cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genotypic variation in the regrowth of Lolium perenne following clipping: effects of nutrients and endophytic fungi

1. The objective of this research was to determine the extent to which regrowth rate after clipping and the specific leaf area (SLA) of genotypes of Lolium perenne were influenced by soil nutrients and endophytic fungi. 2. Twelve infected genotypes were cloned into ramets. Half were treated with a systemic fungicide that greatly reduced endophyte levels; half were untreated and retained high endophyte levels. Ramets of each genotype were subjected to low, medium or high levels of nutrients in a glasshouse for 11 weeks. 3. Plants were clipped at soil level at 11 weeks, allowed to regrow for 14 weeks and clipped again. SLA was determined at 11 and 25 weeks. Regrowth rate was calculated based on changes in leaf area and leaf dry mass between 11 and 25 weeks. 4. As a main effect, endophytes had no influence on regrowth rates and mean endophyte levels, as measured by hyphal counts within the leaves of five genotypes at high and low nutrients, were not correlated with regrowth rates. However, after clipping, regrowth responses to soil nutrients and endophytes were genotype-specific. Some genotypes in the high endophyte group showed an enhancement of regrowth, whilst others showed no response or a depressive effect of endophytes. 5. At the time of leaf clipping, SLA was significantly affected by genotype, nutrients and endophytes. At medium nutrients, the SLA of high endophyte plants was significantly lower than that of low endophyte plants. However, the SLA of the regrowth was affected by nutrients but not endophytes. Mean endophyte levels, as measured by hyphal counts within the leaves of five genotypes at high and low nutrients, were not correlated with SLA at 11 or 25 weeks. 6. For both high and low endophyte plants, regrowth rate was negatively correlated with SLA. 7. Perennial ryegrass possesses genotypic variation in the ability to regrow following defoliation and this ability is conditioned by abiotic (nutrients) and biotic (endophyte) factors.
Polyoma virus in Syrian hamsters: a non-communicable infection.

EPIZOOTICS caused by polyoma virus have been reported1,2 in mouse colonies maintained in proximity to mice infected experimentally with this virus. Establishments without facilities to house infected and uninfected mice in separate buildings run the risk of contaminating their polyoma-free stock. It was of interest to determine, therefore, whether similar problems would be encountered when the Syrian hamster was used as the experimental animal to study this disease. Our experience indicates that infected hamsters rarely transmit polyoma virus to other hamsters or mice. The evidence that polyoma infection is a much less contagious disease of hamsters than of mice is shown by the following experiments.
Educational Alliance The Importance of Relationships in Adult Education With Court-Mandated Students

This conceptual study examines the importance of relationships between teachers and students in court-mandated adult education settings. Although research has been done on the importance of relatio...
The Psychology of Restaurant Tipping

Since its origins in 18th-century English pubs, tipping has become a custom involving numerous professions and billions of dollars. Knowledge of the psychological factors underlying tipping would benefit service workers, service managers, and customers alike. Two studies were conducted to provide such knowledge about restaurant tipping. The percent tipped in these studies was related to group size, the customer's gender, the method of payment (cash or credit), and in some cases, the size of the bill. Tipping was not related to service quality, waitperson's efforts, waitperson's gender, restaurant's atmosphere, or restaurant's food.
Evolving starburst galaxies, faint number counts, and the 2kev background

Blue and 60 micron extragalactic number counts and redshift distributions are modeled using evolutionary models in which galaxies periodically undergo transient starburst events. Support is found for the hypothesis that the same starburst phenomenon is responsible for the excess source counts seen at both wavelengths, though observed at lower mean redshift in the far infrared than in the blue. The soft X-ray emission from these evolving starburst events is not likely to exceed the 2 keV background unless the evolutionary rate is greater than (1 + z)-cubed (luminosity or density evolution) and the redshift of galaxy formation is greater than about five.
The effect of organic acids on oxygen binding of hemocyanin from the crab Cancer magister

Abstract 1. 1. l -lactate raises the oxygen affinity of both stripped and unstripped hemocyanin (Hc) of Cancer magister . The effect of lactate is independent of pH in the range 6.8-8.3. 2. 2. d -lactate, glycolate and 2-methyl lactate also increase the Hc oxygen affinity, but to a lesser extent than l -lactate. Other structural analogues such as acetate, alanine, α-hydroxybutyrate, pyruvate and propionate have no effect on oxygen binding. 3. 3. These results suggest that C. magister Hc has an allosteric site with high specificity for L-lactate. 4. 4. The amount of lactate and H + in the blood of an exercised C. magister explains the change in Hc oxygen affinity brought about by high levels of locomotor activity. 5. 5. However, the amount of lactate in the blood of a resting crab does not explain the difference in Hc oxygen affinity between stripped and unstripped hemocyanin. 6. 6. End-products of anaerobic metabolism found in other taxa do not affect C. magister Hc oxygen binding. 7. 7. Thus, selection for an oxygen carrier with properties that respond to a particular form of anaerobic metabolism appears to have occurred. 8. 8. These findings confirm an earlier suggestion that an unidentified, low molecular weight factor is also present in crab hemolymph. 9. 9. The respiratory importance of the lactate effect following maximal locomotor activity is its enhancement of O 2 uptake at the gill rather than conservation of venous reserve at the tissues.
Sixth-Order Contribution to Z 3 in Finite Quantum Electrodynamics

