cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Canopy accession strategies and climate responses for three Carya species common in the Eastern Deciduous Forest

Maintenance of Carya in successional stands will require canopy disturbances larger than the gap-scale to increase understory light in conjunction with reduction in competition from shade-tolerant mesophytes. A widespread compositional shift has been reported in Quercus–Carya forests throughout the eastern USA. Quercus and Carya are failing to regenerate and understories of these stands are increasingly dominated by shade-tolerant mesophytes. Important in this successional shift are the canopy accession strategies and climate sensitivities of the dominant and projected replacement species. The goals of our study were to document establishment and canopy accession strategies and examine the relationships between climate variables and radial growth for Carya glabra, Carya ovata, and Carya alba. The majority (75 %) of Carya individuals established in open canopy conditions. However, 40 % of our samples experienced suppression before canopy accession. Average age at canopy accession for trees that were suppressed prior to canopy recruitment was 49 years. Carya that established in closed canopy conditions were suppressed an average of 22 years and were 2.6 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) before they ascended to the canopy or experienced a release episode. Gap origin-gap release trees were in open canopy conditions for an average of 18 years and were 6.5 cm dbh before experiencing a period of suppression. The three species exhibited similar responses to climate as they were generally sensitive to prior spring and current summer temperature, and prior winter and current summer precipitation, but radial growth trends were controlled more strongly by canopy position than climate. Maintenance of Carya in successional stands will require increases in understory light and reductions in competition from shade-tolerant mesophytes. Our results indicate that canopy disturbances larger than the gap-scale are needed for Carya establishment and canopy recruitment.
Oil and the Marshall Plan

One of the most difficult problems United States policymakers faced during the Marshall Plan years was balancing the national interest in European recovery with the private interests of U.S. companies with European markets. In this article, Dr. Painter describes how policymakers grappled with the often conflicting interests of the U.S. oil industry and war-ravaged Western Europe. In so doing, he provides a case study of the complex relationship of public policy and private power.
Innate Immunity: Wounds Burst H2O2 Signals to Leukocytes

How leukocytes are attracted to wounds is poorly understood. Recent work using zebrafish reveals a novel mechanism of early leukocyte recruitment to wounds through a concentration gradient of hydrogen peroxide.
Design and implementation of flexible manufacturing solutions in agile enterprises

Flexibility is a key component in any agile manufacturing enterprise. A methodology that a firm may use to design, build and then implement a flexible manufacturing (FM) solution is presented. An FM solution is defined as an operational intervention that helps the company counter the changes in its internal and external environments. The methodology was developed in collaboration with several industrial partners, and is easy to use and readily applicable in an industrial setting. The FM solution design method is structured as a three‐phase execution. Phase I involves identifying the flexibility needs of the company. Phase II is the actual development of the FM solution and includes models for measuring the current and target flexibility levels. Phase III incorporates a process to address the economic viability of the proposed solutions. Also reported are the results of a survey on the relative importance of the flexibility types.
New‐onset, debilitating arthritis in psoriasis patients receiving efalizumab

Efalizumab is a humanized anti‐CD11a monoclonal IgG1 antibody approved for the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis. This case report describes two cases of new‐onset debilitating psoriatic arthritis in patients with plaque psoriasis on long‐standing efalizumab therapy, despite the fact that their skin disease was in remission. Although during the clinical trials, involving over 2700 study subjects, arthralgia was seen only at a rate of 1–2% higher than in those subjects receiving placebo, the cases presented here are interesting in that it appears that efalizumab treatment ‘uncoupled’ the psoriatic arthritic component from the cutaneous disease. It can be speculated that a possible mechanism for efalizumab‐induced psoriatic arthritis is related to the blockade of regulatory T cells from joint tissue.
Grapes and wine

About 20 per cent of the world’s table grapes and 40 per cent of the world’s raisins are produced in California, but less than 3 per cent of the wines of the world.
High spatial resolution particle physics detectors

