cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mineral Nutrition of Goats

Abstract World literature on mineral nutrition of dairy goats was reviewed for the first time. No daily requirements of minerals for goats under different production conditions have been found. Cows, sheep, and goats differ in milk, blood, and tissue contents of minerals. Goats milking between .8 and 2.0 kg/day were in positive calcium and phosphorus balance when receiving between 7.7 and 21.6 g calcium oxide and 6.6 to 13.5 g phosphorus oxide in the feed daily and when sources of vitamin D were provided. Supplies of 238 mg magnesium per day were too small for normal milk production. A concentration of 1.74 g sodium per kilogram feed dry matter allowed normal milk production and growth of goats while .31 g sodium/kg dry matter did not. Dietary supplies of .03% ferrous iron produced normal ruminal epithelial color while .003% did not. Copper deficiencies can develop in the presence of cadmium and sulfur pollution. Zinc supplied at 6 to 7 ppm per day to growing males and milking females produced deficiency symptoms, and a minimum of 10 ppm is necessary for normal functions. Zinc deficiency produced changed sex ratios in favor of female twins. Goats fed 5 ppm manganese daily developed signs of deficiences including changed sex ratios in favor of male twins.
MLL-AF9 and FLT3 Cooperation during Myeloid Leukemogenesis: Development of a Model for Rapid Testing of New Therapeutics.

Human leukemias harboring chromosomal translocations involving the Mixed lineage leukemia ( MLL , HRX , ALL-1 ) gene possess high-level expression, and frequent activating mutations of the receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3. We used a murine bone marrow transplant model to assess cooperation between MLL translocation and FLT3 activation, and demonstrate that MLL-AF9 expression induces leukemia in approximately 70 days whereas the combination of MLL-AF9 and FLT3-ITD does so in less than 30 days. In both cases, the resulting disease is a highly aggressive, clonal, acute myelogenous leukemia. Detailed immunophenotypic analysis demonstrates expansion of an IL-7Rα − Lin − Sca-1 − c-Kit + CD34 int. granulocyte macrophage progenitor (GMP)-like population in both the MLL-AF9 and MLL-AF9/FLT3-ITD induced leukemias. Other progenitor populations such as IL-7Rα − Lin − Sca-1 − c-Kit + CD34 + FcγRII/III lo common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) and IL-7Rα − Lin − Sca-1 − c-Kit + CD34 − FcγRII/III − megakaryocyte erythroid progenitors (MEPs) are absent in the bone marrow from leukemic mice. Secondary transplantation of splenic cells from diseased mice established that leukemic stem cells are present at a very high frequency of approximately 1:100 in both diseases. Cooperation between MLL-AF9 and FLT3-ITD was further verified by real-time assessment of leukemogenesis using non-invasive bioluminescence imaging. We developed a transgenic mouse model that expresses luciferase under control of the ubiquitin promoter to provide luminescent bone marrow cells that can be used as donor cells in bone marrow transplant assays. In these experiments, the development of leukemia was followed in secondary recipients via bioluminescent imaging. We used this model to confirm cooperation of MLL-AF9 and FLT3-ITD, and to demonstrate that MLL-AF9/FLT3-ITD induced leukemias are sensitive to FLT3 inhibition in a 2–3 week in vivo assay. These data (1) show that MLL-AF9 induces acute myelogenous leukemia with a high frequency of leukemic stem cells and expansion of a GMP-like progenitor population, (2) demonstrate that activated FLT3 cooperates with MLL-AF9 to accelerate leukemogenesis, and (3) provide a new genetically-defined model system that should prove useful for rapid assessment of potential therapeutics in vivo .
A comparison of surrogate endpoints for all cause mortality in men with localized unfavorable-risk prostate cancer.

21Background: Several surrogates for prostate cancer-specific mortality exist, but whether these are surrogates for all cause mortality (ACM), and how their performance compares, is unknown. We investigated the relative efficacy of 4 candidate surrogates for ACM using the proportion of treatment effect (PTE) metric. Methods: Two-hundred and six men with localized unfavorable-risk prostate cancer were randomized to radiation therapy (RT) or RT and 6 months of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) from 1995 to 2001 and followed for a median of 16.62 years. Among the 159 men with no or minimal comorbidity, a significant reduction in the risk of death was observed in those randomized to RT and ADT versus RT alone; these 159 men formed the study cohort. In order to assess whether the candidate surrogated satisfied Prentice’s criteria for surrogacy, Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the risk of death for each of the candidate surrogates and treatment before and after adjusting for prostate-specific ...
Factors Related to Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Prescription by U.S. Primary Care Physicians

