cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hable con Ella (Talk to Her) through the lens of gender.

In the 2002 film Hable con Ella (Talk to Her), Spanish writer-director Pedro Almodovar plays with the ambiguity of gender, transcending conventional assumptions about "masculinity" and "femininity." Each of the four main characters holds complex, varied, and, in some cases, gender-bending gender identifications. The theme of gender plasticity is a prominent motif in this film. However, underlying the narrative, there is also a perverse subtext that relies on rigidly binary gender stereotypes to define relationships between men and women. Both these views of gender which operate dialectically, create a complex tapestry through which Almodovar explores his characters' problems in attaining intimacy.
Memory for Sentences: Implications for Human Associative Memory.

This paper critically evaluates associative theories of sentence memory, taking as its starting point the model proposed by Anderson and Bower (1973) . Two sentence-memory experiments are presented. In the first it is shown that the existing data which support Anderson and Bower's model of Human Associative Memory (a model called HAM) are not general. Then the particular HAM model is generalized and a definition of the class of HAM models is presented. The second experiment shows that no member of the HAM class of models can account for sentence-memory data. Two alternative models, both incorporating configural or Gestalt information, are then presented and are shown to fit the existing data very well. Finally, a brief discussion of the information structure of memory is given.
fac-[Re(CO)3(H2O)3]+ nucleoside monophosphate adducts investigated in aqueous solution by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy.

The fac-[Re(CO) 3 (H 2 O) 3 ] + cation, the putative DNA-binding species accounting for the biological activity of related Re(I) complexes, binds reversibly to N7 of 6-oxopurine nucleotide monophosphates (NMPs), in contrast to Pt(ll) anticancer drugs. A relatively high amount of NMP is needed to convert all of the fac-[Re(CO) 3 (H 2 O) 3 ] + to adducts. The Re/nucleotide 1:1 adduct forms more rapidly and builds up to a higher concentration for guanosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-GMP) and inosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-IMP) than for the respective 3'-monophosphates (3'-GMP and 3'-IMP). These results are attributable to the 5'-positioning of the 5'-NMP phosphate group that allows it to approach the metal inner sphere for more favorable cation electrostatic and aqua ligand H-bonding interactions, both in the initial productive ion pair encounter complexes and in the N7-bound 1:1 adducts. A higher reactivity of 5'-GMP over 3'-GMP is known for cisplatin. In contrast, more Re/nucleotide 1:2 adduct was formed by 3'-GMP (and 3'-IMP) than by 5'-GMP (and 5'-IMP). Because the 3'-phosphate group cannot closely approach the metal inner coordination sphere, the greater stability for the 3'-GMP 1:2 adduct reflects the more favorable G N1H-phosphate interligand GMP-GMP interactions for 3'-GMP vs 5'-GMP (G = guanine base derivative). This type of interaction is known for platinum adducts. In 1:2 adducts the bound nucleotides are inequivalent, prompting us to perform mixed 5'-GMP/3'-GMP experiments, leading to the observation of major (M) and minor (m) mixed Re/5'-GMP/3'-GMP 1:1:1 adducts. The order of abundance at equilibrium in a typical experiment was M > bis 3'-GMP > m ≥ bis 5'-GMP. This stability order was rationalized by invoking the phosphate interactions described above. When methionine and 5'-GMP were allowed to compete for fac-[Re(CO) 3 (H 2 O) 3 ] + , the Re/5'-GMP 1:1 adduct was the kinetic product and the S-bound Re/methionine adduct was the thermodynamic product, a result opposite to that typically found for cisplatin.
Wind loading and resistance of loose-laid roof paver systems

Abstract This paper discusses wind loading on and wind resistance of generic roofing systems consisting of loose-laid pavers on a flat roof of a low-rise building. It is found that the space between pavers improves the wind resistance of the system. It reduces the paver net wind uplift and leads to an increase in the failure wind speed. The space beneath the pavers weakens the system performance. The between paper-to-underneath paver space ratio controls pressure underneath the pavers. The higher the ratio and the larger the pavers, the higher the wind resistance of the system. Square pavers are found to be more wind resistant than rectangular pavers.
Methodology for Automating the Identification and Localization of Construction Components on Industrial Projects

Even though engineered components, such as pipe spools and structural steel elements, generally account for a significant percentage of the total installed cost of an industrial project, current industry practices still rely on human ability to track thousands of these components individually after they are received at the job site. These site-tracking practices are inefficient and error prone. This paper presents an approach for automating the identification and localization of construction components on large industrial projects. The proposed approach combines advanced sensing devices and localization mechanisms. The appropriate combination of global positioning system and radio-frequency identification (RFID) facilitates an infrastructure-free data collection process capable of detecting a large number of RFID-tagged components in short amounts of time. Based on the collected data, localization mechanisms precisely estimate the coordinates of the tagged components. Field experiments on real construction scenarios demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed methodology.
Characterization of Secretin Release in Secretin Cell-Enriched Preparation Isolated from Canine Duodenal Mucosa

