cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functions of Planning for Secondary Education in the Netherlands.

This article deals with the various forms which educational planning takes in The Netherlands, with special reference to secondary education. A distinction has been drawn not only between form and functions, but also between the objects and levels of planning. The article seeks to provide insight into the links between the functions, objects, and levels of planning.
A meta-analysis of the Papanicolaou smear and wet mount for the diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis.

Abstract purpose: To obtain reliable estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of the cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smear and wet mount to diagnose vaginal trichomoniasis. methods: Articles indexed in MEDLINE (1976–1998) about diagnostic tests for trichomoniasis and their listed references were retrieved. Thirty studies (9,501 patients) that used trichomonas culture as a gold standard were selected. Studies were defined as level I if they fulfilled at least two of the following three criteria: consecutive patients were evaluated prospectively, the decision to culture was not influenced by test results, and there was independent and blind comparison with culture. Studies were classified as level II if one criterion was fulfilled, and as level III otherwise. results: The pooled sensitivity of the Pap smear for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis among level I studies was 57% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 51% to 63%) and the pooled specificity was 97% (95% CI: 93% to 100%). The likelihood ratio for a positive Pap smear was 19 among level I studies (range: 8 to 62). The pooled sensitivity of the wet mount among level I studies was 58% (95% CI: 51% to 66%); among level II studies, the sensitivity was 72% (95% CI: 62% to 81%), and among level III studies, the sensitivity was 82% (95% CI: 67% to 97%). The overall specificity of the wet mount was 99.8%. conclusions: A positive Pap smear for trichomonads in settings in which trichomoniasis is common (prevalence ≥20%) requires treatment. A positive Pap smear is indeterminate when the prevalence of trichomoniasis is about 10%; thus, clinicians should either confirm the diagnosis by culture or treat all such patients, recognizing that some patients will be treated unnecessarily. A culture should be obtained in women with a positive Pap smear who are unlikely to have trichomoniasis (prevalence ≤1%). While a positive wet mount is diagnostic, a negative wet mount does not exclude trichomoniasis.
MRTD As A Figure Of Merit

Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD) is an invaluable tool in designing and testing infrared sensors and is to a lesser extent valuable in predicting field performance. The history of MRTD use is briefly reviewed and some shortcomings of MRTD are noted especially in the discrepancies between predicted and tested performance in the laboratory. Newer developments in infrared technology have altered the form of sensors from the FLIR concepts originally treated by the existing MRTD models. Infrared Linescanners, Focal Plane Arrays and other second generation sensors must be included. Some suggestions are given for modifying existing MRTD models to include these other sensors. A concept of "objective MRTD" is presented to allow use of MRTD in systems such as Automatic Target Screeners (ATS) and Automated Test Equipment (ATE) where the human operator is temporarily bypassed.
Analysis of an endoreversible Rallis cycle

Abstract An optimal performance analysis of an endoreversible Rallis cycle was carried out. The maximum power of the Rallis heat engine, maximum heating load of the Rallis heat pump and maximum cooling load of the Rallis refrigerator for steady-state operation were obtained. The power, heating load and cooling load bounds of the Rallis cycle provide much more realistic prediction of performance characteristics than the traditional thermodynamic completely reversible model.
Renal Failure After Glycolic Acid Skin Treatments

Abstract Alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) chemical peels are an efficient method of reducing facial wrinkles, blemishes, pore size, pigmentary abnormalities, and scars. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 This report presents a possible association between the use of glycolic acid peels and toxic nephropathy in a patient 4 years after kidney transplantation.
Cost Implications of Differences in Dentists' Restorative Treatment Decisions

OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine the effects of variation in both dentists' decisions to treat and choice of treatment on the costs of care. METHODS Each of 37 patients was examined individually by several practicing dentists (between 3-22, mean = 6.2). For each dentist's recommended treatment for each patient, the total cost of restorative treatment was calculated first using the least expensive treatment possible for each tooth indicated as needing treatment, and second using the costs of specific treatment selected by each dentist RESULTS Considerable variation was found among dentists in each patients cost of treatment using both methods. The mean of the median cost per patient of the specific treatment selected was three times larger than the cost per patient of basic treatment. Few dentists were found to consistently recommend higher or lower cost treatment plans. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that inconsistencies in both dentists' decisions to intervene and dentists' selection of treatment can have a profound effect on cost. Further, focusing utilization review on "outlier dentists" is likely to be much less productive in containing costs and improving quality than comprehensive attempts to improve consistency across the profession.
Convective quasi-equilibrium in midlatitude continental environment and its effect on convective parameterization

