cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Precision Digital Image Correlation for Investigation of Fluid-Structure Interactions in a Shock Tube

Background: Structural response measurements are challenging in aerodynamic testing environments due to high-speed requirements, facility vibrations, and the desire for non-intrusive measurements. Objective: This study uses stereo digital image correlation (DIC) to investigate the response of a jointed beam under aerodynamic loading in a shock tube. Methods: The incident shock subjects the beam to an impulsive frontal load followed by periodic transverse loading from vortex shedding. Several considerations necessary to realize high-precision are addressed: first, a hybrid stereo camera calibration accounted for tangential distortions when imaging through thick windows. Second, a measurement bias from Xenon flash-lamp light sources was identified and removed using laser illumination. Third, facility motion was mitigated by vibration isolation and appropriate signal filtering. Finally, aero-optical distortions from turbulence were removed using a low-order reconstruction. Results: The resulting displacement data has a noise floor of approximately ± 1 μm at 20 kHz sampling rate. The reduction of primary noise sources allows a transient structural response on the order of 10–40 μm to be quantified. The highest vibrations occurred when the vortex shedding frequency matched the beam’s natural frequency. Conclusion: the noise reduction techniques described allow for structural measurements requiring high-precision, non-intrusive displacement data to be performed in aerodynamic environments.
Small-angle X-ray scattering experiments of monodisperse intrinsically disordered protein samples close to the solubility limit.

Abstract The condensation of biomolecules into biomolecular condensates via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a ubiquitous mechanism that drives cellular organization. To enable these functions, biomolecules have evolved to drive LLPS and facilitate partitioning into biomolecular condensates. Determining the molecular features of proteins that encode LLPS will provide critical insights into a plethora of biological processes. Problematically, probing biomolecular dense phases directly is often technologically difficult or impossible. By capitalizing on the symmetry between the conformational behavior of biomolecules in dilute solution and dense phases, it is possible to infer details critical to phase separation by precise measurements of the dilute phase thus circumventing complicated characterization of dense phases. The symmetry between dilute and dense phases is found in the size and shape of the conformational ensemble of a biomolecule—parameters that small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is ideally suited to probe. Recent technological advances have made it possible to accurately characterize samples of intrinsically disordered protein regions at low enough concentration to avoid interference from intermolecular attraction, oligomerization or aggregation, all of which were previously roadblocks to characterizing self-assembling proteins. Herein, we describe the pitfalls inherent to measuring such samples, the experimental details required for circumventing these issues and analysis methods that place the results of SAXS measurements into the theoretical framework of LLPS.
Experimentally Manipulated Low Social Status and Food Insecurity Alter Eating Behavior Among Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE This randomized trial experimentally manipulated social status to assess effects on acute eating behavior and 24-hour energy balance. METHODS Participants (n = 133 Hispanics; age 15-21 years; 60.2% females) were randomized to low social status ("LOW") or high social status ("HIGH") conditions in a rigged game of Monopoly (Hasbro, Inc.). Acute energy intake in a lunchtime meal was measured by food scales. Twenty-four-hour energy balance was assessed via summation of resting metabolic rate (metabolic cart), physical activity energy expenditure (accelerometer), thermic effect of food, and subtraction of twenty-four-hour energy intake (food diary). RESULTS In the total sample, no significant differences were observed by study condition at lunchtime. LOW females consumed a greater percent of lunchtime daily energy needs (37.5%) relative to HIGH females (34.3%); however, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.291). In males, however, LOW consumed significantly less (36.5%) of their daily energy needs relative to HIGH males (45.8%; P = 0.001). For 24-hour energy balance, sex differences were nearly significant (P = 0.057; LOW females: surplus +200 kcal; HIGH males: surplus +445 kcal). Food-insecure individuals consumed a nearly significant greater lunchtime percent daily energy than those with food security (40.7% vs. 36.3%; P = 0.0797). CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate differential acute and 24-hour eating behavior responses between Hispanic male and female adolescents in experimentally manipulated conditions of low social status.
Prominent Auditory Hallucinations in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Associated with a MAPT Mutation (P3.1-006)

