cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analog image processing for IVHS applications

Single vehicle roadway departures (SVRD) are serious vehicular accidents that may be avoided through the use of advanced technology. In this paper we briefly describe our Vehicle Lateral Position Measurement System designed to alert the driver of possible SVRD situations. We then describe our testing of the system under a contract awarded by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to Rockwell International.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Referential/attributive: a scope interpretation

There is a core to the referential/attributive distinction that reveals a propositional ambiguity that is scope-related and rooted in syntax.
Inflammatory cytokines in animal health and disease

Inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and IL-8, are rapidly induced early in a disease or injury process. They mediate and modulate myriad healing processes but, if overexpressed, may exacerbate the severity of a disease condition. In order to test this concept and to establish a foundation for the role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of gram-negative bacterial infections in the respiratory tract of animals, the patterns of inflammatory cytokine expression were determined in experimental porcine pleuropneumonia. We observed that IL-1 and IL-6, but not TNF, were rapidly and dramatically elevated in the lavage fluid of the lung within 24 h of infection. The increased levels of IL-1 might contribute to increased severity of disease, but elevated IL-6 levels were consistent with a protective acute phase response. Additional studies were performed to examine the hypothesis that IL-4 expression later in infection might be involved in turning off the inflammatory response and promoting an antigen-specific humoral immune response. Interleukin-4 efficiently suppressed inflammatory cytokine production in alveolar macrophages. Its expression was induced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by TNF, IL-4, and by reexposure to a specific antigen. To obtain the maximum amount of information on the role of inflammatory cytokines in animals of veterinary significance it will be useful to perform studies in species such that evolutionary relatedness will allow widespread application of the findings. Furthermore, the variety of molecules involved in inflammatory cytokine regulation will require much more extensive investigations of the relevant enzymes, inhibitors and receptors in veterinary species. Finally, the complexity and redundancy of immune defenses in animals mean that attempts to modulate health status through manipulation of inflammatory cytokines must be performed with caution and that a multiplicity of processes will be affected.
Switching properties of polysilicon emitter transistor operating in saturation

Saturation behaviour of a polysilicon emitter transistor is studied using the analysis of the most fundamental parameter, the saturation time constant, and correlated with the physical structure. The analysis takes into account the effect of the polysilicon/monosilicon interface in the emitter and n/n/sup +/ type transition interface due to be buried layer diffusion in the collector. The effect of the polysilicon/monosilicon interface becomes crucial to the transistor behaviour at smaller emitter junction depths. The interface contributes to a significant amount of charge storage in the emitter region and is independent of charge storage in the collector region bounded by the n/n/sup +/ interface recombination velocity. The increase in saturation time constant because of charge storage in the emitter and collector regions should be taken into consideration in the design of BiCMOS VLSI circuits.
“Um, They Weren't Thinking About Their Thinking”: Children's Talk About Issues of Oppression

This article presents first and second grade children's talk about issues of language diversity and culture. Children focus on the issue of oppression and initially examine oppressors in their talk within literature circles across a year in a Sheltered English Immersion classroom. Drawing on a critical literacy framework and anti-bias perspective, the article offers an examination into how young bilingual children grapple with critical issues connected to multicultural children's literature in the classroom. The article ends with some consideration regarding assisting young children to become advocates for issues of social justice.
The effects of embryonic pars distalis grafts on the development of hypophysectomized chick embryos.

Abstract Hypophysectomized nine-day old embryos received one or two grafts of embryonic, ten-day old pars distalis to the chorio-allantois. At the end of 20 days of incubation, all embryos were killed and no differences between the hypophysectomized embryos having one or two grafts were noted. Normal survival was 72%, but only 6% of the hypophysectomized embryos survived and the survival of grafted embryos was 60%. The rate of maturation of the extraembryonic membranes of hypophysectomized embryos was slower than normal, but the rate in grafted embryos was normal. In hypophysectomized embryos, the vitelline and chorio-allantoic circulation did not collapse nor was the yolk sac retracted; however, these changes did occur in grafted embryos. The mean body weight of hypophysectomized embryos (8.9 gm) was 45% of normal and that of treated embryos was 63% of normal. The normal paired thyroid glands weighed 2.2 mg, but those of hypophysectomized embryos weighed 0.5 mg and the size and number of follicles and the amount of colloid were reduced in pituitaryless embryos. The thyroid glands of treated embryos weighed 1.2 mg and showed normal histology. The paired testes of normal embryos weighed 4.6 mg, but those of hypophysectomized embryos weighed 1.6 mg and the size of the seminiferous cords and the amount of interstitial tissue were reduced. The testes of treated embryos weighed 3.1 mg and showed normal histology. The normal left ovaries weighed 4.4 mg, but those of pituitaryless embryos weighed 2.7 mg and the thickness of the cortex and medulla was reduced. The ovaries of embryos with grafts weighed 4.2 mg and showed normal histology. The normal paired adrenal glands weighed 4.5 mg, but those of hypophysectomized embryos weighed 2.6 mg. The adrenals of treated embryos weighed 3.7 mg. The cortical cords and chromaffin tissue normally comprised 44% and 33% of the glands and 23% was nonparenchymal space (NPS). In hypophysectomized embryos the cortical component was 31% and the chromaffin and NPS were 40% and 29%. In treated embryos the percents were 43, 31 and 26. This study demonstrated that most of the defects of hypophysectomized embryos are due to the absence of the hormones of the pars distalis and that an ectopic embryonic pars distalis secretes normal amounts of a somatotrophic, a thyrotrophic, a gonadotrophic, and an adrenocorticotrophic hormone.
Adaptive crosstalk cancellation in dense wavelength division multiplexing networks