[1] The quasi-equilibrium assumption proposed by Arakawa and Schubert assumes that convection is controlled by the large-scale forcing in a statistical sense, in such a way that the stabilization of the atmosphere by convection is in quasi-equilibrium with the destabilization by the large-scale forcing. The assumption was developed largely based on observations in the tropical maritime environment and has not been evaluated in midlatitudes. This study examines the quasi-equilibrium assumption in midlatitude continental convection environment using summertime observations from the Southern Great Plains of the United States. Two complementary approaches are taken for this purpose. The first one compares the net time rate of change of convective available potential energy to that due to the large-scale forcing. The second one examines the contributions to the net change of CAPE from the boundary layer air and the free tropospheric air above. Results from both the approaches indicate that the quasi-equilibrium assumption is not well suited for midlatitude continental convection. It is shown that the net change of CAPE is comparable to and largely comes from that due to thermodynamic changes of the boundary layer air, while the contribution from the free troposphere above the boundary layer is negligible. The analysis also shows that the role of convective inhibition to suppress convection is the most pronounced when the large-scale forcing in the free troposphere is weak. On the basis of these and other observations, a modification to the quasi-equilibrium assumption is proposed. It assumes that convective and large-scale processes in the free troposphere above the boundary layer are in balance, so that contribution from the free troposphere to changes in CAPE is negligible. This assumption is then tested using the single column model of the NCAR CCM3 by modifying the closure in the CCM3 convection scheme. Such a modification significantly improves the single column model simulation. The applicability of this new quasi-equilibrium assumption to tropical convection environment is also discussed.
Phonological complexity and language learnability

Purpose To extend formal models of language learnability to applications in clinical treatment of children with functional phonological delays. Method The focus of the narrative review is on phonol...
User Evaluation of an Innovative Digital Reading Room

Reading room design can have a major impact on radiologists’ health, productivity, and accuracy in reading. Several factors must be taken into account in order to optimize the work environment for radiologists. Further, with the advancement in imaging technology, clinicians now have the ability to view and see digital exams without having to interact with radiologists. However, it is important to design components that encourage and enhance interactions between clinicians and radiologists to increase patient safety, and to combine physician and radiologist expertise. The present study evaluates alternative workstations in a real-world testbed space, using qualitative data (users’ perspectives) to measure satisfaction with the lighting, ergonomics, furniture, collaborative spaces, and radiologist workstations. In addition, we consider the impact of the added collaboration components of the future reading room design, by utilizing user evaluation surveys to devise baseline satisfaction data regarding the innovative reading room environment.
Effects of Linoleic Acid on Conjugated Linoleic Acid Production by Planktonic Rumen Bacteria from Grain‐fed Cows

Ruminal conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production from linoleic acid (LA) was characterized in vitro. Rumen bacteria from grain-fed cows were more active in BH than those from hay-fed cows. Particleassociated bacteria produced more hydrogenated products leaving less CLA than the planktonic bacteria (P < 0.05). CLA production by planktonic bacteria did not always correlate to LA given; longer incubations generally decreased CLA concentration and increased c9, t11/t10, c12 ratio, especially at higher LA concentrations. The preincubated cells to LA produced more CLA than the unexposed ones and the increase was more evident with c9, t11 CLA (P < 0.05). This study provides insight into how cattle diet and LA feedings affect ruminal CLA production.
PROTESTANTISM AND PROGRESS IN THE YEAR XII: CHARLES VILLERS'S ESSAY ON THE SPIRIT AND INFLUENCE OF LUTHER'S REFORMATION (1804)*

This article examines Charles Villers's Essay on the Spirit and Influence of Luther's Reformation (1804) in its intellectual and historical context. Exiled from France after 1792, Villers intervened in important French and German debates about the relationship of religion, history, and philosophy. The article shows how he took up a German Protestant discussion on the meaning of the Reformation that had been underway from the 1770s through the end of the century, including efforts by Kantians to seize the mantle of Protestantism for themselves. Villers's essay capitalized on a broad interest in the question of Protestantism and its meaning for modern freedom around 1800. Revisiting the formation of the narrative of Protestantism and progress reveals that it was not a logical progression from Protestant theology or religion but rather part of a specific ideological and social struggle in the wake of the French Revolution and the collapse of the Old Regime.
Assessing Sex Experiences of Online Victimization: An Examination of Adolescent Online Behaviors Using Routine Activity Theory

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in online victimization between genders, through variables representing the three constructs of routine activity theory. A survey was administered to 100-level courses at a mid-sized university in the northeast, which questioned respondent on their Internet behaviors and experiences during the high school senior and college freshman time period. The findings of the study indicated that participating in behaviors that increased exposure to motivated offenders and target suitability in turn increased the likelihood of victimization for both genders. Conversely, taking protective measures to improve capable guardianship was shown to be the least effective measure, as it did not decrease the likelihood of victimization. This research provides a significant contribution to the literature as there are few explanatory studies that attempt to identify causal reasoning for this behavior.
Helix Dynamics in LacY: Helices II and IV

