cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin Receptor Expression and Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) in otherwise healthy patients. The role of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the OSA induced VED is not well understood. METHODS Recently diagnosed OSA patients with very low cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk (Framingham score <5%) were studied at diagnosis and after 12 weeks of verified continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. Participants underwent biopsy of gluteal subcutaneous tissue at baseline and after CPAP. Microcirculatory endothelial expression of angiotensin receptors type-1 (AT-1) and type-2 (AT-2) was measured in the subcutaneous tissue using quantitative confocal microscopy techniques. The ex-vivo effect of AT-1 receptor blockade (ARB) on endothelial superoxide production was also measured before and after CPAP treatment. RESULTS In OSA patients (n = 11), microcirculatory endothelial AT1 expression decreased from 873 (200) (fluorescence units) at baseline to 393 (59) units after 12 weeks of CPAP (P = 0.02). AT2 expression did not decrease significantly in these patients (479 (75) to 329 (58) post CPAP (P = 0.08)). The ex-vivo addition of the losartan to the microcirculatory endothelium resulted in decreased superoxide expression in the vascular walls from 14.2 (2.2) units to 4.2 (0.8) P < 0.001; while it had no effect on post-CPAP patient tissue (P = 0.64). CONCLUSIONS In OSA patients with no to minimal CVD risk, VED is associated with upregulation of AT-1 expression that is reversible with CPAP. Endothelial oxidative stress was reversible with ARB. RAS activation may play an important role in the development of early CVD risk in OSA patients.
An integrative review of fatigue experienced by women before and during myocardial infarction

Aims and objectives To explore the extant literature for key features of prodromal and acute MI fatigue experienced by women, including estimates of severity, narrative descriptors, impacts on activities of daily living, and frequency, and to describe what is known from the current evidence base. Background Several studies, conducted across the globe, have investigated prodromal and acute MI symptoms experienced by women and suggested that fatigue is prevalent, and they have also sporadically described specific characteristics of fatigue, such as narrative descriptors and severity. However, no review specific to this acute and prodromal fatigue could be located in the literature. Design Integrative review, guided by Whittemore and Knafl's approach and the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms. Methods We used a comprehensive, systematic approach to searching, screening, selecting, evaluating, and analyzing the records. Data were collected in February 2017. Results Twenty-one articles were included in the review, including 9 quantitative, 6 qualitative, and 6 mixed-methods studies, with the majority (14) published in the United States. The average age of participants across the studies was the early 60s. Distress, quality, intensity, and timing of prodromal MI fatigue was more completely described in the literature than acute MI fatigue. Conclusions Fatigue is the most common prodromal MI symptom experienced by women and is also a common acute symptom. Additional research exploring prodromal and acute MI fatigue is necessary. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Synthesis and transport properties of Fe2SnSe4

Abstract Fe2SnSe4 was synthesized by elemental reaction and densified using hot pressing in order to investigate the transport properties. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with the olivine-type crystal structure. Our report describes results and analyses of the transport properties of Fe2SnSe4, for the first time, and the effect of structure and chemical bonding on the transport properties of this material. In addition, the transport properties were used to estimate the bandgap and mobility of this material. These results are intended to promote a greater understanding of the attributes and capabilities of II2-IV-VI4 materials with the olivine-type crystal structure as they continue to be of interest for different applications, including thermoelectrics.
9.10 MNDO-PSDCI and the Analysis of the Photophysical Properties of Visual Chromophores and Retinal Proteins

Vision in vertebrates is a complex and involved process. Small organic molecules, known as chromophores, become electronically excited upon the absorption of a photon of light. In the excited state exists a barrier-less potential energy surface for some torsional movement about a double bond. The conformational change in the chromophore moiety induces a corresponding conformational change in the covalently bound polypeptide, thereby triggering a messenger cascade within the photoreceptor cell that results in the transmission of signals to the appropriate neurons. These signals are transmitted along the optic nerve to the visual centers of the brain, which allows the brain to process the visual input and perceive a visual image. The study of chromophores and photoreceptors in vitro is dominantly focused on theoretical computational calculations and spectroscopy. The focus of this chapter is to elucidate these methods, with emphasis on their application to the study of biological systems.
Potenziale des CRM

Das CRM-System basiert auf unterschiedlichen technischen Ansatzen, die jeweils spezifische geschaftliche Potenziale ermoglichen. Aus der Kombination der technischen Konzepte ergibt sich eine umfangreiche Menge geschaftlicher Potenziale.
The Hormonogenic Properties of Neurosecretory Cells

Recently Knowles and I (1966) presented an extended concept of neurosecretion, which recognized the endocrine role of neurosecretory cells as deriving not only from their directly hormonogenic contribution but also from their indirect control of endocrine tissues by functional contacts between neurosecretory nerve fibers and endocrine cells (quasi-innervation) (see also Bern and Knowles, 1966). This consideration represented a continuation of the efforts at reestimating the concept of neurosecretion already begun two years ago in Paris by Ernst Scharrer (1965). The aim of the present paper is to consider some aspects of the hormonogenic properties of neurosecretory neurons — the specializations related to their functioning as endocrine gland cells. The neuronal properties of these cells and their implications will be considered by Knowles in the following paper (Knowles, 1967).
New Growth Factors — Summary of Session

