cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Criteria and all that.

A major criticism of traditional institutional utilization review activities has been the lack of objectivity in assessing the necessity and appropriateness of care. The review systems for Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSROs) and for utilization review require the use of objective measures in assessing care provided to Medicare, Medicaid, and Title V patients admitted to short stay general hospitals. The PSRO Manual defines these measures as follows: Norms—Numerical or statistical measures of usual observed performance, e.g., the average length of stay for a particular diagnostic category in a hospital is 4.6 days. Criteria—Predetermined elements against which aspects of the quality of a health service may be compared.
Predation by American White Pelicans on Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in the Blackfoot River Drainage, Idaho

AbstractExpansion of the American white pelican Pelicanus erythrorhynchos colony on Blackfoot Reservoir, Idaho, and the associated declines in adfluvial Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri in the upper Blackfoot River drainage has generated concern about the impact of pelican predation on this native trout stock. During a 4-year study, 4,653 wild Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout were tagged using a combination of radiotelemetry and PIT tags. Annual predation rate estimates were made by recovering Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout tags from the nesting islands of American white pelicans. On-island tag recovery rates were corrected for ingested tags that went undetected during island searches and for tags that were deposited away from the nesting islands. American white pelicans consumed tagged Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout ranging from 150 mm to 580 mm TL and showed no size selection within that range for their prey. Predation rates on adult and juvenile Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout generally excee...
Domain interaction in rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase. II. Small angle neutron scattering and computer simulation.

The effects of ligands on the structure of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase were studied by small angle neutron scattering. The radius of gyration, RG, decreases by about 1 A in the presence of the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate, but increases by about the same magnitude in the presence of the allosteric inhibitor phenylalanine. With increasing pH or in the absence of Mg2+ and K+, the RG of pyruvate kinase increases. Hence, there is a 2-A difference in RG between two alternative conformations. Length distribution analysis indicates that, under all experimental conditions which increase the radius of gyration, there is a pronounced increase observed in the probability for interatomic distance between 80 and 110 A. These small angle neutron scattering results indicate a "contraction" and "expansion" of the enzyme when it transforms between its active and inactive forms. Using the alpha-carbon coordinates of crystalline cat muscle pyruvate kinase, a length distribution profile was calculated, and it matches the scattering profile of the inactive form. These observations are expected since the crystals were grown in the absence of divalent cations (Stuart, D. I., Levine, M., Muirhead, H., and Stammers, D. K. (1979) J. Mol. Biol. 134, 109-142). Hence, results from neutron scattering, x-ray crystallographic, and sedimentation studies (Oberfelder, R. W., Lee, L. L.-Y., and Lee, J.C. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 3813-3821) are totally consistent with each other. With the aid of computer modeling, the crystal structure has been manipulated in order to effect changes that are consistent with the conformational change described by the solution scattering data. The structural manipulation involves the rotation of the B domain relative to the A domain, leading to the closure of the cleft between these domains. These manipulations resulted in the generation of new sets of atomic (C-alpha) coordinates, which were utilized in calculations, the result of which compared favorably with the solution data.
An oblique view of climate

One explanation for certain patterns of glaciation in the past invokes a large and comparatively swift decline in the tilt, or obliquity, of the Earth. A provocative hypothesis provides a mechanism by which such a decline could have occurred.
Targeted Event Detection

We consider the problem of event detection based upon a (typically multivariate) data stream characterizing some system. Most of the time the system is quiescent - nothing of interest is happening - but occasionally events of interest occur. The goal of event detection is to raise an alarm as soon as possible after the onset of an event. A simple way of addressing the event detection problem is to look for changes in the data stream and equate `change' with `onset of event'. However, there might be many kinds of changes in the stream that are uninteresting. We assume that we are given a segment of the stream where interesting events have been marked. We propose a method for using these training data to construct a `targeted' detector that is specifically sensitive to changes signaling the onset of interesting events.
L-Aspartate Association Contributes to Rate Limitation and Induction of the T → R Transition in Escherichia coli Aspartate Transcarbamoylase: EQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGES AND KINETIC ISOTOPE EFFECTS WITH A Vmax -ENHANCED MUTANT, Asp-236 → Ala

Equilibrium isotope exchange kinetics (EIEK) and kinetic isotope effects have been used to determine the mechanistic basis for the altered kinetic characteristics of a mutant version of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamylase in which Asp-236 of the catalytic chain is replaced by alanine (Asp-236-->Ala). The [14C]Asp N-carbamyl-L-aspartate (CAsp) and [14C]CP CAsp exchange rates, observed as a function of various reactant-product pairs, exhibited dramatic increases in maximal rates, along with decreases in substrate half-saturation values and cooperativity. The carbon kinetic isotope effect, 13C versus 12C at the carbonyl group of carbamoyl phosphate, for the Asp-236-->Ala enzyme decreased toward unity as [Asp] increased, as observed for the wild-type enzyme. Both the kinetic isotope effects and EIEK results indicate that the Asp-236-->Ala enzyme operates by the same ordered kinetic mechanism as the wild-type enzyme. Although activation effects by ATP and N-phosphonacetyl-L-aspartate are lost, inhibition by CTP was apparent in equilibrium exchanges. Simulation of the EIEK data indicated that the best fit to the observed changes in saturation curves was obtained by preferentially increasing the rate of the T-->R transition, kappa T-->R, thereby destabilizing the T-state and increasing the equilbrium constant for the T R transition. A multistep model for Asp bindng to aspartate transcarbamoylase is proposed, in which Asp induces the initial conformational changes that in turn trigger the T-->R transition, followed by stepwise filling of the remaining active sites.
WE-E-BRB-02: Knowledge Modeling For Clinical Treatment Planning

