cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1089 OEREBROSPINAL FLUID LACTIC ACID DEHYDROGENASE LEVELS IN MENINGITIS

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) has been utilized to help distinguish bacterial from non-bacterial meningitis. We reviewed the initial lumbar puncture (LP) results in 45 pediatric patients with documented bacterial meningitis seen between 1977-80. Patients ranged in age from 1 month to 16 years. No CSF specimens contained significant numbers of RBC's. Nine of the 45 patients had received oral antibiotics prior to admission. A CSF LDH value of more than 20 IU/L (40 units/ml) was considered presumptive evidence of bacterial meningitis, although antibiotics were begun in all patients immediately following the initial LP. A total of 9 patients (20%) had CSF LDH values 20 IU/L. For this group of 74 patients with meningitis encountered during a 3 year period, initial CSF LDH did not prove helpful in distinguishing bacterial from non-bacterial disease.
An Electrochemical Flow Analysis System for Putrescine Using Immobilized Putrescine Oxidase and Horseradish Peroxidase

An electrochemical flow analysis system was optimized together with immobilized putrescine oxidase and horseradish peroxidase for putrescine measurement. Four coupling agents, suberic acid bis(N-hydroxysuccinimide ester), γ-maleimidobutyric N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and glutaraldehyde, were used for immobilizing the two enzymes on porous aminopropyl glass beads to form a bienzymic detection column. Although the glutaraldehyde crosslinking procedure offered the highest response, the immobilized bienzyme system was responsive to putrescine, spermidine (123% of the putrescine response at 250 μM) and cadaverine (98% of the putrescine response). In contrast, the enzymes immobilized on the glass beads using suberic acid bis(N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) offered significantly better selectivity towards putrescine at the same concentration. For comparison, cadaverine and spermidine only provoked a response of 4.7% and 27.5% of the putrescine signal. The response to cadaverine and spermidine was further suppressed by lowering the detection pH from 8 to 7. At 250 μM, the response obtained for cadaverine and spermidine was only 1.5% and 3.9%, respectively, of the signal obtained for putrescine. A linear response to putrescine was obtained from 5 to 75 μM (0.629 μAs μM−1, R2=0.997) with a detection limit of 5 μM (S/N=3). The amperometric response retained 75% of its initial value after 600 repeated injections. The immobilized PUO/HRP (putrescine oxidase/horseradish peroxidase) was successfully demonstrated for measuring putrescine in fish extracts as an indicator of fish spoilage.
Keeping Viruses in Chk: DNA Damage Signaling Puts the Brakes on Transformation

Oncogenic viruses infect many cells but rarely lead to tumorigenesis. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Nikitin et al. describe how a protective DNA damage response acts to suppress transformation in the majority of cells latently infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
On the early stages of pearlite formation in hypoeutectoid steels

Summary A new initiation mechanism which describes the early stages of pearlite formation in hypoeutectoid steels has been proposed. In contrast to Hillert's branching mechanism (10), which also was observed, the previously unreported mechanism is associated with multiple nucleation events of cementite at a proeutectoid ferrite/austenite interface. It is suggested that this new initiation mechanism is analogous to the conventional mechanism for discontinuous precipitation.
Characterization of human aggrecanase 2 (ADAM-TS5): substrate specificity studies and comparison with aggrecanase 1 (ADAM-TS4).

ADAM-TS5 (aggrecanase 2), one of two cartilage aggrecanases is a member of the ADAM protein family. Like ADAM-TS4 (aggrecanase 1) the enzyme cleaves cartilage aggrecan at the Glu(373)-Ala(374) bond, a marker of aggrecanase activity. In this study we have characterized the substrate specificity of ADAM-TS5 and compared it with that of ADAM-TS4. The recombinant human ADAM-TS5, like ADAM-TS4 cleaves aggrecan at Glu(1480)-Gly(1481), Glu(1667)-Gly(1668), Glu(1771)-Ala(1772) and Glu(1871)-Leu(1872) bonds more readily than at the Glu(373)-Ala(374) bond. In addition, ADAM-TS5 exhibited an additional site of cleavage in the region spanning residues Gly(1481) and Glu(1667), representing a unique cleavage of ADAM-TS5. ADAM-TS5 cleaved aggrecan approximately 2-fold slower than ADAM-TS4. Neither ADAM-TS5 nor ADAM-TS4 was able to cleave the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin, thrombospondin, type I collagen, type II collagen, gelatin or general protein substrates such as casein and transferrin. Finally, the zymogen of stromelysin (MMP-3) was not activated by either ADAM-TS4 or ADAM-TS5.
Oxidation of Methyl Function of 3,3-(3-Fluorobenzyl)-2-Propanone by Thionyl Chloride

Abstract In the presence of a catalytic amount of a tertiary amine, thionyl chloride generally oxidizes carboxylic acids1,2 and ketones1 at α carbon atoms to form α-chloro-α-chlorosulfenyl derivatives and their subsequent reaction products. Examination of reaction mixtures of thionyl chloride with a number of variously substituted 4-aryl-2-butanones revealed that in the case of the 3-methoxy or 3-hydroxy derivatives, cyclization onto the aromatic ring to form a benzo[b] thiophene competes quite favorably with cyclization onto enol to form a thietanone.4 The results were consistent only with thionyl chloride oxidation proceeding exclusively at the methylene position.
Sperm oil replacements: Synthetic wax esters from selectively hydrogenated soybean and linseed oils

