cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimates of horizontal fluxes of oxygen, heat, and salt in western Long Island Sound

The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the bottom waters of western Long Island Sound decreases to hypoxic levels between April and July. Since the rate of decline of DO is considerably less than measured respiration, there must be significant vertical transport of DO from oxygen richer waters near the surface and/or horizontal transport from the central Sound. Simple model budgets with either of these sources are able to provide predictions of the seasonal rate of decline that are consistent with the observed values. Although prior budget estimates indicated that vertical fluxes were a significant portion of the resupply of DO, these were not able to discount the possible importance of horizontal fluxes, nor have there been any measurements of horizontal fluxes in this region. We present an analysis of time series of moored conductivity, temperature, DO, and current observations in the hypoxic area of Long Island Sound during the summers of 2005 and 2006. We estimate the near-bottom along-channel flux divergences of salt, heat, and DO as 0.11 ± 0.08 g kg−1 d−1, −5 ± 6 W m−3, and 4 ± 6 μM d−1, respectively. Since this horizontal DO transport is only 25% of the magnitude of the mean rate of respiration, we conclude that vertical transport by mixing forms the bulk of the physical resupply of DO to the hypoxic zone of the western Sound.
Acid-base catalysis in the mechanism of thioredoxin reductase from Drosophila melanogaster.

Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) catalyzes the reduction of thioredoxin (Trx) by NADPH. Like other members of the pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase enzyme family, the enzyme from Drosophila melanogaster is a homodimer, and each catalytically active unit consists of three redox centers: FAD and an N-terminal Cys-57/Cys-62 redox-active disulfide from one monomer and a Cys-489'/Cys-490' C-terminal redox-active disulfide from the second monomer. Because dipteran insects such as D. melanogaster lack glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase (DmTrxR) is particularly important; in addition to its normal functions, it also reduces GSSG for antioxidant protection. DmTrxR, used as a model for the enzyme from the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, has been shown to cycle in catalysis between the two-electron and four-electron reduced states, EH 2 and EH 4 [Bauer, H. et al. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 33020-33028]. His-464' acts as an acid-base catalyst of the dithiol-disulfide interchange reactions required in catalysis. The H464'Q enzyme has only 2% of the wild-type activity, emphasizing the importance of this residue. The pH dependence of V max for wild-type DmTrxR has pK a values of 6.4 and 9.3 on the DmTrxR-DmTrx-2 complex, whereas H464'Q DmTrxR only has an observable pK a at 6.4, indicating that the pK a at pH 9.3 is contributed mainly by His-464'. The pK a at pH 6.4 has been assigned to Cys-57 and Cys-490'; the thiolate on Cys-490' is the nucleophile in the reduction of Trx. In contrast to wild-type DmTrxR, H464'Q DmTrxR does not stabilize a thiolate-FAD charge-transfer complex in the presence of excess NADPH. The rates of steps in both the reductive and the oxidative half-reactions are markedly diminished in H464'Q DmTrxR as compared to those of wild-type enzyme, indicating that His-464' is involved in both half-reactions.
Experimental determination of the mean scattering length of low energy electrons in bismuth

Abstract The mean scattering length of electrons emitted in the Auger decay of Sb4d core holes in Sb 2 Te 3 and propagating through thin Bi films has been experimentally determined for energies ∼5 to 12 eV above the Fermi level.
Phase discontinuity sensing: a method for phasing segmented mirrors in the infrared

We describe a novel method for phasing segmented optics in which the signal is the difference between inside-of-focus and outside-of-focus long-exposure infrared images. A detailed algorithm based on a correlation of this difference image with theoretical images or templates is presented. In a series of tests of this phase discontinuity sensing (PDS) algorithm at the Keck 1 telescope, at a wavelength of 3.3 microm, the rms piston error (averaged over the 36 primary mirror segments) was repeatedly reduced from approximately 240 to 40 nm or less. Furthermore, the PDS phasing solution was consistent with our previous phasing camera results (to within 66-nm rms), providing strong independent confirmation of this earlier approach.
Spectral study of enhanced transmission through single C-shaped nano-apertures

C-shaped apertures in a metal film, were made to be resonant at visible wavelengths. They showed transmission enhancement of 22 times over a square aperture of the same area. This resonance was tuned over 70 nm
Plasmids related to RSF1010 from Bordetella bronchiseptica.

Abstract Six out of 14 Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from U. K. pigs each contained one plasmid, of 8.7–44 kb. All plasmid-containing isolates were sulfonamide resistant, and this property was shown to be plasmid-encoded. Five of the plasmids were related; two were indistinguishable from the broad-host-range plasmid, RSF1010. The other three, two of which appeared to be identical, were shown to have regions of homology with RSF1010. One of these regions encompassed the sulfonamide resistance determinant while the other contained ori V, which also determines plasmid incompatibility. None of the plasmids could be associated with virulence or phase variation, and it appears likely that they have been acquired in response to antibiotic pressure.
Abstract 3339: HSP90 inhibitor 17-allylamino-geldanamycin enhances sensitivity to double-strand DNA break-inducing agents (platinum and PARP inhibitors) in epithelial ovarian cancer.

