cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obesity and the risk of chronic rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and acute otitis media in school-age children.

Objectives/Hypothesis To determine if obesity is a significant risk factor for acute otitis media (AOM), allergic rhinitis (AR), or chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in children and to understand the potential otolaryngological implications of childhood obesity. Study Design Cross-Sectional Analysis. Methods The 2006 and 2008 the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey was utilized to identify school-aged children with AOM, AR, and/or CRS. Risk factors for the diagnoses extracted included standard demographics and the presence or absence of obesity. Multivariate analyses were conducted for associations between childhood obesity and AOM, AR, and CRS. Results 42.1 million (95% CI, 40.4–44.2) school-age children (unweighted N = 10623) were sampled in 2006 and 2008. There was a slight male predominance (51.0% [95% CI, 49.8–52.2]). Of these patients, 2.2 million (95% CI 1.9–2.4) received a diagnosis of AOM, 4.0 million (95% CI 3.6–4.4) received a diagnosis of AR, and 1.7 million (95% CI 1.4–1.9) received a diagnosis of CRS. Approximately 9.3 million (95% CI 8.7–10.0) children were obese, representing 22.2% (95% CI 21.0–23.3) of the U.S. population (age 6–17). Utilizing an adjusted multivariate model, childhood obesity was found to be associated with AOM (odds ratio, 1.44; [95% CI 1.08–1.93]; P = 0.033). Significant associations between obesity and AR (OR 1.14; [95% CI 0.88–1.47]; P = 0.60) or obesity and CRS (OR0.73; [95% CI 0.48–1.10]; P = 0.79) were not identified. Conclusion Childhood obesity appears to be associated with the development of AOM; however, an association between obesity and AR or CRS was not demonstrated. Given that in the United States nearly one-fourth of all children seeking health care are obese, these data may have important preventative care implications. Level of Evidence 2C. Laryngoscope, 123:2360–2363, 2013
Assessing memory access performance of chapel through synthetic benchmarks

The Partitioned Global Address Space(PGAS) programming model strikes a balance between high performance and locality awareness. As a PGAS language, Chapel relieves programmers from handling details of data movement in a distributed memory environment, by presenting a flat memory space that is logically partitioned among executing entities. Traversing such a space requires address mapping to the system virtual address space, and as such, this abstraction inevitably causes major overheads during memory accesses. In this paper, we analyzed the extent of this overhead by implementing a micro benchmark to test different types of memory accesses that can be observed in Chapel. We showed that, as the locality gets exploited speedup gains up to 35x can be achieved. This was demonstrated through hand tuning, however. More productive means should be provided to deliver such performance improvement without excessively burdening programmers. Therefore, we also discuss possibilities to increase Chapel's performance through standard libraries, compiler, runtime and/or hardware support to handle different types of memory accesses more efficiently.
The Meaning of Dating Violence in the Lives of Middle School Adolescents: A Report of a Focus Group Study

Abstract This article reports qualitative findings of seven focus groups that illuminate the phenomenon of dating and dating violence from the perspective of the young adolescent. This study was part of a larger intervention project, “An Arts-Based Initiative for the Prevention of Violence Against Women and Girls,” a collaboration of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing. Concepts of interest included: dating norms, ecological factors, elements of healthy and unhealthy relationships, and prevention strategies. Four themes emerged: respect versus disrespect, influence of friends, cost and benefit of sexual activity and violence as an acceptable response. The implications of this data highlight the need for school personnel to increase their awareness and understanding of the challenges middle school youth face. Dating violence prevention programs should be designed accordingly.
Averaging Weak Classifiers

We present a learning algorithm for two-class pattern recognition. It is based on combining a large number of weak classifiers. The weak classifiers are produced independently with diversity. And they are combined through a weighted average, weighted exponentially with respect to their apparent errors on the training data. Experimental results are also given.
Glycoconjugate analysis by capillary electrophoresis.

Publisher Summary While the methodological aspects of the high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) of glycoconjugates are comprehensively addressed elsewhere, the orientation of this chapter is mainly toward a practicing biochemical researcher. This chapter discusses the techniques and methodological developments from the laboratory of the author. First, certain aspects and goals of analytical and structural glycobiology are briefly outlined and a brief review of the contemporary HPCE instrumentation suitable for the purpose is provided. The issues of glycoform separation, raised by the studies of native glycoproteins, are addressed, but the major emphasis of this chapter is on glycan components, as the applications and general problems of HPCE, in separating proteins, have been dealt with elsewhere. Because fluorescence-tagging procedures are becoming central to the effective use of HPCE in glycoconjugate research, the current approaches in this area and their applications is discussed in the chapter. Finally, an important extension of the current techniques to polysaccharides is also discussed in the chapter.
Surveying High z Galaxies with HST and Keck

