cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of implosion of carbon/epoxy composite hollow cylinders using 3-D Digital Image Correlation

Abstract A comprehensive study on the hydrostatic implosion of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite tubes is conducted experimentally to examine the failure and damage mechanisms of collapse. Experiments are performed in a pressure vessel designed to provide constant hydrostatic pressure through the collapse. Filament-wound, braided, and roll-wrapped carbon-fiber/epoxy tubes are studied to explore the effect of geometry and reinforcement architecture on the modes of failure. 3-D Digital Image Correlation technique, which is first calibrated for the underwater environment, is used to capture the full-field deformation and velocities during the implosion event. Dynamic pressure transducers are employed to measure the pressure pulses generated by the event and evaluate its damage potential. The results show that composites with braided fabric reinforcements are found to have more damage potential to adjacent structures than those containing unidirectional reinforcements, as they release pressure waves with significantly greater impulse.
The cutaneous reactions produced by o-chlorobenzyl-idenemalononitrile and -chloroacetophenone when applied directly to the skin of human subjects.

Summary.— The cutaneous reactions produced by the irritant compounds o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile, and ω-chloroacetophenone, have been studied on human subjects. ω-Chloroacetophenone has been shown to present a far greater cutaneous hazard than o-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile when applied directly to the skin. The cutaneous reactions produced are worse when the irritant is moistened.
Hypervelocity gliding maneuvers

Atmospheric maneuvering during orbital return is a major advantage of high-lift space vehicle configurations, affording the Space Shuttle Orbiter a variety of possible landing sites. A brief analysis is presented for turning maneuvers during gliding flight, including the lateral distances traversed, at velocities up to circular satellite speed. Lateral distances of 3000 and 6000 km can be traversed during 90- and 180-deg turns for L/D of 2 and 3, respectively.
Delivering nonidentical twins

Two sibling DNA polymerases synthesize most of the eukaryotic nuclear genome. A new study provides insights into the distinct protein interactions that deliver these replicases for asymmetric leading- and lagging-strand replication and reveals possible cross-talk between DNA replication and other cellular processes.
Synthesis of ATP driven by a potassium gradient in mitochondria.

THE possibility of reversing energy-dependent ion transport to synthesize ATP1,2 has apparently been realized in the case of chloroplasts subjected to acid-base transitions3. In no other case has net ATP synthesis coupled to ion transport been reported although incorporation of phosphorus-32 into ATP has been shown to be enhanced in erythrocytes by adjusting the sodium and potassium gradients so as to “reverse the Na+-pump”4 and during step-changes in pH applied to mitochondria5. The high apparent efficiency of the accumulation of potassium supported by ATP in mitochondria treated with the antibiotic valinomycin6 suggested that, provided the kinetic barrier was not inordinately large, ATP synthesis should be demonstrable in the absence of respiration if the direction of net potassium movement were reversed (that is, during potassium efflux).
Self-attribution of attitude as a function of belief feedback.

Previous research has found that subjects listening to a communication can be persuaded more when they receive false physiological feedback concerning their emotional state than when such feedback is not presented. Such results, in conjunction with Bem’s (1972) postulate that subjects infer their attitude from the external circumstances of their behavior, suggested that false feedback of belief or disbelief would affect persuasion. Subjects listened to a speech while observing their (false) reactions on a “belief meter.” Half of the subjects received strong positive belief feedback, and the other half received strong disbelief feedback. Demand characteristics were varied by telling half of the subjects in each group that the meter was highly reliable and valid and the other half that is was of questionable validity. Results showed that the meter feedback affected self-attributions of attitude. Subjects receiving disbelief feedback rated their attitude the same as a control group who merely completed the attitude scale. Subjects receiving belief feedback were persuaded more than a control group receiving only the communication. The implications of the data for the construct of attitude were discussed.
Three before their time: neuroscientists whose ideas were ignored by their contemporaries

I discuss three examples of neuroscientists whose ideas were ignored by their contemporaries but were accepted as major insights decades or even centuries later. The first is Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772) whose ideas on the functions of the cerebral cortex were amazingly prescient. The second is Claude Bernard (1813-1878) whose maxim that the constancy of the internal environment is the condition for the free life was not understood for about 50 years when it came to dominate the development of modern physiology. The third is Joseph Altman (1925-) who overturned the traditional dogma that no new neurons are made in the adult mammalian brain and was vindicated several decades later.
Wrath of the wraiths of CatSper3 and CatSper4

