cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decision-makers′ use of pharmacoeconomics: what does the research tell us?

Governments, organizations and industry routinely make decisions regarding the value of pharmaceuticals. The perspectives, techniques, decision constraints and available information differ across these decision-makers and sometimes within categories. Although pharmacoeconomics is consistent with the international trend toward evidence-based decisions in medicine and could benefit all of these decision-makers, the potential impact of these studies has been largely unrealized. Why is it that a field to which so much research funding has been devoted, has produced so little of clear use to major decision-makers? Would inflexible organizational barriers surrounding narrowly defined performance incentives and line item budget accountability limit the usefulness of even impeccably performed pharmacoeconomic studies? Or, are methodological and logistical considerations impeding the usefulness of pharmacoeconomics?
matrilineality, residence, and residential zones

The combination of matrilineal descent and patrilocal residence is regarded as inherently unstable by several theoretical models, notably Murdock (1949, 1959a, 1959b) and Levi-Strauss (1949). The case of the Suku of Zaire is examined to lay bare the unwarranted assumptions in these models. The logic of existing residence terminology, which focuses on households, is found to be inappropriate to some problems concerning the relationship of residence and descent. The concept of functional “residential zones” is proposed as appropriate to such problems.
Importance of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region mutational status in del(13q) chronic lymphocytic leukemia

AbstractAmong prognostic factors for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV) mutation status and DNA analysis appear to be the most important. However, there is limited clinical outcome information for patients with the favorable-risk del(13q) and poor-risk unmutated IGHV. We retrospectively screened all patients with CLL at our institution between 2004 and June 2010 for del(13q) who also had an IGHV analysis. Unmutated IGHV was found in 38/79 patients; age, Rai stage, prior therapy, and time to evaluation were similar to those for patients with mutated IGHV. Unmutated patients were nearly four times more likely to harbor additional chromosomal aberrations compared to mutated patients (p < 0.001). During a median follow-up of 4.5 years, unmutated patients were more likely to demonstrate Rai stage progression (69% vs. 31%, log-rank p < 0.001) and to receive treatment (5-year cumulative probability of treatment: 65% vs. 32%, p < 0.001). Patients with unmutated C...
Integrating Change Management with Software Document Relationship Management

This paper describes a novel approach to managing fine grained changes in software documents and logical relationships among them. The logical relationship management tool in the software concordance development environment is distinguished itself from existing ones by its ability to manage versions of complex document relationship networks, which are represented by hypermedia structures. Hypermedia structures are managed separately from document contents. Hyperlinks are also explicitly represented and versioned as first-class entities, allowing developers to browse, visualize, and systematically analyze logical relationships among software artifacts
A complete data and power telemetry system utilizing BPSK and LSK signaling for biomedical implants

In this paper, a prototype of a telemetry system for battery-less biological implant is implemented, which demonstrates both wireless power delivery and duplex wireless data communication. BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) modulation is used for the data transmission from the external controller to the implant and LSK (Load Shift Keying) modulation is used for the reverse data transmission from the implant to the external controller. Power is being delivered wirelessly to the implant through the energy contained in the incoming BPSK data signal. This implant system contains a novel single chip realization of low power BPSK demodulator architecture, which provides considerable power savings compared to prior art. The demodulator occupies 0.1mm2 area and consumes 5mW power from a 3.3V power supply. A sensitive board level LSK receiver for data transmitted from implant to the external reader has been proposed. External BPSK transmitter consists of a class-E power amplifier that serves the dual purpose of a data transmitter and wireless power delivery. In summary, a very low power bidirectional power and data telemetry system for biological implants based on BPSK and LSK signaling is proposed.
Therapeutic Potential of Janus-activated Kinase-2 Inhibitors for the Management of Myelofibrosis

Myelofibrosis (either primary or postpolycythemia vera/essential thrombocythemia) is a chronic and debilitating myeloproliferative neoplasm for which there is no well-accepted standard of care. Clinical manifestations of this disease (e.g., cytopenias, splenomegaly, bone marrow fibrosis) and constitutional symptoms (e.g., hypercatabolic state, fatigue, night sweats, fever) create significant treatment challenges. For example, progressive splenomegaly increases the risk for more serious clinical sequelae (e.g., portal hypertension, splenic infarction). Myelofibrosis arises from hematopoietic stem cells or early progenitor cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and clinical presentation are poorly understood, delaying the development of effective and targeted treatments. Recent studies have implicated mutations that directly or indirectly lead to the deregulated activation of Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2). Appreciation for the activation of JAK2 and the importance of increased levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of myelofibrosis has led to novel therapeutic agents targeting JAKs. This review will briefly discuss the origins of the JAK2 hypothesis, the clinical relevance of JAK2 mutations in myelofibrosis, and recent clinical progress in targeting JAKs as a therapeutic intervention for patients with this chronic and debilitating disease.
A Time-Domain Method for Pseudo-Spectral Characterization

