cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current Situation and Policy of Public Health in Cities——Minutes of International Forum for Public Health,Shanghai 2007

The International Forum for Public Health,Shanghai 2007 was held in Shanghai from Dec.11 through 14.The theme of the forum was Public Health in a Major City.It was sponsored by Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau,China;organized by Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention(SCDC),China,Shanghai Institute for Preventive Medicine(SIPM),China, Shanghai Preventive Medicine Association(SPMA),China;and co-sponsored by Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine (JEOM),China,Department of Health Service,California (DHS),USA,Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP), USA,School of Public Health,Fudan University (FU-SPH),China.There were 38 experts from 6 different countries and over 250 domestic participants as well participated in this forum.Participants conducted broader and deeper exchanges on Environment, Gene and Health;Policy,Management and Service and Disease Control and Prevention.It provided quite an effective platform for international exchanges and cooperation,and will play a positive role in sustainable development of public health services and health promotion in cities of our country.
Mechanisms by which UV radiation, a natural component of sunlight, suppresses the immune response

The ultraviolet (UV) radiation present in sunlight is the primary cause of skin cancer, the most common form of cancer in the industrialized world. UV exposure is also immunosuppressive, and the immunosuppression induced by sunlight exposure is a major risk factor for skin cancer induction. For this reason, studying the mechanisms underlying UV-mediated immunosuppression has been an active area of research since the initial description of UV-induced immunosuppression and its role in photocarcinogenesis by Margaret Kripke in the early 1970s. Moreover, understanding how this ubiquitous and inescapable environmental agent affects the immune response provides an excellent model system for understanding how the environment influences the immune system. In this chapter I will review some of the more recent findings in this area. I will describe the mechanisms that activate systemic immunosuppression, following a photon of UV light as it penetrates the outermost layers of the skin, and activate photoreceptors, which then starts a cascade of events that ultimately transmits the suppressive signal from the skin to the immune system. I will also briefly describe some of the beneficial effects of UV-induced immunosuppression (i.e., suppressing autoimmunity). Finally, I will review studies demonstrating that applying jet fuel to the skin activates a similar mechanism to induce immunosuppression, indicating that the lessons learned from studying UV-induced immunosuppression may have broader implications for the general toxicology community.
Solidarische Rivalen: Geschwisterbeziehungen in der Frühen Neuzeit aus der Sicht der Emotionsgeschichte

Im Anschluss an die von Carole und Peter Stearns getroffene Unterscheidung zwischen „emotionology“ und „emotions“ untersucht der Beitrag am Beispiel der Geschwisterbeziehungen im Europa der Fruhen Neuzeit zunachst den Wandel der kollektiven Standards und „zulassigen“ Ausdrucksformen fur Emotionen zwischen Geschwistern. Dabei wird die Bedeutung biblischer Verhaltensvorgaben und speziell der neutestamentlichen religiosen Konnotierungen des Geschwisterverhaltnisses (z. B. Bruderliebe) besonders hervorgehoben. In einem zweiten Abschnitt wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Moglichkeiten fur Historiker bestehen, zu untersuchen, wie die gesellschaftlichen Standards Gefuhle tatsachlich modelliert und das Ausdrucksrepertoire von Geschwistern bestimmt haben.
Combustion Characteristics of Leached Biomass

The simple leaching of straw, grass (e.g. switchgrass) and other types of biomass with water is shown to result in substantial improvements to the combustion behavior. Although the economic feasibility of leaching is case specific, leaching does extract large amounts of alkali metals and chlorine which improve the fouling, slagging, and burning characteristics of biomass fuels, especially grasses and straws. Increases in the fusion temperature of ash arise from extraction of alkali elements by leaching, and decreases are, in general, observed in the amount of volatile ash. Pilot combustion tests showed lower rates of fouling when burning leached rice straw compared to unleached fresh material. Pyrolysis rates obtained via dynamic thermogravimetric analysis are slower for leached materials, probably as a result of a reduction in catalytic effects due to alkali metal salts, although volatile matter emission is observed to terminate earlier under isothermal heating for leached compared to unleached fuel. For the highly refractory fuel--rice straw--improvements in the ignition and burning characteristics of single straws have been observed to accompany leaching, possibly as a result of lower chlorine activity in terminating free radical chain reactions.
Social support, depression, and quality of life among people living with HIV in Guangxi, China.

