cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Material characterization and electrochemical study on LiNi{sub 0.95}Ti{sub 0.05}O{sub 2} materials.

Layered LiNi{sub 0.95}Ti{sub 0.05}O{sub 2} cathodes were prepared by solid-state reaction and characterized by various techniques. X-ray diffraction shows that the samples have highly ordered and phase-pure layered compounds after heating at 750{sup o}C in an O{sub 2} atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy and particle size distribution analysis reveal that the LiNi{sub 0.95}Ti{sub 0.05}O{sub 2} material has spherical morphology with particle size of about 12 {mu}m. The LiNi{sub 0.95}Ti{sub 0.05}O{sub 2} electrodes exhibited large capacity and excellent electrochemical behavior. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the existence of tetravalent titanium as a substituent. Indications are that the structural integrity of the LiNi{sub 1-x}Ti{sub x}O{sub 2} materials was preserved because the Ti{sup 4+} ions prevented impurity Ni{sup 2+} migration into the lithium sites. Hybrid pulse power characterization testing shows the area specific impedance of 22 {Omega}cm{sup 2}, indicating that the materials could provide more than enough power to level the load on the main engine of the hybrid electric vehicle. Aging tests also show stable impedance values as a function of time (days) at 55{sup o}C, which indicates that the battery based on this material could exhibit long calendar life.
Second Order Equation for BOD

The first order chemical reaction for BOD is examined. A second order chemical reaction equation for BOD in the form y t = t/a + b t is presented and a solution outlined. These equations are applied to experimental data. The results show that a second order equation that can be solved directly by least squares analysis can be applied to BOD data without loss of precision. Raising the test temperature from 20○C to 35○C significantly increases the precision of calculating BOD constants.
Physical processes and diagnostics of gamma‐ray burst emission

With improved data from BATSE and other instruments, it is important to develop a range of diagnostic tools to link gamma‐ray burst observations with theory. I will review some of the physical processes which may take place to form the spectrum of gamma‐ray burst sources, assuming that the bursts originate on strongly magnetized neutron stars. The important diagnostics that these processes provide to probe the emission region and how they might be used to interpret observed spectra will also be discussed.
A case-control study of lung cancer and diesel exhaust exposure in railroad workers.

A case-control study of deaths among U.S. railroad workers was conducted to test the hypothesis that lung cancer is associated with exposure to diesel exhaust. Employed and retired male workers with greater than or equal to 10 yr of service who were born on or after January 1, 1900 and who died between March 1, 1981 and February 28, 1982 were eligible. We collected 87% of the death certificates from 15,059 deaths reported to the U.S. Railroad Retirement Board (RRB). Cases of lung cancer (1,256) were matched to controls by age (+/- 2.5 yr) and date of death (+/- 31 days). Potential exposure to diesel exhaust was assigned based on an industrial hygiene evaluation of jobs and work areas. Each subject's work history was determined from a yearly job report filed by his employer with the RRB from 1959 until death or retirement. Asbestos exposure prior to 1959 was categorized by the job held in 1959, the end of the steam locomotive era, or by the last job held if retirement occurred before 1959. Smoking histories were obtained by questionnaire from next of kin. Using multiple conditional logistic regression analysis to adjust for smoking and asbestos exposure, workers 64 yr of age or younger at the time of death with work in a diesel exhaust exposed job for 20 yr had a significantly increased relative odds (odds ratio = 1.41, 95% Cl = 1.06, 1.88) of lung cancer. No effect of diesel exhaust exposure was seen in workers 65 yr of age or older because many of these men retired shortly after the transition to diesel-powered locomotives.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Implementation Strategies for Workplace Data Collection: A Case Study

In this paper, we describe the methods used for the successful implementation of a longitudinal survey in a workplace setting. Data for the Work, Family & Health Study (WFHS) were collected at baseline and 6, 12, and 18 months post-baseline, and consisted of computer-assisted interviews, basic health measures, dried blood spot collection, and collection of sleep data via an actigraph watch. Data collection in the workplace presents unique logistical and operational challenges. Based on our experience, we discuss these challenges and offer key suggestions for successfully planning and implementing in-person data collection in a workplace setting.
Information Technology in Maquiladoras: An Exploratory Study of Usage and Perceptions

Mexicoâ€™s assembly operations, accelerated by the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), have been much of a debate in recent years. Manufacturing outputs and employment in maquiladoras declined in 2000s, much of which could be attributed to an occurrence called the â€œChina Syndromeâ€ . Mexican maquila operations and jobs are now going to China and other low-wage countries. Are maquiladoras technologically competent to ward-off competitive forces from China and other parts of the world? This article aims to present an exploratory study of IT usage and managerial perceptions of IT-related costs and benefits in maquiladoras. The relevant data was gathered through a survey questionnaire. The results show that IT had a positive impact on maquila business performance. These findings will be useful to managers in assessing their organization and taking corrective actions to become more competitive.
Rapid determination of chromium in natural waters by chemiluminescence with a centrifugal fast analyzer

