cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing processing speed among individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A match-to-sample paradigm.

Speeded Matching (SpM) is a new processing speed match-to-sample test within the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery. It was designed to developmentally extend feasibility to younger children or individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities (IDD). SpM reduces cognitive demands to tapping an identical match as opposed to judging and indicating whether two stimuli are identical. In this study, we piloted SpM among 148 participants with fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, or other intellectual disabilities (chronological age mean = 17.8 years, sd = 5.4; nonverbal mental age mean = 65 months, sd = 19.4). SpM had a high feasibility (96%) and internal consistency (rxx = 0.98). It converged well with other measures of processing speed, fluid cognition, and nonverbal mental age and diverged appropriately from crystallized cognitive skills. The correlation between nonverbal mental age and SpM in the IDD sample was not significantly different than the correlation between chronological age and SpM in a separate sample of 118 neurotypical children (age mean = 3.9 years sd = 0.8). This study provides initial evidence for the reliability and validity of the new SpM task, which may be appropriate as an outcome measure of processing speed for future clinical trials. It is more feasible than tasks designed for adults; it is brief, easy to administer, and engaging for young children and older individuals with lower mental ages associated with IDD.
What Is Best for the Child? Pediatric Dental Care during COVID-19

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has challenged the dental health profession in an unprecedented manner. Suspension of elective dental care across the United States during the initial phase of the pandemic was necessary to prevent viral transmission. The emergency dental care that was provided had to be tailored to minimize the generation of aerosols. With the suspension of elective care, over time, the proportion of dental emergencies was anticipated to rise. Dentists who care for children have continued to provide emergency dental treatment to this vulnerable population. Treatment decisions for pediatric dental emergencies had to be tailored to principles of public health that best mitigated risk of viral transmission. Decisions needed to balance the benefits of chosen treatment modality for the individual child with the risk of viral transmission to dental professionals and their staff, patients, and community. The paucity of reliable research for dentists to aid in clinical decision making may have left careproviders feeling ethically and morally insecure in shifting from a patient-centered to a community-centered paradigm. We present analysis of four pediatric emergency case scenarios that are representative of those likely to present to a private practice, academic setting, or emergency department during the COVID-19 pandemic. This analysis aims to empower dentists who care for children to implement the American Dental Association's Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct within the context of a global health crisis.
Characterization of receptor tyrosine kinase activation and biological activity of toceranib phosphate in canine urothelial carcinoma cell lines.

BACKGROUND Urothelial carcinoma (UC) accounts for > 90% of canine tumors occurring in the urinary bladder. Toceranib phosphate (TOC) is a multi-target receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that exhibits activity against members of the split kinase family of RTKs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate primary UC tumors and UC cell lines for the expression and activation of VEGFR2, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, and KIT to assess whether dysregulation of these RTKs may contribute to the observed biological activity of TOC. RESULTS Transcript for VEGFR2, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, and KIT was detected in all UC tissue samples and UC cell lines. The Proteome Profiler™ Human Phospho-RTK Array Kit (R & D Systems) provided a platform to assess phosphorylation of 42 different RTKs in primary UC tumors and UC cell lines. Evidence of PDGFRα and PDGFRβ phosphorylation was present in only 11% or 33% of UC tumors, respectively, and 25% of UC cell lines. Treatment of UC cell lines with TOC had no significant impact on cell proliferation, including UC cell lines with evidence of PDGFRβ phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Phosphorylation of several key RTKs targeted by TOC is present in a small subset of primary UC tumors and UC cell lines, suggesting that these RTKs do not exist in a state of continuous activation. These data suggest that activation of RTKs targeted by TOC is present in a small subset of UC tumors and UC cell lines and that treatment with TOC at physiologically relevant concentrations has no direct anti-proliferative effect on UC cells.
The interconnected causes and consequences of sleep in the brain.

Sleep is essential for brain function in a surprisingly diverse set of ways. In the short term, lack of sleep leads to impaired memory and attention; in the longer term, it produces neurological dy...
A TWO-DIMENSIONAL POTENTIAL FLOW MODEL OF THE WAVE FIELD GENERATED BY A SEMISUBMERGED BODY IN HEAVING MOTION

A two-dimensional boundary fitted coordinate potential flow model was employed to predict the wave field and forces generated by a semisubmerged body in simple heaving motion. The computational approach solves the coordinate transformation and potential flow equation, with associated boundary conditions, using a successive overrelaxation technique. The equations are approximated by second- order finite difference representations, and the time marching of the free surface boundary condition is calculated using a modified Euler approach. The proposed approach is readily able to handle time-dependent free surface flows with fully nonlinear free surface boundary conditions and arbitrarily shaped heaving body geometries.
Point model equations for neutron correlation counting: Extension of Böhnel׳s equations to any order

