cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurologic disease in HIV-infected children and the impact of combination antiretroviral therapy.

SUMMARY The prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment in perinatally HIV-infected children has declined sincethe introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Early initiation of cART in infancy has been shown topositively impact neurodevelopment; however, children continue to be diagnosed with HIVoutside of the early infancyperiod and can experience subtle to severe neurocognitive deﬁcits despite cART. The causes of these neurocognitivedeﬁcits despite effective cART are multifactorial and likely include continued viral replication in the CNS, ongoingneuroinﬂammation, irreversible CNS injury prior to cART initiation, neurotoxic effects of cART, and socioeconomicand psychosocial effects. Manyaspects of our understanding of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders have emergedfrom research in adult patients, but perinatally HIV-infected children represent a very different population. Thesechildren were exposed to HIV during a period of rapid brain development and have lifelong infection and potentiallifelong cARTexposure. HIVis no longer a rapidly fatal disease, and most HIV-infected children in resource-rich coun-tries are living into adulthood. It is therefore critical to optimize neurocognitive outcomes of these youth. This reviewsummarizes current understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV-associated CNS infection and the impact of cART onneurocognitive function in children and adolescents and discusses important areas for future research. Copyright ©2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Received: 29 January 2014; Revised: 23 March 2014; Accepted: 24 March 2014
Method for Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate Measurement on Coke Waste Activated Sludge

Measurement of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) in coke waste activated sludge can provide a simple method for estimating the levels of viable microbes in the sludge. However, the presence of inhibitors such as phenol in the sludge interferes when the luciferin-luciferase method is used to measure ATP. These inhibiting substances can be removed from the sludge before extraction of ATP by washing the cells with dilute sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Truncation and the Induction Theorem

Abstract A key result in a 2004 paper by S. Arkhipov, R. Bezrukavnikov, and V. Ginzburg compares the bounded derived category D b ( b l o c k ( U ) ) of finite dimensional modules for the principal block of a Lusztig quantum enveloping algebra U at an l th root of unity with a special full subcategory D t r i v ( B ) of the bounded derived category of integrable type 1 modules for a Borel part B ⊂ U . Specifically, according to this “Induction Theorem” [1, Theorem 3.5.5] the right derived functor of induction Ind B U yields an equivalence of categories RInd B U : D t r i v ( B ) → ∼ D b ( b l o c k ( U ) ) . Some restrictions on l are required–e.g., l > h , the Coxeter number. It is suggested briefly [1, Remark 3.5.6] that an analog of this equivalence carries over to characteristic p > 0 representations of algebraic groups. Indeed, the authors of the present paper have verified, in a separate preprint [6] , that there is such an equivalence RInd B G : D t r i v ( B ) → ∼ D b ( b l o c k ( G ) ) relating an analog of D t r i v ( B ) , defined using a Borel subgroup B of a simply connected semisimple algebraic group G, to the bounded derived category of the principal block of finite dimensional rational G-modules. The proof is not without difficulty and supplies new, previously missing details even in the quantum case. The present paper continues the study of the modular case, taking the derived category equivalence as a starting point. The main result here is that, assuming p > 2 h − 2 , the equivalence behaves well with respect to certain weight poset “truncations,” making use of a variation by Woodcock [12] on van der Kallen's “excellent order” [10] . This means, in particular, that the equivalence can be reformulated in terms of derived categories of finite dimensional quasi-hereditary algebras. We expect that a similar result holds in the quantum case. In [9, Thm. 2.1] J. Rickard proves a theorem stating existence, in an algebraic groups context, of some derived equivalences with specified corresponding character isometries. In an appendix to this paper, we discuss a similar more recent result [6, Lem. 3.2] . It gives additional information on the behavior of the derived equivalences, giving their action on some natural right-derived induced objects, lifting the given character isometries.
Culture and Cognition

The article provides an overview on the approaches used to study the relation between culture and cognition. Psychological universals can be defined as those traits, processes, dispositions, or functions that recur across cultures, with at least a subset of each population exhibiting the trait. The strongest test of the universality of a given psychological trait is to search for it across maximally disparate cultures because traits may recur across cultures due to cultural influences alone. One methodological concern, however, is that whether or not a trait is identified in different cultures will depend in part on how the trait is defined. Some traits may be psychological universals because they are homologies. A trait is generatively entrenched if its development is a necessary condition for the development of other traits. Most modifications of a generatively entrenched trait are selected against because they prevent the development of these other traits. The approximate number sense, evident in cultures as diverse as small-scale hunter-horticulturalist societies and modern, technologically complex societies, is also present in numerous animal species. A number of uniquely human psychological traits are also universal because their development has been canalized during the evolution of human cognition. Natural selection selects against development pathways that rely on specific environmental inputs when these environmental inputs vary, when variation in these environmental inputs cause the development of variable traits, and when there is a single optimally adaptive variant.
Effect of Parboiling on Milling, Physicochemical, and Textural Properties of Medium- and Long-Grain Germinated Brown Rice