Abstract The centrifugal fast analyzer was adapted for luminescence measurements by designing an improved transfer disk which mixes solutions more efficiently and by reprogramming the dedicated computer for rapid data acquisition. The modified analyzer system was applied to the chemiluminescent determination of chromium( III) and, after reduction, chromium(VI), by catalysis of the luminol-peroxide reaction in basic medium. From 50 to 600 p.p.b. of chromium in water samples were determined with a relative standard deviation of 1–2%. Sensitivity can be increased if necessary. The method is very rapid—as many as 11 samples can be analyzed in 2.5 s—and only a small sample, 0.3 ml, is required. Since this. method is selective for uncomplexed chromium(III) ions, comparison of results with analyses for total chromium and chromium(VI) by other methods provides information concerning the chromium species present in a sample and the presence or absence of complexing agents.
Managing Psychotropic Drug Costs: Will Formularies Work?

Payers of pharmaceutical benefits are increasingly turning to drug formularies in an attempt to control rising pharmacy costs, including those for psychotropic drugs. In this paper I examine several issues that policymakers should consider when addressing formulary design for psychotropic drugs: heterogeneity within mental health disorders and limited information about treatment effectiveness for individual patients; the potential for plans to try to use formularies to avoid adverse selection and implications for psychotropic coverage; the interaction of Medicaid formulary policy and manufacturers’ incentives for psychotropic innovation; and incentives created by mental health institutions that decrease formularies’ potential effectiveness in controlling psychotropic drug costs.
Neurofibromatosis 2 tumour suppressor schwannomin interacts with βII-spectrin

NF2 is the most commonly mutated gene in benign tumours of the human nervous system. The NF2 protein, called schwannomin or merlin, is absent in virtually all schwannomas, and many meningiomas and ependymomas1-3. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we identified βII-spectrin (also known as fodrin) as a schwannomin-binding protein. Interaction occurred between the carboxy-terminal domain of schwannomin isoform 2 and the ankyrin-binding region of βII-spectrin. Isoform 1 of schwannomin, in contrast, interacted weakly with βII-spectrin, presumably because of its strong self-interaction. Thus, alternative splicing of NF2 may regulate βII-spectrin binding. Schwannomin co-immunoprecipitated with βII-spectrin at physiological concentrations. The two proteins interacted in vitro and co-localized in several target tissues and in STS26T cells. Three naturally occurring NF2 missense mutations showed reduced, but not absent, βII-spectrin binding, suggesting an explanation for the milder phenotypes seen in patients with missense mutations. STS26T cells treated with NF2 anti-sense oligonucleotides showed alterations of the actin cyto-skeleton. Schwannomin itself lacks the actin binding sites found in ezrin, radixin and moesin, suggesting that signalling to the actin cytoskeleton occurs via actin-binding sites on βII-spectrin. Thus, schwannomin is a tumour suppressor directly involved in actin-cytoskeleton organization, which suggests that alterations in the cytoskeleton are an early event in the pathogenesis of some tumour types.
A bioassay for insect deterrent compounds found in plant and animal tissues.

A general ﬁeld bioassay for detecting biologically active compounds in plants and insects has been developed and tested for efﬁcacy and sensitivity. Methanolic extracts, in sucrose solution, of 20 plant and six caterpillar species were offered to the ponerine ant Paraponera clavata and the feeding preferences observed. The bioassay resulted in the detection of nine plant and three caterpillar species with ant-deterrent extracts, and 11 plant and three caterpillar species with neutral or attractant extracts. All of the plants showing ant-deterrent characteristics which had been chemically investigated in our laboratory, or for which chemical literature was available, contained secondary metabolites of known deterrence. Both naturally occurring and artiﬁcial differences in chemical concentrations could be detected using the bioassay. The method provides a means of screening plants and insects for compounds that are insect anti-feedants or that can modify insect behaviour. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coordinated up-regulation of choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter gene expression by the retinoic acid receptor alpha, cAMP, and leukemia inhibitory factor/ciliary neurotrophic factor signaling pathways in a murine septal cell line.

