cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The robustness of Kingma’s crowd-out estimate: Evidence from new data on contributions to public radio

We revisit Kingma’s (Kingma (1989). Journal of Political Economy, 97, 1197–1207) widely cited study of charitable contributions to public radio. Kingma’s estimate of partial, but statistically significant crowd-out remains a benchmark in the literature because he was able to match household-level contributions data with station-level data on revenue, including revenue from government grants. To the best of our knowledge, no comparable data have become available until now. We replicate Kingma’s estimates with the original data and then apply the same methodology to very similar data from 1996. Kingma’s estimates are not robust to the use of the newer data.
Identification of the outer membrane protein of E.coli that produces transmembrane channels in reconstituted vesicle membranes

Abstract Outer membrane of Escherichia coli allows a rapid diffusion of saccharides of molecular weights less than 550. This permeability property could be restored in vesicle membranes reconstituted from isolated phospholipids, lipopolysaccharide, and an outer membrane protein. The active protein aggregates were isolated from the insoluble material left after solubilization of cell envelope of Escherichia coli B with sodium dodecyl sulfate at 35°. Analysis by acrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and amino terminal amino acid determination revealed that only a single species of protein, with a molecular weight of 36,500 forms the oligoprotein aggregates which produces diffusion channels.
Towards Patient-Friendly Input Signal Design for Optimized Pain Treatment Interventions

Abstract We examine some of the challenges associated with generating input signals for identifying dynamics in pain treatment interventions while imposing “patient-friendly” constraints on the design. Standard clinical trials, while providing some useful information, are not the most suitable vehicle for understanding the dynamic response of dosage changes to participant response. Meanwhile, much of the work in classical input design, even that which incorporates “plant-friendly” considerations, may not result in clinically acceptable trials for human participants. In this paper, we describe some of the issues involved and suggest various approaches (leading ultimately to optimization-based formulations) to obtain input signals with desired spectral properties under time-domain constraints of importance to clinical practice. Numerical examples are shown to illustrate the proposed method with a hypothetical clinical trial of the drug gabapentin for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Methanation over transition-metal catalysts: V. RuAl2O3—Kinetic behavior and poisoning by H2S

Abstract Hydrogenation of CO over Ru films supported on Al 2 O 3 was investigated in a gradientless, allquartz, internal-recycle reactor at temperatures between 523 and 673 °K, at CO concentrations from 0.1 to 4%, and at H 2 S concentrations between 0 and 100 ppb in H 2 at atmospheric pressure. Methane is the major reaction product. The measured activation energy of 27 ± 1 kcal/mole is in good agreement with the values reported for highly dispersed Ru catalysts. Methanation is strongly inhibited by CO in the gas phase at temperatures between 523 and 673 °K. AES studies of aged catalysts show that there is no carbon present either on the surface or in the subsurface regions. In the presence of 13 ppb H 2 S in the gas phase the methanation activity is reduced by more than 10 3 -fold at 663 °K. The activation energy remains 27 kcal/mole indicating that poisoning of Ru by H 2 S is primarily a geometric effect. AES studies show the formation of a saturated two-dimensional surface sulfide, corresponding to each sulfur atom blocking two surface Ru atoms. There is no subsurface sulfur. This poisoning by sulfur is in marked contrast with the tolerance of Ru to poisoning by SO 2 during NO reduction by NH 3 , and suggests that the nature of the reaction environment (strongly reducing vs mildly reducing) may have a significant effect on the tolerance of a catalyst to poisoning by sulfur.
Multimodality imaging of left ventricular aneurysm: tools of the trade.

A 68-year-old man with no significant medical history had new inferior Q-waves on electrocardiogram during an office visit ( Panel A ). Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a large left ventricular (LV) aneurysm at the inferobasal LV wall and normal LV ejection fraction ( Panel B …
On the Mechanism of the Spin-Nonconserving Chemical Reaction O(3P) + HCCH → CH2(ã1A1) + CO(X1Σ+). I. Feasibility

The mechanism of spin-forbidden reaction O(3P) + HCCH(X1 ) → HCCHO(1,23A) → HCCHO(1A) → CH2(a1A1) + CO(X1 ) is discussed. Portions of the 3A‘‘−1A‘, 3A‘−1A‘, and 3A‘‘−3A‘ surfaces of intersection and the spin−orbit coupling matrix elements are determined. An intermediate complex driven model is proposed. Intersystem crossing is expected to occur over the entire region between the intermediate complex, 3HCCHO, and the transition state for the spin-allowed rearrangement, 3HCCHO → 3H2CCO. The barrier for the reaction arises from the formation of the adduct 3HCCHO and is thus the same as that of the spin-allowed process forming CH2(X3B1).
The stereospecificity of hydrogen abstraction by uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase.

