cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethics Training in Law Enforcement Agencies

Professional organizations in the law enforcement community have brought attention to the importance of ethics training. Many police chiefs believe that it reinforces the mission of the organization, adherence to policy and procedures, and the ability to resolve moral dilemmas. This article examines ethics training among police chiefs throughout the United States. The frequency of training, content, and instruction, as well as perceptions of the value of ethics training, are addressed. Results indicate that preservice ethics training among recruits is typically four hours or less. The content of instruction includes a variety of tools representing a student-centered approach. There is a perception among chiefs that ethics instruction is worthwhile and should be offered throughout an officer's career regardless of rank.
Professional credibility: authority on the web

Opinion mining techniques add another dimension to search and summarization technology by actually identifying the author's opinion about a subject, rather than simply identifying the subject itself. Given the dramatic explosion of the blogosphere, both in terms of its data and its participants, it is becoming increasingly important to be able to measure the authority of these participants, especially when professional application areas are involved. After having performed preliminary investigations into sentiment analysis in the legal blogosphere, we are beginning a new direction of work which addresses representing, measuring, and monitoring the degree of authority and thus presumed credibility associated with various types of blog participants. In particular, we explore the utility of authority-detection layered atop opinion mining in the legal and financial domains.
The major adducts of cis and trans benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxides cause chain termination during DNA synthesis in vitro.

Abstract We have studied DNA synthesis in vitro using as template φX174 DNA containing varying numbers of adducts formed by reaction with cis and trans benzo[ a ]pyrene (BP) diol-epoxides. The extent of DNA synthesis decreases with increasing numbers of adducts and there is a concomitant decrease in the size of the DNA products. Both decreases can be accounted for quantitatively by the assumption that synthesis terminates at every BP adduct. Since the majority of the adducts are located at the 2-amino group of guanine, we deduce that these adducts cause termination. The role of adducts at other sites is uncertain. The cis and trans BP diol-epoxides are indistinguishable with regard to chain termination, yet in vivo these isomers behave differently. These results suggest that chain determination alone is insufficient to account for the mutagenic effects of BP diol-epoxides.
Is Embracing Change Our Best Bet

Offering a range of perspectives on novel ecosystems, the contributors argue we must adapt ecosystem management in light of invasive species and global climate changes.
An advanced air sampling technique for hazardous waste sites

Abstract Development and performance of a passive soil-air flux sampler as an alternative to conventional sampling systems is discussed. The passive sampler is designed to provide longterm measurements of flux rates of volatile organics at waste sites without disturbing the subsurface plume. Laboratory and field experiments conducted with the passive sampler and an active sampler (emission-isolation flux chamber) indicate that the passive sampler provides results very close to those of the active sampler and that the passive sampler is sensitive to smaller emissions. The passive sampler has added advantages over the emission-isolation flux chamber, such as easy deployment, minimum maintenance, and no power requirements.
Devic's syndrome as initial presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Background Devic’s syndrome or neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with optic neuritis, myelitis involving 3 or more contiguous spinal cord segments, and seropositivity for NMO-IgG antibody. Case A 22-year-old African American woman P1G0 at 22 weeks of gestation presented with weakness for 1 week. The weakness initially started in the left lower extremity and then involved the other extremities. She also had horizontal diplopia, temporal headache, and arthralgias. On physical examination, she had a discoid rash behind the left ear, muscle strength 3/5 in the upper and 0/5 in the lower extremities, and hyporeflexia. She had lymphopenia, a highly positive antinuclear antibody, and SS-A/ SS-B antibodies. The magnetic resonance imaging of the patient showed abnormal cord signal within brain and cervical and thoracic spine. Salivary gland biopsy revealed mild lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. The NMO antibody was positive. A diagnosis of Devic’s syndrome associated with probable systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was made. She was treated with pulse IV solumedrol and plasmapheresis for 4 days. The patient improved clinically with treatment, but the fetus developed bradycardia, which was treated with IV dexamethasone. Discussion and Conclusion There is a debate about the relationship of NMO with autoimmune disorders, such as SLE or Sjogren syndrome. If clinically evident SLE or Sjogren or positive autoantibodies coexist with NMO signs and symptoms, the neurologic process could be an independent association due to NMO or may be a vasculitic complication of the systemic disease. Our case highlights these issues, difficulty in making a correct diagnosis, and choosing the appropriate management. Further case studies are needed to explore these important issues.
Enhanced spin polarization of conduction electrons in Ni explained by comparison with Cu

The spin-split Fermi-level crossings of the conduction band in Ni are mapped out by high-resolution photoemission and compared to the equivalent crossing in Cu. The area of the quasiparticle peak decreases rapidly below EF in Ni, but not in Cu. Majority spins have larger spectral weight at EF than minority spins, thereby enhancing the spin polarization beyond that expected from the density-of-states. A large part of the effect can be traced to a rapid variation of the matrix element with k at the point where the s, p band begins to hybridize with the dz state. However, it is quite possible that the intensity drop in Ni is reinforced by a transfer of spectral weight from single-particle to many-electron excitations. The results suggest that the matrix element should be considered for explaining the enhanced spin polarization observed for Ni in spin-polarized tunneling.
ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TWO ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERS: GUNNISON'S PRAIRIE DOG AND BOTTA'S POCKET GOPHER

