cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New parallel stochastic global integral and local differential equation modeling and inversion

Abstract In this paper, a new parallel modeling and inversion algorithm using a Stochastic Global Integral and Local Differential equation (SGILD) decomposition is presented. We derived new acoustic integral equations and differential equations for statistical moments of the parameters and field. The new statistical moment integral equations on the boundary and local differential equations in domain will be used together to obtain mean wave field and its moments in the modeling. The new moment global Jacobian volume integral equations and the local Jacobian differential equations in domain will be used together to update the mean parameters and their moments in the inversion. A new parallel multiple hierarchy substructure direct algorithm or direct-iteration hybrid algorithm will be used to solve the sparse matrices and one smaller full matrix from domain to the boundary, in parallel. The SGILD modeling and imaging algorithm has many advantages over the conventional imaging approaches. The SGILD algorithm can be used for the stochastic acoustic, electromagnetic, and flow modeling and inversion.
Influence of socio-economic conditions on dental development in Nigerian children.

Abstract A joint dental, biochemical and nutritional study was carried out on Nigerian children from different socio-economic backgrounds. Timing of eruption of deciduous dentition and prevalence of enamel hypoplasia were recorded. Evaluation of findings in 872 children from the Yoruba community of Western Nigeria showed that physical development, as reflected in heights and body weights, was retarded in the underprivileged, malnourished village children compared with their counterparts from higher socio-economic homes. Eruption of the deciduous teeth demonstrated good correlation with changes in height and weight. Enamel hypoplasia was not seen in any of the well-fed children examined. In contrast, among 420 village children aged 0–4 yr, the prevalence of gross enamel hypoplasia of the deciduous teeth was 21 per cent. Hypoplastic defects of enamel involving the pre-natally formed parts of the deciduous dentition accounted for 72 per cent of the observed cases. No evidence emerged of a causal relationship between the enamel hypoplasia and past or present systemic conditions, including premature birth. The developing dental organ, like most other organs of the body, appears to be susceptible to factors associated with low socioeconomic status. Prominent among such factors in developing countries is severe malnutrition.
Propagation and scattering in plasmas

The discussion begins with a review of some of the physical assumptions that underlie the mathematical model of a temperate plasma as a continuous medium. On the basis of these assumptions, the tensor permittivity of a locally homogeneous electron plasma in a uniform magnetic field is derived and incorporated in the usual Helmholtz integral for the scattering of an electro-magnetic plane wave by a dielectric region. By extending this integral to a plasma with random space-time fluctuations, formulas are derived for the coherent and incoherent components of the power scattered per unit solid angle in any direction. On the basis of these formulas, a summary account is given of the various attempts that have been made to explain the observed scattering from laboratory plasmas, from the ionosphere, and from the turbulent wakes associated with hypersonic re-entry of large terrestrial vehicles into the earth's atmosphere.
A theory for the most stable variable viscosity profile in graded mobility displacement processes

The stability of the displacement of a viscous fluid in a porous medium by a less viscous fluid containing an additive is considered. For the case in which the total amount of injected additive is fixed, a theory has been formulated to find the graded mobility profile which minimizes the instability due to an adverse mobility ratio. The result is a constrained nonlinear eigenvalue problem in which the mobility ratio of the fluids, ..cap alpha.., and the total dimensionless amount of additive, N, appear as parameters. Estimates show N is typically large for practical situations. An asymptotic solution for large N is developed which shows that the optimal mobility profile is always an exponential curve at leading order. It is shown that although the optimal mobility profile is nearly exponential, the optimal concentration profile is not necessarily so, contrary to previous suggestions in the literature. Furthermore, it is shown that, unlike the case of a mobility jump, a graded mobility process under optimal conditions has amplifications independent of displacement velocity. We also discuss a possible stabilization mechanism due to the very long wavelength disturbances which occur under optimal conditions.
Electrochemical Sensor for Dissolved Carbon Dioxide Measurement

In this paper, the fabrication and evaluation of a Severinghaus-type CO 2 sensor, based on an iridium (IrO x ) pH electrode, are described. An iridium oxide pH electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode were housed inside a gas-permeable silicone rubber tubing in which a bicarbonate-based electrolyte solution was sealed. The internal IrO x pH electrode was produced by a new method, i.e., the pH-sensitive IrO x film was coated on the surface of an Ir metal wire by oxidation of the Ir wire in a carbonate melt at high temperature. The Ag/AgCl reference electrode was prepared by chloridizing an Ag wire in a FeCl 3 solution. The CO 2 sensor made this way showed Nernstain response to dissolved CO 2 in the range 10 -4 to 10 2 M. Superior analytical accuracy and stability were observed for the sensor.
On the Centering of a Simple Linear Rank Statistic

