cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Additive effect of Apo2L/TRAIL and Adeno-p53 in the induction of apoptosis in myeloma cell lines.

Abstract Objectives We have previously shown that Adenovirus-p53 (Ad-p53) is a potent inducer of apoptosis in myeloma cells expressing nonfunctional p53 and low levels of bcl -2 and that Apo2L/TRAIL is a potent inducer of apoptosis, independent of bcl -2. A study was designed to test the synergy between Ad-p53 and Apo2L/TRAIL in the induction of apoptosis in relation to the expression of DR4/DR5 and DcR1, in cells undergoing Ad-p53–induced apoptosis. Methods Replication deficient Ad-p53 and human recombinant Apo2L/TRAIL were used. Myeloma cells with mutated/w.t. p53 and varying expression of bcl -2 were used to test the effect of Ad-p53, Apo2L/TRAIL, or both, on apoptosis, measured by annexin V. Results Treatment with Ad-p53 resulted in a dose-dependent apoptosis concomitant with a dose-dependent increase in the expression of DR4/DR5 and a decrease in the expression of DcR1, in Ad-p53–sensitive cell lines. In these cells, addition of Apo2L/TRAIL to cells treated with Ad-p53 resulted in a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis. Myeloma cells resistant to Ad-p53 had high levels of DR4/DR5 and high levels of DcR1 and treatment with Ad-p53 did not reduce the expression of DcR1. Also, addition of Apo2L/TRAIL to Ad-p53 did not affect the level of apoptosis beyond the level of apoptosis observed with Apo2L/TRAIL alone. Conclusions 1) Cotreatment with Ad-p53 and Apo2L/TRAIL resulted in additive apoptosis in myeloma cells expressing nonfunctional p53 and low levels of bcl -2. 2) Resistance to Ad-p53 or to the combination of Ad-p53 and Apo2L/TRAIL was not due to the lack of adenovirus receptor (CAR) or low expression of DR4/DR5 but rather due to the relatively high expression of DcR1 receptor.
The H3K36 demethylase Jhdm1b/Kdm2b regulates cell proliferation and senescence through p15 Ink4b

The Ink4a-Arf-Ink4b locus has a crucial role in both cellular senescence and tumorigenesis. JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase 1b (Jhdm1b, also known as Kdm2b and Fbxl10), the mammalian paralog of the histone demethylase Jhdm1a (also known as Kdm2a and Fbxl11), has been implicated in cell-cycle regulation and tumorigenesis. In this report, we show that Jhdm1b is a histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) demethylase. Knockdown of Jhdm1b in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts inhibits cell proliferation and induces cellular senescence in a pRb- and p53 pathway-dependent manner. Notably, the effect of Jhdm1b on cell proliferation and cellular senescence is mediated through derepression of p15(Ink4b), as loss of p15(Ink4b) function rescues cell-proliferation defects in Jhdm1b-knockdown cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation on ectopically expressed Jhdm1b demonstrates that Jhdm1b targets the p15(Ink4b) locus and regulates its expression in an enzymatic activity-dependent manner. Alteration of Jhdm1b level affects Ras-induced neoplastic transformation. Collectively, our results indicate that Jhdm1b is an H3K36 demethylase that regulates cell proliferation and senescence through p15(Ink4b).
Phonon contribution to quasiparticle lifetimes in Cu measured by angle-resolved photoemission

The line shape of the photoelectron spectrum emitted from the {ital sp}-derived surface state at {bar {Gamma}} on Cu(111) is investigated. The line shape is Lorentzian, and the temperature dependence of the width is linear, varying from 30 meV at 30 K to 75 meV at 625 K. Less than 5-meV variation with binding energy is observed. The temperature dependence is explained as the phonon contribution to the inverse hole lifetime, predicted to be 2{pi}{lambda}{ital k}{sub {ital b}}{ital T} allowing the determination that the electron-phonon mass enhancement parameter {lambda}=0.14{plus_minus}0.02 for this surface state at {bar {Gamma}}. This is compared to {lambda}=0.15 reported as an average over the bulk Fermi surface.
Use of Crossed Cylinder Lens in Photographic Lens Evaluation

Two methods are described for testing cameras and camera lenses by utilizing the properties of the crossed cylinder lens, an ophthalmic test device. In the first, the cylinder lens is used in conjunction with a rectangular grid to defocus the star image formed by a collimator. This test permits quantitative determination of axial chromatic aberration, spherical aberration and its variations with wavelength, and coma of the lens. In the second, a segment of the cylinder lens is used as a supplementary lens attachment to the camera, which photographs a polar coordinate chart. Analysis of the photograph permits determination of the sagittal and tangential field curvatures, and also indicates errors in focal adjustment and misalignment of film plane with respect to the lens axis. Since these tests require cylinder lenses of smaller dioptric power and quality superior to that available from the ophthalmic lens industry, methods for the construction and synthesis of large-aperture, weak, cross cylinder lenses and segments thereof are given. Experimental details of the lens testing procedures, together with examples of photographic determination of the various camera and lens defects, are presented. A sensitive test for lateral chromatic aberration is included in an appendix.
SPIKE-AND-WAVE EPILEPSY IN RATS: SEX DIFFERENCES AND INHERITANCE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS

Abstrac~Spontaneously occurring spike-and-wave patterns were examined in seven to eight-month-old rats of the inbred Fischer 344 and Brown Norway strains and their F 1 and F2 hybrids. Neocortical activity and movement were monitored for 12 night h. Spike-and-wave episodes were identified by a three-layer back-propagation neural network. The incidence, average duration and total duration of spike-and-wave episodes were significantly higher in F1 males and F2 hybrids than in the parental strains. Male rats of the Brown Norway strain had significantly more and longer episodes than females, whereas no sex differences were present in Fischer rats. The average intraepisodic frequency of spike-and-wave patterns was significantly lower in Fischer rats than in the other groups and significantly higher in males than females. Tremor (myoclonic movements) associated with spike-and-wave episodes was absent or of very small amplitude in Fischer rats but frequent and of large amplitude in Brown Norway rats and their FI and F2 descendants. Most of the interstrain differences were limited to male rats. Spike-and-wave episodes recurred at predictable short-term (10-30 s) and long-term (15 30 min) periods. The long-term oscillation corresponded to a similar fluctuation of motor activity. The maximum probability of spike-and-wave patterns occurred at a relatively narrow range of delta power (0 3.1 Hz) of the background EEG activity. Systemic administration of the adrenergic alpha-2 agonist, clonidine, increased the incidence of spike-andwave episodes several-fold. The total duration of spike-and-wave episodes in the clonidine sessions (15 min) and night sessions (12 h test) correlated significantly. We suggest that several genes interact with maturational, environmental and endocrine factors, resulting in sex differences, and produce the variety of EEG and behavioral findings encountered. In addition, we submit that the clonidine test may be useful in genetic investigations of human absence epilepsies. The findings of this work demonstrate that genetic manipulation of rodents is a promising method for producing analogous models for the various forms of human absence epilepsies.
Effects of Acomastylis rossii tannins on a mammalian herbivore, the North American pika, Ochotona princeps

I investigated the effects of tannin consumption, using plant tannins naturally occurring in the diet, on a herbivorous mammal, the North American pika, Ochotona princeps. The objectives were to determine if a high-tannin diet influenced protein and dry matter apparent digestibility, fiber digestibility and production of detoxification by-products. Additionally, I examined the possibility that pikas produce salivary tannin-binding proteins, a potential mechanism for avoiding detrimental effects of tannins. My results demonstrate that although pikas constitutively produce salivary tannin-binding proteins, animals consuming a high-tannin diet of Acomastylis rossii exhibited lower dry matter, protein and fiber digestion and excreted higher concentrations of detoxification by-products. Thus, A. rossii tannins are potential toxins as well as digestibility reducers. I propose a hypothesis coupling detoxification to reduced fiber digestion that is applicable to pikas as well as other mammalian herbivores consuming phenolic-rich diets.
Long-term soil nutrient dynamics and lateral nutrient movement in fertilized and unfertilized red pine plantations

In this study, we use arepeated-measures analysis to test thehypothesis that soil fertility underpotassium-limited red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) stands at the Charles LathropPack Demonstration Forest in Warrensburg, NewYork is increasing toward a steady state thatwas artificially induced in fertilized standsby K-fertilization over 50 years ago. Wemeasured soil K by horizon and added new datato a 53-year database. We examine onemechanism that explains the higher rate of Kaccumulation in unfertilized stands comparedwith fertilized – lateral movement offertilizer K from treated plots to untreated –using the rubidium/potassium reverse tracermethod. Over the past five decades, soil Kconcentrations under both fertilized andunfertilized red pine have increasedsignificantly. The trends under fertilized andunfertilized plots demonstrate the gradualconvergence of soil K under unfertilized plotstoward concentrations in fertilized plots. Five decades after fertilization, treated soilsstill contain greater concentrations ofexchangeable K and lower bulk densities thanunfertilized plots. Analysis of Rb/K ratios inthe forest floor of fertilized and unfertilizedplots confirms the hypothesis that lateraltransport of surface broadcast fertilizer,applied over 50 years ago, extendsapproximately 11–16 m from the edges offertilized plots. The four unfertilized plotsclosest to fertilized plots have beensignificantly affected by inputs of fertilizerK, while the remaining five plots arerelatively unimpacted. Approximately 36% ofthe K in fertilized plots, and 23% of the K inunfertilized plots affected by fertilizermigration were derived directly from thefertilizer applied 5 decades ago, demonstratingthe highly conservative nature of mineralnutrient cycling in aggrading forests.
Kinetics of amine‐cyclic anhydride reactions in moderately polar solutions

The validity of extrapolating the reactivity of low molar mass compounds in solution to the polymer-analogous chemistry between polymer-bound functionality is investigated for the reaction of primary amines with cyclic anhydrides in the moderately polar solvents, anisole and tetraethyleneglycol dimethylether. The kinetics of amic-acid formation and imidization of polymeric and small molecule mixtures measured by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy at near-ambient and elevated temperatures are compared. A Significant decrease in both reaction rates is observed upon changing the primary amine from aliphatic to benzylic, benzylic to 1,2-diphenylethylamine, and 1,2-diphenylethylamine to polystyrene-bound 1,2-diphenylethylamine. Reasons for the influence of polymer-bound chemical functionality on the reaction rates for these amines are discussed. The imidization step is found to be rate limiting in the reaction of phthalic anhydride with benzylamine at the functional group concentrations reported (0.14M or less). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Alterations in DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV in Resistant Mutants of Clostridium perfringens Found after In Vitro Treatment with Fluoroquinolones