We examined ecological interactions between two ecosystem engineers, Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni) and Botta's pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae), across a 67,000-km2 range of northern Arizona. We examined densities of burrows, composition of vegetation, and characteristics of soil associated with locations where each species occurred alone and compared them to where they were both present. Density of T. bottae was significantly lower in the presence of C. gunnisoni than where occurring alone, while density of C. gunnisoni more than doubled at locations where they occurred with T. bottae compared to where they were alone. Vegetational communities associated with locations where C. gunnisoni occurred alone were significantly different from locations where T. bottae occurred alone and where both species were present. We also detected that burrows of T. bottae and C. gunnisoni occurred in soils that did not differ significantly in depth, texture, or rock content, but characteristics of soil played an influential role in patterns observed in vegetational communities.
Theory of one-dimensional hopping conductivity and diffusion

Hopping motion is considered in a linear chain containing an arbitrary density of particles that are not allowed to hop to occupied sites. The general case of two inequivalent lattice sites $A$ and $B$ is treated. Transition-rate equations are solved by Monte Carlo simulation and, where possible, by analytic techniques. Only for the case of equivalent sites do the results here agree with those recently obtained by Huber from nonlinear differential equations for site occupancy which neglect certain correlations. The conductivity is mean-field-like for equivalent sites, but shows sizeable departure for inequivalent sites, having an activation energy increased over the mean-field value. Here "mean-field" behavior is one where the only effect of forbidden hops to occupied sites is to reduce effective transition rates by a factor $1\ensuremath{-}n$, where $n$ is the average occupation number of the site to which a jump occurs. The velocity correlation function is shown to consist of a $\ensuremath{\delta}$-function part which reproduces the mean-field conductivity and a function $\ensuremath{\beta}(t)$ which is negative for times $tg0$. This is qualitatively quite different from the picture given by Huber's equations. Motion of a single distinguishable particle shows an anomalous ${x}^{2}\ensuremath{\propto}{t}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ dependence of the mean square displacement upon time $t$, but the displacement $X$ of all the particles does obey a diffusion relation ${X}^{2}\ensuremath{\propto}t$. This difference is explained in terms of the number of particles which have to be pushed aside in order for a particle to move a distance $x$, and in terms of the ensuing density fluctuation. Differences between time dependences and attempt fequencies as measured by bulk conductivity and microscopic probes such as NMR are noted and discussed in light of data on the one-dimensional superionic conductor $\ensuremath{\beta}$ eucryptite (LiAlSi${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$). Reinterpretation of NMR relaxation data on some of the organic charge-transfer salts is also suggested.
Effect of gibberellin on rice yield response to nitrogen applied at heading, and quality of seeds.

The influence of gibberellin on the yield response of paddy to nitrogen applied at heading was studied through seed yield and yield components and quality of seeds. The crop response to added nitrogen at heading increased with GA concentration upto 10 ppm. Seed quality in terms of seed protein and germination potential also improved with GA upto 10 ppm and showed a positive correlation with nitrogen level.
ΔF508 Mutation Results in Impaired Gastric Acid Secretion

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is recognized as a multifunctional protein that is involved in Cl– secretion, as well as acting as a regulatory protein. In order for acid secretion to take place a complex interaction of transport proteins and channels must occur at the apical pole of the parietal cell. Included in this process is at least one K+ and Cl– channel, allowing for both recycling of K+ for the H,K-ATPase, and Cl– secretion, necessary for the generation of concentrated HCl in the gastric gland lumen. We have previously shown that an ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) is expressed in parietal cells. In the present study we measured secretagogue-induced acid secretion from wild-type and ΔF508-deficient mice in isolated gastric glands and whole stomach preparations. Secretagogue-induced acid secretion in wild-type mouse gastric glands could be significantly reduced with either glibenclamide or the specific inhibitor CFTR-inh172. In ΔF508-deficient mice, however, histamine-induced acid secretion was significantly less than in wild-type mice. Furthermore, immunofluorescent localization of sulfonylurea 1 and 2 failed to show expression of a sulfonylurea receptor in the parietal cell, thus further implicating CFTR as the ATP-binding cassette transporter associated with the KATP channels. These results demonstrate a regulatory role for the CFTR protein in normal gastric acid secretion.
The integration of spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ cycling and surface membrane ion channel activation entrains normal automaticity in cells of the heart's pacemaker.

