cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On being right, but unhappy

A n occasion like this one offers a rare opportunity to look back over what you have been trying to say for some time and to reflect on how well it has held up in a way that we do not often get to. I’m grateful, but this is also a perilous enterprise. The potential for a downside is obvious, particularly for those of us who have chosen, for whatever reason, to presume to voice opinions about big issues of social policy. You run the risk of discovering that you were basically wrong from the beginning and of being embarrassed—big time—by how much of your early thinking needs to be thrown out. Another less anticipated danger is the discovery that you were basically right but wish you were not. I think that is where I am today as I look back through arguments I made about the roots of violent crime in America and about what would and would not work and to address it seriously. The good news is that I think my analysis was largely correct. The bad news is that I think my analysis was largely correct. Let me go back 25 years, to the mid 1980s, when I was drafting the manuscript of the book that later became titled Confronting Crime (which was not the original title—I wanted to call it The American Affliction, which I thought was kind of sexy and also substantive, but my editor nixed that choice, for better or for worse). This was in the first flush of the Reagan era. It is difficult to exaggerate the impact of conservative policy ideals at that time—not just regarding crime, but with respect to every aspect of social policy. It was said widely that more optimistic or traditionally “liberal” solutions to social ills, including crime, had been tried and had failed. Or worse, they had helped cause (or at least exacerbate) the problems. The absence of credible evidence for that belief did not faze increasing numbers of people across a surprisingly large swath of the political spectrum. So, in addition to the forceful and vocal case being made by newly resurgent conservatives, there was a pervasive sense of doubt, a failure of nerve even among people who thought of themselves as traditional liberals. The resulting vacuum created an opening for the resurfacing of ideas about crime and punishment (as well as much else) that, for some time, had been mostly confined to the fringes of public debate. It was a time that (at least when it came to our ideas about crime)
Some Aspects of Nationalism in Modern Foreign Language Teaching

Foreign, especially European, governments seek national advantages through subsidies to American education. A suggested corrective. A course for college seniors majoring in foreign languages, to present more fully the various national points of view
THEORY OF METAL-INSULATOR TRANSITIONS IN GATED SEMICONDUCTORS

It is shown that recent experiments indicating a metal-insulator transition in 2D electron systems can be interpreted in terms of a simple model, in which the resistivity is controlled by scattering at charged hole traps located in the oxide layer. The gate voltage changes the number of charged traps which results in a sharp change in the resistivity. The observed exponential temperature dependence of the resistivity in the metallic phase of the transition follows from the temperature dependence of the trap occupation number. The model naturally describes the experimentally observed scaling properties of the transition and effects of magnetic and electric fields.
Parathyroid and thyroid hormones in the development of immobilization osteoporosis.

The experiment was designed to determine whether the osteoporosis observed with immobilization is the result of local factors or develops in response to circulating hormones, which are more effective in the immobilized part. The hormones considered were those from thethyroid and parathyroid glands. Thirty adult dogs were divided into 4 groups: intact, parathyroidectomized, thyroidectomized and thyroparathyroidectomized. The right hind limbs were immobilized in a single hip spica cast, which was replaced at weekly intervals. After 3 to 12 weeks, the tibia and 1 metatarsal were removed from the immobilized and nonimmobilized limbs of each animal, and quantitative microradiographic studies were carried out; the degree of porosity, bone formation and bone resorption were measured in the midshaft of these 2 bones. The pCO2 and pO2 and pH of arterial and venous tibial blood were measured in selected animals. The results showed that after 3 weeks there were both l'oentgenologic evidence and microradiographic evi...
Escanaba adopts corps of city Managers. Also administrative code

Escanaba, Michigan, is the first city to adopt an ordinance setting up a complete administrative code. It is the first city, also, to establish a city–manager corps in place of a single manager.
Do climate simulations from models forced by averaged sea surface temperatures represent actual dynamics

Recently atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) forced by observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have offered the possibility of studying climate variability over periods ranging from years to decades. Such models represent and alternative to fully coupled asynchronous atmosphere ocean models whose long term integration remains problematic. Here, the degree of the approximation represented by this approach is investigated from a conceptual point of view by comparing the dynamical properties of a low order coupled atmosphere-ocean model to those of the atmospheric component of the same model when forced with monthly values of SST derived from the fully coupled simulation. The low order modelling approach is undertaken with the expectation that it may reveal general principles concerning the dynamical behaviour of the forced versus coupled systems; it is not expected that such an approach will determine the details of these differences, for which higher order modelling studies will be required. We discover that even though attractor (global) averages may be similar, local dynamics and the resultant variability and predictability characteristics differ substantially. These results suggest that conclusions concerning regional climatic variability (in time as well as space) drawn from forced modelling approaches may be contaminated by an inherently unquantifiable error. It is therefore recommended that this possibility be carefully investigated using state-of-the-art coupled AGCMs.
The hospitality classroom, circa 2005.

