cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A precision lens mount for large temperature excursions

Details of a novel lens mount are described. The design makes use of existing concepts in design and manufacturing to produce an elegant method for establishing and maintaining accurate lens placement over a broad range of temperature. Here lenses are centered by multiple roll-pin shaped flexures precisely machined into the mount. Like other flexure mounts, the roll-pin flexures provide radial compliance to accommodate the difference in radial expansion between the lens and mount. However, the cylindrical flexure geometry is easily multiplexed and allows reference features for axial placement, centration in a barrel, and mount-to-mount stacking to be more readily integrated in a single monolithic lens cell. This eases manufacture and improves accuracy. In this paper, the concept, analysis, and design details for the roll-pin flexure mount are presented, along with examples of their use with a variety of lens materials, diameters (25 mm to 375 mm), and temperatures ranges (ambient to cryogenic).
Energy Autonomous Solar/battery Auto Rickshaw

Auto rickshaws are small, three-wheeled vehicles which are used extensively in many Asian countries for transport of people and goods. The vehicles are small and narrow allowing for easy maneuverability in congested Asian metropolises. In India, auto rickshaws are commonly used as taxis, as they are very inexpensive to operate. Despite the apparent advantages in the vehicle design, auto rickshaws present a huge pollution problem in major Indian cities. This is due to the use of an inefficient engine, typically a 2 or 4 stroke, with almost no pollution control. This paper presents a transportation system based on auto rickshaws that operate in an environmentally friendly way. Existing vehicles are to be replaced by an all-electric counterpart redesigned in a manner which improves the efficiency of the vehicle. In addition, a recharging infrastructure is proposed which will allow for the batteries to be charged using mostly renewable energy sources such as solar power. Thus far, we have looked at the existing vehicle and the environment in which it operates, made a model of the vehicle in ADVISOR software, produced a prototype electric vehicle, and investigated recharging infrastructure requirements and designs. In particular, our proposed recharging infrastructure consists of a central recharging station which supplies distribution points with charged batteries. Since we aim to incorporate renewable energies in the infrastructure, we used HOMER software to design a feasible infrastructure system.
PLANT ANATOMY AS CONDITIONED BY LIGHT INTENSITY AND SOIL MOISTURE

The effect of physical factors on the structure of leaves has long been a popular subject for investigation. Most of the researches have been concerned with plants growing under field conditions, only a few having dealt with the effect of a given factor under controlled conditions. Furthermore, few of the studies on ecological plant anatomy have been concerned with the structure of roots and stems and few experimental data are available on those plant parts. An attempt has been made in the present investigation to determine the effects of varied light intensity and soil moisture on the structure of roots, stems, and leaves of selected species of plants. Isolation of a factor such as light intensity is difficult under field conditions since low air temperature and high relative humidity are usually associated with a low light intensity. However, it has been found possible to obtain a variation in light intensity without appreciably affecting either the air temperature or humidity by means of a specially constructed shade shelter. The leaf temperature is nevertheless affected, a difficulty thus far impossible to overcome. Modification of water content is more easily attained without greatly affecting other physical factors. It is to be noted, however, that the maintenance of an even distribution of water in a comparatively dry soil is very difficult. This is especially true since roots may absorb water in their immediate vicinity faster than the soil can supply water to them. An experiment in the summer of I926 dealing with the effect of light intensity was conducted in a clearing at the southeast corner of the " University Woods" near Urbana, Illinois. A later one was conducted in a garden in Urbana in the summer of I927. The preliminary soil moisture studies were made in the University of Illinois greenhousesin I926 and a more detailed investigation was carried on in a garden at Urbana in the summer of 1927.
Spatial distribution of PM2.5 associated organic compounds in central California

Abstract As part of the California Regional PM2.5/PM10 Air Quality Study, annual average concentrations of PM2.5 associated organic compounds were measured using filter samples collected every sixth day for 24 h for 1 year. During this time many central California sites had 24-h PM2.5 mass concentrations exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 65 μg m−3. The highest concentration of 175 μg m−3 was recorded in Fresno on January 1, 2001. Organic speciation of 20 sites within and near the central California valley provides a measure of the spatial differences of emission sources through the use of organic molecular markers. Additionally, it provides an opportunity evaluate their utility at ambient concentrations to measure the influence of emission sources at rural and urban locations. The most abundant particulate phase organic compounds identified were polar organic compounds. Sugar anhydrates, molecular markers of wood combustion, constituted the largest weight fraction of total carbon, followed by alkanoic acids, and alkanedioic acids. Local emission sources such as residential wood combustion, gasoline and diesel vehicles were distinguished by unique molecular markers and found to vary among the annual average sites. The annual average concentrations of individual organic species within compound classes were observed to be highly correlated for many of the central California sites. The two Fresno sites were highly correlated to each other especially with respect to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, but not well correlated to other sites.
Urban Interventionism and Local Knowledge