The proteins responsible for acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis (choline acetyltransferase, ChAT) and storage (vesicular ACh transporter, VAChT) are encoded by two closely linked genes in vertebrates, with the VAChT coding sequence contained within the first intron of the ChAT gene. This unusual genomic organization suggests that the transcription of these two genes is coordinately regulated. Using Northern analysis we studied the modulation of ChAT and VAChT expression in a murine septal cell line (SN56) by three groups of agents: retinoids, trophic factors belonging to the leukemia inhibitory factor/ciliary neurotrophic factor (LIF/CNTF) family, and cAMP. All-trans-retinoic acid increased both ChAT and VAChT mRNA levels in SN56 cells up to 3.5-fold, and elevated intracellular ACh levels by 2.5-fold. This effect was mimicked by a retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) agonist (Ro 40−6055) and prevented by a specific antagonist (Ro 41−5253), indicating that it was mediated by RARα. ChAT- and VAChT-specific transcripts were also induced (up to 3-fold) by treatment with CNTF or LIF (20 ng/ml, 48 h), as well as by dibutyryl cAMP (1 mM). All these agents increased the ACh level in the cells (up to 2.5-fold). Dibutyryl cAMP had a greater effect on the level of VAChT mRNA (4-fold induction) than on the level of ChAT mRNA (2-fold induction), suggesting a quantitatively differential transcriptional regulation of the two genes by the cAMP pathway. The effects of the three groups of agents studied on ChAT and VAChT mRNA levels were additive, pointing to several independent mechanisms by which the cholinergic properties of septal neurons can be modulated.
Sonothrombolysis: an emerging modality for the management of stroke.

Objective Ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage remain a persistent scourge in Western civilization. Therefore, novel therapeutic modalities are desperately needed to expand the current limitations of treatment. Sonothrombolysis possesses the potential to fill this void because it has experienced a dramatic evolution from the time of early conceptualization in the 1960s. This process began in the realm of peripheral and cardiovascular disease and has since progressed to encompass intracranial pathologies. Our purpose is to provide a comprehensive review of the historical progression and existing state of knowledge, including underlying mechanisms as well as evidence for clinical application of ultrasound thrombolysis. Methods Using MEDLINE, in addition to cross-referencing existing publications, a meticulous appraisal of the literature was conducted. Additionally, personal communications were used as appropriate. Results This appraisal revealed several different technologies close to broad clinical use. However, fundamental questions remain, especially in regard to transcranial high-intensity focused ultrasound. Currently, the evidence supporting low intensity ultrasound's potential in isolation, without tissue plasminogen, remains uncertain; however, possibilities exist in the form of microbubbles to allow for focal augmentation with minimal systemic consequences. Alternatively, the literature clearly demonstrates, the efficacy of high-intensity focused ultrasound for independent thrombolysis. Conclusion Sonothrombolysis exists as a promising modality for the noninvasive or minimally invasive management of stroke, both ischemic and hemorrhagic. Further research facilitating clinical application is warranted.
Surface Pressure Fluctuations Beneath Two- and Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers

Surface pressure fluctuation measurements were made in two-dimensional turbulent boundary layers at two Reynolds numbers (Re θ = 7.3 × 10 3 and 2.34 × 104) and pressure-driven three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers at two Reynolds numbers (approach Re θ = 5.94 x 10 3 and 2.32 × 104). The collapse of spectral levels at middle and high frequencies and the effects of inner and outer boundary-layer scaling variables are shown for a wide range of Reynolds numbers (1.4 X 10 3 < 2.34 × 104) for the two-dimensional flows. Such scaling parameters do not collapse the pressure spectra beneath three-dimensional flows, which have a nearly constant, or flat, midfrequency range, and at some measurement stations and spectral levels within the flat- and high-frequency spectral ranges that significantly raise p'. Additionally, dimensional spectral levels within the flat-frequency range are independent of Reynolds number. Analysis based on the Poisson equation shows that the variation of the high-frequency spectral levels is related to the variation in near-wall mean velocity gradients and ν 2 structure due to the spanwise pressure gradient
Pulse Wave Velocity Prediction and Compliance Assessment in Elastic Arterial Segments

Pressure wave velocity (PWV) is commonly used as a clinical marker of vascular elasticity. Recent studies have increased clinical interest in also analyzing the impact of heart rate, blood pressure, and left ventricular ejection time on PWV. In this article we focus on the development of a theoretical one-dimensional model and validation via direct measurement of the impact of ejection time and peak pressure on PWV using an in vitro hemodynamic simulator. A simple nonlinear traveling wave model was developed for a compliant thin-walled elastic tube filled with an incompressible fluid. This model accounts for the convective fluid phenomena, elastic vessel deformation, radial motion, and inertia of the wall. An exact analytical solution for PWV is presented which incorporates peak pressure, ejection time, ejection volume, and modulus of elasticity. To assess arterial compliance, the solution is introduced in an alternative form, explicitly determining compliance of the wall as a function of the other variables. The model predicts PWV in good agreement with the measured values with a maximum difference of 3.0%. The results indicate an inverse quadratic relationship ([Formula: see text]) between ejection time and PWV, with ejection time dominating the PWV shifts (12%) over those observed with changes in peak pressure (2%). Our modeling and validation results both explain and support the emerging evidence that, both in clinical practice and clinical research, cardiac systolic function related variables should be regularly taken into account when interpreting arterial function indices, namely PWV.
Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the lethal factor gene of Bacillus anthracis

