cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantification of dynamic changes in water absorption coefficient of water at Er:YAG and CO/sub 2/ laser wavelengths

Summary form only given. The number of clinical applications using erbium-based and CO/sub 2/ lasers continue to grow even though the mechanism(s) of the photoablation process are not well understood. The prediction(s) of laser-tissue interaction have been based upon the low intensity, room-temperature absorption spectrum data for water published by Hale and Querry. Since water constitutes 70-80% of virtually every type of soft tissue, it has been hypothesized that the absorption of IR radiation, particularly in the 3-/spl mu/m region, would lead to efficient cutting of tissue while minimizing residual thermal damage to the surrounding tissue. However, the room-temperature absorption spectrum of water does not accurately describe the absorption of IR radiation by tissue under high fluence levels. Studies employing a variety of lasers and techniques to generate short pulse radiation in the 2.7-3-/spl mu/m region have consistently reported the formation of deeper craters and wider zones of thermal damage than predicted by ablation models based on the low-intensity absorption spectrum of water. The objective of the present study was to quantify the dynamic changes in the absorption coefficient of water as a function of incident fluence at 2.94, 9.6, and 10.6-/spl mu/m.
Environmental Chemistry of Benzothiazoles Derived from Rubber

Benzothiazole (BT), 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (HOBT), and 2-(4-morpholino)benzothiazole (24MoBT) leach from crumb rubber material (CRM) and asphalt containing 1−3% CRM. To determine whether benzothiazoles would be an environmental problem if roads containing CRM-modified asphalt (CMA) were built in the state of Rhode Island, the source and fate of these compounds were investigated. Benzothiazoles enter the environment from a number of sources such as the leaching of rubber products, fine particles of automobile tires, and antifreeze. Compared to the fluxes of benzothiazoles currently entering rivers from urban runoff, CMA roads may initially deliver substantially more benzothiazoles to the environment; however, with time this source may diminish as the road ages. Because the benzothiazoles are water soluble, it is unlikely that they will sorb to particles, settle to sediments, or be bioaccumulated. In addition, BT can be volatilized, and BT and HOBT can be microbially degraded. Therefore, the environmental c...
A framework for talent management in real estate

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose talent management, in today's competitive marketplace, is critical in organizational success. Real estate organizations are now recognizing the value in attracting and retaining the best, brightest employees in order to achieve higher than average market share and elevated profiles. In the era of the knowledge worker, “talent” – narrowly defined as a core group of leaders, technical experts and other key contributors – are quickly becoming an organization's most important asset. As real estate companies continue to compete for the top tier talent, their strategies must become more integrated.Design/methodology/approach – Based on review of existing literature and expert panel interviews, a framework for integrating talent management strategies focused on multiple generations.Findings – There is clear evidence that innovative recruiting techniques must be geared to attracting the new generation of workers. Additional attention should be given to increasing ...
Lossless compression of digital audio

Lossless audio compression is likely to play an important part in music distribution over the Internet, DVD audio, digital audio archiving, and mixing. The article is a survey and a classification of the current state-of-the-art lossless audio compression algorithms. This study finds that lossless audio coders have reached a limit in what can be achieved for lossless compression of audio. It also describes a new lossless audio coder called AudioPak, which low algorithmic complexity and performs well or even better than most of the lossless audio coders that have been described in the literature.
Fusion: Managing Healthcare Records at Cloud Scale

An experimental open, cloud-based platform for large-scale, low-cost delivery of healthcare applications enables broader use of patient-centric management of electronic health records and facilitates the secure and seamless sharing of EHRs among stakeholders within a healthcare system.
Feature-Based Reasoning Trail Detection

Map data can provide contextual cues that enhance ATR system performance. Maps, however, sometimes lack scene cues such as secondary trails. In these instances, trail detection requires map-independent approaches. Therefore, we have developed a feature-based trail detection algorithm. Its low-level function extracts features (edges, lines) that characterize trail geometry. A high-level function evaluates scene features, ranks them according to their trail-like attributes, and applies rules. Rules interpret complicated scenarios such as partial trail occlusion and high trail curvature. The algorithm demonstrates robust performance on both FLIR and TV imagery.
A guide to improving the care of patients with fragility fractures.

This monograph is written as a guide for physicians, nurses, therapists, and students interested in ideal care for their patients with fragility fractures. The scope of fragility fractures in the United States is large and will grow over the next 20 years as the population ages. There is much that can be done currently to idealize the outcomes of these patients. Additional research in many areas is needed to further improve the quality of care for these patients. We plan to update this monograph as new information concerning the care of seniors with fragility fractures develops.
Abnormal glutamate receptor expression in the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia and mood disorders.

