cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Christianity in Public Schools: Perspective of a Non‐Christian Immigrant Parent

In this paper, I present ethnic immigrant families' dilemma with infusion of Christian ideology in public education in the United States. Most expect Anglicizing of their children through formal education. That is secular acculturation, not installation of Christian identity as part of this process. Public education and media accelerate Anglo acculturation and disfavor bi‐cultural and bi‐lingual socialization of ethnic children. Ethnic parents often find implicit Christian messages as part of the formal education that challenge the validity of their non‐Christian beliefs. The role of three factors — family structure and religiosity, community orthodoxy, and Christian education in public schools — are explored. Community orthodoxy permeates Christian ideology in formal education. The interaction of the above factors challenges non‐Christian ethnic family beliefs. The second generation who are raised in liberal family and orthodox communities will receive Christian indoctrination from school. They are more ...
Multiperiod Resource Allocation with Variable Technology

Planning the allocation of scarce resources to competing activities over multiple time periods is one of the most important problems facing decision makers in modern organizations. Much of the previous research in this area has concentrated on the use of linear programming procedures and has assumed that the technology through which scarce resource inputs are transformed into competing activity outputs is fixed. A more realistic assumption in many situations is that certain technology coefficients are likely to vary over the planning horizon as a function of activity levels in previous periods. In this paper, a multiperiod resource allocation model with variable technology is formulated. Enriching a more traditional fixed technology model to include variable technology results in a nonlinear model which is more realistic, but is also more difficult to solve. A heuristic procedure that is both straightforward and intuitively appealing is developed for obtaining good feasible solutions to the variable technology model. The solution procedure requires little additional computational effort beyond solving the associated, less realistic fixed technology model.
An ab initio investigation of five conformers of 3-butyn-1-ol and the structure of the most stable species from microwave spectroscopy

Abstract The microwave spectrum for the lowest energy conformer of 3-butyn-1-ol has been remeasured and refitted to include quartic distortion constants, leading to a better determination of the rotational constants and a significant improvement in the fit compared to a previous microwave study. In addition, rotational spectra for isotopomers with a single isotopic substitution at each of the carbon atoms, the oxygen atom, and the hydroxyl hydrogen have been measured, and a complete heavy atom structure determined via Kraitchman's single substitution equations, a least squares inertial fit and ab initio methods. Ab initio calculations at the MP2 level accurately reproduced the difference between the free and H-bonded OH stretching frequency (∼50 cm −1 ) and provided relative stabilities for the five conformers. Comparison between experimental and ab initio structural parameters for the lowest energy conformer gives good agreement. Dipole moment values from the ab initio calculations are also found to be in reasonable agreement with the previous microwave study.
Histogram Curve Matching Approaches for Object-based Image Classification of Land Cover and Land Use

The classification of image-objects is usually done using parametric statistical measures of central tendency and/or dispersion (e.g., mean or standard deviation). The objectives of this study were to analyze digital number histograms of image objects and evaluate classifications measures exploiting characteristic signatures of such histograms. Two histograms matching classifiers were evaluated and compared to the standard nearest neighbor to mean classifier. An ADS40 airborne multispectral image of San Diego, California was used for assessing the utility of curve matching classifiers in a geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) approach. The classifications were performed with data sets having 0.5 m, 2.5 m, and 5 m spatial resolutions. Results show that histograms are reliable features for characterizing classes. Also, both histogram matching classifiers consistently performed better than the one based on the standard nearest neighbor to mean rule. The highest classification accuracies were produced with images having 2.5 m spatial resolution.
Decolonizing Heritage Management in Hawai‘i

Hawai‘i struggles with many issues confronting heritage management programs globally. While some State Historic Preservation Offices (SHPOs) regularly engage in long-term planning and public outreach, the Hawai‘i SHPO often struggles with regulatory backlogs, staff reductions, and frequent staff turn-over. Nevertheless, grass roots efforts to better manage Hawaiian cultural sites are becoming more prevalent. We summarize key trends that have affected Cultural Resource Management (CRM) in Hawai‘i since the 1960s and address how the relationships between CRM professionals and indigenous communities have transformed over that time. One of the largest obstacles to the decolonization of heritage management in Hawai‘i has been the under-representation of CRM professionals from descendant communities. A contributing factor is a common perception that CRM (as it is often manifested in archaeological studies prior to development) is antithetical to Hawaiian values. A second factor is that state regulations require principal investigators in CRM firms to obtain graduate degrees in anthropology or closely related fields, but opportunities for graduate training in Hawai‘i are limited. Here, we make the case that community-based archaeology is a vital aspect of Hawaiian cultural revitalization, and that the extension of graduate programs in heritage management to predominantly indigenous communities is essential to decolonization efforts.
A mathematical model for preoperative planning of radiofrequency ablation of hepatic tumors.

