cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aging impairs the late phase of long-term potentiation at the medial perforant path-CA3 synapse in awake rats

The effects of aging on long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA1 are well documented, but LTP at the medial perforant path (MPP)-CA3 synapse of aged animals has remained unexplored. Because the MPP-DG and Schaffer-collateral-CA1 synapses account for only about 20% of total hippocampal synapses, global understanding of how aging affects hippocampal plasticity has remained limited. Much is known about LTP induction in the hippocampal formation, whereas the mechanisms that regulate LTP maintenance are less understood, especially during aging. We investigated the effects of aging on MPP-CA3 LTP induction and maintenance in awake rats. As is the case in the DG and CA1, high-frequency stimulation-induced LTP at the MPP-CA3 synapse is normal in aged rats. These data indicate that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated processes are intact at the MPP-CA3 synapse in aged rats. In contrast, aging impaired the magnitude and duration of MPP-CA3 LTP over a period of days. Also, these data are consistent with reports that area CA3 is especially susceptible to age-related changes. Our data suggest that aging impairs mechanisms that regulate the late phase of MPP-CA3 LTP and contribute to a more global understanding of how aging affects hippocampal plasticity.
Oligothiophene-containing polymer brushes by ROMP and RAFT: Synthesis, characterization and dielectric properties

Abstract We report the synthesis of oligothiophene-containing polymer brushes and their application as nanodielectric materials in capacitors. Specifically, terthiophene-containing methacrylate polymer brushes were synthesized via a “graft from” technique by a combination of ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Both X-ray scattering and thermal studies indicated that polymer brushes led to the formation of small nanoscale crystalline domains (∼2 nm) dispersed in an amorphous matrix. Notably, the film forming capability and processability are greatly improved in comparison with corresponding homopolymers. Transparent free-standing films could be readily fabricated based on these polymer brushes and used for dielectric property studies. The adoption of polymer brush architecture into the oligothiophene-containing polymers has been proved to be an effective strategy to improve the mechanical robustness of films.
Video SnapCut: robust video object cutout using localized classifiers

Although tremendous success has been achieved for interactive object cutout in still images, accurately extracting dynamic objects in video remains a very challenging problem. Previous video cutout systems present two major limitations: (1) reliance on global statistics, thus lacking the ability to deal with complex and diverse scenes; and (2) treating segmentation as a global optimization, thus lacking a practical workflow that can guarantee the convergence of the systems to the desired results.We present Video SnapCut, a robust video object cutout system that significantly advances the state-of-the-art. In our system segmentation is achieved by the collaboration of a set of local classifiers, each adaptively integrating multiple local image features. We show how this segmentation paradigm naturally supports local user editing and propagates them across time. The object cutout system is completed with a novel coherent video matting technique. A comprehensive evaluation and comparison is presented, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed system at achieving high quality results, as well as the robustness of the system against various types of inputs.
Accuracy of MRI patterns in evaluating anterior cruciate ligament tears.

The purpose of this study was to determine the different patterns of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears on MRI and the prevalence and accuracy of these patterns. Images were obtained on high-tesla and low-tesla units and the results compared to determine whether field strength affects the interpretation using the grading system. In 172 patients who underwent knee MRI (109 knees with high-tesla units and 63 knees with low-tesla units) and arthroscopy, there was a total of 91 arthroscopically proven ACL tears. Five patterns of ACL tears were observed and designated as type 1 (diffuse increase in signal on T2-weighted images and enlargement of the ligament, 48%); type 2 (horizontally oriented ACL, 21%); type 3 (nonvisualization of the ACL, 18%); type 4 (discontinuity of the ACL, 11%); and type 5 (vertically oriented ACL, 2%). The positive predictive value (PPV) for type 2, 4, and 5 patterns was 100% for both field strengths; for type 3 PPV was just above 80% for both field strengths. The PPV value for type 1 was 90% for the high-tesla unit and 79% for the low-tesla, unit, which was not statistically significant. Combining the results of both field strengths, the overall sensitivity and specificity were 93% and 89%, respectively. Arthroscopic results were also used to determine the association between meniscal and ACL tears. Only 13% of ACL tears were isolated, the rest being associated with meniscal tears. Forty-five percent of medial meniscal and 50% of lateral meniscal tears were associated with an ACL tear, and 94% of ACLs were torn when both menisci were torn.
Real and monetary approaches to foreign trade adjustment mechanisms in centrally planned economies

This paper examines the consequences of changes in international trade flows for a centrally planned economy characterized by repressed inflation. A macro-economic model of such an economy is developed and used to synthesize the real and monetary approaches to foreign trade adjustments in a planned economy. The policy options available to planners for mitigating the effect of changes in trade on the domestic economy are also evaluated. Changes in government expenditures, in the level of investment and an equiproportional change in prices and wages all appear to be viable options. The proportion of final and intermediate goods traded also may be used as a policy variable for maintaining domestic (dis-)equilibrium. Probable planners' response to internal and external disequilibria are posited and are shown to help mitigate the effects of external shocks on the domestic economy.
Serials acquisitions and recent changes in Poland and the Soviet Union

