cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perspirable Skin: A Multifuctional Material System for Self-Cooling

Utilizing the negative thermal expansion property of ZrW2 O8 , Perspirable skin, an autonomous cooling system, was designed for externally heated surfaces of reentry vehicles such as Space Shuttle. In this material system, several ZrW2 O8 pegs are shrink-fit into the Reinforced Carbon-Carbon composite (RCC) skin. At working conditions, a gap or interference forms between the two materials and the compressed gas within the vehicle can blow out through the gap. The atmospheric air, rather than contributing to the frictional heat between air and skin, is mixed with the cold compressed air over the surface. Due to the nonlinear thermoelastic properties within the operating temperatures, Finite Element Analysis was used to design the geometry of the ZrW2 O8 pegs and the best fiber arrangement of the RCC for this material system. The geometry of the peg with a larger radius at the top surface and a smaller radius at the bottom part ensures the secure contact of two materials at the working condition. The design with the frustum of a cone shaped top offered a better and shorter route for the coolant gas to be passed. The best type of RCC is found to be 3D woven orthogonal.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
XOntoRank: Ontology-Aware Search of Electronic Medical Records

As the use of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) becomes more widespread, so does the need for effective information discovery within them. Recently proposed EMR standards are XML-based. A key characteristic in these standards is the frequent use of ontological references, i.e., ontological concept codes appear as XML elements and are used to associate portions of the EMR document with concepts defined in a domain ontology. A rich corpus of work addresses searching XML documents. Unfortunately, these works do not make use of ontological references to enhance search. In this paper we present the XOntoRank system which addresses the problem of ontology-aware keyword search of XML documents with a particular focus on EMR XML documents. Our current prototypes and experiments use the Health Level Seven (HL7) Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) Release 2.0 standard of EMR representation and the Systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine (SNOMED) ontology, although the presented techniques and results are applicable to any EMR hierarchical format and any ontology that defines concepts and relationships.
Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Linezolid in Moderately to Morbidly Obese Adults

The pharmacokinetics of linezolid was assessed in 20 adult volunteers with body mass indices (BMI) of 30 to 54.9 kg/m2 receiving 5 intravenous doses of 600 mg every 12 h. Pharmacokinetic analyses were conducted using compartmental and noncompartmental methods. The mean (±standard deviation) age, height, and weight were 42.2 ± 12.2 years, 64.8 ± 3.5 in, and 109.5 ± 18.2 kg (range, 78.2 to 143.1 kg), respectively. Linezolid pharmacokinetics in this population were best described by a 2-compartment model with nonlinear clearance (original value, 7.6 ± 1.9 liters/h), which could be inhibited to 85.5% ± 12.2% of its original value depending on the concentration in an empirical inhibition compartment, the volume of the central compartment (24.4 ± 9.6 liters), and the intercompartment transfer constants (K12 and K21) of 8.04 ± 6.22 and 7.99 ± 5.46 h−1, respectively. The areas under the curve for the 12-h dosing interval (AUCτ) were similar between moderately obese and morbidly obese groups: 130.3 ± 60.1 versus 109.2 ± 25.5 μg · h/ml (P = 0.32), and there was no significant relationship between the AUC or clearance and any body size descriptors. A significant positive relationship was observed for the total volume of distribution with total body weight (r2 = 0.524), adjusted body weight (r2 = 0.587), lean body weight (r2 = 0.495), and ideal body weight (r2 = 0.398), but not with BMI (r2 = 0.171). Linezolid exposure in these obese participants was similar overall to that of nonobese patients, implying that dosage adjustments based on BMI alone are not required, and standard doses for patients with body weights up to approximately 150 kg should provide AUCτ values similar to those seen in nonobese participants.
Calorimetric Analysis of the 1:1 Complexes Formed between a Water-soluble Deep-cavity Cavitand, and Cyclic and Acyclic Carboxylic Acids

A water-soluble cavitand was shown to form 1:1 complexes with a series of acyclic and cyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids. Isothermal titration calorimetry was used to determine the standard molar enthalpy change (ΔH°) and binding constant (K a), and hence the Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) and entropy (ΔS°) change for the different complexes. The thermodynamic determinations were carried out from 288 to 318 K, allowing the standard molar heat capacity changes ( ) also to be derived. Typical of the processes driven by the hydrophobic effect, was observed to be proportional to the accessible (non-polar) surface area of the guest. The cyclic and acyclic guests displayed opposite trends; the heat capacity penalty upon binding increased with longer aliphatic chains, while the opposite was observed with the cyclic guests.
Perturbative expansion of Chern-Simons theory with non-compact gauge group

Naive imitation of the usual formulas for compact gauge group in quantizing three dimensional Chern-Simons gauge theory with non-compact gauge group leads to formulas that are wrong or unilluminating. In this paper, an appropriate modification is described, which puts the perturbative expansion in a standard manifestly “unitary” format. The one loop contributions (which differ from naive extrapolation from the case of compact gauge group) are computed, and their topological invariance is verified.
Analysis of linkage positions in 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranosyl residues by the reductive-cleavage method

