cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximizing Harvested Energy through Regenerative Braking Process in Dual-Motor All-Wheel Drive Electric Vehicles

This paper introduces a braking strategy for a dual-motor All-Wheel Drive (AWD) Electric Vehicle (EV) that maximizes energy extraction during braking. The braking strategy is based on real-time sensing of each motor controller’s DC link current to achieve optimum brake allocation between friction and regenerative braking in both axles. The recaptured energy via regenerative braking and the net energy consumption are calculated for a typical dual-motor AWD EV using a test bench simulation setup in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Based on the results, blending of regenerative and friction braking is carried out in each axle independently such that the overall harvested energy during braking is maximized. Furthermore, the results are compared to other configurations of single-motor drive EVs. The comparison shows that the recaptured energy through the regenerative braking process is significantly increased in dualmotor AWD EVs, which delineates their capability in improving energy harvesting during braking.
Preservation of Quaternary Structure in Thermostable, Lyophilized Filovirus Glycoprotein Vaccines: A Search for Stability-Indicating Assays.

Abstract The filoviruses Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), Marburg marburgvirus (MARV), and Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) are some of the most lethal infectious agents known. To date, the Zaire ebolavirus vaccine (ERVEBO®) is the only United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved vaccine available for any species of filovirus. However, the ERVEBO® vaccine requires cold-chain storage not to exceed −60 °C. Such cold-chain requirements are difficult to maintain in low- and middle-income countries where filovirus outbreaks originate. To improve the thermostability of filovirus vaccines in order to potentially relax or eliminate these cold-chain requirements, monovalent subunit vaccines consisting of glycoproteins from EBOV, MARV, and SUDV were stabilized within amorphous disaccharide glasses through lyophilization. Lyophilized formulations and liquid controls were incubated for up to 12 weeks at 50 °C to accelerate degradation. To identify a stability-indicating assay appropriate for monitoring protein degradation and immunogenicity loss during these accelerated stability studies, filovirus glycoprotein secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures and vaccine immunogenicity were measured. Size-exclusion chromatography was the most sensitive indicator of glycoprotein stability in the various formulations for all three filovirus immunogens. Degradation of the test vaccines during accelerated stability studies was reflected in changes in quaternary structure, which were discernible with size-exclusion chromatography. Filovirus glycoproteins in glassy lyophilized formulations retained secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure over the incubation period, whereas the proteins within liquid controls both aggregated to form higher molecular weight species and dissociated from their native quaternary structure to form a variety of structurally-perturbed lower molecular weight species.
Shaky scaffolding: Age differences in cerebellar activation revealed through activation likelihood estimation meta‐analysis

Cognitive neuroscience research has provided foundational insights into aging, but has focused primarily on the cerebral cortex. However, the cerebellum is subject to the effects of aging. Given the importance of this structure in the performance of motor and cognitive tasks, cerebellar differences stand to provide critical insights into age differences in behavior. However, our understanding of cerebellar functional activation in aging is limited. Thus, we completed a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies across task domains. Unlike in the cortex where an increase in bilateral activation is seen during cognitive task performance with advanced age, there is less overlap in cerebellar activation across tasks in older adults (OAs) relative to young. Conversely, we see an increase in activation overlap in OAs during motor tasks. We propose that this is due to inputs for comparator processing in the context of control theory (cortical and spinal) that may be differentially impacted in aging. These findings advance our understanding of the aging mind and brain.
In Vitro and In Vivo Models for Evaluating the Oral Toxicity of Nanomedicines

Toxicity studies for conventional oral drug formulations are standardized and well documented, as required by the guidelines of administrative agencies such as the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA) or European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA), and the Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA). Researchers tend to extrapolate these standardized protocols to evaluate nanoformulations (NFs) because standard nanotoxicity protocols are still lacking in nonclinical studies for testing orally delivered NFs. However, such strategies have generated many inconsistent results because they do not account for the specific physicochemical properties of nanomedicines. Due to their tiny size, accumulated surface charge and tension, sizeable surface-area-to-volume ratio, and high chemical/structural complexity, orally delivered NFs may generate severe topical toxicities to the gastrointestinal tract and metabolic organs, including the liver and kidney. Such toxicities involve immune responses that reflect different mechanisms than those triggered by conventional formulations. Herein, we briefly analyze the potential oral toxicity mechanisms of NFs and describe recently reported in vitro and in vivo models that attempt to address the specific oral toxicity of nanomedicines. We also discuss approaches that may be used to develop nontoxic NFs for oral drug delivery.
Performance Evaluation of Data-Enhanced Hierarchical Control for Grid Operations

