cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Search for Personality Genes: Adventures of a Molecular Biologist

variations can occur in all possible combinations, there are more pos sible human DNA sequences than there are people who have ever walked the Earth, or who ever will be born before our solar system disappears. By studying twins and adoptees, behavioral geneticists have pro duced evidence that these differ ences in DNA have an important impact on how people think, act, and feel. Broad personality traits such as neuroticism or extraver sion, specific behaviors such as smoking cigarettes or drinking al cohol, and even subjective states such as happiness all show sub stantial heritability; typically, 40% to 60% of the variation between people is due to genes (Cloninger, Adolfsson, & Svrakic, 1996; Hamer, 1996). What behavioral genetics has not been able to determine is how many different genes are in volved in these traits and what
Group Cognitive—Behavioral Therapy and Group Interpersonal Psychotherapy for the Nonpurging Bulimic Individual A Controlled Comparison

This study evaluated the effectiveness of group cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) and group interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) for binge eating. Fifty-six women with nonpurging bulimia were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: CBT, IPT, or a wait-list control (WL). Treatment was administered in small groups that met for 16 weekly sessions. At posttreatment, both group CBT and group IPT treatment conditions showed significant improvement in reducing binge eating, whereas the WL condition did not. Binge eating remained significantly below baseline levels for both treatment conditions at 6-month and 1-year follow-ups. These data support the central role of both eating behavior and interpersonal factors in the understanding and treatment of bulimia.
Attitudinal Entailment and Resistance to Change

Summary An examination has been made of the relationship between resistance to attitude change and attitudinal entailment, which is the extent to which a particular attitude is related to other attitudes and beliefs. Male and female college students (n = 144) estimated either entailment, psycho-logic (the unique series of syllogisms necessary for an attitudinal conclusion), or neither of these two concerning three hypothetical people with opinions on different issues. The Ss then did or did not (change manipulation) estimate how these people would react to counterattitudinal information. The rating scales completed at the end of the experiment showed that increasing entailment increased resistance to change both concerning predictions about the hypothetical people and, more importantly, concerning the Ss' own attitudes. Increasing psycho-logic or neither entailment nor psychologic did not increase resistance to change (all p's < .05). This pattern held for all three issues (hypothetical people). These res...
Frontolimbic responses to emotional face memory: The neural correlates of first impressions

First impressions, especially of emotional faces, may critically impact later evaluation of social interactions. Activity in limbic regions, including the amygdala and ventral striatum, has previously been shown to correlate with identification of emotional content in faces; however, little work has been done describing how these signals may influence emotional face memory. We report an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study in 21 healthy adults where subjects attempted to recognize a neutral face that was previously viewed with a threatening (angry or fearful) or nonthreatening (happy or sad) affect. In a hypothesis-driven region of interest analysis, we found that neutral faces previously presented with a threatening affect recruited the left amygdala. In contrast, faces previously presented with a nonthreatening affect activated the left ventral striatum. A whole-brain analysis revealed increased response in the right orbitofrontal cortex to faces previously seen with threatening affect. These effects of prior emotion were independent of task performance, with differences being seen in the amygdala and ventral striatum even if only incorrect trials were considered. The results indicate that a network of frontolimbic regions may provide emotional bias signals during facial recognition.
Doctors, Decisions, and the Law

So much has been written about the Saikewicz decision1 that any further commentary needs justification. My reasons for continuing the discussion are twofold. First, there is still no consensus on what exactly the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court really meant to say. More cases will need to be tried before we have a clear understanding of what the law in this state expects families and physicians to do when life-and-death decisions must be made for incompetent patients with irreversible illness. Meanwhile, it should be useful to delineate the limits of our uncertainty. Second, I believe that in addressing this issue the court took hold of a basic moral question that goes to the heart of one of the most important problems in medical ethics. Even if there had been no Saikewicz case, we would still be wrestling with the underlying issue. I therefore want to direct my remarks briefly to the decision itself and then I wish to focus on the ethical questions it raises.
Feeding Behavior of the Large Milkweed Bug, Oncopellus fasciatus

The feeding behavior of Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) was studied from the standpoint of its being divisible into four behavioral components: (1) Orientation to the dietary substrate was found to be an antennal function, but could occur from only very short distances. Attractants in the milkweed seed coat elicited an orientation response. (2) Initiation of feeding involved contact of the labium with the diet. Labial contact was followed by stylet penetration and release of salivary secretions. Contact chemoreceptors on the labium were stimulated by unidentified chemical factors occurring in the milkweed seed coat. (3) Maintenance of feeding was found to be primarily dependent on sensory input from chemoreceptors situated internal to the stylets. Sugars and amino acids, as well as unidentified stimulants in the seed coat, played a role in determining the duration of feeding. (4) Cessation of feeding occurred as the result of sensory adaptation to the feeding stimulants and, probably, depletion of the insect's supply of salivary secretion. The feeding behavior pattern was followed by a water drinking behavior, mediated by hygroreceptors of the antennae and possibly unidentified internal receptors. After sensory disadaptation and renewal of salivary secretions, the bug was again ready to go into the feeding behavior pattern.
Use of Insecticide to Control Destructive Activity of Ants during Trapping of Small Mammals

