cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new look at Heron's “Steam Engine”

A cauldron heated from below, a sphere to move against points. Let there be a cauldron heated from below containing water (AB) and let it be closed at its opening by the lid (FA); through this lid let a bent tube (EZH) be pierced, the end of which let be fitted into the hollow sphere (OK). Diametrically opposite to the end H let there ibe a point (AM) (attached) firmly to the lid pA. And let the sphere have ,two little tubes, bent, pierced diametrically opposite in it and bent oppositely. Let the bends be orthogonally arranged and through the lines HA. Then it will follow that, the cauldron being warmed, the steam (atmis) falling into the sphere through EZH will fall out through the bent-back (little tubes) to the lid and will turn the sphere, just as in the case of the dancing figures [2.3].
Advanced silicon IC interconnect technology: present trends and RF wireless implications

Back-end-of-the-line (BEOL) trends in silicon ICs include fully planarized interconnect structures with six levels on non-local wiring, copper metallization for improved resistance and electromigration and low dielectric constant (low-k) interlevel dielectrics (ILDs) for reduced line and coupling capacitance. These technological advances, when combined with front-end silicon technology innovations, will impact technology trends in RF wireless ICs and enhance the potential for systems-on-a-chip and application specific ICs (ASICs) with embedded communications capability. Design complexity will be alleviated by use of intellectual property (IP) cores and virtual design environment (VDE) software. Si IC BEOL trends are summarized, synergistic front-end developments discussed, implications for wireless technologies presented, the impacts of a VDE with IP cores discussed, and a timetable for practical realization in wireless products projected.
Rab-GTPases: dual roles in vesicular transport and viral replication

Productive viral infection is dependent upon post-entry migration of viruses/viral components to sites within a host cell that complement viral deficiencies. Delivery of virions or component proteins to appropriate sites within an infected cell is critical for completing successive stages in viral replication, including release into the cytoplasm, uncoating, genome replication, viral gene expression, assembly and budding. Vesicular transport is essential for steady-state cellular trafficking of membrane-associated proteins. Rab GTPases and their associated effectors are key regulators of vesicular transport pathways. In recent years, Rab proteins have been implicated in the endocytic or exocytic sorting of component viral proteins or intact viruses, most of which are known to be membrane-encapsulated and enveloped. This review will discuss the current understanding of how Rab GTPases and their effectors may regulate individual vesicular transport steps, and detail emerging discoveries examining how specif...
The Effect of Operating Parameters on Soot Emissions in GDI Engines

Due to the upcoming regulations for particulate matter (PM) emissions from GDI engines, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling study to predict soot emissions (both mass and solid particle number) from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines was undertaken to provide insights on how and why soot emissions are formed from GDI engines. In this way, better methods may be developed to control or reduce PM emissions from GDI engines. In this paper, the influence of engine operating parameters was examined for a side-mounted fuel injector configuration in a direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engine. The present models are able to reasonably predict the influences of the variables of interest compared to available experimental data or literature. For a late injection strategy, effects of the fuel composition, and spray cone angle were investigated with a single-hole injector. For an early injection strategy, the effects of multi-component fuel surrogates for gasoline, SOI timings and wall temperatures were studied with a six-hole injector. The investigations confirmed the necessity to consider the multi-component fuel composition and also demonstrate how and why wall films significantly contribute to soot emissions from DISI engines.
Role for MyD88 Signaling in Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Latency

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known predominantly for their role in activating the innate immune response. Recently, TLR signaling via MyD88 has been reported to play an important function in development of a B-cell response. Since B cells are a major latency reservoir for murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), we investigated the role of TLR signaling in the establishment and maintenance of MHV68 latency in vivo. Mice deficient in MyD88 (MyD88−/−) or TLR3 (TLR3−/−) were infected with MHV68. Analysis of splenocytes recovered at day 16 postinfection from MyD88−/− mice compared to those from wild-type control mice revealed a lower frequency of (i) activated B cells, (ii) germinal-center B cells, and (iii) class-switched B cells. Accompanying this substantial defect in the B-cell response was an approximately 10-fold decrease in the establishment of splenic latency. In contrast, no defect in viral latency was observed in TLR3−/− mice. Analysis of MHV68-specific antibody responses also demonstrated a substantial decrease in the kinetics of the response in MyD88−/− mice. Analysis of wild-type × MyD88−/− mixed-bone-marrow chimeric mice demonstrated that there is a selective failure of MyD88−/− B cells to participate in germinal-center reactions as well as to become activated and undergo class switching. In addition, while MHV68 established latency efficiently in the MyD88-sufficient B cells, there was again a ca. 10-fold reduction in the frequency of MyD88−/− B cells harboring latent MHV68. This phenotype indicates that MyD88 is important for the establishment of MHV68 latency and is directly related to the role of MyD88 in the generation of a B-cell response. Furthermore, the generation of a B-cell response to MHV68 was intrinsic to B cells and was independent of the interleukin-1 receptor, a cytokine receptor that also signals through MyD88. These data provide evidence for a unique role for MyD88 in the establishment of MHV68 latency.
A novel initiator/promoter element within the CD45 upstream region