This paper presents a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation to evaluate the performance of voltage regulation of Data-Enhanced Hierarchical Control (DEHC). This DEHC uses an advanced distribution management system (ADMS) for grid operations to control legacy and grid-edge devices and coordinate with distributed energy management systems (DERMS) to manage high penetrations of photovoltaics (PV) on a utility distribution system. The HIL platform provides realistic laboratory testing, including accurate modeling (legacy devices, grid-edge devices, and PV) of the real-world distribution system from a utility partner, a real controller (ADMS), software controller DERMS, hardware grid-edge devices, and standard communications protocols. The test results demonstrate functionalities of the integrated platform and the performance of voltage regulation of the coordinated control systems. Based on laboratory testing, the utility can set up the same grid-automation system to manage DERs, legacy devices, and grid-edge devices to achieve their system-level control and operation objectives (e.g., voltage regulation), thus de-risking potential issues such as instability for field deployment.
Bleeding tendency and ascorbic acid requirements: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.

CONTEXT The World Health Organization set the recommended daily vitamin C intake, henceforth referred to as ascorbic acid (AA), on the basis of scurvy prevention. Double-blind AA depletion-repletion studies suggest that this recommended AA dose may be too low to prevent microvascular fragility. OBJECTIVES (1) To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials on whether AA supplementation leads to a reduced gingival bleeding tendency, a manifestation of microvascular fragility; and (2) to relate AA plasma levels to retinal hemorrhaging, another manifestation of microvascular fragility. DATA SOURCES Data were reviewed from 15 trials conducted in 6 countries with 1140 predominantly healthy participants with measures of gingival bleeding tendency, and from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III of 8210 US residents with measures of retinal hemorrhaging. RESULTS In clinical trials, AA supplementation reduced gingival bleeding tendency when estimated baseline AA plasma levels were 48 μmol/L or unknown (respective standardized mean differences: -0.23, 95%CI, -0.45 to -0.01, P < 0.05; and -0.56; 95%CI: -1.19 to 0.06, P < 0.08). In NHANES III, prevalence of both retinal hemorrhaging and gingival bleeding tendency increased when AA plasma levels were within the range that protects against scurvy (11-28 μmol/L; respective prevalence ratios adjusted for age and sex: 1.47; 95%CI: 1.22-1.77; and 1.64; 95%CI: 1.32-2.03; P < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSION Consistent evidence from controlled clinical trials indicates that setting human AA requirements based on scurvy prevention leads to AA plasma levels that may be too low to prevent an increased gingival bleeding tendency. Gingival bleeding tendency and retinal hemorrhaging coincide with low AA plasma levels and thus may be reflective of a systemic microvascular pathology that is reversible with an increased daily AA intake.
Combined use of NDE, SHM, and accelerated structural testing for better understanding of deterioration processes in concrete bridge decks

Significant advances were made in recent years in nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies’ efficiency for detecting and characterizing deterioration in bridge decks, including advances in automation of NDE data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Those advances enable more extensive and more frequently implemented data collection that will lead to a more objective description of the current condition and a more precise prediction of the progression of deterioration. Also, complementary use of multiple NDE technologies may assist in the identification of likely causes of deterioration. As such, the NDE data are becoming essential for the effective and economic management of bridges, concrete bridge decks in particular. Still, to develop NDE based deterioration and predictive models on both project and network levels, data from multiple surveys over a more extended period are lacking. It has also been shown that the bridge deck performance varies widely, even between bridges that are very close in age and that have similar traffic loads, designs, and climate conditions. It indicates that deterioration processes, since they are a result of multiple inputs and actions, are inherently complex. Therefore, other influences require an examination to provide complete answers regarding disparate bridge deck performance. Complementary use of NDE, structural health monitoring (SHM), and other technologies for local and global assessment of bridges opens opportunities for providing answers to the development of realistic deterioration models and comprehensive evaluation of factors influencing concrete bridge deck performance. The paper concentrates on the discussion of merging of the technologies in the achievement of two specific objectives: assessment of the influence of bridge superstructure on the deck performance using large mobile shakers, and the use of accelerated structural testing for fast and comprehensive development of an understanding of deterioration processes in concrete bridge decks.
Polymyositis Presenting with Isolated Periorbital Edema: a Case-Based Review

Periorbital edema is an uncommon presenting sign in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, which generally manifest with symmetric proximal muscle weakness associated with chronic muscle inflammation. We report the first documented case of polymyositis with an initial presentation of isolated periorbital edema. A 72-year-old African-American male with a history of chronic hypertension presented with marked bilateral periorbital edema. Inflammatory myopathy was not suspected until the patient was hospitalized months later with muscle weakness and dysphagia. Magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography studies were consistent with severe chronic muscle wasting. Polymyositis was confirmed with a muscle biopsy. We identified 16 cases of edema-associated polymyositis documented in the literature between 1982 and 2020. The average age at diagnosis was 57 years, with a median time of four weeks between disease onset and diagnosis. Ninety-three percent involved male patients, despite the higher female prevalence of the disease. Over half of all cases involved bulbar myopathic symptoms, while 20% were associated with malignancy. These cases followed a more rapid clinical course requiring aggressive therapeutic approaches, which was evident in our patient. An atypical presentation of polymyositis should be suspected in the setting of isolated subcutaneous edema, which may be a marker of an aggressive form of the disease. Early identification is crucial in order to intervene prior to life-threatening disease-associated morbidities such as dysphagia or malignancy.
Privacy Audits in the Law Library