Imaging and spectroscopic surveys of distant galaxies are entering a new era. It has been recognized for some time that characterizing and understanding galaxy evolution is ultimately dependent on establishing mass scales for galaxies as a function of redshift and environment. This is now possible by utilizing high-resolution imaging from HST and combining it with spatially resolved spectroscopy from large ground-based telescopes. Such an approach has been adopted for the field by the Santa Cruz DEEP group and for clusters by a Netherlands-Santa Cruz collaboration. For the field project, spectra of a large sample of galaxies to I ~25 mag, derived from the HST WFPC2 HDF and “Groth Strip” images, have been obtained by the Santa Cruz DEEP group with the Keck LRIS multislit spectrograph and combined with detailed structural measurements from the WFPC2 images to (i) derive evolution for a sample of disk galaxies at z ~ 0.5 using the Tully-Fisher relation, (ii) characterize, from size and velocity width data, the global properties to z ~ 1 of a sample of “compact” galaxies, (iii) determine star formation rates in that “compact” sample, and (iv) derive structure and redshifts for a sample of U and B-band “dropout” objects. For the cluster project, the goals are to characterize the evolution of the galaxy population using relations such as the fundamental plane for the early-type galaxies, as well as through the derivation of color-magnitude relations as a function of position across the cluster from very accurate photometry. Work on the first cluster, C11358+62 at z = 0.33, has progressed to where velocity dispersions have been obtained for 53 early-type galaxies, and used to derive the fundamental plane relation. This is one of the largest FP samples, at any redshift. Interestingly, this cluster program has also resulted in the discovery of some of the highest redshift galaxies reported to date, both of which are z = 4.92. One of these two objects is strongly gravitationally-lensed and so provides the clearest view yet of the structure of star-forming regions at early times. These results, from both programs, demonstrate that length scales, surface brightnesses and morphological data from HST imaging, when combined with Keck redshifts, velocity width and rotation curve data, provide an unprecedented opportunity to characterize the nature of distant galaxies, particularly with relations such as the fundamental plane and Tully-Fisher.
Automatic composition of aggregation workflows for transportation modeling

Many scientific problems can be modeled as computational workflows that integrate data from heterogeneous sources and process such data to derive new results. These data analysis problems are pervasive in the physical and social sciences, as well as in government practice. In this paper, we present an approach to automatically create computational workflows in response to user data requests. We represent both data access and data processing operations uniformly as web services. We describe the inputs and outputs of the services according to an ontology of the application domain expressed in RDF/RDFS. Our system uses the Triple logic engine to formally represent the ontology and the services, and to automatically generate the workflows.This work is part of the Argos project that is developing a flexible data query and analysis system based on the web services paradigm. Our application domain is goods movement analysis and its effects on spatial urban structure. Since our ontology represents data items as multi-dimensional objects, with hierarchical values for each dimension, in this paper we focus on automatically generating workflows that include aggregation operations.
Mice with Spontaneous Pancreatic Cancer Naturally Develop MUC-1-Specific CTLs That Eradicate Tumors When Adoptively Transferred

Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive, treatment refractory cancer and is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. In humans, 90% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas overexpress altered forms of a tumor-specific Ag, mucin 1 (MUC1; an epithelial mucin glycoprotein), which is a potential target for immunotherapy. We have established a clinically relevant animal model for pancreatic cancer by developing a double transgenic mouse model (called MET) that expresses human MUC1 as self molecule and develops spontaneous tumors of the pancreas. These mice exhibit acinar cell dysplasia at birth, which progresses to microadenomas and acinar cell carcinomas. The tumors express large amounts of underglycosylated MUC1 similar to humans. Tumor-bearing MET mice develop low affinity MUC1-specific CTLs that have no effect on the spontaneously occurring pancreatic tumors in vivo. However, adoptive transfer of these CTLs was able to completely eradicate MUC1-expressing injectable tumors in MUC1 transgenic mice, and these mice developed long-term immunity. These CTLs were MHC class I restricted and recognized peptide epitopes in the immunodominant tandem repeat region of MUC1. The MET mice appropriately mimic the human condition and are an excellent model with which to elucidate the native immune responses that develop during tumor progression and to develop effective antitumor vaccine strategies.
Color image segmentation editor based on the integration of edge-linking, region labeling and deformable model