The knowledge-based treatment planning automation has evolved from academic research from the clinical application with the involvement of the major industry TPS vendors. Previous work proved the concept that IMRT or VMAT plans can be designed without or with minimal human intervention. Recently, the major industry vendors start releasing the automatic planning product such as Philips automatic treatment planning, Varian’s Rapidplan, and RaySearch’s autoplan. Many centers start to evaluate and use the automatic planning products from TPS vendors. It is more and more becoming evident that automatic planning will be routinely used in the clinic. The first presentation will focus on the knowledge modeling for clinical treatment planning. The presenter will introduce the algorithm and theory for developing the dose volume histogram (DVH) model, summarize the results on the validation of the DVH model, and discuss the application of DVH for the automatic treatment planning. The second presenter will focus on the clinical use of the automatic treatment planning. The presenter will give an overview of the several automatic treatment planning tools including the tools developed commercially and in-house, present the early experience of using those tools, and discuss the application of the tools in the routine clinical use and in the quality control of the treatment planning. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the algorithm and theory behind the knowledge based treatment planning automation. 2. Clinical experience of using automatic planning in clinical trial and patient treatment 3. Early clinical experience of using commercial automatic planning approach 4. The application of automatic planning approach to perform quality assurance of treatment plan. XD obtain the research funding from Varian Medical System, Philips Medical System and Funding support form Sister Institution Network Fund of MD Anderson, XD is also a founder of Global Oncology One
Instituciones políticas y crecimiento económico en Latinoamérica

Soy, lo confieso, uno de los escepticos sobre la Nueva Historia Economica Institucional. En terminos generales, nada tengo que objetar al aspecto economico. ?Quien podria tenerlo? La idea de que las tasas de beneficios marginales privados y sociales han de converger como condicion necesaria para el crecimiento economico no es exactamente una idea novedosa, no digamos ya polemica, al menos en los circulos especializados. Pero hasta ahi llega aproximadamente mi coincidencia. Con excesiva frecuencia, me temo, el componente historico de la empresa es bastante debil. Pregunten a un medievalista sobre el libro de North y Thomas, Rise of the Western World y es probable que la respuesta sea una mirada perpleja; eso con suerte. Sin ella, es posible que te obsequie con algun comentario pintoresco sobre «historia que realmente existe», o, si es mas compasivo, con una simple negativa. Yo he tenido experiencias de esa indole con los analisis sobre los comienzos de la historia de America Latina. Mi predilecta atane a un historiador economico espanol (sin nombres, por favor) que respondio a un trabajo sobre la encomienda mexicana —explicada como resultado de una estrategia de maximizacion por parte de la Corona espanola— con la muy coloquial exclamacion en ingles: «You're kidding!» (iEstas de broma!»). Pues no, el autor no lo estaba, pero tampoco lo estaba la revista que lo publico. Asi pues, seamos sinceros al respecto. Puede que fuera economia historica, pero historia economica, desde luego, no era.
Warm water infusion during sedated colonoscopy does not decrease amount of sedation medication used

Background Water infusion versus air insufflation during colonoscope insertion has been suggested to reduce patient discomfort and decrease sedation medication requirements. Warm water is thought to further facilitate colonoscopy perhaps by decreasing colon spasm. Objective To compare the utility of warm (35°-38°C) versus cool (20°-23°C) water infused during colonoscopic insertion by measuring patient sedation medication use and discomfort scores between the warm and cool water groups. Design Randomized, controlled, double-blinded study. Setting Outpatient endoscopy unit at an academic medical center. Patients A total of 175 adults. Intervention Elective outpatient sedated screening colonoscopies. Main Outcome Measurements Sedation medication used, pain scores, cecal intubation rate, endoscopy times, satisfaction scores, and patient willingness to repeat procedures. Results There was no significant difference in sedation medication requirement during colonoscopy with the use of warm or cool water (fentanyl 83.6 ± 29.0 μg vs 87.6 ± 39.6 μg; P = .45; midazolam 3.3 ± 1.2 mg vs 3.3 ± 1.3 mg; P = .91). There was no significant difference in patient pain scores or satisfaction scores. Cecal intubation rates (100%) were similar. There was no significant difference in cecal intubation times (6 minutes 40 seconds ± 4 minutes 9 seconds vs 7 minutes 49 seconds ± 4 minutes 0 seconds; P = .06) between the warm and cool water groups. All patients were willing to repeat the colonoscopy by using the same method in both groups. Limitations Limited generalizability to patients undergoing screening sedated colonoscopies with good to excellent bowel preparation. Conclusion Water does not need to be warmed before infusion in patients undergoing sedated colonoscopies. (Clinical Trial registration number NCT01322724.)
In vivo detection of gray and white matter differences in GABA concentration in the human brain

