cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Augmentation of a Long-term Monitoring Program for Lake George, NY by Citizen Volunteers

ABSTRACT Drinking water standards and recreational demands on lakes and ponded waters place a high priority on the management of water quality. As stakeholders, volunteer citizen monitors can provide considerable assistance to state agencies and research organizations charged with monitoring freshwater resources by accumulating valuable data for water quality evaluation and lake assessment. The Lay Monitoring Program on Lake George (NY) was initiated in 1980 concomitant with the establishment of a long-term chemical monitoring program. By 2002, 23 years of Secchi transparency and surface temperature data had been collected. Results have revealed potential relationships between variations in Secchi transparency and trophic indicators (chlorophyll a and total phosphorus) and have assisted in evaluating the potential influences of both increased recreational use and precipitation regime. Lay monitor participation provides a valuable and cost effective enhancement for ongoing lake chemical and biotic effect s...
Heats of reaction of HMo(CO)3(C5R5) (R = H, CH3) with diphenyldisulfide and of formation of the clusters [PhSMo(CO)x(C5H5)]2, x = 1,2. Thermodynamic study of molybdenum-sulfur bond strengths

Abstract The enthalpies of reaction of HMo(CO) 3 C 5 R 5 (R = H, CH 3 ) with diphenyldisulfide producing PhSMo(CO) 3 C 5 R 5 and PhSH have been measured in toluene and THF solution (R = H, ΔH = −8.5 ± 0.5 kcal mol −1 (tol), −10.8 ± 0.7 kcal mol −1 (THF); R = CH 3 , ΔH = −11.3±0.3 kcal mol −1 (tol), −13.2±0.7 kcal mol −1 (THF)). These data are used to estimate the MoSPh bond strength to be on the order of 38–41 kcal mol −1 for these complexes. The increased exothermicity of oxidative addition of disulfide in THF versus toluene is attributed to hydrogen bonding between thiophenol produced in the reaction and THF. This was confirmed by measurement of the heat of solution of thiophenol in toluene and THF. Differential scanning calorimetry as well as high temperature calorimetry have been performed on the dimerization and subsequent decarbonylation reactions of PhSMo(CO) 3 Cp yielding [PhSMo(CO) 2 Cp] 2 and [PhSMo(CO)Cp] 2 . The enthalpies of reaction of PhSMo(CO) 3 Cp and [PhSMo(CO) 2 Cp] 2 with PPh 3 , PPh 2 Me and P(OMe) 3 have also been measured. The disproportionation reaction: 2[PhSMo(CO) 2 Cp] 2 → 2PhSMo(CO) 3 Cp + [PhSMP(CO)Cp] 2 is reported and its enthalpy has also been measured. These data allow determination of the enthalpy of formation of the metal-sulfur clusters [PhSMo(CO) n C 5 H 5 ] 2 , n = 1,2.
Spray-Dried Fish Solubles or Soy Protein Concentrate in Milk Replacer Formulations

Abstract Holstein calves (168) at Cornell University, Kansas State University, and Michigan State University were used to test the partial substitution of spray-dried fish solubles and soy protein concentrate for milk protein in milk replacers. Calves were placed on experiment between 3 and 8 days of age and were fed experimental diets as the only source of nutriets for 6 weeks. Replacers were reconstituted with water to 14% solids and fed at 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 12% body weight from 1st to 6th week. Calves were fed twice daily from open pails. Experimental diets consisted of 1) 13% crude protein as milk protein; 2) 19% crude protein as milk protein; 3) 19% crude protein, 13% as milk protein, 6% as spray-dried fish solubles; 4) 19% crude protein, 13% as milk protein, 6% as soy protein concentrate; 5) 19% crude protein, 13% as milk protein, 3% as spray-dried fish solubles, 3% as soy protein concentrate; 6) 23% crude protein as milk protein; 7) 23% crude protein, 13% as milk protein, 10% as spray-dried fish solubles. Diets containing fish solubles or soy protein were supplemented with methionine and lysine. Average daily body weight gains were higher for diets 2 and 6 containing high milk protein, intermediate for 4 containing 6% protein from soy protein concentrate, and lower for the negative control (diet 1) and diets containing spray-dried fish solubles (3, 5, 7). Fecal scores, treatment of sicknesses, and rectal temperatures were higher for diets containing spray-dried fish solubles. On diet 7, mortality rate was 30% compared to a mean of 12% for other diets, indicating that 10% protein from spray-dried fish solubles was excessive.
Surface states at the nGaAsSiO2 interface from conductance and capacitance measurements

Abstract Conductance and capacitance measurements have been used to investigate the interface properties of MOS capacitors formed by depositing an insulating layer of SiO 2 on n -type GaAs. The surface potential as a function of applied bias is evaluated using results of high and low frequency capacitance measurements and the two methods are found to yield roughly similar results. The interface state density evaluated from the conductance and capacitance measurements is found to peak near the center of the band gap and also near the conduction band edge. Plots of conductance vs frequency indicate the presence of both fast and slow interface states in these materials.
The high hip center.