The LMS algorithm is proposed to cancel received linear crosstalk in dense wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. Analysis and simulations show that with the addition of a few photodetectors, channel spacing requirements are reduced by over 50%. Simulations using a demodulator with Gaussian bandpass characteristics show that a 2.5 dB signal-to-crosstalk ratio is increased to over 35 dB.
New developments in cardiovascular adrenergic receptor pharmacology: Molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance☆

A DRENERGIC receptors (ARs) (classically (Xa, e~2, [31, [32) are plasma membrane-bound proteins involved in many aspects of general physiology and cardiovascular function? ARs are important in physiologic functions, such as myocardial rate and contractility, systemic and pulmonary vascular tone and blood flow, sedation/hypnosis, platelet aggregation, insulin secretion, and gut motility, as well as diseases such as congestive heart failure (CHF), hypertension, pheochromocytoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and possibly diabetes. ARs interact with the endogenous catecholamines norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI), and several classes of drugs (predominantly adrenergic agonists and antagonists). 2,3 When occupied by agonists, these receptors couple to specific effector molecules via intermediary heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide regulatory proteins (G proteins) (Fig 1). Specifically, [31-ARs and [32-ARs couple to the stimulatory G protein Gs, which activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase (AC), resulting in increases in intracellular cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) (Fig 2). Alpha2-ARs inhibit AC via coupling to the inhibitory G protein, Gi, and also activate a Na+/H + exchanger, resulting in ion fluxes in the cell. Alphal-AR agonist occupancy activates Gq, ultimately activating phospholipase C-13 isozymes, which hydrolyze membrane phosphoinositides into inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacyl glycerol (DAG). IP3 binds to IP3 receptors on the sarcoplasmic reticulum, resulting in increases in free cytosolic Ca ++ and ultimately in smooth muscle contraction (Fig 2). In cardiac myocytes, production of cAMP causes activation of protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates calcium channels, causing them to open. Increased intracellular calcium with depolarization binds to the catalytic site on troponin C, resulting in freeing of actin from the actin/ tropomyosin complex; the net result is the ability of actin to form cross-bridges with myosin leading to myocyte contraction.
Combined membranous nephropathy and IgA nephropathy

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and membranous nephropathy (MN) are both common renal biopsy findings that rarely have been described together in the same patient. The significance of this finding is not clear. We present the clinical and pathological data of four patients with combined MN-IgAN and discuss possible pathogenetic mechanisms. By definition, all cases showed immunodominant mesangial deposits of IgA (+/-C3) and subepithelial capillary wall deposits of IgG (+/-C3) by immunofluorescence microscopy, confirmed by electron microscopy. There were three men and one woman, whose ages ranged from 41 to 67 years (average, 51.7 years). All four presented with microscopic hematuria and proteinuria, three in the nephrotic range. Renal function was normal in three individuals, and one subject had mild renal insufficiency accompanied by long-standing hypertension. Two other patients had newly uncovered hypertension. Complement levels were normal in all subjects. One patient had a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, but none had other serologic or clinical features diagnostic of lupus. None of the four individuals had any other predisposing factors for either MN or IgAN, including hepatitis B infection. All four patients had stable renal function at last determination (average follow-up, 24 months; range, 4 to 34 months), with markedly reduced proteinuria in three individuals and persistent heavy proteinuria in one. A review of the literature indicates that combined MN-IgAN is most often characterized by heavy proteinuria and stable renal function. Some cases may be related to hepatitis B infection, but in most instances the cause is unknown. The combination of these two pathological processes does not result in a particularly deleterious clinical outcome for patients.
Planetary science: Mars at the tipping point

There's a big problem with the idea of ancient oceans on Mars: if they were contained within the 'shoreline' visible today, sea level would not have been level. Could it be that Mars has since tipped over?
The role of oriented attachment crystal growth in hydrothermal coarsening of nanocrystalline ZnS

Approximately 2.0 nm diameter nanocrystalline zinc sulfide was synthesized in water (H2O−ZnS) and ∼2.4 nm nanocrystalline mercaptoethanol-capped ZnS was synthesized in a mercaptoethanol−water solut...
Thermovoltaic detection. IV. Application to some cobalt(III) ammine coordination compounds

