cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathologic Effects of Purified Polybrominated Biphenyl Congeners in Rats

Young male rats were fed diets containing 0, 1, 10, or 100 ppm of Firemaster (FM) BP-6 for 30 days, and the effects were compared with those caused by feeding diets containing identical amounts of either 2, 2', 4, 4', 5, 5-hexabromobiphenyl (HBB) or 2, 3', 4, 4', 5, 5'-HBB, two of the congeners contained in FM BP-6. In addition, rats were fed diets containing 0, 1, or 10 ppm of 3, 3', 4, 4', 5, 5'-HBB, a congener not in FM BP-6 but used because it is strictly a 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-type inducer of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes. Feed efficiency and weight gains were reduced only by 3, 3', 4, 4', 5, 5'-HBB at 10 ppm. Hepatomegaly occurred in rats given any of the chemicals. Vacuolation and enlargement of hepatocytes were observed in rats fed diets containing FM BP-6 or any of the congeners but were most prominent with 3, 3', 4, 4', 5, 5-HBB. Proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), decreased rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and increased fat droplets were seen in hepatocytes of rats g...
The phantom robot: predictive displays for teleoperation with time delay

An enhanced teleoperation technique for time-delayed bilateral teleoperator control is discussed. The control technique selected for time delay is based on the use of a high-fidelity graphics phantom robot that is being controlled in real time (without time delay) against the static task image. Thus, the motion of the phantom robot image on the monitor predicts the motion of the real robot. The real robot's motion will follow the phantom robot's motion on the monitor with the communication time delay implied in the task. Real-time high-fidelity graphics simulation of a PUMA arm is generated and overlaid on the actual camera view of the arm. A simple camera calibration technique is used for calibrated graphics overlay. A preliminary experiment is performed with the predictive display by using a very simple tapping task. The results with this simple task indicate that predictive display enhanced the human operator's telemanipulation task performance significantly during free motion when there is a long time delay. It appears, however, that either two-view or stereoscopic predictive displays are necessary for general three-dimensional tasks. >
Fracture‐fill calcite as a record of microbial methanogenesis and fluid migration: a case study from the Devonian Antrim Shale, Michigan Basin

The Devonian Antrim Shale is an organic-rich, naturally fractured black shale in the Michigan Basin that serves as both a source and reservoir for natural gas. A well-developed network of major, through-going vertical fractures controls reservoir-scale permeability in the Antrim Shale. Many fractures are open, but some are partially sealed by calcite cements that retain isotopic evidence of widespread microbial methanogenesis. Fracture filling calcite displays an unusually broad spectrum of d 13 C values (þ34 to � 41% PDB), suggesting that both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial processes were active in the reservoir. Calcites with high d 13 C values (>þ15%) record cementation of fractures from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) generated during bacterial methanogenesis. Calcites with low d 13 C values (<� 32%) are solely associated with outcrop samples and record methane oxidation during cement precipitation. Fracture-fill calcite with d 13 C values between � 10 and � 30% can be attributed to variable organic matter oxidation pathways, methane oxidation, and carbonate rock buffering. Identification of 13 C-rich calcite provides unambiguous evidence of biogenic methane generation and may be used to identify gas deposits in other sedimentary basins. It is likely that repeated glacial advances and retreats exposed the Antrim Shale at the basin margin, enhanced meteoric recharge into the shallow part of the fractured reservoir, and initiated multiple episodes of bacterial methanogenesis and methanotrophic activity that were recorded in fracture-fill cements. The d 18 O values in both formation waters and calcite cements increase with depth in the basin (� 12 to � 4% SMOW, and þ21 to þ27% PDB, respectively). Most fracture-fill cements from outcrop samples have d 13 C values between � 41 and � 15% PDB. In contrast, most cement in cores have d 13 C values between þ15 and þ34% PDB. Radiocarbon and 230 Th dating of fracture-fill calcite indicates that the calcite formed between 33 and 390 ka, well within the Pleistocene Epoch.
Evaluative schemas and the attention of critics in the US film industry

