cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Composite sequential grafts in severe ischemia: A comparative study

Abstract From October 1978 to June 1983, 64 sequential bypass grafts were performed in 59 patients with limb-threatening ischemia. These patients were classified into three study groups as follows: reversed saphenous vein graft alone (12), composite sequential (proximal polytetrafluoroethylene [PTFE] and distal vein) graft (30), and PTFE graft in entirety (22). Graft patency was confirmed in all cases by serial Doppler ankle pressure measurements or by angiography. Cumulative life-table patency rates were then compared over a period of 27 months. The patency rates for composite sequential grafts using a distal short segment of vein were statistically indistinguishable from those for bypasses performed entirely with saphenous vein. These yielded a patency rate of 80% at 1 and 2 years. In contrast, the 1- and 2-year patency rates of the PTFE sequential grafts were 52% and 47%, respectively (p
Sub-picosecond FEL micropulse length and electron bunch measurements

Abstract Recently, transform limited optical micropulses with lengths of less than 600 fs FWHM have been produced at the Stanford Picosecond Free Electron Laser (FEL) Center. These sub-picosecond FEL optical pulses are important for many types of experiments, especially those investigating fast kinematic processes. In an effort to understand the details of short optical micropulse production, we have made measurements of the electron beam's micropulse structure with sub-picosecond resolution using a newly constructed electron beam diagnostic which uses transition radiation.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Youth

In the United States, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in children and adolescents has been increasing at an alarming rate. Early recognition and intervention can delay the onset of type 2 DM and prevent the long-term complications. School nurses have an essential role in implementing the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommended screening guidelines to identify youth at high risk for type 2 DM and in implementing student health programs that focus positively on the importance of physical activity and healthy eating habits. The purpose of this article is to present an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, complications, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as the recommended screening guidelines for type 2 DM in the pediatric age group. The information provided will enhance awareness, promote screening, and empower the school nurse to more effectively promote healthy lifestyle education.
Discordance between morphological and molecular species boundaries among Caribbean species of the reef sponge Callyspongia

Sponges are among the most species-rich and ecologically important taxa on coral reefs, yet documenting their diversity is difficult due to the simplicity and plasticity of their morphological characters. Genetic attempts to identify species are hampered by the slow rate of mitochondrial sequence evolution characteristic of sponges and some other basal metazoans. Here we determine species boundaries of the Caribbean coral reef sponge genus Callyspongia using a multilocus, model-based approach. Based on sequence data from one mitochondrial (COI), one ribosomal (28S), and two single-copy nuclear protein-coding genes, we found evolutionarily distinct lineages were not concordant with current species designations in Callyspongia. While C. fallax, C. tenerrima, and C. plicifera were reciprocally monophyletic, four taxa with different morphologies (C. armigera, C. longissima, C. eschrichtii, and C. vaginalis) formed a monophyletic group and genetic distances among these taxa overlapped distances within them. A model-based method of species delimitation supported collapsing these four into a single evolutionary lineage. Variation in spicule size among these four taxa was partitioned geographically, not by current species designations, indicating that in Callyspongia, these key taxonomic characters are poor indicators of genetic differentiation. Taken together, our results suggest a complex relationship between morphology and species boundaries in sponges.
A Six-Pulse PASS MAS-NMR Technique Solved by a Phasor Method

The PASS MAS-NMR technique is capable of recovering full intensities of the central resonances of a spectrum by phase adjusting the spinning sidebands. This variant of the original PASS sequence by Dixon uses six pi pulses instead of four. The addition of two pi pulses provides more flexibility in choosing the spacing between pulses and therefore eliminates pulse overlap and receiver dead-time problems. The nonlinear, underdetermined PASS equations were solved using a graphical phasor method. All PASS sequences were successfully tested. A table of the six pulse delay times for different pitches is presented. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
A five-to seven-year experience with externally-supported Dacron prostheses in axillofemoral and femoropopliteal bypass

We have examined the clinical results of 56 externally-supported (EXS) Dacron grafts in the axillofemoral position and 117 in the femoropopliteal position. Results have been analyzed from two perspectives: primary patency concerns only those grafts that had never occluded; extended patency refers to all open grafts including those whose continued patency is the result of thrombectomy. The 5-to 7-year life-table patency rates are: axillofemoral 8 mm and 6 mm bypass: primary 75% and extended 97%; above-knee femoropopliteal 6 mm bypass: primary 78% and extended 93%; below-knee 6 mm femoropopliteal bypass: primary 41% and extended 91%. In contrast, the results for the 5 mm grafts used for femoropopliteal bypass were inferior to the 6 mm grafts: femoropopliteal 5 mm bypasses had an above-knee primary patency rate of 44% and an extended rate of 55%, with a below-knee primary patency rate of 15% and an extended rate of 32%. Rendering the noncrimped porous Dacron prosthesis kink and compression resistant by an external support coil appears to increase its potential for successful use, especially in 8 mm axillofemoral and 6 mm femoropopliteal bypasses.
Deep-center photoluminescence in undoped semi-insulating GaAs: 0.68 eV band due to the main deep donor