The changes currently taking place in the Soviet Union and Eastern and Central Europe are affecting not only the citizens of those countries, but also American academic libraries. Serials librarians are observing that journals, newspapers, and magazines have ceased, changed frequency, changed title, changed content, and changed importance for the collection. New serials are born or emerge from underground, but one cannot learn of their existence by the usual means. Issues of well-known periodicals are delayed or unaccountably stop coming. Gifts are no longer gifts. This article will first provide a brief sketch of scholarly publishing and the book trade in these countries before the recent political and economic changes began, along with strategies used by American librarians for acquiring material under the old conditions. Then for each country some recent changes and their impact on serial acquisitions will be discussed. Finally, techniques will be suggested for coping with the problems. Since we are dealing here with an ongoing transformation, the reader should be aware that both the conditions described and the techniques for dealing with them are subject to additional change.
Large deformation elastic-plastic buckling analysis of spherical caps with initial imperfections

Abstract Large deformation elastic-plastic buckling loads are obtained for axisymmetric spherical caps with initial imperfections. The problem formulation is based on equilibrium equations in which the plastic deformation is taken as an effective plastic load. Both perfectly plastic and strain hardening behavior are considered. Strain hardening is represented by the Prager-Ziegler kinematic hardening theory, so that the Bauschinger effect is accounted for. Solutions of elastic-plastic circular plates and spherical caps are in good agreement with previous results. For the spherical cap it was determined that both initial imperfection and plastic deformation have the same effect of reducing buckling capacity; as the magnitude of the imperfection increases, the influence of plastic deformation becomes less important. It is also found that the geometric parameter λ, which is used as an important factor in elastic response, becomes meaningless for the elastic-plastic buckling analysis of spherical caps.
Purification and properties of an acyl CoA transferase from Ascaris suum muscle mitochondria.

Abstract 1. 1. An acyl CoA transferase has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the soluble compartment of Ascaris suum muscle mitochondria. 2. 2. From SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing and molecular exclusion chromatography, homogeneity was confirmed and the enzyme appears to be composed of two similar or identical subunits of apparent mol. wts of 50,000 resulting in an apparent mol. wt of 100,000 for the holoenzyme. The apparent isoelectric point was 5.6 ± 0.1 by both chromatofocusing columns and slab gel isoelectric focusing. 3. 3. The transferase was relatively specific for the short, straight-chain acyl CoA donors as well as the CoA acceptors, being active on acetyl CoA, propionyl CoA, butyryl CoA, valeryl CoA and hexanoyl CoA as donors to acetate and propionate. Neither succinyl CoA nor succinate were appreciably active as CoA donor or acceptor, respectively. 4. 4. This enzyme cannot serve physiologically to activate succinate for decarboxylation to propionate, but may serve to ensure a supply of propionyl CoA which appears to be required in catalytic amounts for the decarboxylation of succinate.
RELEASE OF RADIOACTIVITY FROM NUCLEAR CRATERING EXPERIMENTS

Abstract Within the current technology, the use of nuclear explosives for excavation purposes results in the release of radioactivity to the atmosphere. The fraction of the total amount of a given species produced and released to the atmosphere depends on the chemical properties of the species and on the nature of the cratering process. Data obtained from several nuclear cratering experiments indicate that the fractions of the more volatile species released are relatively insensitive to the cratering phenomenology, whereas the fraction of the refractory species released are highly dependent on it. The controlling factor for the refractory species appears to be the filtering action of the earthmound raised in the initial stages of the crater formation. Two different cratering processes have been studied experimentally. In one, an erosional crater was formed which resulted in essentially no filtering of the debris during the release; in the other, two craters were formed, one with “normal” filtering and one with a much thicker filter bed than optimum. The results of these experiments are presented to document the effect of the filter action on the various radionuclides. The hazard evaluation for engineering programs involving nuclear excavations can be divided into two parts: first, the close-in area which is of interest with respect to the time-delay of further work on the engineering project; and second, the long-range distribution of the radioactive materials with respect to the entry of radiation into the outside world. Data from the excavation experiments to date indicate that the close-in fallout is dependent primarily on the chemical species involved; the long-range concentrations appear to be independent of the detailed nature of the source, but depend primarily on the atmospheric dissipa-tive processes once the early fallout has occurred.
Particle dynamics simulations of triboelectric charging in granular insulator systems

Particle dynamics simulations are carried out to study triboelectric charging in granular systems composed of a single insulating material. The simulations implement a model in which electrons trapped in localized high energy states can be transferred during collisions to low energy states in the other particle. It is shown that this effect alone can generate electrostatic charging in the system, and cause net electron transfer from larger particles to smaller particles. The magnitude of charging is small for systems of a single particle size but becomes much greater for a system with polydispersal particle sizes, due to the net electron transfer from larger to smaller particles. The negative charge of smaller particles, and positive charge of larger particles has been observed in field studies and laboratory experiments of granular systems.
The organization and coverage of research on reduced use of agricultural chemicals

