cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Optically Detected Coherent Lattice Oscillations in Silver and Gold Monolayer Periodic Nanoprism Arrays: The Effect of Interparticle Coupling

Using femtosecond transient spectroscopy, we studied the optically detected laser-induced coherent phonon oscillation of monolayers of periodic arrays of prismatic-shaped silver and gold nanoparticles, assembled by using the technique of nanosphere lithography. In this method, the same size of polystyrene sphere and the same vacuum conditions are used. Under these circumstances, the gold nanoprisms formed are found to have sharper tips than the corresponding silver nanoprisms. For both gold and silver nanoparticles, the surface plasmon absorption maximum is found to depend linearly on size. The coherent lattice oscillation periods are also found to depend linearly on size. However, although the observed dependence for the silver nanoparticle is found to follow the calculated dependence of a single particle on size (based on a one-dimensional standing wave model), the gold nanoparticle deviates from this model, and the deviation is found to increase with the size of the nanoparticles. This deviation can be explained by considering interparticle coupling. A simple interparticle lattice oscillating dipolar coupling model of the dimer is found to qualitatively account for both the sign and the size dependence of the deviation. The absence of this deviation in the silver nanoparticle arrays is blamed on the weak interparticle coupling due to their rounded tips and the possibility of oxidation of their surfaces.
Optimization and response surfaces: an optimization-based multi-resolution simulation methodology

The need for new approaches to the consistent simulation of related phenomena at multiple levels of resolution is great. While many fields of application would benefit from a complete and approachable solution to this problem, such solutions have proven extremely difficult. We present a multi-resolution simulation methodology which uses numerical optimization as a tool for maintaining external consistency between models of the same phenomena operating at different levels of temporal and/or spatial resolution. Our approach follows from previous work in the disparate fields of inverse modeling and spacetime constraint-based animation. As a case study, our methodology is applied to two environmental models of forest canopy processes that make overlapping predictions under unique sets of operating assumptions, and which execute at different temporal resolutions. Experimental results are presented and future directions are addressed.
Environmental photochemistry: is iron oxide (hematite) an active photocatalyst? A comparative study: α-Fe2O3, ZnO, TiO2

The photocatalytic activity of α-Fe2_O_3 colloids is compared to the activities of colloids and suspensions of ZnO and TiO_2. The formation of H_2O_2 is investigated and the oxidation of organic molecules is studied with high sensitivity. While ZnO and TiO_2 are found to be quite active photocatalysts in the formation of hydrogen peroxide and in the degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbon molecules, only negligible photocatalytic activity is found for α-Fe_2O_3. Upper limits of quantum yields for several photoreactions of α-Fe_2O_3 are given.
X-ray astronomy: When appearances are deceptive

The sharpest X-ray image ever obtained of a portion of the Milky Way resolves a seemingly diffuse X-ray emission into discrete sources. These sources are likely to be stars of the 'garden variety' in the Sun's vicinity.
Evolution of the leaf economics spectrum in herbs: Evidence from environmental divergences in leaf physiology across Helianthus (Asteraceae)

The leaf economics spectrum (LES) describes a major axis of plant functional trait variation worldwide, defining suites of leaf traits aligned with resource-acquisitive to resource-conservative ecological strategies. The LES has been interpreted to arise from leaf-level trade-offs among ecophysiological traits common to all plants. However, it has been suggested that the defining leaf-level trade-offs of the LES may not hold within specific functional groups (e.g., herbs) nor within many groups of closely related species, which challenges the usefulness of the LES paradigm across evolutionary scales. Here, we examine the evolution of the LES across 28 species of the diverse herbaceous genus Helianthus (the sunflowers), which occupies a wide range of habitats and climate variation across North America. Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, we find repeated evolution of more resource-acquisitive LES strategies in cooler, drier, and more fertile environments. We also find macroevolutionary correlations among LES traits that recapitulate aspects of the global LES, but with one major difference: leaf mass per area is uncorrelated with leaf lifespan. This indicates that whole-plant processes likely drive variation in leaf lifespan across Helianthus, rather than leaf-level trade-offs. These results suggest that LES patterns do not reflect universal physiological trade-offs at small evolutionary scales.
Symptom Database Builder for Autonomic Computing

Companies in the software development business accumulate an enormous amount of data, generated through their test and support teams. This data could be in the form of defect records and their resolutions, queries or responses to the customers. This data may be classified as problem data, and contains information that can be used for proactive problem diagnosis and resolution. However, in real situation it is rarely reused, as the data is populated in 'human' (communication language) and lacks structured information to be effectively used by IT management tools. IBM log and trace analyzer for autonomic computing (LTA) (Jacob et al., 2004) is one tool that helps IT administrators and support personnel in easy problem diagnosis through its symptom database. A symptom database is a collection of XML files adhering to a schema and contains records of incident and problem indications that could arise in the operation of the software or hardware infrastructure. For every symptom, the symptom database also contains the cause of the problem and a recommended solution for the problem. Typically the symptom database is created by the development teams from the scratch; however we have found that the unstructured data collected by the support and the test teams can also be processed using various natural language processing and unstructured information processing algorithms to build symptom databases. In this paper we present a tool, the symptom database builder (SDB), which facilitates the conversion of problem data to a symptom database to be used with LTA
The Short-Run Impact of the Healthy Incentives Pilot Program on Fruit and Vegetable Intake

