cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Framework for the Emotional Psychology of Group Membership

The vast literature on negative treatment of outgroups and favoritism toward ingroups provides many local insights but is largely fragmented, lacking an overarching framework that might provide a unified overview and guide conceptual integration. As a result, it remains unclear where different local perspectives conflict, how they may reinforce one another, and where they leave gaps in our knowledge of the phenomena. Our aim is to start constructing a framework to help remedy this situation. We first identify a few key ideas for creating a theoretical roadmap for this complex territory, namely the principles of etiological functionalism and the dual inheritance theory of human evolution. We show how a “molecular” approach to emotions fits into this picture, and use it to illuminate emotions that shape intergroup relations. Finally, we weave the pieces together into the beginnings of a systematic taxonomy of the emotions involved in social interactions, both hostile and friendly. While it is but a start, we have developed the argument in a way that illustrates how the foundational principles of our proposed framework can be extended to accommodate further cases.
It Has Added Another Layer of Stress": COVID-19's Impact in the PICU."

OBJECTIVE The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has dramatically changed health care delivery and impacted health care providers. However, little is known about the impact of the pandemic in PICUs. In this qualitative study, we aimed to assess pediatric critical care providers’ perspectives on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the experiences of patients and families in the PICU and on their personal and professional lives. METHODS Nineteen pediatric critical care and complex care attending physicians and nurse practitioners from a PICU in a tertiary, freestanding children’s hospital in the Midwest completed a semistructured, qualitative interview. Transcripts were analyzed by using thematic analysis. RESULTS For both PICU providers and patients and families, participants described a negative overall impact of the pandemic, especially relating to increased stress and fear of contracting the disease. Disease precautions such as visitor restrictions and restricting movement were reported to be particularly stressful for families because they limited coping strategies (eg, in-person social support). Providers described changes to the work environment, patient care, and their personal lives. CONCLUSIONS Results elucidate the perceived impacts of COVID-19 and associated hospital precautions on the lives of PICU providers, patients, and families. Providers, patients, and families likely require additional psychosocial support during the pandemic. When possible, policies regarding disease management should maximize safety while minimizing additional stress. Further research is needed to explore patient and family perspectives regarding the impact of COVID-19 and to evaluate the continued impact of COVID-19 over time.
Molecular Signaling of CD95- and TNFR-Mediatedapoptosis in Naïve and Various Memory Subsets of T-Cells

There are multiple ways for cells to die, including necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy. Apoptosis or programmed cell death or suicidal cell death is a physiological form of cell death, which is critical in cellular homeostasis. Apoptosis occurs in almost all cell types in the body and begins as early as eight cell embryo stage and continues throughout the lifespan of the organism, albeit at different rate. There are multiple roads to apoptotic cell death, including extrinsic or death receptor-mediated and intrinsic, which may be mediated via mitochondrial pathway and the endoplasmic reticulum pathways. Most of apoptotic cell death are mediated by serine proteases, the caspases, which cleave a number of target substrates, including enzymes, transcription factors, and structural proteins. However, apoptosis may also be mediated by caspase-independent pathways. In this review we will discuss molecular signaling and regulation of death receptor pathways, particularly CD95- and TNFR- mediated apoptosis, in naive and various memory subsets of T-cells, and changes during human aging.
Influence of Fabrication Method on Tensile Response of Split Hopkinson Bar-Sized Specimens

The influence of the specimen fabrication method on results of tension experiments on miniature ductile metal samples was investigated. 2024-T351 aluminum specimens were fabricated using traditional machining methods (milling) to two surface roughness specifications and using electrical discharge machining (EDM). The recast layer was left on the EDM specimens. The surface roughness of all samples was documented. The influence of edge-breaking the samples (rounding the sharp edges) was also investigated. Tests were conducted at two nominal strain rates: 1.0 s−1 using a servohydraulic load frame and 1000 s−1 using a tension split Hopkinson bar (SHB) apparatus. Results showed that the fabrication method influenced both the ultimate tensile stress and the elongation at failure. For milled specimens, the ultimate tensile stress and elongation decreased with increasing surface roughness. EDM specimens had slightly lower ultimate stresses but ductility in line with finely milled samples. Ultimate stresses of milled specimens with broken edges were lower than those with unbroken edges.
Pentachlorophenol decreases tumor-cell-binding capacity and cell-surface protein expression of human natural killer cells.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an organochlorine pesticide that decreases the tumor-cell killing (lytic) function of human natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells defend against tumor cells and virally infected cells. They bind to these targets, utilizing a variety of cell surface proteins. This study examined concentrations of PCP that decrease lytic function for alteration of NK binding to tumor targets. Levels of PCP that caused loss of binding function were then examined for effects on expression of cell-surface proteins needed for binding. Exposure to 10 μM PCP for 24 h (which caused a greater than 70% loss of lytic function) decreased NK binding function (34.6%), and CD11a (21.7%) and CD56 (26.2%) cell-surface proteins. Both binding function and cell-surface proteins were decreased after longer exposures to lower concentrations of PCP. These data indicate that continuous exposures to PCP decreased binding function as well as cell-surface marker expression in NK cells and that these changes may in part explain the losses of lytic function seen with these exposures. PCP exposures have been shown to increase the incidence of blood and kidney cancers in humans. These data indicate that a possible explanation for this increased risk may be loss of NK lytic function, which is at least in part due to the loss of the ability of the NK cell to bind to tumor cells. These data also indicate that lost binding function may be due to loss of important cell surface proteins.
CHLOROPLAST DNA VARIATION AND EVOLUTION IN PISUM: PATTERNS OF CHANGE AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS

Variation in 30 chloroplast DNAs, representing 22 wild and cultivated accessions in the genus Pisum, was analyzed by comparing fragment patterns produced by 16 restriction endonucleases. Three types of mutations were detected. First, an inversion of between 2.2 kilobase pairs (kb) and 5.2 kb distinguished a population of P. humile from all other Pisum accessions examined. Second, deletions and insertions of between 50 and 1200 base pairs produced small restriction fragment length variations in four regions of the 120-kb chloroplast genome. Two of these regions—one of which is located within the sequence that is inverted in P. humile—showed a high degree of size polymorphism, to the extent that size differences were detected between individuals from the same accession. Finally, a total of only 11 restriction site mutations were detected among the 165 restriction sites sampled in the 30 DNAs. Based on these results and previous data, we conclude that the chloroplast genome is evolving very slowly relative to nuclear and mitochondrial DNAs. The Pisum chloroplast DNA restriction site mutations define two major lineages: One includes all tested accessions of P. fulvum, which is known to be cytogenetically quite distinct from all other Pisum taxa. The second includes 12 of 13 cultivated lines of the garden pea (P. sativum) and a wild population of P. humile from northern Israel. These observations strongly reinforce an earlier conclusion that the cultivated pea was domesticated primarily from northern populations of P. humile. A 13th P. sativum cultivar has a chloroplast genome that is significantly different from those of the aforementioned lines and somewhat more similar to those of P. elatius and southern populations of P. humile. This observation indicates that secondary hybridization may have occurred during the domestication of the garden pea.
Ripples and Fast Ripples as Markers for Epileptogenic Zone in TS Complex

Investigators from the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, and Okayama University Hospital, Japan, analyzed the high occurrence rate (OR) of interictal high frequency oscillations (HFOs) at 80-200 Hz (ripples) and >200 Hz (fast ripples, FRs).
Evidence of increased centrally enhanced bladder compliance with ageing in a mouse model.

Objective To test the hypothesis that ageing is associated with increasing neurogenic enhancement of bladder filling compliance. Materials and Methods Female B6 mice (aged 2, 12, 22 and 26 months) underwent cystometry while alive and immediately after death. Bladder compliance was calculated from pressure-time data. Pressure data were transformed using Fast Fourier Transform to obtain power spectra of bladder pressure variations attributable to contractile activity during filling in both alive and dead mice. A cut-off frequency (CF) was determined for each mouse, above which any power content would be primarily neurogenic. Compliance and power spectra results were compared among age groups, and correlations sought. Results A reversible loss of bladder compliance and non-voiding contractile (NVC) activity followed abolition of voiding reflexes in female colony mice in all age groups. Bladder filling compliance increased with age in urethane-anaesthetised and post-mortem conditions, and more so in the former. Power below the CF did not significantly vary with age. Neurogenic power increased with age, and significantly correlated with compliance. Conclusions An increase in neurogenic power during filling accompanies increased centrally mediated compliance enhancement with age. A bladder control model in which brain processes related to micturition may compensate for age-associated changes; thereby preserving voiding function is suggested. Urinary dysfunction could be viewed as the result of homeostatic failure rather than strictly end-organ pathology.
The Boundary of Proximal Hindlimb Representation in the Dorsal Horn following Peripheral Nerve Lesions in Cats: A Reevaluation of Plasticity in the Somatotopic Map

Some investigators have reported that deafferentation markedly alters the somatotopic organization of the dorsal horn in adult mammals, whereas others, including the present investigator, have not. Failure to observe changes in somatotopy might be attributable to insufficient deafferentation, inadequate sampling, limitation of the observations to a population of neurons that does not exhibit the phenomenon, or a variety of technical factors. The most striking changes in somatotopy have been reported following total deafferentation of the medial dorsal horn by sciatic and saphenous nerve lesions (Devor and Wall, 1981a; Lisney, 1983). The present study was an attempt to replicate this result to determine which explanations might account for the failure of some earlier investigations to observe changes in somatotopic organization. Other variables to be considered include type of anesthesia, type of electrode, and mapping and reconstruction procedures.The somaiotopic organization of the lumbar dorsal horn in ...
The innate immune response in ischemic acute kidney injury

