cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Joint Effects of Target and Purpose Goals on Intrinsic Motivation: A Mediational Analysis

To test Harackiewicz and Sansone's prediction that task-specific target goals would enhance intrinsic motivation when they were congruent with higher order purpose goals, we varied performance and mastery-oriented target goals in neutral and performance-oriented purpose goal contexts and included a no-goals control group. Results provided strong support across three measures of intrinsic motivation, indicating that performance target goals undermined interest relative to mastery target goals in a neutral context but that performance target goals enhanced intrinsic motivation relative to mastery target goals in performance purpose goal contexts. Process analyses revealed that competence valuation and task involvement mediated these effects.
Methylation of mammalian DNA: Studies on novikoff hepatoma cells in tissue culture

Abstract Tritiated purine and pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside DNA precursors, [ 14 C- methyl ]methionine, and amethopterin have been used to study the methylation of polymeric DNA in Novikoff hepatoma cells grown in tissue culture. The results indicate that approximately one out of every 12 to 14 DNA-cytosine residues is labeled in the 5-position of the pyrimidine ring with a [ 14 C- methyl ] group. A dependency of continued DNA methylation upon DNA synthesis was also demonstrated. Other experiments eliminated the possibility that labeled DNA-5-methylcytosine arose from incorporation of 5-methyldeoxycytidine triphosphate into DNA. An apparent deamination of 5-methylcytosine in polymeric DNA resulting in the formation of DNA-thymine was also observed. Although no information from any in vivo or in vitro system exists concerning the functional significance of DNA methylation, a shift of DNA-5-methylcytosine to DNA-thymine might be involved in initiation of DNA replication and/or transcription.
Prevalence of Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Symptomatology Among HIV-Infected Gay and Bisexual Men in HIV Primary Care.

Background The presence of psychiatric symptoms in gay/bisexual men managing HIV are underidentified and undertreated and can interfere with optimal HIV disease management. There is a paucity of prevalence reports of these symptoms in this group, identified in the primary HIV care setting. Few studies have compared prevalence rates based on empirically supported screening tools in relation to diagnoses made in primary care. Objective The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and substance abuse in HIV-infected gay/bisexual men and to estimate the proportion of those who had been diagnosed within their primary medical care setting. Method Participants ( n = 503) were HIV-infected gay/bisexual men screened for participation in a HIV prevention trial and completed psychosocial assessment. Data were also extracted from patients׳ electronic medical record. Results More than 47% of participants met diagnostic screen-in criteria for any anxiety disorder, of whom approximately one-third were identified in primary care. More than 22% screened in for a depressive mood disorder, approximately 50% of whom had been identified in primary care. A quarter of the sample had elevated substance abuse symptoms, 19.4% of whom were identified in primary care. Of those with symptoms of alcohol abuse (19.9%), 9.0% of those were identified in primary care. Conclusion These results provide some evidence suggesting that mood, anxiety, and substance abuse symptomatology are prevalent among HIV-infected gay/bisexual men and are underidentified in primary care. Increased mental health and substance use screening integrated into HIV primary care treatment settings may help to identify more gay/bisexual men in need of treatment.
Short-run statistical process control: Q-chart enhancements and alternative methods

In processes where the length of the production run is short, data to estimate the process parameters and control limits may not be available prior to the start of production, and because of the short run time, traditional methods for establishing control charts cannot be easily applied. Recently, Q charts have been proposed to address this problem. We study the average run length (ARL) of Q charts for a normally distributed variable assuming that a sustained shift occurs in the quality characteristic. It is shown that in some cases Q charts do not exhibit adequate ARL performance. Modifications that enhance the ARL properties of Q charts are presented. Some alternatives to Q charts are also discussed. For the case of a known process target two alternative methods are presented: an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) method and an adaptive Kalman filtering method. It is shown that both methods have better ARL performance than Q charts for that case. For the case of both process parameters unknown, an adaptive Kalman filtering method used with a tracking signal provides an ARL performance that improves as better estimates of the process mean and variance are given. A practical example illustrates the tracking signal method for the case when the process parameters are unknown.
Some required events in conidial germination of Neurospora crassa.

Abstract A temperature-sensitive mutant of Neurospora crassa, with reduced levels of protein synthesis at 37°C, was used to identify some essential events in conidial germination. Conidia of mutant strain psi-1 were incubated for 2 hr at 37°C and then shifted to 20°C. Germination was inhibited at 37°C, but commenced after 1.5 hr at 20°C. Increases in aspartate transcarbamylase activity, cell wall synthesis, and nuclear number preceded germination. However, increases in glutamate dehydrogenase activity, amino acid uptake, and DNA synthesis were inhibited prior to germination. Although all of these events were correlated with germination in control cultures of the mutant at 20°C and of its parent strain at 20 and 37°C, some events were apparently not essential for germination. The requirement for aspartate transcarbamylase activity was demonstrated independently by the failure of strain pyr-3d (lacking the activity) to germinate in the absence of uridine. The dispensability of glutamate dehydrogenase activity and DNA synthesis for the germination of some conidia was verified by the germination of strain am-1 (lacking glutamate dehydrogenase activity) in the absence of glutamate and by the germination of the parent strain in the presence of hydroxyurea (an inhibitor of DNA synthesis). These findings identify some landmarks in germination which may be useful in further studies of the regulation of a developmental program. They also provide preliminary evidence that the resting conidia may contain nuclei arrested at different stages of their division cycle.
THE ROLE OF STARBURST-ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS COMPOSITES IN LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXY MERGERS: INSIGHTS FROM THE NEW OPTICAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

