cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interdecadal Spatial-Temporal Change Trend of East Asian Winter Monsoon in the Last 40 Years

The spatial-temporal characteristics of the interdecadal change(IC) of East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM),represented by sea level pressure(SLP),and surface air temperature(SAT) in winter during the period of 1961-2000 and their relationship are studied based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and using some statistic methods,such as running mean,correlation analysis and empirical orthogonal function-singular value decomposition(EOF-SVD) compositive analysis.The basic clue of EOF-SVD compositive analysis is(1) decomposing SLP and SAT in winter by EOF respectively to gain their principal spatial structure,i.e.,the first eigenvectors,and temporal change trends,denoted by the corresponding time coefficients(TC),as well as the relationship of their spatial-temporal changes;(2) using SVD of SLP and SAT in winter to investigate their spatial remote correlations if the close relation is found in step 1.Results suggest that using the EOF of SLP to investigate the variety of EAWM is reasonable and superior to EAWM index defined by regional mean,because it can attain the spatial structure of SLP,which simultaneously includes the information of the intensity and southward extending of EAWM.According to the EOF results,it is found that on interannual scale,EAWM exhibits an overall weakening trend in the past 40 years.By means of EOF-SVD compositive analysis on interdecadal scale,the results show that the first eigenvector of interdecadal component(FEIC) of SLP in winter displays a spatial structure with "negative in north and positive in south" over East Asia and positive anomalies over the sea.A turning from negative to positive happens to the TC of the first eigenvector in the late 1970s,reflecting the interdecadal weakening of intensity and southward extending of EAWM.The FEIC of SAT in winter exhibits a spatial distribution with distinctive warming over middle-high latitude land and little change over low latitude land and sea.A turning from negative to positive for the TC also occurs in the early 1980s,suggesting an interdecadal decreasing trend of sea-land thermal difference(SLTD) in middle-high latitudes and an interdecadal increasing trend of SLTD in low latitudes.The spatial-temporal changes of the above two meteorological elements are in accordance,indicating the close correlation between the interdecadal spatial-temporal changes of EAWM and SAT in winter.The results of SVD indicate that the interdecadal corresponding relationship between SLP and SAT in winter over land is more significant than that over sea,suggesting the IC of EAWM may be associated with the regional response of the climate in East Asia to the heterogeneous spatial structure of global warming.
Dreams and demography.

This survey makes two contributions to the study of man. The first deals with the subject of dreams per se and the careful examination of these dreams leading to establishing norms pertinent for a ...
Pseudomonas Prosthetic Joint Infections: A Review of 102 Episodes.

Abstract. Background: The outcome of patients with Pseudomonas prosthetic joint infection (PS PJI) has not been well studied. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to assess the outcome of patients with Pseudomonas PJI and to review risk factors associated with failure of therapy. Methods: Between 1/1969 and 12/2012, 102 episodes of PS PJI in 91 patients were identified. Results: The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 67.4 years; forty three percent had knee involvement. Over 40 percent had either diabetes mellitus or a history of gastrointestinal or genitourinary surgery. Nearly half (48 out of 102 episodes) received aminoglycoside monotherapy, while 25% received an anti-pseudomonal cephalosporin. The 2-year cumulative survival free from failure was 69% (95% CI, 56%-82%). Patients treated with resection arthroplasty, two-stage exchange, and debridement with implant retention had a 2-year cumulative survival free from failure of 80% (95% CI, 66%-95%), 83% (95% CI, 60%-100%), and 26% (95% CI, 23%-29%) respectively (P=0.0001). Conclusions: PS PJI's are associated with a high failure rate. Patients treated with debridement and implant retention had a worse outcome.
Telling Shakespeare’s story ‘by tale or history’

This article begins by reviewing recent arguments that Shakespeare biographers simply do not know enough to write a true life and, thus, tend to make “bricks without straw”. This sense of incompletion can be traced back to Georgian-lawyer-turned-Shakespeare editor, Edmond Malone, who in the words of Margreta De Grazia championed “Facts”, which she straightaway defines as “information provided or supported by documents, unmediated by transmission”. Though published just 25 years ago, De Grazia’s definition is no longer beyond interrogation. While all facts are certainly forms of information, in the Information Age, the digitization of information goes well beyond the recording of documented facts. As we will see, this recent reassessment of what constitutes information has deeply affected our approach to Shakespeare. In many ways, our recent innovations in Shakespeare biography find their parallel in Malone’s era. This article is published as part of a collection to commemorate the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare’s death.
Low Back Pain in the Emergency Medicine Department: A Flipped Classroom Module.

