cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of Fairness and Justice: The Shared Aims & Occasional Conflicts of Legitimacy and Moral Credibility

A growing literature on procedural fairness suggests that there is practical value in enhancing a criminal justice system's "legitimacy" with the community it governs by adopting and implementing fair enforcement practices and adjudicative procedures. A separate literature suggests that there is practical value in enhancing the system's "moral credibility" with the community by distributing criminal liability and punishment according to principles that track the community's shared intuitions of justice. In this Article, we examine the shared aims and the similarities in the operation and effect of these two criminal justice dynamics as well as the occasional differences in effect and potential for conflict. By comparing the two dynamics, the article moves forward debates that – though rich and important – have grown stagnant. Specifically, legal scholars have tended to invoke the two dynamics too casually, to ignore one but not the other, or to conflate or confuse the two. This article provides a useful and necessary analytic framework for further exploration into the advantages and limits of moral credibility and legitimacy. Finally, the article stakes out tentative positions within the on-going debates. That is, it endorses the prevailing view that moral credibility and legitimacy are promising – indeed, critical – systemic enterprises that may carry significant crime-control advantages, and the article concludes that – for empirical and theoretic reasons – moral credibility ought to be the principal objective in uncommon circumstances in which a system may effectively pursue only one.
Turbo-Cool Turbocharging System for Spark Ignition Engines

The problem of matching a turbocharging system to a piston engine is investigated. The variable-geometry turbine (VGT) turbocharger used for spark ignition (SI) engine application is studied in some detail. A critical factor that has been overlooked in considering VGT turbochargers for SI engine application in the past is the backpressure to the piston engine and, consequently, the resulting residual gas and its effect on the temperature of the in-cylinder mixture at the beginning of combustion. That is, VGT turbocharger operation affects engine backpressure, which affects the in-cylinder mixture temperature, which affects the tendency for engine knock, which limits engine performance. The higher backpressure also raises the turbine entry temperature. A new turbocharging system named Turbo-Cool is proposed in this paper. The Turbo-Cool turbocharging system utilizes more complete exhaust gas expansion in the turbine to achieve a higher engine effective expansion ratio (EER) in a straightforward manner. The novelty of the concept is that the excess power from higher exhaust gas expansion through the turbine (rather than being considered as an object for power recovery, as in the classical turbocompound concept) is used for conditioning intake charge air for the purpose of engine loss reduction. The validation of the proposed concept is carried out using a commercial engine simulation code. The simulation results show that the Turbo-Cool turbocharging system and the VGT turbocharger are indispensable to each other in producing engine performance of superior brake mean effective pressure (b.m.e.p.) and excellent torque back-up, as well as improved engine efficiency. It is argued that the Turbo-Cool turbocharging system is a basic design that might bring about the full potential benefits of turbocharging for SI engines.
Geochemical constraints on mode of extension in the Death Valley region

The petrographic, chemical, and isotopic characteristics of synex-tensional Miocene-Pliocene volcanic rocks of the Nova Formation Death Valley area, record interaction of three components. Two of these are ancient crust and enriched mantle; they have been recognized previously in the Basin and Range province. The third component is isotopically similar to rocks of the Sierra Nevada batholith exposed to the west of the study area. The authors interpret this source to be the mantle lithosphere and/or lower crust of the Sierra Nevada batholith that was emplaced beneath the Death Valley area by extensional deformation. This is consistent with 150 to 250 km of extension across the southern Basin and Range province inferred from other evidence, and supports the conclusions of workers who suggest that the dominant mode of crustal extension in this area is simple shear with large amounts of lateral lithospheric transport.
The influence of psychosocial factors, alcohol, drug use on African-American women’s high-risk sexual behavior

Abstract Objectives: The present study examines psychosocial and behavioral influences, particularly drug and alcohol use, as correlates of inconsistent condom use and having multiple sexual partners during the past month among African-American women. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted between May and June 1996, recruited a convenience sample of 180 African-American women in Birmingham, Alabama. Women completed a face-to-face interview that assessed alcohol and drug use, sexual behaviors, depression, condom use, and negotiation skills. Results: The majority of women, 51.6% (n = 93), had used either alcohol or drugs during the previous month. Many women, 31.1%, consumed alcohol, 18.3% used marijuana, and 8.3% had smoked crack within the past month. Nearly 42.7% of women used condoms inconsistently in the past month and 13.3% of women had multiple sexual partners within the past month. A logistic regression model predicting inconsistent condom use indicated that women were less likely to use condoms if they consumed alcohol between 20 and 30 days of the month (OR = 2.8, 90% CI = 1.3–5.9) and if they had not negotiated condom use (OR = 32.4, 90% CI = 7.9–131.6). The logistic regression model predicting multiple sexual partners indicated that women were more likely to have multiple sexual partners if they had smoked crack in the past month (OR = 5.3, 90% CI = 1.6–18.2). Conclusion: HIV sexual risk-reduction interventions for African-American women need to address the overlapping epidemics of drugs, alcohol, and STDs. Additionally, HIV sexual risk reduction efforts should be incorporated into existing drug and alcohol treatment programs and STD clinics.
Lipid peroxidation and endothelial cell injury: implications in atherosclerosis