A new general-purpose color image segmentation editor for the purpose of extracting semantic object is designed, implemented and tested on a number of various natural scene images. Our system integrates deformable models and image statistics including intensity, color, gradient and texture. First, a low-complexity edge-linking algorithm is proposed as a post-processor to Canny operator, which basically builds regions of smooth intensity surfaces by closing all dangling edges. The topologically-based region labeling makes full use of relationship among pixels and produces good label image. To refine the extracted object of interest, the deformable model based on energy minimization is applied. Experimental results suggest the efficiency and accuracy of the system in segmentation operation.
Phonetic complexity of words immediately following utterance-initial productions in children who stutter

Purpose The purpose of the present study was to analyze phonetic complexity in the speech of children who stutter in a manner distinct from previous research with specific emphasis on three methodological considerations: (1) analysis of the word immediately following the initial word in the utterance; (2) accounting for other additional linguistic and lexical factors; and (3) discrimination of disfluency types produced.
Malignant Carcinoid Tumor of the Rectum in a Patient With Psoriatic Arthritis Treated With Etanercept

The connection between malignancy risk and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) inhibitors is still a working field. Generally, less attention has been paid to their association with solid tumors compared to the mostly accepted risk for lymphoma. Etanercept is somewhat underrepresented compared to other drugs in the class and entities other than rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have not been widely included in large cohort studies exploring malignancy correlations. Nonetheless, lymphoma association to etanercept has been found in some series and many solid malignancies cases in the context of etanercept use for conditions other than RA have been described as single reports. We present the first described case of rectal carcinoid tumor developing after treatment with etanercept in a patient with psoriatic arthritis and explore the literature for evidence about the association between solid tumors and etanercept use in autoimmune diseases. J Med Cases. 2015;6(9):389-392 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2248w
Teamwork on a cognitive task during a night of sleep deprivation and sustained operations

Research shows that sleep deprivation has a negative effect on performance on cognitive and vigilance tasks. However, little research has focused on the effects of sleep deprivation on team performance. This study examined the effect of sleep deprivation on a task requiring teamwork to maximize performance. Twenty-four college students remained awake for one night and completed a variety of tasks during each of four testing sessions. The Wombat, a complex cognitive task, required participants to work with a partner to maximize their overall scores. Results show that performance over the night increased while performance within each testing session decreased. This indicates that teamwork can help to improve performance over a night of sleep deprivation but does not entirely counteract the negative effects seen within the testing sessions. The current results suggest that team managers should be aware that teamwork may not counteract all negative effects of sleep deprivation on performance. Language: en
iHANDs: Intelligent Health Advising and Decision-Support Agent

This paper describes an intelligent health and decision support agent (iHANDs) built with various artificial intelligence mechanisms. Upon receiving the user's symptom descriptions, iHands conducts both web search and local medical knowledge database search, utilizing the user's electronic health records (EHR) to direct the search process. An information-fusion algorithm is developed based on Dempster-Shafer theory to merge the information from various sources with different reliabilities and generate the strength of support for each possible cause. A dynamic reference network is created and updated to record all information obtained during the interleaved search and reasoning process. Ihands performs a bi-directional search: from symptoms to possible causes and also from possible causes to most likely symptoms and risk factors. Bayesian inference mechanism is used to identify the confidence level for each possible cause given the user's symptoms and EHR. When needed, an iterative broaden search will be conducted to increase the confidence level to exceed a pre-set threshold or to further distinguish a few possible causes with very close confidence levels. The preliminary experiment results show the promise of iHands in assisting individuals in their healthcare decision-making process.
Abduction: a pre-condition for the intelligent design of strategy

Purpose – This paper seeks to introduce the concept of abduction to strategists and show how abduction is an important influence on the effective design of strategies. Design/methodology/approach – The paper defines what is meant by abduction, and describes why abduction is a pre-condition for intelligent designing. It reviews different characteristics of abduction, and suggests several situations in which abduction is used in strategic thinking. It describes a framework managers can use to get better at abductive thinking. Findings – The paper finds that strategists can gain a lot from knowing how to use abduction well. Abduction is making inferences to the best explanation from information that is surprising or anomalous – both very typical in strategic decision making. Abduction is frequently integral to problem defining. Problem defining, in turn, sets the stage for possibility thinking, and choice of the best alternative. Therefore, good abductive thinking is a pre-condition for intelligent designing...
Motorcycle fatalities in New Mexico: the association of helmet nonuse with alcohol intoxication.