We present a generic method for determining transfer function of a DUT using simple time-domain computations in place of conventional computationally intensive frequency domain methods. Our method uses a chirp stimulus and an average of absolute value to extract energy in different frequency bins. For an No-size spectrum, this enables a reduction of computational complexity from No In No multiply-accumulates (using an FFT) to No accumulates. This makes it an attractive strategy for BIST. We present the theoretical basis, test case simulations, and a comparison with the FFT method.
Optimizing myocardial hypothermia. II : Cooling jacket modifications and clinical results

After induction of myocardial hypothermia by cold cardioplegic solution, myocardial rewarming occurs at 0.5 degrees to 1.0 degrees C/min. In addition to preventing myocardial rewarming from systemic and pulmonary venous return, continuous cooling of the myocardial surface must be provided. Modifications of a previously reported cooling jacket are described. These modifications include decreased width and thickness of the metal skeleton for easier application and increased malleability, respectively. Also, the double-row flow channel markedly minimizes obstruction of flow secondary to kinking and allows inlet and outlet lines to attach at adjacent points of the jacket thus minimizing obstruction of the operative field. The effectiveness of the jacket in 36 patients undergoing valve replacement and 19 patients having pulmonary thromboendarterectomy was evaluated by measurement of myocardial temperatures at multiple sites throughout aortic cross-clamping. Temperatures at all sites were maintained at 12 degrees C or less. Temperatures measured in phrenic nerve pedicles ranged from 25 degrees to 27 degrees C. During cooling, heat removal by the jacket was 330 calories/min. During maintenance of myocardial hypothermia, heat flow was 190 calories/min. Modifications of a cooling jacket facilitate usability and an array of sizes enhances applicability.
The role of the kidney in the parathyroid control of the blood calcium as determined by studies on the nephrectomized dog.

DESPITE numerous studies, the mechanism of action of the parathyroid hormone remains a subject of controversy. The view which has received widest acceptance considers the primary action of the parathyroid hormone to be exerted by accelerating the excretion of phosphate through the kidney with secondary effects on the calcium level of the blood (Albright and Reifenstein, 1948; Crawford et al, 1950; Milne, 1951; Tweedy et al., 1950). Opposed to this view is a mass of data which indicates that the parathyroid hormone also exerts significant extra-renal effects, particularly on the bones (Barnicot, 1948; Collip, et al., 1934; Jaffe, 1933; McClean, 1941; Monahan, 1944; Stewart and Bowen, 1952) which are responsible for its hypercalcemic action. In order to dissociate the renal from the extra-renal effects of the parathyroid hormone, numerous studies have been performed on the nephrectomized animal. However, as indicated by Greep (1948) in his review of the subject, these experiments are for the most part
DISCUSSION OF Auditor Litigation Risk and Corporate Disclosure of Quarterly Review Report

INTRODUCTION The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires publicly traded companies to have timely reviews of interim financial information included in Form 10Q filings. However, the independent accountant’s review report must be filed with the interim financial information only if, in any filing, the company states that the interim financial information has been reviewed by an independent public accountant. Few companies attach review reports to their 10-Q filings. Krishnan and Zhang (2005) (hereafter KZ) investigate whether the decision to file the review report can be explained by variables representing the costs and benefits of filing the report and whether the earnings response coefficient and market reaction to 10-Q filings are larger for companies filing review reports. After controlling for other factors likely to affect the decision to disclose the review report, they find a significant negative association between auditors’ litigation risk and report disclosure. They interpret this along with evidence of more positive market reaction to 10-Q filings with review reports as suggesting ‘‘a loss of information to investors arising out of auditors’ litigation risk.’’ Although independent public accountants issue a number of different reports, KZ is one of a few studies that attempt to assess the effect of report disclosure or content on financial statement users’ perceptions or litigation risk. The sections of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 that require certification of periodic financial statements by the chief executive officer and chief financial officer (section 302), management reporting on internal control (section 404), and auditor reporting on management’s assessment (section 404) suggest that regulators are convinced that disclosure of reports bearing the signature of responsible parties increases the reliability of the associated financial information. The proximity of this legislation and the controversy that has surrounded it make KZ’s study timely. I comment on four aspects of the study that warrant consideration when evaluating the strength of the inferences that can be drawn from KZ and suggest related areas in which additional research could provide insights to regulators and standard setters.
Ciliate diversity related to shrimps and blue crab