The spermatozoon is a marvelous machine designed by nature for the single task of finding an oocyte, delivering its genetic payload, and initiating the formation of a new embryo. Like many of the most specialized and sophisticated mechanical creations of humans, the sperm is fitted with unique components and stripped of unneeded hardware, including most of its biosynthetic equipment. As a consequence, for mice, humans, and other mammals, the male stores sperm in a quiescent state to conserve irreplaceable resources. Upon release into the female reproductive tract, the ejaculated sperm “awaken” to begin the obligatory maturational sequence, called “capacitation,” that is required to complete their vital mission. Several of the components of capacitation require extracellular Ca2+. These include an early activation of sperm motility, thought to be necessary for entry of sperm into the oviduct, and a subsequent peculiar “hyperactivation” of motility, thought to be necessary for sperm to penetrate the cumulus oophorus and zona pellucida that surround the oocyte (1, 2). Our understanding of the Ca2+ requirement for hyperactivation has increased greatly since the discovery of the CatSpers (3–5), a unique family of four sperm-specific ion channel proteins. In landmark work last year (6), the Clapham laboratory reported successful whole-cell patch-clamp recording of a Ca2+-selective, alkaline-promoted current that is present in wild-type sperm but absent in sperm from CatSper1 −/− mice. In this issue of PNAS, Qi et al. (7) reveal that all four CatSper proteins are required for sperm to form the flagellar ion channels that provide the route of entry for the Ca2+ that is needed for hyperactivation. The lack of functional …
Nonexistence of Riemann Solutions and Majda-Pego Instability

Abstract We study Riemann problems for the shallow water equations. We consider weak self-similar Riemann solutions consisting of constant states, rarefaction waves, and/or jump discontinuities that satisfy the viscous profile entropy criterion, with a positive definite, symmetric viscosity matrix. We prove that for a “generic” symmetric, positive definite viscosity matrix there is an open set of Riemann initial data for which a weak self-similar Riemann solution does not exist. We show that this happens for the hyperbolic initial data that is unstable in the sense studied by Majda and Pego. We prove that such initial data always exist for positive definite, symmetric, nondiagonal viscosity matrices. In the work that follows previous work by the authors (in press, Nonlinear Anal.) we show that in the situations presented in this paper, measure-value solutions exhibiting continuously generated oscillations take place. The results of the present paper provide a new insight into the role of the viscous profile entropy criterion and the Majda–Pego instability in the existence of Riemann solutions for nonlinear conservation laws.
BATALIN-VILKOVISKY FROM HAMILTONIAN BRST

We derive the Batalin-Vilkovisky form of the Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin operator from the Hamiltonian form. In the case of the string in the conformal gauge, the world-sheet metric reappears as the antifield of the antighost.
Tumor Necrosis Factor α Promotes Nuclear Localization of Cytokine-inducible CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein Isoforms in Hepatocytes

Hepatocytes were cultured in the presence of recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α or mutated TNF α peptides that specifically activate either p55 or p75 TNF receptors to determine if TNF α can activate cytokine-inducible CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) isoforms by post-transcriptional mechanisms that are initiated by TNF receptors. Within 5-10 min after treatment with any of these agents, nuclear concentrations of C/EBP β and C/EBP δ double and remain 2-4-fold greater than control cultures for 30 min (p
A Model of Pollen Source Area for an Entire Lake Surface

A model of pollen deposition on the surface of an entire basin is developed to estimate pollen source area, and results are compared with those for a point at the center of a basin (I. C. Prentice, 1985, Quaternary Research 23, 76-86; 1988, "Vegetation History," (pp. 17-42, Kluwer Academic). This model is more appropriate for approximating the source area of pollen in lake sediment, since mixing in lake water and focusing of sediment redistribute pollen originally deposited over the entire surface. In general, the pollen source radius for the entire basin surface is 10-30% smaller than the source radius for a point at the center; the difference in the source radius is more profound for heavier pollen types such as spruce and sugar maple than for lighter types such as oak and ragweed. The average pollen input to the entire surface is more strongly influenced by nearby pollen sources than pollen deposition at the center. The pollen record from a lake may therefore provide different spatial resolution than the record from a bog of similar radius.
Doxorubicin-mediated apoptosis in glioma cells requires NFAT3

Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), a family of transcription factors, has been implicated in many cellular processes, including some cancers. Here, we characterize, for the first time, the role of NFAT3 in doxorubicin (DOX)-mediated apoptosis, migration, and invasion in SNB19 and U87 glioma cells. This study demonstrates that the specific knockdown of NFAT3 results in a dramatic inhibition of the apoptotic effect induced by DOX and favors cell survival. Inhibition of NFAT3 activation by shNFAT3 (shNF3) significantly downregulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induction, its receptor TNFR1, caspase 10, caspase 3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, abrogating DOX-mediated apoptosis in glioma cells. DOX treatment resulted in NFAT3 translocation to the nucleus. Similarly, shNF3 treatment in SNB19 and U87 cells reversed DOX-induced inhibition of cell migration and invasion, as determined by wound healing and matrigel invasion assays. Taken together, these results indicate that NFAT3 is a prerequisite for the induction of DOX-mediated apoptosis in glioma cells.
Platelet procoagulant complex assembly in a tissue factor‐initiated system

