cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Streets and Stages: Urban Renewal and the Arts After World War II

Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in Manhattan and the revitalization of the Brooklyn Academy of Music in Brooklyn offer insights into the intersection of arts and urbanization after World War II. This intra-city comparison shows the aggrandizing pull of the international arena in the shaping of Lincoln Center and the arts it featured in contrast to the local focus and debate that transformed how BAM fit into its Brooklyn neighborhood. The performing arts, bound as they are to a moment fused in space and time, reveal the making of place within grandiose formal buildings as well as outside on the streets that surround them—and it is, perhaps, that tensile connection between stages and streets that informs the relevancy of both the institution and the arts it features. At a time when the suburbs pulled more and more people, the arts provided a counterforce in cities, as magnet and stimulus. The arts were used as compensation for the demolition and re-building of a neighborhood in urban renewal, but they also exposed the more complex social dynamics that underpinned the transformation of the mid-20th century American city from a segregated to a multi-faceted place.
HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATIONS OF POLYSACCHARIDES IN THE DEVELOPING HUMAN AORTA.

THE papers by McKay et al.1–3, the recent publications by Bartone4, and others5, suggest that interest is increasing in embryological histochemistry. Consequently, it was felt it would be of value to note briefly the aortic histochemical polysaccharide investigations made on 12 human embryos ranging from 2.5 to 20.0 mm, crown-rump length. Serial sections from 10 per cent buffered formalin-fixed material, prepared by the paraffin process, were made from normal embryos of 2.5, 3.0, 5.5, 5.6, 6.5, 6.6, 10.0, 13.0, 14.4, 17.0, 19.0, and 20.0 mm, crown-rump measurements. The bulk of the embryos were obtained incident to hysterectomies with two of the older specimens coming from spontaneous abortions. The sections were serially stained for examination by the following microtechnical6 and histochemical techniques7: (1) haemotoxylin and eosin; (2) Goldner connective tissue stain; (3) periodic acid–Foot stain for reticular tissues; (4) orcein elastic tissue stain; (5) Best carmine method for glycogen (diastase controlled); (6) original and Rinehart–Abu'l Haj modification of the Hale colloidal iron procedure for acid polysaccharides; (7) alcian blue method for acid polysaccharides; (8) McManus periodic acid–Schiff technique for neutral polysaccharides; (9) catalysed glacial acetic acid lead tetraacetate procedure, also for neutral polysaccharides. Metachromatic localizations8 were used, but not for the entire series. In the light of the form of fixation and the routine mounting, it was felt best not to include these sections in this discussion (these localizations resembled those obtained with the alcian blue technique). It was felt that this series of methods would adequately disclose the polysaccharide picture in the developing aorta and the relationship of these localizations to the forming connective tissue components of the embryonic vessel wall.
A macrophage surface component related to fibronectin is involved in the response to migration inhibitory factor.

Abstract Guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells release a substance upon incubation with hypotonie buffer or 6 M urea which (1) augments the response of normal macrophages to migration inhibitory factor, and (2) restores the response of trypsinized macrophages to migration inhibitory factor. Adsorption of peritoneal exudate cell extract with antibodies to guinea pig plasma fibronectin results in a loss of both the MIF-response-enhancing and restoring activity. These results indicate that both activities are associated with a macrophage surface component serologically related to plasma fibronectin. Furthermore, preincubation of macrophages with plasma fibronectin abrogates the enhancement of the MIF response caused by peritoneal exudate cell extracts. This suggests that the active component and plasma fibronectin compete for a common binding site. It is likely that this substance plays a regulatory role in the macrophage response to migration inhibitory factor.
A Hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian Model for Spectral Wave Evolution with Application to Bottom Friction on the Continental Shelf

Abstract A hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian wave model is presented that solves the spectral energy balance equation for surface gravity waves in varying depth. The energy of each spectral component is advected along (Lagrangian) ray trajectories. The source terms in the energy balance equation (e.g., interactions between wave components and nonconservative processes) are computed on a fixed Eulerian grid and interpolated onto the ray trajectories. The source terms are integrated in time along the rays. This integration is performed in parallel over the entire model domain. The main advantage of this new model, named CREST (Coupled Rays with Eulerian Source Terms), is that refraction of waves by subgrid-scale depth variations is evaluated accurately using precomputed rays, and thus the model can be applied with relatively coarse source term grids to large coastal areas. Hindcasts of swell evolution across the North Carolina continental shelf are presented for a source term restricted to energy dissipation in th...
The Keck Interferometer Nuller: System Architecture and Laboratory Performance

The first high-dynamic-range interferometric mode planned to come on line at the Keck Observatory is mid-infrared nulling. This observational mode, which is based on the cancellation of the on-axis starlight arriving at the win Keck telescopes, will be used to examine nearby stellar systems for the presence of circumstellar exozodiacal emission. This paper describes the system level layout of the Keck Interferometer Nuller (KIN), as well as the final performance levels demonstrated in the laboratory integration and test phase at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory prior to shipment of the nuller hardware to the Keck Observatory in mid-June 2004. On-sky testing and observation with the mid-infrared nuller are slated to begin in August 2004.
The Impact of Family History of Colon Cancer on Survival after Diagnosis with Colon Cancer

