cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remote measurement of trace gases with the JPL laser absorption spectrometer

Measurement of anthropogenic trace gases in the troposphere has become an increasingly difficult problem due to the need for extensive data from large regions Atmospheric models for the study of air pollution are becoming more sophisticated and require large amounts of input data collected over extended volumes of the troposphere. The need for an instrument capable of rapid monitoring the atmosphere in a region is obvious. The work reported in this paper represents the results of efforts to develop an instrument which is capable of remotely measuring gases in the troposphere.
An H/sup infinity / design for aircraft longitudinal flight control

Step-by-step procedures for applying H/sup infinity / control theory to systems design are given. An actual aircraft longitudinal flight control design problem is used to illustrate this process. With the robust controller obtained, simulations and analyses are performed on the closed-loop system. >
Acetylator Phenotype in Human Bladder Cancer

The acetylator phenotype of 26 bladder cancer patients and 26 controls was determined by the sulfamethazine method to evaluate whether patients with the slow acetylator phenotype have a greater susceptibility for bladder cancer. This hypothesis has been suggested by experimental animal and human epidemiological observations. Of the 26 bladder cancer patients 12 (46 per cent) had the slow acetylator phenotype compared to 18 of 26 controls (69 per cent). Within the bladder cancer group there was no striking excess of the slow acetylator phenotype when subgrouped by occupational and smoking history. Our results show no significant association between the slow acetylator phenotype and human bladder cancer.
Employment, income, migration and public services: A simultaneous spatial panel data model of regional growth*

We estimate a regional spatial panel simultaneous-equations growth model, using a five-step new estimation strategy that generalizes an approach outlined in Kelejian and Prucha. The study region consists of the 418 Appalachian counties 1980−2000. Estimates show feedback simultaneities among the endogenous variables, conditional convergence with respect to the respective endogenous variables, and spatial autoregressive lag and spatial cross-regressive lag effects with respect to the endogenous variables. A key policy conclusion is that sector-specific programs should be integrated and harmonized and that regionally differentiated development policies may yield greater returns than treating all locations the same. Estimamos un modelo de crecimiento de panel espacial regional por ecuaciones simultaneas, utilizando una nueva estrategia de estimacion de cinco pasos que generaliza una enfoque descrito en Kelejian y Prucha. La region de estudio comprende los 418 condados Apalaches 1980-2000. Las estimaciones muestran simultaneidades de retroalimentacion entre las variables endogenas, convergencia condicional con respecto a las variables endogenas respectivas, y un retardo espacial autorregresivo y efectos de retardo regresivos cruzados espaciales con respecto a las variables endogenas. Una conclusion clave sobre politicas es que los programas sectoriales especificos deberian estar integrados y armonizados, y que las politicas de desarrollo diferenciadas regionalmente podrian producir mejores retornos que si se tratasen todas las localizaciones del mismo modo.
Does Fund Size Erode Performance? Liquidity, Organizational Diseconomies and Active Money Management

We investigate the effect of fund size on performance among active mutual funds. We first document that fund returns, both before and after management fees, decline with fund size, even after adjusting performance by various benchmarks and controlling for other fund characteristics such as turnover and age. We then explore a number of potential explanations for this relationship. We find that the effect of fund size on fund returns is most pronounced among funds that play small cap stocks. Interestingly, performance only depends on fund size and does not decline with family size. Finally, small funds are better than large ones at investing in local companies. We argue that these findings are consistent with both liquidity and organizational diseconomies being important factors behind the documented diseconomies of scale in money management.
Restoring Wetlands Through Wetlands Mitigation Banks

This paper offers the first economic analysis of wetlands mitigation banks. The banks are a new alternative for restoration of wetlands by developers before receiving regulatory approval for future development of wetlands in the same watershed. A stochastic optimal control model is developed which incorporates ecological uncertainty of wetlands restoration. The model helps in examining the decisions of how much to invest in a wetlands mitigation bank. The model is calibrated with data from California bioeconomic parameters. Numerical simulation of the model provides a sensitivity analysis of how model parameters of restoration costs, stochastic biological growth, interest rate, and the market value of credits affect the trajectory of investment and the optimal stopping state of wetlands quality when the investment ends. The analysis reveals that restoration of the whole site will occur when there is a reduction in restoration costs, an increase in biological uncertainty or an increase in the value of wetlands credits. Continued restoration is harder to justify with a higher interest rate.
Type-II interband quantum cascade laser at 3.8 [micro sign]m

The authors have demonstrated the first stimulated emission from Sb-based type-II quantum cascade configuration. Laser emission at 3.8 /spl mu/m has been observed for temperatures up to 170 K. The device was composed of 20 periods of active regions separated by digitally graded quantum-well injection regions.
Scaling Up Bioinformatics Workflows with Dynamic Job Expansion: A Case Study Using Galaxy and Makeflow

