cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wind characteristics in the surface layer over heterogeneous terrain

Abstract The flow in the atmospheric surface layer is summarized with emphasis on those properties which are of primary importance for the prediction of wind pressures on low-rise structures from wind tunnel simulation experiments. For neutral flow near the surface over flat, smooth and uniform (FSU) terrain, flow models derived from similarity analysis match the available observations quite well. However as the upwind terrain becomes increasingly perturbed with scattered obstacles such as buildings, trees etc. or with topographic features, the observed flow characteristics deviate increasingly from those associated with the FSU model, and parameters derived from mean wind profiles cannot be used to predict turbulence intensities. Over complex terrain the large-scale horizontal velocity fluctuations bear the characteristics of the upwind terrain and their intensities can only be predicted with the use of a “regional” roughness length. Based on the variation and scale of the upwind terrain roughness and topography, four aerodynamic terrain categories each with its own flow parameters are recognized. A general model for the velocity spectra has been presented, for which the coefficients and exponents have been adapted to each of the four terrain categories. Predicted spectral shapes are compared with existing models and existing observations.
Voices From the Inside: African American Women’s Perspectives on Healthy Lifestyles

The author of this study conducted focus groups with African American women to explore their perspectives on obesity, disease causation, and their ideas on the functionality of cultural, social, historical, environmental, and psychological forces in altering healthy eating habits. Reoccurring themes centered on four areas: (a) the definition of health as a mind, body, and spiritual construct; (b) conceptualizations of cultural norms regarding healthy foods versus unhealthy foods; (c) the importance of eating and social rituals on food choices; and (d) the impact of the environment in sustaining healthy initiatives. Structural constraints that uphold legacies of disenfranchisement, environmental injustice, and segregation influence the food choices available in low-wealth communities. These factors continue to operate and are vital issues to consider when designing culturally relevant wellness programs.
Doxepin and diazepam in general practice and hospital clinic neurotic patients: A collaborative controlled study

Doxepin and diazepam were evaluated for therapeutic effectiveness in a double blind study carried out with 69 primarily anxious neurotic outpatients attending either a municipal hospital clinic or a general practitioner's office. Doxepin produced more clinical improvement than diazepam in several questionnaire clusters measuring depressive symptomatology, but not in clusters measuring anxious symptomatology. According to several outcome criteria, doxepin tended to produce more clinical improvement in general practice than in clinic patients, while diazepam produced either equal improvement in both populations or slightly more improvement in the clinic. Possibly contributing to the present results are low daily dosage of diazepam, differential pharmacological drug effects, population differences in levels of anxiety and depression, and differences in population characteristics, primarily as related to social class.
Diel flux of dissolved carbohydrate in a salt marsh and a simulated estuarine ecosystem

The concentrations of total dissolved carbohydrate (TCHO), monosaccharide (MCHO) and polysaccharide (PCHO) were followed over a total of ten diel cycles in a salt marsh and a 13 m3 seawater tank simulating an estuarine ecosystem. Their patterns are compared to those for total dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ΣCO2, pH, O2, chlorophyll a, phaeopigments and solar radiation. During 5 of the 6 marsh studies, PCHO underwent periods of sustained accumulation starting in the late morning or early afternoon and continuing into the early evening. These periods possibly represent release of recently synthesized PCHO from phototrophs. similar patterns were not found in the tank although direct associations between TCHO and phaeopigment dynamics suggest that zooplankton excretion was an important source of dissolved carbohydrate. The numbers of planktonic bacteria determined in one tank study increased rapidly during a late morning PCHO pulse and varied inversely with PCHO throughout the afternoon and evening, indicating that they were able to respond rapidly and control natural substrate concentrations on a time scale of a few hours. MCHO fluctuated to a much lesser extent than PCHO at both locations with levels possibly maintained near the bacterial uptake threshold or in a closely regulated steady state. TCHO concentration changes over 2-to 3-h sampling intervals suggest very rapid net system release and uptake with summer rates frequently exceeding 30 μg C l-1h-1 in the marsh and 20 μg C l-1 h-1 in the tank.
Circadian changes in cockroach ommatidial structure

1. Morphological correlates of circadian changes in eye sensitivity to light measured electrophysiologically were sought in the cockroach, Leucophaea maderae. Cross sections of ommatidia removed at subjective midday and subjective midnight on 3 successive days from roaches held under constant darkness (DD) at 25 ± 2 °C were examined using a transmission electron microscope for morphological differences related to sampling time. 2. The temporal difference in submicrovillar cisternae (SMC) area appeared to exhibit a circadian rhythm, however, the amplitude of this temporal difference measured under DD was less than that observed under LD 12∶12 conditions. SMC areas characteristic at nighttime were achieved at subjective midnights but the area diminished only partially toward the daytime state on subjective middays. 3. Rhabdom area remained constant and the daily rhythm of screening pigment granules (SPG) arrangement about the rhabdom was not observed under conditions of constant darkness. 4. Results of this study indicate that a pacemaker(s) actively influences the change in the SMC toward the nighttime state, whereas, the change toward the daytime state results from a passive mechanism that possibly could be accelerated by light.
Obesity and Living Together