One session of twelve contributed papers and a group of five posters were concerned with substances other than well-established plant growth factors which nonetheless influence plant growth and development. A major emphasis was on one group of steroidal substances termed brassins which appear to invoke a unique set of growth responses and thus are suggested to be a new class of plant hormones.
Early detection of transformation to BPDCN in a patient with MDS

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare and aggressive hematologic malignancy characterized by neoplastic cells that are positive for CD123, CD4, BDCA2, and TCL1 and aberrant expression of CD56. Historically, patients with BPDCN have an unfavorable prognosis and the optimal treatment is not established due to lack of prospective data. In this report we describe a patient with Felty’s syndrome and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in whom a population of aberrant plasmacytoid dendritic cells emerged while on treatment with decitabine. Approximately 4 months later he transformed to leukemic BPDCN with skin and eye manifestations. Cytogenetic analysis showed diploid karyotype and molecular analysis showed mutations in KRAS, NOTCH1, and RUNX1 genes. He was treated with CD123-targeted therapy and had significant response in his marrow, skin, eyes, and functional status after one cycle. The case demonstrates that minimal transformative disease of BPDCN may be detectable in patients with MDS well before fulminant progression. Early detection of emerging leukemic clones may allow for alternative monitoring and treatment considerations.
Space- and time-resolved small angle X-ray scattering to probe assembly of silver nanocrystal superlattices

The structure of nanocrystal superlattices has been extensively studied and well documented, however, their assembly process is poorly understood. In this work, we demonstrate an in situ space- and time-resolved small angle X-ray scattering measurement that we use to probe the assembly of silver nanocrystal superlattices driven by electric fields. The electric field creates a nanocrystal flux to the surface, providing a systematic means to vary the nanocrystal concentration near the electrode and thereby to initiate nucleation and growth of superlattices in several minutes. Using this approach, we measure the space- and time-resolved concentration and polydispersity gradients during deposition and show how they affect the superlattice constant and degree of order. We find that the field induces a size-selection effect that can reduce the polydispersity near the substrate by 21% leading to better quality crystals and resulting in field strength-dependent superlattice lattice constants.
Impact of initiatives to reduce prescription opioid risks on medically attended injuries in people using chronic opioid therapy.

PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to determine whether initiatives to improve the safety of opioid prescribing decreased injuries in people using chronic opioid therapy (COT). METHODS We conducted an interrupted time series analysis using data from Group Health (GH), an integrated health care delivery system in the United States. In 2007, GH implemented initiatives which substantially reduced daily opioid dose and increased patient monitoring. Among GH members age 18 or older receiving COT between 2006 and 2014, we compared injury rates for patients in GH's integrated group practice (IGP; exposed to the initiatives) vs patients cared for by contracted providers (not exposed). Injuries were identified using a validated algorithm. We calculated injury incidence during the baseline (preintervention) period from 2006 to 2007; the dose reduction period, 2008 to 2010; and the risk stratification and monitoring period, 2010 to 2014. Using modified Poisson regression, we estimated adjusted relative risks (RRs) representing the relative change per year in injury rates. RESULTS Among 21 853 people receiving COT in the IGP and 8260 in contracted care, there were 2679 injuries during follow-up. The baseline injury rate was 1.0% per calendar quarter in the IGP and 0.9% in contracted care. Risk reduction initiatives did not decrease injury rates: Within the IGP, the RR in the dose reduction period was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.95-1.07) and in the risk stratification and monitoring period, 0.99 (95% CI, 0.95-1.04). Injury trends did not differ between the two care settings. CONCLUSIONS Risk reduction initiatives did not decrease injuries in people using COT.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of LY2599666, a PEG-Linked Antigen Binding Fragment that Targets Soluble Monomer Amyloid-β

LY2599666 is a humanized, affinity-optimized monoclonal antibody antigen-binding fragment linked to a PEG molecule and targets soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) monomers. This first-in-human dose ascending study assessed pharmacokinetics (PK) (measured as serum free LY2599666 concentration) and pharmacodynamic (PD) effects (measured as plasma total soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42) after a single subcutaneous (SC) dose of 10, 25, 100, and 200 mg LY2599666 in healthy subjects. As LY2599666 binds to multiple soluble Aβ monomers, a two-target mediated drug disposition model (TMDD) was developed to simultaneously fit serum LY2599666 concentration and Aβ monomer levels. Four Alzheimer's disease patients completed 25 mg once-weekly dosing of LY2599666 for 12 weeks. In addition, single cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected to assess penetration capability across the blood-brain barrier. PK and PD data collected from the multiple dose cohort aligned with model predictions, suggesting the established TMDD model predicted suppression of soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 in plasma after SC dosing of LY2599666.
Alcohol Intake and Risk of Lethal Prostate Cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study.

