cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Questioning the idea of the individual as an autonomous moral agent

This paper examines ways in which current moral values are influenced by earlier patterns of thinking carried forward in root metaphors whose meanings were often framed by the analogues settled upon in the past by thinkers who were influenced by the silences and prejudices of their culture. It is argued that such tacitly inherited metaphors reproduce the myth of the individual as a moral agent and that this both is ecologically unsustainable and undermines other important ways of understanding the individual. In various ways the form of critical thinking to which it gives rise stands in the way of individuals exercising what Gregory Bateson refers to as their ‘ecological intelligence’ in a manner that properly takes account of the interdependent nature of cultural and natural ecologies. It is argued that if in the West (at least) a shift could be made to relying on ‘ecology’ as the dominant root metaphor the whole system of Western moral values would undergo a radical change to one better suited to a curr...
V.—On Saturated and Unsaturated Igneous Rocks

Of the various minerals which enter into the composition of igneous rocks, about one-half are capable of forming in presence of free silica, as is shown by their association in rocks with quartz and tridymite. These may, for the present purpose, be termed saturated minerals; they include some of the most highly silicated compounds of their respective metallic elements. The remaining rock minerals do not appear in association with free silica, and may be presumed to be incapable of stable existence in its presence; they are mostly the less highly silicated compounds of the same metallic elements which, enter into the former group. These may, for the present purpose, be, termed unsaturated minerals. The unsaturated character of any mineral in the latter group is not affected by the temperature and pressure at which crystallization takes place; this is shown by the fact that quartz and the minerals referred to are mutually exclusive both in plutonic and in effusive rocks. In the case of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium the formation of saturated or unsaturated minerals appears to depend only on the amount of silica available in the magma. Aluminium, ferrosum, and ferricum, elements of feebly basic character, have their combinations largely determined for them by the more strongly basic elements, with which they tend to form either complex molecules or mix-crystals.
An accurate broad-band method of moments using higher order basis functions and tree-loop decomposition

A method is presented that combines the low-frequency accuracy of tree-loop decomposition with higher order basis functions to achieve an electric field integral equation based method of moments that is accurate over a wide band of frequencies. In general, the use of higher order divergence-conforming bases introduces more solenoidal degrees of freedom than the standard Rao-Wilton-Glisson (zeroth-order) bases. These solenoidal degrees of freedom are counted and identified, and an efficient method to construct the required higher order loops is presented. Numerical results demonstrate that the technique allows the use of a single mesh to acquire scattering results over a wide band of frequencies using arbitrary order basis functions.
Causes of cell damage in hypoxia/ischemia, aging and Alzheimer's disease

Modifications of the excitotoxic neurotransmitter theory of cellular damage are necessary to explain abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. Reductions in enzymes of oxidative metabolism in Alzheimer brain and the subsequent histotoxic hypoxia may be a pathophysiological link to the neurotransmitter changes. Similar mechanisms may underlie the greater susceptibility of the aged brain to metabolic insults and this interaction may explain the age-related nature of Alzheimer's disease.
Pharmacogenomics of fluorouracil -based chemotherapy toxicity.

Introduction: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), alone or in combination, is the most prevalent and effective chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of cancers of the head and neck, breast, pancreas and gastrointestinal tract.Areas covered: Three rare DPYD mutations, a splice mutation in intron 14 (c.1905+1G>A) and two nonsynonymous coding variants (c.1679T>G, c.2846A>T), have consistently been associated with severe 5-FU toxicity. A relatively common haplotype, hapB3, containing three intronic polymorphisms (c.483+18G>A; c.680+139G>A; c.959-51T>C) and a synonymous mutation c.1236G>A linked to c.1129-5923C>G, is a major contributor to early onset severe toxicity. TYMS VNTR 2R and TYMS-3′-UTR 6-bp ins-del variants were associated with global toxicity in capecitabine-treated patients. A candidate gene study of capecitabine-related toxicity reported that the s12132152 were strongly associated with hand-foot syndrome (HFS), whereas rs7548189 was associated with diarrhea. The rs2612091 and rs2741171, which are downstrea...
Insomnia symptoms and well-being: Longitudinal follow-up.

