cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescents' self‐attributed moral emotions following a moral transgression: Relations with delinquency, confidence in moral judgment and age

The study investigates adolescents' self-attributed moral emotions following a moral transgression by expanding research with children on the happy-victimizer phenomenon. In a sample of 200 German adolescents from Grades 7, 9, 11, and 13 (M = 16.18 years, SD = 2.41), participants were confronted with various scenarios describing different moral rule violations and asked to judge the behaviour from a moral point of view. Subsequently, participants' strength of self-evaluative emotional reactions was assessed as they were asked to imagine that they had committed the moral transgression by themselves. Results indicate that the intensity of self-attributed moral emotions predicted adolescents' self-reported delinquent behaviour even when social desirability response bias was controlled. Further, as adolescents' metacognitive understanding of moral beliefs developed, self-attributed moral emotions and confidence in moral judgment became more closely associated. No general age-related change in adolescents' self-attributed moral emotions was found. Overall, the study provides evidence for a coordination process of moral judgment and moral emotion attributions that continues well beyond childhood and that corresponds with the more general notion of the formation of a moral self in adolescence.
Structure of a rice β-glucanase gene regulated by ethylene, cytokinin, wounding, salicylic acid and fungal elicitors

A rice beta-glucanase gene was sequenced and its expression analyzed at the level of mRNA accumulation. This gene (Gns1) is expressed at relatively low levels in germinating seeds, shoots, leaves, panicles and callus, but it is expressed at higher levels in roots. Expression in the roots appears to be constitutive. Shoots express Gns1 at much higher levels when treated with ethylene, cytokinin, salicylic acid, and fungal elicitors derived from the pathogen Sclerotium oryzae or from the non-pathogen Saccharomyces cereviseae. Shoots also express Gns1 at higher levels in response to wounding. Expression in the shoots is not significantly affected by auxin, gibberellic acid or abscisic acid. The beta-glucanase shows 82% amino acid similarity to the barley 1,3;1,4-beta-D-glucanases, and from hybridization studies it is the beta-glucanase gene in the rice genome closest to the barley 1,3;1,4-beta-glucanase EI gene. The mature peptide has a calculated molecular mass of 32 kDa. The gene has a large 3145 bp intron in the codon for the 25th amino acid of the signal peptide. The gene exhibits a very strong codon bias of 99% G + C in the third position of the codon in the mature peptide coding region, but only 61% G + C in the signal peptide region.
Microbial transformations of some14C-labeled substrates in coastal water and sediment

In order to complement data obtained from earlier deep-sea studies on microbial transformations, similarin situ incubation experiments were done in shallow coastal waters. Compared to laboratory controls,in situ activities were reduced about 50%, in contrast to about 99% previously reported for samples incubated in the deep sea.
DETERMINATION OF SELECTED METALS IN ALLIGATOR (Alligator mississippiensis) TISSUES BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROMETRY

The results presented in this preliminary study show the concentrations of selected metals in the muscle and bone tissues from the tail of an alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) as determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Cadmium and lead were not detected above the approximate detection limit of 0.5 µg/g for these two metals by ICP-OES, in either meat or bone tissues. Concentrations (µg/g) (mean ±standard deviation, range) for copper were 8.8 ± 3.8, 6.5–13.1 (meat), and 6.2 ± 3.5, 3.6–10.2 (bone); for iron were 41.9 ± 16.2, 28.8–59.9 (meat), and 26.4 ± 4.4, 21.3–29.0 (bone); and for zinc were 52.8 ± 7.4, 48.0–61.4 (meat), and 42.7 ± 9.0, 34.9–53.2 (bone). The results of copper, iron, and zinc levels were not considered to be potentially toxic to the alligator.
Sequence of the regulatory region of ompT, the gene specifying major outer membrane protein a (3b) of Escherichia coli K-12: Implications for regulation and processing

The DNA of the promoter region of ompT, including the putative start for the pro-OmpT protein (proprotein a), has been sequenced. Previous studies showed that trypsin inhibitors prevent the processing of pro-OmpT to OmpT protein which led to the prediction that the processing site would be a lysine or an arginine. The deduced amino acid sequence contains a lysine at amino acid 12 and an arginine at amino acid 17 from the N terminus. Chou-Fassman analysis would predict processing at the lysine (but not the arginine) to remove a 1389 dalton peptide, consistent with the fact that the estimated molecular masses of pro-OmpT and OmpT are 42 kd and 40 kd respectively. In addition, the predicted mRNA of the promoter region can form a stable secondary structure (-17.1 kcal) that sequesters the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence as well as the initiator AUG codon. There is evidence that the perA (tpo, envZ) gene product is required for synthesis of OmpT protein (as well as several outer membrane and periplasmic proteins). The perA gene product could be activating translation of OmpT protein by disrupting the mRNA secondary structure that sequesters the SD sequence. OmpT protein synthesis is reduced at temperatures below 32°C and this may also be related to the greater stability of the sequestered SD sequence of the mRNA at low temperature.
Comparing Two Methods to Obtain Blood Specimens From Pediatric Central Venous Catheters

