cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy Provides Atomic-Level Insights Into the Dehydration of Cartilage

An atomic-level insight into the functioning of articular cartilage would be useful to develop prevention strategies and therapies for joint diseases such as osteoarthritis. However, the composition and structure of cartilage and their relationship to its unique mechanical properties are quite complex and pose tremendous challenges to most biophysical techniques. In this study, we present an investigation of the structure and dynamics of polymeric molecules of articular cartilage using time-resolved solid-state NMR spectroscopy during dehydration. Full-thickness cartilage explants were used in magic-angle spinning experiments to monitor the structural changes of rigid and mobile carbons. Our results reveal that the dehydration reduced the mobility of collagen amino acid residues and carbon sugar ring structures in glycosaminoglycans but had no effect on the trans-Xaa-Pro conformation. Equally interestingly, our results demonstrate that the dehydration effects are reversible, and the molecular structure an...
Thoracic-fluid conductivity in peripartum women with pulmonary edema.

Abstract Objective: To measure the level of thoracic-fluid conductivity associated with pulmonary edema in peripartum women by noninvasive thoracic electrical bioimpedance. Methods: Between March 1994 and August 1996, 134 women were selected for thoracic electrical bioimpedance monitoring. Among them, 12 had pulmonary edema, 33 had severe preeclampsia, 17 had mild preeclampsia, and 72 were in uncomplicated early labor. Each subject’s highest thoracic-fluid conductivity measurement was related to her clinical presentation. The Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance was used to compare groups’ means. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to identify thoracic-fluid conductivity values associated with pulmonary edema. Results: Pulmonary edema was associated with severe preeclampsia in ten cases, urosepsis in one case, and postoperative volume overload in one case. Other than gestational age, there were no significant differences in maternal demographics between groups. Thoracic-fluid conductivity values in women with pulmonary edema (80.6 ± 18.3 kohm−1) were significantly higher than those in women with severe preeclampsia (62.8 ± 16.3 kohm−1), mild preeclampsia (53.3 ± 11.2 kohm−1), or early labor (41.3 ± 6.7 kohm−1). Thoracic-fluid conductivity of at least 65 kohm−1 best identified pulmonary edema (sensitivity 83.3%; specificity 86.9%; positive predictive value 38.5%; negative predictive value 98.1%). Conclusion: Preeclampsia was associated with increased thoracic-fluid conductivity stratified between mild and severe disease. Thoracic-fluid conductivity of at least 65 kohm−1 was strongly associated with peripartum pulmonary edema. Women with values above 65 kohm−1 might be candidates for medical intervention even without overt clinical symptoms.
Application of detailed balance to quantum coherent solar cells

Abstract The author responds to the attempted tutorial (Chapin et al., Physica B (2013) [6] ) on solar cell physics specifically as it relates to the hypothetical toy model quantum coherent solar cell (Scully, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 (2010) 207701 [1] ).
Volume of visual field assessed with kinetic perimetry and its application to static perimetry

). 2 , the values for the third dimension are 0.5 for I4e, 1.0 for I3e, 1.5 for I2e, and 2.0 for I1e. The resulting unit is a steradian (log 10 3 (cd/m 2 ) −1 which is referred to as a Goldmann. In addition, the visual fields of four patients with representative visual defect patterns were examined and compared with normal subjects. Results: Mean isopter areas for normal subjects were 3.092 ± 0.242 steradians for I4e, 2.349 ± 0.280 steradians for I3e, 1.242 ± 0.263 steradians for I2e, and 0.251 ± 0.114 steradians for the I1e target. Isopter volumes were 1.546 ± 0.121 Goldmanns for the I4e target, 1.174 ± 0.140 Goldmanns for I3e, 0.621 ± 0.131 Goldmanns for I2e, and 0.126 ± 0.057 Goldmanns for I1e. The total mean visual field volume in our study for the I target was 3.467 ± 0.371 Goldmanns. Conclusion: The volume of the island of vision may be used to quantify a visual field with a single value which contains information about both visual field extension and differential luminance sensitivity. This technique may be used to assess the progression or stability of visual field defects over time. A similar method may be applied to static perimetry.
Reversible adaptive regularization: perturbed Kepler motion and classical atomic trajectories.

