cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transferability and translation of data

Data translation is defined as the process whereby data stored in a form that can be processed on one computer (the source file) can be translated into a form (target file) which can be used by the same or different processing systems on a possibly different computer. The research approach is to develop a generalized methodology of data translation and within this framework to design and implement a specific prototype translator.The current methodology for translating data and files from one system to another typically consists of writing file translation programs. This method, which involves writing a new program for each file to be translated, is often referred to as manual file translation. Because of the machine level detail required, these translation programs are typically written in assembly language. As a result, the programming time is large.
On Ramanujan’s definition of mock theta function

In his famous “deathbed” letter, Ramanujan “defined” the notion of a mock theta function and offered some examples of functions he believed satisfied his definition. Very recently, Griffin et al. established for the first time that Ramanujan’s mock theta functions actually satisfy his own definition. On the other hand, Zwegers’ 2002 doctoral thesis [Zwegers S (2002) Mock theta functions. PhD thesis (Univ Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands)] showed that all of Ramanujan’s examples are holomorphic parts of harmonic Maass forms. This has led to an alternate definition of a mock theta function. This paper shows that Ramanujan’s definition of mock theta function is not equivalent to the modern definition.
High-Speed Ellipsometer For Thin-Film Deposition Monitoring

A conceptual design for a no-moving-parts ellipsometer with a calibration procedure to remove effects of imperfect components and detector sensitivity differences is described. The device is particularly useful for infrared (IR) coating monitoring, where high deposition rates are used and where detectors may be polarization-sensitive. A calibration scheme that uses only linearly polarized beams and no retardation components has been devised.
Learning sufficient queries for entity filtering

Entity-centric document filtering is the task of analyzing a time-ordered stream of documents and emitting those that are relevant to a specified set of entities (e.g., people, places, organizations). This task is exemplified by the TREC Knowledge Base Acceleration (KBA) track and has broad applicability in other modern IR settings. In this paper, we present a simple yet effective approach based on learning high-quality Boolean queries that can be applied deterministically during filtering. We call these Boolean statements sufficient queries. We argue that using deterministic queries for entity-centric filtering can reduce confounding factors seen in more familiar "score-then-threshold" filtering methods. Experiments on two standard datasets show significant improvements over state-of-the-art baseline models.
Highly Accurate ab Initio π-Electron Hamiltonians for Small Protonated Schiff Bases

The effective valence shell Hamiltonian (ℋν) method is used to compute the ab initio π-electron Hamiltonians for the two small protonated schiff bases propeniminium (C3H4NH2+) and pentaniminium (C5H6NH2+), which are small analogs of the photoreceptor chromophore retinal. Because these small polyenes lack low lying, ionic excited states, the ℋν calculations perform remarkably well even though they employ constrained, semiempirical-like valence spaces. In contrast to studies on other polyenes, even the second-order ℋν performs extremely well, while the third-order ℋν calculations yield an effective π-electron Hamiltonian that resembles the familiar semiempirical Pariser−Parr−Pople (PPP) Hamiltonian but which also retains ab initio accuracy for the vertical excitation energies. The ab initio π-electron Hamiltonian need only retain the PPP-type αi, βi,j, and γi,j effective integrals to produce excitation energies that compare well with previous multireference single and double configuration interaction (MRSDC...
Studies on subjects with and without coronary heart disease. Serum lipid, lipoprotein, and protein determinations and their relation to ballistocardiographic findings (a preliminary survey).

Abstract 1. 1. Biochemical and ballistocardiographic studies were carried out on 115 ambulatory patients with coronary heart disease (angina pectoris, old myocardial infarction, or both) and 165 clinically normal subjects. Biochemical studies included determinations of total cholesterol, and paper electrophoretic studies of serum proteins and lipoproteins. Electrophoretic patterns were compared with simultaneously run patterns from pooled normal serum, and the departures from normal were graded as to concentration and migration rate. Ballistocardiograms were of the Starr type and were classified as normal, borderline, and abnormal. 2. 2. Mean serum cholesterol in the normal group rose progressively from age 20 to a maximum in the seventh decade, after which it fell. Cholesterol values were significantly higher in patients with coronary heart disease, but there was an age trend which resembled that in normal subjects. 3. 3. The most significant changes in the protein and lipoprotein electrophoretic patterns were increased beta lipoprotein and increased and/or retarded alpha-2 protein. These alterations were treated separately and then combined as abnormalities of beta lipoprotein, alpha-2 protein, or both. In normal individuals these abnormalities increased in frequency with age, and in the sixth to eighth decades, one or more lipid-protein abnormalities were present in about 50 per cent of the subjects. In patients with coronary disease there was a suggestive age trend, though less marked than in normal subjects. The lipid-protein abnormalities in these patients were considerably more frequent than in the normal subjects especially over the age range from 30 to 59 years. 4. 4. The ballistocardiogram was normal in all clinically normal persons under 40, but thereafter abnormal records occurred with increasing frequency to a maximum of 100 per cent in the eighth decade. Abnormal ballistocardiograms were more frequent in patients with coronary disease, but a similar age trend was observed. 5. 5. Aside from their mutual relationship to age, no association could be found between serum cholesterol level and ballistocardiographic classification in normal individuals. Among patients with coronary disease, only in those from 30 to 49 years of age was mean serum cholesterol significantly higher in subjects with abnormal ballistocardiograms than in those with normal records. Lipoprotein and protein electrophoretic abnormalities were more frequent in normal subjects and young patients (30 to 49 years) with coronary heart disease whose ballistocardiograms were abnormal than in those whose records were normal. 6. 6. The results of this study suggest that further exploration of the relationship between changes in serum lipid proteins and circulatory function may be rewarding.
Enzymic activity of a cytochrome apreparation free of cytochromea3From cardiac muscle

