cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cool neutral hydrogen in the direction of an anonymous OB association

H I self-absorption is seen in the direction l = 55./sup 0/6 probably physically associated with an anonymous OB association which has the Cepheid GY Sagittae as a member. The cool H I is in two clouds at least 15 pc in diameter located 3.25 kpc from the Sun. If their temperature is approx. =50 K, the cloud masses are approx. =10/sup 3/ M/sub sun/. The neutral atomic hydrogen clouds are probably warm envelopes surrounding cold molecular cloud cores because CO observations in this region show two molecular clouds nearly coincident with the absorbing H i gas. Since the OB association is only approx. =10/sup 7/ years old, these clouds are likely to be part of the original cloud complex from which the stellar cluster formed. The H i clouds are part of the larger Arecibo survey of self-absorption which suggests that many of the Arecibo clouds are associated with heretofore unidentified star clusters. Even if this is generally not the case, the Arecibo objects have accurate kinematic distances and thus provide a new sample of cool H I clouds whose thermodynamic properties can be studied.
ReadingMate: an infrared-camera-based content stabilization technique to help joggers read while running on a treadmill

Though reading could be a useful activity while a jogger runs on a treadmill, reading while running can be quite tiresome. In order to alleviate this difficulty, we developed a content stabilization technique, called ""ReadingMate,"" using head-tracking to track the location of the jogger's head/eyes and relocate the position of the contents on a screen, so that the contents appear to be stabilized. We conducted an experiment with ten participants, and eight out of ten reported positive experiences in using ReadingMate. Thus, ReadingMate could be a potential solution for joggers who would like to read while running, and possible future work is also discussed.
Arthritis and perceptions of quality of life: an examination of positive and negative affect in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Abstract The utility of measuring both positive and negative affective states for assessing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients was examined in 3 independent samples of male and female RA patients (Sample A: 179 women, 48 men; Sample B: 177 women, 24 men; Sample C: 134 women, 38 men). Confirmatory factor analyses of each sample indicated that positive and negative affect constituted separate, negatively correlated factors. The relations among disease variables, coping, and affects were consistent with a model in which coping mediates the relationship between disease variables and positive and negative affect. Patients with higher pain and limitation from RA had higher levels of maladaptive coping, and maladaptive coping was associated with lower positive affect and higher negative affect. Those RAs with higher activity limitation also reported less adaptive coping, which was associated with less positive affect.
Future direction of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) education and research.

Objectives To identify key educational and scientific tasks for the incorporation of complementary and alternative medical therapies (CAM) into conventional health care. Data Sources Journal articles, government and special health report, book chapters, and curriculum guidebooks. Conclusion Nursing education programs are rapidly adding curricula on the practice and research of CAM therapies. The next priority is to facilitate consistency and quality of educational programs by developing standards of practice and a core curriculum. Educational standards agreed upon by the nursing profession and set at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels will help guide the safe and effective integration of CAM into conventional health care. Implications for Nursing Practice Setting educational standards and developing consistent curricula for CAM will help students emerge from academic programs prepared for safe and effective practice and with skills to evaluate the effectiveness and participate in the research of CAM therapies.
Insulin secretion and content in isolated rat pancreatic islets following treatment with gestational hormones.

Insulin secretion after glucose stimulation and residual insulin content was studied in islets of Langerhans isolated from adult female rats which had been treated for 1–2 weeks with progesterone (P),estriol (E3), 17β-estradiol (E2), human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS), E3 + P, E2 + P, HCS + P, or E3 + HCS + P. An increase in insulin secretion was observed after P treatment which was not further augmented by E3 + P and was reversed by E2 + P treatment. E2 treatment alone led to a smaller than normal insulin secretion response to glucose stimulation. Blunting of P-enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was also observed after E3 + HCS + P, but not after HCS + P. Residual islet insulin content increased after P and E3 + P, but not after E2 + P administration. These results indicate that these gestational hormones do not produce additive effects on glucosestimulated insulin secretion or on total islet insulin content. (Endocrinology 91: 977, 1972)
Sleep Disorders: Causes, Effects, and Solutions

Until recently, sleep has been a mystery even to scientists. Research has defined sleep function and the effects of sleep deprivation. Sleep disorders are interrelated with medical and psychiatric illnesses. This article presents insomnia, jet lag, and shift work sleep disorders and reviews issues related to women's health and sleep. Pharmacologic and behavioral treatments for sleep conditions are explored.
Histopathologic Characteristics, Recurrence Patterns, and Survival of 129 Patients With Desmoplastic Melanoma

