cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the tidal volume regulating function of the pneumotaxic center.

Abstract A new “set point” for respiratory activity characterized by frequency diminution and elevations of tidal volume and P a co 2 . Is established in ketamine anaesthetized cats concomitant with biliteral pneumotaxic center lesion placements. Following pneumotaxic center ablation, elevation of P a co 2 , or diminution of F i co2 resulted in minute volumes significantly less than prelesion values only in response to hypercapnia. Respiratory frequencies were significantly less than prelesion values at each level of F i o 2 or P a co2 2 Maintenance of hypoxia-induced minute volume elevations was accomplished by tidal volumes significantly greater than prelesion values; tidal volumes at each level of P a co 2 approximated prelesion values. The appearance of apneusis upon vagotomy and histological examination of lesion placements provided confirmation of pneumotaxic center removal. It is concluded that a qualitatively different tidal volume response to hypoxia and hypercapnia is established following pneumotaxic center ablation. A proposal for the regulation of respiratory tidal volume by the pontile pneumotaxic center under different experimental and anaesthetic conditions is presented.
Early hepatic histologic alterations among chemical (vinyl monomer) workers.

Focal hepatocellular hyperplasia and focal mixed (hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells) hyperplasia are early histological alterations indicative of vinyl monomer exposure. To evaluate their uses in screening chemical workers, 93 liver biopsy specimens from 78 persons were examined in double-blind duplicative fashion. Forty-eight specimens were from exposed chemical workers, 35 of them having liver biopsy(ies) for hepatic test abnormalities and 13 for nonliver-related reasons. A comparison group consisted of 30 nonchemical workers who had undergone liver biopsy for nonliver related reasons. Twenty-three of the exposed workers (48%) had hepatic lesions consistent with exposure: 17 (35%) of these had focal hepatocytic hyperplasia, while 6 (13%) had focal mixed hyperplasia or more advanced lesions. Only five of the comparison group had like findings: four (13%) had focal hepatocytic hyperplasia; one had focal mixed hyperplasia and sinusoidal dilatation. This individual had persistent hepatic test abnormalities with the focal mixed hyperplasia and a sinusoidal dilatation, and on subsequent biopsy, angiosarcoma (and a history of using hair spray containing vinyl chloride propellant). Ten individuals had 25 multiple biopsies also read double-blindly; 10 had two or more readings of the same biopsy. Duplicate 21 of 23 (91%) and multiple 27 of 28 (96%) biopsy interpretations in the same individual were identical. Only 6% of either duplicate and/or multiple readings disagreed. Both focal hepatocellular and mixed hyperplasia were always associated with abnormalities in hepatic test results of which indocyanine green clearance was the most sensitive and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase the least specific. Focal hepatocellular hyperplasia is a more common finding and occurs earlier than the focal mixed hyperplasia among vinyl monomer exposed workers. Follow-up for 5 to 7 years yielded no biochemical or histological evidence of spontaneous progression of this lesion in a work environment where vinyl chloride levels were 10 ppm with time-weighted averages of 1 to 2 ppm. Focal mixed hyperplasia is, as noted, a later and less frequent finding among vinyl monomer-exposed workers. Some individuals with this lesion develop hepatic angiosarcoma independent of subsequent vinyl monomer exposure. In screening for chemical liver injury, indocyanine green clearance supplementary to routine tests is recommended with confirmation by liver biopsy.
LOCATIVE AND DIRECTIONAL EXPRESSIONS IN BASILANG SPEECH

This paper forms part of a project designed to describe the pidginization found in basilang speech, the earliest stage in second-language acquisition, from the perspectives of word order, reference to time, and reference to space. The research reported here deals with locative and directional expressions in the English interlanguage of three Spanish speakers, two Japanese speakers, and one Chinese speaker. The results indicate that the oriental subjects tend to form these structures without prepositions much more frequently than Spanish speaking subjects. In addition, transfer and simplification seem to account for the structure of spatial expressions in basilang interlanguage.
Selection of Cold Injury Treatments to Facilitate Release of the Parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Reared on the Rice Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The use of cold treatments to kill the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), before eclosion but allow the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) to complete development and eclosion was examined. Cold tolerance, crystallization temperature, and developmental stage of rice weevils were examined at 2-d intervals between 18 and 30 d after rice weevil oviposition. The median crystallization temperature dropped from 216 to 2248C over this time, and cold tolerance was lowest between day 20 and 24. Based on these data, rice weevil immatures were exposed on days 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, and 24 after oviposition fo r2ht ovarious subzero temperatures. Hosts were exposed to parasitoids for oviposition on day 20. Before parasitization, rice weevils were either frozen internally by exposure to 2258C, or were subjected to nonfreezing chilling injury by exposure to 2128C. Rice weevils exposed to cold after parasitization were subjected to chilling injury by exposure to either 212 or 2108C. Freezing rice weevil larvae before parasitization resulted in poor production of parasitoids and a sex ratio favoring males. Exposure to 2128C for 2 h, 2 or 3 d after parasitization resulted in production of parasitoids similar to unchilled controls, and a slightly higher female-to- male ratio than the controls. The production of A. calandrae was better after exposure to 2108C, but at this temperature some rice weevils eclosed. The treatment o f2ha t2128C, 3 d after parasitization gave the best parasitoid survival and ensured rice weevil mortality.
Immunity to tuberculosis from the perspective of pathogenesis.

