cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Future radio spectrum access [Scanning the Issue]

This special issue of the Proceedings of the IEEE focuses on the challenges and opportunities related to future access to the radio spectrum. The importance of this topic is underscored by the tremendous growth in spectrum-consuming technology, driven in part by the global growth in smartphones and tablets. But demand is also driven by an enormous variety of other important applications, such as command and payload signals for unmanned aerial vehicles; vehicular radars for improved safety on the roads; radionavigation-satellite applications including GPS and Galileo; TV and Internet service through terrestrial and satellite delivery; science applications such as remote sensing and radio astronomy; and countless others.
Clicker increases resistance to extinction but does not decrease training time of a simple operant task in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris)

Despite its popularity among pet owners and professional trainers, we are not aware of any studies that have investigated the efficacy of clicker training in canines. To this end, we taught 35 basenjis to nose-touch an orange traffic cone. Upon meeting pre-determined criteria, dogs progressed through: (1) training trials, wherein correct responses were followed immediately with a click plus food (clicker group) or food alone (control group); (2) strengthening trials, wherein dogs received the same reinforcement protocol as in training trials, except nose-touching behaviour was variably reinforced; and (3) extinction trials, wherein food was withheld from both groups, but dogs in the clicker group received a click alone for nose-touches. We found that the clicker and control groups did not differ with regard to the number of trials or the time required to meet training or strengthening criteria (P > 0.05 for all). However, the clicker group required
Spectral and inhibitory interactions of (±)−3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and (±)−3, 4-methylenedioxymethampetamine (MDMA) with rat hepatic microsomes

Incubation of racemic methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) or methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) with rat hepatic microsomes, in the presence of NADPH, generated a spectrally observed inhibitory complex with cytochrome P-450. The complex inhibited product formation from MDA and MDMA as well as other P-450 dependent reactions such as benzphetamine demethylation and CO binding. In the absence of NADPH, MDMA and MDA generated type I and type IIa difference spectra, respectively, suggesting differences in their binding to the enzyme active site. The N-demethylation of MDMA was partially inhibited by methimazole suggesting involvement of the hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase.
Asymmetric Synthesis of β,γ-Unsaturated α-Amino Acids via Efficient Kinetic Resolution with Cinchona Alkaloids

The β,γ-unsaturated amino acids are versatile chiral building blocks and biologically interesting compounds. The asymmetric synthesis of β,γ-unsaturated amino acids presents a challenging task as these compounds are labile toward racemization as well as the undesirable double bond isomerization. An efficient, general and mild kinetic resolution with readily accessible and fully recyclable cinchona alkaloid catalysts has been developed to provide a reliably useful approach toward optically active β,γ-unsaturated amino acids.
Thermal Crosstalk Limits for Silicon Photonic DWDM Interconnects.

We present theoretical modeling and experimental results of the thermal crosstalk and time constants of micro-disk modulators as a function of the spacing between nearby devices, taking into consideration the effects of dense metallic interconnects.
USE OF THE ASPHALT PAVEMENT ANALYZER AND REPEATED SIMPLE SHEAR TEST AT CONSTANT HEIGHT TO AUGMENT SUPERPAVE VOLUMETRIC MIX DESIGN

As accelerated pavement testing (APT) devices emerge as possible candidates for a supplemental performance test, questions related to the ability to assess resistance of hot mix asphalt to permanent deformation under full-scale trafficking remain. Toward addressing this question, performance data under full-scale trafficking collected for several replacement sections at WesTrack were compared with test results for mixtures fabricated in the laboratory using WesTrack materials and tested at a critical temperature for permanent deformation. The asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) and repeated simple shear test at constant height (RSST-CH) were validated as useful APT tools by comparing measured field performance and laboratory predicted performance of laboratory mixed-laboratory compacted specimens at field (in-place) air void and asphalt contents. Test results from the APA and RSST-CH showed good agreement with downward rut depths measured under full-scale trafficking. Based on a simple statistical analysis, the APA test can be used to assess adequate rutting performance. Rutting performance was also assessed by determining the expected number of design equivalent single axial loads (ESALs) for each section from relationships between permanent shear strain in the RSST-CH and ESALs in the field. Both APT devices demonstrated the ability to differentiate between mixtures with good and poor rutting performance.
Relevance of Multiphase Reaction Engineering to Modern Technological Challenges

The purpose of this report is to summarize the lecture given at the joint CAMURE-6 and ISMR-5 international symposium in Pune, India, in January 2007. The emphasis is on the pivotal role that reaction engineering has to play in addressing modern technological challenges. First the global challenges of reducing the environmental impact of our technologies are considered. Then the role of multiphase reaction engineering in enabling efficient transfer of molecular-scale discoveries to more benign and sustainable processes is outlined. Typical scale-up methodologies are introduced, and research needed for their further improvement is discussed. Examples of the importance of proper scale-up are provided.
Unemployment and Protest in the United States, 1890–1940: A Methodological Critique and Research Note