Biochemical and biophysical studies based upon crystal structures of both a mutant and wild-type lactose permease from Escherichia coli (LacY) in an inward-facing conformation have led to a model for the symport mechanism in which both sugar- and H + -binding sites are alternatively accessible to either side of the membrane. Previous findings indicate that the face of helix II with Asp68 is important for the conformational changes that occur during turnover. As shown here, replacement of Asp68 at the cytoplasmic end of helix II, particularly with Glu, abolishes active transport, but the mutants retain the ability to bind galactopyranoside. In the x-ray structure, Asp68 and Lys131 (helix IV) lie within ∼4.2 A of each other. Although a double mutant with Cys replacements at both position 68 and 131 cross-links efficiently, single replacements for Lys131 exhibit very significant transport activity. Site-directed alkylation studies show that sugar binding by the Asp68 mutants causes closure of the cytoplasmic cavity, like wild-type LacY; but strikingly, the probability of opening the periplasmic pathway upon sugar binding is markedly reduced. Taken together with previous mutagenesis and cross-linking studies, the findings lead to a model in which replacement of Asp68 blocks a conformational transition involving helices II and IV that is important for opening the periplasmic cavity. Evidence is also presented suggesting that movements of helices II and IV are coupled functionally with movements in the pseudosymmetrically paired helices VIII and X.
Enhancing extensibility of the design rule checker of an EDA tool by object-oriented modeling

Design rule checking systems are an integral part of electronic design automation tools. Rapid advances and continuous change in semiconductor technology requires that these DRC systems also change accordingly. The paper presents the architecture and mechanism of the DRC module of an IC package design tool. Design goals were identified for the module to allow easy addition, removal, and modification of rules and to minimize the effect of changes among others. The object oriented modeling technique facilitates the accomplishment of these goals by supporting concepts such as abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and dynamic binding. The paper puts these concepts in perspective within the context of the architecture and mechanism of the DRC module.
Metabolic Fate of Mineral Oil Adjuvants Using 14C-Labeled Tracers I: Mineral Oil

Abstract This investigation was undertaken to determine the metabolic fate of injected mineral oil using n -hexadecane as the tracer. Female white rats and female squirrel monkeys were injected either subcutaneously or intramuscularly with an emulsion containing 1- 14 C- n -hexadecane made with mineral oil and mannide monooleate. The amount of radioactivity remaining at the site of injection and the distribution of radioactivity in the major organs were determined at varying time periods up to 10 months after injection. One week after injection, 85-98% of the 1- 14 C- n -hexadecane-labeled mineral oil remained at the site of injection. After 3 months, 50-60% of the mineral oil remained; and after 10 months, approximately 25-30% of the labeled mineral oil was still at the site of injection. The mineral oil tracer, which migrated from the site of injection, was readily incorporated into lipids. Aside from the site of injection, there did not appear to be any accumulation of the 1- 14 C- n -hexadecane-labeled mineral oil in the major organs.
Quercetin: A Treatment for Hypertension?—A Review of Efficacy and Mechanisms

Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid. Common sources in the diet are apples, onions, berries, and red wine. Epidemiological studies have found an inverse relationship between dietary quercetin intake and cardiovascular disease. This has led to in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research to determine the mechanism by which quercetin exerts cardioprotective effects. Recent studies have found a reduction in blood pressure when hypertensive (>140 mm Hg systolic and >90 mm Hg diastolic) animals and humans are supplemented with quercetin. Proposed mechanisms for the antihypertensive effect of quercetin include decreased oxidative stress, inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme activity, improved endothelial function, direct action on the vascular smooth muscle, and/or modulation in cell signaling and gene expression. Although in vitro and in vivo evidence exists to support and refute each possibility, it is likely that quercetin influences multiple targets via a combination of known and as yet undiscovered mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to examine the mechanisms whereby quercetin might reduce blood pressure in hypertensive individuals.
Phosphoinositides in insulin action on GLUT4 dynamics: not just PtdIns(3,4,5)P3

Accumulated evidence over the last several years indicates that insulin regulates multiple steps in the overall translocation of GLUT4 vesicles to the fat/muscle cell surface, including formation of an intracellular storage pool of GLUT4 vesicles, its movement to the proximity of the cell surface, and the subsequent docking/fusion with the plasma membrane. Insulin-stimulated formation of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3; and in some cases, of its catabolite PtdIns(3,4)P2] plays a pivotal role in this process. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 is synthesized by the activated wortmannin-sensitive class IA phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase and controls the rate-limiting cell surface terminal stages of the GLUT4 journey. However, recent research is consistent with the conclusion that signals by each of the remaining five PIs, i.e., PtdIns(3)P, PtdIns(4)P, PtdIns(5)P, PtdIns(3,5)P2, and PtdIns(4,5)P2, may act in concert with that of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in integrating the insulin receptor-issued signals with GLUT4 surface translocation and glucose transport activation. This review summarizes the experimental evidence supporting the complementary function of these PIs in insulin responsiveness of fat and muscle cells, with particular reference to mechanistic insights and functional significance in the regulation of overall GLUT4 vesicle dynamics.
A noniterative method for the design of linear robust controllers

