cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 13453: Estrogen Regulates Expression of Fibrotic Markers in Ips-derived Cardiac Fibroblasts and Cardiomyocytes

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women. Epidemiologic studies indicate that pre-menopausal women are protected against the development of CVD when comp...
Application of nontraditional activation methods in green and sustainable chemistry: Microwaves, ultrasounds, electro-, photo-, and mechanochemistry, and high hydrostatic pressure

Abstract The most commonly applied nontraditional activation methods are summarized in this chapter. Nontraditional methods include every method that use a different form of energy to initiate chemical reactions other than the convective heating that is achieved by a common heat source, such as an oil bath or a hot plate. After an introduction to the basics of each method is presented, the specific examples are listed to provide a few representative examples. The following methods will be discussed: microwave-, sonochemical-, photo-, electro-, and mechanochemical activations and high hydrostatic pressure. These methods use different forms of electromagnetic irradiation, mechanical contact or sonic waves, or electrons, and transfer energy directly to the reaction mixture and activation occurs by one or more component of the mixture absorbing it. Due to the direct internal activation, these methods often result in rapid reactions with greater selectivity compared to traditional methods.
Introduction: US Cities’ Agentic Role in Twenty-First-Century Memory and Monument Wars

This introductory chapter situates our work at the nexus of urban studies, critical rhetoric, political geography, and memory studies, and presents readers with a view on cities as agentic actors that traverse various memoryscapes for strategic uses in the present. Assembling human and non-human actors across dense cityscapes, we set up our analyses of “monument wars” in New York, Charlottesville, and Montgomery with a posthuman view on rhetoric, agency, and memory.
Network-flow-based Formulations for Convex Hull Pricing with Maximum Start-Ups

Reducing uplift payments has been a challenging problem for most wholesale markets in the U.S. The main difficulty comes from the discrete decision-making and non- linear objective function in the unit commitment (UC) problem. Recently, the convex hull pricing approach has shown promises to reduce the uplift payments, in which efficient algorithms are available when i) the convex hull description for each unit and ii) the convex envelope for the objective function are available. Following this framework, in this paper, we provide network-flow-based compact extended formulations for each UC considering ramping constraints, different initial statuses, and maximum start-up restrictions. Meanwhile, by using a piece-wise linear approximation of a quadratic cost curve in the objective function, we show that the corresponding piece-wise linear convex envelope converges to the quadratic envelope as the number of pieces increases in the convex hull pricing problem. The final computational experiments on a revised IEEE 118-bus system indicates the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The trade-off between the cost-saving and computational time improvement is also reported as a reference for further usage.
Unique Neural Circuit Connectivity of Mouse Proximal, Middle, and Distal Colon Defines Regional Colonic Motor Patterns

Background & Aims Colonic motor patterns have been described by a number of different groups, but the neural connectivity and ganglion architecture supporting patterned motor activity have not been elucidated. Our goals were to describe quantitatively, by region, the structural architecture of the mouse enteric nervous system and use functional calcium imaging, pharmacology, and electrical stimulation to show regional underpinnings of different motor patterns. Methods Excised colon segments from mice expressing the calcium indicator GCaMP6f or GCaMP6s were used to examine spontaneous and evoked (pharmacologic or electrical) changes in GCaMP-mediated fluorescence and coupled with assessment of colonic motor activity, immunohistochemistry, and confocal imaging. Three-dimensional image reconstruction and statistical methods were used to describe quantitatively mouse colon myenteric ganglion structure, neural and vascular network patterning, and neural connectivity. Results In intact colon, regionally specific myenteric ganglion size, architecture, and neural circuit connectivity patterns along with neurotransmitter-receptor expression underlie colonic motor patterns that define functional differences along the colon. Region-specific effects on spontaneous, evoked, and chemically induced neural activity contribute to regional motor patterns, as does intraganglionic functional connectivity. We provide direct evidence of neural circuit structural and functional regional differences that have only been inferred in previous investigations. We include regional comparisons between quantitative measures in mouse and human colon that represent an important advance in showing the usefulness and relevance of the mouse system for translation to the human colon. Conclusions There are several neural mechanisms dependent on myenteric ganglion architecture and functional connectivity that underlie neurogenic control of patterned motor function in the mouse colon.
Risk factors and impact of COVID-19-related clinic closures on the detection of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs, a cross-sectional study

Abstract Infections with endoparasites, especially gastrointestinal helminths, are a common finding in client-owned dogs. The Community Practice section at the Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center (OSU-VMC) follows Companion Animal Parasite Council, American Animal Hospital Association, and American Veterinary Medical Association guidelines for parasitology by recommending annual fecal analyses for dogs and prescribing year-round, broad-spectrum parasite preventatives. There is increasing interest in determining if parasite occurrence is changing in client-owned dogs. Therefore, a retrospective study was designed to examine risk factors associated with the detection of parasites in samples submitted to the OSU-VMC Clinical Veterinary Parasitology Diagnostic Laboratory. Of the 1198 canine fecal samples, 254 (21.2%) of these samples had a positive fecal analysis for gastrointestinal (GI) parasites. The age of the dog, time of year, reproductive status, purpose of fecal examination, GI signs, and type of parasite preventatives were assessed as potential risk factors for GI parasite infection in dogs. To determine if Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated hospital restrictions impacted the number of fecal examinations performed, data from January to December 2020, was compared to the same period in 2019. There was nearly a 50% reduction in canine fecal samples submitted to the OSU-VMC Clinical Veterinary Parasitology Diagnostic Laboratory in March 2020 compared to March 2019. At least one canine GI parasite was found in over 20% of all 1198 canine fecal samples (21.2%, 254/1198). The most commonly detected canine GI parasite in all the fecal samples was hookworm at 9.6% (115/1198), followed by Giardia sp. at 7.6% (91/1198). Age, use of parasite preventatives, breed, and reproductive status were found to be associated with parasite occurrence in the dog samples. Identifying such risk factors in dogs will guide veterinarians to advise annual fecal examinations more strongly to clients with high-risk dogs or when routine health visits are postponed for an extended period.
The Real-Time and Predictive Decision Support System: An Industrial Case Study

The focus of IT business applications has shifted from information processing to decision making since late 1990s. In many corporations, a large amount of operational and transactional data are tracked and kept in the integrated database. With help of BI software, the data can be processed into different types of performance measurements for further analysis. For managers, the challenge is how to use the information to manage business processes effectively and efficiently. For IT professionals, the challenge is to develop solutions to automate decision making processes. This paper looks into the decision making at the order fulfillment stage, where operational managers make tactical decisions to reconcile discrepancies between what has been promised and what can be physically fulfilled. The pressure on them to make right decision is very high as there is little or no margin for error in era of the zero inventory and Just-in-time practice. The paper analyses characteristics of the decision making process and proposes a real-time predictive decision support system to help the managers make right decisions. Then the paper presents a case study on the development of the real time predictive decision support system for production managers in a semiconductor plant. The paper describes in detail how the system had been developed and what are lessons learned from the application. In conclusion, the paper calls for a common development platform for real-time predictive decision support systems.
Prediction, Probability, and Pragmatics

Along with such criteria as truth, comprehensiveness, explanatory adequacy, and simplicity (as well as others), philosophers of science usually also mention predictive accuracy as a criterion of theory choice. But while philosophers have devoted attention to the problem of the logical structure of scientific prediction, it seems that little attention has been devoted to the difficult question of what precisely constitutes predictive accuracy, at least ‘predictive accuracy’ in the sense in which I will discuss it here. I will in this paper discuss the role of predictive accuracy in theory choice. But before that, I will address the problem of what constitutes predictive accuracy more generally and independently of its role in theory choice. I will approach the problem of predictive accuracy from a pragmaticpoint of view, and then try to assess the role of predictive accuracy in theory choice from that perspective.
Chemical Abundances of White Dwarfs in Cataclysmic Variables

There is spectroscopic evidence suggesting the past occurences of thermonuclear runaways (TNRs) on the accreting white dwarfs in certain dwarf novae both above and below the orbital period gap. In the dwarf novae U Gem, VW Hyi and WZ Sge, synthetic spectral analyses of HST, FUSE and IUE archival spectra indicate supra-solar N and depleted C in their WD photospheres during dwarf nova quiescence. Sub-solar metal abundances (∼ 0.1to0.5× solar) have been reported in the white dwarf photospheres of 14 dwarf novae below the period gap but N abundances are lacking. Several CV white dwarfs reveal elevated abundances of odd-numbered nuclear species P, Mn and Al indicative of proton capture by even-numbered nuclear species outside the CNO by-cycle during the CNO H-burning thermonuclear processing. In addition, there are magnetic and non-magnetic systems having peculiar N V/C IV emission line ratios, associated with the accretion disk or accretion column. Possible nova shells have been detected around two dwarf novae reinforcing the evidence from chemical abundances that dwarf novae and classical novae are spectroscopically linked and can overlap.
Atheists: A Groundbreaking Study of America's Nonbelievers

In an earlier book of theirs called Amazing Conversions (1997), Bob Altemeyer and the late, lamented Bruce Hunsberger reported findings from interviews of university students whose questionnaire re...
Selective translocation of beta II-protein kinase C to the nucleus of human promyelocytic (HL60) leukemia cells.

The promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) cell line differentiates into monocyte-like cells after treatment with phorbol dibutyrate (PBt2). In contrast, bryostatin 1 (bryo), a structurally distinct protein kinase C (PKC) activator, does not induce differentiation and blocks the cytostatic effect of PBt2. The divergent responses to these agents correlate with activation of a PKC-like activity at the nucleus in response to bryo but not PBt2 (Fields, A. P., Pettit, G. R., and May, W.S. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 8253-8260). In the present study, this nuclear PKC-like activity (termed PKCn) was isolated from HL60 cells and shown to phosphorylate its known nuclear substrate, lamin B. PKCn-mediated phosphorylation of nuclear envelope-associated lamin B in vitro is calcium-dependent and is stimulated by bryo and 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol (DiC8), but not PBt2. In contrast, PKCn-mediated phosphorylation of histone IIIS is stimulated equally by all three activators. PKCn mediates calcium- and phosphatidylserine-dependent phosphorylation of both histone IIIS and partially purified lamin B. PKCn activity can be inhibited by an anti-PKC monoclonal antibody which specifically inhibits PKC. Isotype-specific PKC antibodies identify PKCn as beta II-PKC. Immunoblot analysis indicates that HL60 cells express both alpha- and beta II-PKC but no beta I- or gamma-PKC. Treatment of intact cells with bryo for 30 min leads to complete translocation of both alpha- and beta II-PKC from the cytosol to the membrane fractions. Approximately 8-10% of the total beta II-PKC (and less than 0.3% of the alpha-PKC) is found associated with the nuclear membrane of bryo-treated cells. In contrast, PBt2 treatment leads to complete translocation of alpha-PKC, but only partial translocation of beta II-PKC to the plasma membrane fraction. Neither PKC isotype is found associated with the nuclear membrane of PBt2-treated cells. These data demonstrate that alpha- and beta II-PKC differ with respect to activator responsiveness, intracellular distribution, and substrate specificity and indicate that their selective activation at distinct intracellular sites, including the nucleus, can have a dramatic effect on resulting cellular responses.
High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of basic amine drugs in plasma and urine using a silica gel column and an aqueous mobile phase. I. Amiloride.

A high performance liquid chromatographic [HPLC] method that involves the use of a silica gel column and an aqueous mobile phase for quantitation of chlorpheniramine in plasma and urine is presente...
Transitioning from the academic to the employment setting: the employment connection program

Increasing numbers of individuals with disabilities are securing advanced educational opportunities beyond high school. Yet earning a college degree does not guarantee employment. This article describes a comprehensive transition model designed to enhance employment opportunities for individuals with disabilities as they graduate from post-secondary settings. The model incorporates individualized career planning, the identification of learner accommodations, work experience prior to graduation, direct placement assistance, and follow-up support after graduation.
Androgens Prevent the Heat Shock-Induced Hyperphosphorylation but not Dephosphorylation of τ in Female Rats. Implications for Alzheimer's Disease

We have previously shown that heat shock induces rapid dephosphorylation of tau in both female and male rats followed by hyperphosphorylation only in female rats (J Neurochem 66 (1996), 1140-1149). We have also shown that the heat shock-induced hyperphos-phorylation of tau is estrogen-independent in female rats and prevented by androgens in male rats (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 (1997), 6612-6617). To investigate whether androgens could prevent the hyperphosphorylation of tau also in female rats, twenty-three 2- to 3-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized and given daily subcutaneous injections of 1 mg/250 g of testosterone propionate for 3-5 weeks. Immunoblots of SDS cerebral extracts were analysed qualitatively using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique and phosphate-dependent and -independent anti-tau antibodies, and quantitatively using Tau-1 and 125I-labeled protein A. We have found that while at 0 h after heat shock tau was dephosphorylated, at 3 h and 6 h after heat shock tau was not hyperphosphorylated, as would be the case in non-androgen-treated female rats (ref. above). In addition, tau became dephosphorylated in non-heat-shocked control rats. Because tau is abnormally hyperphosphorylated in Alzheimer's disease, the possibility of using combined estrogen/androgen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women as a preventive measure against Alzheimer's disease should be investigated.
Semen characteristics and artificial insemination in rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome).

This work was performed as part of a multi-year study to determine the cause of the low fertility in captive rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome) and attempt to increase the fertility through artificial insemination (AI). Semen collection and characterization was performed on 14 male rockhopper penguins. The samples were evaluated for volume, sperm concentration, and sperm quality (motility, forward motility, viability, and morphology). There was a large variation between individuals and between collections for each individual. Mean volume of ejaculate was 0.24 ml. Mean concentration was 47.09 × 106 sperm/ml. Mean number of sperm per collection was 6.57× 106. The mean motility was 49.4%. Mean forward motility was 1.7. Mean percentage of living sperm was 88.9%. Mean percentage of sperm with normal morphology was 69.4%. AI was performed on a total of 10 females using pooled semen samples. The birds were also allowed to naturally mate. Ten eggs were laid and three fertile eggs were produced, one of them hatched but died within 24 hr. Paternity testing was performed using 12 microsatellite loci, but unfortunately due to insufficient variability, the paternity of the chick and two embryos could not be determined. Zoo Biol 31: 166–180, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oscillographic analysis of equilibrium receptors in crustacea

Die Statozystennerven zweier Krustazeenarten zeigen Spontanaktivitat. Einzelne Elemente sind unperiodisch und reagieren auf Lageanderung mit Frequenzaboder-zunahmen. In einzelnen Elementen kann man eine spezifische Erregbarkeit fur Richtung, Flache, statische Stellung nachweisen. In der Languste (aber fast gar nicht bei der Krabbe) gibt es manche Elemente, die auf Vibration des Korpers oder des Substratums, aber nicht auf wassergetragene Storungen von massiger Starke reagieren. Verschiedene Temperaturempfindlichkeiten, eine gewisse Labilitat, Magnetismuserregbarkeit nach dem Einsatz von Eisenspanen (Kreidl) und mehrere Kontrollen sind beschrieben.
Tailored Risk Notification for Women with a Family History of Breast Cancer

Background. Evidence indicates that although first-degree relatives of breast cancer cases are at increased risk of developing the disease themselves, they may be underutilizing screening mammography. Therefore, interventions to increase the use of mammography in this group are urgently needed. Methods. A randomized two-group design was used to evaluate an intervention to increase mammography use among women (N = 901) with at least one first-degree relative with breast cancer. A statewide cancer registry was used to obtain a random sample of breast cancer cases who identified eligible relatives. The mailed intervention consisted of personalized risk notification and other theoretically driven materials tailored for high-risk women. Results. An overall significant intervention effect was observed (8% intervention group advantage) in mammography at post-test. There was an interaction of the intervention with age such that there was no effect among women <50 years of age and a fairly large (20% advantage) effect among women 50+ and 65+. Health insurance, education, and having had a mammogram in the year before baseline assessment were positive predictors of mammography at post-test. Perceived risk, calculated risk, and relationship to index cancer case were not associated with mammography receipt. Conclusion. The intervention was successful in increasing mammography rates among high-risk women 50+ years of age. Further work is needed to determine why it was ineffective among younger women.
Ultrafast, cross-correlated harmonic imaging through scattering media

A simple upconversion scheme utilizing 40-fs pulses is shown to permit high-contrast imaging of objects obscured by a highly scattering medium when no ballistic component is evident in the scattered light and imaging is performed with any portion of the scattered light pulse. We present a time-gated, inherently low-pass spatially filtered imaging method that minimizes signal-averaging requirements and greatly facilitates imaging under severe scattering (turbid) conditions.
Targeting the mTOR Signaling Pathway in Neuroendocrine Tumors

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies characterized by variable but most often indolent biologic behavior. Well-differentiated NETs can be broadly classified as either carcinoid or pancreatic NET. Although they have similar characteristics on routine histologic evaluation, the 2 tumor subtypes have different biology and respond differently to treatment, with most therapeutic agents demonstrating higher response rates in pancreatic NETs compared with carcinoid. Until recently, systemic treatment options for patients with advanced NETs were limited. However, improvements in our understanding of signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis, growth, and spread of NETs have translated into an expansion of treatment options. Aberrant signaling through the mechanistic pathway of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has been implicated in neuroendocrine tumorigenesis. Additionally, altered expression of mTOR pathway components has been observed in NETs and has been associated with clinical outcomes. Targeting the mTOR pathway has emerged as an effective treatment strategy in the management of advanced NETs. In a randomized, placebo-controlled study of patients with advanced pancreatic NET, treatment with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus was associated with improved progression-free survival (PFS). Largely based upon these data, everolimus has been approved in the United States and Europe for the treatment of patients with advanced pancreatic NET. The activity of everolimus remains under investigation in patients with carcinoid tumors. In a randomized study of patients with advanced carcinoid tumors associated with carcinoid syndrome, the addition of everolimus to octreotide was associated with improved PFS compared with octreotide. However, the results did not meet the prespecified level of statistical significance based on central review of radiographic imaging. Results from a randomized study examining the efficacy of everolimus in patients with nonfunctional gastrointestinal and lung NETs are awaited. In addition, further investigation is needed to determine whether primary tumor site or other clinical and molecular factors can impact response to mTOR inhibition. Although everolimus can slow tumor progression, significant tumor reduction is rarely obtained. Targeting multiple signaling pathways is a treatment strategy that may provide better tumor control and overcome resistance mechanisms involved with targeting a single pathway. Results of ongoing and future studies will provide important information regarding the added benefit of combining mTOR inhibitors with other targeted agents, such as VEGF pathway inhibitors, and cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced NETs.
1202 TRANSCRIPTION OF THE INSULIN GENE IN THE BRAIN AND SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND OF THE RAT

Analysis of RNA from day old rat brain neuronal cell cultures and adult salivary gland tissue revealed a 2.4Kb polyA+ RNA species that hybridized to both cloned human and rat insulin genomic probes. Hybridization was not observed between glial cell RNA and either insulin DNA probe. The abundance of the 2.4Kb RNA species was 83 copies/neuronal cell and 14.5 copies/cell in the submandibular gland. Mature preproinsulin mRNA (PPImRNA) was not detected in either tissue. The 2.4Kb RNA was present in the adult pancreas at very low levels (<10 copies/cell vs. 1600 copies/cell for the PPImRNA). Immunofluorescent studies with purified anti-insulin antibodies detected a sub-population of neuronal cells (5%) and scattered ductal epithelium in the submandibular gland as sources of extrapancreatic insulin synthesis. Others have postulated the extrapancreatic synthesis of insulin based on the presence of low but detectable levels of protein in various tissues. Most controversial has been the discussion centered on the brain as a site of insulin synthesis. Our results suggest that two distinct tissues, the brain and the submandibular gland, possess unique cell types that contain both (i) a 2.4Kb RNA species that hybridizes with an insulin gene and (ii) positive anti-insulin immunofluorescence staining patterns. This may indicate that the insulin gene(s) is expressed in brain and salivary gland and that both tissues are potential de novo synthetic sites.
Microstructure-property relationship in a 2xxx aluminum alloy with mg addition

The addition of 0.18 at. Pct Mg to a 2XXX (Al-2.6 at. Pct Cu) aluminum alloy was found to increase strength in all types of commercially important tempers. The effect of the Mg addition was maximum in artificially aged materials which were cold worked prior to aging. However, in naturally aged materials, the benefit to strength from the addition of Mg decreased with cold work. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to explain the improved properties based on the microstructure. Mechanisms by which the Mg addition alters the microstructure and improves the yield strength are proposed.
In Pursuit of a Stealth Pathogen: Laboratory Diagnosis of Bartonellosis

Members of the genus Bartonella cause illnesses in humans and animals. Bartonella spp. are gram-negative, fastidious, facultative, intracellular pathogens transmitted by the bites of certain arthropods or by bites and scratches from infected animals. While some of the illnesses are acute and self-limiting, others are chronic, debilitating, and difficult to diagnose. Bartonella spp. are able to invade host cells and modulate the host immune response, contributing to their success as stealth pathogens. This article provides an overview of diseases caused by members of the genus Bartonella and the mechanisms of pathogenesis. The laboratory diagnosis of bartonellosis relies on three primary methods. This article examines the evolution of culture techniques, serology, and nucleic acid amplification tests used to detect Bartonella spp. in clinical specimens and suggests areas for future research to improve laboratory diagnostics. In this way, a better understanding of the epidemiology of bartonellosis can be achieved.
Teachers' Perceptions of Administrative Support and Antecedents of Turnover

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the degree to which teachers' age, perceptions of fair pay, receipt of employer-sponsored health insurance, and administrative support, as operationalized by the Competing Values Framework, predicted antecedents of turnover. Teachers' thoughts of leaving their current job and commitment to a center were significantly predicted by perceptions of their directors' coordinating skills (e.g., dependable, skilled at enforcing rules and standards) and the benefit of health insurance. Thoughts of leaving their current job also were predicted by fair pay. Job tenure at a specific center was significantly predicted by perceptions of the director as an effective coordinator and broker (e.g., skilled at seeking and gaining essential program resources), along with the teacher's age and perceptions of fair pay. The interpersonal skills quadrant of the competing values framework was not a significant predictor in any of the analyses. The value of the Competing Values Fram...
Spacecraft fabrication and test Manufacturing Operations and Development Integration Laboratory (MODIL) - Establishing a spacecraft fabrication culture

MODILs (Manufacturing Operations and Development Integration Laboratory) were established to mitigate risk and cost escalation of producing SDI systems. The Spacecraft Fabrication and Test MODIL has been established to impact spacecraft producibility and create a spacecraft industry quantity production culture. We describe the background of MODILs, objectives and scope, current organization (including cooperating government agencies), and the current thrusts of Materials and Structures. Test and Assembly, Spacecraft Integration Technology, and Precision Technologies. The current plan is to initiate selected productivity demonstration projects with industry to show benefits of the MODIL approach and prepare comprehensive plans for follow-up activities.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The chemical basis of inheritance.

A refutation of Dr Barry Commoner's claim that the Watson–Crick theory fails to explain the chemical basis of inheritance.
A reservoir neckband system for delivery of organophosphorus insecticides to cattle

Abstract Because of the problem of pyrethroid resistance in the horn fly, alternatives to the controlled-release insecticidal ear tags are being explored. In laboratory studies, the rate of 5 selected organophosphorus insecticides from polymeric reservoirs of 10 different compositions was determined. Based on the results of the laboratory studies, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, and crotoxyphos were loaded into thin-walled poly(vinyl chloride) reservoirs and fabricated into neckbands for cattle. In field trials, reservoir neckbands containing chlorfenvinphos, diazinon and crotoxyphos provided 91%, 88% and 53% control of horn flies, respectively.
Peierls instability in a nearly-free-electron model, including nonlinear screening

We determine the conditions under which a Peierls instability (PI) will occur at $T=0$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for a nearly-free-electron model that includes electron-electron interaction. We include nonlinearities in the screening, which are found to be very important, and we do not limit the calculation to $q=2{k}_{F}$. It is found that a PI requires $\ensuremath{\gamma}g1$, where $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is a parameter characterizing the electron-phonon interaction. In a special case, $\ensuremath{\gamma}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{pl}}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{q}^{2}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{pl}}$ is the (bare) plasma frequency of the ions, and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{q}$ is the bare phonon frequency. We find the renormalized phonon frequency generally does not have to vanish to have an instability. Furthermore, we find that when $1l\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\approx}1$ the instability is likely to occur at $ql2{k}_{F}$ rather than at $q=2{k}_{F}$, thus putting a gap below the Fermi level. We find that the size of the instability gap is probably limited by anharmonicities, rather than being limited by minimization of the total energy calculated in the harmonic approximation. It is significant that the most important contributions to the total energy for the screened PI are not present for the unscreened PI. Thus the gap is not expected to have a BCS-type of temperature dependence, contrary to the case of the unscreened PI.
Emission Energy Correlates with Inverse of Gold−Gold Distance for Various [Au(SCN)2]- Salts

A series of bis(thiocyanato)gold(I) complexes with Au−Au interactions show luminescence in the range from 500 to 670 nm. The series of salts correlates emission energy with the reciprocal of the Au−Au distance. As the Au−Au distance increases, the emission energy decreases. The ligand system provides no framework for the Au−Au interaction. The emission energy seems totally determined by the Au−Au distance.
Rayleigh Step Journal Bearing, Part II—Incompressible Fluid

Rayleigh step journal bearings, considering pressure distribution, load capacity and attitude angle and optimal film thickness ratio for incompressible fluid lubrication
Population analysis of somatosensory thalamus in the cat.

THE responses to both natural and electrical stimulation of peripheral structures, and to electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex, were determined for a representative sample of forepaw-responsive neurones in the nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL) of the cat thalamus. Information from all the cells studied permits a reconstruction of the behaviour of the total population of neurones responding to a given input (that is, forepaw stimulation). The spatio-temporal distribution of unit neuronal activity occurring within the somatosensory thalamus following application of discrete stimuli to the body surface, once reconstructed, can be understood in terms of the contributions of various kinds of neuronal elements to the overall population response.
Ethylenevinylalcohol copolymer (Onyx-18) used in endovascular treatment of vein of Galen malformation.

Background Vein of Galen malformations (VGM) are rare congenital arteriovenous fistulas that usually present with heart failure in the neonate. Endovascular treatment options in the past have utilized coils, balloons, and acrylics.
Predicting Muscle Forces and Joint Moments Using Single Joint and Multi Joint EMG-Driven Models

The biomedical field thrives on computational devices. Clinicians, physical therapists, and researchers frequently use models as tools. The key to proper implementation of these tools is a good understanding of the limitations, advantages, and options available. Previous research on EMG-driven models demonstrated the ability of single joint models to predict joint moments with reasonable accuracy [1]. The advantage provided is the possibility of studying muscle and intersegmental forces in vivo.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Forming biocompatible and nonaggregated nanocrystals in water using amphiphilic polymers

High-quality nanocrystals formed in organic solvents can be completely solubilized in water using amphiphilic copolymers containing poly(ethylene glycol) or PEG. These copolymers are generated using a maleic anhydride coupling scheme that permits the coupling of a wide variety of PEG polymers, both unfunctionalized and functionalized, to hydrophobic tails. Thermogravimetric analysis, size exclusion chromatography, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy all indicate that the copolymers effectively coat the nanocrystals surfaces. The composite nanocrystal-polymer assemblies can be targeted to recognize cancer cells with Her2 receptor and are biocompatible if their surface coatings contain PEG. In the particular case of semiconductor nanocrystals (e.g., quantum dots), the materials in water have the same optical spectra as well as quantum yield as those formed initially in organic solutions.
Effects of a juvenile hormone analog, pyriproxyfen, on the apterous form of Lipaphis erysimi

Effects of a juvenile hormone analog, pyriproxyfen, on various developmental stadia of the apterous form of the turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), were bioassayed at three concentrations (50, 100, and 150 mg [AI]/l) in the laboratory. Supernumerary-molted nymphs with 1-3 extra molts were found when the first three nymphal instars were treated, and all these nymphs died prematurely. In contrast, all treated fourth instar nymphs molted normally to adults. The longevity of all pyriproxyfen-treated L. erysimi nymphs and adults and the fecundity of treated adults were reduced by ≈50%. Higher concentrations of pyriproxyfen (100 and 150 mg [AI]/l) caused sterility in adults from treated fourth instars; whereas the lowest concentration (50 mg [AI]/l) did not cause any adult sterility. A majority of adults from treated fourth instars and treated adults produced normal nymphs, and some adults produced dead nymphs with normal appendages or dead and deformed nymphs without any appendages. Normal nymphs produced by the adults from treated adults or treated at fourth instars developed more slowly from first instar to adult than the water-treated nymphs, and all adults in the new generation apparently reproduced normally. The potential role of pyriproxyfen in a vegetable aphid IPM program was discussed.
Evidence-Based Smoking Cessation for College Students

Despite a strong stance by the American College Health Association and years of prevention and control efforts on US college campuses, smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke remain a problem among college students. This article provides an overview of what is known about cigarette smoking in this population as well as existing interventions for smoking prevention, cessation, and exposure to secondhand smoke on college campuses. Strategies to reduce tobacco use are presented, many of which have been demonstrated to be effective in the short-term.
A FINITE ELASTIC BODY WITH A CURVED CRACK LOADED IN ANTI-PLANE SHEAR

Abstract This paper presents a Boundary Integral Equation Method (BIEM) for an arbitrarily shaped, linearly elastic, homogeneous and isotropic body with a curved crack loaded in anti-plane shear. The crack must be modeled as an arc of a circle and wholly inside the solid—otherwise its position and orientation with respect to the boundary of the body is arbitrary. The effect of the crack on the stress field is incorporated in an augmented kernel developed for the mode III crack problem such that discretization of the cutout boundary is no longer necessary. This modification of the kernel of the integral equation leads to solutions on and near the cutout with great accuracy. An asymptotic analysis is conducted in order to derive the Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) KIII, at each crack tip, in closed form. In this formulation, a straight crack can be viewed as a particular case of the more general curved crack. In particular, attention is paid to the influence of crack curvature and edge effect on the stress intensity factors at the right and left crack tips. A rigorous mathematical formulation is developed, the main aspects of the numerical implementation are discussed and several representative numerical examples are presented in this paper.
Rhinoplasty and rib grafts: evolving a flexible operative technique.

A flexible operative technique for utilizing rib grafts in difficult rhinoplasty and nasal reconstruction cases requiring support is presented. An osseocartilaginous rib segment is used for dorsal contour or support, while a rigid cartilaginous strut provides for both tip projection and columellar c
Fast-Response Smart Self-Assembling Biosensors for Biomarker Detection

The development of biosensors has been astronomical with the advent of the rapid growth of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. Nanobiosensors are becoming ubiquitous in numerous biomedical applications. Thus, there is a great impetus to exploit smart nanoparticles and other nanomaterials for designing and fabricating smart nanobiosensors that are ultrasensitive and biocompatible. We are developing smart self-assembling biosensors that can detect specific biomolecules (e.g., enzymes, cofactors, metabolites, drugs, hormones, etc.) from micro- to nanomolar levels. Applications of the biosensors include detection of organ dysfunction and/or failure (e.g., liver malfunction, heart failure, etc.), early detection of malignant cancers, toxicant identification, and other biomarkers of diseases. Although nanobiosensors that possess high sensitivity and specificity have been designed and marketed, one fundamental issue remains to be resolved. This important issue is one concerning biocompatibility. Thus, in our development of smart biosensors using nanomaterials, we have adopted a dual purpose approach. (i) On the one hand, it is necessary to systematically and comprehensively evaluate the material properties, characterize and model the signal sensing ability, and determine the biocompatibility of materials to be employed for the design of nanobiosensors. (ii) On the other hand, it is imperative to identify the ideal criteria for the designs of fast-response smart self-assembling nanobiosensors for biomarker detection. Based on a critical review of the literature and consideration of the biocompatibility, functional characterization, and other related issues discussed above, we have identify a set of criteria for the design of fast-response smart self-assembling nanobiosensors for detection of multiple biomarkers. We have also identified many biomedical areas where such nanobiosensors can be applied to detect biomarkers for various diseases. Our dual purpose approach will ultimately lead to the design of much more biocompatible and highly sensitive nanobiosensors and diagnostic equipment (nanobiosensor arrays).Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Physical map of the mouse λ light chain and related loci

The λ light chain genes and the related loci λ5, VpreB1 and VpreB2 are selectively expressed in the development of B lymphocytes. The sequences and the order of the gene segments are known, but a precise physical map of the λ locus has not yet been published. Using the Celera mouse genome database we constructed such a map. In this paper, we confirm the order of the gene segments as being Vλ2 - VλX - Jλ2 - Cλ2 - Jλ4 - Cλ4 - Vλ1 - Jλ3 - Cλ3 - Jλ1 - Cλ1 and give precise germ line distances. We located the VpreB2 locus 3′ to the λ locus, 1,077,001 bp downstream; the VpreB1 locus, 2,180,618 bp downstream of the λ locus; and the λ5 gene, 4,667 bp downstream of the VpreB1 locus. Except for the VpreB2 locus all other loci are in the same transcriptional orientation.
Fizz And Gas Reservoir Discrimination By AVO Inversion

The elastic properties of the reservoir can be inverted from the prestack seismic angle gather. By using the elastic properties P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, and density, the bulk modulus and shear modulus can be calculated. Gassmann’s equation can be applied for the fluid substituation. For the different fluid, the saturated reservoir elastic properties can be derived for the saturated rocks by using Gassmann’s equation. In this study, the simplified Gassmann’s equation is applied and the fluid modulus can be calculated after the prestack seismic inversion. For the prospect area, using some known information, the predicted fluid properties are consistent with the drilling result.
Equivalence of the driving elastic forces in flexible multibody systems

When the driving joint forces, determined using the inverse dynamics procedure, are applied in the feedforward control of mechanical systems, discrepancies between the specified and the actual motion are observed. In some recent publications, these discrepancies were attributed to the wave phenomenon. It is shown in this investigation that the solution of the inverse dynamics of flexible mechanical systems defines two types of driving forces which can be classified as driving joint forces and driving elastic forces. The driving joint forces which depend on the deformation of the flexible bodies define the torque and the actuator forces which must be applied at the joints. The driving elastic forces are associated with the deformation degrees of freedom, and therefore, there is no gaurantee that an algorithm that ignores these driving elastic forces will converge and achieve the desired solution. It is the objective of this investigation to examine the nature of the driving elastic forces in the solution of the inverse dynamics problem, and demonstrate that the driving elastic forces associated with two different sets of vibration modes which produce the same physical displacements are basically the same and they differ only by a co-ordinate transformation. The effect of the selection of the deformable body co-ordinate system on these forces is also examined numerically using a slider crank mechanism with a flexible connecting rod.
Impacts of weathered tire debris on the development of Rana sylvatica larvae.

Abstract Highway runoff has the potential to negatively impact receiving systems including stormwater retention ponds where highway particulate matter can accumulate following runoff events. Tire wear particles, which contain about 1% Zn by mass, make up approximately one-third of the vehicle derived particulates in highway runoff and therefore may serve as a stressor to organisms utilizing retention ponds as habitat. In this study, we focused on the potential contribution of tire debris to Zn accumulation by Rana sylvatica larvae and possible lethal or sublethal impacts resulting from exposure to weathered tire debris during development. Eggs and larvae were exposed to aged sediments (containing either ZnCl 2 or tire particulate matter, both providing nominal concentrations of 1000 mg Zn kg −1 ) through metamorphosis. Water column Zn was elevated in both the ZnCl 2 and tire treatments relative to the control treatment, indicating that aging allowed Zn leaching from tire debris to occur. Tissue Zn was also elevated for the ZnCl 2 and tire treatments indicating that Zn in the treatments was available for uptake by the amphibians. Exposure to both ZnCl 2 and tire treatments increased the time for larvae to complete metamorphosis in comparison with controls. We also observed that the longer the organisms took to complete metamorphosis, the smaller their mass at metamorphosis. Our results indicate that Zn leached from aged tire debris is bioavailable to developing R. sylvatica larvae and that exposure to tire debris amended sediments can result in measurable physiological outcomes to wood frogs that may influence population dynamics.
Reducing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption: Evidence, Policies, and Economics

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are the largest source of added sugar in the US diet and have contributed to the obesity and diabetes epidemics. This review article describes the health consequences of overconsumption of SSB over the past decades, and its potential implications on economic costs and population health. Policy-based strategies to discourage SSB consumption are discussed, with particular emphasis on their economic rationales. Though there is evidence of the need to curb SSB consumption at the population level, several important evidence gaps remain regarding potential unintended consequences, and the comparative and cost effectiveness of policy interventions.
Temperature Gradient above the Deep-Sea Floor

AT sufficient ocean depths (several km) there is an increase of temperature with depth corresponding to the adiabatic lapse rate Γ ≈ 10−6 °C/cm. Toward the bottom, the gradient becomes increasingly superadiabatic, because the water is heated from below by a geothermal heat flux H. Because H is small (∼10−6 calories cm−2 s−1), only a slight superadiabatic effect is expected: |dT/dz| 1 m. Measurements of hyperadiabatic gradients (|dT/dz| = 10–1,000 Γ) several metres, or even tens of metres, above the bottom have been reported1–4, though it seems inconceivable that a strongly unstable layer several metres thick can persist. The experiment described here indicates that |dT/dz| = 1.3 Γ at z ∼ 1 m.
Electrodeposition of Ni-doped FeOOH oxygen evolution reaction catalyst for photoelectrochemical water splitting

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is one important bottleneck in the development of economical photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting materials. To help address this we report the electrodeposition of Ni-doped FeOOH (Ni:FeOOH) as an OER electrocatalyst. The deposition method is applicable to a wide range of photoanodes and catalytic films as thin as a few nanometers can be easily grown. The Ni:FeOOH films with 5–20% Ni content reach 10 mA cm−2 in 0.1 M NaOH at an overpotential ranging from 420–460 mV initially, and improve with anodization at 10 mA cm−2 to below 400 mV. Deposition on triple junction solar cells results in a full PEC system with higher performance and a more cathodic peak power potential compared to undoped FeOOH electrocatalysts.