We investigate the fraction of starbursts, starburst-active galactic nucleus (AGN) composites, Seyferts, and low-ionization narrow emission-line region galaxies (LINERs) as a function of infrared luminosity (L IR) and merger progress for ~500 infrared (IR)-selected galaxies. Using the new optical classifications afforded by the extremely large data set of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we find that the fraction of LINERs in IR-selected samples is rare ( 1012 L ☉), starburst-AGN composite galaxies dominate at early-intermediate stages of the merger, and AGN galaxies dominate during the final merger stages. Our results are consistent with models for IR-luminous galaxies where mergers of gas-rich spirals fuel both starburst and AGN, and where the AGN becomes increasingly dominant during the final merger stages of the most luminous IR objects.
Time-reverse imaging for detection of landmines

Time Reversal is based on the fact that most physical laws of nature are invariant for time reversal, i.e., when time t is replaced by - t , most physical laws remain unchanged. Physically this means that by time reversing, a particle will retrace its original path or trajectory. Based on this fact, systems were built which receive reflections or scattering from targets. If this reflected data is recorded, time reversed and launched into the medium again, it will focus back on the targets. This is the basis for experimental time reversal. Time reverse imaging is somewhat different in the sense that scattering from targets are recorded on the sensors, but then back propagated numerically. Narrow-band or single frequency MUSIC based time-reverse imaging algorithms have been proposed in literature for point-like targets. When this algorithm is applied to scattering from an extended target, such as a landmine, the image has good cross-range resolution, but rather poor range resolution. We propose the use of 2-D MUSIC-based algorithm to improve the near-field range resolution, which can then be used in conjunction with single frequency MUSIC to produce a final high-resolution image. A FDTD elastic-wave simulation is used to verify the results using mines and mine-like targets embedded in a heterogenous soil.
Pullout of a Rigid Insert Adhesively Bonded to an Elastic Half Plane.

Abstract The problem considered here is that of a finite, rigid insert partially embedded in and adhesively bonded to an elastic half plane. Two distinct problems are investigated: the shear pullout of the insert without rotation, which takes into account the adhesive's resistance to shear deformation, and an opening problem which incorporates the adhesive's resistance to normal deformation. This latter problem assumes the presence of an edge crack in the half plane subjected to opening pressure which equals in magnitude the normal stress distribution due to the pullout problem. These mixed boundary value problems are governed by singular integral or integrodifferential equations. Numerical results are obtained via a technique introduced by Gerasoulis and Srivastav. Several important physical quantities are calculated, such as the shear and normal stress distributions along the bonded interface, and the crack opening displacements.
Nursing Scholars, Writing Dimensions, and Productivity.

The purposes of this study were to describe cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions associated with writing among doctorally prepared nurses, and to determine relationships between writing dimensions and journal article publication. The 343 respondents were predominantly female, and most were employed as faculty or administrators in schools of nursing. Respondents reported a mean of 2.34 research and 2.25 nonresearch articles published in the preceding three years. The mean number of hours spent writing each week was 3.2. Multiple regression analysis showed that five variables accounted for 18% of the variance in research article productivity: time spent writing, a low level of writer's block, not awaiting inspiration before writing, not using writing references, and obtaining feedback from colleagues. Four variables accounted for 12.9% of the variance in nonresearch article productivity: time, low levels of writer's block and writing apprehension, and not writing according to a schedule.
Enhanced nitric oxide release/synthesis in the posterior hypothalamus during nitroglycerin tolerance in rats.

