cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel graphene nanoribbon field effect transistor for integrated circuit design

In this work, we present a novel structure of Graphene NanoRibbon Field-Effect Transistor (GNR FET) to reduce short channel effects. In this structure, two side metal gates with lower work-function than the main gate are used in a conventional double-gate (DG) GNR FET topology to provide virtual extensions to source/drain regions while these are biased constant, independent of the main gate. The proposed GNR FET structure improves drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), which can reduce the short-channel effects (SCE) in device performance such as on/off current ratio, off-state current and subthreshold slope to make it a more suitable configuration than the normal GNR FET for digital integrated circuit design.
Discussion of earnings-based bonus plans and earnings management by business unit managers

Abstract Guidry, Leone, and Rock use business unit data from a multinational conglomerate to reexamine whether earnings-based bonus plans are associated with earnings management. By focusing on business unit compensation, the authors increase the power of the tests and control for earnings management incentives provided by stock-based compensation. Questions raised by the study include the generalizability of the findings beyond the sample firm, the economic significance of earnings management, the effect of earnings management on bonus awards, and how group-level incentives to manage earnings interact with incentives at the business unit level.
Going After the Money: Curbing the Rapid Growth in Medicare Expenditures for Medical Services More Than 30 Days After Hospital Admission

17. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Prince RH, et al. Randomised trial of home-based psychosocial nursing intervention for patients recovering from myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1997;350(9076): 473-479. 18. Setoguchi S, Glynn RJ, Avorn J, MittlemanMA, Levin R, WinkelmayerWC. Improvements in long-termmortality after myocardial infarction and increased use of cardiovascular drugs after discharge: a 10-year trend analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(13):1247-1254.
A distributed optimal strategy for rendezvous of multi-robots with random node failures

In this paper, we consider the problem of designing distributed control algorithms to solve the rendezvous problem for multi–robot systems with limited sensing, for situation in which random nodes may fail during execution. We first formulate a distributed solution based upon averaging algorithms that have been reported in the consensus literature. In this case, at each stage of execution a 1–step sequential optimal control (i.e., naive greedy algorithm) is used. We show that by choosing an appropriate constraint set, finite–time point convergence is guaranteed. We then propose a distributed stochastic optimal control algorithm that minimizes a mean–variance cost function for each stage, given that the probability distribution for possible node failures is known a priori. We show via simulation results that our algorithm provides competitive rendezvous task performance in comparison to that of the classical circumcenter algorithm for cases in which there are no node failures. Then we show, via examples with multiple node failures, that our proposed algorithm provides better rendezvous task performance than contemporary algorithms in cases for which failures occur. Additionally, we generate and compare a spectrum of results by varying the probabilities of node failures, or varying the weight value for the variance term in the cost functional. The results suggest that by choosing the design parameters appropriately, one may adjust the degree of soft constraints of the controller as well.
The Effect of Simulated Elbow Arthrodesis on the Ability to Perform Activities of Daily Living

Abstract The dominant elbow joint of 24 healthy volunteers was immobilized with a functional brace in increments of 20° (6 positions ranging from 30° to 130°). Average scores were obtained for personal care hygiene tasks (PCH), activity of daily living (ADL), and total functional scores (PCH + ADL) for each elbow flexion position. Functional scores increased with increasing elbow flexion, peaking at 110° and then tapering down. Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed statistical significance, with functional scores improving with increasing elbow flexion for PCH, ADL, and PCH + ADL scores. Further pairwise comparisons for elbow position between 90° and 110° flexion groups demonstrated significant higher mean functional scores for ADL and combined PCH + ADL for the 110° group. The results of this study support a clear advantage in subjects' upper-extremity functional abilities with the elbow immobilized at 110° of flexion when dealing with normal upper-extremity joints. This angle of flexion should be considered in patients undergoing trial immobilization before an elbow arthrodesis. (J Hand Surg 2001;26A:1146–1150. Copyright © 2001 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
A note on approximation measures for multi-valued dependencies in relational databases

We consider the problem of defining a normalized approximation measure for multi-valued dependencies in relational database theory. An approximation measure is a function mapping relation instances to real numbers. The number to which an instance is mapped, intuitively, describes the strength of the dependency in that instance. A normalized approximation measure for functional dependencies has been proposed previously: the minimum number of tuples that need be removed for the functional dependency to hold divided by the total number of tuples. This leads naturally to a normalized measure for multivalued dependencies: the minimum number of tuples that need be removed for the multi-valued dependency to hold divided by the total number of tuples.The measure for functional dependencies can be computed efficiently, O(|r|log(|r|)) where |r| is the relation instance. However, we show that an efficient algorithm for computing the analogous measure for multi-valued dependencies is not likely to exist. A polynomial time algorithm for computing the measure would lead to a polynomial time algorithm for an NP-complete problem (proven by a reduction from the maximum edge biclique problem in graph theory). Hence, we argue that it is not a good measure. We propose an alternate measure based on the lossless join characterization of multi-valued dependencies. This measure is efficiently computable, O(|r|2).
Joint segregation of biochemical loci in Salmonidae. III. Linkage associations in Salmonidae including data from rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri )

The results of 107 pairwise examinations of joint segregation of biochemical and skin color loci in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, are presented. Three examinations revealed significant nonrandom assortment: Idh-3 with Me-2, Ada-1 with G3p-3, and Mdh-3 with Mdh-4. We believe the first two instances to be cases of classical linkage and the latter instance to reflect pseudolinkage based on similar findings in Salvelinus. All known salmonid linkage associations are reviewed. The results of this summary indicate a high degree of genome conservatism among genera within the Salmonidae, which would seem to be in contrast to the highly plastic genome of this family based on karyotypic data. Data are presented which negate the view that Robertsonian fusion of homologous acrocentric chromosome arms was the preferred mode of metacentric formation in salmonid evolution.
Climatic effects during passage of the Solar System through interstellar clouds

IT seems likely that the Solar System passes through regions where there are a large number of dense interstellar clouds as the compression zone of the galactic spiral density wave passes the Sun. When this occurs, several processes may cause significant changes in the climate of the Earth and other planets. We discuss here the influences of compression of the solar wind cavity, accretion by the Sun, and paniculate input into the Earth's atmosphere. The first two may produce radiation hazards for life in addition to causing climate stress.
Osseous deficits after anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction: a systematic literature review with suggestions to improve osseous homeostasis.

Purpose This systematic review was performed to improve our understanding of the current evidence regarding the influence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction on involved lower extremity apparent bone mineral density, bone content, or bone area mass (bone integrity). Methods Two independent reviewers performed a Medline search from 1966 to January 2010 using the terms "anterior cruciate ligament" or "ACL" combined with "wound" or "injury" and "bone density" or "osteoporosis." Study inclusion criteria were English-language human studies. Reference sections of selected studies were also reviewed. Results Ten studies were identified that met our inclusion criteria. Eight studies performed ACL reconstruction with bone–patellar tendon–bone autografts and interference screw fixation. One study performed ACL reconstruction by use of Achilles tendon allografts with interference screw and staple fixation. Two ACL injury studies either did not involve ACL reconstruction or attempted primary repair with sutures. All studies reported varying levels of decreased bone mineral density, bone content, or bone area mass (bone integrity) at the involved lower extremity after ACL injury that did not return to premorbid levels even with ACL reconstruction and rehabilitation. Sites of reduced bone integrity included the proximal and distal femur, proximal tibia, patella, and calcaneus. Bone loss was increased with limited weight bearing and prolonged disuse or immobilization; however, significant improvements were not observed with accelerated rehabilitation. Some studies reported relations between Lysholm, Tegner, International Knee Documentation Committee survey, or function scores and bone integrity, whereas others reported no or poor relations. Conclusions Involved lower extremity bone integrity is decreased after ACL injury. Current evidence suggests that premorbid bone integrity is not re-established after ACL reconstruction even when accelerated rehabilitation is performed. Recommendations to improve osseous homeostasis and bone health after ACL injury and reconstruction are provided.
NFL Football: A History of America's New National Pastime

In 1979, Sports Illustrated columnist John Underwood published The Death of an American Game: The Crisis in Football. The book claimed the National Football League was facing more obstacles than it...
Renal vasodilatation caused by captopril in conscious normotensive and Goldblatt hypertensive dogs.

AbstractBlood pressure and renal blood flow were monitored in conscious normotensive and two-kidney one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive dogs. Captopril administered IV in a single dose of 0.1 mg/kg to normotensives increased renal blood flow by 26.8 ± 7.6% and decreased renal vascular resistance, but did not significantly change blood pressure. Cumulative doses of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg increased renal blood flow by 29.9± 6.5%, and decreased renal vascular resistance and blood pressure significantly. Qualitatively similar changes in blood flow and vascular resistance of the contralateral kidney were obtained in the hypertensives. Blood pressure was reduced by a mean of 11.8 ± 4.5 mm Hg, renal blood flow increased by 36.2 ± 7.9% by the low dose, blood pressure decreased by 18.4 ± 2.7 mm Hg, and renal blood flow increased by 42.3 ± 11.4% by cumulative doses of the inhibitor. Plasma renin activity was increased by captopril in the normotensives and a greater increase in plasma renin activity was obtained in the hyper...
GaAs-based woodpile photonic crystal fabricated by two-directional etching method