Kidney ischemia reperfusion injury is a major cause of morbidity in both allograft and native kidneys. Ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury is characterized by early, alloantigen-independent inflammation. Major components of the innate immune system are activated and participate in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury, plus prime the allograft kidney for rejection. Soluble members of innate immunity implicated in acute kidney injury include the complement system, cytokines, and chemokines. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are also important contributors. Effector cells that participate in acute kidney injury include the classic innate immune cells, neutrophils and macrophages. Recent data has unexpectedly identified lymphocytes as participants of early acute kidney injury responses. In this review, we will focus on immune mediators that participate in the pathogenesis of ischemic acute kidney injury.
Ability of free-living cells of Bradyrhizobium japonicum to denitrify in soils

Experiments to assess the ability of free-living cells of six strains of soybean rhizobia (Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 76, 94, 110, 122, 123, and 135) to denitrify nitrate in five soils showed that although some strains ofB. japonicum have the capacity to rapidly denitrify nitrate in soils under anaerobic conditions, it is unlikely that the numbers of soybean rhizobia commonly found under field conditions are sufficient to significantly influence either the extent or the products of denitrification in soil. It is our general conclusion that the advantages, if any, that the ability to denitrify conveys to rhizobia or to the rhizobia-legume symbiosis are not offset by increased losses of plant-available N when denitrifying strains of rhizobia are present as free-living cells in soil.
Dynamics of phytoplankton succession coupled to species diversity as a system‐level tool for study of Microcystis population dynamics in eutrophic lakes

Many of the processes that influence initiation and development of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in lake ecosystems also affect the nature of phytoplankton population overturn—here referred to as the dynamics of succession—and species diversity. Consequently, the dynamics of succession and species diversity might reflect the lake’s resistance to HABs. We explored this idea by developing a potential system-level tool based on the coupling of these two characters, where the dynamics of succession were quantified using a first derivative index, and tested it in a single lake plagued by recurrent blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa. Our analysis showed that if nonbloom periods were characteristic of either low succession dynamics or low species diversity, M. aeruginosa blooms followed. However, when succession dynamics and species diversity were both high for an extended period, a M. aeruginosa bloom did not follow. Should this relationship hold true in other lakes and when blooms are not as severe, a coupling of succession dynamics to species diversity might prove useful as a tool to evaluate M. aeruginosa population dynamics at the system level. Data at the species level were needed to elucidate this inverse relationship between M. aeruginosa bloom initiation and the dynamics of succession coupled to species diversity. When species data were grouped into coarse taxonomic categories (i.e., groups discernable using in vivo absorption spectra) the relationship was not detectable.
Foreign Language Instruction in Japanese Higher Education: The Humanistic Vision or Nationalist Utilitarianism?

Japanese society has a love–hate relationship with English. Many develop an antipathy toward English, bred through preparing for demanding examinations that focus on the intricacies of grammar. And...
When Ontologies Collide it's a Slippery Slide: Differing Representations of the Social Construction of Child Sexual Abuse:

ization through the "mediating narrative" of the trauma model in survivor therapy, while Kitzinger addresses the role of the media in perpetuating a completely different set of understandings. This is rooted, I believe, in a perhaps even more fundamental difference. The authors have different ontologies. Davis's is reflexively and consistently constructionist and Kitzinger's is, perhaps inadvertently, objectivist at its core. After discussing each scholar's significant contributions to our understanding of the social construction of child abuse, I will explain why I believe Kitzinger's impact is more limited as a consequence. Davis's book traces the background, emergence, development, and dissemination of the cultural narrative of child sexual abuse, showing how the story of incest originated in the child protection and anti-rape movements and became the model for a therapeutic "rationale" and victimization account that
Syntheses and crystal structures of two zeolite related structures with novel framework topologies

Abstract Hydrothermal syntheses and crystal structures of two zeolite related materials with novel framework topologies are reported. UCSB-4 and UCSB-5 were prepared as cobalt aluminophosphates with N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine and 1,3-diaminopropane as structure-directing agents, respectively. UCSB-4 has two-dimensional eight-ring channels, whereas UCSB-5 has one-dimensional 10-ring channels. Aluminum and cobalt are not uniformly distributed among framework metal atom sites. In UCSB-4, about one third of metal atom sites are cobalt-rich and about two thirds are aluminum-rich, but in UCSB-5, in addition to one third cobalt-rich sites and one third aluminum-rich sites, approximately one third of metal atom sites are almost equally occupied by aluminum and cobalt. The metal atom site selectivity is related to the orientation of amine molecules which can be determined in both structures. Crystal data for [(CH 3 ) 2 NH(CH 2 ) 2 NH(CH 3 ) 2 ][Co 2 Al 4 (PO 4 ) 6 ] (UCSB-4): space group P 2 1 / c , a =9.2398(8) A, b =18.828(2) A, c =9.4714(8) A, β =118.052(1)°, V =1454.1(2) A 3 , Z =2, Mo Kα, λ =0.71073 A, 2 θ max =45°, R ( F )=10.1% for 186 parameters and 1896 reflections with I >2 σ ( I ). Crystal data for [NH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 NH 3 ] 4 [Co 6 Al 6 (PO 4 ) 12 ](OH) 2 ·H 2 O: space group P 2 1 / c , a =19.2140(4) A, b =9.7711(2) A, c =16.3659(3) A, β =110.279(1)°, V =2882.11(8) A 3 , Z =2, Mo Kα, 2 θ max =50°, R ( F )=5.92% for 461 parameters and 3463 reflections with I >2 σ ( I ).
Localization of Cytoplasmic Lactate Dehydrogenase-X in Spermatozoa

Cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase-X (LDH-X) has been localized in the tail sheath of mature intact mouse, human, and rat spermatozoa by histochemical and immunological techniques. The isozyme is also found within the mitochondria. Intact sperm demonstrate a mitochondrial LDH-X but cytoplasmic localization in mature sperm cells has been inconclusive. The presence of LDH-X in the sperm tail supports in vitro biochemical data for the existence of a cytosol/mitochondria shuttle of reducing equivalents mediated by LDH-X.
The Strength Analysis of Tower Vacuum Dryer Structural

Tower vacuum dryer room is the key device for continuous vacuum dryer. In order to lower the cost of manufacture, the wall of dryer should be thinner. But as the pressure container, it must have the well intensity while operating. Because its complex structure, the simple calculation is not enough, the finite element analysis in intensity control was carried out. The model of vacuum dryer was built, the intensity of general primary membrane stress and the intensity of primary bending stress was picked-up on the max stress intensity point through the path of wall thickness. Accord with JB4732-1995, the structural strength was fulfilled the requirement.
COMT moderates the relation of daily maladaptive coping and pain in fibromyalgia

Forty-five women with fibromyalgia (FM) engaged in a 30-day electronic diary assessment, recording daily ratings of pain and 2 forms of maladaptive coping: pain catastrophizing and pain attention. Participants were genotyped for the val158met single nucleotide polymorphism (rs4680) in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene. COMT genotype moderated the daily relations of both maladaptive coping processes and pain. FM women with the homozygous met/met genotype evidenced more pain on days when pain catastrophizing was elevated relative to heterozygous and homozygous val158 carriers. FM women with the homozygous met/met genotype evidenced more pain on days when pain attention was elevated relative to those with the homozygous val/val genotype. Evidence is presented to suggest that these are independent effects. The findings provide multimeasure and multimethod support for genetic moderation of a maladaptive coping and pain process, which has been previously characterized in a sample of postoperative shoulder pain patients. Further, the findings advance our understanding of the role of COMT in FM, suggesting that genetic variation in the val158met polymorphism may affect FM pain through pathways of pain-related cognition.
The Evolving Role of Adjuvant Chemotherapy.

Decision-making for the medical oncologist was once far simpler than it is today. Following the 2000 NIH Consensus Conference on the treatment of early stage breast, almost all women with tumors > 1cm or positive lymph nodes were offered a course of adjuvant chemotherapy. There were some choices to be made in terms of the specific adjuvant regimen, but the oncologist could rely upon the results of large, randomized trials and choose a regimen that had been shown to be beneficial. Indeed, some might argue that a medical oncologist in 2009 could take the same approach. But the breast cancer world has evolved substantially over the past 5-7 years, and such an approach would not take full advantage of our understanding of breast cancer in 2009. We now understand that there is a great degree of intrinsic heterogeneity across breast tumors, and that the benefits associated with adjuvant chemotherapy vary substantially by subtype of disease. At minimum, we should consider three groups of patients separately: 1) individuals with HER2 positive disease; 2) individuals with triple negative disease; and 3) individuals with ER+ and HER2 non-amplified, non-overexpressed disease, who represent the vast majority of the patients with breast cancer in the United States. For patients with HER2+ disease, trastuzumab-based therapy has become the standard of care for all but women who have very small (T1a) tumors in the setting of negative lymph. Even in those women, there are physicians who would recommend a course of adjuvant trastuzumab-based chemotherapy. The major question is what chemotherapy to use in combination with trastuzumab, and this is a matter of considerable debate. In addition, uncertainty exists surrounding the optimal treatment for individuals who have indeterminate HER2 test results. For women with triple negative breast cancer, chemotherapy is also given to almost all patients apart from those with the very smallest tumors in the context of negative lymph nodes. For most patients, one of the standard anthracycline-taxane regimens remains the usual course of therapy. For patients with a low disease burden, first or second generation regimens such as AC, TC, or CMF are reasonable considerations. The most difficult questions arise concerning the use of chemotherapy in women with ER+ and HER2 normal disease. In this setting, the average benefit associated with chemotherapy is far less than in women with HER2+ or triple negative disease. Recent retrospective studies suggest that there are large groups of women who likely derive almost no or almost no benefit from chemotherapy. Increasingly, assays such as the Oncotype Dx Recurrence Score are used to aid clinical decisions, but even these complex genetic assays do not always provide a clear roadmap. Controversies and practical considerations surrounding the use of chemotherapy in women with ER+ and HER2 normal disease will be discussed in detail. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr CS1-2.
Cosmological constraints on hot plasma in a closed universe

