cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical utility of 3 French infrapopliteal intervention in the setting of critical limb ischemia.

Objectives. To evaluate the clinical utility of 3 Fr infrapopliteal intervention in critical limb ischemia (CLI) patients with isolated infrapopliteal artery disease (IPD). Background. There is considerable scope for the miniaturization of infrapopliteal intervention in the clinical field. Methods. In this study, 3 Fr infrapopliteal intervention was performed in a total of 11 consecutive patients and limbs, selected by operator judgment on the basis of the clinical and angiographical conditions of the patients. The 3 Fr sheath was removed immediately after the completion of the procedure in the cath lab. After manual compression for 5 minutes (min), a compressive dressing was applied for 30 min. Results. Among the subjects, a poor general condition was observed in 3 patients, while end-stage renal disease was observed in 9. Technical success was achieved in all cases except for 1 case in which the limb of the patient required 4 Fr sheath for coronary stenting for the flow-limiting tibial dissection. In all the patients undergoing 3 Fr intervention, complete hemostasis was achieved simply without any complication. Skin perfusion pressure of the foot significantly increased at both the dorsum and plantar. Further, clinical success was achieved in all patients. Conclusions. This study showed that 3 Fr infrapopliteal intervention is safe and feasible for selected CLI patients with isolated IPD. In particular, the benefits offered by this miniaturized intervention from the aspect of the comfort of patients can be potentially of considerable value in the setting of CLI; however, this intervention requires further validation.
Beta Testing in Social Work.

The field of social work does not currently have a widely adopted method for expediting innovations into micro- or macropractice. Although it is common in fields such as engineering and business to...
Aqueous RAFT Polymerization of Acrylonitrile

Controlled radical polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) in concentrated aqueous solutions of sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN, 50 wt %) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2, 60 wt %) is reported. Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was successfully accomplished with 4-cyano-4-(phenylcarbonothioylthio)pentanoic acid (CPAD) as a chain transfer agent (CTA) and AIBN as a radical initiator at 65 °C. First-order linear kinetic plots were observed in aqueous NaSCN with molecular weights (MW) between 3000 and 60 000 and relatively narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn = 1.2–1.4). Chain extension of the synthesized PAN macroinitiator with AN in aqueous NaSCN showed a clear shift in MWs which indicated high retention of chain end functionality. Furthermore, RAFT polymerization of AN in aqueous ZnCl2 (60 wt %) was conducted with CPAD and 2,2′-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (V-70) as radical initiator at 30 °C. This system also exhibited linear kinetics and produced PAN with Mn = 1...
Chloride Content of Fluids Used for Large-Volume Resuscitation Is Associated With Reduced Survival.

Objective:We sought to investigate if the chloride content of fluids used in resuscitation was associated with short- and long-term outcomes.Design:We identified patients who received large-volume fluid resuscitation, defined as greater than 60 mL/kg over a 24-hour period. Chloride load was determin
Discretion and the Sex Dyad: Exploring the Interactive Effects of Offender and Victim Sex on Reporting and Arrest of One-on-One Assaultive Crime

Gender has been hypothesized to affect how violent offenders are treated within the criminal justice system, but studies have tended to ignore the role of the victim in decision making. This study explores the interactive effects of offender and victim sex (i.e., the sex dyad) on reporting and arrest of one-on-one assaultive crime. Using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey and National Incident-Based Reporting System, findings show that male-on-female offenses are reported to police more often than other dyads, but female-on-male offenses result in more arrests. Meanwhile, female-on-female offenses result in fewer arrests, despite nonsignificant differences in reporting. Implications of findings for theory and future research on gender discretion are discussed.
Tissue Factor Is Frequently Expressed in Multiple Myeloma Cells.

Abstract 2132 Poster Board II-109 Tissue factor (TF) is a 47 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that initiates blood coagulation when complexed with factor VIIa. TF is constitutively expressed in a variety of tumor cells and has been shown to have a role in cellular signaling, angiogenesis and solid tumor progression. However, the role of TF in the hematologic malignancies is poorly defined. Multiple myeloma (MM) is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolic disease. However, whether increased TF expression contributes to the hypercoagulable state associated with MM remains controversial. In this study, we determined the expression of TF on archived bone marrow biopsies and plasmacytomas, and human MM cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining of TF was carried out on paraffin-embedded specimens from eighteen advanced stage MM patients. Staining for TF expression was scored as 0 (null), 1+ (weak), 2+ (moderate) and 3+ (strong). TF expression for the MM cell lines (U266B1, MM1.RL and MM1.S) was carried out by semi-quantitative real time RT-PCR. TF mRNA levels were normalized to 18S ribosomal mRNA levels. The TF: 18S ratios were then compared to that of a low TF expressing human breast cancer cell line cell line, MCF-7. Paraprotein distribution in the MM patient specimens was: IgG kappa (7), IgG lambda (5), IgA kappa (3), lambda light chain (2) kappa light chain (1). Overall, TF expression was observed in 10/18 (56%) of the patient specimens. Six specimens stained 1+, and two each stained 2+ and 3+. Staining was mainly cytoplasmic and did not correlate with the type of secreted paraprotein. TF expression (relative to MCF-7) was 17.3, 1.97 and 0.77 for the U266B1, MM1.RL and MM1.S cell lines, respectively. Results from these studies suggest that TF is frequently expressed in MM cells and might contribute to the hypercoagulability associated with this disease. In addition, TF may play a role in MM cell progression. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A Student’s Guide to Giant Viruses Infecting Small Eukaryotes: From Acanthamoeba to Zooxanthellae

