cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T-Cell Identity and Epigenetic Memory

T-cell development endows cells with a flexible range of effector differentiation options, superimposed on a stable core of lineage-specific gene expression that is maintained while access to alternative hematopoietic lineages is permanently renounced. This combination of features could be explained by environmentally responsive transcription factor mobilization overlaying an epigenetically stabilized base gene expression state. For example, “poising” of promoters could offer preferential access to T-cell genes, while repressive histone modifications and DNA methylation of non-T regulatory genes could be responsible for keeping non-T developmental options closed. Here, we critically review the evidence for the actual deployment of epigenetic marking to support the stable aspects of T-cell identity. Much of epigenetic marking is dynamically maintained or subject to rapid modification by local action of transcription factors. Repressive histone marks are used in gene-specific ways that do not fit a simple, developmental lineage-exclusion hierarchy. We argue that epigenetic analysis may achieve its greatest impact for illuminating regulatory biology when it is used to locate cis-regulatory elements by catching them in the act of mediating regulatory change.
Design for Manufacturing and Assembly

Design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA) represents a strategic approach implemented by enterprises to ensure simultaneous consideration of the manufacturing processes and assemblability of a product or system as the product or system proceeds from conception to installation, implementation, and use. DFMA applies across an enterprise's organization and structure, from multidisciplinary team formation, the establishment of supply chains, activity-based costing, to manufacturing and assembly infrastructure, process and quality control, and the actual architectural and design choices for a particular product or system. This article will not attempt to cover this broad spectrum. Instead, our focus entails a study of basic design guidelines, tools, and techniques that can be employed by a designer or design team to improve the manufacturing and assembly associated with a product or system. Specifically, we present the basic constructs of design for manufacturing and design for assembly. Using these constructs as a foundation, we explore a set of practical design guidelines as they relate to both manufacturability and assemblability. A basic DFMA technique, known as effort-flow analysis, is then presented to analyze and improve a product or system. The knowledge gained from the design guidelines and effort–flow analysis can be used to refine a design so that it is easier to fabricate and easier to assemble. Improvements of these types, in turn, can lead to significant cost savings and reduced failure modes. They can also lead to novel and innovative solutions of products and systems at the component level. Keywords: concurrent engineering; design for assembly; design for manufacturing; bill-of-materials; effort flow analysis; design for manufacturing and assembly; DFMA; design principles
Negative Flashes, Positive Flashes, and Flicker Examined by Increment Threshold Technique*

On and off responses to a conditioning stimulus fluctuating between a primary adapting level of 2.7 ft-L and a secondary level of 0.3 ft-L are investigated using the increment-threshold technique. Single negative conditioning flashes (momentary diminution from 2.7 to 0.3 ft-L) are shown to yield discrete off and then on responses, even for flashes as short as 3 msec. Positive conditioning flashes, presented after a 17-msec diminution of the primary adapting level and followed by 57 msec at the secondary level, are also capable of generating discrete on and off responses, but only if longer than about 40 msec. Very short positive flashes produce little or no effect and are treated by the visual system as if they were part of a continuous dark interval. Flicker is investigated by presenting series of N negative conditioning flashes, with N varying from 2 to 5; increment thresholds obtained under these conditions are compared with those for a stimulus continuously fluctuating between the two levels at 29 cps. The results indicate that the visual system treats the flicker train to a considerable extent as it would a single negative flash, with a ripple superposed that is associated with all individual flashes in the train except the first positive flash, which is always ignored. It is tentatively suggested—pending further experimentation—that the responses to the individual flashes in a flicker train are neither on nor off responses; rather they may be responses to the integrated energy contained within each flash.
Rationale and Construct Validity Evidence for the Job Search Behavior index: Because intentions (and New Year's Resolutions) Often Come to Naught

Abstract A conceptual framework for the determinants of organizational turnover which identifies five panels of variables—job properties, affective/attitudinal reactions, intentions to leave/stay, job search behavior, and turnover occurrences—is advanced. Accordingly, it is reasoned that job search behavior (e.g., revising one's resume) is a more immediate precursor of voluntary turnover than are antecedent variables, such as intentions. Further, it is argued that behavior is required to translate intentions into results. Data from three samples indicate that the Job Search Behavior Index (JSBI) is psychometrically sound and construct valid. Evidence also indicates that the JSBI is a superior predictor of organizational turnover (and intraorganizational job change) in comparison to attitudinal and intention measures. Moreover, stepwise multiple regression and discriminant analyses indicate that the JSBI explains significant incremental variance in turnover, over and beyond the variance explained by perceptual, affective, attitudinal, and intention measures combined.
Characterization of a New Potyvirus Naturally Infecting Chickpea.

