cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attitudes and Behavior of Health Care Workers Before, During, and After Implementation of Real-Time Location System Technology

Abstract Objective To assess how staff attitudes before, during, and after implementation of a real-time location system (RTLS) that uses radio-frequency identification tags on staff and patient identification badges and on equipment affected staff's intention to use and actual use of an RTLS. Participants and Methods A series of 3 online surveys were sent to staff at an emergency department with plans to implement an RTLS between June 1, 2015, and November 29, 2016. Each survey corresponded with a different phase of implementation: preimplementation, midimplementation, and postimplementation. Multiple logistic regression with backward elimination was used to assess the relationship between demographic variables, attitudes about RTLSs, and intention to use or actual use of an RTLS. Results Demographic variables were not associated with intention to use or actual use of the RTLS. Before implementation, poor perceptions about the technology's usefulness and lack of trust in how employers would use tracking data were associated with weaker intentions to use the RTLS. During and after implementation, attitudes about the technology's use, not issues related to autonomy and privacy, were associated with less use of the technology. Conclusion Real-time location systems have the potential to assess patterns of health care delivery that could be modified to reduce costs and improve the quality of care. Successful implementation, however, may hinge on how staff weighs attitudes and concerns about their autonomy and personal privacy with organizational goals. With the large investments required for new technology, serious consideration should be given to address staff attitudes about privacy and technology in order to assure successful implementation.
Observation of Radiation-Induced Leakage Current Defects in MOS Oxides With Multifrequency Electrically Detected Magnetic Resonance and Near-Zero-Field Magnetoresistance

We report high and low-frequency electrically detected magnetic resonance measurements and near-zero-field magnetoresistance measurements on radiation-induced leakage currents in irradiated Si/SiO2 metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) structures. This study identifies the chemical and physical nature of atomic-scale defects involved in radiation-induced leakage currents in SiO2 using an analytical technique. Our results suggest that trap-assisted tunneling through these Si/SiO2 structures involves Pb centers (silicon dangling bonds at the Si/SiO2 interface), rather than only ${E}$ ’ centers (oxygen vacancies in the SiO2 film). We utilize simulations of the defects’ resonance spectra to provide further evidence for the involvement of interface Pb centers in the radiation-induced leakage currents. These simulations also explore the possibility of additional ${E}$ ’ center involvement in the radiation-induced leakage currents.
Teaching an Old Drug New Tricks: Dexamethasone as an In Vivo Inhibitor of Glioblastoma Dispersal.

Identifying drugs that can mitigate dispersal of glioblastoma cells, particularly after patients undergo radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy, may increase the length of time to recurrence and improve overall survival. Previous studies have shown that dexamethasone (Dex), a drug currently used to treat brain tumor-related edema, which is tapered immediately after the edema has resolved, induces fibronectin matrix assembly (FNMA) and reduces dispersal of primary human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells in vitro and ex vivo. Here, we utilized an in vivo mouse retina dispersal assay to demonstrate that Dex also inhibits dispersal in vivo. We show that 1) Dex significantly reduces z-axis penetration of glioblastoma cells into mouse retina; 2) treatment alters the morphology of dispersal; 3) without Dex, the presence of fibronectin increases dispersal; 4) treatment activates in vivo FNMA by glioblastoma cells, leading to the containment of the tumor mass; and 5) Dex-mediated activation of FNMA is fibronectin dose-dependent. Dispersal inhibition could be achieved at human equivalent doses as low as 1 mg/day, a dose significantly lower than currently used to reduce edema. This is the first step towards future studies in which patients can be potentially maintained on low-dose dexamethasone therapy with the aim of increasing the time between initial resection and recurrence.
Comments on Leif Wenar's Nussbaum Lecture, “The Development of Unity”

It is a privilege to comment on Leif Wenar's Nussbaum Lecture. Wenar's lecture is the third in a most distinguished series, beginning with Philip Pettit in Athens and continuing on with Seyla Benha...
A 41-Year-Old Man Presenting With Shortness of Breath, Nausea, Vomiting, and Diarrhea.

Case Presentation A 41-year-old man presented to our institution with shortness of breath for 1 day, and nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea for 10 days. He has a medical history of gastroesophageal reflux disease, migraines, and anxiety. He is a 10 pack-year former cigarette smoker and an active vaper. He quit smoking cigarettes in 2013 but reports vaping flavored nicotine from 2013 to 2018. Since 2018, he has been vaping tetrahydrocannabinol products of different flavors and brands. A few weeks prior to admission, the subject had changed the brand of his vaping product to "Cookies High Flyers" with a "Biscotti" flavor. The new product contains 1,000 mg (883 mg tetrahydrocannabinol and 117 mg cannabidiol) in a 0.04 oz cartridge. He vapes five times a day, taking two to three puffs every time. He had recently traveled to Texas and had a sick contact with his 18-month-old daughter. She recently recovered from a diarrheal illness of presumed viral origin. Prior to admission, the subject tested negative for influenza and completed outpatient antibiotic treatment, with no improvement.
The Relative Price of Nontraded Goods, Absorption, and Exchange Rate Policy in Chile, 1974-82

