cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Avoiding De-Natured Science: Integrating Nature of Science into Science Instruction

This chapter contains a rich set of classroom-tested student-centered activities that can be easily integrated into existing science curricula to teach required science content as well as NOS concepts. Here we offer several engaging experiences for science students as well as preservice and inservice teachers. We have provided detailed instructional scenarios and diagrams so that the activities can be used easily and effectively. All major science disciplines are represented along with NOS ideas such as the notion that science knowledge may change through time (tentativeness), creativity, subjectivity, observation and inference, and the role of evidence.
Long interior carrier lifetime in selective-area InAs nanowires on silicon

Catalyst-free, position-controlled indium arsenide (InAs) nanowires (NWs) of variable diameters were grown on Si (111) by selective-area epitaxy (SAE). Ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy was conducted, from which carrier recombination mechanisms on the NW surface and interior were resolved and characterized. NWs grown using SAE demonstrated high optical quality, showing minority carrier lifetimes more than two-fold longer than that of the randomly-positioned (RP) NWs. The extracted SAE-InAs NW interior recombination lifetime was found to be as long as 7.2 ns, 13X longer than previous measurements on RP-NWs; and the surface recombination velocity 4154 cm · s- 1. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a high density of stacking defects within the NWs, suggesting that interior recombination lifetime can be further increased by improving NW interior crystalline quality.
Resection of Bladder Mass

Study Objective To illustrate surgical techniques and anatomic considerations involved in the resection of urinary bladder wall mullerianosis. Design Video footage captured during an operative case has been adapted to highlight the surgical principles essential to safe and complete resection of this rare and morphologically complex lesion. Setting After induction of general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation, the patient was placed in dorsal lithotomy position. Robotic camera and access ports were introduced into the abdomen. A sponge stick was placed into the vagina to serve as a manipulator. The patient was placed in Trendelenburg position. Patients or Participants A 46-year-old premenopausal female with longstanding history of cyclic pelvic pain. Interventions Robotic assisted resection of the patient's bladder wall lesion. Measurements and Main Results The procedure was successful in achieving its diagnostic and therapeutic goals. The lesion was completely resected without unplanned complications and the patient achieved improvement in her symptoms. Final surgical pathology revealed mullerianosis. Conclusion The surgical techniques highlighted in this video can aid in the safe and complete resection of bladder wall lesions.
Percutaneous Ablative Therapies for the Management of Osteoid Osteomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

To evaluate safety and efficacy of percutaneous ablative therapy for the treatment for osteoid osteomas. PubMed database, Web of Science, and SCOPUS were searched from their inception until November 2019 for articles describing osteoid osteoma. Demographic data, success rates, pre- and post-procedure VAS scores, and complications were recorded. A random-effects meta-analyses of the VAS pain score at various time points were calculated. For radiofrequency ablation, VAS scores for pain at pre-procedure, 24–48 h, and 3–6 months yielded cumulative pain scores of 7.64 +/− 0.175, 0.78 +/− 0.186, and 0.02 +/− 0.0196, respectively. For cryoablation, VAS scores at pre-procedure, 24–48 h, and 3–6 months yielded cumulative pain scores of 8.46 +/− 0.549, 0.975 +/− 0.66, and 0.112 +/− 0.08, respectively. For laser ablation, VAS scores at pre-procedure and 24–48 h yielded cumulative pain scores of 4.94 +/− 1.42, and 0.506 +/− 0.268, respectively. For microwave ablation, VAS scores at pre-procedure, 24–48 h, and 3–6 months yielded cumulative pain scores of 6.14 +/− 1.07, 1.636 +/− 1.215, and 0 +/− 0.0, respectively. All ablation methods resulted in significant immediate and lasting pain reduction (p < 0.001). Technical and clinical success rates and major complications for RFA, microwave ablation, laser ablation, and cryoablation did not differ significantly. Overall recurrence of bone pain at the same site occurred in 4.06% of all patients an average of 11 months post-procedure. Percutaneous ablative therapies are safe and result in significant and lasting pain reduction as demonstrated through visual analog scale pain scores.
Pediatric Cardiac Transplantation and Anesthesia

Orthotopic cardiac transplantation is the standard of care for end-stage heart disease in children. The causes are age dependent; the most common cause being congenital heart disease in infants and dilated cardiomyopathy in older children. The complexity of the recipient’s disease, surgical history and the hemodynamic instability in which these patients can present mandates a thorough preoperative assessment and coordination of an intraoperative plan. Intraoperatively, maintenance of an adequate preload, normal/elevated heart rate, preserved myocardial contractility, avoiding increase in systemic vascular resistance and maintaining a normal/low pulmonary vascular resistance are crucial in order to maintain hemodynamic stability. Postoperatively, the unique physiologic characteristics of the transplanted heart must be considered. Finally, immunosuppression and surveillance in these patients are crucial to minimize postoperative morbidity and increase their long-term survival.
A first-principles understanding of point defects and impurities in GaN