Transcripts of the murine hematopoietic cell surface antigen CD45 (also known as Ly-5, LCA, T200 and B220) initiate at three distinct sites--P1a, P1b and P2--within the upstream region, though P1b is the major site of initiation in lymphoid cells. In our studies of the CD45 upstream region, we identified a cluster of nucleotides comprising the P2 start site, called the TC box, that acts as a minimal promoter for transcription from the P2 site. Thus, the TC box is functionally analogous to elements called initiators that direct RNA polymerases to begin transcription at specific positions. However, in contrast with other initiators, the CD45 TC box directs activated tissue specific expression. The TC initiator, therefore, may provide an effective means to achieve broad expression of exogenously introduced genes in immunologically relevant cells.
The effect of method of GnRH administration and short-term calf removal on ovarian function and reproductive performance in postpartum suckled beef cows administered PGF2α for estrous synchronization

Abstract The first experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with calf removal (none or short-term) and method of GnRH administration (intramuscularly in saline or subcutaneously in gelatin capsules) as main effects. The durations of the GnRH-induced LH surges were similar among groups but the LH surges were delayed in the cows that received GnRH subcutaneously in gelatin capsules. Calf removal enhanced the GnRH-induced LH release for cows administered GnRH subcutaneously in a gelatin capsule but not for cows administered GnRH intramuscularly in saline. In the second experiment, 191 postpartum suckled beef cows were administered two injections of prostaglandin F 2 α(PGF 2 α) 11 days apart. After the second PGF 2 α injection, the cows were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial experiment as in Experiment 1 plus one control group. Short-term calf removal (47 h) began 28 h after the second PGF 2 α injection. GnRH was administered 30 h after the time of calf removal. The number of cows that ovulated following the time of the GnRH treatment, the number that had abnormal luteal phases and the first-service pregnancy rates among treatment groups within the anestrous and cyclic cows classifications were not significantly different. However, several effects were detected and are reported.
The biogeochemistry of anchialine caves: progress and possibilities

Recent investigations of anchialine caves and sinkholes have identified complex food webs dependent on detrital and, in some cases, chemosynthetically produced organic matter. Chemosynthetic microbes in anchialine systems obtain energy from reduced compounds produced during organic matter degradation (e.g., sulfide, ammonium, and methane), similar to what occurs in deep ocean cold seeps and mud volcanoes, but distinct from dominant processes operating at hydrothermal vents and sulfurous mineral caves where the primary energy source is mantle derived. This review includes case studies from both anchialine and non-anchialine habitats, where evidence for in situ chemosynthetic production of organic matter and its subsequent transfer to higher trophic level metazoans is documented. The energy sources and pathways identified are synthesized to develop conceptual models for elemental cycles and energy cascades that occur within oligotrophic and eutrophic anchialine caves. Strategies and techniques for testing the hypothesis of chemosynthesis as an active process in anchialine caves are also suggested.
Elongational flow of polymer melts

A new technique is described whereby the rate of collapse of an air bubble within a molten polymer may be measured without the need for visual observation. The method involves use of a high speed recording dilatometer, From such data it is possible to measure an apparent elongational viscosity of the melt, and such measurements are presented for two polyethylenes (Tennite, a low density PE, and Plaskon, a high density PE), Limitations of the methods are discussed. This is one of a series of papers (1-3) documenting our development of a new experimental technique, and the corresponding mathematical modeling, whereby one may measure the elongational viscosity of polymeric viscoelastic fluids. Previous experimental work was confined to transparent fluids, since the technique depended on high-speed motion picture photography of the collapse of an air bubble within the fluid. In this paper we describe an attempt, largely successful, to develop a new experimental system which permits the study of molten polymers, including opaque fluids. Sample results are presented for both a low and a high density polyethylene.
Identifying packet droppers in sensor networks via report analysis

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Motivation and contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Organization of this thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 CHAPTER 3. METHODS AND PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.1.1 Network model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.1.2 Security assumptions and attack model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.2 Proposed scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.2.1 Information of tree topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.2.2 Packet encryption and decryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.2.3 Monitoring report transmission and analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.3 Catching packet droppers and modifiers in wireless sensor networks . . . . . . . 23 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.1 Impact of network density on failed-detection rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.2 Impact of natural dropping rate and mis-overhearing on failed-detection rate . 35 4.3 Impact of percentage of droppers on failed-detection rate . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.4 Impact of detection rounds on failed-detection rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Qualitative Research Methods The Fifth Force in Psychology