Vascular endothelial cells, which play an active role in the physiological processes of vessel tone regulation and vascular permeability, form a border separating deeper layers of the blood vessel wall and cellular interstitial space from the blood and circulating cells. Damage or dysfunction of endothelial cells may reduce the effectiveness of the endothelium to act as a selectively permeable barrier to plasma components, including cholesterol-rich lipoprotein remnants. This may be involved in the etiology of atherosclerosis. Experimental evidence indicates that free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation can induce endothelial cell injury/dysfunction. Reactive oxygen species, including peroxidized lipids capable of initiating cell injury, may be generated within endothelial cells, be present in plasma components, or be derived from neutrophils or other blood-borne cells. Lipid peroxidation could initiate or promote the process of atherosclerotic lesion formation by directly damaging endothelial cells, and by enhancing the adhesion and activation of neutrophils and the susceptibility of platelets to aggregate. Endothelial cell injury by lipid hydroperoxides also could increase the uptake of LDL into the vessel wall. These events and other cellular dysfunctions may individually or collectively initiate and/or help to sustain the development of atherosclerosis.
Biogeography of Aspergillus species in soil and litter

Based on counts of Aspergillus species reported in over 250 studies of microfungi from soils and litter, chi-square analyses were conducted on species occurrence in five biomes and five latitude ranges to determine variations from expected distributions. There was no overall trend in distribution of the members of the entire genus by biome, however, individual sections of the genus appeared to have distinct distribution patterns. Most members of sections Aspergillus, Nidulantes, Flavipedes and Circumdati occurred at greater than expected frequencies in desert soils. There was no distinct pattern of species occurrence for forest, wetland, or cultivated soils, although members of section Nidulantes were quite rare in cultivated soils. Most species occurred at or below expected frequencies in grassland soils. Members of the genus tended to occur at greater than expected frequencies at latitudes in the subtropical/warm temperate zone between 26 and 35 degrees. Most species occurred at expected frequencies in the lower latitudes, and below expected frequencies in latitudes greater than 35 degrees.
Foundations of nonlinear gyrokinetic theory

Nonlinear gyrokinetic equations play a fundamental role in our understanding of the long-time behavior of strongly magnetized plasmas. The foundations of modern nonlinear gyrokinetic the- ory are based on three important pillars: (1) a gyrokinetic Vlasov equation written in terms of a gyrocenter Hamiltonian with quadratic low-frequency ponderomotive-like terms; (2) a set of gyrokinetic Maxwell (Poisson-Ampere) equations written in terms of the gyrocenter Vlasov dis- tribution that contain low-frequency polarization (Poisson) and magnetization (Ampere) terms derived from the quadratic nonlinearities in the gyrocenter Hamiltonian; and (3) an exact energy conservationlaw for the gyrokineticVlasov-Maxwell equations that includes all the relevant linear and nonlinear coupling terms. The foundations of nonlinear gyrokinetic theory are reviewed with an emphasis on the rigorous applications of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Lie-transform perturba- tion methods used in the variationalderivationof nonlineargyrokineticVlasov-Maxwell equations. The physical motivations and applications of the nonlinear gyrokinetic equations, which describe the turbulent evolution of low-frequency electromagnetic fluctuations in a nonuniform magnetized plasmas with arbitrary magnetic geometry, are also discussed.
The role of HOX genes in myeloid leukemogenesis.

Purpose of reviewHomeodomain proteins of the Hox family play an important role in regulation of normal hematopoiesis. Substantial evidence also indicates that abnormal Hox protein expression is functionally significant in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid malignancies. The purpose of this review is
A general approach to performance evaluation of higher order coded modulation systems on fading channels

This paper outlines an efficient approach to evaluate the performance of higher order coded modulated systems. Most of the approaches suggested so far have evaluated the probability of individual pairwise error events and obtained the union bound from the bit error probability. This gives a very tight bound on the performance of SNR's above cutoff rate for BPSK modulation. However, for higher order modulation systems, the number of bit errors in a symbol slot depends on the exact two modulated symbols involved in an error event. Due to computational complexity, the performance is usually approximated by a few dominant error events. The bounds thus obtained are only good for very high SNR's and AWGN channel. On the other hand, for a fading channel the correlation structure of the channel introduces another element of complexity. In this paper, we develop a general approach which assumes an ideal model for the modulator and enables us to extend the linearity of the considered codes to simplify the computation of the performance bounds for fading channels. This approach also gives a greater insight into the influence of modulator parameters on the performance of coded modulation systems. The application of our analytical model is demonstrated with examples and simulations.
Mechanism and controlled growth of shape and size variant core/shell FeO/Fe3O4 nanoparticles

