cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-uniform Luneburg lens antennas: a design approach based on genetic algorithms

This paper focuses on the optimum synthesis of Luneburg lens antennas using a novel application of the genetic algorithm (GA) optimizer. Since it is desired to simultaneously control both the achievable gain as well as to reduce grating lobe levels, an adaptive cost function is used in the process of the GA optimization. To determine the scattered field of the lens antenna an analytic technique is used based on the dyadic Green's function of the multi-layered spherical shell. It is shown that the radiation performance of the uniform Luneburg lens is significantly improved by designing a non-uniform lens with a low number of shells. The antenna gain is increased and the grating lobes are suppressed considerably. Many useful engineering design guidelines have been established for the optimum design of the lens.
Linear free energy relationships for proton dissociation and metal complexation of pyrimidine acids

Abstract Linear free energy relationships for proton dissociation and metal complexation have been investigated for the pyrimidine acid system. Linear correlations are obtained when pKa20′ − pKa2′ values for 5-substituted uracil carboxylic acids are plotted against Hammett's substituent constants, σm. The large calculated ϱ value of 5·78 indicates that the second proton dissociation for this acid series is very sensitive to substituent effects. Calculated “effective” substituent constants ( σ m) for these pyrimidine acids are in reasonable agreement with Hammett's σm values. With the exception of 5-nitro-orotic acid, a fair linear correlation is obtained in plotting σ m or pKa2′ vs. log KMA for 5-substituted uracil-6-carboxylic (orotic) acid complexes of Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II). Abnormally high log KMA values for 5-nitro-orotic acid, as compared with ligand basicity, have been partly attributed to π-electron back-donation by the metal ion to the ligand. In plots of log KZnA vs. log KM′A, where M′ is Co(II), Ni(II) or Cd(II) and “A” is a 5-substituted orotic acid, linear correlations have been observed with unit slopes. That linear correlations are best observed by comparing structurally similar ligands with identical reaction sites, has been illustrated by plotting log KMA for iso-orotic acid vs. log KMA for 2-ethylthio-iso-orotic acid, or orotic acid. A good linear correlation was observed between iso-orotic acid and 2-ethylthio-iso-orotic acid complexes, but no linear correlation was observed between iso-orotic acid and orotic acid complexes.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON ANTIBODY-PRODUCING LYMPH NODE CELLS

Lymph node cells of rabbits injected with sheep erythrocytes, identified as antibody-producing by their ability to produce plaques of hemolysis in erythrocyte-containing agar layers, have been examined by electron microscopy, by the use of a procedure devised for subjecting single cells to such examination. The antibody-producing cells thus examined were found to fall into two classes, according to the current terminology: some were in the category of lymphocytes, and others, in the category of plasma cells. Within each class, cells were found to vary in certain characteristics, especially in the degree of development of such organelles as the nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, and the endoplasmic reticulum. In the case of the endoplasmic reticulum especially, it could be seen that a series of these plaque-producing cells, ranked in order of increasing size and development of the endoplasmic reticulum, would extend over a considerable range from those lymphocytes with the least developed organelles to the mature plasma cells with the greatest development of these structures.
Stable nanobridge formation in ¿110¿ gold nanowires under tensile deformation

Abstract We present atomistic simulations of 〈1 1 0〉 oriented gold nanowires under tensile deformation. We find that 〈1 1 0〉 gold nanowires tend to form elongated, stable nanobridges upon necking, which is in agreement with previous experimental observations. In addition, the simulations reveal that the formation of a high strength multishell lattice structure during the plastic deformation of the 〈1 1 0〉 wires may account for the stability of the elongated nanobridges observed experimentally.
SU‐GG‐I‐99: Registration and Active Shape Model‐Based Segmentation of Lymph Node Regions in Head and Neck CT Images

Purpose: To develop a robust automatic method to segment the level II , III and IV lymph node regions in CTimages for head and neck IMRTtreatment planning. We developed a technique whereby registration‐based methods initialize an active shape model (ASM). Method and Materials: An average atlas was first created from 15 H/N patient (training) volumes with minimally enlarged nodes. To build the ASM model the average atlas was registered with each of the training volumes and correspondence of mesh vertices of lymph node surfaces was determined. Once built, the atlas and ASM can be applied to any target patient image. A patient image is first registered to the atlas through global affine, then global non‐rigid, and finally local non‐rigid transformations. The two non‐rigid registrations produce displacements for vertices on the structure of interest and map them from the atlas onto the affinely aligned image. The ASM segmentation is initialized by constraining the displacements and then refined by iteratively adjusting the vertices through a local gray‐level model search followed by model fitting until convergence. Results: The algorithm was evaluated through a leave‐one‐out experiment. The model‐based and registration‐based segmentations were compared with the manual delineations via a Euclidean distance measure applied to their 3D surfaces. The mean distance errors were reduced from 2.60 mm for the registration‐based method to 2.36 mm for ASM‐based method, and the maximum distance errors were decreased for 13 cases out of 15 cases, with a reduction up to of 47.9%. Conclusion: We have found that purely registration‐based methods suffer gross under/over segmentation in areas of low CT contrast. The results show that an active shape model approach initialized by the registration result can reduce these deviations.
The architecture of an inexpensive and portable talking-tactile terminal to aid the visually handicapped