Industrial and Corporate Change Advance Access published May 8, 2006 Industrial and Corporate Change, page 1 of 30 doi:10.1093/icc/dtl009 Evaluative schemas and the attention of critics in the US film industry Greta Hsu This article explores the constraints evaluative schemas place on critics’ allocation of attention. Prior research suggests that a critic’s ability to establish himself as an expert of the market is based on the appeal to a rationalized and defensible sys- tem of standards for evaluating products. In this article, I argue that this creates a fundamental bias in the allocation of critical attention such that critics will dem- onstrate a tendency to favor arenas in which they have developed clear and struc- tured schemas for evaluation. As a result, producers within such categories will receive disproportionately greater critical attention. I test and find support for this hypothesis within the context of the US feature film industry. The implications of this bias in terms of producer legitimacy are discussed. 1. Introduction Several prominent lines of research within organizational theory have called attention to legitimacy as an underlying driver of diverse organizational processes and dynamics. Neo-institutional theorists, for example, propose that organizational actors conform to institutionalized beliefs regarding how organizations should look and behave in order to gain legitimacy and, as a result, valuable resources (Meyer and Rowan, 1977; DiMaggio and Powell, 1983). Researchers interested in the social structuration of markets have demonstrated that perceptions of what is legitimate impact on the opportunities available to organizations (Podolny, 1993, 1994, 1996; Stuart et al., 1999). Organizational ecologists, meanwhile, have focused on the impact of legitimacy at the category or population level. Ecological research finds that the legitimacy audiences’ award to organizational populations affects the resources available to population members and, as a result, organizational vital rates (Hannan and Freeman, 1989). While the importance of legitimacy in shaping organizational dynamics is clearly established, the cognitive processes by which certain types of organizational actors gain legitimacy relative to others remain largely unexplored. As Suchman (1995) observes, legitimacy is a generalized perception created by audiences toward organiza- tions. Audiences, and the beliefs they hold, determine the degree of legitimacy con- ferred onto categories of organizations. And while researchers have identified a variety of different types of audiences who act as sources of legitimacy (see Ruef and Scott, © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Associazione ICC. All rights reserved.
Wireless Testbed Bonsai

This paper focuses on the spatial scaling of wireless network behaviors, ranging from low-level signals to network protocol executions to high-level application behaviors. This task is complicated as wireless channels exhibit complex fading patterns across space and time. And there have been several instances of "phase transitions", where wireless network protocols and applications that perform well at small scales fail to do so at higher scales. Presently, experimentation with wireless testbeds is preferred to simulations for obtaining high fidelity testing, but at the same time experimentation is also known to be more inconvenient and expensive, especially for large scale networks. We therefore investigate the ability of high fidelity spatial downscaling of such networks, for making more convenient the testing and predictability of designs for large scale networks. Specifically, we present necessary and sufficient conditions for high fidelity scaling of wireless networks and evaluate the feasibility of scaling an indoor multihop IEEE 802.11b network by reducing the separation between the nodes by a constant factor. Our validation is in terms of experimental studies of down-scaling performed in the Kansei testbed at Ohio State University, and compare the performance at the physical, link, and messaging/dissemination layers before and after scaling.
Opioids, Opiate Receptors, and Central Cardiovascular Regulation

Since the identification of the enkephalins in 1975, a variety of endogenous opioid substances have been identified whithin the CNS in a number of mammalian species [5]. It has long been known that exogenous opiates have potent cardiovascular actions after injections administered into the CNS; similarly, endogenous opioids are extremely active in producing cardiovascular changes after central administration [38]. In addition to the proposed role of endogenous opioids in central cardiovascular regulation, these substances have been implicated in a number of pathophysiological states, including shock and hypertension [10, 11]. The present review examines the experimental evidence relating to the possible role of endogenous opioids in central cardiovascular control and dyscontrol, and assesses the methodological issues relevant to the interpretation of the experimental results.
Pop Culture Pedagogies: Process and Praxis

As Miller (1999) explained, “it is increasingly important for educators to take seriously the processes by which media texts are produced and disseminated, and to understand the ways in which media images and constructions pervade all our lives” (p. 234). Taking popular culture seriously means making a purposeful commitment to bring popular culture into the classroom. Rather than scripted instructional strategies based on generalized research, context-driven critical approaches are needed to empower particular learners to engage with popular culture in in meaningful ways. However, an understanding of popular culture and its pedagogical functions is necessary to provide a foundation for developing these approaches to bringing popular culture texts into classrooms. Toward that end, in this article, we explore the depth and breadth of contemporary popular culture, describe some of the ways that popular culture functions pedagogically, and outline a framework for self-study that, when practiced by educators, ...
Three Cases/Four Tales: Commons, Capture, the Public Trust, and Property in Land

This article examines the legal universe occupied by animals ferae naturae through an analysis of three cases from the early nineteenth century. The three cases - Pierson v. Post (an 1805 decision of the New York Supreme Court), Arnold v. Mundy (an 1821 decision of the New Jersey Supreme Court of Judicature), and Inhabitants of Stoughton v. Baker (an 1808 decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court) - examine the nature of property in such animals. In doing so, the decisions shed light on four recurrent topics in natural resource law: common property, capture, private property in land, and the public trust. Animals ferae naturae have particular relevance to these issues. For Locke and the Enlightenment civilians, animals ferae naturae were the paradigm of an unowned thing; they were the then-current analog of the state of nature, that imagined starting point for society. Wildlife law, in short, was often a speculation about the nature and sources of property. The early nineteenth century also has particular relevance to these questions. During this period, federal and state judges worked to reconfigure the common law to account for two ongoing revolutions: the political revolution from monarchy to republic and the economic-social revolution from agrarian-communitarian to market-individualistic. As such, the cases provide insight into the balance between public and private: What scope of unchecked autonomy is to be accorded the individual? What does the individual owe to society?
Dependence of Relative Volume on Strain for an SBR Vulcanizate

