cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects: II. Mechanisms causing increase in rate of parasitization byTrichogramma spp.

When the effect of the kairomone, tricosane, on parasitization byTrichogramma achaeae Nagaraja and Nagarkatti of eggs ofHeliothis zea (Boddie) was studied in petri dish tests, the greatest percentage parasitization (\(\mathop X\limits^\_\) = 64%) was obtained if the entire filter paper was treated. Treatment of smaller areas (about the eggs) resulted in decreased parasitism. In the greenhouse, highest parasitization (\(\mathop X\limits^\_\) = 71%) byT. pretiosum (Riley) ofH. zea eggs placed on pea seedlings grown in pie pans was obtained if the whole pan was treated; lowest parasitism (\(\mathop X\limits^\_\) = 29%) occurred when the pans were untreated. Parasitization was intermediate (\(\mathop X\limits^\_\) = 52%) in other pans treated only at selected spots. Dissections ofH. zea eggs collected from kairomonetreated and untreated field plots revealed that eggs ofTrichogramma spp. were more efficiently distributed (less superparasitism) among host eggs in treated plots. These kairomones increase parasitization ofTrichogramma spp. by releasing and continuously reinforcing an intensified searching behavior rather than by attracting and guiding the parasite directly to the host.
Repopulation After a Fish Kill in Mud Creek, Washington County, Arkansas following Pesticide Pollution

Abstract Repopulation after a fish kill caused by pesticide pollution in Mud Creek, Washington County, Arkansas is reported. Twenty-nine species of fishes were eliminated from the study area as a result of the poison. Repopulation began almost immediately after the pesticide dissipated, and was accomplished primarily by immature individuals. Chronology and rate of repopulation of each species are reported, and factors influencing the rate of repopulation and population structure are discussed.
Development of Competitive Behaviors in Anglo-American and Mexican-American Children:

Social behaviors of Anglo-American and Mexican-American boys and girls of 5 to 6 and 7 to 9 yr. were assessed using 6 two-person choice cards. Concern for absolute gains was an overriding motive for all children. In the absence of the possibility of absolute gains, significant cultural and age differences were observed: Anglo-American and older children more often chose to give their peers fewer rewards than did Mexican-American and younger children. The cultural differences increased with age. The observed cultural difference could not be attributed to economic level and contrary to the conclusions of previous research, was probably related to concern for relative gains, not rivalry.
Protein kinase C phosphorylation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 on Serine 839 regulates Ca2+ oscillations.

The activation of Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR5 andmGluR1α, triggers intracellular calcium release; however, mGluR5activation is unique in that it elicits Ca2+ oscillations. A shortregion of the mGluR5 C terminus is the critical determinant and differs fromthe analogous region of mGluR1α by a single amino acid residue, Thr-840,which is an aspartic acid (Asp-854) in mGluR1α. Previous studies showthat mGluR5-elicited Ca2+ oscillations require protein kinase C(PKC)-dependent phosphorylation and identify Thr-840 as the phosphorylationsite. However, direct phosphorylation of mGluR5 has not been studied indetail. We have used biochemical analyses to directly investigate thephosphorylation of the mGluR5 C terminus. We showed that Ser-839 on mGluR5 isdirectly phosphorylated by PKC, whereas Thr-840 plays a permissive role.Although Ser-839 is conserved in mGluR1α (Ser-853), it is notphosphorylated, as the adjacent residue (Asp-854) is not permissive; however,mutagenesis of Asp-854 to a permissive alanine residue allows phosphorylationof Ser-853 on mGluR1α. We investigated the physiological consequences ofmGluR5 Ser-839 phosphorylation using Ca2+ imaging. Mutations thateliminate Ser-839 phosphorylation prevent the characteristic mGluR5-dependentCa2+ oscillations. However, mutation of Thr-840 to alanine, whichprevents potential Thr-840 phosphorylation but is still permissive for Ser-839phosphorylation, has no effect on Ca2+ oscillations. Thus, weshowed that it is phosphorylation of Ser-839, not Thr-840, that is absolutelyrequired for the unique Ca2+ oscillations produced by mGluR5activation. The Thr-840 residue is important only in that it is permissive forthe PKC-dependent phosphorylation of Ser-839.
New challenges for parents of the mentally retarded in the 1980s

