cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current and ongoing progress in the therapy for resectable esophageal cancer.

SUMMARY There have been recent advances in the surgical approach to respectable esophageal cancer. In addition, despite the paucity of level 1 data, regardless of histology (squamous cell or adenocarcinoma), neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy has evolved into a de facto standard of care for resectable disease. Pathologic response rate is a surrogate for a more favorable outcome. In addition, there are a number of molecularly targeted agents that may have clinical utility for these patients. Current clinical trials have been designed with a translational research component to define which patients may benefit from the incorporation of these novel agents alongside standard combined-modality approaches.
The earth's electric charge

Our earth is not a neutral body. It is coated with a layer of negative electricity of such amount that, at the surface, there is an electrical potential gradient of the order of 150 volts per meter. This potential gradient diminishes with altitude until, at an altitude of 10 kilometers, it becomes insignificant compared with its value at the surface. The potential gradient, and so the negative charge on the earth's surface, goes through fairly regular variations throughout the day and throughout the year; variations amounting to 50 per cent or more of its value.
Impact of endoscopic versus open saphenous vein harvest technique on late coronary artery bypass grafting patient outcomes in the ROOBY (Randomized On/Off Bypass) Trial.

Objective In the Randomized On/Off Bypass (ROOBY) Trial, the efficacy of on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting was evaluated. This ROOBY Trial planned subanalysis compared the effects on postbypass patient clinical outcomes and graft patency of endoscopic vein harvesting and open vein harvesting. Methods From April 2003 to April 2007, the technique used for saphenous vein graft harvesting was recorded in 1471 cases. Of these, 894 patients (341 endoscopic harvest and 553 open harvest) also underwent coronary angiography 1 year after coronary artery bypass grafting. Univariate and multivariable analyses were used to compare patient outcomes in the endoscopic and open groups. Results Preoperative patient characteristics were statistically similar between the endoscopic and open groups. Endoscopic vein harvest was used in 38% of the cases. There were no significant differences in both short-term and 1-year composite outcomes between the endoscopic and open groups. For patients with 1-year catheterization follow-up (n = 894), the saphenous vein graft patency rate for the endoscopic group was lower than that in the open harvest group (74.5% vs 85.2%, P P Conclusions In the ROOBY Trial, endoscopic vein harvest was associated with lower 1-year saphenous vein graft patency and higher 1-year revascularization rates, independent of the use of off-pump or on-pump cardiac surgical approach.
Architecture and protocols for LTE-based device to device communication

The evolution of cellular wireless communications has involved the introduction of technologies such as multiple antennas, OFDM, higher spectral efficiency through better modulation, denser deployments and carrier aggregation. A different approach to enhancing the cellular network by using direct communication between UEs is presented in this paper. Direct device-to-device (D2D) communication can be used for several purposes including network traffic offloading, public safety, and social applications such as gaming. The architectural and protocol enhancements required to extend the current 3GPP LTE-Advanced system to incorporate D2D communication are described, including the logical functions of a D2D server in the core network, the procedures for devices to discover each other and obtain D2D services, the steps involved in establishing and maintaining a D2D call and procedures for efficient mobility between a traditional cellular mode and a D2D mode of operation.
The New Media Writer as Cartographer

Abstract With the advent of GPS-enabled mobile writing devices such as smart phones and tablets, writing has become invested with a new power to express place—both through the geo-coding of one's writing location and through the presentation of place-based research on customized digital maps. This essay argues that teachers of writing must learn to accommodate and exploit these new and developing digital modalities while also making students aware of the theoretical and lived implications of digital cartographies. The essay first reviews several digital mapping projects that force their users to reconsider standard notions of place and indexicality. The essay then outlines a curriculum for teaching digital mapping in a composition-rhetoric course and presents successful examples of student work.
Fluorescent product formation and changes in structure of DNA reacted with peroxidizing arachidonic acid.

Calf thymus DNA was reacted with peroxidizing arachidonic acid at 37 C for 76 hr. Fluorescent DNA products increased with reaction time. These products had characteristic fluorescence spectra with maximum excitation at 315 nm and maximum fluorescence at 420 nm. Structural changes occurred in the DNA reacted with peroxidizing arachidonic acid, as observed by decreased melting point, decreased hyperchromicity, partial resistance to hydrolysis by deoxyribonuclease and by decreased template activity for rat liver RNA polymerase.
Crosstalk Among the Parallel Multilevel Interconnections on the GaAs‐Based Vlsic's

We have developed a computer-efficient algorithm and carried out computer simulations of the crosstalk effects in the single- and bilevel high density interconnections on the GaAs-based VLSIC's. The algorithm has been wed to study the dependence of the crosstalk voltage on the interconnection dimensions and other parameters such as the driving transistor's resistance.
A lacustrine carbonate record of Holocene seasonality and climate

