cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of “Mood-Inducing” Music on Challenging Behavior

Effects of a musical manipulation on the challenging behavior of 3 persons with severe disabilities were evaluated. In Experiment 1 we identified stimulus conditions associated with high rates of challenging behavior for each participant. In Experiment 2 the high rate condition (determined in Experiment 1) was repeated with the addition of fast and slow beat music. Data indicate that challenging behavior was more frequent when slow beat music was played. Participants also displayed differential expressions of affect in these conditions. Results suggest that conditions associated with expression of affect may serve as establishing operations for challenging behavior and that this type of influence should be investigated further for possible contributions to intervention efforts.
Cluster detection based on spatial associations and iterated residuals in generalized linear mixed models.

Summary. Spatial clustering is commonly modeled by a Bayesian method under the framework of generalized linear mixed effect models (GLMMs). Spatial clusters are commonly detected by a frequentist method through hypothesis testing. In this article, we provide a frequentist method for assessing spatial properties of GLMMs. We propose a strategy that detects spatial clusters through parameter estimates of spatial associations, and assesses spatial aspects of model improvement through iterated residuals. Simulations and a case study show that the proposed method is able to consistently and efficiently detect the locations and magnitudes of spatial clusters.
The enhanced adhesion properties of metallic thin films on metal substrates by ion implantation

Abstract A new method for preparing well bonded metallic thin coating films on metal substrates by low energy ion implantation is described. The implantation N+ energy is 100 keV, and the thickness of gold film is 300 A. The adhesion is significantly enhanced when the implantation dose reaches 5 × 1015 ions cm−2. The adhesion is determined by wearing and peeling tests. The performance of corrosion-resistance will be improved also. For further improvement, the multilayers may be used.
A note on Mimosa invisa C. Martius ex Colla and M. Invisa C. Martius (Mimosaceae)

Mimosa invisa C. Martius (1837) is not, as long supposed, a superfluous duplication ofM. invisa C. Martius ex Colla (1834), but a heterotypic posterior homonym and therefore illegitimate.Mimosa invisa C. Martius ex Colla is the earliest valid name forM. rhodostachya (Benth.) Benth. (1875). The correct name forM. invisa C. Martius isM. diplotricha C. Wright ex Sauvalle (1868).
Hippocampo-hypothalamic connections: origin in subicular cortex, not ammon's horn

An autoradiographic study of the subcortical projections of the rat hippocampal formation shows that the efferent fibers of the hippocampus proper (fields CA1-4 OF Ammon's horn) do not project to the hypothalamus but are confined to the precommissural fornix, ending primarily in the septum. The fibers that are distributed by way of the fornix system to the hypothalamus (principally the arcuate-ventromedial region and the mammillary nuclei) and the anterior thalamus arise from the subicular region of the cerebral cortex (that is, the subiculum, presubiculum, and parasubiculum).
The effects of suspiciousness of deception and the perceived legitimacy of deception on task performance in an attitude change experiment1

Summary Subjects participated in two immediately consecutive experiments In the first, they either experienced a deception and debriefing, learned about deception in the abstract, did not learn about deception In the second, they either did or did not hear a reference to the possibility of a deception in that experiment A measure of incidental learning of the message in the second experiment showed that experiencing deception and learning about it in the abstract were not functionally equivalent, that only experiencing deception tended to produce absolute bias, that this bias was probably caused by “vigilance” rather than by “negativism,” that the reference to deception before the second experiment did not itself cause bias, and that the reference eliminated the difference in performance due to experiencing a deception as opposed to only learning about it in the abstract Furthermore, suspiciousness and the reported legitimacy of deception were positively related to each other at the group mean level Separating out their contribution to experimental performance showed that they complexly interacted to determine performance. These results were discussed with reference to the fear that subjects who have heard about deception from friends might perform differently from subjects who have not, with reference to the necessity for deception in some attitude change research, with reference to one alternative to deception, and with reference to explanations of why some experiments have shown no relationship between suspiciousness and experimental performance while others have shown a negative relationship
Time Integration Techniques for Richards Equation

Abstract We discuss several time integration techniques of system of ordinary differential equations characterized by strong nonlinear coupling of the unknown variables. This system is a result of spatial discretization (using such as ﬁnite element, ﬁnite difference, or ﬁnite volume element) of the Richards Equation which is a governing mathematical principle for modeling water inﬁltration through a subsurface. The nature of Richards Equation is further complicated by the fact that the rate of change of the quantity of interest represented by a time derivative is also nonlinear. We formulate a general framework of the numerical time integration as a discontinuous Galerkin method. The actual implementation of a particular scheme is realized by imposing certain ﬁnite element space in time variable to the variational equation and appropriate “variational crime” in the form of numerical quadrature for calculating the integration in the formulation. The resulting nonlinear algebraic equations are solved by employing some ﬁxed point type iterations. We discuss two examples and compare their performance
Neonatal methylphenidate does not impair adult spatial learning in the Morris water maze in rats.