Synthetic wax esters with properties similar to those of sperm whale oil have been prepared entirely from soybean and linseed oils. the synthesis required: (a) selective hydrogenation of the oils with copper-on-silica gel catalyst, (b) hydrogenolysis of fatty acids to fatty alcohols with copper-cadmiumchromium catalyst, and (c) esterification of hydrogenolysis products to yield predominantly long chain fatty esters which contained unsaturation in both the alcohol and acid moieties. Similarity of physical and chemical properties indicate that these wax esters are possible replacements for sperm oil. After sulfurization, the wax esters also have potential as extreme pressure lubricant additives.
Effect of acute and chronic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration on reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic activity in vivo.

Abstract The effect of injection or chronic infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into unanaesthetized rats on the distribution of [99Tcm]SC has been determined. At a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, LPS injection caused a marked alteration in the distribution of the radiolabelled material, with more uptake being achieved in the lung while less was taken up by the spleen. Kidney and liver uptake were also changed. Chronic infusion of LPS at a similar dose (3 mg/kg in 24 h) caused a marked increase in the uptake of the radioactive material by the lung only. These data are consistent with a working hypothesis that the alterations in RES phagocytic activity of the lung observed in rats subjected to burn trauma could be related in part to LPS, either coming as a bolus, or being continuously presented.
Personal informatics in everyday life

Personal informatics is becoming increasingly prevalent. The lived informatics perspective considers the everyday behaviors people experience while tracking, such as switching tools, forgetting to track, or giving up on tracking. My work furthers theory, design, and implementation of lived informatics in technology. I contribute a theoretical framework to characterize how people use self-tracking tools in practice, independent of their original motivation to track. I design and build technology for analyzing personal data, improving sharing experiences around physical activity data, and promoting food mindfulness.
Monitoring response patterns of individual monkeys living in groups

There are occasions experimentally when the researcher working with groups of animals needs to know which animal is responding, the duration of the response, and the time at which it occurs. Generally, the experimenter requires good reliability with the least amount of interference to the animals and their environment. There are, of course, several methods that might be used. For example, Cadell, Cressman, Parsons, and Hills (1972) used a telemetry technique to identify subjects in a study with similar requirements. A radio transmitter was attached to a harness on the back of each animal. Using tuned reed relays, they were able to identify individual monkeys that made contact with a metal target object. For our purposes, problems associated with radio telemetry (i.e., interference, expense, subject manipulation of apparatus, etc.) were difficult to surmount. So we used a simple camera technique to identify individual animals in a group making a particular response during 24-h intervals. Our research required that monkeys be allowed to control the dispensing of an alcohol solution (the independent variable of interest). The alcohol solution was available to the animals through a single stainless steel drinking spout which protruded 2.54 em through a clear Plexiglas window into a room containing a group of unrestricted monkeys. A microswitch attached to the drinking spout activated three events when pressed downward by an animal: (1) 2.5 ml of solution was dispensed, (2) a single-frame picture of the monkey drinking was taken by a Super 8 movie camera with a solid state single-frame switch", and (3) the event
Roughness estimation for wind-load simulation experiments

Abstract Wind Engineers engaged in wind tunnel simulation experiments for the assessment of wind loads on low-rise structures have to cope with the problem of how to reproduce the pertinent flow parameters characterizing the atmospheric surface layer. Seldom are field observations available, and for the majority of the cases the simulation is therefore not based directly on observed flow quantities at the building site. Instead the Wind Engineer must assess visually the roughness of the terrain at the building site and match it with a particular class from an existing terrain classification. The latter provides then a measure of the roughness in the form of the roughness length that can be used to provide an estimate of the turbulence parameters of the flow to be reproduced in the laboratory using basic principles. The proposed method to obtain these parameters can be easily adapted for a user-friendly electronic evaluation with the prescribed roughness length.
Intrinsic Absorption Lines in the Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 5548: Ultraviolet Echelle Spectra from the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph

We present the first observations of a Seyfert galaxy with the echelle gratings on the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), which provide high-resolution (λ/Δλ ≈ 40,000) coverage of the intrinsic UV absorption lines in NGC 5548. We confirm the presence of five kinematic components of absorption in Lyα, C IV, and N V at radial velocities of -160 to -1060 km s-1 with respect to the emission lines, and find an additional Lyα component near the systemic velocity, which probably arises in the interstellar medium of the host galaxy. Compared to Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph spectra of the N V and C IV absorption obtained ~2 yr earlier, the kinematic components have not changed in radial velocity, but the ionic column densities for two components have decreased. We attribute these variations to changes in the total column of gas, but for one component we cannot rule out changes in the ionization of the gas. We have calculated photoionization models to match the UV column densities from each of the five components associated with the nucleus. In four of the components, the ionization parameters (U = 0.15-0.80) and effective hydrogen column densities (Neff = 6.0 × 1018 to 2.8 × 1020 cm-2) cannot produce the O VII and O VIII absorption edges seen in the X-ray-warm absorber. The remaining component is more highly ionized (U = 2.4, Neff = 6.5 × 1021 cm-2), and our model matches the previously observed X-ray absorption columns. This component is therefore likely to be responsible for the X-ray-warm absorber. It also has the highest outflow velocity and showed the largest variations in column density.
A Numerical Study of Polyampholyte Configuration