Abstract Volume-extension data for an SBR-peroxide vulcanizate are presented. It is shown that Gee's expression, in conjunction with the experimental stress-strain response for the vulcanizate, lea...
TEM of C-component Dislocations Associated with Pyramidal Slip Activity in Hexagonal Alpha-2-Ti 3 Al

While only a minor phase constituent, the deformation behavior of the hexagonal α2-Ti3Al phase, significantly affects the mechanical properties of two-phase TiAl based alloys. We have used conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy to investigate the fine structure of pyramidal plane glide dislocations, with Burgers vectors of the type b= , in α2-Ti3Al after room temperature compression of binary polysynthetically twinned TiAl normal to the lamellar interfaces to nominal plastic strains of 1%–7%. We report atomic resolution observations of non-co-planar dislocation core configurations for -dislocations and show that translamellar deformation twins active in the majority γ-TiAl phase play an important role in facilitating pyramidal plane slip in α2-Ti3Al in the lamellar two-phase alloys.
INTRA-INDIVIDUAL COMPARISON OF LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION AND VOLUMES DERIVED FROM SOLID STATE AND ANGER SPECT IMAGING

Solid state cameras (D-SPECT) have superior spatial resolution compared to Anger (A-SPECT) cameras. Furthermore, protocols for D-SPECT typically involve upright and supine scanning. We sought to determine the effect of resolution and position on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and volumes
Comments on Brain AVM Embolization with Onyx

This is an informative and encouraging single-center study on the embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) with Onyx, an alternative to the standard liquid embolic agent N -butyl cyanoacrylate. To date, there have only been 2 indexed manuscripts on brain AVM embolization with Onyx.[1
Blood-lipid Levels of Operation Rotating Workers with Dust Exposure in High Altitude Localities

[Objective]To study the influence of dust exposure and high altitude on the blood-lipid levels of workers.[Methods]A total of 392 operation rotating workers with dust exposure from a mining company,and located at 3700 m above sea level were selected as observation subjects.the TC and TG in blood-lipid components were tested with the methods of CHOD-PAP.The HDL-C was tested with the methods of PTA-Magnesium precipitin.The chi-square test was adopted for the statistical analysis.[Results]With the service length extending,the blood-lipid levels of dust exposed workers increased,that of workers with long-term service was higher than workers with short-term service,the difference was significant(P0.05).[Conclusion]Dust exposure and high altitude has obvious impact on the blood-lipid levels of workers.
Synthesis,characterization and isomerization performance analysis of MCM-48 catalysts

The catalysts were characterized using XRD,BET surface area and Py-IR.The results showed that MCM-48 loaded with active ingredients was still of better long-range order and having typical adsorption curve of mesoporous molecular sieve.The specific surface area was 943 m2/g.MCM-48 catalysts having bronsted and lewis acid.The effect of reaction and reduction temperature on the catalytic performance was studied.The result showed that when reduction temperature was 400 ℃ and reaction temperature was 300 ℃ and hydrogen flow rate was 30 ml/min,the activity of MCM-48 was the best,the conversion of n-heptane is 10.5%,isomerization selectivity to i-heptane can reach 70.6%
Decreased synaptic proteins in neuronal exosomes of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease

Synaptic dysfunction occurs early in senile dementias, presumably as a result of decreased levels of functional synaptic proteins as found in autopsied brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Plasma neuronal-derived exosomes (NDEs) were recovered by precipitation and immunoabsorption from 12 patients with AD, 16 with FTD, and 28 controls in a cross-sectional study, and from 9 patients with AD, 10 with FTD, and 19 controls in a longitudinal study. Six synaptic proteins in NDE extracts were quantified by ELISAs and normalized for exosome amounts. NDE levels of synaptophysin, synaptopodin, synaptotagmin-2, and neurogranin were significantly lower in patients with FTD and AD than in controls, but those of growth-associated protein 43 and synapsin 1 were reduced only in patients with AD. Functionally relevant phosphorylation of synapsin 1 serine 9 was reduced in patients with FTD and AD, although total synapsin 1 protein was higher in FTD than in controls. NDE levels of synaptotagmin, synaptophysin, and neurogranin were decreased years before dementia in patients with FTD and AD. NDE levels of synaptopodin, synaptotagmin, and synaptophysin, but not of amyloid β-peptide 42 or P-T181-tau, were correlated significantly with cognition assessed by mini-mental state examination or AD assessment scale-cognitive subscale. NDE synaptic proteins may be useful preclinical indices and progression measures in senile dementias.-Goetzl, E. J., Kapogiannis, D., Schwartz, J. B., Lobach, I. V., Goetzl, L., Abner, E. L., Jicha, G. A., Karydas, A. M., Boxer, A., Miller, B. L. Decreased synaptic proteins in neuronal exosomes of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
The Distribution of Organic Pollutants onto Suspended Sediments, Humic Materials and Fulvic Materials in the Transverse Mixing Zone