Introduction Although pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) greatly reduces risk of HIV infection in HIV-negative individuals, use is not widespread enough to impact HIV incidence. Involvement of primary care physicians (PCPs) in PrEP prescription is essential, but previous research has shown low rates of prescription among PCPs. To identify targets for interventions, the information–motivation–behavioral skills model for PrEP discussion and prescription was tested in a ten-city sample of PCPs. Methods PCPs from ZIP codes with high HIV incidence in ten U.S. cities (N=280, 52% male, 56% white) completed a survey online between July 2014 and May 2015. Information items assessed knowledge, motivation items evaluated attitudes, and behavioral skills items measured comfort with behaviors involved in prescribing PrEP. Providers indicated whether they had discussed PrEP with or prescribed PrEP to patients. Data were analyzed in 2015 and 2016. Results One third of PCPs had discussed and 17% had prescribed PrEP. A structural equation model with good fit supported the information–motivation–behavioral skills model. Information and motivation predicted behavioral skills (b=0.35, 95% CI=0.13, 0.57; and b=0.31, 95% CI=0.14, 0.47, respectively). Behavioral skills predicted prescription (b=0.27, 95% CI=0.12, 0.42). Furthermore, behavioral skills mediated effects of information and motivation on prescription (b=0.10, 95% CI=0.03, 0.19; and b=0.08, 95% CI=0.03, 0.16, respectively). Conclusions The information–motivation–behavioral skills model can be applied to PCPs' PrEP discussion and prescription. Its constructs represent potential targets for PCP-directed interventions to increase PrEP use in high-risk populations.
From Euclid to the Development of Federal Environmental Law: The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio and the Regulation of Physical Space

In 1969, the Cuyahoga River burned. Although it was not the first time that the River was in need of assistance, it was the 1969 fire that helped to compel a radical transformation in the way that we interact with the environment. The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio was not called upon to adjudicate the liabilities resulting from this pivotal event. But in the years preceding the Cuyahoga fire, the district court was asked to navigate conflicting jurisprudential approaches to the use of land, air, and water. This chapter explores a handful of these cases in order to illustrate the nation's struggle over suspicious conceptions of economic advantage and fairness, flexible distinctions of private and public property, and evolving ideas of nature and health. The chapter begins with the 1924 decision in Ambler Realty Corporation v. Village of Euclid, which remains the most famous challenge to the constitutionality of zoning regulations. It then turns to the 1930 decision in Swetland v. Curtiss Airports Corporation, where the district court addressed the inevitable limitations in property rights above land following the advancement of powered human flight. Finally, it considers an opinion released on the eve of the Cuyahoga River fire, when the court was asked to choose between saving a town and protecting railroad operations in Biechelle v. Norfolk Western Railway Company. Although the district court's decisions in these controversies do not bear the indelible character that we often attribute to law, the federal district courts for the Northern District of Ohio contributed to a legal framework in which the fire could occur and, perhaps more significantly, in which the fire could be perceived as an important event.
The role of calculi in uncertain reasoning

Much of the controversy about methods for automated decision making has focused on specific calculi for combining beliefs or propagating uncertainty. We broaden the debate by (1) exploring the constellation of secondary tasks surrounding any primary decision problem, and (2) identifying knowledge engineering concerns that present additional representational tradeoffs. We argue on pragmatic grounds that the attempt to support all of these tasks within a single calculus is misguided. In the process, we note several uncertain reasoning objectives that conflict with the Bayesian ideal of complete specification of probabilities and utilities. In response, we advocate treating the uncertainty calculus as an object language for reasoning mechanisms that support the secondary tasks. Arguments against Bayesian decision theory are weakened when the calculus is relegated to this role. Architectures for uncertainty handling that take statements in the calculus as objects to be reasoned about offer the prospect of retaining normative status with respect to decision making while supporting the other tasks in uncertain reasoning.
Importance of Multimethod and Mixed Methods Research Approach in HRD. A Case of a ‘Skills Needs Identification Study’

Research and theory building in Human Resource Development (HRD) and allied fields have not been spared the so-called paradigm wars with the preponderance of empirical research in HRD being quantitative. The dominant epistemology in HRD has been the linear epistemology and transcend many discourses, practice, and research in the field. There is however, a rise in research grounded in nonlinear epistemology, although the underlying methodological approaches have not clearly been defined. Mixed Methods and Multimethod research approaches are therefore becoming important as a result of the epistemological shift. Multimethods and Mixed Method research approaches in HRD are not novel, however, methodologies and concepts underlying the approach are not very well developed. In a multimethod mixed methods study to identify skill needs for agrifood nanotechnology, a comprehensive methodology was developed for a systems approach research in HRD. In this paper, this multimethod mixed methods research is described to provide a template and an approach that can be adapted in other HRD research. The importance of multimethod and mixed methods research approaches in HRD is articulated.
Perceived safe and adequate truck parking: A random parameters binary logit analysis of truck driver opinions in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract This paper focuses on the availability of parking for freight vehicles, with a specific focus on being able to find safe and adequate parking (i.e., a designated parking location for large trucks) along a primary freight corridor in Oregon. This is achieved through the use of a truck driver survey regarding their experiences related to the availability of safe and adequate parking. The survey is geographically focused on drivers and freight activity throughout the Pacific Northwest, as to better infer on truck parking along the study corridor. The data and information collected are then utilized to estimate a binary outcome (logit) model to evaluate how different factors, obtained from the driver survey, impact the likelihood of finding safe and adequate parking from the perspective of the driver. Of 134 indicator variables, 11 factors are found to be statistically significant and provide insights into what impacts or affects the probability that a driver will encounter problems finding safe and adequate parking. Results show that drivers of less-than-truckload (LTL) shipments, weekend shipments, and older drivers have significantly fewer challenges finding safe and adequate parking. Findings from the current study can be used to better guide efforts in Oregon, and across the country, in regard to safe and adequate truck parking.
Disseminated Cutaneous Mycobacterium Haemophilum Infection and Concomitant Crusted Scabies in an Iatrogenically Immunocompromised Patient - A Case Report

