cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equations of state for polyamide‐6 and its nanocomposites. II. Effects of clay

The pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) dependencies of polyamide-6 and its nanocomposites (polymeric nanocomposites) were measured at temperatures T = 300–600 K and pressures P = 0.1–190 MPa, thus spanning the range of molten and “solid” phases. The Simha-Somcynsky (S-S) cell-hole equation of state (EOS) was used for describing the molten region. At Tg(P) ≤ T ≤ Tm(P), the “solid” phase is a mixture of the liquid polyamide-6 with dispersion of crystals. Accordingly, the PVT behavior in this region was described as a combination of the S-S EOS for the liquid phase and the Midha-Nanda-Simha-Jain (MNSJ) EOS for the crystalline one. These two theories based on different models yielded two sets of the characteristic reducing parameters, P*, T*, V* and the segmental molecular weight, Ms. Incorporation of 2 and 5 wt % clay increased P* and reduced T* and V*, but the effects were small. Fitting the combination of S-S and MNSJ EOS' to isobaric “solid” phase data yielded the total crystallinity, Xcryst, and the correcting excess specific volume, ΔVm,c. Both parameters were sensitive to pressure, P, and the clay content, w—the former increased with P and w, whereas the latter decreased. The raw PVT data were numerically differentiated to obtain the thermal expansion and compressibility coefficients, α and κ, respectively. At T Tm, the opposite effect was observed, most likely owing to the excess of intercalant in the polymeric nanocomposites samples. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 966–980, 2009
Optimization of some key geothermobarometers for pelitic metamorphic rocks

I will consider mainly geothermobarometry in medium-grade pelitic rocks, including the garnet-biotite (GB) geothermometer, the Grossular-Al silicate-plagioclase (GASP) geobarometer, and the muscovite-almandine-biotite-sillimanite (MABS) geobarometer. For GB (Holdaway, 2000) experimental data and estimated biotite Δ W Ti were used to optimize two exchange parameters and four biotite Margules parameters. Using stepwise linear regression, experimental vs. calculated T were constrained to lie on a line with slope of one and intercept of zero, maximizing r 2 . The best model involves experiments by Ferry and Spear (1978) and Perchuk and Lavrent’eva (1983), suggesting minimal vi Al in the Ferry and Spear product biotite. For GASP (Holdaway, 2001), end-member experimental data do not adequately constrain the equilibrium. I used the GB model above, and allowed the end-member curve to rotate about the best-constrained part of the GASP end-member data. The end-member curve was further constrained with the kyanite-sillimanite (K-S) boundary using published chemical data on 76 pelitic schist samples from 11 localities, rejecting Low-Grs and low-An samples. The Fuhrman and Lindsley (1988) plagioclase model gives the best results. For MABS, work in progress involves 61 samples from the 11 localities which have muscovite analyses. Biotite Margules parameters were based on the GB model and McMullin et al. (1991). The MABS end-member curve was calibrated by comparison of P values determined using trial MABS data and GASP results. The P values for the 61 samples agree well with the K-S boundary, and sillimanite-bearing rocks of west-central Maine all fall in the sillimanite field. Preliminary biotite values are: G Ann = −5149198 − 412.05 T , W AlFe = −14023 + 28.14 T , W AlMg = −259582 + 308.44 T , W TiFe = 124842 − 98.67 T , W TiMg = −186148 + 271.72 T. For geobarometry, the Berman (1988, revised 1992) database was used with adjustable H and S of grossular for GASP and H and S of annite for MABS. The accuracy of currently available databases, activity models and mole fraction models is not adequate for good geothermobarometry, without further refinement. Adjustable parameters tend to compensate for error in activity models, mole fraction models and databases.
Interactive whiteboards produce small gains in elementary students' self-reported motivation in mathematics

A treatment/control study (N=773) was conducted to determine the extent to which use of interactive whiteboard technology (IWB) was associated with upper elementary students' self-reported level of motivation in mathematics. Students in the treatment group reported higher levels of motivation relative to control students, but the effect was extremely weak. Students with teachers who were more supportive of IWB technology reported higher motivation levels (compared to students of teachers who were less supportive), but this effect also was very small. Claims about the motivation-enhancing effects of the IWB are not baseless, but they appear to be somewhat overstated. Research is needed to determine how IWB-use is associated with academic performance, and also to examine how teachers use the IWB and how this usage could be strengthened.
African Americans and renal transplantation: disproportionate need, limited access, and impaired outcomes.