Abstract Introduction Current residency didactic schedules that are built upon hour-long, lecture-based presentations are incongruous with adult learning theory and the needs of millennial generati...
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI) Scores Correlates with Increased Readmissions and Days In Hospital In Patients Undergoing Myeloablative Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Abstract Abstract 4748 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI) Scores Correlates with Increased Readmissions and Days in Hospital in Patients Undergoing Myeloablative Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Ellen Szwed, Jack W. Hsu, Wei Hou, Randy A. Brown, Christopher R. Cogle, John W. Hiemenz, W Stratford May, Jan S. Moreb, Baldeep Wirk, John R. Wingard. The hematopoietic stem cell transplant comorbidity index (HCT-CI) was developed to assess the impact of comorbidities in allogeneic stem cell transplant (AlloSCT) recipients. It has been shown to correlate with non-relapse mortality and overall survival in both the myeloablative, non-myeloablative (NMA), and reduced intensity (RIC) settings, regardless of graft source. However, the economic impact of allogeneic transplant in patients with comorbidities has not been assessed. We retrospectively analyzed 181 consecutive patients who underwent AlloSCT from an HLA identical sibling following either myleoablative (n= 109) or NMA/RIC (n=71) conditioning regimens between January 2001 and December 2008. The HCT-CI score was calculated according to the method of Sorror, et al. (Sorror ML, et al. Blood. 2005 106: 2912–2919). Median follow-up of the entire cohort was 2 years. As previously published, there was a statistically significant correlation between HCT-CI and both non-relapse mortality (HR = 1.147, p = 0.0170,) and overall survival (HR = 1.152, p=0.0001) at 2-years of 23% and 50% respectively. We found statistically significant correlations between the HCT-CI score and total number of hospital readmissions (mean = 1.92; r=0.192; p = 0.0098) and total days in hospital after initial discharge from hospital after stem cell infusion (mean = 22.4 days; r=0.156; p = 0.036). Interestingly, the correlation for number of hospital days did not become statistically significant until 180 days or greater after transplantation. There was no correlation between HCT-CI with graft source, relapse or graft-vs.-host disease. When we stratified the HCT-CI to either myeloablative (N=109) or NMA/RIC (N=71) conditioning regimens, the correlations between the HCT-CI and both non-relapse mortality and overall survival were still statistically significant. The differences in days of hospitalization remained statistically significant in the myeloablative setting, but not in the NMA/RIC setting. In conclusion, our analysis of AlloSCT recipients found a correlation between the HCT-CI and the number of readmissions and hospital length of stay for myeloablative but not NMA/RIC conditioning regimens, suggesting a higher HCT-CI score results in greater use of hospital resources and costs. The increase in resource utilization is greater after the immediate post-transplant period. Whether these conclusions also apply in other transplant settings will need to be investigated. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Cartographies of Mexican Cinema in the 21st Century

This paper provides a map of the historical shifts in Hollywood-Mexico relations, arguing that these changes have also shifted the representational paradigms of contemporary Mexican films. It traces the decentering of the geographic centers that delimited Hollywood-Mexico cinematic relations and its impact on the representational work of recent films from Mexico by Carlos Reygadas, Israel Cardenas and Laura Amelia Guzman, and Enrique Rivero.
Shiga Toxin Subtypes of Non-O157 Escherichia coli Serogroups Isolated from Cattle Feces

Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are important foodborne pathogens responsible for human illnesses. Cattle are a major reservoir that harbor the organism in the hindgut and shed in the feces. Shiga toxins (Stx) are the primary virulence factors associated with STEC illnesses. The two antigenically distinct Stx types, Stx1 and Stx2, encoded by stx1 and stx2 genes, share approximately 56% amino acid sequence identity. Genetic variants exist within Stx1 and Stx2 based on differences in amino acid composition and in cytotoxicity. The objective of our study was to identify the stx subtypes in strains of STEC serogroups, other than O157, isolated from cattle feces. Shiga toxin gene carrying E. coli strains (n=192), spanning 27 serogroups originating from cattle (n=170) and human (n=22) sources, were utilized in the study. Shiga toxin genes were amplified by PCR, sequenced, and nucleotide sequences were translated into amino acid sequences using CLC main workbench software. Shiga toxin subtypes were identified based on the amino acid motifs that define each subtype. Shiga toxin genotypes were also identified at the nucleotide level by in silico restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Of the total 192 STEC strains, 93 (48.4%) were positive for stx1 only, 43 (22.4%) for stx2 only, and 56 (29.2%) for both stx1 and stx2. Among the 149 strains positive for stx1, 132 (88.6%) were stx1a and 17 (11.4%) were stx1c. Shiga toxin 1a was the most common subtype of stx1 among cattle (87.9%; 123/140) and human strains (100%; 9/9) of non-O157 serogroups. Of the total 99 strains positive for stx2, 79 were stx2a (79.8%), 11 (11.1%) were stx2c, 12 (12.1%) were stx2d. Of the 170 strains originating from cattle feces, 58 (34.1%) were stx2a subtype, 11 (6.5%) were stx2c subtype, and 11 were of subtype stx2d (6.5%). All but one of the human strains were positive for stx2a. Three strains of cattle origin were positive for both stx2a and stx2d. In conclusion, a number of non-O157 STEC serogroups harbored by cattle possess a wide variety of Shiga toxin subtypes, with stx1a and stx2a being the most predominant stx subtypes occurring individually or in combination.
On the verification of timed discrete-event models

