cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of cell adhesion molecules associated with germinal center in Hodgkin's disease : an immunohistochemical study : the germinal center related complex and histologic subtypes

BACKGROUND: Of the four elements known to be associated with germinal center formation--B-cells, follicular dendritic cells, T-cells, and the cell adhesion molecules--the first three have been well studied in Hodgkin's disease, especially the nodular lymphocytic predominance subtype, established as a tumor of germinal center origin. However, no study has been done on the expression of the cell adhesion molecules associated with germinal center formation in Hodgkin's disease. METHODS: Using the avidin-biodin peroxidase complex method, we studied the staining patterns for CD11a (lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1), CD54 (intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1), and very late antigen 4 (VLA-4) in frozen sections from 24 cases of Hodgkin's disease, along with those for follicular dendritic cell and cell surface markers for lymphocytes. RESULTS: Reed-Sternberg cells and their variants and histiocytic cells stained for CD54. Lymphocytes stained for CD11a. Lymphocytes either formed patchy aggregates or dispersed without forming aggregates. Aggregating lymphocytes expressed CD20 (L-26), whereas dispersed, nonaggregating lymphocytes expressed CD3/CD4, or CD3/CD8. Extracellular matrices of these CD20+ B-cell aggregates stained for CD54, VLA-4, and follicular dendritic cells. CD54 staining revealed four patterns of reaction products deposits: discretely patchy, confluent, predominantly diffuse, and diffuse only. The discrete-patch predominance pattern was seen in the lymphocytic predominance type, both nodular (n = 3) and diffuse (n = 2), and in classic nodular sclerosis with broad collagen bands (n = 4). The confluent pattern was seen in tumors with features of cellular-phase nodular sclerosis versus mixed cellularity type (n = 3). The predominantly diffuse was observed in the remainder of nodular sclerosis type with infrequent, narrow collagen bands (n = 5), in cellular-phase nodular sclerosis (n = 1), in cellular-phase nodular sclerosis versus mixed cellularity type (n = 2), and in mixed cellularity (n = 2). The diffuse-only pattern occurred in mixed cellularity with abundant fibrohistiocytoid stromal cells (n = 2). CONCLUSIONS: The cell adhesion molecules associated with germinal center formation were expressed in the great majority of cases of Hodgkin's disease. The expression was closely associated with the occurrence of distinctive CD20+ B-cell aggregates and follicular dendritic cell networks, forming a germinal center-related complex, and the presence of the complex correlated with nodular sclerosing features.
Does relative bargaining power explain the general factor of personality

Abstract A model by Lukaszewski proposed that self-perceived relative bargaining power was the source of the mutual correlation among personality traits that underlies the so-called “general factor of personality.” Portions of Lukaszewski’s model were tested in a larger and broader data set than his, the Eugene-Springfield (Oregon) Community Sample. The model fit the data reasonably well, but the obtained values of its parameters suggested that relative bargaining power, at least as estimated here, would make only a weak contribution to a general factor of personality.
Corrigendum to “The immunomodulatory effects of gentamicin, imipenem, piperacillin and amphotericin B on LAK effector function in vitro”

Corrigendum to ``The immunomodulatory eiects of gentamicin, imipenem, piperacillin and amphotericin B on LAK eiector function in vitro'' [FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 30 (2001) 249^252]C Mahruf U. Rahman a;*, Amitabha Mazumder b a University of Southern California School of Medicine, Suite #14, Seaver Hall, 1969 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA b Department of Medical Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3800 Reservoir Road, N.W., Washington, DC 20007, USA
The Effect of Intravenous Fat and Total Parenteral Nutrition on Biliary Physiology

Patients on long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) have an increased incidence of gallstones. To determine the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for gallstone formation in these patients, we fed three groups of prairie dogs intravenously for 10 days with continuous infusions of isocaloric, isovolemic, and isonitrogenous solutions with either 0, 25, or 50% of nonprotein calories provided as Intralipid. A fourth group of prairie dogs was hyperalimented with the 25% solution for 28 days. Control animals were fed Purina rat Chow ad libitum. Each animal's bile salt pool was labeled with iv 3H-cholic acid 16 hr prior to collecting gallbladder and hepatic bile specimens. The ratio of gallbladder to hepatic bile 3H-cholic acid specific activity (dpm/mol of bile acid), an index of gallbladder stasis, was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower in TPN animals (less than 0.65 +/- 0.19) compared to controls (1.07 +/- 0.11). This finding indicates that gallbladder stasis developed in all animals fed by TPN. TPN did not alter gallbladder or hepatic bile lithogenic index. Two of five 28-day TPN animals developed biliary sludge, and one of these animals formed pigment gallstones. TPN without lipid decreased serum cholesterol concentration. As the lipid concentration of the TPN solution was increased, serum cholesterol increased. These data indicate that TPN induces gallbladder stasis regardless of caloric source but does not increase bile lithogenic index despite a dose-related rise in serum cholesterol as the percent of calories provided as lipid is increased. We conclude that TPN-induced gallbladder disease results from gallbladder stasis and not from increased bile cholesterol saturation.
Characterization of the nonlinear optical properties of a photodegradation-resistant dye/solvent system