Hajek (1968) proved that under weak conditions the distribution of a simple linear rank statistic S is asymptotically normal, centered at the mean ES. He left open the question whether under the same conditions the centering constant ES may be replaced by a simpler constant μ, as was found to be true in the two-sample case and under different conditions by Chernoff and Savage (1958) and Govindarajulu, LeCam and Rhagavachari (1966). In this paper it is shown that the replacement ofES by μis permissible if one of Hajek’s conditions is slightly strengthened.
Macroscopic cylindrical governing equations: transport process in unsaturated porous media with a line heat source

The paper outlines a formulation of the cylindrical transport equations which describe simultaneous heat and mass transfer in unsaturated porous materials when a line heat resource is embedded in the medium. A macroscopic continuum mechanics approach is adopted to derive the coupled continuity, momentum and energy equations. Hydrodynamic law such as Darcy's law and Darcy-Buckingham theorem are utilized to simplify the continuity and momentum equations of fluid flow. Migration of liquid due to surface tension effects is modeled in the analysis. The effects of phase change on the heat transfer are also included in the energy equation. The constituent equations are expanded in the cylindrical co-ordinate system. The resulting equations reported in this paper are found to agree with equations reported in this paper are found to agree with equations obtained by other researchers who used volume-averaging techniques to study similar phenomena in unsaturated porous materials.
Simple Leg Placement Strategy for a One Legged Running Model

The Spring Loaded Inverted Pendulum (SLIP) model was developed to describe center of mass movement patterns observed in animals, using only a springy leg and a point mass. However, SLIP is energy conserving and does not accurately represent any biological or robotic system. Still, this model is often used as a foundation for the investigation of improved legged locomotion models. One such model called Torque Damped SLIP (TD-SLIP) utilizes two additional parameters, a time dependent torque and dampening to drastically increase the stability. Forced Damped SLIP (FD-SLIP), a predecessor of TD-SLIP, has shown that this model can be further simplified by using a constant torque, instead of a time varying torque, while still maintaining stability.Using FD-SLIP as a base, this paper explores a leg placement strategy using a simple PI controller. The controller takes advantage of the fact that the energy state of FD-SLIP is symmetric entering and leaving the stance phase during steady state conditions. During the flight phase, the touch down leg angle is adjusted so that the energy dissipation due to dampening, during the stance phase, compensates for any imbalance of energy. This controller approximately doubles the region of stability when subjected to velocity perturbations at touchdown, enables the model to operate at considerably lower torque values, and drastically reduces the time required to recover from a perturbation, while using less energy. Finally, the leg placement strategy used effectively imitates the natural human response to velocity perturbations while running.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Tissue-specific distribution of amylase in the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis holbrooki).

Tissue-specific expression of alpha-amylase (E.C.3.2.1; α 1,4-glucan-4-glucano-hydrolase) was studied in the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis holbrooki). Gut activity patterns, immunohistochemical distribution in the hepatopancreas and tissue-specific activities and amount of amylase protein were characterized. In the gut, activity was observed all along the gut and no variation in this pattern was observed in individuals from two natural populations. In the hepatopancreas, amylase is found in pancreatic tissue. Highest amylase activity was observed in gut tissue but highest amount of amylase protein was found in the hepatopancreas.
Infinite combinatorics and definability

Abstract The topic of this paper is Borel versions of infinite combinatorial theorems. For example it is shown that there cannot be a Borel subset of [ω] ω which is a maximal independent family. A Borel version of the delta systems lemma is proved. We prove a parameterized version of the Galvin-Prikry Theorem. We show that it is consistent that any ω 2 cover of reals by Borel sets has an ω 1 subcover. We show that if V \= L, then there are π 1 1 Hamel bases, maximal almost disjoint families, and maximal independent families.
Thermo-elastic aspects of dynamic nucleation

Abstract In spite of recent progress in our understanding of the absolute stability of elastic phases under loads, the generic presence of metastable configurations and the possibility of their dynamic breakdown remains a major problem in the mechanical theory of phase transitions in solids. In this paper, by considering the simplest one-dimensional model, we study the interplay between inertial and thermal effects associated with nucleation of a new phase, and address the crucial question concerning the size of a perturbation breaking metastability. We begin by reformulating the nucleation problem as a degenerate Riemann problem. By choosing a specific kinetic relation, originating from thermo-visco-capillary (TVC) regularization, we solve a self-similar problem analytically and demonstrate the existence of two types of solutions: with nucleation and without it. We then show that in the presence of a non-zero latent heat, solution with nucleation may by itself be non-unique. To understand the domain of attraction of different self-similar solutions with and without nucleation, we regularize the model and study numerically the full scale initial value problem with locally perturbed data. Through numerical experiments we present evidence that the TVC regularization is successful in removing deficiencies of the classical thermo-elastic model and is sufficient in specifying the limits of metastability.
On a Supposed New Species of Earthworm and on the Nomenclature of Earthworms

