cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
D-Amino Acid Substitution of Peptide-Mediated NF-κB Suppression in mdx Mice Preserves Therapeutic Benefit in Skeletal Muscle, but Causes Kidney Toxicity.

In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients and the mdx mouse model of DMD, chronic activation of the classical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway contributes to the pathogenesis that causes degeneration of muscle fibers, inflammation and fibrosis. Prior studies demonstrate that inhibition of inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK)-mediated NF-κB activation using l-isomer NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO)-binding domain (NBD) peptide-based approaches reduce muscle pathology in the mdx mouse. For our studies, the NBD peptide is synthesized as a fusion peptide with an eight-lysine (8K) protein transduction domain to facilitate intracellular delivery. We hypothesized that the d-isoform peptide could have a greater effect than the naturally occurring l-isoform peptide due to the longer persistence of the d-isoform peptide in vivo. In this study, we compared systemic treatment with low (1 mg/kg) and high (10 mg/kg) doses of l- and d-isomer 8K-wild-type-NBD peptide in mdx mice. Treatment with both l- or d-isoform 8K-wild-type-NBD peptide resulted in decreased activation of NF-κB and improved histology in skeletal muscle of the mdx mouse. However, we observed kidney toxicity (characterized by proteinuria), increased serum creatinine, activation of NF-κB and pathological changes in kidney cortex that were most severe with treatment with the d-isoform of 8K-wild-type-NBD peptide. The observed toxicity was also seen in normal mice.
Protein farnesyltransferase exhibits pH-dependent activity towards H-Ras peptide substrates

The zinc metalloenzyme protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes the farnesylation of a cysteine residue of protein or peptide substrates containing the "CaaX" motif using farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) [1], FTase has been hypothesized to utilize an electrophilic mechanism (Fig. 1, left) because of a decrease in catalysis observed upon the addition of electron-withdrawing groups on the FPP C1 carbon [2]. However, consistent with a nucleophilic mechanism (Fig. 1, right), a direct metal ion-sulfur bond has been detected in absorbance spectra of cobalt-substituted FTase [3]. Also, the binding affinity of GCVLS, a peptide derived from the C-terminus of H-Ras, was recently shown to be dependent upon pH [4] suggesting that the of the cysteine thiol was lowered from 8.1 (free) to 6.4 (bound). The formation of a bound thiolate at physiological pH suggests that the catalytic rate might be enhanced by an increase in thiolate concentration. Substitution of a more thiophilic metal in place of zinc should lower the peptide thiol even further.
Consumer ethnocentricity and preferences for wool products by country of origin and manufacture

Labelling on apparel products usually focuses on the country where manufacturing takes place, rather than where the raw materials were obtained. A choice experiment of consumers in three southern US states was conducted to determine preferences and marginal willingness to pay (mWTP) for wool blend sweaters based on fibre origin and country of manufacture. Fibre origin choices were Australia, US and US State, with the latter to investigate consumer interest in local over simply domestic. Manufacturing had two possibilities, US and China. Survey questions were used to determine an average consumer ethnocentric tendency (CET) score for each consumer, and a median split was used to place each into a High or Low CET group. Nested logit models were analysed for both groups, and mWTP estimates were computed from the coefficients. Both CET groups were willing to pay significant premiums for State-produced wool over US wool, and for US wool over Australian wool. However, the Low CET group exhibited lower premiums for fibre origins than their High CET counterparts. Ethnocentric consumers, unlike Low CET consumers, were additionally willing to pay significant premiums for wool blend sweaters knitted in the US vs. those knitted in China. Results suggest that labelling fibre by State or by US origin may allow producers to obtain substantial premiums for their apparel products. Promotion of domestic manufacturing though may only be effective for a smaller set of consumers.
Substructural Operational Semantics and Linear Destination-Passing Style (Invited Talk)

We introduce substructural operational semantics (SSOS), a presentation form for the semantics of programming languages. It combines ideas from structural operational semantics and type theories based on substructural logics (such as linear logic) in order to obtain a rich, uniform, and modular framework.
Histone Deacetylase 9 Is a Negative Regulator of Adipogenic Differentiation

Differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes capable of efficiently storing lipids is an important regulatory mechanism in obesity. Here, we examined the involvement of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases (HATs) in the regulation of adipogenesis. We find that among the various members of the HDAC and HAT families, only HDAC9 exhibited dramatic down-regulation preceding adipogenic differentiation. Preadipocytes from HDAC9 gene knock-out mice exhibited accelerated adipogenic differentiation, whereas HDAC9 overexpression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes suppressed adipogenic differentiation, demonstrating its direct role as a negative regulator of adipogenesis. HDAC9 expression was higher in visceral as compared with subcutaneous preadipocytes, negatively correlating with their potential to undergo adipogenic differentiation in vitro. HDAC9 localized in the nucleus, and its negative regulation of adipogenesis segregates with the N-terminal nuclear targeting domain, whereas the C-terminal deacetylase domain is dispensable for this function. HDAC9 co-precipitates with USF1 and is recruited with USF1 at the E-box region of the C/EBPα gene promoter in preadipocytes. Upon induction of adipogenic differentiation, HDAC9 is down-regulated, leading to its dissociation from the USF1 complex, whereas p300 HAT is up-regulated to allow its association with USF1 and accumulation at the E-box site of the C/EBPα promoter in differentiated adipocytes. This reciprocal regulation of HDAC9 and p300 HAT in the USF1 complex is associated with increased C/EBPα expression, a master regulator of adipogenic differentiation. These findings provide new insights into mechanisms of adipogenic differentiation and document a critical regulatory role for HDAC9 in adipogenic differentiation through a deacetylase-independent mechanism.
An Organizational Design for Adaptive Sensor Networks

