cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the normal vectorcardiogram recorded with the Frank lead system.

Abstract The present report is concerned with vector-cardiographic findings in a population of normal adult subjects. The Frank electrode system was used in this study. We have reported the range of 90 per cent of the observations, the median, the mean, and one standard deviation for the angle, magnitude, and time of occurrence of the Q, R and S vectors in each plane. We have also presented similar values for the length and width of the tracing, the length-to-width ratio, and QRS duration in each plane. Magnitudes were calculated for the spatial Q, R and S vectors in each subject, and the mean values are presented. Tracings recorded from normal subjects may be conveniently classified into three main types. We have presented data illustrating that these types are different from their onset. It is suggested that these types may result from differences in the sequence of ventricular excitation. Data concerning the vectorcardiographic changes with age have been presented, and it was found that only minor differences existed among the five decades studied. A comparison between males and females revealed no difference in contour or orientation of the tracings, although the magnitudes of the spatial Q, R and S vectors were significantly less in females. We have reviewed the experimental data concerning ventricular activation and have discussed its possible correlation with the spatial vectorcardiogram.
A simultaneous equations system of money demand and supply using generalized functional forms

Abstract The Box-Cox parametric transformation was incorporated into a simultaneous money demand and supply equations systems, where the demand function had a liquidity trap. Full-Information Maximum-Likelihood parameter estimates of the ‘generalized’ system, as compared to FIML estimates from an equations system where the functional forms were a priori restricted, revealed the ‘generalized functional form’ model had superior forecasting ability, smaller impact multipliers on discretionary policy instruments, and different elasticity estimates. A likelihood ratio test between the ‘generalized’ and a priori restricted models indicated the generalized model was significantly different from the closest ‘linear in the parameters’ model.
Applying Info-Gap Theory to Remanufacturing Process Selection Affected by Severe Uncertainty

In this article, Information-Gap Decision Theory (IGDT), an approach to robust decision making under severe uncertainty, is applied to decisions about a remanufacturing process. IGDT is useful when only a nominal estimate is available for an uncertain quantity; the amount that estimate differs from the quantity’s actual value is not known. The decision strategy in IGDT involves maximizing robustness to uncertainty of unknown size, while still guaranteeing no worse than some “good enough” critical level of performance, rather than optimal performance. The design scenario presented involves selecting the types of technologies and number of stations to be used in a remanufacturing process. The profitability of the process is affected by severe uncertainty in the demand for remanufactured parts. Because nothing is know about demand except an estimate based on a different product from a previous year, info-gap theory will be used to determine an appropriate tradeoff between performance and robustness to severe uncertainty. Which design is most preferred is seen to switch depending on choice of critical performance level. Implications of findings, as well as future research directions, are discussed.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Effect of by-product gypsum application rate to grass pasture, grass hay, and corn silage on fermentation by rumen microorganisms in continuous culture

Abstract A dual-flow continuous culture fermenter system was used to investigate ruminal fermentation in response to increased by-product gypsum application rate of three forages. The treatments included 0, 22, 45, and 90 tonnes/ha by-product gypsum applied to grass plots and 0, 22, and 45 tonnes/ha by-product gypsum applied to corn plots. Forage was harvested to represent grass pasture (GP), grass hay (GH), and corn silage (CS), dried, ground, and fed to fermenters at a rate of 60 g dry matter (DM)/day. Organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) digestibilities, rumen pH, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, and N metabolism were not affected by gypsum application rate for all forage types. The GH had greater sulfur content than recommended as the maximum tolerable level by the National Research Council (NRC). The results of this study indicate that ruminal fermentation was not compromised when by-product gypsum was applied to GP, GH, or CS at rates up to 90 tonnes/ha. By-product gypsum application to pastures and crops shows promise as an economical soil amendment to reduce dissolved phosphorus loss in runoff, although potential animal health issues should be further evaluated.
The crystallographic structure of Panicum Mosaic Virus (PMV).

The structure of Panicum Mosaic Virus (PMV) was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis to 2.9A resolution. The crystals were of pseudo symmetry F23; the true crystallographic unit cell was of space group P2(1) with a=411.7A, b=403.9A and c=412.5A, with β=89.7°. The asymmetric unit was two entire T=3 virus particles, or 360 protein subunits. The structure was solved by conventional molecular replacement from two distant homologues, Cocksfoot Mottle Virus (CfMV) and Tobacco Necrosis Virus (TNV), of ∼20% sequence identity followed by phase extension. The model was initially refined with exact icosahedral constraints and then with icosahedral restraints. The virus has Ca(++) ions octahedrally coordinated by six aspartic acid residues on quasi threefold axes, which is completely different than for either CfMV or TNV. Amino terminal residues 1-53, 1-49 and 1-21 of the A, B and C subunits, respectively, and the four C-terminal residues (239-242) are not visible in electron density maps. The additional ordered residues of the C chain form a prominent "arm" that intertwines with symmetry equivalent "arms" at icosahedral threefold axes, as was seen in both CfMV and TNV. A 17 nucleotide hairpin segment of genomic RNA is icosahedrally ordered and bound at 60 equivalent sites at quasi twofold A-B subunit interfaces at the interior surface of the capsid. This segment of RNA may serve as a conformational switch for coat protein subunits, as has been proposed for similar RNA segments in other viruses.
Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase: evidence for cofractionation of carboxylase and epoxidase activities, and for carboxylation of a high-molecular-weight microsomal protein.