Logical workflow management systems provide a user-friendly portal through which data can be processed using a sequence of standard tools. These logical workflows are a natural way to express the high level intent of the user, and to share the structure and the results with other users. However, logical workflows are not necessarily suited to expressing parallelism for very large runs. As the amount of data is scaled up, the run time of each node in the logical workflow may become extreme. We propose a technique of job expansion to solve this problem. When job expansion is applied to a logical workflow, each node in the workflow is itself expanded into a large performance workflow that may consist of hundreds to thousands of tasks that can be executed in parallel, thus enabling high concurrency and scalability. From the user's perspective, nothing has changed and the logical workflow remains in its original form. To demonstrate this technique, we have applied job expansion to a selection of bioinformatics applications running in the Galaxy workflow management system. Each job in the workflow is expanded into a highly parallel workflow executed using Makeflow, which is well suited to express high levels of parallelism. Work Queue is then utilized for execution because of its ability to quickly dispatch tasks and cache files for later reuse. After applying job expansion, we improve the execution time of BWA 18X and GATK 402X, with a total speedup of 61.5X on the workflow. We also take a look at the systems behavior since its launch to analyze its effectiveness.
A 3H/3He Study of Ground Water Flow in a Fractured Bedrock Aquifer

The concentrations of tritium, helium isotopes, and neon have been measured in ground water from a fractured bedrock aquifer in a densely populated suburban area near New York City. Samples were obtained from heavily pumped production wells of a regional water supply company. Helium and neon concentrations exceed the values for air-saturated water, which is explained by the addition of unfractionated atmospheric air, radiogenic helium, and tritiogenic 3He. The identification of the composition of these excess components allows reliable separation of the tritiogenic 3He concentration, and hence the calculation of the 3H/3He ages of the ground water. Comparison of the combined tritium plus tritiogenic 3He concentrations with the historical record of tritium input from precipitation confirms that the 3H/3He data are self-consistent and provides constraints on the degree of mixing or helium loss. The distribution of 3H/3He ages is related to the large-scale topography of the study area and the depth of the wells. Furthermore, correlations between the 3H/3He ages and concentrations of total dissolved solids and total CO2 show that the ages contain meaningful information related to the temporal changes of the ground water chemistry.
Chip-scale demonstration of 3D integrated intrachip free-space optical interconnect

This paper presents the first chip-scale demonstration of an intra-chip free-space optical interconnect (FSOI) we recently proposed. This interconnect system uses point-to-point free-space optical links to construct an all-to-all intra-chip communication network. Unlike other electrical and waveguide-based optical interconnect systems, FSOI exhibits low latency, high energy efficiency, and large bandwidth density with little degradation for long distance transmission, and hence can significantly improve the performance of future many-core chips. A 1x1-cm 2 chip prototype is fabricated on a germanium substrate with integrated photodetectors. A commercial 850-nm GaAs vertical-cavity-surface-emitting-laser (VCSEL) and fabricated fused silica micro-lenses are 3-D integrated on top of the germanium substrate. At a 1.4-cm distance, the measured optical transmission loss is 5 dB and crosstalk is less than -20 dB. The electrical-to-electrical bandwidth is 3.3 GHz, limited by the VCSEL.
Effects of Na+ and Mg++ ions on the helix–coil transition of DNA

The effects of monovalent (Na+) and divalent (Mg++) cations on the temperature and breadth of the helix–coil transition of phage DNA have been investigated. The experimental results confirm the findings of Dove and Davidson [J. Mol. Biol.5, 467–478 (1962)] for the limiting cases of zero divalent ion concentration and saturating levels of divalent ion, and extend their findings to the intermediate region of Mg++ concentrations. A theory for the dependence of transition temperature on the ion concentrations is developed, utilizing the approach of Wyman [Adv. Protein Chem.19, 223–286 (1964)], modified to account for electrostatic nonideality of the polyelectrolytes. The theory is in agreement with Manning's treatment of the experiments of Dove and Davidson [Biopolymers11, 937–949, 951–955 (1972)] and is in fair agreement with experimental data over the entire range of ion concentrations. Further investigation of the structure and ion-binding properties of the denatured form will be required before a quantitative comparison between theory and experiment can be performed.
Acute and chronic open conversion after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair: a 14-year review.

Objective This study reviewed outcomes of patients requiring surgical conversion after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. Methods Records for all patients undergoing open conversion after endovascular AAA repair were reviewed. Results From 1993 to 2006, 574 patients underwent endovascular repair for AAA. Seventeen patients, including three patients who underwent prior endovascular repair at other centers, required surgical conversion with complete (n = 9) or partial graft removal (n = 8). Five patients required immediate conversion (acute), and 12 underwent delayed conversion 4 to 72 months after endovascular repair. Indications for acute conversion were large type I endoleak (n = 3, 60%), including one patient with graft migration, and retroperitoneal bleeding (n = 2, 40%). Indications for chronic conversion were endoleak with increasing aneurysm size (n = 9, 75%), stent fracture without endoleak (n = 1, 8%), delayed retroperitoneal bleeding (n = 1, 8%), and infection (n = 1, 8%). Suprarenal aortic cross-clamping was required in two patients (12%), and endograft components were retained in eight (47%). An aortic occlusion balloon placed through the body of the existing endograft facilitated proximal control in three patients. There were two perioperative deaths in the acute conversion group (2/5; 40%) and none in the delayed conversion group ( P = .04). Five-year actuarial survival was 71.9%. Mean follow-up was 41.6 ± 32.2 months. Retained endovascular components in patients with partial graft removal remained stable during follow-up. Conclusions Surgical conversion after endovascular AAA repair can be performed without suprarenal clamping in most patients. Endovascular aortic control with a balloon avoids suprarenal exposure. Partial endograft removal in selected patients facilitates open conversion and appears durable. Acute conversion is associated with increased mortality.
A Basic Primer on Data Mining