As wireless sensor network applications grow in complexity, ad-hoc techniques are no longer adequate. Thus, it is crucial that these systems be adaptive and autonomous to remain functional in the face of unreliable communications, dead nodes, and other unexpected failures. We propose to manage sensor networks based on a rigorous multiagent organizational design, which separates application logic from low-level sensor implementation details. The organizational design allows designers to specify high-level goals that the systems will try to achieve based on sensor capabilities.
Heteroepitaxial growth of α-Fe2O3, γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 thin films by oxygen-plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

We have grown epitaxial α-Fe 2 O 3 (0001) thin films on Pt(111)/α-Al 2 O 3 (0001), and γ-Fe 2 O 3 (001) and Fe 3 O 4 (001) thin films on MgO(001) by molecular beam epitaxy using an elemental Fe source and an electron cyclotron resonance oxygen plasma source. These iron oxide thin films are single crystals with excellent crystalline quality. Use of a Pt(111) buffer layer for growth of α-Fe 2 O 3 (0001) on α-Al 2 O 3 (0001) improves the crystal quality for epitaxial α-Fe 2 O 3 (0001) films. Growth of epitaxial α-Fe 2 O 3 and γ-Fe 2 O 3 films under the same growth conditions, but on different substrates, suggests that it is possible to grow a thermodynamically unstable or metastable phase such as γ-Fe 2 O 3 by selecting a suitable substrate (e.g. small lattice mismatch and similar surface symmetry). The α-Fe 2 O 3 (0001) and γ-Fe 2 O 3 (001) film surfaces are unreconstructed whereas the Fe 3 O 4 (001) film surface exhibits a (√2 x √2)R45° reconstruction. Application of a simple electron counting rule reveals that the bulk-terminated α-Fe 2 O 3 (0001) and γ-Fe 2 O 3 (001) surfaces are autocompensated, but the bulk-terminated Fe 3 O 4 (001) surface is not. The reconstruction is due to the formation of an ordered array of tetrahedral iron vacancies required to achieve surface charge neutralization.
A class of infinite dimensional linear programming problems

Abstract We study the infinite dimensional linear programming problem. The previous work done on this subject defined the dual problem in a small space and derived duality results for such pairs of problems. But because of that and of the strong requirements on the functions involved, those theorems do not actually hold in many applications. With our formulation, we define the dual problem in a larger space and obtain new duality results under, generally, mild assumptions. Furthermore, the solutions turn out to be extreme points of the unbounded, but w ∗ -locally compact, feasibility set. For this purpose, we did not try a constructive proof of our duality results, but instead we examine the problem from a more abstract point of view and derive results using general ideas from the theory of convex analysis in normed spaces [ R. T. Rockafellar, “Conjugate Duality and Optimization,” SIAM, Philadelphia, Penn., 1973 , and R. Holmes, “Geometric Functional Analysis,” Springer-Verlag, New York, 1975 ]. Our work extends previous results in this area, which appeared in [ N. Levinson, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 16 (1965) 73–83, and W. Tundall, SIAM J. Appl. Math. 13 (1965) , 644–666].
Integration of a Turbine Cascade Facility Into an Undergraduate Thermo-Propulsion Sequence

The Department of Aeronautics at the United States Air Force Academy utilizes a closed-loop, two-dimensional turbine cascade wind tunnel to reinforce a learning-focused undergraduate thermo-propulsion sequence. While previous work presented in the literature outlined the Academy thermo-propulsion sequence and the contextual framework for instruction, this current paper addresses how the Academy turbine cascade facility is integrated into the aeronautical engineering course sequence. Cadets who concentrate in propulsion are to some extent prepared for each successive course through their contact with the cascade, and ultimately they graduate with an exposure to experimental research that enhances their grasp of gas turbine engine fundamentals. Initially, the cascade is used to reinforce airfoil theory to all cadets in the Fundamentals of Aeronautics course. Aeronautical engineering majors take this course during the first semester of their sophomore year. The next semester all aeronautical engineering majors take Introduction to Aero-thermodynamics. In this course, the closed-loop aspect of the cascade facility is used to reinforce concepts of work addition to the flow. Heat transfer is also discussed, using the heat exchanger that regulates test section temperature. Exposure to the cascade also prepares cadets for the ensuing Introduction to Propulsion and Aeronautics Laboratory courses, taken in the junior and senior year, respectively. In the propulsion course, cadets connect thermodynamic principles to component analysis. In the laboratory course, cadets work in pairs on propulsion projects sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory, including projects in the cascade wind tunnel. Individual cadets are selected from the cascade research teams for summer internships, working at an Air Force Research Laboratory turbine cascade tunnel. Ultimately, cadet experiences with the Academy turbine cascade help lay the foundation for a two-part senior propulsion capstone sequence in which cadets design a gas turbine engine starting with the overall cycle selection leading to component-level design. The turbine cascade also serves to integrate propulsion principles and fluid mechanics through a senior elective Computational Fluid Dynamics course. In this course, cadets may select a computational project related to the cascade. Cadets who complete the thermo-propulsion sequence graduate with a thorough understanding of turbine engine fundamentals from both conceptual and applied perspectives. Their exposure to the cascade facility is an important part of the process. An assessment of cadet learning is presented to validate the effectiveness of this integrated research-classroom approach.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Legal Indeterminacy and/as Professional Expertise