As shown by parent-child, sibling and twin correlations and by comparison of the children of different parental fatness combinations, fatness definitely follows family line. Indeed, fatness level can be predicted from grandparental fatness levels and from the number of obese family members living together. However, a purely genetic explanation for the level of fatness and actual obesity is untenable given fatness similarities of spouses, parents and their adopted children, adoptive siblings and of parents and their adult children who no longer live within the home. Comparing fatness levels of genetically unrelated "family" members and measuring synchronies in fatness change among family members who live together (i.e., parents and children and siblings and spouses) it is clear that fatness and obesity are both acquired in the family context. While parental and grandparental models of eating and exercising may well explain levels of energy intake and expenditure that account for differences in fatness diff...
Psychosocial factors, physical symptoms and physical function after lung transplantation

Relationships between psychosocial factors, physical symptoms, and physical function were explored in 50 lung transplant recipients (LTR) to determine whether psychosocial factors rendered LTR vulnerable to increased physical symptoms or functional impairment. Structured assessments were conducted to evaluate personal and family psychiatric history, post-transplant psychiatric distress (SCL-90 anxiety and depression symptoms), selfesteem, sense of mastery, and coping strategies, as well as current physical symptoms and physical functional impairment. Psychological distress, symptoms, and physical impairment were common. The percentage of cohort with each characteristic was: family (31%) and personal psychiatric histories (47%); high anxiety (39%), high depression (36%), low self-esteem (46%), low mastery (52%); low active cognitive (39%), low active behavioral (28%) and high avoidance coping (26%). Pre-transplant psychiatric history increased risk for post-transplant anxiety (r .38) and depression (r .38) and these correlated with physical symptoms (r .54-.65) and impairment (r .49-.51). Anxiety and depression exceeded non-patient norms, and lung recipients had higher depression, symptoms and impairment (p .05) than heart/lung. Low mastery correlated with high physical impairment (r .36). Mean physical impairment scores (16. 23.8) were comparable to other pulmonary populations, including transplant candidates, but were higher than other samples of LTR 3 months post-transplant. Mean physical symptom scores (16.8 5) were higher, but endorsed items were comparable to other LTR samples. Anxiety and depression correlated with symptoms and impairment and symptoms correlated with impairment (r .60). Psychosocial factors explained variance in physical symptoms (R .646) and impairment (R .545). Directions of influence between correlates need to be examined. Interventions to reduce psychological distress need to be developed.
ON MAPS FOR DISCOVERY: DID THE PERIODIC TABLE GUIDE ELEMENTAL DISCOVERY?

The metaphor of “maps” as cognitive tools aiding scientific discovery may be particularly appropriate for discussing the role of the periodic table of the elements in the progress of chemistry. In a tribute to the contributions ofDerek Price, the use of maps, their advantages and disadvantages, and changes in the table are explored. The authors conclude that the table did serve as a general guide to discovery but that more insightful models of a different sort also played an important role.
Von Neumann stability analysis of Biot's general two-dimensional theory of consolidation

Von Neumann stability analysis is performed for a Galerkin finite element formulation of Biot's consolidation equations on two-dimensional bilinear elements. Two dimensionless groups—the Time Factor and Void Factor—are identified and these quantities, along with the time-integration weighting, are used to explore the stability implications for variations in physical property and discretization parameters. The results show that the presence and persistence of stable spurious oscillations in the pore pressure are influenced by the ratio of time-step size to the square of the space-step for fixed time-integration weightings and physical property selections. In general, increasing the time-step or decreasing the mesh spacing has a smoothing effect on the discrete solution, however, special cases exist that violate this generality which can be readily identified through the Von Neumann approach. The analysis also reveals that explicitly dominated schemes are not stable for saturated media and only become possible through a decoupling of the equilibrium and continuity equations. In the case of unsaturated media, a break down in the Von Neumann results has been shown to occur due to the influence of boundary conditions on stability. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are the arginine kinase isoenzymes of Limulus polyphemus the product of two separate genes

Limulus polyphemus has two electrophoretically distinct arginine kinases, a negative and a neutral (at pH 8.6). The highest concentrations of the neutral are found in muscle, where the total arginine kinase activity is highest. The peptide maps of the two forms are very similar, but the negative has six more acidic peptides than the neutral. Three tryptophan-containing peptides were isolated from tryptic digests of each form. The amino acid compositions of two of the three pairs of peptides were different. This sugests that the isoenzymes are the products of two distinct genes.
Thermomagnetic Analysis: Experimental Factors