Abstract Just as gold mining is a process for sifting through loads of ore to find valuable nuggets, data mining is a process for sifting through massive amounts of data to find information useful for optimizing business decision making and operations. Although interest in data mining is growing, many IT professionals and business managers may not have more than a passing exposure to the term. the purpose of this paper is to provide an introductory tutorial on the topic of data mining. Included are a brief description of data mining methods, a review of data mining software tools, and a survey of examples of data mining applications.
Selectivity factors relative to asulam for Senecio jacobaea L. control in Medicago sativa L. I. Retention, uptake and translocation*

Summary Senecio jacobaea L. and Medicago sativa L. plants grown in a glasshouse were treated with foliar applications of aqueous solutions of asulam. Retention on foliage, uptake and translocation were measured in both species. Retention was greater in S. jacobaea than in M. sativa when no surfactant was added and similar when surfactant was added. Addition of surfactant modified spray distribution and increased asulam uptake in M. saliva but did not in S. jacobaea. S. jacobaea translocated over twice as much asulam from the treated area as M. sativa. These data suggest that surfactant should not be added for maximum selectivity. Differences in species response to asulam treatments are partially, but not entirely, explained by differences in retention, uptake and translocation. Rasuma Facteurs relatifs a la selectivite de l'asulame dans la lutte contre Senecio jacobaea L.en culture de Medicago sativa L. I. Retention, absorption et transport Des plantes de Senecio jacobaea L. et Medicago sativa L. cultivees en serre ont recu des solutions aqueuses d'asulame en application foliaire. La retention sur les feuilles, ainsi que l'absorption et le transport de l'herbicide, a ete mesuree dans les deux especes. La retention etait plus forte chez S. jacobaea que chez M. sativa en l'absence d'un mouillant, mais avec mouillant elle etait semblable dans les deux especes. L'addition d'un mouillant a modifie la repartition de la bouillie et augmente l'absorption de l'asulame chez M. sativa mais pas chez S. jacobaea. La translocation de l'asulame loin de la surface traitee etait deux fois plus abondante chez S. jacobaea que chez M. sativa. Ces donnees indiquent que, pour obtenir la meilleure selectivite, il faut eviter d'ajouter un mouillant a l'herbicide. Les differences dans la reaction a l'asulame de ces deux especes s'expliquent en partie, mais pas entierement, par les differences dans la retention, l'absorption et le transport de l'herbicide. Zusammenfassung Faktoren, welche die Selektivitat von Asulam in der Bekampfung von Senecio jacobaea in Medicago sativa bewirken. 1. Retention, Aufnahme und Transport Wasserige Asulamlosungen wurden uber die Blatter von Senecio jacobaea L. und Medicago sativa L. im Gewachshaus appliziert. In beiden Arten wurden die Retention, die Aufnahme und der Transport gemessen. Ohne Surfactant war die Retention starker in S. jacobaea als in M. sativa. Mit dem Zusatz eines Surfactants war die Retention in beiden Arten ahnlich. Der Zusatz eines Surfactants anderte die Verteilung der Spritz-bruhe und verstarkte die Aufnahme des Herbizids in M. sativa aber nicht in S. jacobaea. Die Menge des aus der behandelten Flache translozierten Asulams war zweimal grosser in S. jacobaea als in M. sativa. Diese Angaben deuten daraufhin, dass kein Surfactant hinzugetan werden sollte, um die hochste Selektivitat zu erzielen. Die unterschiedliehe Reaktion der Arten auf Asulambehan-dlungen wird teilweise aber nicht vollig durch unterschiedliche Retention, Aufnahme und Transport erklart.
Tuberculous peritonitis in pregnancy

Tuberculous peritonitis in pregnancy is one of the least common forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in pregnancy. The case is described herein of a 23-year-old primigravida woman with primary tuberculous peritonitis in pregnancy at 24 weeks' gestation. Excisional biopsy taken from the peritoneum during laparotomy resulted in the histopathologic diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis. The patient made a good physical recovery after being placed on antituberculous chemotherapy and gave birth to a healthy male neonate of 2.5 kg at 37 weeks' gestation by vaginal delivery.
Relationship between circulating thyroid hormones and cell-mediated immunity in immature male chickens.