Desmoplastic melanoma (DM) has been associated with higher local recurrence rates than other types of cutaneous melanoma. Current controversies regarding locoregional treatment strategies warrant further investigation. Retrospective review of a prospectively maintained melanoma database identified 129 patients with DM out of >12,500 melanoma patients referred for treatment from 1980 to 2003. Clinical and histopathologic characteristics, recurrence, and survival were analyzed. The median follow-up was 4.0 years. Of the 129 patients identified, 82 (63.6%) were male, and the median age was 55.2 years. American Joint Committee on Cancer staging was I, II, and III in 25.6%, 68.0%, and 6.4% of patients, respectively, and the mean tumor thickness was 4.42 mm. Overall survival was 76% at 5 years and 64% at 10 years; median survival was 13.0 years. A total of 51 patients (39.5%) experienced disease recurrence, with a median time to recurrence of 1.3 years. The first recurrence was local in 18 patients (14.0%), nodal in 18 patients (14.0%), and distant in 15 patients (11.6%), with median survivals of 6.7, 7.8, and 1.8 years, respectively. Statistically significant predictors of recurrence were a final positive margin status and stage, and predictors of overall survival were patient age and stage. Compared with other types of melanoma, DMs do demonstrate a tendency toward local recurrence, thus suggesting that narrower excision margins may not be appropriate in this population. Scrutiny of final surgical margins is critical to the local management of DM. In addition, the potential for regional nodal involvement must be considered at the time of diagnosis and during surveillance for disease recurrence.
Developmental changes in genetic and environmental influences on rule‐breaking and aggression: age and pubertal development

BACKGROUND: Antisocial behavior (ASB) can be meaningfully divided into nonaggressive rule-breaking versus aggressive dimensions, which differ in developmental course and etiology. Previous research has found that genetic influences on rule-breaking, but not aggression, increase from late childhood to mid-adolescence. This study tested the extent to which the developmental increase in genetic influence on rule-breaking was associated with pubertal development compared to chronological age. METHOD: Child and adolescent twins (n = 1,031), ranging in age from 8 to 20 years (M age = 13.5 years), were recruited from public schools as part of the Texas Twin Project. Participants reported on their pubertal development using the Pubertal Development Scale and on their involvement in ASB on items from the Child Behavior Checklist. Measurement invariance of ASB subtypes across age groups (≤12 years vs. >12 years old) was tested using confirmatory factor analyses. Quantitative genetic modeling was used to test whether the genetic and environmental influences on aggression and rule-breaking were moderated by age, pubertal status, or both. RESULTS: Quantitative genetic modeling indicated that genetic influences specific to rule-breaking increased as a function of pubertal development controlling for age (a gene × puberty interaction), but did not vary as a function of age controlling for pubertal status. There were no developmental differences in the genetic etiology of aggression. Family-level environmental influences common to aggression and rule-breaking decreased with age, further contributing to the differentiation between these subtypes of ASB from childhood to adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: Future research should discriminate between alternative possible mechanisms underlying gene × puberty interactions on rule-breaking forms of antisocial behavior, including possible effects of pubertal hormones on gene expression. Language: en
Cathepsin B Is a Prorenin Processing Enzyme

Conversion of prorenin to renin results from proteolytic cleavage of a 43-amino-acid prorenin prosegment in renal juxtaglomerular cells. The enzyme that performs this processing is not known. Of several enzymes proposed, cathepsin B is a candidate because it colocalizes with renin in juxtaglomerular cell secretory granules and accurately cleaves the prosegment of human prorenin in vitro. It is not known whether cathepsin B can perform this function in the cell. We examined this using secretory granule-containing rat GH4C1 cells transfected with a human preprorenin expression vector. When treated with secretagogue (KCl 50 mmol/L + forskolin 10 micromol/L), these cells secrete 95% prorenin and 5% active renin into the medium, indicating little prorenin processing activity. In contrast, when the cells are cotransfected with a vector that expresses human preprocathepsin B or mouse prohormone convertase 1, secretagogue-induced secretion of active renin increased to 12% and 16.5%, respectively. With antisera that recognize the prosegment and renin, prorenin and renin were identified as proteins of 47 and 43 kD, respectively, and an antibody specific to the prosegment precipitated only the 47-kD species. These results do not address whether cathepsin B is the authentic renal prorenin processing enzyme. However, the results do demonstrate that cathepsin B can localize to the appropriate subcellular compartment and process prorenin to renin in GH4C1 cells and are consistent with a role for this enzyme in prorenin processing.
Hyperfiltration and inner stripe hypertrophy may explain findings by Gamble and coworkers