Germinated brown rice is considered a more nutritious and palatable cooked product than conventional brown rice. However, germination usually decreases rice milling yield and alters some physicochemical properties. Parboiling is commonly used to increase milling yield and retain nutrients, but it also changes rice color and texture. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of parboiling on milling, physicochemical, and textural properties of a medium-grain and a long-grain rice after germination at varying durations. Germinated rice samples of three germination durations were prepared with one germination time before the optimum time at which 70% of rice revealed hull protrusion, the optimum time, and one time after. Germinated rice was then immediately parboiled at 120°C for 20 min and was then immediately dried. The milling, physicochemical, and textural properties of parboiled germinated rice from both cultivars were determined. Parboiling significantly decreased the percentage of brok...
Chondrons and the Pericellular Matrix of Chondrocytes

In cartilage, chondrocytes are embedded within an abundant extracellular matrix (ECM). A typical chondron consists of a chondrocyte and the immediate surrounding pericellular matrix (PCM). The PCM has a patent structure, defined molecular composition, and unique physical properties that support the chondrocyte. Given this spatial position, the PCM is pivotal in mediating communication between chondrocytes and the ECM and, thus, plays a critical role in cartilage homeostasis. The biological function and mechanical properties of the PCM have been extensively studied, mostly in the form of chondrons. This review intends to summarize recent progress in chondron and chondrocyte PCM research, with emphasis on the re-establishment of the PCM by isolated chondrocytes or mesenchymal stem cells during chondrogenic differentiation, and the effects of the PCM on cartilage tissue formation.
Correlation Between Two Vector Variables

Abstract : H. Ruben (1966) has suggested a simple approximate normalization for the correlation coefficient in normal samples, by representing it as the ratio of a linear combination of a standard normal variable and a chi variable to an independent chi variable and then using Fisher's approximation to a chi variable. This result is extended in this paper to a matrix, which in a sense is the correlation coefficient between two vector variables x and y. The result is then used to obtain large sample null and non-null (but in the linear case) distributions of the Hotelling-Lawley criterion and the Pillai criterion in multivariate analysis. Williams (1955) and Bartlett (1951) have derived some exact tests for the goodness of fit of a single hypothetical function to bring out adequately the entire relationship between two vectors x and y, by factorizing Wilks' lambda suitably. These factors are known as 'direction' and 'collinearity' factors, as they refer to the direction and collinearity aspects of the null hypothesis. In this paper, the other two criteria viz. the Hotelling-Lawley and Pillai criteria are partitioned into direction and collinearity parts and large sample tests corresponding to them are derived for testing the goodness of fit of an assigned function.
Extended Kalman filtering for particle size control in a fed-batch emulsion polymerization reactor

An approach to the analysis of convergence problems in extended Kalman filtering (EKF) is described. In general, filter convergence depends on the state trajectory of the process. If it traverses regions where the states are only weakly observable, the EKF gains may become too small for rapid correction of estimation errors. Such problems were encountered in an emulsion polymerization process application. Reasons for slow convergence were determined through examination of the Kalman gains and the observability of system modes, in combination with physical arguments. A modified EKF was then successfully implemented.
Negative Electron Affinity Effect on the Surface of Chemical Vapor Deposited Diamond Polycrystalline Films

Strong negative-electron-affinity effects have been observed on the surface of as-grown chemical-vapor-deposited diamond using secondary-electron emission. The samples were randomly oriented polycrystalline diamond films terminated with hydrogen. The effect appears as an intensive peak in the low-energy part of the spectrum of the electron energy distribution and may be described in the model of effective negative electron affinity.
Infection After Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Infection of shoulder arthroplasties is a relatively rare (0.5%) but potentially devastating complication. Treatment includes resection arthroplasty, debridement and prosthetic retention, immediate exchange arthroplasty, and staged-exchange arthroplasty. To date, the most reliable treatment is staged-exchange arthroplasty. Debridement and prosthetic retention can be considered with infections detected within 3 weeks of onset, well-fixed components, no signs of osteomyelitis, and if the infecting organism is not staph epidermidis. Staged-exchange arthroplasty involves complete removal of all components, and placement of an anatomic antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer. Results can still be quite good for pain relief after reimplantation. Functional outcome has been variable in the past but may be improved significantly with the use of the reverse implant.
Accelerated communciation: Constitutive μ opioid receptor activation as a regulatory mechanism underlying narcotic tolerance and dependence