Abstract The basic principles needed for the construction of high spatial resolution particle physics detectors are presented and show that resolutions approaching one micron in all three spatial dimensions can be attained. This permits the study of states with lifetimes as small as 10 −16 s. The high spatial resolution technique applied to bubble chambers transforms them into new instruments capable of handling beam fluxes of 10 6 particles per second. This flux yields 10 6 events per μb per 2×10 5 accelerator machine cycles. As bubble chambers can be built using liquid hydrogen, small cross-section reactions producing new massive short-lived states and dense multihadron shower events can be studied in hydrogen collisions with high statistical and systematic accuracy and precision. These same principles can be applied to the construction of high spatial resolution neutrino bubble chamber detectors ideal for tau-neutrino detection. Small thin ultrasonically expanded bubble chambers of still higher spatial resolution are possible. Expansion and diffusion cloud chambers can also be built as high spatial resolution detectors of very low density and finally, track imaging counter detectors of high spatial resolution may also be possible.
Irrigated afforestation of the Sahara and Australian Outback to end global warming

Each year, irrigated Saharan- and Australian-desert forests could sequester amounts of atmospheric CO2 at least equal to that from burning fossil fuels. Without any rain, to capture CO2 produced from gasoline requires adding about $1 to the per-gallon pump-price to cover irrigation costs, using reverse osmosis (RO), desalinated, sea water. Such mature technology is economically competitive with the currently favored, untested, power-plant Carbon Capture (and deep underground, or under-ocean) Sequestration (CCS). Afforestation sequesters CO2, mostly as easily stored wood, both from distributed sources (automotive, aviation, etc., that CCS cannot address) and from power plants. Climatological feasibility and sustainability of such irrigated forests, and their potential global impacts are explored using a general circulation model (GCM). Biogeophysical feedback is shown to stimulate considerable rainfall over these forests, reducing desalination and irrigation costs; economic value of marketed, renewable, forest biomass, further reduces costs; and separately, energy conservation also reduces the size of the required forests and therefore their total capital and operating costs. The few negative climate impacts outside of the forests are discussed, with caveats. If confirmed with other GCMs, such irrigated, subtropical afforestation probably provides the best, near-term route to complete control of green-house-gas-induced, global warming.
Element variables and the solution of complex chemical equilibrium problems

Abstract Abstract— A dramatic simplification of the chemical equilibrium problem is obtained through the introduction of "element variables." Element variables formalize an algebraic reduction of the polynomial equations for chemical equilibrium. Their use is one part of a methodology which includes scaling of the equations and solving them by a modification of Newton's method. The solution technique we propose converges to the physical solution from virtually any starting point. This methodology is a significant advance in solving chemical equilibrium problems. It does not require the specification of equilibrium reactions or the choice of component species. It is especially suited to the development of equilibrium solvers for large computer models of physical systems. an application where speed and reliability are important.
Onconase cytotoxicity relies on the distribution of its positive charge.

Onconase® (ONC) is a member of the ribonuclease A superfamily that is toxic to cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. ONC is now in Phase IIIb clinical trials for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. Internalization of ONC to the cytosol of cancer cells is essential for its cytotoxic activity, despite the apparent absence of a cell-surface receptor protein. Endocytosis and cytotoxicity do, however, appear to correlate with the net positive charge of ribonucleases. To dissect the contribution of the endogenous arginine and lysine residues of ONC to its cytotoxicity, 22 variants were created in which cationic residues were replaced with alanine. Variants with the same net charge (+2 to +5) as well as equivalent catalytic activity and conformational stability were found to exhibit large (>10-fold) differences in toxicity for the cells of a human leukemia line. In addition, a more cationic ONC variant could be either much more cytotoxic or much less cytotoxic than a less cationic variant, depending again on the distribution of its cationic residues. The endocytosis of variants with widely divergent cytotoxic activity was quantified by flow cytometry using a small-molecule fluorogenic label, and was found to vary by twofold or less. This small difference in endocytosis did not account for the large difference in cytotoxicity, implicating the distribution of cationic residues as being critical to lipid-bilayer translocation subsequent to endocytosis. This finding has fundamental implications for understanding the interaction of ribonucleases and other proteins with mammalian cells.
Simultaneous revolutions: the Zimbabwean case