Abstract The visually handicapped computer user of programmer is faced with a very difficult task in interfacing with computing hardware. The types of equipment currently available for this purpose fall into one of several general categories: expensive, nonportable and domain-specific. In the current research proposal, we describe a new terminal device designed specifically for the visually handicapped that answers all of the problems mentioned above. The work is already under way, with a prototype model currently in use by a visually handicapped programmer on the development team. In the remainder of this paper, we will present a report on the current status of our project as well as plans and milestones for future work.
Proton decay in a linear potential model

Abstract Proton decay is studied within the framework of the nonrelativistic quark model. The binding interaction is taken to be a sum of linear potentials as suggested by QCD, rather than the usual sum of harmonic oscillator (h.o.) potentials. This requires numerical evaluation of the wave function, which is done by a variational calculation using h.o. functions as a basis set. The computation of the decay amplitudes for various 2-body final states includes effects arising from spectator quarks, and from spin-dependent q−q interaction. The results for the branching ratios are compared to those of previous calculations based on the h.o. potential. We find that the change in the binding potential can have a significant effect on these ratios.
Association between etanercept use and employment outcomes among patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective To assess the association between use of etanercept and employment outcomes among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods In 1999, 497 RA patients of working ages (18–64 years) reported their employment status in the year of diagnosis and as of the study year, in structured telephone interviews. Of these, 238 had been in clinical trials of etanercept and were currently taking that medication, while 259 were members of an observational study and were not taking etanercept. We used regression techniques to estimate whether employment outcomes in 1999 (employed versus not and, among the employed, hours of work per week, weeks of work per year, and hours of work per year) among the 379 of the 497 patients who were employed at the time of diagnosis were associated with etanercept use, with and without adjustment for demographic characteristics, RA status, overall health status, and the nature of the job held at the time of diagnosis. Results At the time of diagnosis, 75% of RA patients from the observational study who did not take etanercept and 77% of those who did take the medication were employed. By 1999, among those employed at diagnosis, 55% of the former group and 71% of the latter were employed (difference 16 percentage points). After adjustment for demographics, overall health status, duration of RA, RA status, and occupation and industry, the difference widened to 20 percentage points. Among all who were employed at the time of diagnosis, those from the etanercept clinical trials worked an average of 5.4 more hours per week in 1999; after adjustment, the etanercept group worked 7.4 more hours per week. Conclusion Among all persons who were employed at the time of RA diagnosis, having been in the etanercept clinical trials was associated with higher employment rates in 1999 and a greater number of hours per week of work in that year, suggesting that a randomized trial to establish the relationship between treatment and employment outcomes is now warranted.
Constructing new perfect binary arrays

Only a small number of different sizes are known for which there exist two-dimensional perfect binary arrays. Construction methods are given which generate new two-dimensional perfect binary arrays, four of which are larger than any previously reported.
Interval number of special posets and random posets

Abstract The interval number i(P) of a poset P is the smallest t such that P is a containment poset of sets that are unions of at most t real intervals. For the special poset Bn(k) consisting of the singletons and k-subsets of an n-element set, ordered by inclusion, i(Bn(k)) = min {k, n − k + 1} if |n/2 − k| ⩾ n/2 − (n/2) 1 3 . For bipartite posets with n elements or n minimal elements, i(P) ⩽ [n/(lgn − lglgn)] + 1. Finally, the fraction of the n-element posets having interval number between (1 − e)n/8lg n and ( 3 2 )([n/ lg n − lglg n)] + 1) approaches 1 as n → ∞ (using the Kleitman-Rothschild model of random posets).
Post Transplant Acute Renal Failure: A Review

