cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Born to Rebel and Its Critics

Frederic Townsend's critique of Born to Rebel (Sulloway, 1996) is based on an unfortunate pattern of misrepresentation and faulty empirical methods. First, the historical data in Born to Rebel are neither unrepre- sentative nor undisclosed. They were compiled with the help of 110 expert raters, who validated their represen- tative nature and operationalized the principal outcome measures. Second, birth order is moderately associated with political radicalism, especially in real-life and within-family studies. Third, the meta-analytic data are statistically compelling for various behavioral attributes, although effect sizes are generally modest. Fourth, re- cent studies using large samples and anchored scales demonstrate the influence of birth order on a wide va- riety of personality traits, especially in within-family comparisons. In addition, the relationship between birth order and openness to radical innovation—highlighted in Born to Rebel—has been replicated by other research- ers. Because Townsend fails to employ formal methods of hypothesis testing—relying instead on selected anec- dotal examples, adversarial tactics, and an inadequate grasp of statistical principles—he has drawn numerous false conclusions about the influence of birth order.
School suspension and the school-to-prison pipeline

Abstract Schools have many available strategies to address problem behavior among students. One option increasingly used by schools is to suspend problem youth and remove them for defined periods. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether this type of disciplinary policy has unintended consequences by giving problem youth greater opportunity to commit crimes outside of school. Previous studies have looked at the “incapacitation” effect of school holidays and teacher strike days, but these studies do not directly address the relevant school policy decisions. The current study relies on administrative data from a school district and a juvenile justice system. The results indicate that out-of-school suspension may increase criminal offending behavior by problem youth, more than doubling the probability of arrest. The effect is particularly large among African American youth, relative to Whites.
A Structured Distributional Semantic Model : Integrating Structure with Semantics

In this paper we present a novel approach (SDSM) that incorporates structure in distributional semantics. SDSM represents meaning as relation specific distributions over syntactic neighborhoods. We empirically show that the model can effectively represent the semantics of single words and provides significant advantages when dealing with phrasal units that involve word composition. In particular, we demonstrate that our model outperforms both state-of-the-art window-based word embeddings as well as simple approaches for composing distributional semantic representations on an artificial task of verb sense disambiguation and a real-world application of judging event coreference.
Yves Congar and Hans Küng at Vatican II: Differing Paths of Church Reform

Yves Congar’s and Hans Kung’s modes of participation at Vatican II reflect different visions of ecclesial reform. Congar followed an ‘inside’ path, working on the conciliar commissions that produced Vatican II’s documents; Kung chose an ‘outside’ path, pursuing his own writing projects and engaging the mass-media. Their choice of differing paths was neither arbitrary nor merely temperamental, but cohered in both instances with substantial theologies of reform. Attending to the inseparability of the historical-biographical and systematic dimensions of their respective trajectories, this article first examines Congar’s evaluation of his own role at the Council and of the roles of other participants, as witnessed by his conciliar journal spanning the years 1960 to 1966. The article then does likewise for Kung, drawing primarily upon his memoirs. It concludes by comparing their paths of reform and addressing the implications of their differences.
Method for the Analysis of δ18O in Water

A new method has been developed for the oxygen isotopic analysis of water utilizing the exchange of oxygen atoms with nitrite followed by conversion of nitrite to nitrous oxide by hydrazoic acid. This method is analogous to that employing carbon dioxide equilibration in that the analyte is added as a reagent to the water sample and exchanges oxygen isotopes with the water. In this procedure, however, the equilibration is more rapid and less sensitive to changes in ambient temperature, as the exchange is terminated by conversion of nitrite to nitrous oxide prior to analysis. The nitrous oxide is then analyzed using an on-line purge and trap system coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. This method makes use of previously established methods for nitrite isotopic analysis and commercially available equipment. It has high throughput, relatively low standard deviation (0.1‰ or better), and small sample size (down to 100 μL), is simple, and is applicable to both fresh- and seawater samples.
Use of Moths Caught in Light Traps for Predicting Outbreaks of the Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Maine

We analyzed data on total annual Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) catch in light traps from 1961 to 1976 at 10 trap locations in the state of Maine. No defoliation caused by C. fumiferana had occurred at these locations between the 1950’s and the general state-wide outbreak in the mid-1970’s. Inspection of the total annual catch for each site showed that outbreaks were detectable from 4 to 7 years before defoliation occurred. When the data were clustered, outbreaks were detectable 5 years before the first evidence of defoliation within a region. Early detection methods would prove useful in forest management since 8 to 10 years would pass before tree mortality commenced.
Feeling Fine: Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Youth with Established IBD

