cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
D-MORPH regression: application to modeling with unknown parameters more than observation data

Diffeomorphic modulation under observable response preserving homotopy (D-MORPH) is a model exploration method, originally developed for differential equations. We extend D-MORPH to regression treatment of a model described as a linear superposition of basis functions with unknown parameters being the expansion coefficients. The goal of D-MORPH regression is to improve prediction accuracy without sacrificing fitting accuracy. When there are more unknown parameters than observation data, the corresponding linear algebraic equation system is generally consistent, and has an infinite number of solutions exactly fitting the data. In this case, the solutions given by standard regression techniques can significantly deviate from the true system structure, and consequently provide large prediction errors for the model. D-MORPH regression is a practical systematic means to search over system structure within the infinite number of possible solutions while preserving fitting accuracy. An explicit expression is provided by D-MORPH regression relating the data to the expansion coefficients in the linear model. The expansion coefficients obtained by D-MORPH regression are particular linear combinations of those obtained by least-squares regression. The resultant prediction accuracy provided by D-MORPH regression is shown to be significantly improved in several model illustrations.
Post‐column derivatization in narrow‐bore capillaries for the analysis of amino acids and proteins by capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection

The construction and performance of a post-column reactor for capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection in 10 μm i.d. capillaries is described. The post-column reactor is based on a gap design and relies primarily on diffusion for addition and mixing of derivatizing reagents. Reactors with gaps of 4 to 160 μm are easily built with minimal micromanipulation between two 10 μm i.d. capillaries. Optimal separation efficiencies and sensitivities are obtained with gaps of less than 10 μm. Separations of amino acids and proteins with o-phthaldialdehyde/2-mercaptoethanol post-column derivatization and laser-induced fluorescence detection are shown. Linear detector response is found for amino acids and proteins, and peak efficiencies as high as 230,000 theoretical plates are obtained for some analytes. The use of relatively small columns for capillary electrophoresis results in a separation and detection system that produces very low mass detection limits for biological molecules from picoliter sample injections. Mass detection limits of 130 and 5.2 attomoles are obtained for glycine and human transferrin, respectively.
Effect of polyene antibiotics on phospholipid spherules containing varying amounts of charged components

Abstract Polyene antibiotics, such as filipin, nystatin, and amphotericin B, alter the gross permeability to previously captured anions or glucose of artificial phospholipid spherules prepared with long-chain polar compounds. To determine whether this effect was due to the interaction of polyenes with ovolecithin alone or with highly charged components, the composition of such artificial spherules was varied. Neither variations in the sign or amount of the charged component (anionic dicetylphosphate or cationic stearylamine in 5–20% molar ratios) altered the response of spherules to polyenes in the direction expected if the antibiotics interacted preferentially with long-chain polar lipids. When increasing amounts of cholesterol were incorporated into the spherules, leakage of anions or glucose induced by nystatin or amphotericin B was proportionately increased, whereas the action of filipin was independent of the presence of cholesterol. The amount of anions captured by the spherules varied directly with the molar ratios of the charged components, being greater for negative than for positive spherules. The experiments suggest that polyene antibiotics alter the gross permeability of lipid spherules by virtue of their direct interaction with phospholipids, and not with long-chain polar compounds, and that their effects are independent of the overall charge of the target structures. Nystatin and amphotericin B appear to differ qualitatively from filipin in their mode of action by preferentially disrupting membrane systems which contain cholesterol.
1,3-Propanediol from Fossils versus Biomass: A Life Cycle Evaluation of Emissions and Ecological Resources

Despite the popularity of life cycle assessment (LCA) for understanding the broader implications of technological alternatives, it faces challenges due to difficulties in defining the analysis boundary, uncertain data, and ignoring the role of ecological goods and services. The latter natural capital is essential for sustainability but is only considered partially in conventional LCA. Accounting for ecological resources introduces the challenge of how to aggregate resources of widely varying qualities such as sunlight, wood, water, and coal. Methods based on mass, energy, and exergy have been proposed and are evaluated in this work. In addition, this work aims to analyze three LCA techniques with different system boundaries: conventional process-based LCA, hybrid economic input−output LCA (EIO-LCA), and hybrid ecologically based LCA (Eco-LCA). These three methods are applied to the case study of 1,3-propanediol (PDO) produced via fossil-based and bio-based feedstocks. The results of this study indicate th...
Parameter Selection For Iconic And Symbolic Pattern Recognition Filters

Comprehensive simulation results using new data bases on automatic target recognition are presented. New organized methods for selection of filter synthesis parameters are proposed. Guidelines are provided for proper selection of training set images, the shift required for filter synthesis, and the choice of true and false class labels. The use of multiple correlation planes, symbolic filters and the effects of shading are discussed, and quantitative data are presented.
The shape of molecules

The two most important molecular shape models are the Valence-Shell-Electron-Pair-Repulsion scheme and the Walsh-Mulliken Diagrams. These models, with illustrative examples, are described and a rigorous quantum mechanical definition of each is stated. A physical-mathematical proof ot their equivalence and of their origin is given along with an analysis of the failures to be expected. The theoretical prediction of bond angles is contrasted with the corresponding prediction of bond lengths, and the low information content inherent to the specification of bond angles shows their determination to be considerably easier than bond lengths.
Coupling of calcium and substrate binding through loop alignment in the outer-membrane transporter BtuB.