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to examine the relationship between circulating triiodothyronine (T3), thryoxine (T4) and cell-mediated immunity in immature male chickens. Three week old Single Comb White Leghorn male chicks were used as the experimental animals. In order to produce a wide range of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, birds were divided into groups and received one of nine treatments including surgical thyroidectomy; 0.1% propylthiouracil (PTU) in the feed; 1 ppm T3 and 10 ppm T4 in the feed. The graft versus host (GvH) response and response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were measured at 6 weeks of age. Total and differential white blood cells were counted. Birds were bled, weighed, sacrificed, and the lymphoid organs were removed and weighed. Concentrations of T3 and T4 were measured in the birds from all treatment groups. There were positive correlations between thyroid hormones, mainly T3, and weights of thymus and spleen. T4 but not T3 was positively correlated with number of circulating lymphocytes. There were no significant correlations between circulating T3 and T4 and either PHA or GvH responses. It was concluded that physiological levels of thyroid hormones are needed to maintain normal weights of thymus and spleen and a normal level of circulating lymphocytes. Furthermore, we conclude
Bonding with commodities: Social constructions and implications of human-animal relationships in contemporary livestock production

Terminology used in the discourse of industrialized livestock production hassled some to characterize humannanimal relationships within the animal industries as exploitive and oppressive; because the humannanimal bond promotes concern for animal welfare, the apparent exclusion of that term from animal science and industry dialogue may reinforce negative perceptions and heighten concerns about livestock well-being. Although the term lhumannanimal bondr is not...
A genomic sequence analysis of the mouse and human microtubule-associated protein tau.

Microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) encodes the microtubule associated protein tau, the primary component of neurofibrillary tangles found in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Mutations in the coding and intronic sequences of MAPT cause autosomal dominant frontotemporal dementia (FTDP-17). MAPT is also a candidate gene for progressive supranuclear palsy and hereditary dysphagic dementia. A human PAC (201 kb) and a mouse BAC (161 kb) containing the entire MAPT and Mtapt genes, respectively, were identified and sequenced. Comparative DNA sequence analysis revealed over 100 conserved non-repeat potential cis-acting regulatory sequences in or close to MAPT. Those islands with greater than 67% nucleotide identity range in size from 20 to greater than 1700 nucleotides. Over 90 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in MAPT that are candidate susceptibility alleles for neurodegenerative disease. The 5′ and 3′ flanking genes for MAPT are the corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor (CRFR) gene and KIAA1267, a gene of unknown function expressed in brain.
Work-exacerbated asthma.

Exposures at work can contribute to both the onset and exacerbation of asthma. This chapter summarizes key information regarding work-exacerbated asthma (WEA), a common condition that has received little attention compared to new occupational asthma. WEA refers to pre-existing or concurrent asthma that is worsened by factors at work. WEA, as with asthma in general, is heterogeneous, with multiple phenotypes and triggers. The prevalence of WEA has ranged from about 15% to over 50% among working adults with asthma in published studies, but is rarely diagnosed by clinicians. WEA occurs in a wide range of industries and occupations, including education, services, manufacturing and construction, and can lead to job changes and unemployment. Multiple factors at work can exacerbate asthma, including various irritants, allergens, molds, cold and exertion. Cleaning products and building renovation in non-industrial workplaces such as schools and offices are commonly implicated. WEA can lead to substantial adverse outcomes, similar to OA. Management of WEA should focus on reducing work exposures and optimizing standard medical management.
Platelet reactivity in patients with degenerated porcine bioprosthetic valves

Abstract The reactivity of circulating platelets from 6 patients with degenerated porcine bioprosthetic valves inserted for from 4 to 7 years was assessed just prior to removal of the bioprosthesis. The degree of surface response (cytoplasmic spreading exhibited by single, adherent platelets) and amount of aggregation shown by these platelet populations were evaluated using an in vitro test system in which platelets were exposed to a Formvar film under standardized conditions. Circulating platelets from 5 of the 6 patients were hyperactive. Each of the patients with an abnormal platelet response had platelets deposited onto the surface of the excised degenerated bioprosthetic valve when it was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Platelets from one patient were normally reactive in vitro and no platelet deposits were seen on the surface of his degenerated mitral bioprosthetic valve. These observations demonstrate that platelets from patients with degenerated porcine bioprosthetic valves show increased reactivity. Our study also showed that the in vivo deposition of platelets onto the surface of degenerated porcine bioprosthetic valves is paralleled by a hyperactive response of the circulating platelets which can be measured in vitro. These results suggest that the porcine bioprosthesis, at least when it is degenerated, may be more thrombogenic than clinical evaluations of the incidence of thromboembolic events in these patients would indicate.
Some Political Problems for Rewilding Nature

Recent studies in conservation biology have provided the wilderness preservation movement with a spark. Wilderness, we are told, can no longer be seen as a scenic playground for weary humans—it is, rather, an ecological necessity for the conservation of biodiversity. This paper traces the science and political ideologies that inspire and inform this reinvigorated cadre of environmentalists. Through empirical investigations of one prominent conservation group and one conservation campaign, the author finds that this environmentalism offers simplistic and purportedly self-evident solutions to the complex problems of biodiversity and wilderness conservation.
A technique for developing complete orthonormal basis sets using general solutions of Bessel's differential equation

Abstract A technique is discussed for the development of a complete orthonormal basis set for boundary value problems satisfying the Dirichlet boundary condition, where the basis functions are general solutions of Bessel's differential equation. A classical formulation for the existence and completeness of the basis sets, along with algorithms for computing the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions that describe the basis sets, is presented. The technique is applied to a sample boundary value problem and graphs of the basis functions are presented.
DNA aptamer-based bioanalysis of IgE by fluorescence anisotropy.

