cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observation and model resolution implications to ocean prediction

Abstract We address ocean modeling capability that has grown exponentially while ocean observation growth has not maintained pace, a situation leading to seemingly degraded forecast skill when model resolution is increased. Skill in predicting ocean instabilities such as mesoscale eddies requires satellite and in situ observations continually correcting numerical model conditions. Observations constrain positions of larger ocean model features, while smaller features are unconstrained. By means of an Observation System Simulation Experiment (OSSE), we show that time–space observation coverage controls the separation of constrained and unconstrained feature scales. Using 1000 independent surface drifters, we show constrained scales have deterministic prediction skill and unconstrained scales predict areas of higher expected errors. The results are shown to be consistent with ensemble forecasts. Separating constrained and unconstrained features, and using information within each appropriately, allows us to manage the present gap between observation and model resolution.
Singa Transitional: Rock-art Saywas Marking Boundaries of Identity and Socializing Landscape in Huánuco, Peru

This paper introduces a new art style, Singa Transitional, found painted onto a mountainside near the modern town of Singa in the north of Huanuco, Peru. This style was discovered during a recent regional survey of rock art in the Huanuco region that resulted in the documentation of paintings at more than 20 sites, the identification of their chronological contexts and an analysis of the resulting data for trends in changing social practices over nine millennia. I explore how the style emerged from both regional artistic trends in the medium and broader patterns evident in Andean material culture from multiple media at the time of its creation. I argue that the presence of Singa Transitional demonstrates that local peoples were engaged in broader social trends unfolding during the transition between the Early Horizon (800–200 bc) and the Early Intermediate Period (ad 0–800) in Peru. I propose that rock art placed in prominent places was considered saywa, a type of landscape feature that marked boundaries in and movement through landscapes. Singa Transitional saywas served to advertise the connection between local Andean people and their land and was a medium through which social changes were contested in the Andes.
Extracting dynamical frequencies from invariants of motion in finite-dimensional nonlinear integrable systems

Integrable dynamical systems play an important role in many areas of science, including accelerator and plasma physics. An integrable dynamical system with n degrees of freedom possesses n nontrivial integrals of motion, and can be solved, in principle, by covering the phase space with one or more charts in which the dynamics can be described using action-angle coordinates. To obtain the frequencies of motion, both the transformation to action-angle coordinates and its inverse must be known in explicit form. However, no general algorithm exists for constructing this transformation explicitly from a set of n known (and generally coupled) integrals of motion. In this paper we describe how one can determine the dynamical frequencies of the motion as functions of these n integrals in the absence of explicitly known action-angle variables, and we provide several examples.
Anchor: An NDN-Based Blockchain Network

Efficient broadcasting is critical for timely propagation of transactions and blocks to the network in blockchain systems. Existing blockchain networks are usually characterized by a high communication overhead and redundant traffics which adversely impact the transaction/block latency and security. In the networking community, remarkable progresses have been made in past decades on network efficiency. In particular, information-centric networking (ICN) has been considered a promising approach for network efficiency and robustness by shifting from traditional host-centric paradigm to the content-centric paradigm. However, direct marriage between blockchain and ICN does not yield a satisfying solution due to various security gaps. In this paper, we make the first attempt to integrate the two by introducing a new blockchain network technique called Anchor based on an ICN technique - named-data networking (NDN). By tailoring NDN and cascading two NDN systems, we demonstrate an efficient yet secure solution for data propagation in blockchain systems. Simulation shows that Anchor consumes less bandwidth and has a lower transaction/block latency as compared to the Bitcoin flooding network and a recent technique Erlay.
Effects of fiber dosage, loading orientation and stress on frequency response of enhanced Carbon Nano-Fiber Aggregates

Abstract Nanomaterial additives have been broadly used in cement and concrete-based sensors to measure the stress and strain in the structure. Most of the studies focused on measuring the resistivity of sensors with Direct Current (DC) or relatively low-frequency. In this work, the impedance responses of enhanced Carbon Nano-Fiber Aggregates (CNFAs) at different frequencies are rigorously studied and utilized as a tool for real-time structural health monitoring (SHM). The CNFA impedance measurements at different measurement frequencies provide an extra dimension (frequency dimension) to allow the characterization of different phenomena and multimodal measurements simultaneously. First, a comprehensive physical model is established to understand the frequency responses of the CNFA impedance. Second, COMSOL Multiphysics is used to simulate the frequency responses of the CNFA impedance, which provides more insights into the electric field and current density distribution. The impedance of CNFAs decreased with the increased dosage of carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Third, experimental studies are reported in detail. The electrical impedance variation (EZV) of the CNFA in parallel orientation is 151% higher than that of perpendicular orientation at the frequency of 2612 Hz and uniaxial compression stress of 4.65 MPa. The strain-EZV curve obtained from the response spectrum is linear for frequencies ranging from 98 Hz to 463.9 kHz. The strain-EZV curve for 5625 Hz has a linear fit with the gauge factor of 147.78. At 1000 Hz, the CNFA exhibited a repeatable behavior up to 9.35 MPa and detection limit up to the stress of 18.62 MPa.
The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on revision total hip and knee arthroplasty at a large academic hospital network

