cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New genera and species of ericaceae (Vaccinieae) from Costa Rica and Panama

Two new monotypic genera,Didonica andUtleya, are described, withD. pendula from Panama andU. costaricensis from Costa Rica.Disterigma trimera (Panama),D. utleyorum (Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador),Lateropora santafeensis (Panama),Lysiclesia panamensis (Panama),Macleania talamancensis (Costa Rica),Themistoclesia costaricensis (Costa Rica) andT. horquetensis (Panama),Vaccinium costaricense andV. orosiense (both from Costa Rica) and V.jefense (Panama) are all described as new. New combinations are provided for the PanamanianVaccinium floccosum (=Symphysia floccosa) and the West IndianVaccinium racemosum (=Symphysia racemosa). Keys are provided for the Central American species ofDisterigma andThemistoclesia, the species ofLateropora andLysiclesia, and the Costa Rican and Panamanian species ofVaccinium. Six new species are illustrated.
B7 Costimulation Molecules Expressed from the Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Genome Rescue Immune Induction in B7-Deficient Mice

The interaction between B7 costimulation molecules on antigen-presenting cells and CD28 on antigen-responsive T cells is essential for T-cell activation and maturation of immune responses to herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Vaccine-induced immune responses also depend upon adequate upregulation of B7 costimulation molecules, but this signal may be limiting for replication-defective virus vaccines. We investigated whether expression of B7 costimulation molecules by a prototypical replication-defective antiviral vaccine could enhance immune responses to the vaccine and whether B7-1 and B7-2 would be similarly effective. We altered an ICP8− replication-defective strain of HSV type 2 (HSV-2), 5BlacZ, to encode either murine B7-1 or B7-2. B7 molecule expression was detected on the surface of cells infected in vitro and at the RNA level in tissue of immunized mice. Immunization of B7-1/B7-2 knockout mice with B7-encoding virus modestly expanded the number of gamma interferon-producing T cells and significantly augmented class-switched HSV-specific antibody responses compared with the parental virus. Mice immunized with either B7-expressing virus showed less replication of challenge virus in the genital mucosa than mice immunized with 5BlacZ, markedly fewer signs of genital and neurological disease, and little weight loss. Virtually all mice immunized with B7-encoding virus survived challenge with a large dose of HSV-2, whereas most 5BlacZ-immunized mice succumbed to infection. These results indicate that protective immune responses can be enhanced by the inclusion of host B7 costimulation molecules in a prototypical replication-defective HSV vaccine against HSV-2 genital infection and that B7-1 and B7-2 induce immune responses with similar capacities to fight HSV-2 infection.
The Dyslexia Simulation: Impact and Implications

Many students with reading difficulties have a specific learning disability called dyslexia, which is neurobiological in origin and characterized by problems with spelling, decoding, and accurate/fluent word identification, negatively impacting vocabulary growth and comprehension. Consequently, the role of the insightful teacher is critical in working with students with dyslexia. Often, however, well-meaning teachers do not recognize dyslexia and have limited understanding of its symptoms. In an effort to facilitate awareness for teachers and teacher candidates, the authors regularly conduct a dyslexia simulation based on Put Yourself in the Shoes of a Dyslexic (Northern California Branch of the International Dyslexia Association, 1989) for university students. Collecting three years of surveys administered to both undergraduate and graduate education students, this article explores the themes that overwhelmingly indicate the positive impact the dyslexia simulation has on the participants.
Major depressive disorder in adolescence: the role of subthreshold symptoms.

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the longitudinal association between individual subthreshold symptoms and onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescence. Method: Data for analysis come from the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project, a prospective epidemiological study of psychological disorders among adolescents, ages 14 to 18 years, from the general community. A total of 1,709 adolescents completed the initial diagnostic assessments between 1987 and 1989 (T1) and approximately 1 year later (T2), 1,507 adolescents returned for readministration of assessments (88% response). Results: After controlling for history of depression and gender, seven of the nine DSM-III-R symptoms of depression predicted MDD incidence when tested in separate models. Endorsement of each symptom at T1 increased the likelihood of MDD incidence between T1 and T2. A summary model that included the seven DSM-III-R symptoms as predictors was significant, with sad mood contributing unique variance to the prediction of MDD onset (odds ratio = 2.01). Conclusions: These findings suggest that much of the variance is shared among symptom predictors and the co-occurrence of symptoms is what constitutes the greatest risk. Moreover, the presence of sad mood contributes additional unique variance to prediction and supports the centrality of depressed mood to MDD.
PROPANOL DROPLET FLAMMABILITY AND COMBUSTION IN AIR-DILUENT ENVIRONMENTS UNDER NORMAL AND REDUCED GRAVITY