Abstract A novel selective multiple quantum filtering-based chemical shift imaging method was developed for acquiring GABA images in the human brain at 3 T. This method allows a concomitant acquisition of an interleaved total creatine image with the same spatial resolution. Using T1-based image segmentation and a nonlinear least square regression analysis of GABA-to-total creatine concentration ratios in frontal and parietal lobes of healthy adult volunteers as a function of the tissue gray matter fraction, the mean GABA concentration in gray and white matter was determined to be 1.30 ± 0.36 μmol/g and 0.16 ± 0.16 μmol/g (mean ± SD, n = 13), respectively. It is expected that this method will become a useful tool for studying GABAergic function in the human brain in vivo.
Carcinosarcoma and mixed möerian tumors of the fallopian tube. Report of four cases

We report a 74-year-old woman with malignant mixed mullerian tumor and three women, aged 47, 58, and 76 years, with carcinosarcomas, all primary in the fallopian tube. The tumors grew predominantly intraluminally and were associated with hydrosalpinx. All four patients underwent salpingectomy. Two of them received radiation therapy; one died within 9 months because of the tumor and the second is well 2 years after diagnosis. Of the two women without additional therapy, one is alive with tumor 53 months postoperatively and the other is well 1 year after surgery. Available data suggest that these neoplasms are relatively radioresistant and that their prognosis correlates best with local invasiveness.
Tailoring Thermoelectric Properties of Segregated-Network Polymer Nanocomposites for Thermoelectric Energy Conversion

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-polymer composites were prepared by segregated network approach. CNTs were served as conductive fillers in a polymer matrix to synthesize electrically conducting polymer composites. In the segregated network composites, the thermoelectric properties were further improved by replacing Gum Arabic (GA) with electrically conductive stabilizer PEDOT:PSS doped with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The electrical and thermal conductivities and Seebeck coefficient were measured to determine the thermoelectric property of the polymer composites. The electrical conductivity of the composites with 9.8wt% of CNT was 3191.8 S/m whereas that of 10wt% CNT composite with GA sample was 400 S/m.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Indentation of tubes under combined loading

Abstract A theoretical analysis is presented of the problem of large plastic deformations of tubes subjected to combined loading in the form of lateral indentation, bending moment and axial force. A model of the shell is proposed, describing local damage of tubes subjected to large strain, rotation and shape distortion. The model is effectively decoupling the 2-D problem into a set of 1-D problems. The force-deflection characteristics of tubes were shown to depend strongly on the magnitude of the bending moment and/or axial force applied to the tube ends. The calculations revealed that the resistance of the tube to lateral indentation and thereby the energy that the tube can absorb sharply diminishes as the direction of axial force changes from pre-tension to pre-compression. The present results were shown to give good correlation with existing experimental data.
My Approach to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is among the most common problems encountered by orthopedic surgeons. However, the algorithm to optimally manage these pathologic conditions is still a topic of debate. We believe that accurate diagnosis, with specific attention to concomitant injuries, is crucial to management. Furthermore, individual patient goals and activity levels must be critically examined for appropriate treatment. Careful attention must be paid to technical factors that can predispose a graft to failure. When all these factors are considered, excellent short-term results can be attained, and athletes can return to sport at a high level.
A refined regional modeling approach for the Corn Belt – Experiences and recommendations for large-scale integrated modeling

Summary Nonpoint source pollution from agriculture is the main source of nitrogen and phosphorus in the stream systems of the Corn Belt region in the Midwestern US. This region is comprised of two large river basins, the intensely row-cropped Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB) and Ohio-Tennessee River Basin (OTRB), which are considered the key contributing areas for the Northern Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone according to the US Environmental Protection Agency. Thus, in this area it is of utmost importance to ensure that intensive agriculture for food, feed and biofuel production can coexist with a healthy water environment. To address these objectives within a river basin management context, an integrated modeling system has been constructed with the hydrologic Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, capable of estimating river basin responses to alternative cropping and/or management strategies. To improve modeling performance compared to previous studies and provide a spatially detailed basis for scenario development, this SWAT Corn Belt application incorporates a greatly refined subwatershed structure based on 12-digit hydrologic units or ‘subwatersheds’ as defined by the US Geological Service. The model setup, calibration and validation are time-demanding and challenging tasks for these large systems, given the scale intensive data requirements, and the need to ensure the reliability of flow and pollutant load predictions at multiple locations. Thus, the objectives of this study are both to comprehensively describe this large-scale modeling approach, providing estimates of pollution and crop production in the region as well as to present strengths and weaknesses of integrated modeling at such a large scale along with how it can be improved on the basis of the current modeling structure and results. The predictions were based on a semi-automatic hydrologic calibration approach for large-scale and spatially detailed modeling studies, with the use of the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting algorithm (SUFI-2) and the SWAT-CUP interface, followed by a manual water quality calibration on a monthly basis. The refined modeling approach developed in this study led to successful predictions across most parts of the Corn Belt region and can be used for testing pollution mitigation measures and agricultural economic scenarios, providing useful information to policy makers and recommendations on similar efforts at the regional scale.
Conflicts of Interest: Gibson's Response