Objective: To report prominent auditory hallucinations in the context of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Background: Hallucinations are rare in sporadic and familial FTD, and when present, these are almost always associated with the C9orf72 hexanucleotide expansion and not mutations in MAPT. Design/Methods: Case Report Results: The patient is a right-handed woman who had a mutation in MAPT identified clinically when she was asymptomatic. She has numerous relatives with bvFTD but none experienced hallucinations of any kind. Mild executive and language dysfunction began in her late 40s along with recurrent auditory hallucinations. She perceived three distinct external voices who made threats against her and her family, often stating that they or others will cause harm to her children or grandchildren. She was fearful of leaving her home, stopped working, and had difficulty sleeping and trouble interacting with others in social situations. She did not have any other delusions, paranoid thoughts or mood changes, and maintained insight about the hallucinations. Olanzapine initially improved her symptoms dramatically, but was changed to quetiapine and risperidone. She has been maintained on these two antipsychotic agents over 2 years. The voices continue to be perceived almost daily but are minimally threatening. She is now dependent on others for complex ADLs, has apathy, disinhibition and ritualistic behavior, and is impaired on several neuropsychologic measures. Serial MRI of the brain shows progressive bilateral frontal and temporal atrophy with significant atrophy bilaterally in the insula. FDG-PET scan of the brain shows mild patchy hypometabolism in the bilateral frontal and temporal lobes, with severe bilateral caudate hypometabolism. Conclusions: Recurrent and persistent auditory hallucinations can occur in bvFTD. The underlying substrate for this feature is likely related to frontosubcortical neural network dysfunction, but considering that this topography is present in most bvFTD patients, the precise mechanism for auditory hallucinations in this patient is unclear. Disclosure: Dr. Widmeyer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lapid has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gavrilova has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fields has nothing to disclose. Dr. Forsberg has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kantarci has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lowe has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Bayer Schering Pharma, Piramal Life Sciences. Dr. Lowe has received research support from GE Healthcare, Siemens Molecular Imaging, AVID Radiopharmaceuticals. Dr. Boeve has received research support from Biogen.
Three-dimensional policeman: Security, sovereignty and volumetric police power:

Rather than thinking only in terms of flat cartographic surfaces, this article advances current understandings of the political geography of police power by paying close attention to both height an...
Data and Visual Displays in the Journal of Ecology 1996–2016

Scholars in scientific disciplines face unique challenges in the creation of visualizations, especially in publications that require insights derived from analyses to be visually displayed. The lit...
Overextension in Gottscheerisch (negative) imperatives: proclisis at the edge of the first phase

Gottscheerisch, a Southern Bavarian heritage grammar from Kocevje (Gottschee) in southern Slovenia, has existed in steady contact with Slovene for centuries, with arguably only negligible effects on its syntax with respect to the linear ordering of elements. An exception to this statement can be found in Gottscheerisch imperatives—in particular, negative imperatives—where this German-based dialect patterns with Slovene. Following Aboh (in The emergence of hybrid grammars: Language contact and change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), we propose that this contact-induced change is simultaneously a case of pattern and feature transmission that can be captured in a straightforward and conceptually appealing manner. Adopting a late-insertion derivational approach to morphosyntax, we show how separable prefixes (p-elements) exhibit clitic climbing-like behavior to the edge of the first (vP) phase. Finally, we sketch out an analysis of the overextension of Slovene-like (negative) imperatives in Gottscheerisch in connection with the complex nature of V2.
Quasi Real-time Contactless Physiological Sensing Using Consumer-Grade Cameras

Remote patient monitoring has only become more relevant in the current pandemic context. Contactless sensing extracts vital signs (ex. heart rate) and other physiological information from signals obtained from non-contact hardware such as video cameras. Such a technology could have a significant impact on the healthcare system by enabling a physician to remotely acquire quantitative measurements of a patient. This could help prevent sudden deterioration of patient condition, improve the efficiency and support for medical decision making and diagnostics, and reduce costs and hospitalizations. In this work, a practical and fully automatic video-based contactless monitoring framework for the evaluation of patient heart rate is presented. The framework allows the calculation of heart rate in quasi real-time and with a high accuracy, using a consumer grade laptop equipped with a usb-connected webcam. The proposed heart rate assessment algorithm combines state-of-the-art methods in video- and signal-processing for contactless sensing; to attain high accuracy predictions, an additional probabilistic formulation that improves the temporal consistency is proposed and used along with live error rejection. To validate the framework, twenty-two subjects were recorded under varying physiological states (total of 111 two-minute long videos). Heart rate predictions were compared to medical-grade sensors and showed an accuracy of $-0.17\pm 1.81$ bpm with a MAE of 0.91 bpm.
Determining Radiation Doses of Critical Normal Tissues for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) of Central Lung Tumors.