Annually laminated (varved) Holocene sediments from Derby Lake, Michigan, display variations in endogenic calcite abundance reflecting a long-term (millennial-scale) decrease in burial punctuated with frequent short-term (decadal-scale) oscillations due to carbonate dissolution. Since 6000 cal yr B.P., sediment carbonate abundance has followed a decreasing trend while organic-carbon abundance has increased. The correlation between organic-carbon abundance and the sum of March-April-October-November insolation has an r 2 value of 0.58. We interpret these trends to represent a precession-driven lengthening of the Holocene growing season that has reduced calcite burial by enhancing net annual organic-matter production and associated calcite dissolution. Correlations with regional paleoclimate records suggest that changes in temperature and moisture balance have impacted the distribution of short-term oscillations in carbonate and organic-matter abundance superimposed on the precession-driven trends.
Cytotoxicity of dibasic esters (DBE) metabolites in rat nasal explants.

Abstract Dibasic esters (DBE) is a solvent mixture of dimethyl adipate, dimethyl glutarate, and dimethyl succinate which causes a selective degeneration of the nasal olfactory epithelium in rats following a 90-day inhalation exposure. In short-term cultures of rat nasal explants, it has been demonstrated that DBE cytotoxicity is due to a carboxylesterase-mediated activation. In the present study, the putative toxic metabolites of DBE, the monomethyl esters and the dicarboxylic acids, were evaluated in the nasal explant system at concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 m m . Monomethyl adipate (MMA), monomethyl glutarate (MMG), and monomethyl succinate (MMS) induced increases in nasal explant acid phosphatase release, a biochemical index of cytotoxicity. The nasal explant-mediated metabolism of MMA and MMG to their corresponding diacids paralleled the increases in acid phosphatase release. A carboxylesterase inhibitor, bis( p -nitrophenyl)phosphate (BNPP), inhibited both the cytotoxicity and the hydrolysis of MMA and MMG in the nasal explant system. The metabolism and cytotoxicity of MMS was not attenuated as effectively by BNPP pretreatment. Adipate, glutarate, and succinate induced concentration-related increases in cytotoxicity in the nasal explant system. These dicarboxylic acids were neither metabolized nor utilized significantly by the nasal explants. Diacid-induced cytotoxicity was not attenuated by BNPP pretreatment. This study further established the utility of the nasal explant system for evaluating cytotoxicity of organic esters in vitro . It was established that both the monomethyl ester and diacid metabolites are cytotoxic in rat nasal explants. Finally, it was concluded that although both the monomethyl esters and the diacids contribute to the cytotoxic potential of DBE in vitro , it is critical to establish if one or both of these are formed in vivo in order to identify the ultimate toxic metabolite of DBE.
The correlation between alcohol consumption and risky sexual behaviors among people living with HIV/AIDS.

The objectives of this study were to determine if significant correlation exists between drinking any alcoholic beverage and risky sex among 326 AIDS patients. Participants completed anonymous surveys. The result of the regression and Pearson correlation analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between drinking alcohol before sex and frequency of condom use (p<0.0001). The number of sex partners respondents reported was also correlated with the frequency of alcohol use (p = 0.003). The result shows that the quantity of alcohol consumption was correlated with two indicators of risky sex: having multiple sexual partners (p<0.0001) and having sexual intercourse without a condom (p<0.001). Interventions are that integrate HIV risk reduction with alcohol risk reduction is very useful to minimize the risk of new HIV infections and/or manage existing infections.
Herringbone array of hydrogen-bonded ribbons in 2-ethoxybenzamide from high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction.

In 2-ethoxybenzamide, C{sub 9}H{sub 11}NO{sub 2}, the amide substituents are linked into centrosymmetric head-to-head hydrogen-bonded dimers. Additional hydrogen bonds between adjacent dimers give rise to ribbon-like packing motifs, which extend along the c axis and possess a third dimension caused by twisting of the 2-ethoxyphenyl substituent with respect to the hydrogen-bonded amide groups. The ribbons are arranged in a T-shaped herringbone pattern and cohesion between them is achieved by van der Waals forces.
ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE AND VAPOR PRESSURE ISOTOPE EFFECT IN TRITIUM OXIDE ADSORPTION ON SILICA GEL

Consistently lower tritium concentrations found in water distilled from silica gel than in the water vapor that had been adsorbed from air stimulated this study of isotopic exchange and the vapor p...
Functional coupling from simple to complex cells in the visually driven cortical circuit