To compare mutations in the DNA gyrase (gyrA and gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parC and parE) genes of Clostridium perfringens, which are associated with in vitro exposure to fluoroquinolones, resistant mutants were selected from eight strains by serial passage in the presence of increasing concentrations of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, or trovafloxacin. The nucleotide sequences of the entire gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes of 42 mutants were determined. DNA gyrase was the primary target for each fluoroquinolone, and topoisomerase IV was the secondary target. Most mutations appeared in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA (resulting in changes of Asp-87 to Tyr or Gly-81 to Cys) and parC (resulting in changes of Asp-93 or Asp-88 to Tyr or Ser-89 to Ile); only two mutations were found in gyrB, and only two mutations were found in parE. More mutants with multiple gyrA and parC mutations were produced with gatifloxacin than with the other fluoroquinolones tested. Allelic diversity was observed among the resistant mutants, for which the drug MICs increased 2- to 256-fold. Both the structures of the drugs and their concentrations influenced the selection of mutants.
The Influence of Valley Morphology On the Rate of Bayhead Delta Progradation

Abstract Bayhead deltas exist between the fluvial and central-basin depositional environments of many incised-valley-fill successions. Prior work has shown that tributary junctions in flooded incised valleys provide “pinning points” or locations of stabilization for bayhead deltas during transgression. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of tributary junctions on the behavior of bayhead deltas during regression. This influence is examined by using a simple numerical model that incorporates established relationships for systematic changes in valley geomorphology downstream. In addition, the model incorporates important observations regarding the controls on water depth in wave-dominated estuarine central basins, which in part controls sediment accommodation. Water depth in the central basin of wave-dominated estuaries with high suspended sediment loads is a function of the width of the central basin parallel to the prevailing wind direction (fetch). A direct relationship is observed between the width of the central basin parallel to the prevailing wind direction and water depth based on data from modern estuaries in North America, Europe, and South America. Our model shows that bayhead-delta progradation rates increase at tributary confluences and larger deltas prograde at faster rates than smaller deltas. In the case of two tributary bayhead deltas fed by systems of the same size coming together, the combined bayhead delta progrades 17.6% faster. This study provides one more example of the importance of autogenic processes in influencing stratigraphic architecture and the rate of shoreline changes.
Membrane properties of two types of basal cells in Necturus taste buds

Necturus taste buds contain two types of basal cells: presumptive stem cells and Merkel-like basal cells. Both types of basal cells are small round cells located at the base of the taste bud, indistinguishable from each other with light microscopy. However, with electron microscopy, autoradiography, or immunocytochemistry, these two types of basal cells can be easily distinguished. We isolated basal cells from taste buds, characterized their voltage-dependent currents using gigaseal whole-cell recordings, and processed the cells for electron microscopy or immunocytochemistry. We were able to distinguish two cell types electrophysiologically and to correlate cell type with membrane properties. Isolated Merkel-like basal cells had several voltage- activated currents: transient, TTX-sensitive, inward Na+ current; sustained, saturating outward K+ current; and slowly inactivating inward Ca2+ current. These currents are similar to those observed in taste receptor cells. In contrast, presumptive stem cells from Necturus taste buds only had outward K+ currents.
Hypoperfusion predicts lesion progression in cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy

Magnetic resonance imaging sequences such as diffusion and spectroscopy have been well studied in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, but no data exist on magnetic resonance perfusion imaging. Since inflammation is known to modulate the microcirculation, we investigated the hypothesis that changes in the local perfusion might be one of the earliest signs of lesion development. Twenty patients with different phenotypes of adrenoleukodystrophy and seven age-matched controls were evaluated between 2006 and 2011. Fluid attenuated inversion recovery, post-contrast T1-weighted and normalized dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance perfusion cerebral blood volume maps were co-registered, segmented when cerebral lesion was present, and normalized cerebral blood volume values were analysed using a Food and Drug Association approved magnetic resonance perfusion software (NordicICE). Clinical and imaging data were reviewed to determine phenotype and status of progression. All eight patients with cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy had an average 80% decrease in normalized cerebral blood volume at the core of the lesion (P < 0.0001). Beyond the leading edge of contrast enhancement cerebral perfusion varied, patients with progressive lesions showed an average 60% decrease in normalized cerebral blood volume (adults P < 0.05; children P < 0.001), while one child with arrested progression normalized cerebral blood volume in this region. In six of seven patients with cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy lesions and follow-up imaging (2–24 month interval period), we found progression of contrast enhancement into the formerly hypoperfused perilesional zone. Asymptomatic, adrenomyeloneuropathy and female heterozygote patients had no significant changes in cerebral perfusion. Our data indicate that decreased brain magnetic resonance perfusion precedes leakage of the blood–brain barrier as demonstrated by contrast enhancement in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy and is an early sign of lesion progression.
Periodontal diseases in the child and adolescent.