This article traces the history of information technology in education, reviews the current uses of information technology, and projects what hospitality classrooms might look like in 2005. The discussion is extended to the implications for training in the hospitality industry. To achieve the forecasted changes, the view of education must shift from training to performance and from documentation to the application of knowledge.
Transient aqueous pores in bilayer membranes: A statistical theory

Abstract Both irreversible mechanical breakdown (rupture) and reversible electrical breakdown can occur in bilayer membranes. A unified description of both phenomena is possible if it is hypothesized that a large number of transient aqueous pores are present because of thermal fluctuations. This hypothesis is in contrast to the usual picture of a bilayer membrane as an uninterrupted sheet. A statistical theory is presented which describes a pore population by providing a diffusion-convection equation for non-interacting pores. An approximate quasi-steady state solution to this equation describes the relative number of pores of different sizes. An expression for Dp, the effective lateral diffusion constant of a pore's radius, is also obtained. As found previously by others, rupture is identified with the occurrence of a single pore which expands beyond a critical radius, rc(U), where U is the transmembrane potential. The corresponding critical transmembrane potential for rupture, Uc, is a function of the total number of pores Ntot, and is also sensitive to the pore edge energy γ and the bilayer surface energy Γ.
Note on the Statistics' of Nuclei

From Pauli's exclusion principle we derive the rule for the symmetry of the wave functions in the coordinates of the center of gravity of two similar stable clusters of electrons and protons, and justify the assumption that the clusters satisfy the Einstein-Bose or Fermi-Dirac statistics according to whether the number of particles in each cluster is even or odd. The rule is shown to become invalid only when the interaction between the clusters is large enough to disturb their internal motion.
Function memoization and unique object representation for ACL2 functions

We have developed an extension of ACL2 that includes the implementation of hash-based association lists and function memoization; this makes some algorithms execute more quickly. This extension, enabled partially by the implementation of Hash-CONS, represents ACL2 data objects in a canonical way, thus the comparison of any two such objects can be determined without the cost of descending through their CONS structures. A restricted set of ACL2 user-defined functions may be memoized; the underlying implementation may conditionally retain the values of such function calls so that if a repeated function application is requested, a previously computed value may instead be returned. We have defined a fast association list access and update functions using hash tables. We provide a file reader that identifies and eliminates duplicate representations of repeated objects, and a file printer that produces output with no duplicate subexpressions.
Herbal use before and during pregnancy.

Objective We estimated the prevalence and patterns of herbal use among US women before and during pregnancy. Study Design The National Birth Defects Prevention Study is an ongoing, population-based, case-control study. This analysis included 4239 women from 10 centers in the United States who delivered infants without major birth defects from 1998–2004. Results The prevalence of reported herbal use 3 months before or during pregnancy was 10.9%. During pregnancy, prevalence was 9.4% and was highest in the first trimester. Higher prevalence was associated with age greater than 30 years and education greater than 12 years. Use varied considerably by state (5–17%). Ginger and ephedra were the most commonly reported products early in pregnancy; teas and chamomile were most commonly reported throughout pregnancy. Conclusion Potentially 395,000 US births annually involve antenatal exposure to herbal products. Health care providers should inquire routinely about herbal use and educate patients about what little is known regarding risks of these products.
Retrograde Activation of the His Bundle During Intermittent Paired Ventricular Stimulation in the Human Heart

Intermittent paired ventricular pacing was performed in five patients, one of them with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. Retrograde activation of the His bundle and of the atria was observed in all patients. Bipolar leads with interelectrode distances of 1 mm seemed to be slightly better than the conventional ones (10 mm apart) for the identification of His (H) deflections buried inside the QRS complexes. Diagnosis of retrograde atrial activation was enhanced by the use of a high bipolar right atrial lead. In cases 1 and 2, V2-A2 and V2-H2 intervals consistently lengthened as the V1-V2 interval was reduced. In two other patients, previously present retrograde P waves disappeared as the V1-V2 interval was reduced. Yet at even shorter intervals, retrograde conduction to the His bundle and to the atria was seen. Ventricular echoes occurred in two cases, and reciprocating tachycardia in one. In these instances the His bundle was engaged in both retrograde and forward conduction. Finally in the patient wi...
Offset energies at organic semiconductor heterojunctions and their influence on the open-circuit voltage of thin-film solar cells