IN yesterday's NATURE I find that the Rev. Hilderic Friend has again given the name L. rubescens(Friend) to a supposed new species of earthworm. This worm appears to me to be identical with Enterion festivum (Savigny), described under the name Lumbricus festivus by Rosa. Though comparatively rare, it is by no means new, nor even new to Britain, though I know of no published record of its occurrence here. I met with two or three specimens among the worms supplied to me when I was working at the chapter on Lumbricus in “Marshall and Hurst,” and identified them subsequently by the help of Rosa's table. At the time I took them for mere varieties, and put them into a bottle for future study. I believe the specimens are now in the possession of Dr. Benham, who has entirely overlooked the species in his “Attempt to Classify Earthworms” (Quart. Fourn. Micr. Sci. xxxi.).
Measuring the human cost of a weak economy: Does unemployment lead to alcohol abuse?

This paper uses two-stage instrumental variables methods to examine whether unemployment affects alcohol use and symptoms of dependence, and if so, in which direction. Data were obtained from the 1988 National Health Interview Survey. The outcomes examined were average daily consumption during the previous two weeks and a summary measure of the number of symptoms related to alcohol dependence during the previous year. After eliminating potential bias due to reverse causality, evidence was found that non-employment significantly reduces both alcohol consumption and dependence symptoms, probably due to an income effect. Involuntary unemployment had a mixed effect-job loss increased the consumption of alcohol in the overall sample but reduced dependence symptoms among single respondents. Studies of the impact of alcohol use on economic outcomes should take potential reverse causality into account.
EFFECTS OF THERMAL PROCESSING AND SALT ON THE pH AND ACIDITY OF HOME CANNED TOMATOES

The effects of thermal processing and NaCl addition on the acidity of home canned tomatoes were investigated. Unsalted canned tomatoes were higher in pH and lower in titratable acidity than corresponding raw composites. The latter did not change in acidity prior to analysis. Salt depressed the pH of raw and canned tomatoes. This change was attributed to the well known Debye-Huckel effect.
Noise in high-areal-density holographic data storage systems

Digital holographic data storage using a 4f configuration enables high areal densities when spatial light modulator (SLM) pixels are large. The holographic recording material, placed at the Fourier plane of the 4f configuration gives large densities because stacks of holograms can be placed closer together. To minimize interstack cross talk and optimize stack sizes for interpixel cross talk, it is useful to place an aperture at the Fourier plane. We have developed a numerical algorithm based on scalar drift action theory, to investigate this interplay and predict an optimum set of system design parameters.
Differential response to potassium permanganate of regenerable and of non-regenerable tissue cell walls from maize callus cultures

Type I maize (Zea mays L.) callus typically consists of two kinds of tissue, one type is capable while the other is incapble of regenerating whole plants. Exposing Type I callus to a 20 mM potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution (pH 7.2) resulted in a brown precipitate forming on intact non-regenerable tissues in the callus. Residue from homogenized callus also reacted with KMnO4. The precipitate could only be dissolved in acid and permanganate could be re-formed from the dissolved precipitate using the strong oxidants potassium periodate (KIO4) or sodium bismuthate. These data suggest that the brown precipitate is manganese dioxide (MnO2). Callus exposed to a 20-mM KMnO4 solution of pH 3.0, produced less MnO2. This callus when exposed to Feulgen reagent developed a red-violet color only on non-regenerable tissue. A similar Feulgen reaction occurred with callus treated first for 2 min with a 34.8-mM acidic solution of KIO4. Even regenerable tissue reacted with Feulgen reagent with prolonged exposure to KIO4. The Feulgen results indicate that a highly oxidizable carbohydrate is associated with non-regenerable tissue but not regenerable tissue and it is the oxidation of this material by KMnO4 that generates MnO2. Residue from homogenized callus still reacted with KMnO4 when washed three times with acetone, 1 N HCl, dimethyl sulfoxide, saturated (0.5 M) EDTA, or when heated in a boiling water bath for 20 min. However, washing the residue with 1 N KOH caused a 6-fold reduction in the formation of MnO2. The results from these residue-washing experiments indicate that the highly oxidizable carbohydrate associated with non-regenerable tissue may be a hemicellulose. Manganese dioxide, formed from KMnO4 by pH adjustment, also was found to bind to homogenized-callus residue. The reaction of non-regenerable tissue with KMnO4 has proven to be a useful method for assessing the quantity of non-regenerable tissue in maize callus and may be useful as a marker for developmental changes in maize cells.
Repression of transcription and interference with DNA binding of TATA-binding protein by C-terminal alternatively spliced p53.

