cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mathematics in Historical Context: The Classical World

The Greeks Greece is a mountainous land of limited fertility, so settlements tended to cluster in the narrow valleys and on the various peninsulas that jut out into the Mediterranean. The relative isolation of the settlements encouraged them to form independent city-states. Like Sumeria, the individual Greek city-states were no match for a united conqueror, so by the time of A'h-mose, mainland Greece was part of the Minoan Empire, centered on the island of Crete. The Minoan royal palace at Knossos was an impressive structure. Spread over six acres of land, it contained hundreds of rooms—and flush plumbing. Around 1500 B.C., the volcanic island of Thera exploded, causing a tsunami so devastating that the Minoans never recovered; this was probably the origin of the legend of Atlantis, retold by Plato a thousand years later. The tsunami weakened the Minoans and the Greeks revolted. They invaded Crete, burned the palace and other centers of civilization, and lost the secret of flush plumbing for thousands of years. The Greeks established the Mycenaean Empire, named after one of their main cities. Around 1250 B.C., the Mycenaens besieged and destroyed Troy, a city on the coast of Asia Minor. But shortly after, the bronze-equipped conquerors of Troy were overcome by iron-wielding Dorians from the north. The Dorian dialect of Greek was difficult for the Mycenaeans to understand; they lampooned Dorian speech as “bar-bar” (much as we might describe someone's ramblings as “yadda-yadda”) and called them barbarians , a term that has since been applied to cultures that have no permanent cities.
Chapter 106 – Neuroanesthesia

Neuroanesthesia is a subspecialty area of anesthesia that deals with the complex relationships of anesthetic medications, neurosurgical procedures, and the critical care issues that surround the management of these patients. In this chapter we will focus on a brief overview of the key features associated with the management of patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures, including a review of hemodynamic/neurologic effects of anesthetic agents, neurophysiologic monitoring, and unique medical complications associated with these procedures. For successful patient outcomes, multidisciplinary approaches and effective team communications are essential in these high-intensity environments. This chapter should serve as an introduction to the multitude of issues that face the anesthesiologist and surgeon when dealing with this patient population.
Reaction: Systematic Hope for Life’s Origins

Niles Lehman received his BS in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1984 and his PhD in evolutionary biology from the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1990. He is currently a professor of chemistry at Portland State University and is the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Molecular Evolution . His research focuses on the evolutionary processes leading from chemistry to biology, especially the ability of informational polymers such as RNA to create cooperative networks.
Phase I/II trial of palbociclib in combination with bicalutamide for the treatment of androgen receptor (AR)+ metastatic breast cancer (MBC).

TPS1103Background: Patients (pts) with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) have limited effective therapeutic options and generally experience a more aggressive clinical course. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the androgen-signaling pathway plays a role in BC pathogenesis and may be a valuable therapeutic target. In TBCRC011, we tested the efficacy of the AR antagonist, bicalutamide (B) in pts with AR+/ER/PgR- MBC. B was well-tolerated and demonstrated a clinical benefit rate (CBR) of 19% in this population (Gucalp et al. CCR 2013). Palbociclib (P) is a competitive inhibitor of CDK4/6 and has been shown to reduce growth of AR+/ER/PgR- MDA-MB-453 BC cells via reduced Rb phosphorylation. In postmenopausal pts with luminal ER+ MBC the addition of P to letrozole significantly improved median progression-free survival (PFS) in comparison to letrozole monotherapy. Given the luminal signature of AR+ TNBC and the presence of intact Rb in this ER(-) subtype, we are testing the efficacy of B+P in pts with meta...
The Milieu Manager: A Nursing Staffing Strategy to Reduce Observer Use in the Acute Psychiatric Inpatient Setting:

BACKGROUND: Rising acuity levels in inpatient settings have led to growing reliance on observers and increased the cost of care. OBJECTIVES: Minimizing use of observers, maintaining quality and safety of care, and improving bed access, without increasing cost. DESIGN: Nursing staff on two inpatient psychiatric units at an academic medical center pilot-tested the use of a “milieu manager” to address rising patient acuity and growing reliance on observers. Nursing cost, occupancy, discharge volume, unit closures, observer expense, and incremental nursing costs were tracked. Staff satisfaction and reported patient behavioral/safety events were assessed. RESULTS: The pilot initiatives ran for 8 months. Unit/bed closures fell to zero on both units. Occupancy, patient days, and discharges increased. Incremental nursing cost was offset by reduction in observer expense and by revenue from increases in occupancy and patient days. Staff work satisfaction improved and measures of patient safety were unchanged. CONCL...
Transcriptional Network Logic: The Systems Biology of Development