Monte Carlo simulation and variational mean field calculations are used to study the structure of isolated polyampholyte chains at conditions roughly corresponding to dilute aqueous solutions. The simulations are performed by modeling the polymer as a necklace of charged hard spheres connected by rigid bonds with free rotations. A random distribution of cationic and anionic groups on the chain is assumed and average properties for samples with restricted or fluctuating net charge on individual chains are computed. The chains swell with increasing net charge while they are contracted when a balance of positive and negative charges is attained. The variational mean field theory successfully describes the swelling at high net charge while it underestimates the attractive effects characteristic of neutral or nearly neutral chains. This difference is interpreted as a result of spatial correlations among ionized polyampholyte beads in compact coils. The effects studied by determining the structure of ionic atmospheres surrounding individual charges in the coil in analogy with the known behavior of simple ionic solutions. The mean field model neglects this effect but still captures the essential features of the temperature dependence of the average coil for both the ensemble with enforced chain neutrality and the unrestricted ensemblemore » with fluctuations of charge on individual chains. 77 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.« less
Calcium antagonism and reversibility of gentamicin-induced loss of cochlear microphonics in the guinea pig

Abstract The perilymphatic space of the guinea pig cochlea was perfused with various concentrations of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and gentamicin. Cochlear microphonic potentials (CM) were essentially stable when solutions contained 1 mM Ca 2+ plus 2 mM Mg 2+ , 1 mM Ca 2+ and no Mg 2+ or when both Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ were omitted. In the absence of Ca 2+ , the presence of 2 mM Mg 2+ or 1 mM EGTA markedly decreased CM. Addition of 3 mM gentamicin lowered CM, the magnitude of the effect depending on the concentration of Ca 2+ present. Ten mM Ca 2+ eliminated the action of the drug. In the absence of Ca 2+ , the effects of Mg 2+ and gentamicin were additive. When the application of gentamicin was followed by perfusion with drug-free medium, suppression of CM by 3 mM drug could be reversed with 10 mM Ca 2+ but not with 1 mM Ca 2+ . Loss of CM was irreversible when administration of 10 mM Ca 2+ was delayed or when the drug concentration was increased to 10 mM. The results are consistent with our previous hypothesis of a biphasic mechanism of aminoglycoside toxicity: an initial action competitive with calcium ions and reversible and a second step, non-competitive and irreversible.
Compensatory increases in Her-2/neu activation in response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition in colon cancer cell lines.

Background Tyrosine kinase receptors of the ErbB family have become promising targets for anti-neoplastic drugs, but mechanisms of resistance are incompletely understood. To investigate such pathways, we applied a small-molecule, selective EGFR inhibitor, OSI-774, to three well-characterized colon cancer cell lines and studied the alterations of expression and activation of receptors in the erbB family. Methods MTT assays were performed to determine the IC 50 s of GEO, FET, and HCT 116 human colorectal cancer cell lines treated with OSI-774. Plated cells were then exposed to either DMSO control or 7 μ m of OSI-774 for treatment durations of 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 28, and 56 days. Cell lysates were evaluated by Western blotting, evaluating both total and phosphorylated levels of EGFR, Her-2/ neu , and erbB-3. Results IC 50 values for GEO, FET, and HCT 116 cell lines exposed to OSI-774 were 12.0, 16.0, and greater than 100 μ m , respectively. In all treated cell lines, OSI-774 diminished EGFR activation but did not affect total expression compared with controls. In contrast, Her-2/ neu activation was increased in all cell lines. These changes in EGFR and Her-2/ neu were identified within 24 h but peaked later in the treatment cycle. ErbB-3 expression and activation did not follow a consistent pattern between cell lines. Conclusions Inhibition of EGFR led to increased activation of Her-2/ neu . This result suggests a possible mechanism by which cells might escape the proapoptotic signals resulting from EGFR blockade. Our findings suggest concurrent inhibition of multiple members of the erbB family may yield stronger apoptotic responses than single receptor blockade alone.
Portable virtual cycle accounting for large-scale distributed cycle sharing systems