Abstract Research papers on reduced-chemical agricultural methods published in single-discipline and multidisciplinary journals were compared with other agricultural research with respect to how the work was done and what it covered. Reduced-chemical research did not involve more multidisciplinary collaboration, despite the commonly heard claim that it does. It showed a slight but inconsistent tendency to run for more years and use more sites per study. The production methods it studied showed to some degree the characteristics attributed to reduced-chemical systems, including greater concern with off-farm effects, greater species diversity, a more important role for information and management, and the use of close-grown crops in association with tilled crops. However, this was much truer for the smaller body of research reported in multidisciplinary journals; in many ways, the larger amount of reduced-chemical research reported in single-discipline journals hardly differed from other agricultural research.
Prognostic value of the estrogen receptor level in pathologic stage I and II adenocarcinoma of the breast

The relationship between estrogen receptor levels and recurrence of breast cancer was examined in 302 patients with adenocarcinoma of the breast, pathologic stage (PS) I and II. All 117 patients with PS II adenocarcinoma of the breast received adjunctive chemotherapy. In this series, there was no association between the estrogen receptor level and recurrence in either the 185 patients with PS I adenocarcinoma of the breast or the 117 patients with PS II adenocarcinoma of the breast. The most important prognostic variable was the presence or absence of axillary metastases.
A captive population in crisis: Testing hypotheses for reproductive failure in captive-born southern white rhinoceros females

Abstract The captive southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) population is not self-sustaining. Many founders reproduced, but reproduction among captive-born (F1) females has been extremely sluggish. Thus the conservation breeding program for this species faces a looming crisis. Using behavioral observations of a large captive population and a questionnaire survey circulated to facilities worldwide, several hypotheses for F1 female reproductive failure were evaluated. Counter to predictions regarding behavioral deficiency in sociosexual behaviors, F1 females were at least as proficient as F0 females for all behavioral measures. Males also showed no sociosexual preferences for F0 over F1 females. Results indicate that most reproductive failure occurs post-copulation. The reigning root-cause hypothesis for F1 female reproductive failure postulates that F0 females are behaviorally dominant and suppress reproduction in F1 females. However, no evidence for behavioral dominance was found and F1 females housed with F0 females were more likely to reproduce than those housed without F0 females. Such social facilitation of reproduction is beneficial to F1 female reproduction, but does not explain differential reproduction between F1 and F0 females. Because the design controlled for current conditions, these results point to development in captivity as the root cause of postcopulatory reproductive failure in F1 females.
Red nucleus: role in motor control

Experimental reports in the past year have provided a better understanding of the motor functions of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the red nucleus, and of the sensorimotor properties of single rubral neurons. These data fit well within the framework of a neural network model of the rubrocerebellar system.
A modified Latent Class Model assessment of human papillomavirus-based screening tests for cervical lesions in women with atypical glandular cells: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study

In the absence of gold standard diagnoses, we estimate age-specific false-positive and false-negative prediction rates of HPV-, cytology-, and histology-based tests for significant cervical lesions (SCL) in US women with AGC-NOS Pap smear diagnoses. Modified Latent Class Model (LCM) analyses, with prevalence of SCL modeled as a function of age, were applied to GOG-0171 study data (n = 122). The accuracies of several HPV-based tests, including Hybrid Capture II high-risk HPV (HC2 H-HPV); carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX); and invasive histological diagnosis, were compared. 1-PPV and 1-NPV were written as functions of sensitivity, specificity, and prevalence to obtain age-specific false-positive and false-negative rates. The histology-based test was nearly perfect (sensitivity = 1.00, CI = 0.98–1.00; specificity = 0.99, CI = 0.96–1.00). Otherwise, HC2 H-HPV performed best (sensitivity = 1.00, CI = 1.00–1.00; specificity = 0.87, CI = 0.79–0.94). The false-positive detection rates (1-PPV) for HC2 H-HPV were high (>17 %) at each age, while those of the histological diagnoses were low (<5 % at ages ≤60 and <17 % overall ages). False-negative prediction rates (1-NPV) for HC2 H-HPV were <0.11 % at each age and were uniformly lower than those of other tests, including the histology-based test (<0.25 %). CA-IX together with HC2 H-HPV did not improve performance. Women with negative HC2 H-HPV can safely forego invasive treatment (i.e., cone or LEEP biopsy, hysterectomy) in favor of observational follow-up. Additional biomarkers must be found for use in combination with HC2 H-HPV to reduce false-positive rates. This novel application of a modified LCM exemplifies methods for potential use in future cancer screening studies when gold standard diagnoses are not available.
Energy and carbon inventory of Iowa swine production facilities