We sought to quantify the impact of COVID-19 on canceled revision total joint arthroplasty (TJA) in a large academic hospital network. We performed a retrospective analysis of revision TKA and THA in a healthcare system containing 5 hospitals in a time period of 8 months prior to and 8 months after the cessation of elective surgery. We found a 30.1% decrease in revision TKA and a 6.80% decrease in revision THA. Revision TJA volume decreased in our healthcare system during COVID-19 compared to prior to the pandemic, which will likely have lasting financial and clinical ramifications for the healthcare system.
A Method for the Estimation of the Penetration of Biologically Injurious Solar Ultraviolet Radiation into Natural Waters

In spite of the critical importance of attenuation data for the biologically potent short wavelength solar UV (primarily UV-B 280–320 nm) there are very few published data on the penetration of these wavelengths in freshwaters and only limited observations in marine waters, Smith and Tyler (1976). In the absence of extensive quantitative data, very erroneous impressions of the shielding of aquatic organisms by the water have arisen. Although superior methods of measuring or calculating attenuation are needed, and will doubtless be developed, certain regularities in the optical properties of natural waters have been observed and the use of these characteristics is proposed. The attenuation of solar UV radiation as weighted by the Robertson sensor (UV-RB) in a wide variety of natural waters has been measured. The waters surveyed included very clear oceanic and freshwaters, marine locations of high productivity, bays and estuaries, large and small lakes, reservoirs and streams. Various other measurements were made at the time of the UV-RB attenuation measurements.
Democracy and War Effort: An Experiment

This article uses a laboratory experiment to explore how groups’ internal rules for leader selection affect how leaders select into and fight conflicts. The findings reveal that, counter to expectations, leaders of democratic groups were more likely than leaders of autocratic groups to select into a conflict rather than accept a negotiated settlement. Conditional on conflict occurring, democratic leaders did not mobilize more resources for war than autocratic leaders. However, democratic leaders were less likely to accept a settlement once a war was underway and they expended more effort in the last round of conflict, suggesting once they entered a war they fought for a decisive victory. Domestically, democratic leaders were punished for losing wars more often than autocratic leaders, while winning wars did not benefit democratic leaders significantly.
A Single Experience with Hyperoncotic Colloid Dialysis Persistently Alters Water and Sodium Intake

Subcutaneous administration of high molecular weight colloids, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), in hyperoncotic concentrations produces acute increases in water and saline intake, and is used extensively as a model system for hypovolemic thirst (1). Homeostasis in this state is defended both by renal conservation of water and sodium and by the ingestion of water and sodium. In the course of analyzing this effect, we noted that rats receiving an injection of PEG showed a persistently elevated preference for 0.3 M NaCl. Similar persistent increases of saline intake have been noted by other investigators (2,3,4). The experiments described here were designed to investigate several possible mechanisms underlying the prolonged increase in saline intake which followed a single experience with PEG.
Fast Document Translation for Cross-Language Information Retrieval

We describe a statistical algorithm for machine translation intended to provide translations of large document collections at speeds far in excess of traditional machine translation systems, and of sufficiently high quality to perform information retrieval on the translated document collections. The model is trained from a parallel corpus and is capable of disambiguating senses of words. Information retrieval (IR) experiments on a French language dataset from a recent cross-language information retrieval evaluation yields results superior to those obtained by participants in the evaluation, and confirm the importance of word sense disambiugation in cross-language information retrieval.
Conference summary: Yamada conference II on electronic properties of two-dimensional systems (third international conference)

Abstract Brief comments are given on results reported at Yamada Conference II on Electronic Properties of Two-Dimensional Systems, held at Lake Yamanaka, Japan, 3–6 September 1979, the third international conference on this subject, and on other developments since the previous Conference held at Berchtesgaden in 1977.
From Testing to Training: Evaluating Automated Diagnosis in Statistics and Algebra

Much of the controversy over the role of testing in learning stems from its inability to differentiate among sources of error, the focus on outcome rather than problem solving, and the lack of useful information for further learning. To a large extent, these difficulties stem from the constrained form of testing typically used (i.e., multiple choice). Intelligent diagnosis of less constrained problem-solving scenarios is one way to integrate testing and learning. GIDE, a goal-based diagnostic system, provides a step in the direction of such integration. Initial empirical assessment in the domains of elementary statistics and algebra word problems suggests that GIDE's analysis retains information comparable to that provided by multiple-choice items and reflects a global similarity to human evaluators.
Synthesis and stability of 2+1 complexes of N,N-diethylbenzoylthiourea with [MI(CO)3]+ (M = Re, 99mTc)

