cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A rapid method for separating small vesicles from suspersion

Abstract Techniques for rapidly aggregating suspensions of small vesicles made either of natural biological membrane or of phospholipid or phospholipid-protein mixtures by addition of one of the basic polypeptides, polylysine or protamine, have been investigated. Either filtration or centrifugation may be used to rapidly (15 to 30 s) and completely (over 98%) separate the vesicular aggregate from the suspending medium. At low values of the polylysine-to-vesicle weight ratio, aggregation is observed to increase with increasing polylysine concentration. At high values of this same ratio, aggregation decreases with increasing polylysine concentration. With protamine, like polylysine, aggregation increases with protamine concentration at low values of the weight ratio. At high values of the ratio, aggregation induced by protamine does not rapidly decrease with increasing protamine concentration as it does with polylysine. Explanations are given for these observations. While leakage induced by polylysine may be troublesome under some conditions with phospholipid vesicles or reconstituted systems, protamine aggregation has been found to induce much less leakage than polylysine aggregation. The leakage rate induced by protamine was not found to be significantly different from the control leakage rate for the first few minutes after addition of protamine under any of the conditions tested. Since this provides ample time for filtration, the protamine aggregation-filtration technique seems to be the method of choice for separation of many types of small vesicles from the suspending medium. It combines the advantages of rapid separation, complete separation, low rate of vesicle leakage, and versatility in being able to separate the vesicles from uncharged molecular components such as sugars where ion-exchange techniques will not work (1), as well as from ionic components. Low cost and simplicity are further advantages of the technique.
Radiology of meningiomas

Modern imaging plays an important role in the management of the patient with a meningioma. From initial diagnosis to postoperative evaluation and follow-up studies, the radiologist must be aware of the various and sometimes atypical imaging appearances of meningioma. This is often very satisfying since the imaging characteristics of meningioma are usually, but not always, diagnostic. This manuscript will briefly review the historical development of the imaging of meningioma and then describe the typical and atypical imaging appearances of this very common intracranial tumor.
A Harnack Inequality for Kolmogorov Equations

Abstract In this paper we establish a Hamack inequality for Kolmogorov equations. Our method is based on mean value formulas for solutions of the equation and estimates of the fundamental solution.
Die Antigone des Sophocles nach der hölderlinschen Übertragung für die Bühne bearbeitet von Brecht 1948 (Suhrkamp Verlag)

Daniele Huillet and Jean-Marie Straub's Antigone (1991–2) deserves wider exposure, including on DVD, as a culmination of many strands of their remarkable oeuvre. (The full title in English might be...
Timing of revenue streams from newly recruited faculty: implications for faculty retention.

Purpose To determine the timing and magnitude of revenues generated by newly recruited faculty, to facilitate configuration of recruitment packages appropriately matched to expected financial returns. Method The aggregate of all positive cash flows to central college of medicine administration -- from research, clinical care, tuition, philanthropy, and royalties and patents, from all faculty newly recruited to the University of Arizona College of Medicine between 1998 and 2004 -- was quantified using the net present value (npv) methodology, which incorporates the time value of money. Results Tenure-track faculty and, in particular, those with laboratory research programs, generated the highest positive central cash flows. The npv for positive cash flows (npv[+]) during 6 and 10 years for newly recruited assistant professors with laboratory research programs were $118,600 and $255,400, respectively, and, for professors with laboratory research programs, $172,600 and $298,000, respectively (associate professors were not analyzed because of limited numbers). Faculty whose appointments at the University of Arizona College of Medicine exceeded 15 years in duration were the most productive in central revenue generation, far in excess of their numbers proportionate to the total. Conclusions The results emphasize the critical importance of faculty retention, because even those newly recruited faculty who are most successful in central revenue generation (tenure track with laboratory research programs) must be retained for periods well in excess of 10 years to recoup the initial central investment required for their recruitment.
ARE SOIL MITE ASSEMBLAGES STRUCTURED BY THE IDENTITY OF NATIVE AND INVASIVE ALIEN GRASSES

Associations between plants and animals in aboveground communities are often predictable and specific. This has been exploited for the purposes of estimating the diversity of animal species based on the diversity of plant species. The introduction of invasive alien plants into an ecosystem can result in dramatic changes in both the native plant and animal assemblages. Few data exist at the species level to determine whether belowground animal assemblages share the same degree of association to plants. The hypotheses that soil mites (Acari) form assemblages specifically associated with different native grass species in an unmanipulated natural ecosystem and that invasive alien grasses will impact soil mite assemblage composition in this setting were tested. Soil mites sampled beneath five native and two invasive alien species of grasses at the Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas, USA, were similarly abundant, species rich, diverse, and taxonomically distinct. No mite species had affinities for a specific grass species. There was no evidence from analysis of similarity, canonical correspondence analysis, or a nonparametric assemblage analysis that the assemblage composition of soil mites was specific to grass species. Results suggest that soil mite assemblages were more related to characteristics of the plant assemblage as a whole or prevailing soil conditions. The most recent invasive alien grass did not support a successionally younger mite fauna, based on the ratio of mesostigmatid to oribatid mites, and neither of the two invasive grasses influenced mite assemblage structure, possibly because they had not yet substantially altered the soil environment. Our results suggest that extrapolations of soil mite diversity based on assumptions of plant specificity would be invalid.
Synthesis of anticonvulsant activity of some 2-phenylcarbamoyl-1,2-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes

A number of aryl isocyanates were adducted to 1,2-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and afforded 2-phenyl-carbamoyl-1,2-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes. Some of the products displayed anticonvulsant activity.
Chlamydial infections and the risk of ectopic pregnancy.