Experimental measurements were performed to completely characterize the linear and nonlinear optical properties in butyl salicylate solution of a novel bipyridyl platinum(II) complex bearing benzothiazolylethynylfluorene ligands. This paper describes the analysis of the resulting experimental data and reports the values of the ground- and excited-state absorption cross sections and of the other photophysical parameters characterizing the chromophore/solvent system.
Effect of inhomogeneous broadening on a DPAL based superluminal laser for precision sensing

In several applications such as optical gyroscopes, gravitational wave detection, and vibrometry, the precision sensing of the effective length of the optical cavity is key. In this work we show how an active single mode laser with a negatively dispersive medium can enhance the sensitivity of measuring the alteration of the length of the cavity in the practical case of a warm medium. We also state how a Rubidium based Diode Pump Alkali Laser satisfies the requirements of the proposed model.
Macroglobulinemia with positive antiglobulin tests.

A patient had macroglobulinemia, a chromosomal abnormality, and IgG + C3 antiglobulin positive hemolytic anemia. The IgM appeared as a monoclonal M component, with an exclusive k-chain distribution. Warm-acting erythrocyte autoantibody in eluates was IgG.
What Does it Mean to Question

The purpose of this paper is two fold: first, to tease out the meaning inherent in the correlativity of the question and answer process and second, to suggest a philosophical answer to the question “What does it mean to question?” in the context of teacher education. To that end, we want to claim that R.G. Collingwood’s “Logic of Question and Answer” is a valuable tool in filling the gap in scholarship concerning the art of questioning. While research into the activity of teaching often emphasizes the role and effectiveness of questioning, these studies have largely focussed on the strategies and results of the practice of questioning. We argue that they place too little emphasis on making sense of the process itself and that more time should be spent on the Logic of Question and Answer. To accomplish our goal, in Collingwoodian form, we will contextualize an example of how the understanding of the question and answer complex informs the practice of teacher education in the specific area of the Social Studies Methods Course.
The Implications of Prospect Theory for Human Nature and Values

Central to prospect theory are far-reaching claims about what people fear and what gratifies them. Subjective well-being is a topic that social science has been reluctant to discuss in recent years, but it is central to much of our lives. A loss inflicts more harm than a comparable gain produces pleasure; this fact and the related endowment effect are important parts of our psychological makeup. The importance of change rather than absolute value position, and the related significance of the reference point and how it can be altered, can be seen as integral to human nature.
Learning disabilities — An overview

Abstract This paper has suggested that the great diversity of research, terminology and remedial recommendations currently encompassed by the field of learning disabilities can and should be integrated and related to each other. A schema of language behavior was presented and the work of several contributors cited to illustrate the relations among their emphases and viewpoints as well as their position in the total schema of learning disabilities. The diagnostic-remedial process was described and related to the model with specific reference to the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities as a useful instrument to aid the diagnostician in a thorough and precise formulation of diagnostic hypotheses and remedial procedures.
Prospects of silicon photonics for future large scale photonic integration

We will provide an overview of silicon photonics research at Intel and discuss the key building blocks needed as well as challenges and practical issues for large scale photonic integration based on silicon platform.
Quantifying Plant Age and Available Water Effects on Soybean Leaf Conductance

Given the ever-present threat of drought and the knowledge that water availability is the strongest limiting factor in vegetation growth, it is important to characterize the effect of water limitations on agricultural production. In this study, a small field plot technique for controlling soil moisture content suitable for physiological research in moist, humid areas was tested. We characterized the effect of water stress on total leaf conductance (gₗ) for two distinct determinate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes. Based on these findings, a model of gₗ as a function of plant age and soil moisture content was formulated and validated. The dependency of gₗ on plant age was well represented by a parabolic function that increased throughout the vegetative period, peaked around anthesis, and decreased throughout the reproductive period and senescence. A sigmoidal function explained the relation of gₗ to plant-available soil water content. This new empirical model effectively quantifies the response of gₗ to plant-available soil water and plant age with a functional form similar to the abscisic acid related Tardieu–Davies model.
Correlations between phase diagrams and thermodynamic data for metal hydride systems

A series of correlations between the phase diagrams and enthalpic data are developed for metal hydride systems. The value of these correlations lies in their providing criteria for checking the consistency of the thermodynamic behavior for these systems. The correlations are illustrated using some experimental thermodynamic data and the accompanying phase diagrams for metal hydrides from the literature.
Chitosan modified sulfonated poly (ethersulfone) as a support for affinity separations

Abstract Microporous hollow fiber membranes covalently modified with protein ligands offer the possibility of high speed affinity isolation of biologicals. Although using coordination chemistries developed for chromatographic bead separations, affinity membranes are not mass transfer rate limited. A problem in their preparation is that mechanically stable microporous fibers do not, generally, contain functional groups suitable for linking the ligands. This paper presents a method for depositing and cross-linking a chitosan film on the surface of partially sulfonated poly(ethersulfone) hollow fibers. The amine and hydroxyl groups of the coating are further modified to link ligands. Results are presented in terms of equilibrium and dynamic capacities of IgG captured by immobilized recombinant protein A.
The prepuberal public symphysis and uterus in the mouse: their response to estrogen and relaxin.