In the last two decades, the fac-[MI(OH2)3(CO)3]+ (M = Re, 99mTc) core has been an important synthon in the development of new radiopharmaceuticals and methodologies. A bidentate N,N-diethylbenzoylthiourea (HEt2btu, H1) ligand was reacted with fac-[MI(OH2)3(CO)3]+ as part of a 2+1 strategy consisting of a bidentate and a monodentate ligands to saturate the coordination sphere. When excess H1 was used in the reaction, an unusual 2+1 complex of fac-[ReI(CO)3(1)(H1)], 2, was isolated that contained two H1 ligands, OS bidentate and S monodentate in different protonation states. Equimolar concentrations of HEt2btu and fac-[ReI(CO)3]+ generated the single addition of the ligand; however, isolation of the solid revealed a μ-sulfur-bridged dimer of fac-[ReI(CO)31)]2, 3. Reaction of H1 with fac-[MI(OH2)3(CO)3]+ followed by the addition of a monodentate ligand (i.e. pyridine, methyl imidazole, cyclohexyl isocyanide, triphenylphosphine) yielded the corresponding 2+1 fac-[MI(CO)3(1)(L)] complexes. Single-crystal X-ra...
Environmental factors and their association with emergency department hand hygiene compliance: an observational study

Objectives Hand hygiene is effective in preventing healthcare-associated infections. Environmental conditions in the emergency department (ED), including crowding and the use of non-traditional patient care areas (ie, hallways), may pose barriers to hand hygiene compliance. We examined the relationship between these environmental conditions and proper hand hygiene. Methods This was a single-site, observational study. From October 2013 to January 2014, trained observers recorded hand hygiene compliance among staff in the ED according to the World Health Organization ‘My 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene’. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyse the relationship between environmental conditions and hand hygiene compliance, while controlling for important covariates (eg, hand hygiene indication, glove use, shift, etc). Results A total of 1673 hand hygiene opportunities were observed. In multivariable analyses, hand hygiene compliance was significantly lower when the ED was at its highest level of crowding than when the ED was not crowded and lower among hallway care areas than semiprivate care areas (OR=0.39, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.55; OR=0.73, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.97). Conclusions Unique environmental conditions pose barriers to hand hygiene compliance in the ED setting and should be considered by ED hand hygiene improvement efforts. Further study is needed to evaluate the impact of these environmental conditions on actual rates of infection transmission.
A Complete Monolithic Vertical-Deflection System for Television

A one-chip TV vertical deflection system is now possible through recent advances in power IC technology. This paper describes the new integrated circuit which includes the vertical oscillator, output stage, and a special flyback generator. The temperature stable sawtooth oscillator has independent hold and height controls and is capable of excellent interlace. A current drive output stage precludes the need for a linearity control or yoke thermistor while providing the versatility to directly drive black and white through large screen color yokes. The advanced output flyback system provides excellent flyback and blanking from low supply voltages.
Pressure broadening and collisional shift of the Rb D2 absorption line by CH4, C2H6, C3H8, n-C4H10, and He

Abstract The pressure broadening and shift rates of the rubidium D2 absorption line 52S1/2→52P3/2 (780.24 nm) with CH4, C2H6, C3H8, n-C4H10, and He were measured for pressures ≤80 Torr using high-resolution laser spectroscopy. The broadening rates γB for CH4, C2H6, C3H8, n-C4H10, and He are 28.0, 28.1, 30.5, 31.3, and 20.3 (MHz/Torr), respectively. The corresponding shift rates γS are −8.4, −8.8, −9.7, −10.0, and 0.39 (MHz/Torr), respectively. The measured rates of Rb for the hydrocarbon buffer gas series of this study are also compared to the theoretically calculated rates of a purely attractive van der Waals difference potential. Good agreement is found to exist between measured and theoretical rates.
Complex Child Custody Evaluations: Evaluating the Alleged Incestuous Parent

SUMMARY Professionals involved in child custody evaluations are sometimes confronted by the complex issue of one parent accusing the other parent of having sexually assaulted one of the children. There is scant research and theoretical literature to guide the professional in the evaluation of the alleged incestuous parent, or the attorney or judge reviewing such an evaluation. This paper describes the guiding principles of such an evaluation, how to structure the evaluation, methods used for data collection, interpretation of data, and the reasoning processes that lead to an ultimate opinion regarding the allegation. Hypothesis formation and testing is described. The form a recommendation should take given positive assessment findings and negative assessment findings is presented.
Invited Review: Parenteral Nutrition in Obstetric Patients

