cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling dioxygen-activating centers in non-heme diiron enzymes: carboxylate shifts in diiron(II) complexes supported by sterically hindered carboxylate ligands.

General synthetic routes are described for a series of diiron(II) complexes supported by sterically demanding carboxylate ligands 2,6-di(p-tolyl)benzoate (Ar(Tol)CO(2)(-)) and 2,6-di(4-fluorophenyl)benzoate (Ar(4-FPh)CO(2)(-)). The interlocking nature of the m-terphenyl units in self-assembled [Fe(2)(mu-O(2)CAr(Tol))(2)(O(2)CAr(Tol))(2)L(2)] (L = C(5)H(5)N (4); 1-MeIm (5)) promotes the formation of coordination geometries analogous to those of the non-heme diiron cores in the enzymes RNR-R2 and Delta 9D. Magnetic susceptibility and Mossbauer studies of 4 and 5 revealed properties consistent with weak antiferromagnetic coupling between the high-spin iron(II) centers. Structural studies of several derivatives obtained by ligand substitution reactions demonstrated that the [Fe(2)(O(2)CAr')(4)L(2)] (Ar' = Ar(Tol); Ar(4-FPh)) module is geometrically flexible. Details of ligand migration within the tetracarboxylate diiron core, facilitated by carboxylate shifts, were probed by solution variable-temperature (19)F NMR spectroscopic studies of [Fe(2)(mu-O(2)CAr(4-FPh))(2)-(O(2)CAr(4-FPh))(2)(THF)(2)] (8) and [Fe(2)(mu-O(2)CAr(4-FPh))(4)(4-(t)BuC(5)H(4)N)(2)] (12). Dynamic motion in the primary coordination sphere controls the positioning of open sites and regulates the access of exogenous ligands, processes that also occur in non-heme diiron enzymes during catalysis.
Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes for Everyone

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have the extraordinary potential to change our lives by improving existing products and enabling new ones. Current and future research and industrial workforce professionals are very likely to encounter some aspects of nanotechnology including CNT science and technology in their education or profession. The simple structure and interesting chemistry of CNTs make their inclusion in an undergraduate curriculum appropriate. An overview of the chemistry of CNTs is presented starting with a brief history followed by discussions on chemical structure, exceptional properties, potential applications, nature of technological challenges, and possible solutions that will expand the optimal utilization of these materials in the near future. This article is intended to be a starting point for developing a variety of CNT-based undergraduate projects.
ALS renewal moves forward

Abstract As the result of an extensive long-term planning process involving all its stakeholders—management, staff, and users—the ALS has seen its future and is aggressively moving ahead to implement its vision for keeping the facility at the cutting edge for the next 2–3 decades. The evolving strategic plan now in place aims to renew the ALS so it can address a new generation of fundamental questions about size dependent and dimensional-confinement phenomena at the nanoscale; correlation and complexity in physical, biological, and environmental systems; and temporal evolution, assembly, dynamics and ultrafast phenomena. The renewal spans three areas: (1) increased staffing at beamlines to support the growing user community and safety professionals to keep an increasingly complex facility hazard free; (2) implementing advances in accelerator, insertion device, beamline, and detector technology that will make it possible for ALS users to address emerging grand scientific and technological challenges with incisive world-class tools; and (3) construction of a user support building and guest housing that will increase the safety and user friendliness of the ALS by providing users office, meeting, experiment staging, and laboratory space for their work and on-site accommodations at reasonable rates.
The Inhibition of Pb(IV) Oxide Formation in Chlorinated Water by Orthophosphate

Historically, understanding lead solubility and its control in drinking water has been based on Pb(II) chemistry. Unfortunately, there is very little information available regarding the nature of Pb(IV) oxides in finished drinking water and water distribution systems, and the conditions under which they persist. The objective of this research was to explore the impact of orthophosphate on the realistic pathways that lead to the formation of Pb(IV) oxides in chlorinated water. The results of XRD and XANES analysis showed that, in the absence of orthophosphate (DIC = 10 mg C/L, 24 degrees C, pH 7.75-8.1, 3 mg Cl2/L goal), Pb(IV) oxides formed with time following a transformation from the Pb(II) mineral hydrocerussite. Under the same experimental conditions, orthophosphate dosing inhibited the formation of Pb(IV) oxides. The Pb(II) mineral hydroxypyromorphite, Pb5(PO4)3OH, was the only mineral phase identified during the entire study of over 600 days, although the presence of some chloropyromorphite, Pb5(PO4)3Cl, could not be ruled out The conclusions were further supported by SEM, TEM, and XANES analysis of lead colloids, and lead precipitation experiments conducted in the absence of free chlorine. The findings provide an important explanation for the absence of Pb(IV) oxides in some water systems that have used, or currently use, orthophosphate for corrosion control when otherwise, based on disinfection practices and water quality, its presence would be anticipated, as well as why the conversion from free chlorine to chloramines was not observed to increase lead release.
The very idea of a social science