In Gram-negative bacteria, TonB-dependent outer-membrane transporters bind large, scarce organometallic substrates with high affinity preceding active transport. The cobalamin transporter BtuB requires the additional binding of two Ca2+ ions before substrate binding can occur, but the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Using the crystallographic structures available for different bound states of BtuB, we have carried out extended molecular dynamics simulations of multiple functional states of BtuB to address the role of Ca2+ in substrate recruitment. We find that Ca2+ binding both stabilizes and repositions key extracellular loops of BtuB, optimizing interactions with the substrate. Interestingly, replacement by Mg2+ abolishes this effect, in accordance with experiments. Using a set of new force-field parameters developed for cyanocobalamin, we also simulated the substrate-bound form of BtuB, where we observed interactions not seen in the crystal structure between the substrate and loops previously found to be important for binding and transport. Based on our results, we suggest that the large size of cobalamin compared to other TonB-dependent transporter substrates explains the requirement of Ca2+ binding for high-affinity substrate recruitment in BtuB.
The American Past Politicized: Uses and Misuses of History

This article examines some of the major ways in which American history has been written, revised, and reinterpreted from partisan perspectives and for political purposes. It takes note of the Revolutionary founders' concerns about the ways in which their pivotal era (1765-1789) was likely to be misunderstood or distorted; how several of the most central events in the national narrative, such as the sectional conflict and Civil War, came to be misremembered for politically self-serving reasons; how presidents have misread or misrepresented American and international history to justify their policies; how the Supreme Court (and lower courts) has used history selectively to achieve outcomes (often desirable) that the justices felt were necessary; and finally, how the so-called culture wars of the early 1990s caused innocent words like “interpretation” and “revisionism” to become fighting phrases and the basis for shrill and often small-minded polemics between progressive and conservative agendas.
Three-dimensional odor tracking by Nautilus pompilius

The ‘living fossil’ Nautilus pompilius is thought to use olfaction as its primary sensory system during foraging, yet neither the organs responsible for olfaction nor the mechanisms or behaviors associated with odor tracking have been subjected to experimentation. Flume testing under dark conditions revealed that Nautilus could consistently detect and follow turbulent odor plumes to the source over distances up to 10 m, exhibiting two types of orientation behavior while sampling in three dimensions. The paired rhinophores were necessary for orientation behavior: when they were temporarily blocked either uni- or bilaterally, Nautilus detected odor but could not track the plume and locate the source. Animals that were tested post-blockage were able to track and locate the source. The role of the 90 thin tentacles remains enigmatic; they seemed to be able to detect odor, but they were not capable of guiding orientation behavior towards a distant odor source. Bilateral chemical sensing by rhinophores in three dimensions may have been the Umwelt of ammonites and belemnites before the evolution of complex eyes and fast locomotion in modern coleoids.
The regulation of histone synthesis in the cell cycle

AND PERSPECTIVE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 ORGANIZATION OF HISTONE GENES-STRUCTURE OF HISTONE mRNAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828 OVERVIEW OF HIS TONE SYNTHESIS IN THE CELL CyCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832 Higher Eukaryotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 832 Lower Eukaryotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841 POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .... 847 Higher Eukaryotes. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 847 Lower Eukaryotes . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853 MULTIPLE FORMS OF REGULATION MODULATE HISTONE mRNA LEVELS IN THE CELL CyCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !l55 FUTURE PROSPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 856
Identification of a prion protein epitope modulating transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions to transgenic mice

There is considerable concern that bovine prions from cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) may have been passed to humans (Hu), resulting in a new form of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD). We report here the transmission of bovine (Bo) prions to transgenic (Tg) mice expressing BoPrP; one Tg line exhibited incubation times of ≈200 days. Like most cattle with BSE, vacuolation and astrocytic gliosis were confined in the brainstems of these Tg mice. Unexpectedly, mice expressing a chimeric Bo/Mo PrP transgene were resistant to BSE prions whereas mice expressing Hu or Hu/Mo PrP transgenes were susceptible to Hu prions. A comparison of differences in Mo, Bo, and Hu residues within the C terminus of PrP defines an epitope that modulates conversion of PrPC into PrPSc and, as such, controls prion transmission across species. Development of susceptible Tg(BoPrP) mice provides a means of measuring bovine prions that may prove critical in minimizing future human exposure.
Fama, Fisher, Jensen and Roll (1969): Retrospective Comments

This essay provides a retrospective view of one of Gene Fama’s many seminal papers, Fama, Fisher, Jensen, and Roll (1969). The paper was like none before it. Its contributions include (listed in what I regard as increasing order of importance): documenting share price behavior around the time of splits; implementing the first control for the market factor, hence creating the precursor to the influential Fama-French models; conducting the first event study; providing the first direct test of market efficiency; and demonstrating the wisdom and validity of Fama’s (1965) framing of stock price behavior in terms of information. The paper’s impact has been enormous, because at the time the research was conducted it was instrumental in reframing how we think about asset prices.
Continuous quality improvement in a community teaching hospital.

