cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Has Business Segment Disclosures under SFAS No. 131 Improved in the Last Ten Years? (2013-2004)

The purpose of this paper is to determine if business segment disclosures under SFAS No. 131 has improved in ther last ten years. The paper analyzes ten years (2013-2004) of segment disclosures of 200 of the Fortune 500 listed companies reporting under SFAS No. 131. For each of these ten years, the anlysis specifically includes the number of segments reported; the number of companies which changed the name of one or more of their segments; the actual number of line-items reported for each segment; the general catagory of line-items reported for each segment; the number of geographic areas reported; the names of the geographic areas reported; and the names of the countries reported;. The paper finds that segment disclosure practices have remained virtually unchanged over this ten year period -- thus calling into question whether SFAS No. 131 is truly achieving its purpose, as the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) stated it is in its January of 2013 post-implimentation review (PIR) of SFAS No. 131.
Analytic determination of the equilibrium electrode gap in electrochemical machining

Abstract A method for predicting the equilibrium electrode gap in electrochemical machining for both rectilinear and radial flows is presented. The describing system of coupled, nonlinear, differential equations is solved to obtain simple algebraic expressions for the distribution of void fraction, temperature, electrolyte velocity, and electrode gap thickness. These formulae will serve the tool and production engineer as convenient rules of thumb. Calculated electrode gaps are compared with experimental data and good agreement is obtained. A discussion of certain limitations to the ECM process is presented, and a practical approach for resolving the heterogeneous conduction problem is also suggested.
Adaptation and Self-Repair in Parallel Computing Structures

This paper reports a study of the dynamics of highly concurrent computing structures capable of learning and storing several input patterns. The existence of attractors in their dynamical behavior leads to a novel self-repairing mechanism. Quantitative experiments on adaptive processor arrays demonstrate the existence of attractive fixed points in their adaptation and recognition properties, as well as the immunity of these collective computation machines to random errors.
Mutations of glucocorticoid receptor differentially affect AF2 domain activity in a steroid-selective manner to alter the potency and efficacy of gene induction and repression.

The transcriptional activity of steroid hormones is intimately associated with their structure. Deacylcortivazol (DAC) contains several features that were predicted to make it an inactive glucocorticoid. Nevertheless, gene induction and repression by complexes of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with DAC occurs with greater potency (lower EC50) than, and equal efficacy (maximal activity, or Amax) to, the very active and smaller synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex). Guided by a recent x-ray structure of DAC bound to the GR ligand binding domain (LBD), we now report that several point mutants in the LBD have little effect on the binding of either agonist steroid. However, these same mutations dramatically alter the Amax and/or EC50 of exogenous and endogenous genes in a manner that depends on steroid structure. In some cases, Dex is no longer a full agonist. These properties appear to result from a preferential inactivation of the AF2 activation domain in the GR LBD of Dex-, but not DAC-, bound receptors. The Dex-bound receptors display normal binding to, but greatly reduced response to, the coactivator TIF2, thus indicating a defect in the transmission efficiency of GR-steroid complex information to the coactivator TIF2. In addition, all GR mutants that are active in gene induction with either Dex or DAC have greatly reduced activity in gene repression. This contrasts with the reports of GR mutations preferentially suppressing GR-mediated induction. The properties of these GR mutants in gene induction support the hypothesis that the Amax and EC50 of GR-controlled gene expression can be independently modified, indicate that the receptor can be modified to favor activity with a specific agonist steroid, and suggest that new ligands with suitable substituents may be able to affect the same LBD conformational changes and thereby broaden the therapeutic applications of glucocorticoid steroids
Excess enthalpies and heat capacities for (di-n-propylether + n-heptane)

Abstract Excess molar enthalpies HmE, and excess molar isobaric heat capacities Cp, mE are reported for (di-n-propylether + n-heptane) at 298.15 K. The results, in combination with those of a previous investigation of the volumes of the same mixture, were used to calculate excess molar isochoric heat capacities, excess isentropic compressibilities, excess isothermal compressibilities, and the differential coefficient ( ∂H m E ∂p ) T .
50,000 users on an Oracle8 universal server database

In this paper, we describe the Oracle Large User Population Demonstration and highlight the scalability mechanisms in the Oracle8 Universal Data Server which make it possible to support as many as 50,000 concurrent users on a single Oracle8 database without any middle-tier TP-monitor software. Supporting such large user populations requires many mechanisms for high concurrency and throughput. Algorithms in all areas of the server ranging from process and buffer management to SQL compilation and execution must be designed to be highly scalable. Efficient resource sharing mechanisms are required to prevent server-side resource requirements from growing unboundedly with the number of users. Parallel execution across multiple systems is necessary to allow user-population and throughput to scale beyond the restrictions of a single system. In addition to scalability, mechanisms for high availability, ease-of-use, and rich functionality are necessary for supporting complex user applications typical of realistic workloads. All mechanisms must be portable to a wide variety of installations ranging from desk-top systems to large scale enterprise servers and to a wide variety of operating systems.
Flow and transport in the drift shadow in a dual-continuum model