The TVD (EMF-T) curves of [Co(NH3)6]X3 (X− = Cl, Br and I) and [Co(en)3]X3 (X− = Br, I and SCN) complexes are presented. The complexes are characterized by curves containing from two to four peaks in the temperature range from 150 to 400°C. In the case of the [Co(NH3)6]X3 complexes, the curve peak temperatures are similar to those obtained by DTA/DSC. It is also illustrated that the TVD curves of the [Co(en)3]X3 complexes are reproducible to about ±2% of each other.
A study of reconstruction artifacts in cone beam tomography using filtered backprojection and iterative EM algorithms

Reconstruction artifacts in cone beam tomography are studied for filtered backprojection (Feldkamp) and iterative EM algorithms. The filtered backprojection algorithm uses a voxel-driven, interpolated backprojection to reconstruct the cone beam data, whereas the iterative EM algorithm performs ray-driven projection and backprojection operations for each iteration. Two weighting schemes for the projection and backprojection operations in the EM algorithm are studied. One weights each voxel by the length of the ray through the voxel and the other equates the value of a voxel to the functional value of the midpoint of the line intersecting the voxel, which is obtained by interpolating between eight neighboring voxels. Cone beam reconstruction artifacts such as rings, bright vertical extremities, and slice-to-slice cross-talk are not found with parallel beam and fan beam geometries. When using filtered backprojection and iterative EM algorithms, the line-length weighting is susceptible to ring artifacts which are improved by using interpolated projector-backprojectors. >
System Identification and Automatic Mass Balancing of Ground-Based Three-Axis Spacecraft Simulator

Abstract : The ground-based spacecraft simulator is a useful tool to develop and verify new control laws required by modern spacecraft applications. In order to simulate the space environment with the ground-based spacecraft simulator, the effects of gravity should be minimized. In this paper, a three-axis rotational rigid spacecraft simulator on a spherical air-bearing system is considered. The method of estimating the inertial properties of a spacecraft as well as the location of the center of mass is presented with the batch least- square estimation. The identified center of mass location is used to actuate the automatic mass balancing system to compensate for the center of mass offset. Adaptive control of the automatic mass balancing system is also presented when the balancing masses are actuated in real-time to eliminate the center of mass offset from the center of rotation. The proposed technique is implemented on the Three Axis Simulator 2 (TAS2) which is a ground-based experimental testbed for the Bifocal Relay Mirror Spacecraft (BRMS).
N-SEEV: A Computational Model of Attention and Noticing:

The N-SEEV is a stochastic model of overt attention within a visual display or workspace. The model integrates elements from several existing models of attention (Bundesen, 1987, 1990; Itti & Koch, 2000; Wolfe, 1994; Wickens, et al., 2003) to provide (1) predictions of the allocation of visual attention among discrete display channels; (2) the likelihood of a scanning transition between any pair of channels; and (3) the number of eye movements needed to fixate the onset of a visual signal or event. Preliminary tests of the model show a close fit between model predictions and actual pilot scanning and noticing times.
TRAPPING YELLOWJACKETS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) WITH HEPTYL BUTYRATE EMITTED FROM CONTROLLED-RELEASE DISPENSERS

Abstract Numbers of workers of Vespula pensylvanica (Saussure) (western yellowjacket) and V. atropilosa (Sladen) trapped with heptyl butyrate in Washington increased with greater release of the attractant from vial dispensers, up to an estimated 2.3 milligrams heptyl butyrate per hour. Vespula germanica (F.) (German yellowjacket) workers were also captured in significant numbers, and numbers of workers captured increased with increased release of heptyl butyrate, up to an estimated 1.4 milligrams per hour. Numbers of workers of Vespula squamosa (Drury) trapped with heptyl butyrate in Oklahoma increased with increased release of heptyl butyrate from dispensers, up to an estimated 3.3 milligrams per hour. Vial dispensers, with holes of 6, 12, 22, and 33 mm diameter in the vial lid, lost 0.42, 1.4, 2.3, and 3.3 milligrams of heptyl butyrate per hour in the laboratory and these rates changed little over a period of 4 weeks, indicating close to a zero order rate of release pattern. Rates of loss of 2 ml heptyl...
Broadband Nonlinear Absorbing Platinum 2,2'-Bipyridine Complex Bearing 2-(Benzothiazol-2'-yl)-9,9-diethyl-7-ethynylfluorene Ligands

A platinum 2,2′-bipyridine complex (1) bearing 2-(benzothiazol-2′-yl)-9,9-diethyl-7-ethynylfluorene ligands was synthesized and characterized. Its photophysical properties and nonlinear absorption ...
A hybrid finite element formulation of the linear biphasic equations for hydrated soft tissue