If internal photon propagators in the vacuum polarization tensor are replaced by $\frac{1}{{q}^{2}}$, the divergent part of ${{Z}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in quantum electrodynamics is ${({{Z}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})}_{\mathrm{div}}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}}{2\ensuremath{\pi}}\left[\frac{2}{3}+\frac{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}}{2\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{4}{\left(\frac{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}}{2\ensuremath{\pi}}\right)}^{2}\right]\mathrm{ln}\frac{{M}^{2}}{{m}^{2}}$ to sixth order. The simple nature and negative sign of the last term encourage the search for a closed form for ${({{Z}_{3}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})}_{\mathrm{div}}$ which vanishes for ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}g0$.
The numerical solution of ordinary and partial differential equations

This short book gives a solid introduction to the field. After a review of direct methods for the solution of linear systems, following chapters introd and analyze the more commonly used finite difference methods for solving a variety of problems. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.
Mechanism of defibrination in humans after envenomation by the eastern diamondback rattlesnake

We prospectively studied the hemostatic system of ten persons bitten by the Eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) during 1978-1980. Blood was drawn when the patients arrived in the emergency room and every 6 hr thereafter. All envenomated victims developed incoagulable blood (defined by a thrombin time greater than or equal to 120 sec, normal less than 20 sec). Platelet counts and plasma levels of antithrombin III and factors II and VIII were not drastically altered, which distinguished this disorder from classic disseminated intravascular coagulation. Fibrinogen levels were markedly decreased (mean coagulable level of 0 mg/dl and antigenic levels of 99 mg/dl). Plasminogen levels were 20% of normal, alpha-2-plasminogen inhibitor was 17% of normal, and plasminogen activator was 20 times normal. Levels of fibrin degradation products peaked at a mean of 7,680 micrograms/ml. The magnitude and duration of the coagulopathy were proportional to the clinical severity of envenomation. Treatment with antivenin blunted the coagulopathy. Because venom from the Eastern diamondback rattlesnake does not directly activate plasminogen, we conclude that coagulopathy following envenomation by that reptile appears to be due to partial proteolysis of fibrinogen with secondary activation of plasminogen by released plasminogen activator, probably of endothelial origin.
Sir Thomas Wyatt: Some additions to and corrections of O.E.D.

(1977). Sir Thomas Wyatt: Some additions to and corrections of O.E.D.. English Studies: Vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 399-407.
Influences of electromechanical events in defining skeletal muscle properties.

Inactivity of the cat soleus muscle was induced via spinal cord isolation (SI), and the cats were maintained for 4 months. The soleus was electrically stimulated while lengthening (SI-L) or shortening (SI-S) during a simulated step cycle or during isometric (SI-I) contractions. For the SI, SI-S, SI-L, and SI-I groups, the soleus weights were 33, 55, 55, and 64% of the control, respectively, and the maximum tetanic tensions were 15, 30, 36, and 44% of the control, respectively. The specific tension was lower in all SI groups than in the control. Absolute forces at stimulation frequencies of 5-200 Hz were smaller in all SI groups than in the control. The SI-I group tended to have higher values for all force-related parameters than the other SI groups. Fatigue resistance was similar among all groups. The isometric twitch time-to-peak tension was shorter, and the frequency of the stimulation-tension response was shifted to the right in all SI groups with respect to the control. Maximum shortening velocities were 70, 59, and 73% faster for the SI, SI-S, and SI-L groups and similar to the control for the SI-I group. Inactivity resulted in an increased percentage of faster myosin heavy chains (MHCs) that was blunted in the SI-I and SI-L groups but not in the SI-S group. Pure type I MHC fibers atrophied by 80, 59, 58, and 47% in the SI, SI-S, SI-L, and SI-I groups. The data from the SI group quantify the contribution of activity-independent factors in maintaining the mechanical and phenotypic properties of the cat soleus. Relative to a fast-fatigable muscle, these results suggest that only 25% of the slowness (type I MHC) and none of the resistance to fatigue of the soleus muscle are dependent on activity-related factors. Short, daily bouts of electromechanical activation ameliorated several of these adaptations, with the isometric contractions being the most effective countermeasure. The clinical implications of these findings for rehabilitation strategies are discussed.
Structure of the two-domain hexameric APS kinase from Thiobacillus denitrificans: structural basis for the absence of ATP sulfurylase activity.