The current concept for high-level radioactive waste disposal at Yucca Mountain is for the waste to be placed in underground tunnels (or drifts) in the middle of a thick unsaturated zone. Flow modeling and field testing have shown that not all flow encountering a drift will seep into the drift. The underlying reason for the diversion of unsaturated flow around a drift is that capillary forces in the fractures and matrix prevent water entry into the drift unless the capillary pressure in the rock decreases sufficiently to allow for gravity forces to overcome the capillary barrier. As a result of the capillary barrier effect, flow tends to be diverted around the drift, affecting the flow pattern beneath the drift. For some distance beneath the drift, water saturation and flux are reduced. This drift shadow zone is much more pronounced in the fractures than in the matrix due to dominance of gravity over capillary forces in the fractures. Moving downward, away from the drift, the shadow zone asymptotically re-equilibrates to the undisturbed flow conditions due to capillary forces. The behavior of radionuclide transport in this zone of reduced flow is investigated here because this will affect the amount of time required for radionuclides to penetrate the unsaturated zone. The delay of radio nuclide movement in the geosphere is one aspect of the potential repository system that could limit public exposure to radioactive waste. The behavior of flow and transport are calculated using a two-dimensional, drift-scale dual permeability model extending to nine drift diameters below the potential waste emplacement drift. The flow model is first compared with an analytical model for a single-continuum. Then the dual-continuum flow model is investigated with respect to drift-scale and mountain-scale property sets. Transport calculations are performed for a wide range of flow conditions and for different aqueous radionuclides and colloids. Findings indicate that transport times for dissolved or colloidal material released from a drift without seepage are several orders of magnitude longer than if the releases occurred in the undisturbed flow field. Furthermore, the calculations indicate that the transport rate for radionuclides released in the drift shadow is relatively insensitive to flow rates in the fractures, but is sensitive to the flow rate in the matrix.
Bilateral testicular adrenal rests in a boy with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A 16-year-old boy with a right testicular mass underwent scrotal US, which showed testicular masses in each testicle (arrow) with ill-defined hypoechoic spherical areas. In the left testicle, the tumor was located around the mediastinum (small arrows) (Fig. 1). The masses had slightly increased vascularity compared to the adjacent normal parenchyma. The patient had poorly controlled congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) diagnosed neonatally. Given that history, US findings were compatible with bilateral testicular adrenal rests. The adrenals and testes originate from the neighboring area in the embryo and the high level of ACTH in patients with CAH causes proliferation of aberrant adrenal cells in the testes, gonal dysfunction and infertility. The incidence of testicular adrenal rests in CAH varies and increases with age. In childhood, the prevalence is about 25% and mostly not palpable on physical exam [1]. A hypoechoic testicular mass without architecture distortion in patients with CAH is characteristic of adrenal rests, particularly as it is bilateral and should not be misinterpreted as bilateral testicular tumors such as lymphomas [2]. The mass is treated with steroids and rarely requires surgical enucleation when the adrenal rests do not respond to medical treatment [1, 2].
Exchange of Water Between the Keweenaw Waterway and Lake Superior: Characteristics and Forcing Mechanisms

The Keweenaw Waterway is a navigation passage with openings to Lake Superior at either end. Analysis of wind data and moored thermistor measurements indicates that movement of water into and out of the waterway is strongly influenced by surface winds through at least two mechanisms. One is direct forcing of waterway flows by the surface wind stress. The other is flow driven by pressure gradients arising from wind-driven changes in coastal lake level. Not surprisingly, the relative importance of direct wind forcing in driving near-entry flows appears to diminish with increasing depth. Also indicated is a tendency for winds to generate counterbalancing flows at the two entries, with wind-driven inflow at one entry matched by wind-driven outflow at the other entry. On a number of occasions, temperature data indicate flow out of the waterway entering a coastal water column modified by upwelling. This is presumably because upwelling favorable winds tend to depress coastal lake level, and create a pressure gradient driving flow out of the waterway.
Weight Loss Interventions for Morbidly Obese Patients with Compensated Cirrhosis: A Markov Decision Analysis Model

