cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child Abuse and Neglect, Callous-Unemotional Traits, and Substance Use Problems: the Moderating Role of Stress Response Reactivity

Young adults who experienced child abuse and neglect (CAN) are at significant risk for callous-unemotional traits and substance use problems. Research shows that compromised self-regulation may increase risk for these maladaptive outcomes. In the present cross-sectional study, we examined the moderating role of self-regulation, indexed by heart rate variability reactivity, in the indirect link between CAN and alcohol and other drug use problems via callous-unemotional traits. We utilized a sample of mostly female undergraduate students (N = 130, 81% Female; Mage = 20.72). We hypothesized that (a) CAN and alcohol or other drug use problems would be associated indirectly via elevations in callous-unemotional traits, and (b) that this indirect association would be exacerbated by elevated heart rate variability reactivity. Results indicated that increased callous-unemotional traits underlain in the link between CAN and alcohol or other drug use problems. Further, this indirect link was exacerbated among youth with elevated heart rate variability reactivity. These findings have significant implications for prevention by demonstrating that physiological self-regulation is important to target in substance use prevention among collegiate samples.
The Anthropocene fossil record of terrestrial mammals

Abstract This paper reviews how human impacts produced a marked shift from natural processes in the potential input of terrestrial mammals to the fossil record, both in composition of the mammal taxa and in processes controlling their preservation. These issues are key considerations in predicting the future fossil record of the modern vertebrate fauna and determining if there will be a resultant “Anthropocene” biostratigraphic unit. We show that a cosmopolitan fauna of humans and their domestic animals will dominate the potential fossil record. The chance of a wild animal becoming part of the fossil record has become very small. Instead, the future mammal record will be mostly cows, pigs, sheep, goats, dogs, cats, etc., and people themselves. The review also shows major unique anthropogenic impacts on the preservation potential of mammals. These impacts include alterations in the distribution and properties of natural sites of preservation, associated with shifts in land use and climate change; the production of novel sites for preservation, such as landfills and cemeteries; and changes in the biostratinomy of animal and human carcasses. Hunting and butchering produce distinctive bone fragments and assemblages. Use of large agricultural equipment and increased domestic animal density due to intensive animal farming likely increases the rate of and changes the kind of damage to bones. In sum, the mammalian fossil record of the modern era should be unique in Earth history and may help distinguish the boundary of the proposed Anthropocene time period.
Contested Issues in Troubled Times: Student Affairs Dialogues on Equity, Civility, and Safety

A cross section of scholars and practitioners shared their views on controversial and significant issues related to equity, civility, and safety in the latest edition of the Contested Issues text. ...
Divergent neurogenomic responses shape social learning of both personality and mate preference.

ABSTRACT Behavior plays a fundamental role in shaping the origin and fate of species. Mating decisions can act to promote or restrict gene flow, as can personality traits that influence dispersal and niche use. Mate choice and personality are often both learned and therefore influenced by an individual9s social environment throughout development. Likewise, the molecular pathways that shape these behaviors may also be co-expressed. In this study on swordtail fish (Xiphophorus birchmanni), we show that female mating preferences for species-typical pheromone cues are entirely dependent on social experience with adult males. Experience with adults also shapes development along the shy–bold personality axis, with shy behaviors arising from exposure to risk-averse heterospecifics as a potential stress-coping strategy. In maturing females, conspecific exposure results in a strong upregulation of olfaction and vision genes compared with heterospecific exposure, as well as immune response genes previously linked to anxiety, learning and memory. Conversely, heterospecific exposure involves an increased expression of genes important for neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and social decision-making. We identify subsets of genes within the social decision-making network and with known stress-coping roles that may be directly coupled to the olfactory processes females rely on for social communication. Based on these results, we conclude that the social environment affects the neurogenomic trajectory through which socially sensitive behaviors are learned, resulting in adult phenotypes adapted for specific social groupings.
Alloy scattering of phonons

Solid-solution alloy scattering of phonons is a demonstrated mechanism to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity. The analytical model of Klemens works well both as a predictive tool for engineering materials, particularly in the field of thermoelectrics, and as a benchmark for the rapidly advancing theory of thermal transport in complex and defective materials. This comment/review outlines the simple algorithm used to predict the thermal conductivity reduction due to alloy scattering, as to avoid common misinterpretations, which have led to a large overestimation of mass fluctuation scattering. The Klemens model for vacancy scattering predicts a nearly 10× larger scattering parameter than is typically assumed, yet this large effect has often gone undetected due to a cancellation of errors. The Klemens description is generalizable for use in ab initio calculations on complex materials with imperfections. The closeness of the analytic approximation to both experiment and theory reveals the simple phenomena that emerges from the complexity and unexplored opportunities to reduce thermal conductivity.
High rate biological contactor system using waste activated sludge from trickling filter/solids contact process.