Abstract Various methods of autocorrelation neutron analysis may be used to extract information about a measurement item containing spontaneously fissioning material. The two predominant approaches being the time correlation analysis (that make use of a coincidence gate) methods of multiplicity shift register logic and Feynman sampling. The common feature is that the correlated nature of the pulse train can be described by a vector of reduced factorial multiplet rates. We call these singlets, doublets, triplets etc. Within the point reactor model the multiplet rates may be related to the properties of the item, the parameters of the detector, and basic nuclear data constants by a series of coupled algebraic equations – the so called point model equations. Solving, or inverting, the point model equations using experimental calibration model parameters is how assays of unknown items is performed. Currently only the first three multiplets are routinely used. In this work we develop the point model equations to higher order multiplets using the probability generating functions approach combined with the general derivative chain rule, the so called Faa di Bruno Formula. Explicit expression up to 5th order are provided, as well the general iterative formula to calculate any order. This work represents the first necessary step towards determining if higher order multiplets can add value to nondestructive measurement practice for nuclear materials control and accountancy.
Emmy Noether in Erlangen and Göttingen

The Noether ancestors were well-to-do Jewish tradesmen engaged in the iron business in the Black Forest area of southern Germany. In the early nineteenth century, two brothers, Joseph and Hermann, moved to Mannheim and founded a wholesale iron business that remained in Noether hands until the takeover by the Nazis. In 1838, Hermann married the daughter of a Mannheim businessman, whose side interest seems to have been the study of mathematics. Hermann and his wife had three sons and two daughters. Two sons continued in the family business. But the third son, Max, born in 1844 had no inclination for a business career. He had the ill-fortune to be stricken with polio at the age of 14 and remained handicapped for the remainder of his life. He studied astronomy at the observatory in Mannheim and later mathematics at the Universities of Heidelberg, Giessen, and Gottingen. In 1868, Heidelberg awarded him the Ph.D. without his having written a dissertation. After 5 years as a Privatdozent in Heidelberg, he went to Erlangen, where he held a chair in mathematics until his death in 1921.
Prediction of safe discharge of emergency department patients with acute rhabdomyolysis

Many Emergency Department patients with acute rhabdomyolysis are admitted to hospital to observe for development of renal failure. We examined factors associated with a normal admission serum creatinine, and a normal post-hydration creatinine, to determine which patients had low risk of development of renal failure.
Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Effects

The effects of alcohol on fetal development have gained renewed scientific attention during the decade following identification and description of the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). An association between maternal alcohol abuse and growth retardation, physical anomalies, and developmental delay in the fetus has been demonstrated through clinical, epidemiologic, and experimental evidence. The effects of various doses at different stages of gestation remain unclear. Is there a critical level of alcohol consumption that regularly produces the full FAS? Is there a lower threshold below which there is no danger of adverse effects? Is there one critical period during gestation or can adverse effects occur throughout pregnancy?
Prospective study of smoking, antioxidant intake, and lung cancer in middle-aged women (USA).

Background: Although substantial evidence suggests that higher intake of fruits and vegetables can reduce the adverse impact of smoking on lung cancer risk, great uncertainty exists regarding the specific foods and their constituents that are protective. We therefore examine prospectively the relation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer incidence among women, and quantify the associations between dietary antioxidants, other nutrients, and lung cancer risk.
Changing Pension Policies in a Changing Society – A Three-Factor Policy Reform Model

This paper argues against incrementalism in policy evolution theory, contending a fluctuating policy development path. This study argues that in a reform critical juncture three factors play important roles: dominant political opinion, social interest groups’ support and international assistance. This study takes this analytical framework to analyze the driving forces in the 1990s Chinese pension reform, in which the government introduced individual accounts to the original public social insurance system. This paper finds that the three factors have together pushed the pension reform in the current direction. The analytical framework developed in this paper may be useful in understanding the reform momentum of other social reforms in China and elsewhere in transitional societies.
Susceptibility of Gnotobiotic Swine to Escherichia coli Isolated from Nonenteric Human Infections

Abstract Newborn, germfree piglets were susceptible to Escherichia coli associated with human, nonenteric infections and should provide a useful model in the study of generalized E. coli infections.
Chapter 2 Fracture of Silicon and Other Semiconductors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the fracture of silicon and other semiconductors. There has long been a practical interest in identifying the conditions under which semiconductor materials fracture. The thrust of this work has been largely empirical and restricted to discovering the maximum conditions under which the fracture can be avoided. While the physics of fracture is peripheral to the majority interested in devices, an understanding of the mechanisms of fracture is nevertheless important in designing device structures and semiconductor processing. Thus, at low temperatures, below the brittle-to-ductile transition (BDT), stresses introduced by fabrication, processing, and handling can only be relieved by creep deformation, by atomic migration in the metallurgical features, or by fracture of the semiconductor itself. At high temperatures, such fractures probably will not occur, but the stresses may well be relieved by the generation of dislocations in the semiconductors and subsequent plastic flow at sites, such as at steps or trenches, where the stress gradients are particularly high.
Crystal Structure of G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 5 in Complex with a Rationally Designed Inhibitor.