Abstract The 0.68 eV photoluminescence band present in undoped semi-insulating GaAs crystals has been studied with the change of temperature. It is shown that the 0.68 eV band is due to the radiative transition involving a main deep donor and the valence band. The origin of the donor is of an intrinsic origin and may involve an As antisite defect. It is found that the donor level does not change in energy with respect ot the valence band at T = 4–300 K. The donor level is found to be at 0.73 eV from the conduction band at T = 4 K.
Advances in the analysis of surfaces of biomedical interest

Materials used in biomedical applications often function based upon their surface properties. Thus, understanding their surfaces is critical to the design and engineering of new biomaterials and medical devices. Modern surface analysis tools have been developed largely around the needs for the microelectronics and petrochemicals industries, where durable, inorganic surfaces are studied. This paper examines how surface analysis methods can be applied to biomaterials which are typically hydrated and fragile. In particular, vacuum compatibility, sample damage, the aqueous/solid interface; spatial information, buried interfaces, chemical complexity and correlation with bioreactivity will be addressed.
Selective electrorefining with liquid membranes

Liquid membranes containing macrocyclic polyethers can be used to electrorefine metals. This purification depends on the selective reaction of the polyether and the metal cation to produce a charged product. The amount of this product is found to be proportional to the square root of the amount of polyester present. Results for silver and copper purification illustrate the ideas involved.
Focal boundary value problems for singular difference equations

Abstract Solutions are shown to exist for the boundary value problem Δ n u( m ) + f ( m , u , Δ u , ..., Δ n −2 u ) = 0, m ∈ “0, ..., T ”, satisfying focal boundary conditions, where f ( m , y 1 , ..., y n−1 ) is singular at y i = 0, 1 ≤ i ≤ n . The techniques involve concavity properties, iterations, and a fixed point theorem for mappings which are decreasing with respect to a cone in a Banach space.
Time-Domain Signal Processing Via Four-Wave Mixing In Nonlinear Delay Lines

The use of nonlinear optical techniques for the temporal processing of information encoded as envelopes on electromagnetic fields is discussed. Applications using these all-optical interactions in the areas of signal processing, radar, and communication systems are considered and compared with existing approaches.
Clinical Psychology in Academic Departments

This article discusses issues and future directions for clinical psychology in academic departments of psychology. Psychology continues to be the most popular undergraduate major and departments must better prepare them for graduate study. Budget constraints continue to impact departments, resulting in challenges such as decreasing numbers of faculty, increasing dependence on external grant funds, and accompanying distortion of the reward system for faculty contributions. Increasing specialization in clinical psychology will require difficult choices. Increasing emphasis on multidisciplinary study presents both opportunities and challenges for traditional departments of psychology. The emergence of neuroscience is having a great impact and the integration of psychology and neuroscience will be a significant issue facing clinical programs. Despite challenges, academic clinical psychology can be expected to remain resilient in the face of change.
Principles and applications of ion-exclusion chromatography

Abstract Ion-exclusion chromatography is a relatively old technique that has been attracting increased attention. It is particularly useful for separating hydrophilic molecular species from one another and from large amounts of ionic materials. The basic principles and methodology of ion-exclusion chromatography are presented and illustrated with typical examples. Several recent developments in ion-exclusion chromatography are disscussed. These include methods for the enhancement of conductivity detection of weakly ionized substances and a new method for the chromatographic separation and detection of water.
Fatigue performance evaluation of selective laser melted Ti–6Al–4V

Abstract Additive Manufacturing of titanium components holds promise to deliver benefits such as reduced cost, weight and carbon emissions during both manufacture and use. To capitalize on these benefits, it must be shown that the mechanical performance of parts produced by Additive Manufacturing can meet design requirements that are typically based on wrought material performance properties. Of particular concern for safety critical structures are the fatigue properties of parts produced by Additive Manufacturing. This research evaluates the fatigue properties of Ti–6Al–4V specimens produced by the Selective Laser Melting additive manufacturing process. It was found that the fatigue life is significantly lower compared to wrought material. This reduction in fatigue performance was attributed to a variety of issues, such as microstructure, porosity, surface finish and residual stress. There was also found to be a high degree of anisotropy in the fatigue performance associated with the specimen build orientation.
Arteriotomy closure device application following percutaneous coronary intervention may prevent bleeding complications in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract The current study was performed to determine whether application of arteriotomy closure devices (ACDs) affect bleeding complications as compared to manual compression in patients with ST-elevated acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) who undergo primary or rescue percutaneous intervention (PCI). 314 consecutive cases of STEMI treated with PCI were retrospectively evaluated. Overall, 82.8% of patients received ACDs with total bleeding rate of 4.2% vs. 11.1% in patients who had manual compression, p =0.042. This difference in bleeding rates did not correlate with any clinical characteristic or utilization of GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors. Accordingly, ACDs can improve the acute results of PCI in STEMI patients.
Declarative techniques for model-driven business process integration