A high-rate biological contactor process (HRBC) can be used as primary treatment instead of a clarifier to remove particulate, colloidal and soluble fractions of organic matter via biosorption plus flotation and divert it to anaerobic digestion for methane production, simultaneously reducing secondary aeration energy demand. Pilot and bench tests were conducted at a range of contact times (15-60 min) and contactor dissolved oxygen (DO) (0.2-2.0 mg/L) using waste activated sludge (WAS) from a trickling filter/solids contact (TF/SC) process in the HRBC. Biosorption performance was lowest when contact times were 30 min) or with high DO (>1 mg/L) increases the amount of biosorption but reduces the BMP of the float. It was also found that biosorption only effectively occurs when a WAS is paired with the wastewater from the same facility.
Adolescent E-Cigarette Onset and Escalation: Associations With Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms

Abstract Purpose We sought to evaluate if internalizing symptoms (i.e., anxiety and depression) and/or externalizing symptoms (i.e., impulsivity, sensation seeking, and substance use) were risk factors for the onset of 30-day e-cigarette use and escalation in the number of days used across the following 30 months among adolescents. Methods Adolescents (N = 1,808) from public high schools outside Philadelphia, PA, completed in-classroom surveys at wave 1 (fall 2016, beginning of ninth grade) and at 6-month intervals for the following 30 months (spring 2019, end of 11th grade). Results A two-part latent growth curve model of e-cigarette use revealed significant positive associations between externalizing factors, past 30-day e-cigarette use, and the number of days of e-cigarette use only at wave 1 (p values Conclusions The findings highlight two groups of adolescents at risk for e-cigarette use: adolescents whose e-cigarette use reflects a higher-risk profile with early e-cigarette onset, and adolescents who have a lower-risk profile, at least initially, with later e-cigarette use onset. The timing and content of prevention efforts should be tailored to each group.
A Video and Case-Based Transport Curriculum for Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine Trainees Using a Flipped Classroom Methodology.

Introduction Neonatal-perinatal medicine (NPM) providers actively manage medical transports. However, there is wide variation in transport education among fellowship programs. Using the flipped cla...
Thyroid Storm in a Patient With COVID-19.

Objective: A thyroid storm is a severe exacerbation of thyrotoxicosis that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. The emergence of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that originated in Wuhan, China, has become a worldwide pandemic. We present the first documented case of thyroid storm (as defined by the Burch-Wartofsky criteria) in a patient with COVID-19. Methods: Laboratory and diagnostic studies, including thyroid function tests, thyroid antibody testing, SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction testing, and thyroid ultrasound were performed. Results: A 25-year-old woman presented to the hospital with dry cough, dyspnea, palpitations, weight loss, diarrhea, and anxiety. Physical examination revealed exophthalmos with proptosis and chemosis, tachycardia, diffusely enlarged goiter with bruit, and fine tremor. Laboratory results demonstrated a thyroid-stimulating hormone level of <0.01 mIU/L (normal range [NR], 0.44-5.3 mIU/L), free thyroxine level of 5.34 ng/dL (NR, 0.64-1.42 ng/dL), total triiodothyronine level of 654 ng/dL (NR, 87-178 ng/dL), and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin level of 7.18 IU/L (NR, 0.00-0.55 IU/L). Thyroid ultrasound revealed heterogeneous echotexture with increased vascularity. Nasopharyngeal COVID-19 testing was positive. She was treated promptly with propranolol, propylthiouracil, and hydrocortisone with improvement in symptoms, and later switched to methimazole. Her COVID-19 course was uncomplicated, and she left the hospital with minimal respiratory symptoms. Conclusion: Thyroid storms are one of the more prevalent endocrine emergencies and are often precipitated by acute events including infections. Patients with thyroid storms may have concomitant SARS-CoV-2 infection that could influence the clinical course and severity of the disease. In patients with symptoms of thyrotoxicosis and respiratory symptoms, clinicians should consider performing a COVID-19 test.
The Charitable Tax Deduction and Civic Engagement

In an era characterized by inequalities of income and influence, political polarization, and the segregation of social spaces, the income tax deduction for charitable contributions would appear to abet some of our worst social ills because it allows wealthy individuals to steer public funds to their preferred charities. But we argue that now is the time to expand and refocus—not abolish—the tax subsidy for charitable giving. Previous assessments of the charitable deduction have focused on how it helps charities but ignored an essential benefit of giving: its effect on the donor. We show that the charitable deduction increases volunteerism along with financial giving, and we report new evidence that volunteerism is associated with broader civic and political engagement, including engagement with people of different cultures, races, and ethnicities. Since people tend to undervalue the social and relational goods that flow from civic participation, the charitable deduction is a helpful corrective. We also report evidence that civic engagement is unequally distributed and propose a new refundable tax credit that turns low- and middleincome households from clients of charities to donors, which can both empower them and help remedy inequalities in civic and political participation.
Association between Elevated Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury in Neonates.