Background: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is rapidly evolving as an effective minimally invasive technique for the treatment of small and unresectable liver tumors. A potential cause of treatment failure is the inability to determine the optimum number of overlapping ablations needed to completely destroy tumors larger than the size of a single ablation. To clarify this relationship, we performed a mathematical evaluation that enables us to accurately estimate the number of ablations needed to completely ablate larger tumors. Methods: This estimation is based on the assumptions that complete ablation of the surface of a target tumor, including its blood supply, would completely destroy the tumor and that the tumor and ablations produced are perfectly spherical. The smallest possible number of partially overlapping ablations that would completely cover the surface of the target tumor is the same as the number of faces on a regular polyhedron that has a circumscribing diameter equal to or greater than the diameter of the target sphere. Results: This mathematical analysis shows that for a 5-cm ablation device, tumors with diameters ranging between 3.01 and 3.30 cm will require at least four ablations. Tumors between 3.31 and 4.12 cm require six overlapping ablations, and tumors between 4.13 and 6.23 cm require 12 overlapping ablations. The number of ablations needed for larger tumors and for 3-, 4-, 6-, and 7-cm ablation devices are also determined. Conclusion: The smallest number of ablations required to completely ablate a spherical target tumor larger than the size of the ablation sphere increases dramatically as tumor size increases. Because this model is geometrically optimized, even a small change in the position of the ablation spheres with respect to the target sphere can leave potentially unablated tumor and thus result in treatment failure.
Synthesis, spectroscopic, and biological studies of novel estolides derived from anticancer active 4-O-podophyllotoxinyl 12-hydroxyl-octadec-Z-9-enoate.

Podophyllotoxin is a well-known natural antitumor agent with severe side effects, which led us to synthesize its numerous analogs in search of product(s) of improved therapeutic potential. Here, we report an efficient method for the synthesis of a series of 4-O-podophyllotoxin estolides with spectral characteristics and their biological studies. The OH of a known molecule, 4-O-podophyllotoxinyl 12-hydroxyl-octadec-Z-9-enoate 2, was coupled with the carboxylic groups of different FA with the help of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and dimethyl aminopyridine (catalyst) to produce high yields of their respective C4α-estolides 3–11. Spectroscopic techniques, particularly 1H and 13CNMR, proved to be suitable tools to characterize the new compounds. These molecules of greater lipophilic character were tested for their in vitro cytotoxicity against four human solid tumors, one human leukemia cell, and one noncancerous cell. Compounds 4–6 and 11 showed moderate antileukemic activity; unexpectedly, none were found to be active against solid tumors. Estolides were also investigated for their in vitro activity against tubulin and topoisomerase II proteins. All the compounds showed inhibition of the catalytic activity of topoisomerase II, whereas 6–8 also inhibited tubulin polymerization. These results suggest the need for further screening of these molecules against a larger panel of cancerous cells.
Defensin gene expression in the cornea

PURPOSE. To determine whether defensin genes are expressed in human corneas and bovine corneal keratocytes. METHODS. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to localize defensin mRNA and protein in normal and diseased human corneas. Cultured bovine keratocytes were stimulated with IL-1a or TNFa to determine whether defensin mRNA production occurred. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to amplify defensin cDNA from cytokine-induced keratocytes, and Southern blots were used to verify the specificity of RT-PCR amplification products. RESULTS. Defensin mRNA and protein were not detected in normal human corneal stroma, but were readily detectable in the corneal stroma in cases of rejected transplants and postinfectious keratitis. IL-1a was a potent inducer of defensin gene expression in keratocytes, which began 12 h after challenge and peaked at 18 to 24 h. TNFa weakly induced defensin mRNA in keratocytes at about 18 h. Southern blots of the RT-PCR products p...
Snapback and Postsnapback Saturation of Pseudomorphic High-Electron Mobility Transistor Subject to Transient Overstress

The snapback and postsnapback saturation characteristics in a pseudomorphic high-electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) subject to electrostatic discharge (ESD) transient overstress are studied. This is undertaken, for the first time, via transmission line pulsing (TLP)-like 2-D device simulations and benchmarked against TLP measurements. Physical mechanisms underlying the postsnapback behavior and ESD-induced failure are identified and discussed by analyzing TLP-like simulation results rather than extrapolating dc-like numerical simulation data.
Minority-carrier lifetime and surface recombination velocity measurement by frequency-domain photoluminescence

