cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sulphur and Rickets

Abstract THE studies at the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station have progressed far enough to demonstrate that sulphur feeding has marked beneficial effects in preventing coccidiosis. Kline, Hart, Halpin, and Holmes (1935) reported no ill effects had been noted when rations contained as much as 2 percent flowers of sulphur for a period of 10 months—chicks being reared with access to direct sunlight. Herrick and Holmes (1936) reported that in sulphur feeding there is a tendency to retard growth and in some cases cause irritation of the digestive system and the eyes. Herrick and Holmes (1937) report that continued feeding of large amounts of sulphur (5 percent or more) may be conducive to rickets when chicks are dependent on cod liver oil as their source of vitamin D. In our earlier trials when the ration contained more than 2 percent of sulphur the chicks either had access to direct sunlight or . . .
476 LOW DOSE ESTRADIOL ACCELERATES ULNAR GROWTH IN BOYS

We have described a biphasic dose-response curve for ethinyl estradiol (EE2) on short term growth in patients with Turner's syndrome. To investigate whether there is a similar phenomenon in boys, we evaluated the 3-week ulnar growth velocity (TUG) following the administration of different doses of EE2 to boys with delayed adolescence. Basal TUG was determined in 5 pre-pubertal or early pubertal boys (Tanner stages I-II), ages 13 to 15 years. Subsequently, the boys received a 4-day i.v. infusion of EE2 at each of 3 doses, 4, 20 and 90 μg/day, given double blind in a randomized sequence. The TUG was determined before and after each infusion, and was allowed to return to baseline before giving the second and third infusions. Results (mean ± SE) are shown in the Table. We observed an inverse relationship between EE2 dose and the increase in TUG. Mean TUG increased following all EE2 infusions, but was significantly higher after the 4 μg/day EE2 infusion. In contrast, somatomedin-C levels were significantly higher after the 20 and 90 μg/day EE2 infusions. We conclude that small amounts of estrogen can stimulate ulnar growth in boys and may play a role in the male pubertal growth spurt.
Cytokines and the aging brain – what we don't know might help us

Cognitive aspects of aging represent a grave challenge for our societal circumstances as members of the baby-boom generation spiral toward a collective 'senior moment'. In addition, age-related changes in the CNS can contribute to motor deficits and other somatic aberrations. Inflammation and its regulation by cytokines have been connected to many aspects of aging, and mechanisms addressed here provide a rationale for this. Nevertheless, a role for cytokines in normal aging of the human brain has not been confirmed, and it seems to be possible to ameliorate both cognitive decline and cytokine elevation via lifestyle choices. So ignorance of the brain should not prohibit development of successful strategies for delaying or avoiding neurological deficits.
Forefoot tendon transfers.

The Girdlestone flexor-to-extensor transfer was first described by Taylor in 1951. He described a technique whereby transferring the toe flexors to the dorsum of the proximal phalanx, one "restores us...
Altering APP proteolysis: increasing sAPPalpha production by targeting dimerization of the APP ectodomain.

One of the events associated with Alzheimer's disease is the dysregulation of α- versus β-cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). The product of α-cleavage (sAPPα) has neuroprotective properties, while Aβ1-42 peptide, a product of β-cleavage, is neurotoxic. Dimerization of APP has been shown to influence the relative rate of α- and β- cleavage of APP. Thus finding compounds that interfere with dimerization of the APP ectodomain and increase the α-cleavage of APP could lead to the development of new therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Examining the intrinsic fluorescence of a fragment of the ectodomain of APP, which dimerizes through the E2 and Aβ-cognate domains, revealed significant changes in the fluorescence of the fragment upon binding of Aβ oligomers—which bind to dimers of the ectodomain— and Aβ fragments—which destabilize dimers of the ectodomain. This technique was extended to show that RERMS-containing peptides (APP695 328–332), disulfiram, and sulfiram also inhibit dimerization of the ectodomain fragment. This activity was confirmed with small angle x-ray scattering. Analysis of the activity of disulfiram and sulfiram in an AlphaLISA assay indicated that both compounds significantly enhance the production of sAPPα by 7W-CHO and B103 neuroblastoma cells. These observations demonstrate that there is a class of compounds that modulates the conformation of the APP ectodomain and influences the ratio of α- to β-cleavage of APP. These compounds provide a rationale for the development of a new class of therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease.
Primary salt effects with some paraffin-chain salt solutions

Abstract The primary salt effect of tetramethylammonium dodecanesulfonate, tetramethylammonium tetradecanesulfonate, and sodium decanesulfonate all at 25°C. and sodium dodecanesulfonate and tetramethylammonium tetradecanesulfonate at 40°C. on the displacement reaction between thiosulfate and bromoacetate ions has been studied. It was found that the measured rate constant from a paraffin-chain salt solution containing micelles had nearly the same value that it had in a solution containing an equivalent amount of simple, completely dissociated electrolyte. Since it is well established that a considerable number of gegenions are attached to the micelle, the above result indicates that the micelle has a rather large ionic effect. This effect compensates for the decrease in ionic effect brought about by the decrease in simple ion concentration due to the aggregation of the simple ions to form micelles.
Raman spectroscopy and support vector machines for quick toxicological evaluation of titania nanoparticles