APS kinase from Thiobacillus denitrificans contains an inactive N-terminal ATP sulfurylase domain. The structure presented unveils the first hexameric assembly for an APS kinase, and reveals that structural changes in the N-terminal domain disrupt the ATP sulfurylase active site thus prohibiting activity. The Tbd-0210 gene of the chemolithotrophic bacterium Thiobacillus denitrificans is annotated to encode a 60.5 kDa bifunctional enzyme with ATP sulfurylase and APS kinase activity. This putative bifunctional enzyme was cloned, expressed and structurally characterized. The 2.95 A resolution X-ray crystal structure reported here revealed a hexameric assembly with D{sub 3} symmetry. Each subunit contains a large N-terminal sulfurylase-like domain and a C-terminal APS kinase domain reminiscent of the two-domain fungal ATP sulfurylases of Penicillium chrysogenum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which also exhibit a hexameric assembly. However, the T. denitrificans enzyme exhibits numerous structural and sequence differences in the N-terminal domain that render it inactive with respect to ATP sulfurylase activity. Surprisingly, the C-terminal domain does indeed display APS kinase activity, indicating that this gene product is a true APS kinase. Therefore, these results provide the first structural insights into a unique hexameric APS kinase that contains a nonfunctional ATP sulfurylase-like domain of unknown function.
Functional aspects of B cell autonomy in human thyroid disease.

Abstract To evaluate the functional aspects of B cell autonomy in human autoimmune thyroiditis we examined antigen-dependent antibody secretion using specific PFC assays for total immunoglobulin and antibodies to human thyroglobulin (hTg) and SRBC. A microculture system based on S. aureus and a macrophage-derived B cell differentiating factor provided the essential data on specific antigen induction of B cells in macrophage-depleted cultures of peripheral mononuclear cells (PMC). Anti-SRBC PFC were readily induced by SRBC-antigen in normal PMC but a significant reduction in responses was observed in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. 8 of 10 patients had anti-hTg PFC and none were observed in normal controls. However, only 3 patients showed hTg-antigen specific B cell induction. Varying mitogen and antigen concentrations, presentation of hTg in soluble or membrane bound forms, and adding helper and macrophage cell activity failed to induce specific hTg-antigen induction in the non-responsive patients. In conclusion, anti-hTg PFC were observed in the majority of patients with autoimmune thyroiditis but such B cell secretion was not usually subject to normal immunological control mechanisms. Furthermore, the reduced anti-SRBC response in patients indicated that non-specific abnormalities were also present in this organ specific disease.
Herbicide Losses in Runoff from Conservation-Tilled Watersheds in a Corn-Soybean Rotation

Soil and nutrient losses are tolerable when corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are grown in rotation on steep slopes in northern Appalachia if conservation tillage is used and a rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop follows soybean harvest. Herbicide losses and concentrations in runoff resulting from this rotation, however, may be unacceptable. Therefore, runoff from two chiseled and two no-till watersheds was monitored for 4 yr to determine the effect of this cropping sequence on losses of four commonly used herbicides: alachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide], atrazine[2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea], and metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one]. The spectrum of weeds controlled by linuron is similar to that of atrazine and their losses were compared to determine if substitution of linuron for atrazine would decrease herbicide loss in runoff. As a percentage of applied chemical, average losses were small with atrazine (0.31%) > linuron (0.20%) > metribuzin (0.14%) > alachlor (0.05%). At times, however, herbicide concentrations may be a concern. Atrazine concentrations consistently exceeded the lifetime Health Advisory Level-Maximum Contaminant Level (HAL-MCL) of 3 μg L -1 in the first few runoff events after application. In addition, atrazine was detectable in runoff during soybean years, at times above the HAL-MCL. Average linuron loss was significantly less (P ≤ 0.05) than that of atrazine and linuron was rarely detected in runoff following corn harvest or during soybean years. The 2 μg L -1 MCL for alachlor was only exceeded during the first few events after application, whereas metribuzin concentrations never exceeded the HAL of 200 μg L -1 .
Designing systems for one-way trans to cis photoisomerization for solar reactions

We have examined triplet photosensitized isomerization of sterically crowded derivatives of stilbene, diene, triene and styrene. Under selective triplet sensitization, several such compounds proceeded in the synthetically desirable manner of complete one-way trans to cis conversion or in a highly stereoselective manner. In the process, we have identified several systems suitable for solar irradiation as a “green” procedure for preparation of hindered olefinic isomers. A simple procedure for determining the relative efficiency of a solar reaction has also been introduced.
Diffusion-deposition patterns in Martian streaks