Purpose/Objective(s) While respiratory motion is included in the definition of target volumes for lung SBRT, delineation of organs at risk (OARs) and dose calculation are typically performed on average intensity projection images (AIP). This approach often misses structural detail during contouring due to motion blurring on AIP. Including respiratory motion in the dose calculation for OARs will result in more accurate dose assessment, which is necessary to establish reliable dose-effect relationships, particularly for SBRT of central lung tumors with a high risk of critical side effects. Materials/Methods For 17 centrally-located lung tumors, clinical 4DCT-based SBRT treatment plans (BED≥100 Gy in 76%) were created for both AIP and mid ventilation image (MidV, 30% breathing phase) and contour sets. Internal GTVs were produced via GTV propagation over all breathing phases. OARs were outlined on both AIP and MidV images according to RTOG 0813. Both plans were also recalculated on all 10 breathing phases and registered back deformably to the MidV to assess differences in the accumulated OAR doses over the full breathing cycle. MidV was selected over the AIP as the reference image for comparison as it does not suffer from motion blurring. Results Volumes were, on average, larger on AIP than MidV image sets for all OARs by 3-15% (P 5 Gy were observed for GV and PBT in 2/17 (12%) and for heart in 3/17 (18%) of individual plans. Superior-inferior carina motion ranged from 0.32 to 0.73 cm. No significant correlations between dose differences and carina motion were identified. Conclusion Though limited by a small sample size, this study represents a comprehensive assessment of OAR doses for SBRT planning of centrally located lung tumors including the effects of respiratory motion. We often observed only small differences in dose delivered to central OARs. However, clinically relevant differences ≥ 5 Gy were observed in individual patients for PBT, GV and heart, resulting in over- or underestimation of the actual OAR dose over the full breathing cycle when using AIP-based planning. We therefore recommend MidV image-based OAR dose assessment to develop reliable dose-effect relationships for central lung OARs. Author Disclosure D.A. Cooper: None. L. Padilla: None. A. Watson: None. K. Neiderer: None. B. Smith: None. E. Weiss: Research Grant; NIH. royalties; UpToDate.
I Was Wrong: The Collective Categorical Apology

I should warn readers who would prefer an account that treated apologies as a black and white matter that collective apologies only lay on a few more coats of gray. Corporations, governments, religions, sports teams, families, and various collections of people issue what they describe as “apologies.” Whereas most of the preceding arguments concerned apologies from individuals to individuals, we also find apologies from individuals to collectives, collectives to individuals, and collectives to collectives. Each variety presents distinct issues for consideration. From the outset, I want to make clear that I do not doubt that groups of people can categorically apologize. I do believe, however, that collective categorical apologies are even more uncommon than individual categorical apologies. We can begin by considering a relatively simple case. Recall the previous example of my failure to meet a friend for dinner because I decided at the last moment that I preferred to see a film. Now suppose that I was not alone in this transgression but that my wife and I jointly decided that we would leave our friend waiting. We later come to regret our decision and realize that we should apologize to her. We can individually satisfy each element of a categorical apology and issue it as a collective, perhaps by collaboratively drafting a letter that we both sign and discuss with our friend.
Skinfold and other Anthropometrical Measurements of Preadolescent Boys from Three Ethnic Groups

Abstract The purpose of this study was to establish percentile norms and to compare skinfold and other anthropometric measurements of 647 Italian, Jewish, and Negro preadolescent boys from the Boston, Massachusetts area. Skinfolds were measured at five sites. Other measurements included height, weight, bi-iliac diameter, and selected girths. Correlations were determined between skinfolds and selected body build components. Interskinfold r's ranged from moderate to high values. The largest percentile scores were found within the Jewish group. Analysis of variance was employed to compare the body fat, height, and weight of each group. Significant differences were found relative to certain skinfolds and weight between ethnic groups at the 1 percent level.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMATIC RETINAL DETACHMENT WITH PERFLUOROCARBON LIQUID

Background: To evaluate the effect of perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene on the outcome of traumatic retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy, a retrospective study of 111 patients was performed at 35 tertiary care centers, both private practice and institutional. We believed that perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene would assist in manipulating the retina during surgery, removing intraocular foreign bodies, draining suprachoroidal hemorrhage, and reattaching the retina because of the perfluorocarbon's high specific gravity. Methods: Of the 700 patients in the Vitreon study group, 111 with a history of trauma (109 had retinal detachment, 50 had proliferative vitreo-retinopathy) were chosen for this study. Perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene was used intraoperatively to manipulate the retina hydrokinetically, remove intraocular foreign bodies, drain suprachoroidal hemorrhage, and to reattach the retina in the case of giant tears. Results: Logistic multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors as being predictive of poor visual outcome. Factors predictive of poor visual outcome were: type of trauma (p = 0.0065) (ruptured globe); presence of giant retinal tear (p = 0.0253); and low preoperative visual acuity (p = 0.044). At the last follow-up examination, the reattachment rate was 75.6% (i.e., 84 eyes). Of those 84 eyes, 55 (49.5%) had achieved a visual acuity of ≥ 5/200 and 34 (30.6%) had a visual acuity of ≥ 20/200. In cases complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy, the final reattachment rate was 66%, with 40% of the eyes studied obtaining a visual acuity of ≥ 5/200. Conclusions: Perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene has been used intraoperatively in the management of traumatic retinal detachments without any apparent ill effects.
Contested memories : Poles and Jews during the Holocaust and its aftermath