ABSTRACTThis study collected data from 2987 people living with HIV in China and employed structural equation modeling to examine the relationships among social support, depression, and quality of life (QOL). Depression was the strongest predictor of the psychological, energy, and mobility aspects of QOL with β = −.70 (p < .001), β = −.47 (p < .001), and β = −.44 (p < .001), respectively. Emotional social support was a significant predictor of depression (β = −.12, p < .001), mobility (β = .20, p < .001), energy (β = .15, p < .001), and psychological aspect (β = .06, p < .05). Informational social support was a significant predictor of mobility (β = −.08, p < .01), energy (β = −.06, p < .05), and psychological aspect (β = −.07, p < .001). Functional social support was only negatively associated with mobility (β = −.16, p < .01). Therefore, depression had a negative effect on physical (perceived mobility and energy) and psychological (positive/negative feelings, thinking, learning, memory, and concentration...
Multiphoton ultraviolet spectroscopy of some 6 p levels in krypton

The observation of two-photon excitation of selected $6p$ levels in krypton atoms using tunable ArF* laser radiation at 193 nm is reported. Using time-resolved detection of visible fluorescence lines in the vicinity of 430 nm arising from $6p\ensuremath{-}5s$ transitions, radiative lifetimes for the $6p{[\frac{1}{2}]}_{0}$ and $6p{[\frac{3}{2}]}_{2}$ states of 123 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 5 and 115 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 5 nsec, and collisional self-quenching rates of (4.1 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.4) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/sec and (6.7 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.7) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/sec, respectively, have been determined. By carefully measuring the visible fluorescence intensity as a function of incident laser intensity, the photoionization cross section of the $6p{[\frac{3}{2}]}_{2}$ state has been established as (3.2 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.0) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.. The two-photon transition rates for both states have been theoretically calculated, and good agreement is found with measurements of the relative excitation rates for the two transitions.
Predictors of intraoperative electrosurgery-induced implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) detection

In the USA, the number of people needing implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) has grown dramatically. Many ICD recipients will need to undergo a surgical procedure at some point following ICD implantation. Most surgeries involve the use of electrocautery. Currently, the effects of electrocautery-induced electromagnetic interference (EI-EMI) on ICDs are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to study EI-EMI using prospectively collected clinical data. We analyzed prospectively collected ICD data from patients undergoing a surgical procedure at Mayo Clinic between 2011 and 2012. Information on clinical, device history, device interrogation pre- and post-surgery, and surgical information were collected for all patients. ICDs were programmed with detections on and therapies off. The patients were then categorized into two groups: those with EI-EMI inappropriate arrhythmia detection and those without detection. The stored electrograms were reviewed. Clinical and device parameters were analyzed to identify predictors of EI-EMI. Of 103 patients studied, bipolar cautery did not induce EI-EMI (0/11 cases), whereas monopolar cautery resulted in noise detection in 11/92 procedures. Among 11 inappropriate episodes of detection, 10 had surgery at chest, neck, and upper extremity sites with cautery current across the ICD lead tip; 1 had abdominal surgery; and none had back or low extremity surgery. On average, the near-field electrogram amplitude values were greater than the far-field amplitude values. EI-EMI does not occur when bipolar cautery or monopolar cautery is used below the hips with the dispersive ground pad applied to the lower extremities. In contrast to external EMI, EI-EMI may be larger on near-field than far-field electrograms.
Integration of rule-based formant synthesis and waveform concatenation: a hybrid approach to text-to-speech synthesis

This paper describes an approach to speech synthesis in which waveform fragments dynamically produced with a set of formant-based synthesis rules are concatenated with pre-stored natural speech waveform fragments to produce a synthetic utterance. While this hybrid approach was originally implemented as a tool for research into improved voice quality in formant-based synthesis, it has produced such good results that we now view it as a potentially viable and advantageous approach for a text-to-speech product. Possible advantages of the approach include smaller speech databases for waveform concatenation, enhancement of certain speech cues for sub-optimal listening environments, and improved and more efficient unit selection/production. In addition, the approach has already proven its utility as a tool for research and development in both concatenative and formant-based synthesis.
Millennials and the Media

The subject of this chapter is how Millennials use the media and how the media attempt to use Millennials. It starts with a discussion of Millennials and social media and offers a discussion by a psychiatrist, David Brunskill, of the negative impact social media have on people, what he calls the “net effect.” Research suggests there may be a relationship between social networking and narcissism. An overview of Millennials and media is offered, and Millennials’ role as “digital natives” is discussed. This leads to a discussion of Millennials and “virtual communities.” Next, there is a description of theHikikomori problem—troubled Millennials—in Japan. Will American Millennials end up like them? A discussion of the “Generation C” segment of Millennials and their use of social media follows. The question of addiction to media is discussed, which is followed by a section on affluent Millennials and their use of social media and of the “overuse” of social media by Millennials of all kinds.
Production of arabitol from enzymatic hydrolysate of soybean flour by Debaryomyces hansenii fermentation