Business process integration and automation are among the most significant factors driving the information technology industry today. In addressing the manifold technology challenges of integration and automation, new standardization efforts aim at improving the interoperability of businesses by moving toward a declarative specification of business processes, that is, one which describes what a business process does and not how it is implemented. At the same time, Model Driven Architecture® focuses on improving the software-engineering methods with which business process solutions are implemented by separating the business or application logic from the underlying platform technology and representing this logic with precise semantic models. In this paper, we present an approach to the model-driven generation of programs in the Business Process Execution Language for Web Services (BPEL4WS), which transforms a graphically represented control-flow model into executable code by using techniques that originated in compiler theory. We discuss the underlying algorithms as well as general questions concerning the representation and analysis of model transformations. We study a declarative representation of transformation rules, where preconditions and postconditions are represented in the Object Constraint Language. By adopting a declarative approach, we pave the way for future automatic consistency checking of transformation rules and bidirectional reconciliation of evolving models.
Significant Improvement in Regional Recurrence in Young Patients with Breast Cancer Treated with Comprehensive Nodal Irradiation

Materials/Methods: Clinicopathologic data from 438 patients with early breast cancer (clinical stage: 20 T1N0, 124 T2N0, 60 T1N1, 234 T2N1) who received NeoChemo and Mastx from 1985 to 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. In this cohort, 257 (58.7%) patients received adjuvant radiation (RT) while 181 (41.3%) patients did not. The median number of axillary lymph nodes (LN) dissected was 15. The number of pathologically involved lymph nodes (pLN+) was zero pLN+ in 33.8% of patients, 1-3 pLN+ in 42.2%, and $4 pLN+ in 24%. For clinical N0 (cN0) patients, 47.2% had $1 pLN+ after NeoChemo. For cN1 patients, 24.5%had0pLN+afterNeoChemo.ActuarialrateswerecalculatedusingKaplan-Meiermethodandcomparedusinglog-ranktest. Results: With a median follow-up of 66.3 months, there were 17 LRR in the 438 patients. The 5-year local-regional control (5-yr LRC) and overall survival was 96.1% and 87.7%, respectively. Overall, the patients who received RT had worse tumor features includinghigherproportionsofcN1,LVSI,and $4pLN+comparedtothosewithnoRT(allp\0.003,chi-square).The5-yrLRCfor patientswithnoRTwas96.6%andwithRTwas95.7%(p=0.55).Amongthe80T1/T2patientswithcN1whodidnotreceivepostmastectomy RT, the 5-yr LRC was 100% for those who converted to 0 pLN+, 95.3% for those with 1-3 pLN+,and 75.0% for those with $4pLN+(p= 0.049).Inthetotalcohortofpatientswhodidnotreceive RT(n= 181),thosewithpathologically $4pLN+had the worst 5-yr LRC (0 pLN+ 99.0%, 1-3 pLN+ 94.6%, $4 pLN+ 80.0%, p = 0.034). The presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVSI)wasalsoassociatedwithworse5-yrLRC(LVSI98.0%vs+LVSI84.6%,p=0.006).Patientswith $4pLN+whoreceived RThadanon-statisticalimprovementin5-yrLRCcomparedtothosewithnoRT(NoRT80.0%vs+RT95.5%,p=0.12).Asimilar trend for improved 5-yr LRC was observed for patients with LVSI who received RT (No RT 84.6% vs +RT 97.7%, p = 0.074). Conclusions: Patients with clinical stage T1-2/N0-N1 breast cancer appear to have low risks of recurrence after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and mastectomy, with the exception of those with +LVSI or $4 pLN+. These data warrant a prospective clinical trial to more formally test whether radiation can be avoided in selected patients with stage II breast cancer treated with NeoChemo and Mastx.
Detection of Listeria Monocytogenes by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Listeria monocytogenes is detected by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using a mouse monoclonal antibody immobilized onto an Au electrode. This yields sensitivities of 0.825 kΩ cm2/(CFU/mL) and 1.129 kΩ cm2/(CFU/mL) and detection limits of 5 CFU/mL and 4 CFU/mL for ideal solutions and filtered tomato extract, respectively. Control experiments with an Au electrode onto which a mouse monoclonal antibody to GAPDH is immobilized demonstrate that non-specific adsorption is insignificant for the system and methodology studied here. Control experiments with Salmonella enterica demonstrate no cross-reactivity to this food pathogen. Potential technological hurdles to development of a multiplexed impedance biosensor for food pathogens are also discussed.
Reflections on Well-Child Care Practice: A National Study of Pediatric Clinicians

