cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subretinal Fluid Butyrylcholinesterase: 1. Source of the Enzyme and Factors Affecting Its Concentration in Subretinal Fluid From Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments

Three sources have been postulated for subretinal fluid (SRF) in primary rhegma­ togenous retinal detachment: vitreous,' de­ generating retina, and plasma transudate from the choriocapillaris.' The theory gen­ erally accepted has been that SRF is liquid vitreous which has percolated through a reti­ nal hole and dissected neural retina off the pigment epithelium.' However, there has been considerable morphologic and biochem­ ical evidence for multiple origins of SRF. Magitot described "detached nerve cells" and "protoplasmic debris" on light micros­ copy of SRF, and concluded that these ele­ ments came from the retina. Manna, Meyer, and Mielnik observed retinal pigment epi­ thelial and neuroretinal cells in the SRF of patients with recent rhegmatogenous detach­ ments, and "ghost cells" in fluid from cases of longer duration. Lindner demonstrated the anatomic con­ tinuity of vitreous and SRF through the ret­ inal hole. Proteins which are antigenically specific for vitreous have been identified in SRF. Ascorbic and lactic acids have been found in much higher concentrations in vitreous than in plasma, with SRF levels ly­ ing generally in between. Hyaluronic acid is present in vitreous but absent from plasma. It has always been found in SRF from primary rhegmatogenous detachments, at levels higher or lower than in vitreous.· Paufique showed that in some rhegma­ togenous detachments there appeared to be a leakage of acellular transudate from the cho­ riocapillaris into the subretinal space, com-
Dysfunctional cytokine receptor signaling in severe combined immunodeficiency.

Abstract I have reviewed the data demonstrating that XSCID results from mutations in gamma c and that an autosomal recessive form of SCID results from mutations in Jak3, a kinase that interacts with gamma c and is responsible for transducing gamma c-dependent signals. These findings underscore the dysfunctional cytokine receptor signaling that occurs in at least two forms of SCID. Features of the biology of Jak-STAT pathways have been discussed, as have the potential roles of overactive Jak-STAT pathways in cellular transformation. Implicit in these findings are the exciting possibilities of gene therapy for XSCID and Jak3-deficient SCID, as well as the possibility that new immunosuppressive drugs might be based on the ability to disrupt Jak-STAT pathways.
Impedance Measurement and Characterization of Ag-Ge 30 Se 70 -Based Programmable Metallization Cells

Chalcogenide glass-based programmable metallization cell (PMC) devices undergo Ag + -ion transport and controlled resistance change under the application of electrical bias. In this paper, photo-doped PMC devices are characterized with impedance spectroscopy. Photo doping is an important step in PMC fabrication as it introduces the mobile Ag into the electrolyte and, therefore, has a significant effect on device characteristics. Data obtained from measurements on devices with different areas in both their high resistance state (HRS) and low resistance state (LRS) are used to parameterize equivalent circuit models. The models elucidate the differences in the HRS and LRS electrical properties.
Talking the Talk, or Walking the Walk? Outcome-Based Regulation of Transnational Investment

Today, individual U.S. retail investors have virtually limitless opportunities to invest their money, with a notable exception: they cannot directly invest in securities of foreign issuers and still be protected under U.S. law. This missing opportunity deprives U.S. investors of the ability to fully diversify their investments and also imposes undue costs and risks upon investors seeking to invest directly overseas. This Article shows that a Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") policy of "mutual recognition" of foreign regulatory regimes that achieve investor protection outcomes comparable to those of the SEC would solve this problem. A foreign issuer or other entity seeking to access U.S. capital markets should be permitted to substitute compliance with its home country's investor protection regulations for compliance with U.S. regulation, as long as it agreed to submit to SEC antifraud jurisdiction in its dealings with U.S. investors. The foreign entity would thereby not have to comply with federal securities law to have access to individual U.S. investors, as is currently the case. Similarly, U.S. entities should be permitted to enter foreign markets without subjecting themselves to a second layer of regulation on top of what the SEC already requires.Under an outcome-based approach to transnational investment, U.S. companies could then opt for foreign regulation and sell securities to U.S. investors as foreign-regulated issuers, as could foreign entities with respect to their home regulator. Allowing firms to choose a regulator from the set of nations with comparable investor protections would intensify the regulatory competition already taking place around the globe, and help to ensure that such competition serves the interests of investors.
Recent advances in diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases.