An investigation was performed on the importance of the rates of adsorption and desorption of neutral organic pollutants onto sediments and onto the natural dissolved organic materials which reversibly partition onto sediments. Dichlorobenzene exchange rates and equilibrium partitioning onto the fulvic acid fraction of natural dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were experimentally determined to be significantly different than that onto the humic acid and humin fraction. From the experimental results, a numerical model of the sorption kinetics was incorporated into a finite difference pollutant transport model consisting of the system of partial differential equations for transport and transfer rates between forms for the free dissolved, bound to sediments, and bound to naturally occurring dissolved organic carbon pollutant concentrations with respect to time and space. The model was applied to the case of hydrophobic species in the transverse mixing zone of fast streams and compared with other formulations for partitioning. The comparison showed that the phase distribution of a pollutant cannot be correctly predicted from simple equilibrium models.
Cross-Culturally Narrating Risks, Imagination, and Realities of HIV/AIDS

The author employs both rhetorical move analysis and corpus-assisted discourse analysis to examine online “patient narratives” collected from one of the largest AIDS discussion forums in the USA. Focusing on possible contraction of HIV/AIDS after perceived high-risk behaviors, this genre differs from traditional patient narratives because of its preoccupation with risk assessment and testing. Three types of rhetorical moves were identified, namely, informative, interactive, and emotional, which suggests posters’ need for accurate information, empathy, and communal support. Serving as an intermediary genre, the online risky AIDS narratives could help bridge the gap between at-risk populations and health communicators and public health educators to enhance the existing understanding of possible health, emotional, social, and psychological concerns that such individuals may have when seeking medical help.
Telescoped Synthesis of γ‐Bromo‐β‐Lactones from Allylic Bromides Employing Carbon Dioxide

A direct synthesis of the title compounds involving a stepwise Zn-mediated carboxylation of allylic bromides with CO2 delivering β, γ-unsaturated carboxylic acids and a subsequent bromolactonization is reported. The described method demonstrates the use of readily prepared allylzinc bromides by the method of Knochel for fixation of CO2 employing commodity chemicals and zinc dust. This process was then optimized into a two-stage, telescoped process for the direct synthesis of γ-bromo-β-lactones from allyl bromides. The described strategy delivers functionalized β-lactones with dual reactivity as acylating and alkylating agents, which have utility as synthetic intermediates and are attracting growing interest as proteomic tools for activity-based protein profiling.
Expansion of Bone Marrow (BM) Progenitors and Mobilization of Multilineage Progenitor Cells Associated with Once Per Cycle Administration of Long-Acting Growth Factors Neulasta and Aranesp with Chemotherapy (CT): Biology and Nature of Response.

Hematopoietic growth factors (HGF) G-CSF and GM-CSF have been utilized widely to facilitate mobilization of progenitor cells that can be used to support high dose CT. Recently long-acting HGF neulasta (pegfilgrastim) and aranesp (darbepoetin alfa) were developed to reduce the frequency of administration. While these agents are effective in reducing CT-induced neutropenia and anemia similar to their parent compounds, very little is known about their efficiency in mobilizing progenitor cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate biologic effects of these agents, used in combination with CT, on progenitor cells. Chemo-naive sarcoma patients receiving adriamycin and ifosfamide (AI) were treated once per cycle with aranesp (500 mcg) SC prior to initiating CT (day 0) and neulasta (6 mg) SC after completion of CT (day 4). BM and peripheral blood (PB) samples were studied at the baseline and around day 14 (at the time of WBC recovery) for progenitors and mediators of response. The treatment was associated with a significant increase in PB CD 34 + cells (median increase 36-fold, p=0.005) and marked mobilization (p=0.003) of CFU-GM (24-fold), BFU-E (22-fold), and CFU-GEMM (62-fold) (n=14). To better understand the biology and nature of response, we examined BM before and at the time of mobilization (n=12). There was an expansion of multi-lineage BM progenitors (p=0.06) and CD 34+ cells (P=0.001). BM exam at the time of recovery showed increased cellularity (2-fold) with increased granulopoietic elements. An increased expression of MMP-9 but unchanged expression of TIMP-1 was observed by Immunohistochemistry (IHC). c-kit ligand level by Elisa was decreased in the BM supernatant. In addition, phospho c-kit (phospho site 568) was increased in the myeloid and erythroid precursors by IHC but phospho site 823 was unaltered, indicating the specificity of activation of the downstream pathway in response to c-kit ligand-receptor activation, possibly leading to expansion of progenitor cells. Interestingly, expression of CXCR4 at the protein level (flow cytometry and western blot) and RNA level (RT-PCR) was decreased (p
Cuban Internationalism as Dangerous Empathy

Some 25 years ago, I edited a textbook on international politics and included a ­carefully researched contribution by Gordon Adams on Cuba’s military actions in Southern Africa.2 I included that chapter because, in part, it effectively refuted certain widely held misconceptions about Cuban foreign policy, one of which was that Cuba was acting as a surrogate, a pawn, for the Soviet Union. But at least as important, the piece served to convey Cuba’s societal-wide, organic, cultural ethos of empathy that motivated and continues to nurture and affirm that country’s internationalism today. That is, claims on behalf of a global praxis of empathy that fail to explicitly critique and attempt to eradicate global structural violence must be treated with skepticism because such assertions fall outside the borders of any serious ­discussion of the subject.3
Advances in Light-Front QCD: Supersymmetric Properties of Hadron Physics from Light-Front Holography and Superconformal Algebra

