cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technical Human Capital and Job Mobility in an Era of Rapid Technological Innovation

We analyze the job matching process for skilled labor using an extensive panel dataset of naval officer careers during the Second Industrial Revolution. We find strong separation effects for officers with accumulated skills in technology-focused work and/or those with formal training as engineers. In particular, technology-based human capital increases the probability of a job switch quite substantially, even after controlling for wage differences and seniority. In addition to providing tests of matching-models, our results have important implications for policy makers evaluating incentives for retaining technologically trained human capital. This is applicable to help understand effects of wage differences in labor markets experiencing rapid technological change. Estimates also indicate that a ceteris paribus increase in the distribution of external wage offers increases the probability of job separation. Controlling for seniority and the effects from accumulated human capital, a 1% increase in the wage gap of internal wage offers relative to wages in external labor markets decreases the hazard for job separations by 0.8%.
Transit Bus Applications of Lithium Ion Batteries: Progress and Prospects

This chapter provides an overview of the diverse transit bus applications of advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The focus is on recent progress in the rechargeable energy storage systems (RESS) that successfully integrated the lighter, more compact LIBs with higher energy density and capacity in a broad range of power and propulsion configurations for urban transit bus fleets. Improvements in fuel efficiency and environmental performance of succeeding generations, as well as LIB-related safety, cost, reliability, availability, and maintainability issues are discussed. The chapter highlights and illustrates several Federal Transit Administration programs, which fostered the successful development, demonstration, and deployment of fuel-efficient hybrid electric and electric drive transit buses in operational urban fleets over the past decade. Lessons learned and remaining challenges to the large-scale adoption of LIB in transit fleets are discussed in context, including some recent recalls due to LIB safety issues. Progress in and prospects for future LIB improvements and remaining bus integration and application challenges are also discussed.
Chapter 24 Overview

Publisher Summary The chapter reviews in vitro culture of tissues and cells from the alimentary tract. In alimentary tract organs, mesenchymal cells are abundant and are intimately associated with epithelial cells. The epithelial cell populations lining the stomach, small intestine, and colon are extremely heterogeneous, ranging from rapidly renewing undifferentiated cells to highly differentiated cells including the absorptive cells and the secretory cells in the glands of the gastric mucosa and in the intestinal crypts. The optimal requirements for in vitro maintenance and growth of these various cell types that populate the epithelial lining of the stomach and intestine thus differ substantively. Explants of gastric, small intestinal and colonic mucosa can now be maintained consistently in vitro for 24 to 48 hours with minimal alteration of morphology and continued activity of most functional parameters assessed to date. A wide range of short-term studies of gastric and intestinal mucosal function and metabolism now seem possible.
American ITIL

ITIL® (pronounced 'Idol'), or Information Technology Infrastructure Library, is gaining popularity in the management of IT Services...not just in Industry but in Higher Education as well. Hobart and William Smith Colleges is beginning to use the ITIL® framework to transform the way it provides services to the Colleges. During this session, the CIO and Director of Operations and Technical Support from Hobart and William Smith Colleges will walk you through how the Colleges are using ITIL®, including Incident Management, Problem Management, the beginning stages of creating a Service Catalog, developing internal Operating Level Agreements (OLA's), establishing Service Level Agreements (SLA's) and creating metrics. Approaching service in this way, will allow you to create meaningful metrics that the customer can understand and that the IT support personnel will buy into. Involving key customers and IT personnel throughout the process is critical to success. We will talk about our approach to involving both IT support personnel and customers in each step of the process.
Vacuum tracking

A method to determine longitudinal pressure profiles in the presence of pumps and outgassing elements in conductance limited vacuum systems by a transfer matrix formalism is discussed. The algorithm is capable of dealing with multiple connected vacuum systems. An implementation of this method in the computer codes VAKTRAK and VAKLOOP is briefly described. >
FACTORS AFFECTING ENDOGENOUS RESPIRATION IN A FRESHWATER FUNGUS

Studies of factors affecting the utilization of endogenous reserves and of several exogenous substrates were performed using the freshwater chytridiomycete Phlyctochytrium punctatum. In starved cells, overall oxygen consumption is reduced, but exogenous glucose increases oxygen consumption. This increase results solely from respiration of exogenous glucose, in addition to the endogenous glucose used. Electron transport reagents such as 2,4-dinitrophenol increase oxygen consumption by stimulating endogenous respiration but not exogenous glu? cose utilization. The Q:Ct ratio of expired 14C02 = 1, suggesting that the major route of glucose catabolism in P. punctatum is via the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway. Efforts to purify and isolate active mitochondria from these and related organisms have been unsuccessful.
Silver Exchange of Layered Metal Oxides and Their Photocatalytic Activities