Post transplant acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is responsible for approximately 90% of acute renal failure episodes occurring within the first few weeks following renal transplantation. This phenomenon is observed in 34% of cadaver transplant recipients and 9% of those with live donor kidneys. Although the exact cause of post transplant ATN remains unknown, the following factors are thought to be associated with a higher incidence of ATN: 1) donor hypotension, 2) prolonged "warm ischemia time", 3) increased vascular resistance with poor perfusate flow, 4) presence of "ligandin" or excess lactate in the renal perfusate, 5) reduced allograft blood flow, 6) cold lymphocytotoxins in the patient's serum and 7) administration of nephrotoxic drugs particularly to the hypovolemic graft recipients. Therapeutic maneuvers such as hydration of the donors and recipients, harvesting the kidneys from heart beating cadavers, donor pretreatment with massive doses of corticosteroids and alpha-adrenergic blocking agents and warming of the graft immediately after vascular anastomosis, seem to reduce the incidence of ATN. Since the management differs significantly, post transplant ATN has to be distinguished from other causes of acute renal failure such as the renal artery thrombosis, hyperacute rejection and obstruction of the urinary tract. The tests which are of use in the differential diagnosis include, 131-I Hippuran renogram, transplant ultrasound, renal angiogram, retrograde pyelogram and renal transplant biopsy. Patients with established ATN should undergo every other day dialysis, under low dose or regional heparinization, until the creatinine clearance improves to 20 ml/min. The dose of azathioprine has to be reduced to prevent bone marrow toxicity. Even though there are short term disadvantages, the post transplant ATN does not appear to exert any detrimental effects in the long run. However, this issue remains controversial in the published reports.
Synthesis of two series of cysteine‐specific spin labels containing a 15N substituted nitroxide

Synthesis of two series of spin labels with a cysteine-reactive group, either maleimide or methanethiosulfonate, and a 15 N substituted nitroxide separated at variable distance is reported. In the synthesis, the cysteine-reactive groups were first incorporated into the target molecule and the 15 N substituted nitroxide was introduced in the last step via a mild reaction without destroying the cysteine-reactive groups. The synthetic routes described here are applicable to the synthesis of spin labels with either 15 N substituted or normal 14 N nitroxide. Spin labeling of cysteine residues in rhodopsin by the newly synthesized spin labels was also demonstrated
SCHOLARLY FORAGING AND NETWORK DISCOVERY TOOLS

Parallels between subsistence foraging and scholarly information seeking are described in the context of the World‐Wide Web. It is suggested that the prevailing information retrieval paradigm lacks requisite variety to capture the complex of behaviours and stimuli that drives scholars' quests for new ideas and insights. The authors outline a variety of research questions suggested by extended use of the optimal foraging metaphor in relation to distributed multimedia information resources.
Effective hidden Markov models for detecting splicing junction sites in DNA sequences

Abstract Identification or prediction of coding sequences from within genomic DNA has been a major rate-limiting step in the pursuit of genes. Programs currently available are far from being powerful enough to elucidate the gene structure completely. In this paper, we develop effective hidden Markov models (HMMs) to represent the consensus and degeneracy features of splicing junction sites in eukaryotic genes. Our HMM system based on the developed HMMs is fully trained using an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm and the system performance is evaluated using a 10-way cross-validation method. Experimental results show that the proposed HMM system can correctly detect 92% of the true donor sites and 91.5% of the true acceptor sites in the test data set containing real vertebrate gene sequences. These results suggest that our approach provide a useful tool in discovering the splicing junction sites in eukaryotic genes.
A semi-analytic approach to the self-induced motion of vortex sheets

The rolling up of the trailing vortex sheet produced by a wing of finite span was calculated as a series expansion in time. For a vorticity distribution corresponding to a wing with cusped tips, the shape of the sheet was found by summing the series using Pade approximants. The sheet remains analytic for some time but ultimately develops an exponential spiral at the tips. The centroid of vorticity was conserved to high accuracy.
A new actuator activation policy for performance enhancement of controlled diffusion processes

The present work aims at the development of a framework within which a moving actuator activation policy and feedback controller synthesis are integrated for diffusion processes modelled by parabolic partial differential equations. It is assumed that the process of interest has either: (i) multiple actuators and the desirable arrangement is to activate only one while keeping the remaining ones dormant, or (ii) a single actuator capable of moving at a priori selected positions within the spatial domain. Practical advantages associated with arrangement (i) are energy cost savings and simplification of the local controller synthesis and the overall switching scheme, and with (ii) is enhanced spatiotemporal disturbance compensation. Feedback controller synthesis methods based on linear matrix inequality techniques are employed for a finite-dimensional Galerkin approximation of the original distributed parameter system. Along with standard controllability criteria, additional conditions are imposed that ensure robustness with respect to a certain class of disturbances. The value of a performance functional is then explicitly calculated by solving a location-parameterized family of Lyapunov matrix equations, and then optimized with respect to the set of admissible actuator locations. Finally, a case study of a moving bed adsorber is presented where the performance-enhancing capabilities of the proposed method is evaluated through simulation studies.
Difference Equations and Lettenmeyer's Theorem

Many classical results for ordinary differential equations have counterparts in the theory of difference equations, although, in general, the technical details for the difference versions are more ...
The need for a new graduation rite of passage

