cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrable highest weight modules: the weight system, the contravariant Hermitian form and the restriction problem

In this chapter we describe in detail the weight system of an integrable highest weight module L(Λ) over a Kac-Moody algebra g(A). We establish the existence of a Ii(A)-invariant positive-definite Hermitian form on L(Λ). Finally, we study the decomposition of L(Λ) with respect to various subalgebras of g(A) and derive an explicit description of the region of convergence of ch L (Λ).
Gaps between zeros of ζ(s) and the distribution of zeros of ζ′(s)

Abstract We assume the Riemann Hypothesis in this paper. We settle a conjecture of Farmer and Ki in a stronger form. Roughly speaking we show that there is a positive proportion of small gaps between consecutive zeros of the zeta-function ζ ( s ) if and only if there is a positive proportion of zeros of ζ ′ ( s ) lying very closely to the half-line. Our work has applications to the Siegel zero problem. We provide a criterion for the non-existence of the Siegel zero, solely in terms of the distribution of the zeros of ζ ′ ( s ) . Finally on the Riemann Hypothesis and the Pair Correlation Conjecture we obtain near optimal bounds for the number of zeros of ζ ′ ( s ) lying very closely to the half-line. Such bounds are relevant to a deeper understanding of Levinson's method, allowing us to place one-third of the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function on the half-line.
Bringing the structure back in : limited access orders, "Extreme" ISI and development

Structuralists highlighted politico-economic constraints on late development and advocated infant industry policies. In practice, highly distortionary implementation choices were near ubiquitous. Why did policymakers prefer this extreme policy? Employing North, Wallis & Weingast (2009), I argue politicians were constrained by a limited access order (LAO) to directly distribute production rights to powerful groups. “Extreme” ISI policies maximized politicians’ ability to directly distribute production rights; a milder policy meant replacing state-conferred rights with market mechanisms. I review representative “extreme” policies in Brazil, Chile and India, and then demonstrate their political efficacy in diversifying production rights that could be directly exchanged for elite support. Finally, I discuss the argument’s consistency with early structuralist emphasis on underlying politico-economic conditions as impediments to growth.
The Architecture of Banking in Renaissance Italy: Constructing the Spaces of Money

Over the course of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, European society confronted rapid monetization, a process that has been examined in depth by economic historians. Less well understood is the development of architecture to meet the needs of a burgeoning mercantile economy in the Late Middle Ages and early modern period. In this volume, Lauren Jacobi explores some of the repercussions of early capitalism through a study of the location and types of spaces that were used for banking and minting in Florence and other mercantile centers in Europe. Examining the historical relationships between banks and religious behavior, she also analyzes how urban geographies and architectural forms reveal moral attitudes toward money during the onset of capitalism. Jacobi's book offers new insights into the spaces and locations where pre-industrial European banking and minting transpired, as well as the impact of religious concerns and financial tools on those sites.
Orbits under the Inverse Square Law

Kepler formulated his famous three laws of planetary motion during the first decades of the seventeenth century. It was an arduous task, proceeding strictly from observed data, the most accurate of which were contributed by Kepler’s mentor, Tycho Brahe.
Role of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) in the disposition of cytarabine in mice

Cytarabine (Ara-C) is a nucleoside analog used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Despite the many years of clinical use, the identity of the transporter(s) involved in the disposition of Ara-C remains poorly studied. Previous work demonstrated that concurrent administration of Ara-C with nitrobenzylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (NBMPR) causes an increase in Ara-C plasma levels, suggesting involvement of one or more nucleoside transporters. Here, we confirmed the presence of an NMBPR-mediated interaction with Ara-C resulting in a 2.5-fold increased exposure. The interaction was unrelated to altered blood cell distribution, and subsequent studies indicated that the disposition of Ara-C was unaffected in mice with a deficiency of postulated candidate transporters, including ENT1, OCTN1, OATP1B2, and MATE1. These studies indicate the involvement of an unknown NBMPR-sensitive Ara-C transporter that impacts the pharmacokinetic properties of this clinically important agent.
Lip reconstruction using the Sabattini-Abbé cross-lip flap

Abstract Functional reconstruction, with aesthetic restoration, of lip defects presents a significant challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. The upper and lower lip are distinctly prominent anatomical units of the lower third of the face. Reconstitution of these structures is of critical importance in oral competence, articulation, and facial form. Herein, we describe the Sabatini-Abbe cross lip flap for reconstruction of full-thickness composite lip defects.
Calcineurin inhibitor- and corticosteroid-free immunosuppression in pediatric heart transplant patients.

