cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Optics and Spectroscopy

ing's vector it follows that the light amplitude at the focal spot would reach 108 volts per centimeter, comparable to the electric field internal to the atoms and molecules responsible for the binding of valence electrons. These are literally pulled out of their orbits in multiphoton tunneling processes, and any material will be converted to a highly ionized dense plasma at these flux densities. It is clear that the familiar notion of a linear optical response with a constant index of refraction, that is, an induced polarization proportional to the amplitude of the light field, should be dropped at much less extreme intensities. There is a nonlinearity in the constitutive relationship which may be expanded in terms of a power series in the electric field components
Arioc: high-throughput read alignment with GPU-accelerated exploration of the seed-and-extend search space.

When computing alignments of DNA sequences to a large genome, a key element in achieving high processing throughput is to prioritize locations in the genome where high-scoring mappings might be expected. We formulated this task as a series of list-processing operations that can be efficiently performed on graphics processing unit (GPU) hardware.We followed this approach in implementing a read aligner called Arioc that uses GPU-based parallel sort and reduction techniques to identify high-priority locations where potential alignments may be found. We then carried out a read-by-read comparison of Arioc’s reported alignments with the alignments found by several leading read aligners. With simulated reads, Arioc has comparable or better accuracy than the other read aligners we tested. With human sequencing reads, Arioc demonstrates significantly greater throughput than the other aligners we evaluated across a wide range of sensitivity settings. The Arioc software is available at https://github.com/RWilton/Arioc. It is released under a BSD open-source license.
Prospective effects of sexual victimization on PTSD and problem drinking.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and problem drinking are common and often co-occurring sequelae experienced by women survivors of adult sexual assault, yet it remains unclear whether survivors drink to cope with PTSD symptoms or whether PTSD symptoms are exacerbated by drinking. Thus, we used a cross-lagged panel design with a large (N = 555), ethnically diverse sample of women assault survivors to determine whether PTSD prospectively led to problem drinking or vice versa. We also examined whether cumulative sexual victimization experiences related to greater PTSD and problem drinking. Structural equation modeling revealed that child sexual abuse was associated with greater symptoms of PTSD and problem drinking and intervening sexual victimization was associated with greater symptoms of PTSD and problem drinking 1 year later. We found no evidence, however, that PTSD directly influenced problem drinking over the long term, or vice versa. Rather, experiencing revictimization during the study predicted survivors' prospective PTSD and problem drinking symptoms. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
A subscale facility for liquid rocket propulsion diagnostics at Stennis Space Center

The Diagnostics Testbed Facility (DTF) at NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center in Mississippi was designed to provide a testbed for the development of rocket engine exhaust plume diagnostics instrumentation. A 1200-lb thrust liquid oxygen/gaseous hydrogen thruster is used as the plume source for experimentation and instrument development. Theoretical comparative studies have been performed with aerothermodynamic codes to ensure that the DTF thruster (DTFT) has been optimized to produce a plume with pressure and temperature conditions as much like the plume of the Space Shuttle Main Engine as possible. Operation of the DTFT is controlled by an icon-driven software program using a series of soft switches. Data acquisition is performed using the same software program. A number of plume diagnostics experiments have utilized the unique capabilities of the DTF.
Microwave irradiation in organophosphorus chemistry. Part 2: Synthesis of phosphonium salts

Abstract Several phosphonium salts have been prepared using a domestic microwave oven. The microwave enhanced reaction of triphenylphosphine and an organic halide shows a remarkable rate acceleration under microwave irradiation and allows the general and facile synthesis of both stabilized and non-stabilized phosphonium salts.
Using Procrustes distance and shape space for automatic target recognition

Equating objects based on shape similarity (for example scaled Euclidean transformations) is often desirable to solve the Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) problem. The Procrustes distance is a metric that captures the shape of an object independent of the following transformations: translation, rotation, and scale. The Procrustes metric assumes that all objects can be represented by a set of landmarks (i.e. points), that they have the same number of points, and that the points are ordered (i.e., the exact correspondence between the points is known from one object to the next). Although this correspondence is not known for many ATR problems, computationally feasible methods for examining all possible combinations are being explored. Additionally, most objects can be mapped to a shape space where translation, rotation, and scaling are removed, and distances between object points in this space can then form another useful metric. To establish a decision boundary in any classification problem, it is essential to know the a prior probabilities in the appropriate space. This paper analyzes basic objects (triangles) in two-dimensional space to assess how a known distribution in Euclidean space maps to the shape space. Any triangles whose three coordinate points are uniformly distributed within a two-dimensional box transforms to a bivariate independent normal distribution with mean (0,0) and standard deviations of 2 in Kendall shape space (two points of the triangle are mapped to {-1/2,0} and {1/2,0}). The Central Limit Theorem proves that the limit of sums of finite variance distributions approaches the normal distribution. This is a reasonable model of the relationship between the three Euclidean coordinates relative to the single Kendall shape space coordinate. This paper establishes the relationship between different objects in the shape space and the Procrustes distance, which is an established shape metric, between these objects. Ignoring reflections (because it is a special case), the Procrustes distance is isometric to the shape space coordinates. This result demonstrates that both Kendall coordinates and Procrustes distance are useful features for ATR.
Detection and prediction of a stochastic process having multiple hypotheses

