cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synergy or Interference: The Effect of Product Placement on Commercial Break Audience Decline

Recent years have seen a considerable rise in the use of product placement in television shows. Taking advantage of second-by-second product placement, advertising, and audience tuning data, this research explores the impact of such product placement on the extent to which viewers tune away from downstream advertisements. Motivated by the behavioral priming literature, we examine how this impact relates to the brand-and category-match between product placement and subsequent advertising, as well as the temporal distance between them. Our analysis suggests that the coveted first position of a commercial break holds a greater audience when preceded by product placement from the same brand. This indicates a positive synergy between the two activities that can reduce audience decline by more than 10%. Product placements by other brands, however, can actually exacerbate audience loss, thus interfering with the reach of advertisements by competitors. Significantly, these changes in audience size are not temporary, but are retained across the remaining commercials in the same break. We discuss the managerial implications of these findings and directions for future research in the rapidly changing media landscape.
An objective analysis of the QBO in ERA-Interim and the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5

The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is the dominant mode of variability in the tropical stratosphere, which is in large part driven by upward propagating atmospheric waves. For over three decades researchers have investigated an extratropical impact due to the vacillation of the tropical winds. The choice of a single altitude to define the QBO introduces an ambiguity into the analysis of correlations between the tropical and extratropical manifestations of this wave-driven phenomenon. It has been previously demonstrated that using empirical orthogonal functions, this ambiguity can be resolved, by calculating the phase of the QBO from the first two principal components of the stratospheric zonal mean wind. As general circulation models begin to simulate the QBO, a standard and objective means of comparing simulations with observations should be adopted. This objective analysis of the extratropical QBO is presented for the ERA-Interim reanalysis and a version of the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5, which exhibits a spontaneously generated QBO.
On the distance to uncontrollability and the distance to instability and their relation to some condition numbers in control

According to the methodology of [6], many measures of distance arising in problems in numerical linear algebra and control can be bounded by a factor times the reciprocal of an appropriate condition number, where the distance is thought of as the distance between a given problem to the nearest ill-posed problem. In this paper, four major problems in numerical linear algebra and control are further considered: the computation of system Hessenberg form, the solution of the algebraic Riccati equation, the pole assignment problem and the matrix exponential. The distances considered here are the distance to uncontrollability and the distance to instability.
Sensitivity Reduction and Lifetime Extension of Power-Limited Low-Thrust Trajectories

Planetary protection requirements and the need for robustness to unplanned temporary loss of control is a significant design concern for low-thrust missions in highly perturbed orbital environments. The purpose of this paper is to provide two easily implementable techniques for reducing the sensitivity and extending the lifetime of variable specific impulse low-thrust trajectories subject to temporary loss of control. Both methods leverage current trajectory design schemes based on optimal control. The first method aims at sensitivity reduction of the trajectory to control errors and is based on minimizing the angle between the controlled and the uncontrolled vector fields. The second technique focuses on extending a measure of trajectory lifetime and is based on inverse dynamics and backpropagation of an optimal trajectory. Simulation results in both the Earth–moon and the Jupiter–Europa system demonstrate the applicability and ease of implementation of the proposed methods.
Neurotrophic and Neuroprotective Effects of hAPP in Transgenic Micea

To better understand the role the human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) plays in Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is essential to define its primary function(s). Here we expressed different hAPPs in neurons of transgenic (tg) mice to characterize their effects on the intact central nervous system (CNS). Immunolabeled brain sections of tg and non-tg mice were compared quantitatively by microdensitometry and computer-aided analysis of laser scanning confocal digitized images. Compared with non-tg mice, tg mice overexpressing hAPPs showed an increase in the number of synaptophysin immunoreactive presynaptic terminals as well as in the expression of the growth-associated marker GAP-43. While non-tg controls and tg mice expressing hAPP751 at moderate levels displayed a normal pattern of reinnervation of the dentate gyrus following perforant pathway transection, tg mice expressing hAPP695 at severalfold higher levels showed an accentuation of the synaptic loss and no sprouting reaction. In addition, expression of hAPP751 at moderate levels effectively protected neurons against excitotoxic injury induced either acutely by systemic injection of kainic acid or chronically by transgene-driven glial production of the soluble HIV-1 protein gp120. Neuronal expression of hAPP695 at higher levels provided less excitoprotection. Our findings are consistent with the postulate that APP plays a role in the formation/maintenance of synapses and that processes which affect this function could contribute to the synaptic pathology seen in AD. Our study also revealed that hAPPs can exert important excitoprotective functions in vivo and that the efficiency of this protection may depend on the hAPP isoform expressed as well as on the level of neuronal hAPP expression. Neuronal overexpression of hAPP beyond a certain level may have detrimental effects on the CNS, particularly in the context of secondary neural injuries.
A psychiatrist looks at religion.