A novel nondestructive and contactless experimental method for measurement of the minority-carrier lifetime tau and surface recombination velocity S is presented. The method is based on the analysis of the photoluminescence (PL) time decay after laser excitation. The PL decay is analyzed in the frequency domain, which allows accurate extraction of both tau and S independently from the same measurement. Closed-form analytical solutions are derived for the PL signal in the frequency domain. The novel technique is able to measure accurately subnanosecond lifetimes. It can also measure S on heavily doped semiconductors. The method, frequency-domain photoluminescence (FDPL), is demonstrated in Si, GaAs, and InP materials. >
Fast computation of roots of polynomials over function fields and fast list decoding of algebraic geometric codes

We present a fast algorithm for finding the roots of polynomials over function fields that can be used to speed up the list decoding of algebraic geometric codes.
Toward a dynamical pick and place

We report on our initial efforts to build robot feedback controllers that develop increased capability from simpler constituent controllers. Previous work with our three degree of freedom robot has resulted in a machine that exhibits various dynamically dexterous skills of superlative ability but very narrow behavioral scope. We focus here on the development of both a formalism and practice for the composition of constituent controllers. The composite should yield automatically purposive combinations of these skills that reach goals no one of the defining controllers could have achieved in isolation. The specific task we initially target, the "dynamical pick and place", requires the robot to acquire balls that have been "randomly" thrown into its work space and set them safely at rest in a specified location. We present a brief overview of the constituent behaviors and a mechanism for their combination along with documentation of our preliminary empirical successes.
Glocal naming and shaming: Toponymic (inter) national relations on Lagos and New York's streets

Streets are sites of hegemony and counter-hegemony, of inclusion and exclusion, of incorporation and expulsion, and of cooperation or conflict. Thus, in the cultural geography of cities, commemorative street names are critical sites of social reproduction. Recent literature on toponymy calls attention to such practices as important cultural and political arenas for understanding socio-political processes, but often focuses on the politics and sociality of street naming within local, national politics to the exclusion of how local politics intersects with international politics. This chapter examines the politics of spatial inscription and the social reproduction of ‘place’ or ‘space’ on a street corner in New York City named after Kudirat Abiola, an assassinated woman activist in Nigeria, and the retaliatory renaming by the military regime of a Lagos street hosting the US Embassy after the African American anti-establishment activist Louis Farrakhan. Subsequently, the next democratic government of Nigeria renamed the street, this time after the US ambassador, the African American Walter Carrington. Toponymy, the chapter concludes, can thus be seen as a form of retortion in international relations.
Multi-Filament Triggering of PCSS for High Current Utilizing VCSEL Triggers

We are developing advanced optically-activated solid-state switch technology for Firing Sets. Advanced switch development at Sandia has demonstrated multi-kA/kV switching and the path for scalability to even higher current/power, resulting in good prospects for sprytron replacement and other even higher current pulsed power switching applications. Realization of this potential requires development of new optical sources/switches based on key Sandia photonic device technologies: vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) devices. The key to increasing the switching capacity of PCSS devices to 5kV/5kA and higher has been to distribute the current in multiple parallel line filaments triggered by an array of high-brightness line-shaped illuminators [Mar, A., et al., 2001]. This was limited by commercial mechanically-stacked edge-emitting lasers, which are difficult to scale and manufacture with the required uniformity. In VCSEL arrays, adjacent lasers utilize identical semiconductor material and are lithographically patterned to the required aspect ratio. However, we have demonstrated that good optical uniformity in rectangular-aperture (e.g. 5-by-500 mum) VCSELs is difficult to achieve due to the lack of optical confinement in the long dimension. We have demonstrated line filament triggering using 1-D VCSEL arrays to approximate line generation. These arrays of uncoupled circular-aperture VCSELs have fill factors ranging from 2% to 50%. Using these arrays, we are developing a better understanding of the illumination requirements for stable triggering of multiple-filament PCSS devices. In particular, we are examining the dependence of filament formation versus the illumination fill factor and spatial brightness along the length of the filament. Ultimately, we will apply effective index techniques, pioneered at Sandia for leaky-mode VCSELs, to create a lateral photonic lattice that selects a single transverse mode with high brightness and uniformity for even higher fill factors and illumination unformity [Zhou, D., et al., 2000]. These sources will be developed and tested with complementary PCSS designs employing interdigitated multifilament contacts for high-power switching.
Evaluation of spectral imaging for plant cell analysis.

