cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of sphingolipids in acute kidney injury.

Abstract Acute kidney injury (AKI) is most simply defined as the rapid loss of kidney function in a matter of hours to days. AKI can manifest in a number of ways including pre-renal, post-renal, or intrinsic AKI. During acute kidney injury, multiple pathogenic processes are activated including inflammation, cell death, and the generation of reactive oxygen species, just to name a few. Sphingolipids are known to play a role in a number of the pathogenic pathways involved in the pathogenesis of many types of AKI, which suggests a role for sphingolipids in AKI. This short review will discuss the evidence for a role for sphingolipids in AKI.
Pygidial glands of Harpalus pensylvanicus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) contain resilin-rich structures.

Abstract The pygidial gland system is a key innovation in adephagan beetles, producing, storing, and spraying defensive chemical compounds. As the source of defensive chemical production and storage, the pygidial gland system experiences severe chemical stress which challenges the integrity of the entire gland system. Here, we utilize autofluorescence-based confocal laser scanning microscopy to examine the morphology of pygidial gland secretory lobes and collecting ductules in a common Pennsylvanian harpaline species, Harpalus pensylvanicus. The glandular units are composed of type-III exocrine cells which empty into resilin-rich ductules, which themselves lead into a larger resilin-rich collecting duct, and ultimately the pygidial reservoir pump. We also utilize histological staining with toluidine blue and brightfield imaging to provide additional support for the presence of resilin in the collecting duct, as toluidine blue has been shown to stain resilin without metachromasia. We hypothesize that the high resilin content of the collecting ducts might be a widespread key evolutionary adaptation to prevent damage caused by physical and chemical stress generated in pump-containing insect exocrine gland systems.
Elevation affects extra-pair paternity but not a sexually selected plumage trait in dark-eyed juncos

Differences in environmental conditions are expected to generate distinct selective pressures favoring different phenotypes. For example, environmental conditions that affect the timing of breeding may influence opportunities for extra-pair copulations and thus the strength of sexual selection on males. To explore these relationships quantitatively, we compared breeding synchrony, rates of extra-pair paternity, and expression of a sexually selected plumage trait (the amount of white on the tail feathers) in populations of dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) breeding at elevations from 1960 to 2660 m in California. Microsatellite parentage analysis revealed that extra-pair paternity rates varied by elevation, with intermediate elevations having the highest rate. Differences in breeding synchrony could not explain this variation. Extra-pair males had more tail white than the social males they cuckolded, consistent with tail white being a sexually selected trait. Although the observed differences in rates of extra-pair paternity suggested that sexually selected traits should also vary with elevation, there were no differences among elevations in the amount of white on male tails or in the correlation between tail white and proxies for male condition. Multiple factors may have contributed to this result, including persistent gene flow among elevations, which may counter the effects of local differences in selective pressures. These findings demonstrate the complexity of interactions among environmental conditions, selective pressures, and variation in phenotypic traits, and underscore the importance of assessing the impacts of sexual selection in the larger context of population genetic structure. Environmental differences, such as those occurring along elevation gradients, can lead to differences in sexual selection. We found that juncos at mid elevations had higher rates of extra-pair paternity than juncos at high and low elevations. Our results also provide evidence that male tail plumage is sexually selected, as females preferred to copulate with males with more white on their tail plumage than the females’ social mates. This suggests that male tail white should differ among elevations, as the reproductive rewards of having an attractive tail would be greater at mid elevations. However, we found no differences in male tail white among elevations. This may be due to the birds breeding freely across elevations, as evidenced by a lack of genetic structure, i.e., gene flow swamping out any differences that might otherwise form.
Improving Vegetable Capsicums for Fruit Yield, Quality, and Tolerance to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Sweet and pungent peppers (Capsicum spp.) are globally important vegetable and spice commodities as they are valued for their nutritional qualities, antioxidant compounds, flavors, pungency, brilliant colors, and textures. Capsicum. has extraordinary variability in its germplasm both in cultivated and wild species. This review presents an account of research done over several decades in the context of crop improvement. Key developments with reference to linkage analyses, DNA-based markers, the identification of quantitative trait loci for complex traits, transcriptomes of ripening fruit, and genome sequences are summarized. Prospects are excellent for using conventional, biotechnological, and genomic approaches to improve fruit yield, fruit quality, and biotic stress tolerance so that productivity in this specialty crop could be sustained, despite the changing climate. However, more research is needed to build resources to improve peppers for tolerance to abiotic stress factors.
Chapter 5 – Hydrogen in wide bandgap semiconductors

Publisher Summary Hydrogen plays an important role in all wide-band-gap semiconductors, producing strong passivation of acceptors in all the materials and also donor passivation in some cases. Hydrogen is unintentionally incorporated during growth and processing and remains in the material until quite high temperatures. Reactivation of dopants occurs in the 400–700 °C range, depending on the material. The chapter covers the prevalence of hydrogen in the growth and processing ambients for wide-band-gap semiconductors and the effect of this hydrogen. The various methods available for introducing hydrogen into semiconductors may be classified into two groups: those methods in which the hydrogen is introduced in an intentional and controlled manner, such as exposure to plasma or by direct ion implantation, and those methods in which hydrogen is injected into the semiconductor in an uncontrolled, and often unintentional, way. The chapter surveys the different configurations of hydrogen in semiconductors and the techniques for hydrogen incorporation and details the diffusion behavior of different forms of hydrogen in diamond, silicon carbide (SiC), gallium nitride (GaN), and groups II–VI compounds.
Catechol-Based Functionalizable Ligands for Gallium-68 Positron Emission Tomography Imaging.

