cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Simple Regression

In previous chapters, we have had data for which there has been a dependent variable (Y ) and an independent variable (X – even though, to be consistent with the notation that is close to universal in the field of experimental design, we have been using factor names, A, B, etc., or “column factor” and “row factor,” instead of, literally, the letter X ). The latter has been treated mostly as a categorical variable, whether actually numerical/metric or not. Often, we have had more than one independent variable. Assuming only one independent variable, if we want to say it this way (and we do!), we can say that we have had n (X, Y ) pairs of data, where n is the total number of data points. With more than one independent variable, we can say that we have n (X1, X2, …, Y ) data points.
Intersectionality in the field of education: A critical look at race, gender, treatment, pay, and leadership

Race and gender are still large barriers for many professionals. These are compounded and complex issues. This article provides a review of literature on how race and gender impact the workplace. A...
Climate Variability During the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age Based on Ostracod Faunas and Shell Geochemistry from Biscayne Bay, Florida

Abstract An 800-year-long environmental history of Biscayne Bay, Florida, is reconstructed from ostracod faunal and shell geochemical (oxygen, carbon isotopes, Mg/Ca ratios) studies of sediment cores from three mudbanks in the central and southern parts of the bay. Using calibrations derived from analyses of modern Biscayne and Florida Bay ostracods, palaeosalinity oscillations associated with changes in precipitation were identified. These oscillations reflect multidecadal- and centennial-scale climate variability associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation during the late Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and the Little Ice Age (LIA). Evidence suggests wetter regional climate during the MCA and drier conditions during the LIA. In addition, twentieth century anthropogenic modifications to Everglades hydrology influenced bay circulation and/or processes controlling carbon isotopic composition.
Genetic characterization of Vitis germplasm collected from the southwestern US and Mexico to expedite Pierce’s disease-resistance breeding

Pierce’s disease (PD) limits the cultivation of Vitis vinifera grape cultivars in California, across the southern United States and into South America. Resistance has been well characterized in V. arizonica, and one resistance locus has been identified (PdR1). However, resistance is poorly characterized in most other grape species. We tested a wide range of Vitis species from the southwestern United States for resistance to PD and used nuclear and chloroplast markers to phenotypically and genetically select a diverse set of resistant accessions. Chloroplast SSR markers identified 11 maternal lineage lines within the set of 17 (14 new and three previously identified) PD resistant accessions. A total of 19 breeding populations (F1 and pseudo-BC1) were developed with the 14 PD resistant accessions, and a total of 705 seedlings were analyzed for PD resistance. Using a limited mapping approach, 12 SSR markers, linked to the PdR1 locus, were used to genotype the breeding populations and phenotypic data were analyzed. Nine accessions had a major resistance quantitative trait locus (QTL) within the genomic region containing PdR1. The phenotypic data for these three resistant accessions, ANU67, b41-13, and T03-16, did not associate with PdR1 linked markers, indicating that their resistance is located in other regions of the genome. These three accessions were identified as candidates for use in the development of framework maps with larger populations capable of detecting additional and unique loci for PD resistance breeding and the stacking of PD resistance genes.
Evolution of a Bridge Builder Outreach Activity

Many engineering outreach programs use building a bridge as a hands-on activity for multiple grade levels and audiences. South Dakota State University (SDSU) has used bridge building activities, with slight modifications for grade level and time allowed, for over 10 years in outreach at schools and campus workshops. In recent years, it has been noted that the same level of students attending these outreach events are either performing the same or a similar activity at their school or another event outside of our outreach program which has affected the effectiveness of using this activity to stimulate interest in engineering. In the last two years, modifications have been made to create a bridge builder challenge that incorporates measurement, experimentation, simulation, design, and redesign for middle and high school students. Therefore, -incorporation of design standards and performance as well as economic efficiency has been the key to linking science principles to engineering principles. Details of the activity and its implementation are discussed. Background A common goal for outreach activities is to increase the interest that participants have for math and science and, in turn, engineering. In an effort to entice more people to study engineering, outreach activities to schools and through workshops have increased in recent years 1 . One staple activity in many of these outreach activities is building a bridge. Many different bridge activities are available on-line for use in outreach or teaching 2-5 . Contests have been created to build and test balsa wood bridges and also virtual bridges, formerly known as West Point Bridge challenge 6 . The following article describes bridge building activities and anecdotal observations from 15 years of outreach workshops that have featured bridge building.
Chromatographic peak shape : III. influence of kinetics parameters on solute profiels

Abstract The eight parameters of the Chesler—Cram equation are examined in order to relate them to chromatographic processes. For this purpose Giddings' stochastic theory is used to generate peaks which are then least square fitted to the Chesler—Cram equation. The dependence of the Chesler—Cram parameters on the adsorption—desorption rate constants is observed. It is found that, while some peculiarities do exist, in general the behavior of the empirical parameters can be related to these rate constants. Moreover, the study seems to indicate that the Chesler—Cram equation can be used to extract the rate constants from experimental peaks.
Hemmnisse für den Rechtsstaat in Lateinamerika