A remarkable feature of QCD is that the mass scale $$\kappa $$ which controls color confinement and light-quark hadron mass scales does not appear explicitly in the QCD Lagrangian. However, de Alfaro, Fubini, and Furlan have shown that a mass scale can appear in the equations of motion without affecting the conformal invariance of the action if one adds a term to the Hamiltonian proportional to the dilatation operator or the special conformal operator. If one applies the same procedure to the light-front Hamiltonian, it leads uniquely to a confinement potential $$\kappa ^4 \zeta ^2$$ for mesons, where $$\zeta ^2$$ is the LF radial variable conjugate to the $$q \bar{q}$$ invariant mass. The same result, including spin terms, is obtained using light-front holography—the duality between the front form and AdS $$_5$$ , the space of isometries of the conformal group—if one modifies the action of AdS $$_5$$ by the dilaton $$e^{\kappa ^2 z^2}$$ in the fifth dimension z. When one generalizes this procedure using superconformal algebra, the resulting light-front eigensolutions predict a unified Regge spectroscopy of meson, baryon, and tetraquarks, including remarkable supersymmetric relations between the masses of mesons and baryons of the same parity. One also predicts observables such as hadron structure functions, transverse momentum distributions, and the distribution amplitudes defined from the hadronic light-front wavefunctions. The mass scale $$\kappa $$ underlying confinement and hadron masses can be connected to the parameter $$\Lambda _{\overline{MS}}$$ in the QCD running coupling by matching the nonperturbative dynamics to the perturbative QCD regime. The result is an effective coupling $$\alpha _s(Q^2)$$ defined at all momenta. The matching of the high and low momentum transfer regimes determines a scale $$Q_0$$ which sets the interface between perturbative and nonperturbative hadron dynamics. The use of $$Q_0$$ to resolve the factorization scale uncertainty for structure functions and distribution amplitudes, in combination with the principle of maximal conformality for setting the renormalization scales, can greatly improve the precision of perturbative QCD predictions for collider phenomenology. The absence of vacuum excitations of the causal, frame-independent front-form vacuum has important consequences for the cosmological constant. I also discuss evidence that the antishadowing of nuclear structure functions is non-universal; i.e., flavor dependent, and why shadowing and antishadowing phenomena may be incompatible with sum rules for nuclear parton distribution functions.
Preliminary Intravital Microscopic Analysis Reveals Macrophage Uptake of Circulating Nanotubes and Peptide-Dependent Delivery into Tumor

Nanoparticle targeting efficiency to tumor is poor and not well-understood. We applied intravital microscopy in a dorsal window chamber model to interrogate vasculature-targeted carbon nanotubes. We found that nanotubes program circulating macrophages to enter tumor.
Exploiting Time and Subject Locality for Fast, Efficient, and Understandable Alert Triage

In many organizations, intrusion detection and other related systems are tuned to generate security alerts, which are then manually inspected by cyber-security analysts. These analysts often devote a large portion of time to inspecting these alerts, most of which are innocuous. Thus, it would be greatly beneficial to reduce the number of innocuous alerts, allowing analysts to utilize their time and skills for other aspects of cyber defense. In this work, we devise several simple, fast, and easily understood models to cut back this manual inspection workload, while maintaining high true positive and true negative rates. We demonstrate their effectiveness on real data, and discuss their potential utility in application by others.
The constitutionality of the Affordable Care Act: an update.

The U.S. Supreme Court upheld key provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The individual mandates and the optional Medicaid expansion will begin on January 1, 2014.
The Evolution of Fault Tolerant Computing at the University of Michigan

This paper reviews the history of research in fault-tolerant computing, as it has evolved at The University of Michigan over the past 20 years.
A Theology of Dao

This article reviews Heup Young Kim’s A Theology of Dao, which presents an articulate argument for the synthesis of Daoist and Christian theologies. It also provides a helpful overview of systemati...
Study of the Characteristics of Bipedal Walking Robot Actuators

This paper studies the characteristics of the electric motors for a bipedal robot. The problem of constructing a mathematical description of the relations between the current in the motor's windings and the torque it produces is considered. The paper presents a design for a testing setup which allows to study these characteristics. It also presents the experimental results for two electric motors. Simulation results obtained with a nonlinear motor model showed that the nonlinear relation between the motor's current and torque has significant effect on the behavior of the studied mechanical system.
2-Methyl N-(p-toluenesulfinyl)aziridine-2-carboxylic acid: Asymmetric synthesis of α-methylphenylalanine and α-methyl-β-phenylserine

Abstract 2-Substituted aziridine 2a , prepared from sulfinimine 1 via a Darzens-type condensation, undergoes a highly regio- and stereocontrolled ring-opening to give α-methylphenylalanine and α-methyl-β-phenylserine in high enantiomeric purity.
Multi-scale modelling of kaolinite triaxial behaviour

To understand the relationship between microscopic variables and macroscopic engineering properties of kaolinite particles, a molecular dynamics simulation of triaxial shear tests was developed. Th...
The association between fast increase in bone turnover during the menopause transition and subsequent fracture.