The empirical effects of exchange rate policy and changes in absorption on the relative price of nontraded goods in Chile are examined. Three alternative theories of relative-price determination in a developing economy are tested: purchasing power parity, sector-specific factors, and sticky wages. The estimation results, obtained using both classical and Bayesian methods, favor the sticky-wages theory. Thus, as long as public sector wages are not fully indexed, a devaluation will have a lasting effect on the relative price of nontraded goods.
Decentralized Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading Model for Networked Microgrids

Energy trading among networked microgrids can be an effective tool to achieve reliability and economic benefits. This paper proposes a two stage Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy trading model consisting of a local scheduling optimization problem in stage one and an energy trading price adjustment mechanism in stage two. In this study, it was assumed that all networked microgrids are connected to the utility grid and to each other. However, the amount of power that can be exchanged with the utility grid is limited by the tie-line maximum capacity; hence, the trading scheme is developed for energy trading between the networked microgrids to satisfy their deficit and surplus power that cannot be exchanged with the utility grid due to tie-line limit. Simulation is conducted to validate the proposed model using a 24-hour forecasted net load data for seven networked microgrids.
Bark beetle outbreaks alter biotic components of forested ecosystems

Abstract Bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) outbreaks can be spectacular, killing trees across hundreds to thousands of hectares or more of forest land. As bark beetles are a natural disturbance agent, it is hypothesized that ecosystems are adapted to such periodic disturbances. Under climate change, however, these beetle outbreaks have become more severe, persistent, and chronic on many landscapes, bringing into question the long-term resilience of these forests and the biota that depend on them. Our chapter objective is to review and generalize the effects of bark beetle outbreaks on flora, fauna, and soil microbiota across diverse landscapes worldwide. Through loss of canopy trees, there is an increase in forest gaps and dead organic material that alters resource availability for many organisms. As organisms respond to altered resources, they may create feedback loops to themselves and their environment. Tree regeneration dynamics may set the stage for dominance by the same or different canopy species, retriggering, advancing, or otherwise altering successional trajectories. Herbs and shrubs often become more abundant and diverse under postbark beetle outbreaks due to increased light, water, and nutrient availability. Faunal species that rely on open habitat conditions and greater availability of newly available resources (e.g., coarse woody debris, bark beetles as prey items, and understory plant release) tend to benefit from bark beetle outbreaks; vice versa for other species; and variable responses are indicated for other species. Both positive and negative impacts on red-listed or endangered species have been reported. Ectomycorrhizal and saprophytic fungi, respectively, tend to decrease and increase after bark beetle outbreaks. There may be an increase in soil bacteria with different bacterial species dominant in beetle-killed trees. Responses of biota are therefore species-specific, and there are winners and losers in systems based on habitat alterations and life-history requirements. Longer-term and comprehensive studies of cascading, interacting, and simultaneous ecological impacts for multitaxa are recommended for maintaining the resilience of these disturbed landscapes under climate change.
Thermal management of fuel-cell stacks using air flow in open-cell metal foam

Abstract A new numerical and experimental work investigating the cooling potential of open-cell aluminum foam (using airflow) for fuel cell stacks is described. A model for metal-foam cooling design based on a commercial 500-W proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM) stack was simulated and tested experimentally. The new design of the current investigation replaces the existing liquid-cooling channels with compressed aluminum foam having a porosity of 60%. The study considered symmetric and asymmetric heated foam channels subjected to constant heat flux of 1.56 W/cm2, and cooled by airflow at hydraulic-diameter Reynolds numbers in the range 87–657. In the simulations, the thermal energy equations were solved invoking the local thermal non-equilibrium model, which is a more realistic treatment for airflow in metal foam. Local temperatures in the stack, local and length-averaged Nusselt numbers, and friction factors were determined numerically and experimentally. Good agreement between the simulation and experiment was obtained for the local temperatures. The local Nusselt number slightly decreased with distance along the cooling channel, and the length-averaged Nusselt number increased with Reynolds number. As for the friction factors predicted by simulation and obtained experimentally, there was an average difference of about 18.3%. This difference has been attributed to the poor correlation used by the CFD package for pressure drop in metal foam. The new cooling system could remove the 500 W of waste heat of the stack, and would keep the stack within the safe range of operating temperature: 60–90 °C.
Three-Dimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Modeling of Auto-Magnetizing Liner Implosions

