cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purine Metabolism in High- and Low-Uric Acid Lines of Chickens: Hypoxanthine/Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase Activities

The activity of hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) was ex- amined in the livers and kidneys of two genetic lines of chickens selected for different plasma uric acid levels. Previous work demonstrated that the high-uric acid line (HUA) had significantly greater de novo uric acid synthesis rates in kidney tissue compared to the low-uric acid line (LUA). In addition, phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase and xanthine dehydro- genase activities in livers and kidneys were significantly higher in the HUA compared to the LUA line. PRPP pool sizes were also significantly higher in both livers and kidneys of HUA birds. HGPRT activities in livers of HUA birds were significantly (P -c 0.05) greater than in LUA birds. The mean value of liver HGPRT was 7.36 f 0.25 pmole inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP) and 6.05 f 0.27 pmole IMP produced/pg protein/hr, respectively, for the HUA and LUA lines. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in kidney HGPRT activities between the two groups. The mean value of kidney HGPRT was 52.87 f 1.62 pmole IMP and 50.72 f 1.62 pmole IMP produced/pg protein/hr, respectively, for the HUA and LUA line. Elevated liver HGPRT may serve to enhance the regeneration of PRPP in the HUA liver. Elevated liver PRPP synthetase and PRPP pool size suggest an increased flux through the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway in HUA birds. The resulting additional pyrophosphate from the glutamine PRPP ami- dotransferase reaction would stimulate recovery of PRPP and spare the system from a substantial loss of energy.
Early bowel obstruction after laparoscopic gastric bypass

Abstract Background: With the increasing number of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP) procedures being performed in the United States, it is imperative that surgeons understand potential postoperative complications and their treatment. We reviewed our experience with early bowel obstruction after laparoscopic GBP. Methods: A prospectively maintained database was reviewed to identify those patients who developed early postoperative bowel obstruction after laparoscopic GBP. Of the 195 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic GBP, six patients (3.1%) developed an early bowel obstruction. Their records were reviewed for demographics, operative data, and outcomes. Results: The mean patient age was 52 years and the mean body mass index was 49 ± 5 kg/m2. Four of six patients required reoperative laparoscopic exploration and the other two patients was treated conservatively. The mean time from initial operation to reoperation was 22 ± 17 days. None of the six patients presented with signs or symptoms of sepsis. Intraoperative findings of the four patients who underwent reoperative exploration included narrowing of the afferent limb at the jejunojejunostomy anastomosis (3 patients) and angulation of the jejunojejunostomy anastomosis (1 patient). The 3 patients with narrowing of the afferent limb had had stapled closure of their jejunojejunostomy enterotomy defect. The patient with angulation of the jejunojejunostomy anastomosis did not have the antiobstruction suture placed at the primary operation. All four patients underwent laparoscopic creation of an enteroenterostomy bypass proximal to the site of obstruction. There was no conversion. The mean operative time for the four reoperations was 60 ± 13 min. The mean time to oral intake was 2.8 ± 1 days. Mean length of hospital stay after the reoperation was 3.5 ± 1.3 days. There was 1 postoperative wound infection. At a mean follow-up of 3 ± 1.3 years there have been no recurrent bowel obstruction. Conclusions: Early bowel obstruction after laparoscopic GBP is often a technically related complication. Laparoscopic management of early postoperative bowel obstruction following laparoscopic GBP is a technically feasible and safe alternative to open exploration.
A characterization and targeting of the infarct border zone in a swine model of myocardial infarction

Introduction Novel therapies for myocardial infarction (MI) involving stem cells, gene therapy, biomaterials, or revascularization strategies have shown promise in animal studies and clinical trials, but results have been limited partially due to the injection of therapeutics into ischemic myocardium that cannot support their mechanism of action. Accurate targeting of therapeutics precisely to the infarct border zone (BZ) may be essential for effective repair of the ischemic heart.
Persistent features of polarity transition records from western North America

We report on a high resolution transition record from Searles Valley, California that appears not to be hampered by problems of smoothing or recording breakdown, and, unlike many other sedimentary records, defines a path unconfined in longitude. A prominent feature of the record is the steady oscillation of the pole along a swath stretching from west Africa across north Eurasia to the northwest Pacific. The endpoints of the swath are associated with a change between steady and rapid field variation, consistent with results for an older transition from a nearby volcanic record. The transition culminates with poles migrating from west Africa to South America, midway between the two earlier-proposed longitudinal bands. This path indicates the reversing field has either a wider spectrum of behavior than recently suggested or is described by a more complicated field geometry than one dominated by an equatorial dipole or strong low-order nondipole component. From a comparison with existing records from the same general geographic area, we address the significance of the swath, the lack of longitudinal confinement, patterns of steady and rapid field changes, and the temporal persistence of these features in relation to the geometry of the reversing field.
The Venus nightglow: Ground-based observations and chemical mechanisms