The aim of this study was to examine the assembly of the factor IXa/VIIIa (Xase) and factor Xa/Va (IIase) complexes on the platelet surface in a system designed to mimic tissue factor-initiated coagulation. The experimental system contained tissue factor-bearing monocytes, unactivated platelets, and plasma concentrations of factors V, VIII, IX, X, prothrombin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), antithrombin III (ATIII), and small amounts of factor VIIa. The time courses of platelet activation, coagulation factor binding and thrombin generation were compared. In this system, thrombin generation by the combination of monocytes and platelets was synergistic compared to each cell type alone. Platelet activation and thrombin generation were minimal in the absence of prothrombin or factor X. After a lag period, platelet activation began, followed by progressive binding of factors Va and VIIIa. This was followed by factor IXa and Xa binding and the onset of thrombin generation. Unexpectedly, a transient early increase in platelet-associated factor IX and X was also seen, that was due to release from platelets. The amount of factor IX bound to isolated activated platelets was increased by addition of factor VIIIa, or by activation of factor IX to IXa. In contrast, factor VIIIa binding was not altered by the presence of factor IX or IXa. We conclude that in a tissue factor-initiated system, assembly of the procoagulant complexes on the platelet surface begins after platelet activation occurs. Platelet activation requires thrombin generation in the vicinity of the tissue factor bearing cells. The cofactors Va and VIIIa bind to the platelets and facilitate subsequent binding of factors IXa and Xa to form functional procoagulant complexes.
Removal of Foreign Bodies (Two Teeth) by Fiberoptic. Bronchoscopy

In special situations the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, with its increased visual range and extended capabilities for extraction, may be utilized to augment rigid bronchoscopy. Recently developed tools for extraction (claw, basket, forceps, and balloon catheter) may be inserted through the channel of the fiberoptic bronchoscope to capture small, peripheral foreign objects. We present the case of a 76-year-old man in whom two aspirated teeth were removed from the right lower lobe (RB 9a and RB 9b ) using the fiberoptic bronchoscope, a wire basket, and a Fogarty balloon catheter. Rigid tube bronchoscopy was contraindicated because the patient had just sustained a fractured skull and jaw in an automobile accident
Production of human alkaline phosphatase, a secreted, glycosylated protein, from a baculovirus expression system and the attachment-dependent cell line Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn 5B1-4 using a split-flow, air-lift bioreactor

A split-flow, air-lift bioreactor for the cultivation of insect cells to produce recombinant protein is described. It can be used advantageously with attached cell systems. This bioreactor incorporates two sections: a rise and a downcomer. Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn 5B1-4 cells are grown on a support material of glass beads or microcarriers placed in the downcomer. This cell line is more productive than other commonly used insect cell lines, but it has the disadvantage of being difficult to use at large volumes since it is not easily adaptable to suspension culture. Adequate oxygen demand is supplied by sparging without direct exposure of cells to air bubbles. Nutrients are supplied convectively to the attached cells on support material as the fluid flows through the downcomer. The split-flow, air-lift bioreactor appears to be suitable for insect cell culture and is potentially scalable. It can provide a high surface-to-volume ratio and can be operated in batch or continuous mode. A lab-scale prototype bioreactor has been constructed and tested for the production of a secreted, glycosylated recombinant protein (human alkaline phosphatase) or seAP using an Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) vector. With a ratio of riser cross-sectional area to downcomer cross-sectional area of 1, an aspect ratio of 4.4, an air-flow rate of 54 mL/min in the riser, and a bed of 2400 3-min nonporous glass beads, 10.7 micrograms/mL of seAP was produced using an MOI (multiplicity of infection or the ratio of plaque-forming units to cells) of 10.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Competitive Communication Spectrum Economy and Equilibrium

Consider a competitive \spectrum economy" in communication system where multiple users share a common frequency band and each of them, equipped with an endowed \monetary" budget, will \purchase" its own transmit power spectra (taking others as given) in maximizing its Shannon utility or pay-ofi function that includes the efiects of interference and subjects to its budget constraint. A market equilibrium is a price spectra and a frequency power allocation that independently and simultaneously maximizes each user’s utility. Furthermore, under an equilibrium the market clears, meaning that the total power demand equals the power supply for every user and every frequency. We prove that such an equilibrium always exists for a discretized version of the problem, and, under a weak-interference condition or the Frequency Division Multiple Access (FMDA) policy, the equilibrium can be computed in polynomial time. This model may lead to an e‐cient decentralized method for spectrum allocation management and optimization in achieving both higher social utilization and better individual satisfaction. Furthermore, we consider a trading market among individual users to exchange their endowed power spectra under a price mechanism, and show that the market price equilibrium also exists and it may lead to a more socially desired spectrum allocation.
A spatially selective filter based on the undecimated wavelet transform that is robust to noise estimation error