The release of secretin was studied in secretin cell-enriched preparations isolated from canine duodenal mucosa. The crude enterocytes were isolated by treating the duodenal mucosa sequentially with collagenase and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Secretin cell-enriched fraction was prepared by centrifugation of the crude enterocytes in a counterflow elutriation rotor to obtain a final preparation containing 3.2±0.3 pmol/106 cell of immunoreactive secretin, which was 13-fold greater than the crude cell preparation (N=5). The cells were incubated in Hanks' balanced salt solution for 20 min at 37°C under 95% O2/5% CO2 before adding various agents and further incubated for various periods of time. The amounts of secretin released into the medium and retained by the cells were then determined by a specific radioimmunoassay. The release of immunoreactive secretin was increased dose-dependently over the control by dibutyryl cyclic-3′, 5′-adenosine monophosphate, forskolin, 4β-12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, the synthetic serine protease inhibitor, camostat, and the calcium ionophore, A23187. The effects of forskolin, the phorbol ester, and A23187 were time-dependent and not observed at 4°C. The release of immunoreactive secretin was also stimulated by KCl in high concentration and by sodium oleate. The effect of A23187 was abolished in a Ca2+-free medium, while those of dibutyryl cyclic-3′, 5′-adenosine monophosphate and forskolin were potentiated by 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine, which did not have a significant effect when added alone. These results indicate that the release of secretin is regulated by both Ca2+- and cyclic-3′, 5′-adenosine monophosphate-dependent mechanisms. In addition, cellular protein kinase C activity may play an important role in regulation of secretion release.
Finite size effect on the piezoelectric properties of ZnO nanobelts: A molecular dynamics approach

Abstract The size scale effect on the piezoelectric response of bulk ZnO and ZnO nanobelts has been studied using molecular dynamics simulation. Six molecular dynamics models of ZnO nanobelts are constructed and simulated with lengths of 150.97 A and lateral dimensions ranging between 8.13 and 37.37 A. A molecular dynamics model of bulk ZnO has also been constructed and simulated using periodic boundary conditions. The piezoelectric constants of the bulk ZnO and each of the ZnO nanobelts are predicted. The predicted piezoelectric coefficient of bulk ZnO is 1.4 C m −2 , while the piezoelectric coefficient of ZnO nanobelts increases from 1.639 to 2.322 C m −2 when the lateral dimension of the ZnO NBs is reduced from 37.37 to 8.13 A. The changes in the piezoelectric constants are explained in the context of surface charge redistribution. The results give a key insight into the field of nanopiezotronics and energy scavenging because the piezoelectric response and voltage output scale with the piezoelectric coefficient.
Omeprazole, other antiulcer drugs and newly diagnosed gout

Aims Case-reports describing patients who developed a first episode of acute gout while being treated with the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole led us to compare incidence rates of newly diagnosed gout cases among omeprazole, ranitidine and cimetidine users. Methods We conducted a cohort study with a nested case-control analysis using the UK-based General Practitioner Research Database (GPRD). The study encompassed a cohort of more than 53 000 subjects who received some 185 000 prescriptions for the three study drugs. Results Neither current omeprazole vs recent use (age- and sex-adjusted relative risk 1.1, 95% CI 0.5–2.1), nor current omeprazole use in comparison with current use of the two histamine H2-receptor blockers was associated with an increased risk of developing newly diagnosed gout. Higher age (RR 2.4, 95% CI 1.5–3.9), male gender (RR 5.4, 95% CI 2.8–10.3), high body mass index (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.0–10.9) and hypertension (OR 4.5, 95% CI 1.6–12.9) were all important risk factors for gout. Conclusions While other known risk factors were significantly associated with gout, current omeprazole use was not materially associated with an increased gout incidence.
Resetting the Circadian Clock by Social Experience in Drosophila melanogaster

Circadian clocks are influenced by social interactions in a variety of species, but little is known about the sensory mechanisms underlying these effects. We investigated whether social cues could reset circadian rhythms in Drosophila melanogaster by addressing two questions: Is there a social influence on circadian timing? If so, then how is that influence communicated? The experiments show that in a social context Drosophila transmit and receive cues that influence circadian time and that these cues are likely olfactory.
Multiple suppression in the t-x-p domain

We propose a novel approach for suppression of multiples using the t-x-p domain, where p is the local slope of seismic events, and discuss the merits and demerits of this approach. We take CMP gathers and transform them from the original t-x space to the extended t-x-p space. We pick the velocities for primary reflections and form filters as functions that go to unity for primaries and zero for multiples. Multiplying the gather in the extended space by such filters and stacking along the p axis produces a gather with multiples suppressed. Synthetic and real data examples demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach.
Diagnosis and management of occipital condyle fractures.

ABSTRACTTHE AUTHORS RECENTLY treated three cases involving fractures of the occipital condyle. First described by Bell in 1817, this lesion has proven to be very rare, with only 32 cases previously reported in the literature. Plain films often do not reveal any abnormality, making diagnosis difficul
Assessment of competence in anesthesiology.