Privacy audits are a great way for law libraries to review existing privacy practices, write a privacy policy if they do not already have one, and assess how privacy policies work in practice. The poster includes information on the laws impacting library privacy, the audit process and forms used at Mercer University Law Library, and examples of the training solutions implemented to address the issues found.
Tissue Engineering Techniques for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Three-Dimensional Cardiac Constructs.

Recent developments in applied developmental physiology have provided well-defined methodologies for producing human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes. The cardiomyocytes produced have become commonplace as cardiac physiology research models. Accessibility has also allowed for the development of tissue engineered human heart constructs for drug screening, surgical intervention, and investigating cardiac pathogenesis. However, cardiac tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that involves complex engineering and physiological concepts, which limits its accessibility. Our review provides a readable, broad reaching, and thorough discussion of major factors to consider for the development of cardiovascular tissues from stem cell derived cardiomyocytes. In this study, our review will examine important considerations in undertaking a cardiovascular tissue engineering project and will present, interpret, and summarize some of the recent advancements in this field. Throughout, we review different forms of tissue engineered constructs, a discussion on cardiomyocyte sources, and an in-depth discussion of the fabrication and maturation procedures for tissue engineered heart constructs.
A Novel Method to measure PLL Bandwidth in a 5G RF transceiver

Integrated PLLs are, nowadays, a part of all high-performance RF SoCs. This is required due to increasing system bandwidth requirement with every generation of wireless transceivers. The analog front-end converters (ADC and DACs) need to be clocked at higher clock rate. Some transceiver architectures involve analog mixers which also involve high frequency clock generation. Integrated On-Chip PLLs are needed for sampling clock or mixer clock generation for these systems. PLL uses a feedback control loop to lock the phase of the internal voltage-controlled oscillator with an incoming low frequency reference clock. The bandwidth of the loop filter used in the PLL is important to ensure the noise performance of PLL. Measuring the PLL bandwidth is not easy without extra DFT blocks and dedicated test points. If the RF transceiver has multiple analog PLLs, this can be difficult. This paper proposes a non-intrusive method to measure PLL bandwidth in RF transceivers.
EWSR1-PATZ1-rearranged sarcoma with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation— Case report and review of the literature

Abstract Round cell sarcomas with EWSR1-non-ETS fusions are a rare group of sarcomas, entirely distinct from Ewing sarcoma with canonical fusion, of which EWSR1-PATZ1-rearranged sarcomas are emerging as a distinct entity. Only a few cases of this sarcoma have been reported in the literature, and none have previously described a case with overt rhabdomyoblastic differentiation, representing an important potential diagnostic pitfall. Herein we report the histologic features, immunohistochemical characteristics, clinical course, and differential diagnosis for the first known case of EWSR1-PATZ1-rearranged sarcoma with overt rhabdomyoblastic differentiation arising in the abdominal wall of a 40-year-old patient. We also review other published cases to evaluate distinguishing characteristics of this rare sarcoma. Given the possible aggressive nature of this tumor, knowledge of this rare entity with recognition of rhabdomyoblastic differentiation within its histologic spectrum is essential to ensure proper management and prevent misdiagnosis.
Chapter 2 Hydrogenation Methods

Publisher Summary This chapter describes hydrogenation methods, including plasma reactors and directed-ion-beam sources, such as Kaufman and electron-cyclotron-resonance machines. The main drawback of directed-ion-beam sources is the generation of surface damage and of sputtering. Electrochemical techniques are very effective (for example, HF + HN03) and work at room temperature; even immersion in water seems to work. But in all the hydrogenation techniques, the exact nature of the hydrogenation process is still largely a mystery. The chapter presents a discussion on the key features of each method that controls both hydrogenation efficiency and accompanying side effects, such as material erosion and lattice damage. The chapter discusses the production of atomic hydrogen species in gaseous and liquid environments. Because of the high density of hydrogenic species available in electrolytes, the hydrogenation of semiconductors by electrochemical techniques would appear to be an attractive alternative to the gas phase methods.
Suppression of in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness to purified protein derivative by measles virus. A reexploration of the phenomenon.

