cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breast cancer lymphedema: pathophysiology and risk reduction guidelines.

Purpose/objectives To review the normal physiology of the blood capillary-interstitial-lymphatic vessel interface, describe the pathophysiology of lymphedema secondary to treatment for breast cancer, and summarize the physiologic bases of the current National Lymphedema Network (NLN) risk reduction guidelines. Data sources Journal articles, anatomy and physiology textbooks, published research data, and Web sites. Data synthesis Lymphedema occurring after treatment for breast cancer significantly affects physical, psychological, and sexual functioning. About 28% of breast cancer survivors develop lymphedema. When arterial capillary filtration exceeds lymphatic transport capacity, lymphedema occurs. NLN risk reduction guidelines may decrease lymphedema risk. Conclusion Lymphedema is chronic and disfiguring. Most NLN risk reduction guidelines, although not evidence-based, are based on sound physiologic principles. Evidence-based research of the effectiveness of NLN risk reduction guidelines is indicated. Implications for nursing Until evidence-based research contradicts NLN's risk reduction guidelines, nurses should inform patients with breast cancer about their risk for lymphedema, guidelines to reduce that risk, and the physiologic rationale for the guidelines.
Activation of Human T Cells Obtained Pre- and Post-Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Therapy by Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody plus IL-2: Implications for Combined In Vivo Treatment

The role of activated T cells in the mediation of antitumor responses has been documented in several experimental models. In some of these, interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been used as a means to induce and expand the antitumor effects of the T cells. IL-2 has been tested in clinical trials for cancer treatment. Surprisingly, T cells appear to be inactivated by IL-2 in these clinical trials. T cells obtained from peripheral blood after IL-2 therapy showed decreased responses to mitogens and alloantigens, did not proliferate in vitro in response to IL-2, and did not mediate non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxicity or targeted lysis in the presence of bispecific monoclonal antibodies. In this study, we present evidence that these post-IL-2 therapy T cells are not irreversibly inactivated; they can be activated in vitro by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody together with IL-2 to upregulate the p55 component of the IL-2 receptor and proliferate. Nevertheless, following activation by anti-CD3 and IL-2, the level of targeted T-cell cytotoxicity mediated by the post-IL-2 therapy T cells was significantly lower than that by pre-IL-2 therapy T cells. Although in vivo treatment with IL-2 alone induces natural killer (NK) cells to mediate lymphokine-activated killer activity, these data suggest that the T-cell lytic function is inhibited by this treatment and only partially reversible by subsequent T-cell receptor activation using anti-CD3 mAb. Exposure of T cells to anti-CD3 mAb prior to in vivo IL-2 treatment generates T-cell lytic activity in vitro. These results, together with preclinical murine studies, suggest that a combined in vivo protocol of anti-CD3 mAb and IL-2, starting first with the anti-CD3 mAb, may cause activation of the T cells in addition to the activation of NK cells and thus warrant clinical testing.
Human laryngeal reinnervation.

Bilateral vocal cord paralysis is fortunately an uncommon occurrence although the incidence of this injury secondary to external neck trauma is increasing. In general, a patient with this lesion is faced with the choice between adequate airway at the expense of a breathy, weak voice or a fairly good voice with the need for a permanent tracheotomy. In an effort to provide a better solution to this dilemma, an attempt has been made to develop a means of reinnervation of at least one vocal cord without the problems inherent in the usual nerve anastomosis techniques. After extensive preliminary work in dogs the nerve-muscle pedicle technique for reinnervation has been developed. In this procedure the branch of the ansa hypoglossi to the anterior belly of the omohyoid is mobilized and a small block of muscle containing the terminal branches is freed from the muscle proper. Using an approach similar to the Woodman arytenoidectomy, the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is exposed, and its fibers are partially incised. The previously prepared nerve-muscle pedicle is sutured to it. In the first five patients subjected to this procedure, return of spontaneous abduction of the reinnervated vocal cord was noted between six and eight weeks post surgery. In no case was the voice weakened nor was there any problem with aspiration. All five patients have achieved sufficient air-way so that exercise tolerance for daily activities is adequate without a tracheotomy. The physiologic and histologic background of this technique is discussed in detail.
Medical therapy for gonadotroph and thyrotroph tumors.