Mycobacterium haemophilum and crusted scabies are rare cutaneous diseases reported in distinct immunocompromised hosts. M. haemophilum is a skin and soft tissue infection, whereas crusted scabies is an infestation of the skin. Whereas scabies infestation is readily diagnosed, M. haemophilum infection poses a diagnostic challenge due to its rarity as well as varied clinical and histologic presentations. Although both scabies infestation and M. haemophilum have been reported in the literature separately, to our knowledge no previous reports have described these diseases occurring simultaneously in an iatrogenically immunosuppressed patient. We report herein a rare case of concomitant M. haemophilum and scabies infestation in a 38-year-old woman with dermatomyositis on multiple immunosuppressive agents.
Effect of powder compact density on the LIBS analysis of Ni impurities in alumina powders

Abstract The quantification of elemental impurities in aluminum oxide powder is important due to its large demand for various industrial applications. One of the techniques to perform such analysis is Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and to that end, powders are usually pressed into pellets. However, the density of the powder-compact is often not reported and its effect on the analytical figure-of-merit is unknown. In this work, we study the influence of aluminum oxide powder-compacts density of these pellets on the calibration curve of nickel contaminant. Our results show that the sensitivity increases whenthe grain size increases for a given density and that its relative standard deviation decreases with the density of the powder compacts without any grain size effect. These results imply that both the powder-compact density and the ultimate particle size of the powders must be specified in the protocol for building the calibration curve.
A scoping review of the role of HIV-related stigma and discrimination in noncommunicable disease care.

Background People living with HIV are increasingly burdened by noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) as a result of the NCD susceptibility that accompanies increased life expectancy and the rising global prevalence of NCDs. Health systems are being strengthened and programs are being developed to address this burden, often building on HIV care strategies and infrastructure or through integrated care models. HIV remains a stigmatized condition and the role of HIV stigma in the provision of NCD care is not well understood. Methods We conducted a scoping literature review of both peer reviewed and grey literature to identify evidence of the role of HIV stigma in the NCD-care continuum (prevention, diagnosis, care seeking, retention in care, and adherence to treatment of NCDs). We searched PsychInfo and Pubmed and conducted additional searches of programmatic reports and conference abstracts. Included studies were published in English within the past decade and examined HIV-related stigma as it relates to NCD-care or to integrated NCD-and HIV-care programs. Results Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Findings suggest: fear of disclosure, internalized shame and embarrassment, and negative past experiences with or negative perceptions of health care providers negatively influence engagement with NCD care; HIV stigma can adversely affect not only people living with HIV in need of NCD care, but all NCD patients; some NCDs are stigmatized in their own right or because of their association with HIV; integrating NCD and HIV care can both reduce stigma for people living with HIV and a present a barrier to access for NCD care. Conclusion Due to the dearth of available research and the variability in initial findings, further research on the role of HIV stigma in the NCD-care continuum for people living with HIV is necessary. Lessons from the field of HIV-stigma research can serve as a guide for these efforts.
Postulational and Averaging Approaches

The approach put forward in Chapter 6, which could be called the “postulational” approach, is appealing in that references to the microstructure do not appear in the formulation. This is analogous to the similar approach to continuum mechanics, where the molecular nature of matter plays no role in the formulation. The existence of the microstructure is often simply ignored, or argued away by saying that the “limit” is stopped at some scale larger than the microstructure, but smaller than any macroscopic scale of interest. Another view of both the continuum approach to both ordinary continua and to multicomponent continua is that they are models of reality, and consequently are simplified to the point of omitting some phenomena; namely, they do not govern the evolution of microstructure. These models require taking limits as volumes shrink to zero, so that at some point, the volume is so small that it cannot contain many “corpuscles.” This feature does not render the model invalid, but instead suggests that constitutive equations are required to replace the microstructure detail lost in the model.
Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Analysis of Moving Visual Stimuli