Pediatric heart transplant patients at our institution are immunosuppressed with a CNI and another immune-modulating agent without utilizing corticosteroids. Patients whose renal function worsened and who did not respond to CNI minimization had their CNI discontinued. The clinical history of 35 pediatric heart transplant patients with significant renal insufficiency whose CNI was discontinued was retrospectively analyzed. Data including serum creatinine and weight were collected before, at time of, and every 3–6 months after CNI discontinuation. This was used to calculate an eGFR. Cardiac allograft rejection and mortality data were also collected. CNI discontinuation occurred 39 times in 35 patients. The median eGFR significantly increased by 14 mL/min 3 months after CNI discontinuation and the increase continued to be significant (P≤.05) at 5 years. Freedom from rejection analysis showed no difference between graft rejection 2 years before versus after CNI discontinuation (P=.437). No mortality was associated with CNI discontinuation. Immunosuppression free of CNIs and corticosteroids appears to be a safe alternative in pediatric heart transplant patients with significant renal insufficiency. Furthermore, this strategy can significantly reverse renal insufficiency, even late after transplantation.
Male mate choice unresolved in the mangrove rivulus

Mate choice has the potential to drive phenotypic evolution because it can determine traits that increase an individuals likelihood to reproduce (courtship behaviors, elaborate ornamentation). These traits, however, can also be detrimental for health or survival, often antagonizing the evolution of extreme phenotypes. Mangrove rivulus fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) develop as self-fertilizing simultaneous hermaphrodites. Hermaphrodites overwhelmingly self-fertilize their eggs internally, but occasionally oviposit unfertilized eggs. Some individuals change sex to male after sexual maturity, essentially forgoing the reproductive assurance of selfing. In a continuing effort to understand how sex change to male is maintained this species, I designed an experiment to determine whether males act as choosers to increase their likelihood of finding unfertilized eggs for reproduction. I hypothesized that males would prefer to associate with younger hermaphrodites when given a dichotomous choice, as they lay a greater proportion of unfertilized eggs compared to older hermaphrodites. The males in this study did not show a preference for either the younger or older hermaphrodite but exhibited greater within individual variance across subtrials than among individual variation. I discuss alternative hypotheses concerning male mate choice in mangrove rivulus, which may illuminate hypotheses to be tested in this and other hermaphroditic species.
Juvenile progressive optic atrophy as the presenting feature of biotinidase deficiency, a treatable metabolic disorder.

A 10-year-old girl initially diagnosed with functional visual loss was later diagnosed with progressive optic atrophy. Directed questioning at 13 years of age revealed difficulty hearing that had not been noted by the parents. Whole exome sequencing and subsequent metabolic testing confirmed biotinidase deficiency. Although biotinidase deficiency classically manifests in early childhood with multiple manifestations, such as seizures and failure to thrive, a delayed-onset form can present primarily as juvenile progressive optic atrophy. Early diagnosis is critical because biotin supplementation prevents disease and deterioration.
Delaying the Crossroads: The Impact of Parental Alcoholism on Self-Authorship

This paper proposes a theory regarding the developmental process of College Student Children of Alcoholics (CSCAs). In understanding the distinctive lens through which CSCAs experience Baxter Magolda’s (2001) journey to self-authorship and applying Brown’s (1988) understanding of identity formation in adolescent children of alcoholics, this paper aims to identify the unique way that CSCAs experience self-authorship.
Preferences and Equilibrium in Monopoly and Duopoly

This paper takes the new approach of using a copula to characterize consumer preferences in a discrete choice model of product differentiation, and applies it to the economics of monopoly and duopoly. The comparative statics of demand strength and preference diversity, both properties of the marginal distribution of values for each product variety, are strikingly similar across market structures. Preference dependence, a property of the copula and an indicator of product differentiation, is a key determinant of whether prices are higher in multiproduct industries compared to single-product monopoly. Furthermore, the effects of preference on prices and profits influence equilibrium product selection. Remarkably, a horizontally-differentiated duopoly sometimes can foreclose a higher-quality monopoly to the detriment of consumer and social welfare. †University of Colorado at Boulder; yongmin.chen@colorado.edu ‡Columbia University; mhr21@columbia.edu ∗An earlier version of the paper was presented at the Summer Workshop in Industrial Organization, Auckland NZ, February 2009. The authors thank discussant Simon Anderson for helpful comments.
Studies on the Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation: X. THE EFFECT OF CYTOCHROME c ON ENERGY-LINKED PROCESSES IN SUBMITOCHONDRIAL PARTICLES

Abstract Submitochondrial particles, in contrast to heavy mitochondria, are not made deficient in cytochrome c by extraction with isotonic KCl, and they are essentially impermeable to exogenously added cytochrome c. When the particles are made permeable with deoxycholate, however, the electron transfer chain interacts with cytochrome c. Submitochondrial particles which are deficient in cytochrome c may be prepared, however, from mitochondria rendered deficient in cytochrome c. These depleted submitochondrial particles show a decreased rate of those energy-linked processes which are dependent on substrate oxidation, such as phosphorylation, reduction of exogenous diphosphopyridine nucleotide by succinate, and transhydrogenation between pyridine nucleotides. Also, the deficiency in cytochrome c appears to cause a decreased efficiency in these processes. In contrast, when adenosine triphosphate is the source of energy, the systems catalyzing the processes of reversed electron transfer and transhydrogenation are intact and fully functional in the deficient particles.
Regressed relations for forced convection heat transfer in a direct injection stratified charge rotary engine

