cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entering the Compound: Becoming with Carson McCullers’ Freaks

This essay addresses the inscription of “freakishness” in Carson McCullers’ The Member of the Wedding (1946) on a formal and stylistic level to argue against hermeneutical procedures that offer a symptomatology of either psycho-political systems or of the inner struggle of a writer or character. Drawing on key concepts from Gilles Deleuze’s writing on art and literature, the essay foregrounds the liminal figure of the novel’s protagonist as an aesthetic creation, whose function cannot be reduced to the disciplinary operations of established forms of literary criticism. As such, the freakish adolescent constitutes a literary configuration through which possibilities for movement, for becoming, for the new are opened up: Frankie emerges as a queer textual figure that affects us, as readers, as a “bloc of sensations.”
Analysis of Ribonucleotide 5′-Triphosphate Analogs as Potential Inhibitors of Zika Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase by Using Nonradioactive Polymerase Assays

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging human pathogen that is spreading rapidly through the Americas and has been linked to the development of microcephaly and to a dramatically increased number of Guillain-Barre syndrome cases. Currently, no vaccine or therapeutic options for the prevention or treatment of ZIKV infections exist. In the study described in this report, we expressed, purified, and characterized full-length nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) and the NS5 polymerase domain (NS5pol) of ZIKV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Using purified NS5, we developed an in vitro nonradioactive primer extension assay employing a fluorescently labeled primer-template pair. Both purified NS5 and NS5pol can carry out in vitro RNA-dependent RNA synthesis in this assay. Our results show that Mn2+ is required for enzymatic activity, while Mg2+ is not. We found that ZIKV NS5 can utilize single-stranded DNA but not double-stranded DNA as a template or a primer to synthesize RNA. The assay was used to compare the efficiency of incorporation of analog 5'-triphosphates by the ZIKV polymerase and to calculate their discrimination versus that of natural ribonucleotide triphosphates (rNTPs). The 50% inhibitory concentrations for analog rNTPs were determined in an alternative nonradioactive coupled-enzyme assay. We determined that, in general, 2'-C-methyl- and 2'-C-ethynyl-substituted analog 5'-triphosphates were efficiently incorporated by the ZIKV polymerase and were also efficient chain terminators. Derivatives of these molecules may serve as potential antiviral compounds to be developed to combat ZIKV infection. This report provides the first characterization of ZIKV polymerase and demonstrates the utility of in vitro polymerase assays in the identification of potential ZIKV inhibitors.
Equal access to early childhood education in South Korea using the Geographic Information System

ABSTRACTWhile the importance of early childhood education is well documented, scant attention is afforded to the access to institutions for early childhood education. Uneven distribution of institutions for early childhood education in segregated metropolitan areas can cause inequality of educational opportunity. By using the Geographic Information System tools, this paper investigates the extent to which both demand and supply in early childhood education is geographically balanced across Seoul, Korea. The analysis finds that kindergartens and daycare centres authorised by the government are evenly distributed across Seoul according to the demand. Yet, market-oriented English kindergartens are disproportionately concentrated in the southern areas of Seoul where families with higher income levels are clustered. These findings suggest that because market-driven institutions for early childhood education are not uniformly distributed corresponding to the demand, home residence according to parents’ income a...
Anatomic Basis of Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy is an integral modality utilized by physician and surgeons and offers diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. A knowledge of the anatomic landmarks and impressions, as well as internal cues and mural changes, is expected in understanding normal physiological and pathologic changes. A fundamental understanding of this anatomy and its variations as well as understanding how to navigate and reduce colonoscopic looping permits the surgeon to proceed in a safe manner and perform a safe, efficient, and painless colonoscopy.
EU-beihilferechtliche Rahmenbedingungen für das Messewesen

„[S]taatliche oder aus staatlichen Mitteln gewahrte Beihilfen gleich welcher Art, die durch die Begunstigung bestimmter Unternehmen oder Produktionszweige den Wettbewerb verfalschen oder zu verfalschen drohen, [sind] mit dem Binnenmarkt unvereinbar, soweit sie den Handel zwischen Mitgliedstaaten beeintrachtigen.“ Wie wenige andere Vorschriften pragt das grundsatzliche Beihilfeverbot aus Art. 107 Abs. 1 AEUV Infrastrukturmasnahmen der offentlichen Hand.
International Diversification, SFAS 131, and Debt Maturity Structure

This study examines the impact of geographic segment disclosures under the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 131 (SFAS 131) on the debt maturity structure of internationally diversifi...
Arboretum and Arbility: Improving Web Accessibility Through a Shared Browsing Architecture

