cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CiteData: a new multi-faceted dataset for evaluating personalized search performance

Personalized search systems have evolved to utilize heterogeneous features including document hyperlinks, category labels in various taxonomies and social tags in addition to free-text of the documents. Consequently, classifiers, PageRank algorithms and Collaborative Filtering methods are often used as intermediate steps in such personalized retrieval systems. Thorough comparative evaluation of such complex systems has been difficult due to the lack of appropriate publicly available datasets that provide such diverse feature sets. To remedy the situation, we have created CiteData, a new dataset for benchmark evaluations of personalized search performance, that will be made publicly accessible. CiteData is a collection of academic articles extracted from CiteULike and CiteSeer repositories, with rich feature sets such as authors, author-affiliations, topic labels, social tags and citation information. We further supplement it with personalized queries and relevance judgments which were obtained from volunteer users. This paper starts with a discussion of the design criteria and characteristics of the CiteData dataset in comparison with current benchmark datasets, followed by a set of task-oriented empirical evaluations of popular algorithms in statistical classification, collaborative filtering and link analysis as intermediate steps for personalized search. Our results show significant performance improvement of personalized approaches, over that of unpersonalized approaches. We also observe that a meta personalized search engine that leverages information from multiple sources of features performs better than algorithms that use only one of the constituent source of features.
Fixing of a photorefractive grating in KTa1-xNbxO3 by cooling through the ferroelectric phase transition

We report the fixing of a photorefractive grating in KTa1-xNbxO3 . The procedure involves the writing of a photorefractive grating in the cubic phase and the cooling of the sample under an applied field into the rhombohedral phase. We discuss possible mechanisms responsible for the effect.
Rehabilitation of orthopedic and rheumatologic disorders. 2. Osteoarthritis assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation.

Abstract Stitik TP, Kaplan RJ, Kamen LB, Vo AN, Bitar AA, Shih VC. Rehabilitation of orthopedic and rheumatologic disorders. 2. Osteoarthritis assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation. This self-directed learning module discusses a patient with knee osteoarthritis and addresses the clinical presentation, assessment, medical management, rehabilitation approaches, and surgical options. It is part of the chapter on osteoarthritis in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This chapter emphasizes the differential diagnosis, clinical diagnostic considerations, current pharmacology, orthotics, exercise interventions, and surgical procedure options for a patient with knee osteoarthritis. Overall article objective To summarize diagnostic considerations and management of knee osteoarthritis.
Mechanism of intercalation: Ion effects on the equilibrium and kinetic constants for the interaction of propidium and ethidium with DNA

The effects of sodium ion concentration on the binding isotherms and association and dissociation reaction rates for the interaction of the closely related intercalating dication, propidium, and the monocation, ethidium, with DNA have been determined by spectrophotometric binding and stopped-flow kinetics methods. The binding of propidium to DNA is best described by a neighbor-exclusion binding isotherm (two base pairs per binding site) with negative ligand cooperatively on binding. The cooperativity parameter is fairly independent of salt concentration, while the log of the observed equilibrium binding constant varies with −log [Na+], with a slope of two for the propidium–DNA interaction. These effects of the sodium ion on the equilibrium binding of propidium with DNA are similar to those previously described for the dication, quinacrine [Wilson, W.D. & Lopp, I.G. (1979) Biopolymers, 18, 3025–3041]. Ethidium behaves, as a function of salt, as a monocation binding to DNA with neighbor exclusion and without ligand cooperativity. Equations are derived for two limiting kinetics models for intercalation involving binding of the intercalator to a preequilibrium, open state of DNA (model I) or binding form a preequilibrium externally associated state of the intercalator with DNA (model II). Model II gives the best fit to all of the kinetic results if it is assumed that the initial external interaction of the intercalator with DNA is similar to the exchange of free and condensed simple counterions. Intercalation then occurs from this state following an opening transition of the base pairs of the double helix. This model predicts a larger effect of salt concentration on the association than on the dissociation reaction, and that is what is experimentally observed. The intercalation conformational change makes a significant contribution to the ionic effects for both the equilibrium binding and the kinetic constants. The dissociation results and the association reaction results under pseudo-first-order conditions could be fit with single exponential curves under the conditions of our experiments.
Reversal of the Hall field in indium

Abstract The Hall effect in single crystal has been investigated at 63 kOe over the 6–280 K temperature range. The Hall coefficient reverses sign as a function of temperature. The high temperature value is less negative then theoretical predictions.
Spontaneous Platelet Activation in Patients With Sickle Cell Anemia-a Marker For Stroke? † 788

Spontaneous Platelet Activation in Patients With Sickle Cell Anemia-a Marker For Stroke? † 788
Maximum-Likelihood Parameter Estimation for the Thin-Shell Quasi-Newtonian Model for a Laboratory Blown Film Extruder