Four tris-bidentate catecholamide (CAM) ligands were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as ligands for radiolabeling of gallium-68 for positron emission tomography (PET). Three of those ligands, 2,2-Glu-CAM, 3,3-Glu-CAM, and TREN-bisGlyGlu-CAM, incorporate ligand caps that contain a pendant carboxylic group for further conjugation to targeting moieties. The acyclic ligands all exhibited high (>80%) radiolabeling yields after short reaction times ( 24, although the functionalizable ligands are less stable than the parent GaIII-TREN-CAM. In vivo imaging studies and ex vivo pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies indicate that the parent [68Ga]Ga-TREN-CAM is stable in vivo but is rapidly cleared in 95%) render TREN-bisGlyGlu-CAM a promising candidate for gallium-68 chelation.
Pulse oral corticosteroids in pediatric chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

Childhood onset chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) often requires long-term immunomodulatory therapy. We report a comprehensive review of our treatment of pediatric CIDP with a focus on high-dose weekly corticosteroids ("pulse oral corticosteroids"), a treatment method that is not commonly reported. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of pediatric patients with CIDP treated at our center between 2000 and 2018 for whom we had at least 12 mo follow-up. Here, we describe the demographics, disease course, treatment regimens, and long-term outcomes of these patients. Twenty-five patients were identified for analysis. Pulse oral corticosteroid monotherapy was the predominant maintenance treatment in 56% of patients. Patients were followed for a median of 4 y. Side effects were seen in a minority of patients. The probability of a normal exam or being off treatment at last follow-up was similar regardless of predominant maintenance therapy. Pulse oral corticosteroid therapy is a safe and effective long-term treatment option in children with CIDP.
BINARY STAR ORBITS. III. REVISITING THE REMARKABLE CASE OF TWEEDLEDUM AND TWEEDLEDEE

Two of the most challenging objects for optical interferometry in the middle of the last century were the close components (FIN 332) of the wide visual binary STF2375 (= WDS 18455+0530 = HIP 92027 = ADS 11640). Each component of the wide pair was found to have subcomponents of approximately the same magnitude, position angle, and separation and, hence, were designated by the tongue-in-cheek monikers “Tweedledum and Tweedledee” by the great visual interferometrist William S. Finsen in 1953. They were later included in a list of “Double Stars that Vex the Observer” by W.H. van den Bos in 1958. While speckle interferometry has reaped a rich harvest investigating the close inteferometric binaries of Finsen, the “Tweedles” have continued to both fascinate and exasperate due to both the great similarity of the close pairs and the inherent 180 ◦ ambiguity associated with interferometry. Detailed analysis of all published observations of the system has revealed several errors which are here corrected, allowing for determination of these orbital elements which resolve the quadrant ambiguity. A unique software filter was developed which allowed subarrays from archival ICCD speckle data from 1982 to be re-reduced. Those data, combined with new and unpublished observations obtained in 2001–2009 from NOAO 4 m telescopes, the Mount Wilson 100 inch telescope and the Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station 61 inch telescope as well as high-quality unresolved measures all allow for the correct orbits to be determined. Co-planarity of the multiple system is also investigated.
One size does not fit all: a qualitative study exploring the apparel wants and needs of people on dialysis.

PURPOSE This study explored the apparel wants and needs of people on dialysis using the user-centered design process. The study's aim was to understand the experiences and feeling of people on dialysis and their clothing barriers, along with exploring their functional needs and aesthetic wants in apparel items. METHODS To achieve the study's aim, 15 semi-structured qualitative interviews with people undergoing dialysis or caregivers were conducted in March 2017. In addition, researchers observed two dialysis clinics after hours for additional context. RESULTS Three theme categories emerged, which included (a) dialysis treatment, (b) challenges of dialysis, (c) dialysis clothing barriers. Within the framework of the user-centered design process, a deeper understanding of both the physical and emotional challenges of dialysis helped in finding barriers and giving design considerations for researchers, industry professionals, and educators. SIGNIFICANCE The findings help to give voice to a target market who desires to participant in consuming both fashionable and functional clothing. Current apparel for PLWD focus on the physical ailment and not the psychological well-being. The study's findings help to give recommendations to researchers, industry professionals, and educators when designing and developing apparel, products, and other environments for people on dialysis.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONPeople undergoing dialysis treatment are an under-served population in terms of clothing needs and wants, which results in both physical and emotional challenges.This study recommends researchers and industry professional to apply the user-centered design process when designing and developing apparel for people on dialysis.People on dialysis have a similar unappealing "uniform" that is worn during treatment that gives access to their site and blood pressure cuff, hides blood staining and allows for weight fluctuations.Apparel considerations for designing should consider to break down clothing barriers and improve mental health of people on dialysis.
Sibling sociality: Participation and apprenticeship across contexts

