cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1 – Numbers and Arithmetic

Publisher Summary Processing, display, and communication of digital information, that is, information encoded as numbers is accomplished by arithmetic with various kinds of numbers. Such computations are performed with algorithms that are sequences of operations with numbers such as addition, multiplication, and reading and writing digits. Only finite algorithms can be used and these are the procedures in which every operation is performed in a finite time and the algorithm is guaranteed to stop after a finite number of operations. The chapter discusses mathematical properties of integer and floating-point arithmetic. It defines precision and analyzes the propagation of error caused by low-precision computation. A standard computer representation of floats with an explanation of how it aids efficient computation with good control of error propagation is described in the chapter. Most computers distinguish between integers and floating-point numbers or floats, which are approximations to real numbers. Either class is suitable for representing finite-precision information, but floats are somewhat more convenient for computation because the memory needed to store one of them is independent of its magnitude. All computers have a fixed range of representable values for both integers and floats, and have efficient circuitry for arithmetic with numbers in those ranges. More precision is obtained with more complicated arithmetic algorithms that are consequently less efficient.
Easing Off the Gas: Efficient and Equitable Policy for Passenger Vehicle Emissions Reduction

With GHG emissions and atmospheric concentrations of harmful chemical particles continuing to increase, it is imperative today that destructive social and economic tendencies of allowing these levels of pollution to occur must be halted and reversed. A significant contributor to this air pollution globally, and particularly in the United States, are passenger vehicles. Reducing the emissions levels of passenger vehicles in the United States and the resulting pollution costs immediately must be addressed. Various possible policy alternatives to be implemented federally exist, with raising passenger vehicle emissions standards, increasing subsidies for alternative fuel vehicles, and implementing congestion charging zones representing three prominent alternatives. It is suggested in the paper after consideration of effectiveness, efficiency, social equity, financial cost, and organizational and political feasibility that a combination of increased passenger vehicle emissions standards and subsidies for alternative fuel vehicles be implemented. Putting these policy programs in place is shown not only to be feasible, but to be effective and efficient at addressing the goal of reducing passenger vehicle emissions in the United States in a socially equitable manner. By achieving this, we can provide a safer, cleaner country for all residents across the United States of America regardless of geographic location and economic class.
Does tetanus vaccination contribute to reduced severity of the COVID-19 infection?

We present the hypothesis to the scientific community actively designing clinical trials and recommending public health guidelines to control the pandemic that - "Tetanus vaccination may be contributing to reduced severity of the COVID-19 infection" - and urge further research to validate or invalidate the effectiveness of the tetanus toxoid vaccine against COVID-19. This hypothesis was revealed by an explainable artificial intelligence system unleashed on open public biomedical datasets. As a foundation for scientific rigor, we describe the data and the artificial intelligence system, document the provenance and methodology used to derive the hypothesis and also gather potentially relevant data/evidence from recent studies. We conclude that while correlations may not be reason for causation, correlations from multiple sources is more than a serendipitous coincidence that is worthy of further and deeper investigation.
A health-related social needs referral program for Medicaid beneficiaries treated in an emergency department.

Abstract Background Social determinants of health (SDH) play an important role in health outcomes. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of a SDH screening and health-related social needs (HRSNs) referral program in an emergency department (ED) setting with adult Medicaid beneficiaries. Methods Between November 2016 and March 2017 we enrolled adult Medicaid patients in a prospective cohort study. Research assistants (RAs) completed an SDH screening survey with participants and asked them if they needed assistance with HRSNs related to medical, behavioral health, wellness, housing, food, legal and job training issues. RAs referred participants to community-based organizations (CBO) for their top three HRSNs. Patients referred to at least one CBO were phoned a month later to determine whether their HRSN was addressed and CBOs also reported their assistance rates within four months of the ED visit. Results Of the 505 patients enrolled, 69% were female, 82% completed high school, and 57% reported working. Most participants (85%) requested assistance for at least one HRSN. Almost half (44%) received referrals to three different agencies. Help with housing (70%), medical issues (51%), and finding food (42%) were the most common. Among the 430 subjects referred to ≥1 agency, 76% completed the follow-up interview. Few patients reported receiving help from the referral agencies (5% for a wellness program to 15% for medical services). Referral agencies generally reported even lower assistance rates (0% for job training to 17% for medical services). Conclusion The majority of adult Medicaid patients treated in our ED wanted assistance with one or more HRSN. The passive referral system we implemented resulted in few patients receiving assistance from the referral agency, regardless of whether measured by self-report or by agency.
Impact of pulsation rate and viscosity on taste perception - Application of a porous medium model for human tongue surface.