In an effort to better diagnose, treat, and control sexually transmitted diseases (STD), a number of new diagnostic assays using molecular techniques have been developed. By incorporating molecular amplification, the sensitivity for detecting sexually transmitted infections has become markedly enhanced, and organisms that were difficult or impossible to cultivate, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) or Treponema pallidum can now be detected and monitored. By using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or ligase chain reaction (LCR), the sensitivity of detecting some pathogens is comparable to, or in some cases better than, direct in vitro cultivation of the agent
Coronary bypass surgery: Five-year follow-up of a consecutive series of 140 patients

The 5 year follow-up of a consecutive series of 140 patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery from January through December of 1972 is reported. No patient was lost to follow-up. Indications for operation were stable angina in 76 patients, unstable angina in 62 patients, and intractable arrhythmia in two patients. Twenty patients had single grafts, 49 double grafts, 58 triple grafts, 12 quadruple grafts, and one quintuple graft. Of the 345 grafts, 132 were mammary arteries, 212 were saphenous veins, and one was a splenic artery. Saphenous veins were removed from below the knee and were 2.5 to 4.0 mm. in diameter. Arteriotomies and anastomoses were performed with high magnification. Five years after operation 93 patients (70 or 71 percent of survivors) had had no recurrence of angina and 38 (29 percent) had experienced at least one episode of angina. Thirty of these patients considered the angina to be less severe than before the operation, six considered it to be the same, and one considered it to be more severe. Angiograms were performed in the late postoperative period in 32 patients, of whom 19 had had recurrent angina. The patency rate of vein grafts was 83 percent and that of mammary artery grafts, 92 percent. Selective injections of radioactive xenon showed resting and hyperemic mammary artery flows to be the same as flows through normal coronary arteries. There were two hospital deaths and seven late deaths. Two of the late deaths were due to cancer and five to cardiac disease. Cardiac-related deaths occurred 3 months (one), 3 years (two), 4 years (one), and 5 years (one) after operation. Five years after operation, 131 of the 140 patients were alive. The 5 year survival rate of this surgically treated group (94 percent) exceeds that of any medically treated group ever reported.
MODEL-BASED INVESTIGATIONS ON DYNAMIC SHIP HEELS IN RELATION TO MARITIME TRANSPORT SAFETY

The paper has been presented criteria of similarity between of liquid motion. Results of initial research on air flow's dynamic impact on a ship model of 888 project type are presented in the elaboration as well. The research has been executed at a test stand located in the Polish Naval Academy. The ship model of 888 project type has been an object of the tests. Results of executed measurements have been compared with theoretical calculations for an angle of dynamic heel. Input parameters for the tests and calculations have been defined in accordance with recommendations of Polish Register of Shipping (PRS) and IMO (IMO Instruments). Determination of a heeling moment by wind operation has been a key issue.
Meta-Analysis of the Relative Efficacy and Safety of Oral P2Y12 Inhibitors in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome

A cornerstone of medical therapy for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is dual antiplatelet therapy, which includes aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that prasugrel and ticagrelor are superior to clopidogrel, but none directly compared these 3 commonly used oral P2Y12 inhibitors for safety and efficacy. Therefore, we performed a Bayesian network meta-analysis of RCTs to compare the efficacies and safeties of 3 commonly used oral P2Y12 inhibitors in patients with ACS. Scientific databases and websites were searched for relevant RCTs. We included data from 9 RCTs that enrolled 106,288 patients. Clopidogrel decreased the rates of major adverse cardiac event, recurrent myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality compared with placebo. Both ticagrelor and prasugrel decreased the rates for major adverse cardiac event and recurrent myocardial infarction compared with clopidogrel, but there was no difference between the 2. Both also decreased the stent thrombosis rate compared with clopidogrel, but prasugrel was more effective than ticagrelor. Ticagrelor use was also associated with improved all-cause and CV mortalities compared with clopidogrel. There was no difference in CV mortality or all-cause mortality between clopidogrel and prasugrel. Prasugrel use was also associated with significantly increased risk of major bleeding compared with clopidogrel but showed a nonsignificant trend toward increasing the risk of bleeding compared with ticagrelor. In treatment ranking, ticagrelor was the most efficacious, and prasugrel was the least safe. In conclusion, this meta-analysis shows that in patients with ACS, adding P2Y12 inhibitors to aspirin and other standard treatments reduces ischemic events and all-cause mortality. Among the commonly used oral P2Y12 inhibitors, ticagrelor has the best net efficacy and safety profile.
Helping surrogate decision makers in the face of uncertainty.

Physicians need to help surrogate decision makers to make treatment and end-of-life decisions for those with severe neurological damage by proving a realistic prognosis and maintain strong lines of communication. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Bladder cancer rapid autopsy: A mechanism for collecting metastatic tumor tissue and establishing xenograft models of metastatic disease.