The discovery of infectious particles that challenge conventional thoughts concerning “what is a virus” has led to the evolution a new field of study in the past decade. Here, we review knowledge and information concerning “giant viruses”, with a focus not only on some of the best studied systems, but also provide an effort to illuminate systems yet to be better resolved. We conclude by demonstrating that there is an abundance of new host–virus systems that fall into this “giant” category, demonstrating that this field of inquiry presents great opportunities for future research.
LEarning with academic partners (LEAP) Success and growing pains in the first year

Supplemental Instruction (SI) is a program that has been shown to be successful in supporting students in historically challenging courses and improving grades, retention, and understanding of course material. SI was started at the University of Missouri — Kansas City (UMKC) in 1973, but has since branched out to approximately 1500 institutions in 30 countries. In the spring of 2016, two faculty members from Michigan Technological University attended SI training at the International Center for SI at UMKC with the intention of developing a similar program to support the first-year engineering courses at Michigan Tech. The LEarning with Academic Partners (LEAP) program is the program that has developed as a result of that effort. While based on SI, the LEAP program has several distinct differences, which will be outlined in this paper. In Fall 2016, LEAP was implemented in three of fifteen sections (180 students, 9 Leaders) of ENG1101 — Engineering Analysis and Problem Solving, the first engineering course taken by calculus-ready students in all engineering majors. In Spring 2017, LEAP has been incorporated into three of fourteen sections (172 students, 9 Leaders) of ENG1102 — Engineering Modeling and Design and one section (61 students, 3 Leaders) of ENG1101. In this paper we will discuss the successes and failures of our first year with LEAP as we look to assess and expand the LEAP program to all sections of ENG1101 and ENG1102 (approximately 1100 students, 50 Leaders) beginning next academic year. We will share perspectives from students, LEAP Leaders, supervisors, and faculty.
Procedural complexity of tax administration: the road fund case

This paper examines the relationship between the procedural tax administration system and the characteristics of the decision-maker in the decision to comply with the tax code. Specifically, we examine the motor fuel tax system. The motor fuel tax system requires an organization to collect and remit taxes at both the federal and state levels. Using a path model, we find that the procedural complexity of the tax system contributes to an increase in tax non-compliance.
The Future of Religious Arbitration in the United States: Looking Through a Pluralist Lens

In recent years, religious arbitration has received increasing attention both in the American press and academy. For some, this attention is driven by concern that state enforcement of decisions issued by religious tribunals has the power to undermine the objectives of the U.S. legal system. For others, it is driven by a recognition that religious arbitration enables communities to enhance their process of dispute resolution by ensuring that it comports with shared religious principles and values. And, as is often the case, both perspectives contain important elements of truth. As a paradigmatic legal plurality institution, religious arbitration has the capacity to both enhance and undermine the U.S. legal system. But if U.S. law is to capitalize on the growing religious arbitration system within its jurisdiction, it must identify both the range of unique benefits religious tribunals provide as well as the unique challenges they present. This chapter takes a first step in that direction, using legal pluralism as a lens to explore the motivations driving the religious arbitration regime in the United States. In so doing, it considers how both state and non-state law can benefit from the religious arbitration system, and how those dual objectives require U.S. law to tinker with its treatment of religious arbitration so as to unlock its full potential.
Readmission and complications within 30 days after intrathecal baclofen pump placement.