Reversible and adaptive integration methods based on Kustaanheimo–Stiefel regularization and modified Sundman transformations are applied to simulate general perturbed Kepler motion and to compute classical trajectories of atomic systems (e.g. Rydberg atoms). The new family of reversible adaptive regularization methods also conserve angular momentum and exhibit superior energy conservation and numerical stability in long–time integrations. The schemes are appropriate for scattering, for astronomical calculations of escape time and long–term stability, and for classical and semiclassical studies of atomic dynamics. The components of an algorithm for trajectory calculations are described. Numerical experiments illustrate the effectiveness of the reversible approach.
Exploring the Reading and Listening Skills of Secondary Mildly Handicapped Students

Nonreading curricula are being proposed for mildly handicapped students mainstreamed in secondary classrooms. In this study, three probes investigated various conditions for acquiring textbook cont...
The Characterization of Tumor Apoptosis after Experimental Radiosurgery

We sought to evaluate whether radiosurgery induces apoptosis in an experimental glioma model and to elucidate the time course of this radiobiologic phenomenon. Fischer 344 rats harboring established intracranial 9L gliosarcomas underwent radiosurgery (n = 42) or no radiosurgery (n = 45). Animals were sacrificed at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h, and 1 or 2 weeks after treatment and in situ tumor apoptosis was assessed by specific staining. Tumor apoptosis was noted to be statistically higher in radiosurgery-treated animals relative to controls at the 6-, 24-, and 48-hour time points following radiosurgery. Radiosurgery induces apoptosis in the rat intracranial 9L gliosarcoma in a time-dependent fashion. The time course of this radiobiologic phenomenon begins at approximately 6 h following radiosurgery, continues up to 48 h, and begins to decline by 72 h.
Evaluation of the flora and fauna of aSpartina alterniflora marsh established on dredged material in Winyah Bay, South Carolina

Approximately 35 hectares ofSpartina alterniflora marsh has, over a 14-year period, developed naturally on unconfined dredged material placed within the intertidal zone of Winyah Bay, South Carolina. The above-and below-ground vegetative structure, benthic macrofauna, and resident fish and shellfish assemblages of two varying-aged zones (4 and 8 years) of this marsh were evaluated and compared in September 1988. Vegetative structure (stem height, density, percent cover, and biomass) in both zones was within the range reported for natural sites, with a trend toward greater below-ground development with age. The macrofaunal assemblages of both zones were similar in both species composition and numbers of species (17–21 species), with oligochaetes and polychaetes dominating both assemblages. Overall density of macrofauna in the 8-year-old zone (19,943 individuals per m2) was significantly greater than that in the 4-year-old zone (4,628 individuals per m2). Differences between zones (particularly the presence of large-bodied molluscs in the older site) seemed to reflect age. The fish and shellfish assemblage collected from the younger site was dominated byFundulus heteroclitus andPalaemonetes pugio. Gut contents ofF. heteroclitus included a variety of marsh-surface prey, similar to that reported elsewhere. Overall, both zones seemed to represent well established, viable, low intertidal marsh habitat.
Ultrasonic evaluation and application of oriented polymer rods

Ultrasonic evaluation and application of oriented high density polyethylene (HDPE) rods are presented. Solid state ram extrusion method is used to fabricate such rods. Ultrasonic measurement results indicate that the ultrasonic signal strength and signal to noise ratio of the oriented HDPE rods are better than those of the non-oriented ones for both longitudinal and shear waves. Viscosity measurements and monitoring of epoxy cure at ambient temperature using clad rods consisting of an oriented polymer core and an epoxy cladding are also demonstrated.
Replacing Sandra Day O'Connor: Gender and the Politics of Supreme Court Nominations

The politics of Supreme Court nominations present a case in which gender issues from abortion to diversity are highly salient on the bench. However, confirmation politics are also tightly constrained by institutional pressure for party loyalty. In the battle to replace Sandra Day O'Connor, we find that gender had a limited impact on senators' votes on the Roberts and Alito nominations. Republicans uniformly supported the president's nominees and the most liberal Democrats opposed them. However, gender did impact the votes of more moderate and conservative Democrats. Analysis of the explanations senators offer to justify their votes and build trust with constituents demonstrates that women—particularly Democratic women—place greater emphasis on women's rights in their floor statements, supporting the contention that female senators prioritize women as a constituency and bring a different perspective to policy deliberations.
Sustainable Apparel Product Development: In Search of a New Dominant Social Paradigm for the Field Using Sustainable Approaches

AbstractThe apparel industry is complicit in the current ecological crisis. Since the Industrial Revolution, the industry's impact has grown unceasingly and there are now social, environmental, and economic consequences that must be addressed. Though the fashion industry has begun its move toward sustainable strategies, opportunities remain. Design and product development processes represent a key inception point for a multitude of impacts. Thus, it is imperative to identify the points on which those processes may be enhanced or revolutionized by approaches used in other industries leading innovation for sustainability. In this article, the authors commence an exploration of these other industries in search of a new dominant social paradigm, a more sustainable pattern of practice, for the apparel industry as well as education. The findings indicate that costing strategies, collaboration and cooperation in the supply chain, and tools for decision making represent the primary components of the transition to...
Maize is a critically important source of food, feed, energy and forage in the USA.