Objectives To analyse trends in rates of genital chlamydial infection and ectopic pregnancy between 1985 and 1995 in a county in Sweden.Setting Uppsala county where screening for chlamydial infection, treatment, and contact tracing has been widespread and where ectopic pregnancies are recorded.Methods Rates of chlamydial infections and ectopic pregnancy between 1985 and 1995 were calculated for women aged 20-39 years. Poisson and linear regression were used to examine the association between the risk of ectopic pregnancy and the current rates of chlamydial infection and rates of chlamydial infection from up to 5 years earlier.Main Outcome Measures Rates of chlamydial infection per 100 examinations, rates of ectopic pregnancy per 1000 pregnancies, rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals for an increase in chlamydial infections of 5 new cases per 100 examinations.Results 103,870 cervical samples from women aged 15-39 years were analysed; 5648 (5.4%) were positive for chlamydia. 51,630 pregnancies were analysed; 930 (1.8%) were ectopic. Both rates declined over time. For women aged 20-24 years there was a strong correlation between the rate of ectopic pregnancy and the rate of chlamydial infection in the same year (r=0.93, P<0.001); among older women correlations were stronger with rates of chlamydial infection occurring 1 or 2 years earlier. In Poisson regression ectopic pregnancy was most strongly associated with the current rate of chlamydial infection among women aged 20-24 (rate ratio 1.85, 95% confidence interval 1.44 to 2.38), with the rate of infection 1 year earlier among 25-29 year olds (rate ratio 1.72, 1.33 to 2.22) and 30-34 year olds (rate ratio 2.27, 1.53 to 3.37); and with the rate 2 years earlier among 35 to 39 year olds (rate ratio 2.58, 1.45 to 4.60).Conclusions Declining rates of genital chlamydial infections have probably led to a fall in the rate of ectopic pregnancies. The timing of the decline in the rate of ectopic pregnancies varies with age. Among young women falling rates of chlamydial infection have been accompanied by an immediate reduction in the rate of ectopic pregnancy.
Ultrasound-free preparation of graphene oxide from mechanochemically oxidized graphite

We propose an ultrasound-free preparation of graphene oxide using spontaneous exfoliation of specifically synthesized graphite oxide in water for the first time. Graphite was mechanochemically oxidized by KMnO4 in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of sulfuric acid. The shear stresses generated during the oxidation lead to primary delamination of the graphite oxide particles and in combination with the presence of the surface oxygen-containing functional groups facilitate their further exfoliation in water without the use of ultrasound disintegration. The synthesized graphene oxide luminesces in the blue region of the spectrum.
Projectile Impact on Soft, Porous Rock

Projectile Impact on Soft, Porous Rock An experimental investigation was conducted to study the penetration phenomena associated with the normal impact of 60° conical and hemispherically-tipped cylindrical projectiles with a 6.35 mm diameter on green shale in the velocity range from 18 to 40 m/s. In addition to initial velocity, a special device measured the velocity history of the striker during penetration, and the deformation pattern of the target was obtained from grid lines inscribed on a vertical diametral section of the specimen which was reassembled by emplacement in a steel ring before testing. The results showed that the tip geometry controlled the penetration depth which was quadratically related to the initial kinetic energy. Comparison with other data using spherical strikers indicated that only the contact geometry, and not the configuration nor mass of the rest of the striker determined the indentation depth for the same initial bullet energy within the present range of impact parameters. The tests also indicated that target deformation was comprised of material compaction varying in degree from a maximum at the initial contact point towards the target interior and equivolumnial material distortion. A computational model was constructed incorporating both of these features based on an experimentalempirical relation between hydrostatic pressure and volumetric strain and two representations for the effective stress-strain relation of an elastic-perfectly plastic comportment of the material. It was found that good agreement was obtained between the observed deformation pattern and the predictions of this model when flow stress was considered to be independent of volumetric strain, but less so when this quantity was taken as a function of this strain. The model also adequately predicted the velocity history of the projectile both for the present tests and those involving spherical strikers conducted previously.
Red cell polymorphisms in nonhuman primates: A review