While most plastic films are manufactured by blown film extrusion, their first-principles modeling has remained substantially more challenging than for most other chemical engineering unit operations due to its combination of heat transfer, crystallization, and non-Newtonian fluid mechanics. This paper applies maximum-likelihood parameter estimation to characterize the convective heat transfer characteristics from measured spatial radii and temperature profiles for a laboratory-scale blown film process extruding a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) polymer. The Pearson and Petrie thin-film extrusion model incorporates (i) a quasi-Newtonian constitutive relation for the effect of temperature and crystallization on the viscosity of the polymer and (ii) a spatial variation of the heat transfer coefficient that is qualitatively consistent with turbulent flow simulations reported in the literature. A single heat transfer expression fit the experimental conditions for a cooling air flow rate of 1.5 m/s, wh...
Traditional Polity and the Dynamics of Change in India

The title of this essay begins with the word traditional and it moves towards the idea of change. As is well known, these terms—tradition and change—are not opposites, nor are they to be understood in contradistinction to one another. It is important in this context to avoid the temptation to treat them as contradictory or to draw contrasts between what one considers on the one hand traditional, and on the other, changing. One cannot accurately speak of what was as over against what will be, or what is becoming. Nor can one view the ancient as opposed to that which is modern. Clearly, the opposite of change is permanence and persistence, and is not—at least not necessarily—to be couched in terms of the traditional. One need only to remind oneself that among the most compelling elements in the West's intellectual history is the idea of progress, to understand that there are indeed traditions in which the notion of change itself has played a significant role. And so it does not follow that "traditional Indi...
MASS-SPLITTING THEOREM FOR TRANSLATIONALLY INVARIANT NONINTEGRABLE LIE ALGEBRAS.

In a previous article, a rigorous theorem prohibiting the derivation of stable baryon mass spectra from unitary representations of Lie groups was generalized to the case of nonunitary group representations. In the present note, the generalization is taken a stage further; namely, it is shown that, subject to some physically mild conditions concerning translational invariance and closure, an analogous theorem can be established for the case of nonintegrable representations of Lie algebras.
Matched Filtering In White Light Illumination

The performance of achromatic optical processors is reviewed and described. Both in-line and off-axis configurations are compared. Matched filtering experiments using a white light source of low spatial coherence are reported. Plots of correlation intensities are presented for the spatially coherent and non-coherent cases.
The reaction catalyzed by tetrachlorohydroquinone dehalogenase does not involve nucleophilic aromatic substitution.

Tetrachlorohydroquinone dehalogenase catalyzes the reductive dehalogenation of tetrachlorohydroquinone and trichlorohydroquinone during the biodegradation of the xenobiotic compound pentachlorophenol by Sphingobium chlorophenolicum. The mechanism of this transformation is of interest because it is unusual and difficult, and because aerobic microorganisms rarely catalyze reductive dehalogenation reactions. Tetrachlorohydroquinone dehalogenase is a member of the glutathione S-transferase superfamily. Many enzymes in this superfamily are capable of catalyzing nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. On the basis of this precedent, we have considered a mechanism for tetrachlorohydroquinone dehalogenase that involves a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction, either via an SNAr mechanism or an SRN1-like mechanism, in the initial part of the reaction. Mechanistic studies were carried out with the wild type enzyme and with the C13S mutant enzyme, which catalyzes only the initial steps in the reaction. T...
Tolerance to missing data using a likelihood ratio based classifier for computer-aided classification of breast cancer

While mammography is a highly sensitive method for detecting breast tumours, its ability to differentiate between malignant and benign lesions is low, which may result in as many as 70% of unnecessary biopsies. The purpose of this study was to develop a highly specific computer-aided diagnosis algorithm to improve classification of mammographic masses. A classifier based on the likelihood ratio was developed to accommodate cases with missing data. Data for development included 671 biopsy cases (245 malignant), with biopsy-proved outcome. Sixteen features based on the BI-RADS™ lexicon and patient history had been recorded for the cases, with 1.3 ± 1.1 missing feature values per case. Classifier evaluation methods included receiver operating characteristic and leave-one-out bootstrap sampling. The classifier achieved 32% specificity at 100% sensitivity on the 671 cases with 16 features that had missing values. Utilizing just the seven features present for all cases resulted in decreased performance at 100% sensitivity with average 19% specificity. No cases and no feature data were omitted during classifier development, showing that it is more beneficial to utilize cases with missing values than to discard incomplete cases that cannot be handled by many algorithms. Classification of mammographic masses was commendable at high sensitivity levels, indicating that benign cases could be potentially spared from biopsy.
If Specimen Collection and Processing Guidelines Fall, Does Anyone Hear Them? Pre-Analytical Conundrums in Clinical Microbiology