In The Idea of a Social Science Winch, argues that, sociology is more properly conceived as a branch of philosophy than of empirical science. Winch falls victim here to the Humean assimilation of the empirical to the generalizable. He notes that much of our talk about social practice is in terms of conventions, so that explanations of social action can be given without recourse to statistical or experimental findings. But such talk depends nonetheless on the accuracy and detail with which the situations in which actions occur are‐ recorded, and this is surely an empirical enterprise. It is the misleading conception of sociology as a discipline, characterized by common procedures, that leads Winch to espouse the assimilation of sociology to conceptual inquiry. We need to see instead that sociology embraces a group of questions and subjects so loosely connected that it would be mistaken to speak of, and idle to project, a procedure common to all of them.
Optimized approach to decision fusion of heterogeneous data for breast cancer diagnosis

As more diagnostic testing options become available to physicians, it becomes more difficult to combine various types of medicalinformation together in order to optimize the overall diagnosis. To improve diagnostic performance, here we introduce an approach to optimize a decision-fusion technique to combine heterogeneous information, such as from different modalities, feature categories, or institutions. For classifier comparison we used two performance metrics: The receiving operator characteristic (ROC) area under the curve [area under the ROC curve (AUC)] and the normalized partial area under the curve (pAUC). This study used four classifiers: Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), artificial neural network (ANN), and two variants of our decision-fusion technique, AUC-optimized (DF-A) and pAUC-optimized (DF-P) decision fusion. We applied each of these classifiers with 100-fold cross-validation to two heterogeneous breast cancerdata sets: One of mass lesion features and a much more challenging one of microcalcification lesion features. For the calcification data set, DF-A outperformed the other classifiers in terms of AUC ( p 0.02 ) and achieved AUC = 0.85 ± 0.01 . The DF-P surpassed the other classifiers in terms of pAUC ( p 0.01 ) and reached pAUC = 0.38 ± 0.02 . For the mass data set, DF-A outperformed both the ANN and the LDA ( p 0.04 ) and achieved AUC = 0.94 ± 0.01 . Although for this data set there were no statistically significant differences among the classifiers’ pAUC values ( pAUC = 0.57 ± 0.07 to 0.67 ± 0.05 , p > 0.10 ), the DF-P did significantly improve specificity versus the LDA at both 98% and 100% sensitivity ( p 0.04 ) . In conclusion, decision fusion directly optimized clinically significant performance measures, such as AUC and pAUC, and sometimes outperformed two well-known machine-learning techniques when applied to two different breast cancerdata sets.
Clustering incomplete relational data using the non-Euclidean relational fuzzy c-means algorithm

An approach for clustering on the basis of incomplete dissimilarity data is given. The data is first completed using simple triangle inequality-based approximation schemes and then clustered using the non-Euclidean relational fuzzy c-means algorithm. Results of numerical tests are included.
Summarizing Monte Carlo simulations by simple analytic expressions to describe photon transport in tissues

The distribution of light in tissues can be modeled using Monte Carlo simulations. Analytic expressions, however, provide both speed and the ability to derive subsequent analytic expressions. This paper attempts to distill the lessons of Monte Carlo simulations into analytic descriptions that are simple and rapid. Monte Carlo simulations in homogeneous tissue with cylindrically symmetric geometries are translated into simple expressions based on ellipses. Such an ellipsoidal approximation provides a convenient analytic expression for internal fluence rate distributions, F(r,z).© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Heating of solid targets with laser pulses

Analytical and numerical solutions to the heat-conduction equation are obtained for the heating of absorbing media with pulsed lasers. The spatial and temporal form of the temperature is determined using several different models of the laser irradiance. Both surface and volume generation of heat are discussed. It is found that if the depth of thermal diffusion for the laser-pulse duration is large compared to the optical-attenuation depth, the surface- and volume-generation models give nearly identical results. However, if the thermal-diffusion depth for the laser-pulse duration is comparable to or less than the optical-attenuation depth, the surface-generation model can give significantly different results compared to the volume-generation model. Specific numerical results are given for a tungsten target irradiated by pulses of different temporal durations and the implications of the results are discussed with respect to the heating of metals by picosecond laser pulses.
Effect of additional cobalt, copper, manganese, and zinc on reproduction and milk yield of lactating dairy cows receiving bovine somatotropin.