Objective To assess perspectives about the practice of well-child care among pediatric clinicians, especially in the areas of child development and behavior. Methods Thirty-one focus groups (282 pediatricians and 41 pediatric nurse practitioners) in 13 cities addressed current practices, priorities used to determine content of well-child care visits, and changes to improve visit quality and outcomes. Results Although most clinicians were positive about their practice of well-child care, they reported areas of concern and suggested ideas for improvements. Establishing a therapeutic relationship and individualizing care were viewed as significant contributions to quality of care. Participants agreed about the importance of eliciting parent concerns as the first priority for all well-child care visits. Community resources outside the office setting were seen as both a major influence on and, in some communities, a limitation to pediatric care. The challenges of early recognition of developmental and behavior problems through standardized questionnaires and effective interviewing were viewed as a priority to improve pediatric effectiveness in monitoring and treatment. To enhance primary care practices in developmental and behavioral pediatrics, participants suggested innovations in practice organization, community linkages, information technology, and integration of existing innovative programs. Education for pediatricians and enhanced resident training in developmental and behavioral pediatrics were endorsed. Conclusions Pediatric clinicians' support a vision of preventive care that is comprehensive, family centered, and developmentally relevant, both for children with greater risk to long-term healthy development and for families with more normative child-rearing concerns.
Fos expression in pontomedullary catecholaminergic cells following rapid eye movement sleep-like episodes elicited by pontine carbachol in urethane-anesthetized rats

Pontine noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) and sub-coeruleus (SubC) region cease firing during rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). This plays a permissive role in the generation of REMS and may contribute to state-dependent modulation of transmission in the CNS. Whether all pontomedullary catecholaminergic neurons, including those in the A1/C1, A2/C2 and A7 groups, have REMS-related suppression of activity has not been tested. We used Fos protein expression as an indirect marker of the level of neuronal activity and linear regression analysis to determine whether pontomedullary cells identified by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry have reduced Fos expression following REMS-like state induced by pontine microinjections of a cholinergic agonist, carbachol in urethane-anesthetized rats. The percentage of Fos-positive TH cells was negatively correlated with the cumulative duration of REMS-like episodes induced during 140 min prior to brain harvesting in the A7 and rostral A5 groups bilaterally (P<0.01 for both), and in SubC neurons on the side opposite to carbachol injection (P<0.05). Dorsal medullary A2/C2 neurons did not exhibit such correlation, but their Fos expression (and that in A7, rostral A5 and SubC neurons) was positively correlated with the duration of the interval between the last REMS-like episode and the time of perfusion (P<0.05). In contrast, neither of these correlations was significant for A1/C1 or caudal A5 neurons. These findings suggest that, similar to the prototypic LC neurons, neurons of the A7, rostral A5 and A2/C2 groups have reduced or abolished activity during REMS, whereas A1/C1 and caudal A5 neurons do not have this feature. The reduced activity of A2/C2, A5 and A7 neurons during REMS, and the associated decrements in norepinephrine release, may cause state-dependent modulation of transmission in brain somato- and viscerosensory, somatomotor, and cardiorespiratory pathways.
The role of seasonal turnover in lake alkalinity dynamics

.4bstract Elemental cycles and alkalinity (Alk) production and consumption were studied in sediments from two ponds (Mares and Gull) in coastal New England. Intact cores were incubated in the laboratory and manipulated to simulate water-column anoxia during stratification and oxygenation during turnover. Reactions with S dominated Alk budgets in Mares Pond, whereas in Gull Pond reactions with N contributed most to Alk change. In Mares Pond, control cores held anoxically produced Alk at an average rate of 2.66&0.59 (SE, N = 3) meq m-2 d-‘, mostly due to SOd2reduction. This rate was similar to calculations from hypolimnetic monitoring in the pond during summer stratification. In cores from Mares Pond where the water column was aerated to simulate turnover, the reoxidation of S (1.3 meq SOd2- mm2 d-l) contributed most to consumption of Alk (3..5 meq rn. 2 d-l); half of all Alk lost during the 40-d experiment was consumed in the first 4 d of turnover. In aerated cores from Gull Pond, Alk consumption (4.2 meq m-2 d-l) was driven mostly by nitrification (2.8 meq m-2 d-l). High rates of Alk consumption observed in oxidized cores illustrate the potential for rapid Alk loss during seasonal turnover. Pore-water profiles of SOd2- and Alk suggest that sulfide oxidation was strongest in the top 1 cm of sediment and reached to a depth of 3-4 cm. Oxidation occurred rapidly in response to turnover, aad although H,S may have been oxidized initially, the oxidation of solid-phase species dominated after 1 or 2 d. An isotopic mass balance of S in two turnover cores showed that from 30 to 70% of the oxidized S originated as inorganic rather than organic S.
The Treatment of Heroin Addiction: Naltrexone Alone and with Behavior Therapy

