cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An electrophoretic analysis of hemolymph proteins of the snail Helisoma duryi normale experimentally challenged with bacteria.

Abstract Three groups of the snail Helisoma duryi normale were challenged with the bacteria Escherichia coli, Micrococcus roseus , and Staphylococcus aureus , respectively, and bled at various subsequent time intervals. The hemolymph samples were subjected to total protein concentration determinants, detection for agglutinins and lysins, and electrophoretic analysis by use of the polyacralamide gel disc system. The variability in protein concentrations, not only among snails challenged with different species of bacteria and bled at different time intervals, but also among those identically challenged and simultaneously bled, and among those of the control series is reported, as is the absence of an acquired agglutinin and lysin. A comparison of the mean total protein concentrations in control and experimental snails reveals a gradual hypoproteinemia in the latter. Quantitative analysis of the 15 electrophoretically mobile hemolymph protein fractions revealed that there was an initial hypoalbuminemia associated with fraction 14 of all three experimental groups and with fraction 15 of the M. roseus -challenged group. There was also a permanent decrease of fractions 11 and 12 in all three groups of bacteria-challenged snails. No hyperglobulinemia was detected. Based on these results, it is concluded that if H. duryi normale is capable of antibody production its occurrence has not been detected.
A nonparametric test of attribute interaction in consumer utility using graded comparisons

Abstract This article proposes a nonparametric specification test of 2 equations of a model assumed to describe consumer responses to graded comparison survey data. Application of the test indicates, for a small sample of electrical engineers, that it is plausible to model utility as additively separable, provided respondents use what is termed a “subtractive integration rule” when making paired comparison judgements.
Focused wideband direction finding

A robust focusing matrix, called unitary constrained array manifold focusing, is proposed for the coherent signal-subspace method which is a novel approach for direction finding of broad- band sources. The proposed focusing matrix has robustness against size variations of focusing sectors obtained by preliminary group angle estimates. To quantify information loss due to source focusing, a new measure, relative efficiency index, is introduced. This index is useful in assessing statistical sufficiency of a data-reduced statistic formed by source focusing. The sensitivity issue as well as estimation performance comparisons for various focusing schemes, based on simulations and relative efficiency index, are also presented.
The hazards of gastric freezing.

Five dogs were subjected to actual stomach freezing for periods of 45–55 min. Whenever the temperature fell below 0°C. for as little as 6 min. in the acid-bearing portion of the stomach, hemorrhagic necrosis was found at necropsy on the following day. In 1 dog, allowed to survive 6 days, a large superficial ulcer was found replacing the entire mucosa where −1°C. had been recorded during the freeze for Il min. Because of the unique sensitivity of the acid-bearing portion of the stomach to subzero temperature, attempts to freeze it to “rock-hard” consistency would appear particularly hazardous clinically.
3D high-speed profilometer for inspection of micro-manufactured transparent parts

In micro manufacturing (MEMS, polymer hot-embossing, polymer roll-to-roll imprint, etc.) precise micro and nano-sized features are distributed over large areas. In order to inspect for defects or employ statistical process control on micromanufactured parts, metrological instruments must collect data with submicron resolution at a rate fast enough to keep up with the pace of production. Commercial inspection instruments fall short on meeting these challenging demands. In this paper we detail the design, implementation, and results of an optical system build to provide real-time inspection for transparent polymer microfluidic devices. Our current hardware demonstrates 0.5 micron lateral resolution with 1 micron vertical resolution at a rate of 640,000 voxels per second. Furthermore we demonstrate the ability to measure vertical sidewalls. The tilted orientation of our camera system provides access to these typically hidden or eclipsed areas. We conclude the paper with a direct comparison of our instrument's capabilities against a white light interferometer and laser scanning profilometer. The data demonstrates the difference between the instruments' lateral and vertical resolution, data acquisition rate, and vertical sidewall measurement capabilities.
Learning to count buildings in diverse aerial scenes

Determining the number of buildings in aerial images is an important problem because the information greatly benefits applications such as population estimation, change detection, and urbanization monitoring. In this paper, we address this problem by learning the relationship between low-level image features and building counts. Building footprints from public cartographic databases are used as labeled data. We first extract straight line segments from images. A classifier is then trained to identify line segments corresponding to building edges. Although there exist mismatches between resulting line segments and building edges, we observe a strong linear relationship between building numbers and line numbers for similar types of buildings. Based on this observation, we predict the building count for a given image using the following method. We find top k images with the most similar appearances from training samples and learn a linear regression model from this image set. The building count is computed based on the model. Our method avoids the difficulty in building detection and produces reliable results on large, diverse datasets.
Reaction of Tp(PPh3)Ru(η2-O2CCHPh2) with Carbene and Vinylidene Precursors