The use of computers is pervasive throughout our society. Given the ever-increasing reliance placed upon software, graduates from computing-related degree programs need to be more aware than ever of their responsibilities toward ensuring that society is well served through their creative works. To assist with this effort, a new organization is being proposed for the establishment of a rite-of-passage ceremony for students graduating in the computing sciences that is similar in nature and scope to the Ring Ceremony employed by the Order of the Engineer for students graduating from engineering programs. This new organization is solely intended to promote and recognize the ethical and moral behavior in graduates of computing-related degree programs as they transition to careers of service to society. Two institutions---Ohio Northern University and the University of South Florida---have already experimented with this concept. We seek to start a larger conversation on this concept by soliciting input from the community on what we believe is a significant need for a new organization---an organization that can benefit both our graduates and the computing profession.
Endoscopic management of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a review.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the most common esophageal disorder encountered in the United States. Gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms are associated with a negative quality of life and increased healthcare costs and therefore require an effective management strategy. Although proton pump inhibitors remain the primary treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, they do not cure the disorder and can leave patients with persistent symptoms despite treatment. Moreover, patients are still at risk of developing such complications as peptic strictures, Barrett's metaplasia, and esophageal cancer. Although laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication has been the conventional alternative treatment for those patients who develop complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease, have intractable symptoms, or wish to discontinue taking proton pump inhibitors, investigators have persisted in developing a number of endoscopic approaches to the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The present report reviews the history of endoscopic treatments devised for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease and explores the published data and outcomes associated with the latest approach—endoscopic fundoplication using the EsophyX2 device.
Large program trace analysis and compression with ZDDs

Prior work has shown that reduced, ordered, binary decision diagrams (BDDs) can be a powerful tool for program trace analysis and visualization. Unfortunately, it can take hours or days to encode large traces as BDDs. Further, techniques used to improve BDD performance are inapplicable to large dynamic program traces. This paper explores the use of ZDDs for compressing dynamic trace data. Prior work has show that ZDDs can represent sparse data sets with less memory compared to BDDs. This paper demonstrates that (1) ZDDs do indeed provide greater compression for sets of dynamic traces (25% smaller than BDDs on average), (2) with proper tuning, ZDDs encode sets of dynamic trace data over 9x faster than BDDs, and (3) ZDDs can be used for all prior applications of BDDs for trace analysis and visualization.
Sacred Space in Conflict in India: The Babri Masjid Affair

The focus of this paper is on the demolition of a sacred space, the Babri Masjid, a sixteenth century mosque, in Ayodhya, India, in December 1992, an illegal albeit well-organized act by the Hindu right. Drawing on postcolonial theory, and feminist geographical theory, and using a discourse analysis primarily of Hindu nationalist texts, and of significant action as text, the author examines the strategic construction and deployment of cultural meanings pertaining to space, and the engagement of social actors on that basis, towards political, violent ends. The author argues, firstly, that Hindu nationalist ideologues, notwithstanding pretensions to Hindu ‘authenticity,’ make use of Western thought to rewrite Hindu-Muslim relations in antagonistic terms, and to signify these oppositional relations through sacred spatialities (mosque, temple, and Motherland as the body of the mother goddess Bharatmata). Secondly, in this framework, the Babri Masjid, one particular mosque, became a site of conflict because Hindu nationalists were able to transform it into a symbol of Muslim military invasions and Muslim male sexual aggression against Hindu femininity (as Motherland and Hindu women's bodies). Thirdly, Hindu nationalists, through a well-orchestrated campaign, were able to convince a wider audience that these violations could only be avenged by the demolition of the Babri mosque (while also unofficially and inadvertently targeting Muslim women's bodies for sexual violation). Finally, this analysis should have wider implications for understanding the place of space, gender, sexuality, and sexual violation, in religio-political and ethnic conflicts elsewhere.
High frequency green function for aerodynamic noise in moving media, Part II: Noise from a spreading jet

Abstract The high frequency Green function developed in Part I [1] is used to calculate noise radiated from a quadrupole source, convected by a spreading jet. The effect of jet spreading is to eliminate the “zone of silence”, or at least, to replace it by a “quieting zone”. A comparison with experimental data shows that this effect of spreading can explain the penetration of sound into the zone of silence.
Evidence for the catalytic activity of endogenous iron in the lipid peroxidative destruction of heme by allylisopropylacetamide in the rat liver.

Abstract 1. 1. The newly defined property of allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) to decrease the hepatocyte concentration of glutathione (GSH) is described. The decrease in glutathione level was time-dependent and reductions of up to 50% in the values were observed during 4–16hr after one injection of AIA. This interval corresponded to the period during which the microsomal conjugated dienes and the lipid peroxidative activity were markedly increased and a sustained depression in the microsomal heme content was observed. 2. 2. When deferoxamine, an iron chelator, was administered to rats in conjunction with AIA, the ability of AIA to increase lipid peroxidative activity of the microsomal membranes was significantly decreased. Moreover, the addition of deferoxamine to an AIA incubation medium markedly reduced the extent of destruction of cytochrome P-450 and heme, and totally inhibited microsomal lipid peroxidative activity. It is suggested that (1) the depletion of the hepatocytes GSH concentration is caused by a biotransformed derivative of AIA, and (2) that the iron released through AIA mediated degradation of cellular heme, in the presence of depleted hepatocyte GSH levels, promotes lipid peroxidation and the destruction of microsomal heme and cytochrome P-450.
Self-calibrated interferometric/intensity-based (SCIIB) optical fiber pressure sensor