Abstract Clinical measles and measles vaccination have classically been associated with transient in vivo impairment of delayed hypersensitivity-type responses, especially skin test reactivity to purified protein derivative (PPD). In vitro data appeared to substantiate this in vivo observation by the demonstration of suppression of lymphocyte responsiveness to PPD by measles. Utilizing a measles preparation which has been recently demonstrated to elicit specific blastogenesis of sensitized human lymphocytes in vitro , we have reexplored the question of in vitro suppression of lymphocyte responsiveness to PPD by this virus. In contrast to previous reports, this study demonstrates that the addition of both measles and PPD to lymphocyte cultures can have a variable effect on lymphocyte responsiveness to PPD alone. This effect varies from marked inhibition to enhancement beyond a summation effect. The response is different for each lymphocyte donor and is dose related but cannot be predicted on the basis of combinations of high or low concentrations of either antigen. Purified, attenuated measles virus (Enders' strain), which uniformly suppressed in vitro lymphocyte reactivity when tested alone also demonstrated a significant dose related enhancement of the response to PPD alone. The present data suggest a reconsideration of the supposed importance of transient diminution of skin test reactivity during measles infection or immunization.
Learning by Analogical Replay in PRODIGY: First Results

Robust reasoning requires learning from problem solving episodes. Past experience must be compiled to provide adaptation to new contingencies and intelligent modification of solutions to past problems. This paper presents a comprehensive computational model of analogical reasoning that transitions smoothly between case replay, case adaptation, and general problem solving, exploiting and modifying past experience when available and resorting to general problem-solving methods when required. Learning occurs by accumulation and reuse of cases (problem solving episodes), especially in situations that required extensive problem solving, and by tuning the indexing structure of the memory model to retrieve progressively more appropriate cases. The derivational replay mechanism is briefly discussed, and extensive results of the first full implementation of the automatic generation of cases and the replay mechanism are presented. These results show up to a 20-fold performance improvement in a simple transportation domain for structurally-similar problems, and smaller improvements when a rudimentary similarity metric is used for problems that share partial structure in a process-job planning domain and in an extended version of the STRIPS robot domain.
Legacies and origins of the 1980s US–Central American sanctuary movement

This article re-examines the US–Central American sanctu­ary movement of the 1980s . Our re-examination is motiv­ated by two factors . First, with the passage of time it is pos­sible to discern the movement’s origins in ways that could not be fully articulated while it was ongoing . We are able to show how certain relationships between the movement’s North and Central American activists were celebrated, while others were obscured due to fear for Salvadoran immigrant activists’ safety and concern about inadver­tently undermining the movement’s legitimacy . Specifically, we draw attention to the movement’s transnational nature, noting that what made it so powerful was its origin as part of a broader effort by Salvadoran revolutionaries to mobil­ize North American society to oppose US support for the Salvadoran government . Ironically, to achieve this objective Salvadoran immigrant activists had to stay quiet, become invisible, and abstain from taking certain leadership roles, while embracing identities that may have implied weak­ness or passivity, such as “refugee” or “victim . ” Second, the US–Central American sanctuary movement provides powerful insight into future understandings of sanctuary as a concept and practice . The movement’s legacies extend beyond participants’ stated goals, while the movement’s transnational political and organizational focus differenti­ates it from current sanctuary practices . Thus, re-examin­ing its origins and legacies suggests that apparent similar­ities in the form of sanctuary incidents may hide underlying differences and that current sanctuary practices may also eventually have unanticipated consequences.
Strain behavior of pressurized cracked thick-walled cylinders

External circumferential strains were measured on large thick-wall pressure vessels containing internal fatigue cracks, using bonded strain gages. When strains measured over the cracks become compressive they predict impending failure. Normalization by the Lame strain relates them to the fraction of fatigue life consumed and provides estimates of longevity.
Canavanine-induced longevity in mice may require diets with greater than 15.7% protein

Dietary administration of 1% canavanine had been shown to improve survival in female BALB/c mice consuming diets containing 23.4% protein (dry matter basis). In order to determine if this effect also obtains at more moderate dietary protein concentrations, 30 female BALB/c mice were fed a basal diet with 14% protein (15.7% dry matter basis) and another 30 were fed the same diet plus 1% canavanine. Neither mean (Control 873.2 d, Canavanine 870.0 d; SEM = 34.2 d; P = 0.949 from ANOVA) nor median (Control 902 d, Canavanine 884.5 d; P = 0.9058 from Mann-Whitney) lifespans differed between groups. Although mean antinuclear antibody (ANA) titers did not differ between control and canavanine-treated mice at 833 days of age (19.84 vs 20.39 respectively; SEM = 2.64; P = 0.889 from ANOVA), one canavanine-treated mouse displayed an outlying ANA value of 50 (next lower value = 30) denoting possible early sign of incipient autoimmune disease in that individual. There may be an interaction between dietary protein level and canavanine with respect to lifespan in mice.
Analysis of methods for growth detection in the search for extraterrestrial life.