The development of the animal body plan is ultimately a process determined at every step in embryonic space and time by genomic information. The gene regulatory networks (GRNs) underlying developmental processes generate a dynamic series of spatial regulatory states. This function is mediated by cis -regulatory information processing and the logic output of network circuits. All developmental functions occur downstream of these spatial regulatory states. In this chapter we examine regulatory information flow at a system level. We review the basic functions and components of developmental GRNs, and generalize the processes of development. GRNs operate with clock-like dynamics, at least in some embryonic systems. The various means by which hardwired GRN circuitry controls spatial regulatory state allocation are illustrated with examples from the sea urchin GRN, and we conclude by considering the requirements for causal explanation in development.
Heats of Adsorption of Polar and Non-Polar Gases in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Adsorbents

We have designed and constructed a Tian-Calvet type microcalor-imeter for the simultaneous determination of adsorption isotherms and differential heats of adsorption. The adsorption of a series of gases with different values of polarizability, polarity, and molecular diameter has been studied on both homogeneous (silicalite) and heterogeneous (Na-ZSM-5 and NaX) adsorbents. Heats of adsorption of non-polar gases (SF6, C2H6, CH4, O2, Ar) increase in the order NaX < silicalite < Na-ZSM-5; heats of adsorption of polar gases (N2 and CO2) increase in the order silicalite < Na-ZSM-5 < NaX. The heat profiles of the polar gases show a steep decrease with coverage on NaX and Na-ZSM-5 corresponding to the filling of high-energy sites adjacent to sodium cations.
Science Advising and Science Policy in Post-War West Germany: The example of the Deutscher Forschungsrat

The Deutscher Forschungsrat (GermanResearch Council) attempted to anchor scienceadvising and science policy in West Germanyafter the Second World War. Promoted by acircle of elite scientists, the councilaimed to establish institutions and mechanismscomparable to those in Great Britain, theUnited States, and other scientific powers.After a two-and-a-half year existence, iteventually failed. The reasons for its failure,some local, some global, display thedifficulties facing research policy in theearly years of the Federal Republic.
Creating surveys for the visualizers generation: the use of affective imagery to capture perceptions of the computing discipline

In light of the decline in computing student enrollment, the need to attract undeclared majors to the IT discipline, and the need to gather qualitative data on the current "visualizers" generation (of college students), an affective imagery survey was developed and administered to 26 undergraduates. This survey was designed to assess the perceptions of the computing discipline, particularly, non-IT majors' perceptions of IT students and IT professionals. The results of the preliminary study show that the use of this novel affective imagery survey was as reliable as traditional online text based surveys. However, the sampled student population preferred the affective imagery survey. Considering the recent decline in survey response rates from collegeaged (18--23) students, affective imagery surveys may provide a more effective alternative to traditional online surveys. Furthermore, results of the preliminary study also show that non-IT majors frequently perceived that an IT person (student or professional) is "a nerd/geek" or "someone that is always sitting in front of a computer"; and, the IT majors reported that an IT person is "a successful money-maker" and "an industrious person."
Load Testing and Load Distribution of Fiber Reinforced, Polymer Strengthened Bridges: Multi-year, Post Construction/Post Retrofit Performance Evaluation

Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) strengthening of structural systems has increased in applications over recent years. The many benefits that the technology offers are significant. Field validation of FRP-strengthened bridges through load testing provides a means of measuring the performance of a bridge over time. Non-contact optical surveying equipment is one such method that can measure the deflection of bridges subjected to a static load. Since 1999, more than 25 FRP bridges in Missouri have either been repaired or constructed using FRP products to serve as demonstration and case study projects. A remaining question related to this technology is their long-term field performance. This work presents the load testing results of four bridges located in Morgan County, Crawford County, Iron County, and Dallas County, Missouri. These bridges were originally strengthened in 2003 with different FRP technologies and subsequently load tested biennially. The investigation focused primarily on determining if the bridges had undergone any degradation in the FRP material properties based upon the structures’ response to loading. Deflection and load distribution between girders was monitored. Pre- and post-load testing results were compared to better understand the performance over time and study structural degradation. Finally, the visual inspection results of these bridges by the researchers are presented. FRP is slowly making strides within the Civil Engineering community. The widespread acceptance of these materials is hampered by their unproven long-term reliability. Monitoring deflections of bridges constructed with FRP technologies under static load testing can help validate the long term performance of these materials.
Whole-Body Heating: An Emerging Therapeutic Approach to Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Currently available pharmacological approaches to the treatment of depression (which are the mainstay of treatment in the United States) suffer from important shortcomings, including limited efficacy, delayed onset of action, increased relapse risk upon withdrawal, and significant side effects that impair quality of life and promote treatment nonadherence and/or discontinuation. There is an emerging interest in the potential use of evolutionarily conserved interoceptive pathways (i.e., pathways that relay sensory information, related to the internal, physiologic state of the body, from the periphery to the central nervous system) as "gateways" to neural systems controlling affective and cognitive function relevant to the pathophysiology of depression. In support of the potential utility of this approach, we have shown in open and randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trials that infrared whole-body heating has significant and long-lasting antidepressant effects relative to a sham condition. In this review, we explore the potential role of thermosensory pathways in the etiology, pathophysiology, and symptomatology of major depressive disorder, as well as its potential as a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of major depressive disorder.
A Role for the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase NEDD4 in Keloid Pathogenesis