The principal objectives of this minireview are to (i) briefly summarize a working hypothesis which describes the key events in the pathogenesis of BPT from the perspective of the protective immune response, (ii) indicate some of the main gaps in our knowledge of the pathways. (iii) consider the relevance of the pathogenesis of BPT to the protective effect of vaccines, (iv) consider the contribution of animal models to vaccine development, (v) identify some of the points in the pathogenetic pathways at which new vaccines could exert a protective role, and (vi) outline the principal steps recommended for the evaluation of vaccines currently being developed
Final thoughts on community in adult ESL

This chapter discusses underlying themes and emergent issues related to community building and the learning and teaching of adult ESL.
On exponential fitting for circuit simulation

Some of the theoretical and practical aspects of using exponential fitting for MOS digital circuit timing analysis are described. The multivariate test problem x=-Ax where A in R/sup n*n/ and is assumed to be irreducibly diagonally dominant with positive diagonals is considered, as this models the equations resulting from the way MOS circuits are treated in timing simulation programs. It is shown that for these problems, the Cinnamon exponentially fit algorithm is A-stable, and an example is given where the algorithm is XPSim is unstable. A semi-implicit version of the XPSim algorithm is described, and it is shown that this semi-implicit algorithm is A-stable. Examination of examples demonstrates that neither the stabilized XPSim algorithm nor the Cinnamon algorithm produces satisfactory results for very large timesteps. The effect of ordering on the accuracy and stability of the integration methods is also examined, and it is shown that ordering always enhances accuracy, though not significantly for large timesteps, and that the XPSim algorithm can be made more stable with a carefully chosen ordering. >
Mind the Gap: The Effect of Keyboard Key Gap and Pitch on Typing Speed, Accuracy, and Usability, Part 3.

Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of key gap (distance between edges of keys) on computer keyboards on typing speed, percentage error, preference, and usability.Background...
31P-NMR measurements of pHi and high-energy phosphates in isolated turtle hearts during anoxia and acidosis

We used 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure intracellular pH (pHi) and high-energy phosphate levels in hearts of turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii) during either 4 h of anoxia [extracellular pH (pHo) 7.8, 97% N2-3% CO2], 4 h of lactic acidosis (pHo 7.0, 97% O2-3% CO2), or 1.5 h of combined anoxia + lactic acidosis (pHo 7.0, 97% N2-3% CO2) followed by 2 h of oxygenated recovery (pHo 7.8) at 20 degrees C. We also measured heart rate, maximum ventricular-developed pressure, and rate of pressure development (dP/dtmax). 31P-NMR spectra were characterized by the seven peaks typical of mammalian hearts, although turtle spectra were dominated by a large phosphodiester peak. Anoxia caused an increase in Pi to 165% and a decrease in creatine phosphate (CP) to 42% of control, whereas ATP levels remained unchanged. pHi declined from 7.37 +/- 0.01 to 7.22 +/- 0.03 at 1 h of anoxia and remained unchanged through hour 4. Lactic acidosis caused a 59% decrease in Pi, whereas CP and ATP levels remained unchanged. pHi fell to 6.88 +/- 0.04 by hour 1 and then climbed steadily to 7.14 +/- 0.05 at hour 4. During recovery from acidosis, pHi exceeded control values and returned to control by 2 h. Combined anoxia + acidosis caused profound decreases in CP to 14% and pHi to 6.56 +/- 0.03. In anoxic hearts, cardiodynamic variables remained at control levels through hour 3, after which cardiac output, heart rate, and dP/dtmax declined. Cardiodynamic variables were essentially unchanged from control throughout 4 h of acidosis except for dP/dtmax, which declined rapidly. In the combined protocol, all measures of cardiac function decreased. Recovery in all three cases was complete by approximately 2 h. We conclude that turtle hearts were relatively resistant to the stresses imposed in all three protocols compared with mammalian hearts, although anoxia + acidosis depressed the measured cardiac variables more profoundly than predicted from responses to the conditions imposed separately. Our results from the anoxia protocol suggest no direct causal relationship between myocardial CP (or ATP) levels and cardiac function.
Ion Migration in Organometal Trihalide Perovskite and Its Impact on Photovoltaic Efficiency and Stability

