cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large Scale Graph Mining with MapReduce: Diameter Estimation and Eccentricity Plots of Massive Graphs with Mining Applications

In recent years, a considerable amount of research has focused on the study of graph structures arising from technological, biological and sociological systems. Graphs are the tool of choice in modeling such systems since they are typically described as sets of pairwise interactions. Important examples of such datasets are the Internet, the Web, social networks, and large-scale information networks which reach the planetary scale, e.g., Facebook and Linkedln. The necessity to process large datasets, including graphs, has led to a major shift towards distributed computing and parallel applications, especially in the recent years. MapReduce was developed by Google, one of the largest users of multiple processor computing in the world, for facilitating the development of scalable and fault tolerant applications. MapReduce has become the de facto standard for processing large scale datasets both in industry and academia. In this chapter, the authors present state of the art work on large scale graph mining using MapReduce. They survey research work on an important graph mining problem, estimating the diameter of a graph and the eccentricities/radii of its vertices. Thanks to the algorithm they present in the following, the authors are able to mine graphs with billions of edges, and thus extract surprising patterns. The source code is publicly available at the URL http://www.cs.cmu.edukpegasus/.
Comparisons of Modeled and Observed Reflectivities and Fall Speeds for Snowfall of Varied Riming Degrees during Winter Storms on Long Island, New York

AbstractDerived radar reflectivities and fall speeds for four Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model bulk microphysical parameterizations (BMPs) run at 1.33-km grid spacing are compared with ground-based, vertically pointing Ku-band radar, scanning S-band radar, and in situ measurements at Stony Brook, New York. Simulations were partitioned into periods of observed riming degree as determined manually using a stereo microscope and camera during nine winter storms. Simulations were examined to determine whether the selected BMPs captured the effects of varying riming intensities, provided a reasonable match to the vertical structure of radar reflectivity or fall speed, and whether they produced reasonable surface fall speed distributions. Schemes assuming nonspherical mass–diameter relationships yielded reflectivity distributions closer to observed values. All four schemes examined in this study provided a better match to the observed, vertical structure of reflectivity during moderate riming than li...
Trauma-Informed Care: Intervening across Systems.

The damage to human beings from trauma is staggering. Trauma accounts for over 192,000 deaths each year and costs an estimated $585 billion to treat annually. It is the number one cause of death fo...
Review Essay: Water Is Not Just to Drink

Cet article commente l'ouvrage The struggle for water : politics, rationality, and identity in the American Southwest par Espeland et Wendy Nelson, paru en 1998. Cet ouvrage est presente comme une contribution de l'approche qualitative a la recherche macrosociale. Il est axe sur la politique de l'eau dans le Sud-Ouest des Etats-Unis, avec les differentes rationalites qu'elle met en jeu, illustrees notamment par l'opposition des Indiens Yavapai a la construction d'un barrage en Arizona. L'A. effectue un parallele entre cet ouvrage et ses propres travaux sur la regulation de l'energie nucleaire au Royaume-Uni
Time dependent model bias correction for model based reliability analysis

Abstract Model based reliability analysis could be misleading if the simulation model were not validated at the intended design configuration. To improve model accuracy without conceptually revising the model, various model bias correction approaches have been proposed to firstly characterize model bias at training design configurations and then approximate model bias at the intended design configuration. Good accuracy improvement of the model has been shown in literature for not only single model output but also model prediction with multiple or high-dimensional outputs. To date, however, the bias correction approaches are mainly proposed for model prediction with time independent (or static) responses and they cannot be directly applied to the model prediction with time dependent responses. This paper presents such a framework of time dependent model bias correction for model based reliability analysis. In particular, three technical components are proposed including: i) an accuracy metric for time dependent model responses under uncertainty, ii) effective approaches for time dependent model bias calibration and approximation, and iii) reliability analysis considering the time dependent model bias. Two case studies including a structural thermal problem and a corroded beam problem are employed to demonstrate the proposed approach for more effective model based reliability analysis.
Tantalizing evidence for the glacial North Atlantic bottom water.