The fate of methylated 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl residues under reductive-cleavage conditions was investigated by using methyl 2-(acetylmethylamino)-2-deoxy-3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyran oside (1), its alpha anomer (8), and fully methylated lacto-N-tetraitol as test compounds. Treatment of 1 with triethylsilane and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate in dichloromethane gave rise to (1,2-dideoxy-3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucopyrano)-2,3-dimethyl- [2,1-d]-2- oxazolinium trifluoromethanesulfonate. Quenching of the reaction by addition of aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate resulted in hydrolysis of the oxazolinium salt. Compound 8 was fully stable to reductive-cleavage conditions. Thus, participation by the 2-acetamido group is necessary for glycosidic carbon-oxygen bond-cleavage to occur. Treatment of methyl 2-deoxy-2-(ethylmethylamino)-3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-alpha,beta-D-gluco pyranoside under reductive-cleavage conditions resulted in some anomerization, but neither hydrolysis nor reductive cleavage of the glycosidic carbon-oxygen bond was observed, as expected. Reductive cleavage of fully methylated lacto-N-tetraitol gave the products predicted on the basis of these and prior model studies, including 3-O-acetyl-2-(acetylmethylamino)-2-deoxy-4,6-di-O-methyl-D-glucopy ranose derived from the 3-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue.
Direct measurement vs. indirect inference for determining network-internal delays

We consider direct techniques for measuring network-internal delays that rely on network routers as measurement nodes, and indirect techniques that rely on end-to-end measurements and infer delay distributions on the common internal paths. The direct technique does not require any additional infrastructure support, and can thus be directly applied to the analysis of network performance and the study of the Internet. The use of routers for measurement also results in a simple mathematical formulation of the delay estimation problem, thereby providing robustness and accuracy. However, the irregularity of Internet routing somewhat limits the applicability of the direct technique. In contrast, indirect techniques are not sensitive to routes to internal nodes, but accumulate increased errors over longer paths. We use simulation to compare the direct and indirect methods and present results from network measurements exploring the applicability and limitations of these techniques.
Cardiomyocytes from hearts with left ventricular dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion do not manifest contractile abnormalities

Abstract OBJECTIVES This study evaluated contractile function in cardiomyocytes isolated from hearts with global left ventricular dysfunction following ischemia-reperfusion. BACKGROUND Ischemia followed by reperfusion is associated with transient contractile dysfunction, termed “stunning.” It is not clear whether this phenomenon is primarily due to intrinsic cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction. METHODS Global contractile dysfunction was induced in isolated perfused rat hearts (n = 8) using a model of transient global ischemia (20 min) followed by reperfusion (20 min). Hearts perfused uninterrupted for 40 min were used as controls (n = 8). Cardiomyocytes were isolated using enzymatic digestion and were studied under varying degrees of inotropy (using increasing extracellular calcium [Ca2+]o) and loading conditions (varying extracellular perfusate viscosity). Mechanical function was studied with video edge detection and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) kinetics using fura-2 AM. RESULTS Global ischemia-reperfusion increased left ventricle (LV) end diastolic pressure (450% vs. 33%, p CONCLUSIONS Cardiomyocytes isolated from hearts with ischemia-reperfusion-induced LV dysfunction or “stunning” have normal contractile function and normal [Ca2+]i transients, when studied both in the unloaded and loaded state. Our data suggest that nonmyocyte factors such as abnormalities in extracellular matrix or abnormal myocyte-interstitial tissue coupling may be important for the genesis of cardiac contractile failure in the stunned heart.
Identification of sugars as their trifluoroacetyl polyol derivatives.

IDENTIFICATION and characterization of mixtures of sugars by gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) have posed considerable difficulty since the advent of the technique1,2. The principal problems have been: (a) the isomerism of the sugars, giving several peaks for each sugar, and (b) the lack of sugar derivatives with sufficient volatility and stability to avoid overlong retention times and degradation during chromatographic separation.
Environmental heterogeneity, fungal parasitism and the demography of the grass Stipa leucotricha

This study investigated the demographic consequences of fungal infection of a perennial grass, Stipa leucotricha. The rate of parasitism of this grass by the host-specific, systemic fungus Atkinsonella texensis varies over short distances. Infection was frequent (57% of plants) in “mottes” (clusters of woody plants) but rarer in adjacent open grasslands (9%). To test the hypothesis that the relative performance of infected and uninfected plants differed in the two habitats, infected and uninfected genotypes were collected from mottes in a central Texas population, propagated in the green-house and then transplanted into the same site in replicate plots within mottes, at the edges of mottes, and in open grassy areas. Demographic data were recorded for 30 months over three growing seasons. Plants were observed to lose and gain infection. Infection had no significant effect on plant survival, tiller number or dry mass although infected plants tended to be larger. Uninfected plants had a significantly higher probability of setting seed but there were no differences in seed production by reproductive plants. There were significant effects of planting environment on all of these measures. Motte edges were most favorable for S. leucotricha transplants while motte interiors were least favorable and open areas were intermediate. There was no evidence of habitat x infection interactions; therefore the fungal infection had similar effects in different habitats. The high frequency of infection in motte habitats is best explained by more efficient contagious spread there. The favorability of motte edges for plant growth is substantially offset by higher infection rates at the edges of mottes.
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers from Dysidea herbacea, Dysidea chlorea and Phyllospongia foliascens