Pharmacological and anatomical evidence suggests that abnormal glutamate neurotransmission may be associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and mood disorders. Medial temporal lobe structural alterations have been implicated in schizophrenia and to a lesser extent in mood disorders. To comprehensively examine the ionotropic glutamate receptors in these illnesses, we used in situ hybridization to determine transcript expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA), and kainate receptor subunits in the medial temporal lobe of subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), or major depression (MDD). We used receptor autoradiography to assess changes in glutamate receptor binding in the same subjects. Our results indicate that there are region- and disorder-specific abnormalities in the expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits in schizophrenia and mood disorders. We did not find any changes in transcript expression in the hippocampus. In the entorhinal cortex, most changes in glutamate receptor expression were associated with BD, with decreased GluR2, GluR3, and GluR6 mRNA expression. In the perirhinal cortex we detected decreased expression of GluR5 in all three diagnoses, of GluR1, GluR3, NR2B in both BD and MDD, and decreased NR1 and NR2A in BD and MDD, respectively. Receptor binding showed NMDA receptor subsites particularly affected in the hippocampus, where MK801 binding was reduced in schizophrenia and BD, and MDL105,519 and CGP39653 binding were increased in BD and MDD, respectively. In the hippocampus AMPA and kainate binding were not changed. We found no changes in the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. These data suggest that glutamate receptor expression is altered in the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia and the mood disorders. We propose that disturbances in glutamate-mediated synaptic transmission in the medial temporal lobe are important factors in the pathophysiology of these severe psychiatric illnesses.
Fast Neutron Bombardment of p -Type Germanium

extensive studies of fast neutron bombardment effects in $p$-type Ge have been carried out. Analysis of the initial conductivity behavior indicates the introduction of three vacant states below the middle of the forbidden band: (1) an acceptor state 0.18 ev above the valence band, (2) an occupied (donor) state which acts as a hole trap with a depth of \ensuremath{\sim}0.07 ev, (3) a second low-lying donor which is a quite shallow hole trap. This distribution of energy levels is consistent with the Frenkel defect model of James and Lark-Horovitz. After prolonged bombardment or room temperature aging, the ionization energy of bombardment-produced acceptors moves to lower values, a behavior which has been attributed to a difference in annealing rate of interstitials and vacancies. The scattering mechanism for holes in bombarded specimens does not appear to be completely describable in terms of ionized impurity scattering. Moreover, the temperature dependence of hole mobility is quite different from electron mobility in bombarded specimens. Extensive bombardments in the range from - 165\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to -90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C are described and complex relaxation effects observed on warming are discussed.
Duplication of the premolar dentition

Multiple supernumerary teeth, often associated with various syndromes, is a relatively uncommon isolated dental anomaly. We present a case of a 9-year-old black male patient with complete duplication of the premolar dentition and premolarization of the permanent canines.
Empiric assessment of parameters that affect the design of multireader receiver operating characteristic studies

Rationale and Objectives. The authors attempted to assess experimentally the magnitude of reader variability and the correlations and interactions among cases, readers, and modalities during observer performance studies and their possible effects on study design and sample size. Materials and Methods. Published data from 32 selected receiver operating characteristic (ROC) studies were reviewed to compare the magnitude of the variance component from readers with the variance component from modality. Estimates of correlation and interactions among cases, readers, and modalities were also computed directly from ROC data ascertained during two large studies performed in our laboratory. Each of these two studies included 529 cases and six readers, but one study used eight modalities and the other nine. Results. Published results indicate that reader variability is task dependent and larger ( P Conclusion. Use of the same cases interpreted with different modes is justifiable in many situations because of the high variability from readers. This comprehensive review of existing ROC studies resulted in parameter assessments that can be used to better estimate sample-size requirements in multireader ROC studies.
Non-contact method for characterization of a rotational table

The United States Air Force (USAF) uses and evaluates a variety of helmet-mounted trackers for incorporation into their high performance aircraft. The primary head tracker technologies commercially available are magnetic trackers, inertial trackers, and optical trackers. Each head tracker has a unique method of determining the pilot's head position within the cockpit of the aircraft. Magnetic trackers generally have a small head mounted size and minimal head weight. Because they sense a generated magnetic field, their accuracy can be affected by other magnetic fields or ferrous components within the cockpit. Inertial trackers cover the entire head motion box but require constant motion in order to accommodate drifting of the inertial sensors or a secondary system that updates the inertial system, often referred to as a hybrid system. Although optical head trackers (OHT) are immune to magnetic fields some of their limitations may be daylight/night vision goggle (NVG) compatibility issues and, depending on system configuration, may require numerous emitters and/or receivers to cover a large head motion box and provide a wide field of regard. The Dynamic Tracker Test Fixture (DTTF) was designed by the Helmet Mounted Sensory Technology (HMST) laboratory to accurately measure azimuth rotation in both static and dynamic conditions for the purpose of determining the accuracy of a variety of head trackers. Before the DTTF could be used as an evaluation tool, it required characterization to determine the amount and location of any induced elevation or roll as the table rotated in azimuth. Optimally, the characterization method would not affect the DTTF's movement so a non-contact method was devised. This paper describes the characterization process and its results.
What Factors Facilitate Teacher Skill, Teacher Morale, and Perceived Student Learning in Technology-Using Classrooms?