The molecular pathomechanisms that drive keloid formation are only partially understood. Genetic studies have provided evidence for a genetic predisposition to keloid formation, and a keloid risk allele has been reported in the gene locus for the E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4. Fujita et al. (2018) explore the consequences of this genetic risk allele in NEDD4 for inflammation in the skin and for keloid pathogenesis. This study implicates a specific transcript variant of NEDD4, NEDD4-TV3, as a regulator of NF-κB/STAT3–mediated inflammation and provides evidence that an increase in NEDD4-TV3 promotes keloid formation.
Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in the elderly

The tension between the benefits and harms of anticoagulation is finely balanced. Prophylactic aspirin in healthy, elderly patients provides no benefit and causes harm; clinicians should not use it for primary prevention in otherwise well patients aged over 70. As the world’s population ages, health in later life has become a public health priority. The prevention of disease is critical to these aims. As a chief cause of morbidity in the elderly,1 the prevention of cardiovascular disease is of particular focus. The use of aspirin unequivocally benefits patients who have already suffered a cardiovascular event.2 3 However, its role in primary prevention is much more contentious.4–6 The Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial7 set out to address the uncertainty surrounding the prophylactic use of aspirin in healthy, elderly patients. The ASPREE investigators randomised almost 20 000 people to …
Responding to Evolving Abortion Regulations - The Critical Role of Primary Care.

Responding to Evolving Abortion Regulations State and federal regulations restricting access to abortion represent an opportunity for the primary care community to accelerate uptake and implementat...
Governance As Conflict Management

Governing is conflict management. In the long-established systemic understanding of governing, demands emerge from the body politic and are brought to the attention of the governors, who then handle them as best they can and will, returning them in a new form to the base of origin, which recycles and reissues them. But these demands are never harmonious and are often downright contradictory, so that interest aggregation and policy choice become the crucial exercise of governing. Often unrequited demands inspire their makers to move from substantive to procedural impositions on the governing process, to the point where representation is not enough and overthrow and takeover become their program. Whether dealing with conflicts among demands or among demanders, conflict management is the nature of governance.
Profiles of motivations for responsible drinking among college students: A self-determination theory perspective

Abstract The present study sought to identify motivational profiles for responsible drinking from a self-determination theory (SDT) perspective among college students. We used data from 507 students who reported drinking alcohol at least once in the past 3 months that were recruited from a random sample of undergraduate students at a Southwestern university. Participants completed an online survey that included measures assessing amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, and autonomous motivation for responsible drinking as well as other SDT constructs, alcohol protective behavioral strategies (PBS), and alcohol use/problems. A latent profile analysis suggested that a 3-class solution was optimal: a “High Quality” class (i.e., relatively high on introjected regulation and autonomous motivation but relatively low on all other types of motivation), a “High Quantity” class (i.e., relatively high on all types of motivation), and a “Low Quantity” class (i.e., relatively low on all types of motivation). The High Quality class reported the highest level of psychological need satisfaction and dispositional autonomy, followed by the High Quantity class, with the Low Quantity class reporting the lowest levels. The High Quality class reported more frequent use of serious harm reduction PBS than the High Quantity class. Generally, both the High Quality and High Quantity classes reported more frequent use of all types of PBS and less alcohol use/problems than the Low Quantity class. These results provide initial support for different profiles of motivations based on SDT for responsible drinking. Potential implications for alcohol interventions among college students are discussed.
Structural origin of reversible martensitic transformation and reversible twinning in NiTi shape memory alloy

