cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of shape variations during growth on the morphology ofin-situ eutectic composites

An experimental investigation has been conducted of the influence onin-situ eutectic composite microstructures of both gradual and abrupt changes in cross-sectional area, both with and without simultaneous changes in growth direction, and of the effects of changes in growth direction at constant cross-section. Alloys of the binary (Al-Ni and ternary Al-Cu-Ni) eutectic were chosen to eliminate the effects of microsegregation and these were grown under a variety of conditions of growth rate and temperature gradient, consistent with those used for off-eutecticin-situ composites, and in apparatus generally used for that work and described previously. As well as the expected variation in lamellae or inter-rod spacing with changes of cross-section, abrupt decreases in crosssectional growth area coupled with changes in growth direction produced a multigrain structure of various orientations. Potentially weak zones denuded of lamellae or rod growth were observed when the growth direction deviated beyond a limiting small angle at constant cross-section.
Short-term cycling of skin colouration in the blackspotted rockskipper Entomacrodus striatus

Physiological colour change was investigated in the blackspotted rockskipper Entomacrodus striatus in Moorea, French Polynesia. Fish colour cycled with significant autocorrelation over the 30 min observation period and was not affected by observation temperature (27 and 31 degrees C). Cycling depended most on dark and yellow pigments (as assayed by separation of colours via software), and therefore, it was hypothesized that short-term cycling was driven by melanophores and xanthophores.
Arabinoxylans and human health

Abstract Arabinoxylans (AX) are the main noncellulose polysaccharide in cereals and grasses. It is a polymer of xylose onto which arabinofuranosyl is substituted. The hydrolysis of AX with AX degrading enzymes result in its hydrolysis products called arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS). Both AX and AXOS are considered as dietary fibers and have been shown to have many health benefits including immunomodulatory activity, cholesterol lowering activity, attenuate type II diabetes, enhanced absorption of certain minerals, fecal bulking effect, and prebiotics effect, etc. With the interest in a healthy diet, dietary fibers such as AX and AXOS are becoming increasingly popular in the food and feed industry. However, compared to the other commonly studied dietary fibers such as fructo-oligosaccharide, AX have not been studied extensively. The purpose of this review is to concise the current research related to AX and its health benefits and thereby encourage in depth studies in this area.
Physical activity patterns and maternal well-being in postpartum women.

Objective: To examine changes in activity prepregnancy to postpartum; examine postpartum activity and sociodemographic predictors of maternal well-being; and, examine maternal well-being in subjects on the basis of sport/exercise activity prepregnancy to postpartum. Methods: Ninety-one postpartum women completed a Kaiser Physical Activity Survey (KPAS) Ainsworth BE, Sternfeld B, Richardson MT, Jackson K. Evaluation of the Kaiser Physical Activity Survey in women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32:1327–38. and the Lederman Postpartum Questionnaire (PPQ) Lederman RP, Weingarten CT, Lederman E. Postpartum self-evaluation questionaire: Measures of maternal adaptation. In: Raff BS, Carrol P, editors. Perinatal parental behaviour: Nursing research and implications for newborn health. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1981:201–31. Subjects recalled activity prepregnancy and postpartum for the KPAS indexes that included household/care giving (HC), active living habits (AL), occupation (O), and sports/exercise (SE). The PPQ has seven well-being subscales. Results: Subjects with older infants or no other children increased HC and decreased O prepregnancy to postpartum compared to subjects with younger infants or ≥1 other child. Predictors of the variance in the PPQ subscales included SE and AL (21% in subscale one), SE (6.0% in subscale two), HC (5.3% in subscale three), socioeconomic status (19.7% in subscale four), O (5.0% in subscale five), education (5.2% in subscale seven). Subjects who maintained or increased SE showed better well-being as compared to subjects who reported no SE or decreased SE prepregnancy to postpartum. Conclusions: In this group of women, subjects with older infants or no other children reported higher HC and lower O prepregnancy to postpartum. Postpartum SE, education, and socioeconomic status were predictors of maternal well-being. In general, better maternal well-being was found among subjects maintaining or increasing SE compared to no SE or decreased SE prepregnancy to postpartum. Support from partner/husband, family, and friends were significant factors in maintaining or increasing SE.
A new technique for removable media, read-only memories

New memory systems are often developed as a result of the discovery and exploitation of physical phenomena which exhibit storage properties. As a result of such a "technique-oriented" approach, the structure and performance of the resulting memory system may be dictated by the intrinsic characteristics of the technique and it is possible that the most desirable storage characteristics, from the computer's viewpoint, may not be realized.
EGTA, a calcium chelator, inhibits electron transport in photosystem II of spinach chloroplasts at two different sites.