Starr T. 2003. Significant issues raised by meta-analyses of cancer mortality and dioxin exposure. Environ Health Perspect 111:1443-1447. Swaen GM, Maijers JM. 1988. Influence of design characteristics on the outcome of retrospective cohort studies. Br J Ind Med 45(9):624-629. Willman T. 2003. Stealth merger: drug companies and government medical research-some of the NIH's top scientists are also collecting paychecks and stock options from biomedical firms. Los Angeles Times (7 December). Available: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/ nation/la-na-nih7decO7.story [accessed 16 January 2004].
Dimensions of Elementary School Student Teacher Concerns

The present study used a factor analytic procedure for identifying basic dimensions of elementary school student teacher concerns. A hierarchical factor analysis was applied to the intercorrelations among 122 situationspecific items rated by students completing their teaching practicum in Columbus, Ohio elementary schools. Results indicated the presence of a major factor, which accounted for over one-quarter of the variance. This factor, termed “Concern with Being an Effective Teacher,” reflects the teacher’s concern with generating a classroom environment conducive to effective learning and social growth. Seven other factors, together accounting for an additional 20 percent of the variance, were also identified and characterized. It is suggested that further studies investigate the utility of employing scores on such factors to identify successful teachers.
Parenting Stress, Parental Reactions, and Externalizing Behavior From Ages 4 to 10

The association between parenting stress and child externalizing behavior, and the mediating role of parenting, has yielded inconsistent findings; however, the literature has typically been cross-sectional and unidirectional. In the current study the authors examined the longitudinal transactions among parenting stress, perceived negative parental reactions, and child externalizing at 4, 5, 7, and 10 years old. Models examining parent effects (parenting stress to child behavior), child effects (externalizing to parental reactions and stress), indirect effects of parental reactions, and the transactional associations among all variables, were compared. The transactional model best fit the data, and longitudinal reciprocal effects emerged between parenting stress and externalizing behavior. The mediating role of parental reactions was not supported; however, indirect effects suggest that parenting stress both is affected by and affects parent and child behavior. The complex associations among parent and child variables indicate the importance of interventions to improve the parent-child relationship and reducing parenting stress.
Excorsing Hidden Positovist Demons

There is a philosophy of science behind much thinking on methodology that I think is wrong and that is a real obstacle to methodological innovation. Once I describe that philosophy of science, most social scientists will immediately reject it – it is a variant of positivism – but that does not mean they will not see that much of what they do presupposes it. So my main goal here is to point out how pervasive these philosophical assumptions are in methodological practice and in the process sketch an alternative way to think about methodology. What follows is an editorial rant appropriate to opening a new journal, not a detailed argumentative presentation. For something closer to that for some of the points made here, see Kincaid (1999, 2004).
Cell-Cell Fusion Mediated by the Fusion Protein of Ebola Virus

Despite the large number of infections caused by Ebolavirus (EboV), a model system for fusing cells expressing the EboV fusion glyprotein (GP) to target cells has not been developed. We have now done so. Cells expressing GP fused to target cells at neutral pH without any explicit enzymatic treatment; acidification of external solutions augmented the level of fusion. Independent of pH, inhibiting cathespins by addition of either leupeptin or CA-074, to prevent cleavage of GP into an active fusion protein, blocked virtually all fusion. Intentionally cleaving GP into an active fusion protein, by treating effector cells with thermolysin, greatly increased the amount of fusion at both neutral and acidic pH, with fusion greater under acidic conditions. The cathespin inhibitors reduced fusion of the thermolysin treated cells, albeit not completely. Thermolysin treated GP became susceptible to proteinase K (pK): pK treatment of cleaved GP severely reduced fusion. Several point GP mutants that severely reduce infection almost completely eliminated fusion, establishing the reliability of the model cell-cell fusion system. The time course of aqueous dye spread between cells mediated by wild-type GP was exceptionally slow, much slower than the rate of dye permeation through fusion pores mediated by all other fusion proteins we have studied. The slow rate of dye transfer indicates that the EboV GP-fusion pore remains small, thereby limiting diffusion of aqueous molecules between cells. We conclude that sensitive assays relying on transfer of large molecules, such as genes, have not detected cell-cell fusion because the fusion pores remain too small to permit permeation. Our finding that fusion can occur at neutral pH suggests that although augmented by low pH, pH might be a facilitating, augmenting factor, rather than the biological trigger for EboV-GP-mediated fusion.
Change-Points: From Sequential Detection to Biology and Back