Double-strand DNA break (DSB)-inducing agents such as platinum analogues and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) exhibit significant antitumor activity in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Approximately 50% of patients with EOC harbor genetic or epigenetic alterations of the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway and are highly responsive to these agents. However, resistance to DSB-inducing agents develops in the majority of patients and represents a major limitation for successful treatment of EOC. We recently defined a gene expression profile of “BRCAness” that correlates with responsiveness to double-strand DNA break-inducing agents (platinum and PARPis) in EOC. We applied this profile to the Connectivity Map to identify candidate compounds that might be able to enhance sensitivity to these agents. This analysis showed that the top-performing compound was the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor 17-allylamino-geldanamycin (17-AAG) with very high connectivity scores (>0.8) across several cell lines and concentrations (permutation p value Citation Format: Chiara Battelli, Alexander Morse, Hai Hu, Elena Levantini, Gerburg Wulf, Panagiotis A. Konstantinopoulos. HSP90 inhibitor 17-allylamino-geldanamycin enhances sensitivity to double-strand DNA break-inducing agents (platinum and PARP inhibitors) in epithelial ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3339. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3339
Gamma-Irradiated Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Starch: Physicochemical Properties

Great Northern bean starch, irradiated at doses of 2.5-20 kGy, had increased free and total acidity, concomitant with a pH decrease from 6.9 to 3.9 and a rapid increase of reducing value. The swelling power of the bean starch decreased with irradiation dose. A rapid increase of water and 80% ethanol solubility at 25 o C was observed at doses ≥10 kGy. No differences were detected on damaged starch or changes in X-ray diffraction pattern. ESR spectra of the irradiated bean starch after 9 and 11 mo storage (-40 o C) showed the presence of long life radicals, which could be stabilized after adding water
Appearance of acute and chronic coronary occlusions in contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography.

CONTRAST-ENHANCED CARDIAC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) is being increasingly used for the investigation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Recent technological developments have allowed the reliable diagnosis of both coronary stenosis and occlusion with this modality. In addition to the
Adult Health Behaviors Over the Life Course by Sexual Orientation

Objectives. We estimated differences in health behaviors among adults by sexual orientation.Methods. We pooled 4 years of data (2001, 2003, 2005, and 2007) from the California Health Interview Survey. We estimated the frequency of smoking, alcohol use, healthy dietary behaviors, physical activity, and health care utilization, and we used logistic regression modeling to determine the odds of each behavior with increasing age and for 2 age groups: younger than 50 years and 50 years old or older.Results. At any adult age, lesbians had greater odds of smoking and binge drinking than did heterosexual women, and gay and bisexual men had greater health care utilization than did heterosexual men. Other risk behaviors differed with age.Conclusions. Some behavioral change interventions should target lesbians, gays, and bisexuals at all ages, whereas other interventions should specifically target individuals at younger ages.
Public events at Fall Meeting 2012

Three much-anticipated events at Fall Meeting are AGU's family science programs, which take place the Sunday before Fall Meeting begins. Beginning at noon on 2 December, the public lecture will be given by Michael Meyer, John Grotzinger, and Rebecca Williams. These three NASA scientists are working with the rover Curiosity, which is currently exploring Mars. They will engage the public in a discussion of Mars exploration and the latest activities of the most sophisticated explorer ever sent to another planet. The panelists will discuss the hopes and excitement of exploring Mars through a robot's eyes, nose, taste, and touch.
Expression and growth factor regulation of platelet-derived growth factor B transcripts in primary osteoblast cell cultures.

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), an important bone cell mitogen, exists as a homo- or heterodimer product of the PDGF-A and -B genes. Normal unstimulated cells of the osteoblast lineage express the PDGF-A gene, but it is not known whether they express the PDGF-B gene. We examined the expression of PDGF-B messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in cultures of osteoblast-enriched cells from 22-day-old fetal rat calvariae (Ob cells) and determined whether they were modified by transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF beta 1), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and PDGF-BB. Ob cells expressed PDGF-B transcripts of 3.5 kilo-bases, as determined by Northern blot analysis. Treatment of Ob cells with TGF beta 1 at 0.01-1.2 nM caused a dose-dependent increase in steady state PDGF-B mRNA, an effect that was initially observed after 2 h and was maximal after 6h. Cycloheximide induced PDGF-B transcripts and decreased the effect of TGF beta 1. TGF beta 1 did not modify the half-life o...
Nonrevisiting paths on surfaces

