cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and treatment of corticobasal degeneration.

Corticobasal degeneration is a pathologic entity. Presenting clinical phenotypes include corticobasal syndrome (CBS), frontal behavioral spatial syndrome, aphasia, progressive supranuclear palsy-like syndrome (PSPS), and a predominantly cognitive phenotype often mistaken for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Treatment of CBD is symptomatic, particularly given recently negative neuroprotective studies. Given the relentless progression in CBD, all interested patients should be offered the opportunity to enroll in clinical neuroprotective trials as they arise. For symptomatic therapy, treatment options are necessarily based on evidence from other disorders given the lack of studies in CBD. In patients with CBS and PSPS, parkinsonism is treated with levodopa/carbidopa. This generally has modest and transient benefits at best and often results in no improvement. Botulinum toxin injections are the treatment of choice for limb dystonia. Clonazepam and levetiracetam are commonly used for myoclonus. Physical therapy is an important part of motor treatment, particularly for fall prevention strategies and assist device assessment. Whether medications such as cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine have any role in CBD is unclear given the various responses described in related phenotypes and diseases. Treating the behavioral symptoms associated with CBD is critical in an attempt to treat symptoms for which we have good pharmacologic interventions and to hopefully improve quality of life. General supportive care is important, including assessing for sores related to dystonia or immobility, monitoring dysphagia, and identifying needs for support services. Finally, as with other relentlessly progressive neurodegenerative diseases, it is critical to provide family and caregiver support and to assess for when palliative care services will serve the patient best.
Re-irradiation for Spinal Metastases: A Single-Institution Series Examining Radiation Myelopathy and Disease Outcomes

Results: A total of 58 physicians (73%) responded. Of these, 32 (55%), 23 (40%), and 22 (38%) agreed to use the proposed short-, medium-, and long schedule radiation therapy, respectively, in case 1 (p Z 0.14). These numbers were 39 (67%), 24 (41%), and 12 (21%) for case 2 (p < 0.001), and 52 (90%), 9 (16%), and 1 (2%) for case 3 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Treatment schedules may influence a physician’s decision to choose radiation therapy for pain relief in patients with a relatively poor prognosis. Some patients who cannot receive radiation therapy over 1 to 2 weeks can undergo single-fraction palliative radiation therapy. Use of the short schedule increases the number of patients who can receive palliative radiation therapy. Author Disclosure: T. Saito: None. T. Toyofuku: None. R. Toya: None. A. Semba: None. Y. Fukugawa: None. T. Matsuyama: None. N. Oya: None.
Regulation of the biosynthesis of 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3: A complex intracellular process

Both 22:4n-6 and 22:5n-3 are synthesized from n-6 and n-3 fatty acid precursors in the endoplasmic reticulum. The synthesis of both 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3 requires that 22:4n-6 and 22:5n-3 are metabolized, respectively, to 24:5n-6 and 24:6n-3 in the endoplasmic reticulum. These two 24-carbon acids must then move to peroxisomes for partial degradation followed by the movement of 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3 back to the endoplasmic reticulum for use as substrates in membrane lipid biosynthesis. Clearly an understanding of the control of intracellular fatty acid movement as well as of the reactions carried out by microsomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria are all required in order to understand not only what regulates the biosynthesis of 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3 but also why most tissue lipids selectively accumulate 22:6n-3.
Direct analysis of lipids and small metabolites in mouse brain tissue by AP IR-MALDI and reactive LAESI mass spectrometry

Ambient analysis of metabolites and lipids from unprocessed animal tissue by mass spectrometry remains a challenge. The utility of the two novel ambient ionization techniques – atmospheric pressure infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (AP IR-MALDI) and laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) – is demonstrated for the direct mass spectrometric analysis of lipids and other metabolites from mouse brain. Major brain lipids including cholesterol, various phospholipid species (glycerophosphocholines, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamines) along with numerous metabolites, for example γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), creatine and choline, were identified in a typical mass spectrum. In a new ionization modality of LAESI, termed reactive LAESI, in-plume reactions with a solute of choice (lithium sulfate) enhanced structure-specific fragmentation of lipid ions for improved molecular assignment in collision-activated dissociation experiments. In-plume processes in reactive LAESI provide additional structural information without contaminating the biological sample with the reactant.
An architecture for the direct execution of the Forth programming language

We have developed a simple direct execution architecture for a 32 bit Forth microprocessor. The processor can directly access a linear address space of over 4 gigawords. Two instruction types are defined; a subroutine call, and a user defined microcode instruction. On-chip stack caches allow most Forth primitives to execute in a single cycle.
Energy ratios in medium and heavy mass nuclei. Signatures of coexisting configurations

Abstract Energy ratios of low-lying 2+, 4+ and 6+ states are examined for several regions of the periodic table. A linear function of R ( 4 2 ) characterizes R( 6 4 ) for nearly all collective nuclei with A > 60. Deviations from this smooth systematic behavior provide a signature of coexisting collective and non-collective configurations in theyrast excitations.
Role of brush border Na+/H+ exchange in canine ileal absorption