A hot uniform collisionally heated intergalactic medium (IGM) at closure density is reconsidered. Optical depth measurements, plasma cooling and ionic abundances during the recombination epoch are discussed. The data are used to calculate X-radiation at critical energies. The results indicate a present temperature from 160,000 to 4,200,000 K if the reheating of the IGM ceased at the latest possible time. As cessation of heating moves to earlier times, the range of present plasma temperature narrows until at the earliest possible cessation time only about 160,000 K is acceptable. Relevant formulae are provided to modify these numbers as new data become available. This IGM avoids any hard X-ray production and thus assumes that discrete sources alone constitute the entire cosmic X-ray background.
Online monitoring for Si solar cell manufacturing

We have developed an online monitoring system that can image various parameters of wafers and cells as they are transported over a conveyer belt. For silicon applications, these parameters include: sawing irregularities, texture quality and uniformity, AR coating thickness, metallization statistics on finger and busbar widths, and final “visual inspection.” For a multicrystalline wafer, it also measures grain size and grain orientations. The system involves a light source and a line camera, to record the reflectance image of the wafer/cell moving at speeds up to 5 inches per second (ips). A high-speed computer then transforms the reflectance images into the appropriate parameter images. We will describe the essential principles of the system, image processing methods, and discuss examples of the applications in a manufacturing facility. The current system is a single wafer line, carrying wafers/cells at a speed of 2 inches per second. The imaging system can be adapted to existing conveyor belt assembly.
Nicotine and Norms: The Re-Emergence of a Deviant Behavior

This study investigates historical and on-going changes in the social control of cigarette smoking and emphasizes the moral, political, organizational, and economic forces which have influenced changes in smoking behavior. Social controls have ranged from a complete ban on cigarette smoking in 14 states at the turn of the century, to the post World War II period when smoking was an established part of the American scene, to the various federal and administrative regulations of today. Two measures of per capita consumption of cigarettes over the past decade have fluctuated widely in accordance with the history of that period. Although health considerations have influenced consumption patterns, data collected by the Federal Government show that moral considerations are probably more important, and that today many cigarette smokers label themselves as deviant. The future bodes greater control over the sale, advertising, and consumption of cigarettes, although prohibition of adult smoking is unlikely.
Constructions of non-principal families in extremal hypergraph theory

A family F of k-graphs is called non-principal if its Turan density is strictly smaller than that of each individual member. For each k>=3 we find two (explicit) k-graphs F and G such that {F,G} is non-principal. Our proofs use stability results for hypergraphs. This completely settles the question posed by Mubayi and Rodl [On the Turan number of triple systems, J. Combin. Theory A, 100 (2002) 135-152]. Also, we observe that the demonstrated non-principality phenomenon holds also with respect to the Ramsey-Turan density as well.
Anterior spinal artery syndrome and its natural history

The anterior spinal artery syndrome in three patients is described and from the literature 60 additional patients were collected. Motor recovery in the following groups of patients was noted: (1) Partial loss of motor function and pain sensation--70.4 per cent (19/27); (2) Complete motor loss but partial loss of pain--83.3 per cent (5/6); (3) Paresis but pain sensation absent--66.7 per cent (6/9); and (4) Absent motor function and pain--38.9 per cent (7/18). Motor recovery was also found to vary according to aetiology: (A) Unknown cause--92.9 per cent (13/14); (B) Post-infection or vaccination--88.9 per cent (8/9); (C) Anterior spinal artery occlusion--33.3 per cent (3/9); (D) Spinal cord angioma--20 per cent (2/10); and (E) Aortic lesion--20 per cent (1/5). Patients with sparing of motor function or pain sensation below the lesion do better than those without both functions. Neurological return also varies with the aetiology of the syndrome.
Managing Recreational Trail Environments for Mountain Bike User Preferences.

= 406), highlight some important issues concerning the design and management of wildland recreation environments that are primarily used for mountain biking. For example, bikers were found to significantly prefer water bars above all other tested soil erosion management techniques; trail erosion factors, including the presence of rocks, roots, and gullies, all added to biking experiences on average; trail design factors, such as the presence of turns, bumps, jumps, and obstacles, all added to biking experiences in general. These findings were used to address questions that resource managers should consider when striving to effectively manage wildland recreation areas primarily used for mountain biking.
Stroke severity and outcomes for octogenarians receiving statins