Glycoprotein hormone–secreting pituitary adenomas comprise 30% to 40% of all pituitary tumors. The glycoprotein hormones luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are heterodimers consisting of a common alpha-subunit and a unique beta-subunit. Pituitary tumors identified in patients without evidence of syndromes of hormonal hypersecretion, such as Cushing's disease or acromegaly, are considered clinically nonfunctional. More than 90% of clinically nonfunctioning tumors produce the gonadotropins LH or FSH or their subunits and are referred to as gonadotroph adenomas. Thyrotroph adenomas are an uncommon type of glycoprotein hormone–secreting pituitary tumor and are associated with inappropriate TSH secretion and hyperthyroidism. The clinical evaluation of and medical therapy for patients with these tumors are discussed herein.
Generation and Realization of Trees and k-Trees

In this paper we consider an analysis-synthesis problem in graph theory. The analysis problem is that of efficient generation of trees, 2-trees, and k -trees of a given "labeled" graph. The synthesis problem is that of finding a graph that realizes a given set of trees, 2-trees, or realizes given sets of trees and 2-trees simultaneously. These results have a strong bearing upon topological analysis and synthesis of electrical networks.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL NERVES IN TRANSPLANTATION II. LIFE OF PERIPHERAL NERVES OF MAMMALS IN PLASMA.

1. The Wallerian degeneration occurring in peripheral nerves by incubation in Ringer solution and serum does not occur in plasma. 2. Peripheral nerves incubated in plasma give rise to no growth. The same is true of peripheral nerves in a Wallerian degeneration up to the 4th day. 3. Peripheral nerves in Wallerian degeneration from the 5th day give rise to a growth of the syncytium of Schwann. In cultures from later stages there is a progressive growth of the same structure. It is evident that the proliferation of the cells of Schwann is directly produced by the degeneration of the axis cylinder and its myelin sheath. 4. In no case was growth of axis cylinders observed. 5. The growth of the syncytium of Schwann from degenerating nerves affords a basis for an anatomical conception of the centrifugal orientation of growing axis cylinders in regeneration. 6. Morphologically there is a striking resemblance between the syncytium of Schwann and neuroglia growing in plasma.
On Risk-Based Expression of Hydrographic Uncertainty

Current methods for representing uncertainty in hydrographic products typically describe the type or completeness of data collected, but not the risk of transit or certainty about the data presented. This paper proposes a model for risk based on the background information, own-ship information, and how much is unknown about the area. Based on a model of underkeel clearance, dangers to navigation and other factors, the method predicts a scalar risk for an area, projected track or total voyage. The paper describes the risk assessment methodology, and illustrates it in track planning, area-based risk assessment and real-time decision support. These use cases highlight the benefits and flexibility of the model, and the concomitant requirement for calibration of input data.
Convectively coupled wave–environment interactions

In the tropical atmosphere, waves can couple with water vapor and convection to form large-scale coherent structures called convectively coupled waves (CCWs). The effects of water vapor and convection lead to CCW–mean flow interactions that are different from traditional wave–mean flow interactions in many ways. CCW–mean flow interactions are studied here in two types of models: a multiscale model that represents CCW structures in two spatial dimensions directly above the Earth’s equator, and an amplitude model in the form of ordinary differential equations for the CCW and mean flow amplitudes. The amplitude equations are shown to capture the qualitative behavior of the spatially resolved model, including nonlinear oscillations and a Hopf bifurcation as the climatological background wind is varied. Furthermore, an even simpler set of amplitude equations can also capture some of the essential oscillatory behavior, and it is shown to be equivalent to the Duffing oscillator. The basic interaction mechanisms are that the mean flow’s vertical shear determines the preferred propagation direction of the CCW, and the CCWs can drive changes in the mean shear through convective momentum transport, with energy transfer that is sometimes upscale and sometimes downscale. In addition to CCW–mean flow interactions, also discussed are CCW–water vapor interactions, which form the basis of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) skeleton model of the first two authors. The key parameter of the MJO skeleton model is estimated theoretically and is in agreement with previously conjectured values.
Babesia bigemina: immune response of cattle inoculated with irradiated parasites.

Abstract Effects of various radiation dosages on the infectivity and immunogenicity of Babesia bigemina were studied. Calves infected with 1 × 1010, B. bigemina parasitized erythrocytes exposed to 24 krad developed progressive parasitemias. Some calves receiving 1 × 1010 parasitized erythrocytes irradiated at 36 krad did not develop progressive infections. Progressive infections were prevented by exposure to irradiation at 48 and 60 krad. A degree of acquired resistance to infection with B. bigemina developed in calves after inoculation with parasites irradiated at 48 and 60 krad. The resistance developed was sufficient to suppress multiplication of the Babesia and to permit calves to survive otherwise severe clinical infections due to challenge with nonirradiated parasites. Irradiated parasites were frozen without apparent loss of immunizing properties.
Reflective practice in a capstone business internship subject