Abstract Reduced gravity and normal gravity combustion experiments were performed with individual fiber-supported propanol droplets with initial diameters that were typically in the 1.2 to 1.3 mm range. The environment was composed of an air-inert mixture at 0.1 MPa and about 298 K, where helium, carbon dioxide and xenon were separately used as inerts. In the experiments, the amount of inert gas in the environment was progressively increased until droplets could no longer be ignited. Droplet ignitability depended on the gravitational level as well as the inert gas in the environment. In general, the amount of inert gas required to suppress combustion was higher in reduced gravity than normal gravity. Use of xenon required significantly higher mole fractions for suppression of combustion relative to helium or carbon dioxide. Increasing the amount of inert gas generally decreased burning rates and increased flame standoff ratios. The data indicate that ambient gas transport properties play an important role...
Calliobothrium schneiderae n. sp. (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from the Spotted Estuary Smooth-Hound Shark, Mustelus lenticulatus, from New Zealand

Abstract New collections of tapeworms from the spiral intestine of the spotted estuary smooth-hound shark, Mustelus lenticulatus, in New Zealand led to the discovery of a species that appeared to be conspecific with specimens identified by Alexander (1963) as Calliobothrium eschrichti. Study of these newly collected specimens and some of Alexander's voucher material indicated that the species is new to science. Of the 15 described species in this genus, Calliobothrium schneiderae n. sp. differs from all but Calliobothrium barbarae, C. eschrichti, Calliobothrium leuckarti, and Calliobothrium hayhowi in that it is a small-bodied species that is nonlaciniate and lacks an accessory piece between the bases of its axial hooks. It differs from C. barbarae in testis number, total length, number of proglottids, and ovary shape, and differs from C. eschrichti in total length and vitelline follicle distribution. The new species also differs from C. leuckarti in total length and number of testes. It most closely rese...
THYROID HYPOCALCEMIC PRINCIPLE AND RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE INJURY AS FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESPONSE TO PARATHYROIDECTOMY IN RATS.

The extent and time course of the hypocalcemia developing in calcium-depleted young male rats during the first 5 hr after parathyroidectomy were found to differ considerably, depending on which one of 3 methods of parathyroidectomy was used. One hr after the operation the serum calcium of thyroparathyroidectomized rats was higher than that of rats parathyroidectomized alone, whether by excision or hot-wire cautery. By the fifth hr, the serum calcium of rats parathyroidectomized by cautery had fallen much lower, that of rats parathyroidectomized by excision had changed very little, and that of thyroparathyroidectomized rats had decreased, but only to the level of the rats parathyroidectomized by excision. It was found that cutting, stretching or burning the recurrent laryngeal nerves resulted in respiratory difficulty and retarded the fall in serum calcium after parathyroidectomy—results similar to those produced by thyroparathyroidectomy. It was concluded that trauma to these nerves, which is unavoidable ...
Measuring Religious Commitment Among Catholics and Protestants: A New Approach

Researchers using sur-vey data to study religious commitment often create additive indices in which respondents r-eceive a "point" on the scale for each behavior in which they engage, implicitly assuming that each activity is equally nor-mative in each religious tradition. This has led some scholars to suggest that these scales can be "biased" in favor of evangelicals. In this paper, we introduce a unique series of survey questions asking respondents how important various activities are "for people of your religion." We use these new measur-es to generate tradition-specific weights for each component of a religious commitment scale according to the activity's perceived importance. We then present a method for constructing scales when such "importance" items are not available, using the frequency of behavior within each religious tradition as a surrogate for importance. We find that constructing religious commitment scales that take into account the normative differences across religious traditions produces statistically significant differences in the levels of commitment by religious tradition, especially among Roman Catholics. However, the substantive significance is less evident. When various measures of religious commitment are included as independent variables in multivariate models of political attitudes, their peiformance is remarkably similar. It appears that the standar-d additive indices of religious commitment commonlv utilized by scholar-s of r-eligion and politics are adequate for most analyses of social and political attitudes.
Atrial fibrillation: from ion channels to bedside treatment options

Atrial fibrillation is now the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice. Recent understanding of the abnormalities in ion flow that underlie atrial fibrillation has led to the search for new treatment options with improved efficacy and tolerability. The purpose of this article is to review the role of ion channels in the development of atrial fibrillation and discuss the nature of their inhibition by investigational antiarrhythmic agents. Novel treatments include the benzofuran derivative dronedarone, atrial-selective compounds (eg, vernakalant), multichannel blocking agents (eg, tedisamil), and gap junction modifiers (eg, rotigaptide). Targeted antiarrhythmic therapies have the potential to provide safer and more effective management options for patients with atrial fibrillation.
Cervical spinal subdural hematoma.

