cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can the Left Learn the Lessons of Welfare Reform

In August, 1996, with the fall election loom ing, President Bill Clinton signed the most important welfare bill in decades. Named as if by a market-research firm the Personal Re sponsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PRWORA), but mostly known as "welfare re form," it limited the number of years a fami ly could receive welfare payments to five and required that most recipients work. Repre sentative Charles B. Rangel of New York called the legislation a "cruel monstrosity" that constitutes "the most radical and mean spirited attack against the poor that I have witnessed during my service in govemment" (Gray 1996). Peter Edelman, who quit his post in the Clinton Administration, wrote of welfare reform: "It does not promote work effectively, and it will hurt millions of poor children by the time it is fully implemented" (1997). Academics veered between this position and the prediction that nothing would change because none of the previous welfare reform efforts had changed anything. Histori an Michael B. Katz took the former position, calling the bill "draconian" and noting, "An authoritative analysis of the bill concluded that it would push more than 1 million chil dren into poverty" (Katz 2001: 323). Legal and social policy scholar Joel F. Handler took the latter position in a 1995 book, deriding the "simplistic concept of time-limited wel fare" (p. 137) as "an old cheap remedy" (p.146). Handler declared PRWORA to be an "impossible, palpably unworkable welfare to-work scheme . . . Jobs will not be avail able, certainly in the required numbers" (pp. 137-38). Moreover, PRWORA, Handler pre dicted, would be as unsuccessful in changing the culture of the welfare office as other at tempts to change welfare had been. He con cluded:
Manipulating lipid bilayer material properties using biologically active amphipathic molecules

Lipid bilayers are elastic bodies with properties that can be manipulated/controlled by the adsorption of amphipathic molecules. The resulting changes in bilayer elasticity have been shown to regulate integral membrane protein function. To further understand the amphiphile-induced modulation of bilayer material properties (thickness, intrinsic monolayer curvature and elastic moduli), we examined how an enantiomeric pair of viral anti-fusion peptides (AFPs)?Z?Gly?D-Phe and Z?Gly?Phe, where Z denotes a benzyloxycarbonyl group, as well as Z?Phe?Tyr and Z?D-Phe?Phe?Gly?alters the function of enantiomeric pairs of gramicidin channels of different lengths in planar bilayers. For both short and long channels, the channel lifetimes and appearance frequencies increase as linear functions of the aqueous AFP concentration, with no apparent effect on the single-channel conductance. These changes in channel function do not depend on the chirality of the channels or the AFPs. At pH?7.0, the relative changes in channel lifetimes do not vary when the channel length is varied, indicating that these compounds exert their effects primarily by causing a positive-going change in the intrinsic monolayer curvature. At pH?4.0, the AFPs are more potent than at pH?7.0 and have greater effects on the shorter channels, indicating that these compounds now change the bilayer elastic moduli. When AFPs of different anti-fusion potencies are compared, the rank order of the anti-fusion activity and the channel-modifying activity is similar, but the relative changes in anti-fusion potency are larger than the changes in channel-modifying activity. We conclude that gramicidin channels are useful as molecular force transducers to probe the influence of small amphiphiles upon lipid bilayer material properties.
Being Discovered: A Study of Homosexuals in the Military

Current conceptions of deviance have placed less emphasis on the role played by the deviant himself in being assigned a deviant label. To examine the role of the deviant, a sample of male homosexuals who had received less than honorable discharges from the military for homosexual conduct (LHD group) were compared with a sample who had received honorable discharges (HD). It was found that, compared to the HD group, the LHD group was more likely (a) to have been engaging in homosexual sex more frequently before induction, (b) to have experienced more frequent homosexual sex while in the service, and (c) to have had predominately other servicemen as homosexual partners. Further examination of the data showed how these factors specified the manner in which members of the LHD group were discovered.
Contributions to the theory of organismic sets: Leadership

The theory of organismic sets (Bull. Math. Biophysics,31, 159–189, 1969) is applied to the theory of leadership in human society. The ability of making decisions, required for leadership, is a product of the activities of the cells of the cerebral cortex, which are elements of the subsetS 02 of the organismic set “man” (loc. cit.). Products of the activities of the elements of an organismic set do not need to be of a material nature. Such things as thoughts, feelings, attitudes, etc., are also products of the activitiesa 1 of the elements. An individual can makeall necessary decisions for adaptation in a changing environment, when his subsetS 02 contains as a proper subset a set {a 12 ′ ∼ ⊂S 02 of activities. It is shown that such individuals are rare. If none exist, then the one who possesses a subset {a 12 * ∼ ⊂ {a 12 ′ ∼ of higher cardinalityc m than any other individual, will be the leader. The possibility is discussed that fromN individualsN′ 〈N possess subsets {a 12 * ∼ ⊂ {a 12 ′ ∼ all of the same cardinalityc m but differing in the type of their elements, thus resulting in several leaders. It is then discussed what determines which of theN −N′ individuals will choose a particular oneN′ individuals as leader. Cooperation and competition between leaders is discussed.
CloneQC: lightweight sequence verification for synthetic biology