Timed discrete-event (DE) is an actor-oriented formalism for modeling timed systems. A DE model is a network of actors consuming/producing timed events from/to a set of input/output channels. In this paper we study a basic DE model, called deterministic DE (DDE), where actors are simple constant-delay components, and two extensions of DDE: NDE, where actors are non-deterministic delays, and DETA, where actors are either deterministic delays or timed automata. We investigate verification questions on DE models and examine expressiveness relationships between the DE models and timed automata.
Body-size and growth-rate divergence among populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in Cook Inlet, Alaska, USA

Body size is one of the most perceptible traits of organisms and is an important fitness proxy in evolutionary studies. Oceanic threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L., 1758) have colonized and adapted to numerous freshwater habitats throughout the Holarctic since the most recent glacial retreat, giving us natural “replicates” of both convergent and divergent evolution. I observed considerable body-size variation among 22 threespine stickleback populations within a small region surrounding Cook Inlet, Alaska, USA. Larger bodied populations tended to have bimodal size-frequency distributions, whereas most smaller bodied populations had unimodal distributions. Bimodal distributions suggested the presence of at least two age classes within large-bodied populations. I used a Bayesian approach to infer mean size of presumed age-1 and age-2+ fish from bimodal size-frequency distributions; I found significant differences in size among populations within ages and sexes, suggesting significant divergence...
Sex differences in Alzheimer risk: Brain imaging of endocrine vs chronologic aging

Objective: This observational multimodality brain imaging study investigates emergence of endophenotypes of late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) risk during endocrine transition states in a cohort of clinically and cognitively normal women and age-matched men. Methods: Forty-two 40- to 60-year-old cognitively normal women (15 asymptomatic perimenopausal by age [CNT], 13 perimenopausal [PERI], and 14 postmenopausal [MENO]) and 18 age- and education-matched men were examined. All patients had volumetric MRI, 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG)–PET (glucose metabolism), and Pittsburgh compound B–PET scans (β-amyloid [Aβ] deposition, a hallmark of AD pathology). Results: As expected, the MENO group was older than the PERI and CNT groups. Otherwise, groups were comparable on clinical and neuropsychological measures and APOE4 distribution. Compared to CNT women and to men, and controlling for age, PERI and MENO groups exhibited increased indicators of AD endophenotype, including hypometabolism, increased Aβ deposition, and reduced gray and white matter volumes in AD-vulnerable regions ( p p APOE4 -positive MENO women relative to the other groups ( p Conclusions: Multimodality brain imaging indicates sex differences in development of the AD endophenotype, suggesting that the preclinical AD phase is early in the female aging process and coincides with the endocrine transition of perimenopause. These data indicate that the optimal window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention in women is early in the endocrine aging process.
Stable isotope discrimination factors and between-tissue isotope comparisons for bone and skin from captive and wild green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas)

RATIONALE The ecological application of stable isotope analysis (SIA) relies on taxa- and tissue-specific stable carbon (Δ13C) and nitrogen (Δ15N) isotope discrimination factors, determined with captive animals reared on known diets for sufficient time to reflect dietary isotope ratios. However, captive studies often prohibit lethal sampling, are difficult with endangered species, and reflect conditions not experienced in the wild. METHODS We overcame these constraints and determined the Δ13C and Δ15N values for skin and cortical bone from green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) that died in captivity and evaluated the utility of a mathematical approach to predict discrimination factors. Using stable carbon (δ13C values) and nitrogen (δ15N values) isotope ratios from captive and wild turtles, we established relationships between bone stable isotope (SI) ratios and those from skin, a non-lethally sampled tissue, to facilitate comparisons of SI among studies using multiple tissues. RESULTS The mean (±SD) Δ13C and Δ15N values (‰) between skin and bone from captive turtles and their diet (non-lipid extracted) were 2.3±0.3 and 4.1±0.4 and 2.1±0.6 and 5.1±1.1, respectively. The mathematically predicted Δ13C and Δ15N values were similar (within 1‰) to the experimentally derived values. The mean δ15N values from bone were higher than those from skin for captive (+1.0±0.9‰) and wild (+0.8±1.0‰) turtles; the mean δ13C values from bone were lower than those from skin for wild turtles (–0.6±0.9‰), but the same as for captive turtles. We used linear regression equations to describe bone vs skin relationships and create bone-to-skin isotope conversion equations. CONCLUSIONS For sea turtles, we provide the first a) bone-diet SI discrimination factors, b) comparison of SI ratios from individual-specific bone and skin, and c) evaluation of the application of a mathematical approach to predict stable isotope discrimination factors. Our approach opens the door for future studies comparing different tissues, and relating SI ratios of captive to wild animals.
Downregulation of TAP1 and TAP2 in early stage breast cancer.

