cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Savigny and the Lex Fori, Story and Jurisdiction: A Reply to Professor Briggs

M OST AUTHORS would be happy to see their work deemed worthy of as detailed and learned an attack as Edwin W. Briggs' analysis of my Treatise in the November 1964 issue of the U.C.L.A. Law Review.' I am indeed grateful for that analysis despite its subtitle which accuses my approach of falling short of "law and reason" and despite much of the author's harsh language which contrasts so sharply with his many friendly evaluations of my effort. Professor Briggs has set forth his "institutional approach" in a long series of articles and it would be presumptuous if in this reply I were to take issue with the substance of his teaching. Nor shall I undertake here to defend my own views. I have recently attempted to do this in connection with the Conflict of Laws roundtable of the Association of American Law Schools devoted to this topic.' All I shall try to do in this brief comment is to counter the reasoning
Deal or No Deal? Remedying Ineffective Assistance of Counsel during Plea Bargaining

What happens when a defendant receives defective counsel during pleabargaining, but subsequently receives a fair trial? This Note discusses three different approaches: no remedy, specific performance of the plea bargain, and a retrial. I argue that specific performance of the plea bargain violates various judicial and constitutional principles, while ordering no remedy at all relies on a flawed understanding of the Sixth Amendment. This Note introduces the notion that ineffective assistance of counsel during plea-bargaining is a structural-error in the criminal process, rather than a trial-error. I conclude that the only workable solution is to order a new trial.
Access to palliative care in the USA: why emphasize vulnerable populations?

How we recognize and address the palliative care needs of marginalized, vulnerable, or socially excluded populations may very well be the measure of our success in integrating palliative care into current health systems. LuAnn Aday, who has written about access for under-served populations in the USA, defines vulnerable populations as being ‘at risk of poor physical, psychological, and/or social health’1. If we deconstruct her definition, being ‘at risk’ signifies a high probability of illness and inappropriate or no healthcare, and the possible causes include lack of access to preventive services, disease screening and treatment as well as lack of access to the housing, employment and other supportive structures that many of us take for granted. Aday then identifies some of the at-risk populations in the USA—the chronically ill and disabled, persons with AIDS, the mentally ill, alcohol and substance abusers, homeless people, immigrants and refugees and combinations of these1. We would add another category that crosses this list—membership of a minority or ethnic community. Because of our history of discrimination and unequal investment in health, social, and economic resources in these communities, they are disproportionately at risk. We already have some indication of differences among vulnerable populations in their knowledge of end-of-life care. For example, Silveira and DiPiero2 identified non-white race and low educational level as factors associated with lack of such knowledge and Shapiro et al.3, in the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS), found differences in use of medical care and pharmaceuticals by race, gender, and insurance status. Another study followed Medicare patients admitted to hospital in three American States (Illinois, New York, and Pennsylvania) with principal diagnoses of congestive heart failure and pneumonia4; on a series of measures, black patients were found to receive lower-quality care than non-black patients, and these differences persisted when groups with equivalent poverty levels were compared. In the USA, lack of insurance may complicate access. But data from other countries indicate that universal health coverage does not always result in universal access. For example, a Canadian study found that access to cardiac services decreased, and mortality rates after acute myocardial infarction increased, by income grouping: the lower the income quintile, the more adverse the health consequences5. We know which populations are at high risks of illness and we have studied the barriers to their obtaining good-quality healthcare. In our palliative care planning we need to discuss how to lessen the chances of excluding them as we integrate palliative care with primary and specialty healthcare and end-of-life care such as hospice.
Photopatterning hybrid sol–gel glass materials prepared from ethylene tellurate and alkoxysilane

Abstract Photopatterning of sol–gels is a versatile technique that has been used to prepare optical components and devices of silica and titania. Telluria (TeO2) has a higher third-order non-linearity than silica and titania and offers advantages in optical devices. Ethylene tellurate was used as a high purity precursor in the preparation of nanoparticulate tellurium dioxide powders and glassy films by sol–gel processes. Powder and film samples were characterized by XRD, SEM and FTIR. The refractive index of the sol–gel derived telluria film was 1.67. [3-(Methacryloloxypropyl)]trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) was incorporated into ethylene tellurate sol–gels in order to allow photopatterning by polymerization and cross-linking of methacrylate functionality. UV exposure of films with a photomask was used to produce line patterns. FTIR measurements showed the disappearance of acrylate double bonds in MPTMS, indicating the polymerization and condensation of the films.
Fanconi anemia protein, FANCG, is a phosphoprotein and is upregulated with FANCA after TNF-alpha treatment.