Aim To describe 30-day outcomes after intrathecal baclofen (ITB) pump placement in children and identify risk factors for readmission, reoperation, and perioperative complication using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-Pediatric (NSQIP-P) database. Method Patients aged 0 to 18 years who underwent ITB pump placement (2012-2014) comprised the study cohort defined in the database. Multivariate regression analysis was performed using preoperative and perioperative data from the American College of Surgeons' NSQIP-P database. Outcomes of interest within 30 days of surgery were (1) unplanned reoperation; (2) unplanned readmission; and (3) composite postoperative event, including complication, reoperation, and/or readmission. Results We identified 423 surgeries; 246 (58.2%) patients were male, 177 (41.8%) patients were female. Median age was 12 years and 11 months. Median operative time was 70 minutes (interquartile range 56-97min). Mean length of stay was 3.8 days. The patient population had a high number of medical comorbidities. The overall readmission rate was 7.3%; mean postoperative admission date was 14.1 days after surgery. Of readmitted patients, 64.5% underwent reoperation. The most common indication for reoperation was surgical site infection. Female sex was associated with decreased risk of readmission (odds ratio [OR] 0.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.09-0.65; p=0.01); American Society of Anesthesiologists Classification of greater than or equal to 3 was associated with decreased risk of unplanned return to surgery (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.11-0.66; p=0.04); length of stay greater than or equal to 3 days at index surgery was associated with increased risk of composite 30-day perioperative event (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.29-4.20; p=0.01). Interpretation Our data provide national perspectives on 30-day perioperative outcomes for ITB pump placement in children. Results illustrate NSQIP-P database collection methodology and highlight opportunities for quality improvement in clinical practice. What this paper adds Seven percent of patients who underwent intrathecal baclofen pump placement required readmission within 30 days. The most common indication for reoperation was surgical site infection.
Subatmospheric Vapor Pressures for Fluoromethane (R41), 1,1-Difluoroethane (R152a), and 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (R143a) Evaluated from Internal-Energy Measurements

Vapor pressures were evaluated from measured internal-energy changes ΔU (2) in the vapor+liquid two-phase region. The method employed a thermodynamic relationship between the derivative quantity (∂U (2)/∂V) T , the vapor pressure p σ, and its temperature derivative (∂p/∂T)σ. This method was applied at temperatures between the triple point and the normal boiling point of three substances: fluoromethane (R41), 1,1-difluoroethane (R152a), and 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R143a). In the case of R41, vapor pressures up to 1 MPa were calculated to validate the technique at higher pressures. For R152a, the calculated vapor pressure at the triple-point temperature differed from a direct experimental measurement by less than the claimed uncertainty (5 Pa) of the measurement. The calculated vapor pressures for R41 helped to resolve discrepancies in several published vapor pressure sources. Agreement with experimentally measured vapor pressures for R152a and for R143a near the normal boiling point (101.325 kPa) was within the experimental uncertainty of approximately 0.04 kPa (0.04%) for the published measurements.
High-Pressure Methane Adsorption in Porous Lennard-Jones Crystals

Decades of research have yet to yield porous adsorbents that meet the U.S. Department of Energy’s methane storage targets. To better understand why, we calculated high-pressure methane adsorption in 600 000 randomly generated porous crystals, or “pseudomaterials,” using atomistic grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. These pseudomaterials were periodic configurations of Lennard-Jones spheres whose coordinates in space, along with corresponding well depths and radii, were all chosen at random. GCMC simulations were performed for pressures of 35 and 65 bar at a temperature of 298 K. Methane adsorption was compared for all materials against a range of other properties: average well depths and radii, number density, helium void fraction, and volumetric surface area. The results reveal structure–property relationships that resemble those previously observed for metal–organic frameworks and other porous materials. We contend that our computational methodology can be useful for discovering useful struc...
Canonical Lifting for l = 1

In this chapter we restrict the considerations of Chapter 13 to the case in which l = 1. Thus we assume $$(p - 1)(a,b,c) \in {\mathbb{Z}^3}$$ (15.0.1) and we will continue to assume (9.0.2)–(9.0.5). We will concern ourselves with the situation in which c does not lie between a and b.
The limits of coercive diplomacy: The 1979 Sino-Vietnamese border war

In 1979, China waged a brief but bloody war with Vietnam, with the hopes of punishing Hanoi for its invasion and occupation of Cambodia the previous year. Beijing’s attempt at coercive diplomacy was an embarrassing failure, however, resulting in tens of thousands of casualties for both sides. This article, using Alexander George’s models of coercive diplomacy and crisis management, examines the reasons for China’s failed coercion and confirms that the most important variable was the omnipresent military threat from the Soviet Union, which prevented China from successfully escalating the crisis to its advantage.
INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM | Nutritional Management of Phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria (PKU), an inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism, caused by mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene, results in excessive accumulation of phenylalanine, which, if untreated, leads to severe mental retardation. Detection by newborn screening enables early implementation of a phenylalanine-restricted diet, limiting natural protein and supplementing with phenylalanine-depleted formula and other nutritional supplements such as fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, allowing for normal growth and development. Pregnancy in women with PKU requires close management to prevent the toxic effects of high phenylalanine in the developing fetus. New, nondietary treatments may be useful adjuncts to dietary therapy.
A high-fat diet impacts memory and gene expression of the head in mated female Drosophila melanogaster