Few issues have divided Poles and Jews more deeply than the Nazi occupation of Poland during the Second World War and the subsequent slaughter of almost ninety percent of Polish Jewry. Many Jewish historians have argued that, during the occupation, Poles at best displayed indifference to the fate of the Jews and at worst were willing accomplices of the Nazis. Many Polish scholars, however, deny any connection between the prewar culture of antisemitism and the wartime situation. They emphasized that Poles were also victims of the Nazis and, for the most part, tried their best to protect the Jews. This collection of essays, representing three generations of Polish and Jewish scholars, is the first attempt since the fall of Communism to reassess the existing historiography of Polish-Jewish relations just before, during, and after the Second World War. In the spirit of detached scholarly inquiry, these essays fearlessly challenge commonly held views on both sides of the debates. The authors are committed to analyzing issues fairly and to reaching a mutual understanding. Joshua D. Zimmerman is an assistant professor of East European Jewish History at Yeshiva University, where he holds the Eli and Diana Zborowski Chair in Holocaust Studies. He is the author of the forthcoming title Poles, Jews and the Politics of Nationality: The Jewish Labor Bund and the Polish Socialist Party in Late Czarist Russia, 1892-1914.
Service and Overload Behavior of Wood Joist Floor Systems

This paper describes the development and verification of analysis procedures for predicting the performance of a wood joist floor system at service loads. The analysis procedure incorporates the interaction of the many material and system characteristics including interlayer slip, variable material properties, and composite and two-way action. Parameter studies showing the influence of major variables on floor system behavior are presented. Experimental results obtained from beam and floor tests are compared with predicted values calculated using the developed mathematical model. Floor behavior at overload levels is considered. The rational analysis procedures presented can form the basis for improved design procedures for wood joist structural systems with resulting important implications in housing and other construction.
Takayasu's disease with aneurysm of right common iliac artery and iliocaval fistula in a young infant: case report and review of the literature.

Takayasu9s arteritis or nonspecific arteritis is a term used to designate a primary arteritis of unknown etiology involving the aorta and its major branches at any level. Generally, the lesions are obliterative; however, aneurysms and saccular dilations have also been described. The arteritis was originally believed to be limited to the aortic arch; however, involvement of the descending thoracic and abdominal aorta has been reported. In fact, the majority of cases of Takayasu9s disease in children involve the descending thoracic and abdominal aorta. A case of Takayasu9s disease in a 7-month-old black male infant involving the right common iliac artery with development of a large aneurysm and an iliocaval fistula is reported. This child is the youngest to be affected by the disease as reported in the literature. Although Takayasu9s disease is rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of children with an abdominal mass.
Are Some Stock Prices Destined to Fall

This paper shows how to quantify the growth expectations underlying a firm’s stock price from its price-to-sales (P/S) ratio. This approach reveals that high P/S firms (e.g., P/S > 10) face tremendous growth expectations: they must increase the scale of their operations by a multiple of 10, 20, or more to justify their stock prices. Because typically only the smallest of firms can achieve sales growth of this magnitude, most high P/S firms do not fulfill expectations and suffer steep stock price declines. Many high P/S stocks lose a considerable portion of their value, even after experiencing a period of substantial sales growth. Thus, investors can use the P/S ratio to identify firms with stock prices that are likely to fall, and either avoid or short these stocks.
Prediction of cognitive decline in healthy older adults using fMRI.

Few studies have examined the extent to which structural and functional MRI, alone and in combination with genetic biomarkers, can predict future cognitive decline in asymptomatic elders. This prospective study evaluated individual and combined contributions of demographic information, genetic risk, hippocampal volume, and fMRI activation for predicting cognitive decline after an 18-month retest interval. Standardized neuropsychological testing, an fMRI semantic memory task (famous name discrimination), and structural MRI (sMRI) were performed on 78 healthy elders (73% female; mean age = 73 years, range = 65 to 88 years). Positive family history of dementia and presence of one or both apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 alleles occurred in 51.3% and 33.3% of the sample, respectively. Hippocampal volumes were traced from sMRI scans. At follow-up, all participants underwent a repeat neuropsychological examination. At 18 months, 27 participants (34.6%) declined by at least 1 SD on one of three neuropsychological measures. Using logistic regression, demographic variables (age, years of education, gender) and family history of dementia did not predict future cognitive decline. Greater fMRI activity, absence of an APOE e4 allele, and larger hippocampal volume were associated with reduced likelihood of cognitive decline. The most effective combination of predictors involved fMRI brain activity and APOE e4 status. Brain activity measured from task-activated fMRI, in combination with APOE e4 status, was successful in identifying cognitively intact individuals at greatest risk for developing cognitive decline over a relatively brief time period. These results have implications for enriching prevention clinical trials designed to slow AD progression.
Chapter 17 Von Neumann-Morgenstern stable sets

Publisher Summary Neumann and Morgenstern (1944) presented the first general model and solution concept for the multiperson cooperative theory. Stable set theory is viewed as only one of several approaches for analyzing coalitional games. This chapter focuses on the von Neumann-Morgenstern stable sets, describes their original model for the coalitional games along with some illustrations, analyzes the three-person case in detail, and discusses some of the mathematical properties of stable sets. Stable sets are defined in terms of two simple conditions: internal and external stability; along with a rather simple preference relation called “domination.” These stability concepts are rather basic and fundamental mathematical notions, and presume very little about the nature or structure of social institutions and interactions. Stable sets often predict likely social structures and how groups will organize themselves. They show the important role of minimal winning coalitions and minimal-sized veto (or blocking) coalitions. They often show how a game will decompose into subgames between critical coalitions. They exhibit a variety of standards of behavior and delineate bargaining ranges. They predict the formation of cartels and illustrate the stability of discrimination and its limits. Few assumptions can lead to many insights into coalition formation, competition, and distributions of wealth. There are also many situations where stable set theory matches well with experimental results. The chapter also discusses some highly undesirable properties of stable set theories.
Temporal asymmetry in relations of acoustic and visual features of speech