Abstract Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic syndrome characterized by bone marrow failure, birth defects, and a predisposition to malignancy. At this time, six FA genes have been identified, and several gene products have been found to interact in a protein complex. FA cells appear to overexpress the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). We therefore examined the effects of TNF-α on the regulation of FA complementation group proteins, FANCG and FANCA. We found that treatment with TNF-α induced FANCG protein expression. FANCA was induced concurrently with FANCG, and the FANCA/FANCG complex was increased in the nucleus following TNF-α treatment. Inactivation of inhibitory kappa B kinase-2 modulated the expression of FANCG. We also found that both nuclear and cytoplasmic FANCG fractions were phosphorylated. These results show that FANCG is a phosphoprotein and suggest that the cellular accumulation of FA proteins is subject to regulation by TNF-α signaling.
A new strain rate change technique for distinguishing between pure metal and alloy type creep behavior

Abstract A new technique involving strain rate changes has been developed for distinguishing between pure metal and alloy type creep behavior. Both positive and negative strain rate changes were performed on aluminum and Al-5.8 at.% Mg (pure metal and alloy type material respectively) using an Instron electromechanical testing machine. Tests were conducted at 573 K with initial total strain rates of either 4 × 10 −5 or4 × 10 −4 s −1 . Immediately following an order of magnitude change in total strain rate, the plastic strain rate was monitored as a function of stress. The observed transient response for both pure aluminum and Al-5.8 Mg was found to agree with predicted behavior, indicating that the strain rate change test can be used to distinguish between pure metal and alloy type creep behavior. The strain rate change test was also found to be a promising single specimen technique for studying constant structure deformation. The quality of the constant structure data obtained using this technique is shown to depend on the accuracy with which plastic strain rate can be determined. A procedure is described for determining the plastic strain rate with sufficient accuracy to allow the strain rate change test to be used in place of multiple stress reduction tests to study constant structure deformation.
Hydration Kinetics of Tri-calcium Silicate in the Presence of Superplasticizers

A recently developed method based on Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) has been used to study the hydration kinetics of tri-calcium silicate (C3S) in the presence of superplasticizers. We studied some of the most common additives employed in the cement industry, i.e., a sulfonated naphthalene−formaldehyde polycondensate, a polycarboxylate and a polyacrylate. The overall hydration kinetics of the superplasticized pastes have been obtained and compared to that of C3S cured in pure water. Superplasticizers do not change the kinetic laws involved in the hydration processes, the first according to an Avrami−Erofeev nucleation and growth law, and the second a three-dimensional diffusion equation. However, the induction times of the tri-calcium silicate paste are affected by the presence of additives. The polycarboxylate and the polyacrylate additives reduce the temperature dependence of the so-called “dormant period”. The activation energy of the nucleation and growth stage is about doubled in the presenc...
Mach 1 oxidation of thoriated nickel chromium at 1204°C (2200°F)

TD NiCr was exposed to a Mach 1, 1-atmosphere gas stream at 1204 C for times up to 50 hours. Weight change, metal thickness loss, X-ray diffraction, metallographic, and electron microprobe analyses were made. Neither surface preparation nor thermal cycling had an appreciable effect on the results. Initially, Cr2O3 formed and volatilized, allowing a rapid metal loss rate of 40 microns per hour. After about 1 hour the Cr2O3 broke down, resulting in an NiO overgrowth. The metal loss rate then slowed to 2.5 microns per hour and remained constant to 50 hours.
Reactive compatibilization of polypropylene and polymide‐6,6 with carboxylated and maleated polypropylene

Blends of polypropylene and polyamide-6,6 have been compatibilized with polypropylene that was carboxylated through a reactive extrusion process with an asymmetric functional peroxide. The compatibilized blends demonstrated a finely dispersed minor phase as shown by SEM. Because of the enhanced dispersion, additions of the carboxylated polypropylene to the blends resulted in a change in the crystallization nucleation mechanism of the PA-6,6 minor phase from heterogeneous to homogeneous in nature. A linear increase in the impact strength and significant enhancement in the tensile properties of the blends was observed with incorporations of the compatibilizer up to 30% of the matrix phase. In addition, the compatibilizing efficiency of the carboxylated polypropylene was compared to that of maleic anhydride functionalized polypropylene. When compared on an equivalent basis (total concentration of carboxylate or anhydride functionality added to the blend), the carboxylated polypropylene demonstrated a slightly better compatibilizing efficiency than that of the anhydride functionalized polypropylene. The higher compatibilizing efficiency of the carboxylated polypropylene was attributed to a higher grafting efficiency of the carboxylation procedure as compared to the anhydride functionalization procedure.
INSULIN, ADENYL CYCLATE, IONS, AND THE HEART

Insulin accelerates the entry of glucose and amino acids into muscle cells by acting upon the carrier-facilitated transport mechanism. For glucose, this process is passive and leads to equilibration of intracellular and extracellular concentrations. In heart muscle, glucose transport is a rate-limiting step for glucose uptake. During hypoxia and ischemia the heart turns to anaerobic glycolysis for energy production, and therefore maximal glucose transport becomes important. Insulin is necessary to insure proper protein synthesis, probably acting at the level of membrane-bound polyribosomes. However, during myocardial hypoxia, insulin alone cannot restore the associated depression in protein synthesis. Although insulin effects net and rapid potassium uptake by the heart cell and hyperpolarizes the cell, the change in the ratio of intracellular to extracellular activities of potassium is not the primary action of insulin. Rather, an insulin-induced configurational change in the plasma membrane could simultaneously account for the effects of insulin on sodium and potassium permeability and the action on facilitated transport. Intracellular levels of adenyl cyclate are reduced by insulin in extracardiac tissues perhaps through inhibition of adenyl cyclase or stimulation of phosphodiesterase, but convincing evidence that this occurs in the heart is lacking. Insulin secretion is depressed in patients with heart disease in proportion to the reduction in cardiac index sustained. Since the ischemic heart is dependent upon glucose as the major fuel, insulin lack may deprive the heart of adequate substrate availability under these conditions. The multivalent actions of insulin on the heart cell are especially important in view of the resurgence of interest in glucose-insulin-potassium therapy for the treatment of clinical heart disease.
Thermostable α‐galactosidase from Thermotoga neapolitana: cloning, sequencing and expression

