cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The K Conversion Coefficient of the Pure E2 123-keV Transition in Gd154 by a Coincidence Method

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the κ conversion coefficient of the pure E2 123-keV transition in Gd 154 by a coincidence method. The κ conversion coefficient of the pure E2, 2 + → 0 + , 123-keV transition in Gd 154 is measured by recording the K-shell X-ray and 123-keV gamma ray in a multichannel analyzer gated on coincidences between these radiations and the 1278-keV gamma ray, which feeds the 123-keV 2 + level. The 1278-keV transition depopulates the 1401-keV level, which is fed only by beta decay from Eu 154 . All beta rays and conversion electrons are absorbed in 5.70 mm of Lucite and the crystal cover. The 16-year Eu 154 source is prepared by neutron irradiation of separated Eu 153 . The contamination of Eu 152 is determined to be less than 1% by measuring the intensity of the 1.41-MeV gamma ray, which results from the decay of Eu 152 .
Abstract WP97: A Novel Behavioral Neuroscore Survey Improves Characterization of Experimental Ischemic Stroke in Mice

Stroke remains the fifth leading cause of death in the U.S, highlighting a pressing need to improve the translatability of experimental stroke studies. To more reproducibly mimic clinical assessments in animal stroke models, we developed and tested a novel behavioral Neuroscore assessment designed to serve as an experimental analog to the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Our Neuroscore measured discrepancies in visual, sensorimotor, and fatigue-related performances over five tasks while generating a numerical score ranging from zero to eleven (zero representing normal). Once administered, the resulting score was used as a predictor for determining the severity of stroke. The Neuroscore was designed and administered on C57Bl/6 mice. To mimic the NIH Stroke Scale, the Neuroscore used similar, but mouse-appropriate components over five-minute administrations: Level of Consciousness, Gaze and Visual Field, Sensory-Limb testing in response to stimuli, and a motor component assessed with Paralysis-Pa...
M3D aerosol jet printed buckypaper multifunctional sensors for composite structural health monitoring

Abstract Sensors placed along various stages of manufacturing processes can identify errors and ensure the quality of a product. Specially, sensors are becoming essential for more complicated composite fabrication due to coupling together heat transport, curing kinetics, resin rheology and flow as well as pressure effects. In this research, embedded composite sensor fabrication, maskless mesoscale materials deposition system has been used to print electrically conductive silver patterns on the carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets or buckypaper (BP) to measure its resistance change, and thus used as embedded sensors in composite laminates for both manufacturing process and structure health monitoring. Three different samples of nanotube sheets were used in this work and compared. The samples exhibited slightly different behaviors in terms of resistive response during the resin infusion and curing process with vacuum bagging, yet also demonstrated similar patterns, which indicated their sensing capabilities. Upon the resin flow, the sensor resistance dropped ∼20–30% from the initial value, then increased up to 120–145% compared to its minimum value at the final curing stage. After curing process, embedded sensors could monitor the impact or structural deformation of a composite part.
Complex polypharmacy in bipolar disorder: Side effect burden, adherence, and response predictors

Abstract Background Complex polypharmacy (CP) is common in bipolar disorder (BD). We assessed the associations between CP, adherence, and side effect burden, and patient traits associated with clinical improvement in relationship to CP. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of 482 adult BD participants in the Bipolar CHOICE trial. We examined the associations between CP (use of ≥3 BD medications) and non-adherence (missing >30% of BD medication doses in the last 30 days) and side effect burden (Frequency, Intensity and Burden of Side Effects Rating scale) using multivariate models with patient random effects. We used logistic regression to assess the patient traits associated with remission among those with majority CP use (Clinical Global Impression-Severity for BD score ≤2 for 8+ weeks). Results 43% of patients had any CP and 25% had CP for the majority of the study. CP was associated with non-adherence (OR = 2.51, 95% CI [1.81, 3.50]), but not worse side effect burden. Among those with CP, 16% achieved remission; those with non-adherence, comorbid social or generalized anxiety disorder, or BD I vs. II were less likely to achieve remission among those with CP. Limitations There could be unmeasured confounding between use of CP and side effect burden or adherence. Adherence was measured by self-report, which could be subject to reporting error. Conclusions BD patients with CP were less likely to adhere to therapy, and those with worse adherence to CP were less likely to clinically respond. Clinicians should assess medication adherence prior to adding another agent to medication regimens.
Active Mental Illnesses Adversely Affect Surgical Outcomes.

Depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance abuse are linked to higher rates of morbidity and mortality after various surgical procedures. Comparable data in general su...
Specific adverse childhood experiences and their association with other adverse childhood experiences, asthma and emotional, developmental and behavioral problems in childhood

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have lifelong health consequences, yet screening remains challenging. Particularly in clinical settings, brief screeners that could lead to comprehensive assessments may be more feasible. We explore how two ACEs (economic hardship, parental/caregiver divorce/separation) are associated with other ACEs, asthma, and emotional, developmental, or behavioral (EDB) problems. Using the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health, we assessed the associations between ACEs and asthma and EDB problems and calculated sensitivities, specificities and predictive values. Parents frequently reported 1+ ACEs for their child (50.3%). Individual ACE frequency ranged from 4.2 to 29.6%; all were significantly associated with EDB problems (adjusted odds ratios (aORs): 2.2−5.1) and more ACEs confirmed higher odds. Two ACES (economic hardship, parental/caregiver divorce/separation) co-occurred frequently with other ACEs, having either predicted EDB problems similarly to other ACEs (aORs 1.8; 95% CI 1.4, 2.3) and having both greatly increased odds (aOR 3.8; 95% CI 2.8, 5.2). The negative predictive value of EDB problems associated with citing neither ACE was high (95.7%). Similar trends with asthma were observed. Economic hardship and caregiver separation are strongly associated with other ACEs, EDB problems and asthma. A brief screener including these ACEs may reduce clinical barriers to broader ACEs screening.
Chapter 26 – Distress

This chapter reviews the assessment of distress, the roles of situational factors and personality in generating distress, and its psychological significance, including clinical implications. Distress is typically defined as unpleasant subjective stress responses such as anxiety and depression. It may be measured using a variety of general and context-linked scales. States of distress reflect psychobiological, cognitive, and social influences, but should be understood as the outcome of dynamic self-regulation as the person confronts external threats and pressures. Individuals differ considerably in their vulnerability to distress. Traits including neuroticism, dispositional anxiety, and metacognitive style increase vulnerability, whereas traits such as hardiness, grit, and emotional intelligence support resilience. Distress is associated with abnormalities in information-processing, including attentional impairment and cognitive bias. Distress is also a key symptom in a range of emotional disorders.
Low Levels of Pyrethroid Resistance in Hybrid Offspring of a Highly Resistant and a More Susceptible Mosquito Strain

The use of insecticides has been a central approach to control disease-transmitting mosquitoes for the last century. The high prevalence of pyrethroid use as public health insecticides has resulted in the evolution of pyrethroid resistance in many populations of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae), throughout its global distribution range. Insecticide resistance is often correlated with an associated fitness cost. In this project, we studied the phenotypes of hybrid mosquitoes derived from crossing a pyrethroid-resistant strain of Ae. aegypti (Puerto Rico [PR]) with a more susceptible one (Rockefeller [ROCK]). We first sequenced and compared the para gene of both original strains. We then crossed males from one strain with females of the other, creating two hybrids (Puertofeller, Rockorico). We used a Y-tube choice assay to measure the attraction of these strains towards a human host. We then compared the levels of pyrethroid resistance in the different strains. We found three known resistance mutations in the para gene sequence of the PR strain. In our attraction assays, PR females showed lower attraction to humans, than the ROCK females. Both hybrid strains showed strong attraction to a human host. In the insecticide resistance bottle assays, both hybrid strains showed marginal increases in resistance to permethrin compared to the more susceptible ROCK strain. These results suggest that hybrids of sensitive and permethrin-resistant mosquitoes have an incremental advantage compared to more susceptible mosquitoes when challenged with permethrin. This explains the rapid spread of permethrin resistance that was observed many times in the field.
Extending the Internet meme: Conceptualizing technological mimesis and imitation publics on the TikTok platform:

Scholars have long been interested in how social media platforms shape user communication and behavior. We add to this literature by critically analyzing the TikTok platform. We argue that the prin...
Making Grey Literature Discoverable and Impactful on JSTOR Through Comprehensive Search and Rich Metadata

Think tank grey literature can be used for teaching and research in policy-oriented courses, but because much of this content is scattered throughout the far reaches of cyberspace, students and man...
Pneumosinus Dilatans: A Novel Algorithm for its Classification and Management.

Background Pneumosinus dilatans (PD) is a rare condition in which one or more paranasal sinuses are pathologically hyperaerated. Patients commonly present with an aesthetic complaint, however it has been associated with several serious conditions. The etiology is largely theoretical and the management remains unstandardized, potentially leading to missed diagnoses. This article aims to establish a presumptive classification scheme and management algorithm based on a comprehensive review of the literature. Materials and methods A systematic review of all available publications on the search term "Pneumosinus dilatans" was conducted in PubMed. Associated conditions were identified and clustered based on the number and anatomic location of the sinuses involved. The resultant data was used to formulate an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation and management of PD patients. Results A total of 145 patients from 103 articles were included. The majority of patients were male (57.2%) with an average age of 32.6 years-old at onset. The frontal sinus was most commonly involved (62.8%) and one pathologic sinus was most common (84.6%). 51% of patients presented with an associated condition; with it least common in frontal sinus PD (29.7% cases) and most common in ethmoid sinus PD (81.5%). To date, no articles to date have proposed a management algorithm for PD based on the number or location of sinus involved. Conclusions A standardized evidence-based management algorithm and classification scheme for patients with PD will not only lead to the highest-quality treatment, but will also be instrumental in elucidating an etiology for this rare, and potentially serious, condition.
Demonstration of a uniform, high-pressure, high-temperature gas cell with a dual frequency comb absorption spectrometer