ConspectusOrganometal trihalide perovskites (OTPs) are emerging as very promising photovoltaic materials because the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OTP solar cells quickly rises and now rivals with that of single crystal silicon solar cells after only five-years research. Their prospects to replace silicon photovoltaics to reduce the cost of renewable clean energy are boosted by the low-temperature solution processing as well as the very low-cost raw materials and relative insensitivity to defects. The flexibility, semitransparency, and vivid colors of perovskite solar cells are attractive for niche applications such as built-in photovoltaics and portable lightweight chargers. However, the low stability of current hybrid perovskite solar cells remains a serious issue to be solved before their broad application. Among all those factors that affect the stability of perovskite solar cells, ion migration in OTPs may be intrinsic and cannot be taken away by device encapsulation.The presence of ion migrat...
The Combination of the Tunnel View and Weight-Bearing Anteroposterior Radiographs Improves the Detection of Knee Arthritis.

Imaging used for the evaluation of knee pain has historically included weight-bearing anteroposterior (AP), lateral, and sunrise radiographs. We wished to evaluate the utility of adding the weight-bearing (WB) posteroanterior (PA) view of the knee in flexion. We hypothesize that (1) the WB tunnel view can detect radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) not visualized on the WB AP, (2) the combination of the AP and tunnel view increases the radiographic detection of OA, and (3) this may provide additional information to the clinician evaluating knee pain. We retrospectively reviewed the WB AP and tunnel view radiographs of 100 knees (74 patients) presenting with knee pain and analyzed for evidence of arthritis. The combination of the WB tunnel view and WB AP significantly increased the detection of joint space narrowing in the lateral ( ) and medial ( ) compartments over the AP view alone. The combined views significantly improved the identification of medial subchondral cysts ( ), sclerosis of the lateral tibial plateau ( ), and moderate-to-large osteophytes in the medial compartment ( ), intercondylar notch ( ), and tibial spine ( ). The WB tunnel view is an effective tool to provide additional information on affected compartments in the painful knee, not provided by the AP image alone.
Assessment of Boundary Interference in Open Test Section Wind Tunnels Using Successive Over-Relaxation

Boundary interference in open-jet wind tunnels is known to depend upon the test section length and the location of the tested model between the nozzle and collector. The mixed Neumann-Dirichlet problem for an open-jet test section with closed upstream and downstream portions is re-formulated as the third (Robin) boundary-value problem. The finite-difference solution is obtained by an over-relaxation method for a rectangular cross section wind tunnel. The numerical results are compared with those for an infinitely-long test section.
Perceptions of parental caring predict health status in midlife: a 35-year follow-up of the Harvard Mastery of Stress Study.

In the early 1950s, multiple-choice scores reflecting feelings of warmth and closeness with parents were obtained from a sample of healthy, undergraduate Harvard men who participated in the Harvard Mastery of Stress Study. Thirty-five years later, detailed medical and psychological histories and medical records were obtained. Ninety-one percent of participants who did not perceive themselves to have had a warm relationship with their mothers (assessed during college) had diagnosed diseases in midlife (including coronary artery disease, hypertension, duodenal ulcer, and alcoholism), as compared to 45% of participants who perceived themselves to have had a warm relationship with their mothers. A similar association between perceived warmth and closeness and future illness was obtained for fathers. Since parents are usually the most meaningful source of social support in early life, the perception of parental love and caring may have important effects on biological and psychological health and illness throughout life.
Fast Probabilistic Evaluation of Static Voltage Stability in Active Distribution Network Considering Random Output From Distributed Generations

To ensure the secure and stable operation of active distribution network and in allusion to the random uncertainty of the output of distributed generations(DG) composed of wind farm and PV generation, based on the two-point estimate method(2PEM) and Cornish-Fisher series a fast probabilistic evaluation method for static voltage stability of active distribution network containing random output from DG is proposed. Firstly, sample points are selected by 2PEM; then based on the sampling points and using the continuous power flow method the deterministic calculation of the critical value of static voltage stability is performed; finally based on the calculation results of sampling points the Cornish-Fisher series is led in to establish the probability distribution model of static voltage stability limit to attain the statistic feature of critical point of voltage stability and the probability distribution function of load margin. Simulation results of IEEE 33-bus system show that using the proposed method the static voltage stability limit of active distribution network can be evaluated effectively, and the results of comparing the results from the proposed method with the results of the same example by Monte Carlo simulation show that the proposed method possesses such advantages as smaller calculation amount and fast computational speed, and the evaluation accuracy by the proposed method is satisfied.
Autism and cerebellar dysfunction: Evidence from animal models

Autism is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are not well understood. Cerebellar involvement has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders with increasing evidence from both clinical studies and animal models supporting an important role for cerebellar dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. This article discusses the various cerebellar contributions to autism spectrum disorders. Both clinical and preclinical studies are discussed and future research directions highlighted.
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Characteristics of Tb/Fe Multilayers