We have cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli the lethal factor (LF) gene of Bacillus anthracis. At least two of the six LF recombinant plasmids produce full-length LF protein. Transcription of the LF gene in E. coli appears to be under the control of its own B. anthracis promoter. Recombinant LF protein produced in E. coli remains intracellular and is not secreted. However, this LF protein is biochemically active and displays the same lethal effects as LF secreted by B. anthracis in the mouse macrophage assay. The LF gene, like that of the protective antigen gene, is present on the large B. anthracis toxin plasmid pXO1.
Atomic force microscopy-coupled microcoils for cellular-scale nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

We present the coupling of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technologies to enable topographical, mechanical, and chemical profiling of biological samples. Here, we fabricate and perform proof-of-concept testing of radiofrequency planar microcoils on commercial AFM cantilevers. The sensitive region of the coil was estimated to cover an approximate volume of 19.4 × 103 μm3 (19.4 pl). Functionality of the spectroscopic module of the prototype device is illustrated through the detection of 1Η resonance in deionized water. The acquired spectra depict combined NMR capability with AFM that may ultimately enable biophysical and biochemical studies at the single cell level.
Histologic grading as predictor of response to chemotherapy in patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma

Abstract In patients with hormone-resistant, Stage D adenocarcinoma of the prostate histologic grading using the Gleason classification allowed stratification of a subgroup of patients in whom response to chemotherapy could be predicted from the growth pattern of the original prostatic tumor. Sixteen of 30 patients (53 per cent) with Gleason sums of 6 or 7 demonstrated a response to chemotherapy. Conversely, only 4 of 21 patients (19 per cent) with elevated Gleason sums of 8, 9, or 10 achieved a response to chemotherapy (P
Identification of novel tan spot resistance QTLs using an SSR-based linkage map of tetraploid wheat

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum, 2n = 4x = 28, AABB) is an important cereal used for making pasta products. Compared with bread wheat, durum wheat receives less attention in genetic and genomic studies. In this research, a tetraploid wheat doubled haploid (DH) population derived from the cross between the durum wheat cultivar ‘Lebsock’ and the T. turgidum subsp. carthlicum (2n = 4x = 28, AABB) accession PI 94749 was developed. The population consisted of 146 lines and was used to construct linkage maps of all 14 chromosomes. The maps consisted of 280 SSR markers and spanned 2,034.1 cM with an average density of one marker per 7.2 cM. The DH population and the whole genome linkage maps were then used to identify QTLs associated with tan spot resistance. The DH population was inoculated separately with two Ptr ToxA-producing isolates (Pti2 and 86-124) representing races 1 and 2, respectively, of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, and five resistance QTLs were detected on chromosome arms 3AS, 3BL, 5AL and 7BL. Together, the QTLs explained a total of 46 and 41% of the phenotypic variation for reaction to Pti2 and 86-124, respectively. The Tsn1-Ptr ToxA interaction was not a significant factor in tan spot development in this population, and none of the QTLs corresponded to previously identified loci known to confer insensitivity to host-selective toxins (HSTs) produced by P. tritici-repentis. This result, together with those of other similar studies, indicates that the wheat–P. tritici-repentis pathosystem involves more factors than currently published host-toxin interactions. The DH population and genetic maps reported here will be useful for genetic dissection of important agronomic traits as well as the identification and development of markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS).
Reconstructing a Z′ lagrangian using the LHC and low-energy data

We study the potential of the LHC and future low-energy experiments to precisely measure the underlying model parameters of a new Z{sup '} boson. We emphasize the complementary information obtained from both on- and off-peak LHC dilepton data, from the future Q-weak measurement of the weak charge of the proton, and from a proposed measurement of parity violation in low-energy Moeller scattering. We demonstrate the importance of off-peak LHC data and Q-weak for removing sign degeneracies between Z{sup '} couplings that occur if only on-peak LHC data is studied. A future precision measurement of low-energy Moeller scattering can resolve a scaling degeneracy between quark and lepton couplings that remains after analyzing LHC dilepton data, permitting an extraction of the individual Z{sup '} couplings rather than combinations of them. We study how precisely Z{sup '} properties can be extracted for LHC integrated luminosities ranging from a few inverse femtobarns to super-LHC values of an inverse attobarn. For the several example cases studied with M{sub Z{sup '}}=1.5 TeV, we find that coupling combinations can be determined with relative uncertainties reaching {+-}30% with 30 fb{sup -1} of integrated luminosity, while {+-}50% is possible with 10 fb{sup -1}. With SLHC luminosities of 1 ab{supmore » -1}, we find that products of quark and lepton couplings can be probed to {+-}10%.« less
Early antigen elimination by cytotoxic T cells results in diminished cellular immune responses to allogeneic tumor.