Background. The impact of family history of colon cancer on survival after diagnosis with colon cancer is generally unknown. It is possible that family history is indicative of a genetically inherited form of disease which may alter survival. Methods. The Utah Population Database was used to evaluate survival after diagnosis with colon cancer among 2236 first primary colon cancer cases. This database includes detailed information about family history and is linked to the Utah Cancer Registry to obtain tumour information. Results. Stage at diagnosis was the primary factor associated with death from all causes and from colon cancer. An older age at diagnosis, being female, and having a tumour in the ascending segment of the colon also were associated with poorer survival, although after adjusting for stage at diagnosis these associations disappeared. Having a family history of colon cancer had little impact on survival patterns although there were suggestions that men who were diagnosed at age ≤55 were more likely to die from all causes as well as colon cancer if they had a sibling with colon cancer (hazard rate ratio [HRR] 2.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] : 1.03-6.10) relative to men >55 without a sibling with colon cancer. Conclusions. From these data it appears that the major factor which increases survival is being diagnosed at an early stage of disease. These data also suggest that younger men who have a sibling with colon cancer may have a different form of colon cancer which increases their risk of dying.
Retention and expression of recombinant plasmids in suspended and biofilm-bound bacteria degrading trichloroethene (TCE)

Exposure of plasmid recombinant microorganisms to an open environment, either inadvertently or intentionally, requires research into those fundamental processes that govern plasmid retention, transfer and expression. In the open environment, a majority of the microbial activity occurs associated with an interface, within thin biological layers consisting of cells and their insoluble extracellular polymer, layers known as biofilms . Current toxic wastewater or wastegas treatment reactors exploit bacterial biofilm systems for certain system operating advantages. Using recombinant bacteria within a biofilm reactor to degrade xenobiotic wastes requires finding a suitable host to harbor and express the desired plasmid phenotype. Suitable host characteristics include: the ability to produce copious amounts of biofilm, resistance to waste-related injury and toxicity, and the ability to retain and express the desired plasmid during long term operation. This paper reports on a laboratory evaluation of factors governing plasmid retention and the expression of trichloroethene (TCE) degradative capacity in both suspended and biofilm cultures.
Kernel density estimators: convergence in distribution for weighted sup-norms

Let fn denote a kernel density estimator of a bounded continuous density f in the real line. Let Ψ(t) be a positive continuous function such that Open image in new window Under natural smoothness conditions, necessary and sufficient conditions for the sequence Open image in new window \scriptstyle{t\inR/}\big|\Psi(t)(fn(t)-Efn(t))\big| (properly centered and normalized) to converge in distribution to the double exponential law are obtained. The proof is based on Gaussian approximation and a (new) limit theorem for weighted sup-norms of a stationary Gaussian process. This extends well known results of Bickel and Rosenblatt to the case of weighted sup-norms, with the sup taken over the whole line. In addition, all other possible limit distributions of the above sequence are identified (subject to some regularity assumptions).
Defining the scope of practice of optometry.

Defining the scope of practice of optometry is difficult, but important for the profession and optometric education. Even though the scope of practice can be defined in various ways and is constantly changing, the schools and colleges of optometry must have some sense of the boundaries of the profession in order to develop educational programs which will prepare students to practice well into the future. The use of three-dimensional diagrammatic models creates a visual representation of the elements which define the scope of practice. Additionally, these models can assist schools and colleges to improve their understanding of the various dynamics which must be considered in developing the most appropriate methods to analyze the competencies required for entry into the practice of optometry
Melanoma stem cells in experimental melanoma are killed by radioimmunotherapy.

Abstract Introduction In spite of recently approved B-RAF inhibitors and immunomodulating antibodies, metastatic melanoma has poor prognosis and novel treatments are needed. Melanoma stem cells (MSC) have been implicated in the resistance of this tumor to chemotherapy. Recently we demonstrated in a Phase I clinical trial in patients with metastatic melanoma that radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with 188-Rhenium(188Re)-6D2 antibody to melanin was a safe and effective modality. Here we investigated the interaction of MSC with RIT as a possible mechanism for RIT efficacy. Methods Mice bearing A2058 melanoma xenografts were treated with either 1.5 mCi 188Re-6D2 antibody, saline, unlabeled 6D2 antibody or 188Re-labeled non-specific IgM. Results On Day 28 post-treatment the tumor size in the RIT group was 4-times less than in controls (P Conclusions These results have two main implications for melanoma treatment and possibly other cancers. First, the susceptibility of ABCB5 + and JARID1B + cells to RIT in melanoma might be indicative of their susceptibility to antibody-targeted radiation in other cancers where they are present as well. Second, specifically targeting cancer stem cells with radiolabeled antibodies to ABCB5 or JARID1B might help to completely eradicate cancer stem cells in various cancers.
Language function in senile dementia