Abstract This study evaluates energy and carbon use by two types of facilities—conventional confinement and hoop barn-based—within farrow-to-finish pig production systems scaled to produce 5200 and 15,600 market pigs annually in Iowa. The United States is the world’s second largest producer of pork with pig production centered in the state of Iowa. Conventional confinement facilities are typical of pork industry practice in the United States and are characterized by individual gestation stalls and 1200 head grow-finish buildings with slatted concrete floors and liquid manure systems. The hoop barn-based alternative uses group pens in bedded hoop barns for gestation and finishing. Both systems use climate controlled farrowing facilities with individual farrowing crates as well as climate controlled nursery facilities. Feed is the single largest operating resource in pig production systems and feed fed to grow-finish pigs accounts for 63–65% of total energy use in raising pigs. The other stages of production are more reliant on non-renewable fuels and ignoring these stages of production misses 54–80% of the non-renewable fuel use associated with pig production. Taking into account demonstrated performance differences, hoop barn-based pig production requires 2.4% more feed and similar total energy as conventional pig production. Hoop barn-based pig production requires 63–64% less non-renewable fuel and results in 35% less emissions. There is little (
On Balance and Synergy: Family Therapy and Qualitative Research Revisited.

Our respondents have provided though-provoking counterpoints to our original paper (Moon, Dillon, & Sprenkle, 1990). Our response is one of synthesis. First, we describe a continuum of social science inquiry paradigms as a framework for exploring the assumptions underlying our respective positions. Second, we address the key issues raised by our respondents. Third, we encourage balance in our research efforts and continuing dialogue. Finally we restate our basic thesis-that qualitative research methodology has the potential to advance the science and practice of family therapy.
Quantitative Effects of Heat on Baculovirus Virions Released from Polyhedra (Nuclear-Polyhedrosis Virus- Galleria mellonella )

The Galleria mellonella -nuclear polyhedrosis virus ( Baculovirus ) system was used to investigate the effects of heat on virions released from polyhedra. These virions were found to be 3.5 times more thermostable than nonoccluded virions. The inactivation threshold was 42°C e and 359 degree-minutes caused 50 per cent inactivation. The significance of these differences is discussed.
On the torsional static stability and response of open section tubes subjected to thermal radiation loading

Abstract The torsional static equilibrium of structural members of open circular cross section exposed to deformation-dependent thermal loading is investigated. The equilibrium and boundary condition equations are developed. Stability criteria are established for small deformations, and equilibrium shapes are obtained for large (postbuckling) deformations. Effects of initial imperfection are introduced and solutions obtained. The stability criteria are compared with those of previous investigations. It is shown that flaws in the theory of previous investigations lead to incorrect criteria. The present theory is shown to be in good agreement with experimental results.
Dynamic Modeling of Residual-Affected Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engines with Variable Valve Actuation

One practical method for achieving homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) in internal combustion engines is to modulate the valves to trap or reinduct exhaust gases, increasing the energy of the charge, and enabling autoignition. Controlling combustion phasing with valve modulation can be challenging, however, since any controller must operate through the chemical kinetics of HCCI and account for the cycle-to-cycle dynamics arising from the retained exhaust gas. This paper presents a simple model of the overall HCCI process that captures these fundamental aspects. The model uses an integrated Arrhenius rate expression to capture the importance of species concentrations and temperature on the ignition process and predict the start of combustion. The cycle-to-cycle dynamics, in turn, develop through mass exchange between a control volume representing the cylinder and a control mass modeling the exhaust manifold. Despite its simplicity, the model predicts combustion phasing, pressure evolution and work output for propane combustion experiments at levels of fidelity comparable to more complex representations. Transient responses to valve timing changes are also captured and, with minor modification, the model can, in principle, be extended to handle a variety of fuels.
Transanal endoscopic microsurgery: a single surgeon's experience.

Objective To evaluate a single surgeon's experience with transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) with regard to incidence of complications, recurrence rate of benign and malignant lesions, and impact on the treatment of rectal cancer. Design Prospective tumor registry. Setting Tertiary care university hospital. Patients Seventy-three patients undergoing TEM between January 1991 and November 1996. Main Outcome Measures Complications, recurrence rates, and use of this technique with respect to radical operations. Results The arrival of TEM was associated with an increase in the number of operations for rectal cancer; however, the use of TEM remained constant relative to radical resections. Use of TEM resection alone is appropriate for all adenomas and cancers staged Tis and T1. Use of TEM alone is not an appropriate treatment for T2 cancers. Four patients (5%) experienced fecal soilage, which was long lasting in only 1 (1%). Conclusions Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is a safe technique and provides improved access to lesions in the middle and upper rectum. Thus far, it has not had a significant impact in the overall treatment of rectal cancer.
Web-Based Decision Support Systems: Case Study inProject Delivery