∗ Martha Ufford Dickerson recently visited Australia as keynote speaker at a conference on policy development. This paper appeared in The Training Quarterly in Development Disabilities, Temple University, Woodhaven Center, September, 1981, and is reprinted with permission.
D1-dopamine receptor binding and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity in the fetal and neonatal hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Abstract The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus is the site of an endogenous biological clock that regulates mammalian circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms, although endogenously driven, are synchronized or entrained to daily environmental cues. Developmentally, the SCN begins to oscillate before birth and is entrained to the maternal circadian rhythm by a mechanism that is still unclear. Recent evidence in rats and hamsters suggests that a fetal dopaminergic system and D1-dopamine receptors may be involved in the process of entraining the fetal clock. The present study using [3H]SCH 23390 autoradiography and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry determined the developmental time courses of the appearance of D1 receptors in, and catecholaminergic input to, the hamster SCN. [3H]SCH 23390 binding to D1-dopamine receptors was first detected in the fetal SCN on embryonic day (E) 15, the day before birth in this species, and persisted through adulthood. The TH immunoreactive fibers were first observed on day E15 coursing just ventral to the fetal SCN but TH-immunoreactive cells and fibers were not seen within the SCN until postnatal day (P) 5. The presence of D1-dopamine receptor binding in the fetal hamster SCN is consistent with the role of these receptors in entrainment of the fetal circadian pacemaker to maternal cues. However, a receptor–transmitter mismatch exists between D1-dopamine receptors and TH-immunoreactive fibers in the fetal SCN suggesting that the role of dopamine in maternal–fetal entrainment may be as a paracrine or humoral signal.
Integrated test of interacting controllers and datapaths

In systems consisting of interacting datapaths and controllers and utilizing built-in self test (BIST), the datapaths and controllers are traditionally tested separately by isolating each component from the environment of the system during test. This work facilitates the testing of datapath/controller pairs in an integrated fashion. The key to the approach is the addition of logic to the system that interacts with the existing controller to push the effects of controller faults into the data flow, so that they can be observed at the datapath registers rather than directly at the controller outputs. The result is to reduce the BIST overhead over what is needed if the datapath and controller are tested independently, and to allow a more complete test of the interface between datapath and controller, including the faults that do not manifest themselves in isolation. Fault coverage and overhead results are given for four example circuits.
Identification of the essential and non-essential transcription units for protein synthesis, DNA replication and infectious virus production of Porcine circovirus type 1.

A plasmid-based transfection system capable of yielding infectious Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) was established and mutational analysis was conducted to investigate the involvement of each viral transcription unit in protein synthesis, DNA replication and progeny virus production. During PCV1 replication in PK15 cells, twelve viral-specific RNAs are synthesized. They include the capsid protein RNA (CR), eight Rep-associated RNAs (Rep, Rep’, Rep3a, Rep3b, Rep3c-1, Rep3c-2, Rep3c-3 and Rep3c-4), and three NS-associated RNAs (NS462, NS642 and NS0). A stop codon introduced at the 5’-end of CR did not affect Rep-associated antigens or viral DNA synthesis. Altering the consensus dinucleotide at the splice junctions of the Rep3 RNAs and NS462 or introducing an early termination codon in Rep3c-4 and NS0 also did not have any affect on virus replication. However, mutations in Rep and Rep’ caused greater than 99% reduction of protein synthesis and complete shut down of viral DNA replication. NS642 could not be assayed in this study because silent mutation at the splice junction was not possible. However, it is probably equivalent to the non-essential RNA (NS672) of PCV type 2. Thus, only two proteins, Rep and Rep’, are essential for PCV1 protein, DNA and infectious virus biosynthesis.
Low Prevalence of Hearing Aid Use Among Older Adults with Hearing Loss: The Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study

OBJECTIVES: To measure the prevalence of hearing aid use among older adults with hearing loss and to identify factors associated with those currently using hearing aids. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. SETTING: The south-central Wisconsin community of Beaver Dam. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1629 adults, aged 48 to 92 years, who have hearing loss and are participating in the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study and the Beaver Dam Eye Study. MEASUREMENTS: A hearing-related risk factor and medical history questionnaire, the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (screening version), screening tympanometry, pure-tone air- and bone-conduction audiometry, and word recognition tests were administered by trained examiners using standard protocols. RESULTS: The prevalence of current hearing aid use among those with a hearing loss (pure-tone average > 25 decibels hearing level over 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hertz, worse ear) was 14.6%. The prevalence was 55% in a subset of the most severely affected participants. In univariate analyses, current hearing aid use was associated with age, severity of loss, word recognition scores, self-reported hearing loss, self-perceived hearing handicap, and history of noise exposure. Factors associated with current hearing aid use in multivariate logistic regression models were age, severity of loss, education, word recognition scores, Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (screening version) score, and self-report of a hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS: Few older adults with hearing loss are currently utilizing hearing aids. Improved screening and intervention programs to identify older adults who would benefit from amplification are needed to improve hearing-related quality of life for this large segment of the population.
Relative stability of hetacillin and ampicillin in solution.