Background Periodontal diseases are among the most frequent diseases affecting children and adolescents. These include gingivitis, localized or generalized aggressive periodontitis (a.k.a., early onset periodontitis which includes generalized or localized prepubertal periodontitis and juvenile periodontitis) and periodontal diseases associated with systemic disorders. The best approach to managing periodontal diseases is prevention, followed by early detection and treatment. Methods This paper reviews the current literature concerning the most common periodontal diseases affecting children: chronic gingivitis (or dental plaque-induced gingival diseases) and early onset periodontitis (or aggressive periodontitis), including prepubertal and juvenile periodontitis. In addition, systemic diseases that affect the periodontium and oral lesions commonly found in young children are addressed. The prevalence, diagnostic characteristics, microbiology, host-related factors, and therapeutic management of each of these disease entities are thoroughly discussed.
Disease Versus Disease: How One Disease May Ameliorate Another

Systemic disease, either genetic or acquired, may prevent or decrease the severity of another disease. These observations have led to important therapeutic advances. The best-known examples are Edward Jenner's use in 1798 of cowpox to prevent smallpox and J.B. Haldane's 1942 observation that erythrocyte disorders such as thalassemia and sickle cell disease modify the severity of malaria. Patients with and carriers of cystic fibrosis may have genetic resistance to tuberculosis and/or secretory diarrhea. The beneficial effects of undernutrition have led to therapeutic diets for seizures, celiac disease, type 2 diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease. Finasteride for prostatic hypertrophy was developed after the observation that patients with male pseudohermaphrodism resulting from 5-alpha-reductase mutations do not develop prostatic hypertrophy. Rh immunoglobulin for Rh hemolytic disease prevention followed the observation that ABO incompatibility prevented Rh sensitization. The natural immunosuppression of measles may cause remission of nephrosis, and that of leprosy prevents psoriasis. Patients with one form of agammaglobulinemia (X-linked) never get Epstein-Barr virus infection, and patients with another form (common variable) are seemingly cured by HIV infection. HIV/AIDS is prevented or modified by co-receptor mutations (notably the CCRDelta32 chemokine mutation), HIV-2, or GB virus C infection. Additional exploration of these genetic, infectious, and metabolic influences on disease severity may provide new therapeutic approaches to HIV and other diseases.
A concept of communication distance and its application to six situations in mobile environments

Wireless networks combined with location technology create new problems and call for new decision aids. As a precursor to the development of these decision aids, a concept of communication distance is developed and applied to six situations. This concept allows travel time and bandwidth to be combined in a single measure so that many problems can be mapped onto a weighted graph and solved through shortest path algorithms. The paper looks at the problem of intercepting an out-of-communication team member and describes ways of using planning to reduce communication distance in anticipation of a break in connection. The concept is also applied to ad hoc radio networks. A way of performing route planning using a bandwidth map is developed and analyzed. The general implications of the work to transportation planning are discussed.
Plasma aldosterone levels in patients with coronary artery disease without heart failure or myocardial infarction: implications for pathophsiology, prognosis, and therapy.

This editorial refers to ‘Aldosterone, mortality, and acute ischaemic events in coronary artery disease patients outside the setting of acute myocardial infarction or heart failure’[†][1], by F. Ivanes et al. , on page 191 Increased plasma levels of aldosterone and cortisol have been associated with an increased risk of mortality and hospitalization for heart failure (HF) in patients with a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (REF). Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), which block the effects of both cortisol and aldosterone on the MR,1 are effective in reducing total mortality as well as hospitalizations for HF in patients with chronic HFREF and in patients with HFREF early post-myocardial infarction (MI). Increased levels of aldosterone in patients with HF and a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (PEF) as well as in patients early post-MI without clinical evidence of HF have also been associated with an increase in cardiovascular risk. MRAs are therefore currently being investigated in patients with HFPEF and in patients with both ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation MI without clinical evidence of HF. Ivanes et al. have reported on the measurement of plasma aldosterone in 799 consecutive patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) referred for elective coronary angioplasty.2 Patients with an acute MI or an acute coronary syndrome requiring urgent revascularization and those with clinical evidence of HF were not included. Over a mean follow-up of 14.9 months, multivariant Cox model analysis showed that plasma aldosterone levels were independently associated with an increase in cardiovascular events. They also found that plasma aldosterone levels provided complementary … [1]: #fn-2
Physics Is All Around Us

The finale of the weekly physics department seminar series at my college is my annual demonstration lecture. Normally, the front of the room is filled with apparatus, but in May 2008 I had only a giant kaleidoscope1 and a leaning tower of Pisa (Fig. 1) on display. Instead, there was a pile of overhead projector transparencies that showed examples of phenomena and devices that I had seen in my travels. They were largely examples of large‐scale, real‐world physics that I thought would be useful in starting class discussions. Here are some of them.
Theory of low-field loss in partially magnetized ferrites