Abstract Modern change-point detection had its origins about 50 years ago in the work of Page, Shiryaev, and Lorden, who focused on sequential detection of a change-point in a sequence of observations. Motivation often arose from sequential quality control: to detect a disruption in the quality of a continuous production process. More recently, motivation from a broad range of applications has led to a variety of different problem formulations. In this article I will review this history with particular attention to a selected subset of applications arising in biology and to common features of different likelihood-based formulations.
On optimal steady states of n-sector growth models when utility is discounted☆

Abstract This paper contains results on local and global stability of n-sector growth models when utility is discounted mostly for small rates of discount. It is well known that when future utility is not discounted one can prove precise results about optimal steady states (OSS's) under fairly general assumptions. In particular, existence, uniqueness, and turnpike properties have been established by several authors. The counter examples presented by Kurz, Sutherland, and Weitzman, however, show that when utility is discounted, additional assumptions are required to obtain turnpike results. In general, it would be interesting to know how the submanifolds of stability change as δ changes. One hopes that certain conditions on the utility function would be sufficient to “classify” the submanifolds of stability and instability. Such a question is apparently very difficult to answer, but we think that the results obtained here will help in this task. The proof that the turnpike theorem holds for discount factors near one is divided in two parts. First, we prove that optimal paths “visit” neighborhoods of the modified OSS's. Then, we prove that local stability holds for such neighborhoods. In order to show this fact, we must prove that the local “stable manifold” varies continuously with the discount factor. This roundabout method is necessary since our problem is similar to proving uniform continuity with respect to a parameter of solutions of a differential equation in a noncompact interval of time. Other problems analyzed here include uniqueness and continuity of OSS's. We also discuss the relation between the saddle-point property and the local stability of infinite horizon optimal growth paths.
Experimental evidence of triboluminescence induced by hypervelocity impact

Abstract The emission of light due to crystal fracture, or triboluminescence (TL), is a phenomenon that has been known for centuries. One of the most common examples of TL is the flash created from chewing wintergreen Lifesavers®. For the last couple of years, the authors have been measuring fluorescence properties of phosphors like zinc sulfide doped with manganese (ZnS:Mn). Preliminary results indicate that impact energies greater than 16 mJ produced measurable TL from ZnS:Mn. Light was generated from the interaction of a dropped mass and a small number of luminescence centers in the ZnS:Mn powder. To extend this research, a two-stage hypervelocity light gas gun located at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) was used to evaluate equipment and settings that show promise for hypervelocity TL detection. In these experiments, a projectile was accelerated to approximately 5–6 km/s before striking a ZnS:Mn phosphor-coated aluminum plate. This paper will provide an overview into the first experimental evidence of TL emission from ZnS:Mn due to hypervelocity impact. It is hoped that these results will generate interest in future hypervelocity research.
Optimum AV Interval in Dual Chamber Pacemakers

Approximately 50-70% of permanent implanted pacemakers are dual chamber pacemakers. However, little is known concerning adjustment of the atrioventricular (AV) interval to maximize cardiac output. Ten consecutive patients with complete heart block and dual chamber pacemakers were paced at heart rates of 80, 100, and 118 beats/minute and at five AV intervals with simultaneous measurements of cardiac output using pulsed Doppler. Maximum cardiac output occurred at AV intervals of 150 and 200 ms at rates of 80 and 100 beats/minute, and at 150 ms at a rate of 118 beats/minute (p less than .05). An increase in the AV interval to 250 ms resulted in a decrease in cardiac output at all heart rates (p less than .01). We recommend the noninvasive measurement of cardiac output, if available, for determining the optimum AV interval in an individual patient; otherwise, an AV interval of 150 or 200 ms will provide the highest cardiac output in most patients.
The new global history: History in a global age

(1998). The new global history: History in a global age. Cultural Values: Vol. 2, No. 2-3, pp. 368-384.
Self-Expandable Metal Stents for Malignant Distal Biliary Strictures

Obstructive jaundice can result from benign or malignant etiologies. The common benign conditions include primary sclerosing cholangitis, chronic pancreatitis, and gallstones. Malignant biliary obstruction can be caused by direct tumor infiltration, extrinsic compression by enlarged lymph nodes or malignant lesions, adjacent inflammation, desmoplastic reaction from a tumor, or a combination of these factors. Malignant diseases causing biliary obstruction include pancreatic cancer, ampullary cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, and metastatic diseases. This article focuses on malignant distal biliary obstruction and its management.
Wide-Band, Ultra Low Noise MM-Wave Mixers with a Single Tuning Element