Abstract In 1999, observations of the Venus nightglow with the Keck I telescope showed that the 5577 A oxygen green line was a significant feature, comparable in intensity to the terrestrial green line. Subsequent measurements have been carried out at the Apache Point Observatory (APO) and again at Keck I, confirming the presence of the line with substantially varying intensity. The Herzberg II emission intensity, from the O2( c – X ) transition, was found to have an intensity near 3 kR in one APO run, comparable to the value found on all previous measurements. Thus, of the three oxygen features seen at Venus—the green line, the Herzberg II emission system, and the 1.27-μ 0–0 band of the IR atmospheric system—the first is quite variable, the second is relatively constant, while the third also shows large variations. The reaction between O2( c 1 Σ u − , v = 0 ) and CO is considered as a possible mechanism to explain green line production and its variability, as well as the variability of the 1.27-μ emission and the stability of the CO2 atmosphere. This reaction may catalyze CO2 recombination some five orders of magnitude faster than the slow three-body O + CO reaction.
Food Plant Selection by a Generalist Herbivore: The Moose

A model of food plant selection by a generalist herbivore was developed. The model was designed to predict the species composition of the diet of an herbivore based upon the joint probabilities of whether or not an individual of a plant species satisfied two threshold values: some nutritional minimum and a size limit (both minimum and maximum), and the probability that it was encountered while foraging. The model was tested using moose (Alecs alces) at Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, USA. Initially the threshold values for food selection were determined empirically from the moose's observed behavior, but these empirical values were later shown to be based upon time—energy considerations. Although the model satisfied some of the criteria of optimal foraging contingency models, it appeared that the perfect knowledge assumption was not met. Rather, moose appeared to utilize a strategy of risk aversion.
Optimizing three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography with variable repetition time.

PURPOSE: To implement and evaluate a variable repetition time (TR) modification of three-dimensional (3D) time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Variable- and constant-TR 3D TOF MR angiography of the intracranial vasculature was performed in 20 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with known or suspected cerebrovascular disease. Total acquisition time was short and held constant for all studies. Frequency-selective fat saturation (FS) and magnetization transfer saturation (MTS) pulses were applied. The associated maximum-intensity projection (MIP) images were evaluated quantitatively for contrast-to-noise (C/N) and qualitatively for depiction of vessels that exhibit slow flow. RESULTS: Variable-TR MIP images exhibited improved C/N and depiction of small peripheral vessels and venous structures when compared with constant-TR MIP images. These observations were consistent for all studies. CONCLUSIONS: The variable-TR modification improved the depiction of intracranial...
Ultrastructure of the osteocyte process and its pericellular matrix

Osteocytes are believed to be the mechanical sensor cells in bone. One potential physical mechanism for the mechanosensing process is that osteocytes directly sense the deformation of the substrate to which they are attached. However, there is a fundamental paradox in this theory: tissue-level strains in whole bone are typically <0.2%, yet an extensive range of in vitro experiments show that dynamic substrate strains must be at least an order of magnitude larger in order for intracellular biochemical responses to occur. Recently, a theoretical model was developed (You et al. J. Biomech., 2001; 34:1375-1386) that provides a possible mechanism by which mechanical loading-induced fluid flow in the lacuno-canalicular system, under routine physical activity, can produce cellular-level strains on the osteocyte processes that are at least one order of magnitude larger than bone tissue deformations. This would resolve the fundamental paradox mentioned above. In this work we experimentally confirm and quantify the essential ultrastructural elements in this model: 1) the presence of the transverse elements that bridge the pericellular space surrounding the osteocyte process, which interact with the fluid flow and lead to an outward hoop tension on the process; and 2) the presence of bundled F-actin in the osteocyte processes, which resists the outward hoop tension and limits the cell process membrane deformation. Morphological data to support these assumptions are scant. Special staining techniques employing ruthenium III hexamine trichloride (RHT) were developed to elucidate these structures in the humeri of adult mice.
Nutrition imagery in the Rorschach materials of food-deprived, obese patients.

Summary Six patients, obese since childhood, were studied as in-patients in a hospital setting for eight months. Three of them were studied for an additional year. They were systematically reduced in body weight, and subsisted solely on a prescribed liquid formula. All 5s had an initial elevation of Rorschach food images prior to weight reduction. Weight reduction did not appreciably alter the number and kind of these images. This was true even when suggestion was used as a possible way of altering nutrition imagery. A need-readiness to project nutrition images on Rorschach may be a fundamental correlate of the state of obesity. A possible relation was suggested between negatively-toned food imagery and motivation for reduced body weight.
Discrimination in Employment