478Background: Patients with metastatic bladder cancer have a poor prognosis with a median survival of only 9-15 months. Understanding the biology of metastatic bladder cancer has been historically...
The Evolution of Punishment and Incarceration

The birth of jails preceded that of prisons, both of which primarily served a socio-utilitarian purpose. Historically, they go back to ancient times, appearing around 3,000–4,000 years ago. Their evolution goes pari passu with social changes, such as population growth, the establishment of towns and cities, property ownership rights, the agrarian and industrial revolutions, and the urbanization movement. At the same time, legal systems evolved.
Digital computer simulation of an electronic analog computer

In recent years there has been renewed interest in analog computation to simulate dynamic physical systems. This paper sought to combine the accuracy and reliability of digital computers, with the benefits of parallel computing offered by electronic analog computers. One of the benefits of simulating an electronic analog computer is that a one-to-one correspondence has already been established between the building block components of an electronic analog computer and common operations used in differential equations. Historically, electronic analog computers were limited by physical components which needed constant calibration due to drift and loading effects. This study sought to determine whether a single-processor digital computer, using a serial program with procedures that replicate analog components, could simulate this parallel environment. We predicted that if the serial program proceeds in small time increments, with the value of all components updated during each increment, then this process would act as a parallel program. We also predicted that replacing physical components with digital procedures would eliminate the effects of drift and loading. The methodology used a computer program that graphically and procedurally replicates the electronic components and layout of an electronic analog computer. The results were compared against differential equations for the physical system, since physical electronic analog computers are not readily available. Findings indicate that with an increment of 0.01 second or smaller, the digital program accurately and smoothly simulates a dynamic physical system by solving the descriptive differential equation(s) in a parallel, analog fashion, without the need for digital component calibration.
Two-Dimensional Measurement of Ultrasound Beam Patterns as a Function of Frequency

In ultrasonic imaging and tissue characterization, it is desirable to know the the pressure field of transducers. For a simple disc radiator operating in a piston mode, the field for continuous wave excitation may be calculated using diffraction theory. However, in practice, the field may be affected by transducer parameters such as backing and front surface matching. These effects are dependent on fabrication technique and sometimes difficult to control. Therefore, in order to ascertain imaging resolution or scattering volume dimensions which are determined by the beam profile, it is desirable to measure the actual pressure distribution.
Hypercubes and pyramids

Hypercube computers have recently become popular parallel computers for a variety of engineering and scientific computations. However, despite the fact that the characteristics which make them useful scientific processors also makes them efficient image processors, they have not yet been extensively used as image processing machines. This is partially due to the hardware characteristics of current hypercube computers, partially to the particular history of the groups which first built hypercubes, and partially to the fact that the image processing community did not initially realize some of the advantages of hypercubes. In this paper, their suitability for image processing will be put forth, showing that they can be viewed as competitors to, and collaborators with, mesh and pyramid computers, architectures which are often promoted as being ideal for image processing.
Stellar Active Region Evolution – I. Estimated Lifetimes of Chromospheric Active Regions and Active Region Complexes

The lifetimes of chromospheric active regions and active region complexes ('active longitudes') for 35 lower-Main-Sequence stars observed at Mount Wilson Observatory are estimated from the relative distribution of pooled variance at different time scales. The time scale of active region evolution (i.e., the lifetime of large active regions) is approximately 50 days, while the lifetime of active region complexes is on the order of 1 year. These estimates can be used to clarify the contribution of active regions to variance in short-term (i.e., <1 yr) time series data. Previously unpublished mean rotation periods are documented for several stars.
Decision Support Infrastructure: Workflows and Service-Oriented Architectures

Attempts to use Arden Syntax for complex guidelines, such as that of Sailors et al.1 ­discussed earlier, revealed the poor fit of the Arden model for a problem that it was not originally intended to address, as indicated by the numerous workarounds necessary to create an operational implementation. This and other similar experiences have motivated several research efforts which intend to address these limitations.
Solidarity and the problem of structural injustice in healthcare

The concept of solidarity has recently come to prominence in the healthcare literature, addressing the motivation for taking seriously the shared vulnerabilities and medical needs of compatriots and for acting to help them meet these needs. In a recent book, Prainsack and Buyx take solidarity as a commitment to bear costs to assist others regarded as similar, with implications for governing health databases, personalized medicine, and organ donation. More broadly, solidarity has been understood normatively to call for 'standing with' or assisting fellow community members and possibly also distant others in regard to their needs, whether for its own sake or in order to realize the demands of justice. I argue here that the understanding of solidarity in the existing bioethics literature is unduly restricted by not sufficiently theorizing the notion of structural (or systemic) injustice and its import for understanding solidarity. Extending traditional conceptions of labor and social movement solidarity, I contrast unitary solidarity within a given group with 'networking solidarities' across groups. I analyze the meaning of structural injustice and its significance for solidarity, including countering institutionally entrenched inequalities and economic exploitation. I then apply this broadened conception to healthcare, discussing structural problems with the U.S. insurance system and the solidarity movements addressing its deficiencies. I analyze some natural disasters and global health challenges that were aggravated by structural injustices, along with the solidarity movements they engendered. Finally, I revisit the questions of governing health databases and of personalized medicine with the enlarged conception of solidarity in view.
Medical History’s Graphic Power in American True-Adventure Comic Books of the 1940s