Background Previous research is discrepant with respect to the prevalence of internalizing symptoms (i.e., depressive and anxiety symptoms) in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) samples. Moreover, few studies have examined the combined influence of demographic and disease-related risk factors for internalizing symptoms. This study described rates of depressive, anxiety, and overall internalizing symptomatology in a multisite sample of youth with established IBD diagnoses. Additionally, the study examined risk factors for elevated depressive, anxiety, and internalizing symptoms, including those in demographic (i.e., family income and sex) and disease (i.e., disease activity and functional disability) domains. Methods One hundred sixty-one youth (aged 11-18 yr) with established IBD diagnoses, primarily inactive disease, prescribed oral medications, and who were not taking corticosteroids were recruited from outpatient Gastroenterology Clinics at 3 children's hospitals. This article reflects a secondary analysis of data collected from 2 larger studies examining oral medication adherence and psychosocial functioning in pediatric IBD. After providing written consent/assent, participants completed questionnaires assessing demographics, functional disability, and internalizing symptoms. Medical records were reviewed for disease information and clinical disease activity ratings. Results Only 13% of the sample reported clinically elevated anxiety or depressive symptoms. Perceived functional disability, but not clinical disease activity, was associated with higher depressive and anxiety symptoms, and higher overall internalizing symptomatology. Conclusions Current results highlight the need to look beyond disease severity and examine the perception of functional disability of patients with IBD when seeking to identify youth at risk for internalizing symptoms such as depression and anxiety.
Single layer MoS 2 on the Cu(111) surface: First-principles electronic structure calculations

First-principles calculations of the geometric and electronic structures of a single layer of molybdenum disulfide (MoS${}_{2}$) on Cu(111) utilizing the van der Waals density functional show three energetically equivalent stacking types and a Moir\'e pattern whose periodicity is in agreement with experimental findings. The layer is found not to be purely physisorbed on the surface, rather there exists a chemical interaction between it and the Cu surface atoms. We also find that the MoS${}_{2}$ film is not appreciably buckled, while the top Cu layer gets reorganized and vertically disordered. The sizes of Moir\'e patterns for a single layer of MoS${}_{2}$ adsorbed on other close-packed metal surfaces are also estimated by minimizing the lattice mismatch between the film and the substrate.
Modality and Explanatory Reasoning, by Boris Kment

Boris Kment's Modality and Explanatory Reasoning provides an account of metaphysical modality in which explanatory considerations take centre stage. First, he is not content to provide a metaphysic...
Synthesized designing method on flapping mechanism of minityped flapping-wing aircraft based on fuzzy judgement and optimization

Directed against the crank-rocker flapping mechanism of minityped flapping-wing aircraft,six items of key influencing factors that affects the synthetic properties of flapping mechanism were put forward.Using the fuzzy judging method to carrying out optimization on manifold schemes of crank-rocker flapping mechanism,and carrying through optimization design on the being selected scheme and on this basis formed synthetic designing method of flapping mechanism of minityped flapping aircraft.Prototype development and outer field test flight testified that the method of this paper is effective for enhancing the synthetic property of flapping mechanism.
Investigation on antibody level of measles and influencing factors among adults in Jiaxing

Objective To investigate measles antibody levels among healthy adults over 15 years old in Jiaxing city,and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention of measles in adults.Methods Blood samples of 569 adults aged from 15-74 years selected using stratified random sampling method were collected and serum IgG antibody levels of measles were determined by ELISA.Results The overall positive rate,average effective protection rate and geometric mean concentration(GMC) of measles antibody were 94.38%,54.31% and 999.24IU/l respectively.The protection rates of measles antibody were statistically different amongin age groups(χ2=14.84,P=0.038),with the lowest of 45.92% in the 20-24 age group and the highest of 71.64% in the over 50 group.There was no significant difference of protection rate between native residents(50.94%) and non-native adults(57.24%)(χ2=2.26,P=0.152).Conclusions The overall level of measles antibody among adults over 15 years old is low,especially among those of 20 to 35 yeas old.It is recommended that measles vaccine should be given annually on the regular basis to senior middle school students.Meanwhile women of childbearing age also need to be vaccinated in order to increase the antibody level and fetal transmission antibody level as well.
Relationship Between Hematocrit and Nocturnal Hypoxemia in Patients With Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between hematocrit and nocturnal hypoxemia in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Methods:Two hundred and ninety patients with snore were monitored by polysomnography.All patients underwent nocturnal polysomnography and received examinations of hematocrit level,hemoglobin value,erythrocyte count,mean corpuseular volume (MCV)and mean corpuscular-hemoglobin concentration(MCHC).Patients with sleep apnea syndrome were defined as apnea hypopneaindex(AHI)≥5/h,while patients with AHI5/h were defined as controls.The relationship between hematoerit level and nocturnal hypoxemia was tested by one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)and Pearson's correlation analyses. Results:The patients with sleep apnea syndrome were older,and had higher body mass index,AHI,and longer total sleep time spent at SaO_2 lower than 90 percent(TST90%)(P0.05)than controls.The lowest nocturnal oxygen saturation(LoSaO_2) and mean nocturnal SaO_2(MnSaO_2)were significantly lower in patients with sleep apnea syndrome than in controls(P0.001). There were no significant diferences in hematoerit level,hemoglobin value,erythrocyte count,MCV,or MCHC between patients with sleep apnea syndrome and controls.However,after adjustment for age,BMI,blood pressure,and plasma lipids,the hema- toerit was still associated with AHI and negatively associated with the LoSaO_2(%)(P0.001). Conclusion:We conclude that intermittent nocturnal hypoxemia during episodes of apnea syndrome is associated with eleva- tion in hematoerit level.
Put on the Wig, It’s Time to Ball: Experiences of a Collegiate Men’s Basketball Fan Group