Abstract UDP-glucose dehydrogenase catalyzes the incorporation of tritium into UDP-glucose (UDPG) in the presence of UDP-α-D-gluco-hexodialdose (UDP-Glc-6-CHO) and [B- 3 H]-NADH. The 3 H is located exclusively at C-6 of the glucose moiety of UDPG and at least 79% of it is in the pro-R position. It is concluded that UDPG dehydrogenase catalyzes the abstraction of the pro-R hydrogen at C-6 of the glucose moiety of the substrate as the first step in the conversion of UDPG to UDP-glucuronic acid. The apparent lack of complete stereospecificity has been shown to result from a hitherto undetected reversible redox reaction prior to the release of UDP-glucuronic acid by the enzyme.
Effects of selenium supply and dietary restriction on maternal and fetal metabolic hormones in pregnant ewe lambs.

The objective of these studies was to evaluate the effects of dietary restriction and Se on maternal and fetal metabolic hormones. In Exp. 1, pregnant ewe lambs (n = 32; BW = 45.6 +/- 2.3 kg) were allotted randomly to 1 of 4 treatments. Diets contained (DM basis) either no added Se (control), or supranutritional Se added as high-Se wheat at 3.0 mg/kg (Se-wheat), or sodium selenate at 3 (Se3) and 15 (Se15) mg/kg of Se. Diets (DM basis) were similar in CP (15.5%) and ME (2.68 Mcal/kg). Treatments were initiated at 50 +/- 5 d of gestation. The control, Se-wheat, Se3, and Se15 treatments provided 2.5, 75, 75, and 375 microg/kg of BW of Se, respectively. Ewe jugular blood samples were collected at 50, 64, 78, 92, 106, 120, and 134 d of gestation. Fetal serum samples were collected at necropsy on d 134. In Exp. 2, pregnant ewe lambs (n = 36; BW 53.8 +/- 1.3 kg) were allotted randomly to treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were nutrition (control, 100% of requirements vs. restricted nutrition, 60% of control) and dietary Se (adequate Se, 6 microg/kg of BW vs. high Se, 80 microg/kg of BW). Selenium treatments were initiated 21 d before breeding, and nutritional treatments were initiated on d 64 of gestation. Diets were 16% CP and 2.12 Mcal/kg of ME (DM basis). Blood samples were collected from the ewes at 62, 76, 90, 104, 118, 132, and 135 d of gestation. Fetal blood was collected at necropsy on d 135. In Exp.1, dietary Se source and concentration had no effect (P > 0.17) on maternal and fetal serum IGF-I, triiodothyronine (T(3)), or thyroxine (T(4)) concentrations. Selenium supplementation increased (P = 0.06) the T(4):T(3) ratio vs. controls. In Exp. 2, dietary Se had no impact (P > 0.33) on main effect means for maternal and fetal serum IGF-I, T(3), or T(4) concentrations from d 62 to 132; however, at d 135, high-Se ewes had lower (P = 0.01) serum T(4) concentrations than adequate-Se ewes. A nutrition by Se interaction (P = 0.06) was detected for the T(4):T(3) ratios; ewes fed restricted and adequate-Se diets had greater (P = 0.10) T(4):T(3) ratios compared with the other treatments. Nutrient-restricted ewes had lower (P 0.13) by dietary Se or maternal plane of nutrition. These data indicate that dietary Se may alter maternal T(4):T(3) ratios. In addition, nutrient restriction during gestation reduces maternal IGF-I, T(3), and T(4) and fetal IGF-I concentrations.
Determination of CMC from Liquid Junction Potential Measurements

The CMC's of anionic and cationic surfactants were determined from diffusion potential measurements. The methodology used for the determinations is simple, capable of providing accurate results, and requires a minimum of very commonly available apparatus. The data also yield reliable transport number values for the surfactant ions.
Filial Piety and Intergenerational Relationship in Korean Immigrant Families

This article examines the changing nature of socio-economic conditions for Korean immigrants, which strain their intergenerational relationships in the United States. As the family-kinship system of Korean immigrants changes toward the conjugal family, it is contended that their traditional expectation of filial piety should be modified. The problems in fulfilling the traditional expectation of filial piety and the nature of the modified expectation of filial piety are discussed.
A Profile of the Residues in the First Intracellular Loop Critical for Gs-Mediated Signaling of Human Prostacyclin Receptor Characterized by an Integrative Approach of NMR-Experiment and Mutagenesis†

The first intracellular loop (iLP1, residues 39-51) of human prostacyclin receptor (IP) was proposed to be involved in signaling via its interaction with the Galphas protein. First, evidence of the IP iLP1 interaction with the C-terminus of the Galphas protein was observed by the fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy using the synthetic peptide (Galphas-Ct) mimicking the C-terminal 11 residues of the Galphas protein in the presence of a constrained synthetic peptide mimicking the IP iLP1. Then, the residues (Arg42, Ala44, and Arg45) in the IP iLP1 peptide possibly involved in contacting the Galphas-Ct peptide were initially assigned by observation of the significant proton resonance shifts of the side chains of the constrained IP iLP1 peptide using 2D (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The results of the NMR studies were used as a guide for further identification of the residues in the IP important to the receptor signaling using a recombinant protein approach. A profile of the residues in the IP iLP1, including the residues observed from the NMR studies involved in the Galphas mediated signaling, was mapped out by mutagenesis. According to our results, it can be predicted that the seven residues (Arg42-Ala48) with the conserved Arg45 at the center will form an epitope with a specific conformation involved in the Galphas mediated signaling. The conservation of the basic residues (Arg45 in the IP) in all of the prostanoid receptors suggests that the iLP1 regions of the other prostanoid receptors may also contain the epitopes important to their signaling.
Regional analysis of whole cell currents from hair cells of the turtle posterior crista.