Auto-magnetizing (AutoMag) liners 1 have demonstrated strong precompressed axial magnetic field production (>100 T) and remarkable cylindrical implosion uniformity during experiments 2 on the Z accelerator. However, both axial field production and implosion uniformity require further optimization to support use of AutoMag targets in magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) experiments. Recent experimental study on the Mykonos accelerator has provided data on the initiation and evolution of dielectric flashover in AutoMag targets; these results have directly enabled advancement of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modeling protocols used to simulate AutoMag liner implosions. Using these modeling protocols, we executed three-dimensional MHD simulations focused on improving AutoMag target designs, specifically seeking to optimize axial magnetic field production and enhance cylindrical implosion uniformity for MagLIF. By eliminating the previously used driver current prepulse and reducing the helical gap widths in AutoMag liners, simulations indicate that the optimal 30-50 T range of precompressed axial magnetic field for MagLIF can be accomplished concurrently with improved cylindrical implosion uniformity, thereby enabling an optimally premagnetized magneto-inertial fusion implosion with high cylindrical uniformity.
Manufacturing Requirements from a Probabilistic Design Analysis Approach to Optimizing for Robust Design

As new areas of technology and product development mature, commercial viability requires adopting and developing engineering tools that assure high system reliability while meeting performance goals. A quality called robustness is required to minimize sensitivity of response and durability to various uncertainties in a system. A requirement for successful development is that all the technical disciplines involved in defining and fabricating a product are included in the model. Probabilistic Design Analysis (PDA) is emerging as a powerful set of tools to quantify the variability of response as a result of variations in system parameters. Design evolution approaches such as the Taguchi method and optimization in concert with PDA provide the capability to obtain robust design through tailoring manufacturing parameters, design and operating environment. In the paper, software selection and additional development activity is described, and the application of the tools is illustrated.
Health plan choice

Using a unique panel dataset of health plan choices and personal characteristics of employees at a single firm, this paper provides estimates of price elasticities for health insurance plans in a managed competition setting. Estimated price elasticities are larger in absolute value than most previous estimates and the magnitude of the price elasticity suggests that there is a place for price competition in this market. We also find evidence of transition costs in switching health plans for older and less healthy employees. Such differential responses to price may contribute to adverse selection in this market.
Experiences for Future Teachers

(1974). Experiences for Future Teachers. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 77-78.
Christological Consistency and the Reduplicative Qua

A central problem faced by any classical form of Christology runs as follows. Christ is both divine and human, but it seems that there are pairs of predicates that meet the following conditions: the two predicates in the pair cannot both belong to one subject; everything that is divine has one of the predicates; everything that is human has the other of the predicates. So, for example, nothing can be both changeable and unchangeable; everything divine is unchangeable; everything human is changeable. If, as classical Christology asserts, Christ is both divine and
Consumer Choice and the Popular Music Industry: A Test of the Superstar Theory

The superstar model predicts skewness of market outcomes and returns to artist quality. We test and confirm these predictions using a unique data set on popular music.
Classical Influences on the Law and Politics of the French Revolution

The French Revolution was the last great political event to take its inspiration, iconography and institutions primarily from classical antiquity. French revolutionaries depended heavily on Roman and Greek history for ideas, and for the courage to apply them. But even if their understanding of history had been accurate (it seldom was) French politicians could never settle which ancient model to follow. Classical antiquity provides innumerable conflicting moral and political examples and the French came close to having tried them all, running through the whole of Roman history in fifteen years. Eighteenth-century Frenchmen postured as Romans, Athenians and Spartans, without ever achieving liberty against arbitrary power, or any consistent rule of law. The French Revolution’s ostentatious classicism, comprehensive experimentation, and obvious failure, discredited Roman and Greek antiquity as practical models for political reform. Future revolutions would need new models, including the experience of France itself, and the transatlantic successes of the United States of America. The French Revolution discredited classical antiquity, by following it too capriciously, too blindly and to the bitter end.
Moral Education and the Dangers of Dramatic Rehearsal

In his thoughtful essay, “Care Ethics, John Dewey’s ‘Dramatic Rehearsal,’ and Moral Education,” Maurice Hamington makes a convincing case that Dewey’s ideas nicely complement care ethics, particularly in reminding educators that we need to develop and nurture habits of care in schools. Hamington describes care ethics well, showing the ways in which care theorists foreground connection, compassion, emotion, relationship, and context above abstract considerations of rules, principles, and rights. He also thoughtfully characterizes how Dewey’s beliefs about context, emotion, ends–in–view, relationships, and extended temporal horizons resonate with, and enrich, care theory. Throughout the first two thirds of his essay, I found myself agreeing with almost all that he offers, and appreciating the very clear and accessible way he frames his argument. I also loved how he extols the virtues of imagination, aesthetics, and embodied forms of knowing, as these are all too uncommon in the discourse of education, including philosophy of education. Yet it is when Hamington calls for dramatic rehearsal as a means to develop empathic understanding that I am left with more questions than answers, actually one of the marks of a provocative essay. While I agree wholeheartedly that performance methods in the classroom have great promise in helping us to meaningfully engage with the worldviews of Others, I worry that dramatic rehearsal, or character acting, as a technique has a number of potential dangers, especially when we do not have a clear sense of the ends to which we act as the Other.
Automated analysis of feeding behavior in small animals