Context Bone turnover increases rapidly during the menopause transition (MT) and plateaus above premenopausal levels in early postmenopause. It is uncertain whether higher bone turnover is associated with fracture in midlife women with near-normal bone mineral density (BMD). Objective Examine whether faster increases in bone turnover during the MT (2 years before to 2 years after the final menstrual period [FMP]), and greater bone turnover during early postmenopause (≥2 years after the FMP) are risk factors for subsequent fracture, accounting for BMD. Design and setting The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, a longitudinal cohort study of the MT. Participants A total of 484 women (initially pre- or early perimenopausal, who transitioned to postmenopause) with bone turnover (urine collagen type I N-telopeptide), BMD, and fracture data. Main outcome measure Incident fracture after the MT. Results Adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, fracture before the MT, cigarette use, body mass index, and study site in Cox proportional hazards regression, each SD increment in the rate of increase in bone turnover during the MT was associated with 24% greater hazard of incident fracture in postmenopause (P = .008). Accounting for the same covariates, each SD increment in bone turnover during early postmenopause was associated with a 27% greater hazard of fracture (P = .01). Associations remained significant after controlling for MT rate of change and early postmenopausal level of BMD. Conclusion Faster increases in bone turnover during the MT and greater bone turnover in early postmenopause forecast future fractures.
Nonverbal Receiving Ability as Emotional and Cognitive Empathy: Conceptualization and Measurement

Nonverbal receiving abilities are a critical component of social intelligence. We relate nonverbal receiving ability to research on emotional and cognitive empathy and review attempts to develop psychometrically construct-valid and reliable tests of nonverbal receiving ability. We describe the Communication of Affect Receiving Ability Test (CARAT) that uniquely employs ecologically valid, dynamic video clips of spontaneous emotional expressions and new versions of CARAT intended to extend the nomological net associated with nonverbal receiving ability/empathy. We describe CARAT-SPR (Spontaneous, Posed, Regulated) designed to assess both emotional and cognitive empathy and the CARAT-DPA (Discrete Primary Affects) designed to measure abilities to detect specific expressions of discrete primary affects in the dynamic stream of spontaneous expression, showing evidence of construct validity of skills for judging spontaneous emotional expression.
Delayed or Stalled Pubertal Development

Delayed puberty is defined as lack of development of secondary sexual characteristics in girls by age 13 years or boys by age 14 years. Stalled pubertal development is not defined using precise thresholds but is characterized by failure to continue pubertal progression after onset of puberty. The differential diagnosis of delayed or stalled puberty is divided into dysfunction in the testes or ovaries (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism) or dysfunction in hypothalamic or pituitary signaling (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism), with the latter category also including the most common cause of delayed puberty, the benign entity of constitutional delay of growth and puberty. Although most cases of delayed puberty will be benign and self-limited, delayed or stalled puberty can be a presenting sign of underlying illness or central nervous system pathology. This chapter discusses the differential diagnosis and initial approach to delayed or stalled puberty, with particular attention to critical aspects of the history, physical, and initial evaluation.
Advances in antiretroviral therapy and viral load monitoring.

Objective : To highlight recent developments in the field of antiretroviral therapy and viral load monitoring. Methods : Review of studies detailing the efficacy of the antiretroviral agents and combinations furthest along in clinical development and the application of plasma HIV RNA quantification as a disease marker. Results : Developments in the field of antiretroviral therapy have led to substantial advances in the approach to management of HIV-infected persons. These include the end of the zidovudine (ZDV) monotherapy era ; the demonstration of a survival benefit conferred by antiretroviral therapy in patients with CD4 counts of 200-500x10 6 /l ; the further development of newer nucleoside analog combinations (e.g., ZDV-lamivudine, stavudine-didanosine, stavudine-lamivudine, ZDV-1592U89) and the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor class of compounds ; and, perhaps most importantly, the advent of the protease inhibitor era. Trials of ritonavir and saquinavir have proven that clinical benefit can be conferred by protease inhibitors, and three-drug combination regimens, such as indinavir-ZDV-lamivudine, have shown the potential for degrees of viral suppression not previously seen. Newer protease inhibitors, such as nelfinavir and VX-478/GW141W94, hold promise for further advances. The concurrent development of assays to quantitatively measure plasma HIV RNA has provided laboratory tools to improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis, to assess the in vivo potency of treatment regimens and to characterize the risk of disease progression. Conclusions : Recent progress in HIV disease pathogenesis, antiretroviral therapy and viral load monitoring indicates the interdependence of these factors. The current optimism in the field is warranted but complex challenges must be met if the fulfilment of this hope is to be realized by the world community.
A multipoint stress-flux mixed finite element method for the Stokes-Biot model.