A gene encoding a thermostable α-galactosidase from the hyperthermophile Thermotoga neapolitana was cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis showed that the 552-amino acid protein is similar to Escherichia coli Raf type α-galactosidase and belongs to Family 36 of the glycosyl hydrolases. Recombinant α-galactosidase expressed in E. coli has a molecular mass of ca. 61 kDa, and an optimum activity at 93°C at pH 7.0. The enzyme is highly thermostable and retains 75% of activity after heating to 80°C for 4 h. The potential application of the enzyme to high temperature processing of soy molasses has been demonstrated.
Anti-Thy-1 Response of H-2f/H-2f Heterozygotes: An Unusual Case of Genetic Control

Anti-Thy-1 responsiveness of H-2 homozygous and H-2/H-2f heterozygous mice was studied Good responsiveness appeared to be independent of H-2 phenotype of responder but was influenced by the phenotype of the donor. These results were incompatible with the concept of Ir-Thy-1 genes controlling the response to cell-free Thy-1 in these mice In contrast, the results were indicative of the response to the cell-bound form of the Thy-1 antigen. It is proposed that good anti-Thy-1 response may reflect the presence of clones capable of recognizing the Thy-1 antigen in the context of or in association with incompatible class I H-2 molecules
Pattern identification of pure tones and frequency glides by untrained listeners

Six subjects identified the order of four-event sequences. Contiguous pure tones (713, 1,031, 1,209, and 1,514 Hz in permuted orders) were presented by earphones at 40 dB SL, with individual events Itones) from 20, to 40, 60, and 300 msec in duration. Again, silent intervals of 20 or 60 msec were inserted among tones of 20 or 40 msec duration. Finally, the pure tones of 713 and 1,209 Hz were combined, in any four-event sequence, with two glissandi chosen from 466 to 714 Hz, from 714 to 1,208 Hz, and their mirror reversals. The temporal and frequency continuity both of tonal and of glissando-plus-tonal sequences affected the identification of sequential order. Degraded performance in the glissando-plus-tonal condition was attributed partially to a subjective experience of pitch blurring. The inclusion of silent intervals in the sequences of the shorter pure-tone durations improved identification performance to that of contiguous sequences of equal overall duration, i.e., adding silent processing time was as efficacious as increasing by the same amount the duration of the individual frequency event.
A note on the effect of neighborhood structure in simulated annealing

Abstract The simulated annealing method is a neighborhood search algorithm that can be used as a heuristic for many combinatorial problems. Recent research has concentrated on the viability of the approach and the appropriate algorithm parameter settings to use in implementation. In this note we consider a problem specific parameter; the neighborhood structure. We motivate the importance of considering the neighborhood by appealing to results on the convergence rate of simulated annealing and previous empirical results. We test several neighborhood structures on four different problems: the traveling salesman problem, the quadratic assignment problem, the quadratic selection problem and the stochastic quadratic selection problem. Our results suggest that for these problem classes and the particular annealing schedule used, small neighborhoods are better.
Characterization of the solvation dynamics of an ionic liquid via molecular dynamics simulation

The solvation dynamics of ionic liquids have been the subject of intense experimental study but remain poorly understood. We present the results of molecular dynamics simulations of the solvation dynamics of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate in response to photoexcitation of the fluorescent dye coumarin-153. We reproduce the time-resolved fluorescence Stokes shift using linear response theory, then use novel statistical techniques to analyze cation and anion contributions to the signal. We find that the solvation dynamics are dominated by collective ionic motion and characterize the time scale for various features of the collective response. Further, we use the Steele analysis [Mol. Phys. 61, 1031 (1987)] to characterize the contributions to the observed Stokes shift made by translational and rovibrational degrees of freedom. Our results indicate that in contrast to molecular liquids, the rovibrational response is trivial and the observed fluorescence response arises almost entirely from ionic translation. Our results resolve previously open questions in the literature about the nature of the rapid dynamics in room-temperature ionic liquids and offer insight into the physical principles governing ionic liquid behavior on longer time scales.
A Replicated Comparative Study of Source Code Authorship Attribution

Source code authorship attribution is, simply, the task of deciding who wrote a piece of software given its source code. Applications include software forensics, plagiarism detection, and determining software ownership. Several methods of source code authorship attribution have been proposed in the past. Based on the only known controlled, comprehensive comparative study of these methods, the two most effective methods are the Burrows method and the SCAP method. This paper presents a partial replication of that comparative study. Specifically, it only compares the two most effective methods (Burrows and SCAP). This paper also includes a slight extension of that study: the original comparative study only considered anonymized data, while the replicated study considers both anonymized and non-anonymized data. The original comparative study indicated that the Burrows method outperformed all other methods - including the SCAP method - by a considerable margin. However, the results of the replicated study indicate that the SCAP method outperforms the Burrows method by a small margin when using anonymized data and by a large margin when using non-anonymized data.
Photochemistry of atmospherically important free radicals: HO 2