A complete photonic band gap inhibits light propagation in all directions regardless of the polarization. This likely provides a means of molding light at the level of physical limits. For example, a complete PBG can be applied to construct nanocavities with ultra-high quality (Q) factor while maintaining a small mode volume, and low-loss waveguide. These are useful for the applications, such as thresholdless lasers, nonlinear optics and 3D optics. Only three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals can possess a complete band gap. However, the application of 3D photonic crystal is restricted because of the difficulties in precisely fabricating the structures in optical wavelength. Here, we report the fabrication of large-area woodpile photonic crystal in GaAs at 1.55 μm wavelength by two-directional etching method without wafer bonding technique. A woodpile with 40×55×2.25 unit cells is fabricated in a two-patterning process, in which high-resolution electron beam lithography (EBL) defines 2D patterns, and then chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) provides high-aspect-ratio, anisotropic and deep GaAs etching at an angle of 45 degree relative to the wafer surface. The two-directional etching is a simple method to fabricate high-precision woodpile photonic crystals. The only alignment required in this process is performed by EBL overlay, which has a resolution of less than 30 nm. With our designs of ultra-high-Q nanocavities by unit cell size modulation, we can construct woodpile nanocavities with active materials, such as epitaxially-grown quantum well (QW) and quantum dot (QD) layers, using the same fabrication method without wafer bonding process.
A comparative characterization of near-equiaxed microstructures as produced by spray casting, magnetohydrodynamic casting and the stress induced, melt activated process

The near-equiaxed microstructure of wrought and cast aluminum alloys as produced by the most common methods used to provide material for subsequent semisolid processing, is examined. More specifically, the grain size and degree of spheroidization of alloys produced by spray casting, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) casting and the stress induced, melt activated (SIMA) process are characterized and compared. It is shown that the microstructure of alloys with the same composition differs significantly when produced by the three methods, showing the influence of the production method. Spray casting and the SIMA process result in a microstructure with perfectly equiaxed grains that is inherently suitable for semisolid processing, while MHD-cast alloys exhibit a non-uniform initial microstructure, with dendritic features dominant at the perimeter of the casting. Finally, the mechanisms responsible for the formation of near-equiaxed microstructure for each method are investigated.
Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, vector of citrus huanglongbing disease

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is an important pest of citrus because it transmits phloem-limited bacteria [Candidatus Liberibacter spp., notably Ca. L. asiaticus (LAS)] associated with huanglongbing (HLB; citrus greening disease), currently considered the world's most serious disease of citrus. Asian citrus psyllid transmits LAS in a persistent manner and, although the rate of LAS transmission by ACP individuals usually is low, HLB can spread rapidly in a citrus grove and the geographic range of the disease is expanding, threatening citrus industries in new areas. Intensive chemical control of ACP is the primary management strategy currently advocated for HLB, but this strategy is costly, unsustainable, and generally ineffective. The scientific community is searching aggressively for solutions to HLB on many fronts, but it could still be years before solutions are found and implemented. Plant resistance to LAS is one area of research being pursued, whereby traits that confer resistance are identified and incorporated into citrus germplasm through conventional or transgenic methods. It remains to be seen if a solution to HLB can be found that specifically targets ACP, but research on ACP has been stepped up in a number of areas, notably on ACP–LAS–plant interactions, on host plant resistance to ACP, and on molecular methods of silencing ACP genes to induce mortality or to block its ability to transmit HLB-causing bacteria. Advancements in these and other research areas may depend greatly on a better understanding of basic ACP biology and vector–pathogen–host plant interactions at the molecular, cellular, and community levels. Here, we present an updated review of ACP and HLB with an emphasis on the problem in Florida.
Guilty pleasures and grim necessities: affective attitudes in dilemmas of self-control.

Do self-control situations pit controlled reason against impulsive emotion, or do some emotions support the controlled choice? A pilot study of self-control attitudes found ambivalence between hedonic affect associated with short-term perspectives and self-conscious affect associated with the long term. In Study 1, negative self-conscious affect accompanied higher self-control among delayed-cost dilemmas ("guilty pleasures") but not delayed-benefit dilemmas ("grim necessities"). Study 2 showed that hedonic affect was more accessible than was self-conscious affect, but this difference was less among high self-control dilemmas. In Study 3. unobtrusively primed self-conscious emotion words caused dieters to eat less if the emotions were negative, more if positive. Hedonic positive and negative emotion words had the opposite effect. Self-conscious emotional associations, then, can support self-control if brought to mind before the chance to act.
The Estrous Cycles of Mice during Growth of Spontaneous Mammary Tumors and the Effects of Ovarian Follicular and Anterior Pituitary Hormones