Many web pages developed today require navigation by visual interaction-seeing, hovering, pointing, clicking, and dragging with the mouse over dynamic page content. These forms of interaction are increasingly popular as developer trends have moved from static, logically structured pages to dynamic, interactive pages. However, they are also often inaccessible to blind web users who tend to rely on keyboard-based screen readers to navigate the web. Despite existing web accessibility standards, engineering web pages to be equally accessible via both keyboard and visuomotor mouse-based interactions is often not a priority for developers. Improving access to this kind of visual and interactive web content has been a long-standing goal of HCI researchers, but the barriers have proven to be too varied and unpredictable to be overcome by some of the proposed solutions: promoting guidelines and best practices, automatically generating accessible versions of pre-exisiting web pages, or developing human-assisted solutions, such as screen and cursor-sharing, which tend to diminish an end user's agency. In this paper we present a real-time, collaborative approach to helping blind web users overcome inaccessible parts of existing web pages. We introduce *Arboretum*, a new architecture that enables any web user to seamlessly hand off controlled parts of their browsing session to remote users, while maintaining control over the interface via a "propose and accept/reject" mechanism. We illustrate the benefit of Arboretum by using it to implement *Arbility*, a browser that allows blind users to hand off targeted visual interaction tasks to remote crowd workers. We evaluate the entire system in a study with 9 blind web users, showing that Arbility allows them to interact with web content that was previously difficult to access via a screen reader alone.
Association of early venous thromboembolic events with worse prognosis in patients with lung cancer.

e20623 Background: Venous thromboembolic events (VTE) are a leading cause of death in cancer patients. The timing of VTE may have additional prognostic significance. We hypothesized that early VTE ...
Three-dimensional particle size and shape characterisation using structural light

Great advance has been witnessed in image-based particle size and shape characterisation methods for reproducing traditional sieve-based size and caliper-based shape measurements. However, discrepa...
Cross-cultural examination of college marijuana culture in five countries: Measurement invariance of the Perceived Importance of Marijuana to the College Experience Scale

Abstract Marijuana internalized norms, measured by the Perceived Importance of Marijuana to the College Experience Scale (PIMCES; 8 items), has been found to be distinct from marijuana descriptive/injunctive norms and to be a unique robust predictor of marijuana-related outcomes among college students, yet the role of these beliefs has not been studied outside the U.S. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the present work examined the level of measurement invariance (i.e., configural, metric, and scalar) of the PIMCES across five different countries with distinct marijuana-related regulations (i.e., U.S., Argentina, Spain, Uruguay, and the Netherlands), sex, and marijuana user status among college students (n = 3424) recruited between September 2017 and January 2018. To make valid comparisons across groups, metric invariance is needed to compare correlations and scalar invariance is needed to compare latent means. We found strong measurement invariance (i.e., scalar invariance) for the PIMCES across countries, across males and females, and across marijuana users and non-users. College students in the U.S. reported the highest levels of marijuana internalized norms compared to college students from all other countries. As expected, males and marijuana users showed significantly higher scores on the PIMCES than females and non-users, respectively. Bivariate correlations between PIMCES scores and other marijuana-related variables were remarkably similar across males and females, though differences across countries warrant further exploration. Taken together, the degree to which college students view marijuana use to be an integral part of the college experience may be an important target for college student marijuana interventions across various countries/cultures.
‘What do we have to lose?’: Local economic decline, prospect theory, and support for Brexit

Abstract The Brexit referendum confronted British voters with a choice that could have profound consequences for the British economy in a context of high uncertainty. Drawing on important lessons from prospect theory, I argue that citizens who were in the domain of economic losses were more likely to take a risk and vote in favor of Brexit. On the contrary, I hold that citizens who were in the domain of economic gains tended to be more risk averse and were more likely to support ‘Remain’ in the referendum. Using data from several waves of the British Election Study 2014–2019 Internet Panel, I find strong support for these theoretical expectations. British voters who lived in declining areas were significantly more likely to think that leaving the EU would lead to improvements in the national economy. These prospective economic evaluations (captured about a month prior to the referendum) in turn are related to the ‘Leave’ vote in the Brexit referendum.
Neurohormonal Blockade and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure Supported by Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Importance Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) improve outcomes in patients with advanced heart failure, but little is known about the role of neurohormonal blockade (NHB) in treating these patients. Objective To analyze the association between NHB blockade and outcomes in patients with LVADs. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort analysis of the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) included patients from more than 170 centers across the United States and Canada with continuous flow LVADs from 2008 to 2016 who were alive with the device in place at 6 months after implant. The data were analyzed between February and November 2019. Exposures Patients were stratified based on exposure to NHB and represented all permutations of the following drug classes: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, β-blockers, and mineralocorticoid antagonists. Main Outcomes and Measures The outcomes of interest were survival at 4 years and quality of life at 2 years based on Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire scores and a 6-minute walk test. Results A total of 12 144 patients in INTERMACS met inclusion criteria, of whom 2526 (20.8% ) were women, 8088 (66.6%) were white, 3024 (24.9%) were African American, and 753 (6.2%) were Hispanic; the mean (SD) age was 56.8 (12.9) years. Of these, 10 419 (85.8%) were receiving NHB. Those receiving any NHB medication at 6 months had a better survival rate at 4 years compared with patients not receiving NHB (56.0%; 95% CI, 54.5%-57.5% vs 43.9%; 95% CI, 40.5%-47.7%). After sensitivity analyses with an adjusted model, this trend persisted with patients receiving triple therapy with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker, β-blocker, and mineralocorticoid antagonist having the lowest hazard of death compared with patients in the other groups (hazard ratio, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.28-0.41). Compared with patients not receiving NHB, use of NHB was associated with a higher Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score (66.6; bootstrapped 95% CI, 65.8-67.3 vs 63.0; bootstrapped 95% CI, 60.1-65.8;P = .02) and a 6-minute walk test (1103 ft; bootstrapped 95% CI, 1084-1123 ft vs 987 ft; bootstrapped 95% CI, 913-1060 ft;P Conclusions and Relevance Among patients with LVADs who tolerated NHB therapy, continued treatment was associated with improved survival and quality of life. The optimal heart failure regimen for patients after LVAD implant may be the initiation and continuation of guideline-directed medical therapy.
Emerging Treatments for Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy and Other Genetic Causes of Visual Loss

