cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-energy contributions to the electronic structure of Ni

We have calculated the band- and wave-vector-dependent second-order self-energies for several states in ferromagnetic nickel based upon a parametrization we have previously made of Wang and Callaway's energy bands. The spectral densities obtained from these self-energies show, in agreement with experiment, that the exchange splitting is reduced and that bands near the Fermi energy are flattened relative to the one-electron bands. The spectral densities at the bottom of the $d$ bands are much broadened, but show very little shift relative to the one-electron energies. This is in agreement with the photoemission data of Lapeyre et al. but in disagreement with the conflicting data of Eastman et al. and Eberhardt and Plummer.
Social network characteristics and injecting HIV-risk behaviors among street injection drug users

As an alternative approach to individually-focused understanding of HIV risk behavior, this study explored the relationship between social network characteristics and HIV-risk injecting behaviors. Subjects were 499 inner-city injection drug users (IDUs) recruited from the streets of Baltimore, Maryland. Analysis of structural and functional network data indicates that a substantial proportion of drug sharing network members also provided social support, often because of family and sexual partner relationships. IDUs with larger drug networks which also provided social support were more likely to share needles, while IDUs with larger drug networks which did not provide social support were more likely to inject in commercial settings. The findings suggest that social support from drug network members has differential effects on injecting HIV-risk behaviors among IDUs. HIV prevention efforts should be expanded to reach drug-sharing networks and should take into account their social support relationships.
Multiple Human T K Chromosomes in Human-Mouse Somatic Cell Hybrids

Selection treatment can enrich a population of human-mouse hybrid cells for those cells containing multiple copies of the thymidine kinase chromosome.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Correlates With Insulin-Sensitivity and BMI in Obesity

The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D is high among obese subjects. Further, low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration has been postulated to be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, although its relation with insulin-sensitivity is not well investigated. Thus, we aimed to investigate the relationship between 25(OH)D concentration and insulin-sensitivity, using the glucose clamp technique. In total, 39 subjects with no known history of diabetes mellitus were recruited. The association of 25(OH)D concentration with insulin-sensitivity was evaluated by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Subjects with low 25(OH)D (<50 nmol/l) had higher BMI (P = 0.048), parathyroid hormone (PTH) (P = 0.040), total cholesterol (P = 0.012), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P = 0.044), triglycerides (P = 0.048), and lower insulin-sensitivity as evaluated by clamp study (P = 0.047). There was significant correlation between 25(OH)D and BMI (r = −0.58; P = 0.01), PTH (r = −0.44; P < 0.01), insulin-sensitivity (r = 0.43; P < 0.01), total (r = −0.34; P = 0.030) and LDL (r = −0.40; P = 0.023) (but not high-density lipoprotein (HDL)) cholesterol, and triglycerides (r = 0.45; P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis using 25(OH)D concentration, BMI, insulin-sensitivity, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides, as the cofactors was performed. BMI was found to be the most powerful predictor of 25(OH)D concentration (r = −0.52; P < 0.01), whereas insulin-sensitivity was not significant. Our study suggested that there is no cause–effect relationship between vitamin D and insulin-sensitivity. In obesity, both low 25(OH)D concentration and insulin-resistance appear to be dependent on the increased body size.
Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia of the palate.

Abstract Fifty-two patients who had papillary hyperplasia of the palate were studied. In no instance was papillary hyperplasia observed in any other area of the oral cavity except the palate. The state of oral hygiene was good for all but 3 patients. The denture hygiene was good for all but 5 patients. The age and sex of the patient does not appear to be a significant factor in the development of hyperplasia. Pain was experienced by 3 of the 52 patients. The presence of medium-sized papillae was observed in 40 per cent of the patients, large papillae in 25 per cent, and deep fissures in 80 per cent. A moderate degree of inflammation existed in 40 per cent of the patients, while 25 per cent showed severe inflammation. A void between the denture base and the tissue of the palate was demonstrated in 80 per cent of the patients. Forty-four per cent of the patients had worn their dentures continually except for when they cleaned them. The length of time during which dentures had been worn is not considered significant, as it was impossible to determine at what period the inflammatory papillary hyperplasia had developed.
Brief announcement: large-scale multimaps

Many data structures support dictionaries, also known as maps or associative arrays, which store and manage a set of key-value pairs. A multimap is generalization that allows multiple values to be associated with the same key. We study how multimaps can be implemented efficiently online in external memory frameworks, with constant expected I/O. The key technique used to achieve our results is a combination of cuckoo hashing using buckets that hold multiple items with a multiqueue implementation to cope with varying numbers of values per key.
Structural Consequences of Kcna1 Gene Deletion and Transfer in the Mouse Hippocampus