A rapid, homogeneous aptamer-based bioanalysis is reported for the sensitive detection of immunoglobulin E (IgE) using fluorescence polarization (FP). 5‘-End-labeled D17.4 DNA aptamer was used for IgE detection based on the anisotropy differences of the labeled ligand. Two different fluorophores, fluorescein and Texas Red, were used to analyze IgE in the low-nanomolar range with high specificity. Measurable anisotropy changes were observed with a short equilibration time. Analysis of the binding data reveals a possible cooperative binding process in solution. The nature of the fluorophore clearly influences the sensitivity of the analysis more than the tether length used for the dye conjugation. The local fluorophore motion is seen to influence the sensitivity of the FP probe significantly. Texas Red is seen to be relatively more sensitive for this approach and has apparently favorable dye−DNA interactions, and a limit of detection of 350 pM was obtained. Significant temperature dependence of the FP respo...
A Nine-Zone Simulating Moving Bed for the Recovery of Glucose and Xylose from Biomass Hydrolyzate

A nine-zone simulated moving bed (SMB) process was developed to recover two sugars, glucose and xylose, from biomass hydrolyzate with 88% recovery and near 100% purity. The SMB system consists of two coupled binary SMB rings which are operated at the same switching time. The first ring consists of five zones, in which sulfuric acid (a fast-moving solute) is recovered as the raffinate product, acetic acid (a slow-moving solute) is partially recovered as the extract product, and a mixture of the two sugars (intermediate solute) and the rest of the acetic acid is recovered in a bypass stream, which is input as the feed to the second ring. The second ring consists of four zones, in which the sugars are recovered as the raffinate product and acetic acid is recovered as the extract product. Experimental SMB data obtained using either hydrolyzate or synthetic mixtures of glucose, xylose, sulfuric acid, and acetic acid are presented and analyzed with a lumped mass-transfer model. Single-component and multicompone...
NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and succinate-INT reductase of soybean membranes: An evaluation of two enzyme markers

This communication confirms the validity of two marker enzymes, NADH-cytochrome c reductase and succinate dehydrogenase (as succinate-INT reductase). for quantitation of the content of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of plant cell fractions. Membrane fractions enriched to varying degrees in rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria as well as reference fractions containing smooth membranes and dictyosomes were prepared from homogenates of etiolated soybean (Glycine max L.) hypocotyls. The NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities of the fractions correlated with the content of rough endoplasmic reticulum as determined by morphometry; succinate-INT reductase activity correlated with the content of mitochondria. The absolute specific activity for pure endoplasmic reticulum was calculated from the regression analysis to be 17.8 Μmoles cytochrome c reduced hr−1 mg−1 protein and for mitochondria was determined to be 37.1 Μmoles INT reduced hr−1 mg−1 protein. These values permit estimation of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial contamination of soybean fractions in the absence of pure reference fractions.
Classical Adiabatic Perturbation Theory

Methods of classical perturbation theory developed for small perturbations are extended to slowly (or adiabatically) perturbed systems, with slow dependence either on time or on dynamical variables. Specifically, the extension is performed for the canonical perturbation theory of Poincare and Von Zeipel, for the Krylov‐Bogoliubov‐Kruskal method of eliminating angle variables, for the general form of direct near‐identity canonical transformations and for two of its realizations, based on the ``conventional'' generating function and on the Lie transform. In addition, the concepts of slow (or adiabatic) perturbations and of an implicit ``small parameter'' e are clarified, as is the distinction between two alternative definitions of adiabatic invariance, and as an example the solution of the slow perturbed harmonic oscillator up to and including O(e3) is derived.
Respiratory Organ Motion and Dosimetric Impact on Breast and Nodal Irradiation