The objective of this study was to determine whether organically complexed Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn would improve the reproductive performance and milk and milk component production in lactating dairy cows that began receiving bovine somatotropin in the ninth week of lactation. Holstein (n = 50) and Jersey (n = 10) cows were blocked by breed, lactation number, and incidence of retained fetal membranes. Two diets assigned within blocks and fed from parturition until 154 d of lactation were control or control supplemented daily with 26 mg of Co as Co glucoheptonate, 125 mg of Cu as Cu-Lys, 199 mg of Mn as Mn-Met, and 359 mg of Zn as Zn-Met. Cows were fitted with electronic pressure-sensing devices in the second week of lactation for detection of estrus. Ovarian structures were determined via transrectal ultrasonography at 7-d intervals from parturition until observation of the first corpus luteum. Blood samples were taken at 7-d intervals and analyzed for plasma concentrations of progesterone, insulin, and urea nitrogen. Onset of luteal activity was identified by progesterone concentrations ≥1 ng/ml. Retained fetal membranes increased days to first estrus (detected via electronic estrous detection), first luteal activity, and first corpus luteum in control cows but not in supplemented cows. Days to first observed estrus were greater for control cows than for supplemented cows. Days to first service, days open, days from first service to conception, services per conception, milk yield, milk components, and somatic cell counts were similar for control and supplemented cows. Supplementation with complexed trace minerals effectively reduced days to first estrus.
Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon−Fluorine Bond Activation with Cp*2ZrH2: Mechanisms of Hydrodefluorination

Cp*2ZrH2 (1) (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) reacts with primary, secondary, and tertiary monofluorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons to give Cp*2ZrHF (2) and/or Cp*2ZrF2 and alkane quantitatively through a radical chain mechanism. The reactivity of monofluorinated aliphatic C−F bonds decreases in the order 1° > 2° > 3°. The rate of hydrodefluorination was also greatly reduced with −CF2H and −CF3 groups attached to the hydrocarbon. An atmosphere of H2 is required to stabilize 1 against C−H activation of the Cp*-methyl groups and subsequent dimerization under the thermal conditions employed in these reactions. Reaction of 1 with fluorobenzene cleanly forms a mixture of Cp*2ZrHF, benzene, and Cp*2Zr(C6H5)F. Detailed studies indicate that radicals are not involved in this aromatic C−F activation reaction and that dual hydrodefluorination pathways are operative. In one mechanism, hydridic attack by Cp*2ZrH2 on the aromatic ring and fluoride abstraction is involved. In the second mechanism, an initial ortho C−H...
Myopic risk-seeking: The impact of narrow decision bracketing on lottery play

In two experiments conducted with low-income participants, we find that individuals are more likely to buy state lottery tickets when they make several purchase decisions one-at-a-time, i.e. myopically, than when they make one decision about how many tickets to purchase. These results extend earlier findings showing that “broad bracketing” of decisions encourages behavior consistent with expected value maximization. Additionally, the results suggest that the combination of myopic decision making and the “peanuts effect”—greater risk seeking for low stakes than high stakes gambles—can help explain the popularity of state lotteries.
Response of different types of CR-39 to energetic ions

It is well known that the addition of small amounts of certain chemical additives to CR-39 will effect changes in its sensitivity, response and surface characteristics. We have studied the effect of adding small amounts of antioxidants to the monomer before casting. Stacks consisting of three types of CR-39 plastic were exposed to different energetic ions from proton through 56Fe in order to study the track response properties. Response of each CR-39 type was investigated, covering a wide LET, Z and β region. We have also shown that the most sensitive of these materials registers tracks of relativistic boron ions and 16 MeV protons at normal incidence.
Albumin inhibition of transferrin low-affinity binding to K562 cells

Abstract Several reports have suggested that variations of albumin concentration in the incubation medium can modulate the magnitude of transferrin binding to the cells. We have investigated this problem further using K562 cells. In the absence of human serum albumin, transferrin binding demonstrated a non-saturable curve which, upon Scatchard analysis, showed two components with high and low affinities. In the presence of 0.5% human serum albumin, the low-affinity but not the high-affinity component was totally inhibited and, thus, the binding showed a saturation plateau at transferrin concentration of 6 μg/ml. Increasing concentrations of human serum albumin in the incubation medium led to progressive inhibition of transferrin binding, reaching a plateau at 0.2% human serum albumin. At this concentration transferrin binding was about 12 ng/10 6 cells, corresponding to the saturation plateau for high-affinity binding. Low-affinity transferrin binding in the absence of human serum albumin could readily be displaced by subsequent addition of albumin. Similar inhibition was obtained by another serum protein, ceruloplasmin, suggesting that this inhibition is not unique to albumin and may be a common property of all proteins. Incubation at 37°C with 59 Fe-labeled transferrin indicated that all iron uptake occurs through high-affinity binding. We conclude that the reported variations in magnitude of transferrin binding by the cell due to variations in albumin concentration are the result of inhibition of low-affinity binding of transferrin by albumin.
Epoxy polymers. IV. Impact‐induced voltage generation

Mechanical-stress-induced voltage or current in epoxy polymers appears to be a function of the state of order of dipoles in the surface layer. The sign and magnitude of the voltage is correlated with the surface layer characteristics. The time required for the impact voltage to decay to its original value appears to correlate with dipole orientation relaxation times obtained by dielectric constant and loss measurements.
Migration of nickel and titanium oxide species as studied by in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy

Abstract The interactions between nickel and titania were studied by in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy during treatments in hydrogen at temperatures near 1000 K. Large nickel particles (e.g., 100 nm) were observed to create pits in the titania films on which they were supported. In addition, the titania films, originally rutile TiO 2 , were converted to Ti 4 O 7 during treatment in hydrogen at ca. 1000 K. It is suggested that the nickel facilitates reduction of titania in close proximity to the metal particles, thereby leading to the formation of pits in the titania support. The reduced-titania species removed from the support during this process migrate onto and/or into the nickel particles. Evidence is presented that indicates the migration of both nickel and titania may be involved in this process. This mode of migration may be a general phenomenon for metals on reducible supports. The resulting presence of titania species on the metal surface is thought to be responsible for the occurrence of so-called “strong metal-support interactions”
Micro-social and Contextual Sources of Democratic Attitudes in Latin America

Many Latin American countries democratized between 1975 and 2000, and research has confirmed that contemporary Latin Americans hold democratic political attitudes. Using AmericasBarometer surveys of 18 countries from 2008, we examine the commitment of Latin Americans to three democratic attitudes – preference for democracy over other forms of government, support for general participation rights, and tolerance for participation by system critics. We also explore the impact of personal resources, crime and corruption, evaluation of system performance, social capital, and the sociopolitical context on democratic attitudes. A preference for democracy and support for citizens’ participation rights are strong, but tolerance is lower than the other attitudes. Evidence is found for acculturation – that Latin Americans acquire democratic attitudes by living in democratic regimes and through education.
Interventions combining motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour to promote medication adherence: a literature review

Aims and objectives This article presents an integrative review of the evidence for combined motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural interventions that promote medication adherence. We undertook this review to establish a scientific foundation for development of interventions to promote medication adherence and to guide clinical practice. Background The World Health Organization has designated medication adherence as a global problem. Motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour interventions have been found to individually promote medication adherence. However, there is a gap in the literature on the effect of combined motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural approaches to promote medication adherence. Design Integrative review. Methods COCHRANE, PubMed and CINAHL were searched to access relevant studies between 2004–2014. Inclusion criteria were interventions combining motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy with medication adherence as the outcome. Articles were assessed for measures of adherence and methodological rigour. Analysis was performed using an integrative review process. Results Six articles met the inclusion criteria. A randomised controlled trial reported pretreatment missed doses of 5·58 and post-treatment of 0·92 and trended towards significance. Four cohort studies had effect sizes of 0·19–0·35 (p < 0·05). A case study had a pretreatment adherence rate of 25% and post-treatment 77% (p < 0·01). Conclusions Although there were a limited number of studies on combined motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural interventions, five out of six were effective at improving medication adherence. Future studies with large rigorous randomised trials are needed. Relevance to clinical practice This review provides clinicians with the state of the science in relation to combined motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy interventions that promote medication adherence. A summary of intervention components and talking points are provided to aid nurses in informing decision-making and translating evidence into practice.
Temperature dependence of benzyl alcohol- and 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate-induced aggregation of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist.

The critical role played by temperature in ligand-induced protein aggregation was investigated. Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (rhIL-1ra) and the ligands benzyl alcohol and 8-a...
Parallel Processing Based Power Reduction in a 256 State Viterbi Decoder

This paper describes the implementation of a 256-state, rate 1/2, soft-decision Viterbi decoder. The implementation explores several variables and design considerations of a Viterbi decoder, testing various methods for low power and throughput capability. By designing the Viterbi decoder using three techniques, a progressive active ACS (add-compare-select), prediction matcher, and reduced read traceback, we take the most efficient techniques and apply them, iteratively to the overall design to achieve 12.7 % of dynamic power consumption with 250Mbps of throughput
Teacher Education Reform and Subaltern Voices: From Politica to Practica in Bolivia.

In 1994, the National Educational Reform in Bolivia instituted reforms that called for a model of education that held at its center the knowledge and languages of Indigenous people. The types of change called for by the reforms in Bolivia signify major transformations in teacher preparation practices and a concerted emphasis on training in bilingual intercultural education. At the core of such efforts is the notion that hegemonic practices and voices are critiqued and subaltern voices and practices become a base for change. This study examines whether and how this policy has helped to foster the expansion of Indigenous voices and engagement in bilingual intercultural education. It also considers how the Bolivian educational reforms help to develop notions of interculturalism and promote the development of a multilingual and pluricultural nation.
Symptom clusters and health-related quality of life in people with chronic stable angina.