We begin with a critique of previous methods (event analysis) employed in testing deprivation theories of social movements and collective violence. Then we consider the value of group analysis through examination of the relationship between one form of deprivation (unemployment) and collective action by the unemployed in the United States from 1890-1940. By using group analysis we are able to discover that the relationship between unemployment and collective action varied considerably between 1890 and 1940, suggesting that other variables often stressed by those rejecting deprivation theories are needed for fully understanding the subject.
A comparative analysis method for detecting binding sites in coding regions

While the problem of predicting transcription factor binding sites in a gene's promoter region has been extensively studied, binding sites located in coding regions are also crucial for regulating gene expression but are more difficult to detect. Coding region binding sites are mostly involved in splicing regulation, but also in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. We consider the problem of predicting such binding sites by comparative analysis. Comparative analysis is based on the idea that functional sequences tend to evolve at slower rate than nonfunctional sequence, making unusually well conserved regions likely to be of interest. The difficulty in applying comparative analysis to the detection of binding sites located in coding sequence is that the whole sequence is under selective pressure, because it needs to code for a functional protein. We present a technique to distinguish between conservation due to constraints on the amino acid product and conservation due to constraints imposed by regulatory factors. More precisely, we show how to calculate the probability of observing a certain degree of conservation among the nucleotides of given set of orthologous codons, given a set of constraints on the amino acids they need to encode. The algorithms described are implemented in a program called Cosmo, available at http://bio.cs.washington.edu. We ran Cosmo on several genes known to contain exonic splicing enhancers and report the results.
Hypolipidemic Activity of 4-Phenyl-5,5-Dicarbethoxy-2-Pyrrolidinone in Rodents

A series of pyrrolidinones have been reported to possess hypolipidemic activity in mice. The most active agent, 4-phenyl-5-5-dicarbethoxy-2-pyrrolidinone, effectively lowered both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels at 20-30 mg/kg/d. The agent suppressed liver mitochondrial citrate exchange, phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, and sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase activities. Lipid content of the liver, small intestine, and serum lipoprotein fractions was reduced by drug treatment, but lipid levels increased in the bile and fecal samples, suggesting the drug accelerated lipid excretion. The mode of action of the pyrrolidinone appears similar to that of the cyclic imides.
Gas-expanded liquids for sustainable catalysis and novel materials: Recent advances

Abstract Employing a multiscale systems-based research approach, chemists and chemical engineers at the Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis (CEBC) are collaboratively addressing major grand challenges facing the sustainable manufacture of fuels and chemicals from both traditional and renewable feedstocks. By judiciously combining the principles of green chemistry and green reactor engineering, augmented by valuable insights from industrial partners, CEBC researchers are developing alternative technology concepts that minimize the environmental footprint of chemical manufacturing processes including the reduction of carbon emissions. Such collaborations have resulted in several remarkable discoveries as follows: CO 2 -expanded liquids (CXLs) as reaction media for selective and inherently safe O 2 oxidations including that for terephthalic acid production from p -xylene with potentially reduced solvent burning (i.e., reduced carbon footprint); propylene oxide production with environmentally benign solvents and oxidant, exploiting the compressibility of propylene at ambient temperatures for process intensification; a novel pressure-intensified ethylene oxide process virtually eliminating CO 2 formation as a byproduct; highly selective hydroformylation of higher olefins employing CXLs and soluble polymer-supported homogeneous Rh-based catalysts that are easily retained in solution while the product is isolated by membrane filtration; and creation of nanoparticles of transition metal complexes with unique functional properties such as reversible oxygen binding and room-temperature nitric oxide disproportionation. Quantitative economic and environmental impact analyses have been employed to benchmark CEBC's novel technology concepts against conventional processes and to guide research and development. Examples of such advances in green processing are discussed in this review.
Relationship of metabolic indexes to postoperative mortality in surgical infants

Abstract Acute injury is known to evoke a metabolic stress response, characterized by cytokine release and reprioritization of hepatic protein synthesis to increase acute phase proteins at the expense of visceral proteins. The impact of these evolving, stress-induced, perioperative metabolic changes on clinical outcome in surgical infants has not yet been determined. The cytokine (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]), acute phase protein (C-reactive protein [CRP]), and visceral protein (prealbumin [PA]) responses to acute metabolic stress were evaluated in 41 infants (average age, 47 days) preoperatively and on postoperative days 1 through 7 (POD 1 to 7) following major surgery. Infants were retrospectively grouped according to whether they survived (group 1) or died within 30 days of surgery (group 2). Peak CRP values in the postoperative period were also included for both groups. Peak CRP levels (14.9 ± 5.5 v 8.1 ± 5.7 mg/dL) were significantly increased ( P = .0056) and preoperative prealbumin levels (6.0 ± 2.7 v 11.0 ± 5.2 mg/dL) were significantly decreased ( P = .0005) in group 2 (nonsurvivors) compared with group 1 (survivors). Though serum TNF levels were substantially increased in nonsurvivors compared with survivors, both preoperatively (16.5 ± 35.2 v 0.6 ± 2.6 pg/mL) and on POD 1 (3.6 ± 6.8 v 0.6 ± 2.7 pg/mL), these values did not reach statistical significance ( P > .05). The most significant difference ( P = .0001) was observed in persistently depressed late (POD 4 to 7) prealbumin levels in nonsurvivors relative to survivors (5.3 ± 3.1 v 10.5 ± 4.3 mg/dL), suggesting an increased risk of poor outcome if acute metabolic stress had not abated by this time. The metabolic response to acute injury is significantly related to clinical outcome (mortality) in surgical infants. Serial monitoring is necessary to delineate the course of the stress response. Such monitoring may be of particular clinical significance in identifying prolonged metabolic stress, which is associated with increased mortality.
Wetland ecosystem services in California's Central Valley and implications for the Wetland Reserve Program