Maize production in the U.S. was about 316 million metric tons in 2010. That amount is expected to increase in the future due to greater yields/hectare and more hectares planted. From 1950 until 2006 the supply of maize grain was much greater than demand. Government programs supplemented farmers, enabling them to produce abundant amounts of maize grain at low prices. The low prices of maize grain encouraged feeding large amounts to livestock and poultry. As late as 2000, 60% of maize grain produced was fed to livestock and poultry. The development of the fuel ethanol industry has changed both the price of maize grain and the usage by livestock and poultry. In 2010 only 42.9% of U.S. maize grain was fed to livestock and poultry while 41.8% was used for fuel ethanol production, and 11.2% for food. There are two byproducts from fuel ethanol production that replace some of the maize grain, especially in cattle production—distillers grains and maize gluten feed. Both of these byproducts are very well utilized by cattle. Depending upon plant production logistics, distillers grains has 110–140% the feeding value of the maize grain replaced and maize gluten feed has 100–110% the feeding value of maize grain. Values are less for lactating dairy cows but both byproducts serve as excellent protein sources. Byproducts replace 35–45% of the maize grain used to produce fuel ethanol. Essentially all of the cattle in the U.S. are “finished” on diets containing 80–85% concentrates. In the past the concentrates were comprised primarily of maize grain but now are a mixture of maize and byproducts. In the US the forage part of the corn plant is utilized in three ways. Some is harvested as whole plant maize silage. The silage is used as both an energy source and a roughage source in feedlot diets. Maize silage is also used to “background” cattle. This term is used to describe a growing phase based on forages prior to cattle being placed on “finishing” diets. The second use of maize forage (referred to as residue) is residue harvest after grain harvest and fed as a roughage source in finishing diets or mixed with wet byproducts and fed as an energy source to “background” cattle or beef cows. The other use of the maize “residue” is through grazing after grain harvest. Beef cows or backgrounding calves are placed on the maize fields after grain harvest where they select the higher quality forage components and any residual grain left in the field after harvest. Residual grain in residue is of high quality and selected first by the cattle. The husk is palatable and highly digested while the leaf is palatable but not as digestible. Quality of the diet declines with time of grazing because the higher quality parts are selected first. Generally, about 15% of the residue is consumed leaving 85% for erosion control and soil organic matter. Under this system beef cows need little supplementation while growing calves need supplementation of both protein and energy to yield economical growth.
Vertical profile and canopy organization in a mixed deciduous forest

A combination of optical measurements of leaf heights and observations on litterfall provided a vertical and temporal description of the leaf community structure in a tall, Liriodendron forest on the Maryland coastal plain. Leaf area, mass, and number were bimodally distributed with height. Median leaf number occurs far below (7–8 m) and median leaf mass far above (22–23 m) the median leaf area (18–19 m). Tree species exhibited leaf stratification into 3 height levels: understory (0–10 m), mid canopy (10–25 m), and overstory (25–37 m). Species leaf area in litterfall was related to the species basal area, although representation of leaf number in litterfall was not correlated with stem numbers for species in the stand. Species also showed a clear phenological sequence of leaf fall.
Dimensional stability and accuracy of rubber impression materials.

— Fourteon rubbor elastomeric impression materials used in single and double mix techniques when examined for dimensional stability and accuracy showetl variations in horizontal dimension depending upon whether singlo or double impressions were used. Two materials showed comparatively less change than tho others and preferable results wore obtained when casts were poured immediately after impressions were taken.
On the strong law of large numbers for dependent random variables

Let {X n} =1/∞ be a sequence of random variables with partial sumsS n, and let {ie241-1} be the σ-algebra generated byX 1,…,X n. Letf be a function fromR toR and suppose {ie241-2}. Under conditions off and moment conditions on theX' ns, we show thatS n/n converges a.e. (almost everywhere). We give several applications of this result.
“The Glorified Municipality”: State formation and the urban process in North America

This article revisits the debate over whether and to what extent the cities of the United States and Canada can be understood as a common ‘North American city’ by reconsidering the role of the their common federal system of government. Drawing on a Marxist theory of the capitalist state and the municipal histories of New York State and the Province of Ontario, the article traces the institutions and patterns of urbanization in the two countries to a dialectic of political conflict between the sub-national states and the industrializing cities, conditioned by federal divisions of sovereignty and grounded in the expanding social property relations of capital. The final section connects this dialectic to historically new conditions for the expanded reproduction of capital, specifically in the constitution of land as a commodity form. It also speculates briefly on the implications of this analysis for a more spatially informed theory of the capitalist state.
Prooxidant effects of ferrous iron, hemoglobin, and ferritin in oil emulsion and cooked-meat homogenates are different from those in raw-meat homogenates