Abstract Methylphenidate (MPD) is the most prescribed drug for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Licit and illicit use also occurs during pregnancy, however the effects from this use on offspring development are unknown. To model late gestational exposure, Sprague–Dawley litters were treated with 0, 5, 10, 20, or 30 mg/kg × 4/day every 2 h with MPD on postnatal days 11–20 (within-litter design; days chosen to be comparable to human third trimester brain development). During treatment, body weights were decreased in MPD-treated groups; weight recovery occurred in all but the MPD-30 group by start of testing. MPD-treated rats showed no changes in anxiety (elevated zero maze), swimming ability (straight channel swimming), or spatial learning/reference memory (Morris water maze). MPD does not appear to pose a risk to these CNS functions after exposure during a stage of rat development analogous to third trimester human brain development.
Steady-state penetration of viscoplastic targets

The problem of steady-state penetration by a semi-infinite, rigid cylindrical penetrator with an ellipsoidal nose into an infinite, rigid-viscoplastic target has been studied. The target material is assumed to obey a generalized form of Von Mises yield criterion to account for the strain-rate dependence. Contact between target and penetrator is assumed to be smooth. Computed results show that the deformation field adjacent to the nose of the penetrator is significantly different in the ellipsoidal case from what it is when the nose is hemispherical. Results presented graphically include the dependence of the axial resisting force on penetrator speed, the ratio of the major to minor axes of its ellipsoidal nose, and the strain-rate hardening parameter of the target. Also depicted are the normal pressure over the penetrator nose and the velocity field in different parts of the target.
Evaluating the Effects of a Systemic Intervention on First-Grade Teachers’ Explicit Reading Instruction:

This article examines the efficacy of a multitiered systemic reading intervention for increasing the intensity and quality of explicit literacy instruction that teachers provide in first-grade clas...
DIFFERENCES IN ACTIVITY OF HEPATIC MICROSOMAL TRIGLYCERIDE TRANSFER PROTEIN AMONG SPECIES

Five sows, five cows, five hens, six guinea pigs, six rabbits, and six rats were used in a study to determine if hepatic microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity differed among species that varied in site of fatty acid synthesis and rate of hepatic triglyceride export. No differences in plasma nonesterified fatty acids were seen among species. Plasma concentrations of glucose were highest in the hen, intermediate in the rat, guinea pig, and rabbit and lowest in the sow and cow. Liver triglyceride was low in all species with the only significant difference being between the hen and the guinea pig (4.7 and 1.1%, DM basis, respectively). No microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity was found in muscle. The cow, rat, and guinea pig had the lowest levels and the hen and rabbit the highest levels of duodenal microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity. Hepatic microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity was significantly higher in the sow than the other species. Hepatic microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity was 1.51, 1.63, 2.36, 2.72, 2.95, and 6.70 nmole triolein transferred/h/mg microsomal protein for the guinea pig, rabbit, cow, rat, hen, and sow, respectively. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity in duodenal tissue was 18.0, 18.6, 19.2, 33.4, 113, and 161% of hepatic microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity for the sow, cow, rat, guinea pig, hen, and rabbit, respectively. Hepatic microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity scaled to liver weight and metabolic body size was 2.69, 3.36, 4.58, 5.83, 7.49, and 22.3 nmole triolein transferred in the liver/min/kg body weight0.75 for the rabbit, guinea pig, rat, hen, cow, and sow, respectively. There was little relationship between previously published rates for triglyceride export and hepatic microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity measured in this experiment.
Application of an Online Interactive Simulation Tool to Teach Engineering Concepts Using 3D Spatial Structures

Simulations can be powerful learning tools that allow students to explore and understand concepts in ways that are not possible in typical classroom settings. However, research is lacking as to how to use simulations most effectively in different types of learning environments. To address this need, we designed a study to examine the impact of using online interactive simulations on the learning and motivation of 109 undergraduate architecture students from two large public universities. The simulation tool allowed students to create models of spatial structures and analyze the effects of loads on structural member forces and deflections. The authors incorporated the simulations into our instructional design using an inquiry approach because it was consistent with our goals of teaching students concepts and the process of deriving the concepts. They documented that online interactive simulations delivered through inquiry-based instruction can be an effective means to help students learn and apply concepts.
Rethinking Public Space

(1995). Rethinking Public Space. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 2-3.
Analysis of the Magnetohydrodynamic Energy Bypass Engine for High-Speed Airbreathing Propulsion

