political commitments. In declaring himself out of the closet and proud to be a card-carrying liberal, Katznelson effectively moves us be yond the limits of the Marxist test for doing labor history, which too often has subjected historians and their subjects to an absurd kind of loyalty oath. Labor historians today as well as laboring men and women in history, it is frequently assumed, only operate within a narrow range of class conscious ideology and behavior. Although my own analyses of historical events in American history in fact have pointed to the persistent force of social class as identity and reality, I nonetheless reject any a priori assump tion that working-class experience can always be understood as a function of class consciousness. Hence, I applaud the way Katznelson is opening up possibilities for historical analysis and loosening the noose labor historians have perhaps unintentionally hung around their own necks. It is this appreciation for the way Katznelson has liberated labor histo rians from the necessity of subjecting their analyses to a political test that makes me suspicious of what he advocates replacing it with. Presumably, a truly liberal program for historical inquiry would fulfill Katznelson's own call for "intellectual variety"?a willingness "to embrace diversity in social analysis by way of a playful multidimensionality . . . [and] to rotate axes of
Low-energy lepton violation from supersymmetric flipped SU(5).

We construct a supersymmetric flipped SU(5)\AA{}U(1) model which violates $R$ parity and electron number at low energies, through a superpotential term $\frac{1}{2}{C}^{\mathrm{ijk}}{L}_{i}{L}_{j}{E}_{k}^{c}$. Rotation of the electron and Higgs superfields makes this term also responsible for charged-lepton masses. The model employs a missing-partners mechanism for the Higgs fields and a seesaw mechanism for the neutrinos. It correctly predicts the approximate electron mass and several mass relations, as well as numerical values for the grand unification scale and the ${C}^{\mathrm{ijk}}$ coefficients. The electron-neutrino Majorana mass is close to experimental limits, and provides constraints. Interesting ${Z}^{0}$ decays are predicted: e.g., ${Z}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{e}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ with invariant mass peaks in the ($e, \ensuremath{\mu}$) channels.
Guidelines for creating a food safety HACCP program in zoos or aquaria

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) monitoring system has been used traditionally to increase quality control in human food production operations and there is pressure to implement it at the producer and purchaser levels of the food chain. Recently, the concept of HACCP monitoring has extended to food fed to domestic animals. Captive wildlife facilities, such as zoos and aquaria, would benefit from a well-organized, food safety and nutritional monitoring system. Zoos and aquaria spend significant resources in time and money on maintaining the health of their animals; much of this energy is focused on disease prevention and adequate nutrition. The result of these combined efforts is the implementation of a HACCP program in zoo food management. Although zoo food handling standards have been implemented through the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) accreditation process, food borne disease outbreaks and malnutrition still exist. By implementing an organized approach to monitoring the quality of food delivered to the animals, the safety and nutritional value of the foods will increase, while decreasing the financial loss due to food waste and time spent caring for ill animals. This report provides a framework for implementing a HACCP program into the food preparation and handling system of zoos and aquaria. Zoo Biol 0:1–11, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sleep disturbances in the elderly residing in assisted living: findings from the Maryland Assisted Living Study