Although the ensemble of voltage- and time-dependent rhythms of surface membrane ion channels, the membrane "Clock", is the immediate cause of a sinoatrial nodal cell (SANC) action potential (AP), it does not necessarily follow that this ion channel ensemble is the formal cause of spontaneous, rhythmic APs. SANC also generates intracellular oscillatory spontaneous Ca 2+ releases that ignite excitation (SCaRIE) of the surface membrane via Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger activation. The idea that a rhythmic intracellular Ca 2+ Clock might keep time for normal automaticity of SANC, however, has not been assimilated into mainstream pacemaker dogma. Recent experimental evidence, derived from simultaneous, confocal imaging of submembrane Ca 2+ and membrane potential of SANC, and supported by numerical modeling, indicates that normal automaticity of SANC is entrained and stabilized by the tight integration of the SR Ca 2+ Clock that generates rhythmic SCaRIE, and the surface membrane Clock that responds to SCaRIE to immediately produce APs of an adequate shape. Thus, tightly controlled, rhythmic SCaRIE does not merely fine tune SANC AP firing, but is the formal cause of the basal and reserve rhythms, insuring pacemaker stability by rhythmically integrating multiple Ca 2+ -dependent functions, and effects normal automaticity by rhythmic ignition of the surface membrane Clock.
Geochemical processes in the Onyx River, Wright Valley, Antarctica: Major ions, nutrients, trace metals

Abstract We present data on major ions, nutrients and trace metals in an Antarctic stream. The Onyx River is located in Wright Valley (77–32 S; 161–34 E), one of a group of ancient river and glacier-carved landforms that comprise the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. The river is more than 30 km long and is the largest of the glacial meltwater streams that characterize this relatively ice-free region near the Ross Sea. The complete absence of rainfall in the region and the usually small contributions of glacially derived tributaries to the main channel make this a comparatively simple system for geochemical investigation. Moreover, the lack of human impacts, past or present, provides an increasingly rare window onto a pristine aquatic system. For all major ions and silica, we observe increasing concentrations with distance from Lake Brownworth down to the recording weir near Lake Vanda. Chemical weathering rates are unexpectedly high and may be related to the rapid dissolution of ancient carbonate deposits and to the severe physical weathering associated with the harsh Antarctic winter. Of the nutrients, nitrate and dissolved reactive phosphate appear to have quite different sources. Nitrate is enriched in waters near the Lower Wright Glacier and may ultimately be derived from stratospheric sources; while phosphate is likely to be the product of chemical weathering of valley rocks and soils. We confirm the work of earlier investigations regarding the importance of the Boulder Pavement as a nutrient sink. Dissolved Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Cd are present at nanomolar levels and, in all cases, the concentrations of these metals are lower than in average world river water. We hypothesize that metal uptake and exchange with particulate phases along the course of the river may serve as a buffer for the dissolved load. Concurrent study of these three solute classes points out significant differences in the mechanisms and sites of their removal from the Onyx River.
Uridine diphosphate D-glucuronic acid cyclase and uridine diphosphate D-glucuronic acid carboxy-lyase I from Lemna minor. Purification, characterization, and separation from uridine diphosphate D-glucuronic acid carboxy-lyase II.

Abstract Uridine 5′-(α- d -glucopyranosyluronic acid pyrophosphate) (UDPGluUA) cyclase [UDP GluUA → uridine 5′-(α- d -apio- d -furanosyl pyrophosphate) + CO 2 ] was purified 71-fold from Lemna minor by a four-step procedure. When this purification procedure was used some, but not all, of the UDPGluUA carboxy-lyase [UDPGluUA → uridine 5′-(α- d -xylopyranosyl pyrophosphate) + CO 2 ] was separated from UDPGluUA cyclase. The UDPGluUA carboxy-lyase that was separated from the UDPGluUA cyclase and the UDPGluUA carboxy-lyase that remained associated with it have completely different properties; these different forms of the enzyme have been given the names UDPGluUA carboxy-lyase II and I, respectively, and they are presumably isoenzymes. UDPGluUA cyclase and UDPGluUA carboxy-lyase I have K m values for UDPGluUA of 9.8 and 8.3 μ m , respectively. Both enzymes require the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for activity; for both, the concentration range for optimal activity is 1.0–2.0 m m . The reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and the oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate cannot substitute for the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Optimal activity for the two enzymes in 0.05 m potassium phosphate buffer is obtained at pH 7.8 and 7.7, respectively. Iodoacetamide and N -ethylmaleimide at 0.5 m m completely inhibit both enzymes. In the presence of 0, 0.01, and 0.05 m NH 4 Cl, the relative activity of UDPGluUA cyclase was 100, 54, and 20%, respectively, while the relative activity of UDPGluUA carboxy-lyase I was 100, 283, and 379%, respectively. The same concentrations of N(CH 3 ) 4 Cl either had no effect or inhibited both enzymes less than 20%. Neither enzyme is affected by 1 m m MgCl 2 , MnCl 2 , CaCl 2 ZnCl 2 , CoCl 2 , or NiCl 2 or by disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 2,2′-bypridyl, or 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid. In the presence of 0.1 and 0.2 m KCl, the relative activity of UDPGluUA cyclase was 75 and 62%, respectively, while the relative activity of UDPGluUA carboxy-lyase I was 67 and 49%, respectively. Almost identical results were obtained with NaCl. In these experiments the enzyme activities in the absence of salts were set equal to 100%.
Peptide-Conjugated Gold Nanorods for Nuclear Targeting