Not only do government interventions tend to compromise the knowledge-utilizing properties of the price system, they also impinge directly and in important ways on local knowledge, or Hayek's “knowledge of the particular circumstances of time and place.” This local knowledge includes norms and trust levels that promote impersonal market interactions and complement more familiar forms of production-related skills and know-how. Thus, along with the well-known Hayekian lesson that the effective use of local knowledge depends on an extensively used and well-functioning price system, it is equally important to appreciate the reverse: i.e., the role of certain kinds of local knowledge in enabling the extensive use and smooth functioning of the price system to occur. In this way, interventionism can diminish the price system's effectiveness not only by directly distorting relative prices, but also indirectly by undermining local knowledge. As is generally true of interventionism, these consequences tend to reinforce the interventionist propensities of public choosers.
Barriers to participation in kindergarten literacy instruction for a student with augmentative and alternative communication needs

Preliminary findings and implications from this study were presented at the 45th Annual Convention of the International Reading Association in Indianapolis, Indiana, April 30, 2000. The author would like to express sincere gratitude to the kindergarten teacher who cooperated with this study and willingly allowed the researcher unlimited access to her classroom. The author also thanks all the school personnel and students who made this study possible as well as the Purdue University AAC Group for their feedback during the course of this project. The author especially thanks Erna Alant, University of Pretoria, South Africa for her guidance in the organization of key sections of this manuscript. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spiral Notch Torsion Test Use for Determining Fracture Toughness of Structural Materials

Spiral Notch Torsion Fracture Toughness Test (SNTT) was developed recently to measure the intrinsic fracture toughness (KIC) of structural materials. The SNTT system operates by applying pure torsion to uniform cylindrical specimens with a notch line that spirals around the specimen at a 45° pitch. The KIC values are obtained with the aid of a three-dimensional finite-element computer code, TOR3D-KIC. The SNTT method is uniquely suitable for testing a wide variety of materials used extensively in pressure vessel and piping structural components and weldments, including others such as ceramics, their composites, graphite, concrete, and polymeric composites. The SNTT test results for some of these structural materials are demonstrated in this paper.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Robots and Smartphones for attracting students to engineering education

The field of Robotics has been around for over half a century. Historically robots have been mostly used for industrial manufacturing applications, although emerging areas in medical, space, security, military, entertainment, and service applications are gaining momentum in the recent years. In the academic community also there have been growing efforts at many K-12 schools to motivate students in STEM education through participation in robotics competitions. A well-known example in this regard is the FIRST, which organizes a number of regional and national robotic competitions. This paper presents a pre-college summer program in robotics and Smartphone programming that is developed for high school students with the goal of attracting them to the field of engineering. The program offers great opportunities for the participants to appreciate the practical value of their academic curriculum and at the same time develop their creativity, problem solving, communication, and team skills.
Image potential for stepped and corrugated surfaces

The classical image potential is derived for a nonplanar conducting surface. A general formulation is given for first-order deformations of an arbitrary shape. Detailed formulas are presented for a variety of rectangular step and terrace configurations including corrugations. It is shown that ions and electrons are always attracted to the elevated part of the surface. Potential-energy minima and hence bound states parallel to the surface can exist on a track or terrace. Classical trajectories are calculated in some special cases and compared to the plane conductor. The effects produced by these nonplanar surfaces on ion angular distributions are also discussed.
The Interface of Language Proficiency and Identity: A Profile Analysis of Bilingual Adolescents and Their Writing.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore how adolescent English language learners' (ELLs') language and literacy experiences impacted their identities as bilingual writers. Method Six stude...
Comparative water relations and temperature sensitivity of cockroaches

1. 1. Cuticular permeability (CP) and critical thermal maxima (CTM) were determined for ten cockroach species representing three families. 2. 2. The CP ranged from 53.7 μg/cm2/hr/mm Hg for Periplaneta americana to 14.3 for Leucophaea maderae. 3. 3. CTM values were between 51.4°C for Supella longipalpa and 47.6°C for L. maderae. 4. 4. Initial water content ranged from 62.7 to 71.8%, and was distinct for several species. Per cent of total body water lost as a function of time is presented as an alternative method of examining water loss. 5. 5. CP was generally related to habitat humidity whereas CTM was related to habitat temperature. There was no association between CP and CTM. 6. 6. CP was significantly greater in blattid species indicating reduced permeability may be an advanced derived character in the Blattellidae and Blaberidae. CTM does not appear to be associated with phylogeny.
Über die osmotischen Eigenschaften und die Entstehung der Befruchtungsmembran beim Seeigelei