This paper presents some impressions I have gathered from the unusual ex perience I have had as a staff member of the First Presbyterian Church of Evanston as well as psychiatrist to its pastoral counseling service. I would like to discuss in some detail the nature of the relation between religion and psychiatry as I see it and the aspects of counseling or therapy in which reli gious orientation and understanding seem to me most helpful. The Academy of Religion and Mental Health was chartered in 1954. That was hailed as a significant step in interdisciplinary relations; it may serve as an appropriate landmark for an attempt to assess what has happened between religion and psychiatry in the succeeding fifteen years. There is no question that during this time developments between the two professions have been taking place. There is some difference of opinion as to the precise nature of these developments, and whether they are good or bad. The view that seems to prevail is that the relationship between psychiatrists and clergy has defi nitely improved, with greater mutual cordiality, understanding, and trust; and that it is expected to become even better. This is quite at variance with my own observations and those of some others. As Ralph Burhoe
Performance of some new ridge regression estimators

In the ridge regression analysis, the estimation of ridge parameter k is an important problem. Many methods are available for estimating such a parameter. This article has considered some of these methods and also proposed some new estimators based on generalized ridge regression approach. A simulation study has been made to evaluate the performance of proposed estimators based on the minimum mean squared error (MSE) criterion. The simulation study indicates that under certain conditions the proposed estimators perform well compared to least squares estimators (LSE) and other popular existing estimators. Finally, a numerical example has been analyzed and its findings support the simulation results to some extent.
Determination of plasma hypoxanthine: a comparison of high-pressure liquid chromatographic and oxygen consumption methods.

Abstract Plasma and serum hypoxanthine (Hyp) concentrations were measured by both high-pressure liquid chromatography and an oxygen consumption (pO2) technique, and the results were compared. The pO2 technique is based on the principle that oxygen is consumed when Hyp and xanthine are metabolized to uric acid by xanthine oxidase. Over the concentration range of 0–187 μ m the slope of the correlation line was 0.94 with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. Over the concentration range 0–40 μ m , the slope of the correlation line was reduced to 0.87, consistent with the fact that the pO2 technique is also influenced by the xanthine concentration. However, even when corrected for the xanthine concentration, which averaged 28% of the Hyp concentration, the pO2 technique underestimated the Hyp concentration measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography by 5%. The pO2 technique has the advantage that it is rapid and simple, however, it has the disadvantage compared to high-pressure liquid chromatography that it does not distinguish between Hyp and xanthine, and it has a lower prescision, particularly at the low Hyp concentrations normally present in human plasma.
Effects of alcohol, personality, and provocation on the expression of anger in men: A Facial coding analysis

Background: Research has demonstrated that alcohol-related aggression is modulated by anger-based personality traits. However, it is unclear how anger, as a concomitant of aggression, is affected by an interaction among these variables. The present study evaluated the effects of alcohol, anger-based traits, and physical provocation on anger. Methods: Participants were 136 male social drinkers who completed measures designed to assess trait anger and anger expression styles and were assigned to an alcohol or no-alcohol control beverage group. Participants engaged in a competitive reaction time task in which electric shocks were received from a fictitious opponent. Participants’ experience of anger was assessed unobtrusively via the Facial Action Coding System. Results: Intoxicated participants displayed more facial expressions of anger than sober participants. Interactive effects between anger expression styles and beverage group also were detected in that, among intoxicated participants, a positive relationship between facial expressions of anger and the tendency to express anger outwardly was found after high, but not low, provocation. This relationship was not observed at either provocation level in the no-alcohol control group. Similarly, whereas participants’ tendency to control anger resulted in fewer facial expressions of anger by intoxicated participants, no such relationship was found among sober participants. Conclusions: Findings suggest that alcohol intoxication facilitates the experience of anger after provocation and enhances the relationship between state anger and behavioral tendencies to control anger expression.
Cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas

Cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma comprise the majority of the true neoplastic cysts of the pancreas. Five cystadenomas and two cystadenocarcinomas of the pancreas were found in a review of the clinical records of the University of Minnesota Hospitals and the Minneapolis Veterans Administration Hospital. The report of these cases serves to review the clinical and pathological features of these neoplasms. These rare neoplastic cysts occur predominantly in women and are not associated with a history of trauma, alcoholism, or pancreatitis. They produce symptoms by compression of neighboring organs and are slow growing, often attaining large size. With complete excision the results of surgical treatment are usually good.
Mechanism of nonequilibrium optical response of high-temperature superconductors.