Abstract In the search for life on other planets, experiments designed to detect the growth of microorganisms may prove to be definitive when coupled with chemical characterization and metabolic experiments. If organisms are not abundant, growth provides the only means for obtaining a large mass of biological material suitable for chemical compositional analyses and metabolic assays. Several methods of monitoring growth are described. Of these, optical monitoring in a unique system free of soil particles is advanced as the most appropriate. Theoretical problems related to the formulation of culture media are discussed, and several possible solutions are proposed. The sampling system, the type of monitoring, the size and placement of inoculum, and the medium volume and composition are contingent upon one another and must be integrated without sacrifice to the biological demands.
Temperature-Sensitive Pleiotropic Revertants from a Mutant in the AROM Gene Cluster of NEUROSPORA CRASSA

Genetical and biochemical studies have been performed with revertants induced in a polyaromatic mutant (No. 58) in the arom gene cluster of Neurospora crassa. In addition to complete and partial revertants able to grow on minimal at both 25° and 35°, temperature-sensitive revertants capable of growth on minimal at 25° but not at 35° have been recovered. One of these revertants has been shown to lack biosynthetic dehydroquinase activity at both temperatures (utilizing the inducible catabolic isozyme for growth at 25°), to have dehydroshikimate reductase activity only at 25°, and to form an arom aggregate having a molecular weight approximately one-half that of wild type. These results are interpreted as indicating that pleiotropic mutants in the arom gene cluster can result from missense mutations, as well as from nonsense mutations as indicated in previous studies.
Intraseptal anesthesia in periodontal surgery

This study discusses the rationale, describes the technique, and clinically evaluates the effectiveness of intraseptal injection for surgical procedures, such as open flap curettage. An alternative to conventional local infiltration or regional nerve block injection of anesthesia can be used with efficacy and safety.
Relationship between the organization of the forepaw barrel subfield and the representation of the forepaw in layer IV of rat somatosensory cortex

We studied the organization of the forepaw barrel subfield (FBS) in layer IV of adult rat somatosensory cortex using the mitochondrial marker cytochrome oxidase and related this organization to the representation of the forepaw. The FBS is an ovoid structure consisting of barrels and barrel-like structures, the most conspicuous of which form four centrally located medio lateral running bands. Each band contains three to four barrels. These centrally located bands are bordered along their entire lateral side by a nebulous zone of undifferentiated labeling. At the anterior border, two small barrels are located laterally and one or two larger barrels are located medially. Medial to the central zone are three well-defined barrels. The posterior border consists of a nebulous field of labeling and occasional barrel-like structures. The results from our electrophysiological recording and mapping revealed that the forepaw representation was topographically organized into a single map and that the forepaw map matches almost precisely with individual barrels and barrel-like structures in the FBS. Each of the four central bands is associated with the representation of a single glabrous digit. Digit two (D2) is represented anteriorly and followed posteriorly by D3 through D5. Within each digit band the digit is somatotopically organized, with the skin over the distal phalanx represented in the two lateral barrels and the middle and proximal phalanges represented in the medial barrel(s). The dorsal hairy digit skin and dorsal hand are represented in the lateral zone. D1 is represented by two small anteriorly located barrels. Medial to the representation of the glabrous digits is the representation of the palmar pads. The representation of these pads, in turn, lies between the representations of the thenar (located anteriorly) and hypothenar (located posteriorly) pads. Posterior to the hypothenar pad representation lie the representations of the wrist and forearm. While the present results support the conclusion that individual barrels are associated with discrete locations on the forepaw, examples were found where the recording site was not precisely located within the predicted barrel. Some of these errors may be accounted for by limitations in the mapping techniques; nevertheless, the FBS offers an excellent model system to study relationships between cortical structure and function.
Reduced Permeability in Groundwater Remediation Systems: Role of Mobilized Colloids and Injected Chemicals

The success of pump-and-treat or in situ remediation of contaminated aquifers depends in part on the ability to maintain the permeability of the aquifer, withdrawal wells, and delivery systems at a reasonable cost while moving significant quantities of water. We have considered one case in which a previous bioremediation effort at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida was halted due to delivery system failure at tributed to iron precipitation. Laboratory solutions and groundwaters from the Eglin site were passed through packed columns of aquifer material also obtained from the site. We investigated the effects of iron oxidation state and concentration, the pres ence of colloidal materials, and the effects of nutrient solutions and hydrogen peroxide in the feedwater on the permeability of the aquifer material. Our experi ments show that reduced permeability of the aquifer near delivery systems was likely caused by the re-deposition of colloids mobilized in the aquifer and by gas binding due to bacteriologically ...
Rapid high-performance liquid chromatography of 3-methylhistidine in human urine

