cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hardware for speculative parallelization of partially-parallel loops in DSM multiprocessors

Recently, we introduced a novel framework for speculative parallelization in hardware (Y. Zhang et al., 1998). The scheme is based on a software based run time parallelization scheme that we proposed earlier (L. Rauchwerger and D. Padue, 1995). The idea is to execute the code (loops) speculatively in parallel. As parallel execution proceeds, extra hardware added to the directory based cache coherence of the DSM machine detects if there is a dependence violation. If such a violation occurs, execution is interrupted, the state is rolled back in software to the most recent safe state, and the code is re-executed serially from that point. The safe state is typically established at the beginning of the loop. Such a scheme is somewhat related to speculative parallelization inside a multiprocessor chip, which also relies on extending the cache coherence protocol to detect dependence violations. Our scheme, however, is targeted to large scale DSM parallelism. In addition, it does not have some of the limitations of the proposed chip-multiprocessor schemes. Such limitations include the need to bound the size of the speculative state to fit in a buffer or L1 cache, and a strict in-order task commit policy that may result in load imbalance among processors. Unfortunately, our scheme has higher recovery costs if a dependence violation is detected, because execution has to backtrack to a safe state that is usually the beginning of the loop. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to extend our previous hardware scheme to effectively handle codes (loops) with a modest number of cross-iteration dependences.
The relative importance of mangroves and seagrass beds as feeding areas for resident and transient fishes among different mangrove habitats in Florida and Belize: Evidence from dietary and stable-isotope analyses

Abstract In the western Atlantic region, the contribution of mangrove food sources to fish diets has been considered of more limited importance than previously expected due to the proximity of mangroves to adjacent potential food sources such as those in seagrass beds. To investigate the influence of different types of mangrove habitats on the relative contribution of mangrove and seagrass food sources in fish diets, four mangrove habitats adjacent to seagrass beds were studied in Florida and Belize using gut-contents and stable-isotope analyses: mangrove fringe forests, basin mangrove, mangrove ponds and overwash mangrove islets. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope compositions of 41 fish taxa and an array of potential primary (microphytobenthos, litter, seagrass leaves and their epiphytes, algae, plankton) and secondary (benthic invertebrates) prey were analyzed with SIAR mixing models to examine food source contributions in fish diets relative to habitat type. In all study sites, δ 13 C values of mangrove prey were significantly depleted relative to those from seagrass beds, allowing stable isotopes to provide reliable insights about origins of fish food. Seagrass prey located near basin mangroves in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL, Florida) had more negative δ 13 C signatures than seagrass prey adjacent to fringing mangroves of the Florida Keys, suggesting that seagrass from the IRL incorporated dissolved inorganic carbon from mangroves. Contributions of mangrove and seagrass prey to fish diets were influenced by type of mangrove habitat and fish residency status. Resident species significantly relied on mangrove prey, whereas only four transients foraged in mangroves. Most transient fishes occurring in basin and fringing mangroves actively foraged in nearby seagrass beds, thus reinforcing the limited role of mangroves as fish foraging habitat for transient species. However, a shift in fish diet was observed for transient species from mangrove ponds, in which they relied on mangrove prey. In overwash mangroves (Belize), the enriched carbon signatures of fishes and the generally higher contributions of seagrass prey to fish diets suggest that fishes derived most of their food from seagrass beds. This trend was particularly highlighted for juvenile reef fishes that shelter in mangroves but forage in nearby seagrass beds. These findings emphasize the importance of considering fish ecology (residency and life status) and type of mangrove habitat when assessing the contribution of mangrove prey to fish food webs in the western Atlantic region.
A functional and histochemical characterization of motor units in a heterogeneous muscle (flexor digitorum longus) of the cat

This paper reports an attempt to differentiate motor units of several types both physiologically and histochemically. The average characteristics of the motor units in the flexor digitorum longus (FDL), flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and soleus muscles of cats with one chronically deafferented hind limb were studied. The average maximal tension per motor unit was calculated to be 14.5 g for FDL, 25.8 g for FHL and 19.7 g for soleus. In general, the average size of the motor units in each muscle increased with the weight of the animal. The total number of motor units to each muscle and the diameters of all efferent nerve fibers were determined in histological cross-sections of the deafferented nerve. The FDL muscle was selected for study of individual units isolated from the ventral roots of 15 cats. The conduction velocities of 108 axons ranged from 71.3 to 114.3 m/sec. These units developed maximal isometric tensions ranging from 0.4 to 100.0 g, with an average of 9.6 g. The frequency distribution of maximal tensions was markedly skewed, with 83 units developing less than 10 g. The twitch tensions of 90 units averaged 0.9 g, with a range of 0.1 to 10.0 g. All units in which no twitch was detected developed less than 5 g of maximal tension. The small size of the units and the limitations of the equipment were thought responsible for the occasional failure to record a twitch. The contraction times of 85 units fell between 13 and 81 msec, with a modal class of 30 to 35 msec. During continuous stimulation at 100/sec, large units usually proved more susceptible to fatigue than small units. Regression analyses of conduction velocity versus maximal tetanic tension revealed that large units (> 19 g) belonged to a different population than units developing less than 19 g of maximal tension. In addition, the findings suggest that small units may perhaps be divided into a slow and fast group according to their contraction times. Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase activity was demonstrated in cross-sections of FDL muscle fibers. A correlation between histochemically distinguishable fiber types and functionally distinguishable motor units is proposed.
Parthenogenesis in Parasitic Helminths