Arabitol is a low-calorie sugar alcohol with anti-cariogenic properties. Enzymatic hydrolysate of soybean flour is a new renewable biorefinery feedstock containing hexose, pentose, and organic nitrogen sources. Arabitol production by Debaryomyces hansenii using soybean flour hydrolysate was investigated. Effects of medium composition, operating conditions, and culture stage (growing or stationary phase) were studied. Production was also compared at different culture volumes to understand the effect of dissolved oxygen concentration (DO). Main factors examined for medium composition effects were the carbon to nitrogen concentration ratio (C/N), inorganic (ammonium) to organic nitrogen ratio (I/O-N), and sugar composition. Arabitol yield increased with increasing C/N ratio and a high I/O-N (0.8–1.0), suggesting higher yield at stationary phase of low pH (3.5–4.5). Catabolite repression was observed, with the following order of consumption: glucose > fructose > galactose > xylose > arabinose. Arabitol production also favored hexoses and, among hexoses, glucose. DO condition was of critical importance to arabitol production and cell metabolism. The yeast consumed pentoses (xylose and arabinose) only at more favorable DO conditions. Finally, arabitol was produced in fermentors using mixed hydrolysates of soy flour and hulls. The process gave an arabitol yield of 54%, volumetric productivity of 0.90 g/L-h, and specific productivity of 0.031 g/g-h.
Establishment and Growth of Transplanted Conifers in the Southern Great Plains

Pinus spp. (pine) currently experience considerable pressure from numerous pests, diseases, and sometimes harsh climate of the Midwest and Great Plains thus jeopardizing the health of current windb...
Degradación de NO² empleando un reactor fotocatalítico usando TiO₂ como catalizador

Se elaboro un reactor fotocatalitico y se implemento en la disminucion de la concentracion de NO2 en aire. En el fotoreactor se utilizo TiO2 como fotocatalizador y se adapto un sistema automatizado de adquisicion de datos empleando el Software LabVIEW para el seguimiento de las degradaciones fotocatalitlcas. El fotoreactor fabricado permitio obtener porcentajes de disminucion de concentracion de hasta 95% de NO2 en 90 min.
The hematopoietic growth factors in the myelodysplastic syndromes.

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic stem cell malignancies that are characterized by abnormal morphology and impaired bone marrow maturation resulting in progressive cytopenia(s) and a propensity to evolve into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The biologic hallmark of the hematopoietic stem cells in MDS is a defective capacity for self-renewal and differentiation as well as ineffective erythropoiesis. In this book chapter we review Myelodysplastic syndromes, the classification, risk stratification and treatment options. We focus on the role of hematopoietic growth factors namely erthyroid stimualting agents reviewing the current literature.
Character and Civic Education as a Source of Moral Motivation

Character education, civic education, or any education aimed at the development of moral or pro-social characteristics, must consider the nature of a moral agent; i.e., what psychologically comprises an individual who is both motivated and capable of acting in morally justifiable ways.
Effects of infection with Diplococcus pneumoniae on synthesis of ribonucleic acids in rat liver.

Rats infected with virulent Diplococcus pneumoniae developed a significant increase in the rate of incorporation of labelled orotate into hepatic RNA when compared with pair-fed controls inoculated with heat-killed organisms. The finding was readily detected in rats raised on either a low-protein diet (6% casein) or a diet containing adequate amounts of protein (18% casein). The increase in hepatic RNA synthesis was observed by 12h and was maximal by 16–20h after inoculation with the D. pneumoniae. Most of the infection-related increase in RNA synthesis was associated with the bound ribosomal RNA fraction of the liver. A small but less significant increase was observed in the synthesis of free ribosomal RNA. The increased synthesis of RNA in the liver of infected rats resulted in a marked elevation of the liver RNA/DNA ratio, the major increase being observed in concentration of bound ribosomal RNA fraction. When followed sequentially, the infection-related increase in synthesis of hepatic RNA was preceded by a flux of amino acids into liver and was followed by elevated synthesis rates of serum globulin proteins. These findings suggest that the infectious process was able to regulate hepatic RNA synthesis by altering the rate of transcription of new RNA. This mechanism was stimulated even in rats that had been severely depleted of body protein and amino acids by feeding them on a low-protein diet. The infection-related stimulation of liver RNA and protein synthesis thus appeared to take place at the expense of other body proteins.
Noncommutative Local Algebra and Representations of certain rings of mathematical physics

The Weyl algebra is one of the most important objects in mathematical physics and representation theory of Lie groups and Kac-Moody algebras.
From reflections to a uniform elliptic growth

Abstract We use reflections involving analytic Dirichlet and Neumann data on a real-analytic curve in order to find a representation of solutions to Cauchy problems for harmonic functions in the plane. We apply this representation for finding solutions to Hele-Shaw problems. We also generalize the results by deriving the corresponding formulae for the Helmholtz equation and applying them to a uniform elliptic growth.
A two-stage working model strategy for network analysis under hierarchical exponential random graph models