Abstract Accurate absorption models for gases at high pressure and temperature support advanced optical combustion diagnostics and aid in the study of harsh planetary atmospheres. Developing and validating absorption models for these applications requires recreating the extreme temperature and pressure conditions of these environments in static, uniform, well-known conditions in the laboratory. Here, we present the design of a new gas cell to enable reference-quality absorption spectroscopy at high pressure and temperature. The design centers on a carefully controlled quartz sample cell housed at the core of a pressurized ceramic furnace. The half-meter sample cell is relatively long compared to past high-pressure and -temperature absorption cells, and is surrounded by a molybdenum heat spreader that enables high temperature uniformity over the full length of the absorbing gas. We measure the temperature distribution of the sample gas using in situ thermocouples, and fully characterize the temperature uniformity across a full matrix of temperatures and pressures up to 1000 K and 50 bar. The results demonstrate that the new design enables highly uniform and precisely known temperature and pressure conditions across the full absorbing path length. Uniquely, we test the new gas cell with a broadband (~2500 cm−1), high-resolution (0.0066 cm−1) dual frequency comb spectrometer that enables highly resolved absorption spectroscopy across a wide range of temperature and pressure conditions. With this carefully characterized system, we measure the spectrum of CO2 between 6800 and 7000 cm−1 at pressures between 0.2 and 20 bar, and temperatures up to 1000 K. The measurements reveal discrepancies from spectra predicted by the HITRAN2016 database with a Voigt line shape at both low- and high-pressure conditions. These results motivate future work to expand absorption models and databases to accurately model high-pressure and -temperature spectra in combustion and planetary science research.
Corruption and Informal Practices in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Ina Kubbe and Aiysha Varraich

Corruption and Informal Practices in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Ina Kubbe and Aiysha Varraich. Abingdon (UK) and New York: Routledge. 2020. Hardcover: ISBN 9780367422264, $124.00, ...
Chapter 6 Lasing in disordered media

This chapter discusses the lasing in disordered media. Based on the feedback mechanisms, random lasers are classified into two categories: (1) random lasers with incoherent (or nonresonant) feedback, also called incoherent random lasers, (2) random lasers with coherent (or resonant) feedback, also called coherent random lasers. The chapter summarizes the research works on both types of random lasers, and emphasizes on the experimental study of random laser with coherent feedback. The chapter describes that the behavior of a random laser with coherent feedback is different from that of a random laser with incoherent feedback. Unlike conventional lasers with directional output, random media can emit laser emission in all directions. The isotropic output of random lasers is useful for some applications like displays, but in other applications directional output is desired.
Comorbidity Burden and Adverse Outcomes After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

Background Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become the preferred treatment for symptomatic patients with aortic stenosis and elevated procedural risk. Many deaths following TAVR are because of noncardiac causes and comorbid disease burden may be a major determinant of postprocedure outcomes. The prevalence of comorbid conditions and associations with outcomes after TAVR has not been studied. Methods and Results This was a retrospective single-center study of patients treated with TAVR from January 2015 to October 2018. The association between 21 chronic conditions and short- and medium-term outcomes was assessed. A total of 341 patients underwent TAVR and had 1-year follow-up. The mean age was 81.4 (SD 8.0) years with a mean Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality score of 6.7% (SD 4.8). Two hundred twenty (65%) patients had ≥4 chronic conditions present at the time of TAVR. There was modest correlation between Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality and comorbid disease burden (r=0.32, P<0.001). After adjusting for Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality, age, and vascular access, each additional comorbid condition was associated with increased rates of 30-day rehospitalizations (odds ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.02-1.44), a composite of 30-day rehospitalization and 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.02-1.42), and 1-year mortality (odds ratio, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.05-1.59). Conclusions Comorbid disease burden is associated with worse clinical outcomes in high-risk patients treated with TAVR. The risks associated with comorbid disease burden are not adequately captured by standard risk assessment. A systematic assessment of comorbid conditions may improve risk stratification efforts.
First-principles study of electron transport in ScN