Summary Fluorescence imaging at high spectral resolution is now a practical reality and has great promise in plant cell biology. Emission spectral curve data can be used computationally to distinguish spectrally similar fluorophores, or to remove autofluorescence, and to spectrally analyse autofluorescent molecules, which are especially abundant in plant tissues. Examples of these applications in plant cells are given, and a comparison is made between the current offerings in spectral imaging laser scanning confocal microscopes.
Ten microsatellite loci from Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)

Ecological studies using microsatellite data often require the selection of an optimal marker set for use in parentage and relatedness inference. Commonly, this requires a candidate pool of microsatellite markers from which several are selected to ensure data are acquired efficiently and accurately. We developed 10 microsatellite loci for use with Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and tested these loci using individuals collected from two distinct populations in GA and VA. Our new markers yielded seven alleles/locus (range: 2–16) in the Georgia population and six alleles/locus (range: 2–13) in the Virginia population. Exclusionary power of all markers in each population with both parents unknown was >0.98. These microsatellite loci should be combined with previously developed markers to select an optimal set for use in subsequent analyses of parentage and relatedness.
Improved Vehicle Classification in Long Traffic Video by Cooperating Tracker and Classifier Modules

Visual surveillance systems intend to extract meaning from a scene. Two initial steps for this extraction are the detection and tracking of objects followed by the classification of these objects. Often times these are viewed as separate problems where each is solved by an individual module. These tasks should not be done individually because they can help one another. This paper demonstrates the benefit gained both in tracking and classification through the communication between these individual modules. This is shown on a real-time system monitoring highway traffic. The system retreives online video at 10 frames/sec and conducts tracking and classification simultaneously. Results show an improvement from 74% to 88% accuracy in classification results.
DSL ligand endocytosis physically dissociates Notch1 heterodimers before activating proteolysis can occur

Cleavage of Notch by furin is required to generate a mature, cell surface heterodimeric receptor that can be proteolytically activated to release its intracellular domain, which functions in signal transduction. Current models propose that ligand binding to heterodimeric Notch (hNotch) induces a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) proteolytic release of the Notch extracellular domain (NECD), which is subsequently shed and/or endocytosed by DSL ligand cells. We provide evidence for NECD release and internalization by DSL ligand cells, which, surprisingly, did not require ADAM activity. However, losses in either hNotch formation or ligand endocytosis significantly decreased NECD transfer to DSL ligand cells, as well as signaling in Notch cells. Because endocytosis-defective ligands bind hNotch, but do not dissociate it, additional forces beyond those produced through ligand binding must function to disrupt the intramolecular interactions that keep hNotch intact and inactive. Based on our findings, we propose that mechanical forces generated during DSL ligand endocytosis function to physically dissociate hNotch, and that dissociation is a necessary step in Notch activation.
Beyond Treatment Effects: Predicting Emerging Adult Alcohol and Marijuana Use among Substance-Abusing Delinquents.

Secondary analyses of a randomized clinical trial examined the effects of 4 putative risk factors and 2 protective factors in predicting drug use among 80 emerging adults treated 5 years earlier for delinquency and alcohol and/or marijuana use disorders. Frequency of marijuana use and the number of comorbid psychiatric disorders in adolescence predicted cannabis use in emerging adulthood. Increasing academic competence at high levels of social competence predicted less marijuana use. At emerging adulthood, greater use of alcohol and marijuana were associated with both criminality and psychopathology.
Localization of GTP cyclohydrolase in monoaminergic but not nitric oxide‐producing cells

The first and rate-limiting enzyme in tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) biosynthesis is GTP cyclohydrolase (GTPCH). BH4 serves as the essential cofactor for aromatic L-amino acid hydroxylases, such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), as well as for nitric oxide synthase (NOS). We hypothesized that to provide access to the cofactor, a close association exists between BH4-synthesizing and BH4-dependent enzymes, and we determined the relationship among GTPCH, neuronal NOS (nNOS), and TH in rat brain and adrenal gland using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Analyses of adjacent sections revealed specific localization of GTPCH in TH-containing cells of the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, hypothalamus, locus ceruleus, and adrenal medulla, and also in TPH-containing cells of the dorsal raphe nucleus and pineal gland. Thus, BH4 can be synthesized in all monoaminergic cells and is readily available for the enzymes requiring it. In contrast, analysis of adjacent sections showed that nNOS was not colocalized with GTPCH. Scattered nNOS-positive cells were found in the cortex, striatum, cerebellum, and olfactory bulb, all areas that receive monoaminergic innervation. The absence of GTPCH in nNOS cells suggests that nitric oxide-producing cells may either obtain biopterin from monoamine-containing processes which terminate in close proximity, or take up biopterin released into the blood. Double labelling of the same section for TH and nNOS revealed the TH nerve terminals connecting with the nNOS-positive cell bodies, suggesting the possibility that the BH4-containing nerve terminals may directly donate this cofactor to the nNOS-containing cells. Synapse 28:140–153, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Signalling mechanisms of RhoGTPase regulation by the heterotrimeric G proteins G12 and G13.