OH photofragments generated from the 220 nm photolysis of HO2 are interrogated using laser induced fluorescence. Internal energy distribution measurement combined with Doppler line shape analysis confirm that the excited electronic state of HO2 accessed at 220 nm is of A' symmetry and that 85 plus or minus 10% of the oxygen atoms resulting from the photodissociation are formed in their 1D excited electronic state. Very little of the 23,200 cm-1 available energy (less than 2%) appears as internal excitation of the OH fragment.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Acquisition of Strategic Knowledge

KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION IS THE TRANSFER AND TRANSFORMATION OF EXPERTISE FROM HUMAN EXPERTS INTO COMPUTER PROGRAMS CALLED KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS. THE PROBLEM OF KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION IS THE CRITICAL BARRIER TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS. THIS RESEARCH FOCUSES ON THE PROBLEM OF ACQUIRING "STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE"---KNOWLEDGE USED BY AN AGENT TO DECIDE WHAT ACTION TO PERFORM NEXT, WHERE ACTIONS HAVE CONSEQUENCES IN THE EXTERNAL WORLD. STRA- TEGIC KNOWLEDGE IS ESPECIALLY DIFFICULT TO ACQUIRE FROM EXPERTS BY CONVEN- TIONAL METHODS, AND IT IS TYPICALLY IMPLEMENTED WITH LOW-LEVEL PRIMITIVES BY A KNOWLEDGE ENGINEER. THIS DISSERTATION PRESENTS A METHOD FOR PARTIALLY AUTOMATING THE ACQUIS- ITION OF STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE FROM EXPERTS. THE METHOD CONSISTS OF A REPRE- SENTATION FOR STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE, A TECHNIQUE FOR ELICITING STRATEGY FROM EXPERTS, AND A LEARNING PROCEDURE FOR TRANSFORMING THE INFORMATION ELICITED FROM EXPERTS INTO OPERATIONAL AND GENERAL FORM. THE KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTA- TION IS FORMULATED AS "STRATEGY RULES" THAT ASSOCIATE STRATEGIC SITUATIONS WITH EQUIVALENCE CLASSES OF APPROPRIATE ACTIONS. THE ELICITATION TECHNIQUE IS BASED ON A LANGUAGE OF "JUSTIFICATIONS" WITH WHICH THE EXPERT EXPLAINS WHY A KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM SHOULD HAVE CHOSEN A PARTICULAR ACTION IN A SPECIFIC STRATEGIC SITUATION. THE LEARNING PROCEDURE GENERATES STRATEGY RULES FROM EXPERT JUSTIFICATIONS IN TRAINING CASES, AND GENERALIZES NEWLY-FORMED RULES
Two healing patterns correlate with different adult neural connectivity patterns in regenerating embryonic Xenopus retina

Nasal and temporal one-third-sized eye fragments, formed by ablation at stage 32-33 of Xenopus laevis embryos, heal and, in about 50% of the cases, survive to make eyes in the postmetamorphic animal which have mappable visuotectal projections. The majority of nasal one-third eyes have duplicate projections whereas the majority of temporal one-third eyes have unduplicated projections. Most nasal one-third eye fragments and a minority of temporal eye fragments heal by the extrusion of cells from the center of the cut edge into the region of the ablation, forming a tongue of cells between the distal cut edges. This healing pattern is correlated with duplicated visuotectal projections. Most temporal one-third fragments and a minority of nasal one-third fragments heal by rounding up; that is, the distal cut edges collapse to meet in the region of the ablation. This healing pattern is correlated with the formation of unduplicated visuotectal projections. During tongue formation, neurons and undifferentiated cells are transferred from the original fragment into the tongue in a disorderly array, but quickly re-form normal retinal order. We propose that the tongue cells retain their original determination to connect to the same tectal positions as the fragment from which they originated, despite their new positions, and that this mosaicism, coupled with cell movement into the tongue, established duplicate visuotectal projections.
Assessing competence to complete psychiatric advance directives with the competence assessment tool for psychiatric advance directives

The Competence Assessment Tool for Psychiatric Advance Directives (CAT-PAD), a new instrument designed to assess competence to complete a psychiatric advance directive (PAD), is described. Initial psychometric properties and data regarding participant performance on the instrument are detailed. Study participants were 80 outpatients with at least two psychiatric crises in the previous 2 years. The CAT-PAD has three scales that assess decisional capacities regarding the nature and value of PADs and a specific treatment choice: Understanding, Appreciation, and Reasoning. Construct and discriminant validity were evaluated using the AD-Maker competence questions, symptom and functioning scales, and clinical and demographic characteristics. Reliability was strong for the Understanding and Reasoning scales and total score, and adequate for the Appreciation scale. Construct validity was demonstrated in relation to the AD-Maker competence questions and scales assessing psychotic symptoms. The CAT-PAD was generally unbiased with respect to gender, ethnicity, and age. Controlling for psychotic symptoms, diagnosis was not significantly related to CAT-PAD scores. Most participants performed well on the CAT-PAD. Using rigid cutoffs for the CAT-PAD is not advised due to lack of consensus on the degree of capacities required for completing a PAD, and differences in situational demands. Routine screening using the CAT-PAD is also not recommended, but rather assessment is suggested when a priori doubts exist about a person's decisional capacity. Such use of the CAT-PAD may allow clinicians to better trust the content of PADs, which may, in turn, increase the likelihood PADs will be honored.
Characterization of a flatworm inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) reveals a role in reproductive physiology