Abstract The vitamin K-dependent carboxylase from rat liver microsomes has been fractionated by submitting a crude preparation of this activity to chromatography on different column supports. A constant ratio of vitamin K epoxidation and vitamin K-dependent carboxylation was observed in all column fractions with good carboxylase activity, supporting the hypothesis that these two activities are carried out by the same enzyme complex. The preparation obtained (Complex B) is stable for several days when left on ice and has the same general properties as those observed in Triton X-100-solubilized microsomes. When antiserum raised against Complex B was incubated with Complex B, a twofold increase in carboxylase activity was observed. Benzidine staining showed that an appreciable pool of the antibody population was directed against hemeprotein(s). These data and spectral analyses indicated that a major contaminant of the preparation in cytochrome P-450. Although endogenous prothrombin precursors were absent in the crude starting preparation, a constant ratio of endogenous substrate carboxylation and carboxylation of a soluble substrate was observed during fractionation. A protein with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 which copurified with Complex B was identified as substrate for the carboxylase.
Revealing Preferences: Empirical Estimation of a Crisis Bargaining Game with Incomplete Information

We develop an empirical estimator directly from an extensive-form crisis bargaining game with incomplete information and discuss its features and limitations. The estimator makes it possible to draw inferences about states' payoffs from observational data on crisis out comes while remaining faithful to the theorized strategic and informational structure. We compare this estimator to one based on a symmetric information version of the same game, using the quantal response equilibrium proposed in this context by Signorino (1999, American Political Science Review 93:279-298). We then address issues of identification that arise in trying to learn about actors' utilities by observing their play of a strategic game. In general, a number of identifying restrictions are needed in order to pin down the distribution of payoffs and the effects of covariates on those payoffs.
The new paternalism.

KIE: The author argues that the belief that patient autonomy has great moral value has justified a new form of medical paternalism which can have effects similar to those of the old rejected form. He cites the argument that "all illness represents a state of diminished autonomy" and that therefore autonomy is not overridden when physicians make all decisions. Another view is that, in some situations, withholding information may prevent patient deterioration and loss of autonomy. Abridgement of present autonomy, then, is permissible if it promotes future autonomy. Strasser also rejects physician decision making based on patients' previously communicated values or on the theory that patient values are important but not decisive. He concludes that if we "allow paternalistic practices, then we should admit that we are denying autonomy in light of some other good rather than claim that, somehow, we are respecting autonomy by abridging it."
First Report of the Necrotic Strain of Potato virus Y (PVYN) on Potatoes in the Northwestern United States.

More than 50 isolates of Potato virus Y (PVY) with characteristics of strains that cause tobacco veinal necrosis (PVYN) were obtained from potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown in the northwestern United States. These isolates are being characterized at the biological and molecular levels. Isolate RR1 was obtained from leaves of potato cv. Ranger Russet showing distinct mottling and leaf deformity, which is in contrast to the leaf-drop and necrosis usually observed with ordinary strains of PVY (PVYO) in this variety. Isolate AL1 was obtained from tubers of potato cv. Alturas showing distinct internal light brown rings and blotches. When RR1 and AL1 were transmitted to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cvs. Samsun NN and 423), they caused systemic veinal necrosis, including stem and petiole lesions typical of PVYN strains (2). Symptoms induced by RR1 and AL1 on tobacco appeared 9 to 11 days after inoculation, whereas some other isolates caused delayed veinal necrosis. All isolates that produced veinal necrosis...
Mariner 10 star photography

Two identical television cameras, each having a long and short focal-length capability, were carried aboard the spacecraft for the reconnaissance of Venus and Mercury. These telescopes were used in conjunction with a filter-wheel assembly and a focal-plane shutter to provide an image on a slow-scan vidicon tube. The results obtained with this system are discussed, giving attention to aspects of sensitivity and questions related to focal length and geometric distortion.
The Oxford Incident: organizational culture’s role in an anthrax crisis

Abstract This paper examines the crisis management response of a Connecticut hospital during an anthrax case that came to be known as the “Oxford Incident.” While crisis communication plans may help organizations effectively manage crises, the findings of this study indicate the established culture at the hospital was the most important factor in the organization’s successful handling of the case.
Gate assisted Kelvin test structure to measure the electron and hole flows at the same nanowire contacts

A gate assisted Kelvin test structure based on Si nanowire field effect transistors has been designed and fabricated for the characterization of the transistor source/drain contacts. Because the Si nanowire field effect transistors exhibit ambipolar characteristics with electron current slightly lower than the hole current, we can select the type of carriers (electrons or holes) flowing through the same contacts and adjust the current by the applied gate voltage. In this way, we are able to measure the characteristics of the same contact with either pure electron or hole flow. In addition, we found that the nanowire contacts behave very differently depending on the current flow directions. This indicates that the source and drain contact resistance can be dramatically different. Such a gate assisted Kelvin Test structure will lead to future metrology and applications in nanoelectronics.
Evaluation of the phosphorus source component in the phosphorus index for pastures.