G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) regulate cell signaling by initiating the desensitization of active G protein-coupled receptors. The two most widely expressed GRKs (GRK2 and GRK5) play a role in cardiovascular disease and thus represent important targets for the development of novel therapeutic drugs. In the course of a GRK2 structure-based drug design campaign, one inhibitor (CCG215022) exhibited nanomolar IC50 values against both GRK2 and GRK5 and good selectivity against other closely related kinases such as GRK1 and PKA. Treatment of murine cardiomyocytes with CCG215022 resulted in significantly increased contractility at 20-fold lower concentrations than paroxetine, an inhibitor with more modest selectivity for GRK2. A 2.4 A crystal structure of the GRK5·CCG215022 complex was determined and revealed that the inhibitor binds in the active site similarly to its parent compound GSK180736A. As designed, its 2-pyridylmethyl amide side chain occupies the hydrophobic subsite of the active site where it forms three additional hydrogen bonds, including one with the catalytic lysine. The overall conformation of the GRK5 kinase domain is similar to that of a previously determined structure of GRK6 in what is proposed to be its active state, but the C-terminal region of the enzyme adopts a distinct conformation. The kinetic properties of site-directed mutants in this region are consistent with the hypothesis that this novel C-terminal structure is representative of the membrane-bound conformation of the enzyme.
Domesticating Gender: Localising the “We” in Translations of Maitena Burundarena’s 'Women on the Edge'

The global popularity of comics by the Argentinean Maitena Burundarena has been attributed to her ability to capture, and then gently mock, the woes of women. In fact, promotional material for her three comic series, the most translated of which is Mujeres alteradas [Women on the Edge], often claim that Burundarena speaks for all women. In translations of Burundarena’s comics, however, what becomes apparent is the tendency to downplay the Argentine cultural origins of the comic and the comic artist herself in order to accentuate the purported universality of female experience chronicled within its pages. Translations of the comic series Mujeres alteradas for readers in the United States and Spain tend to erase any distinctly Argentine markers in two key ways: through changes to the text itself and through the creation of paratexts and marketing materials that emphasise Burundarena’s gender and de-emphasise her nationality. Mapping the ways in which translation bends narratives of gender to fit local markets offers up new ways of understanding how universalising narratives function in the global world.
Solid phase synthesis and application of trisubstituted thioureas.

Resin-bound amines 1a−e condense with isothiocyanates to give thiourea resins 2a−i. Resins 2a−g subsequently react with iodomethane followed by cleavage affording S-methyl isothioureas 4a−g, and resins 2a−b,h−i react with acyl chlorides to afford N-acylated thioureas 6a−d. N-Acylthioureas 8a−f (R2 = H) were prepared directly from resin-bound amines 1a−d with acyl isothiocyanates. N-Acylthioureas 8a−d,f (R2 = H) were used for the preparation of S-methyl-N-acylisothioureas 10a−e. Alkylation was performed using methyl iodide. Resin-bound S-methyl-N-acylisothioureas 10a,b,d are converted by an action of hydrazines into 3-amino-1,2,4-triazoles 13a−d. Condensation of resins 8a−e (R2 = H) with 2-bromoacetophenones in the presence of TEA affords thiazoles 15a−e. All transformations proceeded in high yields and gave products of good purities.
Effect of inhibitors or RNA and protein synthesis on mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase response to testosterone in rat ventral prostate

The prostate gland is unusual in that it has a high content of citric acid compared with other soft tissues. The mechanism of citrate accumulation in prostate is unknown. One possibility is that aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) could supply an extra Krebs cycle source of oxaloacetate for citrate formation. Since testosterone regulates citrate production and secretion and strong transaminase activity exists in prostate, a relationship between AAT and citrate production could exist if testosterone also regulates AAT activity. To investigate this possibility, animals were castrated and given testosterone. After a total castration period of 72 hours, animals were sacrificed and mitochondrial AAT activity determined. Results revealed that castration decreased AAT activity and testosterone replacement stimulated activity. Neither castration nor testosterone affected malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity. Both actinomycin D and cycloheximide blocked the testosterone stimulation of AAT activity. These studies indicate that testosterone may regulate AAT activity in rat ventral prostate. Furthermore, regulation may occur through testosterone stimulation of specific RNA and protein synthesis.
Phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tail of the PTH/PTHrP receptor