Abstract The spreading angle of a number of light and dark Martian streaks is determined from selected Mariner 9 images. The resulting frequency distributions of spreading half-angles have maxima at ∼5° for light, and ∼7° for dark streaks; however the dark streaks have a secondary maximum spreading angle at ∼14°. The smaller values, which include most streaks, are interpreted as crater-wake spreading phenomena. The larger value, found in only a few dark streaks or “tails,” may result from atmospheric diffusion and subsequent deposition of material from isolated sources such as vents or blowouts. An atmospheric diffusion-deposition analysis is presented, assuming this streak origin, from which it is possible to deduce the eddy diffusivity, K , in Mars' boudary layer. Calculated K values are found to agree with various theoretical estimates. They lie in the range 10 7 and 10 9 cm 2 sec −1 and exhibit the proper scale dependence. Thus it appears that, in addition to streak-derived wind direction patterns and speed information, it is possible in a few cases to derive information on Mars' boundary-layer turbulence from streak-spreading measurements.
Erratum to: Clinical and Biological Implications of the Tumor Microenvironment.

In normal tissues and organs, the activities of the constituent cells are strictly restricted to the tasks assigned to them during development. In addition they (with the exception of leukocytes) remain inflexibly confined to their territorial domains by regulatory interactions with their neighbors. This creates specialized local micro-environments in which structure and function are orderly, stable and tightly controlled by feed-back loops, within interacting regulatory networks. This system has considerable ability to adapt to changing conditions. In contrast, the microenvironment in regions where tumors are forming and expanding is characterized by progressive loss of specialized or differentiated cellular functions, disorderly molecular signals, and degeneration of microscopical organ structure. This, coupled with the traffic of cells into and out of the tumor, often culminates in local invasion and metastasis to other organs. The nature of these disturbed molecular and cellular interactions is, by definition, highly unstable and increasingly unpredictable as time passes. It also varies between different tumors, sometimes even leading to regression. However, systematic analysis of this dysfunction in the tumor microcosm, using multiple modern research techniques, has revealed that all actively growing primary and secondary neoplasms share an absolute dependency upon support from adjacent non-neoplastic cells of the host. This support, in turn, continuously depends upon dynamic interplay between tumor and host cell populations, via signaling molecules and surface receptors in the tumor microenvironment. Such interplay determines the fate of the growing neoplasm. Such information, described and evaluated in this article, provides important new insights into the etiology of carcinogenesis and how tumor growth, invasion and metastasis might be therapeutically arrested. The facts and concepts assembled below, regarding the cancer microenvironment, demonstrate how modern molecular findings reveal the impact of the wide range of cancer diseases upon the internal cellular, tissue and organ environments of the whole individual and how this applies to designing new work to improve human cancer diagnosis and treatment. The article discusses several specific types of experimentally-induced and clinically common cancers to derive principles useful for interpreting events in the tumor microenvironment, which apply to cancers in general and especially to human malignant disease.
Correlates of Compulsive Communication: Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics.

This study focuses on communication correlates of compulsive communication. Participants in the study completed the Talkaholic Scale as a measure of their tendency to be a compulsive communicator. Measures of other trait orientations related to communication also were completed. Results indicated that compulsive communication has low positive relationships with assertiveness, willingness to communicate, self‐perceived communication competence, and neuroticism. It also has low negative relationships with introversion and communication apprehension and moderately high negative correlation with self‐reports of behavioral shyness. Categorical analyses indicated that “talkaholics,”; those people scoring two standard deviations above the mean on the measure, are likely to report low behavioral shyness, high willingness to communicate, high extroversion, high assertiveness, and high responsiveness. Thus, attributions that a person “talks too much”; are likely based on qualitative rather than quantitative percept...
A Unified Phenomenological Model for Tensile and Compressive Response of Polymeric Foams

Tensile and compressive stress-strain responses were obtained for various densities of polymer foams. These experimental data were used to determine relevant engineering parameters (such as elastic moduli in tension and compression, ultimate tensile strength, etc.) as a function of foam density. A phenomenological model applicable for both compressive and tensile responses of polymeric foams is validated by comparing the model to the experimentally obtained compression and tensile responses. The model parameters were analyzed to determine the effect of each parameter on the mechanical response of the foam. The engineering parameters were later compared to the appropriate model parameters and a good correlation was obtained. It was shown that the model indeed captures the entire compressive and tensile response of polymeric foams effectively.
Update on Diagnosis and Treatment within the Four Clinical Phases of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection

Four phases of chronic hepatitis B virus [1] infection have been identified: immune tolerant, immune active, inactive, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) clearance. These phases are defined by using a combination of hepatitis B “e” antigen (HBeAg) status, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, and HBV DNA level. To determine the extent of liver inflammation and fibrosis needed to decide whether antiviral therapy is necessary often requires a liver biopsy. Recent studies have found that levels of HBsAg can also be used to determine the phase of HBV and can even predict persons who may remain in the inactive phase over time. Non invasive markers including transient elastography can detect a proportion of those with a high probability of severe fibrosis and mild disease but are not yet helpful to determine the status of most chronically infected persons.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ANAPHYLAXIS IN PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY.