Na+/H+ exchanger isoforms have been identified in mammalian intestinal enterocytes and cloned: NHE1 on the basolateral membrane regulating intracellular pH; and NHE2 and NHE3 on the brush border serving transcellular absorption of Na+, NHE1 and NHE2 are much more sensitive to inhibition by amiloride than NHE3, theirin vitro IC50s for amiloride being 1 μM, 1 μM and 39 μM, respectively. This study tested the hypothesis that the brush border NHE3 isoform plays the predominant role in basal and meal-stimulated ileal absorption. Absorption studies (N=72) were performed in dogs with 25-cm ileal Thiry-Vella fistulae. Six groups were studied over 4 hr. Perfusion with [14C]PEG and 140 mM Na+ was used to calculate absorption of water, ions, and glucose. Luminal amiloride was administered from the second to the fourth hours at doses of 20 μM in groups 3 and 4 to inhibit NHE1 and NHE2, and 1 mM in groups 5 and 6 to also inhibit NHE3. A 480-kcal canine meal was ingested after the second hour in groups 2, 4, and 6. Meal ingestion was followed by significant increases in water and electrolyte absorption. Amiloride (1 mM) caused significant reductions in basal and meal-stimulated ileal absorption, while the 20 μM dose had no effect on either. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that NHE3, but not NHE2, is involved in basal and meal-stimulated ileal water and Na+ absorption.
A New Equivalent Reynolds Number Model for Condensation in Smooth Tubes

In 1959, Akers et al. developed an in-tube condensation model, which defines the all-liquid flow rate that provides the same heat transfer coefficient as an annular condensing flow. This liquid flow rate was expressed by an equivalents Reynolds number and used in a single-phase, turbulent flow equation to predict the condensation coefficient. However, the assumptions on which the equivalent Reynolds number is based are shown in the present work to be faulty. This results in the underprediction of many researchers' data. A new equivalent Reynolds number model, based on the heat-momentum analogy, is developed in this study. This model is then shown to predict the experimental Nusselt number of 1197 data points from 18 sources with an average deviation of 13.64 percent. The data are for tube internal diameters between 3.14 and 20 mm.
What Jane Austen Read (in the Hampshire Chronicle)

This essay considers the Hampshire Chronicle, and the provincial newspaper in general, as a context for reading Austen. If the provincial newspaper would appear to afford a sharper framework for the historical interpretation of Austen’s novels, the Hampshire Chronicle and the history of the provincial press instead raise larger questions about the constitution of ‘the local’ in the early nineteenth century and suggest a different basis for understanding the significance of Austen’s focus on everyday life.
Caregiver cognitive status and potentially harmful caregiver behavior

The association between caregiver cognitive status and potentially harmful caregiver behavior was assessed in a sample of 180 caregiver-care recipient dyads. Compromised cognitive status was identified in 39% of these informal caregivers. Beyond variance explained by demographic factors, amount of care provided, care recipient cognitive status, and caregiver depressed affect, care recipients reported more frequently being subjected to potentially harmful caregiver behavior when their caregivers evidenced compromised cognitive status. While preliminary, critical areas of caregiver cognition appeared to be deficits in language comprehension and memory. Results indicate that compromised cognitive status is common among informal caregivers of impaired elders and that this may adversely influence the quality of care they provide.
A farm-level study of labor use and efficiency wages in Indian agriculture

Abstract This paper develops a microeconometric model of farm behavior and examines labor allocation and productivity in an institutional setting where markets are noncompetitive, farms face external constraints in input use decisions and prices, especially wages, may not be exogenously given. We use a farm-level data collected by Agro-Economic Research Center, West Bengal, India for this purpose. The unique feature of the dataset is that it contains information on farm-specific inputs and outputs as well as variables like education, off-farm income, regional location of each farm, etc. The data comes from rural areas of West Bengal where noneconomic constraints are abundant. This gives us an opportunity to test the presence of both efficiency wages and distortions.
Studies on neuromuscular responses to long-term axonal colchicine treatment.

Abstract An attempt has been made to study long-term effects of low concentrations of colchicine on synaptic plasticity at the rat neuromuscular junction. In contrast to earlier studies, only minor electron microscopical changes were seen in intra-axonal contents, but fibrillation and occasional slight spread of acetylcholine sensitivity were seen in the colchicine-treated preparation. Reinnervation, cross innervation, and hyperinnervation proceeded in the normal way. No dual innervation was found. Attachment of an accessory nerve produced weight gain, stronger twitches, and shortening of contraction time. The results suggest that, to interfere with the various neurotrophic functions studied, a disturbance in axoplasmic flow must be precisely timed or that neurotubules must be permanently destroyed.
Complexes between uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.