Abstract The marine sponges Dysidea herbacea, D. chlorea and Phyllospongia foliascens were differentiated with difficulty in the field. D. herbacea contained 2-(2',4'-dibromophenoxy)-3,4,5-tribromophenol (1), 2-(2',4'-dibromophenoxy)-4,5,6-tribromophenol (2) and 2-(2',4'-dibromophenoxy)-3,5-dibromophenol (6). D. chlorea contained only 2-(2',4'-dibromophenoxy)-4,6-dibromophenol(3), a compound previously reported as a metabolite of D. herbacea. Phyllospongia foliascens contained 2-(3',5'-dibromo-2'-methoxy-phenoxy)-3,5-dibromoanisole (7) and a 1:2 mixture of 2-(3',5'-dibromo-2'-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5,6-tribromophenol (8) and 2-(3',5'-dibromo-2'-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophenol (9).
Occupational safety and health on the U.S.-Mexico border.

A number of trade agreements were adopted in the 1990s that promised economic growth for Mexico. The most significant was the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which promotes open trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. Like WTO, NAFTA focuses on the economic aspects of trade. Occupational safety and health issues were not specifically addressed by NAFTA. Despite the presence of domestic regulatory systems, concerns over working conditions persist on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border and the workforces face similar health problems. The upsurge in trade between the United States and Mexico must be accompanied by an international commitment to occupational safety and health in border areas. If government agencies cannot or will not intervene to reduce rates of workplace injuries and illnesses, civil coalitions must assume this role.
Trajectory analysis of acid deposition data from the new jersey pine barrens

Abstract This research provides an example of the application of a simple method for evaluating regional interrelationships using air parcel trajectory analysis. An assessment of trajectories associated with storms affecting McDonald's Branch watershed (39°50′N, 74°30′W) is presented. A simple classification system is used to examine regional contributions of acid precursors. The results of the work suggest that major regional sources of acid precursor emissions dominated precipitation acidity for the Pine Barrens region from 1978 to 1981. An incremental approach to acid precipitation policy is suggested.
Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Carbon Monoxide Activation Employing a Reactive Uranium(III) Complex

The highly reactive, six-coordinate tris-aryloxide U(III) species, [((t-BuArO)3tacn)U] (1) reacts with CO2 in a 2e- reduction to produce CO and a dinuclear U(IV/IV) μ-oxygen bridged complex [{((t-BuArO)3tacn)U}2(μ-O)] (2). This reaction proceeds via a dinuclear CO2-bridged intermediate 3. Also, mononuclear 1 was treated with 1 atm of CO to yield dinuclear [{((t-BuArO)3tacn)U}2(μ-CO)] (4) with a CO ligand bridging two uranium ions in an unprecedented μ:η1,η1 fashion. The mixed-valent azido-bridged U(III/IV) complex 5 was synthesized from trivalent 1 and tetravalent [((t-BuArO)3tacn)U(N3)] and serves as an isostructural analogue of triatomic-bridged intermediate 3 as well as an electronic model for mixed-valent 4.
Analytic properties of the vertex function in gauge theories. I

The analytic properties of the vertex functions for massless scalar and massless and massive spinor electrodynamics are investigated. First, a general tensor form for the vertex consistent with the Ward identities and free of kinematic singularities is constructed. All of the scalar functions that appear are then calculated to one-loop order in perturbation theory. It is found that in both massive and massless theories the infrared singularities appear in the longitudinal parts of the vertex. The massless theories have additional photon mass-shell singularities which appear in the transverse terms. Complete expressions for each vertex are obtained which contain only one nonelementary function.
Stereoselective metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene and 7-mthylbenzo[a]pyrene by liver microsomes from Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with polychlorinated biphenyls

Abstract The dihydrodiols formed from the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 7-methylbenzo[a]pyrene (7-MBaP) by liver microsomes from male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, Aroclor 1254) have been examined by circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry. Comparisons with optically pure enantiomers obtained via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) resolution of diastereomeric di-(−)-menthoxyacetates indicated that the trans-4,5-, 7,8- and 9,10-dihydrodiols formed from BaP metabolism are predominantly R,R-enantiomers with optical purities greater than 98%. The major enantiomers of the metabolically formed 7-MBaP-trans-4,5- and 9,10-dihydrodiols and 7-hydroxymethyl-BaP-trans-9,10-dihydrodiol have Cotton effects very similar to those of BaP-4R,5R and 9R,10R-dihydrodiols, respectively. These 7-MBaP-trans-4,5- and 9,10-dihydrodiol metabolites therefore contain predominantly the R,R-enantiomers. The optical purity of metabolically formed 7-MBaP-trans-4,5-dihydrodiol was determined to be 30.8% enriched in (−)-enantiomer. The optical purity of the 9,10-dihydrodiol was not determined due to the lack of synthetic standards. The major trans-7,8-dihydrodiol enantiomer formed from 7-MBaP metabolism is a (+)-enantiomer (optical purity 60.4%) which has Cotton effects opposite in sign to that of the (−)-7R,8R-dihydrodiol formed from BaP metabolism. The results indicate that a methyl substituent on a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon may alter the stereoselective properties of the microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme systems toward the substrate molecule.
SU-E-T-704: Backscatter Correction Factor for Megavoltage Photon Beam Using Divergent Point-Spread Kernels