TAP1-TAP2 heterodimeric complexes are recognized as the transporter associated with antigen processing of major histocompatibility complex class I peptides for recognition by tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In this study, we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of TAP1 and TAP2 in 160 patients with breast cancer and correlated their expression levels with clinicopathologic parameters. The median age of the patient cohort was 52.5 years (range, 30–86 years). Both TAP1 and TAP2 immunohistochemical expression levels correlated significantly with breast cancer characteristics (P < .001). TAP1 expression levels were low to negative in stage I breast tumors. TAP1 and TAP2 levels were significantly higher in grade 3 tumors than low-grade (grade 1 and 2) tumors. TAP1 and TAP2 expression levels were not significantly different among different levels of HER2-expressing tumors and did not vary by estrogen and progesterone receptor status or patient age. Both TAP1 and TAP2 overexpression in breast cancer might be an indicator of an aggressive breast tumor.
John Stuart Mill and the Liberal Tradition

This chapter begins with a brief account of how we get from Plato’s idea of reason, through Aristotle and the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century, to a slightly different and Enlightenment-inspired idea of reason. Reason, during the Enlightenment, took on again the autonomy from culture that it had for Plato. Mill is the character who expresses most vigorously the individualism prominent in Western intellectual culture, especially in American culture. Mill’s On Liberty is a definitive expression of the Enlightenment ideal of individual autonomy. Mill, unfortunately, turns out to be a thorough-going racist; his thought about India expresses that racism. Mill’s attitude toward residents of India resembles the attitude of Paula Ramsey Taylor toward Michelle Obama and Ms. Obama’s then-impending replacement by Melania Trump. (“It will be so refreshing to have a classy, beautiful, dignified First Lady back in the White House. I’m tired of seeing a (sic) Ape in heels.”)
Thematic Analysis of Students' Reflections on Pair Programming in CS1

Pair programming is a successful approach for improving student performance, retention, and motivation toward computer science. However, not all students benefit equally from this approach. An open challenge for researchers is to develop a deep understanding of the student experience in pair programming, particularly for novices. This paper reports on a study of the cognitive, affective, and social experiences of students in an introductory programming course in which pair programming was utilized throughout the term. Students reported their experience through reflection essays written at the end of the semester. We analyzed 137 student reflection papers in a mixed-methods study. The quantitative results show that overall, students have a positive attitude toward pair programming. Looking more deeply at the reflection essays, thematic analysis revealed themes centered around cognitive, affective, and social dimensions. In the cognitive dimension, students expressed the importance of exposure to different ideas and developing deeper understanding. Affectively, students reported that working with a partner reduced their frustration and increased their confidence. Students also pointed out the social benefits of forming friendships and helpful connections. These results highlight the powerful benefits of pair programming and point to ways in which this collaborative approach could be adapted to better meet student needs.
The impact of different cleaning processes on the laser damage threshold of antireflection coatings for Z-Backlighter optics at Sandia National Laboratories

The Z-Backlighter lasers at Sandia National Laboratories are kilojoule class, pulsed systems operating with ns pulse lengths at 527 nm and ns and sub-ps pulse lengths at 1054 nm (www.z-beamlet.sandia.gov), and are linked to the most powerful and energetic x-ray source in the world, the Z-Accelerator (http://www.sandia.gov/z-machine/). An important Z-Backlighter optic is a flat, fused silica optic measuring 32.5 cm × 32.5 cm × 1 cm with an antireflection (AR) coating on both sides. It is used as a debris shield to protect other Z-Backlighter laser optics from high-velocity particles released by the experiments conducted in the Z-Accelerator. Each experiment conducted in the Z-Accelerator releases enough debris to cloud the surface of a debris shield, which means that a debris shield cannot be used for more than one experiment. Every year, the large optics coating facility [1] at Sandia provides AR coatings for approximately 50 debris shields, in addition to AR coatings for numerous other meter-class Z-Backlighter lenses and windows. As with all Z-Backlighter optical coatings, these AR coatings must have a high laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) in order to withstand the powerful Z-Backlighter laser fluences. Achieving a good LIDT depends not only on the coating deposition processes but also on the polishing and cleaning processes used to prepare the coated and uncoated surfaces [2]. We spend a lot of time, both before and after the coatings have been deposited, manually cleaning the optics, including the debris shields, even though they are an expendable type of optic. Therefore, in this study we have tested new cleaning methods in addition to our current method to determine their impact on the LIDT of AR coatings, and conclude whether a shorter-duration or less labor-intensive cleaning process would suffice.
Uncemented acetabular components with bulk femoral head autograft for acetabular reconstruction in developmental dysplasia of the hip: results at five to twelve years.