The global Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) is one of the key components of the global climate system. Over timescales of 102 to 103 y, MOC connects the cold, carbon-rich waters in the deep ocean with warmer, carbon-poorer surface waters through localized deep water formation and more widespread upwelling of deep water. By redistributing heat near the surface and affecting carbon storage at depth and therefore atmospheric pCO2, MOC exerts a strong control on the global climate. A long-standing puzzle in paleoclimatology is the configuration of MOC in the Atlantic basin during the cold climate conditions of the last glacial period. The Atlantic is of special interest, because the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), a key driver of the global MOC, forms there today. In PNAS, Keigwin and Swift (1) present intriguing new carbon isotope data from a very deep site in the western North Atlantic that indicate the presence of hitherto unidentified bottom water sourced in the glacial North Atlantic. In the modern ocean, two water masses dominate the deep Atlantic Ocean: NADW and the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) (Fig. 1 A ). NADW is composed of two varieties. The upper NADW is formed in the Labrador Sea by wintertime open ocean convection that may reach as deep as 2,000 m. The denser, lower NADW originates in the Nordic Seas through open ocean convection and mixing with Arctic Ocean water. It overflows southward over the Greenland−Iceland−Scotland Ridge. Both varieties flow southward as the deep western boundary current of the Atlantic basin in the depth range of 1,500 m to 4,000 m. In contrast, AABW originates on the continental shelves of Antarctica, where brine rejection during sea ice formation in coastal polynyas increases the seawater density. AABW flows northward in the Atlantic basin beneath NADW. Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of AMOC. … [↵][1]1Email: katsumi{at}umn.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Real Time Stable Haptic Rendering Of 3D Deformable Streaming Surface

In recent years, many researches are focusing on the haptic interaction with streaming data like RGBD video / point cloud stream captured by commodity depth sensors. Most previous methods use partial streaming data from depth sensors and only investigate haptic rendering of the rigid surface without complex physics simulation. Many virtual reality and tele-immersive applications such as medical training, and art designing require the complete scene and physics simulation. In this paper, we propose a stable haptic rendering method capable of interacting with streaming deformable surface in real-time. Our method applies KinectFusion for real-time reconstruction of real-world object surface instead of incomplete surface. While construction, it simultaneously uses hierarchical shape matching (HSM) method to simulate the surface deformation in haptic-enabled interaction. We have demonstrated how to combine the fusion and physics simulation of deformation together, and proposed a continuous collision detection method based on Truncated Signed Distance Function (TSDF). Furthermore, we propose a fast TSDF warping method to update the deformation to TSDF, and a proxy finding method to find the proxy position. The proposed method is able to simulate the haptic-enabled deformation of the 3D fusion surface. Therefore it provides a novel haptic interaction for virtual reality and 3D tele-immersive applications. Experimental results show that the proposed approach provides stable haptic rendering and fast simulation of 3D deformable surface.
Phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatases.

Extensive genetic evidence indicates that the protein product of a single gene of RNA tumor viruses is responsible for the transformation of virus-infected cells to the malignant state (Hanafusa 1977; Duesberg and Bister 1981; Bishop and Varmus 1982; Linial and Blair 1982; Varmus 1982).
Progress in high repetition rate soft x-ray laser development and pump lasers at Colorado State University

We will review recent progress in the development of high repetition, high average power rate soft x-ray lasers at 10-20 nm wavelength at Colorado State University, and the compact diode- pumped solid state lasers that drive them. The latter includes the development of a 1 J picosecond laser capable of operating at 500 Hz repetition rate. Results that demonstrate soft x-ray laser operation at the highest repetition rate reported to date: 400 Hz, and prospects of the use of these lasers in applications are discussed.
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Palate Development.

Development of the mammalian secondary palate involves highly dynamic morphogenetic processes, including outgrowth of palatal shelves from the oral side of the embryonic maxillary prominences, elev...
Bounding and bonding community: Ethnic diversity and the ethic of inclusion in hyperlocal news:

Amid the changing communication environment, there has been a growing interest from practitioners, policy makers, and scholars in harnessing the potential of hyperlocal news to strengthen communiti...
Effects of Placental Pathology on the Embryo and Fetus

The placenta is part of the fetus. Indeed, it shares its genetic constitution. After the early separation of the trophoblastic shell from the “inner cell mass” (the future embryo), many of the placental components derive from later embryonic contributions. Current evidence indicates that this outer shell of the early blastocyst contributes cells only to the trophoblast, while the connective tissue core of villi, blood vessels, yolk sac, etc., all derive from cellular ingrowth emanating from the embryo. In the delivered placenta only a minute mantle of (maternal) decidual cells is present, the overwhelming mass being fetal tissues. Remaining in the uterus after delivery are the maternal uteroplacental vessels whose contribution to fetal and placental welfare is overwhelming, yet this tissue is rarely accessible to pathological study and is easily disregarded in attempts at relating placental findings to fetal development.
The Two-Fold Global Turn