Abstract A system is proposed which combines hypothesis testing and prediction to estimate the future value of a stochastic process whose statistics are known only to belong to some finite set of possible hypotheses. Bayes optimization of the individual components is performed, and system performance is discussed for a modified version of the usual mean-squared error predictor cost functions. An example is given illustrating various features of the system's performance for a specific choice of input hypotheses.
Catalysts and Sorbents for Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Renewable Biofuels—Material Development Needs

This chapter contains sections titled: (1) Introduction, (2) Catalysts for Catalytic Pyrolysis and Bio-Oil Upgrading, (3) High Temperature Sorbents for Syngas Clean Up, (4) Conditioning Biomass Derived Syngas, (5) Catalysts for Synthesis of Ethanol and Higher Alcohols from Syngas, (6) Summary, and (7) Acknowledgments.
AMINO-THIOCYANATION OF ELECTRON RICH OLEFINS AS AN EFFICIENT PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE N-ALKYLATION PROCESS

ABSTRACT This work describes a relatively simple process to form thiocyanate substituted nucleoside mimics. ClSCN is slowly added to a solution of silylated heterocycle and suitable electron rich alkene. N-alkylated heterocycles are isolated in good yields after hydrolytic workup and flash chromatography.
The Dielectric Constant and Electric Moment of some Alcohol Vapors

The dielectric constant and electric moment of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl alcohol vapors.\char22{}Measurements of the dielectric constant of these alcohol vapors were made at several temperatures. A new method was used for measuring the pressure of the hot vapor. The agreement with Debye's equation for the dielectric constant of gases is good at higher temperatures where there is no association. Association is discussed. The moments are calculated and the following results obtained: methyl alcohol $A=1.09\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, $\ensuremath{\mu}={1.68}_{0}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$; ethyl alcohol, $A=1.58\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, $\ensuremath{\mu}={1.69}_{6}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$; $n$-propyl alcohol, $A=2.30\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, $\ensuremath{\mu}={1.65}_{7}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$; $n$-butyl alcohol, $A=2.91\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, $\ensuremath{\mu}={1.65}_{9}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$.
Counter-learning under oppression

This qualitative study utilized the method of narrative analysis to explore the counter-learning process of an oppressed Kurdish woman from Turkey. Critical constructivism was utilized to analyze c...
Accountability for Private Military and Security Contractors in the International Legal Regime

Abstract The rapidly growing presence of private military and security contractors (PMSCs) in armed conflict and post-conflict situations in the last decade brought corresponding incidents of serious misconduct by PMSC personnel. The two most infamous events—one involving the firm formerly known as Blackwater and the other involving Titan and CACI—engendered scrutiny of available mechanisms for criminal and civil accountability of the individuals whose misconduct caused the harm. Along a parallel track, scholars and policymakers began examining the responsibility of states and international organizations for the harm that occurred. Both approaches have primarily focused on post-conduct accountability—of the individuals who caused the harm, of the state in which the harm occurred, or of the state or organization that hired the PMSC whose personnel caused the harm. Less attention, however, has been paid to the idea of pre-conduct accountability for PMSCs and their personnel. A broad understanding of “accoun...
Neutrinos that violate CPT, and the experiments that love them

Abstract Recently we proposed a framework for explaining the observed evidence for neutrino oscillations without enlarging the neutrino sector, by introducing CPT -violating Dirac masses for the neutrinos. In this Letter we continue the exploration of the phenomenology of CPT violation in the neutrino sector. We show that our CPT -violating model fits the existing SuperKamiokande data at least as well as the standard atmospheric neutrino oscillation models. We discuss the challenge of measuring CP violation in a neutrino sector that also violates CPT . We point out that the proposed off-axis extension of MINOS looks especially promising in this regard. Finally, we describe a method to compute CPT -violating neutrino effects by mocking them up with analog matter effects.
ABC INEQUALITIES FOR SOME MODULI SPACES OF LOG-GENERAL TYPE