Resonant electron oscillations on the surface of noble metal nanoparticles (Au, Ag, Cu) create the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) that greatly enhances the absorption and Rayleigh (Mie) scattering of light by these particles. By adjusting the size and shape of the particles from spheres to rods, the SPR absorption and scattering can be tuned from the visible to the near-infrared region (NIR) where biologic tissues are relatively transparent. Further, gold nanorods greatly enhance surface Raman scattering of adsorbed molecules. These unique properties make gold nanorods especially attractive as optical sensors for biological and medical applications. In the present work, gold nanorods are covalently conjugated with a nuclear localization signal peptide through a thioalkyl-triazole linker and incubated with an immortalized benign epithelial cell line and an oral cancer cell line. Dark field light SPR scattering images demonstrate that nanorods are located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of both cell lines. Single cell micro-Raman spectra reveal enhanced Raman bands of the peptide as well as molecules in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Further, the Raman spectra reveal a difference between benign and cancer cell lines. This work represents an important step toward both imaging and Raman-based intracellular biosensing with covalently linked ligand-nanorod probes.
Impact of 2011 resident duty hour requirements on neurology residency programs and departments.

Objective:In 2011, the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) redefined resident duty hour requirements by reducing in-hospital duty hour requirements for residents in an effort to improve patient care, resident well-being, and resident education. We sought to determine the cost of adoption based on changes made by neurology residency programs and departments due to these requirements.Methods:We surveyed department chairs or residency program directors at 123 ACGME-accredited US adult neurology training programs on programmatic changes and resident expansion, hiring practices, and development of new computer-based resources in direct response to the 2011 ACGME duty hour requirements. Using data from publicly available resources, we estimated respondents’ financial cost of adoption.Results:In all, 63 responded (51% response rate); 76% were program directors. The most common changes implemented by programs were adding night float systems (n = 31; 49%) and increasing faculty responsibili...
Spousal Social Control During a Weight Loss Attempt: A Daily Diary Study.

We investigated perceptions of spousal social control and the partners’ behavior, affect, and relationship satisfaction at the start of a weight loss attempt. Gender and body mass index (BMI) were explored as moderators. In order to examine the short-term effects of social control, participants completed daily assessments reporting spouses’ influence and their own behavior and well-being. Instrumental and reinforcing social control were associated with better health behavior, well-being, and relationship satisfaction, but showed no impact over time. Monitoring control was inconsistently associated with health behavior and well-being. BMI moderated some of the relations between social control strategies, health behavior, and well-being. Findings suggest spouses can contribute to partners’ weight loss attempts with influence strategies, but considering weight status may determine which strategies are the most beneficial.
Systolic like soft-detection architecture for 4×4 64-QAM MIMO system

MIMO systems (with multiple transmit and receive antennas) are becoming increasingly popular, and many next-generation systems such as WiMAX, 3-GPP LTE and IEEE802.11n wireless LANs rely on the increased throughput of MIMO systems with up to four antennas at receiver and transmitter. High throughput implementation of the detection unit for MIMO systems is a significant challenge especially for higher order modulation schemes. To achieve superior Bit Error Rate(BER) or Frame Error Rate (FER) performance, the detector has to provide soft values to advanced Forward Error Correction (FEC) schemes like Turbo Codes. This paper presents a systolic soft detector architecture for high dimensional(eg. 4×4, 64-QAM) MIMO systems. A Single detector core achieves, throughput of 215Mbps and power consumption of 23.6mW, whiles using only 33.1K gate equivalent(for l2 norm). Impressive SNR gains of almost 2dB are observed with respect to the hard detection counterpart over a block fading channel(at an FER of 1%). Additionally, the architecture can be stacked to give linear increase in throughput with linear increase in hardware resources.
Thermal transition behavior of polybutadiene containing polyurethanes

The thermal transition behavior of a series of hydroxy terminated polybutadiene (HTPBD) containing segmented polyurethanes has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal mechanical analysis (TMA). Four transition regions are observed; the soft segment Tg, at −74°C, two hard segment transitions T1, at 40°C and T2 at 103°C and a softening region by TMA at 180°C, presumed to arise from the dissociation of allophonate bonding, The low Tg, only 7°C higher than the Tg of free HTPBD, indicates nearly complete phase segregation despite the amorphous nature of the hard segment structure. The dependence of T1, on hard segment length and thermal cycling suggests that it represents domains consisting primarily of shorter hard segments units. Factors contributing to the rather low mechanical properties of HTPBD polyurethanes are also discussed.
Marketing Gentility: Boston's Businesswomen, 1780–1830