Author(s): Lenssen, A | Abstract: This essay is a review of art historian Chika Okeke-Agulu's Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria (Duke University Press, 2015). The book offers a chronicle of artistic theories, practices, and institutions during Nigeria's independence years (195767) amid the historical frames of Third World liberation, African decolonization, and Cold War realpolitik. The essay explores in particular how Postcolonial Modernism revisits and explores the thematic of "national culture" - the concept presented by Frantz Fanon in 1959, with long-lasting impact on theories of postcolonial arts - in the (decentralized) Nigerian art world, with a focus on the synthetic studio practices of members of the Zaria Art Society. Fanon's "two-fold becoming" model of national culture, which implies catalyzing links to international liberation movements, impacts not only Okeke-Agulu's narrative of a generational opposition to the preceding cultural paradigms of Negritude, but also - the essay argues - the writing of global modernist history at-large.
The Effect of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase on the Epigenetics of Human Mitochondrial DNA

x Chapter 1: Introduction 1 The Study of Epigenetics in Cancer 1 The Role of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase in the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 5 The Role of Isocitrate Dehyrdrogenase in Gene Expression and Cellular Differentiation ....7 The Human Mitochondria and its Role 10 The Warburg Hypothesis 14 The Study of Epigenetics as it Pertains to the Mitochondria 17 Chapter 2: Materials and Methods 21 Cells, Cell culture, and plasmids used to determine the effect of IDH mutations on mitochondria 21 ii Transient transfection 21 Selection of Stable Transfectants 23 Protein Concentration Assays 24
Physical Chemistry of Stone Formation

Major progress has been made during the past decade in the physical chemistry and biochemistry of stone formation. The development of improved techniques 1–5 for the quantitation of various processes of stone formation was crucial in this advancement. These techniques have begun to be used in delineating the factors that regulate stone formation and defining the physicochemical environment of urine that predisposes to formation of stones. They have also been applied to establishing the physicochemical action of various therapeutic regimens for nephrolithiasis 6–10 and to quantitating the response to treatment.11,12
Striking a Balance in the Cash Balance Plan Debate

Cash balance plans are hybrid plans designed to offer the best characteristics of both defined benefit and defined contribution plans. However, conversions of existing defined benefit plans into cash balance plans are highly controversial because they can significantly reduce the expected retirement benefits of older workers. Because future plan costs are reduced and plan surpluses are often created, the use of surplus plan assets by employers has raised serious concerns. This article describes and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of using cash balance plans as primary retirement savings vehicles. It argues that the controversy over conversions is really about the extent to which the rights and expectations of plan participants should be protected. It proposes striking a balance between the rights of employers and employees in a plan conversion by 1) requiring employers to provide sufficient notice to affected participants about changes in their projected retirement benefits; and 2) limiting the amounts by which retirement benefits can be reduced.
Examples of Stabilization using Saturation: An Input-Output Approach

Abstract This note presents three examples where input-output stability arguments can be used to deduce global asymptotic stability for the equilibrium of a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (o.d.e.). The examples are the ball and beam with friction, the planar vertical takeoff and landing aircraft and the inverted pendulum on a cart. We also discuss a general input-output formalism which is especially relevant for these examples.
Computer applications in the intensive care unit.

Presently, intensive care units in the United States are undergoing computerization and automation of all aspects of their operations. The next step is integration of all computational modalities for the purposes of improving quality and reducing the cost of patient care. This article provides a blueprint and discusses the implementation of a Computational Model of PATient Health Status (COMPATHS) designed to carry out such integration. Some critical questions related to intensive care unit computerization, such as security and legal matters, are explored.
Early Morning Awakening Insomnia

This chapter’s title may seem a bit odd. It focuses on a little-used treatment concept for insomnia—exposure to bright light and its application for a type of insomnia commonly associated with depression and/or old age—namely early morning awakening (EMA). The EMA symptom is usually assumed to indicate depression and therefore sometimes receives scant consideration in sleep disorders medicine. Similarly, bright-light treatment has become associated with winter depression (seasonal affective disorder) (Rosenthal et al., 1984) and sometimes with transitory management of abrupt changes in circadian rhythm (Daan & Lewy, 1984) and is not usually considered in the management of chronic insomnia. Indeed, the most recent major text on sleep disorders medicine (Kryger, Roth, & Dement, 1989) does not even include a reference to this type of treatment for persistent insomnia. Moreover, when light treatment is considered for chronic insomnia, it is usually reserved for sleep-onset insomnia associated with early morning sleepiness (Pittendrigh, 1981), essentially the reverse symptom of that considered here. The following discussion and case are presented because they illustrate some of the potential advantages and indications for adding bright-light treatment to the treatment of EMA.
PreInfer: Automatic Inference of Preconditions via Symbolic Analysis

When tests fail (e.g., throwing uncaught exceptions), automatically inferred preconditions can bring various debugging benefits to developers. If illegal inputs cause tests to fail, developers can directly insert the preconditions in the method under test to improve its robustness. If legal inputs cause tests to fail, developers can use the preconditions to infer failure-inducing conditions. To automatically infer preconditions for better support of debugging, in this paper, we propose PREINFER, a novel approach that aims to infer accurate and concise preconditions based on symbolic analysis. Specifically, PREINFER includes two novel techniques that prune irrelevant predicates in path conditions collected from failing tests, and that generalize predicates involving collection elements (i.e., array elements) to infer desirable quantified preconditions. Our evaluation on two benchmark suites and two real-world open-source projects shows PREINFER's high effectiveness on precondition inference and its superiority over related approaches.
Identification of a subset of microsatellite-stable endometrial carcinoma with high PD-L1 and CD8+ lymphocytes