Development as well as current status of the knowledge of nonhuman primate blood groups are discussed together with some practical implications of the red cell antigen polymorphisms in anthropoid apes, Old and New World monkeys and prosimians. Recent data on molecular biology and genetics throw light on the relationships among simian and human red cell antigens and their evolutionary pathways.
Cultural and demographic correlates of self‐reported guardedness among East Asian immigrants in the US

The study examined guarded self‐disclosure or reticence to reveal personal information about oneself to others among East Asian immigrants in the United States, in terms of cultural (ethnic identity, self‐construal, and acculturation) and demographic (gender, age, number of years in the US, and English fluency) variables. Norms regarding appropriate amount, content, and type of self‐disclosure differ noticeably between Asian and American cultures. In general, Asians have been found to be more guarded in their self‐disclosure than their American counterparts. Such differences may hinder the formation of relationships between Asian immigrants and Americans. Thus, it is important for psychologists to examine culture‐specific and non‐culture‐specific correlates of guarded self‐disclosure among Asian immigrants in the United States. However, to date, there has been a dearth of studies examining this topic. This paucity of research is somewhat surprising given the large number of Asian immigrants in the United ...
Smith and Undeveloped Nations

Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations is such a rich and generative work that in its study one is certain to find something to capture one's interests. The purpose of this paper is to show that Smith abounds with propositions that even today are applicable to the problems of the developing countries. He is the source of seminal ideas that have become full-blown theories at the hands of latter-day economists. In presenting them it is hoped that the author will not incur Cannan's reproach of using Smith as a mere clothesline on which to hang his own editorial opinions. [Cannan, p. xxi] The emphasis is positive; the time to take Smith to task for shortcomings which may seem obvious after the benefit of two-hundred years of experience should be postponed for another day. It seems somewhat unfair to use modern economic theory retroactively, that is, to test the goodness of fit of ideas that precede the mold used for the test, but this is particularly so in this year of the Wealth's Bicentennial.
Prenatal detection of cri du chat syndrome on uncultured amniocytes using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a chromosome-region-specific DNA probe was used prospectively on uncultured amniocyte interphase cells to detect an unbalanced chromosome abnormality that resulted in cri du chat or 5p – syndrome. Confirmation was performed by routine cytogenetics.
Plant community development in the first growing season of a created mitigation wetland bank as influenced by design elements

Vegetative communities of created wetlands often display lower species richness, less cover, higher occurrence of non-native or invasive species, and fewer obligate wetlands species than those in natural wetlands, thus failing to meet basic success criteria for wetland mitigation. This study examined the effects of two design elements, disking-induced microtopography and hydrologic regime, on the first year vegetation development pattern of a mitigation wetland newly created in the Virginia piedmont. Elevation and species cover were measured along replicate multiscale circular transects in two adjacent wetland sites that are different in their hydrologic regime. Two microtopographic indices, tortuosity (T) and limiting elevation difference (LD), were calculated from the elevation measurements. Both indices were higher in disked plots than non-disked plots, showing the effect of disking on microtopography. Out of forty-one vegetation taxa observed in the wetland, 29 taxa were naturally colonized and 12 taxa were seeded. All plots except one non-disked plot were dominated by wetland vegetation. Species richness and diversity were higher in disked than in non-disked plots. Vegetation community development seemed also influenced significantly by hydrologic regime of the site. The effect of microtopography on species richness and diversity was more pronounced in a relatively dry site compared to a wet site. In addition, percent cover, species richness and diversity of vegetation were positively correlated with microtopographic indices such as T and LD. Two design elements, microtopography and hydrologic regime, should be considered and incorporated in wetland creation to enhance plant community development.
Systeniic (half-body) radiation therapy: Response and toxicity

Abstract Systemic (half-body) Radiation Therapy (SHBRT) was employed in 40 patients with advanced cancer. The upper half body was irradiated in 23 patients; the lower half was irradiated in 12 (6 of these also received radiation to the upper segment); 5 patients received radiation to the middle segment (abdomen and pelvis). All patients received a single dose of 800 rad delivered at low dose rates (30–40 rad/min) with a 10 MeV iincer accelerator. The “acute radiation syndrome” occurred mainly with irradiation of the upper half of the body; it consisted of nausea and vomiting, increases in temperature and pulse rate and a drop in blood pressure. The onset of this syndrome occurred shortly after the procedure and sometimes lasted for up to 10 hr. In the last 6 patients treated a comprehensive premedication program which includes the administration of glucocorticoids, antiemetics and adequate hydration has reduced these acute symptoms to a minimum. Irradiation of one half of the human body is hematologically safe; blood counts return to normal within 6–8 weeks after the procedure. The main limiting factor of upper body irradiation is pulmonary toxicity; single doses of 800 rad (uncorrected for lung transmission) may lead to a 10–20% incidence of fatal radiation pneumonitis. Caution is advocated and the total dose proposed at the present time is 600–700 rad corrected for long transmission; minimal pulmonary toxicity has been reported with this dose. Systemic radiation therapy given for pain palliation achieves its goal in over 8096 of all patients. This pain relief is complete in over 40% of the patients and occurs dramatically within the first 24–48 hr. Furthermore, this technique has proved effective in reducing large tumor collections for a limited period of time (average of 3 months); pathologic confirmation of severe radiation damage inflicted on tumor cells has been obtained. This report analyzes Phase I-II (toxicity-response) studies in patients with overt metastases and speculates on the potential uses of this therapeutic modality for occult deposits.
The design of a language for model transformations