Abstract Background Temporal dynamics may importantly modulate sensory perception, including taste. For example, enhanced perceived taste intensity is often observed when tastant concentration is fluctuating in pulses. The perceived intensity is higher than that of the solutions with a same averaged, but constant concentrations. Meanwhile, taste intensity often decreases with increase of tastant viscosity, despite no changes to the stimuli concentration. The mechanisms to these phenomena are not well understood, in part due to the complicated transport process of tastant through papillae, taste pores, etc. to reach the taste receptors, a cascade of events that are difficult to quantify. Method We computationally modeled the human tongue surface as a porous micro-fiber medium, extending a previous study and exposed it to pulsatile tastant solution (0.2 and 0.4Hz) with various added viscosity (~0.0011–~0.09 Pa⋅s). Results Our simulation revealed that the stimuli concentration within the papillae structure increase with pulsed stimulation, especially those with a longer period (16% increase at 0.4Hz and 23% at 0.2Hz compared to continuous stimuli) and decrease (−6%) with added viscosity. The trend matched well with measured taste perception to sucrose added apple juice in the literature (R2 > 0.97 for both low and high viscosity stimuli series). Decreased diffusivity due to the increase in viscosity, however, was not a major factor underlying this process. Conclusion This study re-affirms the validity and accuracy of modeling human tongue surface as a porous medium to investigate taste stimuli transport processes and such peripheral transport dynamics may have significant effects on taste perception.
Surprising Condensation Reactions of the Azadithiolate Cofactor

Azadithiolate, a cofactor found in all [FeFe]-hydrogenases, is shown to undergo acid-catalyzed rearrangement.nn Fe2[(SCH2)2NH](CO)6nself-condenses to give Fe6[(SCH2)3N]2(CO)17. The reaction, which is driven by loss of NH4+, illustrates the exchange of the amine group. X-ray crystallography reveals that three Fe2(SR)2(CO)xnbutterfly subunits interconnected by the aminotrithiolate [N(CH2S)3]3-. Mechanistic studies reveal that Fe2[(SCH2)2NR](CO)6nparticipate in a range of amine exchange reactions, enabling new methodologies for modifying the adt cofactor.nn.nnRu2[(SCH2)2NH](CO)6nalso rearranges, but proceeds further to give derivatives with Ru-alkyl bonds Ru6[(SCH2)3N][(SCH2)2NCH2]S(CO)17nandn [Ru2[(SCH2)2NCH2](CO)5]2S , featuring Ru-alkyl bonds. .
Pharmacist provider status: Geoprocessing analysis of pharmacy locations, medically underserved areas, populations, and health professional shortage areas.

Abstract Background Payment reform for pharmacists is both an important and urgent issue that needs to be addressed. Objective(s) The purpose of this paper is to assess the use of medically underserved areas, medically underserved populations, and primary care health professional shortage areas in The Pharmacy and Medically Underserved Areas Enhancement Act; and provide policy recommendations for national pharmacy associations to achieve provider status. Methods Pharmacy location addresses were determined using public domain data from the National Plan & Provider Enumeration System (NPPES) National Provider Identifier (NPI) Registry. Medically Underserved Areas/Populations (MUAs/MUPs) and Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs) were gathered through public data provided by the Health Resources and Services Administration as Keyhole Markup Language (KML) files. Addresses and KML files were analyzed and mapped using the geographic information software, QGIS. A series of maps depicting the location of all MUAs/MUPs, HPSAs, HPSA facility locations, and community pharmacy locations in the U.S. were then created. These maps were overlayed, and geoprocessing tools were used to create the analysis. Results After analyzing all community pharmacy locations in the United States, we found that only 56% are located within a current MUA/MUP or HPSA. The percentage of pharmacies in healthcare underserved areas differs widely between states from the lowest in New Jersey of 18.26% of pharmacies to the highest of Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and the Virgin Islands with 100% of pharmacies. Conclusions Aligning the pharmacist business model to be comparable to other health care professionals will ensure patients receive access to pharmacist-provided cognitive patient care services, which have higher value than product-centered services. Future attempts to recognize pharmacists as providers and allow for their reimbursement under Medicare Part B should consider strategies to increase the number of pharmacists that are eligible to participate in order to exemplify value to the public and elected leaders.
Hybrid quantum systems composed of superconducting qubits, nanomechanics, and transmission line metamaterials

Hybrid quantum interconnects and processor components are likely to play an important role in future scalable quantum communication and computation networks. In this talk, I will outline several nascent ideas for a new type of hybrid system, composed of mechanical elements, superconducting metamaterials, and superconducting qubits, which could be applicable to quantum transduction and memory functions. Before introducing these new ideas, I will start with a summary of recent incipient work at Syracuse that has inspired them. My summary will include a brief overview of efforts in the LaHaye group to investigate interactions between a superconducting transmon qubit and UHF nanomechanical element1; as well, I will highlight work conducted concomitantly and independently by the Plourde group to study the mode structure2 and cQED interactions of a superconducting metamaterial transmission line. The talk will then conclude with an overview of related ideas to utilize qubit-coupled nanoresonator architectures as platforms for quantum simulation.
Lower extremity strength, systemic inflammation and all-cause mortality: Application to the "fat but fit" paradigm using cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.