Abstract Sodium ampicillin in solution loses almost 10% of its activity in 1 hr. at room temperature at a concentration of 250 mg./ml.; but at 30 mg./ml., it requires 8 hr. for the same loss of activity. Hetacillin, an acetone adduct of ampicillin, loses somewhat less than 10% activity in 6 hr. at a concentration of 250 mg./ml. under the same conditions. Hetacillin has been shown to convert to ampicillin with a half-life of only 20-30 min. at room temperature and, therefore, should lose more than 10% activity in 6 hr. An explanation of these inconsistent data is offered herein by adopting a model reaction scheme which incorporates the concentration dependence of both ampicillin degradation and the hetacillin-ampicillin equilibrium. The consistency of the model is shown using literature data, and the properties of the model are discussed.
Experiences with STARBURST Front-End Data Preprocessing at LBL's SuperHILAC and 88-Inch Cyclotron

A Starburst processor, comprising a single-width CAMAC auxiliary crate controller with an on-board PDP 11/73 microcomputer and memory-mapped CAMAC interface, has been in service at the Laboratory for two years. It was originally implemented to allow zero-suppressed CAMAC data acquisition, but its versatility has led to the development of a front-end data acquisition language which can be used to significantly reduce acquisition deadtime and the volume of data recorded. Starburst has been implemented as a slave to the existing ModComp data acquisition computers, and has also been linked to a MicroVAX II computer through a standard parallel interface. Data format, system performance, and the data acquisition language and structure are discussed.
OpenMP parallelism for fluid and fluid-particulate systems

In order to exploit the flexibility of OpenMP in parallelizing large scale multi-physics applications where different modes of parallelism are needed for efficient computation, it is first necessary to be able to scale OpenMP codes as well as MPI on large core counts. In this research we have implemented fine grained OpenMP parallelism for a large CFD code GenIDLEST and investigated the performance from 1 to 256 cores using a variety of performance optimization and measurement tools. It is shown through weak and strong scaling studies that OpenMP performance can be made to match that of MPI on the SGI Altix systems for up to 256 cores. Data placement and locality were established to be key components in obtaining good scalability with OpenMP. It is also shown that a hybrid implementation on a dual core system gives the same performance as standalone MPI or OpenMP. Finally, it is shown that in irregular multi-physics applications which do not adhere solely to the SPMD (Single Process, Multiple Data) mode of computation, as encountered in tightly coupled fluid-particulate systems, the flexibility of OpenMP can have a big performance advantage over MPI.
Viral latency: a link between myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy?

Abstract J. W. MASON. Viral Latency: A Link between Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy? Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (2002) 34 , 695–698.
Reversible photodarkening of amorphous arsenic chalcogens

Abstract Illumination with bandgap light induces changes in physical properties of many chalcogenide semiconductors. Fundamental aspects of strike reversible photodarkening (the light-induced red-shift in the optical absorption edge) in arsenic-chalcogen glasses are critically reviewed. For understanding photodarkening at the microscopic level, details of the changes in the atomic structure that accompany the shift in the absorption edge are of particular importance. Study of the structural changes by a variety of techniques has revealed a phenomenon rich in basic physics but has not led a coherent picture of the underlying microscopic mechanism. Application of advanced experimental probes providing more detailed structural information has clarified some of the fundamental changes in the atomic structure and their relation to changes in the electronic and mechanical properties. Modifications in short-range and intermediate-range order accompany photodarkening. The changes in short-range order in the form of increased AsAs bonding are very small and probably do not play a predominant role in the changes in the electronic structure. Evidence suggests that the primary effect of the light-induced changes is the modification of intermediate-range correlations.
EFFECT OF B-3-THIENYLALANINE ON ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS. II. RELATION OF TIME OF DRUG FEEDING TO INHIBITION OF SYNTHESIS.

SummaryThe time of action of B-3-TA on antibody synthesis has been further narrowed to the first 2 days following antigen injection. A study of the histological reaction observed in the red pulp of the spleen following immunization has revealed only slight decrease in number of pyronin positive cells at 5 days after administration of antigen.
Paraspinal nerve sheath tumors

Spinal tumors compose a vast heterogeneous group of neoplasms that are classified by origin into vertebral column, spinal canal, or paraspinal region tumors. Tumors with both intraspinal (intracanalicular) and paraspinal (extracanalicular) components that communicate via an intravertebral foramen are defined as "dumbbell tumors." This article focuses on the characteristics of a few types of paraspinal tumors, with special emphasis on the management of nerve sheath dumbbell tumors.
Faulted and tilted Pliocene olivine-tholeiite lavas near Alturas, NE California, and their bearing on the uplift of the Warner Range