We have examined the effects of two weak acid uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, 2,4-dinitrophenol and 5,6-dichloro-2-trifluoromethyl-benzimidazole, on the electrical properties of phospholipid bilayer membranes. All the effects they produce are consistent with the charged permeant species being a HA 2 − complex formed between the neutral acid HA and its anion A− and the current in the aqueous phases being carried by buffered hydrogen ions. When both uncouplers are present simultaneously, all the evidence we have obtained is consistent with the charged permeant species being a HAB− complex formed between the neutral acid HA of one uncoupler and the anion B− of the other. It was necessary, however, to take into account interfacial processes and the unstirred layers adjacent to the membrane, the adsorption of anions to the bilayer and the buffer level in the aqueous phases to explain the results in terms of this model. The degree to which these factors will complicate a comparison of results obtained on artificial systems and mitochondria is also discussed.
Preparation of aluminum sulfide

Abstract Three methods are described for the preparation of α-Al 2 S 3 . These are the direct sulfidation of Al, chemical vapor transport and a new AlI 3 flux growth method.
Langmuir adsorption, the gibbs adsorption isotherm, and interfacial kinetics in liquid metal systems

The adsorption of strongly surface active solutes is considered in terms of the ideal site-fillageor Langmuir isotherm. The resulting equation for the depression of surface tension of a liquid metal by such a solute is σ P −σ = RTΓ i Emphasis>/o In (1 +Ka i) where σ p − σ is the depression of surface tension of the pure liquid metal, Γ i Emphasis>/o is the saturation coverage by the solute,a i is the bulk activity of the solute, andK is a coverage independent adsorption coefficient. The isotherm is found to give a very good description of the available data for Group VI solutes on several metals. The derived values of the adsorption coefficient are applied to several kinetic studies and they are found to give good relative and possibly absolute measures of the interference by such solutes on interfacial reaction rates. The iron-sulfur system appears to differ, but only by a factor of two. The application of these adsorption coefficients in aiding the interpretation of kinetic studies is considered.
State-dependent respiratory depression elicited by stimulation of the orbital frontal cortex.

Abstract The effect of electrical stimulation of the orbital frontal cortex on respiration was studied in unanesthetized, freely moving cats across sleep-waking states. Single trains of forty 300-μA, 0.5-ms, constant-current pulses at 60 Hz were delivered to the orbital frontal cortex at four points in the respiratory cycle. Stimuli delivered during expiration produced an immediate switch to inspiration. Stimuli delivered during inspiration reduced inspiratory EMG slope and peak EMG amplitude, and prolonged inspiration. Stimuli delivered during early inspiration produced greater effects than stimuli delivered during late inspiration. Stimulation effects were elicited during quiet waking and quiet sleep but not during rapid-eye-movement sleep. These results suggest that the orbital frontal cortex may contribute to respiratory phase switching, and that its influence on brain stem structures is attenuated during rapid-eye-movement sleep.
SU‐FF‐J‐42: Cone Beam CT Based Treatment Planning

Purpose: To evaluate treatment planning based on cone beam CT(CBCT) using latest software on a LINAC 21IX CBCTimaging system. Method and Materials: An anthropomorphic chest phantom having bone, soft tissue, and lung components was used to create and evaluate treatment plans based on conventional CT and CBCTimages. Conventional CTimages of 2.5 mm slice thickness were taken with a GE discovery LS CT/PET system. CBCTimages slices were also reconstructed from flat panel system on a Varian LINAC 21IX. Eclipse treatment planning system was used to compare treatment plans from the conventional CT and CBCTimages. The AAA algorithm was used in the treatment planning system for inhomogeneity correction. Regions of interest around the bone, soft tissue, and lung in both CT and CBCTimages using identical HU threshold values were drawn. Identical targets located in the lung were used in each treatment plan. Analysis of the treatment plans was performed by comparison of geometrical dimensions, total volumes and dose volume histograms of the target and regions of interest. Results: Geometric comparison of actual external spatial dimensions and others in lung and bone were found to be within 1 mm. Volumetric comparison of the regions of interest resulted in a 2.8% difference of the vertebrae, 3.3% of the right lung, and 3.7% of the total external volume. Dosimetric results show similar dose distributions. Dose volume histograms are also comparable. Conclusion: Results demonstrate that treatment planning based on CBCT is feasible. Plans created from CBCTimages are comparable to plans created with conventional CT systems. Conflict of Interest: Partly funded by Prostate Cancer Foundation grant UW 133‐HR30.
Cellular calcium and magnesium metabolism in the pathophysiology and treatment of hypertension and related metabolic disorders