Objective To examine the incidence of postoperative neonatal acute kidney injury (AKI) following general surgical procedures and to test the hypothesis that postoperative urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) concentrations predict AKI. The secondary objective was to evaluate for an association between AKI and hospital mortality. Study design Prospective observational study of infants undergoing abdominal and thoracic surgical procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit from October 2018 to March 2020. The primary outcome was incidence of neonatal AKI (defined by the neonatal modified Kidney Diseases Improving Global Outcomes criteria) following each procedure to postoperative day 5. Severe AKI was defined as stage 2 or 3 AKI. Urine samples were obtained pre- and postoperatively at 6 time points to evaluate for levels of uNGAL. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and length of stay. Results Subjects (n = 141) underwent a total of 192 general surgical procedures during the study period. Neonatal AKI and severe AKI occurred following 36 (18%) and 15 (8%) procedures (n = 33 subjects). Percent change of uNGAL from 24 hours preoperatively to 24 hours postoperatively was greater in subjects with neonatal AKI (190.2% [IQR 0.0, 1666.7%] vs 0.7% [IQR -31.2%,140.2%], P = .0374). The strongest association of uNGAL and AKI occurred at 24 hours postoperatively (area under the receiver operator curves of 0.81, 95% CI 0.72, 0.89). Increased mortality risk was observed in subjects with any postoperative AKI (aOR 11.1 95% CI 2.0, 62.8, P = .0063) and severe AKI (aOR 13.8; 95% CI 3.0, 63.1, P = .0007). Conclusion Elevation in uNGAL 24 hours postoperative was associated with AKI. Neonates with postoperative AKI had increased mortality.
Distributed fiber sensor network using telecom cables as sensing media: technology advancements and applications

Distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) is a rapidly evolving field that allows the existing optical fiber infrastructure for telecommunications to be reused for wide-area sensing. Using the backscattering mechanisms of glass—which includes Rayleigh, Brillouin, and Raman backscatter—it is possible to realize distributed vibration and temperature sensors with good sensitivity at every fiber position, and spatial resolution is determined by the bandwidth of the interrogation signal. In this paper, we will review the main technologies in currently deployed DFOS. We review the digital signal processing operations that are performed to extract the sensing parameters of interest. We report recent distributed vibration sensing, distributed acoustic sensing, and distributed temperature sensing field trial results over an existing network with reconfigurable add/drop multiplexers carrying live telecom traffic, showing that the network is capable of simultaneous traffic and temperature monitoring. We report Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry experimental results for monitoring static strain on aerial fiber cables suspended on utility poles. Finally, we demonstrate an example of network modification to make passive optical networks compatible with DFOS by adding reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers at optical network units.
Levels of Encoding and Retention of Prose1

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the research on constructive memory for prose and three original experiments, which bear on current theorizing about memory. Bartlett theory is followed in studying the remembrance of meaningful material for long intervals and by using “errors” in retention to make inferences about the coding processes involved. Results tend to support Bartlett's conceptions of abstract encoding and constructive retrieval. The chapter demonstrates that memory for prose becomes increasingly thematic with the passage of time. Comprehension of prose involves the activation of memory codes at various levels of abstraction. The higher the level of memory code, the longer it is remembered. This “levels of encoding” idea is related both to Bartlett's theory of the schema and to Craik and Lockhart's “levels of processing” conception of memory. It is argued that levels of encoding in prose retention do not form a strict hierarchy; rather, they reflect flexible encoding processes that are context dependent. The chapter also reviews recent research on constructive processes in memory. Constructive processes can occur at one of three points in time: (1) during comprehension of the material, (2) during the retention interval, and (3) during the retention test itself. Bartlett's approach to remembering puts the highest value on the ecological validity of the empirical observations and the generality and scope of the subsequent theorizing. Bartlett's experiments revealed many distortions in recall.
Deletion of IFT20 in early stage T lymphocyte differentiation inhibits the development of collagen-induced arthritis

IFT20 is the smallest member of the intraflagellar transport protein (IFT) complex B. It is involved in cilia formation. Studies of IFT20 have been confined to ciliated cells. Recently, IFT20 was found to be also expressed in non-ciliated T cells and have functions in immune synapse formation and signaling in vitro. However, how IFT20 regulates T-cell development and activation in vivo is still unknown. We deleted the IFT20 gene in early and later stages of T-cell development by crossing IFT20(flox/flox) (IFT20(f/f) ) mice with Lck-Cre and CD4-Cre transgenic mice, and investigated the role of IFT20 in T-cell maturation and in the development of T cell-mediated collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). We found that both Lck-Cre/IFT20(f/f) and CD4-Cre/IFT20(f/f) mice were indistinguishable from their wild-type littermates in body size, as well as in the morphology and weight of the spleen and thymus. However, the number of CD4- and CD8-positive cells was significantly lower in thymus and spleen in Lck-Cre/IFT20(f/f) mice. Meanwhile, the incidence and severity of CIA symptoms were significantly decreased, and inflammation in the paw was significantly inhibited in Lck-Cre/IFT20(f/f) mice compared to Lck-Cre/IFT20(+/+) littermates. Deletion IFT20 in more mature T cells of CD4-Cre/IFT20(f/f) mice had only mild effects on the development of T cells and CIA. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TGF-β1 were significantly downregulated in the paw of Lck-Cre/IFT20(f/f) mice, but just slight decreased in CD4-Cre/IFT20(f/f) mice. These results demonstrate that deletion of IFT20 in the early stage of T-cell development inhibited CIA development through regulating T-cell development and the expression of critical cytokines.
An 8-channel Ku band transmit beamformer with low gain/phase imbalance between channels