Late Miocene-Pliocene (8-3 Ma) olivine basalt lavas, dated in this study by the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar method, have been faulted and tilted on both the east and west sides of the Warner Range of NE California, which is itself a tilted block rising to 2960 m at its crest that is composed of Miocene-Oligocene lavas and volcaniclastic rocks. The late Miocene-Pliocene lavas, distinctively poor in K 2 O and rich in MgO, are called low-K olivine tholeiites and have a different mantle source region than that of the older subduction-related lavas of the main Warner Range. Hays Canyon Range (max. elev. 2400 m) lies to the east of the Wamer Range, and the broad Surprise Valley separates the two fault-bounded ranges. Middle Miocene (ca. 15 Ma) basic lavas, with a small easterly dip, cap the Hays Canyon Range and overlie Oligocene silicic ash-flow deposits and a basaltic andesite spatter volcano. Middle Miocene basic lavas also form the crest of the Warner Range and its westerly dip slope (-15°). Nearly horizontal basic lavas of the same age are also found on both sides of the Warner Range, and it is a plausible conclusion that these middle Miocene basalts were a contiguous group before faulting and uplift of the Warner Range. Derived estimates of uplift rates (∼1 mm/ yr) of the Warner Range indicate that uplift could have been initiated at ca. 4 Ma, a period of the most voluminous eruption of low-K olivine tholeiite lavas. If the slower Cretaceous exhumation rate of the Sierra Nevada (0.5-1.0 mm/yr) is applied to the total offset of the Warner Range (4270 m), and it did not vary with time, then the uplift of the Warner Range was initiated at ca. 8 Ma, which coincides with the age of the oldest low-K olivine tholeiite lava (8 Ma). Low-K olivine tholeiites require a hot shallow asthenospheric source, and it is the rise of this hot mantle that is presumed to have caused the uplift of the Warner Range. Whether or not the widespread eruption of small volumes of Pliocene low-K olivine tholeiites in central and eastern Oregon is associated with crustal uplift is unknown.
Assessing Medical Student Professionalism: An Analysis of a Peer Assessment

Purpose: Students’ professional development is an essential aim of medical school. The purpose of this paper is to report how an assessment of first-year medical students’ professional behavior was designed and to investigate its measurement characteristics. Methods: The assessment was implemented as a peer assessment of professional skills, which were delineated according to a formal professional code developed by our curriculum committee. During the last week of the Fall 2005 semester, the professionalism assessment was administered online to students in a problem-based learning course. Results: The internal consistency of the assessment is adequate. The generalizability study found that raters nested within persons accounted for the majority of variance. While the inter-rater reliability is relatively low, using multiple raters may yield an acceptable estimate of the relative reliability. Conclusions: The results suggest that this peer assessment is a practical assessment, evidenced by the 91% compliance rate. However, future research and modifications will be needed to address the variance of responses, helping to discriminate between “poor” and “good” observations of professionalism. In addition, multiple raters are required to supply reliable estimates of students’ professional behavior. Coupling this evaluation with other professionalism evaluations may help reveal a more complete picture of students’ professional behavior. Keywords: Problem Based Learning, PBL, Evaluation, Ethics/professionalism, Peer Assessment
Matched filter spectrum shaping for light efficiency

The bilinear transform between the optical apodization functions derived from VanderLugt's filter and Wiener's filter is exploited to provide filters of which a new minimax filter can trade the minimum mean-square distance with the maximum detection spot intensity. Their optical power efficiencies are analytically compared with their estimated error distances. Since a complex two-object cross-correlation product can be replaced by an algebraic sum of the real intensities of three objects, 〈OO*〉 + 〈O*O〉 = 〈|O|2+ 〈|O|2〉 − 〈|O − O |2〉, quantitative measurement of the matched filter performance is readily possible. Digital simulation results of Airy patterns are given to illustrate the identity for target detections.
James Franklin Crow (1916-2012).

“A deeper understanding” was one of James Crow's favorite phrases when he lectured. It is also a good way to sum up the gift he leaves to science. His field was genetics, especially population genetics. He was known and revered as much for inspiring generations of students and colleagues as for his numerous original contributions to the field.
Electron–phonon renormalization and phonon anharmonicity in metals

Abstract Electron–phonon renormalization and phonon anharmonicity in metals are investigated by employing density functional theory based first-principles electronic structure methods. Using doped silicon, diamond, and MgB2 as examples, it is shown that phonon anharmonicity may be significantly renormalized by electron–phonon interactions, especially for phonon modes that couple strongly with electrons. The unusually large third-order anharmonic potential of the E 2 g phonon in MgB2 is largely due to the electron–phonon renormalization effect.
Tissue-Specific Alterations in Zinc Transporter Expression in Intestine and Liver Reflect a Threshold for Homeostatic Compensation during Dietary Zinc Deficiency in Weanling Rats

Intestinal zinc (Zn) absorption and liver Zn mobilization are presumed to regulate Zn homeostasis. Several Zn transporters have been identified; however, their contribution to Zn homeostasis is poorly understood. Moreover, their regulation during periods of growth is unknown. To characterize the mechanisms that maintain Zn status, weanling rats were fed control (25 mg/kg), marginally low (MLZ; 15 mg/kg), low (LZ; 7 mg/kg), or very low (VLZ; <1 mg/kg) Zn diets for 3 wk and effects on jejunum Zip4 and ZnT1 and hepatic Zip1 and ZnT1 were assessed. Another control group was pair-fed (PF) to VLZ. The MLZ rats had lower jejunum ZnT1 protein abundance than the control. In the LZ group, we detected increased jejunum Zip4 mRNA expression and hepatic ZnT1 protein abundance and reduced jejunum Zip4 and ZnT1 and hepatic Zip1 protein abundance. VLZ had lower jejunum ZnT1 mRNA and protein abundance and hepatic Zip1 and ZnT1 protein abundance compared with the PF group. Zip4 protein was present at the intestinal villus tip in controls but was detected on the apical membrane throughout the entire villus in LZ rats. ZnT5 protein in jejunum was always detected at the apical membrane and also at the basolateral membrane of VLZ rats. In contrast, ZnT7 was found intracellularly in jejunum. Our data suggest that effects of Zn deficiency on Zn homeostasis occurs biphasically during marginal Zn deficiency through increased intestinal Zn uptake capacity and reduced intestinal Zn efflux, then during more pronounced degrees of Zn deficiency through decreased liver Zn accretion and increased hepatic Zn efflux back into circulation. These results assist in our understanding of how mammals regulate Zn homeostasis.
The effects of aging, injury and disease on microglial function: a case for cellular senescence

Neuroinflammation resulting from chronic reactive microgliosis is thought to contribute to age-related neurodegeneration, as well as age-related neurodegenerative diseases, specifically Alzheimer's disease (AD). Support of this theory comes from studies reporting a progressive, age-associated increase in microglia with an activated phenotype. Although the underlying cause(s) of this microglial reactivity is idiopathic, an accepted therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD is inhibition of microglial activation using anti-inflammatory agents. Although the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory treatment for AD remains equivocal, microglial inhibition is being tested as a potential treatment for additional neurodegenerative disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Given the important and necessary functions of microglia in normal brain, careful evaluation of microglial function in the aged brain is a necessary first step in targeting more precise treatment strategies for aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. Studies from our laboratory have shown multiple age-related changes in microglial morphology and function that are suggestive of cellular senescence. In this manuscript, we review current knowledge of microglia in the aging brain and present new, unpublished work that further supports the theory that microglia experience an age-related decline in proliferative function as a result of cellular senescence.
A constant factor approximation for the single sink edge installation problems

We present the first constant approximation to the single sink buy-at-bulk network design problem, where we have to design a network by buying pipes of different costs and capacities per unit length to route demands at a set of sources to a single sink. The distances in the underlying network form a metric. This result improves the previous bound of O(\log |R|), where R is the set of sources. Our algorithms are combinatorial and can be derandomized easily at the cost of a constant factor loss in the approximation ratio.
Authentic in vitro replication of two tombusviruses in isolated mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum membranes.

Replication of plus-stranded RNA viruses takes place on membranous structures derived from various organelles in infected cells. Previous works with Tomato bushy stunt tombusvirus (TBSV) revealed the recruitment of either peroxisomal or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes for replication. In case of Carnation Italian ringspot tombusvirus (CIRV), the mitochondrial membranes supported CIRV replication. In this study, we developed ER and mitochondrion-based in vitro tombusvirus replication assays. Using purified recombinant TBSV and CIRV replication proteins, we showed that TBSV could use the purified yeast ER and mitochondrial preparations for complete viral RNA replication, while CIRV preferentially replicated in the mitochondrial membranes. The viral RNA became partly RNase resistant after 40 to 60 min of incubation in the purified ER and mitochondrial preparations, suggesting that assembly of TBSV and CIRV replicases could take place in the purified ER and mitochondrial membranes in vitro. Using chimeric and heterologous combinations of replication proteins, we showed that multiple domains within the replication proteins are involved in determining the efficiency of tombusvirus replication in the two subcellular membranes. Altogether, we demonstrated that TBSV is less limited while CIRV is more restricted in utilizing various intracellular membranes for replication. Overall, the current work provides evidence that tombusvirus replication could occur in vitroin isolated subcellular membranes, suggesting that tombusviruses have the ability to utilize alternative organellar membranes during infection that could increase the chance of mixed virus replication and rapid evolution during coinfection.
Preadaptation and European Colonization in Rural North America

ABSTRACT The European colonization of rural North America and its resultant mosaic of cultures and ethnicity provided a rich subject material for historical geographers. Seven descriptive themes and concepts—region, diffusion, landscape, first effective settlement, simplification, environmental perception, and humans as modifiers of the earth—have traditionally been employed by geographers in their study of rural Euroamericans, providing an impressive empirical body of knowledge upon which to base our causal analyses. Seeking explanation, we began assertively as environmental determinists, subsequently moving to economic and cultural determinism. Few sought holistic explanations. It is here suggested that cultural ecology, and in particular the concept of preadaptation, offers an additional, potent, but largely unused explanatory device for the interpretation of overseas European farm settlement. If used in conjunction with economic and cultural determinism, preadaptation can contribute to our explanatory...
Interleukin 15 Is Required for Proliferative Renewal of Virus-specific Memory CD8 T Cells

The generation and efficient maintenance of antigen-specific memory T cells is essential for long-lasting immunological protection. In this study, we examined the role of interleukin (IL)-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor α chain. Both cytokine- and receptor-deficient mice made potent primary CD8 T cell responses to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), effectively cleared the virus and generated a pool of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells that were phenotypically and functionally similar to memory CD8 T cells present in IL-15+/+ mice. However, longitudinal analysis revealed a slow attrition of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals.This loss of CD8 T cells was due to a severe defect in the proliferative renewal of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells in IL-15−/− mice. Taken together, these results show that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time.
Reconstructing ‘Traditional’ Justice from the Outside in: Transitional Justice in Aceh and East Timor

Transitional justice programmes in post-conflict Aceh, Indonesia, and East Timor are often described as acts of bottom-up reconciliation, highlighting both the community focus of the programmes and...
China's Economic Sanctions against Vietnam, 1975–1978

This article carries a two-fold argument. First, Beijing's economic sanctions against Vietnam during the period 1975–1978 were mainly motivated by its desire to punish Vietnam for an anti-China policy that smacked of ingratitude for the latter's past assistance, fuelled further by Hanoi's closer relations with Moscow. They were also designed to extract Hanoi's accommodation of China's demand for territorial boundary concessions and to halt the persecution of ethnic Chinese residents in Vietnam. Second, the resultant meltdown of Sino-Vietnamese relations, as well as the making of the Soviet-Vietnamese alliance between 1975 and 1978, was gradual and contentious rather than swift and decisive as most existing studies contend. Hanoi's reluctance to forge a formal military alliance with the faraway Soviet Union against China was largely driven by the importance of China's remaining aid and economic potential to Vietnam's post-war economic reconstruction and the uncertainty of the Soviet commitment to aid Vietnam.
Depressive symptoms and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with heart failure

Background:Inflammation may be a link between depressive symptoms and outcomes in patients with heart failure. It is not clear whether inflammatory markers are independently related to depressive symptoms in this population.Aim:To determine which inflammatory biomarkers are independently associated with depressive symptoms in heart failure.Methods and results:We analyzed data from 428 outpatients enrolled in a heart failure registry (32% female, 61 ± 12 years, 48% New York Heart Association Class III/IV). Depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP), cytokines (interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10), tumor necrosis alpha, and soluble receptors sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were measured with enzyme immunoassay. Multiple regressions were used to determine which biomarkers were associated with depressive symptoms controlling for demographics, heart failure severity, and clinical variables. Twenty-seven percent (n = 119) had depressive symptoms. CRP ...
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE REPRESENTATIVE VOLUME ELEMENT AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT CONCRETE

The size of an asphalt concrete test specimen has been traditionally determined based on experience and practical purposes. This study discusses theoretical considerations for selecting the minimum dimensions so that the resulting size of the specimen represents global material properties. The ideal size of the specimen was determined using an image analysis approach and was verified with mechanical tests. The image analysis was accomplished by studying the internal structure of asphalt concrete. The internal structure was captured using a nondestructive X-ray computer tomography technique. Mechanical testing was accomplished by using the Superpave Shear Tester on laboratory-prepared samples. The laboratory samples had dimensions that were both smaller and larger than the theoretically determined representative size. Statistical analysis indicates that the variability of the results is a function of the loading mechanism used in the Superpave Shear Tester. In general, the required representative size incr...
An exact geometric-optics approach for computing the optical properties of large absorbing particles

Abstract Based on the principles of geometric optics, the ray-tracing technique has been extensively used to compute the single-scattering properties of particles whose sizes are much larger than the wavelength of the incident wave. However, the inhomogeneity characteristics of internal waves within an absorbing particle, which stem from a complex index of refraction, have not been fully taken into consideration in the geometric ray-tracing approaches reported in the literature for computing the scattering properties of absorbing particles. In this paper, we first demonstrate that electromagnetic fields associated with an absorbing particle can be decomposed into the TE and TM modes. Subsequently, on the basis of Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic boundary conditions for the TE-mode electric field and the TM-mode magnetic field, we derive generalized Fresnel reflection and refraction coefficients, which differ from conventional formulae and do not involve complex angles. Additionally, a recurrence formulism is developed for the computation of the scattering phase matrix of an absorbing particle within the framework of the conventional geometric ray-tracing method. We further present pertinent numerical examples for the phase function and the degree of linear polarization in conjunction with light scattering by individual absorbing spheres, and discuss the deviation of the geometric optics solutions from the exact Lorenz–Mie results with respect to size parameter and complex refractive index.
Effect of Diabetes on Brain Structure: The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes MR Imaging Baseline Data

The results of this study show that measures of longer duration of diabetes or biochemical severity correlated primarily with brain atrophy, but not with white matter lesion volume, which is the major MR imaging marker of small vessel ischemic disease.
Cluster Analysis of Surface Winds in Houston, Texas, and the Impact of Wind Patterns on Ozone

Abstract The city of Houston, Texas, is near a complex coastline and numerous petrochemical plants, the combination of which plays a large role in Houston’s air pollution events. It has long been known that the thermally driven afternoon onshore flow (sea breeze or gulf breeze) transports ozone-rich air inland. As a way of quantifying the role of the gulf breeze in Houston’s high-ozone events, cluster analysis of hourly averaged surface winds from a regional network of meteorological sensors was performed for 27 summer days of 2000, with the dates coinciding with the Texas Air Quality Study 2000 (TexAQS 2000). Hourly averaged winds were partitioned into 16 independent clusters, or wind patterns, while simultaneously keeping track of the maximum ozone in the network for each hour. Clusters emerged that represented various wind patterns, including thermally driven flows, stagnant winds, and a thunderstorm outflow. All clusters were used to assess which wind patterns were most likely to be coincident with th...
Power distribution in a planar-waveguide-based broadcast star network

A two-dimensional planar optical waveguide has been proposed as a substitute for a star coupler in a semiconductor-wafer-scale network in order to eliminate the need for a conventional waveguide coupler as well as the precision alignments between optical sources, waveguides, and photodetectors. The received optical power in the planar broadcast network is shown to scale inversely with the number of stations on the network, just as for the case of a conventional star-coupler-based network. A network-size-independent power penalty of at most 13.4 dB and a large receiver dynamic range requirement are seen to be the costs of this simplified configuration. >
Experience with Cefsulodin Therapy For Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Adults Without Cystic Fibrosis or Granulocytopenia

Cefsulodin was administered as the sole antipseudomonal therapy to 14 adults without cystic fibrosis or granulocytopenia for infection of the lower respiratory tract caused by susceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At dosages of 1.0-1.5 g intravenously every 6 hr, peak serum antipseudomonal activity consistently exceeded 1:16. Twelve patients (86%) showed a favorable therapeutic response: six (43%) with eradication of P. aeruginosa from the respiratory tract and six (43%) with persistent colonization. Two patients (14%) did not respond to cefsulodin therapy. In five cases (36%), P. aeruginosa resistant to cefsulodin appeared during the course of therapy, in two cases contributing to therapeutic failure; three strains also acquired cross-resistance to two or more other antipseudomonal beta-lactam antibiotics. Cefsulodin was well tolerated, with no evidence of organ toxicity or other adverse effects discerned. These therapeutic results are comparable with or superior to those reported with other antipseudomonal drugs studied in single-drug regimens for treatment of P. aeruginosa lower respiratory tract infections in this patient population.
How Interviewing Became Therapy for Wives of Professional Athletes: Learning From a Serendipitous Experience:

During field research on wives of professional athletes, several of the wives seemed to find that the in-depth interviews had a therapeutic value. Indeed, they themselves often referred to the interview sessions as “therapy sessions,” opportunities to unload suppressed feelings, innermost thoughts, and private experiences in ways that led to certain self-transformations. This article examines the nature of collaborative relationships in the interviewing process and factors that enabled some of the wives to experience a cathartic process of self-revelation and an introspective process of self-discovery, thereby gaining more from their participation than they had expected.
Ideological Divide within the Cabinet and Public Spending

A budget, i.e., spending by category, is prepared by the cabinet of (three key) ministers. The finance minister wants to minimize total spending, while the rest have single-peaked preferences over budgets and each views his own spending as relatively more important. The goal is to understand effects of polarization in spending priorities,—or divergence of the ideal points,—on the budget under two typical budgeting procedures. If the procedure is “fragmented,” i.e., the finance minister just passively compiles spending requests, then the divergence of the ideal budgets increases total spending. If the procedure is more centralized, i.e., challenging the initial proposal of the finance minister is costly, and it also requires support of another minister, then polarization may lead to a tighter budget, as it enlarges the set of the unchallenged proposals, provided the ideals of the spending ministers are sufficiently far apart.
A study of fungus flies (Dipteral Mycetophilidae) in beech woodland

. 1. A study was made of larval and adult Mycetophilidae in coppiced beech woodland in southern England. Adult mycetophilids were trapped throughout 1968 using sticky traps at ground level. Larvae inhabiting terrestrial fungi were collected from all sporophores from a defined area of the woodland floor between August and October 1968. 2. Larval mycetophilids were extracted from only 12.6% of all sporophores collected and from fifteen of thirty-eight species of fungi present. Some species of fungi were never inhabited by larval mycetophilids while others appeared to be highly attractive to them. Since it was not possible to identify the larvae beyond the level of tribe it was impossible to ascertain host preferences for different species. Peak numbers of larvae occurred at the beginning of September and the beginning of October. 3. Adult mycetophilids had two peaks of activity, the first in March and April when the dominant species were Boletina gripha and Phronia basalis and the second in autumn when species of the genus Mycetophila were dominant. Phronia basalis is a species whose larvae inhabit dead wood and the abundance of this species (40% of all adults) probably reflects the amount of rotting wood in this type of habitat. The autumn peak of adult activity was due to species known to inhabit agaric sporophores and came about 1 month after the peak of larval numbers in fungi. 4. The adult fauna was rich with 107 species representing about a quarter of the known British fauna. However, only twelve species were trapped in sufficient numbers to allow deductions concerning seasonal activity. 5. The results were discussed with respect to the problems of assessing populations of insects inhabiting fungal sporophores and to the previous work on this neglected group.
Time course of the carbon tetrachloride-induced decrease in mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase activity☆

Hepatic microsomal enzymes like cytochrome P-450 and glucose 6-phosphatase are inhibited after exposure to CCl4 in vivo. Since comparatively less is known about the effects of CCl4 on nonmicrosomal enzymes, we investigated the rapidity by which CCl4 inhibits the low Km mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozyme, an enzyme known to be inhibited 24 hr after CCl4 treatment. The activity of this ALDH isozyme was significantly lowered 6 and 12 hr after a single 1 ml/kg intragastric dose of CCl4. The mitochondrial low Km ALDH specific activities exhibited a similar pattern of destruction/inhibition to the documented target enzyme microsomal cytochrome P-450 in that lowest values were observed 6 hr after CCl4. These values were 44 and 37% of control for cytochrome P-450 content and the low Km ALDH activity, respectively. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity, expressed as activity per gram liver, was depressed 12 hr after CCl4 dosing. Finally, the activity of the low Km cytosolic ALDH, the isozyme that metabolizes malondialdehyde at low concentrations, was not affected by CCl4 treatment. The CCl4-induced decline in the activity of the matrix ALDH isozyme occurs earlier than previously reported mitochondrial damage. The study of sensitive enzymes like the low Km ALDH may provide valuable information by which it may be possible to determine the relationship of the truly rapid biochemical effects of CCl4 such as microsomal lipid peroxidation with later effects on nonmicrosomal components.
Does evapotranspiration influence the strength of the North American monsoon? — Multitemporal satellite analysis of evapotranspiration and its effects

We test the hypothesis that strength of North American monsoon is influenced by surface processes such as evapotranspiration and sensible heat flux. In order to estimate evapotranspiration, three different satellite remote sensing-based methods are used: We use the Penman-Monteith approach developed by Cleugh et al. (2007) [2] and the revised Penman-Monteith approach developed by Mu et al. (2007) [5]. Furthermore, we use a simple latent heat residual method. All three methods use MODIS data as input datasets. The results obtained by the three methods are compared against flux tower measurements. Sensible heat flux is estimated using satellite measurements of land surface temperature and balloon sounding measurements of air temperature. Evapotranspiration shows a sharp peak during the monsoon season and this feature is captured by all three methods. This lends credence to the hypothesis that increased latent heat flux results in more monsoonal precipitation.
Efficient traffic aware power management for multicore communications processors

Multicore communications processors have become the main computing element in Internet routers and mobile base stations due to their flexibility and high processing capability. These processors are designed and equipped with enough resources to handle peak traffic loads. But network traffic varies significantly over time and peak traffic is observed very rarely. This variation in amount of traffic gives us an opportunity to save power during the low traffic times. Existing power management schemes are either too conservative or are unaware of traffic demands. We present a predictive power management scheme for communications or network processors. We use a traffic and load predictor to pro-actively change the number of active cores. Predictive power management provides more power efficiency than reactive schemes because it reduces the lag between load changes and changes in power adaptations since adaptations can be applied before the load changes. The proposed scheme also uses Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) to change the frequency of the active cores to adapt to variation in traffic during the prediction interval. We perform experiments on real network traces and show that the proposed traffic aware scheme can save up to 40\% more power in communications processors as compared to traditional power management schemes.
On not being rational

A Bayesian decision-theoretic approach appears to me as a sensible idealization of a guide to behaviour. At the same time I would like to understand why my behaviour is not always of this form: I sometimes use randomization and I sometimes find confidence intervals acceptable. Not all of my problems have an explicit cost function. Am I lazy or irrational? Do I use non-Bayesian conventions to help communicate? Is the cost of rationality-computation missing from the Bayesian model?
Some Relations Between Wind and Thermal Structure of Steady State Hurricanes

Abstract Several simple integrations are performed to determine to what extent a steady, symmetrical hurricane model can be used to approximate observed storm structure. A two-layer model with inflow and outflow is considered. In the outflow, the absolute angular momentum about the vertical axis at the hurricane center is conserved. In the inflow, conservation of potential vorticity is assumed. For specified outer boundary conditions this assumption determines the distribution of momentum transport from air to ocean and there-with the radial profile of the tangential wind component. The local heat source at the ocean surface is assumed to supply the energy for the generation of hurricane winds. Given this heat source and the vertical wind shear between inflow and outflow layers from the dynamic model, a relation must exist between heat source and momentum sink at the air-water interface, if a particular wind field is to exist in steady state. This relation is computed. Various empirical tests are performe...