Abstract Much progress has been made over the past few decades in resolving the mechanism for the transformation from ordered body-centered-cubic (B2) austenite to monoclinic martensite (B19′) in NiTi shape memory alloy, as well as the twinning mechanisms in martensite. However, so far no lattice correspondence analyses on the atomic scale have been conducted, as a result, these mechanisms have not been completely understood in terms of the pathways for reversible phase transition and reversible twinning in martensite. In this work, atomistic simulations were performed to investigate how B2 austenite transforms to B19′ martensite and how twins are formed during phase transformation. In particular, lattice correspondence in the structural evolutions was carefully analyzed to reveal the martensitic transformation mechanism and twinning mechanism with much better clarity. The simulation results show that, when martensite grains were nucleated in austenite, they already formed a twin relationship as a natural result of the crystal structure. Thus, self-accommodation is achieved naturally. Coalescence occurred subsequently and some martensite grains grew at the expense of their neighbors, indicating that the interfaces are elastically mobile and their migration is reversible. Eventually twinned martensite variants were created. It is shown that, in the B2 → B19′ transformation, the B19′ monoclinic structure can be treated as a distorted hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure. With this treatment, it is demonstrated that the martensitic transformation is essentially similar to BCC ↔ HCP transformation which only involves atomic shuffles and is reversible, and twinning in martensite is essentially similar to { 10 1 ¯ 2 } twinning in HCP metals which only involves atomic shuffles and is reversible as well. Another significant discovery is that the B19′ martensite exhibits a very special dual-lattice structure: the relatively weak Ti-Ti bonding of the monoclinic unit cell permits easy reorientation of lattice units. As a result, two differently oriented lattice units co-exist in the same martensite grain which loses long range periodicity, providing an extra degree of freedom for accommodating external and internal strains. These results explain well why B19′ martensite is extremely adaptive to straining and why deformation is reversible.
Effect of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic Risk Factors on Waitlist Outcomes in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States. Prior data suggest that NAFLD-HCC patients are less likely to receive liver transplantation (LT) and have worse overall survival; however, the reason for this discrepancy is unknown. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 631 HCC patients listed for LT at a large academic center from 2004 to 2013. Waitlist dropout and LT were analyzed using competing risk regression. Results Compared with other-HCC patients (n = 589), NAFLD-HCC patients (n = 42, 6.7%) were older (65 versus 58, P < 0.001) with more women (50.0 versus 23.6%, P < 0.001), Hispanic ethnicity (40.5 versus 17.7%, P = 0.001), obesity (69.0 versus 29.9%, P < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (59.5 versus 27.8%, P < 0.01), insulin-dependence (23.8 versus 10.2%, P = 0.007), hyperlipidemia (40.5 versus 10.5, P < 0.001), and statin use (33.3 versus 5.3%, P < 0.001). Cumulative incidence of waitlist dropout at 2 y was 17.4% (95% confidence intervals, 7.7-30.4) for NAFLD HCC and 25.4% (95% confidence intervals, 21.9-29.0) for other HCC (P = 0.28). No difference in waitlist dropout or receipt of LT between NAFLD HCC and other HCC was found on regression analysis. Similarly, NAFLD and obesity, obesity alone, diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependence, hyperlipidemia, and statin use were not associated with waitlist outcomes. Finally, we observed no statistically significant difference in 5-y survival from HCC diagnosis between NAFLD HCC and other HCC (78.5% versus 66.9%, P = 0.9). Conclusions In our single-center cohort, we observed no difference in waitlist outcomes or survival in NAFLD HCC, although conclusions are limited by the small number of NAFLD-HCC patients. Notably, the inclusion of patients with obesity in the NAFLD-HCC group and stratification by individual metabolic factors also showed no difference in waitlist outcomes.
Role of β-Amyloid in the Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Diffuse Lewy Body Disease Versus Alzheimer’s Disease

Deposition of β-amyloid senile plaques in the neuropil and the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles are the histopathological hallmarks of both sporadic and familial forms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Excess β-amyloid, formed from abnormal processing of β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) coded for on chromosome 21, can also be found in aged individuals with Down’s syndrome (Trisomy 21) as well as in the recently described cases of diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD) (Gibb et al., 1989; Kosaka, 1993; Kuzuhara and Yoshimura, 1993). Patients with the pure form of DLBD are characterized clinically by progressive dementia with fluctuating confusional states and visual hallucinations, followed later by Parkinsonian symptoms (Byrne et al., 1989; Forstl et al., 1993; Kosaka, et al., 1980; and Perry et al., 1993). Parkinsonism rarely is the presenting symptom. Neuropathological findings include Lewy bodies both in the neuromelanin containing cells of the substantia nigra as well as in the neocortex but few, if any, neurofibrillary tangles. The occurrence of DLBD as well as the Lewy body variant of AD (LBVAD) is not as rare as previously thought (Gibb et al., 1989; Forstl et al., 1993). The LBVAD has features of both DLBD and AD. It has been found that, when combined, both types of Lewy body disease are the second leading cause of non-vascular dementia following classical AD.
Experimental and theoretical analysis of carbon driven detonation waves in a heterogeneously premixed Rotating Detonation Engine