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and other genetic causes of visual loss are important clinical entities that can cause profound visual loss. To date, therapeutic options have been quite limited, but insights into the genetic basis of these diseases and advances in the ability to deliver effective and safe gene therapy have opened the door for new therapeutics that may revolutionize the approach to treating these conditions. This article reviews emerging gene therapies of LHON and other inherited ophthalmological diseases, addressing the technical, clinical, and ethical challenges that researchers and clinicians will encounter as new treatments become available for these conditions.
Aligning positive psychology with language learning motivation

This chapter examines motivation in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) using a positive psychology (PP) lens. It begins by describing the inroads already traveled in SLA by researchers and practitioners in PP and subsequently describes PERMA, a model of well-being proposed by Seligman (The original theory: Authentic happiness, 2011), in which he suggests that positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning and accomplishment are fundamental components of an individual’s happiness. The chapter supports the position that PERMA adds insight into ways we can encourage learners’ efforts to initiate L2 learning and sustain the driving force necessary to become proficient.
Creativity, Work Ethic, and Foundational Knowledge

In 2012, President Obama emphasized that twenty-first century education should prepare students to become innovative. Thus, American students should not merely memorize information, but form novel thoughts.
Personalized Medicine in Pain Management

Chronic pain is characterized by a dysfunction of the central nervous system. Central and peripheral sensitization are mechanisms that contribute to this dysfunction, which can cause a patient to perceive pain despite the absence of stimulation. Effective treatment of chronic pain is challenging because of this complex pathophysiology. Furthermore, current treatment options are limited by their adverse effects due to off-target actions and lack of anatomic specificity. This has created a growing need for customized therapy for the individual patient, and our increased understanding of genetics with the development of new, innovative technologies have made personalized medicine a feasible option. In this chapter we explore the application of personalized medicine in the form of gene- and cell-based therapies and its role in chronic pain management.
Effects of moisture content and mild heat on the ability of gaseous chlorine dioxide against Salmonella and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 on almonds

Abstract Contamination of almonds with pathogenic Salmonella can be detrimental to consumers’ health and causes deterioration of the product. This study evaluated the effect of gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) with mild heat and moisture against pathogenic Salmonella enterica and its surrogate inoculated on almonds. Almonds were inoculated with pathogenic Salmonella enterica and nonpathogenic surrogate Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354. A dry precursor method was used to produce gaseous ClO2 to treat almonds in an airtight desiccator chamber. A 20-g precursor dose was used to generate ClO2 to treat almonds with, (i) original moisture content (MC, 4%), (ii) increased MC (7%), and (iii) increased MC (7%) and mild heat (40 °C ± 1.5). Almonds were exposed to these treatment conditions for 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Chlorine dioxide treatment demonstrated bacterial reductions of 1.2 log CFU/g on Salmonella at 3 h and 0.9 log CFU/g on E. faecium NRRL B-2354 at 4 h. Gas treatment with the addition of moisture on almonds resulted in bacterial log reductions of 1.8 CFU/g on Salmonella, and 1.0 CFU/g on E. faecium NRRL B-2354 at 3 h. Gaseous ClO2 with additional moisture and heat contributed the highest bacterial reduction on almonds at 3 h (2.0 CFU/g on Salmonella and 1.6 CFU/g on E. faecium NRRL B-2354). Bacterial reductions observed on Salmonella were statistically (P > 0.05) similar to E. faecium NRRL B-2354. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis displayed the complex 3-dimensional surface of almonds in comparison to coupons. Bacterial cells were observed to be covered in lipids and settled in crevices on almond surfaces, potentially harboring the bacteria from gaseous ClO2 treatments. The present study demonstrated the importance of combination treatments, including gaseous ClO2, mild heat, and moisture, to reduce pathogens Salmonella enterica on almonds. These results help to understand the effect of combined mild heat and moisture, which can be optimized for potential processing of almonds.
Abstract 14173: Emailing is an Economical Way to Recruit Participants

Introduction: To produce results from clinical trials that are statistically significant, researchers must enroll enough participants; however, it is difficult to recruit sufficient participants. T...
Intermediate-grade brain arteriovenous malformations and the boundary of operability using the supplemented Spetzler-Martin grading system.