Abstract The definitive work of Keilin and Hartree (1938) has conclusively placed cytochrome oxidase at the terminal position of the respiratory chain. Their further resolution (1939) of cytochrome oxidase spectrally into cytochromes a and a 3 has settled the controversy with Warburg regarding “das Atmungsferment” (see, 1949). But perhaps due to the unusal characteristics of cytochromes a and a 3as hemoproteins, the dispute on their identity or non-identity, functional as well as structural, has prevailed in the last quarter of a century (see for example, Slater, 1958 ). The interesting preparation of cytochrome a free from cytochrome a 3by Horie and Morrison (1964) leads toward the most convincing direction for settling the question. The criterion used by Horie and Morrison (1964) is, however, based on the spectral behavior. This communication reports the enzymic activity of the isolated cytochrome a in the oxidation of succinate through the respiratory chain.
Radiation patterns of unsymmetrically fed prolate spheroidal antennas

This paper describes the radiation pattern of the un-symmetrically-fed prolate spheroidal transmitting antenna. Maxwell's equations are solved in prolate spheroidal coordinates subject to the boundary conditions. The prolate spheroidal functions are expressed in the form of power series and Laurent series. Radiation patterns have been obtained for antennas of three different lengths up to about one wavelength long, for length/thickness ratios of about 5/1, 10/1,22/1, and 316/1, and for nine unsymmetrical gap locations as well as for the symmetrically-fed cases. It was found that the two most important factors affecting the radiation pattern of a fairly thin antenna were the location of the gap and the electrical length. For antennas less than a half wavelength long, the pattern was the usual symmetrical figure eight and was essentially independent of the location of the gap (except for magnitude changes due to the different gap impedances). For antennas two-thirds to three-quarters of a wavelength long the figure eight patterns could be "bent" in the direction of the longer element, and for antennas one wavelength long or longer minor lobes began to appear.
Sound source localization inspired by the ears of the Ormia ochracea

The parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea has the remarkable ability to locate crickets using audible sound. This ability is, in fact, remarkable as the fly's hearing mechanism spans only 1.5 mm which is 50× smaller than the wavelength of sound emitted by the cricket. The hearing mechanism is, for all practical purposes, a point in space with no significant interaural time or level differences to draw from. It has been discovered that evolution has empowered the fly with a hearing mechanism that utilizes multiple vibration modes to amplify interaural time and level differences. Here, we present a fully integrated, man-made mimic of the Ormia's hearing mechanism capable of replicating the remarkable sound localization ability of the special fly. A silicon-micromachined prototype is presented which uses multiple piezoelectric sensing ports to simultaneously transduce two orthogonal vibration modes of the sensing structure, thereby enabling simultaneous measurement of sound pressure and pressure gradient.
Botryoid odontogenic cyst

Three previously unreported cases of botryoid odontogenic cyst, one of which recurred 9 years after initial surgical removal, are presented. The botryoid odontogenic cyst has a predilection for occurrence in the mandibular canine-premolar region and in persons over the age of 50 years. Periodic radiographic postoperative evaluations are recommended for these lesions, since the possibility of recurrence might be enhanced by their polycystic nature.
The fine structure of the maxillary gland of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina: The end-sac

The gross morphology of the maxillary gland of the adult brine shrimp, Artemia salina, was studied by light microscopy, and some features of Warren's (1938) original description of the gland were confirmed. Each gland consists of two parts: an end-sac and an efferent excretory duct. The end-sac is centrally located, and around it the efferent duct coils, making three loops before continuing as a slender terminal duct which opens to the outside via an aperture on the second maxilla. The fine structure of the end-sac epithelium is remarkably similar to that of the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule of a vertebrate nephron. The cells of the end-sac are highly branched and possess regularly arranged foot processes and junctional elements similar to “filtration slit membranes”. The cytoplasm of these cells contains numerous, membrane-bounded inclusions of unknown origin and function. On the basis of ultrastructural findings, it is postulated that formation of primary urine involves ultrafiltration.
Mapping and mutational analysis of the IgE-binding epitopes on Ara h 1, a legume vicilin protein and a major allergen in peanut hypersensitivity