Summary Purpose: Mice lacking the Kv1.1 potassium channel α subunit encoded by the Kcna1 gene develop recurrent behavioral seizures early in life. We examined the neuropathological consequences of seizure activity in the Kv1.1−/− (knock-out) mouse, and explored the effects of injecting a viral vector carrying the deleted Kcna1 gene into hippocampal neurons. Methods: Morphological techniques were used to assess neuropathological patterns in hippocampus of Kv1.1−/− animals. Immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques were used to monitor ion channel expression in Kv1.1−/− brain. Both wild-type and knockout mice were injected (bilaterally into hippocampus) with an HSV1 amplicon vector that contained the rat Kcna1 subunit gene and/or the E. coli lacZ reporter gene. Vector-injected mice were examined to determine the extent of neuronal infection. Results: Video/EEG monitoring confirmed interictal abnormalities and seizure occurrence in Kv1.1−/− mice. Neuropathological assessment suggested that hippocampal damage (silver stain) and reorganization (Timm stain) occurred only after animals had exhibited severe prolonged seizures (status epilepticus). Ablation of Kcna1 did not result in compensatory changes in expression levels of other related ion channel subunits. Vector injection resulted in infection primarily of granule cells in hippocampus, but the number of infected neurons was quite variable across subjects. Kcna1 immunocytochemistry showed “ectopic” Kv1.1 α channel subunit expression. Conclusions:Kcna1 deletion in mice results in a seizure disorder that resembles—electrographically and neuropathologically—the patterns seen in rodent models of temporal lobe epilepsy. HSV1 vector-mediated gene transfer into hippocampus yielded variable neuronal infection.
Photonic crystal nanocavity array laser

We demonstrate a new type of laser composed of an array of coupled photonic crystal nanocavities that enables high differential quantum efficiency and output power, together with a low threshold power comparable to those of single photonic crystal cavity lasers. In our experiment, the laser efficiency increases faster than the lasing threshold with an increase in the number of coupled cavities. We observe a single mode lasing and measure the output powers that are two orders of magnitude higher than in single nanocavity lasers. Finally, we study the laser behavior theoretically and show that the benefits resulting from the coupling of cavities are due to strong cavity effects such as the enhanced spontaneous emission rate.
Colonization and mineralization of palmitic acid byPseudomonas pseudoflava.

Pseudomonas pseudoflava and palmitic acid were used to investigate the role of bacterial colonization in the degradation of waterinsoluble organic compounds. Mineralization was measured by trapping the14CO2 produced from the labeled substrate, and colonization of the surface of the solid organic chemical was determined by epifluorescence microscopy. In a medium containing solid palmitic acid,P. pseudoflava mineralized the organic substrate at a logarithmic rate. Mineralization was evident before colonization of the surface of the chemical was detected. The rate of appearance of single cells and/or aggregations of cells on the surface of the palmitic acid was essentially the same as the doubling time of free cells in solution. At about 50 hours, mineralization and colonization of the surface stopped. In a salts solution containing solid palmitic acid,P. pseudoflava grew logarithmically in the solution and biphasically on the surface of the palmitic acid. We suggest that the bacterium first metabolizes soluble palmitic acid and later colonizes the solid when the substrate in solution has been depleted.
Histomorphometric and biochemical correlates of arterial procollagen gene expression during vascular repair after experimental angioplasty

Background To determine the transcriptional, biochemical, and histomorphometric correlates of neointimal procollagen accumulation during arterial repair after balloon angioplasty of atherogenic vessels, rabbit iliac artery collagen content and the induction of α1(I) and α1(III) procollagen mRNA were assessed in normal vessels and at 2, 7, and 30 days after angioplasty. Methods and Results Quantitative iliac artery histomorphometric neointimal collagen analysis was performed using a specific picrosirius red stain under polarized light. Arterial cross-sectional area reduction, total cellularity, and vascular smooth muscle cell density (per 104 μ2 of neointima) were quantified in routine and immunohistochemically stained sections (α-actin and RAM-11), from which biochemical concentrations of tissue protein, RNA, and DNA were also measured. Collagen comprised 0.23±0.1 mg/mg of total protein in the normal vessel wall and did not increase in vessels studied 2 and 7 days after angioplasty (0.26±0.06, 0.28±0.05 m...
HIV prevention among drug users: an international perspective from Thailand.

All too often in reviews of HIV prevention needs, the role of drugs is summarily dismissed, especially in contexts where the heterosexual epidemic is the primary mode of transmission. Substance use and abuse, particularly injection drug use, play a paramount role in maintaining the heterosexual spread of HIV, as well as in maintaining epidemics where heterosexual spread of the infection has come under control due to prolonged and concerted HIV prevention activities. This article presents several themes to place in the developing country context what we have learned about substance use-related HIV prevention and the special problems of HIV interventions. First, the article briefly examines the international production and trade routes of opium and heroin and their role in the HIV epidemic, as well as the importance of substance abuse in heterosexual epidemics. Second, it presents a case study of HIV control that has been internationally acclaimed as one of the few successes in achieving a meaningful reduction in heterosexually transmitted HIV—Thailand. The Thai response to the injection drug use HIV epidemic, however, has been muted, and its impact on future epidemic dynamics is evaluated. The article concludes with a discussion of existing research gaps concerning the role of drug use in HIV epidemics in the developing world, with Thailand as an example.
Reverse osmosis characteristics of composite membranes prepared by plasma polymerization of allylamine. Effects of deposition conditions