This paper examines the embodied language practices through which siblings in two middle-class Los Angeles families structure their participation while apprenticing younger siblings into routine household chores, self-care and during care-taking activities. Siblings make use of a range of directive forms (including requests as well as imperatives) and participant frameworks drawn from their family, peer group and school cultures. Families build accountable actors and family cultures through the ways they choose to choreograph and monitor routine activity in the household, using both hierarchical or more inclusive frameworks. Data are drawn from the video archive of UCLA’s Center on Everyday Lives of Families.
Cellular Fibroma of Tendon Sheath With Novel TNC-USP6 Gene Fusion Clinically Mimicking Arthritis in a 7-Year-Old Boy.

Cellular fibroma of tendon sheath (CFTS) is a rare, benign myofibroblastic neoplasm of tenosynovial soft tissues closely resembling nodular fasciitis (NF), but is histomorphologically distinct from...
German Pharmaceutical Pricing: Lessons for the United States:

To control pharmaceutical spending and improve access, the United States could adopt strategies similar to those introduced in Germany by the 2011 German Pharmaceutical Market Reorganization Act. In Germany, manufacturers sell new drugs immediately upon receiving marketing approval. During the first year, the German Federal Joint Committee assesses new drugs to determine their added medical benefit. It assigns them a score indicating their added benefit. New drugs comparable to drugs in a reference price group are assigned to that group and receive the same reimbursement, unless they are therapeutically superior. The National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds then negotiates with manufacturers the maximum reimbursement starting the 13th month, consistent with the drug's added benefit assessment and price caps in other European countries. In the absence of agreement, an arbitration board sets the price. Manufacturers accept the price resolution or exit the market. Thereafter, prices generally are not increased, even for inflation. US public and private insurers control prices in diverse ways, but typically obtain discounts by designating certain drugs as preferred and by restricting patient access or charging high copayment for nonpreferred drugs. This article draws 10 lessons for drug pricing reform in US federal programs and private insurance.
A Greek Army on the March: Soldiers and Survival in Xenophon's Anabasis

Professor Lee provides a social and cultural history of the Cyreans, the mercenaries of Xenophon's Anabasis. While they have often been portrayed as a single abstract political community, this book reveals that life in the army was mostly shaped by a set of smaller social communities: the formal unit organisation of the lochos ('company'), and the informal comradeship of the suskenia ('mess group'). It includes full treatment of the environmental conditions of the march, ethnic and socio-economic relations amongst the soldiers, equipment and transport, marching and camp behaviour, eating and drinking, sanitation and medical care, and many other topics. It also accords detailed attention to the non-combatants accompanying the soldiers. It uses ancient literary and archaeological evidence, ancient and modern comparative material, and perspectives from military sociology and modern war studies. This book is essential reading for anyone working on ancient Greek warfare or on Xenophon's Anabasis.
Guiding the Discovery of Open Source Software Processes with a Reference Model

This paper describes a reference model for open source software (OSS) processes and its application towards discovering such processes from OSS project artifacts. This reference model is the means to map evidence of an enacted process to a classification of agents, resources, tools, and activities that characterize the process.
Multivalued Possibilities Mappings

Abstraction mappings are one of the major tools used to construct correctness proofs for concurrent algorithms. Several examples are given of situations in which it is useful to allow the abstraction mappings to be multivalued. The examples involve algorithm optimization, algorithm distribution, and proofs of time bounds.
Formation of Carcinogenic 4(5)-Methylimidazole in Maillard Reaction Systems

4(5)-Methylimidazole has received the attention of federal and state regulatory agencies because of its carcinogenicity and common presence in foods and beverages. In the present study, the formation of 4(5)-methylimidazole in Maillard reaction model systems consisting of d-glucose/NH3, l-rhamnose/NH3, methylglyoxal/NH3, and methylglyoxal/formaldehyde/NH3 was investigated. 4(5)-Methylimidazole was formed at levels ranging from 0.49 to 0.71 mg/mL in the d-glucose/NH3 model system. The formation of 4(5)-methylimidazole was slightly higher in the l-rhamnose/NH3 system (0.91 mg/mL) than in the d-glucose/NH3 system (0.71 mg/mL) under the conditions used in the present study. A methylglyoxal/NH3 system produced significantly higher levels of 4(5)-methylimidazole (5.70 mg/mL), suggesting that methylglyoxal is an important precursor of 4(5)-methylimidazole. Ammonolysis of methylglyoxal, which is one of the glucose degradation products, was proposed to form formamide, which subsequently reacted with 2-aminopropana...
A Robust Self-tuned Controller Based on State-space Approach