Tp(PPh_3)Ru(η^2-O_2CCHPh_2) (1) [Tp = tris(pyrazolyl)borate] has been prepared by the reaction of TpRu(Cl)(PPh_3)_2 with 1.2 equiv of NaO_2CCHPh_2. Complex 1 reacts with diphenylcyclopropene to generate the metallacycle Tp(PPh_3)Ru[κ^2-(C,Ο)-C(═CHCHPh_2)OC(CHPh_2)═O] (2). A trace of the carbene Tp(PPh_3)(η^1-O_2CCHPh_2)Ru═CHCH═C(Ph)_2 (3) is also observed in the crude reaction mixture. Compound 1 reacts with phenyldiazomethane to form the benzylidene Tp(PPh_3)(η^1-O_2CCHPh_2)Ru═CHPh (4). A similar species is also available by the reaction between AgO_2CCHPh_2 and Tp(PCy_3)(Cl)Ru═CHCH═C(CH_3)_2 (5), which affords Tp(PCy_3)(η^1-O_2CCHPh_2)Ru═CHCH═C(CH_3)_2 (6). With the addition of an excess of HCl, complexes 4 and 6 release free HO_2CCHPh_2 and are converted to Tp(PPh_3)(Cl)Ru═CHPh (7) and complex 5, respectively. The reaction of 1 with phenylacetylene yields the five-membered chelate Tp(PPh_3)Ru[κ^2-(C,Ο)-C(═CHPh)OC(CHPh_2)═O] (8). Complex 8 is also formed in the reaction of Tp(PPh_3)(Cl)Ru═C═CHPh with 1.2 equiv of AgO_2CCHPh_2. Compounds 1, 2, and 8 have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. Complexes 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8 do not catalyze olefin metathesis reactions, while 4 is an active initiator for the ring-opening metathesis polymerization of norbornene.
Highly etch-selective spin-on bottom antireflective coating for use in 193-nm lithography and beyond

Extending 193nm lithography to well below 100nm resolution will depend on high NA tooling coupled with thin resist processing. Semiconductor manufacturing uses BARC's (Bottom Antireflective Coating) based on organic spin coatable polymers, to improve the resolution by absorbing light that otherwise will be reflected back into the resist. However, the use of organic BARC's for patterning sub 100nm features will be limited due to poor etch selectivity to the photo resist. IBM has developed a new class of polymers that can function as planarizing BARC's. These materials show an etch selectivity to the photo resist in excess of 3:1 in fluorocarbon based ARC-open RIE chemistry. The hardmask properties of these materials for oxide open are equivalent to typical resists. Furthermore these materials can be implemented like organic ARC's and are stripped in resist strips available in manufacturing. Basic materials characterization data, optical tunability, lithographic performance with different resists, process window data, and complete integration schemes will be presented.
Spatial pattern of syllable sharing in white-throated thrushes: implications for song learning and dispersal behaviours

The relationship between song sharing among male songbirds and geographic distance between their territories is a function of juvenile dispersal distance and length of the song learning period. I analysed the spatial pattern of syllable sharing in white-throated thrushes (Turdus assimilis )t o infer their song learning strategy. Songs of 23 males from three different sites (2.5-21 km) in Puntarenas, Costa Rica, were studied using visual classification, spectrogram correlation and mul- tidimensional scaling analysis. In total, 8505 syllables were classified into 296 syllable types. All males shared syllables but most types were unique to particular males, suggesting that males invent most of their repertoires. Repertoire dissimilarity increased with geographic distance. Within sites, syllable sharing was higher between intermediate than between adjacent neighbours. These results suggest that juvenile dispersal distance is <2.5 km and relatively lower song sharing between adja- cent neighbours may result from non-random dispersal or active avoidance by open-ended learners.
Sex typing and the coronary-prone behavior pattern

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sex-role orientation and the coronary-prone behavior pattern [Type A]. Ninety-six males and eighty-four females were administered the Bem Sex Role Inventory and the student version of the Jenkins Activity Survey. The results showed that, irrespective of sex, Type A subjects were significantly more instrumental (“masculine”) and less expressive (“feminine”) than Type B subjects. Consistent with previous research females were found to be more expressive than males; however, the sole predictor of instrumentality was A/B classification. The potential significance of these findings for refining predictions of coronary artery and heart disease is discussed and recommendations for future research are offered.
Overexpression of transforming growth factor α in transgenic mice alters nonreproductive, sex-related behavioral differences : interaction with gonadal hormones

Sexually dimorphic differences in voluntary sodium intake, locomotor activity, immobility in the swim test, and aggressive behavior were found to be altered in transgenic CD-1 mice that overexpressed transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha). In contrast to nontransgenic CD-1 mice, immobility in the swim test was longer and sodium intake higher in the male TGF alpha mice than in the female TGF alpha mice. These findings indicate that the male TGF alpha mice exhibited feminization of some behaviors. Furthermore, the male TGF alpha mice were highly aggressive. Castration reversed the behavioral effects in the adult male transgenic mice, but ovariectomy did not reverse the behavioral effects in the adult female transgenic mice. Thus the feminizing effect of TGF alpha on some nonreproductive behaviors and increased aggressive behavior in male mice may be mediated through an interaction between this growth factor and gonadal hormones.
Resiliency Over Time of Elders’ Age Stereotypes After Encountering Stressful Events