Abstract Based on a comprehensive study of 94 classrooms from four states in different geographic regions of the country, this quantitative study investigated the impact of seven factors related to school technology (planning, leadership, curriculum alignment, professional development, technology use, teacher openness to change, and teacher non-school computer use) on five dependent measures in the areas of teacher skill (technology competency and technology integration), teacher morale, and perceived student learning (impact on student content acquisition and higher order thinking skills acquisition). Stepwise regression resulted in models to explain each of the five dependent measures. Teacher technology competency was predicted by teacher openness to change. Technology integration was predicted by teacher openness to change and the percentage of technology use with others. Teacher morale was predicted by professional development and constructivist use of technology. Technology impact on content acquisition was predicted by the strength of leadership, teacher openness to change, and negatively influenced by teacher non-school computer use. Technology impact on higher-order thinking skills was predicted by teacher openness to change, the constructivist use of technology, and negatively influenced by percentage of technology use where students work alone. Implications for the adoption and use of school technologies are discussed.
Intracranial vascular malformations

Intracranial vascular malformations are nonneoplastic developmental anomalies that present a variety of clinical patterns, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal intracranial hemorrhage. A practicing radiologist can expect to encounter these abnormalities, which include capillary telangiectasias, venous angiomas (also called developmental venous anomalies), cavernous angiomas, and arteriovenous malformations. The imaging findings that characterize these lesions are reviewed in this article, along with their pathological and clinical features.
Countering Insider Threats in Personal Devices

The information age is a time when organizations are networked back and forth with multiple wires, different communication channels, many sophisticated information systems, and most importantly through the almighty Internet. This project focuses on responses that are most beneficial to organizations in regards to the internal threats. Mainly, it addresses the issues connected to the broad use of laptops, desktops, and other personal devices such as flash drives. During research there were thought different ways of mitigating the issue of insider threats. The result of this analysis is the Diamond Theory. It ties four methods of increasing the security of personal devices: software design, information retrieval, detection technology design and information policy design. All four corners of the diamond are represented by four different techniques that increase the security of personal devices and thus the defense against insider threats. These techniques are described as theoretical premises that shall be fulfilled in order to have the security raised to the maximum. Additionally, these methods are interdependent of each other and must work together to meet the overall goal of the theory.
The SSA and Government Relations

I t is not news to SSA members that science is undergoing a profound metamorphosis, and these changes are affecting the way “seismologists do seismology.” Since the early 1990s federal funding of Earth science has shrunk, and unless federal policy changes, the recent budget deficit deal will put further pressure on research dollars. Further, some members of Congress seriously question the value of federal funding of basic research; the phrase “curiosity-driven science” is freely used as a metaphor for worthless academic exercises. The public is only slightly more generous in its view of science and only embraces science when there is a tangible, short-term goal to be achieved. Probably every SSA member has been asked the rhetorical question “when is the Big One going to destroy L.A.?” Since we can't answer the question with a simple sound bite like “on July 4, 2002,” the public rightfully wants to know what we...
Human Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins

As the key components of innate immunity, human host defense antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) play a critical role in warding off invading microbial pathogens. In addition, AMPs can possess other biological functions such as apoptosis, wound healing, and immune modulation. This article provides an overview on the identification, activity, 3D structure, and mechanism of action of human AMPs selected from the antimicrobial peptide database. Over 100 such peptides have been identified from a variety of tissues and epithelial surfaces, including skin, eyes, ears, mouths, gut, immune, nervous and urinary systems. These peptides vary from 10 to 150 amino acids with a net charge between −3 and +20 and a hydrophobic content below 60%. The sequence diversity enables human AMPs to adopt various 3D structures and to attack pathogens by different mechanisms. While α-defensin HD-6 can self-assemble on the bacterial surface into nanonets to entangle bacteria, both HNP-1 and β-defensin hBD-3 are able to block cell wall biosynthesis by binding to lipid II. Lysozyme is well-characterized to cleave bacterial cell wall polysaccharides but can also kill bacteria by a non-catalytic mechanism. The two hydrophobic domains in the long amphipathic α-helix of human cathelicidin LL-37 lays the basis for binding and disrupting the curved anionic bacterial membrane surfaces by forming pores or via the carpet model. Furthermore, dermcidin may serve as ion channel by forming a long helix-bundle structure. In addition, the C-type lectin RegIIIα can initially recognize bacterial peptidoglycans followed by pore formation in the membrane. Finally, histatin 5 and GAPDH(2-32) can enter microbial cells to exert their effects. It appears that granulysin enters cells and kills intracellular pathogens with the aid of pore-forming perforin. This arsenal of human defense proteins not only keeps us healthy but also inspires the development of a new generation of personalized medicine to combat drug-resistant superbugs, fungi, viruses, parasites, or cancer. Alternatively, multiple factors (e.g., albumin, arginine, butyrate, calcium, cyclic AMP, isoleucine, short-chain fatty acids, UV B light, vitamin D, and zinc) are able to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides, opening new avenues to the development of anti-infectious drugs.
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Mesopotamian Agricultural Practices in the Khabur Basin, Syrian Jazira