We have grown Tb/Fe multilayers with modulation wavelengths in the range of 10 to 200 A by alternately sputtering these components. The individual layer thicknesses were kept constant to within ±0.3% over the entire sample thickness of ≈0.2 μm by feedback control of the sputtering rates and microprocessor control of the substrate rotation. Composition of the samples was determined from calibrated sputtering rates, and was confirmed using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The layered structure was demonstrated by low angle x-ray diffraction. High angle x-ray results show that the Tb and Fe layers are polycrystalline for high modulation wavelengths, but are amorphous for low modulation wavelengths. A vibrating sample magnetometer was used to measure the coercivity and saturation magnetization over the temperature range 200 to 430 K. Comparing results for pure Fe, pure Tb, and Tb/Fe multilayers demonstrates that the Tb and Fe multilayers couple to form an antiferromagnetic film.
Efficacy of peroral endoscopic myotomy vs other achalasia treatments in improving esophageal function

Efficacy of peroral endoscopic myotomy vs other achalasia treatments in improving esophageal function
Auditor Legal Liability

Like other professionals such as physicians and architects, auditors are liable both civilly and criminally. Civilly, an auditor can be found liable either under the common law or a statutory law liability. Common law liability arises from negligence, breach of contract, and fraud. Statutory law liability is the obligation that comes from a certain statute or a law which is applied to society. The scope of both common law liability and statutory liability has been expanded to include certain third parties, mainly the foreseen or foreseeable users of audited financial statements. Also, a lawsuit in a state court provides greater protection than the one brought before the federal court.
Structural contradictions and the United States Sentencing Commission

This research is a case study of criminal justice policy formation involving the development of federal sentencing guidelines for business organizations by the United States Sentencing Commission. It describes the decision-making process of the Commission and the influence of other groups and individuals on the process, and recounts their actions within the framework of structural contradictions theory. In the case of the federal sentencing guidelines, it is demonstrated that representatives of business opposed any legislation that was meant to limit the power of corporations or sanction the actions of their representatives, and therefore placed pressure on members of the Commission to eliminate or minimize such sanctions. The study confirms that the state, in an effort to foster the continued capital accumulation necessary for a healthy economy, acknowledged capitalist provisos and at least partially submitted to them during the development of the guidelines.
Factor Price Equalization with More Industries Than Factors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses factor price equalization with more industries than factors. The local version of factor price equalization is that small changes in factor endowments leave factor prices unchanged, given that goods prices are fixed. Factor prices are locally constant as functions of factor endowments. A global version is that two countries whose factor prices are locally constant and that face the same international prices and have the same technology also have exactly the same factor prices. Factor price equalization, both local and global, depends critically on the comparison of the number of industries and the number of factors. For example, on the negative side, if the number of factors exceeds the number of goods, small changes in factor endowments will change factor prices, and local factor price equalization does not hold (Samuelson, Diewert and Woodland, and Jones and Scheinkman). On the positive side, both local and global factor price equalization results have been shown for the cases where there are exactly as many factors as industries. A big difference between the cases of equal and unequal numbers of industries and factors is that in the former case, the cone of factor price equalization is unique, whereas it need not be in the latter, more realistic, case.
Impurity Characterization of Si1−xGex Circuit Structures with the Use of Neutron Activation Analysis

The recent use is reported of neutron activation analysis to determine the elemental content of silicon-germanium layers that were epitaxially grown on antimony-doped single crystal silicon substra...
Towards a Feminist Cinematic Ethics: Claire Denis, Emmanuel Levinas, and Jean-Luc Nancy, by Kristin Lené Hole: Edinburgh UP, 2016

“[W]e are singular plural.” This statement, inconspicuously inserted into the middle of a sentence in the middle of a paragraph on the fifth page of Kristin Lene Hole’s Toward a Feminist Cinematic ...
The Definition of Death

The definition of death , The definition of death , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
National scale biomass estimators for United States tree species

Estimates of national-scale forest carbon (C) stocks and fluxes are typically based on allometric regression equations developed using dimensional analysis techniques. However, the literature is inconsistent and incomplete with respect to large-scale forest C estimation. We compiled all available diameter-based allometric regression equations for estimating total aboveground and component biomass, defined in dry weight terms, for trees in the United States. We then implemented a modified meta-analysis based on the published equations to develop a set of consistent, national-scale aboveground biomass regression equations for U.S. species. Equations for predicting biomass of tree components were developed as proportions of total aboveground biomass for hardwood and softwood groups. A comparison with recent equations used to develop large-scale biomass estimates from U.S. forest inventory data for eastern U.S. species suggests general agreement (±30%) between biomass estimates. The comparison also shows that differences in equation forms and species groupings may cause differences at small scales depending on tree size and forest species composition. This analysis represents the first major effort to compile and analyze all available biomass literature in a consistent national-scale framework. The equations developed here are used to compute the biomass estimates used by the model FORCARB to develop the U.S. C budget. FOR. SCI. 49(1):12-35.
“With My Utmost Art”: The Inspiration of George Herbert's Poetry and the Limits of Austin Farrer's Vision:

This essay argues that poetry can participate in God's ongoing self-revelation in the world, against Austin Farrer's view that the conveyance of supernatural truths is restricted to prophecy and th...
Impact of global warming on water toxicity: cyanotoxins

Microalgal blooms are predicted to intensify in frequency and duration with global warming and increased eutrophication. Cyanobacteria typically thrive in warmer, nutrient-rich environments and can form harmful algal blooms (HABs) coupled with the presence of potent endotoxins and exotoxins. Thus far, 23 classes of cyanotoxins containing hundreds of diverse metabolites have been identified with a wide range of bioactivities; these compounds pose serious threats to wildlife and water supplies. Furthermore, irrigation water containing cyanotoxins presents risks to the growth and development of crop plants and to the health of downstream consumers. These concerns call for stricter regulations to mitigate further warming, as well as the development of rapid detection methods and strategies to protect water safety and food resources.
The New Atheism: Dawkins, Harris, Hitchens

Many theologians have already rebutted the New Atheism. Mimetic theory, however, offers a richer possibility for engaging this movement because it supplies a new paradigm for understanding religion and the relationship of Christianity to religion. Mimetic theory provides a more realistic account for the roots of religion than does the rehashed Enlightenment account of the New Atheism. It does so through the application of Darwinian science and engagement with the secular fields of ethology and anthropology.
Potential impacts of climate warming and increased summer heat stress on the electric grid: a case study for a large power transformer (LPT) in the Northeast United States

Large power transformers (LPTs) are critical yet vulnerable components of the power grid. More frequent and intense heat waves or high temperatures can degrade their operational lifetime and increase the risk of premature failure. Without adequate preparedness, a widespread situation could ultimately lead to prolonged grid disruption and incur excessive economic costs. Here, we investigate the potential impact of climate warming and corresponding shifts in summertime “hot days” on a selected LPT located in the Northeast United States. We apply an analogue method, which detects the occurrence of hot days based on the salient, associated large-scale atmospheric conditions, to assess the risk of future change in their occurrence. Compared with the more conventional approach that relies on climate model-simulated daily maximum temperature, the analogue method produces model medians of late twentieth century hot day frequency that are more consistent with observation and have stronger inter-model consensus. Under the climate warming scenarios, multi-model medians of both model daily maximum temperature and the analogue method indicate strong decadal increases in hot day frequency by the late twenty-first century, but the analogue method improves model consensus considerably. The decrease of transformer lifetime with temperature increase is further assessed. The improved inter-model consensus of the analogue method is viewed as a promising step toward providing actionable information for a more stable, reliable, and environmentally responsible national grid.
The Saltwater Frontier: Indians and the Contest for the American Coast. By Andrew Lipman. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015. Pp. ix, 327. $38.00.) : Book Review

This monograph is a significant narrative on the history of Native Americans in the Northeast, from the early contact era through the beginnings of colonization, shedding light on a major blind spo...
Engineering Ru@Pt Core-Shell Catalysts for Enhanced Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Mass Activity and Stability

Improving the performance of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts is essential for the commercial efficacy of many renewable energy technologies, including low temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). Herein, we report highly active and stable carbon-supported Ru@Pt core-shell nanoparticles (Ru@Pt/C) prepared by a wet chemical synthesis technique. Through rotating disc electrode testing, the Ru@Pt/C achieves an ORR Pt mass-based activity of 0.50 A mgPt−1 at 0.9 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which exceeds the activity of the state-of-the-art commercial Pt/C catalyst as well as the Department of Energy 2020 PEFC electrocatalyst activity targets for transportation applications. The impact of various synthetic parameters, including Pt to Ru ratios and catalyst pretreatments (i.e., annealing) are thoroughly explored. Pt-based mass activity of all prepared Ru@Pt/C catalysts was found to exceed 0.4 mgPt−1 across the range of compositions investigated, with the maximum activity catalyst having a Ru:Pt ratio of 1:1. This optimized composition of Ru@Pt/C catalyst demonstrated remarkable stability after 30,000 accelerated durability cycles (0.6 to 1.0 V vs. RHE at 125 mV s−1), maintaining 85% of its initial mass activity. Scanning transmission electron microscopy energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) analysis at various stages of electrochemical testing demonstrated that the Pt shell can provide sufficient protection against the dissolution of the otherwise unstable Ru core.
Comparison among different crowbar protection techniques for modern wind farms under short circuit occurrence