Feeding by ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), particularly fire ants ( Solenopsis invicta ), can negatively affect trapping of small mammals. To reduce loss of bait and mutilation of captured specimens by ants during a study of small mammals in eastern North Carolina, we treated one-half of our trap sites with a chemical insecticide. We evaluated the effects of use of insecticide on trapping of small mammals in three pine-plantation and two pocosin habitats that differed in levels of activity and abundance of fire ants. Use of insecticide did not affect overall capture yield or probabilities of capture for any of the 12 species of small mammals we caught. Rates of mutilation of specimens were lower where insecticides were used, but were significantly reduced only in habitats where abundance of fire ants was high. Use of insecticide reduced destructive and total activity of ants, although effectiveness varied with abundance of fire ants. Destructive and total activity levels of ants were highest where fire ants were abundant, but effects of insecticide on activity were proportionally greater in habitats where fire ants were less abundant or absent.
Population Dynamics of the Beet Leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker), and Associated Empoasca spp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and Their Egg Parasitoids on Sugar Beets in Southern California

The relative population densities of Circulifer tenellus (Baker), associated leafhoppers, and their egg parasitoids were monitored on sugar beets in four different geographical locations in southern California. Yellow sticky cards were used to trap adult leafhoppers. Peak flight activity of adult C. tenellus and Empoasca spp. occurred in late spring and summer, although flight activity was common throughout the year. Sugar beet leaf samples were collected to monitor oviposition of leafhoppers and parasitization by egg parasitoids. Egg parasitoids collected were Anagrus giraulti Crawford, Polynema sp. and Gonatocerus sp. (Mymaridae), and Paracentrobia sp. and Aphelinoidea sp. (Trichogrammatidae). The observed rate of egg parasitization exceeded 90% at numerous intervals throughout 1982 and 1983, which appeared to have a major impact on leafhopper population density, resulting in low numbers of nymphs emerging from pesticide-free sugar beets.
Cognitive Deficits Related to Focal Spike Location in Benign Partial Epilepsy

The topographic relation between focal spikes and neuropsychological deficits in children with benign partial epilepsy (BPE) was investigated using magnetoencephalography (MEG), electroencephalography (EEG) and MRI in a study of 27 children at University Children’s Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany, and University of Trento, Italy.
0065 Associations of Symptoms of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Peritraumatic Dissociation, and the role of Trauma Prior to Police Work

Objectives Our objective was to determine if symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated with peritraumatic dissociation, and if this association is modified by trauma prior to police work. Method Symptoms of depression, PTSD symptoms, peritraumatic dissociative experience (PDE), and trauma before police work were measured using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, PTSD Check List-Civilian Version, PDE questionnaire, and the brief trauma questionnaire, respectively in 328 police officers. Separate regression models were used to assess if either symptoms of depression or symptoms of PTSD were associated with PDE stratified by prior trauma. Means were adjusted for race, number of drinks per week, and smoking. Results PDE was significantly positively associated with symptoms of PTSD and depression (β = 0.642, p = 0.0001 and β = 0.276, p = 0.0002, respectively). PDE was positively associated with symptoms of PTSD regardless of trauma before police work (β = 0.599, p Conclusions The results indicate that an increase in PDE is associated with an increase in symptoms of depression and PTSD. The results also show that PDE is associated with symptoms of PTSD regardless of prior trauma. In contrast, PDE was associated with depression symptoms only in individuals with prior trauma, indicating prior trauma may modify this relationship.
Variceal Hemorrhage in a Patient With Hepatitis C Virus Cirrhosis in Whom Liver Synthetic Function had Normalized After Viral Elimination

We report a case of variceal hemorrhage in a patient with hepatitis C (HCV) cirrhosis that occurred despite HCV-undetectability for 3.5 years and normalization of liver synthetic function (albumin 2.8 to 3.8 mg/dL).
Research and Development Teams' Incentive Mechanism Based on Value Creation

In order to improve the research and development teams' incentive mechanism,value creation was taken as performance standard and research and development teams ' incentive mechanism was studied on the premise of maximization for overall efficiency including individual task output,team task output and management task output. On the basis of the traditional conclusions,it is found that agents in monopoly industries make less effort than ones in competitive industries,so it is necessary to introduce competitive mechanism inside or transform monopoly industries into competitive industries when condition is mature. In the meantime,it is found that team cooperation and member's support each other have significant positive influence on effort,which requires research and development teams to reinforce cooperation,encourage members to support each other and restrain defeating behavior.
The Surgical Management of Scrotal and Penile Lymphedema