We have recently observed that increasing central noradrenergic transmission and sympathomimetic activity is involved with the complex hemodynamic effects during tolerance to nitroglycerin. The present study was to examine the release of nitric oxide (NO) in the posterior hypothalamus during tolerance to depressor responses to nitroglycerin and determine if, during the tolerance, endogenous NO synthesis is induced in the posterior hypothalamus. A microdialysis probe was implanted in the posterior hypothalamus and perfusion fluid was pumped through the probe at 2 microl/min in conscious rats. Tolerance to nitroglycerin was produced by three intravenous (i.v.) injections of 1.3 mg nitroglycerin each within 40 min compared to the same administrations of low dose of the drug, sodium nitroprusside and papaverine. Dialysate samples were collected 1 h before and 1 h each after injections for 8 h. Concentrations of nitrite (NO(2)(-)), nitrate (NO(3)(-)), and total nitrite plus nitrate (NO(x)(-)) were quantified in the samples by using chemiluminescence. The dose-response curve for arterial depressor induced by intravenous injection of the challenge doses of nitroglycerin was markedly shifted to the right at the first hour after nitroglycerin tolerance, lasted 3 to 5 h and reversed at 7 h. The dialysate NO(3)(-) and NO(x)(-) concentrations in the posterior hypothalamus were significantly increased at the first hour following nitroglycerin tolerance but were not altered by low dose of the drug, sodium nitroprusside, and papaverine. Nitroglycerin tolerance predominantly caused an increase in NO(3)(-) release in the posterior hypothalamus with no or small amount of changes in dialysate NO(2)(-) and the response was partially inhibited by pretreatment with N(G)-Propyl-L-arginine (NPLA) (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of neuronal NO synthesis. The increase of NO release in the posterior hypothalamus occurred at the first hour, lasted 2 to 3 h and reversed at 5 to 6 h during nitroglycerin tolerance. The results show that systemically administered high dose of nitroglycerin increases NO release in the posterior hypothalamus which matches the time interval of tolerance to arterial depressor response to the drug. Data suggest that there is an enhanced endogenous NO synthesis in the posterior hypothalamus which may affect central sympathetic functions during nitroglycerin tolerance.
Functional imaging of intervention effects in stroke motor rehabilitation.

Abstract Hodics T, Cohen LG, Cramer SC. Functional imaging of intervention effects in stroke motor rehabilitation. Objective To assess intervention-specific effects on cortical reorganization after stroke as shown by available functional neuroimaging studies. Data Sources We searched Medline for clinical trials that contained the terms stroke , reorganization , and recovery , as well as either positron-emission tomography and PET , near-infrared spectroscopy and NIRS , single-photon emission tomography and SPECT , or functional magnetic resonance imaging and functional MRI ; we reviewed primary and secondary references. Study Selection Articles that reported neuroimaging findings as a result of a specific treatment involving more than 1 subject were included. Data Extraction We included clinical trials that contained the terms stroke , reorganization , and recovery , as well as functional neuroimaging data findings as a result of a specific treatment involving more than 1 subject. Data Synthesis Included studies differed clearly from one another with regard to patient characteristics, intervention protocol, and outcome measures. Most studies used functional magnetic resonance imaging and a motor paradigm. Studies were limited in size. Conclusions Despite the methodologic differences, several common features can be identified based on the reviewed studies. Clinical improvements occurred even late after injury, after subjects were deemed to have reached a recovery plateau. This clinical improvement was accompanied by cortical reorganization that depended on the type of intervention as well as other factors. This review also suggests direction for future research studies.
Developments in modern steel design standards

Abstract We are experiencing world-wide the later phases of a transition from deterministic allowable stress design standards to probability-based limit states design. This paper is a review of the history of modern steel design code developments. The bases for probabilistic design will be presented. Experimental and theoretical research on the behavior of steel structures, as it relates to code issues, will be discussed. Practical considerations of code development and design office acceptance will be examined. Current research on probability-based design will be reviewed. The paper will conclude with research needs and an outlook to the future of structural steel design codes. The paper will especially emphasize the experience with the limit states specifications of the American Institute of Steel Construction (buildings).
Antioxidant protection of LDL by physiological concentrations of 17β-estradiol requirement for estradiol modification

Background Exposure to estrogens reduces the risk for coronary artery disease and associated clinical events; however, the mechanisms responsible for these observations are not clear. Supraphysiological levels of estrogens act as antioxidants in vitro, limiting oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), an event implicated in atherogenesis. We investigated the conditions under which physiological concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E2) inhibit oxidative modification of LDL. Methods and Results Plasma incubated with E2 (0.1 to 100 nmol/L) for 4 hours yielded LDL that demonstrated a dose-related increase in resistance to oxidation by Cu2+ as measured by conjugated diene formation. This effect was dependent on plasma, because incubation of isolated LDL with E2 at these concentrations in buffered saline produced no effect on Cu2+-mediated oxidation. Incubation of plasma with E2 had no effect on LDL α-tocopherol content or cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide formation during the 4-hour incubation. Plasma incubation ...
Using association mapping in teosinte to investigate the function of maize selection-candidate genes.