Obesity predisposes humans to a range of life-threatening comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obesity also aggravates neural pathologies, such as Alzheimer’s disease, but this class of comorbidity is less understood. When Drosophila melanogaster (flies) are exposed to high-fat diet (HFD) by supplementing a standard medium with coconut oil, they adopt an obese phenotype of decreased lifespan, increased triglyceride storage, and hindered climbing ability. The latter development has been previously regarded as a potential indicator of neurological decline in fly models of neurodegenerative disease. Our objective was to establish the obesity phenotype in Drosophila and identify a potential correlation, if any, between obesity and neurological decline through behavioral assays and gene expression microarray. We found that mated female w1118 flies exposed to HFD maintained an obese phenotype throughout adult life starting at 7 days, evidenced by increased triglyceride stores, diminished life span, and impeded climbing ability. While climbing ability worsened cumulatively between 7 and 14 days of exposure to HFD, there was no corresponding alteration in triglyceride content. Microarray analysis of the mated female w1118 fly head revealed HFD-induced changes in expression of genes with functions in memory, metabolism, olfaction, mitosis, cell signaling, and motor function. Meanwhile, an Aversive Phototaxis Suppression assay in mated female flies indicated reduced ability to recall an entrained memory 6 h after training. Overall, our results support the suitability of mated female flies for examining connections between diet-induced obesity and nervous or neurobehavioral pathology, and provide many directions for further investigation.
Single-wavelength lidar retrieval algorithm of particulate matter concentration using CELiS (compact eyesafe lidar system) a 1.5 μm elastic lidar system

CELiS (Compact Eyesafe Lidar System) is an elastic backscatter light detection and ranging (lidar) system developed for monitoring air quality environmental compliance regarding particulate matter (PMk) generated from off-road use of wheeled and tracked vehicles as part of the SERDP (Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program) Measurement and Modeling of Fugitive Dust Emission from Off-Road DoD Activities program. CELiS is small, lightweight and easily transportable for quick setup and measurement of PMk concentration and emissions. CELiS operates in a biaxial configuration at the 1.5μm eyesafe wavelength with a working range of better than 6 km and range resolution of 5 m. In this paper, we describe an algorithm that allows for semi-quantitative PMk determination under a set of guiding assumptions using a single wavelength lidar. Meteorological and particle measurements are used to estimate the total extinction (α) and backscatter (β) at a calibration point located at the end range of the lidar. These α and β values are used in conjunction with the Klett inversion to estimate α and β over the lidar beam path. A relationship between β, α and PMk mass concentrations at calibration points is developed, which then allows the β and α values derived to be converted to PMk at each lidar bin over the lidar beam path. CELiS can be used to investigate PMk concentrations and emissions over a large volume, a task that is very difficult to accomplish with typical PMk sensors.
Large-Amplitude Intermittent Swimming in Viscous and Inviscid Flows

Recently, it was demonstrated in an inviscid flow that burst-and-coast or intermittent swimming can save energy when compared with continuous swimming and that the energy savings are maximized for ...
System Modelling and Notation

This chapter summarizes the notation and system modelling concepts which will be used throughout this book in the formulation of the kinematic and dynamic relationships for robotic mechanisms. The assignment of coordinate frames is briefly discussed, and the kinematic and dynamic parameters of a robotic mechanism are defined. Two important modelling tools are also discussed in this chapter: (1) spatial notation, and (2) a general joint model. Spatial notation was introduced by Featherstone in [7], and a modified form of this notation is used here. Spatial notation allows the user to condense the equations describing a physical system into a concise and elegant form. The physical relationships of the system are not changed, but the simplified format makes the corresponding equations easier to manipulate and often leads to gains in computational efficiency.
Endocrine Therapy Plus Anti-HER2 Therapy as Adjuvant Systemic Therapy for Luminal HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: An Analysis of the National Cancer Database:

Background:Guidelines regarding the usage of adjuvant systemic therapy in patients with small human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive and estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor–po...
Evaluating the Genomic Parameters Governing rAAV-Mediated Homologous Recombination

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors have the unique ability to promote targeted integration of transgenes via homologous recombination at specified genomic sites, reaching frequencies of 0.1%–1%. We studied genomic parameters that influence targeting efficiencies on a large scale. To do this, we generated more than 1,000 engineered, doxycycline-inducible target sites in the human HAP1 cell line and infected this polyclonal population with a library of AAV-DJ targeting vectors, with each carrying a unique barcode. The heterogeneity of barcode integration at each target site provided an assessment of targeting efficiency at that locus. We compared targeting efficiency with and without target site transcription for identical chromosomal positions. Targeting efficiency was enhanced by target site transcription, while chromatin accessibility was associated with an increased likelihood of targeting. ChromHMM chromatin states characterizing transcription and enhancers in wild-type K562 cells were also associated with increased AAV-HR efficiency with and without target site transcription, respectively. Furthermore, the amenability of a site to targeting was influenced by the endogenous transcriptional level of intersecting genes. These results define important parameters that may not only assist in designing optimal targeting vectors for genome editing, but also provide new insights into the mechanism of AAV-mediated homologous recombination.
Patterns of Care for Older Patients With Myelofibrosis: A Population-based Study.