We report a novel synthesis approach for the growth of core/shell FeO/Fe3O4 nanoparticles with controlled shape and size. FeO particles were partially oxidized to form core/shell FeO/Fe3O4 structures, as evidenced from transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and magnetometry analysis. We find that the molar ratios and concentrations of surfactants are the key parameters in controlling the particle size. The particles can grow in either isotropic or anisotropic shapes, depending upon a chemical reaction scheme that is controlled kinetically or thermodynamically. The competitive growth rates of {111} and {100} facets can be used to tune the final shape of nanoparticles to spherical, cubic, octahedral, octopod, and cuboctahedral geometries. FeO particles can also be oxidized chemically or thermally to form Fe3O4 nanoparticles. By following the same synthesis technique, it is possible to synthesize rods and triangles of Fe3O4 by introducing twinnings and defects into the crystal structure of the seed. The thermally activated first-order Verwey transition at ∼120 K has been observed in all the synthesized FeO/Fe3O4 nanoparticles, indicating its independence from the particle shape. These core/shell nanoparticles exhibit a strong shift in field-cooled hysteresis loops accompanied by an increase in coercivity (the so-called exchange bias effect), but the low field-switching behavior appears to vary with the particle shape.
Fueling the Flames: Mammalian Programmed Necrosis in Inflammatory Diseases

Programmed necrosis or necroptosis is an inflammatory form of cell death driven by TNF-like death cytokines, toll-like receptors, and antigen receptors. Unlike necrosis induced by physical trauma, a dedicated pathway is involved in programmed necrosis. In particular, a kinase complex composed of the receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3 is a central step in necrotic cell death. Assembly and activation of this RIPK1-RIPK3 "necrosome" is critically controlled by protein ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and caspase-mediated cleavage events. The molecular signals cumulate in formation of intracellular vacuoles, organelle swelling, internal membrane leakage, and eventually plasma membrane rupture. These morphological changes can result in spillage of intracellular adjuvants to promote inflammation and further exacerbate tissue injury. Because of the inflammatory nature of necrosis, it is an attractive pathway for therapeutic intervention in acute inflammatory diseases.
Delaying the Fertility Decline: German Women in Saginaw County, Michigan, 1850-1880:

Using U.S. manuscript censuses from 1850 to 1880 the study examines changes in fertility of women in Saginaw County Michigan during the period in which the county became a major center of the lumber industry in North America. The German states were an important source of immigration to Saginaw County during this period and the paper focuses particularly on the fertility of German women in contrast to native-born women and those of other nativity. The comparison reveals that although other groups of women exhibited a marked decline in fertility German women sustained a high fertility level to the end of the period of study. (EXCERPT)
School and Work in the Lives of West German Adolescents

International comparisons have intrinsic interest but are also useful means of understanding our own society more thoroughly. West Germany's school system presents several contrasts with the United States'. At the secondary level it is far more differentiated, containing three distinct types of schools that are ordinarily located in separate buildings. Even more dramatically, apprenticeship, rather than full-time schooling, constitutes the largest form of upper secondary education. Apprenticeship provides a bridge from school to work, from adolescence to adulthood, that has no counterpart in the United States. Recent changes in West Germany's educational system have tried to make it more democratic, most effectively by increasing enrollments in the upper-level secondary schools. The greatest challenge currently facing the system is high youth unemployment resulting from economic stagnation combined with an unusually large youth cohort. The papers in this special issue explore the impact of school and appr...
The Effects of Different Tetracyclines on the Dentin Root Surface of Instrumented, Periodontally Involved Human Teeth: A Comparative Scanning Electron Microscope Study

This in vitro study compares, by scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination, the surface effects of various topical applications of tetracycline on the instrumented dentin root surface of human teeth. Eighty-two (82) dentin samples were prepared from periodontally-compromised teeth planned for extraction. Solutions of tetracycline HCl, doxycycline, minocycline, sumycin, and a saline control were prepared and applied to the dentin samples for 0.5, 1, 3, 5, and 10 minutes. Each solution pH was measured: tetracycline HCI (pH 1.6), doxycycline (pH 2.2), minocycline (pH 3.8), sumycin (pH 4.4), and saline (pH 5.1). A tetracycline periodontal fiber was also evaluated at 1, 4, 7, and 10 days of exposure for dentin surface effects. Tetracycline HCI removed the dentin smear layer leaving clean and open tubules significantly better than other solutions tested in as little as 30 seconds. Doxycycline and minocycline produced similar results to each other, which were significantly better than sumycin and saline, but not as effective as tetracycline HCl. Smear layer removal was attained by doxycycline and minocycline in five to ten minutes; however, sumycin and the saline control ineffectively removed the surface smear layer and dentinal tubules remained partially to totally occluded by debris. The periodontal fiber did not significantly alter the surface smear layer. Results of this study suggest that tetracycline HCl is the best current tetracycline form for root surface conditioning as measured by its ability to affect both dentin smear layer removal and dentin tubule exposure.
Enjoy the Silence