Synthetic biology projects aim to produce physical DNA that matches a designed target sequence. Chemically synthesized oligomers are generally used as the starting point for building larger and larger sequences. Due to the error rate of chemical synthesis, these oligomers can have many differences from the target sequence. As oligomers are joined together to make larger and larger synthetic intermediates, it becomes essential to perform quality control to eliminate intermediates with errors and retain only those DNA molecules that are error free with respect to the target. This step is often performed by transforming bacteria with synthetic DNA and sequencing colonies until a clone with a perfect sequence is identified. Here we present CloneQC, a lightweight software pipeline available as a free web server and as source code that performs quality control on sequenced clones. Input to the server is a list of desired sequences and forward and reverse reads for each clone. The server generates summary statistics (error rates and success rates target-by-target) and a detailed report of perfect clones. This software will be useful to laboratories conducting in-house DNA synthesis and is available at http://cloneqc.thruhere.net/ and as Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) licensed source.
Quo vadis, dermatologia?

QUO vadis, Dermatologia? Whither goest thou, dermatology? Dermatology is not what she was, nor where she was, when we entered her fold. Changes have indeed been major in our time. Effective therapy has greatly reduced the time given to syphilis and other venereal diseases. Many other infections have been minimized by newer therapies. Infectations are of less concern as a result of improved treatment and hygiene. Perhaps the most dramatic and most broad influence has been that of corticosteroid therapy, topical and systemic. As a result of these influences, general practitioners are more effective therapists now than they were only a few years ago. Social and economic factors have been subtle, but important. That dermatology has changed is self-evident. I. Consideration of the dermatologic future requires further attention to her past and her present. Although dermatology is a medical rather than a surgical specialty, and began as "External" in
Origins of autoantibodies.

It is generally accepted that systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (EXE), mixed connective tissue disease, SjOgrens syndrome and polymyositis, are associated with the production of an extensive array of autoantibody specificities [ 1,2]. As recently reviewed by Kofler et al, [3] and Bona [4], these autoantibodies use the same genetic elements and follow the same rules of gene rearrangement as conventional antibodies directed against foreign antigens. Despite such biochemical insights, the physiological mechanism(s) responsible for the activation and propagation of autoantibodyproducing B cells is still a topic of active controversy. Possibilities (not necessarily mutually exclusive) include: (1) polyclonal activation of all germ-line encoded V genes, including potentially autoreactive sequences; (2) selective activation of B cell subpopulations that express autoreactive germ-line sequences; (3) continued propagation of autoreactive B cells that arise as a result of somatic mutations within B cell clones responding to foreign antigens; (4) specific activation and antigen-driven selection of autoreactive B cells by self antigens, and (5) perturbation of the idiotype network, resulting in the stimulation of anti-idiotypic clones reactive with self-components. Assuming that all the above can result in production of auto&active antibodies, the more relevant question then becomes which of the above mechanisms generate pathogenic autoantibodies that reflect and/or contribute to the autoimmune disease process.
Simultaneous Imaging of OH* Chemiluminescence and Flame Luminosity of Diesel and Biodiesel Spray Combustion

The research on the spray combustion of diesel and biodiesel is vital to the understanding of emission formation and optimal utilization of fuel. This paper studies the biodiesel and diesel spray combustion in a constant volume chamber under different simulated diesel engine conditions. The ambient temperature at fuel injection varied from 800K to 1200K, while the ambient oxygen concentration was maintained at 21%. Simultaneous high speed imaging of OH* chemiluminescence and flame luminosity was employed to visualize the whole combustion process. Heat release rate was analyzed based on the measured combustion pressure. The apparent heat release rate analysis shows that biodiesel has a shorter ignition delay time than diesel, and biodiesel has a smaller cumulative heat release value due to its lower heating value. The overlaying image of OH* chemiluminescence and flame luminosity clearly identifies the high temperature reaction regions and soot formation regions. The line-of-sight images agree with the published observation that the hydroxyl radical is formed on the lean side of the flame edge. Decreasing ambient temperature greatly reduces the OH* chemiluminescence intensity of the diesel combustion, while the impact is smoother and milder for biodiesel combustion. Biodiesel shows a significantly lower level of flame luminosity than diesel under all conditions. These combined observations lead to a speculation that the soot oxidation process may serve as an important contributor to OH* chemiluminescence intensity for late stage combustion, and biodiesel shows a tendency to produce less soot than diesel under the investigated conditions.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Politics of personnel and landscapes of knowledge.