Model-driven development of software systems envisions transformations applied in various stages of the development process. Similarly, the use of domain-specific languages also necessitates transformations that map domain-specific constructs into the constructs of an underlying programming language. Thus, in these cases, the writing of transformation tools becomes a first-class activity of the software engineer. This paper introduces a language that was designed to support implementing highly efficient transformation programs that perform model-to-model or model-to-code translations. The language uses the concepts of graph transformations and metamodeling, and is supported by a suite of tools that allow the rapid prototyping and realization of transformation tools.
Effect of pharmacological interventions in the prevention of lipid peroxidation and respiratory depression induced by oxygen free radicals in anesthetized rats.

We have recently reported that in an anesthetized rat model, generation of oxygen free radicals (OFR) via i.v. administration of Xanthine plus Xanthine Oxidase [X + XO] resulted in death of about 90% of the animals within a 120-min observation period. Pretreatment of the rats with endogenous scavengers Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase, or with felodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, and/or with dopexamine, an agonist of beta 2 adrenoceptors as well as dopamine (DA-1) receptors significantly enhanced the survival rate to over 70%. The present study was designed to investigate whether lipid peroxidation and ensuing respiratory depression contributed to the lethal toxicity of the free radicals. In the control group, the death of the rats administered [X + XO] was proceeded by significant increases in the plasma lipid peroxides (PLP) and by a severe hypertensive response characteristic of an intense ischemic state, which was confirmed by the presence of hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and acidosis. Placement of the animals on the positive pressure ventilation prior to the administration of [X + XO] did not prevent increases in PLP but, prevented any adverse alterations in the respiratory markers and significantly enhanced survival rate up to 70%. In contrast, both felodipine as well as dopexamine prevented any increases in PLP, normalized blood gas profile, and significantly increased survival rate to 80 to 90%. These observations suggest that the lethal toxicity produced by oxygen free radical was due to respiratory distress. The relationship between increases in the PLP and respiratory depression and the mechanisms via which two pharmacologically distinct agents, felodipine and dopexamine, facilitated the salutary effects cannot be conclusively stated at this time. It is further suggested that although the doses of these two drugs employed in the present studies are not adequate to function as antioxidants, such a possibility cannot be entirely ruled out.
Low-Cost Virtual Collaborative Environment through Open System Technology

ABSTRACTThis article describes a low-cost approach to connect equipment over the internet. The approach is to leverage a virtual manufacturing environment, the Virtual Collaborative Environment (VCE), which has been developed and demonstrated by a Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) team. The system currently provides a graphical interface which allows a user to program robot tasks and preview motions. Once satisfied that the actions are both safe and achieve the goal, the remote user sends the data over the Internet to the local site to execute on the real equipment. A camera in the real worksite provides a real-time image back to the user at the programming site.To demonstrate the concepts of remote programming of equipment over the Internet, the SNL/NIST team used state-of-the-art equipment. While this implementation is available now, it is too expensive (hardware and software costs exceed $250K) to be of practical use to most universities. This ...
Daclatasvir inhibits hepatitis C virus NS5A motility and hyper-accumulation of phosphoinositides.

Abstract Combinations of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) have the potential to revolutionize the HCV therapeutic regime. An integral component of DAA combination therapies is HCV NS5A inhibitors. It has previously been proposed that NS5A DAAs inhibit two functions of NS5A: RNA replication and virion assembly. In this study, we characterize the impact of a prototype NS5A DAA, daclatasvir (DCV), on HCV replication compartment formation. DCV impaired HCV replicase localization and NS5A motility. In order to characterize the mechanism behind altered HCV replicase localization, we examined the impact of DCV on the interaction of NS5A with its essential cellular cofactor, phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase III α (PI4KA). We observed that DCV does not inhibit PI4KA directly, nor does it impair early events of the NS5A–PI4KA interaction that can occur when NS5A is expressed alone. NS5A functions that are unaffected by DCV include PI4KA binding, as determined by co-immunoprecipitation, and a basal accumulation of the PI4KA product, PI4P. However, DCV impairs late steps in PI4KA activation that requires NS5A expressed in the context of the HCV polyprotein. These NS5A functions include hyper-stimulation of PI4P levels and appropriate replication compartment formation. The data are most consistent with a model wherein DCV inhibits conformational changes in the NS5A protein or protein complex formations that occur in the context of HCV polyprotein expression and stimulate PI4P hyper-accumulation and replication compartment formation.
Nature and the Disorder of History