In the classic model of the primary visual cortex, upper-layer complex cells are driven by feedforward inputs from layer 4 simple cells. Based on spike cross-correlation, previous in vivo work has suggested that this connection is strong and dense, with a high probability of connection (50%) and significant strength in connected pairs. A much sparser projection has been found in brain slices, however, with the probability of layer 4 cells connecting to layer 2/3 cells being relatively low (10%). Here, we explore this connection in vivo in the cat primary visual cortex by recording simultaneously spikes of layer 4 simple cells and the membrane potential (V(m)) of layer 2/3 complex cells. By triggering the average of the complex cell's V(m) on the spikes of the simple cell (V(m)-STA), we found functional coupling to be very common during visual stimulation: the simple cell's spikes tended to occur near the troughs of the complex cell's V(m) fluctuations and were, on average, followed by a significant (~1 mV) fast-rising (10 ms) depolarization in the complex cell. In the absence of visual stimulation, however, when single simple cells were activated electrically through the recording electrode, no significant depolarization, or at most a very weak input (0.1-0.2 mV), was detected in the complex cell. We suggest that the functional coupling observed during visual stimulation arises from coordinated or nearly synchronous activity among a large population of simple cells, only a small fraction of which are presynaptic to the recorded complex cell.
Complete Genome Sequence of Rahnella aquatilis CIP 78.65

Rahnella aquatilis CIP 78.65 is a gammaproteobacterium isolated from a drinking water source in Lille, France. Here we report the complete genome sequence of Rahnella aquatilis CIP 78.65, the type strain of R. aquatilis.
STIMULATED EMISSION OF A LASER PHOTON BY THE EXCITED STATES OF A THREE-LEVEL ATOM

We study the stimulated emission spectra arising from the emission of a laser photon by two excited states of a three-level atom interacting with a laser field at low intensities. The lifetimes of the stimulated photons emitted by the two excited states are much longer than those emitted spontaneously, while the intensities of the induced peaks take negative values indicating that amplification occurs at low frequencies. The ratio of the intensities of the light emitted by the excited states |3 > and |2 > of the atom is proportional to (γ3/γ2)1/2, where γ3 and γ2 are the radiative decay rates of the spontaneously emitted photons by the excited states |3 > and |2 > into the ground state |1 > of the atom, respectively. An absorption spectrum is induced into the ground state of the atom by the laser field. The competition between induced absorption and stimulated emission at low frequencies without population inversion is considered in the low-intensity limit of the laser field. It is shown that for values of γ3/γ2 > 1 the relative intensity (height) of the induced peak takes positive values implying that the process of the induced absorption dominates. As the ratio γ3/γ2 increases, the height of the induced peak decreases and vanishes for values of γ3/γ2 400, the height of the induced peak becomes negative indicating that the process of the stimulated emission (amplification) is likely to occur at low frequencies. The computed spectra are graphically presented and discussed.
Postural stress analysis in industry

Both observational and instrumentation-based techniques have been used to conduct postural stress analysis in industry. As observational methods are more widespread than instrumentation-based techniques and can be used as a practical tool in the workplace, this study reviews and assesses the scientific literature on observational techniques. Techniques are classified into macropostural, micropostural and postural-work activity. The basis for each classification is outlined and evaluated. Postural recording is performed either continuously or intermittently. Intermittent postural recording procedures lack the criteria for determining the optimum number of observations for low and high repetitive jobs. Research is warranted to examine the sources and magnitudes of errors associated with postural classification. Such information is required to train job analysts in the ergonomics of working postures.
Productivity growth and the depletion of technological opportunities

Griliches recently observed that the rise in energy and materials prices and the possible exhaustion of the sources of technological progress are the main candidate explanations of the productivity slowdown. The present paper examines these possibilities by studying information on the rate of return to R and D, where the hypothesis of technological exhaustion is most likely to appear. Annual data are used to decipher differences in timing. The evidence does not support technological exhaustion, but instead indicates that even the R and D facet of productivity growth was thrown off by macroeconomic events associated with the oil shocks. These findings support the energy price-macroeconomic disturbance diagnosis of the productivity slowdown.
SYNTHESIS AND STORAGE OF MICROTUBULE PROTEINS BY SEA URCHIN EMBRYOS

Studies employing colchicine binding, precipitation with vinblastine sulfate, and acrylamide gel electrophoresis confirm earlier proposals that Arbacia punctulata and Lytechinus pictus eggs and embryos contain a store of microtubule proteins. Treatment of 150,000 g supernatants from sea urchin homogenates with vinblastine sulfate precipitates about 5% of the total soluble protein, and 75% of the colchicine-binding activity. Electrophoretic examination of the precipitate reveals two very prominent bands. These have migration rates identical to those of the A and B microtubule proteins of cilia. These proteins can be made radioactive at the 16 cell stage and at hatching by pulse labeling with tritiated amino acids. By labeling for 1 hr with leucine-3H in early cleavage, then culturing embryos in the presence of unlabeled leucine, removal of newly synthesized microtubule proteins from the soluble pool can be demonstrated. Incorporation of labeled amino acids into microtubule proteins is not affected by culturing embryos continuously in 20 µg/ml of actinomycin D. Microtubule proteins appear, therefore, to be synthesized on "maternal" messenger RNA. This provides the first protein encoded by stored or "masked" mRNA in sea urchin embryos to be identified.
Skeletal differentiation of Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina in relation to arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism

Sympatric Macaca fascicularis and M. nemestrina of Borneo coexist, in spite of similar frugivorous diets, by occupying habitats that differ in density of food sources. A primary specialization for foraging on widely dispersed food sources is terrestrial travel by M. nemestrina, in contrast to arboreal travel by M. fascicularis in the richer habitat. Theoretical biomechanical demands of terrestrial and arboreal quadrupedalism suggest the hypothesis that M. fascicularis should be built like a powerful climber and a leaper compared with M. nemestrina, which should be relatively cursorial in structure. Specific differences in skeletal proportions and muscle insertions are predicted by this hypothesis, and comparisons of the brachial index, relative length of the olecranon process, relative position of the radial tuberosity, relative length of the posterior scapular border, relative length of the ilium, relative length of the ischium, projection of the greater trochanter, and position of the lesser trochanter (but not the intermembral index or length of the clavicle) confirm these predictions. Allometric analysis of the indices reveals that allometric growth is sufficient to explain only the difference in the crural index.
Parametric Approach to Genomic Imprinting Analysis with Applications to Angelman’s Syndrome

Genomic imprinting is a mechanism by which only one copy of a gene pair is expressed, and this expression is determined by the parental origin of the copy. The deregulation of imprinted genes has been
Identifying how U.S. nonprofit organizations operate within the Information Process Maturity Model

In this paper, the researcher investigates grant writers' perspectives on knowledge management practices within nonprofit organizations. The researcher uses survey data (n = 448) to assess where organizations fall within JoAnn Hackos's Information Process Maturity Model (IPMM) [1]. The paper asks, how do proposal writers perceive current documentation efforts within their organizations? Is there a relationship between an organization's annual operating budget and employees' satisfaction with documentation efforts? Results indicate that most nonprofit organizations fall within the Ad hoc or Rudimentary stage of the IPMM. However, this classification may be due to grant writers' preferences to create individual rather than organizational documentation systems. Organizational documentation practices have both short- and long-term economic implications for the nonprofit industry, particularly fundraising, where employee turnover is a problem.
Mitochondrial deletions in luteinized granulosa cells as a function of age in women undergoing in vitro fertilization.

Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions are more prevalent in granulosa cells from women of advanced reproductive age than from younger women undergoing IVF. Design: Granulosa cells screened for presence or absence of the 4977-bp deletion in human mtDNA. Setting: University-based fertility clinic. Patient(s): Twenty-four women divided equally between two groups: ≤34 years old and ≥38 years old. Intervention(s): Patients were given gonadotropin stimulation in preparation for IVF with granulosa cells isolated at the time of follicular aspiration. Main Outcome Measure(s): Presence or absence of the 4977-bp deletion in human mtDNA. Result(s): Seven out of 12 women analyzed who were 38 years old had normal mtDNA as indicated by the presence of the 4977-bp fragment. Conclusion(s): These data suggest that women over the age of 38 have granulosa cells that contain a substantial decrease in the level of normal mitochondria as compared with women ≤34 years.
Modeling of Carbon Dioxide Plume Migration for Saline Aquifer in Northern Taiwan

Abstract The purpose of this study is to simulate long-term migration of carbon dioxide plume in Northern Taiwan. The hypothetic injection site locates in coastal area of Taoyuan, which was evaluated as a suitable region for saline aquifer storage. A base case and three scenarios have been simulated with injection rate of 1Mtons CO 2 /year and period of 50 years. The base case has shown that CO 2 plume is remained trapped during project lifetime. Three scenarios considering variations of permeability heterogeneity and injection rate have provided insights for future injection strategy and risk analysis.
67 BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF A PHYSICIAN PHONE CALL TO THE PARENTS AFTER DEATH OF AN INFANT

In many newborn intensive care units (NBICU) patients are referred from great distances, and personal interviews after the death of an infant are not feasible. Therefore, we have evaluated the effect of a single phone call 8 days after the death of an infant in preventing psychopathological reactions. Eleven parents who had received no formal contact from the NBICU after the death of the infant were interviewed at the hospital at 8-25 weeks (mean 18). Eleven other parents whose infants died on the same NBICU were called 3-15 days (mean 8) after the death. The call lasted 25 minutes (range 15-35). These parents were also interviewed at the hospital at 11-18 weeks (mean 13) after the death. Nine different problems were investigated and graded on a scale of 0-3 for severity. Parents who received a call had a total average score of 2.3±1.8 compared to 8.8±2.3 for those not called. Two of 11 families who were contacted by phone had 2 significant problems compared to 36 moderate or major difficulties in all 11 families who had not been called. The important problems that persisted in families who had not received a call included depression, guilt feelings, questions of heredity, problems involving the extended family and concerns about the cause of death. This study shows that a 25-minute phone call 8 days after the death of an infant has beneficial effects in alleviating emotional problems in the parents.
Hinge-axis location and face-bow transfer for edentulous patients