Low-field loss in partially magnetized ferrites has important implications for the design of broadband circulators and other microwave devices. A quantitative theory of this effect has been developed that takes the inhomogeneity of the DC bias field into account. The theory is specifically applied to a calculation of the transmission loss for a microstrip line on a rectangular ferrite platelet. >
Connecting the Dots: Dispute Resolution and Escalation in a World of Entangled Territorial Claims

We explore states’ decisions to escalate disputes over their territorial claims or settle them peacefully. We complement existing arguments by accounting for the fact that states are often simultan...
Man-Gods In the Mexican Highlands: Indian Power and Colonial Society, 1520-1800

Man-Gods In the Mexican Highlands: Indian Power and Colonial Society, 1520-1800. Serge Gruzinski (translated by Eileen Corrlgan). Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989. 240 pp., notes, glossary, maps, index. $32.50 (cloth). ISBN 0-8047-1513-0.
Indirect search for neutralino dark matter with high energy neutrinos

We investigate the prospects of indirect searches for supersymmetric neutralino dark matter. Relic neutralinos gravitationally accumulate in the Sun and their annihilations produce high energy neutrinos. Muon neutrinos of this origin can be seen in large detectors such as AMANDA, IceCube, and ANTARES. We evaluate the relic density and the detection rate in several models\char22{}the minimal supersymmetric model, minimal supergravity, and supergravity with nonuniversal Higgs boson masses at the grand unification scale. We make realistic estimates for the indirect detection rates including effects of the muon detection threshold, quark hadronization, and solar absorption. We find good prospects for detection of neutralinos with mass above 200 GeV.
Control and Manipulation of the Dynamic Response of Interacting Spin Vortices

A patterned mesoscale ferromagnetic disk in equilibrium can attain a flux closure vortex state with circumferential in-plane magnetization and an out-of-plane magnetic component (vortex core) at the center. When driven by a small-amplitude oscillating magnetic field or current, the vortex core gyrates around its equilibrium position experiencing resonance at a characteristic eigenfrequency. Here, we propose a resonant-spin-ordering approach for manipulating the relative vortex core polarities in coupled double-dot structures. This is achieved by driving the system to a chaotic regime of continuous core reversals and subsequently relaxing the cores to steady state motion. Any particular core polarity combination (and therefore the spectral response of the entire system) can be deterministically pre-selected by simply tuning the excitation frequency.
Fault-related folding during extension: Plunging basement-cored folds in the Basin and Range

Folds are able to form in highly extended areas where stratified cover rocks respond to basement fault offsets. The response of cover rocks to basement faulting can be studied especially well in plunging structures that expose large structural relief. The southern Basin and Range province contains plunging folds kilometres in amplitude at the corners of domino-like tilt blocks of basement rocks, where initially steep transverse and normal faults propagated upward toward the layered cover rocks. Exposed tilted cross sections, as much as 8 km thick, display transitions from faulted basement to folded cover that validate laboratory models of forced folds. The folded cover masks a deeper extensional style of brittle segmentation and uniform steep tilting.
Capacitance calculations for cable harnesses using the method of moments

A method of moments procedure to obtain the capacitance matrix for a cable harness is presented. The geometry consists of multiple, parallel, insulated wires, possibly above a ground plane. The method uses Fourier harmonic expansion functions for the total charge and Galerkin testing functions. The capacitance matrix is obtained by the relationship of free charge to potential. Computed and experimental results are presented and compared to exact analytical solutions when possible. >
On growth-induced anisotropy in garnet crystals☆

Abstract The theory of growth-induced anisotropy in garnet crystals is applied to {001} and {111} growth faces, which can be realized by liquid phase epitaxy. The dependence of the anisotropy on the rare earth concentrations in the fluid phase is calculated.
STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner

Motivation Accurate alignment of high-throughput RNA-seq data is a challenging and yet unsolved problem because of the non-contiguous transcript structure, relatively short read lengths and constantly increasing throughput of the sequencing technologies. Currently available RNA-seq aligners suffer from high mapping error rates, low mapping speed, read length limitation and mapping biases. Results To align our large (>80 billon reads) ENCODE Transcriptome RNA-seq dataset, we developed the Spliced Transcripts Alignment to a Reference (STAR) software based on a previously undescribed RNA-seq alignment algorithm that uses sequential maximum mappable seed search in uncompressed suffix arrays followed by seed clustering and stitching procedure. STAR outperforms other aligners by a factor of >50 in mapping speed, aligning to the human genome 550 million 2 × 76 bp paired-end reads per hour on a modest 12-core server, while at the same time improving alignment sensitivity and precision. In addition to unbiased de novo detection of canonical junctions, STAR can discover non-canonical splices and chimeric (fusion) transcripts, and is also capable of mapping full-length RNA sequences. Using Roche 454 sequencing of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction amplicons, we experimentally validated 1960 novel intergenic splice junctions with an 80-90% success rate, corroborating the high precision of the STAR mapping strategy. Availability and implementation STAR is implemented as a standalone C++ code. STAR is free open source software distributed under GPLv3 license and can be downloaded from http://code.google.com/p/rna-star/.
Classification of Green Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia oreophila (Kearney) Wherry) Communities in the Little River Canyon National Preserve, Alabama