One of my concerns here has to do with what I perceive as the possible elision of the normative possibilities of law– and, therefore, the possibility of a more democratically meaningful understanding of justice in the space provided by law. It is an attempt to think seriously about the claim that ``law provides a terrain of contestation on which the powerless can hold the powerful to account by insisting that [the] legitimating rhetoric [of liberal legalism] be turned into action.''
Structural Evidence That the Methionyl Aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli Is a Mononuclear Metalloprotease

The Co and Fe K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra of the methionyl aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli (EcMetAP) have been recorded in the presence of 1 and 2 equiv of either Co(II) or Fe(II) (i.e., [Co(II)_(EcMetAP)], [Co(II)Co(II)(EcMetAP)], [Fe(II)_(EcMetAP)], and [Fe(II)Fe(II)(EcMetAP)]). The Fourier transformed data of both [Co(II)_(EcMetAP)] and [Co(II)Co(II)(EcMetAP)] are dominated by a peak at ca. 2.05 A, which can be fit assuming 5 light atom (N,O) scatterers at 2.04 A. Attempts to include a Co−Co interaction (in the 2.4−4.0 A range) in the curve-fitting parameters were unsuccessful. Inclusion of multiple-scattering contributions from the outer-shell atoms of a histidine−imidazole ring resulted in reasonable Debye−Waller factors for these contributions and a slight reduction in the goodness-of-fit value (f ‘). These data suggest that a dinuclear Co(II) center does not exist in EcMetAP and that the first Co atom is located in the histidine-ligated side of the active si...
Studies of angle-resolved photoelectron spectra from oriented NiCO: A model for adsorbed CO

We present a study of angle-resolved photoelectron spectra from oriented, linear NiCO. We address the question: How well do simple cluster models such as oriented NiCO simulate adsorbate molecules with respect to photoemission? The photoemission cross sections are obtained using Hartree-Fock electronic continuum orbitals. For the bonding 5σ orbital, we find oriented NiCO to be a better model than oriented CO. The large magnitude of the 5σ photoionization cross sections relative to the 4σ cross section cannot, however, be explained by our calculations without consideration of backscattering of the photoelectrons ejected "downward" into the detector.
Cetane Rating and Load Effects on Combustion Noise in Diesel Engines

Abstract Experiments have been performed on a single cylinder air-cooled direct injection four stroke Diesel engine to determine the connection between combustion randomness and radiated noise. The tests reported have carried the engine to its maximum fuel flow condition and investigated the effects of Cetane rating. The tests have conclusively demonstrated that a substantial anount of the radiated noise is causally related to the randomness (turbulence) of the combustion process and not the mean pressure-time history. However, the higher the load, the less the effect of the randomness on total noise output.
Neurite development in vitro. I. The effects of adenosine 3′5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP)

Elevated levels of 3′5′ adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) stimulate a wide variety of cellular events including aggregation, differentiation, morphological expression, pigment migration, and secretion. The role of cyclic AMP in these events prompted our present study of embryonic chick dorsal root ganglia. Test substances were applied to cultures during the routine feeding procedure. Their development was quantitatively evaluated on the basis of explant size, length of glial-like outgrowth, distribution of growth, neurite number, length, diameter, and degree of arborization. These parameters were all shown to be independent of each other. The high variability of in vitro neurite development necessitated the use of over 100 cultures per treatment group. Cultures treated with 5′ AMP exhibited no significant differences from controls. Those treated with cyclic AMP, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, or Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) exhibited statistically significant increases in area of outgrowth, the number of neurites per culture, and in diameters, lengths, and degree of neurite arborization. The growth promoting activity of dibutyryl cyclic AMP and NGF were greater than those of cyclic AMP. Electron microscopic study shows neurites formed under the influence of cyclic AMP or its dibutyryl derivative to resemble those grown in NGF. These studies suggest the possibility that cyclic AMP stimulates neurite growth by mediating the process of microtubule (MT) assembly. They further prompt us to speculate that one way NGF enhances neurite development is by stimulating MT assembly via a “Second Messenger System”.
Accounting information systems course structure and employer systems skills expectations