Abstract The protein encoded by C-terminal alternatively spliced p53 mRNA (p53as) has been shown previously to occur naturally in mouse cells and to bind sequence-specifically to DNA more efficiently than p53 (p53r, regular form). In the current study, p53as and p53r proteins ectopically expressed in p53-deficient cells each transactivated reporter plasmids containing p53 binding sites. However, p53as consistently was more efficient in transcriptional repression of promoters lacking p53 binding sites and in concentration-dependent repression of the p21 WAF1/Cip-l/Sdi promoter sequence. The p53as protein, like p53r, associated with TATA-binding protein (TBP), indicating that this interaction does not require the last 26 amino acids of p53. Consistent with its stronger repression effects, p53as interfered with TBP binding to a TATA-containing DNA sequence more efficiently than p53r protein. Taken together, these in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate a novel role in transcriptional repression for a naturally occurring C-terminal variant form of mouse p53 protein associated with differences in DNA binding properties and interference with transcription factor binding.
Lysophosphatidylcholine Attenuates the Cytotoxic Effects of the Antineoplastic Phospholipid 1-O-Octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine

Abstract A colony-stimulating factor 1-dependent cell line was used to determine the relationship between the inhibition of phospholipid synthesis and the cytotoxic activity of the antineoplastic ether lipid, 1-O-octadecyl- 2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-18-OCH3). ET-18-OCH3 inhibited choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine as well as total phospholipid synthesis. Exposure to ET-18-OCH3 at the G1/S boundary led to the accumulation of cells in G2, whereas the addition of ET-18-OCH3 in the G1 phase of the cell cycle prevented entry into the S phase. In both cases, ET-18-OCH3 treatment triggered DNA fragmentation and morphological changes associated with apoptosis within 10 h. The addition of lysophosphatidylcholine provided an exogenous source of cellular phospholipid and prevented ET-18-OCH3- dependent accumulation of cells in G2 and apoptosis. However, lysophosphatidylcholine did not overcome the ET-18-OCH3-dependent G1 block, although the growth-arrested cells remained viable. These data indicate that restoring phosphatidylcholine synthesis by supplementation with lysophosphatidylcholine overrides the cytotoxic but not the cytostatic activity of ET-18-OCH3.
Tennessee Valley Authority's Radio Interference Experiences on 500-kY Transmission Lines

This paper describes a two-year investigation of radio interference (RI) levels in the vicinity of 400 miles of operating 500- kV transmission lines. Discussions are given of instruments, antennas, and types of surveys; the design and development of RI monitoring stations; and comparisons of the relative merits of various supplementary items. Results from RI profiles, RIV measurements, and monitor station recordings are analyzed and presented along with brief discussions of signal-to-noise ratios and evaluation of TVA's transmission line design and construction techniques.
Analytic time-optimal control synthesis of fourth-order system and maneuvers of flexible structures

The analytic solution to the problem of minimum-time control of a fourth-order linear system near the origin is obtained by using Gulko's subsystem strategy. This system has two real eigenvalues (zeros) and two imaginary eigenvalues (vibrational frequency), which represents a flexible structure with one rigid-body mode and one flexible mode. The complete solution including the optimal switching times for the second-order subsystem is first obtained. Next, the geometry of the control switching surface near the origin for the third-order subsystem is analyzed through the phase-plane and phase-space technique. Then, the switching function for the full fourth-order system is constructed by using the roots of a quartic algebraic equation. This solution can be used to synthesize the feedback time-optimal control for the maneuvers of flexible structures. Numerical examples with one and more flexible modes are illustrated to show the applications of the solution.
Characteristics of square-pore and low-noise microchannel-plate stacks

An evaluation is conducted of several square-pore microchannel plates (MCPs) with either 25- or 85-micron diameter pores and 80:1 or 50:1 channel length/diameter ratio. Flat field measurements show that the 25-micron-pored MCPs, unlike those with 85-micron pores, exhibit periodic modulation; this may be due to the MCP stacking configurations. Attention is given to the relative quantum detection efficiency advantages of the two MCPs.
Metal accumulation in root crops grown in planters constructed from copper azole treated lumber

Preservative treated wood is often used to construct planters, but there are concerns about components migrating from the wood into the surrounding soil where they might be selectively absorbed by plants. Potential for selective accumulation was evaluated by growing radishes, carrots and potatoes in copper azole (CA) treated Douglas-fir planters. Copper levels were higher in soil adjacent to CA treated wood, but did not differ in roots or tubers grown in treated or non-treated wood. Copper levels were elevated in carrot foliage which is not normally consumed.
Histidine transport by isolated rat peritoneal mast cells.