Recently, narcotic antagonists (drugs which block the euphoric effects of opiates) and behavior therapy have both been proposed as possible treatments for heroin addiction. In the present study the effectiveness of one particular antagonist, naltrexone, was examined under two conditions: (1) when administered alone, and (2) when administered in conjunction with behavior therapy. Measures of treatment effect included number of days on naltrexone, number of weeks in the program, reported side effects, and number of dirty urines in each treatment. While data initially indicated a superiority of the combined treatment program, this superiority faded over time. Results are discussed in terms of program start-up effects (especially when using experimental drugs), terms of process versus outcome measurement, and in terms of societal pressure operating against the success of heroin treatment in minority populations with poor job skills.
Fast handover scheme based on enhanced access point (EAP) for Mobile IPv6

Mobile IPv6 has been proposed to support host mobility in the Internet, yet during a handover Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) suffers from packet disruption and packet loss. Furthermore, inherent delays associated with movement detection are unavoidable in standard MIPv6. In this paper, we propose to mitigate such effects with a more efficient fast neighbor discovery routine which requires each access point to execute movement detection using an enhanced beacon signal with stored router advertisement (RA) messages; we also implement a modified access point to handle fast configuration of the care-of address (CoA). Performance analysis indicates the handover latency in the proposed scheme could be reduced compared to standard MIPv6. The proposed scheme is also a strong candidate to support real-time application like VoIP.
Immersive electronic books for surgical training

Immersive electronic books (IEBooks) for surgical training will let surgeons explore previous surgical procedures in 3D. The authors describe the techniques and tools for creating a preliminary IEBook, embodying some of the basic concepts.
Space Research in Relation to the Moon and the Nearer Planets

Whenever new methods of research become available, I am convinced they should be used. It seems to me impossible to argue beforehand about the value of the result, when one does not know what will be found. For finding out new things, opportunism and not directed effort is the only possibility. By opportunism I mean that one looks wherever one can, even if one is not really clear about the purpose. The great discoveries of space research will almost certainly not be just the precise measurement of some quantities that can already be inferred approximately from the ground, but will be the discoveries of totally new things about which at the moment we have no conception. This makes it impossible to draw up any reasonable budget of cost and value of space research.
Widespread elevated atmospheric SF6 mixing ratios in the Northeastern United States: Implications for groundwater dating

Summary SF 6 is a promising transient tracer for groundwater dating, but elevated levels of atmospheric SF 6 may limit application of this dating method in urban areas. To determine the magnitude of this limitation within the United States (US), this study derives average atmospheric SF 6 mixing ratios from soil air measurements from five major urban areas. All surveyed sites showed SF 6 elevated above Northern Hemisphere clean air levels. In many cases, SF 6 mixing ratios were highest within large cities, but significantly elevated levels persisted hundreds of kilometers beyond the urban centers. Estimated SF 6 emissions from New York city were anomalously large, resulting in average levels over 200% above remote atmosphere values. Emissions from other urban areas included in this study appear to be typical for large cities in the US and maximum observed elevations of SF 6, in these areas, were in the range of 50–100%. These findings imply that caution is needed in choosing an atmospheric input function when using SF 6 as a transient tracer within or near urbanized regions. Within the Northeast US, the assumption of remote atmospheric SF 6 may lead to significant errors in estimation of groundwater ages, especially in the case of an expected future flattening of the atmospheric mixing ratio curve.
Integrating physiology across scales and formalizing hypothesis exploration with agent-based modeling

Physiology : def: a branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter (as organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved - compare anatomy .—Merriam-Webster Online it
Human Gait Recognition

The reliable extraction of characteristic gait features from image sequences and their recognition are two important issues in gait recognition. In this paper, we propose a novel 2-step, model-based approach to gait recognition by employing a 5-link biped locomotion human model. We first extract the gait features from image sequences using the Metropolis-Hasting method. Hidden Markov Models are then trained based on the frequencies of these feature trajectories, from which recognition is performed. As it is entirely based on human gait, our approach is robust to different type of clothes the subjects wear. The model-based gait feature extraction step is insensitive to noise, cluttered background or even moving background. Furthermore, this approach also minimizes the size of the data required for recognition compared to model-free algorithms. We applied our method to both the USF Gait Challenge data-set and CMU MoBo data-set, and achieved recognition rate of 61% and 96%, respectively. The results suggest that the recognition rate is significantly limited by the distance of the subject to the camera.
The Supreme Court’s Decision in Stern v. Marshall: Analysis & Implications