In response to low consumption levels of fruits and vegetables by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants, the USDA Food and Nutrition Service created the Healthy Incentives Pilot (HIP) to test the efficacy of providing a 30% incentive for purchases of targeted fruits and vegetables (TFVs). Four to six months after implementation, mean daily TFV intake for adult HIP participants was 0.22 cup-equivalents higher (24% higher) than for control-group SNAP participants. These impact estimates with a random-assignment research design generally agree with previously published nonexperimental elasticity estimates, which imply that a pure price reduction of 30% would increase fruit and vegetable consumption by about 20%.
Hepatic Metastases: Perilesional Enhancement on Dynamic MRI

OBJECTIVE. Our purpose was to determine whether the perilesional parenchymal enhancement of hepatic metastases could be correlated with tumoral enhancement on arterial phase images or tumor size on dynamic MRI.MATERIALS AND METHODS. One hundred thirty-four lesions of hepatic metastases in 44 patients were subjected to a retrospective analysis of the dynamic MR images obtained with 3D spoiled gradient-echo sequences. The thickness of the enhancing rim on arterial phase images was regarded as a summation of the enhancing component of tumor periphery and perilesional enhancement, which were estimated by the tumor size on precontrast T1-weighted images. The presence of wedge-shaped perilesional enhancement was also correlated with the lesion size.RESULTS. Except for 17 diffusely enhanced lesions, lesion size was comparable between the lesions with (n = 87; 26 ± 19 [SD] mm) and without rim enhancement (n = 30; 27 ± 23 mm) on the arterial phase dynamic MR images (p > 0.05). The degree of peripheral tumoral enha...
The Technological Analysis of RMS Titanic 's Coal: The Enhancement of Archaeological Research

This research focuses on coal recovered from the debris field created when R.M.S. Titanic sank on 15 April 1912. The primary objectives are to evaluate the variety of different sources of coal represented in the Titanic sample, and to identify the specific location of these sources. The methods used to evaluate the research objectives include a variety of trace element, petrographic, and palynological analyses. The results of this study provide critical insight into the socioeconomic circumstances that contributed to the enormity of the disaster.
Perturbation approximation of 3‐D seismic scattering

SUMMARY A method is presented for computing 3-D seismic wave scattering from a rough interface. The matrix method used is appropriate for direct implementation in existing propagator matrix-based seismogram synthesis programs. It is derived using a perturbation approach which requires interface height perturbations to be small relative to the wavelengths of scattered waves, and interface slope perturbations to be much less than unity. These validity conditions are based on an order-of-error analysis of the truncation of the perturbation series. These conditions are numerically investigated by comparison of frequency-wavenumber-domain and time domain perturbation results with those generated by a second-order finite difference method for several rough interface models with Gaussian autocorrelation functions. In the ω-k domain comparisons, the perturbation method is accurate for rms interface height deviations of less than about 10 per cent of the smallest wavelength in the scattered field. This result is independent of rms interface slope in the tested range of 0.037-0.99. Comparisons of seismograms generated by the two methods show that error does increase with increasing rms slope, but at half the rate of error growth with increasing height. Time-domain error is acceptable for rms height deviations of less than about 20 per cent and rms slopes of less than about 0.25. A 3-D scattering kernel is defined which facilitates analysis of 2- and 3-D scattered field results.
Microfluidic Ping Pong for cytokine detection

Dynamic bead-based microarrays offer an ideal platform for chemical and biological applications, including on-site chemical analysis, point-of-care medical diagnostics and synthetic biology on a chip. Despite significant development of dynamic microarrays, challenges have remained for achieving multi-stage fluidic reactions and analyses. Here we present a novel bead-based microarray platform - Microfluidic Ping Pong (MPP) - and demonstrate this system by detecting the inflammatory cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), via a six-step aptamer-based sandwich assay with five additional wash steps. Using aptamer beacons immobilized on 15 µm diameter polystyrene microbeads, 100 pM concentrations of IFN-γ were detected in the MPP system.
Performance of a multi-band ultra-wideband system over indoor wireless channels

In this paper, the error performance of a frequency-hopped, multi-band ultra-wideband (UWB) system over indoor lognormal fading channels is analyzed. An equal gain combiner is adopted to combine the signal energy contained in a subset of the resolvable multipath components.
Millennial engineers: Digital media and information ecology of engineering students