Purpose – Capstone subjects which link students approaching graduation with significant experiential learning and relevant industry placements, have the potential to be very valuable to students. This is particularly evident if they are able to critically reflect on the experience. In light of this, the School of Business at the University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle campus, sought to embed reflective practice and reflective writing within its Business Internship (capstone) subject. This paper aims to discuss this.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a case study approach.Findings – Significant challenges emerged in relation to the student learning experience. Some students did not perceive the value of an internship, or of engaging in a professionally reflective process. Business students' differing academic literacy standards became apparent, as did the diverse experiences of international students. It became evident that students required explicit teaching and more thorough training ...
Predicting Field Performance of Skid Resistance of Asphalt Concrete Pavement

Long term abrasion due to traveling vehicle occurring on the asphalt concrete pavement can reduce the friction, which in term can increase the risk of highway accident. This work presents a predictive degradation model of skid resistance for in-service asphalt pavement surface based on laboratory polishing test results using the commercial grade asphalt polishing machine, characteristics of aggregate gradation curve, and field traffic conditions represented by average daily traffic. A nonlinear convex power function is used to form the prediction formula, within which, two parameters named "time index" and "scale index" are assumed to have first order relationship with all predictors. Validation of the developed prediction models are presented by comparisons between the predicted values and field measured values for five pavement sections from Ohio highway system. The prediction results show a good consistency between field observations and model response values. Using the predictive model and assuming that abrasion and polishing is the controlling process in pavement functionalities and performance; then life prediction of an asphalt concrete pavement can be determined.
Mucinous Adenocarcinomas with Intra-Abdominal Dissemination: A Review of Current Therapy

Peritoneal carcinomatosis has been considered a terminal disease with a median survival time of 5.2-12.6 months. Systemic chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery (CRS) have long been used to treat macroscopic disease, with limited success. However, a comprehensive treatment approach involving cytroreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has evolved into a novel approach for peritoneal carcinomatosis. Surgery removes the primary cancer and any dissemination within the peritoneal cavity and adjuvant HIPEC eradicates macroscopic or microscopic tumor residue, thus reducing the risk for recurrence. This approach offers a new potential treatment option for patients with metastatic disease confined to the peritoneum. The present review provides an update of the most recent data on the current therapy for pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) and mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma (MCA) with metastatic disease confined to the peritoneum.
Vortex formation and saturation for low-aspect-ratio rotating flat-plate fins

We investigate experimentally the unsteady, three-dimensional vortex formation of low-aspect-ratio, trapezoidal flat-plate fins undergoing rotation from rest at a 90° angle of attack and Reynolds numbers of O(103). The objectives are to characterize the unsteady three-dimensional vortex structure, examine vortex saturation, and understand the effects of the root-to-tip flow for different velocity programs. The experiments are conducted in a water tank facility, and the diagnostic tools are dye flow visualization and digital particle image velocimetry. The dye visualizations show that the low-aspect-ratio plate produces symmetric ring-like vortices comprised mainly of tip-edge vorticity. They also indicate the presence of the root-to-tip velocity. For large rotational amplitudes, the primary ring-like vortex sheds and a secondary ring-like vortex is generated while the plate is still in motion, indicating saturation of the leading vortex. The time-varying vortex circulation in the flow symmetry plane provides quantitative evidence of vortex saturation. The phenomenon of saturation is observed for several plate velocity programs. The temporal development of the vortex circulation is often complex, which prevents an objective determination of an exact saturation time. This is the result of an interaction between the developing vortex and the root-to-tip flow, which breaks apart the vortex. However, it is possible to define a range of time during which the vortex reaches saturation. A formation-parameter definition is investigated and is found to reasonably predict the state corresponding to the pinch-off of the initial tip vortex across the velocity programs tested. This event is the lower bound on the saturation time range.
A comparison of paraplegic gait performance using two types of reciprocating gait orthoses.

This study examined the energy cost of ambulation using the reciprocating gait orthosis (RGO) and the modified Isocentric RGO in paraplegic spinal cord injured subjects. In 4 subjects, the rates of O2 consumption per minute, O2 cost per metre, heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio, velocity, and physiologic cost index (PCI) were measured during ambulation with the two orthotic devices. PCI was calculated by dividing the difference between walking and resting HR by velocity. PCI was significantly lower during ambulation trials with the Isocentric RGO compared to the RGO, but was the only measurement that detected a significant difference beween the two orthotic devices. These results indicate that energy costs of ambulation at self-selected speeds were lower with the Isocentric RGO compared to the standard RGO. Furthermore, PCI could be used as a sensitive indicator of gait efficiency in spinal cord injury subjects.
Multiobjective optimization in the design of broadband arrays based on aperiodic tilings