Currently, the heat transfer equation used in the rotary combustion engine (RCE) simulation model is taken from piston engine studies. These relations have been empirically developed by the experimental input coming from piston engines whose geometry differs considerably from that of the RCE. The objective of this work was to derive equations to estimate heat transfer coefficients in the combustion chamber of an RCE. This was accomplished by making detailed temperature and pressure measurements in a direct injection stratified charge (DISC) RCE under a range of conditions. For each specific measurement point, the local gas velocity was assumed equal to the local rotor tip speed. Local physical properties of the fluids were then calculated. Two types of correlation equations were derived and are described in this paper. The first correlation expresses the Nusselt number as a function of the Prandtl number, Reynolds number, and characteristic temperature ratio; the second correlation expresses the forced convection heat transfer coefficient as a function of fluid temperature, pressure and velocity.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SEA URCHIN FLAGELLAR CREATINE KINASE

Publisher Summary The creatine kinase (CrK) isozymes that exist in sperm of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus reside at each end of a metabolic shuttle pathway to transport high-energy phosphate from the sole site of production in the mitochondrion at the base of the sperm head to the main site of energy consumption at dynein ATPases situated along the entire length of the flagellum. Both isozymes have been purified and have been shown to be associated with the mitochondrion and the axoneme. Comparable CrK enzymatic activities have been found in sperm heads and tails from diverse species and in other ciliated or flagellated cells, such as photoreceptor cells and ciliated oviduct epithelial cells, which have polarized structure and function. In species, whose sperm have alternative sources of energy production and less stringent energetic demands, CrK is greatly diminished. Phosphagen kinase detection is based on straightforward, yet well-specific spectrophotometric assays. To purify CrK, an initial nucleotide-mimic affinity chromatography matrix is used. Unique labeling and peptide mapping approaches to analyze the properties of these enzymes are straightforward; results obtained using those methods have been confirmed by molecular cloning. This chapter discusses separation of sperm heads (mitochondrion and nucleus) from tails (flagellum). Sperm heads and tails are separated from each other by shearing via homogenization followed by differential centrifugation. There is description on extraction of creatine kinase isoforms from sperm heads and tails, procion red column chromatography, selective precipitation of the head isoform by dialysis, diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) column chromatography, enzyme activity and in vivo labeling. CrK enzymaticactivity is measured using a spectrophotometric, coupled enzyme assay. Enzymatic activity can be measured in either direction using either phosphocreatine (PCr) or creatine (Cr) as selective substrate for this enzymatic activity. The “reverse” reaction (using PCr) is recommended because it is more sensitive.
Structural decomposition approach for large-scale systems

The interconnections of the subsystems are structurally decomposed. The stability of the overall large-scale system is then investigated based on the decompositions. With these formulations, the decentralized control design for the interconnected subsystems can be treated as an algebraic problem. The architecture is next extended to solve the decentralized estimation and stabilization problem. The emphasis here is to propose a new method for the qualitative analysis and design of large-scale systems. This method is especially useful for a Computer-Aided Control System Design (CACSD) setup.
Purification of Radiolabeled RNA Products Using Denaturing Gel Electrophoresis

This unit discusses a basic method for purification of radiolabeled RNAs using denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The method consists of a number of experimental procedures, including total RNA preparation from yeast cells, isolation of a specific RNA from total yeast RNA, RNA 3'-terminal labeling using nucleotide (5' [(32) P]pCp) addition (via ligation), denaturing (8 M urea) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and RNA extraction from the gel slice. Key points for achieving good electrophoretic separation of RNA are also discussed.
Does using the largest measured vital capacity in PFT intepretation help categorize patients out of the nonspecific pattern

Background The nonspecific pattern (NSP), normal FEV1/FVC ratio, reduced FEV1 and FVC but normal TLCpleth, is associated with obesity and airway hyperreactivity (Hyatt et al. Chest 2009). How often the nonspecific pattern is recategorized when using the largest measured vital capacity (VCmax) remains unknown. Objective To compare how the PFT interpretation of nonspecific pattern changes when the is used VCmax is used. Methods We analyzed 12,239 PFTs from consecutive visits as part of routine clinical care from Intermountain Medical Center and LDS Hospital between 2001 and 2012. We used our validated decision support tool for PFT interpretation, ePFT, to interpret all tests using two different schemes: once using FEV1/FVC and again using FEV1 and the largest measured vital capacity, VCmax, from any test, including post-bronchodilator trials. Results 366 of the 12,239 PFTs (3%) showed the nonspecfiic pattern. When the FEV1/VCmax ratio was used 94 tests (26%) were recategorized. The majority of recategorized tests (72 of 94, 77%) were reclassified as obstruction. The rest, (22 of 94, 23%) were reclassified as normal variant. Conclusions When the largest measured vital capacity (VCmax) is used in the FEV1/VC ratio determining obstruction, 26% of PFTs with the nonspecific pattern are reclassified into obstruction or a normal variant. Given that the NSP is associated with airway hyperreactivity, re-examining PFTs with the nonspecific pattern using the largest measured vital capacity (including post-bronchodilator vital capacities), may be helpful in diagnosing airway hyperreactivity and obstruction.
360 MHz proton NMR spectra of active and inactive derivatives of methionine-enkephalin. Assignments, derived parameters, conformational implications