Layered Dion–Jacobson phases RbLaNb2O7 and RbA2Nb3O10 (A = Ca, Sr) and the Ruddlesden–Popper phase Rb2La2Ti3O10 were prepared by solid-state methods at a reaction time of 50 h and a temperature of 1100 °C. The products were silver-exchanged within a AgNO3 flux at a reaction time of 24 h and a temperature of 250 °C. Substitution of silver cations into the interlayer spacing of the layered structures is found to decrease the optical bandgap sizes on average by ∼0.5 to ∼1.0 eV. The products were found by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to exhibit irregularly shaped platelet morphologies with an average size of ∼1–5 μm across their lateral dimensions and stepped edges ranging from ∼20 to ∼300 nm in height. Significant increases in photocatalytic hydrogen production rates for all silver-exchanged products were observed. The silver-exchanged RbA2Nb3O10 layered structures exhibited the highest photocatalytic hydrogen formation rates under ultraviolet and visible irradiation (∼13,616 μmol H2·g–1·h–1). These ra...
Back to the future: a look at recursive binary trees

This paper builds upon the recursive list concepts presented in [Be02] by extending them to recursive binary trees. The authors take a minimalist approach, keeping the methods in a base class to a necessary and sufficient minimum with the hope of reducing the complexity of software that is built upon the base classes. A byproduct of this approach is a demonstration of the value of swap and factory methods.
Transformation: Economic, Social, Intellectual

Changes in the varied aspects of Lebanese life, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, to which Lebanese abroad contributed, were both radical and lasting. They were mainly due to the impact of the West and resulted in transforming a medieval society to a modernist one. Proximity to the sea, preponderance of the Christian element and a tradition of Western orientation made the people especially receptive to the new stimuli. A simple but dynamic discovery was made that man could alter his life by altering his state of mind. Progress, it was realized, was change from a state considered imperfect to one seemingly better. It presupposes belief in unrealized possibilities and involves self-criticism and desire for self-renewal. No such thorough changes had affected the Lebanese image since Crusading days.
Nonmalignant Leukocyte Disorders

Abnormalities of leukocyte count are routinely encountered in medical practice and rank among the most common reasons for hematologists to be consulted. The question often begins with whether there is a primary hematologic disorder, a clonal malignancy, versus a purely reactive process where the only required therapy would be directed toward the underlying disorder. That said, there is extreme variability in the significance of a decreased or elevated white blood cell count. Not infrequently, the abnormality may have little or no bearing on overall health and longevity, and the only intervention required is reassurance of the greatly concerned patient (and referring physician). At the other end of the spectrum, abnormal leukocyte counts may be acutely life-threatening per se or may be the first indication of an underlying life-threatening disorder.
Dietary composition influences incidence of Helicobacter pylori-induced iron deficiency anemia and gastric ulceration

Epidemiologic studies have provided conflicting data regarding an association between Helicobacter pylori infection and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in humans. Here, a Mongolian gerbil model was used to investigate a potential role of H. pylori infection, as well as a possible role of diet, in H. pylori-associated IDA. Mongolian gerbils (either H. pylori infected or uninfected) received a normal diet or one of three diets associated with increased H. pylori virulence: high-salt, low-iron, or a combination of a high-salt and low-iron diet. In an analysis of all infected animals compared to uninfected animals (independent of diet), H. pylori-infected gerbils had significantly lower hemoglobin values than their uninfected counterparts at 16 weeks postinfection (P < 0.0001). The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and serum ferritin values were significantly lower in H. pylori-infected gerbils than in uninfected gerbils, consistent with IDA. Leukocytosis and thrombocytosis were also detected in infected gerbils, indicating the presence of a systemic inflammatory response. In comparison to uninfected gerbils, H. pylori-infected gerbils had a higher gastric pH, a higher incidence of gastric ulcers, and a higher incidence of fecal occult blood loss. Anemia was associated with the presence of gastric ulceration but not gastric cancer. Infected gerbils consuming diets with a high salt content developed gastric ulcers significantly more frequently than gerbils consuming a normal-salt diet, and the lowest hemoglobin levels were in infected gerbils consuming a high-salt/low-iron diet. These data indicate that H. pylori infection can cause IDA and that the composition of the diet influences the incidence and severity of H. pylori-induced IDA.
Vision-based automatic detection of steel surface defects in the cold rolling process: considering the influence of industrial liquids and surface textures