Observations of ciliates using the Chatton–Lwoff wet silver method, Wilbert's protargol impregnation method, and silver carbonated method revealed the infraciliature and nuclear apparatus of species collected from the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) and brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) from Mississippi, white shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus) from South Carolina, northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) from Maine, and water associated with each. Specimens were measured and photographed under an Evolution MP 5.0 RTV digital camera system. More than 26 ciliate species, belonging to 21 families in 11 orders, were observed. Among them, five species occurred on or in the blue crab, four on the brown shrimp, two on the white shrimp, and three on the northern shrimp. Of those, only three infested more than one host species. We have seen additional symbiotic species on other specimens of the same hosts but not on those reported here. A total of 16 free-living ciliate species occurred in the systems associated with the decapods. Among them, scuticociliates were the most important ones that could infect the decapods. One of these, Uronema marinum, also occurred in the hemolymph of the blue crab and impaired its health. The research was supported by the USDA, CSREES Grant No. 2002-38808-01381 and the Blue Crab Advanced Research Consortium (BCARC), NOAA, NA17FU2841.
Teriparatide reduces the fracture risk associated with increasing number and severity of osteoporotic fractures.

The relationship between prior fractures and risk of new fractures was evaluated in 931 postmenopausal women with prevalent vertebral fractures randomized to daily placebo or teriparatide (20 μg) in the Fracture Prevention Trial. The median observation time was 21 months. Among placebo patients with one, two, or three or more prevalent vertebral fractures, 7%, 16%, and 23%, respectively, developed vertebral fractures (by Cochran-Armitage trend test, P < 0.001), and 3%, 9%, and 17% developed moderate or severe vertebral fractures (P < 0.001). Among placebo patients with mild, moderate, or severe prevalent vertebral fractures, 10%, 13%, and 28%, respectively, developed vertebral fractures (P < 0.001), and 4%, 8%, and 23% developed moderate or severe vertebral fractures (P < 0.001). Among placebo patients with zero, one, or two or more prior nonvertebral fragility fractures, 4%, 8%, and 18%, respectively, developed nonvertebral fragility fractures (P < 0.001). In the teriparatide-treated group, there was no ...
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Fractional Laser Therapy and Dermabrasion for Scar Resurfacing

BackgroundDermabrasion has been the standard resurfacing procedure for postsurgical scars, but recovery can be long. Fractionated carbon dioxide (CO2) laser is a safe, effective tissue resurfacing modality, but no prospective trial has compared its safety or efficacy with that of dermabrasion for po
ONTOGENY OF B LYMPHOCYTES III. H-2 LINKAGE OF A GENE CONTROLLING THE RATE OF APPEARANCE OF COMPLEMENT RECEPTOR LYMPHOCYTES

The frequency of lymphocytes bearing complement receptors in the spleens of 2-wk old mice appears to be controlled by two independent genes. The presence of a "high" allele at either locus leads to intermediate or high frequency of CRL at 2 wk of age. One of the genes controlling complement receptor lymphocyte (CRL) frequency (CRL-1) is linked to the H-2 complex. Thus, in progeny of (AKR x DBA/2)F(1) x DBA/2, all mice with a low frequency of CRL at 2 wk of age are homozygous for the H-2 type of the low CRL parent (DBA/2). Furthermore, in the B10 series of congenic mice, CRL frequency at 2 wk of age is similar to the frequency in the donor of the H-2 region. Thus, C57BL/10, B10.BR, and B10-D2 mice are all of the low CRL type while B10.A mice are intermediate in CRL frequency at 2 wk. C57BR and DBA/2, the donors of the H-2 complex of the B10.BR and B10.D2, respectively, are of low CRL type while the A/WySn, the donor of the H-2 complex in the B10.A, is an intermediate CRL strain. Similarly in the A/WySn series of congenic mice, A.CA, A.SW, and A.BY are all low CRL strains while the A/WySn is intermediate. Studies of CRL frequency in mice with recombinant H-2 chromosomes (B10.A(2R), (4R), and (5R); B6/TL(+); and A/TL(-)) indicate that CRL-1 is to the right of the Ss-Slp genes and to the left of Tla.
Participatory Dialogue and Participatory Learning in a Discussion-Based Graduate Seminar

This study investigated the participatory learning experiences of mainstream U.S. and Korean international students in a discussion-based doctoral seminar. The author examined the multilayered and complex nature of these experiences by collecting and analyzing data from class discussions, multiple interviews, written artifacts, and field observations. Findings indicated that students’ participatory learning varied with regard to discussion, reading, and writing; changed as the activity and context changed; and embodied a “dialogic spirit” for acquiring a disciplinary discourse at the doctoral level. The discussion of these findings provides insights for university faculty to better understand the nature of participatory learning at the doctoral level.
Lesions of the suprapatellar plica.