Abstract The proton NMR spectra in aqueous and dimethylsulfoxide solutions have been obtained at 360 MHz for: methionine-enkephalin, leucine-enkephalin, (Phe 1 )-methionine-enkephalin, norleucine-enkephalin, and des-amino-methionine-enkephalin. Resonance assignments, derived chemical shifts, spin coupling constants, and amide proton temperature dependencies (in dimethylsulfoxide) are presented.
AGING AND ECONOMICS: A COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION OF RESPONSES BY THE UNITED STATES, GREAT BRITAIN AND JAPAN

The process of aging has been called many things, but almost never is it referred to as pleasant. In large measure this is because the process of growing older is disproportionately shaped by three factors regardless of citizenship:
Social interactions among rats housed in grouped and enriched conditions

Two experiments examine the hypothesis that brain differences found in environmental enrichment are due to differences in social interaction. Both experiments compare enriched versus group housed rats using videotape records of home cage activity, scored with a protocol developed by the authors. Experiment 1 examines social interactions in group and enriched housed rats in the first 30 days postweaning; In Experiment 2 rats were housed in the differential environments from 90 to 120 days of age, an age at which rats have been reported no longer to engage in play; in addition, weights of sections of the brain were obtained at sacrifice and these showed typical patterns of differences among rats from differential environments. Neither experiment revealed any consistent pattern of differences in social interaction, either by chi-square comparisons of overall profiles of social activity or by discriminant analysis applied to behavioral observations. No evidence was found in support of the hypothesis that play is responsible for the effects of environmental enrichment.
Conditions for maximizing and inhibiting synthesis of glutathione in cultured rat lenses: an application of HPLC with radioisotope detection.

This investigation was concerned with factors which would maximize and inhibit L-cyst(e)ine uptake and glutathione synthesis of rat lenses cultured for 24 hours in a medium containing [35S]-L-cystine. The lenticular protein-free extract was separated and quantified by use of HPLC equipment which included an in-line radioisotope detector coupled with extensive post-run computer analysis.Six thiols were assessed for their ability to increase the uptake of L-cyst(e)ine and its utilization for glutathione synthesis. The most successful was 2-mercaptoethanol, which increased the L-cyst(e)ine uptake 3.6-fold and glutathione synthesis 2.9-fold. This work demonstrated that the rate of glutathione synthesis was directly proportional to the rate of uptake of L-cyst(e)ine.An inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, buthionine sulfoximine, in a concentration range of 0.11-3 mM, decreased uptake of the [35S]-label by one-third. The 3.0 mM concentration inhibited glutathione synthesis 98.7% and decreased glutathione 51% in ...
A collaborative filtering approach to assess individual condition risk based on patients' social network data

Healthcare research has shown that conditions are correlated with each other, for example, in patients with type-2 diabetes, chronic nephatony often results from diabetic nephropathy. This correlation is called comorbidity relationship. The comorbidity relationships are often so complex that it is difficult to comprehend them. A disease prediction model extending the collaborative filtering used in recommender systems was developed to use publicly available patients' social network data to predict such comorbidity relationships, and to help doctors as well as uninformed patients to assess potential health risks.
Monkeys are more patient in a foraging task than in a standard intertemporal choice task.

Studies of animal impulsivity generally find steep subjective devaluation, or discounting, of delayed rewards – often on the order of a 50% reduction in value in a few seconds. Because such steep discounting is highly disfavored in evolutionary models of time preference, we hypothesize that discounting tasks provide a poor measure of animals’ true time preferences. One prediction of this hypothesis is that estimates of time preferences based on these tasks will lack external validity, i.e. fail to predict time preferences in other contexts. We examined choices made by four rhesus monkeys in a computerized patch-leaving foraging task interleaved with a standard intertemporal choice task. Monkeys were significantly more patient in the foraging task than in the intertemporal choice task. Patch-leaving behavior was well fit by parameter-free optimal foraging equations but poorly fit by the hyperbolic discount parameter obtained from the intertemporal choice task. Day-to-day variation in time preferences across the two tasks was uncorrelated with each other. These data are consistent with the conjecture that seemingly impulsive behavior in animals is an artifact of their difficulty understanding the structure of intertemporal choice tasks, and support the idea that animals are more efficient rate maximizers in the multi-second range than intertemporal choice tasks would suggest.
Archives, Libraries, Museums: Coming Back Together?