Presented here are 3 cases of penile and scrotal lymphedema of different etiologies and the results of surgical treatment. Also presented is a brief discussion of the etiology, pathophysiology and surgical techniques useful in treating scrotal and penile lymphedema.
Simulating the superheating of nanomaterials due to latent heat release in surface reconstruction

Abstract Surface reconstruction and phase transformation in nanomaterials can result in a significant rise in temperature due to the release of stored energy called “latent heat.” To simulate this behavior, we propose a hybrid continuum partial differential equation for non-Fourier heat transfer with a stochastic source term modeled using a kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) algorithm for time-dependent rates to account for the latent heat release as the temperature is changing. The parameters required for the method are obtained through independent atomistic calculations. This includes energy barriers for KMC rates obtained using nudged elastic band calculations, and the non-Fourier thermal parameters obtained using a novel thermal parameter identification scheme described in this paper. As a demonstration of the approach, we study the superheating of silicon nanobeams observed in non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations. In these simulations, silicon (001) surfaces undergo a reconstruction from the ideal diamond crystalline surface to a reconstructed structure involving the formation of rows of dimers along a 〈 110 〉 direction. This reconstruction is accompanied by latent heat release that causes the nanobeam to dramatically superheat. The evolution of the nonuniform temperature profile along the nanobeam predicted by the continuum–KMC method is in excellent agreement with the NEMD results. A logarithmic dependence of the superheating temperature on nanobeam length is observed and theoretically discussed.
Studies of a novel modified E2F-targeted peptide with activity against castration-resistant prostate cancer.

205Background: The E2F family of genes encodes transcription factors that are key to the regulation of a number of target genes, including those encoding cyclins, CDKs, checkpoints regulators, and ...
Systematic Assessment Reveals Lack of Understandability for Prostate Biopsy Online Patient Education Materials.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy, readability, understandability, and actionability of Internet patient education materials (PEM) about transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. Methods A comprehensive Internet search was performed to find PEM with pre- or postbiopsy instructions. PEM that were duplicates, government affiliated, international, or video based were excluded. Biopsy instructions were evaluated for accuracy and presence of essential topics. Readability was assessed via word count and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level. Understandability and actionability were measured using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT). Effects of authorship and geographical variation were determined using Fischer exact and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results We identified 148 unique PEM. Only 31 (21%) sites adhered to the recommended P = .02) and unaffiliated PEM ( P = .01). No websites had inaccurate content. Only 2 PEM sites (1%) included all essential content (stop anticoagulants, antibiotics, need for urinalysis, biopsy pain, when to resume activity, and bleeding complications). Few significant differences based on geographic region were observed for word count, readability, PEMAT scores, or content. Conclusion Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy PEM adhere poorly to guidelines for easy-to-understand materials. Most PEM lack vital information and are written at a reading level that is too complex for patient comprehension. The urology community can construct better websites by consulting PEM advisory materials and providing nontechnical language, figures, and specific instructions.
Structure and rheology of dual-associative protein hydrogels under nonlinear shear flow

Dual-associative protein di- and triblock copolymers composed of sticker-decorated midblocks and micelle-forming elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) endblocks form shear-thinning, thermoresponsively reinforceable hydrogels that are potentially useful as injectable materials for a variety of applications. Here, the combination of rheological and in situ scattering measurements under shear on these dual-associative gels is employed in order to better understand how block architecture plays a role in controlling microscopic structural rearrangement and the resulting macroscopic mechanical responses. These gels, which form a disordered sphere phase due to endblock aggregation under quiescent conditions with the midblock domains physically crosslinked by protein associations, exhibit both viscoelastic and thixotropic signatures with relative magnitudes dependent upon gel concentration and block architecture. In situ SAXS measurements during flow indicate that these thixotropic responses correspond to the development of ordered domains following start-up of shear. For both architectures, the rate of alignment increases with increasing concentration. However, the rate of domain formation when increasing the temperature from 35 to 50 °C depends on the interplay between thermoresponsive toughening of the endblocks and softening of the coiled-coil domains such that rate of rearrangement decreases in the triblock while it increases in the diblock. Following a step-down in shear flow, structural rearrangement within the samples results in a thixotropic stress response. Upon cessation of flow, gel recovery is characterized by a concentration-dependent restoration of the micellar network over time, with two timescales observed that correspond to two different length scales of network relaxation.
Parallel particle swarm optimization can solve many optimization problems quickly on GPUS

Particle swarm optimization simulates the way a flock or swarm of birds, fish, or other animals move through space and uses that to search for a good solution to a problem. This optimization method is easily adapted to a variety of problems and is easily parallelized since the same calculations are performed for each particle in the swarm. For many problems, a parallel implementation run on a powerful graphics card's multi-core processor (GPU) runs hundreds or thousands of times faster than a serial implementation run on a CPU. This is shown by using parallel particle swarm optimization on GPUs to solve several different facility location problems.
Potential-of-Mean-Force Approach for Molecular Dynamics–Based Resilience Assessment of Structures