We have investigated the cellular basis for the clinical and epidemiologic linkage of hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), obesity, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and have studied cytosolic free calcium and free magnesium levels in these syndromes. Specifically, intracellular free calcium is elevated and free magnesium is deficient in hypertension, and both are related (directly and inversely, respectively) to the ambient level of blood pressure, to LV mass index (and thus to the degree of cardiac hypertrophy), and to the hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance of essential hypertension. Dynamically, the ability of dietary salt loading to elevate blood pressure corresponds to its ability to elevate cytosolic free calcium and reciprocally to suppress free magnesium levels. Conversely, the ability of calcium channel blockade to reverse salt-induced hypertension is related to its ability to prevent these transmembrane ionic effects. Higher steady-state free calcium or lower free magnesium, or both, are also observed in clinical states linked to hypertension, such as obesity and NIDDM. Oral glucose loading in normal subjects itself elevates free calcium and suppresses free magnesium levels, as does hyperglycemia in vitro. These data suggest an ionic hypothesis of cardiovascular and metabolic disease, in which a generalized defect in cell ion handling is present in all tissues, resulting in higher steady-state free calcium and lower free magnesium levels. In pancreatic beta cells, this would produce hyperinsulinemia; in fat and skeletal muscle, cause peripheral insulin resistance; and in renal tissue, increase proximal sodium resorption and increase urinary calcium excretion--all features of essential hypertension. In vascular smooth muscle, high cytosolic free calcium would increase smooth muscle tone and cause vasoconstriction, and in heart muscle, independent of blood pressure, would increase contractility and predispose to LVH. Therefore, what may appear clinically to be the separate syndromes of hypertension, obesity, and NIDDM may pathophysiologically be different manifestations of the same underlying cellular defect, thus explaining their frequent clinical coexistence. Therapeutically, reversal of this excess free calcium accumulation and/or free magnesium deficit with ion-specific agents, such as calcium channel blocking drugs, may thus ameliorate not only the elevated blood pressure of hypertension but also the concurrent excess morbidity and mortality of the concurrent cardiac, vascular, and metabolic aspects of the hypertensive state.
Laughter Between Two Revolutions: Opera Buffa in Italy, 1831–1848 by Francesco Izzo

To paraphrase Mark Twain, Carl Dahlhaus’s report that Italian opera buffa died with Rossini’s Barbiere, and that Verdi’s Falstaff (1893) and Donizetti’s Don Pasquale (1843) were posthumous works (N...
Demand-side determinants of natural monopoly

The demand price of certain goods or services may vary with the scale or number of producing firms, for any of several reasons. The scale of output may directly affect the character or quality of the product; output may be measured in improperly defined units, through ignorance or necessity; firm scale may affect the magnitude of networking or other costs borne by the consumer; or the balance of market power may be shifted between monoposony and monopoly.
Uncoupling of Inflammation and Insulin Resistance by NF-κB in Transgenic Mice through Elevated Energy Expenditure

To study the metabolic activity of NF-κB, we investigated phenotypes of two different mouse models with elevated NF-κB activities. The transcriptional activity of NF-κB is enhanced either by overexpression of NF-κB p65 (RelA) in aP2-p65 mice or inactivation of NF-κB p50 (NF-κB1) through gene knock-out. In these models, energy expenditure was elevated in day and night time without a change in locomotion. The mice were resistant to adulthood obesity and diet-induced obesity without reduction in food intake. The adipose tissue growth and adipogenesis were inhibited by the elevated NF-κB activity. Peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor γ expression was reduced by NF-κB at the transcriptional level. The two models exhibited elevated inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6) in adipose tissue and serum. However, insulin sensitivity was not reduced by the inflammation in the mice on a chow diet. On a high fat diet, the mice were protected from insulin resistance. The glucose infusion rate was increased more than 30% in the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp test. Our data suggest that the transcription factor NF-κB promotes energy expenditure and inhibits adipose tissue growth. The two effects lead to prevention of adulthood obesity and dietary obesity. The energy expenditure may lead to disassociation of inflammation with insulin resistance. The study indicates that inflammation may prevent insulin resistance by eliminating lipid accumulation.
Factors Influencing the Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Activity of Polyphenols in Oil-in-Water Emulsions

The nonenzymatic oxidation of polyphenols bearing di- and trihydroxyphenol groups results in the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a reactive oxygen species that can potentially compromise the oxidative stability of foods and beverages. An investigation of the factors that promote the oxidation of a model polyphenol, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), was undertaken in a model lipid-based food system. Factors affecting oxidative stability, such as exogenous iron chelators (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; EDTA and 2,2-bipyridine; BPY) and pH (3 and 7) were evaluated in hexadecane and flaxseed oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. At neutral pH, H2O2 levels were observed to rise rapidly in hexadecane emulsions except for EDTA-containing treatments. However, EDTA-containing samples showed the highest rate of EGCG oxidation, suggesting that H2O2 was rapidly reduced to hydroxyl radicals (HO•). Conversely, at pH 3, H2O2 concentrations were lower across all treatments. EDTA conferred the highest degree of EGC...
MECHANISMS OF HEPATIC INJURY IN ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE

Essentially all patients with significant alcoholic liver disease (ALD) have clinical manifestations of malnutrition. 101 Work by Lieber and others, however, has demonstrated that ALD can occur despite adequate nutrition. 85,86 This suggests that the liver injury of ALD is attributable to direct toxic effects of alcohol and its metabolites or the consequences of alcohol metabolism. Major research efforts into these areas have uncovered several potential mechanisms that may play a role in the liver injury of ALD. In all likelihood, several mechanisms operate simultaneously to initiate, potentiate, or perpetuate liver injury once it is initiated in clinical ALD. In addition, the initiating events or factors in alcoholic liver injury and the reasons why some individuals are predisposed to ALD are not known. Although interesting data recently were reported on the mechanisms of liver fibrosis in ALD, alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and acute liver injury are the foci of our discussion because most investigators agree that AH is an intermediate but potentially reversible stage of ALD. It is hoped that further knowledge concerning the pathogenesis of AH will allow the development of more effective treatments for this potentially lethal disease. The concepts of liver injury caused by alcohol-related oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation), immune response (cytokines), fatty acid metabolites, acetaldehyde production (protein–acetaldehyde adduct formation), mitochondrial dysfunction, and synergism of viral liver injuries, have been proposed. 81,145 These are the areas that have received major investigative attention over the past decade and are reviewed in this article.
Does the severity of diabetic retinopathy predict pregnancy outcome

Abstract The authors sought to determine whether the severity of diabetic retinopathy is a predictor of subsequent pregnancy outcome. One hundred and seventy-nine pregnant diabetic women were evaluated in their first trimester of pregnancy. Stereoscopic color photographs of the ocular fundus were taken and graded by the Fundus Photography Reading Center. Thirty-nine women had no retinopathy, while 28 had proliferative retinopathy in the worse eye. The women's history and hospital delivery room charts were reviewed with regard to pregnancy outcome. Thirty-three pregnancies terminated with an adverse outcome. A logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate significant predictors of pregnancy outcome. Of maternal age, duration of diabetes, glycosylated hemoglobin, proteinuria, cigarette smoking status, and severity of diabetic retinopathy, only the last variable significantly predicted an adverse outcome. These data suggest that the severity of retinopathy should be considered when counseling a pregnant diabetic women.
Approximate entropy for all signals

In this study, computer simulation examples consisting of various signals with different complexity were compared. It was found that neither approximate entropy (ApEn) nor sample entropy (SampEn) methods was accurate in measuring signals' complexity when the recommended values (e.g., m = 2 and r = 0.1-0.2 times the standard deviation of the signal) were strictly adhered to. However, when we selected the maximum ApEn value as determined by considering many different r values, we were able to correctly discern a signal's complexity for both synthetic and experimental data. However, this requires that many different choices of r values need to be considered. This is a very cumbersome and time-consuming process. Thus, the primary goal of the present work is to illustrate our recently developed method that can automatically select the appropriate tolerance threshold value r, which corresponds to the maximum ApEn value, without resorting to the calculation of ApEn for each of the threshold values selected in the range of zero and one times the standard deviation.
Role of rafting in the mechanical redistribution of sea ice thickness

[1] Ice draft data derived from upward looking sonar observations collected during a Scientific Ice Expeditions (SCICEX) submarine cruise in the Arctic Ocean have been used to test the ice thickness distribution theory of Thorndike et al. [1975]. Two separate ice draft surveys, 40 days apart, were made during the fall of 1996 in a circular Lagrangian region ∼180 km across. Air temperature and deformation data from buoys in the region were used to force an ice thickness distribution model in an effort to reproduce the changes observed over the 40 day interval. Initial tests with an elementary ridging treatment were unsuccessful in predicting the observed change in the ice thickness distribution. The shape of the distribution suggested that both ridging and rafting of ice were involved in the redistribution process. Modifying the theory to include rafting along with ridging resulted in much improved agreement between the modeled and observed ice thickness distributions. This result, taken together with many other field observations, leads us to believe that rafting is an important component of the mechanical redistribution of ice thickness during the fall.
Effect of thyroid hormone status on the expression of the mRNAs of components of the lipolytic regulatory cascade in brown adipose tissue.

1. 1. The levels of mRNAs for RIIβ and Gβ were about 50% lower in brown adipose tissue (BAT) from hyperthyroid than from hypothyroid rats. 2. 2. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with T3 resulted in a 50% decrease in mRNAs for RIIβ and Gβ in BAT occurring by 12hr after treatment. 3. 3. The levels of mRNAs for hormone-sensitive lipase, Gα5 and Cα in BAT were unchanged by thyroid hormone status. 4. 4. The results suggest that thyroid hormone may be involved in negative regulation of the expression of RIIβ and Gβ at the transcriptional level in BAT.
Localized-orbital description of wave functions and energy bands in semiconductors

Bloch sums constructed of $s$-, $p$-, and $d$-symmetry localized orbitals are used as basis sets for describing the pseudo-wave functions and energy bands of Si, Ge, and GaAs. For a simple four-state-per-atom $s\ensuremath{-}p$ basis set of Slater orbitals, accurate valence and conduction bands are obtained by adjusting the exponential decay constant of the orbitals. With a ten-state-per-atom basis, accurate charge densities and energy bands are calculated using a variational approach.
Studies on Zoapatle VIII: Novel Cytotoxic Sesquiterpene Lactones from Montanoa tomentosa ssp. microcephala