This article extends the Pope-Davis et al. contribution by focusing on the emerging position of qualitative research methods in counseling psychology. Strengths of the Pope-Davis study are highlighted, and suggestions for research and training are presented.
An Experimental Examination of Work Motivation Taxonomies

Several taxonomies of work motivation were tested by comparing the results of metric and nonmetric scaling methods in the analysis of goals rated by 800 salesmen. While the results of the cluster andfactor analysis support an intrinsic-extrinsic grouping, the Small Space Analysis map indicates that more complex groupings of motivational variables are appropriate. Maslow's fivefold need categories are consistent with the results.
A spectrophotometric assay for quantitative measurement of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are enzymes that charge specific tRNAs with their cognate amino acids and play an essential role in the initial steps of protein synthesis. Because these enzymes are attractive targets for drug development in many microorganisms, there is a pressing need for assays suitable for compound screening. We developed (1) a high-throughput assay for measuring aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity and (2) an accompanying method for preparing the tRNA substrate. The assay can be performed in 96-well plates and relies on malachite green detection of pyrophosphate (Pi) as an indicator of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity. Analysis of Trypanosoma brucei isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IleRS) activity showed that the assay exhibits sensitivity to picomoles of product and yielded a Z' factor of 0.56. We show that this assay is applicable to other aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and to enzyme inhibition studies. Using this assay, we found that the compound NSC616354 inhibits recombinant IleRS with an IC50 of 0.6 µM. Enzymology studies were also performed with rIleRS and its Km and kcat determined as 3.97 × 10(-5) mol/L and 312 S(-1), respectively. This assay will facilitate the screening of compounds to identify inhibitors of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
λ 5, but not μ, is required for B cell maturation in a unique γ 2b transgenic mouse line.

gamma 2b transgenic mice have a severe B cell defect, apparently caused by strong feedback inhibition of endogenous H-gene rearrangement coupled with an inability of gamma 2b to provide the survival/maturation functions of mu. A unique gamma 2b transgenic line, named the C line, was found to permit B cell development. When the C line is crossed with a mu-membrane knockout line, gamma 2b+ B cells develop in the homozygous knockout. In contrast, a transgenic line representative of all the other gamma 2b lines is completely B cell deficient when mu-mem is deleted. Strikingly, the C phenotype is dominant in C x other gamma 2b transgenic line crosses. There is no evidence for higher gamma 2b transgene expression or other position effects on the transgene in the C mouse. The sequences of the three gamma 2b transgene copies in the C line are identical to that of the original transgene. These results have led to the conclusion that in the C line the transgene integration constitutively induces a gene whose expression can replace mu. To more clearly delineate the stage at which the altered phenotype of the C line is expressed, C mice were crossed onto a lambda 5 knockout background. In the absence of lambda 5, the C line produces no B cells. Since it was also found that gamma 2b can associate with the surrogate light chain (sL; lambda 5/Vpre-B), the crosses between C line gamma 2b mice and lambda 5 knockout mice suggest that gamma 2b/sL is required for B cell maturation in this mouse line. Thus, gamma 2b alone is unable to replace mu for pre-B cell survival/maturation; however, in combination with an unknown factor and the sL, gamma 2b can provide these nurturing functions.
A new immunoprecipitation-real time quantitative PCR assay for anti-Th/To and anti-U3RNP antibody detection in systemic sclerosis

Classic anti-nucleolar antibodies anti-Th/To and U3 ribonucleoprotein (-U3RNP) can help in the diagnosis, prediction of organ involvement and prognosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc); however, no validated commercial assay is available. We aimed at establishing a novel quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) method to detect these antibodies. Standard immunoprecipitation (IP) was performed using K562 cell extract and RNA components were extracted. cDNA was reverse transcribed from RNA components and Th RNA and U3 RNA were detected by qPCR using custom primers. Cycle threshold (Ct) values were compared in a titration experiment to determine the assay efficacy. The new assay was evaluated by testing 22 anti-Th/To and 12 anti-U3RNP positive samples in addition to 88 controls, and the results were compared with IP as a gold standard. By testing serial 1:8 dilutions of cell lysate as the substrate in the IP step, RNA extracted after IP, and its derived cDNA, linear dose response curves were noted for both anti-Th/To and -U3RNP. With every dilution, Ct values changed approximately three as expected, reflecting the eight-fold difference of cDNA. The Ct difference between positive and negative samples was 8 to 13, which was similar throughout the dilutions. In the specificity analysis, the Ct values of positive samples were clearly different from the negative groups and the results by qPCR had a near perfect correlation with IP. Our new method readily detects these two clinically important antibodies in SSc. Making tests for anti-Th/To and -U3RNP antibodies widely available to clinicians should be helpful in the diagnosis and follow-up of SSc patients.
Evaluation of volumetric modulated arc therapy for postmastectomy treatment