Abstract Provision of accurate and meaningful test results requires that all procedures, beginning with specimen procurement and ending with interpretation of final results, be performed according to best practices. Deviations may lead to under- or over-reporting of pathogens and incorrect assessment of an infectious process. Since we cannot assume that all procedures are performed according to protocols, relevant quality measures should be incorporated into routine practice. In this review, the most significant aspects of specimen collection, transport, and processing are discussed for the most important types of specimens. Microbiologists need to work closely with nurses and clinicians to maintain efficient practices and provide high-quality specimens.
On Incremental Analysis in Resource Allocations

This paper discusses the use of incremental analysis for solving a generalized version of the one constraint resource allocation problem considered by Shih. It also provides a proof of the optimality of his solution procedure.
Heterojunction III&#8212;V alloy photodetectors for high-sensitivity 1.06-&#181;m optical receivers

A new type of 1.06-µm solid-state detector is discussed, the inverted hetrojunction III-V alloy mesa photodiode, which offers quantum efficiencies near 1.00 percent, extremely low capacitance and transit time, and low dark currents. The characterstics of these detectors allow their use in sensitive 1.06-µm optical receivers which promise better signal-to-noise ratios in a number of applications than any other available 1.06-µm photodetector. In particular, an optimization procedure for selecting photodiode and preamplifier parameters to give the best signal-to-noise ratio under signal conditions is discussed and this technique is applied to a proposed system application. It is shown that in this laser-illuminated airborne night imaging system, a small area heterojunction III-V alloy photodiode detector in an optimized receiver should be able to give signal-to-noise ratios much higher than any other 1.06-µm detector approach, even though the other 1.06-µm detectors may have lower noise equivalent power (NEP) values than this receiver. This is an illustration of the fact that such "magic numbers" for detector comparision as NEP are applicable only to comparing similar types of detectors in certain specific types of applications (such as comparing IR photoconductors in a high background application), and are of very little value in determining the relative performance of different types of detectors for a given system application (such as comparing photomultipliers, avalanche photodiodes, and low-noise photodiodes for this application).
Intra-Spike Crosslinking Overcomes Antibody Evasion by HIV-1

Antibodies developed during HIV-1 infection lose efficacy as the viral spike mutates. We postulated that anti-HIV-1 antibodies primarily bind monovalently because HIV's low spike density impedes bivalent binding through inter-spike crosslinking, and the spike structure prohibits bivalent binding through intra-spike crosslinking. Monovalent binding reduces avidity and potency, thus expanding the range of mutations permitting antibody evasion. To test this idea, we engineered antibody-based molecules capable of bivalent binding through intra-spike crosslinking. We used DNA as a "molecular ruler" to measure intra-epitope distances on virion-bound spikes and construct intra-spike crosslinking molecules. Optimal bivalent reagents exhibited up to 2.5 orders of magnitude increased potency (>100-fold average increases across virus panels) and identified conformational states of virion-bound spikes. The demonstration that intra-spike crosslinking lowers the concentration of antibodies required for neutralization supports the hypothesis that low spike densities facilitate antibody evasion and the use of molecules capable of intra-spike crosslinking for therapy or passive protection.
Performance limitations imposed on optical waveguide switches and modulators by polarization

Crosstalk in optical waveguide switches/modulators caused by having two polarizations simultaneously present is studied in this work. This situation is expected to arise when fiber optical transmission lines are coupled to integrated optical circuits. Modulator/switch performance is found to be strongly affected by having two propagating polarizations. Conditions on device design are found that minimize the polarization sensitivity of switches/modulators, making them suitable for use with fiber optic transmission lines.
Scintiphotographic Evaluation of Patients with Suspected Left Ventricular Aneurysm

Twenty-two patients with a history of myocardial infarction and suspected of having a left ventricular aneurysm were evaluated by routine clinical studies, gated cardiac blood pool scanning, and contrast left ventriculography. Thirteen patients were found to have a localized left ventricular aneurysm and nine demonstrated diffuse left ventricular hypokinesis on contrast angiography. The patients with localized left ventricular aneurysms could not be separated from those with diffuse left ventricular hypokinesis on the basis of the routine clinical evaluation including the chest roentgenogram or the finding of ST-segment elevation in the electrocardiogram. Scintiphotographic studies identified the nine with diffuse hypokinesis and twelve of the thirteen with a localized left ventricular aneurysm. In one patient with a calcified left ventricular aneurysm filled with clot, the cardiac blood pool scan showed an area of akinesis which corresponded to that seen on contrast angiography, but the aneurysm could not be detected. In nineteen of the patients in whom adequate measurements were obtained, left ventricular end-diastolic volume and ejection fraction by both contrast angiography and gated cardiac blood pool scintiphotography demonstrated a good correlation, r = 0.92 and 0.87, respectively. There was also a good correlation between the extent of left ventricular akinesis seen on contrast angiography and gated scintiphotography, r = 0.97. This study demonstrates that biplane gated cardiac blood pool scans are useful in differentiating patients with localized left ventricular aneurysms from those with diffuse left ventricular hypokinesis.
The health promise of Promise Neighborhoods

The Promise Neighborhoods initiative from the U.S. Department of Education offers grant funding to develop innovative educational and community support programs in distressed communities. Inspired by the success of the Harlem Children's Zone (HCZ), this initiative encourages similarly pioneering approaches to assist low-income children attain academic and social success. An increasing body of evidence suggests that health benefits accrue when youth are immersed in nurturing educational environments. This article summarizes key evidence for this phenomenon, as well as theories that suggest that Promise Neighborhoods can have as great an effect on health as they do on educational achievement.
Antigenicity of rat collagen; reverse anaphylaxis induced in rats by anti-rat collagen serum.