Xu, Y. et al. (see IEEE T-IP, vol.3, no.6, 1994) proposed an effective wavelet based spatially selective denoising algorithm. The performance of the algorithm depends on the noise power estimation. Pan, Q. et al. (see IEEE T-SP, vol.47, no.12, 1999) tried to improve the performance via a small modification. However, our simulation shows that both of these methods are sensitive to noise estimation. We analyze the sensitivity of these two methods and introduce a new spatially selective noise filter based on the UDWT (undecimated wavelet transform) that uses spatial correlation thresholding. Theoretic analysis and simulations show our algorithm improves the denoising effect. They also show that our proposed method is robust to errors in the noise power estimate. Because our approach is robust, we can relax the requirements for the estimation of the threshold without sacrificing performance, and so our method is more computationally efficient. We also put some perspective on the impact of employing nonorthogonal representations. Simulation results show the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm.
A method for coordinating the distributed transmission of imagery

Distributed imaging using sensor arrays is gaining popularity among various research and development communities. A common bottleneck within such an imaging sensor network is the large resulting data load. In applications for which transmission power and/or bandwidth are constrained, this can drastically decrease the sensor network lifetime. We present an algorithm that efficiently exploits inter- and intrasensor correlation for the purpose of power-constrained distributed transmission of sensor-network imagery. Gains in network lifetime up to 114% are obtained when using the suggested algorithm with lossless compression. Our results also demonstrate that when lossy compression is employed, much larger gains are achieved. For example, when a normalized root-mean-squared error of 0.78% can be tolerated in the received measurements, the network lifetime increases by a factor of 2.8, as compared to the (optimized) lossless case.
Multi-language Ontology-Based Search Engine

One of the first Multi-Language Information Retrieval (MLIR) systems was implemented in 1969 by Gerard Salton who enhanced his SMART system to retrieve multilingual documents in two languages, English and German. However, the research field of MLIR is still struggling since the majority of information retrieval systems are monolingual and more precisely English-based, even though only 6% of the world’s population native language have as English [14]. This paper presents a Multi-Language Information Retrieval (MLIR) approach that falls into the area of Domain Specific Information Retrieval (E-learning being the domain). The approach we followed is a synergistic approach between (1) Thesaurus-based Approach and (2) Corpus-based Approach. This research has been implemented on a real platform called HyperManyMedia1 at Western Kentucky University.
BALANCING BORDERS AND BRIDGES: NEGOTIATING THE WORK-HOME INTERFACE VIA BOUNDARY WORK TACTICS

We investigated how people manage boundaries to negotiate the demands between work and home life. We discovered and classified four types of boundary work tactics (behavioral, temporal, physical, and communicative) that individuals utilized to help create their ideal level and style of work-home segmentation or integration. We also found important differences between the generalized state of work-home conflict and “boundary violations,” which we define as behaviors, events, or episodes that either breach or neglect the desired work-home boundary. We present a model based on two qualitative studies that demonstrates how boundary work tactics reduce the negative effects of work-home challenges. “Balance” between work and home lives is a much sought after but rarely claimed state of being. Work-family researchers have successfully encouraged organizations, families, and individuals to recognize the importance of tending to their needs for balance. Over 30 years ago, Kanter (1977) spoke of the “myth of separate worlds” and called attention to the reality that work and home are inexorably linked. Yet, she argued, organizations are often structured in such a way that their leadership forgets or ignores employees’ outside lives. Although organizational leaders and managers generally tend more to employees’ nonwork needs than they did when Kanter wrote her landmark work, struggles to balance work and home demands are still common
Understanding Differences in Role Stressors, Resilience, and Burnout in Teacher/Coaches and Non-Coaching Teachers

The constructs of role stressors, burnout, and resilience have been the topic of numerous research studies in physical education and education more generally. Specific to physical education, much effort has been devoted to the study of teacher/coach role conflict. However, no prior studies have examined how role stressors, burnout, and resilience experienced by teacher/coaches differ from what is experienced by noncoaching teachers. Using role theory as a guiding framework, this study sought to examine differences in role stressors, burnout, and resilience among teacher/coaches and noncoaching teachers from core (e.g., mathematics, language arts) and noncore (e.g., physical education, music) subjects. Analyses were conducted using 2 × 2 (coaching status × subject affiliation) Factorial ANOVAs. While some group differences are highlighted, overall the results suggest that there are more similarities than differences among teacher/coaches and noncoaching teachers. These findings suggest that it is not safe ...
Stair Climbing as an Indicator of Pulmonary Function

Seventy male patients with a mean age of 56.8 years scheduled for pulmonary function testing were subjected to a stair climb in order to determine the relationship, if any, between the number of steps climbed and the results of pulmonary function testing. The number of steps completed was plotted against the different parameters which may be used as predictors of post-thoracotomy outcome. The stair climb acts as a stress test and, although there is a strong relationship to pulmonary function tests, it also is an indicator of many other parameters including cardiovascular status, cooperation, and determination. Based on results of this study, the stair climb can be used as a reliable screening test of pulmonary function. Also, preoperative patients who are unable to perform pulmonary function tests can be evaluated accurately for lung resection by use of the stair climb test.
Photocatalytic Activity Enhanced by Plasmonic Resonant Energy Transfer from Metal to Semiconductor