The state of Zimbabwe's political economy seems to indicate that a potential Marxist revolution lost its fire somewhere along the line and dissolved into contradiction‐riddled reformism under the ZANU (PF) government. This article argues that Zimbabwe's post‐independence contradictions are grounded in at least four simultaneous revolutions which took place in the years following World War II. Two of the revolutions were of a type which, borrowing from Antonio Gramsci, can be termed ‘passive’, and the remaining two resembled ‘anti‐passive’ and ‘council’ revolutions. Each unfolded separately but simultaneously and each brought tangible but partial transformations of consciousness, state, economy, and class structure which linger into the present and which defy easy characterisation as the results of ‘a’ failed revolution. The article treats the theoretical characteristics of simultaneous revolutions first and then details their application to the Zimbabwean case.
Lateral metallation of methylated nitrogenous heterocycles

Abstract Me groups on nitrogenous heterocycles can be conveniently metallated by a variety of strongly basic reagents to afford synthetically useful carbanions. The negative charge of such anions resides predominantly on the ring N atoms. The site of lithiation on pyridines and quinolines bearing Me groups in both the 2- and 4-positions depends upon the ability of the ring N atom to complex with the metallating agents. Carbanions derived from methylated pyridines, quinolines, naphthyridines, isoquinolines, pyrido[4,3-b]carbazoles, pteridines, pyrido[3,4-b] indoles and quinoxalines are discussed. References are provided describing condensations of these reagents with a variety of both common and uncommon electrophiles.
Subjective Differences in Outcome Are Seen as a Function of the Immunohistochemical Method Used on a Colorectal Cancer Tissue Microarray

Immunohistochemistry is a useful technique to localize antigens in cell preparations and tissue sections and can be helpful in identifying molecular markers that may be predictive of patient outcomes. Subjective assessment of expression and semiquantitative grading systems are the current standards in pathology literature for the analysis of tissue sections. However, expression levels assessed in this manner may be dramatically affected by the method of visualization. Tissue microarray (TMA) is a recently developed technique for the simultaneous high-throughput evaluation of protein expression on tissue samples from large cohorts of patients. The scoring of TMAs has, in general, mirrored the systems utilized for tissue sections. Here, 4 detection systems (avidin-biotin complex, indirect immunofluorescence, peroxidase-labeled polymer conjugate, and the latter with Cyanine-3-Tyramide amplification) were compared using a beta-catenin antibody on a TMA containing a cohort of colorectal cancer specimens. Peroxidase-labeled polymer with or without tyramide enhancement was found to be the most sensitive method, revealing a greater staining intensity and percentage of nuclear staining, without an apparent increase in background. Subjective assessment of expression is highly dependent on the method of visualization and may illustrate why discrepant data is often seen in literature based on immunohistochemistry.
FUROSEMIDE EFFECTS ON NEWBORN RENAL & BONE CALCIUM METABOLISM

Furosemide diuretics are commonly used in neonatal intensive care. Recent anecdotal reports have appeared of preterm infants who develop renal calcification & osteopenia on chronic high dose furosemide therapy. The mechanisms for development of these possible complications in infancy is unclear. We hypothesize that furosemide diuretics result directly in hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, secondary hyperparathy-roidism & decreased bone mineral content. Newborn rats were randomized from day four into control & treated groups for a 28 day study. Grp. 1, placebo; Grp. 2, daily 5 mg/kg of furosemide; Grp 3, 15 mg/kg of furosemide. By analysis of variance, urinary calcium increased from 7.81 to 11.25 to 20.35 mg/dl for the three respective groups (p< .05). Urinary Mg also increased from 13.1 to 14.1 to 19.3 mg/dl. Urinary P did not increase. Renal Ca ash content of treatment grps. were significantly increased (6 of 25 & 6 of 26) beyond control 95% limit. Chi-square p<.05. Bone weight of tibias was decreased from .21 to .17, .16 gs. (p<.01), as was ash weight .13, .11, .10 gs. (p<.05), in association with decreases in body weight of 68, 62, 57 gs. Bone Ca & body weight were correlated (p .01). Serum Ca, Mg, P, & parathyroid hormone concentrations (mid molecule 44-68 radioimmunoassay, rat standard, CV 9%), were not different among grps. Thus, furosemide in newborn rats results in increased urinary Ca, increased renal Ca content, decreased bone mineral, decreased body weight & no changes in serum Ca, Mg, P or parathyroid hormone. We speculate that the effect of furosemide therapy in the newborn on Ca metabolism is directly related to increased Ca loss in the urine.
Cerium redox cycles and rare earth elements in the Sargasso Sea