Abstract: Revision of a failed acetabular component presents many challenges to the arthroplasty surgeon. The goal in most cases should be to reconstruct the acetabulum by positioning the hip center as close as possible to the anatomic hip center. However, severe acetabular bone stock deficiency and distorted acetabular anatomy often preclude placement of the acetabular component at the true anatomic hip center. In these cases, many options exist for reconstruction of the acetabulum, including placement of the cup superiorly at a high hip center. Although biomechanical studies have shown that superolateral placement of the hip center may lead to increased moments and forces across the hip (leading to potentially higher rates of loosening), superior only displacement of the hip center does not seem to adversely affect the forces about the hip. Proximal placement of the hip center facilitates contact between intact, viable host bone and the acetabular implant, thereby reducing the need for structural bone grafts, and increasing the chances for stable bony ingrowth. With proper patient selection and meticulous surgical technique, the high hip center can be a useful technique for reconstruction of the deficient acetabulum in the patient with a loose acetabular component after total hip arthroplasty.
Contribution of the radial distribution of the flow velocity to band broadening in HPLC columns

The radial distributions of the local linear velocity of the mobile phase, the local efficiency, and the local analyte concentration were determined at the outlet of 0.3−0.4 in. i.d. chromatographic columns by simultaneously recording the elution bands at different radial locations over the column exit cross section. The flow profiles exhibited by these columns are parabolic in shape, as was found previously for analytical and preparative size columns. The linear velocity measured in the wall region of the packing is about 2−5% lower than that in the center of the column, depending on the quality of the packed bed. The local efficiency is highest in the core region of the packed bed, where local, on-column detection would yield better separations, exhibiting a higher degree of resolution. The radial distribution of the analyte concentration is not uniform but shows important fluctuations along the radius of the column. The differences in local linear velocity, local efficiency, and local analyte concentra...
Interactive cross and multimodal biomedical image retrieval based on automatic region-of-interest (ROI) identification and classification

In biomedical articles, authors often use annotation markers such as arrows, letters, or symbols overlaid on figures and illustrations to highlight ROIs. These annotations are then referenced and correlated with concepts in the caption text or figure citations in the article text. This association creates a bridge between the visual characteristics of important regions within an image and their semantic interpretation. Identifying these assists in extracting ROIs that are likely to be highly relevant to the discussion in the article text. The aim of this work is to perform semantic search without knowing the concept keyword or the specific name of the visual pattern or appearance. We consider the problem of cross and multimodal retrieval of images from articles which contains components of text and images. Our proposed method localizes and recognizes the annotations by utilizing a combination of rule-based and statistical image processing techniques. The image regions are then annotated for classification using biomedical concepts obtained from a glossary of imaging terms. Similar automatic ROI extraction can be applied to query images, or to interactively mark an ROI. As a result, visual characteristics of the ROIs can be mapped to text concepts and then used to search image captions. In addition, the system can toggle the search process from purely perceptual to a conceptual one (crossmodal) based on utilizing user feedback or integrate both perceptual and conceptual search in a multimodal search process. The hypothesis, that such approaches would improve biomedical image retrieval, was validated through experiments on a biomedical article dataset of thoracic CT scans.
The positive regulation of human thyrotropin (TSH) receptor messenger ribonucleic acid by recombinant human TSH is at the intranuclear level.

We have assessed the regulatory influence of human recombinant TSH (rec-hTSH) on its homologous receptor (TSHR) using a well characterized human fetal thyroid monolayer cell culture technique. Under the culture conditions employed, fetal human thyroid cells showed basal expression of TSHR-specific mRNA transcripts, and the addition of rec-hTSH (1 U/L) induced up to an 8-fold increase in specific mRNA over a 48-h observation period. This induction was simulated by bromo-cAMP in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that the stimulatory effect of rec-hTSH was active at the postreceptor level. Furthermore, there was no detectable increase in the transcription rate of the TSHR gene after stimulation with rec-hTSH for 12-36 h, although a marked increase in thyroglobulin-specific mRNA was observed. Rec-hTSH also had no influence on the half-life of TSHR-specific mRNA, which remained at approximately 16 h in the presence or absence of rec-hTSH. These data indicate that rec-hTSH induced up-regulation in human thyro...
Physical Model-Assisted Probability of Detection of Flaws in Titanium Forgings Using Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation

Nondestructive evaluation is used widely in many engineering and industrial areas to detect defects or flaws such as cracks inside parts or structures during manufacturing or for products that need to be inspected while in service. The commonly used standard statistical model for such data is a simple empirical linear regression between the (possibly transformed) signal response variables and the (possibly transformed) explanatory variable(s) such as defect size. For some applications, such a simple empirical approach is inadequate. An important alternative approach is to use knowledge of the physics of the inspection process to provide information about the underlying relationship between the response and the explanatory variable or variables. Use of such knowledge can greatly increase the power and accuracy of the statistical analysis and enable, when needed, limited extrapolation outside the range of the observed explanatory variables. This article describes a set of physical model-assisted analyses to...
Investigating the gas phase structure of KIX with radical directed dissociation and molecular dynamics: Retention of the native structure

Abstract Evaluating protein structure in the gas phase is useful for understanding the intrinsic forces which influence protein folding and for determining the feasibility of probing condensed phase structure with gas phase interrogation. KIX is a three-helix bundle protein that has been reported previously to preserve the condensed phase structure in the gas phase. Herein, structure dependent radical directed dissociation (RDD) is used to examine the gas phase structure of KIX by establishing residue specific distance constraints which can be used to assess candidate structures obtained from molecular dynamics simulations. The data obtained by RDD is consistent with KIX structures that largely retain condensed phase structure as determined previously by NMR. There are several factors that favor retention of the KIX native fold in the gas phase. The structure is largely comprised of alpha helices, which are known to be stable in the gas phase. This is particularly true if the C-terminus of the helix is capped with a positive charge, which occurs for the two most stable helices in KIX. There are several arginine based salt bridges which link critical portions of KIX together. KIX also has an abundance of basic residues; this multiplicity increases the chance that sites which require little structural reorganization following desolvation can be charge carriers. Thus under appropriate conditions, solution phase structure can be largely retained and meaningfully examined in the gas phase.
Consortium forming to standardize oceanographic instrument protocols

The U.S. National Science Foundation's Ocean Observatories Initiative has identified the need for innovations to support straightforward, practical integration and communication with the wide variety of oceanographic instruments on observing platforms and networks, such as the North East Pacific Time-Series Undersea Networked Experiments (NEPTUNE) and the Monterey Accelerated Research Program (MARS). A discussion group of oceanographic instrument developers, users, and manufacturers formed in March 2005 as a first step toward the creation of a Marine Plug and Work Consortium.
Utilization of crown ether chemistry to prepare bimetallic compounds: preparation and structural characterization of [Ba(15-crown-5)2][CuCl4]

Abstract A solid hetero-bimetallic complex of Ba+2 and Cu+2 was prepared by slow evaporation of a 3/1 CH3CN/CH3OH mixture containing 15-crown-5 and the chloride salts of Ba+2, Cu+2, and Y+3. The resulting complex was studied using single crystal X-ray diffraction. [Ba(15-crown-5)2][CuCl4] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Pn with cell parameters (20°C), a=12.119(2), b=9.386(2), c=13.475(3)A, β=93.81(2)°, and D calc=1.70 g cm−3 for Z=2. Ba+2 is coordinated to all 10 oxygen atoms of two 15-crown-5 molecules in a sandwich geometry. Cu+2 is coordinated to the four chloride anions and exhibits a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The two shortest Cu…Ba separations are 6.855(2) and 6.902(2)A.
Efficient combinatorial drug optimization through stochastic search

Multi-target therapeutics has been shown to be effective for treating complex diseases. In this paper, we propose a novel stochastic search algorithm that can be effectively used for combinatorial drug optimization. The proposed algorithm aims to enhance existing drug optimization, including the Gur Game algorithm, where the key of the proposed approach lies in utilizing a reference concentration to decide how to update a given drug combination to improve the drug response. We demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms, in terms of both efficiency and success rate
Epilepsy: A heuristic model for relating nocturnal sleep EEG spike distributions to the risk of seizure

Abstract The cumulative temporal distribution of epileptiform events in the sleep EEG of epileptic patients is represented by a second-degree regression equation as a basis for summarizing properties of the spike distribution. This heuristic regression model attempts to provide a quantitative as well as an intuitive physical basis for understanding the relationship between epileptiform events and the state of the epileptic patient. The mathematical model is derived in this paper and the regression parameters associated with the model are interpreted. Computer implementation of the epileptiform event detection and the regression analysis have been carried out and typical results obtained from all-night sleep EEG recordings are described.
Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions in the Allende meteorite: evidence for a liquid origin

We have made a detailed examination of the mineralogy, textures, and assemblages of six calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAI) in the Allende meteorite. They can be classified into four types - hibonite-bearing, fassaite- and olivine-bearing, feldspathoid-bearing and fassaite-bearing CAI that are hibonite and olivine free. Examples of each type appear to have crystallized from a liquid rather than by agglomeration of solid nebular condensates. Some lines of evidence for a liquid origin are the presence of spherical and ovoid shapes and rims containing minerals that are more refractory than minerals inside the inclusion. Thermodynamic calculations and comparisons with liquidus phase diagrams indicate that the CAI could have been produced by direct condensation to metastable subcooled liquids that subsequently crystallized or by remelting of an equilibrium high-temperature condensate by impact. The diopside rims in some hibonite-bearing CAI and the paucity of metal in fassaite-olivine-bearing CAI are more consistent with direct condensation of a liquid.
ON THE INTERPRETATION OF FIELD ION MICROSCOPY (FIM) IMAGES OF ASYMMETRICAL SPECIMENS OF "1,2,3"-TYPE HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS

Field Ion Microscopy (FIM) specimens of "1,2,3"-type high-Tc superconducting materials, typically have an asymmetrical shape. This results from the anisotropic properties, which are involved in the preparation techniques. As a consequence of this shape, the magnification and resolution depend on the direction in the FIM image. Assuming that the elliptical poles in published micrographs are due to tip shape, we calculate an asymmetry in the magnification as large as a factor of four. Therefore, the current image interpretation is revisited quantitatively, keeping in mind the magnification asymmetry. This strong effect enhances the striped appearance of the images, and has not been fully recognized so far.
Closed-form solutions of a general inequality-constrained lq optimal control problem

A general linear quadratic (LQ) optimal control problem, with the dynamic system being governed by a higher-order vector-valued ordinary differential equation and with inequality-constraints on the state vector and/or the control input, is studied. Based on an explicit characterization result, optimal solutions are obtained in closed-form. A constructive method for finding the closed-form optimal solutions is proposed, and two illustrative examples are included
Improving QoS for ECG Data Transmission with Enhanced Admission Control in EDCA-Based WLANs

Medical sensor devices, such as ECG, handle life-critical information, which have to be transmitted to remote monitoring servers in a timely manner. We propose a new approach to improve QoS of ECG data transmission when these devices are deployed in home or healthcare facility supported by EDCA-based WLANs. First, we analyze real-time data from wireless ECG devices to investigate their QoS requirements, and convert them to a real-time model with (m, k)'-firm deadlines. Second, we propose a new admission control mechanism to protect real-time ECG data transmission from other traffic initiating from non-medical applications. Finally, we propose our solution to cope with potential adverse effects from co-existence with the legacy DCF-based wireless stations.
Further characterization of purified lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase from human plasma.

Abstract Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCATase, EC 2.3.1.43) was purified 16,500-fold with 13.4% yield from human plasma by a combination of density ultracentrifugation, phenyl-Sepharose, DEAE-Sepharose, and hydroxylapatite. The enzyme preparation was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in urea or in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the enzyme preparation in the absence of any denaturants gave a single protein band which contained all the LCATase activity. Human serum albumin significantly enhanced the apoA-I-activated LCATase activity in the active fractions at each purification step. The enzyme activity of the purified enzyme in the presence of 0.5% ( w v ) albumin was nearly double that measured in the absence of albumin. The purified enzyme was stable at 4°C, losing one-half of its activity in 24 days, but it was temperature sensitive, losing one-half of its activity in 20 min when stored at 45°C. One millimolar nonionic detergent deoxycholate or sulfhydryl inhibitor iodoacetate completely inhibited all enzyme activity. The inhibitory effect of iodoacetate was not reversed by 10 m m mercaptoethanol. Another sulfhydryl inhibitor, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (1 m m ), inhibited 95% of the enzyme activity; mercaptoethanol (10 m m ) completely reversed the enzyme activity. The hydroxyl inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and the cation Zn2+ were somewhat less effective LCATase inhibitors. The concentraions of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride for 50 and 95% inhibition of LCATase activity were 0.3 and 2.5 m m , respectively. On the other hand, zinc chloride inhibited 50% of the LCATase activity at 0.3 m m and produced complete inhibition at 1.6 m m . The inhibition due to zinc chloride was completely reversed by 4 m m EDTA. The availability of purified active LCATase should permit further investigations into the enzyme's molecular and catalytic properties.
Ideology, Utopia, and Responsible Politics

The concepts of ideology and utopia, at least since Marx, have regularly been understood in pejorative terms. Ideology is understood in terms of distortion or dissimulation. It is taken to be a fundamentally, and more or less dangerously, defective way of responding to the world. Utopia, on the other hand, is understood in terms of fantasy, or dreaming. It is taken to be a way of refusing to respond to the world as it is, a way of withdrawal from the world. To be either an ideologue or a Utopian is regularly thought to be infected with a social or political ill.
54 Mn in Fe for ultralow temperature thermometry

Experimental investigations into the accuracy of nuclear orientation thermometry are reported.54Mn in iron, a primary thermometer useful from 2–40 mK, gives consistent thermometry using both scintillation (3×3 in.-NaI) and solid-state (40-cc-Ge) detectors.60Co-in-iron temperatures are consistent with the54Mn temperatures above 10 mK, but are about 10% higher at 4 mK.125Sb in iron registers a temperature that is perhaps 2 or 3% lower over the 4–15 mK region. Some of the techniques required for the utilization of this type of thermometry are discussed.
An aem-tem study of weathering and diagenesis, Abert Lake, Oregon: I. Weathering reactions in the volcanics