By attending to the graphic artistry that brought to life the medical history narratives in American comic books of the 1940s, this study adds a new dimension to the scholarly understanding of these books and of the Spanish-language medical and scientific biography comics published in Mexico from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s. Prior studies have established the substantial presence of medical stories in comic book publications and argued that the history of medicine was present in popular culture of the era to an unprecedented and unnoticed extent. This chapter illustrates the exceptionally strong artwork used in some of the early examples in the genre. The essay examines style, esthetics, and the engagement of readers. Such an approach can highlight just what made specific drawing styles successful in conveying a story’s content. Furthermore, certain features of this graphic work are shown to be indebted to innovations in contemporary photojournalism. Additionally, one can observe a decline in the quality of the art over time when the genre replaced the unique strengths of comic book graphics and shifted to a traditional mode of illustration.
Electroreduction as a facile method for one-pot synthesis of CuZSM-5 nanostructures

Abstract Materials composed of earth abundant first-row transition metalnanoparticles supported upon zeolites serve as both fundamentally interesting and useful nanostructures. Examples such as Cu-functionalized zeolites have shown high activity for partial oxidation of methane to methanol. Currently wet impregnation serves as the most popular method for the production of these nanostructures, however the resultant metal nanoparticles are often irregular and aggregated. Here, we describe a comparably facile process for in situ formation of Cu-rich nanoparticles on the surface of commercial ZSM-5. This green, one-pot, process is carried out through simplified two-electrode electroreduction of Cu wire with minimal purification in aqueous solution. The produced materials were found to have Cu content as high as 1.60 wt. % while maintaining high surface area. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping show evenly dispersed 3–5 nm Cu-rich nanoparticles on the surface of the zeolite support. These materials exhibit first order rate constants up to − 5 . 2 × 1 0 − 3 s−1 for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol indicative of readily accessible catalytic sites. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and nitrogen physisorption are also employed to characterize the catalytic material. The robust synthesis method was applied over various times, voltages, and supports.
Challenging Behaviors in ASD

Challenging behaviors can be in the eye of the beholder, but a consensus definition would be behaviors that may injure others or themselves and are beyond the adult’s ability to prevent or control safely. Factors that affect safety and specific behaviors are addressed, as is a discussion on how to develop appropriate expectations for children.
Addressing Students’ Mental Health Needs in Faculty-Led Study Abroad Courses

The increased enrollment of students with mental health needs in U.S. higher education, paired with increasing emphasis on study abroad participation has led campus mental health professionals to c...
Multi-organ signaling mobilizes tumor-associated erythroid cells expressing immune checkpoint molecules

Abstract Hematopoietic-derived cells are integral components of the tumor microenvironment and serve as critical mediators of tumor-host interactions. Cells derived from myeloid and lymphoid lineages perform well-established functions linked to cancer development, progression and response to therapy. It is unclear whether erythroid cells exert such host cell functions in cancer, but emerging evidence points to this possibility. Here we show that tumor-promoting environmental stress and tumor-induced physiological disruption trigger renal erythropoietin production and erythropoietin-dependent expansion of splenic erythroid cell populations in mice. These erythroid cells display molecular features indicative of an immature erythroid phenotype and express immune checkpoint molecules. Erythroid cells with similar properties are present in mouse and human tumor tissues. Antibody-mediated erythropoietin blockade or erythroid cell depletion reduces tumor growth. These findings reveal the potential of erythropoietin and erythroid cells as targets for cancer treatment.
Structural style of buried Ediacaran basins in Saudi Arabia on seismic reflection data

Abstract Several isolated Ediacaran basins subcrop Phanerozoic strata in Saudi Arabia. The structural styles of these subcropping basins are reviewed here based on interpretation of 2D and 3D seismic reflection data and comparison with Arabian Shield outcrops. The basins are distinguished by layered seismic reflectors that are interpreted as sedimentary and volcanic strata. Due to limited well penetrations these packages cannot be directly dated but a relative chronology is established, anchored by constraints from the Arabian Shield and regional studies. Most of the basins are bound by extensional faults and the basin fills show growth architectures and angular unconformities. The bounding faults trend broadly north–south and are interpreted to be late to post-orogenic reactivations of oceanic terrane margins. Based on their structural characteristics in comparison with sub-basins exposed on the shield, the basin fills are correlated with the Ediacaran Jibalah Group, an equivalent of the Omani Nafun Group. These sub-basins experienced inversion and exhumation prior to ongoing volcanism and unconformable deposition of late Ediacaran to earliest Cambrian Kurayshah Group sediments. The Kurayshah Group is disconformably overlain by the widespread Tayma Group siliciclastics. This disconformity correlates to the Angudan Unconformity in Oman. The Kurayshah Group includes a late Ediacaran stratovolcano over 40 km in diameter. In the eastern basins, evaporitic structural styles indicate the presence of Hormuz / Ara evaporites, with local igneous intrusions, that correlate at least in part to the Kurayshah Group. The Tayma Group infills significant accommodation space variations and was affected by ongoing but declining differential subsidence and reactivation of the underlying basin-bounding faults.
Three-dimensional whole-brain simultaneous T1, T2, and T1ρ quantification using MR Multitasking: Method and initial clinical experience in tissue characterization of multiple sclerosis.