When I glance out my window, I see a rural Kansas landscape in an apparent state of stability. Events come and go but the composite remains steady to the eye. A flock of wild turkeys may occasionally strut by, a windstorm may whip the trees violently, a snowstorm blanket the ground and the sun melt the snow; but the sky does not abruptly change places with the earth nor a line of trees make a sudden advance toward the house. Yet I know there is linear change going on out my window, that the landscape presents more than an endless cycle of the same events. My house sits in the midst of old marginal agricultural lands reverting to forest: native bur oak, locust, and walnut mixed with exogenous osage orange and scotch pine. Compared to the changes coming over the radio, that shift in the landscape is exquisitely slow. Nature moves in new directions, but its rhythms of change are quite different from those in politics or economics or the recording
A cysteine-rich protein in the Theromyzon (Annelida: Hirudinea) cocoon membrane.

The aquatic leech, Theromyzon rude, secretes a flexible, proteinaceous cocoon that is resistant to a broad range of denaturing conditions (e.g. heat, denaturing chemicals). We have partially solubilized the Theromyzon cocoon membrane in 10% acetic acid and identified two major protein fragments. Microsequencing of both Theromyzon cocoon protein (Tcp) fragments generated an identical stretch of the amino-terminal sequence that was used to clone the corresponding gene. The predicted linear amino acid sequence of the resulting cDNA contained an unusually high cysteine content (17.8%). Sequence analysis identified six internal repeats, each comprising 12 ordered Cys residues in a ∼62 amino acid repeating unit. Sequence comparisons identified homology with undescribed, Cys-rich repeats across animal phyla (i.e. Arthropod, Nematoda).
A pilot study to determine medical laser generated air contaminant emission rates for a simulated surgical procedure.

The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) estimates that half a million health-care workers are exposed to laser surgical smoke each year. The purpose of this study was to establish a methodology to (1) estimate emission rates of laser-generated air contaminants (LGACs) using an emission chamber, and to (2) perform a screening study to differentiate the effects of three laser operational parameters. An emission chamber was designed, fabricated, and assessed for performance to estimate the emission rates of gases and particles associated with LGACs during a simulated surgical procedure. Two medical lasers (Holmium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet [Ho:YAG] and carbon dioxide [CO2]) were set to a range of plausible medical laser operational parameters in a simulated surgery to pyrolyze porcine skin generating plume in the emission chamber. Power, pulse repetition frequency (PRF), and beam diameter were evaluated to determine the effect of each operational parameter on emission rate using a fractio...
Values and Perceptions of Invertebrates

: In this paper I explore the value of invertebrates to human society. I initially examine various ecological, utilitarian, scientific, and cultural benefits provided by invertebrate organisms. I then explore the extent of appreciation and understanding of these values among the American public. This assessment was based on a study of residents of the state of Connecticut, including randomly selected members of the general public, farmers, conservation organization members, and scientists. The general public and farmers were found to view most invertebrates with aversion, anxiety, fear, avoidance, and ignorance. Far more positive and knowledgeable attitudes toward invertebrates and their conservation were observed among scientists and, to a lesser extent, among conservation organization members. I finally examine the motivational basis for hostile attitudes toward invertebrates, particularly arthropods, among the general public. Important factors include the possibility of an innate learning disposition, the association of many invertebrates with disease and agricultural damage, differences in ecological scale between humans and invertebrates, the multiplicity of invertebrates, the apparent lack of a sense of identity and consciousness among invertebrates, the presumption of mindlessness among invertebrates, and the radical autonomy of invertebrates from human control. Resumen: Este trabajo explora los valores de los invertebrados para la sociedad. Inicialmente, examino varios beneficios ecologicos, utilitarios, cientificos y culturales provistos por organismos invertebrados. Luego exploro el grado de apreciacion y entendimiento de estos valores entre el publico Americano. Esta evaluacion fue basado en un estudio de residentes del Estado de Connecticut, incluyendo miembros del publico general, granjeros, miembros de organizaciones conservacionistas y cientificos elegidos al azar. Se encontro que el publico general y los granjeros ven a la mayoria de los invertebrados con aversion, ansiedad, miedo, rechazo e ignorancia. Se observaron actitudes mucho mas positivas y de mayor conocimiento entre los cientificos y en menor grado entre los miembros de asociaciones conservacionistas. Finalmente examino las bases motivacionales para las actitudes hostiles hacia los invertebrados, particularmente antropodos, en el publico general. Importantes factores incluyen la posibilidad de una inclinacion de aprendizaje innato, la asociacion de muchos invertebrados con enfermedades y dano agricola, diferencias de escala ecologica entre humanos e invertebrados, la multiplicidad de invertebrados, la aparente falta de sentido de identidad y conciencia de los invertebrados, la presuncion de negligencia entre los invertebrados, y la radical autonomia del control humano por parte de los invertebrados.
The Psychophysiological Assessment of Muscle-Contraction Headache Subjects During Headache and Nonheadache Conditions

