cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparative study on the substitution of divalent, trivalent and tetravalent metal ions in LiNi1−xMxO2 (M = Cu2+, Al3+ and Ti4+)

Abstract Stabilized lithium nickelate is receiving increased attention as a low-cost alternative to the LiCoO 2 cathode now used in lithium batteries. Layered LiNi 1− x M x O 2 samples (M= Cu 2+ , Al 3+ and Ti 4+ , where 0.025≤ x ≤0.2) were prepared by solid state reaction at 750 °C under an oxygen stream and subjected to powder X-ray diffraction analysis and coin-cell tests. The Cu 2+ -substituted samples showed poor structural stability and electrochemical performance, while the Al 3+ - and Ti 4+ -substituted samples formed highly ordered and phase-pure layered compounds. Of the three compounds tested, the LiNi 1− x Ti x O 2 electrodes exhibited the highest capacity and best electrochemical reversibility. Indeed, the LiNi 0.975 Ti 0.025 O 2 electrode achieved the highest reversible capacity and energy density (900 Wh/kg) of all known layered LiNiO 2 or LiCoO 2 electrodes. Indications are that the structural integrity of the LiNi 1− x Ti x O 2 materials was preserved because the Ti 4+ ions prevented impurity Ni 2+ migration into the lithium sites. The substitution of tetravalent titanium into lithium nickelate has proved to yield promising cathode materials and further studies are needed to optimize electrode composition and processing conditions.
The design of data‐based management reports

Improving the performance of managers and their organizations is among the more important promises of computerized information services. There is a considerable amount of evidence that data‐based management reports are not significantly used by managers for performance improvement. The authors argue that a basic reason for the lack of use is the format by which data are portrayed. The authors provide a critique of the standard MIS report format and propose six principles for more powerful reports, and they discuss the design of management report packages. The guidelines suggested in this paper are the earliest of ideas concerning the formatting of data‐based management reports and point to the need for further concept development.
Hemicellulose is an important leaf-feeding resistance factor in corn to the fall armyworm.

The fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), (FAW) is a major pest of corn,Zea mays L., in the southeastern United States. The damage to pretassel corn is caused by larvae feeding primarily on immature inner whorls. In this study, resistant lines were found to contain more crude fiber in whorls, mostly hemicellulose and cellulose. While hemicellulose, chiefly an arabinoxylan, was higher in resistant (R) lines than in susceptible (S) lines, the distribution of constituent neutral sugars was very similar in the lines. Both lines also containedp-coumaric and ferulic acids. These phenolic acids are known to occur both in the free state and in the cell wall as complexes bound by ester linkages to the arabinose moiety of the arabinoxylan.13C NMR data showed that the intensity of the carbonyl carbon (184 ppm) in resistant hemicellulose was stronger, indicating a greater degree of cross-linking. Thus, resistant hemicellulose is both structurally different from susceptible hemicellulose and present in greater quantities. In two of three laboratory dietary tests, FAW larval weight gains were significantly higher on diets with (S) hemicellulose incorporated at the same level as (R) hemicellulose. Therefore, resistance to the FAW appears to be correlated with both a greater amount and a higher degree of cross-linking of the hemicellulose of (R) lines.
Erythropoietin Inhibits HIF-1α Expression via Upregulation of PHD-2 Transcription and Translation in an In Vitro Model of Hypoxia–Ischemia

Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α is the central transcriptional factor for the regulation of oxygen-associated genes in response to hypoxia. Erythropoietin (EPO), a hematopoietic growth factor, increases oxygen availability during hypoxia/ischemia and is associated with neuroprotection following hypoxia-ischemia in laboratory models of stroke. However, EPO has failed to translate in a clinical setting. Thus, it is critical to elucidate the key players in EPO-induced neuroprotection. Our preliminary studies have shown that EPO, as a downstream gene of HIF, inhibits HIF-1α in a dose-dependent manner in an in vitro model of hypoxia-ischemia. This study is designed to elucidate the primary mediator of EPO-induced HIF-1α inhibition and subsequent cell survival/neuroprotection. Oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) of nerve growth factor-differentiated rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells were used to model hypoxia-ischemia in an in vitro environment. The profile of HIF-1α, HIF-2α and prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD-2) expression; HIF-1α and prolyl hydroxylase (PHD-2) mRNA levels; matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9; and cell death was evaluated in the presence and absence of either EPO or PHD-2 inhibitor during OGD. Our findings showed that EPO treatment resulted in an increase in PHD-2 transcription and translation, inhibition of HIF-1α expression, reactive oxygen species formation, and MMP-9 activity, resulting in increased cell survival after OGD. We also observed that EPO-induced cell survival/neuroprotection was reversed by siRNA silencing of PHD-2. This led to the conclusion that PHD-2 is a key mediator of EPO-induced HIF-1α inhibition and subsequent neuroprotection in an in vitro model of hypoxia-ischemia.
Second harmonic generation with surface plasmons in alkali metals