Media significantly shape how and what we learn. To date there is limited understanding of digital media and information use by engineering students. We comprehensively review existing literature and present findings from a research study investigating digital media and information use of 'millennial' engineers who purportedly possess distinctive experience, habits, and perceptions about technology. We administered a multiple-item survey to a cohort of first year engineering students who entered a large public university in the United States in August 2009. Self-reported information on the frequency of media device usage, participation in social networking, academic activities and information seeking tendencies, was received from 204 participants. Similar to other youth, millennial engineers use technology extensively and are frequent users of both commonly used digital devices as well as applications. Students' device ownership was marked by a relatively low use of desktop computers and significant use of mobile devices. Students reported using the Internet extensively for both entertainment and school related work. Facebook(TM) use was common but Twitter(TM) use was limited. Multitasking was common and its self-reported effectiveness varied across participants. Gender differences were found across several items. Implications for teaching and learning are discussed.
Oxidative stress and neurotoxicity

There is increasing awareness of the ubiquitous role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative disease states. A continuing challenge is to be able to distinguish between oxidative changes that occur early in the disease from those that are secondary manifestations of neuronal degeneration. This perspective highlights the role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders where there is evidence for a primary contribution of oxidative stress in neuronal death, as opposed to other diseases where oxidative stress more likely plays a secondary or by-stander role. We begin with a brief review of the biochemistry of oxidative stress as it relates to mechanisms that lead to cell death, and why the central nervous system is particularly susceptible to such mechanisms. Following a review of oxidative stress involvement in individual disease states, some conclusions are provided as ...
Modeling coping behavior in virtual humans: don't worry, be happy

This article builds on insights into how humans cope with emotion to guide the design of virtual humans. Although coping is increasingly viewed in the psychological literature as having a central role in human adaptive behavior, it has been largely ignored in computational models of emotion. In this paper, we show how psychological research on the interplay between human emotion, cognition and coping behavior can serve as a central organizing principle for the behavior of human-like autonomous agents. We present a detailed domain-independent model of coping based on this framework that significantly extends our previous work. We argue that this perspective provides novel insights into realizing adaptive behavior.
Quantitation of pesticide residues on thin layer chromatograms by video densitometry

A method is described for analysis of chlorinated pesticides using inexpensive thin-layer plates with quantitation by means of digital image processing. Several organo-halide pesticides, which are classified as priority pollutants, are separated on silica thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) plates using various solvents. The separated pesticide spots are stained with 1% diphenylamine in ethanol, resulting in green- to violet-colored spots. One of the fractions is noticeably different from the other stain/pesticide spots. To take advantage of this color difference, a multiwavelength video TLC scanner is used to determine the reflectance spectrum of each compound in situ. From the digital image resulting from the ratio of two images taken at different wavelengths, the integrated intensity of each pesticide spot is measured and a calibration curve is developed. Detection limits are approximately 1 mu g for each pesticide. >
Effect of Dexamethasone Administered With Magnesium Sulfate on Inflammation-Mediated Degradation of the Blood—Brain Barrier Using an In Vitro Model

Patients at risk for preterm delivery are frequently administered both antenatal steroids for fetal maturation and magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection. In this study, we investigate whether steroids coadministered with magnesium sulfate preserve blood–brain barrier integrity in neuroinflammation. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were grown in astroglial conditioned media in a 2-chamber cell culture apparatus. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or catalytically active recombinant matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) simulated neuroinflammation. Membrane integrity was assessed by zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) immunoreactivity, permeability to fluorescently conjugated dextran, and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). The TNF-α and MMP-9 treatment increased the rate of dextran transit, decreased TEER, and decreased ZO-1 immunoreactivity at junctional interfaces. Dexamethasone pretreatment alone or in combination with 0.5 mmol/L magnesium sulfate preserved monolayer integrity after inflammatory insult. Magnesium sulfate alone was not protective. This study supports a possible interaction between steroids and magnesium in neuroprotection.
Effects of an 8-session behavioral parent training group for parents of children with ADHD on child impairment and parenting confidence.