OBJECTIVE Most Americans have occasional problems with symptoms of insomnia. Insomnia symptoms have been linked to psychological distress, but few studies have examined the relationship between insomnia symptoms and well-being. The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between insomnia symptoms reported in a 10-year longitudinal study and the dimensions of subjective well-being and eudaimonic well-being, adjusting for the potential confounds of age, gender, and comorbid physical illness. METHOD The data for the present study came from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States. Participants were 4,014 community dwelling adults (M age = 56.27 years, SD = 12.4; 55.4% female; 91.6% White). RESULTS After adjusting for demographic characteristics and a wide range of chronic physical health conditions, we found that insomnia symptoms had a significant relationship with both subjective and eudaimonic well-being. Furthermore, the report of insomnia symptoms at 2 time points 10 years apart was found to have an additional impact on subjective and eudaimonic well-being. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study suggest that insomnia symptoms have a strong relationship to individuals enjoying life and perceiving that one has a meaningful life. In addition, these data suggest that the experience of recurrent insomnia symptoms at 2 time points is particularly detrimental to one's well-being.
Accelerated and navigator-gated look-locker imaging for cardiac T1 Estimation (ANGIE) with reduced motion artifact

Background T1 mapping of the left ventricle is routinely performed using Modified Look-Locker Inversion Recovery (MOLLI) [1] in a variety of disease settings [2]. MOLLI requires relatively long breathholds, and consequently sequences of MOLLI images may be misregistered due to respiratory drift. We sought to develop a T1 mapping sequence that would not require breathholding and would not have misregistration problems. We used kspace segmentation and navigator gating to eliminate respiratory artifact, and compressed sensing [3] (CS) to accelerate image acquisition. CS utilizes undersampling in k-t space along with nonlinear iterative image reconstruction. CS is well-suited to Look-Locker imaging because these images, which vary smoothly from one inversion time to the next, exhibit time-domain sparsity.
Bifidus factor. III. The rate of dialysis.

Abstract 1. 1. The rates of dialysis of Lactobacillus bifidus factors have been measured under standard conditions for various samples of human milk and human colostrum. For comparison glucose, lactose, and melezitose have also been used. The latter dialyze more rapidly than the bifidusactive factors. 2. 2. The blood group of the donor (A, B, O) seems to have little effect on the rate at which the activity dialyzes. 3. 3. The initial activity of the samples decreases with the length of time after delivery. However, the distribution after dialysis for 72 hr. remains relatively constant. 4. 4. For human colostrum, the dialysis is slower and less complete than for human milk collected 3–49 weeks after delivery.
Structural, electrical and magnetic properties of LaxCe1-xSi

Abstract Structural, magnetic and electrical transport properties of the LaxCe1-xSi system (x=0−1) have been studied. The experimental data lead to the suggestion that cerium is in a stable trivalent state in this system. Kondo-like features which are typically observed in nearly trivalent cerium systems are not apparent in this system.
Masked first name priming increases effort-related cardiovascular reactivity.

Recent research on motivational intensity has shown that explicit manipulations of self-focused attention (e.g., mirrors and video cameras) increase effort-related cardiovascular responses during active coping. An experiment examined whether masked first name priming, an implicit manipulation of self-focused attention, had similar effects. Participants (n = 52 young adults) performed a self-paced cognitive task, in which they were told to get as many trials correct as possible within 5 min. During the task, the participant's first name was primed for 0%, 33%, 67%, or 100% of the trials. First name priming, regardless of its frequency, significantly increased cardiovascular reactivity, particularly systolic blood pressure (SBP) reactivity. Furthermore, the priming manipulation interacted with individual differences in trait self-focus: trait self-focus predicted higher SBP reactivity in the 0% condition, but first name priming eliminated the effects of individual differences. Implications for self-awareness research and for the emerging interest in priming effects on effort are considered.
Perianal Paget's disease: Successful treatment with combined chemoradiotherapy

A case of locally extensive perianal Paget's disease is presented. Initial wide local excision, guided by frozen sections, was inadequate. Multiple punch biopsies subsequently revealed extensive circumferential involvement of the anoderm by Paget's disease, making wide local excision difficult. Therefore, the patient was treated with combined chemoradiotherapy (5000 cGy, 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin C). Fourteen months after treatment, the patient had a complete response.
An analysis of the recycling coefficients of nonferrous metals in the U.S. economy, 1959–1976

Abstract The purpose of this study is to account for fluctuations in secondary metals recovery relative to that of total metals consumption in the case of four key non-ferrous metals: copper, aluminum, lead and zinc for the period 1959- 1976, with steel as a point of comparison. Multiple regression analysis was utilized to determine the effect of various factors on a common measure of such recycling activity, the recycling coefficient. The findings of this study indicate that increases in relative recycling activity for these major non-ferrous metals were predominately positively linked to the relative cost of energy. Absolute scrap price increases and the ratio of scrap prices to primary metals prices also were positively linked with recycling coefficients, probably as a result of their mutually positive response to an exogenous force such as energy prices. The level of industrial activity (or changes in that level) had strong but differing effects on the recycling coefficients in terms of sign. Finally, in the case of aluminum, new (prompt industrial) scrap recovery relative to total metal consumption was shown to respond sensitively to the above factors, rather than to vary solely with the volume of metals consumption.
Newer concepts in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias.