The purpose of this study was to test agreement in blood values obtained from a discard method and a push-pull method in samples from central venous catheters in pediatric patients. The discard method causes blood loss beyond what is necessary for blood testing and increases potential for infection each time the central venous catheter is entered. Twenty-eight children ranging in age from 6 months to 12 years were enrolled in the study. A research protocol was developed to pair the 2 methods of blood collection for each sample. The Bland-Altman method was used to test agreement on each blood value for each paired sample. Of the 438 pairs of measured blood values, 420 (95.9%) fell within the limits of agreement. Nurses reported no difficulty in using the push-pull technique to obtain any samples. The push-pull method of obtaining blood specimens from pediatric central venous catheters should be considered. It can eliminate blood loss through discard and can reduce infection because it reduces the number of...
In-vitro protein interactions with a bioactive gel-glass

Recent theories suggest that the local adsorption of biologically active peptide growth factors onto the surface of an implant may contribute to the unique osteogenic nature of silica-containing bioactive ceramics. A sol-gel derived glass is used as a model of the in-vivo reaction product of 45S5 bioactive glass at relatively short times (<48 hrs.) to investigate protein adsorption/desorption behavior. The adsorption kinetics of three heme-class proteins (cytochrome c, myoglobin, and hemoglobin) are measured spectroscopically. The rate of adsorption is shown to increase with average pore size, which is determined by the silica content of the gel. Adsorption rate decreases as protein size is increased and as solution pH is decreased. Biological function of an adsorbed peroxidase enzyme on pre-reacted Bioglass® is shown to be retained. Desorption during physiologic conditions is shown to be linear with time and pH dependant, while independent of gel bioactivity.
The relationship of achievement and peer status to teacher attitudes toward young children

The relationships between teacher attitudes about children, children's peer relations, and achievement orientation were investigated. Eighteen preschool children were administered the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and a standard sociometric nomination procedure as measures of achievement and peer status, respectively. Fourteen student teachers involved in a practicum experience responded to an attitude measurement procedure designed to assess attitudes of Attachment, Rejection, Concern, and Indifference (ARCI). Kendall correlation coefficients indicated a significant relationship between teacher attitudes toward children and children's peer relations. Children who were popular in their peer group were nominated as highly attached by their teachers. Inversely, children's peer rejection correlated positively with teacher concern and rejection, while correlating negatively with teacher attachment. Teachers also were attached to high achieving children and rejected or were concerned about low achievi...
Film Straining of Colloids in Unsaturated Porous Media: Conceptual Model and Experimental Testing

A film-straining theory is introduced, which proposes that transport of suspended colloids can be retarded due to physical restrictions imposed by thin water films in partially saturated porous media. A quantitative, mechanistic model is provided to predict the film-straining efficiency. In this model, the concepts of “critical matric potential” and “critical saturation” are introduced, at which thick film interconnections between pendular rings are broken and film straining begins to become effective. The modeled magnitude of colloid transport through water films depends on the ratio of colloid size to film thickness and on flow velocity. Effective penetration of hydrophilic colloids through unsaturated porous media is predicted when a system is above the critical saturation value. For colloids smaller than the thickness of adsorbed thin water films, the model predicts that colloids can still be efficiently transported, even when the system matric potential and saturation are lower than their critical va...
Measuring neighborhood context for young children in an urban area

Communities have long been recognized as potentially important contexts for child development (e.g., Bronfenbrenner, Moen, & Garbarino, 1984; Cicchetti & Lynch, 1993). Recent interest in measuring these contexts has been spawned by concern about neighborhood decline. Dramatic industrial restructuring and continuing patterns of racial segregation have given rise in the last two decades to a growing geographic concentration of poverty and isolation of poor families from mainstream influences (Jargowsky & Bane, 1991; Kasarda, 1993). Many inner-city neighborhoods have experienced social transformations in which single-parent families live amidst the highest rates of violence, drug trafficking, and housing deterioration. Their children experience increasing rates of delinquency, school failure, and developmental problems (Wilson, 1987). Concurrently, scientific interest in documenting the effects of urban communities on children and families is being renewed but has been hampered by limited methodologies for measuring aspects of neighborhood contexts that are relevant to parents and their young children.
Mechanisms of creep-fatigue interaction