Social network data are complex and dependent data. At the macro-level, social networks often exhibit clustering in the sense that social networks consist of communities; and at the micro-level, social networks often exhibit complex network features such as transitivity within communities. Modeling real-world social networks requires modeling both the macro- and micro-level, but many existing models focus on one of them while neglecting the other. In recent work, [28] introduced a class of Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs) capturing community structure as well as micro-level features within communities. While attractive, existing approaches to estimating ERGMs with community structure are not scalable. We propose here a scalable two-stage strategy to estimate an important class of ERGMs with community structure, which induces transitivity within communities. At the first stage, we use an approximate model, called working model, to estimate the community structure. At the second stage, we use ERGMs with geometrically weighted dyadwise and edgewise shared partner terms to capture refined forms of transitivity within communities. We use simulations to demonstrate the performance of the two-stage strategy in terms of the estimated community structure. In addition, we show that the estimated ERGMs with geometrically weighted dyadwise and edgewise shared partner terms within communities outperform the working model in terms of goodness-of-fit. Last, but not least, we present an application to high-resolution human contact network data.
Clustering Algorithms and Validation Indices for mmWave Radio Multipath Propagation

Transmissions in the mmWave spectrum benefit from a-priori knowledge of radio channel propagation models. This paper is concerned with one important task that helps provide a more accurate channel model, namely, the clustering of all multipath components arriving at the receiver. Our work focuses on directive transmissions in urban outdoor scenarios and shows the importance of the correct estimation of the number of clusters for mmWave radio channels simulated with a software ray-tracer tool. We investigate the effectiveness of k-means and k-power-means clustering algorithms in predicting the number of clusters through the use of cluster validity indices (CVIs) and score fusion techniques. Our investigation shows that clustering is a difficult task because the optimal number of clusters is not always given by one or by a combination of more CVIs. However, using score fusion methods, we find the optimal partitioning for the k-means algorithm based on the power and time of arrival of the multipath rays or based on their angle of arrival. When the k-power-means algorithm is used, the power of each arriving ray is the most important clustering factor, making the dominant received paths pull the other ones around them, to form a cluster. Thus, the number of clusters is smaller and the decision based on CVIs or score fusion factors easier to be taken.
Effect of phosphate on multiple forms of Escherechia coli alkaline phosphatase.

Abstract Alkaline phosphatase isolated from E. coli strain C-90 can be separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography into three forms which contain 0.1, 1.2 and 1.9 moles of bound phosphate per mole of enzyme, respectively. However, the phosphate-free enzyme prepared from a mixture of all three forms chromatographs as a single peak, while readdition of phosphate again results in the separation of three forms. Hence, the chromatographic behavior of phosphatase is consistent with a variation in phosphate content of three forms.
The Influence of Academic Hospitalists on Labor and Delivery Outcomes.

Background Our goal was to examine differences in maternal and neonatal outcomes following the transition from a private practice to an academic model at a community hospital. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of a high-volume community hospital labor and delivery unit. A private practice hospitalist group was replaced with academic hospitalists. Maternal and neonatal outcomes for patients cared for by these groups were compared. The primary outcome was a composite of maternal morbidity that included blood transfusion, anal sphincter injuries, dilation and curettage, hysterectomy, chorioamnionitis, endometritis, wound infection, intensive care unit admission, and readmission. The secondary outcomes were cesarean delivery rate and a composite of neonatal morbidity that included Apgar score ≤3 at 5 min, shoulder dystocia, birth trauma, seizure, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, or mechanical ventilation. Results 245 patients were delivered by private physicians and 447 by academic physicians over the study period. No difference in the composite maternal morbidity between private and academic hospitalist groups was identified (21 vs. 25%; aOR 1.37, 95% CI: 0.36-5.21). The academic hospitalist group had a higher cesarean delivery rate compared to the private group (25 vs. 18%; aOR 2.03, 95% CI: 1.17-3.53). There was no difference in a composite neonatal morbidity (9 vs. 8%; aOR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.052-1.63). Conclusion Women cared for by academic hospitalists were more likely to have a cesarean delivery, but there was no difference in maternal or neonatal morbidity in patients delivered by private or academic hospitalists.
Long-Term Habitat Use by Mountain Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei). 1. Consistency, Variation, and Home Range Size and Stability

Mountain gorillas are highly folivorous. Food is abundant and perennially available in much of their habitat. Still, limited research has shown that single gorilla groups heavily used areas where food biomass and quality were relatively high and where they met daily nutritional needs with relatively low foraging effort. Also, ecological factors influenced solitary males less than groups with females. Long-term data on habitat use by multiple mountain gorilla social units and more extensive data on variation in food distribution, presented here, confirm that food distribution influences areal occupation densities across groups and over time. These data also confirm the group/solitary male distinction and show that food distribution became more important for one male once he acquired females. Groups used ≤25 km2, and inter-annual home range and core area overlap was often low. Annual home range and core area size varied considerably within groups and across years. It bore no simple relationship to group size and estimated group biomass. Core areas were biased samples of total home ranges and were relatively good foraging areas. One group abruptly shifted its home range in response to male mating competition. Home ranges of two others expanded from 1981 to 1987, though at a decreasing rate. Data on one such group, which varied considerably in size, are consistent with arguments that costs of scramble competition are low except in unusually large groups. Low site fidelity, low scramble costs, and high home range overlap should decrease the ecological costs of female transfer.
Structural basis for the transition from translation initiation to elongation by an 80S-eIF5B complex