Most of the modern wind farms are based on using Variable Speed Wind Turbines (VSWTs), there are many forms of the construction of VSWTs, Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs) based wind turbines still the most widely used for its important advantages like variable wind speed tracking performance, lesser losses, and simpler control strategies. Meanwhile, one restriction of DFIG is the operation under heavy faults, DFIG generator is strongly affected by heavy disturbances occurrence, easily disconnected from the grid due to the occurrence of heavy disturbance. The necessary need of increasing the utilization of clean and renewable energy resources especially wind energy, makes an urgent need to increase the DFIG capability of keeping connected with the grid during faults in order to satisfy reliable and safe working of the electrical network. The most widely used crowbar protection techniques are investigated, and a comprehensive comparison between the effectiveness of different crowbar techniques on protecting the DFIG-based wind farms is presented in this work, this comparison has been carried out by simulation on a typical 9 MW DFIG-based wind farm using the MATLAB simpowersystems.
Are Physical Activity Resources Understandable as Disseminated? A Meta-Analysis of Readability Studies

Readability studies routinely report that resources with physical activity-related content exceed the eighth-grade reading level (RL), the maximum recommended for health education resources. The ob...
The Availability and Effectiveness of Research Supports for Early Career Academic Librarians

Abstract For many academic librarians, scholarly research is required in order to attain tenure or promotion and it is widely acknowledged that many early career librarians find this process challenging. Using a survey of >200 untenured or recently tenured academic librarians, this study investigates early career academic librarians' access to and experiences with research support activities designed to develop research skills and confidence. Specific attention is paid to informal mentoring, formal mentoring programs, and writing groups. Responses indicate that early career librarians need supports that target three dimensions of the research experience: research design and methods; work practices and accountability; and emotional elements. Despite this, survey respondents had limited access to formal research supports that offer instruction and guidance in the research process, leaving them to rely heavily on informal mentoring. This study highlights the need for libraries and library organizations to invest their resources in research supports for early career academic librarians, helping them to become more effective and confident researchers.
Violations of the Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff Relation

Beginning with the seminal work by Simon (1955), decision making has been conceptualized in terms of information-processing systems that take anticipated future consequences as input, and after processing this information for some period of time, produce an action as output. Decision researches have considered two primary ways to measure the “performance” of a decision process. One way is in terms of the “accuracy” of the process—the probability that the process selects the “best” action, where best is defined by an accepted normative theory (e.g., Expected Utility Theory). The other way is in terms of effort—the average amount of time or number of mental operations required to reach a decision. The ideal decision process would be the one that maximizes accuracy and minimizes effort. Unfortunately, these two performance measures tend to be positively related—a decrease in effort usually produces a decrease in accuracy. Thus the decision maker has to tradeoff effort for accuracy. How this is done is the primary question addressed in this chapter.
Agent-based modeling of the textile/apparel marketplace

A number of approaches exist where populations of interacting agents are linked in a network of connections and studied using simulation. The problem is that such models tend to settle into a self-consistent pattern that fails to provide information about the constant adaptation present in real world systems. Agentbased modeling derives from a basic insight: a system of agents following simple rules can exhibit complex behaviors. At each time step, each agent assesses its own condition in comparison to its preference set, evaluates the environment within its sight range, and determines its behavior in the next time step. The collective actions of all agents influence the developing pattern of behavior and the decision environment at each successive time step. Such systems are termed co-evolutionary models because agents must adapt to each other and to changes in their world.
Malignant ameloblastomas from 1953 to 1966. Review of the literature and report of a case.

Abstract 1. 1. We have reviewed twenty-one cases of malignant ameloblastoma reported in the literature from 1953 to 1966, as well as one previously unreported case. 2. 2. With metastasis, histopathologic findings, aggressiveness, and mortality serving as criteria of malignancy, five of the twenty-two cases were considered to be proven examples of malignant ameloblastoma, twelve were considered possibly malignant cases, and the remaining five cases were of doubtful malignancy. 3. 3. Although the cases reviewed undoubtedly represent only a small number of the ameloblastomas ocurring from 1953 to 1966, they do indicate the following: 3.1. (a) A certain number of ameloblastomas metastasize and/or undergo malignant transformation histologically. These phenomena are seen very rarely. 3.2. (b) A certain number of ameloblastomas recur relentlessly, despite efforts to eliminate them, and may eventually cause the patient's death. They do not metastasize, and they show no recognized constant histologic variation. They may grow slowly and may recur after long periods. The percentage of these among the total number of ameloblastomas is probably somewhat higher than indicated by reports in the literature.
Arguing Value Propositions.

This study attempts to clarify issues and modes of analysis characteristic of value argument. The essay argues that value propositions should be worded so that advocates defending the proposition h...
Financial Implications for the Treatment of Medicare Patients With Isolated Intertrochanteric Femur Fractures: Disproportionate Losses Among Healthier Patients.