The fine temporal structure of relations of acoustic and visual features has been investigated to improve our speech to facial animation conversion system. Mutual information of acoustic and visual features has been calculated with different time shifts. Our result shows that the movement of feature points on the face of professional lip-speakers can precede the changes of acoustic parameters even by 100 milliseconds. Considering the measured time-shifts in synchrony in our system design the quality of our speech driven animations can be improved.
Reference and relative dosimetry of standard and small photon fields with new commercially available detectors

The PTW microDiamond synthetic diamond detector and the Exradin W1 plastic scintillation detector (PSD) are new commercially available detectors designed for small field dosimetry. This work aims to examine the performance of a single version of each detector for reference and relative dosimetry applications in standard and small fields. Uncertainties are analyzed to assess the accuracy of measurements made using these detectors.
Human vision paradox implicates relaxation model

The dual role of edges as boundaries and as periodic groupings is supported by human experimental findings". A relaxation model (Zucker, et al., 1975) based on line detectors can underlie both mechanisms. The existence of these edge operators (Mubel and Wiesel, 1962) and parallel interactions has strong neurophysiological support.
High‐Energy Phosphates in Smooth Muscle

The sections in this article are: 1 High-Energy Phosphate Contents 1.1 Variability in Reported Results 1.2 Comparison to Skeletal Muscle 1.3 ADP and Actin Contents 2 Energy Input During Muscle Contraction 2.1 ATP as the Immediate Energy Source 2.2 Recovery Reactions 3 High-Energy Phosphates and Contraction 3.1 Validity of Energetics Experiments 3.2 Historical Review of Smooth Muscle Energetics 4 Chemical Energetics Studies on a Well-Defined Smooth Muscle Preparation 4.1 Chemical Contents of Resting Muscle 4.2 Treatment to Stop Glycolysis and Oxidative Phosphorylation 4.3 ATP and Phosphocreatine Changes During an Isometric Tetanus 4.4 Absence of a Creatine Kinase Equilibrium 4.5 Average Rate of Energy Usage During Isometric Tetani 4.6 Energetics of Isometric Force Development and Force Maintenance 4.7 Energy Usage During Relaxation 5 Rigor 5.1 Rigor in Skeletal Muscle 5.2 Rigor in Smooth Muscle
Measurement of the heparin enhanced-antithrombin III/thrombin reaction rate in the presence of synthetic substrate.

Abstract An assay approach, designed to allow accurate measurement of the rate of thrombin inhibition by antithrombin III in the presence of heparin, is described. In essence the approach takes advantage of the fact that synthetic substrates, e.g. N-α-p-tosyl-L-glycyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide, bind to the active site of thrombin, which slows the rate of reaction with antithrombin III. The rate of thrombin inhibition can be monitored continuously by change in absorbance at 400 nm or measured by end point determination. In either case, reproducible rate measurements can be made under a variety of experimental conditions not easily examined with conventional assay approaches.
System parameters germane to relativistic klystron amplifiers: how the utility of pulse energy depends on pulse duration, the target, and the atmosphere

Relativistic klystron amplifiers (RKAs) at a variety of carrier wavelengths and pulse durations appear feasible to supply microwave pulses to an array of antennas acting as a beam weapon against targets at or above 100 km in altitude. In order to avoid voltage breakdown in the atmosphere, the array area must be large enough to converge the beam, producing a higher energy flux on target than at intermediate altitudes susceptible to breakdown. The area required depends on the physics of atmospheric ionization and on the pulse duration and the carrier wavelength of the RKA. A quantitative statement of the dependence of array area on relevant parameters is presented. The energy per RKA pulse that is usable without delay lines is determined here as a function of RKA pulse duration and wavelength. Changing the pulse length from 160 ns to 1 microsecond(s) and shortening the wavelength raise the energy usable without delay lines by a factor of 1000.
Reaction progress of chromophore biogenesis in green fluorescent protein.

The mature form of green fluorescent protein (GFP) is generated by a spontaneous self-modification process that is essentially irreversible. A key step in chromophore biosynthesis involves slow air oxidation of an intermediate species, in which the backbone atoms of residues 65−67 have condensed to form a five-membered heterocycle. We have investigated the kinetics of hydrogen peroxide evolution during in vitro GFP maturation and found that the H2O2 coproduct is generated prior to the acquisition of green fluorescence at a stoichiometry of 1:1 (peroxide/chromophore). The experimental progress curves were computer-fitted to a three-step mechanism, in which the first step proceeds with a time constant of 1.5 (±1.1) min and includes protein folding and peptide cyclization. Kinetic data obtained by HPLC analysis support a rapid cyclization reaction that can be reversed upon acid denaturation. The second step proceeds with a time constant of 34.0 (±1.5) min and entails rate-limiting protein oxidation, as suppo...
Are banking crises free‐market phenomena?