This study evaluated multiple psychophysiological variables in muscle-contraction headache subjects during headache and nonheadache states. Nine muscle-contraction headache subjects participated in four sessions: twice when they had a headache and twice when they had no headache. During each session multiple psychophysiological measures (frontal electromyogram (EMG), neck EMG, arm EMG, cephalic blood volume pulse (BVP), and heart rate) were monitored during baseline, a cognitive stressor, a physical stressor, and post-stress adaptation phases. Baseline psychophysiological measures did not discriminate between headache conditions but there were significant differences between conditions on measures of neck and forearm EMG. Analyses of individual subjects revealed that headache states, compared to nonheadache states, were associated with significantly greater neck EMG levels and significantly greater cephalic vasodilation for most subjects. The implications of these studies for the etiology and treatment of muscle-contraction headache are discussed.
Special education classification and program success: Is there a relationship?

This study analyzed the relationship between students' pre- and postprogram special education classification status and success in a level-system program. Records of students identified as Severe Behavior Handicapped (the Ohio equivalent of Seriously Emotionally Disturbed) enrolled in a special school over an 11-year entrance period were reviewed. Findings indicate no significant relationship between student outcomes and pre- or postclassification status. However, a relationship approaching significance was found between pre- and postprogram labeling. These results suggest that, at most, program outcomes had minimal influence on postprogram special education classification decisions. In addition, the seemingly unsystematic distribution of postprogram classification labels suggests that exit placements were largely a function of availability. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Rapid response to cognitive behavior therapy predicts treatment outcome in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

Background & Aims Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is an empirically validated treatment for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), yet it is unclear for whom and under what circumstances it is most effective. We investigated whether patients who achieved a positive response soon after CBT onset (by week 4), termed rapid responders (RRs), maintain treatment gains compared with non–rapid responders. We also characterized the psychosocial profile of RRs on clinically relevant variables (eg, health status, IBS symptom severity, distress). Methods The study included 71 individuals (age, 18–70 y) whose IBS symptoms were consistent with Rome II criteria and were of at least moderate severity. Patients were assigned randomly to undergo a wait list control; 10 weekly 1-hour sessions of CBT; or four 1-hour CBT sessions over 10 weeks. RRs were classified as patients who reported adequate relief of pain, adequate relief of bowel symptoms, and a decrease in total IBS severity scores of 50 or greater by week 4. Results Of patients undergoing CBT, 30% were RRs; 90% to 95% of the RRs maintained gains at the immediate and 3-month follow-up examinations. Although the RRs reported more severe IBS symptoms at baseline, they achieved more substantial, sustained IBS symptom reduction than non–rapid responders. Both dosages of CBT had comparable rates of RR. Conclusions A significant proportion of IBS patients treated with CBT have a positive response within 4 weeks of treatment; these patients are more likely to maintain treatment gains than patients without a rapid response. A rapid response is not contingent on the amount of face-to-face contact with a clinician.
The role of pyruvate carboxylase in insulin secretion and proliferation in rat pancreatic beta cells

Aims/hypothesis Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) or pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is required to transfer carbons from pyruvate into the Krebs cycle. PC activity is preserved in the islets of obese animals, but it is reduced in the islets of animal models of type 2 diabetes, suggesting that PC is important in beta cell adaptation to insulin resistance and that PC reduction may lead to beta cell failure.
Structural, Optical, and Electron Transport Qualities of Zinc-Stannate Thin Films

Single-phase, spinel zinc stannate (ZTO = Zn2SnO4) thin films were grown by rf magnetron sputtering onto glass substrates. Uniaxially oriented films with resistivities of 10−2 -10−3 ωcm, mobilities of 16 - 26 cm2/V-s, and n-type carrier concentrations in the low 1019 cm−3 range were achieved. X-ray diffraction peak intensity studies established the films to be in the inverse spinel configuration. 119Sn Mossbauer studies identified two octahedral Sn sites, each with a unique quadrupole splitting, but with a common isomer shift consistent with Sn+4. A pronounced Burstein-Moss shift moved the optical bandgap from 3.35 eV to as high as 3.89 eV. Density-of-states effective mass, relaxation time, mobility, Fermi energy level, and a scattering parameter were calculated from transport data. Effective-mass values increased with carrier concentration from 0.16 to 0.26 me as the Fermi energy increased from 0.2 to 0.9 eV above the conduction-band minimum. First-order nonparabolic conduction-band theory was applied to extrapolate a bottom-of-the-band effective mass of 0.15 me. Calculated scattering parameters and temperature-dependent transport measurements correlated well with ionized impurity scattering with screening by free electrons for highly degenerate films.
Rapid changes in cerebral blood flow and initial visual experience in the developing chick