AbstractA molecular dynamics (MD)–based structural mechanics approach is proposed for the assessment of resilience of buildings. At the core of the approach, potentials of mean force (PMFs) suitabl...
Third-Order Control of a Planar System Tracking Constant Curvature Paths

This paper develops the Cubic of Stationary Curvature for a planar two-revolute open chain. The Cubic is then used to develop a third-order of resolved motion rate control for constant curvature paths. The third-order of control increases the tracking accuracy of the two-revolute system and raises the question of optimal order of control.
Electron Tunneling in Electrochemical STM

Electron tunneling in the electrochemical STM poses theoretical and experimental challenges. Here, we show how a simple ‘quantum dot’ model can be used to investigate coherent tunneling in water. A conservative estimate indicates that there are 4 to 5 water molecules in a tunneling pathway of GΩ resistance. The ‘tunneling barrier’ may be quite high (similar to vacuum tunneling) if molecules remain rigid as the gap is increased. On the other hand, tunnel current may decay slowly with distance if the water in the gap behaves as a ‘liquid’. The main impediment to repeatable experimental data has been cleanliness of the sample. When voltametric data is characteristic of clean surfaces, we obtain reproducible data for electron tunneling barriers. These data show both types of behavior expected theoretically. When small electric fields are applied to a gap containing a non-binding electrolyte, the decay is slow (characteristic of a liquid). As the electric field is increased, the barrier increases in a manner consistent with a field-induced ‘freezing’. We conclude that the structure of the molecular cluster plays a major role in the tunneling. The simple one-electron, zero temperature model has proved to be a useful guide to modelling. We illustrate this by analyzing STM contrast of synthetic DNA fragments embedded in a phosphate adlayer on a Au(111) electrode. The fitted data suggest that there are at least 6 water molecules in a tunnel gap of GΩ resistance.
Beyond minimizing change

We introduce a new methodology for comparing nonmonotonic treatments of change. We consider the elaboration tolerance of various proposals. The elaboration tolerance of a non-monotonic approach is defined as the elaborations, or changes, that can be made to the non-monotonic consequences, by conjoining on new information. The standard problem, the frame assumption, is capturing the tendency of properties to persist over time. We show that almost all approaches allow new effects to be added, and preconditions to be dropped. There are other ways of describing the world, and we investigate one in particular, assuming there are as few preconditions for an action as possible. This is equivalent to assuming that actions change properties as often as possible, if they ever change that property. We show that this assumption is in conflict with the usual frame assumption. We show that this methodology allows new effects to be added, and preconditions to be added. We show that this precondition assumption is naturally opposite to the frame assumption. We then show that this assumption can be naturally captured in a similar way to the frame problem, using circumscription.
On-farm pilot-scale testing of black ultraviolet light and photocatalytic coating for mitigation of odor, odorous VOCs, and greenhouse gases

Technologies for controlling gaseous emissions of livestock is of interest to producers, the public, and regulatory agencies. In our previous lab-scale study, the use of a photocatalytic coating on surfaces subjected to black ultraviolet light reduced emissions of key odorant compounds relevant to the livestock industry. Thus, an on-farm pilot-scale experiment was conducted at a commercial swine barn to evaluate a photocatalytic coating on surfaces subjected to ultraviolet light under field conditions. A flow-through reactor was constructed with a TiO2-based photocatalytic coating on the interior surfaces and black ultraviolet light fixtures. The reactor was deployed in a room downstream of the entire swine barn exhaust. Gas samples were collected from three sampling ports in the reactor, one at the inlet (control), the midpoint (half treatment) and the outlet (treatment). Compared to the control, significant reductions in emissions were observed for p-cresol (22%), odor (16%) and nitrous oxide (9%). A significant increase in carbon dioxide (3%) was also measured. Results show that the TiO2-based photocatalytic coating and black UV light are effective in mitigating odor, a key VOC responsible for downwind swine odor, and one important greenhouse effect gas when subjected to swine barn exhaust.
“If they focus on giving us a chance in life we can actually do something in this world”: Poverty, inequality, and youths’ critical consciousness.