This paper discusses the Supreme Court’s June 23, 2011 decision in Stern v. Marshall, on bankruptcy court jurisdiction, in which the Court held: (1) that all core proceedings (including all counterclaims filed against creditors who have filed claims) arise under title 11 or arise in the case under title 11, with none being merely “related to” proceedings; (2) that 28 U.S.C. § 157 must be interpreted to grant jurisdiction to bankruptcy judges to enter final judgments on all counterclaims filed against creditors who have filed claims, with all such counterclaims being core proceedings; and (3) that Article III of the Constitution prohibits bankruptcy judges from entering final judgments on some counterclaims, even where the creditors have filed claims in the bankruptcy case.The paper explains that the Court’s decision, though perhaps modest in direct effect, fails to lay to rest continued questions about the possible vulnerability of the entire system of bankruptcy court jurisdiction. The paper also explains the circumstances under which bankruptcy courts have jurisdiction to enter final judgments on counterclaims. It discusses the rationales for the distinctions made by the Court, including issues of public rights, res judicata, and consent to jurisdiction.
Statistical correlation of gain and buildup time in APDs and its effects on receiver performance

This paper reports a novel recurrence theory that enables us to calculate the exact joint probability density function (pdf) of the random gain and the random avalanche buildup time in avalanche photodiodes (APDs) including the effect of dead space. Such calculations reveal a strong statistical correlation between the gain and the buildup time for all widths of the multiplication region. To facilitate the calculation of the photocurrent statistics in the presence of this correlation, the impulse-response function of the APD is approximately modeled by a function of time whose prespecified shape is appropriately parameterized by two random variables: the gain and the buildup time. The evaluation of the variance of the photocurrent under this model leads to the definition of the shot-noise-equivalent bandwidth of the APD, which captures the statistical correlation between the gain and the buildup time. It is shown that the shot-noise-equivalent bandwidth in GaAs APDs is greater, by approximately 30%, than the traditional buildup-time-limited 3-dB bandwidth, which is calculated from the mean of the impulse-response function. A thorough analysis of the performance of APD-based integrate-and-dump digital receivers reveals that the strong correlation between the gain and the buildup time accentuates intersymbol interference (ISI) noise, and thus, adversely affects receiver sensitivity at high transmission rates beyond previously known limits.
Survival of Acanthamoeba Cysts after Desiccation for More than 20 Years

Acanthamoeba is a free-living ameba that is found throughout the world and that causes encephalitis, keratitis, and cutaneous infections in humans. It has two stages in its life cycle: a trophic stage and a resistant cyst stage. We describe here the ability of Acanthamoeba cysts to survive desiccation for more than 20 years.
Statistical properties of precipitation as observed by the TRMM precipitation radar

The statistical properties of tropic-subtropic precipitation are revealed with 13 years of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) measurements. About 3% of PR observations are raining pixels. The average daily rainfall over 37.5°N–37.5°S is 1.28, 1.18, and 2.46 mm d−1 for convective, stratiform, and total rain, respectively, indicating 51.85% from convective rain and 48.09% from stratiform rain. The related values are 1.300, 1.272, and 2.573 mm d−1 over ocean and 1.22, 0.97, and 2.19 mm d−1 over land, indicating a convective rain fraction of 50.51% over ocean and 55.77% over land. The 92% (93%) and 73% (55%) of rain events over ocean (land) are from stratiform and convective rain <5 mm h−1, respectively, while the associated rainfall contributions in stratiform and convective rain are 62% (68%) and 27% (15%) over ocean (land). Results demonstrate that contributions from large rain intensity events are very importation in total precipitation, especially over land. The rainfall missed by TRMM PR is mostly light rain and does not significantly impact large-scale statistics of convective and stratiform rain amount. Light rain will increase the total precipitation by about 10% and, if considered a separate category, decrease the observed convective and stratiform rain contributions about 10% over the PR domain. These statistical properties of precipitation could be utilized as a baseline in the assessment of precipitation from operational numerical weather prediction and climate models.
Hyperoxia Increases Active Alveolar Na+ Resorption in Vivo and Type II Cell Na, K-ATPase in Vitro

Chest O. Douglas Wangensteen and David H. Ingbar Ethan P. Carter, Sara E. Duvick, Christine H. Wendt, Jordan Dunitz, Linda Nici, in Vitro Resorption in Vivo and Type II Cell Na, K-ATPase + Hyperoxia Increases Active Alveolar Na http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/105/3_Supplement/75S.citation can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights of been published monthly since 1935. Copyright1994by the American College is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It has Chest
High-Throughput LDPC Decoders Using A Multiple Split-Row Method

We propose the "multi-split-row'" LDPC decoding method which allows further reductions in routing complexity, greater throughput, and smaller circuit area implementations compared to the previously proposed split-row decoding method. Multi-split-row is especially useful for regular high row weight LDPC codes. A 2048-bit full parallel decoder is implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology using standard MinSum, split-row-2 and split-row-4 methods. The split-row-4 decoder delivers 7.1 Gbps throughput with 15 decoding iterations, and has 3.2 times smaller circuit area and 5.2 times higher throughput than the standard MinSum decoder.
Pair distribution functions in small systems: implications for protein structure analysis.