Discusses the implementation of an automated apparatus for recording and quantifying food choice behavior by small animals. A computer controls the apparatus by positioning a video camera over each one of twelve petri dishes. When the camera is in position, an image of the underlying dish is captured and the digitized image is returned to the computer for further processing. Within the computer a digital image processing procedure analyzes and quantifies the observed behavior.
Role of Estrogen as a Cause of Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome

Fatty liver-hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS), a nutritional disorder previously reported only in laying chickens was induced in immature male and female chickens, 11 weeks of age, of broiler and egg-laying breeds. Force-feeding three times a day for 21 days, amounts of feed equal to 125% and 150% of ad libitum intake, produced a gradient response in hepatic steatosis (measured by percentage of fat in the liver, and the ratio of fat to the fat-free dry weight), but not FLHS. Intramuscular injection of beta-estradiol-17-dipropionate at 2 mg/kg body weight, three times weekly for 21 days, produced a gradient response in hemorrhagic score and an increase in ad libitum feed intake. There was no significant difference between sex or breed in the score values used to evaluate FLHS, but females of both breeds accumulated significantly more fat in the liver than males. Testosterone dipropionate at 25 mg/kg of body weight, injected three times per week in immature females force-fed at the 150% level, produced increases in food intake and liver fat as did estrogen, but no hepatic hemorrhaging. The data implicate estrogen as a factor in the production of FLHS along with the necessity for the chicken to be in a positive energy balance creating sufficient hepatic fat for FLHS to occur.
Self-synchronization of concurrent processes

Introduces a unary "self-synchronization" operation on concurrent processes that synchronizes concurrent transitions within a process. Standard parallel synchronization and communicating action refinement operations can be reduced to simple combinations of self-synchronization and unsynchronized noncommunicating operations. Modifying familiar fully abstract process semantics, so that actions are replaced by action multisets (steps), typically yields semantics that are fully abstract for processes with self-synchronization. >
Relation between corticosterone and fear-related behavior in mice selectively bred for high or low alcohol preference.

Blunted cortisol responses to stress or trauma have been linked with genetic (familial) risk for both alcoholism and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Mouse lines selectively bred for high (HAP) or low (LAP) alcohol preference may be a relevant model of genetic risk for co-morbid alcoholism and PTSD in humans. HAP mice show greater fear-potentiated startle (FPS), a model used to study PTSD, than LAP mice. The relation between corticosterone (CORT) and FPS behavior was explored in four experiments. Naive male and female HAP2 and LAP2 mice received fear-conditioning or control treatments, and CORT levels were measured before and immediately after fear-conditioning or FPS testing. In two other experiments, HAP2 mice received CORT (1.0, 5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg) or a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (mifepristone; 25.0 and 50.0 mg/kg) 30 minutes before fear conditioning. HAP2 mice exposed to fear conditioning and to control foot shock exposures showed lower CORT after the fear-conditioning and FPS testing sessions than LAP2 mice. A trend toward higher FPS was seen in HAP2 mice pretreated with 10.0 mg/kg CORT, and CORT levels were the lowest in this group, suggesting negative feedback inhibition of CORT release. Mifepristone did not alter FPS. Overall, these results are consistent with data in humans and rodents indicating that lower cortisol/CORT levels after stress are associated with PTSD/PTSD-like behavior. These findings in HAP2 and LAP2 mice suggest that a blunted CORT response to stress may be a biological marker for greater susceptibility to develop PTSD in individuals with increased genetic risk for alcoholism.
Physicians' Attitudes Toward Complementary Or Alternative Medicine: A Regional Survey

Background: A survey exploring attitudes toward complementary or alternative medicine was distributed to 295 family physicians in the Chesapeake region. Physicians were asked about their knowledge, usage of, and training in complementary therapies and what evidence they expected of complementary medicine to aid in accepting these therapies. Methods: Questionnaires were distributed at three separate conferences of family physicians with 180 physicians responding. Results: More than 70 to 90 percent of the physicians considered complementary medical therapies, such as diet and exercise, behavioral medicine, counseling and psychotherapy, and hypnotherapy, to be legitimate medical practices. A majority had referred patients to nonphysicians for these therapies or used some of them in their own practices. Homeopathy, Native American medicine, and traditional Oriental medicine were not favored as legitimate medical practice. Areas where physicians had the least amount of training were most likely to be considered as alternative medicine by them. Seventy percent of responding physicians expressed interest in training in multiple areas of alternative medicine. Additionally, there was a strong positive correlation between evidentiary rules physicians believed should apply to orthodox medicine and to alternative or complementary medicine. Conclusions: Results of this survey show a high interest in alternative and complementary medicine by physicians. Some therapies are already being used by these physicians, and training is desired in most areas.
Introduction [to “Transactions of 1937”]