An 8-channel Ku band (12.5 GHz-14.7 GHz) transmit beamformer has been proposed and fabricated in a 0.18um SiGe BiCMOS technology, which has small phase variation over gain states and low gain/phase imbalance between channels. A current-steering variable gain amplifier (VGA) is proposed with constant current consumption for all gain states to maintain the input impedance, which achieves a small RMS phase variation of ±0.07°/dB. In addition to parasitics prediction from electromagnetic simulations, the layout of the 8-channel transmit beamformer is symmetrically designed to reduce gain/phase imbalance between channels. The RMS gain imbalance for channels 2-7 is ±0.14 dB and the RMS phase imbalance is ±0.71°, which, to the best knowledge of the authors, is the lowest compared to recently reported beamformers.
Asymmetric Information and the Generosity of Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance

While obtaining health insurance through an employer is an effective means of pooling risk, employees information advantage over insurers threatens to induce inefficiency due to moral hazard and adverse selection. I use Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data from 1996 to 2001 for a national sample of employer-employee matches to determine whether moral hazard and adverse selection affect the employer-sponsored health insurance market. I find that more generous coverage leads to increased spending on medical care due to moral hazard in non-managed, butnot managed care, plans. There is little evidence, by neither spending nor health measures, for adverse selection between plans of the same type, but employees who cover someone over the age of 50 or with a chronic condition are less likely to enroll in a managed care plan, consistent withadverse selection between plan types. These results suggest that health insurance reforms that increase the amount of private information in the individual and small employer insurance markets, making them more like the existing employer market, may not lead to spiraling premiums or the elimination of generous plans.
Enhancing P2P file-sharing with an internet-scale query processor

In this paper, we address the problem of designing a scalable, accurate query processor for peer-to-peer filesharing and similar distributed keyword search systems. Using a globally-distributed monitoring infrastructure, we perform an extensive study of the Gnutella filesharing network, characterizing its topology, data and query workloads. We observe that Gnutella's query processing approach performs well for popular content, but quite poorly for rare items with few replicas. We then consider an alternate approach based on Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs). We describe our implementation of PIERSearch, a DHT-based system, and propose a hybrid system where Gnutella is used to locate popular items, and PIERSearch for handling rare items. We develop an analytical model of the two approaches, and use it in concert with our Gnutella traces to study the trade-off between query recall and system overhead of the hybrid system. We evaluate a variety of localized schemes for identifying items that are rare and worth handling via the DHT. Lastly, we show in a live deployment on fifty nodes on two continents that it nicely complements Gnutella in its ability to handle rare items.
Functional Outcomes: One Year after a Cardiac Arrest.

Objective. The study aim was to characterize the time-course of recovery in impairments, activity limitations, participation restrictions, disability, and quality of life during the first year after cardiac arrest. Secondarily, the study described the associations between the instruments used to measure each of these domains. Methods. Measures of global disability (Cerebral Performance Category, CPC, Modified Rankin Scale, mRS), quality of life, activity limitations, participation restrictions, and affective and cognitive impairments were administered to 29 participants 1, 6, and 12 months after cardiac arrest. Results. Global measures of disability indicated recovery between one month and one year after cardiac arrest (mean CPC: 2.1 versus 1.69, ; mean mRS: 2.55 versus 1.83, ). While global measures of disability were moderately associated with participation, they were poorly associated with other measures. The cohort endorsed depressive symptomatology throughout the year but did not have detectable cognitive impairment. Conclusions. Recovery from cardiac arrest is multifaceted and recovery continues for months depending upon the measures being used. Measures of global disability, reintegration into the community, and quality of life yield different information. Future clinical trials should include a combination of measures to yield the most complete representation of recovery after cardiac arrest.
A Population Genetic Database of Cat Breeds Developed in Coordination with a Domestic Cat STR Multiplex