Attaining control over the electrical conductivity of gallium nitride through impurity doping is one of the foremost achievements in semiconductor science. Yet, unwanted contaminants and point defects continue to limit device performance, and experimental techniques alone are insufficient for elucidating the behavior of these unintentionally incorporated species. Methodological advancements have made first-principles calculations more powerful than ever and capable of quantitative predictions, though care must still be taken in comparing results from theory and experiment. In this Tutorial, we explain the basic concepts that define the behavior of dopants, unintentional impurities, and point defects in GaN. We also describe how to interpret experimental results in the context of theoretical calculations and also discuss how the properties of defects and impurities vary in III-nitride alloys. Finally, we examine how the physics of defects and impurities in GaN is relevant for understanding other wide-bandgap semiconductor materials, such as the II–IV-nitrides, boron nitride, and the transition metal nitrides.
The effect of an acidified-gypsum mixture on broiler litter urease-producing bacteria and nitrogen mineralization.

Ammonia (NH3 ) volatilization from broiler (Gallus gallus domesticus) litter is a microbially mediated process that can decrease bird productivity and serves as an environmental pollutant. The release of NH3 is strongly influenced by the pH of litter. Flue-gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) has been suggested as a potential amendment to reduce NH3 volatilization due to the pH buffering capacity of calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) precipitation. However, its effect on litter pH is not as pronounced as acidifying agents, such as aluminum sulfate (alum). The main objective of our study was to develop an acidified-FGDG amendment that has a more pronounced effect on litter pH and NH3 volatilization than FGDG alone. We conducted a 33-d incubation in which litter pH, NH3 volatilization, nitrogen mineralization, PLUP-ureC gene abundance, and CaCO3 precipitation were measured. Treatments in the study included: broiler litter (BL), broiler litter + 20% FGDG (BL+FGDG), broiler litter + FGDG-alum mixture (BL+FGDG+A6), broiler litter + 6% alum (BL+A6), and broiler litter + 10% alum (BL+A10). Our FGDG+alum amendment decreased litter pH (0.68 pH units) and PLUP-ureC gene abundance (>1 log) compared with FGDG alone and the control (p < .05). This led to a 25% decrease in cumulative NH3 loss after 33 d. The addition of FGDG alone did not have an effect on litter pH (p = .36) or cumulative NH3 loss (p = .29) due to a lack of significant CaCO3 precipitation. Treating litter with 6 and 10% alum was the most effective amendment for reducing pH and cumulative NH3 loss.
107 The effect of storage time on progesterone concentration in refrigerated whole mare blood

The majority of equine progesterone research is over 30 years old and data is lacking regarding the use of current laboratory analysis methods. The research objective was to evaluate the effect of storage time on progesterone concentrations in refrigerated whole mare blood. Mares were ultrasounded twice weekly to confirm follicular development, ovulation, and cycling status before enrollment into the study. Twelve cycling, Quarter Horse mares were enrolled into the study from March to July, and blood samples were collected during multiple estrous cycles for an average of 2 cycles per mare. Mares were ultrasounded daily once a 35 mm follicle was detected on an ovary until ovulation, and then every other day to monitor corpus luteum formation. Open mares were reenrolled into the study on a subsequent estrous cycle, allowing for 28 total blood collection periods. Blood collections occurred 5 d after the ovulation of a previously recorded follicle and confirmation via ultrasonography of a corpus luteum on the same ovary. On each sample collection day, 6 cc of whole blood was collected from the mare into 5 vacutainer serum blood collection tubes from a single venipuncture, for a total of 30 cc of whole blood. The 5 blood samples were stored under refrigerated conditions at 4°C for 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. The 0-h treatment was centrifuged once an adequate blood clot had formed or 30 min post-collection. Following the assigned storage time, each blood sample was centrifuged for 15 min and then serum was frozen at −22°C until analyzed for P4 using solid phase radioimmunoassay kit reagents validated for equine plasma. Statistical analysis of progesterone data was analyzed as a repeated measures design using the GLM procedure of SAS. Progesterone concentrations were similar among the refrigerated storage times at 0 (P = 0.278), 6 (P = 0.230), 12 (P = 0.198), 24 (P = 0.243), and 48 (P = 0.282) hours. In summary, refrigerated samples of whole blood from mares may be stored for up to 48 h without an effect on progesterone concentration analysis.
Integrated proteomic and transcriptomic profiling identifies aberrant gene and protein expression in the sarcomere, mitochondrial complex I, and the extracellular matrix in Warmblood horses with myofibrillar myopathy

