cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multispectral polarimetric glucose detection using a single Pockels cell

The preliminary design of a noninvasive glucose sensor developed in this investigation was based on the polarization rotation of light produced by optically active molecules. The polarimeter developed for this investigation was unique when compared to previous investigations in that it utilized a single Pockels cell to both modulate the signal and provide feedback within the system. The intended application of this polarimeter is to measure glucose concentrations within the aqueous humor of the eye. The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate whether the theory of superposition and multispectral analysis can be applied to the measurement of glucose in the presence of ascorbic acid and albumin, the most significant rotatory confounders found in the aqueous humor. The results of this investigation indicate that superposition of rotation at different wavelengths due to the above optically active molecules was valid for the in vitro experiments conducted. Utilizing two wavelengths of light, the concentration of hyperglycemic levels of glucose were derived in the presence of physiological concentrations of the optically active confounders ascorbic acid and albumin. It was found, except for one outlier, that the model predicted glucose concentrations to within 23%.
IMMUNE-MEDIATED ADALIMUMAB-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA FOR THE TREATMENT OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Objective: Tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors including adalimumab have been widely used for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases refractory to conventional treatment. Neutropenia is the most common side effect of TNF-α inhibitors, but thrombocytopenia is rarely presented. Few cases have been reported on TNF-α-induced thrombocytopenia, but the pathophysiology has not been fully understood. Herein, we explore the pathophysiology of adalimumab-induced thrombocytopenia through the clinical course and treatment options for a patient that developed thrombocytopenia after administration of adalimumab. Methods : We report a singular case of a patient with refractory ulcerative colitis who developed retinal hemorrhages due to thrombocytopenia after receiving adalimumab. The patient’s platelet count continued to drop despite discontinuation of adalimumab and platelet transfusion administration. Thrombocyopenia stabilized only after receiving intravenous immunoglobulin and prednisone. Laboratory tests identified anti-platelet IgM, but no antibody reactivity was seen against platelets in the presence of adalimumab (anti-platelet-adalimumab complex). Results: The patient’s response to immunosuppressants and lack of antibody against adalimumab-platelet complexes (drug-induced thrombocytopenia or type II hypersensitivity reaction) suggests that adalimumab can induce destruction of platelets through the formation anti-platelet antibodies. This is likely caused by immune system derangement in the setting of a chronic inflammatory state, as seen with ulcerative colitis, including an antigenic mimicry of adalimumab against a surface epitope of platelets or adalimumab-induced T-cell apoptosis. Conclusion: Physicians are to be aware of a life-threatening complication of adalimumab, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
ERYTHROPOIETIN : A MODEL SYSTEM FOR STUDYING OXYGEN-DEPENDENT GENE REGULATION

The physiological regulation of the red cell mass depends upon enhanced transcription of the erythropoietin (Epo) gene in response to hypoxia. Studies of Epo gene expression have been useful in investigating the mechanism by which cells and tissues sense hypoxia and respond with biologically appropriate alterations in gene expression. It is likely that oxygen sensing involves a heme protein in which cobalt and nickel can substitute for iron in the porphyrin ring. Indirect evidence suggests that the sensor is present in all cells and is a multi-subunit assembly containing an NAD(P)H oxidase capable of generating peroxide and reactive oxygen intermediates, which serve as signaling molecules. The up-regulation of Epo gene transcription by hypoxia is mediated by at least two known DNA-binding transcription factors, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and hepatic nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4), which bind to cognate response elements in a critical 3' enhancer approximately 50 bp in length. HIF-1 binding is induced by hypoxia as well as by cobalt. The activation of HIF-1 by hypoxia depends upon the selective protection of its alpha subunit from ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis by means of a mechanism that involves redox chemistry and perhaps phosphorylation. HNF-4 is an orphan nuclear receptor that is constitutively expressed in kidney and liver and which cooperates with HIF-1 to give maximal hypoxic induction. In hypoxic cells, p300 or a related family member forms a macromolecular assembly with HIF-1 and HNF-4, enabling transduction from the Epo 3' enhancer to the apparatus on the promoter responsible for the initiation of transcription.
The Government in the American Economy, 1815–1902: A Quantitative Study

Casual perusal could easily lead one to conclude that â€œthe governmentâ€ represents one of the most thoroughly researched areas in American economic history; however, there is something quite unsettling about a more careful scrutiny of its historiography. While the list of historians who have made their reputations by studying the importance of government through its impact on land policy, transportation, business, etc., etc., etc., is almost too long to enumerate, those authors who have attempted to measure the dollar value of these contributions have come to the conclusion that they must have been quite small. This paper provides no final resolution to this apparent paradox, but it does suggest at least one possible solution. It examines the spatial distribution of governmental activity and indicates that while, in total, that activity was almost always small, there were significant differences between the level of activity in different regions, and these differences may have contributed to differentials in regional growth patterns.
Path To Financial Inclusion: The Success Of Self-Help Groups-Bank Linkage Program In India