Several SIS quasiparticle mixers have been designed and tested for the frequency range from 80 to 115 GHz. The sliding back short is the only adjustable RF-tuning element. The RF-filter reactance is used a s a fixed RF-matching element. A mixer which uses a single 2 × 2 ?m2 Pb-alloy junction in a 1/4-height waveguide mount has a coupled conversion gain of GM(DSB) = 2.6 ± 0.5 dB with an associated noise temperature of TM(DSB) = 16.4 ± 1.8 K at the best DSB operation point. The receiver noise temperature TR(DSB) is 27.5 ± 0.8 K for the test apparatus. This mixer provides a SSB receiver noise temperature below 50 K over the frequency range from 91 to 96 GHz, the minimum being TR(SSB) = 44 ± 4 K. Another mixer with an array of five 5 × 5 ?m2 junctions in series has much lower noise TM(DSB) = 6.6 ± 1.6 K, but less gain GM(DSB) = ?5.1 ± 0.5 dB.
Quadrupole perturbation effects upon the 201 Hg magnetic resonance. II. Relaxation due to an anisotropic perturbation

The theory of relaxation of a weakly perturbed spin system is extended to the case of a nonisotropic perturbation. The calculation follows the method of Happer who uses spherical basis operators. Explicit expressions are derived for a spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ system in the presence of dipole and quadrupole perturbations. The results are then applied to the quadrupole relaxation of oriented vapor-phase atoms which occurs while these atoms are adsorbed onto the walls of containers of various shapes. Although the relaxation rates due to the cell wall depend upon the orientation of the wall with respect to the externally applied magnetic field, it is found that the sum of the contributions to the relaxation due to the six faces of a cube-shaped container is independent of the orientation of the container. This prediction is verified experimentally.
A linear programming solution to the generalized rectangular distance weber problem

The Weber Problem generalized to the location of several new points with respect to existing points is formulated as a linear programming problem under the assumption that distances are rectangular. The dual problem is then formulated and subsequently reduced to a problem with substantially fewer variables and constraints than required by an existent alternative linear programming formulation. Flows may exist between new as well as between new and existing points. Linear constraints can be imposed to restrict the location of new points. Pairwise constraints limiting distances between new points and between new and existing points can also be accommodated.
Maximum SNR pattern strategy for phase shifting methods in structured light illumination.

Structured light illumination by means of phase shifting patterns is a widely employed method for three-dimensional (3-D) image acquisition that is robust to ambient light and object albedo but may be especially susceptible to sensor and environment noise. In this paper, we study the specific technique of phase measuring profilometry (PMP) and the maximization of a pattern’s signal to noise ratio (SNR). By treating the design of an N-pattern PMP process as placing points in an N-dimensional coding space, we define a pattern’s SNR in terms of a pattern set’s computational length and the number of coded phase periods in the projected patterns. Then, without introducing phase ambiguities, we propose a so-called edge pattern strategy that maximizes the computational length and number of periods. Theoretically, the edge pattern technique improves the SNR by 1.2381 times when using three component patterns and by 15.5421 times when using five patterns. Experimental results further demonstrate the improved SNR of the proposed edge pattern technique such that more accurate 3-D results are achieved using fewer component patterns.
Impartial Principle and Moral Context: Securing a Place for the Particular in Ethical Theory

This essay critically assesses two strategies of accommodation used by defenders of impartialism in ethics to argue that the care orientation represents no genuine challenge to impartialist theoretical paradigms. One strategy focuses on impartiality as a constraint on moral deliberation, the other as a constraint on moral justification. While highlighting respects in which the commitment to impartiality is more consonant with the care orientation than many advocates of care have acknowledged, this essay attempts to clarify crucial ways in which each accommodationist strategy fails, thus locating some of the more important contributions and challenges the care orientation offers to moral theory.
An Approximation of a Markov Decision Process for Resource Planning

This study presents an approximation of a Markovian decision process to calculate resource planning policies for environments with probabilistic resource demand. These policies provide a means of periodic determination of the quantity of resources required to be available. Managers may also use these approximation models to perform the sensitivity analysis of resource demand and the cost/reward parameters. The decision policy can be applied to many resource planning situations including manufacturing or construction equipment purchasing or leasing, airline capacity, professional services staffing, and computer/management information systems capacity.
Hole lifetimes in [001] uniaxial stressed GaAs

The time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectra from n-type GaAs is nonexponential and is characterized by two decay constants (A and B). If the bimolecular recombination coefficient B is zero, the PL spectra have the familiar exponential time dependence (and are characterized by the recombination decay constant A). Application of uniaxial stress along [001] to the n-type GaAs sample causes the recombination decay constant A to increase, in agreement with the stress dependence of the matrix elements. The bimolecular recombination coefficient B is found to be stress independent. An increase in the density of the photogenerated holes ${\mathit{P}}_{0}$ as a function of stress is also observed. This is attributed to the stress dependence of the effective mass which changes the absorption coefficient. The stress dependence of the recombination decay constants A and b=${\mathit{BP}}_{0}$ determines the stress dependence of the effective lifetimes of the light hole (parallel to the stress) in the n-type GaAs.
Simulation for efficient Germanium VCSEL for optical interconnects