Chronic administration of narcotic mu opioid agonists results in tolerance and dependence. We propose that agonist stimulation causes a gradual conversion of mu receptors to a constitutively active state (mu*) as a key step in tolerance and physical dependence. We provide evidence in support of the existence of mu* in human neuroblastoma cells, SH-SY5Y, and mu* upregulation during morphine treatment. Naloxone blocked mu* activity, acting as an antagonist with negative intrinsic activity which accounts for its high potency in eliciting withdrawal. In contrast, the mu selective antagonist CTAP did not affect mu* activity but inhibited naloxone's effect. The protein kinase inhibitor H7 was found to suppress mu* formation, suggesting that mu* is phosphorylated. In a model of acute morphine tolerance/dependence in mice, H7 prevented naloxone induced withdrawal jumping and reversed morphine (antinociceptive) tolerance. CTAP caused only mild withdrawal and attenuated naloxone induced withdrawal, as predicted for an antagonist without negative activity. These results support a role for constitutive mu receptor activation in narcotic tolerance and dependence, affording potential separation of acute and chronic narcotic effects.
Sylow Subgroups in Parallel

Sylow subgroups are fundamental in the design of asymptotically efficient group-theoretic algorithms, just as they have been in the study of the structure of finite groups. We present efficient parallel (NC) algorithms for finding and conjugating Sylow subgroups of permutation groups, as well as for related problems. Polynomial-time solutions to these problems were obtained more than a dozen years ago, exploiting a well-developed polynomial-time library. We replace some of those highly sequential procedures with ones that work through a polylog-length normal series that is a by-product of NC membership-testing. As in previous investigations, we reduce to the base case of simple groups, and handle this by a case-by-case analysis that depends heavily upon the classification of finite simple groups.
Characterization of Truck Traffic in California for Mechanistic-Empirical Design

Truck traffic information is one of the key inputs in the design and analysis of pavement structures. Until relatively recently, truck traffic data typically were aggregated into equivalent repetitions of a standard axle load for pavement design. The mechanistic pavement design procedures being developed for the California Department of Transportation by the University of California Pavement Research Center will make use of axle-load spectra and other more detailed truck traffic information when incremental design and incremental–recursive design approaches are used. It is necessary to develop traffic inputs in different regions in the state to support the new pavement design procedures. With the weigh-in-motion data collected in California, the truck traffic characteristics were studied for developing default traffic inputs. Traffic composition, temporal and spatial distribution of truck volume, traffic growth rate, vehicle speed, and axle-load spectra were analyzed by intensive and unbiased sampling. Cluster analysis was applied to multivariate responses (e.g., axle-load spectrum) to extract the structure of highway sections in terms of traffic characteristics, which ensured the preservation of useful information during analysis.
Tympanic membrane collagen fibers: a key to high-frequency sound conduction.

Objective: To investigate the significance of tympanic membrane collagen fiber layers in high frequency sound transmission. Study Design: Human cadaver temporal bone study. Methods: Laser Doppler vibrometry was used to measure stapes footplate movement in response to acoustic stimulation. The tympanic membrane was altered by creating a series of slits and applying paper patches to isolate the effects of specifically oriented collagen fibers. Three groups of membrane alterations were evaluated: 1) circumferentially oriented slits involving each quadrant to primarily disrupt radial fibers, made sequentially within superior-anterior, inferior-anterior, inferior-posterior, and superior-posterior quadrants; 2) the same slits made in the reverse order; and 3) radially oriented slits from the umbo to the annulus to primarily disrupt circumferential fibers. For each group, measurements of the middle-ear cavity pressure, ear canal pressure, and stapes velocity were made each time the tympanic membrane was altered. Results: Regardless of the order in which the circumferentially oriented slits were made, there was a consistent decrease in stapes velocity above 4 kHz for the third and fourth cuts compared to the control. The mean decrease in the range of 4 to 12.5 kHz was 11 dB for the third patched slit and 14 dB for the fourth patched slit (P < .01). Radially oriented slits appear to produce smaller effects. Conclusions: Radial collagen fibers in the tympanic membrane play an important role in the conduction of sound above 4 kHz.
Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes by hops (Humulus lupulus) and hop prenylphenols

As hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are used in the brewing of beer and by menopausal women as estrogenic dietary supplements, the potential for hop extracts and hop constituents to cause drug-botanical interactions by inhibiting human cytochrome P450 enzymes was investigated. Inhibition of major human cytochrome P450 enzymes by a standardized hop extract and isolated hop prenylated phenols was evaluated using a fast and efficient assay based on ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The hop extract at 5 μg/mL inhibited CYP2C8 (93%), CYP2C9 (88%), CYP2C19 (70%), and CYP1A2 (27%) with IC50 values of 0.8, 0.9, 3.3, and 9.4 μg/mL, respectively, but time-dependent inactivation was observed only for CYP1A2. Isoxanthohumol from hops was the most potent inhibitor of CYP2C8 with an IC50 of 0.2 μM, whereas 8-prenylnaringenin was the most potent inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 with IC50 values of 1.1 μM, 1.1 μM and 0.4 μM, respectively. Extracts of hops contain prenylated compounds such as the flavanones isoxanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin and the chalcone xanthohumol that can inhibit CYP450s, especially the CYP2C family, which may affect the efficacy and safety of some CYP2C substrate drugs when co-administered.
Rumination and depression in adolescence: investigating symptom specificity in a multiwave prospective study.