Many transplant centers require that patients maintain a BMI below 40 kg/m(2) in order to be eligible for listing, rendering many morbidly obese patients with end-stage liver disease unable to access liver transplantation as a method of treatment. In order to determine the safest and most efficacious weight loss regimen in this challenging population, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), adjustable gastric banding (AGB), and diet and exercise were modeled to assess their impact on life expectancy in morbidly obese patients with cirrhosis. A Markov state transition model was developed to assess the survival benefit of undergoing RYGB, AGB, or 1 year of diet and exercise in morbidly obese patients with compensated cirrhosis. A base case analysis of no weight loss intervention in a 45-year-old patient with compensated cirrhosis and a BMI of 45 kg/m(2) revealed an average survival of 7.93 years. The average survival for the weight loss simulations was 9.14, 8.84, and 8.16 years for RYGB, AGB, and diet and exercise, respectively. In morbidly obese patients with compensated cirrhosis, RYGB allows patients to lose more weight more rapidly than is probable with either AGB or diet and exercise, thus having the greatest impact on survival.
Absorption in laser-produced plasma experiments: a personal view.

Some superficially simple laser–plasma interaction experiments continue to pose perplexing questions in laser-fusion studies. Optical absorptance is an outstanding example. Absorptance is discussed by analyzing experimental results from several laboratories. Resonant absorption explains satisfactorily all short-pulse data obtained to date.
Health and Income Variation – A Panel Data Study on the Developed and Less Developed Economies

In this paper, human capital in the form of ‘health status’ is introduced into a neoclassical economic growth model as one of the main factors differentiating rich and poor countries. Various panel data models are used to examine how health and other growth factors affect average income in different countries. Our main empirical finding indicates that a one-year increase in life expectancy (the health status measure) raises GDP per capita by 0.5–0.9%. Based on this result, a baseline health status can be established to help poor countries achieve a targeted economic growth rate.
MBE growth of ZnTe and HgCdSe on Si: a new IR material

Growth of ZnTe and HgCdSe on Si has been pursued using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) as a new class of IR materials. Besides, ZnTe/Si can also be used as a lattice-matching, large area and low cost alternate substrate for other III-V and II-VI compound semiconductors, such as GaSb based type-II superlattice materials around 6.1A. We report in this paper our systematic studies on MBE growth conditions for ZnTe(211) on Si and highlights of MBE growth of HgCdSe on ZnTe/Si. A close to optimal growth window has been established for MBE growth of ZnTe(211)/Si(211) to achieve high crystalline quality, low defect and dislocation densities as well as excellent surface morphology. Using this baseline MBE growth process, we are able to obtain ZnTe(211)/Si wafers with X-ray full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) as low as 70 arcsec, low dislocation density (~105 cm-2) and defect density (1000 cm-2).
The BET Family Member BRD4 Interacts with OCT4 and Regulates Pluripotency Gene Expression

Embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is controlled by defined transcription factors. During cellular differentiation, ESCs undergo a global epigenetic reprogramming. Female ESCs exemplify this process as one of the two X-chromosomes is globally silenced during X chromosome inactivation (XCI) to balance the X-linked gene disparity with XY males. The pluripotent factor OCT4 regulates XCI by triggering X chromosome pairing and counting. OCT4 directly binds Xite and Tsix, which encode two long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that suppress the silencer lncRNA, Xist. To control its activity as a master regulator in pluripotency and XCI, OCT4 must have chromatin protein partners. Here we show that BRD4, a member of the BET protein subfamily, interacts with OCT4. BRD4 occupies the regulatory regions of pluripotent genes and the lncRNAs of XCI. BET inhibition or depletion of BRD4 reduces the expression of many pluripotent genes and shifts cellular fate showing that BRD4 is pivotal for transcription in ESCs.
Reproducibility of Turnover Rates in Heterogeneous Metal Catalysis: Compilation of Data and Guidelines for Data Analysis

Abstract The combination of turnover rate measurements and surface science techniques allows a firm quantification of rates in heterogeneous catalysis by metals. There are many examples of reactions where the turnover rates from different laboratories are the same. However, there are still problems, as in the isomerization and hydrogenolysis of hydrocarbons over noble metals, where the turnovers rates from different laboratories differ by many orders of magnitude. An explanation for this discrepancy is discussed. Guidelines for experimental work in heterogeneous catalysis that will help to minimize this wide scatter of turnover rates in the future are presented. ∗Current address: Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcerster, MA 01609-2280.
Power, rights, respect and data ownership in academic research with indigenous peoples.