Let B be a smooth projective curve of genus γ over the complex numbers and let f : A→B be a non-isotrivial semi-abelian scheme over B with projective generic fiber of relative dimension g. Let U ⊂ B be the locus above which the fibers are projective, and let S = B −U (a finite set). Thus f : AU →U is abelian, and f : A→B is the connected component of its Neron model. Denote by g0 the dimension of the fixed part of A and s = |S|. We will adopt the convention of using the same notation for the map f and several of its restrictions, unless an explicit danger of confusion forces us to do otherwise. Let e : B→A be the identity section, and let W := e ∗ ΩA/B. Various authors have dealt with upper and lower bounds for the degree of W . Faltings [5], for example, shows that deg(W ) ≤ g(3γ+s+1)while Moret-Bailly [7] shows that deg( W ) ≤ (g−g0)(γ−1) in the case where A/B is smooth. Arakelov [1] had earlier given the bound (g − g0)(γ − 1+ s/2)when A is the connected component of the Jacobian of a family of stable curves. In this paper, we improve a bit on Faltings, in the general case: Theorem 1. Let f : A→B be a non-isotrivial semi-abelian scheme of relative dimension g with projective generic fiber. Then deg(W ) ≤ (g − g0) 2 (2γ − 2+ s), where g0 is the dimension of the fixed part and s is the number of non-projective fibers. Note that the degree is zero in the isotrivial case, so that the inequality still holds except for the obvious exception of γ =0 . The method of proof is an easy extension of Moret-Bailly’s (and Szpiro’s [10], which gives our general result for g = 1), and is likely to be known to experts. The reason it might still be worth writing down in full is because of the recently emerging connection with the ABC conjectures. That is, let Ag,n be the moduli space of principally polarized abelian varieties of dimension g with full level-n structure. For n ≥ 3, we have that Ag,n is of log-general type. In fact, according to Mumford ([8], Proposition 3.4), Ag,n has a toroidal compactification Ag,n � → Ag,n, such that the compactification divisor D has normal crossings and
Search for effective models of stripes in the cuprates

We argue that effective 1D models of stripes in the cuprate superconductors can be constructed by studying ground states and elementary excitations of domain walls in 2D model antiferromagnets. This method, applied to the t-J model with Ising anisotropy, yields two such limiting cases: an ordinary 1D electron gas and a 1D gas of holons strongly coupled to transversal fluctuations of the stripe.
A note on Carnot geodesics in nilpotent Lie groups

We show that strictly abnormal geodesics arise in graded nilpotent Lie groups. We construct a group, with a left invariant bracket-generating distribution, for which some Carnot geodecics are strictly abnormal and, in fact, not normal in any subgroup. In the 2-step case we also prove that these geodesics are always smooth. Our main technique is based on the equations for the normal and abnormal curves, which we derive (for any Lie group) explicitly in terms of the structure constants.
Synthesis of Anomerically Pure, Furanose‐Free α‐Benzyl‐2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐d‐altro‐ and d‐manno‐pyranosides and Some of Their Derivatives

Abstract The anomerically pure benzyl α‐d‐glycoside of 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐mannopyranoside was synthesized from d‐glucopyranose via 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐d‐altrose intermediates. Unlike the direct synthesis from mannosamine in the literature, our method provides furanose‐free products. A new method for the preparation of cis‐2,3‐oxazolidinones of 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐sugars was developed. A selective removal of the glycosidic benzyl group in the presence of 4,6‐O‐benzylidene protection was developed, which may provide new routes for the synthesis of oligosaccharides. Furanose‐free derivatives of α‐benzyl‐2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐mannopyranuronic acids synthesized here offered possibilities for direct comparisons to prior literature preparations.
THE DISCOVERY OF ELLIPSOIDAL VARIATIONS IN THE KEPLER LIGHT CURVE OF HAT-P-7

We present an analysis of the early Kepler observations of the previously discovered transiting planet HAT-P-7b. The light curve shows the transit of the star, the occultation of the planet, and the orbit phase-dependent light from the planet. In addition, phase-dependent light from the star is present, known as "ellipsoidal variations." The very nearby planet (only four stellar radii away) gravitationally distorts the star and results in a flux modulation twice per orbit. The ellipsoidal variations can confuse interpretation of the planetary phase curve if not self-consistently included in the modeling. We fit the light curve using the Roche potential approximation and derive improved planet and orbit parameters.
Spin-based quantum computing using electrons on liquid helium

Numerous physical systems have been proposed for constructing quantum computers, but formidable obstacles stand in the way of making even modest systems with a few hundred quantum bits (qubits). Several approaches utilize the spin of an electron as the qubit. Here it is suggested that the spin of electrons floating on the surface of liquid helium will make excellent qubits. These electrons can be electrostatically held and manipulated much like electrons in semiconductor heterostructures, but being in a vacuum the spins on helium suffer much less decoherence. In particular, the spin-orbit interaction is reduced so that moving the qubits with voltages applied to gates has little effect on their coherence. Remaining sources of decoherence are considered, and it is found that coherence times for electron spins on helium can be expected to exceed $100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$. It is shown how to obtain a controlled-NOT operation between two qubits using the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction.
Recent progress in inflationary cosmology

Inflationary paradigm is already 15 years old. Still each year brings us unexpected news. In this paper I will describe several results which have been obtained during the last year in collaboration with Juan Garcia-Bellido, Lev Kofman, Dmitri Linde, Arthur Mezhlumian and Alexei Starobinsky.
Adolescent health care in a pediatric emergency department