A single eye of young chicks was sewed shut for various times. Regions contralateral to and primarily or secondarily innervated by the sutured eye had a reduced rate of cerebral blood flow in comparison to the corresponding ipsilateral regions. However, upon reopening the sutured eye after 2 days, these contralateral regions (optic lobes and cerebral hemispheres) exhibited a rapid increase in cerebral blood flow to a level significantly above that in control ipsilateral areas. The duration of this effect was considerably prolonged in chicks that were monocularly sutured immediately after hatching without prior exposure to light. Chicks that had 1 week of normal vision before monocular suture did not show this overcompensatory effect. If the period of monocular suture was extended to 7 days before restoration of vision to the occluded eye, the overcompensatory vascular effect was delayed. The maximal effect was apparent only upon the 1st exposure of an eye to major visual input. A possible relation exists between this rapid increase in regional blood flow and the period when visual imprinting could normally be expected to be maximal.
A surface distortion analysis applied to the hoop/column deployable mesh reflector antenna

A practical approach is demonstrated for the deterministic analysis of surface distortions in reflector antennas, based on a first-order approximation to the aperture field phase. Measured pattern results from the 15-m-diameter hoop/column deployable mesh reflector antenna are used to demonstrate the accuracy which can be obtained with this surface distortion analysis. The only practical limitation of the first-order approximation is determined by the slope derivations of the distorted surface from the best-fit paraboloid. >
ANGULAR SIZES OF QUASI-STELLAR RADIO SOURCES.

IN a recent survey with an interferometer at 2,695 Mc/s1, it was found that most of the quasi-stellar radio sources which have large fluxes at this frequency are unresolved, indicating sizes which are less than 3″. The survey has now been extended to include all objects in Wyndham's list2 that are possible quasi-stellar objects, as well as a few other sources with well established identifications. Most of the sources in the second survey have smaller fluxes and are resolved, with sizes ranging from 5″ to 70″.
Influence of Hydrocarbon and CO2 on the Reversibility of Li–O2 Chemistry Using In Situ Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Identifying fundamental barriers that hinder reversible lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) redox reaction is essential for developing efficient and long-lasting rechargeable Li–O2 batteries. Addressing these challenges is being limited by parasitic reactions in the carbon-based O2–electrode with aprotic electrolytes. Understanding the mechanisms of these parasitic reactions is hampered by the complexity that multiple and coupled parasitic reactions involving carbon, electrolytes, and Li–O2 reaction intermediates/products can occur simultaneously. In this work, we employed solid-state cells free of carbon and aprotic electrolytes to probe the influence of surface adventitious hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide (CO2) on the reversibility of the Li–O2 redox chemistry using in situ synchrotron-based ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Direct evidence was provided, for the first time, that surface hydrocarbons and CO2 irreversibly react with Li–O2 reaction intermediates/products such as Li2O2 and Li2O, forming...
Morphogenesis of chicken liver: identification of localized growth zones and the role of β-catenin/Wnt in size regulation

During development and regeneration, new cells are added and incorporated to the liver parenchyma. Regulation of this process contributes to the final size and shape of the particular organs, including the liver. We identified the distribution of liver growth zones using an embryonic chicken model because of its accessibility to experimentation. Hepatocyte precursors were first generated all over the primordia surrounding the vitelline blood vessel at embryonic day 2 (E2), then became limited to the peripheral growth zones around E6. Differentiating daughter cells of the peripheral hepatocyte precursors were shown by DiI microinjection to be laid inward and were subsequently organized to form the hepatic architecture. At E8, hepatocyte precursor cells were further restricted to limited segments of the periphery, called localized growth zones (LoGZ). Adhesion and signaling molecules in the growth zone were studied. Among them, β-catenin and Wnt 3a were highly enriched. We overexpressed constitutively active β-catenin using replication competent avian sarcoma (RCAS) virus. Liver size increased about 3-fold with an expanded hepatocyte precursor cell population. In addition, blocking β-catenin activity by either overexpression of dominant-negative LEF1 or overexpression of a secreted Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf (DKK) resulted in decreased liver size with altered liver shape. Our data suggest that (1) the duration of active growth zone activity modulates the size of the liver; (2) a shift in the position of the localized growth zone helps to shape the liver; and (3) β-catenin/Wnt are involved in regulating growth zone activities during liver development.
Historical and Cultural Conditions of Political Corruption among the Hausa

If we regard corruption as the use of public office or authority for private advantage and gain, then corruption is always latent in centralized polities; but even when manifest, it is not always easy to isolate from other conditions of its context for formal analysis. The Hausa of Northern Nigeria, whose history is fairly well known, and who have long traditions of political centralisation, provide data well worth study from this point of view. The Hausa language contains several terms denoting political conditions and practices of interest in this connection. Zalunci refers to oppression, tilas to compulsion, zamba to oppression and swindling, rikice to fraud and confusion alike, ha'inci to bribery, cin hanci to taking bribes, yi gaisuwa to making greetings or gifts, tara to fines, cin tara to taking (keeping?) fines, wasau to forcible confiscation of property, munafunci to treachery and breaking of political agreements, hamiya to political rivalry, kunjiya to a faction or group of supporters, barantaka to clientage, chapka to allegiance, loyalty, fadanci to courtiership, jekadanci to political agency, kinjibibi and kutukutu to differing types of intrigue, character assassination, and so on. Clearly if an extensive vocabulary describing cows indicates a people's preoccupation with cattle, this Hausa vocabulary indicates parallel preoccupation with political organisation; but to my knowledge, Hausa lacks a term for the concept of political corruption outlined above.
Seasonal money movements and the January effect