WHEN THE PRESIDENT, in July 1948, provided by Executive Order 9980 for a fair employment practices program within the executive branch of the government, to be administered by the several departments, with final appeal to a Fair Employment Board in the Civil Service Commission, he gave tangible evidence of his intention to press for antidiscrimination legislation. A growing number of states and municipalities already had passed laws. New York, New Jersey, Indiana, and Wisconsin enacted antidiscriminatory employment laws in 1945, Massachusetts followed in 1946, and Connecticut joined the other states in 1947. The cities of Chicago, in 1945, Milwaukee, in 1946, Minneapolis, in 1947, and Philadelphia, in 1948, enacted strong local laws prohibiting such discrimination, the latter two establishing special enforcement machinery. Early in 1949, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, and Rhode Island passed antidiscrimination statutes. A few additional states and many cities have laws that are limited in scope. The experiences of the states serve as clues to possible developments under a national fair employment practices act. In February 1948, the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare approved Senate Bill 984, Eightieth Congress, prohibiting discrimination in employment based on color, religion, or national origin. Similar legislation introduced in this session of Congress faces a long and severe battle. Opponents prophesy dire consequences to the economic, political, and social structure of the nation, if the proposed legislation is enacted. However, many of the same arguments were presented at the time the state laws were debated and under consideration. The record of events has not substantiated these fears. Though the problems appear more complex on a national scale, they are not insurmountable.
Interferon γ Stimulates Accumulation of Gas Phase Nitric Oxide in Differentiated Cultures of Normal and Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelial Cells

Background Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) levels have been reported to be lower in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) than in controls; however the mechanism(s) responsible and the effect on pathogenesis are unclear. The objective of these studies was to determine if the low levels of gas phase NO (gNO) could be reproduced in well-differentiated air–liquid interface (ALI) cultures of normal and CF cells.
Plant Tissue Cultures, A Possible Source of Plant Constituents'

A sufficiently large array of plant tissues and organs have been successfully grown in vitro so that there is little theoretical question that virtually any tissue can be so cultivated (2). To date, investigations have been directed towards problems in pure research. A few laboratories have used plant tissue cultures to evaluate antibiotics, plant growth regulants (8), metabolic inhibitors (6), and weed killers, but most of this information has not been published. Nevertheless, the data currently available, when results from many laboratories are correlated, strongly indicate that plant tissue cultures can and eventually will occupy a place in industry comparable to that of fungi and bacteria. Even a casual examination of the literature indicates some of the problems with which processor of botanicals are confronted. Quality of the raw material, uniformity within and among lots, damage in shipment and in storage, and dependence on weather, revolution, and foreign competition are just a few of the difficulties which tend to increase geometrically with time. When one also considers the newly discovered drugs and industrial chemicals isolated from plant materials, the problems become even more immediate. Finally, as our population expands, the need for ever increasing supplies is magnified. At the outset, it is necessary to indicate
The interaction of β-cyclodextrin with dinucleoside phosphates

Circular dichroism studies of the interaction of β-cyclodextrin with a series of eight dinucleoside phosphates, and with 3′-AMP are reported. From results with ApU and ApA, it is shown that β-cyclodextrin binding is sensitive to dinucleoside stacking in approximately the same way as optical measures of stacking. Some qualitative uses of β-cyclodextrin binding are suggested, based on the fact that the change in the CD spectrum caused by cyclodextrin binding is unique to each of the dinucleosides studied. Hoffman and Bock have previously suggested the use of β-cyclodextrin as a probe of nucleic acid structure. Their work indicated that only binding to adenosine and inosine would have to be considered. The present paper shows that binding to other bases cannot be neglected, and will impose serious restrictions on the use of β-cyclodextrin as a structural probe.
Simultaneous nuclear reaction analyses of boron and phosphorus in thin borophosphosilicate glass films using (α,p) reactions

Abstract A method combining (α,p) nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) and ellipsometry has been developed for measuring the boron and phosphorus content of borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) used for interlevel dielectrics in integrated circuits. Yields from the 31 P(α,p 0 ) 34 S ( Q =0.63 MeV) and 10 B(α,p 0 ) 13 C ( Q =4.06 MeV) reactions are coupled with ellipsometry thickness measurements to determine the average atomic percent of B and P in the film. We have determined that 6.0 MeV incident α's with a detector angle of 135° and about 100 μm of Mylar range foil are optimum for our system. The yield for the 10 B(α,p 0 ) 13 C reaction is quite constant in our energy range of interest (∼5.8–6 MeV) but the yield for the 31 P(α,p 0 ) 34 S is not. Consequently, a simple conversion from “standard” BPSG reference samples (independently quantified by ICP mass spectrometry) is adequate to calculate a film’s %B content. The %P calculation is more complex, involving a three-dimensional fit of the P yield data and measured film thickness to the film %P content. This fit is based upon yield data from a matrix of standard film samples. The technique is sensitive to 0.1% with an accuracy of ±3–±10% depending on the sample. This measurement method is now used routinely at Sandia National Laboratories in support of our fabrication process lines.
Phospholipase C mediates (±)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI)-, but not lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-elicited head bobs in rabbit medial prefrontal cortex