Study objective: We examined the use of the pediatric emergency department of an urban children'shospital by adolescents. The study included visits by all adolescents aged 13 to 18 years in a 1-week period from each season during 1992. Results: The ED saw 426 adolescents, representing approximately 15% of the total ED visits. Fiftypercent of these patients were male. More than half of the patients were black; a few were members of other minority groups. Eighteen percent had emergency, 60% urgent, and 21% nonurgent conditions. Forty-three percent of the patients came to the ED between 3 pm and 11 pm. Injuries accounted for 47% of male visits and 42% of female visits. Approximately half of the injuries resulted from violent events. Twenty-seven percent of the visits were for exacerbation of a chronic illness such as asthma or diabetes. The most common reason for adolescent female visits was gynecologic problems. Injury was the most common reason for adolescent male visits. Only 27% of the adolescents lived in a twoparent home. In 16% of the cases, the adolescents were treated without consent. Nineteen percent of the adolescents were uninsured, and nearly 50% were publicly insured. Conclusion: Issues of violence, consent, and insurance present problems for many adolescents in thepediatric ED. Injuries, particularly those related to violent events, are cause for many adolescent visits. ED staff members should develop plans to care for the complex psychosocial and medical problems of adolescents.
Atomization characteristics of impinging liquid jets

The atomization characteristics of sheets formed by both laminar and turbulent impinging jets were experimentally studied as a function of flow and injector geometric parameters. In particular, sheet breakup length along the sheet centerline, distance between adjacent waves apparent on the sheet, and drop-size distributions were measured over a Weber number range between 350-6600 and a Reynolds number range between 2.8 x 103 to 2.6 x 10 4. A linear stability-based model was used to determine the most unstable wave number and the corresponding growth rate factor on two-dimension al thinning inviscid and viscous sheets. These wave characteristics were used to predict both the sheet breakup length and the resulting drop sizes. A second model, applicable for a low Weber number regime, in which sheet disintegration is controlled by stationary antisymmetric waves, was used to predict the shape of the sheet formed by two impinging liquid jets. The linear stabilitybased theory predictions of breakup length did not agree in trend or magnitude with experimental measurements. However, for Weber numbers less than 350, the measured breakup length for laminar impinging jets was within 50% of that predicted by the stationary antisymmetric wave-based model. Finally, drop-size predictions based on linear stability theory agreed in trend, but not in magnitude, with the measured drop sizes. The contrast between the sheet atomization characteristics of laminar vs turbulent impinging jets suggest that the initial conditions of the impinging jets significantly influence the sheet breakup mechanism. Also, the comparison between experimental results and theoretical predictions indicates that the impact wave generation process at the jet impingement point needs to be incorporated in the theoretical models for sheet atomization. Nomenclature d = diameter F = thickness distribution h = sheet thickness k = wave number L = length of injection element / = length r = radial distance from impingement point Re = Reynolds number, Ujdjv/, based on liquid properties, jet velocity, and orifice diameter Rex = Reynolds number, Ushlvi, based on liquid properties, sheet velocity, and sheet thickness 5 = ratio of gas density to liquid density t = time U = velocity W = maximum width of sheet We = Weber number, piUjdJcr, based on liquid properties, jet velocity, and orifice diameter Wes = Weber number, p,£/;/z/cr, based on liquid properties, sheet velocity, and sheet thickness x = axial distance from impingement point y = coordinate perpendicular to x in the plane of the sheet a = fan inclination angle ft = complex growth rate factor, pr + //3, 77 = disturbance amplitude 6 = impingement half-angle A = wavelength ju = dynamic viscosity
Improved numerical procedure for harmonically deforming lifting surfaces from the supersonic kernel function method.

Improved numerical procedure for harmonically deforming lifting surfaces from supersonic kernel function method
Universality, Scaling and Topology with a Modified Lattice Action

We investigate universality, scaling, the β-function and the topological charge in the positive plaquette model for SU(2) lattice gauge theory. The effect of a complete suppression of a lattice artifact, namely the negative plaquettes, on physical quantities, such as the critical temperature, the string tension, the topological charge, glueball masses, and their ratios was examined.
Concentration inequalities for Gauss-Markov estimators

Abstract Let M be the regression subspace and γ the set of possible covariances for a random vector Y . The linear model determined by M and γ is regular if the identity is in γ and if Σ ( M )⊆ M for all Σ∈γ. For such models, concentration inequalities are given for the Gauss-Markov estimator of the mean vector under various distributional and invariance assumptions on the error vector. Also, invariance is used to establish monotonicity results relative to a natural group induced partial ordering.
Alkyne Hydrosilylation Catalyzed by a Cationic Ruthenium Complex: Efficient and General Trans Addition