To examine the feasibility of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for post mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT). Fifteen PMRT patients previously treated at our clinic with helical tomotherapy (HT) were identified for the study. Planning target volumes (PTV) included the chest wall and regional lymph nodes. A systematic approach to constructing VMAT that met the clinical goals was devised. VMAT plans were then constructed for each patient and compared with HT plans with which they had been treated. The resulting plans were compared on the basis of PTV coverage; dose homogeneity index (DHI) and conformity index (CI); dose to organs at risk (OAR); tumor control probability (TCP), normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and secondary cancer complication probability (SCCP); and treatment delivery time. Differences were tested for significance using the paired Student’s t-test. Both modalities produced clinically acceptable PMRT plans. VMAT plans showed better CI (p < 0.01) and better OAR sparing at low doses than HT plans, particularly at doses less than 5 Gy. On the other hand, HT plans showed better DHI (p < 0.01) and showed better OAR sparing at higher doses. Both modalities achieved nearly 100% tumor control probability and approximately 1% NTCP in the lungs and heart. VMAT showed lower SCCP than HT (p < 0.01), though both plans showed higher SCCP values than conventional mixed beam (electron-photon) plans reported by our group previously. VMAT plans required 66.2% less time to deliver than HT. Both VMAT and HT provide acceptable treatment plans for PMRT. Both techniques are currently utilized at our institution.
Adoptive Immunotherapy of Advanced Tumors with CD62 L-Selectinlow Tumor-Sensitized T Lymphocytes Following Ex Vivo Hyperexpansion

Tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN) contain sensitized T cells with the phenotype CD62 L-selectin(low) (CD62L(low)) that can be activated ex vivo with anti-CD3 mAb and IL-2 to acquire potent dose-dependent effector function manifested upon adoptive transfer to secondary tumor-bearing hosts. In this study advanced tumor models were used as a stringent comparison of efficacy for the CD62L(low) subset, comprising 5-7% of the TDLN cells, vs the total population of TDLN cells following culture in high dose IL-2 (100 U/ml). During the 9-day activation period the total number of CD8+ T cells increased 1500-fold, with equivalent proliferation in the CD62L(low) vs the total TDLN cell cultures. Adoptive transfer of activated CD62L(low) cells eliminated 14-day pulmonary metastases and cured 10-day s.c. tumors, whereas transfer of maximally tolerated numbers of total TDLN cells was not therapeutic. Despite their propagation in a high concentration of IL-2, the hyperexpanded CD62L(low) subset of TDLN cells functioned in vivo without exogenous IL-2, and CD8+ T cells demonstrated relative helper independence. Moreover, the anti-tumor response was specific for the sensitizing tumor, and long term memory was established. The facile enrichment of tumor-reactive TDLN T cells, based on the CD62L(low) phenotype, circumvents the need for prior knowledge of the relevant tumor Ags. Coupling the isolation of pre-effector T cells with rapid ex vivo expansion to >3 logs could overcome some of the shortcomings of active immunotherapy or in vivo cytokine treatment, where selective robust expansion of effector cells has been difficult to achieve.
Serous otitis media in the 20th and 21st centuries: evolving views and treatments.

Conclusions. The historical study of serous otitis media (SOM) demonstrates steps in recognition of the disease, shifts in prevalence, and relationships between the disease's affect and evolving economic bases of society. Objective. SOM, although noted in early Roman and Arabic medicine, was only identified as a distinct and significant pathology in the last half of the 20th century. This paper examines the development of understanding of SOM, and ways in which it has been cared for during the 20th and 21st centuries. Materials and methods. The medical literature from antiquity to the present was reviewed for mention of otological conditions that related to SOM. For this report, the primary source of each notation was examined. Results. The first part of the 20th century saw little change from earlier times in the recognition or treatment of SOM. Our current 21st century conceptualization and concern for SOM has come about from five advances: antibiotics, the rediscovery of the tympanostomy tube, the clin...
Intratympanic gentamicin for treatment of intractable Meniere's disease: a preliminary report.

Topical administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics in the middle ear can achieve "chemical labyrinthectomy" in patients with intractable Meniere's disease. Herein we report our results of intratympanic gentamicin therapy in 21 patients using two different dosing protocols, twice weekly and twice daily (b.i.d.). Both hearing and vertigo outcome were evaluated. Complete control of episodic vertigo was achieved initially in 20 of 21 patients (95.2%). However, 6 of 20 responders (30%) developed relapsing symptoms within 12 months. Retreatment was successful in 75% of these patients. Overall, hearing was preserved or improved in 62% of cases, worse in 24%, and not yet tested in 14%. When the cumulative dose of gentamicin was < or = 4 injections in the first week, only 1 of 14 (7.1%) lost hearing. Intratympanic gentamicin offers better risk/benefit outcome than other invasive therapies for intractable Meniere's disease.
Kidney and testicle injuries in team and individual sports: data from the national pediatric trauma registry