Nachdem in den 80er Jahren die durchgehende Demokratisierung Lateinamerikas allgemein als ein groser Fortschritt in der Region begrust worden war, machte sich in den 90er Jahren bei manchen Politikwissenschaftlern (vor allem ist hier der prominente Argentinier Guillermo O’Donnell zu nennen), ein gewisses Unbehagen uber die weitere Entwicklung der noch jungen Demokratien breit. Es wurde moniert, die politische Partizipation der breiten Bevolkerung beschranke sich auf die periodischen Wahltermine, im ubrigen schalteten und walteten die politischen Entscheidungstrager nach ihrem Gutdunken. Die Prinzipien der Gewaltenteilung wurden ebensowenig respektiert wie eine strikte Trennung von Amtsgeschaften und Privatangelegenheiten. Beziehungswirtschaft und Klientelismus hatten eher zu-als abgenommen, ohne das die staatlichen Kontrollorgane dagegen einschritten. Von der Gleichheit samtlicher Burger vor dem Gesetz konne nach wie vor keine Rede sein. Ausdrucke wie delegative democracy und low intensity citizenship unterstrichen die von O’Donnell in einer Reihe von Aufsatzen durchgefuhrte Mangelanalyse (O’Donnell 1989, 1993, 1997 und 1999; vgl. auch Mansilla 1990). Diese gipfelte in dem Vorwurf, diese Staaten wiesen noch eine betrachtliche autoritare Komponente auf (O’Donnell 1993, S. 1360). Denn der Demokratiebegriff hange untrennbar mit der Einlosung rechtsstaatlicher Forderungen zusammen. Gehe es doch nicht nur darum, das die Burger ungehindert ihr Wahlrecht ausubten, sondern daruber hinaus auch von ihren zivilen Rechten Gebrauch machen und Behorden, die ihre Befugnisse misbrauchten, zur Verantwortung ziehen konnten. Doch von diesem Idealzustand seien die meisten Staaten Lateinamerikas noch weit entfernt.
Quality assurance automation in autonomous systems

Robots and autonomous systems are finding their way to interact with the public and failures in these systems could be extremely expensive, even deadly. However, low-cost software-based simulation could be a promising approach to systematically test robotics systems and prevent failures as early as possible. In our early work, we showed that the majority of bugs could actually be reproduced and discovered using low-fidelity simulation environment. We created a high-level framework for automated testing of popular ArduPilot systems. In this work, I propose novel approaches to automatically infer powerful representation of system models, and generate test suites with the purpose of enhancing automated fault localization performance and describing the root cause of failures. Finally, I propose to use those novel approaches to inform the construction of automated program repair techniques for autonomous systems.
Not all interactions are positive: testing how antagonistic interactions impact the robustness of plant-pollinator networks.

Given ongoing pollinator declines, it is important to understand the dynamics of linked extinctions of plants driven by pollinator extinctions. Topological robustness models focused on this question suggest relatively high robustness of plant species to pollinator species extinctions. Still, existing robustness models typically assume that all interactions in plant-pollinator networks are positive, which is clearly not always the case. For example, many pollinators remove floral resources with-out transferring pollen, or even damage floral structures in the case of nectar robbing. Here we in-troduce antagonistic interactions into plant-pollinator networks and assess the resilience of plant communities to pollinator species losses. Incorporating antagonistic interactions leads to lower network robustness, i.e. an increased rate of plant species loss (as compared to networks with only mutualistic interactions) in empirical plant-pollinator networks. In conjunction with extinction order, the addition of increasingly antagonistic interactions was idiosyncratic in that it did not always magnify the effects of extinction order across the three networks. These results underscore the im-portance of considering the full spectrum of interaction outcomes when assessing robustness to coextinctions in plant-pollinator networks, as well as other ecological systems.
Zn-M-CO3 Layered Double Hydroxides (M=Fe, Cr or Al): Synthesis, Characterization and Removal of Aqueous Indigo Carmine

In this approach, Zn-M +3 layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with M +3 = Fe, Cr, or Al were synthesized by the co-precipitation method from the aqueous solution at a constant solution pH. The as-synthesized samples were characterized by XRD analysis, FTIR spectra, BET techniques and simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC). XRD analysis showed that Zn-Fe-CO 3 had the greatest lattices parameters. BET surface area of Zn-Fe-CO 3 was calculated as 52.24 m 2 .g -1 and was higher than Zn-Cr-CO 3 and Zn-Al-CO 3 with 46.70 and 49.99 m 2 .g -1 , respectively. The FTIR spectra clearly confirmed the presence of carbonate anions in the structure of the LDHs. Adsorption experiments for Indigo Carmine (IC), as the main model organic pollutant in this study from aqueous solution onto synthetized samples were carried out in terms of solution pH, contact time and initial dye concentration. Experimental results indicate that the capacity of dye uptake augmented rapidly within the first 15, 40, and 55 minuts for Zn-Fe-CO 3 , Zn-Cr-CO 3 and Zn-Al-CO 3 respectively and then stayed practically the same regardless of the concentration. Adsorption kinetics studies revealed that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second order kinetics model instead of a pseudo-first-order model. The adsorption isotherm data follow the Langmuir equation in which parameters are calculated. The maximum Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities were 94.87, 21.79, and 66.71 mg.g -1 , respectively, for Zn-Fe-CO 3 , Zn-Cr-CO 3 , and Zn-Al-CO 3 . The adsorption capacities were slightly influenced by the pH variations from 5 to 10, showing the advantage of using these materials in water treatments in a wide pH range. Finally, the IC removal is proven by the presence of IC functional groups in IR spectra and thermograms. TGA/DSC of Zn-Fe-CO 3 obtained after removal of IC indicate that the LDHs stabilizes IC and delays the combustion of adsorbed molecules. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved
Metronidazole treatment of acute diarrhea in dogs: A randomized double blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial

Background Metronidazole is commonly administered to dogs with acute diarrhea, but there is limited evidence to support this practice. Objective To investigate the effects of metronidazole administration on dogs with acute nonspecific diarrhea. Animals Thirty-one dogs, including 14 test population dogs and 17 controls. Methods Randomized controlled clinical trial. Dogs with acute diarrhea in which causation was not determined by routine fecal diagnostic testing were randomly assigned to metronidazole treatment (10-15 mg/kg PO q12h for 7 days) or placebo. Fecal cultures and characterization of Clostridium perfringens isolates also were performed. Owners maintained medication and fecal scoring logs, and fecal diagnostic tests were repeated on day 7. Results The mean ± SD time to resolution of diarrhea for test population dogs (2.1 ± 1.6 days) was less than that for controls (3.6 ± 2.1 days, P = .04). Potential relationships of C. perfringens with acute diarrhea pathogenesis were not investigated, but only 3 of 13 (23.1%) test population dogs had persistent C. perfringens carriage at day 7, which was less than the 11 of 14 (78.6%) controls with persistent growth (P = .007). Conclusions and clinical importance Our results suggest that metronidazole treatment can shorten duration of diarrhea and decrease fecal culture detection of C. perfringens in some dogs with acute nonspecific diarrhea. Additional studies are needed to assess the benefits and risks of routine use of metronidazole for this purpose because most dogs achieve resolution of diarrhea within several days regardless of treatment.
The Potential Population-Level Impact of Different Gonorrhea Screening Strategies in Baltimore and San Francisco: An Exploratory Mathematical Modeling Analysis.

Background Baltimore and San Francisco represent high burden areas for gonorrhea in the United States. We explored different gonorrhea screening strategies and their comparative impact in the 2 cities. Methods We used a compartmental transmission model of gonorrhea stratified by sex, sexual orientation, age, and race/ethnicity, calibrated to city-level surveillance data for 2010 to 2017. We analyzed the benefits of 5-year interventions which improved retention in care cascade or increased screening from current levels. We also examined a 1-year outreach screening intervention of high-activity populations. Results In Baltimore, annual screening of population aged 15 to 24 years was the most efficient of the 5-year interventions with 17.9 additional screening tests (95% credible interval [CrI], 11.8-31.4) needed per infection averted while twice annual screening of the same population averted the most infections (5.4%; 95% CrI, 3.1-8.2%) overall with 25.3 (95% CrI, 19.4-33.4) tests per infection averted. In San Francisco, quarter-annual screening of all men who have sex with men was the most efficient with 16.2 additional (95% CrI, 12.5-44.5) tests needed per infection averted, and it also averted the most infections (10.8%; 95% CrI, 1.2-17.8%). Interventions that reduce loss to follow-up after diagnosis improved outcomes. Depending on the ability of a short-term outreach screening to screen populations at higher acquisition risk, such interventions can offer efficient ways to expand screening coverage. Conclusions Data on gonorrhea prevalence distribution and time trends locally would improve the analyses. More focused intervention strategies could increase the impact and efficiency of screening interventions.
Somatic mutations in intracranial arteriovenous malformations.

Background Intracranial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a common cause of primary intracerebral hemorrhage in young adults. Lesions typically are sporadic and contain somatic mutations in KRAS or BRAF. The purpose of this study was to identify somatic mutations in a cohort of participants with brain AVM and to determine if any genotype-phenotype associations exist. Methods Human brain AVM specimens (n = 16) were collected during a clinically-indicated procedure and subjected to multiplex targeted sequencing using molecular inversion probe (MIP-seq) for mutations in KRAS, BRAF, HRAS, NRAS, and MAP2K1. Endothelial cells (ECs) were separated from non-ECs by immune-affinity purification. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to confirm mutations and to screen for mutations that may have been missed by MIP-seq. Patient and AVM characteristics were recorded. Results We detected somatic mutations in 10 of 16 specimens (63%). Eight had KRAS mutations [G12D (n = 5), G12V (n = 3)] and two had BRAF mutations [V600E (n = 1), Q636X (n = 1)]. We found no difference in age, sex, presenting symptom, AVM location, or AVM size between patients with a confirmed mutation and those without. Nor did we observe differences in these features between patients with KRAS or BRAF mutations. However, two patients with BRAF mutations presented at an older age than other study participants. Conclusions Somatic mutations in KRAS and, less commonly in BRAF, are found in many but not all intracranial AVM samples. Currently, there are no obvious genotype-phenotype correlations that can be used to predict whether a somatic mutation will be detected and, if so, which gene will be mutated.
Feasibility of SARS-CoV-2 virus detection from consumer-grade cotton swabs