Abstract While archaeologists have long recognized the value of regional analysis to define economic systems, relatively few archaeological data sets—principally settlement patterns, ceramics and lithics—have been used to assess regional-scale spatial variation and temporal change. As with other archaeological data sets, resolution of archaeobotanical data at a regional scale poses some formidable challenges. A new approach in the Near East uses archaeobotanical remains from multiple sites. The data have been drawn from midden assemblages that exhibit high variability between assemblages, requiring the use of random effects logistic regression models that can accommodate high variability. Our approach detects changes over time and over geographical region and tests the statistical significance of these changes. Results show a significant rise in crop-processing wastes, most probably from a specialized focus on barley processing at settlement and storage sites during the 3rd millennium bc (Ninevite 5 and Early Jazira Periods). This shift to a greater representation of barley-processing by-products represented in middens can most probably be linked with an emerging specialization in pastoral production and re-settlement in arid regions of the northern Mesopotamian steppe in the 3rd millennium bc .
Synonymy, redundancy, and the name of the crocodile stem-group

(1997). Synonymy, redundancy, and the name of the crocodile stem-group. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 448-449.
General Treatment of Competitive Binding of Small Molecules to Macromolecules as Applied to Dynamic Dialysis: Theoretical Analysis

A mathematical analysis of the dynamic dialysis process is presented, demonstrating how the process can be applied generally to study competitive and noncompetitive binding between small molecules and macromolecules. A law of mass action model for competitive binding with independent sites and classes with equivalent sites (CIE) is considered as a specific case without loss of generality. The escape profiles of two compounds are calculated to illustrate the effect of an increasing degree of binding competition. Noisy data are generated using the CIE model to test the presented method of estimating competitive binding parameters. The parameters estimated by the nonlinear regression technique came close to the true values, considering the degree of noise added to the exact dialysis data. A transformation approach is presented, enabling initial estimates of the binding parameters in the CIE model to be determined by multiple linear regression, thereby eliminating the main problem in the nonlinear estimation. The presented method of analysis is extended to strongly bound compounds, which also bind significantly to the dialysis membrane.
Upper extremity wheelchair kinematics in children with Spinal Cord Injury

Current methods for the evaluation of upper extremity dynamics during wheelchair mobility in children are limited. The goal of this study was to characterize upper extremity joint kinematics during wheelchair mobility. A 3-D biomechanical model of the upper extremities is presented for kinematic assessment of manual wheelchair propulsion in children with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). The bilateral upper extremity model consists of the thorax, upper arms, forearms, and hands. The model was applied to thirteen (13) children with SCI. Joint angles and joint ranges of motion of the shoulders, elbows, and wrists were quantified. Peak joint motions during the stroke cycle were compared between right and left sides for further insight to mobility patterns. This work will provide insight to be used in future kinetic studies of wheelchair mobility.
Nonhistone chromatin protein phosphorylation during azo-dye carcinogenesis.

The nonhistone proteins of chromatin are believed to participate in the regulation of gene activity [l-3] . The phosphorylated chromatin proteins are of a particular interest since they display properties compatible with the functions of gene activator or repressor proteins [4,5] . Since the neoplastic disease most likely reflects altered biochemical control mechanisms and abnormal gene expression, knowledge of the effects of chemical carcinogens on the chromatin components in affected tissues may contribute to the eventual control of neoplasia. We report here that the activity of protein phosphokinase enzymes in the rat liver cytoplasm and chromatin increases after the administration of an azo-dye carcinogen, N,N-dimethyl-p(m-tolylazo) aniline (3’-MDAB). Furthermore, the phosphorylation of several nonhistone proteins increases in the liver chromatin of rats fed the azo-dye containing diet. At the same time, the ability of isolated liver chromatin to template for the in vitro RNA synthesis is considerably higher than that of the controls.
Idols and Demons: On Discerning the Spirits