Aim This paper reports findings of a study to examine the independent contribution of chest pain, fatigue, and dyspnea to health-related quality of life in patients with chronic stable angina.
Effects of Videogame Experience on Laparoscopic Skill Acquisition

The apprenticeship model used to teach surgical residents is no longer adequate, especially in laparoscopic surgery training. The other alternatives available, such as simulators or animal models, can be expensive and difficult to implement. This study was conducted to explore the effect of videogame experience on surgical skill acquisition. We hypothesized that a week of videogame playing would improve performance on a surgical skills trainer and that performance on the videogame would reflect performance on the trainer. Thirty participants were tested in a between-subjects mixed design. Results were inconclusive. However, the use of videogames for training may be justified given the minimal cost. The idea of training surgeons using an inexpensive technology that is familiar, and that is fun and engaging at the same time, has considerable potential for the field of training in surgery.
Defining the broader phenotype of autism: genetic, brain, and behavioral perspectives.

Achieving progress in understanding the cause, nature, and treatment of autism requires an integration of concepts, approaches, and empirical findings from genetic, cognitive neuroscience, animal, and clinical studies. The need for such integration has been a fundamental tenet of the discipline of developmental psychopathology from its inception. It is likely that the discovery of autism susceptibility genes will depend on the development of dimensional measures of broader phenotype autism traits. It is argued that knowledge of the cognitive neuroscience of social and language behavior will provide a useful framework for defining such measures. In this article, the current state of knowledge of the cognitive neuroscience of social and language impairments in autism is reviewed. Following from this, six candidate broader phenotype autism traits are proposed: (a) face processing, including structural encoding of facial features and face movements, such as eye gaze; (b) social affiliation or sensitivity to social reward, pertaining to the social motivational impairments found in autism; (c) motor imitation ability, particularly imitation of body actions; (d) memory, specifically those aspects of memory mediated by the medial temporal lobe–prefrontal circuits; (e) executive function, especially planning and flexibility; and (f) Language ability, particularly those aspects of language that overlap with specific language impairment, namely, phonological processing.
Reply to the ‘Comment on “Discovery of a tetracontinuous, aqueous lyotropic network phase with unusual 3D-hexagonal symmetry”’ by G. Schröder-Turk, M. Fischer and S. Hyde

A new calculation by Fischer et al. suggests that the 3etc network phase with 3D-hexagonal symmetry (space group #193: P63/mcm) may be a generic structure adopted by self-assembling soft materials, thereby broadening the context for our recent report of its spontaneous formation in lyotropic liquid crystals. The experimental observation of the 3etc phase further validates previous theoretical models used to predict its stability, provocatively suggesting that other polycontinuous network phases predicted by these methods may be discovered in the future. While these network phase morphologies are often mathematically described in terms of their underlying triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS), the numerous potential applications of these functional nanostructured soft materials require the development of a concise, consistent, and unambiguous nomenclature for their complete description. In this comment, we propose adoption of a nomenclature that describes each mesophase more generally in terms of the total number of non-intersecting domains into which three-dimensional space is partitioned.
Host Specificity Testing of Galerucella calmariensis L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Wild and Ornamental Plant Species

Abstract Galerucella calmariensis has been widely distributed in North America for biological control of purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria. We tested the host specificity of G. calmariensis against 40 nontarget species in 14 previously untested families, determining the ability of G. calmariensis adults to survive, feed, produce eggs, and oviposit on these plants in no-choice tests. When adult feeding occurred, we then tested the potential for adult and larval impacts in a series of choice and no-choice tests. For nontarget plants that may co-occur with L. salicaria, we also tested the propensity for larval and adult attack under conditions of high G. calmariensis density. In no-choice adult feeding tests, G. calmariensis did not feed or survive on most of the species tested. Minor damage was observed on Vernonia fasiculata (Asteraceae) and five members of the Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, Fragaria x. ananassa, Filipendula rubra, Rosa setigera, Alchemilla mollis, and Rubus idaeus. In subsequent choice tests, oviposition never occurred on nontargets and no-choice larval establishment tests showed that neonates could not establish on any of these species. For F. rubra, which may potentially co-occur with L. salicaria, no-choice larval transfer trials showed that third instar G. calmariensis larvae did not feed on F. rubra and pupated at significantly reduced weights. In a large-cage choice study with larvae and adults, no feeding or oviposition on F. rubra occurred. These data support preintroduction host specificity results indicating that normal feeding, oviposition, and development of G. calmariensis is confined to L. salicaria. However, recent field observations confirm the greenhouse studies indicating that transient feeding by teneral adults may occur on some nontargets under no-choice conditions.
Ultrasonication-assisted surface functionalization of double-walled carbon nanotubes with azobis-type radical initiators

This paper reports the development of a facile approach for the functionalization of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) with azobis-type radical initiators under combined thermal and sonic conditions. The thermal decomposition of azobis-type radical initiators generates free radicals of the alkyl group terminated with various chemically active sites along with the liberation of nitrogen. These radicals are capable of opening the π-bonds of DWNTs, and the generation of chemically active sites on their surface. With the assistance of ultrasonication they can effectively separate DWNT bundles for radical addition and therefore significantly shorten the reaction time.
Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: analysis of 5-year experience.