Reverse anaphylactic shock was induced in rats by intravenous injection of serum containing complement-fixing antibodies, obtamed by immunization of rabbits with purified preparations of rat tail collagen. Normal rabbit serum or serum containing antibodies to collagen from tunica of carp swim bladder was without effect. The clinical and pathological findings resembled those described by previous workers studying direct and reverse anaphylactic reactions induced in the rat with other antigens. Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia with rebound leukocytosis, delayed blood coagulability, lowering of serum complement and the development of a refractory state to the antibody after the initial shock—all compatible with anaphylaxis—were demonstrated. The reacting substance was found to be in the gamma globulin fraction of the serum, and the antibody titer appeared to be correlated with the degree of shock and vascular injury. Collagen injury in rats dying from acute shock or in those injected with repeated sublethal doses was not demonstrated by the methods employed; techniques by which lesions of collagen might be induced are discussed. Absorption experiments indicated that anti-rat collagen rabbit serum is specifically directed to a substance, apparently collagen, in the rat; it is likely that the combination of the antibody and collagen induces anaphylactic shock. These studies, made in vivo, provide further evidence of antigenic and immunological differences between acid-soluble rat and fish collagens.
Dynamics of estradiol and testosterone uptake in the brain of adult male rats.

Abstract [ 3 H]-Estradiol (1.28 μmol) and [ 14 C]-testosterone (243 μmol) were given in an i.v. bolus and the concentration of both steroids in the central nervous system at different times was studied. Uptake and retention of phenolic steroids in the pituitary and the hypothalamus was higher than found in peripheral plasma indicating preferential concentration which persisted for more than 2 h. In contrast the uptake of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone was lower than could be expected from concentration in peripheral plasma and these compounds disappeared within 0.5 h after the pulse.
Enhanced impact modifier for rigid PVC formulations

A new chlorinated polyethylene has been developed for the impact modification of rigid PVC. In addition to imparting excellent impact, the modifier promotes faster PVC fusion and enhances the melt strength of the formulation. Faster fusion allows for economic savings by reducing fusion-promoting ingredients and via higher output. The enhanced melt strength results in better part quality, especially for complex profiles.
A Comparison of Prejudices: The Effects Upon Friendship Ratings of Chronic Illness, Old Age, Education, and Race

(1966). A Comparison of Prejudices: The Effects Upon Friendship Ratings of Chronic Illness, Old Age, Education, and Race. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 101-109.
A thermal treatment approach to reduce microscale void formation in blanket nanoporous gold films

This paper illustrates the effect of thermal treatment and alloy composition on the microstructures of gold–silver films and subsequently dealloyed nanoporous gold films. Even though thermal treatment of alloys increases tensile stress in gold–silver films, it mitigates the formation of microscale voids during dealloying. The voids in the dealloyed film are too large to be rationalized by relaxation of the residual stress. The interplay between volume shrinkage during dealloying, residual stress and thermally induced deformation is discussed to explain void formation.
Structure of a Complex between E. coli DNA Topoisomerase I and Single-Stranded DNA.

In order to gain insights into the mechanism of ssDNA binding and recognition by Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I, the structure of the 67 kDa N-terminal fragment of topoisomerase I was solved in complex with ssDNA. The structure reveals a new conformational stage in the multistep catalytic cycle of type IA topoisomerases. In the structure, the ssDNA binding groove leading to the active site is occupied, but the active site is not fully formed. Large conformational changes are not seen; instead, a single helix parallel to the ssDNA binding groove shifts to clamp the ssDNA. The structure helps clarify the temporal sequence of conformational events, starting from an initial empty enzyme and proceeding to a ssDNA-occupied and catalytically competent active site.
Coalbed methane potential of the Paleocene Fort Union coals in south-central Wyoming, USA