SYNOPSIS. In neinatodes, parthenogenesis, meiotic or more often mitotic with polyploidy, occurs in the orders Tylenchida and Rhabditida. It has evolved independently within the various families and even certain genera, replacing the usual amphimixis in some species and supplementing it in others with one or more parthenogenetic generations. Polyploidy, haploidy, abnormal spennatogenesis and absence of sperms have been cited as evidence of parthenogenesis in some adult cestodes and digenetic trematodes, especially dioecious species in those predominantly hermaphroditic groups. Evidence now favors interpretation of reproduction by germinal sacs in trematodes as diploid parthenogenesis which can be continued through an indefinite number of generations in some species by transplanting germinal sacs from infected to uninfected snails.
Analysis of long-term bacterial vs. chemical Fe(III) oxide reduction kinetics

Abstract Data from studies of dissimilatory bacterial (108 cells mL−1 of Shewanella putrefaciens strain CN32, pH 6.8) and ascorbate (10 mM, pH 3.0) reduction of two synthetic Fe(III) oxide coated sands and three natural Fe(III) oxide-bearing subsurface materials (all at ca. 10 mmol Fe(III) L−1) were analyzed in relation to a generalized rate law for mineral dissolution (Jt/m0 = k′(m/m0)γ, where Jt is the rate of dissolution and/or reduction at time t, m0 is the initial mass of oxide, and m/m0 is the unreduced or undissolved mineral fraction) in order to evaluate changes in the apparent reactivity of Fe(III) oxides during long-term biological vs. chemical reduction. The natural Fe(III) oxide assemblages demonstrated larger changes in reactivity (higher γ values in the generalized rate law) compared to the synthetic oxides during long-term abiotic reductive dissolution. No such relationship was evident in the bacterial reduction experiments, in which temporal changes in the apparent reactivity of the natural and synthetic oxides were far greater (5–10 fold higher γ values) than in the abiotic reduction experiments. Kinetic and thermodynamic considerations indicated that neither the abundance of electron donor (lactate) nor the accumulation of aqueous end-products of oxide reduction (Fe(II), acetate, dissolved inorganic carbon) are likely to have posed significant limitations on the long-term kinetics of oxide reduction. Rather, accumulation of biogenic Fe(II) on residual oxide surfaces appeared to play a dominant role in governing the long-term kinetics of bacterial crystalline Fe(III) oxide reduction. The experimental findings together with numerical simulations support a conceptual model of bacterial Fe(III) oxide reduction kinetics that differs fundamentally from established models of abiotic Fe(III) oxide reductive dissolution, and indicate that information on Fe(III) oxide reactivity gained through abiotic reductive dissolution techniques cannot be used to predict long-term patterns of reactivity toward enzymatic reduction at circumneutral pH.
Backaction Cancellation in Quantum Nondemolition Measurement of Optical Solitons

We present a new scheme for quantum nondemolition measurement, where the backaction noise due to self-phase modulation in an optical fiber is canceled by passing a probe soliton through a near-resonant two-level system with negative ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)}$ nonlinearity.
Annealing twins in nanocrystalline fcc metals: A molecular dynamics simulation

We report fully three-dimensional atomistic molecular dynamics studies of grain growth kinetics in nanocrystalline Cu of 5 nm average grain size. We observe the formation of annealing twins as part of the grain growth process. The grain size and energy evolution was monitored as a function of time for various temperatures, yielding an activation energy for the process. The atomistic mechanism of annealing twin formation from the moving boundaries is described.
Reduction of Enamel Solubility by Sodium Monophosphate

Acid-etched human enamel was treated with sodium monofluorophosphate solutions at differing concentrations, pH values, and temperatures and for various time periods. Conditions for optimal enamel solubility reduction are presented. Comparison of the efficacy of sodium monofluorophosphate and sodium fluoride in aqueous solutions and pastes indicated significant superiority of the former.
Reverse Transcription-PCR–Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Detection of Biothreat and Common Respiratory Pathogens