Objective To examine whether the age stereotypes of older individuals would become more negative or else show resiliency following stressful events and to examine whether age-stereotype negativity would increase the likelihood of experiencing a stressful event (i.e., hospitalization). Method Age stereotypes of 231 participants, 70 years and older, were assessed across 10 years, before and after the occurrence of hospitalizations and bereavements. Results Age-stereotype negativity was resilient despite encountering stressful events. In contrast, more negative age stereotypes were associated with a 50% greater likelihood of experiencing a hospitalization. Discussion The robustness of negative age stereotypes was expressed in their capacity to resist change as well as generate it.
AP-1 blockade inhibits the growth of normal and malignant breast cells

We have previously demonstrated that basal AP-1 transcriptional activity is high in normal human mammary epithelial cells, intermediate in immortal breast cells, and relatively low in breast cancer cells. In this study we investigated whether differences in AP-1 transcriptional activity reflect differences in breast cells' dependence on AP-1 for proliferation. The cJun dominant negative, TAM-67, was used to determine the effect of AP-1 blockade on the growth of normal, immortal and malignant breast cells. We first showed that TAM-67 inhibits AP-1 activity in normal and malignant breast cells. We then determined whether this AP-1 inhibitor affected colony forming efficiency of the immortalized and malignant breast cells. The AP-1 inhibitor reduced colony formation of immortal breast cells by over 50% (by 58% in 184B5 cells and 62% in MCF10A cells), and reduced colony formation in the breast cancer cell line MCF7 by 43%, but did not reduce colony formation in the other breast cancer cell lines (T47D, MDA MB231 and MDA MB 435). We also determined the effect of AP-1 blockade on the growth of normal breast cells using a single cell proliferation assay. Using this assay, the growth of normal breast cells was extremely sensitive to AP-1 blockade, while immortal breast cells were moderately sensitive. We next directly tested the effect of TAM-67 expression on the growth of MCF7 breast cancer cells, using cells stably transfected with TAM-67 under the control of a doxycycline-inducible promoter. Upon induction, TAM-67 was expressed and AP-1 activity was inhibited in these cells. We then measured the growth of these cells in the presence or absence of TAM-67. The results of these studies show that the growth of MCF7 cells was suppressed by the AP-1 inhibitor, TAM-67. These results demonstrate that normal and immortalized breast cells, and some breast cancer cells (such as MCF7), require AP-1 to transduce proliferative signals, while other breast cancer cells (such as T47D, MDA MB 231 and MDA MB 435) do not. These studies suggest that the AP-1 transcription factor is a potential target for future agents for the prevention or treatment of breast cancer.
Development and plasticity of local intracortical projections within the vibrissae representation of the rat primary somatosensory cortex

Labelling with 1,l‘-dioctadecyl-3,3,3‘,3’-tetramethylindocarbo~anine perchlorate (Di-A) was used to assess the development of projections within the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of rats aged between postnatal day 2 and 8 (P-2 and P-8). 1,l’-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3,”3‘tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Di-I) was used in these same animals to label thalamocortical afferents. Particular attention was paid to the emergence of lamina IV intracortical projections that form a pattern complementary to vibrissae-related thalamocortical afferents. A vibrissae-related pattern of Di-A-labelled cells and fibers that was restricted largely to the septa regions was not apparent in rats killed on P-2, but it was visible in animals killed on P-4 and later ages. Tracing with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was used to assess intra-SI projections of adult rats that sustained transection of the infraorbital nerve (ION) on P-0 or P-7 or implantation of a tetrodotoxin (TTX)-impregnated polymer chip over the cortex on P-0. Rats that sustained ION transection on P-7 or that had TTX implants demonstrated normal patterns of projections within SI. The patterns of labelling in the supra- and infragranular layers of the cortices of the rats that sustained ION transection on P-0 were generally similar to those in the other groups evaluated. However, in lamina TV, there was no organization that could be related to the distribution of the vibrissae. These results indicate that the vibrissae-related pattern of intracortical projections within SI develops shortly after birth and that two manipulations that alter cortical activity, but not the patterning of thalamocortical afferents (application of TTX and transection of the ION after thalamocortical afferent patterns are established), have no significant effect on it. However, a manipulation that alters thalamocortical development (transection of the ION on P-0) profoundly affects the patterning of intracortical connections. D 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: barrels, vibrissae, trigeminal system, biotinylated dextran amine, infraorbital nerve, tetrodotoxin, Di-I, Di-A
Mode of dispersal of the stem-nodulating bacterium, AZorhizobium

Abstract A study was conducted to determine how Azorhizobium caulinodans , a bacterium that nodulates the stem of Sesbania rostrata , is disseminated. S. rostrata grown from inoculated seeds or in soil containing A . caulinodans bore few stem nodules, and these usually were near the soil surface. Water splashing on soil containing the bacterium resulted in nodulation of the lower 10 cm of stems. Drops of simulated rain falling on S . rostrata that had been sprayed with A . caulinodans dislodged the bacteria, which then became airborne. Aerosols of the bacterium nodulated stems of the plants. Simulated wind-blown soil containing this rhizobium caused nodulation and colonization of stems by the microorganism, and the extents of nodulation and colonization were greater if the aboveground parts of the plants were wet than dry. Wind speed and frequency of exposure to wind affect the dislodgement of A . caulinodans from the aboveground surfaces. The data suggest that rain and wind-blown soil are important means for transmitting the bacteria responsible for stem nodulation.
Free Radicals by Mass Spectrometry XLIV. Ionization Potentials and Bond Dissociation Energies for Chloro‐ and Fluoro‐Methyl Radicals