RNAi A Guide to Gene Silencing. Gregory J. Hannon, Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 2003. 444 pp. $130, £95. ISBN 0-87969-641-9. The contributors, who include many pioneers in the field, present the principles behind RNA interference and a series of protocols for the laboratory use of RNAi in a variety of plant and animal systems.
Mating Disruption of Oriental Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Cranberry Using Retrievable, Point-Source Dispensers of Sex Pheromone

We evaluated the potential management of oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse), in cranberry by disruption of communication between the sexes through application of the female sex pheromone deployed from wax disks in 2003 and 2004. Mean weekly catch of males in pheromone traps on each untreated bog minus that on each pheromone-treated bog was significantly greater than zero throughout the male flight period for both years of the experiment. Captures of males in traps placed on the edge of pheromone-treated bogs were intermediate between those on control and treated sites; thus, disruption may be limited a short distance from pheromone-treated plots, and treatment of surrounding areas that harbor beetles may be necessary. We deployed a limited number of tethered virgin females in the field for two nights in 2003; when returned to the laboratory, only females on control sites laid fertile eggs. In 2004, we assessed whether delayed mating occurred in the field by deploying tethered females within soil-filled pots and estimated mating rates over five nights by the presence or absence of fertile eggs within soil samples. Only one female among the treated sites laid fertile eggs, whereas the cumulative percentage of females laying fertile eggs in control sites rose steadily over five nights to 96%. The results of this study suggest the strong potential of mating disruption of oriental beetle in cranberry using retrievable, high-dose, point-source dispensers of pheromone.
Endothelin-1 induces direct constriction of hepatic sinusoids

We studied the hepatic microvascular response to endothelin (ET) and the possible role of Ito cells (fat-storing cells) acting as pericytes in this response using isolated rat livers under high-power intravital microscopy. Livers were perfused in a modified pressure-controlled system with Krebs buffer plus rat erythrocytes (RBC, 10%), and sinusoids at the site of Ito cells were observed under a x 100 objective (total magnification x 2,533) before and during infusion of ET-1 (10(-9 M) alone, sodium nitroprusside (NP, 10(-5) M). plus ET-1, or phenylephrine (PE, 10(-7) M). Both ET-1 and PE decreased portal flow (25 and 51%) and increased inflow pressure (28 and 43%), respectively. PE had no effect on any sinusoidal parameters except that it decreased measured sinusoidal RBC velocity (P < 0.05); ET-1 decreased sinusoidal diameter by 25% and increased the calculated sinusoidal pressure gradient and resistance by 116 and 350%, respectively, but did not alter RBC velocity. NP significantly inhibited changes induced by ET-1. These results demonstrate that ET-1 induces a specific sinusoidal constriction that disrupts normal acinar flow dynamics, and the sinusoidal constriction colocalizes with Ito cells, suggesting that the constriction may be mediated at least in part by ET-1 action on Ito cells, which can be inhibited by a nitric oxide donor.
Racial and Ethnic Differences Between Obstetrician-Gynecologists and Other Adult Medical Specialists.

OBJECTIVE:To compare racial and ethnic differences between obstetrician–gynecologists (ob-gyns) and other large groups of adult medical specialists who provide the predominant care of women. Whether physician diversity influences their practice locations in underserved areas was also sought.METHODS:
Regional blood flow in the brain and spinal cord of hypothermic rats

[14C]butanol tissue uptake was used to measure simultaneously regional blood flow in three regions of the brain (cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres and brain stem) and in five levels of the spinal cord in 10 normothermic rats (group A) and in 10 rats in which rectal temperature had been lowered to 27.7 +/- 0.3 degrees C by applying ice to the torso (group B). Pentobarbital sodium anesthesia was used. Mean arterial blood pressure varied minimally between groups as did arterial pH, PO2, and PCO2. In group A, regional spinal cord blood flow (rSCBF) varied from 49.7 +/- 1.6 to 62.6 +/- 2.1 ml.min-1.100 g-1; in brain, regional blood flow (rBBF) averaged 74.4 +/- 2.3 ml.min-1.100 g-1 in the whole brain and was highest in the brain stem. rSCBF in group B was elevated in all levels of the cord by 21-34% (P less than 0.05). rBBF, however, was lowered by 21% in the cerebral hemispheres (P less than 0.001) and by 14% in the brain as a whole (P less than 0.05). The changes in calculated vascular resistance tended to be inversely related to blood flow in all tissues. We conclude that rBBF is depressed in acutely hypothermic pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized rats, as has been noted before, but that rSCBF rises under these experimental conditions. The elevation of rSCBF in hypothermic rats confirms our previous observations.
A model for kinesin movement from nanometer-level movements of kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein and force measurements