Activation of the G protein-coupled receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein (PTHrP) produces homologous desensitization of receptor signaling. We have shown recently that the opossum PTH/PTHrP receptor stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells is phosphorylated upon agonist binding and upon activation of serine/threonine protein kinases (PKA and PKC), an event which for some G protein-coupled receptors has been linked to desensitization. To locate the sites of phosphorylation, mutated forms of the opossum PTH/PTHrP receptor were stably expressed in HEK 293 cells, and ligand-stimulated receptor phosphorylation was evaluated. The five serine and threonine residues of the third cytoplasmic loop of the receptor were not required for receptor phosphorylation. Basal and ligand-induced phosphorylation were, however, completely abolished upon deletion of all but the 16 juxtamembrane residues of the cytoplasmic C-terminal tail of the receptor, even though this truncated receptor resembled the wild-type receptor in its level of expression based on Western blotting and radioligand binding. To identify further the phosphorylation sites, the 129 amino acid C-terminal tail of the rat PTH/PTHrP receptor was expressed in E. coli as a recombinant glutathione S-transferase fusion protein. Elimination of a single PKA consensus site in the tail (serine 491) resulted in > or = 90% loss of PKA-mediated phosphorylation, identifying this as the preferential site for PKA, with two other sites (serine 473 and/or 475) being minor sites. Phosphorylation by PKC occurred largely in the proximal portion of the tail, whereas beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 (beta ARK1) phosphorylated more distally in the tail. The ability of these kinases to phosphorylate the PTH/PTHrP receptor at distinct sites on the cytoplasmic tail may allow differential regulation of receptor signaling and trafficking.
Solving systems of sparse linear equations

Abstract We present in this work stable methods for solving sparse linear equations systems based on the LU factorizations and its updating when columns and rows of the system matrix are added, deleted or modified.
Localized expression of tenascin in systemic sclerosis–associated pulmonary fibrosis and its regulation by insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 3

Objective To determine the role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) in mediating the effects of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) on tenascin-C (TN-C) production and to assess the levels of TN-C in vivo in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc)–associated pulmonary fibrosis. Methods Human primary lung fibroblasts were stimulated with TGFβ or IGFBP-3 in the presence or absence of specific small interfering RNAs and chemical inhibitors of the signaling cascade. TN-C levels in lung tissue specimens obtained from patients with SSc-associated pulmonary fibrosis were assessed using immunohistochemical analysis and were compared with the levels in specimens obtained from normal donors. TN-C levels were quantified in sera from normal donors and patients with SSc with or without pulmonary fibrosis, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results IGFBP-3 mediated the induction of TN-C by TGFβ. Direct induction of TN-C by IGFBP-3 occurred in a p38 MAP kinase–dependent manner. TN-C levels were abundant in lung tissues from patients with SSc and were localized to subepithelial layers of the distal airways. No TN-C was detectable around the proximal airways. Patients with SSc-associated pulmonary fibrosis had significantly higher levels of circulating TN-C compared with SSc patients without pulmonary fibrosis. Longitudinal samples obtained from patients with SSc before and after the onset of pulmonary fibrosis showed increased levels of TN-C after the onset of pulmonary fibrosis. Conclusion IGFBP-3, which is overexpressed in fibrotic lungs, induces production of TN-C by subepithelial fibroblasts. The increased lung tissue levels of TN-C parallel the levels detected in the sera of SSc patients with pulmonary fibrosis, suggesting that TN-C may be a useful biomarker for SSc-related pulmonary fibrosis.
THYROID STATE AND BRAIN MONOAMINE METABOLISM11

The rates at which rat brain synthesizes catecholamines and serotonin were estimated by measuring the accumulation of DOPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) 45 min after ip administration of the decarboxylase inhibitor RO4–4602 (800 mg/kg BW). Following thyroparathyroidectomy, hypothyroid rats showed a decreased accumulation of both precursor amino acids. On the other hand, hyperthyroidism (caused by administering 15 yg T4/100 g BW for 25 days) accelerated the accumulation of catecholamines and serotonin. The accumulation of 5-HTP correlated closely with brain tryptophan concentration in all treatment groups; DOPA accumulation, however, did not similarly correspond to brain tyrosine levels.
The low frequency input impedance of the renal artery

The renal artery of anesthetized dogs was perfused by a peristaltic pump with arterial blood. The pump rate could be modulated sinusoidally between 0.75 Hz and 0.0005 Hz. The frequency response of the renal arterial pressure to sinusoidal arterial flow of varying frequency and constant amplitude indicated the existence of a very slow autoregulatory pressure controlling mechanism, besides the autoregulation of flow. This fact is supported by the pressure responses to step flow increase, which show a very slow secondary pressure decrease. The time constant of this new autoregulatory phenomenon is in the order of 1000 sec. A simple linear second order model allows to simulate the renal arterial pressure flow relation (input impedance) as well as the characteristic step responses. Both the autoregulation of flow and the very slow autoregulation of pressure appear to be first order mechanisms.
Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery in twin gestations: A large, nationwide sample of deliveries