Purpose To develop a 3D whole-brain simultaneous T1/T2/T1ρ quantification method with MR Multitasking that provides high quality, co-registered multiparametric maps in 9 min. Methods MR Multitasking conceptualizes T1/T2/T1ρ relaxations as different time dimensions, simultaneously resolving all three dimensions with a low-rank tensor image model. The proposed method was validated on a phantom and in healthy volunteers, comparing quantitative measurements against corresponding reference methods and evaluating the scan-rescan repeatability. Initial clinical validation was performed in age-matched relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients to examine the feasibility of quantitative tissue characterization and to compare with the healthy control cohort. The feasibility of synthesizing six contrast-weighted images was also examined. Results Our framework produced high quality, co-registered T1/T2/T1ρ maps that closely resemble the reference maps. Multitasking T1/T2/T1ρ measurements showed substantial agreement with reference measurements on the phantom and in healthy controls. Bland-Altman analysis indicated good in vivo repeatability of all three parameters. In RRMS patients, lesions were conspicuously delineated on all three maps and on four synthetic weighted images (T2-weighted, T2-FLAIR, double inversion recovery, and a novel "T1ρ-FLAIR" contrast). T1 and T2 showed significant differences for normal appearing white matter between patients and controls, while T1ρ showed significant differences for normal appearing white matter, cortical gray matter, and deep gray matter. The combination of three parameters significantly improved the differentiation between RRMS patients and healthy controls, compared to using any single parameter alone. Conclusion MR Multitasking simultaneously quantifies whole-brain T1/T2/T1ρ and is clinically promising for quantitative tissue characterization of neurological diseases, such as MS.
Sitting One Out: Strategic Recusal on the Supreme Court

It takes five votes to decide a case before the Supreme Court. But what has seemingly escaped broad attention is that it actually requires six Justices to move cases forward — because of the Supreme Court’s statutorily defined quorum requirement. As a consequence, if four Justices cannot for some reason hear a case, then the Supreme Court too is powerless to hear it. In this Article, I provide the first comprehensive analysis of how a four-Justice minority can and should utilize the quorum requirement — which I term “sitting out.” As a matter of how the law operates, I first show that, despite facing an oppositional five-Justice majority, under the right conditions a four-Justice minority can effectively sit out to significantly improve the chances of obtaining a favorable result. At best, the four-Justice minority can ensure a favorable result in the lower courts remains in force. And even if unsuccessful in stopping an unfavorable decision, the four-Justice minority can deny that decision the imprimatur of the Supreme Court. As a normative matter, I contend that sitting out has the potential to cause grave harm to our judicial and government institutions, and thus set out sufficient conditions for its use: In cases involving a fundamental right and grave harm that would impact the character and identity of the nation, where there is a significant chance that the Supreme Court will render an obviously incorrect decision and sitting out could probabilistically halt that decision, a four-Justice minority would be plausibly justified in sitting out. Finally, in support of this sufficiency framework, I proffer two hypothetical examples: opposing race-based internment and opposing election manipulation and theft.
Active Shooter Workshop

Background Information Active shooter situations are dynamic and evolve rapidly, demanding immediate response by the community and immediate deployment of law enforcement resources to stop the shooting and prevent further harm to the community. Clinical nurses expressed concern that the PACU is an open unit. This means anyone who has access to the hospital premises was able to enter the unit. At night and on the weekends, the entire third floor of the hospital, where the G3 PACU is located, may only have two nurses working. Clinical nurses also affirmed their lack of confidence to handle an active shooter incident. Objectives of Project To increase confidence of G3 PACU clinical nurses in managing an active shooter incident. Process of Implementation The PACU nursing leadership team, in partnership with the security department developed an active shooter education plan. The active shooter workshop was an hour-long session focused on how to cope and respond to an active shooter situation. The session included strategies on how to run, hide, and fight during an active shooter incident or any other workplace violence. PACU nurses had expressed appreciation on how the NYP/WC leadership team made employee safety an utmost priority. Pre and post surveys were taken by all participants. The following questions were asked: “I know what steps to take to barricade against the active shooter” and “I feel prepared to protect myself from an active shooter while at work”. Statement of Successful Practice The active shooter workshop demonstrated positive outcomes as shown in the pre and post-survey results. On the question “I know what steps to take to barricade against the active shooter”, only 9% of the nurses responded “Strongly Agree” prior to the workshop. Immediately following the workshop, 45% of the nurses responded “strongly agree”. Implications for Advancing the Practice of Perianesthesia Nursing Active shooter incidents have been on the rise in public settings including hospitals. It is imperative that nursing leadership ensure that their teams are as prepared as possible in the event of an active shooter. Active shooter workshops are now available for all New York Presbyterian Weill Cornell employees.
Issues in the design of group decision support systems