To control the growing COVID-19 pandemic, increased testing and containment is essential, yet clinical-grade sampling supplies are expensive and rapidly being depleted. We demonstrate the feasibility of using alternative consumer-grade swabs stored in 95% ethanol rather than viral transport media to detect SARS-CoV-2 from ten hospitalized persons and hospital rooms.
High integrin α3 expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Background We previously showed that α3β1 integrin is a novel cancer biomarker and drug target in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study characterized the integrin α3 (ITGA3) expression on patient specimens. Methods Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were prepared from archival tissue blocks containing 161 patients, which included 91 adenocarcinoma (LUAD), 46 squamous carcinomas (LUSC), and 24 other histology types. TMA sections were stained and scored for ITGA3 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests were used to compare overall survival (OS) between IHC score groups. Propensity-score-weighted Kaplan-Meier curves and weighted Cox models were used to adjust for covariate imbalance between IHC score groups. Logistic regression was used to determine ITGA3 transcriptome expression in NSCLC in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Results ITGA3 IHC expression (1+ to 3+) was detected in 107/161 (66.5%) of the NSCLC samples, and was associated with poor prognosis at the edge of significance (HR =1.30, 95% CI: 0.99-1.71, P=0.056), but significant (P<0.05) in subgroups of female patients, smokers and tumors with grade I and II differentiation using propensity-score-weighted survival analysis after adjusting for confounders. Multivariate survival analysis based on multiple imputation for missing variables showed ITGA3 expression, old age and metastasis were associated with poor prognosis (P<0.05). ITGA3 IHC expression was associated with poor prognosis in LUSC (HR =2.27, P<0.05) but not in LUAD (HR =1.49, P=0.16). Median ITGA3 expression was significantly higher in LUAD than LUSC (P<0.0001) in the TCGA transcriptome datasets. Using a higher cutoff than LUSC (70.6 vs. 19.5 FPKM), high ITGA3 RNA expression was also associated with poor prognosis in LUAD (P=0.023). ITGA3 interacted with key genes regulating epithelial to mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis in both LUAD and LUSC. Conclusions High ITGA3 IHC expression was associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC patients. Further study is warranted for targeting α3β1 integrin in NSCLC.
Development and Implementation of an Algorithm to Guide MRI Screening in Patients With a Personal History of Treated Breast Cancer.

Abstract Introduction Limited data exist to guide appropriate use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) screening in women with a personal history of breast cancer. We developed an algorithm to inform the use of MRI screening in patients with a personal history, implemented it, and evaluated initial implementation at our community and academic practice sites. Patients and Methods A multidisciplinary committee of providers developed the initial algorithm on the basis of available literature and consensus. To evaluate projected MRI utilization based on the initial algorithm and inform algorithm revision, charts of patients Results Before algorithm development, 9% (20/236) of patients received MRI screening (6 genetic mutation/family history, 4 occult primary, 8 young age/breast density, 2 unknown). Use of MRI screening was projected to increase to 25% with algorithm implementation. In postimplementation review, we identified 183 patients with a personal history of breast cancer who underwent screening MRI, with 94% algorithm adherence. Conclusion We successfully developed and implemented an algorithm to guide MRI screening in patients with a personal breast cancer history. Clinicians can use this algorithm to guide patient discussions regarding the utility of MRI screening. Further prospective study, including cancer detection rates, biopsy rate, and mortality, are necessary to confirm the algorithm’s usefulness.
Touching the Past to Remember the Past: Applying Archaeological Theory to Public Archaeology Education

Although we, as archaeologists, recognize the value in teaching nonprofessionals about our discipline and the knowledge it generates about the human condition, there are few of these specialists compared to the number of archaeologists practicing today. In this introductory article to the special section titled “Touching the Past to Learn the Past,” we suggest that, because of our unique training as anthropologists and archaeologists, each of us has the potential to contribute to public archaeology education. By remembering our archaeological theory, such as social memory, we can use the artifacts we engage with on a daily basis to bridge the disconnect between what the public hopes to gain from our interactions and what we want to teach them. In this article, we outline our perspective and present an overview of the other three articles in this section that apply this approach in their educational endeavors.
Abstract P521: Dairy Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in the Million Veteran Program

Background: Dietary habits are a major determinant of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality risk. However, data on the role of dairy intake on the risk of CVD and death has been inconsistent. ...
It Takes Two to Tango: Patients' and Providers' Perspectives in Tobacco Cessation and Head/Neck Cancer

