cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parallel Arms Races between Garter Snakes and Newts Involving Tetrodotoxin as the Phenotypic Interface of Coevolution

Parallel “arms races” involving the same or similar phenotypic interfaces allow inference about selective forces driving coevolution, as well as the importance of phylogenetic and phenotypic constraints in coevolution. Here, we report the existence of apparent parallel arms races between species pairs of garter snakes and their toxic newt prey that indicate independent evolutionary origins of a key phenotype in the interface. In at least one area of sympatry, the aquatic garter snake, Thamnophis couchii, has evolved elevated resistance to the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX), present in the newt Taricha torosa. Previous studies have shown that a distantly related garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, has coevolved with another newt species that possesses TTX, Taricha granulosa. Patterns of within population variation and phenotypic tradeoffs between TTX resistance and sprint speed suggest that the mechanism of resistance is similar in both species of snake, yet phylogenetic evidence indicates the independent origins of elevated resistance to TTX.
Human patient simulation as a research tool in cognitive engineering

This paper discusses the use of human patient simulators in medical cognitive engineering research. We present different types of simulators and their application in the design and evaluation of medical devices and procedures, as part of cognitive task analysis, and in studies of performance shaping factors. We conclude with the limitations and advantages of patient simulation as a research tool.
Secret communication on interference channels

We examine secret communication over interference channels, starting with a model in which communication is semi-secret in that secrecy may depend on other transmitters to follow an agreed-upon signaling strategy. We compare this to robustly-secret communication, in which each user must allow for other users to deviate unilaterally from an agreed-upon strategy to enable better overhearing, as long as that alternate strategy impairs neither the secrecy rate of its own link nor the reliability of any other communicating links. For a particular two-user binary expansion deterministic interference channel, we find and compare the semi-secret and robustly-secret capacity regions.
Hyperglycemia Slows Embryonic Growth and Suppresses Cell Cycle via Cyclin D1 and p21

In pregnant women, the diabetic condition results in a three- to fivefold increased risk for fetal cardiac malformations as a result of elevated glucose concentrations and the resultant osmotic stress in the developing embryo and fetus. Heart development before septation in the chick embryo was studied under two hyperglycemic conditions. Pulsed hyperglycemia induced by daily administration of glucose during 3 days of development caused daily spikes in plasma glucose concentration. In a second model, sustained hyperglycemia was induced with a single injection of glucose into the yolk on day 0. The sustained model raised the average plasma glucose concentration from 70 mg/dL to 180 mg/dL and led to decreased gene expression of glucose transporter GLUT1. Both models of hyperglycemia reduced embryo size, increased mortality, and delayed development. Within the heart outflow tract, reduced proliferation of myocardial and endocardial cells resulted from the sustained hyperglycemia and hyperosmolarity. The cell cycle inhibitor p21 was significantly increased, whereas cyclin D1, a cell cycle promoter, decreased in sustained hyperglycemia compared with controls. The evidence suggests that hyperglycemia-induced developmental delays are associated with slowed cell cycle progression, leading to reduced cellular proliferation. The suppression of critical developmental steps may underlie the cardiac defects observed during late gestation under hyperglycemic conditions.
Qualitative Inheritance of Rind Pattern and Flesh Color in Watermelon

Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus] is a diverse species, with fruits of different sizes, shapes, rind patterns, and flesh colors. This study measured the inheritance of novel rind phenotypes and verified the genetics of white, red, salmon yellow, and canary yellow flesh colors. For each of the 11 crosses, six generations (P(a)S1, P(b)S1, F1, F2, BC1P(a), and BC1P(b)) were produced to form 11 families. Three new genes were identified and designated as follows: Scr for the scarlet red flesh color of Dixielee and Red-N-Sweet, Yb for the yellow belly (ground spot) of Black Diamond Yellow Belly, and ins for the intermittent stripes of Navajo Sweet. The inheritance of the C gene for the canary yellow flesh color was verified as single dominant, and a new inbred type line was developed possessing that gene. Aberrations in the segregation of red, white, and salmon yellow flesh colors were recorded, raising questions on the inheritance of these traits. Finally, the spotted phenotype from Moon and Stars was combined with light green and gray rind patterns for the development of novel cultivars with distinctive rind patterns.
Understory vegetation response to mechanical mastication and other fuels treatments in a ponderosa pine forest