Objective: This study examined the feasibility and effectiveness of a behavioral parent training (BPT) group intervention implemented in an outpatient mental health setting in reducing child impairments and increasing parenting confidence in managing child behavior. Method: Parents of 241 children with ADHD participated in the eight-session parent group program, completing the Impairment Rating Scale (IRS) and a measure of parenting confidence at the first and last session. Results: Parents reported improvements in child behavior across all domains of the IRS, with the largest improvements in terms of overall impairment, parent–child relationship, and impact of child behavior on the family. Parents also reported increased confidence in managing their child’s behavior. Conclusion: These findings suggest that brief BPT group programs administered to a diverse range of attendees in a typical outpatient setting result in improvements in functional impairments comparable with those produced in controlled studi...
A time-resolved imaging study of Cr (I) emissions from a laser plasma formed on a sample at nonnormal incidence

The effect of sample orientation on atomic emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was studied using time-resolved imaging and spectroscopy. The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of sampling geometry on the analytical performance of the LIBS measurement. The results obtained indicate that atoms are ejected perpendicular to the sample surface independent of the angle-of-incidence of the laser pulse. This result is consistent with previous work by others. In addition, it was found that the observed LIBS atomic emission intensities were maximum for normal laser pulse incidence, reached a minimum at 50/spl deg/ angle-of-incidence, and then increased as the sample was rotated to higher angles-of-incidence.
The Dual-Functioning Fumarate Reductase Is the Sole Succinate:Quinone Reductase in Campylobacter jejuni and Is Required for Full Host Colonization

Campylobacter jejuni encodes all the enzymes necessary for a complete oxidative tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Because of its inability to utilize glucose, C. jejuni relies exclusively on amino acids as the source of reduced carbon, and they are incorporated into central carbon metabolism. The oxidation of succinate to fumarate is a key step in the oxidative TCA cycle. C. jejuni encodes enzymes annotated as a fumarate reductase (Cj0408 to Cj0410) and a succinate dehydrogenase (Cj0437 to Cj0439). Null alleles in the genes encoding each enzyme were constructed. Both enzymes contributed to the total fumarate reductase activity in vitro. The frdA::cat+ strain was completely deficient in succinate dehydrogenase activity in vitro and was unable to perform whole-cell succinate-dependent respiration. The sdhA::cat+ strain exhibited wild-type levels of succinate dehydrogenase activity both in vivo and in vitro. These data indicate that Frd is the only succinate dehydrogenase in C. jejuni and that the protein annotated as a succinate dehydrogenase has been misannotated. The frdA::cat+ strain was also unable to grow with the characteristic wild-type biphasic growth pattern and exhibited only the first growth phase, which is marked by the consumption of aspartate, serine, and associated organic acids. Substrates consumed in the second growth phase (glutamate, proline, and associated organic acids) were not catabolized by the the frdA::cat+ strain, indicating that the oxidation of succinate is a crucial step in metabolism of these substrates. Chicken colonization trials confirmed the in vivo importance of succinate oxidation, as the frdA::cat+ strain colonized chickens at significantly lower levels than the wild type, while the sdhA::cat+ strain colonized chickens at wild-type levels.
Congenital malalignment of the great toenails.

: Congenital matalignment of the great toenaiis is a disorder in which malalignment of the nail matrix results in angular lateral nail plate growth. The consequence is onychodystrophy, which may progress to onychogryphosis and chronic ingrown toenails. There has been debate as to whether the condition is inherited or acquired in utero secondary to Improper fetal posltioning. A 6-year-old boy and his father, both of whom have this disorder, are discussed.
An initial value method for solving Fredholm integral equation of the first kind

Abstract The difficulties in solving Fredholm integral equations of the first kind are well known. A classical method has been to convert the equation into a set of m linear algebraic equations in n unknowns (m⪋n). For computational convenience, it is customary to force m = n and solve the resulting ill-conditioned system using one technique or other. In the general case, a feasible solution, if it exists, can be found by determining the generalized inverse of the coefficient matrix. One method of finding the generalized inverse is to reformulate the problem and observe the steady state response of a system of ordinary differential equations with prescribed initial conditions. Results obtained from this reformulation are found to be comparable in quality to those obtained earlier by other methods. Analog and digital computer implementations are discussed.
Effect of manufacturing treatments on the rheological character of Mozzarella cheese made from microfiltration retentate depleted of whey proteins1

Low-moisture, part-skim (LMPS) Mozzarella cheeses were made from highly concentrated skim milk microfiltration (MF) retentate and butteroil. Differing combinations of rennet concentration, coagulation temperature and post-coagulation curd cutting time were used, with comparisons made of the rheological and functional characteristics of cheeses during ageing. Lubricated squeezing flow, stress relaxation, melt and stretch measurements demonstrated that commercial LMPS Mozzarella had substantial textural and functional change between 7 and 30 days of age, while the rheological and functional behaviour of LMPS MF Mozzarella (MFM) exhibited substantial change between 30 and 60 days of age. Rennet concentration was the only experimental factor to significantly affect MFM rheological and functional development, The delayed development of MFM was partially attributed to inhibition of normal cheese proteolysis via whey protein (WP) incorporation, lack of starter culture protease, and homogenization of MF cheesemilk. Use of starter culture in MFM led to improved rheological and functional behaviour. L'incorporation de proteines de lactoserum dans les varietes de fromages a faible teneur en humidite obtenus a partir de retentats d'ultrafiltration pose des problemes de qualite a ces produits. Une solution peut etre la microfiltration de lait ecreme qui produit des retentats plus riches en caseines et des permeats faits de proteines du lactoserum concentrees ayant des fonctionnalites activees.L'objet de cette etude est de comparer et d'evaluer l'effet de differentes concentrations en presure, temperatures de coagulation et temps de decoupage du caille sur les caracteristiques rheologiques et fonctionnelles pendant la maturation des fromages de Mozzarella fabriques a partir de retentats de microfiltration de lait ecreme et d'huile de beurre. Les resultats montrent des differences de texture et de proprietes fonctionnelles lors de la maturation.
WinDSK8: A user interface for the OMAP-L138 DSP board