Immune checkpoint blockade has emerged as an effective therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced cancer. Identification of biomarkers associated with treatment efficacy will help to select patients more likely to respond to this approach. High levels of microsatellite instability, tumor expression of PD-L1, high tumor mutation burden, and increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes have all been associated with response to checkpoint inhibitor blockade. The purpose of this study was to determine if a subset of microsatellite-stable endometrioid endometrial carcinomas have higher immune cell infiltrates and/or expression of PD-L1. PD-L1 expression and characterization of immune cell infiltrates were analyzed in 132 microsatellite stable, FIGO grade 2 endometrioid carcinomas. PD-L1 was positive in 48% (63/132) of the tumors. Tumor cell expression of PD-L1 was significantly associated with lymphatic/vascular invasion and deep myometrial invasion. PD-L1 expression was especially prominent at the invasive front and in foci of tumor-associated squamous metaplasia. Twenty-one cases (16% of the total) with more diffuse and/or especially strong PD-L1 expression were identified. This PD-L1 high subset was associated with significantly higher numbers of tumor-associated CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. Only one tumor in the PD-L1 high subset harbored a POLE mutation. PTEN immunohistochemical loss, a common event in endometrioid-type endometrial carcinoma and associated with local immune suppression in melanoma, was not associated with PD-L1 expression or lymphocyte/macrophage infiltration of the tumor. These results suggest that a subset of microsatellite-stable endometrial cancers has higher expression of PD-L1 and increased tumor-associated CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, characteristics more commonly associated with endometrial cancers with high levels of microsatellite instability. These results suggest that screening strategies to select only microsatellite instability-high advanced endometrial cancers for checkpoint inhibitor therapy might exclude patients who could potentially benefit from this therapeutic approach.
Does Work Stress Lead to Office Clutter, and How? Mediating Influences of Emotional Exhaustion and Indecision:

Despite popular articles and books, researchers have failed to examine how office clutter emerges and potential mediators underlying clutter in personal workspaces. We hypothesized that workers who...
Design, fabrication and characterization of FeAl-based metallic-intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites

Abstract FeAl-based MIL composites of various iron alloys were fabricated with an innovative “multiple-thin-foil” configuration and “two-stage reaction” strategy. Alternating stacked metal foils were reactive sintered via SPS at 600 °C and 1000 °C to grow intermetallics. The “multiple-thin-foil” configuration reduces reaction time, enables local chemical composition control and allows metal/intermetallic combinations, which cannot be produced via the conventional methods. Fe–FeAl, 430SS-FeAl, and 304SS-FeAl MIL composites can be synthesized with desired metallic/intermetallic ratios, where FeAl is the single intermetallic phase present in the composites. Microstructure analysis via SEM, EDS, and EBSD confirms phase identification and reveals the formation of transition layers. The transition layer, which incorporates the composition gradient between the metal (Fe, 430SS or 304SS) and the FeAl intermetallic phase, provides a gradual change in mechanical properties from the metal to intermetallic layers, and further functions as a chemical barrier into which other undesired intermetallics dissolve. Driven by diffusion-controlled growth, grains in the transition layers and FeAl regions exhibit ordered arrangement and sintering textures. Hardness profiles from the metal layer to FeAl region reveal the correlation between local mechanical properties and local chemical compositions. In compression testing, the compressive strength can reach 2.3 GPa with considerable plasticity, establishing the best mechanical properties of any MIL composites synthesized to date.
Phantom Pain With Probable Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy: Efficacy of Fentanyl Infiltration of the Stellate Ganglion: Efficacy of Fentanyl Infiltration of the Stellate Ganglion

Background and Objectives The stellate ganglion can alleviate phantom pain of the upper extremity, possibly because of the presence in it of enkephalin receptors, as has been suggested by experimental and clinical reports. A case is reported in which fentanyl, instead of local anesthetic, was used for stellate ganglion block. Methods A 49-year-old man, with a left below-elbow amputation, presented with probable symptoms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy, pain and temperature changes at the stump, and phantom hand symptoms the English-language literature revealed no reports of the use of fentanyl infiltration of the stellate ganglion was performed for management of this condition. Results Significant alleviation of pain and sensation of warmth at the stump and in the phantom hand was achieved. Conclusions Fentanyl infiltration of the stellate ganglion proved to be successful in the management of the pain and temperature sensation changes in the stump and phantom upper extremity.
Eliminating the Hawthorne Effect: Leveraging Existing Resources for a Novel Approach to Hand Hygiene Auditing