1. In 78 per cent. of adult knees, a suprapatellar synovial plica exists, representing the fusion of the suprapatellar bursa with the knee joint.2. In pneumo-arthrograms the density of the suprapatellar plica serves as an index of synovial reaction, and is of value in prognosis.3. Fibrosis, hyaliniz
FENS OF THE UNITED STATES: DISTRIBUTION, CHARACTERISTICS, AND SCIENTIFIC CONNECTION VERSUS LEGAL ISOLATION

The term fen has been variously used by peatland ecologists, ground-water hydrologists, and vegetation scientists. The common denominator among all types of fens is recognition of the importance of ground-water discharge, especially mineral-rich ground water, in determining fen hydrology, chemistry, and vegetation, in contrast to wetlands whose characteristics are determined primarily by precipitation or surface-water inputs. Thus, fens tend to occur where climate and hydrogeologic setting sustain flows to the planrooting zone of mineral-rich ground water. In the United States, these areas include the glaciated Midwest and Northeast, as well as portions of the Appalachian Mountains and mountainous West. Individually and collectively, fens are among the most floristically diverse of all wetland types, supporting a large number of rare and uncommon bryophytes and vascular plant species, as well as uncommon animals including mammals, reptiles, land snails, butterflies, skippers, and dragonflies. Several species listed under the federal Endangered Species Act inhabit or use fens. Fens also help maintain stream water quality through denitrification and phosphorus sorption. Few estimates of loss and current extent exist, but where estimates are available, they indicate extensive loss, fragmentation, and degradation. Cultural eutrophication threatens the biological and functional integrity of remaining fens because, along with mineral-rich water, low availability of nitrogen and phosphorus controls many of their distinctive characteristics. Because they occur where ground water discharges to the surface, fens are isolated from neither ground water nor surface water. However, the majority of fens develop in headwater areas and could be defined as “isolated” for jurisdictional purposes because of their distance from navigable-in-fact waters. If so defined, the critical roles that fens play in maintaining biological diversity and stream water quality are at risk regarding federal jurisdiction over “isolated waters” because of the 2001 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in the case of Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Distinct profiles of functional discrimination among G proteins determine the actions of G protein–coupled receptors

Members of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor (GPCR) family play key roles in many physiological functions and are extensively exploited pharmacologically to treat diseases. Many of the diverse effects of individual GPCRs on cellular physiology are transduced by heterotrimeric G proteins, which are composed of α, β, and γ subunits. GPCRs interact with and stimulate the binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to the α subunit to initiate signaling. Mammalian genomes encode 16 different G protein α subunits, each one of which has distinct properties. We developed a single-platform, optical strategy to monitor G protein activation in live cells. With this system, we profiled the coupling ability of individual GPCRs for different α subunits, simultaneously quantifying the magnitude of the signal and the rates at which the receptors activated the G proteins. We found that individual receptors engaged multiple G proteins with varying efficacy and kinetics, generating fingerprint-like profiles. Different classes of GPCR ligands, including full and partial agonists, allosteric modulators, and antagonists, distinctly affected these fingerprints to functionally bias GPCR signaling. Finally, we showed that intracellular signaling modulators further altered the G protein-coupling profiles of GPCRs, which suggests that their differential abundance may alter signaling outcomes in a cell-specific manner. These observations suggest that the diversity of the effects of GPCRs on cellular physiology may be determined by their differential engagement of multiple G proteins, coupling to which produces signals with varying signal magnitudes and activation kinetics, properties that may be exploited pharmacologically.
The Equatorial Energy Balance, ITCZ Position, and Double-ITCZ Bifurcations

The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) migrates north–south on seasonal and longer time scales. Previous studies have shown that the zonal-mean ITCZ displacement off the equator is negatively correlated with the energy flux across the equator; when the ITCZ lies in the Northern Hemisphere, energy flows southward across the equator, and vice versa. The hemisphere that exports energy across the equator is the hemisphere with more net energy input, and it is usually the warmer hemisphere. But states with a double ITCZ straddling the equator also occur, for example, seasonally over the eastern Pacific and frequently in climate models. Here it is shown how the ITCZ position is connected to the energy balance near the equator in a broad range of circumstances, including states with single and double ITCZs. Taylor expansion of the variation of the meridional energy flux around the equator leads to the conclusion that for large positive net energy input into the equatorial atmosphere, the ITCZ position depends linearly on the cross-equatorial energy flux. For small positive equatorial net energy input, the dependence of the ITCZ position on the cross-equatorial energy flux weakens to the third root. When the equatorial net energy input or its curvature become negative, a bifurcation to double-ITCZ states occurs. Simulations with an idealized aquaplanet general circulation model (GCM) confirm the quantitative adequacy of these relations. The results provide a framework for assessing and understanding causes of common climate model biases and for interpreting tropical precipitation changes, such as those evident in records of climates of the past.
Malignant Central Airway Obstruction