The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of a collegiate men’s basketball fan group. Little research has been undertaken exploring student fan groups, especially using ethnographic methods. The primary researcher attended two men’s home basketball games at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, home of the student fan group, Orange Krush. The researcher also interviewed eleven Orange Krush members about their motivations and experiences in the group. The findings include a new benefit not previously found in the literature: Insider Access. An additional apparent theme was the importance of sport rituals, and the perception by the students that these rituals impact the outcome of the game. Finally, students indicated how the group improved their sense of community and diversity on campus. Implications of this research include sport management professionals emphasizing the importance of fan attendance on game success and ensuring fans feel they are closely connected to the teams so t...
Emerging Scholars of E-Government in China: Four Research Studies

This panel presents research from four projects exploring e-government in China currently under development by doctoral students in the information science and the communication programs at the University at Albany. Some of the projects reflect topics and themes that are of traditional interest, while others focus on topics that are more novel but nonetheless related to digital government in China.
World medical schools: The sum also rises.

ObjectiveThere is a worldwide shortage of doctors, which is true in most countries and on most continents. To enumerate the number of medical schools in the world at two different times, showing the trends and relating this to population is a beginning. The number is actually going up and has done so for some time; this has increased the supply of physicians and broadened healthcare delivery.DesignThe number to count for geographic and regional information about the medical schools relates directly to the supply of doctors. Regions were chosen from WHO and Foundation for the Advancement of International Medical Education and Research data to illustrate geographic distributions, physicians per patient and kinetics.SettingThe number of medical schools has consistently been rising around the world. However, world order is reverting to disorder, considering wars, disease and beleaguered stand-offs.ParticipantsNone.Main outcome measuresEight countries contain 40% of medical schools; however, several locations ...
Inflammatory monocytes enhance disease progression during post-influenza MRSA pneumonia

Morbidity associated with influenza pandemics of the last century has been significantly associated with secondary bacterial infections. It is generally believed that the enhanced susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection is due to influenza-suppressed innate immunity. Interestingly, preceding influenza infection does not inhibit inflammatory cell recruitment during secondary bacterial infection. In fact, due to the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes, there are increased numbers of phagocytes in influenza and bacterial coinfected airways. The protective role of monocytes during influenza infection alone is well recognized; however, it is not clear how this phagocyte population contributes to post-influenza bacterial pneumonia. Using CC-Chemokine Receptor 2 deficient (CCR2 −/− ) mice defective in airway monocyte recruitment, we are currently investigating the role of inflammatory monocytes during influenza and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) coinfection. Specifically, C57BL/6 mice were infected intranasally with a sublethal dose of PR8 and subsequently MRSA on day seven post-influenza infection. Despite their delay in viral clearance, coinfected CCR2 −/− mice exhibited significantly reduced bacterial burdens and importantly, improved survival rates compared with WT mice. Moreover, pro-inflammatory cytokine response in coinfected CCR2 −/− mice was significantly decreased, suggesting an attenuation in lung inflammation. In summary, we found that by inhibiting bacterial clearance and perpetuating lung inflammation, inflammatory monocytes exacerbate adverse disease outcome during post-influenza MRSA pneumonia.
Toward an inclusive creative writing: threshold concepts to guide the literary writing curriculum

In the book's coda, Janelle Adsit offers a few observations on the structural discrimination she's witnessed during campus interviews for positions in creative writing. The itineraries of campus vi...
Dual graph regularized sparse coding for image representation

Sparse coding has been widely and successfully used in image classification, noise reduction, texture synthesis, and audio processing. Although existing sparse coding methods can produce promising results, they failed to consider the high dimensional manifold information within data. In this paper, we propose a dual graph regularized sparse coding method to effectively preserve duality between data points and features for sparse representation. This is achieved by Feature-sign Search with Lagrange Dual (FS-LD) algorithm and Least-Angle Regression with Block Coordinate Descent (LARS-BCD) algorithm. Experimental results in clustering and classification show that the proposed method outperforms other existing methods.
Group Summary: Free Shear Flows