In the cold rolling process, automatic surface defect detection could be considered as an important technique to monitor product quality, and so far, substantial kinds of surface defects have been already successfully inspected. However, the interference of industrial liquids and produced surface textures has been rarely studied yet. To address this problem, the vision-based automatic detection method is proposed in this paper containing three main parts: (i) region extraction, (ii) defect detection, and (iii) industrial liquid quantification. Four sets of experiments are designed to verify the feasibility, accuracy, and stability of the proposed method. The results indicate that the proposed method can detect most cracks and scratches with the accuracy of more than 91 %. Also, the proposed method could accurately quantify the industrial liquids including their numbers (with the average accuracy of more than 90 %) and their sizes (with the accuracy of more than 91 %); it is therefore expected to be promising because it could be utilized to track the online running status of the rolling system and provide rolling system maintenance suggestions.
Physiology for the pulmonary functional imager

As pulmonary functional imaging moves beyond the realm of the radiologist and physicist, it is important that imagers have a common language and understanding of the relevant physiology of the lung. This review will focus on key physiological concepts and pitfalls relevant to functional lung imaging.
Clinical Characteristics of Patients with a RBC Fragment Flag on the Advia® 2120 Automated Hematology Analyzer.

The clinical diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) is a difficult one to make. It is based on clinical criteria, one of which is a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, characterized morphologically by the presence of schistocytes on the peripheral blood smear. The ADVIA 2120 automated hematology analyzer is able to quantify the presence of red blood cell (RBC) fragments. We studied the ability of the ADVIA 2120 to be able to detect RBC fragments in the blood of TTP patients, and the characteristics of all patients in whom RBC fragments were obtained. During the study period, 6 TTP patients were studied. The initial numbers of RBC fragments ranged from 0.02–0.05 × 106 cells/μl. During the course of plasmapheresis, these numbers decreased to 0.00–0.02 × 106 cells/μl, corresponding to a rise in the platelet count. In the course of a month, 52 blood samples on 39 patients were flagged by the hematology analyzer to have RBC fragments (0.01–0.12 × 106 cells/μl). Within this population, there were two patients with TTP, and one with DIC. Four of the samples did not have detectable schistocytes upon visual inspection of the peripheral blood smear. There were 19 samples from 14 patients who had RBC fragment counts ≥ 0.04 × 106 cells/μl. The diagnoses in these 14 patients were iron deficiency anemia (4 patients), thalassemia trait (2), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2), and one each with TTP, sickle cell anemia, heart failure, kidney stone, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and end stage renal disease. We conclude that the RBC fragment flag on the ADVIA 2120 is nonspecific. Although it does detect schistocytes in TTP, these are often present in low numbers. Quantitatively, the most numerous RBC fragments are found in diseases with marked anisopoikilocytosis, such as iron deficiency anemia.
Trait Anger and Partner-Specific Anger Management Moderate the Temporal Association Between Alcohol Use and Dating Violence.

Objective:Research demonstrates alcohol temporally precedes and increases the odds of violence between intimate partners. However, despite an extensive theoretical literature on factors that likely moderate the relationship between alcohol and dating violence, minimal empirical research has examined such moderators.Method:The purpose of the present study was to examine two potential moderators of this association: trait anger and partner-specific anger management. Undergraduate men (N = 67) who had consumed alcohol within the past month and were in current dating relationships completed a baseline assessment of their trait anger and partner-specific anger management skills and subsequently completed daily assessments of their alcohol use and violence perpetration (psychological, physical, and sexual) for up to 90 consecutive days.Results:Alcohol was significantly associated with increased odds of physical aggression among men with relatively high but not low trait anger and partner-specific anger manageme...
Electronically self-assessed functional capacity and exercise testing: A comparison of the Duke Activity Status Index and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System tools

Purpose Electronic screening tools, such as Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function Short-Form 12a (PF-SF12a), may aid in the assessment of functional capacity. However, PROMIS PF-SF12a has not been validated against exercise capacity, or compared with established questionnaires, including the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI). We compared the DASI and PROMIS PF-SF12a to the maximum metabolic equivalents (METs) achieved during exercise stress testing. Methods DASI and PROMIS PF-SF12a were electronically administered to 100 adult patients (median age 56years, 61% male) immediately before exercise stress testing. DASI-predicted METs and PROMIS T score were calculated. Correlations with exercise METs with and without age adjustment were examined. Linear regression lines were derived and adjusted r 2 statistic was calculated. We compared models with the Davidson-Mackinnon J test. Results The median (interquartile range) DASI-predicted METs, PROMIS T score, and exercise METs were 8.97 (7.61-9.89), 47.90 (43.33-52.40), and 10.10 (10.10-12.80), respectively. In unadjusted correlation analyses, PROMIS accounted for 26% of the variance in exercise METs compared with 38% with DASI. With age adjustment, the r 2 values increased to 0.36 (PROMIS) and 0.46 (DASI). In both unadjusted and age-adjusted analyses, inclusion of DASI improved prediction of exercise METs beyond PROMIS T score ( P T score did not improve exercise MET prediction compared with DASI alone ( P >.10). Conclusion Among patients undergoing clinically indicated exercise stress testing, DASI outperformed PROMIS PF-SF12a as a predictor of exercise METs.
Cuprate phase diagram and the influence of nanoscale inhomogeneities