Thermomagnetic analysis along with conventional reflection microscopy and magnetic powder analysis can be used to evaluate the alteration state of the magnetic fraction in a rock. The alteration state is positive or negative depending on the sense of change in a magnetic parameter (±ΔM) observed during thermomagnetic analysis. Grain size, sample preparation, experimental atmosphere, and heating rate are factors which must be considered in interpreting the results of thermomagnetic analysis. The effects of the experimental factors are more pronounced in basic than in acidic rocks because of the greater amount of titanium and other cations in the iron oxides. The effects of experimental factors are likewise more pronounced in extrusive than in intrusive basic rocks because of the more variable cooling conditions and the smaller more chemically heterogeneous iron oxides.
Three ambitious (and rather unorthodox) assignments for the field of biodiversity genetics

The field of molecular genetics has many roles in biodiversity assessment and conservation. I summarize three of those standard roles and propose logical extensions of each. First, many biologists suppose that a comprehensive picture of the Tree of Life will soon emerge from multilocus DNA sequence data interpreted in concert with fossils and other evidence. If nonreticulate trees are indeed valid metaphors for life's history, then a well dated global phylogeny will offer an opportunity to erect a universally standardized scheme of biological classification. If life's history proves to be somewhat reticulate, a web-like phylogenetic pattern should become evident and will offer opportunities to reevaluate the fundamental nature of evolutionary processes. Second, extensive networks of wildlife sanctuaries offer some hope for shepherding appreciable biodiversity through the ongoing extinction crisis, and molecular genetics can assist in park design by helping to identify key species, historically important biotic areas, and biodiversity hotspots. An opportunity centers on the concept of Pleistocene Parks that could protect "legacy biotas" in much the same way that traditional national parks preserve special geological features and historical landmarks honor legacy events in human affairs. Third, genetic perspectives have become an integral part of many focused conservation efforts by unveiling ecological, behavioral, or evolutionary phenomena relevant to population management. They also can open opportunities to educate the public about the many intellectual gifts and aesthetic marvels of the natural world.
Thermodynamic properties of F-22(CHClF2) hydrate for use in desalting

Abstract In this study are reported the pressure-temperature phase diagrams of F-22 in both pure water and aqueous NaCl solutions in the region where the hydrate forms. From these data we have determined the hydrate decomposition conditions and the invariant points including the eutectic. These are the necessary thermo-dynamic data for evaluating F-22 as an agent for use in the hydrate process for desalination of sea water. Other thermal, mechanical, and economic properties of pure F-22 are well known, e.g. duPont data (1). Kinetic data on the rate of formation of the hydrate in a stirred reactor will be reported at a later date.
Recent lagrangian measurements along the Alaskan stream

Abstract During 1986–1987, 26 satellite-tracked drifting buoys were deployed on the shelf in the northern Gulf of Alaska; nine of these buoys entered the Alaskan Stream. The buoy trajectories showed a well-formed, narrow, high-speed current. Southern deviations from the high-speed core were generally wind-induced. All but one of the drifters eventually went aground on one of the Aleutian Islands or entered the Bering Sea. Some meandering of the path of the Alaskan Stream was evident just west of Kodiak Island but was not apparent farther downstream
Electroactive Self-Assembled Monolayers that Permit Orthogonal Control over the Adhesion of Cells to Patterned Substrates

This article describes an electroactive substrate that displays two independent dynamic functions for controlling the adhesion of cells. The approach is based on self-assembled monolayers on gold that are patterned into regions presenting the Arg-Gly-Asp peptide cell adhesion ligand. The patterned regions differ in the electrochemical properties of the linkers that tether the peptides to the monolayer. In this work, three distinct chemistries are employed that provide for release of the ligand on application of a negative potential, release of the ligand on application of a positive potential, and no change in response to a potential. Cells were allowed to attach to a monolayer patterned into circular regions comprising the three chemistries. Treatment with electric potentials of 650 or -650 mV resulted in the selective release of adherent cells only from regions that display the relevant electroactive groups. This example establishes the preparation of dynamic substrates with multiple functions and will be important to preparing model cultures derived from multiple cell types, with control over the temporal interactions of each cell population.
A wind tunnel study of the effect of roadway configurations on the dispersion of traffic-related pollution