Abstract The Paleocene-age Wasatch and Fort Union Formations in the study area contain numerous coal seams that are interbedded with shale, sandstone, and conglomerates. Individual seam thickness ranges from 2 to 15 ft (0.6–4.6 m) and aggregate thickness ranges from 64 to 163 ft (19.5–49.7 m). The coals are of sub-bituminous to high-volatile C/B bituminous rank (Ro,ran = 0.47 to 0.59%) and are found at depths from 3 /g (ARB), which is higher than expected for the coal rank. The coals appear to be close to full saturation, based on a comparison of adsorption isotherms with desorption data. The coals pinch-out updip in the subsurface forming a stratigraphic trap, which may explain the high gas content and the mixed biogenic–thermogenic origin supported by isotopic analysis. Gas composition is 97% methane with 3% inerts, and the gas has a heating value of 990 BTU/ft 3 . The coals are relatively clean (average ash content is 15 wt.%) and have fast diffusivity (63% of total gas desorbs in 3 ) with wells drilled on 80-acre spacing, which translates to a gross EUR of 1.4 BCF per well for the 500 well locations identified in the developable acreage. Based on numerical simulation using the simplistic Fekete TM model, peak coal gas rate is expected to be 320 MCF/D (9014 m 3 per day) after 36 months, and production should remain at that level for 12 months before declining at a rate of 10% per year. Conventional gas potential also exists in numerous intervals within the Upper Fort Union and Wasatch Formations sandstones at depths shallower than 2000 ft (526 m). Few wells drilled decades ago, having perforations in these sands, showed IP (initial production) rates ranging from 500 MCF/D (14,084 m 3 per day) to 12 MMCF/D (338,028 m 3 per day). A 24-inch (60 cm) diameter pipeline that has an operating pressure of 800–1000 psig, a tap, and a capacity of 275 MMCF/D (7.74 million m 3 per day) crosses the study area. The pipeline is connected to the Colorado Interstate Gas mainline, which provides gas to markets in the eastern United States.
Simulations of a glacial paleoclimate by three different atmospheric general circulation models

Abstract General circulation models of the atmosphere have great potential for interpreting iceage climatic conditions. Here, an attempt is made to compare results from the NCAR, RAND, and GFDl model simulations of the July–August season for the Wisconsin ice age and for today. Such comparisons of continental surface temperature and precipitation patterns show both similarities and marked differences. Some of the differences probably are due to the fact that the input boundary conditions (sea surface temperature, ice cover and elevation, and global albedo) are not consistent from model,to model, but others result from differences between models. The GFDL model shows the least ice-age terrestrial cooling at low and mid-latitudes, but the RAND model is equally consistent with temperature estimates based on pollen analyses. The NCAR temperatures are much colder. All models show less precipitation during the last glacial than today, and are unanimous in predicting less rainfall in subtropical Africa, a result in agreement with paleoclimatic evidence for increased aridity in the region. There is little agreement between rainfall patterns in the Americas, however. Full annual simulations by a number of models employing identical boundary conditions, as well as better estimates of the validity of patterns generated by the models are needed to enhance their value to Quaternary geologists and paleoclimatologists.
Two Contributions to the Theory of Annihilation of Positrons in Metals. I. Determination of the True Fermi Surface

The theory of positron annihilation in metals, including electron-positron and electron-electron interaction, is discussed. It is well known that the Coulomb force of the positron causes very major changes in the motion of the electrons. Nevertheless, it is established that a sharp "break" in the angular-correlation curve of the two $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays resulting from the singlet-state annihilation occurs at precisely those angles where it should be expected in the absence of electron-positron interaction. The break is an image of the discontinuity in the momentum distribution present in "normal" metals. Positron annihilation in metals is therefore a useful tool for the investigation of the true Fermi surface. It is also demonstrated that the slope of the angular-correlation curve at the Fermi momentum is related to the Gaussian curvature of the Fermi surface.
Chronic malabsorption (steatorrhea, n‐ontropical sprue) in an adolescent, with death from malignant lymphoma, histiocytic type (reticulum cell sarcoma)

The association of intestinal malabsorption with lymphoma is both more frequent and more mysterious than is generally realized. Cases of malabsorption with eventual emergence of lymphoma often are initially responsive to dietary treatment, and it may be exceedingly difficult to decide whether the malabsorption or the lymphoma comes first. These problems are illustrated by the case of an 18-year-old Mexican girl whose malabsorption initially responded well to dietary management. When lymphoma was first suspected, evaluation of the first biopsy material was very difficult. Although most consultants agreed that there was malignancy amid reactive hyperplasia, there was a variety of opinions as to the character of the malignancy. Later on, the pattern became clearly that of histiocytic lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma).
Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the India Diaspora

Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the India Diaspora. Helen Myers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. xxxii. 510 pp., illustrations, musical examples, glossary, notes, bibliography, discography, index, compact disc.
Influence of amino triazole on the chloroplast pigments of wheat seedlings.