While libraries, archives, and museums have taken separate paths to professionalization, the digital environment, along with its many opportunities for collaboration, is bringing these cultural institutions closer together, just as David Gracy projected early in his career. In the networked world, these siloed organizations with their unique professional histories are realizing that users of their content want information about subjects, not information from a particular source.
The Coign automatic distributed partitioning system

Although successive generations of middleware (such as RPC, CORBA, and DCOM) have made it easier to connect distributed programs, the process of distributed application decomposition has changed little: programmers manually divide applications into sub-programs and manually assign those sub-programs to machines. Often the techniques used to choose a distribution are ad hoc and create one-time solutions biased to a specific combination of users, machines, and networks. We assert that system software, not the programmer, should manage the task of distributed decomposition. To validate our assertion we present Coign, an automatic distributed partitioning system that significantly eases the development of distributed applications. Given an application (in binary form) built from distributable COM components, Coign constructs a graph model of the application's inter-component communication through scenario-based profiling. Later, Coign applies a graph-cutting algorithm to partition the application across a network and minimize execution delay due to network communication. Using Coign, even an end user (without access to source code) can transform a non-distributed application into an optimized, distributed application. Coign has automatically distributed binaries from over 2 million lines of application code, including Microsoft '5 PhotoDraw 2000 image processor. To our knowledge, Coign is the first system to automatically partition and distribute binary applications.
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: Long-term Follow-up of the Effects of Steroid Therapy

Fifteen years ago we began a prospective study using alternate case treatment with prednisone in patients with pulmonary function abnormalities due to sarcoidosis. Twenty-five patients were divided into treatment and control groups that were similar in sex, age, race, degree of pulmonary dysfunction, and duration of disease. Evaluation included complete spirometric studies, single-breath carbon monoxide diffusion capacity, and arterial blood gases. Follow-up studies at six months, one to two years, and ten to 15 years show no difference between the treated and untreated groups. Improvement or deterioration in pulmonary function of individual patients in the treated group was reflected in the control group, even in those patients with a diffusing capacity and forced vital capacity less than 65 percent of predicted. Data from this long-term study fail to show any benefit of short-term use of steroids in therapy for pulmonary sarcoidosis.
Time machines constructed from anti–de Sitter space

In this paper time machines are constructed from anti--de Sitter space. One is constructed by identifying points related via boost transformations in the covering space of anti--de Sitter space and it is shown that this Misner-like anti--de Sitter space is just the Lorentzian section of the complex space constructed by Li, Xu, and Liu [Phys. Rev. D 48, 4735 (1993)]. The others are constructed by gluing an anti--de Sitter space to a de Sitter space, which could describe an anti--de Sitter phase bubble living in a de Sitter phase universe. Self-consistent vacua for a massless conformally coupled scalar field are found for these time machines, whose renormalized stress-energy tensors are finite and solve the semiclassical Einstein equations. The extensions to electromagnetic fields and massless neutrinos are discussed. It is argued that, in order to make the results consistent with Euclidean quantization, a new renormalization procedure for quantum fields in Misner-type spaces (Misner space, Misner-like de Sitter space, and Misner-like anti--de Sitter space) is required. Such a ``self-consistent'' renormalization procedure is proposed. With this renormalization procedure, self-consistent vacua exist for massless conformally coupled scalar fields, electromagnetic fields, and massless neutrinos in these Misner-type spaces.
Having a student volunteer program is a win-win

Purpose – This paper aims to focus on the use of a formal student volunteer program to offset budgetary shortfalls as well as provide opportunities for student learning. Design/methodology/approach – The paper builds the case by citing findings from case studies in the field. Findings – This paper concludes that a formal strategic program along with identified learning outcomes for the student volunteers will be of benefit to both parties. Originality/value – The paper is the foundation for the development of the author's own formal program
Predicting Ordinary Kriging Errors Caused by Surface Roughness and Dissectivity

The magnitude of kriging errors varies in accordance with the surface properties. The purpose of this paper is to determine the association of ordinary kriging (OK) estimated errors with the local variability of surface roughness, and to analyse the suitability of probabilistic models for predicting the magnitude of OK errors from surface parameters. This task includes determining the terrain parameters in order to explain the variation in the magnitude of OK errors. The results of this research indicate that the higher order regression models, with complex interaction terms, were able to explain 95 per cent of the variation in the OK error magnitude using the least number of predictors. In addition, the results underscore the importance of the role of the local diversity of relief properties in increasing or decreasing the magnitude of interpolation errors. The newly developed dissectivity parameters provide useful information for terrain analysis. Our study also provides constructive guides to understanding the local variation of interpolation errors and their dependence on surface dissectivity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superdiffusions and positive solutions of non-linear partial differential equations

By using super-Brownian motion, all positive solutions of the non-linear differential equation with in a bounded smooth domain are characterized by their (fine) traces on the boundary. This solves a problem posed by the author a few years ago. The special case was treated by B. Mselati in 2002.
Use of Multicriteria Decision Making To Identify the Critical Highway Safety Needs of Special Population Groups