Abstract In this paper we examine the effect of different roadway configurations, including noise barriers and roadway elevation or depression relative to the surrounding terrain, on the dispersion of traffic-related pollutants for winds perpendicular to the roadway. A wind tunnel experiment modeling 12 different configurations was performed to study the flow fields and the concentration distributions resulting from emissions from a simulated six-lane highway. All of the configurations examined here reduced the downwind ground-level concentrations relative to that for a flat, unobstructed roadway; however, the degree to which the concentrations were reduced varied widely depending on the particular situation. Ground-level concentration data from the cases considered in this research indicate that a constant entrainment velocity can be used over the region beginning downwind of any initial disturbance to the flow resulting from the roadway configuration (e.g., a recirculation region behind a noise barrier) and extending at least to the end of our measurements. For example, for the case of a single noise barrier on the downwind side of the road, this region extends from approximately four barrier heights downwind of the roadway to 40 barrier heights. It was also found that the virtual origin concept is useful in describing the initial mixing created by the particular roadway configuration. To effectively model the influence of the roadway configuration on the dispersion, a combination of a virtual origin and an entrainment velocity may be effective. The magnitude of the virtual origin shift appears to depend on the particular roadway configuration, while the entrainment velocity appears to be a function of the friction velocity and the roadway geometry. These results suggest that road configuration must be taken into account in modeling near-road air quality.
Adaptive angular control of high-resolution x-ray optics

Adaptive angular control of reflecting crystals is crucial for reliable operation of high-resolution x-ray optics at synchrotron radiation facilities. An anglular compensation with nanoradian tolerance is required for some advanced applications. We present a working solution, a null-detection feedback system which was successfully applied for stabilization of an x-ray monochromator with energy resolution of ΔE/E ≈ 10−8(E = 23.7 keV). Another possible application of the feedback system, stabilization of optical cavity for x-ray free electron laser oscillator (XFELO) is discussed.
Shakespeare's Art of Distraction

Through a consideration of the various meanings of “distraction”, this essay explores the ways in which the temporary form of forgetting known as distraction lies at the heart of Shakespeare stagecraft. Shakespeare's plays explore in an infinite variety of registers the ethics of the distracted self.
Ecdysteroid regulation of olfactory protein expression in the developing antenna of the tobacco hawk moth, Manduca sexta

During adult metamorphosis, the moth olfactory neurons and their glia-like support cells pass through a coordinated and synchronous development. By 60% of development, the olfactory system is anatomically complete, but functional maturation does not occur until about 90% of development. Maturation is characterized by the onset of odorant sensitivity in the sensory neurons and the expression of certain antennal-specific proteins including odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and odorant degrading enzymes (ODEs). The OBPs have been cloned and sequenced, and are thus useful models for investigating the molecular mechanisms coordinating final maturation of the developing olfactory system. The ecdysteroid hormones have been observed to regulate many cellular level neuronal changes during adult metamorphosis. In particular, the late pupal decline in ecdysteroids is known to influence programmed death of nerves and muscles at the end of metamorphoses. Experiments are presented here which indicate that this decline in ecdysteroids also induces the expression of the OBPs. Normal OBP expression occurs 35–40 h before adult emergence. In culture, OBP expression could be induced at least 90 h before adult emergence by the premature removal of ecdysteroid. This premature expression was blocked by culturing tissue in the presence of the biologically active ecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone. These findings suggest that maturation of the olfactory system is regulated by the decline in ecdysteroids, and support the view that olfactory development, in general, may be coordinated by chaging levels of pupal ecdysteroids. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Inflammatory and hormonal measures predict neuropsychological functioning in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Abnormalities of inflammatory and hormonal measures are common in SLE patients. Although cognitive dysfunction has been documented in SLE patients, the biological mechanism of these deficits has not been clarified. The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between inflammatory and hormonal activity and measures of learning, fluency, and attention in systemic lupus erythematosus patients without neuropsychiatric symptoms (non-CNS–SLE), patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and healthy controls (HC). Fifteen non-CNS–SLE patients, 15 RA patients and 15 HC participants similar in age, education, and gender (female) were compared on tests of cognition, depression, and plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and cortisol. Non-CNS–SLE patients demonstrated lower learning and poorer attention. Furthermore, non-CNS–SLE and RA patients had significantly lower levels of DHEA and DHEA-S than HC participants. Hierarchical regression analysis demonstrates that DHEA-S and IL-6 accounts for a unique portion of the variance in subject performance on measures of learning and attention after controlling for depression and corticosteroid treatment. This data highlights the value of hierarchical analyses with covariates, and provides evidence in humans of a relationship between peripheral cytokine levels and cognitive function. (JINS, 2001, 7, 745–754.)
Axially symmetric compositional simulation of formation tester measurements