The phase diagram associated with cuprate superconductors is complicated by an array of different ground states. The parent material represents an antiferromagnetic insulator, but becomes a high-temperature superconductor upon doping. The underdoped region of the phase diagram is dominated by the so-called pseudogap phenomena, whose understanding presents one of the great challenges for the field. However, another aspect of these complex systems that is frequently overlooked is the tendency to phase separate into nanoscale regions upon hole doping. The overdoped region allowed the authors to examine the influence of the latter on the overall structure of the phase diagram.
An interpersonal perspective on Criterion A of the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders

This paper links Criterion A of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th Edition Alternative Model for Personality Disorders with the contemporary interpersonal model of personality pathology. Advances in interpersonal theory and assessment are outlined to demonstrate that Criterion A's self (identity, self-direction) and interpersonal (empathy, intimacy) impairments are related to the interpersonal meta-constructs and agency and communion and are operationalized by perceptual, behavioral, and affective mechanisms of the interpersonal situation framework. Research informed by the interpersonal situation examining interpersonal functioning in personality disorders is reviewed. Specifically, studies employing experience sampling with event-contingent designs examine social functioning in daily life and studies employing continuous assessment of interpersonal dynamics examine the moment-to-moment unfolding of interpersonal behavior in dyadic interactions.
Temporal Correlation Between Seismic Moment and Injection Volume for an Induced Earthquake Sequence in Central Oklahoma

The rapidly increased earthquake rate in the central United States has been linked with wastewater injection. While the overall understanding appears clear at large scales, the interaction between injection and faulting at smaller scales within individual sequences is still not clear. For an earthquake sequence in central Oklahoma, we conduct finer scale analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution of seismicity, and pore pressure modeling. The pore pressure modeling suggests that nearby wells show much stronger correlation with earthquake sequence evolution. Detailed temporal analysis found correlation between earthquake rate, seismic moment and injection rates from wells in close proximity. However, the observed maximum magnitude (Mmax) is about one order of magnitude smaller than expected based on a theoretical relationship between Mmax and cumulative volume. This discrepancy may point toward additional parameters, such as fault size and stress, which influence Mmax. The lower Mmax is consistent with the truncated Gutenberg-Richter distribution observed from matched-filter detected catalog. Overall, the detailed observations suggest that it is possible to resolve relationships between individual disposal wells and induced earthquake sequences.
Issue Scales, Information Cues, and the Proximity and Directional Models of Voter Choice:

One of the most important questions in the study of democratic politics centers on how citizens consider issues and candidate positions when choosing whom to support in an election. The proximity a...
The ecology and conservation of Cuba's coastal and marine ecosystems

Cuba has some of the most well-protected coastal ecosystems in the Caribbean Sea, with strong marine policies and legislation, including a system of marine protected areas intended to cover 25% of its insular shelf. The "crown jewel" of the system, Jardines de la Reina National Park, has near pristine levels of apex predators and well-preserved coral reefs. Yet overfishing, illegal fishing, land-based pollution, and global changes, including increased bleaching events and more intense hurricanes, are widespread stressors and major threats to marine ecosystems. Limited resources have hindered Cuba's ability to address these threats. Despite having numerous shared species and resources with the United States, the political division between the two governments has resulted in limited transfer of scientific information. At the end of 2014, the Obama and Castro administrations announced that they would begin improving relations after an approximately 50- yr gap that followed the US embargo of 1962, presenting an opportunity for more scientific exchange and collaboration in environmental management. This special issue of the Bulletin of Marine Science celebrates Cuban marine science and conservation efforts, while recognizing that improved relations and increased tourism and trade could put some natural areas at risk. Joint research shows promise that Cuba, the US, and other countries can work together on regional conservation efforts.
Distracted Driving Behaviors and Beliefs among Older Adults

Distracted driving, and especially cell phone use, is a prevalent contributor to crashes. Older drivers have an increased risk of committing safety errors while driving, especially with distraction...
Children's conceptual structures of science categories and the design of Web directories: Research Articles

Eleven middle school children constructed hierarchical maps for two science categories selected from two Web directories, Yahooliganse and KidsClicke For each category, children constructed a pair of maps: one without links and one with links. Forty-four maps were analyzed to identify similarities and differences. The structures of the maps were compared to the structures employed by the directories. Children were able to construct hierarchical maps and articulate the relationships among the concepts. At the global level (whole map), children's maps were not alike and did not match the structures of the Web directories. At the local levels (superordinate and subordinate), however, children shared similarities in the conceptual configurations, especially for the concrete concepts. For these concepts, substantial overlap was found between the children's structures and those employed in the directories. For the abstract concepts the configurations were diverse and did not match those in the directories. The findings of this study have implications for design of systems that are more supportive of children's conceptual structures. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RAMAN TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS DURING LASER HEATING OF SILICON