A phosphorus (P) index for pastures was developed to write nutrient management plans that determine how much P can be applied to a given field. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate and compare the P index for pastures, particularly the P source component, and an environmental threshold soil test P level by conducting rainfall simulations on contrasting soils under various management scenarios; and (ii) evaluate the P index for pastures on field-scale watersheds. Poultry litter was applied to 12 small plots on each of six farms based on either an environmental threshold soil test P level or on the P index for pastures, and P runoff was evaluated using rainfall simulators. The P index was also evaluated from two small (0.405 ha) watersheds that had been fertilized annually with poultry litter since 1995. Results from the small plot study showed that soil test P alone was a poor predictor of P concentrations in runoff water following poultry litter applications. The relationship between P in runoff and the amount of soluble P applied was highly significant. Furthermore, P concentrations in runoff from plots with and without litter applications were significantly correlated to P index values. Studies on pastures receiving natural rainfall and annual poultry litter applications indicated that the P index for pastures predicted P loss accurately without calibration (y = 1.16x - 0.23, r 2 = 0.83). These data indicate that the P index for pastures can accurately assess the risk of P loss from fields receiving poultry litter applications in Arkansas and provide a more realistic risk assessment than threshold soil test P levels.
Classification of mesons in a compound model

Mesons are considered as bound states of antibaryon-baryon pairs. The bound states of lowest quantum numbers correspond to the observed mesons, to the extent that the quantum numbers of the latter are known. In the model it is possible to have mesons of zero strangeness which are not eigenstates ofG parity.
Abnormal effects of hypertriacylglycerolemic very low-density lipoproteins on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity and viability of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells.

Abstract Our previous studies showed that hypertriacylglycerolemic very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) are functionally abnormal. Hypertriacylglycerolemic VLDL, but not normal VLDL, suppress 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in fibroblasts cultured from normal human subjects. To determine if hypertriacylglycerolemic VLDL also differ from normal VLDL in their interaction with vascular cells, their effects on the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase in cultured subconfluent bovine endothelial cells were quantified. All hypertriacylglycerolemic VLDL subclasses (S f 100–400, S f 60–100 and S f 20–60) from a Type III hyperlipoproteinemic subject were even more effective than normal low-density lipoproteins ( d 1.006−1.063) (LDL) in suppression; 50 and 100% suppression by S f 100–400 hypertriacylglycerolemic VLDL occurred at 0.5 and 5 μg protein/ml, respectively. The VLDL subclasses from two subjects with Type V hyperlipoproteinemia were comparable to LDL in suppression. By contrast, under experimental conditions when normal LDL gave 50% suppression at 1–5 μg protein/ml, neither normal S f 100–400 VLDL nor high-density lipoproteins (HDL) ( d 1.063−1.21) suppressed, even at lipoprotein concentrations of 35 and 200 μg protein/ml, respectively. The smaller S f 20–60 VLDL subclass from normal plasma suppressed, but with less than 20% of the potency of LDL. LDL and hypertriacylglycerolemic VLDL also suppressed the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase in confluent endothelial cell cultures. Moreover, exposure to low levels of hypertriacylglycerolemic VLDL, but not normal VLDL or LDL, reduced the number of viable endothelial cells up to 2-fold. We suggest that cytotoxic effects of hypertriacylglycerolemic VLDL on endothelial cells could impair the normal function of the endothelium in vivo.
Analytic representation of multi-ion interatomic potentials in transition metals.