A procedure for determining a linear control law which guarantees asymptotic stability for an uncertain system is derived. Using an elementary matrix identity, an alternative proof of the existence of stabilizing control law for the matched case is provided. Bounds for the rates of decay are established, and by using these bounds it is shown that every trajectory of the closed-loop system can be made to decay at a prespecified exponential rate. The technique is simpler to use than existing techniques since it does not require a numerical procedure, but allows the control law to be obtained from some simple formulas. >
Addressing Depression in a Long-term Care Setting: A Phase II Pilot of Problem-solving Treatment

Abstract Purpose This was a Phase II pilot study of a problem-solving treatment (PST) to address subsyndromal depression in residents of long-term care facilities. Our goal was to demonstrate PST implementation feasibility and to identify PST’s potential for reducing depressive symptoms in this geriatric health care setting. Methods Eligible participants were randomized to receive a PST treatment (six 1-hour sessions) or a social contact comparison (6 “friendly” visits) after an initial baseline assessment. Follow-up assessments occurred 7 weeks later (after treatment) and 2 months posttreatment. The basic analytic approach was based on an intention-to-treat analysis. Findings We enrolled 21 elderly subjects in the PST group and 16 elderly subjects in the social contact comparison group. The PST group experienced a decline in depression scores compared with the social contact group. Although not statistically significant (likely due to the small sample size), PST was associated with decreased depressive symptom scores for those who were able to complete the intervention. Implementation proved to be difficult in terms of study recruitment and intervention acceptance and adherence. Implications These study findings point to the potential benefits of an integrated mental health component in long-term care, involving rehabilitation professionals who are already working with the older adults in both postacute/short-stay and long-stay settings.
The 2.2-Kilobase Latency-Associated Transcript of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Does Not Modulate Viral Replication, Reactivation, or Establishment of Latency in Transgenic Mice

To better understand the mechanisms responsible for the observed effects of deletions in the promoter region of the latency-associated transcript (LAT) gene in impairing herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation, we generated mice transgenic for a 5.5-kb HSV type 2 (HSV-2) genomic fragment spanning the major LAT, along with the LAT promoter and flanking regions, in the C57BL/6 background. The mice expressed abundant 2.2-kb major LATs in trigeminal ganglia (TG) and other tissues. The effects of the transgene on HSV-2 infection, latency, and reactivation were assessed. When infected with wild-type (WT) HSV-2 or its LAT promoter deletion (LAT−) mutant, primary lung fibroblast lines established from normal C57BL/6 and transgenic mice supported virus growth equally well. The replication of these viruses in the mouse eye and their spread to TG and brains were similar. The quantities of latent viral DNA in TG of transgenic and normal mice, as determined by real-time PCR, were comparable. UV light-induced reactivation of the LAT− mutant from transgenic mice (0 to 7%) was no more frequent than that from normal mice (0 to 14%), while WT virus was reactivated from 13 to 54% of normal mice and 22 to 54% of transgenic mice. The cumulative data indicate that, when expressed transgenically, the HSV-2 major LAT cannot influence HSV-2 infection or latency and cannot complement the defect in reactivation of the LAT− mutant. These results imply that the phenotype of reduced reactivation associated with the LAT− mutant is related to a function encoded in the LAT promoter but not to the major LAT itself.
Motifs of Love in the Courtly Love Lyric of Moslem Spain and Hohenstaufen Germany IN MEMORY OF ERNST BEHLER

A perennial question in medieval studies concerns the origin of Minnesang , the courtly love lyric of Hohenstaufen Germany. Can Minnesang trace its origins back to the love lyric of Moslem Spain? A related question is the following: Whatever the ultimate genesis of Minnesang , is it at least typologically related to the love lyric of Moslem Spain? This second question, which has been largely ignored to date, is the subject of this analysis. In both traditions the lover is torn between two poles: On the one hand, the lover worships the beloved as a guiding, edifying force which raises the status of the lover in society. On the other hand, the lover is attracted to the beloved for her physical beauty and desires physical "union" with her. But the poles are incompatible: The beloved can only be a quasi-divine guiding light if she remains physically distant from the lover. Let us term this the "Platonic-Erotic Dilemma." In both traditions the dilemma ultimately resolved itself in favor of the erotic.
Deep brain stimulation of the anterior internal capsule for the treatment of Tourette syndrome: technical case report.