We describe the use of anti-Stokes-to-Stokes Raman ratios for measuring lattice temperatures during laser heating of crystalline silicon. The observed peak temperatures, which range from room temperature to the melting point, are compared with the nonlinear heat diffusion calculation of Lax for Gaussian beam profiles. The results show the importance of including in the theory the temperature dependence of the silicon absorption coefficient when small spot diameters are used. Analysis of the asymmetric Raman line shape provides evidence for thermal expansion and strain effects in the heated spot. Finally we discuss the use two pulsed dye lasers for temporally monitoring the temperature following a 10 nsec heating pulse.
P157 Virtual crossmatch can be used successfully as pre-transplant crossmatch for most deceased donor transplants at a high volume center

Aim We developed a reliable virtual crossmatch (VXM) method for use as pre-transplant XM for deceased donor (DD) kidney transplantation (Ktx). Here we report the outcomes of 248 Ktx performed based on VXM. Methods Our VXM method includes 3 integral processes: accurate identification of HLA antibodies (Ab) using right tools and principles, assessment of correlation between the strength of donor specific Ab (DSA) and T and B cell bindings by flow XM (FXM), and listing of clinically relevant unacceptable antigens that will not impact DD offers or graft survival. From the start of the new KAS through Dec. 2016, 434 DD-Ktx were performed at UCSF, of which 375 (86%) were performed based on VXM (350 were VXM−ve with DSA+/− and 25 were VXM+ve with DP/DQα DSA+). 59/434 (14%) of the Ktxs were performed based on pre-tx FXM (54 were FXM−ve with DSA+/− and 5 were FXM+ve with DP-DSA+). Six month protocol biopsy (Bx) and cause Bx were evaluated for C4d rejection. Results All 350 pre-tx VXM−ve assessments were negative by retrospective FXM. There were no hyper acute rejections in these 350 Ktx. Biopsies of 273 negative VXM-based Ktx revealed no significant difference in the rate of antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) or in acute cellular rejection (ACR) between 3 distinct CPRA groups (Table). Females, re-tx, well-matched tx, and de nova DSA producers were more frequent in both high CPRA groups compared to 0–79% CPRA group. Pre-tx DSA was more common in 99–100% CPRA group compared to other groups. Conclusions Our VXM protocol is reliable, has excellent graft survival, and works even for those with 100% CPRA. Accurate VXM method improves organ allocation for broadly sensitized patients, increases the efficiency of regional/national sharing, and avoids reallocation into unintended recipients. Download : Download high-res image (137KB) Download : Download full-size image
OBESITY PARADOXICALLY IMPROVES SURVIVAL IN CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY (CRT) PATIENTS INDEPENDENT OF EFFECT ON LEFT VENTRICULAR REMODELING AND CRT RESPONSE

Obesity may be associated with an increased risk of developing heart failure but also with improved survival in patients with heart failure. However, the effect of body mass index (BMI) in patients with heart failure undergoing CRT implantation is unknown. We retrospectively reviewed patients
Total synthesis of rapamycin

Details of the total synthesis of rapamycin (1) are reported. The synthesis required the preparation of intermediates 4 - 9 in nonracemic form; key coupling reactions included a chromium-mediated addition of vinyl iodide 8 to aldehyde 7 and an Evans aldol reaction to couple fragments 62 and 9. Intermediates 4 and 6 were joined through an amide bond formation to afford advanced intermediate 71. Swern oxidation of the diol in 71 was followed by a selective removal of the TES groups and a second Swern oxidation. Finally, removal of the remaining silyl protecting groups provided fully deprotected, penultimate intermediate 2 in which all carbons were in their proper oxidation state. Macrocyclization was achieved through a tandem inter/intramolecular palladium-mediated Stille coupling reaction between distannylethene 3 and bis(vinyl iodide) 2. This latter process accomplished in one step the installation of the remaining two carbons of the natural product and the completion of its total synthesis.
Searching Through History; Searching for History