Primary ecosystem services provided by freshwater wetlands in the California Central Valley, USA, include water quality improvement, biodiversity support, and flood storage capacity. We describe these services for freshwater marshes, vernal pools, and riparian wetlands and the implications for wetlands restored under USDA programs in the Central Valley. California's Central Valley is a large sedimentary basin that was once covered by grasslands, extensive riparian forests, and freshwater marshes that today have been converted to one of the most intensive agricultural areas on earth. Remaining freshwater wetlands have been heavily altered, and most are intensively managed. Nitrogen loading from agriculture to surface and groundwater in the Central Valley was estimated to be 34.7 3 10 6 kg N/yr. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in the Central Valley was estimated to be 44.3 3 10 6 kg N/ yr, of which ;1.5 3 10 6 kg N/yr was introduced directly to wetlands. Our analysis indicates that wetlands enrolled in the USDA Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) may potentially denitrify the NO3-N load from relatively unpolluted source water in ,18 days, but the potential to denitrify the NO3-N load from highly polluted source water is uncertain. Water management strongly influences use, diversity, and abundance of avian fauna as well as other biota. Freshwater marshes in the region continue to support important populations of breeding and wintering waterfowl and shorebirds whose populations fluctuate seasonally. Avian diversity in the little remaining area of Central Valley's riparian wetlands is also high and influenced by stand maturity, heterogeneity, and diversity. USDA conservation practices that promote these characteristics may support avian diversity. Effects of USDA conservation practices on non-avian fauna are poorly understood and warrant further study.
Genomic-polygenic evaluation of multibreed Angus-Brahman cattle for postweaning ultrasound and weight traits with actual and imputed Illumina50k SNP genotypes

The objectives were to estimate additive genetic variance fractions for 4 postweaning ultrasound and weight traits explained by 46,839 actual and imputed SNP genotypes, to compare rankings of calf additive genetic predictions from genomic–polygenic (GP), genomic (G), and polygenic (P) models, and to assess trends for GP, G, and P predicted additive genetic values as functions of calf Brahman fractions in a multibreed Angus–Brahman population. Traits were postweaning ultrasound ribeye area (UREA), backfat thickness (UBF), and percent intramuscular fat (UPIMF), and weight (UW). Phenotypes and Illumina3k genotypes were from 812 bull, heifer, and steer calves housed at the Feed Efficiency Facility of the University of Florida from 2006 to 2010. Program Findhap2 was used to impute from 2899 Illumina3k SNP to 46,839 Illumina50k SNP using a reference population of 828 Brangus heifers. Fixed effects for all models were contemporary group (year-pen), age of dam, sex of calf, age of calf, Brahman fraction of calf, and heterozygosity of calf. Random effects were additive SNP (GP and G models), additive polygenic (GP and P models), and residual. Software GS3 was used to compute variance components and heritabilities, and additive genetic predictions. Additive genetic variance fractions explained by the 46,839 actual and imputed SNP were 0.17 for UREA, 0.32 for UBF, 0.25 for UPIMF, and 0.19 for UW. Heritabilities were 0.33 for UREA, 0.22 for UBF, 0.43 for UPIMF, and 0.54 for UW. These additive genetic variance fractions were 1.8, 1.0, 4.4, and 2.1 times greater and heritabilities were 1.0, 1.2, 1.0, and 1.2 times greater than those obtained for these 4 traits using only the 2899 Illumina3k SNP. Rank correlations between EBV from GP and P models were the highest (0.93 to 0.96), followed by those between EBV from GP and G models (0.81 to 0.94), and by those between EBV from G and P models (0.66 to 0.81). Regression coefficients of EVB on Brahman fraction were small for all traits and models indicating that animals of comparable EBV existed in all breed groups. Imputation from Illumina3k to 50k increased the explained fraction of additive SNP variance resulting in higher rank correlations between additive genetic predictions from G and GP, and from G and P models for all ultrasound traits in this Angus–Brahman multibreed population.
The mother-coparent relationship and youth adjustment: a study of African American single-mother families

African American youth from single-mother homes are at increased risk for a range of adjustment difficulties. The family is a central context in which to study youth adjustment; however, much of the work on African American youth has focused on family conflict and maladjustment, with less attention to the supportive aspects of family relationships or their potential links with positive outcomes. This study examined the associations between conflictual and supportive aspects of the relationships that single mothers have with their nonmarital coparents and both positive and negative outcomes among 268 African American youth from single-mother homes. Findings revealed that mother-coparent support was associated with child competence, and mother-coparent conflict was associated with child maladjustment. In addition, positive parenting fully mediated these relations between mother-coparent relationship and child outcomes. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
Selling Cosmetic Surgery and Beauty Ideals: The Female Body in the Web Sites of Chinese Hospitals