Oil emulsion and raw and cooked tissue homogenates were used to determine the mechanisms of various iron forms on the catalysis of lipid peroxidation. Flax oil (0.25 g) was blended with 160 mL maleate buffer (0.1 M, pH 6.5) to prepare an oil emulsion. Raw or cooked turkey leg meat was used to prepare meat homogenates. Samples were prepared by adding iron from each of the various sources, reactive oxygen species, or enzyme (xanthine oxidase and superoxide dismutase) systems into the oil emulsion or meat homogenates. In oil emulsion and cooked-meat homogenates, ferrous iron and hemoglobin had strong prooxidant effects, but ferritin became prooxidant only when ascorbate was present. Hemoglobin and ferritin had no prooxidant effect in raw-meat homogenates. The status of heme iron and the released iron from hemoglobin had little effect on the prooxidant effect of hemoglobin in oil emulsion and cooked meat homogenate systems. The prooxidant effect of ferrous iron in oil emulsion and cooked-meat homogenates disappeared in the presence of superoxide (.O2-), H2O2, or xanthine oxidase systems. In raw-meat homogenates, however, ferrous had strong prooxidant effects even in the presence of .O2-, or H2O2. The status of free iron was the most important factor in the oxidation of oil emulsion and cooked-meat homogenates but the impact in raw-meat homogenates was small.
Self-Renewing Applications

Software practice has suffered from and continues to suffer from many shortcomings as a result. Programs are difficult to design and build; they often fail to satisfy user requirements. If they work adequately at all, it's more often due to users adapting to the program than the program meeting users' requirements. The thesis of this column is that software engineering would be well served if we began to think of application-as-use as primary. In particular, if we could develop user interactions correctly, the application-as-use of a software artifact would help renew that artifact.
Emergent EEG Indications and diagnostic yield

The authors reviewed the reports of all emergent EEG (EmEEG) performed in our hospital within 1 hour of the test being ordered over a period of 52 months. Two hundred sixty-one EmEEG (12.8% of all EEG) were performed. The most common reason to order the test was a change in mental status or coma (17.6%). Although EmEEG was ordered to rule out status epilepticus (SE) in 60.2% of cases, this diagnosis was made in only 10.7% of patients. The only independent predictor for SE was a history of cardiac or respiratory arrest (odds [95% CI], 6.8 [2.7 to 16.9]).
Think globally, act locally: library, archive, and museum collaboration

Abstract While the collections libraries, archives, and museums (LAMs) manage remain necessarily fragmented in the real world, potential users of these collections increasingly expect to experience the world of information as accessible from a single search online. The groundwork for success in a networked environment is laid in local collaborations, such as creating cohesiveness among LAMs belonging to the same organization. This article introduces the LAM workshops held by RLG Programs at the University of Edinburgh, Princeton University, the Smithsonian Institution, the Victoria and Albert Museum, and Yale University, and presents the lessons abstracted from these day-long events. It suggests strategies to spur local as well as global collaborative activities in the areas of search and terminologies.
Identification of excess clustering of coronary heart diseases among extended pedigrees in a genealogical population database

Background First-degree family history of early coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) is prognostic among disease-free individuals but may be unreliable. This study evaluated deaths caused by CAD, MI, hypertensive heart disease (HtnHD), and congestive heart failure (CHF) among close and distant relatives. Methods The Utah Population Database contains >2.2 million individual records with genealogy data and 250,000 linked death certificates. Deaths caused by CAD (n = 28,469), MI (n = 26,468), HtnHD (n = 3933), and CHF (n = 11,784) were studied. Familial relative risks (FRRs) were assessed for first- and second-degree relatives. Familiality was also evaluated using the Genealogical Index of Familiality (GIF), which considers close and distant genetic relationships in the Utah Population Database. Results Familial relative risks in first-degree (FRR = 1.25, P P = .0002) relatives were significant for early age at MI death ( P P P P = .003), and CHF (2.64 vs 2.23, P = .003). Conclusions Deaths caused by MI and CHF demonstrate a heritable component in close and distant relatives. For MI, CHF, and HtnHD, for which findings were more pronounced in early age at death, gene discovery may be most effective among early-onset clusters. Excess relatedness was not found for CAD death—perhaps because of heterogeneity within the phenotype—suggesting that this may be a suboptimal phenotype for genetic study.
A hybrid implementation of a process-oriented programming language for system simulation

The implementation of a hierarchical, process-oriented programming language for simulation (HSL) is described. It features a hybrid approach, involving the front end of a compiler and the back end of an interpreter. An HSL program is dichotomous in structure. Source statements from each part are translated into three-address code for an abstract machine, and the resulting code is then interpreted. The algorithms and the supportive data structures that effect the translation and interpretation of HSL are detailed. The host language for HSL is C++. HSL is machine independent and can be ported to any machine on which the host language is available. Its initial implementation was carried out on an NCR Tower. More recently, it was transferred to an NCR PC916.
From Subservient Chickens to Brawny Men

Recent media reports have heralded the end of advertising as we know it. With the increasing penetration of digital video recorders (DVRs), the New York Times and Wall Street Journal both recently ...
Biogeochemical Cycling of Lignocellulosic Carbon in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems: Relative Contributions of Procaryotes and Eucaryotes