Abstract Background Current treatments for myelofibrosis (MF) are largely palliative, with the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib being the breakthrough approved for higher-risk patients by the United States Food and Drug Administration in November 2011. There are limited data on the “real-world” clinical experiences among patients with MF who are treated in the JAK inhibitor era. Patients and Methods We evaluated patterns of care for older patients with MF before and after ruxolitinib approval, using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database. Treatment patterns were assessed using Medicare part B and D claims. Results This study included 528 patients diagnosed during 2007 to 2015, with a median age at diagnosis of 76 years. Among 298 patients diagnosed in the ruxolitinib era (2012-2015), 113 (37.9%) were ruxolitinib users. Similar numbers of users started ruxolitinib at 5, 10, 15, or 20 milligrams twice a day (BID). Among 31 patients starting at 5 milligrams BID or less, 48.4% were unable to escalate the dose, and Conclusion It would be important to optimize the use of ruxolitinib and develop new drugs that may be administered together with or after ruxolitinib to accomplish better outcomes in older patients with MF.
The Political Economy of Securities Industry Bars

Financial regulators can bar or exclude people from various industries. Yet securities regulators tend to impose too many broker bars, and too few against other financial professionals. While scholars have taken this pattern for granted, it presents a puzzle for securities law: what are these sanctions’ function? They are how securities law implements its distributive commitment to investor protection—making investors better off at brokers’ expense. Their function is to designate certain securities law rules as giving rise to a property-rule-like entitlement to capital owners not to have their profits from investing involuntarily transferred away from them by market intermediaries. Drawing from law and political economy, this article argues that industry bars' function reflects the particular social and historical context in which the securities laws arose. Despite decades of failed attempts, financial mar-ket reform happened only after a critical mass of modestly wealthy Americans, who had newly began investing in the stock market, found their savings defrauded or manipulated away from them. The early securities laws borrowed industry exclusion from the stock exchanges’ self-regulatory practice, and subsequent amendments have expanded exclusion’s role. Exclusion remains today the doctrinal tool that securities law uses for determining that certain misconduct reflects intolerable risk that a person working in the financial industry will involuntarily redistribute the returns on investors’ capital. This project aims to bring a political-economy approach back in to corporate and securities law scholarship—identifying hidden ways that doctrine and practice in capital markets regulation reflect and reinforce distributions of power and wealth and society.
Targeting CD38-Dependent NAD+ Metabolism to Mitigate Multiple Organ Fibrosis

Synchronous fibrosis in multiple organs is the defining hallmark of systemic sclerosis (SSc), but underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Organismal decline in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), the sole substrate for enzymes critical for cellular metabolism, is implicated in age-related pathologies, and is due to NAD+ consumption catalyzed by CD38. We now show that CD38 is upregulated in SSc skin biopsies, and its levels associate with molecular fibrosis signatures as well as clinical skin fibrosis scores, while key NAD+ -synthesizing enzyme levels are unaltered. Boosting NAD+ via CD38 targeting or by NAD+ precursor supplementation protected older mice from skin and lung fibrosis. Mechanistically, CD38 reduced NAD+ levels and sirtuin activity to augment fibrotic responses, while inhibition of CD38 had the opposite effect. Thus we identify upregulation of CD38 and resulting disrupted NAD+ homeostasis as a fundamental pathogenic mechanism driving fibrosis in SSc, suggesting that CD38 might represent a target for therapy.
Unilateral diaphragmatic dysfunction following thoracic outlet surgery diagnosed by point-of-care ultrasound.

A patient with recent thoracic outlet decompression surgery presented with acute dyspnea and was found by point-of-care ultrasound to have diaphragm dysfunction. This case highlights an unexpected ...
Real-time characterization of personalized air pollution exposure in pregnant women participating in a birth cohort study

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Air pollution is a health risk in pregnant women and young children. Despite the importance of refined exposure assessments particularly at low exposure levels, characterization...
Laying Bare Feminist Values: An Exercise in Self-Inquiry

This reflective essay responds to the question: What is A¢â¬EfeministA¢â¬â¢ about one particular instructor's pedagogy and academic practice, and what are the stakes of assigning the label 'feminist' to that practice? By examining my role and experience working in the academy, both as student and instructor, I seek to contribute an understanding of feminism as an area of study that involves more than a concern primarily with gender inequality, and to draw attention to the way in which our performances in the classroom largely define the very kind of feminists that we are.
Politics, Law, and Morality — A New Phase

At this time, a substantial change in the relationship between politics, law (domestic and international), and morality is underway. Let us concentrate on three basic phenomena: 1. There is growing cynicism in the world concerning the relationship between politics and morality. The public, more than ever, is convinced that this link has been broken because politicians seem to care less and less about moral standards. Indeed, apart from the private morality of the actors on the political scene, moral considerations and the need for an appearance of morality are increasingly more influential although politicians themselves have not become more decent or moral themselves. 2. People think that questions of morality cannot be discussed in a truly scholarly way, that they are beyond the realm of reason, that moral norms must be arbitrary, based on a priori system of values. But, in fact, thanks to the influence of rhetorical argumentation and developments in the sphere of law and legal interpretation and application, contemporary moral norms are more concrete so that they can be elaborated rationally and substantiated.
Development and characterization of a nonprimate animal model of methanol-induced neurotoxicity