Abstract Coal dust explosions can be hazardous; however, they can also generate a significant rise in stagnation pressure if adequately harnessed. Rotating detonation combustors seek to take advantage of the stagnation pressure rise phenomenon in a more sustained and controlled manner via confinement to a physical annulus, leading to increased overall thermodynamic efficiency. This investigation presents an analysis of detonations fueled by Carbon Black, a solid particulate consisting of virtually pure carbon molecules and lean Hydrogen-Air mixtures. It is realized that with the addition of Carbon Black, an increase of lean mixture detonability and detonation velocities extending the operating limit over that of a pure hydrogen-air mixture is experienced. For all testing conditions, the total equivalence ratio is held at φ = 1, while the fuel mixture's carbon mass fraction is increased from 0 to 0.7 while the hydrogen is decreased. Detonation wave velocities are extracted from high-speed imaging through applying a Discrete Fourier Transform algorithm to determine changes to the wave speed as Carbon Black particles are introduced. As a result, due to the addition of Carbon Black as an auxiliary fuel source, detonations were formed instead of deflagrations in operating conditions where one would expect deflagrations at the same hydrogen-air equivalence ratios without Carbon Black addition. The detonation formation provides evidence that the coal particles are reacting within the detonation wave in a large enough capacity to support a detonation wave within the annulus. Furthermore, the wave speed is shown to increase with the additional of carbon particles. At a constant global equivalence ratio, the detonation wave velocities were found to decrease with hydrogen's incremental replacement with coal particles. Whereby, through a theoretical comparison of the heat of combustion as computed from the experimentally derived detonation wave velocities, a linear relationship of the two was shown to exist. Therefore, the heat of combustion has the potential to describe an operational limit to sustaining a detonation wave.
The utility of a myeloid mutation panel for the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm.

Introduction The diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) is based on morphology and cytogenetics/FISH findings per 2017 WHO classification. With rare exceptions, somatic mutations have not been incorporated as the diagnostic criteria. Methods We analyzed the utility of mutational analysis with a targeted 54-gene or 40-gene next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel in the diagnosis of MDS and MDS/MPN. Results We retrospectively collected 92 patients who presented with unexplained cytopenia with or without cytosis, including 32 low-grade MDS (MDS-L), 18 high-grade MDS (MDS-H), 5 therapy-related MDS (MDS-TR), 19 MDS/MPN, and 18 negative cases. Of 92 patients, 197 somatic mutations involving 38 genes were detected and had variant allele frequency (VAF) ranging from 3% to 99%. The most common mutated genes were TET2, ASXL1, RUNX1, TP53, SRSF2, and SF3B1. MDS-L, MDS-H, MDS-TR, and MDS/MPN showed an average number of somatic mutations with a mean VAF of 1.9/33%, 2.6/30%, 2/36%, and 4/41%, respectively. SF3B1 mutations were exclusively observed in MDS-L and MDS/MPN. TP53 gene mutations were more frequently seen in MDS-H and MDS-TR. Among 34 patients with a diagnosis of MDS or MDS/MPN with normal cytogenetics, 31 patients (91%) had at least 1 mutation and 24 patients (71%) had ≥2 mutations with ≥10% VAF. Conclusion A myeloid mutational panel provides additional evidence of clonality besides cytogenetics/FISH studies in the diagnosis of cytopenia with or without cytosis. Two or more mutations with ≥10% VAF highly predicts MDS and MDS/MPN with a positive predictive value of 100%.
Epidemiology of Genetic Diseases with Peripheral Nerve Tumors

Neoplasms of the peripheral nerve sheath may arise de novo, by spontaneous mutations involving a variety of genetic syndromes, but there appears to be a strong association between some inherited genetic syndromes and the development of peripheral nerve tumors. Most notably, neurofibromatosis type I (NF 1) and type II (NF 2) and schwannomatosis are syndromes that predispose individuals to developing peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Manifestations display a wide spectrum, such that even affected individuals in the same family may demonstrate different symptoms and tumor burden. The peripheral nerve tumors in affected individuals can be benign or malignant. Tumors associated with NF1 include cutaneous neurofibromas, intraneural neurofibromas, or the disease-defining plexiform neurofibromas. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are the only primary cancer of peripheral nerves and are the leading cause of death in NF1 individuals. Bilateral vestibular schwannomas are a hallmark of NF2, but affected individuals also have a high predisposition for peripheral nerve schwannomas, multiple meningiomas, and ependymomas. Schwannomatosis is a recently recognized addition to the neurofibromatoses that demonstrates a high propensity toward the development of multiple schwannomas. Besides the neurofibromatosis group, some genetically inherited endocrinopathies such as Carney complex and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B may predispose individuals toward developing peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
Cell Adhesion Molecules

Publisher Summary Adhesion of cells to one another and to the extracellular matrix is crucial to embryonic development, maintenance of tissue architecture, the inflammatory response, tumor metastasis, and wound healing. This chapter explains the current understanding of the cell adhesion molecule (CAM) families and highlights their role in lung structure and the inflammatory response as observed in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The CAMs are grouped into distinct families based on their molecular structure: integrins, the immunoglobulin supergene family, selectins, cadherins, and other proteoglycans. CAMs potentially mediate cell migration, leukocyte activation, and interstitial cell–cell interactions. Identification of these complex and interrelated functions leads to an increasing need for additional studies to further define the in vivo function of the known CAMs in the airway. The ultimate goal of current adhesion-molecule research is to elucidate the mechanisms that regulate the inflammatory response and explain the specific role of adhesion molecules in airway inflammation.
A Tutorial Course in Constructive Field Theory