With the recognition of the importance of addressing special-population groups' safety needs, with the aim of increasing highway safety in the United States, the requirement arises to identify the critical issues. A multicriteria decision-making approach was used to identify the most critical highway safety needs of six special population groups: older drivers, young drivers, school-age children, international tourists, new immigrants, and people with disabilities. Two surveys were conducted in which the opinions of highway safety professionals were sought for identifying the most critical groups, and an index was developed on corresponding critical highway safety issues and concerns. The index corresponds to a score representing a multidimensional situation and estimates the weighted sum of all the six criteria considered. The six criteria considered were the impact on crash rates, the effectiveness of applying roadway design changes to address the issue, the effectiveness of applying policy changes to address the issue, the cost of implementing the change, the ease of implementing the change, and the priority to address the issue. Three different methods were used in assigning the weights for the six criteria, and ranking orders were compared for the reliability of the outcome. It was found that the ranking orders were almost consistent irrespective of the method used to determine the weights.
A Review of Adolescent Obesity: Prevalence, Etiology, and Treatment

Much of adult obesity has its roots in childhood. One of the tragedies of the current obesity epidemic is the significant and increasing prevalence of obesity in the young. One principal predictor of adult obesity is childhood obesity. We describe here the classification, epidemiology, causality, comorbidities, and treatment of adolescent obesity, both pharmacologic and surgical.
The validity of self-reported marijuana and cocaine use

This article presents initial evidence on the validity of self-report interview data obtained from recently booked arrestees participating in the Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program to identify factors associated with the accuracy of the DUF self-reports. In addition, this study examines issues surrounding the accuracy of self-reporting a relatively soft drug, such as marijuana, compared to a relatively hard drug, such as cocaine. The data were obtained from 4,080 arrestees in the DUF program in Omaha, Nebraska from 1987 to 1994. It was found that the accuracy of self-reported drug use varies considerably from one drug to another. In the case of a relatively soft drug, such as marijuana, the accuracy of self-reports may be less dependent on personal characteristics than on situational factors. When examining a relatively hard drug, however, such as cocaine, self-reports may be more influenced by both respondent characteristics and situational factors.
Embodying scientific concepts in the physical space of the classroom

Several simulation environments exist that create a place in which students can explore scientific phenomena. In this paper, we propose design guidelines for creating a classroom environment that puts scientific concepts directly into that physical space. We examine the results of two implementations of WallCology, which we characterize as an embedded phenomenon, in elementary and middle-school classrooms. Several instances of innovative student inquiry emerged as a result of the design features. Along with the results of learning, we look at the relationship between an embodied approach to design and the imaginative role of the student.
Ring-substituted polyaniline copolymers combining high solubility with high conductivity

Poly(aniline-co-phenetidine)s were synthesized by the copolymerization of aniline and o-phenetidine (o-ethoxyaniline). The molar feed ratio of the starting aniline monomers was varied to result in copolymers with different compositions. The actual composition was deduced by integrated proton NMR spectroscopy. The copolymers exhibit excellent solubility characteristics. It was particularly interesting to find that the 20% ethoxyaniline containing copolymer exhibits excellent solubility and yet retains the high conductivity characteristic of the unsubstituted homopolymer. The conductivity of the hydrochloride salt of this par-ticular copolymer is identical to that of the unsubstituted derivative. However, the copolymer solubility greatly exceeds that of the unsubstituted homopolymer. The copolymer in the base form exhibits very high solubility in NMP and the resulting solutions are exceedingly more stable than those of the unsubstituted derivative. A 10% by weight solution of the 20% ethoxy copolymer in NMP is stable for ⋍ 50 days at room temperature afterwhich a gel is formed as compared to previous reports of ⋍ 3–10 h stability for corresponding solutions of the unsubstituted derivative. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enabling and measuring innovation in the construction industry

Innovation is vital to successful, long-term company performance in the construction industry. Understanding the innovation process, how innovation can be enhanced and how it can be measured are key steps to managing and enhancing innovation. The factors that affect innovation on a project were identified, as well as how these factors can be used to measure the level of innovation on a project, and the practices and processes that encourage and facilitate innovative changes. Case studies of construction projects in the United States revealed three necessary components of innovation: idea generation, opportunity and diffusion. A variety of practices are used to optimize each component including support and commitment from the owner/client and firm upper management, workforce and project team integration and diversity. Applying the practices identified in the research leads to enhanced innovation through better communication among project team members, integration of the design and construction disciplines,...
Agrobacterium adherence involves the pectic portion of the host cell wall and is sensitive to the degree of pectin methylation