Abstract Background No study has applied the “fat-but-fit” paradigm with respect to muscular strength as an index of fitness, despite muscular strength being independently associated with functional ability and mortality. Purpose To examine the relationship between lower extremity muscular strength, C-reactive protein (CRP), and all-cause mortality among normal weight, overweight and obese individuals. Methods Data from the 1999–2002 NHANES were used (N = 2740 adults; ≥ 50 years). CRP values were obtained from a blood sample. Lower body isokinetic knee extensor strength (IKES) was assessed using a Kin Kom MP isokinetic dynamometer. Participant data was linked to death certificate data from the National Death Index to ascertain all-cause mortality status. Participants were classified, based on body mass index (BMI) and strength as: normal weight and unfit ( Results Independent of physical activity and other confounders, compared to those who were normal weight and unfit, unfit overweight (β = .14, p = 0.009), unfit obese (β = .33, p Conclusions These finding suggest that increased lower body strength, independent of physical activity, may reduce premature all-cause mortality and attenuate systemic inflammation among overweight adults.
Beyond "Do you feel safe at home?" The physician's role in reducing intimate partner homicide.

Each year, more than a thousand women in the United States die as a result of intimate partner homicide. Firearms are involved in 60 percent of these murders. This article reviews the role firearms play in domestic violence and suggests actions physicians can take to reduce intimate partner homicide involving them. In addition to screening patients for domestic abuse, physicians can strive to improve data collection on intimate partner violence, foster better communication between victims and the police, and support policies that hold police officers and prosecutors accountable for taking guns out of the hands of abusers. Language: en
Deposition Patterns of Aerosolized Drugs Within Human Lungs: Effects of Ventilatory Parameters

A mathematical model for inhaled aerosolized drugs is validated by comparisons of predicted particle deposition values with experimental data from adult subject inhalation exposure tests. The model is subsequently used to study the effects of ventilatory parameters on particle deposition patterns within the human lung. By altering breathing profiles, deposition values can be affected regarding quantity delivered and spatial location. Increased tidal volumes and breath-holding times increase deposition in the pulmonary region, while increased inspiratory flow rates increase deposition in the tracheobronchial region. Based upon fluid dynamics considerations (Reynolds numbers), an original method of partitioning the lung is also presented. The model has implications with regard to aerosol therapy, indicating that the efficacies of inhaled pharmacological drugs in the prophylaxis and treatment of airway diseases can be improved by regulating breathing profiles to deposit particles selectively at prescribed sites within the lung.
Improving the Performance of OLAP Queries Using Families of Statistics Trees

We present a novel approach to speeding up the evaluation of OLAP queries that return aggregates over dimensions containing hierarchies. Our approach is based on our previous version of CubiST (Cubing with Statistics Trees), which pre-computes and stores all possible aggregate views in the leaves of a statistics tree during a one-time scan of the data. However, it uses a single statistics tree to answer all possible OLAP queries. Our new version remedies this limitation by materializing a family of derived trees from the single statistics tree. Given an input query, our new query evaluation algorithm selects the smallest tree in the family which can provide the answer. Our experiments have shown drastic reductions in processing times compared with the original CubiST as well as existing ROLAP and MOLAP systems.
The Blue Star Clusters of M 31

CCD images in UBVR of 33 star clusters in the disk of M31 show them to be mainly bright and very young. Few cataloged clusters in the disk are likely to be as old as 109 years.
Factors Affecting Fish Growth and Production

The health and subsequent growth of fish are directly related to the quality of water in which the fish are raised. In general, factors affecting fish growth and production in freshwater aquatic systems can be classified as physical, chemical/biochemical, or a combination thereof. The physical properties of water that are important to fish production and growth include temperature and the concentrations of suspended and settleable solids; important chemical parameters include pH, alkalinity, hardness, and metals. Water temperature is one of the most important physical factors affecting fish growth and production. Fish are cold-blooded animals which assume approximately the same temperature as their surroundings. Typically, fish are classified broadly as cold, cool, or warm water, depending on their tolerance for particular temperature ranges. Within each temperature classification, fish survival is bounded by an upper and lower temperature, between which an optimum temperature for growth exists. When temperatures vary outside the optimum range, decreased tolerance to changes in water quality constituents (particularly metabolites such as ammonia) and a decrease in immunological response can occur. Consequently, decreased growth/productivity and in some cases, mortalities, may result, depending on the magnitude of the deviation from the optimum temperature. For example, the survivable temperature range for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is ∼1 to 26°C. However, depending on the reference source, the “optimum” temperature range for growth is 13 to 21°C. Keywords: freshwater fish; fish production; fish growth; effects of pH; effects of temperature; effects of solids; effects of dissolved oxygen; effects of alkalinity and hardness; effects of dissolved metals; effects of nitrogen species; speciation of dissolved ions; ionic strength effects on dissolved ion concentrations
The F-type ATPase in Cyanobacteria: Pivotal Point in the Evolution of a Universal Enzyme