ABSTRACT Background Renal transplantation is the therapy of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, African Americans’ (AA) access to this modality is not commensurate with that of other races. This imbalance, coupled with AA disproportionately representing those with ESRD, has kept AA disadvantaged compared with other races, especially whites. Methods We reviewed published reports that examined the connection between race and the incidence of chronic renal failure, access to optimal therapy, and outcomes of renal transplantation. Results The incidence of ESRD in AA is 4 times greater than in whites, but AA remain less likely than whites to be referred for or undergo renal transplantation. Also, AA are at greater risk than whites to experience premature graft failure. Conclusions ESRD management has improved dramatically with the advent of successful renal transplantation. However, AA remain significantly disadvantaged in both access and outcomes compared with whites. Further evaluation of underlying causes and development of specific remedies is warranted.
Computers in behavioral science: Computer scoring of sentence completion data

The development of techniques for computer-based personality assessment from sentence completions is outlined. The One-Word Sentence Completion (OWSC) instrument was designed to elicit data suitable for machine processing, while retaining most of the advantages of a free-response format. Two operative scoring systems are described. The first employs a “dictionary” of 4366 weighted response words to yield 25 scores from a 90-item OWSC form. The second system utilized a complex word-root data reduction procedure and a bank of 892 generic roots to produce scores for 40 variables. Initial reliability data and normative sex differences are reported, and future development of the technique is discussed.
Depolarizing action of endotoxin.

RECENTLY we reported that various endotoxins induced hyper-reactivity of pulmonary vasoconstrictor mechanisms to circulating acetylcholine (ACh) in rabbits1,2. This effect was specific for ACh and was not due to inhibition of ACh-esterase. It was abolished by atropine but not by ganglionic blocking agents2. These observations suggested that endotoxin specifically affected post-synaptic cholinergic motor receptors of pulmonary vascular muscle.
Two types of temperature sensitivity in DNA replication of an Escherichia coli dnaB mutant.

Abstract In the Escherichia coli dnaB mutant BT165/70 were observed two types of temperature sensitivity of DNA replication: one slow but irreversible, occurring before the initiation of DNA replication, and the other instant but reversible, occurring during replication. These two types of temperature sensitivity appear to result from the single dnaB mutation. The observation suggests two different states of the dnaB gene product within the cell. Interaction of the dnaB protein with other components of the hypothetical replication complex is suggested. A temperature-insensitive revertant (second site mutation) of BT165/70 was isolated whose phenotype suggests an alteration in the interacting ability of the revertant protein.
An approximate homogenization scheme for nonperiodic materials

Abstract Recently in [1], Briane announced a new homogenization method for certain nonperiodic materials in which the H-limit of a highly oscillatory but nonperiodic matrix Ae is obtained by comparing to a locally-periodic matrix Be in domains whose size α(e) → 0 as e → 0 but slower than ϵ. The H-limit of Be is a function of every point in the material, and so theoretically, in order to homogenize Ae, the solution to the usual periodic cell problem must be obtained for every point in the material. Computationally this is not feasible, so we approximate the homogenization method by keeping α fixed. We show that this approximation is O (α) by proving that the difference of two nearby cell solutions (within a cube of side length α) is O (α) in the H1-norm. This result requires that we show a uniform bound exists for the gradients of the periodic cell solutions in Lp. We then apply our approximate homogenization theory to the analysis of certain defects in fiber-reinforced composites. In particular, we show that when unexpected local spreading of the fibers occurs in a small region of the material, constituent stress concentrations of nearly three can arise.
Synthesis of Oligonucleotide Conjugates with the Aid of N-Chloroacetamidohexyl Phosphoramidite Reagent

Abstract A novel phosphoramidite building block derived from N-chloroacetyl-6-aminohexanol is attached at the 5′-terminus on the last step of oligonucleotide synthesis. Postsynthetic treatment of support-bound modified oligonucleotides with a variety of amines and mercaptanes affords oligonucleotide conjugates in a high yield.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Assay for the Derivatized Enantiomers of Atenolol in Whole Blood

Abstract A stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the analysis of atenolol in human whole blood has been developed. The analytes were extracted from alkalinized plasma with ethyl acetate and derivatized with (-)-menthyl chloroformate (MCF). The resulting diastereomers were separated on a Hypersil ODS column with acetonitrile/water/methanol (43/32/25, V: V: V) as mobile phase and detected by fluorescence (230/305nm). Retention times for the diastereomeric derivatives of S(−)- and R(+)- atenolol were 9.8 and 11.0 minutes, respectively, with a resolution greater than 1. 5. Standard curves were linear from 25.0 to 400 ng/mL for each enantiomer and exhibited correlation coefficients of 0.9975 or better (n=6). Inter-assay variability was less than 7.5% for each enantiomer. Furthermore, the assay was suitable for measuring the concentrations of S(−)- and R(+)-atenolol in human whole blood after a single 100 mg oral dose of the racemate.
Influence of relative refractive index on optical properties of emulsions

Abstract The influence of refractive index on the optical properties of 4 wt.% n -hexadecane oil-in-water emulsions with the same droplet diameter (1 μm) and refractive index ( n d =1.43), but different aqueous phase refractive index ( n aq =1.33–1.46) was examined in the absence and presence of red dye. As the n d / n aq ratio moved away from one (either higher or lower), the scattering efficiency of the emulsion droplets increased. This caused the emulsion appearance to go from transparent to opaque, with a corresponding increase in spectral reflectance, L -value and turbidity. The spectral reflectance and tristimulus values of the dyed emulsions predicted by light scattering theory were compared with measured values. The spectral reflectance and L -value predicted by the theory showed similar trends to measured spectra, but the a - and b -values showed opposite trends. Three approaches have been proposed to correct this discrepancy.
Toddler economicus: childhood habit cessation in a Beckerian Model of pacifier use