Questions: What influence does mechanical mastication and other fuel treatments have on: (1) canopy and forest floor response variables that influence understory plant development; (2) initial understory vegetation cover, diversity, and composition; and (3) shrub and non-native species density in a secondgrowth ponderosa pine forest. Location: Challenge Experimental Forest, northern Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Methods: We compared the effects of mastication only, mastication with supplemental treatments (tilling and prescribed fire), hand removal, and a control on initial understory vegetation response using a randomized complete block experimental design. Each block (n54) contained all five treatments and understory vegetation was surveyed within 0.04-ha plots for each treatment. Results: While mastication alone and hand removal dramatically reduced the midstory vegetation, these treatments had little effect on understory richness compared with control. Prescribed fire after mastication increased native species richness by 150% (16.0 speciesm2) compared with control.However, this also increased non-native species richness (10.8 species m2) and shrub seedling density (124.7 stemsm2). Mastication followed by tilling resulted in increased non-native forb density (10.7 stemsm2). Conclusions: Mechanical mastication and hand removal treatments aided in reducing midstory fuels but did not increase understory plant diversity. The subsequent treatment of prescribed burning not only further reduced fire hazard, but also exposed mineral soil, which likely promoted native plant diversity. Some potential drawbacks to this treatment include an increase of non-native species and stimulation of shrub seed germination, which could alter ecosystem functions and compromise fire hazard reduction in the long-term.
The comparison of single- and multi-solenoidal windings for superconducting storage device performance

The author compares a scheme utilizing multisolenoidal windings (MSW) in a superconducting storage device to the traditional single solenoidal winding (SSW). It has been found that in the case of a MSW assembled from a number of solenoids smaller in diameter than those used in the SSW with the same storage capacity, the stored energy per unit volume is higher than in the SSW. It is shown that there is a parameter space where MSW is preferable to SSW. This scheme also offers additional advantages such as higher reliability, controllability and durability. >
Industrial injuries of the back and extremities. Comprehensive evaluation--an aid in prognosis and management: a study of one hundred and eighty patients.

Comprehensive evaluation and follow-up of a group of 180 industrially injured patients and a group of non-injured workers were carried out to ascertain the extent to which psychological, vocational, physical and other factors influenced the return to work of the injured patients. Significant differences were demonstrated in the psychological posture of back-injured, extremity-injured, and non-injured industrial workers. This study indicated that physical and psychological disability play an important role in the return to work of both extremity-injured and back-injured patients. Although a significant number of patients returned to work two or more years after injury, there was a general relationship between the duration of non-employment and the probability of return to work. In predicting return to work of the back-injured patient, psychological ratings by psychologists were superior to those made by physicians. These studies document the importance of psychological evaluation for optimum rehabilitation effort and suggest that the whole man concept is a useful, and perhaps necessary, consideration in the rehabilitation of the industrially injured workman. We believe that psychological evaluation is of value for patients who have failed to respond to usual therapy and in those being considered for spine fusion. Such evaluation is also useful in predicting the need for vocational retraining. Although the population represented in this study is a distinctive group, it is not unique. There are a large number of patients who exhibit similar characteristics. It seems unlikely that the concepts illustrated in this study are confined to the industrially-injured worker on compensation. They undoubtedly apply to other patients as well. Additional studies of the various factors influencing return to work following injury are needed.
A hyperholomorphic line bundle on certain hyperkähler manifolds not admitting an S1-symmetry

Abstract Generalizing work of Haydys [7] and Hitchin [8] , we prove the existence of a hyperholomorphic line bundle on certain hyperkahler manifolds that do not necessarily admit an S 1 action. As examples, we consider the moduli space of (non-strongly) parabolic Higgs bundles, the moduli space of solutions to Nahm's equations, and Nakajima quiver varieties.
Construction of a Single Factor Heath-Jarrow-Morton Term Structure Model

Within the single factor Heath-Jarrow-Morton framework some desirable properties of the entire term structure are proposed. From these properties necessary conditions are developed to restrict the choice of initial forward rate curve and forward rate volatility structure. An analysis of the asymptotic behavior of the term structure's evolution with the specified desirable properties indicates that : i) the dynamics of the infinitely maturing forward rate are locally deterministic in general and in some cases fully deterministic, and ii) the infinitely maturing forward rate cannot fall over time. This paper also considers some new methods, and generalizations of existing methods, for representing an entire term structure model which does notrequire the explicit characterization of the market price of risk.
Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability

In the classical literature of diplomatic history, the balance-of-power concept occupies a central position. Regardless of one's interpretation of the term or one's preference for or antipathy to it, the international relations scholar cannot escape dealing with it. The model is, of course, a multifaceted one, and it produces a fascinating array of corollaries; among these, the relationship between the number of actors and the stability of the system is one of the most widely accepted and persuasive. That is, as the system moves away from bipolarity toward multipolarity, the frequency and intensity of war should be expected to diminish.
Inheritance of Methyl Parathion Resistance in Tobacco Budworm Larvae