Central airway obstruction by malignancy usually occurs in situations where there is greater than 50 % obstruction of one of the main stem bronchi, trachea, or bronchus intermedius. Approximately 1/3 of patients with lung cancer present with obstruction. The general approach to these patients is first to stabilize them clinically, then consider the cause. Depending on the etiology and location of the tumor resulting in the obstruction, the management may include debulking techniques and/or airway stenting. The decision regarding the most appropriate therapeutic intervention is based upon review of the diagnostic imaging, the endoscopic appearance, and the responsiveness of the tumor to other therapeutic modalities including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. If the patient and the medical conditions are such that the patient is deemed an appropriate candidate for endoscopic management, then the general approach includes devitalizing the tumor followed by debridement, hemostasis of the tumor base, and then consideration of stent.
"Seeing Sam": The Know Nothing Episode in Harrisburg

/ / ?*\ am" first came to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in * * ^^^ June 1854, when six residents of the town organized an ^J encampment of the "Guard of Liberty."1 The secret society stage of the nativist "Know Nothing" movement was peaking that summer all along the eastern seaboard, and newspapers reported that one community after another had "seen Sam." The expression meant that people in those places had become aware of the alleged threat that immigrants and Catholics posed to "Uncle Sam."2 An uncoded minutes book of the Harrisburg group, that among other things lists members by name, has been preserved. Information from that source, supplemented with data from computerized federal man uscript census schedules for Harrisburg, town tax records, and exten sive newspaper files for the community, offers a rare glimpse behind the scenes of the mysterious movement at the local level.3
Firm capabilities and growth: the moderating role of market conditions

Past research on organizational capabilities has mainly focused on the impact of individual capabilities (e.g., marketing, RD (2) how external boundary conditions (market munificence and complexity) influence the interactive effects (complementarity vs. substitution) of these capabilities. The results suggest that R&D (operations) capabilities positively (negatively) reinforce the effects of marketing capabilities on firm growth and that such effects vary across different market conditions. Researchers and managers can gain insights from this study regarding how to manage and deploy multiple resources and capabilities simultaneously under different market conditions to drive firm growth.
New EOS Imaging Protocol Allows a Substantial Reduction in Radiation Exposure for Scoliosis Patients.

Abstract Study Design Prospective. Objective To evaluate the reliability of three-dimensional (3D) spinal models from Micro Dose EOS x-rays compared to standard, Low Dose EOS x-rays utilized for evaluating patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Summary of Background Data There is a strong suggestion that radiation exposure to scoliosis patients can be further reduced. Methods Sixty AIS patients who received biplanar, posteroanterior, and lateral standard Low Dose spine x-rays in our EOS imaging unit (∼0.33 mGy) as part of routine care also underwent an additional set of new reduced “Micro Dose” EOS x-rays (∼0.05 mGy) using a recently developed protocol. Two measurers created 3D models of the images using sterEOS software (Low Dose x2, Micro Dose x2). From this 3D modeling software, coronal Cobb angles, sagittal (T1–T12, T4–T12, L1–L5, L1–S1), and apical axial rotation measurements were obtained. Intraclass correlations (ICCs) and standard error of measurement (upper bound of 95% confidence interval) for the differences between Low Dose and Micro Dose measurements were compared. Interrater reliability was assessed on standard two-dimensional (2D) radiographic measurements. Results The ICCs were rated as “substantial” to “almost perfect” for Low Dose 3D, Micro Dose 3D, and 2D measures (range 0.78–0.99). The calculated measurement error was not significantly different between groups except for intrarater error on 3D L1–L5 lordosis (2.9° Micro Dose vs. 2.2°, p = .04), interrater 3D rotation of the lumbar apex (2.6° Micro Dose vs. 1.7°, p = .03), and 2D T12–sacrum lordosis (4.6° Micro Dose vs. 3.4°, p = .04). Conclusions Although statistically significant differences in average measurement error were observed in lordosis and lumbar apex rotation, these differences are not believed to be clinically significant. The Micro Dose images have slightly less clarity qualitatively, yet the critical 2D and 3D measures of the curvature were reliably measured with error of measurement comparable to standard radiologic techniques. Level of Evidence Level I, Diagnostic.
Substrate-Voltage Modulation of Currents in Symmetric SOI Lateral Bipolar Transistors