As a test of elements of Gary Becker's model of habitual behaviours, the present study examines another potential example of a habit – pacifier use – within the youngest segment of the population, infants and toddlers. To explore the facets of a child's pacifier habit, we make use of an extensive questionnaire on the effectiveness of several proposed methods for stopping a child's pacifier consumption. Results indicate that children's pacifier use approaches the habit/addiction threshold, and it is best alleviated with abrupt cessation, or ‘cold turkey.’ Interestingly, our empirical finding that ‘cold turkey’ dominates or is superior to other methods of getting children to stop relying on pacifier use (e.g. limiting time of use, altering the pacifier's tip, etc.) has two implications. First, it supports the Beckerian notion that a child's pacifier habit approaches the habit/addiction threshold, as stated above. Second, it contradicts suggestions from many in the health profession to seek methods other tha...
Inhibitory effect of curcumin on mammalian phospholipase D activity

Curcumin, the major yellow pigment of turmeric (Curcuma longa), has strong anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. We examined the effects of curcumin on enzyme activities of the following phospholipases in a cell-free system: G protein-mediated phospholipase D (PLD), phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, and phospholipase A2 from mouse macrophage-like cell line J774.1 cells, sphingomyelinase from bovine brain, and phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus. Curcumin inhibited several types of phospholipases, most effectively PLD among those tested. It also inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced PLD activation in intact J774.1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic action of curcumin is partly due to the inhibition of PLD.
Padé-Laplace method for the analysis of time-resolved fluorescence decay curves.

The interpretation of fluorescence intensity decay times in terms of protein structure and dynamics depends on the accuracy and sensitivity of the methods used for data analysis. The are many methods available for the analysis of fluorescence decay data, but justification for choosing any one of them is unclear. In this paper we generalize the recently proposed Pade-Laplace method [45] to include deconvolution with respect to the instrument response function. In this form the method can be readily applied to the analysis of time-correlated single photon counting data. By extensive simulations we have shown that the Pade-Laplace method provides more accurate results than the standard least squares method with iterative reconvolution under the condition of closely spaced lifetimes. The application of the Pade-Laplace method to several experimental data sets yielded results consistent with those obtained by use of the least squares analysis.
Hierarchical networks of regular degree

Abstract Two new networks are introduced that are recursively constructed but retain a fixed, regular degree. They consist of a one-dimensional lattice backbone overlayed by a hierarchical sequence of long-distance links. Both networks, one 3-regular and the other 4-regular, lead to distinct behaviors, as revealed by renormalization group studies. The 3-regular networks are planar, have a diameter ∼ N , and lead to super-diffusion with an exact , anomalous exponent d w = 1.3057581 … , but possesses only a trivial fixed point T c = 0 for the Ising ferromagnet. In turn, the 4-regular networks are non-planar, have a diameter of ∼ 2 log 2 N 2 , exhibit “ballistic” diffusion ( d w = 1 ) , and a T c > 0 .
AMP-activated protein kinase and human cancer: cancer metabolism revisited

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its upstream kinase, LKB1, act to both monitor and restore cellular energy in response to energy depletion. Studied extensively in liver and skeletal muscle, AMPK is phosphorylated and activated by LKB1 in response to increasing AMP/ATP ratios, which occur in a variety of settings including hypoxia, nutrient starvation and redox imbalance. Interest in the roles of both AMPK and LKB1 in cancer has grown substantially, following the identification of LKB1 as the tumor suppressor gene mutated in the Peutz-Jegher familial cancer syndrome. Patients with the Peutz-Jegher syndrome harbor a single inactive LKB1 gene, and acquisition of a second inactivating lesion (loss of heterozygosity) leads to the development of the cancer in a variety of organs. Thus, the loss of AMPK activation is hypothesized to promote the development of malignancy. Conversely, pharmacological AMPK activation has recently been shown to be cytotoxic to many established human cancer cell lines in vitro and in human cancer xenograft and mouse cancer allografts. Previously, changes in cell metabolism that accompanied the malignant phenotype have largely been considered a consequence of cellular transformation. Now, AMPK and energy metabolism are linked to the development and maintenance of the malignant phenotype. These findings have led to renewed interest in AMPK and cancer cell metabolism in general as potential targets for cancer therapy.
Some thoughts and reflections on communicative therapy in aphasia

Abstract The author of the leading article deals with a topic very relevant to the general area of discourse performance in aphasia, and the goals which should be established for communicative therapy. Although the author brings up many useful points his argument has a number of serious shortcomings.
PCB, DDT, and benzo(a)pyrene in raw and pan-fried white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus)