Background According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention healthcare-associated infections (HAI) affect 1 in 31 hospitalized patients. Despite the correlation between hand hygiene adherence and HAI reduction, compliance in hospitals is less than 40%. The gold standard method for a robust hand hygiene compliance program is to directly observe staff. However this is labor intensive and results can be confounded by the Hawthorne Effect. Methods Existing staff and technology were leveraged in novel ways to improve observation power. Infection prevention auditors were augmented by staff recruited from accreditation, quality and light duty nursing. Formalized auditor training fostered inter-rater reliability. Inpatient hallway security camera software was used by decentralized auditors to complete observations across all shifts. A digital hand hygiene survey was designed and implemented for real-time data entry. Total observation counts, compliance and trends were communicated to leadership and staff. Competition and reward recognition were used to facilitate change. A two-month pilot on select units was completed in 2018. This study was then expanded to all inpatient units and is ongoing. Results A total of 20 trained auditors (11 outside of infection prevention) have participated in this program. Over 1,000 observations per reporting period were recorded; this increased to over 2,000 monthly observations since September 2019. Hospital hand hygiene compliance has increased from 39% in 2018 to above 84% in 2019. Conclusions Current staff and existing security camera software support a robust hand hygiene direct observation program while minimizing resources invested and preventing the Hawthorne Effect. Ongoing data feedback to leadership and staff, competition, and staff recognition have maintained hand hygiene compliance rates above 84% exceeding the CDC 80% compliance threshold for significantly decreasing HAI risk.
Barriers to Nutrition Interventions in Army Dining Facilities: A Qualitative Study.

Introduction Interventions that encourage good nutrition-related behaviors in the dining environment can potentially influence the health of large numbers of military personnel. Thus, the Army has studied the effectiveness of implementing nutrition education and dining facility (DFAC) changes that included healthier recipes, revised menus, and population-specific point-of-choice labeling, but successful intervention implementation largely depends on the foodservice employees' understanding, knowledge, and desire to sustain changes. This phenomenological, qualitative study aimed to better understand common barriers to the implementation and sustainment of DFAC-based nutrition interventions at two U.S. Army DFACs. Materials and methods Focus group sessions (n = 168 participants) ranging from 60 to 90 minutes in length were conducted at two large DFACs on three separate occasions every 4 months from May 2015 to January 2016 among the foodservice staff during intervention implementation. Focus group transcripts were analyzed using NVivo 11 software. Researchers conducted multiple rounds of coding following an iterative process until four principal themes emerged. Results Principal themes related to the foodservice employees' experience during the nutrition intervention revealed barriers to a successful implementation related to (1) nutrition knowledge deficits, (2) inadequate culinary training, (3) poor management practices, and (4) low staff morale. Conclusion A lack of foodservice staff training and education is a significant contributor to implementation barriers. Future interventions should increase engagement with foodservice employees during intervention planning and implementation phases with a structured and tailored nutrition education and culinary skill training program. Addressing these barriers may enhance staff morale and promote intervention adherence.
A Biblical View of Covenants Old and New

This article responds to Adam Gregerman’s article on covenant theology in recent Jewish–Catholic dialogue by arguing three points: (1) Scripture presents a multiplicity of covenants (rather than a ...
Rates of geological processes

Abstract Rates are widely used to characterize processes in the geological sciences, and the ratios that rates represent deserve more careful attention. The numerator is a measure of change or difference, and the denominator is generally a corresponding interval of time. Temporal scaling is the quantitative relationship of differences and rates to their associated time intervals. These relationships are proportional and appropriately studied on logarithmic axes. Here log-difference-interval (LDI) and log-rate-interval (LRI) graphs are analyzed for nine empirical case studies involving creep on the San Andreas Fault, anthropogenic carbon emissions, glacial advance and retreat, sediment accumulation, tectonic uplift and exhumation, river incision, beryllium-10 dating of outcrop and basin erosion, climate-related temperature change, and species-level extinction. Two studies, fault creep and carbon emissions, are directional in the sense that each has observed differences changing in proportion to their associated time intervals; calculated rates are consequently independent of their denominators. The remaining studies are random or stationary in having differences that are independent to some degree from their associated intervals, and rates that are consequently dependent on their denominators. Rates dependent on denominators are common in geological studies because observed changes or differences are often constrained to a relatively narrow range compared to the much longer spans of time over which geological rates are calculated. When LDI or LRI temporal scaling shows change to fit a random or stationary model, meaning rates are dependent on their denominators, then any comparison of the rates involved must be restricted to, or projected to, some common denominator or common scale of time. Radionuclide calibration of outcrop and basin erosion, and biological extinction are two stationary processes where rates are often compared, erroneously, on different scales of time.
Acquired Vitelliform Macular Degeneration: Characteristics and Challenges of Managing Subretinal Fluid.