The first-principles, density-functional version of the generalized pseudopotential theory (GPT), previously developed for empty- and filled-d-band metals, recently has been extended to pure transition metals with partially filled d bands [Phys. Rev. B 38, 3199 (1988)]. Within this formalism, a rigorous real-space expansion of the bulk total energy has been obtained in terms of widely transferable, structure-independent interatomic potentials, including both central-force pair interactions and angular-force triplet and quadruplet interactions. In the central transition metals, the three- and four-ion potentials, ${\mathit{v}}_{3}$ and ${\mathit{v}}_{4}$, are essential to a proper description of materials properties, but are necessarily multidimensional functions which cannot be easily tabulated for application purposes.We develop here a simplified version of the theory, the model GPT, in which these potentials can be expressed analytically while retaining the most important physics of the full first-principles treatment. The analytic treatment of ${\mathit{v}}_{3}$ and ${\mathit{v}}_{4}$ is made possible because of three simplifying features in the central transition metals. First, due to the nonspherical nature of the Fermi surface in such metals, the long-range sp-d hybridization tails of the first-principles potentials destructively interfere in total-energy calculations and thus can be dropped at the outset without major consequences. Second, the direct d-d contributions to the potentials are short ranged and need only be retained to fourth order in interatomic d-state matrix elements to obtain a good representation of the d-band-structure energy. Third, the d bands are canonical in nature, with the interatomic matrix elements well approximated by simple forms, so that all remaining low-order d-state contributions can be evaluated analytically.This leads to a description of ${\mathit{v}}_{3}$ and ${\mathit{v}}_{4}$ in terms of universal short-range radial and angular functions. The model GPT is made quantitatively accurate for real materials by allowing the coefficient of each d-state contribution to be adjusted to match first-principles calculations and/or experimental data. In this manner, one can achieve a set of potentials which simultaneously yield a good description of cohesion, vacancy formation, structural phase stability, elastic constants, and phonons, as is demonstrated for the representative case of molybdenum. More generally, the analytic potentials are suitable for widescale applications and permit for the first time the use of the transition-metal GPT in molecular-dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations.
Amberlite XAD-4 as a Stationary Phase for Preparative Liquid Chromatography in a Radially Compressed Column

Abstract Amberlite XAD-4, a nonpolar adsorbent with a particle size of 62 to 177 μm, was packed into 58 mm i.d. x 294 mm columns and radially compressed in the Waters Prep 500 preparative liquid chromatograph. Efficiency, loading capacity (multigram samples), resolution, recovery, and types of mobile phases were major parameters studied. Since XAD-4 is chemically inert mixed solvent and pH control from 1 to 13 can be successfully used in the mobile phase. Separations illustrating these advantages and the scope of the 58 mm i.d. column are described.
An enhanced role for the Tropical Pacific on the humid Pleistocene–Holocene transition in southwestern North America

Abstract Climate effects on landscape evolution during the Late Pleistocene–Holocene transition (∼14.6–8 ka) in southwestern North America traditionally are linked to the activity of the North American Monsoon and to vegetation change related to a decrease in winter precipitation acting in response to orbital cyclicity. We performed an integrated analysis of regional alluvial fan, lacustrine and paleobotanical records for the area comparing them with hemispheric and regional paleoclimate proxies. Our focus was on the potential role the Tropical Pacific has as a synoptic pattern modulator and moisture source for hydrogeomorphic activity in the region. Our analysis indicates that the onset of alluvial fan aggradation in most of the region at ∼13.5 ka could have been a response to semi-permanent El Nino-like conditions in the Tropical Pacific, which enhanced the frequency of winter frontal storms as well as increased penetration of tropical cyclones in the region. The North American Monsoon was restricted in extent and intensity until ∼7 ka and probably was not a major factor in alluvial fan aggradation. A second stage of alluvial fan aggradation from 11.5 to ∼9 ka was dominated by hyper-concentrated flows and sheet-flood sedimentation, along with deposition in fluvial settings. Storms were probably were linked to landfall of enhanced water vapor bands in the leading edge of winter extra-tropical cyclones with moisture advected directly from the Tropical Pacific. At ∼8 ka, favorable conditions for the occurrence of these storms waned and storm tracks shifted northward. Analysis of modern analogs for storm types described above as prevalent during this period indicates that changes in circulation patterns across the Tropical Pacific can affect storm properties enough to explain the observed geomorphic effects, regardless of other factors traditionally considered of large impact like vegetation change. Our results suggest that the Tropical Pacific plays a larger role than currently thought in landscape evolution of the region.
Instrumentation for the NEESR Sand Aging Field Experiment

This paper describes the instrumentation being developed and/or used for monitoring the post-liquefaction time-dependent changes in the state and properties of sand. As part of the NEESR project "NEESR - II: Mechanisms and Implications of Time-Dependent Changes in the State and Properties of Recently Liquefied Sands," a field study is being performed which involves the inducement of liquefaction in a saturated sand deposit via explosives, a vibroflot, and a NEES vibroseis. Subsequent to liquefaction, the time-dependent changes, commonly referred to as "aging," in the state and properties of the liquefied sand will be monitored for months to years. Central to the field study is the measurement of accelerations, settlements, and pore water pressures during and subsequent to liquefaction. Monitoring these parameters will allow the authors to compare the various methods used to breakdown the soil structure with the magnitude of disturbance and subsequent aging.
On Material Averaging In Electromagnetic Simulation