Contaminated white croaker (GENYONEMUS LINEATUS) were caught from waters of Santa Monica Bay and Orange County, California, in 1981. Samples were panfried and analyzed for PCBs, DDT, and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). Pan-frying of Orange County samples reduced total DDT by 39% and total PCBs by 28%; Santa Monica Bay samples had a 74% reduction of DDT and a 65% reduction of PCBs. BaP was below detectable limits in all cases. (JMT)
Ultrastructural changes of the air-blood barrier after spontaneous development of edema in isolated dog lungs perfused at 15°

Abstract Isolated dog lungs perfused at 37° develop edema with increases of microvascular pressure or with decreases of perfusate macromolecule concentrations. In such preparations, the edema is restricted to thick portions of the septa and is associated with a doubling of the cellular vesicle volume densities in both endothelial and epithelial (Type I) cells ( DeFouw and Berendsen, 1978a , DeFouw and Berendsen, 1979 ). In contrast, preparations perfused at 15° can develop edema but do not show any increase of vesicle densities in either endothelial or epithelial cells. Cooling restricts transendothelial passage of lipophilic substances probably because of a decrease of membrane lipid fluidity which may also inhibit new vesicle formation. The thesis that capillary vesicles are not primarily associated with edema formation is supported by the occurrence of edema without increased vesiculation.
Research on Great Lakes Algal Communities: Problems from the Past, Lessons for the Future☆

Abstract Review of research on algal communities in the Laurentian Great Lakes shows significant progress in delineating this component of the biota and understanding the factors which regulate its composition and distribution. Unaddressed or poorly addressed problems remain in certain fundamental research areas and future progress will depend largely on how quickly and thoroughly these problems are reduced. It is clear that there is no useful distinction between basic and applied research in this area and best progress will be achieved through a balanced approach.
REVISION OF THE CUMACEAN FAMILY LEUCONIDAE

The family Leuconidae currently contains 99 species. With the exception of Epileucon, all genera in the family were established by 1907. All new species have been subsequently assigned to those genera, gradually producing genera distinguishable on the basis of single characters. In this paper Epileucon is reduced to a subgenus of Leucon as proposed by Bacescu (1988), and the species of Leucon are further apportioned among the subgenera Leucon Kroyer, Macrauloleucon, new subgenus, Crymoleucon, new subgenus, and Alytoleucon, new subgenus. In addition, the new genera Ommatoleucon, Austroleucon, Nippoleucon, and Bytholeucon are proposed, and the genus Coricuma Watling and Breedy is added to this family. The new genus Americuma, with unclear family affiliations, is proposed for a species previously assigned to Heteroleucon. Complete diagnoses are provided for all genera and keys are given to all genera and species. The Leuconidae is one of the oldest of all cumacean families, having been established by Sars in 1878 for the genera Leucon and Eudorella. Eudorellopsis was created by Sars in 1882 to accommodate two previously described species. Additional species from the North Atlantic and Mediterranean region gradually swelled the contents of these genera, due especially to the efforts of Sars (13 species). In the early 1900's, as material from various expeditions became available, many more new species were described. However, only a few belonged to the new genera described by Zimmer (Pseudoleucon) in 1903 and Calman (Hemileucon, Heteroleucon, and Paraleucon) in 1907. These genera accommodated all subsequent new species until Jones (1956) proposed Epileucon. The family presently contains 99 species assigned (occasionally with doubt) to those eight genera. Bishop (198 la) described a number of new species which he assigned to Epileucon. He noted that the original diagnosis of Epileucon was based on a character ("absence of a serrated dorsal crest on the carapace of the female," Jones, 1956) that did not show stability even in the type species. However, based on an extensive examination of deep Atlantic leuconids, the genus was rediagnosed using a suite of characters, chief among them being the presence on pereionite 5 of at least one pair of anteriorly curved ventral teeth (Bishop, 1981a). All other characters were acknowledged by Bishop to occur also in some or several species of Leucon. Bacescu (1988) rejected the genus Epileucon, suggesting that the characters proposed were not significant and did not define all species in the genus. Instead, he proposed that Leucon should be divided into the subgenera Leucon and Epileucon, recognizing that the species in this genus could be segregated into discrete groups. In the following account, several other subgenera are proposed, each of which are hypothesized to be a phylogenetic lineage within the genus.
Development of an environmental data base for rivers, lakes, and reservoirs∗

Abstract One method for performing exposure assessments is to use mathematical models that predict the transport and transformations of toxic substances in the environment. To run these models, a variety of input data on receiving water‐body properties and water‐quality parameters that define a range of environments and influence the chemical‐specific rate coefficients must be developed. A data base that contains selected hydrologic and water quality parameters has been developed by EPA for 15 major U.S. river basins. Called the Canonical Environments Data Base, the file brings together information developed by public and private organizations on each reach of the rivers as well as individual lakes and reservoirs in the basins. Coupling raw data with a data base management system in this environmental file will facilitate entry into and deletions from the data base and development of data input to the Exposure Analysis Modeling System (EXAMS) and other similar exposure assessment mathematical models. To a...
Strain-specific kinetics of prion protein formation in vitro and in vivo.