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR amplicons from human respiratory samples allows for broad pathogen identification approximately 8 h after collection. We investigated the performance characteristics of a high-throughput RT-PCR-coupled ESI-MS assay for distinguishing biothreat (BT) agents from common bacterial, fungal, and viral respiratory pathogens in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid specimens from subjects with suspected respiratory infections. In a retrospective case series, 202 BAL fluid specimens were collected at the Johns Hopkins Hospital between August 2010 and February 2011 from patients with suspected acute respiratory infections. Samples were processed using standard bacterial, viral, and fungal testing in the clinical microbiology laboratory as part of routine care and then were blindly spiked with either water or nucleic acids from BT organisms (Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, Brucella spp., Burkholderia spp., and Rickettsia prowazekii) and tested by RT-PCR–ESI-MS. The sensitivities and specificities of RT-PCR–ESI-MS versus standard clinical methods were as follows: for mock BT DNA, 98.5% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 94.2 to 99.7%) and 100% specificity (95% CI, 93.1 to 100.0%); for bacterial pathogens, 81.8% sensitivity (95% CI, 74.3 to 87.6%) and 73.6% specificity (95% CI, 64.2 to 81.4%); for viral pathogens, 93.3% sensitivity (95% CI, 66.0 to 99.7%) and 97.3% specificity (95% CI, 89.7 to 99.5%); for fungal pathogens, 42.6% sensitivity (95% CI, 29.5 to 56.7%) and 97.8% specificity (95% CI, 91.8 to 99.6%). Our data suggest that RT-PCR–ESI-MS is a useful adjunct to standard culture protocols for rapid detection of both BT and common respiratory pathogens; further study is required for assay validation, especially for fungal detection, and potential implementation.
Channel estimation for secret key establishment in MIMO systems

This paper proposes a technique for channel estimation that approximately optimizes the number of secret encryption key bits that can be generated from estimation of the reciprocal electromagnetic propagation in a multipath environment for systems with multiple antennas. Numerical studies demonstrate that the method dramatically improves performance for low signal-to-noise ratio or large antenna arrays.
Substitution of Fe for Cu in the 1-2-3 system and its implication on the nature of the high-Tc superconductivity

Abstract We have doped Fe into Gd-based 1-2-3 compounds with dopant concentration in the range of 0.003 to 0.15. The structural and superconducting properties of all samples are determined with X-ray diffraction and dc SQUID magnetometry. Careful analysis of the Mossbauer spectra for all the samples leads to the determination of the oxygen coordinations around the Fe dopants. We then propose a model that describes the substitution of Fe for Cu in the 1-2-3 system. Our model suggests that the linear Cu(1)-O chains are important to the 90 K superconductivity in the 1-2-3 system.
Minimally invasive transradial intervention using sheathless standard guiding catheters.

Objectives: We evaluated a sheathless transradial technique for interventions using standard five and six French nonhydrophilic guiding catheters. Background: Miniaturization of transradial interventions may serve to improve patient comfort and reduce the risk of access-site complications. Guiding catheters carry an outer diameter approximately 2 Fr sizes smaller than their corresponding introducer sheaths. Methods: We identified consecutive patients who underwent transradial intervention between August 2010 and December 2010 using 5 or 6 Fr guides with a sheathless technique. Results: A total of 11 patients were identified (mean age 70.7 ± 10.9 years; 73% male). Single coronary intervention was performed in 10 patients and renal artery intervention in one. Right radial access and 6 Fr guide catheters were used in the majority (each 73%). Five techniques were used to create an inner dilator as the taper. Four of these inner tapers (standard diagnostic catheters, hydrophilic diagnostic catheters, long sheath dilators and guide extensions) enabled successful sheathless guide insertion in all 10 patients attempted. One technique (a partially inflated angioplasty balloon protruding from the guide) attempted in one patient was unsuccessful. All interventional procedures were successful, there were no radial artery access-site complications and in no case was cross-over to femoral artery access-site required. Conclusion: Sheathless transradial intervention using standard 5 and 6 Fr guiding catheters is a safe and effective method for treatment of coronary and peripheral vascular lesions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inference of selection and recombination from nucleotide sequence data

Two techniques for obtaining information about population structure from nucleotide sequences in DNA are summarized. The first focuses on the selection or neutrality of enzyme polymorphisms, the second on the detection of recombination. Neither method requires phylogeny estimation.
Complex dynamics in a three-level trophic system with intraspecies interaction

In this paper, we present a three-level trophic food chain, including intraspecies interaction. In contrast with other analyses, we consider the effect on the third trophic level by the first-level parameters. The model shows complex, as well as, chaotic oscillations. Bifurcation diagrams show period doubling route to chaos and crises. Also from the forward and backwards sections of the bifurcation diagrams, we find hysteresis. This result implies the coexistence of attractors for the same parameter values. In particular, we consider the coexistence of a chaotic and a P1 attractors. Our results show that the regulation in the food chain is not exclusive to either a food-prey or prey-predator interaction, but to a more subtle food-prey-predator interaction, where, for some parameter values, a food-prey or a prey-predator regulation may dominate the system's dynamics. Finally, we consider the impact of the intraspecies interaction in the overall dynamics of the food chain.
Differential involvement of the right and left amygdalae in expression of memory for aversively motivated training