During the later stages of tumor growth in extra-uterine sites in women, cessation of menstruation has frequently been recorded. This is often dismissed as a probable consequence of the cachectic condition of the patient. A similar cessation of the estrous cycle may occur in mice coincident with the growth of spontaneous mammary tumors. In both instances the condition seems to be similar to cessation of cyclic activity as sexual life wanes. For several years one of us has concentrated on inbreeding mice that develop spontaneous tumors. A number of strains have been established with an extremely high incidence of atypical growths of the mammary glands and with the onset of this condition relatively early in life (Strong, 1934, 1935). The hormone control of the genital organs during the estrous and menstrual cycles has been the senior author9s major interest (Allen, 1922, 1927), while the reaction of the mammary glands to ovarian and pituitary hormones has been studied intensively by one of us (Gardner, 1933, 1935). It seemed a good opportunity for a cooperative study of the effect of growth of these mammary tumors on the pituitary-ovarian mechanism of estrous rhythm in the genital tract.
When mediation and equity are at odds: Potential lessons in democracy

proaching the task of teaching children and adults to mediate conflict in peaceful ways, demonstrable inequities of funding and opportunity in public education continue to exist (Kozol, 1991). Educators, citizens, and students who advocate for increased equity are often immersed in controversy created by the threat they pose to those with entrenched power or advantage. This article raises questions about the ethical use of conflict mediation in these or other situations in which opposing parties with unequal power and resources address social or institutional injustice. It examines informal but important aspects of teaching and learning that take place when those with unequal power struggle for access to opportunity in public schools. De Huszar (1945) suggested that active democracy requires dynamic analysis of social contradictions in problem situations. Such dynamic analysis might be applied to the following question: Can the legitimate efforts of committed groups or individuals to build justice and equal opportunities in democratic institutions be undermined by inappropriate use of conflict mediation and subsequent compromise? The intention of conflict mediation is often a "win-win" solution achieved
Alcohol, other drugs, and sexual risk-taking among young adults

Recent studies based on small convenience samples of men and women have found the use of alcohol and other drugs to be associated with unprotected sexual intercourse that places women at elevated risk for sexually transmitted diseases and unintended pregnancy. An analysis of data from a representative sample of 12,069 younger adults indicates that the use of alcohol and other drugs is related to sexual risk-taking among both men and women after controlling for age, education, family income, and other variables.
Levels of evidence for the outcome of endodontic surgery.

The purpose of this investigation was twofold: (1) to search for clinical articles pertaining to success and failure of periapical surgery and (2) to assign levels of evidence to these studies except case reports. Electronic and manual searches were conducted to identify all the literature regarding success and failure of periapical surgery since 1970. Articles were reviewed, and each article was assigned to a level of evidence from 1 (highest level) to 5 (lowest level). This search located 79 clinical studies. Among these studies, there were no level of evidence–1 randomized clinical trial studies. Five of the seven level of evidence–2 randomized clinical trials compared postoperative pain between surgical and nonsurgical retreatment. Only two level of evidence–2 randomized clinical trials compared the outcomes of surgical treatment with that of nonsurgical treatment. The majority of frequently quoted “success and failure” studies were case series (level of evidence 4).
Taxon-specific Differences in Responsiveness to Capsaicin and Several Analogues: Correlates Between Chemical Structure and Behavioral Aversiveness

The present set of experiments was designed to explore avian insensitivity to capsaicin. Based upon a molecular model of avian chemosensory repellency, we hypothesized that structural modifications of the basic capsaicin molecule, which is itself not aversive to birds, might produce aversive analogues. To this end, European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) were given varied concentrations of synthetic capsaicin and four analogues (methyl capsaicin, veratryl amine, veratryl acetamide, vanillyl acetamide) in feeding and drinking tests. The results agreed with a model that we are developing to describe the chemical nature of avian repellents. Synthetic capsaicin and vanillyl acetamide were not repellent to birds, owing to the presence of an acidic phenolic OH group. Conversely, veratryl acetamide was aversive, due to the basic nature of this compound. For rats, repellent effectiveness among compounds was reversed: synthetic capsaicin was the best repellent while veratryl acetamide was the worst. We speculate that this taxonomic reversal may reflect basic differences in trigeminal chemoreception. In any case, it is clear that chemical correlates of mammalian repellents are opposite to those that predict avian repellency.
An integrated approach to the reliability of engineering systems

Abstract An integrated approach for the reliability of engineering systems consisting of interdependent structural, mechanical, and electrical subsystems is presented. The method is a blend of structural and systems reliability methods and is capable of accounting for physical or functional dependencies between subsystems and their components. Advantages of the method over the existing methods are discussed and some of the difficulties in applying it are pointed out. As an example application, a simple method for the reliability assessment of a general system subjected to seismic hazard is presented.
The Journey into an Unfamiliar and Uncomfortable Territory: Exploring the Role and Approaches of Race in PR Education

Race has been, and continues to be, one of those topics that is timely, current, and highly relevant in contemporary society; however, discussion and problematizing of race in public relations (PR) scholarship has been mostly absent (Edwards, 2010; Pompper, 2005). This study continues to address this void by exploring how some faculty perceive the role of race in PR, as well as how they approach race in their curriculum. This article, using a mixed-method design of the e-mail interview method (Hunt & McHale, 2007) and an autoethnographic analysis (Ellis & Bochner, 2000) of the first author's PR experiences, demonstrates the challenges that some faculty members face, as well as the opportunities that they have undertaken to integrate race into the PR curriculum in meaningful ways.
Determining pre-eruptive compositions of late Paleozoic magma from kaolinized volcanic ashes: Analysis of glass inclusions in quartz microphenocrysts from tonsteins