The following studies involved stability analysis of compressible shear flows, performed by the shear layer study group during the ICASE/NASA Langley Workshop. Studies encompassed linear and nonlinear stability analysis via numerical and asymptotic analysis. Key research issues resulting from the workshop collaboration included effects of farfield boundary conditions on disturbance environment of free shear flows, comparisons of instabilities in a developing wake and a fully developed free shear flow, and an asymptotic analysis to study unsteady shock boundary layer interaction. Group participants include Robert Bowles, University College London; Scott Eberhardt, University of Washington; Thomas Jackson, Old Dominion University; Chester Grosch, Old Dominion University; Michele Macaraeg, NASA Langley Research Center; Xavier Normand, Institut Mecanique de Grenoble; and Dimitrius Papageorgiou, The City College of CUNY. The fruitful collaborative efforts which evolved are summarized below.
Technical problems with soft agar colony formation assays for in vitro chemotherapy sensitivity testing of human solid tumors: Mayo Clinic experience.

Since publication of the revolutionary papers by Salmon and colleagues from Tucson which about 5 years ago suggested that primary human tumor cells could be cloned in soft agar culture and in vitro chemotherapy sensitivity testing reliably performed (Hamburger and Salmon 1977; Salmon et al 1978; Salmon 1980), scores of cancer research groups around the world have looked into this testing technique. The number of papers already published (Johnson and Rossof 1983) and the breadth and intensity of the studies presented in this volume bear witness to the profound interest in soft agar colony formation assays for primary human tumors which the work of Salmon and his colleagues has generated. My own laboratory at the Mayo Clinic began performing the “human tumor stem cell assay” of Hamburger and Salmon for human solid tumor samples in 1979. In recent years we have endeavored to study by this technique all the suitable human solid tumor samples removed from the operating rooms at Rochester Methodist Hospital and St. Marys Hospital in Rochester, Minnesota, the two large general hospitals associated with the Mayo Clinic. To date, we have studied over 4,500 separate primary human tumor samples for in vitro chemotherapy sensitivity testing using soft agar colony formation assays similar to that described by Hamburger, Salmon, and colleagues. Our laboratory at the Mayo Clinic also has been one of four laboratories selected by the United States National Cancer Institute to perform soft agar colony formation assays with primary human tumor samples in a drug-screening mode, looking for new anticancer agents. This somewhat extensive practical experience in performing soft agar colony formation assays for in vitro anticancer drug sensitivity testing of primary human tumor cells generated the opportunities during which my colleagues and I observed a variety of technical problems.
Gender Ideology: Cross-cultural Aspects

The study of gender ideologies is concerned with describing and explaining cross-cultural similarities and differences in human views on women, men, and alternative gender identities. The use of the term ‘ideology’ reflects two aspects of research on this topic: (a) its roots in the feminist position that women are conceptualized as inferior to men to justify and sustain social and cultural systems dominated by men; and (b) the culturally constructed (as opposed to ‘natural’) nature of gender. Key foci in this predominantly, but not exclusively, anthropological area of research include: (a) the ideological gendering of private vs. public social domains; (b) the extent to which a nature–culture distinction organizes gender ideologies about women and men; (c) the nature of intrasocietal organization of diversity in gender ideologies; (d) the ideological gendering of colonialism, nationalism, and international relations; (e) dialogue between ‘third world’ and ‘first world’ feminists on the universality vs. ethnocentrism of first world feminists' supposed claims that women are universally ideologically subordinated to men; and (f), theoretical and political debate over the appropriateness of binary as opposed to nonbinary concepts of gender, with the latter providing more conceptual room for attention to alternative sexual identities and social change in gender identities.
Prognostic and Predictive Immunohistochemistry-Based Biomarkers in Cancer and Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy has drastically improved the prognosis of many patients with cancer, but it can also lead to severe immune-related adverse events. Biomarkers, which are molecular markers that indicate a patient's disease outcome or a patient's response to treatment, are therefore crucial to helping clinicians weigh the potential benefits of immunotherapy against its potential toxicities. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has thus far been a powerful technique for discovery and use of biomarkers such as CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. However, IHC has limited reproducibility. Thus, if more IHC-based biomarkers are to reach the clinic, refinement of the technique using multiplexing or automation is key.
Abstract 15500: The Proteasome is a Target of Protein Kinase G