Abstract The effects of senile dementia on language function were described from analyses of patient performance on the language tasks of naming, sentence correction, sentence disambiguation, story-retelling, and verbal description and four psychological tests reputed sensitive to the disease. While communicative function was not found to be impaired in the normal senescent, marked impairment was observed in patients with senile dementia. Particularly vulnerable was the semantic system and dissociation of semantic capacities from those of syntax and phonology was observed.
Particle morphologies in fly ash

Abstract A survey is presented of particle morphologies and related characteristics of a suite of low-calcium fly ashes as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Some new details are presented, including the existence of clusters of small (ca. 1 μm) spheres which act as compound particles. The internal structures of certain particles are revealed by selective dissolution of the glass in hydrofluoric acid solution. The variation in glass content and susceptibility to HF attack between individual particles of the same fly ash is emphasized. It is suggested that such variation mirrors variation in susceptibility to reaction in concrete. If this is so, insight into the relative potentials of different fly ashes for reaction in concrete can be obtained rapidly by observation of response to HF treatment.
The use of pharmaceutical Web sites for prescription drug information and product requests

Looks at how consumers used a pharmaceutical Web site to learn about a particular disease or product. Probes whether visitors used the Web site to decide which drug was right for them and whether they actually planned to request the product from their doctor. Gender and age differences in the use of Web site information were also examined. Increasing use of the Internet and data that show that direct‐to‐consumer advertising of prescription drugs empowers the patient to take a more active role in his/her choice of medications makes this article important for marketers as well as regulators.
A Case of Recurrent Immunotactoid Glomerulopathy in an Allograft Treated With Rituximab

Immunotactoid glomerulopathy is a glomerular disorder typified by hollow cylindrical and sometimes spherical microtubular deposits, with a diameter of 30-40 nm, but up to 90 nm, often in a parallel arrangement or in intersecting bundles. These patients frequently end up receiving kidney transplants due to progressive renal insufficiency. Known to recur in renal transplant recipients with variable outcomes, its treatment options are limited. Classically steroids, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, and plasma exchanges have been used to treat these recurrences. More recently, rituximab has been suggested as a treatment and has demonstrated improved outcomes in other glomerular diseases. Herein we describe a case of a middle-aged female renal transplant recipient for end-stage renal disease secondary to immunotactoid glomerulopathy, who experienced a recurrence of this condition in the transplanted kidney. Following a failure of conventional therapy we administered a course of rituximab, resulting in a reduction and stabilization of her serum creatinine level while her proteinuria persisted.
A 2-Screw Fixation Technique for Subtalar Joint Fusion: A Retrospective Case Series Using a 2-Screw Fixation Construct with Operative Pearls

A variety of fixation methods are used in fusion of the subtalar joint (STJ) including 1 screw and 2 screw constructs. The rate of union is generally high for STJ fusion, regardless of the fixation method, provided the joint surfaces have been properly prepared and compressed and the patient avoids premature stress on the fusion site. Certain populations are known to have an increased risk of nonunion or delayed union including diabetics, smokers, and those undergoing revision of failed fusion. In this high-risk patient population, we propose that our novel 2-screw construct might have advantages over traditional fixation constructs without identified disadvantages. The technique is simple enough to be used in all primary and revision STJ fusion procedures, and this has become our practice. In the present study, 15 feet in 15 consecutive patients who underwent STJ fusion using a novel 2-screw fixation construct were retrospectively reviewed to assess the fusion outcome and complications. Specifically, we offer a novel 2-screw construct that offers the stability of the traditional parallel 2-screw construct while maintaining a maximum raw bone surface area at the posterior facet achieved by single-screw fixation. A retrospective review of radiographs taken 10 weeks postoperatively indentified a 100% fusion rate (15 of 15). All patients in our series achieved fusion, including several high-risk cases, and no significant complications were identified.
Implementation of a Noise Model and Extraction Method for GaAs MESFETs

A noise model for GaAs MESFETs based on the small signal equivalent circuit is described. The model is a variation of that described by Pospieszalski. It is shown that good agreement between measured and modeled noise performance can be obtained by varying a single parameter in the model, namely the drain noise current iDn, which may be obtained by measuring the device noise figure at a single frequency. It is shown that iDn scales linearly with drain bias current. Therefore, a complete noise description of the MESFET may be determined from the equivalent circuit and bias point.
A study of the inhibitory concentrations of glycerin‐sorbitol and propylene glycol‐sorbitol combinations on the growth of microorganisms

Glycerin and sorbitol were found to supplement each other in their inhibition of both molds and bacteria. It is believed that this inhibitory action is purely one of osmotic effect. Propylene glycol appears to have a specific inhibitory effect against bacteria and most molds; the addition of 10% w/v propylene glycol was found to inhibit the growth of these organisms. Thirty per cent w/v propylene glycol is required to inhibit Monilia albicans. Studies have indicated that the inhibition produced by the addition of propylene glycol to sorbitol solutions is not purely the result of osmotic effect, as is the case with glycerin, but probably one related to its chemical structure. It may, therefore, be concluded that propylene glycol has a significant and useful preservative activity in many preparations including those made with sorbitol.
Effect of preexposure to kepone on the biliary excretion of imipramine and sulfobromophthalein.