There are distinct advantages to locating the hinge axis for the edentulous patient by use of the modified Loma Linda hinge-axis locator. These include: (1) alteration of the vertical dimension of occlusion on the articulator may be accomplished since the opening or closing takes place around the patient's terminal hinge axis; (2) valid and verified centric and eccentric relation records may be obtained at an increased vertical dimension of occlusion that is in harmony with the patient's terminal hinge axis; (3) cusp-form posterior teeth can be articulated and verified in the mouth with minimal occlusal correction by use of a terminal hinge axis. Some disadvantages to the procedure may include: (1) the additional procedure of making a modeling compound clutch for hinge-axis location; (2) the initial modification of the edentulous trays to accommodate the recording device; and (3) the technique is used with the Whip-Mix articulator; however, it can be modified for use with other articulators.
Nonspousal Family Loss among Community-Dwelling Older Adults

We examined the prevalence and correlates of recent nonspousal family loss among older adults using data from the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging, a stratified random sample of community-dwelling older adults living in central Alabama. Twenty-three percent of participants reported a recent nonspousal family loss. African American ethnicity, education <12th grade, functional difficulty, restricted life-space mobility, depressive symptomology, pain and other somatic symptoms were associated with recent nonspousal family loss. Compared to non-widowed participants, widows with family loss reported a higher proportion of mental health and activity-limiting physical problems as well as restricted life-space. Programs to improve physical function and enhance health and wellbeing in older bereaved spouses should be expanded to include older adults with nonspousal family loss, particularly targeting the mental health needs of previously widowed persons who lose another family member.
NKD2, a negative regulator of Wnt signaling, suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent pediatric malignant bone tumor that has a high propensity for metastases. Through osteoblast-specific alteration of p53 status, we developed a genetically engineered mouse model of localized and metastatic OS to gain an understanding into the molecular pathogenesis of OS. Microarray analysis of both localized tumors and metastatic tumors identified the downregulation of the naked cuticle homolog 2 (NKD2) gene, a negative regulator of Wnt signaling. Overexpression of NKD2 in metastatic human and mouse OS cells significantly decreases cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability in vitro and drastically diminishes OS tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, whereas downregulation enhances migratory and invasive potential. Evaluation of NKD2-overexpressing tumors revealed upregulation of tumor-suppressor genes and downregulation of molecules involved in blood vessel formation and cell migration. Furthermore, assessment of primary human OS revealed downregulation of NKD2 in metastatic and recurrent OS. Finally, we provide biological evidence that use of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the Wnt pathway can have therapeutic efficacy in decreasing metastatic properties in OS. Our studies provide compelling evidence that downregulation of NKD2 expression and alterations in associated regulated pathways have a significant role in driving OS tumor growth and metastasis.
Blood polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with peroxisomal disorders. A multicenter study.

The purpose of the study was to compare the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status in patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy or adrenomyeloneuropathy (X-ALD/AMN) with that in disorders of peroxisome biogenesis (PB). Total fatty acids and plasmalogens were quantified in plasma and red cells from 28 patients with X-ALD/AMN, 26 patients with generalized peroxisomal disorders, and 37 controls. Total fatty acid methyl esters and plasmalogen dimethyl acetals were obtained by direct transmethylation and separated by capillary column gas chromatography. The results confirm previous findings in that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22∶6n−3) was greatly decreased in both plasma and erythrocytes from patients with PB disorders. When nutritional conditions were adequate, patients with X-ALD/AMN had normal levels of DHA. A highly significant positive correlation was found between the levels of DHA and those of plasmalogens in peroxisomal patients. As in other tissues, the parent n−6 fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA, 18∶2n−6) was significantly increased in red cells from PB patients, whereas arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6) was virtually within normal limits. In clear contrast to red cells and other tissues, arachidonate was significantly lower in plasma from PB patients. The decrease in plasma arachidonate and the high tissue levels of LA suggest a defect of Δ6 desaturase and/or Δ5 desaturase in PB patients. The n−6 fatty acids were normal in X-ALD/AMN patients. The present data show that X-ALD/AMN patients do not have the profound PUFA alterations that PB patients have, at least in blood.
Optical contact approach to laser rod support.

The successful application of an optical contact is described between a ruby laser rod that has no mechanical support and a sapphire rod. The contact is found to be durable in the environmental conditions associated with a high-power pulsed ruby laser. The described contact technique makes it possible to construct a laser oscillator using an ellipsoidal pump mirror that does not employ dielectric coatings in the cavity. Another advantage consists in that the ruby laser is not shaded from the pump light by mounting jigs at its ends.
Resonance between electronic and rotational motions in Rydberg states of CaF