A novel self-calibrated interferometer/industry-based (SCIIB) fiber optic sensor is described in this paper. The novel sensing scheme combines the advantages of both fiber interferometry senors and intensity-based sensors. The sensor operates on a single fiber Fabry-Perot interferometric cavity with a white light source. The interference signal of the sensor is coherent-sliced into two channels. Which allow fully real-time compensation for the source power drifting and fiber los variation. Temperature and pressure sensors with various dynamic ranges were designed and fabricated based on the SCIIB technology. Experimental result show that the SCIIB sensor scheme achieves excellent resolution and accuracy with the self- calibration function.
Growth differentiation factor-9 is required during early ovarian folliculogenesis

Growth factors synthesized by ovarian somatic cells directly affect oocyte growth and function, but it is unclear whether oocyte-secreted factors play a reciprocal role in modulating somatic cell functions in vivo. During the functional analysis of members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily in mouse development, we have uncovered a new family member, growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9), which is required for ovarian folliculogenesis. GDF-9 messenger RNA is synthesized only in the oocyte from the primary one-layer follicle stage until after ovulation. Here we analyse ovaries from GDF-9-deficient female mice and demonstrate that primordial and primary one-layer follicles can be formed, but there is a block in follicular development beyond the primary one-layer follicle stage which leads to complete infertility. Oocyte growth and zona pellucida formation proceed normally, but other aspects of oocyte differentiation are compromised. Thus, GDF-9 is the first oocyte-derived growth factor required for somatic cell function in vivo.
Reproduction in DDT and diazinon-treated house flies.

The effects of sublethal doses of DDT and Diazinon were compared on a DDT-resistant (Orlando Colony I) and a susceptible laboratory strain of house flies. The insecticides were dissolved in olive oil and applied topically to adult females on two or three successive days before oviposition began. In the resistant strain the potential adult offspring was reduced by 34% when DDT was used and by 21% with Diazinon. The reduction in population was apparent in measurements of the fecundity, fertility, and survival rate of the offspring. In addition, DDT-treated females had about a 15% shorter life span than controls. The life span of Diazinon-treated females did not differ significantly from the untreated. The susceptible strain differed from the resistant strain in several respects. DDT-treated females showed an increase in fertility and fecundity; Diazinon-treated females showed an increase in fecundity but a reduction in fertility compared with controls. There was an 18% greater potential adult offspring from DDT-treated females and a 1% increase from Diazinon-treated females. The offspring survival rate was higher from DDT-treated females but lower from Diazinon-treated females. A comparison of the adult life span in the susceptible strain did not reveal significant differences was found in the resistant strain.
Assessing Black Enlisted Participation in the Army.

Black enlisted participation in the Army is assessed through a presentation of trend data showing the distribution of blacks across the rank structure, and the assignment of blacks by military occupational specialities. The discussion analyzes the growing proportion of blacks in the Army following the advent of the all-volunteer force. The unequal distribution of blacks across ranks decreases over time but remains noticeable into the present. Blacks are underrepresented in technical occupations even when mental group level is controlled.
An evaluation of the Leslie—DeLury method and of a weighted method for estimating the size of a closed population

Abstract A modification of the Leslie—DeLury method for estimating the size of a closed population is presented, and the precision and biases of both the Leslie—DeLury method and the modified method are examined. The modification involves an iterative procedure based on weighted linear regression of the catch-per-unit-effort upon the corrected-cumulative-catch. The standard deviations of the predicted initial population sizes obtained using this weighted method are found to be on the average, sixteen percent smaller than those obtained using the conventional corrected Leslie—DeLury method. Both of these methods have small positive biases which are approximately equal on the average, to one-fifth of the standard deviation of the predicted initial population size. Hence, the weighted method is on the average, both more precise and less biased. The conclusions stated above are based on the results of a simulation model. Simulations were done within the following ranges of parameter values: 2000 ⩽ N1 ⩽ 12000, 1 ⩽ Nc ⩽ 15, 0.5 ⩽ (1 − Exp(−Mfq)) ⩽ 0.9, 0.0 q = 0.01, 0.0 ⩽ S q ⩽ 0.0035 where N1 is the initial population size, f is the mean effort expended per sampling interval, Sf is the standard deviation of the efforts, M is the number of sampling intervals, q is the mean catchability, Sq is the standard deviation of the catch-ability, and Nc is clump size for aggregated catches. The mean catchability is treated as a constant rather than a parameter because it can be set to any specified value by the appropriate selection of the units of measurement of effort. The suggested weighting is developed for catch data which are obtained by random sampling, without replacement, from a closed population (a population in which there is no immigration, no emigration, no natural mortality, and no recruitment) for which there is no interference among the units of effort, and for which the measurement errors in the catches and efforts are negligible. The catchability and the effort are treated as random variables. Aggregation of the catches is allowed by dividing the population among a number of clumps (each of the same size) which are subject to capture. The weights are computed using the equation ( W i = f i 2 (aC i + bC i 2 ) ), where f i is the effort expended in interval i, Ci is the catch from interval i, and where the coefficients a and b are obtained from the regression of the squared residuals using a quadratic model with no constant term (( C i − C i ) 2 = aC i + bC i 2 + e i ). The predicted catches, C i , are obtained from the weighted regression of the catch-per-unit-effort upon the corrected-cumulative-catch (done in the previous iteration). The initial estimates of the predicted catch are obtained using the conected Leslie—DeLury estimate. Five to ten iterations are generally needed to obtain stable estimates.
Single-walled carbon nanotube formation on iron oxide catalysts in diffusion flames