Controlled currents were used to study possible functions of voltage-sensitive, outwardly rectifying conductances. Results were interpreted with linearized Hodgkin-Huxley theory. Because of their m...
Dissection of porcine ascending aortic media: Mechanical characterization and multiscale model

Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (aTAA) is a pathological condition with a high risk of dissection and rupture. Clinically, management of aTAA balances the risk of rupture with that of surgery-related complications. The risk of aneurysm rupture is known to correlate with aneurysm diameter.1,2 Aneurysms greater than 6 cm in diameter have a significantly higher risk of rupture.1 Current guidelines for intervention suggest surgical intervention for aTAA diameters greater than 5.5cm for patients without connective tissue disorders.1Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Diffusion of tungsten on stepped tungsten surfaces

Abstract Self-diffusion of thermally generated tungsten atoms near (123) and (257), on the zone (011)–(112) and on (023), on the zone (011)–(001) of a tungsten field emitter has been investigated by the field-emission fluctuation method, using a rectangular probe in order to investigate diffusion anisotropy. In agreement with earlier findings of Gong and Gomer [J. Chem. Phys. 88 (1988) 1359, 1370] diffusion of single W atoms along and across (011) terraces separated by (011) steps, i.e. step edges running along [111] is essentially isotropic with E d = 16 kcal, D 0 ≈ 10 −4 cm 2 s −1 , while atoms can cross (001) oriented steps only with much activation energy: E d ≈ 35 kcal, D 0 = 10 −2 cm −2 s −1 . Slow diffusion parallel to steps attributed previously by Gong Chem. Phys. 88 (1988) 1359, 1370] to kink motion was also seen along the zone (011)−(112) but seems more complicated than previously assumed, with several regimes, which may correspond to motions of different kink configurations. Distinct dips in the slow regime diffusion coefficients occurred at 910 K, somewhat higher than the previously seen onset of dips, 875 K, and may indicate roughening, as previously hypothesized. Slow diffusion perpendicular to steps was also seen in this zone and is not fully understood. It may arise from some step components always perpendicular to the short slit dimensions, or may correspond to more complicated surface configurations than the step and terrace pattern on an ideal emitter surface.
HMD digital night vision system for fixed wing fighters

Digital night sensor technology offers both advantages and disadvantages over standard analog systems. As the digital night sensor technology matures and disadvantages are overcome, the transition away from analog type sensors will increase with new programs. In response to this growing need RCEVS is actively investing in digital night vision systems that will provide the performance needed for the future. Rockwell Collins and Elbit Systems of America continue to invest in digital night technology and have completed laboratory, ground and preliminary flight testing to evaluate the important key factors for night vision. These evaluations have led to a summary of the maturity of the digital night capability and status of the key performance gap between analog and digital systems. Introduction of Digital Night Vision Systems can be found in the roadmap of future fixed wing and rotorcraft programs beginning in 2015. This will bring a new set of capabilities to the pilot that will enhance his abilities to perform night operations with no loss of performance.
S-Homoadenosyl-l-cysteine and S-Homoadenosyl-l-homocysteine. Synthesis and Binding Studies of Non-Hydrolyzed Substrate Analogues with S-Adenosyl-l-homocysteine Hydrolase1

Treatment of homoadenosine [9-(5-deoxy-β-d-ribo-hexofuranosyl)adenine] with thionyl chloride and pyridine in acetonitrile gave 6‘-chloro-6‘-deoxyhomoadenosine, which underwent nucleophilic displacement with l-cysteine or l-homocysteine to give homologated analogues of S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine. Each amino acid in aqueous sodium hydroxide at 60 °C gave excellent conversion from the chloronucleoside, and adsorption on Amberlite XAD-4 resin provided more convenient isolation than prior methods. Weak binding of these non-hydrolyzed analogues to S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase was observed.
A siege of hepatitis: immune boost for viral hepatitis.