A new multi-core DSP board is available for university and industry engineers. The LogicPD Zoom™ OMAP-L138 eXperimenter Kit, featuring Texas Instruments' dual core SoC (ARM9 and a C6748 VLIW DSP) provides a much more capable and affordable development system for real-time DSP. While this new board includes several improvements over the TMS320C6713 DSK, the host computer-to-board communication methods have changed dramatically. This paper discusses how the latest incarnation of the winDSK software program supports this new system. Specifically, winDSK8 was developed to support the C6748 DSP core within the OMAP-L138 SoC using the ARM9 core as the system's communication interface.
Compensating the Distributed Effect of Diffusion and Counter-Convection in Multi-Input and Multi-Output LTI Systems

Compensation of infinite-dimensional input or sensor dynamics in SISO, LTI systems is achieved using the backstepping method. For MIMO, LTI systems with distributed input or sensor dynamics, governed by diffusion with counter-convection, we develop a methodology for constructing control laws and observers that compensate the infinite-dimensional actuator or sensor dynamics. The explicit construction of the compensators are based on novel transformations, which can be considered of “backstepping-forwarding” type, of the finite-dimensional state of the plant and of the infinite-dimensional actuator or sensor states. Based on these transformations we construct explicit Lyapunov functionals which prove exponential stability of the closed-loop system, or convergence of the estimation error in the case of observer design. Finally, we illustrate the effectiveness of our controller with a numerical example.
New Perspectives on Statistical Decisions Under Ambiguity

This review summarizes and connects recent work on the foundations and applications of statistical decision theory. Minimax models of decisions making under ambiguity are identified as a thread running through several literatures. In axiomatic decision theory, these models motivated a large literature on modeling ambiguity aversion. Some findings of this literature are reported in a way that should be directly accessible to statisticians and econometricians. In statistical decision theory, the models inform a rich theory of estimation and treatment choice, which was recently extended to account for partial identification and thereby ambiguity that does not vanish with sample size. This literature is illustrated by discussing global, finite-sample admissible, and minimax decision rules for a number of stylized decision problems with point and partial identification.
Gilbert Yale Steiner

Gilbert Yale Steiner, an accomplished student of social policy and an influential director of the Brookings Institution's Governmental Studies program, died on March 1, 2006, in Washington, D.C., at the age of 81.
Case-Control Study of the Parkin Gene in Early-Onset Parkinson Disease

Background: Mutations in parkin are estimated to account for as much as 50% of familial Parkinson disease (PD) and 18% of sporadic PD. Single heterozygous mutations in parkin in both familial and sporadic cases may also increase susceptibility to PD. To our knowledge, all previous studies have been restricted to PD cases; this is the first study to systematically screen the parkin coding regions and exon deletions and duplications in controls. Objective: To determine the frequency and spectrum ofparkinvariantsinearly-onsetPDcases(aged50years) andcontrolsparticipatinginafamilialaggregationstudy. Patients and Methods:We sequenced the parkin gene in101casesand105controls.Allcasesandcontrolswere alsoscreenedforexondeletionsandduplicationsbysemiquantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Results: Thirteen (12.9% [95% confidence interval, 7%-21%]) of the 101 cases had a previously described parkin mutation: 1 was homozygous, 11 were heterozygous, and 1 was a compound heterozygote. The mutations Arg42Pro (exon 2) and Arg275Trp (exon 7) were recurrent. The previously reported synonymous substitutionLeu261Leu(c.884AG)wasidentifiedin4(3.9%) of 101 cases and 2 (2%) of 105 controls (P=.44). Excluding the synonymous substitution Leu261Leu (heterozygotes), 10 (9.9% [95% confidence interval, 4.6%17.5%]) carried mutations. Conclusions: The frequency of mutations among cases that were not selected based on family history of PD is similar to what has previously been reported in sporadic PD. The similar frequency of Leu261Leu in cases and controls suggests it is a normal variant rather than a disease-associated mutation. We confirmed that heterozygous parkin mutations may increase susceptibility for early-onset PD. Arch Neurol. 2006;63:548-552
Effect of Initial Stresses on the Small Deformations of a Composite Rod