Planar antenna arrays based on certain categories of aperiodic tilings have been shown to exhibit several useful properties, including a wide bandwidth void of grating lobes, relatively low sidelobe levels, and sparse element distributions. While these arrays possess beneficial properties, their performance is basically limited by the corresponding set of prototiles that make up the tiling, i.e. the arrays tend to lack design flexibility. A design technique was recently introduced that circumvents this limitation of these arrays by incorporating additional parameters into the basic tiling generation process. With only a small number of parameters it is possible to greatly vary the geometry, and consequently the radiation properties, of aperiodic tiling arrays. This technique has been combined with a genetic algorithm (GA) to generate planar arrays with bandwidths up to 22:1. With successful single-objective optimizations carried out, a natural extension of this technique is to expand its application to multiobjective designs. In this paper examples will be presented for arrays that were optimized to achieve two design objectives: a desired number of elements within a given aperture and minimum sidelobes at a specified frequency. The conventional GA that was utilized in the single-objective optimizations was replaced by a multiple objective genetic algorithm (MOGA), which is much more adept at handling such a design problem. Optimized array examples with bandwidths up to 7.35:1 and a targeted number of elements will be presented.
Do EMO-Operated Charter Schools Serve Disadvantaged Students? The Influence of State Policies.

There is a paucity of research about how the policies enacted by states either foster or hinder charter schools’ service to disadvantaged students or how the characteristics of charter schools themselves affect this outcome. By combining data from the US Department of Education’s Schools and Staffing Survey with data on the characteristics of state charter school policies, this article examines how different types of charter schools respond to the policy and market signals established by state charter legislation, and the impact of such signals on the willingness and ability of charter schools to serve disadvantaged student populations. With a sample of 533 charter schools in 13 states, models are estimated to discern whether specific state policies and whether being managed by two types of for-profit educational management organizations (EMOs)—large and small ones—encourages or discourages schools from enrolling low-income and minority students. The results suggest that certain policy characteristics are important for encouraging schools to serve low-income and minority students. Specifically, having multiple chartering authorities and requiring the transportation of students are important for explaining charter schools’ service to low-income and minority students. Being managed by a large-EMO was positively but not significantly related to charter schools enrollment of low-income and minority students. The results differed for small-EMO managed schools. Small-EMOs served significantly lower percentages of minority students. The results suggest that not all charter schools are the same and that policy design and organizational form matters for determining whom charter schools will serve.
Adhesion and biofilm formation of Candida albicans on native and pluronic-treated polystyrene

Candida albicans forms part of the normal human flora whose growth is usually restricted by the normal flora bacteria and the host's immune system. It is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes infections in immunocompromised individuals, mechanical trauma victims and iatrogenic patients. Candida albicans can ingress the human host by adhering to a plastic surface (i.e. prosthetic devices, catheters, artificial organs, etc.) that is subsequently implanted, and forms a protective biofilm that provides a continuous reservoir of yeast to be hematogenously dispersed. In order for the medical profession to battle device-related infections, initial adhesion and biofilm formation of C. albicans needs to be better understood. There has been some skepticism as to whether the initial adhesion events bear any relationship to subsequent biofilm formation. Thus, to better comprehend the relationship between the initial adhesion rates and growth rate and biofilm formation, these events were studied on two different, well-defined culture surfaces, native polystyrene and Pluronic F127-conditioned polystyrene. The adhesion studies determined that Pluronic F127 adsorption dramatically reduced the adhesion of C. albicans to polystyrene. The biofilm growth studies, analyzed by confocal scanning laser microscopy, revealed that Pluronic F127 decreased the biofilm surface coverage, cluster group size, thickness and the presence of hyphal elements over the untreated polystyrene. These findings indicate that the effect of a material's surface chemistry on the initial adhesion process has a direct influence on subsequent biofilm formation.
Pancreatic Anastomotic Failure Rate after Pancreaticoduodenectomy Decreases with Microsurgery

BACKGROUND: We have observed that leakage from pancreaticojejunostomy is reduced when a surgical microscope is used to construct the pancreaticojejunostomy during pancreaticoduodenectomy. To validate our hypothesis that better vision improves the technical performance of pancreaticojejunostomy, we limited inclusion criteria to those patients at high risk for leak, performed more cases, and used the grading system of the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery. STUDY DESIGN: From 1988 through 2008, 507 consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomies were performed with pancreaticojejunostomy. A subset of 283 patients at risk for leak had a main pancreatic duct (MPD) ≤3 mm at the surgical margin. Pancreaticojejunostomy was completed with surgical loupes (n = 135) or surgical microscope (n = 148). Incidence of pancreaticojejunostomy leak and delayed gastric emptying was determined using a Web-based calculator for the severity grading scale of the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery. RESULTS: Within the 507 pancreaticoduodenectomies, the clinically relevant pancreaticojejunostomy leak for those with an MPD >3 mm (n = 224) was 4%, and with an MPD ≤3 mm (n = 283) it was 16% (p < 0.0001). For these 283 high-risk patients, outcomes were worse in the loupes versus microscope group, ie, clinically relevant pancreaticojejunostomy leak (21% versus 11%; p = 0.021), pancreas-related complications (31% versus 19%; p = 0.018), clinically relevant delayed gastric emptying (19% versus 9%; p = 0.016), and hospital length of stay (12.9 versus 9.5 days; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In a subset of pancreaticoduodenectomy patients at high risk for pancreaticojejunostomy leak, the increased visual acuity of the surgical microscope reduced clinically relevant pancreatic anastomotic failure, delayed gastric emptying, and hospital length of stay.
Quality Standards for "Ready-To-Use" Training and Development Programs