Financial inclusion has been a major theme in both industrialized and developing economies in the era of financial globalization. When microcredit institutions have received limited success in many countries, microfinance is being used in India for the purpose of accomplishing universal financial inclusion. This paper recognizes the overwhelming efforts of the Government of India and focuses on the success of the linkage between commercial banks and self-help groups (SHGs). The SHGs comprising predominantly women groups help in the social cause of alleviation of poverty, , increase of sustainability, reduction of vulnerability, improvement of capacity building and help the weaker sections build assets. Increased education, better standard of living, reduced child mortality and child labor, emancipation cum empowerment of women, and communal harmony are value adding benefits to the country.
Non-canonical roles for caveolin in regulation of membrane repair and mitochondria: implications for stress adaptation with age

Many different theories of ageing have been proposed but none has served the unifying purpose of defining a molecular target that can limit the structural and functional decline associated with age that ultimately leads to the demise of the organism. We propose that the search for a molecule with these unique properties must account for regulation of the signalling efficiency of multiple cellular functions that degrade with age due to a loss of a particular protein. We suggest caveolin as one such molecule that serves as a regulator of key processes in signal transduction. We define a particular distinction between cellular senescence and ageing and propose that caveolin plays a distinct role in each of these processes. Caveolin is traditionally thought of as a membrane-localized protein regulating signal transduction via membrane enrichment of specific signalling molecules. Ultimately we focus on two non-canonical roles for caveolin - membrane repair and regulation of mitochondrial function - which may be novel features of stress adaptation, especially in the setting of ageing. The end result of preserving membrane structure and mitochondrial function is maintenance of homeostatic signalling, preserving barrier function, and regulating energy production for cell survival and resilient ageing.
Thalamocortical synapses with identified neurons in monkey primary auditory cortex: a combined Golgi/EM and GABA/peptide immunocytochemistry study.

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify neurons in layer IV of the monkey primary auditory cortex (area KA) that are postsynaptic to thalamocortical axon terminals. Thalamocortical axon terminals were labeled by lesion-induced degeneration; neurons postsynaptic to these afferents were labeled by the Golgi/EM method followed by postembedding immunocytochemistry. Five of the six non-pyramidal neurons examined received synapses from thalamocortical axon terminals. All of these cells were immunoreactive for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). One of the cells stained also with an antiserum to somatostatin, and another for cholecystokinin. None of the cells examined were immunoreactive to substance P, and in no instance were two different peptides co-localized within the same GABA-positive neuron.
Periodic solutions of a Hamiltonian system on a prescribed energy surface

Abstract : Hamilton's equations are basic in the study of theoretical mechanics. A particular class of motions of interest for (*) are periodic ones. For Hamiltonians which are of the form H9p,q) = K(p,q) + V(q), we give sufficient conditions for the kinetic and potential energies K and V to satisfy so that (*) possesses a periodic orbit on a prescribed energy surface.
ENTER THE DRAGON: INSIDE CHINESE HUMAN SMUGGLING ORGANIZATIONS*

This paper examines the inner workings of Chinese human smuggling organizations. Contrary to widely held conceptions about Chinese organized crime, most alien smugglers are otherwise ordinary citizens whose familial networks and fortuitous social contacts have enabled them to pool resources to transport human cargoes around the world. They come from diverse backgrounds and form temporary alliances to carry out smuggling operations. With the exception of a shared commitment to making money, little holds them together. The smuggling organizations mostly resemble ad hoc task forces and are assembled for specific operations. These organizations have clear divisions of labor with limited hierarchical structures. We discuss the theoretical implications of their unique organizational characteristics.
Possible Explanation for the Rapid Approach to "Universality" of the Inelastic Electron-Scattering Structure Functions

We have determined the single-variable analyticity of the inelastic electron-scattering structure functions in the complex $x$ plane, with $s$ kept fixed and real, to all orders of Feynman perturbation theory. We find that its Landau singularities, which move as a function of $s$, rapidly approach their asymptotic $s$-independent position once $s$ is large. We discuss how this observation offers a possible explanation for a rapid approach to "universality" of the inelastic electron-scattering structure functions and shows that $s{W}_{2}(s,\frac{{q}^{2}}{s})$ should "scale" faster than $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}(s,x)$.
Oh, what a tangled web?

If communication is the foundation of a medical specialty societv, then the Internet will be the core of that founda~ion. C&munications to thoracic surgeons on scientific and organizational topics, as well as direct surgeon-to-surgeon communications, can be significantly facilitated through the Internet. The entire world, including the international cardiothoracic community, is experiencing an explosion of growth in interest and participation in theInternet. The home page of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) is being deveIoped to create a tool to harness the vast possibilities of the Internet for the benefit of aII thoraci~ surgeons. The Society’s home page is being designed to act as the clearing house for cardiothoracic surgical information. When completed it will house wide-ranging data and other information developed on a continuing basis, which will support the professional activities of individual thoracic surgeons and support the advancement of the entire specialty. Direct information exchange between surgeons, the collection of survey feedback on u.
"Not Unless It's a Life or Death Thing": A Qualitative Study of the Health Care Experiences of Adults Who Stutter.