The American Geophysical Union was established in 1919 as the American Committee of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophys cs, and its Executive Committee is the Committee on Geophysics of the National Research Council. The objects of the Union are to promote the study of problems concerned with the figure and physics of the Earth, to initiate and coordinate researches which depend upon international and national cooperation, and to provide for their scientific discussion and publication. In the accomplishment of these objects, the Union is divided into sections following the plan of organization of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. There are now seven sections, namely, (a) Geodesy, (b) Seismology, (c) Meteorology, (d) Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity, (e) Oceanography, (f) Volcanology, and (g) Hydrology. A Section of Geophysical Chemistry was discontinued May 31, 1924, as the International Union had failed to provide such a Section; the Section of Hydrology was established November 15, 1930—matters pertaining to scientific hydrology referred to the American Geophysical Union had been previously looked after by special committees on Hydrology.
Exercise, APOE genotype, and the evolution of the human lifespan

Humans have exceptionally long lifespans compared with other mammals. However, our longevity evolved when our ancestors had two copies of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 allele, a genotype that leads to a high risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), cardiovascular disease, and increased mortality. How did human aging evolve within this genetic constraint? Drawing from neuroscience, anthropology, and brain-imaging research, we propose the hypothesis that the evolution of increased physical activity approximately 2 million years ago served to reduce the amyloid plaque and vascular burden of APOE ɛ4, relaxing genetic constraints on aging. This multidisciplinary approach links human evolution with health and provides a complementary perspective on aging and neurodegenerative disease that may help identify key mechanisms and targets for intervention.
Summary and Possible Directions for Research and Practice

After reviewing each of the articles included in this special issue, we have come to four conclusions. First, the reaffirmation of accreditation, along with the selection of the quality enhancement...
Some improvements in DNA interaction calculations

Calculations are made on specific DNA-type complexes using refined expressions for electrostatic and polarization energies. Dispersion and repulsive terms are included in the evaluation of the total interaction energy. It is shown that the expansion of the electrostatic potential to include multipole moments up to octopole is necessary to achieve convergence of first-order energies. Polarization energies are not as sensitive to this expansion. The calculations also support the usefulness of the hard sphere model for DNA hydrogen bonds and indicate how stacking interactions are influenced by second-order energies.
On the asymptotic distributions of two statistics for two-level covariance structure models within the class of elliptical distributions

Since data in social and behavioral sciences are often hierarchically organized, special statistical procedures for covariance structure models have been developed to reflect such hierarchical structures. Most of these developments are based on a multivariate normality distribution assumption, which may not be realistic for practical data. It is of interest to know whether normal theory-based inference can still be valid with violations of the distribution condition. Various interesting results have been obtained for conventional covariance structure analysis based on the class of elliptical distributions. This paper shows that similar results still hold for 2-level covariance structure models. Specifically, when both the level-1 (within cluster) and level-2 (between cluster) random components follow the same elliptical distribution, the rescaled statistic recently developed by Yuan and Bentler asymptotically follows a chi-square distribution. When level-1 and level-2 have different elliptical distributions, an additional rescaled statistic can be constructed that also asymptotically follows a chi-square distribution. Our results provide a rationale for applying these rescaled statistics to general non-normal distributions, and also provide insight into issues related to level-1 and level-2 sample sizes.
Services Trade: Past Liberalization and Future Challenges

Services trade has truly become an engine of world growth. Over the past two decades, international trade in services has grown faster than world merchandize trade, which in turn has grown faster than world output. A combination of policy liberalization and technological progress has facilitated trade in many previously untradable services. However, very little progress has been made towards new policy liberalization in the ongoing Doha Development Round. This article discusses trade in services in five sections. Following a short introduction, Section I presents data on the past growth of services trade flows and makes rough projections of future expansion. The second and third sections summarize the achievements of the WTO in the service field, both as a negotiating forum and a dispute settlement system. The third section also emphasizes how FTAs are now playing the leading role in services liberalization. The fourth section critiques the absence of progress in the Doha Round and the fifth section examines the hot issue of services outsourcing. The concluding section offers policy recommendations for containing a possible protectionist backlash and promoting new liberalization.
Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism of silver(I):Polyribonucleotide complexes

Optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) and circular dichroism (CD) spectra of single- and multistranded polyribonucleotides undergo extensive changes on binding of the silver ion. These changes are consistent with the proposition that Ag(I) binds to the heterocyclic bases and not to the phosphate groups of polynucleotides. ORD and CD of silver complexes of poly(A)·poly(U) and double-helical rice dwarf viral RNA display negative Cotton effects when there is more than one Ag(I) per two nucleotide residues in solution. These observations suggest a significant distortion of the double-helical conformation as a result of Ag(I) binding. Silver(I) binding sites of pyrimidine polynucleotides are apparently saturated when there is one Ag(I) per two nucleotide residues and those of purine polynucleotides at one Ag(I) per nucleotide in solution. These data are consistent with the supposition that some Ag(I) binding sites exist on the pyrimidine ring and additional sites on the imidazole ring of polynucleotides. The sedimentation coefficient of poly(A) increases by severalfold when one Ag(I) is present per nucleotide residue. Silver(I) may introduce intra- and interstrand cross-links (through bidentate chelates) in single-stranded polynucleotides, resulting in structures with high sedimentation coefficients. Among the polynucleotides studied, poly(U) was an exception. Silver(I) did not affect the optical properties (absorbance, ORD, and CD) of poly(U) at neutral pH.
Class as Community: The New Dynamics of Social Change:

The debate over whether class and community are alternative or mutually complementary bases of collective action is examined. A typology is developed to examine the relative contribution of each in determining the demands of grass-roots organizations. Specific emphasis within this analysis is on Tri-State Conference on Steel, a community–labor organization fighting plant closings in the Pittsburgh, PA, area. It is concluded that class consciousness can emerge out of participation in grass-roots movements, and the author focuses on the role of human agency in shaping this process. Further, it is concluded that grass-roots movements do have the potential for effecting structural reform.
Ultrafast Recombination And Photoluminescence Spectra Of Semiconductor Microcrystallites

The photoluminescence spectra of CdSxSe1_x doped glasses were found to be strongly dependent on the pumping laser intensity. Two spectral features corresponding to two different recombination mechanisms can be identified. The dynamic behavior can be qualitatively explained by the competition between (A) tunneling-mediated recombination of deeply trapped charges and (B) direct geminate recombination of excitons and nongeminate radiative recombination of free and shallowly trapped carriers and (C) nonradiative recombination. Large (> 30 nm) blueshifts of both peaks were also observed as the laser intensity increased. Additionally, it was found that both the fluorescence spectrum and the recombination lifetime of these microcrystallites could be modified by laser irradiation. Recombination times faster than 10 ps can be achieved in these materials.
Microwave and far-infrared absorption as a diagnostic for the wake of hypersonic projectiles

Abstract Accurate measurements of concentrations of reaching molecular and atomic species in the wake of a hypervelocity projectile are very desirable so that wake chemistry models can be improved. The possibility is examined of measuring species concentrations in the free-flight range by molecular absorption due to rotational transitions which occur in the microwave and far infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Species examined include O 2 , NO, O 3 , N 2 O, CO, H 2 O, OH, and NO + . By using frequencies above 450 GHz and a resonant cavity, concentrations of various molecular species higher than 10 13 cm -3 might be measured. Room temperature measurements of microwave absorption by NO and N 2 O around 150 GHz using a Fabry-Perot resonator are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique. The limitations of this technique are also discussed.
A complete course of intravenous antibiotics vs a combination of intravenous and oral antibiotics for perforated appendicitis in children: a prospective, randomized trial

Introduction: In a previous prospective randomized trial, we found a once-a-day regimen of ceftriaxone and metronidazole to be an efficient, cost-effective treatment for children with perforated appendicitis. In this study, we evaluated the safety of discharging patients to complete an oral course of antibiotics. Methods: Children found to have perforated appendicitis at the time of laparoscopic appendectomy were enrolled in the study. Perforation was defined as a hole in the appendix or fecalith in the abdomen. Patients were randomized to antibiotic treatment with either once daily dosing of ceftriaxone and metronidazole for a minimum of 5 days (intravenous [IV] arm) or discharge to home on oral amoxicillin/clavulanate when tolerating a regular diet (IV/PO arm) to complete 7 days. Results: One hundred two patients underwent laparoscopic appendectomy for perforated appendicitis. On presentation, there were no differences in age, weight, sex distribution, days of symptoms, maximum temperature, or leukocyte count between the 2 groups. There was no difference in the postoperative abscess rate between the two treatment groups. Discharge was possible before day 5 in 42% of the patients in the IV/PO arm. Conclusions: When patients are able to tolerate a regular diet, completing the course of antibiotics orally decreases hospitalization with no effect on the risk of postoperative abscess formation.
RELIGION AND SCIENCE IN AN ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC CULTURE