The work demonstrates drawbacks of the classical “parallel-serial” way of material averaging (inside a heterogeneous discretization cell), both by theoretical speculations and numerical experiments. Also, a new approach for this is proposed, applicable for 2D simulations with “pancake” earth models. It is shown that the new method provides much more precise numerical results than the classical one. Among other things, it enables an accurate simulation of problems with thin skin layers on coarse grids.
Novel 2D Triple-Resonance NMR Experiments for Sequential Resonance Assignments of Proteins

Abstract We present 2D versions of the popular triple resonance HN(CO) CACB, HN(COCA)CACB, HN(CO)CAHA, and HN(COCA) CAHA experiments, commonly used for sequential resonance assignments of proteins. These experiments provide information about correlations between amino proton and nitrogen chemical shifts and the α- and β-carbon and α-proton chemical shifts within and between amino acid residues. Using these 2D spectra, sequential resonance assignments of H N , N, C α , C β , and H α nuclei are easily achieved. The resolution of these spectra is identical to the well-resolved 2D 15 N– 1 H HSQC and H(NCO)CA spectra, with slightly reduced sensitivity compared to their 3D and 4D versions. These types of spectra are ideally suited for exploitation in automated assignment procedures and thereby constitute a fast and efficient means for NMR structural determination of small and medium-sized proteins in solution in structural genomics programs.
Reversible change in the fibroblast lysosomal enzyme dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-1 (cathepsin C) related to the commercial source of fetal bovine serum in the culture medium.

The commercial source of fetal bovine serum used to supplement the growth medium of human skin fibroblasts alters the activity of the lysosomal enzyme dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-1 (DAP-1). Cells grown with one serum were found to have a threefold higher level of DAP-1 than those grown with serum from another source (P<0.001). The effect on DAP-1 activity was specific inasmuch as no differences were found in the activities of a variety of other lysosomal and nonlysosomal hydrolases: DAP-II, DAP-III, DAP-IV, β-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase, andN-acetyl-β-galactosaminidase. The effect is reversible and is observed over a wide range of cell population doublings. Cell growth kinetics were not significantly different with the different sera.
The heart and diabetic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy represents the most common etiology for stage 5 chronic kidney disease in the United States, resulting in the need for dialysis and transplantation. It is estimated that about one-third of U.S. patients who need renal replacement therapy are diabetics. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) of any etiology is associated with cardiovascular disease and is more predictable in patients with diabetic nephropathy.1 Such individuals have an increased incidence of coronary artery disease and hypertension but also can have diabetic cardiomyopathy due to microvascular complications of diabetes.2 Optimal blood pressure, blood sugar, and blood lipid control as well as cessation of smoking are of utmost importance in preventing progression of cardiovascular, renal, and end-organ damage. Similarly, early recognition and treatment of microalbuminuria (a manifestation of systemic endothelial dysfunction) is extremely important in improving cardiovascular and renal outcomes.3
Place of origin of prehistoric inhabitants of Aztalan, Jefferson co., Wisconsin

The archaeological site of Aztalan in southeastern Wisconsin is a large, palisaded complex of mounds and other structures along the banks of the Crawfish River in Jefferson County. The unusual nature of this settlement has been noted for many years and the origin of the inhabitants has been the subject of considerable debate. The similarities between the materials at Aztalan and other Mississippian period sites to the south in Illinois have long been noted. The largest center of the Mississippian culture at Cahokia near East St. Louis, Illinois, has often been cited as the likely home of the founders of Aztalan. Using strontium isotopes in human teeth and bone we examine the question of migration and the possibility of nonlocal individuals among the skeletal remains from Aztalan. Our results suggest that there were a number of foreign individuals among the locals. The isotopic signal for some of the foreigners matches values from Cahokia, but does not prove that this was their place of origin.
Signaling networks in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders.

Abstract Over the past decade, the focus of research into the pathophysiology of mood disorders (bipolar disorder and unipolar depression in particular) has shifted from an interest in the biogenic amines to an emphasis on second messenger systems within cells. Second messenger systems rely on cell membrane receptors to relay information from the extracellular environment to the interior of the cell. Within the cell, this information is processed and altered, eventually to the point where gene and protein expression patterns are changed. There is a preponderance of evidence implicating second messenger systems and their primary contact with the extracellular environment, G proteins, in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. After an introduction to G proteins and second messenger pathways, this review focuses on the evidence implicating G proteins and two second messenger systems—the adenylate cyclase (cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP) and phosphoinositide (protein kinase C, PKC) intracellular signaling cascades—in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. Emerging evidence implicates changes in cellular resiliency, neuroplasticity and additional cellular pathways in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. The systems discussed within this review have been implicated in neuroplastic processes and in modulation of many other cellular pathways, making them likely candidates for mediators of these findings.
Trunk motion during lifting: The relative cost

Abstract The cost of lifting motion to back loading has been investigated traditionally by monitoring the electromyographic (EMG) recordings of trunk muscle during a controlled lift. When subjects are tested on an isokinetic dynamometer, the EMG activity decreases as the velocity increases and trunk torque production also decreases with added velocity. However, during an actual lift, the necessary torque needed to handle the load remains constant regardless of the lift speed. This research has investigated the muscle force per unit torque which is needed to support a load under various trunk velocities. Forty-five subjects were tested for maximum torque production under various velocity and angle conditions. The relative trunk loading cost of velocity was evaluated and described in an equation for slow velocity (0–30 deg/s) trunk exertions. These results were used to discuss how static lifting models might be adjusted to account for the added trunk load due to velocity.
Rapid detection of intracellular SH2D1A protein in cytotoxic lymphocytes from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease and their family members.