BACKGROUND For adults who stutter, communication difficulties can impact many spheres of life. Previous studies have not examined how stuttering might impact patient’s experiences with the medical system.
Importance of emerged and suspended meiofauna to the diet of the darter goby (Gobionellus boleosoma Jordan and Gilbert)

Abstract The diet of the darter goby, Gobionellus boleosoma Jordan and Gilbert, consists mostly of meiofauna, especially harpacticoid copepods. In estuarine habitats, meiobenthic copepods enter the near-bottom water by active emergence, often cued by decreasing light, and by tide-induced suspension. A series of laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine the importance of emerged/suspended meiofauna, a major food resource in Louisiana salt-marsh sediments, in the diet of G. boleosoma. Laboratory experiments examined goby feeding on harpacticoid prey assemblages under pre- and post-dusk conditions (to stimulate emergence). No major change in the consumption of harpacticoid copepod species or demographic group was found associated with the onset of darkness, and non-emergent (freeze-killed) copepods from sediments were ingested in high numbers independent of light regime. In the field, onset of darkness did not enhance the proportion of potentially emergent meiofauna (as indicated from bedform/settlement traps) in darter goby diet. Ingested prey species (primarily harpacticoid copepods) were infaunal and epibenthic regardless of the potential for emergence (from light cues) and tidal suspension. These data suggest that the source of meiofauna in the diet of the darter goby is primarily sediment infauna, collected by sediment biting; meiofauna associated with near bottom water do not appear to be important to the diet.
Reciprocal action of pulmonary vagal afferents on tracheal smooth muscle tension in dogs.

Abstract Tracheal smooth muscle usually relaxes when the lungs are transiently inflated, an affect attributed to inhibitory input from pulmonary stretch receptors (PSRs). Relaxation is often followed by contraction, however, and occasionally contraction is the sole response. We attemped to identify the afferents responsible for this reflex contraction. In anesthetized, artificially ventilated dogs with open chest we recorded transverse tension in an upper tracheal segment innervated only by the superior laryngeal nerves and periodically hyperinflated the lungs as the cervical vagus nerves were cooled. Hyperinflation usually evoked tracheal relaxation when vagal temperature was 37°C, but contraction became more frequent as temperature decreased and was the sole response below 8°C. We hypothesise that above 6°C contraction was triggered by rapidly adapting receptors and lung C fibers, whereas below 6°C only C fibers were involved. Contraction, which appeared to represent the bronchomotor counterpart of Head's paradoxical reflex, was abolished below 2°C. Cooling alone without periodic hyperinflation increased baseline tracheal tension to a maximum at 7–8°C; further cooling often decreased tension, sometimes to control levels. Cutting the pulmonary vagal branches abolished these effects. Our results indicate that PSRs and C fibers act reciprocally, one causing bronchodilation, the other bronchoconstriction, and that background activity in C fibers may contribute to bronchomotor tone, an effect unmasked by selectively blocking A fibers.
Reducing operational costs, environmental impact via rigorous plating/finishing analysis

Summary In conclusion, there is often a large opportunity for plating industries to reduce their costs, minimize their environmental footprint and remain competitive in their sector by various relatively simple and sometimes low-cost process changes. By developing a baseline for the energy use, chemical use, and water use for the process, a list of priority focus areas will be determined and the opportunities for cost savings will become evident. In regards to the finishing line, an essential first step is to develop a set of best practices for rinsing and rinse control for water use optimization, along with good process control for the acids and alkaline cleaners. By understanding the overall detailed costs of the metal finishing process, decisions can be made to determine where the major opportunities are and implement changes that financially benefit the bottom line.
An experimental investigation of white layer on rolling contact fatigue using acoustic emission technique

Hard turning has being used to make various mechanical components. Under certain cutting conditions, a white layer (WL) may form on the machined surface that could drastically affect a component's service life. The presence of WL causes great concerns in machining industry just because the WL effects on component life are not yet understood. This study presents a novel real-time acoustic emission (AE) based rolling contact fatigue (RCF) testing system to study the WL effects on component life. AISI 52100 bearing steels were machined to generate two distinct surfaces: free of white layer (NOWL) and with WL. The real life loading of contact pressures and rolling speeds was applied to the test specimens. The applied load throughout the experiment was in-process monitored using a load cell which enabling the record of a Hertzian pressure history during rolling contact. It was found that the RCF testing system is simple and inexpensive, but very sensitive to fatigue crack initiation and propagation. Compared with AE count rate, AE parameters such as energy, RMS, and amplitude are more sensitive to fatigue crack initiation and propagation in rolling contact. The NOWL samples are more resistive to fatigue crack initiation/propagation and, therefore, have a longer life when compared to the WL samples with equivalent surface finish.
Noise elimination with partitioning filter for software quality estimation