1. Intraperitoneal injections of killed and living broth cultures of a virulent pneumococcus produce in guinea pigs a high degree of active immunity and a serum with strong protective power. 2. Despite the protective power of such serum no agglutinins for the homologous organism and no precipitins for soluble derivatives were demonstrable. 3. Guinea pig immunity to pneumococcus infection produced by the method described is not attended by cutaneous allergy to derivatives of the pneumococcus used for immunization. 4. During the course of an artificially produced active immunity, anaphylaxis may at times be present and at times absent without any measurable effect upon the resistance of the animal to infection by intraperitoneal injection. 5. In the particular instance studied, the experiments indicate that anaphylaxis to pneumococcus protein has no important effect upon the resistance of the animal to infection. It appears to be a concomitant without any significant role in the immunity mechanism.
Variable magnification dual lens electron holography for semiconductor junction profiling and strain mapping

Abstract Dual lens operation for electron holography, which was developed previously (Wang et al., Ultramicroscopy 101 (2004) 63–72; US patent: 7,015,469 B2 (2006)), is re-investigated for bright field (junction profiling) and dark field (strain mapping) electron holography using FEI instrumentation (i.e. F20 and Titan). It is found that dual lens operation provides a wide operational range for electron holography. In addition, the dark field image tilt increases at high objective lens current to include Si 〈0 0 4〉 diffraction spot. Under the condition of high spatial resolution (1 nm fringe spacing), a large field of view (450 nm), and high fringe contrast (26%) with dual lens operation, a junction map is obtained and strain maps of Si device on 〈2 2 0〉 and 〈0 0 4〉 diffraction are acquired. In this paper, a fringe quality number, N ′, which is number of fringe times fringe contrast, is proposed to estimate the quality of an electron hologram and mathematical reasoning for the N ′ number is provided.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Imidacloprid in Eastern Hemlock in the Southern Appalachians

The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), is an exotic insect species dramatically reducing populations of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere, throughout the eastern United States. Systemic imidacloprid is one of the primary chemicals used to successfully control infestations of the hemlock woolly adelgid. The concentration levels for this systemic insecticide present in the sap of eastern hemlocks were evaluated from three strata within the canopy over a two year time span. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were conducted every three months posttreatment to assess imidacloprid concentration within the sap. The effect of application timing (fall versus spring) and application method (soil drench, soil injection, and tree injection) on the translocation of imidacloprid throughout the canopy, and the quantity of imidacloprid translocated in the sap of eastern hemlock branches and the terminal twig and needle tissue was determined. Concentration levels progressively declined from the bottom strata to the top strata of the canopy. This trend was consistent in all chemically treated trees. Tree injections provided the lowest concentration and the most nonuniform distribution of imidacloprid throughout the canopy. The highest insecticide concentrations within the tree across all strata over the two year period were consistently associated with the soil drench method followed by the soil injection method. Imidacloprid concentrations peaked between month 9 and 12 posttreatment, and then declined; however, at two years posttreatment, soil drench and soil injected trees contained concentrations reported as being effective for control of the hemlock woolly adelgid.
Cost-effectiveness of gastric bypass for severe obesity.

Abstract Purpose To estimate the cost-effectiveness of gastric bypass in the treatment of severe obesity. Subjects and methods We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of gastric bypass versus no treatment from the payer perspective. We discounted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), life-years, and cost during the patient's lifetime. Our target group comprised women and men aged 35 to 55 years with a body mass index between 40 and 50 kg/m 2 , and who did not have cardiovascular disease and in whom conservative bariatric therapies had been unsuccessful. Results The base case cost-effectiveness ratios ranged from $5000 to $16,100 per QALY for women and from $10,000 to $35,600 per QALY for men, depending on age and initial body mass index. In a few subgroups of older, less obese men, variation in parameters such as loss of excess weight, obesity-related quality of life, complication rates, and perioperative mortality affected the cost-effectiveness ratios. Parameter variation did not result in meaningful changes in the remaining patients. Conclusion Gastric bypass is a cost-effective alternative to no treatment, providing substantial lifetime benefits in patients who are severely obese.
Performance Comparisons Between 7-nm FinFET and Conventional Bulk CMOS Standard Cell Libraries