Finding mechanisms of viral resistance and new ways to tackle chronic hepatitis will help find a cure for this disease. In 'Bench to Bedside', Christopher Walker and Benoit Callendret highlight studies showing that overcoming immune exhaustion during chronic infection by blocking several inhibitory pathways of T cells may restore an adequate immune response. In 'Bedside to Bench', Lawrence Corey, Joshua Schiffer and John Scott discuss recent advances in antiviral therapy with protease inhibitors and the findings of a mathematical model that predicts possible single and double mutations prior to antiviral therapy.
Determination of local crystal orientation of diamond using polarized Raman spectra

Abstract Polarized Raman spectroscopy was used to measure the crystal orientation of a gem-quality diamond single crystal. The theoretical background and the instrumentation necessary to measure polarized Raman spectra are presented. The depolarization produced by microscope objectives used for micro-Raman spectroscopy is discussed in detail. A new method for the determination of the crystal orientation is introduced that allows better determination of crystal orientation using polarized Raman spectra with low signal-to-noise ratios. A test sample of diamond was mounted on various sample mounts with known angles in all three major orientations ([100], [110] and [111]), as well as orientations which are near the major orientations, and the polarized Raman spectra were displayed. The measurements for all crystal orientations were repeated many times, and the tolerance within each measurement was less than ±2.5°.
System requirements engineering in complex situations

The purpose of this paper is to present an alternative systems thinking---based perspective and approach to the requirements elicitation process in complex situations. Three broad challenges associated with the requirements engineering elicitation in complex situations are explored, including the (1) role of the system observer, (2) nature of system requirements in complex situations, and (3) influence of the system environment. Authors have asserted that the expectation of unambiguous, consistent, complete, understandable, verifiable, traceable, and modifiable requirements is not consistent with complex situations. In contrast, complex situations are an emerging design reality for requirements engineering processes, marked by high levels of ambiguity, uncertainty, and emergence. This paper develops the argument that dealing with requirements for complex situations requires a change in paradigm. The elicitation of requirements for simple and technically driven systems is appropriately accomplished by proven methods. In contrast, the elicitation of requirements in complex situations (e.g., integrated multiple critical infrastructures, system-of-systems, etc.) requires more holistic thinking and can be enhanced by grounding in systems theory.
Determination of evolved 14CO2 in decarboxylase reactions with application to measurement of [14C]oxalic acid.

Abstract An assay is described for the determination of the radioactive purity of [ 14 C]oxalic acid preparations and the quantity of [ 14 C]oxalic acid in biological samples. In this method oxalate decarboxylase is used to convert oxalate to formate and CO 2 . The entire procedure is carried out in a scintillation vial. The 14 CO 2 released in the enzymic reaction is allowed to diffuse off in a fume hood following acidification. Scintillation fluid is added to reacted and unreacted vials and the radioactivity measured. The loss of radioactivity from the reacted versus the unreacted vials provides the quantity of evolved 14 CO 2 . This value is equal to 50% of the [ 14 C]-oxalate (dpm) present. The radioactive purity of four preparations of [U 14 C]oxalic acid was 99.0% while a fifth batch had a purity of 88%. A single batch of [U 14 C]oxalic acid had a radioactive purity of 99.0% following storage of an aqueous solution, at −20°C for 7 years. Recovery of [ 14 C]oxalic acid from rat fecal extracts was 101.3%. Eight replicate analyses of a [U 14 C]oxalic acid preparation gave a coefficient of variation of 0.3%. Following subcutaneous infusion of [U 14 C]oxalic acid to rats, 100.2 ± 2.9%, mean ± SD, of the 14 C in fecal extracts was present as [ 14 C]oxalic acid ( n = 10). The procedure provides a rapid, sensitive, and specific method to determine [ 14 C]oxalic acid. It avoids the time consuming and inconvenient procedure for trapping and counting the evolved 14 CO 2 . The approach used to determine the evolved 14 CO 2 may find application in other radiochemical methods that require its measurement.
Ultrasonic tissue characterization with integrated backscatter. Acute myocardial ischemia, reperfusion, and stunned myocardium in patients

We have previously shown in studies of experimental animals that myocardium exhibits a cardiac cycle-dependent variation of integrated backscatter that reflects regional myocardial contractile performance and that is blunted promptly after arterial occlusion and recovers after reperfusion. To define the clinical utility of ultrasonic tissue characterization with integrated backscatter for detection of acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion, 21 patients (14 men and seven women) were studied in the cardiac care unit within the first 24 hours (mean time, 11.3 hours; range, 3.5-23.8 hours) after the onset of symptoms indicative of acute myocardial infarction with conventional two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography and with analysis of integrated backscatter. The magnitude of cyclic variation of integrated backscatter was measured from several sites within acute infarct regions and normal regions remote from the infarct zone for each patient. The average magnitude of cyclic variation among all patients (n = 21) was 4.8 +/- 0.5 dB in normal regions compared with 0.8 +/- 0.3 dB in infarct regions (p less than 0.05) within the first 24 hours after the onset of symptoms. Among the patients who had two studies, 15 (mean, 7.1 days; range, 2-31 days for second study) underwent coronary arteriography to define vessel patency. In patients with vessels with documented patency (n = 10), the magnitude of cyclic variation in infarct regions increased over time from 1.3 +/- 0.6 to 2.5 +/- 0.5 dB from the initial to final study (p less than 0.05). Patients with occluded infarct-related arteries (n = 5) exhibited no significant recovery of cyclic variation (0.3 +/- 0.3-0.6 +/- 0.3 dB). A blinded analysis of standard two-dimensional echocardiographic images revealed no significant recovery of wall thickening in either group over the same time intervals. Ultrasonic tissue characterization promptly detects acute myocardial infarction and may delineate potential beneficial effects of coronary artery reperfusion manifest by restoration of cyclic variation of integrated backscatter in the presence of severe wall motion abnormalities.
Radical copolymerization of 2‐trifluoromethylacrylic monomers. III. Kinetics and monomer reactivities in the copolymerization of t‐butyl 2‐trifluoromethylacrylate and methacrylate with styrene bearing hexafluoroisopropanol