We present two new noise filtering techniques which improve the quality of training datasets by removing data points that are likely to be noisy. In addition, a new measure called 'efficiency paired comparison' is introduced for simplifying the comparison between two filters. The filtering techniques are based on the partitioning approach the training dataset is first split into subsets, and base learners are induced on each of these subsets. The predictions are then combined in such a way that an instance in the training data is identified as noisy if it is misclassified by a certain number of base learners. The first technique, multiple partitioning filter combines several classifiers induced on each subset. The second technique, iterative-partitioning filter uses only one base learner but goes through multiple filtering iterations. The amount of noise removed by the techniques is varied by tuning either the filtering level or the number of iterations. Empirical studies using software measurement data from a high assurance software project assess the efficiencies of our two noise filtering approaches. The empirical results suggest that using several base classifiers as well as performing several iterations with a conservative filtering scheme can improve the efficiency of the filtering technique.
Two mechanisms for fluorescence intermittency of single violamine R molecules

The environment and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) intermittency or “blinking” demonstrated by single violamine R (VR) molecules is investigated in two environments: poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) and single crystals of potassium acid phthalate (KAP). In addition, temperatures ranging from 23 °C to 85 °C are studied, spanning the glass-transition temperature of PVOH (Tg = 72 °C). The PL intermittency exhibited by VR is analyzed using probability histograms of emissive and non-emissive periods. In both PVOH and KAP, these histograms are best fit by a power law, consistent with the kinetics for dark state production and decay being dispersed as observed in previous studies. However, these systems have different temperature dependences, signifying two different blinking mechanisms for VR. In PVOH, the on- and off-event probability histograms do not vary with temperature, consistent with electron transfer via tunneling between VR and the polymer. In KAP the same histograms are temperature dependent, and show that blinking slows down at higher temperatures. This result is inconsistent with an electron-transfer process being responsible for blinking. Instead, a non-adiabatic proton-transfer between VR and KAP is presented as a model consistent with this temperature dependence. In summary, the results presented here demonstrate that for a given luminophore, the photochemical processes responsible for PL intermittency can change with environment.
Effect of liquation on welding of a continuous cast sheet of an Ni3Al alloy containing Zr

Abstract Autogenous gas tungsten arc welding was performed on a continuous cast sheet (about 1 mm thick) of an Ni 3 Al alloy (Ni 77.83 Al 21.73 Zr 0.34 B 0.10 ) known as IC-50. The material was highly susceptible to cracking in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The cracks in the HAZ were liquation cracks and occurred along the grain boundaries. There were occasional solidification cracks in the fusion zone (FZ) and they occurred along the main dendrite boundaries. Microporosities were observed in both the FZ and HAZ. Microprobe analysis showed Zr enrichment in HAZ regions where melting had taken place. Annealing the alloy at 1100 °C for 5 h produced Zr-rich particles. Welding after the annealing showed similar behavior to that without annealing, except that the partially molten region in the HAZ was reduced in size. The role of Zr segregation at the grain boundaries in causing partial melting is discussed.
The Xanten Purple Leaf and the Carolingian Renaissance

The search for the actual prototypes of the so-called Carolingian Renaissance will long remain one of the foremost tasks imposed on the historian of Carolingian art. He must ask himself where and when these prototypes were created and how they may have looked. The question as to what stands behind these remarkably great and strange creations of Carolingian painting must be raised for each of its compositions and for every single motive and figure produced in its various schools. If, however, it becomes possible to answer this question, the answer will probably differ in every individual case. For the Renaissance tendencies of Carolingian art did not manifest themselves in a conscious reversion to one definite style of the past, as in the case of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but rather in drawing from the vast, heterogeneous repertory of forms and content which had been left by all the preceding centuries, both in the West and in the East.
QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL STUDIES ON COMPLEMENT OR ALEXIN : IV. ADDITION OF HUMAN COMPLEMENT TO SPECIFIC PRECIPITATES

1. A modified method is given for the titration of human complement so that C'1 titers are measured, as in guinea pig serum, instead of the C'2 titers yielded by the usual titration. 2. The measurement of complement combining component or components in weight units, instead of relative terms, is carried out as in guinea pig serum and leads to similar values, 0.03 to 0.05 mg. of C' N per ml. of human serum. 3. Other similarities in human and guinea pig complements are noted and discussed.
Observation and Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study of Novel Mono- and Diiron Oxide Molecules: FeOy- (y = 1−4) and Fe2Oy- (y = 1−5)

We study novel iron oxide molecules involving one and two iron atoms by anion photoelectron spectroscopy at 3.49 and 4.66 eV photon energies. Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectra and low-lying excited states are obtained for FeOy- (y = 1−4) and Fe2Oy- (y = 1−5). In both series, the photoelectron spectra become particularly sharp and better resolved for the higher oxides, FeO3-, FeO4-, Fe2O4-, and Fe2O5-. The electron affinity of the neutral oxide molecules is observed to increase with the number of oxygen atoms, suggesting a sequential oxidation behavior. For the monoiron oxide series, an oxidation saturation is observed as evidenced by the leveling-off of the electron affinity from FeO3 to FeO4. The structures and chemical bonding of these oxide molecules are discussed based on the sequential oxidation behavior. Isomers involving possibly O2 or O3 complexes are also observed for the diiron oxides above Fe2O.
Light Exposure and the Retina