Purpose: To highlight diagnostic challenges in patients with acquired vitelliform macular degeneration (AVMD) with subretinal fluid (SRF) and to examine the characteristics of image findings in patients with AVMD. Methods: In this retrospective review, the electronic medical record of 22 eyes of 16 patients with AVMD was studied. The rates of SRF, drusen, pigment epithelial detachment (PED), and patient clinical information such as age, length of follow-up, and BCVA were assessed. Results: The mean age at diagnosis with AVMD was 72 years with a mean follow-up time of 29 months. Median best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/33 at presentation and 20/33 at final follow-up. Drusen was found in 13 of 22 eyes (59.1%), PEDs in 4 of 22 eyes (18.2%), and SRF in 10 of 22 eyes (45.5%) at some point during their follow-up. Of the 10 eyes with SRF, 70% were center involving, and recurrence occurred in 40%, all in the same location as the initial presentation of SRF. Three eyes received an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection for SRF. In 66% of cases receiving an injection, the fluid later relapsed and remitted without further injections during the course of follow-up. Conclusion: AVMD occurs in the same demographic as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and has many common features. SRF in AVMD tends to be center involving and recurs usually in the same location as its origin. The use of anti-VEGF injections did not seem to improve SRF in contrast to the SRF seen in wet AMD. Proper differentiation of AVMD may prevent unnecessary long-term treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections.
Identification of the Sulfurtransfer Pathway for the Generation of the Dithiolene Moiety of Molybdopterin in Escherichia Coli

In all molybdoenzymes with the exception of nitrogenase, molybdenum is coordinated by the sulfur atoms of the dithiolene group present in the molybdenum cofactor (Moco). The biosynthetic pathway for Moco is evolutionary conserved since genes encoding highly homologous proteins involved in the pathway have been found in archaea, bacteria, higher plants, Drosophila and higher animals including man. In Escherichia coli, several loci (moa, mob, mod, moe, and mog) have been implicated in the pleiotropy of the molybdenum enzymes. With the exception of mod, all of these are involved in the biosynthesis of Moco (1). The reactions of the Moco biosynthetic pathway comprise three stages, which are similar in all organisms utilizing molybdoenzymes. In the first step, a guanine nucleotide is converted into the meta-stable precursor Z. In the second step the dithiolene moiety is inserted into precursor Z, converting it to molybdopterin (MPT). In the last step of Moco biosynthesis, molybdenum is incorporated into MPT to form Moco. Additional modification of Moco occurs in bacteria with the attachment of GMP, AMP, IMP or CMP to the phosphate group of MPT, and the formation of bis(pterin)-Mo complexes.
Moving Objects: Logical Relationships and Queries

In moving object databases, object locations in some multi-dimensional space depend on time. Previous work focuses mainly on moving object modeling (e.g., using ADTs, temporal logics) and ad hoc query optimization. In this paper we investigate logical properties of moving objects in connection with queries over such objects using tools from differential geometry. In an abstract model, object locations can be described as vectors of continuous functions of time. Using this conceptual model, we examine the logical relationships between moving objects, and between moving objects and (stationary) spatial objects in the database. We characterize these relationships in terms of position, velocity, and acceleration. We show that these fundamental relationships can be used to describe natural queries involving time instants and intervals. Based on this foundation, we develop a concrete data model for moving objects which is an extension of linear constraint databases. We also present a preliminary version of a logical query language for moving object databases.
CP violation in b→d+(cc without tagging

Abstract Exclusive modes of bottom-flavored hadrons that are governed by b→d+(c c ) may show CP violating effects at the few percent level. The effects arise due to the interference between the dominant spectator amplitude governed by V cb V cd ∗ with amplitudes governed by different CKM (Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa) combinations. The amplitudes with the different CKM combinations consist of non-leptonic penguins and one-loop electroweak graphs. The contribution of the former is very difficult to assess, while that of the latter can be reliably estimated. Neither tagging nor time-dependence is required to observe the CP violating effects, in contrast to the classic B d → J ψ ;K s asymmetry. Examples are B − → J ψ π − , J ψ ϱ − , J ψ a 1 − , B s → J ψ K ∗0 (→K − π + ) , ξ b 0 (≡bsu)→ J ψ Λ , Ω b − (≡bss)→ J ψ ξ − . The branching ratio for any such exclusive mode is around 5×10−5. CP violation might be seen when a decay process is compared with its CP-conjugated partner. It can show up as a rate asymmetry and in a study of the other decay parameters.
Women's Athletics News

(1949). Women's Athletics News. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 456-457.
Uniqueness in Definite Noun Phrases