Study objective: To determine the relationship among helmet use, alcohol use, and ethnicity in people killed on motorcycles. Design: Retrospective review of all motorcycle fatalities in New Mexico from 1984 through 1988. Setting: Office of the Medical Investigator, State of New Mexico. Type of participants: All decedents of motorcycle crashes in New Mexico from 1984 through 1988. Interventions: Review of all autopsies, medical investigator reports, traffic fatality reports, and toxicological studies on fatally injured motorcyclists. Results: Nine of the helmeted drivers (18%) were legally intoxicated compared with 67 of the nonhelmeted drivers (51%) (χ 2 = 15.7, P P Conclusion: There is an association between nonuse of helmets and alcohol intoxication in fatally injured motorcyclists in New Mexico. Strategies for preventing motorcycle fatalities should address alcohol abuse and ethnicity in conjunction with helmet use.
Coulomb gauge hybrid meson calculation

We report a relativistic many-body calculation for the hybrid meson spectrum utilizing a QCD inspired Coulomb gauge Hamiltonian. Our approach is comprehensive and unifies the quark and gluon sectors. The vacuum and quasiparticle properties are generated by a BCS transformation, whereas the meson and glueball spectra are described by the TDA and RPA approximations. Using the quark and gluon gap solutions, we formulate hybrid mesons as states composed of three quasiparticles (quark, antiquark and gluon) and compute the mass spectrum variationally with trial wavefunctions. We predict the important exotic 1(-+) states to have masses above 2 GeV in rough agreement with lattice and flux tube models, implying the recently observed resonances are not hybrids.
Zinc and copper bind to unique sites of histatin 5

Metal binding has been suggested to be relevant in the antifungal and antibacterial mechanism of histatin 5, a human salivary protein. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were obtained to investigate the specificity of metal binding to the seven histidyl, one aspartyl and one glutamyl amino acid side-chains of histatin 5 in aqueous solutions. Three C(epsilon1)-H histidyl and the C(gamma)-H glutamyl resonances of histatin 5 were selectively altered in spectra of solutions containing three equivalents of zinc. Copper binding to histatin 5 resulted in a reduced intensity of C(beta)-H aspartyl resonances, while no evidence for calcium binding was found. These results indicate that zinc binding to histatin 5 involves His-15 present within the -H-E-X-X-H- zinc binding motif, and copper binding occurs within the N-terminal D-S-H-, ATCUN motif.
Structure from shadow motion

In outdoor images, cast shadows define 3D constraints between the sun, the points casting a shadow, and the surfaces onto which shadows are cast. This cast shadow structure provides a powerful cue for 3D reconstruction, but requires that shadows be tracked over time, and this is difficult as shadows have minimal texture. Thus, we develop a shadow tracking system that enforces geometric consistency for each track and then combines thousands of tracking results to create a 3D model of scene geometry. We demonstrate reconstruction results on a variety of outdoor scenes, including some that show the 3D structure of occluders never directly observed by the camera.
Of Least Concern? Systematics of a cryptic species complex: Limnonectes kuhlii (Amphibia: Anura: Dicroglossidae)

Several recent studies have demonstrated that a tremendous amount of biological diversity can be masked by phenotypic similarity in a cryptic species complex. It has been speculated that the widely distributed and relatively common Southeast Asian frog Limnonectes kuhlii represents a complex of multiple species. The phylogeny within the L. kuhlii Complex is estimated in this study based on approximately 2400bp of mtDNA data (tRNA(Phe), 12S, tRNA(Val), and 16S genes) from 244 individuals representing multiple populations from throughout the known distribution of this anuran. Analyses are conducted using parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The results suggest that what has been recognized historically as a single species is a complex of more than 22 distinct evolutionary lineages, 16 of which are currently subsumed under the nominal L. kuhlii. Several cases of sympatric lineages were detected, and in all cases co-occurring lineages were not each other's closest relatives.
The Spindle Structural Optimization Design of HTC3250µn NC Machine Tool Based on ANSYS

The optimization of spindle has important significance. The optimization method based on ANSYS is introduced and spindle mathematical mode of HTC3250µn NC machine tool is given. By scanning of design variables, the main optimized design variables are determined. The single objective and multi-objective optimizations are done. In the end, the main size comparison of spindle before and after optimization is given.
Are Spells of Unemployment Longer in Nonmetropolitan Areas? Nonparametric and Semiparametric Evidence

I use nonparametric and semiparametric proportional hazard models to examine whether individuals resident in nonmetropolitan areas experience lower per period rates of exit from unemployment following job loss than metropolitan area residents. Results show that between 1989 and 1993 per period cumulative rates of exit from unemployment were slightly higher in nonmetropolitan areas, mainly due to nonmetropolitan–metropolitan differences in individual characteristics and local economic conditions. Employment density is found to have a positive association with rates of exit of unemployment in metropolitan areas but not in nonmetropolitan areas.
Medication‐Induced Taste Disturbances