3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE is a chemical which has several effects on higher plants. It is a growth inhibitor, and has been used on cotton plants as a defoliant1. Hall et al. demonstrated that tissues formed subsequent to application of this chemical have a decreased chlorophyll content, while the chlorophyll-level of already mature tissues is unaffected. It was not entirely clear to these investigators whether the observed effect of amino triazole on chlorophyll content is due to chlorophyll destruction or to interference with chlorophyll synthesis. The structural similarity of the triazole ring to the pyrrole rings of chlorophyll prompted the suggestion that amino triazole brings about a block in chlorophyll synthesis prior to the protochlorophyll stage by a competitive inhibitory mechanism1. This concept was somewhat strengthened when it was found that levels of catalase, which has a similar structure, were also decreased in both plants and animals by treatment with amino triazole2,3.
Measuring fear of death: a reliability study.

Summary An increase in interest in death education among helping professionals and a concern for a lack of reliability and validity data on some instruments measuring attitudes about death is reviewed. The Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale and the Lester Attitude Toward Death Scale were administered twice to 20 graduate level male and female counselor trainees over a six-week interval. Test-retest reliability coefficients on all scales and subscales were significant but low to moderate only.
Categorisation, causation, and the limits of understanding

Although recent work has emphasised the importance of naive theories to categorisation, there has been little work examining the grain of analysis at which causal information normally influences categorisation. That level of analysis may often go unappreciated because of an ''illusion of explanatory depth'', in which people think they mentally represent causal explanatory relations in far more detail than they really do. Naive theories therefore might seem to be irrelevant to categorisation, or perhaps they only involve noting the presence of unknown essences. I argue instead that adults and children alike effectively track high-level causal patterns, often outside awareness, and that this ability is essential to categorisation. Three examples of such pattern-tracking are described. The shallowness of our explanatory understandings may be further supported by a reliance on the division of cognitive labour that occurs in all cultures, a reliance that arises from well- developed abilities to cluster knowledge in the minds of others. Categorisation is influenced by a wide range of types of information creating a diversity and richness that is often underestimated and which poses challenges for how we are to understand our abilities to have effective mental representations of categories. We have long recognised the importance of frequency and correlational information in influencing our formation and use of categories, and there is a temptation to reduce all of categorisation to such patterns through appeals to parsimony. This perspective, however, has been challenged in more recent times by those who argue that ''theory-based'' information also plays a critical role above and beyond that played by tabulations of frequencies and correlations.
RENAL EPITHELIAL HYPERPLASIA: FAILURE TO DEMONSTRATE A HUMORAL CONTROL FACTOR

An attempt was made to demonstrate a humoral factor controlling renal hyperplasia following unilateral nephrectomy. Rapid mixing of blood between parabiotic rats was obtained through carotid artery-jugular vein cross cannulation. These experiments showed no evidence for the passage from a nephrectomized rat to an intact rat of a humoral agent controlling compensatory growth of the kidney.
The Continuing Problem of False Positives in Repeated Measures ANOVA in Psychophysiology: A Multivariate Solution

Violation of the validity assumptions of repeated measures analysis of variance continues to be a problem in psychophysiology. Such violation results in positive bias for those tests involving the repeated measures factor(s), Recently it has been shown that the tests of simple interactions and multiple comparisons are even more vulnerable to bias (Boik. 1981; Mitzel & Games, 1981). The present paper offers a discussion of the validity assumptions for both overall and sub-effect tests and describes a multivariate approach which allows exact analysis of such designs. A modification of the univariate approach is also described. Validity concerns for both approaches are much less problematic than those of the traditional approach.
Multiple-symbol differential detection with interference suppression

A multiple-symbol differential detector is formulated for M-ary differential phase-shift keying modulation where the channel state information is unknown to the receiver. The maximum-likelihood decision statistic is derived for the detector, and its performance is demonstrated by analysis and simulation. Under the Gaussian assumption for the aggregate interference plus noise, an exact expression for the symbol pairwise error probability is developed for M-ary differential phase-shift keying modulation over a diversity, slow-fading Rayleigh channel in the presence of an interference source. A simpler expression of the pairwise error probability is developed for the asymptotic case of large signal-to-noise ratio and small signal-to-interference ratio. It is shown that with an increasing observation interval, the performance of the differential detector over an unknown channel approaches that of optimum combining with known channel.
Techniques and applications of shape optimum design

Abstract A unified formulation and efficient numerical technique are presented here to perform shape optimum design. The numerical scheme consists of boundary parametrization, finite element method and mathematical programming. The validity of the proposed scheme is illustrated by three numerical examples. One of the examples is a shape optimum design problem. The other two examples are pertaining to free boundary-value problems.
A Low-swing Signaling Circuit Technique for 65nm On-chip Interconnects

This paper describes a low-swing on-chip interconnect signaling technique. A simple receiver circuit enables significant total energy and delay reduction compared to conventional repeaters over intermediate and global interconnects. A 5 mm minimum pitch global interconnect in 65nm CMOS technology using 1.1V supply exhibits a reduction of 56% in total energy, 21% in delay, and 86% in area.
New roles for states in financing graduate medical education: Minnesota's Trust Fund.