L'A. s'interesse dans cet article aux descriptions des usages des definis en anglais. Il analyse l'unicite associee a ces expressions comme etant a la fois conventionnelle, en ce qu'elle est une presupposition conventionnelle plus qu'une implicature conversationnelle, et pragmatique, en ce que la presupposition ne fait pas seulement allusion a l'unicite de la denotation du defini dans le monde, mais surtout a son statut unique au regard des informations apportees par les participants du discours. De plus, l'unicite mise en question, avec la presupposition de familiarite, est posee comme une propriete relative a la signification de tous les definis anglais, y compris les pronoms. Cependant, il existe des faits supplementaires dans l'interpretation des pronoms qui masquent cette singularite dans beaucoup de contextes.
Improved GPS solar radiation pressure modeling for precise orbit determination

Data collected from a worldwide 1992 experiment have been processed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to determine precise orbits for the satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS). The goal of this study was to improve satellite force modeling in order to achieve centimeter-level accuracy for global geocentric coordinates. A filtering technique has been tested to improve modeling of solar radiation pressure parameters for GPS satellites. The new approach improves orbit quality for eclipsing GPS satellites by a factor of 2, with typical results in the range of 25-50 cm.
Efficacies of Novel N-Halamine Disinfectants against Salmonella and Pseudomonas Species.

Six novel N-halamine compounds of potential importance as disinfectants to the food-processing industry were tested against Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella gallinarum, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas fluorescens in aqueous solution. Inactivation times for 106-fold reductions were determined as a function of water quality at pH 6.5 and 25°C. Phenol coefficients for the efficacies of the compounds against S. enteritidis have been reported also. When both stability and efficacy data are considered, as well as cost of production, two compounds, 1,3-dichloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethylimidazolidin-4-one and 1-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethylimidazolidin-4-one, offer the greatest potential as biocides for the food-processing industry.
Long-term brain and behavioral consequences of early iron deficiency

Early iron deficiency not only affects brain and behavioral function during the period of iron deficiency, it persists long after treatment. The mechanisms include long-term alterations in dopamine metabolism, myelination, and hippocampal structure and function. Recent studies have demonstrated long-term genomic changes, which suggests the regulation of brain function is fundamentally altered.
Two‐dimensional continuous simulation of spatiotemporally varied hydrological processes using the time‐area method

Distributed, continuous hydrologic models promote better understanding of hydrology and enable integrated hydrologic analyses by providing a more detailed picture of water transport processes across the varying landscape. However, such models are not widely used in routine modelling practices, due in part to the extensive data input requirements, computational demands, and complexity of routing algorithms. We developed a two-dimensional continuous hydrologic model, HYSTAR, using a time-area method within a grid-based spatial data model with the goal of providing an alternative way to simulate spatiotemporally varied watershed-scale hydrologic processes. The model calculates the direct runoff hydrograph by coupling a time-area routing scheme with a dynamic rainfall excess sub-model implemented here using a modified curve number method with an hourly time step, explicitly considering downstream ‘reinfiltration’ of routed surface runoff. Soil moisture content is determined at each time interval based on a water balance equation, and overland and channel runoff is routed on time-area maps, representing spatial variation in hydraulic characteristics for each time interval in a storm event. Simulating runoff hydrographs does not depend on unit hydrograph theory or on solution of the Saint Venant equation, yet retains the simplicity of a unit hydrograph approach and the capability of explicitly simulating two-dimensional flow routing. The model provided acceptable performance in predicting daily and monthly runoff for a 6-year period for a watershed in Virginia (USA) using readily available geographic information about the watershed landscape. Spatial and temporal variability in simulated effective runoff depth and time area maps dynamically show the areas of the watershed contributing to the direct runoff hydrograph at the outlet over time, consistent with the variable source area overland flow generation mechanism. The model offers a way to simulate watershed processes and runoff hydrographs using the time-area method, providing a simple, efficient, and sound framework that explicitly represents mechanisms of spatially and temporally varied hydrologic processes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic testing in inherited ataxias

Many genetic conditions can result in ataxia. Careful clinical, radiologic, and genetic evaluation permits the specific diagnosis of many of these conditions, which in turn facilitates medical care for the patient and genetic counseling for the patient and family. Predictive, prenatal, and carrier testing are possible for some conditions, but the use of gene tests in these clinical situations requires detailed genetic counseling that may be best left to genetics specialists.
Research Spotlight: What controls the shape of sediment channels in river deltas?

[1] When turbulent, sediment-filled rivers empty into oceans and lakes, the channels often divide repeatedly to form triangular deltas. Some channels, however, travel long distances before bifurcating, creating elongated channels. Understanding how these patterns arise could be useful for designing wetland restoration schemes on river deltas. Seeking to explain the conditions under which elongated channels form, Falcini and Jerolmack considered an analogy with cold filaments in ocean currents, in which high potential vorticity (a measure that combines the rotation of a flow with its thermal gradient) helps a filament hold a coherent structure over long distances. The researchers introduced a model that incorporates sediment concentration and fluid vorticity, to derive a new “potential vorticity” equation that describes sedimentation patterns at the river mouth. Their model shows that a high potential vorticity is needed for the creation of elongated channels, and their comparison to modeling, laboratory, and field studies confirms that potential vorticity is a primary control on channel morphology. The new model could help to understand the shape of the iconic Mississippi River delta and may aid in the design of proposed channel diversions there and in other deltas. (Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, doi:10.1029/2010JF001802, 2010)
A unilateral shift setting for the fast wavelet transform