Abstract This paper describes the development, testing, and successful application of a new compositional code for the numerical simulation of oil-based mud invasion and formation tester measurements that involve arbitrary miscibility between oil-based mud and native oil. The simulator assumes axially symmetric variations of petrophysical properties as well as axially symmetric flow-rate sources and boundary conditions. However, there are no restricting assumptions to the degree of miscibility between the fluids involved in the simulations. We solve the time–space evolution of component concentration with a time-marching implicit pressure explicit concentration (IMPEC) scheme. This method of solution considers the complete equations of state and implements flash calculations to describe the thermo-dynamical evolution of the various compositional phases due to space–time variations of pressure and concentration. Simulations described in this paper consider the process of oil-based mud–filtrate invasion into reservoirs containing mixtures of connate water and oil. Subsequently, we simulate formation tester measurements by enforcing fluid withdrawal through the dual-packer section of the tester. Measurements consist of fluid pressure, fractional flow rates, fluid density, and fluid viscosity. Examples of application include homogenous and multi-layer formations as well as a capillary transition zone. Comparison of simulation results against those obtained with a commercial code confirms the efficiency, accuracy, and reliability of our method of solution. Sensitivity analysis indicate that time evolution of fractional flow rates, fluid density, and fluid viscosity measured with the formation tester remain influenced by the petrophysical properties of the formation, volume of mud–filtrate invasion, and by saturation-dependent rock–fluid properties (relative permeability and capillary pressure). The simulations described in this paper provide suitable guidelines for the acquisition of clean samples of in-situ formation fluids in the presence of invasion and heterogeneous conditions of petrophysical and rock–fluid properties.
A study of sixty cases of tetanus

Abstract Sixty cases of tetanus with a mortality of 46.6 per cent are presented. Prophylactic antitoxin did not prevent tetanus in 5 per cent of the cases. Patients receiving some surgical treatment of the infected wounds were four times as likely to recover as those not receiving any surgical care. The immediate administration of 50,000 units of antitoxin intravenously and the simultaneous administration of toxoid at five day intervals for two doses would maintain the blood antitoxin level at an adequate level.
SV40 DNA IN HUMAN OSTEOSARCOMAS SHOWS SEQUENCE VARIATION AMONG T-ANTIGEN GENES

Authentic simian virus 40 (SV40) has been detected in association with human choroid plexus and ependymoma tumors, and SV40-like DNA sequences have been found in some human osteosarcomas. We report here an analysis of human osteosarcoma samples for the presence of SV40 DNA using PCR and primers directed at 4 distinct sites of the SV40 genome, coupled with sequence analysis. Authentic SV40 DNA sequences were detected in 5 of 10 osteosarcoma tumor samples. The SV40 regulatory region in each case was identical and of archetypal length (non-duplicated enhancer), as is usually found in natural isolates of SV40 from monkeys and in human brain tumors. A section of the gene that encodes a viral late gene product (VP1) was detected in 5 of 10 tumors and had an exact match with the known sequence of SV40. Two separated segments of the large T-antigen (T-ag) gene were found in the same 5 tumors. Analysis of the DNA sequences encoding the T-ag carboxy terminus revealed sequence variation among the tumors, as observed previously in viral DNA associated with human brain tumors. There does not appear to be a preferential association of a T-ag variable domain sequence with a given tumor type. No sequences from the regulatory region of human polyomaviruses JCV and BKV were detected in the bone tumors. We also noted less efficient recovery of SV40 DNA from tumor samples fixed in paraffin as compared to frozen tumors. Our results confirm the presence of SV40 DNA in human bone tumors and, based on the sequence variation observed for the carboxy terminus of the T-ag gene, suggest that there is not a specific SV40 strain associated with human osteosarcomas. Int. J. Cancer 72:791–800, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Human ocular counterrolling induced by varying linear accelerations.

Ocular counterrolling (OCR) has previously been studied using static head tilt or continuous rotation about the line of sight as a stimulus to the otolith organs. This study presents the first measurements of OCR in humans induced by linear accelerations. Dynamic measurements of the response to lateral linear acceleration indicate the eye movements to be on the order of 2 ° for 0.2 g peak acceleration, 0.2 Hz sinusoidal acceleration. These values are consistent with static OCR studies. The dynamics of the response are similar to a low order linear system with a dominant time constant of 0.33 s. A previous model predicts a time constant of 0.32 s. Sinusoidal oscillation at 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0 Hz with a 0.2 g peak acceleration showed good agreement with the model in both gain and phase. The question of amplitude linearity remains unsettled. This otolithocular reflex, over short periods at least, appears to be stationary in the statistical sense.
Parental origin of the extra chromosome in Down's syndrome.

Chromosome 21 fluorescent heteromorphisms were studied in 42 patients with Down's syndrome, their parents and their siblings. Included in this number are two instances of an aunt and niece affected with trisomy 21, and one of affected siblings. One case has a de novo 21/21 translocation. Blood group, red cell and serum protein markers were also studied for linkage, gene exclusions, associations, and paternity testing. Thirty-one of the trisomy 21 cases were informative for parental origin of the extra chromosome and for stage of meiosis. The non-disjunctional event was of maternal origin in 24; 23 occurred in meiosis I, 1 in meiosis II. Seven were of paternal origin; 5 in meiosis I, and 2 in meiosis II. The translocation case was of paternal origin. A literature search revealed a total of 98 cases informative for the parent of origin of the extra chromosome, of >347 families tested. In addition, 3 de novo translocation cases, of 7 tested, were informative. The data suggest that most cases result from an error in the first meiotic division in the mother, but that a significant proportion are paternal in origin.
No association between D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) alleles or haplotypes and cocaine dependence or severity of cocaine dependence in European- and African-Americans