Abstract Abert Lake in south-central Oregon provides a site suitable for the study of sequential weathering and diagenetic events. In this first of two papers, transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the igneous mineralogy, subsolidus alteration assemblage, and the structural and chemical aspects of silicate weathering reactions that occur in the volcanic rocks (basalts, basaltic andesites, and dacitic/ rhyolitic extrusive and pyroclastics) that outcrop around the lake. Olivine and pyroxene replacement occurred topotactically, whereas feldspar and glass alteration produced randomly oriented smectite in channels and cavities. The tetrahedral, octahedral, and interlayer compositions of the weathering products, largely dioctahedral smectites, varied with primary mineral composition, rock type, and as the result of addition of elements released from adjacent reaction sites. Weathering of the highly evolved, Fe-rich Jug Mountain complex at the north end of the lake produced a homogeneous smectite assemblage that contrasts with the heterogeneous smectite assemblage replacing the volcanics along the eastern margin of the lake. The variability within and between the smectite assemblages highlights the microenvironmental diversity, fluctuating redox conditions, and variable solution chemistry associated with mineral weathering reactions in the surficial environment. Late-stage exhalative and aqueous alteration of the volcanics redistributed many components and formed a variety of alkali and alkali-earth carbonate, chloride, sulfate, and fluoride minerals in vugs and cracks. Overall, substantial Mg, Si, Na, Ca, and K are released by weathering reactions that include the almost complete destruction of the Mg-smectite that initially replaced olivine. The leaching of these elements from the volcanics provides an important source of these constituents in the lake water. The nature of subsequent diagenetic reactions resulting from the interaction between the materials transported to the lake and the solution will be described in part II ( Banfield et al., 1991).
Effect of irradiation particle mass on crystallization of amorphous alloys

The crystallization temperature of amorphous alloys was found to be significantly lowered by heavy ion or electron irradiation during annealing. However, only heavy ion irradiation altered the mode of crystallization. Both a binary and multi-element amorphous alloy showed this type of response to irradiation. Radiation-enhanced diffusion processes in the amorphous state can explain the increased crystallization kinetics during irradiation. Heavy ion irradiation alters the crystallization mode by causing direct transformation to the final equilibrium phase as opposed to intermediate metastable phase formation during thermal annealing or electron irradiation. The equilibrium phase is believed to nucleate directly in the displacement cascades, which only form during heavy ion bombardment.
Optimizing smart well controls under geologic uncertainty

Abstract Waterflood optimization via rate control is receiving increased interest because of rapid developments in the smart well completions and i-field technology. The use of inflow control valves (ICV) allows us to optimize the production/injection rates of various segments along the wellbore, thereby maximizing sweep efficiency and delaying water breakthrough. A major challenge for practical field implementation of this technology is dealing with geologic uncertainty. In practice, the reservoir geology is known only in a probabilistic sense; hence, the optimization of smart wells should be carried out in a stochastic framework to account for geologic uncertainty. We propose a practical and efficient approach for computing optimal injection and production rates accounting for geological uncertainty. The approach relies on equalizing arrival time of the waterfront at all producers using multiple geologic realizations. The main objective is to improve sweep efficiency and thereby improve oil production and recovery. We account for geologic uncertainty using two optimization schemes. The first one is to formulate the objective function in a stochastic form which relies on a combination of expected value and standard deviation combined with a risk attitude coefficient. The second one is to minimize the worst case scenario using a min–max problem formulation. The optimization is performed under operational and facility constraints using a sequential quadratic programming approach. A major advantage of our approach is the analytical computation of the gradient and Hessian of the objective function which makes it computationally efficient and suitable for large field cases. Multiple examples are presented to support the robustness and efficiency of the proposed optimization scheme. These include 2D synthetic examples for validation and a 3D field-scale application. The role of geologic uncertainty in the outcome of the optimization is demonstrated both during the early stage and also, the later stages of waterflooding when substantial production history is available.
HIV Nef protein causes endothelial dysfunction in porcine pulmonary arteries and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells.