The decentralized nature of the construction industry contributes to difficulties in the implementation and dissemination of project management-based decision tools. The majority of decision suppor...
Gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry of a series of fatty acid methyl ester chlorohydrins and their trimethylsilyl derivatives

Abstract The reaction is reported between hdyrogen chloride and a series of epoxy fatty acid methyl esters leading to the formation of mixtures of isomeric chlorohydrins. Although these chlorohydrins decomposed during gas chromatography to form oxo-compounds, their trimethylsilyl ether derivatives were found to be sufficienty stable for analysis. The mass spectra are reported for the parent chlorohydrins obtained on a direct insertion probe, and for the trimethylsilyl derivatives obtained by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Population crashes in the bean clam, Donax gouldi, and their significance to the study of mass mortality in other marine invertebrates

Abstract The bean clam, Donax gouldi, occurs in large, dense populations on exposed sandy ocean beaches. Individual populations of this species are subject to periodic sudden and complete extinction. Four populations of D. gouldi occurring on beaches ranging from Los Angeles, California to Ensenada, Baja California were kept under surveillance for a 2-year period. During this time no population crashes were observed, nor was there evidence of disease in the clams except for the presence of trematode larvae in otherwise healthy individuals. Colonies of the clams maintained in the laboratory lived varying amounts of time but each colony eventually underwent swift and total mortality in much the same manner as do natural “crashing” populations. The time of onset of general mortality in a laboratory colony did not depend on the conditions under which it was kept, the age of the clams, or their place of origin. It is suggested that since members of a population are in a similar physiological state they respond to environmental pressure more as a unit than as individuals. The possibility that some “epizootics” in other marine invertebrates, such as cultured oysters, may be a manifestation of unit reaction is discussed.
The potential of growth mixture modelling

NOT GMM VERSUS LCGA, BUT BOTH IN A GENERAL LATENT VARIABLE FRAMEWORK The authors bring up the important issue of choice of model within the general framework of mixture modelling, especially the choice between latent class growth analysis (LCGA) techniques developed by Nagin and colleagues versus GMM developed by Muthen and colleagues. LCGA specifies that all individuals in a trajectory class behave the same, whereas GMM allows for within-class variation. Nagin’s writings show reservations about the virtues of GMM (see Nagin, 2005; Nagin & Tremblay, 2005) and some of this is reflected in the current paper. Unfortunately, in my view, Nagin’s writings on GMM contain many misconceptions. One is that the inclusion of within-class variation clouds the meaning of the resulting classes. Another is that LCGA is superior to GMM by avoiding normality assumptions on the growth factors, instead using an unrestricted, non-parametric representation with latent classes capturing the latent variable distribution. What is lost in Nagin’s writing is that GMM and LCGA are closer in spirit than what first impressions might suggest. Furthermore, statistics can help choose the model that fits the data best. If the GMM model gives a considerably better log likelihood value for fewer (or at least not many more) parameters than the LCGA, GMM should clearly be chosen over LCGA. Having access to the general latent variable modelling framework of the 3B2 ICD : 482 PROD.TYPE: COM ED:DURGAS PAGN: KN.JAGADISH SCAN: pp.1^3 (col.¢g.: NIL)
CALORIGENIC ACTION OF DIETHYLSTILBESTROL IN THE RAT11

DURING THE PAST DECADE a considerable body of evidence has accumulated on the relation of the gonads to the basal metabolic rate. In certain animals castration appears to be followed by a tendency towards adiposity and a decrease in oxygen consumption (i, a). Likewise, low metabolic rates have been observed in human castrates and hypogonadal individuals (3-7). When male or female sex hormones were administered to such patients, oxygen consumption was elevated in some instances (3, 5, 6, 7, 8), while in others it seemed to be unaltered (9). However, administration of sex hormones to normal animals and human beings may not alter the basal level (10, 11), or may lowerit (12, 13). Although the question of a relation of the gonads and their hormones to the basal metabolic rate remains a highly controversial issue, it is of sufficient interest to justify a study of the effect of diethylstilbestrol on the rate of oxygen consumption in the rat.
Crosslinking induced volume expansion in the glass state

We have studied a very unusual phenomenon that occurs in the glassy state, that the isothermal density and modulus of a thermosetting polymeric material pass through a maximum in the glassy state with increasing chemical conversion. The maximum occurs approximately after gelation, and the specific volume of the material after gelation increases via further crosslinking. We show that this anomalous behavior is not a kinetic phenomenon, though the glass transition is a function of the experimental time-scale. In addition, we show that the anomalous behavior strongly depends on the overall crosslinking densities of the polymeric material, and tends to intensify itself as the overall crosslinking density increases. We interpret that the nature of this anomaly is related to the configuration entropy criterion required for forming a glass, as it can be explained by the packing efficiency falling off of the highly crosslinked networks.
Modeling people flow: development and validation of a flexible, open architecture, transportation simulation