Using monoenergetic electron impact, ionization thresholds have been re-measured for chloro- and fluoro-methyl radicals produced in a silica furnace. The following ionization potentials have been obtained (in volts): CH2Cl 8.80, CHCl2 8.45, CCl3 8.28, CH2F 8.90. For CHF2 and CF3, only upper limits were measured. Appearance potentials for halomethyl ions from derivatives have also been measured. From a consideration of these and literature values, best values are proposed for the heats of formation of the radicals and their cations.
Some problems concerning the assessment of arterial prosthetic materials.

The problems with the experimental and clinical assessment of arterial prosthetic materals vary from species-transfer of data to vested interests once an implantale device has been perfected for human trail. In spite of all the problems which arise, there has been a steady increase in our knowledge of the basic healing pattern of implanted arterial prostheses and the elaboration of specific paths for improvement of prosthetic design. Further development will be linked closely to the active participation of the biomedical researcher in areas of biophysical and bioengineering investigations.
Fugacity coefficients of hydrogen in (hydrogen + 2-methylpropane): pressure dependence

Abstract The fugacity coefficients of hydrogen in (hydrogen + 2-methylpropane) were measured with a physical-equilibrium technique at pressures of (5.13, 6.78, 10.17, and 13.50) MPa, all at a temperature of 403.15 K. The physical-equilibrium technique involved the use of an experimental chamber that was divided into two separate regions by a semipermeable membrane through which hydrogen, but not 2-methylpropane, could permeate. Measurement of the gas pressures on each side of the membrane, in addition to a measurement of the binary-mixture composition and the system temperature, allowed the calculation of the fugacity and fugacity coefficient of hydrogen in the mixture. The qualitative features of the measurements are discussed, and comparisons are made with predictions obtained from the Redlich-Kwong and Peng-Robinson models.
Block and Random Living, Ring‐Opening Metathesis Copolymerization of Functionally Differentiated Carbazole‐Containing Norbornene Monomers

The synthesis of novel diblock polymers containing both a potential charge transport and a non-linear optic block has been accomplished. The synthesis exploits the living, ring-opening metathesis block copolymerization of two norbornene type monomers, one of which contains an unsubstituted N-carbazolyl ring while the other has a bromo substituent at the 3-position of the carbazole ring. Conversion of the bromo functionality to a 2,2-dicyanovinyl group introduces the non-linear optic property. The first monomer was prepared by the previously reported efficient cation radical Diels–Alder cycloaddition of N-trans-1-propenylcarbazole to 1,3-cyclopentadiene, while the second was obtained by N-bromosuccinimide bromination of the first monomer. For purposes of comparison, the corresponding random copolymer was also synthesized.
cAMP Activates Magnesium Efflux via the Na/Mg Antiporter in Ascites Cells

In intact ascites cells magnesium efflux is substantially stimulated by cAMP analogues and by low concentrations of prostaglandins (PGE1 and PGE2) which increases the synthesis of cAMP. cAMP stimulates magnesium efflux by directly stimulating the Na-Mg antiporter rather than determining a magnesium release from mitochondria as reported for other cell types. Protein kinase inhibitors abolish the cAMP stimulated magnesium efflux suggesting that the stimulation is mediated by the phosphorylation of the carrier protein, increasing its affinity for intracellular magnesium. These data provide evidence that receptor-mediated stimuli eventually leading to cell activation are directly connected to the regulation of intracellular magnesium.
Developmental Exposure to Bisphenol A Modulates Innate but Not Adaptive Immune Responses to Influenza A Virus Infection

Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in numerous products, such as plastic bottles and food containers, from which it frequently leaches out and is consumed by humans. There is a growing public concern that BPA exposure may pose a significant threat to human health. Moreover, due to the widespread and constant nature of BPA exposure, not only adults but fetuses and neonates are also exposed to BPA. There is mounting evidence that developmental exposures to chemicals from our environment, including BPA, contribute to diseases late in life; yet, studies of how early life exposures specifically alter the immune system are limited. Herein we report an examination of how maternal exposure to a low, environmentally relevant dose of BPA affects the immune response to infection with influenza A virus. We exposed female mice during pregnancy and through lactation to the oral reference dose for BPA listed by the US Environmental Protection Agency, and comprehensively examined immune parameters directly linked to disease outcomes in adult offspring following infection with influenza A virus. We found that developmental exposure to BPA did not compromise disease-specific adaptive immunity against virus infection, or reduce the host’s ability to clear the virus from the infected lung. However, maternal exposure to BPA transiently reduced the extent of infection-associated pulmonary inflammation and anti-viral gene expression in lung tissue. From these observations, we conclude that maternal exposure to BPA slightly modulates innate immunity in adult offspring, but does not impair the anti-viral adaptive immune response, which is critical for virus clearance and survival following influenza virus infection.
Recurrent stroke and cardiac risks after first ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study.