This paper discusses the mechanism of the nonequilibrium optical response of high-temperature superconductors below [ital T][sub [ital c]]. Optical-response studies include pulsed-photoresponse measurements and modulated-reflectivity (transmission) measurements using femtosecond spectroscopy. A model is presented to explain the mechanism of the optical response based on the nonequilibrium dynamic transitions of electrons (quasiparticles and Cooper pairs) and phonons. These nonequilibrium transitions may cause flux motion due to activation by high-energy quasiparticles and phonons in the frame of BCS theory; moreover, these transitions may also change the kinetic inductance due to the reduction in the superconducting-electron density. Relaxation of the high-energy quasiparticles (generated by photons) through the electron-phonon and electron-electron scattering is rather fast: on the order of a picosecond, however, the speed limit of the photoresponse is governed by the phonon escape time. The results of the presented analysis suggest that further femtosecond-spectroscopy measurements may reveal more information about the superconducting anisotropic energy gap and band structure, pairing mechanism, quasiparticle-vortex interactions, and vortex energy structure in high-[ital T][sub [ital c]] superconductors. The results also strongly suggest that with proper optimization of device parameters (geometry and thermodynamic properties for fast heat removal, increasing pinning site density, critical current density, etc.), high speed (onmore » the order of a ps response time), and sensitive detectors covering a broad electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., from ultraviolet to far infrared and beyond) can be developed.« less
Abstract LB-400: STAT3 mediates resistance to MEK inhibitor through microRNA miR-17

AZD6244 is a small-molecule-based inhibitor targeting the MEK pathway that is currently in clinical trials. However, the mechanisms mediating intrinsic resistance to MEK inhibition remain to be completely characterized. To identify the molecular mechanism of MEK inhibitor resistance, we analyzed responses of 38 lung cancer cell lines following AZD6244 treatment and their genome-wide gene expression profiles and identified a panel of genes correlated with sensitivity or resistance to AZD6244 treatment. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway was associated with MEK inhibitor resistance. Inhibition of the STAT3 pathway using JSI-124, a STAT3-specific inhibitor, sensitized lung cancer cells to AZD6244 treatment and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, combining a STAT3 inhibitor with AZD6244 induced the expression of BIM and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, whereas activation of the STAT3 pathway inhibited BIM expression and thus induced MEK inhibitor resistance. In addition, we found that miR-17, which is regulated by STAT3, played an important role in STAT3-mediated MEK inhibitor resistance by targeting BIM. Inhibition of miR-17 with anti-miR-17 sensitized resistant cells to AZD6244 by inducing BIM and PARP cleavage. We conclude that STAT3-mediated overexpression of miR-17 blocked BIM expression, which resulted in resistance to AZD6244. These results implicate novel alternative approaches for overcoming the MEK inhibitor resistance by combining AZD6244 with STAT3 inhibitors or miR-17 antagomirs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-400. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-400
Millimeter-microwave spectrum of DNA: Six predictions for spectroscopy.

A recently presented model of long-range interatomic interactions in a DNA polymer is compared to an earlier approach. Comparison of the results of both approaches is made to existing experiments. The newer method consistently produces good experimental agreement within the context of a single, physically reasonable parametrization. It is therefore sensible to consider some observable but not yet observed features of the calculation as valid predictions. We offer a dozen or so resonances in the frequency range from ${10}^{10}$ to ${10}^{12}$ Hz as potentially new observable absorption lines.
Helicon Waves in a Sinusoidal Periodic Structure

Helicon wave propagation in a sinusoidally modulated periodic structure in the local limit is governed by Mathieu's equation. The dispersion relation obtained numerically using continued fractions does not show strong band gap effects. Helikonwellenausbreitung in einer sinusartig modulierten periodischen Struktur unterliegt lokal der Mathieu-Gleichung. Die numerisch abgeleitete Dispersionsbeziehung in Form fortsetzbarer Bruche weist keine starken Bandluckeneffekte auf.
NSF Geosciences Draft Report Available for Comment

The U.S. National Science Foundation's Advisory Committee for the Geosciences (NSF's AC GEO) is seeking comments from the Earth science community on a draft document issued on 7 August that outlines “imperatives and frontier areas” for NSF's Directorate for Geosciences (GEO). The report, Dynamic Earth: GEO Priorities & Frontiers 2015–2020, is an update to the directorate's 2009 report, GEO Vision.
Substance Use and Anger in Mid-Life Women

The purpose of this research was to examine individual and social network variables that relate to drinking alcohol and utilizing over-the-counter (OTC) medications. The present study sought to expand on the literature by adding modes of anger expression and social network variables as potential explanations of alcohol and OTC use in mid-life women. Secondary analyses were conducted on data from 87 mid-life women who were participating in a longitudinal study of health. Both alcohol and OTC users reported higher anger symptomatology than nonusers and had different profiles in tern of education and age. Social network variables were unrelated to substance use. Implications for intervention strategies and future research were discussed.
Mini-fission–fusion explosive devices (mini-nukes) for nuclear pulse propulsion