The purpose of this report is to describe the workings of continuous quality improvement (CQI) in a nonprofit community teaching hospital. An earlier report reviewed the adoption by a hospital system of CQI and discussed the implications and opportunities for the discipline of hospital epidemiology.1 This article will further develop the theme of CQI, discussed in recent months in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology2-4 and other journals,58 by offering a case history of one hospital's journey down the CQI management pathway-the origins, the aids, and the barriers to adoption, the development of the first CQI teams, and future prospects.
The dynamics of stochastic volatility: evidence from underlying and options markets

Abstract This paper proposes and estimates a more general parametric stochastic variance model of equity index returns than has been previously considered using data from both underlying and options markets. I conclude that the square root stochastic variance model of Heston (Rev. Financial Stud. 6 (1993) 327) is incapable of generating realistic returns behavior, and that the data are better represented by a stochastic variance model in the CEV class or a model with a time-varying leverage effect. As the level of market variance increases, the volatility of market variance increases rapidly and the leverage effect becomes substantially stronger. The heightened heteroskedasticity in market variance that results causes returns to display unconditional skewness and kurtosis much closer to their sample values, while the model falls short of explaining the implied volatility smile for short-dated options and conditional higher moments in returns.
The role of abstinence in the genesis of alcoholic epilepsy.

REASUMEA 1 Ce travail concerne l'observation clinique de 241 sujets alcooliques preAsentant des crises convulsives. Trois groupes de patients ont pu eCtre distingueAes dont le plus important comporte 90% des sujets examineAs. 2 Dans le groupe le plus important, les crises, de type grand mal, apparaissent aG l'aCge adulte et surviennent de facLon isoleAe ou reApeAteAes en breGves seAries lors du sevrage alcoolique apreGs une peAriode d'intoxication chronique. L'E.E.G. est normal sauf dans la peAriode immeAdiatement post-critique. Des eApisodes de delirium tremens surviennent dans 1/3 des cas, toujours apreGs la fin des crises. 3 La moitieA environ des sujets de ce premier groupe montre une sensibiliteA anormale aG la stimulation lumineuse qui est en relation chronologique preAcise avec les crises par rapport au sevrage alcoolique et aux eApisodes de delirium. 4 Deux groupes plus reAduits ont eAteA isoleAs. L'un comprend 7 patients souffrant d'une eApilepsie idiopathique, qui sont devenus alcooliques apreGs le deAbut de leurs crises. L'autre comprend 21 patients alcooliques ayant preAalablement subi un traumatisme cranien; il est caracteAriseA par une grande proportion de crises focales et d'anomalies E.E.G. Dans ces deux derniers groupes les crises surviennent sous l'effet ou en dehors de l'effet de l'alcool, mais plus particulieGrement dans la premieGre condition. 5 En ce qui concerne l'E.E.G. aux diffeArentes eAtapes de l'intoxication alcoolique, il est normal chez les alcooliques qui preAsentent des crises eApileptiques, sauf de facLon treGs transitoire, dans les peAriodes de sevrage apreGs un abus, il est au contraire anormal chez les eApileptiques aG crises renforceAes par l'alcool. Ces constatations E.E.G. confirment l'impression clinique que l'eApilepsie alcoolique est engendreAe par l'alcool lui-meCme et infirment la notion suivant laquelle l'alcool ne ferait que preAcipiter les crises eApileptiques chez des sujets qui preAsentent des crises ou sont “constitutionnellement” preAdisposeAs aux convulsions. 6 Le facteur le plus important dans la geneGse de l'eApilepsie alcoolique semble eCtre le sevrage de l'alcool apreGs une peAriode d'abus chronique. Ce facteur joue un roCle eAvident dans la forme habituelle de l'eApilepsie alcoolique, mais il est aussi preAsent dans les cas d'eApilepsie idiopathique ou post-traumatique favoriseAs par l'alcool. Le meAcanisme responsable des manifestations du sevrage alcoolique est encore inconnu de facLon preAcise.
The Role of Some Nonbiomedical Parameters in Clinical Decision Making: An Ethnographic Approach

A descriptive, as contrasted with a prescriptive, model of biomedical decision making is presented. The ethnographic method, widely used in anthropology, is advocated as a means of eliciting this level of data. Several vignettes are presented to illustrate the complex texture of medical thought and action. The utility of ethnographic approaches in health practitioner education and clinical work is proposed.
The use of a beryllium Hopkinson bar to characterize a piezoresistive accelerometer in shock environments