G protein-mediated signal transduction can transduce signals from a large variety of extracellular stimuli into cells and is the most widely used mechanism for cell communication at the membrane. The RhoGTPase family has been well established as key regulators of cell growth, differentiation and cell shape changes. Among G protein-mediated signal transduction, G12/13-mediated signalling is one mechanism to regulate RhoGTPase activity in response to extracellular stimuli. The alpha subunits of G12 or G13 have been shown to interact with members of the RH domain containing guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rho (RH–RhoGEF) family of proteins to directly connect G protein-mediated signalling and RhoGTPase signalling. The G12/13–RH–RhoGEF signalling mechanism is well conserved over species and is involved in critical steps for cell physiology and disease conditions, including embryonic development, oncogenesis and cancer metastasis. In this review, we will summarize current progress on this important signalling mechanism.
Solid state hydrogen bonding in imidazole derivatives: a persistent tape motif

The Cambridge Structural Database was mined for non N-substituted, neutral imidazole derivatives. Solid states with metal centres bound to the imidazole nitrogen atoms and ionic species were not included. The N–N, hydrogen-bound, tape motif was found to be a structural trend in the solid-state of neutral imidazole derivatives in the presence of possible competing hydrogen bonds and in highly steric environments. A chemically intuitive set of parameters was chosen to characterize the relationships between imidazole rings in the solid states. The choice of structural parameters and the values these parameters take as a function of substitution patterns of imidazole derivatives was discussed. The complexities that can arise in the crude extraction of hydrogen bond strength from solid state data was discussed.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations Suggest that Electrostatic Funnel Directs Binding of Tamiflu to Influenza N1 Neuraminidases

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is currently the frontline antiviral drug employed to fight the flu virus in infected individuals by inhibiting neuraminidase, a flu protein responsible for the release of newly synthesized virions. However, oseltamivir resistance has become a critical problem due to rapid mutation of the flu virus. Unfortunately, how mutations actually confer drug resistance is not well understood. In this study, we employ molecular dynamics (MD) and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations, as well as graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated electrostatic mapping, to uncover the mechanism behind point mutation induced oseltamivir-resistance in both H5N1 “avian” and H1N1pdm “swine” flu N1-subtype neuraminidases. The simulations reveal an electrostatic binding funnel that plays a key role in directing oseltamivir into and out of its binding site on N1 neuraminidase. The binding pathway for oseltamivir suggests how mutations disrupt drug binding and how new drugs may circumvent the resistance mechanisms.
Further characterization of the stimulus properties of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline

Abstract This investigation is based on the premise that conformational restriction of abused phenylalkylamines in a tetrahydroisoquinoline conformation alters their pharmacology in such a manner that their original action is lost and that a new action emerges. TDIQ or 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,3-dioxolo[4,5- g ]isoquinoline, is a conformationally constrained phenylalkylamine that serves as a discriminative stimulus in animals. Although TDIQ bears structural resemblance to phenylalkylamine stimulants (e.g., amphetamine), hallucinogens (e.g., 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane [DOM]), and designer drugs (e.g., N -methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane [MDMA], N -methyl-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane [PMMA]), the TDIQ stimulus failed to generalize to (+)amphetamine or MDMA. In the present investigation, further evaluations were made of the stimulus nature of TDIQ. Specifically, the stimulus similarities of TDIQ, PMMA, and DOM were examined. In no case was stimulus generalization (substitution) observed. The results confirm that TDIQ produces stimulus effects distinct from those of the abovementioned phenylalkylamines. We also examined the structure–activity relationships of a series of TDIQ analogs, including several that might be viewed as conformationally restricted (CR) analogs of phenylalkylamine hallucinogens, stimulants, and designer drugs. These agents were examined in rats trained to discriminate either DOM (1.0 mg/kg), (+)amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg), MDMA (1.5 mg/kg), or TDIQ (5.0 mg/kg) from saline vehicle. Whereas we have demonstrated that none of these agents retains their respective phenylalkylamine stimulus actions, several of these agents were found to substitute for TDIQ. N -Methylation abolished TDIQ-stimulus action. These results, coupled with previous findings, imply that TDIQ derivatives represent a novel class of phenylalkylamines analogs with unique stimulus properties. Preliminary radioligand binding studies suggest that an α 2 -adrenergic mechanism might underlie the stimulus effects produced by TDIQ.
Nonparametric identification of discriminative information in body surface maps