1) Die Versuche der letzten Jahre haben gezeigt, dab der ProzeB, weleher der Membranbildung zugrunde liegt, als der Anstol~ zur Entwicklungserregung des Eies bei der Befruchtung angesehen werden muB 1). Es ist deshalb nStig, diesen ProzcB genauer zu untersuchen. Die Versuehe sind am Seeigelei angestellt, weil hier der ProzeB am leichtesten beobachtet werden kann. Wenn ein Spermatozoon in das Seeigelei eintritt, so umgibt sich das letztere mit einem Hole yon wasserklarem Inhalt, dessert 5uBere Grenze durch eine scharf markierte Membran gebildet wird. Den hellen Zwischcnraum zwisehen Ei and der Membran bezeiehnen wit als den Membran raum. Unter manehen Umst~nden finden wir in diesem Raum aaBer der wasserklaren Substanz einige stark lichtbrechende Ptinktchen. Die Frage entsteht: was ist die h'atur der wasserklaren Substanz, welche im Membranraume lieg't? Manche Autoren behaupten, dal~ es sieh um eine gclatinSse Masse handelt. Diese Ansicht wird abet durch die Tatsache widerlegt, daB, wenn die junge Blastula zu sehwimmen anfKngt, ehe die Mcmbran geplatzt ist, ihre Bewegung im Membranraum v511ig frei und ung'ehemmt erfolgt, gerade wie im Seewasser. Man kSnnte nun behaupten, dab um diese Zeit allerdings eine Verfltissigung der angeblich gelatinSsen Masse eingetreten sei, dal~ diese Masse abet ursprt~nglich lest ge-
DOWNWARD ELECTRON FLUX AT 1,000 KM ALTITUDE FROM ELECTRON CONTENT MEASUREMENT AT MID-LATITUDES,

IN a previous paper1, describing diurnal variation of ionospheric electron content during November–December, 1961, at mid-latitudes, we reported the existence of a secondary maximum of ionization content below 1,000 km altitude for a period shortly after midnight. The data used in that paper were based on measurements of maximum inflexion Doppler slopes of simultaneous signals using high elevation orbits of the multiple-frequency navigational satellite 1961 Omicron I. Great care was taken to include in the statistics only those orbits for which the propagation paths of the various involved frequencies were nearly identical, that is, close to the overhead position. This reduces the available results considerably but increases the confidence in the correctness of the evaluation which assumes identical straight-line propagation. It could be seen that the diurnal contour of the content had some oscillations which need not indicate the presence of actual diurnal behaviour. Since the variation is based on two months of results the contour could include seasonal effects.
A study of the need for color controls on color TV receivers in a color TV system operating perfectly

Color television pictures consist of black-and-white pictures to which color information is added in the form of "hue" and "saturation". A complete investigation of the need for controls to adjust "hue" and "saturation" (usually called chroma) therefore requires a careful study of possible errors in the whole color TV process from the original scene to the human brain. Even if all the vagaries of picture generation, transmission, and viewing were exactly controllable, it might be economical and desirable to provide such manual controls to compensate for small variations in the color TV process, thereby permitting wider tolerances in the many steps required to produce good color pictures.
Correlation of Visco-Elastic Properties with Microscopic Structure of Large Arteries IV. THERMAL RESPONSES OF COLLAGEN, ELASTIN, SMOOTH MUSCLE, AND INTACT ARTESRIES

The media of eight regions of the aorta and three of the pulmonary artery of dogs, as well as isolated elastin, collagen, and smooth muscle obtained from vascular and other sources, were subjected to a step-function circumferential stretch at a variety of temperatures between 0° and 70°C. The tension rose to a peak synchronously with the stretch and then fell along an essentially exponential course to a steady tension. Suitable use of the peak tension, the steady-state tension, and the time required to go from peak to steady state, supplied three temperature-dependent parameters (one viscous and two elastic) characteristic of the material. The two crystalline polymers, collagen and smooth muscle, had higher constants at low temperatures, and the amorphous polymer, elastin, had higher constants at high temperatures. Collagen differed from smooth muscle in its inertness to autonomic drugs and in its elastic modulus. Intact arteries stretched slightly (2% to 20%) in the presence of phenylephrine behaved like smooth muscle; arteries stretched more (20% to 70%) behaved like elastin. At both strain levels, the tensions developed were compatible with in vivo pressures. Arteries stretched even more (> 100%), to tensions compatible with pressures of 300 mm Hg, behaved like collagen.
Refractory degradation in glass tank melters. A survey of testing methods

The degradation of refractories used in the construction of glass melting furnaces, whether caused by the action of molten glass, vaporized melt constituents, products of fuel combustion, or by batch dusts and vapors, can normally only be assessed after a campaign when the furnace is partially or completely disassembled. Corrosion tests to predict degradation usually employs small specimens exposed to accelerated working conditions which might not be simulative. The current testing procedures are discussed in terms of advantages/disadvantages. Three different tests seem to be needed to simulate the critical processes occurring in glass tank melters: flux-line corrosion, throat corrosion and crown corrosion. A pilot-size laboratory testing facility is being built for simulating corrosion attack under different conditions.
A New Criterion for Optimal Parameter Identification