The performance of the MHD energy bypass air-breathing engine for high-speed propulsion is analyzed in this investigation. This engine is a specific type of the general class of inverse cycle engines. In this paper, the general relationship between engine performance (specific impulse and specific thrust) and the overall total pressure ratio through an engine (from inlet plane to exit plane) is first developed and illustrated. Engines with large total pressure decreases, regardless of cause or source, are seen to have exponentially decreasing performance. The ideal inverse cycle engine (of which the MHD engine is a sub-set) is then demonstrated to have a significant total pressure decrease across the engine; this total pressure decrease is cycle-driven, degrades rapidly with energy bypass ratio, and is independent of any irreversibility. The ideal MHD engine (inverse cycle engine with no irreversibility other than that inherent in the MHD work interaction processes) is next examined and is seen to have an additional large total pressure decrease due to MHD-generated irreversibility in the decelerator and the accelerator. This irreversibility mainly occurs in the deceleration process. Both inherent total pressure losses (inverse cycle and MHD irreversibility) result in a significant narrowing of the performance capability of the MHD bypass engine. The fundamental characteristics of MHD flow acceleration and flow deceleration from the standpoint of irreversibility and second-law constraints are next examined in order to clarify issues regarding flow losses and parameter selection in the MM modules. Severe constraints are seen to exist in the decelerator in terms of allowable deceleration Mach numbers and volumetric (length) required for meaningful energy bypass (work interaction). Considerable difficulties are also encountered and discussed due to thermal/work choking phenomena associated with the deceleration process. Lastly, full engine simulations utilizing inlet shock systems, finite-rate chemistry, wall cooling with thermally balanced engine (fuel heat sink), fuel injection and mixing, friction, etc. are shown and discussed for both the MHD engine and the conventional scramjet. The MHD bypass engine has significantly lower performance in all categories across the Mach number range (8 to 12.2). The lower performance is attributed to the combined effects of 1) additional irreversibility and cooling requirements associated with the MHD components and 2) the total pressure decrease associated with the inverse cycle itself.
Lessons from Islamic Polygamy: A Case for Expanding the American Concept of Surviving Spouse so as to Include De Facto Polygamous Spouses

While polygamy. is illegal in the United States, forms of it are still practiced either overtly, pursuant to religious traditions, or covertly, by the maintenance of two or more family units. As a result, any claims, disputes, or abuses that arise in the context of de facto polygamous unions remain irremediable. My focus, in this Article, is not to advocate that polygamy should be legally recognized. Nor is it my purpose to debate the viability or of polygamy. Instead, I am concerned with affording legal remedies for vulnerable individuals living and operating in de facto polygamous unions. In light of the thousands of individuals living in some form of multi-party unions, I propose that it is imperative to construct adequate legal options remedies for the parties involved in these unions. In this Article, I evaluate how a women-centric interpretation of the Qur'anic treatment of Islamic polygamy might help us assess how to best protect American women involved in de facto polygamous unions. In addition, I advocate a redefinition of the concept of the surviving spouse in American estate distribution will help to legally protect de facto spouses in the inheritance context. Finally, I further propose that the common law marriage doctrine be used to help prove the existence of de facto polygamous unions.
Heats of formation of Co(CO)(2)NOPR(3), R = CH(3) and C(2)H(5), and its ionic fragments.

A joint threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence spectrometry (TPEPICO) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) study on the thermochemistry of Co(CO)2NOPR3, R = CH3 (Me) and C2H5 (Et), complexes is presented. Adiabatic ionization energies of 7.36 ± 0.04 and 7.24 ± 0.04 eV, respectively, were extracted from scans of the total ion and threshold electron signals. In the TPEPICO study, the following 0 K onsets were determined for the various fragment ions: CoCONOPMe3+, 8.30 ± 0.05 eV; CoNOPMe3+, 9.11 ± 0.05 eV; CoPMe3+ 10.80 ± 0.05 eV; CoCONOPEt3+, 8.14 ± 0.05 eV; CoNOPEt3+, 8.92 ± 0.05 eV; and CoPEt3+, 10.66 ± 0.05 eV. These onsets were combined with the Co+−PR3 (R = CH3 and C2H5) bond dissociation energies of 2.88 ± 0.11 and 3.51 ± 0.17 eV, obtained from the TCID experiments, to derive the heats of formation of the neutral and ionic species. Thus, the Co(CO)2NOPR3 (R = CH3 and C2H5) 0 K heats of formation were found to be −350 ± 13 and −376 ± 18 kJ·mol-1, respectively. These heats of formation were c...
Neutrophil Elastase Cleaves PML-RARα and Is Important for the Development of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia in Mice

The fusion protein PML-RARalpha, generated by the t(15;17)(q22;q11.2) translocation associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), initiates APL when expressed in the early myeloid compartment of transgenic mice. PML-RARalpha is cleaved in several positions by a neutral serine protease in a human myeloid cell line; purification revealed that the protease is neutrophil elastase (NE). Immunofluorescence localization studies suggested that the cleavage of PML-RARalpha must occur within the cell, and perhaps, within the nucleus. The functional importance of NE for APL development was assessed in NE deficient mice. Greater than 90% of bone marrow PML-RARalpha cleaving activity was lost in the absence of NE, and NE (but not Cathepsin G) deficient animals were protected from APL development. Primary mouse and human APL cells also contain NE-dependent PML-RARalpha cleaving activity. Since NE is maximally produced in promyelocytes, this protease may play a role in APL pathogenesis by facilitating the leukemogenic potential of PML-RARalpha.
Abstract 1134: Slug promotes survival during metastasis through suppression of Puma-mediated apoptosis