We investigate the conduction-band structure and electron mobility in rocksalt ScN based on density functional theory. The first-principles band structure allows us to obtain band velocities and effective masses as a function of energy. Electron-phonon scattering is assessed by explicitly computing the $q$-dependent electron-phonon matrix elements, with the inclusion of the long-range electrostatic interaction. The influence of free-carrier screening on the electron transport is assessed using the random-phase approximation. We find a notable enhancement of electron mobility when the carrier concentration exceeds ${10}^{20}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. We calculate the room-temperature electron mobility in ScN to be 587 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{Vs}$ at low carrier concentrations. When the carrier concentration is increased, the electron mobility starts to decrease significantly around $n={10}^{19}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and drops to 240 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{Vs}$ at $n={10}^{21}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. We also explore the influence of strain in (111)- and (100)-oriented ScN films. For (111) films, we find that a 1.0% compressive epitaxial strain increases the in-plane mobility by 72 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{Vs}$ and the out-of-plane mobility by 50 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{Vs}$. For (100) films, a 1.0% compressive epitaxial strain increases the out-of-plane mobility by as much as 172 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{Vs}$, but has a weak impact on the in-plane mobility. Our study sheds light on electron transport in ScN at different electron concentrations and shows how strain engineering could increase the electron mobility.
Acceleration of mobile health for monitoring post-transplant in the COVID-19 era: Applications for pediatric settings.

BACKGROUND: Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and consequent lockdowns, the use of telehealth interventions has rapidly increased both in the general population and among transplant recipients. Among pediatric transplant recipients, this most frequently takes the form of interventions on mobile devices, or mHealth, such as remote visits via video chat or phone, phone-based monitoring, and mobile apps. Telehealth interventions may offer the opportunity to provide care that minimizes many of the barriers of in-person care. METHODS: The present review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Sources up until October 2020 were initially identified through searches of PsycInfo® and PubMed® . RESULTS: We identified ten papers that reported findings from adult interventions and five studies based in pediatrics. Eight of the adult publications stemmed from the same two trials; within the pediatric subset, this was the case for two papers. Studies that have looked at mHealth interventions have found high acceptability rates over the short run, but there is a general lack of data on long-term use. CONCLUSIONS: The literature surrounding pediatric trials specifically is sparse with all findings referencing interventions that are in early stages of development, ranging from field tests to small feasibility trials. The lack of research highlights the need for a multi-center RCT that utilizes robust measures of medication adherence and other outcome variables, with longer-term follow-up before telehealth interventions should be fully embraced.
Thermodynamic properties of liquid metals /A review/.

Summary of the current state of knowledge about the thermodynamic properties of liquid metals, including heats of fusion and heat capacities. A table is presented of consistent thermodynamic data for liquid metals, including estimates for the many high-melting transition metals which have not yet been studied, based on new levitation data and on periodic table correlations.
Hearing Voices: External Influences on the Internal Politics of the Southern Baptist Church-State Advocacy

Analyzing the principal-agent relationship between group members and leaders is vital for understanding a group’s capacity for representation, especially as it is unclear how groups, especially those not formed for the purposes of lobbying, are able to alter their political advocacy. I argue, in order for groups to alter their political advocacy and improve the principal-agent relationship, certain internal and external conditions must be met. Primarily, an environment must exist where external political conflict speaks to internal group conflict, stimulating advocacy change. The internal politics of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), as it relates to its church-state advocacy, provides an opportunity to analyze change in advocacy and this contextual hypothesis, as the denomination decided to shift its church-state advocacy away from the separation of church and state and toward the government accommodation of religion. As such, in this paper, I focus on the division between the SBC and its advocacy organization, the Baptist Joint Committee, resulting in an advocacy shift on church-state issues. The results provide initial support for the hypothesis, as the internal conflict and the external environment seem to have provided the context necessary for the SBC to accurately represent its members, overcoming the representational constraints that denominational lobbies face.
Stable Recursive Identification Using Radial Basis Function Networks

The methodology developed for adaptive control applications of radial basis function networks can easily also be used to produce stable, convergent, recursive identifiers, in both continuous and discrete time. The latter is of particular interest as it can serve as a model of the general neural network functional learning process, and hence gives some direct insights into the factors influencing the success of these methods.
Jewish Responses to the Problem of Evil: Traditional Texts in Contemporary Categories

This essay outlines answers to the problem of evil (the problem of making sense of how a good God can permit evil) from Jewish perspectives. The essay uses traditional Jewish sources to illustrate theodicies (explanations of why God allows evil) familiar in other religious traditions, and introduces a few less familiar Jewish theodicies besides. Other responses to the problem of evil (skeptical theism and antitheodicy) are also considered. Jewish responses are not usually framed in contemporary philosophical categories, and mine is an attempt at categorization. The traditional Jewish sources might show some promise of contributing to contemporary philosophical debate.
Registration of longitudinal image sequences with implicit template and spatial-temporal heuristics