A ruminative response style has been shown to predict depressive symptoms among youth and adults, but it is unclear whether rumination is associated specifically with depression compared with co-occurring symptoms of anxiety and externalizing behaviors. This prospective, multiwave study investigated whether baseline rumination predicted prospective elevations in depressive symptoms specifically. Rumination was assessed at baseline in a sample of early and middle adolescents (N = 350, 6–10th graders). Symptom measures of depression, anxious arousal, general internalizing, and conduct/externalizing problems with good discriminant validity were assessed at four time points over a 5-month period. Results using hierarchical linear modeling show that rumination predicted prospective fluctuations in symptoms of depression and general internalizing problems specifically but not anxious arousal or externalizing problems. Rumination predicted increasing prospective trajectories of general internalizing symptoms. Ba...
The effects of varying composition on heat transfer in the critical region of binary fluid mixtures

Abstract In the present study, the refrigerants R-115 and R-22 were combined in varying proportions. It was seen that the free convective heat transfer from a horizontal wire was enhanced in the near critical region for all cases. For near critical conditions, peak heat transfer coefficients showed steady improvement as the percentage of R-22 was increased. As the composition is varied, maximum values of the heat transfer coefficients obtained for small temperature differences ranged from 340 to 690 percent higher than those values found larger temperature differences.
AN ANALOG VLSI INPLEMENTATION OF A VISUAL INTERNEURON: ENHANCED SENSORY PROCESSING THROUGH BIOPHYSICAL MODELING

Flies are capable of rapid, coordinated flight through unstructured environments. This flight is guided by visual motion information that is extracted from photoreceptors in a robust manner. One feature of the fly's visual processing that adds to this robustness is the saturation of wide-field motion-sensitive neuron responses with increasing pattern size. This makes the cell's responses less dependent on the sparseness of the optical flow field while retaining motion information. By implementing a compartmental neuronal model in silicon, we add this "gain control" to an existing analog VLSI model of fly vision. This results in enhanced performance in a compact, low-power CMOS motion sensor. Our silicon system also demonstrates that modern, biophysically-detailed models of neural sensory processing systems can be instantiated in VLSI hardware.
Late Pleistocene granodiorite beneath Crater Lake caldera, Oregon, dated by ion microprobe

Variably melted granodiorite blocks ejected during the Holocene caldera-forming eruption of Mount Mazama were plucked from the walls of the climactic magma chamber at ∼5 km depth. Ion-microprobe U-Pb dating of zircons from two unmelted granodiorite blocks with SHRIMP RG (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe–reverse geometry) gives a nominal 238 U/ 206 Pb age of \(100^{{+}78}_{{-}80}\) ka, or \(174^{{+}89}_{{-}115}\) ka when adjusted for an initial 230 Th deficit. SHRIMP RG U-Th measurements on a subset of the zircons yield a 230 Th/ 238 U isochron age of 112 ± 24 ka, considered to be the best estimate of the time of solidification of the pluton. These results suggest that the granodiorite is related to andesite and dacite of Mount Mazama and not to magmas of the climactic eruption. The unexposed granodiorite has an area of at least 28 km 2 . This young, shallow pluton was emplaced in virtually the same location where a similarly large magma body accumulated and powered violent explosive eruptions ∼7700 yr ago, resulting in collapse of Crater Lake caldera.
Study on the Mechanism of Inhibited Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Children with Acute Kawasaki Disease

Aim: To explore the Mechanism of inhibited peripheral blood lymphocyte apoptosis in children with Kawasaki disease. Methods: Calculating percentage of apoptotic cells and assaying DNA fragmentation in peripheral blood lymphocyte(PBL) in vitro from 30 kawasaki disease(KD) patients and 20 age-matched healthy children, measuring in vitro production of IL-6 by ELISA, expression of PBL p53 gene expression using dot-blot and flow cytometry (FCM). Results: Apoptotic cell percentage and DNA fragmentation were markedly decreased (P<0.001) and delayed,compared with those in normal controls, which could reach the states of the control group only being cultured for 72h, remarkebaly increased production of IL-6 in cultured supernatant of PBL induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) from KD patients was found, and the expression of PBL p53 gene expression was decreased in KD patients. Adding anti-IL-6 monoantibody(mAb) to the cultures or using intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in vivo led to significantly decreased production of IL-6(P<0.001), and reversed decreased apoptotic cell percentage and delayed DNA fragmentation, while the expression of PBL p53 gene increased. Conclusion: The data suggested that PBL apoptosis is delayed in KD patients. It might be related to over-production of IL-6 inhibiting expression of p53 gene.
A Constrained Block Iterative Algorithm for Multiple-Access Interference Suppression