Summary Our detailed measurements of the movements of kinesin- and dynein-coated latex beads have revealed several important features of the motors which underlie basic mechanical aspects of the mechanisms of motor movements. Kinesin-coated beads will move along the paths of individual microtubule protofilaments with high fidelity and will pause at 4nm intervals along the microtubule axis under low ATP conditions. In contrast, cytoplasmic dynein-coated beads move laterally across many protofilaments as they travel along the microtubule, without any regular pauses, suggesting that the movements of kinesin-coated beads are not an artefact of the method. These kinesin bead movements suggest a model for kinesin movement in which the two heads walk along an individual protofilament in a hand-over-hand fashion. A free head would only be able to bind to the next forward tubulin subunit on the protofilament and its binding would pull off the trailing head to start the cycle again. This model is consistent with the observed cooperativity between the heads and with the movement by single dimeric molecules. Several testable predictions of the model are that kinesin should be able to bind to both alpha and beta tubulin and that the length of the neck region of the molecule should control the off-axis motility. In this article, we describe the technology for measuring nanometer-level movements and the force generated by the kinesin molecule.
Studies on Growth. II. Effect of Liver Extract on Food Consumption, Food Utilization and Growth.

In certain of our experiments it has been necessary to investigate the effect of the addition of liver to the diet of growing rats. Osborne and Mendel1 have recently called attention to the marked acceleration of the growth rate which occurs under these circumstances. It was possible from our experiments to show the difference between the action of yeast and of liver on the consumption and the utilization of food. The addition of yeast to diets partially inadequate in the vitamin B complex increases the food intake of the rats but primarily increases the degree of utilization of the food ingested. The addition of liver to an adequate diet has little effect on the degree of utilization of the food but greatly increases the food intake. The effect of yeast and of liver on the consumption of food was demonstrated in experiments in which the diets were fed ad libitum. The effect of liver and of yeast on the utilization of food was demonstrated in experiments in which the food intake was restricted so that the...
Domestic Frontier Romance, or, How the Sentimental Heroine Became White

Mary Conant was indeed the wife of Hobomok. Lydia Maria Child, Hobomok . [I]f one is amused by a contradiction, it is because one supposes its terms to be very far apart. Roland Barthes, Mythologies . According to the dominant literary critical tradition, the designation “domestic frontier romance” presents a contradiction in terms. Most accounts of American literary history proceed on the assumption that the cultural impulse behind the frontier romance opposes that responsible for domestic fiction. Deliberately shaking off the conventions associated with the homebound novels of European middle-class women, American frontier fiction tells the story of racial warfare set on the line between settlement and wilderness. Gender and genre coalesce here in a familiar manner. The heart of the frontier romance is a masculine hero, neither genteel nor marriageable, who flees the settlement for the freedom of the “virgin land.” Indeed, its story is often told as if the frontier novel itself were one of Mark Twain's late-nineteenth century boy-heroes, turning its back on “sivilization” to “light out for the Territory.” As Leslie Fiedler tells us, the genre veered from “society to nature or nightmare” in order to “avoid the facts of wooing, marriage, and child-bearing” and the entire realm of the “chafing and restrictive” woman-centered home. Where Fiedler seems to celebrate the genre, Richard Slotkin and Philip Fisher, by contrast, have generated powerful critiques of the culture of racialized violence to which this literature contributed.
Reproduction, growth, and mortality of the vespertilionid bat, Eptesicus fuscus, in Kansas.

A study was conducted on reproduction, growth, and mortality of Eptesicus fuscus in an area of central Kansas where morphological intergradation has been demonstrated between distinctive eastern and western forms. Observations were made on reproductive chronology and the hypothesis was tested that sexual size dimorphism is evident throughout the period of growth. The parturition period was from late May through the middle of June with most young born in the first week of June. Although the number of implanted embryos exceeded the number surviving to birth, the litter size was two. No significant differences in size or weight were evident between males and females in the prenatal period. Postnatal growth rates in linear dimensions were greater for females than for males. Young bats were foraging at the age of 4 weeks by which time the forearm length had reached 86 and 89 per cent of adult size for males and females, respectively. Adult linear size was attained in approximately 70 days. At birth young bats averaged 3.14 grams or approximately 16 per cent of the postpartum weight of females. Weight gains were nearly linear for the first 6 weeks in both sexes. No sex differences in body weight were evident until young bats were weaned, but after this time females gained weight faster than males. Embryonic resorption, accidents, and predation are considered as factors influencing mortality.
Multiple forms of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase in tissues.