Animals analyze objects moving in the visual world in order to follow the movements of predators and prey (Ewert, 1991), control the orientation of their bodies as they move through their environments (Lee, 1980; Roy and Wurtz, 1990), calculate the range of distant objects in the world (Srinivasan, 1992), help determine the three-dimensional shapes of objects (Wallach and O’Connell, 1953; Johansson, 1971), and decipher the relations of objects to their backgrounds (Braddick, 1993). Because of the biological importance of visual motion analysis (Nakayama, 1985), the mechanisms used to detect and analyze moving stimuli have been studied in a wide range of species including arthropods (Borstand Egelhaaf, 1989; Franceschini et al, 1989; Egelhaaf and Borst, 1987,1993a, b, 1994), rabbits (Oyster, 1968), turtles (Ulinski et al, 1991; Granda and Sisson, 1992), cats (Orban, 1984), and primates (Orban, 1994). One goal for such work is to understand how animals are able to implement the computations that underlie motion analysis using the “wetware” available in their nervous systems. In the case of vertebrates, this involves under-standing the role of neural circuitry embedded both in the retina and in components of the central nervous system. Consistent with the theme of the volume, this chapter focuses on understanding how the biophysical, synaptic, and connectional properties of neurons in visual cortex are used to effect the computations that allow animals to extract a rich picture of the external world from patterns of light moving past their eyes.
Chemical protective clothing comfort study: thermal insulation and evaporative resistance from fabric to garment

The relationship between the Rct and Ret of textile material used in CPC and that obtained from CPC garment was investigated. It was found that the Rct and Ret of CPC fabric are reliable predictor for the Rct and Ret of CPC garments respectively. Air gap contributes significantly to the increase of the Rct of CPC garments and fabrics. Heat dissipation by water vapor transfer through CPC is a complex process and different from other kinds of clothing due to its low permeability or impermeability. Further studies on the influential factors of Ret of CPC garments are needed.
Comparison of follicular development, timing of ovulation and serum progesterone, estradiol and luteinizing hormone concentrations in dairy heifers treated with 4- or 5-day CoSynch + CIDR protocols

The use of 4-day CoSynch + Controlled internal drug release (CIDR) + timed artificial insemination (TAI) in dairy heifers has resulted in adequate pregnancy rates compared with the 5-day CoSynch + CIDR + TAI protocol. The objective of this study was to compare follicular growth, timing of ovulation and serum progesterone (P4 ), estradiol (E2 ) and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations in dairy heifers treated with modified 4- or 5-day CoSynch + CIDR protocols (CIDR for 4 or 5 days, PGF2 α at CIDR removal and GnRH + TAI 72 h later). Twelve cycling Holstein heifers were randomly assigned to either the 4- or 5-day Co-Synch+CIDR (n = 6/treatment) to receive an intravaginal insert CIDR® containing 1.38 g of P4 for 4 or 5 days, respectively. At CIDR removal, 25 mg of PGF2 α was injected IM; 72 h after CIDR removal, heifers received 100 μg of GnRH IM and timed artificial insemination (TAI). Follicular growth and timing of ovulation were assessed using transrectal ultrasonography. Blood samples were collected at the time of CIDR insertion and at frequent time points after CIDR removal for determination of P4 (at TAI), E2 (every 12 h) and LH (every 6 h during the first and second day and every 2 h on the third day). Heifers in the 4-day group had smaller follicles from CIDR insert removal to ovulation compared with heifers in the 5-day treatment. Five of six heifers (83.3%) in the 4-day treatment ovulated at 90-96 h post CIDR insert removal, whereas most heifers in the 5-day treatment (4/6; 66.6%) ovulated at 84-90 h post CIDR insert withdrawal. Heifers in the 5-day treatment reached greater peak LH concentration between 48 and 72 h after CIDR insert removal and lesser E2 concentration at TAI than heifers in the 4-day treatment. In conclusion, heifers in the 4-day treatment had smaller follicular diameter at 0, 30, 36, 42 and 48 h after CIDR insert removal, longer interval from CIDR insert removal to ovulation, greater E2 concentrations at TAI, and lesser peak LH concentration than heifers in the 5-day treatment. These results represent a baseline for further studies to determine if prolonging the interval to TAI by 6 h in the 4-day CoSynch+CIDR would improve pregnancy risk.
Perioperative outcomes among chronic opioid users who receive lobectomy for non–small cell lung cancer