The present study investigated possible lateralization of amygdala involvement in memory for aversively motivated training. Rats with bilateral cannulae aimed at the amygdalae were trained in a one-trial inhibitory avoidance task. Twenty-four h or 10 days later, animals received bilateral pre-test microinjections of either vehicle, 2% lidocaine, or unilateral infusions of each simultaneously. Five min after the infusions, retention was tested. Retention latencies of rats given bilateral lidocaine or unilateral lidocaine into only the right amygdala were significantly lower than controls. These results suggest that the right and left amygdalae may make differential contributions to the expression of memory, and that the contribution of the right amygdala may be more important to the expression of memory for aversively motivated training.
Excitonic Theory of Electroabsorption: Phonon-Assisted Indirect Transitions in Si and Ge

The theory of indirect phonon-assisted optical absorption by semiconductors in a uniform electric field is developed with particular attention being paid to the effects of electron-hole correlations (excitons). The Coulombic electron-hole interaction is treated within the Wannierexciton effective-mass approximation. The physics of indirect electroabsorption is discussed, and it is found that exciton theory predicts an indirect absorption spectrum which is dramatically different, both qualitatively and quantitatively, from the spectrum predicted by one-electron theory (neglecting electron-hole correlations). The excitonic correlations are responsible for four qualitative features found in measured differential electroabsorption spectra but omitted by the one-electron theory: (i) The threshold for potical absorption by excitons lies at a lower energy; (ii) excitons cause a sharp drop on the high-energy side of the first differential electroabsorption peak; (iii) the amplitude of the differential absorption is enhanced by excitons; and (iv) excitonic spectra exhibit longer periods of spectral oscillations. These excitonic effects are analogous to effects previously predicted for direct transitions. Numerical calculations of the differential electroabsorption at the indirect edges of Ge and Si are compared with the data of Frova et al. and are found to be in excellent agreement with experiment.
Inability of red beet betalain pigments to initiate or promote hepatocarcinogenesis

Abstract A short-term bioassay was used to determine the ability of red-beet betalain pigments to initiate or promote hepatocarcinogenesis in rat liver. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were partially hepatectomized and separated into nine groups (6–11 animals/group). Four of the groups were treated with betacyanin pigment preparations (betacyanin solution after fermentation, 50 mg/kg; pure betanin, 50 mg/kg; degraded betanin, 50 mg/kg; a betacyanin diet containing 2000 ppm/kg) to evaluate their ability to initiate hepatocarcinogenesis. N -Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA: 10 mg/kg) was used for the positive control. Another group, previously initiated with NDEA, received daily a betacyanin solution (100 ppm; 3.5 mg/rat/day) to determine the pigment's ability to promote NDEA hepatocarcinogenesis in comparison with positive and negative controls treated respectively with and without a promoting agent (0.5% phenobarbital in the diet). Animals were killed after month 6 (promotion test) or 8 (initiation test). Liver sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and for γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity. The number of enzyme-altered foci and the percentage of liver volume so affected, were determined for each group, by scoring for GGT. Comparison of the results obtained for the experimental groups with those for positive and negative control groups indicated that the betacyanin pigments tested in this assay did not initiate or promote hepatocarcinogenesis in rat liver. These findings provide further evidence that betalain colourants may be viable alternatives for synthetic dyes currently used as food additives.
LACTIC FERMENTATION OF PEANUT MILK

The ability of cultures of 19 lactic acid bacteria to ferment a peanut milk (PM) prepared from blanched, full-fat Runner Variety peanut kernels was examined. Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. brevis, L. xylosus, L. plantarum, Pediococcus acidifactici and Streptococcus thermophilus after 48 hr produced the highest levels of acid in plain PM, producing respectively 0.25, 0.20, 0.42, 0.42, 0.17 and 0.27% titratable acidity (TA), expressed as lactic acid. Chemical analysis indicated that sucrose at 0.60% (w/v) was the major fermentable carbohydrate present in the PM. Supplementation of the PM with 1% levels of glucose, sucrose, whey, tryptose or yeast extract increased acid production by most cultures. Glucose supplementation of PM enabled L. delbrueckii, L. plantarum, L. helveticus and L. casei to produce 0.69, 0.17, 0.75, and 0.73% TA, respectively. Invertase treatment of the PM led to increases in acid production of 0.23–0.30 TA units by cultures previously unable to ferment the untreated PM.‘In a model system, the addition of 2.3% (w/v) oleic, 1.3% linoleic and 0.4% palmitic acid to a basal Elliker's broth with 1% sucrose (EB-S) as the sole carbohydrate source, led to 100% inhibition of acid production after 48 hr, compared to controls, for cultures of L. acidophilus, L. cellobiosus and S. thermophilus. For cultures of L. brevis, L. xylosus, L. plantarum and P. acidilactici, the inhibition of acid production by the fatty acids after 48 hr was much less, only about 5%.
Polydisperse-particle-size-distribution function determined from intensity profile of angularly scattered light.