Abstract Previous reports have suggested that repeated alloantigenic challenge increases humoral responses to alloantigens, but may cause decreasing cellular responses. We stimulated BALB/c (H-2 d ) mice with intraperitoneal EL-4 tumor (H-2 b ) and serially assessed cytotoxic responses in spleen and peritoneal lymphocytes using 51 Cr-labeled EL-4 target cells. We observed that cytotoxicity generated in the spleen of nonimmune BALB/c mice was much greater than that in immunized mice; similar peak responses were generated in peritoneal lymphocytes in normal and immunized hosts. Complement-mediated cytotoxicity was not necessary for diminished splenic responses in hyperimmune hosts, for the same phenomenon was seen in the Hzl anti-BL/6 system which is free of humoral responses. Irradiation (2000 rad) of the EL-4 tumor challenge prevented tumor cell proliferation and markedly reduced splenic responses in nonimmune mice. We suggest that cytotoxic cells suppressed further generation of cyto-toxicity; by effecting an early elimination of tumor inoculum, tumor proliferation was abrogated and dose of cellular antigen was, consequently, markedly reduced.
Consequences of the second law for a turbulent fluid flow

Second Law statements in thermomechanics applicable to turbulent fluid flow, in which the internal energy in a macroscopic field theory includes contributions both from molecular vibrations and from turbulent fluctuations, are discussed. In the absence of turbulence, these statements naturally reduce to the known and accepted Second Law statements for a nonturbulent medium. The usual version of the Second Law statements — which deny the existence of perpetual motion and place restrictions on the constitutive equations —is extended here in the presence of turbulence; and an additional statement is introduced associated with the tendency of turbulent fluctuations to decay in the absence of external work or the addition of thermal heat. The mathematical representations of various Second Law statements are then used to derive several restrictions on the response variables of the macroscopic turbulence theory. Examples of such variables include the rates of production and dissipation of turbulent fluctuations, the rate of thermal entropy production, internal energy (involving constitutive coefficients which may be taken to be the thermal and turbulent specific heats), turbulent viscosity coefficients and other response functions which control the degree of flow “anisotropy” in the medium. These Second Law restrictions are then applied to a recent theory of macroscopic turbulent flow by the present authors in which fairly general constitutive equations are presented for the dependent variables of the theory. It is found that not only is the range of values of several constitutive coefficients limited by these Second Law restrictions, but the presence of a number of terms in the constitutive equations is entirely denied.
Neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of adipocyte-derived hormones

Obesity is characterized by an increase in adipose tissue mass. Contrary to the previous view of adipose tissue as simply an inert tissue devoted to energy storage, studies over the past decade have shown that adipose tissue is actively involved in regulating physiological processes and participates in disease. Adipose tissue secretes factors that exert local and systemic effects. Leptin, pro-inflammatory cytokines, resistin and proteins involved in haemodynamic regulation and coagulation are increased in obesity while adiponectin is reduced. The production of active corticosteroids is also increased in obesity. There is now growing evidence that adipocyte secretory factors regulate energy homoeostasis, as well as cardiovascular and immune systems. Some adipocyte hormones, most notably leptin, act in the brain to influence the neuroendocrine axis and energy balance, whereas adiponectin and resistin exert opposing effects on glucose and lipids. Understanding the actions of adipocyte hormones will provide novel insights into the pathophysiology and treatment of obesity.
Monte Carlo simulated coronary angiograms of realistic anatomy and pathology models

We have constructed a fourth generation anthropomorphic phantom which, in addition to the realistic description of the human anatomy, includes a coronary artery disease model. A watertight version of the NURBS-based Cardiac-Torso (NCAT) phantom was generated by converting the individual NURBS surfaces of each organ into closed, manifold and non-self-intersecting tessellated surfaces. The resulting 330 surfaces of the phantom organs and tissues are now comprised of ~5×106 triangles whose size depends on the individual organ surface normals. A database of the elemental composition of each organ was generated, and material properties such as density and scattering cross-sections were defined using PENELOPE. A 300 μm resolution model of a heart with 55 coronary vessel segments was constructed by fitting smooth triangular meshes to a high resolution cardiac CT scan we have segmented, and was consequently registered inside the torso model. A coronary artery disease model that uses hemodynamic properties such as blood viscosity and resistivity was used to randomly place plaque within the artery tree. To generate x-ray images of the aforementioned phantom, our group has developed an efficient Monte Carlo radiation transport code based on the subroutine package PENELOPE, which employs an octree spatial data-structure that stores and traverses the phantom triangles. X-ray angiography images were generated under realistic imaging conditions (90 kVp, 10° Wanode spectra with 3 mm Al filtration, ~5×1011 x-ray source photons, and 10% per volume iodine contrast in the coronaries). The images will be used in an optimization algorithm to select the optimal technique parameters for a variety of imaging tasks.
Design for a Versatile Charge Sensitive Preamplifier for Nuclear Radiation Detectors