Experiments on a model material have shown that creep-fatigue interaction is possible by one of several mechanisms. At low temperatures failure occurs by initiation and propagation of a crack, and is transgranular. At higher temperatures failure is caused by cumulative damage of intergranular cavities dispersed throughout the specimen. At the transition a regime is found where failure occurs by initiation of an intergranular crack near the surface which propagates as a Stage II transgranular crack. In the cumulative damage mode of failure a further distinction is possible in terms of ‘r’ type and ‘w’ type cavities. Which one of them is dominant depends on the cycle shape. The behavior of the present aluminum alloy should be representative of those materials in which nucleation of cavities is difficult, such as austenitic stainless steels and precipitate strengthened nickel base alloys, but not of materials which cavitate rather easily,e.g., copper and oxide dispersion strengthened alloys.
Nucleophosmin (NPM1) mutations in acute myeloid leukemia: an ongoing (cytoplasmic) tale of dueling mutations and duality of molecular genetic testing methodologies.

This Commentary highlights two articles that focus on molecular techniques to identify mutations in nucleophosmin (NPM1), which is the most frequently mutated gene in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML)
Economics of the Marine Seascape

In ecology, the term seascape is used to describe a complex dynamic patchwork of interconnected marine and near-shore habitats (e.g., coral reef, sea grass, open water, mangrove, sandy beaches). This monograph examines this novel way of viewing the marine environment and discusses how economics can contribute to this approach to provide new analytical, management, and policy insights. A simple model of a twohabitat marine system (coral reefs and mangroves) is developed. The model is used to illustrate that, even if the focus is on whether or not to develop only the coastal habitat (i.e., mangroves), taking into account its connectivity with the rest of the seascape (i.e., coral reef) can affect the decision as to how much and which part of the coastal should be developed. The impact of seascape connectivity is examined for three marine ecosystem services: storm protection, habitat-fishery linkages, and water pollution and sediment control.
Finite-amplitude instability of mixed-convection in a heated vertical pipe

Abstract The instability of flow in a heated vertical pipe is studied using weakly nonlinear instability theory for both stably and unstably stratified cases. It is found that the dominant instability for stably stratified flow is a thermal-buoyant instability, while that of the unstably stratified case is a Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The weakly nonlinear theory predicts supercritical instability for the stably stratified case, in agreement with experimental observations. In this case, it is found that a wide band of wave numbers are linearly unstable soon after the onset of the initial instability. This limits the range for which the weakly nonlinear results are accurate in this case since the theory considers the growth of a single dominant wave. The results of the weakly nonlinear calculations for unstably stratified flow indicate that the flow is potentially subcritically unstable, again in agreement with the experimental observations. On the other hand, the theory predicts that a large amplitude disturbance will be necessary to initiate subcritical instability, while the amplitude of a supercritical disturbance will grow quickly as the magnitude of Ra increases. Therefore, another possible flow transition that is consistent with experimental observations involves rapid growth of the first azimuthal mode of a supercritical Rayleigh Taylor instability, followed by secondary instabilities that lead quickly to turbulence. Analysis of energy transfer in the fundamental wave demonstrates that the thermal-buoyant instability is supercritical because increases in the viscous dissipation rate and the rate of transfer of energy from the fundamental wave back into the mean flow overcome the destabilizing effect of an increase in the rate of buoyant production. Subcritical instability occurs with the Rayleigh-Taylor mode when the disturbance amplitude increases to the point that the combined destabilizing effects caused by a change in the shape of the fundamental wave induced by nonlinear effects become larger than the stabilizing effects due to the production of the harmonic wave and the distortion of the mean-flow. The increase in heat transfer rates due to instability predicted by the weakly nonlinear theory is smaller than the experimental observations. However, it is demonstrated that experimentally observed increases in Nu are predicted if the effects of additional waves are included in an approximate manner.
Use of An Auditory Technique in Personal Space Measurement

Summary Personal space was examined in 50 male and female college students by means of a newly developed auditory technique which was validated against simulated and behavioral measures. A multiple regression analysis showed the auditory technique to be a better predictor of behaviorally measured personal space than the Comfortable Interpersonal Distance Scale, a simulated measure. The major advantage of the auditory technique over the simulated measure is its perceived realism.
Islam in the Age of Globalization

If modernity is ambiguous, the relationship of Islam to modernity is still more ambiguous. This essay reviews the scope of change that has occurred in the Muslim world since the onset of the Age of Globalization. Marshall Hodgson coined the phrase ‘the Great Western Transmutation’, decentering the West and accenting the cluster of traits that make moderns modern wherever they are. Hodgson's analysis is amplified by current Muslim voices, such as Ziauddin Sardar, Chandra Muzaffar, Omid Safi, and Ebrahim Moosa. The premise, as also the outcome, of this essay is to project modern day Muslims as global citizens who can, and do, promote innovation, openness and pluralism as legitimate, natural dimensions of Islamic loyalty. Globalization, like modernity, becomes not the enemy of Islam but its ally.
Recognition of myocardial infarction by means of Frank lead Q-R ratios.