Organic semiconductor heterojunction (HJ) energy level offsets are modeled using a combination of Marcus theory for electron transfer, and generalized Shockley theory of the dark current density vs voltage $(J\text{\ensuremath{-}}V)$ characteristics. This model is used to fit the $J\text{\ensuremath{-}}V$ characteristics of several donor-acceptor combinations commonly used in thin film organic photovoltaic cells. In combination with measurements of the energetics of donor-acceptor junctions, the model predicts tradeoffs between the junction open-circuit voltage $({V}_{\mathrm{OC}})$ and short-circuit current density $({J}_{\mathrm{SC}})$. The ${V}_{\mathrm{OC}}$ is found to increase with light intensity and inversely with temperature for 14 donor-acceptor HJ materials pairs. In particular, we find that ${V}_{\mathrm{OC}}$ reaches a maximum at low temperature $(\ensuremath{\sim}175\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$ for many of the heterojunctions studied. The maximum value of ${V}_{\mathrm{OC}}$ is a function of the difference between the donor ionization potential and acceptor electron affinity, minus the binding energy of the dissociated, geminate electron-hole pair: a general relationship that has implications on the charge transfer mechanism at organic heterojunctions. The fundamental understanding provided by this model leads us to infer that the maximum power conversion efficiency of double heterostructure organic photovoltaic cells can be as high as 12%. When combined with mixed layers to increase photocurrent and stacked cells to increase ${V}_{\mathrm{OC}}$, efficiencies approaching 16% are within reach.
Kierkegaard on the Unity of Comedy and Tragedy

Both Kierkegaard’s life and thought manifest his great respect for Socrates, whom he regarded as the highest representative of the purely human — that is, of man outside the religious sphere in a strict sense. This interest in Socrates is partially expressed in his recurring reflections on the above-quoted passage from the Symposium. That comedy and tragedy — or, more exactly, the comic and the tragic — are in some sense one is a theme which appears at many points in his writings.
Least Supersolution Approach to Regularizing Free Boundary Problems

In this paper, we study a free boundary problem obtained as a limit as e → 0 to the following regularizing family of semilinear equations \({\Delta u = \beta_{\varepsilon}(u) F(\nabla u)}\) , where βe approximates the Dirac delta in the origin and F is a Lipschitz function bounded away from 0 and infinity. The least supersolution approach is used to construct solutions satisfying geometric properties of the level surfaces that are uniform in e. This allows to prove that the free boundary of a limit has the “right” weak geometry, in the measure theoretical sense. By the construction of some barriers with curvature, the classification of global profiles of the blow-up analysis is carried out and the limit functions are proven to be viscosity and pointwise solution (\({\mathcal{H}^{n-1}}\) almost everywhere) to a free boundary problem. Finally, the free boundary is proven to be a C1,α surface around \({\mathcal{H}^{n-1}}\) almost everywhere point.
"I Never Really Knew the History behind African American Language": Critical Language Pedagogy in an Advanced Placement English Language Arts Class.

This article responds to two long-standing dilemmas that limit the effectiveness of language education for students who speak and write in African American Language (AAL): (1) the gap between theory and research on AAL and classroom practice, and (2) the need for critical language pedagogies. This article presents the effectiveness of a critical language pedagogy used in one eleventh grade advanced placement English Language Arts (ELA) class. Findings show that students held negative attitudes toward AAL before the implementation of the critical language pedagogy, and that the critical language pedagogy helped students to interrogate dominant notions of language and to express an appreciation of AAL.
Spectroscopic studies of ionic solvation. XXI. A raman, infrared, and NMR study of sodium perchlorate solutions in nonaqueous solvents

Sodium perchlorate solutions in several nonaqueous solvents were examined by23Na,35Cl-NMR, infrared, and Raman spectroscopic techniques. The formation of contact ion pairs lowers the symmetry of ClO4− ion from Td to C3v or C2v provided that the interaction is fairly strong. This was manifested for NaClO4 solutions in acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, and pyridine. Combination of the vibrational measurements with NMR shows that in the above three cases the anion-cation interactions are quite strong. Sodium-23 NMR studies confirm the above results and, being a more sensitive technique, also indicates weak cation-anion interaction in propylene carbonate, formic acid, acetone, methanol, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and water. In all solvents the23Na resonance shifts upfield with increasing concentration of NaClO4, indicating that the replacement of solvent by ClO4− ion decreases electron density around the cation.
Gas dynamics in barred spirals: Gaseous density waves and galactic shocks

Steady-state gasdynamical studies, previously limited to tightly wound normal spiral galaxies, are extended to models of barred spirals with a 5% to 10% perturbing potential. The models show that a strong wave manifestation is an important constituent of the bar structure in many barred spirals and that a density-wave shock wave can form a bar structure as pronounced as the narrow bars often evident in optical photographs of barred spirals. The dark narrow dust lanes often observed along the leading edges of bar structures are identified as tracers of shocks, and it is found that strong shocks along a bar structure during even a small part of a galaxy's lifetime might easily deplete a large enough proportion of the gas to cause a lack of gas in the inner annuli encompassing the bar by the time of the present epoch. It is emphasized that even moderate-amplitude barlike perturbations in the disk can drive large noncircular gas motions, typically 50 to 150 km/s.
Why should managers be thinking about technology policy

Courses on the management of innovation and technology seldom treat government technology policies, and the issues they pose for business management. This is unfortunate. In many fields business has a big stake in government technology policies. They can help business, be a waste of money, or actually hurt business. This essay considers three broad issues in contemporary technology policy, that are of significant consequence to business: government support of applied research, the question of how to deal with the decline in business-funded basic research, and the complex questions about intellectual property rights.
T-Cell Abnormalities in Common Variable Immunodeficiency