Critical consciousness (CC) has emerged as a framework for understanding how low-income and racial/ethnic minority youth recognize, interpret, and work to change the experiences and systems of oppression that they face in their daily lives. Despite this, relatively little is known about how youths' experiences with economic hardship and structural oppression shape how they "read their world" and motivate participation in critical action behaviors. We explore this issue using a mixed-methods design and present our findings in two studies. In Study 1 we examine the types of issues that a sample of low-income and predominantly racial/ethnic minority youth (ages 13-17) living in the Chicago area discuss when asked to reflect on issues that are important to them. The most commonly mentioned themes were community violence (59%), prejudice and intolerance (31%), world issues (25%), and economic disparities (18%). In Study 2 we examine youths' quantitative reports of engaging in critical action behavior; more than 65% had participated in at least one activity targeting social change in the previous 6 months. We then examined relationships between youths' experiences with poverty within their households and neighborhoods, neighborhood income inequality, and exposure to violence and youths' likelihood of participating in critical action behaviors. Greater exposure to violence and neighborhood income inequality were related to an increased likelihood of engaging in critical action behaviors. This work highlights the diverse ways that low-income and racial/ethnic minority youth reflect on societal inequality and their commitment to effecting change through sociopolitical participation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Risen from Ruins: The Cultural Politics of Rebuilding East Berlin

Paul Stangl’s Risen from Ruins: The Cultural Politics of Rebuilding East Berlin is a highly detailed and very comprehensive history of the high-level debates, decisions, and policies which shaped t...
Efficient Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoils

A low speed wind tunnel investigation is presented characterizing the effect of leading and trailing edge flaps on thin flat plate airfoils at low Reynolds numbers. Flap size and setting angle were...
Acromion Types and Role of Corticosteroid with Shoulder Impingement Syndrome.

Objective To determine the association between shoulder impingement and morphological characteristics of acromion and the role of sub-acromial injection of methylprednisolone in the short-term treatment for relieving pain and improve functional disability of these patients. Study design A descriptive study. Place and duration of study Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Unit-I (DOST-I), Mayo Hospital, Lahore, between November 2013 to June 2014. Methodology All patients presented in OPD with shoulder pain were included as subjects and evaluated by clinical test and categorised using X-ray scapula Y-view. Patients with impingement syndrome were correlated with Bigliani types and offered intra-lesional injection into sub-acromial space with 2ml of xylocaine 2% and 40 mg of methylprednisolone using 22 gauge needle. The effectiveness was assessed in terms of relieving pain and good functional outcomes; and rotator cuff tear was clinically assessed among impingement positive patient. The pain was assessed using visual analogue score before and after the administration of the injection. Demographic variables for frequencies and their associations were analysed using SPSS version 20.0. Significance level was p Results Among the 101 cases, there was no case of tear of rotator cuff tendon on clinical assessment. Majority of the patients (58.4%) were females with mean age of 31.38 ±1.13 years. Majority 57 (56.4%) of the patients had acromion type II (curved), which was the most common cause of shoulder impingement. Most had moderate pain. Thirty-four patients required intralesional steroid, which relieved the pain in 31 of them. Conclusion Shoulder impingement syndrome without tear of rotator cuff tendon was found in younger age group between 40 to 45 years, which was relieved by intralesional corticosteroid administration. These patients had type II (curved) acromion, according to Bigliani classification.
AGO HITS-CLIP in Adipose Tissue Reveals miR-29 as a Post-Transcriptional Regulator of Leptin

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs that associate with Argonaute (AGO) to regulate mRNA stability and translation. While individual miRNAs have been shown to play important roles in white and brown adipose tissue in normal physiology and disease1,2,3, a comprehensive analysis of miRNA activity in these tissues has not been performed. We used high-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by crosslinking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP) to comprehensively characterize the network of high-confidence, in vivo mRNA:miRNA interactions across white and brown fat, revealing over 100,000 unique miRNA binding sites. Targets for each miRNA were ranked to generate a catalog of miRNA binding activity, and the miR-29 family emerged as a top regulator of adipose tissue gene expression. Among the top targets of miR-29 was leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone that acts on the brain to regulate food intake and energy expenditure4. Two independent miR-29 binding sites in the leptin 3’-UTR were validated using luciferase assays, and miR-29 gain and loss-of-function modulated leptin mRNA and protein secretion in primary adipocytes. In mice, miR-29 abundance inversely correlated with leptin levels in two independent models of obesity. This work represents the only experimentally generated miRNA targetome in adipose tissue and identifies the first known post-transcriptional regulator of leptin. Future work aimed at manipulating miR-29:leptin binding may provide a therapeutic opportunity to treat obesity and its sequelae.
Peoples of the Book (380–661)