The phenethylamine and indoleamine classes of hallucinogens demonstrate distinct pharmacological properties, although they share a serotonin(2A) (5-HT(2A)) receptor mechanism of action (MOA). The 5-HT(2A) receptor signals through phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis, which is initiated upon activation of phospholipase C (PLC). The role of PI hydrolysis in the effects of hallucinogens remains unclear. In order to better understand the role of PI hydrolysis in the MOA of hallucinogens, the PLC inhibitor, 1-[6-((17β-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U73122), was used to study the effects of two hallucinogens, the phenethylamine, (±)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI), and the indoleamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). PI hydrolysis was quantified through release of [3H]inositol-4-phosphate from living rabbit frontocortical tissue prisms. Head bobs were counted after hallucinogens were infused into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rabbits. Both DOI and LSD stimulated PI hydrolysis in frontocortical tissue through activation of PLC. DOI-stimulated PI hydrolysis was blocked by 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor antagonist, ketanserin, whereas the LSD signal was blocked by 5-HT(2B/2C) receptor antagonist, SB206553. When infused into the mPFC, both DOI- and LSD-elicited head bobs. Pretreatment with U73122 blocked DOI-, but not LSD-elicited head bobs. The two hallucinogens investigated were distinct in their activation of the PI hydrolysis signaling pathway. The serotonergic receptors involved with DOI and LSD signals in frontocortical tissue were different. Furthermore, PLC activation in mPFC was necessary for DOI-elicited head bobs, whereas LSD-elicited head bobs were independent of this pathway. These novel findings urge closer investigation into the intracellular mechanism of action of these unique compounds.
Social policy, economics, and demographic change in Nanticoke‐Moor ethnohistory

The Nanticoke-Moors of Delaware are an ethnic group of Native American, Afro-American, and Euro-American descent. Their physiognomic and ethnic marginality has subjected them to a limited range of social and economic options under the influence of American racial policies. This article concerns their ethnic formation in the colonial period and the demographic effects (changes in fertility, mortality, and structure) of their 19th- and 20th-century social history. The demographic sample consists of 406 headstones from three community cemeteries. Each cemetery represents a socially and economically distinct unit, including a group that identifies with its traditional Indian heritage, an Afro-American acculturated group, and a migrant community of marginal ethnic affiliation. Variation and change in life expectancy is shown. Relationships between the political and economic processes affecting Nanticoke-Moor social affiliation, and those affecting color caste-class formation among mainstream Afro-Americans, are discussed.
Acute effects of dietary caffeine and aspirin on urinary mineral excretion in pre- and postmenopausal women

Abstract Thirty women, ages 35–65, on three separate mornings, drank 180 ml decaffeinated coffee to which 0, 3 or 6 mg/kg body weight caffeine had been added. Caffeine increased three hour total urinary calcium excretion from a baseline value of 10.8 to 15.9 and 17.8 mg, respectively. Sodium and magnesium excretion were also increased after caffeine ingestion. Phosphorus, chloride, potassium, creatinine and urine volume were not different after caffeine consumption. Increased urinary outputs of calcium and sodium were due to the increased urinary concentrations of calcium and sodium after caffeine consumption. Twenty of these women also took 650 mg aspirin 10 hours and 1 hour before consuming a second set of beverages containing 0 and 3 mg/kg body weight caffeine. Aspirin preloading did not affect the three hour total excretion or mineral/creatinine ratio of any of the minerals measured. There were no aspirin-caffeine interactions, indicating that the caffeine effect on mineral excretion may not be mediated by prostaglandin production. Estrogen use or menopausal status had no effect on calcium excretion after caffeine or aspirin.
WATER LOSS RATES AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF MODEL CAKE SYSTEMS MADE WITH DIFFERENT EMULSIFICATION SYSTEMS

Five emulsifier combinations as well as hydrogenated vegetable shortening and unemulsified oil controls were tested in a research cake formula. Water loss and temperatures were monitored continuously during baking in a specially constructed environmental oven. Both the water loss rate and rate of temperature increase were depressed in the temperature ranges associated with starch gelatinization. The degree of depression was related to the emulsification system. Granule swelling as observed by scanning electron microscopy of the crumb was not greatly different, but the characteristics of the inter-granule matrix appeared to be related to the concentration of emulsifier.
A Keratin 14 Mutational Hot Spot for Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex, Dowling-Meara: Implications for Diagnosis