Abstract Glass inclusions in quartz microphenocrysts were analyzed for major and minor elements by electron microprobe and H, Li, Be, B, Rb, Sr, Y, Nb, Mo, Sn, Cs, Ce, Th, and U by ion microprobe. The phenocrysts and inclusions occur as fresh relicts in about eleven strongly kaolinized, air-fall volcanic ash units (tonsteins) that outcrop in five states located in the central Appalachian basin; the ashes were erupted during the Pennsylvanian. Even though the whole-rock tonstein samples are extremely altered, the glass trapped in quartz microphenocrysts preserves pre-eruptive melt compositions, and, consequently, the inclusions are useful for determining compositions of source magmas and identifying geochemical trends indicative of magmatic evolution. Interpretation of inclusion compositions indicates the strongly altered tonsteins were derived from potassium-enriched, metaluminous to mildly peraluminous magma(s). The tonsteins can be divided into two groups on the basis of trapped melt compositions: older tonsteins that have inclusions with high Sr and normative quartz contents and comparatively low concentrations of U, Th, Rb, Y, Cs, Nb, F, and Cl (±Be) and younger tonsteins whose inclusions contain low Sr and normative quartz and high concentrations of U, Th, Rb, Y, Cs, Nb, F, and Cl (±Be). In general, as concentrations of Sr decreased, the magmatic abundances of Rb, Y, Cs, Nb, U, Th, Cl, and F (±Be) increased. The associated magma or magmas were highly evolved, volatile enriched, and contained Rb, Nb, and Y abundances characteristic of continental within-plate granites; compositions ranged from high-silica rhyolite to topaz rhyolite. Pre-eruptive volatile abundances in the source magma(s) were generally high but also highly variable. Chlorine contents of melt(s) ranged from 0.02–0.23 wt%, and F ranged from 0.01–0.7 wt%. Concentrations of H2O in melt(s) ranged from 1.6–6.5 wt%. The high pre-eruptive H2O contents are consistent with large eruptive volumes indicating the precursor rhyolites, which weathered to tonsteins, were a result of plinian eruptions. Even though pre-eruptive water concentrations exhibit no recognizable trends with any elements studied, magmatic evolution appears to have been a strong function of F and H2O in melt(s); the thermal stabilities of quartz and feldspar were controlled by F and H2O activities at pressures of approximately 0.5–1 kbar.
Cholesterol depletion increases membrane stiffness of aortic endothelial cells

This study has investigated the effect of cellular cholesterol on membrane deformability of bovine aortic endothelial cells. Cellular cholesterol content was depleted by exposing the cells to methyl-β-cyclodextrin or enriched by exposing the cells to methyl-β-cyclodextrin saturated with cholesterol. Control cells were treated with methyl-β-cyclodextrin-cholesterol at a molar ratio that had no effect on the level of cellular cholesterol. Mechanical properties of the cells with different cholesterol contents were compared by measuring the degree of membrane deformation in response to a step in negative pressure applied to the membrane by a micropipette. The experiments were performed on substrate-attached cells that maintained normal morphology. The data were analyzed using a standard linear elastic half-space model to calculate Young elastic modulus. Our observations show that, in contrast to the known effect of cholesterol on membrane stiffness of lipid bilayers, cholesterol depletion of bovine aortic endothelial cells resulted in a significant decrease in membrane deformability and a corresponding increase in the value of the elastic coefficient of the membrane, indicating that cholesterol-depleted cells are stiffer than control cells. Repleting the cells with cholesterol reversed the effect. An increase in cellular cholesterol to a level higher than that of normal cells, however, had no effect on the elastic properties of bovine aortic endothelial cells. We also show that although cholesterol depletion had no apparent effect on the intensity of F-actin-specific fluorescence, disrupting F-actin with latrunculin A abrogated the stiffening effect. We suggest that cholesterol depletion increases the stiffness of the membrane by altering the properties of the submembrane F-actin and/or its attachment to the membrane.
Reflex pressor response to arterial phenylbiguanide: role of abdominal sympathetic visceral afferents

Phenylbiguanide (PBG), a 5-HT3 (serotonin) receptor agonist, has been used in many studies as a “selective” agonist to elicit reflex bradycardia and hypotension through activation of cardiac and pu...
Mach cone in a shallow granular fluid.