Abstract A fifteen minute incubation of spinach chloroplasts with the divalent Ca 2+ chelator, EGTA, in concentrations 50–250 μM, inhibits electron transport through both photosystems. All photosystem II partial reactions, including indophenol, ferricyanide and the DCMU-insensitive silicomolybdate reduction are inhibited from 70–100%. The photosystem II donor reaction, diphenyl carbazide → indophenol, is also inhibited, indicating that the inhibition site comes after the Mn 2+ site, and that the first Ca 2+ effect noted (site II) is not on the water oxidation enzyme, as is commonly assumed, but between the Mn 2+ site and plastoquinone A pool. The other photosystem II effect of EGTA (Ca 2+ site I), occurs in the region between plastoquinone A and P700 in the electron transport chain of chloroplasts. About 50% inhibition of the reaction ascorbate + TMPD → methyl viologen is given by incubation with 200 μM EGTA for 15 min. Ca 2+ site II activity can be restored with 20 mM CaCl 2 . Ca 2+ site I responds to Ca 2+ and plastocyanin added jointly. More than 90% activity in the ascorbate + TMPD → methylviologen reaction can be restored. Various ways in which Ca 2+ ions could affect chloroplast structure and function are discussed. Since EGTA is more likely to penetrate chloroplast membranes than EDTA, which is known to remove CF 1 , the coupling factor, from chloroplast membranes, and since Mg 2+ ions are ineffective in restoring activity, it is concluded that Ca 2+ may function in the electron transport chain of chloroplasts in a hitherto unsuspected manner.
Occlusal adjustment through selective grinding and splinting

A technic is described for obtaining occlusal adjustment by means of selective grinding. The scope of this operation is limited, however, and many conditions require some type of periodontal prosthesis for their correction. The fixed periodontal prosthesis is the method of choice in adjustment of occlusion.
An Autologous Muscle Tissue Expansion Approach for the Treatment of Volumetric Muscle Loss

Abstract Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is a hallmark of orthopedic trauma with no current standard of care. As a potential therapy for some VML indications, autologous minced muscle grafts (1 mm3 pieces of muscle) are effective in promoting remarkable de novo fiber regeneration. But they require ample donor muscle tissue and therefore may be limited in their application for large clinical VML. Here, we tested the hypothesis that autologous minced grafts may be volume expanded in a collagen hydrogel, allowing for the use of lesser autologous muscle while maintaining regenerative and functional efficacy. The results of the study indicate that 50% (but not 75%) less minced graft tissue suspended in a collagen hydrogel promoted a functional improvement similar to that of a 100% minced graft repair. However, approximately half of the number of fibers regenerated de novo with 50% graft repair. Moreover, the fibers that regenerated had a smaller cross-sectional area. These findings support the concept of using au...
Acoustic Transmission with a Helmholtz Resonator or an Orifice as a Branch Line

The author's theory of acoustic transmission in a conduit with a branch line is extended to the cases of a Helmholtz resonator and an orifice attached as branches. The effect of viscosity is included in an approximate form.Helmholtz resonator. The components of the point impedance of the branch are found to be: ${Z}_{1}={(2\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\mu})}^{\frac{1}{2}}{(\ensuremath{\pi}{R}^{3})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}L$ and ${Z}_{2}=\frac{\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\omega}}{c}\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\rho}{a}^{2}}{V\ensuremath{\omega}}+{(2\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\mu})}^{\frac{1}{2}}L{(\ensuremath{\pi}{R}^{3})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, wherein $\ensuremath{\omega}=2\ensuremath{\pi}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{frequency}$, $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is density, $\ensuremath{\mu}$, viscosity, $R$, radius of orifice, $L$, its equivalent length, $a$, the velocity of sound, and $V$, the volume of the resonator. Experimental verification of the theory is obtained and in addition there is found the approximate value of a simple channel equivalent in viscosity effect to the orifice of the resonator. The serious diminution of transmission caused by the resonator is not limited to the neighborhood of the resonance frequency but extends over a range of two octaves.Orifice. The components of the point impedance of the branch are found to be the same as those of the Helmholtz resonator, but with the term containing $V$ omitted. Experimental verification is obtained with sizes of orifices from 7 percent to 42 percent the diameter of the conduit. The radiation from such orifices is shown to be relatively small and thus their impedances are practically imaginary. Transmission in the conduit increases with frequency. Action of orifices in musical instruments is explained by the theory. Relative values of radiation and transmission are shown by computation.
Transient state estimation for a discrete manufacturing system

Abstract To control a discrete manufacturing system (DMS), one must first estimate its current transient state. If control is to occur in a closed-loop mode, then a method is required to estimate the system state automatically. However, the state of a DMS changes rapidly, and the estimation of its transient state poses subtle challenges. This paper evaluates four methods for transient state estimation of a DMS, including a fuzzy algorithm that estimates the qualitative trajectory of system congestion. None of the methods require that any restrictive assumptions be made that could limit their applicability to practical systems. The effectiveness of the four methods for transient state estimation is demonstrated by their inclusion in an application to on-line, closed-loop control of order lead time for a job shop. Simulation experiments show that most of the methods for transient state estimation are fast and accurate enough to significantly improve the performance of the controller for order lead time. Following detailed analysis of the results, the paper concludes with a discussion of the intuitions gained from this research regarding the nature of transient states in a DMS.
Relativistic corrections and very small g-shifts in solids