Abstract The effect of kepone on the biliary excretion of [14C]imipramine (IMP) was studied using isolated perfused rat liver preparations obtained from control and kepone-pretreated animals. Biliary excretion of endogenously formed polar metabolites of IMP was markedly suppressed (70%) by preexposure to kepone at 200 ppm in daily ration for 8 days. In vitro addition of kepone at 5 × 10−4 m concentration to the perfusate of untreated liver preparations elicited a 20% decrease in the biliary excretion of endogenously formed metabolites. At concentrations up to 5 × 10−5 m , kepone was without any discernible effect. The marked suppression of biliary elimination of endogenously formed metabolites is unrelated to the rate of metabolism of IMP. Furthermore, the biliary excretion of exogenously provided polar metabolites of IMP was also suppressed (61%) by preexposure to kepone. This suppression of biliary excretion of IMP metabolites was accompanied by an increase in the bile flow suggesting a dichotomy between bile secretion and biliary excretion. In vitro addition of kepone also resulted in a suppresion (48%) of biliary elimination of exogenously provided metabolites of IMP. In the experiments in which kepone was added, bile flow was unaffected. Biliary excretion of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) was unaffected by preexposure to kepone, suggesting that kepone-induced impairment of hepatobiliary function may not be detected by BSP clearance tests. In addition, different mechanisms might be involved in the transport of IMP metabolites and BSP across the biliary canaliculi. From these results, it is suggested that the kepone-induced impairment of hepatobiliary function may be located at the site of transfer of metabolites across the bile canaliculi.
Catalytic Supercritical Water Oxidation of Pyridine: Comparison of Catalysts

The catalytic supercritical water oxidation (CSCWO) of pyridine in the presence of several catalysts such as Pt/γ-Al2O3, MnO2/γ-Al2O3, and MnO2/CeO2 was studied. Experiments conducted with α-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3 confirmed the inertness of these catalysts toward SCWO of pyridine. Complete conversions were obtained at 370 °C in the presence of platinum catalyst. Ammonia and nitrogen oxides were not observed. Platinum catalyst favored the formation of nitrate ions and nitrous oxide whereas the MnO2 catalysts favored the formation of nitrogen and nitrate ions. The rate of pyridine oxidation was modeled assuming power-law kinetics. The results indicate that the two manganese catalysts performed similarly. The power-law analysis indicates that the rate of oxidation is first order with respect to pyridine on the manganese catalyst whereas it was found to be second order for the platinum catalyst. Two different reaction mechanisms are proposed to describe the experimental observations.
Anthropogenic impacts on mercury concentrations and nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios in fish muscle tissue of the Truckee River watershed, Nevada, USA

The lower Truckee River originates at Lake Tahoe, California/Nevada (NV), USA and ends in the terminal water body, Pyramid Lake, NV. The river has minimal anthropogenic inputs of contaminants until it encounters the cities of Reno and Sparks, NV, and receives inflows from Steamboat Creek (SBC). SBC originates at Washoe Lake, NV, where there were approximately six mills that used mercury for gold and silver amalgamation in the late 1800s. Since then, mercury has been distributed down the creek to the Truckee River. In addition, SBC receives agricultural and urban nonpoint source pollution, and treated effluent from the Reno-Sparks water reclamation facility. Fish muscle tissue was collected from different species in SBC and the Truckee River and analyzed for mercury and stable isotopes. Nitrogen (delta(15)N) and carbon (delta(13)C) isotopic values in these tissues provide insight as to fish food resources and help to explain their relative Hg concentrations. Mercury concentrations, and delta(15)N and delta(13)C values in fish muscle from the Truckee River, collected below the SBC confluence, were significantly different than that found in fish collected upstream. Mercury concentrations in fish tissue collected below the confluence for all but three fish sampled were significantly greater (0.1 to 0.65 microg/g wet wt.) than that measured in the tissue collected above the confluence (0.02 to 0.1 microg/g). Delta(15)N and delta(13)C isotopic values of fish muscle collected from the river below the confluence were higher and lower, respectively, than that measured in fish collected up river, most likely reflecting wastewater inputs. The impact of SBC inputs on muscle tissue isotope values declined down river whereas the impact due to Hg inputs showed the opposite trend.
Early Postoperative Statin Therapy Is Associated With a Lower Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery

Objective To test the hypothesis that perioperative statin use reduces acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery. Design A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from an ongoing clinical trial. Setting A quaternary-care university hospital. Participants Three hundred twenty-four adult elective cardiac surgery patients. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results The authors assessed the association of preoperative statin use, early postoperative statin use, and acute statin withdrawal with the incidence of AKI. Early postoperative statin use was defined as statin treatment within the first postoperative day. Statin withdrawal was defined as the discontinuation of preoperative statin treatment before surgery until at least postoperative day 2. Logistic regression and propensity score modeling were used to control for AKI risk factors. Sixty-eight of 324 patients (21.0%) developed AKI. AKI patients stayed in the hospital longer (p = 0.03) and were more likely to develop pneumonia (p = 0.002) or die (p = 0.001). A higher body mass index (p = 0.003), higher central venous pressure (p = 0.03), and statin withdrawal (27.4 v 14.7%, p = 0.046) were associated with a higher incidence of AKI, whereas early postoperative statin use was protective (12.5% v 23.8%, p = 0.03). Preoperative statin use did not affect the risk of AKI. In multivariate logistic regression, age (p = 0.03), male sex (p = 0.02), body mass index (p < 0.001), and early postoperative statin use (odds ratio = 0.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.72; p = 0.006) independently predicted AKI. Propensity score–adjusted risk assessment confirmed the association between early postoperative statin use and reduced AKI (odds ratio = 0.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.70; p = 0.005). Conclusions Early postoperative statin use is associated with a lower incidence of AKI among both chronic statin users and statin-naive cardiac surgery patients.
Automated resolution of semantic heterogeneity in multidatabases

A multidatabase system provides integrated access to heterogeneous, autonomous local databases in a distributed system. An important problem in current multidatabase systems is identification of semantically similar data in different local databases. The Summary Schemas Model (SSM) is proposed as an extension to multidatabase systems to aid in semantic identification. The SSM uses a global data structure to abstract the information available in a multidatabase system. This abstracted form allows users to use their own terms (imprecise queries) when accessing data rather than being forced to use system-specified terms. The system uses the global data structure to match the user's terms to the semantically closest available system terms. A simulation of the SSM is presented to compare imprecise-query processing with corresponding query-processing costs in a standard multidatabase system. The costs and benefits of the SSM are discussed, and future research directions are presented.
Effects of ion implantation on the reaction between water and glass

The effect of ion implantation on the reaction between water and two glasses (fused silica, a commercial soda-line glass) is investigated. Implantation of noble gas ions is seen to increase dramatically the rate of penetration of water into SiO2. The rate of penetration of water (hydrogen) into soda-lime glass is seen to increase and then decrease with implantation dose. Etch rates at 90°C in water and saline for implanted and unimplanted glasses are reported.
Note on the genesis of brucite in contact metamorphism of dolomite

Consideration of available thermodynamic data and the published results of direct experiments relating to (1) formation. of periclase from dolomite and (2) hydration of periclase to brucite, permits the following conclusions to be drawn: (1) At very low partial pressures of CO2 (perhaps of the order of 1 bar) and relatively high partial pressures of water (up to 2000 bars), dolomite can break down directly to brucite and calcite at temperatures above about 400° C, and below temperatures on the brucite dehydration curve. (2) The reaction dolomite → calcite + periclase + CO2 in contact metamorphism near granitic bodies is likely to occur only at low partial pressures of CO2 (perhaps 10 or 20 bars); this can be achieved without direct formation of brucite, by maintaining a partial pressure of water of the order of 1000 bars or more. (3) At low CO2 pressures dolomite may re-form in the cooling stages of metamorphism by reaction between calcite, brucite, and CO2 at temperatures below about 400° C.
Structured transfer function matrices and integer matrices: the computation of the generic McMillan degree and infinite zero structure

The computation of the McMillan degree and structure at infinity of a transfer function model is considered for the family of early design models, referred to as Structured Transfer Function (STF) matrices. Such transfer functions have certain elements fixed to zero, some elements being constant and other elements expressing some identified dominant dynamics of the system. For the family of large dimension STF matrices the computation of the generic McMillan degree and structure at infinity are considered using genericity arguments which lead to optimization problems of integer matrices. A novel approach is introduced here that uses the notion of “irreducibility” of integer matrices, which is developed as the equivalent of irreducibility (properness) of polynomial matrices. This new notion provides the means for exploiting the structure of integer matrices and enables the termination of searching processes in a reduced number of steps, thus leading to an efficient new algorithm for the computation of the ...
Integrating a knowledge-based meat-grading system with a voice-input device.