Larsen, R. C., Kaiser, W. J., Wyatt, S. D., Buxton-Druffel, K. L., and Berger, P. H. 2003. Characterization of a new potyvirus naturally infecting chickpea. Plant Dis. 87:1366-1371. During the 1999 to 2001 growing seasons, symptoms consisting of mosaic, stunting, yellowing, wilting, shortening of internodes, and phloem discoloration were observed in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) grown in the Department of Chuquisaca in southern Bolivia. In some fields, approximately 10% of the plants exhibited viruslike symptoms and suffered greatly reduced seed yields. Lentil (Lens culinaris) was also observed to be infected but not pea (Pisum sativum) or faba bean (Vicia faba) growing in nearby fields. Infected chickpea tissue reacted positively to the potyvirus group-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), but there was no serological reaction with antisera to the potyviruses Bean yellow mosaic virus, Clover yellow vein virus, Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus, Pea seedborne mosaic virus, Bean common mosaic virus, or Bean common mosaic necrosis virus. Western blots of total protein extracts probed with the potyvirus MAb revealed a single band ca. 32 kDa. Comparative sequence analysis of cDNA clones generated from the putative coat protein gene consisted of 282 amino acids (31.9 kDa) and showed moderate identities of 67, 66, 63, 63, and 61% with the coat proteins of potyviruses Pepper severe mosaic virus, Pepper yellow mosaic virus, Potato virus Y, Plum pox virus, and Pepper mottle virus, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein amino acid sequence revealed that this virus is a unique member of the family Potyviridae and is phylogenetically most closely related to a group of Solanaceae-infecting potyviruses rather than to other legumeinfecting potyviruses. The proposed name for the new causal agent is Chickpea yellow mosaic virus.
Structural transition and anisotropic properties of single-crystalline SrFe2As2

Platelike single crystals of ${\text{SrFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ as large as $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}0.5\text{ }{\text{mm}}^{3}$ have been grown out of Sn flux. The ${\text{SrFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ single crystals show a structural phase transition from a high-temperature tetragonal phase to a low-temperature orthorhombic phase at ${T}_{o}=198\text{ }\text{K}$, and do not show any sign of superconductivity down to 1.8 K. The structural transition is accompanied by an anomaly in the electrical resistivity, Hall resistivity, specific heat, and the anisotropic magnetic susceptibility. In an intermediate temperature range from 198 to 160 K, single-crystal x-ray diffraction suggests a coexistence of the high-temperature tetragonal and the low-temperature orthorhombic phases.
Considering Standards of Care for Anal Cancer

High-resolution anoscopy (HRA) has become a term that induces fear and trepidation in thehearts ofmost colorectal surgeons. There is a certain sinking feeling when one considers thetimeandeffort thatwillbe expended, with little return, when the standardof carebecomes the routineuseofHRA for all human immunodeficiencyvirus–positivepatients. This timeandeffortare fora0.131%riskofanalcancer in thehighestrisk group—men having sex with men who have human immunodeficiency virus. In fact, colorectal surgeons observe most of these individuals ona regular basis in theoffice if they have condylomaor symptomsof anal disease.Anoscopywithouthighresolutionactually revealsmostanal lesions thatcause symptoms. The time spent performing HRA compared with routine anoscopy may discourage most health care professionals from using HRA, except those focused on high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) andhuman immunodeficiency as a specialty. The study reported byHicks et al1 in this issue emphasizes some of the controversies surrounding the overall problem of HSIL.Asusual, therearemorequestions thananswers.Can the authors tell us how many patients without symptoms, never havingHRA but observed closely, will develop anal squamous cell cancer? Is there a reliable correlation between the presence of an anal lesion and anal pain andHSIL? Can routine follow-upwith anoscopy and destruction of obvious anal lesions have the same protective effect as HRA on anal cancer? Can asymptomatic high-risk individuals beobserveduntil theydeveloponeof the symptomsassociatedwithHSIL?What are the “findings consistent with dysplasia,” as mentioned by the authors?Only 29%of thepatients referredhad cytologic findings onanalPapanicolaou tests showinghigh-gradedysplasia.How helpful is the Papanicolaou test, if the test andHRAwere consistent in only 66% of cases? Finally, if only 30% of the group referredbyprimarycarephysiciansfor risingconcernaboutanal cancer hadHSIL and none had anal cancer, why not start with follow-up routine regular anoscopy instead of HRA?
DNA amplification fingerprinting of the Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis

The Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis has been used for centuries as a nitrogen biofertilizer in rice paddies. Genetic improvement of the symbiosis has been limited by the difficulty in identifying Azolla-Anabaena accessions and Anabaena azollae strains. The recently developed technique of DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) was applied to this problem. DAF uses single, short, oligonucleotide primers of arbitrary sequence to direct amplification of a characteristic set of DNA products by a thermostable DNA polymerase in a thermocycling reaction. The products are separated in polyacrylamide gels and detected by silver staining. DAF could easily distinguish and positively identify accessions of Azolla-Anabaena with DNA extracted from the intact symbioses. The contribution of prokaryotic Anabaena sequences to the fingerprint of the intact symbioses, however, ranged from 0 to 77%, depending on the primer sequence. Therefore, DNA extracted from the intact symbioses would not be suitable for Azolla taxonomy studies. The fingerprints of Anabaena strains isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation from different species of Azolla could be easily distinguished, and DAF patterns were used to confirm the maternal pattern of transmission of Anabaena in a sexual hybrid. Template DNA extracted from roots was used to produce fingerprints for Azolla without interference from the microsymbiont. Comparison of the patterns from the parents and a hybrid gave strong evidence confirming sexual hybridization.
Influenza infection during pregnancy: virology, pathogenesis and clinical challenges

Seasonal influenza infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pregnant and postpartum women are at increased risk of complications from influenza infection, partly due to the altered physiologic and immunologic parameters of pregnancy. While most influenza infections in pregnant women will take a mild, self-limited course, a minority of susceptible pregnant women suffer a severe life-threatening respiratory illness. The morbidity of influenza infection during pregnancy is compounded by the potential for adverse obstetric outcomes as well as the potential for detrimental fetal and neonatal effects. Suspected or confirmed influenza infection in a pregnant woman warrants treatment with antiviral medications. Influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza infection during pregnancy and is recommended for women who are or will be pregnant during influenza season.
Mouse skin tumor promoting activity of orange peel oil and d-limonene: a re-evaluation

Orange peel oil has previously been shown to be a promoter of mouse skin tumors. It has been assumed that this activity is due to its major (95%) constituent, d-limonene. We have tested both orange peel oil and purified d-limonene as skin tumor promoters in a two-stage skin carcinogenesis model in which tumors were initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene. We confirmed that topically applied orange peel oil is a very weak promoter of both skin papillomas and carcinomas. However, this promotional activity could not be accounted for by topically applied d-limonene. We thus feel that one or more minor components of orange peel oil has promotional activity. Neither orange peel oil nor d-limonene had promotional activity when given via the diet.
Electron microscopic and histochemical evidence for a tubular innervation in the renal cortex of the monkey

An innervation of the tubules of the monkey renal cortex has been demonstrated by electron microscopy. At the light microscopic level, histochemical methods showed the existence of both adrenergic and cholinergic nerve fibers in association with the renal tubules. By electron microscopy, bundles of terminal varicose axons were observed traveling between the blood vessel and tubules. Nerve endings in these bundles established contact with the basement membranes of both proximal and distal tubules as well as smooth muscle cells of the arterioles. Small bundles of axons having little or no Schwann cell covering were seen running between the tubules. Varicosities of these axons make contact with proximal and distal tubular cell basement membranes. By light microscopy adrenergic and cholinergic terminal axons were seen in close association with proximal and distal tubules. Serial sections showed that the tubular nerve endings are part of the perivascular nerve bundles or originate from them and travel independently for variable distances among the tubules. These studies provide an anatomical basis for a direct action of the autonomic nervous system on renal tubular function.
Processing study of a high temperature adhesive

An adhesive-bonding process cycle study was performed for a polyimidesulphone. The high molecular weight, linear aromatic system possesses properties which make it attractive as a processable, low-cost material for elevated temperature applications. The results of a study to better understand the parameters that affect the adhesive properties of the polymer for titanium alloy adherends are presented. These include the tape preparation, the use of a primer and press and simulated autoclave processing conditions. The polymer was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, glass transition temperature determination, flow measurements, and weight loss measurements. The lap shear strength of the adhesive was used to evaluate the effects of the bonding process variations.
Ion motion in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance wire ion guide cell

Abstract Ion motion in a novel Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) cell design is investigated. The cell design consists of a cylindrical electrostatic trap and an inner wire used to create a potential well inside the ICR cell. The ion cell is modeled as a Kingdon trap in an axial magnetic field. A theoretical description is given and advantages to using this cell (wire ion guide cell) design are discussed. Experimental results obtained using both an elongated wire-ion guide (WIG) cell (aspect ratio = 3.3) and a small WIG cell (aspect ratio = 1) to determine parameters affecting trapping performance are presented.
Commentary on Walton correspondence relating to the ILS glide slope

The author suggests that the conclusions reached by Dr. Walton (see IEEE Transactions Antennas Propagation AP-33, p.908-917, (Aug. 1985)) are misleading. The instrument landing system (ILS) glide slope is a contemporary approach and landing aid which is a crucial element in maintaining air safety and preserving human life. For this reason an important goal has been to document carefully technical findings especially as they relate to issues of safety. The author presents his experiences as a practicing engineer who has worked continually with ILS glide slopes for 35 years and has as pilot-in-command flown over 1000 h collecting data on glide slopes and still continue to use them routinely. >
Ischemic mitral valve reconstruction and replacement: Comparison of long-term survival and complications