The complex [Cp*Ru(MeCN)3]PF6 is shown to catalyze the hydrosilylation of a wide range of alkynes. Terminal alkynes afford access to α-vinylsilane products with good regioselectivity. Deuterium labeling studies indicate a clean trans addition process is at work. The same complex is active in internal alkyne hydrosilylation, where absolute selectivity for the trans addition process is maintained. Several internal alkyne substrate classes, including propargylic alcohols and α,β-alkynyl carbonyl compounds, allow regioselective vinylsilane formation. The tolerance of a wide range of silanes is noteworthy, including alkyl-, aryl-, alkoxy-, and halosilanes. This advantage is demonstrated in the direct synthesis of triene substrates for silicon-tethered intramolecular Diels−Alder cycloadditions.
Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels: Estimation, testing, and inference

Abstract Threshold regression methods are developed for non-dynamic panels with individual-specific fixed effects. Least squares estimation of the threshold and regression slopes is proposed using fixed-effects transformations. A non-standard asymptotic theory of inference is developed which allows construction of confidence intervals and testing of hypotheses. The methods are applied to a 15-year sample of 565 US firms to test whether financial constraints affect investment decisions.
Band geometry of fractional topological insulators

Recent numerical simulations of flat-band models with interactions which show clear evidence of fractionalized topological phases in the absence of a net magnetic field have generated a great deal of interest. We provide an explanation for these observations by showing that the physics of these systems is the same as that of conventional fractional quantum Hall phases in the lowest Landau level under certain ideal conditions which can be specified in terms of the Berry curvature and the Fubini-Study or quantum metric of the topological band. In particular, we show that when these ideal conditions hold, the density operators projected to the topological band obey the ${W}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$ algebra. Our approach leads us to propose a way of testing the suitability of topological bands for hosting fractionalized phases.
Galactosynthesis predictions at high redshift

We predict the Tully-Fisher (TF) and surface-brightness--magnitude relation for disk galaxies at z=3 and discuss the origin of these scaling relations and their scatter. We show that the variation of the TF relation with redshift can be a potentially powerful discriminator of galaxy-formation models. In particular, the TF relation at high redshift might be used to break parameter degeneracies among galactosynthesis models at z=0, as well as to constrain the redshift distribution of collapsing dark-matter halos, the star-formation history and baryon fraction in the disk, and the distribution of halo spins.
Multi-Particle Processes with Reinforcements

We consider a multi-particle generalization of linear edge-reinforced random walk (ERRW). We observe that in absence of exchangeability, new techniques are needed in order to study the multi-particle model. We describe an unusual coupling construction associated with the two-point edge-reinforced process on ℤ and prove a form of recurrence: the two particles meet infinitely often a.s.
NRQCD: Fundamentals and Applications to Quarkonium Decay and Production

I discuss NRQCD and, in particular, the NRQCD factorization formalism for quarkonium production and decay. I also summarize the current status of the comparison between the predictions of NRQCD factorization and experimental measurements.
Golden Parachutes, Board and Committee Composition, and Shareholder Wealth

Takeover defense mechanisms have become common for many modern corporations. In this research, we examine one potential takeover defense mechanism, golden parachutes. In particular, the relationship between the board of directors (and the board committees) and the question of whether the parachutes are aligned with shareholder interests or are a means of entrenching management, is studied. Results show that the composition of the board of directors’ compensation committee influences the market's perceived outcome of golden parachute adoption. When insiders and affiliated outsiders dominate the board's compensation committee, negative returns are more likely to occur than when independent outsiders control the committee.
Botanical supplements: Weeding out the health risks

For the past decade, the U.S. medical establishment has been adjusting to the rising popularity of herbal remedies and other dietary supplements. The 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) created a new regulatory approach for products that included herbal products, vitamins, and minerals. Intended to streamline the entry of lower-risk products to the marketplace, DSHEA has since become viewed by some as having unleashed a deluge of relatively unregulated pharmacologically active products onto unwary consumers. At the same time, reports have mounted describing products of variable quality and manufacturers who lack accountability for their claims. Today, regulatory agencies are ramping up their efforts to ensure the safety of botanical supplements.
Superfluidity in a Gas of Strongly Interacting Fermions

After an introduction into 100 years of research on superfluidity and the concept of the BCS-BEC crossover, we describe recent experimental studies of a spin-polarized Fermi gas with strong interactions. Tomographically resolving the spatial structure of an inhomogeneous trapped sample, we have mapped out the superfluid phases in the parameter space of temperature, spin polarization, and interaction strength. Phase separation between the superfluid and the normal component occurs at low temperatures, showing spatial discontinuities in the spin polarization. The critical polarization of the normal gas increases with stronger coupling. Beyond a critical interaction strength, all minority atoms pair with majority atoms, and the system can be effectively described as a boson-fermion mixture. Pairing correlations have been studied by RF spectroscopy, determining the fermion pair size and the pairing gap energy in a resonantly interacting superfluid.
Do Predatory Lending Laws Influence Mortgage Lending? An Analysis of the North Carolina Predatory Lending Law