In some cases, environmental research raises ethical and legal participatory research process that can strengthen the quality of issues when indigenous peoples are involved. Two recent events underscore the persistent and appalling disconnect between the actions of academic researchers and the expectations and rights of indigenous people participating in research around the world. This provides an important opportunity to examine these issues in a context of research relevant to papers submitted to this journal. In the first case, the Havasupai Indians of Arizona sued Arizona State University (ASU) concerning health studies on gene environment interactions. The Havasupai Nation had given consent to ASU researchers to investigate the potential for genetic relationships in high rates of diabetes in their community, but without consultation or permission the researchers published DNA results on mental health, inbreeding and the ancestral origins of the tribe. The second example occurred within this journal. A study on the radiological risk of fish and wildlife consumption was published in Environmental Research, this contravened the agreed upon conditions of a data protocol agreement between Washington State and native sovereign governments as the Yakama Nation and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CFTUIR). The Washington tribes had not been involved in the research development, had no knowledge of the research taking place and had not given consent to conduct the research or publish. While neither situation is new or unique with respect to research involving aboriginal peoples, each is ethically, legally – and therefore academically – unacceptable. Both of these examples demonstrate the hegemonic approach of most academic research that persists in objectifying indigenous people as passive subjects of research rather than as people with inherent power and collective rights in deciding how research should be developed, carried out, analyzed and reported. I call attention to this issue to urge researchers and publishers alike to re-think outdated assumptions and approaches to conducting and publishing research in hopes that the academic community becomes more conscious of the potential impacts of such neo-colonial approaches to research and shift towards a more egalitarian,
Activity of Index Finger Muscles during Typing

An electromyographic investigation was conducted of finger and wrist muscle activity during typing. Examination of the data revealed substantial activity of the extrinsic extensor, a muscle which is ignored in many existing biomechanical finger models. This paper describes activity of the extensor muscle during typing, in absolute terms and relative to activity of the extrinsic flexors. Amplitude probability distribution analyses demonstrated that static extensor activity exceeded 5% MVC for all subjects. Two subjects exhibited pronounced patterns of coactivity in the extrinsic extensor and flexor muscles. Biomechanical modeling efforts demonstrated similar force contributions from the extrinsic extensors and flexors. Based on these results, neglect of finger extensor activity would result in underestimation of finger joint loading.
Ethnic solidarity as interactional accomplishment: An analysis of interethnic complaints in Romanian and Hungarian focus groups

This article examines ethnic solidarity as a phenomenon contingent on how ethnicity is formulated as a category of experience and deployed as a category of interpretation in interaction. Analysis o...
Reliability Analysis of Systems Comprised of Units with Arbitrary Repair-Time Distributions

This work demonstrates the feasibility of reliability modeling of systems with repair capability using a semi-Markov process. A two-unit system with exponential failure times but general repair times is studied. Formulas for state-transition probabilities, waiting-time distribution functions, and mean time in each state are developed. These quantities are expressed in terms of the Laplace transform of repair time distribution functions. Once these quantities are known, mean time to system failure and system availability, as well as other system parameters, can be found using matrix manipulations. In addition, time-dependent results may be obtained. A numerical example varying the parameter in a repair-time law is presented. The formulas developed can be extended to larger systems with repair capability for only one unit at a time and exponential failure times.
Scott's Historical Novels and French Historical Painting 1815-1855

During the first half of the nineteenth century, French artists endeavored to create a new pictorial genre that would combine the intellectual importance of peinture d'histoire with the emotional accessibility of peinture de genre. Scott's style and subjects, as well as his prestige and popularity in France, encouraged French artists to depict themes from his novels, and his new literary genre provided an effective medium through which contemporary pictorial issues could be explored. These issues included the breakdown of genre hierarchies, the changing conditions of exhibition and acquisition of art works, the competitive pressure of graphic media, and a general revaluation of the relationship between art and literature.
Variation in enzymatic activities among strains of Histoplasma capsulatum and Histoplasma duboisii

The hydrolytic activities of 10 strains of Histoplasma capsulatum and 10 of H. duboisii were studied on gelatin, tyrosine and urea substrates. The data revealed that species specific differences in enzymatic activity for these substrates did not occur. Consequently, these tests cannot be used to separate the 2 species. Definitive identification of H. duboisii cultures still requires that animal inoculation be used to demonstrate the large yeast form characteristic of this species.
Kinetic analysis of the soldering reaction between eutectic SnPb alloy and Cu accompanied by ripening.

The wetting reaction of molten eutectic SnPb on Cu leads to Cu-Sn intermetallic compound formation, but not compounds of Cu-Pb since they do not exist. Cu-Sn compounds do not form layered structures between the solder and Cu, rather the ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{6}$${\mathrm{Sn}}_{5}$ phase has grown as scalloplike grains into the molten solder. The scalloplike grains grow larger but fewer with time, indicating that a ripening reaction has occurred among them. However, the ripening is not a constant volume process since it is accompanied by the soldering reaction. Between the scallop grains, there are molten solder channels extending nearly all the way to the Cu interface. In aging, these channels serve as fast diffusion and dissolution paths of Cu in the solder to feed the reaction. A kinetic analysis of the soldering reaction accompanied by the ripening reaction is given. In the analysis, the growth of the scalloplike grains is supplied by two fluxes: the flux of interfacial reaction and the flux of ripening. The latter was formulated by the Gibbs-Thomson equation. The former was obtained by measuring the rate of consumption of Cu in the reaction. The measurement was carried out by determining the change of the total volume of scalloplike grains (and in turn, the Cu content in the grains) as a function of time and temperature. A reasonable agreement has been obtained between the calculated scallop-grain growth based on kinetic analysis and the experimentally measured values. A discussion of the Cu consumption rate is given, since it is important for applications in electronic packaging technology. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Impaired linguistic processing and atypical brain laterality in adults with ADHD