Abstract Objective We sought to identify whether chronic opioid users are at increased risk for complications or hospital readmission following lobectomy for non–small cell lung cancer. Methods The National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database was queried to identify patients older than age 65 years who received a lobectomy for non–small cell lung cancer. Chronic opioid users were identified through Medicare Part D records and were defined as those with >120 cumulative days of opioid supply for the year before surgery. A systematic 1:2 propensity matching was performed among chronic opioid users. Results Six thousand four hundred thirty-seven patients were identified, among whom 3627 (56%) were opioid naive, 1866 (29%) were intermittent opioid users, and 944 (15%) were chronic opioid users. After propensity matching, 30-day mortality and 90-day mortality were nearly 2-fold higher among chronic opioid users compared with nonchronic users. In addition, length of stay and hospital charges were increased among chronic opioid users (median, 6 vs 7 days and mean increase, $12,526, respectively). Multivariable analysis revealed that intermittent opioid users and chronic opioid users were associated with an increased risk of 90-day hospital readmission compared with opioid-naive patients (odds ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-1.71 and odds ratio, 1.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.40-2.12, respectively), predominantly burdened by infectious, renal, and pulmonary causes. Conclusions Patients who chronically use opioids before lobectomy represent high-risk patients. The risk of 30- and 90-day mortality, length of stay, hospital charges, and 90-day readmission after lobectomy among chronic opioid users are substantially elevated.
Which Applicant Factors Predict Success in Emergency Medicine Training Programs? A Scoping Review.

Author(s): Yang, Allen; Gilani, Chris; Saadat, Soheil; Murphy, Linda; Toohey, Shannon; Boysen-Osborn, Megan | Abstract: BackgroundProgram directors (PDs) in emergency medicine (EM) receive an abundance of applications for very few residency training spots. It is unclear which selection strategies will yield the most successful residents. Many authors have attempted to determine which items in an applicant's file predict future performance in EM.ObjectivesThe purpose of this scoping review is to examine the breadth of evidence related to the predictive value of selection factors for performance in EM residency.MethodsThe authors systematically searched four databases and websites for peer-reviewed and gray literature related to EM admissions published between 1992 and February 2019. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts for articles that met the inclusion criteria, according to the scoping review study protocol. The authors included studies if they specifically examined selection factors and whether those factors predicted performance in EM residency training in the United States.ResultsAfter screening 23,243 records, the authors selected 60 for full review. From these, the authors selected 15 published manuscripts, onenunpublished manuscript, and 11 abstracts for inclusion in the review. These studies examined the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE), Standardized Letters of Evaluation, Medical Student Performance Evaluation, medical school attended, clerkship grades, membership in honor societies, and other less common factors and their association with future EM residency training performance.ConclusionsThe USMLE was the most common factor studied. It unreliably predicts clinical performance, but more reliably predicts performance on licensing examinations. All other factors were less commonly studied and, similar to the USMLE, yielded mixed results.
Perioperative and long-term outcomes of utilizing donation after circulatory death liver grafts with macrosteatosis: A multicenter analysis.

BACKGROUND Given the potentially additive risk from using donor livers that are both steatotic and from a donation after circulatory death (DCD) donor, there is a paucity of data on the outcome of DCD liver transplantation (LT) utilizing livers with macrosteatosis. METHODS All DCD LT performed at Mayo Clinic-Florida, Mayo Clinic-Arizona, and Mayo Clinic-Rochester from 1999 to 2019 were included (N = 714). Recipients of DCD LT were divided into 3 groups: those with moderate macrosteatosis (30%-60%), mild macrosteatosis (5%-30%), and no steatosis (<5%). RESULTS Patients with moderate macrosteatosis had a higher rate of postreperfusion syndrome (PRS; 53.9% vs 26.2%; P = .002), postreperfusion cardiac arrest (7.7% vs 0.3%; P < .001), primary nonfunction (PNF; 7.7% vs 1.0%; P = .003), early allograft dysfunction (EAD; 70.8% vs 45.6% and 8.3%; P = .02), and acute kidney injury (AKI; 39.1% vs 19.4%; P = .02) than patients with no steatosis. No difference in any of the perioperative complications was seen between the mild macrosteatosis and the no steatosis groups except for the rate of EAD (56.8% vs 45.6%; P = .04). No difference in ischemic cholangiopathy (IC), vascular thrombosis/stenosis or graft, and patient survival was seen between the 3 groups. CONCLUSION DCD donors with mild macrosteatosis < 30% can be utilized with no increase in perioperative complications and similar patient and graft survival compared to DCD donors with no steatosis. When utilizing DCD donors with moderate macrosteatosis higher rates of PRS, PNF, postreperfusion cardiac arrest, EAD, and AKI should be anticipated.
Macroecological patterns of resource use in resident and migratory hummingbirds

Abstract Hummingbirds (Family Trochilidae) are key pollinators in several biodiversity hotspots, including the California Floristic Province in North America. Relatively little is known about how hummingbird diets change throughout the year, especially with regard to how migratory hummingbirds affect resident hummingbirds at stopover sites. In this study, we examine how hummingbird species, migratory status, sex, geographic region and local plant diversity influence floral resource use before, during, and after an influx of migratory hummingbirds (primarily Rufous hummingbirds, Selasphorus rufus) across California. We expected distinct floral resource use based upon species’ migratory status (resident vs. migrant), sex, sampling period, and geographic region. We employed DNA metabarcoding to detect plant DNA in hummingbird fecal samples to analyze diet diversity, composition, overlap, and interaction networks. We found significant effects of sex, sampling period, and migratory status on the alpha and beta diversity of plant taxa present in fecal samples. Analyses of Anna's hummingbirds (Calypte anna) alone revealed that female fecal samples contained higher plant species richness. In addition to hummingbird-pollinated plants, fecal samples also contained non-ornithophilous plants and species of agricultural importance. Diet overlap and plant-pollinator network analyses revealed high overlap in plant taxa used between hummingbird species, and networks were more connected, less nested, and less specialized than null models. DNA metabarcoding is minimally invasive and provides a detailed view of hummingbird diet, permitting large-scale studies. Insights into hummingbird diets are especially valuable given the logistical difficulties of directly observing floral visitation and foraging across broad temporal and spatial scales.
Cannabinoid Receptor 1 rs1049353 Variant, Childhood Abuse, and the Heterogeneity of PTSD Symptoms: Results From the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study.