CPU cycle sharing among distributed heterogeneous computers is the key function in large-scale volunteer computing and desktop grid applications. One important problem in large-scale distributed cycle sharing system is how to account for the amount of computation work performed by a CPU cycle provider, in a uniform and portable fashion across heterogeneous hardware and operating system platforms. Such an accounting mechanism is especially desirable when CPU resources are traded and a lack of uniform workload accounting will hinder the enforcement of market-driven CPU pricing/trading policies in distributed cycle sharing systems. Java Virtual Machine (JVM) has proved to be a good match for distributed cycle sharing because of its abilities to run applications on a wide variety of platforms without modification (portability) and to host untrusted applications (safety). In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of an efficient, application-transparent virtual cycle accounting scheme integrated into JVM. Our scheme achieves portable workload accounting across heterogeneous computing platforms by accounting for JVM virtual instructions instead of real processor cycles. Different from the existing JVM CPU accounting mechanisms that involve bytecode rewriting, our scheme is transparent to applications and does not require visible changes to application and library code interfaces which would break applications that use Reflection API. Moreover, our scheme is efficient via the use of processor registers for accounting. Our experimental results demonstrate both high accounting accuracy and low runtime overhead of virtual cycle accounting.
Comparing Student Performance in Online and Blended Sections of a GIS Programming Class

Educators and non-educators alike commonly assume that online courses cannot match the effectiveness of their traditional, face-to-face counterparts. This article describes a comparative study of the performance and study habits of two groups of students in a course in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software programming and customization: one delivered online to adult professionals working asynchronously; the other delivered in a blended, online/face-to-face environment to upper-level undergraduates in residence. Course grades show that the undergraduate cohort underperformed in comparison to the online cohort, in spite of the fact that their version of the course included face-to-face lecture and lab time in addition to the online course materials. To explore differences in the study habits of the two groups, all students were asked to keep a diary of the time they devoted to coursework. Information from these diaries suggest that a student's ability to meet learning objectives is less dependent on the course content delivery mechanism than it is on the student's motivation, maturity and time management skills.
Zurich to cease compiling sunspot series

By the end of this year, one of the oldest continuous series of astronomical data—the Zurich Relative Sunspot Numbers—will no longer be compiled. Other indexes of sunspot activity are under consideration as replacements. J. O. Stenflo, the new director of the Swiss Federal Astronomical Observatory, where the Zurich numbers are compiled, has directed that the observatory discontinue this service by the end of 1980. An attempt to find a more accurate substitute for the somewhat subjective observations may have prompted the decision.
Subtropical Rainfall and the Antarctic Ozone Hole

For more than 100 years, researchers have understood that ozone in the stratosphere, the atmospheric layer between 10 and 50 km above Earth's surface, plays an important role in absorbing ultraviolet radiation and protecting life on Earth ( 1 ). In 1985, scientists and the public became alarmed when Farman et al. ( 2 ) reported that, during the Antarctic spring, stratospheric ozone concentrations over the continent were declining by as much as 50%, indicating the presence of a polar “ozone hole.” Implementation of the 1987 Montreal protocol, an international agreement that phased out the use of some chlorofluorocarbons and other compounds that destroy stratospheric ozone, has led to the first stage of recovery ( 3 ). Researchers, however, had not widely recognized the ozone hole's impact on the climate of the troposphere (the lowest 10 km of the atmosphere) until recent observational ( 4 ) and state-of-the-art climate modeling studies ( 5 – 8 ). These studies showed that ozone depletion has a large influence during the Antarctic summer, when it drives a major air current called the mid-latitude westerly jet to a higher latitude, closer to Antarctica; this reduces sea level pressure over the continent, cooling much of the continental interior, coinciding with a warming of the Antarctic Peninsula. On page 951 of this issue, Kang et al. ( 9 ) expand our understanding of ozone depletion's impact on climate. Using a series of carefully designed climate model experiments, they show that ozone-induced climate change is not confined just to the vicinity of Antarctica but extends over much of the Southern Hemisphere, even reaching the tropics, where it appears to have resulted in increased summer precipitation in the subtropics.
Comparison of Vander Lugt and Joint Transform Correlators

A generalized optical correlator is used to analyze the performances of the Vander Lugt and the joint transform architectures. Noise performance and the effects caused by the differences between the input and the reference functions are analyzed. It is found that the modulation index of the joint transform filter decreases due to the presence of noise as well as the differences between the input and the reference functions. However, it is found that, in general, the joint transform correlator would perform better than the Vander Lugt correlator and certainly has the advantage for real-time implementation.
Financial feasibility of increasing carbon sequestration in harvested wood products in Mississippi

Abstract Longer forest rotation ages can potentially increase accumulation of carbon in harvested wood products due to a larger proportion of sawlogs that can be used for manufacturing durable wood products such as lumber and plywood. This study quantified amounts of carbon accumulated in wood products harvested from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands grown in Mississippi by extending rotation ages traditionally used to manage these stands for timber. The financial viability of this approach was examined based on carbon payments received by landowners for sequestering carbon in standing trees and harvested wood products. Results indicated a potential to increase carbon accumulated in wood products by 16.11 metric tons (t) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per hectare (ha) for a rotation increase of 5 years and 67.07 tCO2e/ha for a rotation increase of 65 years. Carbon prices of $50/tCO2e and $110/tCO2e would be required to provide a sufficient incentive to forest landowners to extend rotations by 5 and 10 years, respectively. With 2.8 million ha of loblolly pine stands in Mississippi, this translates to a possible increase in wood products carbon of 45 million tCO2e and 80 million tCO2e for harvest ages increased by 5 and 10 years, respectively. Higher carbon prices lengthened rotation ages modestly due to low present values of carbon accumulated with long rotations.
Job scheduling in rings