Peanut allergy is a significant health problem because of the prevelance and potential severity of the allergic reaction. Serum IgE from patients with documented peanut hypersensitivity reactions and overlapping peptides were used to identify the IgE-binding epitopes on the major peanut allergen, Ara h 1. At least twenty-three different linear IgE-binding epitopes, located throughout the length of the Ara h 1 protein, were identified. All of the epitopes were 6–10 amino acids in length, but there was no obvious sequence motif shared by all peptides. Four of the peptides appeared to be immunodominant IgE-binding epitopes in that they were recognized by serum from more than 80% of the patients tested and bound more IgE than any of the other Ara h 1 epitopes. Mutational analysis of the immunodominant epitopes revealed that single amino acid changes within these peptides had dramatic effects on IgE-binding characteristics. The identification and determination of the IgE-binding capabilities of core amino acids in epitopes on the Ara h 1 protein will make it possible to address the pathophysiologic and immunologic mechanisms regarding peanut hypersensitivity reactions specifically and food hypersensitivity in general.
Optimization Of The Deblocking Filter In H.264 Codec For Real Time Implementation

Blocking artifacts are visible in the decoded frames of most video coding standards at low bit rate coding. Latest video coding standard H.264/AVC uses an in-loop deblocking filter to remove the blocking artifacts. The main drawback of this filter is its high implementation complexity. In this paper, we propose an in-loop deblocking filter to remove the blocking artifacts. In the proposed method, the maximum and minimum values among the six pixels across an edge are computed to decide whether the pixels of the block should be filtered or not. For intra frames, again the block is classified as smooth or mildly textured region. Depending on the classification of the block, the appropriate filter is applied to that block. The main advantage of the proposed method is its low complexity compared to JM 9.8 (H.264 Software). A performance comparison of the proposed method and the current method is presented.
The ModelCamera: a hand-held device for interactive modeling

An important goal of automated modeling is to provide computer graphics applications with high quality models of complex real-world scenes. Prior systems have one or more of the following disadvantages: slow modeling pipeline, applicability restricted to small scenes, no direct color acquisition, and high cost. We describe a hand-held scene modeling device that operates at five frames per second and that costs $2,000. The device consists of a digital video camera with 16 laser pointers attached to it. As the operator scans the scene, the pointers cast blobs that are detected and triangulated to provide sparse, evenly spaced depth samples. The frames are registered and merged into an evolving model, which is rendered continually to provide immediate operator feedback.
Promoting RNA helical stacking via A-minor junctions

RNA molecules take advantage of prevalent structural motifs to fold and assemble into well-defined 3D architectures. The A-minor junction is a class of RNA motifs that specifically controls coaxial stacking of helices in natural RNAs. A sensitive self-assembling supra-molecular system was used as an assay to compare several natural and previously unidentified A-minor junctions by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and atomic force microscopy. This class of modular motifs follows a topological rule that can accommodate a variety of interchangeable A-minor interactions with distinct local structural motifs. Overall, two different types of A-minor junctions can be distinguished based on their functional self-assembling behavior: one group makes use of triloops or GNRA and GNRA-like loops assembling with helices, while the other takes advantage of more complex tertiary receptors specific for the loop to gain higher stability. This study demonstrates how different structural motifs of RNA can contribute to the formation of topologically equivalent helical stacks. It also exemplifies the need of classifying RNA motifs based on their tertiary structural features rather than secondary structural features. The A-minor junction rule can be used to facilitate tertiary structure prediction of RNAs and rational design of RNA parts for nanobiotechnology and synthetic biology.
Remote Lactation Consultation: A Qualitative Study of Maternal Response to Experience and Recommendations for Survey Development

Background: Use of videoconferencing technology for healthcare intervention and support is an area of tremendous potential, especially in regard to application in rural or underserved communities. Potential for cost-savings, time-savings, and increased access to care are the ultimate driving force behind use of this technology, for both providers and recipients of healthcare services. Recently, the Federal Government has initiated rulings to support the increased use of computer technology in underserved areas. Therefore, exploring novel applications of the technology of videoconferencing is timely. Remote lactation consultation may be one such novel application.Objectives: The primary objective of this pilot study was to describe the maternal experience of lactation consultation by means of videoconferencing, compared with standard face-to-face care, using grounded theory for model development.Methods: Twelve mothers participated in both a videoconferencing and a face-to-face consultation during one visi...
Effects of Social Competition on Laying House Performance in the Chicken

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE existence of social organization within flocks of chickens has been known since Schjelderup-Ebbe's (1922) investigations. Sanctuary (1932) reported that hens high in social rank tended to produce more eggs than those low in the “peck-order.” Intra-strain competition effects have also been shown by Masure and Allee (1934), Collias (1944), and Guhl (1953) and have led to detailed studies of social status and productivity items for hens. Potter (1949) found that there were differences in social dominance among birds of seven different breeds. Potter and Allee (1953) found that a hen may respond to a member of another breed on the basis of breed rather than individual recognition. Holabird (1955) also observed breed differences in aggressive behavior. The present investigation includes observations and measurements on 288 pullets from 150 to 480 days of age in the first year and 288 pullets from 165 to 270 days of age in …
Haeme oxygenase signalling pathway: implications for cardiovascular disease