Exposure to light is necessary to initiate phototransduction, the first step in visual perception. However, the risk that excessive exposure to light poses to retinal cells must be considered when developing new ocular imaging modalities.
Novel fusion proteins of interferon α2b cause growth inhibition and induce jak-stat signaling in melanoma

Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer with high occurrence in the United States. Interferon alpha2b (IFNalpha2b/IFNalpha2) has been used in high doses to treat melanoma. However, problems associated with small molecule therapeutics such as with IFN treatment include small molecular size, degradation by serum proteases, and rapid kidney clearance. Pegylation has been used to overcome this, but in itself possesses a host of other issues such as decrease receptor binding, nonspecific chemical derivatization, low overall yields, and additional purification steps. An alternative to this produces IFN as arabinogalactan fusion proteins in plant cells. These IFN analogs bind to IFN receptors and follow the IFN-induced Janus Kinase 1-signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathway. Here, we show that these fusion proteins of higher molecular weight also cause similar growth inhibition and affect cell cycle distribution in melanoma cells M92-047 and SK MEL-28. Lastly, the fusion proteins increased translation of 2'5'-oligo adenylate synthetase and Protein Kinase R, known IFN-induced proteins, showing similar downstream signaling as native recombinant IFNalpha2.
A neutron diffraction study of the crystal structures and magnetic studies of (NH3CH2CH2CH2NH3)MnCl4 and (NH3CH2CH2NH3)FeCl4: Layer structures with two-dimensional magnetic interactions☆

Abstract The crystal structure of the 1,3-propylenediammonium chloride salts of two divalent transition metals, Fe2+ and Mn2+. is reported. The isomorphous compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Imma with lattice constants a = 7.108, b = 18.57, and c = 3.378 A and a = 7.172, b = 19.00, and c = 7.361 A, respectively. Data were collected on an automated neutron diffraction instrument at the Argonne CP-5 reactor for all reflections with 2θ Evidence for the two-dimensional nature of the magnetic interactions in these salts is presented, based on the angular dependence of the EPR line widths. In both compounds, this dependence is given by ΔHpp = a + b (3 cos20–1) + c(3cos2-–1)2. The zero field magnetic susceptibility for the manganese salt is reported.
Transformative Research Practice: Architectural Affordances and Crisis

It is well known that buildings in the United States alone account for nearly 40% of the total national energy consumption. Currently, most contemporary sustainable approaches to the problem offer ...
Direct Measurement of the Rate Coefficient for the CH2C(CH3)C(O)O2 + NO Reaction Using Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry

In the troposphere, the CH2C(CH3)C(O)O2, or peroxymethacryl, radical is formed as an intermediate in the photooxidation of isoprene, one of the most important biogenic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. The reaction between CH2C(CH3)C(O)O2 and NO produces NO2 and subsequently ozone. The rate coefficient for the CH2C(CH3)C(O)O2 + NO reaction is measured directly over the temperature range 240−360 K and at pressures of 1.3−3.9 Torr using a flow tube reactor and chemical ionization mass spectrometry detection. The results are given by k(T) = 8.7 × 10-12 exp(290/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1, accurate within ±20% over the 240−360 K range, with a value at 298 K of (2.3 ± 0.3) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. These results agree within the experimental uncertainties with the measured results for the analogous CH3C(O)O2 + NO reaction, suggesting that the rate coefficient for RC(O)O2 + NO reactions may not be sensitive to the structure of the R group. Only NO2 could be positively identified as a reaction product.
House Fly Control and Insecticidal Resistance in New Jersey

In Somerset and Hunterdon Counties, N.J., residual applications in dairy barns of diazinon, dimethoate, ronnel, bromophos, Rabon® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichloro-phenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), Ravap® (a formulation with 1% Rabon and 0.1% dichlorvos in the finished spray) and Ciba C-9491 ( O -(2,5-dichloro-4-iodophenyl) O,O -dimethyl phosphorothioate) applied at 1% failed to give satisfactory control of the house fly, Musca domestica L. The 1st application gave better control than retreatments. The F1 generation of flies, collected from barns before treatment in June and again in August, was exposed to topical applications of all of the insecticides as well as lindane. It was demonstrated that during the season where these materials were used house fly resistance increased at all locations and with all insecticides. SBP1382 (5-benzyl-3-furyl) methyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylpropenyl) cyclopropanecarboxylate (ca. 70% trans, 30% cis isomers) at 0.25 and 0.5% gave inadequate control and showed slight increase in resistance during the season.
Convexity properties of inverse problems with variational constraints