In this paper we present and analyze a fully-mixed formulation for the coupled problem arising in the interaction between a free fluid and a flow in a poroelastic medium. The flows are governed by the Stokes and Biot equations, respectively, and the transmission conditions are given by mass conservation, balance of stresses, and the Beavers-Joseph-Saffman law. We apply dual-mixed formulations in both domains, where the symmetry of the Stokes and poroelastic stress tensors is imposed by setting the vorticity and structure rotation tensors as auxiliary unknowns. In turn, since the transmission conditions become essential, they are imposed weakly, which is done by introducing the traces of the fluid velocity, structure velocity, and the poroelastic media pressure on the interface as the associated Lagrange multipliers. The existence and uniqueness of a solution are established for the continuous weak formulation, as well as a semidiscrete continuous-in-time formulation with non-matching grids, together with the corresponding stability bounds. In addition, we develop a new multipoint stress-flux mixed finite element method by involving the vertex quadrature rule, which allows for local elimination of the stresses, rotations, and Darcy fluxes. Well-posedness and error analysis with corresponding rates of convergences for the fully-discrete scheme are complemented by several numerical experiments.
Recurrent localization networks applied to the Lippmann-Schwinger equation

Abstract The bulk of computational approaches for modeling physical systems in materials science derive from either analytical (i.e., physics based) or data-driven (i.e., machine-learning based) origins. In order to combine the strengths of these two approaches, we advance a novel machine learning approach for solving equations of the generalized Lippmann-Schwinger (L-S) type. In this paradigm, a given problem is converted into an equivalent L-S equation and solved as an optimization problem, where the optimization procedure is calibrated to the problem at hand. As part of a learning-based loop unrolling, we use a recurrent convolutional neural network to iteratively solve the governing equations for a field of interest. This architecture leverages the generalizability and computational efficiency of machine learning approaches, but also permits a physics-based interpretation. We demonstrate our learning approach on the two-phase elastic localization problem, where it achieves excellent accuracy on the predictions of the local (i.e., voxel-level) elastic strains. Since numerous governing equations can be converted into an equivalent L-S form, the proposed architecture has potential applications across a range of multiscale materials phenomena.
Intrinsic and growth-mediated cell and matrix specialization during meniscus tissue assembly

ABSTRACT The incredible mechanical strength and durability of mature fibrous tissues and their extremely limited turnover and regenerative capacity underscores the importance of proper matrix assembly during early postnatal growth. In tissues with composite extracellular matrix (ECM) structures, such as the adult knee meniscus, fibrous (Collagen-I rich) and cartilaginous (Collagen-II, proteoglycan-rich) matrix components are regionally segregated to the outer and inner portions of the tissue. While this spatial variation in composition is appreciated to be functionally important for resisting complex mechanical loads associated with gait, the establishment of these specialized zones is poorly understood. To address this issue, the following study tracked the growth of the murine meniscus from its embryonic formation through its first month of growth, encompassing the critical time-window during which animals begin to ambulate and weight bear. Using histological analysis, region specific high-throughput qPCR, and Col-1 and Col-2 fluorescent reporter mice, we found that matrix and cellular features defining specific tissue zones were already present at birth, before continuous weight-bearing had occurred. These differences were further refined with postnatal growth and maturation, resulting in specialization of mature tissue regions. Taken together, this work establishes a detailed timeline of the concurrent spatiotemporal changes that occur at both the cellular and matrix level throughout meniscus maturation. The findings of this study provide a framework for investigating the reciprocal feedback between cells and their evolving microenvironments during assembly of a mechanically robust fibrocartilage tissue, thus providing insight into mechanisms of tissue degeneration and effective regenerative strategies.
Blunt abdominal trauma in children.

The growing popularity of nonoperative treatment of children with splenic injuries has seduced some physicians into a false sense of security regarding care of the injured child. Although it has been established that hemodynamically stable children with splenic, hepatic, and even renal injuries can safely be treated "expectantly," this concept cannot be applied indiscriminately. Accurate diagnosis and effective care of the child with blunt abdominal trauma is an exercise of clinical precision that demands attention to detail and thorough evaluation. This review addresses this process in light of recent advances in diagnostic imaging and in consideration of recent reports analyzing different protocols for therapeutic decision making. Language: en
Rockin’ Movie Soundtracks

Discretionary dollars helped to fuel the rock-and-roll revolution. Teenage money secured many rockin’ 45 rpm discs released by Chuck Berry, Fats Domino, and Jerry Lee Lewis. These funds were accumu...
Reviews of Science for Science Librarians: The 40th Anniversary of Dr. Colin Sullivan’s Invention of Continuous Positive Air Pressure (CPAP) for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Obstructive sleep apneas are interruptions of sleep owing to a momentary choking off of the body’s air supply. These may occur hundreds of times during a night’s sleep, but are rarely consciously n...
On Modification of the Law of Large Numbers and Linear Regression of Fuzzy Random Variables