This paper is concerned with the problem of designing a self-tuning controller with integral action for a class of unknown linear stochastic systems. The observer form of the innovations model of the system is used along with a single stage quadratic in state and control performance index in order to derive a proportional estimated state plus integral output (P+I) type controller. While it is analogous to the LQG theory based optimal adaptive controller, computational simplification is achieved by the choice of a single stage performance index and a direct estimation of the state estimator gain matrix. The new controller has the advantages of being applicable to both single-input single-output (SISO) and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) minimum phase and non-minimum phase systems. The results are illustrated numerically through two simulation examples.
A role for the lissencephaly gene LIS1 in mitosis and cytoplasmic dynein function

Mutations in the LIS1 gene cause gross histological disorganization of the developing human brain, resulting in a brain surface that is almost smooth. Here we show that LIS1 protein co-immunoprecipitates with cytoplasmic dynein and dynactin, and localizes to the cell cortex and to mitotic kinetochores, which are known sites for binding of cytoplasmic dynein. Overexpression of LIS1 in cultured mammalian cells interferes with mitotic progression and leads to spindle misorientation. Injection of anti-LIS1 antibody interferes with attachment of chromosomes to the metaphase plate, and leads to chromosome loss. We conclude that LIS1 participates in a subset of dynein functions, and may regulate the division of neuronal progenitor cells in the developing brain.
Nanofabrication with Metallopolymers: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

We found that synthetic polymers containing metals and metal centers have experienced rapid growth in the last two decades. Metal-containing polymers and these have an unprecedented role to play in modern high-tech applications including nanomanufacturing, sensing, separation and catalysis. Advancement in synthetic strategies for macromolecules has enabled the synthesis of novel, exotic and use-inspired metallopolymers. Using state-of-the-art design strategies, it is now possible to perform targeted synthesis of macromolecules with varied complexity that contain a range of metal centers either in the backbone or in the side chains of the organic moiety. Moreover, the presence of an inorganic element (metals and metal centers) in organic moieties has led to a number of new physicochemical properties while implementing novel functionality to the polymer matrix. This review covers nanotechnology influenced by distinctive features of metal-containing macromolecular systems, particularly in developing flexible, functional materials.
Provably stable and time-accurate extensions of Runge–Kutta schemes for CFD computations on moving grids

SUMMARY Extending fixed-grid time integration schemes for unsteady CFD applications to moving grids, while formally preserving their numerical stability and time accuracy properties, is a nontrivial task. A general computational framework for constructing stability-preserving ALE extensions of Eulerian multistep time integration schemes can be found in the literature. A complementary framework for designing accuracy-preserving ALE extensions of such schemes is also available. However, the application of neither of these two computational frameworks to a multistage method such as a Runge–Kutta (RK) scheme is straightforward. Yet, the RK methods are an important family of explicit and implicit schemes for the approximation of solutions of ordinary differential equations in general and a popular one in CFD applications. This paper presents a methodology for filling this gap. It also applies it to the design of ALE extensions of fixed-grid explicit and implicit second-order time-accurate RK (RK2) methods. To this end, it presents the discrete geometric conservation law associated with ALE RK2 schemes and a method for enforcing it. It also proves, in the context of the nonlinear scalar conservation law, that satisfying this discrete geometric conservation law is a necessary and sufficient condition for a proposed ALE extension of an RK2 scheme to preserve on moving grids the nonlinear stability properties of its fixed-grid counterpart. All theoretical findings reported in this paper are illustrated with the ALE solution of inviscid and viscous unsteady, nonlinear flow problems associated with vibrations of the AGARD Wing 445.6. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Innate Immunity in Disease: Insights from Mathematical Modeling and Analysis

The acute inflammatory response is a complex defense mechanism that has evolved to respond rapidly to injury, infection, and other disruptions in homeostasis. This robust responsiveness to biological stress likely endows the host with increased fitness, but over-robust or inadequate inflammation predisposes the host to various diseases. Importantly, well-compartmentalized inflammation is generally beneficial, but spillover of inflammation into the blood is a hallmark—and likely also a driver—of self-maintaining inflammation. The blood is also a key entry point and immunological interface for vectors of parasitic diseases, diseases that themselves incite systemic inflammation. The complex role of inflammation in health and disease has made this biological system difficult to understand comprehensively and modulate rationally for therapeutic purposes. Consequently, systems approaches have been applied in order to characterize dynamical properties and identify key control points in inflammation. This process begins with the collection of high-dimensional, experimental, and clinical data, followed by data reduction and data-driven modeling that finally informs mechanistic computational models for analysis, prediction, and rational modulation. These studies have suggested that the overall architecture of the inflammatory response includes a multiscale positive feedback from inflammation → tissue damage → inflammation, which is often inadequately controlled by negative feedback from anti-inflammatory mediators. Given the importance of the blood interface for the inflammatory response, and the accessibility of this compartment both as an immunological sampling reservoir for vectors as well as for diagnosis and therapy, we suggest that any rational efforts at modulating inflammation via the blood compartment must involve computational modeling.
Effect of dietary fibre on the performance of laying hens