Evidence now points to the haeme oxygenase (HO) pathway as a possible actor in modulating risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). In particular, the HO pathway may represent a key endogenous modulator of oxidative, inflammatory, and cytotoxic stress while also exhibiting vasoregulatory properties. In this review, we summarize the accumulating experimental and emerging clinical data indicating how activity of the HO pathway and its products may play a role in mechanisms underlying the development of CVD. We also identify gaps in the literature to date and suggest future directions for investigation. Because HO pathway activity can be influenced not only by genetic traits and environmental stimuli but also by a variety of existing pharmacologic interventions, the pathway could serve as a prime target for reducing the overall burden of CVD. Further work is needed to determine the role of HO pathway products as possible prognostic markers of risk for clinical CVD events and the extent to which therapeutic augmentation or inhibition of HO pathway activity could serve to modify CVD risk.
The Long and Winding Road to Halotolerance Genes

In the past two decades a large number of genes have been shown to be associated with osmotic stress. Most of these are known only to have their expression, or more precisely, accumulation of their transcripts controlled by stress exposure. More recently, several genes have been examined in terms of the effect of their overexpression on osmotic tolerance of transgenic plants. These experiments have confirmed our understanding that tolerance is controlled by several genes, and that any single gene is unlikely to control tolerance to a major degree. Identification of several more genes that can control osmotic stress tolerance is rapidly proceeding through genomics based technologies, especially by mutant isolation and subsequent gene cloning. Eventually, microarray and bioinformatics approaches will also contribute significantly to both our understanding of osmotic stress tolerance and our ability to manipulate genetically this important trait.
Factors Associated With the Interdental Papilla Height Between Two Maxillary Central Incisors: A Radiographic Study

Background: Various factors affect the central maxillary incisor papilla height (PH) and central clinically observable PH (COPH) such that a study of these factors and their interactions is needed. This study reports on an investigation of the factors associated with PH and COPH in patients with and without papilla recession.Methods: The central papilla was visually assessed in 450 adults using standardized periapical radiographs of maxillary central incisors. Various vertical and horizontal distances were measured including the lengths from the proximal cemento-enamel junction (pCEJ) to apical contact point (CP), bone crest (BC) to CP (BC–CP), BC to pCEJ (BC–pCEJ), and papilla tip (PT) to CP (PT–CP) and the interdental width at the pCEJ level (IW), width at the BC level (crest width [CW]), and width at the PT level (PTW). PH was defined as the length from the PT to BC, and COPH was defined as the length from the PT to pCEJ. Simple analyses for PH and COPH were performed, and significant variables were en...
A Microbiological Comparison of Poultry Products Obtained from Farmers' Markets and Supermarkets in Pennsylvania

The popularity of farmers' markets continues to rise in the U.S.A. Raw poultry products sold at farmers' markets are of particular concern due to the United States Department of Agriculture inspection exemption status afforded to many poultry vendors. Whole chicken from farmers' markets and supermarkets in Pennsylvania were evaluated for the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. and demonstrated that 28% (28/100) and 90% (90/100) of chicken from farmers' markets, 20% (10/50) and 28% (14/50) of conventionally processed organic, and 8.0% (4/50) and 52% (26/50) of nonorganic chicken, were positive for Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp., respectively. Additionally, among the 90% of Campylobacter spp.-positive farmers' market poultry, 67% of rinses were enumerable, with a mean count of 1.6 log10 cfu/mL. The results from this study demonstrate the need to develop food safety training for poultry vendors at farmers' markets in order to improve the safety of these products for public consumption. Practical Applications The popularity of farmers' markets is increasing throughout the U.S.A. Vendors are selling numerous food products, including raw chicken, which is known to harbor Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. As such, their control continues to be a priority during commercial chicken processing. However, no study has evaluated the presence of these pathogens in raw chicken sold at farmers' markets. The data collected in this study demonstrated that of the raw, whole chicken carcasses sampled from farmers' markets in Pennsylvania, 90 and 28% were contaminated with Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp., respectively. These results suggest that vendors could greatly benefit from food safety training and education to address antimicrobial interventions during processing. This study also demonstrates the rationale for further research into the safety of foods sold at farmers' markets. This information may also be useful to local and state regulatory officials responsible for food safety.
Nonmarital Fertility, Union History, and Women’s Wealth