Purpose It is unknown whether alcohol intake is associated with the risk of lethal (metastatic or fatal) prostate cancer. We examine (1) whether alcohol intake among men at risk of prostate cancer is associated with diagnosis of lethal prostate cancer and (2) whether intake among men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer is associated with metastasis or death. Methods This prospective cohort study uses the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986 to 2012). Our analysis of alcohol intake among men at risk of prostate cancer included 47,568 cancer-free men. Our analysis of alcohol intake among men with prostate cancer was restricted to 5,182 men diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer during follow-up. We examine the association of total alcohol, red and white wine, beer, and liquor with lethal prostate cancer and death. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. Results Alcohol drinkers had a lower risk of lethal prostate cancer (any v none: HR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.71 to 0.99]) without a dose-response relationship. Total alcohol intake among patients with prostate cancer was not associated with progression to lethal prostate cancer (any v none: HR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.57 to 1.72]), whereas moderate red wine intake was associated with a lower risk (any v none: HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.29 to 0.86]; P trend = .05). Compared with none, 15 to 30 g/d of total alcohol after prostate cancer diagnosis was associated with a lower risk of death (HR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.50 to 1.00]), as was red wine (any v none: HR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.57 to 0.97]; P trend = .007). Conclusion Cancer-free men who consumed alcohol had a slightly lower risk of lethal prostate cancer compared with abstainers. Among men with prostate cancer, red wine was associated with a lower risk of progression to lethal disease. These observed associations merit additional study but provide assurance that moderate alcohol consumption is safe for patients with prostate cancer.
Inhibition of Prostate Cancer Cells by 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid through Cell Cycle Arrest

Prostate cancer is a major cause of cancer-related mortality in men. Even though current therapeutic management has contributed to reducing mortality, additional intervention strategies are warranted to further improve the outcomes. To this end, we have investigated the efficacy of dicaffeoylquinic acids, ingredients in Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis), an evergreen cultivated in South America, the leaves of which are used to prepare a tea/coffee-like drink. Of the various analogs tested, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-diCQA) was the most active molecule against DU-145 prostate cancer cells with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5 μM. 4,5-diCQA was active both under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The effect of 72-hour treatment on DU-145 cells persisted for an extended time period as assessed by clonogenic assay. Mechanistic studies revealed that the toxic effect was not due to induction of programmed cell death but through cell cycle arrest at S phase. Additionally, 4,5-diCQA did not impact PI3K/MAPK signaling pathway nor did it affect the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. 4,5-diCQA-induced accumulation of cells in the S-phase also seems to negatively impact Bcl-2 expression. 4,5-diCQA also exhibited inhibitory activity on LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cells suggesting that it has therapeutic potential on a broad range of prostate cancers. Taken together, the novel inhibitory activity and mechanism of action of 4,5-diCQA opens up potential therapeutic options for using this molecule as monotherapy as well as in combinatorial therapies for the clinical management of prostate cancer.
Trends observed in 10 years of thin film coating laser damage competitions

Optimum material selection for high fluence interference coatings is wavelength dependent (increased bandgap with decreased wavelength) whereas the deposition process depends on pulse length (increased densification with decreased pulse length).
Accelerating and Activating Recovery Against EM Wearout

As technology scales into the nano-regime, electromigration (EM) issues become a major threat that causes IR drops on the power delivery network (PDN) and can eventually lead to permanent failures. Conventionally, EM has been constrained by design rules during the physical design phase. In this chapter, we present experimental evidence demonstrating that EM recovery can be accelerated and activated by “reversing” the direction of stress (current in the case of EM). The recovery mechanism can be employed to relax the conservative EM design rules at design time and can potentially fix EM issues before catastrophic failure during run time. Similar to the BTI case we demonstrate that EM wearout and recovery can also follow an optimal circadian rhythm leading to an almost complete recovery. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of EM recovery on potential improvements of chip signoff procedures.
CD4/CD8 Ratio and CD4 Nadir Predict Mortality Following Noncommunicable Disease Diagnosis in Adults Living with HIV.

Abstract Incidence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cirrhosis, and non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs), have been associated with HIV viremia, CD4 cell coun...
Book review: Ethics in Accounting: A Decision-Making Approach.