1. In tests to determine whether gizzard weight could be influenced by dietary fibre concentrations, caged layers were fed on diets containing 15, 30 or 60 g pine shavings/kg diet. 2. As dietary fibre content increased, gizzard weight increased, but there was no effect on body weight, hen‐day production, egg weight, efficiency of food conversion, mortality, percentage of liver ether extract or egg shell breaking strength. Percentage of body ether extract tended to be lower when pine shavings were fed.
Tau Michel parameters and neutrino helicity at SLD

We present a new measurement of the tau neutrino helicity (h ν τ ) and the Michel parameters ( π, ξ and ξδ ). The analysis exploits the highly polarized SLC electron beam to extract these quantities from a direct measurement of the τ decay spectra. The 1993–1995 SLD sample of 4316 e + e − → Z 0 → τ + τ − events was utilized. From the decays τ → π (K) ν τ , τ → ρν τ we obtain h ν τ π = −0.86 ± 0.18( stat ) ± 0.03( syst ), and h ν τ ρ = −1.03 ± 0.12( stat ) ± 0.04( syst ) respectively, combined to h ν τ = −0.97 ± 0.10 ± 0.04. The leptonic decay channels yield the results: ρ e = 0.68 ± 0.14( stat ) ± 0.06( syst ), ξ e = 1.18 ± 0.52( stat ) ± 0.04( syst ), ξδ e = 0.79 ± 0.44( stat ) ± 0.07( syst ) from the τ e v e v τ decay channel and: ρ μ = 0.74 ± 0.13( stat ) ± 0.06( syst ), ξ μ = 0.89 ± 0.49( stat ) ± 0.08( syst ), ξδ μ = 0.87 ± 0.35( stat ) ± 0.05( syst ) from the τ → uv¯ u v τ channel, where the combined values are: ρ = 0.71 ± 0.09 ± 0.05, ξ = 1.03 ± 0.36 ± 0.05 and ξδ = 0.84 ± 0.27 ± 0.05.
An avian leukosis virus associated with stocks of Rous sarcoma virus.

Abstract Isolation of a second virus from stocks of the Bryan high-titer strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is reported. The newly isolated agent, designated as Rous-associated virus (RAV), can be detected in tissue culture, despite its failure to produce discrete cytological alterations, because it interferes with infection and focus formation by RSV. There is a strong selection for RAV when cells infected with RSV are cloned, so that most of the clones produce much RAV and little RSV. In stocks of the Bryan strain the titer of RAV is about 4 times higher than that of RSV. RAV induces resistance to RSV much more rapidly than does RIF, a naturally occurring leukosis virus. RAV can be accurately assayed in vitro, since the level of resistance induced to RSV is proportional, on a logarithmic scale, to the logarithm of the concentration of RAV. RAV is more closely related immunologically to RSV than to RIF. Fluorescent antibody studies show that it matures at the cell membrane, as does RSV. When viewed in the electron microscope RAV is morphologically indistinguishable from RSV and other chicken tumor viruses. It produces no tumor at the site of inoculation in chickens, but produces erythroblastosis following intravenous inoculation of embryos.
Approximate Green’s function for a uniaxially anisotropic metamaterial slab, and its application in analyzing a spectrometer

An analytic solution for a magnetic line source imaged through a uniaxially anisotropic slab is derived for electric fields, and example results are supported by finite element simulations. The analytical result provides a convenient means to evaluate the effect of material parameters in applications. We introduce a spectrometer that can be realized by illuminating a slab composed of a Ag/ZnO multilayer stack through a small aperture, and we use this example to evaluate the performance of the analytic model.
Contextual and distinctive processes and the serial position function.

Abstract When people recall a series of items, memory for the last few items is enhanced relative to items earlier in the list, a result called the recency effect. When the final item in the list is followed by a period of distracting activity the recency effect is attenuated, but when every item is followed by distracting activity the recency effect returns. The experiments reported replicate the changing-distractor effect - reduced recency when the distractor task following an item differs from the task following the other items - in incidental learning conditions and demonstrate that when a unique distractor task occurs after every item, the recency effect again reemerges, findings problematic for a rehearsal explanation. Rather, the final experiments support a proposed distinction between contextual effects and those due to distinctiveness, with the result that the changing-distractor effect is no longer seen as problematical for theories of serial position effects based on distinctiveness.
Direct numerical simulation of unsteady flow in channel with rough walls