Abstract Introduction: cognitive/behavioral testing, structural imaging, and functional imaging, has demonstrated atypical cerebral asymmetries in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, few studies directly examined the nature of hemispheric specialization and interaction in this population. Methods: the present experiment applied techniques from behavioral laterality research to assess directly left/right brain dynamics in unmedicated adults with ADHD (n=21) and controls (n=22). We used a lateralized lexical decision task to assess hemispheric differences in word recognition and cross-callosal interhemispheric transfer of linguistic information. Results: analysis of variance indicated that ADHD subjects were impaired relative to controls in identifying words in both hemispheres (P=0.001). Furthermore, ADHD subjects exhibited decreased effects for ‘word regularity’ (P=004), enhanced effects of ‘word frequency’ (P=007), and an increased bias for ‘nonword’ responses overall (P=03), as well as during left visual field trials in particular (P=01). Conclusions: adult subjects with ADHD demonstrated poor linguistic processing. Group differences in sensitivity to semantic and phonological linguistic variables, along with differences in response biases, suggested that ADHD subjects had reduced left hemisphere and enhanced right hemisphere involvement during our task. These findings are relevant to current research investigating ‘endophenotypes’ in ADHD, as laterality indices may prove useful in etiological research, particularly molecular genetic investigations, and highlights the relevance of brain laterality research in clinical psychiatry.
Risk factors associated with sacral stress fractures: a systematic review

AbstractObjectives:The objective of this study was to examine and identify risk factors associated with the development of sacral stress fractures in order to improve diagnosis in clinical practice.Methods:Electronic search strategies in PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus were combined with a hand search to identify articles for inclusion. Studies were considered if they described patient cases in which imaging confirmed diagnosis of a sacral stress fracture, and the diagnosis included whether the fracture was a sacral insufficiency or sacral fatigue stress fracture.Results:In those that developed sacral insufficiency fractures, the risk factors that were most prevalent included osteoporosis, pelvic radiation therapy, rheumatoid arthritis, long-term corticosteroid therapy, and postmenopausal, each with a prevalence of 100%. Risk factors with 100% prevalence in those diagnosed with sacral fatigue fractures included recent increase in training intensity and deficient diet.Discussion:A pattern of signs ...
Platelets and vascular disease in gout.

Abstract Vascular complications appear to have more than a coincidental occurrence in primary gout. The presence in gout of hypertension, renal disease, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia (accepted factors of risk for arterial lesions) may influence onset of atheromas. However, additional data are presented from patients with primary gout, and secondary hyperuricemia, to support the thesis that an elevated serum uric acid level is an increased risk for arterial disease. New data are presented that hyperactive platelet populations occur in at least 51 % of the patients with primary gout. The activation status of the platelet population may relate to the serum uric acid level. It is proposed that the platelet may be a prime reactant linking hyperuricemia (a documented thrombotic risk factor) with the greater incidence of arterial disease in primary gout. Uricosuric drugs can be separated into two classes: those which produce only an indirect inhibitory potential on platelet surface activation by lowering the level of serum uric acid and those which, in addition, possess a direct inhibitory action on platelet surface activation. Halofenate and allopurinol were found to be potent direct inhibitors of platelet activation in both ex vivo and in vivo studies.
The time-course of global precedence and consistency effects

The global precedence effect refers to the finding that global aspects of a scene are processed more rapidly than local detail in the scene. In experiments with large Hs and Ss (global stimuli) made up of small Hs and Ss (local stimuli), choice reaction time (RT) to the global letters is shorter than RT to the local letters (global precedence effect). In addition, RT for local letters is shorter when the local letters are the same as the global letter (consistency effect). We sought to determine the time course of the global precedence and consistency effects by delaying the global information relative to the local information. In Experiment I, the middle cross-bar of the global letter (S or H) was presented followed by the rest of the global letter at delays of 0, 48, 80, 160, 320 and 640 ms. The results indicated that the global precedence effect was obtained at delays 80 ms. Consistency effects were found in the absence of global precedence effects, but only at delays of 48 and 80 ms. Experiment II was a replication with delays of 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, and 96 ms. The results of this experiment were in agreement with those of Experiment I. These findings offer support for the notion that the consistency effect is mediated by a higher level process than is the global precedence effect.
An integrated approach to reducing power dissipation in memory hierarchies