Abstract Current concepts on the electrophysiological basis of cardiac arrhythmias have been reviewed, by incorporating some of the latest information with the time-honored theories and observations of previous investigators. It is inevitably and hopefully anticipated that confirmation or denial of the various hypotheses will soon result in further identification of these concepts.
Nonlinear flutter of curved plates.

Nonlinear Galerkin analysis of curved plate flutter, using shallow shell/von Karman equations and quasi-steady aerodynamic theory
Receptor-mediated calcium entry is required for maximal effects of platelet activating factor primed responses in human neutrophils.

Abstract The effect of receptor mediated calcium entry (RMCE) on platelet activating factor (PAF) stimulated human neutrophils (PMNs) was investigated using SKF 96365, a selective inhibitor of RMCE. Changes in cytosolic calcium concentration were determined by the fluorometric dye indo-1, AM, superoxide generation by cytochrome c reduction, and CD11b surface expression by flow cytometry. SKF 96365 pre-treatment diminished the cytosolic calcium rise in PAF primed PMNs. SKF 96365 treatment significantly (p
Norm Development, Decision Making, and Structuration in CMC Group Interaction

Objective: The objective of this activity is twofold: (1) To engage students in the practice of small-group decision making in a computer-mediated communication (CMC) environment; and (2) to demonstrate the taken for granted elements for small-group development and decision making Courses: Small-Group Communication, Technology and Human Communication, Communication Theory, Organizational Communication
Resonance scattering of the first positive system of N2 in the dayglow

Rocket measurements of the differential photoelectron flux and the volume emission rate of the N2(0, 0) second positive band are used to calculate the daytime concentration of metastable A(super 3)Sigma(sub u)+ molecules, and consequently the resonance scattering contribution to the N2 first positive emission in the dayglow. The dominant source of N2 first positive emission is found to be photoelectron impact, with resonance scattering contributing only 10-20 per cent the total emission.
The Pseudoscalar Interaction and the Beta Spectrum of RaE

It is shown that the theory of forbidden beta transitions, as hitherto used, does not provide a correct treatment of the pseudoscalar interaction. This is demonstrated by the application of a canonical transformation to the Hamiltonian of interacting nucleons and leptons whereby all odd nuclear Dirac operators are eliminated from the theory. When this is done properly it is seen that the pseudoscalar interaction makes a contribution to the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay process only by virtue of the fact that the lepton covariants are not constant. The corresponding additional operators introduced in the other three interactions ($S$ is pure even) are examined and it is shown that, except in one case, these make trivial corrections which would not be observed in practice. The exception occurs in second and higher forbidden transitions wherein the spin change (tensor rank, strictly speaking) is lower than the forbiddenness order. By virtue of present knowledge of the beta interaction these must be regarded as small correction terms. The possibility of calculating all nuclear matrix elements using nonrelativistic wave functions based on some coupling model is discussed. The results presented here also show that wherever $P$ and $T$ interactions interfere (spin change zero, first-forbidden transitions) it will be possible to obtain the ratio of coupling coefficients ($\frac{{g}_{P}}{{g}_{T}}$ for example) by comparison with the observed spectral shapes. A method of reduction of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay operators is described and it is pointed out that the same procedure is very convenient for obtaining the nuclear matrix elements. In this method the irreducible tensors are obtained automatically and the retardation expansion is a trivial operation performed at the end of the calculation rather than at the beginning. The correction factors for pseudoscalar ($P$) as well as $P\ensuremath{-}T$ and $P\ensuremath{-}A$ mixtures are obtained and the fact that the shape of the correction factor is strongly modified as compared to the customary result is observed. The correction factor is now more strongly $Z$ dependent and this would perhaps account for the appearance of the $P$ interaction only for heavy elements. The results of this investigation are applied to the RaE spectrum. No fit with the assumption of zero spin for RaE can be obtained. It is suggested that the spin of RaE is unity, and other evidence pointing in this direction is cited.
Computer Simulation Model for Transient Transcapillary Fluid Exchange

The dynamic changes in pressures, flow, and transcapillary fluid exchange which occur in the isolated dog hindlimb in response to a sudden increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure were simulated on a digital computer. The differential equation with time-varying parameters was set in the state-space form and the transient solution was found by means of the matrix exponential technique. The close approximation of the simulated curves with recorded phenomenon suggests that this technique may be useful in providing further insight into factors which are major variables controlling the fluid equilibrium in mammalian tissue, but are currently not possible to measure directly.
Self-assembling porphyrin-modified peptides.