. These are reflections on the Arkansas creationist trial by a witness for the American Civil Liberties Union. The following points are stressed: First, religion took the lead in defending science at the trial. Second, the appearance of creation science is a function not only of Protestant fudamentalism but also of the establishment of science in our wider culture. It represents a “deviant science” in such a culture. Third, our century has manifested many such bizarre unions of ideological religion and modern science. This shows that science is dependent upon its humanistic, moral, and religious matrix for its social and historical health. Fourth, part of the cause of the rise of creation science has been the power, status, and self–assurance of science that it represents “the only form of truth.” Fifth, religion in turn tends both to increase and to become fanatical in advanced and precarious cultures; religion, therefore, needs rational and moral criticism if it would help in the creation of social health.
The removal of overshoot in P.D.E. solutions by the use of special basis functions

Abstract The Cell Discretization algorithm is applied in a straightforward manner to a few boundary value problems whose solutions are singular in one way or another. When attempts are made to solve problems of this sort with simple analytic basis functions (e.g. polynomials, trigonometric functions), the result is an erratic oscillation usually called overshoot, ringing or the Gibbs phenomenon. When the singularities are explicitly incorporated into the representation of the solution, the irregularity can be completely eliminated. The examples chosen for this study are: (1) a Dirichlet problem with a jump in the boundary data at a corner, (2) a convection-diffusion problem with a boundary-value jump at a corner, (3) a convection-diffusion problem with steep boundary layers, (4) a vibrating membrane problem with a re-entrant corner, (5) a problem with a change from Dirichlet to Neumann boundary conditions on the same boundary face (Motz's problem). Copious figures illustrate the results.
The oxetane conformational lock of paclitaxel: Structural analysis of D-secopaclitaxel

Abstract Analysis of the 1 H NMR data of paclitaxel in comparison with its oxetane ring-opened analogue D-secopaclitaxel suggests that the oxetane moiety (D-ring) of paclitaxel serves as a conformational lock for the diterpene moiety and the C13 side chain.
Boundary integral analysis with orthogonal basis functions

Source strengths in an indirect single-layer source formulation of the boundary integral method are described in terms of orthogonal functions rather than the conventional first- or second-order polynomials. The least squares method is used to calculate the coefficients of the orthogonal function which optimally satisfy the boundary conditions. A basic formulation with Fourier series basis functions is presented for the two-dimensional Laplace equation, along with some representative results. A formulation is also presented for the two-dimensional diffusion equation. Application of the method to the solution of the inverse heat conduction problem is discussed.
The complex scaling method: Application to autoionization, predissociation, and multiphoton resonances

Several recent extensions of the method of complex scaling to the studies of autoionization, predissociation, and multiphoton dynamics will be presented. Specific subjects to be discussed include: 1 Complex-coordinate coupled-Landau-channel method for autoionizing resonances and photoinization of atomic hydrogen in intense magnetic fields, 2 Non-Hermitian complex quasi-energy method for multiphoton dissociation of small molecules with specific application to two-photon dissociation of vibrationally excited H2+ and HD+, and 3 Vibrational predissociation of highly vibrationally excited He—I (v) van der Waals molecules.
The subfornical organ: Biochemical and neuroendocrine comparisons with the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system

Abstract Biochemical, cytochemical and immunological methods were used to compare the metabolic and neuroendocrine properties of the subfornical organ (SFO) with the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) in the rat. The SFO resembles the HNS in that both have (a) increased label incorporation into RNA during dehydration; (b) an intense reaction for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; (c) NADPH-diaphorase and the Type I pathway for hydrogen utilization from NADPH-diaphorase and the Type I pathway for hydrogen utilization from NADPH, presumably as part of the mixed-function oxidase system for the metabolism of endogenous substrates and xenobiotics; (d) immunoreactive vasopressin and oxytocin. Gel filtration of extracts of the SFO area using Sephadex G-25 chromatography resulted in immunoreactive peaks for both AVP and OT which were similar to synthetic hormones. One other fraction in the SFO extract, containing a substance(s) of higher molecular weight than AVP, was detected using the chromatography resulted in immunoreactive peaks for both AVP and OT which were similar to synthetic hormones. One antiserum for AVP. The concentration of immunoreactive AVP in the SFO area was increased after colchicine, decreased by hypophysectomy, and unaltered by: (a) infusion (4.6 pg/min for 3 hr) or injection (1 or 6 ng) of AVP into the lateral cerebroventricle; (b) dehydration; (c) renin administered intracerebroventricularly; (d) pinealectomy; or (e) hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. In conclusion, cells in the SFO have specialized metabolic and neuroendocrine properties similar to the HNS. It can be inferred from these biochemical specializations that the SFO has metabolic and secretory activities.
Management science models for evaluating regional government policies

Abstract This paper discusses the use of econometric models in evaluating alternative courses of action for public investment and governmental programs. Included are an extensive statewide and regional input-output analysis of the Texas economy, a simulation model to be used by government officials for fiscal policy-making and a model which simulates the demand for and use of water resources. These models provide a means whereby government planners and policy makers can plan and understand the consequences of investing limited resources in various public programs.
The metabolism of a poly(A) minus mRNA fraction in HeLa cells

