cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Respiratory Practices in the Long-term Care Setting: A Human Factors-Based Risk Analysis.

Abstract Objective To systematically assess safety risks pertaining to tracheostomy care in the long-term care (LTC) setting using a human factors engineering approach. Design We utilized a 5-part approach to complete our proactive risk assessment: (1) performed a hierarchical task analysis of the processes of tracheostomy stoma and suctioning; (2) identified failure modes where a subtask may be completed inappropriately; (3) prioritized each failure mode based on a risk priority scale; (4) identified contributing factors to and consequences for each of the prioritized failure modes; and (5) identified potential solutions to eliminate or mitigate risks. Setting Three high-acuity LTC facilities with ventilator units across Maryland. Methods The hierarchical task analysis was conducted jointly by 2 human-factors experts and an infectious disease physician based on respiratory care policies from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and existing policies at each LTC facility. The findings were used to guide direct observations with contextual inquiry and focus group sessions to assess safety risks for residents receiving tracheostomy care. Results Direct observations of tracheostomy care and suctioning in the LTC setting revealed significant variations in practice. Respiratory therapists working in LTC reported lack of training and ambiguity concerning recommended procedures to reduce infection transmission in daily care. Highest risk steps identified in tracheostomy care and suctioning included hand hygiene, donning gloves, and providing intermittent suctioning as the suction catheter was withdrawn. Participants identified risk mitigation strategies targeting these high-risk failure modes that addressed contributing factors related to 5 work system components: person (knowledge and competency), task (eg, urgency or time constraints), tools and technology (eg, availability of hand sanitizer), environment (eg, communal rooms), and organization (eg, patient safety culture). Conclusions and implications Human factors analysis of the highest-risk steps in respiratory care activities in the LTC setting suggest several potential mitigation strategies to decrease the risk of infection transmission. Clear procedure guidelines with training are needed to reduce ambiguity and improve care in this setting. Involving frontline staff in patient safety issues using human factors principles and risk analysis may encourage participation and improve the infection prevention culture in LTC.
Tidal Flat-Barrier Spit Interactions in a Fetch-Limited, Macro-tidal Embayment, Lubec, Maine, USA

This report describes two sand and gravel spits and associated tidal flat environments in a fetch-limited, macrotidal setting in Lubec, Maine, USA. The spits have been remarkably dynamic since the late eighteenth century despite the low wave energy. The beaches were originally sourced from erosion of glacial and post-glacial bluffs, but the contemporary spits are apparently growing from clasts reworked from former barrier sites on the tidal flat. Attached algae coupled with strong tidal currents permits landward-directed floating and dragging of cobble-sized clasts that could not otherwise move, underscoring the potential importance of algal-assisted transport. This paper underscores the unexplored potential of algal transport across macrotidal flats as a mechanism to permit barriers to transgress in a punctuated manner from one location to another.
A few good peptides: MHC class I-based cancer immunosurveillance and immunoevasion.

The remarkable success of immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrates the potential of tumour-specific CD8+ T cells to prevent and treat cancer. Although the number of lives saved by immunotherapy mounts, only a relatively small fraction of patients are cured. Here, we review two of the factors that limit the application of CD8+ T cell immunotherapies: difficulties in identifying tumour-specific peptides presented by MHC class I molecules and the ability of tumour cells to impair antigen presentation as they evolve under T cell selection. We describe recent advances in understanding how peptides are generated from non-canonical translation of defective ribosomal products, relate this to the dysregulated translation that is a feature of carcinogenesis and propose dysregulated translation as an important new source of tumour-specific peptides. We discuss how the synthesis and function of components of the antigen-processing and presentation pathway, including the recently described immunoribosome, are manipulated by tumours for immunoevasion and point to common druggable targets that may enhance immunotherapy. In this Review, the authors describe how dysregulated protein translation in cancer cells is an important source of tumour-specific peptides for immunosurveillance and how MHC class I antigen-processing and presentation pathways are manipulated by tumours for immunoevasion — information that will inform cancer immunotherapy approaches.
The role of perceptual and decisional narrowing in replicating (and failing to replicate) the single-piece-of-litter effect

Abstract A poor fit exists between the behavioral results of the Bergquist et al. (2021) article not just with the results of the single-piece-of-litter effect they failed to replicate, but also with the findings of much other norms research, as well as with the findings of the article's own psychological processes study. All the data can be ordered, however, by registering certain features of the report's behavioral studies that create high levels of psychological arousal, which then instigate perceptual and decisional narrowing.
Association of Type 1 Diabetes and Hypoglycemic and Hyperglycemic Events and Risk of Dementia.