Objective and importance Medical treatment of Tourette syndrome is often ineffective or is accompanied by debilitating side effects, therefore prompting the need to evaluate surgical therapies. Clinical presentation We present the case of a 37-year-old woman with severe Tourette syndrome since the age of 10 years. Her symptoms included frequent vocalizations and severe head and arm jerks that resulted in unilateral blindness. Trials of more than 40 medications and other therapies had failed to relieve the tics. Intervention We implanted bilateral electrodes in the anterior limb of the internal capsule, terminating in the vicinity of the nucleus accumbens. At 18-month follow-up, optimal stimulation continued to lower her tic frequency and severity significantly. Conclusion Our findings suggest that stimulation of the anterior internal capsule may be a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of Tourette syndrome.
Predicted versus measured photosynthetic water-use efficiency of crop stands under dynamically changing field environments

Water-use efficiency (WUE) is critical in determining the adaptation and productivity of plants in water-limited areas, either under the present climate or future global change. Data on WUE are often highly variable and a unifying and quantitative approach is needed to analyse and predict WUE for different environments. Hsiao has already proposed a set of paradigm equations based on leaf gas exchange for this purpose, calculating WUE (ratio of assimilation to transpiration) relative to the WUE for a chosen reference situation. This study tests the validity and applicability of these equations to cotton and sweet corn stands with full canopies in the open field. Measured were evapotranspiration and downward flux of atmospheric CO2 into the canopy, soil CO2 efflux, canopy temperature, and CO2 and vapour pressure of the air surrounding the canopy. With the measured mean WUE and conditions at midday serving as the reference, WUE for other times was predicted from the air CO2 and water vapour data, intercellular water vapour pressure calculated from canopy temperature, and an assumed ratio of Ci/Ca based on leaf gas-exchange data. Provided that the stomatal response to humidity as it affected the Ci/Ca ratio was accounted for, the equations predicted the moment-by-moment changes in canopy WUE of cotton over daily cycles reasonably well, and also the variation in midday WUE from day-to-day over a 47 d period. The prediction for sweet corn was fairly good for most parts of the day except the early morning. Measurement uncertainties and possible causes of the differences between predicted and measured WUE are discussed. Overall, the results indicate that the equations may be suitable to simulate changes in WUE without upscaling, and also demonstrate clearly the importance of stomatal response to humidity in determining stand WUE in the field.
Modelling and storage allocation strategies for homogeneous parallel access storage devices in real time multimedia information processing

Improvements in disk speed have not kept up with improvements in processor and memory speed. Conventional storage techniques, in the face of multimedia data, are inefficient and/or inadequate. An efficient multimedia object allocation strategy is presented. We describe a multimedia object model, the object and storage device characteristics, and the fragmentation strategy. A bipartite graph approach is used for mapping fragments to storage devices and a cost value is used to determine an efficient allocation of an object and to balance the loads on the devices. >
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 (mTORC2) Coordinates Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Metabolism, Proliferation, and Survival in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Background—Enhanced proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and metabolic shift to glycolysis of pulmonary arterial vascular smooth muscle cells (PAVSMCs) are key pathophysiological components of pulmonary vascular remodeling in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The role of the distinct mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes mTORC1 (mTOR-Raptor) and mTORC2 (mTOR-Rictor) in PAVSMC proliferation and survival in PAH and their therapeutic relevance are unknown. Methods and Results—Immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses revealed that mTORC1 and mTORC2 pathways are markedly upregulated in small remodeled pulmonary arteries and isolated distal PAVSMCs from subjects with idiopathic PAH that have increased ATP levels, proliferation, and survival that depend on glycolytic metabolism. Small interfering RNA– and pharmacology-based analysis showed that although both mTORC1 and mTORC2 contribute to proliferation, only mTORC2 is required for ATP generation and survival of idiopathic PAH PAVS...
Maturation as a Developmental Process

Maturation, cyclophysis, ontogenetic aging, phase change, and phasic development are terms that have all been used interchangeably to refer to some of the changes in woody plant developmental behavior that occur with increasing age. The maturational process begins even during embryogenesis and early seedling development, and involves a complex array of morphological traits and developmental phenomena (Greenwood 1987). These phenomena have been comprehensively reviewed (Bonga 1982; Hackett 1985; Zimmerman et al. 1985; Greenwood 1987), and rejuvenation is discussed elsewhere in this Volume (Bonga and von Aderkas, Chap. 12, Vol. 1). The morphological effects of maturation described here are closely similar to those in a wide variety of plants (Hartmann and Kester 1983). We will deal here primarily with maturation phenomena in conifers beginning with 1-year-old seedlings.
Age-related arterial telomere uncapping and senescence is greater in women compared with men