Abstract Objective: This study reviews the 223 consecutive mitral valve operations for ischemic mitral insufficiency performed at New York University Medical Center between January 1976 and January 1996. The results for mitral valve reconstruction are compared with those for prosthetic mitral valve replacement. Methods: From January 1976 to January 1996, 223 patients with ischemic mitral insufficiency underwent mitral valve reconstruction (n = 152) or prosthetic mitral valve replacement (n = 71). Coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in 89% of cases of mitral reconstruction and 80% of cases of prosthetic replacement. In the group undergoing reconstruction, 77% had valvuloplasty with a ring annuloplasty and 23% had valvuloplasty with suture annuloplasty. In the group undergoing prosthetic replacement, 82% of patients received bioprostheses and 18% received mechanical prostheses. Results: Follow-up was 93% complete (median 14.6 mo, range 0-219 mo). Thirty-day mortality was 10% for mitral reconstruction and 20% for prosthetic replacement. The short-term mortality was higher among patients in New York Heart Association functional class IV than among those in classes I to III (odds ratio 5.75, confidence interval 1.25-26.5) and was reduced among patients with angina relative to those without angina (odds ratio 0.26, confidence interval 0.05-1.2). The 30-day death or complication rate was similarly elevated among patients in functional class IV (odds ratio 5.53; confidence interval 1.23-25.04). Patients with mitral valve reconstruction had lower short-term complication or death rates than did patients with prosthetic valve replacement (odds ratio 0.43, confidence interval 0.20-0.90). Eighty-two percent of patients with mitral valve reconstruction had no insufficiency or only trace insufficiency during the long-term follow-up period. Five-year complication-free survivals were 64% (confidence interval 54%-74%) for patients undergoing mitral valve reconstruction and 47% (confidence interval 33%-60%) for patients undergoing prosthetic valve replacement. Results of a series of statistical analyses suggest that outcome was linked primarily to preoperative New York Heart Association functional class. Conclusions: Initial mortalities were similar among patients undergoing prosthetic replacement and valve reconstruction. Poor outcome was primarily related to preexisting comorbidities. Patients undergoing valve reconstruction had fewer valve-related complications. Valve reconstruction resulted in excellent durability and freedom from complications. These findings suggest that mitral valve reconstruction should be considered for appropriate patients with ischemic mitral insufficiency.
Enhanced probabilistic decision analysis for radiological confinement barriers of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor

Abstract To ensure a defence-in-depth approach, several radiological confinement barriers surrounding a tokamak plant can be employed. A methodology using probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) techniques is a useful tool for evaluating the performance of each confinement barrier within the context of a limited allowable risk of accidental radioactivity releases. Such a methodology was developed and applied to the confinement strategy for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). Accident sequence models were constructed for each of the confinement barriers to evaluate the probabilities of events leading to radioactive releases from the corresponding confinement barrier. The current ITER design requirements set radioactive release and dose limits for individual event sequences grouped in categories by frequency. To limit the plant's overall risk and account for event uncertainties in both frequency and consequence, an analytical form for a limit line is derived here as a complementary cumulative frequency (CCF) of radioactive releases to the environment. By comparing the releases from each confinement barrier against the limit line, a decision can be made about the number of barriers required to comply with the design requirements. The first barrier is the vacuum vessel (VV) and the primary heat transfer systems. The second confinement barrier consists of the cryostat vessel (CV) and the heat transfer system vaults. In case the outer building is needed to act as a third barrier for ITER, a decision model using the multi-attribute utility theory was constructed to help the designer choose the best type of tokamak building. The decision model allows for performing sensitivity analysis on relevant parameters and for design features of new options for the ITER tokamak building.
Topography reveals seismic hazard

The devastating earthquake in the Chinese province of Sichuan struck an area that was not expected to suffer seismic activity of such magnitude. Yet topographic analyses of the region indicate active deformation, suggesting a way of refining maps of earthquake risk elsewhere.
What is plane equiaffine geometry

We provide $ \forall\exists $-axiom systems for two variants of plane equiaffine geometry, one whose automorphisms are area preserving affinities, the other whose automorphisms are oriented area preserving affinities. The axiom systems are formulated in first order languages with points as the only individual variables, and a single ternary primitive notion, standing for ’triangle of fixed (oriented or non-oriented) area‘. The theorem of G. Martin on area preserving bijections of the plane is seen in a new light.
Constructing opposition in Mozambique: Renamo as political party