Lawyers' histories of the Fourth Amendment have been partial in two ways: they have been incomplete, reviewing only a small fraction of the relevant historical data, and they have been partisan, selectively deploying fragments of the historical record to support their arguments about the Amendment's meaning. By historians' standards, lawyers' histories of the Fourth Amendment's origins have been partial. Most obviously, these histories have been incomplete in the scope and depth of their research and analysis. Length is not the measure of a history's quality. But when a history is so brief that it fails to discuss, or apparently even to consider important sources, brevity is a shortcoming. This has been a common defect in lawyers' histories of the Fourth Amendment's origins. It is a mistake to accept these tendentious lawyers' histories as attempts at researching and writing history, for they are something else. They are not the product of work by researchers sensitive to the "admonition that historians should devote themselves to the task of determining what actually happened." They are more akin to the work product of lawyers engaged in litigation. To illustrate this point, the discussion contrasts a partial history offered by a prominent constitutional scholar with William J. Cuddihy's work, which is the most ambitious history of the Fourth Amendment's origins yet undertaken by a professional historian. Identifying the virtues and limitations of Fourth Amendment histories is important, if only because they have had practical significance in constitutional law: they have been used by judges deciding cases. We need not revisit the endless and circular debate about originalism to recognize that history matters to constitutional decision makers. This does not mean that lawyers' histories are invalid; indeed, they serve significant functions in our legal world. But it is important that we recognize lawyers' histories for what they are, and for what they are not. This kind of work is not constitutional history, it is not legal history; it is not history. It is a lawyer's selective use of historical data to advance a legal argument. What is worrisome is that judges, lawmakers, or scholars will mistake lawyers' histories for something else, and that judges will decide cases based upon some partial history whose author claims to have discovered history's true and literal meaning.
Fast-start escape performance across temperature and salinity gradients in mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus.

Fast-start predator-escape performance of mummichogs Fundulus heteroclitus was tested across field-informed variation in temperature (24, 30 and 36°C) and salinity (2, 12 and 32 ppt). Performance was similar across temperatures and salinities when fish were allowed to acclimate to these conditions. However, when mummichogs experienced acute temperature changes, performance exhibited thermal dependence in two contrasting ways. Fast-start turning rates and linear speeds varied directly with the temperature at which the manoeuvre was executed, but these aspects of performance varied inversely with acclimation temperature, with cool-acclimated fish exhibiting faster starts across test temperatures. Temperature effects were consistent across salinities. These results suggest that while mummichogs increase performance with acute temperature increases, long-term rises in sea temperature may cause these fish to become more susceptible to predation during abrupt cooling events, such as when storm events flood shallow water estuaries with cool rainwater.
The ectodomain of matriptase-2 plays an important nonproteolytic role in suppressing hepcidin expression in mice.

Abstract Matriptase-2 (MT2), encoded by TMPRSS6, is a membrane-anchored serine protease that plays a key role in suppressing hepatic hepcidin expression. MT2 is synthesized as a zymogen and undergoes autocleavage for activation. Previous studies suggest that MT2 suppresses hepcidin by cleaving hemojuvelin and other components of the bone morphogenetic protein–signaling pathway. However, the underlying mechanism is still debatable. Here we dissected the contributions of the nonproteolytic and proteolytic activities of Mt2 by taking advantage of Mt2 mutants and Tmprss6−/− mice. Studies of the protease-dead full-length Mt2 (Mt2S762A) and the truncated Mt2 that lacks the catalytic domain (Mt2mask) indicate that the catalytic domain, but not its proteolytic activity, was required for Mt2 to suppress hepcidin expression. This process was likely accomplished by the binding of Mt2 ectodomain to Hjv and Hfe. We found that Mt2 specifically cleaved the key components of the hepcidin-induction pathway, including Hjv, Alk3, ActRIIA, and Hfe, when overexpressed in hepatoma cells. Nevertheless, studies of a murine iron-refractory iron-deficiency anemia–causing mutant (Mt2I286F) in the complement protein subcomponents C1r/C1s, urchin embryonic growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein 1 domain indicate that Mt2I286F can be activated, but it exhibited a largely compromised ability to suppress hepcidin expression. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis revealed that Mt2I286F, but not Mt2S762A, had reduced interactions with Hjv, ActRIIA, and Hfe. In addition, increased expression of a serine protease inhibitor, the hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-2, in the liver failed to alter hepcidin. Together, these observations support the idea that the substrate interaction with Mt2 plays a determinant role and suggest that the proteolytic activity is not an appropriate target to modulate the function of MT2 for clinical applications.
Hitz-bukaerako herskariak: kontsonante talkak

In Basque word-final stop consonants have very low lexical frequency, but very high token frequency in discourse, since final /-t/ and /-k/ appear in very common suffixes. Here we undertake an acoustic investigation of the phonetic realization of word-final stops, with a focus on consonant clusters that arise across word boundaries. Our analysis is based on a corpus of conversational speech. Measurements of relative intensity show that such clusters are usually greatly reduced. A more detailed spectrographic analysis confirms a tendency for /-k/ and /-t/ to be deleted or reduced to approximants preconsonantally. On the other hand, the devoicing phenomena reported in the dialectological literature (e.g. /k#b/ --> [p]) appear to be infrequent.
Mental Health in LGBTQ PoC