Recognition of a start codon by the initiator aminoacyl-tRNA determines the reading frame of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation by the ribosome. In eukaryotes, the GTPase eIF5B collaborates in the correct positioning of the initiator Met-tRNAiMet on the ribosome in the later stages of translation initiation, gating entrance into elongation. Leveraging the long residence time of eIF5B on the ribosome recently identified by single-molecule fluorescence measurements, we determine the cryoEM structure of the naturally long-lived ribosome complex with eIF5B and Met-tRNAiMet immediately before transition into elongation. The structure uncovers an unexpected, eukaryotic specific and dynamic fidelity checkpoint implemented by eIF5B in concert with components of the large ribosomal subunit. The GTPase eIF5B is involved in the correct positioning of the initiator Met-tRNAiMet on the ribosome during the late stages of translation initiation. Here the authors present a cryo-EM structure of the ribosome in complex with eIF5B and Met-tRNAiMet immediately before transition into elongation, providing insight on Met-tRNAiMetdelivery and how the correct reading frame is established.
Recent advances in sleep genetics

Sleep regulation has a strong genetic component. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in sleep genetics from knockout, point mutation, and GWAS studies. We overview specific genetic effects on REM versus NREM sleep as well as how the implicated genes fall in broad functional categories. Furthermore, we elucidate how genes affect different aspects of sleep including sleep duration, sleep consolidation, recovery sleep, and the circadian timing of sleep, demonstrating that genetic studies can be powerful in understanding how the body regulates sleep.
Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of Lorcaserin for Cocaine Use Disorder: A Phase I Randomized Clinical Trial

Background and Objectives: Preclinical studies show serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2CR) agonists reduce cocaine-seeking and cocaine intake. This study examined safety of the 5-HT2CR agonist lorcaserin administered with cocaine in participants with cocaine use disorder (CocUD). Secondarily, subjective response to cocaine and choice of cocaine vs. money were examined. Methods: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 25 inpatient non-treatment seeking participants with CocUD. Participants were randomized to either lorcaserin (n = 17) or placebo (n = 8). Primary outcome measures included cardiovascular measures and plasma cocaine levels. Secondary measures of subjective response to cocaine were assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) and cocaine vs. money progressive ratio choice sessions. Results: Thirteen randomized participants were included in the final analysis. No serious or unexpected adverse events were related to lorcaserin. There were no significant interactions between cocaine and lorcaserin on cardiovascular measures, plasma cocaine, or subjective ratings. After multiple comparisons correction, cocaine significantly increased blood pressure, heart rate, and QTc. Lorcaserin significantly decreased VAS ratings of "feel irritable," "feel hungry," and "I am craving." For the cocaine vs. money choice procedure, there was a significant interaction between choice (cocaine vs. money) and lorcaserin. Participants treated with lorcaserin were more likely to choose cocaine. Discussion and Conclusions: This study showed safety of lorcaserin administered with cocaine but lack of efficacy to reduce the reinforcing effects of cocaine. Scientific Significance: This study is the first to show a disconnect between effects of 5-HT2CR agonists on craving and cocaine choice in human cocaine users.
Drinking and Safer Sex: Are College Students at Risk?

Researchers warn about the spread of HIV infection among college students, low levels of condom use within this population, and the impact of alcohol consumption on risky behaviors. For the present study, questionnaires were distributed to students at several U.S. universities during the 1995-96 academic year. Usable questionnaires were returned by 1,902 students (1,134 women and 768 men). In all, 1.4% of 1,134 women (n = 16) and 7.6% of 768 men (n = 58) who completed usable questionnaires reported engaging in unprotected vaginal or anal intercourse after “drinking more than normal in order to make it easier to have sex with someone” during the past year. It was hypothesized that a greater proportion of men in the sample would engage in risky sexual behaviors (i.e., unprotected vaginal or anal intercourse). It was also hypothesized that, due to the specific risk factors involved in HIV transmission, women in the sample would be at a relatively greater risk of HIV transmission. The risk posed to students b...
College Football Coaches' Pay and Contracts: Are They Overpaid and Unduly Privileged?