Background Large-scale screens of the maize genome identified 48 genes that show the putative signature of artificial selection during maize domestication or improvement. These selection-candidate genes may act as quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control the phenotypic differences between maize and its progenitor, teosinte. The selection-candidate genes appear to be located closer in the genome to domestication QTL than expected by chance. Methods and findings As a step toward defining the traits controlled by these genes, we performed phenotype-genotype association mapping in teosinte for 32 of the 48 plus three other selection-candidate genes. Our analyses assayed 32 phenotypic traits, many of which were altered during maize domestication or improvement. We observed several significant associations between SNPs in the selection-candidate genes and trait variation in teosinte. These included two associations that surpassed the Bonferroni correction and five instances where a gene significantly associated with the same trait in both of our association mapping panels. Despite these significant associations, when compared as a group the selection-candidate genes performed no better than randomly chosen genes. Conclusions Our results suggest association analyses can be helpful for identifying traits under the control of selection-candidate genes. Indeed, we present evidence for new functions for several selection-candidate genes. However, with the current set of selection-candidate genes and our association mapping strategy, we found very few significant associations overall and no more than we would have found with randomly chosen genes. We discuss possible reasons that a large number of significant genotype-phenotype associations were not discovered.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ULTRAFILTRATES OF PLASMA

1. Calculations from the Fick diffusion law are shown to predict that membrane equilibria should be established during the course of ultrafiltration. 2. It is shown that the chloride ion is more concentrated and the sodium ion less concentrated in the ultrafiltrate than in the plasma from which the ultrafiltrate was derived. 3. It has been found that by increasing the base bound by protein through a reduction in the bicarbonate content the difference between the plasma concentration and the ultrafiltrate concentration for the several ions studied increases. 4. Calculations from the Donnan equation as to the magnitude of the change in base bound by protein at differing hydrogen ion concentrations are in substantial agreement with the observed values, thus rendering it probable that the membrane equilibrium effect is responsible for the change in distribution ratios observed. 5. It is pointed out that the observed difference in the distribution ratio of cations from that of the chloride anion is probably to be explained by the influence of protein in lowering the activity coefficient of cations when on the alkaline side of the isoelectric point. 6. It is pointed out that account must be taken of these observations in any consideration of the role of ultrafiltration in the production of any secretion or body fluid.
A Modular, Positive Selection Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Vector with Multiple Cloning Sites

To construct large-insert libraries for the sequencing, mapping, and functional studies of complex genomes, we have constructed a new modular bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vector, pBACe3.6 (GenBank Accession No. U80929). This vector contains multiple cloning sites located within the sacB gene, allowing positive selection for recombinant clones on sucrose-containing medium. A recognition site for the PI-SceI nuclease has also been included, which permits linearization of recombinant DNA irrespective of the characteristics of the insert sequences. An attTn7 sequence present in pBACe3.6 permits retrofitting of BAC clones by Tn7-mediated insertion of desirable sequence elements into the vector portion. The ability to retrofit BAC clones will be useful for functional analysis of genes carried on the cloned inserts. The pBACe3.6 vector has been used for the construction of many genomic libraries currently serving as resources for large-scale mapping and sequencing.
Experimental Study on Micro-End Lapping Mechanism

In recent years, the demands on product performance are improving, particularly in the aviation; electronics, precision instruments and other fields, the accuracy and quality have become the most important. So lapping is getting increasingly importance with its high precision, good processing quality. In this paper, the processing parameters, which have effect on processing accuracy and efficiency in the process of planar lapping, have been analyzed emphatically. The effects on surface roughness of various processing parameters have also been investigated.
FINANCING LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN METROPOLITAN AREAS—A CASE STUDY OF MADISON, WISCONSIN

s of Doctoral Dissertations 519 units. An identical situation arises when property taxes for schools are studied. The result of this situation is that the residents of the wealthiest governments "enjoy" the lowest tax rates. Distribution of the state-shared income tax to the residence of the taxpayer also tends to favor the wealthier governments and further lowers property tax rates in these more fortunate areas. The citizens of Madison are subsidizing all the village residents. The latter utilize the facilities of the city while working, shopping, etc., yet contribute nothing toward the costs of maintaining these facilities. In addition, the mere existence of the city enables the villages to "get by" with a smaller municipal effort. Thus tax revenues can be concentrated behind a few services, resulting in high per capita expenditures. This is one method-though open to criticismof measuring service levels. However, the village with the highest property tax rates has lower per capita expenditures for the functions studied than have its neighbors. Finally, the city-county financial relationship was briefly analyzed. Madison contributes 62 per cent of Dane County's tax receipts, yet receives few benefits from the services provided by the county. Madison does not have proportionate representation on the County Board. The application of welfare concepts was most fruitful in describing benefits that would accrue to all parties (assuming certain specific conditions) through an intergovernmental bargain. Madison would administer the educational system for the area and in return would levy on property in all the units for the support of this service. The author's conclusion is that there is little prospect for any change in the immediate future. Vested interests in the status quo, combined with a fear of what the changes might bring, will tend to prevent any reorganization. Only a severe worsening of existing conditions could force this issue. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.27 on Wed, 07 Sep 2016 04:42:09 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Detailed Investigation of the Femtosecond Pump-Probe Spectroscopy of the Hydrated Electron