We retrospectively evaluated the perioperative results of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery performed in our center. Over a 5-year period, 520 patients were operated off-pump through a median sternotomy with the aid of a cardiac stabilizer and retractor. A total of 1,117 distal anastomoses were made with a mean of 2.2 ± 1.0 bypass grafts per patient. Only 12 patients (2.3%) required conversion to cardiopulmonary bypass, while 10 patients (1.9%) were re-operated for bleeding or graft failure. Perioperative myocardial infarction occurred in 10 patients (1.9%), and postoperative stroke in 3 patients (0.6%). The overall operative mortality was 2.5%, while the rate for the 48 patients who had previous bypass surgery was 2.1%. The results show that off-pump coronary surgery produces low mortality and morbidity, even in the treatment of multivessel disease or high-risk patients.
Male Tobacco Smoke Load and Non-Lung Cancer Mortality Associations in Massachusetts

Purpose We assessed cumulative tobacco smoke cumulative damage (smoke load)/cancer mortality associations across time from 1979 to 2003 among Massachusetts males overall and at ages 30–74. Methods Annual lung cancer death rates were used as smoke load bio-indices, and lung/all other (non-lung) cancer death age-adjusted rate linear regressions were run for analysis to calculate smoking-attributable fractions (SAF). Death rate SAFs are equal to: 1- estimated unexposed rate/observed rate. Results Fairly steady all age and ages 30–74 years lung and non-lung cancer death rate declines occurred since 1992. Non-lung cancer death rates were tightly and steeply associated with smoke load across year. The slopes of those associations are 1.69 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35–2.04, r=0.90, or 1.36 (CI 1.02–1.96, r=0.95) when adjusted for possible autocorrelation) and 1.36 (CI 1.14–1.58, r=0.94) without detected autocorrelation (Durbin-Watson statistic = 1.8), respectively. The lung/non-lung cancer death rate associations suggest 2003 all-sites cancer death rate SAFs of 73% (SR 61–82%) at all ages and 74% (SR 61–82%) at ages 30–74. Conclusions The observed strong lung/non-lung cancer death rate associations suggest that tobacco smoke load may cause most prematurely fatal cancers at both lung and non-lung sites in Massachusetts male populations. Therefore, tobacco control may greatly reduce the overall cancer death rates.
Speech and language development in 2-year-old children with cerebral palsy

Objective: We examined early speech and language development in children who had cerebral palsy. Questions addressed whether children could be classified into early profile groups on the basis of speech and language skills and whether there were differences on selected speech and language measures among groups.Methods: Speech and language assessments were completed on 27 children with CP who were between the ages of 24 and 30 months (mean age 27.1 months; SD 1.8). We examined several measures of expressive and receptive language, along with speech intelligibility.Results: Two-step cluster analysis was used to identify homogeneous groups of children based on their performance on the seven dependent variables characterizing speech and language performance. Three groups of children identified were those not yet talking (44% of the sample); those whose talking abilities appeared to be emerging (41% of the sample); and those who were established talkers (15% of the sample). Group differences were evident on al...
Introduction to therapy of hepatitis C.

Since the 1997 National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on management of hepatitis C there have been several important advances that significantly impact its therapy; notably the availability of sensitive, specific, and standardized assays for identifying hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in the serum, the addition of ribavirin to alpha interferon, the pegylation of alpha interferon, and the demonstration that sustained virological response (SVR) is the optimal surrogate endpoint of treatment. Using pegylated interferon and ribavirin, virological response with relapse and nonresponse are less common, but remain poorly understood. Current studies are evaluating nonvirological endpoints of treatment, namely biochemical response and histological response. To date, definitive treatment trials have primarily been conducted in adult patients with elevated aminotransferase levels, clinically compensated chronic liver disease, and no other significant medical disorder. Limited data are available from studies of other patient populations, and the safety of interferon-based treatment has not yet been established in several patient groups. Future research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of viral response and clearance, to develop effective therapies for interferon nonresponse or intolerance, to define the role of complementary and alternative medicine and other nonspecific therapies, and to develop strategies for the optimal management and treatment of special patient populations who probably represent the majority of persons with chronic hepatitis C in the United States.
INTEGRATING ENGINEERING WEB SERVICES WITH DISTRIBUTED DATA FLOWS AND MOBILE CLASSES