THERE is a marked sexual dimorphism of the pelvis in adult mice. The pelvis of the female mouse differs from that of the male by having smaller bones, a greater ischio-pubic angle and a more posteriorly placed pubic symphysis (Gardner, 1936). These differences develop even when mice are gonadectomized at 3 weeks of age (Crelin and Haines, 1955). Puberty in the mouse usually occurs shortly after the 6th postnatal week (Allen, 1923). Following puberty the medial ends of the female’s pubic bones resorb partially at the symphysis. This does not occur in mice ovariectomized before puberty (Crelin and Haines, 1955). Pubic bone resorption occurs in both gonadectomized and intact estrogen-treated mice. (Gardner, 1936; Hall, 1950; Crelin, 1954a). During the estrous cycle in mice a slight interpubic separation occurs (Kliman et al., 1952). During the first pregnancy the interpubic separation is increased greatly and the medial ends of the pubic bones undergo further resorption.
Macrocyclic ligands on polymers

Abstract The ion binding properties of linear polymers carrying crown ether ligands as pendent groups are reviewed. The polymers often exhibit selective cation binding different from that of their monomeric crown analogues. One of the polymers, poly(vinylbenzo-18-crown-6), behaves in water as a neutral polysoap and strongly interacts with organic anions. The binding is enhanced and also can be regulated by charging the polymer with crown complexable cations. This polymer also catalyzes solvent sensitive reactions by a micellar type mechanism. In the decarboxylation of 6-nitrobenzisoxazole-3-carboxylate in water the substrate bound to the Cs+ charged poly(crown ether) decomposes 14000 times more rapidly than in water. In benzene the decarboxylation is also accelerated by poly(crown ethers), but in this case as a result of anion activation. Poly-(crown ethers) were also found to form polysalt complexes in water with several polyanions in the presence of crown complexable cations. In the absence of salts, complexes can be formed with polyacids through hydrogen bonding.
Insights from a Qualitative Study of Rural Communes: Physical and Social Dimensions of Place

Existing research on people–place dynamics often focuses on either physical environment or social dimensions, but many theoretical models posit that both factors are important. I argue that rural communes provide unique settings to explore both social and environmental aspects of place. Based on qualitative interview data with members of two communes, I address emotional connection to the land, changing social relationships over time, and the interplay of physical and social aspects of place. Results demonstrate how the connections to land and social ties are both prevalent. However, social interaction has decreased while commitment to sharing and protecting the physical environment has endured.
Lubricant-Derived Ash Properties and Their Effects on Diesel Particulate Filter Pressure-Drop Performance

Diesel particulate filters (DPF) have seen widespread use in on- and off-road applications as an effective means for meeting increasingly stringent particle emissions regulations. Over time, incombustible material or ash, primarily derived from metallic additives in the engine lubricant, accumulates in the DPF. Ash accumulation leads to increased flow restriction and an associated increase in pressure drop across the particulate filter, negatively impacting engine performance and fuel economy, and eventually requiring periodic filter service or replacement. While the adverse effects of ash accumulation on DPF performance are well known, the underlying mechanisms controlling these effects are not. The results of this work show ash accumulation and distribution in the DPF as a dynamic process with each stage of ash accumulation altering the filter’s pressure drop response. Through a combined approach employing targeted experiments and comparison with the existing knowledge base, this work further demonstrates the significant effect ash deposits have on DPF pressure drop sensitivity to soot accumulation. Ash deposits reduce the available filtration area, resulting in locally elevated soot loads and higher exhaust gas velocities through the filter, altering the conditions under which the soot is deposited and ultimately control the filter’s pressure drop characteristics. In this study, a novel accelerated ash loading system was employed to generate the ash and load the DPFs under carefully-controlled exhaust conditions. The ash loading system was coupled to the exhaust of a Cummins ISB diesel engine, allowing for accelerated ash loading and DPF performance evaluation with realistic exhaust conditions. Following DPF performance evaluation, the filters were subjected to a detailed post-mortem analysis in which key ash properties were measured and quantified. The experimental results, coupled with the ash property measurements, provide additional insight into the underlying physical mechanisms controlling ash properties, ash/soot interactions, and their effects on DPF performance.© 2009 ASME
A role for c-FLIP(L) in the regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis in T lymphocytes.