The relative contributions of procaryotes and eucaryotes to the degradation of the lignin and polysaccharide components of lignocellulosic detritus in two marine and two freshwater wetland ecosystems were determined. Two independent methods-physical separation of bacteria from fungi and other eucaryotes by size fractionation, and antibiotic treatments-were used to estimate procaryotic and eucaryotic contributions to the degradation of [14C-lignin]lignocelluloses and [14Cpolysaccharidellignocelluloses in samples of water and decaying plant material from each environment. Both methods yielded similar results; bacteria were the predominant degraders of lignocellulose in each of the aquatic ecosystems. Fungi and other eucaryotes contributed only minimally to the overall degradation of lignocellulose in both marine ecosystems and in the Okefenokee Swamp but did contribute significantly to the degradation of lignocellulose in the Big Cypress Swamp. These results indicate a basic difference between the microbial degradation of Iignocellulosic material in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Fungi have long been considered the predominant degraders of lignocellulose in terrestrial systems; our results indicate that in aquatic systems bacteria are the predominant degraders of lignocellulose.
Minimum Bayes risk discriminative language models for Arabic speech recognition

In this paper we explore discriminative language modeling (DLM) on highly optimized state-of-the-art large vocabulary Arabic broadcast speech recognition systems used for the Phase 5 DARPA GALE Evaluation. In particular, we study in detail a minimum Bayes risk (MBR) criterion for DLM. MBR training outperforms perceptron training. Interestingly, we found that our DLMs generalized to mismatched conditions, such as using a different acoustic model during testing. We also examine the interesting problem of unsupervised DLM training using a Bayes risk metric as a surrogate for word error rate (WER). In some experiments, we were able to obtain about half of the gain of the supervised DLM.
Simultaneous image transformation and sparse representation recovery

Sparse representation in compressive sensing is gaining increasing attention due to its success in various applications. As we demonstrate in this paper, however, image sparse representation is sensitive to image plane transformations such that existing approaches can not reconstruct the sparse representation of a geometrically transformed image. We introduce a simple technique for obtaining transformation-invariant image sparse representation. It is rooted in two observations: 1) if the aligned model images of an object span a linear subspace, their transformed versions with respect to some group of transformations can still span a linear subspace in a higher dimension; 2) if a target (or test) image, aligned with the model images, lives in the above subspace, its pre-alignment versions would get closer to the subspace after applying estimated transformations with more and more accurate parameters. These observations motivate us to project a potentially unaligned target image to random projection manifolds defined by the model images and the transformation model. Each projection is then separated into the aligned projection target and a residue due to misalignment. The desired aligned projection target is then iteratively optimized by gradually diminishing the residue. In this framework, we can simultaneously recover the sparse representation of a target image and the image plane transformation between the target and the model images. We have applied the proposed methodology to two applications: face recognition, and dynamic texture registration. The improved performance over previous methods that we obtain demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Six-term transitive inference with pigeons: Successive-pair training followed by mixed-pair training

In nonhuman animals, the transitive inference (TI) task typically involves training a series of four simultaneous discriminations involving, for example, arbitrary colors in which choice of one stimulus in each pair is reinforced [+] and choice of the other color is nonreinforced [-]. This can be represented as A+B-, B+C-, C+D-, D+E- and can be conceptualized as a series of linear relationships: A > B > C > D > E. After training, animals are tested on the untrained non-endpoint pair, BD. Preference for B over D is taken as evidence of TI and occurs because B is greater than D in the implied series. In the present study we trained pigeons using a novel training procedure-a hybrid of successive pair training (training one pair at a time) and mixed-pair training (training all pairs at once)-designed to overcome some of the limitations of earlier procedures. Using this hybrid procedure, we trained five premise pairs (A+B-, B+C-, C+D-, D+E-, and E+F-) which allowed us to test three untrained non-endpoint pairs (BD, CE, and BE). A significant TI effect was found for most subjects on at least two out of three test pairs. Different theories of TI are discussed. The results suggest that this hybrid training is an efficient procedure for establishing mixed-pair acquisition and a TI effect.
Caveolin-1 regulates shear stress-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase

Fluid shear stress activates a member of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), by mechanisms dependent on cholesterol in the plasma membrane in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). Caveolae are microdomains of the plasma membrane that are enriched with cholesterol, caveolin, and signaling molecules. We hypothesized that caveolin-1 regulates shear activation of ERK. Because caveolin-1 is not exposed to the outside, cells were minimally permeabilized by Triton X-100 (0.01%) to deliver a neutralizing, polyclonal caveolin-1 antibody (pCav-1) inside the cells. pCav-1 then bound to caveolin-1 and inhibited shear activation of ERK but not c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase. Epitope mapping studies showed that pCav-1 binds to caveolin-1 at two regions (residues 1-21 and 61-101). When the recombinant proteins containing the epitopes fused to glutathione-S-transferase (GST-Cav(1-21) or GST-Cav(61-101)) were preincubated with pCav-1, only GST-Cav(61-101) reversed the inhibitory effect of the antibody on shear activation of ERK. Other antibodies, including m2234, which binds to caveolin-1 residues 1-21, had no effect on shear activation of ERK. Caveolin-1 residues 61-101 contain the scaffolding and oligomerization domains, suggesting that binding of pCav-1 to these regions likely disrupts the clustering of caveolin-1 or its interaction with signaling molecules involved in the shear-sensitive ERK pathway. We suggest that caveolae-like domains play a critical role in the mechanosensing and/or mechanosignal transduction of the ERK pathway.
Sustainability Problems and a Novelty in the Concept of Energy