Simulations conducted in a mathematical model were used to exemplify the hypothesis that elevated solute concentrations and tubular flows at the boundary of the renal outer and inner medullas of rats may contribute to increased urine osmolalities and urine flow rates. Such elevated quantities at that boundary may arise from hyperfiltration and from inner stripe hypertrophy, which are correlated with increased concentrating activity (Bankir L, Kriz W. Kidney Int. 47: 7–24, 1995). The simulations used the region-based model for the rat inner medulla that was presented in the companion study (Layton AT, Pannabecker TL, Dantzler WH, Layton HE. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 298: F000–F000, 2010). The simulations were suggested by experiments which were conducted in rat by Gamble et al. (Gamble JL, McKhann CF, Butler AM, Tuthill E. Am J Physiol 109: 139–154, 1934) in which the ratio of NaCl to urea in the diet was systematically varied in eight successive 5-day intervals. The simulations predict that changes in boundary conditions at the boundary of the outer and inner medulla, accompanied by plausible modifications in transport properties of the collecting duct system, can significantly increase urine osmolality and flow rate. This hyperfiltration-hypertrophy hypothesis may explain the finding by Gamble et al. that the maximum urine osmolality attained from supplemental feeding of urea and NaCl in the eight intervals depends on NaCl being the initial predominant solute and on urea being the final predominant solute, because urea in sufficient quantity appears to stimulate concentrating activity. More generally, the hypothesis suggests that high osmolalities and urine flow rates may depend, in large part, on adaptive modifications of cortical hemodynamics and on outer medullary structure and not entirely on an extraordinary concentrating capability that is intrinsic to the inner medulla.
Treadmill injuries in the pediatric population.

Background Exercise equipment such as treadmills are becoming commonplace in residential homes, placing small children at risk for injury. These injuries can be severe and may require surgical intervention. While it is our clinical perception that these injuries are on the rise, they remain largely unreported in the literature. Therefore, we reviewed our experience to evaluate the incidence and outcomes of treadmill-associated injuries in children. Methods After receiving exempt IRB approval, we retrospectively reviewed all patients who sustained treadmill-related injuries that required evaluation by a surgeon from July 2005 to February 2010. Data collected included patient demographics, injury details, injury management, and outcomes. Results We identified 19 children who required treatment for treadmill-related injuries. Mean age at injury was 4.1 y (1.3–10.5 y), and 63% were male. The treadmill was in use by another person in 17 cases (89%). The hand was involved in 79%. All burns were Conclusion Treadmill-related burn injuries in children are preventable injuries that can pose a substantial burden on patients and families. Supervision is paramount in prevention of these injuries, and strategies should include child safety features in equipment designs along with consumer awareness.
Minimization by Random Search Techniques

We give two general convergence proofs for random search algorithms. We review the literature and show how our results extend those available for specific variants of the conceptual algorithm studied here. We then exploit the convergence results to examine convergence rates and to actually design implementable methods. Finally we report on some computational experience.
Capture and Retention of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms

The association of Cryptosporidium oocysts with biofilm communities can influence the propagation of this pathogen through both environmental systems and water treatment systems. We observed the capture and retention of C. parvum oocysts in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms using laboratory flow cells. Biofilms were developed in two different growth media using two different strains of P. aeruginosa, a wild-type strain (PAO1) and a strain that overproduces the exopolysaccharide alginate (PDO300). Confocal laser-scanning microscopy was used in conjunction with image analysis to assess the structure of the biofilms prior to introducing oocysts into the flow cells. More oocysts were captured by the biofilm-coated surfaces than the abiotic glass surface in both media. There was no significant difference in capture across the two strains of P. aeruginosa biofilm, but the fraction of oocysts captured was positively related to biofilm roughness and surface-area-to-volume ratio. Once captured, oocysts were retained in the biofilm for more than 24 h and were not released after a 40-fold increase in the system flow rate. We believe the capture and retention of oocysts by biofilm communities can impact the environmental transmission of C. parvum, and this interaction should be taken into consideration when predicting the migration of pathogens in the environment.
A New Approach to Corporate Reorganizations

This article proposes a new method of dividing the reorganization pie among the participants in corporate reorganizations. This method, I argue, can address the substantial efficiency and fairness problems that afflict the existing process of division. Under the proposed method, participants will receive certain rights with respect to the reorganized company's securities; these rights will be designed so that, whatever the reorganization value is, no participant will have a basis for complaining that he is receiving less than the value to which he is entitled. Although I propose the method as a basis for law reform, I show that it also can be used under the existing reorganization rules.
The Interdomain Connectivity of PlanetLab Nodes

In this paper we investigate the interdomain connectivity of PlanetLab nodes. We note that about 85 percent of the hosts are located within what we call the Global Research and Educational Network (GREN) — an interconnected network of high speed research networks such as Internet2 in the USA and Dante in Europe. Since traffic with source and destination on the GREN is very likely to be transited solely by the GREN, this means that over 70 percent of the end-to-end measurements between PlanetLab node pairs represent measurements of GREN characteristics. We suggest that it may be possible to systematically choose the placement of new nodes so that as the PlanetLab platform grows it becomes a closer and closer approximation to the Global Internet.
Climate response to the increase in tropospheric ozone since preindustrial times: A comparison between ozone and equivalent CO2 forcings