We study the $\mathrm{V}$-shaped wake (Mach cone) formed by a cylindrical rod moving through a thin, vertically vibrated granular layer. The wake, analogous to a shock (hydraulic jump) in shallow water, appears for rod velocities ${v}_{R}$ greater than a critical velocity $c$. We measure the half angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ of the wake as a function of ${v}_{R}$ and layer depth $h$. The angle satisfies the Mach relation, $\mathrm{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\theta}=c∕{v}_{R}$, where $c=\sqrt{gh}$, even for $h$ as small as one-particle diameter.
Climb of a bore on a beach Part 3. Run-up

When a bore travels shoreward into water at rest on a beach, then according to the first-order non-linear long-wave theory, the bore accelerates and decreases in height, until it collapses at the shore. The investigation here reported concerns the question, what happens next? It is formulated as a singular characteristic boundary-value problem with somewhat unusual mathematical properties. Its asymptotic solution predicts a rather thin sheet of run-up and back-wash with some unexpected features.
Identifying and Recognizing Delirium

Clinicians fequently under-recognize delirium. Physicians and nurses can be taught to recognize delirium by focusing on each of the components of the criteria for delirium. Teachers of physicians and
Esmolol tilt testing with esmolol withdrawal for the evaluation of syncope in the young.

BACKGROUNDHead-upright tilt (HUT) testing is valuable in evaluating syncope. Isoproterenol is used to increase sensitivity. However, isoproterenol is contraindicated or dangerous in undiagnosed heart disease and produces false-positives. We introduced esmolol withdrawal during esmolol HUT, hypothesizing that (1) acute withdrawal of the ultrashort-acting beta-blocker induces beta-adrenergic effects by unmasking endogenous catecholamines and may provoke syncope with fewer risks, and (2) response to esmolol/esmolol withdrawal may predict effective therapy.METHODS AND RESULTSThirty-six patients with unexplained recurrent syncope/presyncope (7 to 35 years old, known heart disease or arrhythmia in 14) underwent 2 to 4 HUT tests (60 degrees, 49 minutes): (1) baseline, (2) esmolol (500 micrograms/kg plus 50 micrograms.kg-1.min-1), (3) esmolol withdrawal (HUT continued after esmolol stopped), and (4) isoproterenol if tests 1 through 3 were negative and isoproterenol was not contraindicated. A positive test reprodu...
Mutation breeding for resistance to blackspot bruise and low temperature sweetening in the potato cultivar Lemhi Russet

A mutation breeding method was developed to select clones of Lemhi Russet that have resistance to blackspot bruise and low temperature sweetening. Following irradiation with gamma rays from a Cobalt60 source, over 2000 tuber eye pieces were planted directly to the field and tubers from the resulting crop were individually evaluated for blackspot bruise potential. Selection for blackspot bruise resistance continued for five clonal cycles. Selection for low temperature sweetening began in the M3 and continued for three cycles. Ten clones were selected, eight with significantly (p=0.05) better blackspot bruise resistance, and two with increased resistance to low temperature sweetening. The results confirm the possibility for the development of a system to improve single selectable quality characteristics in potatoes.
Land and Literacy: The Textualities of Native Studies

The title of this jointly authored essay is meant to evoke new strategies in Native literary studies: the reaching back across time from the contemporary present to the historical past, the examination of the relationship between the academic fields of early and contemporary Native literature, and the growing recognition of the importance of alternative textualities. These strategies are joined by a network of relationships: intellectual, geographical, and textual, all of which gesture toward land as the glue that binds Native communities. Our collaboration is similarly linked. As scholars, we are situated at opposite ends of the field of Native studies: temporally, Fitzgerald in the present, reaching back through the centuries to uncover Native voices and communities; Wyss situated in the early American period, recovering Native voices that for too long have been left out of contemporary literary histories. Spatially, we are situated differently as well, with Wyss working on New England material culture and Fitzgerald working on fiction from Louise Erdrich, Diane Glancy, and Sophia Alice Callahan. In this essay, we raise the following questions: How do we see each other at the edges of Native literary studies? Perhaps more importantly, where do we meet? How do these two subfields, early and contemporary, intersect, even while recognizing that increasingly, they are part and parcel of the same intellectual and textual moment? How do they inform each other, and what are the implications of this for the broader field and beyond? Scholars in contemporary Native studies draw a number of important connections between the past and the present through
Visual responses to equally bright stimuli of unequal luminance.

Conditioning stimuli of differing luminances, which appear equally bright because of the effects of previous light adaptation, may produce essentially equivalent on-responses, as evaluated by the temporal changes in the threshold of a superimposed test flash. The magnitude of these responses is directly related not to the actual luminance of the conditioning stimulus in each case, but to its brightness. Over a fairly wide range of conditions of light adaptation and brightness, constant brightness is accompanied by constant changes in log visual sensitivity, as assessed both by an increment threshold and the conditioning-stimulus-test-flash-threshold techniques.Only at intermediate sensitivity levels is there any evidence for a simple “filter factor” model for the light-adaptation mechanism. The visual response at the extremes of the sensitivity range appears to approach physiological limits which render a simple model of the effects of light adaptation untenable.
Notch Ligand Endocytosis Generates Mechanical Pulling Force Dependent on Dynamin, Epsins, and Actin