Abstract When an inverse problem can be formulated so the data are minima of one of the variational problems of mathematical physics, feasibility constraints can be found for the nonlinear inversion problem. These constraints guarantee that optimal solutions of the inverse problem lie in the convex feasible region of the model space. Furthermore, points on the boundary of this convex region can be found in a constructive fashion. Finally, for any convex function over the model space, it is shown that a local minimum of the function is also a global minimum. The proofs in the paper are formulated for definiteness in terms of first arrival traveltime inversion, but apply to a wide class of inverse problems including electrical impedance tomography.
Validation of a technique to assess maximal inspiratory pressure in poorly cooperative patients

The maximal pressure that can be generated during an inspiratory effort against an occluded airway serves as an index of respiratory muscle strength. We devised a method that permits accurate measurement of MIP, with near maximal values, and does not require patient cooperation. Twenty-two critically ill intubated patients performed MIP maneuvers before and after coaching. For the initial 11 patients, MIP was measured after the airway was occluded in 20 s with a one-way valve that permitted only exhalation. In the latter 11 patients, DS (~1/3 VT) was added in an effort to increase respiratory drive before the noncoached MIP maneuver. We found no significant difference between coached and noncoached MIP maneuvers when P0.1 during the first 100 ms of inspiratory efforts prior to the noncoached MIP maneuver was greater than 2 cm H2O. Thus, MIP can be reliably measured in critically ill patients with or without coaching.
The role of connexins in the differentiation of NT2 cells in Sertoli-NT2 cell tissue constructs grown in the rotating wall bioreactor.

Neural transplantation is developing as a successful treatment for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. The human Ntera-2/D1 (NT2) cell line is an attractive alternative to the use of human fetal neurons as a cell source for transplantation. We have explored combining NT2 cells, as a neuronal source, and Sertoli cells, which may act as a graft facilitator to enhance neuronal survival and differentiation, and ameliorate the host immune response, into a tissue construct for use in cell replacement therapy for neurodegenerative disease. This Sertoli-NT2-aggregated cell (SNAC) tissue construct is formed in the high aspect ratio vessel (HARV) bioreactor. NT2 cells differentiate to dopaminergic NT2N neurons within the SNAC tissue construct without retinoic acid. We report here that the gap junction protein connexin 43 is decreased among differentiated NT2N neurons. Inhibition of connexin 43 with 18β glycyrrhetinic acid and carbenoxolone, a glycyrrhetinic acid derivative, during formation of the SNAC tissue constructs disrupts the differentiation of NT2 cells. Therefore, connexin 43 is important in the differentiation of NT2 cells in the SNAC tissue construct.
Micromasking of plasma etching due to bacteria: a yield detractor for ULSI

Continued size reduction of semiconductor microelectronic circuits increases their sensitivity to ultra small particulate contaminants. A form of self-replicating particulate is bacteria found in ultrapure water systems. The bacteria can micromask plasma etches causing electrical shorts between adjacent conduction paths, thereby providing a key yield loss mechanism when fabricating high density circuits. This paper discusses defects caused by water born bacteria in tight pitch repetitive patterns found in high density memory circuits. Using high resolution wafer inspection tools and scanning electron microscopy, intentionally introduced bacteria were located on wafers before plasma etching and the same locations were inspected after the etch was completed. While in some cases the defect formed followed the bacteria shape, in many instances the post-etch defects did not resemble the original bacteria in any way. Besides electrical shorts between conducting regions, due to the specifics of the technology, defects due to bacteria micromasking of dry etches can also cause failures between two layers of polysilicon. The "before" and "after" data provided by this work present a means of identifying a key defect source, namely bacteria, based on defect appearance.
Distributed 3-D Localization of Camera Sensor Networks From 2-D Image Measurements

In this paper we propose distributed algorithms that use 2-D image measurements to estimate the absolute 3-D poses of the nodes in a camera network, with the purpose of enabling higher-level tasks such as tracking and recognition. We assume that pairs of cameras with overlapping fields of view can estimate their relative 3-D pose (rotation and translation direction) using standard computer vision techniques. The solution we propose combines these local, noisy estimates into a single consistent localization. We derive our algorithms from optimization problems on the manifold of poses. We provide theoretical results on the convergence of the algorithms (choice of the step-size, initialization) and on the properties of their solutions (sensitivity, uniqueness). We also provide experiments on synthetic and real data. Interestingly, our algorithm for estimating the rotation part of the poses shows some degree of robustness to outliers.
Effects of a bolus and inhomogeneities on pion stopping distributions

In radiotherapy treatments with negative pion beams, an external bolus is often used to compensate for inhomogeneities within the body in order that the pions will have the proper stopping distribution within a tumor. However, angular beam divergence, multiple Coulomb scattering, and elastic and inelastic nuclear scattering limit the degree to which the pion stopping region can be controlled. We have used the Monte Carlo computer code PION-I to calculate pion stopping distributions for several idealized cases in order to show explicitly the effects of a number of factors on stopping distributions. Calculations have also been made for the same geometrical configurations used in measurements of pion stopping distributions in the biomedical beam at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility, and the calculated results are compared with experiment.
The RNA of defective vesicular stomatitis virus particles in relation to viral cistrons