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are shown to grow rapidly on iron oxide catalysts on the fuel side of an inverse ethylene diffusion flame. The pathway of carbon in the flame is controlled by the flame structure, leading to formation of SWCNTs free of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) or soot. By using a combination of oxygen-enrichment and fuel dilution, fuel oxidation is favored over pyrolysis, PAH growth, and subsequent soot formation. The inverse configuration of the flame prevents burnout of the SWCNTs while providing a long carbon-rich region for nanotube formation. Furthermore, flame structure is used to control oxidation of the catalyst particles. Iron sub-oxide catalysts are highly active toward SWCNT formation while Fe and Fe2O3 catalysts are less active. This can be understood by considering the effects of particle oxidation on the dissociative adsorption of gas-phase hydrocarbons. The optimum catalyst particle composition and flame conditions were determined in near real-time using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) to measure the catalyst and SWCNT size distributions. In addition, SMPS results were combined with flame velocity measurement to measure SWCNT growth rates. SWCNTs were found to grow at rates of over 100 μm/s.
Passionate Scholars Transformative Learning in Doctoral Education

This article explores the relationships among student-centered doctoral study for scholar-practitioners, adult development, and transformative learning.
Predicting adverse side effects of drugs

Studies of toxicity and unintended side effects can lead to improved drug safety and efficacy. One promising form of study comes from molecular systems biology in the form of "systems pharmacology". Systems pharmacology combines data from clinical observation and molecular biology. This approach is new, however, and there are few examples of how it can practically predict adverse reactions (ADRs) from an experimental drug with acceptable accuracy. We have developed a new and practical computational framework to accurately predict ADRs of trial drugs. We combine clinical observation data with drug target data, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, and gene ontology (GO) annotations. We use cardiotoxicity, one of the major causes for drug withdrawals, as a case study to demonstrate the power of the framework. Our results show that an in silico model built on this framework can achieve a satisfactory cardiotoxicity ADR prediction performance (median AUC = 0.771, Accuracy = 0.675, Sensitivity = 0.632, and Specificity = 0.789). Our results also demonstrate the significance of incorporating prior knowledge, including gene networks and gene annotations, to improve future ADR assessments. Biomolecular network and gene annotation information can significantly improve the predictive accuracy of ADR of drugs under development. The use of PPI networks can increase prediction specificity and the use of GO annotations can increase prediction sensitivity. Using cardiotoxicity as an example, we are able to further identify cardiotoxicity-related proteins among drug target expanding PPI networks. The systems pharmacology approach that we developed in this study can be generally applicable to all future developmental drug ADR assessments and predictions.
Ferromagnetic spin systems at low temperatures

Finite-spin systems with ferromagnetic, finite range interactions are considered. Using Ruelle's theorem on zeros of polynomials contracted according to Asano, analyticity of pressure and correlation functions is proved. A description of all translation invariant equilibrium states at low temperatures for a large class of systems is given.
High Power Semiconductor Laser Amplifiers

A simple model of semiconductor diode optical amplifiers is developed and applied to broad-area structures. Small signal gains as high as 20dB are shown to be feasible. Effects of physically tapering the amplifier to saturate the gain more efficiently are examined. A potential 10% increase in extraction efficiency is shown. Practical limits on the amplifier gain are discussed.
Resolution of two apparent paradoxes concerning quantum oscillations in underdoped high- Tc superconductors