Abstract Two profiles of the rare earth elements (REEs) are reported for the upper water column of the Sargasso Sea. The trivalent-only REEs have remarkably constant concentrations in the upper 500 m of an April 1989 profile and in the upper 200 m of a May 1989 profile. In contrast, Ce concentrations decrease smoothly with increasing depth. In April 1989 Ce decreases from 15.7 pmol/kg at 20 m to 5.1 pmol/kg at 750 m. Cerium, which has Redox transformations in seawater, behaves anomalously with respect to its REE(III) neighbors. While both dissolved Ce and Mn have elevated concentrations in the upper 200 m, their vertical gradients are distinctly different. In contrast to Mn, which reaches a minimum dissolved concentration near the zone (150–250 m) of a particulate Mn maximum, Ce is being removed both near this zone and to depths of at least 750 m. These new profiles indicate that Ce is involved in an upper ocean redox cycle. This interpretation is consistent with the Moffett (1990) incubation tracer experiments on the same May 1989 seawater. He showed that Ce (III) oxidation is biologically mediated, probably light inhibited, increases with depth, and 3–4 times slower than Mn(II) oxidation in the 100–200 m zone. “CERoclines” provide new information into the fine scale zonation of redox processes operating in the upper columns of oligothrophic oceans. While the trivalent-only REE have similar concentrations, striking differences exist between our Ce profiles and Ce anomalies and those of de Baar et al. (1983) from their August 1980 profile. The increase in their Ce concentration in the upper 150 m is ten times greater than ours. This leads to large positive Ce-anomalies while our samples show well-developed negative anomalies. After reanalyzing archived samples, de Baar (1991) has shown that the high Ce concentrations in de Baar et al. (1983) are too high due to an unknown analytical cause. His new results agree well with those reported here and rule out a previous interpretation regarding the formation of positive Ce anomalies in the Sargasso Sea.
The Individualism‐Collectivism Construct: An Etic‐emic Analysis in an Organizational Context

This study is an extension of an etic‐emic analysis of the individualism‐collectivism construct at the sociopsychological level to an organizational context. At the first level of comparison, strong and weak etics were extracted to permit comparability of values. At the second level, emic elements were produced to provide a basis of intercultural comparisons. Purely individualistic, purely collectivist and multidimensional factors emerged for the ten nations under consideration.
MAximum SPECTrum packing: a distributed opportunistic channel acquisition mechanism in dynamic spectrum access networks

The authors present a distributed channel acquisition mechanism in dynamic spectrum access (DSA) networks. A novel graph MAximum SPECTrum packing algorithm (MASPECT) is proposed for a system with N secondary networks. Each secondary network makes use only of the local topology information to resolve contentions during channel access. The proposed algorithm also adapts easily to topological changes. Most approaches to channel acquisition use either centralised graph colouring or distributed approaches that result in under utilisation of spectrum. The authors show that the proposed MASPECT algorithm results in improvements by up to one order of magnitude in the spectrum utilisation for the secondary networks and results in Jain's fairness index of about 0.9. The authors further present a modified probabilistic heuristic, PMASPECT, that improves the termination time of the algorithm by up to two orders of magnitude. The authors also study the impact of the MASPECT algorithm on each individual secondary networks in the system in the presence of primary activity. For each secondary network, the proposed algorithm results in up to two orders of magnitude of reduction in the call blocking dropping probabilities in the presence of primary activity.
Inelastic photopion production with excitation of giant resonance analogs: application to 16O

Using a generalized Goldhaber-Teller model of the giant multipole resonances in 160, we have evaluated the differential cross section for the photoproduction of positive pions near threshold leading to giant resonance spin-flip states of various multipolaritiesl in 16N, and have obtained the corresponding pion spectra assuming monochromatic incident photons. A possible subsequent neutron emission was considered also. We find that at forward angles of the emitted pion the spectra are dominated by the dipole resonances, but that at larger angles the quadrupole resonances appear strongly, making it possible to experimentally identify the two types of resonances. Owing to the variability of its momentum transfer, inelastic nuclear pion photoproduction is potentially as powerful for a study of analog excitations, as inelastic electron scattering has become for Δ T3 = 0 nuclear excitations.
Substance abuse and polyhydramnios

Abstract Objective: Maternal drug use is known to have fetal central nervous system depressive effects as manifested by decreased biophysical profile scores. Drug effects on the amniotic fluid index (AFI), one variable of the biophysical profile, are not well documented. Our objective was to determine the effects of maternal drug use on the AFI. Study Design: Over an 18-month period from July 1997 to December 1998, consecutive cases of women with toxicology-proven drug use during pregnancy were identified. AFI values and the rate of polyhydramnios in substance users were compared with those observed at our institution in more than 6400 patients undergoing ultrasound testing during the same period as the cases. Results: Sixty-three toxicology-positive cases were identified. Although there was no significant difference between mean AFI values, the incidence of polyhydramnios (AFI >24 cm) was significantly higher in substance users (28.6%) than in control patients (3.9%) ( P Conclusion: Maternal substance abuse is associated with a significantly higher incidence of polyhydramnios and should be considered a possible etiologic factor in women with apparent idiopathic polyhydramnios. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:602-5.)
Cerebral venous malformation complicated by spontaneous thrombosis.

A case of spontaneous thrombosis and infarction leading to death as complications of a cerebral venous malformation in a 13-yearold boy is reported. This is the first published report of this type of complication occurring in a case of venous angioma. While the biologic behavior of cerebral venous malformations has suggested that they are benign in nature, and the results of surgical management have encouraged a conservative approach, the present case illustrates a potential complication and argues against the assumption that these malformations are completely benign in nature.
“Meeting in Jerusalem”: Messianic Expectations in the Letters of the Cairo Geniza

With the sure touch of the true historian (a rare gift) Gershom Scholem has opened up for us new avenues toward the understanding of Jewish messianism and, in particular, its most fateful manifestation after the catastrophic Bar Kokhba revolt: Sabbatianism. There are no pseudomessiahs, he teaches us. For any attempt to translate the idea of messianism into reality is doomed to end in failure, but failure is not its end. This is demonstrated by the movement connected with Sabbatai Sevi, or, if one may associate two such incongruous phenomena, the death of Christ on the cross.
Denaturation of cobalt-carbonic anhydrase B from bovine erythrocyte.

We have attempted to elucidate the mechanism of the acquisition of active-site conformation in enzymes by studying the unfolding and refolding of Co(II) carbonic anhydrase. This enzyme possesses characteristic absorption and CD spectra in the visible region, which reflect primarily the local conformational environment of the active site where the Co(II) is bound. The conformation of the cobalt–protein is found to be almost the same as the native zinc–protein. It has lower thermal stability and unfolds at a lower concentration of guanidinium chloride, even though a single-phase transition is observed in these denaturations. The unfolding to the random-coiled protein was followed by various spectroscopic methods which reflect different conformational changes. The results show that separable stages of unfolding are observable for the cobalt–protein. It appears that the collapse of the active-site conformation, as followed by changes in visible absorption and CD parameters, occurs immediately after the loosening of the molecule. This is followed by the exposure of buried aromatic residues and the unraveling of the backbone secondary structure. However, renaturation of the cobalt–protein results in an inactive protein which has spectroscopic properties significantly different from those of the native cobalt–protein.
Modifications, classification, and outcomes of elephant-trunk procedures.

Background There are a variety of modified elephant-trunk methods, including use of endovascular stents. Our objectives were to classify these modifications, compare outcomes between the classic anastomotic site and these alternatives, and investigate time to second-stage elephant-trunk completion. Methods From May 1992 to January 2011, 526 patients underwent a first-stage elephant-trunk procedure and were the subject of analysis. Results Distal aortic anastomosis was located before the brachiocephalic artery in 6 patients (1.1%), between brachiocephalic and left common carotid artery (LCCA) in 1 (0.19%), between LCCA and left subclavian artery (LSCA) in 154 (29%), and beyond the LSCA (classic) in 365 (69%). Stroke occurred in 8% (n = 42) overall, 10% (n = 16) in the LCCA-LSCA group, and 6.8% (n = 25) in the classic group. Risk factors were older age and acute dissection. Thirty-day mortality was 7.6% (n = 40) and was similar for LCCA-LSCA (9.7%) and classic sites (6.3%; p = 0.7); risk factors included older age, smaller body surface area, and end-organ dysfunction. Likelihood of death before second-stage elephant trunk at 1, 4, and 8 years after operation was 16%, 22%, and 27%, respectively. The larger the distal aorta, the more likely was second-stage completion ( p Conclusions The elephant-trunk operation is safe for a broad population, including when anastomotic sites are other than beyond the LSCA. Without second-stage completion, patient mortality increases markedly after 4 years.
Temporal patterns of brain cholinesterase activities of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) following dosing with diazinon or parathion.

Brain cholinesterase (ChE) activities were determined for white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) orally dosed with either diazinon (18.8 mg/kg body weight) or parathion (10 mg/kg body weight). Following treatment with diazinon, a latent period of approximately six hr elapsed during which time ChE activity was relatively unaffected. After the latent phase, ChE activity rapidly declined to a minimum 12 hr after dosing. After 48 hr, ChE activity recovered to levels only slightly below that of the controls. The response of both male and female white-footed mouse brain ChE to dosing with parathion was similar to that exhibited by animals dosed with diazinon. ChE activities declined rapidly at 6 hr and reached a minimum 24 hr after dosing. ChE activity of treated animals was comparable to that of controls 48 hr after treatment. Brain ChE activities of treated female white-footed mice were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of treated males.
Regulatory Capture, Public Interest, and the Public Agenda: Toward a Synthesis

For at least 30 years, commentators have been engaged in a debate about what animates the regulatory process. Is the ultimate goal of regulation to pursue some conception of the general good, however mean-spirited, messy, and confused the process may seem at any given time? This hypothesis, widely known as the "public interest" theory of regulation, was dominant for many years, then left for dead by academics of the 1960s and 1970s, but has since been found alive, although in much weakened condition, in the 1980s. Or is regulation simply an arena in which special interests contend for the right to use government power for narrow advantage? This hypothesis, known variously as the capture theory, economic theory, or governmentservices theory of regulation, has been dominant for the past 25 years. Embedded in this question is another philosophically related one: What motivates a regulator-a legislator, commissioner, agency head, or bureaucrat-faced with a regulatory decision? Do such actors seek the "best" policy
Oscillatory Behavior of Double-Walled Nanotubes under Extension: A Simple Nanoscale Damped Spring

Computer simulations of double-walled carbon nanotubes show that if the inner nanotube is pulled out part of the way and then released, then the inner tube exhibits damped oscillatory behavior at gigahertz frequencies. A simple mathematical model, formulated in terms of macroscopic ideas of friction, is shown to predict the observed behavior to a high degree of accuracy.
Calcium alginate provides a high degree of embolization in aneurysm models: a specific comparison to coil packing.