The characteristics of a piezoresistive accelerometer in shock environments are being studied at Sandia National Laboratories in the Mechanical Shock Testing Laboratory. A Hopkinson bar capability has been developed to extend our understanding of the piezoresistive accelerometer, in two mechanical configurations, in the high frequency, high shock environments where measurements are being made. In this paper, the beryllium Hopkinson bar configuration with a laser doppler vibrometer as the reference measurement is described. The in-axis performance of the piezoresistive accelerometer for frequencies of dc-50 kHz and shock magnitudes of up to 70,000 g as determined from measurements with a beryllium Hopkinson bar are presented. Preliminary results of characterizations of the accelerometers subjected to cross-axis shocks in a split beryllium Hopkinson bar configuration are presented.
Repackaging fan culture: The regifting economy of ancillary content models

As "Web 2.0 companies speak about creating communities around their products and services, rather than recognizing that they are more often courting existing communities with their own histories, agendas, hierarchies, traditions, and practices" (Jenkins et al. 2009a), media fandom is rapidly being constructed as a fertile battleground where the territory between online gift economies and commodity culture will be negotiated. My concern, as fans and acafans continue to vigorously debate the importance or continued viability of fandom's gift economy and focus on flagrant instances of the industry's attempt to co-opt fandom, is that the subtler attempts to replicate fannish gift economies aren't being met with an equivalent volume of discussion or scrutiny.
Geostatistical Smoothing of Areal Data: Mapping Employment Density with Factorial Kriging. 面状数据的地统计滤波：采用因子克里格方法制作就业密度图

This article summarizes area-to-point (ATP) factorial kriging that allows the smoothing of aggregate, areal data into a continuous spatial surface. Unlike some other smoothing methods, ATP factorial kriging does not suppose that all of the data within an area are located at a centroid or other arbitrary point. Also, unlike some other smoothing methods, factorial kriging allows the user to utilize an autocovariance function to control the smoothness of the output. This is beneficial because the covariance function is a physically meaningful statement of spatial relationship, which is not the case when other spatial kernel functions are used for smoothing. Given a known covariance function, factorial kriging gives the smooth surface that is best in terms of minimizing the expected mean squared prediction error. I present an application of the factorial kriging methodology for visualizing the structure of employment density in the Denver metropolitan area. Metodos de suavizado (smoothing) geoestadistico para datos areales: el caso del cartografiado de densidades de tasas de empleo mediante krigeaje factorial (factorial kriging) Este articulo resume el metodo de estimacion via krigeaje factorial de valores medios areales a puntuales (area-to-point factorial kriging, ATP). Dicha tecnica permite el suavizado (smoothing) de datos areales agregados y discretos sobre una superficie espacial continua. A diferencia de otros metodos de suavizado, el krigeaje factorial ATP no asume que todos los datos de las areas estan localizados en un centroide u en otro punto arbitrario del area. Asimismo, el krigeaje factorial ATP permite que el usuario utilice una funcion de autocovarianza para controlar el efecto de suavizado del resultado. Esta propiedad es ventajosa pues la funcion de covarianza representa una afirmacion con significado fisico de la relacion espacial de los datos. Otros metodos utilizados para efectos de suavizado (como por ejemplo, las funciones ‘kernel’) carecen de dicha propiedad. Dada una funcion de covarianza conocida, el krigeaje factorial ATP genera una superficie continua optima para minimizar la media esperada del error. El autor presenta una aplicacion del metodo propuesto con el fin de visualizar la estructura de densidad de la tasa de empleo en el area metropolitana de Denver (Colorado, EEUU). 本文概述了面到点的因子克里格方法，该方法可将汇总的面状数据平滑到一个连续空间面。不同于其它的一些滤波方法，它无需假设某个区域内的所有数据位于重心或其他的指定点，而且可以允许使用者利用自协方差函数来控制输出结果的平滑度。这一特点是十分有益的，因为自协方差函数是对空间关系的一种具有物理意义的表达，这与其他的用于滤波的空间核函数的状况不同。给定一个已知的自协方差函数，以期望均值的最小均方预测误差而论，因子克里格方法能够给出最好的滤波曲面。本文介绍了因子克里格方法的应用，并实现了丹佛都市区就业密度结构的可视化。
Robust solutions of perturbed linear equations