Accurate measurement of longitudinal changes of anatomical structure is important and challenging in many clinical studies. Also, for identification of disease-affected regions due to the brain disease, it is extremely necessary to register a population data to the common space simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a new method for simultaneous longitudinal and groupwise registration of a set of longitudinal data acquired from multiple subjects. Our goal is to 1) consistently measure the longitudinal changes from a sequence of longitudinal data acquired from the same subject; and 2) jointly align all image data (acquired from all time points of all subjects) to a hidden common space. To achieve these two goals, we first introduce a set of temporal fiber bundles to explore the spatial-temporal behavior of anatomical changes in each longitudinal data of the same subject. Then, a probabilistic model is built upon the hidden state of spatial smoothness and temporal continuity on the fibers. Finally, the transformation fields that connect each time-point image of each subject to the common space are simultaneously estimated by the expectation maximization (EM) approach, via the maximum a posterior (MAP) estimation of probabilistic models. Promising results are obtained to quantitatively measure the longitudinal changes of hippocampus volume, indicating better performance of our method than the conventional pairwise methods.
Mixed H 2/H∞ autopilot design of bank-to-turn missiles using fuzzy basis function networks

This paper presents a novel mixed H2/H∞ autopilot design for bank-to-turn missiles. Based on sliding control theory, the proposed autopilot utilizes a fuzzy basis function network to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions of bank-to-.turn missile dynamics, enabling a mixed H2/H∞ controller with weight updating laws to be applied to attenuate the effects of approximation errors and external disturbances. Moreover, the mixed H2/H∞ autopilot design can minimize H2 performance criteria under a desired H∞ disturbance rejection constraint. Unlike general mixed H2/H∞ control problems, the proposed H2/H∞ autopilot with self-tuning fuzzy basis function network can avoid solving coupled Riccati equations by adequately selecting diagonal weighting matrices in the H2 performance criterion and H∞ constraint. Therefore, the proposed H2/H∞ control approach can be implemented efficiently. Computer simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed mixed H2/H∞ autopilot for BTT missiles.
Optimal Control and Identification for Optical Lithography

The creation of a fine line using a positive optical photoresist involves several essentially irreversible steps. The cleaning, spin coating, prebake, exposure, post-exposure bake, and development/rinse steps must all be processed within specified tolerances to insure that each subsequent step may proceed. In the past, control of the process was based on whether a specified critical criterion was within tolerance. On-line optimal control of the development phase of the optical lithography process has been found to be feasible. This paper describes the use of both the measurements available during development and the process models associated with exposure and development to obtain optimal estimates of linewidth. Since process states cannot be completely measured, and there is disturbance and measurement noise during the process, an extended Kalman filter is used to identify the process states. A recursive least squares algorithm is used to update uncertain model parameters based upon the process measurements. Using the optimally estimated process states for the development stage, an optimal control algorithm, derived from calculus of variations and Pontryagin's minimum principle, is implemented. The feasibilty of using Kalman filtering and on-line parameter identification for the development step of optical lithography is examined.
Global Community Development Village Network: An Interdisciplinary International Service Learning Model

In the summers of 2007, 2008, and 2009 the University of Arkansas (UA) sent 148 students to Belize for a month to perform service projects as part of a new service learning program in developing countries. During the spring semester, the students enrolled in an interdisciplinary lecture course team-taught by 9 faculty members plus a discipline-specific practicum held on the UA campus. The subsequent summer session was spent in the Dangriga, Belize vicinity with students implementing their service projects developed during the spring semester practicum. Each year eight student teams implemented approximately 12 projects in different disciplinary areas. The UA partnered with Peacework, an international NGO with a long-time presence in Belize and initiatives in many countries worldwide and committed to a minimum of 5 years for projects in Dangriga. The partnership utilized the “village network” concept where these partners worked with the Dangriga community leaders to determine the multifaceted efforts needed to have a broad and positive impact on the community. The UA placed administrative staff in Dangriga during the academic year to develop and maintain contacts and provide legwork and on-site organization for the projects. Projects dealt with microfinancing, small business consulting, literacy, social work, hygiene education, water systems, protected area management, school farms, and education. The program faced, and continues to face, a number of challenges, such as coordinating and administering a multidisciplinary program, securing financing, ensuring academic rigor, and providing logistics. In spite of the challenges, the program was overwhelmingly successful, changed students’ lives, and received good community feedback. The UA and Peacework hope to expand the program to other countries. The UA Belize study abroad program, featuring an interdisciplinary, long-term, community partnership between UA and Dangriga, offers a challenging but promising service-learning model.
Noninflammatory, Nonpruritic Alopecia of Horses

Noninflammatory, nonpruritic alopecias are uncommonly encountered in the horse. Alopecia areata, an apparently autoimmune hair follicle bulbitis produces focal, multifocal to widespread hair loss. The skin is otherwise normal. Diseases that can mimic the widespread hair loss associated with alopecia areata include telogen and anagen effluvium, seasonal alopecias, follicular dysplasias (including color dilution alopecia), various nutritional deficiencies and chemical toxicosis, and diseases that result in defective hair shafts (eg, trichorrhexis nodosa and piedra). These problems are differentiated by history, physical examination, trichography, and skin biopsy. Most are cosmetic diseases that do not have predictably effective therapies.
Fluoride Ion‐Promoted α‐Ketol Rearrangement during Unmasking of Silyl‐Protected Medium‐Ring Dihydroxy Ketones