The synthesis of inputs for optimal parameter identification involves the optimization of a suitable criterion so that the identification experiment provides maximum information. A measure of the information content of an identification experiment is the information matrix (IM). Here, it is proven that for continuous deternministic systems linear in the unknown parameters the convergence rate is determined by the condition number of the IM. Based on this result, a new criterion is presented, the C-Optimality Criterion. With this formulation, the optimal input design (OID) for parameter identification is reduced to solving a nonlinear optimal control problem (NOCP). Solving the NOCP is one of the most time consuming tasks in the identification experiment. Therefore, it is evident that for the practical use of OID methods one needs to provide an efficient and simple algorithm for solving the optimization problem. However, a general analytic expression for the condition number does not exist. This implies that the cost function and its Jacobian matrix have to be evaluated numerically. A new analytic scalar cost function is proposed to measure the IM conditioning. However, the result of the NOCP is suboptimal, unless the solution has a condition number close to one. A simple example is presented to illustrate the theory and to show how optimal inputs improve the parameter convergence rate.
Improved perioperative and short-term outcomes of robotic versus conventional laparoscopic colorectal operations.

Abstract Background Robotic assistance may offer unique advantages over conventional laparoscopy in colorectal operations. Methods This prospective observational study compared operative measures and postoperative outcomes between laparoscopic and robotic abdominal and pelvic resections for benign and malignant disease. Results From 2005 through 2012, 200 (58%) laparoscopic and 144 (42%) robotic operations were performed by a single surgeon. After adjustment for differences in demographics and disease processes using propensity score matching, all laparoscopic operations had a significantly shorter operative time ( P P = .01); and laparoscopic right colectomies had a higher risk for overall complications ( P = .03) and postoperative ileus ( P = .04). There were no significant differences in the outcomes of pelvic operations ( P = .15). Conclusions Compared with conventional laparoscopy, some types of robotic-assisted colorectal operations may offer advantages regarding postoperative length of stay and perioperative complications.
THE ROLE OF URINARY POTASSIUM IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND DIAGNOSIS OF INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS

AbstractPurpose: We determined whether intravesical potassium absorption in normal bladders correlates with increased sensory urgency, and corroborated the hypothesis that mucus is important in the regulation of epithelial permeability. We compared sensory nerve provocative ability of sodium versus potassium, and determined whether intravesical potassium sensitivity discriminates patients with interstitial cystitis from normal subjects and those with other sensory disorders of the bladder.Materials and Methods: A total of 231 patients with interstitial cystitis and 41 normal subjects underwent intravesical challenge with 40 ml. water and then 40 ml. of 40 mEq./100 ml. potassium chloride. Subjective responses of urgency or pain stimulation were recorded on a scale of 0 to 5. In 19 normal subjects potassium absorption was measured at baseline, after injury of the bladder mucus with protamine, after heparin treatment to reverse mucus damage and then for a final time. These subjects simultaneously recorded th...
A sequence similar to tRNA 3 Lys gene is embedded in HIV-1 U3–R and promotes minus-strand transfer

We identified a sequence embedded in the U3-R region of HIV-1 RNA that is highly complementary to human tRNA(3)(Lys). The free energy of annealing to tRNA(3)(Lys) is significantly lower for this sequence and the primer-binding site than for other viral sequences of similar length. The only interruption in complementarity is a 29-nucleotide segment inserted where a tRNA intron would be expected. The insert contains the TATA box for viral RNA transcription. The embedded sequence includes a 9-nucleotide segment previously reported to aid minus-strand transfer by binding the primer tRNA(3)(Lys). Reconstituting transfer in vitro, we show that including segments from the embedded sequence in the acceptor template, beyond the 9 nucleotides, further increases transfer efficiency. We propose that a gene encoding tRNA(3)(Lys) was incorporated during HIV-1 evolution and retained, largely intact, because of its roles in transcription and strand transfer.
Simulating the impact of premixed charge compression ignition on light-duty diesel fuel economy and emissions of particulates and NOx

We report results from urban drive cycle simulations of a light-duty conventional vehicle and a similar hybrid electric vehicle, both of which are equipped with diesel engines capable of operating in either conventional diesel combustion mode or in premixed charge compression ignition mode. Both simulated vehicles include lean exhaust after-treatment trains for controlling hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and particulate matter emissions. Our results indicate that, in the simulated conventional vehicle, premixed charge compression ignition can significantly reduce fuel consumption and emissions by reducing the need for lean nitrogen oxide traps and diesel particulate filter regeneration. However, the opportunity for utilizing premixed charge compression ignition in the simulated hybrid electric vehicle is limited because the engine typically experiences higher loads and multiple stop–start transients that are outside the allowable premixed charge compression ignition operating range. This sug...
Energy considerations in multichip-module based multiprocessors