This article elaborates on the distinction between two spiritual ailments, which can be properly identified as idolatry and demonry. They represent opposite but complementary age–long phenomena still relevant to the analysis of the contemporary spiritual situation in explaining disorders of the soul as well as cultural derangement. The text suggests that the church as the spiritual community is the locus for the discernment of the spirit and that in its two distinguishing foundational and functional features (the proclamatory function and the communion function) it is molded precisely to confront both idols and demons.
SEASONAL AND BETWEEN‐PLANT VARIABILITY IN THE MORPHOLOGY OF SARGASSUM MATHIESONII SP. NOV. (PHAEOPHYTA) FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO1

Sargassum mathiesonii sp. nov. is described from a population at the mouth of the Homosassa River, Homosassa, Florida. Patterns of morphological variation were quantified as well as the plant's phenology and ontogeny. Sargassum mathiesonii is dioecious (50/50 sex ratio), produces receptacles basipetally along laterals, and has vesicle pedicels that average 1–1.7 mm in length. As judged from coefficients of variation and measurements of between-plant variation, vesicle diameter was the most stable continuous trait, followed by vesicle length, blade length: width ratio, blade width, and blade length. Anatomical variation was attributed primarily to ontogeny. Plants were smallest in March and April and grew to their maximum size in June (ca. 2 m). Biomass was augmented by additional main axes and primary laterals in October and receptacles in December. At maturity, male receptacles were longer and more loosely branched than female receptacles. A few vesicles developed viable oogonia in their cryptostomata and gave rise to fertile branches, situations previously unknown for Sargassum. Sargassum mathiesonii is determined to be morphologically and developmentally distinct from the lectotype and other North American populations of S. filipendula C. Ag. A more utilitarian approach to Sargassum taxonomy is achievable if species descriptions incorporate an understanding of morphological variability, reproductive periodicity, and ontogenetic patterns.
Identification of Paramecium mitochondrial proteins using antibodies raised against fused mitochondrial gene products

Abstract Paramecium aurelia mitochondrial (mt) DNA fragments carrying the coding regions for two proteins, P1 (in the region adjacent to the origin of replication) and COII (subunit II of cytochrome oxidase), were used to study mt gene expression. The sequence for the portion of mtDNA containing P1 has already been described [Pritchard et al., Gene 44 (1986) 243–253]. The complete nucleotide sequence of the portion containing the COII gene is presented here. An 18.5-kDa protein was produced in maxicells when a fragment containing a major portion of the sequence coding for P1 was used. This fragment and a fragment carrying the COII gene were cloned into the expression vector pTRPLE', and antibodies were raised against the resulting fusion proteins in an Escherichia coli lysate. Western blots of Paramecium mt extracts identified two proteins, one 21 kDa (COII) and the other 23.5 kDa (P1). The size of the P1 protein is in agreement with the size of the open reading frame in that region of mitochondrial DNA. Based on extensive amino acid homology to the Paramecium gene and limited homology to COII genes from other organisms, the COII gene in another ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis , was identified just upstream of the small subunit rDNA in previously published sequences (Schnare et al., 1986). The size of the COII gene and the homology with the COII gene from Tetrahymena suggest that ATC, ATT, GTG and GTC could be used as translational initiators in Paramecium mitochondria.
Risk-neutral second best toll pricing

Abstract We propose a risk-neutral second best toll pricing (SBTP) scheme to account for the possible nonuniqueness of user equilibrium solutions. The scheme is designed to optimize for the expected objective value as the UE solution varies within the solution set. We show that such a risk-neutral scheme can be formulated as a stochastic program, which complements the traditional risk-prone SBTP approach and the risk-averse SBTP approach we developed recently. The proposed model can be solved by a simulation-based optimization algorithm that contains three major steps: characterization of the UE solution set, random sampling over the solution set, and a two-phase simulation optimization step. Numerical results illustrate that the proposed risk-neutral design scheme is less aggressive than the risk-prone scheme and less conservative than the risk-averse scheme, and may thus be more preferable from a toll designer’s point of view.
NEUTRON-ELECTRON INTERACTION

The effective neutron-electron interaction is calculated with the cut-off pseudoscalar meson theory and neglect of nucleon recoil. Values of -7.1 and -8.6 kev are obtained for the meson contribution with two different shapes for the cut-off function. The nucleon contribution is ambiguous in the cut-off theory since the shape of the core charge is undetermined. It is shown that if the no recoil theory with cutoff is interpreted to be the limit, as the nucleon mass becomes infinite, of a relativistic theory with a cutoff, then the contribution of the anomalous magnetic moment (or Foldy) term is not contained in our calculation. Since the Foldy term alone accounts for the major part of the experimental interaction, the sum of pion and nucleon charge contributions in this theory, if correct, should be at most of the order of a few hundred ev, or an order of magnitude less than the pion part. Finally, a brief calculation is made to illustrate the fact that, if spread out in a plausible way, the nucleon core charge could effect the needed cancellation.
Location of the Zygomatico-orbital Foramen on the Inferolateral Orbital Wall: Clinical Implications