Abstract We calculate the reflected second harmonic light from alkali metal films with the simultaneous excitation of the surface plasmon mode. The harmonic generation from a sodium film at the ruby laser frequency increases by over two orders of magnitude at the angle for surface plasmon excitation. The harmonic enhancement is closely related to the surface plasmon density and exhibits a strong dependence on the angle of incidence, film thickness, and the linear optical constants of the metal film.
Spatial application of a predictive wildlife occurrence model to assess alternative forest management scenarios in northern Arizona

Wildlife species of conservation concern can present forest managers with a particular challenge when habitat needs appear to be in contrast with other management objectives, particularly fuel reduction to reduce wildfire risk. Proposed actions can be opposed by stakeholders, delaying management activities until a resolution is met. In the southwestern USA, the primary goal of forest management is to reduce the risk of severe wildfire through forest restoration treatments. The USDA Forest Service has designated the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) a management indicator species in this region. However, it has been difficult to achieve a common understanding of goshawk habitat needs among forest stakeholders. We combined two separate and complementary modeling approaches – a statistically based occurrence model and alternative forest treatment models – to yield predictions about forest management effects on the goshawk in ponderosa pine-dominated forests (Pinus ponderosa) on the Kaibab Plateau, Arizona. Forest treatment models were developed based on USDA Forest Service recommendations for goshawk habitat and post-treatment data from ecological restoration experiments, both of which were also components of forest treatment guidance from the Kaibab Forest Health Focus collaborative planning effort. All treatment alternatives resulted in a 22–26% reduction in estimated goshawk occurrence, but the declines were not uniform across the study area, varied by forest type, and were not as large as the effects of recent and severe wildfire (44% reduction in occurrence). Considering the controversial history of forest management with respect to the goshawk, it is prudent to interpret results from this study in the context of tradeoffs between wildfire risk reduction and wildlife habitat quality that can be effectively evaluated through science-based collaborative assessment and planning. While developed for a specific, high-profile species in the southwestern USA, the approach is applicable to many other species whose occurrence has been monitored over multiple years.
The competitive effects of mergers between asymmetric firms

Abstract This paper evaluates both efficiency increasing and efficiency decreasing mergers in a procurement setting in which firms differ in the likelihood that they have high production costs. Profitable efficiency increasing mergers often decrease the expected price, but profitable efficiency decreasing mergers always increase it. For a particular pair of firms, there may be no profitable mergers. If there are, then the most profitable merger may decrease efficiency. Consequently, merging firms that are able to choose their postmerger level of efficiency may profitably elect to decrease it.
Dare to be digital: Japan's pioneering contributions to today's international art and technology movement

A number of pioneering artists began experimenting with the computer as a visual arts medium in the late 60s and early 70s when most fine-arts circles refused to recognize art made by computers as a viable product of human creativity. This was the era of computer punch cards, when the visual results of algorithmic input were nothing more than line drawings. Many of the forward-looking artists who were experimenting with this technology were not taken seriously by the established art venues, and were, in fact, often ostracized by their peers. More recently, the work of computer artists has begun to appear in general textbooks on the history of art, but each book features one or two completely different artists. The books are inconsistent in their documentation of this fairly new medium. There are a number of journals that have had special issues devoted to this topic, including the Art Journal, and there are also whole journals dedicated to the field, such as Leonardo. There are, however, very few books that do justice to the movement, and few that include artists of Japan. In other words, there is a great deal of activity in the field, but the documentation is neither thorough nor consistent.
A Comparison Between Polymeric Microsphere and Bacterial Vectors for Macrophage P388D1 Gene Delivery

The purpose of this study was to compare bacterial and polymeric gene delivery devices for the ability to deliver plasmid DNA to a murine macrophage P388D1 cell line. An 85:15 ratio of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(β-amino ester) polymers were formulated into microspheres that physically entrapped plasmid DNA encoding for the firefly luciferase reporter gene; whereas, the same plasmid was biologically transformed into a strain of Escherichia coli engineered to produce recombinant listeriolysin O. The two delivery devices were then tested for gene delivery and dosage effects using a macrophage cell line with both assays taking advantage of a 96-well high throughput format to quantify and compare each vector type. Gene delivery was comparable for both vectors at higher vector dosages while lower dosages showed an improved delivery for the microsphere vectors. Delivery efficiency (defined as luciferase measurement/mg cellular protein/ng DNA delivered) was 881 luminescence mg−1 ng−1 for polymeric microspheres compared to 171 luminescence mg−1 ng−1 for the bacterial vectors. A first head-to-head comparison between polymeric and bacterial gene delivery vectors shows a delivery advantage for polymeric microspheres that must also be evaluated in light of vector production, storage, and future potential.
The effect of rat diet and weight upon rat epididymal adipose tissue and metabolism