A new method for determining the particle-size-distribution function of a polydispersion of spherical particles is presented. The inversion technique for the particle-size-distribution function is based upon matching the measured intensity profile of angularly scattered light with a summation of the intensity contributions of a series of appropriately spaced, narrowband, size-distribution functions. A numerical optimization technique is used to determine the strengths of the individual bands that yield the best agreement with the measured scattered-light-intensity profile. Because Mie theory is used, the method is applicable to spherical particles of all sizes. Several numerical examples demonstrate the application of this inversion method.
Problems with entropy in biology

Entropy has been widely referred to as a measure of biological order. The validity of this notion is discussed in conjunction with it's relation to the spontaneous creation of order. Information theory offers a quantitative method for characterization of order, however, it is not fundamentally connected to formalisms of irreversible thermodynamics, and it is severely limited because the meaning and value of the information is neglected. A completely general notation is proposed for including measures of order of a biological system in the entropy balance equation of irreversible thermodynamics. Problems of assigning energetic equivalents to measures of order are indicated, with a final focus on the problem of meaning and value.
On LL-regular grammars

Abstract Several results pertaining to LL -regular grammars are presented. The decidability of whether or not a grammar is LL -regular for a particular regular partition, which was first stated by Nijholt, and the undecidability of whether or not a regular partition exists for which a grammar is LL -regular are proved. An algorithm for converting an LL -regular grammar into a strong LL -regular grammar that generates the same language is presented, and the construction of a two pass parser is described.
Functional Characteristics of alpha3beta3gamma2 and alpha1beta2gamma2 GABA-A receptors

The GABAA receptor is a member of the cys-loop family of ligand gated ion channels and the major mediator of neuronal inhibition. Each receptor is a pentameric protein complex composed of homologous subunits, the combination of which gives rise to numerous GABAA receptor subtypes. Within the thalamus, two synaptic GABAA receptor isoforms predominate; the α1β2γ2 channels, which are found at the synapses of relay neurons, and the α3β3γ2 channels that are located at synapses in the reticular nucleus. We endeavoured to characterize the kinetic properties to these two GABAA receptors. Our preliminary data suggest that both receptors open to a single channel conductance level of 26 pS, irrespective of the GABA concentration used to elicit activity. α3β3γ2 GABAA receptors, however, exhibit longer active periods (bursts) at saturating (5 mM) and low (2 μM) concentrations of GABA compared to α1β2γ2 GABAA receptors. The mean burst length and intra-burst open probability (Po) for the α3β3γ2 channels was 136.7 ± 16.8 ms and 0.84 ± 0.05 (n = 4), respectively and for the α1β2γ2 channels was 87.4 ± 12.0 ms and 0.82 ± 0.02 (n = 3), respectively, when exposed to 5 mM GABA. At 2 μM GABA, the mean burst length and Po for α3β3γ2 channels was 25.8 ± 4.7 ms and 0.78 ± 0.03 (n = 3), respectively and for α1β2γ2 channels was 8.4 ± 1.9 ms and 0.73 ± 0.02 (n = 3), respectively. These measurements are consistent with the reported slower deactivation phase of ensemble, α3β3γ2 mediated synaptic currents and suggest that GABA has a longer occupancy at α3β3γ2 channels than at α1β2γ2 channels.
Nonlinear optical propagation and self-limiting effect in liquid-crystalline fibers

The nonlinear optical properties of the isotropic phase of liquid crystals induced by nanosecond laser pulses are analyzed in the context of nonlinear multi-mode propagation in a liquid-crystal-cored fiber. The negative thermal density nonlinearity of the core gives rise to an intensity-dependent loss in the core-guided transmission and optical action. Experiments conducted with such liquid-crystal-cored fibers show that the optical limiting threshold for nanosecond laser pulses can be as low as 0.09 J/cm2, which is one of the lowest among known nonlinear optical materials and structures, including bulk liquid-crystal films.
Neoadjuvant (induction) treatment for non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract Preoperative treatment for non-small cell lung cancer is not new. but recently it has gained increasing acceptance in the management of locally advanced disease. Preoperative radiotherapy has been studied extensively but has never been demonstrated to improve survival in locally advanced (N2,T3) disease. However, it is still considered part of the accepted management for superior sulcus tumors. In the past 15 years, many Phase II trials have investigated the use of induction chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy as part of the treatment plan for Stage IIIA patients, especially those with preoperatively identified N2 disease who have a poor prognosis following primary surgical resection, with or without postoperative adjuvant therapy. Preoperative chemotherapy trials, as exemplified by the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Toronto MVP (mitomycin, vinblastine, and cisplatin) trials, have demonstrated what appear to be improved median survival time and prolonged 5-year survival when compared to historical controls. More recently, three relatively small randomized trials have demonstrated statistically significant improvement in patients treated preoperatively with induction chemotherapy. More widely investigated in Phase II trials has been the use of chemoradiotherapy as an induction protocol. The chemotherapy has usually been platinum based and has been given prior to, or concurrent with, radiotherapy. The two largest series to date (Rush-Presbyterian and Southwest Oncology Group) have both suggested improved median survival times and prolonged survival using this approach. Three recently completed nonsurgical trials have demonstrated the superiority in median and long-term survival of primary chemoradiotherapy compared to primary radiotherapy alone in treating locally advanced, inoperable Stage IIIA and IIIB lung cancer. Both induction therapy approaches followed by surgical resection are now being tested against nonsurgical approaches in large-scale Phase III trials of clinically Stage IIIA lung cancer patients. A Canadian trial tests induction chemotherapy plus surgery versus radiotherapy alone, and an American in-tergroup trial tests induction chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus chemoradiotherapy alone. Recently, because of apparent improved survival with induction therapy, interest has been sparked in this approach for more advanced IIIB disease (T4 and N3) and poor-prognosis lesser disease (T2N0 and N1). These encouraging data suggest that induction therapy will play an increasing role in the management of locally advanced lung cancer, whether the local control treatment is surgery or radiotherapy. Ultimately, Phase III trials, now under way, will allow us to determine the best method of primary control.
Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone mediates naloxone's effects on serum luteinizing hormone levels in normal and morphine-sensitized male rats