This essay looks into the Web sites of representative cosmetic hospitals in mainland China and examines their rhetorical constructions of beauty norms for contemporary Chinese women in the promotion of cosmetic surgery. My analysis reveals the tension between Western and Chinese beauty ideals. I argue that the resistance and empowerment of the local industry in face of global impacts, however, camouflage the hegemonic power that creates new forces of oppression on the female body.
Porphyrin-based compounds exert antibacterial action against the sexually transmitted pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus ducreyi

A series of porphyrin based compounds without (nMP) or with (MP) metals were found to have potent bactericidal action in vitro against the sexually transmitted pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus ducreyi. nMP and MP did not show bactericidal activity against five species of lactobacilli. An MP containing gallium had the capacity to block a gonococcal infection in a murine vaginal model, indicating that its development as a topical microbicide to block sexually transmitted bacterial infections is warranted. In contrast to other bacterial species, loss of the gonococcal haemoglobin uptake system encoded by hpuB or energy supplied through the TonB-ExbB-ExbD system did not significantly affect levels of MP-susceptibility in gonococci. In contrast, mutations in gonococci that inactivate the mtrCDE-encoded efflux pump were found to enhance gonococcal susceptibility to nMPs and MPs while over-production of this efflux pump decreased levels of gonococcal susceptibility to these compounds.
Enzyme replacement and enhancement therapies: lessons from lysosomal disorders

The past decade has witnessed remarkable advances in our ability to treat inherited metabolic disorders, especially the lysosomal storage diseases, a group of more than 40 disorders, each of which is caused by the deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme or protein. During the past few years, both enzyme replacement and enhancement therapies have been developed to treat these disorders. This review discusses the successes and shortcomings of these therapeutic strategies, and the contributions that they have made to treating lysosomal storage diseases.
Hibernation in the horned lizard, Phrynosoma m'calli.

Abstract 1. 1. Phrynosoma m'calli is considered an “obligatory hibernator”, since it could not be maintained in an active condition through the winter under laboratory conditions used successfully to keep other local lizards active. 2. 2. There was no evidence of dormancy or reduced metabolism due to reduced temperature (to 15°C) in summer. 3. 3. Oxygen consumption was essentially the same in field lizards and in captives held either in outdoor cages or at 15°C in summer, when measured at 15°C or 35°C. However, consumption was significantly higher in both groups of captives than in field animals when measured at 25°C. 4. 4. When measured at 35°C, lizards permitted to hibernate at 25°C or below during winter possessed a significantly reduced metabolic rate, compared with field animals. Evidence is presented to indicate a reduced metabolism at this temperature in winter may be a beneficial adaptation. 5. 5. Lizards became dormant when held continuously at 35°C in winter, but they maintained metabolic rates comparable to field animals. 6. 6. Lizards exposed to experimental photoperiods before 21 June did not become dormant before the experiment terminated on 21 December, despite the length of photoperiods used (6 hr/day and 15 hr/day). However, both groups showed a significantly reduced metabolic rate when measured at 35°C, comparable to animals hibernating at 25°C or below. 7. 7. Thus, dormancy and metabolic rate of hibernating P. m'calli apparently are controlled independently. Present evidence suggests winter dormancy is controlled by reduced photoperiod, and a lowered metabolic rate by reduced temperature. In both cases, such changes in the environmental conditions produce these physiological modifications associated with hibernation only during the proper season. 8. 8. Anorexia occurred at approximately the same time each year under all regimes of light and temperature that were investigated. At present, the stimulus to produce anorexia in P. m'calli is unknown. 9. 9. Lizards experimentally removed from the dormant condition in mid-December began conducting their usual spring activities by early January, approximately 3 months earlier than normal. 10. 10. Spring emergence is not entirely temperature controlled, since emergence occurred in lizards held continuously at 15°C. One of these animals had been in total darkness since late October. 11. 11. The term brumation is proposed to indicate winter dormancy in ectothermic vertebrates that demonstrate physiological changes which are independent of body temperature.
Cell division and ciliogenesis in the ciliated epithelium of the pharynx and esophagus of the tadpole of the green frog, Rana clamitans

All phases of mitosis have been observed in the ciliated cells of the pharynx and esophagus of the tadpole of the green frog, Rana clamitans. Centrosomes have been observed in ciliated cells. These data contravene the hypothesis of Lenhossek and Henneguy to the effect that ciliated cells cannot divide by mitosis because they have lost their centrosomes in the formation of the basal corpuscles to which the cilia are connected, and the corollary to this hypothesis (Jordan, '13), that in consequence ciliated cells must divide by amitosis. From counts of cells with cilia, those without cilia but with basal corpuscles, and those without either cilia or basal corpuscles in different phases of mitosis, it is inferred that the cilia are lost during mitosis. Cilia sprout from basal corpuscles, and not from mitochondria in cells undergoing ciliogenesis. From the presence of diplosomes in the distal region of cells in which basal corpuscles are developing, it is assumed that the basal corpuscles arise by partition of the centrosome of the preciliated cell. The centrosome, however, does not become completely lost by reason of this process, but retains enough vitality to insure mitosis. Amitosis, which occurs in some of the ciliated cells, results, according to these data, from degree of differentiation, not from structural deficiency.
Recent progress in developing and using personal monitors to measure human exposure to air pollutants