Radical copolymerizations of t-butyl 2-trifluoromethylacrylate (TBTFMA) and styrene-bearing hexafluoroisopropanol [4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)styrene (STHFA)] with 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile were investigated in detail through the analysis of the kinetics in situ with 1H NMR and through the determination of the monomer reactivity ratios. TBTFMA incorporation was less than 50 mol % unless its concentration in the feed was greater than 90 mol %. Furthermore, the penultimate model provided a better description of the TBTFMA–STHFA copolymerization. In contrast, t-butyl methacrylate copolymerized with STHFA according to the terminal model. The copolymerizations were simulated on the basis of the monomer reactivity ratios to calculate the feed and copolymer composition changes, sequence distributions, and so forth as a function of the initial feed ratio and conversion. The simulation results showed excellent agreement with the kinetic data. The copolymers described in this article were evaluated as chemical amplification resist polymers for the emerging field of 157-nm lithography. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 1506–1527, 2004
A Study of Traffic Survivability Under Malicious Attacks

As the Internet becomes more mature and a part of our daily life, the management of its resources to provide guaranteed services is crucial and beyond the capability of every individual network domain. How to maintain its continuous services in critical conditions is a challenge and would affect the design of next generation network infrastructure. In this paper, we study the survivability of normal traffics under the influences of flooding-based denial of service attacks and propose a potential framework which would reduce such influences. Our research increases the understanding of the behaviors of flooding-based DoS attacks and provides potential trends for developing better malicious attack mitigating solutions. By taking advantages of the survivability of specific flows, the potential mechanisms will not change or only slightly change current network infrastructure and be able to perform quality of service for several existing applications with no or little investment.
Acute Mitral Regurgitation

The mitral apparatus is a complex structure with many components. Diseases affecting any part of this apparatus may result in acute mitral regurgitation. The most common causes are ruptured chordae tendineae and ischemic dysfunction of the papillary muscles. Sudden disruption of the mitral apparatus markedly elevates pulmonary capillary pressure and results in acute pulmonary edema. Consequently, patients with acute mitral regurgitation usually are admitted to acute care facilities. The physical examination sometimes is misleading because the characteristic holosystolic murmur may be absent. In some patients with acute mitral regurgitation, such high left atrial pressures develop during the latter part of systole that the pressure gradient between the left ventricle and atrium is obliterated, resulting in cessation of the murmur in late systole. This regurgitant v wave in the left atrial or pulmonary capillary pressure tracing is the characteristic hemodynamic finding in acute mitral regurgitation, but it...
R&D value mapping: A new approach to case study-based evaluation

This study presents an approach to harnessing the power of case studies for research evaluation calledR&D value mapping (RVM). While this method uses case studies in the traditional manner to provide in-depth insights, it also structures case studies through an analytical framework that yields quantitative data and less subjective “lessons learned”. When properly applied, RVM can yield an inventory of outcomes and empirical generalizations regarding the determining variables. A particular advantage of the approach is that it not only provides an indication of the type and amount (though not a single numerical index) of outcome, but also gives insight into the reasons outcomes are achieved. Thus, RVM is useful for policy management strategies seeking to replicate success. The specific steps associated with the RVM method are illustrated through studies that have applied the technique.
Pade approximation and gaussian quadrature

In recent years the subject of Pade approximation of formal powerseries has aroused great interest among physicists as a tool forapproximation and summability. One of th advantagee s of the method is thatit seems to give good approximations to poorly behaved functions (whichfrequently occur in Physics). Another advantag is thate it is calculable.For these reasons, this subject has also interested many mathematicians;namely, Franzen [5], Gragg [6], Pommerenke [8], WaI Iin [/?]» and others.Our attention in this note is directed toward Stieltjes and otherrelated series. Stieltjes series include many divergent perturbationseries arising in quantum physics (for example, see [7]). These serieswere first investigate idn relation to analytic continued fraction bsy T.J.Stieltjes and the study of Pade approximants was first undertaken by G.Frobeni us.Received 29 March 197**.63
THE 2D HEISENBERG ANTIFERROMAGNET IN HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTIVITY: A Review of Numerical Techniques and Results

In this article we review numerical studies of the quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnet on a square lattice, which is a model of the magnetic properties of the undoped “precursor insulators” of the high temperature superconductors. We begin with a brief pedagogical introduction and then discuss zero and nonzero temperature properties and compare the numerical results to analytical calculations and to experiment where appropriate. We also review the various algorithms used to obtain these results, and discuss algorithm developments and improvements in computer technology which would be most useful for future numerical work in this area. Finally we list several outstanding problems which may merit further investigation.
Education for sustainability: Developing a taxonomy of the key principles for sustainable process and product design