A new strategy for implementing α-ketol rearrangements under mild conditions is presented. The reactants are mono- and disilylated stereoisomers of α,α′- and α,β-dihydroxycycloheptanones and -cyclooctanones. Compounds of this class experience ready deprotection upon treatment with tetrabutylammonium fluoride. In certain examples, this process is accompanied by structural isomerization. Since the product diols are stable to the reaction conditions, these chemical changes have been attributed to kinetically controlled events following transient alkoxide generation resulting from cleavage of the OSi bond proximal to the carbonyl group. The experimental findings are evaluated against a backdrop of calculated (MM3) steric energies of the silicon-free products and their response to equilibration under strongly basic conditions.
Adolescent Health-Risk Sexual Behaviors: Effects of a Drug Abuse Intervention

Adolescents who abuse substances are more likely to engage in health-risking sexual behavior (HRSB) and are at particularly high risk for HIV/AIDS. Thus, substance abuse treatment presents a prime opportunity to target HIV-risk behaviors. The present study evaluated a one-session HIV-risk intervention embedded in a controlled clinical trial for drug-abusing adolescents. The trial was conducted in New Mexico and Oregon with Hispanic and Anglo adolescents. Youths were randomly assigned to individual cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or to an integrated behavioral and family therapy (IBFT) condition, involving individual and family sessions. The HIV-specific intervention was not associated with change. IBFT and CBT were both efficacious in reducing HIV-risk behaviors from intake to the 18-month follow-up for high-risk adolescents. For low-risk adolescents, CBT (versus IBFT) was more efficacious in suppressing HRSB. These data suggest that drug abuse treatments can have both preventative and intervention effects for adolescents, depending on their relative HIV-risk.
Influence of Antioxidant Addition and Processing Treatment on the Formation of Lipid Oxidation Compounds in Spray‐dried Bovine Plasma Protein

The effects of antioxidant (tert-butylhydroquinone, propyl gallate, butylated hydroxytoluene, and rosemary) addition, processing treatments, and storage time on the formation of lipid oxidation compounds in spray-dried bovine plasma protein (BPP) were determined. Lipid oxidation is initiated by spray-drying; formation of lipid oxidation compounds was highest in BPP processed using a gas-fired spray-drier. The most effective antioxidant in inhibiting the formation of hexanal and other lipid oxidation compounds was tert-butylhydroquinone. Increased spray-drier residence time and extended storage contributed to increases in lipid oxidation products. Use of effective antioxidants and selection of processing parameters to minimize lipid oxidation reactions can improve the flavor quality of spray-dried BPP.
Endogenous opioids and neural cancer: An immunoelectron microscopic study

Abstract [Met 5 ]-enkephalin, an endogenous opioid peptide derived from proenkephalin A, participates in tumorigenic events by serving as a natural trophic factor that inhibits cell replication. In order to understand how endogenous opioids function in modulating neoplasia, the present study examined the fine structural association of enkephalin with the cellular components of a tumor cell. Immunoelectron microscopic studies were undertaken using antibodies recognizing [Met 5 ]-enkephalin-like substances, and murine S20Y neuroblastoma cells that are known to be responsive to endogenous opioid modulation. Enkephalin was found throughout the cell body and process. Immunoreactivity was associated with the plasma membrane, outer nuclear envelope, and a variety of organelles. With the exception of aggregates of immunoreactivity subjacent to the inner nuclear envelope, the nucleus was not reactive. These results establish that growth-related enkephalins are localized discretely within neuroblastoma cells. Since neuroblastoma cells produce and secrete enkephalins, and enkephalins interact with receptors to mediate actions on cell replication, this study examined enkephalins involved in two different patterns of traffic, further work will be needed to examine each aspect.
THERAPY WITH NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUES FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION

Alpha interferon has been the mainstay of treatment for chronic hepatitis B since its introduction in the mid-1980s, but only approximately 30% to 40% of patients respond to this therapy. 17 Interferon's principal mechanism of action against hepatitis B is unknown but postulated to include inhibition of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and enhancement of cell-mediated immune cytolysis of HBV-infected hepatocytes. Therefore, immunosuppressed patients, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and those who have undergone organ transplantation, respond poorly to interferon. Other subgroups with suboptimal responses to interferon include patients with perinatal acquisition of HBV infection, patients with normal aminotransferase levels, and patients infected with precore-mutant strains of HBV. In addition, response to interferon can be accompanied by an acute exacerbation of hepatic injury, rendering it unsafe for use in patients with decompensated liver disease. Finally, even in the well-compensated patient, interferon therapy may be accompanied by cumbersome adverse effects. The development of nucleoside analogues has launched a revolution in the treatment of hepatitis B. Unlike interferon, lamivudine and the newer nucleoside analogues famciclovir, lobucavir, and adefovir dipivoxil block replication of HBV directly by inhibiting HBV polymerase; their activities are thought to be independent of any host immune response to the virus. These drugs are highly bioavailable by the oral route and are extremely well tolerated. Therefore, the potential exists for long-term use of these agents to suppress HBV infection. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of this rapidly evolving field.
Survey of After-Hours Coverage of Emergency Department Imaging Studies by US Academic Radiology Departments