Simulation has been utilized in the planning and development of almost all sectors of the transportation field. The practicing transportation community primarily relies on simulation packages, as opposed to "ground up" simulation development. Unfortunately, the use of these simulation packages has several disadvantages, most notably the "black box" phenomenon and reduced modeling flexibility. The simulation approach described in this paper lays the foundation for a transportation simulation approach that minimizes the "black box" problem and increases modeling flexibility, while still providing an easy to use package in which highly capable models may be quickly and accurately built. This simulation approach utilizes SIMAN and ARENA. This paper includes a brief discussion of the simulation approach, a comparison of the proposed simulation and CORSIM simulation results for an intersection and an arterial, and a comparison of the proposed simulation control delay to delays collected for a twelve intersection grid north of downtown Chicago.
Molecular Characterization around a Glassy Transition of Starch Using 1H Cross-Relaxation Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

The aim of this work was to characterize the glassy-rubbery transition in starch gels using molecular (NMR) techniques. Proton cross-relaxation ((1)H CR) NMR spectra of gelatinized starch ( approximately 50% mc) were obtained by cooling stepwise from 20 to -30 degrees C. A significant line broadening was observed in the CR spectra between 0 and -10 degrees C. Deconvolution of the spectra into its component curves (broad and narrow) yielded a peak amplitude, width at half-height, and peak area for each curve. Between 0 and -10 degrees C (temperatures around T(g)), a significant line width change in the broad component (rigid solid) was apparent. These observed qualitative changes may be evidence of a glassy-rubbery transition at a molecular (short-range) level which are strengthened by a similar transition temperature range found previously with (13)C CP-MAS and DMA tan delta(T) measurements. However, the increase in the relative quantity of rigid protons observed by (1)H CR NMR spectra could also be attributed to ice. The (1)H CR NMR method showed its potential application for probing solid components in gels using a simple and economical NMR spectrometer, without the need for a solid-state instrument.
NUCLEAR MIGRATION IN DIKARYOTIC‐HOMOKARYOTIC MATINGS IN SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE

The present data indicate internuclear selection in dikaryotic-homokaryotic matings is not due to differential rates of migration of the 2 types of migrant nuclei or to differential rates of saturation of the homokaryon. The advancing fronts of the 2 types of migrating nuclei are separated by essentially the same distance shortly after migration has been initiated and during later periods in the migration process. Internuclear selection, controlled by the incompatibility factors, must occur during the initiation of migration or earlier. Migration of both types of nuclei from the dikaryon has been demonstrated in hemicompatible and incompatible matings. MIGRATION of nuclei for distances of several centimeters is commonly associated with the dikaryotization process in the Basidiomycetes (Buller, 1931, 1941). Following anastomosis of hyphae of 2 compatible strains, nuclei of the donor strain migrate into hyphae of the recipient. If the 2 mated strainis are both homokaryotic and genetically normal in relation to mating, the nuclear exchange is reciprocal. A dikaryotic strain can also contribute 1 or more nuclei for the dikaryotization of a homokaryon. The incompatibility factors in Schizophyllum commune play a decisive role in the establishment of pairs of nuclei that divide conjugately (Kniep, 1920). The dikaryon can be established only by bringing together nuclei with heteroallelic A and B factors. Heterokaryons other than dikaryons (nuclear ratios not 1:1 with conjugate nuclei) can likewise by synthesized between strains with either common A factors or common B factors. Nuclear migration has been demonstrated in common A matings but not in common B matings.
Self-consistent mixed-basis approach to the electronic structure of solids

A mixed-basis method is developed for the calculation of the electronic structure of solids. The method is shown to be capable of treating crystals with large complex unit cells. A combined set of plane waves and Bloch sums of localized functions is employed as basis functions, thus leading to a very efficient representation of systems which contain both highly localized (atomiclike) and delocalized (plane-wave-like) electrons. The crystalline potential is determined in a fully self-consistent manner with no approximations made to its shape. The present method has the flexibility of being easily applicable to the study of many different systems (e.g., surface calculations with supercells). Specific application is made to bulk Nb and Pd to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the method. Very good agreement with experimental results and with band structures calculated using other methods is obtained. It is found that, with a mixed basis, only a relatively small set of functions is needed to obtain convergent wave functions for the electrons.
Shaken and stirred: muscle structure and metabolism

