cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Capture Strategy for the Identification of Thio-Templated Metabolites

Nonribosomal peptide synthetase and polyketide synthase systems are home to complex enzymology and produce compounds of great therapeutic value. Despite this, they have continued to be difficult to characterize due to their substrates remaining enzyme-bound by a thioester bond. Here, we have developed a strategy to directly trap and characterize the thioester-bound enzyme intermediates and applied the strategy to the azinomycin biosynthetic pathway. The approach was initially applied in vitro to evaluate its efficacy and subsequently moved to an in situ system, where a protein of interest was isolated from the native organism to avoid needing to supply substrates. When the nonribosomal peptide synthetase AziA3 was isolated from Streptomyces sahachiroi, the capture strategy revealed AziA3 functions in the late stages of epoxide moiety formation of the azinomycins. The strategy was further validated in vitro with a nonribosomal peptide synthetase involved in colibactin biosynthesis. In the long term, this method will be utilized to characterize thioester-bound metabolites within not only the azinomycin biosynthetic pathway but also other cryptic metabolite pathways.
Common Clinical Conditions of the Hip

The diagnosis of “hip pain” can be a clinical challenge as patients may often times be referring to symptoms that are referred from outside of the hip (femoroacetabular or ball and socket joint) including the lumbar spine, pelvis (i.e., sacroiliac joints, pubic symphysis), extra-articular soft tissues, or abdomen making an attentive history, focused physical exam, and careful radiographic ordering/interpretation imperative to timely and accurate diagnosis. The scope of this discussion will not include traumatic onset hip pain thereby excluding stress fractures/femoral neck/apophyseal avulsion fractures but should nonetheless be considered in any hip pain differential.
The Updating of Human Memory

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on certain selected aspects of the updating problem of human memory. Updating, even though well-established, may fail or break down at some later point under certain circumstances. The anecdote demonstrates that when the local retrieval context matches the storage context of out-of-date information better than it does the storage context of current information, it becomes susceptible to intrusions of out-of-date information. Subjects' recall of each type of list tested in three different ways. A recall test is administered either immediately, after a forced-choice recognition test is completed, or after an arithmetic task is completed. In the FR and (-)R conditions, subjects are asked to recall the last 16 words in the list. The forced-choice recognition test consisted of eight pairs of words. In each pair, subjects are asked to circle the word they thought had been presented in the second sublist of 16 words. The idea of structural updating does not have a natural representation in terms of interference theory. Structural updating presumes that the current input of information together with the series of preceding inputs is amenable to a longitudinal organization of some kind.
A proof-theoretic approach to hierarchical math library organization

The relationship between theorems and lemmas in mathematical reasoning is often vague. No system exists that formalizes the structure of theorems in a mathematical library. Nevertheless, the decisions we make in creating lemmas provide an inherent hierarchical structure to the statements we prove. In this paper, we develop a formal system that organizes theorems based on scope. Lemmas are simply theorems with a local scope. We develop a representation of proofs that captures scope and present a set of proof rules to create and reorganize the scopes of theorems and lemmas. The representation and rules allow systems for formalized mathematics to more accurately reflect the natural structure of mathematical knowledge.
Beta Reversal and Expected Returns

In this paper we show that it is the beta reversal among a small group of stocks that prevents the CAPM beta from predicting individual stocks’ expected returns as documented by Fama and French (1992). These stocks tend to have both large beta and high idiosyncratic volatility. Consequently, even when the CAPM holds period-by-period, the confounding effect of beta reversal diminishes the significance of the CAPM beta in the cross-sectional tests. The cross-sectional explanatory power of beta is restored after we take into account the beta reversal effect in each of the three ways. More important, the market risk premium estimated from cross-sectional regression analysis is almost identical to the historical average of market excess returns. All results are robust with respect to different measures of beta and idiosyncratic volatility as well as different subsamples. We also find that beta reversal is likely to be a result of several factors including the wealth effect, earnings announcement effect, and real option realization.
Enlightenment and Religious Politics in Restoration England

This article encourages a fundamental re-assessment of the religious struggles that defined political conflict in Restoration England. While the currently-dominant narrative of religious politics in this period is rightly considered a corrective to older Whig historiography, this narrative is itself yet another Whig (or liberal) account of the period. This account is focused not on the broader eighteenth-century Whig constitution, but a single pillar of it: religious toleration. There exists a broad consensus that the late Stuart era witnessed a conflict between intellectually-innovative proponents of increased religious freedoms and intellectually-backward opponents of those freedoms, who were led in their revanchism by the divines of the Church of England. This article focuses on the cultural underpinnings of Anglican conformism. It uses existing research on this front to cast doubt upon the currently-accepted master narrative and to adumbrate a post-liberal account of the period. It suggests that elite politics were characterized not by a natural alliance between intellectual and political progress, but by a struggle between competing programs of Enlightenment.
Screening for Cancer: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians

In this guideline, the High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians offers screening advice for 5 types of cancer. The Task Force encourages clinicians to adopt cancer screening...
Physical Applications of a Generalized Clifford Calculus (Papapetrou equations and Metamorphic Curvature)

A generalized Clifford manifold is proposed in which there are coordinates not only for the basis vector generators, but for each element of the Clifford group, including the identity scalar. These new quantities are physically interpreted to represent internal structure of matter (e.g. classical or quantum spin). The generalized Dirac operator must now include differentiation with respect to these higher order geometric coordinates. In a Riemann space, where the magnitude and rank of geometric objects are preserved under displacement, these new terms modify the geodesics. One possible physical interpretation is natural coupling of the classical spin to linear motion, providing a new derivation of the Papapetrou equations. A generalized curvature is proposed for the Clifford manifold in which the connection does not preserve the rank of a multivector under parallel transport, e.g. a vector may be ``rotated'' into a scalar.
Experimental investigation of distribution transformer aged solid insulation

In this paper, a laboratory test setup designed to perform transformer insulation experiments at low voltage level is introduced. Monitoring the leakage current flowing through the insulation samples that are taken from an aged distribution transformer is the principle of the investigation. The electrode system utilized and the experimental procedure are described. The test results that highlight important aspects of the insulation behavior concerning incipient fault detection and diagnosis is addressed. The results help identify particular phenomena that might happen when an incipient fault initiates and taking them into account in the characterization of such faults to develop a detection method for the distribution transformer incipient fault.
Fickle Investors, Reputation, and the Clientele Effect in Venture Capital Funds

This brief Symposium Essay comments on Professor Kate Litvak's Article, The Price of Stability: Default Penalties in Venture Capital Partnership Agreements. Litvak organizes her Article around the concept that it is helpful to characterize contract default penalties as put options. Using a sample of 37 venture fund agreements, Litvak sets the harshness of the default penalty as her dependent variable. She then runs regressions against several independent variables: fund size, fund number, fund vintage year, amount of carry, and so on. Litvak finds a relationship between fund governance and the harshness of default penalties. More precisely, she finds a relationship between her proxies for the need for contractual protections against agency costs and the size of one possible contractual protection: default penalties for failing to answer a capital call. As agency costs (and the need for contractual protections) decrease, contractual penalties increase. The threat of capital withdrawal, she concludes, is a useful contractual tool to reduce agency costs between investors and low-quality venture capitalists. I argue in this Essay that while it is conceptually accurate to characterize contract default penalties as put options, it is not especially helpful to do so. Practical considerations force Litvak to exclude an important element from her model; the cost to an investor's reputation when it fails to heed a capital call. To draw any useful conclusions, Litvak should account not only for the nominal penalty written in the contract, but also the real world penalty of never being allowed to invest in venture capital again. The reputation cost varies depending on the clientele of the fund. Pension funds, university endowments, and other repeat players care deeply about their reputations, while some individuals and corporate investors might be indifferent. And so the variation in contract default penalties might, in fact, be more strongly predicted by a clientele effect that she does not, and for practical purposes, cannot measure. In my mind, then, Litvak fails to make a persuasive case that governance considerations really have the effect she suggests. Moreover, Litvak's theory does not seem to comport with recent real world experience: the lemming-like answering of VC capital calls following the NASDAQ crash of March 2000.
Design for manufacturability for electronic design: a system for evaluating printed circuit design tradeoffs

A system for evaluating printed circuit design (PCD) tradeoffs during the electronic design process has been developed. The system consists of a stand-alone PC-based software tool and support documentation which describes system operation, content, methodology, optimization processes, and printed circuit technology selection criteria. At any stage of the PCD process, the system can be used to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of potential board design alternatives. Example design tradeoffs include board cost vs. circuit density, electrical performance vs. cost, and cost vs. manufacturability. All tradeoffs are based on a set of models and metrics which predict board density and technology requirements, board cost, fabrication yield, and expected electrical performance ranges. System models and metrics are based on actual production fabrication capabilities. The system's potential for significantly reducing overall PCD cycle times while simultaneously satisfying overall board design constraints has been demonstrated. >
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Management of Lymph Node Metastases

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine malignancy of the thyroid C cells. Metastatic spread commonly occurs to cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes. MTC cells do not concentrate radioactive iodine and are not sensitive to hormonal manipulation. Surgery is currently the only therapy that can reliably lead to cure, reduction in tumor burden, or effective palliation. In patients with hereditary MTC, central lymph node dissection should be considered in preventative operations if the calcitonin level is elevated. Systematic surgical removal of at-risk or involved lymph node basins (compartmental dissection) should be performed in all patients with palpable primary tumors and recurrent disease. A "berry-picking" approach is discouraged. Although data are limited, standard chemotherapy and radiation therapy have not been shown to be effective in the treatment of MTC. Newer targeted drug therapies are promising and are being examined in therapeutic clinical trials.
Serum cytotoxicity to oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis and controls: Assessment by 51Cr release assay