Myofibrillar myopathy in humans causes protein aggregation, degeneration, and weakness of skeletal muscle. In horses, myofibrillar myopathy is a late-onset disease of unknown origin characterized by poor performance, atrophy, myofibrillar disarray, and desmin aggregation in skeletal muscle. This study evaluated molecular and ultrastructural signatures of myofibrillar myopathy in Warmblood horses through gluteal muscle tandem-mass-tag quantitative proteomics (5 affected, 4 control), mRNA-sequencing (8 affected, 8 control), amalgamated gene ontology analyses, and immunofluorescent and electron microscopy. We identified 93/1533 proteins and 47/27,690 genes that were significantly differentially expressed. The top significantly differentially expressed protein CSRP3 and three other differentially expressed proteins, including, PDLIM3, SYNPO2, and SYNPOL2, are integrally involved in Z-disc signaling, gene transcription and subsequently sarcomere integrity. Through immunofluorescent staining, both desmin aggregates and CSRP3 were localized to type 2A fibers. The highest differentially expressed gene CHAC1, whose protein product degrades glutathione, is associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis. Amalgamated transcriptomic and proteomic gene ontology analyses identified 3 enriched cellular locations; the sarcomere (Z-disc & I-band), mitochondrial complex I and the extracellular matrix which corresponded to ultrastructural Z-disc disruption and mitochondrial cristae alterations found with electron microscopy. A combined proteomic and transcriptomic analysis highlighted three enriched cellular locations that correspond with MFM ultrastructural pathology in Warmblood horses. Aberrant Z-disc mechano-signaling, impaired Z-disc stability, decreased mitochondrial complex I expression, and a pro-oxidative cellular environment are hypothesized to contribute to the development of myofibrillar myopathy in Warmblood horses. These molecular signatures may provide further insight into diagnostic biomarkers, treatments, and the underlying pathophysiology of MFM.
Palliative Radiation for Cancer Pain Management.

Bone metastases are the most common cause of cancer-related pain. Radiation therapy (RT) is a very common and effective treatment to relieve pain. Conventionally fractionated RT typically consists of the following regimens: 8 Gy in a single treatment, 20 Gy in five fractions, 24 Gy in six fractions, or 30 Gy in ten fractions. All treatment regimens have similar rates of pain relief (range 50–80%), with single-fraction treatment often requiring retreatment. While many painful bony metastases can be managed with RT alone, some may be more complex, often requiring multidisciplinary management, including the need for surgical stabilization or augmentation prior to RT. There are multiple assessment tools including the neurologic, oncologic, mechanical, and systemic (NOMS) decision framework, which allows clinicians to assess the proper course of treatment for these patients. For patients with good prognosis, oligometastatic disease, or those presenting with more radioresistant tumors, stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) may be another option, which offers ablative doses of radiation delivered over several treatments. This chapter reviews the fundamentals of RT for palliation.
Daily acute intermittent hypoxia enhances serotonergic innervation of hypoglossal motor nuclei in rats with and without cervical spinal injury.

Abstract Intermittent hypoxia elicits protocol-dependent effects on hypoglossal (XII) motor plasticity. Whereas low-dose, acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) elicits serotonin-dependent plasticity in XII motor neurons, high-dose, chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) elicits neuroinflammation that undermines AIH-induced plasticity. Preconditioning with repeated AIH and mild CIH enhance AIH-induced XII motor plasticity. Since intermittent hypoxia pre-conditioning could enhance serotonin-dependent XII motor plasticity by increasing serotonergic innervation density of the XII motor nuclei, we tested the hypothesis that 3 distinct intermittent hypoxia protocols commonly studied to elicit plasticity (AIH) or simulate aspects of sleep apnea (CIH) differentially affect XII serotonergic innervation. Sleep apnea and associated CIH are common in people with cervical spinal injuries and, since repetitive AIH is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy to improve respiratory and non-respiratory motor function after spinal injury, we also tested the hypotheses that XII serotonergic innervation is increased by repetitive AIH and/or CIH in rats with cervical C2 hemisections (C2Hx). Serotonergic innervation was assessed via immunofluorescence in male Sprague Dawley rats, with and without C2Hx (beginning 8 weeks post-injury) exposed to 28 days of: 1) normoxia; 2) daily AIH (10, 5-min 10.5% O2 episodes per day; 5-min normoxic intervals); 3) mild CIH (5-min 10.5% O2 episodes; 5-min intervals; 8 h/day); and 4) moderate CIH (2-min 10.5% O2 episodes; 2-min intervals; 8 h/day). Daily AIH, but neither CIH protocol, increased the area of serotonergic immunolabeling in the XII motor nuclei in both intact and injured rats. C2Hx per se had no effect on XII serotonergic innervation density. Thus, daily AIH may increases XII serotonergic innervation and function, enhancing the capacity for serotonin-dependent, AIH-induced plasticity in upper airway motor neurons. Such effects may preserve upper airway patency and/or swallowing ability in people with cervical spinal cord injuries and other clinical disorders that compromise breathing and airway defense.
2 Biological Electron Transfer

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the basic features of simple electron transfer reactions. It develops background material on the thermodynamics, kinetics, and microscopic theory of electron transfer reactions. The chapter discusses semiquantitative treatments of these topics for introducing the conceptual approaches used to characterize electron transfer processes. Experimental studies on two electron transfer systems, selected from both physiological and nonphysiological processes are described. These studies provide a representative survey of the current status of theory and experiment in understanding biological electron transfer reactions. The chapter highlights future directions for study, modification and design, and biotechnological applications of electron transfer proteins. The specific electron transfer characteristics of ruthenated proteins and photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) reflect relevant features of biological electron transfer systems in general: For similar driving forces, a single rate–distance expression does not necessarily describe the behavior of different electron transfer systems. When all other factors are kept approximately constant, an exponential dependence of rate on distance is observed in ruthenated myoglobins.
Motor vehicle collision-related emergency department visits by older adults in the United States.