In 1994, Renamo, a guerrilla movement best known both inside and outside of Mozambique as an organization without a political program, sustained by external support and an army of captives, completed its transformation into a political party in time for the country's first multiparty general elections, presenting a serious challenge to the ruling party. Though this metamorphosis could not have been achieved without considerable support from international donors during the period between the signing of the peace accord in 1992 and the elections, it was not solely the product of that support. This article focuses on the people and the tactics upon which Renamo relied in the transition from guerrilla army to political party. In particular, it explores Renamo's attempts to construct a political core toward the end of the war, in order to boost its image at home and abroad and, eventually, to prepare for a peace agreement. The article concludes by raising questions about how the nature of Renamo's transformati...
Absorption and excretion of dilute gastrografin during computed tomography in pseudomembranous colitis

Since 1955, urinary tract opacification secondary to absorption of orally or rectally administered iodinated contrast material has been recognized. Previously reported cases have involved relatively large volumes of full strength contrast necessary for fluoroscopic examination of the gastrointestinal tract. Our purpose is to report a case of urinary tract opacification in a patient who received a small amount of oral contrast in a dilute solution as preparation for computed tomography examination.
Test of an Arousal Theory of Delinquency Stimulation-Seeking in Delinquent and Nondelinquent Black Adolescents

It was predicted from a theoretical analysis of delinquency that adjudicated delinquents would be significantly greater in stimulation-seeking than nondelinquents matched on age, sex, race, and SES. Stimulation-seeking in 32 delinquent black adolescents and 32 nondelinquent black adolescents matched on age, sex, and SES was compared using the Sensation-Seeking Scale. In support of the theory, the delinquents were significantly higher in stimulation-seeking than the nondelinquents. Discussion centered on comparison with data for white adolescents and on the direction future tests of the theoretical analysis should take.
Fractionation of human lymphocyte subpopulations on immunoglobulin coated Petri dishes.

Abstract This report describes a simple solid-phase technique for the positive selection of lymphocytes labeled with fluoresceinated antibodies. B lymphocytes were labeled with fluoresceinated anti-human Ig or monoclonal anti-human Ia (L243), and then were bound to plastic culture dishes coated with affinity purified goat anti-fleurescein spcific antibody. Bound cells were eluted at 37°C with 1 mM fluorescein- L -lysine phosphate-buffered saline. Functionally the eluted Ig positive cells responded to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) by in vitro secretion of IgM, as measured by radioimmunoassay of culture supernatants. The secretion of IgM was dependent on the addition of T lymphocytes. Moreover, the isolated B cells were functionally receptive to ‘help’ and ‘suppression’ by T cells with and without Fc receptors for IgG respectively. T cell subsets were fractionated on plastic culture dishes coated with heat aggregated rabbit or human IgG. The non-bound cells (enriched T(γ−)) provided collaborative ‘help’ in the PWM secretion response by human B lymphocytes. The bound cells (enriched T(γ+)) eluted with 0.1 M EDTA in phosphate-buffered saline, suppressed IgM secretion. This method can be adapted to fractionate subsets of lymphocytes for which a fluoresceinated antibody is available. For routine functional studies, the isolation of cell types with conventional or monoclonal antibodies does not require the use of a fluorescence activated cell sorter, but only an antifluorescein labeled Petri dish. In conclusion, a rapid solid-phase technique enables us to prepare enriched populations of functionally active lymphocytes.
High Affinity Binding of Horseradish Peroxidase to Collagenous Tissue in Formalin-Paraffin Processed Human Tissue

Horseradish peroxidase or peroxidase conjugated immunoglobulin binds strongly to the collagen in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded human tissue sections. The binding reaction is neither immunological nor organ specific, and may cause confusion in the interpretation of immunoperoxidase reactions in tissue sections containing collagen. This binding reaction can also be useful in identifying collagen fibers in paraffin processed tissue sections.
Environmental Concern and Sociodemographic Variables: A Study of Statistical Models.

Studies of the social bases of environmental concern over the past 30 years have produced somewhat inconsistent results regarding the effects of sociodemographic variables, such as gender, income, and place of residence. The authors argue that model specification errors resulting from violation of two statistical assumptions (interval-level measurement and parallel regression) may contribute to such inconsistency. Using data from an April 2000 Gallup poll commonly known as the Earth Day Survey, they found that violation of the former assumption has little effect on analysis results, whereas violation of the latter assumption leads to inconsistent effects of sociodemographic variables.
Laboratory and field evaluation of a flushable oxic limestone drain for treatment of net-acidic drainage from a flooded anthracite mine, Pennsylvania, USA