FinFET devices have been proposed as a promising substitute for conventional bulk CMOS-based devices at the nanoscale due to their extraordinary properties such as improved channel controllability, a high on / off current ratio, reduced short-channel effects, and relative immunity to gate line-edge roughness. This brief builds standard cell libraries for the advanced 7-nm FinFET technology, supporting multiple threshold voltages and supply voltages. The circuit synthesis results of various combinational and sequential circuits based on the presented 7-nm FinFET standard cell libraries forecast 10× and 1000× energy reductions on average in a superthreshold regime and 16× and 3000× energy reductions on average in a near-threshold regime as compared with the results of the 14-nm and 45-nm bulk CMOS technology nodes, respectively.
Introduction: Are We Requiring What Our Students Most Need?:

Why devote a special issue to the topic of writing requirements for business stu dents? The answer, I believe, is relatively simple: any such requirement must reflect what business professionals should know and do in a knowledge economy. Because communication practices are changing radically, our requirements, too, must be reexamined. This issue provides a forum for such reexamination.
The NICs, global accumulation and uneven development: implications of a simple three- region model

Abstract This paper develops a simple three-region model of the global economy along structuralist lines, with the North, newly industrializing countries (NICs) and the (rest of the) South. The North produces an investment-cum-consumption good while the NICs and the South produce two different consumption goods. The North grows with excess capacity along Kalecki- Keynes lines; the NICs are modeled along Marxian lines with a given rate of exploitation and the South along Lewis lines with a given subsistence wage. The short-run and long-run dynamics and equilibrium properties of the model are analyzed. It is shown that parametric shifts which result in a relative growth of NIC capital (as compared to the North and the South) in the long run usually result in uneven North-South development.
Effects of glucocorticoid hormones on radiation induced and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate enhanced radiation transformation in vitro.

We have studied the interactions of glucocorticoid hormones with radiation in the induction of transformation in vitro in C3H10T12 cells. We have observed that cortisone has its primary enhancing effect on radiation transformation when present after the radiation exposure during the “expression period”, or the time after carcinogen exposure during which promoting agents have been shown to enhance radiation transformation in vitro, and that two different glucocorticoid hormones, dexamethasone and cortisone, have a suppressive effect on the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) enhancement of radiation transformation in vitro.
Management Of Ureteral Calculi: A Cost Comparison And Decision Making Analysis

Purpose: We compared the cost of treatment strategies for ureteral calculi using a decision tree model.Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed to determine the average success rate of each of 3 treatment modalities, namely observation, ureteroscopy and shock wave lithotripsy. Using these success rates decision analysis models were constructed using Data 3.5 software (TreeAge Software, Inc., Williamstown, Massachusetts) to estimate the cost of treatment and followup for each of the 3 treatments. One-way sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of varying individual probabilities of success and costs, and 2-way sensitivity analysis was done to evaluate the model for a wide range of potential costs and success rates of ureteroscopy and shock wave lithotripsy. In addition, a table was constructed to enable individual surgeons and institutions to determine the cost impact of ureteroscopy and shock wave lithotripsy in their unique clinical scenarios.Results: Obser...
Application of Photogrammetry: 3D Modeling of a Historical Building

Over the past few years, it has become increasingly common to use 3D digitization and modeling for 3D remodeling of cultural heritage. The most commonly used technologies include surveys, CAD tools, and traditional photogrammetry with control points. These approaches are, however, timeconsuming and can be costly, and therefore may impractical for large-scale sites. 3D modeling using point-clouds from laser-scanned data and more automated imagebased modeling have become possible. Photogrammetry is one of the most costeffective approaches we could use to gather the physical information of an object, because data can be collected using a consumer level digital camera. However, it also has its drawback in the level of accuracy. Wondering whether the 3D model created using photos would be acceptable for the use of construction planning, we created a 3D model of a historical building in our campus, which was under renovation, and investigated how the 3D model was appreciated by architects and contractors working on the renovation project. We measured the accuracy level of the 3D model, and identified the deficiencies of this approach. This paper presents our findings and responses from the construction professionals who reviewed the 3D model in the
Sharing the keys to the kingdom: responding to employee theft by empowering employees to be guardians, place managers, and handlers

Employee theft is one of the most common crimes committed against small businesses; however, the role that employees of the business can play in actively controlling opportunities for employee theft has not yet been fully explored. This article presents an employee theft prevention strategy reliant upon the active efforts of employees, not business owners or managers. This adaptation reclassifies the roles of employees, owners, and managers by incorporating employees directly into the theft prevention process as crime controllers, while owners and managers are given the role of super controllers. Transitioning owners and managers into the role of a super controller elevates them to a position of high-level guardianship and oversight, thereby allowing them to more effectively manage the business's overall theft prevention strategy. Giving employees responsibility for employee theft prevention efforts places responsibility for controlling the factors that lead to crime into the hands of employees who will s...
A Multizone Model for Simulating the High-Energy Variability of TeV Blazars