We report the synthesis and characterization of a novel supramolecular assembly that features long-range electronic coupling between porphyrins covalently attached to a designed peptide scaffold. The resulting construct self-assembles to form extended organized aggregates in which the porphyrins engage in exciton coupling.
Transport within ion-exchange membranes

Abstract For the purpose of investigating electromigration in ion-exchange membranes, d.c. conductivity measurements have been carried out in (a) a strong-acid membrane in hydrogen and sodium forms and (b) a strong-base membrane in hydroxyl and chloride forms. These measurements have been conducted in the absence of external electrolyte from virtually dry to fully water-saturated membrane conditions. From our specific conductance data, electrical ion mobilities have been calculated. Ionic mobilities as functions of membrane water content have been correlated for both the low and high-hydration ranges by means of our semi-theoretical exponential equation that relates ion mobility to membrane water content. Hydrogen and hydroxyl ions have been shown to be transferred by an additional fast transport mechanism above certain levels of membrane water absorptions. At low membrane water contents, they electromigrate like sodium and chloride ions under an applied electric field.
Stress-Voiding and Electromigration in Multilevel Interconnect Metallizations

Stress-voiding or stress migration (SM), and electromigration (EM) are urgent problems in ULSI microcircuits with features in the submicron range. Severe stress-voiding arises in multilevel metallizations because of the high constraint offered by the refractory metal layers, the ceramic insulation, and the rigid contact and via structures which prevent plastic relaxation of the thermally induced stresses. Also, W-plugs and/or refractory barrier layers block entirely the EM flux, resulting in an enhanced probability of EM damage. We review the physical bases of a recently introduced unified SM and EM model [1,2]. We apply the model to an interconnect line confined by vias at both ends and derive equations which explicitly show the effects of external conditions and microstructural parameters on the evolution of SM and EM damage. Particularly we analyze the effects of Cu depletion on void growth rate at vias. We also show how the shifts in the line resistance are related to void growth. Finally we demonstrate that the model predictions compare well with the recently published experimental EM data.
Olfactory cues in visual discrimination problems

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the possible role of olfactory cues in a situation designed to test visual behavior. Two groups of rats were tested on visual discrimination problems where the relevance of olfactory cues was varied. Animals tested under conditions where both visual and olfactory cues led to the same response displayed learning set formation similar to that reported by other investigators. Animals tested under conditions where the visual and olfactory cues led to conflicting responses also demonstrated learning set formation; however, their performance was consistently at a lower level than that of the group where both cues led to the same response.
Distributed learning with biogeography-based optimization: Markov modeling and robot control

Abstract Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is an evolutionary algorithm that is motivated by biogeography, which is the science that describes how biological species are geographically distributed. We extend the standard BBO algorithm to distributed learning, which does not require centralized coordination of the population. We call this new algorithm distributed BBO (DBBO). We derive a Markov model for DBBO, which provides an exact mathematical model of the DBBO population in the limit as the generation number approaches infinity. We use standard benchmark functions to compare BBO and DBBO with several other evolutionary optimization algorithms, and we show that BBO and DBBO give competitive results, especially for multimodal problems. Benchmark results show that DBBO performance is almost identical to BBO. We also demonstrate DBBO on a real-world application, which is the optimization of robot control algorithms, using both simulated and experimental mobile robots.
Outcomes of arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs in obese patients.

Hypothesis Rotator cuff tears are common orthopedic injuries and their arthroscopic treatment can be technically challenging. This study evaluated the outcomes of arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs in obese patients. We hypothesized that there would be a direct correlation between worse outcomes of arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs and increasing body mass index (BMI). Materials and methods A retrospective review of patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair by one orthopedic surgeon between 2005 and 2008 was performed. The study included 149 rotator cuff repairs. Recorded data included age, sex, BMI, size of rotator cuff tear on magnetic resonance imaging and intraoperatively, number of anchors used for repair, functional outcomes (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and University of Pennsylvania scores), surgery time, total time for anesthesia, positioning, and hospital stay. Tears were classified by size. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were used. Surgical procedures were performed with general anesthesia, interscalene block, beach chair positioning, and a standardized operative technique. Patients followed a standard postoperative rehabilitation protocol. Results Mean patient age was 66 years. Mean follow-up was 16.3 months. Tears were classified as high grade partial (12%), small (23%), medium (29%), large (22%), and massive (14%). Patients were classified as normal weight (38%), overweight (23%), obese (20%), and morbidly obese (19%). A statistically significant correlation was found between obesity and worse functional outcomes, longer operative times, and longer length of hospital stay. Discussion This study reports new data concerning the association of BMI and early clinical outcome after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair surgery. Even though the obese group had greater limiations and lower rates of satisfaction at final follow-up than their non-obese counterparts, they still reported significant improvements from the surgery. Conclusion Obesity has a negative impact on the operative time of arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs, length of hospitalization, and functional outcomes.
Greenhouse gas emission analysis for USA fluid milk processing plants: Processing, packaging, and distribution