Prior to 1970, the major focus of constructive field theory was the mathematical framework required to establish the existence of quantum fields [1,2]. Since 1970, the emphasis has gradually shifted, first toward verifying physical properties of the known models, and more recently toward bringing constructive field theory closer to the mainstream of physics [3]. In fact, by 1973 it had become more or less clear that the mathematical framework developed to give the first examples in d = 2, 3 space-time dimensions would be adequate to study d = 4. However, it was also clear that to solve the ultraviolet problem in d = 4, it would be necessary to incorporate into mathematical physics a deeper physical understanding of the questions being studied. In particular ideas of scaling and of critical behavior may be useful to select and analyze a suitable nontrivial critical point as the first step in dealing with the d = 4 ultraviolet problem. An infinite scaling transformation connects the problem of removing the ultraviolet cutoff with the problem of existence of scaling behavior at the critical point.
Rendering Trees from Precomputed Z-Buffer Views

Parallel projection z-buffer images are precomputed for a number of preset viewing directions on the unit sphere. Using the depth information, we can reconstruct a 3-D point from each image pixel. Then parallel or perspective views can be found from any other viewpoint by rotating the 3-D points from the nearest three or four precomputed views into the proper position and projecting them onto an output z-buffer. A temporary z-buffer image, constructed in the same way for a viewpoint at the light source, is used for a z-buffer shadow algorithm. The rendering algorithm is applied to broad leaf and needle leaf trees, and tested in animation. Our rendering algorithm is similar to that in Chen and Williams [1], with differences listed below.
Incorporation of glycogenin into a hepatic proteoglycogen after oral glucose administration

Glycogenin is a 37-kDa protein upon which new glycogen molecules are considered to be constructed. Therefore, we were interested in determining its role in liver glycogen synthesis following glucose administration. Twenty-four-hour fasted rats were given 4 g/kg glucose orally. Glycogenin and synthase R activities and glycogen were determined over the subsequent 24 h. In fasted rats given just water, glycogenin activity was present and did not change over the subsequent 24 h. Following glucose, glycogenin activity also was not different for 1 h, i.e. the glycogenin was not incorporated into glycogen even though the glycogen concentration had increased. Subsequently, the glycogenin activity became unmeasurable. Presumably, the glycogenin was incorporated into a proteoglycan product since after amylase treatment, glycogenin activity was again present and was quantitatively unchanged. Free glycogenin activity remained unmeasurable until after 12 h. At this time, glycogen began to decrease, and, by 15 h, free glycogenin activity again appeared. The results indicate that in fasted rats, essentially all of the glycogenin was free. Following administration of oral glucose, glycogenin was incorporated into a proteoglycan product but only 60 min after glycogen synthesis had begun. Free glycogenin did not reappear until the 15th h after glucose was given and after the glycogen concentration had decreased by approximately 60%.
NIH and Human Embryo Research Revisited: What is Wrong With This Picture?*

[G]iven the questionable status of the famous "bioethics principles", as well as the questionable makeup of this NIH Panel and its inherent conflict of interests - and given the Panel's indefensible theory of the moral status of the early human embryo, a theory which is selectively utilitarian and grounded on unscientific bioethics books and literature - none of their Recommendations can be defended, and so are invalid.
Knowledge-based image management system for object identification

A prototype model of a knowledge-based image management system (KIMS), consisting of an image processing system and an expert system, was developed to demonstrate the feasibility of the automated inspection of a target object from X-ray images. It is shown that if the procedural knowledge and the declarative knowledge are known, rules can be developed which will be used to identify a target object from X-ray images. The authors report results for the various image analysis states of preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, understanding, and interpretation in KIMS with particular application to a regional representation scheme. >
Association of intracranial meningioma with arteriovenous malformation

Abstract Simultaneous occurrence of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation and a primary brain tumor is rare. A case of a left occipital meningioma and a right parietotemporal arteriovenous malformation is reported. Clinical, radiological, and postmortem findings are described. Thirty previous reports of arteriovenous malformations associated with primary brain tumors are reviewed. In 18 cases the two lesions were intermixed or in close proximity. This spatial relationship between the lesions suggests more than a coincidential association. Several hypotheses are proposed to explain common causal connections.
Remanent states of nanoscale Co ferromagnets having different shapes

Abstract The remanent states of 10-nm-thick nano-patterned Co elements were determined using off-axis electron holography. Different types of in-plane magnetic induction distributions were visible depending on the object shape. The remanent states of triangles, squares, pentagons and hexagons were identified as being twisted, whereas those for rectangles, ellipses and dumbbells were basically linear. Elements shaped as disks and rings had remanent states that were essentially circular, whereas slotted disks (“Pacman” shapes) and slotted rings had modified circular remanent states that were highly reproducible and with minimal stray leakage field.
The near‐coastal microseism spectrum: Spatial and temporal wave climate relationships