Humans and nonhuman primates are uniquely sensitive to the toxic effects of methanol. The toxic syndrome in these species is characterized by formic acidemia, metabolic acidosis and blindness or serious visual impairment. Nonprimate species are normally resistant to the accumulation of formate and associated metabolic and visual toxicity. The authors have developed a nonprimate model of methanol toxicity using rates in which formate oxidation has been selectively inhibited. Methanol-intoxicated rats developed formic acidemia, metabolic acidosis and visual toxicity analogous to the human methanol poisoning syndrome. Visual dysfunction was manifested as reductions in the flash evoked cortical potential and electroretinogram which occurred coincident with blood formate accumulation. Histopathologic studies revealed mitochondrial disruption and vacuolation in the retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor inner segments and optic nerve. The establishment of this nonprimate animal model of methanol intoxication will facilitate research into the mechanistic aspects of methanol toxicity as well as the development and testing of treatments for human methanol poisoning.
Utilization of time‐based strategies

Explores how firms can use time‐based strategies within their distribution operations. Exploratory results are presented detailing strategic distribution responses employed to meet competitive challenges and gain competitive advantages. These firms have proactively worked to make their operations more flexible and allow them to respond more quickly to customer requests. They have developed capabilities to customize or tailor services to specific market segments in a timely manner, learned to prioritize requests and respond with differentiated service programs, and strategically exploited information capabilities in order to substitute “information for inventory” in a cost‐effective manner. The research results emphasize the important role distribution/logistics plays in supporting manufacturing and marketing efforts.
Detection of Air-borne Pasteurella tularensis Using the Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Considerable research has been directed toward the development of rapid methods for the identification of air-borne microorganisms. The application of the fluorescent antibody technique (FAT) coupled with the impaction of contaminated air onto glass slides affords a rapid and specific method for the identification of air-borne Pasteurella tularensis. Early experiments presented problems of cross-reaction with organisms other than P. tularensis. These cross-reactions are eliminated by specific adsorption and proper dilution of the conjugate. A series of experiments conducted under rigidly controlled laboratory conditions indicates that fewer than ten viable P. tularensis per slide can be detected by this method. Time of impaction as well as the presence of large concentrations of other microorganisms did not alter this number. Calculations indicate that a concentration as low as one viable organism per 5 liters of air can be detected.
In-Flight Deployable Micro Devices in Noise Control: Design and Evaluation

In this paper, time-accurate RANS simulations and FWH acoustic analogy were carried to study the three-dimensional unsteady flowfield and acoustic components around a three-element high-lift wing with and without micro devices. Micro devices are designed to be attached to the pressure side of the high lift surface near its trailing-edge to help reduce the noise generated. The analysis revealed that with the deployment of the micro device, along with reduced high-lift device setting angles, an overall airframe noise reduction of 2–5 dB is obtained over the entire frequency range. Noise reduction in the mid-frequency range, where human hearing is the most sensitive to, was particularly evident. As seen in an earlier 2D study by the authors, the application of the micro device caused strong aerodynamic force oscillations, resulting in a tone spike at a very low frequency. However, looking at the A-weighted scale sound pressure level spectrum, noise sources from the high-lift devices still dominated and it was the slat noise which dominated the overall 1/3 octave band sound pressure level. Through the reduced high-lift setting angles and the micro device application, an overall 2.3 dB noise reduction was achieved. Based on the current three-dimensional and the previous two-dimensional acoustic study results, micro devices designed by the authors demonstrated its potential to be applied onto commercial airliners as well as any aerial platforms for the use in airframe noise reduction during approach to landing phase of flight.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Multiplexed BioCD for prostate specific antigen detection

Specific protein concentrations in human body fluid can serve as diagnostic markers for some diseases, and a quantitative and high-throughput technique for multiplexed protein detection would speed up diagnosis and facilitate medical research. For this purpose, our group developed the BioCD, a spinning-disc interferometric biosensor on which antibody is immobilized. The detection system adopts a common-path scheme making it ultra stable. The scaling mass sensitivity is below 10 pg/mm for protein surface density. A 25000-spot antibody BioCD was fabricated to measure the concentration of prostate specific antigen (PSA), a protein indicating prostate cancer if its level is high. Statistical analysis of our immunoassay results projects that the detection limit of PSA would reach 20 pg/ml in a 2 mg/ml background solution. For future prospects, a multiplexed BioCD can be produced for simultaneous diagnosis of diverse diseases. For instance, 100 markers above 200 pg/ml could be measured on a single disc given that the detection limit is inversely proportional to square root of the number of spots.
ENHANCEMENT OF CHILL TOLERANCE IN LARVAI Artemia salina: COOLING REGIMENS AND MULTIPLE TYPE CRYOPROTECTANT EXPOSURE