Purpose: To determine the backscatter correction factor using Monte‐Carlo simulated divergent point‐spread kernels, and thus to determine the minimum thickness of backscatter phantom material to ensure that full backscatter condition. Methods: In case of insufficient backscatter thickness, one can determine the backscatter correction factor, BCF(s,d, t), defined as the ratio of absorbed dose measured on the central‐axis of a phantom with backscatter thickness of t to that with full backscatter for square field size s and forward depth d. Measurements were performed in 30 SAD geometry for 6MV and 15MV photon beams using a 0.125cc thimble chamber for field sizes between 10×10cm and 30×30cm at depths between dmax (1.5 cm for 6MV and 3cm for 15 MV) and 20cm. However, BCFs calculated by a convolution method using Monte‐Carlo simulated point‐spread kernels for clinical photon beams do not correspond with experimental data. Beam divergence is incorporated with the point‐spread kernels to improve the MC simulations. Results: The MC calculation agrees with the experimental measurements to within 0.8% with the same physical trend. The BCFs are corrected using divergent point‐spread kernels. According to the results of our convolution method, the largest correction occurs at forward depth dmax with 40×40cm field size, 0.970 for 6MV and 0.983 for 15MV. Conclusions: We concluded that backscatter thickness is 6.0 cm for 6MV and 4.0 cm 40 for 15MV for field size up to 10×10 cm when BCF = 0.998. If 4cm backscatter thickness is used, BCF is 0.997 and 0.982 for field size of 10×10 and 40×40cm for 6 MV, and is 0.998 and 0.990 for 10×10 and 40 ×40cm for 15 MV, respectively.
Automatic decision support in heterogeneous sensor networks

There is a need to model complementary aspects of various data channels in distributed sensor networks in order to provide efficient tools of decision support in rapidly changing, dynamic real life scenarios. Our aim is to develop an autonomous cyber-sensing system that supports decision support based on the integration of information from diverse sensory channels. Target scenarios include dismounts performing various peaceful and/or potentially malicious activities. The studied test bed includes Ku band high bandwidth radar for high resolution range data and K band low bandwidth radar for high Doppler resolution data. We embed the physical sensor network in cyber network domain to achieve robust and resilient operation in adversary conditions. We demonstrate the operation of the integrated sensor system using artificial neural networks for the classification of human activities.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A fibrous band associated with the non-coronary aortic valve cusp in a dog

A fibrous band connecting the middle of the free edge (nodulus Arantii) of the non-coronary aortic valve cusp to the ascending aorta just above the level of the non-coronary sinus of Valsalva was observed in an asymptomatic, 11-year-old, male Border Collie. The fibrous band was unrelated to the cause of the death in this dog. Such fibrous bands are usually reported in humans with congenital bicuspid aortic valves. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a fibrous band in the aortic valve in a domestic animal.
Dominance in assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis).

A field study of 64 assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) was conducted at a temple site in Assam, India. Focal and all occurrence scan techniques were used to collect data on agonistic, grooming, and sexual behavior. More than 1,000 hr of data were summarized into agonistic dominance, grooming, and mounting matrices. Rank hierarchies were constructed for all three and compared. We also directly compared each cell in each matrix with the corresponding cells in the other matrices. A nearly linear agonistic dominance hierarchy was found, but it did not correlate with the directionality of mounting or grooming. Adult males mounted females, generally were dominant to females and groomed females more often than they were groomed by females. Younger males groomed older males and were also generally subordinate to older males. These age and sex effects produced some inter-correlations among grooming, mounting, and dominance but only for specific age-sex classes. Theoretical models of social exchange were not considered useful in predicting the complex patterns of grooming, mounting, and dominance seen in the present group. Whereas such models may "explain" existing data for some groups and have gained widespread acceptance, they must be empirically tested. Am. J. Primatol. 48:283–289, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chemical aerosol flow synthesis of hollow metallic aluminum particles

A novel aerosol synthesis of hollow 300 nm spheres of Al was achieved using an ultrasonic spray technique without the use of templating agents.
Uninode coding vs gene tree parsimony for phylogenetic reconstruction using duplicate genes

Two different methods of using paralogous genes for phylogenetic inference have been proposed: reconciled trees (or gene tree parsimony) and uninode coding. Gene tree parsimony suffers from 10 serious problems, including differential weighting of nucleotide and gap characters, undersampling which can be misinterpreted as synapomorphy, all of the characters not being allowed to interact, and conflict between gene trees being given equal weight, regardless of branch support. These problems are largely avoided by using uninode coding. The uninode coding method is elaborated to address multiple gene duplications within a single gene tree family and handle problems caused by lack of gene tree resolution. An example of vertebrate phylogeny inferred from nine genes is reanalyzed using uninode coding. We suggest that uninode coding be used instead of gene tree parsimony for phylogenetic inference from paralogous genes.
Overview: Biological processes relevant to drugs of dependence