The modulation of the currents in a symmetric Semiconductor-on-Insulator (SOI) lateral bipolar transistor with a voltage applied to the SOI substrate is studied. For an n-p-n transistor, a positive substrate bias could greatly increase the collector current, especially at low $V_{\mathrm{ BE}}$ values, while having relatively little effect on the base current. Similarly, a negative substrate bias could greatly increase the collector current of a p-n-p transistor. The physical mechanisms responsible for the modulation effects are discussed. The potential of using substrate bias to enhance the performance of symmetric SOI lateral bipolar circuits is briefly discussed.
Methods of Reducing the Antibacterial Use Density in the Obstetric Department of Our Hospital

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for reducing the antibacterial use density(AUD) in the obstetric department of medical institutions.METHODS:It was statistically analyzed that the number of obstetric discharged patients,average hospital stay,prophylactic application of antibiotics in obstetric delivery patients and the amount of antibiotics from information center of our hospital during Nov.2010 to Mar.2011(before intervention) and Apr.2011 to Aug.2011(after intervention).Taking DDD as the unit,AUD of antibiotics were calculated by the value of DDDs/100 persons/day.RESULTS:Before and after intervention,the number of prophylactic application of antibiotics in obstetric delivery patients were 91.13% and 92.78% of total number,the rates of prophylactic application of antibiotics in cesarean delivery patients were 92.15% and 92.07%,the courses of vaginal delivery patients were 1.91 days and 1.93 days.The course of cesarean delivery patients was 1.91 days and prophylactic application rate of antibiotics in vaginal delivery patients was 66.41% after intervention,which was significantly lower than 2.91 days and 96.92% before intervention(P0.05).The AUD were 77 DDDs/100 persons /day and 53 DDDs/100 persons /day before and after intervention,in decreasing tendency month by month.The AUD of the second-generation cephalosporin was the highest.CONCLUSION:It could reduce the AUD of antibiotics in obstetric department that the course of cesarean delivery patients has been shortened and the rate of prophylactic application of antibiotics in vaginal delivery patients has been reduced.There is unreasonable choice of prophylactic antibiotics in the obstetric delivery patients.It is necessary to strengthen the management of antibiotics use.
Patterns,problems,and development trends of analysis methods for slope dynamic reliability

The evolution of slope reliability research from statics to even more universal dynamics is an inevitable result of its development.At present,the research on dynamic reliability of slope is in its infancy,and the available evaluation theory and methods are evolved from the static reliability theoretical system of slope.Based on the analysis of the theoretical framework of a reliability problem,the methods of static reliability analysis are divided into six nested modes,four of which are compatible with the dynamic reliability problems.This paper clarifies the significance of the high-performance computing in reliability analysis.A quantitative study of the efficiency of the algorithm is achieved based on the theory of computational complexity.The time complexities of these six modes are proposed under static and dynamic conditions.Based on the statistical analysis of 46 SCI-E citations within 2000-2012,the problems of present slope dynamic reliability research are summarized into three aspects: ① The consideration of uncertainty is inadequate.② The controversy regarding slope system reliability methods has a significant effect on the dynamic field.③ Computational efficiency has become one of the technical bottlenecks of restricting the further study of dynamic reliability.Correspondingly,the future development trend can be summarized as follows: ① Consideration of uncertainty will trend to more comprehensive and in-depth methodology.The use of random field theory to characterize the spatial variability of mechanical properties of the rock and soil will gradually be given more serious attention.In addition,the fuzziness and randomness will receive in-depth integration.② Addressing the controversy issue of slope system reliability methods,a strong proof of theory is desired.In future practice,more precise and more complicated approaches as well as the emerging swarm intelligence optimization algorithms will be widely used.③ For the issue of computational efficiency for dynamic reliability analysis,the embedded mode that combines response surface method and Monte Carlo simulation method has an excellent prospect of developing.By using the appropriate and excellent algorithms from nonlinear disciplines as a high-efficiency surrogate for the response surface,the development of the slope dynamic reliability research will be greatly promoted.
Posttransplantation management of the newborn and the immunosuppressive role of prostaglandin E1.

Prostaglandin (PGE1) is used routinely in newborn infants with heart lesions to maintain patency of the ductus arteriosus. PGE1 has also been shown to have immunosuppressive effects. We used PGE1 postoperatively in 10 consecutively transplanted infants and prospectively assessed the frequency and severity of rejection episodes for 1 year after heart transplantation compared with the 10 consecutive, most recently transplanted infants who had not received PGE1 after transplantation. The PGE1-treated group was older (30 +/- 16 days) compared with 17 +/- 9 days for control subjects at the time of transplantation (mean +/- SD, p 0.05) or other modes of therapy. There was no correlation between the degree of tissue match and the incidence or severity of rejection. The diagnosis of rejection was based on clinical suspicion, supported by electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes, and confirmed by a positive response to antirejection therapy and/or biopsy. Rejection was scored 0 through 3 according to severity. Rejection was significantly less severe and less frequent in the (PGE1) group by Fisher's exact test (p = 0.002). We conclude that posttransplantation treatment with PGE1 may have a role in preventing and suppressing the rejection process in infants receiving allograft orthotopic heart transplantation.
The Mechanism of Rapid Running in the Ghost Crab, Ocypode Ceratophthalma