The conventional view of banking crises sees them as an inherent problem of fractional‐reserve banking systems. According to this view, government regulation in the form of an alert central bank (acting as a “lender of last resort"), or deposit insurance, or both is needed to keep isolated bank failures from generating systemwide panic. But this view does not mesh with historical experience, which points to government regulation itself as the most likely cause of banking crises.
Thermal Vent Clam (Calyptogena magnifica) Hemoglobin.

A heterodont bivalve mollusk Calyptogena magnifica, from the East Pacific Rise and the Galapagos Rift hydrothermal vent areas, contains abundant hemoglobin in circulating erythrocytes. No other known heterodont clam contains a circulating intracellular hemoglobin. The hemoglobin is tetrameric and has a relatively high oxygen affinity, which varies only slightly between 2 degrees and 10 degrees C. The presence of hemoglobin in the clam may facilitate the transport of oxygen to be used in chemoautotrophic hydrogen sulfide metabolism.
Imaginative constraint, feminine duty, and the form of Charlotte Brontë's fiction

(1979). Imaginative constraint, feminine duty, and the form of Charlotte Bronte's fiction. Women's Studies: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 287-296.
Consequences of modified fasting in obese pediatric and adolescent patients. I. Protein-sparing modified fast

Sixteen obese patients 9 to 16 years of age were treated with a protein-sparing modified fast for four weeks in a metabolic unit, using lean meat as the sole calorie-containing nutrient. Total weight loss was 7.11±0.33 kg (mean ± SEM). One-half of the patients achieved positive daily nitrogen balance by the fourth week. Cumulative N balance was −28.8±10.0 gm. Serum albumin concentration remained normal. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values were stable, but decreases in total lymphocyte ( P P P P
Three-Particle Variational Wave Function for Bose Liquids

A new variational wave function is proposed for the ground state of Bose liquids. It consists of a Jastrow function multiplied by exponentials of three-particle functions. The form of the wave function is deduced from a formal analysis carried out for the weakly interacting Bose gas characterized by a strength parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. By using the wave function proposed here, the energy obtained is exact to $O({\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{4})$. Several useful and straightforward applications of the new method to liquid helium and Coulomb gases are suggested.
Composition and Characteristics of Goat Milk: Review 1968−1979

Abstract Research in the past decade has extended knowledge of composition of goat milk and of properties of its constituents. Goats of several European breeds produce milk of lower fat content in the tropics than in temperate zones. Fat, protein, and lactose contents of milk of dwarf goats are higher than those of other breeds. Fat globules of goat milk resemble those of cow milk in lipid composition and properties of the globule membrane, but goat milk lacks "agglutinin" which causes fat globules of cow milk to cluster when cooled. Five principal proteins of goat milk, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, κ-casein, β-casein, and α s2 -casein, closely resemble their homologs in cow milk. Goat milk lacks a homolog of bovine β s1 -casein, the most abundant protein in cow milk. Caseinate micelles of goat milk contain more calcium and inorganic phosphorus, are less solvated and less heat stable, and lose β-casein more readily than bovine micelles. Activities of ribonuclease, lipase, and xanthine oxidase are less in goat than in cow milk. Goat milk contains more potassium and chloride but less orotic acid, N-acetyl neuraminic acid, folate, vitamin B 6 , and vitamin B 12 than cow milk. Little work in the past decade has been on nutritive value of goat milk for humans except to describe cases of folate deficiency in infants.
Many-Body Problem with Strong Forces

A trial solution constructed from two-particle functions is applied to the problem of the $N$-particle system with strong interactions. In a variational treatment based on this wave function the expectation values, which cannot be factored into single-particle integrals, are evaluated by a cluster development in powers of the particle density. The procedure is illustrated by a calculation of the pair distribution function and zero-point energy of the hard sphere gas, for Bose and Fermi statistics.
Raman Effect in Carbon Dioxide

IN NATURE of Feb. 9, F. Rasetti has published his observations on the Raman effect in carbon dioxide. He has found the lines at λ4639, λ4616 and λ4289, λ4268, excited respectively by the mercury lines at λ4358·343 and λ4046·560. These modified lines are due to the following transitions:
A Diagnostic Methodology for Hazy Data with Borderline Cases

Several illnesses like the hypertension, the dementia among others in reality contain borderline cases. These "borderline" (alternately mentioned hazy) cases are neither labeled healthy nor diseased by the medical professionals. Consequently, the current diagnostic test methodology is inappropriate for data with the borderline cases. A new methodology is greatly needed to analyze and interpret diagnostic test data with the borderline cases. In this article, a new methodology is therefore developed, discussed, and illustrated. The medical parameters: the sensitivity, the specificity, and the disease prevalence of the sampled participants are calculated and interpreted using the new methodology with data on borderline dementia and blood pressure cases separately.
Myocardial performance in clinical septic shock: Effects of isoproterenol and glucose potassium insulin