This paper describes a software paradigm for composing engineering web services. Software modules have been designed and implemented to facilitate the construction and integration of web services. The paradigm employs a distributed data flow approach that supports direct data exchanges among web services, and thus avoid many performance bottlenecks attending centralized processing. The performance and flexibility are further improved by using mobile classes to distribute computations within the service framework and to reduce the amount of data traffic by moving computations closer to the data. A system has been prototyped t o integrate several project management and scheduling software applications. It is shown that distributed data flow, combining with the utilization of mobile classes, is an effective approach for integrating large engineering software services.
A 1.6-to-3.2/4.8 GHz dual-modulus injection-locked frequency multiplier in 0.18μm digital CMOS

This paper proposes a variable-modulus injection-locked frequency multiplier for better harmonic suppression. It is more suitable for fully-integrated implementation using low-Q on-chip inductors in digital CMOS than conventional approaches. A prototype dual-modulus frequency doubler/tripler with 1.6 GHz input and 3.2 GHz/4.8 GHz output is implemented in a 0.18 mum standard digital CMOS. At 5% locking range, the doubler mode achieves fundamental suppression of 42 dB with 2.2 mW power consumption from 1 V supply; while the tripler mode achieves 40 dB suppression at the fundamental and 32 dB at the second harmonic, with 3.7 mWpower consumption from 1 V supply. Good phase noise performance is achieved for both doubler and tripler modes.
Discrete Kinetic Models from Funneled Energy Landscape Simulations

A general method for facilitating the interpretation of computer simulations of protein folding with minimally frustrated energy landscapes is detailed and applied to a designed ankyrin repeat protein (4ANK). In the method, groups of residues are assigned to foldons and these foldons are used to map the conformational space of the protein onto a set of discrete macrobasins. The free energies of the individual macrobasins are then calculated, informing practical kinetic analysis. Two simple assumptions about the universality of the rate for downhill transitions between macrobasins and the natural local connectivity between macrobasins lead to a scheme for predicting overall folding and unfolding rates, generating chevron plots under varying thermodynamic conditions, and inferring dominant kinetic folding pathways. To illustrate the approach, free energies of macrobasins were calculated from biased simulations of a non-additive structure-based model using two structurally motivated foldon definitions at the full and half ankyrin repeat resolutions. The calculated chevrons have features consistent with those measured in stopped flow chemical denaturation experiments. The dominant inferred folding pathway has an ‘‘inside-out’’, nucleation-propagation like character.
Controlling Chaos in a Temporally Irregular Environment and its Application to Engineering Systems

Responses of many man-made systems (e.g., ships or oil-drilling platforms), when subject to irregularly time varying environments, can be described by irregularly driven dynamical systems. Consequently, failures of such systems (e.g., capsize of a ship or collapse of a platform), under increasingly severe environmental conditions, come about when the system state escapes from a destroyed chaotic attractor located in some favorable region of the phase space. In this paper we review a control strategy [see Ding et al. (1994) for more details], based on a previous method of chaos control, which can prevent such failures from taking place. The key feature of the new method is the incorporation of prediction of the evolution of the environment. This makes effective operation of the control possible even when the temporal behavior of the environment has substantial irregularity. We illustrate the ideas using ship capsizing as an example. We then apply the technique to a nonlinear oscillator model of a ship-borne crane. The purpose here is to eliminate uncertainties associated with sudden changes (crises) in attractor structures as a result of environmental drift.
Creative Processes and Style

Cognition, as introduced in Chap. 1, is the human intelligence process of organizing personal information through the use of human conscious awareness, visual perception, reasoning, and judgment to accomplish everyday tasks. In design fields, designers apply design cognition to organize design information for creating artifacts. Here, design cognition is the ability to manipulate images, utilize rationale, and create three-dimensional forms to generate a product that serves a function. This ability, usually occurring in the design process, is recognized as a phenomenon and pattern of doing things. For example, as shown in Chap. 5, designers consciously utilize some invariant knowledge, rules, mental images, and certain fixed sequences in design processes; certain constant features are also generated and distinguished as the representation of a style. Therefore, patterns of constant utilization of knowledge in design are described as the phenomena of style coming from cognitive operations, and the cognitive mechanisms applied in design provide the incentive for a style. Similarly, creativity is a phenomenon of cognitive operational results that share similar cognitive driving forces. This chapter explains the connection and correlation between the two phenomena of style and creativity from a cognitive perspective.
Distributed Problem Solving and the DVMT

A distributed problem solving network is composed of semi-autonomous problem-solving nodes that can communicate with each other. Nodes work together to solve a single problem by individually solving interacting subproblems and integrating their subproblem solutions into an overall solution. Because each node may have a limited local view of the overall problem, nodes must share subproblem solutions; cooperation thus requires intelligent local control decisions so that each node performs tasks which generate useful subproblem solutions. The use of a global “controller” to make these decisions for the nodes is not an option because it would be a severe communication and computational bottleneck and would make the network susceptible to complete collapse if it fails. Because nodes must make these decisions based only on their local information, well-coordinated or coherent cooperation is difficult to achieve [Davis and Smith, 1983; Lesser and Corkill, 1981].
Radicals in Tweed Jackets: Why Extreme Left-Wing Law Professors are Wrong for America