We report a case of intraspinal subdural hematoma following trauma—a rare entity—with a review of the literature. The location of the hematoma in the cervical spine as described in this report is even more uncommon and was reported only once before. The pathophysiology of this entity is discussed, and the myelographic features are emphasized to facilitate the preoperative diagnosis.
Regulating Product Risks Through Consumer Information

Information provision, the favored means of consumer protection in the United States at least since 1906, is an attractive public policy for two primary reasons: (a) information provision allows more choice in the marketplace than does direct regulation, and (b) it is less costly both for the regulators and the regulated. Unfortunately, information policies have unconsidered side effects. First, their effectiveness rests on assumptions that people will read labels, understand them, and act on them. These assumptions are called into question by a wide range of experimental and field data. Second, information policies are generally regressive in impact. Consumers with fewer monetary resources typically also have fewer of the kinds of resources needed to understand and use information. Short-term solutions include applying results of research to label design, especially using symbols along with words to aid nonreaders of English. Longer term solutions include widespread consumer education concerning labels and product risks as well as decreasing the inequalities among U.S. citizens that contribute to their different abilities to utilize product information.
Experimental optimization of beam quality extracted from a duoplasmatron proton ion source.

The LANSCE accelerator facility operates with two independent ion injectors for H+ and H− particle beams. The H+ ion beam is formed using a duoplasmatron source followed by a 750 keV Cockroft-Walton accelerating column. Formation of an optimal plasma meniscus is an important feature for minimizing beam emittance, and maximizing beam brightness. A series of experiments were performed to find the optimal combination of extraction voltage and extracted current for the H+ beam. Measurements yielded the best ratio of beam perveance to Child–Langmuir perveance of 0.52 for maximizing beam brightness.
Incrementalization procedure for elasto-plastic constitutive model with multiple, intersecting yield surfaces

Constitutive models for description of the non-linear stress-strain behaviour of engineering materials are often developed and presented in forms which cannot be employed directly in non-linear matrix computer analysis codes. Presented herein is a procedure for developing the incremental stiffness matrix for an elasto-plastic material model with multiple, intersecting yield surfaces. Associated or non-associated flow may occur on the individual yield surfaces. The material stiffness matrix is non-symmetric if non-associated flow occurs on any one of the yield surfaces. In order to illustrate the matrix forms which are generated, the case of a recently developed model with two yield surfaces is presented in detail. This model involves associated flow on one and non-associated flow on the other yield surface.
Effects of transplanted pituitary tumors on host pituitary prolactin secretion.

SummaryThe effects of transplanted “mammosomatotropic” pituitary tumors (MtTW5, or MtTW15) were determined on hypothalamic PIF content and pituitary prolactin concentration in host adrenalectomized-ovariectomized rats. The high concentration of prolactin in the blood of the tumor bearing rats significantly increased hypothalamic PIF content and reduced pituitary prolactin concentration and pituitary weight. This constitutes the first evidence that high prolactin in the blood can increase production of hypothalamic PIF, and presumably thereby depress pituitary prolactin secretion.
Expression and characterization of recombinant soluble porcine CD3 ectodomain molecules: mapping the epitope of an anti-porcine CD3 monoclonal antibody 898H2-6-15.

The porcine CD3 specific monoclonal antibody 898H2-6-15 has been used in allo- and xeno-transplantation studies as a porcine CD3 marker and as an effective T cell depletion reagent when conjugated to the diphtheria toxin mutant, CRM9. A recombinant anti-porcine CD3 immuntoxin was recently developed using single-chain variable fragments (scFv) derived from 898H2-6-15. In this study, using published sequence data, we have expressed the porcine CD3 ectodomain molecules in E. coli through inclusion body isolation and in vitro refolding approach. The expressed and refolded porcine CD3 ectodomain molecules include CD3e, CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3eγ heterodimer, CD3eδ heterodimer, CD3eγ single-chain fusion protein and CD3eδ single-chain fusion protein. These refolded porcine CD3 ectodomain molecules were purified with a strong anion exchange resin Poros 50HQ. ELISA analysis demonstrated that only the porcine CD3eγ ectodomain single-chain fusion protein can bind to the porcine CD3 specific monoclonal antibody 898H2-6-15. The availability of this porcine CD3eγ ectodomain single-chain fusion protein will allow screening for affinity matured variants of scFv derived from 898H2-6-15 to improve the recombinant anti-porcine CD3 immunotoxin. Porcine CD3eγ ectodomain single-chain fusion protein will also be a very useful reagent to study the soluble phase interaction between porcine CD3eγ and porcine CD3 antibodies such as 898H2-6-15.
Genetic characterization of an antigenic subtype of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus.