[1] Comparison of the ambient noise data recorded at near-coastal ocean bottom and inland seismic stations at the Oregon coast with both offshore and nearshore buoy data shows that the near-coastal microseism spectrum results primarily from nearshore gravity wave activity. Low double-frequency (DF), microseism energy is observed at near-coastal locations when seas nearby are calm, even when very energetic seas are present at buoys 500 km offshore. At wave periods >8 s, shore reflection is the dominant source of opposing wave components for near-coastal DF microseism generation, with the variation of DF microseism levels poorly correlated with local wind speed. Near-coastal ocean bottom DF levels are consistently ∼20 dB higher than nearby DF levels on land, suggesting that Rayleigh/Stoneley waves with much of the mode energy propagating in the water column dominate the near-coastal ocean bottom microseism spectrum. Monitoring the southward propagation of swell from an extreme storm concentrated at the Oregon coast shows that near-coastal DF microseism levels are dominated by wave activity at the shoreline closest to the seismic station. Microseism attenuation estimates between on-land near-coastal stations and seismic stations ∼150 km inland indicate a zone of higher attenuation along the California coast between San Francisco and the Oregon border.
SAS program for quantitative stratigraphic correlation by principal components

Abstract A SAS program is presented which constructs a composite section of stratigraphic events through principal components analysis. The variables in the analysis are stratigraphic sections and the observational units are range limits of taxa. The program standardizes data in each section, extracts eigenvectors, estimates missing range limits, and computes the composite section from scores of events on the first principal component. Provided is an option of several types of diagnostic plots; these help one to determine conservative range limits or unrealistic estimates of missing values. Inspection of the graphs and eigenvalues allow one to evaluate goodness of fit between the composite and measured data. The program is extended easily to the creation of a rank-order composite.
Mitigation of subsynchronous resonant oscillations via optimal control

This paper presents a novel approach leading to the formulation of the optimal control problem of subsynchronous resonance. The formulation allows the application of continuous state feedback laws as well as discrete control schemes. A unique solution technique is presented, based on an iterative gradient technique which computes optimal feedback gains and optimal parameters of discrete control laws. The methodology is applicable to large scale, non-linear, time varying, stiff systems. Because all problem constraints are explicitly incorporated the computed optimal controller design is always implementable. The methodology has been applied to design a specific decentralized control scheme for the subsynchronous resonant oscillations. Typical results with an actual power system are presented which illustrate the effectiveness of the solution.
Transmission of an evanescent wave through a subwavelength aperture in a PEC screen

The diffraction of a wave by an aperture in a plane screen is an old and fundamental problem in optics and electromagnetic theory. In a typical theoretical formulation for the electromagnetics problem, a circular aperture is placed in a perfectly conducting (PEC) plane screen of infinitesimal thickness lying in the xy plane. The incident field is a time-harmonic plane wave propagating in a direction lying in the xz plane. This case is referred to as the transverse-electric (TE) case because the incident electric field is normal to the plane of incidence (the plane determined by the normal to the screen and the direction of propagation). For the transverse-magnetic case (TM), the incident magnetic field is normal to the plane of incidence. The objective of an analysis is often to determine the total time-average power transmitted through the aperture, and a convenient parameter for quantifying it is the transmission coefficient. We consider two fundamental questions: what is the transmission coefficient for an evanescent plane wave through an electrically small aperture? can the transmission coefficient for an evanescent plane wave be significantly greater than that for a propagating plane wave? The paper aims to answer both of these questions.
A Scalable Architecture for Distributed Transmit Beamforming with Commodity Radios: Design and Proof of Concept

We describe a fully-wireless prototype of distributed transmit beamforming on a software-defined radio platform. Distributed beamforming is a cooperative transmission technique that can achieve orders of magnitude increases in range or energy efficiency of wireless communication systems. However, this technique requires precise synchronization of the radio frequency signal from each transmitter. The significance of our prototype is in demonstrating that this requirement can be satisfied using digital signal processing methods on commodity hardware with low-quality oscillators. Our synchronization approach scales to large numbers of transmitters: each transmitter runs independent algorithms based on periodically transmitted feedback packets from the receiver. A key simplification is the decoupling of the algorithms for frequency locking and beamsteering at each transmitter, even though both processes use the same feedback packets. Frequency locking employs an Extended Kalman filter to track the local oscillator offset between a transmitter and the receiver, using frequency offset measurements based on the feedback packet waveform, while the phase adjustments for beamsteering are determined using a one-bit feedback algorithm based on the feedback packet it payload. Our prototype demonstrates that distributed transmit beamforming can be incorporated into wireless networks without requiring hardware innovations, and provides open-source building blocks for future research and development.
Constructing exact D-optimal experimental designs by simulated annealing

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTExact optimal designs have generally been constructed using a finite design space and various exchange algorithms, which are subject to premature convergence. Branch-and-bound methods guarantee optimal designs, but are only computationally feasible for small problems. We apply the generalized simulated annealing algorithm to the construction of exact optimal designs, and evaluate its effectiveness on both finite and continuous design spaces.
Insurance type, not race, predicts mortality after pediatric trauma.