We recently reported the first pump−probe measurements on the hydrated electron with sufficient time resolution (∼35 fs) to directly observe the initial processes in the solvation dynamics of this key prototype for condensed-phase dynamics [Silva, C.; Walhout, P. K.; Yokoyama, K.; Barbara, P. F. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1998, 80, 1086]. An unprecedented relaxation process for the hydrated electron was observed that occurs on the 35−80 fs time scale and exhibits a solvent isotope effect (τ(D2O)/τ(H2O) ∼ 1.4). The new process was assigned to inertial/librational motion of the water surrounding the excess electron. The present paper reports a more extensive study of the ∼35 fs resolved dynamics of the hydrated electron in H2O and D2O at more probe wavelengths and as a function of pump-pulse intensity. The results are in agreement with the preliminary report and support the importance of librational water motion in the relaxation dynamics of the hydrated electron. New high excitation pulse intensity measurements reve...
On the theory of the firm under uncertainty and the cost of capital

Abstract The interaction between the firm's productive behavior under uncertainty and its cost of capital is shown to affect its optimal output. The source of this interaction is linked to the firm's degree of operating leverage.
American Thyroid Association Design and Feasibility of a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Prophylactic Central Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Background: The role of prophylactic central lymph node dissection in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is controversial in patients who have no pre- or intraoperative evidence of nodal metastasis (clinically N0; cN0). The controversy relates to its unproven role in reducing recurrence rates while possibly increasing morbidity (permanent hypoparathyroidism and unintentional recurrent laryngeal nerve injury). Methods and Results: We examined the design and feasibility of a multi-institutional prospective randomized controlled trial of prophylactic central lymph node dissection in cN0 PTC. Assuming a 7-year study with 4 years of enrollment, 5 years of average follow-up, a recurrence rate of 10% after 7 years, a 25% relative reduction in the rate of the primary endpoint (newly identified structural disease; i.e., persistent, recurrent, or distant metastatic disease) with central lymph node dissection and an annual dropout rate of 3%, a total of 5840 patients would have to be included in the study to achieve at ...
Irreversible effects of moisture on the epoxy matrix in glass-reinforced composites

The irreversible effects of moisture exposure on anhydride-crosslinked epoxy resin films are investigated by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectra. Hydrolytic attack of water at the ester linkages is accelerated in alkaline media and is a mechanically activated process. Matrix hydrolysis is also enhanced in the presence of inorganic fillers.
Feral swine contact with domestic swine: a serologic survey and assessment of potential for disease transmission.

Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are present in 38 of the 50 United States, and their populations continue to expand. Domestic swine are widely regarded as vulnerable to diseases harbored by feral swine. Our objectives were to determine antibody prevalence for selected pathogens in Texas feral swine populations and identify contact events between feral and domestic swine. Overall prevalence of antibodies against brucellosis and pseudorabies virus was 11% and 30%, respectively. Antibodies to porcine reproductive and respiratory disease virus were detected in 3% of feral swine from southern Texas. All samples tested negative for antibodies to classical swine fever virus. To determine the frequency of contact events between feral swine and domestic swine in neighboring facilities, we analyzed movement data from 37 adult feral swine that were trapped #10 km from domestic swine facilities and equipped with geographic positioning system collars. Seven of the 37 feral swine had contact (relocated within 100 m) with domestic swine. We found that contact between feral swine and domestic swine occurred predominantly at night. Additionally, we analyzed 60 consecutive days of experimental track plots around pens that contained domestic swine and empty control pens, and found greater visitation by feral swine to the domestic swine pens. Our data demonstrate that feral swine have direct contact with domestic
Hepcidin, the Recently Identified Peptide that Appears to Regulate Iron Absorption

A newly identified iron regulator, hepcidin, appears to communicate body iron status and demand for erythropoiesis to the intestine, and in turn, modulates intestinal iron absorption. Hepcidin was first purified from human blood and urine as an antimicrobial peptide and was found to be predominantly expressed in the liver. A lack of hepcidin expression has been associated with iron overload and overexpression of hepcidin results in iron-deficiency anemia in mice. In addition, hepcidin levels decrease in mice fed a low iron diet and increase in mice fed a high iron diet. These observations support the role of hepcidin as a signal that limits intestinal iron absorption. Hepcidin expression is also affected by hypoxia and inflammation and is decreased in hemochromatosis patients. Thus, the relationship between body iron status and hepcidin is altered in hemochromatosis patients. In addition, hepcidin is decreased in HFE knockout mice, which demonstrates characteristics of iron overload as in hemochromatosis patients. Hence, HFE is suggested to act as a regulator of hepcidin expression. Transcription factors, such as C/EBPalpha, are also suggested to be involved in the regulation of hepcidin gene expression. However, much remains to be investigated in the regulation of hepcidin by iron, hypoxia and inflammation.
Submicron, movable gallium arsenide mechanical structures and actuators