OBJECTIVE Supplemented Spetzler-Martin grading (Supp-SM), which is the combination of Spetzler-Martin and Lawton-Young grades, was validated as being more accurate than stand-alone Spetzler-Martin grading, but an operability cutoff was not established. In this study, the authors surgically treated intermediate-grade AVMs to provide prognostic factors for neurological outcomes and to define AVMs at the boundary of operability. METHODS Surgically treated Supp-SM intermediate-grade (5, 6, and 7) AVMs were analyzed from 2011 to 2018 at two medical centers. Worsened neurological outcomes were defined as increased modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores on postoperative examinations. A second analysis of 2000-2011 data for Supp-SM grade 6 and 7 AVMs was performed to determine the subtypes with improved or unchanged outcomes. Patients were separated into three groups based on nidus size (S1: 6 cm) and age (A1: 40 years), followed by any combination of the combined supplemented grade: low risk (S1A1, S1A2, S2A1), intermediate risk (S2A2, S1A3, S3A1, or high risk (S3A3, S3A2, S2A3). RESULTS Two hundred forty-six patients had intermediate Supp-SM grade AVMs. Of these patients, 102 had Supp-SM grade 5 (41.5%), 99 had Supp-SM grade 6 (40.2%), and 45 had Supp-SM grade 7 (18.3%). Significant differences in the proportions of patients with worse mRS scores at follow-up were found between the groups, with 24.5% (25/102) of patients in Supp-SM grade 5, 29.3% (29/99) in Supp-SM grade 6, and 57.8% (26/45) in Supp-SM grade 7 (p < 0.001). Patients with Supp-SM grade 7 AVMs had significantly increased odds of worse postoperative mRS scores (p < 0.001; OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.9-7.3). In the expanded cohort of 349 Supp-SM grade 6 AVM patients, a significantly higher proportion of older patients with larger Supp-SM grade 6 AVMs (grade 6+, 38.6%) had neurological deterioration than the others with Supp-SM grade 6 AVMs (22.9%, p = 0.02). Conversely, in an expanded cohort of 197 Supp-SM grade 7 AVM patients, a significantly lower proportion of younger patients with smaller Supp-SM grade 7 AVMs (grade 7-, 19%) had neurological deterioration than the others with Supp-SM grade 7 AVMs (44.9%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Patients with Supp-SM grade 7 AVMs are at increased risk of worse postoperative neurological outcomes, making Supp-SM grade 6 an appropriate operability cutoff. However, young patients with small niduses in the low-risk Supp-SM grade 7 group (grade 7-) have favorable postoperative outcomes. Outcomes in Supp-SM grade 7 patients did not improve with surgeon experience, indicating that the operability boundary is a hard limit reflecting the complexity of high-grade AVMs.
Cobalt and Nickel Catalyzed Reactions Involving C ? H and C ? N Activation Reactions

Homogeneous transition metal catalyzed reactions have been very well studied over the past 50 years. The metal complexes used to accomplish these reactions have typically included noble transition metals or first row metals. Due to the cost and pathogenicity of these noble metals, the development of new catalytic routes using non-precious metals is an active area of research. In this chapter, a review of the use of selected cobalt and nickel species towards catalytic reactions analogous to those seen with noble metals is presented.
The Conflict between Traditional Christian Churches in Ukraine as a Conflict of Identities: Where to Search for the Prospects of Reconciliation? A Reflection in the Light of the Theories of Paul Ricoeur and John Paul Lederach1

After the independence of Ukraine in 1991 there emerged or re-emerged four churches that derive their roots from ancient Kyiv Christianity. Those churches conflict with each other, the main cause of the split and tensions being the issue of cultural and social–political identities in the country. Such conflicting narrative identities have to be reconciled by the mutual recognition of their diversity when churches in Ukraine want to become a real force for transformation in society. Among the different models of the search for rapprochement in this article I refer to the theories of Paul Ricoeur and John Paul Lederach. According to the ethics of memory of Paul Ricoeur, traditional Ukrainian churches should abandon endless circles of melancholia about their losses and create new identities through the process of mourning. Because the tensions among traditional Christian denominations in Ukraine are not likely to be solved by institutional measures as history proves, churches should concentrate their efforts...
Uniaxial Anisotropy `Permalloy' Films grown in a Glow Discharge on Sputtered Tantalum Substrates