In this paper, we examine the effect of the 1999 North Carolina predatory lending law on mortgage activity in that state as compared to other states in the Southeastern United States. Using 1998–2000 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data, we find that the North Carolina law reduced the overall level of subprime mortgage lending activity. Furthermore, we find that the North Carolina decline was caused by a decline in loan application volume and not by a change in loan denial rates, suggesting less aggressive marketing in that state after the imposition of the law. Finally, the impact of the legislation was different by both the type of financial service provider and borrower. Specifically, non-bank subprime lending contracted faster in North Carolina when compared to the control group, while both minority and low-income applicants were also less likely to get loans following the legislation. These results have wide ranging policy implications given that several predatory lending proposals are currently before Congress, as well as proposed in almost forty other states.
Phase rotation channel design with induction linacs

Abstract Two models of the phase rotation channels of the neutrino factory were designed with a solenoid transport system and the induction linac acceleration system. One model has the one stage induction linac channel, and another model has two stages of the induction linac channels and an absorber and drift space in between them. Major figure of merits of the channel are the particle ratio of muons over primary protons, the momentum spread and the muon polarization correlation to the arrival time at the end of the phase rotation channel. The μ/proton ratios were 0.25 and 0.13 for the single stage and the double stage induction linac channels, respectively. The effective muon polarization, 〈 helicity 2 〉 , was 0.16 and the muon polarization correlation was 0.23/( 100 ns ) for the single stage induction linac model.
Theological Misinterpretations of Current Physical Cosmology

In earlier writings, I argued that neither of the two major physical cosmologies of the 20th century support divine creation, so that atheism has nothing to fear from the explanations required by these cosmologies. Yet theists ranging from Augustine, Aquinas, Descartes, and Leibniz to Richard Swinburne and Philip Quinn have maintained that, at every instant anew, the existence of the world requires divine creation ex nihilo as its cause. Indeed, according to some such theists, for any given moment t. God's volition that the-world-should-exist-at-t supposedly brings about its actual existence at t. In an effort to reestablish the current viability of this doctrine of perpetual divine conservation. Philip Quinn argued (1993) that it is entirely compatible with physical energy conservation in the Big Bang cosmology, as well as with the physics of the steady-state theories. But I now contend that instead, there is a logical incompatibility on both counts. Besides, the stated tenet of divine conservation has an additional defect: It speciously purchases plausibility by trading on the multiply disanalogous volitional explanations of human actions.
THE ORIGIN OF MASS

Everyday work at the frontiers of modern physics usually involves complex concepts and extreme conditions. We speak of quantum fields, entanglement, or supersymmetry, and analyze the ridiculously small or conceptualize the incomprehensibly large. Just as Willie Sutton famously explained that he robbed banks because “that’s where the money is,” so we do these things because “that’s where the Unknown is.” It is an amazing and delightful fact, however, that occasionally this sophisticated work gives answers to child-like questions about familiar things. Here I’d like to describe how my own work on subnuclear forces, the world of quarks and gluons, casts brilliant new light on one such child-like question: What is the origin of mass?
Thermal relics: Do we know their abundances

The relic abundance of a particle species that was once in thermal equilibrium in the expanding Universe depends upon a competition between the annihilation rate of the species and the expansion rate of the Universe. Assuming that the Universe is radiation dominated at early times the relic abundance is easy to compute and well known. At times earlier than about 1 sec after the bang there is little or no evidence that the Universe had to be radiation dominated, although that is the simplest and standard assumption. Because early-Universe relics are of such importance both to particle physics and to cosmology, three nonstandard possibilities are considered in detail for the Universe at the time a species' abundance froze in: energy density dominated by shear (i.e., anisotropic expansion), energy density dominated by some other nonrelativistic species, and energy density dominated by the kinetic energy of the scalar field that sets the gravitational constant in a Brans-Dicke-Jordan cosmological mode. In the second case the relic abundance is less than the standard value, while in the other two cases it can be enhanced by a significant factor. Two other more exotic possibilities for enhancing the relic abundance of a species are also mentioned--a larger value of Newton's constant at early times (e.g., as might occur in superstring or Kaluza-Klein theories) or a component of the energy density at early times with a very stiff equation of state (p greater than rho/3), e.g., a scalar field phi with potential V(phi) = Beta /phi/ (exp n) with n greater than 4. Results have implications for dark matter searches and searches for particle relics in general.
Market power among physicians in the U.S., 1983–1991

Abstract The growth of health care costs and expenditures recently led to suggestions for innovations that would affect demand for health care. However, supply side issues were largely ignored in the debate despite the fact that the American Medical Association has controlled entry since it was granted that power by legislators early in this century. We consider the supply side of the market for physicians' services over 1983–1991. Our estimated index of market power indicates nontrivial power among physicians. This suggests that conventional policy tools could reduce costs in this market. This, in turn, could effectively lower insurance premiums.
The economics of korean unification