The structure and mechanism of the F1F0-ATPase from cyanobacteria shares several characteristics with the chloroplast enzyme but also resembles a bacterial ATPase in many ways. The overall subunit composition and organization of the enzyme appear closely similar in all organisms. The F1 substructure is composed of three heterodimers of α and β subunits in which the β subunits are somewhat more distal from the membrane. Comparison of the organization of the genes encoding these subunits in cyanobacteria with that found in other species supports the hypothesis that two events occurred in the divergence of bacteria from cyanobacteria: (i) separation of the atp1 and atp2 operons and; (ii) the duplication and divergence of the gene for the b subunit into b and b′. The b, b’ and e subunits are each thought to bind to one of the three heterodimers to make an asymmetric complex. The γ subunit is also associated with the heterodimers in an asymmetric manner.
Physical activity and gestational weight gain in Hispanic women.

Objective Hispanic women have high rates of excessive and inadequate gestational weight gain (GWG) according to Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines. Observational studies suggest that physical activity may be associated with GWG but have been conflicting and were largely conducted in non-Hispanic white populations. Methods The association between physical activity and compliance with GWG guidelines, total GWG, and rate of GWG among 1,276 Hispanic participants in Proyecto Buena Salud, a cohort study in Western Massachusetts was prospectively evaluated. The Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess pre, early, mid, and late pregnancy physical activity according to both intensity (i.e., sedentary, moderate, and vigorous) and type (i.e., housework/caregiving, occupational, and sports/exercise). Results A total of 26.9% of women gained within IOM guidelines, 21.2% had inadequate GWG, and 51.9% experienced excessive GWG. Overall, we did not observe statistically significant associations between type or intensity of physical activity during pre, early, mid, and late pregnancy and inadequate or excessive GWG, total GWG, or rate of GWG. Conclusions In this prospective cohort study of Hispanic women, after controlling for important risk factors, pregnancy physical activity did not appear to be associated with GWG.
A systematic approach to interconnect modeling and process monitoring

This paper describes a systematic approach to the use of electrical measurements for interconnect modeling and process monitoring. A fast and area efficient technique to measure interconnect capacitance in a scribe line is discussed. The benefits of this technique in monitoring interconnect process, and in fanning out technology to multiple fabs, in monitoring wafer-to-wafer/lot-to-lot variations and in accurate modeling of capacitance are illustrated using the results from 130 nm copper technology.
Playing Games with International Relations

After reviewing the advantages and disadvantages in using simulations to teach International Relations, this paper develops pedagogy for using simulations to teach International Relations (IR) theory. After discussing methods for integrating simulations into a class on IR theory the paper then goes on to present three simulations and the theories that they can be used to teach. The three simulations are the Classical Realism Game, Prisoner’s Dilemma to the N th degree, and Diplomacy. Finally, the three simulations are compared.
Kinetic Theory for the OCP Crystal

The problem of formulating a kinetic theory for systems with possible broken symmetry is considered. It is shown that to a large extent fluid and crystal phases can be treated on a common ground, with the primary differences occuring via the continuum fields of hydrodynamics or elasticity.
Economic Consequences and Lack of Respite Care

The study examined the influence of a lack of availability of respite care on the careers of 574 parents having children with disabilities. Among these parents, there was a relationship between age of child, severity of disability, and parents missing hours of work or passing up occupational opportunities. These findings have implications for advocating more available and accessible respite services and more in-depth study of the cost effectiveness of respite care on parental income and career progression.
A boundary layer phenomenon associated with point defect trapping

Abstract Under constant irradiation, immobile point defect traps acquire a time-independent sink strength which is a function of the mean occupation probability of each trap in the steady state. This probability varies with the distance of the trap from either the free surface of the sample or from internal grain boundaries. A steady state solution of this problem is determined. As a guide to further studies, an approximate model is also developed wherein the system is essentially decomposed into two phases. This model is comprised of a boundary layer, in which the occupation probability assumes the value appropriate to thermal equilibrium at the ambient temperature, and a bulk phase in which the probability has the value appropriate to an infinite system and the prescribed displacement rate. Estimates of the boundary layer thickness are given for one chosen set of point defect parameters. In this case the thickness is ~10−100 nm. The analysis is predicated upon intrinsic self-interstitial-vacancy bulk recombination being negligible. The limitations placed upon the theory by this approximation are also discussed.
Out of control: diminished prefrontal activity coincides with impaired motor performance due to choking under pressure.