We present a time-dependent multizone code for simulating the variability of synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) sources. The code adopts a multizone pipe geometry for the emission region, appropriate for simulating emission from a standing or propagating shock in a collimated jet. Variations in the injection of relativistic electrons in the inlet propagate along the length of the pipe, cooling radiatively. Our code for the first time takes into account the nonlocal, time-retarded nature of SSC losses that are thought to be dominant in TeV blazars. The observed synchrotron and SSC emission is followed self-consistently, taking into account light-travel time delays. At any given time, the emitting portion of the pipe depends on the frequency and the nature of the variation followed. Our simulation employs only one additional physical parameter relative to one-zone models, that of the pipe length, and is computationally very efficient, using simplified expressions for the SSC processes. The code will be useful for observers modeling Fermi, TeV, and X-ray observations of SSC blazars.
Effects of geometry on slot-jet film cooling performance

The physics of the film cooling process for shaped, inclined slot–jets with realistic slot–length–to–width ratios (L/s) is studied for a range of blowing ratio (M) and density ratio (DR) parameters typical of gas turbine operations. The effect of inlet and exit shaping of the slot–jet on both flow and thermal field characteristics is isolated, and the dominant mechanisms responsible for differences in these characteristics are documented. A previously documented computational methodology was applied for the study of four distinct configurations: (1) slot with straight edges and sharp comers (reference case); (2) slot with shaped inlet region; (3) slot with shaped exit region; and (4) slot with both shaped inlet and exit regions. Detailed field results as well as surface phenomena involving adiabatic film effectiveness (η) and heat transfer coefficient (h) are presented. It is demonstrated that both η and h results are vital in the proper assessment of film cooling performance. The key parameters M and DR were varied from 1.0 to 2.0 and 1.5 to 2.0, respectively, to show their influence. Simulations were repeated for slot length–to–width ratio (L/s) of 3.0 and 4.5 in order to explain the effects of this important parameter. The computational simulations showed exceptionally strong internal consistency. Moreover, the ability of using a state–of–the–art computational methodology to sort the relative performance of different slot–jet film cooling configurations was clearly established.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
Singular Superposition/BEM Inverse Technique for Reconstruction of Multi-Dimensional Heat Flux Distributions With Application to Film-Cooling Slots

A hybrid singularity superposition/boundary element-based inverse problem method for the reconstruction of multi-dimensional heat flux distributions is developed. Cauchy conditions are imposed at exposed surfaces that are readily reached for measurements while convective boundary conditions are unknown at surfaces that are not amenable to measurements such as the edges of cooling slots. The purpose of the inverse analysis is to determine the heat flux distribution along cooling slot surfaces. This is accomplished in an iterative process by distributing a set of singularities at the vicinity of the cooling slot surface inside a fictitious extension of the physical domain with a given initial strength distribution. A forward steady-state heat conduction problem is solved using the boundary element method (BEM), and an objective function is defined to measure the difference between the heat flux measured at the exposed surfaces and the heat flux predicted by the BEM under the current strength distribution of the singularities. A genetic algorithm iteratively alters the strength distribution of the singularities until the measuring surfaces heat fluxes are matched, thus, satisfying Cauchy conditions. Subsequent to the solution of the inverse problem, the heat flux at the inaccessible surface is computed using the BEM. The hybrid singularity superposition/BEM approach thus eliminates the need to mesh the surface of the film cooling slot and the need to parametrize the heat flux over that surface. Rather, the heat flux is determined in a post-processing stage after the inverse problem is solved. This constitutes a tremendous advantage in solving the inverse problem, particularly in three-dimensional applications.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Quantum Optimally Controlled Transition Landscapes

A large number of experimental studies and simulations show that it is surprisingly easy to find excellent quality control over broad classes of quantum systems. We now prove that for controllable quantum systems with no constraints placed on the controls, the only allowed extrema of the transition probability landscape correspond to perfect control or no control. Under these conditions, no suboptimal local extrema exist as traps that would impede the search for an optimal control. The identified landscape structure is universal for all controllable quantum systems of the same dimension when seeking to maximize the same transition probability, regardless of the detailed nature of the system Hamiltonian. The presence of weak control field noise or environmental decoherence is shown to preserve the general structure of the control landscape, but at lower resolution.
Catastrophe and the Public Service: A Case Study of the Government Response to the Destruction of the World Trade Center

The destruction of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, resulted in a rapid response by government to evacuate the area and, in subsequent days, to bring the city back to a semblance of normalcy. This article provides a case study of government action in New York City during and after the World Trade Center catastrophe. What is most striking is the skill and intensity of government’s response to the emergency and the hard work, dedication, and bravery of New York City’s government officials. This article presents government and public service at its finest, under some of the most difficult conditions one can imagine.
High-Performance Wavelength-Locked Diode Lasers