A system of linear equations governing the small deformations of an initially stressed, curved, twisted composite rod is obtained through the use of the principle of virtual work. Apart from the extensions! and bending deformations, transverse shear as well as warping of the rod cross section are incorporated into the assumed displacement field. The resulting equations are applicable for transversely isotropic rods for a wide range of values of the ratio of the shear modulus to Young's modulus. Special cases of the governing equations are also presented for plane-curved symmetric rods. N this paper, we consider the effect of initial stresses on the small deformations of a curved, twisted rod. The rod is assumed to be transversely isotropic with a heterogeneous cross section. The effect of initial axial stress on the torsional rigidity of straight uniform rods is well-known.1'2 An examination of the formula in Ref. 1 for the effective torsional rigidity reveals that the effect of axial stress is particularly significant whenever the shear modulus of the material is small compared to Young's modulus. Corresponding to this range of values of the shear modulus, the shear deformation of the rod may be significant. In the following treatment, we obtain the effective torsional rigidity for space curved rods in the presence of shear deformation as part of our results. The analysis of the initial stress problem is based on the linearized three-dimensional initial stress problem, and the associated variational principles discussed in Ref. 2. In conjunction with the principle of virtual work, we assume a displacement field incorporating transverse shear deformation and warping of the cross section. In the subsequent considerations, approximations are introduced on the basis of the thinness of the rod to simplify the resulting relations. Inertia forces, associated with the small deformations, are included through the use of D'Alembert's principle. A system of equations for the treatment of symmetric, plane-curved rods is obtained by specializing the general relations. These equations readily uncouple into two sets— one describing the in-plane deformations, the other describing the out-of-plane deformations of the rod. Explicit forms of these relations are also stated for the case of negligible transverse shear deformation. An analysis of superposed small displacements on finite deformations of rods has been previously given by Green et al.3 The constitutive relations obtained in Ref. 3, on the basis of thermodynamically consistent strain energy functions, introduce unnecessary complexity in an approximate treatment of practical rod problems, such as the dynamic stability
A photoreactive fluorescent marker for identifying eosinophils and their cytoplasmic granules in tissues.

Here we describe a simple histochemical technique that provides an improved approach to identifying eosinophil components in tissues through the formation of photoreactive complexes that produce stable fluorescent emissions. This method worked readily with histological tissue sections 6–60 μm thick, which were fixed in neutral buffered formalin (NBF), and with cell suspensions similarly fixed and unfixed. Deep red (>605 nm) fluorescent emissions were produced by eosinophil-specific granules when exposed to broadband excitation spectra from a 100-W mercury lamp source (510–590 nm), as well as single-wavelength excitations from both an argon laser (488 nm) and a UV-visible laser (514 nm). The fluorophore-granule complex emissions increased in intensity during the first minute of continuous photoexcitation, then remained stable (>10 min). All nonspecific autofluorescence phenomena associated with these tissues were photobleached in the first minute, including areas of background Biebrich scarlet binding wher...
VECTORIAL INTEGRATED FINITE-DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS OF DIELECTRIC WAVEGUIDES

For the step index profile of dielectric waveguides(see Figure 1), the mode-matching techniques[1], the finite-element analysis [2-4], and the finite-difference method[5-7] have been developed for the discretization of the wave equation and the computation of the eigenvalues. In this paper, we present an integrated finite-difference method[8] to discretize the wave equation, and Arnoldi’s method[9,10] coupled with multiple deflation[10], followed by the inverse power method[11] combined with an iterative solver[12], for the calculation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Shear-Parallel Moist Convection over the Tropical Ocean: A Case Study from 18 February 1993 TOGA COARE

Abstract This paper describes a newly observed form of shear-parallel rainbands that were observed on 18 February 1993 in Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment using the NCAR ELDORA airborne Doppler radar. Interesting features of these rainbands included their rapidly changing and highly cellular nature, their complicated and layered kinematic structure, and the effects of the rainbands on the tropical environment. In their lower levels, the rainbands consisted of east–west elongated clusters of small convective cells, aligned with the z = 0–5 km shear vector. Strong low-level convergence, inflow from the north, and enhanced westerly winds extended from the surface up to 5 km. Much of this air was vented out of the storm at midlevels, exiting to the north in the 0°C stable layer at z = 5–7 km. This midlevel outflow fed an area of widespread, stratiform precipitation lying to the north of the rainband. The cold pool outflow emanating from this area of precipitation t...
Structural and Electrical Characterization of Shaped Beam Laser Recrystallized Polysilicon on Amorphous Substrates