The use of DNA markers to identify sources of crime scene evidence has revolutionized forensic science. The routine use of simple tandem repeat (STR) markers applied to genetic individualization of human samples has become the realization of the potential of samples of nonhuman origin. The identification of an individual pet or other animal may provide the critical piece of information in a criminal investigation and prosecution. With the majority of American households (55%) housing at least one cat or dog (73 million cats, 68 million dogs) (1), it is not unusual for animal specimens, particularly hair specimens, to be part of the physical evidence associated with a crime scene (2–7). A study on the transfer and persistence of animal hair has demonstrated that it is almost impossible to enter a house where a domestic animal lives without becoming a “carrier” of its hair (8). Hairs from a pet can be indicative of a perpetrator’s presence at a crime scene or provide evidence of a connection between victim and perpetrator. Since 1996, DNA extracted from cat hair and dog blood, hair, and saliva from crime scene evidence has contributed to physical evidence leading to conviction of defendants in Canada and numerous states (2,4,5,9,10). While the genetic individualization of animal specimens is in its infancy, a set of guidelines has been proposed for animal genetic identity testing (11). We have developed an STR typing system for genetic individualization of domestic cat (Felis catus) samples. Previously, we reported on the characterization of a panel of 22 tetranucleotide STR loci in 213 domestic cats representing 28 breeds, from which 11 loci were selected for a forensic typing panel (12). A multiplex amplification protocol was generated and optimized for the 11 loci (12,13) and a gender-identifying sequence tagged site (STS) from the cat Y-chromosome Sex determining Region-Y gene (SRY) (14). We report on a population genetic database for the multiplex, with which to compute composite match probabilities, that was generated from a panel of 1043 domestic cat samples representing 38 cat breeds recognized by the two largest domestic cat registries in the United States, the Cat Fanciers’ Association (CFA) and The International Cat Association (TICA).
Student Management Teams Increase College Students’ Feelings of Autonomy in the Classroom

The use of Student Management Teams (SMTs) is a relatively new teaching technique designed to increase students’ motivation and involvement with the planning and execution of college courses. However, to date, little systematic, empirical research has validated the effectiveness of using SMTs. To test the effectiveness of this technique, the current research utilized a pretest–posttest paradigm consisting of two courses taught by the same professor (both Social Psychology courses). In one course, the professor implemented a SMT; the other course served as a control comparison. Results revealed that students in the course with the SMT increased their feelings of autonomy relative to students in the control comparison course. Implications for teaching techniques and their potential impact on student motivation are discussed.
Trying Truths: Dreyer, Bresson and the Meaning Effect

This essay explores the relationship between fact and faith developed by two cinematic representations of the trial and execution of Joan of Arc: Carl Theodor Dreyer's The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928) and Robert Bresson's The Trial of Joan of Arc (1961). Both films are preoccupied with how to present evidence - the proof of Joan's supposedly divine visions - that is ultimately unverifiable, and turn this epistemological problem into their chief aesthetic concern. Through readings of Aquinas, Susan Sontag, and Hayden White, the essay tracks what the stakes of such a problem might be, finding especially in Bresson's method a negative definition of truth or meaning through the sudden but persistent withholding of even its most pronounced historical, cultural, and material content. Whereas Dreyer's film pursues the total legibility of its subject through a constant focus on faces and gazes, showing us literally all that it can, Bresson's film insists on the integrity of that which is unseen, creating what I come to call a kind of meaning effect.
Habituation and dishabituation of the human orienting reflex under instruction-induced stress

Twenty subjects received habituation trials with a 1000-Hz tone until two consecutive non-responses (skin conductance response) occurred. Then a single, novel 1400-Hz tone was administered, followed by another presentation of the 1000-Hz tone. Half the subjects were told that an intelligence test would follow. All of the subjects were initially given the STAI trait anxiety test. The 10 subjects told to expect an intelligence test needed significantly more trials to habituate and made significantly larger SCRs to the novel stimulus than did the other 10 subjects. Trait anxiety neither interacted with these effects nor had any effects of its own. The absence of trait anxiety effects was interpreted as being in disagreement with Spielberger’s assertions regarding trait and state anxiety.
Sulfate reduction and oxic respiration in marine sediments: implications for organic carbon preservation in euxinic environments

Compilations have been made of sulfate reduction rates and oxic respiration rates over the entire range of marine sedimentation rates, and sedimentary environments, including several euxinic sites. These data show, consistent with the findings of Jorgensen (1982, Nature, 296, 643-645), that sulfate reduction and oxic respiration oxidize equal amounts of organic carbon in nearshore sediments. As sedimentation rates decrease, oxic respiration, becomes progressively more important, and in deep-sea sediments 100-1000 times more organic carbon is oxidized by oxic respiration than by sulfate reduction. By contrast, nearly as much organic carbon is oxidized by sulfate reduction in euxinic sediments as is oxidized by the sum of sulfate reduction and oxic respiration in normal marine sediments of similar deposition rate. This observation appears at odds with the enhanced preservation of organic carbon observed in euxinic sediments. However, only small reductions in (depth-integrated) organic carbon decomposition rates (compared to normal marine) are required to give both high organic carbon concentrations and enhanced carbon preservation in euxinic sediments. Lower rates of organic carbon decomposition (if only by subtle amounts) are explained by the diminished ability of anaerobic bacteria to oxidize the full suite of sedimentary organic compounds.
Plugs and nozzles for intermediate ladles in continuous steel casting with automatic jet control