Background: Few population-based studies with long-term follow-up have compared risk of recurrent stroke and cardiac events after first ischemic stroke. The relative risk of these two outcomes may inform treatment decisions. Methods: In the population-based Northern Manhattan Study, first ischemic stroke patients age 40 or older were prospectively followed for recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and cause-specific mortality. Fatal cardiac events were defined as death secondary to MI, congestive heart failure, sudden death/arrhythmia, and cardiopulmonary arrest. Risk of events (with 95% CIs) was calculated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and adjusted for sex and age using Cox proportional hazard models. Results: Mean age (n = 655; median follow-up 4.0 years) was 69.7 ± 12.7 years. The risk of recurrent stroke was more than twice that of cardiac events (including nonfatal MI) at 30 days and approximately twice cardiac risk at 5 years. The age- and sex-adjusted 5-year risk of fatal or nonfatal recurrent stroke was 18.3% (14.8 to 21.7%), and the 5-year risk of MI or fatal cardiac event was 8.6% (6.0 to 11.2%). The adjusted 5-year risk of nonfatal stroke (14.8%, 11.6 to 17.9%) was approximately twice as high as fatal cardiac events (6.4%, 4.1 to 8.6%) and four times higher than risk of fatal stroke (3.7%, 2.1 to 5.4%). Conclusions: Cardiac mortality is nearly twice as high as mortality owing to recurrent stroke, but long-term risk of all stroke, fatal or nonfatal, is approximately twice the risk of all cardiac events. The high risk of nonfatal recurrent stroke reinforces the importance of therapies aimed at preventing stroke recurrence in addition to preventing cardiac events.
Measuring dopamine neuromodulation in the thalamus: Using [F-18]fallypride PET to study dopamine release during a spatial attention task

We used the highly selective D2/D3 dopamine PET radioligand [F-18]fallypride to demonstrate that cognitive task induced dopamine release can be measured in the extrastriatal region of the thalamus, a region containing 10-fold fewer D2 dopamine receptors than the striatum. Human studies were acquired on 8 healthy volunteers using a single [F-18]fallypride injection PET imaging session. A spatial attention task, previously demonstrated to increase FDG uptake in the thalamus, was initiated following a period of radioligand uptake. Thalamic dopamine release was statistically tested by measuring time-dependent alterations in the kinetics (focusing on specific binding) of the [F-18]fallypride using the linearized extension of the simplified reference region model. Voxel-based analysis of the dynamic PET data sets revealed a high correlation (r = 0.86, P = 0.0067) between spatial attention task performance and thalamic dopamine release. Various aspects of the kinetic model were analyzed to address concerns such as blood flow artifacts and model bias, as well as issues with task timing and regional variations in D2/D3 receptor density. In addition to the thalamus, measurement of dopamine neuromodulation using [F-18]fallypride and a single injection PET protocol can be extended to other extrastriatal regions of the brain, such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and regions of the temporal cortex. However, issues of task timing and detection sensitivity will vary depending on regional D2/D3 dopamine receptor density. Measurements of extrastriatal dopamine neuromodulation hold great promise to further our understanding of extrastriatal dopamine involvement in normal cognition and neuropsychiatric pathology.
Effect of fluorescein‐family and other dyes on the growth of the red tide organism Ptychodiscus brevis

Abstract Fluorescein family dyes (substituted xanthenylbenzoates: fluorescein, erythrosin, eosin Y, and rose bengal) were used to evaluate the effect of known singlet‐oxygen sensitizers on the unarmored dinoflagellate Ptychodiscus brevis. Cells were enumerated after 24 hours in the presence of 1 x 10−4 M dye solution. Results were also compared using cells in the presence and absence of light and for both conditions in the presence and absence of dyes. The effect was expressed as percent cells surviving, and the order of effectiveness was: fluorescein < eosin Y < erythrosin < rose bengal. Methylene blue and ZPS were also used to be certain that the effect was not simply a structural effect of substituted fluoresceins. Percent survival was a linear function of the known quantum yield of the sensitizers (r = ‐0.937 ; P = 0.03). Ptychodiscus brevis is known to be unique among dinoflagellates for the lack of peridinin, a fairly common pigment that serves as a singlet oxygen quencher. The implications of these...
Pleiotropic drug resistance in cystic fibrosis fibroblasts: increased resistance to cyclic AMP.