Tumor cells must overcome apoptosis to survive throughout metastatic dissemination and distal organ colonization. Here we show in the Polyoma Middle T mammary tumor model that N-cadherin causes Slug upregulation, which promotes carcinoma cell survival. Slug was dramatically upregulated in distant metastases relative to primary tumors. Consistent with a role in metastasis, Slug knockdown in metastatic carcinoma cells suppressed pulmonary colonization, due to reducing cell survival, but had no effect on tumor cell invasion or extravasation. In support of a role in cell survival, Slug inhibition by shRNA, sensitized tumor cells to apoptosis by genotoxic stress, resulting in caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. Furthermore, the effects of Slug on cell survival were due to direct repression of the pro-apoptotic gene, Puma. Importantly, the survival function of the SLUG-PUMA axis was confirmed in human breast cancer cells, where Slug knockdown increased Puma expression and inhibited lung colonization. Thus, our study demonstrates a pivotal role for Slug in cell survival, which is beyond its role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, implying that disruption of the SLUG-PUMA axis may impinge on the survival of metastatic cancer cells. Citation Format: Rachel Hazan. Slug promotes survival during metastasis through suppression of Puma-mediated apoptosis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1134. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1134
Evidence for ion chain mechanism of the nonlinear charge transport of hydrophobic ions across lipid bilayers

The conductivity across a lipid bilayer by tetraphenylborate anion is increased 10-fold on the photoformation of lipophilic porphyrin cations. The cations alone have negligible conductivity. This nonlinear photogenerated increase of ion conductivity is termed the photogating effect. Substitution of H by Cl in the para position of tetraphenylborate leads to a 100-fold enhancement of conductivity, whereas the dark conductivities for this and other substituted borates are the same. Moreover, the halo-substituted borates show a large enhancement of conductivity in the low concentration range (10(-8) M), whereas that of tetraphenylborate is small and space charge is negligible. The enhanced ion conductivity has great structural sensitivity to the structure of the anion, the cation, and the lipid, whereas the partition coefficient of all the borates and the concentration of photoformed cations are only slightly affected. The photogated ion transport has a twofold larger activation energy than transport in the dark. Time-resolved photocurrents and voltages demonstrate that the translocation rate of the porphyrin cation is also enhanced 100-fold by the Cl-borate anion but only 10-fold by the H-borate anion. For these reasons the nonlinear gating effect cannot be explained by electrostatics alone, but requires an ion chain or ion aggregate mechanism. Kinetic modeling of the photoinduced current with a mixed cation-anion ion chain can fit the data well. The photogating effect allows the direct study of ion interactions within the bilayer.
Getting in on the (inter)action: exploring affordances for collaborative learning in a context of informed participation

Although considerable attention in the CSCL community has been on distributed-, Web-, or distance-learning applications, there is evidence suggesting that much of learning, particularly in open-ended problem-solving activities based on tacit information, does not occur in isolation but in face-to-face settings. This has led our research to explore ways to develop technologies and media that enhance participation, collaboration, and learning in face-to-face, copresent settings. This paper explores the history of our research on developing such technologies in the context of our Envisionment and Discovery Collaboratory at the Center for LifeLong Learning & Design at the University of Colorado at Boulder, and discusses my research on interface design to support learning and participation in collaborative settings.
More Than Parents in Prison: The Broader Overlap Between the Criminal Justice and Child Welfare Systems

Because of the dramatic rise in incarceration rates during the past two decades, children of incarcerated parents have been a topic of increasing interest. Children who have parents in jail or prison, however, are only a subgroup of the children child protective services agencies encounter who have parents who are involved with the criminal justice system. According to data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, the primary caregivers of one in three children in in-home settings have been arrested, but are not currently incarcerated. Households headed by caregivers who have been arrested have higher levels of substance abuse, domestic violence, and extreme poverty than households with never-arrested caregivers. Children of arrested and never-arrested caregivers have comparable levels of clinically significant emotional and behavioral problems, but these problems are more prevalent in both groups than is typical for children in the general population. There are special considerations ...
Linking morphology and performance of organic solar cells based on decacyclene triimide acceptors

Bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices consisting of a novel non-fullerene acceptor based on a decacyclene triimide core and the common polymer donor poly(3-hexylthiophene) exhibit good power conversion efficiency (∼1.6%) as-cast. However, thermal annealing results in a drastic decrease in both the efficiency and the electron current. Polarized soft X-ray spectroscopy and grazing incidence X-ray scattering reveal that thermal annealing results in a reorientation of the acceptor molecules to an edge-on orientation with their π–π stacking direction predominantly in-plane with the substrate and overall hexagonal packing among planar columnar structures. This packing motif greatly hinders vertical electron transport in bulk heterojunction films. Furthermore, in situ X-ray scattering studies show that this critical reorientation occurs even at relatively low temperatures (∼60 °C). These results are some of the first to highlight differences between the morphology of non-fullerene and fullerene-based bulk heterojunctions and critical parameters that must be controlled when designing future high-performance non-fullerene acceptor molecules.
OH Concentration in an Atmospheric-Pressure Methane-Air Flame from Molecular-Beam Mass Spectrometry and Laser-Absorption Spectroscopy