Abstract Pre-exposure to 3-hydroxy-3-methylgutaryl-coenzyne A reductase inhibitors (statins) appears to improve outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Whether this extends to patients over 80 is not known. Patients ≥80 years of age with AIS were retrospectively reviewed from the stroke registry of a tertiary stroke center. Pre-admission statin use, demographics, vascular risk factors, and comorbid conditions were assessed. Primary outcomes were admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores and in-hospital mortality/discharge to hospice, and secondary outcomes included subsequent intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and modified Barthel index (mBI) at 3 months. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between pre-admission statin use and outcomes among elderly patients. Among 804 patients ≥80, those taking statins prior to AIS admission were overall younger, were more likely to have hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and were more likely to be on an antiplatelet, but less likely to receive treatment with IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Patients on statin had lower stroke severity (NIHSS > 16: 21.9% vs. 27.6%) and in-hospital mortality/discharge to hospice (22.8% vs. 27.6%), but neither was significant. There was no difference in ICH (1.2% vs. 1.9%), and patients on statins had a non-significant trend toward less disability on mBI (27.5% vs. 35.7%). Pre-admission statin use did not show a statistical difference in either outcome, but it did show a trend toward lower stroke severity and improved short-term outcomes. In addition, our study suggests that statins may be safe in elderly stroke patients and may not increase the risk of ICH.
SU‐E‐T‐366: Time‐Resolved EPID Dosimetry for Validating ArcIMRT

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to demonstrate time‐resolved dosimetry for verifying arc intensity modulated radiation therapy (arcIMRT) delivery, utilizing the continuous image acquisition of an electronic portal imaging device (EPID). Methods: An arcIMRT field was made of sliding, multi‐leaf collimator (MLC) motion of X1 leaves traveling from −5 cm to +5 cm and back, while Y opening was kept at 10 cm. For this field, this travel was repeated three times during the gantry rotation of 180°. The images were continuously acquired while the EPID was irradiated with 240 MU at a constant dose rate of 300 MU/min. By summing 10 frames, and thus reducing the temporal resolution to 1 second, a longitudinal non‐uniformity in the images was reduced to less than 3%. Dose images in EPID were also calculated by the XVMC code for MLC positions at 1 mm interval using the EPID model developed in our previous study. The calculated images at 1 sec resolution were then correlated to and compared with the images, validating the time‐resolved dosimetry. Results: Over the period of 48 seconds, 481 EPID images were acquired. The MLCs traveled at 1.25 cm/sec. Thus, 10 images were assigned to 1.25 cm of MLC travel for the correlation and for dose evaluation. For all gantry angles, the agreement of the gamma tests was above 90%, given 3 mm distance to agreement and 3% dose difference, when MLCs moved forwardly to the X2 side. However, when they travel back, the pass rates were below 90% due to MLC lagging which was detected in time‐resolved EPID dose imaging. Conclusion: Time‐resolved, four‐dimensional dose validation of arcIMRT was demonstrated, showing the temporal information of dynamic radiation delivery. This can be used for the validation of 4D treatment delivery techniques.
Acrometastasis to the Foot: Three Case Reports With Primary Colon Cancer

Acrometastasis (metastasis to the hand or foot) is a rare occurrence; however, bone is a common site of metastatic disease, which occurs in up to 30% of patients with malignancy. Although acrometastasis is rare, a high clinical suspicion must exist, especially in evaluating a patient with a known history of cancer. The diagnosis may be difficult and prolonged, which may ultimately affect the patient's outcome. Misdiagnosis of acrometastasis seems to be a common problem. Early diagnosis and treatment is important for improving quality of life in these patients. The authors report 3 cases of acrometastasis from a rare source, the colon.
Spectroscopy beyond molecular constants

Abstract The spectra of diatomic molecules containing an atom with a partially filled d or f shell are exceedingly complex. Nonetheless, simple bonding arguments and a simple, predictive zero-order electronic structure model can be used to organize and understand the unavoidably dense and confusing manifold of molecular states. The correspondence between molecular constants and a global periodicity-based structural model is only possible when large quantities of spectral information have been acquired and deciphered. This paper discusses how a variety of new and powerful, single and multiple resonance spectroscopies can be used to efficiently and rapidly generate the large amounts of high quality spectral information required to reveal what appears to be an elegant underlying electronic simplicity.
Effect of iodination on the pK of Schiff base deprotonation and M412 production in purple membrane

Abstract Previously, kinetic resonance Raman measurements as a function of pH have been used to demonstrate that, microseconds after light absorption, the pK of Schiff base deprotonation during the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle is 10.2 ± 0.3, whereas before the light event, the pK is > 12 (2). In this investigation, we have iodinated purple membrane suspensions and have found that the pK of Schiff base deprotonation in the photocycle has been lowered to between 7 and 8 for iodinated bacteriorhodopsin. These results, together with our previous data on the pK of Schiff base deprotonation, suggest that the amino acid tyrosine could be a critical component in the deprotonation mechanism.
Design Issues in a Prospective Randomized Double-Blinded Trial of Prophylaxis with Fluconazole versus Voriconazole after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Background Aspergillus infections pose the toughest infectious challenges to the clinician caring for hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. About 15% of patients become infected, with a case fatality rate of approximately 65%. To date, no effective prophylactic strategies have been developed. Methods Voriconazole, a recently licensed extended-spectrum azole, with demonstrated efficacy against aspergillus, is currently being tested as a potential prophylactic agent against aspergillus and other invasive fungal infections. Logistic issues--such as patient selection, choice of comparator, blinding of study drugs, duration of study drug administration, and how to handle empirical amphotericin B for possible invasive fungal infections--and analytic concerns, including choice and definition of the primary end point and the potential confounding effect of informative censoring (as a result of noninfectious events), were considered in the design of the clinical trial. Results The trial is now under way, with a projected 3-year enrollment period. Conclusions Each design decision shaped the trial in a way that permitted certain questions to be answered while not allowing others to be addressed. Once completed, the trial's results must be interpreted in light of these design details.
Microwave Ionization of Na Rydberg Levels