Caspase 8 plays a dual role in the survival of T lymphocytes. Although active caspase 8 mediates apoptosis upon death receptor signaling, the loss of caspase 8 activity leads to receptor-interacting protein (RIP)-1/RIP-3-dependent necrotic cell death (necroptosis) upon TCR activation. The anti-apoptotic protein c-FLIP (cellular caspase 8 (FLICE)-like inhibitory protein) suppresses death receptor-induced caspase 8 activation. Moreover, recent findings suggest that c-FLIP is also involved in inhibiting necroptosis and autophagy. It remains unclear whether c-FLIP protects primary T lymphocytes from necroptosis or regulates the threshold at which autophagy occurs. Here, we used a c-FLIP isoform-specific conditional deletion model to show that c-FLIPL-deficient T cells underwent RIP-1-dependent necroptosis upon TCR stimulation. Interestingly, although previous studies have only described necroptosis in the absence of caspase 8 activity, we found that pro-apoptotic caspase 8 activity and apoptosis were also enhanced in c-FLIPL-deficient T lymphocytes. Furthermore, c-FLIPL-deficient T cells exhibited enhanced autophagy, which served a cytoprotective function. Together, these findings indicate that c-FLIPL plays an important antinecroptotic role and is a key regulator of apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis in T lymphocytes.
Refrigerator energy use in the laboratory and in the field

Abstract Residential refrigerators are the largest domestic use of electricity in the US and most developed countries and, as such, have become a target for efficiency improvements. Laboratory tests of energy use are typically used to measure a refrigerator's energy consumption. Three different test procedures are widely used: the US Department of Energy, the International Standards Organization test, and the Japanese Industrial Standard. The features of the tests are compared and conversion factors reviewed. The DOE test is likely to yield the highest consumption of the three procedures. A critical factor is the relationship between a refrigerator's laboratory-based energy use and its consumption in a kitchen. The DOE test is the most carefully validated with field data. The DOE test, on average, over-predicts actual consumption in US homes by about 10%, but there is wide variation in field use for identical units. The factors affecting variation in energy use are reviewed. The ambient temperature in the kitchen is by far the most significant factor, while door openings and humidity are relatively minor. Field measurements suggest that maintenance measures, such as coil cleaning and gasket replacement, save little energy. Replacement of old refrigerators with new, efficient models often cuts refrigerator energy use by 60%. Significant reductions in refrigerator electricity use can be expected during the next decade in the US and Europe.
THE INTERNATIONAL ADULT LITERACY SURVEY (IALS): UNDERSTANDING WHAT WAS MEASURED

This paper offers a framework that has been used for both developing the tasks used to measure literacy and for understanding the meaning of what has been reported with respect to the comparative literacy proficiencies of adults in participating countries. The framework consists of six parts that represent a logical sequence of steps, from needing to define and represent a particular domain of interest, to identifying and operationalizing characteristics used to construct items, to providing an empirical basis for interpreting results. The various parts of the framework are seen as important in that they help to provide a deeper understanding of the construct of literacy and the various processes associated with it. A processing model is proposed and variables associated with performance on the literacy tasks are identified and verified through regression analyses. These variables are shown to account for between 79% and 89% of the variance in task difficulty. Collectively, these process variables provide a means for moving away from interpreting performance on large-scale surveys in terms of discrete tasks or a single number, toward identifying levels of performance that have generalizability across pools of tasks and toward what Messick (1989) has called a higher level of measurement.
Alternative splicing in individual aplysia neurons generates neuropeptide diversity

The neuron R15 is a peptidergic cell within the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia that participates in two neural circuits governing physiological and behavioral programs. We have cloned and characterized the major gene product expressed in this neuron. The R15 cDNA encodes a polyprotein precursor that is cleaved to yield a set of small neuropeptides. One peptide, R15 alpha 1, may act on different target cells to generate distinct but complementary physiological alterations that contribute to a program of cardiovascular changes in Aplysia. We have found that the RNA encoding the R15 polyprotein is spliced differently in different neurons. Our results suggest that alternative splicing of RNAs encoding polyproteins may provide a mechanism to generate distinct but overlapping sets of peptides that govern distinct but related physiological or behavioral programs.
Bone marrow evaluation of monocytosis

Abstract An absolute peripheral blood (PB) monocytosis is defined as greater than 1000 monocytes/μl. The differential diagnosis of an absolute peripheral monocytosis includes a reactive monocytosis and a neoplastic process that may be associated with various haematological neoplasms, that is chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia, myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRB, juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, as well as acute myeloid leukaemias with a prominent monocytic component. The diagnostic approach to a PB monocytosis, including appropriate evaluation of cytomorphological features and flow cytometric analysis of the PB, associated bone marrow findings, as well as the cytogenetic and molecular findings, will be discussed.
Ectopic tubal pregnancy treated by operative laparoscopy