Muscles are ideal models with which to examine the relationship between structure and metabolism because they are some of the most highly structured cells, and are capable of the largest and most rapid metabolic transitions as well as the highest metabolic rates known. Studies of metabolism have traditionally been conducted within what can considered as the kinetic paradigm provided by 'solution biochemistry'; i.e. the rates of enzymatic reactions are studied in terms of their regulation by mass-action and allosteric effectors and, most recently, metabolic control analysis of pathways. This approach has served biology well and continues to be useful. Here, we consider the diffusion of small and large molecules in muscles and energy metabolism in the context of intracellular space. We find that in attempting to explain certain phenomena, a purely kinetic paradigm appears insufficient. Instead, phenomena such as the 'shuttling' of high-energy phosphate donors and acceptors and the binding of metabolic enzymes to intracellular structures or to each other are better understood when metabolic rates and their regulation are considered in the context of intracellular compartments, distances, gradients and diffusion. As in all of biology, however, complexity dominates, and to such a degree that one pathway may consist of several reactions that each behave according to different rules. 'Soluble' creatine kinase operates at or near equilibrium, while mitochondrial and myofibrillar creatine kinases directly channel substrate to (or from) the adenine nucleotide translocase and actomyosin-ATPase, their operation being thus displaced from equilibrium. Hexose 6-phosphate metabolism appears to obey the rules of solution biochemistry, e.g. phosphoglucoisomerase behaves as Haldane would have predicted in 1930. In contrast, given low steady-state substrate and product concentrations and high flux rates, a number of glycolytic reactions further downstream must be catalyzed by enzymes localized in close proximity to each other. Metabolites may be channeled within these complexes. When observed, mechanistic differences between species in the same steps or processes should not be surprising, considering how animals vary so much in structures, mechanical properties, mitochondrial contents and metabolic rates. This analysis suggests that declarations of the triumph of one mechanism or paradigm over all others, as well as calls for the abandonment of solution biochemistry, are unwarranted. Rather, metabolic biochemistry would seem better served by reconciling the old and the new.
Semiparametric transformation models for joint analysis of multivariate recurrent and terminal events

Recurrent event data occur in many clinical and observational studies, and in these situations, there may exist a terminal event such as death that is related to the recurrent event of interest. In addition, sometimes more than one type of recurrent events may occur, that is, one may encounter multivariate recurrent event data with some dependent terminal event. For the analysis of such data, one must take into account the dependence among different types of recurrent events and that between the recurrent events and the terminal event. In this paper, we extend a method for univariate recurrent and terminal events and propose a joint modeling approach for regression analysis of the data and establish the finite and asymptotic properties of the resulting estimates of unknown parameters. The method is applied to a set of bivariate recurrent event data arising from a long-term follow-up study of childhood cancer survivors.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Coal-Based Hydrogen and Electricity Cogeneration Processes with CO2 Capture

The techno-economic performances of various coal-based hydrogen and electricity cogeneration processes are examined under a carbon-constrained scenario. The baseline coal gasification process and the novel membrane and syngas chemical-looping processes are evaluated. Aspen Plus simulation is first performed to analyze the process efficiencies on the basis of a common set of assumptions. This is followed by economic analysis using the cost analysis principles suggested by the U.S. Department of Energy [Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants, 2007]. The results indicate that the novel membrane and syngas chemical-looping strategies have the potential to notably reduce the energy and cost penalties for CO2 capture in coal conversion processes.
A metabolic map of hematopoietic stem cells

Background A general problem in biology is whether different types of cells in the same tissue are metabolically different from each other, and whether such differences are important for cellular function. Experiments that can comprehensively measure the cellular metabolome typically require millions of cultured cells and cannot be used with small numbers of rare cells freshly isolated from tissues. In particular, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), the blood forming stem cells of the bone marrow, have been intensively studied for decades but their metabolic composition is largely unknown. Results We have developed a method to measure metabolites in small numbers of HSCs. The HSC isolation and mass spectrometry methods have been optimized for maintenance of the metabolome during purification, sensitivity and robustness. About 50 metabolites can be quantified from 10,000 HSCs, covering a wide spectrum of the cellular metabolome. Several metabolic differences exist between HSCs and other bone marrow cells, including restricted progenitors. I am investigating the role of these metabolic adaptations in HSCs. Conclusion
Long-Range Order in a Two-Dimensional Dynamical XY Model: How Birds Fly Together.

We propose a nonequilibrium continuum dynamical model for the collective motion of large groups of biological organisms (e.g., flocks of birds, slime molds, etc.) Our model becomes highly nontrivial, and different from the equilibrium model, for $dl{d}_{c}=4$; nonetheless, we are able to determine its scaling exponents exactly in $d=2$ and show that, unlike equilibrium systems, our model exhibits a broken continuous symmetry even in $d=2$. Our model describes a large universality class of microscopic rules, including those recently simulated by Vicsek et al.
Dynamics of prostaglandin secretion, intrauterine fluid and uterine clearance in reproductively normal mares and mares with delayed uterine clearance.