The design of the high-gain, low-noise, charge-sensitive preamplifier discussed in this paper was prompted by the need for a unit that would fulfill many experimental requirements without modification and/or redesign. This transistorized preamplifier has good versatility without sacrificing performance characteristics. The maximum gain is about 650 volts/picocoulomb, but can be reduced by a factor of 1200. The noise figure is approximately 300 rms electrons (2.6 keV fwhm referred to a silicon detector) at zero input capacitance and 1-?s pulse shaping. Either polarity input signal is accepted, with a maximum output of either plus or minus 5 volts delivered to a 50-ohm load with better than 0.05% linearity. When desired, 1-?s integration and differentiation can be switch-selected to provide shaped pulses suitable for scalers or pulse height analyzers. Circuit design considerations to include frequency compensation, linearity, temperature stability, and bipolar operation are discussed. Graphs indicate preamplifier noise and risetime performance characteristics. A brief analysis describes charge-loop performance in terms of circuit parameters. A modified version of the preamplifier, which has provisions for removing the FET from the chassis and cooling it to about 130°K, has yielded a zero-input-c apacitance noise figure of approximately 140 rms electrons (0.95 keV germanium).
Construct validity of the child abuse potential inventory.

The convergent validity of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAP) was investigated (N = 254). Because the CAP was designed to measure elements of individual pathology and interactional problems related to physical child abuse, it was predicted that CAP scores would be related to a measure of psychological status, the Mental Health Index (MHI). Specifically, it was predicted that the CAP would be correlated positively with MHI measures of psychological distress and, to a lesser degree, correlated inversely with MHI measures of psychological well-being. Because the CAP measures variables predictive of abusive behavior, a substantial relationship was expected between the CAP and the MHI Loss of Behavioral/Emotional Control scale. All hypotheses were supported.
Single Molecule Observation of TCR Signaling Complexes in Living T Cells

T cell's main function is to detect foreign peptides in a sea of self-peptides displayed on antigen presenting cells via T cell receptors (TCR). Individual TCRs bind to foreign peptides with affinities that differ only slightly from that of self-peptides. As a result, each TCR is likely to bind to a subset of self-peptides whose ever-present signal can overwhelm the signals from genuine foreign peptides. However, previous results demonstrate that T cells can be triggered by a few foreign peptides among thousands of self-peptides. In fact, erroneous triggering of T cells by self-peptides results in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and some forms of diabetes. This implies that the decision to activate at the cellular level is highly sensitive and selective, and the decision is likely to be based on a combination of factors, such as binding affinity, number of interactions, and spatial and temporal distribution of the signal. While the molecular interaction of TCR and its ligand has been well studied in vivo, any correlations between the binding kinetics and cellular responses are lost within population behaviors. Thus, the precise physical mechanism by which TCR-peptide binding leads to the triggering of T cells remains unclear. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of this process requires simultaneous measurement of the binding kinetics, stoichiometry, and movement of individual signaling molecules in living T cells. In this project, we directly observe molecular interactions within TCR-ligand complexes with single molecule resolution and correlate it with subsequent single cell responses in hybrid junctions between live primary T cells and supported lipid membranes.
Embedding Guides Where Students Learn: Do Design Choices and Librarian Behavior Make a Difference?

Abstract This study investigated whether library guides embedded in a university's learning management system fulfill their mission to promote library resources and maintain a librarian presence in the online course environment. Specifically, the study examined whether design elements, promotional practices, or other behaviors influenced guide use. It questioned whether students located the library guides and, if so, did students find the guides helpful. Results confirmed that students who used library guides found the guides helpful. Select faculty and librarian behaviors may also influence student use of library guides. Promotion and marketing practices, however, are not the only factors encouraging students to use library guides.
Simulating the univac 1100/82 using univac 1100/22 characteristics

The work described in this paper was performed by The MITRE Corporation for the System Engineering Branch of the Network Control Center Division of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The objective of the work was to evaluate the adequacy of a U1100/82 based computer system to support future workloads and software capabilities. Since no data on the U1100/82 system existed at the beginning of the task, a model of the U1100/82 system was extrapolated from a model of an existing U1100/22 based system with similar software. The extrapolated model was then used to perform the evaluation. This paper discusses the assumptions and techniques used to develop the extrapolated model, the model calibration and the success of the modeling approach.
Single complete dentures

Abstract The development of a harmonious occlusion is most critical to the success of a single complete denture treatment. Achieving this desirable characteristic is usually much more difficult than arranging artificial teeth for opposing complete dentures. Various oral situations were discussed in which single complete dentures are indicated, and a clinical procedure for treating patients who are edentulous in one arch are described.
Effects of Multiples And Resolution On Fourier Inversion

Using a 32 layer impedance derived from a Bay Marchand, LA, sonic log, a primaries-only seismogram is generated. This impedance is reconstructed from the seismogram with the monochromatic total aolutions derived by Sarwar et al. and the single frequency primaries-only solutions given by Ioup et al., using the method of combination derived by these authors. It is also reconstructed using the exponentiated integral approach. A study is made of the effect of expanding the seismogram with trailing zeros on the reconstruction. This expansion is found to be necessary when using the monochromatic total solutions because these solutions contain multiply reflected energy. It is not needed for the other two techniques. An investigation of the effects of seismogram resolution shows that interpolation of the seismogram is numerically necessary to give the correct levels for the impedance in each layer all three techniques. The locations of boundaries between the layers are not affected.
Physician participation in Medicaid managed care