Abstract Within the last two years, great progress has been made in the field of personal air quality monitors. Improvements in pump design, miniaturization, adsorption techniques, and new collection principles have produced about a dozen sensitive monitors capable of being used by the general public to measure their normal everyday exposure to many toxic or carcinogenic compounds. This article reviews recent progress in this field, particularly as it relates to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency programs.
A Viral Genome Landscape of RNA Polyadenylation from KSHV Latent to Lytic Infection

RNA polyadenylation (pA) is one of the major steps in regulation of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. In this report, a genome landscape of pA sites of viral transcripts in B lymphocytes with Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection was constructed using a modified PA-seq strategy. We identified 67 unique pA sites, of which 55 could be assigned for expression of annotated ∼90 KSHV genes. Among the assigned pA sites, twenty are for expression of individual single genes and the rest for multiple genes (average 2.7 genes per pA site) in cluster-gene loci of the genome. A few novel viral pA sites that could not be assigned to any known KSHV genes are often positioned in the antisense strand to ORF8, ORF21, ORF34, K8 and ORF50, and their associated antisense mRNAs to ORF21, ORF34 and K8 could be verified by 3′RACE. The usage of each mapped pA site correlates to its peak size, the larger (broad and wide) peak size, the more usage and thus, the higher expression of the pA site-associated gene(s). Similar to mammalian transcripts, KSHV RNA polyadenylation employs two major poly(A) signals, AAUAAA and AUUAAA, and is regulated by conservation of cis-elements flanking the mapped pA sites. Moreover, we found two or more alternative pA sites downstream of ORF54, K2 (vIL6), K9 (vIRF1), K10.5 (vIRF3), K11 (vIRF2), K12 (Kaposin A), T1.5, and PAN genes and experimentally validated the alternative polyadenylation for the expression of KSHV ORF54, K11, and T1.5 transcripts. Together, our data provide not only a comprehensive pA site landscape for understanding KSHV genome structure and gene expression, but also the first evidence of alternative polyadenylation as another layer of posttranscriptional regulation in viral gene expression.
Signs of Performance Measurement Progress Among Prominent City Governments

A review of budgets and other performance documents of cities at the forefront of performance measurement efforts finds evidence of advances in the reporting of measures of service quality, efficiency, and effectiveness. A cross-sectional review of performance marks further indicates that the caliber of service (i.e., the levels of service quality, efficiency, and effectiveness) required to be ranked as a performance leader for many municipal functions has improved over a two-decade period. However, a longitudinal review of a subset of individual cities provides only minimal support for the proposition that an advanced level of performance measurement acts as a catalyst for improved performance.
Nutritional Guidance Is Needed During Dietary Transition in Early Childhood

Objective. To assess dietary nutritional quality during dietary transition to a modified adult- style diet in the second year of life. Design. A total of 55 children from 12 to 18 months old and their parents were studied. Dietary intake and indices of growth were measured monthly. Dietary data were collected monthly and tabulated using the Minne- sota Nutrient Data System. Data were evaluated using repeated-measures analysis of variance, time trend, and correlational analyses. Results. Mean energy intake increased from 12 to 18 months of age (926 6 24 kcal to 1062 6 33 kcal) with contributions from energy-yielding macronutrients re- maining relatively constant. Throughout the study, fat intakes were below 30% of energy for 22% to 33% of the sample. Micronutrient intake patterns were diverse with intake for some nutrients (vitamins A, C, B 6 ,B 12, and D and calcium) remaining above recommended levels de- spite changes over the course of the study. Folate intakes increased from 79% of the recommended value at 12 months old to ;100% at 18 months old. Zinc and vitamin E intakes were well below recommended levels through- out the study, and iron decreased markedly from 96% of the recommended level at 12 months old to 76% at 18 months old. Applications/Conclusions. These data show that in- takes of some key nutrients are low during the period of dietary transition in early childhood, and intakes for some nutrients actually decrease despite increases in en- ergy intake. Furthermore, because a considerable portion of children studied were consuming low-fat diets, it is clear that many parents are not following the only pedi- atric nutrition recommendations that currently exist. These findings argue strongly for the development of dietary guidance that not only addresses fat restriction, but also assists parents in selecting diets that support optimum growth and development in young children. Pediatrics 2000;106:109 -114; nutrient intake, infants, di- etary density.
Microarray analysis identifies cerebellar genes sensitive to chronic ethanol treatment in PKCγ mice