Objective To determine whether severe hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic events are associated with longitudinal dementia risk in older adults with type 1 diabetes. Methods A longitudinal cohort study followed up 2,821 members of an integrated health care delivery system with type 1 diabetes from 1997 to 2015. Hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic events requiring emergency room or hospitalization were abstracted from medical records beginning January 1, 1996, through cohort entry. Participants were followed up for dementia diagnosis through September 30, 2015. Dementia risk was examined with Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age (as time scale), sex, race/ethnicity, hemoglobin A1c, depression, stroke, and nephropathy. Results Among 2,821 older adults (mean age 56 years) with type 1 diabetes, 398 (14%) had a history of severe hypoglycemia, 335 (12%) had severe hyperglycemia, and 87 (3%) had both. Over a mean 6.9 years of follow-up, 153 individuals (5.4%) developed dementia. In fully adjusted models, individuals with hypoglycemic events had 66% greater risk of dementia than those without a hypoglycemic event (hazard ratio [HR] 1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09, 2.53), while those with hyperglycemic events had >2 times the risk (HR 2.11, 95% CI 1.24, 3.59) than those without a hyperglycemic event. There was a 6-fold greater risk of dementia in individuals with both severe hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia vs those with neither (HR 6.20, 95% CI 3.02, 12.70). Conclusions For older individuals with type 1 diabetes, severe hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic events are associated with increased future risk of dementia.
Patterns of sickness: Nietzsche’s physio-historical account of asceticism

Though the ideas of health and sickness are very much at the heart of Nietzsche’s mature thought, scholars have offered little on what exactly he means by sickness. This is particularly true when N...
The Mediating Effects of Student Services on Engagement Among First-Generation and Transfer Students Who Use Disability Services at Community Colleges:

Objective/Research Question: The purpose of this research is to explore the way use of student services can mediate engagement among first-generation and transfer students who use disability servic...
Planning and Conducting Applicator Exposure Studies

Publisher Summary The potential exposure of people during the application of pesticides to crops has been a major concern to manufacturers and fruit growers for many years, and it is currently being emphasized by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In the registration or re-registration of pesticides, EPA has mandated directions for use that assure, if properly followed, a high level of safety to all the people involved in the transport, warehousing, or application of such products. Strict adherence to safety standards by pesticide manufacturer personnel and the applicators to agricultural crops is evident by the excellent safety record established. Concerns by EPA for the safety of applicators of fungicides—such as the EBDC's, benomyl, and captan—have surfaced during the RPAR investigations of these chemicals due primarily to the lack of exposure data. Most fungicides have been shown to have low levels of toxicity to mammals; thus, the exposure of people applying them to agricultural crops has been of little concern. Potential long-range effects from dermal and respiratory exposures during application have prompted renewed interest in the amount of exposure applicators receive.
Computation of Mendelian Likelihoods

Rigorous analysis of human pedigree data is a vital concern in genetic epidemiology, human gene mapping, and genetic counseling. In this chapter we investigate efficient algorithms for likelihood computation on pedigree data, placing particular stress on the pioneering algorithm of Elston and Stewart [5]. It is no accident that their research coincided with the introduction of modern computing. To analyze human pedigree data is tedious, if not impossible, without computers. Pedigrees lack symmetry, and all simple closed-form solutions in mathematics depend on symmetry. The achievement of Elston and Stewart [5] was to recognize that closed-form solutions are less relevant than good algorithms. However, the Elston-Stewart algorithm is not the end of the story. Evaluation of pedigree likelihoods remains a subject sorely in need of further theoretical improvement. Linkage calculations alone are among the most demanding computational tasks in modern biology.
Applications of real-time infrared spectroscopy to electrocatalysis at bimetallic surfaces: I. Electrooxidation of formic acid and methanol on bismuth-modified Pt(111) and Pt(100)

The influence of predosed bismuth upon the electro-oxidation of formic acid and methanol to CO2 on Pt(111) and (100) in 0.1M HClO4 is examined by means of voltammetry combined with real-time infrared spectroscopy. The substantial (up to 30–40-fold) enhancement of the formic acid electro-oxidation rates observed in the presence of bismuth on Pt(100) are observed to be due primarily to the attenuation in the degree of CO poison formation as discerned from FTIR. The adsorbed CO formation, which reaches near-saturation coverages in the absence of bismuth, is essentially eliminated for bismuth coverages above ca. 0.2. The production of terminal CO is triggered by the onset of formic acid oxidation, suggesting that it forms from a reactive intermediate rather than from formic acid itself. The bismuth-induced electrocatalysis of formic acid oxidation observed on Pt(111) apparently also arises in a similar manner, although the major poison in this case is not adsorbed CO. These electrocatalytic influences of bismuth are consistent with an “ensemble effect”, whereby poison formation is suppressed to a markedly greater degree than is the reactive precursor. In contrast, the electro-oxidation rates of methanol on Pt(100) and especially Pt(111) are diminished in the presence of predosed bismuth. In addition, the terminal CO coverages formed during methanol electro-oxidation correlate directly with the variation in the reaction rates by altering either the reactant concentration or the bismuth coverage. These results suggest that CO can act as a reaction intermediate for methanol electro-oxidation under these conditions. A consistency is observed in the degree of dissociation of formic acid and methanol to yield adsorbed CO on Pt(111) and Pt(100) in electrochemical versus UHV surface environments.
Medieval Archaeology and Ethnicity: Where are We?