Background: Anterolateral acetabular bone deficiency is one of the technical problems associated with total hip arthroplasty in patients with developmental hip dysplasia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of one method of acetabular reconstruction for hip dysplasia-placement of an uncemented socket in conjunction with a bulk femoral head autograft. Methods: Forty-four hips in thirty-five patients (twenty-nine female and six male; average age, thirty-nine years) with developmental hip dysplasia were treated with primary total hip arthroplasty with use of an uncemented porous-coated titanium cup fixed with screws and an autogenous bulk femoral head graft. The patients were followed clinically in a prospective fashion for five to 12.3 years (mean, 7.5 years), and radiographs were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Four acetabular components were revised: two, because of severe polyethylene wear and osteolysis; one, because of aseptic loosening; and one, because of fracture of the acetabular shell. The mean Harris hip score for the unrevised hips improved from 51 points preoperatively to 91 points postoperatively. No unrevised socket had definite radiographic evidence of loosening. Forty-three of the forty-four hips had no radiographic evidence of resorption of the graft or had radiographic evidence of resorption limited to the nonstressed area of the graft lateral to the edge of the cup. Conclusions: This method of reconstruction provided reliable acetabular fixation and appeared to restore acetabular bone stock in patients with developmental hip dysplasia. We use this technique for patients with moderate anterolateral acetabular bone deficiency requiring total hip arthroplasty.
Modeling with Scala

The activities and the associated formalisms for modeling and programming have many commonalities. In this paper we emphasize this point of view by modeling two examples in the programming language Scala, which have previously been modeled in the VDM specification language, and the Promela modeling language of the SPIN model checker respectively. The latter Scala model uses an internal DSL for hierarchical state machines, and a simple randomized testing framework exposing the same errors as found with SPIN. We believe, as the examples illustrate, that this use of a modern programming language for modeling is promising, especially if utilizing internal DSLs.
Misdiagnosis: Hypoglossal palsy mimicking bulbar onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Abstract Bulbar onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (bALS) is a currently incurable neurodegenerative condition characterized by insidious progression of bulbar muscle paresis; namely dyspnea, dysarthria, and dysphagia. The diagnosis of bALS requires exclusion of mimicking pathologies as the diagnosis of bALS may have significant implications on patients' quality of life, future planning, and familial/social dynamics. Herein we present two cases which were misdiagnosed as bALS when in fact a structural lesion of the hypoglossal nerve was causative. This article may serve as a reminder to entertain alternative diagnoses prior to arriving at a diagnosis of bALS.
On Partial Observability of Large Scale Linear Systems: A Structured Systems Approach

This paper addresses the problem of ensuring partial structural observability in large-scale linear systems. In several contexts, e.g. power systems, it is useful to preserve partial observability, i.e. that at least a subset of the state can be reconstructed when the full observability cannot be guaranteed. In this paper a condition that allows to check whether a state variable belongs to the fixed observable subspace is first derived. Secondly, a sequential process with polynomial complexity is derived to obtain a minimal sensor placement in order to ensure that a given subset of state variables belongs to the fixed observable subspace. This step can be solved by recasting the problem as a submodular set covering problem. Although this is known to be an NP-hard problem, feasible approximations can be determined in polynomial-time that can be used to obtain a feasible approximation to the sensor placement problem. Finally, we illustrate the obtained results with an example.
Algorithm for Management of Periprosthetic Ankle Fractures

Background:Evidence on the management of and outcomes from periprosthetic fractures about a total ankle replacement (TAR) are limited. The purpose of this study was to develop an algorithm for the ...
Ground Motion Selection for Performance-Based Engineering: Effect of Target Spectrum and Conditioning Period

This chapter presents a study of the impact of conditioning period on structural analysis results obtained from ground motions selected using the Conditional Spectrum concept. The Conditional Spectrum provides a quantitative means to model the distribution of response spectra associated with ground motions having a target spectral acceleration at a single conditioning period . One previously unresolved issue with this approach is how to condition this target spectrum for cases where the structure of interest is sensitive to excitation at multiple periods due to nonlinearity and multi-mode effects. To investigate the impact of conditioning period , we perform seismic hazard analysis, ground motion selection , and nonlinear dynamic structural analysis to develop a “risk-based” assessment of a 20-story concrete frame building. We perform this assessment using varying conditioning period s and find that the resulting structural reliabilities are comparable regardless of the conditioning period used for seismic hazard analysis and ground motion selection . This is true as long as a Conditional Spectrum (which carefully captures trends in means and variability of spectra) is used as the ground motion target, and as long as the analysis goal is a risk-based assessment that provides the annual rate of exceeding some structural limit state (as opposed to computing response conditioned on a specified ground motion intensity level). Theoretical arguments are provided to support these findings, and implications for performance-based earthquake engineering are discussed.
Quality assurance of nuclear medicine instrumentation