In the early 440s, Salvian of Marseilles ( c . 400– c . 480), known as a “teacher of bishops,” surveyed with great distress the changing world of the Roman Empire in the West. His On the Government of God was a sad record of failures, past and present: the Israelites of the Old Testament; his contemporary Latin Christians. To Salvian's eye, the religious landscape of the late Roman Empire was dark. Roman orthodox Christians were sinners, spurning God. And when Salvian wrote, the Germanic peoples then well advanced in transforming the empire, through settlement and conquest, were either pagans or heretical Arian Christians. Uneducated and unromanized barbarians, sighed Salvian, “follow blindly” whatever someone tells them is the truth, and in this way they had fallen into the heresy of Arianism: So they are heretics, but unwittingly. Indeed, it is only among us that they are heretics, and not among themselves, for they are so sure of their own orthodoxy that they libel us in turn by the accusation of heresy. As they are to us, so are we to them … God bears with them patiently, I think, for he sees that though they have not the true faith, yet their error is due to the love of what appears to be the truth, especially since he knows that their wrongdoing is due to ignorance. What made this worse was that their heresies “spring originally from the false teaching they received from the Romans, and the inception of heresy among them becomes another heavy charge against us.” If orthodox Romans were sinners, and Germanic Christians accidental heretics, then Roman heretics were the worst of all: “their lack of faith makes them worse than the Romans, and their disgraceful lives than the barbarians.” Given all these failures, it was “easy” for Salvian “to estimate what the whole Roman state deserves”: a just punishment from God, like that Salvian was witnessing in that state's slow collapse.
David Oliver: Hospitals are not "half empty".

The pandemic has seen a recurring assertion in mainstream and social media that hospitals are empty. The implication is that earlier concerns about hospitals being overwhelmed were exaggerated or that clinical staff are workshy, while managers are incompetent or complacent about patients without covid-19 awaiting treatment. But the current low, if steadily rising, numbers of inpatients with covid-191 don’t mean that hospitals are hibernating. The Daily Telegraph reported recently that hospitals were “eerily quiet” and “literally half empty.” If you work in acute general hospitals it’s hard to read this stuff and not get upset. Members of the public then engage in frustration with doctors, asking us to explain or defend this fake news. I can see how the impression of “emptiness” might take hold for people who set foot in a hospital. They’re not quite as full as they were before the …
Mechanism and Reaction Energy Landscape for Apiose Cross-Linking by Boric Acid in Rhamnogalacturonan II

Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II)-the most complex polysaccharide known in nature-exists as a borate cross-linked dimer in the plant primary cell wall. Boric acid facilitates the formation of this cross-link on the apiosyl residues of RG-II's side chain A. Here, we detail the reaction mechanism for the cross-linking process with ab initio calculations coupled with transition state theory. We determine the formation of the first ester linkage to be the rate-limiting step of the mechanism. Our findings demonstrate that the regio- and stereospecific nature of subsequent steps in the reaction itinerary presents four distinct energetically plausible reaction pathways. This has significant implications for the overall structure of the cross-linked RG-II dimer assembly. Our transition state and reaction path analyses reveal key geometric insights that corroborate previous experimental hypotheses on borate ester formation reactions.
Spectral curves and the Schrödinger equations for the Eynard-Orantin recursion

It is predicted that the principal specialization of the partition function of a B-model topological string theory, that is mirror dual to an A-model enumerative geometry problem, satisfies a Schrodinger equation, and that the characteristic variety of the Schrodinger operator gives the spectral curve of the B-model theory, when an algebraic K -theory obstruction vanishes. In this paper we present two concrete mathematical A-model examples whose mirror dual partners exhibit these predicted features on the B-model side. The A-model examples we discuss are the generalized Catalan numbers of an arbitrary genus and the single Hurwitz numbers. In each case, we show that the Laplace transform of the counting functions satisfies the Eynard–Orantin topological recursion, that the B-model partition function satisfies the KP equations, and that the principal specialization of the partition function satisfies a Schrodinger equation whose total symbol is exactly the Lagrangian immersion of the spectral curve of the Eynard–Orantin theory.
Driving Through the Dense Fog: Analysis of and Proposed Changes to Ohio Tortious Interference Law

This Article summarizes and analyzes each element of a claim for tortious interference with a contract or a business relationship under Ohio law. It argues that certain conduct should constitute tortious interference and that other conduct should not. Although my Article focuses on Ohio law, it has a national application. The Article argues that the law of tortious interference should be developed to further competition, to protect the contractual rights of parties, and to encourage freedom of action for the alleged interferer. This Article (1) discusses when businesses and competitors may lawfully interfere with the contracts or business relationships of others, an issue that arises frequently in the business world; (2) analyzes the flaws in Ohio's ill-defined tortious interference law; and (3) argues that Ohio courts should adopt four new standards, which are based on the law of jurisdictions outside of Ohio and public policies. To guide readers through the Article, the Article discusses a hypothetical situation where a client (a manufacturer of alarm clocks, Sleepy, Inc.) seeks legal advice regarding the viability of its tortious interference claims against Sleepy's competitor (Wake-Up Later, Inc.) and former salesperson (Traitor Tom). Only two articles have addressed the law of tortious interference in Ohio, but those articles are from 1993 and 1996. Those articles, in substantial part, are now outdated based on more recent cases.
Pathways to Multitemporal Radar Sounding in Terrestrial Glaciology