We proposed a VCSEL design using a highly strained germanium membrane as the gain medium. Simulations show that the lasing threshold can be reduced more than a factor of 3 with 1% tensile strain.
Leptin Signaling Is Required for Adaptive Changes in Food Intake, but Not Energy Expenditure, in Response to Different Thermal Conditions

Survival of free-living animals depends on the ability to maintain core body temperature in the face of rapid and dramatic changes in their thermal environment. If food intake is not adjusted to meet the changing energy demands associated with changes of ambient temperature, a serious challenge to body energy stores can occur. To more fully understand the coupling of thermoregulation to energy homeostasis in normal animals and to investigate the role of the adipose hormone leptin to this process, comprehensive measures of energy homeostasis and core temperature were obtained in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and their wild-type (WT) littermate controls when housed under cool (14°C), usual (22°C) or ∼ thermoneutral (30°C) conditions. Our findings extend previous evidence that WT mice robustly defend normothermia in response to either a lowering (14°C) or an increase (30°C) of ambient temperature without changes in body weight or body composition. In contrast, leptin-deficient, ob/ob mice fail to defend normothermia at ambient temperatures lower than thermoneutrality and exhibit marked losses of both body fat and lean mass when exposed to cooler environments (14°C). Our findings further demonstrate a strong inverse relationship between ambient temperature and energy expenditure in WT mice, a relationship that is preserved in ob/ob mice. However, thermal conductance analysis indicates defective heat retention in ob/ob mice, irrespective of temperature. While a negative relationship between ambient temperature and energy intake also exists in WT mice, this relationship is disrupted in ob/ob mice. Thus, to meet the thermoregulatory demands of different ambient temperatures, leptin signaling is required for adaptive changes in both energy intake and thermal conductance. A better understanding of the mechanisms coupling thermoregulation to energy homeostasis may lead to the development of new approaches for the treatment of obesity.
Supercritical fluid crystallization of griseofulvin: crystal habit modification with a selective growth inhibitor

ABSTRACT: Poly (sebacic anhydride) (PSA) was used as a growth inhibitor to selectively modify habit of griseofulvin crystals formed via the Precipitation with a compressed-fluid antisolvent (PCA) process. PSA and griseofulvin were coprecipitated within a PCA injector, which provided efficient mixing between the solution and compressed antisolvent process streams. Griseofulvin crystal habit was modified from acicular to bipyramidal when the mass ratio of PSA/griseofulvin in the solution feed stream was ≤1:1. The habit modification was attributed to the preferential adsorption of PSA to the fastest growing crystal face of the acicular crystal form, which inhibited growth. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the griseofulvin and PSA particles, and gave results consistent with a selective growth inhibition mechanism. SEM micrographs showed regions on griseofulvin crystals where PSA microparticles had preferentially adsorbed. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the griseofulvin crystals indicated no changes in the crystalline form after the habit modification. Powder compressibility decreased from 49 ± 3% to 28 ± 7% with the modification in crystal habit. No change in the physical stability of the processed powder was observed after being stored at 25°C/60% RH and 40°C/70% RH for 23 days. Despite the change in crystal habit, griseofulvin crystals achieved 100% dissolution within 60 min in a simulated gastric fluid. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.
Dependencies of bundle forms in Laguerre planes

Several relationships between bundle forms of Laguerre planes are found, including the results (1) \({B\mathfrak{B} 0}\), \({D\mathfrak{B}0}\), \({B\mathfrak{B}1^1}\), \({B\mathfrak{B}1^2}\), \({D\mathfrak{B}1}\), \({BD\mathfrak{B}1_{2}}\), \({DD\mathfrak{B}1}\) are equivalent, and (2) \({BD\mathfrak{B}0}\), \({BBD\mathfrak{B}1}\), \({BDD\mathfrak{B}1^1}\), \({BDD\mathfrak{B}1^2}\) are equivalent. A graph indicating all known dependencies between bundle forms in Laguerre planes is provided. It is shown that \({BD\mathfrak{B}2}\) holds in any \({\mathcal{G}}\)-translation Laguerre plane, that is, any Laguerre plane that is a G-translation plane for each parallel class G of spears. A simplified graph of dependencies is supplied for these planes.
Thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 materials and devices: a versatile material for flat-plate and concentrator photovoltaic applications