Social oppression (in the form of discrimination) takes a toll on the health of individuals. Indeed, extensive disparities in physical and mental health outcomes are evident for oppressed people, particularly sexual and gender and racial/ethnic communities. Despite their growing presence, racial/ethnic LGBTQ experience greater psychosocial stress from society’s marginalization. Arguably, many of these experiences become salient in adolescence for racial/ethnic LGBTQ given development of these identities during this period. Therefore, adolescence represents a critical period in the development of mental health issues for LGBTQ PoC. This chapter draws from the minority stress theory as it relates to mental health disparities among racial/ethnic LGBTQ. Additionally, the chapter focuses on the importance of stigma and discrimination during the critical period of adolescence, and how these experiences may lead to deterioration in mental health across the life span for LGBTQ PoC.
Home health aide perceived information needs for dementia-specific care plans.

Abstract Home health aides (HHAs) are a vital workforce essential to meet the complex care needs of the persons living with dementia (PLWD) who remain at home. Care plans for PLWD in the home healthcare setting should incorporate HHAs perspectives. We sought to understand HHAs’ perspectives about their information needs in caring for PLWD, from June to August 2020, semi-structured interviews telephone interviews (n = 25) with English and Spanish-speaking HHAs with limited English proficiency in the New York metropolitan area. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and transcripts were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Four key themes emerged reflective of information needs of HHAs caring for PLWD: (1) ambiguities of scope of HHA tasks related to medication management; (2) clinical information needs of HHAs; (3) dementia-related concerns; and (4) going above and beyond. Findings from this research can guide efforts to develop dementia-specific care plans, and training to support the HHA workforce caring for the growing population of PLWD.
Adaptive Elasticity: A Review and Critique of a Bone Tissue Adaptation Model

Living bone is continually undergoing processes of growth, reinforcement and resorption. These processes are termed collectively "remodelling". The remodelling processes in living bone are the mechanisms by which the bone adapts its histological structure to changes in long-term loading. The theory of adaptive elasticity was developed as a model for the mechanical load induced adaptation of bone. Ali three aspects of the theory of adaptive elasticity are reviewed here. These include internal adaptation, surface adaptation and architectural adaptation. The successes of the theory as well as the features of the theory that should now be revised are discussed.
Cellulose-Pectin Spatial Contacts Are Inherent to Never-Dried Arabidopsis Primary Cell Walls: Evidence from Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

The structural role of pectins in plant primary cell walls is not yet well understood because of the complex and disordered nature of the cell wall polymers. We recently introduced multidimensional solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to characterize the spatial proximities of wall polysaccharides. The data showed extensive cross peaks between pectins and cellulose in the primary wall of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), indicating subnanometer contacts between the two polysaccharides. This result was unexpected because stable pectin-cellulose interactions are not predicted by in vitro binding assays and prevailing cell wall models. To investigate whether the spatial contacts that give rise to the cross peaks are artifacts of sample preparation, we now compare never-dried Arabidopsis primary walls with dehydrated and rehydrated samples. One-dimensional 13C spectra, two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectra, water-polysaccharide correlation spectra, and dynamics data all indicate that the structure, mobility, and intermolecular contacts of the polysaccharides are indistinguishable between never-dried and rehydrated walls. Moreover, a partially depectinated cell wall in which 40% of homogalacturonan is extracted retains cellulose-pectin cross peaks, indicating that the cellulose-pectin contacts are not due to molecular crowding. The cross peaks are observed both at −20°C and at ambient temperature, thus ruling out freezing as a cause of spatial contacts. These results indicate that rhamnogalacturonan I and a portion of homogalacturonan have significant interactions with cellulose microfibrils in the native primary wall. This pectin-cellulose association may be formed during wall biosynthesis and may involve pectin entrapment in or between cellulose microfibrils, which cannot be mimicked by in vitro binding assays.
Activity‐Based Protein Profiling (ABPP) and Click Chemistry (CC)–ABPP by MudPIT Mass Spectrometry

Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a chemical proteomic method for functional interrogation of enzymes within complex proteomes. This Unit presents a protocol for in vitro and in vivo labeling using ABPP and Click Chemistry (CC)-ABPP probes for in-depth profiling using the Multi-dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) analysis platform.
Efficient Use and Provision of Transportation Infrastructure with Imperfect Pricing: Second Best Rules

Over the last five years, there has been a re-thinking of the way in which transportation infrastructure services are priced, financed, managed and delivered. The position taken by politicians and policy makers that roads and highways, ports, and airports and airway systems were part of social overhead capital to be provided by government at less than full cost has been challenged. There are many who contend that users should pay all costs including a charge for environmental damage.2 Within this group, however, there is not agreement as to how this might be achieved. The other stimulus to re-thinking pricing of transportation infrastructure is a shift to fiscal conservatism with an emphasis on efficiency.
Simulation of the effective medium model (EMM) of the artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) using the FDTD method [monopole antenna example]