Recent quantum-oscillation experiments in underdoped high-temperature superconductors seem to imply two paradoxes. The first paradox concerns the apparent nonexistence of the signature of the electron pockets in angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). The second paradox is a clear signature of a small electron pocket in quantum-oscillation experiments, but no evidence as yet of the corresponding hole pockets of approximately double the frequency of the electron pocket. This hole pockets should be present if the Fermi-surface reconstruction is due to a commensurate density wave, assuming that Luttinger sum rule relating the area of the pockets and the total number of charge carriers holds. Here we provide possible resolutions of these apparent paradoxes from the commensurate $d$-density wave theory. To address the first paradox we have computed the ARPES spectral function subject to correlated disorder, natural to a class of experiments relevant to the materials studied in quantum oscillations. The intensity of the spectral function is significantly reduced for the electron pockets for an intermediate range of disorder correlation length, and typically less than half the hole pocket is visible, mimicking Fermi arcs. Next we show from an exact transfer-matrix calculation of the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillation that the usual disorder affects the electron pocket more significantly than the hole pocket. However, when, in addition, the scattering from vortices in the mixed state is included, it wipes out the frequency corresponding to the hole pocket. Thus, if we are correct, it will be necessary to do measurements at higher magnetic fields and even higher-quality samples to recover the hole-pocket frequency.
Novel Archaea and Bacteria Dominate Stable Microbial Communities in North America’s Largest Hot Spring

Boiling Springs Lake is an ~12,000 m2, 55 °C, pH 2 thermal feature located in Lassen Volcanic National Park in northern California, USA. We assessed the microbial diversity in the lake by analyzing ~500 sequences from clone libraries constructed using three different primer sets targeted at 16S rRNA genes and one targeted at 18S rRNA genes. We assessed the stability of the microbial community by constructing terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiles using DNA extracts collected in four separate years over a 7-year period. The four most prevalent phylotypes in the clone libraries shared an average ~85% sequence identity with their closest cultured relatives, and three fourths of the prokaryotic sequences shared less than 91% identity. Phylogenetic analyses revealed novel lineages devoid of cultivated representatives in the Bacterial and Archaeal domains. Many detected phylotypes were related to taxonomically diverse genera previously associated with high-temperature environments, while others were related to diverse Proteobacteria and Firmicutes that would not be expected to grow within BSL conditions. All of the 18S rRNA sequences most closely matched fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (91–99% identity). T-RFLP detected fragments corresponding to the most prevalent phylotypes detected in 16S rRNA gene libraries. The T-RFLPs from separate years were similar, and the water-derived T-RFLPs were similar to the sediment-derived (average pairwise Sorenson’s similarity index of 0.74, and 0.78, respectively). Collectively, these results indicate that a stable community of diverse novel microorganisms exists in Boiling Springs Lake.
SOCIALIZATION OF THE PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS STEREOTYPE: PARENTAL EXPECTATIONS AND VERBAL BEHAVIORS

Abstract Two investigations were completed to study the parental socialization process underlying the intergenerational transmission of the use of the physical attractiveness stereotype. In the first study, preschool (n = 31). frst- (n = 27) and third- and fifth-grade children (n = 28) and their mothers and fathers engaged in social choice and attribution tasks directed at stimuli portraying a facially attractive or unattractive, mesomorphic or endomorphic and normal and handicapped child. Children and parents were observed to use a physical stereotype response in their behaviors. Further, a significant correlation was observed between parental expectations of the child's use of a physical attractiveness stereotype and the child's actual use of the stereotype in a social choice context. In the second study 20 mothers were asked to tell a story about a normal, obese. and handicapped child to their own child. Content aalysis of the stories, using a coding scheme devised to assess stereotypic verbal messages...
Comparison of the membrane-electrode assembly conditioning procedures for direct methanol fuel cells

The effects of four conditioning procedures, i.e. methanol circulation, combination of methanol circulation and electric load, methanol circulation plus gas evolution, and H2/O2 PEMFC mode, on the electrochemical behaviors and performances of membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have been comparatively investigated for maximizing their performances. The results show that the conditioning procedures do not have much influence on the catalytic activity, oxygen transport, and proton resistance in the catalyst layer. However, the conditioning procedures have significant influence on the hydration of the MEAs, which determines the electrochemical performances of the MEAs before eventually reaching their maximum performances. Among the various procedures investigated, the combination of methanol circulation and electric load is a convenient and effective in situ way to activate the fresh MEAs in DMFC, which speeds up the hydration of the MEAs due to large amount of water on both electrodes.
Dynamic nuclear polarization system output volume reduction using inert fluids.