AbstractPurpose: To describe the location of the zygomatico-orbital foramen on the inferolateral orbital wall.Methods: This anatomic study examined 28 orbits of 14 dry human adult skulls. The zygomatico-orbital foramen was identified by passing a thin wire from the zygomatico-facial foramen to its orbital aspect and a thin flexible ruler was used to measure 1) the distance perpendicular to the closest point on the inferior orbital rim, 2) the distance from the inferior orbital fissure, and 3) the distance from the area used for retrobulbar injections.Results: The mean distance from the zygomatico-orbital foramen to the closest point on the inferior orbital rim was 4.7 mm (range from 1 to 7 mm). The mean distance from the inferior orbital fissure was 14.9 mm (range from 10 to 18 mm). The mean distance from the area of retrobulbar injection was 6.0 mm (range from 3 to 10 mm).Conclusions: The location of the zygomatico-orbital foramen within the inferolateral orbit is quite variable. This is the first study ...
Autoradiographic plaques for the detection of antibody formation to soluble proteins by single cells.

Single cells that synthesize antibody to soluble proteins can be detected and counted by an autoradiographic procedure. The method is based on the specific binding of I131-labeled antigen to the antidogy which has been produced by and has diffused around cells in an agarose medium and which has been precipitated by an antibody to gamma globulin. The antigen-binding zones appear as dark spots on high-speed x-ray film exposed to the dried agarose preparations.
Effects of multicomponent diffusion on predicted ignition characteristics of an n-heptane diffusion flame

Abstract Flamelet models for turbulent combustion typically employ the assumption of unity Lewis number, i.e., equal thermal and species diffusivities. These models have been employed to predict ignition delay times and ignition location in combusting sprays. However, there is the interesting question: what would be the effects of including multicomponent species diffusion on the ignition predictions? In this work, a one-dimensional n -heptane–air diffusion flame is chosen to study the effects of multicomponent diffusion on predicted ignition characteristics. The ambient conditions selected include typical in-cylinder conditions of a medium-duty diesel engine: pressure 10–40 bar and air temperature 850–1000 K. The ignition and oxidation of n -heptane are predicted using a reaction mechanism consisting of 34 species and 56 steps. The mixture fraction is computed separately as a passive species, the diffusion coefficient, of which is equal to the local thermal diffusion coefficient. From these computations, the transient structure of the flamelet, including ignition, is obtained. The results are compared with those obtained with the unity Lewis number assumption. The implications of the unity Lewis number assumption on the predicted ignition characteristics are discussed.
Nasal Airway Function After Maxillary Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study Using the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation Scale

Purpose To examine nasal airway function using a disease-specific quality-of-life survey instrument in subjects undergoing Le Fort I osteotomy without simultaneous rhinosurgical procedures. Materials and Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of nasal airway function in consecutive Le Fort I osteotomy patients, who had not received simultaneous rhinosurgical procedures, between 2007 and 2008 at Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center. We administered the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) survey before and 3 months after surgery. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed, and the relevant medical and demographic factors were analyzed. Results The initial study sample comprised 55 patients, of whom 5 were excluded. Of the remaining 50 patients (median age 21 years, 60% women), the maxilla was advanced (median 4 mm, interquartile range 3 to 5) with minimal vertical change. During the follow-up period (median 5.5 months), significant improvement was seen in the NOSE scores for the cohort, with a median decrease of 10 units ( P = .0005). Patients with moderate nasal obstruction (preoperative NOSE score >25) had the greatest improvement ( P 50) improved, however, this did not reach statistical significance ( P Conclusions Our overall findings have suggested that nasal airway function improved after maxillary advancement and that subjects with greater preoperative NOSE scores (>25) were more likely to experience relief of nasal obstructive symptoms.
Persistent Sodium Currents Participate in Fictive Locomotion Generation in Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord

The persistent sodium current (I(Na(P))) has been implicated in the regulation of synaptic integration, intrinsic membrane properties, and rhythm generation in many types of neurons. We characterized I(Na(P)) in commissural interneurons (CINs) in the neonatal (postnatal days 0-3) mouse spinal cord; it is activated at subthreshold potentials, inactivates slowly, and can be blocked by low concentrations of riluzole. The role of I(Na(P)) in locomotor pattern generation was examined by applying riluzole during fictive locomotion induced by NMDA, serotonin, and dopamine or by stimulation of the cauda equina. Blockade of I(Na(P)) has marginal effects on the locomotion frequency but progressively weakens the rhythmic firing and locomotor-related membrane oscillation of CINs and motoneurons (MNs) and the locomotor-like bursts in ventral roots, until the motor pattern ceases. Riluzole directly affects the intrinsic firing properties of CINs and MNs, reducing their ability to fire repetitively during tonic depolarizations and raising their spike threshold. At the same time, riluzole has little effects on the strength of spike-evoked synaptic transmission onto CINs and MNs. Our results suggest that I(Na(P)) is essential for the generation of the locomotor pattern and acts in part by regulating the frequency of interneuron firing in the central pattern generator for locomotion.
Three Plans for Using Acaricides to Control Mites on Apple