Simultaneous studies of glucose uptake, CO2 production and lipid synthesis of epididymal adipose tissue indicate that there is a very close correspondence between the metabolic activity of tissue and the measurement of these three parameters. All three show a significant dose-response relationship to insulin in the range 1–1000 μU/ml. Sensitivity to insulin by all three parameters significantly diminishes as rat size (and age) increase. Considerable inherent individual variation between rats as indicated by this study, using all three parameters. Sensitivity of fat tissue metabolism to insulin appears to be increased by utilizing a fat-free diet, this increased sensitivity being statistically significant with lipid synthesis in response to higher (100–1000 μU/ml.) insulin concentrations.
Broad-host-range plasmid vector for the in vitro construction of transcriptional/translational lac fusions.

Abstract A broad-host-range plasmid was constructed that allows the in vitro formation of β-galactosidase fusions. DNA from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides was cloned into this plasmid and a number of R. sphaeroides isolates were recovered that had varying levels of β-galactosidase activity, β-galactosidase antigenic activity from the fusion strains could be localized immunologically in polypeptides with an Mr of 120000 or greater. Expression of β-galactosidase activity under control of fusion derivatives was either very low or nonexistent in Escherichia coli relative to R. sphaeroides, indicating that R. sphaeroides promoters or translational start signals function poorly in E. coli.
Ureteral tear at the ureteropelvic junction: a complication of liposuction

We report the case of a 47-year-old woman who presented to the emergency room with gross hematuria during liposuction of the abdomen. Computed tomography (CT) using hematuria protocol demonstrated extravasation of contrast at the right ureteropelvic junction and a small urinoma in the right perinephric space. The diagnosis of ureteral tear at the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) was confirmed. A ureteral stent was placed at surgery. Visceral injuries and other complications associated with liposuction have been described. However, this is the first reported case of a ureteral tear related to liposuction.
Silicon virtual prototyping: the new cockpit for nanometer chip design [SoC]

A design methodology for the implementation of multi-million gate system-on-chip designs is described. The new methodology is based on the creation of a silicon virtual prototype early in the back-end design process. The prototype is generated in a fraction of the time required to complete the traditional back-end flow but still maintains very high correlation with the final design. The physical prototype becomes the 'cockpit' where many design implementation decisions can be optimized by leveraging the short iteration times. Hierarchical design methodologies benefit from the prototyping stage by enabling a more optimal partitioning. The silicon virtual prototype also alters the nature of the hand-off model between front-end and back-end designers. The netlist can now be quickly validated using the prototype: the physical reality is being injected early in the design process resulting in fewer iterations between front-end and back-end.
Statistical approach for inferring ecology of Mesozoic birds

The ability to identify the ecological role an organism plays is fundamental to modern ecology and is an important goal of palaeontological studies. Morphometrics has the potential to be a statistically robust means of furthering this goal, identifying ecomorphological trends within a group of organisms. The dramatic morphological and ecological diversity of modern and fossil birds makes them ideal for ecomorphological studies, and the vast increase in known Mesozoic avian diversity opens numerous possibilities for applying modern ecomorphology to enhance our understanding of avian diversification in the Mesozoic. This study presents a large morphometric database of modern birds analysed using a multivariate statistical approach, in order to identify correlations between ecology and morphology. These relationships were also examined in a number of Mesozoic birds in order to investigate both the ecological diversification of early birds as a whole and the specific ecological roles individual taxa may have ...
Role of free radicals in failure of fatty liver grafts caused by ethanol

Alcohol is associated with accidental deaths and suicides leading to organ donation, and hepatic steatosis is an important risk factor for initial poor function and failure of human liver grafts. Mechanisms of fatty graft failure are not fully understood, but increased oxidative stress may be a major factor. To characterize the role of free radical stress and the efficacy of antioxidant treatments in fatty liver graft injury, donors for orthotopic rat liver transplantation were treated chronically (3 or more weeks) and acutely (single dose) with ethanol. After transplantation, necrosis and alanine aminotransferase release were threefold to fourfold higher in recipients of fatty grafts from donors treated with ethanol either acutely or chronically compared with findings for recipients of grafts from untreated donors. Moreover, graft survival decreased from nearly 100% to less than 20%. Free radical adducts, as measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, were detected in the blood and bile of rats receiving fatty grafts caused by ethanol. Markers of lipid peroxidation also increased after transplantation. Destruction of Kupffer cells with gadolinium chloride decreased free radical production and improved graft survival. Leukocyte adhesion increased beginning early after implantation, and adherent white blood cells obtained from transplanted fatty livers produced the same free radical species as were detected in blood. Therefore, Kupffer cells and adherent white blood cells are important sources of free radicals. Free radicals not only damage fatty grafts directly but also lead to enhanced inflammation and disturbed microcirculation. Delivery of superoxide dismutase-1 and superoxide dismutase-2 genes, free radical-scavenging polyphenols, and antioxidant-containing Carolina Rinse solution reduced injury and improved survival of fatty grafts caused by ethanol. Taken together, these findings indicate that free radicals increase in fatty grafts after transplantation and play an important role in injury of fatty grafts obtained from ethanol-exposed donors. Treatment of fatty donor livers with antioxidants and free radical scavengers may thus be an effective clinical therapy to prevent failure of fatty grafts.
Managing earthworm casts (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in turfgrass using a natural byproduct of tea oil (Camellia sp.) manufacture