The molecular basis of prion strain diversity is proposed to be encoded by distinct conformations of the abnormal scrapie isoform of the prion protein (PrPSc). PrPSc formation for the hyper (HY) and drowsy (DY) strains of the transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) agent was investigated using the cell-free PrP conversion reaction to determine the role of distinct PrPSc conformations in the rate of in vitro conversion of cellular PrP into protease-resistant PrP. PrP conversion increased at an exponential rate for both TME strains until peak levels were reached at 72–96 h of reaction time. The amount and rate of PrP conversion for HY TME was greater than those for DY TME between 48 h and the peak level of PrP conversion. Between 96 and 120 h, there was a negative rate of PrP conversion; and between 120 and 168 h, the net rate of HY and DY PrP conversion approached zero. These findings suggest that PrP conversion can occur in three distinct stages: an elongation phase, a depolymerization phase, and a steady-state phase. Strain-specific properties between the TME strains were identified only during the elongation phase. The steady-state phase could be disrupted by the addition of PrPSc to, or by sonication of, the cell-free PrP conversion reaction. These treatments resulted in an increase in the amount of PrP conversion that was equal to or greater than that found during the peak level of PrP conversion for both TME strains, indicating that the steady-state phase was in dynamic equilibrium. In a related study, the rate of accumulation of HY and DY PrPSc in hamster brain exhibited a strain-specific pattern that had similarities to the strain-specific PrP conversion reaction during the elongation phase. These results suggest that strain-specific conformations of PrPSc have the ability to influence the rate of additional PrPSc formation from cellular PrP both in vitro and in vivo.
Two-dimensional scattering of slow molecules by laser beams

Quantum-mechanical and quasiclassical scattering of molecules in a nonperturbative laser field are studied. Analytical expressions for the observables of interest in laser-induced focusing and guiding of molecules are derived that span the quantal-to-classical energy regime and the weak-to-strong interaction range. General conclusions regarding the problem of two-dimensional quantum-mechanical scattering are drawn.
Chronic Lower Leg Pain in Athletes: A Guide for the Differential Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment

Context: Chronic lower leg pain in athletes can be a frustrating problem for patients and a difficult diagnosis for clinicians. Myriad approaches have been suggested to evaluate these conditions. With the continued evolution of diagnostic studies, evidence-based guidance for a standard approach is unfortunately sparse.Evidence Acquisition: PubMed was searched from January 1980 to May 2011 to identify publications regarding chronic lower leg pain in athletes (excluding conditions related to the foot), including differential diagnosis, clinical presentation, physical examination, history, diagnostic workup, and treatment.Results: Leg pain in athletes can be caused by many conditions, with the most frequent being medial tibial stress syndrome; chronic exertional compartment syndrome, stress fracture, nerve entrapment, and popliteal artery entrapment syndrome are also considerations. Conservative management is the mainstay of care for the majority of causes of chronic lower leg pain; however, surgical interve...
Adapting text presentations to media attributes: Getting more out of less in CBI

Abstract This paper summarizes three research studies on text and screen density variables in a CBI lesson. The first two studies investigated the effectiveness of low-density text as an alternative to conventional formats on expository lessons taught in print and CBI modes. Results were supportive by indicating significant time savings without accompanying decreases in performance. The third study examined learner preferences for four different screen densities using high-density text. The important findings indicated preference for formats that maintained a reasonable balance between the amount of text per screen and the number of lesson frames. Implications are given for application and further research using text and screen density as variables for CBI screen design, learner control, and adaptive instructions.
Stimulation of adenine nucleotide translocation in reconstituted vesicles by phosphate and the phosphate transporter

Highly purified adenine nucleotide transporter from bovine heart mitochondria was reconstituted with phospholipids to form vesicles which catalyzed atractyloside-sensitive adenine nucleotide translocation. When internal ATP was exchanged with external ADP, this reaction was enhanced by agents capable of collapsing a membrane potential, but not by inorganic phosphate. When the purified nucleotide transporter was reconstituted together with a second protein fraction, nucleotide transport was stimulated by inorganic phosphate. The stimulated rate was eliminated by mersalyl or other SH reagents. The second protein fraction could be replaced by preparations of purified phosphate transporter.
Water-soluble vitamins in cells and spent culture supernatants of Poteriochromonas stipitata, Euglena gracilis , and Tetrahymena thermophila

Vitamins B6 and B12, biotin, folates, riboflavin, nicotinate, pantothenate, biopterin, and vitamin C (l-ascorbate) were assayed in Poteriochromonas stipitata, Euglena gracilis, and Tetrahymena thermophila cells grown in defined media and in spent culture supernatants. P. stipitata and E. gracilis synthesized, stored and excreted folates (mainly as 5-methyltetrahydrofolate), B6, riboflavin, pantothenate, nicotinate, biopterin, and ascorbate. E. gracilis synthesized and stored biotin. T. thermophila did not synthesize the above vitamins except for B12, biopterin, and ascorbate; it excreted biopterin and stored B12 and ascorbate. Thiamin was left of consideration because all 3 organisms are thiamin auxotrophs. Possible ecological implications of these findings are considered.
Mutations in the soybean 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase gene are correlated with high levels of seed palmitic acid