Drawing on a raft of data about women's business activities in Boston, 1780–1830, the article shows that widows and single women succeeded in a highly competitive marketplace by trading on their complex and diverse skills, business acumen, and personal connections and by strategically marketing gentility to an expanding middle-class.
Assembly of Barcode‐like Nucleic Acid Nanostructures

Barcode-like (BC) nanopatterns from programmed self-assembly of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are reported. BC nanostructures are generated by the introduction of open spaces at selected sites to an otherwise closely packed, plain, rectangle nucleic acid nanostructure. This strategy is applied to nanostructures assembled from both origami approach and single stranded tile approach.
Progress and Challenges with Iraq's Multilevel Governance

Nations in the Arab world are largely unitary states, yet Iraq has embarked on a seemingly ambitious agenda of decentralization and devolution mixed with federalism. While local elections have been delayed at least until 2012, and indeed may never take place, Iraq's constitutional commitment to decentralize and subsequent statutory enactments appear to be turning provincial governments into significant actors in Iraqi governance. Progress has taken place at a slower, more deliberate pace than both proponents and opponents feared in 2002–6. This article discusses the current state of implementation of this process as a cornerstone of Iraqi democratic development, from the perspective of a former U.S. Department of State senior governance specialist who served on an embedded Provincial Reconstruction Team in 2009–10. These reconstruction teams were dismantled in the year leading up to September 6, 2011, as the American relationship with Iraq was “normalized,” though they likely will continue in Afghanistan into 2013.
Kinetics of alcohol assisted craze growth in polycarbonate

The kinetics of alcohol assisted, relaxation controlled craze growth in polycarbonate (PC) were studied between 280 to 340K in methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol. Viscous deformation of plasticized craze material controlled the growth rate of a single craze during stress relaxation in single edge notched (SEN) specimens. The activation energy increased with craze driving force in all alcohols, except methanol, because of diffusion limited plasticization. The craze stress increased with the alcohol's ability to plasticize; this is not understood, but may be due to solvent Induced crystallization.
GLOBAL WARMING, IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE AND ADAPTATION STRATEGY

Sensitivity of the Southeastern US agricul- ture sector to temperature increases will be based largely on accompanying changes in precipitation, extent of the warming, and relative impact on competing crops grown in the area. The impact of climate change in 10 Southeastern US coun- ties was investigated under three different climate scenarios for two different reference years (2030 and 2090). Seven ma- jor crops grown in the area were selected to study the impact on crop yield, irrigation acreage, and optimal choice of crops in a representative farm in each of the southeastern states. If warming is moderate and also brings a considerable increase in precipitation—as indicated by the Hadley model—then, the effect on yields, water use, and income will be mostly benign. If warming is moderate without increased precipitation and the water for irrigation is available, then the effects on the agriculture sector are still mostly negligible. If warming is not moderate and no increased precipitation materializes, farm- ers could realize quite dramatic negative consequences for row crop agriculture in the Southeastern United States.
Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis in the Pediatric Patient

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a diagnosis to be entertained whenever a patient had abdominal complaints accompanied by striking peripheral eosinophilia. A definitive diagnosis is of greater importance in this illness, since undiagnosed cases often undergo needless exploratory surgery. An infant seen at 2 years, 10 months of age with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting was found to have a white blood cell count of 50,000/cu mm with 54% eosinophils and eosinophilic ascites. An antral tissue biopsy yielded a diagnosis of eosinophilic gastroenteritis after many studies had been made to exclude other diagnoses. Treatment with intermittent courses of prednisone kept the patient relatively asymptomatic over the period of 20 years during which she remained under our care. Immunologic studies shed no light on the etiology of this patient's disorder. The literature dealing with diffuse, infiltrative eosinophilic gastroenteritis is reviewed.
Legionella gormanii sp. nov

A new species of Legionella was isolated from soil collected from a creek bank. The name Legionella gormanii sp. nov. is proposed.
Organic Cations in Molecular Recognition and Molecular Magnetism

To rationally design new magnetic materials, one must understand the intermolecular forces that lead to structural ordering and, hopefully, magnetic ordering in the solid state. Often, cationic systems are used as components of potential molecular magnets. However, it is not obvious that the well-established spin coupling rules for neutral hydrocarbons will carry over to the cationic systems. We will describe here both theoretical and experimental investigations of this phenomenon, including the first planar system with a m-xylylene π topology, but a low spin ground state. In addition, cations present interesting possibilities for supramolecular phenomena, most notably through the cation-π interaction. We will briefly describe this novel intermolecular interaction.
Origin of Andesitic and Granitic Magmas in the Northern Sierra Nevada, California