BACKGROUND: Earthworm casts are a worldwide problem on golf courses and sports fields when they disrupt the playability, aesthetics and maintenance of closely mowed playing surfaces. Currently, no pesticides are labeled for earthworms in the United States. Tea seed pellets (TSPs), a saponin-rich byproduct of Camellia oleifera Abel oil manufacture, were tested for expelling earthworms and reducing casts on creeping bentgrass turf. The fate of expelled worms, methods for removing them and impacts on pest and beneficial arthropods were also evaluated. RESULTS: Application of TSPs at 2.93 kg 100 m−2, followed by irrigation, quickly expelled earthworms from the soil. A single application reduced casts by 80–95% for at least 5 weeks. Mowing or sweeping removed expelled earthworms from putting green surfaces. Most expelled earthworms burrowed down when transferred to untreated turf, but few survived. Bioassay-guided fractionation confirmed the vermicidal activity results from a mix of saponins. TSPs did not reduce the abundance of beneficial soil arthropods, nor did they control black cutworms or white grubs in treated turf. CONCLUSION: TSPs are an effective botanical vermicide that could be useful for selectively managing earthworm casts on closely mowed turfgrass. They might also be used to suppress earthworms in grassy strips alongside runways to reduce bird strike hazard at airports. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Combined Bcl-2/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibition Leads to Enhanced Radiosensitization via Induction of Apoptosis and Autophagy in Non-Small Cell Lung Tumor Xenograft Model

Purpose: Radiotherapy has a central role in the treatment of non–small cell lung cancer. Effectiveness of this modality, however, is often limited as resistance results from defects in cell death. Experimental Design: We investigated whether simultaneous up-regulation of apoptosis, via Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-737, and autophagy, via mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin, can be used to enhance radiosensitivity of H460 cells in vitro and growth delay in a xenograft model. Results:In vitro studies confirmed that ABT-737 and rapamycin induce apoptosis and autophagy, respectively. ABT-737 induced cleaved caspase-3, a marker of apoptosis, and rapamycin correlated with an increase in punctate localization of green fluorescent protein-LC3, characteristic of autophagy. The combination ABT-737/rapamycin markedly enhanced sensitivity of H460 cells to radiation (dose enhancement ratio = 2.47; P = 0.002) in clonogenic assay. In addition, the combination ABT-737/rapamycin/radiation showed a dramatic tumor growth delay in a mouse xenograft model. In vivo immunohistochemistry staining showed that combination therapy yielded over a 100% increase in caspase-3 activity (apoptosis) and a 6-fold decrease in p62 protein level (indicative of autophagic flux) compared with radiation alone control group. Moreover, cell proliferation (Ki-67 staining) was reduced by 77% (P = 0.001) and vascular density (von Willebrand factor staining) by 67.5% (P = 0.09) compared with radiation alone. Additional in vitro studies in human umbilical vein endothelial cells indicated that combined therapy also significantly decreases tubule formation. Conclusion: These results suggest that concurrent induction of apoptosis and autophagy enhances radiation therapy both in vitro and in lung cancer xenograft models. Further investigations are warranted to assess the clinical potential of such strategy in lung cancer patients. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(19):6096–105)
Classification and Prediction of Survival in Patients with the Leukemic Phase of Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma

We have used cDNA arrays to investigate gene expression patterns in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with leukemic forms of cutaneous T cell lymphoma, primarily Sezary syndrome (SS). When expression data for patients with high blood tumor burden (Sezary cells >60% of the lymphocytes) and healthy controls are compared by Student's t test, at P < 0.01, we find 385 genes to be differentially expressed. Highly overexpressed genes include Th2 cells-specific transcription factors Gata-3 and Jun B, as well as integrin beta1, proteoglycan 2, the RhoB oncogene, and dual specificity phosphatase 1. Highly underexpressed genes include CD26, Stat-4, and the IL-1 receptors. Message for plastin-T, not normally expressed in lymphoid tissue, is detected only in patient samples and may provide a new marker for diagnosis. Using penalized discriminant analysis, we have identified a panel of eight genes that can distinguish SS in patients with as few as 5% circulating tumor cells. This suggests that, even in early disease, Sezary cells produce chemokines and cytokines that induce an expression profile in the peripheral blood distinctive to SS. Finally, we show that using 10 genes, we can identify a class of patients who will succumb within six months of sampling regardless of their tumor burden.
Dependence Receptors: What Is the Mechanism?