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) is a heterogeneous condition marked by a number of different immunologic defects. One group of patients, perhaps 60% of the CVI group as a whole, is characterized by T cells that produce reduced amounts of IL-2 (mRNA and protein product), IL-4, and IL-5 (mRNA) when stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. This defect does not extend to all lymphokines, however, because the cells produce normal amounts of interferon-gamma (mRNA and protein product) when exogenous IL-2 is present. Recently, we have reexamined the T cell lymphokine production defect using a panoply of T-cell activation stimuli and have shown that the defect is a subtle one that depends on activation of the cell via the CD3-T-cell receptor complex. Because T cells proliferate normally when stimulated via this receptor, this finding suggests the presence of a "downstream" defect, perhaps one involving the factors that are necessary for activation of lymphokine genes. A second form of CVI, in this case involving approximately 30% of the CVI group as a whole, is characterized by a reduced CD4/CD8 ratio and elevated numbers of CD8+ T cells bearing the CD57 marker. Although the CD4+ T cells in this patient group elaborate normal amounts of IL-2 under various activation conditions, their CD8+ T cells produce increased amounts of interferon-gamma. Furthermore, the CD8+ T cells in this case act as "suppressor" T cells, which suppress IgG production but not IgM production of purified (normal) SAC+, IL-2-induced B cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Record of pre-late Wisconsin giant floods in the Channeled Scabland interpreted from loess deposits

Loess deposits adjacent to flood coulees on the Columbia Plateau in eastern Washington State record multiple episodes of pre-late Wisconsin cataclysmic floods. Evidence in the loess consists of flood-cut unconformities, upward fining in individual loess strata, and flood deposits that consist of basaltic gravel, fragments of calcified paleosols, and slackwater sediment. At least six episodes of floods during the Pleistocene are indicated by paleomagnetic measurements, tephra correlations, and the stratigraphic position of flood indicators. One episode of the six occurred prior to 790 ka; the most recent episode before the last glacial floods occurred at 36 ka, at the latest.
Scales of Variability in the Equatorial Pacific Inferred form Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Buoy Array

Abstract The highly temporally resolved time series from the Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean moored buoy array are used to evaluate the scales of thermal variability in the upper equatorial Pacific. The TAO array consists of nearly 70 deep-ocean moorings arranged nominally 15° longitude and 2°–3° latitude apart across the equatorial Pacific. The bulk of the data from the array consists of daily averages telemetered in real time, with some records up to 15 years long. However, at several sites more finely resolved data exist, in some cases with resolution of 1 minute. These data form the basis for spectral decomposition spanning virtually all scales of variability from the Brunt-Vaiala frequency to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation timescale. The spectra are used to define the signal to noise ratio as a function of sample rate and frequency, and to investigate the effects of aliasing that results from sparser sampling, such as ship-based observational techniques. The results show that the signal to noise ratio is...
Measuring Alliances: the Correlates of War Formal Interstate Alliance Dataset, 1816–2000

This article serves as a companion to the release of Version 3.0 of the Correlates of War Formal Interstate Alliance Dataset, 1816–2000. First released in 1966, the Correlates of War alliance data have greatly influenced quantitative studies of conflict, providing an important variable in the study of international conflict and cooperation. The article begins by describing the historical development and the major characteristics of the alliance dataset. The second section then discusses the procedures used to both identify and code each alliance in this revised and extended version of the data, and this is followed by a description of several important changes made to the original coding rules in order to develop this dataset, with the most notable of these changes being a more determined reliance on treaty texts rather than historical accounts for identification of alliances and alliance types. To show the effects of the revised coding decisions and the enlarged temporal domain, the final section of the ...
Oxidant stress, mitochondria, and cell death mechanisms in drug-induced liver injury: Lessons learned from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity

Hepatotoxicity is a serious problem during drug development and for the use of many established drugs. For example, acetaminophen overdose is currently the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in the United States and Great Britain. Evaluation of the mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury indicates that mitochondria are critical targets for drug toxicity, either directly or indirectly through the formation of reactive metabolites. The consequence of these modifications is generally a mitochondrial oxidant stress and peroxynitrite formation, which leads to structural alterations of proteins and mitochondrial DNA and, eventually, to the opening of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MPT) pores. MPT pore formation results in a collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and cessation of adenosine triphosphate synthesis. In addition, the release of intermembrane proteins, such as apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G, and their translocation to the nucleus, leads to nuclear DNA frag...
The effects of concanavalin A and other agents on protein degradation and migration of non-histone proteins (NHP) to the nucleus in lymphocytes.