Abstract This is a commentary on three articles on bibliometrics in social work that appear in this volume. I argue that bibliometrics can make many contributions to the study of the structure and evolution of social work's knowledge base, but it cannot completely remove subjectivity in the evaluation of the scholarship of individual faculty, where legitimate differences of professional opinion will remain.
Antibiotic resistance gene transfer between Streptococcus gordonii and Enterococcus faecalis in root canals of teeth ex vivo

Multiple bacterial species coexisting in infected root canals might interact, but evidence for interspecies gene transfer is lacking. This study tested the hypothesis that horizontal exchange of antibiotic resistance can occur between different bacterial species in root canals. Transfer of the conjugative plasmid pAM81 carrying erythromycin resistance between 2 endodontic infection-associated species, Streptococcus gordonii and Enterococcus faecalis, was investigated in an ex vivo tooth model. Equal numbers of each species (one with pAM81 and the other plasmid-free) were combined in prepared root canals of sterilized teeth and incubated at 37 degrees C. At 24 and 72 hours, bidirectional interspecies antibiotic resistance gene transfer was evident in microorganisms recovered from teeth; average transfer frequencies from S. gordonii to E. faecalis were 10(-3) transconjugants per donor and from E. faecalis to S. gordonii were 10(-6) and 10(-7) transconjugants per donor at 24 and 72 hours, respectively. Microbial accumulations were observed on root canal walls with scanning electron microscopy. Horizontal genetic exchange in endodontic infections might facilitate adoption of an optimal genetic profile for survival.
Fabrication, characterization, and mechanism of vertically aligned titanium nitride nanowires

Abstract Titanium nitride (TiN) nanowires have been grown on single crystal magnesium oxide (MgO) substrates using a bottom-up pulsed laser deposition method where Ti–N based gaseous reactants in the laser plume supersaturate the catalytic gold (Au) liquid located on the substrate surfaces. Growth of TiN continues as long as the dissolution rate of material into the catalyst matches the extrusion of solid material at the liquid/solid interface. This bottom-up approach gives rise to a one-dimensional TiN nanowire structure (length: 200–300 nm and diameter: 20–30 nm) capped with a catalytic Au seed. The ascent of Au nanodots to the top of TiN nanowires can be explained based on breaking of weaker bonds and formation of stronger bonds. From strength point of view, these bonds are listed here in order of decreasing strength as follows: Ti–O (672 kJ/mol) > Ti–N (496 kJ/mol) > Au–N (416 kJ/mol) > Au–O (221 kJ/mol). The TiN nanowires were provided vertical alignment by selecting a plane of the substrate that provides the least lattice mismatching to the (1 1 1) plane of TiN which has lower surface energy than its other planes: (1 0 0) or (1 1 0).
Energy harvesting two-way communications with limited energy and data storage

In this paper, we study two-way communication scenarios with energy harvesting. In particular, we consider the two-way and two-way relay channels with finite data storage. We solve the throughput maximization problem with finite batteries and finite data buffers. This entails iteratively solving an energy problem, which distributes the available energy over the course of the communication session, and a data problem, which schedules how much data to send at each node over the course of the communication session. We provide a directional waterfilling interpretation to the energy problem with the addition of water pumps and overflow protection bins. The data problem turns out to be a linear program which we solve by forward induction. We provide numerical results demonstrating the impact of the battery and buffer sizes on the achieved throughput. We observe, for communication scenarios of interest, that a relatively modest size of data storage is sufficient to harness the performance benefits of data buffering, i.e., to achieve the throughput values without buffer size limitations.
Determination of the Coding Ratio Based on Molecular Weight of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Associated with Ergosomes of Different Aggregate Size

Determination of the Coding Ratio Based on Molecular Weight of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Associated with Ergosomes of Different Aggregate Size
Three-dimensional analysis of a partially buried cable

Abstract A finite difference analysis is presented for five coupled non-linear equations governing the behavior of a partially buried cable. A three-dimensional loading is assumed for the cable and foundation modulus is variable in both the vertical and transverse coordinate directions. Numerical results are presented for a specific problem, indicating the effect of variations in the foundation modulus.
Conditions for families of disjoint k-connected subgraphs in a graph

In (Many disjoint dense subgraphs versus large k-connected subgraphs in large graphs with given edge density, Discrete Math. 309 (2009), 997-1000.), Bohme and Kostochka showed that every large enough graph with sufficient edge density contains either a k- connected subgraph of order at least r or a family of r vertex-disjoint k-connected sub- graphs. Motivated by this, in this note we explore the latter conclusion of their work and give conditions that ensure a graph G contains a family of vertex-disjoint k-connected subgraphs. In particular, we show that a graph of order n with at least 2.5ksn edges con- tains a family of s disjoint k-connected subgraphs each of order at most ǫn. We also show for k ≥ 2, the vertices of a graph with minimum degree at least 2k √ n can be partitioned into k-connected subgraphs. The degree condition in the latter result is asymptotically best possible as a function of n.
Stability of ice on Mars and the water vapor diurnal cycle: Experimental study of the sublimation of ice through a fine-grained basaltic regolith