Neuroadaptive changes that occur in the development of ethanol tolerance may be the result of alterations in gene expression. We have shown that PKCgamma wild-type mice develop tolerance to the sedative-hypnotic effects of ethanol after chronic ethanol treatment; whereas, mutant mice do not, making these genotypes a suitable model for identifying changes in gene expression related to tolerance development. Using a two-stage process, several genes were initially identified using microarray analyses of cerebellar tissue from ethanol-treated PKCgamma mutant and wild-type mice. Subsequent confirmation of a subset of these genes using quantitative real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR) was done to verify gene expression changes. A total of 109 genes from different functional classifications were identified in these groups on the microarrays. Eight genes were selected for verification as follows: three, Twik-1, Plp, and Adk2, were chosen as genes related to tolerance; another three, Hsp70.2, Bdnf, and Th, were chosen as genes related to resistance to tolerance; and two genes, JunB and Nur77, were selected as candidate genes sensitive to chronic ethanol. The results from the verification experiments indicated that Twik-1, which codes for a potassium channel, was associated with tolerance and appeared to be dependent on the presence of PKCgamma. No genes were confirmed to be related to resistance to tolerance; however, expression of two of these, Hsp70.2 and Th, were found to be sensitive to chronic ethanol and were added to the transcription factors, JunB and Nur77, confirmed by qRT-PCR, as a subset of genes that respond to chronic ethanol.
Quorum sensing regulates electric current generation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 in bioelectrochemical systems

Here, we show that quorum sensing (QS) modulates the current generation of the anode-respiring bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa because it controls the production of phenazines, which mediate the electron transfer to the anode. The current generation by a wildtype (WT) strain P. aeruginosa PA14 and the GacS/GacA protein-regulatory mutant retS was investigated under different environmental conditions. The retS mutant generated significantly higher current (45-fold) than the WT under anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic current generation by the WT was 28-fold higher with extraneously supplied lactones (a QS-signaling molecule). Compared to anaerobic conditions, the WT with some oxygen (microaerobic conditions) exhibited enhanced phenazine production (39-fold) and current levels (48-fold). Iron-rich medium and microaerobic conditions had a negative impact on current generation by retS. All these results were directly linked to QS activity in P. aeruginosa, thus, demonstrating the importance of this bacterial communication system for current generation in BESs. We also show that BESs represent a new tool for real-time investigation of phenazine-related QS activity.
The factor structure of the CES-D in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: the influences of ethnicity, gender and language

In this paper, we examine the factor structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Hispanic HANES). The Hispanic HANES provides a unique opportunity to examine the patterning of depressive symptoms among the three major Hispanic groups in the U.S. and to compare the factor structures that emerge from the analysis to other studies using this approach. Different factor structures emerged for the Hispanic groups as compared to previous analyses of the CES-D with non-Hispanic populations. We also found significant intra-group differences among Mexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban-Americans which were strongly influenced by the gender of the respondent and the language in which the person was interviewed.
Truncated Complex Moment Problems with a \( \widetilde{zz} \) Relation

We solve the truncated complex moment problem for measures supported on the variety $ \mathcal{K}\equiv $ { z $ \in $ C: z $\widetilde{z}$ =A+Bz+C $\widetilde{z}$ +Dz 2 ,D $ \neq $ 0}. Given a doubly indexed finite sequence of complex numbers $ \gamma\equiv\gamma^{(2n)}:\gamma_{00},\gamma_{01},\gamma_{10},\ldots,\gamma_{0,2n},\gamma_{1,2n-1},\ldots,\gamma_{2n-1,1},\gamma_{2n,0} $ , there exists a positive Borel measure $\mu$ supported in $ \mathcal{K} $ such that $ \gamma_{ij}=\int\overline{z}^{i}z^{j}\,d\mu\,(0\leq1+j\leq2n) $ if and only if the moment matrix M(n)( $\gamma$ ) is positive, recursively generated, with a column dependence relation Z $\widetilde{Z}$ = A1+BZ +C $\widetilde{Z}$ +DZ 2 , and card $\mathcal{V}(\gamma)\geq$ rank M(n), where $\mathcal{V}(\gamma)$ is the variety associated to $ \gamma $ . The last condition may be replaced by the condition that there exists a complex number $ \gamma_{n,n+1} $ satisfying $ \gamma_{n+1,n}\equiv\overline{\gamma}_{n,n+1}=A\gamma_{n,n-1}+B\gamma_{n,n}+C\gamma_{n+1,n-1}+D\gamma_{n,n+1} $ . We combine these results with a recent theorem of J. Stochel to solve the full complex moment problem for $ \mathcal{K} $ , and we illustrate the connection between the truncated and full moment problems for other varieties as well, including the variety z k = p(z, $ \widetilde{Z}$ ), deg p < k.
Quenching and propagation of combustion fronts in porous media

In this short note we study the model of subsonic detonation introduced by Sivashinsky. The model is described by the system of reaction-diffusion equations involving temperature, pressure and concentration of deficient reactant. It is shown that initial data with small support lead to quenching (decay of solution). In contrast, initial data with support large enough lead to propagation with finite velocity.
Needs assessment of caregivers of people with HIV/AIDS