Taste involves a complex interaction among food or drink, taste receptors, and the central nervous system. Taste distortion or loss involves an impairment of this interaction and may be defined as dysgeusia (taste distortion), hypogeusia (reduced ability to taste), or ageusia (complete inability to taste). Medications have been reported to induce reversible and persistent taste disturbance in many patients. The mechanism by which medications alter taste is unknown, but there are many hypotheses. Patients may react to taste disturbances with decreased appetite, decreased dietary and nutrient intake, and/or increased use of salt or sugar. Management of taste disorders often includes discontinuation of the suspected offending agent. Clinicians should be proactive in identifying patients with taste alterations and in responding with appropriate interventions.
Design and Experimental Demonstration of Novel Optical Router Controller Capable of Asynchronous, Variable-Length Packet Switching and Contention Resolution

This paper proposes the efficient design and implementation of a hierarchical optical router controller supporting asynchronous, variable-length optical packets. A network testbed experiment demonstrates very effective switching and contention resolution of asynchronous, variable-length optical packets.
Evaluating the robustness of an appearance-based gaze estimation method for multimodal interfaces

Given the crucial role of eye movements on visual attention, tracking gaze behaviors is an important research problem in various applications including biometric identification, attention modeling and human-computer interaction. Most of the existing gaze tracking methods require a repetitive system calibration process and are sensitive to the user's head movements. Therefore, they cannot be easily implemented in current multimodal interfaces. This paper investigates an appearance-based approach for gaze estimation that requires minimum calibration and is robust against head motion. The approach consists in building an orthonormal basis, or eigenspace, of the eye appearance with principal component analysis (PCA). Unlike previous studies, we build the eigenspace using image patches displaying both eyes. The projections into the basis are used to train regression models which predict the gaze location. The approach is trained and tested with a new multimodal corpus introduced in this paper. We consider several variables such as the distance between user and the computer monitor, and head movement. The evaluation includes the performance of the proposed gaze estimation system with and without head movement. It also evaluates the results in subject-dependent versus subject-independent conditions under different distances. We report promising results which suggest that the proposed gaze estimation approach is a feasible and flexible scheme to facilitate gaze-based multimodal interfaces.
Magnetoconductivity Of 2D Conductors

Abstract In consideration of the correlations between Landau levels for low electron densities, we evaluated the magneto-conductivity of 2D conductors as a function of frequency for a set of filling factor v. Our results show negative shifting of the resonance position when v is increased from 1.5 to 3.0, in agreement with a recent experiment of Wilson, Allen and Tsui.
Phase Diagrams of Electrostatically Self-Assembled Amphiplexes

We present the phase diagrams of electrostatically self-assembled amphiplexes (ESA) comprised of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTACl), dodecane, pentanol, and water at three different NaCl salt concentrations: 100, 300, and 500 mM. This is the first report of phase diagrams for these quinary complexes. Adding a cosurfactant, we were able to swell the unit cell size of all long-range ordered phases (lamellar, hexagonal, Pm3n, Ia3d) by almost a factor of 2. The added advantage of tuning the unit cell size makes such complexes (especially the bicontinuous phases) attractive for applications in bioseparation, drug delivery, and possibly in oil recovery.
Asymptotic Eigensolutions of Laplace's Tidal Equation

Asymptotic approximations to the eigenfunctions of Laplace’s tidal equation (Hough functions) are obtained for prescribed λ = σ /2 ω ( σ = angular frequency, ω = angular velocity of planet) and large values of Lamb’s parameter, β = 4 ω 2 a 2 / gh ( a is the planetary radius, and h the equivalent depth for a particular vertical structure), qua eigenvalue. Both positive and negative eigenvalues are considered. The results are validated by comparison with the extensive numerical results of Flattery (1967) and Longuet-Higgins (1968). They should be useful in atmospheric tidal studies, especially for a rapidly rotating planet, and may be useful for studies of equatorial motions in the oceans.
Are You an Administrator or a Leader

Administrators often have extremely different opinions of their leadership behavior than do their teachers. These writers explain what happened in one study where participating principals were made aware of their teachers' opinions.
Attracting STEM Talent: Do STEM Students Prefer Traditional or Work/Life-Interaction Labs?