Abstract In order to advance our understanding of the long-term stability of subsurface ice, the diurnal martian water cycle, and implications for liquid water, we determined diffusion coefficients and adsorption kinetics for the water vapor produced by the sublimation of ice buried beneath various layers of fine-grained ( 1.56 ± 0.53 × 10 −4 , 2.05 ± 0.82 × 10 −4 , and 3.42 ± 1.36 × 10 −4 m 2 s −1 for the 52.6 ± 8.3 at 270 K for 39.0 ± 6.4 at 267 K for 63–125 μm, and 54.3 ± 9.3 at 266 K for 125–250 μm, resulting in surface areas of 2.6 ± 0.1 × 10 4 , 1.7 ± 0.3 × 10 4 , 1.5 ± 0.3 × 10 4 m 2 kg −1 , respectively. These results suggest that while diffusion is too rapid to explain the purported diurnal cycle in water content of the atmosphere, adsorption is efficient and rapid, and does provide an effective mechanism to explain such a cycle. The present diffusion data suggest that very thin, 10 h at ∼224 K, just above the freezing point of saturated CaCl2. Temperatures can remain above ∼224 K over most of the planet, which means that water, even as saturated brine, will sublimate before the freezing point is reached and liquid could be formed. On the other hand, 1 m ice layers below 1 m of fine-grained basaltic regolith at 235 K and 10 Pa of atmospheric water could last 600 to 1300 years. At deeper depths and lower temperatures, ice could last since the last major obliquity change 400,000 years ago.
After the Command Economy: Russia’s Information Culture and Its Impact on Information Resource Management

The development of information resource management in Russia is problematic. A weak business culture and the absence of rational market forces are two salient constraints inhibiting the utilization of information systems and the development of a strong â€œinformation cultureâ€ in this information-poor country. Other obstacles include: the poor quality of information,a predilection to hoard information, the lack of horizontal functional integration, lack of mechanisms for gathering and analyzing information, and the quality of management. In creating markets for existing and potential enterprises, the lack of experience with effective information gathering, sharing and managementâ€” that is, the absence both of information and also of an information cultureâ€”is a severe constraint. Information deficits constrict the most basic plans for viable market reforms. Working in the Kuzbass region of Siberia, the author found that the absence of broad economic and managerial reform also blocks effective information resource management. Ironically, many models that have been used for information systems transfer in the Third World are applicable in Russia. The notable exceptions are information systems that are integrated with those of external business partners, notably in mineral extraction industries such as coal.
Robustness of stability through necessary and sufficient Lyapunov-like conditions for systems with a continuum of equilibria☆

Abstract The equivalence between robustness to perturbations and the existence of a continuous Lyapunov-like mapping is established in a setting of multivalued discrete-time dynamics for a property sometimes called semistability. This property involves a set consisting of Lyapunov stable equilibria and surrounded by points from which every solution converges to one of these equilibria. As a consequence of the main results, this property turns out to always be robust for continuous nonlinear dynamics and a compact set of equilibria. Preliminary results on reachable sets, limits of solutions, and set-valued Lyapunov mappings are included.
Self-assembly of dendron rodcoil molecules into nanoribbons

One of the expectations in science is the discovery of materials with surprising properties or functionality based on designed molecules that self-order or fold. The focus on self-assembly throughout the 90s has generated very useful knowledge toward this expectation and many prospects are on the horizon.1-6 Learning how to control the dimensionality and shape of selfassembled structures through molecular design remains a challenge. We report here on the self-assembly of molecules 1 which we refer to as dendron rodcoils (DRC) because of their blocked covalent architecture consisting of coil-like, rodlike, and dendritic segments. These molecules are synthesized in 15 steps with an
Characterization of haloperidol-mediated effects on rat striatal tyrosine hydroxylase

Abstract The dependence on pH of rat striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was studied both in the presence and absence of phosphorylating conditions. In the absence of phosphorylating conditions the K m of TH for the cofactor 6MPH 4 increased with increasing pH (5.8–6.3) and changes in V max reflected the pH optimum of the enzyme. In the presence of phosphorylating conditions little change in either V max or K m was noted over this pH range. Rats treated acutely with haloperidol (1.0mg/kg, i.p.) demonstrated a decrease in K m which was more marked at pH 6.30 than at pH 5.85. Subacute treatment with haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 10 days significantly increased the K m of TH for cofactor in striata examined 23 hr after the last injection and decreased the K m 1 hr after the last injection. Rats receiving subacute treatment with haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 10 days followed by a drug-free interval of 1, 8 or 15 days demonstrated a significantly reduced K m for cofactor 1 hr after challenge with an eleventh injection when the drug-free interval was short and there was no change in K m when the drug-free interval extended to 2 weeks. In similarly treated animals, which did not receive an acute challenge with haloperidol, the K m of TH for 6MPH 4 was elevated 23 hr after the last of 10 injections and continued to rise when the drug-free interval extended to 1 week. Thereafter, the K m decreased towards that seen in control, untreated animals. The present data suggest that short-term treatment with haloperidol changes the affinity of TH for cofactor and that these drug effects are more prominent at pH 6.0–6.6 than at the pH optimum for native striatal TH (pH 5.8–6.0). Furthermore, an apparent tolerance to the effects of haloperidol develops 2 weeks following the cessation of 10 days of treatment with haloperidol. The combined effects of pH and the schedule of drug administration on striatal TH activity are likely to explain the differences in some apparently inconsistent reports in the literature.
The Use and Perception of Electronic Cigarettes and Snus among the U.S. Population