Abstract Nuclear pulse propulsion demands low-yield nuclear explosive devices. Because the critical mass of a fission explosive is rather large, this leads to extravagant fission devices with a very low fuel burn-up. For non-fission ignited pure fusion microexplosions the problem is the large ignition apparatus (laser, particle beam, etc.). Fission ignited large fusion explosive devices are for obvious reasons even less desirable. A third category (mini-nukes) are devices where the critical mass of the fission explosive is substantially reduced by its coupling to a DT fusion reaction, with the DT fusion neutrons increasing the fission rate. Whereas in pure fission devices a reduction of the critical mass is achieved by the implosive compression of the fissile core with a chemical high explosive, in the third category the implosion must at the same time heat the DT surrounding the fissile core to a temperature of ⩾ 10 7 K , at which enough fusion neutrons are generated to increase the fission rate which in turn further increases the temperature and fusion neutron production rate. As has been shown by the author many years ago, such mini-nukes lead to astonishingly small critical masses. In their application to nuclear pulse propulsion the combustion products from the chemical high explosive are further heated by the neutrons and are becoming part of the propellant.
The Career Cycle and the Second Stage of Teaching: Implications for Policy and Professional Development

Teachers' careers are often considered to consist of two parts: pre-service and in-service. In-service refers to the entire time between a teacher's entry and exit from the profession. Recent research suggests teachers' careers actually consistent of several parts, known as phases or stages and, collectively, as the career cycle. This further suggests that as they pass through different stages, teachers' professional development needs may change. This article presents a review of literature on the career cycle, examines the portion known as the “second stage,” and discusses the policy and professional development implications for music teachers.
Light induced alterations in growth pattern of the avian eye

Abstract Five hundred day-old SCWL chicks were randomly divided into three light treatments as follows: (a) clear incandescent light of 4.55 μW/cm 2 /nm maximum intensity; (b) low intensity clear light of 0–017 μW/cm 2 /nm maximum intensity; (c) low intensity blue light of 0–046 μW/cm 2 /nm maximum intensity. All groups received a daily photoperiod of 14L/10D. Both low intensity treatments developed abnormally enlarged eyes, particularly those exposed to low intensity blue light. This condition was evident after eight days and was pronounced after 49 days exposure. Associated with the eye enlargement was an exophthalmic appearance not related to increased retro-ocular tissue. Ocular components were altered and a drastic change in visual parameters occurred during the developmental stages, resulting in an axial length myopia.
Single-molecule studies of the stringency factors and rates governing the polymerization of RecA on double-stranded DNA

RecA is a key protein in homologous recombination. During recombination, one single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) bound to site I in RecA exchanges Watson-Crick pairing with a sequence-matched ssDNA that was part of a double-stranded DNA molecule (dsDNA) bound to site II in RecA. After strand exchange, heteroduplex dsDNA is bound to site I. In vivo, direct polymerization of RecA on dsDNA through site I does not occur, though it does in vitro. The mechanisms underlying the difference have been unclear. We use single-molecule experiments to decouple the two steps involved in polymerization: nucleation and elongation. We find that elongation is governed by a fundamental clock that is insensitive to force and RecA concentration from 0.2 and 6 µM, though rates depend on ionic conditions. Thus, we can probe nucleation site stability by creating nucleation sites at high force and then measuring elongation as a function of applied force. We find that in the presence of ATP hydrolysis a minimum force is required for polymerization. The minimum force decreases with increasing RecA or ATP concentrations. We propose that force reduces the off-rate for nucleation site binding and that nucleation site stability is the stringency factor that prevents in vivo polymerization.
A TST Based Technique for the Study of Self‐Disclosure

THE self concept occupies a major place in the theoretical and research orientations of contemporary sociologists. The work of Cooley and Mead have stimulated the theory and research focusing on a view of the social self, which can be generally defined as: ". . . that organization of qualities that the individual attributes to himself" (Kinch, 1963). This conceptualization of the self has been effectively examined through the use of the Twenty Statements Test (TST), one of the most frequently used instruments for the study of the self (Spitzer, 1969). Since the TST elicits spontaneous self definitions, it may prove particularly useful in the study of disclosure to others of those aspects of the self which an individual views as more personally meaningful. This approach may well prove of value in furthering the study of those patterns of self-disclosure which appear to be particularly relevant to the understanding of the nature of primary relationships (Babchuk and Bates, 1963; Jaffee and Polansky, 1962; Jourard, 1959), a concept of particular importance to symbolic interactionists and sociologists in general. Much of the previous work in self-disclosure has been done through the use of structured instruments which ask a respondent to indicate whether or not he has disclosed certain categories of information concerning himself (e.g. favorite foods, views on religion, confidential information, etc.) to specific others, who are designated as "target persons" (Babehuk and Bates, 1963; Jaffee and Polansky, 1962; Jourard, 1958, 1959). However, it may well be that structured objective tests are characterized by preselected dimensions which may not have direct relevance to a particular respondent's cognitions (Spitzer, 1966:280). The TST differs from most previous instruments in that it is relatively unstructured and is directly based upon an individual's description of himself. Therefore, the disclosure revealed by this instrument can be considered quite literally as "self"disclosure.
Computer analysis of mineralization within evolving subvolcanic and caldera systems, Breckenridge and Bonanza Regions, Colorado Mineral Belt, U.S.A.