Telomere uncapping increases with advancing age in human arteries and this telomere uncapping is associated with increased markers of senescence, independent of mean telomere length. However, whether there are sex specific differences in arterial telomere uncapping is unknown. We found that telomere uncapping (serine 139 phosphorylated histone γ-H2A.X in telomeres) in arteries was ~2.5 fold greater in post-menopausal women (n=17, 63±2 years) compared with pre-menopausal women (n=11, 30±2 years, p=0.02), while there was only a trend towards greater telomere uncapping in older men (n=26, 66±2 years) compared with young men (n=11, 31±2, p=0.11). Senescence markers, p53 bound to the p21 gene promoter and p21 gene expression, were 3-4 fold greater in post-menopausal compared with pre-menopausal women (p=0.01-0.02), but only 1.5-2 fold greater in older compared with young men (p=0.02-0.08). Blood glucose was related to telomere uncapping in women, while systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure and serum creatinine were related to telomere uncapping in men. Mean arterial telomere length decreased similarly in women and men with age (p<0.01). Thus, the age-related increase in arterial telomere uncapping and senescence is greater in women than men, despite similar age-related reductions in mean telomere length in both sexes.
Reply to “Comment on ‘Reference priors for high energy physics’ ”

In their Comment, Grientschnig and Lira derive a Bayesian reference prior for cross section measurements that turns out to be identical to one obtained by L. Demortier, S. Jain, and H. B. Prosper [Phys. Rev. D 82, 034002 (2010)]. Since the new derivation uses a different sequence of compact sets to normalize the reference prior, this result points to a certain robustness of posterior inferences in this approach. However, Grientschnig and Lira make some additional claims about their methodology, which we show to be unwarranted.
DNA Probes Can Be Used To Discriminate between Tephritid Species at all Stages of the Life Cycle (Diptera: Tephritidae)

We isolated DNA sequences from the genomes of three Tephritid species. These can be used as probes to make rapid and reliable species identifications using material from any stage of the life cycle. The three Tephritid species are the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann); the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett). These isolated DNA sequences can be used to probe specimen material such as single eggs, larvae, or adult body parts on dot blots or squash blots to determine rapidly which species are present when infestations are found. The actual species identifications are made either on the basis of a direct positive result with a particular probe or by the process of elimination from multiple probings. The availability of species-specific DNA probes for use on minimal amounts of material from any stage of the life cycle or body part can facilitate greatly the identification of specimens which are otherwise indistinguishable or unsuitable for classification on the basis of morphological criteria. This technique also allows material to be analyzed immediately, which obviates the need for rearing and handling of material collected at immature stages. Although these probes have been developed for the three Tephritid species described here, the methods used are applicable to any group of organisms.
Electroantennogram responses of aphids to plant volatiles and alarm pheromone

Following a migratory or trivial flight, aphids are attracted to yellow and green colors when looking for a new host plant for feeding and reproduction. Accumulating evidence indicates, however, that not only vision, but also olfaction plays a role during host-plant location (e.g.,Visser & Taanman, 1987). The proximal and distal primary rhinaria (PPR and DPR, respectively), which are located on the fifth (PPR) and sixth (DPR) antennal segments, are thought to be general plant odor receptors.
The Kepler Completeness Study: A Pipeline Throughput Experiment

The Kepler Mission was designed to measure the frequency of Earth-like planets in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars. A requirement for determining the underlying planet population from a sample of detected planets is understanding the completeness of that sample—what fraction of the planets that could have been discovered in a given data set were actually detected. Here we describe an experiment designed to address a specific aspect of that question, which is the issue of signal throughput efficiency. We investigate the extent to which the Kepler pipeline preserves transit signals by injecting simulated transit signals into the pixel-level data, processing the modified pixels through the pipeline, and measuring their detection statistics. For the single channel that we examine initially, we inject simulated transit signal trains into the pixel time series of each of the 1801 targets for the 89 days that constitute Quarter 3. For the 1680 that behave as expected in the pipeline, on average we find the strength of the injected signal is recovered at 99.6% of the strength of the original signal. Finally we outline the further work required to characterise the completeness of the Kepler pipeline.
Conflict-free planning for en route spacing - A concept for integrating conflict probe and miles-in-trail

This paper describes a concept for a tool to help air traffic controllers conform to dynamic miles-in-trail (MIT) spacing restrictions. The tool will enable controllers to plan efficient spacing strategies resulting in reduced workload and fuel consumption. Integration of this tool with conflict probe will reduce the probe’s false-alarm and missed-alert rates due to better knowledge of the controller’s intended actions for spacing conformance. Integration will further reduce workload and fuel consumption by reducing the number of corrective clearances needed to achieve flow-rate conformance while avoiding conflicts. The purpose of this paper is to present a near-term concept for applying conflict-probe technology to enable conflict-free planning with efficient MIT-spacing conformance. The paper describes the challenge associated with conflict detection and resolution under flow-rate restrictions, proposes a conflict-probe based concept for the MITspacing problem, and describes a prototype tool and its use through an example traffic scenario.
Advances in colon cancer.