A complete understanding of the biosynthetic pathways involved in the formation of seed oils is an important step in the development of lines with useful oil profiles. Soybean oil has a number of industrial applications and is also a source of edible oils for human consumption. The elongation of palmitic acid to stearic acid by the 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII) enzyme represents a branch point in the pathway of oil biosynthesis in soybean. Three mutant soybean lines were identified which contained elevated levels of palmitic acid ranging from 12.9 to 15.6%. Candidate gene sequencing in these lines revealed that all three contain nucleotide changes in the coding sequence for the KASIIa gene. One mutation caused an early termination in the third exon of KASIIa, and two mutations resulted in amino acid changes in the KASIIa protein. These new mutant alleles of soybean KASIIa may be useful to fine-tune the composition of soybean seed oil using molecular breeding approaches.
Scale-invariant detection by a ratio of generalized variances

Motivated by the problem of designing a scale-invariant or self-normalizing test for detecting a multi-rank signal embedded in interference when no signal-free secondary data is available, a scale-invariant test based on a ratio of generalized variances is proposed in this paper. Computer simulations show that the prototype test works well. Remarkably, it is shown that the new ratio of generalized variances test can be interpreted as a ratio of the determinants of Wiener filter error covariance matrices, and in the case of a rank-1 signal, the new method is equivalent to a normalized version of Capon's method
Estimates of heritability for reproductive traits in captive rhesus macaque females.

Records from a colony of captive Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were used to estimate heritability for a number of reproductive traits. Records were based on a total of 7,816 births by 1,901 females from 1979 to 2007. Heritability was estimated with a linear animal model using a multiple trait derivative free REML set of programs. Because no male parents were identified, the numerator relationship matrix contained female kinships established over six generations. Reproductive traits included female age at the birth of the first, second and last infant, age at death, inter-birth intervals, number of infants born per female and infant survival. Heritability for each trait was estimated as the ratio of the additive genetic variance to phenotypic variance adjusted for significant fixed effects. Estimates of heritability for early reproduction ranged from 0.000 ± 0.072 for birth interval following the first reproduction to 0.171 ± 0.062 for age of female at the first infant. Higher estimates of heritability were found for female longevity [0.325 ± 0.143] and for productivity of deceased females born before 1991 [0.221 ± 0.138]. Heritability for infant survival ranged from 0.061 ± 0.018 for survival from 30d to 1yr to 0.290 ± 0.050 for survival from birth to 30d when adjusted to an underlying normal distribution. Eight of the 13 estimates of heritability for reproductive traits in this study were different from zero [P < 0.05]. Generally, heritability estimates reported here for reproductive traits of captive rhesus macaque females are similar to those reported in the literature for free ranging rhesus macaque females and for similar reproductive traits of other species. These estimates of heritability for reproductive traits appear to be among the first for a relatively large colony of captive rhesus macaque females.
Utilizing the Health Belief Model to Predict Dieting and Exercising Behavior of Obese and Nonobese Adolescents

This study was undertaken to explain dieting and exercising behavior of obese and nonobese adolescents as measured by the elements of the Health Belief Model (HBM). An elicitation questionnaire was used to determine salient beliefs about dieting, exercising, and obesity for each of the major components of the HBM. The Health Belief Model questionnaire, developed from the elicited salient beliefs, contained items employed to measure attitudes towards obesity and exercise, knowledge of obesity and exercise, weight locus of control, and beliefs and evaluations about obesity and exercise. Discriminant analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis were employed in the data analysis of the 69 obese and 100 nonobese HBM respondents to determine the relative importance of the investigated factors in predicting obesity. It was found that benefits of dieting was the most powerful predictor of dieting behavior for the obese adolescents, whereas susceptibility to the causes of obesity best explained present dieting behavior of nonobese adolescents. Exercising behavior of obese teenagers was best explained by cues to exercising. No HBM variables were significant in predicting exercising behavior of nonobese adolescents.
A library of georeferenced photos from the field

A picture is worth a thousand of words, and every day hundreds of scientists, students, and environmentally aware citizens are taking field photos to document their observations of rocks, glaciers, soils, forests, wetlands, croplands, rangelands, livestock, and birds and mammals, as well as important events such as droughts, floods, wildfires, insect emergences, and infectious disease outbreaks. Where are those field photos stored? Can they be shared in a timely fashion to support education, research, and the leisure activities of citizens across the world? What are the financial and intellectual costs if those field photos are lost or not shared? Recently, researchers at the University of Oklahoma developed and released the Global Geo-Referenced Field Photo Library (hereinafter referred to as the Field Photo Library; http://www.eomf.ou.edu/photos/), a Web-based data portal designed for researchers and educators who wish to archive and share field photos from across the world, each tagged with exact positioning data (Figure 1). The data portal has a simple user interface that allows people to upload, query, and download georeferenced field photos in the library.
Biochemical and fine structure evidence for cellular specialization in a large spumellarian radiolarian Thalassicolla nucleata