Investigation of the leaves of Montanoa tomentosa Cerv. ssp. microcephala (Sch.-Bip.) Funk (Compositae) resulted in the isolation of three novel guaianolide sesquiterpenes, montacephalin (1), tomencephalin (2), and 5-hydroxytomencephalin (3), which were shown to be cytotoxic (P-388). The structures of these sesquiterpenes were elucidated through analysis of their spectroscopic characteristics, and complete proton and carbon-13 assignments were made for the new compounds. Also isolated were the known terpenes, β-amyrin, β-amyrin acetate, stigmasterol, stigmasterol-3β-d-glucoside, (−)-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid, and monoginoic acid.
Capsids Are Formed in a Mutant Virus Blocked at the Maturation Site of the UL26 and UL26.5 Open Reading Frames of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 but Are Not Formed in a Null Mutant of UL38 (VP19C)

Previously we reported that null mutant viruses of UL19 (VP5) or of UL18 (VP23), essential components of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) capsid shells, do not form precursor capsid structures as judged by sedimentation and electron microscope analysis. A goal of the present experiments was to isolate a null mutant virus for the remaining essential component of capsid shells, VP19C, encoded by the UL38 open reading frame (ORF). Furthermore, we wished to determine if a virus altered in the UL26 maturation cleavage site at residues 610 and 611 produced a lethal phenotype. Therefore, we decided to isolate cell lines that encode and express multiple capsid genes. Several cell lines were isolated by transformation of Vero cells and one designated C32 expressed all of the essential capsid proteins. Using this cell line we isolated a null mutant virus in the UL38 ORF and a mutant virus that was altered at residues 610 and 611 of the UL26 and UL26.5 gene products. We found that the null mutant in VP19C did not form a detectable product as judged by sedimentation and electron microscope analyses following infection of nonpermissive cells. The mutant virus altered at the UL26 maturation site resulted in the accumulation of B capsids. Therefore, cleavage at this site was essential for the maturation of B capsids into C capsids. Interestingly, the absence of cleavage at the maturation site was required for the retention of VP24 in the capsid.
Kinematics and Wear of Tool Blades for Scrap Tire Shredding

The wear of tool blades for cost-effective scrap tire shredding is investigated. Rotary disk cutters are widely used for cutting scrap tires into small pieces. The hard, wear-resistant tool blades mounted on the periphery of disk cutters maintain a narrow gap between blades and generate the cutting action. The kinematics of the relative motion of two adjacent disk cutters is derived to model the overlap region on blades during cutting. The model predictions match well with the actual shapes of the worn regions on used tool blades. The wear of tool blades made of AISI D2 and CRU-WEAR (CW) tool steels for scrap tire shredding is evaluated. A coordinate measurement machine was used to measure the tool wear. The wear on the blade surface is not uniform. Regions with high wear rate are explained using the kinematics analysis. The CW blades show a lower wear rate, about half of that of D2 blades, and a potential choice for cost savings.
The Impact of Fan Attitudes on Intentions to Watch Professional Basketball Teams on Television

The purpose of this study was to examine conditions impacting fans’ preference for watching their most disliked team and their favourite team. Previous work found that National Football League fans clearly preferred watching the favourite team, but only preferred watching the disliked team when it was a threat to the favourite. Using the Psychological Commitment to Team (PCT) scale to segment National Basketball Association fans, the current study found both high and low PCT fans preferred watching the disliked team when it was a threat to the favourite team. However, only high PCT fans preferred watching the disliked team when it was likely to lose. Finally, high PCT fans were more likely to watch the favourite team regardless of the conditions, while low PCT fans were significantly less likely to watch the favourite team when it was likely to lose.
Production of L-malic acid via biocatalysis employing wild-type and respiratory-deficient yeasts.

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used to efficiently produce l-malic acid from fumaric acid. Fumarase is responsible for the reversible conversion of fumaric and l-malic acids in the TCA cycle. To investigate the function of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic fumarase iso-enzymes in l-malic acid bioconversion, a wild-type strain and a cytoplasmic respiratory-deficient mutant devoid of functional mitochondria were employed. The mutant strain, which only contained the cytoplasmic fumarase, was still functional in fumaric acid to l-malic acid bioconversion. However, its specific conversion rate was much lower (0.20 g/g·h) than that of the wild-type strain (0.55 g/g·h).
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; a cost-effective and beneficial treatment option for refractory focal seizures