Abstract Kinetic constants for the transport of [3H]histidine into isolated rat peritoneal mast cells were determined. The value of Km for histidine transport was 44.0 μM; the value of Vmax under the same conditions was 18.9 pinoles · min− · (106 cells)−1. These parameters did not change in value after the addition of exogenous histamine. The uptake of histidine and its decarboxylation to histamine were relatively rapid processes compared to the transfer of the newly formed histamine into mast cell granules, so that nascent histaramine appeared transiently in the cytoplasm. Amino-acid competition experiments support the assignment of L system transport for the bulk of histidine uptake by mast cells. Metabolic inhibitors that deplete cellular ATP did not inhibit the uptake process.
‘Seeing from a different angle’: the role of pop culture in teaching for diversity and critical media literacy in adult education

Entertainment media is a part of everyday life for most adults, including adult educators. This paper reports on a mixed method study, informed by social constructivism and critical media literacy, exploring US adult educators’ consumption of entertainment media, how it affects their thinking about group identities, and how they draw on it in their teaching and learning, particularly in regard to teaching about diversity issues. 215 adult educators from the US responded to the survey and 15 were interviewed. The results of the survey indicated that adult educators both consume media and use it in their teaching. The findings of the qualitative portion of the study focused on how the 15 qualitative participants use of media can facilitate: finding alternative narratives for themselves; expanded thinking about ‘others’ of a different race, gender, or sexual orientation; further interaction and analysis of social relations both in their own lives and in their teaching.
Wave-Packet Resonance: Instability of a Localized Barotropic Jet

Abstract A better physical understanding of the instability of a zonally varying basic flow may be gained by invoking the concept of wave-packet resonance, which complements the notions of absolute and convective instability. To highlight the nature of such instability, a generic barotropic jet that has essentially only two closed contours in its basic vorticity gradient field is analyzed. Apart from the structure of the jet itself, the domain-averaged zonal flow component and the beta effect are two determining factors that control the form of wave-packet resonance. These factors influence the propagation characteristics of an unstable disturbance. When their influences counterbalance one another, the instability is attributable to stationary wave-packet resonance; otherwise it is due to propagating wave-packet resonance. This model setting illustrates that a local mode may have a finite group velocity and the self-reseeding of a disturbance does not necessarily require recycling through the streamwise b...
Stability of Bacterial Composition and Activity in Different Salinity Waters in the Dynamic Patos Lagoon Estuary: Evidence from a Lagrangian-Like Approach

We employed a Lagrangian-like sampling design to evaluate bacterial community composition (BCC—using temporal temperature gel gradient electrophoresis), community-level physiological profiles (CLPP—using the EcoPlate™ assay), and influencing factors in different salinity waters in the highly dynamic Patos Lagoon estuary (southern Brazil) and adjacent coastal zone. Samples were collected monthly by following limnetic–oligohaline (0–1), mesohaline (14–16), and polyhaline (28–31) waters for 1 year. The BCC was specific for each salinity range, whereas the CLPPs were similar for mesohaline and polyhaline waters, and both were different from the limnetic–oligohaline samples. The limnetic–oligohaline waters displayed an oxidation capacity for almost all organic substrates tested, whereas the mesohaline and polyhaline waters presented lower numbers of oxidized substrates, suggesting that potential activities of bacteria increased from the polyhaline to oligohaline waters. However, the polyhaline samples showed a higher utilization of some simple carbohydrates, amino acids, and polymers, indicating a shortage of inorganic nutrients (especially nitrogen) and organic substrates in coastal saltwater. The hypothesis of bacterial nitrogen limitation was corroborated by the higher Nuse index (an EcoPlate™-based nitrogen limitation indicator) in the polyhaline waters and the importance of NO2 −, NO3 −, low-molecular-weight substances, and the low-molecular-weight:high-molecular-weight substances ratio, indicated by the canonical correspondence analyses (CCAs). Our results demonstrate the important stability of microbial community composition and potential metabolic activity in the different water salinity ranges, which are independent of the region and time of the year of sample collection in the estuary. This is a quite unexpected result for a dynamic environment such as the Patos Lagoon estuary.
Reflections on the past, present and future of pediatric cardiology

About 1.5 million children are born each year world-wide with congenital heart disease. The nine most frequently occurring lesions are patency of the arterial duct (ductus arteriosus), atrial septal defect within the oval fossa, atrioventricular septal defect, ventricular septal defect, coarctation of the aorta, valvar pulmonary stenosis, valvar aortic stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, and complete transposition. Their natural history is presented and compared with representative results of surgical treatment. Surgery has markedly improved the outcome for all these lesions, although almost no patients have been followed postoperatively for more than 25 years. Because congenital heart lesions are likely to consume an increasing proportion of cardiological resources in future years, the long-term future in this field rests with prevention of these lesions if at all possible. Recent advances in molecular and developmental biology, some of which are discussed, will certainly aid in diagnosis and may well bring the time at which prevention can be achieved closer to reality.
Genetics of protein I of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: construction of hybrid porins

Protein I (PI), the major outer membrane protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is a porin and occurs in two major immunochemical classes, A and B. By using shuttle mutagenesis to insert a selectable marker close to the PI structural gene, evidence was obtained from transformation experiments to demonstrate that the PI structural gene is equivalent to the defined locus nmp and that the genes for PI class A and PI class B are alleles of the same locus. The PI class B gene of strain MS11 was cloned and sequenced, and comparison of this sequence with the gene sequence of PI class A of FA19 revealed a number of regions of significant divergence. By selection for the closely linked marker in transformations between the two strains, a series of strains with a hybrid PI was obtained. Analysis of these strains with monoclonal antibodies and oligonucleotides specific to PI class A or PI class B elucidated the nature and location of some of the surface-exposed epitopes, a thorough characterization of which is a prerequisite for understanding the role of PI in gonococcal pathogenesis and its possible use as a component of a vaccine.
Weak- and strong-turbulence regimes of the forced Hasegawa-Mima equation.