Background E-cigarettes have generated controversy in the tobacco control field similar to that of Swedish snus, which came to the U.S. market six years earlier. Some argue that e-cigarettes have great potential to help smokers quit regular cigarettes while others contend they should be banned for lack of safety and efficacy data. This study examined population data from the U.S. Methods A U.S. population survey with a national probability sample (N=10,041) was conducted (February 24 to March 8, 2012, before any major paid advertisement of e-cigarettes appeared on television). Survey respondents were asked if they had heard about e-cigarettes, where they had heard about them, whether they had used e-cigarettes or snus, how often they used them, and why they used them. Responses were weighted to represent the entire U.S. population. Findings A high proportion, 75.4%, reported having heard about e-cigarettes. Television ranked as the number one source of information, followed by “in-person conversation” and “Internet.” About 8.1% had tried e-cigarettes, and 1.4% were current users. These rates were twice those of snus (4.3% and 0.8%, respectively). Among current smokers, 32.2% had tried e-cigarettes, and 6.3% were current users. Over 80% of current e-cigarette users were non-daily users. Women were significantly more likely to have tried e-cigarettes than men. Those who had tried e-cigarettes were more likely than those who tried snus to report their products being safer than regular cigarettes (49.9% vs. 10.8%). Almost half (49.5%) of current smokers were susceptible to using e-cigarettes in the future. Conclusions That e-cigarettes have surpassed snus in adoption rate, even before any promotion by major tobacco companies, suggests that the former have tapped into smokers’ intuitive preference for potentially harm-reducing products, probably due to the product design. E-cigarette use is likely to increase in the next few years.
Fungemia in a Cancer Hospital: Changing Frequency, Earlier Onset, and Results of Therapy

Two hundred episodes of fungemia that occurred at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between January 1, 1978, and June 30, 1982, are reviewed and compared with those seen from 1974 through 1977. The total number of episodes of fungemia per year increased by 30.6%, episodes per 100 new lymphoma and solid tumor patients increased by 73% and 95%, respectively, and episodes per 100 new leukemia patients decreased by 50%. Fungemia also occurred earlier during hospitalization, and embolic skin lesions were a common early sign of Candida tropicalis fungemia. Mortality was not significantly different with and without amphotericin B therapy in fungemic patients with leukemia, lymphoma, or aplastic anemia (51 of 70 vs. 21 of 24) or solid tumors (29 of 36 vs. 29 of 43); however, some patients appeared to benefit from combination therapy with amphotericin B and flucytosine. The prevalence of disseminated candidiasis at autopsy was the same in treated (11 of 15) and untreated (8 of 11) patients with leukemia, lymphoma, and aplastic anemia, but it was significantly lower in treated (none of 8) than in untreated (5 of 11) patients with solid tumors. Fungal infection remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer, particularly neutropenic patients with leukemia and lymphoma who are receiving broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, patients receiving total parenteral nutrition, and patients with solid tumors in whom abdominal surgery is performed [1-23]. A recent review of fungemic patients seen at our hospital between 1974 and 1977 documented a marked increase in the frequency of fungemia and a high mortality rate. Of particular note was that mortality was high whether or not amphotericin B was given; 81% of patients treated with amphotericin B for fungemia due to Candida albicans or Candida tropicalis died despite therapy [14]. Partly because of results such as these, our approach to therapy has changed. We now give am
Medication Use Patterns and Health Outcomes Among Patients Using a Subsidized Prescription Drug Program

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate medication adherence, medication safety, health care utilization, and health outcomes among patients enrolled in a subsidized prescription program. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Conducted as part of the Prescription Access program, a subsidized prescription program serving indigent patients residing in Franklin County, Ohio. Patients Patients qualifying for enrollment in the program were uninsured and had a household income of 200% or less of federal poverty level. Approximately 5% of the 2,500 patients (mean age, 70.6 years) enrolled in the program were systematically selected from a computer-generated patient enrollment report. Intervention Telephone interviews conducted by a pharmacist or advanced student pharmacist between January and September 2002. Main Outcome Measures: Patterns of medication use and safety, level of health care utilization, and health outcomes. Results A total of 104 patients reported taking a mean (± SD) of 6.7 ± 3.8 medications. A total of 72 (69%) patients reported taking their medications correctly, and 90 (87%) reported finishing their medication course as prescribed. Medication refills were obtained by 75 (72%) patients, but of these patients, only 55 (73%) indicated that they obtained their refills on time. Adverse effects occurred in 25 (24%) patients, and 2 patients reported an allergic reaction. A total of 51 (49%) patients made unscheduled visits to their primary care physician, another health care facility, an emergency department, and/or were admitted to a hospital. Unscheduled visits occurred more often among nonadherent patients (59%) than adherent patients (44%), but not significantly so. In addition, 82 (79%) patients reported an improvement in health-related quality of life (QOL); 90 (87%) had a means of transportation to obtain medications; and 93 (89%) indicated that they would have to skip medications or give up necessities, if they were not enrolled in a subsidized prescription program. Conclusion An improvement in self-reported QOL and a high rate of medication adherence demonstrate support for the benefits of this and similar subsidized prescription drug programs. A high rate of additional health care utilization, especially among nonadherent patients, indicates an area for further analysis, program revisions, and/or patient education.
Core polarization and the Coulomb correction for nucleon scattering