The interaction between electronic and rotational motions in the Rydberg states of calcium monofluoride is investigated using multichannel quantum defect theory (MQDT). By examining the partial-l and N + composition of the molecular wavefunctions of successive members of each of the Rydberg series, we show that the nature of the interaction between the motion of the Rydberg electron and the rotational motion of the ion core undergoes complex and non-monotonic changes with increasing principal quantum number n* and total angular momentum N. Resonances between the Kepler motion of the Rydberg electron and the rotational motion of the ion core (the ‘stroboscopic effect’) are observed when the Kepler period is an integer multiple of the rotational period. These resonances result in strong mixing of both the electron orbital angular momentum l and the ion core rotational angular momentum N +. At n* or N values between these resonances, the angular momenta of the electron and ion core subsystems are more nearly...
‘from missionary to bolshevik’: grace hutchins and the politics of devotion

Abstract This paper focuses on US labour reformer and Communist Party activist Grace Hutchins and explores the continuity of a rhetoric of sentimentalism that grounded her devotion throughout her life. It emphasises the continuity of faith implicit in her ideological journey from Christian missionary to Bolshevik radical.
A generalized logout and recovery system for small CODASYL databases

This paper describes an effective replacement for journaling to tape while updating a small CODASYL database, particularly in an online application.The journaling of before and after images of modified pages of the database is replaced with the logging of after images of modified records to a direct access file. To enable recreation of the database environment during recovery, all current database keys are logged with the record.Recovery of the database after system failure is accomplished by restoring the latest backup and reapplying all after images as recorded on the logout file.
Can we learn more about the etiology of cardiovascular disease

Atherosclerosis is a foreign body that is associated with an inflammatory response. The inflammatory response is clearly important both in terms of the progression of the atherosclerosis and subsequent changes in the plaque morphology that leads to thrombogenesis and clinical disease. However, the ability to identify these markers in the serum when their effects are primarily local may be very limited. We probably do not need another plethora of adhe sion molecules, cytokines and growth factors, each with a modest relative risk and then further debate about which of the numerous variables is more important. Unfortunately, the absence of measures of subclinical disease in most of these populations pre cludes the ability of separating the effects on ath erosclerosis and vessel wall from thrombogenesis and fibrinolysis. Obesity and total body fat, visceral fat and muscle fat, are important determinants of the levels of adipokines, hormone metabolism, liver enzymes, proteins and insulin resistance, which has now been labeled the "metabolic syndrome" [5]. There is, however, little evidence that these adipokines or other markers of body fat distribution play an independent role in atherosclerosis and CVD beyond the collin earity with lipoprotein metabolism, salt retention, elevated blood pressure (BP), insulin resistance and
Group reduction of heterotic supergravity

Abstract The reduction of ten-dimensional heterotic supergravity with Yang–Mills symmetry group K is performed on an arbitrary n-dimensional group manifold G. The reduction involves a non-vanishing 3-form flux, and the Lie algebra of G must have traceless structure constants to ensure the consistency of the reduction at the level of the action. A large class of gauged supergravities in d = 10 − n with (non)compact gaugings is obtained. The resulting models describe half-maximal gauged supergravities coupled to ( n + dim K ) vector multiplets. We uncover their hidden SO ( n , n + dim K ) duality symmetry, and the SO ( n , n + dim K ) / SO ( n ) × SO ( n + dim K ) coset structure that governs the couplings of the scalar fields. We find that the local gauge symmetry of the d-dimensional theory is K × G ⋉ R n . Differences from the existing gauged supergravities are highlighted. The consistent truncation to pure half-maximal gauged supergravity in any dimension is shown, and the obstacle to performing a chiral truncation of the theory in d = 6 dimensions is found. Among the results obtained are the complete diagonalisation of the fermionic kinetic terms, and other reduction formulae that are applicable to group reductions of supergravities in arbitrary dimensions.
The Effects of High Dose NG-Nitro-L-Arginine-Methyl Ester on Myocardial Blood Flow and Left Ventricular Function in Dogs

Purpose: Nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition has been reported to cause elevation in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and a decrease in cardiac index (Cl), the cause of which is not completely understood. It has been shown that increased concentrations of NO synthase inhibitors cause a further drop in cardiac output without a corresponding increase in arterial pressure, prompting the conclusion that NO inhibition results in direct myocardial depression. However, myocardial ischemia was not completely ruled out as a cause for myocardial dysfunction in these studies. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 30 mg/kg of the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) to those of 300 mg/kg and assess the effects on coronary ischemia and myocardial function. Materials and Methods: Eight anesthetized dogs underwent median sternotomy and pericardiectomy. L-NAME 30 mg/kg was administered and the effects were recorded at 5, 15, and 30 minutes. Thereafter, 300 mg/kg was administered and the effects were observed for 5, 15, and 30 minutes. We measured MAP, heart rate (HR), Cl, left ventricle (LV) end systolic and diastolic pressures, the first derivative of LV pressure (dP/dt), left anterior descending artery blood flow, regional LV contraction, gas tensions, and lactates. A coronary sinus catheter allowed for measurements of coronary sinus pressure, lactate, and gas tensions. Stroke volume, percent myocardial shortening (dL/dt) myocardial oxygen consumption, and net lactate myocardial production were calculated. Results: Whereas 30 mg/kg had minimal effects on coronary blood flow and LV function, 300 mg/kg resulted in profound hypotension, drop in Cl, and acidocis. Conclusions: L-NAME at 30 mg/kg caused a rise in MAP and systemic vascular resistance; however, it had no effect on ventricular function. High dose NO synthase inhibition causes myocardial depression not related to increased afterload, coronary vasoconstriction, or myocardial ischemia.
Cis–trans peptide‐bond equilibria in cyclic hexapeptides