Plasmonic metal nanostructures have been incorporated into semiconductors to enhance the solar-light harvesting and the energy-conversion efficiency. So far the mechanism of energy transfer from the plasmonic metal to semiconductors remains unclear. Herein the underlying plasmonic energy-transfer mechanism is unambiguously determined in Au@SiO2@Cu2O sandwich nanostructures by transient-absorption and photocatalysis action spectrum measurement. The gold core converts the energy of incident photons into localized surface plasmon resonance oscillations and transfers the plasmonic energy to the Cu2O semiconductor shell via resonant energy transfer (RET). RET generates electron–hole pairs in the semiconductor by the dipole–dipole interaction between the plasmonic metal (donor) and semiconductor (acceptor), which greatly enhances the visible-light photocatalytic activity as compared to the semiconductor alone. RET from a plasmonic metal to a semiconductor is a viable and efficient mechanism that can be used to ...
On the relationship between a continuous update method of multipliers and the generalized reduced gradient method

The method of multipliers1–3 (MOM) is a transformation technique which has enjoyed considerable popularity in recent years. The algorithmic philosophy is similar to conventional penalty function methods in that a constrained nonlinear programming problem is transformed into a sequence of unconstrained problems. In the standard MOM approach, the multipliers are updated after each unconstrained search. In this paper we investigate methods which involve continuous updating of the penalty parameters and design variables. We demonstrate that this continuous updating scheme is equivalent to the generalized reduced gradient method4,5 applied to a certain dual problem. Computational results are given which suggest that the continuous updating MOM is not as efficient as one might reasonably hope.
Algorithms for solvents and spectral factors of matrix polynomials

A generalized Newton method, based on the contracted gradient of a matrix polynomial, is derived for solving the right (left) solvents and spectral factors of matrix polynomials. Two methods of selecting initial estimates for rapid convergence of the newly developed numerical method are proposed. Also, new algorithms for solving complete sets of the right (left) solvents and spectral factors without directly using the eigenvalues of matrix polynomials are derived. The proposed computer-aided method can be used to determine the spectral factorization of a matrix polynomial for optimal control, filtering and estimation problems.
Loneliness and social uses of the Internet

Abstract Loneliness has been associated with increased Internet use. Lonely individuals may be drawn online because of the increased potential for companionship, the changed social interaction patterns online, and as a way to modulate negative moods associated with loneliness. Online, social presence and intimacy levels can be controlled; users can remain invisible as they observe others’ interactions, and can control the amount and timing of their interactions. Anonymity and lack of face-to-face communication online may decrease self-consciousness and social anxiety, which could facilitate pro-social behavior and enhance online friendship formation. Support for this model was found in a survey of 277 undergraduate Internet users that was used to assess differences between lonely and not-lonely individuals in patterns of Internet use. Loneliness was assessed on the UCLA Loneliness Scale; students in the highest 20% (Lonely) were compared with all other students (Non-lonely). Lonely individuals used the Internet and e-mail more and were more likely to use the Internet for emotional support than others. Social behavior of lonely individuals consistently was enhanced online, and lonely individuals were more likely to report making online friends and heightened satisfaction with their online friends. The lonely were more likely to use the Internet to modulate negative moods, and to report that their Internet use was causing disturbances in their daily functioning.
ALTERNATIVES IN THE SELECTION OF ALLOGRAFT BONE

Many orthopedic surgeons are unfamiliar with the various types of commercially available allograft bones, despite their frequent use in reconstructive and tumor surgery. This report summarizes the mechanical, osteoinduction, and safety data for sterile fresh-frozen, secondarily sterilized, and freeze-dried bone. The orthopedic surgeon can make informed choices about bone alternatives based on the risks and benefits of each type. Data have shown that fresh-frozen sterile-collection bone is the optimal substitute for autogenous bone in most applications.
Primer registro de Nabis paranensis Harris, 1931 (Heteroptera: Nabidae) para la provincia de Catamarca, Argentina

Se entrega el primer registro para Nabis paranensis Harris, 1931 para la provincia de Catamarca, Argentina, y se comenta la importancia de los registros de esta especie en el oeste del pais.
Attention and word learning in toddlers who are late talkers

The purpose of this study was to examine attention allocation in toddlers who were late talkers and toddlers with typical language development while they were engaged in a word-learning task in order to determine if differences exist. Two-year-olds who were late talkers (11) and typically developing toddlers (11) were taught twelve novel pseudo-words for unfamiliar objects over ten training sessions. The toddlers' attention allocation during the word-learning sessions was measured as well as their comprehension of the newly learned words. Late talkers showed reduced attention allocation to objects during word-training sessions, and also comprehended fewer of the novel words than toddlers with typical language development. Attention allocation was found to be a stronger predictor of word learning as compared to cognition and auditory comprehension. Reduced attention allocation may contribute to the early lexical delay characteristic in late talkers.
Uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronoslytransferases (UGTs): Conjugating Cousins