In recent years, both performance and power have become key factors in efficient memory design. In this paper, we propose a systematic approach to reduce the energy consumption of the entire memory hierarchy. We first evaluate an existing power-aware memory system where memory modules can exist in different power modes, and then propose on-chip memory module buffers, called Energy-Saver Buffers (ESB), which reside in-between the L2 cache and main memory. ESBs reduce the additional overhead incurred due to frequent resynchronization of the memory modules in a low-power state. An additional improvement is attained by using a model that dynamically resizes the active cache based on the varying needs of a program. Our experimental results demonstrate that an integrated approach can reduce the energy-delay product by as much as 50% when compared to a traditional non power-aware memory hierarchy.
Secondary analyses of large population-based data sets: issues of quality, standards, and understanding.

Nathan and Pawlik have written an important commentary regarding secondary analyses of large population-based data sets1 for this issue of the Annals of Surgical Oncology. The commentary highlights not only some of the important issues that investigators need to address when performing such studies, but also some of the issues that the reder needs to understand when evaluating these types of studies. Each of the issues raised by the authors is important and could be the focus of a detailed dissertation; we would like to build on their commentary and discuss five items/ideas as the field moves forward.
Safe harbor input prices and market exclusion

An essential input price that is “too high” relative to the downstream price leads to inefficient foreclosure and one that is “too low” induces the vertically-integrated firm to engage in non-price discrimination. Displacement ratios are used to derive the range of safe harbor (downstream/upstream) margin ratios within which no market exclusion arises in equilibrium. The range of admissible margin ratios is increasing in the degree of product differentiation and reduces to a single ratio in the limit as the products become homogeneous. A key policy finding is that complementary price-ceiling and price-floor constraints can prevent both forms of market exclusion.
Automated measurement of rearing behavior in adult and neonatal rats

Three variables constituting an index of rearing behavior from an animal-activity monitoring system were compared with a standard visual rating at various ages of neonatal and adult rats. All three automated measures correlated significantly with measures rated by visual observation, although only the "number of vertical episodes" was similar in magnitude to the actual number of observed rearings. The height of the vertical sensors was critical in detecting rearings, although reliable results were obtained over a relatively wide range of heights. Analyses in neonatal rats demonstrated developmental progression in rearing behavior, with an onset around Day 15 of age. This automated technique was found to be useful and eliminated confounding variables, such as experimenter bias, commonly associated with visual observation techniques.
The Use of Models in Marketing Timing Decisions

Two cases illustrate the utility of simple models to aid pricing of obsolescent products. Both models yield surprisingly simple, easily implemented decision rules. They demonstrate that "back of the envelope" modeling can still help management decision making.
Childcare providers: Work stress and personal well-being:

Childcare providers face multiple work-related stressors. Small studies of childcare providers have suggested that providers have high levels of depression compared to the general population. However, unlike other caregiving professions, the research examining childcare providers is sparse, and there is little information to inform practices and policies to support childcare providers. This study identifies specific work-related stressors for childcare providers and examines the impact of those work-related stressors on their personal well-being. A total of 26 home-based and centre-based providers participated in seven focus groups in Central Texas. Themes from the focus groups identify parental interaction as the most prominent stressor for providers followed by the public perception of providers as “babysitters.” Providers also discussed the impact of stress on their personal well-being manifesting through exhaustion, sleep disturbances, and physical health problems.
Modeling and design of chip-package interface

Summary form only given. Signal integrity (SI) and power integrity are forecast to be paramount issues for future chip and package designs. Larger numbers of IOs, higher frequencies, and tighter noise margins necessitate the merging of the design paradigms for chip IO and package. We shed light on a new chip-package codesign paradigm and all the technologies necessary to enable it. We first discuss parameterized reduced order models accounting for all high frequency SI effects in the package that can be reliably and automatically extracted by field solvers. We then introduce package-aware chip IO planning and placement, which is the key to chip-packaging codesign. Finally, we cover detailed power and signal integrity modeling and optimization in package.
Regional changes in central monoamine and metabolite levels during the hibernation cycle in the golden-mantled ground squirrel.