Abstract Design for sustainability as an independent field of study is both multidisciplinary and cross-cutting. It encompasses engineering, natural science, economics, finance, political science, social science and the humanities. It concerns governments, corporations and consumers. Although not normally considered design topics, the effects of manufactured products and energy usage on society and the environment are increasingly impacting process design choices. Because of the numerous groups and constituencies involved, sustainability is a difficult concept to define. However, from a design perspective, professional competency in sustainability is becoming an important prerequisite for the production of economically viable products. This contribution proposes an outline for a sustainability taxonomy, including the key concepts that define professional competency in design and engineering for sustainability. This contribution is an extended version of a paper originally published in the Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Foundations of Computer Aided Process Design Conference, Cle Elum, Washington, 2014.
A COMPLEX MINKOWSKI SPACE APPROACH TO TWISTORS

This paper is basically a review of known results in twistor theory. Its value is intended to lie in the connections presented between twistor concepts and structures in complex Minkowski space. The relationship of twistor theory to complex null infinity and a new proof of the Kerr theorem are presented; these results are to some extent original.
A comparison of two dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry systems for spinal bone mineral measurement.

Two dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) systems—the Hologic QDR-1000 and the Norland XR-26 bone densitometers—were evaluated in terms of precision, accuracy, linearity of response, X-ray exposure, and correlation of in vivo spinal measurements. In vitro precision and accuracy studies were performed using the Hologic anthropomorphic spine phantom; linearity of response was determined with increasing thicknesses of aluminum slabs and concentrations of Tums E-X in a constant-level water bath. Both systems were comparable in precision, achieving coefficients of variation (CVs) of less than 1% in bone mineral content (BMC, g), bone area (cm2), and bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2). Both were accurate in their determination of BMC, bone area, and BMD with reference to the Hologic spine phantom. Both systems also showed good BMC and BMD linearity of response. Measured X-ray skin surface exposures for the Hologic and the Norland systems were 3.11 and 3.02 mR, respectively. In vivo spinal measurements (n=65) on the systems were highly correlated (BMC: r=0.993, SEE=1.770 g; area: r=0.984, SEE=1.713 cm2; BMD: r=0.990, SEE=0.028 g/cm2). In conclusion, both systems are comparable in terms of precision, accuracy, linearity of response, and exposure efficiency.
Depression of interferon production in mice after treatment with anti-lymphocyte serum.

Abstract Mice were given three successive intraperitoneal injections of burro antimouse lymphocyte serum (A.L.S.) at daily intervals and then stimulated with either the synthetic doublestranded R.N.A. polyriboinosinic/polyribocytidilic acid (In. Cn) or Newcastle disease virus (N.D.V.). They were bled 6, 12, and 24 hours after stimulation and interferon levels were assayed on primary mouse-embryo fibroblasts which were infected with vesicular stomatitis virus. There was a significant reduction in the interferon titres of A.L.S.-treated mice at 6, 12, and 24 hours when compared with normal-serum-treated or untreated controls. The effect was a systemic one in that it could also be demonstrated after intravenous injection of In. Cn or N.D.V. The data suggest that depression of the interferon system, as well as the immune response, may contribute to the increased susceptibility of A.L.S.-treated animals to viral infections and viral oncogenesis.
Role of collecting duct renin in blood pressure regulation

Numerous studies indicate that renin is synthesized and secreted by the collecting duct (CD). CD-derived renin may act directly on intercalated and/or principal cells through direct interaction with prorenin receptors and/or through cleavage of proximal tubule-derived angiotensinogen to ultimately produce angiotensin II and activate AT1 receptors. Preliminary studies suggest that the net effect of CD renin would be to increase distal nephron salt reabsorption and increase blood pressure. CD renin production is markedly increased in diabetes and angiotensin II-induced hypertension, suggesting that this system may exert pathophysiological effects. In this brief review, we summarize the current literature on synthesis and regulation of CD renin and consider potential mechanisms by which it regulates blood pressure.
Fed and fasted chicks from lines divergently selected for low or high body weight have differential hypothalamic appetite-associated factor mRNA expression profiles.

Abstract We have demonstrated that chicken lines which have undergone intense divergent selection for either low (LWS) or high (HWS) body weight (anorexic and obese containing, respectively) have differential food intake threshold responses to a range of intracerebroventricular injected neurotransmitters. The study reported herein was designed to measure endogenous appetite-associated factor mRNA profiles between these lines in an effort to further understand the molecular mechanisms involved in their differential eating patterns. Whole hypothalamus was collected from 5 day-old chicks that had been fasted for 180 min or had free access to food. Total RNA was isolated, reverse transcribed, and real-time PCR performed. Although mRNAs encoding orexigenic neuropeptides including agouti-related peptide, neuropeptide Y (NPY), prolactin-releasing peptide, and visfatin did not differ in expression between the lines, NPY receptor 5 mRNA was greater in fed LWS than HWS chicks, but fasting decreased the magnitude of difference. Anorexigenic factors including amylin, corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and ghrelin were not differentially expressed between lines, while mRNA abundance of calcitonin, CRF receptor 1, leptin receptor, neuropeptide S, melanocortin receptor 3, and oxytocin were greater in LWS than HWS chicks. Pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA was lower in LWS than HWS chicks, while fasting decreased its expression in both lines. These results suggest that there are differences in gene expression of appetite-associated factors between LWS and HWS lines that might be associated with their differential food intake and thus contribute to differences in severity of anorexia, body weight, adiposity, and development of obesity.
A real-time mobile video newsgathering and broadcast system using a wireless LAN