Concanavalin A (conA) inhibits the degradation of [3H]leucine-labeled cellular proteins of human lymphocytes. The lectin also stimulates the migration of non-histone proteins (NHP) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The increased nuclear level of NHP is associated with increased cellular binding of [3H]actinomycin D [(3H]AD). Decreased protein breakdown and increased migration of NHP are parallel events, i.e. both changes occur as a function of the lectin concentration and display a similar time course, suggesting that these events could be related. Similar effects are observed with fluoride, chloroquine and iodoacetate: these agents simultaneously decrease proteolysis and increase the nuclear level of NHP, associated with increased cellular [3H]AD binding. Fractionation of the acidic NHP according to pH 2.5-6.5 shows that proteins with a high degree of degradation in unstimulated cells correspond to proteins with a high degree of migration in conA-stimulated cells. A similar correlation was observed in fluoride-treated lymphocytes. conA, fluoride and iodoacetate decrease cellular [3H]chloroquine [(3H]CQ) accumulation, indicating a lysosomotropic effect. These and previously reported data suggest, but do not prove that conA inhibits degradation of cellular proteins via the lysosomal pathway. Ammonium chloride, methylamine and sodium azide also inhibit proteolysis and increase cellular [3H]AD binding; however, their effects are weak. On the basis of these observations it appears that lysosomal degradation and migration of NHP to the nucleus are linked; however, the mechanism of the linkage is unknown.
Histone Deacetylase 5 Interacts with Krüppel-Like Factor 2 and Inhibits its Transcriptional Activity in Endothelium

Aims Vascular endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are hallmarks of atherosclerosis. Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a key mediator of anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic properties of the endothelium. However, little is known of the molecular mechanisms for regulating KLF2 transcriptional activation. Methods and results Here, we found that histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) associates with KLF2 and represses KLF2 transcriptional activation. HDAC5 resided with KLF2 in the nuclei of human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Steady laminar flow attenuated the association of HDAC5 with KLF2 via stimulating HDAC5 phosphorylation-dependent nuclear export in HUVEC. We also mapped the KLF2–HDAC5-interacting domains and found that the N-terminal region of HDAC5 interacts with the C-terminal domain of KLF2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays showed that HDAC5 through a direct association with KLF2 suppressed KLF2 transcriptional activation. HDAC5 overexpression inhibited KLF2-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthesis (eNOS) promoter activity in COS7 cell and gene expression in both HUVECs and bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Conversely, HDAC5 silencing enhanced KLF2 transcription and hence eNOS expression in HUVEC. Moreover, we observed that the level of eNOS protein in the thoracic aorta isolated from HDAC5 knockout mice was higher, whereas expression of pro-inflammatory vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 was lower, compared with those of HDAC5 wild-type mice. Conclusions We reveal a novel role of HDAC5 in modulating the KLF2 transcriptional activation and eNOS expression. These findings suggest that HDAC5, a binding partner and modulator of KLF2, could be a new therapeutic target to prevent vascular endothelial dysfunction associated with cardiovascular diseases.
Predicting metastable phase boundaries in Al–Cu alloys from first-principles calculations of free energies: The role of atomic vibrations

Metastable precipitate phase boundaries are difficult to ascertain experimentally and yet are important for controlling the microstructure of precipitation-hardenable alloys. We demonstrate how first-principles calculations of configurational and vibrational free energies can be used to predict precipitate phase boundaries of stable and metastable phases in Al–Cu alloys. Surprisingly, the formation entropy of a Cu impurity is found to be hugely positive (+2.7 kB/atom), leading to a dramatic enhancement in the solubility. The large entropy is dominated by the very low-frequency vibration of the small impurity atom (Cu) inside the large cage of the host (Al). The agreement between the GGA and experimental data is within 100 K for all phases, showing that accurate first-principles determination of metastable phase boundaries is now possible.
Accounting Instructors' Perceptions of how they Teach versus How they were Taught

(1991). Accounting Instructors' Perceptions of how they Teach versus How they were Taught. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 90-94.
Aniline Adsorption, Hydrogenation, and Hydrogenolysis on the Ni(100) Surface

The bonding and reactions of adsorbed aniline have been characterized on the Ni(100) surface both in hydrogen and in vacuum with a combination of surface spectroscopies. The structure of adsorbed aniline and derived intermediates has been characterized by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The dominant surface reactions have been studied using temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) and in-situ temperature-programmed fluorescence yield near-edge spectroscopy (TP FYNES). Competition between hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, and dehydrogenation of aniline in the 300−400 K temperature range depends markedly on hydrogen pressures in the vacuum to 0.01 Torr range. In the absence of external hydrogen, dehydrogenation dominates with increasing temperature. Both hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of aniline-derived surface intermediates are enhanced dramatically by hydrogen atmospheres. For aniline coverages up to 1 monolayer, hydrogenolysis to fo...
SnIPRE: Selection Inference Using a Poisson Random Effects Model