Abstract This paper demonstrates the use of dissolution-rate data obtained in the laboratory to indicate the potential quality of effluent from a field-scale oxic limestone drain (OLD) treatment system for neutralization of dilute acidic mine drainage (AMD). Effluent from the Reevesdale Mine South Dip Tunnel, a large source of AMD and base flow to the Wabash Creek and Little Schuylkill River in the Southern Anthracite Coalfield of east-central Pennsylvania, is representative of AMD with low concentrations but high loadings of dissolved Fe, Al and other metals because of a high flow rate. In January 2003, rapid neutralization of the AMD from the Reevesdale Mine was achieved in laboratory tests of its reaction rate with crushed limestone in closed, collapsible containers (Cubitainers). The tests showed that net-alkaline effluent could be achieved with retention times greater than 3 h and that effluent alkalinities and associated dissolution rates were equivalent for Fe(OH) 3 -coated and uncoated limestone. On the basis of the laboratory results, a flushable OLD containing 1450 metric tons of high-purity calcitic limestone followed by two 0.7-m deep wetlands were constructed at the Reevesdale Mine. During the first year of operation, monthly data at the inflow, outflow and intermediate points within the treatment system were collected (April 2006–2007). The inflow to the treatment system ranged from 6.8 to 27.4 L/s, with median pH of 4.7, net acidity of 9.1 mg/L CaCO 3 , and concentrations of dissolved Al, Fe and Mn of 1.0, 1.9 and 0.89 mg/L, respectively. The corresponding effluent from the OLD had computed void-volume retention times of 4.5–18 h, with median pH of 6.6, net acidity of −93.2 mg/L CaCO 3 , and concentrations of dissolved Al, Fe and Mn of
β2 Adrenoreceptor blockade attenuates the hyperinflammatory response induced by traumatic injury

Background Major operative injury initiates immunologic changes that may result in a systemic inflammatory response, leading to organ dysfunction/sepsis. Catecholamines seem to be key mediators. The effects of β2 receptor blockade in vitro and in vivo before and after operative injury were studied to clarify their role. Methods In vitro studies were done in RAW 264.7 cells using epinephrine (50 μmol/L) with or without α2- and β2-receptor blockade. Comparative gene expression analysis on the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 receptor signaling pathway was performed between RAW cells pretreated with epinephrine with subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation versus LPS alone. Confirmatory studies were performed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α gene and protein expression were determined via real time RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. In vivo, Balb/C mice received no treatment nor injury (group I). Group II received operative injury and vehicle injection, group III received ICI 118,551 (β2-receptor antagonist) 30 minutes before or in separate studies after operative injury. At 7 days, splenic macrophages were harvested and cytokine production was measured with or without LPS. In separate experiments, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was done 7 days after operation and survival determined. Results In vitro studies demonstrated that epinephrine pretreatment significantly increased TNF-α production with LPS stimulation (P Conclusion This study demonstrates that β2-receptor blockade reduces macrophage cytokine production and improves survival showing the critical importance of catecholamines to the immunologic response in surgery.
Presence of a low molecular weight inhibitor of succinate-supported cholesterol side chain cleavage in rat ovaries

Abstract 1. 1. Low molecular weight fractions (mol. wt. 3500–10 000) prepared from cytosols of luteinized rat ovaries inhibited succinate-supported cholesterol side chain cleavage by intact ovarian mitochondria utilizing endogenous or exogenous sterol as substrate. 2. 2. The low molecular weight fractions inhibited steroid secretion by collagenase-dispersed ovarian cells stimulated with lutropin or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. 3. 3. Steroidogenesis by intact mitochondria incubated with NADPH was enhanced by the low molecular weight ovarian fraction, but cholesterol side chain cleavage carried out by sonicated mitochondria incubated with NADPH was unaffected. 4. 4. Succinate-supported mitochondrial respiration was stimulated by the low molecular weight factor, apparently by uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. The uncoupling seems to be the mechanism by which steroid synthesis is inhibited. 5. 5. The low molecular weight factor was heat-labile and not extracted by activated charcoal. Similar heat-labile material capable of inhibiting succinate-supported mitochondrial steroid synthesis was not found in low molecular weight fractions prepared from rat kidney, liver, spleen, brain, plasma and bovine corpus luteum. 6. 6. Treatment of rats with cycloheximide 1 h before killing resulted in a reduction of inhibitory activity in ovarian low molecular weight cytosolic fractions. 7. 7. We conclude that ovarian cytosols contain a low molecular weight factor, presumably a protein, which inhibits mitochondrial cholesterol side chain cleavage by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. The physiological function of this factor remains to be determined.
Impaired theory of mind in schizophrenia

The study argues that linguistic/communication dysfunctions present in disorganized schizophrenia may stem, at least in part, from an impaired theory of mind. Using pragmatics and systemic linguistic theory, the study examined speech samples of two disorganized schizophrenic patients and attempted to determine if their communicative failures are because they lack theory of mind in the sense that they do not take into account the interlocutor's mind, i.e., the interlocutor's intentions, dispositions, and knowledge; or because they have a hyper-theory of mind through which they over-attribute mental states to their interlocutor, i.e., assume that their interlocutor has access to their intentions, dispositions, and knowledge. The study indicates that disorganized schizophrenics are unlikely to be characterized as lacking a theory of mind; rather they seem to have a hyper-theory of mind, to which the psychopathological symptoms of hallucinations, delusions of reference and incoherent speech can be attributed.
The possibility of impossible pyramids