IT is well known1 that the magnetization reversal mechanism in a thin ‘Permalloy’ film is related to the degree to which a truly uniaxial anisotropy can be induced on a microscopic scale. Once the magnetostrictive and crystal anisotropy has been minimized by carefully controlling the composition of the film, the surface morphology of the substrate on which the NiFe is to be deposited can play a dominant part in determining Hc and HK and the angular dispersion of the easy axis of magnetization. In magnetic memory applications it is expedient to deposit the ‘Permalloy’ film on to a highly conducting metal ground plane which will be in close proximity to the memory bits in order to reduce both the memory noise and the drive power of the memory array. However, in practice it has not been possible to deposit a thin NiFe film directly on to such a metal ground plane and obtain uniform magnetic properties over large substrate areas, that is, 100 cm2. Magnetic and electron microscopy investigations have shown2 that this is partially due to the fact that mechanical polishing techniques cannot adequately produce the smooth surface characteristics necessary to avoid the inhibition of domain wall motion. In addition, recent work in this laboratory on sputtered NiFe films on very highly polished Ag or Ag.Cu or Au metal planes has shown that significant amounts of the face-centred cubic NiFe diffuses into these face-centred cubic metal substrates during deposition in the glow discharge, resulting in completely isotropic magnetic films. These problems can be overcome by depositing an intermediate layer which is thick enough to serve both as a diffusion barrier which does not replicate the topography of the underlying metal ground plane and at the same time has a minimum of granular structure of its own3. An evaporated SiO film, > 10,000 A, can adequately fulfil these needs2; however, reproducibility over large areas is difficult. The chemistry of SixOy vaporization and the susceptibility of this material to gettering reactions at the substrate with the associated microscopic morphology and anisotropic film stress4 problems all lead to a rather complex system to control accurately. Relatively few alternative thin film materials will adequately fulfil the diffusion barrier and morphology requirements in the deposition temperature-range, 300°–400° C, found necessary5 for uniaxial anisotropy sputtered NiFe films. The possibility of using a thin film of a refractory metal such as tantalum was considered since this would have a low surface mobility on the metal ground plane and would be less susceptible to formation of large granules during the NiFe deposition. Alloying of NiFe with body-centred cubic refractory metals should also not be as serious a problem.
Thirty robotic adrenalectomies: a single institution's experience.

Background Robotic adrenalectomy is a minimally invasive alternative to traditional laparoscopic adrenalectomy. To date, only case reports and small series of robotic adrenalectomies have been reported. This study presents a single institution’s series of 30 robotic adrenalectomies, and evaluates the procedure’s safety, efficacy, and cost.
Tilted versus Reasonable Interpretation of Tax Laws

In part, Interpretation Matters is about the craft of advocacy, how statutory interpretation arguments can be effectively made - and effectively countered - in state and local tax cases. For example, when one's opponent in such a case invokes one or another of the canons of construction, how is that canon to be blunted?
Induction of cyanide-insensitive respiration in Neurospora crassa.

Abstract Treatment of cultures of Neurospora crassa with chloramphenicol results in the appearance of a mitochondrial respiratory pathway that is insensitive to cyanide and antimycin A but is inhibited by salicylhydroxamic acid. Under the experimental conditions employed, protein(s) required for the expression of the alternate pathway is synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes at a constant rate for 2.5 hours after an initial 0.5-hour lag. Titration of chloramphenicol-treated cultures with salicylhydroxamic acid and cyanide shows that the flux of reducing equivalents through the cytochrome chain proceeds at the maximum possible rate, while the flux of reducing equivalents through the alternate respiratory pathway proceeds at a variable rate. The flux through the cytochrome chain decreases with a half-life of 4.6 hours upon addition of chloramphenicol and the flux through the alternate oxidase pathway increases as the flux through the cytochrome chain decreases. The alternate pathway is synthesized and assembled during a time period when only small changes occur in the flux through the cytochrome chain and oxidative phosphorylation is not affected. The data are consistent with a model for induction of the pathway that proposes a mitochondrially synthesized repressor protein to repress the nuclear genes that code for the alternate oxidase.
Dynamic Adaptation of Genetic Operators’ Probabilities

We propose a new method of dynamically adapting the probabilities of genetic operators based on the global behavior of the population for each generation. The proposed method consists of two main components which are assigning credits to operators according to the fitness improvements of the individuals, and updating the operators’ probabilities at the onset of each generation. Each of these components can be implemented based on various mathematical approaches; hitherto, two different variants have been investigated. To leverage our previous work we used Gene Expression Programming (GEP) as a benchmark to investigate the power of our novel approach. Nevertheless, this new method can be easily extended to other genetic programming variants. Our experimental results on two symbolic regression problems show that this method follows a faster convergence curve and it improves the performance considerably while imposing an insignificant additional cost.
Characteristics of an AlGaN/InGaN light-emitting diode