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the maternal morbidity associated with attempted vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) in twin gestations using a large, nationwide sample of deliveries. Study design Data for this study were obtained from an administrative dataset, the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a representative sample of discharges from non-Federal hospitals, for the years 1993 to 2002. Patients admitted nonemergently for the delivery of twin gestations who had a history of previous cesarean delivery were selected. Patients that either delivered vaginally or who had discharge codes that indicated labor before cesarean delivery were defined as the trial of labor group, while patients who had a cesarean delivery without discharge codes that indicated labor were defined as the elective cesarean group. Various complications of delivery were analyzed for each group. Results We identified 4705 women who underwent an elective cesarean delivery and 1850 women who underwent a trial of labor. For women who had a trial of labor, 836 (45.2%) delivered vaginally. The rate of uterine rupture was higher in the trial of labor group than in the elective cesarean group (0.9% vs 0.1%, P P Conclusion Our study showed a significantly higher rate of uterine rupture in the trial of labor group that is similar to the rates reported for trial of labor after cesarean in singleton pregnancies.
Effective resist profile control

To meet Moore’s law, resist resolution improvement has become more and more important. However, it is difficult to improve resist resolution and keep vertical sidewall profile. For example, a high contrast hole resist may cause trench scum, due to very T-top profile. This paper reports several concepts for resist profile tuning without losing performance for lithographic factor , including mask error enhancement factor (MEEF), depth of focus (DOF), and critical dimension uniformity (CDU). To quantitative analysis the resist profile improvement, we define a new factor, Scum fail ratio (F/R%) for new techniques evaluation. The new techniques, including floatable additive, floatable PAG, and new monomer, are discussed. From X-SEM and CD-SEM data, former three concepts could improve resist sidewall profile quantitatively evaluated by Scum fail F/R% and keep lithographic factors. In addition, another key factor, resist residue defect, is also discussed. The high contrast resist with higher receding contact angle (RCA) easily generates more residue defect after development. With the new monomer composition, RCA of Resist E is decreased from 54 to 48 degree after development. Therefore, the residue defect is improved one order.
Cerebral Palsy for the Pediatric Eye Care Team Part II: Diagnosis and Treatment of Ocular Motor Deficits.

Cerebral palsy is a term used to describe a spectrum of neurological deficits resulting from damage to the developing nervous system. This paper, the second in a series of three articles, will pres...
Estimating Mental Illness among the Homeless: The Effects of Choice-Based Sampling

The proportion of homeless people who are mentally ill has been a statistic of much interest to scholars and policy makers. James Wright has suggested recently that this statistic can be estimated without significant error, using the proportion of mentally ill among homeless persons who use health clinic services. Wright's assumption was tested employing a sample of homeless people in Minneapolis. The frequency of hospitalization for mental illness among sample members who used health clinic services was significantly greater than that among sample members who did not use clinic services, indicating that Wright's estimate of mental illness among the homeless population may be seriously biased.
Detecting benthic community differences: Influence of statistical index and season☆

Abstract An accurate assessment of estuarine condition is critical to determining whether there has been a change from baseline or ‘natural’ conditions; benthic communities are routinely used as an ecological endpoint to make this assessment. We addressed two issues, which arise when attempting to detect differences between benthic communities. The first is the varying sensitivity of metrics, e.g. one metric may not be able to detect differences between two communities where another metric can. The second is the influence of season on the detection of differences between benthic communities from different estuarine systems. In this study, benthic communities taken from depositional sites were sampled in three seasons, at three sites within two relatively pristine estuaries located in southern Massachusetts, USA. Statistical comparisons of benthic community data from the two estuaries were made using three common metrics: species richness, Shannon diversity and Bray–Curtis similarity indices. Significant community differences were found depending upon the index. The Bray–Curtis index, using permutation testing, was the only metric that detected differences between estuaries despite disparate seasonal sampling. This suggests that researchers do not need to be overly constrained to sampling in the same season when testing for differences in benthic communities between estuaries. Additionally, we propose an analytical method to identify anthropogenically impacted estuarine systems.
Surface waves in Au/Cr superlattices

The results of x-ray and Brillouin scattering experiments on Au/Cr superlattices are presented. X-ray diffraction results indicate dramatic changes in the lattice parameters of Au and Cr perpendicular to the superlattice plane as a function of modulation wavelength and these results are used to explain the anomalous behavior observed in the elastic properties of these materials. As compared to the other metallic superlattices we have studied (viz., Nb/Cu, Mo/Ni, and V/Ni), Au/Cr is the first to show a hardening.
Family routines and rituals--The importance of family functioning: Comment on the special section.