Thalassicolla nucleata is a skeletonless, large spumellarian radiolarian (ca 3 mm diameter) occurring abundantly in the surface water of the Sargasso Sea. It has a complex cellular organization consisting of (1) a well-defined central capsule surrounded by a non-living capsular wall perforated by numerous cytoplasmic strands and (2) an extracapsulum containing a frothy layer of alveolate cytoplasm penetrated by numerous rhizopodia. Evidence is presented for physiological specialization complementing this structural compartmentalization. Acid acryl phosphatase activity (a digestive vacuole marker enzyme) is approximately 3 times greater in the extracapsulum compared to the intracapsulum; whereas, cytochrome oxidase (a respiratory marker enzyme) is approximately 1.5 times greater in the intracapsulum compared to the extracapsulum. Furthermore, cytochemical and electron microscopic evidence indicates that the extracapsulum, containing large vacuoles and copious amounts of acid phosphatase reaction product, is a major site of catabolism; while the intracapsulum, containing the nucleus, numerous Golgi bodies, and a rich supply of mitochondria, is a substantial site of anabolism, lysosomal secretory activity, and food product storage. This marked level of cellular specialization in T. nucleata may enhance its biological efficiency and thus partially account for its abundance in oligotrophic environments.
Interactions of exposure time and temperature on thermostability and protein content of excised Illicium parviflorum roots

A model was developed to describe interactive effects of exposure time and treatment on thermostability of excisedIllicium parviflorum Michx. root cell membranes using electrolyte leakage (Lc) procedures. Roots were moved from 25°C to treatment temperatures between 35°C and 60°C for 30 to 300 min. A sigmoidal response described Lc increases with increasing temperature at selected time exposures and the lethal exposure time decreased exponentially as temperature increased. The lethal temperature (52.0±1.1°C) for a 15 min exposure using this technique was comparable to the critical temperature (52.2±1.2°C) when roots were exposed to gradually increasing temperatures (4°C per h). Total protein content of roots began to decrease as temperatures increased from 35 to 40°C and the temperature corresponding to 50% reduction in total proteins was 49.1±2.2°C.
Freezing points of lanthanides oxides measured with a solar furnace

Abstract The freezing point of lanthanide oxides, except CeO 2 and Pm 2 O 3 , has been measured by the specular reflection method with a heliostat type solar furnace. Most of the oxides showed the freezing points higher than 2500 deg K with more than one exothermic peak below the freezing point in their cooling curves respectively. Tm 2 O 3 , Yb 2 O 3 , and Lu 2 O 3 showed anomalies that might be ascribed to the change of chemical composition. X-ray diffraction data on the quenched specimen showed that La 2 O 3 , Pr 6 O 11 , and Nd 2 O 3 as hexagonal; Sm 2 O 3 , Eu 2 O 3 , and Gd 2 O 3 as monoclinic; and Tb 4 O 7 , Dy 2 O 3 , Ho 2 O 3 , Er 2 O 3 , Tm 2 O 3 , Yb 2 O 3 , Lu 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , and Sc 2 O 3 as cubic crystals.
Discriminative stimulus, antagonist, and rate-decreasing effects of cyclorphan: Multiple modes of action

Abstract The discriminative effects of cyclorphan were studied in pigeons trained to discriminate 0.32 mg/kg ethylketazocine, 1.8 mg/kg cyclazocine, or 32 mg/kg naltrexone from saline. A fourth group of pigeons was administered 100 mg/kg/day morphine and trained to discriminate 0.1 mg/kg naltrexone from saline. Cyclorphan produced dose-related ethylketazocine-appropriate responding that reached a maximum of 83% of the total session responses at 0.3 mg/kg. Higher cyclorphan doses produced less ethylketazocine-appropriate responding. In pigeons trained to discriminate cyclazocine from saline, maximum drug-appropriate responding of greater than 90% occured at 5.6–10.0 mg/kg cyclorphan. In narcotic-naive pigeons trained to discriminate 32 mg/kg naltrexone from saline, cyclorphan produced a maximum of less than 50% drug-appropriate responding. In contrast, in pigeons chronically administered morphine and trained to discriminate 0.1 mg/kg naltrexone from saline, 1.0 mg/kg cyclorphan resulted in 100% drug-appropriate responding. In pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-interval, fixed-ratio schedule of food delivery, cyclorphan produced a complete dose-related reversal of the rate-decreasing effects of 10 mg/kg morphine, the maximally effective antagonist doses being 1.0–3.2 mg/kg. Higher cyclorphan doses (10 mg/kg) resulted in response rate decreases that were not reversed by naloxone (1 mg/kg). Thus, cyclorphan has discriminative effects that are similar to those of both ethylketazocine and, at 20-fold higher doses, cyclazocine. In addition, in morphine-treated pigeons, cyclorphan, across the same range of doses that produce ethylketazocine-appropriate responding, has discriminative effects that are similar to those of naltrexone, an effect that is probably related to the antagonist action of the drug.
Compact and Cost-effective Lensfree Reflection and Transmission Microscopy on Chip