Abstract The concentration of lhe OH radical in a stoichiometric methane-air flat flame at atmospheric pressure was measured with both laser-absorption spectroscopy and molecular-beam mass spectrometry (MBMS). The nonequilibrium peak OH concentrations and the OH decay rate measured from the two techniques were in good agreement. The OH profile from the MBMS measurements, however, was shifted downstream from the absorption measurements by the MBMS sampling process. A comparison of temperature profiles from thermocouple measurements and from a molecular-beam time-of-flight technique exhibited a similar downstream shift. The MBMS measurements effectively sampled the gas properties approximately five orifice diameters ahead of the sampling-probe tip. Perturbation of the OH concentration profile using various sampling probes indicate the importance of minimizing the length of the sampling-orifice channel to reduce composition relaxation during sampling.
Primary oil migration through buoyancy‐driven multiple fracture propagation: Oil velocity and flux

[1] We present a fracture-mechanics-based formulation to investigate primary oil migration through the propagation of an array of periodic, parallel fractures in a sedimentary rock with elevated pore fluid pressure. The rock is assumed to be a linearly elastic medium. The fracture propagation and hence oil migration velocity are determined using a fracture mechanics criterion together with the lubrication theory of fluid mechanics. We find that fracture interactions have profound effects on the primary oil migration behavior. For a given fracture length, the mass flux of oil migration decreases dramatically with an increase in fracture density. The reduced oil flux is due to the decreased fracture propagation velocity as well as the narrowed fracture opening that result from the fracture interactions.
Real-time wide area power control studies using PXI and RTDS

With the advances in measurement and communication, wide-area control system (WACS) is becoming a mature technology in power systems. Various control strategies have been proposed. To study the performance of these new control or protection methods for power systems, time domain simulation is widely used. One of the time domain simulation methods is controller-in-the-loop (CIL) simulation, which includes a real time simulator and an embedded controller. In this paper, a real time test bed that models a simple two-area power system with WACS was implemented. The design of WACS was performed by using small-signal analysis techniques. The synchronization technique proposed in authors' previous work was implemented to see whether it has the impact on the accuracy of the simulation.
Loop corrections and other many-body effects in relativistic field theories

Abstract Incorporation of effective masses into negative energy states (nucleon loop corrections) gives rise to repulsive many-body forces, as has been known for some time. Rather than renormalizing away the three- and four-body terms, we introduce medium corrections into the effective σ-exchange, which roughly cancel the nucleon loop terms for densities ϱ ∼ ϱ nm , where ϱ nm is nuclear matter density. Going to higher densities, the repulsive contributions tend to saturate whereas the attractive ones keep on growing in magnitude. The latter is achieved through use of a density-dependent effective mass for the σ-particle, m σ = mσ ( ϱ ), such that m σ ( ϱ ) decreases with increasing density. Such a behavior is seen e.g. in the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model. It is argued that a smooth transition to chiral restoration implies a similar behavior. The resulting nuclear equation of state is, because of the self-consistency in the problem, immensely insensitive to changes in the mass or coupling constant of the σ-particle.
Effect of microorganisms on extractability of Cd from soil with NaOH and DTPA

SUMMARY Because Cd is extremely toxic, an understanding of the factors that allow or prevent Cd entrance into the food chain is important. The fate of Cd in soil is strongly influenced by microbial activity. Thus, an attempt was made to develop a method for studying the effect of microorganisms on Cd sorption to soil and availability to plants. It was found that the amount of Cd extracted from soil to soil suspensions with 0.1 m NaOH is related to microbial proliferation. In addition, an increase of Cd in NaOH extracts occurred concurrently with a decrease of Cd in DTPA extracts. Our observations suggest that the binding of Cd to microorganisms or their products can immobilize Cd and consequently affect its bioavailability.
Low Power Challenge To Signal Processing For Space-Based Mosaic Sensors

The problem of developing an on-board signal processor which meets stringent power and performance constraints applicable to space-based mosaic sensors is addressed. A large sensor system concept is used to derive an example power budget. Speed power product requirements as derived from the example power budget are used to evaluate applicable LSI technologies in terms of their present and projected performance. The success of a given signal processor design in meeting the requirement of low power will depend on LSI technology, algorithms, their implementation, and the overall processing strategy. A signal processing concept that makes use of reconfigurable pipeline elements is introduced and discussed in terms of its applicability to low-power signal processor implementations. Particular attention is given to operational strategies that include segmented field-of-view processing for target classes, low duty cycles achieved through multiple sampling intervals, dynamic range compression, quick/long-look stare periods, and dual resolution.
Heavy-ion scattering and reactions near the Coulomb barrier and “threshold anomalies”