We present an approach for identifying genes under natural selection using polymorphism and divergence data from synonymous and non-synonymous sites within genes. A generalized linear mixed model is used to model the genome-wide variability among categories of mutations and estimate its functional consequence. We demonstrate how the model's estimated fixed and random effects can be used to identify genes under selection. The parameter estimates from our generalized linear model can be transformed to yield population genetic parameter estimates for quantities including the average selection coefficient for new mutations at a locus, the synonymous and non-synynomous mutation rates, and species divergence times. Furthermore, our approach incorporates stochastic variation due to the evolutionary process and can be fit using standard statistical software. The model is fit in both the empirical Bayes and Bayesian settings using the lme4 package in R, and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods in WinBUGS. Using simulated data we compare our method to existing approaches for detecting genes under selection: the McDonald-Kreitman test, and two versions of the Poisson random field based method MKprf. Overall, we find our method universally outperforms existing methods for detecting genes subject to selection using polymorphism and divergence data.
Quantitative analysis of the kinematics of the overhead lacrosse shot in youth

Lacrosse is one of the oldest team sports in the United States and it has become the fastest growing sport in the country. The purpose of this study was to describe the kinematics of the overhead shot in youth male lacrosse players in attempt to gain an understanding of the movement patterns of the upper extremity. It was hypothesized that the kinematics observed with the overhead lacrosse shot would be similar to the mechanics of an overhead throw. Ten male youth lacrosse players (10.69 ± 2.06 years; 153.87 ± 12.90 cm; and 43.33 ± 9.25 kg) volunteered. Three accurate overhead shots were performed and the fastest shot was then selected for detailed analysis. The overhead lacrosse shot relies on trunk extension and rotation as the shot progresses and less on shoulder external rotation than a throw. Additionally, the lacrosse shot also appears to be less dependent on humeral elevation, compared to throwing, as 15.38 ± 12.10° of elevation was observed.
Electronic commerce education: Analysis of existing courses

Abstract E-commerce is reshaping business practices and education, yet many have expressed concern over the e-commerce education and training provided to students. This study examines the extent to which business schools, particularly accounting programs, are integrating e-commerce education into their curricula. An analysis of 79 syllabi provides evidence regarding: (1) the scope and nature of e-commerce education; (2) educational approaches to e-commerce; (3) e-commerce topics that could be taught as part of e-commerce education; (4) methods of coverage of e-commerce education; and (5) methods and reference materials for teaching an e-commerce course. This study initiates a general dialogue on the nature, content, objectives, and delivery of e-commerce education. An exploratory review and content analysis of a sample of 79 syllabi, representing different sizes of universities worldwide, reveals that business schools and accounting programs offer e-commerce courses emphasizing a broad range of skills, ob...
Points of Contact: A Wachian reappraisal of the African Orthodox Church and the early steel industry in Sydney, Nova Scotia

En l'annee 1900, Dominion Iron and Steel Company commence sa production a Sydney, Nouvelle-Ecosse. Un recrutement d'emigrants des Indes occidentales Favorise la creation, en 1923, de la communaute la plus segregative de la ville de Sydney. En 1928, l'Eglise orthodoxe africaine St. Philip est erigee et devient le noyau de la communaute. L'analyse de ce succes met en evidence l'importance de facteurs sociaux et economiques. Cet article suggere que, meme si de tels facteurs sont significatifs, l'explication de cette reussite est tout de meme religieuse. Le travail de l'historien des religions Joachim Wach, sur lequel cet article s'appuie, permet de comprendre que le succes de l'Eglise est du a sa capacite de refleter simultanement la nature religieuse de l'humain et les contextes spatiaux et temporaux dans lesquels cette nature est exprimee. St. Philip prouve particulierement ce que Wach a etabli comme etant le but de l'etude de la religion: la comprehension a la fois des faits historiques singuliers et du phenomene plus general de la religiosite humaine.
A BEOL multilevel structure with ultra low-k materials (k ≤ 2.4)

A multilevel back-end-of-line structure with a dielectric constant k ≤ 2.4 ultra low-k materials was developed. k=3D2.2 ULK build was demonstrated at a 144nm wiring pitch and a k=3D2.4 ULK was demonstrated at a 288nm pitch. Good model-to-hardware correlation for the measured capacitance indicated no significant plasma damage to the ULK 2.2 material. The extracted copper resisitivity was consistent with size-effect predictions of an electron scattering model. An optimized SiN/SiC x N y H bilayer copper cap scheme was developed to minimize low-k damage. Also, an alternative CoWP metal cap, for improved electromigration resistance, is discussed. Preliminary TDDB reliability testing suggests V bd of ULK 2.2 144nm pitch structures and ULK 2.4 288nm pitch structures was comparable to that of dense low-k films at similar pitches, with very few extrinsic fails.
Computation regrouping: restructuring programs for temporal data cache locality