The pattern of inheritance of resistance to methyl parathion in larvae of Heliothis virescens (F.) was studied by cross mating strains that were susceptible (S) or resistant (R) to topical applications. Homozygous, or apparently homozygous, S and R cultures were developed by a procedure of inbreeding and selection of progenies that resulted from single-pair matings. The mode of inheritance of the resistance trait was evaluated from dosage-mortality curves constructed from the response of 3rd-stage larvae to insecticide treatment. The results indicated that the resistance appeared to be influenced by a single major autosomal gene of incomplete dominance. Also, mortality data suggested that other factors of lesser importance may have been involved in the expression of the resistance.
Maximum current density and beam brightness achievable by laser-driven electron sources

This paper discusses the extension to different electron beam aspect ratio of the Child-Langmuir law for the maximum achievable current density in electron guns. Using a simple model, we derive quantitative formulas in good agreement with simulation codes. The new scaling laws for the peak current density of temporally long and transversely narrow initial beam distributions can be used to estimate the maximum beam brightness and suggest new paths for injector optimization.
Improving The High Altitude Performance of Tail -Controlled Endoatmospheric Missiles

It is demonstrated that at high altitude the performan ce of a tail -controlled aerodynamic missile can degrade because of the existence of low frequency right-half plane zeroes in the airframe transfer function when either proportional navigation or optimal guidance is used. A new guidance law that accounts f or the airframe zeroes is developed numerically and shown to have superior performance to existing guidance laws at the higher altitudes. Although no closed -form solution for the guidance law is presented, the resultant numerical values for the control ga ins of the guidance law can easily be stored as a multidimensional table in existing on -board flight control computers. Two methodologies for computing the guidance law control gains are presented. Background Endoatmospheric interceptor missiles were originally designed against aircraft threats. Since the maximum threat altitude was governed by aerodynamics, missiles were not designed to operate much above the altitude limits of piloted aircraft. The Gulf War has shown that tactical ballistic mi ssile threats are also important. Unintentional spiraling made these threats difficult to hit by the pursuing interceptor. Since spiraling occurs in the more dense atmosphere one can avoid the spiraling threats by trying to perform intercepts at higher a ltitudes (i.e., before spiraling occurs). However, very high altitude intercepts cause new problems for tail -controlled endoatmospheric interceptors. Problem
Morphogenesis of Agaricus Bisporus: Changes in Proteins and Enzyme Activity

Soluble proteins from various tissues of the different morphogenetic stages of Agaricus bisporus were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. In two of the three commercial strains studied the soluble-protein content of the caps was significantly higher than in the other tissues. The protein profiles of the caps, stalks, pins or primordia and the mycelium were different when studied by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Cytochrome oxidase and tyrosinase activities were highest in the pins and lowest in the tissues of the cap. The isozyme-banding patterns of cytochrome oxidase and peroxidase varied in the tissue extracts of the different morphogenetic stages. Zymograms of cytochrome oxidase were similar in cap, pin and stalk extracts. However, two of these bands were lacking in the mycelial extracts. Gels stained for peroxidase showed the largest number of bands in the mycelial extracts. The role of these enzymes in morphogenesis of the mycelium to the primordium and finally to the mushroom is discussed.
Thoracic Trauma in Children

Patterns of thoracic injury in children are typical and result from trauma, usually blunt rather than penetrating, or the mechanical apparatus of patient care. The thoracic cavity in pediatric patients has unique features, including an extremely compliant thorax and a mediastinum capable of wide shifts. Thoracic trauma can be treated with a high rate of salvage.
α1-Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes in Nonfailing and Failing Human Myocardium

Background— α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs) play adaptive roles in the heart and protect against the development of heart failure. The 3 α1-AR subtypes, α1A, α1B, and α1D, have distinct physiological roles in mouse heart, but very little is known about α1 subtypes in human heart. Here, we test the hypothesis that the α1A and α1B subtypes are present in human myocardium, similar to the mouse, and are not downregulated in heart failure. Methods and Results— Hearts from transplant recipients and unused donors were failing (n=12; mean ejection fraction, 24%) or nonfailing (n=9; mean ejection fraction, 59%) and similar in age (≈44 years) and sex (≈70% male). We measured the α1-AR subtypes in multiple regions of both ventricles by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and radioligand binding. All 3 α1-AR subtype mRNAs were present, and α1A mRNA was most abundant (≈65% of total α1-AR mRNA). However, only α1A and α1B binding were present, and the α1B was most abundant (60% of total). In failing hearts, α1A and α1B binding was not downregulated, in contrast with β1-ARs. Conclusions— Our data show for the first time that the α1A and α1B subtypes are both present in human myocardium, but α1D binding is not, and the α1 subtypes are not downregulated in heart failure. Because α1 subtypes in the human heart are similar to those in the mouse, where adaptive and protective effects of α1 subtypes are most convincing, it might become feasible to treat heart failure with a drug targeting the α1A and/or α1B. Received December 30, 2008; accepted July 22, 2009.
Kettlebell Training: A Brief Review