In previous studies, cystic fibrosis (CF) fibroblasts were demonstrated to be resistant to the cytotoxic effects of ouabain, dexamethasone, and the sex hormones, dihydrotestosterone, 17β-estradiol, and progesterone. We now show that CF fibroblasts also exhibit greatly increased resistance to the cytotoxic effects of exogenous dibutyryl cyclic AMP (cAMP), as well as to isoproterenol and theophylline, drugs which are known to increase endogenous levels of cAMP. CF cells were also shown to have normal amounts of [3H]cAMP binding to protein kinase as well as normal amounts of cAMP-stimulated protein kinase activity. Phosphodiesterase in CF cells was also found to be stimulated by cAMP to the same degree as in normal cells. These findings suggest that there is no detectable protein kinase deficiency in CF cells. CF cells thus appear to be unlike some cAMP-resistant mutants described by others which are defective in protein kinase activity and cAMP regulation of phosphodiesterase levels. The cross-resistance of CF fibroblasts to ouabain, steroid hormones, and cAMP may provide a unique opportunity to study the biochemical events involved in the metabolism of these drugs as well as the basic biochemical defect in a common human genetic disease.
The equivalence between likelihood ratio test and F-test for testing variance component in a balanced one-way random effects model

In mixed linear models, it is frequently of interest to test hypotheses on the variance components. F-test and likelihood ratio test (LRT) are commonly used for such purposes. Current LRTs available in literature are based on limiting distribution theory. With the development of finite sample distribution theory, it becomes possible to derive the exact test for likelihood ratio statistic. In this paper, we consider the problem of testing null hypotheses on the variance component in a one-way balanced random effects model. We use the exact test for the likelihood ratio statistic and compare the performance of F-test and LRT. Simulations provide strong support of the equivalence between these two tests. Furthermore, we prove the equivalence between these two tests mathematically.
Planetary science: Making mountains out of a moon

The Moon's cratered surface preserves the record of impacts that occurred during the late stages of its accretion. New simulations show that a collision with a companion moon may have formed the lunar farside highlands. See Letter p.69 The Moon is a satellite of two distinct halves. The nearside that faces us all the time is low in altitude, flat and dark in colour, whereas the farside is mountainous and deeply cratered. Martin Jutzi and Erik Asphaug propose that this lunar dichotomy might be the consequence of the late accretion of a companion moon. Companion moons are a common outcome of giant impact and protolunar disk simulations. The new calculations suggest that a collision with a companion at subsonic impact velocity leads to an accretionary pile rather than a crater, resulting in a hemispheric layer consistent with the dimensions and crustal structure of the topography of the farside highlands.
Transition in an Era of Reform

Transition services for students with learning disabilities have not always been a priority in public schools. Although school personnel have long acknowledged the transition needs of students considered to have more severe disabilities, such as mental retardation, physical problems, and emotional disturbance, they do not always consider that students with learning disabilities also need transition programming. The result has been a neglect of these students' transition needs, which has likely contributed to some of the problems experienced by young adults with learning disabilities. This article focuses on the effect of educational reform on transition services for students with learning disabilities. General education reform—fueled by some of the critical reports of the 1980s — inclusion, and some of the more recent efforts to reform public education (namely, Goals 2000) are all discussed as they relate to the transition needs of students with learning disabilities.
Radiochromatographic carbohydrate analyses of high and low affinity IgG antibodies.

Abstract Rabbit and chicken IgG anti-fluorescyl antibodies were fractionated into subpopulations differing in their average intrinsic association constants. Each subpopulation was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for its carbohydrate content by the radiochromatograhic assay. Results show that each affinity subpopulation derived from an individual animal varied significantly in carbohydrate composition. However, results from different species and/or individuals were not directly comparable. The data were discussed in terms of quantitative and qualitative differences in the carbohydrate moieties of each subpopulation.
Influencing models to improve their predictions of standard samples

This paper generalizes the Lagrange multiplier solution for a regression subject to inhomogeneous (d ≠ 0) linear equality constraints, Vb′= d, to the case where these constraints are only partially satisfied. It extends the work of an earlier paper that generalized the Lagrange multiplier solution for a regression subject to homogeneous (d = 0) linear equality constraints, Vb′ = 0. With this method, we can insure that our chemometric models predict known standard samples more accurately by making such samples more influential. For example, we can include samples from a particular locale in a calibration set as sample ‘standards’ to create a ‘tuned’ model, b′ from a generic model, b, that is based on samples from a wider geographical area. We introduce new ways to adjustably control a sample's influence and show why they are preferable to simply including that sample multiple times. One new way is to use simultaneous counterbalanced sample-pair distortion of both XandY blocks. Another is to generalize the Lagrange multiplier solution that allows the constraints Vb′ = d to be only partially satisfied, which is important when the constraints interfere so that a perfect fit to one standard sample prevents a perfect fit to another standard sample. Some advantages of these new methods are that they cause no frequency filtering of the X-block, which might remove information, and they allow the user to minimize the standard error of prediction by optimizing influence. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pixel-based compensated video compression

A linear pixel-based motion model across several frames is proposed in compensated video coding, where a single motion field is used for the prediction of several future frames. Experimental results are presented to show that the computed motion field can be used to obtain very good predictions. The compressibility of the motion field is addressed. It is shown that large regions of the image may be approximated by lower resolutions, and small prediction error can be maintained for the entire predicted frames by changing the resolution of the motion field.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of oral contraceptives and tobacco use on the metabolic pathways of theophylline