A Kolmogorov-type analysis of the energy- and enstrophy-cascading ranges of a forced Hasegawa-Mima equation allows one to derive a criterion for the threshold of the transition between the weak-turbulence and the strong-turbulence regimes. Contrary to general belief, it is found that due to the inverse energy cascade the large-scale portion of the inertial range is in the strong-turbulence regime in the limit of infinite Reynolds-like numbers for any finite amount of forcing.
Divalent cation-mediated polysaccharide interactions with zwitterionic surfaces

One popular postulation in the design of a nonfouling surface is that a surface capable of resisting nonspecific protein adsorption should also resist bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation. Such a hypothesis, though valid in certain cases, oversimplifies complex biological systems, since they contain not only proteins but also other biomacromolecules, such as polysaccharides. This work aims to re-examine this postulation by testing the biofouling of polysaccharides onto protein-resisting zwitterionic surfaces in the presence of a multivalent cation. Our results show that Mg(2+) plays an important role in mediating alginate adsorption onto zwitterionic surfaces through ion-bridged interactions from surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments. Three zwitterionic polymers tested in this work have clearly different responses to changes in Mg(2+) concentration, indicating that such ion-bridged adsorption is strongly dependent on cation-zwitterionic polymer binding affinities and is dictated by the specific chemical structure of the polymer betaine side chain. This work underlines the necessity to go beyond current nonfouling criteria at the protein level and to take into account polysaccharides when it comes to complex environments.
Where everybody knows your name: the role of social capital in resettlement after an employee relocation

This exploratory research investigates the process of adaptation that follows the intra-national migration of families moved for a professional employee's job. The research suggests the existence of ‘relocation enclaves’ or areas of residence that are densely populated by relocated families. Qualitative interviews with wives relocated for their husband's jobs reveal the importance of building social capital to rebuild families' lives and the positive role that relocation enclaves can play in offering that social capital. Additionally, findings suggest that, contrary to Putnam's proposition that an influx of relocated families into a community would contribute to the erosion of community connections, relocated women are highly active in their new communities and they invest time and inject new ideas into local schools and organizations.
Modification of ATRP Surface-Initiated Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Films with Hydrocarbon Side Chains

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) films were grown onto gold via water-accelerated, surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and the resulting side chains were modified by reaction with alkanoyl chlorides (CmH2m+1COCl; m = 1, 7, 11, 13, 15, and 17) to incorporate hydrocarbon side groups within the film. We have previously demonstrated the ability to react ∼70−80% of PHEMA hydroxyl side chains with fluorocarbon acid chlorides to prepare partially fluorinated films. Here we convert the side chains to hydrocarbon esters with diminishing conversion (80 to 40%) as m is increased and compare the resulting films with fluorocarbon-modified PHEMA. Based on IR spectra and wetting data, hydrocarbon side chains structure the film to a greater extent as m is increased. A critical chain length (m = 15) was required to orient chains normal to the interface at the outer film surface and impart the wetting properties of a dense methyl surface. The resistances of the films against the transpor...
An analysis of social support exchanges in online HIV/AIDS self-help groups

Hundreds of thousands of people sharing concerns about HIV/AIDS have taken advantage of online self-help groups to exchange resources and support. Little research so far has focused on the nature and content of actual messages exchanged by group members. To provide an in-depth understanding of social support exchanges in online HIV/AIDS self-help groups, this study identifies and analyzes the dimensions and corresponding frequencies of exchanged social support as well as the group interactions facilitating those exchanges. A total of 5000 postings created within a 1year period were randomly selected from a selected online HIV/AIDS forum. Content analysis was then conducted to assess the types and proportions of exchanged social support. A thematic analysis of the postings that could not be categorized with the adopted coding system was performed to find further patterns of positive group interactions. The results show that information support (41.6%) and emotional support (16.0%) were exchanged most frequently, followed by network support (6.8%) and esteem support exchanges (6.4%), whereas tangible assistance was quite rare (0.8%). The authors also suggest that three types of group interactions including sharing personal experience, expression of gratitude, and offering congratulations can facilitate social support exchanges among group members.
An investigation of the microfrictional behavior of C60 particle layers on aluminum