Data are presented on the position of the equilibria of cyclo(Xxx-Pro-Yyy)2 backbones between forms with two cis Xxx-Pro peptide bonds and forms with only trans peptide bonds. These data are interpreted in terms of two factors: a solvent-independent steric interaction between the Xxx and Pro side chains, and the ability of solvent to influence the transannular electrostatic interaction between NH and CO groups of the Xxx units in the all-trans form.
Some thoughts about opiopeptins, peptides with opiate-like activity.

When the announcement was made late in 1975, that two closely related pentapeptides (enkephalins) with opiate-like activity had been isolated from porcine brain, there was much excitement. For the biologists not particularly interested in opiates, the finding meant that there were new fields to plow because the novel substances in all probability must be associated with unknown neurons with important physiologic functions. To the pharma- cologists, however, especially those who had been engaged in opiate research, this was tremendously uplifting. I recall saying to myself: Even without any facts, it was not too difficult for me to rationalize and formulate a plausible hypothesis involving the newly discovered peptides to explain heroin addiction. Persons finding it difficult to cope with the stresses of today's competitive society must have a deficiency of enkephalin. Instinctively, they crave heroin to remedy this aberration, and taking the replacement drug, gain instantaneous relief. However, this alleviation can only be temporary because repeated administration of the narcotic turns off the synthesis of the native opioid ligand and this results in further depletion of an already reduced supply. A compensatory mechanism must then develop to certain biochemical processes ordinarily inhibited by enkephalin. As they become increasingly suppressed by repeated high doses of the exogenous substitute a counter-adaptive response results in the inhibited sites developing suprasensitivity, and when the heroin is discontinued, the suprasensitive processes became manifest by an overshoot rebound or the withdrawal syndrome. Thus, now that the endogenous ligand is known it should not be too difficult to determine its physiologic role and sort out the processes it regulates. This knowledge should pave the way to explain acute opiate effects as well as tolerance and physical dependence. Seven years later I am somewhat less ebullient but still full of hope and optimism. Since the isolation of the enkephalins several more peptides with greater potency have been identified and the literature on peptides with
Photoactivatable GFP tagging cassettes for protein‐tracking studies in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Yeast cell biologists use a variety of fluorescent protein tags for determining protein localization and for measuring protein dynamics using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). Although many modern fluorescent proteins, such as those with photoactivatable and photoconvertible characteristics, have been developed, none has been exploited for studies in budding yeast. We describe here the construction of yeast-tagging vectors containing photoactivatable green fluorescent protein (PA-GFP) for analysis of protein behaviour. We tagged two yeast proteins, Erg6p and Num1p, with PA-GFP and demonstrated specific photoactivation of the fusion proteins in live cells. Fluorescence intensity measurements showed that a short 5 s exposure to 413 nm light is sufficient to produce the maximum level of activated GFP fluorescence. Local photoactivation of cortical Num1p-PA-GFP showed movement of the marked proteins, providing new insights into the behaviour of Num1p at the cell cortex. Since photoactivation can be achieved using standard mercury arc illumination, the PA-GFP tag represents a convenient and economical way to determine protein dynamics in the cell. Thus, the tagging modules should facilitate protein-tracking studies in a wide variety of cell biological processes in yeast.
Production of Volatile CO and CO2 from Oxidized Polyethylene and Graphite Surfaces by Hyperthermal Atom–Surface Collisions:

Molecular beam-surface scattering experiments have been used to investigate the mechanisms of the enhancement in material removal rate (identified by the ejection of CO and CO2) when continuously oxidized carbon or hydrocarbon surfaces are bombarded with inert particles (e.g. Ar atoms) possessing kinetic energies in the range 8–22 eV. Collisional enhancement in the material removal rate was observed to increase dramatically above an apparent threshold of ∼8eV. Although the details of the collisional mechanisms must involve complex sputtering processes, the dynamical behaviour of the ejected CO and CO2 may be described in terms of a simple kinematic picture in which an incident fast atom collides with a localized region of the surface that has an effective mass. Collisional, or sputtering, processes such as those identified in this study may be important in the erosion of materials in the low Earth orbital environment, as a result of highly energetic collisions of ambient N2 with oxidized surfaces, and als...
No change in federal “participation” rules