Background Infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been associated with several chronic diseases, including pulmonary artery hypertension and atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of these vascular complications are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to test a novel hypothesis that HIV Nef, an accessory HIV protein, may directly affect endothelial functions and gene expression in pulmonary arteries. Methods Fresh porcine pulmonary artery rings and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) were treated with HIV Nef for 24 h. With a myograph device, vasomotor function was determined with thromboxane A2 analog, U46619, for contraction, bradykinin, and sodium nitroprusside for relaxation. The expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was determined with real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Nitric oxide (NO) production was determined by Calorimetric Nitric Oxide Assay kit. Superoxide anion levels were detected with lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence assay and dihydroethidium (DHE) staining. Results The endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in response to bradykinin was significantly reduced in HIV Nef-treated porcine pulmonary artery rings in a concentration-dependent manner. In response to bradykinin (10−8 mol/L), HIV Nef (10 ng/mL) significantly reduced vasorelaxation by 32% compared with untreated controls (P Conclusions HIV Nef protein significantly decreases endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in porcine pulmonary arteries. It also reduces eNOS expression and induces oxidative stress in both porcine pulmonary arteries and HPAECs. This study demonstrates a new mechanism of HIV Nef, which causes endothelial dysfunction and may contribute to the human pulmonary artery disease in HIV-infected patients.
Morphometric effects of intermittent kindled seizures and limbic status epilepticus in the dentate gyrus of the rat

The effect of recurrent seizures on the hippocampus has been controversial for many years. To determine the effect different seizure paradigms had on the structure of the dentate gyrus, we conducted histological studies on the dentate gyrus (DG) from three groups of rats: (1) those that had experienced 1500 intermittent kindled seizures; (2) those that had experienced a single episode of limbic status epilepticus (SE); and (3) control rats that had been implanted with electrodes. When compared to controls the DG of SE rats was overall slightly, but non-significantly, smaller, but the DG of rats with 1500 kindled seizures was significantly larger. The decrease of size following SE was attributable to a significant atrophy of the molecular layer. The increase in area associated with kindling was the result of an enlargement of the molecular layer and the hilus. Absolute neuronal counts showed a decrease in the hilus after SE but no change following kindling, but both groups had decreased neuronal densities in the hilus when compared to controls. The decreased density after SE was secondary to neuronal loss, but the decrease in neuronal density following kindling was the result of the expansion of the hilar neuropil without change in the number of neurons. This study extends our previous findings in Ammon's horn and indicates that SE induces significant neuronal loss, but numerous intermittent kindled seizures have no effect on neuronal numbers in the DG.
Dual Content Semantics, privative adjectives, and dynamic compositionality

This paper defends the view that common nouns have a dual semantic structure that includes extension-determining and non-extension-determining components. I argue that the non-extension-determining components are part of linguistic meaning because they play a key compositional role in certain constructions, especially in privative noun phrases such as fake gun and counterfeit document . Furthermore, I show that if we modify the compositional interpretation rules in certain simple ways, this dual content account of noun phrase modification can be implemented in a type-driven formal semantic framework. In addition, I also argue against traditional accounts of privative noun phrases which can be paired with the assumption that nouns do not have a dual semantic structure. At the most general level, this paper presents a proposal for how we can begin to integrate a psychologically realistic account of lexical semantics with a linguistically plausible compositional semantic framework. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.8.7 BibTeX info
John Dewey and Elliot Eisner: Relationships and Influences

In even a cursory look at Elliot Eisner's writings, one finds ample references to John Dewey. Clearly, Dewey influenced Eisner, and one might expect to see the influence only chronologically. Throu...
Disturbance, coral reef communities, and changing ecological paradigms

We examine changing ecological theory regarding the role of disturbance in natural communities and relate past and emerging paradigms to coral reefs. We explore the elements of this theory, including patterns (diversity, distribution, and abundance) and processes (competition, succession, and disturbance), using currently evolving notions concerning matters of scale (temporal and spatial), local versus regional species richness, and the equilibrium versus nonequilibrium controversy. We conclude that any attempt to categorize coral reef communities with respect to disturbance regimes will depend on the question being asked and the desired level of resolution: local assemblage versus regional species pool, successional versus geological time, and on the taxonomic and tropic affinities of species included in the study. As with many communities in nature, coral reefs will prove to be mosaics of species assemblages with equilibrial and nonequilibrial dynamics.
Genes or stress? Ethnic perceptions about the causes of Alzheimers Disease