Kettlebell training is a relatively new trend that aims to serve many functions in training programs, including increasing muscular strength and power to improving aerobic capacity. Kettlebell training may provide a sufficient stimulus for enhancing both muscular and aerobic performance, possibly with the greatest effect on muscular power. The principle of specificity is discussed in detail as the specific design of a kettlebell program may influence the specific outcomes experienced by those performing kettlebell training. Further research comparing kettlebell training to other training methods may provide a better understanding of the benefits of this training modality in order to draw more definitive conclusions.
Ensuring system security through proximity based authentication

As Internet of Things applications using embedded systems enter wider markets, securing systems against attacks becomes necessary. In many applications, securely determining transmitter location helps maintaining system security. A relatively new RF-based localization technique called Received Signal Strength Ratio (RSSR), has potential utility in securing ad-hoc networks and body-area networks. We describe a novel attack on the security of such systems, and discuss a set of mitigation strategies that restore the effectiveness of RSSR.
Environmental Responsibility: A Social Justice Mandate for Counseling

The author discusses how an invisible veil obscures environmental concerns and their inherent relationships to the profession of counseling, articulating three themes for counseling as a profession and practice: environmental responsibility is related to well being, is the overarching issue of the 21st century, and is vital to social justice
Investigations of a reproductive processing advantage in memory

Previous work has shown that processing words for their survival value improves memory. If this survival processing effect reflects an evolutionary adaptation in memory, processing words for their reproductive value should also improve memory. Across three experiments, participants rated words for their relevance in reproductive scenarios. In Experiment 1, participants rated adjectives (traits) for their relevance in finding a mate, evaluating a coworker, or in terms of their pleasantness. Mate processing produced better memory than pleasantness ratings, but not coworker processing. In Experiment 2, participants rated traits for their relevance in detecting sexual or emotional infidelity. Neither processing condition produced better memory compared to pleasantness ratings, but there were several unpredicted interactions involving participant sex and jealousy responses. In Experiment 3, participants rated gifts for their appropriateness in a romantic date or a housewarming party, or in terms of their pleasantness. Date processing and housewarming processing both improved recall compared to pleasantness rating, but date processing and housewarming processing did not produce differences compared to each other. Overall, the current study demonstrates very little evidence of a reproductive processing effect, and nothing approaching the magnitude of previous work on the survival processing effect.
Configuration Problem Definition and Technology

This chapter provides an overview of automated configuration problem solving, including an definition within the context of design and AI Planning, and special cases.
Book Review: Daniel Medwed, Ed., Wrongful Convictions and the DNA Revolution: Twenty-Five Years of Freeing the Innocent

Review of anthology on twenty-five years of wrongful conviction scholarship development. Editor Daniel Medwed's volume includes chapter by leading experts on exonerations, innocence clinics, various causes of wrongful convictions, capital punishment, procedural issues, tradeoffs, the global innocence movement and other issues.
Emailed implementation supports to promote treatment integrity: Comparing the effectiveness and acceptability of prompts and performance feedback.

Abstract Teachers struggle to maintain high levels of treatment integrity, which are associated with efficient improvements in student outcomes. To address this challenge, school psychologists can provide implementation support, such as prompts or performance feedback, to increase teachers' treatment integrity when it is low. Implementation prompts are an emerging implementation support having been investigated in one previous study, but are feasible and require little time to provide. Performance feedback is an evidence-based practice, but requires more time for school psychologists to coordinate and deliver. The current study sought to compare the emailed delivery of prompts and performance feedback directly. Three elementary school teachers from a diverse setting participated with their students in this experimental multiple baseline single-case design research study. Teachers were trained to implement a classwide group contingency intervention and, when treatment integrity was low, received prompts and then performance feedback. Direct observation of treatment integrity and classwide behavior indicated that performance feedback was slightly more effective at increasing treatment integrity, but implementation prompts were modestly effective, took less time to provide, and were viewed as more acceptable by teachers. Furthermore, student outcomes (academic engagement and disruptive behavior) were relatively stable across the emailed prompts and performance feedback phases, suggesting the supports were similarly effective. Future research might further investigate these findings and continue to build the research base for implementation supports to promote treatment integrity.
Obesity-induced changes in baseline immune responses to pre-clinical breast cancer