SUMMARY Notch signaling induced by cell surface ligands is critical todevelopmentand maintenanceof many eukaryoticorganisms. Notch and its ligands are integral membrane proteins that facilitate direct cell-cell interactions to activate Notch proteolysis and release the intracellular domain that directs Notchspecific cellular responses. Genetic studies suggest that Notch ligands require endocytosis, ubiquitylation, and epsin endocytic adaptors to activate signaling, but the exact role of ligand endocytosis remains unresolved. Here we characterize a molecularly distinct mode of clathrin-mediated endocytosis requiring ligand ubiquitylation, epsins, and actin for ligand cells to activate signaling in Notch cells. Using a cell-bead optical tweezers system, we obtained evidence for cell-mediated mechanical force dependent on this distinct mode of ligand endocytosis. We propose that the mechanical pulling force produced by endocytosis of Notch-bound ligand drives conformational changes in Notch that permit activating proteolysis.
Distributed parallel computing using navigational programming

Message Passing (MP) and Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) are the two most common approaches to distributed parallel computing. MP is difficult to use, whereas DSM is not scalable. Performance scalability and ease of programming can be achieved at the same time by using navigational programming (NavP). This approach combines the advantages of MP and DSM, and it balances convenience and flexibility. Similar to MP, NavP suggests to its programmers the principle of pivot-computes and hence is efficient and scalable. Like DSM, NavP supports incremental parallelization and shared variable programming and is therefore easy to use. The implementation and performance analysis of real-world algorithms, namely parallel Jacobi iteration and parallel Cholesky factorization, presented in this paper supports the claim that the NavP approach is better suited for general-purpose parallel distributed programming than either MP or DSM.
Numerical and experimental investigation of the in-plane behavior of rectangular steel-plate composite walls

Steel-plate composite (SC) walls are composed of steel faceplates, infill concrete, shear studs bonding the faceplate to the infill, and tie rods linking the faceplates. In new build nuclear power plants, elastic response is sought of SC walls in design basis earthquake shaking and numerical and experimental studies on SC walls have focused primarily on response to design basis loadings. The inelastic response of SC walls for beyond design basis earthquake shaking has yet to be explored and characterized. The experimental and numerical response of four SC walls subjected to cyclic in-plane loading is summarized in this paper. The walls have an aspect ratio of 1.0 and are flexure-critical. A number of design parameters are investigated, including infill concrete thickness, reinforcement ratio, stud spacing, and tie bar spacing. Numerical models of these walls are constructed using the general-purpose finite element code LS-DYNA. The numerical analyses, and key experimental results are presented.
Effects of the coexistence of late-life depression and mild cognitive impairment on white matter microstructure

Background and objective Late-life depression (LLD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are associated with white matter (WM) disruptions of the fronto-limbic and interhemispheric tracts implicated in mood regulation and episodic memory functions. This work investigates the extent of these WM abnormalities in patients LLD and aMCI when these diseases occur alone and when they coexist.
WebCore: architectural support for mobileweb browsing

The Web browser is undoubtedly the single most impor- tant application in the mobile ecosystem. An average user spends 72 minutes each day using the mobile Web browser. nWeb browser internal engines (e.g., WebKit) are also growing in importance because they provide a common substrate for developing various mobile Web applications. In a user-driven, interactive, and latency-sensitive environment, the browser's performance is crucial. However, the battery-constrained nature of mobile devices limits the performance that we can de- liver for mobile Web browsing. As traditional general-purpose techniques to improve performance and energy efficiency fall short, we must employ domain-specific knowledge while still maintaining general-purpose flexibilityIn this paper, we first perform design-space exploration to identify appropriate general-purpose architectures that uniquely fit the characteristics of a popular Web browsing engine. Despite our best effort, we discover sources of energy inefficiency in these customized general-purpose architectures. To mitigate these inefficiencies, we propose, synthesize, and evaluate two new domain-specific specializations, called the Style Resolution Unit and the Browser Engine Cache. Our opti- mizations boost energy efficiency and at the same time improve mobile Web browsing performance. As emerging mobile work- loads increasingly rely more on Web browser technologies, the type of optimizations we propose will become important in the future and are likely to have lasting widespread impact
A Review on Vision-Based Full DOF Hand Motion Estimation

Direct use of the hand as an input device is an attractive method for providing natural human-computer interaction (HCI). Currently, the only technology that satisfies the advanced requirements of hand-based input for HCI is glovebased sensing. This technology, however, has several drawbacks including that it hinders the ease and naturalness with which the user can interact with the computer controlled environment, and it requires long calibration and setup procedures. Computer vision has the potential to provide much more natural, non-contact solutions. As a result, there have been considerable research efforts to use the hand as an input device for HCI. A very challenging problem in this context, which is the focus of this review, is recovering the 3D pose of the hand and the fingers as glove-based devices do. This paper presents a brief literature review on full degreeof- freedom (DOF) hand motion estimation methods.
Measuring Contractors' Performance