In conclusion, the minimum requirements23 (after instrument acceptance or initial testing) for a satisfactory quality control program for each data acquisition system in nuclear medicine are: a. quality control tests should be performed routinely and should take no more than 15 min; b. protocols for each counting instrument and imaging system should be defined for the routine tests described in this paper. Test procedures may be adopted from the literature; c. the resulting data (numerical data and images) should be carefully scrutinized, compared with information (reference data) obtained initially under similar conditions, and used to decide whether to proceed with clinical studies (see scheme 1); d. all test images should be properly labeled and retained for immediate reference, preferably in the form of a logbook; e. a review of these data should be made on a weekly basis to detect long-term deterioration. A review image recording and its quality control is included in theAppendix.
Responsive to What?: Conceptualizations of “Culture” and “Culturally Responsive” in Multiple Voices

We reviewed the literature on culturally responsive instruction published in Multiple Voices for Ethnically Diverse Learners over 10 years to examine how “culture” and “culturally responsive” were ...
Magnetically Actuated Piezoelectric-Based Rotational Energy Harvester With Enhanced Output in Wide Range of Rotating Speeds

This paper reports the design, fabrication, and performance of a novel rotational energy harvester, utilizing multiple magnetic actuators and piezoelectric beams for the maximum performance in a wide range of rotational speeds. The harvester can be used in different rotational applications with low or high rotational speed and produce high output. Thin lead–zirconium–titanate (PZT) piezoelectric beams were fixed on the axis of a nonmoving wheel. One end of the beams was fixed to the center axis of the stationary wheel, while the other end hung free. Small magnets were bonded on each of the piezoelectric beams’ free ends and on a concentric wheel, fixed to a working shaft. As the working shaft drove the dynamic wheel, the magnets on the moving surface attracted the magnets on the piezoelectric beams, causing the beams to be plucked into vibration as the magnets passed by one another. The device was tested at six different rotational speeds from 180 to 500 r/min, with two different layouts, single and double plucking magnets. There will be potentials to increase up to six plucking magnets and four piezoelectric beams in this design for an increased performance. Voltage output versus time graphs were analyzed for each speed and setup. It was determined that increasing the number of plucking magnets and rotational speed was the most effective ways to increase the beam vibration and maximize the energy harvester’s performance. This is the most effective approach to increase the performance of the energy harvester in the applications that require lower speeds. The least effective case was the low speed, single magnet design, where the beam vibrated little and approximately half of the energy harvester’s time was idle time, minimizing the power harvested.
AMPAR Palmitoylation Tunes Synaptic Strength: Implications for Synaptic Plasticity and Disease.

The addition of lipid moieties to proteins has been studied for nearly 40 years ([Folch and Lees, 1951][1]; [Kamiya et al., 1978][2]; [Schmidt et al., 1979][3]; [Carr et al., 1982][4]), but the scope and diversity of functional consequences are still being investigated. This is particularly true for
Learning Racial Literacy While Navigating White Social Studies

How do children develop racial literacy? How do they make sense of and respond to the master narratives of race and racism? What role does elementary social studies education play in children’s rac...
Intellectual Property and the Global Crisis of Non-Communicable Disease

This Article reconsiders the drugs-for-the-developing world debate that has taken place in the shadow of free trade liberalization. For the last twenty years, this debate has centered on a supposedly zero-sum conflict between access to drugs for residents of the “third world” and incentives for pharmaceutical multinationals to invest in research and development. Underlying this debate is the assumption that the developing-world health crisis involves primarily a crisis of infectious disease. Because drugs for such ailments lack developed world markets, it is easy to imagine that robust pharmaceutical patents are globally necessary if the poor are to obtain any drugs at all. Global public health reality, however, is quite different. Mortality and morbidity in developing countries are increasingly attributable to those same non- communicable diseases (“NCDs”) that plague developed countries. Drugs for such conditions already have highly profitable developed world markets. Therefore, making developing-world populations pay patent-inflated prices encourages rent-seeking by multinationals rather than incentivization. While little noticed in the developed world, the importance of the NCD crisis has not been lost on developing world actors. This Article is the first to document a recent worldwide trend of developing-world courts and administrative agencies breaking with strict patent rights for NCD drugs. It argues that attentive policy makers can seize the opportunity provided by the crisis that developed world populism is creating for liberalizing globalization. If renegotiating free trade is back on the agenda, they need only look to what developing countries have already been doing, at least in the realm of intellectual property rights.
Guidelines for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare form of pulmonary hypertension characterized by a progressive obliterative vasculopathy of the distal pulmonary arterial circulation that usually leads to right ventricular failure and death. Over the last 25 years, more than a dozen drugs representing five drug classes have been developed and approved for the treatment of this devastating disease. Due to the small number of patients afflicted by PAH, most health care providers have little experience with its management. To address this gap in medical knowledge, treatment guidelines have been developed by professional organizations and expert committees. Over the last few years, these guidelines have been updated to address findings from recent clinical trials and ongoing experience with these drugs. This review provides an update on the most recently published treatment guidelines for pharmacologic treatment of PAH and incorporates them into a contemporary approach to the treatment of this disease.
Inconsistencies in the association of clinical factors with the choice of early steroid withdrawal across kidney transplant centers: A national registry study.