We examine the characteristics of the climate response to anthropogenic changes in tropospheric ozone. Using a general circulation model, we have carried out a pair of equilibrium climate simulations with realistic present-day and preindustrial ozone distributions. We find that the instantaneous radiative forcing of 0.49 W m(sup -2) due to the increase in tropospheric ozone since preindustrial times results in an increase in global mean surface temperature of 0.28 C. The increase is nearly 0.4 C in the Northern Hemisphere and about 0.2 C in the Southern Hemisphere. The largest increases (greater than 0.8 C) are downwind of Europe and Asia and over the North American interior in summer. In the lower stratosphere, global mean temperatures decrease by about 0.2 C due to the diminished upward flux of radiation at 9.6 micrometers. The largest stratospheric cooling, up to 1.0 C, occurs over high northern latitudes in winter, with possibly important implications for the formation of polar stratospheric clouds. To identify the characteristics of climate forcing unique to tropospheric ozone, we have conducted two additional climate equilibrium simulations: one in which preindustrial tropospheric ozone concentrations were increased everywhere by 18 ppb, producing the same global radiative forcing as present-day ozone but without the heterogeneity; and one in which CO2 was decreased by 25 ppm relative to present day, with ozone at present-day values, to again produce the same global radiative forcing but with the spectral signature of CO2 rather than ozone. In the first simulation (uniform increase of ozone), the global mean surface temperature increases by 0.25 C, with an interhemispheric difference of only 0.03 C, as compared with nearly 0.2 C for the heterogeneous ozone increase. In the second simulation (equivalent CO2), the global mean surface temperature increases by 0.36 C, 30% higher than the increase from tropospheric ozone. The stronger surface warming from CO2 is in part because CO2 forcing (obscured by water vapor) is shifted relatively poleward where the positive ice-albedo feedback amplifies the climate response and in part because the magnitude of the CO2 forcing in the mid-troposphere is double that of ozone. However, we find that CO2 is far less effective than tropospheric ozone in driving lower stratospheric cooling at high northern latitudes in winter.
Asynchronous DRAM design and synthesis

We present the design of a high performance on-chip pipelined asynchronous DRAM suitable for use in a microprocessor cache. Although traditional DRAM structures suffer from long access latency and even longer cycle times, our design achieves a simulated core sub-nanosecond latency and a respectable cycle time of 4.8 ns in a standard 0.25 /spl mu/m logic process. We also show how the cycle time penalty can be overcome by using pipelined interleaved banks with quasi-delay insensitive asynchronous control circuits. We can thus approach the performance of SRAM, which is typically used for caches, while still benefiting from the smaller area footprint of DRAM.
Full-context videos for first-time, non-literate PC users

This paper presents the use of full-context video to motivate and aid non-literate, first-time users of PCs to successfully navigate a computer application with minimal assistance. Following previous work focused on non-literate users, we observed that in spite of our subjects' understanding of the UI mechanics, they experienced barriers beyond illiteracy in interacting with the computer: lack of awareness of what the PC could deliver, fear and mistrust of the technology, and lack of comprehension about how information relevant to them was embedded in the PC. In this paper, we address these challenges with full-context video, which includes dramatizations of how a user might use the application and how relevant information comes to be contained in the computer, in addition to a tutorial of the UI. In experiments conducted with 35 non-literate residents of Bangalore slums, the introduction of full-context video dramatically improved task completion for a job-search task.
A Mathematical Model for Li-Air Battery Considering Volume Change Phenomena

Li-air battery has the potential to be the next generation energy storage device because of its much higher energy density and power density. However, the development of Li-air battery has been hindered by a number of technical challenges such as passivation of cathode, change in effective reaction area, volume change during charge and discharge, etc. In a lithium-air cell, the volume change can take place due to Li metal oxidation in anode during charge as well as due to the solubility of reaction product (lithium peroxide) in the electrolyte at cathode. In this study, a mathematical model is developed to study the performance of lithium-air batteries considering the significant volume changes at the anode and cathode sides using moving boundary technique. A numerical method was introduced to solve moving boundary problem using finite volume method. Using this model, the electric performance of lithium-air battery is obtained for various load conditions. Numerical results indicate that cell voltage drops faster with increase in load which is consistent with experimental observations. Also, the volume changes significantly affect the electric performance of lithium-air cell.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
An approach for assessing high-penetration PV impact on distribution feeders

Abstract The variability of solar power due to cloud shadows with high penetration levels can cause technical issues such as power fluctuation and voltage flicker in power distribution feeders. To help distribution planners better understand and predict these likely impacts on voltage quality and avoid overly conservative decisions on the amount of PV installed on a feeder, a comprehensive simulation method is needed to model and address these problems. To this end, this paper presents a simulation and analysis approach that uses a cloud shadow model to recreate the variable output power of both distributed and large centralized PVs at various locations on a feeder. Simulations are made on an actual EPRI test feeder. EPRI's OpenDSS distribution simulation program is driven through MATLAB. The feeder is monitored at all buses, and PV induced voltage quality issues are measured, including the dynamic reaction of voltage control devices. The example feeder illustrates the usefulness of the new evaluation method to address and quantify impacts of large amounts of PV systems on feeder steady-state over voltage, voltage fluctuation level and flicker, and voltage regulation device operation. Results for distributed PV show that PV levels as high as 50% can be tolerated.
The ‘Austrian’ School of Strategy: A Stock-Taking