Mutations in the SH2D1A gene have been described in most patients with the clinical syndrome of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP). The diagnosis of XLP is still difficult given its clinical heterogeneity and the lack of a readily available rapid diagnostic laboratory test, particularly in patients without a family history of XLP. XLP should always be a consideration in males with Epstein-Barr virus–associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH). Four-color flow cytometric analysis was used to establish normal patterns of SH2D1A protein expression in lymphocyte subsets for healthy subjects. Three of 4 patients with XLP, as confirmed by the detection of mutations in the SH2D1A gene, had minimal intracellular SH2D1A protein in all cytotoxic cell types. The remaining patient lacked intracellular SH2D1A protein in CD56+ natural killer (NK) and T lymphocytes and had an abnormal bimodal pattern in CD8+ T cells. Carriers of SH2D1A mutations had decreased SH2D1A protein staining patterns compared with healthy controls. Eleven males with clinical syndromes consistent with XLP, predominantly EBV-HLH, had patterns of SH2D1A protein expression similar to those of healthy controls. Four-color flow cytometry provides diagnostic information that may speed the identification of this fatal disease, differentiating it from other causes of EBV-HLH.
Langmuir probe measurements in an inductively coupled plasma source

Measurements of the plasma potential, electron density, effective electron temperature, and electron energy distribution function (EEDF) have been performed with Langmuir probes in planar, electrostatically shielded, low-pressure inductively coupled plasmas. The plasma source is a modification of the Gaseous Electronics Conference RF Reference Cell [P. J. Hargis {ital et al.}, Rev. Sci. Instrum. {bold 65}, 140 (1994)] with the upper electrode replaced by a five-turn planar coil and a quartz vacuum interface. Four different rare gases (Ar, Kr, Xe, and Ne), a He:Ar (96:4) mixture, and O{sub 2} and N{sub 2} were investigated. We found that with increasing ionization potential of the rare gas the electron density decreases, while the effective electron temperature and the plasma potential increase. Non-Maxwellian EEDFs were observed for all energies for O{sub 2} and N{sub 2} discharges as well as for the rare gases above the energy range for elastic collisions. Spatially resolved measurements confirm that the EEDF is determined by spatially averaged quantities instead of the local electric field. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
THE ANNUAL CYCLE AND INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IN THE VICINITY OF THE NORTH POLE

A comparison of National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis six-hourly sea-level pressure data with former Soviet drifting station observations over the central Arctic Basin reveals high monthly correlations throughout the period 1950–91, but also a preferred winter season negative bias of about 1.4 hPa. Using the reanalysis, supplemented by Arctic Ocean Buoy Program fields and in situ observations, a generalized depiction of the annual cycle of pressure fields over the Arctic may be constructed. Above the Canada Basin–Laptev Sea side of the Arctic, the annual cycle of surface pressure is dominated by the first harmonic, which has an amplitude of about 5 hPa and maximum pressure occurring in March. Along the periphery of northern Greenland and extending to the North Pole, a weak semiannual cycle is found in surface pressure with maxima in May and November. The presence of the semiannual variation over time is highly variable. Dynamically, this progression of the annual cycle may be attributed to the transfer of atmospheric mass from Eurasia and into the Canadian Archipelago in spring and the reverse condition in autumn. Over the central Arctic Basin, springtime pressure increases result from an enhanced poleward mass transport from Eurasia. An increase of equatorward transport over the Canadian Archipelago in May and June results in central Arctic pressure decreases into summer. A less distinct temporal separation between the poleward Canadian transport and the equatorward Eurasian transport results in the weaker second pressure maximum in autumn. On interannual time-scales, atmospheric mass over the central Arctic is exchanged with the storm track centres of action in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. In particular, the large decrease in central Arctic Basin sea-level pressure during the late 1980s is due to a large transfer of atmospheric mass into the North Pacific. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Prediction of tropical cyclone turning and acceleration using empirical orthogonal function representations