Between July 1986 and May 1988, all 23 patients with ectopic tubal pregnancies of 5 to 101/2 weeks' gestation and with serum (3-human chorionic gonadotropin levels between 51 and 92,610 mIU/ml (first international reference preparation) were treated by operative laparoscopy. Twenty-two (96%) of the ectopic pregnancies were unruptured or leaking and one (4%) was ruptured. Fifteen patients (65%) were treated with electrosurgical linear salpingotomy, and three of these patients (20%) later needed subsequent operative procedures. Six patients (26%) were treated with laparoscopc partial or total salpingectomy, and two patients were treated with either fimbrial expression of the pregnancy or completion of a partial abortion. Twenty patients (87%) spent less than 24 hours in the hospital for successful treatment of the ectopic pregnancy. It is concluded that operative laparoscopy should be considered an alternative to laparotomy or minilaparotomy for the treatment of ectopic pregnancy.
INDUCTION OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE EXPRESSION IN EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE CHAGASIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

Abstract One of the hallmarks of Chagas' disease (caused by Trypanosoma cruzi ) is progressive cardiomyopathy. The disease is associated with increased serum TNF-α levels, and TNF-α is known to depress cardiac function. It is, however, not known whether the cytokines are produced within the infected myocardium. One-month-old male Lewis rats were injected with cell culture-derived T. cruzi trypomastigotes and killed 15 days post-infection. As compared to normal animals, histologic analysis of infected animals revealed dense infection with amastigotes within myocytes and a minimal inflammatory infiltrate in the myocardium. Northern blot analysis of total RNA revealed no signal for IL-1β or TNF-α , and a weak signal for IL-6 in the control rat hearts, and high levels of expression for the three genes in the infected rats. Western blots revealed results similar to that of mRNA levels, suggesting that, in addition to mechanical damage, infection by T. cruzi induces proinflammatory cytokine production in the myocardium itself, which may further exacerbate the pathology, and affect adversely myocardial function.
Establishment of Woody Riparian Species from Natural Seedfall at a Former Gravel Pit

Establishment of native riparian communities through natural seedfall may be a viable reclamation alternative at some alluvial sand and gravel mines where water level can be controlled in the abandoned pit. We experimented with this approach at a pit in Fort Collins, Colorado, where a drain culvert equipped with a screw gate allows water levels to be manipulated. From 1994 to 1996 we conducted a series of annual drawdowns during the period of natural seedfall of Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera (plains cottonwood), Salix amygdaloides (peachleaf willow), and S. exigua (sandbar willow), thus providing the bare, moist substrate conducive to establishment of these species. Establishment was highly variable from year to year; in the fall following establishment, frequency of occurrence on 0.5-m 2 sample plots ranged from 8.6% to 50.6% for cottonwood, 15.9% to 22.0% for peachleaf willow, and 21.7% to 50.0% for sandbar willow. Mean densities, however, were comparable to those reported for other locations. Concurrent establishment of the undesirable exotic Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) was a problem, but we were able to eradicate most saltcedar seedlings by reflooding the lower elevations of the annual drawdown zones each fall. At the end of the 3-year period, at least one of the three native woody species survived on 41.1% of the plots, while saltcedar was present on only 6.1%. In addition to the potential for establishing valuable native habitats, adaptations of the techniques described may require less earth moving than other reclamation approaches.
On what is not in any way in the Sophist

To ensnare the sophist of the Sophist in a definition disclosing him as a purveyor of images and falsehoods Plato must block the sophistical defence that image and falsehood are self-contradictory in concept, for they both embody the proposition proscribed by Parmenides — ‘What is not, is’. It has been assumed that Plato regards this defence as depending on a reading of ‘what is not’ ( to mē on ) in its very strongest sense, where it is equivalent to ‘what is not in any way’ ( to mēdamōs on ) or ‘nothing’. Likewise, the initial paradoxes of not-being (237b–239c) are seen as requiring that to mē on be understood in this way, that later designated by Plato (257b, 258e–259a) as the opposite of to on or ‘being’. On this interpretation, Plato's counter-strategy is to recognise a use of to mē on which is not opposed in this strict sense to being, but is indeed a part of it and is ‘being other than’. In a stimulating article, R. W. Jordan challenges this account. I shall briefly attempt to show that his objections are not decisive and that his own interpretation is open to question. Jordan makes the interesting suggestion (p. 120) that a distinction between two senses of not-being , where one is equivalent to nothing and one is not, dates from the middle dialogues — particularly from Republic V, where objects of agnoia are mēdamē onta and objects of doxa are both onta and mē onta . He concludes (p. 121), ‘Malcolm's view, then, seems to amount to this: that Plato is now extending the moral he draws about objects of belief (i.e. particulars) in the Republic to cover forms. Forms too now are seen to be both being and notbeing.’
Activo: Assessing the feasibility of designing and implementing a physical activity intervention for latino men