Certain acaricides were tested in 1958 and 1959 as control agents for the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius (L.), according to three plans: (1) single acaricides alone at standard concentration in consecutive acaricidal applications; (2) two acaricides separately at standard concentration in alternate applications, and; (3) two acaricides mixed, with each at one-half standard concentration, in consecutive applications. Test data indicate that plan 3 is better than plan 2. The data also indicate that mixtures of two acaricides, will each at one-half standard concentration, give better control than the weaker of the two applied alone at standard concentration.
Specificity of Binding to Human Serum Albumin

Whitehouse et al. (1) suggested the need for revaluation of the widely held concept (2, 3) that the fraction of certain acidic drugs bound to plasma protein is pharmacologically inactive. In support of this suggestion, data were presented indicating that a correlation exists between the ability of certain anti-inflammatory agents and uricosuric agents to displace uric acid from its primary binding site on human serum albumin in vitro (1) and their ability to reduce uric acid binding capacity in vivo. The results of other studies were cited to support this thesis (4, 5). One cited study showed that fatty acids displace warfarin and phenylbutazone from their binding sites on human serum albumin in vitro (5).
Characterization of physical aging of poly(methyl methacrylate) powders by a novel high pressure sorption technique

High pressure CO2 sorption isotherms were measured at 35°C in previously dilated PMMA microspheres, which were subsequently aged in vacuum at 35°C. The dilation was induced by preswelling with high activity methanol vapor at 13°C, or alternatively with CO2 at a pressure of 20 atm and a temperature of 5°C. The state of the samples during long-term aging was probed by rapid and intermittent determination of complete high pressure CO2 isotherms. The dilation increased the sorption levels observed in the sorption experiments compared to those observed in untreated samples and, as the aging time increased, the sorption level progressively decreased. The isotherms under all conditions were well described by the dual mode sorption model. The observed time dependence of the isotherms was successfully described by confining all changes in sorption capacity to a systematic decay of the Langmuir capacity parameter. The equilibrium parameters of the model, however, were essentially unaffected by the preswelling and aging histories.
Dendritic growth and regression in rat dentate granule cells during late postnatal development.

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine whether dendritic regression occurs in granule neurons of the rat dentate gyrus during late postnatal development. In vitro hippocampal slices were prepared from rats between the ages of 14 and 60 days, and granule neurons in one portion of the suprapyramidal blade were labeled by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. The dendrites of filled neurons were analyzed in both two and three dimensions directly from 400 μm thick whole-mounts. Results showed that the molecular layer expanded by approximately 50% between days 14 and 60. At every age examined, granule cell dendrites reached the top of the molecular layer, suggesting that dendrites continued to grow during this time period. In contrast, the number of dendritic segments per neuron decreased from an average of 36 to 28. Three-dimensional measurements showed that total dendritic length and surface area per granule cell did not change, suggesting that the overall dendritic tree size of granule neurons may be regulated during late postnatal development in the rodent.
Technoeconomic analysis of the dilute sulfuric acid and enzymatic hydrolysis process for the conversion of corn stover to ethanol

Technoeconomic analysis has been used to guide the research and development of lignocellulosic biofuels production processes for over two decades. Such analysis has served to identify the key technical barriers for these conversion processes so that research can be targeted most effectively on the pertinent challenges. The tools and methodology used to develop conceptual conversion processes and analyze their economics are presented here. In addition, the current process design and economic results are described for dilute acid pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Modeled ethanol costs of $1.33/gallon (in consistent year 2007 dollars) are being targeted for this commercial scale corn stover conversion process in 2012. State of technology models, which take actual research results and project them to commercial scale, estimate an ethanol cost of $2.43/gallon at present. In order to further reduce costs, process improvements must be made in several areas, including pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. As the biomass industry develops, new fuels and new feedstocks are being researched. Technoeconomic analysis will play a key role in process development and targeting of technical and economic barriers for these new fuels and feedstocks.
Specifying fault tolerance in mission critical intelligent systems