This paper deals with a number of issues pertinent to the design of group decision support systems. It notes that the need for such systems, whether designed by users or vendors, is a consequence of the clash of two important forces: (1) the environmentally-imposed demand for more information sharing in organizations, and (2) the resistance to allocating more managerial and professional time to attending meetings. The paper focuses on three major issues in the design of these systems: 1) system capabilities, 2) system delivery modes, and 3) system design strategies, and discusses the relationship of these issues to system use and survival. The relevance of numeric information, textual information, and relational information in a decision-group context are examined, and various system capabilities for displaying and using such information are noted.
Low molecular weight kininogen binds to platelets to modulate thrombin-induced platelet activation.

The kininogens, high molecular weight kininogen (HK) and low molecular weight kininogen (LK), are multifunctional, single-gene products that contain bradykinin and identical amino-terminal heavy chains. Studies were performed to determine if LK would bind directly to platelets. 125I-LK specifically bound to gel-filtered platelets in the presence of 50 microM Zn2+. HK effectively competed with 125I-LK for the same binding site (Ki = 27 +/- 9 nM, n = 5). Similarly, the Ki for LK inhibition of 125I-LK binding was 12 +/- 1 nM (n = 3). Albumin, fibrinogen, factor XIII, and kallikrein did not inhibit 125I-LK binding to unstimulated platelets. 125I-LK (66 kDa) was not cleaved upon binding to platelets. The binding of 125I-LK to unstimulated platelets was found to be fully reversible by the addition of a 50 molar excess of unlabeled LK at both 10 and 20 min. LK binding to platelets was saturable with an apparent Kd of 27 +/- 2 nM (mean +/- S.E., n = 9) and 647 +/- 147 binding sites/platelet. Both LK and HK at plasma concentrations inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. LK and HK at about 5% of plasma concentration also inhibited thrombin-induced secretion of both stirred and unstirred platelets. Both kininogens were found to be noncompetitive inhibitors of proteolytically active thrombin binding to platelets. The kininogens did not inhibit D-phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine chloromethyl ketone-treated thrombin from binding to platelets. These studies indicated that both kininogens have a region on their heavy chain which allows them to bind to platelets. Further, kininogen binding by its heavy chain modulates thrombin activation of platelets since it prevents proteolytically active thrombin from binding to its receptor.
Chapter 16 Synthesis of Crystalline C-N Thin Films

This chapter describes the physico-chemical phenomena underlying the synthesis of crystalline carbon nitride (C-N) thin films. In section 1, the status of current research on C-N films is briefly reviewed as well as its benefits. Section 2 describes the experimental techniques employed to produce C-N films. These techniques include laser ablation of graphite targets in an atomic nitrogen ambience, dual ion beam assisted deposition, reactive sputtering of pure graphite target with pure N2, rf-plasma-assisted hot filament chemical vapor deposition (cvd) and ion implantation. The theoretical models are described in section 3 for predicting the thermal stability and formation of C-N films. These models include thermodynamics, molecular dynamics, and thermal spike. In section 4, some characterization techniques are described including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for microstructure, rutherford backscattering (RBS) and auger electron spectroscopy (AES) for composition, and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for chemical state. Some characterization results are also presented. The prospects for practical application of C-N films are summarized in the concluding section 5. Some diagnostic questions are provided at the end to reinforce the materials discussed in the chapter.
Photosynthesis and Carbohydrate Partitioning for the C3 Desert Shrub Encelia farinosa under Current and Doubled CO2 Concentrations

Changes in photosynthesis (A) and carbohydrate partitioning were studied for Encelia farinosa, a common C3 desert shrub in the southwestern United States, after a 3-month exposure to the current or a doubled CO2 concentration (750 [mu]L L-1). A remained unchanged under the current CO2 concentration but decreased during the day under the doubled CO2 concentration, resulting in a 46% enhancement in the early morning, 26% at midday, and 15% in the late afternoon by the elevated CO2. The decrease during the day under the doubled CO2 concentration may represent end-product inhibition, because the sucrose and the starch contents increased during the day proportionally more than under the current CO2 concentration. The 14CO2 activity in sink leaves was maximal 3 h after labeling under the doubled and at 5 h under the current CO2 concentration, indicating faster movement of photosynthate out of source leaves and into sink tissues under the doubled CO2 concentration, which may have been responsible for the sustained enhancement in A under the doubled CO2 concentration.
Calcium and vitamin D supplementation do not influence menopause-related symptoms: Results of the Women's Health Initiative Trial

Background It is unknown whether supplementation with calcium and vitamin D has an impact on menopause-related symptoms.
Abstract 3629: Overcoming macrophage immunosuppression in small cell lung cancer with high-affinity SIRPa variants