We introduce a video newsgathering system called mobile broadcast video. The system is designed to use a wireless LAN and low earth orbit satellite technology for increased mobility and wide area coverage. It offers broadcast-quality video by using the MPEG-2 standard for audio/video compression and multiplexing. Our prototype uses off-the-shelf hardware components with all system software developed in-house. We present our implementation, focusing particularly on real-time live video acquisition and fast delivery of the high-rate compressed data over a wireless LAN. We also introduce an effective MPEG-2 transport stream level error concealment scheme that increases subjective played-back audiovisual quality in the case of packet losses. Through experimental results, we demonstrate that an economical, high-quality, real-time solution for mobile video newsgathering and broadcasting is realizable using even wireless 802.11b LANs.
Infrastructure development for conversion to environmentally friendly fuel

Abstract An important concern for any nation wishing to convert to alternate, environmentally friendly energy sources is the development of appropriate fuel distribution infrastructure. We address the problem of optimally locating gas station facilities for developing nations, like India, which are in the process of converting from leaded to unleaded fuel. Importantly, a similar approach may be used in developed countries, which are in the process of converting to automobiles using hydrogen or electrical energy. An integer-programming model with the objective of balancing the perspectives of coverage and cost is presented for this facility location problem. Given the existing network of roads, the model considers the traveling population, the location of existing facilities and the cost of, either converting these facilities to carry unleaded fuel, or of installing new facilities in an attempt to minimize cost and simultaneously maximize coverage of population. We develop a heuristic solution procedure for this problem. The methodology is applied to data sets obtained from Current et al. [J.R. Current, C.S. ReVelle, J.L. Cohon, Decision Sciences 19 (1988) 490] representing the Ohio state limited access highway network, and to the Indian national highway network. Additionally, extensive simulations are carried out in order to examine where our approach compares with the maximum weighted spanning tree approach. This work extends the Maximum Covering/Shortest Path problem (MCSPP) formulated by Current et al. [J.R. Current, C.S. ReVelle, J.L. Cohon, European Journal of Operational Research 21 (1985) 189] to accommodate multiple sources and destinations.
Latent-Segmentation-Based Approach to Investigating Spatial Transferability of Activity-Travel Models

Spatial transferability of travel demand models has been an issue of considerable interest, particularly for small- and medium-sized planning areas that often do not have the resources and staff time to collect large-scale travel survey data and estimate model components native to the region. Traditional approaches to identifying geographic contexts that may borrow and transfer models between one another involve the exogenous a priori identification of a set of variables used to characterize the similarity between geographic regions. However, this ad hoc procedure presents considerable challenges because it is difficult to identify the most appropriate criteria a priori. To address that issue, this paper proposes a latent segmentation approach: the most appropriate criteria for identifying areas with similar profiles are determined endogenously in the model estimation phase. The end products are a set of optimal criteria for clustering regions as well as a fully transferred model, segmented to account for...
International Students in American Pathway Programs: Learning English and Culture through Service-Learning.

As the number of international students studying in the United States continues to grow, the body of literature about service-learning in English Language Learning (ELL) curricula is growing in tandem. The primary goal of this paper is to explore how service-learning impacts the development and transition of pathway program students in the United States. Authors present recent demographic shifts in ELL student education, a concise introduction to pathway programs, an overview of literature about service-learning with international students, and theoretical and practical factors to consider for facilitators of Learning English and Culture through Service-Learning (LECSL) based on data from 250 students at Northeastern University.
Annotating Student Emotional States in Spoken Tutoring Dialogues

We present an annotation scheme for student emotions in tutoring dialogues. Analyses of our scheme with respect to interannotator agreement and predictive accuracy indicate that our scheme is reliable in our domain, and that our emotion labels can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy. We discuss issues concerning the implementation of emotion prediction and adaptation in the computer tutoring dialogue system we are developing.
Frequency of Second Mesiobuccal Canals in Maxillary Molars as Determined by Use of an Operating Microscope: A Clinical Study

Operating microscopes have recently been introduced to facilitate treatment of surgical and nonsurgical endodontic cases. The aim of this study was to determine in an in vivo clinical study if the use of an operating microscope would increase the number of second mesiobuccal canals located and obturated in maxillary first and second molars. Two hundred maxillary first and second molars treated with the aid of a microscope were evaluated. The number of second mesiobuccal canals that could be negotiated and obturated within 4 mm of the apex was recorded. Thirty percent of all maxillary molars had a negotiable second mesiobuccal canal. Evaluated separately, 33.1% of the maxillary first molars and 24.3% of the second molars had a negotiable second mesiobuccal canal. Results indicated that use of a surgical microscope did not increase the number of second mesiobuccal canals located, compared with those reports where access preparations were modified and the microscope was not used.
Reflections of older Iranian women Adapting to life in the United States