Introduction A majority of the elderly suffer from some sort of sleep disturbance. Common sleep disturbances are insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness. There are no published studies on the prevalence of sleep disturbance in the assisted living (AL) setting. Objective To estimate the prevalence, types, and associations of sleep disturbance in a stratified random sample of AL residents, and to explore the effect of sleep disturbance on cognitive and physical functioning, as assessed by the Mini- Mental State Exam (MMSE) and the Psychogeriatric Dependency Rating Scale (PGDRS). Methods Participants were 198 randomly selected assisted living residents in 22 Maryland facilities. Participants were rated on an 11-item sleep questionnaire regarding insomnia and daytime sleepiness. Results Sleep disturbance was present in 69% of residents, insomnia (IN) in 42% and excessive daytime sleepiness (DS) in 34.6%. IN and DS scores were not significantly correlated(r = 0.10, p = 0.19). Use of hypnotics, sedating antidepressants, and depression were associated with insomnia. Depression and poor general medical health were associated with daytime sleepiness. On a cognitive task (Mini Mental State Examination) participants with insomnia only out-performed participants with no sleep disturbance and daytime sleepiness; on a measure of physical function (PsychoGeriatric Dependency Rating Scale- physical domain), participants with insomnia fared better than those with daytime sleepiness only and those with both insomnia and daytime sleepiness. Participants with DS only performed worse on both measures compared to those with no sleep disturbance, those with insomnia only, and those with both insomnia and daytime sleepiness. Conclusion The prevalence of sleep disturbance in AL is similar to that reported in nursing homes. Daytime sleepiness is associated with poorer cognitive and day-to-day functioning, while insomnia is associated with better outcomes. Effective management of DS may lead to improved functioning in the AL residents. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Site-Bond Correlated-Percolation Problem: A Statistical Mechanical Model of Polymer Gelation

A new model for polymer gelation is presented that predicts new effects that can not be derived from the conventional theory of Flory and Stockmayer. An exact solution is obtained for the Bethe lattice, and is related to recent experimental results of Tanaka. Under certain conditions, the gelation curve terminates at the consolute point; at this point, both connectivity and concentration fluctuations are critical, just as in the random magnet at the percolation threshold.
Converting Carboys into Jars and Aquaria

(1954). Converting Carboys into Jars and Aquaria. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 139-140.
Drop Axis Ratios from a 2D Video Disdrometer

Abstract Results from an experiment to measure the drop shapes using a 2D video disdrometer (2DVD) are reported. Under calm conditions, drops were generated from a hose located on a bridge 80 m above ground, this height being sufficient to allow drop oscillations to reach a steady state. The disdrometer data had to be carefully processed so as to eliminate the drops mismatched by the instrument and to remove the system spreading function. The total number of drops analyzed was around 115 000. Their axis ratio distributions were obtained for diameters ranging from 1.5 to 9 mm. The mean axis ratio decreases with increasing drop diameter, in agreement with the upper bound of the Beard and Chuang equilibrium shape model. The inferred mode of oscillation appears to be dominated by the oblate–prolate axisymmetric mode for the diameter range of 1.5 to 9 mm. The mean axis ratio agrees well with two empirically fitted formulas reported in earlier studies. In addition, a linear fit was applied to the data for radar...
Separate Prices as a Marketing Tool

Abstract This paper emphasizes the importance of price differentials, charging different customers different prices for the same product or service, as a means of introducing flexibility into industrial pricing. Managerial, legal, and ethical aspects of this practice are discussed. Results of a survey of the awareness levels, attitudes, and behavior of industrial marketing managers are summarized. The study concludes that differentials are widely used, and are viewed quite favorably by managers. They are not well-managed, however, in part due to a failure to appreciate the underlying rationale for charging differential prices.
High-resistivity silicon photodiode arrays for x-ray detection

Presented is a method to build silicon multi-pixel x-ray detectors for use on the Argonne National Laboratory's Advanced Photon Source x-ray synchrotron. These detectors are PIN diodes constructed using heavily doped oxide sources. The construction method chosen helps reduce the background leakage current and allows for a minimum of process steps. We discuss test results of the characterization of the sensors.
A nonlinear physiologic pharmacokinetic model: I. Steady-state

The two-compartment model of Rowland et al.,(2) has been extended by replacing first order elimination with Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics. All of the equations for steady-state concentrations and clearances for zero order (constant rate) input orally (into compartment #2) and intravenously (into compartment #1) are derived and reported. The steady-state concentration in compartment #1, following intravenous administration, is shown to be a nonlinear function of maximal velocity of metabolism, Vm,the Michaelis constant, Km,and liver blood flow, Q;and, following oral administration is dependent only upon Vmand Kmand is independent of Q.However, oral bioavailability is a function of Vm, Km,and Q.The model allows physiologic pharmacokinetic interpretation of both linear and nonlinear data; and, together with simple modification of the model, can explain much observed pharmacokinetic data to date particularly for first-pass drugs. Future articles in the series will be concerned with single doses, evaluation of literature data in terms of the model, application of the theory in toxicology and in clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutics.
Enrichment of unipolar brush cell-like neurons in primary rat cerebellar cultures.