Background: No physical activity (PA) interventions have specifically targeted Latino men despite marked health disparities in this group. Therefore, we explored the feasibility of designing a PA intervention for Latino men. Methods: We conducted six qualitative interviews with Latino men and used their feedback to modify an existing PA intervention, then conducted a 12-week demonstration trial of the adapted intervention. Results: Themes from interviews included work and family conflicts and preferring team sports. In the demonstration trial of the modified intervention, participants (N = 10) increased PA from 1.3 minutes/week (SD = 4.75) at baseline to 125.5(SD = 154.86) at follow-up (p < .05). Retention was high and participants expressed enthusiasm for the program. Conclusions: Existing interventions could be effectively modified to target physical activity in Latino men.
The Phantom of Lactic Acidosis due to Metformin in Patients With Diabetes

Metformin is the only biguanide that is available in the U.S. Another biguanide, phenformin, had been used since the 1950s, but was declared an “imminent hazard” in 1976 because of lactic acidosis (1). At the time of its removal from the market, there had been 306 documented cases of phenformin-associated lactic acidosis (2), including 1 fatal and 2 nonfatal cases in the randomized controlled trial of the University Group Diabetes Program (3). Metformin was marketed as Glucophage by Bristol-Myers Squibb in early 1995, with a boxed warning concerning the risk of lactic acidosis. Metformin had been used widely in Europe for several years, where it had been recognized that the risk of lactic acidosis from metformin was no greater than the risk of hypoglycemia from sulfonylureas (4). Although the clinical utility of metformin had been recognized in the U.S. (5), its approval was undoubtedly delayed by the specter of phenformin and the lingering concern that metformin might also cause lactic acidosis. The eventual approval of metformin was unusually controversial. Crofford (6) predicted that metformin “will be widely used and will improve the outlook for many patients” with diabetes. But fear of lactic acidosis led the consumer advocacy group Public Citizen (7) to issue the warning: “Do not use Glucophage.” Based on data from Sweden, it was estimated that the risk of lactic acidosis in patients taking phenformin was ∼10-fold higher than the risk in patients taking metformin. A later report from Sweden (9) concluded that discontinuing metformin in aging patients when they developed renal or cardiovascular disease could further reduce the risk of lactic acidosis. The labeling …
Human pituitary growth hormone: solubility in ammonium sulfate solutions.

Abstract The solubility of human pituitary growth hormone in ammonium sulfate solutions has been investigated and compared under similar conditions with that of three related proteins: ovine pituitary growth hormone, bovine pituitary growth hormone, and human chorionic somatomammotropin.
Effect of one month duration ketogenic and non-ketogenic high fat diets on mouse brain bioenergetic infrastructure

Diet composition may affect energy metabolism in a tissue-specific manner. Using C57Bl/6J mice, we tested the effect of ketosis-inducing and non-inducing high fat diets on genes relevant to brain bioenergetic infrastructures, and on proteins that constitute and regulate that infrastructure. At the end of a one-month study period the two high fat diets appeared to differentially affect peripheral insulin signaling, but brain insulin signaling was not obviously altered. Some bioenergetic infrastructure parameters were similarly impacted by both high fat diets, while other parameters were only impacted by the ketogenic diet. For both diets, mRNA levels for CREB, PGC1α, and NRF2 increased while NRF1, TFAM, and COX4I1 mRNA levels decreased. PGC1β mRNA increased and TNFα mRNA decreased only with the ketogenic diet. Brain mtDNA levels fell in both the ketogenic and non-ketogenic high fat diet groups, although TOMM20 and COX4I1 protein levels were maintained, and mRNA and protein levels of the mtDNA-encoded COX2 subunit were also preserved. Overall, the pattern of changes observed in mice fed ketogenic and non-ketogenic high fat diets over a one month time period suggests these interventions enhance some aspects of the brain’s aerobic infrastructure, and may enhance mtDNA transcription efficiency. Further studies to determine which diet effects are due to changes in brain ketone body levels, fatty acid levels, glucose levels, altered brain insulin signaling, or other factors such as adipose tissue-associated hormones are indicated.
Speech motor control: acoustic goals, saturation effects, auditory feedback and internal models

Abstract A theoretical overview and supporting data are presented about the control of the segmental component of speech production. Findings of “motor-equivalent” trading relations between the contributions of two constrictions to the same acoustic transfer function provide preliminary support for the idea that segmental control is based on acoustic or auditory-perceptual goals. The goals are determined partly by non-linear, quantal relations (called “saturation effects”) between motor commands and articulatory movements and between articulation and sound. Since processing times would be too long to allow the use of auditory feedback for closed-loop error correction in achieving acoustic goals, the control mechanism must use a robust “internal model” of the relation between articulation and the sound output that is learned during speech acquisition. Studies of the speech of cochlear implant and bilateral acoustic neuroma patients provide evidence supporting two roles for auditory feedback in adults: maintenance of the internal model, and monitoring the acoustic environment to help assure intelligibility by guiding relatively rapid adjustments in “postural” parameters underlying average sound level, speaking rate and the amount of prosodically-based inflection of F0 and SPL.
Where am I in the story? Reflections on the reader's location and the encounter with fictive people