Key points are highlighted from five papers that address biological processes underlying the actions of opiates, CNS stimulants, nicotine, alcohol, and benzodiazepines. It is noteworthy that: (1) positive and negative reinforcement are common processes underlying actions of drugs of dependence; (2) dopaminergic systems in the ventral tegmental area of the brain seem to be involved in the positive reinforcement of drugs of dependence; (3) GABA also may be involved in this positive reinforcement; (4) receptor sensitization and desensitization may be involved in the actions of drugs of dependence; (5) noradrenalin, 5-HT, ACh, NMDA and corticosteroids also may be involved in drug dependence; (6) motivational systems and processes in addition to positive and negative reinforcement deserve increased research attention; and (7) there may be genetic-based individual differences in drug dependence processes.
Mechanism reduction during computer generation of compact reaction models

One of the challenges in building reaction mechanisms using algorithms for automated model construction is to describe the essential chemistry and enable prediction of experimental data over wide ranges of reaction conditions while maintaining a manageable model size. Two complementary methodologies for building compact reaction mechanisms were developed and combined with existing algorithms based on graph theory and bond–electron matrix operations. Each strategy was developed using pentadecylbenzene pyrolysis as an illustrative example. The first approach used a radical lumping strategy to group radicals according to their reactivity. The mechanism was reduced from 719 to 215 species and successfully predicted the experimentally observed initial reactivity. However, implementation of the radical lumping criteria alone was insufficient to allow for secondary reactions to higher-rank products. Therefore, on-the-fly sensitivity analysis was incorporated to identify the important and necessary species as the mechanism was generated to guide the mechanism building process. The generic algorithms developed can be applied to generate compact reaction mechanisms for a wide array of higher molecular-weight reactants.
On the Shape of Verbal Networks in Organizations

Almost without exception, organizations contain a pyramid-shaped formal hierarchy of some sort. It is also known that organizations harbour frequent informal relations that do not necessarily follow patterns set by the formal hierarchy. While the shape and features of formal hierarchies are known and understood by most members of organizations, very little is known — by either academics or practitioners — about the shape and attributes of these informal relations. This paper explores regularities in the shape of verbal ties — a relationship that escapes most formal regulation — across the hierarchies of diverse organizations. Results indicate that the verbal networks of the upper echelons of organizations rarely follow a classic hierarchical pattern. Rather, several different morphologies surface. The most common of these regularities — the centre-periphery pattern — has been frequently observed in large human systems, including tribal and modern societies, national and international economies, industries...
Dentine apposition in the mandibular first molars of albino rats.

Abstract Dentine formation was studied in the mandibular first molars of 264 albino rats (Holtzman Co.), equally distributed as to sex. Thirty-two animals were used to establish the onset of mineralization at the sites of measurements by means of vital staining with alizarin red S. Sixteen rats were divided in two groups, killed on the twentieth and twenty-third day, to test the reliability of the weaning line (21-day weaning) as a reference zone. The remaining 216 animals were divided into two groups. Group 1 animals were injected with a 0.2% solution of NaF at the age of 31, 41 and 61 days to produce three timed calciotraumatic dentine responses. The dose of F at each injection was 20, 20 and 10 mg F per kg of body wt., respectively. The increments of dentine in these rats were studied up to the age of 91 days. Group 2 animals, divided in three sub-groups, were injected at the same age as the experimental ones with physiologic saline solution and killed when 41, 61 and 91 days of age. The injections of saline did not result in calciotraumatic lines. The deposits of dentine were measured on comparable mid-coronal ground sections. The largest increments per day were observed prior to weaning, namely 13.8, 14.6 and 10.2 μ, on the cervical mesial, distal, and on the mid-occlusal surfaces, respectively. Subsequently, between 21 and 41 days, approximately 7.3 μ of dentine (per day) was deposited on the mid-occlusal surface and 6.7 μ (per day) on the distal cervical surface. The formation of dentine in the latter area had apparently subsided in 22–33 per cent of the rats prior to the age of 61 days because no evidence of the 61 day NaF injection could be observed. However, daily increments of 3.5 μ of dentine accrued on the distal cervical surface between 41 and 61 days in those rats that did show the 61 day NaF line. All the rats continued deposition of dentine on the mid-occlusal surface beyond the ages of 41 and 61 days, but the daily increments between 41 and 61 days were only 3.8 μ in the NaF injected rats as opposed to the 5.1 μ observed in the controls. This deceleration was only temporary, and the mid-occlusal dentine deposit (21–91 days) at age 91 days did not differ significantly from that observed in the saline injected animals. The rate of dentine formation was not associated with the increments in body weight. The magnitude of the dentine deposit and the size of the tooth appeared to be unrelated and there were no statistically significant sex differences. Persistence of the 21 day weaning line and of the induced calciotraumatic responses made it possible to obtain longitudinal data on dentine deposition. Because of the large individual variations in dentine widths at weaning, and because these variations increased in magnitude with age, it is suggested that future investigations of dentine formation should be planned as longitudinal studies.
Nitric oxide-sensing H-NOX proteins govern bacterial communal behavior