Objectives: Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are the second most common cause of nonfatal injury among U.S. adults age 65 years and older. However, the frequency of emergency department (ED) visits, disposition, pain locations, and pain severity for older adults experiencing MVCs have not previously been described. The authors sought to determine these characteristics using information from two nationally representative data sets. Methods: Data from the 2008 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) were used to estimate MVC-related ED visits and ED disposition for patients 65 years and older. NHAMCS data from 2004 through 2008 were used to further characterize MVC-related ED visits. Results: In 2008, the NEDS contained 28,445,564 patient visits, of which 760,356 (2.7%) were due to MVCs. The NHAMCS contained 34,134 patient visits, of which 1,038 (3.0%) were due to MVCs. National estimates of MVC-related ED visits by patients 65 years and older in 2008 are 226,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 210,000 to 240,000) for NEDS and 270,000 (95% CI = 185,000 to 355,000) for NHAMCS. Most older adults with MVC-related ED visits were sent home from the ED (proportion discharged NEDS 78%, 95% CI = 78% to 79%; NHAMCS 77%, 95% CI = 66% to 86%). During the years 2004 through 2008, of MVC-related ED visits by older adults not resulting in hospital admission, moderate or severe pain was reported in 61% (95% CI = 52% to 70%) of those with recorded pain scores. Older patients sent home after MVC-related ED visits were less likely than younger patients to receive analgesics (35%, 95% CI = 26% to 43% vs. 47%, 95% CI = 44% to 50%) during their ED evaluations or as discharge prescriptions (52%, 95% CI = 41% to 62% vs. 65%, 95% CI = 61% to 68%). Conclusions: In 2008, adults age 65 years or older made more than 200,000 MVC-related ED visits. Approximately 80% of these visits were discharged home from the ED, but the majority of discharged patients reported moderate or severe pain. Further studies of pain and functional outcomes in this population are needed. Language: en
Scholarly Publishing & Open Access within CUNY: One Faculty Looks at Changing the Paradigm

The author reports on what brought him as a CUNY faculty member to the position that he holds on Open Access as a new paradigm for scholarly publication and dissemination of information, knowledge and creations. He relates his experiences in bringing this topic to the attention of his CUNY colleagues and his understanding of what may happen in the future at CUNY as a response to the open access model. He will also relate his current efforts related to the archiving of the academic creations of faculty and of governance materials. He presents his views on tenure and promotion review related to open access and how this has been discussed by CUNY administrators and faculty and briefly touch on intellectual property issues related to open access.
Of Zebra Doves and Prawn Crackers: Javanese Metaphors for Vocal Types

Both the English and Javanese' languages describe music largely in metaphoric terms. In English, for instance, we use the spatial metaphor "up" and "down" to refer to differences in pitch. In Javanese these same differences are described as "small" and "large," respectively. The linguist George Lakoff and the philosopher Mark Johnson, in their stimulating book, Metaphors We Live By, have shown how metaphors are a basic component of any conceptual system.
CpsB Is a Modulator of Capsule-associated Tyrosine Kinase Activity in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Tyrosine phosphorylation is associated with polysaccharide synthesis in a number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In Streptococcus pneumoniae, CpsB, CpsC, and CpsD affect tyrosine phosphorylation and are critical for the production of a mature capsule in vitro. To characterize the interactions between these proteins and the phosphorylation event they modulate, cps2B, cps2C, and cps2D from the capsule type 2 S. pneumoniae D39 were cloned and expressed both individually and in combination in Escherichia coli. Cps2D purified from E. coli was not phosphorylated unless it was co-expressed with its cognate transmembrane domain, Cps2C. Purified phosphorylated Cps2D had tyrosine kinase activity and could phosphorylate both dephosphorylated Cps2D and an exogenous substrate (poly-Glu-Tyr) in the absence of ATP. Cps2B exhibited phosphatase activity against both purified phosphorylated Cps2D and p-nitrophenyl phosphate. An additional role for Cps2B as an inhibitor of Cps2D phosphorylation was demonstrated in both co-expression experiments in E. coli and in vitro experiments where it blocked the transphosphorylation of Cps2D even in the presence of the phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate. cps2C and cps2D deletion mutants in S. pneumoniae produced no detectable mature capsule during laboratory culture. Both were avirulent in systemic mouse infections and were unable to colonize the nasopharynx, suggesting that the failure to produce capsule was not dependent on the environment. Based on these results, we propose a model for capsule regulation where CpsB, CpsC, CpsD, and ATP form a stable complex that enhances capsule synthesis.
Linestrengths of nitric acid from 850 to