A study has been conducted to determine the effects of flow configuration and reaction conditions on the performance of composite reverse osmosis membranes prepared by plasma polymerization of allylamine over a porous polymer substrate. It was established that superior membranes were obtained by using a gas-flow configuration avoiding direct monomer flow over the substrate. High rejections of NaCl could be attained when the plasma-deposited film was sufficiently thick to bridge all of the pores in the substrate. It was observed that in addition to influencing the rate of polymerization, the conditions used to sustain the plasma also affected the reverse osmosis characteristics of the deposited film. The effects of these conditions and other preparation procedures are discussed. Attempts to use infrared spectroscopy and ESCA to identify the relationship between polymer structure and reverse osmosis performance were not successful. ESCA did prove useful, though, in confirming an earlier postulated hypothesis that degradation of reverse osmosis performance is associated with the hydrolysis of nitrogen-containing structures in the plasma-deposited film.
Azana sinusa Coher, 1995 (Diptera: Mycetophilidae: Sciophilinae): remarks on range extension and collection records

I present a summary of the range of the North American sciophiline fungus gnat Azana sinusa Coher based on previous publications, and new records of the species from South Carolina, USA. These new records result in a ~1200 km range extension.
Identification of subsonic P‐waves

A field trial was conducted to test the existence of subsonic (Vp < 331 m/s) P‐waves previously reported in the literature. A 1‐m‐long reverse profile was acquired with three‐component (3C) geophones on a sandy silt (unified classification ML). The silt had a porosity of 54%, a degree of water saturation of 63%, and a plasticity index of 10. No subsonic P‐waves were observed, although high‐frequency (up to 1200 Hz) Rayleigh waves were identified by hodogram analysis. These surface waves were observed with horizontal velocities that varied from 40 to 200 m/s. Hodogram observations and theory suggest that a portion of the data were also in the near‐field.
Fetal pulmonary maturity: Relationship between optical density (650 nm) to the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid

An optical density value greater than or equal to 0.15 at A650 n m of amniotic fluid obtained through transabdominal amniocentesis from a high risk obstetrical population, which excluded diabetes mellitus, isoimmunization, and amniotic fluid infection, correlated 98.6% with a mature lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio (L/S) greater than or equal to 2.0% and 41.6% with the presence of phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The corresponding false positive rates were 1.4% and 16.8%, respectively. In 30 infants delivered within 48 h of testing, A650 n m greater than or equal to 0.15 correlated 100% with absence of respiratory distress syndrome. A650 n m is not recommended for Rhesus immunized gestations, diabetic pregnancies and amniotic fluid infection due to a high false positive rate with A650 nm compared to L/S and PG.
NGFIA (EGR1) contains transcription activating domains in both the amino terminal and carboxyl terminal regions of the protein.

Abstract We constructed and tested a number of lac repressor fusion proteins containing various portions of the zinc-finger conatining protein NGFIA for their ability to stimulate transcription of a reporter gene containing lac operators. NGFIA contains two transcription activation regions, found in two distinct regions of the protein. The carboxyl (C) terminal portion of the molecule contains a weak activation domain, including five tandem copies of an eight amino acid repeat (T/S,T/S,F/Y,P,S,P,X,X). These five tandem copies of the repeated sequence activated reporter gene transcription 4-7 fold. Amino acids 1 though 293 in the amino (N) terminus of NGFIA function as a strong transcription activation domain stimulating transcription up to 80-fold. Fusions including amino acids 1-393 failed to activate transcription,indicating the presence of adomain capable of supressing the N-terminal transcriptional activation function.
Using the extended case method to explore identity in a multiracial context

Abstract Increasingly, multiracial research calls upon scholars to reconcile and clarify their stances on race as a biological versus a social construct and to situate their theorizing of racialized identities historically, socio-politically and as experienced subjectively. While multiracial scholarship offers both critiques against and support for a so-called ‘multiracial’ identity, few have outlined the methodological implications of pursuing inquiry responsive to this diverse body of work. This paper highlights the methodological challenges posed by empirical inquiry pursuing non-essentialist but structurally and subjectively grounded analyses of multiracial identity. The extended case method (Burawoy 1998) is introduced as one approach that epistemologically reflects these conceptual challenges in the field. Three elements of its application within a study of black-white multiracial adoptees are offered: 1) use of fluid concepts of race and identity; 2) conducting multi-systemic analyses; and 3) using...
Caloric restriction augments radiation efficacy in breast cancer

Dietary modification such as caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to decrease tumor initiation and progression. We sought to determine if nutrient restriction could be used as a novel therapeutic intervention to enhance cytotoxic therapies such as radiation (IR) and alter the molecular profile of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which displays a poor prognosis. In two murine models of TNBC, significant tumor regression is noted with IR or diet modification, and a greater regression is observed combining diet modification with IR. Two methods of diet modification were compared, and it was found that a daily 30% reduction in total calories provided more significant tumor regression than alternate day feeding. At the molecular level, tumors treated with CR and IR showed less proliferation and more apoptosis. cDNA array analysis demonstrated the IGF-1R pathway plays a key role in achieving this physiologic response, and multiple members of the IGF-1R pathway including IGF-1R, IRS, PIK3ca and mTOR were found to be downregulated. The innovative use of CR as a novel therapeutic option has the potential to change the biology of tumors and enhance the opportunity for clinical benefit in the treatment of patients with TNBC.
Production of alloreactive T-cell lymphomas

Experiments predicting1,2 or demonstrating lymphomagenesis in mice undergoing graft-versus-host (G-v-H) or chronic immunological reactions have been reported3–5. In such cases, lymphomagenesis seemed to operate through the agency of activated murine leukaemia viruses (MuLV) and occurred only after very long latent periods, and most (but not all) lymphomas were of host origin4. No attempts were made in these studies to assess the relative role of T-cell subpopulations in lymphomagenesis. We have proposed elsewhere that certain MuLV-induced T lymphomas might be the progeny of that subset of normal thymocytes bearing antigen specific T-cell receptors for MuLV envelope antigens6–10. Further, the MuLV binding to these cells provides both a portal of infection and a mitogenic signal6,9,10. These cells and their thymic progeny would be subject to continuous restimulation by the endogenously produced MuLV envelope glycoproteins, and thus the apparent and “uncontrolled” proliferation of the cells would be due to their inability to resolve the viral infection and escape the resultant antigenic microenvironment. This receptor-mediated leukaemogenesis hypothesis predicts that any T-cell clone that cannot escape its stimulating antigens would appear to be lymphomagenic in that environment. Recent experiments in our laboratory have demonstrated that unique clones of strain A alloreactive T cells exist which can recognise hybrid mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR)-stimulating determinants present on (C57B16 × A/J)F1 (B6A) stimulator spleen cells11–15. A variety of such clones have been isolated and characterised13–15. We reasoned that, using these clones, it might be possible to generate alloreactive T-cell lymphomas by in vivo injection of these cells into hybrid B6A mice. We report our successful results here.
On the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy

Recent investigations of retinal vascular cells in tissue culture, animal models, and diabetic human subjects suggest several potential pathogenetic mechanisms for diabetic retinopathy. These include the enzyme aldose reductase, which appears to be responsible for basement membrane thickening in galactosemic rats (since the lesion is prevented by an aldose reductase inhibitor), and a picture, in galactosemic dogs, that closely resembles early, background diabetic retinopathy; insulin, which stimulates, and elevated glucose levels, which inhibit in vitro proliferation of retinal pericytes. Various hormones, including the sex hormone, the insulin-like growth factors and, perhaps independently, growth hormones, may influence the later stages of diabetic retinopathy. Chronic hyperglycemia appears to be the primary pathogenetic agent in diabetic retinopathy as well as in other complications of diabetes, but the different rates of onset and progression of these complications suggest that glucose acts through different biochemical pathways that are probably under different genetic control. Finally, the locus of the primary biochemical lesion in diabetic retinopathy may reside in the neuronal or glial cells of the retina, with the retinal blood vessels only secondarily involved.
Corrosion Studies of Aluminum In Chemical Process Operations

Abstract Several developments are presented which describe the evolution of laboratory studies into commercial applications for aluminum alloys in the chemical and petroleum industries. Particular ...
Evaluation of Passenger Vehicle Crashworthiness Using Field Performance Data

Both state police and the National Automotive Sampling System/Crashworthiness Data System (NASS/CDS) keep automotive collision statistics to varying levels of detail. Some of these details (e.g., collision relative velocity and driver height and weight) are reported in the NASS/CDS, but not in state databases. This article explores whether these details are confounding factors that would bias conclusions based on analysis of state data. To determine this, a methodology was created to predict overall risk based only on the distribution of possible confounding factors experienced by each manufacturer. Relative impact velocity (Delta-V) and driver height and weight are found not to be true confounding factors. Although the distribution of possible confounding factors varies somewhat among manufacturers, the impact on overall expected risk is minimal, and therefore evaluation of risk based on datasets that do not contain information for Delta-V and driver height and weight appears appropriate. The accuracy of match between police reporting and NASS/CDS was also explored and found consistent across manufacturers. Therefore, inaccuracies between police reports and NASS/CDS should not bias comparisons of risk between manufacturers.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Undivided interest and the growth of talent: a longitudinal study of adolescents

Based on theoretical considerations drawn from John Dewey and others, and using the Experience Sampling Method to longitudinally investigate a group of talented high school students,undivided interest was operationalized as times when the students felt above average spontaneous interest (i.e., excitement, openness, and involvement) while also reporting above average goal-directed interest (i.e., that their task was important to their goals). Results showed that after adjusting for the effects of family background, scholastic aptitude, and other individual differences, undivided interest while doing talent-related activities was positively correlated with independent assessments of talent area performance three years later: the level of mastery students achieved as indicated by their school records, the ratings students received from their talent area teachers, and the students' assessments of their own level of engagement. Highly engaged students reported over twice as much undivided interest in comparison to a group of disengaged students, who reported more divided interest (i.e., more of what Dewey referred to as “fooling”—high spontaneous involvement with no goal direction; and more “drudgery”—low spontaneous involvement and high goal direction). These findings held regardless of whether the teenagers were talented in math, science, music, or art. The implications of the study are discussed in terms of contemporary theories of attention and cognitive development, as well as unproductive educational philosophies that pit these important dimensions of experience against each other.
Race, Culture, and the Market

It is well known that there are large income differentials across racial and ethnic households. For 1989, the median figures are as follows: Whites, $30,406; African Americans, $18,083; Asians or Pacific Islanders, $36,102; and Hispanics, $21,921 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990, pp. 1-24). Household differentials in income remain when the mean income per household member is examined: Whites, $14,720; African Americans, $8,344; Asians or Pacific Islanders, $13,964; and Hispanics, $8,062 (pp. 1-24). Wealth and poverty status are also divergent across racial and ethnic groups. As of 1989, the family poverty rates for Whites, African Americans, Asian or Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics are 7.8%, 27.8%, 11.9%, and 23.4%, respectively (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990, pp. 1-24). The figures for median household net worth are equally diverse. White households have the largest median net worth, $39,135, whereas African American and Hispanic households have comparable figures of $3,397 and $4,913, respectively (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1986, pp. 4-25). Are these differentials in income, poverty status, and wealth across racial and ethnic families a reflection of differential incomeearning characteristics? Market discrimination? The market functionality of cultural attributes across racial and ethnic groups? Indeed, is the interracial distribution of income-earning characteristics a function of market discrimination or cultural characteristics? The answer to the first part of this question is noncontroversial. There
An Algorithm for Inferring Multivalued Dependencies with an Application to Propositional Logic

An algorithm is given for deciding whether a functional or a multivalued dependency s (with a right-hand side Y) is implied by a set of functional and multivalued dependencies S. The running time of the algorithm is O(| Y |VSV), where Y is the number of attributes in Y and VSV is the size of the description of S. The problem of constructing the dependency basis of a set of attributes X is also investigated. It is shown that the dependency basis can be found in O(SVSV) time, where S is the number of sets in the dependency basis. Since functional and multivalued dependencies correspond to a subclass of propositional logic (that can be viewed as a generalization of Horn clauses), the algorithm given is also an efficient inference procedure for this subclass of propositional logic.
Effect of Maternal Nutrient Restriction in Sheep on the Development of Fetal Skeletal Muscle

The effect of maternal nutrient restriction on mTOR (mammalian target of rapamyosin) signaling and the ubiquitin system as well as their possible relation to growth of fetal muscle was determined. Ewes were fed to 50% (nutrient-restricted) or 100% (control-fed) of total digestible nutrients (National Research Council requirement) from Days 28 to 78 of gestation. Ewes were killed at Day 78 of gestation, and the fetal longissimus dorsi muscle was sampled for the measurement of mTOR, ribosomal protein S6, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), calpastatin, and protein ubiquitylation. No difference was observed in the content of mTOR and ribosomal protein S6, but the phosphorylation of mTOR at Ser 2448 and ribosomal protein S6 at Ser 235/336 were reduced (P , 0.05) in muscle from nutrientrestricted fetuses. Because phosphorylation of mTOR and ribosomal protein S6 up-regulates protein translation, these results show that nutrient restriction down-regulates protein synthesis in fetal muscle. No difference in AMPK activity was detected. The lack of difference in calpastatin and ubiquitylized protein content shows that nutrient restriction did not affect degradation of myofibrillar proteins in fetal muscle. Fetuses of nutrientrestricted ewes showed retarded development of muscles and skeleton. Muscle from nutrient-restricted fetuses contained fewer secondary myofibers than muscle from control fetuses, and the average area of fasciculi was smaller (P , 0.05). The decreased number of secondary myofibers in nutrient-restricted fetuses may result from the decreased mTOR signaling. Lower activation of mTOR signaling in nutrient-restricted fetuses may reduce the proliferation of myoblasts and, thus, reduce the formation of secondary myofibers. This decrease in secondary myofibers in fetuses may predispose fetuses to metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and obesity, in their postnatal lives. early development, signal transduction
Victory in War: Foundations of Modern Military Policy

Victory in War: Foundations of Modern Military Policy. By William C. Martel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 436p. $35.00.With the United States currently fighting protracted wars in both Afghanistan and Iraq, the question of what it means to achieve victory in war has never been more important for U.S. foreign policy. While policymakers, scholars, and military strategists have studied for millennia how to achieve victory in armed conflict, Victory in War seeks to provide an answer to a more fundamental question: What precisely is the meaning of victory in war and how do we know when victory is achieved? William C. Martel begins this book with the basic premise that there is currently no theory, framework, or set of organizing principles for understanding victory, yet paradoxically, “the implicit assumption [is] that the unalloyed purpose of [war] strategy is to achieve it” (p. 3). To address this glaring omission, the author sets out to develop a “pretheory” of victory, which entails the organization of principles about victory that can provide an analytic foundation for examining the concept of victory more systematically.
Parameters, Calculation of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

The fundamental parameters that reproduce a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum in gases, liquids, and solids are the four tensor quantities: the NMR chemical shift of the nucleus, the indirect nuclear spin–spin coupling, the nuclear electric quadrupole coupling, and the direct dipolar coupling tensors. The first three are intimately related to the local electronic structure at the nucleus and the chemical bonds connecting the nuclei. On the other hand, the direct nuclear spin dipole–dipole interaction depends directly and entirely on the third power of the inverse of the direct through-space distance between two nuclei, whether bonded or otherwise. In gases and in liquids where free tumbling of the molecules bearing the nuclear spins leads to isotropic averaging of these quantities, only the isotropic average values, the average of three components along the principal axes of the chemical shift and the indirect spin–spin coupling tensors determine the observed frequencies in the NMR spectrum. In the solid state, restricted motion permits the tensors to manifest all the components, whether the sample is a polycrystalline powder, an amorphous solid, or a single crystal. Theoretical calculations of the NMR chemical shift, indirect spin–spin coupling, and nuclear quadrupole coupling parameters, using quantum mechanical methods, permit the prediction of NMR spectra and provide the physical basis for the relationship between the parameters and molecular electronic structure, which may include local electronic structure (electronic distribution in the immediate vicinity of the nucleus and neighboring bonds), local molecular geometry, bond connectivities, stereochemical structure, as well as subtleeffects of the chemical environment, such as contributions from remote parts of the molecule, tertiary and secondary structure, crystal packing, solvent effects, and isotopic substitution.
Rat brain VEGF expression in alveolar hypoxia: possible role in high-altitude cerebral edema.

The mechanism by which hypoxia causes high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is unknown. Tissue hypoxia triggers angiogenesis, initially by expressing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which ...
A simple method for measuring colour in wild animals: Validation and use on chest patch colour in geladas (Theropithecus gelada)

Adaptive hypotheses about colour variation are widespread in behavioural ecology, and several methods of objective colour assessment have been proposed and validated for use in a wide variety of taxa. However, to date, the most objective and reliable methods of assessing colour are not readily applied to wild animals. In the present study, we present a simple method for assessing colour in unrestrained, wild subjects using digital photography. The method we describe uses a digital camera, a colour standard, and colour analysis software, and can be used to measure any part of the visible colour spectrum. We demonstrate that the method: (1) is accurate and precise across different light conditions; (2) satisfies previous criteria regarding linearity and red, green, and blue equality; and (3) can be independently validated visually. In contrast with previous digital methods, this method can be used under natural light conditions and can be readily applied to subjects in their natural habitat. To illustrate this, we use the method to measure chest colour in wild geladas (Theropithecus gelada). Unique among primates, geladas have a red patch of skin on their chest and neck, which, for males, is thought to be a sexually selected signal. Offering some support to this hypothesis, we found differences in chest ‘redness’ for males across different age groups, with males in their reproductive prime exhibiting the reddest chests. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 94, 231–240.
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in interferon signal transduction

Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines that regulate a variety of biologic effects, including cellular antiviral responses, inhibition of proliferation, induction of differentiation, and immunoregulation...
A compact 6 GHz to 12 GHz digital PLL with coupled dual-LC tank DCO

A digital PLL, realized in 45nm SOI CMOS, features a dual LC-tank DCO with nested inductors, achieving an octave of tuning range and area of 0.111 mm2. Digital control of coupled LC-tanks creates new capabilities, enabling a 10% increase in tuning range and a 28 times reduction of DCO gain. The rms jitter, integrated from fc/1667 to fc/2, is 362 fs at 12 GHz and 274 fs at 6 GHz.
Postglacial colonization of Northern Europe by distinct phylogeographic lineages of the bullhead, Cottus gobio

Three major phylogeographic lineages of the cottid fish Cottus gobio (bullhead) were identified in northern Europe from mitochondrial DNA sequences and allozyme data. The largely separate freshwater distributions of the lineages demonstrate distinct postglacial colonization histories. West of the Baltic Sea, Swedish lakes were invaded from the southwest (Germany). Another, eastern lineage has colonized the inland waters northeast and east of the Baltic, from refugia in northwest Russia; this lineage comprises a distinct subgroup found only from Estonia. The third lineage, found south and southeast of the Baltic, probably descended from rivers draining to the Black Sea from the north (e.g. Dnepr). In coastal waters of the Baltic Sea, and in near-coast inland waters, the lineages are now found intermixed in various combinations. The alternating fresh- and saltwater phases of the Baltic basin have variously enabled and disabled the use of coastal waters as colonization routes. Hypotheses on the chronology of dispersal and lineage mixing can be based on the distribution of the marker genes and the paleohydrographical record. The diversity of the Fennoscandian bullhead thus comprises anciently diverged (probably mid-Pleistocene) refugial lineages that in their freshwater range constitute distinct evolutionarily significant units. The thorough mixing of the various genomic origins in and around the Baltic, however, refutes the controversial view of distinct species status for the western and eastern ('Cottus koshewnikowi') bullheads. The postglacial contact of the lineages has created new diversity that cannot be interpreted in a conventional hierarchical framework of taxonomic or conservation units.
Bottom-up limits to Newfoundland capelin (Mallotus villosus) rebuilding: the euphausiid hypothesis

Capelin (Mallotus villosus) is the key forage fish species in the Newfoundland and Labrador Shelf ecosystem. Capelin stocks collapsed in the early 1990s, concurrent with declines in “northern” Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Neither has fully recovered yet. Changes in growth, condition, and behaviour accompanied capelin declines on the northern Grand Banks (NGB), and remain two decades later. Feeding, growth, and condition ofNGB capelinwere all lowerwhen comparedwith capelin from the eastern Scotian Shelf (ESS), where abundance increased followingpredator declines. Forage 2–5 capelin of both sexes, all but oneof five comparable age–sex groupswere significantly larger on the ESS (e.g. age 3 females average 169 mm on the ESS and 151 mm on the NGB). Neither temperature nor density-dependence explain these differences. However, dietary differenceswere prominent. ESS capelin hadhigher total fullness indices (TFIs) thanNGBfish at all sizes [mean TFIESS 1⁄4 1.43 (+ 1.14), mean TFINGB 1⁄4 0.48 (+ 0.70)]. Euphausiids (especially Thysanoessa spp.) were a main dietary component on the ESS but not on the NGB. Stable isotope analyses (dN and dC) for NGB capelin also indicated few dietary euphausiids. Trophic fractionation of d N was 4.74/00, suggesting NGB capelin were food limited. Capelin recovery on the Newfoundland and Labrador Shelf appears limited by bottom-up forcing, in particular lack of euphausiid prey.
League‐Level Attendance And Outcome Uncertainty In U.S. Pro Sports Leagues

We extend the breakpoint literature regarding annual league-level attendance and the impact of outcome uncertainty to the National Basketball Association, National Football League, and National Hockey League. As our measures are different than past work on baseball, we also apply our model to the American and National Leagues. Attendance series for each league under consideration are not stationary overall, but are stationary with break points. No form of outcome uncertainty (game, play-off, or across seasons) matters for attendance in hockey or baseball regardless of which game uncertainty variable is used. Under the measure of game uncertainty that recommends itself for football, only play-off uncertainty matters for attendance. Whether outcome uncertainty matters for basketball depends on the measure of game uncertainty. Situational similarities in the break points across leagues suggest general areas for future research. (JEL L83, C22)
Bovine Surfactant (Surfactant TA) Therapy in Immature Baboons with Hyaline Membrane Disease

As a prelude to clinical trials with a bovine surfactant (surfactant TA), in human infants with hyaline membrane disease, pulmonary and hemodynamic changes following its instillation in premature baboons were investigated. Baboons, delivered by cesarean section at 141 +/- 3.5 days (mean +/- SD, 77% gestation), were provided with intensive care. At 2 hours of age in one group (n = 10), 100 mg/kg of surfactant TA (reconstituted bovine surfactant, Tokyo Tanabe Co., Tokyo) was instilled into the lungs. Sequential measurements and monitoring of pulmonary and hemodynamic variables were carried out in these ten baboons and in a control group of five baboons for 16 hours, at which time the experiments were electively terminated. At birth, the pulmonary compliance, findings of chest radiographs, ratio of arterial PO2 to alveolar PO2, and respirator variables needed to maintain normal blood gas and acid base status were identical in both groups and indicative of severe hyaline membrane disease. Following surfactant instillation, the treated group demonstrated a rapid increase in PO2 with significantly improved ratio of arterial PO2 to alveolar PO2 (from a mean +/- SD pretreatment value of 0.21 +/- 0.11 to 0.45 +/- 0.11 by 16 hours). Pulmonary compliance improved similarly (from pretreatment value of 0.18 +/- 0.06 mL/cm H2O/kg to 0.27 +/- 0.09 mL/cm H2O/kg). Significant reduction in respirator support variables could be achieved in all treated animals; however, in the control animals, the pulmonary status worsened as evidenced by increasing mean airway pressure and respirator variables to keep normal blood gas and acid base status, thus worsening compliance. At autopsy, pulmonary pressure-volume curves were significantly different with large hysteresis obtained in the surfactant-treated group. Although no deleterious effect on hemodynamics was noted in surfactant TA-treated animals, a large patent ductus arteriosus was demonstrated by aortography. Increased lung blood flow, probably due to a large patent ductus arteriosus flow, was demonstrated by radiolabeled microsphere technique. The physiologic significance and clinical relevance of these findings in premature baboons treated with surfactant TA are discussed.
Ascaris suum-Derived Products Suppress Mucosal Allergic Inflammation in an Interleukin-10-Independent Manner via Interference with Dendritic Cell Function

We have previously demonstrated that protection from allergic inflammation by Ascaris suum infection was characterized by a global increase in interleukin-10 (IL-10) and the development of protective CD4+/CD25+ T cells (L. Schopf, S. Luccioli, V. Bundoc, P. Justice, C. C. Chan, B. J. Wetzel, H. H. Norris, J. F. Urban, Jr., and A. Keane-Myers, Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46:2772-2780, 2005). Here, we used A. suum pseudocoelomic fluid (PCF) in lieu of infection to define molecular mechanisms of allergic protection in a mouse model of allergic inflammation. Mice were sensitized with ragweed (RW) and PCF (RW/PCF), PCF alone, or RW alone and then challenged intratracheally, intranasally, and supraocularly with RW. Histological examination of the eyes and lungs, analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and characterization of ex vivo cytokine responses were performed to determine allergic inflammatory responses. RW/PCF-treated mice had suppressed allergic immune responses compared to mice given RW alone. To investigate whether IL-10 was involved in PCF-mediated allergic protection, similar experiments were performed using mice genetically deficient for IL-10. Persistent protection from allergic disease was observed in the absence of IL-10, indicating the primary mechanism of PCF protection is IL-10 independent. Ex vivo and in vitro analysis of PCF-treated dendritic cells (DC) demonstrated reduced activation receptor expression and cytokine production in response to either RW or lipopolysaccharide stimulation. These findings extend previous studies that showed infection with A. suum alters expression of allergic disease and suggest that PCF can contribute to this effect by interference with DC function.
Trust and Citizen Involvement Decisions: Trust in Citizens, Trust in Institutions, and Propensity to Trust

This study assesses the relative importance of administrators’ trust in citizens, trust in participation institutions, and propensity to trust in explaining their willingness to involve more citizens in public decision making. The results show that administrators’ trust in participation institutions is a mediator between trust in citizens and administrators’ promotion of participation activities. Propensity to trust has a positive impact on administrators’ trust in citizens, but it does not directly contribute to trust in participation institutions or promotion of participation activities. The results imply that trust in institutional arrangements is at least as important as trust in citizens in explaining administrative behaviors.
Designing an architecture for delivering mobile information services to the rural developing world

Implementing successful rural computing applications requires addressing a number of significant challenges. Recent advances in mobile phone computing capabilities make this device a likely candidate to address the client hardware constraints. Long battery life, wireless connectivity, solid-state memory, low price and immediate utility all make it better suited to rural conditions than a PC. However, current mobile software platforms are not as appropriate. Web-based mobile applications are hard to use, do not take advantage of the mobile phone's media capabilities and require an online connection. Custom mobile applications are difficult to develop and distribute. To address these limitations we present CAM - a new framework for developing and deploying mobile computing applications in the rural developing world. CAM applications are accessed by capturing barcodes using the mobile phone camera, or entering numeric strings with the keypad. Supporting minimal navigation, direct linkage to paper practices and offline multi-media interaction, CAM is uniquely adapted to rural device, user and infrastructure constraints. To illustrate the breadth of the framework, we list a number of CAM-based applications that we have implemented or are planning. These include processing microfinance loans, facilitating rural supply chains, documenting grassroots innovation and accessing electronic medical histories.
Sleep Following Sustained Exercise

This study was designed to assess the effect of individually calibrated sustained, static exercise on sleep. Normal subjects engaged in 80 min of static muscular activity at 40% of maximal levels. The exercise ended 2 hrs before bedtime. Standard polysomnographic measures were recorded during sleep. The time to sleep onset was significantly reduced relative to nonexercise nights. Other significant comparisons (increased slow-wave sleep and decreased movement time after exercise) were confined to the period preceding the first REM episode. The results indicated that the type of exercise may be related to the effect on sleep latency. The data supported a restorative theory of slow-wave sleep.
Human follicular lymphomas: identification of a second t(14;18) breakpoint cluster region.

Most follicular lymphomas, which comprise nearly two-thirds of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas occurring in U.S. adults, have been shown by cytogenetic analyses to contain a t(14;18) translocation [1, 2]. This breakpoint on chromosome 14 has been localized to band 14q32, the site of the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. It was thus possible to use human Ig gene fragments to clone out a breakpoint DNA fragment (pFL-1) from tissue biopsy specimens of these lymphomas and from cell lines containing this translocation. When used as a hybridization probe, rearranged pFL-1 containing DNA was detected in approximately 60% of follicular lymphomas. Thus, a significant percentage of follicular lymphomas failed to show a breakpoint on chromosome 18 within 15–20 kb on either side of the breakpoint region. We describe here the cloning of a chromosome 18 DNA fragment (pFL-2) that detects t(14;18) rearranged DNA in most of these negative follicular lymphomas.