Abstract Effects leading to differences J np in the mean field felt by neutrons and photons scattering from an N = Z nucleus are examined. The contribution of core polarization effects is shown to be significant (about 30% of the size of the usual Coulomb correction) and it reduces the overall discrepancy between theoretical estimates of J np and recent comparisons of the optical potentials obtained from neutron and proton scattering from 12 C, 28 Si, 32 S and 40 Ca.
Aggressive Pulmonary Resection for Metastatic Osteogenic and Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Abstract From July, 1974, to July, 1979, 36 patients with osteogenic sarcoma and 25 patients with soft tissue sarcoma underwent a total of 95 thoracotomies for resection of isolated pulmonary metastases. In only 6 patients could all palpable disease not be resected, although it was certain that microscopic disease remained in some patients. Twenty-six patients underwent more than 1 thoracotomy. The pulmonary lesions were found not to be metastases in 4 patients with osteogenic sarcoma and 4 with soft tissue sarcoma. The four-year survival for patients with nonsynchronous metastases from osteogenic sarcoma was 44%, not significantly different from a survival of 35% for patients with soft tissue sarcomas. The 6 patients with synchronous osteogenic sarcoma metastases all died within 16 months. Survival following thoracotomy did not correlate statistically with time from primary tumor resection to lung recurrence, unilateral versus bilateral disease, or number of nodules. For the 33 patients in whom tumor doubling time could be calculated, survival with either type of sarcoma was significantly better in patients with a tumor doubling time greater than 40 days versus a tumor doubling time less than or equal to 40 days. Any patient with metastatic osteogenic sarcoma or soft tissue sarcoma confined to the lungs should be considered for resection in conjunction with chemotherapy.
Global gene expression profiling of multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and normal bone marrow plasma cells

Bone marrow plasma cells (PCs) from 74 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM), 5 with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and 31 healthy volunteers (normal PCs) were purified by CD138(+) selection. Gene expression of purified PCs and 7 MM cell lines were profiled using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays interrogating about 6800 genes. On hierarchical clustering analysis, normal and MM PCs were differentiated and 4 distinct subgroups of MM (MM1, MM2, MM3, and MM4) were identified. The expression pattern of MM1 was similar to normal PCs and MGUS, whereas MM4 was similar to MM cell lines. Clinical parameters linked to poor prognosis, abnormal karyotype (P =.002) and high serum beta(2)-microglobulin levels (P =.0005), were most prevalent in MM4. Also, genes involved in DNA metabolism and cell cycle control were overexpressed in a comparison of MM1 and MM4. In addition, using chi(2) and Wilcoxon rank sum tests, 120 novel candidate disease genes were identified that discriminate normal and malignant PCs (P <.0001); many are involved in adhesion, apoptosis, cell cycle, drug resistance, growth arrest, oncogenesis, signaling, and transcription. A total of 156 genes, including FGFR3 and CCND1, exhibited highly elevated ("spiked") expression in at least 4 of the 74 MM cases (range, 4-25 spikes). Elevated expression of these 2 genes was caused by the translocation t(4;14)(p16;q32) or t(11;14)(q13;q32). Thus, novel candidate MM disease genes have been identified using gene expression profiling and this profiling has led to the development of a gene-based classification system for MM.
Strategies for global information systems development

Developing global information systems is a formidable task. Multinational companies operate in regions that are thousands of miles, many time zones, and many cultures away from headquarters. Organizing the activities and aligning the tasks and mindsets of people that are so far apart and to change the way that business is conducted through the use of IS is a major challenge. This study discusses alternative global IS development strategies and the factors that impact their selection. Four systems from a large transportation company are presented as real life examples to demonstrate the viability of these strategies and the accompanying factors.
On the probability of symbol error in Viterbi decoders

An upper bound is derived on the probability that at least one of a sequence of B consecutive bits at the output of a Viterbi (1979) decoder is in error. Such a bound is useful for the analysis of concatenated coding schemes employing an outer block code over GF(2/sup B/) (typically a Reed-Solomon (RS) code), an inner convolutional code, and a symbol (GF(2/sup B/)) interleaver separating the two codes. The bound demonstrates that in such coding schemes a symbol interleaver is preferable to a bit interleaver. It also suggests a new criterion for good inner convolutional codes.
Group-Velocity and Long Retardations of Radio Echoes