John R. Tuttle, M.A. Contreras, J.S. Ward, AL. Tennant, K.R. Ramanathan, J. Keane, and R. NoufiNational Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd, Golden, CO 80401, USAABSTRACTThin-film Cu(In,Ga)5e2(CIGS) is used as the absorber in an all-thin-film solar cell for both conventional 1-sun andconcentrator applications. The absorber fabrication process is represented by time-dependent profiles of elemental Cu, In, Ga,and Se fluxes. The Cu/(In+Ga) ratio determines the phase chemistry during growth whereas the Ga/(Ga+In) ratio determinesthe CIGS band gap profile. All film-growth processes enter the CIGS:CuSe two-phase field where the CuSe facilitates largegrain growth. Characterization of cells under 1-sun illumination reveals world-record total-area performance of 17.1%.Improvements relative to previous cells are linked to decreased inter-diffusion of In and Ga within the absorber. Cell param-eters include an open-circuit voltage (V0) of 654 mY and short-circuit current (J) of 33.9 mA/cm2. A second cell was fab-ricated for operation under concentration. The 1-sun, direct-spectrum measurement yielded a 15.1%-efficient cell. Under 5-and 22-sun concentration, the cell improved to 16.5% and 17.2%, respectively. This achievement is significant in that itproves a compatibility of polycrystalline thin-film and concentrator technologies. Further optimization could yield 1-sun per-formance in excess of 1 8% and concentrator performance in excess of 20%. A path to this goal is outlined.Keywords: Thin films, Photovoltaics, Copper Indium Gallium Selenide, Concentrator Cell, Process Modeling1. INTRODUCTIONPhotovoltaics (PV) is a critical power generation technology for applications ranging from third-world and domesticrural electrification (near-term) to peak-power generation (mid-term). The key element to the implementation of PV lies indeveloping devices and modules with crystalline-level performance at thin-film costs. This is rapidly becoming the case forthin-film CIGS-based PV technology. Thin-film CIGS solar cells are presently being investigated worldwide by industrial,academic, and institutional facilities. Laboratory-scale device efficiencies in excess of 1 5% have been reported by several
Electromagnetic radiation in drifting tellegen anisotropic medium

The electromagnetic waves in a homogeneous, drifting, general, linear, anisotropic Tellegen medium are evaluated in terms of the electric and magnetic current density sources. The fields are shown to be expressible in terms of the characteristic waves of the medium. The solution is in agreement with the particular cases for a nondrifting medium worked out originally by Bunkin.
E-010 Features of dissections on high resolution MRI

Introduction High resolution MR imaging has been used to evaluate vessel walls in atherosclerotic disease as well as vasculitides in order to characterize wall thickness and enhancement. High resolution MRI may also be useful in characterizing dissections and may offer additional information not available from catheter angiography. Methods This is a retrospective review of 75 patients who underwent high resolution contrast enhanced imaging of the neurovasculature. Four patients with a history of dissection were included in this retrospective review. Re analysis of the exams was performed by two attending neuroradiologists with comparison to other relevant imaging modalities including cerebral angiography, conventional magnetic resonance and CT. Results Images from the high resolution magnetic resonance examinations demonstrate wall enhancement in dissected vessels as well as the dissection flap. The dissected vessel walls demonstrate robust enhancement even in the early phases. Static or slow flowing blood may interfere with the nulling effect of the saturation pulse, so high signal of intravascular components should be interpreted with care. Intravascular thrombus was identifiable in one case that was not detectable on cerebral angiogram. Wall thickness and outer diameter can be assessed on HRMR. Conclusion High Resolution MRI of intracranial dissections may yield information about angioarchitecture not discernible by conventional imaging. Further investigation is warranted.
Superconductivity from undressing. II. Single-particle Green's function and photoemission in cuprates

Experimental evidence indicates that the superconducting transition in high $T_c$ cuprates is an 'undressing' transition. Microscopic mechanisms giving rise to this physics were discussed in the first paper of this series. Here we discuss the calculation of the single particle Green's function and spectral function for Hamiltonians describing undressing transitions in the normal and superconducting states. A single parameter, $\Upsilon$, describes the strength of the undressing process and drives the transition to superconductivity. In the normal state, the spectral function evolves from predominantly incoherent to partly coherent as the hole concentration increases. In the superconducting state, the 'normal' Green's function acquires a contribution from the anomalous Green's function when $ \Upsilon$ is non-zero; the resulting contribution to the spectral function is $positive$ for hole extraction and $negative$ for hole injection. It is proposed that these results explain the observation of sharp quasiparticle states in the superconducting state of cuprates along the $(\pi,0)$ direction and their absence along the $(\pi,\pi)$ direction.
Selected Nutrient Content of Beef Longissimus Muscle Relative to Marbling Class, Fat Status, and Cooking Method

Five ribs (IMPS 103) within each marbling class (practically devoid, traces, slight, small, modest and moderate) were analyzed for nutritional and cooking effect. Subjective marbling classification was effective in categorizing beef for dry matter, fat, protein and caloric density. Steaks were cooked with fat removed or left on either by broiling or microwave exposure. Broiled samples generally had more protein, and less fat and calories. Within cooking method, fat on steaks generally resulted in greater sample weight retention, less protein, less calories, more cholesterol, and higher dry matter. Cholesterol content was greatest in steaks with practically devoid marbling and lowest in steaks with modest and moderate marbling. Each subsequent marbling class added less than 10 Kcal/100g (“as is basis”). There was a small loss in calories available for consumption as a result of the cooking process.