CD47 allows cancer cells to evade the immune system by signaling through SIRPa, an inhibitory receptor on macrophages. Therapies that block CD47 convert tumor-promoting macrophages to a tumoricidal state within the tumor microenvironment. We recently developed next-generation CD47 antagonists by engineering the extracellular domain of SIRPa. As single-domain polypeptides, these “high-affinity SIRPa variants” have an affinity for human CD47 (KD) as low as 11.1 pM, approximately 50,000-fold improved over wild-type SIRPa. By themselves, the high-affinity SIRPa variants are inert and therefore non-toxic in mouse and primate studies. However, when combined with tumor-specific antibodies, the high-affinity SIRPa variants act as immunotherapeutic adjuvants to antibody therapies by maximizing the ability of macrophages to destroy cancer cells. In our current study, we hypothesized these novel CD47-blocking agents could be applied to the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a cancer with poor prognosis for which no clinically-approved antibodies or immunotherapies exist. We examined a panel of human SCLC samples and found all samples tested expressed high levels of CD47 on their surface. Using purified macrophages in vitro, we found that CD47-blocking therapies were able to induce macrophage phagocytosis of SCLC cell lines and primary patient samples. As a proof-of-concept, treatment of mice bearing primary SCLC tumors with CD47-blocking antibodies was able to inhibit tumor growth and significantly prolong survival. To identify novel SCLC antigens that can be targeted in combination with the high-affinity SIRPa variants, we screened SCLC samples by high-throughput flow cytometry using LEGENDScreen comprehensive antibody arrays. We identified several new and established therapeutic targets on the surface of SCLC cells, including CD99, CD56, CD166, CD326, and CD164. We identified antibodies to these antigens that could elicit macrophage phagocytosis in vitro, validating these antigens as targets for immune-based therapies. The ability of these antibodies to induce phagocytosis was dramatically enhanced when combined with the high-affinity SIRPa variants. Future studies will test these immunotherapeutic combinations in vivo against SCLC samples to develop novel therapeutic combinations for patients. We propose this strategy as a universal method to identify new tumor antigens and overcome macrophage immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment. Citation Format: Kipp Weiskopf, Peter J. Schnorr, Nadine Jahchan, Aaron M. Ring, Roy L. Maute, Anne K. Volkmer, Jens-Peter Volkmer, Kenan C. Garcia, Julien Sage, Irving L. Weissman. Overcoming macrophage immunosuppression in small cell lung cancer with high-affinity SIRPa variants. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3629. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3629
Comparison of onboard low-field magnetic resonance imaging versus onboard computed tomography for anatomy visualization in radiotherapy

ABSTRACTBackground. Onboard magnetic resonance imaging (OB-MRI) for daily localization and adaptive radiotherapy has been under development by several groups. However, no clinical studies have evaluated whether OB-MRI improves visualization of the target and organs at risk (OARs) compared to standard onboard computed tomography (OB-CT). This study compared visualization of patient anatomy on images acquired on the MRI-60Co ViewRay system to those acquired with OB-CT.Material and methods. Fourteen patients enrolled on a protocol approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and undergoing image-guided radiotherapy for cancer in the thorax (n = 2), pelvis (n = 6), abdomen (n = 3) or head and neck (n = 3) were imaged with OB-MRI and OB-CT. For each of the 14 patients, the OB-MRI and OB-CT datasets were displayed side-by-side and independently reviewed by three radiation oncologists. Each physician was asked to evaluate which dataset offered better visualization of the target and OARs. A quantitative conto...
Kinetics of the Reaction between Ni(tetren) 2+ and Bipyridine

We report a rate law, rate constants and a mechanism for the ligand substitution reaction between Ni(tetren)2+ and 2, 2'-bipyridine in aqueous solution at 25.0 0C. The rate law is: R = k [Ni(tetren2+)] [bipy]. The data supports a mechanism involving a hydrogen ion assisted pathway in which a ternary complex is not formed.
Representation of temporal features of complex sounds by the discharge patterns of neurons in the owl's inferior colliculus.

The spiking pattern evoked in cells of the owl's inferior colliculus by repeated presentation of the same broadband noise was found to be highly reproducible and synchronized with the temporal feat...
Toluidine blue in the detection of perineal lacerations in pediatric and adolescent sexual abuse victims.

Posterior fourchette lacerations are suggestive of sexual assault, and toluidine blue dye has increased the detection of these lacerations in adult rape victims. This study investigated the use of toluidine blue dye in the pediatric (0 to 10 years) and adolescent (11 to 18 years) patients to detect posterior fourchette lacerations in sexually abused and control populations. Application of toluidine blue dye increased the detection rate of posterior fourchette lacerations from 4% (1/25) to 28% (7/25) (P less than .05, Fisher exact test) in adolescent sexually abused patients and from 16.5% (4/24) to 33% (8/24) (P = .318, Fisher exact test) in pediatric sexually abused patients. Posterior fourchette lacerations occurred with the same frequency in sexually abused adolescents and sexually active controls adolescents. In the pediatric aged population, 33% of the sexually abused group had lacerations detected, whereas none of the control patients had lacerations. The presence of posterior fourchette lacerations in the pediatric aged patient is strongly suggestive of sexual abuse. Toluidine blue increases the detection of posterior fourchette lacerations in children and adolescents (P less than .001, Fisher exact test). The application of toluidine blue dye to highlight posterior fourchette lacerations is an important addition to tools already used in the evaluation of the sexually abused patient.
Oklahoma's Nonviolent Intermediate Offender Program: A Success in Rehabilitation.