Abstract The defective interfering particles of vesicular stomatitis virus are analogous to deletion mutants since they contain only part of the single-stranded, unfragmented viral RNA genome (Huang, 1973). The sequences contained in the RNA of DI † particles of varying size classes were studied in relation to viral cistrons by annealing with complementary viral messenger RNA species. For these studies, DI particle RNAs corresponding to 1 12 and 1 2 of the viral genome were purified from cells infected with a temperature-sensitive, and a heat-resistant mutant, respectively. In the course of isolating the wild type DI particles it was found that the size of their RNA varied, depending on the origin of the inoculum. Three different wild type DI particle RNA species were selected that were generated consistently by wild type inocula from three different laboratories, and which corresponded to approximately 1 5 to 1 3 of the viral genome. These RNA species were annealed with purified viral mRNA of the 30 S and 18 to 13 S size classes. The following conclusions were drawn from the results: 1. (1) The two mRNA size classes contained unique nucleotide sequences, which in combination were complementary to the entire viral genome. 2. (2) The long DI particle RNA from the heat-resistant mutant contained nucleotide sequences complementary to all mRNA species of the 18 S to 13 S size class, but very few if any to the 30 S class. 3. (3) In contrast, all the shorter DI particle RNA species contained either exclusively or predominantly sequences complemenary to the 30 S mRNA. The longest DI particle RNA of this group also contained some sequences complementary to the 18 S to 13 S class. Annealing experiments involving mixtures of these DI particle RNAs with the 30 S mRNA suggested that the longer RNA species contained all the nucleotide sequences of the shorter species. On the basis of these conclusions, two alternate maps of the DI particle RNAs relative to cistronic regions were constructed. The first map invokes a fixed initiation point for all particle RNAs containing nucleotide sequences in the 30 S mRNA domain and a variable termination point. This map is not compatible with hypothetical recognition sequences of substantial length common to all DI particles. The second map postulates short overlapping sequences near the intercistronic border. This interpretation would place the common site at the non-equivalent RNA ends (in relation to 5′ and 3′ termini) of the long particle and the short particles, respectively. Other hypotheses were also proposed. The possibility that the unique capacity of the long DI particle for heterotypic interference may be due to either its different site on the viral genome or its content of the entire viral cistron was considered.
Conceptual and experimental basis for rapid scan ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy

Abstract This is the first paper which describes the conceptual and experimental basis of a rapid scan ion cyclotron resonance (rapid scan ICR) technique for mass analyzing the ions stored in a static magnetic ion trap. At constant magnetic-field strength, a continuous wave excitation frequency is rapidly scanned across the mass spectrum, and the transient response of the coherently cyclotroning ions is detected. Due to the rapid scan rate, the detected signal is greatly distorted, but cross-correlation with the signal of a single line can be used to recover the true mass spectrum. High mass resolution and a scan rate of 66 kHz s−1 are demonstrated. Comparisons are made between rapid scan ICR and Fourier transform ICR.
DISCUSSION OF ROBERT E. HALL'S RESTAT LECTURE "EMPLOYMENT EFFICIENCY AND STICKY WAGES: EVIDENCE FROM FLOWS IN THE LABOR MARKET"

THIS paper is an important contribution to the emerging view that labor market rigidities amplify employment and output fluctuations by reducing firms’ incentives to create job vacancies when labor market conditions are slack. In it, Robert Hall makes three main points. First, in recent years, employment has fallen during recessions and remained low thereafter primarily because workers who wanted jobs had trouble finding them, not because unusually many employed workers lost their jobs. Second, the fact that separations do not rise substantially during recessions is strong evidence against theories of sticky wages in which the wage rigidity induces firms to end employment relationships even when there are still gains from trade. And third, the decline in the job-finding rate during recessions is evidence in favor of theories of sticky wages in which wage rigidities prevent firms from adjusting the wage of newly hired workers. Although I will quibble with some details of Hall’s thesis, the bottom line is that all three points are on target.
Phase stability and electrical conductivity of Ca-doped LaNb1−xTaxO4−δ high temperature proton conductors

Abstract The electrical conductivity, crystal structure and phase stability of La0.99Ca0.01Nb1−xTaxO4−δ (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5, δ = 0.005), a potential candidate for proton conductor for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), have been investigated using AC impedance technique and in situ X-ray powder diffraction. Partially substituting Nb with Ta elevates the phase transition temperature (from a monoclinic to a tetragonal structure) from ∼520 °C for x = 0 to above 800 °C for x = 0.4. AC conductivity of the La0.99Ca0.01Nb1−xTaxO4−δ both in dry and wet air decreased slightly with increasing Ta content above 750 °C, while below 500 °C, it decreased by nearly one order of magnitude for x = 0.4. It was also determined that the activation energy for the total conductivity increases with increasing Ta content from 0.50 eV (x = 0) to 0.58 eV (x = 0.3) for the tetragonal phase, while it decreases with increasing Ta content from 1.18 eV (x = 0) to 1.08 eV (x = 0.4) for the monoclinic phase. By removing the detrimental structural phase transition from the intermediate-temperature range, consequently avoiding the severe thermal expansion problem up to 800 °C, partial substitution of Nb with Ta brings this class of material closer to its application in electrode-supported thin-film intermediate-temperature SOFCs.
Understanding the Meaning of Learning Centers.