I review Gordon Klein’s Ethics in Accounting – A Decision Making Approach. Klein provides readers with real world ethical dilemmas in the accounting and finance industry. Klein uses a myriad of examples from professional matters to pop culture when illustrating the ethical issues we face daily. This review discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the book.
Right phenotype, wrong place: predator-induced plasticity is costly in a mismatched environment

Like many animals, tadpoles often produce different, predator-specific phenotypes when exposed to risk of predation. It is generally assumed that such plasticity enhances survival in the presence of the predator and is costly elsewhere, but evidence remains surprisingly scarce. We measured (1) the survival trade-off of opposing phenotypes developed by Dendropsophus ebraccatus tadpoles when exposed to different predators and (2) which specific aspects of morphology drive any potential survival benefit or cost. Tadpoles developed predator-specific phenotypes after being reared with caged fish or dragonfly predators for two weeks. In 24 h predation trials with either a fish or a dragonfly, survival was highest in the groups with their matched predator, and lowest among with those the mismatched predator, with predator-naive controls being relatively intermediate. Then, using a large group of phenotypically variable predator-naive tadpoles, we found that increased survival rates are directly related to the morphological changes that are induced by each predator. This demonstrates that induced phenotypes are indeed adaptive and the product of natural selection. Furthermore, our data provide clear evidence of an environmental cost for phenotypic plasticity in a heterogeneous environment. Such costs are fundamental for understanding the evolution and maintenance of inducible phenotypes.
Adipocyte-Induced FABP4 Expression in Ovarian Cancer Cells Promotes Metastasis and Mediates Carboplatin Resistance

Adipocytes are critical for ovarian cancer cells to home to the omentum, but the metabolic changes initiated by this interaction are unknown. To this end, we carried out unbiased mass spectrometry-based metabolomic and proteomic profiling of cancer cells cocultured with primary human omental adipocytes. Cancer cells underwent significant proteo-metabolomic alteration(s), typified by changes in the lipidome with corresponding upregulation of lipid metabolism proteins. FABP4, a lipid chaperone protein, was identified as the critical regulator of lipid responses in ovarian cancer cells cocultured with adipocytes. Subsequently, knockdown of FABP4 resulted in increased 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels in the DNA, downregulation of gene signatures associated with ovarian cancer metastasis, and reduced clonogenic cancer cell survival. In addition, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-mediated knockout of FABP4 in high-grade serous ovarian cancer cells reduced metastatic tumor burden in mice. Consequently, a small-molecule inhibitor of FABP4 (BMS309403) not only significantly reduced tumor burden in a syngeneic orthotopic mouse model but also increased the sensitivity of cancer cells toward carboplatin both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these results show that targeting FABP4 in ovarian cancer cells can inhibit their ability to adapt and colonize lipid-rich tumor microenvironments, providing an opportunity for specific metabolic targeting of ovarian cancer metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE: Ovarian cancer metastatic progression can be restricted by targeting a critical regulator of lipid responses, FABP4.
Patient-adapted organ absorbed dose and effective dose estimates in pediatric 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography studies.

Organ absorbed doses and effective doses can be used to compare radiation exposure among medical imaging procedures, compare alternative imaging options, and guide dose optimization efforts. Individual dose estimates are important for relatively radiosensitive patient populations such as children and for radiosensitive organs such as the eye lens. Software-based dose calculation methods conveniently calculate organ dose using patient-adjusted and examination-specific inputs. Organ absorbed doses and effective doses were calculated for 429 pediatric 18F-FDG PET-CT patients. Patient-adjusted and scan-specific information was extracted from the electronic medical record and scanner dose-monitoring software. The VirtualDose and OLINDA/EXM (version 2.0) programs, respectively, were used to calculate the CT and the radiopharmaceutical organ absorbed doses and effective doses. Patients were grouped according to age at the time of the scan as follows: less than 1 year old, 1 to 5 years old, 6 to 10 years old, 11 to 15 years old, and 16 to 17 years old. The mean (+/− standard deviation, range) total PET plus CT effective dose was 14.5 (1.9, 11.2–22.3) mSv. The mean (+/− standard deviation, range) PET effective dose was 8.1 (1.2, 5.7–16.5) mSv. The mean (+/− standard deviation, range) CT effective dose was 6.4 (1.8, 2.9–14.7) mSv. The five organs with highest PET dose were: Urinary bladder, heart, liver, lungs, and brain. The five organs with highest CT dose were: Thymus, thyroid, kidneys, eye lens, and gonads. Organ and effective dose for both the CT and PET components can be estimated with actual patient and scan data using commercial software. Doses calculated using software generally agree with those calculated using dose conversion factors, although some organ doses were found to be appreciably different. Software-based dose calculation methods allow patient-adjusted dose factors. The effort to gather the needed patient data is justified by the resulting value of the characterization of patient-adjusted dosimetry.
Continuous-time Signal Temporal Logic Planning with Control Barrier Functions.

Temporal Logic (TL) guided control problems have gained enormous interests in recent years. A wide range of properties, such as liveness and safety, can be specified through TL. On the other hand, Control Barrier Functions (CBF) have shown success in the context of safety critical applications that require constraints on the system states. In this paper, we consider linear cyber-physical systems with continuous dynamics, where controls are generated by digital computers in discrete time. We propose an offline trajectory planner for such systems subject to linear constraints given as Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formulas. The proposed planner is based on a Mixed Integer Quadratic Programming (MIQP) formulation that utilizes CBFs to produce system trajectories that are valid in continuous time; moreover we allow STL predicates with arbitrary time constraints, in which asynchronous control updates are allowed. We validate our theoretical results through numerical simulations.
Post-diagnostic dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, dietary insulin index, and insulin load and breast cancer survival.