Abstract In 114 male patients with a well-documented history of acute myocardial infarction, the 3 orthogonal Frank system leads were analyzed for simple, manually measurable indices of infarction. The indices measured were the wave amplitudes of the QRS-T complex and the amplitude ratios of the Q, S, and T to the R wave. The recognition rate of infarction for each item was first evaluated using the 95 per cent normal limits determined from 155 normal men. The Q R ratio in Leads Z (56.1 per cent) and Y (48.2 per cent), the Qz amplitude (43.0 per cent), the T amplitudes, and the T R ratios in Leads X and Y (43.8 to 55.2 per cent) were found to be the most discriminative. The Q amplitude contributed practically nothing after screening with the Q R ratio. No significant correlation between any two of the 3-lead Q R ratios was observed. Hence, the 3-lead Q R limits with an equal false abnormality rate in normal subjects estimated from the respective probability density functions were combined to form a set of criteria. The recognition rate in the infarction series and the false abnormality rate in the normal controls of several sets of criteria are presented to allow for arbitrary selection of criteria appropriate to the purpose of screening. The set of Q R criteria with a false abnormality of 0.6 per cent in normal men has a sensitivity for recognition of infarction of 77.2 per cent. The information necessary for application of this new criteria can be obtained by single-channel electrocardiograph.
Drivers of work engagement: An examination of core self-evaluations and psychological climate among hotel employees

Abstract Many practitioners consider employee engagement a new human resource practice through which business can cope with uncertain and turbulent industry conditions. However, the hospitality academic community is still in need of finding predictors of employee engagement. The purpose of this study was to provide theory-based empirical evidence on whether employee evaluations of self (i.e., core self-evaluations) and perceptions of organizational work environment (i.e., psychological climate) affect employee engagement. Kahn's theory of three psychological conditions and Demerouti and her associates’ job demands–resources model were used for theoretical frameworks. Data were collected from 394 hotel line-employees and managers in the United States. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that core self-evaluations and four components of psychological climate (i.e., customer orientation of the management, managerial support for service, internal service, and information-sharing communication) were positively associated with employee engagement. Managerial implications for human resource practice and future research directions are provided.
Abstract LB-4: Use of iterative in situ click chemistry to develop a capture agent specific for a transforming point mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of Akt1.

We present an iterative in situ click chemistry approach to sequentially assemble peptide ligands that can selectively bind to and inhibit a transforming point mutation (E17K) found in the Pleckstrin Homology Domain (PHD) of the Akt1 kinase. The Akt1 kinase plays a critical role in the PI3K signaling pathway - the activation of which is closely linked to tumor development and cancer cell survival. It has recently been shown that the E17K mutation in the PHD of Akt1 results in an increased affinity of the PHD for the PIP3 substrate. Consequently, deregulated recruitment of Akt1 to the cell membrane causes constitutive activation of the PI3K pathway, which has been shown to induce leukemia in mice.
A Connectionist Architecture For Computing Textural Segmentation

This project examines some parallel architectures designed for image processing, and then addresses their applicability to the problem of image segmentation by texture analysis. Using this information, and research into the structure of the human visual system, an architecture for textural segmentation is proposed. The underlying premise is that textural segmentation can be achieved by recognizing local differences in texture elements (texels). This approach differs from most of the previous work where the differences in global, second-order statistics of the image points are used as the basis for segmentation. A realistic implementation of this approach requires a parallel computing architecture which consists of a hierarchy of functionally different nodes. First, simple features are extracted from the image. Second, these simple features are linked together to form more complex texels. Finally, local and more global differences in texels or their organization are enhanced and linked into boundaries.
Does breastfeeding contribute to the racial gap in reading and math test scores

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the impact of divergent breastfeeding practices between Caucasian and African American mothers on the lingering achievement test gap between Caucasian and African American children. Methods: The Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, beginning in 1997, followed a cohort of 3563 children aged 0e12 years. Reading and math test scores from 2002 for 1928 children were linked with breastfeeding history. Regression analysis was used to examine associations between ever having been breastfed and duration of breastfeeding and test scores, controlling for characteristics of child, mother, and household. Results: African American students scored significantly lower than Caucasian children by 10.6 and 10.9 points on reading and math tests, respectively. After accounting for the impact of having been breastfed during infancy, the racial test gap decreased by 17% for reading scores and 9% for math scores. Conclusions: Study findings indicate that breastfeeding explains 17% and 9% of the observed gaps in reading and math scores, respectively, between African Americans and Caucasians, an effect larger than most recent educational policy interventions. Renewed efforts around policies and clinical practices that promote and remove barriers for African American mothers to breastfeed should be implemented.
Reconstruction of directed acyclic networks of dynamical systems