Heme-nitric oxide/oxygen binding (H-NOX) domains function as sensors for the gaseous signaling agent nitric oxide (NO) in eukaryotes and bacteria. Mammalian NO signaling is well characterized and involves the H-NOX domain of soluble guanylate cyclase. In bacteria, H-NOX proteins interact with bacterial signaling proteins in two-component signaling systems or in cyclic-di-GMP metabolism. Characterization of several downstream signaling processes has shown that bacterial H-NOX proteins share a common role in controlling important bacterial communal behaviors in response to NO. The H-NOX pathways regulate motility, biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and symbiosis. Here, we review the latest structural and mechanistic studies that have elucidated how H-NOX domains selectively bind NO and transduce ligand binding into conformational changes that modulate activity of signaling partners. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances in understanding the physiological function and biochemical details of the H-NOX signaling pathways.
Transmission-blocking antibodies recognize microfilarial chitinase in brugian lymphatic filariasis.

Abstract Brugia malayi is a parasitic nematode that causes lymphatic filariasis in humans. The monoclonal antibody MF1, which mediates clearance of peripheral microfilaremia in a gerbil infection model, recognizes two stage-specific proteins, p70 and p75, in B. malayi microfilariae. cDNA coding for the MF1 antigen was sequenced, and the predicted protein sequence shows significant similarities to chitinases from bacteria and yeast. When microfilarial extracts and purified preparations of the MF1 antigen were tested for chitinase activity, strong bands of chitin-degrading activity comigrated in SDS/PAGE with p70 and p75 and showed a reduction-dependent mobility shift characteristic of the MF1 antigen. Thus, the MF1 antigen is microfilarial chitinase, which may function to degrade chitin-containing structures in the microfilaria or in its mosquito vector during parasite development and transmission.
Systematic studies of the effect of a post-detection filter on a Josephson-junction noise thermometer

Abstract We present the results of an extensive study of the effect of a filter upon the performance of a resistive SQUID noise thermometer used to define an absolute temperature scale below 1 K. Agreement between the theory and the experimental results indicates that the scale defined by this noise thermometer is accurate to 0.1%
Multi-offset ground-penetrating radar imaging of a lab-scale infiltration test

Abstract. A lab scale infiltration experiment was conducted in a sand tank to evaluate the use of time-lapse multi-offset ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data for monitoring dynamic hydrologic events in the vadose zone. Sets of 21 GPR traces at offsets between 0.44–0.9 m were recorded every 30 s during a 3 h infiltration experiment to produce a data cube that can be viewed as multi-offset gathers at unique times or common offset images, tracking changes in arrivals through time. Specifically, we investigated whether this data can be used to estimate changes in average soil water content during wetting and drying and to track the migration of the wetting front during an infiltration event. For the first problem we found that normal-moveout (NMO) analysis of the GPR reflection from the bottom of the sand layer provided water content estimates ranging between 0.10–0.30 volumetric water content, which underestimated the value determined by depth averaging a vertical array of six moisture probes by 0.03–0.05 volumetric water content. Relative errors in the estimated depth to the bottom of the 0.6 m thick sand layer were typically on the order of 2%, though increased as high as 25% as the wetting front approached the bottom of the tank. NMO analysis of the wetting front reflection during the infiltration event generally underestimated the depth of the front with discrepancies between GPR and moisture probe estimates approaching 0.15 m. The analysis also resulted in underestimates of water content in the wetted zone on the order of 0.06 volumetric water content and a wetting front velocity equal to about half the rate inferred from the probe measurements. In a parallel modeling effort we found that HYDRUS-1D also underestimates the observed average tank water content determined from the probes by approximately 0.01–0.03 volumetric water content, despite the fact that the model was calibrated to the probe data. This error suggests that the assumed conceptual model of laterally uniform, one-dimensional vertical flow in a homogenous material may not be fully appropriate for the experiment. Full-waveform modeling and subsequent NMO analysis of the simulated GPR response resulted in water content errors on the order of 0.01–0.03 volumetric water content, which are roughly 30–50% of the discrepancy between GPR and probe results observed in the experiment. The model shows that interference between wave arrivals affects data interpretation and the estimation of traveltimes. This is an important source of error in the NMO analysis, but it does not fully account for the discrepancies between GPR and the moisture probes observed in the experiment. The remaining discrepancy may be related to conceptual errors underlying the GPR analysis, such as the assumption of uniform one-dimensional flow, a lack of a sharply defined wetting front in the experiment, and errors in the petrophysical model used to convert dielectric constant to water content.
Video co-creation in collaborative online communities