A fundamental study has been performed to understand the effect of unsteady forcing on turbulence statistics in channel flow with rough walls using direct numerical simulation. Unsteady flows have been generated by applying an unsteady nonzero mean forcing in the form of time varying pressure gradient such that the amplitude of oscillations is between 19% and 26% of mean centerline velocity and covering a range of forcing frequencies. The analysis has revealed unsteady forcing, depending on the forcing frequency, results in enhanced roughness compared to steady channel flow. The rough-wall flow dynamics have been categorized into high-, intermediate-, and low-frequency regimes. In the regime of high-frequency forcing, unsteadiness alters the mean velocity and turbulence intensities only in the inner layer of the turbulent boundary layer. Further, the turbulence intensities are out of phase with each other and also with the external forcing. In the regime of intermediate-frequency forcing, mean velocity and turbulence intensities are altered beyond the inner layer. In the inner layer, the turbulence intensities are out of phase with each other. The Reynolds stress is in phase with the external forcing in the inner layer, but it is out of phase in the outer layer. In the regime of low-frequency forcing, the mean velocity and turbulence intensities are significantly altered throughout the turbulent boundary layer.
Synthesis of bulk polycrystalline indium nitride at subatmospheric pressures

Polycrystalline, wurtzitic indium nitride was synthesized by saturating indium with nitrogen from microwave plasma sources. The structure was confirmed by x-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, and elemental analysis. Two types of growth were observed: (i) dendritic crystals on the original melt surface, and (ii) hexagonal platelets adjacent to the In metal source on the upper edge of the crucible. The method does not involve a foreign substrate to initiate growth and is a potential alternative to the high-pressure techniques normally associated with bulk growth of indium nitride. The lattice parameters were a = 3.5366 ± 0.0005 A and c = 5.7009 ± 0.0005 A, with c/a = 1.612 ± 0.0005.
Self-Assembled Thin-Film Blends by Polymer Codeposition: Poly(ethylene oxide) and Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Two-component self-assembled films have been fabricated by codeposition of sulfur-derivatized poly(methyl methacrylate) (S-PMMA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The unique surface morphology which results has been investigated by polarized infrared spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, and ellipsometry. In this binary blend, a coexistence of both PEO crystalline domains and an amorphous blended matrix was observed. Further investigation revealed that the PEO chains in the crystalline regions were oriented preferentially with their helical axes normal to the substrate surface.
Mechanistic Analysis and Optimization of the Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular Alkene Aminooxygenation

The catalytic asymmetric aminooxygenation of alkenes provides an efficient and straightforward approach to prepare chiral vicinal amino alcohols. We have reported a copper(II)-catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular alkene aminooxygenation, using (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) as the oxygen source, which results in the synthesis of chiral indolines and pyrrolidines. Herein we disclose that kinetics studies indicate the reaction is first order both in substrate and the [Cu(R,R)-Ph-bis(oxazoline)]OTf2 catalyst and zero order in TEMPO. Furthermore, kinetic isotope effect studies support that the cis-aminocupration step, the addition of N–Cu across the alkene, is the rate-limiting step. Subsequent formation of a carbon radical intermediate and direct carbon radical trapping with TEMPO is the indicated mechanism for the C–O bond formation as suggested by a deuterium labeling experiment. A ligand screen revealed that C(4)-phenyl substitution on the bis(oxazoline) is optimal for high asymmetri...
B74-36 Communication, Transmission, and Transportation Networks

During the last decade there has been considerable research activity devoted to the study of systems which could be modeled as networks. Whereas the subject of such research has ranged from network flows, reliable networks, electrical network theory, etc., most of the books that have appeared on the subject tend to emphsize either integer programming and network flows [1], or graph theory and its applications in electrical engineering [2]-[3]. As the title of the book suggests the authors, who are prolific contributors in the field, have taken a different approach. They have attempted to develop the theory of networks by organizing the book around the classes of physical problems rather than the techniques used to solve them.
Uncertain Range Queries for Necklaces

We address the problem of efficient processing of spatio-temporal range queries for moving objects whose whereabouts in time are not known exactly. The fundamental question tackled by such queries is, given a spatial region and a temporal interval, retrieve the objects that were inside the region during the given interval. As earlier works have demonstrated, when the location, time information is uncertain, syntactic constructs are needed to capture the impact of the uncertainty, along with the corresponding processing algorithms. In this work, we focus on the uncertainty model that represents the whereabouts in-between two known locations as a bead and an uncertain trajectory is represented as a necklace -- a sequence of beads. For each syntactic variant of the range query, we present the respective processing algorithms and, in addition, we propose pruning strategies that speed up the generation of the queries' answers. We also present the experimental observations that quantify the benefits of our proposed methodologies.
IMMUNOLOGIC COMPETENCE OF THORACIC DUCT CELLS I. DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY

Delayed hypersensitivity was produced in donor Lewis rats by sensitization with soluble protein antigens emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. Cells of their thoracic duct lymph were collected for varying periods of time and transferred intravenously to isogenic Lewis recipients. With this model the following conclusions were reached: 1. Delayed hypersensitivity was transferred by thoracic duct cells. 2. The longer the drainage of the thoracic duct, the fewer cells were needed to achieve a successful transfer. With continuing drainage the proportion of small lymphocytes decreased and large cells increased. There was, therefore, a better correlation between successful transfer of delayed hypersensitivity and the number of large cells transfused than between positive skin reactions and transfer of small lymphocytes. 3. Prolonged fistula of the thoracic duct did not diminish the skin reaction of sensitized donors to specific antigen. 4. Delayed hypersensitivity was elicited in recipients 3 wk after transfer of sensitized cells. There was evidence that delayed hypersensitivity was enhanced in recipients, possibly because of prior skin testing. 5. Total body X-irradiation abolished the lesions of passively transferred delayed hypersensitivity. Recovery of positive skin tests was observed 19 to 20 days later. 6. The lesions of delayed hypersensitivity were probably mediated by cells. There was no evidence that a circulating high affinity antibody played a role in this type of immunologic reaction.
The determination of antimony in standard rocks by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Abstract The abundance of antimony in the standard rocks G-l, W-l, G-2, BCR-1, AGV-1, PCC-1, DTS-1, GSP-1, SUL-1, SYE-1, BCR-2 and GR has been determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Comparison of the results of this work with those previously reported indicate that DTS-1 is the best choice as an antimony standard. Results for SYE-1, G-1 and AGV-1 indicate that these standards may not be sufficiently homogeneous.
Modern rectal cancer multidisciplinary treatment: the role of radiation and surgery.

Introduction Treatment of rectal cancer has evolved during the last few decades due to more in-depth knowledge of rectal cancer biology and major advances in the field of preoperative staging, medical management and surgical techniques. Consequently, treatment strategies are shifting moving towards a more personalized approach based on the response to treatment. Currently topics of controversy are centered around the indication for neoadjuvant radiation therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer and the role of surgery in patients with complete clinical response after neoadjuvant combined modality therapy. This manuscript aims to critically evaluate the evolution of treatment of rectal cancer during the last three decades and future directions.
Coulomb energies in 18 Ne

We compute Coulomb energies for positive-parity levels in the mirror nuclei ${}^{18}\mathrm{O}$ and ${}^{18}\mathrm{Ne}$. The dependence on the configuration and binding energy is explicitly taken into account, using wave functions containing two-particle-- and four-particle--two-hole components. Predictions are made for ${2}_{3}^{+},$ ${3}_{1}^{+},$ and ${4}_{2}^{+}$ states.
Regulation of the immune response in lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis

The persistence of microfilariae in the blood or skin accompanied by a prominent eosinophilia and elevated serum IgE levels are common features of human infection with filarial parasites. In this review Christopher King and Thomas Nutman discuss recent findings on the role of interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5 and gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) in the induction of these immediate hypersensitivity responses. They discuss the role of hypersensitivity in immunity, the development of immune tolerance to filarial antigens and suggest that could explain the impaired immune response of some individuals to filarial infections and the persistence of the microfilaremic state.
THE FLUORESCENCE OF NATIVE, DENATURED AND REDUCED-DENATURED PROTEINS*

— (1) By excitation at 295 nm tryptophan fluorescence from 17 proteins was examined free of contributions from tyrosine. The tryptophan quantum yields for native proteins were both higher and lower than that of the free amino acid and spanned a 5-fold range. No simple relationship was apparent between ‘exposure’ of tryptophyl side chains in proteins and the magnitude of the quantum yield or of the position of the emission maximum. (2) Denaturation of these proteins in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride considerably narrowed the range of values of yields (ca 0.1 to 0.17). While reduction of the disulfide bridges altered the yield of several proteins, it appeared to have no general effect on narrowing the range observed with a group of proteins, suggesting that either: (a) the amino acid sequence around a tryptophan in a disrupted peptide chain influences the yield, or (b) ‘residual’ three dimensional structure persists in reduced denatured proteins. (3) It was possible to demonstrate using both 280 and 295 nm excited spectra that tyrosine fluorescence, while weak, is generally present in proteins. These data also showed that transfer of the excited state from tyrosine to tryptophan is a common occurrence in native proteins and occurs with very high efficiency in a number of cases.
Multidisciplinary Simulations with the Coupling Library MpCCI

Extreme high demands on designing accurate prototypes for example in the fields of medical research, aircraft construction, shipbuilding and automotive industry require multidisciplinary simulations. A large number of tools for monodisciplinary simulations are available today. Each of these provides high quality simulation results in a specific physical domain. Now there is also a solution to do multidisciplinary computations: Parallel monodisciplinary codes are coupled with the Mesh based parallel Code Coupling Interface MpCCI to solve multidisciplinary problems with a loose coupled approach. The paper presents applications in the framework of fluid-structure interaction, which demonstrate the advantages of the parallel coupling library for this kind of problems. The computational fluid dynamics code FLOWer developed at the Institute of Design Aerodynamics/DLR and the structural mechanics code SIMPACK developed at the Institute of Aeroelasticity/DLR are coupled to solve an aeroelastic test problem. The applicability of the coupling library in the field of aeroelasticity is strongly dependent on the integrated interpolations between the involved meshes. In the Institute of Aeroelasticity the aeroelastic analysis tool CAESAR was developed which includes aeroelasticity specific interpolation algorithms. These routines are integrated in MpCCI via a special interface. There are two types of interpolation routines included. The first kind of algorithms is based on the method of finite interpolation elements and the second uses radial basis functions.
Stress response: PARP1 911.