Abstract The relativistic Breit-Margenau correction to the Zeeman-interaction has been calculated for a group of atoms in the periodic table with Herman Skillman wave functions and potentials. The results are applied to the S-state ions Mn2+ and Gd3+, to the F-center and Vk-center, and to the shallow donors in Si.
Some Structural and Sequential Aspects of the British Imperial Assemblages at Delhi:1877–1911

Three great Durbars, royal assemblages, were staged in Delhi by the Government of British India, in 1877, 1903, and 1911. These are particularly interesting as examples of explicitly political rituals, their purpose being to legitimate and popularize British rule in India. The rituals would therefore exemplify, for many social theorists, a form of political manipulation which employs symbolic action as an adjunct to raw force. Yet, while many anthropologists, at least, would reject, in favor of an analysis which addresses the political aspirations of ritual manipulators, any unreconstructed Durkheimian paradigm that would equate ritual acts with social consensus (Moore and Myerhoff, 1975:9), many would also reject, as Tambiah has, the notion that ritual, by nature, constitutes a ‘diabolical smokescreen.’ The more useful approach, in Tambiah's view, is that ritual is ‘an ideological and aesthetic social construction that is directly and recursively implicated in the expression, realization, and exercise of power.’ (Tambiah, 1979: 153)1 shall be working with a similar theoretical point of view and not, largely, with the opposed view that the ritual form is merely a strategy employed by manipulative agents to perpetuate, in Bloch's words, an ‘institutionalized hierarchy’ or ‘legitimate order of inequality.’ (Bloch, 1977:289)
Solution of the site-site Ornstein-Zernike equation in the hypernetted chain approximation near the vapor-liquid critical point

Abstract We present a study of solutions of the site-site Omstein-Zernike equation in the hypernetted chain (HNC) approximation (the extended RISM equation) in the critical region for diatomic fluids modeled with site-site 12-6 potentials and point charge dipoles. The results exhibit anomalies beyond those found in the HNC approximation for atomic fluids. For small bond lengths isotherms of the bulk modulus show considerable asymmetry with respect to the critical density and for some temperatures a local minimum at high density. For systems with large bond lengths the results are similar to those for atomic fluids.
Hardware-Software Codesign for Embedded Numerical Acceleration

In this work we aim to strike a balance between performance, power consumption and design effort for complex digital signal processing within the power and size constraints of embedded systems. Looking across the design stack, from algorithm formulation down to accelerator microarchitecture, we show that a high degree of flexibility and design reuse can be achieved without much performance sacrifice. The foundation of our design is a numerical accelerator template. Extensively parameterized, it allows us to develop the design while postponing microarchitectural decisions until program is known. Statically scheduling compiler provides a link between the algorithm and template instantiation parameters. Results show that the derived design can significantly outperform embedded processors for similar power cost and also approach the high-performance processor performance for a fraction of the power cost.
Optimization of Application-Specific Memories

Memory access times are the primary bottleneck for many applications today. This “memory wall” is due to the performance disparity between processor cores and main memory. To address the performance gap, we propose the use of custom memory subsystems tailored to the application rather than attempting to optimize the application for a fixed memory subsystem. Custom subsystems can take advantage of application-specific properties as well as memory-specific properties to improve access times or write-backs given constraints on size or power.
Signal-to-noise in a backscatter-modulated Doppler velocimeter.

When a portion of the light backscattered from a moving diffuse target is allowed to reenter the source laser, at the Doppler frequency is observed. This paper analyzes the SNR expected modulation of the laser power laser Doppler velocity measurements. A peak in the signal-to-noise when this phenomenon is used to make is predicted for the laser operated at its threshold gain.
Opioids excite rather than inhibit sensory neurons after chronic opioid exposure of spinal cord-ganglion cultures

Tests were carried out to determine if the tolerance that develops in dorsal-horn network responses of mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG)-spinal cord explants after chronic exposure to opioids could be accounted for by alterations in the excitability and pharmacologic properties of the afferent DRG cells. Intracellular recordings were made from DRG neurons in organotypic DRG-cord explants after chronic treatment with 1 microM D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin (DADLE) for greater than 4 days in vitro. Acute application of 10 microM DADLE shortened the duration of the Ca2+ component of the somatic action potential (APD) in only 5% of the treated neurons (4 out of 79 cells), in contrast to about 50% of the cells in naive explants (36 out of 74). Thus many DRG neuron perikarya became tolerant to the APD-shortening effects of DADLE. Furthermore, 77% of the treated DRG cells (61 out of 79) showed prolongation of the APD in response to an acute increase in DADLE concentration vs 34% in naive explants (25 out of 74). However, when the DADLE responsivity tests were carried out in the presence of multiple K+ channel blockers, only 20% of the treated DRG neurons showed APD prolongation (3 out of 15 cells), whereas 73% showed APD-shortening responses (11 out of 15 cells). The results suggest that: (1) DADLE-induced APD prolongation of the treated DRG neurons is mediated by opioid receptor subtypes that decrease a voltage-sensitive K+ conductance; (2) the DADLE-induced APD-shortening effects which are unmasked during more complete K+ channel blockade are mediated by opioid-receptor subtypes in the same neuron that reduce a voltage-sensitive Ca2+ conductance (resembling kappa receptors). DRG neurons did not become tolerant to either of these two opioid effects after chronic exposure to DADLE. Opioid shortening of the APD of DRG neuron perikarya has been generally accepted to be a model of opioid inhibition of calcium influx and transmitter release at presynaptic DRG terminals6,52,53,65,75,76. It is postulated that the opioid-induced APD prolongation observed in the present study provides evidence that opioids can also evoke direct excitatory effects on neurons. The enhancement of DADLE-induced excitatory responses and attenuation of DADLE-induced inhibitory responses of DRG neurons after chronic exposure to this opioid show striking similarities to the effects of forskolin or pertussis toxin treatment. These in vitro studies may provide clues to compensatory mechanisms underlying physiologic expression of tolerance to opioid analgesic effects in primary afferent synaptic networks.
Exploring the Defeat of Arizona's Marriage Amendment and the Specter of the Immigrant as Queer