This tutorial session addresses issues of multimedia and video co-creation in a wiki environment, using Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons as an example. Did you know that while English Wikipedia has over 4 million articles, only 0.1% of them have video? In 2013, the Wiki Makes Video project was started by Andrew Lih to encourage more video content creation. It was designed to further the work of earlier projects such as Lights Camera Wiki and Kaltura's open source collaborative video editor work that had been started before 2010, but has stalled in recent years. We demonstrate the challenges and best practices for video creation within a collaborative community, and how this project has used the idea of "video patterns" as an analog to "programming patterns" that originally spurred the development of wikis in the 1990s. Topics include: • Measuring the quantity and quality of video in Wikipedia's articles • How better video can be generated by contributors through teaching visual literacy using video patterns • Overview of open technical standards being employed in Wikimedia Commons, and how to use them • Researching and transcoding content from existing video repositories (Internet Archive, Library of Congress, et al) • What barriers to participation might be, and how to encourage more visual content
Reproducibility of ultrasound pachymetry using the Sonogage Corneo-Gage Plus 2

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the reproducibility of measurements made using the Sonogage Corneo-Gage Plus 2 (Cleveland, Ohio) ultrasound pachymeter of total corneal and corneal epithelial thickness in 5 different regions of the cornea. Methods Twenty-seven subjects at the New England College of Optometry (NECO) and 20 subjects at the Southern College of Optometry (SCO) were enrolled in this study. Measurements were taken of the central cornea as well as the nasal and temporal regions of the midperipheral and peripheral regions of the right cornea of each subject. Identical measurements were again taken in these subjects 1 week later at approximately the same time of day. Within-subject variations were then assessed using paired t tests. Results The only significant measurement differences that were found between visits were for full corneal thickness at both the nasal and temporal midperipheral locations. The mean differences for these locations were 13.5 μm and 13.7 μm, respectively. Conclusions Epithelial corneal thickness and central and peripheral total corneal thickness measurements using the Corneo-Gage Plus 2 pachymeter were reproducible; however, midperipheral total corneal thickness measurements showed poor reproducibility.
A nonlinear calcification response to CO 2 -induced ocean acidification by the coral Oculina arbuscula

Anthropogenic elevation of atmospheric pCO2 is predicted to cause the pH of surface seawater to decline by 0.3–0.4 units by 2100 AD, causing a 50% reduction in seawater [CO3 2−] and undersaturation with respect to aragonite in high-latitude surface waters. We investigated the impact of CO2-induced ocean acidification on the temperate scleractinian coral Oculina arbuscula by rearing colonies for 60 days in experimental seawaters bubbled with air-CO2 gas mixtures of 409, 606, 903, and 2,856 ppm pCO2, yielding average aragonite saturation states (ΩA) of 2.6, 2.3, 1.6, and 0.8. Measurement of calcification (via buoyant weighing) and linear extension (relative to a 137Ba/138Ba spike) revealed that skeletal accretion was only minimally impaired by reductions in ΩA from 2.6 to 1.6, although major reductions were observed at 0.8 (undersaturation). Notably, the corals continued accreting new skeletal material even in undersaturated conditions, although at reduced rates. Correlation between rates of linear extension and calcification suggests that reduced calcification under ΩA = 0.8 resulted from reduced aragonite accretion, rather than from localized dissolution. Accretion of pure aragonite under each ΩA discounts the possibility that these corals will begin producing calcite, a less soluble form of CaCO3, as the oceans acidify. The corals’ nonlinear response to reduced ΩA and their ability to accrete new skeletal material in undersaturated conditions suggest that they strongly control the biomineralization process. However, our data suggest that a threshold seawater [CO3 2−] exists, below which calcification within this species (and possibly others) becomes impaired. Indeed, the strong negative response of O. arbuscula to ΩA = 0.8 indicates that their response to future pCO2-induced ocean acidification could be both abrupt and severe once the critical ΩA is reached.
Control of Plasma Nitric Oxide Bioactivity by Perfluorocarbons Physiological Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

Background— Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are promising blood substitutes because of their chemical inertness and unparalleled ability to transport and upload O2 and CO2. Here, we report that PFC emulsions also efficiently absorb and transport nitric oxide (NO). Methods and Results— Accumulation of NO and O2 in PFC micelles results in rapid NO oxidation and generation of reactive NOx species. Such micellar catalysis of NO oxidation leads to formation of vasoactive S-nitrosothiols (RSNO) in vitro and in vivo as detected electrochemically. The efficiency of PFC-mediated S-nitrosation depends on the amount of PFC in aqueous solution. The optimal PFC concentration that produced the maximum level of RSNO was ≈1% (vol/vol). Larger PFC amounts were progressively less efficient in generating RSNO and functioned simply as NO sink. These results explain the characteristic hemodynamic effects of PFCs. Intravenous bolus application of PFC (0.14 g/kg, ≈1% vol/vol) to Wistar-Kyoto rats decreased mean arterial pressure signif...
Development of a cumulative trauma disorder risk assessment model for the upper extremities