A 1983 human Mississippi isolate of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (EEEV), recently identified as an antigenic subtype of the North American variety, was genetically characterized using oligonucleotide fingerprinting and sequencing of viral RNA. This strain was found to be very closely related to other North American EEEV isolates from the same time period. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that this subtype belongs to a single EEEV lineage in North America. Two amino acid substitutions in the E 2 envelope glycoprotein, not seen in eight other isolates sequenced, probably contributed to the antigenic difference with respect to other EEEV strains. These substitutions include threonine for lysine at position 71, resulting in the addition of a potential N-linked glycosylation site, and lysine for glutamic acid at position 147.
The application of the ecotone concept in defining nutrient management requirements for the upper Potomac River basin

The utility of the ecotone concept in nutrient management studies of the Potomac River basin, a large USA watershed, is examined. The MAB hypothesis suggesting that ‘the influence of an ecotone or adjacent system is proportional to the length and scope of the interfaces’ (Naiman et al., 1989) is the major focus of this paper.
Grid impacts and mitigation measures for increased PV penetration levels using advanced PV inverter regulation

As part of the Renewable Systems Interconnection (RSI), exploring the impact of high levels of PV penetration on standard utility system planning methodologies is critical. In this paper, in order to evaluate the potential impacts on representative distribution feeders for a south-eastern utility that is facing the interconnection of increasing levels of Photovoltaic (PV) generation; detailed steady-state and dynamic modeling and simulation of the integrated systems are performed. The study was conducted on two representative feeders: an almost exclusively residential feeder, and a predominantly rural feeder. Multiple PV penetration levels based on Spring loading were considered: 33.3% and 75% of total feeder loading, and 75% of total connected capacity as extreme case. Steady-state and dynamic analyses were performed. Procedures used to evaluate these impacts and results and observations are discussed. Moreover, possible impact mitigation strategies and evaluation of PV inverter controllers for mitigating the negative impacts are assessed.
Surface impedance of a spatially dispersive medium

Abstract The surface impedance for non-normal specular reflection from a spatially dispersive medium is calculated using the additional boundary condition of vanishing polarization at the surface. There is no dependence on the longitudinal dielectric constant for either polarization directions of the electric field in contrast to the formula derived by Kliewer and Fuchs.
Severe influenza and S. aureus pneumonia: for whom the bell tolls?

Influenza virus is a small virus with a negative stranded segmented RNA genome that causes infections of the respiratory tract in many species, commonly known as “the flu”.1 The clinical spectrum o...
Analysis and test of electromigration failures in FPGAs

With the scaling of submicron device dimensions, the current density and the temperature of interconnects have increased many folds leading to component failure due to electromigration. This paper analyzes the effect of electromigration failures in the interconnect of SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The Mean Time to Failure (MTF) of interconnects is calculated for different benchmark circuits and the variation of current density with MTF is observed. A frequency domain Built-in-Self Test (BIST) scheme is proposed which employs Arithmetic Fourier Transform (AFT) to obtain the spectrum of control sequences to detect weak logic signals.
Who Joins Teach For America and Why? Insights Into the “Typical” Recruit in an Urban School District

Building upon previous research on how personal and demographic characteristics of teachers are correlated with larger issues in teacher recruitment and retention, this study contributes unique ins...
Familial systematized epidermal nevus syndrome.

Epidermal nevi are typically congenital but rarely familial. We report on a family in which 3 relatives have systematized epidermal nevi. The propositus also has evidence of a hemangioma and a hemangioendothelioma. Peripheral blood and skin fibroblast karyotypes of the propositus did not show evidence of mosaicism. Epidermal nevi have been associated with nondermatologic pathology, involving the nervous, vascular, and skeletal systems in sporadic cases. This report demonstrates that nondermatologic pathology can be also be associated with systematized epidermal nevi in a familial setting. The apparent skipping of generations may be explained by autosomal dominant inheritance with decreased penetrance. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The distribution of bidegrees of smooth surfaces in Gr(1, P3)

The study of algebraic surfaces in Gr (1, p3), the Grassmann variety parametrising lines in projective three-space, was a popular one for algebraic geometers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Calling them line congruences, researchers such as Kummer, Fano, Roth and many others published many papers on the topic, classifying congruences and studying their invariants. Since that time, the field has lain dormant until very recently. The classical geometers identified two numbers associated with a given congruence: the order and the class. Thinking of a congruence as a two dimensional family of lines, the order is the number of lines in the family passing through a general point in p3, and the class the number of lines in the family contained in a general plane. Together, these two numbers make up the bidegree of the congruence. In modern terms, the bidegree gives the class of the congruence in the Chow ring of Gr (1, p3). In this paper, we consider the question: "for what values of a and b does there exist (or not exist) a smooth congruence of bidegree (a, b)?" In particular, we try to find restrictions on the bidegree, using an approach suggested by Dolgachev and Reider in [8]. This approach is to study the restriction of the universal bundle g of Gr (1, p3), which appears in the exact sequence
Phase-transfer-catalyzed free-radical polymerization: kinetics of polymerization of methyl methacrylate using ammonium peroxydisulfate/hexadecyl pyridinium chloride in ethyl acetate/water