ABSTRACTPurpose: We define the risk of kidney or testicle injury in children who play contact sports.Materials and Methods: National Pediatric Trauma Registry data from 50 United States pediatric trauma centers for 1990 to 1999 were analyzed. The data were from age groups 5 to 11, 12 to 14 and 15 to 18 years. Major abdominal injuries, injuries due to team and individual contact sports, and the site of injury were examined.Results: Of the 81,923 cases 5,439 were sports related. Abdominal injuries occurred in 459 patients (0.56%), and were due to contact sports in 191. Team sports were involved in 184 cases, including football in 44%, hockey in 19%, baseball in 15%, soccer in 12% and basketball in 6%. Abdominal injury rate by age was 16% for 5 to 11-year olds, 42% for 12 to 14-year-olds and 42% for 15 to 18-year-olds. Most common was splenic injury at 50% of cases, kidney injuries occurred in 22% and no testicle injuries were reported. Football accounted for the most kidney injuries (62%). Kidney injuries w...
Acoustic Levitation as an IR Spectroscopy Sampling Technique

Acoustic levitation of liquid droplets (<4 mm diameter), bubbles, and solid particles is described as an unusual sampling technique for obtaining the infrared spectrum of samples that might be incompatible with conventional sample support methods, and for studies of materials under extreme conditions. Excellent FT-IR spectra were recorded of bubbles of a concentrated aqueous nitrate solution, of mineral oil, and of an aqueous surfactant solution. Polymethacrylic acid packing foam also produced a high-quality spectrum. Large aqueous droplets and dense solids gave unsatisfactory spectra. The design of the levitator and various spectroscopic considerations are discussed.
Practicing on Newly Dead: A Type of Cadaver Simulation

1. Jewel Abraham[1][1] 1. 1Valparaiso University, IN, USA 1. Jewel Abraham, Director, Virtual Nursing Learning Center, Valparaiso University, 836 LaPorte Avenue, Valparaiso, Valparaiso, IN 46383, USA. Email: Jewel.Abraham{at}valpo.edu A newly dead cadaver simulation is practiced on the physical remains of the dead before the onset of rigor mortis. This technique has potential benefits for providing real-life in-situ experience for novice providers in health care practices. Evolving ethical views in health care brings into question some of the ethical aspects associated with newly dead cadaver simulation in terms of justification for practice, autonomy, consent, and the need of disclosure. A clear statement of policies and procedures on newly dead cadaver simulation has yet to be implemented. Although there are benefits and disadvantages to an in-situ cadaver simulation, such practices should not be carried out in secrecy as there is no compelling evidence that suggests such training as imperative. Secrecy in these practices is a violation of honor code of nursing ethics. As health care providers, practitioners are obliged to be ethically honest and trustworthy to their patients. The author explores the ethical aspects of using newly dead cadaver simulation in training novice nursing providers to gain competency in various lifesaving skills, which otherwise cannot be practiced on a living individual. The author explores multiple views on cadaver simulation in relation to ethical theories and practices such as consent and disclosure to family. [1]: #aff-1
Cognitive decline in Parkinson disease: How steep and crowded is the slope?

Between 25% and 50% of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) develop mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia within 5 years of their diagnosis.1,2 Until the study by Pigott et al.3 in this issue of Neurology ®, few studies had identified patients with PD with normal cognition at baseline and followed them prospectively to find the rate of cognitive decline and the clinical predictors for that decline. They found that the development of cognitive impairment was “common and relatively quick,” with the cumulative incidence of 8.5% cognitive impairment at year 1 and 47.4% at year 6. While it is often difficult to compare findings due to methodologic and sample variation, this appears to be a faster decline than had been shown by Hely et al.,4 who reported 48% of patients with PD to have dementia by 15 years, and Buter et al.,5 who showed that 60% had dementia by 12 years.
Electronic Structure of K2Bi8Se13

K2Bi8 Se13 belongs to a class of complex Bi-Te-Se systems which show great potential for thermoelectric performance. This compound forms in two distinct phases α-K2Bi8 Se13 (triclinic with space group P-1) and β-K2Bi8 Se13 (monoclinic with space group P 21/m). In the β-phase, there is substantial disorder at four sites in the unit cell, occupied by two K and two Bi atoms. To understand the electronic properties of these two different phases we have carried out band structure calculations within ab initio density functional theory (DFT) using full potential linearized augmented plane wave (LAPW) method. The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) was used to treat the exchange and correlation potential. Spin-orbit interaction (SOI) was incorporated using a second variational procedure. The α. phase is found to be a semiconductor with an indirect band gap of 0.47eV. For the β-phase we have chosen two different ordered structures. The system is a semi-metal for one of the structures whereas for the other, it is a narrow gap semiconductor with a gap of 0.38eV in the absence of SOI, but the gap collapses and the system becomes a semimetal with low density of states at the Fermi energy when SOI is included.
The Is, The Ought, and The Moral Dialectic of Public Service