Although resveratrol is thought to provide many beneficial health effects, its cellular targets and mechanism of function are still under investigation. A new study found that resveratrol binds to tyrosyl transfer-RNA synthetase, resulting in the activation of the stress response effector PARP1.
A Giant Herbig-Haro Flow from Haro 6-10

We report the discovery of a parsec-scale Herbig-Haro flow emanating from the young binary system Haro 6-10 in Taurus. The flow extends for about 39' (1.6 pc) at a position angle of about 222° and contains part of the previously known HH 184. The apparent ends of the flow are defined by the newly discovered HH 410 and HH 411, which are located 24' southwest and 15' northeast, respectively, from Haro 6-10. We suggest that the giant HH flow is most likely driven by the infrared companion to the T-Tauri primary in Haro 6-10; however, the T-Tauri component also appears to be driving a relatively weak and much smaller outflow with a north-south orientation. The two flows appear to undergo synchronized episodes of increased mass ejection, which may be due to enhanced gravitational interactions between the binary components during periastron. We also report the discovery of a new HH jet, HH 414, which is driven by IRAS 04264+2433. HH 414 points directly toward an associated bow shock, HH 413; the HH 413/414 flow crosses the axis of the HH 410/411 flow at a large angle.
Portal adrenergic blockade does not inhibit the gluconeogenic effects of circulating catecholamines on the liver.

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the impact of portal adrenergic blockade on the gluconeogenic effects of epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE). Experiments were performed on 18-hour fasted conscious dogs and consisted of a 100-minute equilibration, a 40-minute basal, and two 90-minute test periods. A pancreatic clamp was used to fix insulin and glucagon levels at basal values. Propranolol (1 μg/kg · min) and phentolamine (2 μg/kg · min) were infused intraportally during both test periods. Portal infusion of α- and β-adrenergic blockers alone (first test period) slightly increased hepatic glucose production from 2.4 ± 0.4 to 2.8 ± 0.5 mg/kg · min (nonsignificant [NS]) NE (500 ng/kg · min) and EPI (180 ng/kg · min) were infused peripherally during the second test period. Arterial NE and EPI increased from 186 ± 63 to 6,725 ± 913 pg/mL and 76 ± 25 to 2,674 ± 344 pg/mL, respectively. Portal NE and EPI increased from 135 ± 32 to 4,082 ± 747 pg/mL and 28 ± 8 to 1,114 ± 174 pg/mL, respectively. Hepatic glucose production, the maximal gluconeogenic rate, and gluconeogenic efficiency increased from 2.8 ± 0.5 to 3.8 ± 0.4 mg/kg · min (P
Nonadiabatic and three-dimensional effects in compressible turbulent boundary layers

A defect stream function formulation for nonadiabatic flow with small crossflow is developed. The first-integral property of this formulation provides for two removal of the streamline curvature term in the governing equation so that the form of the reduced equation for small crossflow is the same as that for two dimensional flow. The combined law of the wall and wake is used in place of the no-slip boundary condition. The tangential velocity equation for law-of-the-wall flow is shown to be the same for three-dimensions as for two when the Boussinesq approximation applies, and a closed form solution for the crossflow angle in the inner region is obtained. Analytic solutions for nonadiabatic, compressible, equilibrium flow with a Clauser outer-region eddy-viscosity model are obtained, and excellent agreement with experimental skin friction and velocity profile data for nonadiabatic, compressible flat-plate flow is achieved. An analytic solution for a linear inner-region eddy-viscosity model is also obtained; the wake function part of this solution is found to be inconsistent with the empirically established law of the wake.
Social Work and Adverse Childhood Experiences Research: Implications for Practice and Health Policy

Medical research on "adverse childhood experiences" (ACEs) reveals a compelling relationship between the extent of childhood adversity, adult health risk behaviors, and principal causes of death in the United States. This article provides a selective review of the ACE Study and related social science research to describe how effective social work practice that prevents ACEs and mobilizes resilience and recovery from childhood adversity could support the achievement of national health policy goals. This article applies a biopsychosocial perspective, with an emphasis on mind-body coping processes to demonstrate that social work responses to adverse childhood experiences may contribute to improvement in overall health. Consistent with this framework, the article sets forth prevention and intervention response strategies with individuals, families, communities, and the larger society. Economic research on human capital development is reviewed that suggests significant cost savings may result from effective implementation of these strategies.
The Photolysis of CO2 at Wavelengths Exceeding 1740 Å

Carbon dioxide photolysis at 1740-2100 A applied to photochemistry of Mars lower atmosphere