The kinetics of phase-transfer-catalyzed free-radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate using the system ammonium peroxydisulfate/hexadecyl pyridinium chloride have been investigated in the temperature range of 50–60°C in ethyl acetate/water two-phase systems. The superior efficiency of the phase-transfer-catalyzed reaction in comparison with polymerization initiated by oil soluble initiators such as 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile and benzoylperoxide has been demonstrated. Rate of polymerization increased with increase in concentration of the quaternary salt but showed a tendency to level off at higher concentrations. Increase in the peroxydisulfate concentration also resulted in an increase in the rate at lower concentrations, but was found to decrease at higher concentrations. The order with respect to the monomer was found to be approximately unity. The title reaction has been found to be not truly phase-transfer catalyzed in character as claimed by previous workers. A suitable kinetic scheme has been proposed to account for the experimental data and its significance discussed.
Repair and reconstruction of a resected tumor defect using a composite of tissue flap-nanotherapeutic-silk fibroin and chitosan scaffold

A multifaceted strategy using a composite of anti-cancer nanotherapeutic and natural biomaterials silk fibroin (SF) and chitosan (CS) blend scaffolds was investigated for the treatment of a tissue defect post-tumor resection by providing local release of the therapeutic and filling of the defect site with the regenerative bioscaffolds. The scaffold-emodin nanoparticle composites were fabricated and characterized for drug entrapment and release, mechanical strength, and efficacy against GILM2 breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in a rat tumor model. Emodin nanoparticles were embedded in SF and SFCS scaffolds and the amount of emodin entrapment was a function of the scaffold composition and emodin loading concentration. In vitro, there was a burst release of emodin from all scaffolds during the first 2 days though it was detected even after 24 days. Increase in emodin concentration in the scaffolds decreased the overall elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the scaffolds. After 6 weeks of in vivo implantation, the cell density (p < 0.05) and percent degradation (p < 0.01) within the remodeled no emodin SFCS scaffold was significantly higher than the emodin loaded SFCS scaffolds, although there was no significant difference in the amount of collagen deposition in the regenerated SFCS scaffold. The presence and release of emodin from the SFCS scaffolds inhibited the integration of SFCS into the adjacent tumor due to the formation of an interfacial barrier of connective tissue that was lacking in emodin-free SFCS scaffolds. While no significant difference in tumor size was observed between the in vivo tested groups, tumors treated with emodin loaded SFCS scaffolds had decreased presence and size and similar regeneration of new tissue as compared to no emodin SFCS scaffolds.
Seeking historical examples to illustrate key aspects of the nature of science

Increasingly widespread agreement exists that the nature of science (NOS) must be an integral element of the K-12 science curriculum with emerging consensus on what specific NOS elements should be the focus of such instruction. In this study reported, eight recent trade books written by NOS experts addressing the nature of science for the general public were examined to locate the historical examples included. These historical vignettes were extracted and analyzed to determine the kinds of examples used and the focus of the science discipline from which the example comes. The analysis has revealed that these authors have collectively provided approximately 80 historical vignettes in fields ranging from astronomy to physics, with some cited repeatedly from one book to another. In addition, the entire set of examples was then linked to important NOS notions providing an instructional resource for use by teachers, textbook writers and curriculum developers.
Analysis of perioperative morbidity and mortality in shoulder arthroplasty patients with preexisting alcohol use disorders

Background Shoulder arthroplasty is becoming increasingly popular in the United States. Given the high prevalence of alcohol abuse and its implications in postoperative morbidity and the increasing incidence of shoulder arthroplasty, it is prudent to explore the effect of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in this patient population. In this study, we considered numerous outcome variables, including perioperative complications, in-hospital death, prolonged hospital stay, and nonroutine discharge. Methods Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we performed a retrospective cohort study to identify a population of 422,371 adults (≥18 years old) undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty or hemiarthroplasty between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2011. We then further subdivided this cohort into those who were classified as having AUDs and those who did not. Comparisons of early postoperative outcome measures were performed by bivariate and multivariable analyses with logistic regression modeling. Results Compared with those without AUDs, patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty with a preexisting AUD have a greater likelihood to experience death, pneumonia, deep venous thrombosis, acute renal failure, transfusion, prolonged length of stay, and nonroutine discharge irrespective of age, gender, race, and other medical comorbidities. Patients with a preexisting AUD are 2.7 times more likely to experience perioperative complications after shoulder arthroplasty. Conclusion Patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty with a preexisting AUD have a greater likelihood of perioperative complications and health care resource utilization after shoulder arthroplasty. Presurgical alcohol screening may prove effective in identifying at-risk patients, and providing interventions before surgery may effectively limit the complication profile.
Fundamental Studies on the Mechanisms of Oxide CMP

