Evoked responses in normal and diseased muscle with particular reference to twitch potentiation

The compound muscle action potential and isometric twitch tension evoked by single and repetitive electrical stimuli are indicators of the number of motor units activated and of the contractile properties of the muscle. The action potentials and mechanical responses were recorded in proximal and distal muscles in patients with myeasthenia gravis and myopathy and compared with findings in normal subjects. In normal muscle, at low rates of stimulation (2-3 s−1) the decrement was at most 5% in the action potential and 15-24% in the twitch tension. Tetanic stimuli (50 s−1) were unsuitable for diagnostic purposes because of movement artefact. In patients with myasthenia gravis, the incidence and size of the decrement of evoked responses were greater in the platysma than in the elbow flexors and the adductor pollicis (ADP) muscles. The 2-3 times greater post-tetanic facilitation (PTF) of the action potential in the platysma than in extremity muscles also indicates a more severe functional block in facial muscle. The PTF is an indicator of recruitment of blocked fibres. The maximal decrement was grossly related to the titre of antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor. To reveal failure of neuromuscular transmission in patients with myasthenia gravis without a decrement, a small dose of d-tubocurarine (0.2 mg in 30 ml of saline) was injected i.v. in the upper arm in a regional curare test. The sensitivity was greater in patients with myasthenia gravis than in controls and in patients with myopathy. Potentiation of twitch tension reflects contractile properties. In normal muscle twitch potentiation in the staircase (1-3 s−1, 100 s in duration) and after tetanus (50 s−1 1.5 sin duration) was 2-3 times greater in the platysma than in the elbow flexors and ADP, presumably related to the greater proportion of fast-twitch fibers in facial muscle. The amplitude of the action potential and the twitch tension varied proportionally with the number of fibers activated and the difference in the decrements of the action potential and the twitch during the staircase in some patients with myasthenia gravis showed that the staircase phenomenon was diminished suggesting abnormalities in the excitation-contraction coupling. The diminution of the staircase and post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) in myopathy also indicates impairment of the excitation-contraction coupling. In rats with severe chronic myasthenia gravis, the staircase and PTP were decreased even when the failing neuromuscular transmission was circumvented by applying direct stimuli to the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL). The abnormality in contractile properties was not reflected in the internal membranes as they appear in electronmicrographs of longitudinal sections of the muscle. During and after the staircase in the platysma and elbow flexors of normal subjects and in the fast-twitch EDL of normal rat, the twitch tension was a function of processes with opposite effects on the mechanical response. The process that increased the twitch after a tetanus had two components with different time courses which were influenced differently by cooling and by Dantrolene Na. The process that diminished the twitch was related to fatigue. It is suggested that different myopathies may have different mechanisms associated with these processes causing failure of contractions.