Structural and electrical characterization of laser recrystallized LPCVD silicon films on amorphous substrates using a shaped cw laser beam have been performed. In comparing the results to data obtained using a circular beam, it was found that a significant increase in grain size can be achieved and that the surface morphology of the shaped beam recrystallized material was much smoother. It was also found that whereas circular beam recrystallized material has a random grain structure, shaped beam material is highly oriented with a texture. Finally the electrical characteristics of the recrystallized film were very good when measured in directions parallel to the grain boundaries.
RANS models for scalar transport in ablating compressible boundary layers

DNS of a high temperature flow over a modeled ablator surface is used to investigate models for turbulent scalar flux and chemical source term closures. Two different Mach numbers of 0.6 and 1.2 are considered. The ablating surface is described using a 1-D quasisteady model. Results show that the simple gradient diffusion scalar flux model, which uses an isotropic coefficient for the components of the flux, provides a poor match for the DNS scalar flux. Allowing anisotropy in the flux coefficient, as in the generalized gradient diffusion model, provides a much better match. Further, the simple laminar closure for the chemical source term introduces significant errors. The large fluctuations of temperature close to the ablator cause significant fluctuations in the chemical source term.
Influence of intensity-modulated radiotherapy on acute genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity in the treatment of localized prostate cancer.

The objective of this investigation is to compare acute genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity results of radiotherapy to localized fields delivered using intensity-modulated radioth...
Supply chain finance and financial contagion from disruptions: Evidence from the automobile industry

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of supply chain disruptions on competitors. Using companies in the automobile industry, the authors study the contagion effect in supply chains based on the affected firm and its competitors, whether the disruption occurs domestically or by a foreign-based firm, and within the context of economic market cycles. Design/methodology/approach – Standard event study methodology is used to test the stock price reaction to supply chain disruptions. The purpose of this methodology is to determine whether the announcement of an event produces a “significant” stock price reaction around the time of the announcement. To conduct such tests, daily stock returns are measured around the announcement date and compared with the expected return. To further test whether the event study results can be explained by the business cycle, sample period, and stock characteristics, the authors use regression analysis. The analysis is based on a data of 408 disruptions com...
HUWE1 comes to the rescue at stalled replication forks

HUWE1 is a multi‐faceted E3 ubiquitin ligase of the HECT family with many confirmed substrates, but mechanistic understanding of its functional roles in signaling pathways remains limited. In this issue of EMBO Reports , Choe et al demonstrate a novel function for HUWE1 in promoting DNA damage tolerance mechanisms to bypass DNA lesions during replication stress, thereby preserving genome stability. The authors connect this role for HUWE1 with its function in maintaining H2AX monoubiquitination levels for efficient signaling at stalled replication forks [1]. Thus, this work highlights HUWE1 as a novel player in the replication stress response and prompts further investigation of its regulation during replication and other cellular processes.
Effects of surgical drills on heat generation during bone drilling

OBJECTIVE To compare changes in bone temperature during the drilling using different types of drills with different drill speeds and drill feed rates.METHODS With fresh pig ribs bones as experimental materials,three thermistors(PT100)were fixed in the middle of two connective bones vertically.Drillings were used to create symmetric holes 1.8 mm from the middle line.There were three drilling experiments: 1.drilling between twist drill and cutting drill;2.drilling using twist drill in the same feed rates but different speeds;3.drilling using twist drill in the same speed but different feed rates.Changes in temperature and thickness were recorded.Paired Samples Test was used in the statistics.Signifcance level was set as P0.05.RESULTS In the group of twist drill and cutting drill,the mean temperature of the twist drill(31.35±19.8)℃ was significant lower than that of the cutting drill(P=0.0190.05).There were no significant differences in the groups of twist drill with different speeds or feed rates.The temperatures increased faster in the cortical bone,the changes of the temperature had linear relation with the thickness of the bones.CONCLUSION The twist drill generated less heat than the cutting drill during the drilling.However,due to the limitations of the current experimental conditions,there was no correlation between different speeds and feed rates in this study.
Thinkings about the Ecology and Relaxation Tours of Fuzhou National Forest Park

This paper expounded the basic superiority of ecology and relaxation tours of Fuzhou National Forest Park,it analysed the existing problems of the park tour development,and raised some suggestions for expediting the park ecology and relaxation tours development.
Desktop Digital Imaging

The multisample slab gels used for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) can produce gel patterns of hundreds of samples per day (see, for example, ref. 1). Because of this efficiency in the production of data, the rate-limiting steps in obtaining information at times are analysis, organization, reproduction, storage, and retrieval of data. Digital image recording and processing has the capacity for increasing, by at least an order of magnitude, the efficiency (in time and cost) of these processes. For the quantitative analysis of gel patterns, both spatial and densitometric measurements are simplified by use of digital image processing (reviewed in refs. 2 and 3). Microcomputers have now developed to the point that digital image processing can be a desktop procedure (4) that requires equipment (including computer, video camera, storage device, and laser printer) that costs less than $15,000. In the present communication, we describe procedures for assembling and using such a microcomputer-based system for digital image processing. The example that we use to demonstrate the image processing is analysis of band widths after production of unusually high DNA length resolution, by use of a recently demonstrated (5) resonance in DNA separation by PFGE (hyperresonance).
Good Intracranial Collaterals Trump Poor ASPECTS (Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score) for Intravenous Thrombolysis in Anterior Circulation Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Background and Purpose—In acute ischemic stroke, large early infarct size estimated by the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) is associated with poorer outcomes and is a relative contr...
Classification encryption via compressed permuted measurement matrices