Purpose The aim of this study was to document how academic radiology departments cover emergency department radiologic services after hours. Methods Program directors of neuroradiology fellowship programs were invited to participate in a web-based survey addressing how their radiology departments covered after-hours emergency department studies. Results A total of 67 separate institutional responses were obtained from 96 institutions, for a 70% response rate. Seventy-three percent of programs (49 of 67) reported providing exclusively preliminary interpretations on emergency department reports for some overnight hours. Only 27% of respondents (18 of 67) said that they provided 24-hour real-time staff coverage. Among those who provided around-the-clock staff coverage, 72% (13 of 18) did so with dedicated emergency department sections. Only 2 respondents offered 24-hour subspecialty staff coverage. Emergency departments and hospital administrators were noted as the most frequent drivers of these changes. Conclusions Academic radiology departments vary widely in how they cover after-hours emergency department examinations. A number have recently expanded their hours of coverage under institutional pressures.
Movement of developmentally disabled individuals among out-of-home residential facilities

This paper reported on the movement of a large (N = 2271) probability sample of the nation's residents of public (PRF) and community (CRF) residential facilities for developmentally disabled children and adults. Estimates placed the national population at 217,410 in all facilities--73,709 in CRFs and 143,701 in PRFs--in the fall of 1978, when the sample was selected, although extrapolation from subsequent surveys suggest that the CRF numbers should be about 100,000. In the winter of 1979 direct care staff and administrators completed detailed information about each resident sampled, about themselves, and about their facilities. In 1980 they were asked if their residents had moved exactly one year later. Most residents (91%) had not moved; 1.3% had died; and about 8.5% had moved. Most moves featured greater integration into the community. Multivariate analyses indicated very little difference between moved and unmoved residents. Among moved subjects, three dimensions accounted for 62% of the common variance in placement status: (a) ability, (b) age, and (c) autonomy.
Effect of Inclination Angle on Pulsating Heat Pipe Performance

Micro-electronic devices are creating ever-increasing demands on their thermal management systems due to their decreasing size and increasing power. Pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) are one possible solution for electronics cooling applications. A PHP is a passive, two-phase heat transfer system which has been shown to have the advantages of the ability to accommodate very high heat fluxes and of relatively low cost, due to its wickless construction. In this investigation, a 20-turn PHP was constructed out of 1.6-mm inner diameter copper tubing. The PHP was operated in vertical and horizontal positions with a filling ratio of 77%. PHP pressure variations, indicating PHP operation, were first observed when the power was increased to 16 W for the vertical orientation (90°). For angles orientations, in general more power was required to induce pulsation. For the 60°, 45°, and 30° orientations, the required startup power was similar to that for the vertical case. In the PHP in the horizontal orientation (0°), pulsation did not begin until a heater input of 30 W was applied, and the thermal resistance only decreased slightly upon startup. Under steady-state operation at the highest heat fluxes, the thermal resistance was lowest for the vertical orientation.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Field application of a Streptococcus causing brachyosis in larvae of Porthetria dispar

Abstract A motile strain of Streptococcus faecalis originally isolated from a naturally infected larva and tested for pathogenicity under laboratory conditions was tested in the field. Mistblower sprays prepared from broth cultures induced brachyosis in gypsy moth larvae feeding in apple trees. One application was made against larvae in late second, early third instar, and a second application was tested against larvae in the fourth instar. The test demonstrated the ability of the bacterium to produce disease and prevent defoliation even in an area with a heavy population.
Topography of the goldfish optic tracts: implications for the chronological clustering model.