BACKGROUND Tobacco cessation among patients with head/neck cancer continues to be challenging despite evidence that cessation improves treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study was to understand barriers/facilitators to tobacco cessation among patients with head/neck cancer and health care providers and to obtain perspectives toward the development of a patient-centered tobacco cessation intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS In-depth qualitative interviews with 10 health care providers and 21 patients with head/neck cancer (12 inpatients and 9 outpatients) who were current or former smokers. RESULTS Health was a common motivator to quit among patients. Although most patients indicated that their health care provider asked and advised them to quit, they were unaware of cessation resources. Suggestions for a tobacco cessation program included involvement of former smokers, health care provider involvement/counseling, supporting written materials, and incorporating follow-up and family support. Health care providers identified patients' anger/frustration associated with the disease, social/demographic issues, and poor quality of life as the three most frequent challenges in treating patients. Although all providers reported asking about tobacco use, 70% emphasized a lack of formal training in tobacco cessation and lack of time. Their suggestions for a cessation program included having a "quarterback" responsible for this component with support from the entire health care team and continuity between outpatient and inpatient services to promote cessation, prevent relapse, and highlight the importance of follow-up and social support. CONCLUSION There is great interest and need, both from patients and providers, for tobacco cessation services in the oncology setting tailored for patients with head/neck cancer in the context of cancer care. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Although the combination of pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral intervention is the standard evidence-based treatment for tobacco dependence, it must be adapted to meet the needs and wants of patients and providers to be effective. This study provides an in-depth examination of such needs among patients with head and neck cancer and providers in the context of cancer care. Providers and patients emphasized the need of having a trained health care provider dedicated to providing tobacco cessation through seamless integration between outpatient and inpatient services as well as follow-up with an emphasis on family involvement throughout the process.
Ethics, Values, Virtues, and Character Strengths in Mindfulness-Based Interventions: a Psychological Science Perspective

This paper comments on an article by Monteiro, Musten, and Compson (Mindfulness 6: 1-13, 2015) and a series of replies that explored the issue of ethics training for participants in contemporary mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). The perceived need for explicit ethical training stems from concerns about potentially harmful or misguided applications of secular MBIs, particularly in settings whose activities may be inconsistent with the ethics of the Buddhist traditions from which mindfulness training originates. Much of the discussion in the target article and replies focused on whether ethical foundations of mindfulness in MBIs should remain implicit or should be taught from a Buddhist perspective. The present commentary argues that psychological science provides well developed alternatives for researchers and clinicians interested in secular approaches to ethics-related issues in MBIs. The experimental psychology literature provides a strong foundation for working with personally meaningful, prosocial values in MBIs. Positive psychology provides a complementary perspective on moral virtues and character strengths that have been widely recognized across cultures. Organizational psychology and related disciplines provide empirically based perspectives on the ethical implications of mindfulness training in the workplace. An approach to ethical issues in MBIs that is firmly grounded in psychological science and suitable for secular settings is recommended.
Perceived versus actual value of product substitution flexibility: An experimental investigation

Abstract Prior literature suggests that in the presence of operational uncertainties such as uncertain demand, firms should deploy operational flexibilities. However, these flexibilities are costly to develop and a correct valuation of these capabilities is necessary to ensure that they are only deployed when the expected benefits exceed the cost. Using a set of behavioral decision-making experiments for inventory of substitutable products, we investigate how decision-makers perform when estimating the value of operational flexibility of product substitution. We found that subjects consistently overestimated the monetary value of product substitution. Furthermore, the overestimation became more acute as demand correlation increased. This behavior is not explained by risk aversion or random errors. Instead, it appears to be driven by fundamental and systematic behavioral biases when estimating the conjunctive probability of substitution. We suggest and validate a decomposition-based approach to mitigate this overestimation.
Base Pairing in RNA: Unusual Patterns

Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) consist of linear arrays of bases, some of which have the hydrogen-bonding capacity to interact with others to form base pairs. In addition to the standard Watson–Crick base pairings, RNAs have unusual base pairings that give rise to the many tertiary structures that are now known to be important for a variety of biological functions. Keywords: wobble; recognition of unusual base pairs; chemical modification of unusual base pairs; alternative ‘cloverleaf’ structures; unusual termination signals; alternative splicing
Tele-intensivists can instruct non-physicians to acquire high-quality ultrasound images.

Abstract Purpose Intensive care unit telemedicine (tele-ICU) uses audiovisual systems to remotely monitor and manage patients. Intensive care unit ultrasound can augment an otherwise limited bedside evaluation. To date, no studies have utilized tele-ICU technology to assess the quality and clinical use of real-time ultrasound images. We assessed whether tele-intensivists can instruct nonphysicians to obtain high-quality, clinically useful ultrasound images. Methods This prospective pilot evaluated the effectiveness of a brief educational session of nonphysician “ultrasonographers” on their ability to obtain ultrasound images (right internal jugular vein, bilateral lung apices and bases, cardiac subxiphoid view, bladder) with real-time tele-intensivist guidance. All ultrasound screen images were simultaneously photographed with a 2-way camera and saved on the ultrasound machine. The tele-intensivist assessed image quality, and an independent ultrasound expert rated their use in guiding clinical decisions. Results The intensivist rated the tele-ICU camera images as high quality (70/77, 91%) and suitable for guiding clinical decisions (74/77, 96%). Only bilateral lung apices demonstrated differences in quality and clinical use. All other images were rated noninferior and clinically useful. Conclusion Tele-intensivists can guide minimally trained nonphysicians to obtain high-quality, clinically useful ultrasound images. For most anatomic sites, tele-ICU images are of similar quality to those acquired directly by ultrasound.
Marital Functioning and Physical Health: Implications for Social and Personality Psychology