Abstract A gate-to-gate life cycle assessment was conducted to evaluate the Global Warming Potential associated with USA fluid milk processing. Data collected from 50 fluid milk processing plants were used to construct a life cycle assessment model for the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across the milk processing system, from raw milk entering the plant’s refrigerated storage silo through delivery of packaged fluid milk to retail store’s loading dock. Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions associated with the processing, packaging, and distribution in the processing of packaged fluid milk were investigated. Upstream emissions associated with raw materials, extraction, and transportation were included. Average GHG emissions for processing, packaging and distribution were 0.077, 0.054 and 0.072 kg CO2e kg−1 packaged fluid milk, respectively. Overall GHG emissions were 0.203 (±0.017) kg CO2e kg−1 packaged fluid milk with major individual GHG contributors being plant electricity usage (27% of total) and truck fleet tailpipe emissions (29% of total).
On the consequences of ignoring unobserved heterogeneity when estimating macro-level models of crime

Abstract The majority of criminologists have ignored unobserved heterogeneity in macro-level models of crime. We used time-series–cross-section (TSCS) data from all 58 counties in California between the years of 1990 and 1998 to show that heterogeneity should not be ignored. The paper begins with a discussion of some of the problems inherent in TSCS data—contemporaneous correlation, serial autocorrelation, spatial autocorrelation, panel heteroskedasticity, and nonstationarity—and the techniques for detecting them. To correct these problems we estimated dynamic TSCS models (with panel corrected standard errors) for property and violent crime. The resulting parameter estimates served as a base of comparison for the additional models. Next, we controlled for heterogeneity by adding fixed effects for county and year to the dynamic TSCS models. Finally, we used equality-of-coefficients tests to demonstrate the consequences of ignoring unobserved heterogeneity in macro-level models of crime.
White matter microstructure in schizophrenia: Associations to neurocognition and clinical symptomatology

Background Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies in schizophrenia report widespread aberrations in brain white matter (WM). These appear related to poorer neurocognitive performance and higher levels of negative and positive symptomatology. However, identification of the most salient WM aberrations to neurocognition and clinical symptoms is limited by relatively small samples with divergent results.
Border Crossings: Understanding the Cultural and Informational Dilemmas of Interdisciplinary Scholars

This study examined the research behavior and information-seeking habits of 23 interdisciplinary scholars. Such scholars, as opposed to single-discipline scholars operating in conventional fields, face distinct difficulties with disciplinary acculturation, time management, and inadequate library collections. These difficulties underscore the need for a reassessment of services to this group.
APOPTOSIS AND DOWNSTAGING AFTER PREOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPY FOR MUSCLE-INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER

Abstract Purpose : To determine the relationship between pretreatment apoptosis levels and clinical-to-pathologic down-staging resulting from properative radiotherapy. Methods and Materials : Between 1960–1983, 338 patients were dispositioned to receive preoperative radiotherapy 4–6 weeks prior to radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Of these, adequate hematoxylin and eosin stained tissue sections for morphologic analysis of apoptosis were available in 158 patients. These patients were treated to a median dose of 50 Gy at 2 Gy per fraction. Median follow-up was 90 months. The apoptotic index (AI) was calculated from the ratio of the number of apoptotic cells divided by the total counted and multiplied by 100. A minimum of 500 cells were counted from each patient. Results : The average AI for the whole group (n = 158) was 2.0 ± 1.3 (±SD), with a median 1.8. The association of AI to clinical stage was significant with AI for the whole averages of 1.8 for Stage T2 (n = 56), 1.9 for T3a(n = 51), and 2.4 for T3b (p = 0.038, Kendall Correlation). The relationship of AI to radiotherapy response also was significant with an average of 2.2 for those who were downstaged (n = 103), 1.9 for those in whom the stage remained unchanged (n = 20), and 1.7 for those who were upstaged (n = 35, p =0.054, Kendall Correlation). The other significant correlations with AI were for the factors, grade, mitotic index, number of tumors, and gender. The AI was then categorized into three groups (≤, >1, and ≤3, and >3) to examine the prognostic significance of this parameter. The distributions of patients by clinical stage, grade, mitotic index, number of tumors, radiotherapy response, and the hemoglobin level were significantly associated with AI using this grouping. When the analysis of the distribution of patients by radiation response and AI was segregated by stage, a significant correlation was observed only for those with Stage T3b disease (p = 0.006); 93% of T3b patients with an AI >3 were downstaged, while in 7% the stage remained unchanged and none were upstaged. The relationship of AI to 5-year actuarial patient outcome was investigated using several end points and although no significant correlations were observed, a trend was seen for improved sirvival when AI was >3 (71% vs. 41%, p = 0.09) for Stage T3b patients. Colnclusion : The AI correlated most strongly with radiotherapy response for patients with clinical stage T3b disease, the o ne subgroup of patients wherein preoperative radiotherapy is likely to be of the most benefit. Further investigation of pretreatment apoptosis levels as a marker of anticancer response is needed, especially for patients treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy with the goal of bladder preservation.
The glasses twist

Abstract Why would a patient without ocular pathology and with carefully prescribed glasses have “fuzzy” vision in one eye except when the left lens is twisted upward? The answer may be simpler than you think.
A modification of the heteropoly blue method for the microgram determination of arsenic in biological materials

A sensitive method has been developed for analysis of trace amounts of arsenic in biological materials using the heteropoly blue method. The method employs a closed apparatus and a nitrogen atmosphere, and allows the detection of arsenic in ppm concentration using samples of 100 mg.
Randomized trial supports use of levetiracetam adjunctive therapy to treat partial seizures in children.