In this work, we present a complete numerical simulation of a light emitting diode based on the alloys AlGaN and InGaN. Using material parameters obtained from the literature, a good comparison between numerical simulations and experiments can be achieved. For high brightness in these devices, we would like to have most of the recombination taking place at the dopants in the active region of the device. However, if this region is not doped high enough, we observe that the output power will be saturated. This therefore also gives us a method for finding the concentration of dopants in the active region.
Carbonate Associated with Hydroxide Sol‐Gel Processing of Yttria:. An Infrared Spectroscopic Study

Yttrium hydroxide gel was dried by five techniques to study their influences on the sintering behavior of yttria. Dried precursors, calcined and sintered oxides, and the initial gel were examined via Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic and/or attenuated total reflection spectroscopies. Carbonate was found to be in unidentate coordination to surface yttrium on both the dried hydroxide precursor and calcined oxide particles. An inverse correlation was found between the normalized surface carbonate concentration (carbonate concentration (wt%)/surface area (m/sup 2//g)) of precursors and calcined oxides and the density of their corresponding sintered bodies. Carbonate affects sintered density during the calcination and sintering steps.
Education journals: Two decades of change and implications for the field

The authors sought to systematically examine patterns of change over time, as well as current variations, in educational journal specifications and publishing, including higher education. The 100 journals in this sample included research and practitioner venues across a range of subdomains and specializations. The authors gathered data for 3 points in time, at 10-year intervals during a 20-year period, from 1989–2009. They examined the following in detail: journal profiles for publishing characteristics, submission specifications for manuscript parameters, and full-text published manuscripts for compliance with specifications. All were analyzed as point-in-time comparisons as well as trajectories of change over time. Journal profiles demonstrated patterns of increased centralization and digitization, inclusiveness of readership, increased frequency of issues, and increased length of articles. Key findings for manuscript parameter trends included increased specificity of detail, range of manuscript types and research designs accepted, and average manuscript length. In addition, journals have more explicitly specified elements previously left implicit, such as professional and ethical standards. Criteria for submission procedures and manuscript quality are consistent with university faculty performance standards for productivity and technological advancement. Findings carry implications for publishing, journal management, faculty work, and performance evaluation.
High resolution spectral estimation through localized polynomial approximation

Autoregressive-moving-average models are not adequate for most tomographic imaging reconstruction problems. Consequently, the high-resolution capability being sought is lost when these models are used. In this work, a model based on localized polynomial approximation of the spectrum is proposed to solve this class of spectral estimation problems. A method for finding the model parameters is give, which uses linear prediction theory, matrix eigendecomposition and least-squares fitting. Numerical simulation results are presented to demonstrate its high-resolution capability. It is concluded that the proposed model has a clear advantage over existing models for Gibbs free recovery of piecewise continuous spectra when only limited data are available. >
MCMI-II Personality Traits Associated with the MMPI-2 Masculinity-Femininity Scale

There has been limited research into the behavioral correlates associated with the Masculinity-Femininity (Mf) scale of the MMPI (and the MMPI-2). In this study, both the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory—II (MCMI-II), a frequently used self-report measure of personality functioning, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI-2) were administered to a group of 76 female psychiatric inpatients. The sample was divided based upon MMPI-2 Mf scale T scores. Subjects with a T score >50 were assigned to the high-Mf group (n = 28), whereas subjects with a T score >50 were assigned to the low-Mf group (n = 48). The two groups were compared across the 13 personality disorder scales of the MCMI-II. The results showed that subjects in the high-Mf group had significantly higher scores on the MCMI-II Narcissistic, Antisocial, Aggressive/Sadistic, and Paranoid personality disorder scales. A correlational analysis revealed that the MMPI-2 Mf scale was significantly correlated with these four MCMI-II p...
Marlowe’s Amplification of Musaeus in Hero and Leander

Comparing Christopher Marlowe's Hero and Leander w ith its source in Musaeus reveals that Marlowe's amplification of words, phrases, and brief passages from Musaeus transforms them and creates a vision which is funnier, pyschologically richer, and attuned to a much different understanding of the human condition. Marlowe's use of amplification clusters particualrly around the appearance and beauty of Hero and Leander, their sexual immaturity and Hero's seduction, the consumation of their affair, the role played by the narrator, and the presentation of fate within the poem.
Paradox and cross purposes in recent work on consciousness

Functionalists about consciousness identify consciousness with a role; physicalists identify consciousness with an implementer of that role. The global workspace theory of consciousness fits the functionalist perspective, but the physicalist sees consciousness as a biological phenomenon that implements global accessibility.
Decomposition processes: modelling approaches and applications