Abstract Recently, two patients with the Dowling-Meara subtype of epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS-DM) were reported with different mutations in codon 125 of the keratin 14 gene. To determine whether these are common mutations, we screened ten EBS-DM patients and their families using single nucleotide primer extension. Four of ten unrelated EBS-DM patients had a G→-A substitution at base pair 434 of codon 125, whereas one case out of ten had a C→-T substitution at position 433 of the same codon. The G434A alteration cosegregated with the disorder in two multigenerational families; no recombination events were detected. In these two families, linkage analysis provided significant evidence in favor of linkage between G434A and the EBS-DM phenotype, with a LOD score of 3.29 at a recombination rate of 0%. Codon 125 substitutions identified in three unrelated sporadic EBS-DM patients were not found in their clinically unaffected parents. Together, these data provide compelling genetic evidence that the codon 125 substitutions are causal for EBS-DM. The high frequency of mutation at this site in individuals with EBS-DM now makes DNA-based diagnosis of this disorder feasible.
Analyses of phase differences from surface electrocardiogram recordings to distinguish the origin of outflow tract tachycardia

paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias (AT). These drugs are effective in unmasking the electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern of Brugada syndrome. We determined the prevalence of Brugada-type ECGs with class IC antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with paroxysmal AT but no syncopal episodes and familial histories for sudden death. Methods: This study enrolled 425 consecutive AT patients who showed no characteristic ST-segment changes. Most of these patients had paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. The patients took class IC antiarrhythmic drugs to inhibit the arrhythmias. The drugs include flecainide (n 223; 150-200 mg/day), pilsicainide (n 189; 150-200 mg/day), and propafenone (n 13; 300-450 mg/day). We analyzed a total of 2,346 ECGs using a computerized ECG system (FDX6521). A Brugada-type ECG was defined as 0.2-mV elevation of the ST segment measured 20ms after the J point in leads V1 to V2, with a coved pattern. Results: No patients had Brugada-type ECGs before the antiarrhythmic drugs. The prevalence of an ECG of a 0.2-mV ST-segment elevation in leads V1 to V2 after the antiarrhythmic drugs was 27 (6.4%) of the patients. The prevalence of a typical coved-type aspect was 8 (1.9%) of the patients. These values were much greater than the reported mean prevalence (0.10.2%) of Brugada-type ECGs in Japanese healthy population. None of these patients had the documentation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and syncopal episodes. Conclusions: The manifestation of Brugada-type ECGs by class IC antiarrhythmic drugs is not rare and not serious in patients with paroxysmal AT but no risk-stratifying factors for sudden death.
Geochemical response of acid groundwater to neutralization by alkaline recharge

Solute transport and chemical neutralization (pH 3 to 7) within a shallow heterogeneous aquifer producing acid mine drainage (AMD) are examined at an abandoned surface coal mine in West Virginia. The aquifer is undergoing partial neutralization by mixing with alkalinity from a leaking sludge disposal pond, extending in preferential zones controlled by aquifer heterogeneity. Hydraulic heads interpolated from wells indicate leakage from a central alkaline (pH 7.1, 0.72 meq/L alkalinity) sludge pond is a principal source of recharge. Chemically-conservative sodium, added to AMD during treatment and leaked into the aquifer with the sludge, develops a dispersion plume over a restricted portion of the aquifer that correlates with pH, hydraulic head, and dissolved metals distributions. Concentrations of aluminum, iron, sulfate and acidity display higher concentrations downgradient from the pond as sludge alkalinity is consumed along flow paths. Before reaching springs, most dissolved iron is oxidized and hydrolyzed, likely precipitating in the aquifer as a ferric hydroxide or hydroxysulfate phase. The spatial pattern of iron and aluminum concentrations suggests accelerated oxidation caused by gas transport along the outer slopes of the spoil. Dissolved aluminum concentrations increase with total acidity, suggesting that dissolution of silicate minerals results from acidity released by iron hydrolysis. Neutralization reactions and higher pH are favored in more highly permeable portions of the spoil, where ferrihydrite and aluminum hydroxysulfate minerals (such as basaluminite) are supersaturated. In acid-producing zones at pH < 4.5, jurbanite is near equilibrium and an aluminum-sulfate phase with similar properties may limit aluminum concentrations, but become undersaturated in zones of advancing neutralization. At this particular site, ferrous iron produced by pyrite oxidation is almost completely oxidized over short transport distances, allowing hydrolysis of iron and aluminum should sufficient alkalinity be added to these acid waters.
Scientific Explanations: Characterizing and Evaluating the Effects of Teachers' Instructional Practices on Student Learning.

Teacher practices are essential for supporting students in scientific inquiry practices, such as the construction of scientific explanations. In this study, we examine what instructional practices teachers engage in when they introduce scientific explanation and whether these practices influence students' ability to construct scientific explanations during a middle school chemistry unit. Thirteen teachers enacted a project-based chemistry unit, How can I make new stuff from old stuff?, with 1197 seventh grade students. We videotaped each teacher's enactment of the focal lesson on scientific explanation and then coded the videotape for four different instructional practices: modeling scientific explanation, making the rationale of scientific explanation explicit, defining scientific explanation, and connecting scientific explanation to everyday explanation. Our results suggest that when teachers introduce scientific explanation, they vary in the practices they engage in as well as the quality of their use of these practices. We also found that teachers' use of instructional practices can influence student learning of scientific explanation and that the effect of these instructional practices depends on the context in terms of what other instructional practices the teacher uses. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 53–78, 2008
Double‐wire technique for access into a protruding aorto‐ostial stent for treatment of in‐stent restenosis