Introduction:With an aging American public, the rising incidence of geriatric hip fractures provides a significant impact on the financial sustainability for hospitals. To date, there is little res...
Briefing: Sustainable management of municipal solid waste without food waste

This paper discusses the feasibility of sustainable management of municipal solid waste without food waste. Many governments, states and cities are aware of the adverse impacts of food waste on the...
Nonreciprocal cavities and the time-bandwidth limit: reply

We reply to the comment on our recent article [Optica6, 104 (2019)OPTIC82334-253610.1364/OPTICA.6.000104], in which we demonstrated that nonreciprocal cavities comply with the resonance time-bandwidth limit. We fully stand by our original claims and further elucidate how breaking of reciprocity is not required to achieve the large field enhancements and time-bandwidth products observed in the comment and our article. We also further clarify that these hotspots do not overcome the conventional time-bandwidth limit.
Bound states in the B -matrix formalism for the three-body scattering

We consider a model of relativistic three-body scattering with a bound state in the two-body subchannel. We show that the nai\"{\i}ve $K$-matrix type parametrization, here referred to as the $B$-matrix, has nonphysical singularities near the physical region. We show how to eliminate such singularities by using dispersion relations and also show how to reproduce unitarity relations by taking into account all relevant open channels.
Sequential Decision Problems

This chapter focuses on sequential decision problems. The sequential decision problems differ from the decision problems, in the sense that the statistician is given the freedom to look at a sequence of observations one at a time and to decide after each observation whether to stop sampling and take an action immediately or to continue sampling and take an action sometime later. Decision problems in which the statistician has a choice of experiments to perform at each stage are generally of a higher order of difficulty. Such problems are called sequential decision problems. The elements of a sequential decision problem are the parameter space or the space of states of nature, the action space called the space of terminal actions of the statistician, a real-valued function called the loss function, the random variables available to the statistician for observation, and the cost functions. The chapter describes the decision rule of the statistician. The decision rule of the statistician is divided into two parts, namely, the stopping rule and the terminal decision rule.
A complete machine learning approach for predicting lithium-ion cell combustion

Abstract This paper proposes the development and validation of an electro-thermal model of Lithium-Ion cell, which is used to recreate the cell’s temperature and voltage evolution given variable operating conditions. The obtained data is used to train and validate a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) in predicting future cell combustion. Extensive case studies show that the proposed RNN adequately predicts possible cell combustion, so it can be applied to real life applications.
Representations, judgments, and the swamping problem for reliabilism: Why the problem applies to process reliabilism, but not to virtue reliabilism

Abstract: This article argues for a way out of the swamping problem by showing where his virtue epistemology substantially departs from traditional process reliabilism and how such departure is enough to protect the former from issues that affect the way the latter accounts for the value of knowledge over mere true belief.
Digitizing ECG image: new fully automated method and open-source software code

BackgroundWe aimed to develop and validate an automated, open-source code ECG-digitizing tool and assess agreements of ECG measurements across three types of median beats, comprised of digitally recorded, simultaneous and asynchronous ECG leads and digitized asynchronous ECG leads. MethodsWe used the data of clinical studies participants (n=230; mean age 30{+/-}15 y; 25% female; 52% had the cardiovascular disease) with available both digitally recorded and printed on paper and then scanned ECGs, split into development (n=150) and validation (n=80) datasets. The agreement between ECG and VCG measurements on the digitally recorded time-coherent median beat, representative asynchronous digitized, and digitally recorded beats was assessed by Bland-Altman analysis. ResultsAgreement between digitally recorded and digitized representative beat was high [area spatial ventricular gradient (SVG) elevation bias 2.5(95% limits of agreement [LOA] -7.9-13.0){degrees}; precision 96.8%; inter-class correlation [ICC] 0.988; Lins concordance coefficient {rho}c 0.97(95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95-0.98)]. Agreement between digitally recorded asynchronous and time-coherent median beats was moderate for area-based VCG metrics (spatial QRS-T angle bias 1.4(95%LOA -33.2-30.3){degrees}; precision 94.8%; ICC 0.95; Lins concordance coefficient {rho}c 0.90(95%CI 0.82-0.95)], but poor for peak-based VCG metrics of global electrical heterogeneity. ConclusionsWe developed and validated an open-source software tool for paper-ECG digitization. Asynchronous ECG leads are the primary source of disagreement in measurements on digitally recorded and digitized ECGs.
Skeletal pseudofractures

Diagnosis of pseudofractures by the radiologist can be challenging in the emergency setting. This review describes the common pseudofractures, which are attributable to normal variants and anomalies, Mach band formation, subjective contour formation, extraneous materials, and previous injuries.
Probing moral education and pursuing social justice: Review of Nucci, L., & Ilten-Gee, R., Moral education for social justice