Abstract Principal trend surfaces and positive residuals to those surfaces are used to relate the content of molybdenum, copper, lead, silver, and zinc in large numbers of soil samples to the geology of the Breckenridge and Bonanza areas. Centers of mineralization have been identified within both the subvolcanic environment at Breckenridge and the caldera setting at Bonanza. Mineralization in the Breckenridge district apparently was generated during the emplacement of felsic intrusions and associated intrusion breccias, particularly in the central and southern parts of the district. In the Bonanza area, mineralization appears to have occurred during emplacement of felsic ring-type intrusions along the northeast and southeast margins of the caldera.
Maturation of medial temporal lobe response and connectivity during memory encoding

The medial temporal lobe (MTL) plays an important role in memory encoding. The development and maturation of MTL and other brain regions involved in memory encoding are, however, poorly understood. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine activation and effective connectivity of the MTL in children and adolescents during encoding of outdoor visual scenes. Here, we show that MTL response decreases with age whereas its connectivity with the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) increases with age. Our findings provide evidence for dissociable maturation of local and distributed memory encoding processes involving the MTL and furthermore suggest that increased functional interactions between the MTL and the PFC may underlie the development of more effective memory encoding strategies.
Use of a medication reconciliation tool in an outpatient geriatric clinic

Abstract Objective To determine whether use of the Medication Reconciliation Review of Systems Subject (MR ROSS) tool is an effective method to identify errors of omission at an initial visit in an outpatient geriatric clinic. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Alexian Brothers Community Services (ABCS) Program of All-inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE), St Louis, MO, from January to December 2012. Patients 40 patients newly enrolled in ABCS PACE. Intervention After the medication evaluation was completed, MR ROSS was used to collect additional medication information to identify errors of omission. Using MR ROSS, the clinical pharmacist asked the patient, "Are you taking anything for [system]?" This line of questioning was continued for every noted area. Main outcomes measure Number of patients having an error of omission detected using MR ROSS. Results Of the 40 patients, 31 (77.5%) had one or more errors of omission identified by MR ROSS. Of these patients, an average of 4.0 additional medications per patient was identified. Patients with a Mini-Mental State Examination score of 24 or greater were more likely to have an error of omission detected using MR ROSS (P = 0.009). Of the 123 additional medications identified using MR ROSS, 73.2% and 69.9% were nonprescription and as-needed medications, respectively. Of the medications found using MR ROSS, 57%, 17%, and 8.6% were oral medications, topical medications, and oral inhalers, respectively. Conclusion Use of the MR ROSS tool was a feasible and effective method to identify errors of omission at an initial visit in an outpatient geriatric clinic.
Regulation of abscisic acid metabolism in the aleurone layers of barley seeds.

The regulation of metabolism of abscisic acid has been investigated in the isolated aleurone layers of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds. The rate of conversion of abscisic acid to phaseic acid is enhanced by two to five-fold when the tissue is pretreated with 10−5 M of this hormone. This enhancement can be observed with a pretreatment as short as two hours, and is prevented by transcription and translation inhibitors. The enhancement is accompanied by the appearance of new proteins which are induced by abscisic acid. It is suggested that some of these ABA induced proteins are probably involved in the conversion from abscisic acid to phaseic acid.
Cultural strategies of development: implications for village governance in China

Abstract Since the early 1990s, culture has come to be recognized as a significant regional development resource in China. This paper raises the question of whether cultural strategies of development have ameliorated or exacerbated the government's increasing inability to provide for the public's basic needs. Specifically, it asks: what are the implications of China's cultural strategies of regional development for local-level governance? Three case study villages in Guizhou are examined, each revealing different ways that villages have engaged state development strategies, each with different outcomes. I argue that cultural strategies of development in China introduce a capital logic that greatly influences village governance. Cultural strategies create economic value where none before existed and thus initiate new struggles over ownership among villagers, state actors and entrepreneurs. The privatization of cultural resources has presented new challenges to village governance even while it has been prom...
Shallow seismic reflection profiling over a Mylonitic Shear Zone, Ruby Mountains‐East Humboldt Range Metamorphic Core Complex, NE Nevada