Abstract Background: Association studies between marker alleles at the D 2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) and various psychiatric illnesses have produced conflicting results. Reports of allelic associations were originally made with alcoholism, but were then extended to other psychiatric disorders; there has been a series of positive reports suggesting an association between DRD2 alleles and substance dependence in European-American (EA) subjects. Methods: In an attempt to replicate the reported association between DRD2 alleles, substance dependence, and severity of substance dependence, we studied allele frequencies for three polymorphic DRD2 systems (TaqI "A," "B," and "D") in 96 EA and 77 African-American (AA) cocaine-dependent subjects, and 87 EA and 45 AA control subjects. To increase our power to detect such an association and to better understand any association detected, we also constructed three-locus haplotypes and compared haplotype frequencies. Results: For both the EA and AA samples, there were no significant differences in allele frequency between substance-dependent and control subjects for any of the three DRD2 polymorphic systems studied. There were also no significant differences in haplotype frequency between substance-dependent and control subjects for either EA or AA subjects; and, finally, there were no significant differences in "A" or "B" system allele frequency by severity. There were, however, significant differences between EAs and AAs. Conclusions: Our data do not support an association between DRD2 alleles or haplotypes and cocaine dependence, in EA or AA subjects. Moreover, DRD2 alleles are not associated with severity of cocaine dependence in this sample.
Properties of diode laser pumps for high-power solid-state lasers

Diode lasers used to pump high average power solid-state lasers typically have broad spectral width so that most of the pump light is not at the peak of the gain medium's absorption feature. However, the long absorption length in these lasers enables even weakly absorbed light to pump efficiently. The result is that high absorption efficiency and improved pump distribution uniformity are possible when using realistic pump diodes. In addition, both quantities are nearly independent of the pump center wavelength.
Chemokines and Their Receptors in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating clinical event which results in a high rate of disability and death. At present, no effective treatment is available for ICH. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammatory responses contribute significantly to the ICH-induced secondary brain outcomes. During ICH, inflammatory cells accumulate at the ICH site attracted by gradients of chemokines. This review summarizes recent progress in ICH studies and the chemoattractants that act during the injury and focuses on and introduces the basic biology of the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) and its role in the progression of ICH. Better understanding of MCP1 signaling cascade and the compensation after its inhibition could shed light on the development of effective treatments for ICH.
Band Mobility of Photoexcited Electrons in Bi 12 SiO 20

collision model were used to describe this drift, the thermal mean free path (,0.2 nm) would be less than the de Broglie wavelength of the electron, and the collision rate times the Planck constant (the uncertainty in the electron energy) would be an order of magnitude greater than the thermal energy. In this “strong coupling” case the Boltzmann equation cannot be expected to apply. We report measurements of mobility vs temperature in n-BSO which can be explained well by a “polaron” theory that avoids the limitations of the Boltzmann equation [4‐7]. An electron in a polar crystal polarizes the lattice in its neighborhood. The electron moving with its accompanying lattice distortion is called a polaron. We argue that a photoelectron in n-BSO constitutes the clearest case of a strongly coupled “large” polaron, i.e., a polaron whose
Examination of US Hispanic-owned, small retail and service businesses: an organizational life cycle approach

Abstract The importance of Hispanic-owned small businesses to the US economy has grown in recent years, yet, many of these businesses lag behind the performance of mainstream firms. One problem may be the lack of research on the strategic issues central to these businesses. This study attempts to fill this gap by examining the characteristics of Hispanic-owned small service and retail firms through the employment of the Churchill and Lewis (1983, Business Review, 30–50) organizational life cycle model. Five stages of business growth, typified by business performance indicators, problems, structural characteristics, and Hispanic owners’ demographics, were identified. Growth stages were found to be similar to those experienced by majority-owned small businesses. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Conducting mis diode gas detectors: the Pd/SiOx/Si hydrogen sensor

Abstract A survey of barrier formation and transport in MS and conducting MIS structures is presented and used to describe the hydrogen sensitivity of Pd/SiO x /Si structures. The presence of the interfacial oxide is shown to be necessary for the palladium diode to be sensitive to hydrogen. The sensitivity of highly responsive devices is shown to be due to Schottky barrier modification in the presence of hydrogen and not to an additional channel of transport caused by an increased interface state density in the presence of hydrogen.
Analysis of compressive creep behavior of the vertebral unit subjected to a uniform axial loading using exact parametric solution equations of Kelvin-solid models-Part I. Human intervertebral joints