Background: We investigated the associations of postdiagnostic dietary glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), insulin index (II), and insulin load (IL) with breast cancer–specific and all-cause mortality. Methods: Among 8,932 women with stage I–III breast cancer identified in the Nurses9 Health Study (NHS; 1980–2010) and NHSII (1991–2011), we prospectively evaluated the associations between postdiagnostic GI, GL, II, and IL, and breast cancer–specific and all-cause mortality. Participants completed a validated food frequency questionnaire every 4 years after diagnosis. Results: During follow-up by 2014 in the NHS and 2015 in the NHSII, 2,523 deaths, including 1,071 from breast cancer, were documented. Higher postdiagnostic GL was associated with higher risk of both breast cancer–specific mortality [HRQ5vsQ1 = 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09–1.63; Ptrend = 0.008] and all-cause mortality (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.10–1.45; Ptrend = 0.0006). Higher all-cause mortality was also observed with higher postdiagnostic GI (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.08–1.40; Ptrend = 0.001), II (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.04–1.38; Ptrend = 0.005), and IL (HRQ5vsQ1 = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.07–1.42; Ptrend = 0.0003). The associations were not modified by insulin receptor or estrogen receptor status of the tumor, or body mass index. Conclusions: We found that higher dietary GL, reflecting postprandial glucose response, after a breast cancer diagnosis was associated with higher risk of breast cancer–specific mortality. Higher dietary GI, GL, II, and IL after a breast cancer diagnosis were associated with higher risk of death from any cause. Impact: These results suggest that carbohydrate quantity and quality may be important in breast cancer prognosis. See related commentary by McTiernan, p. 252
“We Can Redefine Ourselves”: Enhancing Black College Men’s Persistence Through Counterspaces:

Black college men are constantly repositioned in higher education discourse as problems and in crises. However, there is much to be learned from Black men’s engagement in college and the meanings t...
Improving the Mechanical Strengths of Hybrid Waste Geopolymer Binders by Short Fiber Reinforcement

This study investigates the reinforcement impact of basalt fibers and carbon fibers on the mechanical strengths of a hybrid binary waste ash geopolymer matrix. The geopolymer composites were prepared at various fiber contents of 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% (v/v%). The evolution of the mechanical strengths of the specimens was conducted at different aging times of 3, 7, and 28 days. The results showed a significant improvement in the strength characteristics and toughness of the composites compared to the non-reinforced geopolymeric matrix due to fibers reinforcement. The stress–strain curves showed significant enhancements in the toughness and load-bearing capacity of the matrix as compared to the unreinforced mix, which exhibited brittle failure characteristics. Furthermore, the conducted microstructure analysis showed that the high modulus fibers worked on reinforcing the matrix by absorbing some of the stresses through the interface between the matrix and fiber and thus improved the matrix toughness.
Coworkers: Sources of Support or Relationships Gone Sour

It has been argued that peers make the place (Chiaburu & Harrison, 2008). For many, developing relationships with their coworkers can be a source of informational and social support and a trusted sounding board (Madlock & Booth-Butterfield, 2012). However, research illustrates that developing strong relationships with peers may not be as easy as it seems on the surface. Instead, the quality of the relationship one shares with their leader largely dictates who they are likely to befriend. Namely, those with high-quality leader-member relationships tend to develop trusted associations with each other, and the same goes for those with less effective leader-member relationships. Life for in-group members, those who have high-quality leader-member relationships, tends to continue to look up in the form of their peer relationships. This also means that out-group members receive fewer positive resources from their leaders and collectively have less to share or exchange with other out-group members. This suggests that once someone has become an out-group member, it becomes difficult if not impossible, to transform their employee experience. After translating relevant coworker-exchange literature for readers, this chapter focuses on providing practical tips for employees to enhance their peer relationships.
Hygroscopic metal-organic framework MIL-160(Al): In-situ time-dependent ATR-FTIR and gravimetric study of mechanism and kinetics of water vapor sorption.

Abstract Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are advanced highly porous coordination polymers of high interest to separations, environmental remediation, catalysis, and biomedicine. While many MOFs are unstable in water and aqueous solutions, aluminum MOFs (Al-MOFs) offer an unprecedented stability. First, we synthesize unusual highly hygroscopic Al-MOF MIL-160(Al), purify it and assign FTIR peaks to specific groups as potential water binding sites. Further, we introduce a novel method of in-situ time-dependent ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to detect specific binding sites in MIL-160(Al) and investigate the progress of reaction. Specifically, we combine in-situ time-dependent ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with using water as “spectroscopic probe” to determine binding sites in MIL-160(Al) and their evolution during the reaction. The in-situ time-dependent ATR-FTIR spectra provide evidence of water bonding to: the μ-OH group, the carboxylate anion COO– in 2,5-FDCA2- linker, oxygen atom in the furan ring of the linker, and the C–C and C–H bonds of the furan ring of the linker. Then, we conduct mechanistic and kinetic study of sorption of water vapor on MIL-160(Al) in air using the combination of two complementary in-situ time-dependent methods: the ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and gravimetric analysis. Water vapor sorption on MIL-160(Al) results in the solid-state adsorption complex with up to four water molecules per unit of MIL-160(Al). Chemical kinetics of water sorption on MIL-160(Al) follows a pseudo-first order rate law and it is consistent with dynamics and timescale revealed by in-situ time-dependent ATR-FTIR. The combination of two in-situ time-dependent methods, the ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and gravimetry, forms a new powerful experimental approach to facilely study mechanisms, stoichiometry and chemical kinetics of various solid–gas reactions in the ambient and controlled environments.
Synovial Sarcoma of the Tongue: Report of a Case