We simulate the impact of a customs union and an exchange rate unification of North and South Korea. Factor mobility and technological change are of critical importance. If factor markets do not integrate, the macroeconomic impact on South Korea of economic integration is relatively small, while the effects on North Korea are large. With factor market integration, there is a significant impact on the South Korean income and wealth distribution. If integration is accompanied by external capital inflows, there is a significnt appreciation of the real exchange rate with deleterious implications for the South Korean traded-goods sector.
Test-retest reliability of the WAIS-R Satz-Mogel short form in a normal elderly sample

Test-retest reliability of the WAIS-R Satz-Mogel short form was tested on a sample of 122 normal elderly volunteer subjects with mean age of 70.4. Subjects’ performance was assessed over 3 annual probes. Reliability coefficients for sums of scaled scores on Verbal subscale and Full Scale ranged between 0.79 and 0.83. Corresponding coefficients for Performance subscale ranged between 0.70 and 0.72. The percentage of subjects who showed change between two probes of more than 1 SD was the highest for the Performance subscale. Implications for clinical use, particularly for the purpose of estimation of premorbid intellectual functioning are discussed.
Stereoselective synthesis of (+/-)-rocaglaol analogues.

An intramolecular hydroxy epoxide opening was used to access the cyclopenta[b]benzofuran ring system of the natural product rocaglaol (2). Our route allowed the stereocontrolled preparation of the rocaglaol derivative (±)-(1S*,3S*,3aR*,8bS*)-3b. The synthesis of the (±)-(3R*)-epimer of 3b was also achieved. Our strategy is well-suited for the production of analogues with variation of the western ring.
Neutrino Oscillations and Energy-Momentum Conservation

A description of neutrino oscillation phenomena is presented which is based on relativistic quantum mechanics with four-momentum conservation. This is different from both conventional approaches which arbitrarily use either equal energies or equal momenta for the different neutrino mass eigenstates. Both entangled state and source dependence aspects are also included. The time dependence of the wave function is found to be crucial to recovering the conventional result to second order in the neutrino masses. An ambiguity appears at fourth order which generally leads to source dependence, but the standard formula can be promoted to this order by a plausible convention.
Spin chirality on a two-dimensional frustrated lattice.

The collective behaviour of interacting magnetic moments can be strongly influenced by the topology of the underlying lattice. In geometrically frustrated spin systems, interesting chiral correlations may develop that are related to the spin arrangement on triangular plaquettes. We report a study of the spin chirality on a two-dimensional geometrically frustrated lattice. Our new chemical synthesis methods allow us to produce large single-crystal samples of KFe3(OH)6(SO4)2, an ideal Kagome lattice antiferromagnet. Combined thermodynamic and neutron scattering measurements reveal that the phase transition to the ordered ground-state is unusual. At low temperatures, application of a magnetic field induces a transition between states with different non-trivial spin-textures.
The Lincoln TX-2 input-output system

The input-output system of the Lincoln TX-2 computer contains a variety of input-output devices suitable for general research and control applications. The system is designed in such a way that several input-output devices may be operated simultaneously. Since the computer is experimental in nature, and changes in the complement of input-output devices are anticipated, the modular scheme used will facilitate expansion and modification. The experimental nature of the computer also requires that the input-output system provide a maximum of flexibility in operating and programming for its input-output devices.
Models and van Kampen theorems for directed homotopy theory

We study topological spaces with a distinguished set of paths, called directed paths. Since these directed paths are generally not reversible, the directed homotopy classes of directed paths do not assemble into a groupoid, and there is no direct analog of the fundamental group. However, they do assemble into a category, called the fundamental category. We define models of the fundamental category, such as the fundamental bipartite graph, and minimal extremal models which are shown to generalize the fundamental group. In addition, we prove van Kampen theorems for subcategories, retracts, and models of the fundamental category.
The panoptic gaze in a non‐western setting: Self‐surveillance on Merapi volcano, Central Java

Abstract Jeremy Bentham's late eighteenth century concept of the ‘panopticon’, popularized by Foucault two centuries later, has become a ubiquitous model for thinking about not merely surveillance but selfsurveillance in the modern state. Foucault's analysis of the panopticon, and indeed perhaps the panopticon itself, is tied to a particular time and place of state development. What are the implications for this scholarship of different, non‐western traditions of state surveillance? An effort is made to answer this questions drawing on a body of beliefs about volcanic hazard from the Sultanate of Yogyakarta in Central Java. It is believed that there is a spirit world inside the crater of Merapi volcano that mirrors the world of humans. By monitoring the volcano, it is thought that insight can be gained into what is happening in the everyday world. These beliefs thus represent a model for monitoring, for surveillance, for self‐surveillance. The ways that this both resembles and differs from Bentham's and F...
Magnetic reconnection in solar flares

The magnetic energy stored in the corona is the only plausible source for the energy released during large solar flares. During the last 20 years most theoretical work has concentrated on models which store magnetic energy in the corona in the form of electrical currents, and a major goal of present day research is to understand how these currents are created, and then later dissipated during a flare. Another important goal is to find a flare model which can eject magnetic flux into interplanetary space. Although many flares do not eject magnetic flux, those which do are of special importance for solar-terrestrial relations since the ejected flux can have dramatic effects if it hits the Earth's magnetosphere. Three flare models which have been extensively investigated are the emerging-flux model, the sheared-arcade model, and the magnetic-flux-rope model. All of these models can store and release magnetic energy efficiently provided that rapid magnetic reconnection occurs. However, only the magnetic-flux-rope model appears to provide a plausible mechanism for ejecting magnetic flux into interplanetary space.
The 1/1 and 2/1 approximants in the Sc-Mg-Zn quasicrystal system: triacontahedral clusters as fundamental building blocks.