Abstract The effects of chronic oral contraceptive (OC) use and cigarette smoking on the metabolism of theophylline (THEO) were investigated in 22 healthy female volunteers. Blood and urine samples were collected over 23 h following oral aminophylline dosing. Urine was assayed by HPLC for both unchanged theophylline and its primary metabolites (3-methylxanthine (3-MX), 1-methyluric acid (1-MUA) and 1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3-DMUA)). The metabolite formation clearances for the subject groups appeared linear except for a Michaelis-Menten pattern in the non-OC users who smoked. Smoking increased metabolite formation clearances for 3-MX (by 55%), 1-MUA (by 49%) and 1,3-DMUA (by 26%). Chronic OC exposure resulted in reductions for 3-MX (by 42%), 1-MUA (by 24%) and 1,3-DMUA (by 19%). Renal clearances of unchanged theophylline were urine flow-dependent and affected secondarily by OC and tobacco use. While 3-MX formation is most sensitive to change, the differential effects from enzyme induction by tobacco and inhibition by OC suggests that each pathway has differing sources of enzymatic regulation.
High-order filters for estimation in non-Gaussian noise

Abstract In this paper, high-order vector filter equations are developed for estimation in non-Gaussian noise. The difference between the filters developed here and the standard Kalman filter is that the filter equation contains nonlinear functions of the innovations process. These filters are general in that the initial estimation error, the measurement noise, and the process noise can all have non-Gaussian distributions. Two filter structures are developed. The first filter is designed for parameter estimation in systems for which the initial estimation error, the process noise, and/or the measurement noise have Gaussian and/or asymmetric non-Gaussian probability densities. The second filter is designed for estimation in Gaussian and/or symmetric non-Gaussian noise. Experimental evaluation of the high-order filters in non-Gaussian noise, formed from Gaussian sum distributions, shows that these filters perform significantly better than the standard Kaiman filter, and close to the optimal Bayesian estimator.
A one-pot, two-step reaction for the synthesis of VLC acidic polymers for resin modified glass-ionomers

Methacrylate-functionalized aromatic oxazolines are evaluated for attaching pendant methacrylate groups to acid containing polymers. Typically, these reactions use the toxic liquid 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM) to functionalized the acid containing polymer. Methacrylate-functionalized oxazolines will add to acid containing polymer in aqueous solvent. Thus, in a one-pot, two-step reaction the acid containing polymer can be synthesized and then reacted with the methacrylate-functionalized oxazoline. The visible light-curable (VLC) polymer can then be formulated in resin modified glass-ionomers. The resulting glass-ionomers have properties that are comparable to commercial materials. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk aversion, generalized correlation and investment in manufacturing capacities

Abstract This study analyzes the relationship between product demand correlation and risk on the investment in dedicated and flexible manufacturing capacities. It is proved that for a risk averse (or risk neutral) decision-maker, increased generalized correlation between output demands reduces the values of both dedicated and flexible manufacturing investments for all multivariate distributions. It is shown that no such monotonic relationship generally exists for the capacities themselves because of an economic tradeoff between risk and return. It is also proved that increased generalized correlation reduces the value of flexible capacity relative to dedicated capacity for the risk-neutral decision maker. However, contrary to the extant literature, flexible capacity is still shown to be potentially valuable even if product demands are perfectly positively correlated. Finally, it is shown that increases in the risk of product demand, holding correlation (of product demand) constant, reduces the value of the investment in manufacturing capacities when output demands are either jointly normal or independent.
Comparative sensitivity of measurements of lung damage made by bronchoalveolar lavage after short-term exposure of rats to ozone.

Abstract Consequences of exposure of rats for 2 days or less to O3 at various concentrations between 0.12 and 0.96 ppm were measured using several assays performed on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Changes in apparent lung permeability were assessed by measurement of recovery of labelled bovine serum albumin in lung lavage fluid after intravenous injection (“permeability index”). The relative sensitivity of this assay was compared with the sensitivity of measurements of changes in protein and of enzyme content in lavage fluid. Permeability index increased in an exposure concentration-dependent manner after 6 or 24 h of exposure to O3 at or above levels of 0.4 ppm. Permeability index was also increased after 2 days of exposure to 0.2 ppm of O3. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, and N- acetyl -β- D - glucosaminidase in lung lavage fluid were less sensitive indicators of O3 damage than was altered permeability index. Increased lactate dehydrogenase activity could only be detected after continuous exposure of rats for at least 1 day to 0.64 (or higher) ppm of O3, while acid phosphatase and N- acetyl -β- d - glucosaminidase activities were increased after exposure of rats to O3 at 0.4 ppm or above for 1 day. Activities of these enzymes were not increased after 6 h of exposure to 0.64 ppm of O3 or after 2 days of exposure to 0.2 ppm. Increased lavage protein content was the most sensitive measurement of the consequences of O3 exposure to rats in these protocols. The lavagable protein content increased after exposure of rats to O3 for 6 h at 0.4 ppm and for 1 or 2 days of exposure to 0.12 ppm, the current peak hourly National Ambient Air Quality standard for O3. While the biological significance of these observations remains to be determined, measurement of lavage protein content is a simple, sensitive indicator of acute changes in the lung caused by exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of O3.
Pyridine nucleotide binding sites of pig heart lipoyl dehydrogenase: Fluorescence titrations