Randomized trial supports use of levetiracetam adjunctive therapy to treat partial seizures in children
Pharmacological evaluation of a new Ca2+ antagonist, 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride (TMB-8): Studies in smooth muscles

Abstract The pharmacology of 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8) has been studied using guinea pig ileum and vas deferens preparations. TMB-8 inhibited responses to drugs that excite specific receptors (acetylcholine and norepinephrine) as well as to agents whose actions are not mediated via specific receptors (KCl and BaCl2) with ID50's of 3.8 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4 M. TMB-8 inhibited responses to acetylcholine, norepinephrine, nicotine, dimethylphenylpiperazinium and KCl in an insurmountable manner in the guinea pig ileum, while responses to BaCl2 were inhibited in a competitive manner. Increasing Ca2+ concentrations of the bathing medium from 1.35 to 5.40 mM effectively antagonized the TMB-8 inhibition of responses to KCl in the guinea pig ileum and vas deferens preparations. These results indicate that TMB-8 may produce its inhibitory effects in smooth muscle by interfering with the availability of Ca2+ for muscle contraction by blocking the Ca2+ release from intracellular bound stores.
Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia requiring ablation on the mitral annulus.

Mitral Ablation for AV Nodal Reentry. We report a case of initial transient success during ablation for typical AV nodal reentrant tachycardia utilizing traditional right-sided approaches, followed by recurrence of the same tachycardia and an ultimately successful ablation on the posteromedial mitral annulus.
Rocket exhaust plume impingement on the Voyager spacecraft

In connection with the conduction of the long-duration Voyager missions to the outer planets and the sophisticated propulsion systems required, it was necessary to carry out an investigation to avoid exhaust plume impingement problems. The rarefied gas dynamics literature indicates that, for most engineering surfaces, the assumption of diffuse reemission and complete thermal accommodation is warranted in the free molecular flow regime. This assumption was applied to an analysis of a spacecraft plume impingement problem in the near-free molecular flow regime and yielded results to within a few percent of flight data. The importance of a correct treatment of the surface temperature was also demonstrated. Specular reflection, on the other hand, was shown to yield results which may be unconservative by a factor of 2 or 3. It is pointed out that one of the most difficult portions of an exhaust plume impingement analysis is the simulation of the impinged hardware. The geometry involved must be described as accurately and completely as possible.
Visible effects of rapamycin (sirolimus) on human skin explants in vitro

In this manuscript, we report observations of the effects of rapamycin in an organotypic culture of human skin explants. The tissues were cultured for 5 days at the air–liquid interface or in submersed conditions with media with and without rapamycin at 2 nM concentration. Histological analysis of tissue sections indicated that rapamycin-treated samples maintained a better epidermal structure in the upper layers of the tissue than untreated samples, mostly evident when skin was cultured in submersed conditions. A significant decrease in the number of positive proliferative cells using the Ki67 antigen was observed when specimens were treated with rapamycin, in both air–liquid and submersed conditions but apoptosis differences between treated and untreated specimens, as seen by cleaved caspase-3 positive cells, were only observed in submersed specimens. Finally, a decrease and variability in the location in the expression of the differentiation marker involucrin and in E-cadherin were also evident in submersed samples. These results suggest that the development of topical applications containing rapamycin, instead of systemic delivery, may be a useful tool in the treatment of skin diseases that require reduction of proliferation and modulation or control of keratinocyte differentiation.
The Empirical Bayes Approach to Statistical Decision Problems