PN is required to maintain or restore an anabolic state when oral enteral routes are not feasible. Despite 22 years of experience with PN, its use during pregnancy has only recently been reported. Most of this information is anecdotal but suggests that this mode of therapy is safe, effective, and occasionally lifesaving. PN during pregnancy has been used most often to provide adequate nutrition for those who suffer from prolonged hyperemesis or who have difficulty absorbing adequate nutrients because of such conditions as Crohn's disease. The proper selection and administration of dextrose, fat, protein, vitamins, trace elements, and electrolytes for pregnant women have been associated with favorable perinatal outcomes. Fat emulsion use does not appear to be associated with any abnormal outcomes. Preterm deliveries and intrauterine fetal growth retardation appear to relate to preexisting or coexisting medical or obstetric complications. Principles for PN with all patients would apply during pregnancy. As with any therapy, the benefits must be weighed against the risks and costs. Sufficient favorable clinical experience over the last 10 years suggests that PN is a relatively safe and effective method for reversing maternal malnutrition and promoting normal fetal growth and development.
The Paradoxical Dynamism of Marrow Stem Cells: Considerations of Stem Cells, Niches, and Microvesicles

Marrow stem cell regulation represents a complex and flexible system. It has been assumed that the system was intrinsically hierarchical in nature, but recent data has indicated that at the progenitor/stem cell level the system may represent a continuum with reversible alterations in phenotype occurring as the stem cells transit cell cycle. Short and long-term engraftment, in vivo and in vitro differentiation, gene expression, and progenitor numbers have all been found to vary reversibly with cell cycle. In essence, the stem cells appear to show variable potential, probably based on transcription factor access, as they proceed through cell cycle. Another critical component of the stem cell regulation is the microenvironment, so-called niches. We propose that there are not just several unique niche cells, but a wide variety of niche cells which continually change phenotype to appropriately interact with the continuum of stem cell phenotypes. A third component of the regulatory system is microvesicle transfer of genetic information between cells. We have shown that marrow cells can express the genetic phenotype of pulmonary epithelial cells after microvesicle transfer from lung to marrow cells. Similar transfers of tissue specific mRNA occur between liver, brain, and heart to marrow cells. Thus, there would appear to be a continuous genetic modulation of cells through microvesicle transfer between cells. We propose that there is an interactive triangulated Venn diagram with continuously changing stem cells interacting with continuously changing areas of influence, both being modulated by transfer of genetic information by microvesicles.
Progress towards large wind tunnel magnetic suspension and balance systems

Recent developments and current research efforts leading towards realization of a large scale production wind tunnel Magnetic Suspension and Balance facility are reviewed. Progress has been made in the areas of model roll control, high angle-of-attack testing, digital system control, high magnetic moment superconducting solenoid model cores, and system failure tolerance. Formal design studies of large scale facilities have commenced and are continuing.
A Preliminary Study of a Peruvian Diet Using Dietary Analysis and Hair Mineral Content as Indicators

Observations among former American residents living long-term in Peru suggested that hair health improved while in Peru. To determine if a Peruvian diet correlates with hair composition, dietary intake of nutrients and mineral content of hair were measured among Peruvian and matched US residents. Selected foods from Peru were also analyzed for mineral and antioxidant content and compared with equivalent foods available in the USA. Statistically significant differences between Peruvian and US residents’ hair were found for sodium (decreased in Peru, p = 0.007) and vanadium (decreased in Peru, p = 0.03). Differences in hair composition between residencies may be explained by lower dietary sodium and vanadium intake among Peruvian residents or by lower concentrations of these minerals in Peruvian drinking water. Many significant mineral differences were also identified between Peruvian foods and their US equivalents. Although no statistically significant correlations between dietary intake and hair mineral content were found, results indicate that a Peruvian diet contributes differently to hair composition than a US diet. More research is needed to elucidate the link between a Peruvian diet and specific aspects of hair health.
A time-resolved luminescence biosensor assay for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) activity

A novel time-resolved luminescence biosensor assay for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) was developed. We used a straightforward strategy to modify a known ALK substrate into a peptide biosensor that can accommodate terbium luminescence sensitization upon its phosphorylation by ALK. Since this strategy is generalizable, this high-throughput screening compatible assay serves as an example for development of other kinase assays that employ terbium luminescence as a read-out.
Investigation of Microporous Coatings and Meso-Scale Structures for Two-Phase Cooling of Electronic Components