A hybrid finite element method has been developed for application to the linear biphasic model of soft tissues. The biphasic model assumes that hydrated soft tissue is a mixture of two incompressible, immiscible phases, one solid and one fluid, and employs mixture theory to derive governing equations for its mechanical behaviour. These equations are time dependent, involving both fluid and solid velocities and solid displacement, and will be solved by spatial finite element and temporal finite difference approximation. The first step in the derivation of this hybrid method is application of a finite difference rule to the solid phase, thus obtaining equations with only velocities at discrete times as primary variables. A weighted residual statement of the temporally discretized governing equations, employing C° continuous interpolations of the solid and fluid phase velocities and discontinuous interpolations of the pore pressure and elastic stress, is then derived. The stress and pressure functions are chosen so that the total momentum equation of the mixture is satisfied; they are jointly referred to as an equilibrated stress and pressure field. The corresponding weighting functions are chosen to satisfy a relationship analogous to this equilibrium relation. The resulting matrix equations are symmetric. As an illustration of the hybrid biphasic formulation, six-noded triangular elements with complete linear, several incomplete quadratic, and complete quadratic stress and pressure fields in element local co-ordinates are developed for two dimensional analysis and tested against analytical solutions and a mixed-penalty finite element formulation of the same equations. The hybrid method is found to be robust and produce excellent results; preferred elements are identified on the basis of these results.
Type-Supervised Hidden Markov Models for Part-of-Speech Tagging with Incomplete Tag Dictionaries

Past work on learning part-of-speech taggers from tag dictionaries and raw data has reported good results, but the assumptions made about those dictionaries are often unrealistic: due to historical precedents, they assume access to information about labels in the raw and test sets. Here, we demonstrate ways to learn hidden Markov model taggers from incomplete tag dictionaries. Taking the min-greedy algorithm (Ravi et al., 2010) as a starting point, we improve it with several intuitive heuristics. We also define a simple HMM emission initialization that takes advantage of the tag dictionary and raw data to capture both the openness of a given tag and its estimated prevalence in the raw data. Altogether, our augmentations produce improvements to performance over the original min-greedy algorithm for both English and Italian data.
Migration of Retirement-Age Blacks to Nonmetropolitan Areas in the 1990s

Older blacks migrated to nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) communities in the 1990s to a degree not true of the past. Some of the nonmetro counties that attracted them are well-known retirement areas also favored by other retirees, mostly whites. Two-thirds of black retirement counties, however, are areas in the Old South that are not attracting other retirees at a substantial rate, if at all. Although the data indicate significant rates of retirement-age blacks migrating to 85 nonmetro counties, most migration by older blacks is to metro destinations. Language: en
A method for dynamic simulation and detection of dynamic air-gap eccentricity in synchronous machines

This paper presents the performance of salient pole synchronous machines with eccentric rotors. Relationships between stator current induced harmonics and dynamic eccentricity are investigated. The winding function theory accounting for all space harmonics in electric machines and presented by earlier researchers has been modified to adopt nonsymmetric air-gap for the calculation of machine winding inductances. In addition, the winding inductances have been computed by finite element method to support those calculated by the modified winding function approach (MWFA). Magnetic coupled circuits approach has been utilized for simulating rotor and stator currents. The simulation findings are in close agreement with experimental results.
Public Administration in Today's World of Organizations and Markets

749-756. t is a special pleasure for me to give a lecture named in honor of John M. Gaus. My files still retain several PS: Political Science gracious letters from him to a young & Politics, 2000, 33 (4) colleague, one after a session in which we had participated at the 1950 APS A meeting; another commenting on a paper 1 had published in APSR in 1953. When I encountered the world of public administration 65 years ago, John Gaus was just undertaking, with Leon O. Wolcott. their remarkable study, Public Administration and the United Stales Department of Agriculture (1940). Don Smithburg, Vie Thompson, and I drew heavily on that work when we wrote our textbook, Public Administration, in 1950. Gaus and Wolcott's work today continues to throw valuable light on how organizations come into existence and grow, often under the influence of technological advances that provide them with the by Herbert Simon/ Carnegie Mellon University potential for important new activities. The innovations in the Department of Agriculture that their book examined included forest conservation, vaccines to combat animal diseases, and the parity principle to deal with agricultural overproduction during the Great Depression. In fact, Gaus and Wolcott's analysis of the interaction of organizational and technological change resonates strongly with today's interest in the processes and rates of growth of public and business organizations.
Injuries and chronic conditions of the knee in young athletes.

1. Alfred Atanda Jr, MD* 2. Deepak Reddy, MD† 3. Jaime A. Rice, MD† 4. Michael A. Terry, MD† 1. *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, A.I. DuPont Children's Hospital, Wilmington, De 2. †Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, Ill After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize the physical findings that are consistent with internal derangement of the knee. 2. Differentiate among bony, ligamentous, and cartilaginous injuries of the knee based on physical findings. 3. Discuss the criteria for orthopedic consultation for a knee injury. 4. Know which types of knee injuries require magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation. Pediatric and adolescent athletes who have sustained knee injuries often present initially to their primary care doctors. Damage to the bone, ligaments, or cartilaginous structures of the knee may occur, depending on the particular mechanism of injury. A history, physical examination, and radiographic studies can narrow the differential diagnosis. The purpose of this article is to provide a case-based review of common knee injuries and chronic knee conditions that affect pediatric and adolescent athletes. We review history and physical findings, epidemiology, appropriate imaging studies, when to refer to a specialist, and treatment options. A 13-year-old boy comes to your office complaining of left knee pain after being injured during a basketball game yesterday. He describes a sudden deceleration with his left foot planted. He had immediate pain and was unable to ambulate. On physical examination, he has moderate joint effusion, with tenderness over his tibial tubercle and an inability to extend his knee actively. His knee is otherwise stable. Neurovascular examination results are normal. Plain lateral radiographs of the knee demonstrate widening and partial detachment of the tibial tubercle (Fig. 1). You diagnose tibial tubercle avulsion fracture. Figure 1. Lateral radiograph showing partial elevation of the tibial tubercle. ### The Condition Tibial tubercle fractures usually result from an indirect force on the knee, such as from sudden deceleration or contraction of the quadriceps muscle. During skeletal growth, the tibial tubercle ossification center undergoes architectural changes as the composition of the cartilage changes. The tubercle growth plate is …
Pedestrians’ Willingness to Seek Out, Purchase, and Wear Conspicuity-Enhancing Athletic Garments