This chapter discusses the chemical pathways, metabolic actions, substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the uridine 5′-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases, also known as UGTs.
A Randomized Survey of the Public’s Expectancies and Willingness to Participate in Clinical Trials of Antidepressants Versus Psychotherapy for Depression

BACKGROUND Expectancies and treatment preferences are known to affect the outcomes of patients enrolled in clinical trials for depression, but there is little research on their influence when the public is considering participation in these trials. METHOD We conducted an online survey (May 2013) in which participants (N = 615) were randomly assigned to read hypothetical descriptions of clinical trials for depression based on 1 of the following study designs: medication versus placebo, medication versus medication, psychotherapy versus placebo, or psychotherapy versus psychotherapy. Afterward, individuals rated willingness to participate in the trial, logic and credibility of the treatments, and expected success and improvement in symptoms. RESULTS There were no differences in expectancies for ratings of credibility and logic or success and improvement among clinical trial designs. However, self-reported willingness to participate in the study was rated significantly higher in the 2 psychotherapy trial designs (active-comparator and placebo-controlled) compared with the active-comparator medication design (P < .05). Psychiatric treatment history, general treatment preferences, and depression severity were positively correlated with willingness to participate primarily in the active-comparator medication design. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with the broader treatment preference literature, individuals reported a greater willingness to participate in psychotherapy compared with antidepressant studies. Thus, people's perceptions of different treatments are likely to influence not only the outcomes of clinical trials for depression but also decisions to participate in these trials in the first place.
Rejoinder to Comment by Wotruba

In marketing science, constructive criticism of existing work provides the foundation for further advancement of the frontiers of marketing knowledge. Unfortunately, Wotruba's attempt to comment on an article by Parsons and Vanden Abeele (1981) tends to confuse rather than clarify. Wotruba makes numerous comments about the content of the article that are factually untrue. More important, he does not seem to understand the market studied, the model-building process, and the issue of causality in nonexperimental data. Wotruba also makes some major technical errors. The result is that the commentary is "creative," to say the least!
Epidemiological characteristics and prevention strategy of Japanese encephalitis from 2001 to 2010 in Shijiazhuang

Objective To provided evidence for the development of Japanese encephalitis(JE) control and prevention strategies by analysis of the epidemiological characteristics and the relationship between JE and mosquitoes.Methods During 2001-2010,JE cases were collected from the passive surveillance.At the same time,the acute encephalitis and meningitis symptom surveillance were conducted to identify JE cases from the perspective observational study during 2007-2010.Participating facilities included one children hospital,three provincial general hospitals and three rural county-level general hospitals in five county districts with random assignment.ELISA was used to detect the agent in blood and cerebrospinal fluid(CSF).The mosquito specimens were collected with labor hour method from May to October.Results There were 75 JE cases reported in Shijiazhuang.The annual average incidence rate and the fatality rate were 0.08/105 and 0.26%,respectively.Two peaks in age distribution were observed:one with children of 5-15 years,and the other with adults of 40 years and older.The inhabitant to floating population ratio was 2.57:1.The time distribution was mainly in August,September and October.Culex pipiens pallens and Cx.tritaeniorhynchus were the dominant species.Correlation was found between JE epidemic and mosquitoes density(rs=0.5506,P=0.000).The ratio of JE diagnosed was 28.95% among the first visiting patients.Conclusion JE epidemiological characteristics are changing with a gradually increasing incidence and increasing cases among floating population.It is important to enhance epidemiology and pathogen surveillance with acute encephalitis and meningitis for JE prevention and control.The preventive strategy for JE should be a comprehensive system based on vaccines immunization.
An Overview of Platelet Structural Physiology

Marion Barnhart and her colleagues used light, phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy to provide a clear picture of platelet surface changes developing in response to aggregating agents. This review, in honor of Marion and her work, has sought to expand the horizon provided through study of surface alterations by peeling back the membrane of the platelet to reveal the dynamic world within. A cytoskeleton consisting of a circumferential microtubule and submembrane actin filaments supports the discoid shape of the resting cell. Following exposure to aggregating agents in suspension, to foreign surfaces or denuded blood vessels and to fibrin strands during clot retraction, the state of assembly and organization of actin and location of the microtubule undergo dramatic alterations. There are differences in the cytoskeletal organization of platelets activated in suspension or on surfaces, during spreading on damaged blood vessels or in the process of clot retraction; yet, the similarities are far more impressive than the differences. The ability to assemble its cytoskeleton and adapt it to a variety of conditions requiring the exercise of contractile force makes the platelet a unique form of muscle cell.
Protective Role of Kallistatin in Vascular and Organ Injury.