Two experiments were performed to investigate relationships between oxytocin, prostaglandin release, uterine emptying and fluid accumulation in the uterus. In Experiment 1, the effect of oxytocin on the pattern of prostaglandin release during uterine clearance of radiocolloid was measured in 5 normal mares and 5 mares with delayed uterine clearance. Uterine clearance was measured during estrus by scintigraphy at 0, 60 and 120 min after colloid infusion. After the 120-min reading, 20 IU, i.v., oxytocin were given, and the amount of colloid cleared was measured at 135, 150 and 180 min. Plasma was obtained prior to and during scintigraphy at 5- and 15-min intervals to measure concentrations of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF2 alpha metabolite (PGFM) by RIA. In Experiment 2, plasma PGFM levels were compared after administration of oxytocin in 8 normal mares and 6 mares with delayed uterine clearance to determine if intrauterine fluid stimulated prostaglandin release. Mares received 2 treatments in a cross-over design. Treatment 1 consisted of 20 IU, i.v., oxytocin during estrus. Treatment 2 consisted of an infusion of 10 mL, i.u., saline 15 min prior to oxytocin administration. Treatments were performed 4 to 6 h apart. Blood was collected and PGFM was measured as in experiment 1. Data were analyzed by least squares analysis of variance. In Experiment 1, regression analysis of scintigraphy and PGFM profiles indicated that time response curves differed between groups (P < 0.01). At 120 min, normal mares retained 40.4 +/- 4.9% (mean +/- SEM) of the radiocolloid while mares with delayed clearance retained 88 +/- 5%. Fifteen minutes after oxytocin administration (135 min), all normal mares and 4 of 5 mares with delayed clearance retained only < 6% of the colloid. During the first 120 min, plasma PGFM concentrations did not differ between the 2 groups. After oxytocin was given, plasma PGFM concentrations increased in 4 of 5 mares with delayed uterine clearance (80 to 3,096 pg/mL) but not in normal mares (13 to 46 pg/mL). In Experiment 2, plasma PGFM concentrations did not rise in normal mares but rose in 3 of 6 mares with delayed clearance (135 to 483 pg/mL) independent of treatment or period. The results suggest that intrauterine clearance of radiocolloid after oxytocin administration appears to be independent of PGF2 alpha release in normal mares during estrus. The difference in prostaglandin release response after oxytocin administration between the 2 groups was unrelated to the presence of intrauterine fluid.
An equilibrium method for prediction of transverse shear stresses in a thick laminated plate

First two equations of equilibrium are utilized to compute the transverse shear stress variation through thickness of a thick laminated plate after in-plane stresses have been computed using an assumed quadratic displacement triangular element based on transverse inextensibility and layerwise constant shear angle theory (LCST). Centroid of the triangle is the point of exceptional accuracy for transverse shear stresses. Numerical results indicate close agreement with elasticity theory. An interesting comparison between the present theory and that based on assumed stress hybrid finite element approach suggests that the latter does not satisfy the condition of free normal traction at the edge. Comparison with numerical results obtained by using constant shear angle theory suggests that LCST is close to the elasticity solution while the CST is closer to classical (CLT) solution. It is also demonstrated that the reduced integration gives faster convergence when the present theory is applied to a thin plate.
On calculating optimal contributory negligence rules

This article considers the problem of finding the optimal rule for assigning liability on the basis of fault when there is (a) error in the assessment of fault, (b) a probability distribution of true fault across the population of possible litigants, and (c) a value attached to the deterrence effect of a rule. The discussion is placed in the legal context of Contributory Negligence, and parallels are drawn between the present approach and the ‘economic’ approach to liability. A contributory negligence rule is said to be optimal if it minimizes a weighted sum of the cost of assessment error and the cost of the deviation between a rule and the ‘optimally deterrent’ rule. It is shown that the form of the optimal rule depends on the ‘importance’ of deterrence and on the probability distribution of plaintiffs with respect to fault. Sufficient conditions are given for each of the extant contributory negligence rules to approximate the optimal rule. It is argued that, in designing the law, the preference among rules should be based on the relative plausibility of these sufficient conditions, some of which may be verifiable empirically.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 172

Abstract The 1965 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets has been revised according to experimental data received prior to May 1974, including approximately 120 papers. Data are presented for ten nuclei (Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, and Ir). Only alpha decay data are available for Os and Ir, only the half-life is known for Re, and no level scheme is known for Er. The Er(49.3-h) decay scheme is well established and provides the only data available on the Tm level scheme (16 levels, 9 Jπ-values, and 3 proposed rotational bands). The Tm(63.6-h), Lu(6.7-d) and mYb(3.6-μs) decay schemes have been compared, and suggested changes and discrepancies in the Yb level scheme are noted. These data as well as considerable reaction data and γ-multipolarity data establish the Yb level scheme, including 128 levels (45 Jπ-values) and 14 proposed rotational bands. Data on the Lu level scheme are available from Hf(1.87-y) decay and include 10 levels with Jπ-assignments. Two isomers (3.7 m and 440 μs) and their decays are also known for Lu. The Hf level scheme has been studied by Ta(36.8-m) decay and (xnγ) reactions and includes 34 levels (17 Jπ-values) with 3 proposed rotational bands. A preliminary decay scheme for W(6.7 m) suggests 4 levels and Jπ-assignments in Ta. (xnγ) reactions in W have established the ground-state band up to Jπ=14+. Considerable information on the level schemes might be gained by the following suggested reactions: