cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Solvated Electron

This chapter briefly describes the solvated electron. Solvated electrons were first produced in liquid ammonia by dissolving sodium and potassium in it; the solution has an intense blue color. The chapter provides the three major methods of formation of hydrated electron e h —the chemical, the photochemical, and the radiation-chemical. Solvated electron in aliphatic alcohols was discovered using pulse radiolysis soon after the hydrated electron. The absorption spectrum covers the entire visible region and goes into the UV and IR regions. Solvated electrons are known to be formed in amines, amides, dimethyl sulfoxide, and many other liquids. The evolution of the e s yields in the common alcohols shows considerable decay from the picosecond to nanosecond regime and a comparable decay from the nanosecond to microsecond time scales. For the yield and time scale of observation, the production of e s itself is not related to polarity. Thus, the e s absorption spectrum has indeed been observed in nonpolar liquids both at low temperatures and room temperature.
Tutorial/Panel: Competitive Design Methodologies for ASICs

This large market for application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC's) creates a need for IC design methods that are capable of producing ICs quickly and with relatively low non-recurring engineering costs. A number of radically different approaches, including silicon compilation, behavioral synthesis and logic synthesis, have been offered to address this problem. The purpose of the panel is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of the competing methodologies, to characterize the class of IC architectures for which they have been found to be useful, and to attempt to characterize the relative frequency of use of different ASCI architectural classes. To give a common vocabulary to the discussion, the panel begins with a tutorial introduction to the different design methods.
Signature automation of UMLS concepts: An un-supervised named entity recognition framework for classification of DNA and RNA in biological text

Named entity recognition, a task that represents atomicity as well as granularity is a first step in any language processing system. The advent in typological orientation of literature or text and its availability in the form of annotated and un-annotated corpora have led to a continued research effort directed towards achievement of yet an optimized algorithmic evolution for identifying named entities from text. Recognizing named entities from annotated corpora has matured comprehensively over a period of time while recognition from un-annotated corpora is still a challenge for research community. Furthermore, a challenge exponentially rises if corpora represent an applied literature from biological or biomedical domain. This paper presents an unsupervised named entity recognition framework that automates signature vectors for UMLS concepts. The idea behind it is to provide a vectorised perspective to UMLS concepts, semantic types and semantic groups. Vectored representation of UMLS ensures application of the framework in a generic way. Proposed approach differs with other un-supervised frameworks that employ signature and vector based approaches in a way, that it creates a vector space on the basis of UMLS instead of corpus. Dataset from GENIA was used for framework validation. Framework provided as a result of this research, achieved an accuracy of 68.34% which is far better when compared to 27% by METAMAP, 53.8% by CubNER for the same corpus.
Modulation of cytosolic and intra‐sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium waves by calsequestrin in rat cardiac myocytes

Waves of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release occur in various cell types and are involved in the pathology of certain forms of cardiac arrhythmia. These arrhythmias include catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), certain cases of which are associated with mutations in the cardiac calsequestrin gene (CASQ2). To explore the mechanisms of Ca2+ wave generation and unravel the underlying causes of CPVT, we investigated the effects of adenoviral-mediated changes in CASQ2 protein levels on the properties of cytosolic and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ waves in permeabilized rat ventricular myocytes. The free [Ca2+] inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum ([Ca2+]SR) was monitored by fluo-5N entrapped into the SR, and cytosolic Ca2+ was imaged using fluo-3. Overexpression of CASQ2 resulted in significant increases in the amplitude of Ca2+ waves and interwave intervals, whereas reduced CASQ2 levels caused drastic reductions in the amplitude and period of Ca2+ waves. CASQ2 abundance had no impact on resting diastolic [Ca2+]SR or on the amplitude of the [Ca2+]SR depletion signal during the Ca2+ wave. However, the recovery dynamics of [Ca2+]SR following Ca2+ release were dramatically altered as the rate of [Ca2+]SR recovery increased ∼3-fold in CASQ2-overexpressing myocytes and decreased to 30% of control in CASQ2-underexpressing myocytes. There was a direct linear relationship between Ca2+ wave period and the half-time of basal [Ca2+]SR recovery following Ca2+ release. Loading the SR with the low affinity exogenous Ca2+ buffer citrate exerted effects quantitatively similar to those observed on overexpressing CASQ2. We conclude that free intra-SR [Ca2+] is a critical determinant of cardiac Ca2+ wave generation. Our data indicate that reduced intra-SR Ca2+ binding activity promotes the generation of Ca2+ waves by accelerating the dynamics of attaining a threshold free [Ca2+]SR required for Ca2+ wave initiation, potentially accounting for arrythmogenesis in CPVT linked to mutations in CASQ2.
The Scramble for Citizens: Dual Nationality and State Competition for Immigrants

It is commonly assumed that there is an enduring link between individuals and their countries of citizenship. Plural citizenship is therefore viewed with skepticism, if not outright suspicion. But the effects of widespread global migration belie common assumptions, and the connection between individuals and the countries in which they live cannot always be so easily mapped. In The Scramble for Citizens, David Cook-Martin analyzes immigration and nationality laws in Argentina, Italy, and Spain since the mid 19th century to reveal the contextual dynamics that have shaped the quality of legal and affective bonds between nation-states and citizens. He shows how the recent erosion of rights and privileges in Argentina has motivated individuals to seek nationality in ancestral homelands, thinking two nationalities would be more valuable than one. This book details the legal and administrative mechanisms at work, describes the patterns of law and practice, and explores the implications for how we understand the very meaning of citizenship.
Cavitation-enhanced nonthermal ablation in deep brain targets: feasibility in a large animal model

OBJECT Transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound (TcMRgFUS) is an emerging noninvasive alternative to surgery and radiosurgery that is undergoing testing for tumor ablation and functional neurosurgery. The method is currently limited to central brain targets due to skull heating and other factors. An alternative ablative approach combines very low intensity ultrasound bursts and an intravenously administered microbubble agent to locally destroy the vasculature. The objective of this work was to investigate whether it is feasible to use this approach at deep brain targets near the skull base in nonhuman primates. METHODS In 4 rhesus macaques, targets near the skull base were ablated using a clinical TcMRgFUS system operating at 220 kHz. Low-duty-cycle ultrasound exposures (sonications) were applied for 5 minutes in conjunction with the ultrasound contrast agent Definity, which was administered as a bolus injection or continuous infusion. The acoustic power level was set to be near the inertial cavitation threshold, which was measured using passive monitoring of the acoustic emissions. The resulting tissue effects were investigated with MRI and with histological analysis performed 3 hours to 1 week after sonication. RESULTS Thirteen targets were sonicated in regions next to the optic tract in the 4 animals. Inertial cavitation, indicated by broadband acoustic emissions, occurred at acoustic pressure amplitudes ranging from 340 to 540 kPa. MRI analysis suggested that the lesions had a central region containing red blood cell extravasations that was surrounded by edema. Blood-brain barrier disruption was observed on contrast-enhanced MRI in the lesions and in a surrounding region corresponding to the prefocal area of the FUS system. In histology, lesions consisting of tissue undergoing ischemic necrosis were found in all regions that were sonicated above the inertial cavitation threshold. Tissue damage in prefocal areas was found in several cases, suggesting that in those cases the sonication exceeded the inertial cavitation threshold in the beam path. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to use a clinical TcMRgFUS system to ablate skull base targets in nonhuman primates at time-averaged acoustic power levels at least 2 orders of magnitude below what is needed for thermal ablation with this device. The results point to the risks associated with the method if the exposure levels are not carefully controlled to avoid inertial cavitation in the acoustic beam path. If methods can be developed to provide this control, this nonthermal approach could greatly expand the use of TcMRgFUS for precisely targeted ablation to locations across the entire brain.
A Cationic Three-Coordinate Iron(II) Complex and the Reaction of β-Diketiminate with Ethyl Diazoacetate

We report the synthesis of a cationic iron(II) complex in which the iron atom is 3-coordinate in solution and in the solid state. The complex undergoes an unusual addition of ethyl diazoacetate, in which the diketiminate forms a bond to the terminal nitrogen of the diazo group. Coordination of the ester group to iron is proposed to activate the diazo group so that it is attacked by the nucleophilic diketiminate ligand.
Forces and Adsorption at Solid Surfaces

Essentially all interactions between atoms, molecules and ions spring from the electrical charges borne by the nuclei and electrons of which they are constituted. Two broad classes of interaction are distinguished by the terms “chemical” and “physical,” the former referring to those cases wherein some of the electrons of the two participants have become shared, with the consequent formation of a chemical bond. Such chemical forces have the property of saturation, are of very short range, and are usually associated with the comparatively large binding energies of a few electron volts. Some of the more important types of physical interactions, listed more or less in order of decreasing energy, are: ion-ion, ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, ion-induced dipole, induced dipole-induced dipole, etc. Those not involving ions are often grouped together under the term “van der Waals forces,” and generally have energies of only a fraction of an electron volt. The (long-range) ion-ion interactions (“ionic bonds”) are mainly responsible for the stability of ionic crystals, and thus may have energies comparable with those of chemical bonds. An adsorbed molecule interacts very nearly additively with all the constituent atoms and ions of the adsorbent surface, and with other adsorbed molecules as well. The collective effect may be described through the “energy of adsorption,” which will generally be a function of the amount adsorbed. In physical adsorption, multilayer films and capillary condensation may occur at gas pressures approaching saturation. The small size and high dipole moment of the water molecule make it strongly adsorbed on ionic substrates. The lamilar structure of the clay minerals furnishes enormous surface areas for adsorption. Investigation of these interactions at the molecular level provides a fundamental basis for a more complete understanding of clay-water systems.
INTERACTION OF LONG-CHAIN ALCOHOL “MODIFIERS” WITH LIX SOLVENT EXTRACTION REAGENTS

ABSTRACT The effect of two long chain alcohols, n-tridecyl alcohol (TDA) and 2-(l,3-trimethylbutyl)-5,7,7-trlinethyloctanol (ODA) on the extraction of Cu by alkylated hydroxyaldoximes in heptane was investigated by extraction equilibrium determination and infrared spectroscopic examination. The formation of an alcohol-extractant association complex quantitatively explains observed decreases in Dcu that accompanies alcohol addition. Further, an examination of Interfacial activity in these systems demonstrates that, whereas alcohol addition decreases the extractant adsorption at the interface, this cannot be attributed to simple displacement (the extractants are significantly more surface active than the alcohols) but rather to its depletion resulting from the formation of the poorly surface active extractant-modifier complex. Values for the Cu-hydroxyaldoxime extraction constants, self-association constants of the extractants, and the alcohols and extractant-modifier complex formation constant are presente...
Evaluation of the Use of Fluorine as a Caries Control Measure: the Effect of Topically Applied Fluorides

It has been demonstrated that the in­ cidence of dental caries can be re­ duced by topical application o f fluoride solutions to the teeth. T he evidence supporting this conclusion is derived from direct clinical observa­ tions on man and animals and from lab o rato ry investigations concerned with the chemical and biochemical ac­ tion o f fluorine on teeth and on dentin and enamel. It is the purpose of this article to review the evidence relating to the use of topical fluorides and to call attention to those factors that are known as well as those which await further research and clinical demon­ stration. This review w ill be concerned with a classification and evaluation of evidence according to broad categories —chemical research, research on labora­ tory animals and clinical studies on human beings—rather than with the time sequence o f the results.
Limitations of the scalp-hair biologic monitor in assessing selenium status in epidemiological investigations

Scalp hair is routinely used to assess exposure to toxic trace elements and nutritional status of some required trace elements. The advantages and disadvantages of hair as a biologic monitor have been comprehensively discussed in the literature for many years. Among the concerns is distinguishing between exogenous and endogenous contributions. Nested in this issue is the longitudinal distribution of a trace element along the hair strand. The typical observation for many elements of interest is that the element concentration increases from the root end to the distal end; and this is attributed to continuing contamination from exogenous sources. In this study we used neutron activation analysis to measure 14 trace elements in 6 mm segments of full-length scalp hair from three healthy members of the same household having light-urban environmental exposure. To extend the data set for selenium, we included three adult female subjects with longer than average scalp hair. From these trace-element concentrations we calculated the root-to-distal end ratios as a profile diagnostic of trace-element distributions. Ratios fall into three diagnostic categories, >1, ≈1, and 1, Zn and S have R ≈ 1, and the remaining 11 elements all have R I > Hg ≈ Au ≈ Mg ≈ Mn ≈ Sb ≈ Ca > Cu > Al ≈ Ag. R Se is greater than 1 and increases with hair length (P = 0.02) corresponding to a continuous longitudinal loss of Se in stark and puzzling contrast to the other elements measured. An analogous loss of Se in the nail monitor was not observed leading us to conclude that the nail is less prone to misclassification of selenium status in epidemiological studies.
Late fatal hemorrhage in pediatric liver trauma

The cumulative evidence supports nonoperative management of hepatic trauma in children who are hemodynamically stable and who require less than 50% blood volume replacement to maintain a stable blood count. This management approach, based on the use of either serial computed tomography scans, liver/spleen scans, or ultrasonography to diagnose the injury and document resolution, achieves results that exceed those of operative management for all injuries. Late complications, which may be seen in nonoperated patients, include hemobilia, bile peritonitis, abscesses and bleeding, occur with less frequency than operated patients. We report the first case of late exsanguinating hemorrhage of a resolving hepatic injury.
A test of adaptive hypotheses: Mandibular traits, nest construction materials, and feeding habits in neotropical social wasps (Vespidae, Polistinae)

The success of many behaviors in hymenoptera depends on the shape and structure of their mandibles. Neotropical social wasps exhibit variation in the shape of their mandibles; both the type of material used in the nest construction and the food sources have been proposed as selective forces that explain that variation. These hypotheses were studied using Independent Contrast analyses and combined tests of significance between: nine mandible’s traits, the type of nest material and food source types. Necrophagy and short fiber use are derived conditions in the subfamily that have evolved five times each, while the use of long fibers and live prey are primitive conditions. The mandible structures appear related to the nest fiber type but not to necrophagy. Particularly, species that use long fibers have bigger internal dorsal tooth, longer internal ventral tooth, and shorter and more curved mandibles. Similar results were obtained by including plant hairs as a third nest material type. These findings open related questions for groups of social insects where studies on evolution of mandibles have emphasized food sources.
Costs and Utilization of Intraoperative Cholangiography

Routine intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) has been advocated as a viable strategy to reduce common bile duct injury (CDI) during cholecystectomy. This is predicated, in part, on the low cost of IOC, making it a cost-effective preventive strategy. Using billed hospital charges as a proxy for costs, we sought to estimate costs associated with the performance of IOC. The 2001 National Inpatient Survey (NIS) database was assessed for IOC utilization and associated charges. Average charges for hospital admission where the primary procedure was laparoscopic cholecystectomy were compared for those associated with and without the performance of IOC. Eighteen percent of cholecystectomies were performed in facilities that never perform IOC. Routine IOC (defined as >75% of cholecystectomies performed in any one hospital having a concomitant IOC) was performed in only 11% of hospitals. In the remaining 71% of hospitals, selective IOC was performed. IOCs were associated with US $706–739 in additional hospital charges when performed in conjunction with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We project a cost of US $371,356 to prevent a single bile duct injury by using routine cholangiography. We conclude that only a minority of hospitals performs cholecystectomies with routine IOC. Because of the significant amount of hospital charges attributable to IOC, routine IOC is not cost-effective as a preventative measure against bile duct injury during cholecystectomy.
Delayed Traumatic Intracerebellar Hematoma

Abstract A case of delayed traumatic intracerebellar hematoma is presented in which the patient survived after diagnosis and surgical intervention. The computed tomographic and clinical features of this entity are reported, and theories of pathogenesis are discussed. We advise a high index of suspicion for delayed intracerebellar hematomas in patients with cerebellar contusion following trauma.
New Development In 3-D Marine MT Modeling And Inversion For Off-shore Petroleum Exploration

This paper is focused on the development of threedimensional (3-D) interpretation techniques for a sea-bottom magnetotelluric (MT) method for off-shore petroleum exploration. The results of our study demonstrate that, with MT data, the sea-bottom petroleum reservoir could be mapped with reasonable accuracy. We also present a case history of 3-D inversion of sea-bottom MT data collected by Scripps Institution of Oceanography in Gemini Prospect, Gulf of Mexico.
Early detection of glaucoma using fully automated disparity analysis of optic nerve head (ONH) from stereo fundus images

Early detection of structural damage to the optic nerve head (ONH) is critical in diagnosis of glaucoma, because such glaucomatous damage precedes clinically identifiable visual loss. Early detection of glaucoma can prevent progression of the disease and consequent loss of vision. Traditional early detection techniques involve observing changes in the ONH through an ophthalmoscope. Stereo fundus photography is also routinely used to detect subtle changes in the ONH. However, clinical evaluation of stereo fundus photographs suffers from inter- and intra-subject variability. Even the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) has not been found to be sufficiently sensitive for early detection. A semi-automated algorithm for quantitative representation of the optic disc and cup contours by computing accumulated disparities in the disc and cup regions from stereo fundus image pairs has already been developed using advanced digital image analysis methodologies. A 3-D visualization of the disc and cup is achieved assuming camera geometry. High correlation among computer-generated and manually segmented cup to disc ratios in a longitudinal study involving 159 stereo fundus image pairs has already been demonstrated. However, clinical usefulness of the proposed technique can only be tested by a fully automated algorithm. In this paper, we present a fully automated algorithm for segmentation of optic cup and disc contours from corresponding stereo disparity information. Because this technique does not involve human intervention, it eliminates subjective variability encountered in currently used clinical methods and provides ophthalmologists with a cost-effective and quantitative method for detection of ONH structural damage for early detection of glaucoma.
The hydroxide-assisted hydrolysis of cyanogen chloride in aqueous solution

Abstract The hydrolysis of cyanogen chloride (ClCN) was studied as a function of temperature and pH. Results were used to resolve discrepancies among previously reported kinetic constants. The pH dependence was studied over a range of 9.54–10.93 at a temperature of 21.0°C. The effect of temperature was investigated over the range of 10–30°C at a pH of approximately 10. Changes in the concentrations of ClCN and the reaction products cyanic acid and chloride ion were monitored with time. For the conditions corresponding to these experiments, the hydroxide-assisted hydrolysis pathway predominated. Collision frequency factor and activation energies recommended to represent the hydrolysis of ClCN in aqueous solution are A =2.06×10 11 M −1 s −1 and E a =60,980 J mol −1 for the hydroxide-ion-assisted reaction, and A =9.97×10 8 s −1 and E a =87,180 J mol −1 for the water-assisted reaction.
Electric field integral equation combined with cylindrical conduction mode basis functions for electrical modeling of three-dimensional interconnects

For the modeling of interconnect in three-dimensional packagings, this paper proposes a method based on the electric field integral equation (EFIE) with cylindrical conduction mode basis functions (CMBF). The bases are defined to describe arbitrary skin and proximity effects, and partial impedances are obtained from the formulation of the EFIE with CMBF's. Examples of several 3-D interconnects verify that the proposed method is efficient in speed and memory.
Techniques of automated design in architecture: A survey and evaluation

Abstract This paper traces the emergence of the fundamental concepts guiding current research in computer-aided architectural design, surveys and discusses the main thrusts of current research and applications, and discusses potential directions of future development. It begins by establishing a systematic theoretical framework for discussion of design problems, then in turn considers techniques for representing proposed building designs in computer memory, the specification of design criteria, procedures for automatically generating design solutions, and methods of linking the design and construction processes. Finally, an analysis is made of progress in the implementation of working automated design systems in architectural practice. An extensive (though by no means exhaustive) bibliography is provided for further reference.
Sociological Computing: An Opportunity Missed?.

Rapid advances in sociological computing are changing virtually every aspect of scholarly sociological work. These changes offer an opportunity for sociologists to improve the quality of their work and bring new insights and approaches to bear on important sociological problems. Nevertheless, sociologists display a profound ambivalence toward computer work by other sociologists. Left unchecked, this ambivalence threatens to turn sociological computing into an opportunity missed. Inadequate rewards, lack of training, and a general failure to understand the importance of computing in sociology threaten to stifle the development of quality soft-ware, push sociologists competent in computing into other fields, and jeopardize the quality of sociological scholarship. This article documents these ambivalent tendencies and proposes reasonable steps the discipline should take to assure that sociological computing does not become an opportunity missed.
A focal plane detector for reactions with medium weight projectiles

Abstract A new focal plane detector for an Enge split pole spectrograph has been developed which is able to resolve individual elements and isotopes up to the mass 100 region. It consists of a 60 cm long position sensitive parallel plate avalanche counter backed by a large Bragg curve detector. Compared with other position sensitive focal plane counters the new detector system has a very good time resolution (less than 300 ps) and can be operated at much higher counting rates (up to 25 kHz). The intrinsic resolution of the position detector is less than 1 mm. In addition to the energy and the nuclear charge signal obtained from the Bragg curve detector the angle of incidence into the detector can be measured with an accuracy of better than 1°. The detector has already been used in a variety of experiments where good timing, counting rate behavior, and excellent mass resolution over a large energy range were essential.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of traction coefficient in line-contact EHL of rough surfaces

Abstract The behavior of traction coefficient in line-contact EHL with provision for surface roughness is studied and a method for its prediction is presented. The statistical elasto-plastic asperity contact model is utilized to determine the traction coefficient with consideration of the free volume properties of the lubricant suitable for a wide range of high pressures and temperatures. The results are validated experimentally and a useful expression is derived for prediction of traction coefficient that takes into account both hydrodynamic and surface asperity effects.
The phytate and phytase of soybean tempeh

Soybeans were fermented into tempeh by Rhizopus oligosporus NRRL 2710. The phytic acid content of soybeans was reduced by about one-third as a result of this fermentation, while an equivalent amount of phosphate was released in the tempeh. The reduction of phytic acid was due to phytase elaborated by the mould of the fermentation. The pH optimum of this enzyme was 5.6 and the Km of the phytase-phytate reaction was 0.28 × 10−3 M.
A self-regulation model of patient compliance in orthodontics: Implications for the design of a headgear monitor*

Abstract When patients are asked to follow a therapeutic regimen, they are being given a target or goal and their task is to control or regulate their behavior to meet that objective. Unfortunately, patients often fail to meet the expectations set forth by the clinical recommendation. The present model suggests that the principles governing the self-regulation of behavior may help explain poor compliance with therapeutic regimens. The component parts of a self-regulation model are reviewed in the context of orthodontic treatment. The importance of providing patients with accurate feedback about their degree of compliance with a regimen is discussed. Finally, the technological application of these principles is illustrated in the design of a system for monitoring orthodontic headgear use.
Mantle plumes control magnetic reversal frequency

Abstract Magnetic reversal frequency correlates inversely with mantle plume activity for the past 150 Ma, as measured by the volume production rate of oceanic plateaus, seamount chains, and continental flood basalts. This inverse correlation is especially striking during the long Cretaceous magnetic normal “superchron”, when mantle plume activity was at a maximum. We suggest that mantle plumes control magnetic reversal frequency by the following sequence of events. Mantle plumes rise from theD″ seismic layer just above the core/mantle boundary, thinningD″ to fuel the plumes. This increases core cooling by allowing heat to be conducted more rapidly across the core/mantle boundary. Outer core convective activity then increases to restore the abnormal heat loss, causing a decrease in magnetic reversal frequency in accord with model predictions for bothα2 andαω dynamos. When core convective activity increases above a critical level, a magnetic superchron results. The pulse of plume activity that caused the Cretaceous superchron resulted in a minimum increase in core heat loss of about 1200 GW over the present-day level, which corresponds to an increase in Joule heat production of about 120 GW within the core.
Hysteresis-based charging control of plug-in electric vehicles

The paper develops a hysteresis-based charging control strategy for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) that is capable of regulating charging load to satisfy system-wide services, including filling the overnight demand “valley” and balancing fluctuations in renewable generation. The actual state-of-charge (SoC) of a PEV battery follows a nominal SoC profile within a small hysteresis band. This leads to a sequence of ON and OFF cycles for the charger. The paper shows that in steady-state the probability distributions of SoC in the ON and OFF states, normalized around the nominal profile, follow a uniform distribution over the hysteresis deadband. Based on this steady-state behavior, a linearized state-space model has been developed to capture the response of aggregate electricity demand to shifts in the nominal SoC profile. A feedback control law is designed based on this linearized model.
Effect of homologous serotonin receptor loop substitutions on the heterologous expression in Pichia of a chimeric acetylcholine-binding protein with α-bungarotoxin-binding activity

Abstract The molluscan acetylcholine-binding protein (AChBP) is a soluble homopentameric homolog of the extracellular domain of various ligand-gated ion channels. Previous studies have reported that AChBP, when fused to the ion pore domain of the serotonin receptor (5HT3AR), can form a functional ligand-gated chimeric channel only if the AChBP loop regions between β-strands β1 and β2 (β1–β2), β6 and β7 (β6–β7), and β8 and β9 (β8–β9) are replaced with those of the 5HT3AR. To investigate further the potential interactions among these three important loop regions in a membrane- and detergent-free system, we designed AChBP constructs in which loops β1–β2, β6–β7, and β8–β9 of the AChBP were individually and combinatorially substituted in all permutations with the analogous loops of the 5HT3AR. These chimeras were expressed as secreted proteins using the Pichia pastoris yeast expression system. [125I]-α-Bungarotoxin-binding was detected in the culture media obtained from homologous recombinant clones expressing the wild-type AChBP, the β1–β2 loop-only chimera, and the chimera containing all three 5HT3AR loop substitutions. The remaining chimeras failed to show [125I]-α-bungarotoxin binding, and further analysis of cellular extracts allowed us to determine that these binding-negative chimeric constructs accumulated intracellularly and were not secreted into the culture medium. Our results demonstrate that coordinated interactions among loops β1–β2, β6–β7, and β8–β9 are essential for the formation of a functional ligand-binding site, as evidenced by [125I]-α-bungarotoxin-binding, and for efficient protein secretion. In addition, the constructs described here demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing soluble scaffolds to explore functionally important interactions within the extracellular domain of membrane-bound proteins.
How cells respond to interferons revisited: From early history to current complexity

A brief account of how I became involved in interferon research is followed by recollections of key experiments that led to the discovery of the roles of the JAKs and STATs in interferon-dependent signaling. I then outline the complex responses of cells to interferons, including the roles of kinases other than JAKs and transcription factors other than STATs, differential responses to interferons α and β, modulation of response by prior exposure to other cytokines (“priming”), cytokine-dependent induction of high level expression of STATs 1 and 3 and the activation of a new set of genes by these unphosphorylated STATs, and diverse patterns of STAT activation in different cell types in response to a single interferon.
Illicit Drug Use from Adolescence to Young Adulthood among Child Welfare-Involved Youths.

This study examined illicit substance use among 1,004 adolescents, ages 11–21, involved with the Child Welfare System (CWS) and followed from 1999 to 2007. By the time they reached transition age, more than 60% of the sample had used an illicit substance in their lifetime. Predictors of regular use during adolescence were having a prior CWS report, externalizing behavior problems, delinquency, and any sexual experience. Exposure to physical abuse was predictive of escalating substance use trajectories. Protective factors included having a child at any point during the study, parental monitoring, and being placed in kinship care.
Canadian Jury Research: The Contributions of Anthony N. Doob

In the 1970s, when the Law Reform Commission of Canada undertook a comprehensive project on the Canadian jury, there was a dearth of empirical research on the topic. Anthony N. Doob's research studies on juror decision making, among the first to be conducted on questions of relevance to the Canadian jury, were innovative, legally astute, and valuable sources of information. They have served as important models for subsequent jury research in Canada.
INTRACRANIAL CALCIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMIC METHOTREXATE (MTX)

Children with acute lymphocytic leukemia were examined for intracranlal calcifications with computerized tomography and skull x-rays. Of 39 patients in continuous complete remission for 6 months to 6 years, 10 had 1 or more subcortical calcifications. All patients had received similar induction chemotherapy (prednisone and vincristine ± adriamycin) and CNS prophylaxis (whole-brain irradiation, 2400r., and 5 Injections of intrathecal MTX). Maintenance chemotherapy varied. Significant association between presence of intracranial calcification and total cumulative dose of systemically administered MTX was found. Among age-matched children treated for 21 to 32 months, 1/5 receiving ≤ 4.5 gm. MTX had calcification, whereas 6/7 receiving > 4.5 gm. MTX (most intravenous) developed calcification (p-0.03). Among those treated for 11 to 20 months, 0/5 receiving ≤ 4.5 gm. MTX developed intracranial mineralization, as did 3/7 receiving > 4.5 gm. (p-0.16). Statistical analysis also suggests that ara-C may contribute to risk of brain injury. of the 10 affected patients, 8 had signs of chronic MTX encephalopathy-limp, seizures or perceptual-motor handicap. Controlled prospective studies are needed to broaden these observations and to define the roles of brain irradiation and systemic chemotherapeutic drugs in the development of chronic nonleukemic encephalopathy.
Baseline models of trace elements in major aquifers of the United States

Abstract Trace-element concentrations in baseline samples from a survey of aquifers used as potable-water supplies in the United States are summarized using methods appropriate for data with multiple detection limits. The resulting statistical distribution models are used to develop summary statistics and estimate probabilities of exceeding water-quality standards. The models are based on data from the major aquifer studies of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. These data were produced with a nationally-consistent sampling and analytical framework specifically designed to determine the quality of the most important potable groundwater resources during the years 1991–2001. The analytical data for all elements surveyed contain values that were below several detection limits. Such datasets are referred to as multiply-censored data. To address this issue, a robust semi-parametric statistical method called regression on order statistics (ROS) is employed. Utilizing the 90th–95th percentile as an arbitrary range for the upper limits of expected baseline concentrations, the models show that baseline concentrations of dissolved Ba and Zn are below 500 μg/L. For the same percentile range, dissolved As, Cu and Mo concentrations are below 10 μg/L, and dissolved Ag, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb and Se are below 1–5 μg/L. These models are also used to determine the probabilities that potable ground waters exceed drinking water standards. For dissolved Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Mo and Se, the likelihood of exceeding the US Environmental Protection Agency standards at the well-head is less than 1–1.5%. A notable exception is As, which has approximately a 7% chance of exceeding the maximum contaminant level (10 μg/L) at the well head.
Studies on the supracallosal mesial cortex of unanesthetized, conscious mammals

Abstract 1.1. Electrodes were chronically implanted in the olfactory bulb of monkeys and electrical activity was recorded in the subsequent months. 2.2. The background activity in the reposed, unanesthetized monkey in an odorless environment showed low amplitude, fast activity without rhythmical bursts. 3.3. Rhythmical bursts, synchronous with inspiration, were induced by many essential oils and compounds of relatively high molecular weight, generally regarded as pleasant-smelling, but especially by cigarette smoke. 4.4. Compounds, tending to be low in molecular weight and generally regarded as unpleasant-smelling, had an inhibitory effect on the background activity and also on the rhythmical response to smoke. 5.5. An example is shown of adaptation of a high frequency rhythmical response to an odor. 6.6. The frequency of the rhythmical response to smoke gradually decreased with increasing depth of anesthesia. 7.7. Evidence is presented for the existence of mechanical receptors, but "driving" of this response could not be achieved by various frequencies of mechanical stimuli. 8.8. The threshold of the response to mechanical stimulation rose with the exposure to ammonia-odor, but after this exposure the threshold suddenly lowered so that continuous, spontaneous rhythmical activity appeared.
Effectiveness of virtual reality-based pain control with multiple treatments.

Objective: The current study explored whether immersive virtual reality continues to reduce pain (via distraction) with repeated use. Setting: The study was conducted in a burn care unit at a regional trauma center. Patients: Seven patients aged 9–32 years (mean age of 21.9 years; average of 23.7% total body surface area burned [range, 3–60%]) performed range-of-motion exercises of their injured extremity under an occupational therapist’s direction on at least 3 separate days each. Intervention: For each physical therapy session, each patient spent equal amounts of time in virtual reality and in the control condition (no distraction). The mean duration of physical therapy in virtual reality was 3.5, 4.9, and 6.4 minutes for the first, second, and third session, respectively. Condition order was randomized and counterbalanced. Outcome Measures: For each of the three physical therapy sessions, five visual analog pain scores for each treatment condition served as the dependent variables. Results: Pain ratings were statistically lower when patients were in virtual reality, and the magnitude of pain reduction did not diminish with repeated use of virtual reality. The results of this study may be examined in more detail at www.vrpain.com. Conclusions: Although the small sample size limits generalizability, results provide converging preliminary evidence that virtual reality can function as a strong nonpharmacological pain reduction technique for burn patients during physical therapy. Results suggest that virtual reality does not diminish in analgesic effectiveness with three (and possibly more) uses. Virtual reality may also have analgesic potential for other painful procedures or pain populations. Practical implications are discussed.
Quality is in the eye of the beholder: towards user-centric web-databases

The proliferation of database-driven web sites (or web-databases) has brought upon a plethora of applications where both Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Data (QoD) are of paramount importance to the end users. In our previous work, we have proposed Quality Contracts, a comprehensive framework for specifying multiple dimensions of QoS/QoD; we have also developed user-centric admission control and scheduling algorithms in web databases, whose goal is to maximize overall system performance. In this work, we turn our attention to the user side of the equation. Specifically, we propose to demonstrate how the adaptation of Quality Contracts (QCs) by the users can lead to vastly different performance results, both from the user point of view (i.e., user satisfaction) and also from the system point of view. Towards this, we propose to structure our demo in the form of an interactive game, where participants will be playing the role of users continuously adapting their QCs over time, while "playing" against system-generated users, who follow predetermined QC adaptation policies. Finally, we also propose to illustrate the effect of different admission control and scheduling policies.
Two splenic lesions in need of clarification: hamartoma and inflammatory pseudotumor

This short review is dedicated to a precise pathologic characterization of 2 uncommon and poorly defined lesions of the spleen and to their distinction from histologically similar processes. Splenic hamartoma represents an abnormally formed red pulp and is characterized by the presence of sinus-like structures lined by CD8(+) endothelia. The great variety of its morphologic appearances may result from the preponderant growth of one or another of the several components of the red pulp, ie, CD34(+) capillaries, myoid cells and macrophages. Therefore, it is proposed that "cord capillary hemangioma," myoid angio-endothelioma, and histiocyte-rich tumors are part of the spectrum of splenic hamartoma. Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) of the spleen is a reactive lesion, probably of multiple etiologies, characterized by a mixture of inflammatory cells and a minor, disorganized component of spindle cells. The latter include fibroblasts, SMA(+) myofibroblasts, and CD68(+) spindled histiocytes, establishing a close similarity with the IPT of the lymph node. This benign process needs to be distinguished from 2 others that have a predominant spindle cell component arranged in parallel bundles: the IPT-like follicular dendritic cell tumor, which is consistently associated with Epstein-Barr Virus; and the inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, also often Epstein-Barr Virus-related and similar to those of the soft tissues, lung and other organs. These 2 lesions are neoplastic and therefore have a potentially worse prognosis than IPT.
On the Swift cup test

Abstract An analysis is made of the Swift cup test on the basis of a theory of plasticity for finite deformation of an orthotropic sheet that is isotropic in its plane. Attention is focussed on the influence on drawability of (a) the degree of anisotropy between the thickness and in-plane directions, and (b) the strain hardening characteristics. Numerical results confirm the trends of experiments.
Value of quantitative analysis of mitral regurgitation jet eccentricity by color flow Doppler for identification of flail leaflet.

Abstract Early surgical intervention improves the outcome of patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) secondary to flail leaflet. Current criteria for the diagnosis of flail leaflet require a detailed definition of mitral valve anatomy, which is often challenging by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and, occasionally, even by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). We studied 57 patients (mean age 63 ± 15 years) with anatomically confirmed flail mitral leaflet and a control group of 57 patients (mean age 68 ±14 years) with at least moderate MR but no flail leaflet. In patients with flail mitral leaflet, the mean angle formed by the axis of the MR jet and the plane of the mitral annulus was 33 ± 11° and 29 ± 16° when measured with TTE and TEE, respectively. In controls the mean angle was 66 ± 16° and 66 ± 17° by TTE and TEE, respectively (p 90% of cases, with good interobserver agreement (k = 0.76). Thus, quantitative analysis of MR jet eccentricity by color flow Doppler is highly sensitive and specific for diagnosing flail mitral leaflet.
Carbamazepine toxicity after influenza vaccination

Accidental ingestion and drug interaction are known causes of carbamazepine toxicity. Less well recognized is the possibility that influenza vaccination may significantly increase carbamazepine blood levels. Our experience suggests that carbamazepine toxicity can result from influenza vaccination.
Gender and impulsivity differences in licit substance use

Gender differences in ratings of impulsivity have shown increased impulsivity in men. Research also suggests higher impulsivity is correlated with increased use of alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine. In a large sample of young adults (N = 332), self-report data were collected on licit substance use and impulsivity/nonconformity. Among men, significant differences were found between higher and lower impulsivity groups for alcohol and caffeine use but not for nicotine use. Among women, significant differences were found between higher and lower impulsivity groups for alcohol and nicotine use but not for caffeine use. The data suggest the importance of recognizing gender differences in the relationship between personality factors and licit substance use.
Improved monitoring of female codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with pear ester plus acetic acid in sex pheromone-treated orchards.

ABSTRACT The performance of clear delta traps baited with 3.0 mg of pear ester, ethyl (E,Z)2,4-decadienoate, and 5.0 ml of acetic acid in separate lures was compared with orange delta traps baited with a single lure containing 3.0 mg of both pear ester and the sex pheromone, (E,E)-8,10dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), in apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen). Residual analyses and field tests demonstrated that both the pear ester and acetic acid lures were effective for at least 8 wk. The two trap-lure combinations caught a similar number of total moths in an orchard treated with sex pheromone dispensers during short-term trials in 2008. However, the mean catch of female moths was significantly higher and male moths significantly lower in clear traps baited with pear ester and acetic acid versus orange traps baited with pear ester and codlemone. Season-long studies were conducted with these two trap-lure combinations in orchards treated with (n = 6) and without (n = 7) sex ...