We report a case of restenosis following ostial stenting of the right coronary artery with protrusion of the stent into the aorta. Treatment was only possible after a guidewire advanced through a lower strut was used to lever the guide, and a second guidewire was advanced through the true lumen.
Economic Analysis of Irrigation in Subhumid Climate

An economic model is developed for analysis of investments in irrigation. The model encompasses the associated problem of temporal allocation of limited irrigation water within the growing season of a single crop. The problem is placed in the framework of stochastic dynamic programming, and it is shown how the algebraic form of the production function for the crop determines the appropriate state variables of the decision process. An application of the model is made to conditions prevalent in Central Missouri with com the irrigated crop.
A 0.7-to-3.5 GHz 0.6-to-2.8 mW Highly Digital Phase-Locked Loop With Bandwidth Tracking

A digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) employs a linear proportional path, a double integral path, bandwidth and tuning range tracking; and a novel delta-sigma digital to analog converter to achieve low jitter, wide operating range and low power. The proposed proportional path decouples the detector quantization error and oscillator noise bandwidth tradeoff and helps maximize bandwidth to suppress digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) phase noise in a power efficient manner. A double integral path alleviates the tradeoff between DCO tuning range and its frequency quantization error. The high resolution of the DCO was maintained over a wide range of sampling clock frequencies by using a delta-sigma digital to analog converter and a continuously tunable switched-RC filter. Bandwidth and tuning range tracking are employed to achieve low jitter over the entire operating range. The prototype DPLL, fabricated in a 90 nm CMOS process, operates from 0.7 GHz to 3.5 GHz. At 2.5 GHz, the proposed DPLL consumes only 1.6 mW power from a 1 V supply and achieves 1.6 ps and 11.6 ps of long-term r.m.s and peak jitter, respectively.
Smoking Increases Tissue Factor Expression in Atherosclerotic Plaques Implications for Plaque Thrombogenicity

Background—Smoking increases the risk of atherothrombotic events. To determine whether smoking influences plaque thrombogenicity, we examined the effect of cigarette smoking and aspirin use on tissue factor (TF) expression in atherosclerotic plaques. Methods and Results—A total of 23 apoE−/− mice were exposed to cigarette smoke with (n=9) or without (n=14) aspirin treatment. Eleven mice who were exposed to filtered room air served as controls. Aortic root plaques of mice exposed to smoke had higher immunoreactivity for TF (14±4% versus 6.4±3%; P=0.0005), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (15±4% versus 5±2%; P=0.002), and macrophages (16±5% versus 6±2%; P=0.002) compared with nonsmoking controls. Aspirin treatment attenuated smoking-induced changes in plaque composition. In human plaques obtained by carotid endarterectomy, TF immunoreactivity (8±5% versus 2±2%; P=0.0002) and activity (P=0.03) were higher in the plaques from smokers (n=28) than those from nonsmokers (n=28). Aspirin use was associated with r...
Children with Parents in Prison: Disenfranchised Grievers Who Benefit from Bibliotherapy.

Child welfare professionals are encountering a growing number of children with incarcerated parents. Too frequently these children, like children whose parents have died, are disenfranchised grievers coping with compounded losses. William Worden has identified four emotional tasks for grieving children. This article explores the applicability of this model to children with parents in prison and suggests the use of bibliotherapy as an effective intervention. Juvenile literature written specifically for this population is analyzed accordingly.
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: Taking the Steps from Negotiation to Implementation

In a relatively new era of attention to the relationships and potential conflicts between multilateral environmental and trade agreements, the negotiation of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (the Protocol) became a flashpoint for an evolving trade–environment debate, which has proliferated in both policy and academic circles. Despite early concerns regarding legal consistency and jurisdictional issues between the Protocol and the World Trade Organization (WTO), the last 2 years have allowed significant time for further discussion and subsequent events to temper views regarding the interplay of these two instruments. The events leading up to the final meeting to negotiate the Protocol, including the failed biosafety working group meeting in Cartagena (January 1999) and the failed WTO Ministerial meeting in Seattle (November/December 1999), generated significant concern over the interplay of trade and the environment. This was particularly the case regarding the specific issues of biosafety and biotechnology, as well as the intersection of discussions on environment, human health, food safety and agriculture. While many of these fears and their relationships to country negotiating positions stemmed partly from rhetoric, partly from supposition and partly from domestic interests, the subsequent passage of time has allowed reflection on which items are of greatest true importance. Additionally, the impact of external factors, including other relevant negotiating processes and developments at the national and regional levels, is becoming increasingly crucial in setting the context for the Protocol’s implementation.
Systems biology approach to transplant immune tolerance.