Purpose: To examine the respiratory motion for target and normal structures during whole breast and nodal irradiation and the resulting dosimetric impact. Methods and Materials: Four-dimensional CT data sets of 18 patients with early-stage breast cancer were analyzed retrospectively. A three-dimensional conformal dosimetric plan designed to irradiate the breast was generated on the basis of CT images at 20% respiratory phase (reference phase). The reference plans were copied to other respiratory phases at 0% (end of inspiration) and 50% (end of expiration) to simulate the effects of breathing motion on whole breast irradiation. Dose-volume histograms, equivalent uniform dose, and normal tissue complication probability were evaluated and compared. Results: Organ motion of up to 8.8 mm was observed during free breathing. A large lung centroid movement was typically associated with a large shift of other organs. The variation of planning target volume coverage during a free breathing cycle is generally within 1%-5% (17 of 18 patients) compared with the reference plan. However, up to 28% of V{sub 45} variation for the internal mammary nodes was observed. Interphase mean dose variations of 2.2%, 1.2%, and 1.4% were observed for planning target volume, ipsilateral lung, and heart, respectively. Dose variations for the axillarymore » nodes and brachial plexus were minimal. Conclusions: The doses delivered to the target and normal structures are different from the planned dose based on the reference phase. During normal breathing, the dosimetric impact of respiratory motion is clinically insignificant with the exception of internal mammary nodes. However, noticeable degradation in dosimetric plan quality may be expected for the patients with large respiratory motion.« less
Carnitine supplementation improves cardiac strain rate in children on chronic hemodialysis

Background Carnitine plays a key role in energy production in the myocardium. Carnitine deficiency commonly occurs in patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD) and may contribute to cardiomyopathy.
Emergence of bi-fractal time series from noise via allometric filters

We show how fractal time series can naturally emerge from an input signal, which might be also random noise, when processed by some allometric mechanisms. In particular, we introduce and study the properties of allometric low and high-pass filters. We also argue that in nature pure monofractal signals could be unphysical, while bi-scaling signals might be extremely common, a fact that might be due to allometric geometrical constraint. Finally, we suggest how allometric physical mechanisms could give an approximative interpretation of the fractional calculus.
Regional income and secession: Center-periphery relations in emerging market economies

Abstract Central and peripheral regions within the former socialist economies have experienced large income gains and losses during the transition to a market economy. In several instances, changes in regional income have fueled secessionist movements in the periphery. This paper analyzes the relationship between changes in regional income and secessionist pressures in the periphery. A model of center-periphery relations in a fiscal federation is constructed. The center controls federal tax policy and supplies federal public goods and the periphery can secede. The model predicts that small changes in regional income have no impact on the periphery's incentive to secede when the periphery is only negligibly better off remaining in the federation and earns no fiscal surplus. When the periphery earns a fiscal surplus, the impact of an increase in income on secessionist pressures in the periphery depends upon how the center adjusts the federal tax rate. When public and private goods are substitutes for the center, the federal tax rate is decreasing in central income and the periphery's incentive to secede falls. However, when public and private goods are complements, the federal tax rate is increasing in central income and the periphery's incentive to secede may be increasing or decreasing. The impact of a change in peripheral income on the periphery's incentive to secede depend upon the induced adjustments in the federal tax rate and the periphery's ability to supply its own public goods after separation. Finally, when the periphery becomes sufficiently rich, the center may abandon mandatory taxation and revert to a system of voluntary contributions. The implications of this model for developments in the peripheral Russian regions of Bashkortostan, Chechnia, Tatarstan and Sakha (Yakutia) are discussed.
A successful computer approach to the computer literacy course

Much emphasis has been placed on the core curriculum for the computer science major and this topic has been the focus of reports by the ACM and prominent educators (1, 4). Little attention seems to have been given, until recently, to the needs of the student not wishing to major in computer science but desiring an introduction to the discipline and an exposure to some common applications of the computer. This could be handled by two courses, computer science for the non-major and computer literacy. However, limited resources prevent the offering of two such courses at our college and a single course meeting both needs, introduction to the discipline and computer literacy, has evolved. We shall refer to this course as the computer literacy course.
Intracellular targeting of walleye dermal sarcoma virus Orf A (rv-cyclin).

Abstract Walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV) induces tumors and allows or possibly directs tumor regression. WDSV encodes a putative cyclin homologue, Orf A, and six variant Orf A transcripts have been identified. Northern analysis indicated that a 3.3-kb transcript, encoding full-length Orf A, is the predominant transcript in developing, but not regressing, tumors. Three Orf A proteins, one full-length and two amino-truncated forms, were expressed in mammalian and piscine cells, and their intracellular locations were determined. The full-length form was nuclear and concentrated in interchromatin granule clusters, defined by colocalization with SC-35. The amino-truncated forms were cytoplasmic. Fusion of amino-terminal portions of Orf A to a heterologous protein demonstrated that residues 1–112 were necessary for nuclear localization. Mutation of aa K80 and/or E110 disrupted nuclear localization, suggesting a mechanism similar to that of cellular A- and D-type cyclins for its nuclear import.
Dissecting natural sensory plasticity: Hormones and experience in a maternal context

There is a growing consensus that the auditory system is dynamic in its representation of behaviorally relevant sounds. The auditory cortex in particular seems to be an important locus for plasticity that may reflect the memory of such sounds, or functionally improve their processing. The mechanisms that underlie these changes may be either intrinsic because they depend on the receiver's physiological state, or extrinsic because they arise from the context in which behavioral relevance is gained. Research in a mouse model of acoustic communication between offspring and adult females offers the opportunity to explore both of these contributions to auditory cortical plasticity in a natural context. Recent works have found that after the vocalizations of infant mice become behaviorally relevant to mothers, auditory cortical activity is significantly changed in a way that may improve their processing. Here we consider the hypothesis that maternal hormones (intrinsic factor) and sensory experience (extrinsic factor) contribute together to drive these changes, focusing specifically on the evidence that well-known experience-dependent mechanisms of cortical plasticity can be modulated by hormones.
How to find mathematics on a scanned page