The nonrevisiting path conjecture for polytopes, which is equivalent to the Hirsch conjecture, is open. However, for surfaces, the nonrevisiting path conjecture is known to be true for polyhedral maps on the sphere, projective plane, torus, and a Klein bottle. Barnette has provided counterexamples on the orientable surface of genus 8 and nonorientable surface of genus 16. In this note the question is settled for all the remaining surface except the connected sum of three copies of the projective plane.
Experimental and Clinical Evaluation of Heparin-Impregnated Cloth-Covered Cardiac Valves Used Without Systemic Anticoagulation

Abstract The results of a pilot study to determine whether heparin-impregnated cloth-covered cardiac valves may offer increased protection against thromboembolism are reported. In animal studies the heparin-impregnated valves in the tricuspid position were encapsulated within 3 months by a thin, smooth, uniform neointima. In contrast, the control valves had a nodular accumulation of tissue with a thickness of 1 to 2 mm. In a clinical evaluation, 32 patients were managed in a standard fashion postoperatively with orally administered anticoagulants (Group 1) while 34 patients were given heparin-impregnated valves (Group 2). Six of the 32 patients in Group 1 had a cerebral embolic episode. In contrast, the Group 2 patients, without systemic anticoagulation, had a lower incidence of cerebral embolism (2 of 34). The use of heparin-impregnated cloth-covered valves without systemic anticoagulation did not increase the incidence of thromboembolism, and it may reduce the potential complications of anticoagulant therapy.
Dielectric effects in the self-assembly of binary colloidal aggregates.

The dielectric polarizability of mobile charged colloidal particles in a solvent is successfully included in molecular dynamics simulations, and shown to alter the predicted self-assembled structures of the particles.
An evaluation of regional elemental signatures relevant to the Northeastern United States

Abstract Concentrations of sulfate and trace elements measured in high-volume air samples collected at sites in New York State during the summers of 1981, 1982 and 1983 are reported. The sites include Mayville in the westernmost corner of the state, West Haverstraw just north of the metropolitan New York area, and Whiteface Mountain in the Adirondacks. The elemental compositions of the aerosols at these sites are compared. The composition of regional aerosols is investigated using backward-in-time air trajectories to classify samples from Mayville and West Haverstraw into six regions: I, southern Ontario; II, Great Lakes; III, Ohio River Valley; IV, central Pennsylvania; V, western New York; and VI, East Coast urban. Region VI was characterized by high concentrations of V and Sb and relatively low concentrations of the other elements and sulfate. Region III had the highest concentrations of sulfate (28 μg m −3 ) and Se (5 ng m −3 ); both were around 7.5 times higher than for region VI. Crustal elements and bromine were comparable for all regions varying by a factor of two or less. Elemental ratios were explored as tracers for the various regions and the data are also used to test some of the basic assumptions in a proposed multi-element tracer system.
Effect of Finite Nuclear Size on the Elastic Scattering of Electrons

The effect of the finite size of the nucleus on the elastic scattering of electrons with energies in the neighborhood of 20 Mev has been calculated for two simple spherical nuclear models: a uniform charge distribution, and a uniform shell charge distribution, both of radius $R=4.15\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}{A}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ cm. An exact phase shift analysis has been made, the phase shifts differing appreciably from those for a point nucleus only in the $j=\frac{1}{2}$ state.Phase shifts for elements of $Z=13, 29, 50, \mathrm{and} 79$ have been plotted as a function of energy over the interval from 15 to 35 Mev, permitting the calculation of any desired cross section within this range. Representative curves of the ratio of the scattering cross section for the finite nucleus to that for a point nucleus have been plotted.The difference in the scattering due to the two models is large enough so that accurate experiments might distinguish between them, the actual average nuclear charge distribution probably falling somewhere between these two cases. The ability to differentiate between the two models, however, depends on the accuracy with which nuclear radii are known.
Pharmacogenomics of Acute Asthma: The β2-Adrenergic Receptor Gene as a Model for Future Therapy

Asthma is a complex heterozygous multifactorial condition with variability in clinical features and response to treatment, likely related to interactions between genetics and environmental exposures. Pharmacogenomic research seeks to identify and elucidate relationships between genetic variation and therapeutic response. Multiple studies have examined genetic variation in the β 2 -adrenergic receptor gene and association with asthma phenotypes. Results suggest that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene are associated with greater bronchodilation acutely after albuterol, worse pulmonary function over time with daily albuterol use, and tachyphylaxis to albuterol with chronic use. Although these results are intriguing, there are limitations of individual studies and discrepancies among their results that currently preclude broad conclusions and widespread application of genetic testing to guide therapy. This review will discuss these studies and the role that asthma pharmacogenomic research may play in the development of tailored acute asthma treatment regimens.
Whole grain health claims in the USA and other efforts to increase whole-grain consumption *