Academic health centers (AHCs) and large teaching hospitals are looking to state legislatures to ease the transition required by reductions in Medicare financing of graduate medical education (GME) and an increasingly competitive health care market. States are starting to respond to the needs of their local teaching institutions through new and innovative financing approaches. At least thirteen states have removed the GME component of their Medicaid managed care capitation rates to provide more direct payments for teaching programs and institutions. 1 Minnesota uses new general-fund tax revenues and, just this past year, additional appropriations from the state’s tobacco settlement to finance its new Medical Education and Research Cost (MERC) Trust Fund. This paper provides details on the development and implementation of Minnesota’s approach to financing GME. The MERC Trust Fund Minnesota’s interest in funding medical education began during the state’s discussion of health care reform in 1992‐1993, when its landmark MinnesotaCare legislation was passed. MinnesotaCare was the term used to describe both the newly expanded subsidized insurance program for the uninsured and a series of reform initiatives that included competition among integrated delivery systems as a central feature of its cost containment plan. 2 During reform discussions, concerns were raised about the viability of the hospitals affiliated with Minnesota’s three medical schools (University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota-Duluth, and the Mayo Clinic) in a reformed system. The legislature directed the commissioner of health to study the impact of health reform on the financing of medical education in the state; to quantify the costs of medical education; and to assess and recommend alternative state funding mechanisms. The MERC advisory committee was established to provide advice to the commissioner of health and included representatives from public and private teaching hospitals, academic centers offering accredited training programs, managed care organizations, commercial insurers, employers, and medical researchers. This committee developed a series of reports outlining its deliberations on both policy issues and efforts to quantify the costs
Development and Implementation Experience of 20kW CW Transmitters at the DSN 34-m BWG Antennas

New 20kW S-and X-band transmitters were developed by JPL for the six 34-m beam waveguide antennas of the deep space network (DSN) to support NASA Mars missions starting in 2003. These transmitters were based upon design concepts published previously in the Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Aerospace Conference. They provide a 7dB improvement in uplink power at X-band, coverage of both deep space and near-earth uplink bands, simplified control for operations, increased modularity of electronics for better maintainability, and built-in performance logging to assist in troubleshooting and to support future product improvements.
Streptococcal M Protein: An Antiphagocytic Molecule Assembled on the Cell Wall

After extraction with nonionic detergent, type 6 streptococcal M protein was found to be composed of multiple proteins ranging in molecular weight from 35,000 to 6,000 daltons. The antiphagocytic proteins, however, were found to be limited to three species having molecular weights of 28,000, 31,000, and 35,000 daltons. These molecules which removed opsonic antibodies from immune serum could be separated from those proteins that had only type specificity. Pulse chase experiments supported by chemical and immunological data suggest that the smaller, type-specific molecules are used to assemble the larger, antiphagocytic proteins. Type 6 M protein was radialabeled and used in a binding assay for the measurement of opsonic antibodies in human serum. Good correlation was observed between binding and the presence of opsonic antibodies in both systems. However, certain sera did exhibit binding but lacked type-specific opsonic activity. Results of competitive inhibition experiments demonstrated that the nonopsonic serum was deficient in certain antibodies that were present in opsonics serum and that the anitphagocytic molecules contained the sites necessary to bind these antibodies.
Comparison of pesticide levels in carpet dust and self-reported pest treatment practices in four US sites

Epidemiologic studies have used both questionnaires and carpet dust sampling to assess residential exposure to pesticides. The consistency of the information provided by these two approaches has not been explored. In a population-based case-control study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, carpet dust samples were collected from the homes of 513 control subjects in Detroit, Iowa, Los Angeles, and Seattle. The samples were taken from used vacuum cleaner bags and analyzed for 30 pesticides. Interviewers queried subjects about the types of pests treated in their home using a detailed questionnaire accompanied by visual aids. Geographic variations in pesticide levels were generally consistent with geographic differences in pest treatment practices. Los Angeles residents reported the most treatment for crawling insects, fleas/ticks, and termites, and Los Angeles dust samples had the highest levels of propoxur, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, permethrin, and chlordane. Iowa had the most treatment for lawn/garden weeds, and also the highest levels of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and dicamba. Although Seattle had the highest proportion of subjects treating for lawn/garden insects, the lawn/garden insecticides were higher in other sites. Multivariate linear regression revealed several significant associations between the type of pest treated and dust levels of specific pesticides. The strongest associations were between termite treatment and chlordane, and flea/tick treatment and permethrin. Most of the significant associations were consistent with known uses of the pesticides; few expected associations were absent. The consistency between the questionnaire data and pesticide residues measured in dust lends credibility to both methods for assessing residential exposure to pesticides. The combined techniques appear promising for epidemiologic studies. Interviewing is the only way to assess pesticide exposures before current carpets were in place. Dust sampling provides an objective measure of specific compounds to which a person may have been exposed through personal use of a pesticide or by drift-in or track-in from outside, and avoids recall bias.
Effects of disturbance on coral communities: bleaching in Moorea, French Polynesia