Abstract Doherty, J. F., and Hsieh, Y.-T., A Constrained Block Iterative Algorithm for Multiple-Access Interference Suppression, Digital Signal Processing12 (2002) 12–20 An interference suppression scheme using a block iterative, row-action projection (RAP) algorithm for direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems is presented. The performance results for the near–far multiple-access interference scenario using the RAP algorithm are compared with a normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm. It is shown that the CDMA receiver employing the RAP algorithm has a faster convergence rate and a lower steady-state bit error rate compared to the receiver employing the NLMS algorithm.
Large deformations and dissipation in a random-matrix model approach

Abstract The description of a nuclear system (one nucleus fissionning or two colliding nuclei at the time of contact) undergoing large deformations and heating-up is formulated in terms of a random-matrix model for intrinsic excitations. The choice of collective coordinates is discussed for a one-dimensional geometry, and comprises the single-particle quadrupole and octopole moments in the c.m. system. This choice is compatible with the Pauli principle and has some technical advantages. The changing representation is identified with a generalized mean field. A non-linear transport equation for the many-body density matrix is derived. This equation and related subsidiary equations describe the flow of probability flux in phase space between collective and intrinsic degrees of freedom.
DESIGN OF DECISION TREE VIA KERNELIZED HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING FOR MULTICLASS SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES

As a very effective method for universal purpose pattern recognition, support vector machine (SVM) was proposed for dichotomic classification problem, which exhibits a remarkable resistance to overfitting, a feature explained by the fact that it directly implements the principle of structural risk minimization. However, in real world, most of classification problems consist of multiple categories. In an attempt to extend the binary SVM classifier for multiclass classification, decision-tree-based multiclass SVM was proposed recently, in which the structure of decision tree plays an important role in minimizing the classification error. The present study aims at developing a systematic way for the design of decision tree for multiclass SVM. Kernel-induced distance function between datasets was discussed and then kernelized hierarchical clustering was developed and used in determining the structure of decision tree. Further, simulation results on satellite image interpretation show the superiority of the proposed classification strategy over the conventional multiclass SVM algorithms.
1,2,3,4-Tetraphenylbutane-1,4-dione benzene solvate and a brief analysis of the solvated organic structures in the Cambridge Structural Database

1,2,3,4-Tetra­phenyl­butane-1,4-dione crystallizes as a benzene solvate in a 1:1 ratio, C28H22O2·C6H6. Both mol­ecules reside on crystallographic inversion centers. The carbon­yl group of (I) is coplanar with the adjacent phen­yl ring within 3.6 (3)°. A brief analysis of the organic structures included in the Cambridge Structural Database [Allen (2002). Acta Cryst. B58, 380–388] shows that at least 22.8% of them contain cocrystallized solvent and in 3.8% of these cases the solvent is benzene.
THE DYNAMICS OF MANAGED MENTAL HEALTH CARE

Presented here is an exploration of the motivations involved in the development and application of managed mental health care to the private practice of outpatient psychotherapy. The interaction of management policy and psychotherapy is conceptualized in a dynamic model designed to provide insights into effective care policies. The model is described first, then the development of managed care, which appears defensive and is becoming symptomatic to the point of needing significant change. It is suggested that management policies providing choices of therapists and therapies will be the most effective in addressing ethical, fiscal, and psychological concerns of funders, consumers, and providers.
Biomedical ambivalence: Asthma diagnosis, the pharmaceutical, and other contradictions in Barbados

In recent years in Barbados, the interaction of multinational pharmaceutical companies, the Ministry of Health (MOH), and international biomedical research has resulted in a focus on pharmaceuticals in public health intervention and the production of an expansive category of asthma. This article explores the views and uses of this process based on fieldwork conducted with doctors, nurses, pharmacists, MOH officials, and patient families involved in asthma care. Following ambiguities and contradictions in the significance of biomedical objects, I argue that this integration of pharmaceutical markets occurs with a foundational instability. Such ambiguity and contradiction are central to both the efficacy and undermining of global economic processes, including “pharmaceuticalization.”[pharmaceuticalization, ambiguity, asthma, globalization]
Effect of chloroform on hepatic and renal DNA synthesis and ornithine decarboxylase activity in mice and rats

Chloroform administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to male mice and rats resulted in a dose-dependent increase in hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. Maximal induction of the enzyme in mice was 10-fold and occurred at 375 mg/kg chloroform; in rats it was 52-fold and occurred at 750 mg/kg chloroform. Chloroform increased in mice and decreased in rats the rate of hepatic and renal DNA synthesis. Therefore, the induction of ODC activity in rat liver was not followed with an increase in DNA synthesis. The implications of these results to the proposed nongenetic mechanism of chloroform induction of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice and renal tumors in rats are discussed.
The eating behavior of obese and nonobese women