Abstract This study examines the current practices of AIS faculty in designing and teaching of the AIS course and then relates these practices to the systems skills expectations of accounting graduate employers (CPA firms, corporations, and government). Results indicate that only about 23% ( 55 240 ) of respondents perceive their graduates/entry-level hires at an above average level in systems skills preparedness. Differences exist in emphasis given to systems auditing (EDP), and database management systems. Differences in practical applications are in database management, word processing, accounting applications, and operating systems. Faculty show preference for use of computer hands-on projects, lecture, and case studies as instructional techniques and little use of manual practice sets and theoretical writing techniques. With many variations of what constitutes an ideal AIS course, the challenge remains for academics to design the AIS curricula to meet the diversity of career path goals while considering both their educational mission and employer expectations.
Circadian rhythmicity of rate-normalized QT interval in hypothyroidism and its significance for development of class III antiarrhythmic agents

Abstract Lengthening of repolarization and refractoriness occurs in hypothyroidism; it is associated with a reduced probability of arrhythmias, with the converse occurring in hyperthyroidism. Because the QT interval and its circadian rhythmicity relative to heart rate is poorly defined in man, we used our new computer-assisted technique to measure QT interval in our analysis of 24-hour Holter tapes before and after (8 to 12 weeks) thyroxine (T 4 ) replacement in 10 patients with hypothyroidism; the findings were compared to those in 6 normal control subjects. QTc interval was prolonged (p 4 replacement, when biochemical indexes of hypothyroidism had returned to normal values. The computer-assisted QTc interval determination technique that we used, and our data on the circadian rhythmicity of QTc and heart rate, have significant implications for the development of new class III antiarrhythmic agents.
A guide to developing and managing a well‐integrated multi‐channel retail strategy

A well‐integrated multi‐channel format enables consumers to examine goods at one channel, buy them at another channel, and finally pick them up at a third channel. Multichannel retailing offers synergies, as it can result in an increased customer base, added revenue, and higher market share. Common characteristics of a well‐integrated retail strategy include: highly‐integrated promotions, product consistency across channels, an integrated information system that shares customer, pricing and inventory data across multiple channels, a process that enables store pick‐up for items purchased on the Web or through a catalog, and the search for multi‐channel opportunities with appropriate partners. This article provides a check‐list to enable a retailer to assess its readiness to undertake a multi‐channel strategy.
Reconsidering the impacts of enclosed shopping centres: A study of pedestrian behaviour and within a festival market in Montreal

Abstract The widely accepted view of enclosed shopping centres, advanced for example by William Whyte, is that they diminish street life by displacing it indoors and purging it of behaviour unconnected with consumption. The resulting negative impacts on surrounding areas are a direct consequences of the interior and exterior design of the centre. In contrast, this study of an enclosed festival market shows that area revitalisation followed its opening and that the market itself contributed significantly to a revival of pedestrian activity in a large of the downtown. Its location at some distance from existing commercial centres supported the extension of the walking environment at street level. Visitors to the market are made up of particular groups of city residents who return frequently to shop and to socialise and who express a preference for the gregariousness of the market over available alternatives.
Low temperature InP layer transfer

High quality single crystalline 3 in Inp thin layers were transferred onto oxidised Si substrates at 150°C by wafer bonding and layer splitting from InP wafers which were co-implanted by B and H ions with the H implantation performed at 90°C.
Derivation and confirmation of scales measuring medical directors' attitudes about the hospitalization of nursing home residents.

Objectives: To derive and confirm scales measuring medical director’s attitudes about hospitalization of nursing home residents.Method: The authors surveyed nursing facility medical directors about the necessity of hospitalizing residents for eight clinical conditions and compared the ratings to those obtained from an expert panel to derive a relative hospitalization score. They also asked about factors that might influence hospitalization decisions. They performed a factor analysis to derive scales that measure attitudinal determinants of hospitalization and used the relative hospitalization score to confirm the scales.Results: The survey had a 79% response rate. The relative hospitalization score demonstrated that medical directors were slightly less likely to recommend hospitalization than expert panel physicians. Factor analyses yielded 10 scales focusing on nursing home functioning, economics, resident specific considerations, and physician attitudes. Eight of the 10 scales had significant bivariable...
Internal viscosity in polymer kinetic theory: shear flows

The Gaussian closure method and Brownian dynamics simulations have been used to calculate the shear material properties of a dilute solution of Hookean dumbbells with internal viscosity. Results for the zero-shear-rate material properties and small amplitude oscillatory shear material properties have been found analytically, and numerical results for the steady state shear material properties are also presented. Two interpretations of the stress tensor are investigated and results are compared. Brownian dynamics simulations are used to obtain material properties of the Hookean dumbbell with internal viscosity without approximations. These simulation results are compared with the perturbation solution of Booij and van Wiechen as well as with a new Gaussian closure solution. Also presented are the contracted distribution functions as derived from the Gaussian closure method and from Brownian dynamics simulations.
Using In-class Structured Exercises to Teach SciFinder to Chemistry Students