This paper investigates the predictive statements, made by Jacobson (1992), about the relevance and likely adoption by strategy scholars of concepts and framework from the so-called ‘Austrian’ (cau...
Solar large-scale flows obtained from the HMI time–distance data-analysis pipeline

Abstract Using the subsurface flow maps obtained from the HMI time–distance data-analysis pipeline, I examine the temporal evolution of torsional oscillation, meridional flow, and long-living large-scale structures in high-latitude areas. During the 5.5-year analysis period, both the torsional oscillation and meridional flow show strong hemispheric asymmetry while persisting the converging-flow patterns toward the activity belts. Meanwhile, for both hemispheres in the mid-latitude zone, the meridional-flow speed shows an anti-correlation with the magnetic flux being transported toward the pole, slowing down (speeding up) when following-polarity (leading-polarity) magnetic flux is transported. In the latitudinal band studied, the meridional-flow speed and magnetic field remained relatively unchanged from 2012 through 2015 in the northern hemisphere, but varied substantially during the same period in the southern hemisphere. Long-living large-scale structures, characterized by their low zonal speed, are observed in high-latitude areas, but the nature and cause of these structures are unknown.
Indication and Results of Semirigid Penile Prostheses in Spinal Cord Injury Patients: Long-Term Followup

AbstractDuring the last 7 years semirigid intracorporeal penile prostheses were inserted in 36 spinal cord injury patients between 21 and 58 years old (average age 38.5 years). An operation was done 1 to 32 years after the initial injury (average 10 years). Surgical intervention was intended to provide an adequate body to the penile shaft so as to hold an external urinary drainage device in 11 patients, for treatment of sexual dysfunction only in 17 and for an external urinary drainage device plus treatment of sexual inadequacy in 8. Although a number of complications causing extrusion or removal of the prosthesis occurred in 6 patients (16.5 per cent), as well as an aborted operation in 1 (19.5 per cent), there were no permanent sequelae.Because of loss of sensation and vasomotor control, and pressure produced by the penile prosthesis spinal cord injury patients represent a higher operative risk than other patients without neurological or vascular impairments. In addition, urinary tract infection should ...
The Statistical Fourier Analysis of Variances

Let Xt (t = 1, 2, ..., N) denote a series of independent normal random variables, with zero means and non-zero finite variances ft (t = 1, 2, ..., N). Then ft and ft 1 admit finite Fourier expansions. The present paper is a study of the statistics N-1 S Xt cos (2tts/N) and Nt t Xt sin (2'rrts/N) as estimators of the sth Fourier coefficients of ft, and of the distributional properties of suitable ratios of these statistics as (sufficient) test statistics for non-constancy of ft, directed at alternatives where the Fourier expansion of ft 1 has a simple form.
How similar is China's traffic safety pattern to industrialized countries in their early stage of motorization? An analysis of death registration data for large and small/medium cities

ABSTRACTWe quantify the relationship between traffic fatalities and the motorization rate in China using Death Registration data for two groups of cities in China (17 Large Cities and 21 Small/Medium Cites) from 2002 to 2010. Smeed's model is applied to compare the relationship in China to that in other industrialized countries during their early stages of motorization. The study has two principal findings. First, the fatality rate per vehicle decreases with the increase in motorization, a pattern that is consistent with the relationship that Smeed derived for industrialized countries. However, motorization and fatality rate per capita exhibits no clear trend. A second finding is that road safety conditions differ in Large Cities compared to Small/Medium Cities. A series of ANOVA tests are unable to identify key variables responsible for these different patterns because the within-group differences for GDP per capita, population density, and vehicle per 1,000 people are very large. Our findings suggest th...
Mucosal melanomas in the racially diverse population of California

Background Mucosal melanomas are rare, poorly understood neoplasms without a consensus standard of care. Objective We sought to define mucosal melanoma tumor characteristics and the racial/ethnic attributes of patients with mucosal melanomas. Methods We analyzed 130,920 cutaneous melanomas and 1919 mucosal melanomas recorded in the population-based California Cancer Registry from 1988 to 2013. Results Although only 1% of melanomas occurring in nonHispanic whites were mucosal, other racial/ethnic groups had a higher proportion of mucosal melanomas (15% for Asian/Pacific Islanders, 9% for nonHispanic blacks, and 4% for Hispanics). Anorectal mucosal melanomas were most common in female Asian/Pacific Islanders, whereas genitourinary mucosal melanomas were highest in nonHispanic whites, and head and neck tumors were most common among Hispanics. Stage at presentation was not uniform among racial/ethnic groups, with Asian/Pacific Islanders having the highest rates of metastasis. Limitations The lack of a standardized staging system for mucosal melanomas confounds classification and knowledge regarding metastasis. Small sample size limits comparative analysis across race, stage, site, and depth. Conclusion Mucosal melanomas differ by race/ethnicity with regard to anatomic site, stage, and depth. Because early detection offers the best chance of increased survival, greater awareness will aid clinicians who care for patients at risk for these aggressive tumors.
Tracking Change in the Illinois River using Stable Isotopes in Modern and Ancient Fishes