A perturbed system of linear equalities \langle a_{i},x \rangle = b_{i}, i = 1,2,...,n;a_{i} \inA_{i};b_{i},\inB_{i};x\inX (the sets A i and the intervals B i prescribed a priori) is said to be robust if a solution vector x_{0}\inX can be found resulting in \langle a_{i},x_{0}\rangle \in B_{i} for all a_{i} \inA_{i} and all i = 1, 2,...,n . A numerical "test for robustness" is developed. This test is seen to involve 2n parameters at most-even when the solution set X is an infinite-dimensional vector space.
Thiopurine methyltransferase activity influences clinical response to azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract Background & Aims: Genetic polymorphism in thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity may influence clinical responsiveness to azathioprine (AZA) therapy. Our aim was to determine if the measurement of erythrocyte TPMT enzyme activity could be used to optimize clinical responsiveness to AZA therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: A total of 142 consecutive patients were studied. Forty-one patients (32 with Crohn's disease [CD] and 9 with ulcerative colitis [UC]) were enrolled in a 4-month prospective nonrandomized study with AZA, and 101 (65 with CD and 36 with UC) were on either maintenance AZA or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). Erythrocyte TPMT activity and AZA metabolite levels were measured blinded to the clinical response. Results: The response rate after 4 months of continuous AZA therapy was 69% (9/13) in those patients with below-average (≤12 U/mL blood) TPMT activity, and 29% (8/27) in patients with enzyme activity levels >12 U/mL blood ( P 8 red blood cells (RBCs); higher than in patients with TPMT activity >12 (218 ± 28), despite similar mean (1.6 mg/kg/day) dosages of AZA ( P 292 pmol/8 × 10 8 RBCs was associated with a positive predictive value of clinical response of 85.7%. Conclusions: Patients with higher than average TPMT activity (>12) may remain refractory to conventional dosages of AZA, and may require high (>292) 6-TGn levels. Prospective, randomized, controlled trials are needed to determine whether prior TPMT phenotype testing can be used to adjust the dose of AZA effectively to improve clinical response time and rate.
Stationary Distribution Convergence for Generalized Jackson Networks in Heavy Traffic

In a recent paper, Gamarnik and Zeevi [Gamarnik, D., A. Zeevi. 2006. Validity of heavy traffic steady-state approximations in open queueing networks. Ann. Appl. Probab.16(1) 56--90], it was shown that under suitable conditions stationary distributions of the (scaled) queue-lengths process for a generalized Jackson network converge to the stationary distribution of the associated reflected Brownian motion in the heavy traffic limit. The proof relied on certain exponential integrability assumptions on the primitives of the network. In this note we show that the above result holds under much weaker integrability conditions. We provide an alternative proof of this result assuming (in addition to natural heavy traffic and stability assumptions) only standard independence and square integrability conditions on the network primitives that are commonly used in heavy traffic analysis. Furthermore, under additional integrability conditions we establish convergence of moments of stationary distributions.
Intelligence Testing at Whittier School, 1890-1920

This article examines the intersections of youth, race, and science in early twentieth-century California. It explores how scientific researchers, reform school administrators, and social reformers at Whittier State School advocated the use of intelligence tests to determine the causes of delinquency. Through the process of testing, they identified a disproportionate number of delinquent boys of color-Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and African Americans-as mentally deficient or "feebleminded." As the evidence reveals, intelligence, race, heredity, and criminality became inextricably linked as the basis for segregating and removing youth of color from the reformatory. The records indicate that, despite officials' recommendations to send feebleminded boys to state hospitals that routinely sterilized their wards, as allowed by a 1909 state law, they sent the majority of youth to the Preston School of Industry, a reform school for older boys. In this instance, expediency in creating a premier institution at Whittier State School took precedence over larger eugenicists designs.
Dietary carbohydrates modify cardiac myosin isoenzyme profiles of semistarved rats

Although food restriction reduces the relative expression of the rodent cardiac myosin isoenzyme V1, the contribution of accompanying metabolic changes to the induction and maintenance of this isoenzyme shift remains unknown. Hence, this study was undertaken to determine the role of carbohydrate (CHO) utilization in the regulation of cardiac myosin isoenzyme distribution in food-restricted rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats received either a mixed diet (55% of calories as CHO, M) or a high-carbohydrate diet (75% of calories as CHO, HC). Additional animals in each dietary group received daily injections of triiodothyronine (T3; 0.075 microgram/100 microM + T3, HC + T3). Three weeks of food restriction reduced left ventricular Ca2+-activated myofibrillar adenosinetriphosphatase activity by 24% and the relative amount of the myosin V1 isoenzyme by 57% in the M group relative to free-eating controls (P less than 0.05). In contrast, these measures were reduced by only 9 and 21%, respectively, in the HC group. Administration of T3 exerted no apparent effect on V1 expression, regardless of diet. Furthermore, the increased expression of V1 in both HC and HC + T3 groups occurred independently of changes in several measures of thyroid status including serum T3 levels, O2 consumption, heart rate, and systemic blood pressure. These results further suggest that metabolic factors, specifically those associated with CHO utilization, can influence cardiac myosin isoenzyme expression.
Pain and the senses.