We prepared and tested in service refractories satisfying the requirements of automatic casting from the intermediate ladle in continuous steel-casting plants. The high-alumina conical plugs and unfired magnesite inserts fixed to fireclay nozzles can be recommended for further use.
Ammophila hevans Menke, a New Species from Southern South America with Taxonomic Notes on Similar Species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecidae)

Abstract Ammophila hevans Menke, new species, is described from Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. Taxonomic notes are provided for the following species of Ammophila: rufipes Guerin-Meneville, 1831; laeviceps Smith, 1873; ruficollis Reed, 1894; and ruficosta Spinola, 1851. New synonyms are: Ammophila variolosa Giner Mari, 1994 = rufipes Guerin-Meneville 1831; chilensis Reed, 1894 = laeviceps Smith, 1873. A lectotype is established for Ammophila chilensis Reed from Chile. The history of the acquisition of the Edwyn C. Reed collection in 1951 by the California Academy of Sciences is outlined.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Substance P-Like Immunoreactivity Correlates with Aggression in Personality Disordered Subjects

Background Neurochemical studies have pointed to a modulatory role in human aggression for a variety of central neurotransmitters; some seem to play an inhibitory role, whereas others seem to play a facilitory role in the modulation of aggression. Laboratory animal studies of substance P suggest a facilitory role for this undecapeptide in the modulation of aggression, but no studies of substance P have yet been reported with regard to human aggression. Methods Basal lumbar cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained from 38 physically healthy subjects with personality disorder (PD) and substance P-like immunoreactivity was measured and correlated with measures of aggression and impulsivity. Results The cerebrospinal fluid substance P-like immunoreactivity levels were directly correlated with a composite measure of aggression and, more specifically, with Buss-Durkee Aggression. No correlation was seen with any measure of impulsivity or of general dimensions of personality. Conclusions These data suggest a direct relationship between central nervous system substance P containing neural circuits and aggression in human subjects. This finding adds to the complex picture of the central neuromodulatory role of impulsive aggression in human subjects.
Fish Meal or Cottonseed Meal as Supplemental Protein for Growing Holstein Steers

Twenty-three Holstein steers of 195 kg mean live weight were individually fed a complete mixed diet composed primarily of ground corn grain with either 140 g cottonseed meal or 90 g cottonseed meal plus 30 g menhaden fish meal/kg diet as the source of supplemental protein. Thirteen steers were slaughtered at 454 kg and 10 at 544 kg live weight. Steers slaughtered at 544 kg gained weight more slowly with consequent 18.2% increase in dry matter required per unit gain compared with steers slaughtered at 454 kg live weight. Steers fed the fish meal diet gained 1.34 kg/d and consumed 7.36 kg dry matter daily while steers fed the cottonseed meal diet gained 1.17 kg/d and consumed 7.40 kg dry matter daily. Dry matter consumed per unit gain was 12.6% less for steers fed fish meal diet than for steers fed cottonseed meal diet.
On the normal modes of Laplace's tidal equations for zonal wavenumber zero

Normal modes of Laplace's tidal equations, referred to as Hough harmonics, are complete for zonal wavenumber m > 0 so that the longitudinal and meridional velocity components and the geopotential can be represented as a series of Hough harmonics. However, Hough harmonics corresponding to m = 0 are incomplete in that the second kind normal modes have all zero frequencies. To fill the need for orthonormal basis functions, Kasahara and Shigehisa have constructed two different sets of the rotational modes of Laplace's tidal equations for m = 0, referred to as the K-modes and the S-modes, respectively. In this study, we compared the characteristic differences between the K- and S-modes in their energy ratio and structures. The zonal-mean components of atmospheric data from the FGGE IIIb reanalysis are projected onto the K- and S-modes separately, in addition to the gravity modes. We showed that the K-mode representation captures the majority of observed zonal energy with a few terms, whereas the S-mode representation requires many terms. The K-mode series converges faster than the S-mode series, especially for small vertical-scale components in the observed zonal fields. The differences between the energy spectra projected upon the K- and S-modes are discussed along with the consideration of the merits of each set as expansion functions for the zonal atmospheric motions. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1992.00003.x
Effect of hydrolysis on the colloidal stability of fine alumina suspensions

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of hydrolysis and the formation of hydrated polycations on the colloidal stability and rheological properties of fine alumina suspensions. This is an important phenomenon in colloidal processing of advanced ceramic materials and nanocomposite materials from fine particles. The aging process and the formation of large polycations in the solution are monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance, and the aggregation rate and viscosity of the suspension are measured under similar conditions. It is observed that aging under acidic conditions increases colloidal stability against aggregation in dispersed suspensions, and reduces the viscosity in flocculated suspensions. This behavior corresponds well to the formation of large polynuclear species through hydrolysis. It is suggested that the hydrated polycations significantly modify the total interaction energy between two particles at short separation distances.
Cardiovascular responses of cardiac transplant patients to arm and leg exercise.