There are three non-exclusive theoretical explanations for the paradoxical collapse of performance due to large financial incentives. It has been proposed that “choking under pressure” is either due to distraction, interference via an increase in top-down control and performance monitoring, or excessive levels of arousal in the face of large losses. Given the known neural architecture involved in executive control and reward, we used fMRI of human participants during incentivized motor performance to provide evidence to support and/or reconcile these competing models in a visuomotor task. We show that the execution of a pre-trained motor task during neuroimaging is impaired by high rewards. BOLD activity occurring prior to movement onset is increased in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and functional connectivity between this region and motor cortex is likewise increased just prior to choking. However, the extent of this increase in functional connectivity is inversely related to a participant's propensity to choke, suggesting that a failure in exerting top-down influence on motor control underlies choking under pressure due to large incentives. These results are consistent with a distraction account of choking and suggest that frontal influences on motor activity are necessary to protect performance from vulnerability under pressure.
The heritability of gestational age in a two-million member cohort: Implications for spontaneous preterm birth

Preterm birth (PTB), defined as birth prior to a gestational age (GA) of 37 completed weeks, affects more than 10% of births worldwide. PTB is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and is associated with a broad spectrum of lifelong morbidity in survivors. The etiology of spontaneous PTB (SPTB) is complex and has an important genetic component. Previous studies have compared monozygotic and dizygotic twin mothers and their families to estimate the heritability of SPTB, but these approaches cannot separate the relative contributions of the maternal and the fetal genomes to GA or SPTB. Using the Utah Population Database, we assessed the heritability of GA in more than 2 million post-1945 Utah births, the largest familial GA dataset ever assembled. We estimated a narrow-sense heritability of 13.3% for GA and a broad-sense heritability of 24.5%. A maternal effect (which includes the effect of the maternal genome) accounts for 15.2% of the variance of GA, and the remaining 60.3% is contributed by individual environmental effects. Given the relatively low heritability of GA and SPTB in the general population, multiplex SPTB pedigrees are likely to provide more power for gene detection than will samples of unrelated individuals. Furthermore, nongenetic factors provide important targets for therapeutic intervention.
Entomopathogenic nematodes and neonicotinoids for remedial control of oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in highbush blueberry

Abstract A series of greenhouse and field assays evaluated two entomopathogenic nematode species and two neonicotinoid insecticides for remedial control of third-instar oriental beetle, Anomala (= Exomala ) orientalis (Waterhouse), in highbush blueberry. In two greenhouse and two field assays, Steinernema scarabaei Stock & Koppenhofer provided 50–95% control, the effect of imidacloprid varied from no effect to 60% control, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and thiamethoxam were ineffective. The combination of imidacloprid with S. scarabaei or H. bacteriophora was not more effective than the better of imidacloprid or nematode alone. S. scarabaei , should it become commercially available, could be an effective and economic alternative to preventive control with imidacloprid.
Moisture-Resistant and Superhydrophobic Metal−Organic Frameworks Obtained via Postsynthetic Modification

Postsynthetic covalent modification of metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) with long alkyl substituents is shown to protect these materials against moisture. These MOFs, which normally display hydrophilic properties, are readily converted into hydrophobic or superhydrophobic materials. Overcoming the inherent sensitivity of MOFs to water represents a major step forward in their widespread use in technology applications.
The Study of Testing Technologies on Energy Consumption of Mass Storage System

By analyzing the function structure of mass storage system comprehensively, we decompose the whole system into some single equipment by its own function. Then analyze the device working principle to analysis and description the method of equipment energy consumption. And according to the result, test the cluster system in the lab environment.
Repetitive Thought and Health Anxiety: Tests of Specificity

Researchers suggest that worry, rumination, and unwanted intrusive thoughts are forms of repetitive thought (RT) important to health anxiety. To better understand RT-health anxiety interrelations, four tests of specificity between these three forms of RT and health anxiety were completed in the present research using a large community sample of medically healthy adults (N = 410). Results were that worry and rumination shared particularly strong zero-order correlations with health anxiety. In addition, worry, rumination, and unwanted intrusive thoughts each shared statistically stronger zero-order correlations with health anxiety than did another form of RT (i.e., reflection). Moreover, worry, rumination, and unwanted intrusive thoughts each shared unique relations with health anxiety after accounting for negative affect. Finally, these three forms of RT each evidenced incremental validity beyond one another as they relate to health anxiety. The pattern of relations was replicated across three commonly used measures of health anxiety. Implications for the conceptualization, assessment, and treatment of health anxiety are discussed.
Helping, Self-Attribution, and the Size of an Initial Request

Summary A field experiment was conducted to test whether insufficient justification and prior compliance are sufficient to cause the “foot-in-the-door” phenomenon in helping situations. It was hypothesized that the size of the initial request is also critical, since too large an initial request could cause Ss to feel that they had “done their good deed for the day” and thus inhibit further helping. Seventy-five middle aged male shoppers were first approached by a female confederate (C) who asked either simple (small request) or complicated (large request) directions. Subsequently, a male C dropped a bag of groceries in the path of the S. The measure of helping was whether or not the S assisted the C in picking up the groceries. As predicted, significantly fewer Ss who initially complied with the large request helped the second C.
Elucidating second coordination sphere effects in heme proteins using low-temperature magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy.