Many possible explanations have been suggested for the January effect, with tax considerations receiving the most attention. This analysis suggests a new explanation. The data show that money supply announcements during January contribute at least as much as tax considerations to explaining stock returns during the first five trading days in January. The seasonal behavior of money during December and January appears to be responsible for the money-supply-announcement effect. In addition, the end-of-year seasonal pattern of the money supply is present in other countries and was present before the adoption of personal taxes, so money supply announcements may offer a more consistent explanation of the January effect than tax considerations.
Synthesis and antitumor activity of 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates of cortisol and cortisone

Abstract Superior antitumor activity of 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) conjugates of prednisolone and prednisone against L1210 leukemic mice, based on ara-C content, has encouraged us to synthesize 5′-(cortisone-21-phosphoryl)-1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (I) and 5′-(cortisone-21-phosphoryl)-1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine (II) by condensation of N 4 ,2′,3′-triacetyl-1-β- d -arabinofuranosylcytosine 5′-monophosphate with cortisol and cortisone in the presence of N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide at room temperature followed by removing the acetyl groups in 2 N methanolic ammonia in 20% yield. The conjugates I and II inhibited the in vitro growth of L1210 by 50% (ED 50 ) at 0.25 μM and 0.07 μM, respectively, while ara-C showed ED 50 0.1 μM. However, the conjugates I and II exhibited 287% and 238% of T C at 50 mg/kg/day × 5 doses against L1210 leukemic mice, respectively, while ara-C at 25 mg and 50 mg/kg/day × 5 gave the respective 127% and 110% of T C .
Individual differences in pulse brightness perception.

When brightness-pulse duration relations are studied with a simultaneous brightness discrimination procedure, three classes of observers emerge (Bowen & Markell, 1980). These classes are defined by whether or not observers perceive temporal brightness enhancement (the Broca-Sulzer effect) under two asynchrony conditions for pulses to be compared: simultaneous onset and simultaneous offset. Type A observers perceive brightness enhancement for both asynchrony conditions; Type B observers perceive brightness enhancement for simultaneous offset of pulses but not for simultaneous onset; Type C observers do not generate the Broca-Sulzer effect under either asynchrony condition. Here we present supplementary measures on observers of all three types: (1) magnitude estimation of the brightness of single pulses of light of varying duration, (2) modulation sensitivity for sin~wave flicker, and (3) contrast sensitivity for moving sine-wave gratings. The magnitude estimation data differentiated the three types of observers, but flicker and motion sensitivity did not. The three classes of observers probably differ in the perceptual criteria they employ in judging the brightness of isolated pulses of light; they probably do not differ in their underlying neurophysiological responses.
OTA linearity enhancement technique for high frequency applications with IM3 below -65 dB

A technique to enhance the linearity of continuous-time operational transconductance amplifiers (OTA)-C filters working at high frequencies is proposed. Each OTA consumes 10.5 mW and the transconductance can be tuned from 70 to 160 /spl mu/A/V while the IM3 remains below -70 dB up to 50 MHz for a 1.3-V/sub pp/ differential input. For a 20-MHz low-pass second-order filter implementation, the measured IM3 with an input voltage of 1.3 V/sub pp/ is below - 65 dB. The supply voltage is 3.3 V. Experimental results of the circuit, fabricated in a standard CMOS 0.35-/spl mu/m technology, are presented.
Student Evaluation of Learning Environments

There have been many attempts to evaluate the teaching-learning environment. One important direc tion is the evaluation of the effect of different teaching methods upon learning. Dubin and Taveggia (4) reana lyzed the data from studies conducted between 1924 and 1965, and conclude that research comparing differ ent teaching methods finds no significant differences among them when student learning is assessed through final exams. Similar conclusions are supported by the re sults of Baker and Behrens (2) in non-examination environ ments. McGee (5) summarizes the implications of these studies, as well as his own research on the significance of the teaching process, for student learning. Teaching meth ods are irrelevent to learning; "teaching techniques don't teach, teachers do" (5). Furthermore, he argues: . . . that it is quite possible that teachers do not really teach students as conventionally under stood at all, that is, that most teacher in-puts in the classroom are relatively unrelated to student out-takes and that, in essence, students teach themselves. This does not mean that I believe that the presence, conduct and person of the teacher are either irrelevant or dispensable. Only that they are different from conventional and implicitly understood models and that if we really wish to improve the quality of college teaching, we need different and more realistic paradigms of the teaching-learning process. (5)