Abstract Decomposition is a fundamental ecosystem process, strongly influencing ecosystem dynamics through the release of organically bound nutrients. Decomposition is also a complex phenomenon that can be modified by changes in the characteristics of the decaying materials or prevailing environmental conditions. For these reasons, the impacts of local, regional or global environmental changes on the quality and turnover of dead organic matter are of considerable interests. However, realistic limits to the complexity, as well as temporal and spatial scales, or experimental studies restrict their usefulness in extrapolating long-term or large-scale results of simultaneous environmental changes. Alternatively, many simulation models have been constructed to gain insight to potential impacts of anthropogenic activities. Because structure and approach determine the strengths and limitations of a model, they must be considered when applying one to a problem or otherwise interpreting model behaviour. There are two basically different types of models: (1) empirical models generally ignore underlying processes when describing system behaviour, while (2) mechanistic models reproduce system behaviour by simulating underlying processes. The former models are usually accurate within the range of conditions for which they are constructed but tend to be unreliable when extended beyond these limits. In contrast, application of a mechanistic model to novel conditions assumes only that the underlying mechanisms behave in a consistent manner. In this paper, we examine models developed at different levels of resolution to simulate various aspects of decomposition and nutrient cycling and how they have been used to assess potential impacts of environmental changes on terrestrial ecosystems.
Neocortical connections in fetal cats.

Abstract The major extrinsic projections to and from visual and auditory areas of cerebral cortex were examined in fetal cats between 46 and 60 days of gestation (E46–E60) using axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase either alone or in combination with tritiated proline. Projections to visual cortex from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and lateral-posterior/pulvinar complex exist by E46, and those from the contralateral hemisphere, claustrum, putamen, and central lateral nucleus of the thalamus are present by E54–E56. In addition, cells in the medial geniculate nucleus project to auditory cortex by E55. At E54–E56 efferent cortical projections reach the contralateral hemisphere, claustrum, putamen, lateral-posterior/pulvinar complex and reticular nucleus of the thalamus. Cells in visual cortex also project to the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei, pretectum, superior colliculus and pontine nuclei, and cells in auditory cortex project to the medial geniculate nucleus. Except for interhemispheric projections, all pathways demonstrated are ipsilateral, and projections linking cerebral cortex with claustrum, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and lateral-posterior/pulvinar complex are reciprocal. The reciprocal projections formed with the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, lateral-posterior/pulvinar complex and the claustrum show a greater degree of topological organization compared to the projections formed with the contralateral hemisphere and superior colliculus, which show little or no topological order. Therefore, the results of the present study show that the major extrinsic projections of the cat's visual and auditory cortical areas with subcortical structures are present by the eighth week of gestation, and that the origins and terminations of many of these projections are arranged topologically.
Equilibrium of Elastic Hollow Inhomogeneous Cylinders of Corrugated Elliptic Cross-Section

The approach to the solution of a three-dimensional boundary-value stress problem for elastic hollow inhomogeneous cylinders of corrugated elliptic cross-section is proposed. The boundary conditions make it possible to separate variables along the length at the cylinder ends. It is proposed to include additional functions into the resolving system of differential equations. These functions enable the variables to be separated along a directrix using discrete Fourier series. The boundary-value problem derived for the system of ordinary differential equations is solved by the stable numerical method of discrete orthogonalization over the cylinder thickness. Results in the form of plots and tables are presented.
meso-Tetrakis[2.2]paracyclophanylporphyrin: electronic structure and electrochemical behavior

Replacement of all phenyl groups in meso-tetraphenylporphyrin, TPP, by [2.2]paracyclophane, PCP, enhances the increase of energy of the HOMO and HOMO-1 of porphine, P, already noticed for the mono-[2.2]paracyclophanyl-substituted TPP, and fills the energy gap by the occupied MOs of the PCP units. The first oxidation half-wave potential is respectively decreased to 0.52 V. The CNDO/S-CIS calculations agree with the experimental bathochromic shifts of all bands in the electronic spectra of the considered atropoisomers of the title compound, TPCPP, as compared to TPP. In the excited B states the interactions between the PCP and porphine units are represented mainly by the charge transfer of 0.44 e from PCP to P, according to transition density matrix calculations. While electroreduction of the title compound results in a successive formation of the anion radical and dianion, oxidation represents a four-step process involving one electron transfer per step, and resulting in the oxidation of two PCP units. Formation of the conductive polymeric film on the electrode seems to be connected with the transient formation of a quinoid system of bonds.
Nonprofit Organizations in American History Research Opportunities and Sources

Every question concerning U.S. nonprofit organizations and its nonprofit sector as a whole has a historical dimension. Changing state and federal laws have always determined both what nonprofit corporations and associations can do and who can join and lead them. Conflicts over individual freedom, the nature of government, the role of various religions, race, ethnicity, class, gender, and other matters have always shaped these laws. Learning about the nonprofit sector has just begun, but large numbers of books and data sources—many noted in this article—are relevant. Numbers of nonprofit employees grew from near zero to 1% of the U.S. labor force in 1900, to 3% in 1960, and 9% in 2000. Consumer wealth, steadily increasing government subsidies, and expanded individual rights explain the growth. The sector limits religious and other cultural conflicts and promotes diversity, while increasing inequality.
Health Care Integration for Formerly Homeless People With Serious Mental Illness