Kallistatin is an endogenous protein that exerts pleiotropic effects, including vasodilation and inhibition of angiogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, fibrosis, and tumor progression. Through its 2 functional domains—an active site and a heparin-binding site—kallistatin regulates differential signaling pathways and a wide spectrum of biological functions. Kallistatin’s active site is key for inhibiting tissue kallikrein activity and stimulating the expression of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3). Kallistatin via its heparin-binding site blocks signaling pathways mediated by growth factors and cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), Wnt, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and epidermal growth factor. Kallistatin gene or protein delivery protects against the pathogenesis of hypertension, heart and kidney damage, arthritis, sepsis, influenza virus infection, tumor growth, and metastasis in animal models. Conversely, depletion of endogenous kallistatin by neutralizing antibody injection exacerbates cardiovascular and renal injury in hypertensive rats. Kallistatin levels are markedly reduced in rodents with hypertension, sepsis, streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, and cardiac and renal injury. Kallistatin levels are also diminished in patients with liver disease, septic syndrome, diabetic retinopathy, severe pneumonia, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and prostate, and colon cancer. Therefore, circulating kallistatin levels may serve as a new biomarker for human diseases. This review summarizes kallistatin’s protective roles and mechanisms in vascular and organ injury and highlights the therapeutic potential of kallistatin for multiple disease states. Kallistatin was discovered in human plasma as a tissue kallikrein–binding protein.1 Sequence analysis indicated that tissue kallikrein–binding protein is a novel serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) and was later designated kallistatin because of its ability to inhibit tissue kallikrein activity.2–9 Tissue kallikrein is a serine proteinase that cleaves low–molecular weight kininogen substrate to release vasoactive kinin peptides.10 The …
Pharmacists’ guide to the management of organ donors after brain death

Purpose This article reviews organ donor pathophysiology as it relates to medication use with the goal of maximizing the successful procurement and transplantation of donor organs. Summary The number of patients requiring organ transplantation continues to grow, yet organ donation rates remain flat, making it critical to appropriately manage each organ donor in order to ensure viability of all transplantable organs. The care given to one organ donor is tantamount to the care of several transplant recipients. Aggressive donor management ensures that the largest number of organs can be successfully procured and improves the organs’ overall quality. Hospital pharmacists are responsible for processing orders and preparing the medications outlined in donor management algorithms developed by their respective medical systems. It is important that pharmacists understand the details of the medications used in these protocols in order to critically evaluate each medication order and appropriately manage the donor. Typical medications used in organ donors after brain death include medications for blood pressure management and fluid resuscitation, medications necessary for electrolyte management, blood products, vasopressors, hormone replacement therapy, antiinfectives, anticoagulants, paralytics, and organ preservation solutions. Conclusion It is essential to provide optimal pharmacotherapy for each organ donor to ensure organ recovery and donation. Typical medications used in organ donors include agents for blood pressure management and fluid resuscitation, medications necessary for electrolyte management, blood products, vasopressors, hormone replacement therapy, antiinfectives, anticoagulants, paralytics, and organ preservation solutions.
View-based tool integration in database-centered environments

Database-centered environment architectures differ significantly from file-based architectures. Consequently they require a different set of primitives for tool support. This paper describes a form of tool composition called cotools which provides many of the benefits of UNIX pipes in terms of being able to reuse existing tools in tool composites, and allowing tools to operate concurrently ad incrementally on data. However, the tool language and the composition model is tailored to provide these benefits in a database-centered environment where tools do not directly communicate with each other. The effect of communication is achieved by allowing member tools in a cotool to access common data in a coordinated manner while allowing the changes made to data by one tool immediately visible to other tools in the cotool.Since database transactions normally maintain consistency in a database by disallowing interleaved data manipulation amongst separate applications, certain modifications to the concept of transactions are required. One of goals from a systemic point of view is to allow the benefits of tool cooperation without completely violating the transactions idea, which is a very clean mechanism for maintaining data consistency in a shared data store.
Optimizing the CD34+ Cell Dose for Allogeneic Transplantation.

Whether the CD34+ cell dose affects the outcome of allogeneic blood cell transplantation is contentious: it is generally accepted that low doses increase transplant-related mortality (TRM) but it is unknown if very high doses compromise outcome by increasing GVHD. The aim of this analysis was to see if an optimum CD34+ cell dose (10 6 /kg ideal body weight) could be found among 130 patients undergoing reduced-intensity allografts after 100 mg/m 2 melphalan (+ 50 mg/kg cyclophosphamide if no prior autograft). GVHD prophylaxis comprised cyclosporine/tacrolimus and MMF. Among patients receiving CD34+ cell doses of 8 (n=6), the overall survival (OS) of the last group was the worst. Using the likelihood-ratio statistic for proportional-hazards regression models, the outcome of the first 4 groups was found to be not significantly different (P>0.05) from the last whereas those receiving 6–6.99 (RR 0.23; P=0.003) and 7–8 (RR 0.25; P=0.004) fared better. Amongst the 124 patients receiving ≤8/kg, an increasing cell dose was associated with improving OS when analyzed as a continuous variable (RR 0.8759; 95% CI: 0.7695–0.9970; P=0.045), and the OS of those receiving 6–8/kg was better than those getting When the CD34+ cell dose was entered into a Cox model (6–8 vs the rest) with the 6 other variables found to be independently significant in this population of patients (performance status 2–3, HLA mismatch, refractory disease, donor age >45 y, high LDH, and platelets 8), 6–8 was better (RR 0.33 vs >8; P=0.029, and RR 0.63 vs The 6–8 cell dose was associated with lower relapse (RR 0.72; P=0.19) and TRM (RR 0.61; P=0.19) when analyzed with other variables significantly affecting these outcomes; suggesting that its beneficial effect on OS may be a combination of improved relapse and TRM. There was no significant correlation between the cell dose and some donor characteristics (sibling/unrelated, gender, and HLA match). Donor age ≤45 was associated with a cell dose of 6–8 (55% vs 34% for >45 y; P=0.02). We conclude that the CD34+ cell dose affects outcome of reduced-intensity allogeneic HSCT. This finding is important because this is the only potentially modifiable factor that can be manipulated in practice. Based on our data and pending more studies, we recommend 6–8 x 10 6 per kg ideal body weight to optimize outcome.
Multimodal Fundus Imaging of Sodium Iodate-Treated Mice Informs RPE Susceptibility and Origins of Increased Fundus Autofluorescence