Purpose of reviewThis review is designed to evaluate various aspects of the teaching, demonstration and assessment of competence in anesthesiology.Recent findingsThe approach to evaluation of competence has evolved from global impressions to an understanding of the elements of performance that deter
Hard sphere modeling of the effect of slip on interstitial sites in the B2 structure

Geometrical modeling of the B2 structure indicates that the tetrahedral interstitial site is always the largest both before and after an [ital a]/2[l angle]111[r angle]translation on [l brace]110[r brace], such as occurs during the slip of a partial dislocation in some B2 compounds. The tetrahedral site within the APB which trails a gliding [ital a]/2[l angle]111[r angle] dislocation is larger than in the unslipped lattice, suggesting that interstitial atoms will segregate there. Also, some interstitial sites in a B2 lattice are larger than those in a bcc lattice of the same lattice parameter, suggesting that interstitials may have greater solubility in B2 compounds.
Citational Epideixis and a “Thinking of Community”: The Case of the Minuteman Project

That a single author creates a rhetorical artifact is fundamental to traditional genre theory. This article draws on posthumanist notions of linguistic “citationality” in order to divest the epideictic rhetoric of the Minuteman Project of the fantasy of the original author. We argue that, in epideictic engagements, language is reinvigorated; it recurs and circulates infinitely, accumulating meaning in each new instantiation. Using a text with considerable ethical complexity, we examine three themes of particular interest to posthumanism: accountability/responsibility, the potential for (political) resistance, and community. Epideictic discourses tell us not only who to be, but how to be; from a posthumanist point of view, those constructs, we claim, are enfoldments of the exterior. By positing citationality as key dimensions of genre, and following the theoretical works of Jean-Luc Nancy and Giorgio Agamben, we explicate the significance of subjectivity as a rhetorical outcome of the social.
Arbitrarily high order Convected Scheme solution of the Vlasov–Poisson system

Abstract The Convected Scheme (CS) is a ‘forward-trajectory’ semi-Lagrangian method for solution of transport equations, which has been most often applied to the kinetic description of plasmas and rarefied neutral gases. In its simplest form, the CS propagates the solution forward in time by advecting the so-called ‘moving cells’ along their characteristic trajectories, and by remapping them on the mesh at the end of the time step. The CS is conservative, positivity preserving, simple to implement, and it is not subject to time step restriction to maintain stability. Recently (Guclu and Hitchon, 2012 [1] ) a new methodology was introduced for reducing numerical diffusion, based on a modified equation analysis: the remapping error was compensated by applying small corrections to the final position of the moving cells prior to remapping. While the spatial accuracy was increased from 2nd to 4th order, the new scheme retained the important properties of the original method, and was shown to be extremely simple and efficient for constant advection problems. Here the CS is applied to the solution of the Vlasov–Poisson system, which describes the evolution of the velocity distribution function of a collection of charged particles subject to reciprocal Coulomb interactions. The Vlasov equation is split into two constant advection equations, one in configuration space and one in velocity space, and high order time accuracy is achieved by proper composition of the operators. The splitting procedure enables us to use the constant advection solver, which we extend to arbitrarily high order of accuracy in time and space: a new improved procedure is given, which makes the calculation of the corrections straightforward. Focusing on periodic domains, we describe a spectrally accurate scheme based on the fast Fourier transform; the proposed implementation is strictly conservative and positivity preserving. The ability to correctly reproduce the system dynamics, as well as resolving small-scale features in the solution, is shown in classical 1D–1V test cases, both in the linear and the non-linear regimes.
Sugars induce the Agrobacterium virulence genes through a periplasmic binding protein and a transmembrane signal protein.

Abstract Phenolic plant metabolites such as acetosyringone induce transcription of the virulence (vir) genes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens through the transmembrane VirA protein. We report here that certain sugars induce the vir genes synergistically with phenolic inducers by way of a distinct regulatory pathway that includes VirA and a chromosomally encoded virulence protein, ChvE. Sequence comparison showed that ChvE is a periplasmic galactose-binding protein corresponding to the GBP1 protein isolated from Agrobacterium radiobacter. Like homologous sugar-binding proteins in Escherichia coli, ChvE was required for chemotaxis toward galactose and several other sugars. These sugars strongly induced vir gene expression in wild-type cells when acetosyringone was absent or present in low concentrations. Mutations in chvE abolished vir gene induction by sugars and resulted in a limited host range for infection but did not affect vir gene induction by acetosyringone. A mutant lacking the periplasmic domain of VirA exhibited the same regulatory phenotype and limited host range as chvE mutants. These data show that the vir genes are regulated by two separate classes of plant-derived inducers by way of distinct regulatory pathways that can be separated by mutation. Induction by sugars is essential for infection of some but not all plant hosts.
Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Discontinuous Linear Atrial Ablations During Atrial Pacing and Atrial Fibrillation