Abstract Age is an important and often overlooked attribute that influences adjustment to a new cultural context. This paper focuses on the ways in which older Iranian women, who spent their youth and middle adult years in Iran, have adapted to life in the United States. The results are based on extensive interviews with 19 Iranian women over the age of 65 (age range was 65 to 85). Although the majority of women interviewed expressed positive feelings about themselves and a sense of satisfaction with the transitions in their lives, considerable individual differences were identified. These differences focused primarily on the ways in which they attempted to adapt or cope with the new cultural environment in which they were living. Analysis resulted in the identification of three general strategies of adaptation to immigration. These strategies were labeled as withdrawn, insular, and assimilative.
A new two task algorithm for clock mode fault simulation in sequential circuits

A novel approach to clock-mode simulation of sequential circuits is introduced. Surrogate fault propagation is used for processing stored faults and extracting new faults from combinational logic. Problem fault types are analyzed and treated as exceptions. >
Business district streetscapes, trees, and consumer response

A multistudy research program has investigated how consumers respond to the urban forest in central business districts of cities of various sizes. Trees positively affect judgments of visual quality but, more significantly, may influence other consumer responses and behaviors. Survey respondents from all regions of the United States favored trees in business districts, and this preference was further reflected in positive district perceptions, patronage behavior, and product pricing. An overview of the research is provided, with implications for the economics of local communities.
Contingent valuation of ecotourism in Annapurna conservation area, Nepal: implications for sustainable park finance and local development.

Abstract To determine willingness to pay (WTP) for candidate entry fees, contingent valuation surveys were administered to 315 foreign visitors to the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, during April and May of 2006. The results of logit regression showed that the bid amount, family size, visitors' satisfaction, the use of a guide, and group size were the most significant predictors of WTP. Results suggest that most visitors would be willing to pay an entry fee considerably higher than the current fee of 27 U.S. dollars (USD). The mean and median WTP were 69.2 and 74.3 USD, respectively. The most common explanation for WTP by respondents was a desire to better protect the environment. The most common explanation for unwillingness to pay was that the bid was simply too expensive. Two models were developed based upon different predictions of visitor numbers (an optimistic case and pessimistic case) to calculate the expected revenue production and likely gross local economic impact of candidate entry fees. Based on this analysis, we recommend an increase in the entry fee to USD 50. In the optimistic scenario, this higher entry fee leaves a budget surplus. In the pessimistic scenario, it would reduce current budget deficits.
Positive feedback may cause the biphasic response observed in the chemoattractant-induced response of Dictyostelium cells

After stimulation by chemoattractant, Dictyostelium cells exhibit a rapid response. The concentrations of several intracellular proteins rise rapidly reaching their maximum levels approximately 5-10 seconds, after which they return to prestimulus levels. This response, which is found in many other chemotaxing cells, is an example of a step disturbance rejection, a process known to biologists as perfect adaptation. Unlike other cells, however, the initial first peak observed in the chemoattractant-induced response of Dictyostelium cells is then followed by a slower, smaller phase peaking approximately one to two minutes after the stimulus. Until recently, the nature of this biphasic response has been poorly understood. Moreover, the origin for the second phase is unknown. In this paper we conjecture the existence of a feedback path between the response and stimulus. Using a mathematical model of the chemoattractant-induced response in cells, and standard tools from control engineering, we show that positive feedback may elicit this second peak.
Children, mental retardation and planning.

Present private and governmental efforts to improve services for mentally retarded children tend to isolate them rather than to bring them into the mainstream of community care. Programs that provide the best possible health and educational services for all children will best meet the needs of the mentally retarded.
Some Logic and History of Hypothesis Testing

The foundations of statistics are controversial, as foundations usually are. The main controversy is between so-called Bayesian methods, or rather neo-Bayesian, on the one hand and the non-Bayesian, or ‘orthodox’, or sampling-theory methods on the other.1 The most essential distinction between these two methods is that the use of Bayesian methods is based on the assumption that you should try to make your subjective or personal probabilities more objective, whereas anti-Bayesians act as if they wished to sweep their subjective probabilities under the carpet. (See, for example, Good (1976).) Most anti-Bayesians will agree, if asked, that they use judgment when they apply statistical methods, and that these judgments must make use of intensities of conviction,2 but that they would prefer not to introduce numerical intensities of conviction into their formal and documented reports. They regard it as politically desirable to give their reports an air of objectivity and they therefore usually suppress some of the background judgments in each of their applications of statistical methods, where these judgments would be regarded as of potential importance by the Bayesian. Nevertheless, the anti-Bayesian will often be saved by his own common sense, if he has any. To clarify what I have just asserted, I shall give some examples in the present article.