Most traffic-related pedestrian fatalities occur at night, and insufficient conspicuity of pedestrians’ clothing is recognized to be a key causal factor. In an effort to explore the demand for conspicuity-enhancing garments we examined the attitudes of 166 university students about nighttime conspicuity problems and their interest in (and willingness to purchase) these clothing items. We found that when it comes to their own conspicuity at night pedestrians are too often overconfident and uninformed. Participants generally believed that wearing brightly colored clothing or a reflective vest made them visible to drivers at night and generally did not believe that wearing reflective markings on their ankles and wrists would make them more visible than a reflective vest. Despite having reported that visibility issues were usually not important factors when purchasing athletic garments, most participants reported being willing to pay slightly more for athletic garments (shorts, shirts/jackets, and shoes) that contain reflective markings.
Biocolonial and Racial Entanglements: Immunity, Community, and Superfluity in the Name of Humanity

Through a reading of Neill Blomkamp’s 2009 science fiction/mock documentary District 9 and John le Carre’s novel The Constant Gardener, this article illustrates how the acceptance that we are all h...
Contradictory Interests, Tangled Power, and Disorganized Organization:

University-community partnerships are a new organizational form that has emerged out of the economic crises that characterized urban landscapes in the 1990s. Based on an 18-month, multimethod, qualitative case study of one university-community partnership, the authors find that when participants have contradictory interests and work within an ambiguous organizational structure, the organization will tend toward persistent failure. This effect will be particularly problematic in organizational hybrids that feature partnerships among groups from systematically unequal social positions. Thus, the findings suggest that these organizational hybrids are predisposed to nonrational tendencies and permanent failure.
Predators temper the relative importance of stochastic processes in the assembly of prey metacommunities.

Communities assemble through a combination of stochastic processes, which can make environmentally similar communities divergent (high β-diversity), and deterministic processes, which can make environmentally similar communities convergent (low β-diversity). Top predators can influence both stochasticity (e.g. colonization and extinction events) and determinism (e.g. size of the realized species pool), in community assembly, and thus their net effect is unknown. We investigated how predatory fish influenced the scaling of prey diversity in ponds at local and regional spatial scales. While fish reduced both local and regional richness, their effects were markedly more intense at the regional scale. Underlying this result was that the presence of fish made localities within metacommunities more similar in their community composition (lower β-diversity), suggesting that fish enhance the deterministic, relative to the stochastic, components of community assembly. Thus, the presence of predators can alter fundamental mechanisms of community assembly and the scaling of diversity within metacommunities.
Testing of a Full-Scale Unreinforced Masonry Building Following Seismic Strengthening

To investigate the effectiveness of several seismic strengthening techniques, a full-scale unreinforced masonry (URM) structure was subjected to slowly applied lateral load reversals after the application of fiber reinforced plastic overlays, near surface mounted rods, and vertical posttensioning. Results showed that all techniques were effective for improving the seismic resistance of the previously tested URM building structure. Each system either increased the lateral in-plane strength and/or provided continuity of pier and spandrel elements over increased lateral displacements. In addition, the response of the test structure (overall height to base ratio of approximately one) showed that global issues such as flange effects, the effects of overturning moment, and global rocking can be substantial and must be considered.
Effects of Coprophagy and Diet Quality on Two Microtine Rodents (Microtus pennsylvanicus and Microtus pinetorum)

The nutritional responses of meadow voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus ) and pine voles ( M. pinetorum ) to prevention of coprophagy and to diets of different quality were examined. Food consumption, fecal production, diet digestibility, energy intake, body-mass dynamics, and frequency of fecal reingestion were measured. Differences in the measured variables were not identical for the two species, but prevention of coprophagy generally resulted in lower diet digestibility and a reduction of body mass. Increased food consumption by noncoprophagic meadow voles compensated for lowered diet digestibility resulting in similar rates of digestible-energy intake among all animals within each diet class. Although coprophagy may compete for intake (gut space and time), and feces provide less available energy per gram than either diet, coprophagy was of major importance for body-mass regulation of both species of voles. Apparently, feces can provide specific dietary nutrients in short supply in the diet.
Long-Term Performance of Epimyocardial Pacing Leads in Adults: Comparison with Endocardial Leads