Arizona voters became the first in the United States to defeat a so-called marriage amendment, “Protect Marriage Arizona” (PMA), in 2006. Also that year, PMA joined four ballot measures targeting the rights of immigrants on the Arizona ballot. At the same time that these immigration measures overwhelming passed by 3-1 margins, PMA failed, making LGBT history. This essay argues that PMA failed in Arizona because the anti-PMA campaign, Arizona Together, used “straight-washing” and “white-washing” strategies. These strategies proved successful because immigrants have been positioned as the most “queer” and deviant group in Arizona. While such strategies may have garnered short-term success, in 2008, in a different political environment in regard to immigration, Arizonans approved a marriage amendment, showing the limitations of such politically expedient strategies.
Hospitality Culture and Climate: A Proposed Model for Retaining Employees and Creating Competitive Advantage

In order to gain competitive advantage, companies must determine the relationship between human resource practices and firm performance. This conceptual article proposes a model that highlights the importance of selecting people who “fit” within the organizational culture and climate of the firm. The authors propose combining established scales of hospitality culture and climate in order to assess a candidate's fit to the organization. Ideally, these people would be more hospitality service oriented and could foster the “spirit of hospitality” through the organization and thus, on to the customer. Hiring the right people will also lead to increased organizational commitment, consequently, reducing turnover levels. This in turn will lead to higher service levels, increased customer satisfaction, and loyalty.
Inhibition of NADPH–cytochrome P450 reductase by tannic acid in rat liver microsomes and primary hepatocytes: Methodological artifacts and application to ischemia–reperfusion injury

Tannic acid (TA) inhibits nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) activity, which is measured by reduction of cytochrome c, in rat liver microsomes (RLMs). In the current study, we noticed that TA directly reduces cytochrome c in the absence of microsomes, thus confounding the CPR activity assay. A method is presented that measures CPR activity in the presence of TA by subtracting the cytochrome c reduction in the absence of NADPH (TA effect) from that in the presence of NADPH (TA plus CPR effect). The method was used to determine the inhibitory effect of TA in RLMs, recombinant CPR enzyme, and primary hepatocytes. Additionally, application of TA in a study of role of CPR in a primary rat hepatocyte model of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) was investigated. TA showed concentration-dependent, complete inhibition of CPR with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50) ) values of 58.2 μM in RLMs and 54.6 and 275 μM in primary rat hepatocytes in the absence and presence of serum in the medium, respectively. Additionally, inhibition of CPR by TA was associated with a significant reduction in reactive oxygen species and cell death after IR injury. These data may be useful in future studies using TA as an inhibitor of CPR in microsomes and primary hepatocytes.
Radiofrequency modification for inducible and suspected pediatric atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia.

Introduction: AV Node Reentry Tachycardia (AVNRT) is the second most common supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) undergoing pediatric radiofrequency ablation behind accessory pathway reentry tachycardias. AVNRT can be difficult to induce during electrophysiology study (EPS) and dual atrioventricular nodal (AVN) pathways physiology may not be demonstrated in young patients. Purpose: This report is the largest single center long term pediatric experience of radiofrequency modification of slow AVN input fibers for inducible or suspected (non-inducible) AVNRT. Results: One hundred thirty-two patients underwent slow input AVN modification from 1993 to 2002. The mean patient age was 13.7 years (4–20 yrs) with 62M/70F. Outpatient tachycardia was documented by ambulatory monitoring in all patients. AVNRT was induced in 98/132 patients during EPS (group A) with mean SVT cycle length of 324 msec (230–570 msec). Initial AVN modification (group A) was successful in 97/98 patients (99%). During 34/132 EPS, AVNRT was non-inducible; dual AVN physiology was present in 19/34 (group B), and 15/34 did not show evidence for dual AVN physiology (group C). These 34 patients underwent empiric AVN modification following discussion with patients’ families. Freedom of recurrence from SVT at 1 year was 96% for group A (94/98), 89% (17/19) for group B and 93% (14/15) for group C. 1 major and 6 minor complications occurred. Conclusions: AVN modification for AVNRT can be performed safely and effectively in pediatric patients with good long-term results. Empiric slow pathway AVN modification for non-inducible SVT results in a high rate of freedom from recurrence of tachycardia.
Stability of lingual lipase in vivo: studies of the iodinated enzyme in the rat stomach and duodenum.