Standardized training and development programs offer consultants and training staffs an alternative to "custom-made" efforts. However, such "ready-to-use" programs vary greatly in costs and benefits. Agreement on minimum requirements would improve the quality of these programs and help prospective users to assess and select them.Seven standards are proposed: (1) preliminary review of research literature about the behavioral changes involved in the program; (2) effective identification of the dimensions of behavioral change; (3) rapid and meaningful feedback processes; (4) reliable, valid, and relevant measures of change; (5) stable outcomes according to follow-ups; (6) analyses of the relations among the dimensions of change and their relation to external data; and (7) normative results on selected populations.As examples, six programs-PROFILE, the COMMUNICA TION AUDIT, PROCESS, PROSPECTS, PROSPER, and PROFAIR are examined and assessed on the basis of these standards.
Resonant tunneling properties of heterostructures

Abstract A general theory of resonance tunneling in planar structures, independent of the detailed form of the “well”, is developed. The transmission probability versus energy is Lorentzian, near each quasi-local level, with a width that is simply related to the lifetime for escape from the local state, the wave-packet transit time, and the dynamical response time. The charge-accumulation effect is estimated.
Polymorphisms in the transferrin 5' flanking region associated with differences in total iron binding capacity: possible implications in iron homeostasis.

We have identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) upstream (5') of the transferrin coding region. One polymorphism is in the 5' UTR at nt +49, and four are in the promoter region at nt -34, -551, -617, and -739, numbering from the start of transcription. The -34 and -617 SNPs are tightly but not completely linked. The -34 polymorphism lies between a conserved Sp1 site and the TATA box. The -617 polymorphism is within the DRII enhancer region. Five haplotypes have been defined from these SNPs by the identification of at least one homozygous individual, and two other haplotypes were deduced from heterozygous individuals. The total iron-binding capacity associated with each transferrin haplotype was haplotype 2 > 1 > 4 > 3. Transferrin promoter haplotype 2 had a significantly higher mean TIBC and haplotype 3 had a significantly lower mean TIBC than the more common haplotype 1. Persons with haplotype 4, which includes the -34T and -617A minor alleles, have a lower mean TIBC but the difference was not statistically significant. In normal individuals, the differences in the haplotypes were not found to be associated with differences in transferrin saturation and ferritin levels. There was no difference in the extent of increase in the mean TIBC levels in individuals with iron deficiency anemia in regard to their haplotype. Furthermore, there was no difference in the relative frequencies of the transferrin haplotypes in the iron-deficient population. In hemochromatosis patients who were homozygous for the C282Y HFE mutation, no particular haplotype was associated with a significant difference in transferrin saturation or ferritin levels. In White patients with Parkinson's disease, a disorder in which there is abnormal iron deposition in the brain, the presence of transferrin haplotype 3 was in slight excess over the normal White population.
A uniform metric for anaglyph calculation

We evaluate a new method for computing color anaglyphs based on uniform approximation in CIE color space. The method depends on the spectral distribution properties of the primaries of the monitor and the transmission functions of the filters in the viewing glasses. We will compare the result of this method with several other methods that have been proposed for computing anaglyphs. To compute the color at a given pixel in the anaglyph image requires solving a linear program. We exploit computational properties of the simplex algorithm to reduce computation time by 72 to 89 percent. After computing the color at a pixel, a depth-first search is performed to collect all neighboring pixels with similar color so that a simple matrix-vector multiplication can be applied. We also parallelize the algorithm and implement it on a cluster environment. We discuss the effects of different data dividing schemes.
Polymer-based directional coupler modulator with high linearity

A generalized novel two-section directional coupler modulator with a linear transfer function is presented. This scheme introduces different coupling coefficients for each of the sections. We show that this configuration effectively suppresses the third-order intermodulation distortion compared to a conventional Mach-Zehnder modulator. It can be easily implemented by the photobleaching technique in polymer technology and demonstrates a simple and promising design for high-performance analog optical links without a complicated structure or electrical control.
Assessing the Effect of an Electronic Decision Support System on Children's Mental Health Service Outcomes