Determining the relation structure of various interconnected entities from multiple time series data is of significant interest to many areas. Knowledge of such a structure can aid in identifying cause and effect relationships, clustering of similar entities, detecting representative elements for an aggregate and determining reduced order models. Current methods tend to treat observations in a static manner by modeling the measured time series as repeated realizations of as many random variables that are independent over time. This amounts to assume static relationships among the measurements, making these techniques ill-suited for detecting propagative and dynamic phenomena that can be fundamental for the understanding of the system. In this paper we extend techniques for the identification of networks of random variables connected through static relations to the case of random processes with dynamic relations. This is achieved by showing that the Wiener filter defines a relationship among jointly stationary stochastic processes that has the properties of a semi-graphoid.
Effects of Verbal Ability and Severity of Autism on Anxiety in Adolescents With ASD: One-Year Follow-Up After Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

There is evidence supporting the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for treatment of anxiety in youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), but long-term course of anxiety after treatment and individual predictors of treatment response are unknown. To meet the demands for personalized mental health care, information on the fit between patient and treatment as well as treatment durability is needed. We evaluated change in anxiety symptoms during intervention and 1 year after completion of the treatment, and evaluated predictors of response using an advanced analytical design, with follow-up data from a randomized controlled trial of 22 adolescents (12-17 years) with ASD and 1 or more anxiety disorders. Reduction in anxiety was partially maintained during the year following treatment; greater ASD severity predicted better treatment response. Our finding that brief treatment is associated with sustained gains is promising, given the pervasive and chronic nature of ASD. Implications for the treatment of anxiety in higher functioning adolescents with ASD are considered.
The use of potassium in therapy.

THE title of this discussion should perhaps be broadened to “the background for the use of potassium as a therapeutic agent, and some clinical experiences with potassium administration.” In the case of a pharmacologic agent, foreign to the organism, one might begin such a topic with the functional alterations resulting from administration of the substance. But in the case of potassium, one is dealing with an element which is present in large quantity in the animal organism, and which constitutes the major basic element of chemical structure of the cell. Thus a review of current knowledge of the metabolism of this substance, both normal and abnormal, is essential for an intelligent approach to its use as a therapeutic agent. It warrants emphasis that, though the present discussion will highlight the activities of this single structural element, other components such as protein, phosphorus, sulfur and magnesium, deserve equal consideration in the preservation of the functional efficiency of the cell.
Toxic shock-like syndrome associated with Bartholin's gland abscess: case report.

Abstract Herein is the first reported case of bartholinitis complicated by toxic shock-like syndrome. Streptococcal exotoxin is implicated in this case of nonmenstrual toxic shock-like syndrome, which is an increasingly recognized manifestation of streptococcal infection. Further surveillance, investigation, and reporting of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome are recommended. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:1073-4.) Key words: Toxic shock-like syndrome, bartholinitis, group A R-hemolytic streptococcal exotoxin
Changes in Pituitary Prolactin Levels in Rats from Weaning to Adulthood

Changes in anterior pituitary prolactin content and concentration were investigated in female rats from weaning to adulthood. Prolactin was measured by the intradermal pigeon crop sac method. Prolactin content was uniformly low at 21, 26, 31 days of age and on the day of vaginal opening (about 37.5 days). Pituitary prolactin content markedly increased shortly after the onset of puberty, and remained high during subsequent estrous cycles. Daily injections of 10 μg of estradiol benzoate to prepubertal rats for 5 days beginning at 25 days of age markedly increased pituitary prolactin content and concentration over that of untreated controls of the same age. These results suggest that pituitary prolactin levels are very low before and at the beginning of puberty, but increase significantly after puberty is established. These increases are believed to be due mainly to increased estrogen secretion by the ovaries. (Endocrinology 82: 555, 1968)
Molecular orientation and angular distribution probed by angle-resolved absorbance and second harmonic generation

Second harmonic generation (SHG) and angle-resolved absorbance with photoacoustic detection were combined to evaluate both the mean orientation angle and the width of the angular distribution for two surface-bound molecular systems. Assuming a Gaussian distribution function, a physisorbed stilbene dye on fused silica exhibited a narrow distribution centered at 73° with a root-mean-square (rms) width of less than ∼8°. In contrast, a covalently bound azo dye resulted in a broad orientation distribution (rms width of ∼30°) centered at 60°. It was also demonstrated that the combination of nonlinear (SHG) and linear (absorbance) spectroscopic techniques provides valuable insight into molecular orientation that a combination of two linear techniques (such as fluorescence and absorbance) is unable to provide.
Centrality and power revisited: actor success in group decision making