Abstract Several thousand line positions and strengths of HNO3 in the 850– 920 cm −1 region were retrieved from spectra at low sample pressures at 299 K and high spectral resolution ( 0.0027 cm −1 ) using the McMath–Pierce Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) at the National Solar Observatory located at Kitt Peak, AZ. Of these, 733 linestrengths of the ν5 band and 402 lines of the 2ν9 band were measured with precisions of 10% or better. In addition, over 800 features with no assignments and 8–15% uncertainties in the linestrengths were obtained. The measured linestrengths of ν5 and 2ν9 were compared to prior measurements and to the values given in the 2000 HITRAN compilation. The average ratios of HITRAN/present was found to be 1.14±0.06, but the relative band intensities of the fundamental and overtone were in agreement with the calculated values. The intensities of strong absorptions in the Q branch of the ν5+ν9−ν9 band (between 885.418 and 885.437 cm −1 ) were within 4% of the 2000 HITRAN values, although there was an offset in the positions. The analysis of these data was greatly hindered by the high density of transitions and the lack of knowledge about other hot bands in the region.
A low-frequency extension of the time-domain adaptive integral method

A novel FFT-accelerated time-domain integral-equation solver applicable to the study of low-frequency electromagnetic wave transients is presented. The solver uses an extended time-domain adaptive integral method (TD-AIM) to accelerate the evaluation of both time-delayed and instantaneous field interactions. The solver is applied to the analysis of a variety of signal/power grid and package geometries.
Dessiner la modernité. L’épilogue ‘photographique’ de Magasin Général

Abstract In this interview on the occasion of the release of the ninth and final volume of the series Magasin General, Regis Loisel and JeanLouis Tripp discuss the role of photography in Notre-Dame-des-Lacs, which concludes with an epilogue album in the form of drawn photos taken by one of the characters beginning in volume six and continuing eight years past the conclusion of volume nine. The interview analyzes the role of the camera and the photos in the series as markers of modernity, and discusses the technical, narrative, and visual tension between the real and the photographic representation of this fabled world. Sarah Hurlburt’s critical introduction to the interview analyzes the time period and setting for the series “1920’s rural Quebec” as the frame for a fable of modernity, a staging of the rapid social change brought forth by the first encounters of a rural, isolated community with the modern world. Resume Dans cet entretien a l’occasion de la sortie du neuvieme et dernier tome de la celebre serie bande dessinee Magasin General, Regis Loisel et JeanLouis Tripp discutent le role de la photographie dans Notre- Dame-des-Lacs. Ce dernier tome de la serie se termine avec un epilogue photographique compose des photos (dessinees) prises par un des personnages au cours des tomes anterieurs. Le faux album-photo continue apres la fin de l’histoire, proposant en plus des images des huit annees qui suivent la conclusion. La discussion interroge la tension visuelle, narrative et technique entre les representations reelle et photographique de ce monde. L’introduction critique de Sarah Hurlburt analyse l’utilisation du cadre du Quebec rural des annees 1920 pour dramatiser les evolutions personnelles et sociales provoquees par ses premieres rencontres avec le monde moderne, et presente le role de la camera et des photos comme des symboles de cette modernite.
Multirelation—a correlation among more than two variables

Abstract The concept of multirelation is defined to describe the closeness of a set of variables to a linear relation. This concept extends the linear correlation between two variables to two or more variables. It provides a better measure of closeness to a linear relation than the widely used Kaiser measure. The multirelation is applied to the classification problem where a subset of a given set of variables with the highest relation is sought.
The effects of feeding rations that differ in neutral detergent fiber and starch concentration within a day on production, feeding behavior, total-tract digestibility, and plasma metabolites and hormones in dairy cows

Dairy cows exhibit a daily pattern of feed intake and milk synthesis, and feeding a single total mixed ration over the day may not synchronize ruminal fermentation, nutrient absorption, and milk synthesis. Our hypothesis was that feeding a high-fiber diet during the high-intake period of the day and a low-fiber diet during the low-intake overnight period would stabilize rumen fermentation, nutrient absorption, and the availability of nutrients for milk synthesis. Nine ruminally cannulated cows were used in a 3×3 Latin square design with 23-d periods. Diets were a control [CON; 33.3% neutral detergent fiber (NDF)], a low-fiber diet (LF; 29.6% NDF), and a high-fiber diet (HF; 34.8% NDF). The HF and LF diets were balanced to provide the same nutrient composition as the control diet when cows were fed a 7:3 ratio of HF:LF. Control cows were fed once daily at 0900h. Cows in the high/low treatment (H/L) were fed HF at 70% of daily offering at 0900h and LF at 30% of daily offering at 2200h; cows in the low/high (L/H) treatment were fed LF at 30% of daily offering at 0900h and HF at 70% of daily offering at 1300h. Dry matter intake was decreased 1.9kg/d by H/L compared with CON, but intake did not differ between H/L and L/H. The H/L and L/H treatments resulted in a large amount of feed consumed after each feeding, which shifted the daily patterns of starch and fiber intake. Treatments did not differ in total-tract digestibility. We detected no differences between CON and H/L for milk yield and composition. The H/L treatment unexpectedly tended to reduce milk and reduced milk fat yield compared with L/H, although L/H was expected to result in poorer rumen fermentation and decreased milk fat yield. Treatment did not affect milk fat concentrations of trans-10 C18:1, trans-11 C18:1, or de novo synthesized fatty acids, but H/L increased milk fat concentration of preformed fatty acids compared with CON (39.15 vs. 37.38% of FA, respectively). Treatment had no effect on plasma insulin or glucose at individual time points but did modify the phase and amplitude of the daily rhythms. Daily average plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were decreased by H/L compared with CON and L/H, and H/L treatments decreased the amplitude of the daily rhythm of NEFA by 3.4 and 6.7μEq/L compared with CON and L/H, respectively. The amplitude of the daily rhythm of plasma blood urea N was increased by more than 15% by H/L compared with CON and L/H. Feeding multiple rations over the day changed the daily pattern of starch and fiber intake and decreased daily intake without decreasing milk yield or body weight gain over the 23-d observation periods. Feeding a high-fiber diet during the high-intake period of the day and a low-fiber diet during the low-intake overnight period failed to show other benefits, likely because of the change in feeding behavior.
The Nucleation and Epitaxial Growth of Au and Ag on Thin Silicon Studied With a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope

An UHV Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) has been used to study the nucleation and epitaxial growth of Au and Ag deposited at room temperature on H-passivated thin silicon (111) and (100) substrates. Direct observations of the initial stages of overlayer growth were made using bright field (BF) and annular dark field (ADF) imaging modes. Gold was found to grow on silicon in a quasi-continuous layer mode, while 3D island growth with density as high as 4x1012/cm2 was observed in Ag/Si systems. Electron diffraction studies reveal a good epitaxial relationship for Ag films grown both on silicon (111) and (100) substrates. Diffraction also indicates that Au (111) grows on the silicon (111) surface but the grains may be azimuthally rotated.
Occurrence statistics of cold, streaming ions in the near‐Earth magnetotail: Survey of Polar‐TIDE observations

[1] Results are presented from a survey of cold ion observations in the near-Earth magnetotail using data from the Polar Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment (TIDE). During the interval from July to December of 2001, Polar had its apogee (∼9.5 RE) near the equatorial plane in the tail region of the magnetosphere. It is shown that a lobal wind is ubiquitous in the inner tail, with low-energy (<300 eV) ions streaming from the ionosphere downtail. These lobal winds often pass through the plasma sheet, forming bidirectional streams, in addition to the unidirectional beams seen at higher magnetic latitudes. The observance of bidirectional streams is inversely, although weakly, correlated with geomagnetic activity. Bidirectional streams are interpreted as indicating the minimum size of the closed flux tube region. The reduced frequency of bidirectional streams with activity level times is consistent with the thinning of the plasma sheet during these times. It is inferred from the universality of these observations during Polar's passage through the inner tail region that the ionosphere is a continuous supplier of plasma to the near-Earth magnetosphere. The high occurrence rate of these streams means that during geomagnetic disturbances, it is not necessary to wait for outflow and magnetospheric circulation in order to supply the inner magnetosphere with ionospheric ions; these cold streams are an immediately available supply of ionospheric-origin particles.
Temporal and Spatial Aspects of Sensory Interactions during Human Fusional Response

Temporal and spatial aspects of sensory interactions during human fusional response were investigated using band-limited, 10th-derivative-of-Gaussian patterns confined to separate regions of the visual field. Experiments were performed to investigate the time course of sensory interactions using the horizontal sensory fusional amplitude (SFA) and the sensory fusional range (SFR) as measures of the interaction. The nature of sensory interactions across the spatial domain has been found to be a function of stimulus duration and time course. These interactions included both enhancements and reductions of SFAs as well as reductions and shifts in SFRs. Two functional components of sensory fusional interactions have become apparent. A fast component is manifested through a global reduction of SFAs while a slower component exhibits both enhancement and reduction of SFAs. The fast and slow components exhibit spatial summation; however, temporal summation within a local region of the visual field is not observed.
A Stefan problem for a protocell model

The paper considers a simple model of a radially symmetric cell which undergoes growth due to a continuous supply of nutrient, and disintegration as a result of the various tasks the cell performs. The boundary of the cell is a "free boundary," unknown in advance, which evolves by responding to both the growth and disintegration processes. If the nutrient concentration (at infinity) exceeds a certain critical number, then two stationary solutions exist. It is established, by rigorous mathematical proofs, that the stationary solution with the smaller radius is unstable, whereas the stationary solution with the larger radius is stable.
Optimal quantum measurements for phase estimation.

Quantum information theory is applied to practical interferometer-based phase measurements to deduce the optimal phase measurement scheme with two optical modes. Optimal phase measurements, given ideal input states, reveal an asymptotic $1/n$ decrease in phase uncertainty $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\theta}$ for $n$ the mean photon number of the input state. In contradistinction to previous schemes for realizing the number-phase uncertainty limit, the $1/n$ limit achieved here is independent of the interferometer phase shift; prior information about the expected phase shift is not necessary to attain this limit. These results apply more generally to su(2) and so(3) phase parameter estimation.
Extenders for preservation of canine and equine spermatozoa at 5°C