In this paper, results of studies on the addition of salt to a polishing slurry, in terms of its effect on slurry stability, SiO2 polishing rate and surface roughness of the polished surface are presented. Three salts, viz. LiCl, NaCl and KCl were selected, and three concentrations were tested. Polishing rate measurements using these slurries show that adding salt leads to increased removal rate without affecting surface roughness significantly. Based on these results, we can say that the agglomerates formed by adding salt to the slurry are fairly soft and easily broken during the polishing process. In addition, turbidity and particle size measurements show that significant coagulation of the particles in the slurry occurs only at the highest salt concentration, and is fastest for LiCl and NaCl, with KCl showing the slowest coagulation. From these results, it can be concluded that the enhancement in polish rate is due to increased contact at the wafer-pad-slurry interface, and not due to formation of larger agglomerated particles in the slurry. This is because of reduced electrostatic repulsion between these three surfaces, due to the screening of their negative surface charge by the metal ions in solution, resulting in a higher wear rate.
Bandstop series stubs for coplanar waveguide on GaAs

The authors present measured characteristics of several types of coplanar waveguide series tuning stubs printed on gallium arsenide. These stubs exhibit a bandstop response that is useful for microwave and millimetre-wave filtering applications. Herein, the primary emphasis is placed on compact stub geometries which have resonant lengths as small as 0.1 guide wavelengths.
Physics of Copper in Silicon

This article reviews the progress made in the studies of copper in silicon over the last several years and puts forward a comprehensive model of the behavior of copper in silicon. Technical aspects of this model are discussed in detail. It is shown that many important aspects of the behavior of copper in silicon are not shared with the other 3d transition metals. The positive charge state of interstitial copper makes its defect reactions Fermi-level-dependent, and results in a noticeable difference in the out-diffusion and precipitation behavior of copper in n-Si and p-Si. The extremely high diffusivity of copper in silicon, which is a consequence of the small ionic radius of copper and its relatively weak interaction with the silicon lattice, makes it highly mobile at room temperature and impacts the stability of copper complexes. Large lattice strains and electrostatic effects in p-Si make the formation of copper-silicide precipitates in the hulk energetically unfavorable, unless the chemical driving force for precipitation is high enough to overcome the nucleation and precipitation harrier. Literature data on the effect of copper on minority carrier lifetime and device yield are analyzed using our improved understanding of the physics of copper in silicon. Finally, the impact of the physics of copper in silicon on the development and characterization of copper diffusion barriers is discussed.
Barriers to documenting occupational injuries among personal assistance services workers.

BACKGROUND: Personal Assistance Services (PAS) workers provide essential support to disabled and elderly individuals living at home rather than institutions. Occupational injury risks are known, but limitations in occupational injury surveillance prevent assessing injury prevalence. Changing employment arrangements adopted by publicly funded programs may complicate the classification of PAS workers. METHODS: We surveyed state workers' compensation agencies and Financial Management Services organizations used by state Medicaid programs. RESULTS: Changing employment arrangements pose further barriers to classifying and documenting injury, and accessing workers' compensation coverage. Workers' Compensation coverage varies according to employment arrangements of the PAS workers. Financial Management Services organizations vary in their roles for reporting injury. Most frequent activities were providing written information about injury reporting, and reporting injuries to appropriate agencies or insurance companies. CONCLUSIONS: Current limitations undercount the prevalence and consequences of PAS-related occupational injuries among agency workers and largely ignore independent providers. Policy and research recommendations are presented. Language: en
Sprawl: a Compact History ‐ Edited by Robert Bruegmann

(2006). Sprawl: A Compact History - Edited by Robert Bruegmann. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 72-73.
The Clinical-Legal Interface in Schizophrenia

Administrative, legislative, and judicial considerations are increasingly affecting clinical care and research. Policies, laws, and judgments (and even the threat of future actions) now influence treatment and investigations involving schizophrenic patients. This review is not comprehensive, nor are the conclusions necessarily legally elegant. Rather, we express a point of view on several issues of concern to the clinician and investigator, issues in which the clinician’s vantage as care-giving expert and patient advocate is underrepresented in public deliberations attempting to provide safeguards against very real problems.
Low ejection fraction is not a contraindication to off-pump coronary artery surgery.

Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and severe left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) have a bleak prognosis despite recent advances in medical therapy, with an estimated two-year survival rate of only 30% [Isom 1975, Cosgrove 1984]. Although cardiac transplantation is an effective treatment for end stage cardiomyopathy, limited donor availability and high mortality among patients on the waiting list make transplantation an increasingly limited option. Myocardial revascularization prevents further ischemic injury to functional myocardium, restores function to hibernating myocardium, and has been shown to improve survival in patients with moderate to severe LVD [Isom 1975, Faulkner 1977]. Three large control trials of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) versus medical management have shown that patients with three vessel CAD and mild to moderate LVD (35%-50%) have better survival with CABG [Faulkner 1977, Tyras 1984, CASS 1983]. Cohort studies [Bounous 1988] of patients with LVEF of < 35% have shown that it is exactly this population of patients who will benefit most from revascularization, particularly if they have symptoms of angina. It is difficult to predict the actual operative mortality in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction who undergo CABG. When only patients with LVEF, less than 35% are considered. Results of CABG are confusing because mortality rates range from 1.6% to almost 40%
Fostering Conceptual Understanding in Mathematical Statistics