It was an irony that surely would not have been lost on Richard Rorty, whose recent passing was being memorialized at the time. The crowd that packed a Stanford University auditorium strained to make out just bits and pieces of a speech by Jurgen Habermas, the man who gave us the very notion of the ideal speech situation, but whose speech impediment, issues of electronic amplification, and bit of a German ac cent rendered his speech virtually indecipherable to an audience eager to hear it. Having completed quite a rail and bus excursion to get there, my thoughts were drawn to Robert Burns' well-known remarks to an "earth-born companion An' fellow mortal," a mouse, that "the best-laid schemes o' Mice an' Men Gang aft agley." The irony is especially rele vant to this forum not only because issues of the ideal and the real are at the heart of what distinguishes the work of Habermas and Rorty, but also because the is of our actual lives so characteristically fails to con form to the ought of the ideal. Still, as Burns reminds us, that shared experience of human "imperfection" can do much to break down the barriers that otherwise divide us; to foster a sense of connection that has been variously described in terms of empathy or, such as by Rorty, of solidarity.
Regulation of Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II Function in Corticolimbic Regions of Rat Brain by Phencyclidine, Haloperidol, and Clozapine

Mounting evidence indicates that hypofunction of NMDA glutamate receptors causes or contributes to the full symptomatology of schizophrenia. N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG), an endogenous neuropeptide, blocks NMDA receptors and inhibits glutamate release by activating metabotropic mGluR3 receptors. NAAG is catabolized to glutamate and N-acetyl-aspartate by the astrocytic enzyme glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II). Changes in GCP II activity may be critically linked to changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission especially at NMDA receptors. We examined whether GCP II function is altered by treatment with the noncompetitive antagonist and psychotomimetic drug phencyclidine (PCP) and with the neuroleptics haloperidol (HAL) and clozapine (CLOZ), in corticolimbic brain regions of the adult rat. Chronic exposure to PCP produced significant increases in GCP II protein expression and activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIPP). This effect may be explained by a compensatory response to persistent blockade of NMDA receptors. In addition, chronic treatment with neuroleptics upregulated GCP II activity, but not protein expression, in the PFC. In contrast, GCP II activity was decreased after acute exposure to HAL or CLOZ and was not changed after acute PCP treatment. These findings provide support for a role of GCP II function in the control of glutamatergic neurotransmission and suggest that some of the therapeutic actions of neuroleptic drugs may be mediated through their effects on GCP II activity. These results demonstrate that psychotomimetic and neuroleptic drugs modulate GCP II function in brain regions that are widely involved in the neuropathology of schizophrenia.
TEM Observation of Nanocrystalline Copper During Deformation

Nanocrystalline samples of copper were prepared using inert gas condensation and an optimized sequence of powder outgassing and compaction. TEM specimens were cut, electropolished, and mounted in a straining stage. In situ TEM observations including real-time video were captured during straining in the microscope. Areas of presumed increased stress concentration were identified near small cracks around the perimeter of the electropolished hole. Such locations were observed in the TEM while the specimen was pulled in tension. Several microstructural changes were captured during deformation including numerous sudden shifts in contrast of grains and parts of grains, occasional dislocation motion, opening and propagation of the crack. Relationships between grain size and deformation are described.
Magnesium deficiency. II. Isoenzymes of serum alkaline phosphatase in acute magnesium deficiency.

SummaryThe activity of serum alkaline phosphatase was investigated during the early stages of acute dietary magnesium deficiency in the rat. Electrophoretic patterns of the serum showed the presence of three isoenzymes for alkaline phosphatase. Only the neuraminidase-sensitive isoenzyme, which is of bony origin, was decreased during Mg deficiency. This decrease in a single isoenzyme suggests a cell specific sensitivity to the deficiency.
Change and Continuity in Taiwan’s Public Opinion on the Cross-Strait Economic Interactions:

The Sunflower Student Movement was a significant event in Taiwan’s political history. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, we argue that the effect of the movement on the attitude of the general public, particularly the young, toward the cross-Strait economic interactions and the perception that Taiwan may be forced to make political concessions resulting from such ties is limited. Based on the Taiwan National Security surveys, we find out that the movement, to a certain extent, reflected public sentiment already existing in the society, and did not push the sentiment further. Compared to the attitude toward national identity, which is more long-lasting, the views on the cross-Strait economic ties may be more volatile, and are thus less predictable.
The Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is due to a combination of phagocytosis and anaphylaxis gone awry. Immune complexes create their havoc via Fc gamma III receptors that signal via the tyrosine phosphorylation immunoreceptor pathway. Anaphylatoxins, mainly C5a, signal via the MEK kinase cascade, and both engage in cross-talk via NF kappa B. Aspirin-III blocks signals sent by both: immune complexes via FCR, and anaphylatoxin via C5 receptors. Drugs that affect both pathways, for example anti-B cell monoclonal antibodies, such as rituximab, and anti-C5 monoclonal antibodies, such as pexelizumab are currently being investigated. We now appreciate that cytokines are important mediators of inflammation in RA but are downstream of the primary insults: immune complexes and anaphylatoxins. We can therefore begin to ask what the antigen or antigens might be that produce IgGs reactive to 7 S or 19 S rheumatoid factors. The primary antigens of RA could well be CPs, formed perhaps by oral bacteria. Once immunoglobulins become recognized by rheumatoid factors, immune complexes form, and these activate anaphylatoxins. Phagocytosis and anaphylaxis are the proximal events of RA.
The Reflexivity of Incorporeal Acts as Source of Freedom and Subjectivity in Aquinas

Although Aquinas is often believed to approach the human person from a purely metaphysical perspective, I argue that he actually has a keen awareness of the phenomena associated with subjectivity. I propose that in his theory of reflexivity as a metaphysical property of incorporeal beings and the necessary condition for self-awareness and free judgment, we can find his efforts to accommodate the experience of the human being as self or subject. The paper begins by examining what it means to be reflexive for Aquinas, and why he thinks something is completely reflexive if and only if it is incorporeal (the Reflexivity Premise). It then studies how reflexivity affects the “self-possessed” character of our experience, in implicit self-awareness and the freedom of our judgments about what is to be done.
Multiscale metallic metamaterials

Materials with three-dimensional micro- and nanoarchitectures exhibit many beneficial mechanical, energy conversion and optical properties. However, these three-dimensional microarchitectures are significantly limited by their scalability. Efforts have only been successful only in demonstrating overall structure sizes of hundreds of micrometres, or contain size-scale gaps of several orders of magnitude. This results in degraded mechanical properties at the macroscale. Here we demonstrate hierarchical metamaterials with disparate three-dimensional features spanning seven orders of magnitude, from nanometres to centimetres. At the macroscale they achieve high tensile elasticity (>20%) not found in their brittle-like metallic constituents, and a near-constant specific strength. Creation of these materials is enabled by a high-resolution, large-area additive manufacturing technique with scalability not achievable by two-photon polymerization or traditional stereolithography. With overall part sizes approaching tens of centimetres, these unique nanostructured metamaterials might find use in a broad array of applications.
Applying Eyewitness Identification Research to the Legal System: A Glance at Where We Have Been and Where We Could Go

Psychologists have made attempts to apply psychological knowledge on eyewitness issues to the legal system for over a century. But it was not until the 1990s that an organization of psychological researchers (the American Psychology-Law Society) made concrete recommendations in a white paper concerning eyewitness identification. These recommendations, along with the discovery of wrongful convictions from mistaken identification, have shaped policies and practices in many jurisdictions across the U.S. We discuss the white paper recommendations and how those recommendations have held up over time. Then, we discuss a more recent idea concerning the need for a reasonable-suspicion requirement before subjecting an individual to the inherent risk of an identification procedure.
Estimation of Clock Parameters for Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks

Clock synchronization among the nodes is one of the most crucial factors in the performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) for clock offset under the exponential delay model for any time synchronization protocol relying on two-way timing message exchange between two nodes (e.g., timing synch protocol for sensor networks (TPSN) (Ganeriwal et al., 2003) was proposed in the work of Jeske (2005))assuming no clock skew between the nodes. Since all practical clocks are running at different rates with respect to each other, the skew correction becomes important for long term synchronization which in turn results in minimal power utilization. In this paper, the MLE for clock offset as well as skew under the exponential delay model for a two-way timing message exchange model are derived.
X-ray analyses of lead adsorption on the (001), (110), and (012) hematite surfaces

Predicting the environmental fate of lead relies on a detailed understanding of its coordination to mineral surfaces, which in turn reflects the innate reactivity of the mineral surface. In this research, we investigated fundamental dependencies in lead adsorption to hematite by coupling extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy on hematite particles (10 and 50 nm) with resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity (RAXR) to single crystals expressing the (001), (012), or (110) crystallographic face. The EXAFS showed that lead adsorbed in a bidentate inner-sphere manner in both edge and corner sharing arrangements on the FeO6 octahedra for both particle sizes. The RAXR measurements confirmed these inner-sphere adsorption modes for all three hematite surfaces and additionally revealed outer-sphere adsorption modes not seen in the EXAFS. Lead uptake was larger and pH dependence was greater for the (012) and (110) surfaces, than the (001) surface, due to their expressing singly- and triply coordi...
Structure of oxidised silver (1 1 1) and (1 1 0) surfaces