We describe the design of document analysis procedures to separate mathematics from ordinary text on a scanned page of mixed material. It is easy to observe that the accuracy of commercial OCR programs is helped by separating mixed material into two (or more) streams, with conventional non-math text handled by the usual OCR text-based-heuristics analysis. The second stream, consisting of material judged to be mathematics, can be fed to a specialized recognizer. If that fails to decode it, it can be passed on to yet a third stream including diagrams, logos, or other miscellaneous material, perhaps including halftones. We explore the extent to which this separation can be automated in the context of scanning archival material for a digital library project including mathematical and scientific journal pages.
Evaluation of resin die materials

Some mechanical properties, physical characteristics, and manipulative features of three resin-based die materials were assessed. Advantages afforded by the strength and hardness of the test materials were overshadowed by relatively long setting times, incompatability with certain impression materials, and polymerization shrinkage. All dies aged beyond 24 hours were found to be unsuitable for use in precision fixed phosthodontic procedures.
Production of synthetic methanol from air and water using controlled thermonuclear reactor power—I. technology and energy requirement

Abstract Methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide, water and nuclear fusion energy is extensively investigated. The entire system is analyzed from the point of view of process design of various processes. The main potential advantage of a fusion reactor (CTR) for this purpose is that it provides a large source of low cost, environmentally acceptable electric power based on an abundant fuel source. Carbon dioxide is obtained by extraction from the atmosphere or from sea water. Hydrogen is obtained by electrolysis of water. Methanol is synthesized by the catalytic reaction of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The water electrolysis and methanol synthesis units are considered to be technically and commercially available. The benefit of using air or sea water as a source of carbon dioxide is to provide an essentially unlimited renewable and environmentally acceptable source of hydrocarbon fuel. Extraction of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere also allows a high degree of freedom in plant siting. The significant contribution of the present study is the evaluation of various methods of separation of carbon dioxide from air or sea water. Eight different methods of extraction of carbon dioxide from air are analyzed: (1) absorption and stripping of air by water at atmospheric pressure, (2) absorption and stripping of air by water at atmospheric pressure with a cooling tower as part of the absorption unit, (3) absorption and stripping of air by water at higher pressure, 20 atm, (4) absorption and stripping of air by methanol at 20 atm and −80°F, (5) removal of water vapor by adsorption on molecular sieves and subsequent extraction of carbon dioxide by refrigeration, (6) removal of water vapor by compression refrigeration and subsequent extraction of carbon dioxide by refrigeration, (7) absorption and stripping of air by a dilute aqueous potassium carbonate solution, and (8) removal of water vapor by adsorption on molecular sieves and adsorption/desorption of carbon dioxide from dry air by molecular sieves. A method of stripping of carbon dioxide from sea water is also presented. In order to compare these newly developed methods for CO2 separation with other conventional non-fossil sources of carbon, the calcination of limestone is also examined. For the extraction of carbon dioxide from air, the process of absorption/stripping of air by dilute potassium carbonate solution is found to require the least amount of energy. The total energy required for methanol synthesis from these sources of carbon dioxide is 3.90 kWh(e)/1b methanol of which 90% is used for generation of hydrogen. The process which consumes the greatest amount of energy is the absorption/stripping of air by water at high pressure and amounts to 13.2 kWh(e)/1b methanol. A subsequent paper will consider the important topic of economic evaluation.
The culture of deference

I have a white fr iend who has told me many times that he feels no racial guilt despite the fact that he was raised in the Deep South before the end of segregation. Though he grew up amid the inequality and moral duplicity of segregation, and inevitably benefi ted ti~om it as a white, he says simply that he did not invent the institution. He experienced it as a fate he was born into. And when segregation was finally challenged in the civil rights era, any solidarity that he felt with other southern whites was g rounded more in a sense of pathos than in any resistance to change. So, he says, there is no "objective basis" for racial guilt on his part. Recently I was surprised to hear the novelist William Styron, a southerner by bir th and upbringing, say on television that he, too, felt "no [white] guilt" despite the fact that his g randmothe r had owned slaves as a girl. And there was something emphatic, even challenging in his p ronouncement that discouraged questioning. For as long as I can remember , I have heard white Americans of every background make this p ronouncement . This is certainly understandable. White guilt threatens the credibility of everything whites say and do regarding race. Specifically it threatens them with what I have called ul ter ioral i tythe suspicion that their racial stands do not come from their announced motivations but f rom ulterior ones driven by guilt. We can say, for example, that the white liberal bends over backward because he is motivated by guilt even though he says he is motivated by true concern. Or we can say the anger of the "angry white male" is simply his way of denying guilt. We can use guilt to discredit every posit ion whites take on racial matters. So it is not surprising to hear so many reflexive denials. When people like my friend or Styron do this, they are disclaiming ulterior motives. They want us to accept that they mean exactly what they say. But I, for one, very rarely do accept this, or at least not without a glimpse past their words to the matter of ulterior motive. This is because there simply is no social issue in American life more driven by ulterior forces than race. One reason for this is that white American motivation in racial matters has gone largely unexamined, except to attribute suppor t for policies like affirmative action to white goodwill and nonsuppor t to white racism. "White guilt"
Combined phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C.