This report outlines the workup and management of a 55-year-old woman with a synovial sarcoma of the lateral border of the tongue that was initially diagnosed as a glomus tumor. A review was performed of the literature on synovial sarcomas of the oral cavity and current National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. Synovial sarcomas of the tongue are rare neoplasms, with variable morphologic microscopic types and immunohistochemical profiles. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of the known gene translocation also can be used in diagnosis. According to the literature, resection of the tumor is the current treatment of choice; however, owing to the rarity of this entity, diagnosis and management prove challenging for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon.
The Shaping of the Network Neutrality Debate: Information Subsidizers on Twitter

Drawing on the concept of information subsidy, this study explores the network neutrality debate in the context of Twitter. Content analysis of the top 150 most retweeted URLs demonstrates that the composition of information subsidizers on Twitter was more or less evenly divided among stakeholders, including government, industry, nonprofit/advocacy, and experts. Despite the diversity of sources, there was a clear lack of diversity in stance. The majority of sources displayed a favorable attitude toward net neutrality. Our findings highlight the potential of Twitter to represent the position of resource-poor information subsidizers, including advocacy groups, entrepreneurs, and race-based online communities, as they seek to uphold the neutrality of the Internet.
Worms vs. perimeters: the case for hard-LANs

Network worms - self-propagating network programs - represent a substantial threat to our network infrastructure. Due to the propagation speed of worms, reactive defenses need to be automatic. It is important to understand where and how these defenses need to fit in the network so that they cannot be easily evaded. As there are several mechanisms malcode authors can use to bypass existing perimeter-centric defenses, this position paper argues that substantial defenses need to be embedded in the local area network, thus creating "hard-LANs" designed to detect and respond to worm infections. When compared with conventional network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs), we believe that hard-LAN devices need to have two orders of magnitude better cost/performance, and at least two orders of magnitude better accuracy, resulting in substantial design challenges.
Uptake of Griseofulvin by the Sensitive Dermatophyte, Microsporum gypseum

El-Nakeeb, Moustafa A. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.), and J. O. Lampen. Uptake of griseofulvin by the sensitive dermatophyte, Microsporum gypseum. J. Bacteriol. 89:564–569. 1965.—Actively growing cultures of Microsporum gypseum took up large amounts of griseofulvin-(4-methoxy-H3) from the medium. Initially, most of the material could be extracted with hot water, but there was a continuing increase in firmly bound forms of the antibiotic. The fungus accumulated griseofulvin intracellularly to a level up to 100 times that present in the medium. The process appeared to involve two phases. A small amount of griseofulvin was bound almost instantaneously. This binding was independent of the culture conditions or cell viability. The second stage was prolonged and was governed by the different factors controlling active metabolism, but it proceeded in organisms whose growth had been inhibited by the antibiotic itself or by limited nutrients. This stage required a supply of metabolic energy, since it was temperature-dependent, needed an exogenous energy source, and was completely inhibited by sodium azide or 2,4-dinitrophenol. Uptake was optimal at pH 5.5 to 6.5. Synthesis of a transport system is probably required, since uptake is prevented by p-fluorophenylalanine. Heat-killed cells did not take up griseofulvin beyond the small amount bound instantly.
Sinus pericranii: A case report

A healthy 6-week-old white male presented with an intermittently enlarging reddish-blue plaque on the midline forehead and frontal scalp. Neuroimaging revealed an abnormal vascular communication between the extracranial and intracranial venous systems. This rare condition is termed sinus pericranii. The authors provide a review of sinus pericranii and describe its imaging findings, embryologic derivation, differential diagnosis, and clinical management.
La epistemología y el conocimiento útil

espanolSe presentara una caracterizacion epistemologica de las ciencias ingenieriles, superando la definicion clasica de la tecnologia como "ciencia aplicada". Con el estudio de caso de la Resistencia de materiales como ejemplo de teoria tecnologica , se reinterpretara el esquema de relaciones posibles entre la ciencia y la tecnologia. Los resultados pueden ser un factor relevante en los debates eticos y decisiones politicas acerca de los desarrollos tecnologicos. EnglishAn epistemological characterization of the engineering sciences will be presented, surpassing the classical definition of technology as "applied science". With the case study of the resistance of materials as an example of technological theory, the scheme of possible relationships between science and technology will be reinterpreted. The results can be a relevant factor in the ethical debates and political decisions about the technological developments. KEYWORDS epistemology, material resistance, technology philosophy, ethics, technological theory, science and technology relationship.
Rhizomorphics of Race and Space