This study examined the effect of clinician adoption on an agency built Electronic Discussion Support System on the reduction of youth risk factors. This exploratory study is the first of its kind to assess an agency-built Electronic Decision Support Systems (EDSS) within a children's mental health program to see how it is utilized in a treatment as usual climate. The results showed a significant difference between the reduction-in-risk rating for two of the domains of the North Carolina Family Assessment Scale (Parental Capability and Environment). Yet findings showed that only a few staff utilized the EDSS regularly. Based on the findings, it appears there was a break down in the implementation process. Although the agency had the best of intentions by building the Dashboard, without proper emphasis on implementation their goal was never fully actualized.
Emotion regulation and mania risk: Differential responses to implicit and explicit cues to regulate

Abstract Background and objectives People prone to mania use emotion regulation (ER) strategies well when explicitly coached to do so in laboratory settings, but they find these strategies ineffective in daily life. We hypothesized that, compared with control participants, mania-prone people would show ER deficits when they received implicit, but not explicit, cues to use ER. Methods Undergraduates (N = 66) completed the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS) and were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: automatic ER (scrambled sentence primes), deliberate ER (verbal instructions), or control (no priming or instructions to use ER). Then, participants played a videogame designed to evoke anger. Emotion responses were measured with a multi-modal assessment of self-reported affect, psychophysiology, and facial expressions. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was used to index ER. Results The videogame effectively elicited subjective anger, angry facial expressions, and heart rate increases when keys malfunctioned. As hypothesized, persons who were more mania prone showed greater RSA increases in the deliberate ER condition than in the automatic or control conditions. Limitations One potential limitation is the use of an analog sample. Conclusions Findings suggest that those at risk for mania require more explicit instruction to engage ER effectively.
Query Visualization for Query Trimming in Semantic Caching

Semantic caching is an effective caching strategy able to deal with both exact and inexact similar queries. This strategy involves making a comparison between existing cached segments and a user query and finding the intersection between them. The same user query is then split into two separate queries, one which retrieves a partial answer from the cache, and a second which retrieves the rest of the answer from the database. Existing semantic caching methods rely on query splitting mechanisms that are inefficient in execution and sometimes do not return optimal results. This paper details the difficulties of the existing method and proposes a new splitting process stemming from a new cache/query visualization.
Glenohumeral Motion After Complete Capsular Release

Summary: The range of glenohumeral motion is primarily limited by the joint capsule. If the capsule is contracted, greater restriction in glenohumeral motion is exhibited. Release of a tight capsule has been an effective means of managing refractory stiffness of the glenohumeral joint. The effect of a complete capsular release on glenohumeral kinematics has not been previously studied in a cadaver model. Elevation, rotation, and translation of eight cadaveric glenohumeral preparations were studied before and after complete capsular release. As the intact joint was positioned near the limits of motion, glenohumeral torque rose rapidly with relatively small concomitant increases in elevation and rotational angles. Notable torque, due to tension in the capsule or cuff, ensued only after glenohumeral elevation reached approximately 80% of maximal range. After complete capsular release, maximal elevation increased on average 15%, yet retained definitive endpoints due to residual tension in the rotator cuff. Axial humeral rotation with an intact capsule decreased as maximum elevation approached, especially at elevation angles greater than 60°. Maximum internal rotation was less than external, for all planes except 190°. After complete capsular release, the greatest net gains for external rotation tended to be in the posterior scapular planes, whereas gains for internal rotation tended to be in the anterior scapular planes. Maximal translation in an intact vented capsule was 21 mm, 14 mm, and 15 mm in the anterior, posterior, and inferior directions, respectively. After complete capsular release, translation increased in all positions with maximal anterior, posterior, and inferior translations of 28 mm, 25 mm, and 28 mm, respectively. In general, relative gains in translation were greater in planes posterior to the scapula and at extremes of the range of motion. Although large glenohumeral translations were measured, no preparation could be dislocated before or after complete capsular release. Complete capsular release significantly increased glenohumeral range of motion and translation. The intact rotator cuff myotendinous units serves to limit the range of motion and translation after all capsuloligamentous attachments are rendered incompetent by complete capsular release. Key Words: Glenohumeral rotation—Elevation—Translation—Capsular release.
Health Survey of Residents Living Near Farm Fields Permitted to Receive Biosolids

The authors studied the health status of residents living in Wood County, OH, near farm fields that were permitted to receive biosolids. They mailed a health survey to 607 households and received completed surveys from 437 people exposed to biosolids (living on or within 1 mile of the fields where application was permitted) and from 176 people not exposed to biosolids (living more than 1 mile from the fields where application was permitted). The authors allowed for up to 6 sur- veys per household. Results revealed that some reported health-related symptoms were statistically significantly elevated among the exposed residents, including excessive secretion of tears, abdomi- nal bloating, jaundice, skin ulcer, dehydration, weight loss, and general weakness. The frequency of reported occurrence of bronchitis, upper respiratory infection, and giardiasis were also statistically significantly elevated. The findings suggest an increased risk for certain respiratory, gastrointestinal, and other diseases among residents living near farm fields on which the use of biosolids was permitted. However, further studies are needed to address the limitations cited in this study.
Influence of plumage colour on prey response: does habitat alter heron crypsis to prey?