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a central role in maintaining protein quality control and degradation in the cell. A characteristic phenotype of most heart diseases is abnormal protein aggregation and increased ubiquitinated proteins, indicative of UPS dysfunction. More importantly, experimental studies have demonstrated that cardiac proteasome functional insufficiency plays a major pathogenic role in heart failure resulting from a large subset of heart disease. Clinical trials and studies on animal models reveal that cGMP-dependent kinase (PKG) activation by inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 (e.g., sildenafil) protects against a variety of cardiac pathological conditions. We have recently reported that PKG activation facilitates proteasome-mediate degradation of misfolded proteins and slows down the progression of cardiac proteinopathy in mice (Ranek MJ et al, Circulation 2013). To investigate further the mechanism by which PKG regulates proteasome function, we performed in vitro tests with purified proteasomes treated with active PKG. We found that 26S proteasomes showed increased chymotrypsin-like peptidase activity relative to untreated proteasomes. “Gel-free” 2D nano-LC MS/MS analysis identified increased phosphorylation at proteasome subunits including 19S regulatory subunit Rpn2 and 20S catalytic subunit β-7. Sites of phosphorylation were within predicted PKG targeted sequences. Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were employed for in vivo investigation. NRVMs were treated with sildenafil or vehicle control and proteasomes were immunoprecipitated against α-3 subunit. We found that PKG was co-precipitated with the 26S proteasome and that this interaction was augmented by sildenafil. Additionally, we found that NRVM 26S proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity was significantly increased by sildenafil treatment. These findings suggest that proteasome activity may be positively regulated by PKG and that the mechanism may be through direct interaction.
State Tested Nursing Assistants' Workplace Experiences That Threaten or Support Intent to Stay.

PURPOSE Over 1 million Americans utilize skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) annually. Within SNFs, State Tested Nursing Assistants (STNAs) are primary caregivers; however, low retention rates are notable and threaten patient care. DESIGN A phenomenological, qualitative study was conducted to explore intrinsic factors that influence STNAs' intent to stay in their positions. METHODS Ten STNAs employed at for-profit SNFs participated in semistructured face-to-face interviews. Data were analyzed to identify broad concepts and recurrent themes. FINDINGS Findings suggest that intrinsic factors supporting and threatening intent to stay included the fulfillment of basic psychological needs. Supporting themes included self-confidence, appreciation, positive relationships, and a willingness to go beyond required duties. Threatening themes included frustration, lack of support, and career advancement opportunities. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide an understanding of factors that influence STNAs' intent to stay. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results may help guide the development of responsive strategies that improve quality and continuity of care in SNFs.
Investigating the Feasibility of a Modified Quantitative Sensory Testing Approach to Profile Sensory Function and Predict Pain Outcomes Following Intrathecal Baclofen Implant Surgery in Cerebral Palsy.

Objectives Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) pumps used to manage spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (CP) also improve pain outcomes for some but not all patients. The purpose of this clinical feasibility study was to explore whether a quantitative sensory testing approach could a) be modified and used to subgroup individuals into sensory profiles and b) test whether the profiles were related to postimplant pain outcomes (i.e., pain responsive or pain persistent). Subjects A purposeful clinical sample of nine children with CP (mean age = 12.5 years, male = 56%) and complex communication needs participated. Methods A prospective within-subject design was used to measure proxy-reported pain before and after ITB implant. Pain response status was determined by proxy-reported pain intensity change (>50% change in maximum rated intensity). A modified quantitative sensory testing (mQST) procedure was used to assess behavioral responsivity to an array of calibrated sensory (tactile/acute nociceptive) stimuli before surgery. Results Seven individuals with presurgical pain had mQST differentiated sensory profiles in relation to ITB pain outcomes and relative to the two individuals with no pain. Presurgically, the ITB pain responsive subgroup (N = 3, maximum rated pain intensity decreased >50% after ITB implant) showed increased behavioral reactivity to an acute nociceptive stimulus and cold stimulus, whereas the ITB pain persistent subgroup (N = 4) showed reduced behavioral reactivity to cold and repeated von Frey stimulation relative to the no pain individuals. Conclusion Implications for patient selection criteria and stratification to presurgically identify individuals with CP "at risk" for persistent postprocedure pain are discussed.
Pathogenesis of Myositis

In this overview of pathogenic mechanisms contributing to the development of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, we highlight the relative contributions of genetic risk, environmental triggering, adaptive immunity, innate immunity, and “nonimmune” signaling pathways that culminate in muscular as well as extra-muscular tissue pathology. Improved understanding of this complex network will enhance our ability to develop novel therapeutic targets.
Iliac Stenting Complicated by Iliac Artery Rupture

Iliac artery rupture occurred during iliac stenting for TASC D lesion. Rupture was managed by prolonged low-pressure balloon inflation. Patient has been followed for 12 years with satisfactory result. Causes and management of iliac rupture are discussed including the preferential deployment of covered stent at the site of rupture.
Neurocognitive predictors of self-reported reward responsivity and approach motivation in depression: A data-driven approach.