SummaryThree anionic and one or more cationic isozymes exhibiting glutamic-oxal-acetic transaminase activity have been separated by starch gel electrophoresis of rat liver, heart and muscle extracts. The fastest migrating, third, anodic band does not appear to be present in rat kidney. Four anodic bands were found in a purified enzyme preparation from pig heart. There are species differences in rate of migration of the isozymes which suggest structural differences in the enzyme proteins from the various sources. A direct, one-step, stain procedure, using a diazonium salt which couples specifically with oxalacetate, is described for detection of the transaminase on starch gel.
Neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas: what's new. Highlights from the "2010 ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium". Orlando, FL, USA. January 22-24, 2010

Surgical excision has been the mainstay of treatment for neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas (PNET). Compounds like streptozocin and dacarbazin have been traditionally used in inoperable cases and somatostatin to treat syndromes deriving from functional tumors. However, a lot of progress has taken place in the area of molecular characterization of these tumors, revealing activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and VEGF pathways. Recent data from the 2010 ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium demonstrate antitumor activity of everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor in combination with temozolomide in a phase I/II trial and of sunitinib versus placebo in a randomized double blinded phase III trial. The role of modern biologic compounds in the treatment of PNET is not clear yet. In addition, combination of resection and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has been proven effective over either modality alone in the treatment of PNET metastatic to the liver in a retrospective analysis. This comes to address the problem of selecting local intervention in a metastatic disease, which has been a reasonable choice for this group of tumors in the past. Last but not least the role of Ki-67 in decision-making in PNET is being discussed. Image: Yale University School of Medicine. New Haven, CT, USA.
Considerations in Adapting Industrial Organization Theory to the International Trade in Cultural Goods

Recent controversies regarding the role of cultural goods in the imminent economic integration of Europe, as well as the highly publicized exclusions of the cultural industries from the 1989 Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement have served to draw special attention to the implication of the movement of cultural goods across national boundaries. While sensitivities regarding cultural imperialism are hardly new, the necessity of clarifying the economic rules of the game in an era of dramatic political and economic change makes it especially important to understand the economic principles involved.
Scalable, Self-Organizing Technology for Sensor Networks

Sensor networks will often need to organize themselves automatically and adapt to changing environmental conditions, failures, intermittent connectivity, and in response to power considerations. We review a series of technologies that we find interesting both because they solve fundamental problems seen in these settings, and also because they appear to be instances of a broader class of solutions responsive to these objectives.
Open-label randomized trial of titrated disease management for patients with hypertension: Study design and baseline sample characteristics

Despite the availability of efficacious treatments, only half of patients with hypertension achieve adequate blood pressure (BP) control. This paper describes the protocol and baseline subject characteristics of a 2-arm, 18-month randomized clinical trial of titrated disease management (TDM) for patients with pharmaceutically-treated hypertension for whom systolic blood pressure (SBP) is not controlled (≥140mmHg for non-diabetic or ≥130mmHg for diabetic patients). The trial is being conducted among patients of four clinic locations associated with a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. An intervention arm has a TDM strategy in which patients' hypertension control at baseline, 6, and 12months determines the resource intensity of disease management. Intensity levels include: a low-intensity strategy utilizing a licensed practical nurse to provide bi-monthly, non-tailored behavioral support calls to patients whose SBP comes under control; medium-intensity strategy utilizing a registered nurse to provide monthly tailored behavioral support telephone calls plus home BP monitoring; and high-intensity strategy utilizing a pharmacist to provide monthly tailored behavioral support telephone calls, home BP monitoring, and pharmacist-directed medication management. Control arm patients receive the low-intensity strategy regardless of BP control. The primary outcome is SBP. There are 385 randomized (192 intervention; 193 control) veterans that are predominately older (mean age 63.5years) men (92.5%). 61.8% are African American, and the mean baseline SBP for all subjects is 143.6mmHg. This trial will determine if a disease management program that is titrated by matching the intensity of resources to patients' BP control leads to superior outcomes compared to a low-intensity management strategy.
Term limits, time horizons and electoral accountability

Term limits have been known to reduce electoral accountability by removing the possibility of reelection, thus affecting economic policy choices (i.e., the ‘lame duck’ effect). We show that the magnitude and statistical significance of this effect is influenced by the expected length of a future career. By using incumbent age as a proxy for expected career length, we find that the lame-duck effect is statistically observable only among those politicians with long careers ahead. Using data on US governors from 1950 to 2005, we find evidence that the influence of term limits is heterogeneous, primarily influencing young incumbents who hope to have long careers and thus have stronger incentives to remain accountable to voters. Indeed, we find little evidence of a lame-duck effect among older incumbents, suggesting that their already-shortened time horizons may offset the term limit effect.
Adult Limb Deformity Reconstruction in Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) may continue to suffer from the sequelae of the disease, such as limb deformities, chronic non-unions, pain and functional impairment, throughout adulthood. In these adult patients, surgical limb reconstruction can be used to address the sequelae of OI and prevent further damage. During limb reconstruction, surgical techniques including multiple osteotomies stabilized by strut allografts, implants and other graft material can be applied safely and effectively, with a relatively low rate of adverse outcomes. Patients undergoing limb reconstruction procedures report an increase in functional capacity and a decrease in discomfort. Complications include migration of implants and non-union of osteotomies, which can usually be addressed successfully through a revision procedure.
Contesting Racial Status