Abstract Pitcher plant bogs of the Little River Canyon National Preserve in northern Alabama contain the federally endangered green pitcher plant (Sarracenia oreophila (Kearney) Wherry). Multivariate analysis of the bog vegetation and environmental variables revealed three communities with unique species compositions and soil characteristics. The significant soil characteristics were percent A-horizon sand and A-horizon depth. A blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.)-yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.)-azalea (Rhododendron canescens (Michx.) Sweet) type was found on sites bisected by ephemeral streams with a closed canopy. A scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Muenchh.)-flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.)-sweet goldenrod (Solidago speciosa Nutt. var. erecta (Pursh) MacM.) type was found on upland sites close to the canyon rim and along perennial streams sites. A smooth yellow false foxglove (Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw.)-pale-spike lobelia (Lobelia spicata Lam.)-violet lespedeza (Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers...
The Character of Danger in Psychiatric Practice: Are the Mentally Ill Dangerous?

This paper explores the question of dangerousness and the mentally ill. Research for this paper was stimulated by the death by homicide of two psychiatrists in Oregon in 1985. The paper reviews three distinct areas in the psychiatric literature: the arrests of mental patients, assaults against psychiatrists and other mental health professionals, and assaultive behaviors exhibited by patients in hospitals and other psychiatric settings. The author concludes that the risks are real but are dependent, for the most part, on setting and the acuteness of illness. Realism in regard to risk is critical for the mentally ill, their families, professional caregivers, and society in general.
Chironomus magnus, a New Name for Chironomus major Wülker and Butler, with Observations on its Ecology

ABSTRACT: Chironomus major Wulker and Butler is a junior homonym of Parachironomus major (Goetghebuer) and is replaced with Chironomus magnus. A first description of the adult is provided along with observations on its ecology in Kentucky Lake (USA) including emergence, burrowing patterns, and geographical distribution.
Atrial Fibrillation Genomics: Time to Take the Next Step

A 63-year-old physician presents for genetic counseling. He has hypertension, well controlled with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and has taken a statin for 13 years. His mother has atrial fibrillation (AF), and recent genetic testing has identified AF risk alleles placing him at 4-
Additions and corrections to Borowski and Wegrzynowicz’s world catalogue of Bostrichidae (Coleoptera)

Nomenclatural additions to, and corrections necessitated by the publication of, Borowski and Wegrzynowicz’ (2007) recently published “World Catalogue of [the] Bostrichidae” are presented. The type species of Bostrychopsis Lesne, 1899 is designated under ICZN Art. 70.3 as Bostrychopsis villosula Lesne, 1905, which is the replacement name for the misidentified type species designation by Chujo (1937) of Bostrychopsis cephalotes sensu Lesne 1899, not Olivier, 1790. Bostrychopsis Lesne, 1905 is removed from synonymy with Apate Fabricius. A neotype is designated for Bostrichus cephalotes Olivier, 1790 and Bostrichus cephalotes is made a junior synonym of Bostrichus cornutus Olivier 1790, removing it from synonymy with Apate congener Gerstacker 1855, which is again considered a valid name. Dominikia Borowski and Wegrzynowicz, 2007 is synonymized with Bostrychopsis Lesne new synonymy. Lesne’s 1938b nomen nudum was validated as Amintinus Anonymous, 1939: 240 [type species Amintinus tenuis Lesne 1938b, by original designation]. Amintinus Borowski and Wegrzynowicz’ 2007: 16 (not Anonymous, 1939) [type species Amintinus aethiopicus Lesne 1938b, by original designation] is a new synonymy and junior homonym. Borowski and Wegrzynowicz’ 2007 invalid designation of Sinoxylon sericans LeConte as the type species of Dendrobiella Casey is corrected to Sinoxylon asperum LeConte under ICZN Art. 69.2. Neotypes are designated for Ligniperda tenebrans Pallas, 1772 and Apate hamatus Fabricius, 1787, based on male and female respectively of what is now known as Apate tenebrans (Pallas) new synonymy. Apate bicaudatus Say, 1824 is designated a nomen protectum relative to Apate aspericollis Germar, 1824 (nomen oblitum) and Apate serricollis Germar, 1824 (nomen oblitum), and recognized as the species also known as Amphicerus hamatus auctorum (not Fabricius) under the combination Amphicerus bicaudatus (Say). Schistoceros Lesne, 1899 is shown to be an unjustified replacement name for Amphicerus LeConte (not Amphiceras Gray) and therefore an objective synonym with the same type species. Its recognition as the name of a second subgenus of Amphicerus is invalid. Amphicerus is recognized with no valid subgenera. Dermestes muricatus Linnaeus, 1767 is declared a nomen oblitum relative to its synonym Bostrichus sexdentatus Olivier, 1790, which is likewise declared a nomen protectum, and recognized as Sinoxylon sexdentatum (Olivier). A neotype is designated for Dermestes muricatus Linnaeus, 1767, based on a specimen of what is now known as Sinoxylon sexdentatum (Olivier). Several additional minor corrections regarding first synonymization, type species designations, and correct type repositories are identified.
Protein Kinase C Inhibition by ET-18-OCH3 and Related Analogs