Obesity is known to increase morbidity and mortality in breast cancer patients; however, the immunological contributions to such changes remain incompletely understood. Our long-term goal is to investigate the broad impact of obesity on anti-tumor immunity, with a particular focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying obesity-induced immune alterations and how these alterations may influence the use of immunotherapeutics in breast cancer patients. For our studies, we utilized a diet-induced model of obesity (DIO) in which mice were fed either a high-fat or low-fat diet to generate DIO or age-matched lean controls, respectively, then challenged with the syngeneic E0771 mammary carcinoma cell line. Tumor outgrowth was quantified by caliper measurements, bioluminescent imaging (BLI) via firefly luciferase-expressing E0771 (E0771-fLUC) cells, and endpoint tumor weights. Immune populations were evaluated via multi-parameter flow cytometry. BLI revealed that obesity increases primary tumor outgrowth and significantly alters intra-tumoral immune populations. Changes include decreases in the frequency of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, increases in granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs) and dendritic cells (DCs), and a trending decrease in total CD45 + tumor infiltrating leukocytes. These alterations were specific to the tumor environment, as they were not present in the spleens of tumor-bearing mice. Collectively these data implicate obesity as a causal agent in impairing anti-tumor immune responses to murine breast cancer. Furthermore, they suggest several cellular candidates for mechanistic investigations into obesity-induced dysfunction in breast cancer immunity.
Structuring techniques: an introduction using C++

1. Getting Acquainted with Computers, Programs, and C++. 2. Getting Acquainted with C++. 3. Getting Things In and Out ...A (R) Reading and Writing. 4. Writing Simple C++ Programs. 5. Making Decisions ...A (R) Selection. 6. Looping Operations ...A (R) Iteration. 7. Functions for Top/Down Design. 8. Arrays. 9. Multidimensional Arrays. 10. Pointers. 11. Structures. 12. Introduction to Object Oriented Programming. 13. Class Inheritance. 14. ADTs. 15. File I/O. Appendix A: Turbo C++ Jump Start. Appendix B: Quick Check Solutions. Glossary. Index.
Photoelectrochemistry with TiO2 Aerogels

One way of understanding light-induced charge separation processes on semiconducting substrates is to arrive at a parametrization that correlates material properties with output parameters. The Gartner equation and its descendants [1] are classic examples in which we try to correlate output parameters of photovoltaic devices, such as short circuit current and open circuit voltage, with material parameters such as minority carriers’ diffusion length and absorption coefficient These four parameters, and many similar ones, are parameters of the collective system. In the general language of complex systems, they are emerging properties of the aggregates - in our case, in its simplest presentation - of the single crystal substrates. Photoelectrochemistry on semiconducting substrates has now reached the point where we need to develop parametrization that spans different aggregation modes. Figure 1 demonstrates the central issue; we show there five different modes of aggregation. The first mode is a powder of isolated nanocrystalline grains such as Degussa P25. The particles are well defined but the interparticle space is constantly changing. Interparticle transport can take place only through the surrounding electrolyte. The second mode is represented by TiO2 aerogels in which the fundamental units remain the nanocrystallites but they now aggregate to establish connectivity. In this mode the surface area and most of the bulk properties are similar to ones obtained with the powders but the interparticle pore space is well defined and interparticle transport can take place not only through the electrolyte but also between particles. The next mode takes the form of nanocrystalline electrodes in which the morphology is similar to the aerogels but is deposited on a substrate.
Biology of Oulema

There are approximately 100 Oulema spp., primarily distributed in the temperate-tropical areas on plants in the families Amaranthacae, Commelinaceae, Compositae, Cyperaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae. Rosaceae, and Solanaceae (R.E. White, personal communication). In the subfamily Criocerinae, the genus Oulema Gozis (1886) can be distinguished from the closely related Lema Fabricius (1798) (Grison et al. 1963) by the shape of the pronotum and converging angle of the frontal grooves. Mittal et al. (1984) compiled a list of chromosome numbers for 23 species of criocerids and noted that 17 Lema spp. had n = 7 to 16, 2 Oulema spp. had n = 8 to 10, and three Crioceris spp. had n = 9 chromosomes. In view of the past difficulty in separating Lema and Oulema spp., and the paucity of information on chromosome numbers, it is premature to suggest that Lema spp. have more chromosomes than Oulema spp. (Ninan et al. 1968). Much of the biological data reported herein is about the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus 1758) (Battenfeld et al. 1982). Information is also presented about two other economically important Oulema species: the rice leaf beetle, O. oryzae (Kuwayama 1931) and the cereal pest. O. gallaeciana (von Heyden 1870) (= Lema (Oulema) lichenis Weise 1882; see Mohr 1985), often found sympatrically with the cereal leaf beetle in Europe.
The Role of Inhibited Intercellular Communication in Carcinogenesis: Implications for Risk Assessment from Exposure to Chemicals