With the rapid development of nanotechnology products, there is a significant concern on the adverse effects that might be associated with them. Traditional biological assays are typically used to asses the toxicity in vitro. There are, however, questions regarding the suitability of these assays for this purpose, mainly due to the potential interaction of the particles with the utilized dyes. In addition, this process can be costly and time consuming, as a large number of different assays have to be used. To address some of these issues, Raman spectroscopy is used in this study to investigate the particle-cell interactions. The spectrum of a living cell is a very complex and rich collection of data directly related to its chemical composition. To enhance the data resolution and make the detection of toxicity more robust, data-mining techniques have been deployed. Furthermore, data-mining techniques enable full automation of the entire process, minimizing user input. The Raman spectroscopy successfully evaluated the toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles by both the peak-by-peak analysis and with the implementation of support vector machines. The particles were found to display cytotoxicity after 36 h of exposure. The results were confirmed by MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay and are in agreement with the existing literature on the subject. Overall, Raman spectroscopy appears to be among the very few techniques that exhibit low levels of interferences (obscuration, fluorescence, emission, etc.) from the particle addition. Since it does not rely on biomarkers, it can be used in situ for an extended period with minimal effects on the cellular biochemistry. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences and similarities between sexes

Nowadays, scientists and practitioners, as well as the general public, are increasingly aware that sex (encompassing genetic, hormonal and other biological dimensions) and gender (relating to environmental, social and cultural aspects of sex) significantly influence many medical conditions and their treatment. This was not the case before 1985. That was the year that the US Public Health Service published its report indicating that, with the exception of reproductive physiology, we knew very little about female health and how to most effectively treat medical conditions in women.
A Diffuse Reflectance Interface for SFC/FT-IR

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) permits nonvolatile or thermally labile compounds to be separated at high resolution without necessarily using a mobile phase which is liquid at atmospheric pressure or room temperature. The most common mobile phase to date has been carbon dioxide, at a pressure above about 1000 p.s.i. and a temperature above 35Â°C. Both packed columns of the type used for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and wall coated open tubular (WCOT) capillary columns of the type used for high resolution gas chromatography (GC) can be used. In this paper, we report the on-line measurement of infrared spectra of peaks eluting from SFC columns using two approaches: 1) By passing the effluent from the column directly through a flow cell; 2) By eliminating the mobile phase while depositing the solute on KC1 powder prior to measuring its diffuse reflectance (DR) spectrum.
Shame in Self and Society

This article proposes that shame is the master emotion of everyday life but is usually invisible in modern societies because of taboo. A review of shame studies suggests a taboo that results in denial and silence. The studies by Cooley, Freud, Elias, Lynd, Goffman, Lewis, and Tomkins have been largely ignored. Their work suggests a vital connection between shame and social life: shame can be seen as a signal of a threat to the bond. If so, understanding shame would be necessary for the study of social systems. The taboo on shame in English still holds: current usage, for the most part, assigns an intense and narrow singular meaning. This meaning offends, on the one hand, and misses the everyday function of shame, on the other. Perhaps the problem can be approached, as it is in traditional societies, by the use of a broader term, such as “ bond affect” or “ Shame.” Such a concept could lead to discovery of the emotional/relational world.
The rotational Raman spectrum of nitrous oxide

Abstract A recently developed Raman laser spectroscopic system which features a large coarse echelle has been used to observe the rotational Raman Spectrum of nitrous oxide. The S(0) line, 2.4 cm−1 from the exciting line, and all other Stokes S-branch lines out to S(57) can be seen.
Pre- and post- prandial appetite hormone levels in normal weight and severely obese women

Background Appetite is affected by many factors including the hormones leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin. Ghrelin stimulates hunger, leptin promotes satiety, and adiponectin affects insulin response. This study was designed to test whether the pre- and postprandial response of key appetite hormones differs in normal weight (NW) and severely obese (SO) women.
Norm inequalities for certain classes of functions and their Fourier transforms

We apply tools of interpolation theory and a commutative property of the Hilbert transform to prove necessary and sufficient conditions related to trigonometric series. These results extend and improve related theorems proven by several authors, summarized by Boas. In addition, we explore inequalities and operators, both connected to Hardy's inequalities, on certain classes of functions, including quasimonotone functions.
Retrospective removal of k-space artifacts for echo-planar images: Noise reduction algorithms for spike suppression

High demands are made of the gradient systems of MRI scanners during acquisition of echo-planar images. These may occasionally lead to spurious noise added to the received data in the form of short duration, high intensity 'spikes.' If these spikes are not caught prior to image formation, a severely degraded image may be formed. In the acquisition of functional MRI data this degradation may prohibit subsequent analysis of the data for identification of activated brain regions. We have devised several algorithms to isolate and remove these spurious spikes prior to the Fourier transform, and in one example show that subsequent fMRI analyses are possible. By contrast, the analysis is either impossible or produces differing results without this processing step.
Leucylnaphthylamidase in the small intestine of the mouse, normal development and influence of cortisone and antibiotics.