Discontinuous Atrial Ablations. Introduction: Linear atrial ablations are thought to he necessary to accomplish successful catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. In order to investigate the conduction characteristics of atrial myocardium in regions of linear lesion discontinuity gaps), we performed activation sequence mapping in gap regions during atrial pacing and atrial fibrillation. Methods and Results. In seven dogs, a linear epicardial ablation was created on the right atrial free wall with a discontinuous segment (gap) in the mid-portion of the lesion. A plaque electrode was used to measure conduction across the gap. Conduction was assessed during (1) atrial pacing from the edge of the plaque electrode during sinus rhythm, and (2) during atrial fibrillation. After each series of measurements, the lesion gap was decreased by creating additional radiofrequency ablations and repeat conduction maps were obtained. The process was repeated until conduction block was observed during atrial pacing. Gap lengths ranged from 0 to 25 mm. During atrial pacing, gaps as narrow as 2 mm demonstrated normal conduction and gaps as large as 5 mm demonstrated block during pacing. Although conduction block was never present across gaps greater than 5 mm, the ability to predict conduction block as a function of gap width was difficult for lesions ≤ 5 mm due to a significant degree of overlap between normal conduction and conduction block in this gap range. During atrial fibrillation, 1/175 (0.6%) mapped wavelets conducted across gaps that demonstrated block during pacing; whereas, 411/600 (68.5%; P < 0.0001) wavelets conducted across gaps that did not demonstrate block during pacing (P = NS compared to preablation measurements). Histologically normal atrial myocytes were observed within gaps exhibiting conduction block. Conclusions: Visible gaps > 5 mm rarely demonstrate conduction block during atrial pacing and atrial fibrillation; whereas, gaps ≤ 5 mm in length may demonstrate block. Lesion gaps that do not demonstrate conduction block during atrial pacing have no higher rate of functional conduction block during atrial fibrillation than fibrillating atria without ablation lesions.
LES of a Spatially Developing Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Application of a Fringe Method for the Stratocumulus to Shallow Cumulus Cloud Transition

AbstractAn arrangement of a large-eddy simulation (LES) is described that facilitates a spatially developing thermally stratified atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). When the inflow and outflow boundary conditions are specified, the LES of stably stratified ABL turns out to be challenging because spurious reflections of waves at the boundary accumulate inside the domain. To tackle this problem, a fringe method with an auxiliary LES running concurrently is applied to enforce upstream/downstream boundary conditions. An artificial forcing term is applied within a fringe region located at the beginning of the main LES domain in order to ensure statistically stationary inflow boundary conditions. The auxiliary LES, which is horizontally homogeneous in a doubly periodic domain, is used to determine the inflow condition of the main LES domain. The present scheme is used to provide an Eulerian perspective of the stratocumulus to shallow cumulus cloud (Sc–Cu) transition, one of the key cloud regimes over the subtrop...
Twenty per Hour: Altered Mental State Due to Ethanol Abuse and Withdrawal

This article discusses the physiology and clinical syndromes involved in ethanol absorption, intoxication, and withdrawal, with special emphasis on the evidentiary backing for common treatments, as well as some discussion of the medicolegal sequelae of treatment of ethanol abusers in the emergency department.
Hypoxia-induced changes in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) skeletal muscle proteome

In this study, patterns of protein expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) white skeletal muscle after 48 h exposure to hypoxia (P(O2)=1.9 kPa) or normoxia (P(O2)=18.6 kPa) were evaluated using two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Proteins were separated over two pH ranges in the first dimension (pH 4-7 and pH 7-11) prior to separation in the second dimension, resolving a total of 821 protein spots. Of these, 77 spots (9.4%) differed between hypoxia and normoxia (p ≤ 0.01), with approximately twice as many proteins being higher during hypoxia (56) compared to the number found to be higher in normoxic fish (26). Thirty-one protein spots were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. The expression of several glycolytic enzymes was greater in hypoxia than in normoxia, whereas enzymes associated with mitochondrial ATP synthesis were lower during hypoxia. Among the more highly up-regulated proteins during hypoxia were two variants of hemoglobin α subunit. These patterns of protein expression are consistent with a hypoxic response that enhances anaerobic metabolism and O(2) transport to tissues, with a concomitant suppression of mitochondrial metabolism. These proteomic changes may contribute to the acclimation of zebrafish to hypoxia, thereby increasing their tolerance of low oxygen concentrations.
A remark on the course of development of organismic sets

The basic postulate la, which governs the development of organismic sets, introduced previously (Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics,31, 159–198, 1969), is generalized so as to contain also the rates of changes of the number and variety of differentQ-relations which determine an organismic set. It is thus brought closer to the Lagrangian principle in physics. It is pointed out that the postulate also provides a criterion of stability of an organismic set.
Space‐Time Relatedness and Hamilton’s Rule for Long‐Lasting Behaviors in Viscous Populations