Abstract Prediction of tropical cyclone motion in terms of cross-track (CT) and along-track (AT) components is proposed as an alternative to geographic (zonal and meridional) components. Since the CT and AT components are defined relative to an extrapolated track based on the current and − 12 h wanting positions, the CT and AT components are representative of the important turning motion and apparent speed changes along the track. A discriminant analysis approach is used to determine which of the persistence-type and predictors and empirical orthogonal functions of the geopotential fields are most relevant. Classification functions are derived to predict the future CT and AT tercile group. The scheme correctly selects 45% of the CT and 50% of the AT classifications versus 33% due to random chance. Based on the results of the discriminant analysis, the sample of cases is stratified into five subgroups in terms of the past 12 h storm heading and speed. Separate regression equations are derived for the subgr...
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) distribution in murine brain and functional studies indicate that cPLA2 does not participate in muscarinic receptor-mediated signaling in neurons

Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) catalyzes the selective release of arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of membrane phospholipids and has been suggested as an effector in the receptor-mediated release of arachidonic acid in signal transduction. The potential role of cPLA2 as an effector in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling was investigated through ectopic expression of either the m1 or m5 receptor in combination with cPLA2 in COS-1, CHO and U-373 MG cell lines. U-373 MG and COS-1 cells express undetectable or very low levels of cPLA2. CHO cell extracts are characterized by a significant endogenous PLA2 activity that was increased over 20-fold following transient expression with cPLA2 cDNA. However, in none of the cells lines did the co-expression of muscarinic receptor and cPLA2 result in a significant increase in muscarinic receptor-mediated arachidonic acid release over cells expressing muscarinic receptor alone. The distribution of cPLA2 mRNA and cPLA2 immunoreactivity in murine brain were determined in order to investigate a potential role for cPLA2 in neurotransmission. cPLA2 mRNA was expressed in white matter, including cells contained within linear arrays characteristic of interfascicular oligodendrocytes. cPLA2 immunoreactivity in white matter was evident throughout the processes of fibrous astrocytes. cPLA2 expression in gray matter was confined to astrocytes at the pial surface of the brain. cPLA2 mRNA was detected in pia mater, both at the brain surface and inner core of the choroid plexus. cPLA2 may not be directly linked to neurotransmission since enzyme expression, mRNA, and cPLA2 immunoreactivity were undetectable in neurons of murine brain. Support or regulation of neurotransmission may be provided through the activity of cPLA2 in glial cells.
Xerostomia, Xerogenic Medications and Food Avoidances in Selected Geriatric Groups

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between complaints of xerostomia and salivary performance and food avoidances in four geriatric groups chosen to reflect a broad spectrum of individuals along the health-disease continuum. To determine whether xerogenic medications taken by these individuals could be associated with either complaints of xerostomia or with food avoidances. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. Clinical examinations and interview. SETTING: A VA dental clinic and a retirement home. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Subjects were 529 individuals older than 56 years of age, living both in institutions and in the community (average age 70 years). Two hundred eight persons were recruited from a VA Dental Clinic, 114 from a residential retirement home, and 132 from a nursing/long-term-care facility; 75 were from an acute care ward and had a diagnosis of a cerebral vascular accident or other neurological condition. OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of xerostomia, dental morbidity, salivary flow, and food avoidances. RESULTS: About 72% of the subjects experienced xerostomia sometime during the day. Stimulated salivary flow was found to be significantly lower in individuals who complained of xerostomia than in those who did not. Fifty-five percent of participants reported using one or more xerogenic medications, with an 86% prevalence in the nursing/long-term-care facility. Individuals with xerostomia had difficulty in chewing and in starting a swallow and were significantly more likely to avoid crunchy foods such as vegetables, dry foods such as bread, and sticky foods such as peanut butter in their diets. Specific medications such as the inhalants ipratropium and triamcinolone and the systemic agents oxybutynin and triazolam could be statistically associated with xerostomia and/or low salivary flow, and/or specific food avoidances. CONCLUSION: Xerostomia apparently affects the ability to chew and start a swallow. This leads to avoidance of certain foods, which raises the possibility that xerostomia could contribute to undernutrition in older persons. The topically applied ipratropium and triamcinolone and the systemic agents amitriptyline, oxybutynin and triazolam could be statistically associated with one or more complaints of xerostomia.
The acronym superiority effect

The visual world is replete with noisy, continuous, perceptually variant linguistic information, which fluent readers rapidly translate from percept to meaning. What are the properties the language comprehension system uses as cues to initiate lexical/semantic access in response to some, but not all, orthographic strings? In the behavioral, electromagnetic, and neuropsychological literatures, orthographic regularity and familiarity have been identified as critical factors. Here, we present a study in the Reicher—Wheeler tradition that manipulates these two properties independently through the use of four stimulus categories: familiar and orthographically regular words, unfamiliar but regular pseudowords, unfamiliar illegal strings, and familiar but orthographically illegal acronyms. We find that, like letters in words and pseudowords, letters in acronyms enjoy an identification benefit relative to similarly illegal, but unfamiliar strings. This supports theories of visual word recognition in which familiarity, rather than orthographic regularity, plays a critical role in gating processing.
Climate change and salmonid life history variation