Abstract Wavelets are a basis for L2 ( R ) and the structure of the subspaces involved in a wavelet decomposition of L2 ( R ) are well understood and elegantly described by the notion of multiresolution analysis. In practice, however, one is usually more interested in a decomposition of functions in l2 ( Z ) . The procedure of using the wavelet theory of L2 ( R ) to decompose functions in l2 ( Z ) is commonly referred to as the fast wavelet transform (FWT). In this paper, we describe the structure of subspaces in l2 ( Z ) that describes the FWT. We show that for every wavelet constructed through a multiresolution analysis, there corresponds a unilateral shift of infinite multiplicity in l2 ( Z ) such that the decomposition of functions via this unilateral shift is precisely the decomposition of the FWT. In other words, we provide a Hilbert space structure via a unilateral shift to describe the FWT.
Simulation of Lubricant Recovery After Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording Writing

The lubricant in a heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) hard disk drive must be able to withstand the writing process in which the disk is locally heated a few hundred degrees Celsius within a few nanoseconds and be able to sufficiently recover the lubricant depletion and accumulation zones so as to allow for stable flying heights and reliable read/write performance. In a previous publication, we simulated the distortion of thin Zdol films due to a thermal spot during HAMR writing and predicted several Angstroms of depletion. In this paper, we continue these simulations into recovery. Our simulation results indicate that lubricant deformation caused by small thermal spots of 20-nm full-width half-maximum (FWHM) recover on the order of 100–1,000 times faster than larger 1-μm FWHM spots. However, the lubricant is unable to recover from sufficiently high writing temperatures. An optimal thickness at which HAMR writing deformation recovers fastest is apparent for sub-100-nm FWHM thermal spots. Our simulations show that simple scaling of experimental observations using optical laser spots of diameters close to 1 μm to predict lubricant phenomena induced by thermal spots close to 20-nm FWHM may not be valid. Researchers should be aware of the possibility of different lubricant behavior at small scales when designing and developing the HAMR head-disk interface.
The estimation of a conceptual model of nontraditional undergraduate student attrition

The purpose of this study was to estimate a conceptual model of nontraditional student attrition. Data were gathered from 624 nontraditional (commuter, part-time) freshmen at a midwestern urban university enrolling 22,000 students. For these nontraditional students, dropout was a function of GPA and credit hours enrolled, as well as the utility of education for future employment, satisfaction with the student role, opportunity to transfer, and age affecting dropout through intent to leave. In addition, absence from class, age, high school performance, and ethnicity had indirect effects on dropout through GPA. These results suggested that nontraditional students dropped out of college for academic reasons or because they were not committed to attending the institution, but their reasons for leaving were unrelated to social factors at school. The findings helped validate the conceptual model.
A superrepressor mutant of the arginine repressor with a correctly predicted alteration of ligand binding specificity

Abstract Arginine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli is negatively regulated by the hexameric repressor protein ArgR and the corepressor l -arginine. l -Arginine binds to ArgR in the C-terminal domain of the repressor. Binding to operator DNA occurs in the N-terminal domain. The molecular structures of both domains have recently been elucidated. The known stereochemistry of the arginine binding pocket was used for the rational design of a mutant ArgR with altered ligand specificity. Our prediction was that a replacement of Asp128 by asparagine would preferentially lead to the binding of l -citrulline, rather than l -arginine. The D128N mutant was constructed and was shown to fulfill our expectation by several experimental approaches. By isothermal titration calorimetry it was found to bind l -citrulline much more strongly than l -arginine, in contrast to wild-type ArgR. Exchange between the mutant trimers of the hexamer was inhibited by l -citrulline, as it is by l -arginine in the wild-type. The mutant protein was precipitated by l -citrulline but not by l -arginine, whereas the reverse is true for the wild-type protein. Demonstration of a corepressor action was, however, precluded by the superrepressor effect of the D128N mutation by itself. The mutant protein, in the absence of l -citrulline or l -arginine is as strong a repressor as the wild-type protein in the presence of l arginine. We discuss two possible mechanisms, in terms of the known domain structures that could explain our observations.
Iterative neural networks for skeletonization and thinning

Skeletons provide a compact and elegant description of the shape of binary objects. They are usually obtained by performing a distance transformation on the original binary data or by thinning. In this paper we summarize some of the existing techniques in this area and introduce iterative neural networks for skeletonization and thinning. The networks are trained to learn a deletion rule and they iteratively delete points from the objects until only the skeleton remains. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.