This descriptive study assessed 34 caregivers of people with HIV/AIDS to learn their perceived needs, concerns, and use of services. Results indicated the most common health problems of the care recipient were fatigue and weight loss; care recipients needed help with climbing stairs, walking, and bathing; caregivers helped with the household chores, transportation, and companionship; caregivers were concerned about coping with loss and responsibilities; caregivers had help from family, case manager, and neighbor; caregivers wanted help such as a companion and counseling. Discussion relates to the implications of the study for health care professionals.
Single molecule thermal rotation and diffusion: Acetylene on Cu(001)

A variable temperature scanning tunneling microscope was used to directly observe the thermally induced rotation of a single acetylene molecule between two equivalent orientations on Cu(001) above 68 K. Measurements of the rotation rate as a function of temperature yielded an energy barrier of 169±3 meV and a preexponential factor of 1011.8±0.2 s−1. Thermal diffusion of individual acetylene molecules was monitored above 178 K by single molecule tracking. A diffusion barrier of 0.53±0.01 eV and a preexponential factor of 1013.6±0.2 s−1 were determined by measuring the hopping rate as a function of temperature.
Are ‘is’ to ‘ought’ deductions fallacious? on a Humean formal argument

This paper critically examines a formal argument against deducing ‘ought’-judgments from ‘is’-judgments, an argument suggested by a literal reading of a famous passage in Hume'sTreatise of Human Nature. According to this argument, judgments of the two kinds have different logical structures (i.e., their subjects are differently related to their predicates) and this difference disallows cross-categorical deductive inferences. I draw on Fregean accounts of the ‘is’- copula and on syntactical interpretations of ‘ought’-judgments that have become standard in deontic logic to argue that twentieth century work in philosophical grammar and logic casts doubt on all three of the argument's premises.
Behavioral Strategies for Weight Reduction in Obese Type II Diabetic Patients

This article reviews strategies that have been shown to be helpful in the treatment of obesity and are applicable to obese type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Emphasis is placed on the use of behavior modification strategies, including careful description of the behavior to be changed, setting of goals for new behavior, and procedures for modifying the environmental cues and reinforcers that control behavior. It is recommended that weight-loss programs for obese diabetic patients include intensive long-term contact with the patient, therapists with training in behavior modification, and a multifaceted intervention involving behavior modification, diet, and exercise.
Autonomous Lane-change Controller via Mixed Logical Dynamical

This paper focuses on the design of a model based methodology to optimize lane change maneuvers based on the predictions of neighboring agents. In particular, the dynamics of vehicles are modeled as double integrators, and the lane change actions are indicated by boolean variables while neglecting the lane change dynamics. The objective of the optimal control is to minimize the travel time, maintain safety distances between the target vehicle and neighboring ones, satisfy the operational constraints of the target vehicle, and comply with the speed limit. The control problem is formulated as a mixed logic dynamic system, and solved by Cplex, a commercial mixed integer optimization solver. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by two simulated scenarios in this paper.
Using Correlational and Prediction Data to Enhance Student Achievement in K-12 Schools: A Practical Application for School Counselors

Correlational data and regression analysis provide the school counselor with a method to describe growth in achievement test scores from elementary to high school. Using Microsoft Excel, this article shows the reader in a step-by-step manner how to describe this growth pattern and how to evaluate interventions that attempt to enhance achievement and to reduce the achievement gap among ethnic groups.
Hadoop MapReduce for Tactical Clouds

We envision a future where real-time computation on the battlefield provides the tactical advantage to an Army over its adversary. The ability to collect and process large amounts of data to provide actionable information to soldiers will greatly enhance their situational awareness. Our vision is based on the observation that the U.S. Military is attempting to equip soldiers with smartphones. While individual phones may not be sufficiently powerful for processing large amount of data, using the mobile devices carried by a squad or platoon of Soldiers as a single distributed computing platform, a Tactical Cloud, would enable large-scale data processing to be conducted in battlefields. In order for this vision to be realized, two issues have to be addressed. The first is the complexity of writing applications for distributed computing environments, and the second is the vulnerability of data on mobile devices. In this paper, we propose combining two existing technologies to address these issues. The first is Hadoop MapReduce, a scalable platform that provides distributed storage and computational capabilities on clusters of commodity hardware, and the second is the Mobile Distributed File System (MDFS) which allows distributed data storage with built-in reliability and security. By making the MDFS file system work with Hadoop on mobile devices, we hope to enable big data applications on tactical clouds.
New La Ni˜a on its way

A new La Nina is developing, according to scientists with the Climate Prediction Center of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). La Nina, which refers to a cooling of ocean surface temperatures in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific that occurs every 3 to 5 years, is expected to bring wetter than normal conditions in the Pacific Northwest and drier than normal conditions in the southwestern U.S. this fall. “While we can't officially call it a La Nina yet, we expect that this pattern will continue to develop during the next 3 months,” Mike Halpert, acting deputy director of the Climate Prediction Center in Camp Springs, Md., indicated on 6 September. NOAA declares the onset of a La Nina when the 3-month average sea surface temperature departure exceeds −0.5 degrees C in the east-central equatorial Pacific. For more information, visit the Web site: http://www .cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/ CWlink/MJO/enso.shtml.
Yet another axiomization of fuzzy set theory