Abstract The U.S. livestock and meat industries depend heavily on the USDA to provide the rating of their meat for marketing. Since the carcass-beef grading system was put in place in 1927, carcasses have been graded by human graders. To achieve better consistency and equity, a knowledge-based expert system for assisting graders to grade carcass beef has been developed. This paper presents the development of the knowledge-based expert system and discusses how the expert system was integrated with a voice-recognition subsystem that provides the characteristics of the carcasses to the expert system.
Trends in the use of deadly force by police

Research in the area of deadly force by police has tended to focus upon or more of the following issues: (1) trends, (2) legal and/or policy implications, (3) the appropriateness of police usage, and (4) the apparent underreporting of police homicides. This paper examines police interventions relative to possible danger indicators in the working environment of police officers. It would appear for the period in question, 1964 to 1974, that police decreasingly used deadly force. A brief discussion concerning the possible reasons for this decline is provided.
Student-like behavior as a function of contingent social interaction in a psychiatric day treatment program.

Summary.-Social reinforcement provided by staff was made contingent upon bringing folders to class in a psychoeducationally oriented psychiatric day treatment program. Compliance was readily fostered by this approach. It was concluded that assumptions regarding the unamenability of psychiatric populations to social reinforcement are unwarranted. Research implications of this finding for psychoeducationally oriented psychiatric treatment programs are discussed. A central tenet of behavior therapy is that problematic (abnormal) behavior represents a lack of learning or the learning of inappropriate responses. Psychoeducational approaches to psychiatric treatment and psychotherapy extend the implications of social learning theory and assume that a classroom format can be used to structure meaningful learning experiences with mental health objectives (Armstrong & Booth, 1979; Bakker & Armstrong, 1976; Authier, Gustafson, Guerney, & Kasdorf, 1975). Promising results from such an approach to mental health service delivery have been reported (Liberman, Fearn, DeRisi, Roberts, & Carmona, 1977; Armstrong & Booth, 1979). The Life Skills Program at the Harborview Community Mental Health Center in Seattle employs such an educational model in providing for the mental health needs of a seriously psychiatrically impaired day-care clientele. A chief tenet of the educational model is that assuming student-like behavior entails role behaviors with distinct advantages over "patient" behaviors when the mental health objective is behavioral change. Accordingly, the program attempts to foster "studentship" among its clients. Counselor/advisors aid student/clients in selecting from a broad range of course offerings which entail structured learning opportunities in areas of self-control, social skills, skills of daily living, and physical education. Most clients have lengthy careers as "patients" of mental health systems and have learned the role of patient well. The means by which to foster the transition from "patientship" to "studentship" is a key issue for staff. Social reinforcement is one method we have employed. This paper presents our initial effort to demonstrate empirically the impact of contingent social reinforcement on the assumption of "studentship." Few reports e&plicitly document the impact of contingent social rein
Spectroscopy of Molecular Monolayers by Resonant Second-Harmonic Generation

Spectra of the ${S}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{S}_{2}$ electronic transition of rhodamine dyes adsorbed at submonolayer coverages on a fused silica substrate have been obtained by resonant second-harmonic generation. Polarization dependences of the second-harmonic signal have been studied and are used in the construction of a model for the orientation of the adsorbates. A value for the molecular second-order nonlinear polarizability at resonance is deduced.
Novice ESOL Teachers' Perceptions of Social Support Networks

As new teachers navigate the challenging first years of work, they need positive support providers (Villani, 2002). The impact of support providers on novice educators' beliefs about teaching efficacy previously went unexplored. This study examined novice English to speakers of other languages (ESOL) teachers' perceptions of social support and teacher efficacy using integrated qualitative and quantitative methods (Morgan, 1998, 2011). In the initial qualitative component, novice teachers identified three categories of support: mentors, coworkers, family. The Teachers' Sense of Teacher Efficacy Scale (Tschannen-Moran & Woolfolk Hoy, 2001) was administered to examine potential links between support providers and three areas of perceived teacher efficacy: instructional strategies, student engagement, classroom management. Support appraisals were examined for each support domain using a modified version of the Perceived Social Support Inventory (Procidano & Heller, 1983) to assess the degree to which novice teachers felt supported. Teachers reported coworkers and mentors as the most significant support providers, yet only family support was significantly associated with teacher efficacy beliefs in the quantitative portion of this study. Novice teachers were also asked to elaborate on the frequency, type, and quality of support offered by family, friends, and mentors.
The pharmacokinetics of piroxicam in elderly persons with and without renal impairment.

1. Piroxicam pharmacokinetics were assessed in three groups of subjects: (1) young healthy volunteers, (2) healthy elderly subjects (mean +/- s.d. creatinine clearance 88 +/- 13 ml min-1), and (3) elderly patients with renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance 60 +/- 10 ml min-1) following the administration of piroxicam 20 mg as a single dose and after chronic dosing of 20 mg once daily for 4 weeks. 2. Piroxicam and 5'-hydroxypiroxicam concentrations were measured by h.p.l.c. in serum and urine samples collected for 96 h after the single dose and for 144 h after chronic dosing. Unbound concentrations of piroxicam were determined by ultrafiltration. 3. Elimination half-lives, steady state concentrations of piroxicam and 5'-hydroxypiroxicam, clearances of total and unbound piroxicam, volumes of distribution normalized for body weight, and urinary recovery of 5'-hydroxypiroxicam were not influenced by age or renal function. Volumes of distribution after the single dose were significantly lower in women compared with men (mean +/- s.d. 10.0 +/- 2.9 l vs 12.9 +/- 5.0 l; 95% confidence interval of the difference 0.1 to 5.6). 4. Percent unbound piroxicam values were 1.46 +/- 0.3% after the single dose and 1.45 +/- 0.2% at steady state. There were significant reductions in clearance and clearance of unbound piroxicam between single and chronic doses. The half-lives of 5'-hydroxypiroxicam (80.9 +/- 44 h) were significantly longer than those of piroxicam (54.9 +/- 26 h) after chronic dosing.
A Simpler Approach to Grammar: (Re)engineering Parts-of-Speech Instruction to Assist EFL/ESP Students