Movable, complex single-crystal gallium arsenide (SC-GaAs) structures with up to a 25:1 aspect ratio of vertical depth (10 mu m) to lateral width (400 nm) were fabricated. A process called SCREAM II (for single crystal reactive etching and metallization) was used to fabricate the submicron, SC-GaAs electromechanical structures. SC-GaAs anisotropic and isotropic dry etches were used to form the movable SC-GaAs mechanical structures etched from an SC-GaAs substrate using a PECVD-SiN/sub x/:H or PECVD-SiO/sub x/:H mask to protect the top and the sidewalls of the SC-GaAs structures. An integrated sidewall metallization process was used to deposit aluminum on deep vertical sidewalls to fabricate the capacitor actuators. The fabrication process was used to produce complex, submicron, SC-GaAs electromechanical structures. An x-y stage with integrated, high-aspect-ratio capacitor actuators was fabricated using this process. A maximum x-y motion of +or-6 mu m was achieved with x-y actuator voltage of 65 V. >
Breast-feeding, water and sanitation, and childhood malnutrition in the Philippines

This study examines effects and interactions of socioeconomic status, access to water supply and sanitation, and breast-feeding practices in relation to child growth in two provincial cities in the Philippines. Multivariate analysis identified food expenditure per head, education of the household head and gender of the child as significant predictors of nutritional status. The duration of partial and full breast-feeding was negatively (though non-significantly) associated with growth. Sanitation facilities and breast-feeding are, however, important determinants during the first year of life. Among children over 1 year of age, socioeconomic variables and gender are the most important predictors. Breast-feeding is shown to provide more important health benefits for children in lower income households. The need for further studies on the causes of gender differences in nutritional status was apparent.
Greater sage-grouse as an umbrella species for sagebrush-associated vertebrates

Widespread degradation of the sagebrush ecosystem in the western United States, including the invasion of cheatgrass, has prompted resource managers to consider a variety of approaches to restore and conserve habitats for sagebrush-associated species. One such approach involves the use of greater sage-grouse, a species of prominent conservation interest, as an umbrella species. This shortcut approach assumes that managing habitats to conserve sage-grouse will simultaneously benefit other species of conservation concern. The efficacy of using sage-grouse as an umbrella species for conservation management, however, has not been fully evaluated. We tested that concept by comparing: (1) commonality in land-cover associations, and (2) spatial overlap in habitats between sage-grouse and 39 other sagebrush-associated vertebrate species of conservation concern in the Great Basin ecoregion. Overlap in species land-cover associations with those of sage-grouse, based on the u (phi) correlation coefficient, was substantially greater for sagebrush obligates ð� ¼ 0:40Þ than non-obligates ð� ¼ 0:21Þ. Spatial overlap between habitats of target species and those associated with sage-grouse was low (mean u = 0.23), but somewhat greater for habitats at high risk of displacement by cheatgrass (mean u = 0.33). Based on our criteria, management of sage-grouse habitats likely would offer relatively high conservation coverage for sagebrush obligates such as pygmy rabbit (mean u = 0.84), but far less for other species we addressed, such as lark sparrow (mean u = 0.09), largely due to lack of commonality in land-cover affinity and geographic ranges of these species and sage-grouse.
Familial hearing loss associated with branchial fistulas.

A family is presented with cervical and preauricular branchial fistulas and congenital hearing loss. The hearing loss is unusual in having both conductive and sensorineural components. The basis of the conductive defect in the propositus was demonstrated at surgery to be a malformation of the ossicles. Hypoplasia of the mandible was present in two individuals. The syndrome was inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable expressivity and apparently incomplete penetrance. The occurrence of branchial fistulas should precipitate a search for defective hearing among relatives, especially in young children where early diagnosis and correction may permit the normal development of speech.
AN ENDOMITOTIC EFFECT OF A CELL CYCLE MUTATION OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

A recessive temperature-sensitive mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been isolated and shown to cause an increase in ploidy in both haploids and diploids. Genetic analysis revealed that the strain carrying the mutation was an aa diploid, although MNNG mutagenesis had been done on an a haploid strain. When the mutant strain was crossed with an alpha alpha diploid and the resultant tetraploid sporulated, some of the meiotic progeny of this tetraploid were themselves tetraploid, as shown by both genetic analysis and DNA measurements, instead of diploid as expected of tetraploid meiosis. The ability of these tetraploids to continue to produce tetraploid meiotic progeny was followed for four generations. Homothallism was excluded as a cause of the increase in ploidy; visual pedigree analysis of spore clones to about the 32-cell stage failed to reveal any zygotes, and haploids that diploidized retained their mating type. An extra round of meiotic DNA synthesis was also considered and excluded. It was found that tetraploidization was independent of sporulation temperature, but was dependent on the temperature of germination and the growth of the spores. Increase in ploidy occurred when the spores were germinated and grown at 30 degrees, but did not occur at 23 degrees. Two cycles of sporulation and growth at 23 degrees resulted in haploids, which were shown to diploidize within 24 hr when grown at 30 degrees. Visual observation of the haploid cells incubated at 36 degrees revealed a cell-division-cycle phenotype characteristic of mutations that affect nuclear division; complementation analysis demonstrated that the mutation, cdc31-2, is allelic to cdc31-1, a mutation isolated by Hartwell et al. (1973) and characterized as causing a temperature-sensitive arrest during late nuclear division. The segregation of cdc31-2 in heterozygous diploids was 2:2 and characteristic of a noncentromere-linked gene.
Topically applied NO-releasing nanoparticles can increase intracorporal pressure and elicit spontaneous erections in a rat model of radical prostatectomy.