We give distributed approximation algorithms for job scheduling in a ring architecture. In contrast to almost all other parallel scheduling models, the model we consider captures the influence of the underlying communications network by specifying that task migration from one processor to another takes time proportional to the distance between those two processors in the network. As a result, our algorithms must balance both computational load and communication time. The algorithms are simple, require no global control, and work in a variety of settings. All come with small constant-factor approximation guarantees; the basic algorithm yields schedules of length at most 4.22 times optimal. We also give a lower bound on the performance of any distributed algorithm some results for a simple capacitated case, and the results of simulation experiments, which give better results than our worst-case analysis.
Dual Intracordal Unilateral Vocal Fold Cysts: A Perplexing Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge

Summary A 52-year-old professional voice user, a director of international sales and marketing and sports coach, described a 40-year history of severe hoarseness, with recent progressive dysphonia. He could not be heard on a cell phone and was unable to raise the volume or intensity of his voice. Strobovideolaryngoscopy revealed a perplexing set of dual intracordal lesions in the left vocal fold and a posterior glottal gap. The amplitude and magnitude of the left vocal fold mucosal waves were barely perceptible and were severely decreased in the right. There was marked phase asymmetry and aperiodicity bilaterally. A computed tomography scan of the neck with contrast and multiplanar reformatted reconstructions and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the neck with and without contrast revealed the nodular appearing masses of the left vocal fold without any definite evidence of paraglottic or supraglottic extension and no cervical lymphadenopathy. He had a hyperfunctional larynx with laryngopharyngeal reflux and chronic reflux laryngitis. Voice restoration required antireflux therapy, voice therapy, and phonomicrosurgical excision of the lesions. One benign epidermoid malformation cyst was lined by squamous epithelium. The second was a retention cyst lined with cuboidal epithelium. Finally, after 40 years, he has a normal voice.
New functional allylic lithium reagents: gem-dialkoxyallyllithium reagents: a useful route to β-silyl- and β-stannylpropionate esters

Abstract The reaction of sec-butyllithium with acrolein dialkyl acetals in THF or in THF/Et 2 O/pentane at -95°C results in formation of gem -dialkoxyallyllithium reagents, Li[CH 2 CHC(OR) 2 ]. These react with organosilicon and organotin chlorides to give ketene acetals, R 3 SiCH 2 CHC(OR) 2 and R 3 SnCH 2 CHC(OR) 2 . The acid hydrolysis of these products produces β-substituted propionic acid esters, R 3 SiCH 2 CH 2 CO 2 R and R 3 SnCH 2 CH 2 CO 2 R. Reactions of these lithium reagents with allyl bromide gave esters of 5-hexonoic acid, CH 2 CH(CH 2 ) 3 CO 2 R (R = Me, Et).
Diazepam inhibits the spreading of chick embryo fibroblasts

Abstract Diazepam (Valium/Roche), a benzodiazepine derivative, reversibly inhibited the spreading of chick embryo fibroblasts in a dose-related manner. This inhibition was accompanied by: 1. 1 Fewer and less organized microfilament bundles. 2. 2 A reduction in myosin fluorescence along these structures. 3. 3 A reduction in the total myosin content of cells compared to corresponding controls. Overall results suggest that myosin plays an active role in the spreading of chick embryo fibroblasts.
X-Ray Wavelengths

Inconsistencies in accepted values (in x units) of x-ray reference lines have recently been demonstrated, although all are supposedly based on "good" calcite crystals. Factors supporting the selection of the W $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ line as the X-Ray Wavelength Standard are critically discussed. A review is given of the experimental measurements which are used to establish the wavelength of this line on an absolute angstrom basis. Its value is $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ W $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}=(0.2090100\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 \mathrm{ppm})$ \AA{}. This may be used to define a new unit, denoted by \AA{}*, such that the W $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ wavelength is exactly 0.2090100 \AA{}*; hence 1\AA{}*=1\AA{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 ppm. The wavelengths of the Ag $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, Mo $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, Cu $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$, and the Cr $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$ have been established as secondary standards with probable error of approximately one part per million. Sixty-one additional x-ray lines have been used as reference values in a comprehensive review and reevaluation of more than 2700 emission and absorption wavelengths. The recommended wavelength values are listed in \AA{}* units together with probable errors; corresponding energies are given in keV. A second table lists the wavelengths in numerical order, and likewise includes their energies in keV.
Frequency of Resistance to Kanamycin, Tobramycin, Netilmicin, and Amikacin in Gentamicin-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria

In vitro evaluation of 66 epidemiologically distinct, gentamicin-resistant, gram-negative isolates from four hospitals revealed that 92% were kanamycin resistant, 44% were netilmicin resistant, 41% were tobramycin resistant, and 6% were amikacin resistant. Combined resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, and netilmicin occurred in 30% of the strains. Although the resistance percentage to amikacin was the lowest of the three newer agents, two strains were resistant to all of the aminoglycosides tested.
The mechanism of electrolytic hydrogen evolution—evidence for the participation of proton tunneling