An empirical study of pool nucleate boiling enhanced with a microporous coating was conducted within the context of microprocessor cooling. A thermal test vehicle (TTV) emulated the heat load from a general purpose microprocessor and was used to deliver a non uniform heat flux density distribution at the boiling surface. The TTV was affixed to a copper test coupon that formed the bottom surface of a sealed boiling chamber containing FC-72 at atmospheric pressure. A design of experiments was conducted on multiple test coupons to identify how the microporous coating, the base thickness of the coupon, and the height of small pin fins affect the combined conduction and boiling heat transfer from the test coupon. The data revealed that the presence of the microporous coating was the most significant factor of the three tested and that very short fins (0.5 mm) were sufficient to manage hysterisis in the boiling curve.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Developmental changes in cuticular lipids of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma

Abstract The proportions of the major lipid classes extracted from the cuticle of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma, remained relatively constant throughout the larval period (about 260 days) but differed considerably from those in the surface lipids of the adult. Wax esters made up about 60% of the cuticular lipids in the larvae but only 12% in the adults. Hydrocarbons constituted 15–20% of the larval cuticular lipids but became the major lipid class (55%) in the adults. The composition of the hydrocarbon fraction of the adults differed qualitatively and quantitatively from that of the larvae. A homologous series of five alkenes was identified in the adults by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. One of these, 9-pentacosene, was the predominant component (31%) of the adult hydrocarbon fraction. Internally- and terminally-branched alkanes were also identified but they made up only about 2% of the total hydrocarbon fraction of the adults. The proportion of free fatty acids was similar in the larvae and the adults, but an increase in the amount of unsaturated fatty acids occurred in the adult stage. These total results indicate a shift from an abrasion-resistant hard wax layer in the larvae to a softer cuticular wax in the adults.
In situ real time monitoring of nanosecond imprint process

Using a real time imprint monitoring system (RIMS), the authors measured the process time for laser assisted nanoimprint lithography to be about 200ns. They found that during this short period of time, the mold had been fully pressed into the resist, resulting in a full pattern transfer with high fidelity. Their results also demonstrated the capability of RIMS for monitoring an ultrafast imprint process.
Perinatal methylazoxymethanol acetate uncouples coincidence of orientation of cerebellar folia and parallel fibers

Abstract Perinatal administration of methylazoxymethanol acetate in the rat, as a one time injection on gestational day 21, postnatal days 0, 1 or 2, altered the parallel orientation of cerebellar folia. The effect persisted into adulthood. In animals injected on one of the postnatal days 3, 4 or 5, the folial pattern was not altered. Even when the injection was repeated for three days on postnatal days 3, 4 and 5, changes in the cerebellar surface were not found. However, in animals receiving a low protein diet during the last five days of gestation, the three injection regimen produced a distortion of the folial pattern. The surface of cerebella of animals injected on gestational day 21 through postnatal day 2 was covered with small blebs resembling the surface of a cauliflower head. In sagittal sections, islands of cortical laminae appeared to be isolated from the arbor vitae. However, serial reconstruction of the granular layer from sections revealed that these pieces were continuous with the arbor vitae. Surprisingly, cerebella having malaligned folia also had varying degrees of Purkinje cell somas distributed throughout the granule cell layer rather than in a single layer. This occurred even when the granule cell layer approached normal thickness. Analysis of cerebellar weight from the group injected on the day of birth revealed three levels of weight reduction: severe (>40%), moderate (20–40%) and mild ( In all animals treated with methylazoxymethanol acetate on days G21 through P5, parallel fibers were disoriented. This occurred even though the folia appeared normal in the G20, P3, P4, P5 and P3–5 injected groups. Bundles of parallel fibers crisscrossed in the plane of the cerebellar surface in all areas where a molecular layer was found. In sagittally sectioned regions of the vermis of moderately and mildly affected preparations, large bundles of parallel fibers traversed between folia in the sagittal plane. We conclude that factors controlling generation of parallel folia and those directing orientation of parallel fibers are not directly related to each other as might be predicted from their corresponding occurrence. Furthermore, the methylazoxymethanol acetate effect shows that the control over parallel aligned folia occurs over a three-day period extending from just before to 3 days after the time of birth.
Kinetic analysis of Polymerization rate acceleration during the formation of polymer/smectic liquid crystal composites

Polymerization and segregation behavior of n-decyl acrylate in a smectic liquid crystal were characterized. The polymerization rate increased dramatically as the temperature was decreased and the order of the liquid crystalline media increased. To ascertain the kinetic mechanisms behind this behavior, the kinetic constants of both the termination and propagation reactions were determined. The overall rate increase was driven by an increase in the propagation kinetic constant despite an increase in the termination kinetic constant. The segregation behavior of the monomer in the liquid crystal was also elucidated using polarized infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The monomer segregated between the smectic layers, thereby concentrating the monomer double bonds in a much smaller volume. Using this type of segregation with the consequent layer spacing increase and assuming that diffusional limitations are negligible, a kinetic model was developed to explain the increases in polymerization rate as well as the increases observed in the kinetic constants. After analysis of both steady-state and unsteady-state conditions, increases in the polymerization rate and propagation and termination kinetic constants related to the increase in the layer spacing were predicted. These predictions agreed well with experimental results of polymerization rate and kinetic constants, indicating that this model is suitable in explaining the mechanisms driving the increases in both propagation and termination rates in this and other monomer/smectic liquid crystal systems.
Neither Proof Text nor Proverb: The Instrumental Sense of διά and the Soteriological Function of Fire in 1 Corinthians 3.15