Abstract In order to quantitate oligodendrocyte cytotoxicity induced by sera from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and control sera, we established a 51 Cr release assay system using cultured oligodendrocytes as target cells. With this assay system, we detected serum-induced cytotoxicity in isolated oligodendrocytes in sera from patients with MS, other neurological diseases (OND) and normal individuals. Oligodendrocytes were much more susceptible than astrocytes. The serum cytotoxicity was abolished by heating sera at either 56°C or 50°C for 30 min, and disappeared in storage at 23°C for 1 month or at 4°C for 2 months. Addition of fresh guinea pig serum as a source of complement did not restore the cytotoxic effect. Although the serum factor cytotoxic to oligodendrocytes is not specific for sera from patients with MS, it is possible that it may damage oligodendrocytes if the blood-brain barrier is impaired, as occurs in MS.
Generation of wideband coherent frequency comb from a single continuous-wave

Generation of wideband frequency combs using single continuous-wave laser seed is described. The efficiency and noise suppression is achieved by specialized parametric mixer design. Performance limits of new parametric mixer technology are discussed.
Resolving cavitary pnemonia presenting as late-onset congenital diaphragmatic hernia

An unusual case of resolving left lower lobe pneumonia associated with pleural effusion is reported. The plain radiographs and chest CT were initially misinterpreted as showing a late-presenting congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). This case illustrates that misleading radiologic assessments may occur in children with resolving pneumonia and that upper or lower gastrointestinal contrast studies should be a part of the diagnostic work-up of any case of suspected late-presenting CDH.
Fast axonal transport is required for growth cone advance

GROWTH cones are capable of advancing despite linkage to a stationary axonal cytoskeleton in chick and murine dorsal root ganglion neurites1,2. Several lines of evidence point to the growth cone as the site of cytoskeletal elongation3,4. Fast axonal transport is probably the means by which cytoskeletal elements5 or cofactors are rapidly moved through the axon. We report that direct, but reversible, inhibition of fast axonal transport with laser optical tweezers inhibits growth cone motility if cytoskeletal attachment to the cell body is maintained. Advancement ceases after a distance-dependent lag period which correlates with the rate of fast axonal transport. But severing the axonal cytoskeleton with the laser tweezers allows growth cones to advance considerably further. We suggest that axon elongation requires fast axonal transport but growth cone motility does not.
High-resolution electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy study of the oxidation of Al(111)

High-resolution electron-energy-loss spectra are reported which describe the oxidation of Al(111) surfaces. The initial stage of oxidation is characterized by both surface and subsurface atomic oxygen. The surface oxygen phase is unstable and converts to subsurface oxygen at room temperature. No evidence of molecular oxygen adsorption is observed. The dipole scattering mechanism is found to apply to "subsurface" dipoles near metal surfaces.
Vertov, lenin, and perestroika: the cinematic transposition of reality

(1995). Vertov, lenin, and perestroika: the cinematic transposition of reality. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 3-17.
Direct Detection of Structurally Resolved Dynamics in a Multiconformation Receptor—Ligand Complex

Structure-based drug design relies on static protein structures despite significant evidence for the need to include protein dynamics as a serious consideration. In practice, dynamic motions are ne...
Systemwide implications of the repeal of the national maximum speed limit

The adoption of higher rural interstate speed limits may shift behaviors in ways that broadly affect motor vehicle safety. In particular, these laws may attract drivers from less safe rural noninterstate roadways, implying that any negative implications of higher speed limits for rural interstate fatalities may be attenuated by fewer rural noninterstate fatalities. We test for the reallocation of vehicle miles traveled and fatalities using 1982-2002 U.S. data spanning the relaxation and repeal of the national maximum speed limit (NMSL) across all drivers and specifically those younger and older drivers associated with higher fatality risks. Overall, we find that the repeal of the NMSL resulted in a 36-37% increase in fatalities on rural interstate highways. However, we found very little support for any decrease in rural noninterstate driving or fatalities following the adoption of higher speed limits on rural interstates.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Innovations for Cardiopulmonary Patients With Depression and Anxiety

Abstract Medically ill patients face unique physical and emotional challenges that place them at increased risk for symptoms of depression and anxiety. Despite high prevalence and significant impact, depression and anxiety are infrequently treated in the medically ill because of a variety of patient, provider, and system factors. The current article describes the development of an innovative, modular-based cognitive-behavioral intervention (Adjusting to Chronic Conditions Using Education Support and Skills [ACCESS]) that integrates treatment for symptoms of anxiety and depression with medical disease self-management in patients with heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Data from 3 patients who participated in an ongoing open clinical trial are reviewed to illustrate the feasibility, acceptability, and potential strengths and limitations of this intervention.
Effect of decreased parenteral soybean lipid emulsion on hepatic function in infants at risk for parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease: a pilot study.