Receptors of diverse primary structure and with diverse ligands have been reported to be capable of stimulating apoptosis in the absence of ligand binding. These receptors are called dependence receptors, and the newest member of this family appears to be the Sonic hedgehog receptor Patched, which has been reported to stimulate apoptosis when expressed in the absence of its ligand. The signaling mechanisms that account for this type of receptor activity are unknown. Several theories behind how dependence receptors may trigger cell death are described.
Views, barriers, and suggestions for colorectal cancer screening among american Indian women older than 50 years in the midwest.

Objective. Although colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality rates in the US population have shown a decline, American Indian (AI) CRC mortality rates appear to be increasing. CRC screening rates of AIs r...
Calibration of the QCM Impactor for Stratospheric Sampling

The performance of the QCM impactor (Model 3000, California Measurements, Sierra Madre, CA) has been evaluated at inlet pressures of 59 and 88 Torr, corresponding to the conditions of stratospheric sampling aboard the U-2 aircraft. Impactor mass flow rates and stage operating pressures were measured as a function of inlet pressure. The collection efficiencies of monodisperse liquid oleic acid aerosols were measured for individual impactor stages by counting particle penetration with an optical particle counter. Modification of the optical counter for this low pressure application is described. Response of the assembled QCM to near-mono-disperse Apiezon grease aerosols was measured using the signal from the quartz crystal impaction substrates. Aerodynamic cutoff diameters as a function of inlet pressure agree with impaction theory for most stages. Good comparison is found between the response of the QCM microbalance impaction plates and the optical particle counter data. For solid particles the QCM collect...
MMST manufacturing technology-hardware, sensors, and processes

This paper describes the equipment and processes utilized in the Microelectronics Manufacturing Science and Technology (MMST) program. The processes were carried out in a combination of testbeds (AVP, the TI designed and built Advanced Vacuum Processor) and commercial equipment, all in the single-wafer mode. All AVP processing was performed with the wafers in an inverted, face-down, configuration. All the processing equipment was connected to a Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) system, which both collected the designated data and communicated the process parameters from the CIM database to the particular processing unit. Where available, in situ sensors were utilized for monitoring the process parameters, with measurements made on a metrology die in the center of the wafer. Many of these processes were controlled by the model-based process control algorithms in the CIM system. Otherwise, the processes were controlled by standard statistical process control (SPC) methods. This paper emphasizes the processing methodology that was developed and followed in order to operate in this CIM environment and successfully execute an approximately 150 step 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS process in less than 72 hours. >
A comparison of climate change simulations produced by two GFDL coupled climate models

The transient responses of two versions of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupled climate model to a climate change forcing scenario are examined. The same computer codes were used to construct the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and land surface components of the two models, and they employ the same types of sub-grid-scale parameterization schemes. The two model versions differ primarily, but not solely, in their spatial resolution. Comparisons are made of results from six coarse-resolution R15 climate change experiments and three medium-resolution R30 experiments in which levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and sulfate aerosols are specified to change over time. The two model versions yield similar global mean surface air temperature responses until the second half of the 21st century, after which the R15 model exhibits a somewhat larger response. Polar amplification of the Northern Hemisphere’s warming signal is more pronounced in the R15 model, in part due to the R15’s cooler control climate, which allows for larger snow and ice albedo positive feedbacks. Both models project a substantial weakening of the North Atlantic overturning circulation and a large reduction in the volume of Arctic sea ice to occur in the 21st century. Relative to their respective control integrations, there is a greater reduction of Arctic sea ice in the R15 experiments than in the R30 simulations as the climate system warms. The globally averaged annual mean precipitation rate is simulated to increase over time, with both model versions projecting an increase of about 8% to occur by the decade of the 2080s. While the global mean precipitation response is quite similar in the two models, regional differences exist, with the R30 model displaying larger increases in equatorial regions. D 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A first-order phase transition defines the random close packing of hard spheres

a b s t r a c t Randomly packing spheres of equal size into a container consistently results in a static configuration with a density of ∼64%. The ubiquity of random close packing (RCP) rather than the optimal crystalline array at 74% begs the question of the physical law behind this empirically deduced state. Indeed, there is no signature of any macroscopic quantity with a discontinuity associated with the observed packing limit. Here we show that RCP can be interpreted as a manifestation of a thermodynamic singularity, which defines it as the ‘‘freezing point’’ in a first-order phase transition between ordered and disordered packing phases. Despite the athermal nature of granular matter, we show the thermodynamic character of the transition in that it is accompanied by sharp discontinuities in volume and entropy. This occurs at a critical compactivity, which is the intensive variable that plays the role of temperature in granular matter. Our results predict the experimental conditions necessary for the formation of a jammed crystal by calculating an analogue of the ‘‘entropy of fusion’’. This approach is useful since it maps out-of-equilibrium problems in complex systems onto simpler established frameworks in statistical mechanics.
The Importance of Parents' Concerns About Their Child's Behavior