It has long been recognized that lattices allow for a generalization of many of the concepts of a fuzzy set. It is possible to generalize lattices to sets with an arbitrary relation if this relation has certain properties. While these properties induce a lattice they also point to an alternate mechanism to axiomatize fuzzy set theory. These axioms produce a simpler mathematical foundation for fuzzy set theory research.
Adipose-specific overexpression of GLUT4 reverses insulin resistance and diabetes in mice lacking GLUT4 selectively in muscle

Adipose tissue plays an important role in glucose homeostasis and affects insulin sensitivity in other tissues. In obesity and type 2 diabetes, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is downregulated in adipose tissue, and glucose transport is also impaired in muscle. To determine whether overexpression of GLUT4 selectively in adipose tissue could prevent insulin resistance when glucose transport is impaired in muscle, we bred muscle GLUT4 knockout (MG4KO) mice to mice overexpressing GLUT4 in adipose tissue (AG4Tg). Overexpression of GLUT4 in fat not only normalized the fasting hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in MG4KO mice, but it reduced these parameters to below normal levels. Glucose infusion rate during a euglycemic clamp study was reduced 46% in MG4KO compared with controls and was restored to control levels in AG4Tg-MG4KO. Similarly, insulin action to suppress hepatic glucose production was impaired in MG4KO mice and was restored to control levels in AG4Tg-MG4KO. 2-deoxyglucose uptake during the clamp was increased approximately twofold in white adipose tissue but remained reduced in skeletal muscle of AG4Tg-MG4KO mice. AG4Tg and AG4Tg-MG4KO mice have a slight increase in fat mass, a twofold elevation in serum free fatty acids, an approximately 50% increase in serum leptin, and a 50% decrease in serum adiponectin. In MG4KO mice, serum resistin is increased 34% and GLUT4 overexpression in fat reverses this. Overexpression of GLUT4 in fat also reverses the enhanced clearance of an oral lipid load in MG4KO mice. Thus overexpression of GLUT4 in fat reverses whole body insulin resistance in MG4KO mice without restoring glucose transport in muscle. This effect occurs even though AG4Tg-MG4KO mice have increased fat mass and low adiponectin and is associated with normalization of elevated resistin levels.
Inciting and Etiologic Agents of Colitis

Since 1979, 3,115 stool samples were tested for detection of Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin; these were obtained from patients who had drug-related diarrhea. Presumed or proven colitis due to C. difficile was diagnosed in 130 patients. Drugs implicated most commonly as causing or associated with the onset of enterocolitis due to C. difficile were ampicillin (38 episodes), cephalosporins (71), clindamycin (36), and the aminoglycosides (45). The hamster model of colitis was employed to explore the role of other inducing agents. Altering the usual diet of hamsters to one with a higher protein content decreased the time to death due to C. difficile cecitis following the administration of cefazolin (10 mg). Several cathartics also were studied for their effect on the lethality of antibiotic-induced cecitis. Daily administrations of castor oil (0.5 ml per day) and vegetable oil (1.0 ml per day) improved survival against lethal doses of clindamycin. Milk of magnesia or mineral oil provided no protection. Four patients with C. difficile colitis induced by therapy with cytotoxic drugs also were identified. Methotrexate induced cecitis when administered orally and daily to hamsters, and C. difficile and its cytotoxin were identified in the hamsters' stools. Death due to methotrexate-induced cecitis was prevented by daily administration of folinic acid or vancomycin. These data demonstrate that a variety of antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, cathartics, and diet changes can induce C. difficile colitis in humans and hamsters.
Isolation and Confirmation of Yersinia pestis Mutants Exempt from Select Agent Regulations

This unit describes protocols for Yersinia pestis to confirm plasmid profiles, construct and confirm a Deltapgm mutation, and cure the low-calcium response (Lcr) plasmid encoding a type III secretion system (TTSS). Strains lacking either the chromosomal pgm locus or the Lcr plasmid can be safely studied under BSL-2 conditions and are exempt from Select Agent regulations in the U.S.
Renal responses to vasoactive hormones in the aglomerular toadfish, Opsanus tau.

Abstract Angiotensin and neurohypophysial hormones have been shown to affect renal and cardiovascular function in glomerular fish. In order to determine if these hormones have any tubular actions, we administered angiotensin, arginine vasotocin (AVT), and isotocin intraarterially into the unanesthetized, chronically cannulated, aglomerular toadfish. Angiotensin (100 ng kg −1 min −1 ) increased dorsal aortic pressure, but did not increase urine flow or the urinary excretion rate of Na, K, Cl, or Mg. AVT (50 ng kg −1 min −1 ) increased dorsal aortic blood pressure comparable to the increase after angiotensin. Urine flow and urinary electrolyte excretion increased also in response to AVT, but the effect was highly variable. A bolus injection of isotocin (1000 ng kg −1 ) did not elicit a pressor response, but significantly increased urine flow, urinary Mg concentration, and the urinary excretion of Mg and Cl. These data suggest that isotocin, and perhaps AVT, may act on teleost renal tubules. AVT caused more variable renal effects than isotocin, presumably due to its cardiovascular actions.