In this paper we present an efficient encryption system based on Compressive Sensing for topic detection and classification in Twitter. The proposed method first employs Joint Complexity to perform topic detection. Then based on the spatial nature of the data, we apply the theory of Compressive Sensing to perform classification from a small number of random sample measurements. The breakthrough of the method is the encryption based on the permutation of measurements which are generated when solving the classification optimization problem. The experimental evaluation with real data from Twitter presents the robustness of the encryption accuracy, without using a specific cryptographic layer, while maintaining a low computational complexity.
Cross-sectional imaging of aortic infections

Aortic infections are uncommon clinical entities, but are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. In this review, we focus on the cross-sectional imaging appearance of aortic infections, including aortic valve endocarditis, pyogenic aortitis, mycotic aneurysm and aortic graft infections, with an emphasis on CT, MRI and PET/CT appearance. Teaching Points • Aortic infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality. • CT, MRI and FDG PET/CT play complementary roles in aortic infection imaging. • Radiologists should be vigilant for aortic infection manifestations to ensure timely diagnosis.
A MICROSCOPIC CALCULATION OF THERMAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC SOLID SOLUTIONS

A microscopic calculation is carried out for thermal properties of ionic solid solutions on the basis of the thermodynamic variational principle. The self-consistent Einstein approximation is used to obtain effective force constants between constituent ions. Thermal expansion and temperature dependence of elastic constants of solid solutions are evaluated in terms of interatomic potentials. Numerical calculations for alkali halide solid solutions are in good agreement with experimental data.
Educating Young People about Environmental Health Risks: Results from National Field Trials of the Environmental Health Risk Module

An important function of schools is to inform young people about environmental health risks. The purpose of this study was to test the ability of instructional material to improve students’ understanding of the principles and methods of environmental health risk assessment and management. The subject population consisted of 609 students at the tenth-grade level in eleven schools in eight states and the District of Columbia. The study concluded that significant changes in environmental knowledge and comprehension can be effected in a relatively short period of time. The study also found that significant improvements can be brought about in the ability of students to evaluate and use scientific evidence in environmental health risk decision making.
Ligand Induced Changes in the Assembly of Nicotinic Receptors

Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the world. Nicotine the primary compound found in tobacco smoke has been found to alter the assembly of some subtypes of nicotinic receptors. Although the mechanism of nicotine addiction is not clearly understood, it is hypothesized that nicotine interacts with the nicotinic receptors during assembly in ER and alters trafficking to plasma membrane. Nicotinic receptors located in the brain are pentameric ion channel composed of alpha (α2-10) and beta (β2-4) subunits. The α4β2 is the primary nicotinic receptors subtype found in the brain and can have low and high sensitive stoichiometries which differ in ion channel sensitivity, conductivity, and desensitization ability. We developed a single molecule based technique which enables us to isolate single receptors in nanoscale membrane derived vesicles and employed this method to study the stoichiometry of nicotinic receptors. We show that like the nicotine, other nicotinic receptor ligands also alter the stoichiometry and trafficking of α4β2.
The axon degeneration gene SARM1 is evolutionarily distinct from other TIR domain-containing proteins

Many forms of neurodegenerative disease are characterized by Wallerian degeneration, an active program of axonal destruction. Recently, the important player which enacts Wallerian degeneration was discovered, the multidomain protein SARM1. Since the SARM1 protein has classically been thought of as an innate immune molecule, its role in Wallerian degeneration has raised questions on the evolutionary forces acting on it. Here, we synthesize a picture of SARM1's evolution through various organisms by examining the molecular and genetic changes of SARM1 and the genes around it. Using proteins that possess domains homologous to SARM1, we established distances and Ka/Ks values through 5671 pairwise species-species comparisons. We demonstrate that SARM1 diverged across species in a pattern similar to other SAM domain-containing proteins. This is surprising, because it was expected that SARM1 would behave more like its TIR domain relatives. Going along with this divorce from TIR, we also noted that SARM1's TIR is under stronger purifying selection than the rest of the TIR domain-containing proteins (remaining highly conserved). In addition, SARM1's synteny analysis reveals that the surrounding gene cluster is highly conserved, functioning as a potential nexus of gene functionality across species. Taken together, SARM1 demonstrates a unique evolutionary pattern, separate from the TIR domain protein family.