In this study, the authors analyzed demographic data on 403 Oklahoma inmates who went through the Regimented Inmate Discipline Program in 1984–1985. Also, a sample of the inmates was interviewed to identify the most supportive components of the program.
Cutaneous malignancy and human immunodeficiency virus disease

Certain skin cancers occur with increased frequency or altered course in patients infected with HIV. Malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma are examples of cutaneous malignancies that have a more aggressive course in patients with HIV. Others, such as basal cell carcinoma, appear more frequently in this population but do not appear to be more aggressive. The incidence of HIV-associated Kapsosi's sarcoma has markedly decreased since the advent of HIV antiretroviral therapy. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of this malignancy and its unique management issues are fully reviewed. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is rare in this population. Other types of cutaneous lymphoma and HIV-associated pseudo-CTCL are discussed. This article addresses prevention, treatment, and follow-up strategies for this at-risk population. Learning objective At the completion of this learning activity, participants should be familiar with the unique epidemiology, clinical course, and management of cutaneous malignancy in patients infected with HIV.
Association of Herpes Simplex Virus pUL31 with Capsid Vertices and Components of the Capsid Vertex-Specific Complex

pUL34 and pUL31 of herpes simplex virus (HSV) comprise the nuclear egress complex (NEC) and are required for budding at the inner nuclear membrane. pUL31 also associates with capsids, suggesting it bridges the capsid and pUL34 in the nuclear membrane to initiate budding. Previous studies showed that capsid association of pUL31 was precluded in the absence of the C terminus of pUL25, which along with pUL17 comprises the capsid vertex-specific complex, or CVSC. The present studies show that the final 20 amino acids of pUL25 are required for pUL31 capsid association. Unexpectedly, in the complete absence of pUL25, or when pUL25 capsid binding was precluded by deletion of its first 50 amino acids, pUL31 still associated with capsids. Under these conditions, pUL31 was shown to coimmunoprecipitate weakly with pUL17. Based on these data, we hypothesize that the final 20 amino acids of pUL25 are required for pUL31 to associate with capsids. In the absence of pUL25 from the capsid, regions of capsid-associated pUL17 are bound by pUL31. Immunogold electron microscopy revealed that pUL31 could associate with multiple sites on a single capsid in the nucleus of infected cells. Electron tomography revealed that immunogold particles specific to pUL31 protein bind to densities at the vertices of the capsid, a location consistent with that of the CVSC. These data suggest that pUL31 loads onto CVSCs in the nucleus to eventually bind pUL34 located within the nuclear membrane to initiate capsid budding. IMPORTANCE This study is important because it localizes pUL31, a component previously known to be required for HSV capsids to bud through the inner nuclear membrane, to the vertex-specific complex of HSV capsids, which comprises the unique long region 25 (UL25) and UL17 gene products. It also shows this interaction is dependent on the C terminus of UL25. This information is vital for understanding how capsids bud through the inner nuclear membrane.
Low-energy configurations of symmetric and asymmetric tilt grain boundaries

High-resolution electron-microscopy experiments are combined with computer simulations of tilt grain boundaries (GBs) in Au to investigate the preferred GB planes in ∑ = 9 and ∑ = 11 bicrystals. Th...
Low Threshold VCSELs Recess-Integrated on Si-CMOS ICs

VCSELs have been integrated as individual pills within the dielectric stack of commercially produced Si ICs. 1 mA threshold currents and thermal characteristics similar to those of native substrate devices are seen.
An inexpensive blowgun device for anterior chamber paracentesis

Abstract A new anterior chamber paracentesis device for lab use is described using the blow gun principle. It has the advantage of being very inexpensive and easy to build in any lab. That device is able to send a needle towards the cornea, exerting a pressure of 6·4 kg/cm2.
The effect of 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol (THAM) in experimental quinidine intoxication.

Abstract An experimental study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1, 3-propanediol (THAM) in heretofore irreversible quinidine cardiotoxicity. Electrocardiographic changes and effects on pH, serum electrolytes, plasma quinidine levels and blood pressure are described. The possible mechanisms of action of quinidine and THAM are discussed, and clinical implications are presented. The results herein indicate that 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1, 3-propanediol (THAM) is effective in correcting previously described irreversible quinidine cardiotoxicity in acute experiments in animals.