Background Approximately 30% of kidney transplant recipients undergo early steroid withdrawal (ESW) for maintenance immunosuppression. However, there is no consensus on which patients are suitable for ESW, and transplant centers may disagree on how various clinical factors characterize individual recipients' suitability for ESW. Methods To examine center-level variation in the association of clinical factors with the choice of ESW, we studied 206 544 kidney transplant recipients from 278 centers in 2002-2017 using SRTR data. We conducted multi-level logistic regressions to characterize the association of clinical factors with the choice of ESW at each transplant center. Results The association of clinical factors with the choice of ESW varied substantially across centers. We found particularly greater inconsistency in recipient age, PRA, re-transplantation, living/deceased donor, post-transplant length of stay, and delayed graft function. For example, across the entire population, re-transplantation was associated with lower odds of ESW (population odds ratio = 0.35 0.400.46 ). When estimated at each center, this odds ratio was significantly lower than the population odds ratio at 48 (17.3%) centers and significantly higher at 28 (10.1%) centers. Conclusions We have observed apparent inconsistencies across transplant centers in the practice of tailoring ESW to the recipient's risk profile. Standardized guidelines for ESW tailoring are needed.
Characteristics of Advocacy under Different Freedom Regimes: Belarus, Ukraine, and Lithuania

Th is article presents a comparative analysis of the characteristics of advocacy in three countries with different level s of political and civil freedom . This analysis correlates each country’s freedom level with the characteristics of its ad vocacy activities . The analysis’s results are based on interviews of experts conducted from 2015 through 201 7 in un free Belarus, partly f ree Ukraine , and free Lithuania. The analysis focuses on the following advocacy characteristics: its scale ; its agents and targets; its goals ; the extent to which it sought to protect rights , freedoms , and other interests, its promotion of ideas; and its results .
Structural and functional remodeling of the female Apoe-/- mouse aorta due to chronic cigarette smoke exposure.

We studied the effects of chronic cigarette smoking on the structure and function of the aorta in a mouse model of nose-only aerosol inhalation. Our data indicated that exposure to cigarette smoke ...
Adolescent Fat Embolism Syndrome after Closed Tibial Shaft Fracture: Treatment with Emergent External Fixation.

Case An adolescent male developed fat embolism syndrome 24 hours after sustaining a closed right tibial shaft fracture in a football game. The patient was treated with emergent external fixator application due to declining respiratory and mental status and experienced swift recovery after stabilization. He was treated with an intramedullary nail within 1 week of injury. Conclusion Pediatric fat embolism syndrome is uncommon, and a high index of suspicion is required to facilitate appropriate orthopaedic involvement. External fixation can be performed emergently with minimal fracture manipulation. Rapid provisional fixation appears to have facilitated recovery in this example.
Cannabidiol Produces Distinct U-Shaped Dose-Response Effects on Cocaine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference and Associated Recruitment of Prelimbic Neurons in Male Rats

Abstract Background Cannabidiol (CBD) has received attention for the treatment of substance use disorders. In preclinical models of relapse, CBD attenuates drug seeking across several drugs of abuse, including cocaine. However, in these models CBD has not been consistently effective. This inconsistency in CBD effects may be related to presently insufficient information on the full spectrum of CBD dose effects on drug-related behaviors. Methods We address this issue by establishing a full dose-response profile of CBD's actions using expression of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference as a model for drug-motivated behavior in male rats and by concurrently identifying dose-dependent effects of CBD on underlying neuronal activation and distinct neuronal phenotypes showing dose-dependent activation changes. Additionally, we established CBD levels in plasma and brain samples. Results CBD produced linear increases in CBD brain/plasma concentrations but suppressed conditioned place preference in a distinct U-shaped manner. In parallel with its behavioral effects, CBD produced U-shaped suppressant effects on neuronal activation in the prelimbic but not infralimbic cortex or nucleus accumbens core and shell. RNAscope in situ hybridization identified suppression of glutamatergic and GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) signaling in the prelimbic cortex as a possible cellular mechanism for the attenuation of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference by CBD. Conclusions The findings extend previous evidence on the potential of CBD in preventing drug-motivated behavior. However, CBD's dose-response profile may have important dosing implications for future clinical applications and may contribute to the understanding of discrepant CBD effects on drug seeking reported in the literature.
Mechanistic investigations of alcohol silylation with isothiourea catalysts