There has been considerable philosophical debate over whether pain is a form of perception. A point of controversy is what pain is perception of; the best answer is neither pain-causing stimuli nor pain sensation but injury or the threat thereof. This answers the argument that pain cannot be perception because its 'objects' are private and exist only when perceived. A more potent argument is that pain is too poorly correlated with injury to count as perception of it. This issue is to be settled, in part, by determining the function of pain. The standard view of pain's function has here been contested and the resolution of the controversy will affect our inclination to ascribe to pain the status of perceptual faculty. Language: en
Genetic and epigenetic alterations of microRNAs and implications for human cancers and other diseases

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a well-studied group of noncoding RNAs that control gene expression by interacting mainly with messenger RNA. It is known that miRNAs and their biogenesis regulatory machineries have crucial roles in multiple cell processes; thus, alterations in these genes often lead to disease, such as cancer. Disruption of these genes can occur through epigenetic and genetic alterations, resulting in aberrant expression of miRNAs and subsequently of their target genes. This review focuses on the disruption of miRNAs and their key regulatory machineries by genetic alterations, with emphasis on mutations and epigenetic changes in cancer and other diseases.
Reading Right: The Western Tradition in White Supremacist Discourse

Our paper explores the white supremacist movement's reliance upon the western genre to construct white masculinity. We argue that white supremacist discourse rearticulates both the narrative form and content of the classic western. We first examine the formal and substantive themes of the classic western, and then analyze the publications of a wide variety of contemporary white supremacist organizations, including Klan, neo-Nazi, and Christian Identity groups. We argue that white supremacist discourse draws upon the western genre, and its particular construction of white masculinity, to rearticulate and rationalize race and gender inequality and encourage readers to identify with the values and goals of the white supremacist movement.
A new technique for the continuous assessment of fetal and neonatal cardiac performance.

A paucity of informaion exists concerning the intrinsic physiologic properties of the developing heart. Accordingly, new methods have been developed to evaluate fetal and neonatal cardiac performance in situ in the chronically instrumented fetal and newborn lamb. Sonocardiometry provides a continuous recording of internal left ventricular dimensions. Pressures are monitored from the carotid artery, superior vena cava, left atrium, and left ventricle. The heart may be paced with bipolar pacing wires sutured to the left atrium. A 14 day recovery period is allowed piror to hemodynamic study. The instrumentation does not prevent the spontaneous vaginal delivery of fetuses and their subsequent postnatal study. The recorded physiologic data allow the calculation of left ventricular volume, ejection fraction, velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, myocardial pressure-volume relations, force-velocity relations, peripheral resistance, and left ventricular cardiac output. Basal data are presented in this report. The percentage shortening of the left ventricle of the fetus was similar to adult values, whereas velocity of shortening and maximum rate of pressure rise were significantly less than in the adult. A striking finding in the immediate postnatal period was a doubling of the left ventricular output shortly after birth with an associated increase in cardiac dimensions.
Healing the Burn: Advances in Burn Treatment Technology Aim to Save Lives, Lessen Pain and Scarring

When brothers Jamie and Glen Selby, aged 5 and 7, arrived at the Shriners Burns Institute in Denver, Colorado, in July 1983, more than 97% of their skin had been destroyed by a fire they had accidentally started while playing in an abandoned house. The boys were so badly burned that their outlook was grim-a 6-year-old friend who was also in the fire died from his injuries?but Jamie and Glen were lucky. Not only did they survive, but they were also some of the first patients to benefit from a new burn treatment nicknamed test-tube skin.
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH IN POSTLARVAE OF MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII (DE MAN) ON DIFFERENT DIETS

Studies on theevaluation ofdifferent diets forpostJarvae(PL)of Macrobrachium rosenbergli indicated higher mortality when fed on pelleted feed than on live Artemia nauplii, zooplankton or combination feeds. Statistically significant differences wererecorded inthelength andweightofpostlarvae (at5% level)fedzooplankton,Anemia nauplii and com- bination feeds whencompared topelleted feed.It suggests thepreferenceoflivefeedover artifical feedby thepostlarvae. Results further indicate thatzooplankton promoted growthofpostlarvae equal tothegrowth incrementbyArtemia nauplii either asindividual or combination feed.
The missing years: Yiddish writers in Soviet Bialystok, 1939–41

ABSTRACTFrom September 1939 to June 1941, Bialystok was a Soviet city that housed a group of Yiddish literati, notably refugees from German-occupied areas of Poland. This article describes the process of selecting among them people who professionally and ideologically fit criteria for integration into the Soviet Writers' Union. Special attention is paid to interactions between the refugee writers and their Soviet counterparts. Loyal Soviet citizens prior to their postwar repatriation to Poland and in most cases, sooner or later, emigrants to Israel, Western Europe, or America, these writers often appear in their memoirs to be critics of the Soviet regime. The Bialystok group of refugees included future leaders of central Jewish institutions in post-1945 Poland: Hersh Smolar (1905–93), chair of the Jewish Social–Cultural Association and editor of the Yiddish newspaper Folks-shtime (People's voice), David Sfard (1905–81), director of the publishing house Yidish-bukh (Yiddish Book) and editor of the journal ...
How Can We Eat More Sustainably to Save the Earth for Our Children and Grandchildren