Radar sounding from airborne and ground-based platforms is one of the most powerful geophysical techniques in terrestrial glaciology. It can be used to probe a wide range of conditions from the near surface to the base of ice sheets and ice shelves. However, although these conditions are known to evolve on timescales from hours to centuries, the vast majority of terrestrial radar sounding observations are the lone observation at their given location. This has prevented the study of temporally evolving subglacial conditions using radar sounding in all but the most heavily-surveyed regions. Fortunately, recent advances in multi-system data analysis, digitized archival radar film, high-altitude autonomous sounding, and sounder sensor networks are putting terrestrial multitemporal radar sounding within reach. This paper discusses those advances as well as pathways to their large-scale implementation.
Elevated plasma neurofilament light predicts a faster rate of cognitive decline over 5 years in participants with objectively-defined subtle cognitive decline and MCI.

Introduction Neurofilament light (NFL) reflects neuroaxonal damage and is implicated in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Little is known about NFL in pre-MCI stages, such as in individuals with objectively-defined subtle cognitive decline (Obj-SCD). Methods Two hundred ninety-four participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) underwent baseline blood draw and serial neuropsychological testing over 5 years of follow-up. Results Individuals with Obj-SCD and MCI showed elevated baseline plasma NFL relative to the cognitively normal (CN) group. Across the sample, elevated NFL predicted faster rate of cognitive and functional decline. Within the Obj-SCD and MCI groups, higher NFL levels predicted faster rate of decline in memory and preclinical AD composite score compared to the CN group. Discussion Findings demonstrate the utility of plasma NFL as a biomarker of early AD-related changes, and provide support for the use of Obj-SCD criteria in clinical research to better capture subtle cognitive changes.
Profiles of Social Coping Resources Among Latinos: A Latent Class Analysis

Latinos are the largest minority population in the United States, comprising 17.8% of the total U.S. population in 2016 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2018). Moreover, Latinos are an aging population, such that the number of Latinos ages 65 and older is projected to increase from 8% in 2016 to 21% by 2060 in the United States (U.S. Census Bureau, 2018). Latinos also face a high burden of chronic disease. Relative to Whites, Latinos fare worse on indicators of well-being, such as self-rated health (Liang et al., 2010) and depressive symptoms (Gonzalez, Tarraf, Whitfield, & Vega, 2010). This aging population faces a range of comorbidities and challenges in chronic disease management that further exacerbate health problems (Abraido-Lanza, White, Armbrister, & Link, 2006; Campos, Ullman, Aguilera, & Dunkel Schetter, 2014). Consequently, a major public health challenge among Latinos is disease management. To improve disease management and promote healthy aging among this population, it is important to identify coping patterns, as this will identify under-resourced groups for health promotion efforts.
Detection and Quantification of Gluten during the Brewing and Fermentation of Beer Using Antibody-Based Technologies.

In 2013 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defined the term “gluten-free” and identified a gap in the analytical methodology for detection and quantification of gluten in foods subjected to fermentation and hydrolysis. To ascertain the ability of current enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to detect and quantify gluten in fermented and hydrolyzed products, sorghum beer was spiked in the initial phases of production with 0, 20, and 200 μg/ml wheat gluten, and samples were collected throughout the beer production process. The samples were analyzed using five sandwich ELISAs and two competitive ELISAs and by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with Western analysis employing four antibodies (MIoBS, R5, G12, and Skerritt). The sensitivity of the MIoBS ELISA (0.25 ppm) enabled the reliable detection of gluten throughout the manufacturing process, including fermentation, when the initial concentration of 20 μg/ml dropped to 2 μg/ml. The R5 antibody–based and G12 antibody–b...
Retaliatory Capital Allocation or Defensive Dual Sourcing; the Boeing Dreamliner Case

The General Counsel’s decision to file a complaint in the Boeing case was an appropriate response to a major industrial decision that posed new questions about how to resolve a central tension in the National Labor Relations Act. On the one hand, the Act protects concerted activity by employees to enhance their wages and working conditions, while, on the other hand, the Act maintains the freedom of employers to make important capital allocation decisions. Resolution of this tension requires drawing a fine line, on the basis of a series of Supreme Court decisions, between legal capital allocations that are implemented to protect the employer from the effects of future strikes, and illegal capital allocations that are implemented to retaliate against employees for engaging in past strikes in order to discourage future strikes. Illegal retaliatory capital allocations may include some that do not result in an immediate reduction of employment opportunities.
Examining the Contribution of Information Technology Toward Productivity and Profitability in U.S. Retail Banking