1. Ocypode ceratophthalma has a maximum speed of 2.1 m/sec when running on a measured track with a base of hard-packed sand. Speed increases linearly with the width of the carapace up to a certain size, beyond which larger crabs run slower than smaller ones. 2. The crab does not run at these high speeds by making extremely rapid movements as these data seemed to require. The highest frequency of leg movements observed was 20 Hz. 3. Electromyographs of muscles used in running, made from the freely running, intact crab, showed asymmetry in the motoneurone discharges. Extensors and flexors in the meropodites of legs on the leading side frequently showed only a maintained tonus and could not have contributed to the running movements. Those on the trailing side showed alternation synchronous with stepping. 4. It is concluded that the crab mainly pushes itself along rather than using a push-pull combination. 5. Three pairs of legs are commonly used in running. Legs 2 and 4 of one side move together with leg 3 of the opposite side and provide a tripod of support. At the highest speeds only legs 2 and 3 of one side are used to provide thrust alternately. 6. The high speed is achieved by the crab leaping through the air as it steps, thereby increasing the effective length of the steps.
Vacation Queueing Models of Service Systems Subject to Failure and Repair

We consider a queueing system that can randomly fail either when it is idle or while serving a customer. The system can be modeled by a vacation queueing system since it cannot serve customers when it is down; that is, the server is on a forced vacation when the system fails. We provide the availability and performance analysis of this system in this chapter.
Complex Community Interactions

Communities are characterized by a complex interplay among abiotic factors and interactions among many species. Community ecology is beset with difficulties in making predictions and is prone to numerous “hot topics” that have ended up as false leads in the quest to understand patterns and processes in complex groups of interacting organisms. There are some strong generalizations that can be made about aquatic communities. Generalizations can be made about temporal (e.g., time of recovery since disturbance) and spatial (e.g., landscape ecology) patterns in aquatic ecosystems. Disturbance is an important ecological process. It is the best documented form of disturbance in aquatic ecosystems is river flooding. This is a natural part of the ecosystem, and river restoration projects are beginning to consider this aspect of aquatic ecosystem dynamics.
Asymmetric Dearomatization via Cycloaddition Reaction

This chapter covers recent advances in catalytic, asymmetric dearomatization reactions that proceed by cycloaddition. Despite its high stability, which renders it challenging to dearomatize via cycloaddition, Buchner and coworkers discovered the cyclopropanation of benzene in 1896. The unique chemistry of indoles, which possesses reactivity analogous to enamines but are hydrolytically stable, has resulted in their extensive use in the development of cycloaddition and formal cycloaddition reactions. Donor-acceptor cyclopropanes have also been explored as dipoles in asymmetric [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. Few examples of asymmetric dearomatization via [3 + 3] cycloaddition reactions have been reported in the literature. Metal-catalyzed carbenoid cyclopropanation has also been explored in heterocyclic arenes. Reiser and coworkers reported Cu/chiral bis(oxazoline)-catalyzed [2 + 1] enantioselective cycloadditions between acceptor-substituted carbenoids (diazoacetates 19 and 23) and furans 18 or W-Boc-pyrrole 22. Over the past three decades, significant progress has been made in the development of new, catalytic asymmetric cycloaddition reactions of arenes.
Effects of model complexity and priors on estimation using sequential importance sampling/resampling for species conservation

Abstract We examined the effects of complexity and priors on the accuracy of models used to estimate ecological and observational processes, and to make predictions regarding population size and structure. State-space models are useful for estimating complex, unobservable population processes and making predictions about future populations based on limited data. To better understand the utility of state space models in evaluating population dynamics, we used them in a Bayesian framework and compared the accuracy of models with differing complexity, with and without informative priors using sequential importance sampling/resampling (SISR). Count data were simulated for 25 years using known parameters and observation process for each model. We used kernel smoothing to reduce the effect of particle depletion, which is common when estimating both states and parameters with SISR. Models using informative priors estimated parameter values and population size with greater accuracy than their non-informative counterparts. While the estimates of population size and trend did not suffer greatly in models using non-informative priors, the algorithm was unable to accurately estimate demographic parameters. This model framework provides reasonable estimates of population size when little to no information is available; however, when information on some vital rates is available, SISR can be used to obtain more precise estimates of population size and process. Incorporating model complexity such as that required by structured populations with stage-specific vital rates affects precision and accuracy when estimating latent population variables and predicting population dynamics. These results are important to consider when designing monitoring programs and conservation efforts requiring management of specific population segments.
Disparities between online assisted reproduction patient education for same-sex and heterosexual couples