DOI of original article: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.1 * Corresponding author. University of Massac fax: þ1 508 856 1102. E-mail address: reza.saidi@umassmemor 0022-4804/$ e see front matter a 2013 Elsev doi:10.1016/j.jss.2012.03.043 Solid organ transplantation has achieved increased success during the past decade, largely related to advances in immunosuppressionandcontrol of acute rejection [1]. However, longterm graft survival has not changed as the result of multiple factors, including irreversible chronic rejection and patient death caused by the side effects of standard immunosuppressive drugs [1]. Tolerance induction thus remains a goal in the field of transplantation. It has been demonstrated that mixed chimerism, a state in which bone marrow cells of different genetic background coexist, is associated with donor-specific transplantation tolerance. Mixed chimerism through nonmyeloablative bonemarrow transplantationhas been shown to induce tolerance to kidney allografts in humans [2e4]. Several recent studies have attempted to identify biomarkers of tolerance in transplantation [5e9]. Specific patterns of expressed genes were shown to be associated with tolerant participants compared with those stable on immunosuppression and with healthy controls [6e8]. Similarly, two studies have shown that tolerant kidney transplant recipients have distinct patterns of expressed genes and T cell receptor gene use [7,8]. Newell et al. [5] described a B cell signature that was associated with upregulation of CD20 mRNA in urine sedimentcellsandelevatednumbersofperipheralbloodenaive
Generation and Infectivity Titration of an Infectious Stock of Avian Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Chickens and Cross-Species Infection of Turkeys with Avian HEV

Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV), a novel virus identified from chickens with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome in the United States, is genetically and antigenically related to human HEV. In order to further characterize avian HEV, an infectious viral stock with a known infectious titer must be generated, as HEV cannot be propagated in vitro. Bile and feces collected from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens experimentally infected with avian HEV were used to prepare an avian HEV infectious stock as a 10% suspension of positive fecal and bile samples in phosphate-buffered saline. The infectivity titer of this infectious stock was determined by inoculating 1-week-old SPF chickens intravenously with 200 μl of each of serial 10-fold dilutions (10−2 to 10−6) of the avian HEV stock (two chickens were inoculated with each dilution). All chickens inoculated with the 10−2 to 10−4 dilutions of the infectious stock and one of the two chickens inoculated with the 10−5 dilution, but neither of the chickens inoculated with the 10−6 dilution, became seropositive for anti-avian HEV antibody at 4 weeks postinoculation (wpi). Two serologically negative contact control chickens housed together with chickens inoculated with the 10−2 dilution also seroconverted at 8 wpi. Viremia and shedding of virus in feces were variable in chickens inoculated with the 10−2 to 10−5 dilutions but were not detectable in those inoculated with the 10−6 dilution. The infectivity titer of the infectious avian HEV stock was determined to be 5 × 105 50% chicken infectious doses (CID50) per ml. Eight 1-week-old turkeys were intravenously inoculated with 105 CID50 of avian HEV, and another group of nine turkeys were not inoculated and were used as controls. The inoculated turkeys seroconverted at 4 to 8 wpi. In the inoculated turkeys, viremia was detected at 2 to 6 wpi and shedding of virus in feces was detected at 4 to 7 wpi. A serologically negative contact control turkey housed together with the inoculated ones also became infected through direct contact. This is the first demonstration of cross-species infection by avian HEV.
Observer versus Field Memories in Repressive, Low Anxious, and Obsessive-Compulsive Subjects:

The tendency to see one's self in autobiographical memories (“Observer” memories) has been reported for experiences that are emotional or involve self-awareness. Repressors, who avoid thinking abou...
Instructing Young Children in the Use of Memorizing Strategies: Effects at Study and Recall

Abstract This study examined preschool children's abilities to apply a newly learned organizational study-recall strategy in posttraining tasks that employed stimulus items from different media and that were administered by an unfamiliar experimenter. Fortyeight 4- and 5-year-old children were assigned to training and control conditions that alternated the presentation of pictures and objects on baseline, training, and test tasks. Samemedium tasks required children to study and recall items of the same stimulus medium (pictures or objects) as that depicting items in the training tasks. Different-medium tasks required performance with items presented in the alternate medium. Training included demonstration and practice in using a study-sorting strategy to organize the stimuli, encouragement to apply the strategy in new tasks, presenting a rationale for using the strategy, giving feedback about the effectiveness of using the strategy, and providing incentive for effortful performance. Subjects in the traini...
Can Tourists Experience Emotional Solidarity with Residents? Testing Durkheim’s Model from a New Perspective