Cell walls isolated from dicotyledon tissues compete with natural plant host sites for Agrobacterium tumefaciens (strain B6) when co-inoculated with infectious bacteria, thereby reducing tumor initiation. Removal of the pectic fraction from the cell walls results in loss of inhibition and the soluble pectic fraction is inhibitory. On treatment with pectin methyl transferase plus S-adenosyl-L-methionine these cell walls become less inhibitory and this change is reversible by pectinesterase. Cell walls isolated from monocotyledons, crown gall tumors or embryonic dicotyledons do not compete for Agrobacterium in the infection assay. These cell walls become inhibitory on treatment with pectinesterase and this is partially reversed by pectin methyl transferase. These data indicate that the pectic portion of the host cell wall is involved in the Agrobacterium-host adherence which is essential for tumor initiation and that the degree of methylation of polygalacturonic acid is critical to this adherence.
Windowed ping: an IP layer performance diagnostic

Abstract The Internet is suffering from multiple effects of its rapid growth. Network providers now find themselves in the uncomfortable position of deploying new products and technologies into already-congested environments without adequate tools to assess their performance. In this paper we present a diagnostic tool that provides direct measurement of IP performance, including queue dynamics at or beyond the onset of congestion. It uses a transport style sliding window algorithm combined with ping or traceroute to sustain packet queues in the network. It can directly measure such parameters as throughput, packet loss rates and queue size as functions of packet and window sizes. Other parameters, such as switching time per packet or per byte, can also be derived. The measurements can be performed either in a test bed environment (yielding the most accurate results), on single routers in situ in the Internet, or along specific paths in the production Internet. We will illustrate several measurement techniques.
Local and Systemic Phentolamine Antagonism of Norepinephrine-Induced Hand Vein Constriction

The dorsal hand vein distention technique has been used to study the effects of α-adrenergic receptor antagonists on α-agonist-induced venoconstriction. Using this technique, we investigated the dose-effect relationships between different intravenous routes of phentolamine (an α-antagonist) administration on norepinephrine (an α-agonist)-induced hand vein constriction. Hand vein studies were done on healthy men ; each man was studied on up to four occasions. On one occasion for each man, graded doses of phentolamine were infused into a hand vein preconstricted (submaximally) with norepinephrine. The dose of phentolamine producing a half maximal response (ED 50 ) for reversal of venoconstriction, and the maximal reversal were calculated. On the other three occasions (randomly allocated) for each man, graded doses of norepinephrine were infused into a hand vein before and during intravenous infusions of (1) control (vehicle solutions) ; (2) systemic (other arm vein) phentolamine ; and (3) local (hand vein) phentolamine. Systemic and local phentolamine dose ratios (ED 50 of norepinephrine during phentolamine, divided by ED 50 of norepinephrine before phentolamine ; divided by the control dose ratio) were calculated. These studies show that phentolamine (administered directly into a preconstricted hand vein) can completely reverse norepinephrine-induced venoconstriction. Phentolamine, administered by either local or systemic intravenous infusion, induces a significant rightward shift (approximately 10-fold) in responsiveness to norepinephrine-induced venoconstriction. To achieve comparable degrees of α-antagonism, however, systemic phentolamine must be administered intravenously at a dose approximately 3,000-fold higher than that of local phentolamine. Implications of these dose-effect relationships, and their possible application to the treatment of norepinephrine extravasation and to hand vein studies with other receptor agonist-antagonist combinations, are discussed.
Movement Education: Its Effect on Motor Skill Performance.

Abstract The purposes of the present study were to evaluate transfer of movement education training to new skill performance and to evaluate skill improvement as a result of movement education and traditional training. The subjects were 47 first grade students who were in one of two classes. Each physical education class received one 30-minute class and one 20-minute class per week for 20 weeks. Subjects were taught movement principles either by a movement education approach or by a traditional approach. Johnson's Throw and Catch Test (1962) and a batting test for distance were used as pretests. These same tests were repeated as post tests in addition to two other tests which measured performance on striking and kicking distance and accuracy. Teaching approach groups were not significantly different on the latter two tests which measured the transfer of training effect. Traditional learning was better than movement education in developing throwing, catching, and batting performance. These results suggest ...
Estimation of the bone mineral density variation associated with changes in turnover rate

Bone matrix mineral density (BMDn, fraction of maximum) is the mean mineral density of a bone sample comprising moieties of bone of varying ages/mineral densities. A method for calculating BMDn as a function of bone turnover rate is presented. The method is based on a mineralization curve defined by values for mineralization lag time, total mineralization time, and levels of primary and final mineralization. The calculations illustrate that BMDn decreases linearly in direct proportion to increases in bone turnover rate, and that the slope of the line is dependent on the assumptions used to calculate the mineralization curve. BMDn variation is important because it is reflected in whole bone density variation, independent of changes in bone mass, when bone turnover rate is altered.
Heat Transport by Currents Across 25°N Latitude in the Atlantic Ocean