The demand for employees trained in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields continues to increase, yet the number of Millennial students pursuing STEM is not keeping pace. We evaluated whether this shortfall is associated with Millennials' preference for flexibility and work/life-interaction in their careers-a preference that may be inconsistent with the traditional idea of a science career endorsed by many lab directors. Two contrasting approaches to running STEM labs and training students were explored, and we created a lab recruitment video depicting each. The work-focused video emphasized the traditional notions of a science lab, characterized by long work hours and a focus on individual achievement and conducting research above all else. In contrast, the work/life-interaction-focused video emphasized a more progressive view – lack of demarcation between work and non-work lives, flexible hours, and group achievement. In Study 1, 40 professors rated the videos, and the results confirmed that the two lab types reflected meaningful real-world differences in training approaches. In Study 2, we recruited 53 current and prospective graduate students in STEM fields who displayed high math-identification and a commitment to science careers. In a between-subjects design, they watched one of the two lab-recruitment videos, and then reported their anticipated sense of belonging to and desire to participate in the lab depicted in the video. Very large effects were observed on both primary measures: Participants who watched the work/life-interaction-focused video reported a greater sense of belonging to (d = 1.49) and desire to participate in (d = 1.33) the lab, relative to participants who watched the work-focused video. These results suggest Millennials possess a strong desire for work/life-interaction, which runs counter to the traditional lab-training model endorsed by many lab directors. We discuss implications of these findings for STEM recruitment.
Book review: Inductive Logic Programming: From Machine Learning to Software Engineering by Francisco Bergadano and Daniele Gunetti (MIT Press, 1995)

Suppose that you want to use your intelligent programmer's assistant to write a program, for example, one that will insert elements into a balanced binary tree. One way you could proceed would be to provide your assistant with a complete specification for the program. This is the approach, influenced by the "water-fall model," taken in classical software engineering. But here is another idea. You give your assistant some examples of how you want the program to work, and ask him to write the program. If the assistant is a bright undergraduate, the examples should be enough. What if the assistant is itself a program?
cooperation and competition [From the Editor]

One of the great aspects of biomedical engineering and life science in general is that all of us who are practitioners for the most part work together. The scientific enterprise is devoted to a better understanding of our world and, through that understanding, improving the quality of life of the world's population. We do this by learning from each other and each of us adding something to what we have learned. We learn by reading, listening to, and exchanging the ideas with our colleagues in the field. Most scientists and engineers not only carry out this type of exchange with colleagues in their own field but also look to other areas of knowledge as well.
A Broader View of Justice

In this paper I argue that a narrow view of justice dominates the bioethics literature. I urge a broader view. As bioethicists, we often conceive of justice using a medical model. This model focuses attention at a particular point in time, namely, when someone who is already sick seeks access to scarce or expensive services. A medical model asks how we can fairly distribute those services. The broader view I endorse requires looking upstream, and asking how disease and suffering came about. In contrast to a medical model, a social model of justice considers how social determinants affect the health of a population. For example, social factors such as access to clean drinking water, education, safe workplaces, and police protection, profoundly affect risk for disease and early death. I examine one important social determinant of health, health care coverage, to show the limits of a medical model and the merits of a broader view.
Comparison of the DSC Curves Obtained for Aqueous Solutions of Nonionic and Ionic Surfactants

An interpretation of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves that were obtained for aqueous solutions of three nonionic surfactants, n-C8DPO, -C9DPO, and -C10DPO, was recently reported (Kresheck, G. C. Langmuir 2000, 16, 3067) and reanalyzed. These investigations have now been extended to include three cationic, DTAB, TTAB, and DPB, and one anionic, SDecS, surfactants. The curves obtained for the ionic surfactants exhibited the same pattern as for the nonionic surfactants. Below the critical micelle concentration, cmc, the heat capacity of the solutions gradually decreased and did not exhibit any systematic variation within the limits of experimental error (± 0.2 mcal/deg). Solutions which were 2−3 times more concentrated than the cmc exhibited curvature that resembled the temperature dependence of the cmc. However, studies with solutions of intermediate concentrations produced curves with either distinct maxima, minima, or both. These slope changes all occurred at temperatures where the cmc be...
Sensitivity of modal attenuation coefficients to environmental parameters

In waveguides that are nearly independent of range, modal attenuation coefficients (MACs) convey the influence of intrinsic sediment attenuation to propagating modes in the water. The intrinsic attenuation in the upper sediment layer in sandysilty areas has been recognized as having a nonlinear dependence on frequency f. The frequency dependence of the MACs is particularly interesting. The MACs in a Pekeris waveguide decrease like f?1, even though the upper layer intrinsic attenuation increases like f2. These results are consistent with calculations in a classic paper by Ingenito [1]. For adiabatic propagation a perturbation formula is useful for calculation of the MACs. The formula demonstrates that downward refracting sound speed profiles (SSPs) dramatically change the behavior compared with a Pekeris waveguide. For example, depending on the strength of the downward gradient, the high-frequency power law of the MACs varies from about zero to one. Sensitivity of the MACs to various environmental parameters and profiles will be discussed, as well as their consequences for the average rate of decay with range of transmission loss. A recent experiment off Nantucket Island [2] provides the opportunity for comparisons of experimentally determined MACs with those calculated from the perturbation approach.
Impaired DNA double strand break repair in cells from Nijmegen breakage syndrome patients.