Adolescent satisfaction in family rituals and psychosocial development (E. Greenberger & A. B. Sorenson, 1974) were explored in the context of adolescent personality characteristics (International Personality Item Pool, 1999) and family environment characteristics (S. M. Gavazzi, M. J. Reese, & R. M. Sabatelli, 1998; D. H. Olson et al., 1983). Data were collected from 159 female undergraduates with the Adolescent Satisfaction in Family Rituals Scale (D. G. Eaker & L. H. Walters, 1999). Family ritual satisfaction was positively related to late adolescent psychosocial development and mediated the relation between family boundaries and psychosocial development. Furthermore, the relation between personality (measured as discontentedness, an aspect of neuroticism) and satisfaction with family rituals was found to be mediated by family boundaries in preliminary analyses. These results suggest that the relevance of family ritual experiences to adolescent psychosocial development is in part a function of an individual's personality and the family environment.
Understanding the Antecedents to Recruiting Foster Care and Adoptive Parents: A Comparison of White and African-American Families

In response to the "chronic shortage" of caregiving families, social marketing campaigns recruiting parents for foster care and special needs adoption are becoming increasingly important for child welfare agencies. This study attempts to fill the void in the understanding of the antecedents that impact the decision to enroll in programs designed to help children in need. The findings from a large-scale study show that knowledge of the process and select motives positively impact involvement likelihood. In contrast, psychological barriers, concern about the enrolment process, negative perceptions of children in need, and fear are detriments to consideration likelihood. African-American families were found to be more receptive and had fewer psychological concerns surrounding the decision process.
Isometric tubular epithelial vacuolization in renal allograft biopsy specimens of patients receiving low-dose intravenous immunoglobulin for a positive crossmatch.

Background Perioperative treatment with plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), combined with a tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen, has been used successfully to allow renal transplantations in cross-match-positive recipients. A common finding in biopsy specimens of these allografts is isometric vacuolization of proximal tubular epithelium. This finding presents a diagnostic dilemma because it may occur secondary to IVIG treatment or tacrolimus nephrotoxicity. Methods We compared the frequency and severity of isometric tubular vacuolization in renal allograft biopsy specimens obtained during the first 10 days after transplantation in 24 patients who received one or more postoperative treatments with IVIG (100 mg/kg; as part of a desensitization protocol also involving plasmapheresis) with specimens obtained in 91 patients who did not receive IVIG. All patients received tacrolimus. Isometric vacuolization was graded on a 0 to 4 scale based on the fraction of proximal tubules involved: 0, none; 1, less than 10%; 2, 10% to 25%; 3, 26% to 50%; 4, more than 50%. Results There was a higher frequency of isometric tubular vacuolization (71 % vs. 31%) and more widespread involvement in patients who received IVIG and tacrolimus versus tacrolimus alone, although mean tacrolimus levels were not significantly different between these groups. In control, but not IVIG, biopsy specimens, there was a significant association between vacuolization score and blood tacrolimus level on the day of biopsy. Conclusions Isometric tubular vacuolization is a common finding in renal transplant biopsy specimens of patients who receive low-dose IVIG and in many cases is likely to be related, at least in part, to IVIG. In these patients, this finding should not necessarily be interpreted as indicative of tacrolimus (or cyclosporine) nephrotoxicity.
Middle and High Latitude Southern Hemispheric Oscillations on the 35—60 Day Time Scale

The low-frequency geopotential height fluctuations in the Southern Hemisphere were examined on the basis of one-point correlation maps. Results indicate that the 35-60 day fluctuations in the Southern-Hemisphere geopotential heights exhibit wavetrainlike characteristics. Correlations between a midlatitude reference point and tropical microwave temperature data were found to be weak, suggesting that the midlatitude wavetrain is not strongly coupled to the Madden and Julian (1971) 40-50 day oscillation.
Parameter estimation using dual fractional power filters

Many correlation filters have been designed to be invariant to certain parameters within a set of input images. For example, the construction of rotation and scale invariant filters is well documented. However, an estimation of a generic varying parameter is not available by these methods. This paper presents a two-filter method that estimates the value of a varying parameter in the input image.
Ethics in 15 min per Week

The demand for science trainees to have appropriate responsible conduct of research instruction continues to increase the attention shown by federal agencies and graduate school programs to the development of effective ethics curriculums. However, it is important to consider that the main learning environment for science graduate students and post-doctoral research fellows is within a laboratory setting. Here we discuss an internal laboratory program of weekly 15-minute ethics discussions implemented and used over the last 3 years in addition to the graduate school’s program of scientific integrity training. During this time, the environment and culture within our laboratory has changed to place greater emphasis on the ethical implications of our own research and the research we evaluate. We still struggle with how to accurately assess this behavioral change; although, we present preliminary survey results on the evaluation and impact of this style of curriculum for ethics instruction in our laboratory.
An image compositing solution at scale

The only proven method for performing distributed-memory parallel rendering at large scales, tens of thousands of nodes, is a class of algorithms called sort last. The fundamental operation of sort-last parallel rendering is an image composite, which combines a collection of images generated independently on each node into a single blended image. Over the years numerous image compositing algorithms have been proposed as well as several enhancements and rendering modes to these core algorithms. However, the testing of these image compositing algorithms has been with an arbitrary set of enhancements, if any are applied at all. In this paper we take a leading production-quality image-compositing framework, IceT, and use it as a testing framework for the leading image compositing algorithms of today. As we scale IceT to ever increasing job sizes, we consider the image compositing systems holistically, incorporate numerous optimizations, and discover several improvements to the process never considered before. We conclude by demonstrating our solution on 64K cores of the Intrepid Blue-Gene/P at Argonne National Laboratories.
THE NORMAL ADULT SPATIAL VECTORCARDIOGRAM. THE TIMED SEQUENCE OF INSCRIPTION OF THE QRSSE OF THE CUBE AND FRANK SYSTEMS.