Abstract This paper reviews recent findings on how the second coordination sphere of heme proteins fine-tunes the properties of the heme active site via hydrogen bonding. This insight is obtained from low-temperature magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy. In the case of high-spin ferric hemes, MCD spectroscopy allows for the identification of a multitude of charge-transfer (CT) transitions. Using optically-detected magnetic saturation curves, out-of-plane polarized CT transitions between the heme and its axial ligand(s) can be identified. In the case of ferric Cytochrome P450cam, the corresponding S(σ) → Fe(III) CT transition can be used as a probe for the {Fe(III)–axial ligand} interaction, indicating that the hydrogen bonding network of the proximal Cys only plays a limited role for fine-tuning the Fe(III)–S(Cys) interaction. In the case of high-spin ferrous hemes with axial His/imidazole coordination, our MCD-spectroscopic investigations have uncovered a direct correlation between the strength of the hydrogen bond to the proximal imidazole ligand and the ground state of the complexes. With neutral imidazole coordination, the doubly occupied d-orbital of high-spin iron(II) is of d π character, located orthogonal to the heme plane. As the strength of the hydrogen bond increases, this orbital rotates into the heme plane, changing the ground state of the complex.
Abstract 2950: miR-34 preventsin vivolung tumor initiation and progression in the therapeutically resistant Kras;p53 mouse model

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Lung cancer represents the leading cause of cancers deaths in men and women worldwide, and current therapies fail to treat this disease in the overwhelming majority of cases. The RAS and p53 pathways are two of the most frequently genetically modified pathways in lung cancers. Alterations in both result in loss of responsiveness to current therapies leading to decreased overall patient survival. Because the microRNA, mir-34 is a downstream transcriptional target of p53, which is reduced in its expression in p53 null tumors, we hypothesized that targeting Kras;p53 tumors with miR-34 would represent a novel yet powerful therapeutic to suppress lung tumorigenesis. To this end we have made use of the therapeutically resistant KrasLSL-G12D/+;p53LSL-R172H/+ mouse model of lung cancer. In this work we characterized the tumor progression in these mice following transgene activation specifically in the lung through intratracheal administration of adenoviral particles expressing cre recombinase. We note that adenocarcinomas are evident as early as 10 weeks following cre-recombination with severe lung inflammation presenting at 22 weeks. Epithelial cells from these tumors were harvested and cultured in vitro where they remain propagating, currently at passage 45. All three lines generated support growth in soft agar assays and are invasive based on transwell migration assays. Because of the pro-apoptotic effects of miR-34, we transduced the cells with miR-34-expressing lentivirus. Transduced cells responded with reduced proliferation and decreased migration. Based on these promising results we began two series of in vivo experiments. We first assessed the contribution of miR-34 to prevent tumor formation in KrasLSL-G12D/+;p53LSL-R172H/+ mice. Animals that were treated with miR-34 at the same time as cre-induced recombination of transgenes show little to no evidence of tumorigenesis at 19 weeks, while control animals had multiple nodules that represented ∼8% of the total lung area. The second series of in vivo experiments evaluated the ability of miR-34 to act as a treatment in pre-formed tumors. While miR-34 was unable to reduce the preformed tumors in these animals it was able to prevent further tumor growth. These data support the use of miR-34 as a tumor preventive mechanism and suggest that miR-34 may be useful in sensitizing tumors to other conventional therapeutics. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2950. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2950
H2-A polymorphism contributes to H2-Eβ-mediated protection in collagen-induced arthritis

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is an animal model of auto-immune inflammatory polyarthritis which has features similar to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Much like RA, susceptibility to mouse CIA is influenced by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and is restricted to theH2 haplotypesq andr. In previous experiments, we have found that the introduction of anH2-Eb d transgene in H2-Aq CIA-susceptible mice was able to protect these mice against disease development. More recently, we have proposed that the polymorphism of the first domain of the Eβ molecule modulates this protection, and that the presentation of a peptide from the third hypervariable region of the Eβ chain by the H2-Aq molecule plays an important role in this mechanism. In the present report, we investigated whether the H2-E-mediated protection is H2-Aq-specific and whether the source of collagen has any influence. While the source of collagen had no effect on the protection, our results showed that the H2-E molecule failed to protect B10.RIII (H2r) mice against CIA. Further, theH2 haplotyper exerted a negative effect on the Eβd-mediated protection in H2-Aq-restricted disease. Our results provide additional proof that self-MHC-derived peptides, such as Eβ peptides, may play an important role in the T-cell repertoire education and/or modulation of the T-cell response in the periphery.
Stability of reconstituted methohexital sodium.