The foraging strategies of wading birds may be influenced by their degree of crypsis to aquatic prey. White plumage has been hypothesized to be adaptive for herons hunting in open water habitats. We tested this hypothesis with laboratory and field experiments with multiple prey species. We investigated the response of crayfish, Procambarus spp., and mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, to white- and dark-plumaged birds in an experimental chamber. We compared the time spent by a prey in front of a snowy egret, Egretta thula, mount, little blue heron, E. caerulea, mount, and a control (dowel) with and without backdrop vegetation. Mosquitofish tended to spend less time under the little blue heron mount with no backdrop present but made no observable response to either plumage colour against a vegetative backdrop. We assessed prey response in the field using three drop traps. Each trap had either a little blue heron mount, a snowy egret mount or a control (dowel) mounted underneath a trap. We compared the amount of biomass captured between treatments. More prey biomass (mosquitofish, crayfish and anurans) was captured under the control and snowy egret treatments than under the little blue heron treatment. Our results suggest that dark plumage may be a disadvantage to herons foraging in open water. In vegetation, structural complexity of the habitat appears to nullify differences in plumage colour between white and dark foraging herons.
A Terminal Area Analysis of Continuous Ascent Departure Fuel Use at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport

Aircraft departing from the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) encounter vertical restrictions that prevent continuous ascent operations. The result of these restrictions are temporary level-offs at 10,000 feet. A combination of flow direction, specific Area Navigation (RNAV) route geometry, and arrival streams have been found to be the biggest factors in the duration and frequency of a temporary level-offs. In total, 20% of DFW departures are affected by these level-offs, which have an average duration of just over 100 seconds. The use of continuous descent approaches at DFW are shown to lessen the impact arrivals have on the departures and allow more continuous ascents. The fuel used in a continuous ascent and an ascent with a temporary level-off have been calculated using a fuel burn rate model created from a combination of actual aircraft track data, aircraft manufacturer flight operations manuals, and Eurocontrol's Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) simulation tool. This model represents the average aggregate burn rates for the current fleet mix at DFW. Continuous ascents would save approximately seven gallons of fuel out of 450 gallons used to climb to a cruise altitude of 31,000ft per departure.
Role of adrenal medulla in hemodynamic response to hemorrhage and naloxone

We tested the hypothesis that enkephalins or some other compound(s) released by the adrenal medulla during hemorrhage were responsible for the resultant hypotension. We compared the hemodynamic and plasma catecholamine responses to hemorrhage and subsequent opioid receptor blockade with naloxone in intact, adrenal-denervated (ADD), and adrenalectomized (ADX) rabbits. The studies were done in conscious, chronically prepared, male New Zealand White rabbits. The hemodynamic response to hemorrhage was not different among the three groups. Plasma norepinephrine (NE) increased early in hemorrhage in all groups. In the ADD and ADX animals, NE decreased significantly at the transition to hypotension, suggesting decreased release of NE by peripheral sympathetic nerves as a possible cause of the decrease in pressure. In the intact group, NE did not decrease but reached a plateau possibly due to the release of some NE by the adrenal medulla, which obscured the decreased release by sympathetic nerves. The pressor response to naloxone, though present in all groups, was attenuated by adrenalectomy or adrenal denervation. The plasma NE response to naloxone was similar in all groups and involved a two- to threefold increase after naloxone. We conclude that enkephalins or any other compounds released by the adrenal gland are not responsible for the acute hemodynamic changes during hemorrhage in the conscious rabbit. However, some substance(s) released by the adrenal medulla, perhaps epinephrine, does play a role in naloxone's pressor effect, since this is reduced by adrenalectomy or adrenal denervation.
Low-density lipoprotein reduction and cancer: not definitive but provocative.

In this issue of the Journal , Alsleikh-Ali et al. ([1][1]) present data suggesting an inverse relationship between the absolute level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reached in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of statins and the incidence of cancer. As acknowledged by the authors,
Participation in the Design Process: A Cognitive Approach

This dialogue, related to me by a student, constitutes an instance of participation, although not a particularly satisfying one. In the context of design problems, there are in fact many opportunities for participation, ranging from public hearings to meetings with governing boards, both public and private. Sad to say, such participatory sessions are characteristically of limited value and, at times, even counterproductive.
Maximum-likelihood estimation of familial correlations from multivariate quantitative data on pedigrees: a general method and examples.