Abstract The protium-tritium separation factor S H,T for hydrogen evolution was measured as a function of potential, temperature and solution composition on Hg in acid solution. Tafel measurements and the determination of the activation energy for hydrogen evolution on Hg were also carried out. The protium-tritium separation factor was found to be linearly dependent on potential for temperatures in the range +50° to −71°C. At 27°C in 7·5 N HCl the linear region extended from −0.8 to −1.3 V overpotential with a flattening out at high cathodic overpotentials to a value of S H,T 3·4. The rate of decrease of S H,T with increase in cathodic overpotential is given by d S H,inT /dη = 10·0 V −1 for 7·5 N HCl and d S H,T /dη = 8·5 V − for dilute H 2 SO 4 . New Tafel data was obtained for 7·5 N HCl in the region −10 to −71°C and new data for the dependence of i o on temperature was obtained in this region. The strong dependence of S H,T on potential is ascribed to the effects of proton tunneling. An anomalous dependence of Tafel slope and i o on temperature at temperatures below 5°C in 7·5 N HCl is ascribed to specific adsorption of Cl − ions.
Three-Year Results of Prevention Programs on Marijuana Use: The New Hampshire Study

The effects on marijuana use of 1) a drug prevention curriculum, or 2) this curriculum with added parent and other adult community activities in comparison with 3) a control community were investigated. Baseline information on drug-related behaviors from a sample of fourth, fifth, and sixth graders aged nine to fourteen years in rural New Hampshire (N = 1200) were obtained. The children completed these initial questionnaires in classrooms in 1987. In the comprehensive community intervention regular marijuana use was reduced by over 50 percent. No program had a significant effect on the initiation of marijuana use. The predictors of initiation were being in a higher grade, low school satisfaction, poor academic achievement, feeling unloved by one's family, feeling unpopular, and being part of a drug-using peer group. The baseline predictors of subsequent regular marijuana use were poor academic achievement, feeling unpopular, and being part of a drug-using peer group. In interviews the cultural and social contexts of marijuana use were explored. Strategies to prevent marijuana use need to take into account the profile of the marijuana-using child, the adult community's attitudes and beliefs about drugs, and the access of drug sellers and users to children.
Optimization of systems with pulse-width-modulated control

The problem of finding pulse-width-modulated signals which provide optimal control for a specified plant is considered. A set of necessary conditions which must be satisfied by the optimal control is derived using the calculus of variations. A steepest-descent procedure is developed to obtain a numerical solution to the resulting nonlinear two-point boundary value problem. Special features of the numerical procedure are automatic step size adjustment and the generation of a sequence of performance indices which is monotonic. An example which illustrates the range of application is given.
Sex Pheromone Gland of the Gypsy Moth Parasitoid, Apanteles melanoscelus: Revaluation and Ultrastructural Survey

Observations of premating behavior of Apanteles melanoscelus (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) males exposed to parts of female abdomens suggested that the sex pheromone gland of females was not Dufour's gland as previously reported but paired epidermal glands on the 8th abdominal tergum. The columnar cells of these glands contained lipid deposits, microvilli, and numerous mitochondria, which are typical of pheromone gland cells in other insects.
A disinhibitory circuit mediates motor integration in the somatosensory cortex

The influence of motor activity on sensory processing is crucial for perception and motor execution. However, the underlying circuits are not known. To unravel the circuit by which activity in the primary vibrissal motor cortex (vM1) modulates sensory processing in the primary somatosensory barrel cortex (S1), we used optogenetics to examine the long-range inputs from vM1 to the various neuronal elements in S1. We found that S1-projecting vM1 pyramidal neurons strongly recruited vasointestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing GABAergic interneurons, a subset of serotonin receptor-expressing interneurons. These VIP interneurons preferentially inhibited somatostatin-expressing interneurons, neurons that target the distal dendrites of pyramidal cells. Consistent with this vM1-mediated disinhibitory circuit, the activity of VIP interneurons in vivo increased and that of somatostatin interneurons decreased during whisking. These changes in firing rates during whisking depended on vM1 activity. Our results suggest previously unknown circuitry by which inputs from motor cortex influence sensory processing in sensory cortex.
Separation by Flotation

Abstract There has been much recent activity in the theory and application of separation by flotation, both in the United. States and abroad. This review primarily addresses new developments in foam flotation, colloid flotation and precipitate flotation. The work in ore flotation represents a major effort and would itself require a lengthy article. Work from ore flotation which significantly impacts on the areas of interest listed above is included here, however. Foam separation of biological materials and the microflotation of bacteria are not routinely discussed in this review. A few recent review articles on these areas are included at the end of the Review Articles and Books Section to afford the interested reader a start on that literature. The development and use of flotation separation techniques for waste treatment and water reuse over the last few years are included in this article.
Stereotype threat in manual labor settings for African American and Caucasian participants