Purpose: To present a method for significantly increasing the concentration of a hyperpolarized compound produced by a commercial dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) polarizer, enabling the polarization process to be more suitable for preclinical applications. Materials and Methods: Using a HyperSense DNP polarizer, we investigated the combined use of perfluorocarbon and water to warm and dissolve the hyperpolarized material from the polarization temperature of 1.4K to produce material at temperatures suitable for injection. Results: By replacing 75% of the water in the dissolution volume with a chemically and biologically inert liquid that is immiscible with water, the injection volume can be reduced 4-fold. Rapid separation of the water and perfluorocarbon mixture enables the aqueous layer containing polarized material to be easily and rapidly collected. Conclusion: The approach provides a significantly increased concentration of compound in a volume for injection that is more appropriate for small animal studies. This is demonstrated for 13C-labeled pyruvic acid and 13C-labeled succinate, but may be applied to the majority of nuclei and compounds hyperpolarized by the DNP method. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:1003–1008. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A reformulation of USGS volumetric “heat in place” resource estimation method

Abstract A reformulation of the USGS volumetric “heat in place” method is presented. More specifically, expressions for “recoverable heat” are derived by considering specific power cycles, i.e., single-flash and binary. The latter approach eliminates the ambiguities associated with specifications of a reference temperature and the utilization efficiency. Since the use of an arbitrarily low reference temperature such as the ambient temperature yields too optimistic an estimate for the recoverable heat, the abandonment temperature instead of the ambient (or condenser) temperature should be assumed as the reference temperature in order to obtain realistic estimates of recoverable heat. The standard USGS method will, however, yield a non-zero available work for temperatures between the ambient (or condenser) and abandonment temperatures; in this case, the only way to conform the USGS method to reality is to require conversion (utilization) efficiency to also tend to zero. The probable range for the thermal recovery factor is considered, and it is argued that in the early exploration stage prior to deep drilling and well testing, the proper lower limit for the recovery factor is zero. An illustrative example of the standard USGS method vs. the present reformulation of the USGS method for resource estimation is presented using previously published data from the Sumikawa geothermal field. A Monte Carlo procedure was employed to predict the megawatt capacity at Sumikawa for three cases: (1) the reformulated USGS method, (2) the effect of a zero minimum recovery factor, and (3) the standard USGS method. A total of 100,000 Monte Carlo simulations were used in each case to compute the cumulative probability distribution. Comparing Cases 1 and 3, it is apparent that the original USGS method predicts a much larger capacity than the new formulation. The main effect of a zero minimum recovery factor (Case 2) is to yield a considerably smaller capacity at the 90% confidence level compared to Case 1. In a certain sense, a zero minimum recovery factor encodes a lack of knowledge regarding the productivity of as yet undrilled wells.
On the role of water-soluble polypeptides (17, 23 kDa), calcium and chloride in photosynthetic oxygen evolution

Abstract Contrary to the assertion by Preston and Critchley [(1985) FEBS Lett. 184, 318-332] that there is no correlation between calcium and water-soluble 23 and 17 kDa polypeptides in promoting oxygen evolution activity, it can be shown that both calcium and the polypeptides are required for activity under physiological conditions. In the absence of the two polypeptides, non-physiological concentrations of both calcium and chloride must be present for activity; neither ion can, by itself, promote high rates of oxygen evolution.
Mutagenicity of the cytidine analog zebularine in Escherichia coli.

Abstract We have examined the mutagenic properties of zebularine, a cytidine analog lacking the amino group at C-4 that has potential use in chemotherapy. Because the hydrate is a strong inhibitor of cytidine deaminase, its use can enhance the potency of other cytosine based compounds such as 5-azacytidine (5AzaC) and cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) that are inactivated by cytidine deaminase. Using the newly developed rpoB /Rif r system in Escherichia coli , we examined base substitution mutations caused by zebularine in the chromosomal rpoB gene. Zebularine is a potent mutagen that causes mainly G:C→A:T transitions and favors certain hotspots. Mutations are not specific to the rpoB gene, since there is also a strong induction of mutations in the thyA gene. In the absence of mismatch repair, zebularine induces both base substitutions and frame shifts at rates well above those seen in wild-type strains treated with zebularine or in mismatch repair deficient strains without treatment. The nature of these induced mutations indicates that zebularine is stimulating the induction of increased replication errors, in addition to the targeted G:C→A:T mutations, and that these errors are normally repaired by the mismatch repair system.
“Scar” Carcinoma of The Lung

In a review of 81 consecutive lung carcinomas encountered at autopsy at Baltimore City Hospitals in a two-year period, 23 peripheral carcinomas were found, of which 13 arose in areas of scarring. There was histologic and clinical evidence that the scars antedated the development of carcinoma and were directly related to their-inception. Most of the tumors were adenocarcinomas (eight cases); six of these could be further classified as bronchiolo-alveolar carcinomas. The remaining cases were characterized as anaplastic, small cell, and squamous carcinomas.
Catalytic oxidative cleavage of olefins promoted by osmium tetroxide and hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide was employed as the terminal oxidant in the osmium tetroxide mediated oxidative cleavage of olefins, producing the corresponding aldehyde and ketone products. Aryl olefins are cleaved in good to excellent yield regardless of arene electronics. Alkyl olefins cleave in moderate to good yield for di- and tri-substituted alkenes.