Since 2006 our library has taught chemistry information literacy with a focus on SciFinder. In 2007 the author began a trial of using in-class exercises as a way to reinforce what was demonstrated during the instruction. The exercises were easily adaptable to different areas of chemistry. In 2008, the author began collecting students’ written answers to the exercises at the end of the class and using them as another way to assess the learning and enhance the teaching of SciFinder. These exercises provided the students some individual, hands-on practice with available instructor help and allowed them to ask questions based on what they did. In addition, the instructor used immediate review of the exercises to highlight some points and introduce new ones. Students indicated that they liked the in-class exercises, especially since these allowed them to see if they were able to navigate the database by themselves. This article describes how the exercises were incorporated into teaching sessions, presents samp...
Planting the seed of Rome

The paper summarises some of the results of a long term project carried out by the author on charred macroremains from several key sequences in Rome and its broader hinterland dating from between the 9th and the 6th cent. B.C. This is the period that witnesses major changes in the structure of the settlement, in its social complexity and in its economic processes leading to formation of the state and urbanisation. Building upon recent work analysing the relationship between the emergence of social complexity and crop processing (as seen through the macroremains), possible evidence for structural changes in Roman archaic society are investigated, with particular attention to issues such as the centralisation of food storage and processing or the organisation of redistribution. Studies of this kind may well offer a different perspective on the beginnings of Rome, counterbalancing the traditional emphasis on textual evidence and burial analysis.
Linear motion machine for soft x-ray interferometry

A Fourier Transform X-ray Spectrometer has been designed and built for use at the Advanced light source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The design requires a total rectilinear motion of 15 mm with a maximum pitch error of the stage below {+-}0.4 {mu}radians, to achieve this the authors chose to build the entire machine as a single monolithic flexure. A hydraulic driver with sliding O-ring seals was developed with the intention to provide motion with a stick-slip position error of less than 0.8 nm at a uniform velocity of 20 {mu}m/sec. The machine is comprised of two pairs of nested linear motion flexures, all explained by means of a theory published earlier by Hathaway. Certain manufacturing errors were successfully corrected by an extra weak-link feature in the monolith frame. The engineering details of all the subsystems of the linear motion machine are described and measured performance reported.
Alleviating the force of poverty on urban poor children

This pluralistic, highly advantaged society, with an ethnically diverse and class‐divided population, has both moral and economic obligations to assist urban poor children to overcome the adverse conditions of their life circumstances. A network of socially‐conscious child advocates is needed to help poor children, particularly those of color, to overcome the statistical odds against them. At bottom these advocates must be humanists who subscribe to the human capital concept and who apply it to our children. A national Urban Marshall Plan is needed, social policy designed to ameliorate the substandard condition of the poor. It must include the institution and maintenance of realistic policies and programs of effective schooling for poor children and their families. Schooling is their lifeline to the 21st century. The urban poor, in turn, have a responsibility to accept and use wisely the assistance offered them. Thus obligation is mutual and reciprocal between society and its urban poor, though the greate...
Studies on the Biotin Requirement of Broiler Breeders

Abstract The minimum requirement of biotin for maximum hatchability of eggs and livability of chicks was determined for broiler breeder hens maintained in individual cages. Groups of hens were fed casein-gelatin, glucose diets containing 20, 40, 60, 100, 180 and 340 μg. biotin/kg. of diet. The requirement was found to be approximately 100 μg. total biotin/kg. of diet for maximum hatchability and chick livability. The concentration of biotin found in the yolk was found to be related to the dietary level. The egg biotin level, which produced maximum hatchability and livability of chicks, corresponding to the estimated minimum requirement of 100 μg. biotin/kg. of diet was approximately 200 mμg. biotin/g. of yolk. A level of 50 mμg. biotin/g. of yolk, or lower, was found to produce zero hatchability.
Towards Making Private Circuits Practical: DPA Resistant Private Circuits

The differential power analysis (DPA) attack is a well known major threat to cryptographic devices such as smart cards orother embedded systems. Quantification of resistance or robustness of a cryptographic device against the differential power analysis attack is lacking. We propose a DPA effectiveness (inverse of robustness) metric. We develop a logic graph based computational method for DPA effectiveness. Based on our insights with DPA effectiveness measures of an adder we develop a countermeasure. It enhances the proposed DPA resistance metric in normal 0-private circuits to the level of t-private circuits for t >= 1 at a smaller area and delay overhead. It deploys EXOR sum-of-products (ESOP) expressions to make the power consumption independent of input values or intermediate values. The logic synthesis system SIS was modified to incorporate both the proposed DPA effectiveness metriccomputation and the DPA-resistance transformation. The experiments show that the area and delay overhead of the proposed design method are 59.8% and 19.4%, respectively, compared to the original ESOP circuits averaged over MCNC benchmark suite. This, however, still takes 37.7% less area and 6.4% lower delay compared to 1-private implementation of the MCNC benchmark suite while maintaining the sameDPA resistance.
Determination of work functions near melting points of refractory metals by using a direct-current arc