In order to examine the stability of purified lingual lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) in vivo under fasted and fed conditions, we iodinated rat lingual lipase to a specific activity of 5–10 μCi/μg protein with 125I-labelled Bolton-Hunter reagent. Labelled lingual lipase in either saline or Intralipid was administered via an intragastric or intraduodenal cannula. Control labelled lipase preparations were incubated at 37°C. Serial aliquots of gastric or intestinal contents were aspirated and subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography, and quantitated by densitometric scanning. In all experiments, the amount of lingual lipase in both stomach and duodenum was significantly reduced (P < 0.05 vs. controls) at 15 and 60 min after administration. In either the presence or absence of Intralipid, lingual lipase was more stable in the stomach than in the duodenum (P < 0.05). In conclusion, lingual lipase was more stable in the stomach than in the duodenum, and lipid emulsion did not appreciably affect the stability of the enzyme in either location of the upper digestive tract of the rat.
Effects of some drugs on the circulatory system of the intact, non-anesthetized cephalopod, Octopus dofleini.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, ergotamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, eserine, tyramine and histamine have been studied in the non-anesthetized cephalopod, Octopus dofleini. Simultaneous recordings were made of blood pressure from the aorta, the afferent and efferent branchial vessels and the large vena cava cephalica concurrent with injections of the drugs. 2. 2. Epinephrine and nor-epinephrine both had a depressing effect on the circulatory system. Both drugs caused a retardation in rate of the systemic heart. The initial effect seemed to include a decrease in the resistance of the peripheral vascular bed. The branchial hearts were also decelerated by epinephrine and nor-epinephrine. Pretreatment with dihydroergotamine abolished all effects of a subsequent injection of epinephrine. 3. 3. Tyramine, like epinephrine and nor-epinephrine, caused bradycardia of the systemic and branchial hearts. 4. 4. Acetylcholine had a marked retarding effect on the systemic heart as well as on other rhythmically contractile processes in the octopus circulatory system. To a lesser degree acetylcholine acted as a peripheral vasodilator. Histamine had a short-lasting but marked vasodilatory effect on the peripheral vascular bed. 5. 5. Serotonin invariably caused a stimulation of the systemic and branchial hearts and contractions of the ctenidia. 6. 6. The injection of the drugs demonstrated that the various functional elements in the creatly differentiated vascular system of the cephalopods influence each other via nervous communication.
Lipid Activation of CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase α: Characterization and Identification of a Second Activation Domain †

The CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) governs the rate of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) biosynthesis, and its activity is governed by interaction with membrane lipids. The carboxy-termin...
Retinal and cortical nonlinearities combine to produce masking in V1 responses to plaids

The visual response of a cell in the primary visual cortex (V1) to a drifting grating stimulus at the cell’s preferred orientation decreases when a second, perpendicular, grating is superimposed. This effect is called masking. To understand the nonlinear masking effect, we model the response of Macaque V1 simple cells in layer 4Cα to input from magnocellular Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) cells. The cortical model network is a coarse-grained reduction of an integrate-and-fire network with excitation from LGN input and inhibition from other cortical neurons. The input is modeled as a sum of LGN cell responses. Each LGN cell is modeled as the convolution of a spatio-temporal filter with the visual stimulus, normalized by a retinal contrast gain control, and followed by rectification representing the LGN spike threshold. In our model, the experimentally observed masking arises at the level of LGN input to the cortex. The cortical network effectively induces a dynamic threshold that forces the test grating to have high contrast before it can overcome the masking provided by the perpendicular grating. The subcortical nonlinearities and the cortical network together account for the masking effect.
Alternative Splice Variant of γ-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II Alters Activation by Calmodulin

Abstract Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a ubiquitous, multifunctional enzyme family involved in the regulation of a variety of Ca 2+ -signaling pathways. These family members are expressed from four highly homologous genes (α, β, γ, and δ) with similar catalytic properties. Additional isoforms of each gene, created by alternative splicing of variable regions I–XI, are differentially expressed in various cell types. γB, γC, γD, γE, γF, γGs, and γH CaMKII isoforms are expressed in the biliary epithelium; however, little is known about their roles in these cells. We began our studies into the function of these variable regions by examining the effects of variable region I on kinase activation and calmodulin binding. Activities and calmodulin binding properties of γB and γGs, which differ only by the exclusion or inclusion of this region, were compared. The K 0.5 for calmodulin was 2.5-fold lower for γGs than γB. In contrast, γB bound calmodulin more tightly in a calmodulin overlay assay. Mutation of variable regions I's charged residue, γGs-R318E, resulted in an enzyme with intermediate activation properties but a calmodulin affinity similar to γB. Thus, variable region I appears to modulate calmodulin sensitivity, in part, through charge–charge interactions. This altered threshold of activation may modulate cellular responses to gradients of Ca 2+ /calmodulin in the biliary tract.
Towards adiabatic waveforms for inspiral into Kerr black holes. II. Dynamical sources and generic orbits