Abstract The couplings between the various reaction channels available for the collision of two heavy ions become especially important at energies near the top of their mutual Coulomb barrier. In particular, they result in a “threshold anomaly” in the dependence on energy of the optical model potential that describes their elastic scattering and a strong enhancement of their fusion cross sections in this energy region. The evidence for these “anomalies” is reviewed and their theoretical explanation is discussed. A dispersion relation between the real and imaginary parts of the optical model potential is described and its use is illustrated. Finally, an extension of the one-channel optical model that allows for simultaneous analysis of fusion and elastic scattering is presented and its applications are considered.
Measurement of lymphocyte subset proliferation by three-color immunofluorescence and DNA flow cytometry

We developed a method for simultaneous flow cytometric analysis of three-color immunofluorescence and DNA content. We show here that staining with 7-amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD) at 10 microg/ml using a phosphate-citrate buffer at low pH containing saponin for cell membrane permeabilization yields good resolution DNA histograms with low coefficients of variation. Furthermore, light scatter properties of cells are preserved after permeabilization; this permits gating on cell populations that differ in scatter signals on the flow cytometer. Because of the low pH of the phosphate-citrate staining buffer, Alexa488, a pH-independent green-fluorescent fluorochrome is used instead of fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) for cell surface staining in combination with phycoerythrin (PE) and with allophycocyanin (APC) which are both pH insensitive. Removal of 7-AAD after staining and replacing it with non-fluorescent actinomycin D (AD) retains DNA staining and allows detection of Alexa488, PE and APC cell surface immunofluorescence without interference from fluorescent 7-AAD in solution for clear identification of cell subpopulations even after prolonged stimulation in culture. Thus, using a four-color benchtop flow cytometer, measurement of Alexa488, PE and APC three-color immunofluorescence can be combined with 7-AAD DNA content analysis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that sample storage overnight without fixation for later analysis on the flow cytometer is possible without compromising results. Application of the method to the assessment of the differential proliferative responses of lymphocyte subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that were costimulated with CD3 and with CD28.2 is presented.
Direct Verification of Parametric Solution for Vibration Reduction Control Problems

For the optimal control problems formulated with limited actuator authority, the optimal solution is given by Pontryagin's minimum principle that provides the necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality for systems that are normal. If the resulting solution is a switched control, an alternate computation methodology exists where the problem is formulated as a parametric optimization problem with the switching times as the variables. For vibration reduction problems with constrained endpoints, the parametric formulation is not convex and the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions can only guarantee the local optimality of the solution. In this paper an approach is presented to verify the optimality of the parametric solution for optimal control problems with terminal state inequalities. The verification conditions are derived using the switching function, Karush-Kuhn-Tucker, and the transversality equations. The resulting problem is formulated as a linear program that provides a very efficient test of optimality. Example problems are given to demonstrate the application of this algorithm.
Linking a Structure of Vocational Interests to Gottfredson's (1986) Occupational Aptitude Patterns Map☆☆☆★

Abstract Gottfredson (1986) created the Occupational Aptitude Patterns (OAP) Map, an aptitude-based classification system covering most occupations in the U.S. labor force. Her job rating data also suggested an overlapping and complementary vocational interest structure for four Functional Work Areas (Physical, Bureaucratic, Social and Economic, and Artistic). To research this further in an age- and gender-diverse sample of clients seeking vocational guidance (N= 320), the present study classified Strong Interest InventoryOccupationsitems (Hansen & Campbell, 1985) into OAP Map clusters. Principal components analysis of the cluster scores generally supported this interest structure. Results suggest potential for developing the OAP Map as a theoretical and practical job classification taxonomy, with the general purpose of improving person–job fit or congruence with respect to job performance and job satisfaction.
Linear Programming Models for the User and System Optimal Dynamic Network Design Problem: Formulations, Comparisons and Extensions

In this paper we formulate a network design model in which the traffic flows satisfy dynamic user equilibrium conditions for a single destination. The model presented here incorporates the Cell Transmission Model (CTM); a traffic flow model capable of capturing shockwaves and link spillovers. Comparisons are made between the properties of the Dynamic User equilibrium Network Design Problem (DUE NDP) and an existing Dynamic System Optimal (DSO) NDP formulation. Both network design models have different objective functions with similar constraint sets which are linear and convex. Numerical demonstrations are made on multiple networks to demonstrate the efficacy of the model and demonstrate important differences between the DUE and DSO NDP approaches. In addition, the flexibility of the approach is demonstrated by extending the formulation to account for demand uncertainty. This is formulated as a stochastic programming problem and initial test results are demonstrated on test networks. It is observed that not accounting for demand uncertainty explicitly, provides sub-optimal solution to the DUE NDP problem.
Viscosity and Chemical Structure of Polymers