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP₃Rs) are intracellular Ca²⁺ channels that elevate cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ in response to the second messenger IP3. Here, we describe the identification and in vivo functional characterization of the planarian IP₃R, the first intracellular Ca²⁺ channel to be defined in flatworms. A single IP₃R gene in Dugesia japonica encoded a 2666 amino acid protein (Dj.IP₃R) that shared well conserved structural features with vertebrate IP₃R counterparts. Expression of an NH₂-terminal Dj.IP₃R region (amino acid residues 223-585) recovered high affinity ³H-IP₃ binding (0.9±0.1 nM) which was abolished by a single point mutation of an arginine residue (R495L) important for IP₃ coordination. In situ hybridization revealed that Dj.IP₃R mRNA was most strongly expressed in the pharynx and optical nerve system as well as the reproductive system in sexualized planarians. Consistent with this observed tissue distribution, in vivo RNAi of Dj.IP₃R resulted in a decreased egg-laying behavior suggesting Dj.IP₃R plays an upstream role in planarian reproductive physiology.
Propagation of the [PIN + ] prion by fragments of Rnq1 fused to GFP

Prions are viewed as enigmatic infectious entities whose genetic properties are enciphered solely in an array of self-propagating protein aggregate conformations. Rnq1, a yeast protein with yet unknown function, forms a prion named [PIN+] for its ability to facilitate the de novo induction of another prion, [PSI+]. Here we investigate a set of RNQ1 truncations that were designed to cover major Rnq1 sequence elements similar to those important for the propagation of other yeast prions: a region rich in asparagines and glutamines and several types of oligopeptide repeats. Proteins encoded by these RNQ1 truncations were tested for their ability to (a) join (decorate) pre-existing [PIN+] aggregates made of wild-type Rnq1 and (b) maintain the heritable aggregated state in the absence of wild-type RNQ1. While the possible involvement of particular sequence elements in the propagation of [PIN+] is discussed, the major result is that the efficiency of transmission of [PIN+] from wild-type Rnq1 to a fragment decreased with the fragment’s length.
An applied human ecological approach to regional planning

Abstract Land planning in the United States is responding to problematic ecological and economic conditions. A theory of applied human ecology, using general systems theory, ecological anthropology, community studies, and local history, is being developed to meet current planning needs. Methods and techniques were developed in a field study of the Kennett region in Southeastern Pennsylvania. The human ecological analysis permitted planners an interior perspective on the local citizens' views of their landscape. The method aids in the evaluation of who suffers and who benefits locally from any given land use allocation. Siting housing for local needs illustrates this method.
Platelet CD61 expression in vascular calcineurin inhibitor toxicity of renal allografts

Calcineurin inhibitor (CI) toxicity in renal allografts is frequently associated with arteriolar injury. Platelet activation occurs in response to vascular injury associated with CI therapy. Platelets are detectable in tissue sections by immunohistochemistry for CD61. This immunohistochemical study examines patterns of platelet deposition in CI-associated vascular toxicity of renal allografts. Renal allograft biopsies were grouped into (i) CI-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (CITMA, n = 28); (ii) vascular CI toxicity without thrombotic microangiopathy (VTox, n = 43); and (iii) allograft controls with minimal arteriolopathy abnormalities, both with CI exposure (MA, n = 10) and without CI exposure (NCI, n = 15). Two-micrometer paraffin sections were stained using a monoclonal antibody to CD61 by standard immunoperoxidase methods. Mural and luminal CD61 deposits in arterioles were graded from 0 to 3+, and proportions of arteriolar and glomerular profiles with CD61 deposits were determined for each biopsy. Granular CD61 deposits were detected in arterioles in biopsies with CITMA (92.9%) and VTox (81%) and less frequently in MA (30%) and NCI (33%). The proportion of arterioles with CD61 deposits was greater in CITMA than in VTox (46.3% +/- 28.5% vs 21.3% +/- 22.2%, P = .001) and more extensive than in controls (MA, 3.6% +/- 8.9%; NCI, 3.2% +/- 5.5%). Median arteriolar CD61 grades for CITMA exceeded grades for VTox (2 vs 0.5, P = .001), and CD61 grades in VTox were significantly greater than in controls with MA (0) and NCI (0) (P = .0001). In conclusion, arteriolar mural platelet CD61 deposition was observed in vascular CI toxicity and was most extensive and severe in CI-associated thrombotic microangiopathy. Identification of "insudative platelet arteriolopathy" in renal allograft biopsies, by immunohistochemical detection of CD61, may facilitate recognition of vascular CI toxicity.
881 ABNORMALITIES IN ARACHIDONIC ACID (A.A.) METABOLISM IN NEONATAL PLATELETS AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO NEONATAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Since A.A. is the precursor for vasoconstrictive prostaglandins that are elevated in a variety of neonatal pathophysiologic states (eg. RDS), we assessed platelet A.A. release and subsequent metabolism through the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways in platelets (plts.) from 8 term neonates and compared them to 13 adult controls. Evaluation revealed a significant increase in the chemotactic lipoxygenase product HETE in the neonate (41.5 ± 2; 1SE) when compared to the adult (31.2 ± 2.1). The cyclooxygenase product TXB2 was decreased in neonatal pits. (11.1 ± 1.7 vs 19 ± 1.7; p<0.01. Uptake of 14C A.A. into plts. of both neonates and adults was similar. Neonatal pits. however released a greater amount (p<0.001) of AA (24.7 ± 2.8%) compared to adults (14.6 ± 0.8). Enhanced release of AA from the plt. of the neonate suggests that differences exist between neonatal and adult phospholipases A2, C, and diglyceride lipase (enzymes involved in the release of AA from cell membranes). Our findings provide proof for the presence of an “aspirin-like” defect in the plt. of the newborn i.e. inhibition of the plt. enzyme cyclooxygenase, and also demonstrates an increase in the release of AA from the neonatal cell membrane. This finding may play an important role in a variety of pathologic states in the neonate mediated via cellular prostaglandins.
A comparison of magnetic resonance angiography, contrast arteriography, and duplex arteriography for patients undergoing lower extremity revascularization.