Abstract A cumulative trauma disorders (CTD) risk assessment model was developed for predicting injury incidence rates. The model is unique in that it uses quantitative data such as hand motion frequencies and forces together to obtain a frequency factor score that is reflective of the strain imposed on the muscles and tendons of the wrist. Gross upper extremity postures are included in a posture factor score and various minor job stressors are included as a miscellaneous factor score. The individual frequency, posture and miscellaneous scores were regressed against CTD incidence rates for 24 jobs in a garment sewing and a printing company to yield weights for a predicted incidence rate or risk index. The miscellaneous score was not a significant predictor (p>0.05) in determining incidence rates and thus was dropped from the model. The results showed that the model was best suited for job tasks with cycle times greater than 4 s. The final best fit model (p Relevance to the industry The CTD risk assessment model predicts CTD incidence rates or a relative risk potential for industrial jobs based on task and hand motion parameters. This allows appropriate medical and engineering personnel to intervene quickly to redesign the risky jobs and thus potentially reduce the injuries and medical costs.
Reputation mechanisms in an exchange economy

We experimentally evaluate reputation mechanisms in an exchange market in which participants have the option of not fulfilling their contracts. These mechanisms vary in the information they provide on past behavior. Participants can choose who they trade with, allowing endogenous responses to low reputation through ostracizing or price discriminating behaviors. The participants responded strategically to the provided information. In particular, mechanisms revealing more information had a statistically significant increase in fulfillment rates and endogenous self-reporting of transaction outcomes was about the same as accurate exogenous reports. Our experimental design allowed us to identify the effect of reputation mechanism on endogenous market behavior. We found that decreasing fulfillment led to lower efficiency and increased market volume but did not affect the prices. We also find a large diversity of individual behavior within the experiments.
Training educators of adults: A comparative analysis of graduate adult education in the United States and Great Britain

(1985). Training educators of adults: A comparative analysis of graduate adult education in the United States and Great Britain. International Journal of Lifelong Education: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 295-318.
Discussion of paper by A. E. Ringwood, Petrogenesis of Apollo 11 basalts and implications for lunar origin.

Critical review of statements put forward by Ringwood about the origin of the moon. The composition of the lunar basalts is discussed, and it is shown that many theories for the origin of the moon can explain this composition satisfactorily. It is pointed out that the closeness of the relationship between Martian basalts and earth basalts is a matter of opinion, and that the major geochemical features that must be explained are certainly the low iron content in the moon and the depletion of volatiles. The manner in which various hypotheses of lunar origin deal with this explanation is examined.
The Effects of Lexical Resource Quality on Preference Violation Detection

Lexical resources such as WordNet and VerbNet are widely used in a multitude of NLP tasks, as are annotated corpora such as treebanks. Often, the resources are used as-is, without question or examination. This practice risks missing significant performance gains and even entire techniques. This paper addresses the importance of resource quality through the lens of a challenging NLP task: detecting selectional preference violations. We present DAVID, a simple, lexical resource-based preference violation detector. With asis lexical resources, DAVID achieves an F1-measure of just 28.27%. When the resource entries and parser outputs for a small sample are corrected, however, the F1-measure on that sample jumps from 40% to 61.54%, and performance on other examples rises, suggesting that the algorithm becomes practical given refined resources. More broadly, this paper shows that resource quality matters tremendously, sometimes even more than algorithmic improvements.
Linogram reconstruction for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Reconstruction of magnetic resonance images (MRIs) by backprojection, which commonly uses techniques analogous to those employed for X-ray computed tomography, is discussed. The recently developed method of linogram reconstruction, an alternative to conventional/backprojection methods of reconstruction from projections, has been adapted for MRI, taking advantage of MRI's flexibility in choosing projection geometry. By avoiding the computationally intensive interpolations required for backprojection, linograms offer significant savings in reconstruction time over conventional backprojection and may offer a slight improvement in resolution as well. >
Studies of neodolastanes — Synthesis of the tricyclic core of the trichoaurantianolides

Studies toward the synthesis of trichoaurantianolide C (5) are described. Stille cross-coupling reactions of (E)- and (Z)-β-stannyl-α,β-unsaturated esters with allylic acetate 32 provide for the st...
Genetic ablation of myelin protein zero-like 3 in mice increases energy expenditure, improves glycemic control, and reduces hepatic lipid synthesis.

Obesity continues to be a global health problem, and thus it is imperative that new pathways regulating energy balance be identified. Recently, it was reported: (Hayashi K, Cao T, Passmore H, Jourd...
Insights on Escherichia coli Biofilm Formation and Inhibition from Whole-Transcriptome Profiling

Biofilms transform independent cells into specialized cell communities. Here are presented some insights into biofilm formation ascertained with the best-characterized strain, Escherichia coli. Investigations of biofilm formation and inhibition with this strain using whole-transcriptome profiling coupled to phenotypic assays, in vivo DNA binding studies and isogenic mutants have led to discoveries related to the role of stress, to the role of intra- and interspecies cell signalling, to the impact of the environment on cell signalling, to biofilm inhibition by manipulating cell signalling, to the role of toxin/antitoxin genes in biofilm formation, and to the role of small RNAs on biofilm formation and dispersal. Hence, E. coli is an excellent resource for determining paradigms in biofilm formation and biofilm inhibition.