Abstract Sixty-one obese, normal weight and thin women were observed for 30 minutes as they consumed a free-choice lunch in a quasi-naturalistic setting. Their behavior was unobtrusively quantified in terms of microbehavior (mouthfulls, chews, drinks and pauses) and of the macrobehavior (type and amount of food consumed and total active eating or drinking time). Information on subject and environmental variables are also reported. Observed behavior was analyzed as comparative group totals and as patterns of behavior over time. Comparison of group totals showed that: (a) there were no differences in types of food or number of calories consumed between the three groups, (b) no differences were found between the eating behavior of the normal weight and the obese and (c) the obese women spent less time actively eating, less time chewing and more time drinking than did the thinnest group. Pattern analysis revealed a decrease in all responses over time but showed no significant pattern difference between groups.
Dipole excitations in p-shell nuclei via (p,n) reactions.

Using the neutron time-of-flight facility at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility we have studied ({ital p},{ital n}) reactions on the light nuclei {sup 6,7}Li, {sup 10,11}B, and {sup 12,13}C. Double differential cross sections have been measured between {theta}{sub lab}=0{degree} and 50{degree} in 5{degree} intervals, at {ital E}{sub {ital p}}=186 MeV. Contributions of the quasifree reaction in the giant resonance region are estimated. Energy spectra of {Delta}{ital L}=1 transitions have been extracted using multipole decomposition analysis. The resulting {Delta}{ital L}=1 spectra are compared with results of photonuclear reactions. Empirical results are also compared with distorted wave impulse approximation calculations.
Freezing of Whole Blood.

It-is possible to use radioiron as an indicator of altered hematopoiesis, as shown in Fig. 2. Suspensions of marrow from patients with untreated pernicious anemia have repeatedly shown an acceleration of the rate of iron uptake after the addition of liver or folic acid as compared with control studies. This has not occurred in conditions other than those characterized by specific deficiencies of the substances used. These observations on the marrow cells in untreated pernicious anemia indicate that these effective therapeutic agents act directly on the immature erythrocytes.
Chassigny petrogenesis: Melt compositions, intensive parameters, and water contents of Martian ( ) magmas

This paper considers petrogenesis of SNC meteorites by examining partially crystallized melt inclusions in cumulus olivine grains in Chassigny meteorite. First, all phases in the Chassigny inclusions were analyzed by electron microprobe, followed by an experimental investigation of the kaersutite/melt equilibria. Results yield the intensive parameters which stabilize igneous kaersutite and the melt compositions that coexist with kaersutite. The results are used to model Chassigny petrogenesis. It is argued that the existence in the Chassigny of hydrous melts and the conditions appropriate for amphibole crystallization suggest the existence on the Chassigny parent body (Mars) of SiO2-rich lavas.
Computer simulation of light scattering and propagation in the imaging process of biological confocal microscopy

Confocal optical microscopy is one of the most significant advances in optical microscopy in the 20th century and has become a widely accepted tool for biological imaging. This technique can obtain 3D volume information through non-invasive optical sectioning and scanning of 2D confocal planes inside the specimen. In this paper, we conduct a physically based computer simulation of light scattering and propagation in the biological specimen during the imaging process. We implement an efficient Monte Carlo technique to simulate light scattering by biological particles, trace the entire light propagation within the scattering medium, produce fluorescence at the fluorescent dyes, and record light intensity collected at the detector. This study will not only help to verify analytic modeling of light scattering in biological media, but also be useful to improve the design of optical imaging systems.
Measurement of a microchamber flow by using a hybrid multiplexing holographic velocimetry

A hybrid multiplexing holographic velocimetry used for characterizing three-dimensional, three-component (3D–3C) flow behaviors in microscale devices was designed and tested in this paper. Derived from the concept of holographic particle image velocimetry (HPIV), a new experimental facility was realized by integrating a holographic technique with a state-of-the-art multiplexing operation based on a microPIV configuration. A photopolymer plate was adopted as an intermedium to record serial stereoscopic images in the same segment. The recorded images were retrieved by a scanning approach, and, afterwards, the distributions of particles in the fluid were analyzed. Finally, a concise cross-correlation algorithm (CCC) was used to analyze particle movement and, hence, the velocity field, which was visualized by using a chromatic technique. To verify practicability, the stereoscopic flow in a backward facing step (BFS) chamber was measured by using the new experimental setup, as well a microPIV system. The comparison indicated that the photopolymer-based velocimetry was practicable to microflow investigation; however, its accuracy needed to be improved.
Diminutive corona spark detectors for fission fragments

Abstract Corona spark detectors for charged particles, with especial value for fission fragment detection, are simply constructed with a repeating array of wires which minimizes the material in the sensitive region of the detector. Multiple advantages arise from the form of the detector which allows the use of detectors in tandem, the simultaneous detection of target and calibration foils, and the application of directional properties of the wire grid for angular distribution studies. Performance characteristics in detecting fission events are presented.
Faculty Ratings as Part of a Competency-Based Evaluation Clinic Grading System.