Protein kinase C (PKC), is an important component of signal transduction mechanisms involving many physiological and pharmacological agonists1. While many isoforms are known2,3, those isoforms which are responsive to the phorbol ester, TPA4, and the lipid second messenger, diacylglycerol (DAG)5 are the most completely characterized. PKC activation is a necessary component for TPA induced differentiation of the human acute myelogenous leukemia cell line, HL-606–9. However, PKC activation does not appear to be required for tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) induced differentiation10. PKC may be involved in differentiation induced by vitamin D3 and all-trans retinoic acid, since both cause upregulation of PKC isozyme levels11,12. Differentiation induction therapy provides an alternative therapeutic approach for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who are either unsuitable for or unreponsive to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy13,14.
On the role of the auxiliary electrode applied beside the cathode in a. c. discharges

The authors examine the cathode fall by probe measurements in a.c. low pressure mercury vapour discharge tubes with oxide cathodes. By determining the potentials at three points of the plasma and the dimension of the cathode dark space they calculate the cathode fall. The plasma potential is determined by a pulse technique based onLangmuir’s method. The time-dependence of the cathode fall is determined and the influence of the applied auxiliary electrode is discussed.
The computer-aided analysis of directional solidification processes

Computer-aided modeling and simulation has become a viable tool in enhancing the physical understanding of solidification processes. This tool also has the unique capability of enabling the user to extrapolate a given materials processing technique from a small-sized laboratory set-up to a large production size, yielding improved process design. However, most solidification processes are very complicated in nature; both physical models and geometrical complexities pose stringent computing requirements. Recent progress made in modeling, computing, and process simulation is highlighted in this article.
Mössbauer Effect in Te 125

The M\"ossbauer effect associated with the 35.6-keV transition of ${\mathrm{Te}}^{125}$ has been investigated in the host materials ZnTe, MnTe, $\ensuremath{\beta}\mathrm{FeTe}$, Te, Te${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{Na}}_{1}$Te${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, Te${\mathrm{F}}_{4}$, Te${\mathrm{I}}_{4}$, Cu, and NaI${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Quadrupole splitting is not observed in host materials of cubic symmetry, i.e.,ZnTe and Cu. The host materials of noncubic symmetry all exhibit quadrupole splitting. The quadrupole splitting in Te at 4.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is (0.90\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ eV (0.76 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02 cm/sec). The temperature dependence of the quadrupole splitting in Te between 4.8 and7 7.9\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K implies a molecular torsional frequency of $\ensuremath{\approx}6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{12}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. ${\mathrm{I}}^{125}$ incorporated into a Cu matrix as a M\"ossbauer source gives a single resonance line, while ${\mathrm{I}}^{125}$ in a NaI${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ source gives four resonance lines. The latter spectrum is interpreted on the hypothesis that ${\mathrm{Te}}^{125}$ is produced in two observable charge states following the decay of ${\mathrm{I}}^{125}$ in NaI${\mathrm{O}}^{3}$. The two charge states may result from $K$ x-ray and Auger transitions following the ${\mathrm{I}}^{125}$ decay. In this model the higher charge state decays by electron capture with a half-life of $\ensuremath{\approx}1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec. The recoilless fraction for the Cu source at 82\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is $\ensuremath{\approx}0.2$. In NaI${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ it is 0.14 (82\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) and 0.28 (4.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). This corresponds to an apparent NaI${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ Debye temperature of $\ensuremath{\approx}155$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
A Rapid Method for Estimating the Atomization of Oil-Base Aerial Sprays

The size of aerial spray drops is an important factor influencing spray coverage, distribution, evaporation, and drift. The degree of spray atomization is commonly expressed as mass median diameter (mmd). Present methods for determining mmd require the sampling and measurement of the entire drop spectrum. A simple method has been developed for estimating mass median diameter from the largest drop in the continuous spectrum (D-max). This method saves more than 90% in time with-out loss of accuracy. Drop D-max is selected from the five largest drops collected across the spray swath. It is the drop diameter with not more than 32m difference between it and the one next largest to it going from the smallest drop size up. The mmd is obtained by dividing spherical drop D-max by a conversion factor. This conversion factor is 2.2 ±.07 for slow speed (80 mph) planes and about 2.5 for medium speed (170 mph) planes.
Analysis on serum bactericidal antibody level of Neisseria meningtides serogroup C in healthy population of Dongguan city in 2010

Objective:To investigate the Serum Bactericidal antibody level of Neisseria meningtides Serogroup C in healthy population of Dongguan in 2010,and provide basis for prevention and control of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis.Methods: 249 serum samples were selected from eight age-groups randomly for SBA.Results: The positive rate and the protective rate of serum bactericidal antibody to Neisseria meningtides serogroup C in 249 serum samples were 39.80% and 35.34% respectively,the GMT was 7.78.Conclusion: The positive rate of antibody level of Serogroup C by SBA is low.Related department should pay more attention to it and expand the range of A+C meningococcus vaccine.
At the Nexus of Analog and Digital: Introduction to Papers from a Symposium of Preservation Educators

In June 2011, the University of Michigan School of Information in Ann Arbor hosted a symposium on preservation education. This special double issue of Preservation, Digital Technology, & Culture presents the four plenary addresses and the associated formal com- mentaries from the invitational symposium that brought together full-time academic faculty who have a significant research and teaching commitment to preservation and doctoral students who are developing dissertations related to preservation issues. The symposium explored how to teach preservation in ways that acknowledge the heritage of analog preservation techniques and perspec- tives while pointing toward research and development initiatives in the digital sphere. The four plenary sessions explored debates over the definition of the preservation
Clicks and Mortar

Balancing business strategy and operations between electronic commerce and brick and mortar channels (clicks and mortar) is an ongoing challenge for many businesses. A group of traditional brick an...
A clinical pathway for pelvic inflammatory disease for use on an inpatient service.