We present a field-portable lensfree dual-mode (i.e., reflection and transmission on-chip microscope that can digitally image e.g., blood cells and dense histopathology slides, providing a lateral resolution of ~2µm over a wide field-of-view.
The irrelevance of normative considerations for founding an Austrian law and economics: Reply to Marciano

In a comment on my paper, “An Austrian approach to law and economics, with special reference to superstition” (Leeson 2012), Marciano contends that Posnerian foundations “may be problematic for an Austrian approach to law and economics”. In this reply I argue that the differences between Posner and Austrians that Marciano uses as the basis for his contention are normative. If, as Austrians claim, Austrian economics is purely positive, those differences are irrelevant to the appropriate foundations for an Austrian law and economics. They pose no problem for a Posnerian founding.
On sustainable urban development in sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract The fundamental feature common to colonial cities in sub-Saharan Africa was the separation of ‘European neighborhoods’ from ‘African villages’. Residential separation has survived in post-colonial periods even though major changes have taken place in the racial composition of African urban populations. From the standpoint of sustainable urban development, this paper aims to point out the problems this continuing residential separation poses to planners and decision-makers. It is argued that urban economies and societies in sub-Saharan Africa cannot be strengthened unless the two segments of African cities are physically and socially unified.
Federal Spending Power in Three Federations: Australia, Canada and the United States

This article considers the extent to which the national government in three federal systems studied has, or should have, a spending power under the national constitution. The article refers to economic and political science literature on the optimal allocation of responsibilities within a federal system, and concludes that the federal government requires a broad spending power in order to carry out distributive and stabilisation functions that most economists believe must practically occur at the national rather than sub-national level. To the extent that the recent High Court of Australia decision in Pape denies the Commonwealth spending power independent of a specified head of power, it is submitted that this is not an ideal finding.
Charge transfer and charge trapping in zeolites and similar media

Steady state as well as pulse laser photolysis, and pulse radiolysis techniques are used to investigate charge generation, charge separation, and charge stabilization in zeolites and in porous silica gel.
Testing and Assessment Ethics for All Persons: Beginning and Agenda

The previous American Psychological Association (APA) assessment ethics code (APA, 1990) and the new code (APA, 1992) differ in content that is relevant to culturally sensitive practices (i.e., culture-specific assessment technologies, culture-specific service delivery styles, use of clients' first language, and recognition of non-Anglo-American belief systems). The new code falls short in areas that are in the process of development or remain controversial. Suggestions for implementation and supplementation are included.
Fabrication of 200 nm period centimeter area hard x-ray absorption gratings by multilayer deposition

We describe the design and fabrication trials of x-ray absorption gratings of 200?nm period and up to 100:1 depth-to-period ratios for full-field hard x-ray imaging applications. Hard x-ray phase-contrast imaging relies on gratings of ultra-small periods and sufficient depth to achieve high sensitivity. Current grating designs utilize lithographic processes to produce periodic vertical structures, where grating periods below 2.0??m are difficult due to the extreme aspect ratios of the structures. In our design, multiple bilayers of x-ray transparent and opaque materials are deposited on a staircase substrate, and mostly on the floor surfaces of the steps only. When illuminated by an x-ray beam horizontally, the multilayer stack on each step functions as a micro-grating whose grating period is the thickness of a bilayer. The array of micro-gratings over the length of the staircase works as a single grating over a large area when continuity conditions are met. Since the layers can be nanometers thick and many microns wide, this design allows sub-micron grating periods and sufficient grating depth to modulate hard x-rays. We present the details of the fabrication process and diffraction profiles and contact radiography images showing successful intensity modulation of a 25?keV x-ray beam.
Autoradiographic Distribution Studies of 2-14C-Fluorouracil following Oral or Intravenous Administration in Mice Bearing Solid Sarcoma-180

2-14C-Fluorouracil was injected or fed to mice bearing sarcoma-180, a tumor sensitive to fluorouracil, and the fate and localization of the label were followed for 2 hr. The disappearance of the label from the blood and its localization in the tumor and organs of these mice were studied by autoradiography as a model for scintigraphic localization. In tumor-bearing mice, the tumor, kidney, liver, and bladder were visualized 10 min after intravenous injection of 2-14C-fluorouracil; 2 hr after the injection, the activity in the tumor and bone marrow was still noticeable. The localization in the tumor and the liver appeared visually to be rapid, and the retention of the label in the liver of the tumor-bearing animals was noticeably greater than in the control mice by visual observation. There seemed to be no difference in the distribution of 2-14C-fluorouracil when the drug was administered orally to starved or to fed mice. The tumor was visualized equally after oral administration as well as after intravenous injection, except for a somewhat faster clearance from most organs in the intravenous group. There was no difference in uptake and excretion if additional carrier was added, which doubled the administered dose of fluorouracil per mouse. Inasmuch as most of the activity viewed in the sarcoma-180 bearing mice is known to be due to the metabolite floxuridine monophosphate, a correlation between the tissue localization of the drug and its clinical efficacy may lead to a method for predicting the chemotherapeutic regimen in patients. The present work attempted to determine animal data relevant to a nuclear medicine observation.