Abstract From May 29 to June 5, 2003, the American Society of Clinical Oncology held its 39th Annual Meeting in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. The meeting was devoted to the presentation of advances in clinical sciences, diagnosis, prevention and management of malignant disorders, and brings together investigators, clinicians, policy makers and other professionals interested in the science and impact of cancer worldwide. This report will be presented in two parts, the first focusing of colon cancer, and the second on breast cancer will be published in the next issue of Drug News & Perspectives.
Can insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus be cured or prevented? A status report on immunomodulatory strategies and pancreas transplantation.

The past decade has brought advances in our understanding of the etiology of beta cell destruction leading to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Most patients have an autoimmune process that begins months or years prior to overt disease. There are now reliable techniques to monitor the inflammatory process, with increasingly accurate methods for predicting disease in susceptible individuals. This information should lead to new techniques that will cure or possibly prevent diabetes.
Stress and the Immune System

In this chapter, we provide an overview of how stress affects immune functioning and examine evidence in the literature regarding various intrapersonal and interpersonal factors that may exacerbate or buffer the health effects of stress and its related immune manifestations. We first review some basic information concerning the immune system to provide the reader with necessary background. We then present the primary pathways by which stress impacts the immune system, including the sympathetic nervous system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and vagal withdrawal. Next, we discuss how the immune response varies and even goes awry, depending on the nature of the stress (acute versus chronic). Additionally, we discuss how the immune response varies depending upon the individual within whom the stress is occurring; specifically, we focus on various intrapersonal and interpersonal factors associated with immune functioning. Intrapersonal factors reviewed include rumination, emotion regulation, alexithymia, psychological stress, optimism, and positive affect. Interpersonal factors reviewed include close relationship and family processes such as negative and positive behaviors, ambivalence towards a relationship partner, social rejection and social isolation, and early life adversity. To conclude, we highlight some substantive and methodological considerations relevant to future research on the effects of stress on immunity.
Boundary layers and separation

We consider two-dimensional stationary viscous incompressible flow past a finite object. It is assumed that for each value of the Reynolds number a solution exists; it is also assumed that if this solution is not unique it is possible in principle to select a solution which varies continuously with Reynolds number. Granted these assumptions, it makes sense to speak about the asymptotic behavior of stationary Navier-Stokes solutions for Reynolds number approaching infinity. In the limit (for convenience we assume a body without sharp edges) there will be a streamline which comes from infinity, arrives at the stagnation point on the body, follows the body initially and then leaves the body at a point which we shall call the break-away point (actually there is, of course, one such point on each side of the body). Determining this limiting “external” flow, in particular the position of the break-away point, is one of the principal unsolved problems in the asymptotic theory of the Navier-Stokes equations. It is highly plausible that boundary-layer theory applies near the surface of the body between the forward stagnation point and the break-away point. Computing the boundary-layer solution requires, however, knowledge of the limiting external flow, in particular its velocity (and hence pressure gradient) at the surface of the body. If the boundary-layer equations are solved there may be a point where the skin friction vanishes; this point will be called separation point. In principle “break-away point” and “separation point” are different concepts; the two points may, however, actually coalesce. It was suggested by S. Goldstein in 1948 that the boundary-layer solutions have a singularity at the separation point and cannot be continued beyond this point.
What Adult Cancer Care Can Learn From Pediatrics

Focus on Families, Not Just Patients No one doubts the importance of patientcentered care, but pediatric cancer centers know that true patient centerednessmeans having clinicians work in dynamic partnership with sick children’s families. As a child’s primary source of strength and support, the family is a vital part of the health care team. When the family is fully integrated into the care process, the child is more likely to thrive. Indeed, more than a decade ago, pediatric hospitals started using familycentered rounds toactively involvepatients and their families in decision making. By helping the family understand both the inpatient care plan and the discharge plan, family-centered rounds improve efficiency and staff satisfaction. Overall, families are more likely to be considered members of the care team in pediatric than in adult cancer care—a missed opportunity in the adult setting. Pediatric cancer teams recognize that thechild’swell-being and the family’swellbeing aremutually reinforcing. Indeed, the “Standards for the Psychosocial Care of Children With Cancer and Their Families” call for routine assessment of the psychosocial needs of pediatric oncology patients, parents and caregivers, and siblings. Evidence also shows that cognitive behavioral interventions reduce distress in parents and other family members. It is critical to identify which members of the adult patient’s personal network can best inform care planning and provide support during the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up phases of care. In pediatric and adult cancers alike, support must extend beyond the walls of the medical facility. This support often includes nursing-like duties, such as ongoing medication management, injections, and wound care. An important early service is to train key members of the patient’s support system in how to provide safe, effective in-home care. Pediatric cancer centers are more likely than adult centers to prepare a patient’s family and friends for these roles. One adult care organization that actively pursues family centeredness is Maggie’s, a 17-center network in the United Kingdom that offers adults with cancer and their families a range of free financial, informational, emotional, and social support services. For example, Maggie’s organizes so-called kitchen table venues where patients and families meet and talk with one another and with other families, as well as stress-management sessions for the entire family. At Maggie’s Kids’ Days and Teen Days events, children whose parents have cancer participate in support, informational, and play activities.
Theoretical and Experimental Study of 22 kV SiC Emitter Turn-OFF (ETO) Thyristor