Abstract A model is developed to predict some effects of climate change on anadromous fish. A review the relevant biology of salmonids, focusing on three species of Pacific salmon and on Atlantic salmon, shows that there is sufficient commonality to this biology that we can conceive of a “general salmon” model, which is then tailored to consider a particular species in a particular situation. Such a model is developed for the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and is used to study the effects of climate change on its patterns of development and maturation. The main variables in this model are the weight and length of the fish (assumed to be related allometrically), the metabolic rate of the fish (a measure of how potential growth is converted into realized growth) and environmental properties such as food availability and water temperature. The main predictions are the pattern of development (maturation and smoltification) and feeding behavior in the stream. Given these predicted patterns of development and behavior, we can address the response to climate change. For example, if climate change leads to an overall decrease in the availability of food, then returning fish will be smaller (as expected). However, the return timing may change too, depending upon the metabolic rate. Similarly, assuming that streams are warmed by climate change, leads to a clear prediction about switches in the patterns of smolting as a function of size of the fish and metabolic rate. Methods for testing the proposed models are described.
Detection of Disease Genes by Use of Family Data. I. Likelihood-Based Theory

We present a class of likelihood-based score statistics that accommodate genotypes of both unrelated individuals and families, thereby combining the advantages of case-control and family-based designs. The likelihood extends the one proposed by Schaid and colleagues (Schaid and Sommer 1993, 1994; Schaid 1996; Schaid and Li 1997) to arbitrary family structures with arbitrary patterns of missing data and to dense sets of multiple markers. The score statistic comprises two component test statistics. The first component statistic, the nonfounder statistic, evaluates disequilibrium in the transmission of marker alleles from parents to offspring. This statistic, when applied to nuclear families, generalizes the transmission/disequilibrium test to arbitrary numbers of affected and unaffected siblings, with or without typed parents. The second component statistic, the founder statistic, compares observed or inferred marker genotypes in the family founders with those of controls or those of some reference population. The founder statistic generalizes the statistics commonly used for case-control data. The strengths of the approach include both the ability to assess, by comparison of nonfounder and founder statistics, the potential bias resulting from population stratification and the ability to accommodate arbitrary family structures, thus eliminating the need for many different ad hoc tests. A limitation of the approach is the potential power loss and/or bias resulting from inappropriate assumptions on the distribution of founder genotypes. The systematic likelihood-based framework provided here should be useful in the evaluation of both the relative merits of case-control and various family-based designs and the relative merits of different tests applied to the same design. It should also be useful for genotype-disease association studies done with the use of a dense set of multiple markers.
Kinetics and mechanism of the atmospheric oxidation of ethyl tertiary butyl ether

Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) is being proposed as an additive for use in reformulated gasolines. In this study, experiments were performed to examine the kinetics and mechanism of the atmospheric removal of ETBE. The kinetics of the reaction of ETBE with OH radicals were examined by using a relative rate technique with the photolysis of methyl nitrite to generate OH radicals. With n-hexane as the reference compound, a value of (9.73 ± 0.33) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 was obtained for the rate constant. The OH rate constant for t-butyl acetate, a product of the oxidation of ETBE, was (4.4 ± 0.4) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 at 298 K. The primary products and molar yields for the OH reaction with ETBE in the presence of NOx were t-butyl formate (0.64 ± 0.03), t-butyl acetate (0.13 ± 0.01), ethyl acetate (0.043 ± 0.003), acetaldehyde (0.16 ± 0.01), acetone (0.019 ± 0.002), and formaldehyde (0.53 ± 0.04). Under the described reaction conditions, the formation of t-butyl nitrite was also observed. From these molar yields, approximately 98% of the reacted ETBE could be accounted for by paths leading to these products. Chemical mechanisms to explain the formation of these products are presented.
From conics to NURBS: A tutorial and survey

The main geometric features of the nonuniform rational B-splines (NURBS) curve and surface representations are described. It is shown that most of these features are already exhibited by conics, which are a special case of NURBS. The properties typical of NURBS are discussed without dwelling on properties already present in polynomial curves. Conic sections and their representations using rational Bezier curves are reviewed. Cubic NURB curves, geometrical rational splines, rational and B-spline surfaces, and rational Bezier triangles are discussed. >
Fear of Success, Need Achievement, and Fear of Failure: A Factor Analytic Study.

Several tests of Fear of Success (FOS), Fear of Failure (FOF), and Need Achievement (nAch), plus Taylor's Manifest Anxiety Scale and a social desirability scale were administered to 104 males and 101 females. FOS, FOF, and nAch did not show factor validity. Results for predictive validity were also poor. Anxiety defined the first factor in the factor analysis. All first-factor tests negatively predicted female grade point average and American College Test scores. All the first-factor tests showed sex differences, with females scoring higher. A clarifying role for anxiety in the study of sex differences in achievement is indicated.