This investigation compares the cardiovascular responses of normal (n=10) and cardiac transplant (n=14) subjects to peak arm and leg exercise. It also tests the hypothesis that the higher heart rate (fc) in normal subjects during light (30 W) submaximal arm versus leg exercise is due to cardiac innervation. In cardiac transplant patients, power output, oxygen consumption\(\dot VO_2 \),fc and rate pressure product were 54%, 28%, 7%, and 8% lower during peak arm than leg exercise, respectively. In normal subjects, power output,\(\dot VO_2 \),fc and rate pressure product were 61%, 33%, 8%, and 11% lower during peak arm than leg exercise, respectively. In cardiac transplant patients there was no significant difference in absolutefc during submaximal arm and leg exercise. In normal subjects, absolutefc during arm and leg exercise was [mean (SD)] 97 (4) beats · min−1 and 92 (4) beats · min−1, respectively (P=0.07). Plasma noradrenaline was increased more during arm than leg exercise in both cardiac transplant and normal subjects. Maximal leg testing is useful when determining the capacity of cardiac transplant patients to perform arm work. The higher absolutefc reported by other investigators for normal subjects during submaximal arm versus leg exercise may be mediated by cardiac innervation.
Autoimmune blistering skin diseases

Emergency physicians, at the front line of patient care, are often confronted with a wide variety of dermatologic conditions. Prompt recognition is essential, especially for the autoimmune blistering skin diseases, many of which have considerable morbidity and mortality. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis is imperative for appropriate referral and initiation of therapy. This review article provides a concise yet thorough discussion of the clinical presentation, incidence, differential diagnosis and management of the commonly encountered autoimmune blistering skin diseases, some of which include pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
The Impact of Evaluation Processes on Students

This review provides a synthesis of recent research on the evaluation of students in schools and classrooms. A conceptual framework is developed to highlight key elements of the evaluation process. Within this framework the impact of alterable features of evaluation processes is considered. These features include evaluation purposes, task resolution, clarity of criteria, the demand level and referents of standards, the frequency of sampling performance and outcomes, the soundness of appraisals, and the differentiation and affective value of feedback. A range of effects on students and classrooms is examined. Studies of evaluation processes are found to be limited by a lack of descriptive information on actual evaluation practices in schools and classrooms, a concentration on one or two aspects of a multifaceted evaluation process, and the failure to consider the multiple purposes that evaluation systems must serve in schools and classrooms. Recommendations are made for future studies to overcome these lim...
Effects of Fish Oil and α-Tocopherol in Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy in the Rat

α-Tocopherol and fish oil have been reported to modulate the progression of IgA nephropathy in animals and humans. Because fish oil has been reported to exacerbate renal disease in subtotal nephrectomized rats, we investigated the effects of fish oil, with and without α-tocopherol, on the course of IgA nephropathy. Experimental IgA nephropathy was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 170-200 g, by oral and i.v. immunization with bovine γ-globulin for 8 wk. IgA nephropathy was evidenced by hematuria, proteinuria, and IgA deposition in the mesangium. Standard rodent chow, containing 30 IU of α-tocopherol/kg of diet, was given to the control and IgA nephropathy rats. Fish oil (20% wt/wt), stripped ofα-tocopherol preservative, was given to control and a second group of IgA nephropathy rats. Alternatively, corn oil or fish oil was supplemented with α-tocopherol at 100 IU/kg of diet and given to the third and fourth groups of IgA nephropathy rats. All animals were killed at 8 wk. Urinary protein excretion, plasma and kidney α-tocopherol concentrations, as well as glomerular planar area, and kidney transforming growth factor-β1 mRNA were analyzed. As determined by reductions in proteinuria, glomerular planar area, and TGF-β1 mRNA, fish oil with α-tocopherol ameliorated the renal injury induced by bovineγ-globulin, whereas fish oil without α-tocopherol did not. Our findings support the importance of α-tocopherol, more so than fish oil, in mitigating the injury and promoting repair in experimental IgA nephropathy.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Pulsed, Coherent, Infrared Doppler lidar - Characteristics And Data