When can we form a triangle or a pyramiid from edges with given lengths? Euclid found that for three segments to be the sides of a triangle, it is necessar-y and sufficient for the length of each segment to be shorter than the sumll of the lengths of the other two. Thus, for any three lengths that could potentially be sides of a triangle, there actually is a Euclidean triangle whose sides have those lengths. In short, Euclidean plane geometry is "triangle complete," as defined and shown analytically below. It seems natural to expect that Euclidean space is "pyramid complete"; that is, given six lengths with appropriate restrictions we can find a Euclidean pyramid whose edges have those lengths. But could there be "impossible pyramids"? Might there be lengths for the sides of a pyramid that form four triangular faces even though no Euclidean pyramid exists with those lengths? As part of this investigation we shall describe a family of metric spaces which includes that of Euclidean geomietry.
A Comprehensive Leisure Education Program with Women Who Abuse Substances: Conceptual and Preliminary Aspects

Abstract The purposes of this study are to describe the conceptual and preliminary aspects and the implementation of a comprehensive leisure education program (CLEP) that is in part based on the Mundy and Odum Leisure Education Model. Baseline descriptive information was accumulated from women in a six month substance abuse treatment program highlighting the role substance abuse plays in their recreation participation and leisure experiences. Using qualitative methods, data were collected in an exploratory field study (N=40) regarding the interrelationship of recreation, leisure, and substance abuse, and the role leisure education may play in recovery. Nine themes emerged from the data analysis: motivation, barriers, playfulness, self-esteem, locus of control, spirituality, decision-making, mothering, and the benefits of recreation participation and leisure experiences. Theoretical and practical insights into leisure education and substance abuse are also offered.
Overt behaviors toward the church by volunteers, follow-up volunteers, and non-volunteers in a church survey.

Sttmmary.-Church members were grouped on the basis of responses to an appeal to participate in a questionnaire study of churches: Initial Ss (n = 58) attended the first session, Follow-up Ss (n = 29) participated when subsequent appeals were made, and Refusal Ss (.n = 18) did not participate. Postcard responses to the appeal differed significantly for the 3 groups (p Follow-up Ss > Refusal Ss. For all 6 measures, p < .05 for analyses of variance. The question of whether human Ss who provide data for research studies are different in any systematic way from those who do not is an important aspect of the broader topic of generality of research findings (cf. McNemar, 1946; Rosenthal, 1965; Rosenthalkk Rosnow, in press; Webb, Campbell, Schwartz, & Sechrest, 1966; Wicker, 1968). Is there, for example, a sampling bias when only volunteers are used as Ss? A recent review of the literature on the volunteer S has led Rosenthal and Rosnnw (in press) ro conclude that "in any given study of human behavior the chances are good that those Ss who find their way into the research will differ appreciably from those who do not." These investigators call for smdies "to assess the magnimde of volunteer bias by converting nonvolunteers to volunteers." In the present study, adult church members who volunteered and appeared at an initial research testing session are compared with other members who were also asked and who either (a) were later persuaded to participate or (b) refused to participate. From membership records of three churches of the same liberal protestant denomination, persons whose spouse was a member of the same church and whose youngest child was between 5 and 14 yr. of age were identified. Depending on the size of the church, all or a random sample of couples meeting these criteria were selected, and either the husband or the wife (but never both) was contacted by letter from the church pas:or. 'The cooperation of The Reverends Earl Allen, William Morton, and Lee Smith is gratefully acknowledged. The author is indebted to Mrs. Anne Mehler for her assistance in collecting data. This research was supported by a grant from the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin-Milwzukee. The computational services of the University of Wisconsin computing centers in Madison and Milwaukee were employed for several analyses.
Two-Phase Flow With Surfactants in a Microchannel

Addition of surfactants to liquids helps to eliminate intermittent two-phase flow patterns and alleviate flow instability. These features are very desirable for two-phase microfluidic applications. However, very little information is available on two-phase flow patterns of surfactant solution in the microchannels. The present paper reports a study of adiabatic two-phase flow with surfactants in a circular microchannel of a 180-μm diameter. Air-water mixtures with trace quantities of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used in the experiments. The maximum superficial velocities measured were 4 m/s for the liquid and 65 m/s for the gas. High-speed photographic technique was employed to visualize various two-phase flow patterns and to identify the transition boundaries between different flow regimes. The results were compared to data obtained from air-water flow without surfactants. It was found that addition of surfactants brings in significant modification to the two-phase flow regimes as well as their transition characteristics in microchannels; in particular, slug flow is effectively suppressed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Design and pharmacological characterization of inhibitors of amantadine-resistant mutants of the M2 ion channel of influenza A virus