An internally standardized method for the determination of 3-methylhistidine in human urine is presented. This methylated amino acid and chemically analogous internal standard 3-ethylhistidine were isolated from human urine specimens using small columns of cation-exchange resin. Quantification was accomplished by high-performance liquid chromatography using post-column derivatization with o-phthalicdicarboxaldehyde-2-mercaptoethanol followed by fluorometric detection. Sample-to-sample and day-to-day reproducibility were shown to have respective relative standard deviations of 2 and 5% for a human urine specimen containing 250 nmol/ml 3-methylhistidine when using 250 μl urine per analysis. The chromatographic separation was evaluated in terms of various peak descriptors (capacity factor and retention time) and “Chromatographic Figures of Merit” (peak symmetry and chromatographic efficiency). The utility of the method was demonstrated by its successful application to 1000 human urine specimens.
Indices for comparing greenhouse gas emissions: integrating science and economics

Abstract Abatement of greenhouse gases is a key element of possible policy responses to global warming. Comprehensive abatement strategies view the greenhouse abatement issue as one involving multiple gases and not CO 2 alone. These strategies require the formulation of greenhouse gas indices that will allow for an evaluation of the trade offs involved. This paper uses an optimal control methodology to determine greenhouse gas indices. Analytical expressions for the indices are determined using cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness framings. An integrated framework that includes the relevant scientific and economic processes is used to evaluate indices for methane, nitrous oxide and HCFC-22. Additionally, the optimal control problem for a two gas abatement strategy involving methane and carbon dioxide is numerically solved. In the case of methane, indices were calculated for direct as well as indirect radiative forcing effects. In addition to the numerical results, the analysis allows us to make several qualitative observations regarding the dependence of trace gas indices on the scientific and economic uncertainties involved in climate change policy.
Effects of TAHA treatments on the fatigue life of a 7075 aluminium alloy

The effects of TAHA treatments including pre-ageing, plastic deformation and final-ageing on the fatigue life of a 7075 Al-Zn-Mg alloy were investigated. Pre-ageing was carried out at 100° C (TAHA1) and room temperature (TAHA2). Experimental results indicated that the improvement in fatigue life due to TAHA1 and TAHA2 was at least 19.5 and 26%, respectively, when compared to the conventional T-6 treatment. Scanning electron microscopy showed that fracture features such as dimple distribution, fatigue striation, tearing ridge and platelets could be correlated with fatigue behaviour. The correlation between the peak fatigue life, peak elongation, residual stress and substructure, such as subcell and precipitate, is also discussed.
Concurrent measures of feeding and locomotion in rats

Psychostimulants including amphetamine and cocaine induce locomotion and stereotypy and suppress eating. Studies of the biobehavioral actions of psychostimulants commonly focus on locomotion and less commonly on feeding, and only rarely are these measures considered in conjunction within the same animal. Inasmuch as hyperactivity induced by a psychostimulant may compete with other motor behaviors, including eating, it would be important to concurrently assess changes in eating and locomotion after psychostimulant treatment. The present paper describes a modification of an automated activity chamber in which minute-by-minute recordings of food consumption are gathered in parallel with an assessment of locomotion. The present experiment illustrates the method by characterizing the temporal changes in locomotion and eating produced by administration of hypophagic doses of nicotine tartrate (0.28 mg/kg (as the base), IP) or cocaine hydrochloride (7.5 mg/kg, IP). At these doses, nicotine suppressed eating and locomotion, whereas cocaine suppressed eating, but facilitated forward locomotion. These outcomes support the viability of this apparatus and the concurrent method for the dissociation of feeding and locomotion.
The Magnetopause: A New Frontier in Space.

The magnetopause is defined as the frontier between the terrestrial and the solar atmospheres. The nature of the magnetopause and the processes it influences are discussed. (P.C.H.)
Effect of Microsomal Enzyne Inducing Drugs on DDT and Dieldrin Elimination from Cows

Abstract After being contaminated with pesticides, the cows were fed uncontaminated diets for at least 14 days and then treated with various drugs in attempts to accelerate the elimination of pesticides stored in body tissues. In Experiment 1, cows were fed 5g per day pentobarbital for 14 days. The first-order rates of decline of dieldrin, DDD, and DDT concentrations in milk fat were 0.030, 0.059, and 0.022 day −1 for control and 0.044, 0.120, and 0.026 day −1 for treated. In Experiment 2, cows received 3g pentobarbital intravenously followed by 5g per day orally for 20 days and 24g per day for the next 20 days. Decline rates for dieldrin, DDE, and DDT, were 0.026, 0.010, and 0.019 day −1 for control and 0.027, 0.011, and 0.019 day −1 for treated. In Experiment 3, the treated groups were fed either 5g per day phenobarbital or diphenylhydantoin. Decline rates for dieldrin and DDE were 0.018 and 0.016 day −1 for control, 0.035 and 0.021 day −1 for phenobarbital, and 0.018 and 0.014 day −1 for diphenylhydantoin. The responses of DDD to pentobarbital, dieldrin to phenobarbital, and DDE to phenobarbital were significant. Feed consumption, milk yield, and fat tests were not affected by the drugs.
Programming Parallel Vision Algorithms: a Dataflow Language Approach