With the reality that humans cannot live without chemicals and that the number of new chemicals to which we are exposed is increasing, the justified concern over the potential harm of any one or mixture of these chemicals to human health is also growing every day (Steering Committee, 1984). In addition, the harsh reality is that these chemicals cannot all be tested, in an absolute fashion, for their potential toxicity as an acute toxicant, teratogen, carcinogen, neuro-or reproductive toxicant. Constraints, such as (a) our lack of basic understanding of the mechanisms by which chemicals might lead to various toxic endpoints; (b) the reliance on short-term assays and animal model surrogates for human exposure; (c) limited resources (human, financial, technical) to perform the toxicological tests; and (d) imprecise ability due to species, genetic, developmental stage, sex and nutritional/occupational/environmental background, to extrapolate from short-term test or animal bioassay results to the unique individual human situation, put great uncertainties in any risk assessment process.
Association Between Psychotropic Medication Polypharmacy and an Objective Measure of Balance Impairment Among Middle-Aged Adults: Results from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Psychotropic medications (e.g., antidepressants, anxiolytics, and neuroleptics) are increasingly prescribed with two or more taken concurrently (polypharmacy), and have been associated with an increased risk of falling. The aim of this study was to examine the association between psychotropic medication use and balance impairment using an objective balance measure. We derived data from participants aged 40 years and older in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999/00–2003/04) who completed the Modified Clinical Trial of Sensory Interaction and Balance and indicated current medications (n = 3090). Balance impairment was defined as failing the Modified Clinical Trial of Sensory Interaction and Balance condition 4 (standing on foam surface, eyes closed). Medication use included specific psychotropic classes, a count of psychotropic medications, and a count of non-psychotropic medications taken concurrently. Nested multiple logistic regression assessed relationships between medication use and balance impairment, adjusting for covariates and complex sampling. One third of participants had balance impairment. After accounting for medical comorbidities, there was no relationship between individual classes of psychotropic medications and balance impairment. After adjusting for all covariates, there was a dose–response relationship between the number of psychotropic medications taken and balance impairment, with every additional medication associated with a 35% higher odds (odds ratio = 1.35; 95% confidence interval 1.07–1.70). In comparison, there was no increase in the odds of balance impairment associated with each additional medication taken for participants only taking non-psychotropic medications. Psychotropic medication polypharmacy is associated with an increased odds of balance impairment. Clinicians should exercise caution when prescribing combinations of psychotropic medications, and refer to physical therapy for assessment and treatment if balance impairment is detected.
Graduate Student Literature Review: The milk behind the mustache: A review of milk and bone biology

Exploring the relationship between nutrition, skeletal development, and aging is important in maintaining bone health. Even further, understanding the complexity of skeletal homeostasis may assist in reducing the prevalence of skeletal disease, especially osteoporosis. The skeleton is unique in that it can adapt to various physical pressures, maintain shape, and remodel itself to increase integrity and strength. For decades, it was thought that increasing skeletal health was as simple as drinking three 8-oz. glasses of milk per day due to high levels of bioavailable calcium. New research into the bioactive components of milk have revealed other roles in promoting skeletal health. Milk contains various bioactive peptides, houses genetic information in milk-derived exosomes, and supplies relevant amounts of nutrients important for bone health. In this review, we discuss the basics of skeletal formation and homeostasis, dive into the potential effects of milk on the growing skeleton, and present contrasting findings.
EGFR gene mutation and epithelial to mensenchymal transition (EMT) markers in advanced NSCLC patients treated with erlotinib.

e18117 Background: TTF-1 is a transcription factor involved in regulating epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Previous work in a clinically enriched non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) popul...
School Counselors’ Use of Technology for Program Management:

The use of technology in school counseling remains largely underinvestigated. In this descriptive study, researchers surveyed school counselors to examine ways in which they are using technology to...
An interactive web-based lethal means safety decision aid for suicidal adults (Lock To Live): pilot randomized controlled trial

Background: Counseling to reduce access to lethal means such as firearms and medications is recommended for suicidal adults but does not routinely occur. We developed the Web-based Lock to Live (L2L) decision aid to help suicidal adults and their families choose options for safer home storage. Objective: This study aimed to test the feasibility and acceptability of L2L among suicidal adults in emergency departments (EDs). Methods: At 4 EDs, we enrolled participants (English-speaking, community-dwelling, suicidal adults) in a pilot randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized in a 13:7 ratio to L2L or control (website with general suicide prevention information) groups and received a 1-week follow-up telephone call. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar between the intervention (n=33) and control (n=16) groups. At baseline, many participants reported having access to firearms (33/49, 67%), medications (46/49, 94%), or both (29/49, 59%). Participants viewed L2L for a median of 6 min (IQR 4-10 min). L2L also had very high acceptability; almost all participants reported that they would recommend it to someone in the same situation, that the options felt realistic, and that L2L was respectful of values about firearms. In an exploratory analysis of this pilot trial, more participants in the L2L group reported reduced firearm access at follow-up, although the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: The L2L decision aid appears feasible and acceptable for use among adults with suicide risk and may be a useful adjunct to lethal means counseling and other suicide prevention interventions. Future large-scale studies are needed to determine the effect on home access to lethal means. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03478501; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03478501
Movement and Microhabitat Selection in the Southern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys volans) in Southwestern Illinois