There has been much debate on whether or not the investment in Information Technology (IT) provides improvements in productivity and business efficiency. Several studies both at the industry-level and at the firm-level have contributed differing understandings of this phenomenon. Of late, however, firm-level studies, primarily in the manufacturing sector, have shown that there are significant positive contributions from IT investments toward productivity. This study examines the effect of IT investment on both productivity and profitability in the retail banking sector. Using data collected through a major study of retail banking institutions in the United States, this paper concludes that additional investment in IT capital may have no real benefits and may be more of a strategic necessity to stay even with the competition. However, the results indicate that there are substantially high returns to increase in investment in IT labor, and that retail banks need to shift their emphasis in IT investment from capital to labor.
An Approach to Anytime Learning

Anytime learning is a general approach to continuous learning in a changing environment. The agent's learning module continuously tests new strategies against a simulation model of the task environment, and dynamically updates the knowledge base used by the agent on the basis of the results. The execution module controls the agent's interaction with the environment, and includes a monitor that can dynamically modify the simulation model based on its observations of the environment. When the simulation model is modified, the learning process is restarted on the modified model. The learning system is assumed to operate indefinitely, and the execution system uses the results of learning as they become available. An experimental study tests one of the key aspects of this design using a two-agent cat-and-mouse game as the task environment.
A Framework for Sensitivity Analysis in Spatial Multiple Criteria Evaluation

The paper presents a framework for sensitivity analysis (SA) in spatial multiple criteria evaluation (S-MCE). The framework focuses on three aspects of S-MCE: spatiality, scope, and cardinality. Spatiality stresses the importance of spatial criteria and spatial weights that should be explicitly considered in GIS-based MCE. Scope relates to the extent of SA, ranging from local one-at-a-time criterion examination to global testing of interdependencies among the multiple criteria model components. Cardinality addresses the duality of motivation for performing SA, namely, single-user learning and group consensus building. The framework organizes the existing SA techniques according to spatiality and scope and can be used as a conceptual guide in selecting SA techniques fitting a task at hand.
LANGUAGE, ETHNIC IDENTITY, AND ADAPTATION OF ETHNIC MIGRANTS IN POST-SOVIET KAZAKHSTAN

In this work the author considers the issue of ethnic migration in the Republic of Kazakhstan and analyzes the problems of the adaptation and integration of repatriates into Kazakhstani society. The key issue of the research is the expectations of ethnic Kazakh repatriates versus the reality of their life on returning to their ethnic homeland. The author considers such issues as the ethnic identity of migrants, the linguistic adaptation of repatriates, the social and economic difficulties they face, culture shock, and the stereotypes that others have about them. Special attention is paid to the issue of “insider/outsider” and the way these lines are drawn in Kazakhstani society today.
Short‐Term Testing for Genotoxicity

Exposure to particular chemicals or complex mixtures can lead to cancer in later life, and it is now believed that many cancers can arise from damage to DNA and the resulting mutations. As a consequence of this, it has become necessary to determine whether widely used chemicals or potentially useful new chemicals possess the ability to damage DNA. Data concerning the genotoxicity of a new chemical have become part of the basic toxicological information package. In this chapter, the individual test systems that are required for genotoxicity screening are described together with a discussion on how the results obtained should be interpreted. The test systems described are the bacterial mutation assay (commonly termed the Ames test), in vitro mammalian cell assays for the detection of chromosome damage and gene mutations, and in vivo rodent assays for the detection of micronuclei and unscheduled DNA repair synthesis. As well as these primary test systems, there is also a description of the supplementary assays that may be required when investigating positive effects, including the comet assay and gene mutation assays using transgenic animals. Detailed guidance on the performance of any of these tests is not given, but this information is referenced at the end of the chapter. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of some of the recent developments in the field, specifically the use of modified assays for high-throughput screening, the application of expert computer systems for predicting genotoxicity, and the possible impact of toxicogenomics on genotoxicity screening in the future. Keywords: genotoxicity; in vitro metabolic activation; Ames test; mouse lymphoma assay; metaphase analysis; micronucleus tests; flow cytometry; liver UDS test; comet assay; transgenic assays; aneuploidy; high-throughput screening; computer prediction systems; toxicogenomics
Fermentable sugar release from Jatropha seed cakes following lime pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis

Composition change of Jatropha seed cake samples was evaluated upon lime pretreatment at 100 degrees C with different parameters. With a lime dose of 0.2 g and a water content of 10 ml per gram of cake and a treatment period of 1 h, 38.2 +/- 0.6% of lignin was removed. However, 65 +/- 16% of hemicellulose was also lost under this condition. For all the treatments tested, cellulose content was not affected by lime supplementation. Through further examining total reducing sugar (TRS) release by enzymatic hydrolysis after lime pretreatment, we have found that 0.1 g of lime and 9 ml of water per gram of cake and 3 h pretreatment produced the maximal 68.9% conversion of cellulose. Without lime pretreatment, the highest cellulose conversion was 33.3%. One microalgal species, Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 was able to grow on the hydrolyzates and generate a biomass density of 3.2 g/l in 4 days. Published by Elsevier Ltd.