Phenomenological analysis of the bodiliness of human existence establishes a sense in which human consciousness is prereflectively spatial and located at a particular place, and at the same time a sense in which consciousness detaches itself from its location by reflecting on it and itself. This paper probes a parallel aspect of that self which the reader becomes upon reading and entering the world of three selected fictive narratives: this “reading self,” as it will be called, replicates the structure of real-world consciousness, for the reading self is both located at a specifiable place within each of the three fictive worlds and at the same time floats free of that location without leaving the narrative's world. Although the paper does not claim that the reading consciousness always or necessarily replicates real-world consciousness, it suggests that such replication, when it happens, is significantly related to the reading self's encounter with the fictive characters as both selves and others. To say that the latter are self-transcending selves is to say that the reading self may identify itself with them and move into the story's world; such identification does in fact take place. To say that at the same time the characters remain other selves is to say that the reading self, floating free within the story's world, also experiences a distance between itself and them. Yet this otherness does not turn the fictive characters into objects; that is, their otherness does not imply that they are merely objects to be explained in terms of social or biological forces nor that they are the products of an author's manipulations. Much of the paper is occupied with working out the interaction between the reading self's locatedness and non-locatedness, on the one hand, and the fictive characters' selftranscendence and otherness on the other.
Identification of a spatially efficient portfolio of priority conservation sites in marine and estuarine areas of Florida

1. A systematic conservation planning approach using benthic habitat and imperilled species data along with the site prioritization algorithm, MARXAN, was used to identify a spatially efficient portfolio of marine and estuarine sites around Florida with high biodiversity value. 2. Ensuring the persistence of an adequate geographic representation of conservation targets in a particular area is a key goal of conservation. In this context, development and testing of different approaches to spatially-explicit marine conservation planning remains an important priority. 3. This detailed case study serves as a test of existing approaches while also demonstrating some novel ways in which current methods can be tailored to fit the complexities of marine planning. 4. The paper reports on investigations of the influence of varying several algorithm inputs on resulting portfolio scenarios including the conservation targets (species observations, habitat distribution, etc.) included, conservation target goals, and socio-economic factors. 5. This study concluded that engaging stakeholders in the development of a site prioritization framework is a valuable strategy for identifying broadly accepted selection criteria; universal target representation approaches are more expedient to use as algorithm inputs, but may fall short in capturing the impact of historic exploitation patterns for some conservation targets; socio-economic factors are best considered subsequent to the identification of priority conservation sites when biodiversity value is the primary driver of site selection; and the influence of surrogate targets on portfolio selection should be thoroughly investigated to ensure unintended effects are avoided. 6. The priority sites identified in this analysis can be used to guide allocation of limited conservation and management resources. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The "Golden Age" of prostate brachytherapy: a cautionary tale.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the earliest attempts to use man-made isotopes for prostate brachytherapy. Methods and materials Two radiogold brachytherapy programs were analyzed, using literature review and interviews of participants. Results Although 198 Au has been discredited as a source for permanent prostate brachytherapy, the major flaw in the reviewed programs was the misapplication of the isotope. Conclusions Safe and effective implant programs are grounded in the sound application of brachytherapy principles. New brachytherapy procedures should arise from the collaboration of radiation oncologists, surgeons, physicists, radiobiologists, and radiation safety specialists.
Privatizing electric reliability through smart grid technologies and priority service contracts

Smart grid technologies in combination with the methodological foundation laid by the economic theory of Priority Service, enable the conversion of electric service reliability from a public good to a private good. Such a transformation is achieved by offering electricity service as a product line differentiated according to service reliability from which customers can self-select the level of reliability that fits their needs and pocketbook. This conceptual paradigm is illustrated through a specific proposal for a multilevel Emergency Interruptable Load Response Service (EILS) program at ERCOT.
High-speed convolution and correlation

Cooley and Tukey have disclosed a procedure for synthesizing and analyzing Fourier series for discrete periodic complex functions. For functions of period N, where N is a power of 2, computation times are proportional to N log2N as expressed in Eq. (0).
Cause without a Rebel: Kazakhstan's Unionist Nationalism in the USSR and CIS