Abstract Since the discovery of spherical carbon molecules called “buckminsterfullerenes” there has been speculation that they would have unique lubricating properties. An investigation was conducted on the frictional behavior of fullerenes residing as both thick and thin layers on polished aluminum. Stainless steel (type 440C) was used as the slider material. A series of sliding contact experiments was conducted using the friction microprobe, a tribology research instrument developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, to measure the friction coefficients of C 60 layers applied in two different ways to a polished aluminum alloy surface. Results were compared with the friction of layers of several commercial graphite lubricants applied to the aluminum in the same fashion and to a thick graphite foil material. Under some conditions of powder application, the C 60 layers formed thick compacts and had very high friction, and under conditions of wider particulate dispersion, there was no significant difference in friction compared with the uncoated aluminum surface. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the distribution of materials resulting from sliding contact.
Fluorometric Analysis of the Uniformity of Deposition on Cassette Membrane Filters

Abstract The deposition of asbestos fibers on a membrane filter surface during air sampling has been shown to be nonuniform and may be a function of radial position and the location of air-flow trenches in the cassette base. However, several previous studies used fiber-counting methods to examine deposition trends; such methods have a relatively high degree of subjectivity and random error. Thus, a laboratory investigation was performed to characterize particle deposition on the surface of membrane filters in plastic cassettes using an objective method of measuring deposition density. Both 25-mm- and 37-mm-diameter cassettes with and without air-flow distribution trenches beneath the filter were studied. A fluorescent test aerosol was generated with a nebulizer, then passed through an impactor to remove larger particles and through a bipolar ion generator to reduce particle electrostatic charge. Samples of this aerosol were collected using five different commercially available cassette membrane filters. R...
Field testing of D-C air circuit breakers on a high-capacity system

AN unusual opportunity for testing d-c air circuit breakers on a high-capacity system has been made possible with use of the mercury-arc rectifier system at Alcoa's Rockdale Works. The system had a preliminary short-circuit current calculation of 880,000 amperes but the actual available current was determined at the test point, located mid-way on the d-c bus, to be slightly over 400,000 amperes. The maximum available current was obtained by connecting in parallel four potline busses without a short-circuit current-limiting test resistor. Under this extreme condition, a peak current of 220,000 amperes flowed through the breakers. These current values are greater than the interrupting rating listed in the standards for semi-high-speed d-c breakers normally used for high-capacity d-c application. However, sufficient current-limiting action of the interrupter was obtained and the clearing time was short enough to maintain a continuous power flow to the aluminum potline. Being the first known tests presented since the new rating structure was adopted, the results indicate that the standard1 is a conservative rating when used as the guide.
Corporate planning and operations research: Do they go together?

Abstract Corporate planners in 59 U.S. commercial banks responded to a questionnaire on the use of operations research methods in the planning activities of their bank. Based on the questionnaire responses, 39 of the banks were identified as users of operations research techniques in corporate planning. The 39 banks provided background information on their operations research activities in corporate planning with respect to techniques used, number of persons employed, general organization and overall results. In order to learn more about the performance of operations research planners, comparisons were made between the financial performance of the group of users and the group of non-users in the sample. The results suggest that U.S. banks using operations research methods in corporate planning are larger, but not necessarily more profitable, than other banks in the industry.
PATHWAY FOR THE DISSIMILATION OF ITACONIC AND MESACONIC ACIDS

Brightman, Vernon (The University of Chicago, Chicago), and William R. Martin. Pathway for the dissimilation of itaconic and mesaconic acids. J. Bacteriol. 82:376-382. 1961.-Studies on the oxidation of itaconic and mesaconic acids by a Pseudomonas sp., adapted to utilize either of these acids as a sole carbon source, have provided evidence for a pathway converting both itaconate and mesaconate to succinate. A metabolic interconversion of itaconate, mesaconate, and citramalate has also been demonstrated by whole cell and cell-free enzyme studies. Succinate derived from methylene-labeled itaconate was found to be labeled in the inside carbon atoms, a fact which indicates that the branched chain compound was converted into a straight chain molecule by a shift of the methylene carbon (C-5) from the side chain of itaconate to a position between C-2 and C-3 in an, as yet, unknown straight chain intermediate prior to its conversion to succinate.
Parental Decision Making About Child Care

In an effort to address how to best assess the importance of various characteristics of child care to parents, 355 employed mothers of children under 6 years of age completed a questionnaire exploring the importance of child care characteristics to their choice of arrangement, through ratings, rankings, and conjoint analysis. Results indicate that when rated, warmth of caregivers, educational level of caregivers, and utilization of a play-based curriculum emerge as the most important factors for mothers in this sample. When rank ordered, warmth, a play-based curriculum, and the educational level of caregivers emerge as the first-, second-, and third-most important factors. When examined using conjoint analysis of child care scenarios, warmth, flexibility of hours of operation, and education level of caregivers emerge as the most influential variables in the child care decision. Demographic differences in parental child care preferences and potential future uses for conjoint analysis are identified.
Building "Expert systems" when no experts exist