We introduce an approach to grammar distinct from traditional approaches: instead of the eight parts of speech, we propose a four-part grammar system based on the functional components of sentences: , {modifier}, (complement), and head. Unlike traditional parts of speech, these functional components have consistent and reliable identification tests. Our simplified approach better meets the standards of testability and usability, which our IEEE audience expects in other areas. We illustrate the utility of this simplified grammar with analyses of traditionally troublesome areas of EFL/ESP grammar instruction.
Subcellular Alterations Causing Reduced Hepatic Thyroxine-5'-Monodeiodinase Activity in Fasted Rats*

Abnormalities in hepatic T4-5'-monodeiodinase activity were investigated in 72-h fasted rats. Fraction I (whole homogenate) and fraction II (2000 × g supernatant) had similar total T4-5'-monodeiodinase activities (per ml incubation mixture); activity in these fractions was reduced by 25% and 45% (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) in fasted rats. Fraction III (2000–100,000 × g sediment) was inactive by itself. Dithiothreitol (DTT) caused variable stimulation of T4-5'-monodeiodinase activity in fraction I and consistent stimulation in fraction II. DTT completely restored activity to fraction III. In fractions I–III, the differences between DTT-stimulated total activities in the fed and fasted groups were significant, with the reactions from the fasted group having 21–42% less activity (P < 0.02 or less). The T4-5'-monodeiodinase specific activity (per mg protein) in the fasted group was reduced by 25–55% in fractions and II without DTT, and I/III with 5 mM DTT. In reconstitution experiments, fraction IV (100,000 × g ...
It is 11 O'Clock. Do You Know What Your Competitor is Doing?

Abstract From Knowledge to Intelligence: Creating Competitive Advantage in the New Economy by Helen N. Rothberg and G. Scott Erickson, Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann (2005), 365 pp. Competitive Intelligence and Global Business edited by David L. Blenkhorn and Craig S. Fleischer, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers (2005), 292 pp. Outsource: Competing in the Global Productivity Race by Edward Yourdon, Boston: Prentice Hall PTR (2005), 251 pp. Digital Infrastructures: Enabling Civil and Environmental Systems through Information Technology edited by Rae Zimmerman and Thomas Horan, London: Routledge (2005), 254 pp. Decision Support Systems: Frequently Asked Questions by Daniel J. Power, New York: iUniverse Inc. (2005), 232 pp.
Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis in a one‐month‐old foal for superficial digital flexor tendon and straight sesamoidean ligament disruption

Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIJ) arthrodesis is typically performed in skeletally mature horses to alleviate pain associated with osteoarthritis or as part of intra-articular fracture fixation (Watkins 1999; Auer 2006). There have been 3 previous reports of PIJ arthrodesis in 3-month-old foals, the first being undertaken for a proximal phalangeal fracture, the second for an unreported reason, and the third for a congenital malformation of the pastern joint (Steenhaut et al. 1985; Schneider et al. 1987; Caron et al. 1990). However, there are no reports of PIJ arthrodesis in a foal of less than 3 months of age, nor are there reports of arthrodesis in a foal for traumatic injury to the soft tissue support structures of the pastern joint. Here, we describe the clinical findings associated with a case of acute, unilateral palmar subluxation of the PIJ joint in a onemonth-old foal, and the resulting surgical repair using internal fixation to arthrodese the PIJ joint. In the case reported here, the subluxation was unilateral at presentation; however, it became bilateral at 4 months of age, 3 months after the original injury. The second injury was successfully treated with external cast coaptation. There are 2 reports of bilateral pastern subluxation or luxation occurring in foals. The treatment of one foal was not reported and in the other euthanasia was carried out (Harrison and May 1992; Stashak 2002). This case report describes successful surgical management in one forelimb at one month of age and successful medical management in the second forelimb at 4 months of age, of a foal with bilateral PIJ subluxation.
Segregation of Two Spectrin Isoforms: Polarized Membrane-binding Sites Direct Polarized Membrane Skeleton Assembly