The Illinois River has been heavily modified by human activities. We examined the nitrogen and carbon stable isotope composition of collagen from fish bones in two Native American middens comparing them to modern fishes in the River today. We also compared ancient and modern fishes to three reference samples—(i) Illinois River phytoplankton; (ii) backwater lake sediment; and (iii) tissue from riverside trees. We found a large increase in δ15N values in modern fish bone collagen relative to ancient collagen. However, there is little change in δ13C between ancient and modern samples. Bone collagen from invasive carp species (Hypopthalmichthys and Cyprinus) are similar to modern phytoplankton. All fishes are different from riverside trees and backwater lake sediment. The large shift in δ15N values between ancient and modern fishes is probably caused by contamination of the river by Chicago treated wastewater and by denitrified fertilizer run-off. Our results indicate a major change in nitrogen biogeochemistry in the modern river. Comparisons between ancient and modern δ13C values suggest little change in feeding behaviour of fishes between ancient and modern times. However, our data for invasive carp suggest strong competition with native planktivores. © 2016 The Authors. River Research and Applications Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Toward THz Transistor: Pseudomorphic Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (PHBT)

Terahertz (THz) communication systems require the development of ultra-fast transistor technologies for VCO sources with power amplification (>50 mW) and low noise receiver (NF<8 dB). InP-based HBTs are the most promising technology for achieving THz operation based on the current gain cutoff frequency versus breakdown voltage trend for various transistor technologies and material systems. It is the only known transistor technology can deliver THz bandwidth with output breakdown voltage greater than IV, hence, a potential higher power transistor amplifier can be realized. This paper proposes and experimentally demonstrates that pseudomorphically grading the collector of an SHBT shows an increase in device speed. High frequency measurements were performed at room temperature using an off-wafer short-open-load-through (SOLT) calibration on an HP8510C vector network analyzer (VNA) from DC to 50 GHz.
Visual and Morphologic Outcomes in Eyes with Hard Exudate in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials

Purpose To compare baseline characteristics, visual acuity (VA), and morphologic outcomes between eyes with hard exudate (HE) at baseline and all other eyes among patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD) treated with anti–vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs). Design Prospective cohort study within the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT). Participants Patients with NVAMD. Methods Readers evaluated baseline and follow-up morphology on digital color images, fluorescein angiography (FA), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in eyes with NVAMD that were randomly assigned to treatment with ranibizumab or bevacizumab. Ophthalmologists identified HE on color images in the study eye. Main Outcome Measures Visual acuity, scar, geographic atrophy, retinal thickness, retinal fluid, and number of anti-VEGF injections. Results HE was present in 128 of 1185 study eyes (11%) at baseline, 77% within 1 disc diameter of the foveal center. Patients with study eye HE were more likely to be female (81% vs. 60%; P Conclusions Eyes with HE have larger choroidal neovascularization lesions and more RAP. Their initially thicker retina rapidly becomes thinner with anti-VEGF treatment. HE is not significantly associated with hyperlipidemia. HE at baseline does not significantly influence VA, scar, and geographic atrophy outcomes in eyes with NVAMD treated with anti-VEGF. Few eyes have HE at year 2.
Discovery of novel determinants of endothelial lineage using chimeric heterokaryons

Endothelial cells form the inner surface of blood vessels, acting like a non-stick coating. In addition to making substances that keep blood from sticking to the vessel wall, endothelial cells generate compounds that relax the vessel, and prevent it from thickening. Endothelial cells also form capillaries, the smallest vessels that provide oxygen and nutrients for all tissues. A regenerating organ, or a bioengineered tissue, requires a system of capillaries and other microvessels. Thus, regenerative medicine could benefit from a knowledge of how to generate endothelial cells from pluripotent stem cells – cells that can “differentiate” to form almost any type of cell in the body. Wong, Matrone et al. have now used a cell fusion model (named heterokaryon) to track the changes in gene expression that occur as a pluripotent stem cell differentiates to ultimately become an endothelial cell. In this model, mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are fused to human endothelial cells. Over time the human endothelial cells drive gene expression in the ESCs toward that of endothelial cells. Wong, Matrone et al. discovered changes in gene expression in many genes that have not previously been described as involved in the differentiation of endothelial cells. When one of these genes – named Pou3f2 – was inactivated in ESCs, they could not be differentiated into endothelial cells. The absence of Pou3f2 also drastically impaired how blood vessels developed in zebrafish embryos. Thus the heterokaryon model can generate important information regarding the dynamic changes in gene expression that occur as a pluripotent cell differentiates to become an endothelial cell. This model may also be useful for discovering other genes that control the differentiation of other cell types.
Relative-error approximate versions of Douglas–Rachford splitting and special cases of the ADMM