BackgroundAccumulating evidence implicates the endocannabinoid system, including variants in the cannabinoid-1 receptor gene (CNR1), in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). ...
Traditional Synchronization in Radio Systems

The outputs of the front end of a radio receiver are signals that have been converted to a form that can be input into the baseband. The baseband is the circuit block that is responsible for extracting data bits from those physical signals. This involves two processes: bit-detection and synchronization. The architectures we detailed in Chap. 3 (with the notable exception of (IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.-I. 56(5):1041–1052 (2009, May), which we will separately describe) while vastly different in their physical implementations, fit into the traditional baseband paradigm of fixed symbol time for bit detection and burst packet transmissions. In this section we will discuss the importance of using well-matched oscillators (almost always a crystal) within this paradigm. We will see that oscillator mismatch is a fundamental phenomenon that limits the size of packets that can be transmitted.
Molecular Modeling for the Design of Novel Performance Chemicals and Materials

The primary purpose of Molecular Modeling for the Design of Novel Performance Chemicals and Materials is to introduce molecular modeling (MM) and provide the reader with applications of MM in chemical, drug, and materials design. After a few chapters that present basic MM concepts, the editor draws on the expertise of various academic researchers for current examples of MM rational design and application. The chapter progression through the text is clear and logical, though there are jumps in the subject matter, a result of having different authors for each chapter. Each individual chapter is well structured in finely delineated sections and subsections, conveniently annotated with a table of contents at the beginning of each. This feature provides facile access to specific topics and makes the book a convenient resource for MM researchers. The book contains many color figures and clearly rendered equations, though the derivations for equations are typically not included. The conclusions of each chapter provide extensive lists of original research articles cited, demonstrating the expertise and scholarship of the authors and providing a valuable reference for readers. The primary audience for this book would likely be advanced graduate students or postdocs with some background in chemistry, physics, and/or engineering. It could also be a useful resource for faculty with a broad range of expertise in computational modeling. In order to test or otherwise put into practice concepts presented in the text, the reader is presumed to have already developed computational skills necessary to write code, scripts, or utilize tools. The current, specialized applications, together with the expected knowledge of reader, may make this text challenging to use in a traditional classroom setting. Further, the text does not contain problem sets at the end of chapters or online resources for instructors and/or students that are common in larger, more general subject undergraduate textbooks. While the text clearly conveys the advantages of MM approaches, there are relatively few instances where caveats or weaknesses of MM for a given application are discussed. The text could have been strengthened by including more information regarding the experimental testing and validation of the MM topics presented in each chapter. Discussion of these topics, for example, could address assumptions intrinsic to computational design and modeling. Further, including descriptions of (non-computational) experimental tests would also potentially broaden the readership. The most impressive feature of the text is that it includes current, “real world” applications of MM from researchers across the globe. Overall, this textbook could serve as an excellent resource, but students and researchers considering the book should examine the text first, if possible, to ensure it is presented at a suitable level.
Chapter 5 Methods for the Isolation of Nuclei from Ciliated Protozoans

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the methods for the isolation of nuclei from ciliated protozoans. Structurally, macro- and micronuclei contain the same substructures as nuclei from other organisms, such as nuclear membranes, nucleoli, and chromatin elements. In some ciliates, giant polytene chromosomes develop in the anlagen; however, most macronuclei are organized into large and small bodies, which are considered to be nucleolarlike and chromatin bodies, respectively. The micronucleus usually has a more centrally located chromatin body, governs the germ line, divides mitotically, and is generally diploid. The chapter presents electron micrographs of a macronucleus and micronucleus isolated from Paramecium Aurelia . The ciliated protozoans can serve as model systems for the study of gene amplification, gene diminution, histone and nonhistone protein function, morphological development of chromosomes, and even as models of cellular aging. The chapter emphasizes the rationale necessary for the isolation of intact nuclei and the specific requirements regarding their use after isolation. Nuclei from ciliated protozoans can be isolated by a variety of methods. The chapter discusses the comparison between detergent and non-detergent methods. Both have their advantages with regard to cytoplasmic contamination, preservation of membrane, and in vitro enzyme activity.
An Eulerian Formulation for Solving Partial Differential Equations Along a Moving Interface

In this paper we study an Eulerian formulation for solving partial differential equations (PDE) on a moving interface. A level set function is used to represent and capture the moving interface. A dual function orthogonal to the level set function defined in a neighborhood of the interface is used to represent some associated quantity on the interface and evolves according to a PDE on the moving interface. In particular we use a convection diffusion equation for surfactant concentration on an interface passively convected in an incompressible flow as a model problem. We develop a stable and efficient semi-implicit scheme to remove the stiffness caused by surface diffusion.
Ultrastructural identification of the mouse basophil.