Van der Pol's hypothesis that group-velocity may account for the retardation of echoes observed by Stoermer is analyzed. It is shown that only under very special circumstances can the electron-distribution be proper. A favorable condition is obtained if the refractive index decreases exponentially with the height. It is shown that by slightly varying the electron-distribution anomalous results for skip-distances should follow. It is suggested that the echoes observed by Stoermer and van der Pol were splashes of the same echo focussed accidentally on a favorable patch of ground.
Analysis of environmental determinants of aggression and disruption in mentally retarded children

Abstract This study evaluated methods for empirically identifying environmental determinants of aggressive and disruptive behavior in three developmentally delayed children. A variety of sessions conducted on an inpatient treatment unit were designed to simulate contingencies maintaining aggression and disruption in the subjects' natural environments. The basic analog conditions included: 1) instructional demands, 2) contingent social disapproval, and 3) structured play. In addition, variations of the three basic conditions were developed based on informal observation and parental reports of naturally occurring contingencies. Results showed considerable variability both between and within subjects. However, for each subject a specific analog condition was shown to produce relatively higher rates of aberrant behavior. Subsequently, behavioral treatments based on assessment results were successfully implemented with two of the subjects. Results are discussed in terms of the importance and practical limitations of conducting systematic assessment of aberrant repertoires in developmentally delayed clients.
Hawaiian VP-remnant movement: A cyclic linearization approach

This paper presents an analysis of main clause word order patterns in Hawaiian, a Polynesian language typically described as VSO. I provide evidence that Hawaiian is syntactically comparable to Niuean, including with respect to (pseudo)-incorporation in VOS word order. Given these similarities, and also considering properties of the Hawaiian TAM system, I argue that Hawaiian can be analyzed in a principled way in terms of Massam's (2001) VP-remnant movement analysis of Niuean. However, adopting the VP-remnant movement approach raises several empirical and theoretical complications concerning the formation of the VP-remnant prior to VP-raising. While remnant formation has been linked to case in Niuean, Hawaiian differs from Niuean with respect to case marking pattern; further, the case-based account of remnant formation does not account for V-S-CP word order in either language. Instead of linking remnant formation to case, and upon adoption of a true incorporation account of VOS, I characterize remnant formation as a shape conservation effect, such that subjects precede non-subjects. I formalize the shape conservation analysis in terms of relativized cyclic linearization, also comparing Hawaiian remnant formation to Scandinavian object shift, thereby allowing a unified analysis of VP-remnant movement for Hawaiian and Niuean.
Rapid acclimation of root hydraulic conductivity to low temperature

Abstract induced by increased resistance to water uptake or ﬂuxin the roots at low temperature (Anderson andRoot hydraulic conductance of many species is sub-McNaughton, 1973; Babalola et al., 1968; Bohning andstantially reduced by exposure to low temperatures.Lusanandana, 1951; Kramer, 1942; McWilliam et al.,The objective of this research was to investigate thedecrease and recovery of root hydraulic conductivity 1982). This can be a problem in greenhouses when coldin spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) root systems upon water is applied to rapidly transpiring plants. Leavesexposure to low temperature. Root hydraulic conduc- quickly wilt and can suVer injury. Root zone temperaturetivity (Lp) was determined for detached whole root is also important in ﬁeld agriculture (Sharif Zia et al.,systems as the slope of the flux and an applied pres- 1994; Wraith and Ferguson, 1994). Low soil temperaturesure gradient. Water flux (Jv), of root systems grown limits spring transplanting and seeding and productivityat 20°C, decreased immediately upon exposure to of many plants. Although soil temperatures do not ﬂuc-5°C. After 2–5 h Jv recovered and reached a stable tuate as rapidly as air temperatures, soil surface temper-value after 12 h exposure to 5°C. In separate experi- ature experiences diurnal temperature excursions, as wellments, the root Lp of plants acclimated for 7 d at 5°C as signiﬁcant changes due to changes in season andwas 125% greater than that of isolated root systems weather. Leaf and bud acclimation to temperature is wellacclimated for 12 h at 5°C. Lp of plants grown and known, however, there is little information about themeasured at 5°C was about 50% of the Lp of plants ability of root systems to acclimate to temperature ﬂuctu-grown and measured at 20°C. The rapid acclimation ations. The present study was undertaken to determineto low temperatures observed in detopped root sys- the ability and speed that spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)tems was also indicated in intact plants at 20/5°C root systems can acclimate to low temperatures. Spinach(shoot/root temperatures) using mass flow porometry. was chosen for this study as it is frequently grown in theAcclimation of the root system after exposure to 5°C autumn, winter or early spring in diVerent regions of thewas apparent by recovery of stomatal opening. These country and may encounter a variety of soil and airresults indicate that spinach root systems have the temperatures.ability to acclimate rapidly to changes in temperatureand to continue acclimating during prolonged expo-sure to low temperature.
Calibration of spaceborne scatterometers using tropical rain forests