Abstract Purpose: To examine the safety and efficacy of primary combined phacoemulsification, posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, and trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C (0.4 mg/ml) in patients with open-angle glaucoma and visually significant cataract. Setting: University-hospital-based glaucoma referral practice. Methods: In this study, data of 43 patients of a single surgeon were retrospectively analyzed. These consecutive patients had combined phacoemulsification, posterior chamber IOL implantation, and trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C. Results: Thirty-eight patients (88%) had open-angle glaucoma and 5 (12%) pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. Thirty-eight patients (88%) had 12 months of follow-up; all had at least 6 months follow-up. Mean preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) was 21.6 mm Hg ± 6.8 (SD) (range 12.0 to 41.0 mm Hg) with 2.5 ± 1.0 glaucoma medications. At last follow-up, mean IOP had decreased to 14.2 ± 6.2 mm Hg (range 3.0 to 40.0 mm Hg) with 0.5 ± 0.5 glaucoma medications. Twenty-one patients (55%) had an IOP of 15 mm Hg or less at 12 months. Best corrected visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 31 of 43 patients (72%) at last follow-up. A filtration bleb was noted in 33 of 40 patients (83%) at their last visit. Postoperative IOP spikes occurred in 17 patients (40%), transient hyphema in 12 (28%), transient wound leaks in 11 (26%), and superficial punctate keratopathy in 11 (26%). Three cases of persistent hypotony (IOP less than 5 mm Hg) and 1 case of epithelial downgrowth were also noted. Conclusion: Phacoemulsification with IOL implantation and combined trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C produced good visual acuity and excellent IOP control but resulted in some complications. The use of mitomycin-C in combined procedures does not appear to confer a significant benefit.
Cognitive Biases in Playing the Lottery: Estimating the Odds and Choosing the Numbers

Three experiments were conducted to examine the operation of the representativeness and anchoring and adjustment heuristics in lottery play. Subjects in Experiments 1 and 2 indicated their chances of winning a lottery with an objective probability of 1 in 10. Consistent with the anchoring and adjustment heuristic, subjects (in both experiments) perceived their chances of winning to be greater when the lottery was based on a single event than when it was based on a disjunctive event. Subjects in these two experiments also selected numbers to play in a pick-3 (Experiment 1) or pick-4 (Experiment 2) lottery. Consistent with the representativeness heuristic, subjects in Experiment 2 demonstrated a preference for numbers without repeating digits. This also occurred in Experiment 3 wherein the numbers actually played in the Indiana daily Pick-3 lottery were examined.
Ceric ion activation of aryl-β-d-glucopyranoside methanol glucotransferase

Abstract Aryl-β- d -glucosidase from filtrates of Myrothecium verrucaria , purified 20-fold but not yet unienzymic, catalyzes both hydrolysis of substrate and transfer of the glucosyl moiety to primary alcohols. No cofactor is evident in the hydrolysis, but Ce ++ ++ appears to be an absolute requirement for transglucosidation. Other cations and anions either inhibit the transfer reaction (Cu ++ , Hg ++ , Ag + ) or are without effect (NH 4 + , Ba ++ , Cd ++ , Ca ++ , Co +++ , Cr +++ , Pb ++++ , Mg ++ , Mn ++ , Li + , Ni ++ , Na + , Zn ++ , Sn ++ , UO 2 ++ , MoO 4 −− , NO 3 − , NO 2 t- , SO 4 −− , VO 3 − , Cl − , F − , Br − , I − , CO 3 −− , B 2 O −− , CN − , N 3 − , PO 4 , S 2 O 3 −− , HSO 3 − , AsO 4 −− − , WO 4 −− , S −− , acetate, and thioglycolate.
An intelligent machine monitoring system for energy prediction using a Gaussian Process regression

Recent advances in machine automation and sensing technology offer new opportunities for continuous condition monitoring of an operating machine. This paper describes an intelligent machine monitoring framework that integrates and utilizes data collection, management, and analytics to derive an adaptive predictive model for the energy usage of a milling machine. This model is designed using a Gaussian Process (GP) regression algorithm, which is a flexible regression method that also provides an uncertainty estimate. To improve computational efficiency, we propose a Collective Gaussian Process (CGP) in which the overall energy prediction is made by constructing local GP models weighted by probability distribution functions obtained using the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) technique. Finally, we demonstrate the ability of the proposed monitoring framework to construct an energy prediction model to predict the energy used to machine a part.