The objective of this study was to compare magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), contrast arteriography (CA), and duplex arteriography (DA) for defining anatomic features relevant to performing lower extremity revascularizations. From March 1, 2001 to August 1, 2001, 33 consecutive inpatients with chronic lower extremity ischemia underwent CA, MRA, and DA before undergoing lower extremity revascularization procedures. The reports of these tests were compared prospectively and the differences in the aortoiliac segment, femoral-popliteal, and infrapopliteal segments were noted. The vessels were classified as mild disease (<50%), moderate disease (50-70%), severe disease (71-99%), and occluded. These studies and treatment plans based on these data were compared. During this time period, 11 patients were not able to undergo MRA and therefore were excluded from the study. Thirty-three patients were included in this study. These patients underwent 35 procedures, as 2 patients underwent bilateral procedures. The mean age of the 33 patients was 76 ± 10 years (SD). Indications for the procedures included gangrene (20), ischemic ulcer (8), rest pain (4), and severe claudication (1). Patients’ medical history included diabetes mellitus (25), hypertension (20), and end-stage renal disease (5). No differences were noted between intraoperative findings and CA in this series. Two of the three differences between DA and CA were felt to be clinically significant whereas 9 of the 12 differences between MRA and CA were felt to be clinically significant. On the basis of these data in this series, MRA does not yet seem to be able to obtain adequate data on infrapopliteal segments, at least not for this highly selected population. When severe tibial calcification or very low flow states are identified, CA may be necessary for patients undergoing DA.
Curiouser and curiouser: managing discovery making

On a recent official visit to southeast Asia, a prime minister asked me: "What does it take to get a Nobel prize?" I answered immediately: "Invest in basic research and recruit the best minds." This curiosity-driven approach seems increasingly oldfashioned and underappreciated in our modern age of science. Some believe that more can be achieved through tightly managed research — as if we can predict the future. I believe this is an unfortunate misconception that affects and infects research funding. I hear repeatedly, particularly in developing countries: "Applied research is what we need." There is nothing wrong with a nation having mission-oriented research and development to solve specific problems or to dedicate to an outreach programme, such as space exploration or alternative energy. During my visits as a US science envoy, I have emphasized that without solid investment in science education and a fundamental science base, nations will not acquire the ground-breaking knowledge required to make discoveries and innovations that will shape their future.
Biological growth and spread modeled by systems of recursions. I. Mathematical theory.

We study the asymptotic behavior of solutions to a system of recursions u in+1 = Qi[mu n], i = 1, ..., k. The vector operator Q has the origin theta and a positive vector beta as fixed points and is defined for vector-valued functions bounded between theta and gamma where gamma greater than or equal to beta. In addition, Q is order-preserving, commutes with translation, and is continuous in the topology of uniform convergence on compact subsets. Let theta less than or equal to pi much less than beta, and suppose that for all pi much less than alpha much less than beta, Q(n) alpha]----beta as n----infinity. If u0 much greater than pi on a sufficiently large ball and has bounded support, then un propagates with a speed c*(xi) in the direction of the unit vector xi as n----infinity. In certain cases, c*(xi) can be calculated explicitly. The results generalize those of a scalar equation studied by Weinberger.
Infrared spectrum of the 1205-cm−1 band of HNO3

Abstract The high-resolution spectrum of the 1205-cm −1 band of HNO 3 has been measured. It is shown that this is an A -type band and must be due to the ν 8 + ν 9 combination. The band is relatively unperturbed and effective rovibrational constants are given that can be used to calculate the spectrum between 1183 and 1225 cm −1 .
Identification of Subunit-Subunit Interactions in Bacteriophage P22 Procapsids by Chemical Cross-linking and Mass Spectrometry