The mechanism of the asymmetric silylation of alcohols with isothiourea catalysts was studied by employing reaction progress kinetic analysis. These reactions were developed by the Wiskur group, and use triphenyl silyl chloride and chiral isothiourea catalysts to silylate the alcohols. While the order of most reaction components was as expected (catalyst, amine base, alcohol), the silyl chloride was determined to be a higher order. This suggested a multistep mechanism between the catalyst and silyl chloride, with the second equivalent of silyl chloride assisting in the formation of the reactive intermediate leading to the rate-determining step. Through the addition of additives and investigating changes in the silyl chloride, an understanding of the catalyst equilibrium emerged for this reaction and provided pathways for further reaction development.
CEVL Method to Train

CEVL method shows how you may build CEV-ules for your individual use. Use common sense to provide your surg-eco the right knowledge YOU want them to know, in the right place, at the right time. CEV-ules present information important to surgery as a “code to conduct surgery” using static and animated text, narration, static pictures, pictures with interactivity, clinical video with annotations, and stylized animations. CEVL relies on software and tools for pictures and video content: cameras, e- learning, editing pictures, video, audio, data collection by form creation, ftp server, and conferencing by computer screen sharing. Ten steps to build your CEV-ules are shown in this chapter.
Full-scale demonstration of in situ cometabolic biodegradation of trichloroethylene in groundwater 2. Comprehensive analysis of field data using reactive transport modeling

[1] We present an analysis of an extensively monitored full-scale field demonstration of in situ treatment of trichloroethylene (TCE) contamination by aerobic cometabolic biodegradation. The demonstration was conducted at Edwards Air Force Base in southern California. There are two TCE-contaminated aquifers at the site, separated from one another by a clay aquitard. The treatment system consisted of two recirculating wells located 10 m apart. Each well was screened in both of the contaminated aquifers. Toluene, oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide were added to the water in both wells. At one well, water was pumped from the upper aquifer to the lower aquifer. In the other well, pumping was from the lower to the upper aquifer. This resulted in a “conveyor belt” flow system with recirculation between the two aquifers. The treatment system was successfully operated for a 410 day period. We explore how well a finite element reactive transport model can describe the key processes in an engineered field system. Our model simulates TCE, toluene, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and microbial growth/death. Simulated processes include advective-dispersive transport, biodegradation, the inhibitory effect of hydrogen peroxide on biomass growth, and oxygen degassing. Several parameter values were fixed to laboratory values or values from previous modeling studies. The remaining six parameter values were obtained by calibrating the model to 7213 TCE concentration data and 6997 dissolved oxygen concentration data collected during the demonstration using a simulation-regression procedure. In this complex flow field involving reactive transport, TCE and dissolved oxygen concentration histories are matched very well by the calibrated model. Both simulated and observed toluene concentrations display similar high-frequency oscillations due to pulsed toluene injection approximately one half hour during each 8 hour period. Simulation results indicate that over the course of the demonstration, 6.9 kg of TCE was degraded and that in the upper aquifer a region 40 m wide extending 25 m down gradient of the treatment system was cleaned up to less than 100 μg L−1 from initial concentrations of approximately 700 μg L−1. A smaller region was cleaned up to less than 30 μg L−1. Simulations indicate that the cleaned up area in the upper aquifer would continue to expand for as long as treatment was continued.
Concatenation of turbo codes to space-time block codes with no channel estimation

Space-time block codes (STBC) support reliable communication over the Rayleigh fading channel. However, the channel estimation necessary to design STBC has been considered difficult, since the statistics of fading channels are so variant that it is difficult to get an optimal channel model. Some previous researches introduced the transmit diversity without channel estimation for reducing the overall system complexity. Their results were restricted to two transmitters. This article generalizes their schemes to higher number of transmitters. Turbo codes will be concatenated with the STBC without channel estimation to provide coding gains. This article will show the restriction on the normalized Doppler frequency, f/sub d/T/sub s/ will be loosened by the concatenation.
JET IGNITION OF AN ULTRA-LEAN MIXTURE

A preliminary study was conducted of jets of active radicals used as igniters for lean fuel mixtures. Jets were generated by combustion or electric discharge. Experiments were performed in a cylindrical steel vessel, 9 centimeters in diameter and 9 centimeters in length, filled initially with air or an ultra-lean methane-air mixture (equivalence ratio of 0.5) at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Observations were made by streak photography of light emitted by the jets taken with a rotating mirror camera and by schlieren photography, using a submicrosecond spark discharge in air as a point light source. Gas dynamic properties of jets were primarily governed by their initial velocity, while the particular process by which they were formed had a secondary role. Jets of radicals invariably appeared as turbulent plumes which were embedded in blast waves headed by hemispherical shock fronts. Three interesting properties of jet ignition are examined: controllable depth of penetration so that combustion can be started at any desired location within the charge; zonal pre-turbulization enhancing the combustion process; and wide dispersion resulting in multipoint ignition so that combustion is initiated throughout a relatively large segment of the medium rather than in the form of a small, laminar flame kernel as it does in an unconfined spark discharge.