Abstract Purpose We performed a pilot trial to compare reduced dose versus standard soybean lipid emulsion in neonates at risk for parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Methods A prospective randomized controlled trial was performed (2009–2011) enrolling surgical patients ≥26weeks' gestation anticipated to require >50% of daily caloric intake from parenteral nutrition (PN) for at least 4weeks. Randomization occurred into either reduced (1.0g/kg/day) or standard (3 g/kg/day) groups. Co-primary outcomes for interpretation of the results were conjugated bilirubin and total bile acids. Additional outcomes included ALT, AST, GGT, alkaline phosphatase, growth, and essential fatty acid levels. Outcomes were compared between treatment groups using Wilcoxon rank sums tests. Results Twenty-eight patients (47% enrollment rate) were included in the study with an average treatment duration of 5.4weeks. Groups had similar PN calories and protein intake throughout the study. Total increase from baseline was smaller in the reduced vs. standard group for conjugated bilirubin ( p =0.04) and total bile acids ( p =0.02). Weight z-score increased more in the standard group, and no patient experienced essential fatty acid deficiency. Conclusion Markers of cholestasis rose at a slower rate using reduced lipid doses. This pilot study demonstrates feasibility and need for a larger study evaluating the effects of reduced lipids in patients at risk for developing parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease.
Clinical Guidelines in Disease Management

Clinical guidelines are controversial devices. While some are objective, current, evidence-based and of excellent quality, others are biased, consensus-based, obsolete and lack quality assurance effort. The problem for the clinician is determining which is which. There are no international organizations overseeing standards and expirations of clinical guidelines internationally. This situation is discussed in the current article as well as the need for a recurring review process so that a safe and effective protocol will have to pass a rigorous evaluation on a periodic basis. Without this periodic review, a protocol could be effective one week and outdated the following week. Even though finely crafted evidence-based protocols enhance quality and can lead toward optimal, cost-effective therapy, practitioners are reluctant to adopt guidelines that are of unknown origins, age and without the benefit of an objective peer-review process.
Longevity nutrients resveratrol, wines and grapes

A mild-to-moderate wine drinking has been linked with reduced cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular risk as well as reduced risk due to cancer. The reduced risk of cardiovascular disease associated with wine drinking is popularly known as French Paradox. A large number of reports exist in the literature indicating that resveratrol present in wine is primarily responsible for the cardioprotection associated with wine. Recently, resveratrol was shown to extend life span in yeast through the activation of longevity gene SirT1, which is also responsible for the longevity mediated by calorie restriction. This review summarizes the reports available on the functional and molecular biological aspects of resveratrol, wine and grapes in potentiating the longevity genes.
Exploring an iterative feature selection technique for highly imbalanced data sets

The quality of a classification model is affected by two factors in a training data set: (1) the presence of excessive features and (2) the presence of imbalanced distributions between two classes in a binary classification problem. This paper presents an iterative feature selection method to deal with these two problems. The proposed method consists of an iterative process of data sampling followed by feature ranking and finally aggregating the results generated during the iterative process. In this study, we investigate a number of feature ranking techniques and a data sampling method with two different post-sampling proportions between the two classes. We compare the iterative feature selection technique to the one where a data sampling and a feature ranking technique are used together but only once (without iteration). The empirical study is carried out on two groups of highly imbalanced data sets from a real-world software system. The results demonstrate that our proposed iterative feature selection technique performs on average better than the method without iteration.
Marihuana, Alcohol and Tobacco: Reassessment of a Presumed Relationship.

Current marihuana literature posits a strong relationship between alcohol, tobacco, and marihuana. The evidence for this relationship, however, is drawn largely from studies which have used youthful samples. Using a random survey of the general Texas population (age seventeen and over), the present study found little relationship between the three substances. Multiple regression analysis supported this finding by indicating that less than 8 per cent of explained variation in marihuana use was due to both alcohol and tobacco. In a further effort to explain this contradictory finding an age variable was introduced. Results indicated that youthful samples tend to overestimate the relationships between the three substances and cannot be generalized to other populations. A likely explanation of association found in youthful samples would focus on simultaneous experimentation rather than causal interrelationships among the substances themselves.
Clinical efficacy of cerivastatin: phase IIa dose-ranging and dose-scheduling studies