This is the second in a series of papers whose aim is to generate adiabatic gravitational waveforms from the inspiral of stellar-mass compact objects into massive black holes. In earlier work, we presented an accurate (2+1)D finite-difference time-domain code to solve the Teukolsky equation, which evolves curvature perturbations near rotating (Kerr) black holes. The key new ingredient there was a simple but accurate model of the singular source term based on a discrete representation of the Dirac-delta function and its derivatives. Our earlier work was intended as a proof of concept, using simple circular, equatorial geodesic orbits as a test bed. Such a source is effectively static, in that the smaller body remains at the same coordinate radius and orbital inclination over an orbit. (It of course moves through axial angle, but we separate that degree of freedom from the problem. Our numerical grid has only radial, polar, and time coordinates.) We now extend the time-domain code so that it can accommodate dynamic sources that move on a variety of physically interesting world lines. We validate the code with extensive comparison to frequency-domain waveforms for cases in which the source moves along generic (inclined and eccentric) bound geodesic orbits. We also demonstrate the ability of the time-domain code to accommodate sources moving on interesting nongeodesic worldlines. We do this by computing the waveform produced by a test mass following a kludged inspiral trajectory, made of bound geodesic segments driven toward merger by an approximate radiation loss formula.
THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA MORTGAGE MARKET

CURRENT HESITATION IN THE TEMPO of residential dwelling construction signals an end to a most interesting and instructive period in the history of housing. The need for critical examination of the effects of federal participation in the mortgage financing process is highlighted by the obvious importance of its role in determining the character of the housing boom in this period. Paralleling the assumption of risk, the government has progressively widened the scope of its supervision of the individual loan transaction and placed increased emphasis on directing mortgage credit into approved uses. This action has had important effects on the quantity and quality of additions to the housing supply and on fluctuations within the building industry and in aggregate activity. Studied appraisal of federal intervention is, therefore, of central importance today. Meaningful analysis of the impact of federal programs is difficult on a national scale, since dissimilar regional developments tend to conceal the effects of these programs. The findings of a postwar study of the San Francisco Bay Area mortgage market provide the background for this evaluation of government agencies and of the influence of government housing finance policies on the operation of the mortgage and housing markets in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Organizational and geopolitical approaches to international science and technology networks

Recent views of science and technology have relied heavily on social network approaches. However, even within social network approaches, there are distinctive positions on international science and technology networks, depending on how boundaries and organizational processes are conceptualized. We contrast organizational approaches, exemplified by that of Shrum and Mullins, with geopolitical approaches, exemplified by Thomas Schott’s work. Problems and advantages of each approach are discussed. Finally, we propose that the difference between empirical levels of analysis and the part/whole distinction offers a preferable way of conceptualizing the micro-macro problem.
Strain and piezoelectric fields in embedded quantum wire arrays

Abstract Utilizing a recently developed exact closed-form solution for a single polygonal quantum wire (QWR) inclusion problem, we theoretically investigate the elastic strain and electric fields induced by QWR arrays embedded in GaAs. We consider arrays ranging from 1×1 to 7×7 QWRs embedded in infinite substrates and up to 4×7 QWRs in half space substrates where the wires are near a surface. Our results for the infinite substrate indicate that although the elastic fields within any single QWR are similar to the fields in the other wires with only a weak dependence on the number of QWRs, the electric fields (both inside and outside the QWRs) can be significantly different for different array sizes. Due to the existence of the free surface, the half space solutions show that the elastic and electric fields both inside of and outside of the QWRs depend significantly on the number of QWRs, again with the electric field having the stronger dependence. A detailed analysis of the strain and electric fields for embedded QWR arrays is presented and the results could impact the design of proposed strain-modulated electronic devices.
Altering the Foundations of Support for the President Through Priming

The disclosure that high officials within the Reagan administration had covertly diverted to the Nicaraguan Contras funds obtained from the secret sale of weapons to Iran provides us with a splendid opportunity to examine how the foundations of popular support shift when dramatic events occur. According to our theory of priming, the more attention media pay to a particular domain—the more the public is primed with it—the more citizens will incorporate what they know about that domain into their overall judgment of the president. Data from the 1986 National Election Study confirm that intervention in Central America loomed larger in the public's assessment of President Reagan's performance after the Iran-Contra disclosure than before. Priming was most pronounced for aspects of public opinion most directly implicated by the news coverage, more apparent in political notices' judgments than political experts', and stronger in the evaluations of Reagan's overall performance than in assessments of his character.
IR spectroscopy of adsorbed dinitrogen: a sensitive probe of defect sites on Pt(111)

Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (FT-IRAS) has been used to probe the non-dissociative adsorption of N2 on an atomically clean Pt(111) single crystal. In contradiction to a previous IRAS study of nitrogen adsorption on a Pt(111) foil at 120 K, no nitrogen infrared (IR) band was observed on a fully annealed Pt(111) surface at 90 K. Following Ar+ ion bombardment, adsorption of nitrogen at 90 K produces an intense IR band at ∼2222 cm−1 attributed to the NN stretching mode of molecular nitrogen adsorbed on defect sites produced by ion bombardment. Annealing the Ar+ ion sputtered surface to a temperature above ∼750 K completely suppresses the adsorption of nitrogen at 90 K. Based on these and other results, we postulate that nitrogen adsorbs at 90 K mainly on monovacancies on platinum. We suggest that this specific adsorption occurs by sigma donation from nitrogen to the base of monovacancy sites which possess a low d-electron density compared to surface Pt atoms.
Feasibility and acceptability of a telephone psychotherapy program for depressed adults treated in primary care

Abstract Objective Telephone psychotherapy is an emerging model of care that appears feasible for extending the reach of evidence-based psychotherapy treatment without accruing the full costs of traditional office-based, mental health care. This manuscript describes the development, implementation and acceptance of a 12-month telephone psychotherapy program (TPP) for depressed adults not fully responding to standard antidepressant treatment in primary care. Method The TPP combined a population-based medication monitoring and information system with a structured cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) program. The TPP included 8–12 telephone sessions (eight core CBT sessions and three to four clinical booster sessions) delivered by a master-level therapist working in tandem with each patient's primary care physician (PCP). Results The TPP was well accepted (i.e., 80% completed the core program) by a population-based sample of adult primary care patients initiating antidepressant treatment. The mean duration of core telephone psychotherapy sessions was approximately 31 min during acute-phase treatment (0–6 months). Eighty-two percent of TPP patients maintained contact with their therapist during maintenance-phase treatment (6–12 months). Conclusions The practical and efficient nature of this TPP appears to sidestep many of the treatment barriers encountered in traditional office-based care. Implementation of this TPP program in other primary care settings may be valuable for enhancing standard pharmacotherapy treatment of adult depression, especially among populations facing greater barriers of care.
A simplified one-pot synthesis of 9-[(3-[18F]Fluoro-1-hydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine([18F]FHPG) and 9-(4-[18F]Fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine ([18F]FHBG) for gene therapy

Abstract 9-[(3-[ 18 F]Fluoro-1-hydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine ([ 18 F]FHPG, 2) has been synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of N 2 -( p -anisyldiphenylmethyl)-9-{[1-( p -anisyldiphenylmethoxy)-3-toluenesulfonyloxy-2-propoxy]methyl}guanine (1) with potassium [ 18 F]fluoride/Kryptofix 2.2.2 followed by deprotection with 1 N HCl and purification with different methods in variable yields. When both the nucleophilic substitution and deprotection were carried out at 90°C and the product was purified by HPLC (method A), the yield of compound 2 was 5–10% and the synthesis time was 90 min from EOB. However, if both the nucleophilic substitution and deprotection were carried out at 120°C and the product was purified by HPLC, the yield of compound 2 decreased to 2%. When compound 2 was synthesized at 90°C and purified by Silica Sep-Pak (method B), the yield increased to 10–15% and the synthesis time was 60 min from EOB. Similarly, 9-(4-[ 18 F]fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine ([ 18 F]FHBG, 4) was synthesized with method A and method B in 9% and 10–15% yield, respectively, in a synthesis time of 90 and 60 min, respectively, from EOB. Compound 2 was relatively unstable in acidic medium at 120°C while compound 4 was stable under the same condition. Both compound 2 and compound 4 had low lipid/water partition coefficient (0.126 ± 0.022, n=5 and 0.165 ± 0.023, n=5, respectively). Although it contains non-radioactive ganciclovir (∼5–30 μg) as a chemical by-product, compound 2 synthesized by method B has a similar uptake in 9L glioma cells as that synthesized by method A, and is a potential tracer for imaging herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene expression in tumors using PET. Similarly, compound 4 synthesized by method B contains ∼10–25 μg of penciclovir as a chemical by-product. Thus, the simplified one pot synthesis (method B) is a useful method for synthesizing both compound 2 and compound 4 in good yield for routine clinical use, and the method is readily amenable for automation.
Proliferation of Ly-1 B cells in autoimmune NZB and (NZB × NZW)F1 mice