Energy is the major commodity for the industrial society. In general, energy is an ability to move matter, which in one way or another shows up universally. As physical processes unfold energy goes from one form to another, and the total sum of different energy values in commeasurable units remains constant (see [1]). This constitutes the law of conservation of energy—an important operational principle affirming that energy can neither come out of nowhere nor disappear into nothingness.
INTERACTION OF THE COLORADO RIVER PROJECT, TEXAS, WITH LONGSHORE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

In 1985, a weir jetty system was constructed at the mouth of the, Colorado River, Texas, and river discharge was diverted from this mouth in 1992. An evaluation of project impacts on longshore sediment transport was performed to determine the effectiveness of the project at preserving an open, navigable channel while preventing excessive erosion along adjacent beaches. This evaluation included both physical and numerical analysis of pre- and post-project conditions at the Colorado River mouth. Analysis of site data revealed that under the dredging and mechanical bypassing schedule followed during the first 8 years after jetty construction, the project resulted in significant trapping and sorting of sediment transported alongshore. Numerical modeling of the design maintenance dredging plan confirmed the plan to be sufficient for achieving project objectives. However, the entrance channel has continued to shoal considerably more rapidly than was anticipated during the project design.
Prevalence, Patterns and Predictors of Psychotropic Polypharmacy Among Elderly Individuals with Parkinson's Disease In Long Term Care Settings In The United States.

Background Elderly individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) generally suffer from more than one psychiatric comorbidity, which necessitates the use of concurrent psychotropic medications. To the best of the author's knowledge there are no nationally representative estimates of psychotropic polypharmacy among elderly individuals with PD in the United States (US). Objective Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to examine the prevalence, patterns and predictors of psychotropic polypharmacy among elderly individuals with PD in the (US). Methods A retrospective, cross-sectional study design with 2004 National Nursing Home Survey (NNHS) and 2007 National Home and Hospice Care Survey (NHHCS) data was used. The analytic sample included elderly (age ≥65 years) individuals with PD. Antidepressants, antipsychotics, sedative/hypnotics, and anti-anxiety medications constituted the psychotropic medication classes. Concurrent use of two or more psychotropic medications was classified as psychotropic polypharmacy. Results Approximately 93,648 and 37,439 elderly individuals with PD resided in nursing homes and home health settings respectively. Among elderly nursing home residents with PD, the nationally representative prevalence of psychotropic polypharmacy was 26.28%, whereas, it was 21.36% in the home health setting. Use of antidepressant medications constituted the majority of the psychotropic medication use among both nursing home (48.91%) and home health (40.98%) residents with PD. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that specific comorbidities were significantly associated with psychotropic polypharmacy among elderly nursing home residents with PD. Conclusions These findings underscore the importance of evidence-based prescribing when psychotropic medications are used in elderly individuals with PD to reduce unnecessary polypharmacy.
Radiation Characteristics of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii and Its Genetically Engineered Strains With Less Chlorophyll Pigments

Photobiological hydrogen production is a sustainable alternative to thermo-chemical and electrolytic technologies with the added advantage of carbon dioxide mitigation. However, the scale-up of this technology from bench top to mass culture in industrial photobioreactors suffers from low solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency and irradiance transmittance limitations. In order to overcome these challenge, algae such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, can be genetically engineered to have reduced pigment concentrations in their photosystems. Thus, algae do not absorb more light than they can utilize. Moreover, reducing pigment concentration will enable solar radiation to penetrate deeper in the photobioreactor thus facilitating greater productivity in the high density mass culture. The objective of this study is to experimentally measure the radiation characteristics of the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC125 and its truncated chlorophyll antenna transformants tla1 and tlaX. Their extinction and absorption coefficients are obtained from normal-normal and normal-hemispherical transmittance measurements over the spectral range from 300 to 1,300 nm. Moreover, a nephelometer with a He-Ne laser source is used to measure the scattering phase function of the microorganisms at 632.8 nm. Results indicate that the mass absorption cross-sections decrease for the truncated chlorophyll transformants while the single scattering albedo increases. Therefore, light scattering becomes more important in photobioreactors using the genetically engineered strains. The results reported can be used with the radiative transport equation (RTE) to accurately predict and optimize light transport in photobioreactors for photobiological hydrogen production and/or carbon dioxide mitigation using genetically engineered microorganisms.© 2007 ASME
Novel apparatus for investigation of eye movements when walking in the presence of 3D projected obstacles