AbstractAn exhaustive suite of classical molecular dynamics simulations is performed to investigate the stability of oxygen on silver (1 1 1) and (1 1 0) surfaces as a function of surface/subsurface location, binding site, fractional occupancy, and temperature. The ReaxFF potential is used to allow charge transfer between the oxygen and silver components. Comparison of the binding energies at various sites from ReaxFF and ab initio calculations reveals partial agreement between the two approaches. For many of the conditions sampled in the current study, we observe an initial state gives rise to a more disordered reconstruction, which is energetically more favourable. The driving force behind this reconstruction is largely an increase in the coordination of O by Ag, resulting in a more favourable binding site. The extent of reconstruction and atomic motion that initiates the reconstructive process is highly dependent on surface type, fractional occupancy, initially occupied site and temperature. For exampl...
Effectively coaching middle school teachers: A case for teacher and student learning

Abstract In this paper we report findings from a two-year, large-scale research project that describes the work of middle school mathematics specialists (also referred to as mathematics coaches or instructional coaches) who served in 10 school districts. We use mixed methods to describe how mathematics specialists spent their time supporting teachers and how these supports contributed to meaningful changes that teachers made in their instructional practices. We also report results that correlate student achievement scores with whether or not teachers were highly engaged with the mathematics specialists. We coordinate these quantitative results with findings from several case studies to illustrate the qualitatively different ways that mathematics specialists supported teachers’ ongoing work with their students. We also account for why some teachers participated more fully than others. Importantly, because mathematics specialists’ work was situated in different school settings with different demands, resources and administrative supports, these constraints and affordances contributed in part to how they could effectively support teachers’ work with their students.
Targeted radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with 177Lutetium labeled J591, anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) monoclonal antibody: Initial results of a phase 2 trial in patients with metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC)

128 Objectives: J591 is a humanized antibody which specifically binds to an extra-cellular epitope of PSMA. A phase 1 dose-escalation trial of 177Lu-DOTA-J591 (177Lu-J591) in patients (pts) with metastatic AIPC demonstrated excellent targeting of metastatic sites and acceptable toxicity (maximum tolerated dose) at 70 mCi/m2. Based on these findings, a phase 2 multi-center trial trial was developed to evaluate response at this level and to confirm safety. Methods: Pts with progressive metastatic AIPC received 177Lu -J591; Cohort 1 (65 mCi/m2), 15 pts; Cohort 2 (70 mCi/m2). 7 Days post treatment, 177Lu imaging was performed to confirm tumor targeting. Pain relief, PSA, tumor size and myelotoxicity was assessed 12 weeks after therapy [Rx]. Results: 21 pts (8 chemo-naive) have been treated to date; 19 evaluable at this time. 2 pts with bone-only metastases achieved PSA declines of >50%. One had an 87% PSA decline with resolution of bone pain. A 2nd pt had a PSA decline of 58% without progression at 6 mo post-Rx. PSA stabilization (
Friendship with Old Order Mennonite Teachers Develops Cultural Responsiveness in Preservice Special Education Teachers.

Developing preservice teachers with a strong understanding of culturally relevant pedagogy should be a priority for all teacher education programs. Although much focus is placed on diversity in urb...
Ion Mobility, Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange, and Isotope Scrambling: Tools to Aid Compound Identification in 'Omics Mixtures.

Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), a widely used method for comparative ‘omics analysis, experiences challenges with compound identification due to matrix effects, difficulty in separating isomer and isobaric ions, and long analysis times. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has proven to be useful in separating isomer and isobar ions; however, IMS-MS suffers from decreased peak capacity due to the correlation in ion size and mass. In proof-of-principle experiments, the use of gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) combined with IMS-MS/MS techniques is demonstrated to offer advantages for compound identification. Measurements providing unique information for ions include m/z value, drift time in He buffer gas, drift time in He and D2O buffer gases, deuterium incorporation pattern (isotopic distribution), deuterium incorporation pattern after collisional activation, and fragment ion deuterium incorporation pattern upon collision-induced dissociation (CID). These techniques are here...
Does the iPad Night Shift mode reduce melatonin suppression

The increased use of self-luminous displays, especially in the evening prior to bedtime, has been associated with melatonin suppression, delayed sleep and sleep curtailment. The present study set out to investigate whether the Night Shift application provided by Apple Inc. for use on its portable electronic devices is effective for reducing acute melatonin suppression, a well-established marker of circadian phase. Participants experienced four experimental conditions: a dim light control, a high circadian stimulus true positive intervention and two Night Shift interventions delivering low and high correlated colour temperature light from the devices. Melatonin suppression did not significantly differ between the two Night Shift interventions, which indicates that changing the spectral composition of self-luminous displays without changing their brightness settings may be insufficient for preventing impacts on melatonin suppression.