Abstract Leucylnaphthylamidase, an enzyme bound to the outer surface of the microvilli of the small intestine, has been studied by quantitative and topographic means in the fetal, infant, and adult mouse. Specific activity in the mature jejunum is about 3 times that in the duodenum, and is also somewhat higher than in the ileum. In the posterior 4 5 of the intestine specific activity is consistently higher in females than in males, and total activity is very significantly greater in the former. LNA activity rises rapidly during the last 4 days of prenatal life, then falls slightly to a minimum at about 10 days after birth. In the middle and distal thirds of the intestine, activity rises steadily from 14 to 22 days, and then falls to the adult levels. In the adolescent duodenum, activity undergoes only a slight increase that is not sustained. At 22 days, activity per gram body weight is 20% greater than in mature females. Histochemical observations reveal that up to 12 days activity is confined to the villi bases. By 16 days it spreads to the tips in the jejunum, but retains its basal localization in the duodenum. Cortisone acetate administered at 4 days elicits a nonsignificant increase in LNA activity in duodenum and jejunum at 6 days; if administered at 9 days, the hormone elicits a greater increase in both parts of the intestine, the differences being highly significant. In the duodenum the increase is however transient. Actinomycin D administered at 10 days raises jejunal LNA activity to 149% of the control value at 13 days; this treatment has no effect on duodenal LNA although it more than doubles duodenal alkaline phosphatase activity. Cortisone acetate and actinomycin D administered in combination have an additive effect in jejunum, but no effect in duodenum. Cycloheximide appears to work synergistically with cortisone in the jejunum. In the duodenum this combination of agents also significantly raises LNA activity in the 10–13-day interval, presumably by stabilizing the transient increase induced by the hormone. Histochemical observations indicate that the additivity of the effects of cortisone and actinomycin D results from their ability to act at different sites. After actinomycin D administration LNA stainability is strongly enhanced but remains limited to the basal parts of the villi. Addition of cortisone permits the increased activity to spread to the villi tips. Comparison of the present results with those previously obtained in similar studies on alkaline phosphatase supports the hypothesis that the differentiation of diverse enzymes may be controlled by common epigenetic influences, which in this case may act primarily on the character of the microvillous membrane.
Adaptive frame type selection for low bit-rate video coding

In this paper, we present an adaptive frame type selection algorithm for motion compensation, which is applied to low bit rate video coding. In the adaptive scheme, the number of reference frames for motion compensation is determined by a scene change detection algorithm using temporal segmentation. To choose for the distance measure for the temporal segmentation, three histogram-based measures and one variance-based measure were tested and compared. The reference frame positions may be determined by an exhaustive search algorithm which is computationally complex. The complexity can be reduced by using a binary search algorithm which exploits the monotonicity of the distance measure with respect to the reference frame interval. Variable target bit allocation for each picture type in a group of pictures is used to allow a variable number of reference frames with the constraint of constant channel bit rate. Simulation results show that the reference frame positioning scheme compares favorably with the fixed interpolation structure at the bit rates of 64 kb/s and 14.4 kb/s.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Endoscopic biopsy technique for acquiring larger mucosal samples

Biopsies of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine are most often obtained using the traditional advance-and-close method with flexible endoscopes by extending an open forceps several millimeters beyond the endoscope tip to sample the mucosa, all under direct vision. We developed an alternative "turn-and-suction" endoscopic biopsy technique that permits the acquisition of larger mucosal samples. The biopsy forceps is advanced into the lumen, opened, and withdrawn backward until it is flush with the endoscope tip. Next, the endoscope tip is turned gently into the wall while air is suctioned from the lumen, and the biopsy forceps is very slightly advanced and then closed, usually without direct visualization. After straightening the endoscope tip, the biopsy is obtained by withdrawing the forceps and avulsing a superficial mucosal sample. By using this new method, we have safely taken over 10,000 biopsies without complications in endoscopic surveillance research protocols in patients at risk for gastrointestinal cancer. To compare the sizes of biopsies obtained with these two techniques, histologic sections of 341 mucosal samples from 12 patients with chronic ulcerative colitis were studied retrospectively. The mean greatest length of biopsy sections using the traditional technique was 4.72 mm, and using our new technique was 7.35 mm (56% longer). The turn-and-suction endoscopic biopsy method is best applied when flat mucosa is randomly sampled to seek microscopic pathologic changes that are not visible endoscopically, and may be advantageous for various non-histologic research analyses of gastrointestinal mucosa which are limited by tissue quantity.
A Floating Drag-Plate Lysimeter for Atmospheric Boundary Layer Research