Multichip modules permit highly efficient implementation of tiled architectures. If the tiles are implemented in submicron CMOS, extremely highly computation rates can be achieved, but power dissipation becomes the principal factor limiting achievable levels of integration and performance. Some examples of tiled architectures are described. The feasibility and advantages of reduced voltage operation for reducing energy per operation in power constrained environments are discussed. >
Strategies for vectorizing the sparse matrix vector product on the CRAY XMP, CRAY 2, and CYBER 205

Large, randomly sparse matrix vector products are important in a number of applications in computational chemistry, such as matrix diagonalization and the solution of simultaneous equations. Vectorization of this process is considered for the CRAY XMP, CRAY 2, and CYBER 205, using a matrix of dimension of 20,000 with from 1 percent to 6 percent nonzeros. Efficient scatter/gather capabilities add coding flexibility and yield significant improvements in performance. For the CYBER 205, it is shown that minor changes in the IO can reduce the CPU time by a factor of 50. Similar changes in the CRAY codes make a far smaller improvement.
Evolution of the U.S. Energy Service Company Industry: Market Size and Project Performance from 1990-2008

LBNL-XXXX E RNEST O RLANDO L AWRENCE B ERKELEY N ATIONAL L ABORATORY Evolution of the U.S. Energy Service Company Industry: Market Size and Project Performance from 1990-2008 Peter H. Larsen, Charles A. Goldman and Andrew Satchwell Environmental Energy Technologies Division May 2012 Pre-print of article submitted for publication to Energy Policy The work described in this report was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Weatherization and Intergovernmental Program and the Permitting, Siting and Analysis Division of the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
Isolation and Characterization of Homogentisate Phytyltransferase Genes from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Arabidopsis

Tocopherols, synthesized by photosynthetic organisms, are micronutrients with antioxidant properties that play important roles in animal and human nutrition. Because of these health benefits, there is considerable interest in identifying the genes involved in tocopherol biosynthesis to allow transgenic alteration of both tocopherol levels and composition in agricultural crops. Tocopherols are generated from the condensation of phytyldiphosphate and homogentisic acid (HGA), followed by cyclization and methylation reactions. Homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT) performs the first committed step in this pathway, the phytylation of HGA. In this study, bioinformatics techniques were used to identify candidate genes, slr1736 and HPT1, that encode HPT from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Arabidopsis, respectively. These two genes encode putative membrane-bound proteins, and contain amino acid residues highly conserved with other prenyltransferases of the aromatic type. A Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 slr1736 null mutant obtained by insertional inactivation did not accumulate tocopherols, and was rescued by the Arabidopsis HPT1 ortholog. The membrane fraction of wild-type Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was capable of catalyzing the phytylation of HGA, whereas the membrane fraction from the slr1736 null mutant was not. The microsomal membrane fraction of baculovirus-infected insect cells expressing the Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 slr1736 were also able to perform the phytylation reaction, verifying HPT activity of the protein encoded by this gene. In addition, evidence that antisense expression of HPT1 in Arabidopsis resulted in reduced seed tocopherol levels, whereas seed-specific sense expression resulted in increased seed tocopherol levels, is presented.
Three-dimensional xenograft model of dysplastic human laryngeal mucosa

Objective: Development of new therapeutic interventions in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) will be facilitated by a model system that incorporates the ease of manipulation found in current tissue culture systems while retaining the three dimensional architecture that defines these malignancies. Study Design: Original scientific investigation. Methods: We describe a modification of a normal respiratory mucosa model system which recreates premalignant mucosal histology. Grossly normal appearing human mucosa is harvested from laryngectomy specimens, the mucosal epithelium selectively removed by protease treatment and placed in conventional tissue culture. After 7 days, the cells are seeded into denuded rat tracheas, which are in turn implanted in flank pockets of athymic nu/nu mice. The tracheas are incubated for three weeks, removed and the mucosa examined histologically. Results: As originally described, normal pseudostratified squamous epithelium can be re-established in this system.10 Using human dysplastic mucosa as a starting material, mucosal histologies of respiratory dysplasia, squamous metaplasia, squamous dysplasia and squamous carcinoma in situ can be established. Conclusion: This system will provide a paradigm for future therapeutic interventions to modify the progression of squamous metaplasia to dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Key Words: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, xenograft model, dysplasia.
Intrinsic disorder within an AKAP-protein kinase A complex guides local substrate phosphorylation