Background: Understanding how different cultures perceive Alzheimers Disease assures that AD prevention research design, recruitment, and public education effectively reach the U.S. population. One element of successful prevention strategies is targeting the causes of AD. Unfortunately, we know little about how different cultures perceive these causes. Objective: To compare concepts about the causes of AD among Latino and white caregivers. Methods: Thirty white caregivers and 30 Latino caregivers from the Puerto Rican community who were enrolled in an NIA AD Center participated in a freelisting interview. Freelisting is an anthropological research method that identifies the terms that define a given domain and determines the degree to which there is a shared level of knowledge among members of a cultural group about that domain. Freelists are analyzed to calculate word saliency and group knowledge about the domain. Saliency is a function of word frequency and the position of the word on each person’s list. Results: “Genes” was the most salient and frequent cause of AD for both groups. However, white caregivers (19/30) were more likely than Latinos (9/30) to mention “genes” first and frequently (exact p 0.02 for comparison of frequency, saliency score for non-Latinos 0.547 versus 0.197 for Latinos). Comparison of the words mentioned by at least 10% of each ethnic group showed that both groups listed biological, behavioral, and environmental causes. Latinos also listed mental illnesses or negative emotions: “loneliness,” “stress,” “worrying,” “problems in life,” “emotional problems,” “depression,” and “suffering.” We combined the two ethnic groups together to examine associations among ethnicity and the words mentioned by at least 10% of both groups. Latinos are more likely to mention “stress” and whites are more likely to mention “genes,” “plaques,” “lack of brain activity,” and “environment.” No ethnic differences were found with “trauma,” “nutrition,” “aging,” or “brain deterioration.” Conclusions: Latinos and Whites have mutual understandings of AD’s potential causes: genes, trauma, nutrition, aging and brain deterioration. However, Latinos have an entirely unique category of cause mental illnesses or negative emotions that features “stress.” Prevention studies and public awareness need to incorporate this category into communication to Latinos about AD.
Development of ultrasound technique to detect and characterize laser-induced microbubbles

An ultrasound-based method to detect and characterize the laser-induced microbubbles was developed. This method is based on temporal measurement of passive acoustic emission from cavity during laser-tissue interaction and simultaneous active pulse-echo ultrasound probing of the cavitation bubble. These measurements were used to estimate the location of the nanosecond laser induced cavity and to monitor the spatial and temporal behavior of the microbubble. The measurements agreed with estimates derived from a well-known Rayleigh model of the cavity collapse. Overall, the studies indicate that the developed ultrasound technique can be used to detect and accurately measure laser-induced microbubbles in tissue.
The Large Binocular Telescope: binocular all the time

The Large Binocular Telescope Observatory is a collaboration between institutions in Arizona, Germany, Italy, Indiana, Minnesota, Ohio and Virginia. The telescope uses two 8.4-m diameter primary mirrors mounted sideby- side on the same AZ-EL mount to produce a collecting area equivalent to an 11.8-meter aperture. Many science observations collect the light from the two sides separately. With the arrival of the second copy of the near-infrared spectrometer and the second copy of the optical spectrometer, the telescope is observing with both apertures a significant fraction of the time. The light from the two primary mirrors can be combined to produce phased-array imaging of an extended field. This coherent imaging along with adaptive optics gives the telescope the diffraction-limited resolution of a 22.65-meter telescope. Adaptive optics loops are routinely closed with natural stars on both sides of the telescope for combined beam observations. Twin laser guide star constellations have recently been installed for ground layer adaptive optics observations. Commissioning of new instruments and focal stations for high resolution spectroscopy and near-infrared phased-array imaging is underway.
Morphogenesis in nematic liquid crystal/polymer materials

Abstract Materials used in such optical devices as flat panel displays often consist of liquid crystal droplets dispersed in a polymer matrix. Because the behavior of the devices depends on the size, shape, and distribution of these droplets, understanding pattern formation in these materials is crucial for optimal processing. The droplets can be formed in a number of ways, all of which combine the processes of phase separation and orientational ordering. The fact that these two processes are coupled makes this problem both theoretically and computationally challenging.
Identifying training sets for personalized article retrieval system

Retrieving documents that are relevant to a particular researcher's purpose is a big challenge, especially when searching through large database, such as PubMed. Researchers who use traditional keyword-based document retrieval systems often end up with a large collection of documents that are not directly relevant to their needs. What is needed is a personalized document retrieval system that can select only relevant articles for one's specific research interests. Obtaining an appropriate training data set is essential in building and testing personalized article retrieval systems. This study describes one approach to form such training data set based on articles categorized by domain experts under MeSH major topics. Text classifiers, learned using Support Vector Machines, were used to test to what degree the training set categories are differentiable. Preliminary results and analysis of the results are discussed.
What role did regional policy play in addressing the US auto industry crisis

One of the first challenges of the newly inaugurated Obama Administration in 2009 was the parlous state of the Detroit 3 carmakers (Chrysler Group, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors Company). Without government intervention, Chrysler and GM faced the strong possibility of having to close their operations and to liquidate their assets. The Obama Administration’s publicly stated justification for rescuing Chrysler and GM was twofold: (1) short-term stabilisation of the national economy, (2) long-term strengthening of US manufacturing. Regional policy was not publicly stated as an important goal, but this paper concludes that one result of the rescue has been a tacit implementation of a regional industrial policy in the USA, though not an explicitly adopted strategy.
Assessing use of pedestrian crash data to identify unsafe transit service segments for safety improvements.