Why would elites or masses in an ethnically distinct region ever opt for “alien rule” over national independence? While separatist movements tend to create the most drama and make the most headlines, mass media and most scholarly accounts pay far less attention to ethnic groups opting to stay in a union state dominated by other groups. Yet such unionist groups are surely more numerous than the separatist ones. Indeed, in the neighborhood of almost every separatist region in a given multi-ethnic state, one can find one or more unionist groups, such as the Yoruba during Nigeria's Biafran Civil War, the Ingush as Chechnya battled the Russian Federation, and the Kannadigas at the peak of Kashmir's struggle for independence from India. Sometimes, unionist groups advocate political integration despite seeming to have every reason to seek secession. Such groups are neglected by analysts only at great cost, because it is precisely these groups that are likely to hold the key to understanding how distinct groups can come to live together in peace.
Image enhancement using joint transform correlation

An efficient technique for restoring the original from a blurred noise corrupted image using the concept of fringe- adjusted joint transform correlation is proposed. This technique employs Fourier plane apodization using the reference image power spectrum and noise power spectrum to suppress the effects of blur as well as input scene noise. The performance of the proposed technique has been enhanced significantly by employing the Fourier plane image subtraction especially for blurred noisy input scenes involving multiple identical objects. The image subtraction technique eliminates the unwanted zero-order term and crosscorrelation terms produced by similar input scene objects while alleviating the detrimental effects of blur and noise that may be present in the unknown input scene. Computer simulation results using blurred noise corrupted grey level input scenes are presented to verify the performance of the proposed technique.
Tissue Metabolic Rate of Oxygen Consumption in Calf Muscle Measured by Arterial and Venous Occlusion Protocols

Calf muscle oxygen consumption rate was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy with arterial and venous occlusion protocols (AO/VO). AO generates more accurate results while VO is more tolerant by those who cannot bear high occlusive pressure.
Can Designing and Selling Low-Quality Products Be Ethical?

Whereas previous studies have criticized low-quality products for inadequate safety, this paper considers only safe products, and it examines the ethics of designing and selling low-quality products. Product quality is defined as suitability to a general purpose. The duty that companies owe to consumers is summarized in the Consumer-Oriented Process principle: “to place an increase in the consumer’s quality of life as the primary goal for producing products.” This principle is applied in analyzing the primary ethical justifications for low-quality products: availability and applicability. Finally, a low-quality product should be designed afresh, not by altering an existing high-quality product.
Changing single side-chains can greatly enhance the resistance of a membrane protein to irreversible inactivation.

The thermal inactivation rates of a set of 20 cysteine-substituted variants of the integral membrane protein diacylglycerol kinase were measured. Two of the mutations, I53C and I70C, were found to significantly prolong the half-life of the enzyme in detergent solution. By combining the single mutants to create a double mutant, I53C/I70C, the half-life of the enzyme was improved from less than a minute at 70 degrees C to 51 minutes. These results demonstrate that individual side-chain substitutions can significantly improve the properties of membrane proteins in detergent solution.
The cytoplasmic domain of the LDL receptor-related protein regulates multiple steps in APP processing

The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) has recently been implicated in numerous intracellular signaling functions, as well as in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Studies have shown that the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) interacts with LRP and that this association may impact the production of amyloid beta-protein (Abeta). In this report, we provide evidence that LRP regulates trafficking of intracellular proteins independently of its lipoprotein receptor functions. We show that in the absence of LRP, Abeta production, APP secretion, APP internalization, turnover of full-length APP and stability of APP C-terminal fragments are affected. Importantly, these changes are not APP isoform dependent. Using deletion constructs, the critical region in LRP that modulates APP processing was mapped to a seven peptide domain around the second NPXY domain (residues 4504-4510). Therefore, we propose a model by which LRP functionally modulates APP processing, including those steps critical for Abeta production, through interactions of the cytosolic domains.
Establishing the Cold Chain: The Work of the United States Food Research Laboratory, 1907–1919

ABSTRACT This paper examines the work of the USDA's Food Research Laboratory on poultry and eggs from 1907–1919. The Laboratory provided a scientific basis for government regulation of the poultry- and egg-processing industries. In particular, the Laboratory, under the direction of a chemist and bacteriologist, Mary Engle Pennington, investigated the effects of refrigeration on poultry meat and eggs and sought to establish an unbroken “cold chain” of refrigerated processing, storage, and transportation facilities stretching from the farmer to the consumer. The resulting government regulation restored consumer confidence in cold-stored foods and enabled markets for fresh poultry and eggs to flourish. This interaction of scientific research, technological change, and government regulation eventually altered what Americans ate by providing and making acceptable fresh poultry and eggs year-round for the first time.
Temperature-dependent behavior of a polycrystalline NiTi shape memory alloy around the transformation regime

The mechanical and microstructural behavior of a polycrystalline Ni49.9Ti50.1 (at.%) shape memory alloy was investigated as a function of temperature around the transformation regime. The bulk macroscopic responses, measured using ex situ tensile deformation and impulse excitation tests, were compared to the microstructural evolution captured using in situ neutron diffraction. The onset stress for inelastic deformation and dynamic Young’s modulus were found to decrease with temperature in the martensite regime followed by an increase starting near the austenite start temperature, attributed to the reverse transformation.