Anchoring proteins sequester kinases with their substrates to locally disseminate intracellular signals and avert indiscriminate transmission of these responses throughout the cell. Mechanistic understanding of this process is hampered by limited structural information on these macromolecular complexes. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) spatially constrain phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinases (PKA). Electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstructions of type-II PKA-AKAP18γ complexes reveal hetero-pentameric assemblies that adopt a range of flexible tripartite configurations. Intrinsically disordered regions within each PKA regulatory subunit impart the molecular plasticity that affords an ∼16 nanometer radius of motion to the associated catalytic subunits. Manipulating flexibility within the PKA holoenzyme augmented basal and cAMP responsive phosphorylation of AKAP-associated substrates. Cell-based analyses suggest that the catalytic subunit remains within type-II PKA-AKAP18γ complexes upon cAMP elevation. We propose that the dynamic movement of kinase sub-structures, in concert with the static AKAP-regulatory subunit interface, generates a solid-state signaling microenvironment for substrate phosphorylation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01319.001.
Hauerwasian Christian Legal Theory

This Essay, which was written for a Law and Contemporary Problems symposium on Stanley Hauerwas, tries to develop an account of public engagement in Hauerwas’ theology. The Essay distinguishes between two kinds of public engagement, “prophetic” and “participatory.” Christian engagement is prophetic when it criticizes or condemns the state, often by urging the state to honor or alter its true principles. In participatory engagement, by contrast, the church intervenes more directly in the political process, as when it works with lawmakers or mobilizes grass roots action. Prophetic engagement is often one-off; participatory engagement is more sustained. Because they worry intensely about the integrity of the church, Hauerwasians are more comfortable with prophetic engagement than the participatory alternative, a tendency the Essay calls the “prophetic temptation.” Hauerwasians also struggle to explain what can or should participatory engagement look like. After first comparing Hauerwas’s understanding of Jesus’s Sermon on the Mount with that of his two twentieth century predecessors, Walter Rauschenbusch and Reinhold Neibuhr, the Essay turns to Hauerwasian public engagement and the prophetic temptation. The Essay then considers the implications of Hauerwas’s theology for three very different social issues, the Civil Rights Movement, abortion, and debt and bankruptcy.
Simulation and modeling of hot carrier degradation of cascoded NMOS transistors for power management applications

We use a lateral scaling methodology based on the bond-dispersion model to develop a generalized hot carrier degradation model for cascoded NMOS transistors in power management applications. Spatial profiling of interface traps (N IT ) based on charge pumping measurements is used to identify damage regions responsible for V T and I DLIN degradation and to explain their time dependencies.
On line bin packing with items of random size

Consider an i.i.d. sequence of random variables X1, ', Xn distributed according to a given distribution µ on [0, 1]. Let cµ be the asymptotic optimal packing ratio, i.e., cµ = limnâ∞ETn/n, where Tn is the minimum number of unit size bins needed to pack X1, ', Xn. We prove the existence of an on line algorithm, dependent on µ, that packs X1, ', Xn in ncµ + On1/2log n3/4 bins.
A micromachined sensor for in-situ polymer buildup monitoring in reactive ion etching systems

This paper reports a micromachined sensor for the direct measurement of polymer buildup in reactive ion etching systems. The sensor is based on an electrothermal oscillator that measures mass change as polymer builds up on a stress-compensated dielectric window containing metal film heating and sensing resistors. The device operates with a typical cooling time of 2.7 msec and has a measurement resolution of <1 nm. The dielectric windows are 0.5 mm on a side; the overall die size is 3.5 mm/spl times/7.5mm. A chevron-based support structure allows the device to be held in wafer form after micromachining for testing and high-yield die separation. The device is flush-mounted in the chamber wall and is protected by a thin film of iridium against damage by the plasma.
Responses of some North American CAM plants to freezing temperatures and doubled CO2concentrations: implications of global climate change for extending cultivation

Abstract Environmental influences on the cultivation of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, which are especially well adapted to arid regions with limited rainfall, were evaluated with respect to two aspects of global climate change. Cellular uptake of a vital stain, which occurs in living cells only, was halved at −6 ± 1°C for the cultivated CAM species Agave salmiana , Opuntia ficus-indica and Stenocereus queretaroensis growing at day/night air temperatures of 30°C/20°C compared with −12°C for the wild species Opuntia humifusa . When plants were grown at reduced temperatures of 10°C/0°C, stain uptake was halved at about −8°C for the cultivated species but at −24°C for O. humifusa . The greater low-temperature sensitivity and the lesser low-temperature acclimation of the cultivated species severely limit the regions where they can presently be grown, but such regions will expand as air temperatures rise accompanying global climate change. When the atmospheric CO 2 concentration was doubled from the current ambient value of 360 μmol mol −1 to 720 μmol mol −1 , net CO 2 uptake over 24-h periods increased 36% for A. salmiana and S. queretaroensis ; about one-third of the increase resulted from higher net CO 2 uptake rates in the last 4 h of daytime and two-thirds from higher rates during the first 8 h of the night. The doubled atmospheric CO 2 concentration predicted to occur before the end of the twenty-first century will increase CO 2 uptake and hence biomass productivity of such CAM species, further expanding the regions where they may be profitably cultivated.
A functioning computer network for higher education in North Carolina