In response to the 1990 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, the Food and Drug Administration approved seven health claims that addressed the relationship between broad food categories and risk of certain chronic diseases. These claims are based on scientific consensus that includes epidemiological, animal and clinical research. The Food and Drug Administration also established a process to petition for new health claims that address substance-disease relationships supported by adequate scientific and specific regulatory requirements. The whole grain-cancer and heart disease authoritative statement health claim approved in July 1999 followed a completely different process mandated by the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997. It is based on an authoritative statement made by a government body that represents scientific consensus and is supported by other scientific agencies and organizations. The scientific basis for the claim published in Diet and Health reflects a comprehensive and deliberative review of epidemiological, animal and human studies by the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Diet and Health. Health claims used on wholegrain products can attract the attention of health-conscious consumers and are important tools in communicating health messages. However, the US public consumes substantially fewer whole-grain servings than recommended by US dietary guidance. Reasons given by consumers for not purchasing wholegrain foods include colour, price, softness, texture, moisture content and taste. Developing tastier value-added wholegrain foods along with simple coordinated messages from industry, the scientific community, public health experts and government will help consumers identify, purchase and consume more wholegrain products.
Nitrazepam for the treatment oflennox-gastaut syndrome

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is a severe childhood epileptic syndrome with encephalopathy and multiple seizure types, which are often intractable to treatment. Most of these children will ultimately become mentally retarded and dependent on others for their daily care. Antiepileptic drugs are the mainstay of treatment, however, no particular drug is entirely effective. Apart from the use of antiepileptic drugs, nonpharmacologic treatments are also considered (i.e., callosotomy, ketogenic diet, and vagus nerve stimulation), which have proven to be partially effective. We prospectively studied 14 children (11 months-8 years of age) with medication-resistant Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, being treated with nitrazepam (open-label compassionate protocol). We compared the 1-month baseline seizure frequency with the median seizure rate reduction during the first 12 months of treatment with nitrazepam. The median seizure rate reduction during the first 12 months of treatment with nitrazepam was 41% (P = 0.001), with more than 50% seizure reduction in 60% of patients. Two patients became seizure free, five patients demonstrated at least 50% reduction in seizure rates, six patients had at least 25% seizure rate reduction, and one patient did not respond. No patient had any serious adverse effects. Side effects included sedation in six children (40%) and drooling in nine patients (60%).
Proactive interference from items previously stored in visual working memory.

This study investigates the fate of information that was previously stored in visual working memory but that is no longer needed. Previous research has found inconsistent results, with some showing effective release of irrelevant information and others showing proactive interference. Using change detection tasks of colors or shapes, we show that participants tend to falsely classify a changed item as “no change” if it matches one of the memory items on the preceding trial. The interference is spatially specific: Memory for the preceding trial interferes more if it matches the feature value and the location of a test item than if it does not. Interference results from retaining information in visual working memory, since it is absent when items on the preceding trials are passively viewed, or are attended but not memorized. We conclude that people cannot fully eliminate unwanted visual information from current working memory tasks.
Evolution of groundwater age in a mountain watershed over a period of thirteen years

We compile a unique 13-year record of groundwater age for 11 springs in Sagehen basin, a watershed in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, USA. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and tritium (3H) data collected in prior studies from 1997 to 2003 are re-interpreted and combined with new data collected in 2009 and 2010. The age record is analyzed to explore the potential value of groundwater age monitoring for (1) providing additional constraints on the age distribution in mixed-age samples, and (2) identifying temporal changes in groundwater recharge. Motivation for this study is provided by a lack of knowledge of how groundwater recharge and discharge (stream baseflow) in mountain watersheds might respond to climate change, and a resulting need to better understand mountain aquifer residence times, storage, and recharge. Piston-flow ages for the springs generally range from 10 to 50 yr. The plausibility of different age mixing models is tested by comparing observed temporal variations in age with those simulated using simple numerical models, and by examining plots comparing the concentrations of different age tracers. We find that most spring waters are best characterized by a bimodal mixing model consisting of a new (<1 yr old) fraction and a fraction that is older, but still modern (recharged after 1950). Identification of this mixing model would not have been possible without data from multiple age tracers and data from multiple years. Computed mean ages vary substantially (often by 3–7 yr) between sampling events for most springs, including those with ages of 20–50 yr. Mean age variations are likely controlled by variations in the magnitude of the new fraction, which is positively correlated with annual snowpack water content. Most springs show overall upward trends in mean age for the sampling period, consistent with decreasing recharge rates in response to diminishing snowpack. Groundwater age monitoring appears to be a potentially valuable tool for both constraining the age distribution in sampled waters and investigating recharge transients.
Retrospective Economic Accountability under Authoritarianism: Evidence from China