Abstract: Genes affect not only the behavior and fitness of their carriers but also that of other individuals. According to Hamilton’s rule, whether a mutant gene will spread in the gene pool depends on the effects of its carrier on the fitness of all individuals in the population, each weighted by its relatedness to the carrier. However, social behaviors may affect not only recipients living in the generation of the actor but also individuals living in subsequent generations. In this note, I evaluate space‐time relatedness coefficients for localized dispersal. These relatedness coefficients weight the selection pressures on long‐lasting behaviors, which stem from a multigenerational gap between phenotypic expression by actors and the resulting environmental feedback on the fitness of recipients. Explicit values of space‐time relatedness coefficients reveal that they can be surprisingly large for typical dispersal rates, even for hundreds of generations in the future.
Immunologic observations during desensitization and maintenance of clinical tolerance to penicillin

A nurse anesthetist who had experienced four systemic allergic reactions attributed to penicillin exposure was safely and successfully desensitized to penicillin despite predominantly minor determinant allergy (benzyl penicilloate skin test was positive at 1:100,000 dilution of standard 10 mM solution). Because of unavoidable occupational exposure to penicillin, daily oral doses of penicillin were continued after hospital discharge in an effort to maintain clinical tolerance. Immunologic measurements throughout the long-term desensitization effort provided some evidence that in this patient, drug-induced mast cell desensitization is an ongoing dynamic process that is dose dependent and that skin mast cell reactivity recovers slowly over a period of many weeks after the short-term high-dose desensitization protocol. A dose-dependent state of clinical tolerance to inadvertent penicillin exposure has been safely maintained in this patient for 18 mo.
Evolving paradigms for landscape-scale renewable resource management in the United States

Abstract Patterns of selection and evolution of renewable resource management paradigms appear when strategies are considered across a temporal scale. The roles of renewable resource managers were established during the early twentieth century and have since evolved. Autocratic natural-science-based management (ANM) of renewable resources was institutionalized in the early twentieth century following the principle of management based on science with administrative decisions by professional agency employees. A more recent form of management paradigm is interactive natural-science-based management (INM) which provides for limited stakeholder involvement in the decision-making process. These historic paradigms often inadequately addressed social and political aspects of renewable resource management leading managers to adopt new management paradigms involving communications and negotiations among stakeholders, not just science and administrative decisions. The inability of either ANM or INM paradigms to win uncontested agency and public acceptance, coupled with demands to increase spatial scales of management and public (stakeholder) involvement, is providing impetus for emergence of a new paradigm. The evolving paradigm can be defined as collaborative natural- and social-science-based management (CNSM) and provides a framework for approaching and finding solutions to landscape-scale problems. Successful evolution of this paradigm will require removing barriers to societal involvement in management decision-making institutionalized over the past century.
Medium-induced fragility of Schwanniomyces*

Schwanniomyces occidentalis has attracted interest because of its ability to metabolize starch and similar complex carbohydrates. Studies have been undertaken, mostly using defined media, to ascertain conditions for optimal production and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes. Here we demonstrate the fragility ofSchw. occidentalis in many defined media. We especially examined viability in YNB (Yeast Nitrogen Base) plus 1% glucose. Without phosphate supplementation, viability was routinely very low at stationary phase (usually less than 37%), whereas viability of stationary-phase cultures in phosphate-supplemented YNB usually exceeded 97%. The negative implications of having many, presumably permeabilized, dead cells present in assays for secretion of enzymes by living yeast cells are discussed.
The effects of nutrient fortification and varying storage conditions on host defense properties of human milk.

Objective. Data are scarce regarding the effects of nutrient fortification and storage on the immu- noprotective properties of human milk. These effects are important considerations when feeding premature in- fants. We hypothesized that total bacterial colony counts (TBCC) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration were not affected by the addition of fortifier even when tested under extreme storage conditions and that osmolality of fortified human milk does not increase with storage. Methods. Ten frozen and five fresh milk samples from mothers of premature infants were divided into fortified and unfortified milk, and stored for 72 hours at either refrigerator or room temperature. Aliquots were obtained at 0 to 72 hours for TBCC, osmolality, and total IgA, and analyzed by repeated measures analysis of vari- ance (ANOVA). Results. Log10 TBCC in milk stored at refrigerator temperature for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours were significantly greater in fortified vs unfortified milk; both increased similarly with storage. Osmolality was greater in forti- fied than unfortified milk; both increased by approxi- mately 4% with storage. IgA concentration was not af- fected by fortification or storage. To simulate the usual nursery use of fortified human milk, a separate evalua- tion was performed. Fortified milk was stored at refrig- erator temperature for 20 hours, warmed in a 40°C labo- ratory incubator for 20 minutes, and placed in a 34°C infant incubator for 4 hours. Samples for TBCC were obtained at 0, 20, and 24 hours and analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. Log10 TBCC in fortified, refrigerated milk did not change over the 20-hour storage but in- creased during the simulated 4-hour usage. Conclusions. These findings may warrant consider- ation when using human milk in the neonatal nursery but support recommendations to use commercially forti- fied human milk within 24 hours. Pediatrics 1997;100: 240 -243; fortified human milk, immunoprotective proper- ties, premature infants.
Personal and Professional Knowledge of and Experience With Suicide and Suicide Prevention Among Stakeholders in Clinical and Community Practice