Effective work functions of refractory metals at temperatures near their melting points were determined by using a direct-current arc. A metal wire connected as the cathode was melted by striking an arc discharge in an argon atmosphere. A melted sphere was formed with a definite emitting area which was calculated from the sphere diameter measured after terminating the arc. Effective work functions were calculated from the Richardson-Dushman equation by using this emission area. The procedure is experimentally advantageous because surface cleanliness of the specimen is not critical, high vacuum is not required, and the anode-cathode spacing is not critical.
Venous thromboembolism in malignant gliomas

Malignant gliomas are associated with a very high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). While many clinical risk factors have previously been described in brain tumor patients, the risk of VTE associated with newer anti-angiogenic therapies such as bevacizumab in these patients remains unclear. When VTE occurs in this patient population, concern regarding the potential for intracranial hemorrhage complicates management decisions regarding anticoagulation, and these patients have a worse prognosis than their VTE-free counterparts. Risk stratification models identifying patients at high risk of developing VTE along with predictive plasma biomarkers may guide the selection of eligible patients for primary prevention with pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis. Recent studies exploring disordered coagulation, such as increased expression of tissue factor (TF), and tumorigenic molecular signaling may help to explain the increased risk of VTE in patients with malignant gliomas.
Toxicity of Aroclor® 1254 and its physiological activity in several estuarine organisms

The occurrence of high concentrations of a PCB (Aroclor 1254) in the Pensacola estuary prompted field and laboratory studies by the Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory (EPA). Monitoring of the estuary indicates the chemical is present in all components-particularly in sediments and fishes. Residues appear to be diminishing in sediments. Toxicity tests show estuarine species sensitive at ppb concentrations in water, with a ciliate protozoan (Tetrahymena pyriformis W), shrimps (Penaeus duorarum, P. aztecus, andPalaemonetes pugio), and a fish (Fundulus similis), affected at or near 1.0 ppb. Tissue concentrations of Aroclor 1254 similar to those found in natural populations of shrimps from the contaminated estuary were successfully duplicated in laboratory experiments. Shrimps also concentrated the PCB from very low concentrations (0.04 ppb) in the water. Three estuarine species demonstrated pathologic changes at tissue and cellular level after chronic exposure to the chemical. Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) developed abnormal infiltration of leukocytes in the connective tissue, spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) developed fatty changes in their livers, and shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) developed crystalloids in hepatopancreatic nuclei.
Utility of echocardiography in the management of patients with penetrating missile wounds of the heart

Nine consecutive patients with penetrating missile wounds of the heart were evaluated by M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography for localization of retained missile fragments noted to be moving in synchrony with the heart by fluoroscopy. Echocardiography precisely located all 12 moving fragments: 2 in the pericardium, 5 in the anterior right ventricular wall, 3 in the free left ventricular wall, 1 in the interventricular septum and 1 in the right posterior atrioventricular groove. Five patients had echocardiographic evidence of pericardial effusion and only one manifested a wall motion abnormality, indicating that direct myocardial perforation does not always result in detectable intrapericardial bleeding or asynergy. Localization of the missile fragments to be in danger of endocardial perforation, in danger of eroding the right coronary artery and creating a clinically unsuspected membranous ventricular septal defect led directly to surgical intervention in three different patients. In all three, intraoperative echocardiography quickly localized the missile fragments and significantly reduced patient cardiopulmonary bypass time. In the remaining six patients, localization of missile fragments well within the myocardium with no danger of erosion led to decisions against surgical removal.
Differences in the Rates of Internalization of 125I-Labeled Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Luteinizing Hormone, and Epidermal Growth Factor by Ovine Luteal Cells*

The rate of internalization and degradation of radioiodinated hCG, ovine LH (oLH), human LH (hLH), and mouse epidermal growth factor (mEGF) was studied in suspensions of ovine luteal cells. Hormone bound to the plasma membrane was quantified by treating the cells with acidic buffer (pH 3.0), and the radioactivity removed from the receptor was measured. The radioactivity remaining in the cell pellet was considered to have been internalized. The extent of degradation of the radioactive hormones was determined by subjecting the radioactivity that was released into the medium during the incubation periods to precipitation with 20% trichloroacetic acid. The non-precipitable radioactivity was considered to have been degraded. The required time for loss of half of the radioactivity that had been bound to the cell membrane at time zero was 22.8 +/- 2.3 h for hCG, 23.3 +/- 1.1 h for asialo-hCG, 15.1 +/- 1.4 h for hLH, 0.4 +/- 0.2 h for oLH, and 0.3 +/- 0.1 for mEGF. The quantities of radioactivity that had been internalized (intracellular plus degraded) were greater at earlier times (15-120 min) for oLH or mEGF than for hCG, asialo-hCG, or hLH. These data suggest that ligands bound to different receptors on ovine luteal cells are internalized and degraded at different rates by the same cell and that ligands that bind to the same receptor (hCG, hLH, and oLH) can also be internalized and degraded at very different rates.
Accuracy of the first-order density matrices calculated with approximate coupled-cluster methods including connected triple excitations