In many undergraduate statistics programs, the two-semester calculus-based mathematical statistics sequence is the cornerstone of the curriculum. However, 10 years after the release of the Guidelines for the Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education (GAISE) College Report, 2005, and the subsequent movement to stress conceptual understanding and foster active learning in statistics classrooms, the sequence still remains a traditional, lecture-intensive course. In this article, we discuss various instructional approaches, activities, and assessments that can be used to foster active learning and emphasize conceptual understanding while still covering the necessary theoretical content students need to be successful in subsequent statistics or actuarial science courses. In addition, we share student reflections on these course enhancements. The course revision we suggest doesn’t require substantial changes in content, so other mathematical statistics instructors can implement these strategies without...
Theoretical study of isomerization and dissociation transition states of C3H5O radical isomers: ab initio characterization of the critical points and statistical transition-state theory modeling of the dynamics.

I use coupled-cluster theory and a modest basis set, aug-cc-pVDZ, to calculate structures and harmonic vibrational frequencies of local minima and transition states on the C3H5O potential energy su...
Cerebral Arterial Fenestrations

Arterial fenestrations are an anatomic variant with indeterminate significance. Given the controversy surrounding fenestrations we sought their prevalence within our practice along with their association with other cerebrovascular anomalies. We retrospectively reviewed 10,927 patients undergoing digital subtraction angiography between 1992 and 2011. Dictated reports were searched for the terms “fenestration” or “fenestrated” with images reviewed for relevance, yielding 228 unique cases. A Medline database search from February 1964 to January 2013 generated 304 citations, 127 cases of which were selected for analysis. Cerebral arterial fenestrations were identified in 228 patients (2.1%). At least one aneurysm was noted in 60.5% of patients, with an aneurysm arising from the fenestration in 19.6% of patients. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage or non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were present in 60.1% and 15.8%, respectively. For the subset of patients with an aneurysm arising directly from a fenestration relative to those patients with an aneurysm not immediately associated with a fenestration, the prevalence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage was 66.7% vs. 58.6% (p = 0.58). Fenestrations were more often within the posterior circulation (73.2%) than the anterior circulation (24.6%), though there was no difference in the prevalence of aneurysms within these groups (61.1% vs. 60.7%, p = 1.0). Cerebral arterial fenestrations are an anatomic variant more often manifesting at the anterior communicating arterial complex and basilar artery and with no definite pathological relationship with aneurysms.
Response to letter by Dr. Marc Hershenson (exposure of airway smooth muscle cells to cigarette smoke extract)

to the editor: We thank Drs. Hershenson and Chung for their insightful comments regarding our recent paper on mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction in human airway smooth muscle (ASM) induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) (1). They raise the point that CSE and the concentrations used in cell studies may not precisely reflect what happens with inhaled cigarette smoke (CS) that actually reach the ASM layer in vivo, given the intervening epithelial layer. They recommend that researchers in the field confirm in vitro data with experiments in vivo (e.g., examination of ASM tissue in CS-exposed animals). We certainly agree with Drs. Hershenson and Chung on this last point, which is well recognized by investigators working in ASM, other cell types, and in vitro systems in general. The question of whether CS or specific components have direct effects on ASM is certainly valid. As Drs. Hershenson and Chung suggest, lipid-soluble components could indirectly reach the ASM via the circulation. However, we propose that although inhaled CS in vivo first affects the epithelium, a loss of epithelial barrier function with chronic exposure (3, 4) permits direct access of CS to the underlying ASM. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may then be generated locally within the ASM. CS may also indirectly affect ASM, for example via epithelial production of proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α (5) that are known to induce ROS. Indirect CS effects could also occur by metabolites from epithelial detoxification of CS, e.g., via cytochrome P-450 (2, 6). Thus multiple events may occur concurrently in vivo to allow easier access of CS or its components to ASM. Although the suggestion made by Drs. Hershenson and Chung about applying “physiological” concentrations of CS components to ASM cells is also valid, from a practical standpoint it may be difficult to determine what such concentrations should be, and which of the myriad of components should be examined. Assuming that a particular CS component can be assayed within airway tissue, it is difficult to precisely quantify ASM levels per se, particularly if components accumulate to different extents based on permeability or lipid solubility. Therefore, we posit that an initial approach of using CSE, as numerous other studies have done, is a good initial step toward understanding CS effects on ASM. Regardless of how CS or its components reach the ASM, we certainly agree with Drs. Hershenson and Chung regarding the need to correlate in vitro findings to the in vivo situation. Ongoing studies in chronic CS-exposed mice do suggest changes in ASM mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins that correlate to our published in vitro work (Aravamudan et al. unpublished observations). The local, ASM concentration of CS, or involvement of specific CS components, remain to be established. The questions raised by Drs. Hershenson and Chung provide an impetus to pursue these issues.
Fielding H. Garrison Lecture. "A worrying profession": the domestic environment of medical practice in mid-nineteenth-century America.