Background Individual differences in reward-related processes, such as reward responsivity and approach motivation, appear to play a role in the nature and course of depression. Prior work suggests that cognitive biases for valenced information may contribute to these reward processes. Yet there is little work examining how biased attention, processing, and memory for positively and negatively valenced information may be associated with reward-related processes in samples with depression symptoms. Methods We used a data-driven, machine learning (elastic net) approach to identify the best predictors of self-reported reward-related processes using multiple tasks of attention, processing, and memory for valenced information measured across behavioral, eye tracking, psychophysiological, and computational modeling approaches (n = 202). Participants were adults (ages 18-35) who ranged in depression symptom severity from mild to severe. Results Models predicted between 5.0-12.2% and 9.7-28.0% of held-out test sample variance in approach motivation and reward responsivity, respectively. Low self-referential processing of positively valenced information was the most robust, albeit modest, predictor of low approach motivation and reward responsivity. Conclusions Self-referential processing of positive information is the strongest predictor of reward responsivity and approach motivation in a sample ranging from mild to severe depression symptom severity. Experiments are now needed to clarify the causal relationship between self-referential processing of positively valenced information and reward processes in depression.
Trends in antibiotics use among long-term US nursing-home residents.

Objectives: Antibiotics are overly prescribed in nursing homes. Recent antibiotic stewardship efforts attempt to reduce inappropriate use. Our objective was to describe antibiotic use from 2012 to 2016 among nursing-home residents with various health conditions. Design: Retrospective, repeated cross-sectional analysis. Setting and participants: All long-term residents in a random 10% sample of national nursing homes: 2,092,809 assessments from 319,615 nursing-home residents in 1,562 nursing homes. Measurements: We calculated a 1-day antibiotic prevalence using all annual and quarterly clinical assessments in the Minimum Data Set (MDS) from April 2012 through December 2016. We calculated prevalence of antibiotic use overall and within conditions of interest: Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD), advanced cognitive impairment (ACI), and infections likely to be treated with antibiotics. We applied logistic regressions with nursing-home cluster, robust standard errors to assess changes in conditions and antibiotic use 2012–2016. Results: Overall, antibiotic use did not change (2012 vs 2016, adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.00; 95% CI, 0.97–1.03). Antibiotic use was higher in 2016 versus 2012 among assessments with any infection (AOR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04–1.16), urinary tract infection (AOR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.12–1.25), and no infection (AOR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.09–1.17). Results were similar by cognitive status. Conclusions: The increased proportion of assessments recording antibiotics but no infection may not be clinically appropriate. Higher antibiotic use among infected residents with advanced cognitive impairment is also concerning. Further efforts to understand mechanisms driving these trends and to promote antibiotic stewardship in nursing homes are warranted.
Developmental Changes in Tongue Strength, Swallow Pressures, and Tongue Endurance.

Maximum tongue strength, mean swallow pressures, and tongue endurance were measured in 324 children ages 6–12 years. The purpose of this study was to measure saliva swallow pressures in absolute terms (i.e., kilopascals) and as a percentage of maximum tongue strength to determine functional reserve in across ages in children and to examine factors that may influence tongue strength and swallow pressures including age, tongue endurance, and tongue-tie. The study results showed that maximum tongue strength and swallow pressures increased with age, while tongue endurance did not. Swallow pressures averaged 44% of maximum tongue strength across ages, indicating that children typically have a functional reserve of 56%. Tongue strength and swallow pressures were not decreased in the 20 children with tongue-tie. A sample clinical case is discussed.
Palliative care in critically ill COVID-19 patients: the early New York City experience.

Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic in the USA has been accompanied by high rates of mortality and an unprecedented need for palliative care delivery. Little is known about the use of palliative care services in intensive care unit (ICU) settings during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of critically ill COVID-19 patients requiring ICU admission, between 7 March and 14 April 2020 to two academic teaching hospitals in New York City. Palliative care consultation included a one-time telemedicine consultation or continued telemedicine consultation and follow-up with multidisciplinary team involvement. Patient information was collected from the electronic health record and analyses were conducted with Stata V.15.1 (StataCorp) statistical software. Results A total of 151 critically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia requiring ICU admission were identified, of whom 59 (39.07%) received an inpatient palliative care consultation. More than half of patients died (n=85/151, 56.29%), with 57.65% (n=49/85) of these patients receiving palliative care services during their hospitalisation. Patients who received palliative care consultation were more likely to be older, sicker and receive mechanical ventilation than their counterparts. Patients who died and did not receive palliative care were younger and required non-invasive ventilation support. Conclusion There is a lack of utilisation of palliative care in COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU. Further research into predictors of poor outcomes in critically ill COVID-19 patients may help identify patients that would benefit from early palliative care involvement going forward.
Experiential education accommodations for students with disabilities in United States pharmacy schools: An exploratory study.