Predicting the future is always tricky, but it appears that we are running through our natural resources faster than we should. I have carefully studied four very different views on what is ahead for readers who will still be alive in 2050. The pessimistic view warns us that if we do not make dramatic changes to our lifestyles, we will face world-wide famine and the collapse of the world economy. A more optimistic perspective points to further reliance on technology to allow rich nations to maintain their profligate ways while upgrading the lives of humans who currently live in abject poverty. Two middle paths have been advanced that suggest nations will continue to do just enough to prevent economic collapse while suffering consequences associated with an inability act quickly enough. From my vantage point each view appears to be plausible. Each vision suggests that governmental action will be needed beyond individual efforts if we expect a healthy earth half-way through the twenty-first century. I will revisit these predictions at the end of the chapter.
Review of Classical Mechanics

In this chapter we will develop the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of mechanics starting from Newton’s laws. These subsequent reformulations of mechanics bring with them a great deal of elegance and computational ease. But our principal interest in them stems from the fact that they are the ideal springboards from which to make the leap to quantum mechanics.
Probing Pore Wetting in Membrane Distillation Using Impedance: Early Detection and Mechanism of Surfactant-Induced Wetting

Pore wetting is an important failure mechanism unique to membrane distillation (MD). The existing approach of wetting detection based on distillate conductivity works only when a membrane has failed in the presence of fully wicked-through pores. In this study, we develop a novel and simple method, based on measurement of cross-membrane impedance, for monitoring the dynamics of membrane pore wetting and enabling early detection of imminent wetting-based membrane failure. Using Triton X-100 to induce pore wetting in direct contact MD experiments, we demonstrated the rapid response of single-frequency impedance to partial pore wetting long before any change in distillate conductivity was observed. We also conducted an MD experiment using alternating feed solutions with and without surfactants to elucidate the mechanism of surfactant-induced pore wetting. Our experimental observations suggest that surfactant-induced pore wetting occurred via progressive movement of the water–air interface and that adsorption ...
Global spectroscopic survey of cloud thermodynamic phase at high spatial resolution, 2005–2015

Abstract. The distribution of ice, liquid, and mixed phase clouds is important for Earth's planetary radiation budget, impacting cloud optical properties, evolution, and solar reflectivity. Most remote orbital thermodynamic phase measurements observe kilometer scales and are insensitive to mixed phases. This under-constrains important processes with outsize radiative forcing impact, such as spatial partitioning in mixed phase clouds. To date, the fine spatial structure of cloud phase has not been measured at global scales. Imaging spectroscopy of reflected solar energy from 1.4 to 1.8 µ m can address this gap: it directly measures ice and water absorption, a robust indicator of cloud top thermodynamic phase, with spatial resolution of tens to hundreds of meters. We report the first such global high spatial resolution survey based on data from 2005 to 2015 acquired by the Hyperion imaging spectrometer onboard NASA's Earth Observer 1 (EO-1) spacecraft. Seasonal and latitudinal distributions corroborate observations by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). For extratropical cloud systems, just 25 % of variance observed at GCM grid scales of 100 km was related to irreducible measurement error, while 75 % was explained by spatial correlations possible at finer resolutions.
On fusion/fission chain reactions in the Fleischmann-Pons cold fusion experiment

In this paper the possibility of fusion/fission chain reactions following d-d source reactions in electrochemical cold fusion experiments have been investigated. The recycling factors for the charged particles in fusion reactions with consumable nuclei deuteron, {sup 6}Li nd {sup 7}Li, are estimated. It is concluded that, based on the established nuclear fusion cross sections and electronic stopping power, the recycling factor is four to five orders of magnitude less than required for close to critical conditions. It is argued that the cross generation of charged particles by neutrons does not play a significant role in this process, even if increased densities at the surface of electrodes do occur.
24 Hour Ambulatory pH Test

The major function of the esophagus is to transport ingested food to the stomach. An equally important function is to prevent reflux of corrosive gastric contents into the upper aero-digestive tract. The lower esophageal sphincter prevents reflux of gastric acid into the esophagus. Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to prevent excessive reflux may result in damage to the esophageal mucosa. The degree of damage depends on the frequency and duration of acid exposure, particularly when the pH is less than 4.
Spatial and temporal embedding for science inquiry: an empirical study of student learning

In consecutive years, a fifth grade teacher of a self-contained classroom enacted five-week Earth sciences units that included learning activities focusing on the interpretation of seismograms and the location of earthquake epicenters. In one class, the unit utilized an embedded design that situated learners within the spatial and temporal extent of the phenomenon during the epicenter determination activities. In the other class, while the activity set remained the same, the embedding features were removed. Students in the embedded condition demonstrated greater learning gains than their non-embedded counterparts in prepost assessments of student skill, declarative knowledge, and conceptual understandings, even among topics unrelated to the determination of epicenters. Post-activity student interviews evidenced strong preference for the immersive, asynchronous, and temporal staging components of the embedded condition.
Molecular cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding the rabbit ileal villus cell basolateral membrane Na+/H+ exchanger.