Currently there is a great deal of talk concerning computer networks. There is so much such talk that the solid achievements in the area sometimes tend to be overlooked. It should be clearly understood then, that this paper deals primarily with achievements. Only the last section, which is clearly labeled, deals with plans for the future.
Salter Innominate Osteotomy

The patient was taken to the Operating Room and after adequate general anesthesia. The involved hip was elevated off of the operating table by placing a (rolled bath blanket, sand bag, or IV bag) underneath the back. The opposite leg and peroneal nerve are protected by foam padding. The entire extremity from the toes to the groin up to the nipple line on the involved side are prepped and draped free in the usual sterile manner. A “bikini” incision is made just below the iliac crest region, extending 3.5 cm proximal to the anterosuperior spine and 1.5 cm distally. Dissection is carried down to the subcutaneous tissues down to the anterosuperior spine.
The Medial Temporal Lobe and Recognition Memory

The ability to recognize a previously experienced stimulus is supported by two processes: recollection of the stimulus in the context of other information associated with the experience, and a sense of familiarity with the features of the stimulus. Although familiarity and recollection are functionally distinct, there is considerable debate about how these kinds of memory are supported by regions in the medial temporal lobes (MTL). Here, we review evidence for the distinction between recollection and familiarity and then consider the evidence regarding the neural mechanisms of these processes. Evidence from neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological studies of humans, monkeys, and rats indicates that different subregions of the MTL make distinct contributions to recollection and familiarity. The data suggest that the hippocampus is critical for recollection but not familiarity. The parahippocampal cortex also contributes to recollection, possibly via the representation and retrieval of contextual (especially spatial) information, whereas perirhinal cortex contributes to and is necessary for familiarity-based recognition. The findings are consistent with an anatomically guided hypothesis about the functional organization of the MTL and suggest mechanisms by which the anatomical components of the MTL interact to support the phenomenology of recollection and familiarity.
Oxidation of CO on Pd Particles on α-Al2O3: Reverse Spillover

Abstract For a reactant ratio close to unity, the turnover rate v t of the catalytic reaction between CO and O 2 on Pd increases with temperature T until a maximum is reached at T max , then decreases. With model catalysts consisting of Pd clusters of size d and number density n evaporated onto a single crystal support of α-Al 2 O 3 , it has been reported previously that, above T max , v t at ∼10 −6 mbar varies with T, d, and n because of reverse spillover of CO striking the Al 2 O 3 surface, diffusing on it, and reaching the Pd cluster. In this paper, we report similar phenomena below T max . Thus, reverse spillover of CO is important for CO oxidation on Pd at low pressure in two different kinetic regimes.
The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target

Crosstalk between inflammatory pathways and neurocircuits in the brain can lead to behavioural responses, such as avoidance and alarm, that are likely to have provided early humans with an evolutionary advantage in their interactions with pathogens and predators. However, in modern times, such interactions between inflammation and the brain appear to drive the development of depression and may contribute to non-responsiveness to current antidepressant therapies. Recent data have elucidated the mechanisms by which the innate and adaptive immune systems interact with neurotransmitters and neurocircuits to influence the risk for depression. Here, we detail our current understanding of these pathways and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the immune system to treat depression.
Automatic segmentation of left ventricle myocardium volume-of-interest from cardiac PET images

2039 Objectives We have developed a cardiac partial volume compensation method for PET images that uses volume-of-interest (VOI) maps defined from co-registered contrast-enhanced CT images. Because contrast-enhanced CT images are not available for every patient, it is desirable to find methods that can define the myocardium VOI map directly from PET images. The objective was to evaluate the ability of several automatic segmentation methods to delineate the left ventricle from PET images. Methods Four automatic segmentation algorithms were investigated: automatic iterative thresholding, region growing, C-fuzzy clustering and level sets. The methods were applied to PET images simulated using the XCAT phantom and Monte Carlo simulations.Both low noise images and images with clinically realistic noise levels were investigated. Noisy images were smoothed using a Butterworth filter with an order of 8 and a cut-off frequency of 0.1 pixel-1 before segmentation. To evaluate the accuracy of each segmentation algorithm, the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) was computed to quantify the similarity between the delineated LV VOI and ground truth. Results For noise-free images, DSC values were 0.7411, 0.7793, 0.7594 and 0.7916 for the LV VOI segmented using thresholding, region growing, C-fuzzy clustering, and level set methods, respectively. For noisy images, segmentation was less accurate than for noise-free segmentation using the same parameters. The DSC values were reduced to 0.6621, 0.6403, 0.5851 and 0.7607, correspondingly. Among the four methods investigated, the level set method had the highest DSC value without noise and the smallest reduction in DSC value due to noise, indicating it is more robust to noise. Conclusions Four automatic segmentation algorithms were investigated for segmenting the LV from PET images. Among the methods investigated, a level set method was more robust to noise and gave the highest DSC value. Further optimization of segmentation parameters is needed to further improve accuracy. We will further evaluate the segmentation algorithms by applying the results to PVC.
DEVELOPMENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE ISOZYMES IN THE CHICK EMBRYO.

SummaryIt was observed that 6 LDH isozymes were present in chick embryonic organs. Five of these isozymes occurred in developing liver while the 6th type was one of 3 isozymes found in brain and spleen. Brain and spleen exhibited only slight changes in isozyme content during maturation while more extensive changes occurred in liver. The demonstration of LDH isozymes of liver transplanted to the chorioallantoic membrane revealed that there was a reduction in the number of isozymes suggestive of a return to a less differentiated state.
'Hand in Glove' and the Development of The Smiths' Sound

The Smiths are one of the most commercially successful and influential bands to emerge from the British post-punk movement in the 1980s. Along with elements such as lyrics, harmony, and musical form, a key component of The Smiths’ distinctive musical style involves their sound and, in particular, their sound as represented on studio recordings. Drawing upon the work and insights of scholars such as Albin Zak, Allan F. Moore and Ruth Dockwray, this paper details the complex recording history of the band’s first single ‘Hand in Glove’ in an attempt to trace the development of The Smiths’ unique recorded sound.
Corprate Responsibility and Punishment

Corporate1 wrongdoing abounds, whether it is the Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal, India which killed thousands of people and harmed thousands of others, the ruination of the Amazon rainforest by global corporate, political and other interests, or whether it is the Exxon oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska which permanently and adversely effected that environment as well as the economic viability of local companies (and workers) the successes of which (and whom) are contingent on the condition of that environment. Many ask just who and/or what is morally responsible (liable) for these and other untoward events or states of affairs of similar magnitude, demanding that those guilty of such wrongs be punished.
Uterine Mesenchymal Tumors

Uterine mesenchymal neoplasms are generally divided into smooth muscle tumors, endometrial stromal tumors, perivascular epithelioid cell tumors, and other mesenchymal tumors of both homologous and heterologous tissue types. In addition, tumors with mixed epithelial and mesenchymal components are also included in this chapter. While benign leiomyomas are very common, uterine leiomyosarcoma and endometrial stromal tumors are rare, frequently unexpected lesions at the time of frozen section. The primary function of intraoperative consultation of uterine mesenchymal lesions in a hysterectomy specimen is to rule out malignancy. Careful gross inspection with attention to tumor border infiltration, color, and texture is crucial for adequate sampling of a uterine mesenchymal neoplasm for frozen section evaluation.
Test-set reordering for improving diagnosability

Precise and accurate logic diagnosis for integrated circuits enables fast analysis of defect locations and their corresponding behaviors that leads to valuable feedback for achieving fast yield ramp-up. However during large-volume production, limited tester time or memory restrict the amount of data that can be recorded for each failing chip, thus making diagnosis more difficult. To help mitigate this challenge, a test-reordering method is developed to improve diagnosability for chips that fail scan-based logic testing. Experiment results show that the number of failing chips with perfect diagnostic resolution is increased by 10.6% and 5.1%, respectively, for two industrial designs after tests are reordered using the method described in this work.
Writing Lockdowns: A Path to Mindful Writing

As is often said, lawyers are writers. Thus, good writing is critical for success in the law. Yet even the best writers sometimes struggle. The writing process may include peaks and valleys, starting out in the “forest of delusions of grandeur,” and then traveling into “crippling insecurity-ville.” Along the way, procrastination and writer’s block may contribute to feelings of being overwhelmed when writing efforts stall and deadlines loom. Layer on the fast-paced digital world of constant multi-tasking and hyperconnectivity to e-mail, social media, and text-messaging, and writers can be left feeling distracted and frazzled while their focus decreases and their stress rises. Now more than ever, writers need to find ways to practice mindful writing. Mindful writing means focusing on the task at hand, not dwelling on past writing projects or worrying about future ones. It may seem simple enough, but it isn’t easy. Being a mindful writer, focused on the present, is a skill that can be learned with practice, and it pays big dividends in the legal profession.
Sex differences in behavioral strategies: avoiding interpretational pitfalls

Despite ample evidence for sex differences in brain structure and function, our understanding of the neurobiological basis of behavior comes almost exclusively from male animals. As neuroscientists move to comply with recent NIH mandates that biomedical researchers include both sexes in their studies, the ways we interpret outcomes in classic rodent behavioral models deserve closer scrutiny and more nuanced evaluation. In this mini-review, we highlight recent sex differences papers in learning, decision-making, and spatial navigation paradigms that underscore the distinctions between cognitive capabilities versus behavioral strategies that may confer unique benefits to males and females.