This review essay assesses Cass Sunstein's new book "Radicals in Robes." After summarizing the book, this review essay considers the merits of Sunstein's minimalism, why Sunstein favors it, and the depth of his commitment to it. Then the review considers whether the meaning of words ought to turn on the consequences of that meaning, as Sunstein implicitly argues. The review maintains that documents and utterances mean things without regard to what someone else might or might not do with the documents or utterances. When it comes to meaning, the consequences do not matter. Finally, the review explains that originalism provides no argument (indeed can provide no argument) for following a document's meaning. Originalism is merely a means of making sense of text. The reasons for treating some document as law (as opposed to others) have absolutely nothing to do with originalism as a theory of interpretation. Indeed, these reasons have nothing to do with interpretation at all. Whether we treat a particular text as binding upon us is a question of morality and politics.
No Advantage to Entanglement in Bit Flip Parameter Estimation

We consider optimal estimation of the parameter describing a bit-flip channel. Using the quantum Fisher information as a measure of accuracy, we show that entanglement offers no advantage for multiple channel.
Chemical and biological studies on 1,2-dihydro-s-triazines. VI. Development of resistance by Streptococcus faecalis No. 8043.

SummaryA number of strains have been isolated from stock cultures of S. faecalis No. 8043 which are resistant to inhibition by the 1,2-dihydro-s-triazines in pteroylglutamic acid assay systems. The strains studied so far exhibit cross-resistance with related aldehyde and ketone derivatives of the dihydrotriazine series but not with 4-aminopteroylglutamic acid, 4-amino-N10-methylpteroylglutamic acid or certain 2,4-diaminopyrimidines.The results of variance analyses were compatible with the conclusion that dihydrotriazine resistance originates from spontaneous mutations independently of the inhibitor. However, the possibility that resistance to minimal concentrations of inhibitor may be an adaptive change could not be excluded.
Subdimensional particle structure of higher rank U ( 1 ) spin liquids

Quantum spin liquids can be well described in the language of gauge theory. While most theoretical effort has been focused on gauge theories with a familiar vector gauge field, there exists a stable class of quantum spin liquids described by higher-rank tensor gauge fields. Here, the authors focus on a class of stable three-dimensional spin liquids described by symmetric tensor $U$(1) gauge fields. They find that these spin liquids feature an exotic class of excitations that are restricted to motion along lower-dimensional subspaces, a phenomenon seen earlier in fracton models. They show how this subdimensional behavior follows naturally from a set of higher-moment charge conservation laws that place severe restrictions on particle motion. This work opens up an exciting new direction in the field of spin liquids.
A Study on Dependence of Profits on R&D Intensities in Chinese Manufacture Industries

Based on the development law of manufacturing industries,this paper analyzes the influence of RD intensities on industries profits,then it analyzes the relationship of RD intensity and profits on basis of statistics data analysis from Nation Bureau of Statistics by Density Dependence Mode.Rusults shows that RD intensities of manufacturing industries have an direct effect upon profits when the its profits increasing.
Research on the process of dynamic failure of metal diaphragm pulse separation device in pulse motor

In order to achieve the pulse start of solid rocket motor,one metal diaphragm pulse separation device(PSD) was designed.Fracture mechanics theory and circular plates with large deflection theory were used to establish metal diaphragm designing formula.The sizes of metal diaphragm with 2.2 MPa opening pressure were determined.Brittle cracking model was used to simulate the process of dynamic failure of the diaphragm,and the numerical opening pressure was 2.15 MPa.The designing formula results agree with the computational results very well.The verification monomial test was designed to verify the accuracy of designing formula and simulation.The average opening pressure of five tests was 2.10 MPa.The simulation failure mode agreed with the test results.The probability of true average opening pressure between 1.90 MPa and 2.30 MPa is 90%,which can satisfy with the design requirements.
A Coordinated Control Strategy for Low Voltage Ride-Though of Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Wind Power Generating Units

On the basis of synthesizing existing low voltage ride-through(LVRT) methods for direct-drive permanent magnet wind power generating units,a new coordinated control strategy for LVRT is proposed.In the proposed control strategy,derating output of wind power generating units,controlling unloading resistance and controlling pitch angle are coordinatively utilized to ensure the operational security of converters and generation units,and the prevention of overspeed operation of generation units and overvoltage on DC capacitors are taken as control objectives to ensure the operational security of converters and generation units,and in the meantime,to reduce the usage frequency of unloading resistance.A direct-drive permanent magnet wind power generation model is constructed by PSCAD/EMTDC,and the proposed coordinated control strategy for LVRT of direct-drive permanent magnet wind power generating units is simulated.Simulation results show that the proposed coordinated control strategy is correct and effective.