The commentators and the media pay particular attention to the compensation of high profile individuals. Whether these are corporate CEOs, or college football coaches, many critics question whether their levels of remuneration are appropriate. In contrast, corporate governance scholarship has asserted that as long as the compensation is tied to shareholder interests, it is the employment contract and incentives therein which should be the source of scrutiny, not the absolute level of pay itself. We employ this logic to study the compensation contracts of Division I FBS college football coaches during the period 2005-2013. Our analysis finds many commonalities between the structure and incentives of the employment contracts of CEOs and these football coaches. These contracts’ features are consistent with what economic theory would predict. As such we find no evidence that the structure of college football coach contracts is misaligned, or that they are overpaid.
A diffusion approximation for batch queues of type GX/G(b,b)/1

Queues with bulk arrivals and batch service arise in a variety of application areas, in particular in the performance analysis of manufacturing lines, like semiconductor fabrications. In the course of this paper, a diffusion approximation for queueing systems with bulk arrivals and batch service for general and independent interarrival time distributions, as well as general service time distributions, is presented. The approximation uses a modified absorbing barrier and instantaneous return approach. The accuracy of the gained approximation is shown by a subsequent comparison with the corresponding discrete event simulation results.
A Review of “My Kind of County: Door County, Wisconsin”

John Fraser Hart, an icon in American geography and long-time professor at the University of Minnesota, has been a student of the American landscape for 60 years. He is perhaps best known for his w...
Functional Gradient Products Enabled by Planar Solidification Technologies

A new class of materials with engineered compositional gradients through the thickness is introduced. Ingots with different types of composition gradients through the thickness were fabricated into plate. The composition and mechanical properties of these “Functional Gradient” plate products (metallic composites) are described, and the energy absorption performance of different architectures of functional gradient products is discussed in terms of dimensionless parameters. It is concluded that ab-initio simulations of architecture and performance are needed for the development, optimization and use of functional gradient products.
Degradation of MgB2 under ambient environment

The superconductivities of samples prepared by several procedures were found to degrade under ambient environment. The degradation mechanism was studied by measuring the change of surface chemical composition of dense MgB2 pellets (prepared by hot-isostatic pressure, HIPed) under atmospheric exposure using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results showed that samples with poor connectivity between grains and with smaller grain sizes degrade with time when exposed to ambient conditions. In these samples, the TC did not change with time, but the superconducting transition became broader and the Meissner fraction decreased. In contrast, our well-sintered and the HIPed samples remained stable for several months under ambient condition. The degradation was found to be related to surface decomposition as observed by XPS. We observed the formation of oxidized Mg, primarily in the form of a Mg hydroxide, the increase of C and O contents, and the reduction of B concentration in the surface layer of MgB2 samples.
Data Mining and Data Fusion for Enhanced Decision Support

The process of data mining converts information to knowledge by using tools from the disciplines of computational statistics, database technologies, machine learning, signal processing, nonlinear dynamics, process modeling, simulation, and allied disciplines. Data mining allows business problems to be analyzed from diverse perspectives, including dimensionality reduction, correlation and co-occurrence, clustering and classification, regression and forecasting, anomaly detection, and change analysis. The predictive insights generated from data mining can be further utilized through real-time analysis and decision sciences, as well as through human-driven analysis based on management by exceptions or objectives, to generate actionable knowledge. The tools that enable the transformation of raw data to actionable predictive insights are collectively referred to as decision support tools. This chapter presents a new formalization of the decision process, leading to a new decision superiority model, partially motivated by the joint directors of laboratories (JDL) data fusion model. In addition, it examines the growing importance of data fusion concepts.
Karl Marx vis-à-vis Max Weber: perspectiva comparada das visões acerca do Estado

Este trabalho aborda a distincao analitica entre Marx e Weber, em relacao ao tema do Estado. A hipotese e de que ambos os autores, a despeito do que pode parecer a primeira vista, estavam imbuidos da impossibilidade de um Estado impessoal, o que remete, em ultima instância, a politizacao do Estado. O que parece claro na visao de Marx e, contudo, obscurecido pela construcao metodologica (e epistemologica) de Weber, com base na busca constante da objetividade do conhecimento, a partir de uma ciencia que se afasta do engajamento politico e da importância das categorias analiticas da burocracia e racionalizacao. Essa dificuldade de construir uma analise critica da proposta weberiana pode ser esclarecida, contudo, constituindo uma analise do Estado, em oposicao a esfera de legitimacao do Estado moderno que se encontra claramente na burocracia, cuja caracteristica maior e a impessoalidade, a partir da descricao de suas instâncias de decisao – um elemento politico sobre a burocracia. A analise marxiana do Estado classista, por sua vez, tambem precisa ter suas nuances analisadas de acordo com o proprio amadurecimento teorico do autor, que, em suas obras de analise de eventos historicos escritas tardiamente, torna complexa a classificacao do Estado, demonstrando suas aporias e disputas internas, para alem de sua visao inicialmente instrumental do Estado.
Experimental analysis of the q-matrix method in knowledge discovery