Au XIX e siecle, la medecine americaine etait essentiellement rurale, et de ce fait, la plupart des medecins suivaient ce meme modele, et etaient tres lies a la vie de leur famille et de leurs voisins
Second order design of multiclass kernel machines

In order to reduce the computational complexity of kernel machines and improve their performance in multi-label classification, we develop a systematic two step batch approach for constructing and training a new multiclass kernel machine (MKM). The proposed paradigm prunes the kernels, and uses Newton's method to improve the kernel parameters. In each iteration, output weights are found using orthogonal least squares. Algorithm performance is compared to that of least square support vector machines and support vector machines. Simulation results on many benchmark and real life datasets show that the proposed algorithm results in smaller network size and better generalization.
Comparative Caribbean Feminisms: Jahaji-bhain in Carnival

This chapter argues that Indo-Caribbean feminist thought must engage Afro-Caribbean feminist analyses of women’s Carnival performances through a comparative methodology based on minimal incommensurability. By discussing two Indian women’s participation in Trinidad Carnival, and going beyond the trope of chutney-soca as the quintessential Indo-Caribbean Carnival space, I show how their desires and needs as feters and masqueraders can be analyzed through theorizations of feminism in nineteenth century jamette performances by Afro-Caribbean feminists. However, to bring comparative feminist analysis to bear on these ethno-racially distinct groups of Caribbean women, I frame the specificities of Indian women’s feminism within the jahaji-bhain concept, both locally and transnationally.
Using Procalcitonin to Guide Antibiotic Therapy

Procalcitonin levels rise in response to systemic inflammation, especially of bacterial origin. Multiple randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that procalcitonin-based algorithms can safely reduce antibiotic use in 2 clinical scenarios. First, in stable, low-risk patients with respiratory infections, procalcitonin levels of <0.25 µg/L can guide the decision to withhold antibiotics or stop therapy early. Second, in critically ill patients with suspected sepsis, clinicians should not initially withhold antibiotics, but procalcitonin levels of <0.5 µg/L or levels that decrease by ≥80% from peak can guide discontinuation once patients stabilize. The recent stop antibiotics on procalcitonin guidance study (SAPS), the largest procalcitonin trial to date, demonstrated reduction in both antibiotic exposure and mortality in critically ill patients. Although procalcitonin is ready for routine use, future research should examine optimal strategies for implementation in hospitals, its real-world impact on clinical outcomes and costs, its applicability to immunocompromised patients, and the generalizability of trials to the US population.
Space Use and Habitat Selection by Resident and Transient Red Wolves (Canis rufus)

Recovery of large carnivores remains a challenge because complex spatial dynamics that facilitate population persistence are poorly understood. In particular, recovery of the critically endangered red wolf (Canis rufus) has been challenging because of its vulnerability to extinction via human-caused mortality and hybridization with coyotes (Canis latrans). Therefore, understanding red wolf space use and habitat selection is important to assist recovery because key aspects of wolf ecology such as interspecific competition, foraging, and habitat selection are well-known to influence population dynamics and persistence. During 2009–2011, we used global positioning system (GPS) radio-telemetry to quantify space use and 3rd-order habitat selection for resident and transient red wolves on the Albemarle Peninsula of eastern North Carolina. The Albemarle Peninsula was a predominantly agricultural landscape in which red wolves maintained spatially stable home ranges that varied between 25 km2 and 190 km2. Conversely, transient red wolves did not maintain home ranges and traversed areas between 122 km2 and 681 km2. Space use by transient red wolves was not spatially stable and exhibited shifting patterns until residency was achieved by individual wolves. Habitat selection was similar between resident and transient red wolves in which agricultural habitats were selected over forested habitats. However, transients showed stronger selection for edges and roads than resident red wolves. Behaviors of transient wolves are rarely reported in studies of space use and habitat selection because of technological limitations to observed extensive space use and because they do not contribute reproductively to populations. Transients in our study comprised displaced red wolves and younger dispersers that competed for limited space and mating opportunities. Therefore, our results suggest that transiency is likely an important life-history strategy for red wolves that facilitates metapopulation dynamics through short- and long-distance movements and eventual replacement of breeding residents lost to mortality.
Humoral cross-reactivity between Zika and dengue viruses: implications for protection and pathology

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has recently caused extensive outbreaks in Central and South America and the Caribbean. Given its association with Guillain–Barre s...