Abstract Phase IIa clinical studies with cerivastatin—including 2 pilot US and European dose-ranging studies, and 1 US dose-scheduling study—were conducted to establish a dosage regimen and effective therapeutic doses of cerivastatin in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Both dose-ranging studies included a 10-week dietary run-in, to which placebo was added in the last 6 weeks, before patients (n = 385) were randomized to 1 of 6 4-week treatment groups: cerivastatin (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/day), 40 mg/day lovastatin (US), 20 mg/day simvastatin (Europe), or placebo. The dose-scheduling study also included a 10-week dietary run-in and 6-week single-blind placebo run-in phase, before patients (n = 319) were randomized to 4 weeks of treatment with either 0.1 mg cerivastatin twice daily, 0.2 mg cerivastatin with the evening meal, 0.2 mg cerivastatin at bedtime, or placebo in a 2 : 2 : 2 : 1 ratio. The 4-week dose-ranging studies showed that all 4 doses of cerivastatin produced significantly greater reductions in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol than placebo. Cerivastatin 0.2 mg decreased LDL cholesterol by 30.5%. Cerivastatin also significantly decreased total cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B, and significantly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Similar reductions in LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol occurred with 0.2 mg/day cerivastatin in the dose-scheduling study, although the reductions were significantly greater when cerivastatin was administered once daily with either the evening meal or at bedtime compared with 2 divided doses. LDL cholesterol reductions were similar when cerivastatin was taken with the evening meal and at bedtime. Cerivastatin was well tolerated, with the incidence of adverse events comparable to that of placebo treatment. No clinically significant increases in either hepatic isoenzymes or creatine phosphokinase were observed after treatment with cerivastatin.
Situated Politeness edited by DAVIES, BETHAN L., MICHAEL HAUGH, & ANDREW JOHN MERRISON

The article reviews the book "Situated Politeness," edited by Bethan L. Davies, Michael Haugh, and Andrew John Merrison.
Optical Tweezing near and far from Resonance

We study the effects of optical tweezing near and far from the optical resonance of the trapped object. Single particles are manipulated and studied using a single-focus optical trap with variable wavelength.
A preference theory approach to decision analysis in resource allocation

This paper studies the allocation of discrete resources among multiple agents from a preference theory perspective. More specifically, the paper explores the process of decision making where: (a) information is obtained about the preference profiles of each agent (b) the information acquired is then used as a basis for finding a ‘socially’ optimal resource allocation, and (c) the costs involved in acquiring information are considered as an integral part of the process.
0+ → 0− pion-like excitations in light and medium nuclei

Abstract We study the J P = 0 + , T = 0 → J P = 0 − , T = 1 pion-like excitation in 40 Ca, comparing it with our earlier results for smaller nuclei. The diamesic renormalization (due to high-lying N−h and Δ −h excitations), combined with finite-nucleus geometry, predicts interesting enhancement and quenching for different regions of the momentum transfer. It is useful in explaining available experimental results for light nuclei. We then show that studies on heavier nuclei will give complementary information on the diamesic renormalization and finite-geometrical effects in the spin-isospin mode, that is not available in the case of smaller nuclei.
Inefficient positive selection of T cells directed by haematopoietic cells.

SUCCESSFUL intrathymic differentiation of αβTCR+ T cells depends on positive selection of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes by thymic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules1–9. Positive selection allows the maturation of only those T cells capable of restricted antigen recognition in the context of the hosts' MHC alleles. Studies of normal or T-cell receptor-transgenic mice engrafted with MHC-different bone marrow or thymuses support the conclusion that positive selection is directed by MHC molecules expressed on non-haematopoietic cells, presumably thymic epi-thelial cells1–3,8–10. Here we. present contrary evidence that class I MHC molecules expressed by haematopoietic cell types direct positive selection of CD8+ T cells, though at a reduced rate compared with positive selection directed by thymic epithelial cells. The identity of cell types that direct positive selection bears directly on mechanistic models of the process, including the idea that thymic epithelial cell MHC molecules uniquely present specialized peptides that mediate positive selection, and the notion that thymic epithelial cells express unique differentiation-inducing cell surface molecules.
Weld metal microstructure prediction from fundamentals of transport phenomena and phase transformation theory

AbstractModelling the evolution of weld metal microstructure requires knowledge of cooling rates at various locations in the fusion zone. In the recent past, significant advances have been made in the calculation of transient three-dimensional temperature fields, considering convective heat transfer and fluid flow in the weld pool. However, very little effort has been made to use these accurate cooling rates to understand fusion zone microstructures. The present paper demonstrates the advantages of microstructure calculations using fundamentals of transport phenomena and phase transformation theory. The velocity and temperature fields, the shape and size of the fusion zone, and the cooling rates at different locations were calculated by solution of the equations for conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in three dimensions. The time-temperature transformation (TTT) diagrams were calculated for a series of steels with varying carbon and manganese contents using a phase transformation model. The TTT di...
Minor nucleosides in RNA: optical studies of dinucleoside phosphates containing inosine.