The human gait cycle is incredibly efficient and stable largely because of the use of advance visual information to make intelligent selections of heading direction, foot placement, gait dynamics, and posture when faced with terrain complexity [Patla and Vickers 1997; Patla and Vickers 2003; Matthis and Fajen 2013; Matthis and Hayhoe 2015]. This is behaviorally demonstrated by a coupling between saccades and foot placement.
Design of a Compliant Revolute Mechanism for Accurate Dynamic Characterization of Automotive Steering Columns

It is difficult to obtain accurate measurements of the dynamic characteristics exhibited by automotive steering columns. The difficulties are due in-part to the use of lubricated contact bearings which support the column during testing. These bearings introduce damping, hysteresis, non-linear stiffness and clearance/preloaded constraints on the column. These error sources then mask the true dynamic behavior of the column, thereby preventing a better understanding of the relationship between column design, manufacturing tolerances and column vibration. With this paper, we introduce the concept of a revolute compliant mechanism that can be used in place of contact bearings to support steering columns during dynamic tests. These mechanisms do not exhibit the non-linear damping/stiffness and non-repeatable errors found in contact bearings. As a result, they can be used to design equipment that is capable of taking test data which matches theoretical predictions to within 2%. Experimental results obtained with this equipment suggest (more study is needed to confirm this) that manufacturing errors may be responsible for up to 20–30% error in predicting vibration amplitudes of components within the column, but only 2% error in predicting steering wheel vibration amplitude. Understanding this tolerance-response relationship (via this test equipment) is a necessary first step in understanding and eliminating steering wheel nibble vibrations.© 2004 ASME
Backward Compton Scattering Sum Rule and the π 0 → 2 γ , η 0 → 2 γ Decay Rates

We use the superconvergence of certain Compton scattering ($s$-channel) helicity amplitudes for fixed $s$ and large $t$, to derive a sum rule for $t$- and $u$-channel processes. The $u$-channel ($\ensuremath{\gamma}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}N$) contribution contains the well-known nucleon pole terms and the continuum, which we replace by just the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{-}N$ intermediate states; we then feed in photoproduction data. The $t$-channel ($\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}N\overline{N}$) contribution consists of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $\ensuremath{\eta}$ poles and the continuum. We choose a suitable combination of superconvergent amplitudes such that the effects of ${0}^{+}$, ${2}^{+}$, and ${1}^{+}$ resonances in the $t$ channel are eliminated. Assuming that this takes care of most of the $t$-channel continuum, we get a sum rule for the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\gamma}$ widths, or alternatively, by using the experimental widths, we can check the consistency of the superconvergence in question. A brief comparison is made with related work by Goldberger and Abarbanel, and by Pagels.
Biological Notes on Tetrastichus Hagenowii (Ratzeburg), a Chalcidoid Parasite of Cockroach Eggs(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae; Orthoptera: Blattidae)

Tetrastichus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) is a common and widely distributed parasite of cockroach eggs. Numerous instances of parasitization of oothecae by this hymenopteron are on record, but little has been published regarding its biology. Muesebeck et al. (1951) lists the oriental cockroach Blatta orientalls Linn., the German cockroach Blattella germanica (Linn.), and the American cockroach Periplaneta americana (Linn.) as the hosts of T. hagenowii. subfamily Tetrastichinae, which includes T. hagenowii, develop as internal parasites of the eggs, larvae, or pupae of other insects.
THE ROLE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS IN AN UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM

hearts. It should be obvious that the engineers and other nonmajors are primarily interested in the application of mathematics, and not in its structure. The best of the nonmajors will apply mathematical analysis in their professions. A large number of the less gifted, particularly among the engineers, will face a considerable number of computations in their future work, and this may represent the main future use of their mathematical background. And our majors, where are they bound? One wishes in vain that all the best of them would either teach high school or take graduate work. Of those who attain the Ph.D., about half go into industry and apply mathematics in various areas. Almost all of them will be connected to some degree with automatic computation. But the majority of our undergraduate mathematics majors are lured at once into the market place, where they are greatly in demand as servants of the fast-multiplying family of fast-multiplying computers. Why are they in such demand? There seem to be over 3000 automatic digital computers now installed in the United States, with more on the way. As a rough estimate, each automatic computer-needs to have 10 attendants who serve it as mathematicians-programmers, coders, analysts, supervisors, etc. The resulting requirement for 30,000 computer mathematicians should be compared with the combined membership of the American Mathematical Society, Mathematical Association of America, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Association for Computing Machinery, Institute of Mathematical Sta. tistics, and American Statistical Association-under 20,000 persons. While some makeshift arrangements are possible, the disparity in numbers is creating the unprecedented demand (and salary) for the new A.B. in mathematics. It must be noted as a digression that as a practitioner of mathematics, the new A.B. is not in a strong position, despite industry's demand for him. He
IMPLMENTATION OF SATELLITE-BASED 0-1 HOUR CONVECTIVE INITIATION NOWCASTS IN SYSTEMS FOR AVIATION ROUTE MONITORING