We assayed various brain regions for levels of monoamines and their metabolites throughout the hibernation cycle of the golden-mantled ground squirrel Spermophilus lateralis. The tissue concentrations of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and their metabolites were determined in the parietal cortex, striatum, midbrain, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and pons. Telencephalic regions exhibited the most significant variations in biogenic amine content. Cortical serotonin (5-HT) levels increased significantly at entrance (P < 0.0001) relative to other period of the hibernation cycle, suggesting a role for 5-HT in the initiation of hibernation. Among striatal dopamine (DA) metabolites, 3-methoxytyramine was detectable only during euthermia and arousal; from entrance through arousal, homovanillic acid (HVA) levels were half that found during euthermia (P = 0.0001); and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels increased during day 1 of hibernation (P < 0.0005). Midbrain DA (P = 0.0295) and hippocampal HVA (P = 0.0194) levels also changed significantly across the hibernation bout. The absence of a consistent change in any monoamine or metabolite throughout the brain precludes the possibility of preferential temperature-dependent impairment of an enzyme involved in biogenic amine synthesis or degradation and suggests that the levels observed reflect changes in neural activity specific to each brain region. Together with previous studies of brain 2-deoxyglucose uptake throughout the hibernation cycle, these data indicate that a transient change in afferent monoaminergic metabolism and neurotransmission in the forebrain is a necessary component for the entrance to hibernation.
Assessment of finite difference approximations for the advection terms in the simulation of practical flow problems

Abstract An assessment of seven discretization schemes for the advection terms of the transport equation to reduce numerical diffusion in practical flow problems has been established. The schemes have been evaluated using three test cases for laminar flow problems. The test cases consist of the transport of a scalar step in a uniform velocity field, two interacting parallel streams, and a slot jet. The performance of the schemes is evaluated for advection-dominated flows in transient and steady-state solutions. The considered schemes include four that have not been evaluated before for practical flow problems. In general, schemes which produced less numerical diffusion suffered from more numerical dispersion or oscillations. Two bounding techniques considered in the study were effective in significantly elliminating numerical dispersion.
The Origins of Modal Error

Modal intuitions are the primary source of modal knowledge but also of modal error. According to the theory of modal error in this paper, modal intuitions retain their evidential force in spite of their fallibility, and erroneous modal intuitions are in principle identifiable and eliminable by subjecting our intuitions to a priori dialectic. After an inventory of standard sources of modal error, two further sources are examined in detail. The first source - namely, the failure to distinguish between metaphysical possibility and various kinds of epistemic possibility - turns out to be comparatively easy to untangle and poses little threat to intuition-driven philosophical investigation. The second source is the local (i.e., temporary) misunderstanding of one's concepts (as opposed to outright Burgean misunderstanding). This pathology may be understood on analogy with a patient who is given a clean bill of health at his annual check-up, despite his having a cold at the time of the check-up: although the patient's health is locally (temporarily) disrupted, his overall health is sufficiently good to enable him to overcome the cold without external intervention. Even when our understanding of certain pivotal concepts has lapsed locally, our larger body of intuitions is sufficiently reliable to allow us, without intervention, to ferret out the modal errors resulting from this lapse in understanding by means of dialectic and/or a process of a priori reflection. This source of modal error, and our capacity to overcome it, has wide-ranging implications for philosophical method - including, in particular, its promise for disarming skepticism about the classical method of intuition-driven philosophical investigation itself. Indeed, it is shown that skeptical accounts of modal error (e.g., the accounts given by Hill, Levin, and several others) are ultimately self-defeating.
Development of novel strategies to control foot-and-mouth disease: Marker vaccines and antivirals

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is economically the most important viral-induced livestock disease worldwide. The disease is highly contagious and FMD virus (FMDV) replicates and spreads extremely rapidly. Outbreaks in previously FMD-free countries, including Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and Uruguay, and the potential use of FMDV by terrorist groups have demonstrated the vulnerability of countries and the need to develop control strategies that can rapidly inhibit or limit disease spread. The current vaccine, an inactivated whole virus preparation, has a number of limitations for use in outbreaks in disease-free countries. We have developed an alternative approach using a genetically engineered FMD subunit vaccine that only contains the portions of the viral genome required for virus capsid assembly and lacks the coding region for most of the viral nonstructural (NS) proteins including the highly immunogenic 3D protein. Thus, animals inoculated with this marker vaccine can readily be differentiated from infected animals using diagnostic assays employing the NS proteins not present in the vaccine and production of this vaccine, which does not contain infectious FMDV, does not require expensive high-containment manufacturing facilities. One inoculation of this subunit vaccine delivered in a replication-defective human adenovirus vector can induce rapid, within 7 days, and relatively long-lasting protection in swine. Similarly cattle inoculated with one dose of this recombinant vector are rapidly protected from direct and contact exposure to virulent virus. Furthermore, cattle given two doses of this vaccine developed high levels of FMDV-specific neutralizing antibodies, but did not develop antibodies against viral NS proteins demonstrating the ability of FMD subunit vaccinated animals to be differentiated from infected animals. To stimulate early protection prior to the vaccine-induced adaptive immune response we inoculated swine with the antiviral agent, type I interferon, and induced complete protection within 1 day. Protection can last for 3-5 days. The combination of the FMD marker vaccine and type I interferon can induce immediate, within 1 day, and long-lasting protection against FMD. Thus, this combination approach successfully addresses a number of concerns of FMD-free countries with the current disease control plan. By rapidly limiting virus replication and spread this strategy may reduce the number of animals that need to be slaughtered during an outbreak.
Viscoelastic fiber reinforced materials.