Rapidly maturing industrial laser applications are placing ever-tighter constraints on spectral width and wavelength emission stability over varying operating temperatures of high power diode laser pump sources. For example, improved power scaling and efficiency can be achieved by pumping the narrow upper laser level of Nd:YAG solid state lasers at 885 nm and the 1532-nm absorption band of Er:YAG solid state lasers, though taking full advantage of these configurations requires wavelength-locked pump sources. nLight offers a wide variety of wavelength-locked diode products based on external volume grating optics technology. It is often believed that the use of external gratings to wavelength lock diode lasers leads to an unavoidable loss in power and efficiency. nLight's design methodology is shown to eliminate the problem in our grating-locked diode laser products. These results are expected to enable improved performance in diode-pumped solid state and fiber laser systems.
First Report of Sclerotium rolfsii on Brassidium Hybrid Orchid

Brassidium hybrid orchid leaves were sent to the University of Florida Plant Disease Clinic in the summer of 2002. Symptoms on leaves were a spreading, cottony, white mass of mycelium with necrotic centers 3 to 5 × 5 to 9 mm. Approximately 1% of leaves submitted were affected. Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. was isolated from the affected leaves using acid potato dextrose agar (APDA) (1). Two plastic boxes were lined with wet paper towels and 6 uninoculated leaves were placed in each. Three leaves in each box were treated as controls and received 3 mm2 of APDA, while the other three leaves in each box received 3 mm2 of S. rolfsii culture on APDA. All leaves were misted with water and enclosed to maintain humidity. Twenty-four hours later, infection was visible on two treated leaves. Within 72 h, significant infection was visible on three of the six inoculated leaves. All control leaves remained uninfected. S. rolfsii was consistently reisolated from the inoculated leaves, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Over the past 12 months, S. rolfsii has been detected in 30% of commercial orchid nurseries as well as homeowner orchid collections in Miami-Dade County, Florida. No resistance to this disease in orchids has been reported. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. rolfsii on this orchid hybrid. Reference: (1) J. Tuite. Media and nutrient solutions used by plant pathologist and mycologist. Page 53 in: Plant Pathological Methods Fungi and Bacteria. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, MN, 1969.
Transitional field behaviour from Southern Hemisphere lavas: evidence for two-stage reversals of the geodynamo

Palaeomagnetic records from Australasian basalts provide a rare view of transitional field behaviour, as seen from mid-southern latitudes. These data suggest that a geomagnetic reversal is accomplished in two steps, separated by an interval of relative dynamo quiescence. A potentially long-lived field configuration, developed early, is observed to be the ‘stepping stone’ from which both successful and unsuccessful reversal attempts are made. Several aborted attempts involving the same intermediate field geometry may precede an actual polarity transition.
Percutaneous Computer Tomography-Guided Ethanol Sympathicolysis for the Treatment of Resistant Arterial Hypertension

As an alternative to catheter-based radiofrequency (RF) ablation, renal sympathicolysis can also be achieved by image-guided percutaneous injection of ethanol around the renal artery. We report the case of a 50-year-old man with refractory hypertension and end-stage renal failure of unclear etiology who was treated with computed tomography-guided percutaneous periarterial ethanol sympathicolysis. The procedure was painless. The patient’s BP decreased within 6 days from a baseline value of 172/84 mm Hg (1 week before treatment) to a sustained decreased value of 143/70 mm Hg 1 month after intervention, i.e., a decrease by 29/14 mm Hg. The patient’s hypertension-related headache resolved. Image-guided periarterial ethanol injection for renal sympathetic denervation in a patient with drug-resistant hypertension is feasible. We provide a detailed description of this new interventional procedure and discuss its potential advantages compared with catheter-based RF ablation.
Maternal Scaffolding and Preterm Toddlers’ Visual-Spatial Processing and Emerging Working Memory

Objective We examined longitudinal associations among neonatal and socioeconomic risks, maternal scaffolding behaviors, and 24-month visual-spatial processing and working memory in a sample of 73 toddlers born preterm or low birthweight (PT LBW). Methods Risk data were collected at hospital discharge and dyadic play interactions were observed at 16-months postterm. Abbreviated IQ scores, verbal/nonverbal working memory, and verbal/nonverbal visual-spatial processing data were collected at 24-months postterm. Results Higher attention scaffolding and lower emotion scaffolding during 16-month play were associated with 24-month verbal working memory scores. A joint significance test revealed that maternal attention and emotion scaffolding during 16-month play mediated the relationship between socioeconomic risk and 24-month verbal working memory. Conclusions These findings suggest areas for future research and intervention with children born PT LBW who also experience high socioeconomic risk.
The effect of various floating point formats on the absolute error bound in recursive filtering

It is shown that floating point realizations of linearly stable systems can exhibit four fundamental types of free responses. The effects of various floating point arithmetic reformatting schemes on the convergence of autoregressive difference equations are addressed. Truncation and rounding quantization schemes as well as double and single length product mantissa schemes are analyzed and compared. >