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of six extenders and three glycerol levels on the motility of sperm stored at 5°C. Using a split-ejaculated design, semen from 10 dogs and 12 stallions was extended with egg-yolk-tris (EYT), egg-yolk-bicarbonate (EGB), Beltsville F-3 (BF-3), Cornell University (CUE), caprogen (CAP) and heated skim milk (SM) extenders. After cooling to 5°C, additional extender containing 0% to 12% glycerol was added to provide a final concentration of 0%, 3% or 6% glycerol. Regardless of glycerol level, a higher (P 0.05) of glycerol concentration on the percentage of motile equine sperm. For both species, the interaction of glycerol level and extender was nonsignificant. CAP may be useful for storage of canine sperm at 5°C and SM may be satisfactory for storage of equine sperm.
Structural Studies on the Ca2+-binding Domain of Human Nucleobindin (Calnuc)

Nucleobindin, also known as calnuc, participates in Ca2+ storage in the Golgi, as well as in other biological processes that involve DNA-binding and protein−protein interactions. We have determined the three-dimensional solution structure of the Ca2+-binding domain of nucleobindin by NMR showing that it consists of two EF-hand motifs. The NMR structure indicates that the φ and ψ angles of residues in both motifs are very similar, despite the noncanonical sequence of the C-terminal EF-hand, which contains an arginine residue instead of the typical glycine at the sixth position of the 12-residue loop. The relative orientation of the α-helices in the N-terminal EF-hand falls within the common arrangement found in most EF-hand structures. In contrast, the noncanonical EF-hand deviates from the average orientation. The two helix-loop-helix moieties are in the open conformation characteristic of the Ca2+-bound state. We find that both motifs bind Ca2+ with apparent dissociation constants of 47 and 40 μM for the...
BK Channel Modulation by Leucine-Rich Repeat Containing Proteins

Molecular diversity of ion channel structure and function underlies variability in electrical signaling in nerve, muscle, and non-excitable cells. Regulation by variable auxiliary subunits is a major mechanism to generate tissue- or cell-specific diversity of ion channel function.Mammalian large-conductance, voltage and calcium-activated potassium (BK, KCa1.1) channels are ubiquitously expressed with diverse functions in different tissues or cell types, consisting of the pore-forming, voltage- and Ca2+-sensing α-subunits (BKα), or together with the tissue-specific auxiliary subunits, previously known as four β-subunits (β1 - β4). We previously identified a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) containing protein, LRRC26, as a new type of BK channel auxiliary subunit, which causes an unprecedented large negative shift in voltage dependence of channel activation. Here we report a group of LRRC26 paralogous proteins LRRC52, LRRC55 and LRRC38 that potentially function as LRRC26-type auxiliary subunits of BK channels. LRRC52, LRRC55 and LRRC38 produce marked shifts in the BK channel's voltage dependence of activation in hyperpolarization direction to different extents. They together with LRRC26 show distinct expression in different human tissues and may have a broad influence of the BK channel function in different tissues or cell types.
A method for estimating and testing area under the curve in serial sacrifice, batch, and complete data designs.

The extent of drug availability is often measured by the area under the concentration-time curve. In animal studies, experimental constraints can limit the number of observations available on each animal. Estimation of area under the curve and its standard error are straightforward when each animal is measured at each time point. Bailer [1] and Nedelman et al. [2], have described techniques for estimating the area under the curve and its standard error when each animal is measured once. Yeh [3] has described a technique for the hybrid case where animals are measured more than once, but not at all time points. We describe a method for estimating area under the curve and its standard error which is applicable to all three types of designs. We give formulas for testing treatment differences, including dose trends and dose proportionality, in area under the curve for designs containing an arbitrary number of treatments. A jackknife estimator is also described.
Should We Reestablish the Lung Cancer Study Group

The hallmark of the Lung Cancer Study Group (LCSG) was its multidisciplinary approach to cancer management, based on close collaboration among thoracic surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists, biostatisticians, and data managers. Discontinuation of funding for the group dispersed a critical mass of thoracic oncologists and had serious adverse effects on clinical trials in early-stage thoracic malignancies, on translational research, and on oncologic education. The use of an intergroup mechanism for clinical trials has been partially successful in continuing the work started by the LCSG, but a sustained effort will be necessary to recreate the framework for clinical investigation provided by the group.
The polar contribution to the heat flow of Io

Abstract Polar brightness temperatures on Io are higher than expected for any passive surface heated by absorbed sunlight. This discrepancy implies large scale volcanic activity from which we derive a new component of Io's heat flow. We present a ‘Three Component’ thermal background, infrared emission model for Io that includes active polar regions. The widespread polar activity contributes an additional ∼0.6 W m −2 to Io's heat flow budget above the ∼2.5 W m −2 from thermal anomalies. Our estimate for Io's global average heat flow increases to ∼3±1 W m −2 and ∼1.3±0.4×10 14 watts total.
Ethnoforgery and Outsider Afrofuturism