Abstract The description is presented of the design, calibration and operation of a 100-ton, floating, drag-plate, lysimeter used both for measurement of atmospheric shear stress and evapotranspiration from a growing grass turf. Calibration and operational procedures are outlined with estimates of static and measurements of dynamic errors along with typical drag-force records. Unique features of the 6 m diameter drag plate include a growing grass turf comparable to the surrounding 5-hectare field site, vectorial recording of the surface shear stress each 24 sec by means of a modern data acquisition system, and evapotranspiration measurement of the contained grass turf each 2 min on the data logging system. The drag plate has been an integral part of the atmospheric boundary layer research at Davis where flux-gradient and energy balance relationships have been studied. Preliminary findings of the momentum transfer analysis are given and previously reported results are referenced.
Urban–rural disparities in colorectal cancer screening: cross-sectional analysis of 1998–2005 data from the Centers for Disease Control's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Study

Despite the existence of effective screening, colorectal cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Identification of disparities in colorectal cancer screening will allow for targeted interventions to achieve national goals for screening. The objective of this study was to contrast colorectal cancer screening rates in urban and rural populations in the United States. The study design comprised a cross-sectional study in the United States 1998-2005. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 1998 to 2005 were the method and data source. The primary outcome was self-report up-to-date colorectal cancer screening (fecal occult blood test in last 12 months, flexible sigmoidoscopy in last 5 years, or colonoscopy in last 10 years). Geographic location (urban vs. rural) was used as independent variable. Multivariate analysis controlled for demographic and health characteristics of respondents. After adjustment for demographic and health characteristics, rural residents had lower colorectal cancer screening rates (48%; 95% CI 48, 49%) as compared with urban residents (54%, 95% CI 53, 55%). Remote rural residents had the lowest screening rates overall (45%, 95% CI 43, 46%). From 1998 to 2005, rates of screening by colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy increased in both urban and rural populations. During the same time, rates of screening by fecal occult blood test decreased in urban populations and increased in rural populations. Persistent disparities in colorectal cancer screening affect rural populations. The types of screening tests used for colorectal cancer screening are different in rural and urban areas. Future research to reduce this disparity should focus on screening methods that are acceptable and feasible in rural areas.
High-performance spintronic computing with magnetoresistive semiconductor heterojunctions

Two recently proposed spintronic logic families, spin-diode logic and emitter-coupled spin-transistor logic, provide an opportunity for high-performance cascaded logic circuits. These logic families make use of magnetoresistive semiconductor heterojunctions, in which the presence of a magnetic field causes a large increase in resistance. Spin-diode logic and emitter-coupled spin-transistor logic produce highly compact circuits with superior speed and power characteristics. In particular, circuits realized in these logic families use three to ten times fewer devices than conventional CMOS. Additionally, there is minimal dynamic power dissipation, presenting a pathway for low power high performance computing beyond 10 GHz.
Another critical exponent inequality for percolation: β⩾2/δ

The inequality in the title is derived for standard site percolation in any dimension, assuming only that the percolation density vanishes at the critical point. The proof, based on a lattice animal expansion, is fairly simple and is applicable to rather general (site or bond, short-or long-range) independent percolation models.
Analysis of vibronic transitions in titanium doped sapphire using the temperature of the fluorescence spectra

An analysis of the fluorescence spectra of titanium doped sapphire crystals for temperatures ranging from 13 to 578 K is made. Zero- and multiphonon assisted electronic transitions are observed at temperatures below 125 K. Zero-phonon transition energies agree with previously reported measured and predicted values. Phonon assisted transitions suggest that two principle modes of lattice vibrations with energies of 220 and 260 cm-1are coupled to the electronic2 T_{2g} state. A single phonon energy of 173 cm-1is observed to couple to the2E g electronic state. Crossover energy is estimated to be about 11 800 cm-1using a simple harmonic approximation. Lineshape analysis is performed. The fluorescence lifetime was measured to be a constant 3.9 μS below 150 K decreasing to 2.9 μs at 300 K.
On Evaluating Arguments for Special Nativism in Second Language Acquisition Theory.

This article attempts to evaluate several arguments that have been put forth in favour of special nativism in SLA. Specifically, the cases for each of the following claims are considered: 1) that U...
A Secondary Analysis Comparing Subjective Workload Assessments with U.S. Army Aircrew Training Manual Ratings of Pilot Performance

The present research effort sought to determine the validity of subjective workload estimates for Aircrew Training Manual (ATM) tasks for the UH-60 helicopter generated via a modified Delphi technique. Delphi weights were found to predict performance ratings on the ATM tasks; ATM tasks associated with accidents also had higher Delphi weights than did those not so associated.
Soluble Yttrium Chalcogenides: Syntheses, Structures, and NMR Properties of Y[η3-N(SPPh2)2]3 and Y[η2-N(SePPh2)2]2[η3-N(SePPh2)2]

The compounds Y[N(QPPh2)2]3 (Q = S (1), Se (2)) have been synthesized in good yield from the protonolysis reactions between Y[N(SiMe3)2]3 and HN(QPPh2)2 in methylene chloride (CH2Cl2). The compound...
Spectral response of contrast-flash masking