SUMMARY Government contractors now provide citizens services once provided directly by federal, state, and local governments. The number and value of contractual actions and their importance continue to grow, representing an increasingly larger share of governmental services. It is now vital that contractors be selected that will perform contractual requirements without fail so that essential services are not disrupted. In all contract situations-federal, state, local, or commercial-a simple method of evaluating contractors is essential. A system too complex or too difficult for evaluators to carry out will not achieve its goal. This article discusses the essential elements of a contractor performance measurement system, reviews the difficulties that may be encountered, and recommends factors to be incorporated in an effective system.
A Novel 2-D Position Sensitive Silicon Detector With Micron Resolution for Heavy Ion Tracking

A new 2-D position sensitive silicon detector for tracking of energetic heavy ions is under development in a program to study the radiation effect within a single human cell. The detector is based on a concept of interleaved pixel electrodes arranged in a projective 2-D strip readout (stripixel). A fine position resolution in the sub-micron range can be achieved by determining the centroid of the charge collected on pixel electrodes with a granularity in the range of 10 mum. Beam test results with 1 GeV/n Fe ions have demonstrated an rms position resolution of about 0.5 mum with a 30 mum pixel pitch
The future of web search

The battle for pre-eminence between search engines seems to have reached a point where a few systems and techniques dominate the market. As more careful evaluations have been carried out, our level of understanding of which techniques work for the Web environment has increased significantly. Does this mean that researchers should declare victory and move on to other areas? In fact, substantial opportunities for improving the performance of Web search still exist, and research in this field continues to expand rather than shrink. Areas such as question answering, the Semantic Web, the Hidden Web, cross-lingual search, personalized search, and peer-to-peer search are generating considerable interest. This talk will describe some of this research and discuss its potential.
INTERSECTIONALITY: Mapping the Movements of a Theory.

Very few theories have generated the kind of interdisciplinary and global engagement that marks the intellectual history of intersectionality. Yet, there has been very little effort to reflect upon precisely how intersectionality has moved across time, disciplines, issues, and geographic and national boundaries. Our failure to attend to intersectionality's movement has limited our ability to see the theory in places in which it is already doing work and to imagine other places to which the theory might be taken. Addressing these questions, this special issue reflects upon the genesis of intersectionality, engages some of the debates about its scope and theoretical capacity, marks some of its disciplinary and global travels, and explores the future trajectory of the theory. To do so, the volume includes academics from across the disciplines and from outside of the United States. Their respective contributions help us to understand how intersectionality has moved and to broaden our sense of where the theory might still go.
Macro-to-micro cortical vascular imaging underlies regional differences in ischemic brain

The ability to non-invasively monitor and quantify hemodynamic responses down to the capillary level is important for improved diagnosis, treatment and management of neurovascular disorders, including stroke. We developed an integrated multi-functional imaging system, in which synchronized dual wavelength laser speckle contrast imaging (DWLS) was used as a guiding tool for optical microangiography (OMAG) to test whether detailed vascular responses to experimental stroke in male mice can be evaluated with wide range sensitivity from arteries and veins down to the capillary level. DWLS enabled rapid identification of cerebral blood flow (CBF), prediction of infarct area and hemoglobin oxygenation over the whole mouse brain and was used to guide the OMAG system to hone in on depth information regarding blood volume, blood flow velocity and direction, vascular architecture, vessel diameter and capillary density pertaining to defined regions of CBF in response to ischemia. OMAG-DWLS is a novel imaging platform technology to simultaneously evaluate multiple vascular responses to ischemic injury, which can be useful in improving our understanding of vascular responses under pathologic and physiological conditions, and ultimately facilitating clinical diagnosis, monitoring and therapeutic interventions of neurovascular diseases.
Notes on some myobiid mites (Acarina: Myobiidae) from old world insectivores (Mammalia: Soricidae and Talpidae).

Several species and 2 new genera of Myobiidae are described from shrews collected on Taiwan. Amorphacarus parvus n. sp. and Protomyobia nodosa n. sp. are parasites of a long-tailed shrew, Episoriculus fumidus. Crocidurobia n. gen. is named to contain certain species from white-toothed shrews (Crocidurinae). Myobia michaeli Poppe, 1896 and Myobia blairi Radford, 1936 are assigned to Crocidurobia. Crocidurobia blairi is reillustrated from specimens collected from Crocidura horsfieldi from Taiwan. The genus Eutalpacarus Jameson, 1949 is redefined. Placomyobia wilsoni , n. gen., n. sp. is a parasite of the mole-shrew, Anourosores squamipes .
Globalization of Innovations: Disseminating High Technological Advancement

Regardless of its value, unless it is marketed properly an innovation will not succeed. Almost all innovating firms regardless of their size invest very large sums into the development of an innovation and hence they need to generate a critical mass for their innovations. This means globalization. This paper explores some of the key points in the whole globalization of innovation process.