Abstract The mean instantaneous QRS vectors in 70 normal adults have been studied by using the cube system in all cases and by the Frank system in 20 of these cases. The mean values and the ranges for each 0.01 sec. of the QRS inscription are reported. In the horizontal planes of both systems the 0.01 sec. vector is normally to the right of +90 °. Also, the initial superior duration did not exceed 0.02 sec. and the 0.01 sec. vector did not exceed 30° above the E point. Up to the 0.04 sec. vector the mean of the angular sequence of inscription is the same for both systems for the horizontal plane. The clinical value of understanding the angular inscription sequence of depolarization of the horizontal QRS loop is described.
Evaluation of post-harvest treatments for eradication of Erwinia amylovora from apple fruit

Abstract Fumigation with methyl bromide or propylene oxide, or immersion in sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, benzalkonium chloride, acetic acid or citrate buffer, were evaluated as potential eradication treatments for Erwinia amylovora on mature apple (cv. Red Delicious) fruit. Methyl bromide, chlorine dioxide and propylene oxide were relatively ineffective and were not tested further. Mature apple fruit were artificially inoculated with 2·52 × 107 to 1·63 x 108 cells per fruit, dried, then immersed in 250 ppm NaOCl in 500 ppm dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid (DBSA), 0·1 m citrate buffer, pH 2·5, in 500 ppm DBSA, 2000 ppm benzalkonium chloride in 2500 ppm Ortho X-77, tap water, or were not immersed. The log10 average number of colony-forming units recovered (from 30 fruit replicated five times) after treatment were: sodium hypochlorite, 1·19; citrate buffer, 1·50; benzalkonium chloride, 1·83; water washed, 3·79 and untreated, 4·71. The percentages of fruit from which E. amylovora was not recovered after treatment were: citrate buffer, 67%; NaOCl, 50%; benzalkonium chloride, 36%; tap-water wash, 6% and untreated, 0·8%. Citrate buffer, benzalkonium chloride and sodium hypochlorite gave significant reductions in surviving E. amylovora cells and in percentage of fruit from which E. amylovora was not recovered.
Student Forgiveness in the College Classroom: Perceived Instructor Misbehaviors as Relational Transgressions

This study explored the presence of relational transgressions in the instructor-student relationship and examined the forgiveness process within this context. Students' descriptions of instructor relational transgressions were consistent with a typology of incompetent, offensive, and indolent misbehaviors. Student descriptions indicated that forgiveness varied based on the perceived transgression severity and transgressor blameworthiness of the instructor misbehavior. Offensive misbehaviors were perceived as significantly more severe and blameworthy than indolent misbehaviors.
Direct immunodiffusion technique for Ig quantitation

Abstract The present study established a direct immunodiffusion precipitin method for the determination of immunoglobulin levels. Agar gel was solidified on a glass slide and the desired number of wells were made. Five μl of test samples were placed in each well of agar gel and the serum proteins were allowed to diffuse for a period of adequate time. An aliquot size of Whatman No.1 filter paper which has been impregnated with antiserum was placed on the agar gel and kept in a moist chamber for 1 to 3 h depending on the immune reaction. The precipitin ring was clearly observed in an agar plate and the diameter of the ring could be measured before and after staining. The present method is economical, using a small quantity of antiserum when compared with the previously described methods and the results can be obtained rapidly with a sharply edged ring.
Performance of intermediate temperature (600–800 °C) solid oxide fuel cell based on Sr and Mg doped lanthanum-gallate electrolyte

Abstract The solid electrolyte chosen for this investigation was La 0.9 Sr 0.1 Ga 0.8 Mg 0.2 O 3 (LSGM). To select appropriate electrode materials from a group of possible candidate materials, AC complex impedance spectroscopy studies were conducted between 600 and 800 °C on symmetrical cells that employed the LSGM electrolyte. Based on the results of the investigation, LSGM electrolyte supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) were fabricated with La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3 –La 0.9 Sr 0.1 Ga 0.8 Mg 0.2 O 3 (LSCF–LSGM) composite cathode and nickel–Ce 0.6 La 0.4 O 2 (Ni–LDC) composite anode having a barrier layer of Ce 0.6 La 0.4 O 2 (LDC) between the LSGM electrolyte and the Ni–LDC anode. Electrical performances of these cells were determined and the electrode polarization behavior as a function of cell current was modeled between 600 and 800 °C.
Paleochemistry of manganese in corals from the Galapagos Islands