Abstract About 30% of HeLa cell mRNA lacks poly(A) when labeled in the presence of different rRNA inhibitors. Our method of RNA fractionation precludes contamination of the poly(A) − mRNA with large amounts of poly(A) + sequences. The poly(A) − species is associated with polyribosomes, has an average sedimentation value equal to or greater than poly(A) + mRNA, and behaves like the poly(A) + mRNA in its sensitivity to EDTA and puromycin release from polyribosomes. There is very little, if any, hybridization at Rot values characteristic of abundant RNA sequences between the poly(A) − RNA fractions from total cytoplasm or from polyribosomes and 3 H-cDNA made to poly(A) + RNA. This indicates that poly(A) − mRNA does not arise from poly(A) + mRNA by nonadenylation, deadenylation, or degradation of random abundant mRNA sequences. The rate of accumulation of poly(A) − mRNA larger than 9S in the cytoplasm parallels the accumulation of poly(A) − mRNA. The poly(A) − mRNA is maintained as approximately 30% of the total labeled mRNA in a short (90 min) and in a long (20 hr) time period. These data indicate that poly(A) − mRNA is not short-lived nuclear or cytoplasmic heterogeneous RNA contamination, and that the half-life of the poly(A) − mRNA may parallel that of the poly(A) + mRNA. Cordycepin appears to almost completely (95%) inhibit poly(A) + mRNA while only partially (60%) inhibiting the poly(A) − mRNA. The origin of the cordycepin-insensitive mRNA has not been ascertained.
Multipath imaging into common-reflection-angle volumes at a GOM site

This article summarizes a case history of imaging under a GOM salt mass. Our common-reflection-angle migration (CRAM) algorithm is a multipath ray-based imaging method that generates either common-offset or common-reflection-angle volumes. Results from common-reflection-angle volumes imaged with CRAM are compared with full-stack results for Kirchhoff (single path ray-based imaging) and wave-equation migration (WEM). The main conclusion is that, for shallow dip reflectors under steeply dipping salt, signal/noise is significantly improved by splitting the output data into common-reflection-angle volumes. This is efficiently accomplished using CRAM.
Neuroprotective mechanisms of curcumin against cerebral ischemia‐induced neuronal apoptosis and behavioral deficits

Increased oxidative stress has been regarded as an important underlying cause for neuronal damage induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in investigating polyphenols from botanical source for possible neuroprotective effects against neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of curcumin, a potent polyphenol antioxidant enriched in tumeric. Global cerebral ischemia was induced in Mongolian gerbils by transient occlusion of the common carotid arteries. Histochemical analysis indicated extensive neuronal death together with increased reactive astrocytes and microglial cells in the hippocampal CA1 area at 4 days after I/R. These ischemic changes were preceded by a rapid increase in lipid peroxidation and followed by decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, increased cytochrome c release, and subsequently caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. Administration of curcumin by i.p. injections (30 mg/kg body wt) or by supplementation to the AIN76 diet (2.0 g/kg diet) for 2 months significantly attenuated ischemia-induced neuronal death as well as glial activation. Curcumin administration also decreased lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the apoptotic indices. The biochemical changes resulting from curcumin also correlated well with its ability to ameliorate the changes in locomotor activity induced by I/R. Bioavailability study indicated a rapid increase in curcumin in plasma and brain within 1 hr after treatment. Together, these findings attribute the neuroprotective effect of curcumin against I/R-induced neuronal damage to its antioxidant capacity in reducing oxidative stress and the signaling cascade leading to apoptotic cell death.
REVERSE MICELLE FORMATION AND WATER SOLUBILIZATION BY POLYOXYALKYLENE BLOCK COPOLYMERS IN ORGANIC SOLVENT

A systematic investigation of the effects of polymer chemical composition and molecular mass on (i) the micellization of polyoxyalkylene block copolymers [poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(propylene oxide), PEO/PPO, and poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(butylene oxide), PEO/PBO] in an organic solvent (p-xylene: selective solvent for the PPO and PBO blocks) in the presence of some water and (ii) the solubilization of water (selective solvent for the PEO blocks) in these systems is presented. The ability of the (“reverse”) micelles to solubilize water has been employed for the detection of the critical micellization concentration (“reverse” cmc). The “reverse” cmc values were in the range 0.01−0.1 m (5−20 wt %), while the maximum water solubilization values were 0.3−0.5 g of water per g of copolymer. The cmc decreased with increasing copolymer molecular mass for a given copolymer chemical composition. A notable increase (more than doubling) in the water solubilization capacity (expressed in water molecules per EO segment)...