This study examines patterns of susceptibility and short-term recovery of corals from bleaching. A mass coral bleaching event began in March, 1991 on reefs in Moorea, French Polynesia and affected corals on the shallow barrier reef and to >20 m depth on the outer forereef slope. There were significant differences in the effect of the bleaching among common coral genera, with Acropora, Montastrea, Montipora, and Pocillopora more affected than Porites, Pavona, leptastrea or Millepora. Individual colonies of the common species of Acropora and Pocillopora were marked and their fate assessed on a subsequent survey in August, 1991 to determine rates of recovery and mortality. Ninety-six percent of Acropora spp. showed some degree of bleaching compared to 76% of Pocillopora spp. From March to August mortality of bleached colonies of Pocillopora was 17%, 38% recovered completely, and many suffered some partial mortality of the tissue. In contrast, 63% of the Acropora spp. died, and about 10% recovered completely. Generally, those colonies with less than 50% of the colony area affected by the bleaching recovered at a higher rate than did those with more severe bleaching. Changes in community composition four months after the event began included a significant decrease only in crustose algae and an increase in cover of filamentous algae, much of which occupied plate-like and branching corals that had died in the bleaching event. Total coral cover and cover of susceptible coral genera had declined, but not significantly, after the event.
Probabilistic Semantic Video Indexing

We propose a novel probabilistic framework for semantic video indexing. We define probabilistic multimedia objects (multijects) to map low-level media features to high-level semantic labels. A graphical network of such multijects (multinet) captures scene context by discovering intra-frame as well as inter-frame dependency relations between the concepts. The main contribution is a novel application of a factor graph framework to model this network. We model relations between semantic concepts in terms of their co-occurrence as well as the temporal dependencies between these concepts within video shots. Using the sum-product algorithm [1] for approximate or exact inference in these factor graph multinets, we attempt to correct errors made during isolated concept detection by forcing high-level constraints. This results in a significant improvement in the overall detection performance.
Severe plastic deformation (SPD) of titanium at near-ambient temperature

Severe plastic deformation of titanium at near-ambient temperature has been realized using large-strain machining. The material that received the highest levels of strain, the chip, is found to have a nanocrystalline structure with ∼100 nm sized grains. This microstructure is finer than that observed in titanium following equal channel angular pressing at elevated temperatures. The machined surface of the workpiece is found to have a graded microstructure composed of ultrafine grains at and near the surface and a preponderance of twins further into the subsurface. The parameters of the large-strain deformation field, namely strain rate and strain, are obtained using an adaptation of a particle image velocimetry technique. The microstructure characteristics are shown to be a consequence of the deformation field parameters, which activate both twinning and dislocation-mediated mechanisms of plastic flow.
Methods of treating dysphagia caused by benign esophageal strictures

The basic techniques of esophageal dilation using Maloney, Savary, or through-the-scope balloon dilators are common practice for most endoscopists, and suffice for most situations. However, certain clinical situations, such as complicated peptic or caustic strictures and difficult rings, may respond poorly to standard techniques. In those instances, several adjunctive techniques can be helpful at increasing the chances of achieving symptomatic relief. The endoscopist who has a good working knowledge of the principles of dilation coupled with knowledge of these adjunctive techniques will increase the overall success in treating difficult cases of dysphagia
Thermodynamic properties of aqueous MgSO 4 to 800 MPa at temperatures from 20 to 100 C and concentrations to 2.5 mol kg 1 from sound speeds, with applications to icy world oceans

Abstract Thermodynamic properties of aqueous magnesium sulfate solutions (MgSO4 concentrations to 2.5 mol kg−1) are reported in a previously unexplored regime of pressure and temperature. Solution densities (to a few hundred parts-per-million), specifics heats (to a few percent), and volumetric mixing parameters were determined to 800 MPa in the temperature range from −20 to 100 °C from sound speeds measurements. Equilibrium data extrapolate smoothly to temperatures below which liquids are stable, providing a basis for equilibrium freezing calculations. In more compressed water at high pressure, where electrostrictive effects are smaller, the partial molal volume at infinite dilution is positive and changes less with pressure, while the non-ideal contribution to the apparent molal volume is reduced. Ion–solvent and ion-ion contributions are small under all conditions, while solvent contributions to non-ideality show greater variation with pressure and temperature. In application to Ganymede, Callisto, and Titan, the current results suggest that concentrations of aqueous MgSO4 would be exist that would be denser than overlying ice and thus buoyantly stable at the ice VI-rock interface, or between overlying layers of ice VI–V or V–III. More generally, the current data and analysis provide a comprehensive framework that can guide investigations of other single and multi-component aqueous systems.