We report a 24 year old man with a progressive epilepsy characterized by myoclonic, generalized tonic–clonic and increasing focal seizures, progressing into medication-refractory focal status epilepticus (recurrent seizures without full recovery of consciousness), ultimately controlled with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). He was an academically accomplished young man with normal cognitive and physical development. On day 1 of his course, at age 22, he had several myoclonic jerks followed by his first generalized convulsive seizure. At that time, he reported myoclonic jerks for five years prior. His next seizure occurred 8 months later, and was followed by several additional seizures over subsequent days, leading to intensive care unit (ICU) admission and treatment with multiple antiepileptic medications. On continuous EEG monitoring, seizures were seen arising independently from either the left or right occipital pole, before secondarily generalizing. As antiepileptic medications were added, the right occipital focus was controlled, but seizures continued to occur from the left occipital focus. Based on these findings, an atypical progressive myoclonic epilepsy (PME) was suspected. A comprehensive workup was performed (including CSF profile and cultures, paraneoplastic panel, rheumatologic markers, multiple MRIs, muscle biopsy, apocrine gland biopsy, skin exam, retinal exam, small bowel biopsy, celiac antibodies, and 70-gene compre
Clinical anatomy, histology, & pathomechanics of the elbow in sports

Abstract The elbow is an integral link in the athlete's upper extremity function transferring force, position, and load-bearingcapability to the hand. This paper focuses upon the salient clinical anatomy and biomechanics of the elbow relative to specific athletic skills. First, the pertintent anatomy of the elbow will be discussed emphasizing those aspects that are clinically relevant. In the second section, the pathomechanics of the elbow will be reviewed using the throwing motion as the representative athletic skill. An understanding of the functional anatomy and pathomechanics of the elbow will aid in developing a rational approach to the evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation of sports-related injuries.
A comparison of verbal and written language in Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Few studies have examined characteristics of both verbal and written language of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study used parallel measures (picture description, word fluency, spelling to dictation, and confrontational naming) to compare verbal and written language of individuals with mild AD, moderate AD, and normal controls (14 participants per group). Goals were to determine whether verbal/written differences would be exhibited within groups, and to identify measures sensitive to the effects of mild AD. Results showed that increasing AD severity led to decline in performance for most tasks, but only word fluency differentiated subjects with mild AD from normal controls. Confrontational naming was the only task to identify a difference in verbal and written performance for an AD group but not controls; moderate AD subjects performed worse in written naming. Similar verbal and written performance for the spelling to dictation task indicates impairment to central spelling processes in AD. Learning outcomes As a result of this activity, participants will be able to: (1) identify verbal and written language measures which are sensitive to the effects of mild AD; (2) describe similarities and differences in verbal and written language performance among mild AD subjects, moderate AD subjects, and controls; (3) describe how findings may inform clinical practice for individuals with mild AD.
On the Classification of Judaic Laws in the Antiquities of Josephus and the Temple Scroll of Qumran

Yigael Yadin's publication of the Temple Scroll ( ts ) from Qumran is a pioneering work of scholarship that will stimulate a generation of further research. At this relatively early date, most attention naturally will focus on understanding the scroll itself and its place within Qumran literature. Alongside these concerns, however, are many tantalizing prospects for comparative study, through which the literature and life of Qumran might illumine the larger context of Judaism in late antiquity. Clearly, for example, the way TS treats biblical law is of both intrinsic and comparative significance. This study is a preliminary contribution to a fertile area for future investigations.
Melting and recrystallization of PA‐6/PA‐66 blends

The morphology of a number of polyamides (PA)—namely, PA-66, PA-6/PA-66 blends, and PA-6/PA-66 copolymers—prepared from HCOOH solution and from the melt has been examined as well as the effect of annealing. In the blends, the PA-6 crystallizes within the PA-66 spherulites. When prepared from HCOOH solution at 25°C, the PA-66-containing samples show a large exothermic peak before the sample melting peak is observed by DSC. This exothermic peak, which cannot be fully explained by previously known observations, PA recrystallization, and/or the morphology changes we describe here, is not seen for PA-6 or for PA-66 prepared from HCOOH solution at 100°C. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Progress Report on Late Tertiary and Quaternary Ostracod Faunas of Caribbean: ABSTRACT

The lower Miocene ostracod fauna of the Caribbean area (the Gulf Coast, Central America, northern South America, the Antilles, and the Bahamas can be divided into four units: Gulf Coast, the "ashermani"-fauna (Hulingsina, Actinocythereis, Protocytheretta); Central Caribbean, the "antillea"-fauna (Loxoconcha antillea, Hemicythere antillea, Costa spp.); northern South American, the "navis"-fauna (Cativella, Caudites, Basslerites, Pellucistoma), and the more wide-spread "deformis"-fauna (Aurila, Hermanites, Jugosocythereis). These are all shallow-water assemblages. The "ashermani"-fauna spread to the south during Miocene time whereas the "antillea"-and "navis"-fauna moved northward to effect a mixing of the faunas in the Cuban and Guatemalan latitudes. The "ashermani"-fauna id not extend far south of these, and in the Quaternary withdrew northward. The "southern" faunas spread farther north, with the "antillea" element reaching Florida in the upper Miocene, and later withdrawing. The "navis"-fauna extended to the Carolinas, and at present dominates the entire region. Relative movements of these faunas are governed by many factors, including currents, temperature, water-depth, salinity, and bottom sediment among others, End_Page 282------------------------------ but to date sufficient evidence is unavailable for determination of the controlling factor. End_of_Article - Last_Page 283------------
Fine structure changes during chloral hydrate deciliation of Paramecium caudatum.