Stereotype threat has primarily been studied with regard to test performance in academic settings, testing aptitude, ability, and intelligence, and it has been found to cause both behavioral and cognitive decrements. Although there is research on stereotype threat in the workplace, this too is usually conducted in upper-level or more academically based job tasks. This article concentrates on how stereotype threat affects those in manual labor workplace settings. This research, however, sought to test subjects on a behavioral task in a workplace setting to see if the results mirror those in academia. Stereotype threat in academic settings has been shown to cause both behavioral and cognitive decrements. It was theorized that stereotype threat would cause performance decrements for the African American participants. Participants were undergraduate students—60 Caucasian and 60 African American. All performed two manual labor tasks, sorting and assembling nuts and bolts, and a math test, half while under stereotype threat and half without stereotype threat manipulation. Results yielded significant differences between the two conditions for African Americans on both the academic and nonacademic/manual labor tasks.
Research on Calculation Method for Dill Pipe Half-wavelength Based on Energy Method

Abstract According to energy conservation, it researched the calculation method for dill pipe half-wavelength from a new angle in this paper, and deduced the calculation equation of half-wavelength, which is important to optimizing drilling parameter and lengthening fatigue life of drill pipe.
Conformational stability, barriers to internal rotation, ab initio calculations and vibrational assignment of methyl propargyl ether

Abstract The Raman spectra (3400 to 10 cm −1 ) of gaseous, liquid and solid and the infrared spectra (3500 to 35 cm −1) of gaseous and solid methyl propargyl ether, HCCCH 2 OCH 3 , have been recorded. Furthermore, the far-infrared spectrum of the gas has been recorded in the region of 370 to 30 cm −1 at a resolution of 0.10 cm −1 . From the vibrational spectrum two conformers have been identified in the fluid phases at ambient temperature with the gauche rotamer the more stable conformer and the only one present in the annealed solid. The fundamental asymmetric torsions of the gauche and trans conformations have been observed at 113.2 and 102.0 cm −1 , respectively, with the gauche form having three excited state transitions falling to lower frequency. From these data, the asymmetric torsional potential function has been obtained with the following coefficients: V 1 = 325 ± 24, V 2 = −662 ± 23, V 3 = 1149 ± 14, V 4 = −102 ± 6 and V 6 = −46 ± 6 cm −1 . From this potential function, the trans to gauche, gauche to gauche and gauche to trans barriers are determined to be 664, 1831 and 1021 cm −1 , respectively, with an enthalpy difference between the conformers of 357 ± 61 cm −1 (1021 ± 174 cal mol−1 and the gauche conformer the more stable form in the gas. The enthalpy difference has been determined experimentally for the liquid from the variable-temperature studies of the Raman spectrum and a value of 153 ± 10 cm−1 (437 ± 29 cal mol −1 ) has been obtained with the gauche form again the more stable rotamer. The methyl torsional transitions of the gauche and trans rotamers have been observed at 166.0 and 214.2 cm −1 , respectively, and on the basis of the one-dimensional model the barrier to internal rotation of the methyl group is determined to be 707 ± 45 cm −1 (2.02 kcal mol −1 ) and 991 ± 67 cm −1 (2.83 kcal mol −1 ) for the gauche and trans conformers, respectively. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for a gauche/trans equilibrium in the gas and liquid phases. The structural parameters, conformational stability, barriers to internal rotation and fundamental vibrational frequencies which have been determined experimentally are compared to those obtained from ab initio calculations employing the RHF/4–31G*, RHF/6–31G*, MP2/6–31G* and/or MP2/6–31++G** basis sets. These results are compared to those obtained for some similar molecules.
Modification of an infant incubator for exposure of experimental animals to nitrous oxide.

Abstract Research with N 2 O is hampered because it is a gas and must be inhaled by the test subject rather than injected. Described herein is the development of a practical and efficient exposure chamber for such research. A Model C-35 Isolette infant incubator was modified by installation of a manifold system for distribution and opposed-suction fans for a circulation of the gas mixture (N 2 O in oxygen). An exponential model was developed, predicated on gas concentration uniformity, to track the increasing concentration of N 2 O during chamber filling and to predict the time required for the chamber to assume a steady-state level of N 2 O. This model requires that three things be known: the volumetric flow rate of administered gas mixture, the concentration of N 2 O in that mixture, and the volume of the chamber. The model predicts that X ( t )/ X ∝ = 1 − exp(− t /τ), where X ( t ) is the concentration of N 2 O of an instant t ; X ∝ , the concentration of N 2 O administered; and τ, the time constant—the ratio of chamber volume to volumetric flow rate. This model was confirmed via mass spectroscopy analysis of gas from the chamber during filling.
Negotiating autonomy and connection through politeness: A dialectical approach to organizational conflict management

Organizations and their members struggle with dialectical tensions—opposing needs that appear mutually exclusive but must be met simultaneously. This paper asks how individuals in organizations cope with their seemingly opposing needs for autonomy and connection. The study of communication between anesthesiologists and certified registered nurse anesthetists illustrates how politeness strategies (Brown & Levinson, 1987) can successfully transcend the autonomy‐connection dialectic and foster more collaborative conflict management. This article demonstrates that integrating two previously separate theories illuminates the ways communication enables individuals to fulfill their desires for autonomy and connection while meeting organizational needs for collaboration and improved social capital.
Increase in hypothalamic cholecystokinin following acute and chronic morphine