During the last few decades, medieval archaeology has considerably grown into a respectable, and much needed academic discipline. Although no systematic reflection exists to date about ethnicity, the topic has dominated the field, primarily because of new claims (especially among German scholars) that ethnicity in the medieval past is beyond the conceptual reach of archaeologists interested in the Middle Ages. The recent contributions are however building upon theories of ethnicity developed in anthropology and sociology to approach the problem from an angle different from both the primordialist and the instrumentalist agendas. Issues of private vs. public, gender and ethnicity, and the role of the archaeological discourse in the construction of nationalist ideologies have been drawn much attention in recent years.
Ensemble Architectures and their Algorithms: An Overview

During recent years the number of commercially available parallel computer architectures have increased dramatically. The number of processors in these systems vary from a few up to 64k processors for the Connection Machine. In this paper we discuss some of the technology issues that are the underlying driving force, and focus on a particular class of parallel computer architectures often called Ensemble Architectures. They are interesting candidates for future high performance computing systems. The ensemble configurations discussed here are linear arrays, 2-dimensional arrays, binary trees, shuffle-exchange networks, Boolean cubes and cube connected cycles. We discuss a few algorithms for arbitrary data permutations, and some particular data permutation and distribution algorithms used in standard matrix computations. Special attention is given to data routing. Distributed routing algorithms in which elements with distinct origin and distinct destinations do not traverse the same communications link make possible a maximum degree of pipelined communications. The linear algebra computations discussed are: matrix transposition, matrix multiplication, dense and general banded systems solvers, linear recurrence solvers, tridiagonal system solvers, fast Poisson solvers, and very briefly, iterative methods.
Bending waves on current sheets

Current sheets are found to be subject to bending waves described by a dispersion relation indicating that these are, essentially, modified surface Alfven waves. Applications to the observed magnetic polarity sectors in the solar wind and to other astrophysical environments, such as planetary magnetospheres, are suggested.
Comparison of a species distribution model and a process model from a hierarchical perspective to quantify effects of projected climate change on tree species

Tree species distribution and abundance are affected by forces operating across a hierarchy of ecological scales. Process and species distribution models have been developed emphasizing forces at different scales. Understanding model agreement across hierarchical scales provides perspective on prediction uncertainty and ultimately enables policy makers and managers to make better decisions. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that agreement between process and species distribution models varies by hierarchical level. Due to the top-down approach of species distribution models and the bottom-up approach of process models, the most agreement will occur at the mid-level of the hierarchical analysis, the ecological subsection level, capturing the effects of soil variables. We compared projections of a species distribution model, Climate Change Tree Atlas, and a process model, LINKAGES 2.2. We conducted a correlation analysis between the models at regional, ecological subsection, and species level hierarchical scales. Both models had significant positive correlation (ρ = 0.53, P < 0.001) on the regional scale. The majority of the ecological subsections had greater model correlation than on the regional level when all climate scenarios were pooled. Correlation was poorest for the analysis of individual species. Models had the greatest correlation at the regional scale for the GFDL-A1fi scenario (the scenario with the most climate change). Species near their range edge generally had stronger correlation (loblolly pine, northern red oak, black oak). Our general hypothesis was partly accepted. This suggests that uncertainties are relatively low when interpreting model results at subsection level.
Reciprocating impact wear testing apparatus

Abstract A reciprocating impact wear testing apparatus has been developed for studies of wear occurring between solid materials undergoing repetitive impulsive loading. Such loading may be purely normal or may include simultaneous transverse sliding. The apparatus is designed to allow measurement of the impact load pulse and to provide for the maintenance of repeatable force pulses for the duration of a prolonged series of impacts (millions of cycles). When utilized with a flat-nosed impacting specimen, the time-invariant impulse waveform results in repeatable surface and subsurface stress cycling of materials undergoing wear. This paper describes the testing apparatus and procedures and includes results from a preliminary series of tests on two polymeric materials.
Utility of Fasting Essential Amino Acid Plasma Levels in Formulation of Nutritionally Adequate Diets IV: Lowering of Human Plasma Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels by Lysine and Tryptophan Supplementation

The administration of capsules containing L-lysine monohydrochloride (0.205 g) and L-tryptophan (0.069 g) three times daily after meals resulted in a significant drop in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The proportion of amino acids in the blend was derived from the average fasting plasma essential amino acid profile.
Der Einfluß von Kolloidelektrolyten auf die Quellung isolierter Epidermis