Computer vision requires the processing of large volumes of data and requires parallel architectures and algorithms to be useful in real-time, industrial applica tions. The INSIGHT dataflow language was designed to allow encoding of vision algorithms at all levels of the computer vision paradigm. INSIGHT programs, which are relational in nature, can be translated into a graph structure that represents an architecture for solving a particular vision problem or a configuration of a reconfi gurable computational network. We consider here IN SIGHT programs that produce a parallel net architecture for solving low-, mid-, and high-level vision tasks.
Information science in the international arena: an educator's perspective

Over the last decade or so I have had first‐hand experience of sixty LIS (library and information science) schools or programmes in twenty countries, from Botswana to Brazil; from Morocco to Malaysia. This paper describes my impressions of recent and current developments in the teaching of information studies/science internationally. It is not, however, based on the results of any kind of field survey or systematic comparison of curricula and courses, and my remarks should therefore be treated with caution. These impressions have been garnered through on‐site visits, whether for the purpose of teaching, acting as external examiner, conducting research or undertaking consultancy assignments.
Shift Register Function in Optical Buffer Memory using Polarization Bistable VCSELs

Shift register function in optical buffer memory was experimentally demonstrated using polarization bistable VCSELs. Input data stored as the polarization state of the first VCSEL were transferred to the polarization state of the second VCSEL.
Utilization of the Coronary Balloon-Expandable Coil Stent Without Anticoagulation or Intravascular Ultrasound

Background The balloon-expandable coil stent has been proved effective in the management of acute and threatened closure after coronary balloon angioplasty and has been shown to reduce restenosis in patients with suboptimal results after coronary balloon angioplasty. Coronary artery stenting has been limited by the occurrence of stent thrombosis and comorbidity related to anticoagulation. This study was undertaken to determine whether anticoagulation may be removed from poststenting protocols, thus reducing comorbidity without increasing stent thrombosis. Methods and Results Between September 1994 and May 1995, 369 patients received balloon-expandable coil stents in native coronary arteries at our institution. Of these patients, 216 were selected for a protocol of aspirin and ticlopidine (for 1 month) without anticoagulation. Eligibility for this protocol followed satisfaction of certain procedural and angiographic criteria. These criteria included adequate coverage of intimal dissections, absence of resi...
Uniform, self-organized, seven-step height P b / S i ( 111 ) − ( 7 × 7 ) islands at low temperatures

An unusual growth mode has been observed during low temperature growth at T=185 K in the system $\mathrm{P}\mathrm{b}/\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}(111)\ensuremath{-}(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7)$ with the formation of uniform seven-step, steep-edged, flat-top islands up to coverages $\ensuremath{\theta}=7.5 \mathrm{ML}.$ The evidence is based on the spot profile analysis--low-energy electron diffraction diffracted intensity distribution as a function of ${k}_{\ensuremath{\Vert}},$ ${k}_{z}$ the parallel and normal components of the momentum transfer which show sevenfold oscillations over the range in ${k}_{z}$ where single step oscillations are expected. The formation of these highly uniform, self-organized structures implies that unconventional kinetic mechanisms operate at these low temperatures.
Functional and mechanistic analyses of biomimetic aminoacyl transfer reactions in de novo designed coiled coil peptides via rational active site engineering.

Ribosomes and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) carry out instructed peptide synthesis through a series of directed intermodular aminoacyl transfer reactions. We recently reported the design of coiled-coil assemblies that could functionally mimic the elementary aminoacyl loading and intermodular aminoacyl transfer steps of NRPSs. These peptides were designed initially to accelerate aminoacyl transfer mainly through catalysis by approximation by closely juxtaposing four active site moieties, two each from adjacent noncovalently associated helical modules. In our designs peptide self-assembly positions a cysteine residue that is used to covalently capture substrates from solution via transthiolesterification (substrate loading step to generate the aminoacyl donor site) adjacent to an aminoacyl acceptor site provided by a covalently tethered amino acid or modeled by the e-amine of an active site lysine. However, through systematic functional analyses of 48 rationally designed peptide sequences, we hav...
CT features of blunt abdominal aortic injury