Abstract Introduction Patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) suffer from erectile dysfunction (ED) refractory to phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, which act downstream of cavernous nerve (CN)‐mediated release of nitric oxide (NO). Direct delivery of NO to the penis could potentially circumvent this limitation. Aim This study aimed to determine if topically applied NO‐releasing nanoparticles (NO‐NPs) could elicit erections in a rat model of RP through increased blood flow. Methods Twenty‐six Sprague Dawley rats underwent bilateral transection of the CN. One week later, NO‐NPs were applied topically to the penile shaft in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) gel (10 animals) or coconut oil (6 animals). Control animals were treated with empty NPs. Erectile function was determined through the intracorporal pressure/blood pressure ratio (ICP/BP). The effect of the NO‐NPs on blood flow was determined using a hamster dorsal window chamber. Main Outcome Measures Animals were investigated for spontaneous erections, onset and duration of erectile response, and basal ICP/BP ratio. Microcirculatory blood flow was determined through measurements of arteriolar and venular diameter and red blood cell velocity. Results Eight of 10 animals treated with NO‐NPs suspended in DMSO gel had significant increases in basal ICP/BP, and 6 out of these 10 animals demonstrated spontaneous erections of approximately 1 minute in duration. Time to onset of spontaneous erections ranged from 5 to 37 minutes, and they occurred for at least 45 minutes. Similar results were observed with NO‐NPs applied in coconut oil. No erectile response was observed in control animal models treated with empty NPs. The hamster dorsal window chamber experiment demonstrated that NO‐NPs applied as a suspension in coconut oil caused a significant increase in the microcirculatory blood flow, sustained over 90 minutes. Conclusions Topically applied NO‐NPs induced spontaneous erections and increased basal ICP in an animal model of RP. These effects are most likely due to increased microcirculatory blood flow. These characteristics suggest that NO‐NPs would be useful in penile rehabilitation of patients following RP. Tar M, Cabrales P, Navati M, Adler B, Nacharaju P, Friedman AJ, Friedman J, and Davies KP. Topically applied NO‐releasing nanoparticles can increase intracorporal pressure and elicit spontaneous erections in a rat model of radical prostatectomy. J Sex Med 2014;11:2903–2914.
Flood forecasting reaches new potential

Natural disasters caused by floods challenge scientists to forecast the magnitude and timing of peak flood discharges more accurately. With recent advances in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and in computer technology, scientists have developed large-scale surface runoff models to improve flood forecasting. The first version of the model CASC2D, developed at Colorado State University, simulates surface runoff from flash floods caused by intense thunderstorms moving across watershed areas. The hydrologic model has been coupled with data from the CSU-CHILL polarized dual-Doppler radar in Greeley, Colorado, which accurately tracks the motion of severe thunderstorms.
Improved amplification of cytomegalovirus DNA from urine after purification of DNA with glass beads

Cytomegalovirus can be detected in a variety of specimens including leukocytes, urine, saliva, feces, and various tissues by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of viral DNA. Although methods for amplification are fairly standard, sample preparation is not well characterized, especially for tissue. Typically, preparation of samples for PCR amplification ranges from simple boiling to phenol/chloroform extraction and quantification before testing. Several reports have described inhibition of the PCR in some samples types. Here we show that reliable detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in urine is obtained only after some degree of DNA purification, presumably because of PCR inhibition by a yet unidentified component present in a few of the urine samples tested. Glass, in the form of fine beads, was used to adsorb DNA such that protein and other substances could be selectively eluted before the recovery of DNA for PCR amplification. Urine samples prepared by this method did not show inhibition, and results correlated well with those by tissue culture for detection of cytomegalovirus.
Mexican wolves, elk, and aspen in Arizona: Is there a trophic cascade?

In 1998, Mexican gray wolves (Canis lupus baileyi) were introduced into the Blue Range Wolf Recovery Area (BRWRA) that spans adjacent portions of Arizona and New Mexico. In 2009 we selected three mixedconifer sites on the Apache National Forest, within the BRWRA of east-central Arizona, to characterize long-term age structure of aspen (Populus tremuloides) and to check for the possible occurrence of a tri-trophic cascade involving Mexican wolves, Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), and aspen. These mixed-conifer sites included (a) a refugium site, (b) an old-growth site, and (c) a site thinned in 1991–1992. The refugium site was inaccessible to elk and cattle whereas the old-growth and thinned sites were accessible to elk, but not cattle. Age structure results indicated that aspen recruitment (i.e., the growth of sprouts/seedlings into tall saplings, poles, and eventually trees) at the refugium site had been ongoing over a period of many decades. In contrast, aspen recruitment at the old-growth and thinned sites decreased significantly (p < 0.05) during the two most recent decades when elk populations, as indexed by annual harvest levels, were relatively “high”. From 2000 to 2008, only 2.9 Mexican wolves per 1000 elk were present on the Apache National Forest compared to 9.3 western gray wolves (Canis lupus occidentalis) per 1000 elk in Yellowstone National Park where tri-trophic cascades involving wolves, elk, and aspen have been reported. The low number of Mexican wolves relative to their primary prey (elk) suggests that an ecologically effective density of wolves has not become established in east-central Arizona. Furthermore, the lack of recent aspen recruitment in stands accessible to elk indicates an absence, to date, of a tri-trophic cascade.
Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Paralogous APETALA1/FRUITFULL -like Genes in Grasses (Poaceae)