1. Seifenmizellen verursachen eine unterschiedliche Quellung der Epidermisschichten von isolierter Stierhaut. In Gegenwart von Mizellen quellen die Basalschichten der Epidermis starker als ihre Ausenschichten. Die Seifenkonzentrationen fur differenzierte Quellung (cq) fallen innerhalb tragbarer Fehlergrenzen mit den aus der Literatur bekannten ck -Werten zusammen. 2. Auch in Gegenwart neutraler oder alkalischer Elektrolyte sind cq und ck identisch bis zu einer gewissen Konzentration, die fur jedes Salz typisch ist. Infolge der bei groseren Salzzusatzen stattfindenden Schrumpfungs- oder Entquellungsvorgangen steigt cq mit wachsender Konzentration an Salz wieder an. 3. Die neuen Beobachtungen werden besonders im Hinblick auf das Problem der Hautreizung durch Seifen diskutiert. Es wird angenommen, das die Erweiterung der Netzwerkstruktur der Eiweissubstanzen der Basalschichten der Epidermis durch Seifenmizellen eine Ursache der Reizung ist. Ein eventueller Entzug von Fett durch Netz- und Waschmittel bleibt dabei auser Betracht. 4. Zusatze, die als hautschutzende bekannt sind, bewirken durchwegs eine Erhohung von cq der Seife. Dies spricht ganz besonders dafur, das die beobachtete differenzierte Quellung und die Hautreizung durch Waschmittel in einem ursachlichen Zusammenhang stehen.
Self-doubt: One Moral of the Story

This essay focuses on the value of self-doubt in moral inquiry and in moral education. Using John Patrick Shanley’s play, Doubt: A parable, as illustration, it shows how self-doubt initiates and extends moral inquiry, highlights one’s epistemic fallibility and connects the inquirer to the virtue of humility. The essay draws on the work of Charles Sanders Peirce, Hullett, Nussbaum, Thayer-Bacon and Elbow to support the idea that the question ‘Am I wrong?’ is important for moral inquiry and for moral education.
Determination of gas phase adsorption isotherms—a simple constant volume method

Single and ternary solute gas phase adsorption isotherms were conducted in this study to evaluate the effectiveness of a simple constant volume method, which was utilized by using Tedlar gas sampling bags as a constant volume batch reactor. For this purpose, gas phase adsorption of toluene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) on two types of activated carbons, BPL-bituminous base and OVC--coconut base, were investigated. For the single solute adsorption, the experimental adsorption data were found to be well correlated with Freundlich and Myers adsorption equations. The pore size distribution of adsorbents was found to affect their adsorption capacities; its effect was dependant on the solute concentration. The ternary adsorption experimental isotherms were accurately predicted by using the well-known model, i.e., ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST).
Prevalence and correlates of anxiety symptoms in well-functioning older adults: findings from the health aging and body composition study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and correlates of anxiety symptoms in the absence of depression, in older black and white people. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Baseline assessment of a biracial cohort of community-resident well-functioning men and women aged 70 to 79 participating in the Health Aging and Body Composition study. PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand forty-one participants (mean age 74, 52% women, 58% white). MEASUREMENTS: Participants were asked about three major anxiety symptoms (feeling fearful, tense/keyed-up, or shaky/nervous) derived from the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. Participants were considered to have anxiety symptoms if they reported feeling at least two anxiety symptoms “a little” or one symptom “quite a bit” in the past week. Logistic regression models were used to identify demographic, psychosocial, and health-related correlates of anxiety symptoms. RESULTS: Anxiety symptoms occurred in 15% of older people without depression and 43% of those with depression. Of nondepressed older people, women were more likely to have anxiety symptoms than men (P < .01), especially white women (20% prevalence). After multivariate adjustment, the chronic conditions of urinary incontinence (odds ratio (OR) = 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1–1.9), hearing impairment (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0–2.1), hypertension (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0–1.7) and poor sleep (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.3–2.4) were associated with a higher prevalence of anxiety symptoms. Persons with poorer psychosocial functioning, low personal mastery (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.6–2.5) and the need for more emotional support (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.7–2.8), also had higher rates of anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSION: Anxiety symptoms are common in depressed and nondepressed older people. Given the high prevalence and coexistence with depressive symptoms, it will be important to conduct longitudinal studies that assess depressive and anxiety symptoms to clarify the direction and influence and disentangle the health-related consequences of these two conditions.
Controller design with regional pole constraints: Hyperbolic and horizontal strip regions

(24) where x2 is given at Eq. (23) and ( )' = d( )/d/x. This equation is valid to 0(e) as long as the flow stays in region 2a (Fig. 1), and it can be shown that if jii(0)>0 and e>0, then trajectories originating in region 2a remain in that region.9 Numerical comparisons show that solutions to Eq. (24) agree quite well with the "exact" solution to Eqs. (2) and (3). In this example there is only one region of phase space where the unperturbed solution is periodic. In case there is more than one such region [e.g., when V(x; ju) is quartic], then the form of the e = 0 solution and, hence, the form of the right-hand side of Eq. (14) are different in different regions. When the slow flow passes from one region to another, the averaged equation may lose validity. This is because the transition may involve crossing an instantaneous separatrix of the unperturbed system. At a separatrix, the period of the e = 0 solution becomes infinite, so that the average computed in Eq. (13) is over an infinite time interval, violating the conditions of the averaging theorem (see Ref. 9 for further discussion of separatrix crossing). Conclusions We have presented a general formulation for application of the method of averaging to a specific class of nonlinear equations. The method exploits the existence of an energy integral (the Hamiltonian) for the unperturbed system and leads to a single first-order equation for the slow evolution of the Hamiltonian. By using the canonical coordinate x as the fast variable, the need to identify the rapidly varying phase angle (as in Kruskal's method) is eliminated. As shown in the example, application is relatively straightforward when the form of the potential leads to an explicit solution to the unperturbed problem. References
All the Maestro’s men: Ethics and the house editor