Abstract Recent evidence supports an antagonistic interaction between cholecystokinin (CCK) and opiate peptides. The present study determined the effects of various levels of morphine treatment on hypothalamic levels of CCK as determined by radioimmunoassay. Acute treatment with morphine sulfate (10 mg/kg) or implantation of one morphine pellet (75 mg free base) increased levels of CCK in whole hypothalamus. Increased expossure to morphine by either chronic injections or implantation two pellets did not result in a further change in whole hypothalamic CCK levels. In samples dissected into hypothalamic subregions, the effect of morphine on CCK levels was localized to medial but not lateral or posterior regions. These experiments extend earlier in vitro findings and suggest that some of the physiological and behavioral effects of opiate peptides may result from modulation of endogenous CCK.
Management of febrile children in the age of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Objectives. The optimal practice management of highly febrile 3- to 36-month-old children without a focal source has been controversial. The recent release of a conjugate pneumococcal vaccine may reduce the rate of occult bacteremia and alter the utility of empiric testing and treatment. The objective of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of 6 different management strategies of febrile 3- to 36-month-old children at current and declining rates of occult pneumococcal bacteremia. Methods. A cost-effectiveness (CE) analysis was performed to compare the strategies of “no work-up,” “clinical judgment,” “blood culture,” “blood culture + treatment,” “complete blood count (CBC) + selective blood culture and treatment,” and “CBC and blood culture + selective treatment.” A hypothetical cohort of 100 000 children who were 3 to 36 months of age and had a fever of ≥39°C and no source of infection was modeled for each strategy. Our main outcome measures were cases of meningitis prevented, life-years saved compared with “no work-up,” total cost (1999 dollars), and incremental CE ratios. Results. When compared with “no work-up,” the strategy of “CBC + selective blood culture and treatment” using a white blood cell (WBC) cutoff of 15 × 109/L prevents 48 cases of meningitis, saves 86 life-years per 100 000 patients, and is less costly at the current rate of bacteremia (1.5%). Using the strategy of “CBC + selective blood culture and treatment” with a lower WBC cutoff of 10 × 109/L costs an additional $72 300 per life-year saved. If the rate of bacteremia declines to 0.5%, then the incremental CE ratio of “clinical judgment” compared with “no work-up” is $38 000 per life-year saved; however, strategies that include empiric testing or treatment result in CE ratios greater than $300 000 per life-year saved. Conclusions. “CBC + selective blood culture and treatment” using a WBC cutoff of 15 × 109/L is cost-effective at the current rate of pneumococcal bacteremia. If the rate of occult bacteremia falls below 0.5% with widespread use of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine, then strategies that use empiric testing and treatment should be eliminated.
Biochemical Basis of DNA Replication Fidelity

DNA polymerase is the critical enzyme maintaining genetic integrity during DNA replication. Individual steps in the replication process that contribute to DNA synthesis fidelity include nucleotide ...
Transfer of heterologous immunoglobulin into the uterine lumen of pigs

Abstract Transfer of circulating heterologous immunoglobulin G (IgG) into the uterine lumen of pigs has not been reported. The present study determined if ovine IgG (oIgG) could be transferred into the uterine lumen of pigs. Six gilts (nonparous female pigs) were injected i.v. with either immune sheep serum (25 or 50 ml) to porcine uteroferrin (Uf) or non-immune sheep serum (50 ml) on days 9, 11 and 13 of the estrous cycle. Serum was collected daily from days 9 to 15 and uterine flushings were collected at hysterectomy on day 15. An ELISA detecting olgG was used to determine levels of oIgG in pig sera and uterine flushings. High oIgG levels in serum (ranging from 87 ± 11 to 141 ± 14 μg/ml) were maintained by injecting the gilts at 48 h intervals with ovine antiserum to porcine Uf. Serum concentrations of oIgG did not differ ( P > 0.05) regardless of whether immune or non-immune sera or different doses of immune serum were injected. oIgG in uterine flushings (2 ± 1 μg/uterine flushing) was detectable when the samples were concentrated 40-fold, but were lower ( P
Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy of [2.2]paracyclophane in supersonic jets

Abstract The fluorescence excitation spectrum of [2.2]paracyclophane has been recorded from 30675 to 32570 cm−1. Two inter-ring vibrations, the breathing mode and the twisting mode, are responsible for the extensive vibronic structure in this lowest-lying electronic transition. The breathing mode gives rise to a long dominant progression with origin at 30772 cm−1 and fairly even separations of 235 cm−1. The remaining progressions are built on this breathing mode with several binary combinations of the twist. Theoretical calculations support our vibronic analysis.
The tropical rain forest: Is it a productive environment for human foragers?

A recent debate in ecological anthropology concerns the availability of wild foods for human foragers in tropical forests. This article is a response to the five essays in this same issue of Human Ecology that examine the hypothesis that hunter-gatherers could never have lived in tropical rain forest without direct or indirect access to cultivated foods. We clarify the hypothesis and assess the evidence offered to date. Archeological evidence suggests foraging without cultivation in Malaysia. We propose a program of ecological studies and archeological research which, if undertaken, should provide the evidence necessary to falsify the hypothesis.