Abstract Six patients with low-output septic shock were studied with Swan-Ganz pulmonary artery catheterization. The results indicate severe biventricular dysfunction. Inotropic therapy with isoproterenol produced improved ventricular performance but did not correct myocardial depression. Infusion of glucose/potassium/insulin dramatically improved myocardial performance and appeared to correct the myocardial abnormalities of low-output septic shock.
Epitaxial films produced on germanium and silicon surfaces by the vacuum deposition of silver

Abstract The electron-diffraction study of the epitaxy of silver films on single-crystal substrates has been extended to Ge and Si which form simple eutectic binary systems with Ag. The observed epitaxy on the homopolar crystals was the same as that on the commonly used ionic crystals NaCl and CaF 2 which have about the same lattice parameters as the semiconductors. Apparently neither the difference in bonding nor any formation of Ag alloys with Ge or Si had any appreciable effect on the epitaxy. The lattice of the Ag or Ag-based alloy was parallel to the substrate lattice and was also twinned on {111} planes; on (111) substrate surfaces the twinning occurred only on the (111) plane parallel to the surface. Films deposited onto Ge substrates always had some randomness of orientation which could be removed by annealing. On Si all films had considerable randomness and the epitaxial orientation was loose, presumably due to the Si oxide on the surface. A very thin epitaxial film, not Ag, was found on {111} Ge after deposition and/or annealing at relatively high temperatures near the eutectic melting point, 650°C. Its atom arrangement was hexagonal like the Ge atoms in the surface plane but larger by the factor 3 [or smaller by (3) 2 ] and rotated 30° (or 90°). Alternative explanations of this film and its epitaxial relationship, designated ‘quasi-coherence,’ are discussed, including contaminants with the required lattice parameter.
Computer simulation of Pu3+ and Pu4+ substitutions in gadolinium zirconate

Abstract Atomistic computer simulations have been used to determine the energetics of a variety of defect reactions related to the incorporation of Pu 3+ and Pu 4+ into the pyrochlore and the fluorite-type structures of Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 . The lowest energy states were found for Pu 3 + substitutions on Gd sites in the pyrochlore (−1.00 eV/Pu) and the fluorite-type (−1.55 eV/Pu) structures, so these defect reactions are the most likely configurations under reducing conditions that favor Pu 3+ ions. Slightly higher, but still exothermic, energies (−0.26 to −0.45 eV) were calculated for Pu 4+ substitutions on Zr sites for several fluorite-type cases, indicating that oxidizing conditions should favor Pu 4+ incorporation on Zr sites in Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 hosts. Defect reactions involving cation vacancies or interstitials exhibited significantly higher energies, and are therefore not expected to occur. Mean field calculations indicated that the increases in crystal volume associated with Pu incorporation are minimized by the excess free volume associated with the Gd site in the pyrochlore structure. Volume changes upon thermal phase transformation from fluorite to pyrochlore are smaller for the material incorporating Pu by substitution than for the virgin material, with a slight advantage for the reducing conditions associated with Pu 3+ substitutions on Gd sites.
Harriet Beecher Stowe: Public readings in the central states

In the fall of 1873, Harriet Beecher Stowe read with skill and distinction a well‐chosen repertory of her own works to large and distinguished audiences in the central states. She brought nothing to her task but her fame as an author and some natural gifts. She succeeded only after overcoming five obstacles: (1) no training and little experience, (2) unfavorable settings for performance, (3) rigor of travel, weather, and illness, (4) an imperfect voice, and (5) inherent difficulties of her material.
Final adult height in children with Prader–Willi syndrome with and without human growth hormone treatment

Short stature is characteristic of children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). While previous studies have demonstrated acceleration of linear height velocity with growth hormone (GH) treatment, the long-term benefit on final adult height (AH) has not been reported. The objective of this study was to compare AH attained in PWS subjects with and without GH treatment. We reviewed the records of 21 children (aged 8.3 +/- 2.7 years) with PWS and confirmed GH deficiency that attained AH after receiving human GH treatment (0.25 +/- 0.06 mg/kg/week) for a period of 7.9 +/- 1.7 years. A group of 39 non-GH-treated adults with matched initial height standard deviation score (SDS) at age 6.8 +/- 1.3 years was used as control. In the GH-treated group the mean initial height and AH-SDS was -1.9 +/- 1.7 and -0.3 +/- 1.2 respectively (P < 0.0001), whereas the mean initial and AH-SDS in the control group was -1.9 +/- 1.3 and -3.1 +/- 1 respectively (P < 0.0001). Scoliosis was seen in 43% and 39% in the GH-treated and control group respectively. Premature adrenarche (PA) was noticed in 57% of GH-treated group. Six subjects in the control group but none of the GH-treated subjects developed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our data show that administration of GH to children with PWS restores linear growth and final AH without significant adverse effects other than PA. Further studies will be necessary to determine related morbidity and mortality in individuals with PWS that reached final AH with or without GH treatment.
Characterization of common measures of heart period variability in healthy human subjects: implications for patient monitoring