Single-crystal structures are reported for Sc3Mg0.18(1)Zn17.73(3), the 1/1 approximant crystal (AC), and Sc11.18(9)Mg2.5(1)Zn73.6(2), the 2/1 AC, in the corresponding icosahedral quasicrystal (i-QC) system. The 1/1 AC crystallizes in space group Im3, a = 13.863(2) A, Z = 8, and the 2/1 AC, in Pa3, a = 22.412 (2) A, Z = 8. The latter, which is valuable in pointing the way to the QC structure, is the best ordered and refined 2/1 example to date. The fundamental building blocks in both ACs are triacontahedral clusters centered by smaller multiply endohedral Tsai-type arrays; the former are condensed through body-centered-cubic packing in the 1/1 and primitive cubic packing in the 2/1 AC. Novel prolate rhombohedra centered by Sc−Sc dimers are also generated between triacontahedra in the 2/1 AC.
Nonlinear thin shell instabilities in molecular clouds

Abstract Observations of molecular clouds point to the existence of supersonic, turbulent flows. Therefore, any theory which attempts to describe molecular cloud evolution and star formation must include a consideration of the dynamics of colliding flows. Previous studies have considered the collision of supersonic streams or clouds. The resultant instabilities provide a mechanism which may give rise to observable cloud morphologies and enhance the star formation rate. One such instability is the nonlinear thin shell instability (NTSI) of a shock-bounded slab. This process is driven by ram pressure and efficient cooling. In this study, I use numerical simulations to examine the head-on collision of supersonic gas streams in a cold, molecular gas. A dense slab forms in the collision midplane and is prone to a number of instabilities, including the NTSI. The thermodynamic processes involved are found to have a controlling influence upon the instability and fragmentation of the slab. Although some minimal amount of cooling is needed to drive the instability, too rapid a cooling rate gives rise to smaller wavelength instabilities which wipe out the NTSI. The growth rate of the NTSI in a gas undergoing molecular cooling corresponds to a timescale of order 1012 s, in general agreement with the theoretical value for an isothermal gas. The NTSI may provide a viable mechanism for the instigation of rapid star formation.
Breakage Resistance of Corn as a Function of Drying Rates

BREAKAGE resistance of two corn genotypes was investigated by means of breakage susceptibility tests and quasi-static compression tests. Corn samples dried at different air temperatures were used to investigate the effect of drying rates on the breakage strength of corn. As the drying rates increased, the breakage susceptibility increased; the average applied force and compressive energy absorbed at the bio-yield and rupture points for individual kernels decreased..
On the efficient representation of the half-space impedance Green’s function for the Helmholtz equation

Abstract A classical problem in acoustic (and electromagnetic) scattering concerns the evaluation of the Green’s function for the Helmholtz equation subject to impedance boundary conditions on a half-space. The two principal approaches used for representing this Green’s function are the Sommerfeld integral and the (closely related) method of complex images. The former is extremely efficient when the source is at some distance from the half-space boundary, but involves an unwieldy range of integration as the source gets closer and closer. Complex image-based methods, on the other hand, can be quite efficient when the source is close to the boundary, but they do not easily permit the use of the superposition principle since the selection of complex image locations depends on both the source and the target. We have developed a new, hybrid representation which uses a finite number of real images (dependent only on the source location) coupled with a rapidly converging Sommerfeld-like integral. While our method applies in both two and three dimensions, we restrict the detailed analysis and numerical experiments here to the two-dimensional case.
ipso-Nitrosation of arylboronic acids with chlorotrimethylsilane and sodium nitrite

Nitroso compounds are versatile reagents in synthetic organic chemistry. Herein, we disclose a feasible protocol for the ipso-nitrosation of aryl boronic acids using chlorotrimethylsilane–sodium nitrite unison as nitrosation reagent system.
Moduli forces in string models with large internal dimensions

Abstract We estimate the strength and range of forces mediated by string moduli in type I string models with two (or more) large internal dimensions. We find that forces mediated by twisted moduli which live on the brane world-volume can mediate forces which are orders of magnitude stronger than gravity with a range up to a millimeter. If they exist, these forces can be easily observed in present experiments. On the other hand, forces mediated by the dilaton and untwisted moduli are about a hundred times stronger than gravity and may be observed depending on their range.