The EMM of an AMC, reported in (S. A. Clavijo et al, IEEE Trans. Ant. Prop., vol.51, p.2678-2690, 2003), is implemented in FDTD, which allows us to demonstrate the validity of the model. This is done by verifying its surface wave bandwidth. With this model implemented in FDTD then the AMC can easily be treated as a material and its interactions with antennas and other materials can be modeled. Also, the effect of its finiteness can be easily assessed.
Quality metrics in cardiac catheterization for congenital heart disease: Utility of 30‐day mortality

Objectives: To characterize the frequency and attributability of death among patients who died within 30 days of their cardiac catheterization (30-day mortality). Background: 30-day postprocedure mortality is commonly used as a quality outcome metric in national cardiac catheterization registries. It is unclear if this parameter is sufficiently specific to meaningfully capture mortality attributable to cardiac catheterization in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Methods: Multicenter cohort study with 3 participating centers. Records were retrospectively reviewed for patients who died within 30 days of catheterization (06/2007-06/2012). Attributability of death was assigned to each case. Results: A total of 14,707 cardiac catheterization procedures were performed during the study period. Death occurred within 30 days in 279/14,707 (1.9%) of cases. Among the patients who died, 53% of cases were emergent or urgent cases. The median age was 4 mos (1 day–45 years). Death was attributable to the catheterization procedure in 29/279 (10%) of cases. Death was attributable to cardiac surgery in 14%, precatheterization clinical status in 34%, postcatheterization clinical status in 22%, and noncardiac comorbidity in 19%. In 1%, death attributability could not be established. Conclusions: While valuable in adult settings, 30-day mortality is inadequate as a quality metric among patients with CHD undergoing cardiac catheterization. To derive the optimal benefit from catheterization registry data, more robust methodologies to capture procedure-related mortality are needed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fully Automated Quantitative Estimation of Volumetric Breast Density from Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Images: Preliminary Results and Comparison with Digital Mammography and MR Imaging.

This study introduces a fully automated method for the computation of quantitative volumetric breast density from digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) images and demonstrates a comparison with volume-based measures from full-field mammography, DBT, and MR imaging.
Data integrity of the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium (PC4) clinical registry.

Background Clinical databases in congenital and paediatric cardiac care provide a foundation for quality improvement, research, policy evaluations and public reporting. Structured audits verifying data integrity allow database users to be confident in these endeavours. We report on the initial audit of the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium (PC4) clinical registry. Materials and methods Participants reviewed the entire registry to determine key fields for audit, and defined major and minor discrepancies for the audited variables. In-person audits at the eight initial participating centres were conducted during a 12-month period. The data coordinating centre randomly selected intensive care encounters for review at each site. The audit consisted of source data verification and blinded chart abstraction, comparing findings by the auditors with those entered in the database. We also assessed completeness and timeliness of case submission. Quantitative evaluation of completeness, accuracy, and timeliness of case submission is reported. Results We audited 434 encounters and 29,476 data fields. The aggregate overall accuracy was 99.1%, and the major discrepancy rate was 0.62%. Across hospitals, the overall accuracy ranged from 96.3 to 99.5%, and the major discrepancy rate ranged from 0.3 to 0.9%; seven of the eight hospitals submitted >90% of cases within 1 month of hospital discharge. There was no evidence for selective case omission. Conclusions Based on a rigorous audit process, data submitted to the PC4 clinical registry appear complete, accurate, and timely. The collaborative will maintain ongoing efforts to verify the integrity of the data to promote science that advances quality improvement efforts.
Extracting Consumers' Private Information for Implementing Incentive-Compatible Internet Traffic Pricing

Internet traffic pricing is necessary for the vitality of electronic commerce because uncontrolled congestion creates a detrimental effect on quality of the Internet services. Pricing approaches based on negative externality have potential to address the issue of congestion. However, most externality-based pricing approaches require the knowledge of consumers' private demand characteristics, and this requirement is often pointed out as the single most important shortcoming of these mechanisms. The fact that the Internet is a public good presents challenging information extraction problems for network managers in implementing any pricing mechanism. Ideally, we seek an incentive-compatible mechanism - a means of extracting the required information that provides no incentives for users to alter their behavior in an attempt to manipulate the information extraction and price setting processes. We present a solution based on a new nonparametric statistical technique that was developed for this purpose. While the results in this paper are presented in the context of our prior research on pricing, the approach presented here applies to information extraction and implementation in other resource pricing approaches.