The long-term performance of epimyocardial pacing leads in children is well established, but few studies have analyzed the performance in adults. This issue has clinical relevance in view of the increased use of epimyocardial leads with implantable cardioverter defibrillator and antitachycardia pacing systems. We analyzed 93 epimyocardial pacing "systems" (121 leads: 65 unipolar, 28 bipolar) in adult patients (age 57 +/- 16 years), implanted since January 1980. Two different models were studied: Medtronic 4951 "Stab-on" (n = 35) and Medtronic 6917/6917A "Screw-in" (n = 58). A control group was created by randomly matching each epimyocardial system with two endocardial leads, according to age and year of implant. Epimyocardial and endocardial leads were followed-up for 44 +/- 35 and 43 +/- 35 months, respectively (P = NS). Freedom from failure for epimyocardial leads was 0.91 (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.82 to 0.96) at 5 years, and 0.91 (95% CI = 0.69 to 0.98) at 10 years. No difference was found between the two analyzed models. Freedom from failure for endocardial leads was 0.97 (95% CI = 0.93 to 0.99) and 0.90 (95% CI = 0.61 to 0.97) at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Epimyocardial leads had a significantly poorer short-term survival than endocardial leads, secondarily to earlier "technique related" failures (P = 0.03; relative risk 3.0; Wilcoxon test). However, overall long-term performance was similar to endocardial leads. Epimyocardial pacing leads, meticulously implanted and tested, have a long-term performance similar to endocardial pacing leads.
Spreading Processes and Large Components in Ordered, Directed Random Graphs

Order the vertices of a directed random graph \math{v_1,...,v_n}; edge \math{(v_i,v_j)} for \math{i<j} exists independently with probability \math{p}. This random graph model is related to certain spreading processes on networks. We consider the component reachable from \math{v_1} and prove existence of a sharp threshold \math{p^*=\log n/n} at which this reachable component transitions from \math{o(n)} to \math{\Omega(n)}.
Regulation des Wassersammelns

An heisen Sommernachmittagen sieht man haufig Arbeiterinnen am Rande eines Teichs, eines Wasserlaufs oder an einer anderen feuchten Stelle Wasser trinken und dann direkt zu ihrem Stock zuruckfliegen. Auch nach mehreren regnerischen Tagen, die die Bienen im Stock gehalten haben, sieht man an kuhlen Morgen gewohnlich Bienen Wasser vom taufeuchten Gras vor ihrem Stock aufsaugen. Das Wassersammeln ist fur zwei Bereiche der Physiologie eines Bienenvolkes entscheidend: fur die Warmeregulation des Brutnests und fur die Ernahrung der Larven. Betrachten wir zunachst den Wasserbedarf fur den Temperaturhaushalt. Wahrend der Periode der Brutaufzucht im Jahreslauf eines Honigbienenvolkes, also vom Spatwinter bis zum Fruhherbst, wird der Brutnestbereich in jedem Bienenstock exakt auf einer Temperatur zwischen 33° und 36°C gehalten. Der Durchschnittswert liegt bei etwa 34,5°C und die tagliche Temperaturschwankung bei unter einem Grad. Diese eindrucksvolle Warmeregulation erreicht das Bienenvolk mit Hilfe verschiedener Mechanismen, die das Brutnest je nach der herrschenden Umgebungstemperatur erwarmen oder abkuhlen (Uberblick bei Seeley 1985 und Heinrich 1993).
A Device for the Study of Electrical Steel Losses in Stator Lamination Stacks

A new electromagnetic device to measure the electrical losses in stator lamination stacks, along with its associated test procedure, is presented. This procedure provides the ability to distinguish between stators made of different types of materials and can be employed to evaluate finished stator stacks prior to motor assembly. The design and simulation - using both ordinary differential equation solvers in the preliminary phase and detailed finite-element analyses following that - of the aforementioned device are documented, along with experimental data supporting our conclusions.
An estimation of technical efficiency for Florida public elementary schools

Abstract We use a frontier production function estimation technique to analyze whether elementary schools in Florida are operating at an efficient level and to explain any inefficiencies. A motivation for this analysis comes from recent state and federal level educational initiatives designed to improve school accountability and reduce class sizes. Results presented here indicate that while Florida elementary schools are not operating at efficient levels (with regional mean inefficiency estimates in the 4.1–5.1% range), they compare favorably to published results for other states. One factor associated with higher inefficiency is student promotion rates—something which does lie within the purview of school administrators and may have important policy implications. However, other factors associated with higher inefficiency (percent free-lunch eligible, higher crime and violence, higher suspension rates and not having a parent–teacher organization) are indicators of conditions that lie largely beyond the direct control of public schools, casting doubt on the effectiveness of recent accountability measures to improve efficiency.
Adaptive QoS schemes in DWDM networks