Abdominal aortic injuries are uncommon following blunt trauma, with relatively few reported series in the radiology literature. This study was conducted to identify common locations and imaging features of blunt traumatic abdominal aortic injury, the presence of associated visceral and osseous injuries, and the mechanisms of trauma. A retrospective review of 9,213 trauma registry entries over a 7-year period yielded 103 patients with aortic injuries, 12 of which had direct signs of abdominal segment involvement (dissection flap, focal intimal injury, intramural hematoma, active extravasation of contrast, or pseudoaneurysm formation). The majority (75 %) was isolated to the abdomen—67 % of which was infrarenal, 33 % suprarenal—while the other 25 % was a contiguous extension from a thoracic injury. Abdominal aortic injuries were uncommonly seen in isolation: all but one patient (92 %) demonstrated either retroperitoneal blood or stranding, hemoperitoneum, and/or CT signs of hypoperfusion complex, and only one patient (8 %) had no associated solid organ or skeletal injuries. All patients had a mechanism of injury which involved direct trauma to the abdomen, most commonly a motor vehicle collision. Similar to other recent series, there was an increased rate of abdominal segment injury (11.7 % of all aortic injuries) in this series compared to more remote autopsy series. This difference is likely due to detection of injuries which went undiagnosed before the widespread use of multidetector CT, which has become the standard of care for both acute evaluation following blunt trauma and for follow-up.
Silicon incorporation anomaly in LEC grown GaAs

Abstract The growth of Si doped LEC GaAs shows a significant deviation in the Si incorporation from the prediction of a classic segregation model. As a rule, it is expected that for a given impurity segregation coefficient, the dopant incorporation throughout the crystal may be calculated with fairly good accuracy. In fact, Te-doped GaAs LEC doping profiles show a close approximation to this classic model. However, in Si doped GaAs LEC growth, the doping distribution in the crystals deviates significantly from the segregation model. In some cases, this deviation is of several orders of magnitude. The degree of deviation was found to be dependent on the growth conditions. This work was performed to understand the source of the deviation from the model and to allow for an accurate account of the Si incorporation. In this work, Si doped GaAs crystals were grown by low pressure LEC. These crystals were targeted for doping in the 10 16 to low 10 18 cm -3 range. The actual dopant incorporation was significantly lower than the segregation model predicted, and the axial doping variation was much too flat. Moreover, in spite of an intentional Si doping, a significant number of crystals were semi-insulating. Analysis of the experimental data has shown that this doping behavior cannot be explained by the assumption of an unknown compensating impurity. A different model has been developed that is consistent with all of our observations and that provides an accurate account of the Si incorporation. Understanding the Si incorporating anomaly has allowed us to make successful process changes and improvements. This model explains the observed doping anomaly by taking account of the diffusion of Si between the GaAs melt and the B 2 O 3 encapsulant, as well as some permanent Si trapping in the B 2 O 3 . When the interaction of the Si with B 2 O 3 is taken into account, the Si incorporation follows the segregation model and the anomaly vanishes.
Three-dimensional imaging of DNA fragments during electrophoresis using a confocal detector

We have measured the 3D distribution of DNA fragments within an electrophoretic band. The measurements were made using a confocal microscope and a photon counting photomultiplier detector. A DNA sequencing standard was loaded into glass microchannel plates containing polyacrylamide gel. The measurements were made by scanning the plates in three dimensions using a mechanical stage under computer control, while electrophoresis was taking place. We found that the distribution of DNA was the same for all the bands measured in the sequencing ladder with an approximate Gaussian distribution along all three axis. These measurements are important to understand what physical forces shape electrophoretic bands confined by a channel and also as an aid in the design of high throughput DNA sequencers.
Output Regulation of Linear Systems with State, Input and Output Delays

Abstract This paper considers the output regulation problem for linear systems in the presence of state, input and output delays. A state feedback output regulation law is constructed from a state predictor, recently developed for systems with state and input delays, and the solution to a pair of regulator equations that transforms the output regulation problem into a stabilization problem. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution to the regulator equations are presented. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed predictor-based solution.
Fine structure of the epithelial dental organ in the frog during early odontogenesis.

A total of 227 tooth germs in different developmental stages were dissected from the maxillae of 58 leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). Five fixatives and three buffers were used and optimum preservation of the odontogenic epithelium was observed in specimens fixed in cold 4% glutaraldehyde at pH 7.3 for three hours followed by 1% osmium tetroxide for one hour. The inner dental epithelium showed mitotic figures limited to the initial stage of odontogenesis. The cells contained numerous free ribosomes, tonofilaments, few mitochondria and sporadic cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. Their distal portions were drawn into processes studded with numerous hemidesmosomes. At a later stage of development yet prior to amelogenesis, these processes disappeared. The preameloblasts followed two pathways of histodifferentiation depending on their location. Ventrolabially the columnar cells exhibited progressive differentiation in contrast to the cuboidal cells on the ventrolingual surfaces of the cusps. The external dental epithelial cells were flattened, closely packed and connected by numerous desmosomes. Their cytoplasm contained mainly mitochondria and tonofilaments, as well as few Golgi vesicles. With the beginning of amelogenesis large intercellular spaces and lysosomal-like bodies were frequently observed and the Golgi complex is more prominent. We concluded that at early odontogenesis the epithelio-mesodermal interaction in the frog's dental organ is similar to that of mammalian species but the frog's internal epithelium shows a different pattern of histodifferentiation.