This paper assesses the use of pedestrian crash data to explain the role of transit service and ridership in pedestrian crashes in urban areas. The values for measures that may be used to identify segments with transit service where it is potentially unsafe for users to walk were computed to identify the need for safety improvements. Descriptive analysis was conducted by comparing measures such as the numbers of pedestrian crashes, pedestrian crashes per mile, pedestrian crashes per mile per 10 transit stops, pedestrian crashes per mile per 1,000 transit riders (boarding and alighting), and pedestrian crashes per million vehicle miles traveled (MVMT), using data for Charlotte, North Carolina. Thirty study segments with transit service and 30 segments without transit service were considered to compare and examine the relationship. These segments were selected such that the land uses and on-network characteristics were similar and comparable. The computed ratios of the mean values of the numbers of pedestrian crashes, pedestrian crashes per mile, and pedestrian crashes per MVMT on segments with and without transit service were 4.82, 4.92, and 2.70, respectively. Statistical analysis was also conducted to test if the values of the selected measures were significantly higher on segments with transit service than on segments without transit service. Results from both descriptive and statistical analyses support the general belief that pedestrian crash rates are high on transit corridors and that a significant number of these pedestrian crashes involve transit system riders. The values for measures based on pedestrian crash data are thus computed, compared, and combined for segments with transit service to identify segments potentially unsafe for transit system users.
Flexibility and Fairness: Effects of the Network Form of Organization on Gender Equity in Life Science Careers:

Why do women have more opportunities in some employment settings? I investigate how organizational form affects gender stratification among life scientists. I propose that firms governed by networks, rather than bureaucracies, allow for greater equity. Hierarchy and rules hide gender bias, while reliance on ties outside the organization provides transparency and flexibility. I analyze the careers of 2,062 U.S. life scientists and interviews with 41 scientists. I examine employment data by gender for two patterns: early entrance into the biotechnology industry and promotion within network and hierarchical organizations. Gender does not affect when a scientist enters the biotech industry but is related to promotion. Men are more likely to attain early supervisory-level positions across organizational settings. Female scientists are nearly eight times more likely to supervise in biotech firms than in more hierarchical settings. The two organizational forms—network and hierarchy—provide different employment e...
Sample size: an important parameter in flash-cooling macromolecular crystallization solutions

The effect of sample size on flash-cooling was assessed using an assortment of Hampton Screen I solutions (Hampton Research). These were cryogenically cooled to ascertain the minimum glycerol concentration needed for vitrification of solutions. Solutions were `flash-cooled' in 1.0, 0.5 and 0.1 mm commercial cryoloops, using a 100 K nitrogen stream generated by an Oxford 600 Cryostream. The loops were visually examined and then X-ray diffraction data were collected and evaluated for ice formation. The glycerol concentration needed for vitrification was found to decrease significantly as sample size decreased; detailed key data are presented in tabular form. Glass transition temperatures, Tg, were measured for solutions leading to successful vitrification in the 1 mm cryoloop. The trends in the required concentration of glycerol and resultant Tg can be understood through a simplified heat-transfer analysis. This analysis points to a critical cooling time period for successful vitrification.
Strang splitting methods for a quasilinear Schrödinger equation: convergence, instability, and dynamics

We study the Strang splitting scheme for quasilinear Schrodinger equations. We establish the convergence of the scheme for solutions with small initial data. We analyze the linear instability of the numerical scheme, which explains the numerical blow-up of large data solutions and connects to the analytical breakdown of regularity of solutions to quasilinear Schrodinger equations. Numerical tests are performed for a modified version of the superfluid thin film equation.
Introduction to the special issue on implementation research.

Welcome to this special issue of the Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work on implementation research. As a cautionary note, if you expect a collection of articles that clearly define and explain h...
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: support, loading, and promoter effects on the reducibility of cobalt catalysts

Abstract Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and hydrogen chemisorption combined with reoxidation measurements were used to define the reducibility of supported cobalt catalysts. Different supports (e.g. Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, and ZrO2 modified SiO2 or Al2O3) and a variety of promoters, including noble metals and metal cations, were examined. Significant support interactions on the reduction of cobalt oxide species were observed in the order Al2O3>TiO2>SiO2. Addition of Ru and Pt exhibited a similar catalytic effect by decreasing the reduction temperature of cobalt oxide species, and for Co species where a significant surface interaction with the support was present, while Re impacted mainly the reduction of Co species interacting with the support. For catalysts reduced at the same temperature, a slight decrease in cluster size was observed in H2 chemisorption/pulse reoxidation with noble metal promotion, indicating that the promoter aided in reducing smaller Co species that interacted with the support. On the other hand, addition of non-reducible metal oxides such as B, La, Zr, and K was found to cause the reduction temperature of Co species to shift to higher temperatures, resulting in a decrease in the percentage reduction. For both Al2O3 and SiO2, modifying the support with Zr was found to enhance the dispersion. Increasing the cobalt loading, and therefore the average Co cluster size, resulted in improvements to the percentage reduction. Finally, a slurry phase impregnation method led to improvements in the reduction profile of Co/Al2O3.