Abstract A cDNA clone encoding a rabbit ileal villus cell Na+/H+ exchanger was isolated and its complete nucleotide sequence was determined. The cDNA is 4 kb long and contains 322 bp of 5'-untranslated region, 2451 bp of open reading frame and 1163 bp of 3'-untranslated area, with 70%, 91% and 40% identity to the human sequence, respectively. Amino acid sequence deduced from the longest open reading frame indicated a protein of 816 residues (predicted Mr 90,716) which exhibits 95% amino acid identity to the human Na+/H+ exchanger. The two putative glycosylation sites in the human Na+/H+ exchanger are conserved in this protein, suggesting that it is a glycoprotein. Stable transfection of the cDNA into an Na+/H+ exchanger deficient fibroblast cell line, established Na+/H+ exchange. The Na+/H+ exchanger was stimulated by serum and a phorbol ester but not by 8-Br-cAMP. In Northern blot analysis, the cDNA hybridized to a 4.8 kb message in rabbit ileal villus cells, kidney cortex, kidney medulla, adrenal gland, brain and descending colon and to a 5.2 kb message in cultured human colonic cancer cell lines, HT29-18 and Caco-2. In immunoblotting, a polyclonal antibody raised against a fusion protein of beta-galactosidase and the C-terminal 158 amino acids of the human Na+/H+ exchanger identified a rabbit ileal basolateral membrane protein of 94 kd and only weakly interacted with the ileal brush border membrane. In immunocytochemical studies using ileal villus and crypt epithelial cells, the same antibody identified basolateral and not brush border epitopes. Restriction analysis of genomic DNA with a 462 bp PstI-AccI fragment of the rabbit Na+/H+ exchanger strongly suggests the existence of closely related Na+/H+ exchanger genes. The near identity of the basolateral Na+/H+ exchanger and the human Na+/H+ exchanger plus the ubiquitous expression of this message suggests that the ileal basolateral Na+/H+ exchanger is the 'housekeeping' Na+/H+ exchanger.
Simultaneous analysis of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of HT-2 toxin in the presence or absence of T-2 toxin is described. In the indirect ELISA, the relative cross-reactivities of antibodies against T-2 toxin (anti-T-2) with T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin were 1 and 0.1, whereas anti-HT-2 cross-reactivities with T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin were 0.33 and 1, respectively. Using such relationships, a formula was established that could be used to calculate the individual toxin concentration in a mixed sample after experimentally analyzing for T-2 and HT-2 toxins in the 2 indirect ELISAs. This method was tested by analyzing urine samples spiked with HT-2 toxin alone and samples spiked with both T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin. A cleanup protocol for treatment of urine samples before ELISA was also established. The overall analytical recovery of HT-2 toxin when it was added at concentrations of 0.1-10 parts per billion (ppb) to the urine samples was ca 89%. When both T-2 and HT-2 toxins were added to the urine samples at equal concentrations of 0.5 to 5.0 ppb, their recoveries were 112 and 109%, respectively.
Ambulatory cancer care electronic symptom self-reporting (ACCESS) for surgical patients: A randomized controlled trial.

TPS6622Background: An increasing proportion of cancer surgeries are ambulatory (≤ 1 day in hospital) procedures. Providing patients and their caregivers with ongoing, real-time support after discha...
UNC-45A is a Novel Microtubule-associated Protein and Regulator of Paclitaxel Sensitivity in Ovarian Cancer Cells

UNC-45A, a highly conserved member of the UCS (UNC45A/CRO1/SHE4P) protein family of cochaperones, plays an important role in regulating cytoskeletal-associated functions in invertebrates and mammalian cells, including cytokinesis, exocytosis, cell motility, and neuronal development. Here, for the first time, UNC-45A is demonstrated to function as a mitotic spindle-associated protein that destabilizes microtubules (MT) activity. Using in vitro biophysical reconstitution and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy analysis, we reveal that UNC-45A directly binds to taxol-stabilized MTs in the absence of any additional cellular cofactors or other MT-associated proteins and acts as an ATP-independent MT destabilizer. In cells, UNC-45A binds to and destabilizes mitotic spindles, and its depletion causes severe defects in chromosome congression and segregation. UNC-45A is overexpressed in human clinical specimens from chemoresistant ovarian cancer and that UNC-45A-overexpressing cells resist chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy when treated with clinically relevant concentrations of paclitaxel. Lastly, UNC-45A depletion exacerbates paclitaxel-mediated stabilizing effects on mitotic spindles and restores sensitivity to paclitaxel. IMPLICATIONS: These findings reveal novel and significant roles for UNC-45A in regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics, broadening our understanding of the basic mechanisms regulating MT stability and human cancer susceptibility to paclitaxel, one of the most widely used chemotherapy agents for the treatment of human cancers.