A general formula is derived for the relation between the pair correlation function and the histogram of interparticle distances in small nonuniform systems. The formula is applied to random packings of spheres in a spherical container, which are generated by a Monte Carlo method. When measured properly, the resultant correlation functions are very similar to ones in bulk systems with the same volume fraction of particles. In contrast, the density is very nonuniform as a function of distance from the center of the container. The variation is an order of magnitude for the number density of particle centers, or several fold for the occupied volume fraction. It is described how these results can be used to analyze the forces that determine protein structure.
Early Diagenetic Alteration of Lateritic Particle Coatings in Amazon Continental Shelf Sediment

ABSTRACT Intense chemical weathering in the tropical Amazon River basin strips crustal material of alkali and alkaline earth metals, leaving a residue composed predominantly of oxyhydroxides of Fe, hydroxides of Al, and cation poor clays. This lateritic residue often coats soil particles. Within the marine environment, lateritic particle coatings on sand undergo, or have the capacity to undergo, rapid reaction and mineralogical alteration: 1) at least 20% of Fe in coatings can be readily liberated during short term incubation in anoxic sediment; 2) coatings change color from red/white to green/yellow during burial (implying Fe3+ Fe2+); 3) average Mg cation content of coatings increases (net addition) from 1.85% near the Amazon's mouth to 4.76% 120 km from the mouth (or with burial); 4) a narrowing of the measured range and a slight increase of Si/Al occurs near-mouth to offshore; 5) Mg-Fe-Al layer silicates are probably forming by transformation of kaolinite, or other cation stripped material of similar composition, in coatings. Mg uptake by lateritic particle coating reactions (assuming comparable involvement of all particle sizes) could account for up to 67% of the Mg discharged in solution by the Amazon River. Evidence for Mg-Fe-Al layer silicate formation supports the hypothesis that ancient ironstone minerals formed in some cases by direct alteration of lateritic material.
Leakage Biased pMOS Sleep Switch Dynamic Circuits

In this brief, a low-overhead circuit technique is proposed to simultaneously reduce subthreshold and gate-oxide leakage currents in domino logic circuits. pMOS sleep transistors and a dual threshold voltage CMOS technology are utilized to place an idle domino logic circuit into a low leakage state. A sleep transistor added to the dynamic node strongly turns off all of the high threshold voltage transistors. Similarly, a sleep switch added to the output inverter exploits the initially high subthreshold and gate-oxide leakage currents for placing a circuit into an ultimately low leakage state. The proposed circuit technique lowers the total leakage power by 56.1% to 97.6% as compared to standard dual threshold voltage domino logic circuits. Similarly, a 4.6% to 50.6% reduction in total leakage power is observed as compared to a previously published sleep switch scheme in a 45-nm CMOS technology
A flash-based non-uniform sampling ADC enabling digital anti-aliasing filter in 65nm CMOS

This paper introduces a different class of ADC architecture that non-uniformly samples the analog input but generates uniform digital output. The proposed non-uniform sampling ADC utilizes 4-bit voltage quantizer and time quantizer with 10 ps accuracy. Combined with the proposed digital anti-aliasing filter, it improves SNR by nearly 30 dB in comparison with a conventional 4-bit uniform sampling ADC. Furthermore, the unwanted blocker signal can be attenuated within this non-uniform sampling ADC architecture without an analog anti-aliasing filter. As a proof of concept, the ADC prototype in 65nm CMOS measures EVM of −27 dB for a 16-QAM input signal under 50-dB higher blocker.
Cell Fusion and Terminal Differentiation in Myogenic Cell Cultures

As this is the last paper in the workshop, an attempt will be made to provide some summary of current work dealing with the regulation of growth and development of skeletal muscle in culture. It should be clear from the earlier presentations that muscle cells growing in culture offer extremely useful opportunities for studying mechanisms underlying normal and abnormal growth and potentially therefore for studying the process of aging. Embryonic skeletal muscle cells maintain great fidelity to normal development and growth patterns when explanted in to culture conditions. Cross-striated fibers are formed within a period of days and the ultrastructural investigations have revealed that these contractile cells are indistinguishable from muscle fibers found in the animal (1). The muscle fibers in culture will receive functional innervation by nerve cells (2, 3, 4) and studies are underway in several laboratories attempting to relate patterns of electrical impulses to growth responses in terms of specific protein synthesis. If cultured muscle can be caused to hypertrophy, the reverse process of atrophy is also then open to experimental manipulation and definition. Finally, the events of differentiation and growth can be regulated by the experimenter so that great synchrony of terminal differentiation is obtained. The culture system offers therefore the normal patterns of growth and development and, in addition, a synchrony of events not obtainable from studies in situ or in vivo (Fig. 1).
Reduced Balance of System Costs using Lightweight photovoltaics integrated with roofing material membranes