Spontaneous autoimmune disease in NZB and (NZB x NZW)F1 (B/W) mice is associated with a spectrum of lymphoproliferative abnormalities, but the relationship between autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation is poorly understood. Lymphomas occur commonly in NZB mice, but they appear to be rare in B/W mice, perhaps because B/W mice die of murine lupus before the lymphomas are evident. We recently reported that autoimmune disease in B/W mice could be reversed by weekly treatment with monoclonal antibodies to the L3T4 antigen on "helper/inducer" T cells. This has enabled us to examine the evolution of lymphoproliferation in B/W mice that survive beyond the usual life span, both in long-term survivors of treatment with anti-L3T4 and in the occasional B/W mouse that spontaneously survives beyond 1 year of age. We find that all of these mice develop marked proliferation of a distinct subpopulation of B cells that express the Ly-1 antigen in low density. These Ly-1+ B cells account for a 2-10-fold increase in the number of splenic, lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes. The Ly-1 B cells in individual mice are restricted in their expression of immunoglobulin light chains, suggesting a clonal origin. NZB mice. develop similar proliferation of Ly-1 B cells, suggesting that this is due to underlying genetic and/or viral factors in NZB and B/W mice, and that it is not the result of treatment with anti-L3T4. Although recent studies have implicated Ly-1 B cells in the production of autoantibodies, proliferation of Ly-1 B cells in B/W mice was not associated with production of anti-DNA antibodies or with any paraprotein.
FMRP Mediates mGluR5-Dependent Translation of Amyloid Precursor Protein

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) facilitates synapse formation in the developing brain, while beta-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, which is associated with Alzheimer disease, results in synaptic loss and impaired neurotransmission. Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is a cytoplasmic mRNA binding protein whose expression is lost in fragile X syndrome. Here we show that FMRP binds to the coding region of APP mRNA at a guanine-rich, G-quartet–like sequence. Stimulation of cortical synaptoneurosomes or primary neuronal cells with the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist DHPG increased APP translation in wild-type but not fmr-1 knockout samples. APP mRNA coimmunoprecipitated with FMRP in resting synaptoneurosomes, but the interaction was lost shortly after DHPG treatment. Soluble Aβ40 or Aβ42 levels were significantly higher in multiple strains of fmr-1 knockout mice compared to wild-type controls. Our data indicate that postsynaptic FMRP binds to and regulates the translation of APP mRNA through metabotropic glutamate receptor activation and suggests a possible link between Alzheimer disease and fragile X syndrome.
Premarket approval supplement pathway: do we know what we are getting?

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration assesses the safety and effectiveness of new high-risk medical devices through a process known as “premarket approval” (PMA), whereas modifications of existing...
Tracing the evolution of active galactic nuclei host galaxies over the last 9 Gyr of cosmic time

We present the results of a combined galaxy population analysis for the host galaxies of active galactic nuclei (AGN) identified at 0 < z < 1.4 within the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Bootes, and DEEP2 surveys. We identified AGN in a uniform and unbiased manner at X-ray, infrared, and radio wavelengths. Supermassive black holes undergoing radiatively efficient accretion (detected as X-ray and/or infrared AGN) appear to be hosted in a separate and distinct galaxy population than AGN undergoing powerful mechanically dominated accretion (radio AGN). Consistent with some previous studies, radiatively efficient AGN appear to be preferentially hosted in modest star-forming galaxies, with little dependence on AGN or galaxy luminosity. AGN exhibiting radio-emitting jets due to mechanically dominated accretion are almost exclusively observed in massive, passive galaxies. Crucially, we now provide strong evidence that the observed host-galaxy trends are independent of redshift. In particular, these different accretion-mode AGN have remained as separate galaxy populations throughout the last 9 Gyr. Furthermore, it appears that galaxies hosting AGN have evolved along the same path as galaxies that are not hosting AGN with little evidence for distinctly separate evolution.
Interaction of d-Tubocurarine Analogs with the Mouse Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor LIGAND ORIENTATION AT THE BINDING SITE

The binding of d-tubocurarine and several of its analogs to the mouse nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) was measured by competition against the initial rate125I-α-bungarotoxin binding to BC3H-1 cells. The changes in affinity due to methylation or halogenation at various functional groups on d-tubocurarine was measured to both the high affinity (αγ-site) and the low affinity site (αδ-site). We show that quaternization by methylation of the 2′-N ammonium group enhances the affinity for both the acetylcholine binding sites of mouse AChR, whereas this change does not affect affinity for the Torpedo AChR sites. The effect ofN-methylation suggests the presence of interactions with the ammonium moiety that cannot be readily attributed to the known conserved residues thought to stabilize this functional group. Methylation of both the 7′- and 12′-phenols produced net affinity changes at both sites. The changes resulted from contributions at both the 7′- and the 12′-positions; however, these effects were dependent on whether the ammoniums were also methylated. Substitution of bromine or iodine at the 13′-position decreased the affinity considerably to the high affinity αγ-site of mouse AChR, whereas the affinity for theTorpedo αγ-site was slightly increased. Furthermore, binding to the mouse AChR was unaffected by the conformational state, whereas these ligands strongly preferred the desensitized conformation of the Torpedo AChR. Comparison of binding changes upon 13′-halogenation to the changes in amino acid residues at the ACh binding sites of the mouse and Torpedo AChR shows mouse residue Ile-γ116 as likely to be involved in interacting with the 13′-position of d-tubocurarine. It is predicted that this residue is involved in the conformational equilibrium between the resting and desensitized conformations.