Gene duplication is an important mechanism for the generation of evolutionary novelty. Paralogous genes that are not silenced may evolve new functions (neofunctionalization) that will alter the developmental outcome of preexisting genetic pathways, partition ancestral functions (subfunctionalization) into divergent developmental modules, or function redundantly. Functional divergence can occur by changes in the spatio-temporal patterns of gene expression and/or by changes in the activities of their protein products. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of two paralogous monocot MADS-box transcription factors, FUL1 and FUL2, and determined the evolution of sequence and gene expression in grass AP1/FUL-like genes. Monocot AP1/FUL-like genes duplicated at the base of Poaceae and codon substitutions occurred under relaxed selection mostly along the branch leading to FUL2. Following the duplication, FUL1 was apparently lost from early diverging taxa, a pattern consistent with major changes in grass floral morphology. Overlapping gene expression patterns in leaves and spikelets indicate that FUL1 and FUL2 probably share some redundant functions, but that FUL2 may have become temporally restricted under partial subfunctionalization to particular stages of floret development. These data have allowed us to reconstruct the history of AP1/FUL-like genes in Poaceae and to hypothesize a role for this gene duplication in the evolution of the grass spikelet.
CENOZOIC TURRITELLIDAE (GASTROPODA) FROM SOUTHERN PERU

Abstract Cenozoic marine deposits of forearc basins in southern Peru contain a molluscan fauna that includes 15 species of turritelline gastropods. Twelve species were previously known; ten from northern Peru or Chile and two species solely from southern Peru. Three new fossil species are described: Turritella riverae, Turritella cruzadoi, and Turritella salasi. Six species of turritellines with crenulated primary spirals, a distinctive spiral ontogeny, and which are mostly endemic to Peru and Chile, are assigned to Incatella n. gen., including I. cingulata (Sowerby, 1825), I. cingulatiformis (Moricke, 1896), I. chilensis (Sowerby, 1846), I. leptogramma (Philippi, 1887), I. hupei Nielsen, new name (=Turritella affinis Hupe, 1854), and I. trilirata (Philippi, 1887). Most Paleogene taxa range from northern to southern Peru, while most Neogene taxa, including all species of Incatella, range from Peru to Chile. This biogeographic asymmetry is attributed to a series of biotic events (e.g., extinctions, immigra...
New Trends in Food Microbiology: an AOAC INTERNATIONAL Perspective

The paper discusses 5 major trends in food microbiology from an AOAC INTERNATIONAL perspective. The first trend, and perhaps the one with the greatest impact on food microbiology during the past 10 years, is the introduction of the rapid test kit. The development of these kits is a result of attempts to expedite, simplify, miniaturize, and automate methods. The second trend is the introduction of new method validation programs. AOAC INTERNATIONAL offers 2 alternatives to method validation by collaborative study: the Test Kit Performance Tested Method Program and the Peer-Verified Method Program. The third trend is the increasing use of microbiological reference materials. Applications of reference materials and of certified reference materials is addressed. The fourth trend is the evolving international character of not just AOAC INTERNATIONAL but other recognized scientific organizations as well. An attempt at method harmonization is one important consequence of this evolving internationalism. Moreover, there is a growing trend toward sharing of microbiological expertise on a global scale, reflecting our ever-shrinking geographical differences. The fifth trend is the implementation and increasing use of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) concept. The nature of the HACCP program and its influence on microbiological testing of the finished product are described.
The Death of Makola and Other Tragedies

RESUMEL'article presente certains resultats d'une recherche conduite en 1971–1972 et 1977–1978 au Ghana aupres de petites commercantes des marches urbains. L'auteur en tire quelques conclusions pratiques a implication politique. Les petites commercantes assurent au Ghana entre 70% et 80% du commerce de detail dans le contexte d'une economie au bord de la faillite depuis la chute de Nkrumah en 1966. Tous le regime de celui-ci les reserves financieres considerables du pays ont ete investies en ambitieux projets de developpement et dans le domaine de l'education. Les gouvernements militaires et civils successifs n'ont guere ameliore la situation economique et le pays fait face a une inflation galopante. Le gouvernement militaire actuel persecute les petites commercantes dans le cadre de sa soi-disant “revolution”. Les situations decrites dans l'article sont certes extremes mais les gestes poses par le gouvernement s'inscrivent dans cette optique.