Purpose By multimodal imaging, and the use of mouse and in vitro models, we have addressed changes in fundus autofluorescence (488 and 790 nm) and observed interactions between the photooxidative stress imposed by RPE bisretinoid lipofuscin and the oxidative impact of systemic sodium iodate (NaIO3). Methods Abca4-/-, wild-type, and Rpe65rd12 mice were given systemic injections of NaIO3 (30 mg/kg). Analysis included noninvasive imaging of fundus autofluorescence (short-wavelength [SW-AF]; near-infrared excitation [NIR-AF]), quantitative fundus AF (qAF; 488 nm); light microscopy, RPE flat-mounts and measurements of outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness. NaIO3 also was studied by using in vitro assays. Results In SW-AF and NIR-AF images, fundus mottling was visible 3 and 7 days after NaIO3 injection with changes being more pronounced in Abca4-/- mice that are characterized by an abundance of RPE bisretinoid lipofuscin. In Abca4-/- mice, qAF was elevated 3 and 7 days after NaIO3 administration. In light micrographs and RPE flat-mounts stained to reveal tight junctions (ZO-1) and nuclei, the RPE monolayer was disorganized, and clumping and loss of RPE was visible. ONL thinning was most pronounced in Abca4-/- mice. Treatment of ARPE-19 cells with NaIO3 together with the photooxidation of the bisretinoid A2E by exposure to 430-nm light produced an additive effect whereby loss of cell viability was greater than with either perturbation alone. Conclusions Elevations in SW-AF intensity can occur due to photoreceptor cell dysfunction as induced secondarily by NaIO3. Photooxidative stress associated with RPE cell bisretinoid lipofuscin may confer increased susceptibility to the oxidant NaIO3.
Switching dynamics of the spin density wave in superconducting CeCoIn 5

The ordering wave vector $\mathbf{Q}$ of a spin density wave (SDW), stabilized within the superconducting state of ${\mathrm{CeCoIn}}_{5}$ in a high magnetic field, has been shown to be hypersensitive to the direction of the field. $\mathbf{Q}$ can be switched from a nodal direction of the $d$-wave superconducting order parameter to a perpendicular node by rotating the in-plane magnetic field through the antinodal direction within a fraction of a degree. Here, we address the dynamics of the switching of $\mathbf{Q}$. We use a free-energy functional based on the magnetization density, which describes the condensation of magnetic fluctuations of nodal quasiparticles, and show that the switching process includes closing of the SDW gap at one $\mathbf{Q}$ and then reopening the SDW gap at another $\mathbf{Q}$ perpendicular to the first one. The magnetic field couples to $\mathbf{Q}$ through the spin-orbit interaction. Our calculations show that the width of the hysteretic region of switching depends linearly on the deviation of magnetic field from the critical field associated with the SDW transition, consistent with our thermal conductivity measurements. The agreement between theory and experiment supports our scenario of the hypersensitivity of the $Q$ phase on the direction of magnetic field, as well as the magnon condensation as the origin of the SDW phase in ${\mathrm{CeCoIn}}_{5}$.
Real-Time Bidding with Side Information

We consider the problem of repeated bidding in online advertising auctions when some side information (e.g. browser cookies) is available ahead of submitting a bid in the form of a $d$-dimensional vector. The goal for the advertiser is to maximize the total utility (e.g. the total number of clicks) derived from displaying ads given that a limited budget $B$ is allocated for a given time horizon $T$. Optimizing the bids is modeled as a contextual Multi-Armed Bandit (MAB) problem with a knapsack constraint and a continuum of arms. We develop UCB-type algorithms that combine two streams of literature: the confidence-set approach to linear contextual MABs and the probabilistic bisection search method for stochastic root-finding. Under mild assumptions on the underlying unknown distribution, we establish distribution-independent regret bounds of order $\tilde{O}(d \cdot \sqrt{T})$ when either $B = \infty$ or when $B$ scales linearly with $T$.