This essay detours from Afrofuturism proper into ethnological forgery and Outsider practices, foregrounding the issues of authenticity, authorship and identity which measure Afrofuturism’s ongoing relevance to technocultural conditions and the globally-scaled speculative imagination. The ethnological forgeries of the German rock group Can, the work of David Byrne and Brian Eno, and trumpeter Jon Hassell’s Fourth World volumes posit an “hybridity-at-the-origin” of Afrofuturism that deconstructs racial myths of identity and appropriation/exploitation. The self-reflective and critical nature of these projects foregrounds issues of origination through production strategies that combine ethnic instrumentation and techniques, voices sampled from radio and TV broadcast, and genre-mashing hybrids of rock and funk along with unconventional styles like ambient drone, minimalism, noise, free jazz, field recordings, and musique concrete. With original recordings and major statements of Afrofuturist theory in mind, I orchestrate a deliberately ill-fitting mixture of Slavoj Žižek’s critique of multiculturalism, Felix Guattari’s concept of “polyphonic subjectivity,” and Marcus Boon’s idea of shamanic “ethnopsychedelic montage” in order to argue for an Outsider Afrofuturism that works along the lines of an alternative modernity at the seam of subject identity and technocultural hybridization. In tune with the Fatherless sensibilities that first united black youth in Detroit (funk, techno) and the Bronx (hip-hop) with Germany’s post-WWII generation (Can’s krautrock, Kraftwerk’s electro), Outsider Afrofuturism opens up alternative routes toward understanding subjectivity and culture—through speculative sonic practices in particular—while maintaining social behaviors that reject multiculturalism’s artificial paternal origins, boundaries and lineages.
A revision of the dioecious genus Griselinia (Griseliniaceae), including a new species from the coastal Atacama Desert of northern Chile

The genusGriselinia (Griseliniaceae) is revised and a new species,Griselinia carlomunozii, is described from coastal quebradas in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. An illustration, a discussion of its possible relationships, a key, and descriptions of all species are provided.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in cerebral ischemia and infarction

Abstract Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) are promising techniques for the noninvasive investigation of brain metabolism in vivo. They can be implemented routinely on most clinical scanners, and typically have a spatial resolution of approximately 1 to 10 cm 3 with scan times of 5 to 20 minutes. Various compounds can be detected in proton MRS of the brain. Compounds that are of particular importance in cerebrovascular disease are lactate (as a marker of ischemia) and N -acetyl aspartate (NAA), which is believed to be primarily of neuronal/axonal origin. The time-course of the changes in these compounds during ischemia is blood-flow dependent and potentially could be used to stratify acute stroke patients into different treatment protocols and to monitor the effects of treatment. However, many technical challenges have to be overcome (in particular, the development of fast MRSI techniques to reduce scan times) before this goal is realized. Also, more research is required to understand the significance of spectral changes during ischemia, and to compare the relative value of MRSI with other emerging MRI techniques, such as diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI.
Tenascin-X haploinsufficiency associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Context: The gene for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, CYP21A2, is flanked by the gene encoding tenascin-X (TNXB), a connective tissue extracellular matrix protein that has been linked to both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). A contiguous deletion of CYP21A2 and TNXB has been described. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the frequency and clinical significance of TNXB haploinsufficiency in CAH patients. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 192 consecutive unrelated CAH patients being seen as part of an observational study at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (Bethesda, MD) were prospectively studied during 2006–2010. Patients were evaluated for clinical evidence of EDS, including cardiac evaluation. DNA was analyzed by PCR, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, Southern blot, and TNXB sequencing. Tenascin-X expression was evaluated by Western blot analysis of fibroblasts a...
Sentence completion correlates of airline pilot attitude and proficiency.

Summary Sentence completion scores for dependency, anxiety, and hostility were correlated with sentence completion measures of good flying attitude and omissions for 300 male airline pilot candidates. The scoring-by-example method used with the first three variables was highly reliable and avoided scoring overlap. All sentence completion scores were also correlated with 15 traditional measures of pilot qualification such as mechanical information and signal reaction time. While the proficiency measures were generally unrelated to the projective measures, a good attitude towards flying was positively associated with coping (not omitting sentence completion items) and the extreme suppression of anxiety and hostility under stress. Civilian airline pilots appear similar to military pilots in their exaggerated display of good adjustment.
Movements of Planted and Wild Trout in an Idaho River System

Abstract During 1959-61, 10,000 catchable-sized, hatchery-reared, rainbow trout were jaw-tagged and released in the upper Salmon River, Idaho, and 2,247, 619, and 539 wild cutthroat trout, Dolly Varden, and rainbow trout, respectively, were caught on hook and line, tagged, and released in the Middle Fork of the Salmon River. More than 1,500 of the tagged, hatchery-reared, rainbow trout were recovered after being in the stream up to 1 year. Of those recovered the same season as released, more than 90 percent were taken within 2 miles of the release site. Ninety percent of those recovered after having been in the river over winter were taken within 5 miles of the release site. Of 253 tagged wild cutthroat trout recovered, 64 were recovered in release areas, and 189 were recaptured one or more miles from their release sites (average for the latter, about 19 miles). Of 95 tagged wild Dolly Varden recovered, 27 were recovered in the release areas, and 68 were recovered one or more miles from release sites (ave...
Association of high obesity with PAM50 breast cancer intrinsic subtypes and gene expression

Background Invasive breast cancers are now commonly classified using gene expression into biologically and clinically distinct tumor subtypes. However, the role of obesity in breast tumor gene expression and intrinsic subtype is unknown.