STUDY QUESTION Does the prevalence of online education in fertility center websites differ for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) couples compared to online education for heterosexual couples? SUMMARY ANSWER This review of fertility center websites showed that the majority of websites with patient education for heterosexual couples do not have similar materials for LGBT couples. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY In order to have biologically related children, LGBT individuals or couples utilize assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Fertility clinic websites provide online education to familiarize patients with the different ART procedures; however, no studies have examined the prevalence of educational information for LGBT couples compared to information for heterosexual couples utilizing ART. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE AND DURATION This website review evaluated Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-reported fertility center websites. Websites were reviewed in 2014 using the latest 2011 CDC report, and reviewed again in 2015 with the latest 2013 CDC report. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHOD Patient education information was coded using categories determined after a sample review, and differences were analyzed with χ(2) tests, with P-values calculated with Fisher's exact test. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In 2014, 31.1% (121) of 389 websites with information for heterosexual couples also contained information for LGBT couples. In 2015, the number of fertility centers with information for LGBT couples increased by 52.9% to 185 (P < 0.001) of 407 (45.5%) fertility center websites. However, the majority of fertility clinic websites (54.5%) with information for heterosexual couples still do not include information specific to LGBT couples. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The lack of online information on fertility center websites may not directly reflect the quality of care LGBT individuals or couples receive in the clinic, and the effect of this absence of online information on the clinical experiences of LGBT patients is unknown. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These findings add to the growing body of work showing disparities in the treatment of LGBT persons compared to the overall population. To overcome these discrepancies, healthcare providers should adapt their practice to include this growing and underserved patient population. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS Funding was provided by the Medical Student Summer Research Scholarship, Barbur Khalique Foundation. There are no competing interests.
Trust in Partially Distributed Teams

Partially Distributed Teams (PDTs) are increasingly utilized as a means for inter-organizational collaboration. In a PDT, members within a subteam are collocated and communicate face-to-face and electronically, but communication between two or more geographically separated subteams occurs primarily through electronic media. A PDT has characteristics and issues unique to its hybrid structure, such as increased likelihood of in-group/out-group dynamics. Trust has been shown to be important for effectiveness. Through a quasi-experimental field study, we examine dimensions of trust and their effects on performance and satisfaction in PDTs. Results indicate that trust in PDTs has multiple dimensions which have different effects on outcomes and that early trust is distinguishable from longer term trust. This research contributes by offering a more articulated understanding of trust at different phases of a PDT’s life cycle and by identifying three distinct types of trust that play a role in the effective functioning of PDTs.
Prevalence and predictors of adherence to antiemesis prophylaxis in lung cancer: A population-based study.

6124 Background: Nausea/vomiting is a significant toxicity in the treatment of lung cancer, but barriers exist to the delivery of prophylaxis. We studied compliance and predictors of prophylactic a...
Performance of Dividend Exchange-Traded Funds during Bull and Bear Markets

This study investigates the performance of dividend exchange-traded funds (ETFs) during both bull and bear markets. The authors compare their performance to a proxy for the U.S. market as measured by the SP the portfolio marginally outperformed IVV during two bull markets (January 2004 to September 2007 and April 2009 to December 2014), but it also marginally underperformed IVV during the most recent bear market (October 2007 to March 2009), which means that dividend ETFs are more volatile than IVV. The sample period is limited because the first dividend ETF was created in late 2003. Investors in dividend ETFs, who were expecting to receive superior returns during volatile markets, would not have achieved the results that they anticipated.
Enhancement of Spatial Navigation Ability in Older Rats Following Chronic Administration of the Alpha2 Noradrenergic Antagonist Piperoxane

The noradrenergic system of the locus coeruleus has been implicated in a variety of processes including reinforcement, attention, and acquisition and retention of learned behaviors. Its dense projections, some of which are shared by the cholinergic system, provide an ideal network within which to study the cognitive impairments related to aging. The current investigation explored the effects of piperoxane, an a2 noradrenergic receptor antagonist, on the performance of 18-and 24-month-old rats in the Morris water maze and a step-down passive avoidance task. Piperoxane injections (3 mg/kg, IP) facilitated the performance of the 18-month-old animals to levels comparable to those of the 8-month-old saline controls in constant-start, novel-start, and goal rotation testing variations of the Morris water maze. With the exception of the 24-month-old saline control group, all rats displayed retention on the step-down passive-avoidance task when tested 24 hours after training.