Wind scatterometers are radar systems designed specifically to measure the normalized radar backscatter coefficient (/spl sigma//spl deg/) of the ocean's surface in order to determine the near-surface wind vector. Postlaunch calibration of a wind scatterometer can be performed with an extended-area natural target such as the Amazon tropical rain forest. Rain forests exhibit a remarkably high degree of homogeneity in their radar response over a very large area though some spatial and temporal variability exist. The authors present a simple technique for calibrating scatterometer data using tropical rain forests, Using a polynomial model for the rolloff of /spl sigma//spl deg/ with incidence angle, the technique determines gain corrections to ensure consistency between different antennas and processing channels. Corrections for the time varying instrument gain are made consistent with a seasonally fixed rain forest response; however, without ground stations or aircraft flights, it is difficult to uniquely distinguish between seasonal variations in the rain forest and slow variations of the system gain. Applying the corrections, the intrinsic variability of the /spl sigma//spl deg/ of the rain forest is estimated to be /spl plusmn/0.15 dB, which is the limit of the accuracy of calibration using the rain forest. The technique is illustrated with Seasat scatterometer (SASS) data and applied to ERS-1 Active Microwave Instrument scatterometer (Escat) data. Gain corrections of up to several tenths of a decibel are estimated for SASS. Corrections for Escat data are found to be very small, suggesting that Escat data is well calibrated.
Endogenous Murine Leukemia Viruses: Relationship to XMRV and Related Sequences Detected in Human DNA Samples

Xenotropic-murine-leukemia-virus-related virus (XMRV) was the first gammaretrovirus to be reported in humans. The sequence similarity between XMRV and murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) was consistent with an origin of XMRV from one or more MLVs present as endogenous proviruses in mouse genomes. Here, we review the relationship of the human and mouse virus isolates and discuss the potential complications associated with the detection of MLV-like sequences from clinical samples.
Large versus small, single versus multiple computers

Abstract The capability and resources available to the user are the most significant items to consider in computer selection. Small computers in networks with large, each used to capacity and for their individual best features, should be utilized to fulfill the total medical system needs.
Comparison of adaptive equalization methods for the ATSC and DVB-T digital television broadcast systems

The ATSC and DVB-T international standards for terrestrial digital television broadcasting employ substantially different data transmission schemes and employ fundamentally different techniques for adaptive equalization of time-varying frequency-selective fading channels. These differences, as well as the different percentages of the channel capacity dedicated to training signals, have significant effects on the degree of time variation that can be tracked by these equalizers, as well as on the carrier to noise ratio penalty associated with equalization. Performance comparisons of a recently developed ATSC adaptive equalizer with previously published DVB-T results demonstrate that for stationary reception of digital television signals, the new ATSC equalizer is capable of canceling strong multipath echoes at the dynamic phase rotation rates typical of stationary reception, while maintaining the C/N advantage that ATSC has over DVB-T in Gaussian channels. DVB-T equalizers continue to hold an advantage in tracking high frequency dynamics associated with mobile reception, but with a C/N penalty that increases with echo phase rotation rate.
Adaptive control for mechanical manipulators having a joint compliance

An approach to the robust position and velocity control of mechanical manipulators having a joint compliance is presented. A control model of such a manipulator is derived by linearizing the nonlinear equations about a desired trajectory. This control model is described by multivariable difference equations. The parameters of the model are estimated by parameter-adaptation algorithms. Control gains, determined from the control model by using the pole-placement technique, are computed online with the estimates of the system parameters. Simulation results with a two-link mechanical manipulator are presented to show the effectiveness of the approach. >
Design and specification of embedded systems in Java using successive, formal refinement

Successive, formal refinement is a new approach for specification of embedded systems using a general-purpose programming language. Systems are formally modeled as abstractable synchronous reactive systems, and Java is used as the design input language. A policy of use is applied to Java, in the form of language usage restrictions and class-library extensions to ensure consistency with the formal model. A process of incremental, user-guided program transformation is used to refine a Java program until it is consistent with the policy of use. The final product is a system specification possessing the properties of the formal model, including deterministic behavior, bounded memory usage and bounded execution time. This approach allows systems design to begin with the flexibility of a general-purpose language, followed by gradual refinement into a more restricted form necessary for specification.
The fine-scale structure of the turbulent velocity field

The existence of universal similarity of the fine-scale structure of turbulent velocity fields and the validity of the original Kolmogorov local similarity theory and the later reformulations were investigated. Recent studies of the fine-scale velocity field for many different flows, e.g. grid flows, wakes, jets and the atmospheric boundary layer, are shown to provide considerable evidence for the existence of Kolmogorov normalized spectral shapes which are universal in the sense that they describe the high wave-number spectral behaviour of all turbulent flow fields with a similar value of the turbulence Reynolds number Rλ. The normalized spectral shapes vary with Rλ in a manner consistent with the later reformulations. The Reynolds number dependence of the normalized spectra is demonstrated for the Rλ range from about 40 to 13 000. Expressions for the Kolmogorov normalized spectral functions are presented for three values of Rλ. Also revealed in this study is the importance of considering effects on spectra caused by deviations from Taylor's approximation in high intensity turbulent flows. Lumley's (1965) model is used to correct the high frequency portion of the measured one-dimensional spectra for these effects. An analytical solution to Lumley's expression is presented and applied to the data.