Medicaid programs throughout the United States are moving away from fee-for-service medicine and increasingly towards managed care models in attempts to control rising health care costs. This study examines the participation of physicians in Arizona's prepaid, managed care Medicaid program, the Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System (AHCCCS). In particular, it considers the reasons that physicians decide to participate in AHCCCs, and for participants, the possible impact of these reasons on whether they participate fully or on a limited basis. A mail survey was sent to 300 primary care physicians in Arizona, of which 171 completed surveys were returned. Results suggested that physicians tend to participate because of reimbursement, approval of the 'type' of medicine that managed care allows them to practice, and their belief in Medicaid-type programs. Physician attitudes toward the patients, while generally negative, do not keep them from participating in Medicaid. However, the type of patients in AHCCCS is related to physician satisfaction with the AHCCCS health plans, as is reimbursement. The study indicates differences in the reasons for participation between Arizona's physicians and those in fee-for-service Medicaid programs of other states.
Metric and non-metric randomization methods, geographic variation, and the single-species hypothesis for Asian and African Homo erectus

This paper proposes a statistical test of the single-species hypothesis using non-metric characters as a complement to statistical tests using more traditional metric characters. The sample examined is that of Asian and African Homo erectus. The paleoanthropological community is divided on the taxonomic distinction of these fossils, with workers arguing both for and against the species-level distinction between Asian and African populations. Previous arguments have focused on patterns of apparent morphological differentiation between the African and Asian cranial samples. To assess this question, three tests were performed that compared the range of variation in the fossil sample to a single-species group with a similar geographic distribution; this comparative sample was composed of 221 modern humans from Africa and Asia. For the first test, 23 metric characters were analyzed on the fossil and comparative samples. Using resampling procedures, the variation for these characters was examined, recreating 1000 samples from the human analogs and comparing the CV distributions of these samples to the CVs of the fossil group. The second test used the metric data to calculate a Euclidean distance between the African and Asian fossil samples. This distance was compared to a distribution of Euclidean distances calculated between 1000 randomly selected samples of African and Asian modern humans. For the third test, a grading scale was created for ten non-metric characters that encompassed the total morphological variation found in the fossil and modern human samples. The Manhattan distance between the Asian and African fossil samples was calculated and compared to a distribution of distances calculated between 1000 randomly selected samples of African and Asian moderns. The first two tests, using the metric data, failed to falsify the null hypothesis. However, in the third test, using non-metric data, the total Manhattan distance for the fossil sample approached the 100th percentile of the resampled distances calculated from the moderns. The implications of the contrasting results are discussed.
Imaging of lytic granule exocytosis in CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes reveals a modified form of full fusion

Here we imaged the exocytosis of lytic granules from human CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes using rapid total internal reflection microscopy, Lamp-1 tagged with mGFP to follow the fate of the lytic granule membrane, and granzyme A, granzyme B or serglycin tagged with mRFP to follow the fate of lytic granule cargo. Lytic granules were released by full fusion with the plasma membrane, such that the entire granule content for all three cargos visualized was released on a subsecond time scale. The behavior of GFP-Lamp-1 was, however, more complex. While it entered the plasma membrane in all cases, the extent to which it then diffused away from the site of exocytosis varied from nearly complete to highly restricted. Finally, the diffusion properties upon release of the three cargos examined put an upper limit on the size of the macromolecular complex of granzyme and serglycin that is presented to the target cell.
Storm runoff simulation using an antecedent precipitation index (API) model

Abstract An antecedent precipitation index (API) model for predicting storm runoff was developed for use in the Oregon Coast Range, U.S.A. A coefficient K , derived from recession analysis of storm hydrographs, was used to decay over time the effects of antecedent precipitation upon runoff. Linear regression was then used to establish a relationship between calculated API values and instantaneous streamflow. The model was initially evaluated with data from five “calibration” watersheds. Absolute errors in peak flow and storm-runoff volume estimates, compared to observed values, for the calibration watersheds averaged 15 and 14%, respectively; average errors were only −1 and 4% respectively. Coefficients for the five calibration watersheds were also used to determine API coefficients for a sixth “test” watershed. Absolute errors in peak flow and storm-runoff volume estimates, compared to observed values, for the test watershed averaged 18 and 21%, respectively; average errorswere −6 and −4%, respectively. The API model has minimal data requirements and appears to provide a relatively simple, objective method for stimulating storm hydrographs from a wide variety of storm hyetographs.
Achieving Positive Protein Balance in the Immediate Post-Operative Period in Neonates with Amino Acid Administration Plus Narcotic Analgesia

Achieving Positive Protein Balance in the Immediate Post-Operative Period in Neonates with Amino Acid Administration Plus Narcotic Analgesia
Urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites in patients with renovascular hypertension.