Community-dwelling veterans at risk for suicide may be in contact with a variety of providers in agency-based settings that offer health and human services. The study aim is to describe the perspective of agency-based clinical and community providers who may come into contact with veterans in need of suicide prevention services and to examine the nature of their personal and professional relationships to individuals at risk for suicide among this sample. This study reports on qualitative data from a sample of Veterans' Affairs (VA) and community providers serving veterans and military families in one Midwestern state (N = 70). Providers completed a survey assessing exposure to suicide, including contact with and relationship to someone suicidal, and organizational characteristics of the providers' employing agencies. Semi-structured interview questions probed for the nature of how they would react with suicidal individuals. Most providers (94%) had some prior contact with someone who was suicidal, and nearly three quarters (77%) knew someone who had died by suicide. Providers reported powerful emotional responses of sadness and remorse to suicidal experiences. While these providers interact with veterans and military families as part of their jobs, they may have their own history of being exposed to suicide, both professionally and personally.
Factors associated with mortality to 21 days of life in dairy heifers in the United States

Abstract Results from the first national study of US dairy heifer health indicated that factors associated with mortality in the first 21 days of life included first colostrum-feeding method, timing, and volume; time of separation from dam; calving ease; and twin birth. Population attributable fraction estimates; demonstrated the importance of these factors in preventing early calfhood mortality. This analysis indicated that up to 31% of dairy heifer mortality during the first 21 days of life could be prevented by changes in first colostrum feeding method, timing, and volume. Similar analyses for time of separation from dam, calving ease, and twin birth indicated that 16%, 12%, and 3%, respectively, of mortality in the first 21 days of life could be prevented.
High spatial resolution spectral mixture analysis of urban reflectance

This study uses IKONOS imagery to quantify the combined spatial and spectral characteristics of urban reflectance in 14 urban areas worldwide. IKONOS 1-m panchromatic imagery provides a detailed measure of spatial variations in albedo while IKONOS 4-m multispectral imagery allows the relative contributions of different materials to the spectrally heterogeneous radiance field to be determined and their abundance to be mapped. Spatial autocorrelation analyses indicate that the characteristic scale of urban reflectance is consistently between 10 and 20 m for the cities in this study. Spectral mixture analysis quantifies the relative contributions of the dominant spectral endmembers to the overall reflectance of the urban mosaic. Spectral mixing spaces defined by the two low-order principal components account for 96% to 99% of image variance and have a consistent triangular structure spanned by high albedo, low albedo and vegetation endmembers. Spectral mixing among these endmembers is predominantly linear although some nonlinear mixing is observed along the gray axis spanning the high and low albedo endmembers. Inversion of a constrained three-component linear mixing model produces stable, consistent estimates of endmember abundance. RMS errors based on the misfit between observed radiance vectors and modeled radiance vectors (derived from fraction estimates and image endmembers) are generally less than 3% of the mean of the observed radiance. Agreement between observed radiance and fraction estimates does not guarantee the accuracy of the areal fraction estimates, but it does indicate that the three-component linear model provides a consistent and widely applicable physical characterization of urban reflectance. Field validated fraction estimates have applications in urban vegetation monitoring and pervious surface mapping.
Seasonal variation in night blindness incidence among Union soldiers in the US Civil War

Background: During the US Civil War, medical officers typically attributed night blindness among soldiers to malingering. A dietary basis was not generally suspected or appreciated. Design/methods: Incident cases of night blindness, scurvy, and diarrheal diseases, as well as mean troop strength among Union troops, were abstracted by month and race from tabulations of the US Surgeon General for the period from July 1861 through June 1866. Monthly incidence rates and annual incidence rates are presented as time series by race. Results: Night blindness incidence was seasonal. Seasonal patterns of night blindness incidence were similar for white and black soldiers, although the peak incidence rates were approximately 2–3 times higher in black soldiers. The seasonal effect for white Union soldiers increased progressively to 1864. The seasonal pattern for night blindness roughly parallels that for scurvy and for diarrheal diseases. The peak season for night blindness incidence was summer, and the next highest season was spring. The mode of monthly incidence rates for diarrheal diseases slightly anticipated that for night blindness and scurvy. In addition, there was greater relative variation in monthly incidence for night blindness and scurvy than for diarrheal diseases. Conclusions: Nutritional night blindness occurred in a seasonal pattern among soldiers forced to subsist on nutritionally inadequate diets. The seasonal pattern is consistent with seasonal variations in the availability of foodstuffs with high vitamin A or provitamin A content, superimposed on marginal vitamin A reserves, and possibly exacerbated by co-occurring seasonal patterns of diarrheal disease.
Enhancement of the Computation of Common Normal Between Wheel and Rail Surface