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate medical health and health care in a program of integrated primary and behavioral health care for people with experiences of homelessness and mental illness. Methods: Using a retrospective chart review, we examined health status and rates of health care quality indicators in a group of 123 Housing First participants with histories of chronic homelessness and diagnoses of serious mental illness, including a subgroup of 43 participants who received integrated medical and behavioral health care. Results: In addition to having serious mental illness, participants had high rates of comorbid chronic disease and risk behavior: 76% had at least one chronic disease, 59% had two or more chronic diseases, 6.5% had HIV, and 83% used tobacco. The integrated care program subgroup had relatively high rates of documentation of some health care quality indicators: 62% with body mass index, 73% with blood pressure, 77% with tobacco use history, 87% with substanc...
A proteome investigation of roxarsone degradation by Alkaliphilus oremlandii strain OhILAs

Clostridial species predominate in both chicken gastrointestinal tract as well as litter where the organoarsenical roxarsone (3-nitro 4-hydroxybenzenearsonic acid) is anaerobically transformed releasing the more recognized toxic inorganic arsenic. 2D-gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used to evaluate the changes in protein expression of Alkaliphilus oremlandii in response to different growth conditions (e.g., terminal electron acceptors) in order to explore the mechanism of microbial biotransformation of roxarsone. Aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase, the enzyme that belongs to the xanthine oxidase family of molybdoenzymes was significantly overexpressed in the presence of roxarsone suggesting a role in the anaerobicmetabolism of this substituted nitrophenol.
Histone H4 acetylation by immunohistochemistry and prognosis in newly diagnosed adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are a novel anti-tumor therapy. To determine whether HDAC inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we examined the acetylation of histone H4 by immunohistochemistry in newly diagnosed ALL patients and evaluated the impact of acetylation on complete remission (CR) rate, relapse-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS). Patients ≥18 years of age and an available diagnostic bone marrow biopsy were evaluated. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to identify univariate and multivariate correlates of CR, RFS, and OS. The variables histone H4 acetylation (positive or negative), white blood count, cytogenetic (CG) risk group (CALGB criteria), and age were used in multivariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, histone acetylation was associated with a trend towards an improved OS (for all CG risk groups) (HR = 0.51, p = 0.09). In patients without poor risk CG, there was an impressive association between the presence of histone acetylation and an improved CR rate (OR 3.43, p = 0.035), RFS (HR 0.07, p = 0.005), and OS (HR 0.24, p = 0.007). This association remained statistically significant in multivariate analysis. These data provide a rationale for the design of novel regimens incorporating HDAC inhibitors in ALL.
An application of the LeChatelier principle in location theory

Abstract An application of the LeChatelier principle in the field of location theory, particularly focusing on the effect of a change in the opportunity cost of land on the location of the outer boundary of a circular city with many industries, is demonstrated. It is shown that the effect on the outer city boundary will be greater, as more boundaries between industries inside the city are allowed to vary in response to a change in the opportunity cost of land.
On the mechanism of sodium-proton exchange in crayfish.

Abstract In salt depleted crayfish net sodium and proton fluxes were coupled 1:1 as required by the frog skin–turtle bladder model. In addition, three proton pump inhibitors produced equal reductions of both fluxes. It is concluded that the model operates in these animals. Net Na + and H + fluxes were very small in tap water adapted animals, but regression analysis clearly showed that they were coupled, though perhaps not 1:1. Proton pump inhibitors, at concentrations that suppressed ++++ fluxes in salt-depleted crayfish, had no measureable effect on proton movement in tap water-adapted animals. Two of them (dicyclocarbodiimide and N -ethyl maleimide), caused a small reduction in Na + influx without affecting proton efflux. These experiments provide no support for operation of the frog–turtle system in adult crayfish adapted to tap water. A 2Na + — H + exchanger is considered from an energetic point of view. Such a system might be able to couple Na + and H + fluxes in dilute, near neutral solutions ([Na + ]∼1–2 mM; pH 7).
Plasmapheresis, a treatment modality for necrobiotic xanthogranuloma

A case of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma treated with plasmapheresis is reported. This entity is characterized by multiple inflammatory, ulcerative nodules and atrophic plaques with a xanthomatous quality that develop in conjunction with a paraproteinemia. Successful healing of ulcerated lesions and lowering of the paraproteinemia was achieved by plasmapheresis in our patient with necrobiotic xanthogranuloma when cytotoxic therapy failed.
Black‐White Differences in Tipping of Various Service Providers1

Data from a national telephone survey revealed 4 general patterns in the tipping behaviors of Blacks and Whites. First, Blacks appear more likely than Whites to stiff commonly encountered service providers, but not less commonly encountered ones. Second, Blacks appear more likely than Whites to leave flat tip amounts to service providers who are commonly tipped a percentage of the bill, but not to service providers who are more rarely tipped a percentage of the bill. Third, Black percentage tippers leave a smaller average percentage of the bill than do White percentage tippers across many service contexts. Finally, Black flat tippers leave larger average dollar tips than do White flat tippers across many service contexts. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed briefly.