Abstract The binding of pyridine nucleotides by pig heart lipoyl dehydrogenase (NADH: lipoamide oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.4.3) results in a small but significant decrease in fluorescence emission by the enzyme-bound flavin. The binding of NAD, 3-acetyl-NAD, and thionicotinamide NAD have been studied by fluorescence titration of the enzyme with these compounds. At 25 °, the titration curves with NAD and 3-acetyl-NAD are biphasic, indicating “low affinity” and “high affinity” sites. For NAD, dissociation constants of 0.20 ± 0.03 and 0.9 ± 0.2 m m were estimated, while 0.3 ± 0.1 and 2.1 ± 0.1 m m were obtained with the 3-acetyl analog. Biphasicity was retained at 5 °, but increasing the temperature to 37 ° resulted in monophasic titration curves. In contrast, thionicotinamide NAD gave monophasic titration curves at both 25 ° and 37 °, with 0.5 ± 0.1 m m being estimated as the dissociation constant at 25 °. NAD acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor of NADH in the diaphorase reaction catalyzed by this enzyme (estimated Ki, 0.19 m m ) while the thionicotinamide and 3-acetyl analogs were competitive inhibitors (estimated Ki values of 2 × 10−2 and 1.3 × 10−2 m m , respectively). No direct correlation could be seen between the binding affinities and the effects of these compounds on the diaphorase activities of lipoyl dehydrogenase.
Aftermath of a Race Riot The Emergent Norm Process among Black and White Community Leaders

In the years immediately following the 1967 racial disorder crisis in Detroit, there existed between black and white community leadership ideological and policy polarization. Over the next decade such polarization transformed itself into a nonideological pragmatic accommodationist orientation. This analysis draws on Turner's emergent norm theory to interpret stages evident in the normative shift in black and white leadership attitudes and behaviors within a context of continuing stressful city conditions. Employing a combination of decisional, functional, and positional selection criteria, 14 black and 22 white community leaders were periodically interviewed and observed between 1968 and 1980. As posited in emergent norm theory, the crystallization and recrystallization of norms held by black and white community leaders involved multiple competing leadership ideas before a dominant norm emerged. While there are signs that a possible new emergent norm stage of repolarization may be developing, this analysi...
Reliable sizing of power networks in VLSI circuits

Abstract The paper deals with sizing power/ground nets in integrated circuits. Certain reliability constraints such as voltage drop and metal migration are considered. These reliability constraints exist at the lowest level of physical design, and cannot be overcome by techniques such as fault-tolerant design or redundancy at the higher levels. The widths of the power/ground nets are determined subject to the assumed constraints. An attempt is made to reduce the metal area required. Experimental results for examples and runtimes are included.
Probabilistic expression analysis on manifolds

In this paper, we propose a probabilistic video-based facial expression recognition method on manifolds. The concept of the manifold of facial expression is based on the observation that the images of all possible facial deformations of an individual make a smooth manifold embedded in a high dimensional image space. An enhanced Lipschitz embedding is developed to embed the aligned face appearance in a low dimensional space while keeping the main structure of the manifold. In the embedded space, a complete expression sequence becomes a path on the expression manifold, emanating from a center that corresponds to the neutral expression. Each path consists of several clusters. A probabilistic model of transition between the clusters and paths is learned through training videos in the embedded space. The likelihood of one kind of facial expression is modeled as a mixture density with the clusters as mixture centers. The transition between different expressions is represented as the evolution of the posterior probability of the six basic paths. The experimental results demonstrate that the probabilistic approach can recognize expression transitions effectively. We also synthesize image sequences of changing expressions through the manifold model.
CMOS compatible many-core noc architectures with multi-channel millimeter-wave wireless links

Traditional many-core designs based on the Network-on-Chip (NoC) paradigm suffer from high latency and power dissipation as the system size scales up due to their inherent multi-hop communication. NoC performance can be significantly enhanced by introducing long-range, low power, and high-bandwidth single-hop wireless links between far apart cores. This paper presents a design methodology and performance evaluation for a hierarchical small-world NoC with CMOS compatible on-chip millimeter (mm)-wave wireless long-range communication links. The proposed wireless NoC offers significantly higher bandwidth and lower energy dissipation compared to its conventional non-hierarchical wired counterpart in presence of both uniform and non-uniform traffic patterns. The performance improvement is achieved through efficient data routing and optimum placement of wireless hubs. Multiple wireless shortcuts operating simultaneously provide an energy efficient solution for design of many-core communication infrastructures.
Ternary Compounds in the System La-Co-O

The compounds LaCoO3, La4Co3Ol0, and La2CoO4 were synthesized and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. Lanthanum cobaltate, LaCoO3, has the rhombohedra1 modification of the perovskite structure, whereas La4CO3O10 and La2CoO4 have perovskite-related structures based on face-centered orthorhombic lattices. The lattice parameters of these ternary phases are dependent on the conditions of preparation. Six invariant reactions in the system La-Co-O are summarized in a portion of the 1130°C isothermal section.