The enhancements of chill tolerance of Artemia salina to single (glycerol, glucose or sucrose) and double (glucose-sucrose) component cryoprotectant solutions were determined. Zero, three, six, twelve and twenty-four hour post-hatch larvae were immersed in -1°C cryoprotectant solutions for periods up to 90 minutes. The ability of different larval stages to survive an instantaneous change from 28° to -1° versus a slow cooling regiment (1°C/hr) from 28° to 18° followed by instantaneous cooling to -1°C were compared. Most cryoprotectant solutions showed definite enhancement of survival with the multiple better than single component systems. Survival exceeded 200–500% over -1°C cryoprotectant free controls. The significance of these results to the development of cryogenic larval banking techniques is discussed.
Repeatability of Asphalt Strain Measurements Under Falling Weight Deflectometer Loading

Embedded instrumentation has become an important tool at accelerated load facilities as states begin implementing mechanistic—empirical pavement design and analysis methodologies. Instrumentation can provide valuable information to help validate mechanistic models and develop a deeper understanding of pavement response under a wide range of conditions. Before these types of investigations are conducted, however, it is critical to determine if the response measurements are accurate and precise. Although both accuracy and precision are important, this investigation centers on establishing the practical level of within-gauge precision for asphalt strain measurements made at the National Center for Asphalt Technology Pavement test track. Ten test sections, each containing 12 strain gauges, were included in this study. Falling weight deflectometer testing was conducted on strain gauges, and the absolute differences were calculated to determine individual gauge variability. It was found that within-gauge variab...
Vibration energy harvesting from random force and motion excitations

A vibration energy harvester is typically composed of a spring–mass system with an electromagnetic or piezoelectric transducer connected in parallel with a spring. This configuration has been well studied and optimized for harmonic vibration sources. Recently, a dual-mass harvester, where two masses are connected in series by the energy transducer and a spring, has been proposed. The dual-mass vibration energy harvester is proved to be able to harvest more power and has a broader bandwidth than the single-mass configuration, when the parameters are optimized and the excitation is harmonic. In fact, some dual-mass vibration energy harvesters, such as regenerative vehicle suspensions and buildings with regenerative tuned mass dampers (TMDs), are subjected to random excitations. This paper is to investigate the dual-mass and single-mass vibration harvesters under random excitations using spectrum integration and the residue theorem. The output powers for these two types of vibration energy harvesters, when subjected to different random excitations, namely force, displacement, velocity and acceleration, are obtained analytically with closed-form expressions. It is also very interesting to find that the output power of the vibration energy harvesters under random excitations depends on only a few parameters in very simple and elegant forms. This paper also draws some important conclusions on regenerative vehicle suspensions and buildings with regenerative TMDs, which can be modeled as dual-mass vibration energy harvesters. It is found that, under white-noise random velocity excitation from road irregularity, the harvesting power from vehicle suspensions is proportional to the tire stiffness and road vertical excitation spectrum only. It is independent of the chassis mass, tire–wheel mass, suspension stiffness and damping coefficient. Under random wind force excitation, the power harvested from buildings with regenerative TMD will depends on the building mass only, not on the parameters of the TMD subsystem if the ratio of electrical and mechanical damping is constant.
STEREOCONTROLLED ADDITION TO A PENALDIC ACID EQUIVALENT: AN ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF THREO-β-HYDROXY-L-GLUTAMIC ACID

Abstract The asymmetric synthesis of threo -β-hydroxy-L-glutamic acid (7) via a stereo-selective addition to the chiral penaldic acid equivalent 3 is described.
READING AIM AND READING METHOD

Author's Summary.— An exposition of certain contradictions in the aims proposed in the Coleman report.
Distinct mechanisms of epithelial adhesion for candida albicans and candida tropicalis identification of the participating ligands and development of inhibitory peptides