Abstract Nijmegen breakage syndrome, caused by mutations in the NBS1 gene, is an autosomal recessive chromosomal instability disorder characterized by cancer predisposition. Cells isolated from Nijmegen breakage syndrome patients display increased levels of spontaneous chromosome aberrations and sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Here, we have investigated DNA double strand break repair pathways of homologous recombination, including single strand annealing, and non-homologous end-joining in Nijmegen breakage syndrome patient cells. We used recently developed GFP-YFP-based plasmid substrates to measure the efficiency of DNA double strand break repair. Both single strand annealing and non-homologous end-joining processes were markedly impaired in NBS1-deficient cells, and repair proficiency was restored upon re-introduction of full length NBS1 cDNA. Despite the observed defects in the repair efficiency, no apparent differences in homologous recombination or non-homologous end-joining effector proteins RAD51, KU70, KU86, or DNA-PKCS were observed. Furthermore, comparative analysis of junction sequences of plasmids recovered from NBS1-deficient and NBS1-complemented cells revealed increased dependence on microhomology-mediated end-joining DNA repair process in NBS1-complemented cells.
Suprasellar arachnoid cysts: management by cyst wall resection

Five children with ventricular dilatation (4 boys, 1 girl) had features seen on computer tomographic scan that were consistent with suprasellar arachnoid cysts. All children were investigated with a CT ventriculogram and/or CT cisternogram, and no communication with the cyst was demonstrated. Three children were seen in the 1st year of life and the remaining 2 children were between 1 and 5 years of age. Hydrocephalus and developmental delay were the most common presenting features, followed by visual disturbance, squint, or ataxia. Direct surgical decompression was performed in all 5 patients to avoid long-term placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. A temporary shunt was placed in 2 children because of high intracranial pressure. Direct partial excision of the cyst wall to allow long-term drainage into the basal cisterns or ventricular system was successful in all children. The presence of subdural collections postoperatively required temporary shunting in 2 children. After follow-up for between 10 and 22 months no clinical endocrinological sequelae have been detected, but 2 children have raised serum prolactin levels. Three children are developmentally delayed; one of these has regained some skills since surgery. Direct surgical decompression of suprasellar arachnoid cysts to avoid long-term shunt placement is the preferred method of surgical treatment for this condition.
The removal of metalwork in children

The post-operative complications in 57 children under the age of 16 years requiring removal of metalwork during a 12-month period are presented. The grade of surgeon performing the operation is also discussed. The overall complication-rate was 14 per cent. Minor complications such as transiently painful scars and superficial infection occurred in 7 per cent of cases. There was one intermediate complication following removal of Knowles pins of an unacceptable scar requiring revision by a plastic surgeon. The major complication (7 per cent of all cases) involved fracture with retention of the distal part of the screws during attempted removal of Knowles, Crawford-Adams or Moores pins used for the management of slipped upper femoral epiphysis. When considering this sub-group of patients, the actual complication rate for removal of metalwork from the hip was 27 per cent. So significant was this finding that the authors changed their practice to the use of a partially threaded single cannulated screw for the fixation of slipped upper capital epiphyses.
Crew mortality in the transatlantic slave trade in the eighteenth century

(1997). Crew mortality in the transatlantic slave trade in the eighteenth century. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 18, Routes to Slavery: Direction, Ethnicity and Mortality in the Transatlantic Slave Trade, pp. 49-71.
Calculation of coefficients of fractional parentage for large spaces

A new procedure has been developed for projecting out nondegenerate, linearly independent orthonormal states when calculating coefficients of fractional parentage with an iteration formula. This procedure is free from the buildup of numerical errors which vitiates the conventional techniques in cases where large dimensions are encountered. As a first application, coefficients of fractional parentage for the complete j = (7/2) shell in an isospin formalism have been generated for use in large-scale shell-model calculations.
Comparison of responses of various nonlinear reinforced concrete models

Abstract Reinforced concrete members subjected to cyclic inelastic deformation may exhibit both stiffness and strength degradation depending upon the maximum amplitude and the number of cycles experienced by a member. Many of the currently available models do not accurately simulate the cycle-dependent stiffness loss often observed during experiments. An analytical model based on a damage parameter which is a function of the cumulative cyclic inelastic deformation is proposed. The model is able to capture the complete hysteretic response and is simple to implement. The results from this model are compared with other models in terms of their displacement history and energy dissipation subjected to the same simulated earthquake excitation.
Composite Ni/NiO-Cr2O3 Catalyst for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