Spectrin isoforms are often segregated within specialized plasma membrane subdomains where they are thought to contribute to the development of cell surface polarity. It was previously shown that ankyrin and beta spectrin are recruited to sites of cell-cell contact in Drosophila S2 cells expressing the homophilic adhesion molecule neuroglian. Here, we show that neuroglian has no apparent effect on a second spectrin isoform (alpha beta H), which is constitutively associated with the plasma membrane in S2 cells. Another membrane marker, the Na,K-ATPase, codistributes with ankyrin and alpha beta spectrin at sites of neuroglian-mediated contact. The distributions of these markers in epithelial cells in vivo are consistent with the order of events observed in S2 cells. Neuroglian, ankyrin, alpha beta spectrin, and the Na,K-ATPase colocalize at the lateral domain of salivary gland cells. In contrast, alpha beta H spectrin is sorted to the apical domain of salivary gland and somatic follicle cells. Thus, the two spectrin isoforms respond independently to positional cues at the cell surface: in one case an apically sorted receptor and in the other case a locally activated cell-cell adhesion molecule. The results support a model in which the membrane skeleton behaves as a transducer of positional information within cells.
Vocabularies of Legitimation: Understanding Normative Killings

This paper argues that while criminal forms of homicide have been the focus of extant research, little attention has been given to normative forms of killing. We argue that this omission is unfortunate and precludes a complete understanding of the contexts and consequences of killing. In this paper, we refer to three metaphors that are called into play when legitimizing certain forms of killing: Differential Life Value, Conservatism, and Justification. We call these “vocabularies of legitimation” and suggest that such normalization may serve to increase the prevalence of violence within society. Finally, we recommend some promising avenues for continuing research and possible directions for public policy.
O2‐O2 absorption band identification based on optical depth spectra of the visible and near‐infrared

The first implementation of the rotating shadowband spectroradiometer allows the routine collection of direct normal solar spectral irradiance data at 512 wavelengths. These data are used on clear days to calculate spectra in optical depth. A persistent absorption band near 477 nm in the first optical depth spectra collected led to the eventual identification of six bands in the 400 to 1080 nm range resulting from absorption by O2 collision pairs. All of these O2-O2 bands were discovered earlier using atmospheric long pathlength or laboratory high pressure techniques, however, it is notable that this method's sensitivity permitted their detection at one air mass. These data suggest that there are no unexplained narrowband absorption features in the visible/near-infrared, that excess optical depth measured near 1000 nm may now have an explanation, and that the linearity of the O2-O2 absorption may be exploited to investigate mean pathlengths in the atmosphere.
The Diffusion of Foreign Cultural Products: The Case Analysis of Japanese Comics (Manga) Market in the US

This paper outlines the historical development of the US manga (Japanese comics) industry from the 1980s through the present in order to address the question why foreign cultural products become popular in offshore markets in spite of cultural difference. This paper focuses on local publishers as gatekeepers in the introduction of foreign culture. Using complete data on manga titles published in the US market from 1980 to 2006 (n=1,058), this paper shows what kinds of manga have been translated, published, and distributed for over twenty years and how the competition between the two market leaders, Viz and Tokyopop, created the rapid market growth. This case analysis finds two main reasons for the growth of the manga market in the US. First is the path dependency of market growth: without Vizs pioneering effort in the localization of manga in the 1980s, Tokyo pops standardization in the 2000s would not have boosted the market expansion, and vice versa. The second is stigma management by publishers. By selecting proper titles, censoring them, and establishing age rating systems, publishers sought to avoid the stigma attached to American mainstream comics and establish the legitimacy of manga as acceptable entertainment.
Microbiological determination of alanine in proteins and foods.

Abstract A microbiological method is described for the determination of alanine in proteins and foods using Leuconostoc citrovorum 8081 as the test organism and using all l -amino acids in the medium. Alanine added to casein and red kidney beans before hydrolysis was recovered 101 and 95%, respectively. Reproducibility of values for a number of materials is reported and the average coefficient of variation from the mean is 3.6%. Consistent results were obtained over a wide range of values. Data are given for the alanine content of 48 proteins and foods.
Changes in painting styles of two artists with Alzheimer's disease.

A substantial body of literature supports the idea that systematic changes can occur in artists’ painting styles after the onset of degenerating neurological illnesses like Alzheimer’s disease or Fronto-temporal dementia. However, these studies have typically been descriptive and qualitative in their analyses. Our study was motivated to show that quantitative methods can be applied to the neuropsychology of art production and to determine whether there are systematic changes in the art produced by two individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Using the Assessment of Art Attributes which probes 6 formal characteristics (depth, color temperature, color saturation, balance, stroke, and simplicity) and 6 conceptual characteristics (depictive accuracy, abstractness, emotion, symbolism, realism, and animacy), we found that both AD patients produced paintings with more abstraction and use of symbolism and with less depictive accuracy and realism. Their paintings did not change in the use of depth, or balance or in the quality of their stroke. When these observations are combined with those made recently in 3 artists with focal brain damage, we find that conceptual more than formal perceptual attributes are susceptible to change after neurological illness.