According to the prevailing interpretation of 1 Cor 3.15, the phrase διὰ πυρός must be taken in the local sense, and the fire of vv. 13 and 15 plays no soteriological function. This article contests this reading, arguing that Paul's probable allusion to Mal 3 and his reference to the testing function of fire may imply refining as well. More importantly, it demonstrates that whereas the phrase διὰ πυρός is indeterminate and may take either the local or the instrumental sense, nearly every other instance of the construction σῴζω + διά + genitive in the relevant Greek literature has an instrumental sense.
Presence of Amoebae in the Rhizosphere of a Beach Grass

The occurrence of amoebae in the rhizosphere of a beach grass (Panicum sp.) collected at the Hempstead Lake State Park, Long Island, New York, was investigated throughout the growing season of 198 1. Amoebae achieved increased population density in the root system when compared with that in the surrounding bare sand; moreover, numbers of amoebae were higher only during the period of active plant growth and up to flowering. Following flowering, the numbers of amoebae in the root system fell to the level found in bare sand. The species diversity of amoebae in this system was compared with that in the carposphere of the mushroom Laccaria trullisata which appears at the same site but at a different time of year.
NOAA HABITAT RECOVERY MODELS USING CELLULAR AUTOMATA TECHNIQUES1

ABSTRACT Models that predict characteristics of habitat recovery following disturbance are useful tools for ecological risk assessment as well as natural resource damage assessment. NOAA is evaluating the suitability of cellular automata as a single modeling framework for simulating several habitat types (seagrass, coral, rocky intertidal and marsh). The primary challenge is creating rules that reflect biological relationships and complexity. The desire for biological realism in the model is balanced by the need for simplicity in the defined relationships. Once the rules are defined, cellular automata models are straightforward to construct and modify during development. The cellular automata technique divides a domain into discrete cells with a finite number of states. For habitat models dominated or characterized by a single species (e.g. seagrass, coral or marsh), the cells are defined with two states: empty and occupied. For the multiple species models (e.g. rocky intertidal), the cells are either emp...
Argileh use among college students in the United States: an emerging trend.

Objective: This study examined the prevalence and pre- dictors of argileh (hookah pipe) use among a sample of nonselected col- lege students. Method: Participants were 602 students (24% male; 43% white; mean age = 22.06) at a large, ethnically diverse, urban univer- sity. All participants completed an online survey designed to assess vari- ous types of substance use. Results: More than 15% of the sample reported having used argileh at least once in their lifetime, exceeding the percentage of students who had tried stimulants, barbiturates, co- caine, Ecstasy, heroin, or psychedelics. Arab ethnicity and cigarette smoking were the strongest predictors of argileh use; however, a sub- stantial percentage of non-Arabs and nonsmokers also had tried argileh. Conclusions: Findings suggest that, in comparison with other sub- stances, the prevalence of argileh use is high among college students in the United States. Physical health implications of these findings are dis- cussed. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 69: 472-475, 2008)
Associated Laguerre and Hermite polynomials

Explicit orthogonality relations are found for the associated Laguerre and Hermite polynomials. One consequence is the construction of the [n − 1/n] Pade approximation to Ψ(a + 1, b; x)/Ψ(a, b; x), where Ψ(a, b; x) is the second solution to the confluent hypergeometric differential equation that does not grow rapidly at infinity.
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF BUDGET DEFICITS

In Leachman et al. (2005) we use the multicointegration approach to test for sustainable fiscal budgeting processes in a stochastic setting in 15 industrialized countries. In this paper, we extend the analysis in order to rank these same countries as well as an additional three, according to the degree to which their budget processes are sustainable. Rankings are related to theories regarding the political economy of budget deficits. Evidence clearly indicates that fiscal performance is better where fiscal budgeting institutions are strong. Additionally, we find that in conjunction with fiscal strength, greater degrees of federalism positively affect intertemporal budget management.
Preparation and crystallographic study of some new rare earth compounds

With the exception of element 61, the tervalent rareearth ion;. as well as those of scandium and yttrium, have been incorporated in the formula type BaNb/ sub 0.5/Me/sub 0.5/O/sub 3/ (Me = rare-earth metal, scandium, and yttrium). All compounds crystallize in the undistorted perovskite structure, except for BaLa/ sub 0.5/Nb/sub 0.5/O/sub 3/, which is tetragonally dis torted at room temperature but cubic at 8OO deg C. Lattice parameters, densities, and dielectric properties were determined and are summarized. (auth)
Computer-mediated communication in the undergraduate writing classroom: A study of the relationship of online discourse and classroom discourse in two writing classes