The purpose of this study was to determine the stability of reconstituted solutions of methohexital sodium over a 6-week period. Stability of methohexital was examined using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The results indicate that reconstituted methohexital is extremely stable for up to 6 weeks when stored at 4°C. When stored at room temperature, reconstituted solutions of methohexital contained increasing levels of degradation products and showed a corresponding decrease in methohexital over a 6-week period. However, the rate of degradation of the drug was slow, with less than 10% of the methohexital undergoing breakdown. In addition, tests for microbial contamination of the solutions stored at room temperature and under refrigeration were negative for up to 6 weeks. This study demonstrates that methohexital, when stored under refrigeration for up to 6 weeks, is virtually chemically identical to a freshly reconstituted solution of the drug. When stored at room temperature, there is some degradation of the drug, but it is not known whether the small amount of degradation is clinically significant. This study emphasizes the importance of obtaining scientific data to support changes in guidelines related to handling and storage of drugs.
Marketing in Library and Information science: A selected review of related literature

SUMMARY Marketing is defined by Philip A. Kotler (1975, 5) as the analysis, planning, implementation, and control of carefully formulated programs designed to bring about voluntary exchanges of values with target markets for the purpose of achieving organizational goals. He expands on his definition to include what had commonly come to be known as the marketing mix-price, product, place and promotion. This “mix” has been both adapted and expanded for Library and Information Science (LIS). Marketing in LIS should be accepted as one of the functions of a manager included in POSCORB (Planning combined with marketing, Organizing, Staffing, Coordinating/Controlling, Reporting and Budgeting) and as a management philosophy. This review explores the gradual development of its changing applications usually including only parts of the marketing mix (promotion and public relations) in the 1980s, then moving to a more expanded use of marketing in the latter portion of the 1990s and into the 21st Century. Relationship...
Chatter in the Strip Rolling Process, Part 3: Chatter Model

The central problem of the analysis and prevention of chatter in rolling operations is in understanding the conditions which lead to dynamic instability. By analogy with metal cutting operations, it appears that a few basic mechanisms may be responsible for the occurrence of self-excited vibrations in rolling. The three most significant mechanisms are: negative damping, mode-coupling and regeneration. In this paper, negative damping and mode-coupling are considered separately in an artificial manner to make inroads towards a better basic understanding of rolling instability.
Activation of an Na+-dependent amino acid transport system upon fertilization of sea urchin eggs☆

Abstract Unfertilized eggs possess a Na+-independent amino acid transport system, capable of concentrating lysine, valine and phenylalanine but not glycine, alanine or serine. An Na+-dependent transport system for all the above amino acids begins to be formed at 6–10 min after fertilization. Inhibitors of protein synthesis have no effect on its formation, indicating that increased transport results from an activation or alteration of a pre-existing system. A product of energy metabolism is required, since activation does not occur if 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) is added between 0 and 6 min after fertilization. This is not an effect of DNP on transport, since transport is unaffected if DNP is added after the system is fully formed. A relationship is suggested between the activation of Na+-dependent transport and the establishment of the K+-sensitive membrane potential.
Two photon physics

A review of the recent experimental results on two photon physics at LEP is presented. The total cross section for γγ → hadrons is measured for two-photon centre-of-mass energies up to 160 GeV. The QCD predictions are tested with measurements of the total hadronic cross section for virtual γ * γ * collisions, with heavy flavour ( c c ¯ and b b ¯ ) production and inclusive particle production in collisions of quasi-real photons. Exclusive pair production of hadrons in γγ collisions is also discussed.
Tokyo in Transit: Japanese Culture on the Rails and Road

This highly engaging book combines literary and historical approaches to explore modes of mass transportation in early-twentieth-century Tokyo and the effects that those modes exerted on social and...
An exploration of management practices in hospitals