From the study of circular dichroism (CD) spectra and hypochromism we conclude that the dinucleoside phosphates IpA, ApI, and IpI stack, while IpU stacks very little. Studies with various concentrations of IpI in low salt, and 1M NaCl indicate that the stacking geometry of this compound is sensitive to the ionic strength of solution. The CD of poly I is presented and compared to the data for IpI. Little change was found in the CD of poly (G,I) (1 : 1) with change of salt concentration, and we conclude that, unlike Poly I, there is no major structural change. From the CD of poly (G, I), IpI, and GpG, the CD of IpG plus GpI is calculated by using the nearest-neighbor approximation. From the calculated spectrum, we tentatively conclude that there is stacking in either IpG or GpI or both.
Chloroplast biogenesis—47. Spectroscopic study of net spectral shifts induced by axial ligand coordination in metalated tetrapyrroles

Abstract Net absorption and fluorescence spectral shifts, directly induced by coordination of metalated tetrapyrroles to axial ligands, were calculated for the Soret and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. An examination of the calculated net spectral shifts confirmed the conclusions of several other investigators and revealed that the axial coordination potential of a metalated tetrapyrrole is strongly influenced (a) by functional group distribution around the periphery of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle; (b) by the temperature of the sample; (c) by the availability of adventitious ligands in the immediate environment of the metalated tetrapyrroles and (d) by the nature of the central metal atom of the metallotetrapyrrole. In general, electron withdrawing peripheral groups, low temperatures and the availability of unhindered Lewis bases all enhanced the formation of hexacoordinated complexes in Mg-tetrapyrroles. For example, in ether at room temperature, all Mg-tetrapyrroles coordinated to one axial ligand thus forming pentacoordinated complexes. At 77 K, all Mg-porphyrins with electron withdrawing side chains occurred mainly in the pentacoordinated state and to a much lesser extent in the hexacoordinated state. On the other hand in ether at 77 K, Mg-chlorins, such as monovinyl and divinyl chl(ide) a , coordinated to two axial ligands and occured predominantly in the hexacoordinated state. The relevance of these observations to the positive charge density on the central metal atom of metallotetrapyrroles and to the orientation and organization of Mg-tetrapyrroles in biological membranes is discussed.
A sensitive fluorometric assay for reducing sugars.

Abstract A simple and rapid fluorometric assay for reducing sugars that is sensitive to the nanomolar range has been developed. The assay involves the derivatization of a given sugar with hydrazine at pH 3 to form a hydrazone, which is reacted with fluorescamine following adjustment of pH to first 9.4 and then 7.4. The amount of sugar in a sample is quantitated by measuring the fluorescence intensity at an excitation wavelength of 400 nm and an emission wavelength of 490 nm. The assay is precise and reproducible, as indicated by intra- and inter-run variations of at most 3% and 4%, respectively. In addition to reducing sugars, the assay can also be used to measure aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, but not acetone. Compared with an existing fluorometric sugar assay, the assay reported here does not require chromatographic separation of the fluorescent derivative from unreacted fluorescamine. The assay can, however, be potentially adapted for postcolum detection of aldehydes, reducing sugars, and hydrazones in HPLC.
The effect of large volume paracentesis on plasma volume—A cause of hypovolemia?

Large volume paracentesis, while effectively relieving symptoms in patients with tense ascites, has been generally avoided due to reports of complications attributed to an acute reduction in intravascular volume. Measurements of plasma volume in these subjects have been by indirect methods and have not uniformly confirmed hypovolemia. We have prospectively evaluated 18 patients (20 paracenteses) with tense ascites and peripheral edema due to chronic liver disease undergoing 5 liter paracentesis for relief of symptoms. Plasma volume pre- and postparacentesis was assessed by a 125I-labeled human serum albumin dilution technique as well as by the change in hematocrit and postural blood pressure difference. No significant change in serum sodium, urea nitrogen, hematocrit or postural systolic blood pressure difference was noted at 24 or 48 hr after paracentesis. Serum creatinine at 24 hr after paracentesis was unchanged but a small but statistically significant increase in serum creatinine (+0.1 +/- 0.3 mg per dl, p less than 0.01) was noted at 48 hr postparacentesis. Plasma volume changed -2.7% (n = 6, not statistically significant) during the first 24 hr and -2.8% (n = 12, not statistically significant) during the 0- to 48-hr period. No complications from paracentesis were noted. These results suggest that 5 liter paracentesis for relief of symptoms is safe in patients with tense ascites and peripheral edema from chronic liver disease.
Theoretical lifetimes, transition energies, and line fluorescence yields for the metastable state, ¦1s2s2p4P J=5/2〉