The heat transported by currents across 25°N in the Atlantic Ocean is estimated from oceanographic measurements to be 1.1 x 1015watts northward. This figure agrees, within estimated error, with the value obtained from charts of energy exchange between ocean and atmosphere but is smaller by a factor of 2 than the recent value derived from satellite radiation measurements.
A Model of Tectonic Stress State and Rate Using the 1994 Northridge Earthquake Sequence

A model of the spatial and temporal distribution of seismicity both before and after the Northridge, California, earthquake has been used to estimate the background stress state, loading rate, and some parameters relating to fault friction. A detailed source model was used to calculate the stress change field from the Northridge mainshock, which was fit to the spatial distribution of seismicity. Agreement between the best-fitting background stress state from seismicity modeling and the background stress state inferred from focal mechanisms was found to be 99% significant, showing that the spatial distribution of seismicity contains information about the stress state. The stress rate found for the Northridge area (≈1.2 Pa/day [0.004 bar/a]) is approximately a factor of 9 less than the stress rate expected from observed strain rates, which implies that aseismic deformation is reducing seismic hazard in the Los Angeles basin. The resulting estimate of the friction parameter A D ≈0.008 is similar to laboratory values if an effective normal stress much smaller than the overburden and similar to background stress magnitudes σ ≈ 70 MPa from the seismicity modeling is assumed to apply. Estimates of the magnitude of background stress, gradient of stress with depth and effective coefficient of friction are quite uncertain.
The design and use of a 2 terabyte optical archival store

A two-terabyte optical archival store (OAS) has been built and is currently in use with a number of VAX computers. It is intended to hold very large sets of experimental data for a minimum cost, with automatic operation and rapid random access to files. The system has been designed for easy use by scientists. The OAS can be used from a VAX cluster or via an extensive Ethernet and has shown the strong reliability needed for holding valuable data for long periods of time. >
Role of nitric oxide and adenosine in the onset of vasodilation during dynamic forearm exercise

We tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) and adenosine contribute to the onset of vasodilation during dynamic forearm exercise. Twenty-two subjects performed rhythmic forearm exercise (20 % of maximum) during control and NO synthase (NOS) inhibition (N G-monomethyl-l-arginine; l-NMMA) trials. A subset of subjects performed a third trial of forearm exercise during combined inhibition of NOS and adenosine (aminophylline; n = 9). Additionally, a separate group of subjects (n = 7) performed rhythmic forearm exercise during control, inhibition of adenosine alone and combined inhibition of adenosine and NOS. Forearm vascular conductance (FVC; ml min−1 · 100 mmHg−1) was calculated from blood flow and mean arterial pressure (mmHg). The onset of vasodilation was assessed by calculating the slope of the FVC response for every duty cycle between baseline and steady state, and the number of duty cycles (1-s contraction/2-s relaxation) to reach steady state. NOS inhibition blunted vasodilation at the onset of exercise (11.1 ± 0.8 vs. 8.5 ± 0.6 FVC units/duty cycle; P < 0.001 vs. control) and increased the time to reach steady state (25 ± 1 vs. 32 ± 1 duty cycles; P < 0.001 vs. control). Vasodilation was blunted further with combined inhibition of NOS and adenosine (7.5 ± 0.6 vs. 6.2 ± 0.8 FVC units/duty cycle; P < 0.05 vs. l-NMMA alone), but not with aminophylline alone (16.0 ± 2.2 vs. 14.7 ± 2.0 FVC units/duty cycle; P = 0.67 vs. control). Our data indicate that NO and adenosine (in the absence of NO) contribute to the onset of vasodilation during dynamic forearm exercise.
Proteoglycan Expression during Transforming Growth Factor β-induced Keratocyte-Myofibroblast Transdifferentiation

Keratocytes of the corneal stroma secrete a unique population of proteoglycan molecules considered essential for corneal transparency. In healing corneal wounds, keratocytes exhibit a myofibroblastic phenotype in response to transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), characterized by expression of α-smooth muscle actin. This study examined proteoglycan and collagen expression by keratocytes in vitro during the TGF-β-induced keratocyte-myofibroblast transition. TGF-β-treated primary bovine keratocytes developed myofibroblastic features, including actin stress fibers anchored to paxillin-containing focal adhesions, cell-associated fibronectin, α5 integrin, and α-smooth muscle actin. Collagen I and III protein and mRNA increased in response to TGF-β. Secretion of [35S]sulfate-labeled keratan sulfate proteoglycans decreased markedly in response to TGF-β. Dermatan sulfate proteoglycans, however, increased in size and abundance. Protein and mRNA transcripts for normal stromal proteoglycans (lumican, keratocan, mimecan, and decorin) all decreased in response to TGF-β, but protein expression and mRNA for biglycan, a proteoglycan present in fibrotic tissue, was markedly up-regulated. These results show that TGF-β in vitroinduces a proteoglycan expression pattern similar to that of corneal scars in vivo. This altered proteoglycan expression occurred coordinately with transdifferentiation of keratocytes to the myofibroblastic phenotype, implicating these cells as the source of fibrotic tissue in nontransparent corneal scars.