We use more than 20 years of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to examine wealth trajectories among mothers following a nonmarital first birth. We compare wealth according to union type and union stability, and we distinguish partners by biological parentage of the firstborn child. Net of controls for education, race/ethnicity, and family background, single mothers who enter into stable marriages with either a biological father or stepfather experience significant wealth advantages over time (more than $2,500 per year) relative to those who marry and divorce, cohabit, or remain unpartnered. Sensitivity analyses adjusting for unequal selection into marriage support these findings and demonstrate that race (but not ethnicity) and age at first birth structure mothers’ access to later marriage. We conclude that not all single mothers have equal access to marriage; however, marriage, union stability, and paternity have distinct roles for wealth accumulation following a nonmarital birth.
Fluorescence variability of marine and terrestrial colloids: Examining size fractions of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the Damariscotta River estuary

Abstract Marine chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) imparts highly variable optical signatures in surface waters over short spatial and temporal scales, but the cause of that variability is poorly understood. A major fraction of dissolved organic matter in seawater is colloidal in size and can cycle quite rapidly, potentially contributing to the observed variability in CDOM. The relationship between marine colloids and CDOM optical variability was examined using flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF) to partition the colloidal organic phase into a continuum of molecular sizes for optical characterization by excitation emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMS). Colloidal organic matter in surface seawater of the Damariscotta River estuary showed 2 major peaks in apparent abundance, spanning at ∼ 1–5 kDa and ∼ 15–150 kDa in size, respectively. The relative magnitude of these peaks changed systematically with the phase of phytoplankton blooms during 2003 and 2004, implying a relationship between colloid size distribution and bloom dynamics. Of the two colloidal sizes, the 1–5 kDa fraction was far more variable in apparent abundance than the larger colloidal matter. EEMS results reveal a compositional partitioning of protein-like and humic-like fluorescence between size fractions. Protein-like materials occurred primarily in the smallest colloid size fraction while humic-type materials resided mainly in the larger colloidal phase. These findings suggest that the fluorescence signature of bulk dissolved organic matter results from a collage of chromophores having optical characteristics that differ according to size of the molecular constituents. The colloidal-sized fluorescence characteristics of marine derived CDOM were contrasted with bulk CDOM to provide fundamental information on the distribution and forms of CDOM in Maine coastal waters. The findings here indicate that colloidal processes will have significant effects on the character and variability in the optical signature of surface seawaters.
Salinity tolerance of freshwater acclimated, small‐sized Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus from northern Labrador

Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, less than 150 mm in size were frequently captured at sea in northern Labrador in areas where salinities of 30‰ or higher had been recorded. These captures were inconsistent with many earlier reports for other areas that indicated Arctic charr less than 150 mm in size were not found at sea. A series of salinity challenge tests was carried out in the field, using wild Ikarut River charr, and in the laboratory, using cultured Fraser River charr, to understand more about the potential fate of these small fish. The results of challenge tests with small Arctic charr (< 120 mm) indicated that at intermediate salinities (10–20‰), these fish can readily survive. In laboratory tests with salinities at 30‰, survival was size dependent and would suggest that in natural situations, small charr would require periodic access to fresh or brackish water to stay alive. The influence of water temperature on salinity tolerance may be important when fish are exposed to temperatures that are below 0° C.
Cutting Edge: IL-12 Inversely Regulates T-bet and Eomesodermin Expression during Pathogen-Induced CD8 + T Cell Differentiation

Cytokines are critical determinants for specification of lineage-defining transcription factors of CD4+ T cell subsets. Little is known, however, about how cytokines regulate expression of T-bet and eomesodermin (Eomes) in effector and memory CD8+ T cells. We now report that IL-12, a signature of cell-mediated immunity, represses Eomes while positively regulating T-bet in effector CD8+ T cells during infection with Listeria monocytogenes. After resolution of infection and abatement of IL-12 signaling, Eomes expression rises whereas T-bet expression declines in memory CD8+ T cells. Eomes becomes derepressed in effector cells by ablation of IL-12 signaling. In the absence of IL-12, the dynamics of clonal expansion and contraction are also perturbed. Together, these results reveal how a pathogen-associated signal, such as IL-12, could act as a switch, regulating appropriate clonal growth and decline while, in parallel, shaping a unique pattern of fate-determining transcription factors.
Crosstalk of β-Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes Through Gi Blunts β-Adrenergic Stimulation of L-Type Ca2+ Channels in Canine Heart Failure