Abstract Naloxone produces large increases in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in normal males and females, supporting a role for endogenous opioids (EOP) in the tonic inhibition of LH. Since the antagonist apparently exerts no important effects on the pituitary, the reasonable assumption has been made that it elevates gonadotropin levels by affecting the release of LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) from the hypothalamus. However, at present there is no direct in vivo evidence supporting this widely-held view. In an attempt to directly demonstrate that naloxone increases the secretion of LHRH, and thereby elevattes serum LH levels, we examined whether a potent synthetic antagonist of LHRH ([D-p Glu 1 , D-Phe 2 , D-Trp 3 , 6 ]-LHRH, GPT-LHRH) blocked the effects of naloxone in male rats with a normal response to naloxone and in those with a markedly enhanced sensitivity to the drug induced by a brief period of morphine pellet implantation. Our results demonstrated that GT-LHRH antagonized equipotent doses of LHRH (100 ng/kg) and naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) over a similar time course with approximately the same AD 50 . Most importantly, however, we showed that the GPT-LHRH produced equivalent, parallel shifts to the right in the dose-response curves for LHRH and naloxone, indicative of competitive inhibition. We also found that GPT-LHRH completely abolished the enhanced response to naloxone's effects on LH which occurs in morphine-pretreated rats. Since we observed no competition between LHRH and naloxone for their binding sites in pituitary or brain, the only viable interpretation of our results is that naloxone increases LH by inducing the release of LHRH.
A review: Integrin αvβ3-targeted molecular imaging and therapy in angiogenesis

The avh3 integrin adhesion receptor is a marker of angiogenic blood vessels in the mammalian system. It interacts with a wide variety of extracellular matrix components and allows vascular cells to invade tissues and form capillary blood vessels. The integrin avh3 is expressed on growth factor–activated endothelial cells as they migrate through the extracellular matrix to form tumor neovasculature. The integrin avh3 acts downstream of several primary signaling events leading to angiogenesis. These properties make avh3 an attractive target to visualize neovasculature. The extent of expression of the integrin avh3 on tumor-associated versus normal blood vessels is of critical importance in predicting the imaging of angiogenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that avh3 is highly expressed in tumor neovasculature as compared to normal tissue [1,2]. This differential expression has made the vitronectin receptor a promising target in antiangiogenic research. At therapeutic levels, antagonists of avh3 disrupt newly forming blood vessels without affecting pre-existing vasculature. Antagonists of integrin avh3 have been shown to inhibit tumor angiogenesis and disrupt metastasis [3]. The literature supports that radiolabeled avh3 integrin antagonist can be selectively localized in the tumors for diagnostic imaging. In addition, therapeutic integrintargeted radiopharmaceuticals can be designed for selective delivery to the tumors. Various groups have synthesized a number of molecular imaging and therapeutic probes targeting avh3. These can be categorized as antibodies, peptides, and small-molecule peptidomimetics [4]. As avh3 binds a variety of arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) amino
DESORPTION OF ASPIRIN FROM ACTIVATED CHARODAL

We studied the potential desorption of aspirin (ASA) from activated charcoal (AC) in 8 volunteers in a cross-over study. Separated by 10 days, subjects received either 1 gm of ASA in solution or a slurry of 1 gm of ASA with 10 gm of AC. Complete binding of ASA to AC was assured by assay of the effluent. These solutions were incubated for 15 minutes before ingestion. Blood was obtained at 0, .5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24 and 30 hrs post ingestion and plasma salicylate concentrations were determined by HPLC. Our results further demonstrate that (1) the t1/2 between 4 and 12 hrs was not different in the ASA (5.5 hrs) and ASA/AC (4.6 hrs) groups (p>0.05); (2) the t1/2 was different in the ASA (5.5 hrs) and ASA/AC (21.8 hrs) groups between 12 and 30 hrs and (3) ASA concentrations were greater at 24 and 30 hrs in the ASA/AC vs ASA group (p<0.05). We conclude that in these doses, ASA binding to AC is reversible and may act as a delayed release preparation.
Foraging efficiency and the fitness consequences of spatial marking by ladybeetle larvae