A technique is described which has been found useful for understanding the role played by molecular structure in the viscosity of liquid polyisobutylene polymers. A linear logarithmic relation, between the viscosity and the average molecular weight of low molecular weight polyisobutylenes, is demonstrated. This relationship is used to indicate an apparent difference in the molecular structures of some polyisobutylenes. A linear relation also exists between the molar refraction and a viscosity-constitutional constant in several homologous series of polymers which is useful for classification purposes. Contributed to ASLE by the author.
Low-temperature heat capacity of helium films adsorbed on copper

Heat capacity measurements are described for films of pure4He and a 12%He3 mixture ofHe3 andHe4He adsorbed on copper, for 0.1<T<1.2 K.He4 heat capacity isotherms show a step-type behavior as a function of coverage for the first two layers, while the mixture isotherms only show the first step. A comparison is made with recent multilayer data for helium films on Vycor published by other authors.
Varying Dietary Fiber for Lactating Cows Fed Corn and Barley Silages

Abstract Seventy-five lactating cows were in three experiments to determine the effect of dietary fiber content on ration intake, milk and milk fat production, ration digestibility, nitrogen utilization, and ruminal volatile fatty acids. With corn or barley silage as the source of forage, four treatment groups consumed rations averaging 11.8, 14.5, 17.5, and 20.6% crude fiber and 14.3, 17.5, 20.0, and 23.9% acid detergent fiber dry basis. Fiber intake was controlled by the amount and fiber content of concentrate offered or by silages with different grain content. With corn silage, dry matter intake was not altered by dietary fiber, but dry matter intake was lower when additional fiber was fed with barlev silage. Linear regressions best described effects of dietary fiber on milk production and milk fat content. Milk production declined .39 and .36kg and milk fat test increased .072 and .067% for each percentage increase in crude and acid detergent fiber. Ration digestibility, determined by lignin ratio, was less for barley silage than corn silage. Narrowing acetate: propionate ratios were evident when dietary fiber was lowered. From these experiments with silage based rations, either crude or acid-detergent fiber content of forage adequately describes feeds to serve as a basis for practically balancing rations for lactating cows.
An antibody response to cholera toxin, but not soy proteins, following oral administration of adjuvanted soybean formulations.

In the present study, we questioned whether an oral formulation made from soybean seeds and containing the mucosal adjuvant, cholera toxin (CT), could induce any detectable antibody responses against soy proteins. Groups of mice were repeatedly gavaged with formulations containing high (15 mg) and low (1 mg) doses of soybean seed protein extracts, along with CT as an oral adjuvant. While robust mucosal and systemic antibody responses against CT were observed, no detectable IgA, IgM, IgG or IgE anti-soy protein antibodies could be found. Furthermore, mice in all treatment groups remained healthy and continued to gain weight over the course of the study. Collectively, these data demonstrate that oral soybean-based vaccine formulations do not induce detectable antibody responses to soy proteins, even when the formulations contain a potent mucosal adjuvant. These studies underscore the safety of oral vaccine formulations which might contain soy proteins as a component.
Enantioselective decomposition of chiral alkyl bromides on Cu(6 4 3)R&S: Effects of moving the chiral center

Abstract The enantioselective surface chemistry of two chiral alkyl halides, S-1-bromo-2-methylbutane and R-2-bromobutane, have been compared on the naturally chiral Cu(6 4 3)R&S surfaces. Temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy was used to quantify the yields of the various decomposition products during heating. A fraction of the adsorbed alkyl bromides desorb intact while the remainder decomposes by debromination to form either S-2-methyl-1-butyl or R-2-butyl groups on the surfaces. The S-2-methyl-1-butyl group then reacts by β-hydride elimination to form 2-methyl-1-butene or by hydrogenation to form 2-methylbutane. The R-2-butyl group reacts by β-hydride elimination to form butene or by hydrogenation to form butane. This surface chemistry on Cu(6 4 3)R&S is not enantioselective at low coverages but is enantioselective at high coverages. In R-2-bromobutane the chiral carbon atom coincides with the debromination reaction center while the β-hydride elimination centers are achiral. In S-1-bromo-2-methylbutane the chiral carbon atom coincides with the β-hydride elimination reaction center while the center for debromination is achiral. Results show that the enantioselectivities are influenced by the surface structure to a greater extent than they are by the adsorbate structure.
Gas adsorption on crushed quartz and basalt

The new surfaces generated by crushing rocks and minerals adsorb gases. Different gases are adsorbed to different extents so that both the total amount and composition of the released gases are changed. This affects the interpretation of the composition of the gases obtained by vacuum crushing lunar basalts, meteorites and minerals with fluid inclusions.
Effective cross sections and rate constants for predissociation of ClO in the earth's atmosphere

Abstract Line-by-line absorption cross sections have been computed at 220° and 300°K for the X 2 Π 3 2 −A 2 Π 3 2 , v ″ = 0 to v ″ = 3 progressions of ClO. When the 300°K cross sections are convolved with a Gaussian function of 2 A bandwidth, a maximum of 10.6 mb is observed at 277.4 nm, corresponding to the band head of the v ″ = 0 to v ′ = 11 transition. To calculate effective rate constants for predissociation of the A 2 Π 3 2 state of ClO at altitudes ranging from 20 to 50km, the absorption cross sections were combined with estimates of the solar flux that penetrates to each altitude. The rate of predissociation is calculated to be much greater than the rate of direct photodissociation, but the former is still small compared to the loss rate of ClO caused by reactions with NO and O. Therefore, the contribution of predissociation to the destruction of ClO accounts for at most 2% of the total ClO loss. Further, calculations with a simplified chemical model indicate that the effect of ClO predissociation is to lower the rate of ozone depletion at all altitudes by a maximum of only 1%.
The University and Student Political Engagement.