This presentation highlights the recent improvements in the 0-1 h forecasting (“nowcasting”) of the initiation of thunderstorms. The goals for accurate high-temporal convective initiation (CI) forecasting has resulted in improvements to the Mecikalski and Bedka (2006; hereafter called the SATellite Convection AnalySis and Tracking (SATCAST) system “SATCAST”) GOES-based CI nowcasting methodology, which has subsequently broadened our understanding of how GOES senses growing cumulus clouds. Convective initiation is defined here as a transition from below to above 35 dBZ echoes as observed by radar. Recent work to: 1) demonstrate and describe the absolute skill in our GOES-based procedures in terms of Probability Of Detection (POD) and False Alarm Rate (FAR) scores, 2) present a more complete understanding of the relative importance of each possible GOES infrared field to nowcasting CI, 3) develop alternatives to cloud tracking procedures, and 4) to highlight the benefit new and existing satellite data will have to this nowcasting, will be highlighted. Details will be provided on the validation work recently done on SATCAST, how this validation work can be improved via “object tracking” approaches to identifying convective clouds in satellite imagery, and how additional interest fields will add value to those provided by GOES. New research on the use of the 3.9 µm channel will also be provided, which allows for nighttime CI and lightning initiation (LI) nowcasting to be performed. Through research involving the “Corridor Integrated Weather Systems” (CIWS) we are fortunate to be able to test these improvements within a methodology to nowcast CI. Work already completed shows that GOES information from moving convection has value above that previously used within this system. This presentation will report on our progress and most recent findings. Other transition activities in the NOAA Algorithm Working Group, and for EUMETSAT, will be discussed
Broiler skin sampling for optimum recovery of Salmonella spp.

The objective of this research was to determine the appropriate sample size (1, 5, or 10 g) and location (neck, breast, or vent) from which to sample processed poultry skin for Salmonella spp. Postkill, prescald broiler carcasses were used to help ensure that Salmonella spp. would be found. Mean Salmonella spp. counts from skin samples of 1 g (2.91 log 10 CFU/g) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than skin samples of 5 and 10 g: 3.52 log 10 CFU/g and 3.42 log 10 CFU/g, respectively. Mean Salmonella spp. counts from breast (3.62 log 10 CFU/g) or neck (3.40 log 10 CFU/g) skin samples were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than counts from vent skin samples (2.84 log 10 CFU/g). Neck skin is the preferred sampling location because it contained a representative number of Salmonella spp., it had a slightly higher incidence of Salmonella spp. than vent skin, and removal of neck skin for microbiological testing did not decrease the quality grade of the bird, as would the removal of breast skin. Research results will increase the accuracy and precision of the microbiological analytical procedures for processed poultry by providing guidelines for the amount and location of skin to be sampled, as well as the preparatory procedures involved to release the Salmonella spp. from the skin samples.
Working on Yourself: Intangibles of a Successful Surgery Resident

Self-actualization is the key to success as a surgical resident. Students who have chosen a future in surgery are a motivated, eager, and confident group. The importance of continual self improvement is paramount to success. As such, leadership, communication, and resilience are three traits that provide room for such growth. This chapter will provide insights and advice on how to “work on yourself.”
Comparison of clinical outcomes and prognostic utility of risk stratification tools in patients with therapy-related vs de novo myelodysplastic syndromes: a report on behalf of the MDS Clinical Research Consortium

While therapy-related (t)-myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have worse outcomes than de novo MDS (d-MDS), some t-MDS patients have an indolent course. Most MDS prognostic models excluded t-MDS patients during development. The performances of the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS), revised IPSS (IPSS-R), MD Anderson Global Prognostic System (MPSS), WHO Prognostic Scoring System (WPSS) and t-MDS Prognostic System (TPSS) were compared among patients with t-MDS. Akaike information criteria (AIC) assessed the relative goodness of fit of the models. We identified 370 t-MDS patients (19%) among 1950 MDS patients. Prior therapy included chemotherapy alone (48%), chemoradiation (31%), and radiation alone in 21%. Median survival for t-MDS patients was significantly shorter than for d-MDS (19 vs 46 months, P<0.005). All models discriminated survival in t-MDS (P<0.005 for each model). Patients with t-MDS had a significantly higher hazard of death relative to d-MDS in every risk model, and had inferior survival compared to patients with d-MDS within all risk group categories. AIC Scores (lower is better) were 2316 (MPSS), 2343 (TPSS), 2343 (IPSS-R), 2361 (WPSS) and 2364 (IPSS). In conclusion, subsets of t-MDS patients with varying clinical outcomes can be identified using conventional risk stratification models. The MPSS, TPSS and IPSS-R provide the best predictive power.