Marriage ‐ the most important adult relationship in most people’s lives ‐ has been theorized to affect biological processes, physical health, and mortality. This article highlights key findings in marriage and health research, focusing on the interpersonal processes through which marriage has been proposed to affect health. A model of marriage and health is presented that incorporates both main and stress-moderating effects of negative marital experiences ‐ marital strain ‐ and positive marital experiences ‐ marital strength. Although many more studies have investigated marital strain than marital strength, current evidence suggests that both have potent effects on biology and health. The article concludes with a discussion of implications of this research for social and personality psychology, focusing on insights that may be gained from basic relationship science. Examples of three areas of relationship research ‐ intimacy processes, commitment processes, and dyadic analysis ‐ and their potential relevance for marriage and health research are presented.
Primary Productivity and Growth Dynamics of the ”Brown Tide“ in Long Island Embayments

Many coastal embayments of Long Island have recently experienced algal blooms. These began in the summer of 1985 and are unprecedented in their persistence (~6 months) and density (>109 cells l-1) relative to previous summers (Lively et al., 1983; Bruno et al., 1983). These monospecific blooms were popularly called the “brown tide” due to the resulting water color. The blooms markedly reduced the extent of eelgrass (Zostera marina) beds because of increased light attenuation, and decimated populations of commercially valuable bay scallops (Argopecten irradians irradians) since the scallops were unable to graze adequately and starved to death (Cosper et al., 1987).
Effects of lecithin and corn oil on site of digestion, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep

Six Hampshire wethers with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were fed three diets in a replicated 3 X 3 latin square to compare phospholipids with triglycerides for their effects on ruminal digestion. The diets (56% concentrate, 44% bermuda-grass hay, air-dried basis) contained either no added fat (control), 5.2% soybean lecithin or 2.4% corn oil on a DM basis. All diets were isonitrogenous and both fat-supplemented diets had similar fatty acid and energy contents. Fat added to the diet, regardless of source, reduced digestibilities of DM, energy, ADF and fatty acids in the rumen but had no effect on total tract digestibility coefficients. Lecithin slightly increased (P = .06) fatty acid digestion in the hindgut compared to corn oil (91.0 and 87.0%, respectively). Both fat sources decreased (P less than .01) ruminal ammonia concentration and increased (P less than .10) N flow to the duodenum. Added fat also reduced ruminal (P less than .01) and total tract (P less than .05) N digestibilities. Microbial N flow to the hindgut was not affected by diet, but adding fat increased (P less than .06) true efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. Overall, phospholipids from soybean lecithin inhibited ruminal fermentation similarly to triglycerides from corn oil. Despite ruminal degradation of lecithin by microbial phospholipases as shown in other studies, feeding lecithin tended to increase fatty acid digestion in the hindgut.
Network Neutrality and Its Potential Impact on Next Generation Networks

This paper will examine the network neutrality debate with an eye toward assessing how the Internet will evolve as a major platform for content access and distribution. The paper accepts as necessary and proper many types of price and quality of service discrimination, but also identifies other types of potentially hidden and harmful discrimination. The paper concludes with an identification of best practices in "good" discrimination that should satisfy most network neutrality goals without creating disincentives that might dissuade ISPs from building the infrastructure needed distribution of high bandwidth consuming content such as full motion video.
Self-esteem Moderates the Effects of Daily Rejection on Health and Well-being

A daily diary methodology was used to investigate the effects of rejection on daily health and well-being as well as the moderating role of self-esteem. Participants completed an online diary for two weeks, reporting on rejection, mental well-being/resources, risky health behaviors, and health-related outcomes. Overall, daily rejection was associated with decreases in mental well-being/resources but not with health behaviors or health-related outcomes. Additionally, self-esteem played an important moderating role. On high rejection days low self-esteem individuals were more likely to engage in risky health behaviors, and on the day following a high rejection day they reported decrements in health and well-being. Discussion centers on possible self-regulatory explanations for these findings and implications for the health of individuals with low self-esteem.
Quantum effects in the quark-antiquark potential due to instantons

Abstract The effects of instantons on the static quark potential are investigated beyond leading order in g2. Qualitative results are obtained in two limits of interest: large and small quark-antiquark separation. The results have some bearing on both phenomenology and the question of quark confinement.
Generation of spectral holes by inserting central structurally chiral layer defects in periodic structurally chiral materials

The insertion of a structurally chiral layer defect between two identical chiral mirrors, made of periodic structurally chiral materials such as chiral liquid crystals and chiral sculptured thin films, generates two different types of spectral holes, depending on the thicknesses of the chiral mirrors and the central layer defect.
Determination of sulfur forms in natural fuel materials by atomic absorption spectrometry of barium