The relationship between the turnover of government leaders and economic performance has rarely been studied in authoritarian regimes. In mainland China the reforms of the past quarter century have increased the economic accountability of local leaders. At the same time, there is some evidence that informal and idiosyncratic factors are more likely to operate at lower levels of government. An analysis of a comprehensive panel data set shows that Chinese county leaders are frequently replaced and that revenue growth increases the probability of promotion of county chief executives. Newly installed or minority nationality chief executives are less likely to be replaced.
The orienting response and direction of stimulus change

Following habituation to a given stimulus intensity, rearousal of the GSR OR was significantly greater to a stimulus change involving an increase in intensity than to an equal absolute amount of change involving a decrease in intensity. This was true both in normal and chronic schizophrenic samples. Thus, both the direction in which stimulus change occurs as well as the degree of change involved are important variables in triggering the OR.
Functions of a quaternion variable which are gradients of real-valued functions

We consider the collection of functions of one quaternion variable which can be expressed asG(Y) whereY is a real-valued quaternion function andG is a differential operator which corresponds to the gradient of real variable theory. Integral theorems for such functions are given, together with necessary and sufficient conditions for a function to be a gradient function, in terms of its Frechet derivative. The extended complex analytic functions, the Fueter functions, and the momentum-energy density functions are seen to be gradient functions which correspond to biharmonic, harmonic, and wave functions respectively.
Reversible reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme protein during the retrograde reaction in mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons.

Abstract Changes in the activity and amount of the neurotransmitter synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were measured in dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the A10-mesolimbic system of the rat following electrolytic lesions of their axons. Unilateral hypothalamic lesions in close proximity to the cell bodies resulted, within 24–48 h, in a permanent anterograde reduction of TH to 10–20% of control in the ipsilateral olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens. The retrograde reaction in the A10-DA nerve cell bodies was characterized by an initial increase in TH activity to 133% by 24–48 h followed by a gradual and permanent fall to 50% of control by day 14 due to retrograde cell death of DA neurons. In contrast, lesions of DA axon terminals in the olfactory tubercle resulted in a reversible retrograde reduction of TH activity in the A10. The enzyme activity declined during the first 7 days to 70% of control and then gradually recovered, reaching control levels by 28 days after the operation. The reduction in TH activity in the A10 was demonstrated by immunochemical titration with a specific antibody to TH to be entirely due to reduced amounts of enzyme protein. We conclude that in mesolimbic DA neurons: (a) the anterograde reaction is chaacterized by a rapid and permanent decline of TH in degenerating terminals; (b) the retrograde reaction is dependent upon the proximity of the lesion to the nerve cell body, and (c) a reversible reduced accumulation of TH characterizes the retrograde reaction in response to lesions of distal axons. The reaction of DA neurons of the mesolimbic system to axonal injury is comparable to that of the nigrostriatal system.
Scission of DNA at a preselected sequence using a single-strand-specific chemical nuclease

Abstract Background: We were interested in developing a protocol for cleaving large DNAs specifically. Previous attempts to develop such methods have failed to work because of high levels of nonspecific background scission. Results: R-loop formation was chosen for sequence-specific targeting, a method of hybridization whereby an RNA displaces a DNA strand of identical sequence in 70% formamide using Watson-Crick base-pairing, leading to a three-stranded structure. R-loops are stabilized in aqueous solution by modifying the bases with chemical reagents. The R-loop was cleaved using a novel nuclease prepared from the Thr48→Cys mutant of the single-strand-specific M-13 gene V protein (GVP), which was alkylated with 5-(iodoacetamido-β-alanyl)1,10-phenanthroline. The cleavage products of the pGEM plasmid were cloned into the pCR 2.1-TOPO vector. Adenovirus 2 DNA (35.8 kb; tenfold larger than the pGEM plasmid) was also cleaved quantitatively at a preselected sequence. Conclusions: A new method for cleaving duplex DNA at any preselected sequence was developed. The cleavage method relies on the chemical conversion of M-13 GVP into a nuclease, reflecting GVP's specificity for single-stranded DNA. The GVP chimera is the first example of a semisynthetic secondary structure specific nuclease. The chemical nuclease activity of 1,10-phenanthroline-copper is uniquely suited to this technique because it oxidizes the deoxyribose moiety without generating diffusible intermediates, providing clonable DNA fragments. The protocol could be useful in generating large DNA fragments for mapping the contiguity of probes or defining the exon-intron structure of transcription units.
Sequence Requirements for Hid Binding and Apoptosis Regulation in the Baculovirus Inhibitor of Apoptosis Op-IAP Hid BINDS Op-IAP IN A MANNER SIMILAR TO Smac BINDING OF XIAP