IRREGULARITIES IN NAZI RACIAL POLICY On the eve of the 1938 Anschlus, the official status of mixed families in the Third Reich remained in flux. The passage of the Nuremberg Laws in 1935 had, in effect, created a “third race.” Behind closed doors, moreover, heated debates continued to rage between agencies of the Nazi Party and the Ministry of the Interior over the definition of race and Jewish identity. Adding to the tug of war were the aspirations of party careerists, youthful bureaucrats, and various interest groups including genealogists, anthropologists, and physicians. There were also nasty personal rivalries. Representing the NSDAP was Dr. Walter Gross, head of the National Socialist Racial Policy Office ( Rassenpol it isches Amt – RPA). He and his colleagues persisted in pressing for measures to dissolve mixed marriages and to reduce the status of half-Jews to that of full Jews. Their collaborators in the Office for Kinship Research, headed by Dr. Walter Mayer, worked closely with an agency in the Interior Ministry having a similar name: the Reich Office for Kinship Research ( Reichsamt fur Sippenforschung [RfS], which was changed in 1940 to the Reich Kinship Office ( Reichssippenamt – RSA). As may be surmised, party officials and civil servants quarreled incessantly over the ultimate power to make racial classification decisions. It is true that in 1938 the Office of the Deputy Fuhrer considered a proposal to clarify lines of authority, though after the outbreak of war, Rudolf Hess blocked any measure altering the organizational structure of the NSDAP. One trend did emerge.
Characterization of Na+-coupled glutamate/aspartate transport by a rat brain astrocyte line expressing GLAST and EAAC1.

d-Aspartate (d-Asp) uptake by suspensions of cerebral rat brain astrocytes (RBA) maintained in long-term culture was studied as a means of characterizing function and regulation of Glutamate/Aspartate (Glu/Asp) transporter isoforms in the cells. d-Asp influx is Na+-dependent with K m = 5 μm and V max= 0.7 nmoles · min−1· mg protein−1. Influx is sigmoidal as f[Na+] with Na+ K m ∼ 12 μm and Hill coefficient of 1.9. The cells establish steady-state d-Asp gradients >3,000-fold. Phorbol ester (PMA) enhances uptake, and gradients near 6,000-fold are achieved due to a 2-fold increase in V max, with no change in K m . At initial [d-Asp] = 10 μm, RBA take up more than 90% of total d-Asp, and extracellular levels are reduced to levels below 1 μm. Ionophores that dissipate the ΔμNa+ inhibit gradient formation. Genistein (GEN, 100 μm), a PTK inhibitor, causes a 40% decrease in d-Asp. Inactive analogs of PMA (4α-PMA) and GEN (daidzein) have no detectable effect, although the stimulatory PMA response still occurs when GEN is present. Further specificity of action is indicated by the fact that PMA has no effect on Na+-coupled ALA uptake, but GEN is stimulatory. d-Asp uptake is strongly inhibited by serine-O-sulfate (S-O-S), threohydroxy-aspartate (THA), l-Asp, and l-Glu, but not by d-Glu, kainic acid (KA), or dihydrokainate (DHK), an inhibition pattern characteristic of GLAST and EAAC1 transporter isoforms. mRNA for both isoforms was detected by RT-PCR, and Western blotting with appropriate antibodies shows that both proteins are expressed in these cells.
Understanding Corporate Lawbreaking: From Profit Seeking to Law Finding

At least since Sutherland’s pathbreaking publication in 1949,1 American social science has had to conjure with the phenomena of “white-collar crime.” If not quite reluctantly, it did so only haltingly in the quarter century following Sutherland’s strong lead. Subsequent work was impeded by a combination of political disinterest in (even disdain for) the topic, the consequent lack of federal agency funds for research on it, and the focus of criminologists’work on rapidly rising rates of street crime in the United States.2
MPTH-20ALTERATIONS IN THE IRON REGULATORY GENE SIGNATURE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED SURVIVAL IN LOW GRADE GLIOMA

BACKGROUND: Iron is a tightly regulated micronutrient that is necessary for cell division in normal tissue. Previous studies have established that a signature of iron regulatory genes can predict survival in breast tumors. Recent evidence suggests that dysregulation of iron regulatory proteins may play a role in brain cancer pathophysiology. METHODS: We use public data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to study the association between survival and expression levels of 61 genes coding for iron regulatory proteins in patients with low grade brain gliomas (LGG). Specifically, we utilized the Coxnet package to perform feature selection using elastic net regularization and compared this model to the 1-Nearest Neighbor algorithm and random selection. To prevent overfitting in our Coxnet model, 10-fold cross-validation was implemented. RESULTS: Using feature reduction strategies we identified a novel, optimized subset of 10 iron regulatory genes (STEAP3, HFE, TMPRSS6, SFXN1, TFRC, SLC25A37, ALAD, SLC25A28, TFR2, and HIF1AN) whose differential expression defines two phenotypic groups with differential survival of 62.9 months (94.5 vs 31.6 months, p< 10−6). The correlation between predicted relative risks and survival on the Coxnet model was -0.27, compared to a 0.30 correlation for the 1NN algorithm performed on all 61 iron regulatory genes. Therefore, feature selection eliminated 51 of the candidate genes with only a slight reduction in accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: This work indicates that iron metabolism affects tumor progression in multiple types, promising broader applicability for therapeutic and predictive strategies focusing on iron metabolism. The genes identified in this study are risk factors in other cancers, suggesting that targeting these genes could provide therapeutic and prognostic tools with utility beyond low grade glioma.
Treating an Adolescent with Long QT Syndrome for Bipolar Disorder: A Case Presentation.