Parafoveal spectral response functions for the contrast-flash masking of a just-visible 661-nm bar test are proportional to Π5 (Stiles’s long-wave function) at long wavelengths but show an unexpected dip around 575 nm and are almost flat at short wavelengths, on a dim (2-Td) rod-desensitizing 500-nm auxiliary. This effect is not due to rod intrusions or scattered light. Masking functions are approximately proportional to Π5 throughout the spectrum, however, if the 500-nm auxiliary is replaced by a π5-equated 445-nm auxiliary or if the flanking bar mask used in the main experiment is replaced by a uniform contrast-flash mask. These results suggest that a contour-sensitive interaction involving short-wave cones may modify the extent of masking in the pathway that detects the long-wave test.
Antireflection Coatings for Germanium and Silicon in the Infrared

Very hard and durable single layer antireflection coatings for Ge and Si have been made which result in a peak transmittance of better than 98% at any desired wavelength in the infrared up to about 15μ. Silicon monoxide makes an excellent antireflection coating for silicon and germanium in the near infrared, but cannot be used in the 10-μ region where it becomes strongly absorbing. Zinc sulfide has been found to be the most suitable antirefiecting material at the longer wavelengths. Under proper conditions zinc sulfide films, which in the past have frequently exhibited unsatisfactory durability, can be prepared as very hard and adherent antireflection coatings for germanium and silicon. The best zinc sulfide films are obtained when the substrate is heated to about 150°C and cleaned with a dc glow discharge just before the evaporation is made. The coatings can stand several hours boiling and several days immersion in water without damage and have been used for periods up to one year without showing any deterioration.
Protozoal Digestion of Coat-Defective Bacillus subtilis Spores Produces “Rinds” Composed of Insoluble Coat Protein

The Bacillus subtilis spore coat is a multilayer, proteinaceous structure that consists of more than 50 proteins. Located on the surface of the spore, the coat provides resistance to potentially toxic molecules as well as to predation by the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. When coat-defective spores are fed to Tetrahymena, the spores are readily digested. However, a residue termed a "rind" that looks like coat material remains. As observed with a phase-contrast microscope, the rinds are spherical or hemispherical structures that appear to be devoid of internal contents. Atomic force microscopy and chemical analyses showed that (i) the rinds are composed of insoluble protein largely derived from both outer and inner spore coat layers, (ii) the amorphous layer of the outer coat is largely responsible for providing spore resistance to protozoal digestion, and (iii) the rinds and intact spores do not contain significant levels of silicon.
Water, water, everywhere. Synthesis and structures of perfluoroalkyl rhodium and iridium(III) compounds containing water ligands

The aqua complexes [M(η5-C5Me5)(PMe3)(RF)(H2O)]+[X]−, {M = Rh, Ir; RF = CF(CF3)2; X = BF4; M = Ir; RF = CF2CF3, CF2CF2CF3; X = CF3SO3; M = Rh; RF = CF2CF2CF3; X = CF3SO3} have been prepared and their molecular structures determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. In addition, the aqua complexes [M(η5-C5Me5)(PR3)(RF)(H2O)]+[X]−·0.5H2O {M = Ir; R = CH3; RF = CF(CF3)2; X = B(ArF)4; M = Ir; R = C6H5; RF = CF2CF2CF3; X = BF4} containing both inner and outer sphere water molecules have been prepared and crystallographically characterized. The complexes exhibit hydrogen bonding networks in the solid state involving the aqua ligand and the BF4− or CF3SO3− anions, and in one case, to the BF4− anion and an outer sphere water molecule. In the presence of a non-coordinating anion, such as B(ArF)4, hydrogen bonding to an outer sphere water molecule is still observed. A number of close contacts between the coordinated water molecule and α- and/or β-fluorines of the fluoroalkyl ligands are observed and discussed.
The Power of Language in Adjudication and Mediation: Institutional Contexts as Predictors of Social Evaluation

The language used by witnesses and litigants can powerfully influence evaluations by legal decision makers of disputant credibility and blame. Previous experimental research has addressed this claim in many studies of undergraduates and law students. It is not known whether this generalization applies to sitting judges or whether it extends to other institutional contexts in which dispute settlement occurs, such as mediation centers. In this article we present findings from three experiments conducted with undergraduates, sitting judges, and practicing mediators. Speech style (powerful, powerless) and discourse (rule, relational) were manipulated in a 2×2 repeated measures design in each subject pool. The findings suggest that students' and judges' evaluations of disputant credibility, social characteristics, and blame are affected by speech style, while mediators' evaluations of the same are affected by particular interactions of speech style and discourse only. These findings are interpreted as a function of the prescriptive and behavioral language norms to which students, judges, and mediators are routinely exposed in their institutional contests. Implications for future law and language research are also discussed.
The intensity function and reinforcing properties of brain stimulation that elicits attack