We report a Ni–Cr/C electrocatalyst with unprecedented mass-activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline electrolyte. The HER kinetics of numerous binary and ternary Ni-alloys and composite Ni/metal-oxide/C samples were evaluated in aqueous 0.1 M KOH electrolyte. The highest HER mass-activity was observed for Ni–Cr materials which exhibit metallic Ni as well as NiOx and Cr2O3 phases as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis. The onset of the HER is significantly improved compared to numerous binary and ternary Ni-alloys, including Ni–Mo materials. It is likely that at adjacent Ni/NiOx sites, the oxide acts as a sink for OHads, while the metallic Ni acts as a sink for the Hads intermediate of the HER, thus minimizing the high activation energy of hydrogen evolution via water reduction. This is confirmed by in situ XAS studies that show that the synergistic HER enhancement is due to NiOx content and that the Cr2O3 appears to stabilize the com...
TH-E-L100F-03: Personalized Coronary Imaging with a Virtual Catheterization Laboratory

Purpose: Cardiovascular disease is considered the leading cause of death in the US, accounting for 38% of all deaths, with an estimated direct and indirect cost of almost $400 billion. Coronary artery disease is principally identified and diagnosed using contrast angiography and cardiac CT imaging acquisitions. The success of the detection task depends on the physicians' capability to diagnose the presence of this disease and also relies very much on the image quality. The quality of the imaging modalities is also a very important component in coronary artery disease treatment‐planning, follow‐up, and in image‐guidedcardiac and vascular interventions as it directs and influences the physicians' options and actions. Our goal is to examine those imaging modalities and develop recommendations for patient‐ and case‐specific imaging protocols. Methods and Materials: We developed a virtual catheterization laboratory which includes an imagingsystem simulator, patient models, and a virtual radiologist. The imagingsystem simulators use Monte Carlo techniques for the x‐ray and particle transport and detection. The patient models are male and female anthropomorphic phantoms, which include detailed anatomical descriptions of each organ, including high resolution hearts with realistic statistical models of coronary artery pathology. The virtual radiologist uses mathematical and computer models to simulate human detection performance. By simulating multiple images we can test system parameters such as the geometry, resolution, scatter, and beam quality which reduce the x‐ray dose and iodine contrast quantities administered to the patient. Results: We developed a realistic x‐ray imaging simulation suite to evaluate and optimize coronary artery disease diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions: The development of improved personalized imaging acquisition protocols using modeling tools has the ultimate goal to reduce patient mortality rates and improve treatment outcomes related to cardiovascular disease.
Evaluating the economic impact of cruise tourism: a case study of Barbados.

ABSTRACT The failure of the import substitution model for economic development has led many countries to look for alternative explanations. The success of export led development in South Korean, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong has resulted in some countries shifting their development to industries in which they have a comparative advantage, that is, export industries. Tourism is one export industry that developing nations, particularly Island economies, have a comparative advantage. Traditionally, the most important reason for developing a tourism industry is the expected macroeconomic benefits. With improvement in the balance of payments being the most important of those benefits. This study develops a model to evaluate the impact of cruise tourism on a destination and tests the model on the economy of Barbados.
A customized learning objects approach to teaching programming

We will discuss a unique content-creation, delivery and maintenance model for designing and teaching programming courses. This approach is based on the idea of creating customized learning objects, each of which is uniquely described by an XML document and presents an interface for future search, retrieval and update, as well as a potential connection to external assessment tools. We will demonstrate the electronic Adoptive Book that serves as an interactive, continuously up-to-date learning environment for students as well as an authoring tool for the instructor.
Structure of the Si{100} surface in the clean (2×1), (2×1)-H monohydride, (1×1)-H dihydride, and c(4×4)-H phases

The structure of the Si{100} surface in the clean (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1), (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)-H monohydride, (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)-H dihydride, and c(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)-H phases has been studied by time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry. The hydrogenated phases were formed by saturation exposure to atomic hydrogen at room temperature for (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1), \ensuremath{\approxeq}400 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1), and \ensuremath{\approxeq}620 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for c(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4). Time-of-flight spectra of scattered and recoiled neutrals plus ions were collected as a function of crystal azimuthal angle and primary-beam incident angle to the surface. Structural analyses of the phases were obtained from the azimuthal anisotropy of the recoiled silicon-atom flux from 4 keV ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ primary ions and from the critical incident angles for 4-keV ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+}$ primary ions scattering along selected azimuths. Analysis of shadowing and blocking effects in these scattering and recoiling events, using calibrated shadow cones, is used in the structure determinations. The data provide a direct determination of the interatomic spacings in the outermost silicon layer of the four surface phases investigated.