Marking and avoiding poor-quality resources can be an important mechanism by which animals lacking a spatial memory can maximize their foraging efficiency. Here, we investigate the behaviour of larval Harmonia axyridis ladybeetles that leave chemical tracks as they forage. We built a model of an individual larva foraging for aphids, parameterized it using experimental data, and used the model to predict the effect of larval track production and detection on foraging efficiency, an important component of fitness. The model predicted that there is an optimal sensitivity of larvae to tracks which maximizes foraging efficiency; if the larva is too sensitive to tracks, it will avoid areas that might still contain resources, whereas if it is too insensitive, it will forage in areas that have depleted resources. Furthermore, the increased efficiency conferred by detecting tracks depends on the spatial arrangement of resources, with more aggregated resource distributions allowing greater benefits of detecting tracks. We tested the predictions of the model experimentally by measuring predation on aggregated versus dispersed soybean aphids by H. axyridis larvae whose ability to produce tracks was experimentally manipulated. The experiments corroborated the results of the model: larvae that could produce tracks consumed more aphids than those that could not, and this difference was greatest when aphids were aggregated among plants. Our results suggest that larval tracks play an important role in foraging efficiency, and we discuss implications for the evolution of larval track production and detection in ladybeetles.
Policy through software defaults

As part of digital government, policymakers are increasingly considering the use software to influence societal concerns such as privacy, freedom of speech, and intellectual property protection. A necessary step is deciding what the settings should be for software. In this paper, we build upon work in computer science and behavioral economics to argue how defaults in software should be set.
In Praise of the Intercessor: Mawāhib al-Nāfiʿ fī Madāʾiḥ al-Shāfiʿ by Amadu Bamba Mbacké (1853–1927)

In Praise of the Intercessor is an effort to capture in English verse an echo of the original meaning, rhythm, and tenor of a panegyric written by one of West Africa’s most famous Sufi shaykhs, Amadu Bamba. The founder of the Muridiyya wrote literally hundreds of distinct works in Arabic verse, but the piece translated here is one of his most widely recited poems, and the translation notes here expound upon the significance of some his poetic allusions for Murids. The introduction offers reflections on the role of praise poetry in Islamic scholarly culture, as well as the challenges and immense rewards in translating such works in fresh ways.
Cystic diseases of the kidney--radiological and pathological considerations.

Cysts of the kidney are of differing etiology, progress and clinical significance. Some may be clearly distinguished by radiological examination—polycystic disease of childhood, adult polycystic disease, simple cortical cysts, medullary sponge kidney, medullary necrosis, pyelogenic cysts, inflammatory cysts, cysts of calculous disease, neoplastic cysts, parapelvic cysts, and perinephric cysts. In others, radiological studies may be of inferential help—multicystic kidney, polycystic disease of the newborn, trisomy syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex, medullary cystic disease. A classification of renal cysts is presented, with pathologic description.
Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia: How to Improve Outcome?

Childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents about 20 % of acute childhood leukemias. Today, the 5-year overall survival rates are close to 70 %. The outcome of childhood AML has significantly improved in the last few decades, secondary to: a better understanding of etiology and risk factors; identification of prognostic factors and their incorporation in treatment protocols; the development of novel therapeutic agents based on cytogenetic and molecular information; implementation of supportive care using evidence-based medicine; and an emphasis on the importance of close follow-up and management of late effects. Further advances in AML management can only occur through continued efforts to understand the disease, and the design of international clinical trials with larger patient groups where novel therapies and treatment protocols can be evaluated.
A Simple Algorithm for Delta Modulators with Delayed Decision

Several different adaptive delta modulator (ADM) algorithms have been described in the literature over the past 15 years. Researchers [1] and [2] have shown that the performance of these algorithms can be improved by using "look ahead encoding" (also referred to as "delayed decision encoding"). In this paper we will present a general technique that can be used with any of these algorithms to effect a one stage look ahead. The technique presented in this paper has the advantage that it does not require the calculation of two encoding paths nor does it require the decision circuitry to choose the optimum path that minimizes a mean square error or absolute error criterion.
Correlated variations of planetary albedos and coincident solar-interplanetary variations

The apparent brightnesses of Titan and Neptune, near 4718 A and 5508 A, have changed by up to 10% and 3% respectively since 1972, and are highly correlated, with the variations at Titan apparently lagging those at Neptune by approximately six months. Since these changes are larger than any plausible solar variation in visible light, the implied cause is an intrinsic albedo change resulting from an externally driven alteration in atmospheric chemistry. Such an alteration could result from solar emissions in UV/EUV or the infrared - where large changes are suspected to exist, or from energetic particle precipitation modulated by the solar wind. It is found that traditional solar indices (10.7 cm radio flux, sunspot number, etc.) do not directly measure the causative process, as they tend to lag the brightness variations in phase. Conversely, solar EUV and some characteristics of the solar wind correlate well with the brightness variations and lead those variations in phase. We believe that either feature could be the cause of the albedo changes, but that too little is known both of the observable brightness changes and of the atmospheric chemistry of Titan and Neptune to make a definitive conclusion.
The transmission of relationship difficulties from one generation to the next