Parents often complain about children's behavior. Pediatricians may be unsure whether to ignore these complaints, counsel parents in-office or refer them to mental health services. This study shows a close relationship between parents' concerns and measurably significant behavior problems. Methods are provided for responding to parents' concerns. These should be useful to pediatricians who are often criticized for failing to detect and refer children with mental health problems including behavior disturbances.
In situ chemical inhibition of benthic diatom growth affects recruitment of competing, permanent and temporary meiofauna

To reduce the supply of a potentially limiting food for meiobenthos, we developed a new method to inhibit benthic diatom growth by perfusing pore waters with herbicide diffusing from a buried gel. Placing the gel in a bottom-sealed chamber constrained the chemical gradient to the vertical dimension so that concentrations in overlying pore waters could be predicted from a one-dimensional diffusion model. Our goal was to determine whether the meiofaunal oligochacte Amphichaeta leydigii and juveniles of the polychaete Hobsonia jlorida, whose adults deposit feed, share benthic diatoms as a limiting resource during recruitment. We verified that gels containing the herbicide DCMU inhibited microalgal growth in the laboratory. The field DCMU manipulation also significantly reduced diatom abundance relative to control gels. The recruiting H. florida population was divided at median size into two classes. Development of feeding tentacles begins at that size-suggesting that size classes differ in feeding mode. Smaller juveniles showed no significant response to the treatment, while larger juveniles and oligochaetes both had significantly reduced abundances in DCMU patches. No other dominant meiofauna showed significant responses to the treatment. Calculated concentrations of DCMU in surficial sediments were -0.0 1-O. 1 x those that cause lethal or sublethal effects on animals, and nontarget invertebrates showed no significant effects-implying that A. Ieydigii and H. jlorida abundances varied because of the effect of DCMU on diatoms rather than as a direct response to the chemical itself. This evidence of a shared resource suggests food limitation as a competitive bottleneck between the meiofaunal oligochaete and recruiting H. Jloridu juveniles and a critical stage in the life history of the deposit-feeding polychaete.
Direct Epitaxial Growth of Quantum Structures with two and Three-Dimensional Carrier Confinement

We present the principles of “directed epitaxy” methods which are used for the growth of novel superlattice types in the GaAs-AlGaAs system. The “tilted superlattices” (TSL) are produced by using the periodic step array of a vicinal surface as a template. The role of phase stability, growth kinetics, step orientation and periodicity on the TSL perfection are discussed. The “columnar superlattice” (CSL) also uses a periodic step faceting as a growth template; their growth requires additionally a self organization of the epitaxy. The CSL could be used for the direct growth of quantum box superlattices. The TSL have been used to produce quantum wire superlattices. Their unique optical properties are a direct consequence of two dimensional carrier confinement.
Applications of the life-cycle model in tourism

Abstract The destination life-cycle model was applied to the Smoky Mountain region in order to better understand the economic effects of the tourism industry over time. This model fits the region sufficiently well to be useful in analysis of the evolution of second- and third-order economic impacts. Although the involvement stage provides greater benefit for the local population, what seems to be of critical importance for social welfare is not the stage of development but the degree of diversity in the area where development occurs. In order for a local population to benefit from tourism development, policies need to be implemented to control growth and emphasize economic diversity.
Multidisciplinary modeling and simulation of a fuel cell/gas turbine hybrid power system