Objective Heart period variability has been considered for clinical assessment of autonomic function, determining the presence of haemorrhage or disease states, and for predicting mortality from traumatic injury. However, for heart period variability to be clinically useful, a number of important methodological issues should be addressed, including the minimum number of R–R intervals (RRI) required for accurate derivation, and the reproducibility of these metrics.
Chromatin Structure and Analysis of Mechanisms of Activators and Repressors

Some transcriptional repressors appear to organize chromatin structure as at least part of their mechanism. Some transcriptional activators appear to alter or remodel chromatin structure as at least part of their mechanism. Understanding transcriptional regulation thus requires methods for investigation of the chromatin structure of specific genes in different states of functional activity. This paper reviews chemical and enzymatic approaches to determination of chromatin structure, the methods used for analysis of the results, and criteria for interpretation of the data to infer chromatin structures.
Kinetics and mechanism of the reactions of ozone with superoxo, hydroperoxo, and hydrido complexes of rhodium(III)

Abstract Oxidation of the title complexes with ozone takes place by hydrogen atom, hydride, and electron transfer mechanisms. The reaction with (NH 3 ) 4 (H 2 O)RhH 2+ is a two electron process, believed to involve hydride transfer with a rate constant k = (2.2 ± 0.2) × 10 5 M −1 s −1 and an isotope effect k H / k D = 2. The oxidation of (NH 3 ) 4 (H 2 O)RhOOH 2+ to (NH 3 ) 4 (H 2 O)RhOO 2+ by an apparent hydrogen atom transfer is quantitative and fast, k = (6.9 ± 0.3) × 10 3 M −1 s −1 , and constitutes a useful route for the preparation of the superoxo complex. The latter is also oxidized by ozone, but more slowly, k = 480 ± 50 M −1 s −1 .
The image of the Tuileries Palace in the French press and memoirs, 1871—1883

This article examines the image of the Tuileries Palace through references to memoirs of the Commune and to articles published in the Parisian press. It considers the reaction of the French press from 1871 to 1883 to proposals for the restoration or demolition of the palace's remains. The analysis of memoirs and press articles illuminates the controversy regarding the palace's artistic and political importance in the early Third Republic. This study also examines the cultural denial of some critics implied by the conscious rejection of the role of the Tuileries Palace as a major icon in France's past.
Quantitative MR Imaging: Physical Principles and Sequence Design in Abdominal Imaging

Quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging seeks to quantify fundamental biologic and MR-inducible tissue properties, in contrast to the routine application of MR imaging in the clinic, in which differences in MR parameters are used to generate contrast for subsequent subjective image analysis. Fundamental parameters that are commonly quantified by using MR imaging include proton density, diffusion, T1 relaxation, T2 and T2* relaxation, and magnetization transfer. Applications of these MR imaging-quantifiable parameters to abdominal imaging include oncologic imaging, evaluation of diffuse liver disease, and assessment of splenic, renal, and pancreatic disease. An understanding of the inherent physical principles underlying the basic quantitative parameters as well as the commonly used pulse sequences requisite to their derivation is critical, as this field is rapidly growing and its use will likely continue to expand in the clinic. The full potential of quantitative MR imaging applied to abdominal imaging has yet to be realized, but the myriad applications reported to date will undoubtedly continue to grow.
Influence of jet printing inks on wear

This communication reports the results of wear tests performed to determine the influence of jet printing inks on the wear of several polymer-metal pairs, which were known to be compatible with the inks. It is shown that these inks generally tend to increase wear beyond that occurring in a dry state. Thep rincipal reason for this increase was concluded to be the adverse influence that the inks have on the establishment of a beneficial transfer film on the metal surface.
Biodegradable Mg for Bone Implants: Corrosion and Osteoblast Culture Studies

Corrosion and cell culture experiments were performed to evaluate magnesium (Mg) as a possible biodegradable implant material. The corrosion current and potential of a Mg disk were measured in different physiological solutions. The corrosion currents in cell culture media were found to be higher than in deionized water, which verifies that corrosion of Mg occurs faster in chloride solution. Weight loss, open-circuit potential, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were also performed. The Mg specimens were also characterized using an environmental scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX). The x-ray analysis showed that in the cell culture media a passive interfacial layer containing oxygen, chloride, phosphate, and potassium formed on the samples. U2OS cells were then co-cultured with a Mg specimen for up to one week. Based on visual observation, cell growth and function were not significantly altered by the presence of the corroding Mg sample. These initial results indicate that Mg may be suitable as a biodegradable implant material. Future work will develop small sensors to investigate interfacial biocompatibility of Mg implants.Copyright © 2008 by ASME