We derive a new approximate version of the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) which uses a relative error criterion. The new version is somewhat restrictive and allows only one of the two subproblems to be minimized approximately, but nevertheless covers commonly encountered special cases. The derivation exploits the long-established relationship between the ADMM and both the proximal point algorithm (PPA) and Douglas–Rachford (DR) splitting for maximal monotone operators, along with a relative-error of the PPA due to Solodov and Svaiter. In the course of analysis, we also derive a version of DR splitting in which one operator may be evaluated approximately using a relative error criterion. We computationally evaluate our method on several classes of test problems and find that it significantly outperforms several alternatives on one problem class.
Nonlinear PD Control with Incomplete State Knowledge: Damping Without Derivatives

Abstract Nonlinear PD (NPD) control is implemented by allowing the proportional and derivative controller gains to vary as a function of system state. NPD control has been previously described and implemented, and recently a constructive Lyapunov stability proof has been given. In the present work NPD controllers which operate without knowledge of some state variables are demonstrated. The controllers fall within previously established stability results. New results provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an NPD control design which is independent of some state variables, as well as the means to construct such a controller.
Systematic Screening for Behavior in K–12 Settings as Regular School Practice: Practical Considerations and Recommendations

There is a priority for schools to address students' social and emotional needs as is done for academic learning. Tiered models of prevention provide a framework for teaching social skills and beha...
Controlling ligand binding for tunable and switchable catalysis: cation-modulated hemilability in pincer-crown ether ligands

Methods for in situ reversible control over ligand binding processes at transition metal complexes can enable advances in switchable and tunable catalysis. After a brief overview of different approaches to controlling ligand binding, this Perspective details the development of “pincer-crown ether” ligands that contain a rigid pincer backbone and a hemilabile aza-crown ether unit that enables cation-modulated hemilability. Applications of pincer-crown ether complexes in small molecule activation and catalysis are discussed, culminating in a set of design principles for ligands capable of cation-modulated ligand binding.
Reviewing Research on Mobile Learning in K–12 Educational Settings: Implications for Students With Disabilities

Mobile technologies have shown great potential in various educational settings. Moreover, there is an emerging research base demonstrating how students view and interact with mobile devices to lear...
Consumer Perception of Retail Pork Bacon Attributes Using Adaptive Choice‐based Conjoint Analysis and Maximum Differential Scaling

Bacon is one of the most recognizable consumer pork products and is differentiated by appearance, flavor, thickness, and several possible product claims. The objective of this study was to explore the attributes of retail bacon that influence consumers to purchase and consume bacon. An Adaptive Choice‐Based Conjoint (ACBC) survey was designed for attributes of raw American‐style bacon. An ACBC survey (N = 1410 consumers) and Kano questioning were applied to determine the key attributes that influenced consumer purchase. Attributes included package size, brand, thickness, label claims, flavor, price, and images of the bacon package displaying fat:lean ratio. Maximum Difference Scaling (MaxDiff) was used to rank appeal of 20 different bacon images with variable fat:lean ration and slice shape. The most important attribute for bacon purchase was price followed by fat:lean appearance and then flavor. Three consumer clusters were identified with distinct preferences. For 2 clusters, price was not the primary attribute. Understanding preferences of distinct consumer clusters will enable manufacturers to target consumers and make more appealing bacon. Adaptive Choice‐Based Conjoint (ACBC) is a research technique that allows consumers to react to assembled products and identify product attributes that they prefer. Kano questions allow researchers to look at the individual aspects of a product and understand consumer sentiment and expectations towards those product qualities while Maximum Difference scaling allows consumers to directly rank single attributes of a product relative to one another. A combination of these 3 approaches can provide key understandings on consumer perception of retail bacon allowing companies to optimize and maximize their development and advertising resources.
Total Neoadjuvant Therapy With FOLFIRINOX Followed by Individualized Chemoradiotherapy for Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial

Importance Patients with borderline-resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma have historically poor outcomes with surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Evaluation of a total neoadjuvant approach with highly active therapy is warranted. Objective To evaluate the margin-negative (R0) resection rate in borderline-resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma after neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX (fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin) therapy and individualized chemoradiotherapy. Design, Setting, and Participants A single-arm, phase 2 clinical trial was conducted at a large academic hospital with expertise in pancreatic surgery from August 3, 2012, through August 31, 2016, among 48 patients with newly diagnosed, previously untreated, localized pancreatic cancer determined to be borderline resectable by multidisciplinary review, who had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 or 1 and adequate hematologic, renal, and hepatic function. Median follow-up for the analysis was 18.0 months among the 30 patients still alive at study completion. Interventions Patients received FOLFIRINOX for 8 cycles. Upon restaging, patients with resolution of vascular involvement received short-course chemoradiotherapy (5 Gy × 5 with protons) with capecitabine. Patients with persistent vascular involvement received long-course chemoradiotherapy with fluorouracil or capecitabine. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was R0 resection rate; secondary outcomes were median progression-free survival (PFS) and median overall survival (OS). Results Of the 48 eligible patients, 27 were men and 21 were women, with a median age of 62 years (range, 46-74 years). Of the 43 patients who planned to receive 8 preoperative cycles of chemotherapy, 34 (79%) were able to complete all cycles. Twenty-seven patients (56%) had short-course chemoradiotherapy, while 17 patients (35%) had long-course chemoradiotherapy. R0 resection was achieved in 31 of the 48 eligible patients (65%; 95% CI, 49%-78%). Among the 32 patients who underwent resection, the R0 resection rate was 97% (n = 31). Median PFS among all eligible patients was 14.7 months (95% CI, 10.5 to not reached), with 2-year PFS of 43%; median OS was 37.7 months (95% CI, 19.4 to not reached), with 2-year OS of 56%. Among patients who underwent resection, median PFS was 48.6 months (95% CI, 14.4 to not reached) and median OS has not been reached, with a 2-year PFS of 55% and a 2-year OS of 72%. Conclusions and Relevance Preoperative FOLFIRINOX followed by individualized chemoradiotherapy in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer results in high rates of R0 resection and prolonged median PFS and median OS, supporting ongoing phase 3 trials. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT01591733
Trusted Design in FPGAs

Reconfigurable hardware is by far the most dominant implementation platform in terms of the number of designs per year. During the past decade, security has emerged as a premier design metrics with an ever increasing scope. Our objective is to identify and survey the most important issues related to FPGA security. Instead of insisting on comprehensiveness, we focus on a number of techniques that have the highest potential for conceptual breakthroughs or for the practical widespread adoption. Our emphasis is on security primitives (PUFs and TRNGs), analysis of potential vulnerabilities of FPGA synthesis flow, digital rights management, and FPGA-based applied algorithmic cryptography. We also discuss the most popular and a selection of recent research directions related to FPGA-based security platforms. Specifically, we identify and discuss a number of classical and emerging exciting FPGA-based security research and development directions.
Near-infrared imaging of demineralization on the occlusal surfaces of teeth without the interference of stains.

Most new caries lesions are found in the pits and fissures of the occlusal surface. Radiographs have extremely low sensitivity for early occlusal decay, and by the time the lesion is severe enough to appear on a radiograph, it typically has penetrated well into the dentin and surgical intervention is required. The occlusal surfaces are often heavily stained, and visual and tactile detection have poor sensitivity and specificity. Previous near-infrared imaging studies at wavelengths beyond 1300 nm have demonstrated that stains are not visible and demineralization on the occlusal surfaces can be viewed without interference from stains. The objective of our study is to determine how the contrast between sound and lesion areas on occlusal surfaces varies with wavelength from the visible to 2350 nm and determine to what degree stains interfere with that contrast. The lesion contrast for reflectance is measured in 55 extracted teeth with suspected occlusal lesions from 400 to 2350 nm employing silicon and indium gallium arsenide imaging arrays. In addition, the lesion contrast is measured on 25 extracted teeth with suspected occlusal lesions from 400 to 1600 nm in reflectance and from 830 to 1400 nm in transillumination before and after stains are removed using a ultrasonic scaler. The highest lesion contrast in reflectance is measured at wavelengths >1700 nm. Stains interfere significantly at wavelengths 1700 nm for reflectance (1700 to 2350 nm) and near 1300 nm (1250 to 1350 nm) for transillumination.
Mitochondria Bound to Lipid Droplets: Where Mitochondrial Dynamics Regulate Lipid Storage and Utilization.

The isolation and biochemical characterization of lipid droplet (LD)-associated mitochondria revealed the capacity of the cell to produce and maintain distinct mitochondrial populations carrying disparate proteome and dissimilar capacities to oxidize fatty acids and pyruvate. With mitochondrial motility being a central parameter determining mitochondrial fusion, adherence to LDs provides a mechanism by which peridroplet mitochondria (PDM) remain segregated from cytoplasmic mitochondria (CM). The existence of metabolically distinct subpopulations provides an explanation for the capacity of mitochondria within the individual cell to be involved simultaneously in fatty acid oxidation and LD formation. The mechanisms that deploy mitochondria to the LD and the dysfunctions that result from unbalanced proportions of PDM and CM remain to be explored. Understanding the roles and regulation of mitochondrial tethering to LDs offers new points of intervention in metabolic diseases.