The creep response phenomena observed on 47 human intervertebral discs subjected to a constant axial compressive stress was analytically studied by two-, three- and four-parameter-solid models employing the Burns- Kaleps 'exact analysis scheme'. The mechanical properties (Young's moduli and viscosity coefficients) associated with each model were calculated for each of the 47 disks, with superior results obtained for the latter two models. Results for the two-parameter-solid model suggest its possible usefulness in simulating creep response that is characteristic of disk degeneration. Results for the three- and four-parameter-solid models were excellent, with an average error for the model predicted strain, epsilon(ti)cal, values from the experimentally measured, epsilon(ti)exp, values of 2.314% for the former model and 4.446% for the latter model on the 47 human spinal segments analyzed. The three-parameter-solid model was most sensitive in its predictability of strain behavior for ti greater than 1 min; whereas the four-parameter-solid model demonstrated greater simulation sensitivity in the 0 less than ti less than or equal to 1 min range.
The application of monoclonal antibodies for the detection and classification of AML

Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia of adults, and even with considerable improvements in the success of remission induction with chemotherapy, most patients will ultimately die with relapsed leukemia. Despite clinical, morphological, and laboratory evidence of patient heterogeneity, identification of prognostically important subgroups has proven difficult. Age greater than 60 years has been an adverse feature in most studies, and some studies have identified other poor prognostic catagories including a history of myelodysplastic syndrome, prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy, leukemic colony growth characteristics in vitro, presence or absence of bleeding or infection, and the extent of cytogenic abnormalities (1–9). The French-American-British (FAB) classification system for AML based on cell morphology (10,11). Some studies have identified prognostically significant groups within the FAB system (12,13), while others have not (4,14).
An approximate model for binary azeotropic distillation design

Abstract A simple analytical model has been developed for representing vapor-liquid equilibrium data in binary azeotropic mixtures. The method treats the azeotrope as a new pure component and considers the mixture to be composed of two independent binary subsystems; component 1 + azeotrope and azeotrope + component 2. After suitable variable transformations, each subsystem can then be represented by a constant relative volatility type model. The resulting vapor-liquid equilibrium models have been used to derive design equations for binary azeotropic distillation columns.
Immunochemical characterization of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in adult Ascaris suum and its developing larvae.

Abstract Polyclonal antibody was prepared against the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex purified from adult Ascaris suum body wall muscle. The antibody reacted with the E2, X, αE1 and βE1 subunits of the complex in immunoblots of mitochondrial supernatant fractions and homogenates of adult muscle. In addition, the same subunits were observed in immunoblots of homogenates of L3 and L4 ascarid larvae, suggesting that a similar enzyme complex was present in all developmental stages despite their marked differences in energy metabolism. The phosphorylated and dephosphorylated αE1 peptides migrated differently during sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and both forms of the enzyme were recognized by the antibody. These results and those obtained with ELISA suggest that both phosphorylated and dephosphorylated forms of the αE1 subunit react equally well with the antibody. In immunoblots of adult body wall muscle, the phosphorylated αE1 peptide predominated, while immunoblots of L3 larvae contained predominantly the dephosphorylated form. These results reflect the in vivo activity state of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in these two stages and suggest that this technique may be useful for determining the activity state of enzyme complex directly from immunoblots of homogenates A. suum and other helminths.
Influence of Electrolyte Activity on Apparent Formal Potentials Measured for Redox Probes in Water and Acetonitrile

Properties of relatively new polymeric materials are capitalized upon to address a relatively old problem in electrochemistry, the comparison of electrode potentials measured in different solvents. In particular, electrode potentials measured in acetonitrile and in water are compared at voltammetrically relevant concentrations. Activity coefficients are measured for silver perchlorate in acetonitrile using the isopiestic technique. These results are used to interpret the influence of silver perchlorate activity on apparent formal potentials measured in acetonitrile for an electrochemically polymerized redox polymer. Similar measurements are made on the same redox polymer in water, and in both solvents the cell potentials are Nernstian for a simple ionic stoichiometry. The cell potentials measured in acetonitrile are +0.244 V of those measured in water. This difference is consistent with the difference expected from estimates of the free energy of transfer of silver perchlorate. It is also consistent with ...
Crisis or Reconstruction: Mannheim's Alternatives for the Western Democracies

(1970). Crisis or Reconstruction: Mannheim's Alternatives for the Western Democracies. Sociological Focus: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 63-71.
Basophils Are Back

In this issue of Immunity, Tsujimura et al. (2008) report that the release of platelet-activating factor by basophils stimulated with immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1)-antigen immune complexes contributes substantially to the expression of an IgG1-dependent alternative pathway of systemic anaphylaxis in mice.
Micropropagation and callus culture of Saussurea laniceps, an alpine medicinal plant