Abstract The magnitudes of errors introduced in the first-order density matrices by approximating the full coupled-cluster single, double, and triple excitation method (CCSDT) by the CCSDT-1a, CCSDT-1b, CCSDT-2, CCSDT-3, CCSDT-4, CCSD + T(CCSD), and CCSD(T) techniques are investigated with the help of the differential density matrix overlap (DDMO) index. From the results of calculations involving the BH, HF, and H 2 O molecules at their equilibrium and stretched geometries, it is concluded that the relative errors in the density matrices are always much larger than the corresponding errors in the correlation energies. The CCSDT-4 method usually provides the best level of approximation for both the correlation energies and the first-order density matrices of molecules at their equilibrium geometries. However, for molecules with stretched bonds, none of the schemes appears to be uniformly superior to the others in providing an accurate approximation to the CCSDT density matrices. This implies that none of the aforementioned methods is clearly preferable for calculations of the one-electron properties of molecules at geometries far from equilibrium.
Programmed Bending Reveals Dynamic Mechanochemical Coupling in Supported Lipid Bilayers

In living cells, mechanochemical coupling represents a dynamic means by which membrane components are spatially organized. An extra-ordinary example of such coupling involves curvature-dependent polar localization of chemically-distinct lipid domains at bacterial poles, which also undergo dramatic reequilibration upon subtle changes in their interfacial environment such as during sporulation. Here, we demonstrate that such interfacially-triggered mechanochemical coupling can be recapitulated in vitro by simultaneous, real-time introduction of mechanically-generated periodic curvatures and attendant strain-induced lateral forces in lipid bilayers supported on elastomeric substrates. In particular, we show that real-time wrinkling of the elastomeric substrate prompts a dynamic domain reorganization within the adhering bilayer, producing large, oriented liquid-ordered domains in regions of low curvature. Our results suggest a mechanism in which interfacial forces generated during surface wrinkling and the topographical deformation of the bilayer combine to facilitate dynamic reequilibration prompting the observed domain reorganization. We anticipate this curvature-generating model system will prove to be a simple and versatile tool for a broad range of studies of curvature-dependent dynamic reorganizations in membranes that are constrained by the interfacial elastic and dynamic frameworks such as the cell wall, glycocalyx, and cytoskeleton.
C3 and C4 plant responses to increased temperatures and altered monsoonal precipitation in a cool desert on the Colorado Plateau, USA

Dryland ecosystems represent >40 % of the terrestrial landscape and support over two billion people; consequently, it is vital to understand how drylands will respond to climatic change. However, while arid and semiarid ecosystems commonly experience extremely hot and dry conditions, our understanding of how further temperature increases or altered precipitation will affect dryland plant communities remains poor. To address this question, we assessed plant physiology and growth at a long-term (7-year) climate experiment on the Colorado Plateau, USA, where the community is a mix of shallow-rooted C3 and C4 grasses and deep-rooted C4 shrubs. The experiment maintained elevated-temperature treatments (+2 or +4 °C) in combination with altered summer monsoonal precipitation (+small frequent precipitation events or +large infrequent events). Increased temperature negatively affected photosynthesis and growth of the C3 and C4 grasses, but effects varied in their timing: +4 °C treatments negatively affected the C3 grass early in the growing season of both years, while the negative effects of temperature on the C4 grass were seen in the +2 and +4 °C treatments, but only during the late growing season of the drier year. Increased summer precipitation did not affect photosynthesis or biomass for any species, either in the year the precipitation was applied or the following year. Although previous research suggests dryland plants, and C4 grasses in particular, may respond positively to elevated temperature, our findings from a cool desert show marked declines in C3 and C4 photosynthesis and growth, with temperature effects dependent on the degree of warming and growing-season precipitation.
Human Exonuclease I Is Required for 5′ and 3′ Mismatch Repair

We have partially purified a human activity that restores mismatch-dependent, bi-directional excision to a human nuclear extract fraction depleted for one or more mismatch repair excision activities. Human EXOI co-purifies with the excision activity, and the purified activity can be replaced by near homogeneous recombinant hEXOI. Despite the reported 5′ to 3′ hydrolytic polarity of this activity, hEXOI participates in mismatch-provoked excision directed by a strand break located either 5′ or 3′ to the mispair. When the strand break that directs repair is located 3′ to the mispair, hEXOI- and mismatch-dependent gap formation in excision-depleted extracts requires both hMutSα and hMutLα. However, excision directed by a 5′ strand break requires hMutSα but can occur in absence of hMutLα. In systems comprised of pure components, the 5′ to 3′ hydrolytic activity of hEXOI is activated by hMutSα in a mismatch-dependent manner. These observations indicate a hydrolytic function for hEXOI in 5′-heteroduplex correction. The involvement of hEXOI in 3′-heteroduplex repair suggests that it has a regulatory/structural role in assembly of the 3′-excision complex or that the protein possesses a cryptic 3′ to 5′ hydrolytic activity.
Both exogenous and endogenous target salience manipulations support resource depletion accounts of the attentional blink