Extreme properties of the average characteristics of fuzzy random variables are given. A new form of the law of large numbers for fuzzy random variables is established. An optimal linear regression of fuzzy random variables is constructed, in which the coefficients are similar to the Fourier coefficients. It is shown that under certain conditions, the optimal regression has the maximum cosine of the angle with the predicted fuzzy random variable.
A nonlocal generalization of the Exner law

Abstract Here we consider a new, more general mathematical formulation of the nonlocal Exner law, widely used in morphodynamics and sediment transport models. In some recent literature the role of nonlocal effects in the sediment flux was analyzed, by using a fractional calculus approach, based on the application of Caputo fractional derivatives. In this paper we apply fractional derivatives of a function with respect to another function in order to have a more general and realistic picture of nonlocal effects in sediment transport models. We then discuss the meaning of this approach, considering a logarithmic profile emerging from the generalized formulation of the nonlocal steady Exner law. We finally suggest that this can be the way to overcome the theoretical shortcomings of the fractional Exner equation based on the application of classical Caputo derivatives.
STUDIES ON SYNCHRONIZED CELLS. INHIBITION OF CELL DIVISION OF ASTASIA LONGA BY 8-AZAGUANINE.

Abstract Astasia longa growing exponentially at 25 °C respond to the addition of 8-azaguanine by an initial decrease of their growth rate, lasting for about two generations, followed by a further decrease in growth rate. Relatively small concentrations of 8-azaguanine, added at the beginning of a cold period to cells growing under conditions of synchrony cause a failure to divide in the ensuing warm period. The effect of 8-azaguanine in preventing cell division decreases as it is added later in the cold period, and if it is added at the end of the cold period the cells divide in the immediately ensuing warm period but then fail to divide in the next warm period. 8-azaguanine cause no gross changes in the RNA or protein levels of these cells, and is not incorporated in the RNA to any large extent. The inhibitory action of 8-azaguanine is not reversed by guanosine and is only partially reversed by guanine. The nucleotide pool of these cells increases during the cold period. When the cells are exposed to 14 C-labeled 8-azaguanine this compound and at least one derivative are found in the nucleotide pool. The effect of 8-azaguanine on exponentially growing cells is reparable. The block of division in synchronized cells is not permanent, since the cells will divide in the presence of 8-azaguanine if they are released from the temperature cycle. Upon release from the cycle, the cells retain the temperature-induced alignment of their cell cycles, indicating that the 8-azaguanine does not interfere with the temperature sensitive timing mechanism responsible for synchrony. 8-azaguanine increases the mitotic time in Astasia and its selective effect on the division of synchronized Astasia is probably a consequence of the interaction between the delay introduced in mitosis and the timing of the temperature cycle. Possible biochemical modes of action of this analogue are discussed.
Noise Characteristics of a Turbulent Crosswind Jet

The turbulent flow which results when a circular jet issues into a crosswind is a noise source which is encountered during take-off and landing of certain types of V/STOL aircraft. The acoustic intensity of the noise from this flow is calculated by extending the freejet model of Ribner 1'2 to those crosswind jets for which the ratio of jet velocity to crosswind velocity is between 6 and 10. The extended model accounts for the non-circular cross section, the shortened potential core region, and the flow characteristics in the initial mixing region of the crosswind jet. The result of this analysis is an expression for the directivity function of the acoustic intensity from a crosswind jet of a V/STOL aircraft in flight. The maximum acoustic intensity is calculated to be in a direction which is slightly forward of the sidelines direction.
Frequency of severe valvular disease caused by mediastinal radiation among patients undergoing valve surgery in a community-based, regional academic medical center.

Background Our goal was to define the prevalence of radiation-induced valvular heart (RIVD) disease among patients undergoing cardiac valve surgery in a community-based, regional academic medical center. Mediastinal radiation is a treatment modality for various hematologic and solid malignancies; however, long-term cardiac complications, including radiation-induced valvular heart disease, can occur years after the radiation treatments. Hypothesis Mediastinal radiation exposure is an independent risk factor for valvular heart disease often necessitating valve replacement in patients without other risk factors for valve disease. Methods Between January 1, 1998 and September 1, 2007, we retrospectively analyzed our institution's cardiac surgical database over a 10 year period and identified 189 consecutive patients ≤ 50 years of age who underwent valve surgery. Using case-control matching, we assessed the prevalence of mediastinal radiation among these young patients with valve disease necessitating surgery and to their matched controls from all patients admitted to the hospital. Results Nine individuals (4.8%) were identified as having received previous mediastinal radiation, significantly increased from controls (p<0.0001), and 8 of whom had surgical or pathologic findings consistent with radiation damage. Compared with a matched case-control population, individuals who had severe valve disease and underwent valve replacement had a markedly increased prevalence of prior mediastinal radiation therapy. Conclusions In conclusion, cardiologists must remain aware of the potential long term valvular complications in patients treated with mediastinal radiation. Increased surveillance for RIVD may be considered in the decades following radiation therapy.