The mitotic inhibitor chloral hydrate is capable of inducing loss of somatic cilia in Paramecium caudatum. This agent causes initial breakdown of the ciliary filaments at the junction of the cilium with the basal body. The ciliary filaments appear to be separated into small membranous vesicles with a concomitant swelling of the cilium and an adjacent alveolar area bounded by the cell and outer alveolar membranes. Ultimately rupture of the cell membrane results in the release of this vesicular material. The cell membrane returns to an apparently normal condition and the basal bodies and cytoplasmic organelles appear morphologically normal. The basal body retains its terminal plate as well as its axosome granule. Thus, all the structures which appear necessary for normal ciliary regeneration are present. Ciliary loss in Paramecium is temperature dependent with deciliation at 15°C being significantly reduced over that observed at 25°C. Possible mechanisms of chloral hydrate action are discussed.
OPTIMAL SHUNT COMPENSATION FOR UNBALANCED LINEAR LOADS WITH NONSINUSOIDAL SUPPLY VOLTAGES

Abstract This paper presents a solution to an optimal three-phase compensator for power factor correction and load balancing in case where a nonsinusoidal voltage source is feeding a linear unbalanced load. An objective function which consists of energy loss and compensator cost with load balancing constraints is formulated. A numerical algorithm that converges directly to the global solution to the problem is proposed. Results of special cases found in the literature are derived from simplifications of the general case considered. Simulation results show that optimal compensation found by neglecting harmonic components may lead to severe resonance problems.
A continuum method for modeling surface tension

In the novel method presented for modeling the effects of surface tension on fluid motion, the interfaces between fluids with different, color-represented properties are finite-thickness transition regions across which the color varies continuously. A force density proportional to the surface curvature of constant color is defined at each point in the transition region; this force-density is normalized in such a way that the conventional description of surface tension on an interface is recovered when the ratio of local transition-reion thickness to local curvature radius approaches zero. The properties of the method are illustrated by computational results for 2D flows.
Looking in the Review Mirror: Factors Affecting Transfer for Urban Community College Students

It is an unfortunate reality that not all students successfully navigate the path from urban community colleges to four-year institutions. Despite the apparent obstacles and odds, some students are successful. This article is the equivalent of reading a book by starting with the last chapter and then reading the rest of the book to find out why the story ended as it did. It begins with a group of students from a large study who actually transferred and then goes back to their community college transcripts and other files to try to determine why they were successful. The study verified the ultimate importance of academic success while in the community college for those aspiring to transfer. The most predictive factor for transfer was taking courses prescribed in a transfer-focused community college curriculum. Successful transfers enrolled and passed courses in transfer-level English and mathematics as well as other courses. The study highlights the importance of academic focus for those aspiring to transfer.
Comparison of Two-Phase Electronic Cooling Using Free Jets and Sprays

The performances of free jets and sprays were compared experimentally in cooling a 12.7 × 12.7 mm 2 chip in order to ascertain the effects of key parameters on cooling performance and to develop correlations ,for critical heat flux (CHF) which are applicable to dielectric coolants. Increasing liquid flow rate and subcooling increased CHF for both cooling schemes. At high subcooling, comparable CHF values were attained with both for equal flow rates. However, spray cooling produced much greater CHF at low subcooling than did jet cooling. This phenomenon was found to be closely related to the hydrodynamic structure of the liquid film deposited upon the chip surface. In jet cooling, the film (wall jet), being anchored to the surface only at the impingement zone, was separated from the surface during vigorous boiling due to the momentum of vapor normal to the surface. The individual spray drops were more effective at securing liquid film contact with the surface at low subcooling, which delayed CHF relative to jet cooling with the same flow rate. This paper also discusses practical concerns associated with implementation of each cooling scheme including system reliability and the risk associated with premature CHF during chip power transients.
Building embedded microchannels using a single layered SU-8, and determining Young's modulus using a laser acoustic technique

In this paper, an innovative method to create embedded microchannels is presented. The presented technology is based on a direct-write technique using a scanning laser system to pattern a single layered SU-8. The enormous flexibility of the scanning laser system can be seen in two key features: the laser pulsing can be controlled spot-by-spot with variable exposure doses, and the laser intensity penetrating into samples can be adjusted by varying the laser focus level. The UV laser direct-write method greatly simplifies the fabrication processes. Moreover, it can be set up in a conventional manufacturing environment without the need for clean room facilities. The second part of this paper describes the underlying theory and method to determine Young's modulus of exposed SU-8 by using a laser acoustic microscopy system. The laser-based ultrasonic technique offers a non-contact, non-destructive means of evaluation and material characterization. This paper will determine Young's modulus of UV exposed SU-8 generated with different exposure doses. Measurements show that Young's modulus is highly dependent on exposure dose. Young's modulus ranges from 3.8 to 5.4 GPa when the thickness of a fully cross-linked SU-8 microbeam varies from 100 to 205 µm with a gradually increased UV exposure dose.