Macroscopic viscoelastic properties of fiber reinforced materials analyzed on basis of composite cylinder assemblage model and correspondence principle
Down's syndrome: occurrence of ALZ-50 reactive neurons and the formation of senile plaques

Abstract We have histopathologically investigated the hippocampal formation in 4 individuals with Down's syndrome (DS), 7 control individuals, and 3 individuals dying after being in coma 3–7 days. Adjacent sections of brain were stained by the Bielschowsky method and by ALZ-50 immunocytochemical methods. ALZ-50 immunoreactive neurons were found in each individual with DS and only in the control infants. Neither ALZ-50-immunoreactive features nor abnormal silver-positive features stained by the Bielschowsky method were found in the adolescent or young adult controls or coma patients. Diffuse form senile plaques (SP) were found only in the oldest DS individual. The data suggest that ALZ-50 reactive neurons persist during the life of an individual with DS and may precede the formation of SP.
Glucose isomerase immobolized on porous glass

Partially purified glucose isomerase from a Streptomyces species was immobilized on porous glass particles and studied for various characteristics concerning its use as an industrial catalyst. The activities were investigated in relation to the reaction parameters and the enzyme deactivation was studied systematically under various reaction conditions. The half-life of the immobilized enzyme was found to exceed 200 days at 50°C. The rate equation of the reversible glucose ⇄ fructose reaction was derived and the kinetic constants were determined. The rate equation was found to be in good agreement with experimental data for both forward and reverse reactions. The degree of diffusional effects was experimentally measured and theoretically analyzed.
Native speaker/nonnative speaker interaction and orientation to novice/expert identity

Abstract Based on analysis of six conversational interactions between a native speaker and a nonnative speaker of Spanish recorded over the course of the learner's year abroad, this study examines the interlocutors’ orientation to their identities as novice and expert. The study details the conversational moves that index their orientation to their novice and expert roles, how they co-create this dynamic, and how this dynamic evolves over the course of the year. The interlocutors’ explicit discussion of language learning frames the conversations as a type of engagement that mirrors Lave and Wenger's (1991) construct of Legitimate Peripheral Participation, in which the novice can participate in expert interaction but with limited responsibility and available support. Support is most often seen in the form of corrective repair, initiated by both the nonnative speaker and the native speaker. The analysis indicates the contexts in which correction occurs in these interactions and includes discussion of longitudinal changes in correction patterns over the course of the year abroad. Evidenced in the evolution of the interlocutors’ orientation to the novice/expert paradigm is movement away from the initial dynamic that appears to have a learning orientation, towards a recognition that the novice/expert dynamic is merely a resource available if needed.
Teaching and learning as multimedia authoring: the classroom 2000 project

We view college classroom teaching and learning as a multimedia authoring activity. The classroom provides a rich setting in which a number of different forms of communication co-exist, such as speech, writing and projected images. Much of the information in a lecture is poorly recorded or lost currently. Our hypothesis is that tools to aid in the capture and subsequent access of classroom information will enhance both the learning and teaching experience. To test that hypothesis, we initiated the Classroom 2000 project at Georgia Tech. The purpose of the project is to apply ubiquitous computing technology to facilitate automatic capture, integration and access of multimedia information in the educational setting of the university classroom. In this paper, we discuss various prototype tools we have created and used in a variety of courses and provide an initial evaluation of the acceptance and effectiveness of the technology. We also share some lessons learned in applying ubiquitous computing technology in a real setting.
Modeling of pool fires with a variety of polymers

The experiments reported in this paper deal with steady turbulent free convective diffusional burning of eight different polymeric solids in the geometry of horizontal circular pools. The measurements include the burning rate, the history, and the thermal radiation emitted by these fires under various ambient air pressures up to about 40 atm. A simple one-dimensional diffusion flame theory is used to correlate the mass transfer rates, history of burning, and radiant-emission rates. The theory leads to determination of B-numbers for the simulated, realistically large, polymer fires that involve radiation effects in B. These B-numbers are in excellent accord with other measurements available in the literature. The tested materials are rated for their flammability (burning intensity) on the basis of the B-number. They are also rated for their smokiness on the basis of the radiation measurements. As may be expected, a desirable material on the basis of flammability is not necessarily so desirable on the basis of smoke potential.
Versatile diquinane intermediates

Abstract The preparation and chemical reactivity of two key diquinane intermediates are described.