Seismic reflection profiling carried out with a sledgehammer source has imaged Tertiary extensional structures over a depth range of 45–500 m within lower plate rocks of the Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range metamorphic core complex. The 400-m CMP profile straddles an exposed contact between tectonic slices of dolomitic marble and metaquartzite emplaced by low-angle ductile-brittle normal faulting. Subhorizontal reflections from layering within the tectonic slices give way at 160 ms (160–220 m depth) to reflections that dip 15–45° to the east, in contrast with dips indicated in a poorly imaged segment of a coincident regional seismic line but in agreement with dips of foliation mapped for nearby up-plunge exposures of a late Proterozoic - early Cambrian sequence of metaquartzites, marbles, schists, and granitic rocks that forms the bulk of the underlying shear zone. Differences with the regional profile are attributed to the higher frequencies (30–100 Hz) generated by the smaller hammer source and the enhanced lateral resolution provided by the straighter profile and much smaller shot-receiver offsets (46–157 m) contributing to the stack for each CMP. The results suggest that the near-surface, east-dipping component of the anastomozing shear zone extends at least 2 km farther east than previously interpreted. Rough estimates of interval velocities (1500–4500 m/s) inferred from stacking velocities are consistent with velocities of mylonitic rocks measured perpendicular to foliation at low confining pressures when the effects of macroscopic fractures and joints are taken into account. Peaks in amplitude spectra of stacked traces suggest long-wavelength components of layering resolved at scales from 5–8 m (depth: 50 m) to 15–25 m (depth: 500 m).
Deconstructing events: The neural bases for space, time, and causality

Space, time, and causality provide a natural structure for organizing our experience. These abstract categories allow us to think relationally in the most basic sense; understanding simple events requires one to represent the spatial relations among objects, the relative durations of actions or movements, and the links between causes and effects. The present fMRI study investigates the extent to which the brain distinguishes between these fundamental conceptual domains. Participants performed a 1-back task with three conditions of interest (space, time, and causality). Each condition required comparing relations between events in a simple verbal narrative. Depending on the condition, participants were instructed to either attend to the spatial, temporal, or causal characteristics of events, but between participants each particular event relation appeared in all three conditions. Contrasts compared neural activity during each condition against the remaining two and revealed how thinking about events is deconstructed neurally. Space trials recruited neural areas traditionally associated with visuospatial processing, primarily bilateral frontal and occipitoparietal networks. Causality trials activated areas previously found to underlie causal thinking and thematic role assignment, such as left medial frontal and left middle temporal gyri, respectively. Causality trials also produced activations in SMA, caudate, and cerebellum; cortical and subcortical regions associated with the perception of time at different timescales. The time contrast, however, produced no significant effects. This pattern, indicating negative results for time trials but positive effects for causality trials in areas important for time perception, motivated additional overlap analyses to further probe relations between domains. The results of these analyses suggest a closer correspondence between time and causality than between time and space.
Hyperosmotic stress-induced apoptosis and tau phosphorylation in human neuroblastoma cells.

A characteristic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease brain is the presence of hyperphosphorylated tau; however, the mechanisms responsible for the aberrant tau phosphorylation are unknown. Recently, it has been shown that apoptotic-like processes may be involved in some of the neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease. In consideration of these findings, the relationship between tau phosphorylation and apoptosis was examined in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells that were subjected to hyperosmotic stress. In this model caspase 3 activity, which served as an indicator of apoptosis, was increased by 30 min of osmotic stress and remained elevated through 4 hr. Hyperosmotic stress also resulted in a robust increase in tau phosphorylation at both Ser/Pro and non-Ser/Pro sites. Phosphorylation of Ser262/356 (12E8) and Ser396/404 (PHF-1) increased by 5 min and remained elevated for at least 1 hr. In contrast, phosphorylation within the Tau-1 epitope did not increase (as evidenced by decreased immunoreactivity) until 30 min after treatment but remained elevated for a much greater period of time. Treatment with insulin-like growth factor-1 delayed but did not prevent apoptotic cell death induced by osmotic stress and attenuated the increase in phosphorylation at the Tau-1 epitope. Li(+), an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, had no effect on osmotic stress-induced caspase activation, but reduced phosphorylation at the Tau-1 epitope. Complete inhibition of osmotic stress-induced caspase activation with DEVD-CHO had no effect on the increases in tau phosphorylation. The results of these studies demonstrate that tau phosphorylation is increased at the specific epitopes during apoptosis. However, the changes in tau phosphorylation likely do not significantly impact the apoptotic process but rather occur concurrently as a result of inappropriate activation of specific protein kinases. Nonetheless, there is increasing evidence of a dysregulation of protein kinases that occurs in Alzheimer's disease brain that may be part of the events of apoptosis, which could contribute to aberrant increases in tau phosphorylation.
Balanced outcomes in social exchange networks