In the context of resident and tourist relationships in a destination, perspectives of the former are rarely considered. This is likely a function of the continued attention paid to studies focusing on the former in addressing sociocultural impacts of tourism. This work examines the relationship as perceived by tourists, utilizing the theoretical framework of emotional solidarity. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the factor structure of the four constructs (i.e., shared beliefs, shared behavior, interaction, and emotional solidarity) within Durkheim’s model. This works shows continued support for the framework with each of the antecedent constructs significantly predicting emotional solidarity, explaining approximately 55% of the variance in the construct. Implications and limitations of the work along with future research opportunities are discussed.
Genotoxic-Stress-Response Genes and Growth-Arrest Genes

As discussed throughout this paper, many mammalian DDI genes are associated with growth responses, including both positive responses to growth stimulation and negative responses involving transient growth arrest and terminal differentiation. It is interesting that several immediate-early genes encoding transcription factors, the jun genes, are DDI, are induced by terminal differentiation, and also are associated with positive growth responses. In negative growth-response genes, their control is complex and almost certainly involves multiple regulatory mechanisms. The role of growth-arrest genes after exposure to DNA-damaging agents is currently not known, but as growth arrest can have a protective effect on cells exposed to DNA-damaging agents in both bacteria and eukaryotes, some protective role(s) for the gadd genes may exist. Whatever the roles are for the individual gadd genes, the response of the gadd genes to DNA-damaging agents and other growth-arrest signals has been highly conserved during mammalian evolution, and it is likely that this stress response, as reflected by induction of one or more gadd genes, is present in most or perhaps all mammalian cells. Our findings that the gadd group overlaps with another group of growth-arrest genes, the MyD, indicate that these two groups combined define a new class of genes whose protein products are likely to play a role in cell growth cessation.
The Effect of Arrests on Crime: A Multivariate Panel Analysis

We estimate multiwave panel models for the effect of clearance rates and a vector of socioeconomic control variables on index crimes, using a sample of 98 U.S. cities for the years 1964-70. No consistent evidence of a substantial effect is found. The effect of police practices on rates of law violation is a matter that has a practical bearing on crime prevention strategies. It can also enhance our understanding of the contributions made by formal methods of social control to conformity. Despite the importance of these concerns, surprisingly little is known about the effects of criminal justice institutions on crime rates. Indeed, only in recent years have researchers begun to study the degree to which crime can be reduced by marginal changes in police employment, expenditure, patrolling strategies, or efficiency in solving crimes. I Statistical investigations of the relationship between aggregated rates of crimes known to the police and various indicators of police activity have employed various analytic strategies. Some researchers have analyzed cross-sectional data (Brown; Geerken and Gove; Sjoquist; Wilson and Boland, a, b); others have analyzed time series (Cloninger and Sartorius; Phillips and Votey) or panel data (Greenberg et al., a; Logan). The present analysis has been designed to meet methodological criticism of this body of research. Critics of research dealing with the effect of law enforcement on
Dynamic relationships between microbial biomass, respiration, inorganic nutrients and enzyme activities: informing enzyme-based decomposition models.

We re-examined data from a recent litter decay study to determine if additional insights could be gained to inform decomposition modeling. Rinkes et al. (2013) conducted 14-day laboratory incubations of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) or white oak (Quercus alba) leaves, mixed with sand (0.4% organic C content) or loam (4.1% organic C). They measured microbial biomass C, carbon dioxide efflux, soil ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations, and β-glucosidase (BG), β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), and acid phosphatase (AP) activities on days 1, 3, and 14. Analyses of relationships among variables yielded different insights than original analyses of individual variables. For example, although respiration rates per g soil were higher for loam than sand, rates per g soil C were actually higher for sand than loam, and rates per g microbial C showed little difference between treatments. Microbial biomass C peaked on day 3 when biomass-specific activities of enzymes were lowest, suggesting uptake of litter C without extracellular hydrolysis. This result refuted a common model assumption that all enzyme production is constitutive and thus proportional to biomass, and/or indicated that part of litter decay is independent of enzyme activity. The length and angle of vectors defined by ratios of enzyme activities (BG/NAG versus BG/AP) represent relative microbial investments in C (length), and N and P (angle) acquiring enzymes. Shorter lengths on day 3 suggested low C limitation, whereas greater lengths on day 14 suggested an increase in C limitation with decay. The soils and litter in this study generally had stronger P limitation (angles > 45˚). Reductions in vector angles to < 45˚ for sand by day 14 suggested a shift to N limitation. These relational variables inform enzyme-based models, and are usually much less ambiguous when obtained from a single study in which measurements were made on the same samples than when extrapolated from separate studies.
Crystal Clamping in Lead Titanate Glass‐Ceramics

The primary crystalline phase developed in glass-ceramics in the system PbO-BaO-TiO2-B2O3 was investigated. X-ray diffraction and dilatometry were used to identify the primary phase as essentially pure PbTiO3. Peak shifts observed in X-ray diffraction patterns resulted from lattice strain due to crystal clamping, and not from (Pb, Ba) TiO3 solid solution formation. Lattice strain was found to increase as the glass-transition temperature of the residual glass increased above the Curie temperature of PbTiO3.