Abstract This article discusses the slave-holding forts and castles erected on the coast of West Africa between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries, and argues for their centrality in conceptualizing race as a maker and marker of modern, transnational American identity. It reconfigures Paul Gilroy's notion of “fractal” and “rhizomorphic” structure of the Black Atlantic to cast the castles as a collective architectural monument to centuries-long cultural exchanges between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. By linking these sites to recent “roots” tourism, it also demonstrates their continued vitality to mapping the history and theory of African diasporic spaces in the United States.
Pairings of lever and food induce Pavlovian conditioned approach of sign-tracking and goal-tracking in C57BL/6 mice.

In rats, Pavlovian sign-tracking has been extensively evaluated as a model of compulsiveness in drug addiction and other addictive behaviors, but it remains unexplored in mice, a species with a wealth of genetically modified models, which makes it possible to examine gene-behavior relationships. In C57BL/6 mice, the most commonly used mouse strain for genetic studies, repeated pairings of lever conditioned stimulus (CS) with food unconditioned stimulus (US) induced Pavlovian conditioning of sign-tracking conditioned response (ST CR) performance of lever CS-directed approach, and Pavlovian conditioning of goal-tracking conditioned response (GT CR) performance of approach responses directed at the location of the food trough where the food US was delivered. The CS–US Paired group performed more ST CRs and more GT CRs during sessions 15–16 than did pseudoconditioning controls which received the lever CS and food US randomly with respect to one another. During sessions 15–16, all mice in the Paired group performed more GT CRs than ST CRs, and regression analysis revealed a positive relationship between an individual subject's tendency to perform ST CRs and GT CRs. The mice that performed more ST CRs during sessions 15–16 yielded higher plasma corticosterone levels. These data reveal stable and reliable acquisition and maintenance of ST CR performance and GT CR performance in mice; however, unlike in rats, ST CRs and GT CRs did not vary inversely within subjects. Corticosterone release, a pathophysiological marker of vulnerability to drug abuse, was positively related to ST CR performance.
Emerging drugs to treat squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck

Importance of the field: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the eighth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite advances in surgery and chemoradiation therapy, there has been little improvement in survival rates over the past 4 decades. Additionally, surgery and chemoradiotherapy have serious side effects. The development of agents with greater efficacy and tolerability is needed.Areas covered in this review: EGFR is the only proven molecular target for HNSCC therapy. Cetuximab, the sole FDA-approved molecular targeted HNSCC therapy, and other potential targeted therapies are being evaluated in preclinical, clinical and post-marketing studies. Here, we review the emerging targets for biological agents in HNSCC and the rationale for their selection.What the reader will gain: Key information in the development of new drug targets and the emergence of new biomarkers are discussed. Readers will gain insight regarding the limitations of current therapies, the impact of recently approved t...
A Detrimental Interaction of Subsoil Aluminum and Drought Stress on the Leaf Water Status of Soybean

Drought and subsoil A1 are major concerns which face soybean [ (L.) Merr.] producers in the southeastern USA. However, the interaction of these two factors is not clearly understood. This study was designed to characterize the combined effect of these two stress factors on soybean water status. A greenhouse experiment was conducted, with two levels of subsoil A1 saturation (6 and 71%), and two levels of drought stress (watered and unwatered). A split plot experimental design with three replications was employed. Soil treatments were applied via a soil layering technique using topsoil of a Goldsboro sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Aquic Paleudult). The top layer in all pots consisted of the unamended topsoil. In the lower layer, highly contrasting A1 saturation levels were obtained by amending one half of the pots with A1(SO). Data were collected during a 14-d moisture stress treatment imposed at podfilling (R3). Traits measured were leaf water potential, relative water content, transpiration, and diffusive resistance. A detrimental interaction between subsoil AI and drought was observed in all traits measured. Plants grown in the presence of both stress factors had lower levels of leaf relative water content and water potential, and a lower transpiration rate than predicted additively by independent stress factors. In general, subsoil AI had much greater effects on leaf water status in drought-stressed soybean plants than in the wellwatered plants. These results suggest that hindered root growth in highly AI-saturated subsoils may have limited the ability of the plant to withstand drought. Soybean producers in regions characterized by drought and subsoil AI should consider the incorporation of Altolerant germplasm into management systems. Field studies including water stress as a variable should be interpreted with regard to this interaction, if soil A1 is present.
TU-FF-A3-06: Dose Calculation in Presence of a Metallic Object Using Megavoltage Cone-Beam CT