The study of bargaining has a long history, but many basic settings are still rich with unresolved questions. In particular, consider a set of agents who engage in bargaining with one another,but instead of pairs of agents interacting in isolation,agents have the opportunity to choose whom they want to negotiate with, along the edges of a graph representing social-network relations. The area of network exchange theory in sociology has developed a large body of experimental evidence for the way in which people behave in such network-constrained bargaining situations, and it is a challenging problem to develop models that are both mathematically tractable and in general agreement with the results of these experiments. We analyze a natural theoretical model arising in network exchange theory, which can be viewed as a direct extension of the well-known Nash bargaining solution to the case of multiple agents interacting on a graph. While this generalized Nash bargaining solution is surprisingly effective at picking up even subtle differences in bargaining power that have been observed experimentally on small examples, it has remained an open question to characterize the values taken by this solution on general graphs, or to find an efficient means to compute it. Here we resolve these questions, characterizing the possible values of this bargaining solution, and giving an efficient algorithm to compute the set of possible values. Our result exploits connections to the structure of matchings in graphs, including decomposition theorems for graphs with perfect matchings, and also involves the development of new techniques. In particular, the values we are seeking turn out to correspond to a novel combinatorially defined point in the interior of a fractional relaxation of the matching problem.
Tracing cancer networks with phosphoproteomics

A mass-spectrometry approach for identifying downstream events in cancer signaling pathways may help to tailor therapies to individual patients.
Dose dependence of true stress parameters in irradiated bcc, fcc, and hcp metals

Abstract The dose dependence of true stress parameters has been investigated for nuclear structural materials: A533B pressure vessel steels, modified 9Cr–1Mo and 9Cr–2WVTa ferritic martensitic steels, 316 and 316LN stainless steels, and Zircaloy-4. After irradiation to significant doses, these alloys show radiation-induced strengthening and often experience prompt necking at yield followed by large necking deformation. In the present work, the critical true stresses for deformation and fracture events, such as yield stress (YS), plastic instability stress (PIS), and true fracture stress (FS), were obtained from uniaxial tensile tests or calculated using a linear strain-hardening model for necking deformation. At low dose levels where no significant embrittlement was detected, the true fracture stress was nearly independent of dose. The plastic instability stress was also independent of dose before the critical dose-to-prompt-necking at yield was reached. A few bcc alloys such as ferritic martensitic steels experienced significant embrittlement at doses above ∼1 dpa; and the true fracture stress decreased with dose. The materials fractured before yield at or above 10 dpa.
Early descriptions of Horner's muscle and the lacrimal pump

Horner's muscle (musculus orbicularis oculi pars lacrimalis or tensor tarsi) was first discovered by the French anatomist and surgeon, Jacques-Francois-Marie Duverney. In 1730 his student, Johann Caspar Schobinger, gave priority to Duverney and postulated muscular aid in an active drainage of tears. In 1745 Duverney first published his own anatomic description and the first illustration of this muscle. Credit for J.-F.-M. Duverney's discovery has often been erroneously given to his older brother, Joseph-Guichard Duverney. Subsequent anatomic descriptions by Johann Rosenmuller, William Horner, and others also included hypotheses about the physiology of a lacrimal pump. More recent theories about a lacrimal pump, such as those of Adler, Jones, Doane, and others, have their origins in these earlier writings.
The Role of the Benomyl Metabolite Carbendazim in Benomyl-Induced Testicular Toxicity

Abstract The present study has investigated the role of benomyl (BNL) vs carbendazim (CBZ) in BNL-induced testicular toxicity. Equivalent molar concentrations of BNL and CBZ were administered to rats intraperitoneally (859 μmol/kg) or by direct injection into the testis (1.37 μmol/testis). Whereas no significant testicular damage was observed both 1 and 2 hr after BNL administration by the ip route, CBZ administration resulted in sloughing of the seminiferous epithelium after 1 hr, which increased in severity at the 2-hr time point. Intratesticular treatment of BNL caused little testicular damage after 1 hr whereas an equimolar amount of CBZ elicited severe disruption of the seminiferous epithelium. Testicular levels of CBZ and BNL were measured at various times after both routes of administration. The AUC from the concentration of CBZ in the testis vs time plot showed an excellent relationship to the number of tubules which exhibited slouging. The BNL AUC also showed a straight-line relationship to severity of lesion. However, when the contribution of CBZ to the BNL response was subtracted, no effect of BNL was discernible. The effect of BNL and CBZ on testicular microtubule assembly was then investigated. IC50 for CBZ was 5 μ m and that for BNL was 75 μ m . Again, the effect of BNL on microtubule assembly could be largely accounted for by the presence of the CBZ breakdown product. These results strongly suggest that the BNL metabolite CBZ, and not BNL itself, is the mediator of BNL-induced testicular toxicity and inhibitor of testicular microtubule assembly.
Design, synthesis and evaluation of [3H]PF-7191, a highly specific nociceptin opioid peptide (NOP) receptor radiotracer for in vivo receptor occupancy (RO) studies

Abstract Herein we report the identification of (+)- N -(2-((1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-((1 R ,3 r ,5 S )-6′-fluoro-8-azaspiro[bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-3,1′-isochroman]-8-yl)propyl)- N -[ 3 H ]-methylacetamide {[ 3 H]PF-7191 [(+)- 11 ]} as a promising radiotracer for the nociceptin opioid peptide (NOP) receptor. (+)- 11 demonstrated high NOP binding affinity ( K i = 0.1 nM), excellent selectivity over other opioid receptors (>1000×) and good brain permeability in rats ( C b,u / C p,u = 0.29). Subsequent characterization of [ 3 H](+)- 11 showed a high level of specific binding and a brain bio-distribution pattern consistent with known NOP receptor expression. Furthermore, the in vivo brain binding of [ 3 H](+)- 11 in rats was inhibited by a selective NOP receptor antagonist in a dose–responsive manner. This overall favorable profile indicated that [ 3 H](+)- 11 is a robust radiotracer for pre-clinical in vivo receptor occupancy (RO) measurements and a possible substrate for carbon-11 labeling for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in higher species.
Children's time memory: The development of a differentiated past ☆

Abstract This study investigated the ability of 4- to 9-year olds to retrieve memories from specific temporal locations in the past, including yesterday, last weekend, last summer, and several holidays from the past year. When children's recollections were validated by teachers and parents, it was found that even 4- and 5-year-olds were able to produce accurate memories from nearly all of those times. Many of the recollections were specific to the occasion in question, showing that these categories of the past are both differentiated and updated. However, the ability to retrieve memories by temporal location does not imply an understanding of where the locations fell relative to one another. It was not until 8 to 9 years that children could order a set of locations from the past year, and even children in this oldest age group were unable to determine which of a pair of locations from the past year occurred in the more distant past. Furthermore, memory accuracy was unrelated to success on these temporal judgment tasks. These findings show that there are multiple levels in the development of a sense of the locations of autobiographical events.
Design for the COBE far-infrared absolute spectrophotometer (FIRAS)

The Far InfraRed Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS) was built to measure the spectrum of diffuse emission from 1 to 100 cm-1, with particular attention to possible differences between the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) and a blackbody spectrum as small as 0.1% of the peak of the CMBR spectrum. The FIRAS has differential inputs and outputs, a full beam external calibrator, a controllable reference blackbody, and a polarizing Michelson interferometer with bolometer detectors. It is operated at a temperature of 1.5 K inside a liquid helium cryostat to suppress instrument emission and improve detector sensitivities. It has an intrinsic frequency resolution of the order of 0.7%, maximum path lengths of 1.2 and 5.9 cm, and a beamwidth of 7 degree(s), and achieved its goals for accuracy and rms sensitivity for νIν, which are better than 10-9 W/cm2sr over the frequency range from 2 to 20 cm-1.
Evaluating evidence-based practice performance.

Thought is the blossom; language the bud; action the fruit behind it. Ralph Waldo Emerson Evidence-based practice (EBP) educators need valid and feasible approaches to evaluate the impact of new curricula and to document the competence of individual trainees. As of 1999, however, the published evaluation instruments often lacked established validity and reliability, focused on critical appraisal to the exclusion of other EBP steps, and measured knowledge and skills but not behaviours in actual practice.1 Editorialists at the time lamented, “ironically, if one were to develop guidelines for how to teach EBM based on these results, they would be based on the lowest level of evidence.”2 In the ensuing years, educators have responded to the challenge. We now have several instruments, supported by multiple types of evidence for validity, to evaluate EBP knowledge and skills. In the parlance of Miller’s pyramid,3 these instruments can document that a trainee “knows” and “knows how” to practice evidence-based medicine. And promising EBP objective structured clinical examinations, while supported by more limited psychometric testing, allow trainees to “show how” in realistic clinical settings (see Web extra at www.evidence-basedmedicine.com for references for these knowledge and skill instruments). This brings us to Miller’s “does” as we move from competence (or skills) to performance (or behaviours). To “bear fruit from the blossom,” we must ensure that trainees implement their EBP skills in actual practice. We can consider EBP performance at 2 levels. Firstly, we can ask: “does a trainee perform the 5 EBP steps (Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, and Assess) in the course of patient care activities?” Alternatively, we can look further downstream and examine clinical practice data directly, asking “Does this clinician perform evidence-based clinical manoeuvres and affect desirable patient outcomes?” We can simply ask trainees if they, for example, consistently search …
Correlated Hartree-Fock Energy Bands for Semiconductors

Correlation corrections to Hartree-Fock energy bands have been calculated using the Screened Exchange plus Coulomb Hole (SECH) method. The Hartree-Fock bands were computed by Euwema et. al. using the Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO) method. The correlation correction raises the core and valence bands and lowers the conduction bards. These energy shifts are zone dependent due to the state dependence in the screened exchange term. The Coulomb hole term is constant throughout the zone in our one-body approximation for the screening (dielectric) function. Energy shifts have been calculated for diamond at general points in the first zone using the Penn model approximation for the dielectric function. We have obtained energy shifts of 6.0 and 6.4 eV for the direct and indirect band gaps respectively, compared with experimental values of 6.3 and 6.5 eV.