The empirical Bayes approach to statistical decision problems is applicable when the same decision problem presents itself repeatedly and independently with a fixed but unknown a priori distribution of the parameter. Not all decision problems in practice come to us imbedded in such a sequence, but when they do the empirical Bayes approach offers certain advantages over any approach which ignores the fact that the parameter is itself a random variable, as well as over any approach which assumes a personal or a conventional distribution of the parameter not subject to change with experience. My own interest in the empirical Bayes approach was renewed by recent work of E. Samuel [10], [11] and J. Neyman [6], to both of whom I am very much indebted. In keeping with the purpose of the Rietz Lecture I shall not confine myself to presenting new results and shall try to make the argument explicit at the risk of being tedious. In the current controversy between the Bayesian school and their opponents it is obvious that any theory of statistical inference will find itself in and out of fashion as the winds of doctrine blow. Here, then, are some remarks and references for further reading which I hope will interest my audience in thinking the matter through for themselves. Considerations of space have confined mention of the non-parametric case, and of the closely related “compound” approach in which no a priori distribution of the parameter is assumed, to the references at the end of the article.
Physiology, diagnosis and clinical profile of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Abstract Whereas multiple and different cardiac abnormalities may be accompanied by hypoplasia of the left heart, the postnatal pathophysiologic changes which accompany these abnormalities are very similar. In the fetus, hypoplasia of the left ventricle does not result in any complications, but the post-natal physiologic changes lead to severe hemodynamic and circulatory complications which in the absence of treatment are fatal. The major physiologic changes are those related to the decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance, spontaneous constriction or closure of the ductus arteriosus, and restriction of the obligatory left-to-right shunt which must exist through an interatrial communication. The clinical features are closely related to the dominance and severity of the physiologic changes and the balance between the systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. Presentation may be with respiratory distress, congestive heart failure, vascular collapse, or less frequently with severe cyanosis. The presence of mild hypoxemia, normal or reduced Pa CO 2 and very low pH are characteristic features of infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Early post-natal detection of these infants may be enhanced by screening all newborns discharged from the nursery with measurement of systemic arterial oxygen saturations by a pulse volume oximeter.
A relational database for non-manipulative representation of solid objects

Abstract As the heart of any solid modelling system, much effort has been spent on formulating the data models which represent the shape of a polyhedral solid object within the computer in an accurate, unique and complete manner. Most of this effort has been devoted to make the models manipulateable in terms of computational efficiency, and preserve their semantic integrity. The price paid for achieving these goals is a proliferation of cross-reference data links which, coupled with multiple redundancy, renders the models inefficient for storage or transmission over communication channels. Moreover, the interrogation of these models by non-manipulative applications is usually unsupported functionally, requiring direct accesses to the data, which involves extensive pointer chasing and therefore high familiarity with the manipulative data structure. This paper presents an example relational model as a complementary logical scheme for viewing the shape database that facilitates compact storage and supports non-manipulative query operations through the projection, selection and join operators defined for the relational model, without requiring expert knowledge of the manipulative structure. The flexibility of the relational model, compared with that of the hierarchical, manipulative one, allows easy extensibility and the association of non-geometric attributes with each data item.
Learning through Multimedia Interaction

This book reviews discusses the many ways we can use multimedia to help students learn within the classroom setting.
Detection of SVT with dual chamber versus single chamber detection enhancements (The DETECT SVT trial)

DETECTION OF SVT WITH DUAL CHAMBER VERSUS SINGLE CHAMBER DETECTION ENHANCEMENTS (THE DETECT SVT TRIAL) Paul A. Friedman, MD, Helbert Acosta, MD, David Kessler, MD, Thomas M. Munger, MD, Neal G. Kavesh, MD, Mark Wood, MD, Emile Daoud, MD, Ali Massumi, MD, Claudio Schuger, MD, Stephen Shorofsky, MD, Bruce Wilkoff, MD, Michael Glikson, MD, for the DETECT SVT investigators. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, Trinity Medical Center, Rock Island, IL, Austin Heart, Austin, TX, Watson Clinic, Lakeland, FL, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, MidWest Research Foundation, Columbus, OH, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Can coexisting overlays inadvertently step on each other

By allowing end hosts to make routing decisions at the application level, different overlay networks may unintentionally interfere with each other. This paper describes how multiple similar or dissimilar overlay networks making independent routing decisions could experience race conditions, resulting in oscillations in both route selection and network load. We pinpoint the causes for synchronization in terms of partially overlapping routes and periodic path probing processes and derive an analytic formulation for the synchronization probability of two overlays. Our model indicates that the probability of synchronization is non-negligible across a wide range of parameter settings, thus implying that the ill-effects of synchronization should not be ignored. Using the analytical model, we find an upper bound on the duration of traffic oscillations. We validate our model through simulations that are designed to capture the transient routing behavior of both the IP- and overlay-layers. We use our model to study the effects of factors such as path diversity (measured in round trip times) and probing aggressiveness on these race conditions. Finally, we discuss the implications of our study on the design of overlay networks and the choice of their path probing parameters
International standards for magnetic materials and components

In practically all of the industrially developed countries of the world there are strong national standards organizations. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) coordinates and unifies electrical and electronic standards by drafting international recommendations from which member countries may draw for national standards. The benefits derived from this work include better understanding among electrical and electronic engineers and scientists, and a means for initiating and expanding international trade. The upsurge in development and application of ferrites led the IEC to establish a committee on ferromagnetic oxide parts 15 years ago, which rapidly expanded into a full technical committee on magnetic materials and components (TC 51). The magnetic activities include recommendations for terms and definitions, dimensional standardization, measurement methods, inductors and transformers, data storage devices, strip-wound cores and laminations, variability (temperature and time), gyromagnetic applications (microwave), and antenna rods. Eleven TC 51 IEC publications are now available. Numerous others are in process.
Long-Term Fate of Glyphosate Associated with Repeated Rodeo Applications to Control Smooth Cordgrass ( Spartina alterniflora ) in Willapa Bay, Washington