Abstract This article examines the relationship between electronic discourse and face-to-face discourse in two undergraduate university writing classes in which computer-mediated communication (CMC) was employed to supplement regular in-class lecture and discussion. The study explores the potential influence of in-class discourse on the nature and rates of student participation in online discussions. Differences and similarities between electronic discourse and in-class face-to-face discourse were examined. Results of the study reveal complex relationships between online discourse and in-class discourse within the context of a particular course. Specifically, rates of student participation in online discourse and the nature of that participation were found to relate to the nature of in-class lecture and discussion, to the ways in which the instructor framed and managed the uses of CMC technologies, to the structure of the course, and to students' perceptions of the importance of CMC technologies; moreover, the study suggests that students' uses of CMC technologies were related in complex ways to their perceptions of their status as students enrolled in a university course. These results suggest the importance of understanding course-related online discourse within the context of a university course and undergraduate student experience.
Basis set dependence of correlation corrections to protonation energies

Abstract The protonation energies of NH 3 and H 2 O have been computed using a variety of basis sets. It is found that the effect of election correlation on these energies cannot reliably be determined without the use of large (triple-split and polarized) basis sets.
In vivo [3H]Spiperone Binding: Evidence for Accumulation in Corpus Striatum by Agonist-Mediated Receptor Internalization:

The processes of receptor internalization and recycling have been well-documented for receptors for hormones, growth factors, lysosomal enzymes, and cellular substrates. Evidence also exists that these processes also occur for beta-adrenergic, muscarinic cholinergic, and delta-opiate receptors in frog erythrocytes or cultured nervous tissue. In this study, evidence is presented that agonist-mediated receptor internalization and recycling occurs at the dopamine receptor in rat corpus striatum. First, the in vivo binding of the dopamine antagonist [3H]spiperone was increased by both electrical stimulation and pharmacologically induced increases of dopamine release. Conversely, depletion of dopamine with reserpine decreased in vivo [3H]spiperone binding, but the same reserpine treatment did not alter its in vitro binding. Second, the rate of dissociation of [3H]spiperone from microsomal membranes prepared from rat striatum following in vivo binding was fivefold slower than its dissociation following in vitro equilibrium binding. Mild detergent treatment, employed to disrupt endocytic vesicle membranes, increased the rate of dissociation of in vivo bound [3H]spiperone from microsomal membranes to values not significantly different from its in vitro bound dissociation rate. Third, treatment of rats with chloroquine, a drug that prevents receptor recycling but not internalization, prior to [3H]spiperone injection resulted in a selective increase of in vivo [3H]spiperone binding in the light microsome membranes. The existence of mechanisms that rapidly alter the number of neurotransmitter receptors at synapses provides dynamic regulation of receptors in response to varied acute stimulation states.
The emerging grammar of nouns in a first generation sign language: Specification, iconicity, and syntax

A first generation family homesign system, dubbed “Z”, from the Tzotzil-speaking township of Zinacantan, in Chiapas, Mexico, provides insight into how a new sign language can begin to distinguish formally different “part-of-speech” categories. After describing the small signing community, consisting of 3 deaf sibling and their intermediate hearing sister, plus a younger cousin — the entire set of fluent adult signers — plus the hearing child of the oldest deaf signer, and setting out some of the theoretical issues surrounding the nature of “part-of-speech” in sign languages, the paper considers three sorts of mechanisms the language has developed to help distinguish signs that refer to objects from signs that refer to actions. These include a set of size-shape specifiers that co-occur with presumed nominal signs, an iconic contrast between different sign formational elements that somewhat inconsistently signal a noun/verb distinction, and, perhaps most interestingly, a construction involving a clearly grammaticalized locative or copular element that allows Z signers to make clear that they are referring to (physical) objects rather than actions. The paper concludes by considering the overall effect of these quite different formal strategies on the evolving language structure.
Static Green's functions in multilayered half spaces

Abstract This paper presents an efficient and accurate method for the calculation of static Green's functions in a multilayered transversely isotropic or isotropic half space. The cylindrical system of vector functions and the propagator matrix method are used to derive the Green's functions in the transformed domain. The well-known exponentially growing elements in the propagator matrix are fractionated out by propagating the matrix either upwards or downwards, depending upon the relative vertical location of the source and field points. The Green's functions in the physical domain are evaluated numerically by an adaptive Gauss quadrature with continued fraction expansions. Numerical examples are presented to show that very accurate Green's functions with relatively less Gauss quadrature points can be obtained. These examples also show clearly the effect of material layering and anisotropy on the displacement and stress fields.
CN temperatures above laser ablated polyimide