The mechanisms underlying the blunted contractile response to β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) stimulation in heart failure (HF) are incompletely understood, especially with regard to β-AR subtype–specific regulation of L-type Ca 2+ channels. We evaluated the impact of HF induced by pacing tachycardia on β-AR regulation of L-type Ca 2+ channels in a canine model. To evaluate changes in the relative subcellular distribution of β-AR subtypes, left ventricular membranes enriched in surface sarcolemma and T-tubular sarcolemma were prepared. Radioligand binding using [ 125 I]cyanopindolol revealed that HF resulted in a comparable decrease in the density of β 1 -ARs in both surface and T-tubule sarcolemma (55±4%, n=7, P P 2 -AR density was observed. Whole-cell patch clamp studies demonstrated a markedly blunted increase in I Ca,L in response to saturating concentrations of the nonselective β-AR agonist isoproterenol (0.1 μmol/L) in failing myocytes compared with control (129±20%, n=11, versus 332±35%, n=7; P 1 -AR– and β 2 -AR–selective stimulation showed that the major component of the blunted response to nonselective β-AR stimulation in HF was caused by β 2 -AR activation, resulting in a pertussis toxin–sensitive, G i -mediated inhibition of the β 1 -AR–induced increase in I Ca,L . In conclusion, canine HF results in the following: (1) a uniform reduction in β 1 -AR density in surface and T-tubule membrane fractions without a change in β 2 -AR density; and (2) the emergence of distinct G i -coupling to β 2 -ARs resulting in accentuated antagonism of β 1 -AR–mediated stimulation of I Ca,L . These results have implications for optimizing the use of β-AR drugs in HF.
Fehlerquellen bei Temperaturmessungen

Zu den Fehlern, die bei Temperaturmessungen auftreten konnen, gehoren auch die Warmeverluste von Thermometerstutzen oder aufgeloteten Thermoelementen. Es wird uber Versuche berichtet, bei denen durch solche Warmeverluste Mesfehler bis zu 50°C auftraten.
Case and field studies of group support systems: an empirical assessment

This paper presents the results of 38 case and field studies from 57 published papers spanning two decades of group support systems (GSS) research. It organizes the methodology and results of these studies into a four-factor framework consisting of contextual factors, intervening factors, adaptation factors, and outcome factors. The results show that the modal outcome for a GSS in field settings is to improve performance relative to manual or other methods as measured by effectiveness, efficiency, consensus, usability, and satisfaction in 91.5% of the cases. These are much more positive results than have been obtained in laboratory experiments. The reasons for the differences in findings and the research and development issues raised by the findings are explored.
The Role of the Annual-Mean Climate on Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Tropical Pacific in a Coupled GCM

Abstract The role of the annual-mean climate on seasonal and interannual variability in the tropical Pacific is investigated by means of a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model. The atmospheric component of this coupled model is the Naval Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System and the oceanic component is the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Modular Ocean Model. Three sets of experiments are conducted. In case A, no annual-mean flux adjustment is applied so that the coupled model generates its own time-mean state. In case B, an annual-mean flux adjustment for SST is applied. In case C, both the annual-mean SST and surface wind are adjusted. It is found that a realistic simulation of both the seasonal and interannual variations can be achieved when a realistic annual-mean state is presented. The long-term (40 yr) simulations of the coupled GCM demonstrate the importance of the annual-mean climate on seasonal and interannual variability in the Tropics. The mechanism that causes a...
Quantitative Evaluation of Sperm Motility Control Mechanisms

The effect of a variety of agents upon the swimming speed of sea urchin spermatozoa was tested. Some of the substances were those which influence membrane transport and transmission in excitable systems. The spermatozoa react intensely to small increases in environmental potassium; increasing potassium from 10 to 15 meq/liter slows the sperm by 30% while doubling the amount by addition of an equimolar amount of potassium chloride to the sea water medium reduces motility nearly 50%. Most of the other agents tested exerted a biphasic effect on swimming speed. While higher concentrations slowed the sperm lower concentratio ns speeded up descent to the bottom of the tube. 1 mM eserine sulfate a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase depressed motility about 40% while 1 mcgM accelerated it nearly 40% above control rate and 100 nM caused only about a 10% increase. Strong positively-charged quaternary ammonium compounds (tetraethylammonium neostigmine and acetylcholine) had little affect on swim rate presumably because of their inability to penetrate the sperm plasma membrane. Ouabain and eserine sulfate evoked a dose-dependent response. Sea urchin spermatozoa respond with extreme sensitivity to relatively small changes in external potassium but the spermatozoa are somewhat less affect in other species. Mytilus spermatozoa reportedly manifested no visible change in swimming behavior in the presence of various potassium levels. Arbacia (sea urchin) sperm motility determined by the change in optical density of centrifugally oriented suspensions averaged 187 mcm/second.
Overfederalization of Criminal Law? It's a Myth

We will proceed here in three parts. First, we will compare federal and state court caseloads, to determine whether the feds are encroaching on traditional state crimes, and whether the feds’ share of the national criminal caseload is increasing. Next, we will review whether there are any injustices associated with federal strict liability regulatory offenses. Are the feds targeting innocent citizens and corporations, and are the number of regulatory prosecutions increasing? Did the United States attorney in North Dakota or elsewhere unfairly target oil-drilling corporations? Finally, we will explore the issue of concurrent jurisdiction. Our federalism permits the states, as independent sovereigns, to enact different procedures and sentences to combat crime committed within their jurisdictions. Federal law enforcement “selects” defendants for federal prosecution for good reasons — state requests for help, defendant recidivism, and conduct that transcends state lines. As one example of concurrent jurisdiction, we examine states with different moral norms than the feds, focusing on the recent legalization of marijuana in Colorado and Washington. Are the feds hindering independent state norms in these and other areas, or fostering them? We conclude that none of the above-listed federalism critiques have much merit, and that the federal criminal justice system is handling itself quite well in these areas.
Deposits of Monocrotophos from Low-Volume and Ultra-Low-Volume Sprays Applied Aerially or from Ground Equipment