Approximately 550 measurements of Mn/Ca ratios in three corals from the western Galapagos Islands have been performed to reconstruct a 380-year history of surface ocean variability with respect to this trace element. The time period studied encompasses 1600 A.D. to 1978. Manganese is inferred to be lattice-bound in coralline aragonite at 10–50% of its seawater proportion to calcium; uncertainty about the distribution coefficient stems from inherent variability of oceanic Mn in nearshore settings. Interannual variations at Urvina Bay, Isabela Island are generally small, with the exception of a few decades during the nineteenth century. A large positive Mn/Ca anomaly found between 1821–1830 is hypothesized to have resulted from a major volcanic eruption on nearby Fernandina Island in 1825. On intrannual timescales a pronounced cycle occurs in response to seasonal upwelling. Quarterly changes in Mn/Ca are six months out-of-phase with Cd/Ca variations-a reflection of the opposite distributions of these metals in the upper waters of the eastern Pacific. High frequency reconstructions over brief time intervals from the 17th, 18th, and 20th century reveal that the seasonal onset of warm and cool phases near Galapagos has persisted for at least 340 years. A quantitative assessment of historical changes in upwelling intensity is complicated by offsets in background Mn levels recorded by different corals. One apparent longterm feature is an overall decline in skeletal Mn concentrations from 1600–1978 which results in a net decrease of 20–30%. Several possible explanations exist for this trend, ranging from accumulation of a persistent diagenetic Mn phase in fossil aragonite to a temporal shift in oceanic/atmospheric Mn fluxes reaching the surface waters of the Galapagos Islands.
CAMERA 2.0: A Data-centric Metagenomics Community Infrastructure Driven by Scientific Workflows

Over the last decade, workflows have been established as a mechanism for scientific developers to create simplified views of complex scientific processes. However, there is a need for a comprehensive system architecture to link scientific developers creating workflows with researchers launching workflows in large scale computing environments. We present the architecture for the CAMERA 2.0 Cyber infrastructure platform that provides a scaffold where workflows can be uploaded into the system, and user interface components for launching and viewing results are automatically generated. In CAMERA 2.0, scientific developers and metagenomics researchers seamlessly collaborate to (i) wrap data-analysis software applications and heterogeneous tools as Resource Oriented Architecture (ROA) components integrating them using scientific workflows; (ii) publish and run scientific workflows via dynamically generated uniform portal interfaces; (iii) map heterogeneous workflow products to provenance and CAMERA semantic database through a transformation component, to save output data resulting from workflow runs based on this mapping; (iv) record and visualize the provenance of all workflow run-related data and processes; and (v) conduct queries across multiple workflow executions and link these workflow executions to each other through data and provenance related to these runs. Furthermore, workflows added to CAMERA also have access to a variety of physical resources for computation and data management. Here, we demonstrate the usability of this framework with some of the developed metagenomics workflows.
Single-unit and 2-deoxyglucose studies of side inhibition in macaque striate cortex.

Abstract In the course of studies to map spatial frequency tuning of neurons in layers 2 and 3 of macaque striate cortex, we found that a high proportion (70%) of cells in the interblob regions responded poorly to full-field gratings, compared with responses to single bars, edges, or delimited gratings. This was most often due to side inhibition, in which increasing the number of cycles of a grating placed within the cell's receptive field causes progressive inhibition of response. Quantitative receptive-field mappings showed, however, that the inhibition can occur within the region activated by a bar, as well as beyond it. The inhibition appears to be orientation-selective, in that a surround grating was more effective at inhibiting the response to a center grating patch if it was of similar orientation. 2-Deoxyglucose experiments confirmed that side inhibition is very widespread in the interblobs of layers 2 and 3 and suggested that it is reduced or lacking in layers 4A through 6. Since layers 2 and 3 of striate cortex are the major source of cortical projections to area V2 and beyond, the prevalence of side stopping in these laminae has implications for theories of cortical visual function. Side-stopped interblob cells may be acting as "contour-pass filters" that filter out redundant information in textured or noisy surfaces, focusing subsequent form processing on contrasts corresponding to object boundaries.
Exercise Tolerance and Hemodynamic Studies After Replacement of Canine Mitral Valve With and Without Preservation of Chordae Tendineae

The effect of the mitral Starr-Edwards ball-valve prosthesis on cardiac function was investigated in the dog. Fifteen dogs were studied for the first 48 hours after replacement of the mitral valve (the chordae tendineae [see Figure in the PDF file] had been totally resected, partially resected, or preserved). The cardiac output and left atrial pressure were similar in these three groups of animals and in two animals subjected to sham operation. Ten dogs (five with intact chordae and five with excised chordae) were studied two months after the insertion of a Starr-Edwards prosthesis. In these animals normal hemodynamic values were obtained at rest and during infusion of acetylcholine, except for a marked (liastolic gradient across the prosthesis, which developed at high cardiac output and heart rate. Six dogs were able to complete a standard test of substantial, unrestrained, graded exercise and gave a normal heart rate response. Heart rate increased and was maintained during maximal efforts, to levels of ...