Purpose:CTimage artefacts caused by the presence of metallic objects hinder organ delineation and preclude precise dose calculation. In contrast, the presence of high atomic number material has relatively little impact on the image quality of Megavoltage Cone‐beam CT (MVCBCT). The objective of this work was to determine if MVCBCT could be used for accurate dose calculation in the presence of metallic objects. Material: Experiments were performed with a 16cm diameter cylindrical water‐equivalent phantom. MVCBCT and kVCT images of the phantom were acquired with and without a 1.5 cm diameter steel rod (3 mm wall thickness) sitting on the phantom. Using a treatment planning system, dose distributions were calculated for a 6 MV 10 cm square field AP beam for these configurations. Dose measurements were performed using an ion chamber placed at isocenter and mosfet detectors placed at 35 locations in the phantom. Measured and calculated dose values were compared. Results: Without metal, dose calculated in the phantom using either the kVCT or the MVCBCT image corrected for cupping artefact were all within 2% of each other and of the measured values, showing the ability to use the MVCBCT for dose calculation. In the presence of the metallic object, erroneous density values, around the rod, made dose calculation on the kVCT unreliable. MVCBCT provided correct density values (within 5%) and differences between measured and calculated dose values were on average 3.2% (SD 3.4%). The two largest differences (10.6% and 8.9%) were found in a high dose gradient region below the rod. Conclusion: MVCBCT can be used in a treatment planning system for dose calculation in the presence of metallic objects. Results for non‐cylindrical geometries will also be presented. This research is supported by Siemens.
Increased phencyclidine self-administration due to food deprivation: interaction with concentration and training conditions.

Six monkeys were trained to self-administer orally delivered phencyclidine (0.25 mg/ml) under a fixed-ratio 16 (FR-16) schedule. Water was concurrently available under an FR-16 schedule. During initial phencyclidine training, three monkeys were allowed free access to food (food satiation) and three were maintained at 85% of their free-feeding body weights (food deprivation). At the end of the training phase, the food-satiated monkeys were food-deprived. After behavior was stable for ten sessions, all monkeys were food-satiated and tested with a range of phencyclidine concentrations (0.0625–1 mg/ml). They were subsequently food-deprived and tested with concentrations of 0.0312–1 mg/ml, and then they were again food-satiated and tested with 0.0312 and 0.25 mg/ml. The monkeys that were trained to self-administer phencyclidine-maintained responding at lower drug concentrations when later tested while food-satiated. In contrast, monkeys that were trained while food-deprived did not respond for phencyclidine in excess of water at the lower concentrations when later tested while food-satiated. Drug-maintained performance during food deprivation did not change systematically as a function of training condition (food deprivation versus food satiation). These results illustrated a marked interaction between drug concentration and the feeding condition and this interaction was modified by training history.
Automating Judgmental Decision Making for a Serious Medical Problem

A decision theory model of the diagnosis and treatment of a serious medical condition, acute renal failure, has been implemented as part of a study of automated judgmental decision-making. An interactive diagnostic computer program was used to test the model. This program employs formal decision procedures and the subjective assessment of likelihoods and preferences of experts to analyze the diagnostic/treatment problem. The program's success in duplicating the decisions of expert clinicians in about 90 per cent of the cases used indicates that the method of analysis is not only a convenient structure for theoretically describing diagnosis and treatment, but that it is potentially a practical way of analyzing such decision problems.
Coiled‐coil dimerization of the LOV2 domain of the blue‐light photoreceptor phototropin 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana

A key role in signal transduction and dimerization mediated by Per–Arnt–Sim (PAS) domains is played by α-helical linkers that flank the structurally similar α/β cores of these domains. However, crystal-packing forces and the different construct lengths and sequences of the PAS domains influence the final length and orientation of the linkers relative to the core and create uncertainty in the exact mechanism of the linker function. Thus, structural characterization and comparison of the linkers within isolated PAS-domain constructs and/or full-length PAS-containing proteins is important for clarification of the mechanism. The plant blue-light photoreceptors phototropins possess two N-terminal flavin mononucleotide-based light, oxygen or voltage (LOV) domains (LOV1 and LOV2) that comprise a subclass of the PAS family and one C-terminal serine/threonine kinase domain whose enzymatic activity is regulated by blue light. The dark-adapted state crystal structures of the Arabidopsis thaliana phototropin 1 and phototropin 2 LOV1-domain constructs flanked by an N-terminal A′α helix and the structure of the phototropin 2 core LOV2 domain are known. Here, the crystal structure of the A. thaliana phototropin 1 LOV2 domain has been determined in its dark-adapted state. The core is flanked by an N-terminal A′α helix and a C-terminal Jα helix similar to those in the previously reported structure of Avena sativa phototropin 1 LOV2. In contrast to the monomeric A. sativa LOV2, A. thaliana LOV2 is a dimer in which two A′α helices adopt a scissor-like orientation at the dimer interface and form a short α-helical coiled coil. The Jα helix predominantly interacts with the β-sheet and plays a role in coiled-coil formation and dimerization.