Prior research has identified a substantial positive relationship between college attendance and civic engagement. This article examines student experiences with university academics and ancillary programs to determine which of these, if any, motivate increased student engagement. Various student characteristics were evaluated to determine their impact on student engagement. Data was obtained from the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) and the Current Population Survey (CPS). Results indicated that engagement is related positively to some student college experiences, unrelated to some experiences, and even negatively related to other experiences. Few individual characteristics relate to engagement, ACT scores and gender both impact engagement, and, surprisingly, engagement was higher among men than women.
Quantification of Acute Vocal Fold Epithelial Surface Damage with Increasing Time and Magnitude Doses of Vibration Exposure

Because the vocal folds undergo repeated trauma during continuous cycles of vibration, the epithelium is routinely susceptible to damage during phonation. Excessive and prolonged vibration exposure is considered a significant predisposing factor in the development of vocal fold pathology. The purpose of the present study was to quantify the extent of epithelial surface damage following increased time and magnitude doses of vibration exposure using an in vivo rabbit phonation model. Forty-five New Zealand white breeder rabbits were randomized to nine groups and received varying phonation time-doses (30, 60, or 120 minutes) and magnitude-doses (control, modal intensity phonation, or raised intensity phonation) of vibration exposure. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy was used to quantify the degree of epithelial surface damage. Results revealed a significant reduction in microprojection density, microprojection height, and depth of the epithelial surface with increasing time and phonation magnitudes doses, signifying increased epithelial surface damage risk with excessive and prolonged vibration exposure. Destruction to the epithelial cell surface may provide significant insight into the disruption of cell function following prolonged vibration exposure. One important goal achieved in the present study was the quantification of epithelial surface damage using objective imaging criteria. These data provide an important foundation for future studies of long-term tissue recovery from excessive and prolonged vibration exposure.
Growth of MCF-7 human breast carcinoma in severe combined immunodeficient mice: growth suppression by recombinant interleukin-2 treatment and role of lymphokine-activated killer cells.

The severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse, lacking functional T and B lymphocytes, has been considered by many groups to be a prime candidate for the reconstitution of a human immune system in a laboratory animal. In addition, this immuno-deficient animal would appear to have excellent potential as a host for transplanted human cancers, thus providing an exceptional opportunity for the study of interactions between the human immune system and human cancer in a laboratory animal. However, because this animal model is very recent, few studies have been reported documenting the capability of these mice to accept human cancers, and whether or not the residual immune cells in these mice (e.g. natural killer, NK, cells; macrophages) possess antitumor activities toward human cancers. Thus, the purpose of this study was (a) to determine whether or not a human breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) can be successfully transplanted to SCID mice, (b) to determine whether or not chronic treatment of SCID mice with a potent lymphokine (recombinant interleukin-2, rIL-2) could alter MCF-7 carcinoma growth, and (c) to assess whether or not rIL-2-activated NK cells (LAK cells) are important modulators of growth of MCF-7 cells in SCID mice. To fulfill these objectives, female SCID mice were implanted s.c. with MCF-7 cells (5 x 10(6) cells/mouse) at 6 weeks of age. Six weeks later, some of the mice were injected i.p. twice weekly with rIL-2 (1 x 10(4) U mouse-1 injection-1). Results clearly show that MCF-7 cells can grow progressively in SCID mice; 100% of the SCID mice implanted with MCF-7 cells developed palpable measurable tumors within 5-6 weeks after tumor cell inoculation. In addition, MCF-7 tumor growth was significantly (P less than 0.01) suppressed by rIL-2 treatment. rIL-2 treatment was non-toxic and no effect of treatment on body weight gains was observed. For non-tumor-bearing SCID mice, splenocytes treated in vitro with rIL-2 (lymphokine-activated killer, LAK, cells) or splenocytes derived from rIL-2-treated SCID mice (LAK cells) had significant (P less than 0.01) cytolytic activity toward MCF-7 carcinoma cells in vitro. In contrast, splenocytes (LAK cells) derived from tumor(MCF-7)-bearing rIL-2-treated SCID mice lacked cytolytic activities toward MCF-7 cells in vitro. No significant concentration of LAK cells in MCF-7 human breast carcinomas ws observed nor did rIL-2 treatment significantly alter growth of MCF-7 cells in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)