The q-matrix method, a new method for data mining and knowledge discovery, is compared with factor analysis and cluster analysis in analyzing fourteen experimental data sets. This method creates a matrix-based model that extracts latent relationships among observed binary variables. Results show that the q-matrix method offers several advantages over factor analysis and cluster analysis for knowledge discovery. The q-matrix method can perform fully unsupervised clustering, where the number of clusters is not known in advance. It also yields better error rates than factor analysis, and is comparable in error to cluster analysis. The q-matrix method also allows for automatic interpretation of the data sets. These results suggest that the q-matrix method can be an important tool in automated knowledge discovery.
Modeling, fabrication, and characterization of disc on pillar structures for optical field enhancement and extreme nanofocusing

Optimization of plasmonic disc on pillar (DOP) structures guided by FDTD simulations, their deterministic fabrication and characterization by both Raman microscopy and dark-field spectroscopy are discussed. SERS enhancement factors exceeding 109 are achieved using optimized DOP structures.
False-positive posterior myocardial infarct criteria during left anterior descending coronary angioplasty

Abstract In reviewing ECG change during acute anterior myocardial infarction (AMI) and during transluminal coronary angioplasty of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, QRS changes mimicking posterior myocardial infarct (PMI) and false-positive points for PMI using the QRS infarct size scoring system were observed in about 20% of patients. Nineteen patients in whom a three-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was continuously recorded during transluminal coronary angioplasty of a proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery were reviewed. All but two had significant ST-segment shifts in V 2 within a few seconds of balloon occlusion of a proximal LAD. In many such patients the R wave amplitude in V 2 measured from the PR segment baseline remained relatively stable and the S amplitude tracked with the J point. However, of the 19 patients studied, 11 had transient QRS changes greater than could be accounted for by baseline shift alone and 4 had transient false-positive PMI points by QRS MI size score. Transient QRS changes were observed as follows: (1) significant increase in R waves and/or decrease in S waves in V 2 due to right septal block (or conduction delay) occurred in 3 of 11 patients and was the cause of the falsepositive criteria for PMI; (2) 5 of 11 patients had a major decrease in R waves in V 2 due to left septal block; (3) 2 of 11 patients had both (1) and (2); and (4) 1 of 11 had transient frontal plane axis shifts with the QRS configuration of anterosuperior fascicular block plus right and left septal block. This occurred in one of six patients with balloon occlusion proximal to the main diagonal branch of the LAD. None of the three conduction abnormalities, alone or in combination, significantly prolonged the QRS, and all promptly disappeared within seconds of balloon deflation. This report defines a proposed anatomic and electrophysiologic basis for the changes.
The effects of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor on in vitro cord blood granulocyte function

The Effects of Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor on in Vitro Cord Blood Granulocyte Function
Evaluation of the Imprio 100 Step and Flash Imprint Lithography tool

Step and Flash Imprint Lithography (S-FIL) is one of several new methods of imprint lithography being actively developed. As with other nanoimprint methods, S-FIL resolution appears to be limited only by template resolution, and offers a significant cost of ownership reduction when compared to other NGL methods such as EUVL and 157 nm lithography. Market segments capable of being addressed with S-FIL technology include nanodevice fabrication, compound semiconductors, photonic and optical devices, data storage, and advanced packaging. Successful implementation will require a commercial supplier of S-FIL tools, as well as an infrastructure that will support fabrication of the necessary 1X templates. The Imprio 100, manufactured by Molecular Imprints, Inc. is the first commercially available S-FIL tool. The purpose of this paper is to describe the performance and capabilities of the Imprio 100. Performance related to several tool parameters including layer-to-layer overlay, pre-aligner precision, residual layer thickness and uniformity, resolution, wafer throughput, and exposure lamp intensity uniformity was evaluated. Several spin-coatable organic materials were evaluated for their efficacy as transfer layers. Contact angle analysis of each material along with a comparison of the spread time and resulting residual layer, and overall resolution using each material was also done. This paper will present the results of both the factory and site acceptance tests, and will also cover the imprinting capability of the tool.
A new time-stepping method for circuit simulation

Adaptive time-stepping is crucially important for the efficiency of a circuit simulator. Existing time-stepping methods rely on information at prior time point(s) to select step sizes, which can be problematic when the circuit is undergoing a fast transition. In this work, we propose a new time-stepping method that solves the circuit equations together with the condition for local truncation error (LTE) as one nonlinear system. Circuit solution and step size are obtained simultaneously for the current time point. It allows designers to have direct control of LTE so the errors can be distributed more evenly along non-uniformed time grid. Experiments show the new method generates significantly less time points and is faster for the same accuracy settings. It is also more accurate for the simulation of non-dissipative circuits.
A biomechanical comparison of the Delta screw and RetroScrew tibial fixation on initial intra-articular graft tension