Abstract For many years, network analysts viewed positional centrality as a source of social power. More recently, laboratory studies of exchange networks have called the centrality–power link into question: under zero-sum exchange conditions, the ability of certain actors to directly exploit others has been found to account for power independent of actors' centrality. But most observers believe that in non-zero-sum communication networks, centrality should positively affect power. In this study we examine the effect of centrality on power in a communication network involving group voting on political issues. Using a model in which actors' votes are determined by the strength of their initial positions and the social pressures to which they are subjected, we conduct computer simulations to examine the extent to which actors in various network positions achieve favorable political outcomes. Our findings indicate that the link between centrality and power is highly contingent on the structure of the network. In networks with a central actor and an odd number of subgroups, central actors fail to dominate. In fact, in these networks, when peripheral actors are able to directly influence one another, the central actor becomes the least powerful in the network. In networks with a central actor and an even number of subgroups, however, the central actor dominates even in situations with connected peripherals. The highly contingent effect of centrality on power accords with the findings of exchange theorists who have studied power under zero-sum conditions. This raises questions about the nature of the distinction between communication and exchange networks.
The eggshell of the almond wasp Eurytoma amygdali (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) - 1. Morphogenesis and fine structure of the eggshell layers.

Abstract The almond wasp Eurytoma amvgdali (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidac) feeds and oviposits exclusively in almonds and therefore is characterized as an insect of economic importance. Its meroistic polytrophic ovaries include follicles with a tri-partitc configuration. The mature follicles exhibit two filaments occupying the two poles of the egg. One is the micropylar filament while the other might serve for respiration since it is likely that its flattened end layers remain outside the almond fruit. The eggshell is formed by aposition and the follicle cells, which surround the follicle until the end of oogenesis, may be responsible for protein synthesis and secretion which finally lead to the assembly of the eggshell. The eggshell comprises the thin vitelline membrane, possibly a ‘wax’ layer of waterproofing function, a transluscent layer which appears amorphous even at the end of choriogenesis, a granular layer, including large and small electron-dense granules, and finally a columnar layer very similar to layers found in other insect species of the same or different orders. Peroxidase is histochemicalLY found for the first time in an eggshell of the Hymenoptera order: the tranluscent layer in particular is positively stained (electron-dense). Two possible roles of this peroxidatic activity are discussed, first, in comparison to other fruit-infesting insects, we assume that elastic chorion is produced through the function of peroxidase induced bonds (resilin-type bonds), very important for avoiding premature breaking, while being oviposited through a narrow ovipositor. Second, referring to other studies, this layer can play a bactericidal role for additional embryonic itprotection.
Intelligent Support for Exploratory Data Analysis

Abstract Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is as much a matter of strategy as of selecting specific statistical operations. We have developed a knowledge-based planning system, called AIDE, to help users with EDA. AIDE strikes a balance between conventional statistical packages, which need guidance for every step in the exploration, and autonomous systems, which leave the user entirely out of the decision-making process. AIDE's processing is based on artificial intelligence planning techniques, which give us a useful means of representing some types of statistical strategy. In this article we describe the design of AIDE and its behavior in exploring a small, complex data set.
Image as Argument: The Impact of Mogadishu on U.S. Military Intervention

Visual images are extremely powerful, particularly in this media-saturated age of round-the-clock coverage. It is possible, in fact, that the United States' current emphasis on "zero casualty" missions is a response in part to the power of the images from Mogadishu and a fear of a collapse in public support should similar images appear again. This article argues, however, that such a view misunderstands the way images influence public response, assuming that they can be read in only one way, and forgetting that all visual images displayed by the news media are accompanied by words. The interpretation of even powerful images is neither inevitable nor predetermined.
Nodular lymphocyte-predominant hodgkin lymphoma.

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL), a distinct subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma, is a rare disease with a generally favorable prognosis. The hallmark of NLPHL is the presence of the lymphocytic and histiocytic cell, which, in contrast to the classic Reed-Sternberg cell, is CD20+, CD15−, and CD30−. NLPHL tends to have an indolent natural history, a long time to disease progression, a delayed time to relapse, and a high likelihood of presenting as early-stage disease. The evidence to guide the management of patients with NLPHL is limited by the rarity of this disease, but the available data support the use of involved-field radiation therapy alone for localized disease. Treatment-related late effects contribute significantly to the causes of death in patients treated for NLPHL.
High P‐glycoprotein‐mediated export observed in patients with a history of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Studies have suggested that high P-glycoprotein expression in lymphocytes from patients with autoimmune disorders may affect disease outcome. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and Evans' syndrome are widely thought to be autoimmune processes, however, the precise mechanisms remain unknown. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with refractory or recurrent ITP or Evans' syndrome were studied using the rhodamine 123 flow cytometric assay to investigate functional export levels. Lymphocytes from ITP and Evans' syndrome patients showed a significantly decreased ability to retain rhodamine, suggesting increased export protein function. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction distinguished P-glycoprotein as the likely export protein.
Investigation of the Lithium Couple on Pt, Al, and Hg Electrodes in Lithium Imide-Ethyl Methyl Sulfone