The early magmas of the northern Sierra Nevada, calc-alkaline andesite of island-arc type and its derivatives, all low in potassium, were generated during the Devonian(?) period, possibly along an eastward-dipping sub-duction zone. These magmas could have been derived from mantle peridotite of the continental plate by introduction of water from the descending oceanic plate. Later, during the Permian(?) period, the magmas became basaltic, with potassium-rich silicic derivatives indicating anhydrous conditions and a deeper level of magma generation. Plutonism began in Jurassic time, at the end of a period of intense deformation and metamorphism. The earliest intrusive rocks are gabbro and diorite. At the end of the Jurassic period, large granitic plutons were emplaced. These grade from hornblende quartz diorite at the borders to monzotonalite at the centers. Trondhjemite occurs as the latest product of crystallization differentiation of plutonic magmas. Exchange of elements between plutonic and metamorphic rocks suggests that the plutonic magmas were composite. The partial melts of the downfolded volcanic and sedimentary rocks were modified by partial melts from the mantle and the subducted oceanic lithosphere below. Relative amounts of material contributed by each of the three sources of plutonic magma changed with time, and these changes, along with differentiation processes, were responsible for the diversity in composition of magmas.
Near-Field-Resonance-Enhanced Plasmonic Light Beaming

In this paper, we have investigated the enhancement of the plasmonic light beaming efficiency by near-field resonance in different subwavelength metallic slit-groove beaming structures. We show that by selecting the suitable film thickness and separation distance of beaming gratings, the intensity of the near field can be greatly enhanced by resonance, which leads to the increase of the beaming efficiency in the far field. Moreover, we obtain a nanocavity above the nanoslit by integrating a metal nanostrip with a conventional beaming structure. The resonance of this nanocavity can further enhance the near-field intensity and improve the beaming efficiency.
Pancreas transplantation in C-peptide positive patients: does "type" of diabetes really matter?

Background In the past, type 2 (C-peptide positive) diabetes mellitus (DM) was a contraindication for simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT). Study Design We retrospectively analyzed outcomes in SPKT recipients according to pretransplantation C-peptide levels ≥2.0 ng/mL or Results From November 2001 to March 2013, we performed 162 SPKTs including 30 (18.5%) in patients with C-peptide levels ≥2.0 ng/mL pretransplantation (C-peptide positive group, range 2.1 to 12.4 ng/mL) and 132 in patients with absent or low C-peptide levels ( 2 . Conclusions Patients with higher pretransplantion C-peptide levels appear to have a type 2 DM phenotype compared to insulinopenic patients undergoing SPKT. However, survival and functional outcomes were similar, suggesting that pretransplantation C-peptide levels should not be used exclusively to determine candidacy for SPKT.
Intrauterine fetal transfusion--analysis of the experience at the Yale-New Haven Medical Center, 1965-1968.

Summary One hundred and thirteen intrauterine fetal transfusions were performed in 52 patients. The results are compared to those of the Cooperative Study of 15 American institutions. Fifty-one percent. of the babies in the present series were born alive, but only 34.6% survived the perinatal period. The most consistent and least traumatic results were obtained by direct transfusion through a fluoroscopically-positioned needle. Other methods are discussed. Analysis of the results in our series demonstrated a direct relationship between fetal gestational age, ascites, and the rate of survival. Fetuses who had ascites at the time of the initial transfusion were found to have a minimal chance of survival. In contrast to the results of the Cooperative Study, a fetus of less than 24 weeks gestation, without evidence of ascites, was found to have a rate of survival that justified early transfusion in experienced hands.
Stroke Recovery: Surprising Influences and Residual Consequences.

There is startling individual variability in the degree to which people recover from stroke and the duration of time over which recovery of some symptoms occurs. There are a variety of mechanisms of recovery from stroke which take place at distinct time points after stroke and are influenced by different variables. We review recent studies from our laboratory that unveil some surprising findings, such as the role of education in chronic recovery. We also report data showing that the consequences that most plague survivors of stroke and their caregivers are loss of high level cortical functions, such as empathy or written language. These results have implications for rehabilitation and management of stroke.
Configurable hardware design for frequency-diverse target detection

In this paper, we present a reconfigurable hardware architecture and the accompanying application software to perform frequency-diverse target detection. This architecture can be utilized in diverse applications and environments such as real-time ultrasonic testing due to the adaptability of the design. The system design allows for operational level and design level configurability. In addition to the design flow, this paper presents the impact of parameter changes on the detection algorithm performance and FPGA implementation results. The experimental results show that the proposed modular hardware architecture meets real-time operation timing requirements and the algorithm performs robustly.
Immunocytochemical detection of p53 in human thyroid carcinomas is associated with mutation and immortalization of cell lines

Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene p53 are the most-common mutations found in human cancers. In thyroid cancers, p53 mutations generally are found only in poorly differentiated and undifferentiated tumors and in cell lines. To determine the prevalence of p53 mutations in thyroid neoplasms and thyroid cell lines, we screened 58 thyroid tissues and 3 thyroid cell lines, p53 primers bracketing exons 4, 5/6, 7, and 8 were used to amplify genomic DNA using the PCR. Mutations were screened by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and confirmed by sequencing. The two papillary thyroid cancer cell lines and the follicular thyroid carcinoma cell line (positive control) had transitions (CGT->CAT) in exon 8, codon 273, resulting in the replacement of arginine with histidine. No normal thyroid tissues or primary tumors from which the cell lines were derived demonstrated exon 8 mutations, using this technique. p53 immunocytochemistry demonstrated a progression of p53 immunopositivity between synchronous and meta...
The histology of subcutaneously implanted donor bronchial rings correlates with rejection scores of lung allografts in a primate lung transplant model.