It has been suggested that the Drosophila Hid protein interacts with the baculovirus Op-IAP protein in a manner similar to that of human Smac binding to XIAP, based largely on amino acid sequence homology. However, there is little direct experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis; indeed, evidence exists from previous studies suggesting that the mode of binding is not similar. We have now precisely mapped the interaction between Hid and Op-IAP, and we show clearly for the first time that the biochemical interactions between the amino terminus of Hid and BIR2 of Op-IAP are highly similar to those found between the processed amino terminus of Smac and BIR3 of XIAP. Also similar to Smac, the amino terminus of Hid must be processed to bind Op-IAP. In addition, our data also suggest that a second interaction between Hid and Op-IAP exists that does not involve the amino terminus of Hid, which may explain some of the earlier contradictory results. The evolutionary conservation of this mechanism of binding underscores its importance in apoptotic regulation. Nevertheless, interaction with Hid is not sufficient for Op-IAP to inhibit apoptosis induced by Hid overexpression or by treatment with actinomycin D, indicating that additional sequence elements are required for the anti-apoptotic function of Op-IAP.
Ignition limits for pilot‐stabilized high‐velocity, turbulent, butane‐air mixtures at low pressure

Limiting velocities were determined by finding the composition at which the flame first spread into the unburned gases for a given velocity and turbulent intensity. These composition were represented by intersections of curves of flame widths at certain combustion chamber positions plotted vs. composition.
THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF VENGEANCE: A TEST OF BLACK'S MODEL*

The current research tests Black's (1990) model of vengeance through interviews with prison inmates. Drawing on a case-control method, each respondent describes a matched pair of conflicts: the crime of vengeance and a similar nonviolent conflict from the same time period. The quantitative data are used to estimate the impact of conflict structure on conflict management. Conditional logistic regression models offer mixed support: relational distance and functional independence increase the odds of vengeance, but the remaining theoretical variables do not. The qualitative data are used to illustrate the quantitative patterns and unearth parallels between premodern and modern violence.
Development of therapeutic vaccines by direct modification of cell membranes from surgically removed human tumor tissue with immunostimulatory molecules.

The addition of immunostimulatory molecules to tumor cells has been proposed as a potentially useful strategy to induce anti-tumor immunity. In this report we have investigated the application of using isolated tumor membranes modified by transfer of a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored form of the costimulatory molecule, B7-1 (CD80), as a cell free cancer vaccine for clinical use. Isolated tumor cell membranes were prepared from established tumor cell lines and the optimum conditions necessary for modification and clinical application were determined. GPI-B7-1 transferred optimally onto isolated human tumor membranes at physiological temperature (37°C) in a dose dependent manner. Transfer of GPI-B7-1 to isolated membranes resulted in stable expression and costimulatory function. These modified membranes could be stored for repeated immunizations while retaining expression of GPI-B7-1. Critically, isolated tumor membranes, prepared directly from surgically removed human tumor tissue, could be modified by GPI-B7-1 and costimulate T cells. Finally, membranes isolated from tumor tissue expressed MHC class II, unlike the cell line established in vitro from the same patient. This novel approach to express immunostimulatory molecules on isolated membranes derived from a patient's tumor tissue will make the preparation of autologous therapeutic cancer vaccines available to patients from which tumor cell lines can not be established.
The House-Tree-Person Test as a Measure of Intelligence and Creativity:

The House-Tree-Person test and a verbal test of mental ability, the Basic Word Vocabulary Test, were administered to 23 male and 27 female, university undergraduates and to 27 boys and 38 girls in Grades 3 to 8. The drawings were given three separate and independent scorings by judges who computed intelligence scores according to the House-Person manual; rated them impressionistically on intelligence, using a forced-distribution method; or rated them impressionistically on creativity, using the same forced-distribution method. The three House-Tree-Person measures were highly intercorrelated for all groups of subjects. All three House-Tree-Person scores also correlated positively and significantly with vocabulary test scores for female university students, as did both Impressionistically derived House-Tree-Person scores for grade-school girls. Male students' and boys' vocabulary scores were unrelated to any of the House-Tree-Person scores. Results suggest that competence in graphic expression operates independently of verbal intelligence in males but validity as a nonverbal test of mental ability and that it can be scored efficiently and reliably by using a global, impressionistic method.
Antitakeover Regulations: Lessons from the American Experience

Last year was particularly unsettling for European managers. Daily, they heard reports of an oncoming decade of hostile takeovers presaged by the likes of Hoylake's bid for BAT, KKR's interests in Britain, or GEC‐Siemens's recently consummated bid for Plessey.
A century of compounds and their effect on fungi.