Abstract Squirrel monkeys having chronically implanted sub-cortical electrodes were placed in front of a pneumatic tube, and frequency of biting attack against the tube was automatically recorded. Different brain stimulation intensities were employed each session, and attack frequency was an increasing non-monotonic function of stimulus intensity. Also, frequency of biting to each stimulation increased within a session for lowest intensities and decreased within a session for highest intensities. In further tests, with a response lever, the stimulation that produced biting attack often was escaped and avoided but usually did not mediate self-stimulation. Therefore the control of behavior by the stimulation was similar to that by aversive environmental stimuli. Attack was produced by stimulation of dorsal (perifornical), lateral, or posterior areas of the hypothalamus, and of the ventral postero lateral nucleus of the thalamus. Each area is involved in the sensation or perception of pain or emotions, and the similarity of control by brain stimulation and aversive stimulation was considered in terms of their involvement with common neural systems.
Molecular Stability and Function of Hb C-Harlem

The oxygen binding property and molecular stability of Hb C-Harlem (Hb CH) (β6 Glu+Val, β73 Asp+Asn) were studied in comparison with those of Hb A and Hb S. The oxygen affinity and Bohr effect of purified Hb CH with and without organic phosphates were similar to those of purified Hb A and Hb S. The oxygen affinities of red cell suspensions obtained from the patient with Hb S-CH were lower than those of Hb S and Hb A. The level of 2,3-DPG was elevated by more than 50% of the normal level. The stability of various liganded forms of Hb CH was determined by mechanical shaking and heat denaturation. The oxy-, carbonmonoxy-, and met-forms of Hb CH were 2–3 times less stable than corresponding forms of Hb S during mechanical shaking. The results of the shaking experiments on deoxy-Hb CH differed drastically from those obtained on deoxy-Hb S, with deoxy-Hb CH being 17 times less stable than deoxy-Hb S. The rate of precipitation of the various ligands of Hb CH was pH dependent, with the rate being faster in an alk...
Comparison of the End-Tidal Arterial Pco2 Gradient During Exercise in Normal Subjects and in Patients With Severe COPD

We undertook the present study with the following objectives: (1) to compare the difference between the end-tidal and the arterial carbondioxide concentration (P[ETa] CO2) gradients at rest and during exercise in normal subjects and patients with COPD; and (2) to analyze the factors contributing to this gradient. We studied seven normal subjects and seven patients with COPD using a symptom-limited exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Our results show that the P(ET-a)CO2 increased progressively as the individuals went from rest to higher workloads in both the normal group and in the COPD group. The P(ET-a)CO2 in patients with COPD both at rest (-3.24 +/- 2.78 mm Hg) and during exercise (1.03 +/- 2.23 mm Hg) is significantly lower than that in normal individuals at rest (1.84 +/- 3.68 mm Hg) and during exercise (10.3 +/- 6.5 mm Hg) (p < 0.01). However, the slope for the relationship between the P(ET-a)CO2 and the workload is actually significantly steeper in the patients with COPD. Although the P(ET-a)CO2 correlated significantly with the workload in both normal subjects (r = 0.63, p < 0.001) and patients (r = 0.55, p < 0.005), the P(ET-a)CO2 was much more closely correlated with the ratio of dead space to tidal volume (VD/VT) (r values of -0.86 and -0.77, respectively). Moreover, when multiple regression analysis was performed, addition of any other physiologic measure (eg, oxygen consumption [VO2], carbon dioxide production [VCO2], minute ventilation [VE], or workload) as a second independent variable after the VD/VT did not improve the correlation. This indicates that the correlation between the P(ET-a)CO2 and the workload is probably related to the dependence of the VD/VT on the workload. The PaCO2 in normal subjects and in the COPD group correlated significantly with the partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2). Using multiple regression analysis, with the PaCO2 as the dependent variable and the PETCO2 (along with other physiologic measures) as the independent variables, we found that the standard error of the estimate was still above 2.1 mm Hg in normal subjects and in patients with COPD. We conclude that (1) during exercise, the P(ET-a)CO2 in normal subjects and in patients with COPD increases significantly, (2) the P(ET-a)CO2 gradient is more closely correlated with the VD/VT than any other physiologic variable, and (3) changes in the PETCO2 during exercise are not correlated closely with changes in the PaCO2.
The thermal analysis of a belt type radiator by the method of matched asymptotic expansions

Abstract Analytical expressions are obtained for the temperature distribution and heat transfer capacity of a belt type radiator. The problem is shown to reduce to two second-order ordinary differential equations whose solutions are coupled by two common sets of boundary conditions. One of these equations is nonlinear and cannot be solved analytically in terms of known functions. Singular perturbation theory is employed to derive uniformly valid solutions of this equation for small values of the radiation-conduction parameter, e. In order to exhibit the qualitative trends of these expressions, the temperature distribution, correct to second-order, is calculated for a representative system.
Wave optics simulation of partially coherent beams

We describe a numerical, wave optics approach for simulating the propagation of a partially coherent beam. The approach requires the application of a succession of phase screens at the transmit end of the link and the summation of the resulting intensity profiles at the receiving end. To test the approach, a phase screen formulation for a Gaussian Schell-model beam was derived using a Gaussian random phase screen where its parameters are related to a form of the spatial coherence function for the transmittance. The numerical model was applied to several cases of propagation through vacuum and atmospheric turbulence and the resulting average beam intensity profile is shown to be nearly identical to the profile predicted by analytical results for the Gaussian Schell-model beam. Finally, the scintillation index of a coherent beam was investigated and the numerical result was found to generally follow the theoretical result, especially for source sizes that are relatively small or relatively larger. The model developed in this paper can be applied to analysis and design of free space optical laser links that utilize various partially coherent beams.
t/U expansion for the Hubbard model.