The authors have observed the ionization of Na Rydberg states by strong microwave fields and have found that the field required for ionization is $\frac{1}{(3.7{n}^{5})}$ (in atomic units) for $n=20\ensuremath{-}37$. This field is close to the field $\frac{1}{(3{n}^{5})}$ at which the Stark manifolds of principal quantum numbers $n$ and $n+1$ intersect. The ionization can be shown to arise from transitions occurring near these intersections.
Feature extraction of ground-penetrating radar for mine detection

Feature extraction is applied to mine detection data from a downward-looking ground penetrating radar (GPR) array. GPR signals have low signal-to-clutter ratio, are non-stationary in space, and vary with humidity, temperature, and soil moisture. To enhance mine-like signals and suppress false alarms, overlapping sensors allow one dimensional sensor fusion and adjacent sensors allow two dimensional sensor fusion. Maximum likelihood estimation followed by template matching perform confident detections in discriminating suspicious locations. The algorithm includes a training phase and a testing phase. In the training phase, local clutter features and their largest ten eigenvectors are extracted from known clean data using principal component analysis. In the testing phase, local background clutter is first removed from the raw data using a moving-average filter. Secondly, the de-cluttered data is projected on the significant clutter eigenvectors developed in training phase. A binary decision is made at each pixel according to template matching distances and geometric sensor structure. Receiver operating curve evaluations against test bed ground truth show improvement as singular value decomposition is enhanced by template matching and 1-D and 2-D sensor fusion.
Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents.

Purpose of review To highlight the new information in the field of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adolescents and how it may pertain to current practice. Recent findings The diagnosis of adolescent PCOS remains controversial, and experts continue to debate the appropriate criteria to be used. There is growing support for using Rotterdam criteria, but requiring the presence of all three criteria (oligoovulation or anovulation, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries on pelvic ultrasonography), as the standard 'two of three' criteria may overdiagnose PCOS in adolescents. As adolescent PCOS is better understood, a high rate of metabolic syndrome and sleep disorders is appreciated, which likely has implications on long-term health. The mainstay of PCOS treatment in adolescents should be lifestyle modification (diet, exercise and behavioral changes), and evidence exists that these interventions are beneficial. The use of insulin sensitizers to target PCOS-related insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction is common, but further studies on its use and effectiveness are warranted. Summary As a better understanding of adolescent PCOS evolves, including appropriate diagnostic criteria, factors associated with concomitant metabolic disorders and effective treatment options, improved care for these adolescents will be achieved.
A constitutive model for frictional slip on rock interfaces

Abstract The shear stress required for frictional slip on rock interfaces is known to depend on the history of the slip velocity. At least one physical model that predicts this behavior also indicates that memory of past normal stresses may persist. A constitutive equation that incorporates memory of both past slip velocities and past normal stresses is proposed, and the appropriate physical property functions are identified. Once measured, these functions allow the computation of the shear stress on a slipping interface for general loading histories.
The Role of Emergency Coronary Intervention During and Following Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

The vast majority of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest have underlying coronary artery disease. Autopsy studies have documented an 80% to 90% incidence of significant coronary disease in adults succumbing to sudden cardiac death. Prospective studies of coronary angiography of those successfully resuscitated also show an incidence of coronary disease approaching 80%. Acute coronary ischemia s a common trigger for out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Culprit esions can be readily identified during coronary angiography immediately after esuscitation in 90% of those with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and in 5% of those without STEMI.
HLODs for faster display of large static and dynamic environments

We present an algorithm and a system for accelerated display of massive static and dynamic environments using hierarchical simplification. Given a geometric dataset, we represent it using a scene graph and compute levels of detail (LODs) for each node in the graph. We augment the LODs with automatically-generated hierarchical levels of detail (HLODs) that serve as higher fidelity drastic simplifications of entire branches of the scene graph. We extend the algorithm to handle a class of dynamic environments by incrementally recomputing a subset of the HLODs on the fly when objects move. We leverage the properties of the HLOD scene graph in our system, using them to render the environment in a specified image quality or target frame rate mode. The resulting algorithms have been implemented as part of a system named SHAPE. We demonstrate its performance on complex CAD environments composed of tens of millions of polygons. Overall, SHAPE is able to achieve considerable speedups in frame rate with little loss in image quality.
Evaluating the Juvenile Breaking the Cycle Program's impact on recidivism