Flying squirrels (genus Glaucomys) have a close association with forest trees for food, shelter, and travel. They play a key role in dispersing seeds and fungi, as well as being an important food source for predators. Thus, understanding their habitat requirements provides insight for conservation efforts, particularly in highly fragmented areas. This study employed radio-telemetry to examine habitat use by Glaucomys volans (Southern Flying Squirrel) in urban and rural fragments in southwestern Illinois. While male home-range sizes were not observed to be significantly different from females, squirrels exhibited significant preference for medium and large trees (>40 cm diameter) over small trees (≤40 cm diameter). Additionally, squirrels selected soft-mast trees for nesting significantly more than expected, with no relationship found between the proportion of hard-mast trees used and home-range size.
Technological Innovations in Pediatric Psychological Consultation

Like nearly all professional fields, pediatric psychology is being increasingly molded and shaped by the rapid advances in technology. Clinicians have access to a variety of technologically innovative methods to collect and evaluate psychological data about patient’s mental, physical, and emotional states while also providing engaging and novel ways to disseminate psychological interventions. This chapter highlights the current use of technology for psychological consultation-liaison services as well as outpatient psychological treatment for the medically ill child. Current technology-based interventions are reviewed as methods to enhance self-assessment and self-monitoring, psychoeducation, goal setting, skill building, and feedback. Technology-based applications reviewed include online information and videos, smartphone applications, wearable physiological monitoring, and biofeedback devices that may enhance existing evidence-based models of care. Findings from existing studies and reviews are summarized and descriptions are provided that demonstrate practical ways to apply technology in inpatient medical units and outpatient treatment programs. Recommendations are provided for developing evidence-based practice using technology devices, acknowledging the barriers to address when building this field of practice and research, and reviewing initial resources. The chapter concludes with a case example of optimizing patient care utilizing technological innovations.
Beyond taste and easy access: Physical, cognitive, interpersonal, and emotional reasons for sugary drink consumption among children and adolescents.

Abstract Consumption of sugary drinks is associated with the development of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases among children and adolescents. In addition to high added sugar content, many sugary drinks also contain caffeine. However, whether the combination of sugar and caffeine uniquely influences children's sugary drink intake is presently unknown. This study aimed to evaluate contextual factors surrounding children's sugary drink consumption and investigate reasons for sugary drink intake among children and adolescents, with a specific focus on caffeinated sodas and sweet tea. We also evaluated how sugary drink consumption makes children feel and how they anticipated that they would respond if sugary drinks were restricted. Focus group discussions (n = 9, 2–8 participants per group) were conducted with 37 predominantly AfricanAmerican children and adolescents, ages 8–14 years, who consumed ≥1 caffeine-containing sugary drink(s) daily, based on parental report. Focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were independently coded by two coders, after which emergent themes were identified. Reported reasons for sugary drink consumption encompassed five themes: 1) perceived need (e.g., satisfy cravings, quench thirst); 2) physical and cognitive benefits (e.g., provide energy, improve attention); 3) emotional and interpersonal benefits (e.g., relieve anger, facilitate socializing); 4) sensory properties (e.g., taste, carbonation); and, 5) external cues (e.g., family/peer modeling, availability). Negative consequences resulting from excess intake were also reported, including gastrointestinal symptoms, headaches, fatigue, hyperactivity, and chronic disease. Perceived physical, cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal benefits encourage sugary drink consumption and exacerbate well-described challenges of sugary drink reduction, including their palatability, accessibility, and affordability. Findings also suggest that incorporation of strategies to enhance physical, cognitive, and emotional health may hold promise in reducing sugary drink consumption among children and adolescents.
Analytical Model Based Prediction of State-of-Charge (SoC) of a Lithium-Ion Cell under Time-Varying Charge/Discharge Currents