One hundred compounds have been surveyed for their toxicity to the antibiotic-producing fungus, Cephalosporium acremonium. The purpose of this survey was to obtain compounds suitable as selective agents for resistant mutations and eventually to use such mutations to detect parasexual recombination in tile hyaline-spored fungus. The present work has been modeled upon an earlier survey by PARAG (4). Compounds were selected principally from the literature (1, 2, 6, 7) to include a variety of antibiotics, antimetabolites and organic toxicants. In addition to the Cephalosporium organism, these one hundred compounds were summarily tested against seven other fungi and an actinomycete. The comparative aspects of this work may be of general interest to taxonomists and fungal physiologists (Table I).
Opposition to transgenic technologies : ideology, interests and collective action frames

Genetic engineering has enabled significant, accepted innovations in medicine and other fields. In agriculture, however, a global cognitive divide around 'genetically modified organisms' (GMOs) has limited the diffusion and scope of this technology. The framing of agricultural products of recombinant DNA technology as GMOs lacks biological coherence, but has proved to be a powerful frame for opposition. Disaggregating the concept of the 'GMO' is a necessary condition for confronting misconceptions that constrain the use of biotechnology in addressing imperatives of development and escalating challenges from nature, especially in less-industrialized nations.
Explaining Black Southern Migrants' Advantage in Family Stability: The Role of Selective Migration

Recent findings show that black southern-born migrants to the north exhibit greater family stability than northern natives do. However, this "migrant advantage" remains to be explained. Using data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, this study investigates the extent to which it can be explained by selective migration. Findings reveal that migrants of all kinds, regardless of their origins or destinations, are more family-stable than are nonmigrants. Furthermore, selective migration of this sort explains much of the southern migrants' advantage with respect to family stability. Findings also suggest that the residual southern migrant advantage left unexplained by selective migration is unlikely to have resulted from any cultural differences between the north and the south.
Housing Credit Lending and Housing Markets A Canonical Analysis of Pooled Longitudinal Data

In this article, factor analyses are used to identify homogeneous neighborhoods, and canonical analyses are used to examine the relationships between neighborhoods and credit lending in the Cleveland, Ohio, area. The results reveal that variations in the supply and demand for loans are best explained by declining employment opportunities and demographic changes. The canonical analyses strongly indicate that the supply and demand for loans vacillate as a consequence of job insecurities, the decline in earnings capacity of less skilled workers, and long-term population and household declines. Further, the recessions and boom period of the 1980s differentially affected suburban mortgage submarkets.
Update on the role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and coxibs in the management of acute pain.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although NSAIDs have been shown to reduce postoperative analgesics, their ability to reduce opioid-related adverse effects and improve functional outcomes is questioned. Further, perioperative NSAID use may contribute to cardiovascular toxicity and impaired bone healing. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the role perioperative NSAIDs have on modulating nociception, their benefits when utilized as components of a multimodal analgesic regimen, and potential deleterious cardiovascular and osteogenic effects. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research indicates that, in addition to peripheral blockade of prostaglandin synthesis, central inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 may play an important role in modulating nociception. Although nonspecific NSAIDs provide analgesic efficacy similar to coxibs, their use has been limited in the perioperative setting because of platelet dysfunction and gastrointestinal toxicity. Coxibs may be a safer alternative in that setting. Both coxibs and traditional NSAIDs may contribute to a dose-dependent increase in cardiovascular toxicity and impaired osteogenesis. When used short term at the lowest effective dose, however, NSAIDs may provide for analgesic benefit without significant toxicity. SUMMARY When utilized as a component of a multimodal analgesic regimen for acute pain, short-term NSAID administration reduces opioid-related side effects and may contribute to improved functional outcomes without significant adverse effects.
The Stage of Lactation as a Factor in the Variation of the Per Cent of Fat in Cow's Milk

Summary It is shown that under conditions such as ordinarily prevail in the management of dairy cattle, and independent of the season of the year or character of the diet, the stage of lactation does have an influence on the per cent of fat in cows' milk. There is a noticeable decline in the per cent of fat from the first month to the second and in some cases this influence continues in a less degree for at least three months. Following the low period there is a gradual increase in the per cent of fat which becomes more pronounced during the last month of lactation.
The digital computer in surgical intensive care automation

The application of technology and system engineering techniques to the delivery of health services has made possible the successful implementation of a computer-based system in the clinical care of patients during the crucial early hours following heart surgery. Our hospital was faced with continually increasing numbers of candidates for cardiac operations without proportionate growth in the availability of skilled, highly motivated registered nurses qualified to care for these critically ill patients. Cardiac surgeons responsible for the patient's welfare hypothesized that despite greater patient loads the quality of care could be maintained, economically, with the existing nursing staff, if automation could be successfully employed to aid the physicians and the nurses with their care-related duties. In this paper we describe the results of integrating the computer into the day-to-day operation of the Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care Unit of the University of Alabama Hospital. Since July of 1967 this automated care system has performed record keeping duties and been used clinically in the observation and treatment of 2750 patients (2–28–73) following operation for correction of various acquired and congenital heart defects.
RELATIONS BETWEEN ELECTRON AND PROTON EXCITATION OF N* RESONANCES.