BACKGROUND: In adult trauma, mortality varies with race and insurance status. In the elderly, insurance type has little impact on mortality after trauma and the influence of race is reduced. How race and insurance affect pediatric trauma requires further attention. We hypothesized that mortality after pediatric trauma is influenced by insurance type and not race. METHODS: We reviewed all cases of blunt trauma in children ≤13 y requiring admission, using the National Trauma Data Bank Research Data Sets for 2007 and 2008. Exclusions included an Abbreviated Injury Score of 6 for any body region, dead on arrival, and missing data. Our primary outcome measure was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: We identified 831 Asian (1.2%), 10,592 black (15.5%), 45,173 white (66.2%), and 8498 Hispanic (12.5%) children, and 3161 children (4.6%) classified as other race. Mean age was 7.4 ± 4.5 y, 11.9% were uninsured, and overall in-hospital mortality was 1.4%. Multivariable modeling indicated that race was not associated with increased mortality (Asian versus white, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.05, P = 0.88; black versus white, AOR 0.92, P = 0.42; Hispanic versus white, AOR 0.87, P = 0.26; and other race versus white, AOR 1.01, P = 0.96). In contrast, insurance status (any insurance versus no insurance, AOR 0.6, P Language: en
Nonlocal electrodynamics of arrays of quantum dots.

We analyze the linear and nonlinear optical response of an array of quantum dots (QD's). Our model treats the matter-field interaction self-consistently, and includes the nonlocality of the electromagnetic field throughout the system. This procedure allows us to address the dependence of radiative decay rates as well as of the nonlinear response on size, geometry, and the material. Applications are made to a one-dimensional periodic array of semiconductor quantum dots, where the intradot and interdot exciton motion is of Wannier and Frenkel type, respectively. We compare the optical nonlinearity enhancement of the array with that of a single QD.
A POSSIBLE PRE‐ALGONKIAN CULTURE IN SOUTHEASTERN MASSACHUSETTS

T HE Algonkian tribes who occupied New England at the time when its known history began were probably not its earliest inhabitants. Remains of what may have been a pre-Algonkian culture have been discovered, notably that of the so-called Red Paint People of Maine. No indication, however, is given as to when these people flourished, and but little as to when the Algonkians themselves first arrived and displaced them. There is evident value in any discovery that contributes even slightly to the problem of determininghow long this portion of the country has been inhabited. The writer believes that he has found evidence
Free-energy density functions for nematic elastomers

Abstract The recently proposed neo-classical theory for nematic elastomers generalizes standard molecular–statistical Gaussian network theory to allow for anisotropic distributions of polymer chains. The resulting free-energy density models several of the novel properties of nematic elastomers. In particular, it predicts the ability of nematic elastomers to undergo large deformations with exactly zero force and energy cost—so called soft elasticity. Although some nematic elastomers have been shown to undergo deformations with unusually small applied forces, not all do so, and none deform with zero force. Further, as a zero force corresponds to infinitely many possible deformations in the neo-classical theory, this non-uniqueness leads to serious indeterminacies in numerical schemes. Here we suggest that the neo-classical free-energy density is incomplete and propose an alternative derivation that resolves these difficulties. In our approach, we use the molecular–statistical theory to identify appropriate variables. This yields the choice for the microstructural degrees of freedom as well as two independent strain tensors (the overall macroscopic strain plus a relative strain that indicates how the deformation of the elastomeric microstructure deviates from the macroscopic deformation). We then propose expressions for the free-energy density as a function of the three quantities and show how the material parameters can be measured by two simple tests. The neo-classical free-energy density can be viewed as a special case of our expressions in which the free-energy density is independent of the overall macroscopic strain, thus supporting our view that the neo-classical theory is incomplete.
Rethinking the Relationship Between Reading and Behavior in Early Elementary School

Considerable research has investigated the link between academic achievement and social behavior. The authors set the context for their work by reviewing some of the research that has been done. To address similarities and limitations in previous research, they included concurrent ratings of behavior from teachers and children's performance on multiple measures of reading in their analyses. The authors provide an empirical analysis of the relationship between behavior and achievement using structural equation modeling that illustrated comparable outcomes to previous research and discuss their findings as a base for directing attention to the importance of teaching behavior as well as academic skills in efforts to prevent learning problems and failure in school.
Intra-oral x-ray room shielding evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate scatter radiation levels resulting from intra-oral dental exams and determine shielding requirements for dental x-ray rooms using intra-oral x-ray systems.