AbstractWe describe detailed performance characteristics of NOAA's pulsed, coherent, hybrid TEA,CO2 Doppler lidar. Included are acoustically generated inter -pulse frequency jitter of thehybrid cavity, on -line center and off -line center plasma - generated intra -pulse chirp, and transmitter - receiver feed - through isolation. Data processing and display are discussed.Data taken in the clear atmosphere into the stratosphere, including VAD scans for mesoscaleconvergence, are presented, as well as calibration procedures.IntroductionNOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has recently developed* a semi-trailer- mounted coherent TEA laser radar system for making atmospheric measurements ofwinds, turbulence, and backscatter, using aerosols as tracers. In addition, the feasibilityof WINDSATI global wind profiling is being demonstrated. Figures 1 and 2 are exterior andinterior photographs of the system, respectively.Figure 1. Exterior of CO2 lidar trailer atthe Table Mountain test range.
The Hierarchical Structure of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index

The hierarchical factor structure of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) (Davis, 1980) inventory was investigated with the Schmid-Leiman orthogonalization procedure (Schmid & Leiman, 1957). The sample consisted of 409 college students. The analysis found that the IRI could be factored into four first-order factors, corresponding to the four scales of the IRI, and two second-order orthogonal factors, a general empathy factor and an emotional control factor.
Influence of matrix properties on alkali silica reaction rates

Matrices with different cracking and confinement characteristics are utilized to isolate the important parameters that influence gel initiation and alkali silica reaction rate. The paper is divided into two parts. In Part I, the matrix exhibits crack growth resistance behavior which induces compressive stresses on the alkali silica gel and in addition prevents the alkali silica gel from leaving the reaction site, which slows down the alkali silica reaction rate and modifies the gel composition. In Part II the matrices are designed to provide little confinement and hence allow the alkali silica gel to expand almost freely. However, the matrices in Part II differ in their ability to allow the alkali silica gel to escape the reaction site. The results reveal that lack of confinement accelerates early gel formation whereas the lack of escape of alkali silica gel products away from the reaction site reduces the alkali silica reaction rate.
The effect of a heat-stable factor in human spleen on glucocerebrosidase and acid β-glucosidase activities

Abstract As has been reported earlier [Ho, M. W. and O'Brien, J.S. (1971), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 68, 2810–2813], a heat-stable factor is present in normal human spleen and in tissue samples from patients with Gaucher's disease which enhances acid β-glucosidase activity as measured with the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-β- d -glucopyranoside. Glucocerebrosidase activity is not increased by the addition of as much as 8 times the quantity of heat stable factor normally present in human spleen tissue. Glucocerebrosidase activity (5000 units/g of spleen tissue) is greatly in excess of the heat-stable β-glucosidase stimulating factor (200 units/g spleen). Consequently, it is unlikely that the factor plays a physiologically significant role in the metabolism of glucocerebroside.
The effect of perioperative and postoperative caudal block on pain control in children

Ten paediatric patients (ASA status 1) who had bilateral club foot deformities and underwent bilateral posterior medio-lateral release within a two week interval (one foot operated each time) were assigned to one of two groups in a double-blind manner. Group one received caudal bupivicaine (0.25%) 2 mg.kg-1 before the surgical incision, followed by caudal normal saline infused at the same volume after the surgical incision. Group two received caudal saline before surgical incision followed by caudal bupivicaine (0.25%) infused 15 min after the surgical incision. No additional analgesic was used before or during the operation. Patients were selected in a manner that allowed each patient to be assigned to either group one or two during the first or second surgical episodes. Anaesthesia was induced with halothane and maintained with nitrous oxide and isoflurane. The anaesthesiologist following the patient for postoperative pain control and analgesic requirement was blinded to the regional technique. Postoperative pain was rated on a paediatric pain scale. Children received a morphine suppository at the appropriate dose related to the body weight for postoperative pain control. There was no significant difference in the cumulative postoperative analgesic requirements within the first 48 h, nor in the time to the first postoperative analgesic administration between the two groups.
Visual function and performance with blue-light blocking filters in age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: Some dispute has occurred over the use of blue-light-attenuating intraocular lenses in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), as they may reduce scotopic vision. This study aimed to determine if a blue blocking filter would affect performance during eye–hand coordination and mobility tasks in scotopic illumination, psychophysically measured scotopic sensitivity or colour discrimination in AMD patients. Methods: Scotopic measures performed with and without a blue-attenuating filter included a mobility obstacle course, manipulation of cylindrical blocks and a psychophysical dark-adapted full-field flash test. A navy and blue sock colour sorting task evaluated photopic colour discrimination. Subjects were 22 bilateral pseudophakes with early AMD and visual acuity >6/24. Results: On average with the filter, there was a 13% increase in time during the block test. The differences in time and number of bumps with versus without the filter were not significant for the mobility course. Performance with and without the filter was well correlated for the blocks (r = 0.70), flash test (r = 0.83) and mobility (r = 0.66), and the regression slopes were not significantly different from unity. 77% of subjects misidentified at least one navy sock as black with the filter compared with 9% without, with a significant increase in such misidentifications with the filter. Conclusions: The difference in scotopic visual function or performance with versus without a blue-blocking filter most likely does not produce a clinically significant effect or risk; however, detection of navy colour may be impaired.