Both the dorsal and ventral optic tracts of goldfish have similar shapes when they are sectioned perpendicularly to their longitudinal axes. Each tract is pear-shaped, consisting of a narrow and a deep apex, a wide mid-span, and a progressively curved and tapered superficial base. The tracts differ in that the apex of the dorsal optic tract points caudally, while the apex of the ventral optic tract points medially. In addition, upon segregating from the main optic tract, the dorsal optic tract courses dorsally while the ventral optic tract courses caudally. Thus, the two optic tracts have similar shapes and are orthogonal to one another. The topography of the retinal fibers within the optic tracts was determined either by ablating part of the retina and subsequently filling the axons from the intact hemiretina with cobaltous-lysine or by applying cobaltous-lysine to a slit in the retina. Both optic tracts contain a similar arrangement of optic fibers. Axons of central retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are in the apex of each tract and optic fibers of peripheral RGCs are located along the base of each tract. Axons of temporal RGCs are located dorsally in the ventral optic tract and laterally in the dorsal optic tract, while axons of nasal RGCs are located ventrally in the ventral optic tract and medially in the dorsal optic tract. These findings indicate that the optic axons are organised as laminae. Deeper laminae contain the axons of older annuli of RGCs and superficial laminae contain the axons of younger annuli of RGCs. This type of chronological organization appears to be consistent across vertebrates. Furthermore, the organization of the optic axons across laminae is constant. Temporal RGC axons are at one end, and nasal RGC axons are at the other end of each lamina. These results are consistent with those found in other nonmammalian vertebrates. Moreover, these findings preclude the possibility that the axons of a half-annulus of RGCs in goldfish travel together as a fascicle in the optic tracts that is continuous with a fascicle in the stratum opticum of the tectum. The general position of the fibers from different retinal quadrants in the optic tracts may lead to a probabilistic determination as to which part of the tectum they innervate. Namely, temporal RGC axons, destined for the rostral tectum, are situated in the optic tracts so that they are close to the rostral tectum. Nasal RGC axons, destined for caudal tectum, are situated in the optic tracts so thay they are farthest from the rostral tectum. Thus, axons of nasal, RGCs have a lower probability of innervating the rostral tectum.
Blends of a Perfluorosulfonate Ionomer with Poly(vinylidene fluoride): Effect of Counterion Type on Phase Separation and Crystal Morphology

The type of counterion present in the Nafion component of a blend with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is shown to affect phase separation and the crystalline polymorphism of the PVDF component. Nafion neutralized with an alkali metal counterion, Na+, results in blends displaying large-scale phase separation upon heating to temperatures above the melting point of PVDF. In contrast, when the Nafion counterion is changed to a larger tetrabutylammonium counterion (TBA+), the melt is homogeneous, and with the exception of the PVDF crystallites, large-scale phase separation is not observed after the blend is cooled to room temperature. For the blends containing Na+-form Nafion, the crystalline morphology of the PVDF component develops in predominately the α crystal form, similar to pure PVDF crystallized from the melt. However, for blends containing TBA+-form Nafion, the PVDF component crystallizes with a higher content of the β- and/or γ-crystal forms. This effect of counterion type on the phase separation b...
Clarifying and measuring the concept of traditional vs. egalitarian roles in marriages

To clarify and develop a measure of the concept of traditional vs. egalitarian marriages, a 13-item scale was developed and administered to two traditional groups (N=35) and three egalitarian groups (N=51), and then to four cross-validation groups (N=52). Two distinct factors or dimensions were identified. In both analyses the traditional and egalitarian groups were significantly different on the first factor, designated “the leader,” and not on the second, socioemotional factor. Reliability and initial validity of the scale in measuring leadership in the marital dyad are thus demonstrated. However, the concept of traditional vs. egalitarian marriages either needs to be narrowed to refer to leadership only or there needs to be empirical demonstration that other dimensions can be fruitfully included.
Quantum Monte Carlo study of a disordered 2D Josephson junction array

Abstract We have studied the superconducting–insulating phase transition in a disordered two-dimensional Josephson junction array, using quantum Monte Carlo techniques. We consider disorder in both the capacitive energies and in the values of the offset charges. The calculated phase diagram shows that the lobe structure of the phase diagram disappears for sufficiently strong disorder in the offset charge. Our results agree quite well with the previous calculations carried out using a mean-field approximation.
Dissolved air precipitation/solvent sublation for oil-field produced water treatment

Abstract We report on the use of dissolved air precipitation (DAP) for bubble generation for use in solvent sublation bubble columns. Solvent sublation is a non-foaming adsorptive bubble separation distinguished by the presence of an immiscible layer on top of the water column which aids in the separation of hydrophobic compounds. The generation of very fine bubbles is necessary for effective separation. With DAP, air is saturated into water at a moderate pressure (480–820 kPa) in a packed column saturator. Then the pressure is released through a valve into the water column where the air precipitates, forming 60–100 μm diameter bubbles. Experiments were performed in a pilot-scale semi-batch bubble column using both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons as test compounds in a simulated produced water. With a precipitated gas flow rate of 100 ml min −1 , 95% removal of dissolved octane was achieved with 25 min treatment time, and 75% removal of micro-disperse decane was achieved in 30 min. For dissolved ethylbenzene and toluene, 40% removal was achieved in 360 min at an air delivery rate of 60 ml min −1 , and 70% removal was achieved in the same period with an air delivery rate of 200 m lmin −1 . These results are explained in terms of the physical–chemical properties and removal mechanisms, and are compared to a mathematical model of the separation process.