Abstract Background: The diagnosis of acute rejection in lung transplantation generally relies on transbronchial biopsies. This invasive procedure may be associated with bronchial bleeding or pneumothorax and may not be feasible in patients with severely compromised lung function. The hypothesis of the current study was that histopathological findings of donor bronchial segments implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of lung allograft recipients would predict lung tissue rejection scores, thus providing the clinician with an alternate source of information. Methods Unilateral left lung transplantation was performed in 34 cynomolgus monkeys as part of a drug efficacy study. After completion of the transplant procedure, 4 bronchial ring segments of the explanted recipient left lung and 4 bronchial ring segments of the non-transplanted right donor lung were implanted subcutaneously in the abdominal region. Lung allograft rejection was evaluated by open lung biopsies of the allograft performed on postoperative (PO) Day 14 and during sacrifice on PO Day 28. At the time of each biopsy, 2 donor and 2 recipient subcutaneous bronchial rings were explanted. Histologic evaluation of the lung tissue samples was performed according to the working formulation of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Bronchial rings were independently evaluated by assessing the degree of airway narrowing; percentage of intact epithelial coverage as well as its specific histology (respiratory ciliated, flattened cuboidal, squamous); presence of lymphocytes, macrophages or spindle cells; and presence of peribronchial inflammation, luminal fibrosis, lymphocytic bronchitis or luminal mucous. Statistical analysis was performed by logistic regression. Results In the recipient bronchial rings, there was no evidence of airway narrowing. There was 98% epithelial coverage, 71% that were respiratory ciliated cells, and there was no inflammation. Donor bronchial rings showed no airway narrowing for monkeys with grade A0 to A2 rejection in tissue biopsies and a maximum narrowing (41.2%) with A4 rejection. Epithelial cell coverage was ∼100% with grade A0–A2 and 44 ± 11% with A4 rejection. Lymphocytic bronchitis was most severe in A4 rejection and minimal in A0 to A2 rejection. By logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of a likelihood of rejection were the degree of airway obliteration, the percentage of epithelial cell coverage, the degree of lymphocytic bronchitis and the product of respiratory and flattened cuboidal cell coverage. Conclusions The current data show that histologic alterations of subcutaneously implanted donor bronchial rings correlate with lung tissue biopsy scores based on the ISHLT working formulation. Because subcutaneous bronchial rings can be explanted under local anesthesia, they may provide useful information for the diagnosis of acute allograft rejection in patients with impaired lung function, patients that obtaining lung tissue samples may not be feasible.
Scratch tests on granite using micro-laser assisted machining technique

In this study, micro-laser assisted machining (μ-LAM) technique is used to perform scratch test on a granite sample. Rocks are generally considered as brittle materials with poor machinability and severe fracture can be resulted when trying to cut them due to their low fracture toughness. Due to increasing demand for these materials in industry with many applications, finding a fast and cost effective process with higher product quality seems essential. In past research in our research group, it has been demonstrated that machining of brittle materials such as semiconductors and ceramics in ductile regime is possible due to the high pressure phase transformation (HPPT) occurring in the material caused by the high compressive and shear stresses induced by a single point diamond tool tip. Scratch tests were performed on the granite sample and to further augment the process, traditional cutting is coupled with the laser to soften the material and get the higher depth of cut. In this research, results of scratch tests done on granite, with and without laser heating have been compared. The effect of laser heating was studied by verifying the depths of cuts for scratch tests with varying the laser power during the process. Microscopic images and three-dimensional profiles of cuts taken by using a white light interferometer were investigated. Results show that using laser can increase depth of cut and with 15 W laser power it is increased — for different regions of granite sample — from 25% to 95%.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Growth from behind: Intercalation-growth of two-dimensional FeO moiré structure underneath of metal-supported graphene.

Growth of graphene by chemical vapor deposition on metal supports has become a promising approach for the large-scale synthesis of high quality graphene. Decoupling of the graphene from the metal has been achieved by either mechanical transfer or intercalation of elements/molecules in between the metal and graphene. Here we show that metal stabilized two-dimensional (2D)-oxide monolayers can be grown in between graphene and the metal substrate thus forming 2D-heterostructures that enable tuning of the materials properties of graphene. Specifically, we demonstrate the intercalation-growth of a 2D-FeO layer in between graphene and Pt(111), which can decouple the graphene from the metal substrate. It is known that the 2D-FeO/Pt(111) system exhibits a moire-structure with locally strongly varying surface potential. This variation in the substrate surface potential modifies the interface charge doping to graphene locally, causing nanometer-scale variation in its work function and Fermi-level shifts relative to its Dirac point.
Zinc effects on growth and cynodontin production of helminthosporium cynodontis.