Abstract Background Management practices, including, for example, “Lean” methodologies originally developed at Toyota, may represent one mechanism for improving healthcare performance. Methods We surveyed 597 nurse managers at cardiac units to score management on the basis of poor, average, or high performance on 18 practices across 4 dimensions (Lean operations, performance measurement, targets, and employee incentives). We assessed the relationship of management scores to hospital characteristics (size, non-profit status) and market level variables. Results Our findings provide concrete examples of the high degree of management proficiency of some hospitals, as well as wide variation in management practices. Although the exact ways in which these tools have been implemented vary across hospitals, we identified multiple examples of units that use standardization in their care, track performance on a frequent basis and display data in a visual manner, and set aggressive goals and communicate them clearly to their staff. Regression models indicate that higher management scores are associated with hospitals in more competitive markets, teaching hospitals, and hospitals with a higher net income from patient services (p Conclusions High quality management practices have been successfully adopted by some hospitals in the US, but the ways in which these practices have been implemented may vary, reflecting the specific context or environment of the hospital. The adoption of modern management practices may be driven in part by market pressure. Implications An improved understanding of key management practices may assist researchers and policy-makers in identifying mutable hospital characteristics that can drive efficiency, safety, and quality.
Paleoceanography of surface waters in the Gulf of Mexico during the late Quaternary

Late Quaternary paleotemperatures and paleosalinities of surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico were estimated using a multivariate statistical analysis of census data of planktonic foraminifera. Two climatic extremes were selected for detailed basinwide study, the climatic optimum 125,000 yr ago and the glacial maximum 18,000 yr ago. In addition, patterns of climatic change were examined in seven piston cores from 127,000 yr ago to the present day. During the climatic optimum 125,000 yr ago temperature distributions in surface waters were similar to those of the present. The 22°C winter isotherm trended northeastward across the central basin and paleotemperatures decreased northward. Summer distributions were nearly homogeneous and ranged between 28° and 29°C. Winter salinities were 1‰ fresher than present values in the northmost Gulf and 0.4‰ fresher in the central basin. Summer salinities were similar during both times. In contrast, during the last glacial maximum temperatures were 1° to 2°C cooler in winter and 1°C cooler in summer, and isotherms formed a circular pattern in the Gulf during both seasons. Salinity was 0.3‰ fresher in winter than at present but 0.6‰ saltier in summer. Conditions deteriorated from the climatic optimum to the glacial maximum. In the Mexico Basin, winter temperatures were 2°C cooler from 75,000 to 45,000 yr ago (Y6 to Y3 Subzones), summer temperatures reached a minimum (3°C cooler) 32,000 yr ago (Y2–Y3 boundary), and seasonality reached minimal values (5°C) from 45,000 to 15,000 yr ago. All three parameters became similar in value to those in the Straits of Florida from 45,000 to 15,000 yr ago, suggesting that the exchange of surface waters was enhanced at this time between the two regions. Summer salinities remained similar to present conditions in the Mexico Basin, whereas, winter salinities increased 2‰ by 32,000 yr ago and then fell 0.5‰ until the glacial maximum ended. The Westerlies may have migrated southward over the Mexico Basin in winter from 32,000 to 15,000 yr ago.
Miming Manu: Women, Authority and Mimicry in a Tantric Context

This paper proposes an example of mimicry as an instance of intertextuality across genres, revealing a complex social response to normative, orthodox attitudes towards women through a close analysis of two very different types of male-authored religious texts from India, Tantric texts and a particularly famous law book, Manava Dharma Śāstra. I argue that mimicry functions to undermine a normative stance towards women by appropriating and subverting the well-known verse from Manu's Law Book that states that women should not be permitted any independence from their male guardians. In this case, this verse is reformulated to reverse the meaning it originally had in Manu's Dharma Śāstra, communicating a very different attitude towards women. This Tantric subversion of Manu suggests not only that elements of legal texts impacted on non-dominant populations through imitation and circulation in circles outside of expected Brahmanical orthodoxy, but also that textual satire via appropriation of these verses may h...
A semilinear parabolic system with generalized Wentzell boundary condition

Abstract In this paper, we consider a weak coupled semilinear parabolic system with general Wentzell boundary condition. We prove the well-posedness of the problem and derive different conditions in terms of the powers of the nonlinear terms under which the global solution exists and finite time blow-up occurs.
An algorithm for optimizing over the weakly-efficient set

Abstract In this paper a bisecting search algorithm is developed for solving the problem (P) of optimizing a linear function over the set of weakly-efficient solutions of a multiple objective linear program. We show that problem (P) can arise in a variety of practical situations. The algorithm for solving problem (P) is guaranteed to find an optimal or approximately-optimal solution for the problem in a finite number of steps. Using a Fortran computer code called Conmin as an aid, we have solved ten test problems using our proposed algorithm. This preliminary computational experience seems to indicate that the algorithm is quite practical for relatively small problems.
A novel thin film phase of oriented MgO grown from a liquid solution

Abstract Close lattice matching with a MgAl 2 O 4 (0 0 1) substrate has been used to synthesize thin films of a rare spinel-like polymorph of MgO (β-MgO) that is unstable in bulk form. The film is produced by spin casting an acetate-substituted Mg-ethoxide precursor, which forms a crystalline magnesium acetate phase at room temperature. Pyrolysis of most organic constituents occurs during continuous heating from room temperature to 400°C and is followed by formation of phase-pure β-MgO at T