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of bioabsorbable interference screw (BIS) tibial fixation with the Delta screw (antegrade) and RetroScrew (retrograde) on initial (time zero) intra-articular graft tension in soft tissue anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in a cadaveric model.
Electrophotography as a means of microfabrication: the role of electrodynamic and electrostatic forces

Abstract Electrophotographic technology requires the careful control of adhesive, cohesive, and electrostatic forces in order to properly and repeatedly position micrometer-size particles into micrometer-size pixels, with the output being a hard copy of a digital image. In this way, electrophotography can be considered a means of microfabrication. However, electrophotographic technology can be used for other novel applications, as are discussed. To cite this article: D.S. Rimai et al., C. R. Chimie 8 (2005).
The Determinants of Left Ventricular Isovolumetric Contraction Time

The influence of the rate of change of intraventricular pressure, the aortic diastolic pressure, and the heart rate on the isovolumetric contraction interval was examined in dogs under a variety of hemodynamic states. The experimental conditions included alteration of the contractile state of the ventricle, its preload, and its afterload. Analysis of the data indicated that the isovolumetric contraction interval is inversely related to the maximum rate of intraventricular pressure change, is directly related to the aortic diastolic pressure and is independent of the heart rate. A reliable correlation was found between the ICT interval and the ratio of aortic diastolic pressure to the pressure derivative. This correlation was not altered by the experimental conditions imposed.
Metastases to the pituitary gland

Only 1% of all pituitary surgeries are performed to treat tumors that have metastasized to the pituitary gland; however, in certain cases of malignant neoplasms pituitary metastases do occur. Breast and lung cancers are the most common diseases that metastasize to the pituitary. Breast cancer metastasizes to the pituitary especially frequently, with reported rates ranging between 6 and 8% of cases. Most pituitary metastases are asymptomatic, with only 7% reported to be symptomatic. Diabetes insipidus, anterior pituitary dysfunction, visual field defects, headache/pain, and ophthalmoplegia are the most commonly reported symptoms. Diabetes insipidus is especially common in this population, occurring in between 29 and 71% of patients who experience symptoms. Differentiation of pituitary metastasis from other pituitary tumors based on neuroimaging alone can be difficult, although certain features, such as thickening of the pituitary stalk, invasion of the cavernous sinus, and sclerosis of the surrounding sella turcica, can indicate metastasis to the pituitary gland. Overall, neurohypophysial involvement seems to be most prevalent, but breast metastases appear to have an affinity for the adenohypophysis. Differentiating metastasis to the pituitary gland from bone metastasis to the skull base, which invades the sella turcica, can also be difficult. In metastasis to the pituitary gland, surrounding sclerosis in the sella turcica is usually minimal compared with metastasis to the skull base. Treatment for these tumors is often multimodal and includes surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Tumor invasiveness can make resection difficult. Although surgical series have not shown any significant survival benefits given by tumor resection, the patient's quality of life may be improved. Survival among these patients is poor with mean survival rates reported to range between 6 and 22 months.
Conference summary. Directions and needs in asbestos research: new insights.

The Center for Environmental Health Sciences (CEHS) Conference entitled “Directions and Needs in Asbestos Research: New Insights” was held at the University of Montana in Missoula on July 28 and 29, 2005. Researchers, physicians, health care workers, and federal agency representatives from around the country met for a cross-disciplinary exploration of many issues related to asbestos research. Topics included community and psychosocial issues in biomedical research, asbestos exposure assessment, assessment and mechanisms of asbestos-related diseases, and new research directions. This meeting report is a summary of the conference presentations, and of the topics identified for future research directions. This conference was a follow-up to one hosted by the CEHS in June 2002, and continued to take advantage of opportunities to work with a unique population in Libby, MT, where significant asbestos exposures have occurred due to the mining of asbestos-contaminated vermiculite. The goals of this conference were...
A new course on control of wind power generation systems using analysis and simulation

This paper presents a new graduate-level course that is designed, developed, and taught at the University of Wisconsin-Madison to further advance the education for wind power technologies. The objective of this course is to provide an in-depth coverage of control of electric drives for wind turbines with an emphasis using state-of-the-art modeling and simulation techniques. Various generator types and their associated controlling techniques for wind power generation are reviewed in the course. The course begins with a thorough discussion of the performance requirements for electric power generating equipment controls in wind turbine applications. Analyses and simulations of electric generators combined with their controls are incorporated into the class curriculum to provide students with a thorough understanding of the achievable generating system performance. The course capitalizes on the student's prior knowledge in drives, power electronics, and electric machines to develop highly skilled, advanced degree graduates that can readily become researchers or developers of next-generation wind power generation systems.