Theoretical lifetimes, transition energies and line fluorescence yields for the metastable state ¦1s2s2p4P J=5/2〉 are calculated with the relativistic Hartree-Fock model for atomic numbers 3 to 26. A comparison with available data shows an excellent agreement forZ≧8.
James Baldwin's Confrontation Withracist Terror in the American South: Sexual Mythology and Psychoneurosis in “Going to Meet the Man”

The memory of Jesse, James Baldwin's protagonist in “Going to Meet the Man,” channels a flow of impressions that both dramatizes his psychic and sexual wounding and provides a useful perspective into the distorted reality growing out of Southern history of racist violence. Baldwin's experiments with perspective, time handling, and revealing reflect his interest in style as expose of harmful delusions. His treatment of point of view functions to analyze culture myths about sexuality that justify violent rape of Black women and castration and live burning of Black men. Validated as ethical norm, these myths serve as the altar on which the community sacrifices its capacity for self-examination. They supply the energy that keeps in motion cycles of barbarity against which the perpetrators claim, ironically, to be defending their enlightened selves. Inevitable, therefore, is the tragic undermining of individuals'humanity and warping of the social character.
Polysiloxanes containing thermally stable chiral amide side-chains for capillary gas and supercritical fluid chromatography

Abstract Six new polysiloxane materials containing chiral amide side-chains have been prepared by the hydrosilylation of appropriate amide-containing alkenes onto polyhydromethylsiloxane. The alkenes were prepared from either 4-allyloxybenzoic acid or 4-vinylbenzoic acid and the following chiral amines: (S) -1-(1 -naphthyl)ethylamine, (R) -α-methylbenzylamine, the 4-methoxyphenyl ester of alanine and the isopropyl ester of isoleucine. The polysiloxane containing about 7% of the chiral amide prepared from (R) - N -(α-methylbenzyl)-4-allyloxybenzamide proved to be an efficient stationary phase for the capillary gas chromatographic separation of the enantiomers of the N -pentafluoropropionyl isopropyl esters of amino acids of which one example is given. This stationary phase was stable to 280°C.
Stimulation of pine oleoresin flow by fungus inoculation

Since the early 1930’s it has been known that application of certain chemicals to tapping surfaces on pine trees will stimulate the flow of oleoresin, and industrial use of a 50% sulphuric acid spray for this purpose is increasing. Now, investigations, discussed here, indicate that some stimulation may be achieved by inoculation with a fungus.
Effect of Turfgrass Establishment Practices and Composted Biosolids on Water Quality

Land application of composted municipal biosolids (CMB) enhances soil physical properties and turf establishment. Yet large, volume-based rates of CMB can increase nonpoint source losses of sediment and nutrients from urban soils to surface waters. The objectives were (i) to compare runoff losses of sediment, N, P, and organic C among contrasting establishment treatments for bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy, var. Tifway] and (ii) to evaluate relationships between runoff and soil measurements of N, P, and organic C. Three replications of seven establishment treatments were installed on an excavated slope (8.5%) under field conditions. Five treatments comprised sod transplanted from Tifway bermudagrass grown with and without CMB on soil with and without incorporation of CMB. Two other treatments were composed of Tifway sprigged in soil with and without CMB. Runoff from seven natural rain events was channeled into collection tanks for sampling and analysis. Runoff concentrations and mass loss of dissolved P and organic C forms were greater for CMB-amended sod than for sprigs planted in soil with or without CMB or treatments comprising sod established without CMB. In addition, a linear relationship (R 2 = 0.87) was observed between water extractable soil P of sodded and sprigged treatments and concentrations and mass losses of dissolved P in runoff. Transplanted sod reduced sediment loss compared with sprigged treatments and incorporation of CMB reduced sediment loss from sprigged treatments. Incorporation of CMB within soil on which sod grown without CMB was transplanted proved the best option for achieving benefits of CMB while reducing nutrient runoff loss compared to sod transplanted from Tifway grown with CMB.
The synthesis of α-isomalto-oligosaccharide derivatives and their protein conjugates

Abstract 2-[4-( p -Toluenesulfonamido)phenyl]ethyl 2,3,4-tri- O -benzyl-α- D -glucopyranoside was condensed with 2,3,4-tri- O -benzyl-6- O -( N -phenylcarbamoyl)-1- O -tosyl- D -glucopyranose to give 2-[4-( p -toluenesulfonamido)phenyl]ethyl 2,3,4,2′,3′,4′-hexa- O -benzyl-6′- O -( N -phenylcarbamoyl)α-isomaltoside. The disaccharide was decarbanilated in ethanol with sodium ethoxide. The sequence of coupling with the 1- O -tosyl-glucose derivative followed by decarbanilation was repeated to form the tri- and tetra-saccharide derivatives. The di-, tri-, and tetra-oligo-saccharides, were deblocked with sodium in liquid ammonia to give the 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl α-isomalto-oligosaccharides, which were diazotized with sodium nitrite in acid, and then coupled to bovine serum albumin and edestin to give the protein conjugates.
Thermal Skin Burns from a Carbon Dioxide Analyzer in Children

Abstract Following open-heart operation, five children sustained first-degree and second-degree burns on the forehead. The thermal trauma resulted from an expiratory carbon dioxide analyzer used in combination with the ventilator in the intensive care unit. A method to avoid this complication is described.
Chalcone-based inhibitors against hypoxia-inducible factor 1--structure activity relationship studies.