When droplet spectra and patterns of distribution of deposits of a hexylene glycol-acetone formulation of monocrotophos applied as ultra-low-volume ( ½ but <10 gal/acre) sprays with ground equipment were determined by chemical and colorimetric analyses, the ULV spray was found to deposit more droplets and more actual monocrotophos on the protective clothing of the sprayer operator. In contrast, the 2 methods apparently delivered about equal amounts to the target area. However. more extensive colorimetric analyses showed that the ULV spray deposited more actual monocrotophos on the target area. When ULV and LV sprays were applied by fixed-wing aircraft. the ULV spray deposited more monocrotophos on the target area; the LV spray consistently delivered more monocrotophos 330-2610 ft downwind from the target area.
Electrically small half-loop for wideband HF on-the-move operation

Design of an electrically small low profile on-the-move HF antenna with 24 kHz instantaneous impedance bandwidth and gain better than −25 dBi for near vertical communications is presented. The antenna is mounted on the Oshkosh M-ATV and operates from 2 to 10 MHz. The profile is 0.8 m (λ/190 at 2 MHz) above vehicle roof, the length is 3.6 m (λ/742) and the width is 2.3 m (λ/765). Shown computational study agrees well with measurements that will be shown later on.
Study on Integration of Urban and Rural School Sports Development in Beijing

By means of literature data,questionnaire survey,mathematical statistics,logic analysis,this paper studies the urban and rural school sports development present situation of the Capital.The results show that,the urban and the rural school sports exist certain differences,mainly in the location,humanistic concept and importance.In the new period of development prospects,we should formulate or establish the relevant policies and regulations,urban and rural school sports coordinated development to offer practical and feasible scheme and theoretical guidance,realize capital urban and rural integration development of the grand goal of school physical education.
Fe_3O_4 Formation by Neutral Precipitation Method

The formation of Fe3O4 neutral precipitation method in many kinds of reaction conditionswere studied. The optimum formation conditions of R 2667, PH211, reactive temperature20～80℃, ajnd the phase diagram of Fe3O4 gained by neutral precipitation method were alsogiven.
Emerging Markets and the Post-2008 World

Emerging markets is a buzzword in financial economics. However, just exactly what is included in the definition often varies depending on the selection criteria applied. For the purposes of this volume the definition is purposely left broad, with no ambition to develop a generic emerging economy profile. Instead, this study includes contributions on economies conventionally identified as emerging (e.g., most of Latin America and some of Eastern Europe) and those with a developing-country profile (e.g., parts of Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). This chapter goes over some recent macroeconomic trends in emerging markets. A “redefined fundamental uncertainty” is suggested as a peculiar characteristic of the post-crisis global financial economy. Some general risks, opportunities, and future outlook across the many country sub-groups paving the way to and introducing subsequent chapters are discussed as well. The chapter also introduces the volume with a brief synopsis of each chapter contribution.
Caffeine Blocks HIV-1 Tat-Induced Amyloid Beta Production and Tau Phosphorylation

The increased life expectancy of people living with HIV-1 who are taking effective anti-retroviral therapeutics is now accompanied by increased Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like neurocognitive problems and neuropathological features such as increased levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau proteins. Others and we have shown that HIV-1 Tat promotes the development of AD-like pathology. Indeed, HIV-1 Tat once endocytosed into neurons can alter morphological features and functions of endolysosomes as well as increase Aβ generation. Caffeine has been shown to have protective actions against AD and based on our recent findings that caffeine can inhibit endocytosis in neurons and can prevent neuronal Aβ generation, we tested the hypothesis that caffeine blocks HIV-1 Tat-induced Aβ generation and tau phosphorylation. In SH-SY5Y cells over-expressing wild-type amyloid beta precursor protein (AβPP), we demonstrated that HIV-1 Tat significantly increased secreted levels and intracellular levels of Aβ as well as cellular protein levels of phosphorylated tau. Caffeine significantly decreased levels of secreted and cellular levels of Aβ, and significantly blocked HIV-1 Tat-induced increases in secreted and cellular levels of Aβ. Caffeine also blocked HIV-1 Tat-induced increases in cellular levels of phosphorylated tau. Furthermore, caffeine blocked HIV-1 Tat-induced endolysosome dysfunction as indicated by decreased protein levels of vacuolar-ATPase and increased protein levels of cathepsin D. These results further implicate endolysosome dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD and HAND, and by virtue of its ability to prevent and/or block neuropathological features associated with AD and HAND caffeine might find use as an effective adjunctive therapeutic agent.
Ovine lentivirus lymphoid interstitial pneumonia. Rapid induction in neonatal lambs.