Simulations are playing an important role to predict derailment, switching, wheel climbing and curving in the study of dynamics of railroad vehicles. For a successful simulation, a robust and efficient approach for computation of all common normal between wheel and rail surface is needed. In a previous work, the authors had devised an approach based on sign distant function to compute all common normal between a pair of wheel and surface. As part of this approach, two major computational tasks were formulated. They were computation of cauchy index around a cell (a closed curve) and computation of the zero’s of the gradient of the signed distance function. In this study, a bookkeeping technique is devised to compute the cauchy index more efficiently. Also the performance of trust region method as a solver for a set of nonlinear equation is compared to Newton’s method.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Intrathecal cholecystokinin octapeptide attenuates the antinociception and release of immunoreactive Met-enkephalin induced by intraventricular β-endorphin in the rat

The effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8s) given intrathecally (i.t.) on antinociception and the release of immunoreactive Met-enkephalin in the spinal perfusate induced by intraventricular (i.vt.) injection of beta-endorphin were studied in anesthetized rats. beta-Endorphin (5 micrograms) given i.vt. inhibited the tail-flick response. The inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by beta-endorphin was blocked dose-dependently by CCK8s (0.1-7 micrograms) given i.t. The antagonistic effect of CCK8s on beta-endorphin-induced inhibition was blocked dose dependently by co-intrathecal injection of proglumide (3 and 10 micrograms), a CCK8s receptor antagonist. beta-Endorphin (5 micrograms) given i.vt. elicited a release of immunoreactive Met-enkephalin in the spinal perfusate. Repeated injections of the same dose of beta-endorphin released about the same amount of the immunoreactive Met-enkephalin in the spinal perfusate. CCK8s at concentrations from 1 x 10(-9) to 1 x 10(-6) M added into the spinal perfusate decreased the release of Met-enkephalin induced by beta-endorphin given i.vt. in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that CCK8s may attenuate beta-endorphin-induced inhibition of the tail-flick response by inhibiting the release of Met-enkephalin from the spinal cord.
Cultured cerebellar cells as an in vitro model of excitatory amino acid receptor function.

Abstract Primary cultures of neurons from 8-day-old rat pups were grown for 10 days in vitro in antibiotic-free media and then analysed for changes in cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in response to several excitatory amino acid (EAA) agonists or related antagonists. Kainic acid (KA), N-methyl- d -aspartic acid (NMDA) and quisqualic acid (QA) produced dose- and calcium-dependent increases in cGMP with KA producing the largest and QA the least increase in this cyclic nucleotide. The increase induced by NMDA was additive with both KA and QA; however, KA and QA were not additive with each other. In fact, QA completely antagonized the effects of KA and to a much greater degree than did the EAA antagonists, glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid (GAMS) or cis-2,3-piperidine dicar☐ylic acid (PDA). 2-Amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid completely prevented the NMDA-induced elevations of cGMP yet had little effect on either the KA- or QA-induced elevations of this parameter. GAMS and PDA, on the other hand, were more effective in blocking the effects of KA and QA than of NMDA. These data show that cGMP levels in cerebellar granule cells provide an excellent model for studying the subtypes of EAA receptors.
Joint Contributions of Peer Acceptance and Peer Academic Reputation to Achievement in Academically At Risk Children: Mediating Processes.

Abstract The longitudinal relationships between two dimensions of peer relationships and subsequent academic adjustment were investigated in a sample of 543 relatively low achieving children ( M = 6.57 years at Year 1, 1st grade). Latent variable SEM was used to test a four stage model positing indirect effects of peer acceptance and peer academic reputation (PAR) assessed in Year 2 on academic achievement in Year 5, via the effects of the peer relationships variables on perceived academic competence in Year 3 and effortful engagement in Year 4. As expected, the effect of PAR on engagement was partially mediated by perceived academic competence, and the effect of perceived academic competence on achievement was partially mediated by engagement. In the context of PAR, peer acceptance did not contribute to the mediating variables or to achievement. Findings provide a clearer understanding of the processes by which early peer relationships influence concurrent and future school-related outcomes. Implications for educational practice and future research are discussed.
Iterations for solving linear variational inequalities on domains with nonlinear boundaries

This paper deals with numerical methods for solving linear variational inequalities on an arbitrary closed convex subsetC of ℝ n . Although there were numerous iterations studied for the caseC=ℝ + n , few were proposed for the case whenC is a closed convex subset. The essential difficulty in this case is the nonlinearities ofC's boundaries. In this paper iteration processes are designed for solving linear variational inequalities on an arbitrary closed convex subsetC. In our algorithms the computation of a linear variational inequality is decomposed into a sequence of problems of projecting a vector to the closed convex subsetC, which are computable as long as the equations describing the boundaries are given. In particular, using our iterations one can easily compute a solution whenC is one of the common closed convex subsets such as cube, ball, ellipsoid, etc. The non-accurate iteration, the estimate of the solutions on unbounded domains and the theory of approximating the boundaries are also established. Moreover, a necessary and sufficient condition is given for a vector to be an approximate solution. Finally, some numerical examples are presented, which show that the designed algorithms are effective and efficient. The exposition of this paper is self-contained.
Algorithms for G 1 connection of multiple parametric bicubic NURBS surfaces