Data access costs contribute significantly to the execution time of applications with complex data structures. As the latency of memory accesses becomes high relative to processor cycle times, application performance is increasingly limited by memory performance. In some situations it may be reasonable to trade increased computation costs for reduced memory costs. The contributions of this paper are three-fold: we provide a detailed analysis of the memory performance of a set of seven, memory-intensive benchmarks; we describe Computation Regrouping, a general, source-level approach to improving the overall performance of these applications by improving temporal locality to reduce cache and TLB miss ratios (and thus memory stall times); and we demonstrate significant performance improvements from applying Computation Regrouping to our suite of seven benchmarks. With Computation Regrouping, we observe an average speedup of 1.97, with individual speedups ranging from 1.26 to 3.03. Most of this improvement comes from eliminating memory stall time.
Foundation for a time interval access control model

A new model for representing temporal access control policies is introduced. In this model, temporal authorizations are represented by time attributes associated with both subjects and objects, and a “time interval access graph.” The time interval access graph is used to define constraints on the temporal relations between subjects and objects. Interval algebra is used to define and analyze the time interval access graph.
Measurements of L-band inland-water surface-clutter Doppler spectra

Although radar surface-clutter reflectivities from terrain are generally much greater than those from water, strong Bragg resonances at low but non-zero Doppler frequencies in backscatter from small inland bodies of water might potentially cause false alarms for moving target indicator (MTI) or other Doppler signal-processing techniques designed for target detection in ground clutter. To provide data for investigating this concern, measurements of L-band radar backscatter were recorded from the surface of a small inland freshwater reservoir in central Massachusetts. These measurements were of unusually high system stability and spectral purity so as to provide up to 80 dB of available spectral dynamic range. Strong Bragg spikes occurred in the clutter Doppler spectra from the reservoir at low (3 to 4 Hz) but non-zero Doppler frequencies. This strong Bragg resonance was persistent in time and space throughout the measurements. Spectral results are presented for all four combinations of linear polarization. Comparison with tree clutter spectral results indicates that, when an occasional water body comes under surveillance at vertical polarization in otherwise generally forested terrain, water clutter spectral density is expected to exceed surrounding-terrain tree clutter spectral densities in the Bragg-offset Doppler vicinity by large amounts.
Label-free Detection of Cardiac Troponin I with a Photonic Crystal Biosensor

A biosensor has been developed with a photonic crystal structure used in a total-internal-reflection (PC-TIR) configuration for label-free detection of a cardiac biomarker: Troponin I (cTnI). In contrast to a conventional optical microcavity that has a closed structure with its cavity layer sandwiched between two high-reflection surfaces, the PC-TIR configuration creates a unique open microcavity, which allows its cavity layer (sensing layer) to be easily functionalized and directly exposed to analyte molecules for bioassays. In this study, a PC-TIR sensor has been used for the label-free measurements of cardiac biomarkers by monitoring the changes in the resonant condition of the cavity due to biomolecular binding processes. Antibodies against cTnI are immobilized on the sensor surface for specific detection of cTnI with a wide range of concentrations. Detection limit of cTnI with a concentration as low as 0.1ngmL(-1) has been achieved.
Diagnostic codes for sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmia functioned poorly to identify outpatient events in EPIC's General Practice Research Database

Purpose To examine the validity of OXMIS/Read diagnoses of hospitalization for sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmia (SD/VA) for use in studies of arrhythmogenic effects of outpatient medications in the General Practice Research Database (GPRD).
Multigrid methods for the symmetric interior penalty method on graded meshes

The symmetric interior penalty (SIP) method on graded meshes and its fast solution by multigrid methods are studied in this paper. We obtain quasi-optimal error estimates in both the energy norm and the L2 norm for the SIP method, and prove uniform convergence of the W-cycle multigrid algorithm for the resulting discrete problem. The performance of these methods is illustrated by numerical results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a sensitive enzyme immunoassay for the detection of phenyl-β-d-thioglucuronide in human urine

Immunoassays for the measurement of glucuronides in human urine can be a helpful tool for the assessment of human exposure to toxic chemicals. Therefore an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the specific detection of phenyl-β-d-thioglucuronide was developed. The immunoconjugate was formed by coupling p-aminophenyl-β-d-thioglucuronide to the carrier protein thyroglobulin leaving an exposed glucuronic acid. The hapten-protein conjugate was adsorbed to gold colloids in order to enhance the immunogenic effect. Rabbits were injected with the immunogold conjugates to raise polyclonal antibodies. The resulting competitive assay showed an inhibition by phenyl-β-d-thioglucuronide at sample concentrations of 23.0 ± 1.3 ng/mL (50% B/B0) and a high cross-reactivity to p-aminophenyl-β-D-thioglucuronide (120%). Little cross-reactivities (< 2%) were observed for potential urinary cross reactants. In addition human urine samples were incubated with β-glucuronidase in order to investigate the EIA for specific matrix effects. An integration of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and EIA was developed in an attempt to decrease the matrix effects and increase the sensitivity of the overall method. The hyphenated technique HPLC-EIA may be used to monitor human exposure to toxic thiophenol which is excreted by mammals as urinary phenyl thioglucuronide.
A compact low noise operational amplifier for a 1.2 /spl mu/m digital CMOS technology