In this paper, we present a scheme for dynamic resource management using heterogeneous traffic descriptors. A simple priority class scheme to support basic QoS at the DWDM layer in optical networks is devised. Unlike existing mechanisms that depend on buffer management and scheduling algorithms, our mechanism does not require any electronic buffering in the intermediate DWDM network nodes, which is greatly desired. The proposed scheme assigns different delay times to service classes in order to isolate higher priority classes from lower priority classes. Finally, we develop a traffic model and an allocation wavelength model, and analyze the blocking probability of each class.
Dielectric Properties of BaMg1/3Nb2/3O3 doped Ba0.45Sr0.55TiO3 Thin Films for Tunable Microwave Applications

Ba(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3 (BMN) doped and undoped Ba0.45Sr0.55TiO3 (BST) thin films were deposited via radio frequency magnetron sputtering on Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Al2O3 substrates. The surface morphology and chemical state analyses of the films have shown that the BMN doped BST film has a smoother surface with reduced oxygen vacancy, resulting in an improved insulating properties of the BST film. Dielectric tunability, loss, and leakage current (LC) of the undoped and BMN doped BST thin films were studied. The BMN dopant has remarkably reduced the dielectric loss (∼38%) with no significant effect on the tunability of the BST film, leading to an increase in figure of merit (FOM). This is attributed to the opposing behavior of large Mg2+ whose detrimental effect on tunability is partially compensated by small Nb5+ as the two substitute Ti4+ in the BST. The coupling between MgTi″ and VO•• charged defects suppresses the dielectric loss in the film by cutting electrons from hopping between Ti ions. The LC of the films was inv...
Forward to Fundamental Alteration: Addressing ADA Title II Integration Lawsuits After Olmstead v. L.C.

In 1999, the Supreme Court reviewed the case of Olmstead v. L.C. by Zimring, which has been called the Brown v. Board of Education for the law of disability discrimination. The Court ultimately agreed with the Department of Justice ("DOJ") and held that the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"), along with its supplementary Integration Regulation, requires a State that offers treatment to persons with disabilities to provide such treatment in a community setting where such a placement would not be an unreasonable change or a fundamental alteration in the State's program. Advocates of community care have long argued that such care is superior to institutionalized care in cost, treatment success, and equity. The ADA is the latest in a long line of legal avenues whereby advocates of disability rights have attempted to fashion some right to community care for developmentally disabled and mentally ill people. Opponents argue that the application of the Integration Regulation adopted by courts and the Department of Justice is beyond the reach of the ADA, which is limited to situations of uneven treatment as between disabled and non-disabled individuals. Left open by the current debate, and by the opinions interpreting the relevant provisions of the ADA, is what measures might constitute "unreasonable modifications" or "fundamental alterations" such that the ADA would not require them.This paper argues initially that (1) legislative history, (2) traditional deference for implementing regulations, (3) the weight of the pre-L.C. case law in the lower courts, and (4) public choice limitations on state power centers all suggest that the Supreme Court correctly held that the Integration Regulation does indeed apply to unnecessarily institutionalized individuals. However, state actors, advocates, and judges are still left without a well-developed list of arguments for whether and to what extent a proposed modification might be deemed unreasonable or a fundamental alteration such that the ADA Title II would not require it. The Supreme Court expressly called for limits to the application of the Integration Regulation and ADA Title II, and well articulated limits have yet to be developed. Thus, the bulk of the paper addresses and puts within an intellectual framework the arguments available to advocates and decision-makers attempting to keep ADA Title II within manageable bounds. The paper first addresses program integrity arguments in the context of each of three "ideal types," i.e., three general categories of cases. Then the paper addresses magnitude arguments that could apply to all three types of cases.
Using the VISOR Palette for Enterprise 2020: Scenarios and Configurations

In this chapter, we utilize the VISOR palette to analyze enterprises in the same industries whose example case we analyzed in Chap. 4, but projected for 2020.
Post-Realism, or the Jurisprudential Logic of Late Capitalism: A Socio-Legal Analysis of the Rise and Diffusion of Law and Economics

One problem that is ripe for socio-legal inquiry is the emergence and diffusion of the Law and Economics movement. A socio-legal approach would consider Law and Economics not simply as a style of legal analysis or a school of thought within law, but as a discursive project, constituted by and constitutive of an emergent socio-legal matrix. That approach would be attentive not only to the instrumental significance of Law and Economics, but also what difference, if any, Law and Economics makes in deciding legal cases; who employs and benefits from Law and Economics; and similar concerns. This approach would additionally be particularly attentive to its constitutive significance for socio-legal praxis - how Law and Economics frames meaning and action across the multiplicity of socio-legal fields. In order to more closely examine this breadth, this Article represents an attempt to sketch the outlines of a socio-legal analysis of Law and Economics, and to suggest some starting points for socio-legal research into the Law and Economics movement.
Passenger Compartment Violation Detection in HOV/HOT Lanes