In this extended book review, Winston C. Thompson engages with Larry Nucci’s and Robyn Ilten-Gee’s Moral education for social justice. Following summary of a few conceptual foundations of the proje...
The Meskwaki and Anthropologists: Action Anthropology Reconsidered

The Meskwaki and Anthropologists illuminates how the University of Chicago's innovative Action Anthropology program of ethnographic fieldwork affected the Meskwaki Indians of Iowa. From 1948 to 1958, the Meskwaki community near Tama, Iowa, became effectively a testing ground for a new method of practicing anthropology proposed by anthropologists and graduate students at the University of Chicago in response to pressure from the Meskwaki. Action Anthropology, as the program was called, attempted to more evenly distribute the benefits of anthropology by way of anthropologists helping the Native communities they studied. The legacy of Action Anthropology has received limited attention, but even less is known about how the Meskwakis participated in creating it and shaping the way it functioned. Drawing on interviews and extensive archival records, Judith M. Daubenmier tells the story from the viewpoint of the Meskwaki themselves. The Meskwaki alternatively cooperated with, befriended, ignored, prodded, and collided with their scholarly visitors in trying to get them to understand that the values of reciprocity within Meskwaki culture required people to give something if they expected to get something. Daubenmier sheds light on the economic and political impact of the program on the community and how some Meskwaki manipulated the anthropologists and students through their own expectations of reciprocity and gender roles. Giving weight to the opinions, actions, and motivations of the Meskwaki, Daubenmier assesses more fully and appropriately the impact of Action Anthropology on the Meskwaki settlement and explores its legacy outside the settlement's confines. In so doing, she also encourages further consideration of the ongoing relationships between scholars and Indigenous peoples today.
Oligocene-Miocene deformational and depositional history of the Andean hinterland basin in the northern Altiplano plateau, southern Peru

Cenozoic basin fill of the northern Altiplano plateau records the tectonic development of the flanking Western Cordillera magmatic arc and Eastern Cordillera fold-thrust belt. The Ayaviri hinterland basin of southern Peru contains a ~2300 m thick succession of fluvial sandstones and overbank siltstones (upper Oligocene Puno Group and lower Miocene lower Tinajani Formation) capped by ~400 m of alluvial fan conglomerates (middle Miocene upper Tinajani Formation). New U-Pb zircon chronostratigraphic constraints from ~30 to 15 Ma yield sediment accumulation rates of 110–660 m/Myr. Newly dated growth strata highlight the genetic role played by thrust displacement in basin evolution. A several phase accumulation history derived from chronostratigraphic, provenance, and structural data reveals Oligocene basin filling by fluvial sand and mud that changes provenance from Western Cordillera Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic rocks to Paleozoic-Mesozoic Eastern Cordillera sedimentary rocks driven by deformation along the southwest directed, northeastern basin margin Ayaviri thrust at 28–26 Ma. Continued early Miocene fluvial deposition was sourced solely from the Eastern Cordillera. An abrupt middle Miocene shift to coarse alluvial fan deposition sourced from the Western Cordillera was driven by out-of-sequence deformation along the northeast directed, southwestern basin margin Pasani thrust at 18–16 Ma. This northern Altiplano out-of-sequence deformation was coincident with increased Eastern and Western Cordillera exhumation and thrusting and may be symptomatic of changes in critical wedge dynamics. The overall record of basin sedimentation and syndepositional fold-thrust deformation emphasizes the role of regional shortening in governing crustal thickening and basin evolution in the central Andes during the Oligocene to Miocene.
A statewide baseline inventory of evidence-based fall prevention programs for older adults

The Massachusetts (MA) Department of Public Health engaged the Injury Prevention Center at Boston Medical Center to develop a statewide baseline (2012) inventory of evidence-based (EB) community falls prevention programs for community-dwelling older adults. A web-based survey of organizations (n = 825) serving older adults was deployed in two parts. The Directors’ survey determined if a falls prevention program had been offered in 2012, the salience (rating of importance) of falls prevention for the organization, and intention to offer future falls prevention programming. A falls prevention program offered in 2012 triggered a second survey of Director-designated Coordinators to obtain information on programs’ dates and locations. For the last program offered, data were collected on the number of participants, the training and occupations of program facilitators, and program funding. The last programs served as a cross-sectional sample of all programs offered during 2012. Response rates were 55 % (N = 457) and 86 % (N = 112) for the Directors’ and Coordinators’ surveys, respectively. The mean salience score for falls prevention was 3.68, on a 1–5 (most salient) scale; 12 % of respondents indicated offering ≥1 evidence-based program during 2012. We documented 107 EB programs, the majority of which (83 %) were offered by public agencies that serve older adults. Infrastructure for deployment of EB falls prevention programs is developing in MA, despite the absence of institutionalized funding, legislative mandates, widespread referrals from healthcare providers, or health insurance reimbursement.