A compact low noise operational amplifier using lateral p-n-p bipolar transistors in the input stage has been fabricated in a standard 1.2 /spl mu/m digital n-well CMOS process. Like their n-p-n counterparts in p-well processes, these lateral p-n-p transistors exhibit low 1/f noise and good lateral /spl beta/. The fabricated op amp has an area of only 0.211 mm/sup 2/ with E/sub n/=3.2 nV//spl radic/(Hz), I/sub n/=0.73 pA//spl radic/(Hz), E/sub n/ and I/sub n/ 1/f noise corner frequencies less than 100 Hz, a -3 dB bandwidth greater than 10 MHz with a closed loop gain of 20.8 dB, a minimum PSRR (DC) of 68 dB, a CMRR (DC) of 100 dB, a minimum output slew rate of 39 V//spl mu/s, and a quiescent current of 2.1 mA at supply voltages of /spl plusmn/2.5 V. The operational amplifier drives a 1 k/spl Omega/ resistive load to 1 V peak-to-peak at 10 MHz and has been used as a versatile building block for mixed-signal IC designs. >
Microblogging in a Classroom: Classifying Students' Relevant and Irrelevant Questions in a Microblogging-Supported Classroom

Microblogging is a popular technology in social networking applications that lets users publish online short text messages (e.g., less than 200 characters) in real time via the web, SMS, instant messaging clients, etc. Microblogging can be an effective tool in the classroom and has lately gained notable interest from the education community. This paper proposes a novel application of text categorization for two types of microblogging questions asked in a classroom, namely relevant (i.e., questions that the teacher wants to address in the class) and irrelevant questions. Empirical results and analysis show that using personalization together with question text leads to better categorization accuracy than using question text alone. It is also beneficial to utilize the correlation between questions and available lecture materials as well as the correlation between questions asked in a lecture. Furthermore, empirical results also show that the elimination of stopwords leads to better correlation estimation between questions and leads to better categorization accuracy. On the other hand, incorporating students' votes on the questions does not improve categorization accuracy, although a similar feature has been shown to be effective in community question answering environments for assessing question quality.
nodZ, a unique host-specific nodulation gene, is involved in the fucosylation of the lipooligosaccharide nodulation signal of Bradyrhizobium japonicum.

Abstract The nodulation genes of rhizobia are regulated by the nodD gene product in response to host-produced flavonoids and appear to encode enzymes involved in the production of a lipo-chitose signal molecule required for infection and nodule formation. We have identified the nodZ gene of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, whose product is required for the addition of a 2-O-methylfucose residue to the terminal reducing N-acetylglucosamine of the nodulation signal. This substitution is essential for the biological activity of this molecule. Mutations in nodZ result in defective nodulation of siratro. Surprisingly, although nodZ clearly codes for nodulation function, it is not regulated by NodD and, indeed, shows elevated expression in planta. Therefore, nodZ represents a unique nodulation gene that is not under the control of NodD and yet is essential for the synthesis of an active nodulation signal.
Management of Lymphadenitis in Childhood: The Role of Percutaneous Needle Aspiration

Bacterial lymphadenitis occurs commonly during childhood, but the preferred initial therapy has not been clearly established. We studied lymphadenitis in children to determine the course of patients with fluctuant and nonfluctuant infections, and to assess the role of percutaneous needle aspiration as a form of therapy. Of 32 patients diagnosed as having lymphadenitis, 30 were followed successfully (26 with initially nonfluctuant and four with initially fluctuant infections). Fluctuance subsequently developed in four of 26 lymph nodes that were initially firm to palpation. In all eight children with fluctuant lesions the infections were resolved following percutaneous needle aspiration and antibiotic therapy, and 25 of 26 with initially nonfluctuant infections were cured with antibiotic therapy alone or with antibiotics accompanied by percutaneous aspiration when fluctuance developed (four cases). Thus we recommend initial percutaneous aspiration for the treatment of lymphadenitis whenever abscess formation is detected clinically.
First Impressions Matter: A Model of Confirmatory Bias

UNIVERSITY OF C A L I F O R N I A A T B E R K E L E Y Department of Economics Berkeley, California 94720-3880 Working Paper No. 97-250 First Impressions Matter: A Model of Confirmatory Bias Matthew Rabin University of California, Berkeley and Joel Schrag Emory University January 1997 Key words: confirmatory bias, overconfidence, bounded rationality JEL Classification: A12, B49, D83 We thank Jimmy Chan, Erik Eyster, Bruce Hsu, Clara Wang, and especially Steven Blatt for research assistance. We thank Steven Blatt, George Loewenstein, and seminar participants at Berkeley and Camegie-Mellon for helpful comments. For financial support, Rabin thanks the Alfred P. Sloan and Russell Sage Foundations and Schrag thanks the University Research Committee of Emory University.