Polyimide is readily ablated by UV excimer lasers pulses. There exists an ongoing effort to determine the temperature (T) of the surface during the ablation process. The present experiment evaluates the temperature by means of high resolution laser-induced fluorescence measurements near the bandhead of the CN radical. The rotational state occupation indicates T=1710±140 K for ArF (193 nm) ablation with 100 to 500 mJ/cm2. This temperature is near the extrapolation of earlier results at lower fluences (≤80 mJ/cm2). Furthermore, modeling predicts T values essentially equal to the present experimental result when the following are included: thermal diffusion in the solid, above surface UV absorption and increasing specific heat for temperatures above ambient. The present T-value reinforces the concept that thermal energy probably promotes the intermediate steps in photoablation.
Stemming Our Irrational Exuberance

As every cynic knows, the five stages of almost any project are (1) euphoria and excitement, (2) disenchantment, (3) search for the guilty, (4) punishment of the innocent, and (5) reward for the uninvolved. Those of us who have been involved with clinical gene transfer will recognize how closely these stages were followed in our own field. Stem cell therapy with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and now inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may be in danger of following the same well-worn route.1
Deposited magnetic films as logic elements

The use of thin magnetic films as storage elements is well known. Several papers on the subject have appeared in the literature, particularly in recent years. Less emphasized, perhaps, is the use of magnetic films as logic elements. The authors' study in this area has revealed that film elements are both flexible and versatile as logic devices.
Evolutionary optimization and neural network models of behavior

One of the main challenges to the adaptionist program in general and the use of optimization models in behavioral and evolutionary ecology, in particular, is that organisms are so constrained' by ontogeny and phylogeny that they may not be able to attain optimal solutions, however those are defined. This paper responds to the challenge through the comparison of optimality and neural network models for the behavior of an individual polychaete worm. The evolutionary optimization model is used to compute behaviors (movement in and out of a tube) that maximize a measure of Darwinian fitness based on individual survival and reproduction. The neural network involves motor, sensory, energetic reserve and clock neuronal groups. Ontogeny of the neural network is the change of connections of a single individual in response to its experiences in the environment. Evolution of the neural network is the natural selection of initial values of connections between groups and learning rules for changing connections. Taken together, these can be viewed as “design parameters”. The best neural networks have fitnesses between 85% and 99% of the fitness of the evolutionary optimization model. More complicated models for polychaete worms are discussed. Formulation of a neural network model for host acceptance decisions by tephritid fruit flies leads to predictions about the neurobiology of the flies. The general conclusion is that neural networks appear to be sufficiently rich and plastic that even weak evolution of design parameters may be sufficient for organisms to achieve behaviors that give fitnesses close to the evolutionary optimal fitness, particularly if the behaviors are relatively simple.
Ethylene produced by Plant Cells in Suspension Cultures

ETHYLENE is produced by plants, fungi and mammals1,2. In plants ethylene is involved in the fruit ripening process, production of flowers and other processes of plant development2–5. The formation of ethylene by plants is increased by the application of growth regulators such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)6 and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)7. We have analysed plant cell suspension cultures to look for the production of ethylene and have examined the effect of 2,4-D and NAA on the amounts produced.
Frequency of 22q11 deletions in patients with conotruncal defects

Abstract Objectives. This study was designed to determine the frequency of 22q11 deletions in a large, prospectively ascertained sample of patients with conotruncal defects and to evaluate the deletion frequency when additional cardiac findings are also considered. Background. Chromosome 22q11 deletions are present in the majority of patients with DiGeorge, velocardiofacial and conotruncal anomaly face syndromes in which conotruncal defects are a cardinal feature. Previous studies suggest that a substantial number of patients with congenital heart disease have a 22q11 deletion. Methods. Two hundred fifty-one patients with conotruncal defects were prospectively enrolled into the study and screened for the presence of a 22q11 deletion. Results. Deletions were found in 50.0% with interrupted aortic arch (IAA), 34.5% of patients with truncus arteriosus (TA), and 15.9% with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Two of 6 patients with a posterior malalignment type ventricular septal defect (PMVSD) and only 1 of 20 patients with double outlet right ventricle were found to have a 22q11 deletion. None of the 45 patients with transposition of the great arteries had a deletion. The frequency of 22q11 deletions was higher in patients with anomalies of the pulmonary arteries, aortic arch or its major branches as compared to patients with a normal left aortic arch regardless of intracardiac anatomy. Conclusions. A substantial proportion of patients with IAA, TA, TOF and PMVSD have a deletion of chromosome 22q11. Deletions are more common in patients with aortic arch or vessel anomalies. These results begin to define guidelines for deletion screening of patients with conotruncal defects.