Abstract Introduction We sought to identify challenges and possible outcomes for pharmacy schools providing accommodations on experiential rotations for students with disabilities. Methods A survey was developed and sent to the experiential education departments of pharmacy schools across the nation and anonymous responses were collected. Quantitative survey results were assessed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative results were assessed using thematic analysis. Results A total of 43 individuals who self-identified as current members of the experiential education department of their school responded to the survey. Student, preceptor, and institutional challenges and barriers were identified, and various approaches to providing accommodations for students with disabilities during experiential rotations were described. Conclusions Providing accommodations for students on experiential rotations remains a challenge for pharmacy programs. However, guidance for pharmacy schools on proper support of students with disabilities on experiential rotations remains limited.
Molten Sodium Batteries

The rapid growth in demand for electrical energy storage in the twenty-first century has renewed interest in molten sodium batteries for safe, reliable, typically large format storage. These batteries take advantage of globally abundant sodium as a key active material in the system, employing solid-state ceramic separators, and utilizing several different cathode chemistries in battery design. This chapter introduces these battery systems, primarily focused on sodium-sulfur and sodium-nickel chloride (ZEBRA) batteries. It describes the materials chemistries of the anodes, the separators, and the cathodes of these batteries, highlighting both virtues and challenges to be overcome with further research and development. It further highlights new chemistries and materials that may enable key innovations to battery design that will lower the operational temperatures, improve safety, and drive down limiting costs of these systems. Ultimately, improvements resulting from these research and development efforts are expected to expand an already growing global market for large-scale molten sodium batteries.
The Evolution and Role of the Bursal Acromial Reconstruction

Background:Massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears (RCTs) remain a challenging clinical problem with numerous described treatment options. Bursal acromial reconstruction (BAR) represents a promisin...
Inpatient Outcomes of Acute Pancreatitis Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Nationwide Analysis.

Objectives This study explores the characteristics and outcomes, including inpatient mortality, length of stay, and pancreatitis complications in patients hospitalized with acute pancreatitis (AP) with coexisting systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Patients hospitalized with AP from the National Inpatient Sample from 2014 were selected. Patient characteristics and outcomes of AP were compared between the groups with and without SLE. Age, sex, race, Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI), and etiologies of pancreatitis were measured. The outcomes of interest were inpatient mortality, length of stay, and complications, including respiratory failure, acute renal failure, myocardial infarction, hypotensive shock, sepsis, stroke, and ileus. Chi-squared tests and independent t-tests were used to compare proportions and means, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine if SLE is an independent predictor for the outcomes, adjusting for age, sex, race, ECI, and etiologies of pancreatitis. Results Among 434,280 AP patients identified in the study, 3,015 patients had SLE. Among patients hospitalized with AP, those with SLE were younger, more likely to be female, more likely to be non-White, had higher ECI, and stayed longer in the hospital. Patients without SLE were more likely to have a history of cholelithiasis, alcohol abuse, and hypertriglyceridemia. AP patients presenting with SLE were at higher risk for respiratory failure, acute renal failure, hypotensive shock, stroke, and sepsis. Higher inpatient mortality was also associated with coexisting SLE. Conclusions Patients admitted for AP with SLE have worse outcomes compared to those without SLE. Understanding the potential effects of SLE on AP and optimizing patient care in this population accordingly may improve the quality of care and outcomes.
A Qualitative Analysis of Concussion-Reporting Behavior in Collegiate Student-Athletes With a History of Sport-Related Concussion

Context Many survey-based methods have been used to explore concussion-reporting behavior. However, because the decision to report or conceal a concussion is likely multifactorial, this may narrow the findings, as the surveys were largely designed by the researchers. Objective To explore student-athletes' perspectives regarding factors that may influence the reporting of sport-related concussion. Design Qualitative study. Setting National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletics. Patients or other participants We conducted 17 semistructured interviews with student-athletes who had sustained 1 or more concussions while attending a large university (men = 4, women = 13, age = 20.9 ± 1.3 years). Data collection and analysis After data saturation and member checks, a 5-cycle analytic process was completed: topical review, literature review, data collection and summarizing using a codebook developed by a 3-person research team, linking of findings to current research, and final interpretations. Results We discovered 3 themes. Participants discussed concussion perceptions by describing their understanding of a concussion, their own injury experiences, and their perceptions of symptom severity and duration. Regarding reporting behavior, participants described an order of individuals with whom they would speak, symptoms present in order to report (eg, feeling different from normal), immediate reactions, and influential factors for mitigating short- and long-term consequences. Lastly, participants discussed the value of support systems, such as how coaches can both positively and negatively influence reporting and athletic trainer involvement. Conclusions Participants often drew from their own concussion experiences in naming common concussion signs and symptoms. Additionally, they indicated that both short- and long-term health consequences influenced and deterred their seeking care and that their support systems, including coaches and athletic trainers, played a role in their concussion experience. Research is needed to determine if using student-athletes' own words to describe a concussion and incorporating student-athletes' support systems, especially coaches and athletic trainers, is effective in increasing concussion reporting.
What to make of misidentification rates in obsessive-compulsive disorder