We describe a unitary transformation which eliminates terms coupling states with differing numbers of doubly occupied sites from the Hamiltonian of the Hubbard model. The $S$ matrix for the transformation, and the transformed Hamiltonian, ${H}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, are generated by an iterative procedure which results in an expansion in powers of the hopping integral $t$ divided by the on-site energy $U$. For a half-filled band and in the space with no doubly occupied sites, ${H}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is equivalent to a spin Hamiltonian. We discuss the implications of our results for ${H}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ on theories of high-temperature superconductivity.
Optimum weight design of stiffened cylinders subjected to torsion combined with axial compression with and without lateral pressure

Abstract A procedure including highly automated computer programs for the optimum weight design of fuselage type stiffened cylinders subjected to combined torsion and axial compression with and without lateral pressure is developed. The objective function is the composite weight of the cylinder. The known parameters are the specified material properties, radius, length and the loadings. One desires to find the size, shape, spacings of stiffeners and the skin thickness so as to safely carry the given loads with minimum weight. The procedure is demonstrated through practical design problems. The general computer programs developed can be obtained by writing to the authors.
Fungal Pneumonias: Part 3. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is receiving increased recognition as a cause of respiratory disease. The clinical, immunologic, and radiologic features of this disease are reviewed with a discussion of possible pathophysiologic mechanisms. One approach to the diagnosis of this disorder incorporates the criteria of bronchospasm, pulmonary infiltrates, skin-test reactivity to and precipitating antibodies against Aspergillus antigen, eosinophilia, derated IgE levels, and classic bronchographic findings. Steroids appear to be the drug of choice in ABPA, but specific therapeutic regimens will require further long-term studies. The IgE levels may prove to be useful in following the course of this disease and in aiding decisions regarding duration of therapy.
Edward F. Adolph Distinguished Lecture: The remarkable anti-aging effects of aerobic exercise on systemic arteries

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern societies, and advancing age is the major risk factor for CVD. Arterial dysfunction, characterized by large elastic artery stiffening and endothelial dysfunction, is the key event leading to age-associated CVD. Our work shows that regular aerobic exercise inhibits large elastic artery stiffening with aging (optimizes arterial compliance) and preserves endothelial function. Importantly, among previously sedentary late middle-aged and older adults, aerobic exercise improves arterial stiffness and enhances endothelial function in most groups and, therefore, also can be considered a treatment for age-associated arterial dysfunction. The mechanisms by which regular aerobic exercise destiffens large elastic arteries are incompletely understood, but existing evidence suggests that reductions in oxidative stress associated with decreases in both adventitial collagen (fibrosis) and advanced glycation end-products (structural protein cross-linking molecules), play a key role. Aerobic exercise preserves endothelial function with aging by maintaining nitric oxide bioavailability via suppression of excessive superoxide-associated oxidative stress, and by inhibiting the development of chronic low-grade vascular inflammation. Recent work from our laboratory supports the novel hypothesis that aerobic exercise may exert these beneficial effects by directly inducing protection to aging arteries against multiple adverse factors to which they are chronically exposed. Regular aerobic exercise should be viewed as a “first line” strategy for prevention and treatment of arterial aging and a vital component of a contemporary public health approach for reducing the projected increase in population CVD burden.
Equivocality of survival of learning acquired at the larval stage.

USING larvae of the beetle Tenebrio molitor, Borsellino, Pierantoni, and Schieti-Cavazza1 tested whether learning could survive through metamorphosis. Their apparatus was a maze consisting of a circular starting chamber, a short stem leading to a choice point and two alternative paths leading to a circular goal chamber. They describe training procedures in which “all animals passed through the maze once a day” and in which animals in the learning groups were punished for a wrong choice while larval controls were not. Punishment procedures exploited the strong negative phototaxis exhibited by both larvae and adults and consisted of a bright light introduced when subjects from a learning group entered the wrong path. After metamorphosis, adults of both the larval learning and control groups were passed daily, but without punishment, through similar mazes. The results indicated that controls performed at chance levels while learning subjects significantly chose the side they were trained to enter earlier as larva. If their conclusion “that learning survives through metamorphosis” were justified, if their results were convincing, and if their procedures were acceptable, this study would indeed be very exciting.
Poleward Heat Transport in a Barotropic Ocean Model