We have established the identity of the basophilic leukocyte in the mouse. Previously undefined by electron microscopy, mouse basophils ultrastructurally resemble those of other mammalian species and are readily distin guishable from other granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells.
An improved ionospheric model for the Wide Area Augmentation System

[1] We provide an enhanced model of the errors induced by deviations of ionospheric delays from those estimated by the planar model used by the GPS-based Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS). To a first approximation the nominal ionospheric spatial decorrelation of vertical equivalent signal delays, σdecorrnom, is roughly constant over the whole of the WAAS service volume. However, significant gains may be achieved by including a more detailed description of σdecorrnom as a function of various metrics such as geomagnetic latitude, time of day, as well as the quality of the planar fit as characterized by the radius, relative centroid of the fit, and the density of delay data. We take the first step in the development of this more sophisticated model by determining which of these parameters is best suited for use as a metric for determining σdecorrnom. This allows us to construct a first-order model of the ionospheric decorrelation which depends on the local density of ionospheric pierce points. Our preliminary study indicates that this first-order model will result in a better than 20% reduction in the values of broadcast grid ionospheric vertical errors (GIVEs) within the coterminous United States. We also observe a better than 50% reduction in trips of the ionospheric irregularity detector in the Alaska region, which will lead to significant improvements to continuity, although this comes at the cost of a roughly 20% increase in the median GIVE in the Alaska region.
Heterodivalent linked macrocyclic β-sheets with enhanced activity against Aβ aggregation: two sites are better than one.

This paper reports a series of heterodivalent linked macrocyclic β-sheets 6 that are not only far more active against amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation than their monovalent components 1a and 1b but also ...
Estimation of soil and crop hydraulic properties.

Some two dozen methods for estimating infiltration and roughness parameters from field measurements of test irrigations are reviewed in this paper. They differ in their assumptions, ease of analysis, quantity of field data required, and accuracy. They are divided into two broad categories, depending upon the basic approach to determine infiltration. One features direct application of mass conservation, expressed in terms of the infiltration parameters and then inverted in some way in order to extract those parameters. The other involves repeated simulation with a sequence of values of the infiltration parameters, coupled to some kind of search procedure—an optimization—to minimize differences between simulation and measurement. A new one-point technique is proposed, along with suggestions for extending existing methods.
The Nature and Fate of Categorical Surgical Residents Who “Drop Out”

Abstract Background: Little is known about the fate of categorical surgical residents who leave a program or if they differ from those who successfully complete a program. Methods: Matching into separate categorical and preliminary categories with elimination of the pyramid began in 1982. The files of all categorical residents matched between 1982 and 1995 were reviewed for demographic and scholastic data. Drop-outs were compared with the residents who completed the program and with the current house staff. All residents have been followed up to the present. Results: Between 1982 and 1996, 19 of 88 (22%) categorical residents who matched into the program left voluntarily. Eleven of 63 (17%) were male and 8 of 25 (32%) female ( P = 0.12; test of proportions—Z = −1.55). They entered both surgical and nonsurgical fields. The major reasons for leaving were related to life-style issues. Their academic credentials are very similar to those who remained. Conclusions: The drop-out rate of categorical surgical residents is significant, and replacing them is not easy. We have not identified any characteristics that might predict attrition.
Electronic-structure calculations by first-principles density-based embedding of explicitly correlated systems

A first-principles embedding theory that combines the salient features of density functional theory (DFT) and traditional quantum chemical methods is presented. The method involves constructing a DFT-based embedding potential and then using it as a one-electron operator within a very accurate ab initio calculation. We demonstrate how DFT calculations can be systematically improved via this procedure. The scheme is tested using two closed shell systems, a toy model Li2Mg2, and the experimentally well characterized CO/Cu(111) system. Our results are in good agreement with near full configuration interaction calculations in the former case and experimental adsorbate binding energies in the latter. This method provides the means to systematically include electron correlation in a local region of a condensed phase.
Multimodality aesthetic skin rejuvenation