Viral capsids are dynamic structures which self-assemble and undergo a series of structural transformations to form infectious viruses. The dsDNA bacteriophage P22 is used as a model system to study the assembly and maturation of icosahedral dsDNA viruses. The P22 procapsid, which is the viral capsid precursor, is assembled from coat protein with the aid of scaffolding protein. Upon DNA packaging, the capsid lattice expands and becomes a stable virion. Chemical cross-linking analyzed by mass spectrometry was used to identify residue specific inter- and intra-subunit interactions in the P22 procapsids. All the intersubunit cross-links occurred between residues clustered in a loop region (residues 157-207) which was previously identified by mass spectrometry based on hydrogen/deuterium exchange and biochemical experiments. DSP and BS3 which have similar distance constraints (12 angstroms and 11.4 angstroms, respectively) cross-linked the same residues between two subunits in the procapsids (K183-K183), whereas DST, a shorter cross-linker, cross-linked lysine 175 in one subunit to lysine 183 in another subunit. The replacement of threonine with a cysteine at residue 182 immediately adjacent to the K183 cross-linking site resulted in slow spontaneous disulfide bond formation in the procapsids without perturbing capsid integrity, thus suggesting flexibility within the loop region and close proximity between neighboring loop regions. To build a detailed structure model, we have predicted the secondary structure elements of the P22 coat protein, and attempted to thread the prediction onto identified helical elements of cryoEM 3D reconstruction. In this model, the loop regions where chemical cross-linkings occurred correspond to the extra density (ED) regions which protrude upward from the outside of the capsids and face one another around the symmetry axes.
An asymmetric heterodomain interface stabilizes a response regulator-DNA complex

Bacterial two-component systems relay extracellular signals to transcriptional networks via response regulators. Narayanan et al. present structures of the response regulator KdpE bound to DNA, and show that asymmetric interactions between the receiver and DNA-binding domains are required to sustain gene expression.
Treatment of resistant acute myeloid leukemia.

Abstract Although combination cytotoxic chemotherapy induces complete remission in 60–80% of adults with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia, most patients will ultimately relapse and die from leukemia. Strategies which have been developed for patients with relapsed leukemia include the use of active non-cross-resistant chemotherapeutic agents, allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation, or combined sequential therapy with hematopoietic growth factors and chemotherapy. Most salvage chemotherapeutic regimens use high-dose cytarabine; other agents which have activity include idarubicin, mitoxantrone, etoposide, and high-dose cyclophosphamide. Bone marrow transplantation represents the preferred approach for patients with resistant leukemia offering a likelihood of prolonged disease-free survival. Unique combinations of high-dose chemotherapy and growth factors may provide an alternative therapeutic role in the treatment of resistant leukemia.
Aqueous phase rhodium hydroformylation of octene-1 with trisulfonated tris (ω-phenyl)alkylphosphines and trisulfonated triphenyl phosphine. Reaction selectivity as an indication of rhodium-phosphine complex chemistry

Abstract The electron donating, water soluble phosphines, P[ (CH 2 ) x C 6 H 4 - p -SO 3 3Na] 3 , x =1, 2, 3, 6, are used to generate aqueous rhodium catalysts for the hydroformylation of octene-1. At low L/ Rh ratios conversion generally increases with increasing number of methylene groups. At high L/ Rh ratios the catalytic activity decreases. For comparison data are given for P (C 6 H 4 - m -SO 3 Na) 3 , TPPTS, as well. The new complexes, Rh (acac) (CO)L, where L=P[ (CH 2 ) x C 6 H 4 - p -SO 3 Na] 3 , x =1, 2, 3, 6, and HRh (CO)L 3 where L=P[(CH 2 ) 2 C 6 H 4 - p -SO 3 Na] 3 , are described. The latter compound, HRh (CO)L 3 , appears to oxidatively add water to yield [H 2 Rh(CO)L 3 ] + .
Development of a Dairy Feeding Model for Maximizing Income Above Feed Cost with Access by Remote Computer Terminals

Abstract Development, testing, and implementation of a computerized linear program for dairy rations is described. National Research Council feeding standards were integrated with functions of milk production and feed intake synthesized from various sources to produce a model for maximizing income above feed cost. Nutrient data for 101 feed ingredients are included in the program with options to modify the data or add data for additional feeds. Input data consist of cow weight, milk fat test, response of milk production, milk price, percentage of cows in first and second lactations in the group, prices on available feed ingredients, and minimum or maximum constraints on feed ingredients. An example of computer printout is illustrated, and results are presented from the program under commercial dairy conditions. The program can be accessed by remote computer terminals connecting with the central computer over telephone lines. Initial testing of the model with cooperators in the field was through the University of California–Davis Computer Center. Commercial use of the program by the dairy industry will be through the Dairy Records Centers processing Dairy Herd Improvement data.
Activation and function of hepatocyte NF‐κB in postischemic liver injury