Abstract This article presents findings from an evaluation of the Juvenile Breaking the Cycle (JBTC) Program, an intervention that was designed to provide criminal justice system monitoring and individualized treatment and services to substance-using youth who were assessed as high recidivism risks following an initial police encounter. Results from logistic and negative binomial regression models, using repeated data measures, indicated that JBTC participants, relative to baseline and a sample of comparison youth, were significantly less likely to be arrested and had significantly fewer arrests in the six to twelve months after entering the program. The JBTC Program appears to be one that jurisdictions should consider replicating in an effort to address the needs of juveniles who are at risk for delinquency and substance use in their communities.
Formation of Mono- and Bis-Michael Adducts by the Reaction of Nucleophilic Amino Acids with Hydroxymethylvinyl Ketone, a Reactive Metabolite of 1,3-Butadiene

Previously, our laboratory has shown that hydroxymethylvinyl ketone (HMVK), a Michael acceptor oxidation product of the 1,3-butadiene metabolite, 3-butene-1,2-diol, readily reacts with hemoglobin at physiological conditions and that mass spectrometry of trypsin-digested peptides suggested adduct formation with various nucleophilic amino acids. In the present study, we characterized reactions of HMVK (3 mM) with three model nucleophilic amino acids (6 and/or 15 mM): N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), l-valinamide, and N-acetyl-l-lysine (NAL). NAC was the most reactive toward HMVK followed by l-valinamide and NAL. HMVK incubations with each amino acid at pH 7.4 and 37 °C resulted in the formation of a mono-Michael adduct. In addition, HMVK incubated with NAL gave rise to two additional bis-Michael adducts characterized by LC/MS, LC/MS/MS, 1H NMR, and 1H-detected heteronuclear single quantum correlation. The relative ratios of areas of NAL monoadduct (adduct 1) and diadducts (adducts 2 and 3) at 6 h were 49, 21, and...
Lanthanide oxochalcogenido clusters

Lanthanide chalcogenolates react with either TeO2 in pyridine or py-SO3 in THF to give oxychalcogenido clusters. The sulfido derivatives (THF)8Ln8S2O2(SePh)16 (Ln = Ce, Nd) are isostructural with previously reported oxoselenido compounds, and must be prepared at low temperatures to avoid the introduction of Se into the sulfide position. Analogous telluride derivatives for the early lanthanides were not obtained, but reactions of in situ prepared Ln(TePh)3 with elemental Te and TeO2 gave a complicated heterocluster product, with tetrametallic polytelluride [(py)7Ln4(μ4-Te)(μ2-Te2)2(μ-η2-η2-Te2Te(Ph)Te2)(TePh)] co-crystallizing with the oxotellurido compound [(py)5Ln3(μ3-O)(μ2-Te2)3(TePh)] (Ln = Ho, Er). An analysis of the thermal decomposition of these compounds did not identify the oxo-containing products, with the sulfide compounds decomposing to give only Ln3Se4 and the telluride compounds forming crystalline LnTe and Te metal.
Gonadal abnormalities in frogs (Lithobates spp.) collected from managed wetlands in an agricultural region of Nebraska, USA.

Nebraska’s Rainwater Basin (RWB) provides important wetland habitat for North American migratory birds. Concern exists that pesticide and nutrient runoff from surrounding row-crops enters wetlands degrading water quality and adversely affecting birds and wildlife. Frogs may be especially vulnerable. Plains leopard (Lithobates blairi) metamorphs from RWB wetlands with varying concentrations of pesticides were evaluated for a suite of biomarkers of exposure to endocrine active chemicals. Froglets had ovarian dysgenesis, high rates of testicular oocytes, and female-biased sex ratios however, there was no clear statistical association between pesticide concentrations and biomarkers. Data interpretation was hindered because timing and duration of exposures were unknown and due to an incomplete understanding of L. blairi sexual development. Emphasis is on describing the complex developmental biology of closely-related leopard frogs, how this understanding can explain RWB L. blairi anomalies, and the need for sampling at the appropriate life stage. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The description list of concepts

A concept is defined as a class of objects whose members can be distinguished by processing its properties. Property is defined to mean a partition of the set of all objects into disjoint classes. The formal definition of a concept is recursive in nature.A concept is described by a list structure. A one-to-one correspondence is established between the recursive definition of a concept and its description list structure. Like the definition, the description list structure of a concept is also built up from elementary list structures by a recursive process.The list structures obtained this way are compared with the description list structure discussed by the author in a previous publication.
The role of discs in the formation of binary and multiple star systems

The dynamical evolution of a small number of protostars formed by the fragmentation of a dense molecular cloud core, taking into account in a simplified way the dissipative encounters between the protostars caused by the presence of their concomitant circumstellar discs, is analysed. For an initial system of two stars, the resulting binary parameters are determined essentially by the initial angular momentum and to a lesser extent by the rate at which the accretion discs evolve. For an initial system of three stars, however, a narrow range of initial conditions leads to a broad spread of final configurations