Input control theories of the attentional blink (AB) suggest that this deficit results from impaired attentional selection caused by the post-Target 1 (T1) distractor (Di Lollo, Kawahara, Ghorashi, & Enns, 2005; Olivers, van der Stigchel, & Hulleman, 2007). Accordingly, these theories predict that there should be no AB when no distractors intervene between the targets. Contrary to these hypotheses, Dux, Asplund, and Marois (2008) observed an AB (T3 deficit) when three targets, from the same attentional set, were presented successively in a rapid stream of distractors, if subjects increased the resources they devoted to T1 processing. This result is consistent with resource depletion accounts of the AB. However, Olivers, Spalek, Kawahara, and Di Lollo (2009) argue that Dux et al.’s results can be better explained by the relationship between T1 and T2, and by target discriminability effects, rather than by the relationship between T1 and T3. Here, we find that manipulating the resources subjects devote to T1, either exogenously (target perceptual salience) or endogenously (target task relevance), affects T3 performance, even when T2 and target discriminability differences are controlled for. These results support Dux et al.’s conclusion that T1 resource depletion underlies the AB.
Chocolate consumption is inversely associated with calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries: the NHLBI Family Heart Study.

summary Background & aims: While a diet rich in anti-oxidant has been favorably associated with coronary disease and hypertension, limited data have evaluated the influence of such diet on subclinical disease. Thus, we sought to examine whether chocolate consumption is associated with calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries (CAC). Methods: In a cross-sectional design, we studied 2217 participants of the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Chocolate consumption was assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and CAC was measured by cardiac CT. We defined prevalent CAC using an Agatston score of at least 100 and fitted generalized estimating equations to calculate prevalence odds ratios of CAC. Results: There was an inverse association between frequency of chocolate consumption and prevalent CAC. Odds ratios (95% CI) for CAC were 1.0 (reference), 0.94 (0.66e1.35), 0.78 (0.53e1.13), and 0.68 (0.48e0.97) for chocolate consumption of 0, 1e3 times per month, once per week, and 2þ times per week, respectively (p for trend 0.022), adjusting for age, sex, energy intake, waist-hip ratio, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, ratio of total-to-HDL-cholesterol, non-chocolate candy, and diabetes mellitus. Controlling for additional confounders did not alter the findings. Exclusion of subjects with coronary heart disease or diabetes mellitus did not materially change the odds ratio estimates but did modestly decrease the overall significance (p ¼ 0.07). Conclusions: These data suggest that chocolate consumption might be inversely associated with prevalent
Cyclo- and Polyphosphazenes with Redox Active Substituents

This paper focuses on phosphazenes containing one of two organometallic functionalities, either the tetrahedral cluster obtained from the reaction of dicobalt octacarbonyl with an ethynyl or the fe...
Behavioral observation and analysis of pain behavior in critically burned patients

Abstract Although patients who have been critically burned obviously suffer significant levels of pain, they also appear to engage in adaptive behaviors with greater frequency than previously documented. Observers trained in the use of an objective, reliable coding system recorded 5 min samples of behavior during treatment procedures. Typically, patients report severe pain during procedures such as wound debridement, dressing changes, physical therapy, etc., and many dread having to undergo them. The coding system allowed for the concurrent recording of staff reactions to patients' pain behaviors, well-being behaviors (discussing progress, future plans, complying with therapeutic instructions, etc.), criticism and praise of the hospital and the staff, and focusing on other patient's problems. Results indicate that: (1) patients exhibit a significantly higher frequency of psychological and somatic well-being than psychological and somatic complaints, even in the context of an intense, typically painful, treatment procedure; (2) differences in the frequency of pain behaviors and of well-being behaviors were not systematically related to the expected burn-related variables, e.g., total body surface area burned, site of burn, days since onset; and (3) nursing staff who have not received specific training in the behavioral analysis and treatment of pain respond to most patient behaviors with positive reinforcement regardless of whether such reinforcement is therapeutically indicated. Behavioral implications for the theory and treatment of pain are discussed.
A new efficient 3D non-hydrostatic free-surface flow model for simulating water wave motions

Abstract A new three-dimensional, non-hydrostatic free surface flow model is presented. For simulating water wave motions over uneven bottoms, the model employs an explicit project method on a Cartesian the staggered gird system to solve the complete three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations. A bi-conjugated gradient method with a pre-conditioning procedure is used to solve the resulting matrix system. The model is capable of resolving non-hydrostatic pressure by incorporating the integral method of the top-layer pressure treatment, and predicting wave propagation and interaction over irregular bottom by including a partial bottom-cell treatment. Four examples of surface wave propagation are used to demonstrate the capability of the model. Using a small of vertical layers (e.g. 2–3 layers), it is shown that the model could effectively and accurately resolve wave shoaling, non-linearity, dispersion, fission, refraction, and diffraction phenomena.