The traditional system for determining grades in dental school clinic courses has been counts of productivity and daily marks for degree of technical excellence. One dental school with a competency-based educational model has redesigned its evaluation system to include assessment of understanding as well as performance of procedures, diagnosis and judgment, and patient management. Competency tests were instituted in all disciplines to replace the required volume of work. A quarterly rating system was developed to replace daily grading. Results from one of the first administrations of the ratings are presented. They show excellent face validity and rater consistency in some cases. Gradients of generalizability are reported, demonstrating that the ratings satisfy the school’s standard for grade defensibility.
Incorporation of IRM Concepts in Undergraduate Business Curricula

Undergraduate computer curricula have undergone considerable change since colleges began offering computer courses over twenty years ago. The curricula changes have mirrored the evolution in hardware, software, and computer usage. Today, the emphasis is on enduser computing, using small or networked systems. To those who promote the computer as a decision-support tool, this evolution from a pure data processing and programming orientation is refreshing. A key question, however, is whether undergraduate curricula do an adequate job of instilling concepts of information resources management. The authors evaluate the current status and make suggestions for establishing a future direction that will accomplish the desired results.
Capturing the misfolds: chaperone-peptide-binding motifs.

Recently, the crystal structure of the N-terminal fragment of human Hsp90-alpha chaperone and its complex with geldanamycin and the crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of yeast Hsp90 have been determined at high resolution. These structures reveal features that shed new light on the Hsp90 chaperone-protein interactions.
Arthroscopic Rotator Interval Closure Effect of Sutures on Glenohumeral Motion and Anterior-Posterior Translation

Background: The effect of arthroscopic rotator interval closure on glenohumeral motion and translation is not well understood, nor is the ideal location or number of sutures required for closure.Hypothesis: The number of arthroscopic rotator interval closure sutures and their placement will have a significant effect on glenohumeral range of motion and anterior-posterior translation.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Using a custom testing apparatus, the authors measured range of motion in 12 fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders; anteriorposterior translation in adduction and neutral rotation was measured in 9. Specimens were initially tested without sutures and then tested after 3 interval closures using a random sequence of (1) an isolated medial suture at the level of the glenoid, (2) an isolated lateral suture 1 cm lateral to the glenoid, or (3) both sutures followed by removal of all sutures.Results: Analysis of variance demonstrated that interval closure had a significant effect on decrea...
Comparative heterogeneous contacting efficiency in fixed bed reactors: Opportunities for new microstructured systems

Abstract Novel microstructured heterogeneous contacting systems called microfibrous entrapped catalysts (MFEC) were prepared by entrapping small particles of γ-alumina (150–180 μm) in sinter-locked network of metal (SS-304) microfibers (8 and 12 μm). These materials are in the form of thin flexible sheets (0.5–2.0 mm) and have uniform structures of high and variable voidages. Head-to-head theoretical comparisons of the performance efficiencies of flow-through pleated MFEC structures of various pleat factors (PF = face area of MFEC/cross-sectional area of the reactor) were made with packed bed reactors of various particle sizes (0.16–2.0 mm) and monolith reactors of various cpsi (100–900 cells per square inch). These comparisons showed that while packed beds produced high pressure drops, monoliths resulted in low fluid-solid mass transfer rates. On the other hand, MFEC structures with high PF (≥4) showed remarkable improvements in terms of conversion along with significant reduction in pressure drops and catalyst requirements compared to monoliths and packed beds. While small particles used in MFEC improved interphase and intraparticle mass transport rates, high voidages and ease of pleating helped lower the pressure drops in MFEC. To further ascertain these results, pleated structures of MFEC containing Pd/γ-alumina were tested for application in catalytic aircraft cabin air purification (ozone decomposition). Pressure drop and ozone conversion efficiency of pleated MFEC designs were measured at various flow rates and temperatures, and compared with those of a commercial monolith based ozone catalytic converter. The experimental results substantiated the mathematical findings.
Imagination in Chemistry

Through a consideration of the efforts of 19th-century chemists to understand the unseen world of molecules and atoms, Rocke explores the role of the visual imagination in scientific research.
Closed-form solution for wedge cutting force through thin metal sheets

Abstract A simple kinematic model is developed which describes the main features of the process of the cutting of a plate by a rigid wedge. It is assumed in this model that the plate material curls up into two inclined cylinders as the wedge advances into the plate. This results in membrane stretching up to fracture of the material near the wedge tip, while the “flaps” in the wake of the cut undergo cylindrical bending. Self-consistent, single-term formulas for the indentation force and the energy absorption are arrived at by relating the “far-field” and “near-tip” deformation events through a single geometric parameter, the instantaneous rolling radius. Further analysis of this solution reveals a weak dependence on the wedge angle and a strong dependence on friction coefficient. The final equation for the approximate cutting force over a range of wedge semiangles 10° ≤ θ ≤ 30° and friction coefficients 0.1 ≤ μ ≤ 0.4 is: F = 3.28 σ 0 ( δ t ) 0.2 l 0.4 t 1.6 μ 0.4 , which is identical in form and characteristics to the empirical results recently reported by Lu and Calladine [ Int. J. Mech. Sci. 32, 295–313 (1990)]. This analysis is believed to resolve a controversy recently developed in the literature over the interpretation of plate cutting experiments.
Accurate Transmission Line Fault Location Considering Shunt Capacitances Without Utilizing Line Parameters