Abstract Many tumor tissues are under hypoxic conditions. Activating hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a transcription factor, is a major mechanism for tumor cells to survive and even to evade other tissues. Therefore inhibiting HIF-1 is a potential strategy to help improve cancer treatment. Chalcone is a promising template to develop HIF-1 inhibitor because quite a few of chalcone-based compounds reveal moderate HIF-1 inhibitory activity and many chalcone-based compounds demonstrate promising anticancer activities in various animal models. However, there are no reports about the structure–activity relationship of chalcone compounds with respect to HIF-1 inhibition. This study reports the HIF-1 inhibitory activities of a panel of chalcones, identifies a few lead candidates of single-digit micromolar potency, and determines important structural modifications.
Unilateral posterior parietal lobe lesions affect representation of visual space

This study assessed accuracy of visually perceived vertical and trunk median plane orientation in 41 subjects: 17 had unilateral brain lesions including the posterior parietal lobe (PPL), 8 had lesions outside PPL, and 16 were neurologically normal. Vertical perception errors clearly increased with size of unilateral lesions to PPL and posterior superior temporal gyrus (PSTG). Median plane perception errors increased only slightly with size of unilateral lesions to frontal lobe premotor areas and supramarginal gyrus. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that accurate visual vertical perception depends critically on intact PPL and PSTG in both cerebral hemispheres while accurate median plane perception likely involves a bihemispheric network that can compensate for lesions to one hemisphere.
Superconducting V3Si produced by pulsed laser annealing

Abstract Pulsed laser annealing has been utilized to fabricate superconducting V 3 Si from multilayer V-Si thin film samples. It is demonstrated that a single laser pulse can induce mixing to form V 3 Si in the A15 phase. The effects of multiple laser pulses and post thermal annealing on the superconducting transition temperature and width are presented, and a model is proposed to explain the effects of rapid heating and cooling on the V 3 Si structure.
The use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with coronary artery disease

Platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, a new class of potent antiplatelet agents, have been used in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes as well as in the prevention of complications after percutaneous coronary interventions. Approximately 50,000 patients with coronary artery disease have been enrolled in randomized studies of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. The purpose of this article is to review the pharmacology of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, the results of the clinical trials using these agents, and their current use in percutaneous coronary interventions and the treatment of acute coronary syndromes.
Trace signal selection to enhance timing and logic visibility in post-silicon validation

Trace buffer technology allows tracking the values of a few number of state elements inside a chip within a desired time window, which is used to analyze logic errors during post-silicon validation. Due to limitation in the bandwidth of trace buffers, only few state elements can be selected for tracing. In this work we first propose two improvements to existing "signal selection" algorithms to further increase the logic restorability inside the chip. In addition, we observe that different selections of trace signals can result in the same quality, measured as a logic visibility metric. Based on this observation, we propose a procedure which biases the selection to increase the restorability of a desired set of critical state elements, without sacrificing the (overall) logic visibility. We propose to select the critical state elements to increase the "timing visibility" inside the chip to facilitate the debugging of timing errors which are perhaps the most challenging type of error to debug at the post-silicon stage. Specifically, we introduce a case when the critical state elements are selected to track the transient fluctuations in the power delivery network which can cause significant variations in the delays of the speedpaths in the circuit in nanometer technologies. This paper proposes to use the trace buffer technology to increase the timing visibility inside the chip, without sacrificing the logic visibility.
Electrostatic contributions to permeate flux behavior in single bovine serum albumin ultrafiltration

Abstract A modified free-solvent based (FSB) osmotic pressure model was used to characterize the pressure-dependent permeate flux behavior of completely rejected bovine serum albumin (BSA) UF. Tangential-flow diafiltration experiments (30 kDa MWCO CRC membrane) were performed using BSA (69 kDa) at a pH range of between pH 4.7 and pH 10, and various ionic strength conditions (0.0037–0.15 M). Flux behaviors under various solution conditions were observed and analyzed. The FSB model for permeate flux characterization for UF processes using moderate ionic strength aqueous solutions was modified to include electrostatic contributions by adapting a modified film theory model. Comparison of the experimental results with the resulting modified FSB model calculations showed that the model provides good prediction and characterization of the pressure-dependent permeate flux behaviors of BSA UF when electrostatic effects are considered.