The objective of this paper is to introduce an innovative approach for constructing effective algorithms for removing gaps between parametric NURBS surfaces in three-space, while maintaining geometrical smoothness for the combined (or compound) surface. Similar to the degenerate case of tensor-product B-spline surfaces, if the underlying knot sequences along the connecting boundaries of two NURBS surfaces are proportional, then the parametric surfaces can be connected in a G1 fashion. This approach can be easily extended to connecting three or four parametric NURBS surfaces. We will demonstrate the feasibility of our approach by focusing on the C1 bicubic setting with knot sequences being equally-spaced and having double interior knots.
DIEGOLab: An Approach for Message-level Sentiment Classification in Twitter

We present our supervised sentiment classification system which competed in SemEval2015 Task 10B: Sentiment Classification in Twitter— Message Polarity Classification. Our system employs a Support Vector Machine classifier trained using a number of features including n-grams, dependency parses, synset expansions, word prior polarities, and embedding clusters. Using weighted Support Vector Machines, to address the issue of class imbalance, our system obtains positive class F-scores of 0.701 and 0.656, and negative class F-scores of 0.515 and 0.478 over the training and test sets, respectively.
Design and layout of the digital portion of a successive approximation A-to-D converter

This paper deals with the design methodology employed for design and layout of a the digital portions of a mixed signal IC. After introducing the overall chip, the design of the A-to-D converter is presented. This is followed by a presentation of the additional digital logic needed to perform track and hold unit updates on the chip. Finally, the layout issues encountered are presented.
Physician density and hospitalization for inflammatory bowel disease

Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic illnesses that require frequent and regular healthcare contact. Regular maintenance care may reduce complications or the need for hospitalization. Availability of physicians may be an important determinant of IBD hospitalizations. Methods: Using 2008 inpatient data from the Wisconsin Hospital Association, we identified all IBD hospitalizations through ICD-9-CM discharge codes. County-level rates of primary care physicians and gastroenterologists were calculated for each county (using data from the American Medical Association and the US Census Bureau), with counties in the highest tertile by physician density being classified as “high density” counties. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify the independent effect of physician density on IBD outcomes. Results: A total of 26 counties were defined as high density (mean physician density 162/100,000 population; 2090 IBD hospitalizations) with the remaining 46 counties being low density counties (mean physician density 78/100,000 population; 3441 hospitalizations). The overall rate of IBD hospitalizations was similar for residents of high and low density counties. However, hospitalizations from low physician density counties were more likely to have hypovolemia (26% versus 22%, P = 0.003), malnutrition (5.6% versus 4.3%, P = 0.04), Clostridium difficile infection (4.1% versus 1.9%, P < 0.001), require total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (4.3% versus 2.5%, P < 0.001), or be admitted emergently (41.5% versus 35.1%, P < 0.001). Residence in a county with high physician density was associated with 4% shorter length of stay and 10% lower hospitalization charges. Conclusions: Residence in counties with high physician density is associated with less complicated disease on hospitalization and lower hospitalization charges for IBD. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011)
Fast incremental CRC updates for IP over ATM networks

In response to the increasing network speeds, many operations in IP routers and similar devices are being made more efficient. With the advances in other areas of packet processing, the verification and regeneration of cyclic redundancy check (CRC) codes of the data link layer is likely to become a bottleneck in the near future. In this paper, we present a mechanism to defer CRC verification without compromising reliability. This opens the possibility of incremental updates of the CRC. We introduce a new high-speed technique and present efficient implementations, speeding up CRC processing by a factor of 15. Although the paper and analysis focuses on IP over ATM, the scheme applies to a much wider set of network protocols.
Antibody Prophylaxis and Therapy against West Nile Virus Infection in Wild-Type and Immunodeficient Mice

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus that causes encephalitis in a subset of susceptible humans. Current treatment for WNV infections is supportive, and no specific therapy or vaccine is available. In this study, we directly tested the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of polyclonal antibodies against WNV. Passive administration of human gamma globulin or mouse serum prior to WNV infection protected congenic wild-type, B-cell-deficient ( micro MT), and T- and B-cell-deficient (RAG1) C57BL/6J mice. Notably, no increased mortality due to immune enhancement was observed. Although immune antibody completely prevented morbidity and mortality in wild-type mice, its effect was not durable in immunocompromised mice: many micro MT and RAG1 mice eventually succumbed to infection. Thus, antibody by itself did not completely eliminate viral reservoirs in host tissues, consistent with an intact cellular immune response being required for viral clearance. In therapeutic postexposure studies, human gamma globulin partially protected against WNV-induced mortality. In micro MT mice, therapy had to be initiated within 2 days of infection to gain a survival benefit, whereas in the wild-type mice, therapy even 5 days after infection reduced mortality. This time point is significant because between days 4 and 5, WNV was detected in the brains of infected mice. Thus, passive transfer of immune antibody improves clinical outcome even after WNV has disseminated into the central nervous system.