A cost analysis was completed using PVMC's Balance of System Cost Analysis Tool (BOS-CAT) for Lightweight PV (LPV) applications to evaluate mounting installation methods and associated BOS costs of flat membrane commercials roofs. The use of a sacrificial membrane allows for increased speed of module installs by adapting tools and know-how from the roofing industry. Using the BOS-CAT, two integrated modules types were designed (690W and 1.5kW) using commercially available LPV modules. A series of integrated modules were fabricated and installed on PVMC's Prototype Demonstration Facility (PDF) roofing. Installations verified that the approach resulted in greater than a 40% reduction in hardware labor costs.
Spatial modeling of the brain tumor perivascular niche

Glioblastomas are heterogeous in nature, intermingling with a wide range of stromal cells. These cells include vascular cells, microglia, and other cell types that provide a specialized niche for stem-like tumor cells. These interactions result in spatio-temporal dynamics that are not well characterized by population averages. Current mathematical models of cancer, derived at the population level, are not well suited for examining the effects of intercellular signaling with this perivascular niche. Here we propose a multiscale agent-based model of perivascular niche dynamics that links phenomena occurring at the subcellular, cellular, and tissue levels. This model can be used to test hypotheses concerning the role of microenvironmental signals in the maintenance of the brain tumor stem cell population and their effects on therapeutic interventions.
Evaluation of the use of various surfactants in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

Combinaison de la chromatographie liquide micellaire et de l'electrophorese a zones capillaires. Un surfactant est additionne a une phase mobile aqueuse tamponnee a une concentration superieure a la concentration micellaire critique. Une forte tension est appliquee au systeme, et un flux electroosmotique est induit dans la colonne capillaire
Unaffordable Fare: Cost of Public Transportation for Low-Income Commuters Working at Chicago, Illinois, Midway International Airport

For airport employers, ensuring that the many low-income people employed as baggage handlers and retail salespeople, among others, can get to work ensures the continued efficient operations of the airport and the prosperity of the regional economy. However, high and increasing costs coupled with low wages make commutes unaffordable and constrain employees’ ability to get to their jobs. By using a case study of Chicago, Illinois, Midway International Airport, this research measures the extent to which low-income employees commuting to work at the airport by public transportation could afford their commute in 2011. The results of this analysis suggest that the cost of commuting on public transportation is beyond the means of a low-income budget. Furthermore, that fewer low-income commuters take public transportation as its affordability declines suggests that, although the availability and timeliness of public transportation favor low-income commuters compared with all commuters on average, the cost of public transportation may play a role in determining whether low-income commuters choose to work at the airport. These results promote interventions to increase affordability and expand accessibility to public transportation for low-income commuters to the airport.
Effects of adrenalectomy and glucocorticoids on puberty in gilts reared in confinement.

The effect of adrenal function and flumethasone (FM, a synthetic glucocorticoid) on induction of puberty in crossbred gilts raised in confinement was examined in two experiments. In Exp. 1, gilts were adrenalectomized (Adx) or subjected to sham adrenalectomy (Sham) between 140 and 160 d of age. Twenty days later indwelling jugular catheters were implanted in Adx, Sham and another group of intact gilts designated as Controls, and the gilts were moved from confinement to outdoor pens and checked daily for estrus with a mature boar. Fewer (P less than .05) Adx (1/11) than Sham (9/14) gilts showed estrus and ovulated by 205 d of age. Response of Control gilts (6/14) was not different from the other groups. Although Adx gilts received 40 mg cortisone acetate and 10 mg deoxycorticosterone acetate daily throughout the experiment, mean plasma glucocorticoids were lower (P less than .05) in Adx (24 +/- 4.7 ng/ml) than in either Sham (47 +/- 8.1 ng/ml) or Control (44 +/- 6.1 ng/ml) gilts. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine whether FM given to Adx gilts immediately after surgery could have inhibited estrus and ovulation. Intact gilts received a total of 27.5 (FM1) or 17.5 (FM2) mg FM over 4 d between 150 and 160 d of age before relocation and boar exposure 20 d later. Control gilts received no injections. Nine of 13 FM-treated but none of the Control gilts showed estrus. It is concluded from these results that the adrenal glands may facilitate the onset of puberty in gilts through increases in glucocorticoid production, but that this is not required for puberty to occur.