Abstract A barotropic ocean circulation model coupled to a mixed-layer temperature equation is used to study the poleward heat transport by the horizontal wind-driven ocean currents. Through scaling analyses, two different regimes of the heat transport are found, characterized by λ→∞ and λ→0, respectively, where λ is the ratio between the ocean advection timescale and the restoring timescale of Newtonian cooling at the air–sea interface. In the regime λ→∞, the heat transport is proportional to λ−1 and to the second power both of the basin east–west width and of the magnitude of wind stress curl. In the regime λ→0, the heat transport is proportional to λ and to the basin width, and insensitive to the magnitude of wind stress curl. The heat transport is a maximum for intermediate values of λ, and the numerical experiments show that a restoring timescale of 5 months maximizes the heat transport for a barotropic square basin 500 m deep and 400 km wide (North Atlantic size). The corresponding maximum heat tran...
Effect of 2, 5, 7, and 9at.% Al on the Solution Heat-Treated (1280°C, 50 hours, Water Quenched) Structure of Ni-20at.% Mo Alloy

The alloy Ni-20at.% Mo is a face-centered cubic (fcc) solid solution ({alpha}) above 868 C, and at equilibrium has a long-range ordered (LRO) structure (designated {beta}) below this temperature. In this study, the authors have determined the effect of 2, 5, 7, and 9at.% Al additions to the base Ni-20at.% Mo alloy on the as-quenched hardness and structure. Samples were quenched from 1280 C, and the Ni-Mo-Al phase diagram indicates that all alloys should be in the {alpha} region at 1250 C.
FACILITATION OF ANTIGENIC LEUKOCYTE HISTAMINE RELEASE BY A SOLUBLE FACTOR

Basophils from certain allergic subjects will secrete histamine when exposed to appropriate antigens; after repeated washings this reactivity is lost. To examine the possibility that washing removes a membrane-bound factor other than IgE necessary for antigenic histamine release, allogeneic unreactive cells from allergic donors were exposed to washes from reactive cells then challenged with antigen. Histamine release was measured by the usual methods (J.E.M. 120: 507, 1964). Reactive leukocytes were separated in Dextran, washed twice in Tris BSA buffer (pH 7.4) and the washes saved. Unreactive cells were similarly separated, washed, then incubated in Tris BSA buffers with added Ca++ and Mg++ for one hour at 37°C., then resuspended with fresh Tris BSA Ca++ and Mg++ buffer for ragweed antigen challenge. Washes from two or four reactive donors were capable of inducing non-reactive cells to release 62-100% total histamine on antigen challenge; no more than 10% total histamine was released from incubated cells not exposed to antigen. Allogeneic cells from normal non-allergic donors could not be induced to release histamine. The facilitating ability of the washes was not destroyed at 56°C. for one hour and was non-dializable. We concluded that leukocytes capable of antigenic histamine release have a protein on their surface which is not IgE and which is necessary for antigenic histamine release.
Historical Trends in U.S. Senate Elections, 1912-1988

Trends in electoral competition in U.S. senatorial elections for the period of 1912 to 1988 are examined via interrupted time-series analysis. The analysis documents that, contrary to what is often argued in the congressional elections' literature, there have been important changes in the nature of competition in senatorial elections. While senatorial elections, overall, remain more competitive than House elections, there has been a trend, since 1970, towards less competitive nonsouthern senatorial elections. As in the explanation for declining competition in House elections, a combination of party disaggregation and weakened opponents may be used to explain the recent decline in competition in nonsouthern senatorial elections.
Microcytotoxicity assay for cell-mediated immunity enumerating residual target number by 86Rb

Abstract Lymphocyte-mediated lysis of target cells grown as monolayers in microtiter wells is readily quantitated by an assay measuring the 86Rb incorporated after attaining isotopic equilibrium. Lysis of fibroblasts by allogeneic lymphocytes sensitized by skin grafts and of tumor cells by syngeneic spleen cells sensitized by intraperitoneal tumor inoculation were readily detected. Weakly cytolytic lymphocytpopulations can be assayed by increasing incubation times to 48 h or longer. A potential problem, 86Rb incorporation by lymphocytes sticking to residual target cells, was controlled by comparing 86Rb incorporation by targets incubated with non-immune lymphocytes. Results by 86Rb incorporation were identical to those determined by microscopic counting or 51Cr release. 86Rb incorporation assays should be considered as an alternate to 51Cr release techniques, especially in those experimental systems where the cytolytic potential of a lymphocyte population is so low that lysis can be detected only after long incubation times and/or when the spontaneous release of 51Cr is prohibitively high.
Pathophysiologic changes associated with the development of arteriosclerosis during various phases of the reproductive cycles of repeatedly bred rats

Abstract 1. 1. Repeatedly bred rats develop arteriosclerosis spontaneously. 2. 2. Lactation and weaning cause exacerbation of the vascular changes. 3. 3. Mucopolysaccharides, collagen, elastic tissue and calcific changes are predominant features of the arteriosclerosis. 4. 4. The adrenal steroids are implicated in conditioning aortic enzyme changes, e.g. beta-glucuronidase, which make for premature arterial disease in breeder rats.
Cryogenic operation of GaAs bipolar transistors with inverted base doping

The low temperature characteristics of GaAs homojunction bipolar transistors with heavily-doped base layers are investigated. An increase in current gain of about a factor of five is observed when the transistors are cooled from 300 K to 77 K. This improvement is attributed to improved emitter injection efficiency and reduced perimeter recombination.