Controllable three terminal high voltage ( $>$ 10 kV) power switches based on silicon carbide (SiC) material are gaining significant attentions since silicon (Si) power switches such as insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are typically designed for much lower blocking voltages. After more than 30 years of commercial development, there is a fundamental limitation in designing Si IGBTs with more than 6.5 kV voltage rating. On the other hand, the voltage barrier for SiC power devices could easily exceed 10 kV. In this paper, a world record 22 kV SiC p-type emitter turn- OFF (ETO) (p-ETO) thyristor is reported and analyzed as a promising candidate for high-voltage applications, such as solid-state circuit breaker, HVdc, flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS), and motor drives. The device is based on a 2 cm2 22 kV p-type SiC gate turn- off thyristor (p-GTO) structure. Its static performances are analyzed exhibiting a high voltage (22 kV) blocking characteristic, ultralow leakage current, and a low forward voltage drop ( $\sim$ 7 V at 100 A) for a broad range of temperatures. The dynamic performances including turn- on and turn- off are studied. Key switching characteristics such as turn- off storage time, turn- off loss, dv/dt , and di/dt are presented and analyzed. In addition, the large reverse biased safe operation area (RBSOA) of the 22 kV SiC ETO is theoretically analyzed and verified by simulations and experimental tests.
Resource allocation algorithms for energy efficient wireless networks

We consider a wireless network where each node has' a finite amount of energy. We focus on the ease where all the nodes collaborate to perform a combined task, for example, in wireless sensor networks. This thesis considers the design of resource allocation algorithms for point-to-point transmission networks and cooperative diversity networks. For point-to-point transmission schemes with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels, we consider resource allocation to optimize different network objectives. In particular, we consider the minimization of total average power consumption, maximizing minimum node lifetime, and maximizing a concave function of node lifetimes. Optimal resource allocation involves the joint optimization of the physical, medium access control (MAC), and routing layers. We derive efficient distributed algorithms to compute routing schemes, and computationally efficient algorithms to obtain optimal cross-layer schemes in time division multiple access (TDMA) networks. For a general MAC layer, suboptimal, but energy-efficient crosslayer schemes are computed. We use similar optimization methods to compute an optimal transmission scheme in a relay network that exploits cooperative diversity to combat shadowing and fading. We exploit the separable nature of the problem for the computation; the resulting scheme satisfies a pre-specified maximum outage criterion, and minimizes the total power consumption, including that for obtaining channel state information.
Modeling Tsunami Sources and Their Propagation in the Atlantic Ocean for Coastal Tsunami Hazard Assessments and Inundation Mapping along the U.S. East Coast

Numerical simulations are performed to develop tsunami inundation maps for the US east coast (USEC), as envelopes of surface elevations caused by the probable maximum tsunamis (PMTs) in the Atlantic Ocean basin. These PMTs are triggered by various sources, identified from historical records or hypothetical, including : (i) near-field submarine mass failures (SMF) on or near the continental shelf break; (ii) an extreme hypothetical M9 seismic event occurring in the Puerto Rico Trench; (iii) a repeat of the historical 1755 M9 (Lisbon) earthquake occurring in the Madeira Tore Rise; and (iv) large scale volcanic flank collapses (80 and 450 km 3 ) of the Cumbre Vieja Volcano (CVV) on La Palma, in the Canary Archipelago. Tsunamis caused by: (1) earthquakes, are obtained from the estimated coseismic seafloor deformation; (2) SMF sources, modeled as rigid slumps, are generated using the 3D non-hydrostatic model NHWAVE; and (iii) the CVV sources are modeled as subaerial flows of a heavy fluid, using a 3D Navier-Stokes model. For each source, tsunami propagation to the USEC is then modeled in a series of nested grids of increasingly fine resolution, by one-way coupling, using FUNWAVE-TVD, a nonlinear and dispersive (2D) Boussinesq model. High-resolution inundation maps have been developed based on these results, so far for about a third of the USEC. A comparison of coastal inundation from each tsunami source shows similar alongshore patterns of higher and lower inundation, whatever the initial source direction; this is due to wave focusing and defocusing effects induced by the shelf bathymetry. Once developed for the entire USEC, inundation maps will fully quantify coastal hazard from the selected PMTs and allow developing site-specific mitigation measures and evacuation plans. Besides maximuminundation, other “products” available at high-resolution are maximum momentum flux, currents, and vorticity, although these are not systematically developed as maps in this phase of work.