Abstract This article describes a novel and accurate algorithm to determine the fault location on power transmission lines without requiring line parameters. Voltage and current measurements at the two ends of the transmission line during the fault are utilized for fault location, and no pre-fault data are needed. In the past, a two-terminal method has been proposed based on a simplified transmission line model with no shunt capacitances. This article presents a new and accurate method considering line shunt capacitances for unbalanced faults. In deriving the unknown fault location, the line parameters, including series impedance and shunt capacitance, are treated as unknown variables as well. Approaches based on both synchronized and unsynchronized measurements are described. Since there is not enough information in three-phase balanced fault cases, shunt capacitances are not considered for balanced faults; however, the method for balanced faults still proves to be quite accurate. The chief merit of the ...
Autocorrelation of Ventricular Response in Atrial Fibrillation

The autocorrelation function of the electrocardiogram of 14 subjects with atrial fibrillation were obtained on an automatic analogue correlator. The functions were all aperiodic in 11 out of 14 patients. Detailed analysis of the correlogram showed the existence of 2 periods. Even when the autocorrelation function was rather random, the function over the longer duration of the electrocardiographic record was aperiodic with the same result. This was seen in 3 other cases.The significance of the findings is obscure, but it has been demonstrated that the arrhythmia is not completely irregular and has a certain periodicity.
Lean and six sigma – critical success factors revisited

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the critical success factors (CSF) for lean and six sigma and an analysis of these CSF as compared to previously popular change methods.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses a literature search and comparative analysis complemented with examples from previous case studies.Findings – With only slight variations, the critical success factors are similar for all the change methods. Furthermore, the critical success factors seem to be relatively constant over time. Another important finding is that the CSF tend to relate more to how an organization approaches the change effort versus change method specific factors. The issues of management support and organizational culture are often emphasized as especially critical. The paper highlights and discusses three additional important CSF: strategic alignment, project management and training.Practical implications – The awareness of CSF, in combination with an awareness of similarities between the...
Radiative Cooling Effects within and above the Nocturnal Boundary Layer

Abstract For representative tropospheric profiles of water vapor, CO2 and temperature we have calculated in situ longwave radiative flux divergence for use in a simplified second-order closure model of nocturnal boundary-layer evolution. The time evolution of “bulk” boundary-layer parameters is little affected by radiational cooling, as seems to be the cast for stress, velocity variance and diffusivity profiles within this layer. In contrast the w′θ′ profile adjusts itself in response to radiative flux divergence which, within the surface layer, depends on surface emissivity, surface temperature and boundary-layer humidity. Under conditions of strong radiative cooling near the surface an elevated minimum in w′θ′ (at heights up to 0.1 h, h being boundary-layer height) exists, and the cooling produces significant effects on the nondimensional, surface-layer gradients ΦH and ΦM, particularly ΦM. Thermodynamically the boundary layer develops a three-layer structure—in the lowest (0.1 h thick) and uppermost (0...
Engineering artificial intelligence software

Artificial Intelligence (AI) software is a reality, but only for limited classes of problems. In general, AI problems are significantly different from those of conventional software engineering. The differences suggest a different program development methodology for AI problems: one that does not readily yield programs with the desiderata of practical software (reliability, robustness, etc.). In addition, the problem of machine learning must be solved (to some degree) before the full potential of AI can be realized, but the resultant self-adaptive software is likely to further aggravate the software crisis. Realization of the full potential of AI in practical software awaits some prerequisite breakthroughs in both basic AI problems and an appropriate AI software development methodology.
Sexual Segregation in Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep, Ovis canadensis sierrae: Ramifications for Conservation

Abstract We studied sexual segregation in an endangered alpine ungulate, Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis sierrae) in the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A., during winter 2005–2006. We tested hypotheses for sexual segregation to better understand that phenomenon and to obtain information critical for the conservation of these rare mammals. Females foraged in larger groups that were closer to escape terrain than did males. Areas used by males had higher biomass of vegetation and were less open than areas used by females. Males foraged more efficiently in larger groups, whereas females foraged more efficiently when close to escape terrain. Females exhibited a higher bite rate than did males. Males traveled farther per day and in more open terrain than did females. Sexes of bighorn sheep also differed in their dietary niches. Those niches differed most where sexes of bighorn sheep overlapped more in spatial distribution, and differed less where spatial separation was more pronounced. These outcom...