A nonparametric method, based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to detect significant differences between classes of body surface potential maps (BSPMs). By systematic application of the method throughout the cardiac cycle, discriminative spatio-temporal information can be identified. In a second method, a Sebestyen linear transformation (SLT) was derived to give estimates of pairwise, linear separability of clinical classes. The utility of the method was illustrated by the pairwise comparison of 40 normal subjects (NOR), 40 patients with anterior myocardial infarction (AMI), and 40 with inferior myocardial infarction (IMI). The examples demonstrated that: (a) diagnostic information in low-potential amplitude regions may surpass that in high amplitude regions. (b) probability distributions of characteristic features showed small overlap in NOR versus AMI and NOR versus IMI dichotomies, although they were not linearly separable, and (c) the single best separating potential sample in the Kolmogorov-Smirnov sense for NOR versus AMI or NOR versus IMI dichotomies recovered 88 and 73% of the SLT performance, respectively. >
Water Works in India

India's water problems have long been portrayed by the international media as crises of poverty, desperation and corruption. Drawing an analogy to the "peak oil" discourse, "peak water" adherents express an impending dystopia through images of overpumped aquifers in the world's breadbasket regions, excessive irrigation that is rapidly depleting rivers and deltas, neglected pollutants that are poisoning return water flows. This focus on global water scarcities overshadows the real gains in water governance that have been achieved at local and regional scales. This is particularly true in India, where over the last three decades watershed development has significantly matured as a concept, method and technology for improving livelihoods. This article describes a set of empirical cases from the region of Maharashtra that define and demonstrate how watershed development is working to meet vital ecological and socio-economic goals. The focus is on how one particular social movement is tackling the most vexing issues faced by watershed planners: equity and landlessness. Key words: participatory watershed development, Maharashtra, social justice, ecologies of hope, India.
THE INTERACTION OF SMALL AND FINITE AMPLITUDE LONG WAVES AND CURRENTS

The interaction of waves and currents is important for many engineering problems. For example, when considering forces on marine structures, the velocity and acceleration field must be defined, and thus the manner in which a current interacts with small and finite amplitude waves must be understood. When the current is large and oblique to the waves, the direction of the force on an offshore structure may change significantly with depth introducing a torsional moment. Wave refraction and the concomitant attenuation or amplification of waves are also affected by offshore currents. An example is the effect on incident waves of offshore currents induced by the discharge of cooling water from coastal-sited power plants. This current can modify the direction and magnitude of approaching waves, and by these changes the breaking waves at the shore and the nearshore sediment transport associated with these waves may be changed. A number of theoretical studies have been conducted on various aspects of wave-current interactions; see Peregrine (1976). One theoretical study, Thomas (1981), will be used in this investigation. Careful experiments in this area are limited; several are: Iwagaki and Asano (1980), Sarpkaya (1957), and Thomas (1981). Each of these has given attention to certain aspects of small amplitude wave-current interactions. The experiments are difficult to conduct because of the problems inherent in introducing waves into a flume with a steadyuniform current or conversely a current into a wave tank with permanent waves. Certain features of these experimental problems can be seen through the following two examples. If a plunger-wave machine were used and located at one end of a flume in which a steady current is flowing, although the waves would be developing as they interact with the current, the previously steady current would be changed to an unsteady one by the periodic blockage of the flow by the plunger. If the waves are generated at one end of the tank and allowed to develop, and a current is introduced from the bottom of the tank, this current must expand to the full depth of the flow; hence, the waves propagate on a developing current. Therefore, comparisons to theory are, to some extent, difficult to realize, because the theory generally assumes wavecurrent interactions when each is fully developed.
Opening the Black Box: Evaluating the Pediatric Athlete With Elbow Pain

Evaluation and treatment of pediatric elbow injuries in sport can be difficult because of the complex anatomy, evolving bony and cartilaginous composition, and multiple varied forces applied during athletic competition. In addition, youth sports are now putting even greater demands on the elbow of young athletes. It is important to understand the risk factors for injury, age-appropriate conditions affecting the elbow, proper treatment of these conditions, and prevention strategies for elbow injuries in this young athletic population.
Occurrence and trends of eastern and central Pacific El Niño in different reconstructed SST data sets