Abstract Learning centers in institutions of higher education are increasingly becoming more numerous and assuming more important functions. While learning centers have become a commonality in higher educational institutions throughout North America, the term, learning center, is used to describe a host of educational philosophies and phenomena. Researchers have consequently called for a better understanding of learning centers. Based on the assumption that the meaning of a term is its use in language, an examination or analysis of the literature and research appropriate to learning centers was undertaken to derive criteria for more accurate descriptions and observations of learning centers. Two categories of meanings of the term, learning center, were derived from the analysis. As a result of this study, empirical researchers who understand the distinctions in the term, learning center, can now observe the phenomenon of learning centers more accurately by matching the meaning of the term with the phenome...
Does Visceral Fat Estimated by Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Independently Predict Cardiometabolic Risks in Adults?

Background:Abdominal visceral fat, typically measured by computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has been shown to correlate with cardiometabolic risks. The purpose of this st...
150. Metabolically Biotinylated Helper Dependent Adenovirus: A New and Rapid Approach for Targeting of High-Capacity Adenoviral Vector

Developing cell-targeting vectors is an important goal in gene therapy. Metabolic biotinylation of first-generation adenoviral vectors for cell targeting has already been shown. However, there are several advantages in using helper-dependent adenoviral vectors (HD-Ad) instead of first-generation vectors; HD-Ad contain only the noncoding termini of the viral genome, can deliver large DNA fragments of up to 36 Kb into target cells, elicit reduced toxicity and generate prolonged transgene expression in vivo. To enhance the potential of HD-Ad to transduce different cell types, we constructed a novel metablically biotinylated Helper Virus (Fib2102) to package HD-Ad vectors. Thus, co-infection of a helper-dependent packaging cell line with the fiber-modified helper virus and various HD-Ad constructs would allow the production of fiber-modified HD-Ad expressing different transgenes, obviating the requirement to fiber-modify each individual transgene-expressing HD-Ad. To this end, we modified the c-terminus of the Ad5 fiber by addition of a 70 amino acid biotin acceptor peptide (BAP) in our helper virus backbone by homologous recombination. Adenovirus particles bearing the BAP were metabolically biotinylated during vector production by the endogenous biotin ligase to produce covalently biotinylated virions. The resulting biotinylated vectors can subsequently be used to transduce different cell type receptors by conjugation to specific biotinylated antibodies. In particular, we tested whether a biotinylated HD-Ad generated with this system expressing the LacZ transgene could transduce chondrocytes in vitro. We found that a fiber-modified HD-Ad coupled to the chondrocyte specific |[alpha]|10 integrin antibody was more efficient at transducing a chondrocyte cell line than vectors bearing wild type fiber. In summary, we show the novel construction of a fiber-modified helper adenovirus which can be used to propagate high titers of fiber-modified HD-Ad, which, when coupled to cell-specific antibodies, results in improved transgene expression in vitro. This study demonstrates progress in retargeting strategies for helper-dependent vectors.
SAT: an SVM-based automated trust management system for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are extremely vulnerable to a variety of misbehaviors because of their basic features, including lack of communication infrastructure, short transmission range, and dynamic network topology. To detect and mitigate those misbehaviors, many trust management schemes have been proposed for MANETs. Most rely on pre-defined weights to determine how each apparent misbehavior contributes to an overall measure of trustworthiness. The extremely dynamic nature of MANETs makes it difficult, however, to determine a set of weights that are appropriate for all contexts. We describe an automated trust management scheme for MANETs that uses machine learning to classify nodes as malicious. Our scheme is far more resilient to the context changes common in MANETs, such as those due to malicious nodes altering their misbehavior patterns over time or rapid changes in environmental factors, such as the motion speed and transmission range. We compare our scheme to existing approaches and present evaluation results obtained from simulation studies.
Factorization scheme dependence of the NLO inclusive jet cross section

We study the factorization scheme dependence of the next-to-leading order inclusive one jet cross section $d\ensuremath{\sigma}{/dE}_{T}.$ The scheme is varied parametrically along the direction that transforms the $\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$ scheme to the DIS scheme: we introduce a parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ such that $\ensuremath{\lambda}=0$ is $\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$ and $\ensuremath{\lambda}=1$ is DIS. The factorization scale $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is also varied. We observe a change of $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9%$ in the cross section for ${E}_{T}=50 \mathrm{GeV}$ when $\ensuremath{\mu}$ and $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ are varied in the range $\ensuremath{-}2l~\ensuremath{\lambda}l~2, {E}_{T}/8l~\ensuremath{\mu}l~{2E}_{T}.$ This grows to $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}32%$ for ${E}_{T}=400 \mathrm{GeV}.$