Due to the high volume of traffic on modern roadways, transportation agencies have proposed high occupancy vehicle (HOV) and high occupancy tolling (HOT) lanes to promote carpooling. Enforcement of the rules of these lanes is currently performed by roadside enforcement officers using visual observation. Officer-based enforcement is, however, known to be inefficient, costly, potentially dangerous, and ultimately ineffective. Violation rates up to 50%–80% have been reported, whereas manual enforcement rates of less than 10% are typical. Near-infrared (NIR) camera systems have been recently proposed to monitor HOV/HOT lanes and enforce the regulations. These camera systems bring an opportunity to automatically determine vehicle occupancy from captured HOV/HOT NIR images. Due to their ability to see through windshields of vehicles, these cameras also enable enforcement of other passenger compartment violations such as seatbelt violation and driver cell phone usage, in addition to determining vehicle occupancy. In this paper, we propose computer vision methods for detecting vehicle occupancy, seatbelt violation, and driver cell phone usage from NIR images captured from HOV/HOT lanes. Our methods consist of two stages. First, we localize the vehicle's front windshield and side window from captured HOV/HOT images using the deformable part model (DPM). Next, we define a region of interest in the localized images for each violation type and perform image classification using one of the local aggregation-based image features, i.e., bag-of-visual-words (BOW), vector of locally aggregated descriptors (VLAD), and Fisher vectors (FV), and compare their performances for each case. We also compare the performance of DPM-based detection with the image classification methods for vehicle occupancy and seatbelt violation detection. A data set over 4000 images including front/side view vehicle images with seatbelt and cell phone violations was collected on a public roadway and is used to perform the experiments.
The Affair of the Pigeon Droppings: Rural Schoolmasters in Eighteenth-Century France

This article examines the role played by village schoolmasters in eighteenth-century rural France. Although schoolmasters were not supported or regulated by the state, as they would be a century later, they were able to navigate successfully the complex network of social relationships that existed within early modern rural society. Using the journal of one schoolmaster, Pierre Delahaye, the article demonstrates that in addition to teaching, schoolmasters also worked as record keepers for village notables, as clerks for the parish, and even cleaned the churches and belfries. The schoolmaster's position afforded him a much greater social position than might be assumed from knowledge of only his income and background, and even allowed him to serve as a mediator between the village and the cure. Thus it can be argued that schoolmasters of the eighteenth century were as important to rural society as their state supported counterparts of the nineteenth century.
Challenges confronting precision medicine in the context of inherited retinal disorders

ABSTRACT“Tonight, I’m launching a new Precision Medicine Initiative to bring us closer to curing diseases like cancer and diabetes — and to give all of us access to the personalized information we need to keep ourselves and our families healthier.” - President Barack Obama, State of the Union Address, January 20, 2015. This new initiation of precision medicine has generated excitement and promises of improved health outcomes. The challenge is to use individual-specific information to provide optimal, cost-effective customized care. This entails a comprehensive knowledge of individual behaviors, diet and exposures as well as a complete past medical history of an individual and detailed (preferably quantitative) descriptions of clinical findings and measurements. The molecular genetics of an individual as well as that of diseased tissues such as cancers are an integral part of this program. Molecular diagnostics are especially important for individuals who are experiencing disorders that are clearly traceab...
Theory and simulation of micropolar fluid dynamics

This paper reviews the fundamentals of micropolar fluid dynamics (MFD), and pro- poses a numerical scheme integrating Chorin's projection method and time-centred split method (TCSM) for solving unsteady forms of MFD equations. It has been known that Navier-Stokes equations are incapable of explaining the phenomena at micro and nano scales. On the contrary, MFD can naturally pick up the physical phenomena at micro and nano scales owingto its additional degrees of freedom for gyration. In this study, the analyti- cal and exact solutions of Couette and Hagen-Poiseuille flow are provided. Though this study is limited to the steady flow cases, the unsteady term in the MFD has been taken into account. This present work initiates the development of a general-purpose code of computa- tional micropolar fluid dynamics (CMFD). The discretization scheme in space is demon- strated with nearly second-order accuracy on multiple meshes.
Problems with myocardial infarction definitions (DECEMBER 2013).

Readers comment on problems with the definition of myocardial infarction (December 2013) and on the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (November 2013).
PHENOTYPIC CORRELATION STRUCTURE AMONG ELEMENTS OF THE COLOR PATTERN IN PRECIS COENIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE).

The component parts of butterfly wing patterns are arranged in sets of serially homologous pattern elements, repeated from wing cell to wing cell. Measurements were made on the sizes and positions of these elements on two successive, independent, sets of specimens in order to elucidate the phenotypic correlation structure among pattern elements. That portion of the correlation between measures due to overall size variation was accounted for through two alternate methods: multiple regression on two vein length measures, which represent wing size, and a Wright-style factor analysis. The sizes of pattern elements belonging to a homologous series were found to be significantly correlated whereas those of non-homologous elements varied independently. The degree of correlation among homologs varied, and, in the case of eyespot sizes, appeared to be inversely related to the degree of their morphological divergence. Although not correlated in size, the positions of non-homologous elements that lie within the same wing cell are moderately correlated. The results support current developmental models for the ontogeny of butterfly color pattern.