Abstract Forms of sulfur are converted seriatim to barium sulfate which is metathesized to barium carbonate, dissolved, and quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. Sulfate is extracted with perchloric acid. Pyritic sulfur is converted by lithium aluminum hydride to hydrogen sulfide which is oxidized with alkaline hydrogen peroxide. Organic sulfur is completely oxidized by using the “liquid fire” reaction. Application of these methods to synthetic samples carefully treated to insure homogeneity resulted in average relative standard deviations of 3.0, 2.7, and 3.2% for suffate, pyrite, and organic sulfur, respectively. Average absolute errors were less than 0.04% S for the determination of each sulfur form.
Multichannel nonlinear scattering for nonintegrable equations II. The case of anisotropic potentials and data

Abstract The nonlinear scattering and stability results of Soffer and Weinstein ( Comm. Math. Phys. (1990) ) are extended to the case of anisotropic potentials and data. The range of nonlinearities for which the theory is shown to be valid is also extended Considerably.
Effect of age on methylphenidate-induced conditioned taste avoidance and related BDNF/TrkB signaling in the insular cortex of the rat

Drug use and abuse is thought to be a function of the balance between its rewarding and aversive effects, such that the rewarding effects increase the likelihood of use while the drug’s dissociable aversive effects limit it. Adolescents exhibit a shift in this balance toward reward, which may ultimately lead to increased use. Importantly, recent work shows that adolescents are also protected from the aversive effects of many abusable drugs as measured by conditioned taste avoidance (CTA). However, such effects of methylphenidate (MPH, widely prescribed to adolescents with ADHD) have not been characterized. The effect of age on MPH-induced CTA was assessed. In addition, MPH-induced changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) activity in the insular cortex (IC) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), known to be important to CTA, were examined and related to CTAs in adolescents and adults. CTAs induced by MPH (0, 10, 18, and 32 mg/kg) were assessed in adolescent (n = 34) and adult (n = 33) male Sprague Dawley rats. Following MPH CTA, IC and CeA tissue was probed for differences in BDNF and tropomyosin-related kinase receptor-B (TrkB) using Western blots. Blunted expression of MPH CTA was observed in the adolescents versus adults, which correlated with generally attenuated adolescent BDNF/TrkB activity in the IC, but the drug effects ran contrary to the expression of CTA. Adolescents are protected from the aversive effects of MPH versus adults, but further work is needed to characterize the possible involvement of BDNF/TrkB.
Broken gears in the avian molecular clock: new phylogenetic analyses support stem galliform status for Gallinuloides wyomingensis and rallid affinities for Amitabha urbsinterdictensis

Galliformes (landfowl) have been the focus of numerous divergence dating studies that seek a refined understanding of the early radiation of living birds. The Eocene fossil birds Amitabha urbsinterdictensis (Bridger Formation) and Gallinuloides wyomingensis (Green River Formation) have been used extensively in studies dealing with the timing of evolution in crown Galliformes. Divergence estimates from studies incorporating these fossils as calibration points suggest that multiple galliform lineages radiated in the Cretaceous and survived the Cretaceous–Tertiary mass extinction. However, the phylogenetic position of both fossils has been disputed, particularly with regard to crown or stem status. In order to resolve this debate, a new study of A. urbsinterdictensis and G. wyomingensis was undertaken. Further preparation and re-examination of the A. urbsinterdictensis holotype indicates this fossil falls outside both crown and stem Galliformes, and reveals evidence for a relationship with Rallidae (rails). In order to reassess the status of G. wyomingensis, a matrix of 120 morphological characters was constructed by revising and expanding on previous studies. Phylogenetic analyses using this matrix place G. wyomingensis basal to all crown Galliformes. Stem placement of G. wyomingensis is retained and resolution is improved in combined analyses incorporating sequence data from cytochrome b, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2, mitochondrial control region, 12S rDNA, and nuclear ovomucoid intron G. All evidence indicates that A. urbsinterdictensis and G. wyomingensis are inappropriate internal calibration points for Galliformes and may have contributed to overestimation of divergence event ages. Though stem galliforms existed in the Cretaceous, the divergence of crown lineages in the Cretaceous remains inconclusively demonstrated. Because few galliform fossils have been evaluated phylogenetically, further investigations into the tempo of galliform evolution must await identification of proper fossil calibration points. © The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
Paleo-oceanographic utility of oxygen isotopic measurements on planktic foraminifera: Indian Ocean core-top evidence

Abstract Isotopic analyses have been performed on narrow size ranges of seven species of planktic foraminifera picked from 43 core-top locations in the Indian Ocean. Comparison of observed δ 18O for each species with calculated profiles of equilibrium δ 18O at each location yield three distinct depth habitat preferences. For surface-dwelling species, Globigerinoides ruber and Globigerina bulloides, observed oxygen isotopic compositions are in close agreement with the seasonal range of calculated δ 18O for calcite precipitated in surface waters. Observed δ 18O values for Orbulina universa, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata are consistently enriched relative to calculated δ 18O for surface conditions. In the northern Indian Ocean, test precipitation for O. universa, N. dutertrei, and P. obliquiloculata occurs over a narrow range of temperature (22°C–24°C), with no systematic relationship with sea-water σt. In contrast, Globorotalia inflata and G. truncatulinoides observed δ 18O apparently reflect temperature and salinity variation along the 26.8 σt isopycnal.
Immunocytochemical Localization of Glucose Transporter-2 (GLUT-2) in Pancreatic Islets and Islet Cell Tumors.