The electrochemical behavior of lithium bis~trifluoromethanesulfonyl !imide in ethyl methyl sulfone was studied. The coulombic efficiencies for the oxidation-reduction of lithium at platinum, aluminum, and mercury electrodes were 50, 93, and 99%, respectively. A comparison of the results with Pt, Al, and Hg electrodes suggests that chemical reactions of lithium with the electrolyte contribute to the efficiency loss with the Pt and Al electrodes. Low coulombic efficiencies for lithium on the Pt substrate were due to chemical reactions involving elemental lithium and the low reduction-oxidation reversibility of the lithium in Li-Pt alloys. For the Al substrate, the chemical reactions produced protective films on the surface of the Li-Al alloys. The self-discharge rate of the lithium on the Al substrate was very low, 0.3 mA/cm 2 . The electrochemical reduction of lithium on mercury occurred at the least negative potential because of the amalgam formation. The lithium amalgam did not react with the electrolyte, resulting in the high coulombic efficiency.
MARKET POWER AND THE REQUIRED RETURN TO ELECTRIC UTILITIES

Recent tests of the ability of powerful firms to reduce their costs of equity capital through a reduction in the systematic risks of their common stock have generated mixed empirical support. This article tests the joint hypothesis of imperfect regulation and of a negative relationship between market power and the betas of a sample of regulated utilities. This study explicitly recognizes beta and alpha instability by estimating the nonstationary parameter market model in a one-step procedure using econometric methods that efficiently utilize the available cross sectional time-series data. Further, market value measures of financial leverage are computed and used in the tests as required by theory.
Differences in Ultrasonic Vocalizations between Wild and Laboratory California Mice (Peromyscus californicus)

Background: Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) emitted by muroid rodents, including laboratory mice and rats, are used as phenotypic markers in behavioral assays and biomedical research. Interpretation of these USVs depends on understanding the significance of USV production by rodents in the wild. However, there has never been a study of muroid rodent ultrasound function in the wild and comparisons of USVs produced by wild and laboratory rodents are lacking to date. Here, we report the first comparison of wild and captive rodent USVs recorded from the same species, Peromyscus californicus. Methodology and Principal Findings: We used standard ultrasound recording techniques to measure USVs from California mice in the laboratory (Peromyscus Genetic Stock Center, SC, USA) and the wild (Hastings Natural History Reserve, CA, USA). To determine which California mouse in the wild was vocalizing, we used a remote sensing method that used a 12-microphone acoustic localization array coupled with automated radio telemetry of all resident Peromyscus californicus in the area of the acoustic localization array. California mice in the laboratory and the wild produced the same types of USV motifs. However, wild California mice produced USVs that were 2–8 kHz higher in median frequency and significantly more variable in frequency than laboratory California mice. Significance: The similarity in overall form of USVs from wild and laboratory California mice demonstrates that production of USVs by captive Peromyscus is not an artifact of captivity. Our study validates the widespread use of USVs in laboratory rodents as behavioral indicators but highlights that particular characteristics of laboratory USVs may not reflect natural conditions.
Atherosclerosis in lemmings and voles fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet.

Abstract Two species of lemmings and two species of voles were fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet for several months. Clethrionomys rutilus had a moderate (2×) rise in serum cholesterol while Microtus oeconomus had a marked increase (5×); Dicrostonyx stevensoni and Dicrostonyx rubricatus had extreme increases (8× and 11×, respectively). Typical lesions of atherosclerosis were ob served in all species, but D. rubricatus had significantly more severe lesions. Hepatic fatty infiltration was the principal pathologic lesion found besides atherosclerosis in those test rodents which died spontaneously.
The right to privacy: A legal guidepost to television programing

One of the most complex problem areas of broadcast programing is where a person's “right to privacy” meets the public's (or the broadcaster's) “right to know.” Guidelines through this area are difficult to find, resting as they do upon a highly technical body of law. Textbooks in broadcasting suggest the broadcaster use caution whenever the right to privacy might become an issue, but fail to give clear instruction (apart from the need to obtain a release in some unspecified form) on the best methods of avoiding a law suit. The average newsman and other program production personnel are ill‐equipped to analyze a difficult legal question without help and with little time. The following article, written for a graduate seminar at Michigan State University under the direction of Dr. Walter Emery, is designed to provide the non‐lawyer broadcaster with some guides for minimizing the influence of the “right to privacy” on the “right to know.”
Age Classification from Facial Images