Objectives Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is described as the development of sudden syncope attacks or death as a result of ventricular tachycardia (VT) episodes that might be observed as elongated QT interval in electrocardiography (ECG). Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) is recommended as first-line treatment for the condition in guidelines. We aimed to present an adolescent recently diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder (BD) who had LQTS that was treated with ICD, discussing her follow up and treatment along with relevant literature. Methods Psychiatric assessment of the case that applied to our child psychiatry unit due to manic symptoms were carried out by using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5) criteria. Symptom severity was monitored via Young Mania Rating Scale scores (YMRSS). Results The case met criteria for Bipolar Disorder Type I (BD-I). She had improvement in her mood symptoms with treatment regimen as risperidone 3 mg/day, valproate 1000 mg/day and lorazepam 1 mg/dayi after her 2-week follow up as well as no reported ICD activity, reflecting fine cardiac functions and rhythm. Conclusions LQTS is a serious health issue for children and adolescents diagnosed with BD. This condition should be kept in mind especially in cases where familial risk factors are present and precautions need to be maintained upon required assessments. These cases need to be closely monitored due to risk factors related to both BD and LQTS, in a multidisciplinary fashion, involving both psychiatry and cardiology divisions.
Energy-Efficient Query Processing in Web Search Engines

Web search engines are composed by thousands of query processing nodes, i.e., servers dedicated to process user queries. Such many servers consume a significant amount of energy, mostly accountable to their CPUs, but they are necessary to ensure low latencies, since users expect sub-second response times (e.g., 500 ms). However, users can hardly notice response times that are faster than their expectations. Hence, we propose the Predictive Energy Saving Online Scheduling Algorithm ( $\sf{PESOS}$ ) to select the most appropriate CPU frequency to process a query on a per-core basis. $\sf{PESOS}$ aims at process queries by their deadlines, and leverage high-level scheduling information to reduce the CPU energy consumption of a query processing node. $\sf{PESOS}$ bases its decision on query efficiency predictors, estimating the processing volume and processing time of a query. We experimentally evaluate $\sf{PESOS}$ upon the TREC ClueWeb09B collection and the MSN2006 query log. Results show that $\sf{PESOS}$ can reduce the CPU energy consumption of a query processing node up to ${\sim}$ 48 percent compared to a system running at maximum CPU core frequency. $\sf{PESOS}$ outperforms also the best state-of-the-art competitor with a ${\sim}$ 20 percent energy saving, while the competitor requires a fine parameter tuning and it may incurs in uncontrollable latency violations.
3D printing cybersecurity: detecting and preventing attacks that seek to weaken a printed object by changing fill level

Prior work by Zeltmann, et al. has demonstrated the impact of small defects and other irregularities on the structural integrity of 3D printed objects. It posited that such defects could be introduced intentionally. The current work looks at the impact of changing the fill level on object structural integrity. It considers whether the existence of an appropriate level of fill can be determined through visible light imagery-based assessment of a 3D printed object. A technique for assessing the quality and sufficiency of quantity of 3D printed fill material is presented. It is assessed experimentally and results are presented and analyzed.
Use of a nanotechnology-based system for the prospective characterization of circulating tumor cells in head and neck cancer patients.

11536Background: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are an important biomarker in cancer and there is significant interest in developing new technologies to adequately assess CTCs to enable personalize...
Wearable ballistocardiogram and seismocardiogram systems for health and performance

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are prevalent in the US, and many forms of CVD primarily affect the mechanical aspects of heart function. Wearable technologies for monitoring the mechanical health o...
Recent progress in the application of wavelets in surveillance systems

In this paper, we briefly discuss two approaches for enhancing the resolution enhancement of range-Doppler images (including SAR and ISAR images). The first approach can be used in conjunction with current radar systems that use a fixed narrow band waveform to acquire target data. It measures Doppler shifts more accurately than the traditional FFT based techniques. It performs well in low signal-to-clutter regimes regardless of the statistical structure of the clutter. The second technique assumes that the radar can transmit different waveforms that are matched to the imaging task under consideration. It is based on the fact that the most accurate reconstruction of a range-Doppler target density function from N waveforms and their echoes is obtained by transmitting the singular functions corresponding to the N largest singular values of two kernels derived from the target density. We discuss two strategies for selecting the radar waveforms. The first strategy uses fixed waveforms that act as approximate singular functions for the kernels corresponding to wide classes of target densities. The second strategy adaptively selects the transmitted waveforms by solving a simultaneous target classification and image reconstruction problem.