This study investigated how marital relationship difficulties might be transmitted from parents to their late adolescent children's romantic relationships. Measures of perceived interparent conflict, styles of subject-parent conflict behaviors, and styles of subject-boyfriend/girlfriend conflict behaviors as well as a measure of general relationship difficulties were obtained from samples of 144 female and 79 male 18–19-year old college students. Subjects tend to use the same styles of conflict behavior with their boyfriends/girlfriends as with their parents. Path analyses showed that perceived interparent conflict is associated with avoidant, verbally aggressive, and for females, physically aggressive styles of conflict behavior with parents, and that some of these subject-parent conflict behavior styles are related to general relationship difficulties. The avoidance style is especially important in mediating between interparent conflict and the son's or daughter's relationship difficulties.
Comparing Symbiotic Efficiency between Swollen versus Nonswollen Rhizobial Bacteroids

Symbiotic rhizobia differentiate physiologically and morphologically into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids inside legume host nodules. The differentiation is apparently terminal in some legume species, such as peas (Pisum sativum) and peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), likely due to extreme cell swelling induced by the host. In other legume species, such as beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), differentiation into bacteroids, which are similar in size and shape to free-living rhizobia, is reversible. Bacteroid modification by plants may affect the effectiveness of the symbiosis. Here, we compare symbiotic efficiency of rhizobia in two different hosts where the rhizobia differentiate into swollen nonreproductive bacteroids in one host and remain nonswollen and reproductive in the other. Two such dual-host strains were tested: Rhizobium leguminosarum A34 in peas and beans and Bradyrhizobium sp. 32H1 in peanuts and cowpeas. In both comparisons, swollen bacteroids conferred more net host benefit by two measures: return on nodule construction cost (plant growth per gram nodule growth) and nitrogen fixation efficiency (H2 production by nitrogenase per CO2 respired). Terminal bacteroid differentiation among legume species has evolved independently multiple times, perhaps due to the increased host fitness benefits observed in this study.
Mud consolidation during a short time interval

Flume observations of the consolidation of mud beds deposited from an unsteady flow show that 10-mm layer undergoes considerable consolidation during the time of deposition and within the first hour after deposition ceases, but little additional consolidation during the next 24 hr. A certain minimum thickness, between 3 and 10 mm, is required for any consolidation to occur. The results support the hypothesis that thick mud layers may form in nearshore subtidal areas as the result of accumulation of thinner layers deposited during successive tidal cycles, but only if each individual layer is able to withstand erosion during the subsequent cycle.
Postnatal Minimal Access Surgery for Birth Defects

Historically, minimal access procedures in pediatric surgery have been slower to evolve than its adult counterpart. A better understanding and appreciation for surgical pain and perioperative morbidity in children have provided the nidus for innovation in minimal access techniques and equipment. Advances in pediatric instrumentation have allowed surgeons a broader application of minimal access surgery. Within the last 10 years, the rapid evolution of laparoscopic and thoracoscopic techniques within pediatric surgery has provided a significant benefit to children. Today, many open procedures, which caused considerable morbidity, have been successfully performed using minimally access techniques. With significant improvements in technique and instrumentation, minimal access surgery has become an integral aspect of pediatric surgery.
Pyrrolomorphinans as δ opioid receptor antagonists. The role of steric hindrance in conferring selectivity

A series of 2',3'-disubstituted pyrrolomorphinans (5a-i) were synthesized to determine the role of steric hindrance at mu and kappa receptors in promoting delta opioid receptor antagonist selectivity. In smooth muscle preparations, five members of the series (5a-c,e,f) possessed Ke values in the range 2-15 nM and were delta selective. Since the unsubstituted analogue 4 possessed delta antagonist potency of similar magnitude, but was not delta selective, it is suggested that the 2',3'-substitution confers delta selectivity by hindering the interaction of the pharmacophore at mu and kappa receptors, while not affecting delta receptors.
Studies of cloned sequences from four Drosophila heat shock loci.

Abstract DNA cloned from the D. melanogaster (Oregon R) heat shock loci at 63BC and 95D codes for the 83,000 and the 68,000 dalton heat shock proteins, respectively. Both coding sequences occur once per haploid genome. Sequences complementary to messenger RNA for the 70,000 dalton heat shock protein are represented five times, twice at 87A and three times at 87C. The copies at 87A differ characteristically from those at 87C in an interval of a few hundred bp near the 5′ end of the messenger sequence, and the corresponding two classes of hsp 70 messenger RNA are found on polysomes after heat shock. Within this differential region, there is about 15% divergence between messenger sequences cloned from the two loci, while in the rest of the messenger region examined the homology is much closer although still imperfect. Unexpectedly, considerable homology is found between the sequence for the 68,000 dalton heat shock protein at 95D and the sequences for the 70,000 dalton protein at 87A and 87C, and between these sequences and a site in 87D. Messenger RNA molecules of 2.4, 2.55 and 3.05 kb code for the 68,000, 70,000 and 83,000 dalton heat shock proteins and hybridize to apparently uninterrupted DNA sequences of 2.1, 2.25 and 2.6 kb, respectively.