Interest in El Nino diversity has increased in the past decade, with much attention given to the hypothesis that there exist distinct eastern Pacific and central Pacific (CP) types. It is well known that classification systems in the literature differ, sometimes dramatically, by methodology. We test to what extent differences may occur due to the use of different sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions, focusing on the newly released version 4 of the Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) data set, two earlier versions of the ERSST data set, and an independent data set, Hadley Centre Global Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature (HadISST). The updated ERSST data set identifies more CP El Ninos than the two older versions of ERSST and HadISST. Classification differences occur throughout the entire record rather than being restricted to the early period. We explore the potential influence of SST data set choice on the study of El Nino diversity impacts using precipitation anomalies in the western United States.
Relative Chemical Stability of Imidazolium-Based Alkaline Anion Exchange Polymerized Ionic Liquids

We thoroughly investigate and quantify the chemical stability of an imidazolium-based alkaline anion exchange polymerized ionic liquid (PIL), poly(1-[(2-methacryloyloxy)ethyl]-3-butylimidazolium hydroxide) (poly(MEBIm-OH), over a broad range of humidities, temperatures, and alkaline concentrations using the combined techniques of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. High chemical stability was observed under dry conditions (10% RH) at 30 °C, humid and saturated conditions up to 80 °C, and even in mild alkaline conditions ([KOH] 1 M). Under these conditions, we suggest an imidazolium ring-opening mechanism as the primary degradation pathway, based on a detailed analysis of the 1H NMR spectra. Similar to poly(MEBIm-OH), other alkaline anion (carbonate (CO32–) and bicarbonate (HCO3–)) exchange PILs were als...
Life Tables for Evaluating the Rearing of the Zebra Caterpillar

Two types of life tables, one that can be used to study native populations and the other that can be used for controlled laboratory studies, were adapted to evaluate the procedures used to rear Ceramica picta (Harris). Insects reared as larvae on sugarbeet leaves in trays had a multiplication rate of 422 ♀ per generation per female, and the net rate of reproduction was 9- and 60-fold greater than the rate of those from larvae reared on artificial diet in cups or trays, respectively. The key factors causing mortality among larvae when 100 larvae were placed on artificial diet in a tray were the combination of diet (primarily) and disease; however, crowding may have been a stress factor in producing disease. About 33% of the larvae reared individually in jelly cups died during the 1st stage, because they were trapped in water drops formed by condensation. Another 40% of these larvae died in the later stages because of mold and spoilage of the artificial diet.
Portable Electronic Detector System Used with Inverted-Cone Sex Pheromone Traps to Determine Periodicity and Moth Captures

A portable, infrared (IR) detector was designed, constructed, and attached to the top of inverted-cone insect traps. The system was used to record and determine the periodicity and total numbers of tobacco budworms and cabbage loopers caught in traps baited with sex lures. Numbers of moths actually caught in traps equipped with IR detector systems during three different field trials were compared with numbers from count records collated from their respective event-marking recorder systems. The IR detector was reliable in adverse weather conditions and was at least 95% efficient. Traps equipped with the IR detector were battery-powered and were operated in remote, typical agronomic open-field environments.
Effect of Thin Cr and Cu Adhesion Layers on Surface Plasmon Resonance at Au/SiO 2 Interfaces

We measure the effect on surface plasmon resonance of introducing Cr in a range of thicknesses between 0 and 6.4 nm at the interface between SiO2 and Au using attenuated total reflectance at a free space wavelength of 658 nm. The measured curves were fit to the equations for reflectivity of a three-interface system to extract a thickness and effective $\varepsilon _{r}$ for the Cr interface layer. For a 1.2 nm Cr interface layer, we extracted $\varepsilon _{r} = 4.4-j56$ , while for a 6.4 nm Cr layer, $\varepsilon _{r} = -8.5-\!\!j41$ . The real part of the adhesion layer’s complex dielectric function is allowed to be positive during fitting. We consider the positive real part of the dielectric constants at low thicknesses for Cr to be an effective value that must be taken together with the Au overlayer to describe the overall system. Simulations of plasmonic propagation with these effective constants indicate that even at 1.2 nm in thickness, Cr will reduce the plasmon propagation distance in relevant structures to one-fifth the propagation distance of the interface without the presence of Cr. This behavior was compared to Cu, a metal with plasmonic properties comparable with Au, and it was found that a Cu interface layer has very little effect on plasmon propagation at the Au/SiO2 interface, as expected.
Telomere Length Regulation by the Pif1 DNA Helicase