This case history raises questions about the editor's obligations to challenge the author as as artist.
An Electrically Calibrated Silicon Bolometer For Low Level Optical Power And Energy Measurements

ABSTRACT A cryogenically cooled, silicon on sapphire, electrically calibrated bolometer has been designed and measured to have a noise equivalent power of 3 x 10 -11 watt per root hertz. The electrical calibration of the bolometer has agreed with an electrically calibrated pyroelectric to better than 1 percent.1. INTRODUCTION Our goal is to develop an electrically calibrated detector for low level optical power and energy measurements. In addition, this measurement device is to operate over a wide range of wavelengths and be reasonably easy to use. There are systems designed to respond to power and energy levels below 10 -16 watt and 10 -16 joule. To trace the calibration of these systems to well documented measurement standards, which canmeasure powers and energies only at much higher levels, requires many steps in a measurement chain with the potential for the accumulation of significant errors. By creating an accurate measurement device that can measure levels much closer to the levels to be evaluated, we can eliminate many
On cyclic codes generated by graphs

An infinite class of graph-theoretic binary cyclic codes is presented. Although such codes are structurally simple, it is seen that half of this class consists of codes that are either binary BCH codes or subcodes of binary BCH codes.
What Have Pre- and Postapproval Studies Shown About Contact Lens–related Inflammatory Events?

INTRODUCTION: Clinical studies that occur before and after the regulatory approval of contact lenses differ in many aspects, including breadth, length, and subject inclusion and exclusion criteria. METHODS: A sample of published studies conducted in North America was reviewed to outline these differences and show their impact on rates of corneal complications with lenses. RESULTS: In postapproval studies of silicone hydrogel lenses, subject age and refractive error have been more diverse than in pre-approval trials, for example, 42% of lens wearers in a postapproval study of a single vision contact lens being older than 40 years. Inclusion of subjects in a wider age range in that study showed that lens wearers older than 50 years were at an increased risk for corneal infiltrates. Few adolescents were included in the first pre-approval trials of tisilfocon A overnight orthokeratology lenses, although many teenagers are prescribed the lenses in practice and may be at a higher risk for corneal infections with the device. The range of spectacle refractive error in a large postapproval registry of lotrafilcon A patients ranged from -16.00 to +7.00 diopters, significantly greater than that in pre-approval studies. A nonrandomized postapproval study showed that patient selection resulted in older patients with a higher degree of ametropia receiving silicone hydrogel lenses compared to younger patients with lower ametropia being fitted with hydrogel lenses. CONCLUSIONS: Postapproval studies give an organized view of the type of patients who will eventually make up the wearing population and their success or limitations with new types of contact lenses.
Avicenna's Conception of the Efficient Cause

The concept of efficient causation originates with Aristotle, who states that the types of cause include ‘the primary source of the change or rest’. For Medieval Aristotelians, the scope of efficient causality includes creative acts. The Islamic philosopher Avicenna is an important contributor to this conceptual change. In his Metaphysics, Avicenna defines the efficient cause or agent as that which gives being to something distinct from itself. As previous studies of Avicenna's ‘metaphysical’ conception of the efficient cause attest, it takes God as a model agent. This essay considers whether Avicenna's ‘metaphysical’ conception of the efficient cause applies to natural agents. It ultimately argues that Avicenna offers a unified view of the efficient cause, which includes both divine and natural agents. On this view, an efficient cause gives being to another and is simultaneous with its effect. While Avicenna's defence of this view is an important chapter in the history of the concept of the efficient cau...
Effect of Gestational Age and Birth Weight on the Risk of Strabismus Among Premature Infants