Abstract For examination of the characteristics of lentivirus-induced pulmonary disease in an animal model, neonatal lambs were given intratracheal injections of high-and low-passage ovine lentivirus (OvLV) isolates. In 6 of 6 lambs inoculated with low-passage OvLV or OvLV from lung lavage fluid, lesions of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP) developed. In none of 7 lambs inoculated with a high-passage OvLV or 4 control lambs inoculated with medium alone or ultrafiltered lung fluid did lung lesions develop. Systemic distribution of lentivirus was greater and development of lentivirus antibody was more rapid in lambs inoculated with low-passage OvLV, compared with lambs inoculated with high passage OvLV. The number of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage samples was increased in lambs with lymphoid interstitial pneumonia. The development of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia was markedly accelerated, in comparison with previous reports of experimentally induced lentivirus pneumonia in sheep. In lentivirus-inoculated lambs pulmonary lesions developed comparable to lymphoid interstitial pneumonia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other human benign lymphoid disorders of the lung. Similarities between the disease manifestations and virologic properties of OvLV and human T-cell lymphotropic virus III argue for the relevance of OvLV-induced disease as a model for human retrovirus diseases. The ability of OvLV to cause accelerated pulmonary disease in neonates may be due to age-related susceptibility factors that enhance the pathogenicity of lentiviruses.
Proso Millet ( Panicum miliaceum L.) and Its Potential for Cultivation in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.: A Review

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a warm season grass with a growing season of 60 to 100 days. It is a highly nutritious cereal grain used for human consumption, bird seed, and/or ethanol production. Unique characteristics, such as drought and heat tolerance, make proso millet a promising alternative cash crop for the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of the United States. Development of proso millet varieties adapted to dryland farming regions of the PNW could give growers a much-needed option for diversifying their predominantly wheat-based cropping systems. In this review, the agronomic characteristics of proso millet are discussed, with emphasis on growth habits and environmental requirements, place in prevailing crop rotations in the PNW, and nutritional and health benefits. The genetics of proso millet and the genomic resources available for breeding adapted varieties are also discussed. Last, challenges and opportunities of proso millet cultivation in the PNW are explored, including the potential for entering novel and regional markets.
Refugia and Speciation in North American Scarlet Snakes (Cemophora)

Abstract Scarlet Snakes (Cemophora coccinea) are monotypic, poorly studied, semifossorial habitat specialists from southeastern United States that traditionally include three subspecies based on color pattern and morphology. We sequenced two mitochondrial and two nuclear loci for 62 individuals from across the species range, and analyzed data with the use of parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic methods to test a previously proposed phylogenetic hypothesis for C. coccinea. Our results suggest two Pliocene or Pleistocene refugia for Cemophora, one in southern Texas, and the other in the region extending from southeastern Louisiana through Florida. In light of our results we elevate Cemophora coccinea lineri to a full species, C. lineri, that differs from C. coccinea sensu stricto genetically and phenotypically.
Ethanol concentration in 56 refillable electronic cigarettes liquid formulations determined by headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (HS-GC-FID)

Personal battery-powered vaporizers or electronic cigarettes were developed as an alternative to traditional cigarettes. The modern electronic cigarettes were patented in 2004 by Hon Lik in China. In May 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) imposed regulatory statutes on e-cigarettes and their liquid formulations (e-liquids); prior to that, they were unregulated. E-liquids are typically composed of propylene glycol and/or glycerin, flavouring component(s), and active ingredient(s), such as nicotine. Fifty-six commercially available e-liquids, purchased from various sources, contained a variety of flavours and active ingredients. A headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (HS-GC-FID) method was used to analyze these e-liquids for volatiles content. Only one of the e-liquids listed ethanol as a component. The chromatographic separation of volatiles was performed on a Restek BAC-1 column. A linear calibration was generated for ethanol with limits of detection and quantification (LOD/LOQ) of 0.05 mg/mL. Ethanol concentrations in the 56 e-liquids ranged from none detected to 206 mg/mL. The ethanol determined in these products may have been used in flavourants or a solvent; the reason for inclusion cannot be fully ascertained. The implications of vaporizing ethanol as an e-liquid component are unknown. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
"Smart Puzzle" Game Helping Children Learn to Read

The game is one of the media for learning. One of the games that can be used as media of instruction is "Smart Puzzle" games. "Smart Puzzle" games are educational games are used as tools to teach reading to kindergarten with a game concept devised letters tailored to a different picture in each parts. This game is distinguished into three categories, namely category animals which consists of 10 stage and 2 mini games, a profession category consists of 10 stage and 2 mini games and family categories that consists of 6 stage and 1 mini games. "Smart Puzzle" game has 4 components of games as a medium of instruction. 4 the game components, including drafting letters, complete the picture, match the job with their workplace and learning family tree. With the 4 components of this being the excess of the game "Smart Puzzle" compared to other reading games.