Glazier and colleagues describe the considerable difficulty exhibited by nonpsychiatrist physicians in correctly identifying obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) caseness and show that misidentification was associated with treatment recommendations that were not evidence based. While disconcerting, the findings are not particularly surprising and are suggestive of significant gaps in mental health training and care that, while specific to OCD in this report, most likely transcend to other psychiatric disorders. Rates of OCD misdiagnosis by nonpsychiatrist physicians, especially for less well-advertised symptoms (eg, sexual or aggressive obsessions), were startling and may reflect limited breadth of medical school/residency training curricula and continuing education in psychiatry. Language: en
Characterization of colicin Ia and colicin Ib. Chemical studies of protein structure.

The chemical properties of purified colicin Ia-CA53 and colicin Ib-P9 have been compared. Colicins Ia and Ib are basic proteins having isoelectric points of greater than 10 and 9.5, respectively. The colicins exhibit similar amino acid compositions having a high content of basic amino acids and low amounts of hydrophobic residues. Neither colicin contains cysteine. Both colicins have serine as an NH2-terminal residue. Comparative fingerprint analyses of the products obtained from trypsin digestion of the iodinated colicins showed that approximately half of the resulting iodinated peptides were identical in the 2 molecules. Similar analyses showed that approximately 80% of the arginine containing tryptic peptides were identical. These results indicate extensive primary sequence homology between the colicins. Both colicins consist of a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 80,000.
Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis phage deoxyribonucleic acid-directed deoxycytidylate deaminase synthesis in Escherichia coli extracts.

Abstract A cell-free extract of Escherichia coli was induced by DNAs, prepared from various bacteriophages, to synthesize deoxycytidylate deaminase in vitro. With T4 DNA, only low levels of dCMP deaminase were synthesized. However, DNAs from two Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages, SP82 and SP5C, furnished very active templates for dCMP deaminase synthesis in the E. coli system. Each of these phages induces dCMP deaminase during infection of B. subtilis in vivo. Conversely, DNA from the B. subtilis bacteriophage SP3, which poorly induces dCMP deaminase in vivo, did not produce a dCMP deaminase synthesis in vitro. The synthesis of dCMP deaminase was shown to depend on both transcription and translation.
Statistical Properties of a Fluctuating Plume Dispersion Model

A mathematical model of continuous source, turbulent dispersion has been presented and rationalized. This differs from those now in use in that provision is made for fluctuations of the plume to occur, by separating the total plume dispersion into two components, spreading and meandering. Various properties of the resulting material concentration distribution are then deduced. The mean concentration distribution derived from the fluctuating plume model is identical with the material distribution in present, steady plume models. Other important properties can also be derived, particularly the variance of point concentrations, and the frequency distribution of point concentrations, that do not follow from present plume models. The fluctuating plume model, in this way, provides a rational approach to practical air pollution problems that depend on concentration properties other than the mean level of concentration. Two independent dispersion parameters are involved; that describing the instantaneous dispersion, or spreading, of a plume element and that describing the overall dispersion, or meandering, of the plume centre relative to the fixed x-axis. These are identified with dispersion functions discussed theoretically by Batchelor, Brier, and Taylor. As far as the mean concentration distribution is concerned, dispersion coefficients of the fluctuating plume model have an immediate interpretation in terms of the steady plume models of Sutton, and Frenkiel (or of any other, essentially Gaussian plume dispersion model). Because of the variety of predictions concerning various statistical properties of the fluctuating plume model, many observed characteristics of concentration statistics, so far largely ignored in practical pollution studies, may now be related to dispersion. These include the form, and location and intensity of the maximum point, of the concentration frequency distribution, the variance of the distribution, and so on. A small amount of detailed concentration data is available for comparison with the fluctuating plume model. These permit verification of certain of the predicted features, particularly the form of the concentration frequency distribution, and the behaviour of its maximum point as a function of atmospheric stability and dispersion time. The form of the ratio of peak to average concentration values, as a function of dispersion time, also follows from the fluctuating plume model and is verified by comparison with concentration data.