Unipolar brush cells are a distinct class of excitatory interneurons situated in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex, where they form giant synapses with individual mossy fiber terminals. We have previously shown that primary cerebellar cell cultures from embryonic and postnatal rodents contain neurons displaying morphological and chemical phenotypes characteristic of unipolar brush cells in situ, including intense staining with calretinin antiserum. In cultures from both embryonic and postnatal rats, the large majority of calretinin-positive neurons are unipolar brush cells, while granule cells are usually calretinin-negative. A small percentage of putative Golgi/ Lugaro cells also express calretinin. We demonstrate here that the developmental stage of the source tissue, the concentration of potassium in the medium, and treatment with glutamate after differentiation have substantial effects on the density of putative unipolar brush cells in the cultures. In dissociated cultures obtained from embryos at gestation day E18 and E20 and from pups at postnatal day P0, P2, P5, P8, and P10 grown in 25 mM KCl, the percentage calretinin-positive cells progressively decreases from 24% to 0.1% of total cells. In cultures from E20 embryos grown in physiological potassium (5 mM KCl), calretinin-positive cells are enriched to approximately 60% of total cells, while the majority of calretinin-negative cells die. In embryonic cultures exposed to high concentrations of glutamate after 12 days in vitro, calretinin-positive neurons have a survival advantage over calretinin-negative cells and represent up to 83% of total cells.
A study of the Lewis acid-base interactions of vinylphosphonic acid-modified polybutadiene-coated zirconia.

Polybutadiene-coated zirconia (PBD-ZrO2) is very useful for reversed-phase separations under a wide variety of conditions. Its excellent chemical (pH = 1−13) and thermal (up to 150 °C) stability distinguish it from silica-based reversed phases. Just as with silica-based phases, zirconia's surface chemistry significantly influences the chromatography of certain classes of analytes. Zirconia's hard Lewis acid sites can be chromatographically problematic. Analytes such as carboxylic acids strongly interact with these sites on PBD-ZrO2 and do not elute. Addition of phosphate or other strong, hard Lewis bases to the eluent brings about elution, but the resulting peak is often tailed and broad. Typically, cationic solutes are more retained in the presence of phosphate or fluoride due to adsorption of the Lewis base additives and the concomitant development of a negative charge on the surface. This Coulombic interaction can be used to optimize selectivity, but the reversed-phase−cation-exchange retention can pro...
Photorefractive holograms for optical storage, interconnection, and processing

Photorefractive materials are capable, at relatively low optical power, of recording volume phase holograms in real time with very high diffraction efficiency and of phase conjugating one or more laser beams (either mutually coherent or incoherent). These unique capabilities offer tremendous potential for applications in optical storage, interconnection and signal and image processing. This paper gives a brief review of some device concepts in each of these areas. Selected examples are given to qualitatively explain the basic principle and their potential merit. Technical issues that need to be addressed to improve the performance of various devices are also discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Three-Dimensional Thrust Nozzle Design for Maximum Axial Thrust

Abstract : A technique has been developed for the design of maximum thrust three-dimensional (nonaxisymmetric) nozzles. The thrust expression, written as an integral over a control surface, is maximized by the application of the calculus of variations. Each optimal three-dimensional nozzle designed by this method produces the maximum axial thrust for a prescribed upstream flow field, mass flow rate, exit lip shape and position, and ambient pressure. Solutions for nine sample cases are presented. The performance of each optimal nozzle is compared with that of a three-dimensional nozzle with identical initial conditions and comparable overall dimensions. (Author)