By strain selection, a culture of Helminthosporium cynodontis Marignoni has been isolated which grows rapidly in shaken-submerged cultures and which can produce the pigment, cynodontin, in yields u...
Summary of Session II Planetary, Interplanetary and Interstellar Organic Matter

The second session of the Symposium was concerned with the observation of extraterrestrial organic matter by astronomers, planetary scientists, and geochemists, and relevant complementary work in the laboratory.
2006 RADAR Report Card on Conversion Rates from Accelerated FDA Approval to Regular FDA Approval for Drugs Used To Treat Hematologic Malignancies: Policy Changes Continue To Be Needed.

Background: At ASH 2004 and 2005, we reported Methods: NDAs and supplements for new uses from the FDA, package inserts, and literature reviews were reviewed. Results: Of 19 cancer drugs receiving AA prior to 2005, conversion to RA has occurred for 2 of 9 drugs for HMs and 8 of 11 drugs for solid tumors (STs) (22% vs 73%, p 25,000 newly diagnosed patients annually (25% vs 78%). Recruitment targets are smaller for AA studies for HMs (median, 82 vs 295 patients) and subpart H studies (median, 295 vs 535). Conclusions: Rates of conversion from AA to RA remain poor for drugs for hematologic malignancies but not for solid tumors drugs. In spite of ODAC meetings and two congressional inquiries, little progress ahs been made towards completing these trials. RADAR continues to urge policy makers to modify the AA process for drugs used to treat hematologic malignancies.
Higher hurdles for A-level physics

The interpretation of last year's examination results in your news story "Exam results reveal ups and downs" (Physics World, September p5) cannot be left unchallenged. As an A-level teacher for the last 12 years and one of the people involved in the Institute of Physics initiative to the examining boards, it seems clear to me that the steady drop in physics candidates over the last six years has been largely due to the loss of those at the lower end of the range.
Ultra-low-resistance 3D InFO inductors for integrated voltage regulator applications

A novel 3D InFO inductor is developed to integrate with TSMC 16nm FinFET devices for high efficiency integrated voltage regulator (IVR) design. The 3D InFO inductor is designed using thick through-InFO-via (TIV) copper, where the form factor is 1.4 × 2.2 × 0.15 mm3. It performs 2.14 nH inductance at 140 MHz and 3.2 mΩ resistance at DC. The resistance of power delivery network (PDN) between inductor and load is 1.1 mu. The InFO technology provides the low resistance 3D inductor and PDN concurrently for the IVR system design to achieve a peak power efficiency of 93%.
Optimal service order for mass-casualty incident response

Abstract In the aftermath of a mass-casualty incident, one of the first steps in the response is to triage the casualties. Triage systems categorize the casualties based on criticality, and then prioritize casualties for transfer to hospitals for further treatment. The prioritization is usually based on simply ordering the casualty types without considering the available resources to transport them and the scale of the disaster. These factors can significantly affect the outcome of the rescue efforts. In this research we study a mathematical model to incorporate the above mentioned factors in the triage process. We assume a disaster location with a set of casualties, categorized by criticality and care requirements, that must be transported to hospitals in the region using a fleet of available ambulances. The goal is to maximize the expected number of survivors. We analyze the structure of the optimal solution to this problem, and compare the performance of the model with the current practice and other related models in the literature.
CRT-200.26 Trends in Utilization of Thrombus Aspiration in Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention During ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Studies of thrombus aspiration (TA) during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients have showed conflicting results. However, currently routine use of TA is not advised according to the guidelines. We aimed to evaluate trends of TA
The Influence of pH and Sodium Hydroxide Exposure Time on Glucosamine and Acrylamide Levels in California-Style Black Ripe Olives

Acrylic acid, N-acetyl-glucosamine and glucosamine were investigated for their role in the formation of acrylamide in California-style black ripe olives [CBROs]. Levels of acrylic acid and glucosamine are reported for the first time in fresh (333.50 ± 21.88 and 243.59 ± 10.06 nmol/g, respectively) and in brine-stored olives (184.50 ± 6.02 and 165.88 ± 11.51 nmol/g, respectively). Acrylamide levels significantly increased when acrylic acid (35.2%), N-acetyl-glucosamine (29.9%), and glucosamine (124.0%) were added to olives prior to sterilization. However, isotope studies indicate these compounds do not contribute carbon and/or nitrogen atoms to acrylamide. The base-catalyzed degradation of glucosamine is demonstrated in olive pulp and a strong correlation (r2 = 0.9513) between glucosamine in olives before sterilization and acrylamide formed in processed CBROs is observed. Treatment with sodium hydroxide (pH > 12) significantly reduces acrylamide levels over 1 to 5 d without impacting olive fruit texture.