OBJECTIVE (1) To create a guideline to improve care of adolescent patients diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); (2) to promote cost-effective, consistent care while minimizing delays and ensuring timely and appropriate use of laboratory tests and other interventions; and (3) to describe the process of the development and the implementation of a clinical pathway for PID. METHODS The study involved the creation and piloting of a multidisciplinary, collaborative clinical pathway for uncomplicated PID on an inpatient service, and the development of a standardized form for analysis of demographics and variances from the pathway. The setting was an inpatient adolescent service at a children's hospital in an urban setting. All patients admitted with a clinical diagnosis of PID from April 1, 1993, to November 30, 1993, were followed up by means of the clinical pathway. All patients discharged with a diagnosis of uncomplicated PID in fiscal year 1992 (FY92: October 1, 1991, to September 30, 1992) were used as a comparison population. The main outcome measures included length of stay, charges per patient, timing of antibiotic administration, use of laboratory tests at admission and at 48 to 72 hours, and documentation of pathway variances. RESULTS A clinical pathway was created by consensus during a period of several months. During implementation, 28 of 34 (82%) patients admitted by use of the pathway had a final diagnosis of PID; 23 of the 28 (82%) had uncomplicated PID. Variances from the pathway included missed rapid plasma reagins (RPRs) and laboratory tests that were not indicated. For uncomplicated PID, length of stay was reduced (p=.08) from a median of 4 days in FY92 (mean, 5.0 1 3.1 days; range, 2-15 days) to a median of 3 days in the study group (mean, 3.5 + 1.0 days; range, 2-4 days), with differences not reaching the level of significance. There were significantly more patients staying 5 days or longer in FY92 than in the study group (p<.03). Average charges per patient also decreased by 10% (median, $5,275 in FY92 to $4,919), although these results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION A clinical pathway for uncomplicated PID can be developed and implemented through a multidisciplinary, collaborative process, with ongoing use as a means of quality improvement and continuing education. Variances from the pathway highlight the need for ongoing education for health care providers. Downward trends in charges per patient and length of stay, although not significant, are encouraging; but they require longitudinal follow up with larger numbers of patients and analysis of outcomes.
Bioprocess Engineering of Phototrophic Marine Organisms

Phototrophic marine organisms, particularly photosynthetic marine algae, are a diverse source of natural products ranging from lipid-based biofuels to pharmacologically-active compounds. The engineered production of both biomass and natural products is accomplished within enclosed, illuminated bioreactor systems called photobioreactors. This chapter describes the basic principles of photobioreactor analysis and design, and the biological factors that limit photobioreactor performance for the controlled cultivation of phototrophic marine organisms. There are three parts to this chapter. First, the quantitative growth characteristics of photosynthetic marine organisms in liquid cell suspension culture are described, including the use of photosynthetic biomass stoichiometry to describe nutrient incorporation into cellular biomass, and the combined effects of dissolved nutrient concentration and light intensity on cell growth rate. Second, the basic elements of photobioreactor design and operation are presented, focusing on models for predicting biomass production in batch or continuous cultivation modes within common photobioreactor configurations. Third, the limiting factors in photobioreactor design and operation are critically assessed from a quantitative point of view, focusing on light and carbon dioxide transfer limitations, and their effects on biomass production. Finally, future directions for the design and applications of enclosed photobioreactors are overviewed.
Acute localized exanthematous pustulosis : A cutaneous drug reaction in a dental setting

ABSTRACT Background. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis is a severe cutaneous eruption caused most commonly by antibiotics. Rarely, a localized variant of this pustular reaction called "acute localized exanthematous pustulosis" has been described. Case Description. A 29-year-old woman sought treatment at the authors' dermatology clinic for an outbreak of numerous superficial, nonfollicular pustules with an underlying erythematous base that was accompanied by subjective fever. The lesions appeared two days after the patient began taking amoxicillin prescribed for endocarditis prophylaxis before she underwent a dental cleaning. Cultures were negative for bacteria, and the eruption resolved within four days after the patient discontinued the drug therapy. Clinical Implications. Newly revised guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis for endocarditis indicate that adverse reactions far outweigh the benefits in most cases. It is important that general dentists and oral surgeons recognize this rare pustular eruption, because antibiotics, particularly amoxicillin, are the primary inciting agents. In addition, health professionals should make clinical choices based on evidence, weigh the risks of any treatment plan against its benefits and practice caution when prescribing any drug.