Abstract Real time intelligent systems are being increasingly used in mission critical applications in domains like military, aerospace, process control industry and medicine. Despite this vast potential, the major concern about deploying mission critical intelligent systems is their dependability. Dependability encompasses such notions as reliability, safety, security, maintainability and portability. A major concern about mission critical intelligent systems is their performance in the presence of failures. Intelligent systems are characterized by often non-existent, imprecise or rapidly changing specifications. This makes the task of characterizing an intelligent system's performance in the presence of failures much more difficult. In this paper, we characterize the failures that are likely in a mission critical intelligent system. We propose an extended I/O automata model to capture these failure specifications. We further demonstrate how these specifications can be realized in a real time expert system by structuring the knowledge base. This formalism can also be used to specify the fault tolerant properties of the underlying hardware and software over which the intelligent system resides. Thus we have an unified formalism to specify fault tolerance properties in hardware, system software and the intelligent system. This will enable us to reason about the performance of the entire system inclusive of all its components in an uniform manner.
Do federal grants boost school spending? Evidence from Title I

Abstract One of the federal government's main elementary and secondary education programs is Title I, which allocates money for compensatory education to school districts based on child poverty. I use sharp changes in per-pupil grant amounts surrounding the release of decennial census data to identify effects of Title I on state and local education revenue, and how much the program ultimately increases spending by recipient school districts. I find that state and local revenue efforts initially are unaffected by Title I changes, but that local governments substantially and significantly crowd out changes in Title I within in a 3-year period.
Physical aging behavior of high-performance composites

Abstract The effect of physical aging on the viscoelastic creep properties of a thermoplastic-toughened cyanate ester resin (Fiberite 954-2) and its IM8/954-2 composites, and a semi-crystalline thermoplastic (Fiberite ITX) and its IM8/ITX composites was investigated. The study was carried out by using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile creep tests. Tests were performed on plain resin, [90 °]4s, and [± 45 °]2s composite specimens. Creep tests were conducted up to an aging time of 54 h with the logarithmic aging shift rate, μ, and its dependence on sub-glass transition aging temperature, being determined. The results showed significant physical aging in both material systems. To study the effect of long-term aging on creep behavior, momentary creep tests were conducted on the [± 45 °]2s composites of both material systems at temperatures between 140 and 200 °C. Master curve plots were drawn from these momentary creep tests using the time temperature superposition principle (TTSP). Effective time theory (ETT) was then used to modify TTSP and incorporate physical aging effects.
Large Scale Digital Hybrid Microcircuits for New Military Systems

The packaging density of digital circuits can be significantly increased by assembling multiple MSI, LSI, and VLSI semiconductor chips in large hybrid microcircuits. The design, manufacturing, and productbility factors for these large multilayered thick film hybrid microcircuits are described. These factors include: manual and computer aided design, materials, substrate processing, assembly, testing, and environmental screening. Recent production experiences in manufacturing three unique microcircuits containing TTL, C-MOS, and ECL devices are discussed.
Assessing microvascular volume change and filtration from venous hematocrit variation of canine liver and lung.

The volume increase of canine liver after 1 min of a 10 mmHg elevation in hepatic venous pressure has been reported as 251 ml/kg tissue. An analysis of the transient hematocrit variation in hepatic venous blood indicated that 16% of the volume change results from transcapillary filtration, 72% from micro-vascular expansion, and 12% from macrovascular expansion. In the analysis, we first used the temporal change of the liver volume to determine the time course of the filtration and microvascular and macrovascular volume change. We next deduced, for a permeable microcirculation with a microvascular hematocrit lower than the feed hematocrit (the Fahraeus effect), how the filtration and microvascular volume change (MVC) produce a hematocrit variation in the blood leaving microcirculation. By accounting for the dispersion of the blood flow, the analysis predicted a hematocrit variation in the hepatic venous blood that matched well with the measured variation over the 1-min course of experiment. A reasonable fit with the hematocrit variation of pulmonary blood also was obtained for experiment with an 8 mm/Hg increase in the arterial and venous pressure perfusing the canine left lower lung lobe. The tissue and vascular volume increase at 1 min was 149 ml/kg tissue with 4% as a result of filtration, 41% as a result of microvascular expansion, and 55% as a result of macrovascular expansion. The large MVCs from the hepatic and pulmonary circulation indicate their microcirculations function as a reservoir in controlling blood volume redistribution.
Ornithine transcarbamylase: steady-state kinetic properties.

Abstract A steady-state kinetic study of Streptococcus faecalis ornithine transcarbamylase has been carried out. A ping-pong kinetic pattern was observed. Phosphate acted as a competitive inhibitor of carbamyl phosphate, δ-hydroxy-α-aminovaleric acid and norvaline were competitive inhibitors of ornithine. Citrulline did not inhibit the reaction even at a 0.1 M concentration level. The formation of a carbamyl-enzyme intermediate is suggested as a likely possibility.