The new technology of Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) presents a variety of problems having to do with planning, scheduling, and control of manufacturing. These problems can be very complex, and so can require computer-based decision support for solutions. One element of such support could be artificial intelligence, of the form represented by expert systems. But there is a paradox: the more complex and novel the manufacturing problems are, the less likely it is that any humans who are expert about them even exist. This paper discusses what can be done, within the spirit if not the letter, of the AI expert-system concept, given this kind of situation.
Crystallinity and Wet Etch Behavior of HfO2 Films Grown by MOCVD

The crystallinity and wet etching behaviors of ultrathin (<10 nm) HfO2 films grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) were examined as a function of deposition temperature, film thickness, and post-deposition annealing. Films 3 nm in thickness deposited at 400 or 500 °C were amorphous as-deposited and slowly etchable in aqueous HF; after annealing at 700 °C, the same films showed some nanocrystallinity and were impervious to HF. However, thicker films grown under the same conditions showed significant crystallinity and were impervious to HF even as-deposited. These observations, in combination with measurements on various samples etched back by an Ar+ ion damage/wet etch process, suggest a film structure comprising an initially amorphous near-interface region capped with a HF-resistant crystalline upper layer. It was found that the initially amorphous near-interface region (the bottom 1–3 nm) of films grown at 500 °C can be induced to at least partially crystallize as the upper part of the film starts becoming crystalline as-deposited, but that this near-interface region remains at least partially amorphous after annealing at 700°C.
Distributed Lagrange multiplier method for particulate flows with collisions

Abstract A modified distributed Lagrange multiplier/fictitious domain method (DLM) that allows particles to undergo collisions is developed for particulate flows. In the earlier versions of the DLM method for Newtonian and viscoelastic liquids the particle surfaces were restricted to be more than one velocity element away from each other. A repulsive body force was applied to the particles when the distance between them was smaller than this critical value. This was necessary for ensuring that conflicting rigid body motion constraints from two different particles are not imposed at the same velocity nodes. In the modified DLM method the particles are allowed to come arbitrarily close to each other and even slightly overlap each other. When conflicting rigid body motion constraints from two different particles are applicable on a velocity node, the constraint from the particle that is closer to that node is used and the other constraint is dropped. An elastic repulsive force is applied when the particles overlap each other. In our simulations, the particles are allowed to overlap as much as one hundredth of the velocity element size. The modified DLM method is implemented for both Newtonian and viscoelastic liquids. Our simulations show that when particles are dropped in a channel, and the viscoelastic Mach number (M) is less than one and the elasticity number (E) is greater than one, the particles form a chain parallel to the flow direction. As in experiments, the new method allows particles in the chain to approximately touch each other. The particles dropped in a Newtonian liquid, on the other hand, undergo characteristic drafting, kissing and tumbling. During the touching phase, as in experiments, the two particles touch each other. The modified method thus allows hydrodynamic forces to be fully resolved to within the tolerance of the mesh and thus the extra artificial force in a security zone outside the particle which are used in all other methods are not needed.
Elevated CO2 reduces O3 flux and O3-induced yield losses in soybeans: possible implications for elevated CO2 studies

Soybeans were grown for three seasons in open-top field chambers to determine (1) whether elevated CO2 (360 versus 700 //mol mol"1) alleviates some of the yield loss due to pollutant 0 3, (2) whether the partial stomatal closure resulting from chronic 03 exposure (charcoal-filtered air versus 1.5 x ambient concentrations) is a cause or result of decreased photosynthesis, and (3) possible implications of C0 2 /0 3 interactions to climate change studies using elevated CO2. Leaf conductance was reduced by elevated C02, regardless of O3 level, or by exposure to 03 alone. As. a result of these effects on conductance, high C0 2 reduced estimated midday 03 flux into the leaf by an average of 50% in charcoal-filtered air and 35% in the high 03 treatment. However, while exposure to O 3 reduced seed yields by 41% at ambient CO2 levels, the yield reduction was completely ameliorated by elevated CO2. The threshold midday 03 flux for yield loss appears to be 20-30 nmol m~2 s" 1 in this study. Although elevated CO2 increased total biomass production, it did not increase seed yields. A/C, curves show a large reduction in the stomatal limitation to photosynthesis due to elevated CO2, but no effect of O3. These data demonstrate that (1) reduced conductance due to O3 is the result, and not the cause, of reduced photosynthesis, (2) 700 //mol mol"' CO2 can completely ameliorate yield losses due to 03 within the limits of these experiments, and (3) some reports of increased yields under elevated CO2 treatments may, at least in part, reflect the amelioration of unrecognized suppression of yield by 03 or other stresses.