Importance Strabismus causes irreversible vision loss if not detected and treated early. It is unclear whether birth weight (BW) and gestational age (GA) are risk factors for strabismus. Objective To estimate the effect of BW and GA on the likelihood of premature infants developing strabismus. Design, Setting, and Participants In this longitudinal cohort analysis, we monitored a group of premature children from birth to determine the proportion that developed strabismus and the timing of the first strabismus diagnosis. Multivariable Cox regression analyses assessed the relationships of BW and GA with the development of strabismus. Regression models were adjusted for other risk factors for strabismus, sociodemographic factors, and ocular comorbidities. The analysis included 38 055 otherwise healthy children born prematurely who were enrolled for more than 6 months in a nationwide US managed care network between 2001 and 2011 in communities throughout the United States. Exposures Birth weight less than 2000 g or GA of 32 weeks or less. Main Outcomes and Measures Hazard ratios (HRs) for strabismus with 95% CIs. Results Of 38 055 otherwise healthy children who were born prematurely, 583 received a diagnosis of strabismus later in life. The cumulative incidence of strabismus was 3.0% at 5 years. Controlling for GA and other covariates, infants born with BW less than 2000 g had a 61% increased hazard (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.22-2.13) of developing strabismus. Controlling for BW and other covariates, there was no significant association between strabismus and GA (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.69-1.38). Among premature infants with BW of less than 2000 g, a GA of 32 weeks or less conveyed no additional increased risk for developing strabismus relative to infants born after 32 weeks (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.86-1.88). In contrast, among infants with a GA of 32 weeks or less, BW of less than 2000 g conveyed a 14-fold increase in the risk of strabismus relative to BW of 2000 g or more (HR, 14.39; 95% CI, 1.99-104.14). Conclusions and Relevance Independent of GA, very low BW conferred a large increase in strabismus risk among premature infants. In contrast, independent of BW, GA did not significantly affect the risk of strabismus. Updates to existing guidelines in the pediatric and ophthalmic literature should be considered, highlighting the importance of BW rather than GA and alerting clinicians about the need for careful monitoring of premature infants with low BW for strabismus.
Rate constants for the reactions of OH radicals with a series of 1,4-hydroxyketones

Abstract A series of C5–C8 1,4-hydroxyketones were generated in situ from the OH radical-initiated reactions of their n-alkane precursors. By investigating the time-concentration behavior of these hydroxyketones during the reactions, rate constants for the reactions of OH radicals with the hydroxyketones at 298 ± 2 K were determined relative to the rate constant for the reaction of OH radicals with the parent n-alkane. The hydroxyketones were monitored by Solid Phase MicroExtraction, using fibers pre-coated with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine for on-fiber derivatization of carbonyl compounds, with analysis of their oxime derivatives by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Initial experiments at ≤5% relative humidity showed that 5-hydroxy-2-hexanone and 6-hydroxy-3-hexanone (formed from n-hexane) disappeared more rapidly than could be accounted for by reaction with OH radicals, suggesting that these hydroxyketones were also undergoing cyclization with loss of water to form alkyl-substituted 4,5-dihdyrofurans. Accordingly, all further experiments were carried out at 50 ± 5% relative humidity, and the enhanced disappearance of hydroxyketones was markedly reduced (but was still evident for the hydroxyoctanones formed from n-octane). The rate constants derived for the 1,4-hydroxyketones formed from n-pentane through n-octane were in the range (1.5–2.4) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, consistent with rate constants estimated using the structure–reactivity method of Kwok and Atkinson [E.S.C. Kwok, R. Atkinson, Atmos. Environ. 29 (1995) 1685–1695].
Tumor thromboplastin activity In vitro

The thromboplastin activity of tissue culture media, before and after incubation with T-241 Lewis sarcoma cells of mouse origin, or with embryonic mouse epithelial or muscle fibroblasts, was measured by means of a calcium reconstitution assay. Incubation of the embryonic epithelial or muscle fibroblasts increased the thromboplastin activity of the tissue culture media more than did incubation with tumor cells, even though analysis of protein showed that there were more tumor cells than normal cells present at the time of incubation. It is concluded that there is no evidence for a unique “Cancer Coagulative Factor” at least in this system. In vitro studies of the effect of trauma in increasing the release of thromboplastin activity from both normal and tumor tissues, suggest that the mutual destruction of both tissues could account for the elevated levels observed in some patients with cancer.
The effects of interpersonal trust and group status on prosocial and aggressive behaviors

Preliminary evidence suggests that interpersonal trust is associated with both aggression and prosocial behavior, but little research has been conducted to investigate these relationships in nonclinical samples. It has been suggested by Scott (1980) that general trust is not as useful in predicting behavior in organizational settings as is situational trust. However, if moderated by in-group - out-group status, general trust may be useful in predicting general response tendencies such as aggressive and prosocial behaviors. Building on the norm of reciprocity as described by Kaufmann (1970) and Rushton ( 1980), it was hypothesized that: a) subjects identified as high trusters would show low levels of aggression and high levels of prosocial behaviors towards both in- and outgroup members; b) low trusters would show high levels of aggression and low levels of prosocial behavior towards both in- and out-groups members; and c) moderate trusters would show lower levels of aggression towards the in-group than towards the out-group and higher levels of prosocial behavior towards the in-group than towards the out-group. These hypotheses were not confirmed. Participants reported higher levels of prosocial behavior towards the in-group than towards the out-group, regardless of the level of trust. Group differences also emerged on the aggression measures regardless of trust level. Trend analyses revealed that as trust increases, overall prosocial behavior increases.
An Instrument to Measure Cutaneous Blood Flow Using the Doppler Shift of Laser Light