Cottonhead windhairdaisy (Saussurea laniceps Hand.-Mazz.) is one of the most famous and important medicinal herbs in China. Illegal collection from wild populations is increasingly threatening the present environment of S. laniceps. Establishment of an efficient method for micropropagation is the best way to change its endangered situation. When mature seeds of S. laniceps were cultured on hormone-free MS medium, plantlets were formed from germinated seeds in 7–10 d. Then 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm leaf explants were transplanted to MS medium supplemented with 1-naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA)/2,4-D and benzyladenine (BA)/KT and callus was achieved 10 d after transfer. Shoot bud regeneration occurred from callus cultured on MS medium supplemented with different growth regulators 20 d after culturing. The regeneration percentages varied with the different components of plant growth regulators. The percent regeneration from callus pretreated at low temperature of 5°C increased significantly compared with those incubated at 23/20°C directly. Optimal regeneration was observed with explants on media supplemented with 1.5 mg·L−1 BA plus 0.2 mg·L−1 NAA. In the presence of 0.2 mg·L−1 NAA in half-strength MS, 78% of the shoots formed roots. Plantlets from explants showed 63% survival after acclimatization.
Acute metabolic alkalosis enhances response of C3H mouse mammary tumors to the weak base mitoxantrone.

Uptake of weak acid and weak base chemotherapeutic drugs by tumors is greatly influenced by the tumor extracellular /interstitial pH (pHe), the intracellular pH (p Hi ) maintained by the tumor cells, and by the ionization properties of the drug itself. The acid- outside plasmalemmal pH gradient in tumors acts to exclude weak base drugs like the anthracyclines, anthraquinones, and vinca alkaloids from the cells, leading to a substantial degree of ‘‘physiological drug resistance’’ in tumors. We have induced acute metabolic alkalosis in C3H tumor -bearing C3H /hen mice, by gavage and by intraperitoneal ( i.p. ) administration of NaHCO3. 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurements of 3- aminopropylphosphonate show increases of up to 0.6 pH units in tumor pHe, and 0.2 to 0.3 pH units in hind leg tissue pHe, within 2 hours of i.p. administration of NaHCO3. Theoretical calculations of mitoxantrone uptake into tumor and normal (hind leg) tissue at the measured pHe and pHi values indicate that a gain in therapeutic index of up to 3.3- fold is possible with NaHCO3 pretreatment. Treatment of C3H tumor-bearing mice with 12 mg /kg mitoxantrone resulted in a tumor growth delay of 9 days, whereas combined NaHCO3– mitoxantrone therapy resulted in an enhancement of the TGD to 16 days. Neoplasia ( 2001) 3, 227–235.
Evaluation of an ion-exchanged integrated optic waveguide for solution-phase chemical sensing

Borosilicate glass substrates with etched surface gratings were fabricated via a photolithographic patterning and hydrofluoric etch procedure. Ion-exchanged waveguides supporting multiple modes were produced by exposing etched grating substrates to silver nitrate melt at elevated temperature. Coupling a collimated laser beam to an ion-exchanged waveguide via an etched surface grating results in population of all allowed waveguide modes. Each mode is angularly resolved at the output grating and is imaged with a photodiode array detector. The large electric field density associated with total internal reflection at the glass/solution interface results in extreme sensitivity of the waveguide modes to interfacial phenomenon. In addition, the individual modes are expected to exhibit differential sensitivities to interfacial perturbations due to differences in electric field strength. The described ion- exchanged waveguide evaluation system captures the response of all waveguide modes simultaneously to changes in the chemical composition of the solution phase. Multivariate statistical methods are used to characterize the complicated multi-mode waveguide response.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A dysregulated endocannabinoid-eicosanoid network supports pathogenesis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Although inflammation in the brain is meant as a defense mechanism against neurotoxic stimuli, increasing evidence suggests that uncontrolled, chronic, and persistent inflammation contributes to neurodegeneration. Most neurodegenerative diseases have now been associated with chronic inflammation, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether anti-inflammatory approaches can be used to treat AD, however, is a major unanswered question. We recently demonstrated that monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) hydrolyzes endocannabinoids to generate the primary arachidonic acid pool for neuroinflammatory prostaglandins. In this study, we show that genetic inactivation of MAGL attenuates neuroinflammation and lowers amyloid β levels and plaques in an AD mouse model. We also find that pharmacological blockade of MAGL recapitulates the cytokine-lowering effects through reduced prostaglandin production, rather than enhanced endocannabinoid signaling. Our findings thus reveal a role of MAGL in modulating neuroinflammation and amyloidosis in AD etiology and put forth MAGL inhibitors as a potential next-generation strategy for combating AD.
Interest in Geriatrics at a University Department of Medicine

: To estimate available resources for teaching geriatrics to medical students, a survey of the members of a university Department of Medicine was undertaken. Information was elicited in six areas: 1) personal data, 2) characteristics of each physician's clinical practice, 3) potential interest in a Division of Geriatrics, 4) the comparative levels of aggressiveness indicated in the management of an old patient versus a young one, 5) the attitude of physicians toward the elderly, and 6) a rough measure of knowledge of the demographic characteristics of the elderly. The results suggest that a significant number of faculty members of a university medical school would indeed be interested in teaching and research in the field of geriatrics.