Telomeres are specialized protein-DNA structures present at the ends of all linear eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomeres are essential for stable maintenance of chromosomes because they protect chromosome ends from degradation and from fusion with other chromosomes (31, 32, 35). They also allow the cell to distinguish broken chromosome ends, which cause a cell cycle arrest, from intact chromosomes, so that the cell can progress steadily through the cell cycle (40). In addition, telomeres provide a solution to a problem first identified by Watson that replication of linear chromosomes by conventional DNA polymerases would result in their progressive shortening during successive rounds of replication (47). This problem arises because DNA polymerases cannot start synthesis de novo. Rather, they use an RNA primer 8–12 nucleotides long to initiate DNA synthesis. When the RNA primer is degraded it leaves 8–12 bases of unreplicated DNA at the terminus. Cells avoid this loss by utilizing a specialized telomeric DNA replication enzyme called telomerase that specifically recognizes telomeric DNA as a substrate. Telomerase is a unique reverse transcriptase that utilizes an RNA template to create a single-stranded 3′ extension at the ends of chromosomes (13). This extended 3′ strand can then presumably be used as substrate by the conventional replication machinery, thus enabling cells to replicate their chromosomes without a net loss of DNA.
Comparative study of different controllers for automatic generation control of an interconnected hydro-thermal system with generation rate constraints

This paper compares the conventional integral, fuzzy and hybrid neuro-fuzzy (HNF) controllers for the automatic generation control (AGC) of an interconnected hydro-thermal system. The design objective is to improve the transient performance of the interconnected system following a disturbance. Appropriate generation rate constraint (GRC) has been considered for the thermal and hydro plants. In the analysis, the hydro area has been considered with electric governor and thermal has been considered with single reheat turbine. System performance has been examined considering 1% step load perturbation in either thermal or hydro area with generation rate constraints. Simulation results are presented to show the improved performance of HNF controller in comparison with a conventional integral and fuzzy controller.
Regulatory region genetic variation is associated with FYN expression in Alzheimer's disease

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, are a key pathologic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tau phosphorylation is under the control of multiple kinases and phosphatases, including Fyn. Previously, our group found an association between 2 regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FYN gene with increased tau levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. In this study, we hypothesized that Fyn expression in the brain is influenced by AD status and genetic content. We found that Fyn protein, but not messenger RNA, levels were increased in AD patients compared to cognitively normal controls and are associated with regulatory region single nucleotide polymorphisms. In addition, the expression of the FYN 3'UTR can decrease expression in multiple cell lines, suggesting this regulatory region plays an important role in FYN expression. Taken together, these data suggest that FYN expression is regulated according to AD status and regulatory region haplotype, and genetic variants may be instrumental in the development of neurofibrillary tangles in AD and other tauopathies.
Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) on self-regulated learning in engineering education

Undergraduate research is one of the best practices to improve student learning and has a positive lasting impact on students' career choices and success. Extensive literature review shows that the vast majority of undergraduate research programs focus on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) disciplinary research. This work-in-progress paper presents a new Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) Site program that focuses on STEM education research rather than STEM disciplinary research. This work-in-progress paper describes the overall framework of our REU Site program, student recruitment and selection in our most recent Summer 2015 program, and four REU research projects that share a common intellectual focus on self-regulated learning in engineering education. Representative comments from undergraduate student participants are provided to demonstrate the positive impact of this REU Site program.
Patient Selection for Urethroplasty Technique: Excision and Primary Reanastomosis Versus Graft

There are many management options for patients with urethral stricture disease. Regarding strictures of the bulbar urethra, ideal management strategies remain controversial. This article reviews important anatomic principles for surgeons to consider when repairing bulbar urethral strictures. Specific presenting features of a bulbar urethral stricture that can serve as a guide for the optimal surgical approach are described. Patient characteristics that are important and may have an impact on the outcome of repair are discussed. The optimal repair of a bulbar urethral stricture should be guided by anatomic principles and scientific evidence, leaving room for individualized therapy and surgeon preference.
Development of rehabilitation engineering over the years: as I see it.

The descriptive words “Rehabilitation Engineering” were not used widely, if at all, in America until the late 1960s and early 1970s, and then mostly by persons who had first been involved with prosthetics research and development immediately after World War II. Rehabilitation engineering in America owes its birth to the federal agencies that fostered its development after they had been so successful in supporting programs of research, education, and development in limb prosthetics and orthotics (initially for veterans) during the period from 1945 to 1970. But before its more or less formal birth in America around 1970, examples of engineering activities in the rehabilitation field can be cited through much of recorded history.