Federal employees who participate in the activities of professional organizations will be able, at least for the time being, to continue their participation under new standards issued August 10 by the Office of Government Ethics (OGE). On July 23, 1991, OGE issued proposed regulations to standardize rules of conduct for federal employees (Eos, Editorial, August 13, 1991). One section of the regulations would have, in the opinion of many scientists, greatly reduced their ability to serve as society officers or in other capacities. At that time, OGE stated, “there is a perception on the part of some employees that involvement in these activities is part and parcel of their Federal employment. Unless participation is specifically authorized as part of their official duties, it is not.”
Case studies for augmented floating-point arithmetic

Much of scientific computat ion involves operations with higher data types such as vectors, matrices, complex quantities, and intervals of these. A well implemented conventional computer ari thmetic gives good results with floating-point numbers taken two at time. However , using this ari thmetic to implement computat ions with the higher data types can return arbi t rar i ly bad results. Kulisch and Miranker [4] have proposed a computer ari thmetic that furnishes an optimal accuracy for the dyadic ari thmetic operations for all of these higher data types. Its implementation is based on the int roduct ion of an accurate inner product to the s tandard floating-point ar i thmetic operat ion set.
Children's understanding of the brain: From early essentialism to biological theory.

This series of experiments investigated children's understanding of the brainas-container metaphor. In four experiments, preschoolers, kindergartners, first-grade, and third-grade children heard simplified stories about animals undergoing either brain or “insides” transplants and were asked whether behavioral properties or mental contents changed as a result. Kindergarten and first-grade children recognized that the brain is needed for thinking and remembering, but younger children did not consistently claim that a transplant of either the animal's brain or all its insides would lead to changes in an animal's thoughts and memories. By the third grade, children conformed to the brain-as-container metaphor. These results suggest that the period between preschool and third grade is marked by children's struggle to accommodate new information about the brain and to reevaluate their theories of brain and behavior. Knowing that the brain is necessary for an animal to think and remember is not sufficient for children to assert that identity-relevant properties can be altered by a brain transplant. Rather, this conceptualization of the brain seems to compete with children's early essentialist assumption that something intrinsic makes an animal behave in accordance with its species. fa* The studies presented here could not have been conducted without the assistance of the parents, the staff, and the children from St. Thomas Elementary School in Ann Arbor, MI, the Washtenaw County Jewish Community Center, the University of Michigan Children's Centers, and the Occidental College Child Development Center. Portions were presented in April, 1997, at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, Washington DC.
Time delay effects on large-scale MR damper based semi-active control strategies

This paper presents a detailed investigation on the robustness of large-scale 200?kN MR damper based semi-active control strategies in the presence of time delays in the control system. Although the effects of time delay on stability and performance degradation of an actively controlled system have been investigated extensively by many researchers, degradation in the performance of semi-active systems due to time delay has yet to be investigated. Since semi-active systems are inherently stable, instability problems due to time delay are unlikely to arise. This paper investigates the effects of time delay on the performance of a building with a large-scale MR damper, using numerical simulations of near- and far-field earthquakes. The MR damper is considered to be controlled by four different semi-active control algorithms, namely (i)?clipped-optimal control (COC), (ii)?decentralized output feedback polynomial control (DOFPC), (iii)?Lyapunov control, and (iv)?simple-passive control (SPC). It is observed that all controllers except for the COC are significantly robust with respect to time delay. On the other hand, the clipped-optimal controller should be integrated with a compensator to improve the performance in the presence of time delay.
The bHLH Transcription Factors OLIG2 and OLIG1 Couple Neuronal and Glial Subtype Specification

OLIG1 and OLIG2 are basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors expressed in the pMN domain of the spinal cord, which sequentially generates motoneurons and oligodendrocytes. In Olig1/2 double-mutant mice, motoneurons are largely eliminated, and oligodendrocyte differentiation is abolished. Lineage tracing data suggest that Olig1−/−2−/− pMN progenitors instead generate V2 interneurons and then astrocytes. This apparent conversion likely reflects independent roles for OLIG1/2 in specifying motoneuron and oligodendrocyte fates. Olig genes therefore couple neuronal and glial subtype specification, unlike proneural bHLH factors that control the neuron versus glia decision. Our results suggest that in the spinal cord, Olig and proneural genes comprise a combinatorial code for the specification of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, the three fundamental cell types of the central nervous system.
mTOR-Dependent Cell Survival Mechanisms

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is a conserved regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and survival. In cells, mTOR is the catalytic subunit of two complexes called mTORC1 and mTORC2, which have distinct upstream regulatory signals and downstream substrates. mTORC1 directly senses cellular nutrient availability while indirectly sensing circulating nutrients through growth factor signaling pathways. Cellular stresses that restrict growth also impinge on mTORC1 activity. mTORC2 is less well understood and appears only to sense growth factors. As an integrator of diverse growth regulatory signals, mTOR evolved to be a central signaling hub for controlling cellular metabolism and energy homoeostasis, and defects in mTOR signaling are important in the pathologies of cancer, diabetes, and aging. Here we discuss mechanisms by which each mTOR complex might regulate cell survival in response to metabolic and other stresses.