Abstract A general method for maximum-likelihood estimation of familial correlations from pedigree data is presented. The method is applicable to any type of data structure, including pedigrees in which variable numbers of individuals are present within classes of relatives, data in which multiple phenotypic measures are obtained on each individual, and multiple group analyses in which some correlations are equated across groups. The method is applied to data on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels obtained from participants in the Swedish Twin Family Study. Results indicate that there is strong familial resemblance for both traits but little cross-trait resemblance.
Dehydrogenation and burning of aluminum hydride at elevated pressures

The combustion behavior of aluminum hydride (AlH3) at elevated pressures (8.5 atm) and temperatures (1500-2800 K) in various oxidizers has been investigated using a shock tube. The burn times of AlH3 in O2 and CO2 were measured using emission from AlO and compared with aluminum. Burn times were similar for both materials when heating and dehydrogenation was allowed to occur before being introduced to combustion conditions, as well as for conditions in which there was no heating or dehydrogenation before exposure to the combustion environment. The gas phase temperature from AlO spectroscopy and solid phase temperature from pyrometry were also similar for both aluminum and AlH3. AlH3 ignites at lower temperatures than aluminum. These measurements are consistent with very fast dehydrogenation followed by combustion of the remaining aluminum. Based on these measurements, if aluminum hydride were substituted for aluminum in conventional propellant mixtures, this would lead to the desorbed hydrogen reacting in the propellant flame zone, while the residual aluminum would burn in the post flame gases.
Can Evaluative Conditioning Change Explicit Attitudes Toward Self-Esteem?

The present study used evaluative conditioning in attempt to increase participants’ explicit self-esteem. The method of this study involved pairing pre-rated pictures, both positive and neutral, with pronouns relating to either the self or others. The self-pronouns used were me, myself, and mine. The pronouns relating to others that were used were they, them, and others. It was hypothesized that when self-pronouns were paired with positive pictures, the self-esteem of participants would increase. To counterbalance this, pronouns relating to others were paired with positive pictures. Results showed no significant interactions between group and selfesteem. No groups showed a significant increase in levels of self-esteem.
Cómo medir lo que importa en las aulas de primera infancia: un enfoque sobre las interacciones educadora-niño

This article summarizes recent trends in early childhood education and the role of teacher-child interactions, and also expands upon one particular framework that has helped the field advance in understanding this key component. Motivation for this summary comes from a growing body of international research, including some studies in Latin America, that indicate that investment in early childhood education can reap significant benefits for children and their communities. Latin America has made significant efforts to increase early childhood education; however, access does not appear to be sufficient to ensure adequate outcomes for children’s learning and development. The growing evidence base points to the quality of the experience within the classroom, and specifically to the quality of teacher-child interactions, as critically necessary in order to maximize children’s development and learning. The Teaching Through Interactions Framework provides a useful approach to understanding the nature of classroom interactions, as well as initial evidence that professional development can enhance such interactions. Based on this summary of the current state of affairs, this article then offers recommendations for early childhood education.
425 CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IS REDUCED BY CORRECTION OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA WITH OXYGEN THERAPY

Purpose To study if the correction of chronic hypoxia with oxygen therapy reduces serum cholesterol levels and thus the cardiovascular risk. Background A study by Petyaev et al has documented that there is linear correlation between oxygen in plasma and total plasma cholesterol levels during acute changes in oxygen concentration being inhaled. Various human experiments in the late sixties have been able to show that hypoxia secondary to high altitude can lead to increase in serum cholesterol over several days. Methods A retrospective study involving 647 patients was conducted at the Overton Brooks VA Medical Center. Patients enrolled in home oxygen therapy were included. Results Table 1 shows the results for total cholesterol levels,respectively. Both total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels show a statistically significant (p Conclusion Our study suggests that treatment of hypoxia is effective in lowering the LDL and total cholesterol levels and thus may be the missing link to decrease risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Our study forms the basis for investigating the therapeutic benefits of early oxygen therapy in patients with chronic hypoxia.
Studies on Nonenzymic Glycosylation of Peptides in a Simple Model System

In his review of the chemistry of the Amadori rearrangement, Hodge describes the intermediates and products that were characterized as various osazone and related types of derivatives1. Many of these studies were performed during a period in which the major route of isolation was crystallization rather than chromatography. A later study, in which chromatographic approaches were employed, evaluated the reaction of glucose with dipeptides2. The conclusion from this latter study was that the major product of such a reaction was the substituted glycosylamine, which was in equilibrium with the starting materials. There was no reported presence of an Amadori rearrangement product.