Patients requesting skin correction and rejuvenation are motivated by a number of clinical problems. Photo damage, abnormal pigmentation or vascularity, textural problems, rhytides, and laxity due to chronological aging are the primary complaints of the majority of patients. Advances in new technology in the past decade have provided the skin correction specialist with new options for treatment. Specialists with multiple technology options then face a new dilemma. What is the best treatment plan for individual patients when many options exist? Over the past five years we have developed an approach to our patients based on an individualized treatment plan consisting of a prescribed series of skin correction treatments utilizing the most specific rejuvenation techniques for each clinical problem. Multimodality aesthetic skin rejuvenation (MMASR) emphasizes the corrective process and utilization of the most appropriate technology for the patient's clinical skin problem as evidenced by the clinical examination. MMASR also takes into consideration patient bias, cost concerns, expectations of treatment, and feasibility of combining different technologies in the same treatment session. Combining skin rejuvenation techniques with surgical rejuvenation is also reviewed as an option for patients with both facial laxity and clinical skin problems.
The Infra-Red Absorption Spectra of Alkali Hydroxides

Infra-red Absorption of Aqueous Solutions of Alkali Hydroxides, I-3\ensuremath{\mu}.---The absorption of various concentrations of solutions of NaOH, KOH and LiOH and of one solution each of N${\mathit{H}}_{4}$OH and CsOH was determined with reference to that of water, using two like cells with quartz windows, and a suitable spectrometer with thermopile and sensitive galvanometer. All curves show a broad, intense absorption band with a maximum at about 2.29\ensuremath{\mu} except in the case of the N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$OH solution for which the maximum is at 2.20\ensuremath{\mu}. This agreement suggests that the band is due to dissociated hydroxide ions; yet in the case of other hydroxide solutions previous observers have not obtained an absorption band at this place. The absorption was found to be proportional to the concentration but not to vary systematically with the atomic weight of the base of the hydroxide. In the case of KOH the relative absorption results were checked by actual absorption measurements.The Coefficient of Absorption of Water, 1.3 to 2.0\ensuremath{\mu} was measured by comparing the transmissions of cells of different thicknesses. Maximum absorption was observed at 1.48 and I.98\ensuremath{\mu}. The effect of dissolving an alkali hydroxide is to decrease the absorption of the water in the band at I.48\ensuremath{\mu} by an amount proportional to the concentration of the solution and to the atomic weight of the base.
Thyroid Hormones Increase Renal Brush Border Membrane Transport of Phosphate in X-Linked Hypophosphatemic (Hyp) Mice

Hyp mice, the murine homolog of human X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), are characterized in part by elevated renal loss of phosphate (Pi) and hypophosphatemia. The lesion responsible for this syndrome is believed to be defective Na+ gradient-dependent phosphate transport across renal brush border membranes (BBM). It has been demonstrated that thyroid hormones can stimulate Pi uptake by rat BBM vesicles (BBMV). The purpose of this current study was to determine whether thyroid hormones could increase renal BBMV transport of Pi and improve the renal conservation of Pi in Hyp mice. Hyp mice were treated with either vehicle (controls) or T4 (0.2 mg/100 g BW, ip, once daily) for 6 days. At the end of the treatment period, the uptake of 32Pi (at 30 sec), in the presence of a Na+ gradient (Na+o greater than Na+i) by BBMV prepared from renal cortex of T4-treated Hyp mice, was significantly increased (+25%) compared to that in vehicle-treated Hyp controls. The uptake of L-[3H]proline (at 10 sec) by the same BBMV preparation was unchanged. T4-treated Hyp mice displayed a significant decrease in urinary Pi excretion (-31%), and a restoration of plasma Pi levels (+52%) to the normal range. Plasma calcium, creatinine, and magnesium as well as urinary excretion of cAMP did not change with T4 treatment. Another group of Hyp mice was given T3 (0.2 mg/100 g BW, ip) at three 12-h intervals. After 36 h, the rate of 32Pi uptake by renal BBM was significantly increased (+40%). Plasma Pi also increased (+26%). Our findings indicate that parenteral administration of thyroid hormones specifically increased (compared to transport of L-proline) the capacity of Na+ gradient-dependent renal BBM Pi uptake in Hyp mice, decreased renal Pi excretion, and increased plasma Pi. These results suggest that treatment with T4 or T3 can enhance the defective proximal tubular reabsorption of Pi and improve renal Pi retention in murine X-linked hypophosphatemia.
Employee Ownership in the USA: A Four-frame Perspective

This paper classifies and analyzes the major findings of the literature concerning employee ownership in the USA utilizing Bolman and Deal's four-frame classification of the literature on organization theory, management and behavior structural, human resource, political and symbolic. It is intended to serve as a basis on which to build a comprehensive theory of employee ownership and tentatively concludes that, although employee ownership is enhancing employee participation programs at a growing number of US firms, it is not likely to have any fundamental transformative impact on a significant number of US organizations unless the USA undergoes major cultural and political changes.
Cyclic network automata for indoor sensor network

Following Baryshnikov-Coffman-Kwak [1], we use network cyclic cellular automata to generate a decentralized protocol, with only a small fraction of sensors awake. The work here shows that waves of awake-state nodes turn corners and automatically solve pusuit/evasion-type problems without centralized coordination.