The yeast Candida albicans is the leading cause of disseminated fungal infection in neonates, immunocompromised hosts, diabetics, and postoperative patients; Candida tropicalis is the second most frequent isolate. Because the integrin analogue in C. albicans shares antigenic, structural, and functional homologies with the beta 2-integrin subunits alpha M and alpha X, we investigated the role of integrin analogues in epithelial adhesion of C. albicans and C. tropicalis. On flow cytometry with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) OKM1, surface fluorescence was highest for C. albicans and significantly reduced for C. tropicalis (P < 0.001). However, adhesion to the human epithelial cell line HeLa S3 did not differ for these two candidal species: specific adhesion was highest for C. albicans at 44.0 +/- 1.8%, and only slightly lower for C. tropicalis at 38.8 +/- 3.6% (P = NS). The disparity between expression of the integrin analogue and epithelial adhesion suggested distinct mechanisms for this process in C. albicans versus C. tropicalis. Preincubation of C. albicans with anti-alpha M mAbs, with purified iC3b (the RGD ligand for the integrin analogue), or with 9-15-mer RGD peptides from iC3b all inhibited epithelial adhesion significantly (P < 0.001-0.04). Purified fibronectin or fibronectin-RGD peptides failed to block C. albicans adhesion. In contrast, epithelial adhesion of C. tropicalis was significantly inhibited by purified fibronectin and its RGD peptides (P < or = 0.021), but not by iC3b nor the iC3b-RGD peptides. Both iC3b and fibronectin were identified on the surface of epithelial cells after growth in serum-free medium. A polyclonal antibody to C3 inhibited C. albicans adhesion while a control antibody to fibronectin was ineffective; the converse was true for C. tropicalis. These results indicate that the pathogenic yeasts C. albicans and C. tropicalis recognize distinct RGD ligands present at the surface of the epithelial cell and that these interactions can be differentially inhibited by defined RGD peptides containing appropriate flanking sequences.
THYROIDAL IODIDE TRANSPORT. VII. ACUTE STIMULATION OF THYROIDAL IODIDE CONCENTRATING ABILITY BY CYSTAMINE AND CYSTEAMINE.

Administration of cysteamine or cystamine to rats leads to a 2- to 3-fold increase in the ability of the blocked thyroid to accumulate iodide ion. The effect occurs rapidly ( <25 min), is not mediated via the kidney or pituitary gland, and appears not to involve a basic change in the concentration mechanism, since the Km (-3-10-5M) is unaffected by cystamine. Under special conditions, cystamine will stimulate the Na++K+-requiring, ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity of the rat thyroid in similar time periods. The possibility that this enzymatic activity may mediate the effect of cysteamine and cystamine on iodide concentration is discussed. In addition, these compounds possess -l/50 the antithyroid activity of methylmercaptoimidazole. Cystamine is not goitrogenic, apparently because of the short duration of the antithyroid effect in vivo. This property appears not to be directly related to the augmentation of the T/S[I-]. (Endocrinology 76: 949, 1965)
Needle aspiration of a traumatic subperiosteal haematoma of the orbit

Subperiosteal haematomas of the orbit are an uncommon cause of proptosis after trauma. Complications include diplopia, persisting mass, and compressive optic neuropathy. Treatment options include observation, needle aspiration, and surgical evacuation. In symptomatic patients without indications for orbital exploration, treatment with needle aspiration is less invasive than surgical drainage. We report a case of a traumatic subperiosteal haematoma successfully treated with needle aspiration, demonstrating that in appropriate patients, needle aspiration can result in resolution of symptoms without a more invasive procedure. A 9 year old girl presented with diplopia 4 days after falling off a fence and striking the right side of her face. She denied decreased visual acuity, eye pain, or previous history of diplopia or proptosis. Her past medical and ocular histories were unremarkable. On examination, her visual acuity was 6/6 in …
Heterogeneity in fibroblast proliferation and survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common form of interstitial lung disease characterized by the persistence of activated myofibroblasts resulting in excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and profound tissue remodeling. Myofibroblasts have been shown to arise from interstitial fibroblasts, epithelial to mesenchymal transition of type II alveolar epithelial cells, and the differentiation of recruited fibrocytes. There are many mechanisms that are utilized by these cells for survival, proliferation and persistent activation including up-regulation of cytokines (i.e. Interlukin 6 (IL-6)), cytokine receptors (i.e. Interlukin 6 Receptor 1 (IL-6R1), Glycoprotein 130 (gp130) and C-C Chemokine Receptor type 7 (CCR7) and innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs; i.e. Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR9)). In this review, we will discuss the role of the cytokines IL-6 and CCL21, their receptors and the pattern recognition receptor (PRR), TLR9, in fibroblast recruitment, activation, survival and differentiation into myofibroblasts in IPF.
The Hysteresis Character of Corona Formation

To begin with the hysteresis character of 60-cycle corona formation was indicated by two factors: (1) the value of the crest voltage was of dominating importance in the corona loss-voltage relation and (2) the value of the power lost in coronafrom a high voltage transmission line approximated that given by the product of the voltage in excess of the critical voltage and the line charging current. Diagrams of the cyclic instantaneous voltage-charge relation in corona formation were obtained and revealed the facts that in a given case the charge lags behind the corresponding voltage by an approximately constant amount and that the energy dissipated per cycle is proportional to the product of the crest voltage and the difference between the crests of the voltage and the critical voltage. The corresponding equation for the full corona loss-voltage relation is P = 4f C (E2 - E E 0 ). 60-cycle brushes, coronas and streamers are due to the activities of ions carrying charges largely of the same sign as that of the conductors from which they emanate. The factors that control brush formation are considered. Local corona is due to an incomplete unstable brush pattern. Full corona is correspondingly due to a complete stable brush pattern. In relation hereto critical voltage, crest voltage and irregularity factor are defined.