This paper presents a theory and practical computations for visual age classification from facial images. Currently, the theory has only been implemented to classify input images into one of three age-groups: babies, young adults, and senior adults. The computations are based on cranio-facial development theory and skin wrinkle analysis. In the implementation, primary features of the face are found first, followed by secondary feature analysis. The primary features are the eyes, nose, mouth, chin, virtual-top of the head and the sides of the face. From these features, ratios that distinguish babies from young adults and seniors are computed. In secondary feature analysis, a wrinkle geography map is used to guide the detection and measurement of wrinkles. The wrinkle index computed is sufficient to distinguish seniors from young adults and babies. A combination rule for the ratios and the wrinkle index thus permits categorization of a face into one of three classes. Results using real images are presented. This is the first work involving age classification, and the first work that successfully extracts and uses natural wrinkles. It is also a successful demonstration that facial features are sufficient for a classification task, a finding that is important to the debate about what are appropriate representations for facial analysis.
History and Evaluation of Hargreaves Evapotranspiration Equation

A brief history of development of the 1985 Hargreaves equation and its comparison to evapotranspiration (ET) predicted by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Penman-Monteith method are described to provide background and information helpful in selecting an appropriate reference ET equation under various data situations. Early efforts in irrigation water requirement computations in California and other arid and semiarid regions required the development of simplified ET equations for use with limited weather data. Several initial efforts were directed towards improving the usefulness of pan evaporation for estimating irrigation water requirements. Similarity with climates of other countries allowed developments in California to be extended overseas. Criticism of empirical methods by H. L. Penman and others encouraged the search for a robust and practical method that was based on readily available climatic data for computing potential evapotranspiration or reference crop evapot...
On the Migration of Fiscal Sovereignty

Technology A s authority over public expenditures has shifted from central to provincial and local governments in countries around the world over the last two decades, prevailing approaches to the study of decentralization in welfare economics and public choice from the 1970s and 1980s have given way to new political economy approaches. The first generation of theories envisioned central and lower-level
How Gender Influences Roll Call Voting

Objective Research has established that female legislators act differently than their male counterparts in state legislatures. But the effect of gender on roll call voting is less clear, due in part to the fact that research has not properly differentiated between the multiple ways gender can influence roll call voting. Methods In order to better understand the relationship between gender and roll call voting, structural equation modeling is used to examine roll call voting in numerous issue areas in five state legislatures. Results Gender rarely exerts a direct influence on roll call voting. Instead, the influence of gender is manifested through ideology and party. Conclusion The primary effect of gender on roll call voting is that it leads female legislators to make different choices in ideology and partisanship as compared to their male counterparts.
Democracy, visibility and public good provision

We examine the role of visibility in influencing government resource allocation across a multiplicity of public goods. We show that a “visibility effect” distorts governmental resource allocation such that it helps explain why governments neglect provision of essential public goods, despite their considerable benefits. We show that greater democratization widens the gap in resource allocation between more visible (such as famine prevention) versus less visible (such as malnutrition prevention) public goods, up to an intermediate level of democracy. Beyond this level, this gap decreases. Furthermore, public goods with low visibility are prone to multiple equilibria in resource allocation, with voter expectations being shown to be important.
High-energy SBS pulse compression

An efficient two-cell stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) pulse-compressor design that can be scaled to large laser-pulse energies is described and a numerical model has been developed that accurately predicts the performance of this pulse-compressor system over a wide range of operating parameters. The compression of a 2.5 J input pulse from a width of 15.8 to 1.7 ns is experimentally demonstrated with 80 percent energy efficiency. A design of an SBS pulse compressor to compress a 25 J pulse to a pulse width less than 1 ns with 80 percent energy efficiency is presented. >
Sensor beamforming with distributed mobile elements in a wireless sensor network

Sensor array beamforming performance using independently mobile antennas connected through a wireless sensor network is analyzed where a performance metric is proposed enabling mitigation of the perturbation of array factor formation caused by dynamic node positions. Wireless networking has expanded array design possibilities to include wirelessly connected elements; however, static positioning of elements remains central to determination and application of weights necessary for coherent array beam formation. Wireless networks allow for participant mobility, but applied weights must be reformed for each position update in order to maintain target focus. While deterministic motion allows easy weight translation, random element motion requires significant network energy to reform weights through position updates. The relationship between array factor and stochastic element motion is analyzed. A relationship is developed between motion and array factor magnitude probability towards the intended target vector. The relationship proposed is shown to be assessable and useful for reducing network traffic and processing overhead and while producing operationally acceptable gain towards the target. The result compares favorably against a constant position updating model in terms of sensor energy usage across the network.