The fuel cell/gas-turbine hybrid power systems can utilize exhaust fuel and waste heat from fuel cells to increase the system efficiency. This paper considers an internally reforming solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine (SOFC/GT) hybrid system, where the anode exhaust, which contains the remainder of the fuel, is mixed with the cathode exhaust as well as an additional supply of fuel and compressed air and then burned in a catalytic oxidizer. The hot oxidizer exhaust is expanded through the turbine section, driving an electric generator. After leaving the gas turbine, the oxidizer exhaust passes through a heat recovery unit in which it preheats the compressed air that is to be supplied to the fuel cell and the oxidizer. This paper concentrates on multidisciplinary modeling and simulation of the fuel cell/gas turbine hybrid power system. Transient response of the hybrid energy system is studied through time-domain simulation.
Geometric and dosimetric uncertainties in intracranial stereotatctic treatments for multiple nonisocentric lesions.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of geometric uncertainties of patient position on treatments of multiple nonisocentric intracranial lesions. The average distance between lesions in patients with multiple targets was determined by a retrospective survey of patients with multiple lesions. Retrospective patient imaging data from fractionated stereotactic patients were used to calculate interfractional and intrafractional patient position uncertainty. Three different immobilization devices were included in the positioning study. The interfractional and intrafractional patient positioning error data were used to calculate the geometric offset of a lesion located at varying distances from the mechanical isocenter for treatments of multiple lesions with a single arc, assuming that no intrafractional position correction is employed during an arc rotation. Dosimetric effects were studied using two representative lesions of two sizes, 6 mm and 13 mm maximum dimensions, and prescribed to 20 Gy and 18 Gy, respectively. Distances between lesions ranged from 3.0 mm distant from the planned position. Dosimetric results depend upon the distance from isocenter and the size of the target. Single isocenter treatments for multiple lesions should be considered only when full six DOF corrections can be applied, the intrafractional immobilization precision is well quantified, and a PTV expansion is included for more distant lesions to account for unavoidable residual patient positioning uncertainties.
Changes in gene expression associated with the bone anabolic effects of basic fibroblast growth factor in aged ovariectomized rats

Abstract Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulates bone formation in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in gene expression for bone matrix proteins, growth factors, and cytokines associated with the stimulatory effects of bFGF on bone formation in aged ovariectomized (ovx) rats. At 3 months of age, female Sprague-Dawley rats were sham-operated (sham) or ovariectomized (ovx), then maintained untreated for 1 year. At 15 months of age, baseline (BSL) sham and ovx rats were killed. All other rats received daily intravenous injections of bFGF (200 μg/kg) or vehicle (veh) for 14 days. Lumbar vertebrae were processed for quantitative bone histomorphometry or molecular analyses. Ovariectomy decreased vertebral cancellous bone volume by approximately 33% and increased most indices of bone turnover. Treatment of aged ovx rats with bFGF for only 14 days significantly increased cancellous bone volume compared with vehicle treatment of ovx rats, but this variable remained lower than in sham + veh rats. Osteoid volume, osteoblast surface, and osteoid surface were markedly increased, and osteoclast surface was significantly decreased in ovx + bFGF rats compared with sham + veh and ovx + veh rats. Northern analyses revealed that mRNA levels for osteocalcin and type I collagen, relative to 18S RNA, were significantly higher in ovx + bFGF rats than in ovx + veh rats by a factor of >10. RNase protection assays revealed that insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) mRNA levels, relative to L32 housekeeping gene, were also significantly higher, by nearly a factor of 3, in ovx + bFGF rats than in ovx + veh rats. Treatment of ovx rats with bFGF did not appear to affect message levels for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). These in vivo results suggest that bFGF treatment upregulates gene expression for IGF-I, which may mediate, at least in part, the increased gene expression for bone matrix proteins and the bone anabolic effects of bFGF in aged ovx rats.
Foot and Ankle Injuries in Runners

Foot and ankle injuries account for nearly one-third of running injuries. Achilles tendinopathy, plantar fasciopathy, and ankle sprains are 3 of the most common types of injuries sustained during training. Other common injuries include other tendinopathies of the foot and ankle, bone stress injuries, nerve conditions including neuromas, and joint disease including osteoarthritis. This review provides an evidence-based framework for the evaluation and optimal management of these conditions to ensure safe return to running participation and reduce risk for future injury.
Role of Anxiety in the Pathophysiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Importance of the Amygdala

A common characteristic of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is that symptoms, including abdominal pain and abnormal bowel habits, are often triggered or exacerbated during periods of stress and anxiety. However, the impact of anxiety and affective disorders on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is poorly understood and may in part explain the lack of effective therapeutic approaches to treat IBS. The amygdala is an important structure for regulating anxiety with the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) facilitating the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system in response to stress. Moreover, chronic stress enhances function of the amygdala and promotes neural plasticity throughout the amygdaloid complex. This review outlines the latest findings obtained from human studies and animal models related to the role of the emotional brain in the regulation of enteric function, specifically how increasing the gain of the amygdala to induce anxiety-like behavior using corticosterone (CORT) or chronic stress increases responsiveness to both visceral and somatic stimuli in rodents. A focus of the review is the relative importance of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated mechanisms within the amygdala in the regulation of anxiety and nociceptive behaviors that are characteristic features of IBS. This review also discusses several outstanding questions important for future research on the role of the amygdala in the generation of abnormal GI function that may lead to potential targets for new therapies to treat functional bowel disorders such as IBS.
Serum Retinol, Beta-Carotene, Vitamin E, and Selenium As Related to Subsequent Cancer of Specific Sites