The A/M2 proton channel of influenza A virus is a target for the anti-influenza drugs amantadine and rimantadine, whose effectiveness was diminished by the appearance of naturally occurring point mutants in the A/M2 channel pore, among which the most common are S31N, V27A, and L26F. We have synthesized and characterized the properties of a series of compounds, originally derived from the A/M2 inhibitor BL-1743. A lead compound emerging from these investigations, spiro[5.5]undecan-3-amine, is an effective inhibitor of wild-type A/M2 channels and L26F and V27A mutant ion channels in vitro and also inhibits replication of recombinant mutant viruses bearing these mutations in plaque reduction assays. Differences in the inhibition kinetics between BL-1743, known to bind inside the A/M2 channel pore, and amantadine were exploited to demonstrate competition between these compounds, consistent with the conclusion that amantadine binds inside the channel pore. Inhibition by all of these compounds was shown to be voltage-independent, suggesting that their charged groups are within the N-terminal half of the pore, prior to the selectivity filter that defines the region over which the transmembrane potential occurs. These findings not only help to define the location and mechanism of binding of M2 channel-blocking drugs but also demonstrate the feasibility of discovering new inhibitors that target this binding site in a number of amantadine-resistant mutants.
SOME ISSUES IN THE EDUCATIONAL GERONTOLOGY OF JAPANESE‐AMERICAN ELDERS

Given the relative infancy of educational gerontology, attention should be addressed now, in the still formative years, to the educational gerontology of Japanese Americans. Elders in the Japanese‐American community are still largely Isseis, first‐generation immigrants from Japan. Their cultural history, social conditions, language, values, and conflicts with younger Japanese‐American groups are discussed, with the intention of increasing awareness of this minority within a minority. It is hoped that educational programs being established now will be able to deal more effectively with the needs of Japanese‐American elders.
Image segmentation based on situational DCT descriptors

It is of utmost importance in multimedia processing to achieve still image segmentation, i.e., to partition images into regions of coherent color and texture. In this paper we propose a novel image segmentation method using a special visual descriptor. For each pixel p, the discrete cosine transform (DCT) of the block centered on p together with its location in the image is employed as its content descriptor thus resulting in a long vector vp??, referred to as situational DCT descriptors (SDDs). A scalar quantization step is then carried out on the DCT component of SDDs to reflect the fact that the human vision system is not of uniform discriminative sensitivity to details of different frequencies. Next the principal component analysis is conducted to drastically reduce the dimensionality of SDDs. The adaptive K-means algorithm is then performed to arrive at the region assignment for each pixel. The final partitioning results are obtained after performing the post-processing step. Encouraging empirical performance has been demonstrated.
Anesthetic-protein interaction. Random versus helix polylysine monolayers and interaction with 1-alkanols.

Abstract Penetration of 1-alkanols into monolayers of hydrophobic polypeptides, poly(e-benzyloxycarbonyl- l -lysine) and poly(e-benzyloxycarbonyl- dl -lysine), was compared with their adsorption on the air/water interface in the absence of monolayers. The polypeptide prepared from l -lysine is generally considered to be in the α-helical form whereas dl -copolymer polypeptide contains random-coiled portions due to the structural incompatibility between the two isomers. The free energy of adsorption of 1-alkanols on the air/water interface at dilute concentrations was −0.68 kcal·mol −1 per methylene group and 0.15 kcal·mol −1 for the hydroxyl group at 25°C. In the close-packed state, the surface area occupied by each molecule of 1-alkanols of varying carbon chain-lengths showed nearly a constant value of about 27.2 A 2 , indicating perpendicular orientation of the alkanol molecules at the interface. About 75% of the water surface was covered by 1-butanol in this close-packed state. The mode of adsorption of 1-alkanols on the vacant air/water interface followed the Gibbs surface excess while the mode on the polypeptide membranes followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, indicating that the latter is characterized by the presence of a finite number of binding sites. The free energies of adsorption of 1-alkanols on the l -polymer monolayers were more negative than those on the vacant air/water interface and less negative than those on the dl -copolymer monolayers. Thus, the affinity of 1-alkanols to the interface was in the order of vacant air/water interface l -polymer dl -copolymer. The difference between the air/water interface and l -polymer was about 0.54 kcal·mol −1 and that between l -polymer and dl -copolymer was 0.17 kcal·mol −1 at 25°C: the adsorption of 1-alkanols to the dl -copolymer was favored compared to the l -polymer. The polar moieties of the backbone of the dl -copolymer may be exposed to the aqueous phase at the disordered portion. Dipole interaction between this portion and 1-alkanol molecules may account for the enhanced adsorption of the alkanols to the dl -copolymer.
Convergence and Boundary Layers in Singularly Perturbed Linear Functional Differential Equations

Abstract The convergence of solutions of singularly perturbed systems of linear retarded functional differential equations to solutions of the associated degenerate problem is discussed in connection with the geometry of the flow in phase spaces defined in terms of square-integrable functions.