A system utilizing the Doppler shift of monochromatic laser light has been developed to measure blood flow in skin. Light from a low power (S mW) He-Ne laser is coupled into a quartz fiber and transmitted to the skin. This light is reflected from both the nonmoving tissues (reference beam) and moving red blood cells (Doppler shifted beam), received by a plastic fiber, and transmitted back to a photodiode where optical heterodyning occurs. The heterodyned output signal, which is proportional to the Doppler shift frequency, is amplified and both RMS and dc values obtained. The RMS value is weighted against the backscattered light intensity using the measured dc value as an index of total received power. This is used as the output flow velocity value.
Anesthetic implications for lung transplantation

Anesthetic challenges regarding lung transplantation are related to the expanded spectrum of diseases for which lung transplantation is offered and to the interval changes in health status likely to occur as patients wait longer for an organ to become available. Particular attention to avoiding or reducing the impact of increases in pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart failure are important and may necessitate cardiopulmonary bypass. Intraoperative and postoperative ventilator management should account for differences in pulmonary compliance after the new lung is implanted. Minimizing intravenous fluids without compromising end organ perfusion may avoid or reduce postoperative respiratory insufficiency.
Paleoclimates: Understanding climate change past and present

[1] Imagine contracting a fever and having no prior knowledge of whether your body's reaction will be severe or benign. Fortunately, having had fevers before, we know how our body reacts and we know how to treat the symptoms. Now consider global warming over the past century and the likelihood of it continuing for decades to centuries, with temperatures rising beyond anything humanity has experienced in the past. From this perspective, an investigation into past planetary fevers (and chills), what caused them, and how the planet responded—in short, paleoclimatology—becomes imperative. Although not the first book on the topic, Cronin's Paleoclimates is an up-to-date, comprehensive, and authoritative accounting of past climates.
Crystal structure and characterization of [Co(saccharinate) 2 (L1)(H 2 O) 2 ] n solvate: A new microporous coordination polymer generated from 1,4-bis(3-pyridyl)-2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene (L1) and [Co(saccharinate) 2 ·4H 2 O]·2H 2 O

A new microporous coordination polymer, [Co(saccharinate)2(L1)(H2O)2] n solvate, has been prepared from the reaction of the N,N′ bidentate ligand 1,4-bis(3-pyridyl)-2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene (L1) with [Co(saccharinate)2·4H2O]·2H2O in a methylene chloride/ethanol solvent mixture. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P-1, with lattice parameters a = 7.6893(5) A, b = 11.0169(7) A, c = 11.2369(7) A, α = 66.2610(10)°, β = 74.4160(10)°, γ = 74.6740(10)°. The structure consists of one-dimensional chains composed of octahedrally coordinated Co(II) centers linked by L1. The packing of these chains, along with intrachain and interchain hydrogen bonds, generates a 3-D framework with infinite channels that are occupied by disordered guest molecules. The compound was further characterized by IR spectroscopy and DTA/TGA.
CMOS Hardening Techniques

Complementary symmetry MOS circuits have high noise immunity and low power consumption which make them particularly suitable for military and space applications. A major drawback to their use is radiation sensitivity to accumulated fluences of radiation and also to prompt radiation bursts (transient effects). A significant degree of hardening against transient effects can be achieved by building the circuits in silicon-on-sapphire. This technology provides complete dielectric isolation and reduces photocurrents in the silicon. It is shown that each device type (N and P channel) must operate under both negative and positive gate bias. Therefore, to ensure hardening against an accumulated fluence of radiation, a dielectric which is hard under both polarities of gate bias should be used. Results are presented for CMOS circuits made with Al2O3 gate insulators.
UB matrix implementation for inelastic neutron scattering experiments

The UB matrix approach has been extended to handle inelastic neutron scattering experiments with differing k_{\rm i} and k_{\rm f}. We have considered the typical goniometer employed on triple-axis and time-of-flight spectrometers. Expressions are derived to allow for calculation of the UB matrix and for converting from observables to Q-energy space. In addition, we have developed appropriate modes for calculation of angles for a specified Q-energy position.
Packaged optical interconnection system based on photorefractive correlation.

We present an experimental implementation of a packaged free-space optical interconnection system by photorefractive correlation. The system consists of a phase code, a LiNbO3 crystal, two computer-generated-hologram Fourier-transform lenses, and a detector, all mounted on a glass substrate. We present experimental results with a prototype packaged system showing interconnections between 25 inputs and 25 outputs, and we discuss the possibility of applying this packaging technology to interconnections between larger arrays.
The effectiveness of sex therapy for chronic secondary psychological impotence

Abstract This paper describes the treatment results of sexual therapy with 16 couples. The men had chronic secondary psychological impotence. They were evaluated, treated, and followed up by the same sex therapist. Another psychiatrist evaluated each couple after therapy. Pre-and post therapy Sexual Interaction inventories were administered as numerical measures of therapeutic effectiveness. By the end of treatment 6 men of the 16 were consistently potent and 4 were potent at least half of the time. Of the 11 men who had improved, 10 demonstrated considerable instability in erectile functioning over 1 year follow-up. Sex therapy can improve sexual functioning. However, it does not restore complete sexual health to couples with this complicated disorder.
On finding trend-free block designs