The inhibitor of NF-κB (I-κB) kinase (IKK) complex consists of 3 subunits, IKK1, IKK2, and NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), and is involved in the activation of NF-κB by various stimuli. IKK2 or NEMO constitutive knockout mice die during embryogenesis as a result of massive hepatic apoptosis. Therefore, we examined the role of IKK2 in TNF-induced apoptosis and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the liver by using conditional knockout mice. Hepatocyte-specific ablation of IKK2 did not lead to impaired activation of NF-κB or increased apoptosis after TNF-alpha stimulation whereas conditional NEMO knockout resulted in complete block of NF-κB activation and massive hepatocyte apoptosis. In a model of partial hepatic I/R injury, mice lacking IKK2 in hepatocytes displayed significantly reduced liver necrosis and inflammation than wild-type mice. AS602868, a novel chemical inhibitor of IKK2, protected mice from liver injury due to I/R without sensitizing them toward TNF-induced apoptosis and could therefore emerge as a new pharmacological therapy for liver resection, hemorrhagic shock, or transplantation surgery.
Acid—base chemistry of α-alkylcobalamins. Determination of additional formation constants for the ‘tuck-in’ species of base-off cobalamins

Abstract Potentiometric titration of five α-alkylcobalamins, in which the axial organic ligand is in the ‘lower’ (α) axial position preventing coordination of the axial nucleotide, has provided the first values of the p K a of the conjugate acid of the pendent, but uncoordinated, benzimidazole nucleotide in cobalamins. In every case, these values are lower than the p K a of the conjugate acid-of the free nucleoside, α-ribazole, at the same temperature. This suggests that, as is the case with base-off dicyanocobalamin and base-off but benzimidazole deprotonated β- alkylcobalamins, the free base nucleotide in the α-alkylcobalamins is associated with a corrin ring side chain to form what is known as the ‘tuck-in’ species. The data permit calculation of apparent equilibrium constants for formation of the ‘tuck-in’ species of the α-alkylcobalamins which vary from about 0.3 to 1.3, but are essentially temperature independent for a given complex. The isoenthalpic nature of this equilibrium is consistent with the principle interaction in the ‘tuck-in’ species being a hydrogen bond between the nucleotide B3 nitrogen and a side chain amide N-H, as is the case for dicyanocobalamin and the base-off β-alkylcobalamins. Further evidence for formation of ‘tuck-in’ species in α-alkylcobalamins has been obtained from comparison of the 13 C NMR resonances of the pendent nucleotide of these complexes with those of the free nucleotide, α-ribazole-3′-phosphate, and with those of dicyanocobalamin, in which the ‘tuck-in’ species is well characterized. These spectral comparisons suggest that formation of the ‘tuck-in’ species may be accompanied by a change in conformation about the nucleotide N -glycosidic bond, and that the conformation of the nucleotide ribose moiety in the ‘tuck-in’ species of the α-alkylcobalamins may be different from that in dicyanocobalamin.
Inhibition of phorbol ester-mediated phenotypic changes in cultured cells by hypoxanthine

Hypoxanthine induces the differentiation of certain transformed cells in vitro, so analyses were undertaken to determine whether this purine metabolite might influence the expression of transformed phenotypes induced in normal cells by chemical agents. Chinese hamster embryo cells and human skin fibroblasts in culture were treated with the promoting agent phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (PDD) with or without prior treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), and various phenotypic effects were monitored. Hypoxanthine was found to inhibit significantly the formation of type III foci and the increase in saturation density observed for Chinese hamster cells treated with MCA plus the phorbol ester. Inosine and the hypoxanthine analogue allopurinol could also mediate the effect on saturation density, while xanthosine could not. An increase in the saturation density of human skin fibroblasts, which can be induced by the phorbol ester alone, was also inhibited by hypoxanthine. There was no significant effect on the growth rate or the intracellular nucleotide pools with hypoxanthine-treated cells. The results suggest that a normal purine metabolite, hypoxanthine, can modulate the expression of transformed phenotypes induced in vitro by the known tumor promotor PDD. These observations could help in elucidating the cellular basis for promotion of carcinogenesis.
Structural and functional test of IBM system z10 chips

For the first time in the history of the IBM System z™ family of mainframes, System z10™ processor chips are tested by both structural and functional means. This complementary strategy starts at wafer test and is consistent through system test. In this paper, we describe how traditional and enhanced structured patterns provide fault coverage and how functional patterns mimic real system workloads. A new operating kernel generates functional tests and expected results and it can run these tests for either a finite or an indefinite amount of time to simulate system operation. It also executes custom hand-loop patterns to stress chip temperature and power. Both structural and functional patterns are used to uniquely characterize each chip. Adaptive algorithms based on results at wafer test determine optimal system operating voltage for each chip--a strategy that delivers a chip supply with optimal characteristics for system manufacturing and product delivery. The diversity of structural and functional patterns makes it possible to increase z10™ chip quality and reduce development time. The ability to run the same tests from wafer through system test provides a consistency not previously possible.
Realities of Teaching Group Counseling

In this critical response, the author discusses some of the realities of teaching group counseling that reflect the different professional contexts for our work.Ethical conflicts, abuse of power, dual relationships, and informed consent are mentioned.