Cordgrasses (Spartina sp.) are exotic, invasive species that threaten to degrade the intertidal zones of estuaries along the West Coast of North America. Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies primarily focus on the use of aerial and ground applications of Rodeo® in conjunction with mowing, but IPM treatments over multiple years usually are necessary to control Spartina. Although information exists regarding the short-term fate and effects to marine biota of a single Rodeo® application to control Spartina, little information is available regarding the fate and biotic effects associated with repeated Rodeo® applications necessary for control. Consequently, we conducted a 3-year study to assess the short- and long-term fate and potential effects to marine biota associated with repeated applications of Rodeo® to control smooth cordgrass in a southwestern Washington estuary. At each of three intertidal locations in Willapa Bay, we established plots on exposed mudflats and along the edge of a Spartina meadow that were hand sprayed with Rodeo® (5% solution) and LI-700® (2% solution) during July 1997 and 1998. Glyphosate concentrations in sediment from mudflat plots declined 88% to 96% from 1 day posttreatment in 1997 to 1 year after the second Rodeo® applications in 1999. In contrast, glyphosate concentrations in Spartina plots increased 231% to 591% from 1997 to 1999 because Spartina rhizomes likely did not readily metabolize or exude it. Comparison of concentrations from mudflat and Spartina plots with toxicity test values for marine biota indicates that under worst-case conditions short- and long-term detrimental effects to aquatic biota from repeated application of Rodeo® for Spartina control would be highly unlikely.
Regulation of Wnt/LRP signaling by distinct domains of Dickkopf proteins.

Dickkopfs (Dkks) are secreted developmental regulators composed of two cysteine-rich domains. We report that the effects of Dkks depend on molecular context. Although Wnt8 signaling is inhibited by both Dkk1 and Dkk2 in Xenopus embryos, the same pathway is activated upon interaction of Dkk2 with the Wnt coreceptor LRP6. Analysis of individual Dkk domains and chimeric Dkks shows that the carboxy-terminal domains of both Dkks associate with LRP6 and are necessary and sufficient for Wnt8 inhibition, whereas the amino-terminal domain of Dkk1 plays an inhibitory role in Dkk-LRP interactions. Our study illustrates how an inhibitor of a pathway may be converted into an activator and is the first study to suggest a molecular mechanism for how a ligand other than Wnt can positively regulate β-catenin signaling.
Implications of the Cellular Transport Step for Amino Acid Metabolism

e do well to place the physicochemical W step of amino acid transport on our metabolic diagrams, wherever it intervenes, on a par with the more purely chemical steps we assemble on such charts. This recommendation does not mean, as some suppose, that we merely insert the step of intestinal absorption between digestion and intermediary metabolism; it means that in addition we insert the step of the uptake and the modulated release of amino acids by the hepatocyte, along with the hepatic interconversions of amino acids and other hepatic contributions to their metabolism. It means we should consider the step of uptake and release by muscle along with muscle metabolism, the transfer across the bloodbrain barrier with brain metabolism, and the step of transfer into the renal epithelial cell from the blood plasma with amino acid uptake from the proximal tubular lumen and with the release phases of the same two transports. We are at a stage of the study of amino acid metabolism where we deal not merely with the aggregate effects of the four possibilities (synthesis, access, interconversion and degradation of amino acids) but we also need to consider the relative fluxes of all such events. Thus, we become able to recognize how dominant are some of the possible fluxes (e.g., of alanine from muscle to liver in gluconeogenesisl) and how small are some others. Also, we are able to know the steady state concentrations
New copperplate grant of Śrīcandra (no. 8) from Bangladesh

This article is the first publication of the Bogra copperplate, the eighth known land-grant inscription issued by Śrīcandra (r. c. 925–975 ce), one of the kings of the Candra dynasty of Bengal. A diplomatic transcription is included, together with an annotated English translation and a critically edited text in Devanāgarī. The inscription describes a gift of land to a Brahmin named Śrīkaradatta Śarman, who probably hails from North Bengal (“Hastipada [in the region of] Śrāvasti”). While the praśasti (praise) portions largely parallel the king's other known inscriptions, the inscription contributes new information about place names and regions associated with the Candra dynasty, as well as attesting the movements of Brahmins associated with the Parāśara Gotra and Chandoga Caraṇa. The article also provides an overview and assessment of research on the inscriptions and history of the Candra dynasty, particularly in light of the discovery and identification of this new inscription.