We introduce and discuss a new algorithm to convert a given binary block design, if possible, into a linear trend-free block design. The only permissible operation in attempting this conversion is that of reallocating treatments to plots within blocks; the treatment-block incidence structure is not allowed to be changed. We discuss an extension of the algorithm to cases where the trend is thought to be of a higher degree, and establish a relation between the algorithm and the optimal assignment problem, a well-known problem in operations research.
Tachistoscopic timing on the TRS-80

A hardware/software system is described that enables the TRS-80 Model I microcomputer to be used as a tachistoscope. The system synchronizes stimulus presentation with the 16.7-msec scanning rate of the cathode-ray tube. Hardware and software configurations for reaction timing and stimulus presentation are presented and discussed.
A portable electrical manometer suitable for continuous indication of peripheral venous pressures.

Abstract A portable electrical manometer suitable for continuous indication of peripheral venous pressure has been described. Resting venous pressure in the arm in the supine position was determined in ten normal subjects and found to be 11.3 cm. of saline, with a range of 9.9 to 13.2 centimeters.
THE EFFECT OF BODY WEIGHT AND ITS CHANGES ON CHILDREN'S BLOOD PRESSURES

Obesity has been shown to be an important factor in hypertension of adults. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between blood pressures and measures of body size and obesity in the school age. In two school screens in 1971 and 1973, 6005 children were examined, of which 2872 were screened in both surveys. Height, weight, blood pressures and triceps skinfolds were obtained. Using deviations from regression, data were age/sex standardized. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were correlated with weight (r=0.41 for SBP and 0.29 for DBP). Similar correlations were observed for height, skinfold and relative weight. Follow-up SBP was correlated with initial SBP (r=0.38), initial weight (r=0.32), and change in weight (r=0.24). A multiple regression equation based on initial SBP explained 14% of the variability in follow-up, while an equation based on initial SBP and weight and change in weight explained 22%. The other variables did not add to the prediction. Change in SBP was correlated with initial SBP (r=-0.51), and change in weight (r=0.17); 26% of the variability in the change in SBP over 2 years was explained by initial SBP alone, while 33% was explained by an equation based on initial SBP, weight and change in weight. Similar results were observed for diastolic blood pressure. These data show that significant portions of the change of blood pressures in children can be explained by relative changes in body weight.
Comparisons of Asian and US workplace gender roles

Uses the research of Dorfman and Howell’s work‐related cultural value scale to measure masculinity versus femininity across the USA, Japan and China. Attempts to contrast gender role typing attitudes. Describes how men in each country had significantly differing attitudes to the role of women in the workforce whilst women were found to be less willing to accept roles based on gender. Highlights clear differences between each country.
On Conjectures of Mathai and Borel

Mathai has conjectured that the Cheeger–Gromov invariant ρ(2) = η(2) - η is a homotopy invariant of closed manifolds with torsion-free fundamental group. In this paper we prove this statement for closed manifolds M when the rational Borel conjecture is known for Γ = π1(M), i.e. the assembly map α: H*(BΓ, ℚ) → L*(Γ) ⊗ ℚ is an isomorphism. Our discussion evokes the theory of intersection homology and results related to the higher signature problem.
Novel DC-Contact MEMS Shunt Switches and High-Isolation Series/Shunt Designs

This paper presents a metal-to-metal contact MEMS shunt switch suitable for DC-40 GHz applications. A novel pull-down electrode is used which applies the electrostatic force at the same location as the metal-to-metal contact area. A contact resistance of 0.15 - 0.35 ? is repeatably achieved, and results in an isolation of ?40 dB at 0.1-3 GHz. The measured isolation is still better than ?20 dB at 40 GHz. The DC-contact shunt switch is used in a series/shunt design to result in ?60 dB isolation at 5 GHz and better than ?40 dB up to 40 GHz. The application areas are in high-isolation/low-loss switches for telecommunication and radar systems.
Active surfaces for video tracking and 3-D segmentation based on a new method for multidimensional optimization

We propose an optimal framework for active surface extraction from video sequences. An active surface is a collection of active contours in successive frames such that the active contours are constrained by spatial and temporal energy terms. The spatial energy terms impose constraints on the active contour in a given frame. The temporal energy terms relate the active contours in different frames to preserve desired internal and external properties of the active surface. For computational efficiency, we reduce the 3-D active surface (( x , y , t ) coordinates) optimization problem to a 2-D model (( φ , t ) coordinates) by considering only point indices along normal lines φ of each contour and define the energy terms in a causal way. We develop an n -D dynamic tree programming algorithm to find the optimum of n -D semi-causal functions. We prove that the n -D dynamic tree programming algorithm converges to the global optimum. In particular, the classical 1-D dynamic programming algorithm is a special case of the n -D dynamic tree programming algorithm. The optimal active surface is subsequently obtained by using the 2-D dynamic tree programming algorithm. Simulation results show the efficiency and robustness of the proposed approach in active surface extraction for video tracking and segmentation of the human head in real-world video sequences.