Case-control differences in prediagnostic serum levels of retinol, beta-carotene, vitamin E, and selenium are compared for 10 cancer sites in 10 study populations. For all four nutrients, the majority of results showed lower levels among persons who subsequently became cases than among controls. Low levels of beta-carotene were most likely to be associated with subsequent cancer, but there were marked differences by cancer site. The results indicate that it is unlikely that any of these serum micronutrients are associated with protection against carcinogenesis at all sites. A plea is made for greater emphasis on replication of results, for reporting findings for all sites no matter how small the number of cases may be, and for keeping constantly in mind the fact that observational associations are not necessarily causal in nature.
Physical Chemical Properties of Fungi

Fungi are filamentous eukaryotic organisms that contain chitin in their rigid cell wall and ergosterol in their cell membrane. They live either as free organisms or in combination with another organism. Fungi are generally classified as to the way they reproduce, and can reproduce sexually and asexually. This article briefly summarizes some of the basic characteristics of fungi and describes the seven major phyla.
A Woman in Her 30s Whose Family Becomes Distrustful After an Initial Prognosis Proves Inaccurate

A woman in her 30s with alcoholic liver disease presented with an intracerebral hemorrhage with intraventricular extension, hydrocephalus, and an intracerebral hemorrhage score of 3. In the ICU, she was comatose with a flexion withdrawal as a best motor response. The ICU team, after 6 days of care, informed the family that the prognosis for any recovery of meaningful neurological function was dismal and that the family should consider withdrawal of life support. The family resisted any consideration of limitation of care, citing religious beliefs.
Patterns of Dry Matter Distribution During Development of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea Batatas)

SummaryDry matter distribution in 3 Ipomoea batatas cultivars was observed in 2 plant populations, 2 locations and 2 seasons. Increases in dry matter were linear with sampling time regardless of spacing, but the final amount produced under 2 populations and 2 locations differed. The cv. Julian was more efficient in accumulating dry matter in its storage roots than cvs. Centennial and Nemagold, and in Julian the relative growth rate of the roots was correlated with the net assimilation rate. The rate at which assimilates move appears to be more important for storage root development than increases in leaf area.
Flexor-origin Release for Pronation-flexion Deformity of the Forearm and Hand in the Stroke Patient: An Evaluation Of The Early Results In Eighteen Patients

Eighteen patients on the Stroke Service at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital were operated on for pronation-flexion deformities of the forearm and hand. Nine patients with severe spasticity, contracture, and poor sensation were operated on to improve appearance and hygiene, and to relieve pain. Nine patients with moderate spasticity, selective motor control of the extremity, and adequate sensation were operated on to improve function in their affected extremity. The results of flexororigin release and associated procedures in this series demonstrate that reasonable improvement can be expected in properly selected stroke patients.
Certification of SRM 1960 - Nominal 10 micrometer diameter polystyrene spheres (space beads)

Experimental, theoretical, and calculational details are presented for the three independent micrometrology techniques used to certify the mean diameter of Standard Reference Materisd 1960, nominal 10 μm diameter polystyrene spheres ("space beads"). The mean diameters determined by the three techniques agreed remarkably well, with all measurements within 0.1% of each other, an unprecedented achievement in the dimensional metrology of microspheres. Center distance finding (CDF), a method based on optical microscopy, gave a value of 9.89 ± 0.04 μm, which was chosen to be the certified mean diameter. The supporting measurements were done using metrology electron microscopy (MEM) and resonance light scattering (RLS). The MEM technique, based on scanning electron microscopy, yielded 9.89±0.06 μm for the mean diameter of the microspheres in vacuum, while the RLS value was 9.90 ±0.03 μm for the microspheres in liquid suspension. The main peak of the diameter distribution for SRM 1960 is nearly Gaussian with a certified standard deviation of 0.09 μm, as determined by CDF. Off the main peak, there are about 1% oversized particles and a negligible amount of undersized particles. The report gives a detailed description of the apparatus, the experimental methods, the data-reduction techniques, and an error analysis for each of the micro-metrology techniques. A distinctive characteristic of this SRM is that it was manufactured in microgravity aboard the NASA space shuttle Challenger and is the first commercial product to be made in space.
The Transformation Problem: A Reappraisal I

Over 100 years since Marx’s value theory of labour was first published, the “transformation problem” ‐ deriving prices from values and providing a theory of profits as arising from surplus value ‐ continues to present a fascinating challenge to economists of all shades of intellectual persuasion. However, while mainstream economists have by and large come to dismiss the transformation problem as a trivial technical exercise, the issue has recently received renewed attention in heterodox economic theory. This chapter provides a broad historical overview of the transformation problem, highlighting the main ontological similarities and di erences of its proposed solutions. Specifically, I discuss (i) how the interpretation of transformation problem has changed over time, (ii) why it was put to rest in mainstream economics and (iii) to what extent it has regained prominence in contemporary Marxian economics.