We have taken various theories which relate the elastic electromagnetic form factors of the proton to the proton-proton scattering amplitude and, after briefly reviewing their content, have extended them in turn to diffractive excitation processes. We consider only very high-energy scattering $s\ensuremath{\gg}{m}^{2}$, ${M}^{2}$, where $m (M)$ is the proton (resonance) mass. For large momentum transfer we find $X={{G}_{E}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}(t)(\frac{{|{f}_{c}|}^{2}+a{|{f}_{t}|}^{2}}{|t|})\frac{m}{M}+O(\frac{1}{s})$, where $X$ is the ratio of $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dt}} \mathrm{for} p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+N$ to that for $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+p$, and the $f$'s are the standard inelastic electromagnetic form factors. $a=\frac{(2J+1)}{J}$. For small momentum transfer we employ both an additive quark model and an eikonal scattering model. In both models a direct connection is found between $X$ and the electromagnetic form factors. The comparison of these theories with available data is very encouraging.
Reserve growth in oil fields of the North Sea

The assessment of petroleum resources of the North Sea, as well as other areas of the world, requires a viable means to forecast the amount of growth of reserve estimates (reserve growth) for discovered fields and to predict the potential fully developed sizes of undiscovered fields. This study investigates the utility of North Sea oil field data to construct reserve-growth models. Oil fields of the North Sea provide an excellent dataset in which to examine the mechanisms, characteristics, rates and quantities of reserve growth because of the high level of capital investments, implementation of sophisticated technologies and careful data collection. Additionally, these field data are well reported and available publicly. Increases in successive annual estimates of recoverable crude oil volumes indicate that oil fields in the North Sea, collectively and in each country, experience reserve growth. Specific patterns of reserve growth are observed among countries and primary producing reservoir-rock types. Since 1985, Norwegian oil fields had the greatest volume increase; Danish oil fields increased by the greatest percentage relative to 1985 estimates; and British oil fields experienced an increase in recoverable oil estimates for the first ten years since 1985, followed by a slight reduction. Fields producing primarily from clastic reservoirs account for the majority of the estimated recoverable oil and, therefore, these fields had the largest volumetric increase. Fields producing primarily from chalk (limestone) reservoirs increased by a greater percentage relative to 1985 estimates than did fields producing primarily from clastic reservoirs. Additionally, the largest oil fields had the greatest volumetric increases. Although different reserve-growth patterns are observed among oil fields located in different countries, the small number of fields in Denmark precludes construction of reserve-growth models for that country. However, differences in reserve-growth patterns among oil fields that produce from primarily clastic and primarily chalk reservoirs, in addition to a greater number of fields in each of the two categories, allow separate reserve-growth models to be constructed based on reservoir-rock type. Reserve-growth models referenced to the date of discovery and to the date of first production may be constructed from North Sea field data. Years since discovery or years since first production are used as surrogates for, or measures of, field-development effort that is applied to promote reserve growth. Better estimates of recoverable oil are made as fields are developed. Because much of the field development occurs some time later than the field discovery date, reserve-growth models referenced to the date of first production may provide a more appropriate measure of development than does date of discovery.
Breadfruit fermentation in micronesia

Throughout Oceania, pit fermentation of starchy crops was used as means of ensuring a predictable food supply despite the vagaries of drought, cyclonic storms, and warfare. During a 6-mo period, fermentation techniques for breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) were studied in Micronesia in the islands comprising Majuro, Guam, Belau, Yap, and Ponape. Fermentation techniques were found to vary throughout Micronensia but as a whole to differ significantly from techniques used in Polynesia. We believe the benefits of such food preservation technologies to be significant in facilitating colonization of temporally marginal island environments.
Patterns of sexual behaviour among secondary school students in Swaziland, southern Africa.

Among the many sub‐Saharan African countries hardest hit by HIV/AIDS is the Kingdom of Swaziland. In an effort to reduce the spread of HIV, young people are an important group to reach with prevention messages. However, before developing such programmes, it is essential to understand young people's sexual risk behaviours. Students (n=941) from four coeducational secondary schools in Swaziland participated in a cross‐sectional survey of sexual behaviours. Results indicate that considerable proportions of young people in this study were sexually experienced, irrespective of gender. Findings also suggest unacceptable high levels of sexual coercion, irrespective of age or gender. While boys may be less likely than girls to experience sexual coercion, being a male in this setting was not a protective factor. No significant differences were found on these variables in relation to location of the schools (rural vs. urban). Implications for developing and implementing HIV prevention programmes are suggested.