Urinary excretion of catecholamines, vanillylmandelic acid, and methoxycatecholamines was studied in 50 patients with renovascular hypertension.The urinary excretion of noradrenaline was increased in patients with elevated peripheral plasma renin activity and in those with elevated renal vein renin ratio in comparison with the patients with normal plasma renin activity.The urinary excretion of dopamine was diminished and vanillylman-delic acid increased in the entire group of patients with renovascular hypertension.In the investigated group, following sodium restriction, the mean urinary excretion of noradrenaline increased while dopamine excretion decreased.These results suggest that the increased sympathetic-activity may play a role in the pathogenesis of renovascular hypertention.
Propagation of weak waves in elastic-plastic and elastic-viscoplastic solids with interfaces

Abstract A numerical technique based on the method of singular surfaces has been developed for the computation of wave propagation in solids exhibiting rate-independent elastic-plastic or rate-dependent elastic-viscoplastic behavior. The von Mises yield condition and associated flow rule is taken to represent the rate-independent behavior, while the Perzyna dynamic overstress model is taken to represent the rate-dependent behavior. For 1100-0 Al, a good empirical fit with published experimental data was found to be: J 2 1 / 2 − κ ( W p ) = ( τ 0 / γ 0 ) ( W p 0 / J 2 1 / 2 ) where:J2 is the second invariant of the stress deviator;k(Wp) is the static hardening curve;Wp is the plastic work and the parameter (τ0/γ0) = 0 (rate-independent model) or (80)−1 to (70)−1 MPa · s. In the numerical technique, the “connection equations” which provide relations between discontinuities in space and time derivatives lend themselves naturally to finite difference representations. A five-point space-time grid (center point coincident with the instantaneous location of the singular surface) is sufficient for the differenced form of the connection equations and suggests a natural marching scheme for the calculation of all necessary variables at each time step. Supplementing these equations which hold in the interior of the specimen are interface equations which assure continuity in stress and velocity across boundaries which separate materials with dissimilar properties. Application of the technique is made to wave propagation in pure shear for the purpose of comparing numerical predictions with relevant experimental data. The measurements of Duffyet al.[10] which are obtained from the torsional Kolsky apparatus (one dimensional torsional shear wave propagation in a thin-walled tube) were compared with predictions obtained numerically. By using the experimental input pulse history and the constitutive equation reported above, excellent agreement between the predicted and observed histories of reflected and transmitted pulses was obtained when the viscoplastic model was used. Poorer agreement was observed when the rate-independent model (τ0/γ0=0) was used. It is concluded that the Perzyna model gives good results for the behavior of 1100-0 Al at high rates of strain.
Orthotopic transplantation of intestinal mucosal organoids in rodents.

Background Orthotopic transplantation of intestinal mucosal organoids that contain putative mucosal stem cells serves as an important step toward implementing intestinal gene therapy and treatment for malabsorption syndromes in animals and humans. We hypothesized that intestinal mucosal organoids can be transplanted along the axis of the small bowel giving rise to a neomucosa expressing proteins of its donor origin. Methods Epithelial organoids were harvested from neonatal mice or rat small intestine with the use of a combination of enzymatic digestion with dispase and collagenase, and gravity sedimentation. In adult syngeneic recipients, a 7-cm segment of midjejunum was isolated, leaving its vascular pedicle intact. The remaining proximal and distal segments were anastomosed to restore intestinal continuity. The isolated segments were randomly subjected to surgical or chemical mucosectomy with a chelator solution for 30, 45, or 60 minutes and then compared. Histologic examination was used to confirm the presence of enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and Paneth cells in the neomucosal segments. To confirm the presence of ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) gene message and function, we measured sodium-dependent bile acid uptake and IBAT-messenger RNA. Immunohistochemical examination using anti-IBAT antibodies was performed to demonstrate the expression of IBAT in the neomucosal segments. Experiments were repeated in a murine model transgenic for the green fluorescent protein to verify donor origin of the engrafted mucosa expressing IBAT. Results The area of peak IBAT function was found to be located in the terminal ileum. Organoid units harvested from this region were capable of generating a small-bowel neoileal mucosa after being seeded into the jejunum. This mucosa was histologically confirmed to differentiate into all 4 intestinal lineages and to express IBAT signal, confirming its donor-derived origin. Optimal engraftment of mucosa expressing the IBAT protein was found in isolated jejunal segments debrided for 45 minutes. Sodium-dependent bile acid uptake was 5-fold higher in the neoileum, compared with the jejunum. IBAT-mRNA levels in the neoileum were 18-100–fold higher than those in the jejunum. Areas of green fluorescent protein–positive mucosa stained positively with anti-IBAT antibody in adjacent sections, suggesting that the regenerated mucosa is from transplanted ileal stem cells. Conclusions Orthotopic transplantation of epithelial organoids containing ileal stem cells was used to generate a neoileal mucosa that expressed all 4 intestinal lineages along with a new zone of active bile acid uptake and IBAT expression in a recipient jejunal segment.