Glucose is a major metabolic fuel in mammals and is transported into organs and cells by a facilitated diffusion which involves binding of glucose to glucose transporters (GLUTs). Among several GLUTs so far indentified, GLUT-2 is specifically localized immunocytochemically in beta-islet cells. Using immunocytochemical staining, normal pancreases and 27 cases of islet cell tumors, including insulinomas, gastrinomas, glucagonomas, pancreatic polypeptide-omas (PPomas), and a nonfunctioning islet cells tumor, were systematically stained for four different pancreatic hormones, gastrin, and GLUT-2. GLUT-2 staining in beta-islet cells was more diffuse than that of insulin immunostaining, and corresponded with the positive staining in the lateral segments of beta-cell plasma membrane, that faced adjacent beta-cells. Glucagon, somatostatin (SRIF) and PP cells stained weakly for GLUT-2, weaker than that of beta-cells. Some nonbeta cells, especially extra-islet PP cells were not stained for GLUT-2. Among islet cell tumors, insulinomas stained less strongly for GLUT-2 than normal beta-cells from the adjacent normal pancreas. Gastrinomas, glucagonomas, and PPomas stained weaker than insulinomas. Even nonfunctioning islet cell tumors were weakly stained for GLUT-2. The positive staining for GLUT-2 observed for islets cells and all islet tumors is consistent with the notion that all pancreatic islet cells and islet cell tumors utilize glucose as a major fuel, requiring transporter-facilitated diffusion of glucose into the cells of normal organ and their tumors.
Modeling of Thermal Stresses in Joining Two Layers with Multi- and Graded Interlayers

The technique of introducing interlayers has been used extensively to mitigate residual thermal stresses in joining dissimilar materials. Finite-element analyses have often been used to quantify thermal stresses in these layered structures in case-by-case studies. Recently, simple analytical models containing only three unknowns have been developed to derive closed-form solutions for elastic thermal stresses in both multilayer systems and two layers joined by a graded junction. The analytical solutions are exact for locations away from the free edges of the system. Application of these solutions is shown here to provide a systematic study of thermal stresses in Si3N4 and Al2O3 layers joined by various sialon polytypoid-based multi- and graded interlayers. The effects of the thickness, stiffness, and coefficient of thermal expansion of the interlayer on thermal stresses in the system are examined. The differences in thermal stresses resulting from multi- and graded interlayers are shown.
Banding of sulfur and sulfuric acid in soil in which iron‐inefficient plants were grown

Abstract Iron‐inefficient soybeans (Glycine max L. cultivar PI54619–5–1) were grown in a glasshouse in calcareous Hacienda loam soil with S and H2SO4 sufficient to neutralize the CaCO3 and mixed throughout the soil. They were also applied in the lower one‐half of the soil in the pots. The H2SO4 regardless of how it was placed increased Fe uptake, but the S was much less effective. Both S and H2SO4 increased Mn uptake, but the S did not increase Al uptake while the H2SO4 increased it considerably. Sulfur and a commercial form of Fe oxide were mixed singly and together in a band in the middle of pots of soil in which were grown Fe‐inefficient rice (Oryza sativa L. cultivar Norin 8), corn (Zea mays L. Ys1 /Ys1 inbred), soybeans, and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cultivar Combine Kafir 60). Each of the five species responded differently. Rice responded only slightly to the Fe2O3 and considerably to the S. Corn responded somewhat to the Fe2O3, but was injured by Zn toxicity with the S application which seemed no...
A comparison of dilute aqueous p-toluenesulfonic and sulfuric acid pretreatments and saccharification of corn stover at moderate temperatures and pressures.

Abstract Single step pretreatment–saccharification of corn stover was investigated in aqueous p -toluenesulfonic and sulfuric acid media. Dilute aqueous solution of p -toluenesulfonic acid was a better catalyst than aqueous sulfuric acid of the same H + ion concentration for single step pretreatment–saccharification of corn stover at moderate temperatures and pressures. For example, 100 mg corn stover heated at 150 °C for 1 h in 0.100 M H + aqueous sulfuric acid produced 64 μmol of total reducing sugars (TRS), whereas the sample heated in 0.100 M H + p -toluenesulfonic acid produced 165 μmol of TRS under identical conditions. Glucose yield showed a similar trend, as aq. sulfuric acid and p -toluene sulfonic acid media produced 29 and 35 μmol of glucose respectively after 2.5 h. Higher catalytic activity of p -toluenesulfonic acid may be due to an interaction with biomass, supported by repulsion of hydrophobic tolyl group by the aqueous phase.