Real-time state of charge (SoC) estimation of a Li-ion cell is necessary for an accurate estimation of the state of the cell, and to ensure safety and efficient performance by avoiding overcharge or overdischarge. While past papers have presented analytical models for predicting voltage and SoC for constant-current conditions, there is a need for analytical models that account for time-varying charge/discharge currents representative of realistic conditions. This paper presents an analytical SPM-based model to predict the terminal voltage and SoC of a Li-ion cell operating under a general time-dependent current profile. Concentration distributions in the positive and negative electrodes are determined analytically using Green's function approach, followed by determination of the electrode voltages as functions of time using the Butler-Volmer kinetic equation. The analytical model is validated through good agreement with numerical simulations and past experimental data for a number of different operating conditions. Cell voltage and SoC are predicted for a variety of time-varying currents, including drive cycles representative of realistic driving conditions. It is expected that the analytical model developed here will help in improving the performance of battery management systems by obtaining more accurate information about the internal state of the cell in realistic charge/discharge conditions.
Tocilizumab Use in a Chronic Hemodialysis Patient for the Management of COVID-19-Associated Pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious, rapidly spreading viral disease. As of writing this article, there are over 4.4 million people affected by COVID-19, and unfortunately, 300,000 have succumbed to the infection. In this article, we address a particularly more susceptible group of the population of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on dialysis who may potentially benefit from being treated with tocilizumab. The use of tocilizumab has not been reported widely in ESRD patients on dialysis to treat COVID-19. In this case report, we describe a patient with ESRD on hemodialysis who was admitted to the intensive care unit, with severe pneumonia secondary to COVID-19 infection. This patient was treated with tocilizumab 400 mg intravenous and had a favorable outcome with no apparent adverse events.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy mitigates radiation induced lymphopenia in early stage non-small cell lung cancer

Introduction Radiation-induced lymphopenia (RIL) occurs during treatment with conventional radiation in multiple organ sites. Development of RIL portends poor prognosis. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) spares RIL in pancreatic cancer, but has not been examined in other sites commonly treated with SBRT. This work examines if SBRT similarly spares RIL in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and methods Retrospective analysis was done at a single institution on 40 distinct cases of SBRT for early stage NSCLC from 2006–2017. Incidentally collected lymphocyte counts collected within 6 months of SBRT treatment were analyzed to determine if RIL occurred. The presence of RIL was correlated with location of initial failure and survival endpoints. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed with significance defined at the level p < 0.05. Results RIL was observed in 35% of the analyzed patients. Patterns of failure and survival data were comparable to prior SBRT literature. There was no observed association in two year local, nodal, or distant failure, progression free survival, or overall survival based on the presence of RIL. Discussion SBRT spares RIL in NSCLC compared to historical rates observed with conventionally fractionated radiation. As understanding of the role of the immune system in cancer control continues to evolve, the importance of RIL sparing techniques take on increasing importance. This study represents further analysis of RIL sparing in SBRT in an early stage NSCLC cohort without the confounding influence of chemotherapy.
Relationships between stuttering, depression, and suicidal ideation in young adults: Accounting for gender differences.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation and living with stuttering while accounting for time, sex, and health-related confounders. Method The data for this study come from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally representative survey study that has followed 13,564 respondents over the course of 14 years. Responses to the question “Do you have a problem with stuttering or stammering?” at two time points were used to establish stuttering and non-stuttering groups. Regression analysis, propensity score matching, and structural equation modeling were used. Results Compared to their fluent counterparts, males and females reported significantly elevated symptoms of depression. Although symptoms of depression among males who stutter were stable over time, depressive symptoms among females who stutter increased with age. Compared to males who do not stutter, males who stutter were significantly more likely to report feelings of suicidal ideation. There were no differences in suicidal ideation between females who do and do not stutter. Conclusions Speech-language pathologists should be aware of the associations between stuttering and depressive symptoms, as well as the increased risk for suicidal ideation among males who stutter. Clinicians should be knowledgeable about symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation and be familiar with processes to refer as needed.
Data driven analytics of porous battery microstructures

The microstructural optimization of porous lithium ion battery electrodes has traditionally been driven by experimental trial and error efforts, based on anecdotal understanding and intuition, leading to the development of useful but qualitative rules of thumb to guide the design of porous energy storage technology. In this paper, an advanced data-driven framework is presented wherein the effect of experimentally accessible microstructural parameters such as active particle morphology and spacial arrangement, underlying porosity, cell thickness, etc., on the corresponding macroscopic power and energy density is systematically assessed. For the LixC6 | LMO chemistry, an analysis performed on 53 356 battery architectures reported in the literature revealed that for commercial microstructures based on oblate-shaped particles, lightly textured samples deliver higher power and energy density responses as compared to highly textured samples, which suffer from large polarization losses. In contrast, high aspect ratio prolate-shaped particles deliver the highest energy and power density, particularly in the limit of wire-like morphologies. Polyhedra-based colloidal microstructures demonstrate high area densities, and low tortuosities, but provide no appreciable power and energy density benefit over currently manufactured particle morphologies. The developed framework enables to establish general microstructure design guidelines and propose optimal electrode microstructures based on the intended application, given an anode and cathode chemistry.