OBJECTIVE Although flexible, current coils do not fill intracranial aneurysms to a high degree, and questions remain regarding their thrombogenic capacity. We evaluated the usefulness of calcium alginate as an embolic material for endovascular embolization in aneurysm models. METHODS We assessed three endovascular methods of instilling calcium alginate into 10-mm sidewall and 7-mm bifurcation glass aneurysm models using a balloon catheter to seal the aneurysm orifice: 1) instillation of alginate and subsequent instillation of the reactive component calcium chloride (CaCl(2)) via a single-lumen catheter, 2) simultaneous instillation of alginate and CaCl(2) via a side-by-side double-lumen catheter, and 3) instillation of alginate mixed with CaCl(2) delivered from a concentric-tube microcatheter. A 13-mm sidewall silicon aneurysm model was used to measure and compare the volume of calcium alginate occupying the aneurysm models. RESULTS Instillation Method 1 did not achieve optimal filling of the aneurysm with calcium alginate. The percentage volumes of calcium alginate occupying the aneurysm were 69.2 +/- 7.7% and 84.6 +/- 5.4% for instillation Methods 2 and 3, respectively. In Method 3, calcium alginate began gelation upon leaving the catheter, entered the aneurysms in a strand form, and gelled to a mass that filled the aneurysm while conforming to its inner contour. CONCLUSION Calcium alginate fills aneurysm models to a significantly higher degree than published results of the space filled by coils. Instillation of calcium alginate, especially in strand form, may produce an embolization that better fills and conforms to the contour of aneurysms compared with coils.
Transport pathways for fluid and large molecules in microvascular endothelium of the dog's paw

Abstract Solvent drag coefficients ( σ f ) and permeability surface area products ( PS ) for six plasma proteins and Dextran 110, determined in the preceding publication, were analyzed according to irreversible thermodynamic and hydrodynamic principles. The relation of σ f to molecular size indicates that endothelial pathways admitting these molecules are not the only hydraulically conductive pathways present. At least 81.5% of the volume flow must be assigned to routes essentially impermeable to serum albumin and larger molecules. Presumably, these are the cell membranes and small pore system. The convective pathway for large molecules may represent openings between endothelial cells or fused chains of cytoplasmic vesicles forming transitory channels. Calculated PS values for large molecules in these channels are no larger than one-fourth the measured values. The residual PS must be attributed to nonhydraulically conductive pathways. If these are supposed to be nonfused endothelial vesicles, their turnover rate is estimated to be 0.4 × 10 −4 ml/sec per 24-g paw, accounting for three-fourths to five-sixths of the total dissipative solute flux. Due to the composite (parallel pathway) structure of the microvascular endothelium, σ f for the whole membrane does not appear to be the same as the osmotic reflection coefficient, ( σ d ), even though the two may be equal for individual membrane pathways (Onsager reciprocity). Over the range of experimental pressures and flows, σ f for total plasma proteins is 0.83, while σ d is probably 0.89 or higher. The relation between the two σs is sensitive to the microscopic disposition of osmotic and hydrostatic forces in relation to individual transport paths.
A Novel Regulatory Factor Recruits the Nucleosome Remodeling Complex to Wingless Integrated (Wnt) Signaling Gene Promoters in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

The nucleosome remodeling and deacetylation (NuRD) complex is required for modulating the transcription of essential pluripotency genes in ESC self-renewal. MBD3 is considered a key player in the formation of a functional NuRD complex. The recruitment of MBD3 to methylated promoters may require other prerequisite factors. We show that cyclin-dependent kinase 2-associated protein 1 (CDK2AP1), an essential gene for early embryonic development, plays a role in pluripotency of ESC by engaging MBD3 to the promoter region of Wnt signaling genes. The occupancy of MBD3 on several promoters of Wnt genes was significantly lost in the absence of CDK2AP1, resulting in hyperactivation of Wnt. We propose that the transcriptional modulation of the Wnt pathway mediated by NuRD requires the presence of essential auxiliary components such as CDK2AP1, which may aid the association of the complex with specific focal regions of the target promoters.
Tax Preferences For Nonprofits: From Per Se Exemption To Pay-For-Performance

ABSTRACT: Defenders of tax preferences for nonprofit hospitals and health plans, including Mark Schlesinger and Brad Gray, contend that nonprofits deserve government support because they provide gr...
m7guanosine in tRNA of Escherichia coli.

Abstract 1. 1. The nucleoside content or six different individual tRNAs was re-investigated. 2. 2. Particular emphasis was placed on obtaining an accurate, quantitative estimation of the amount of the minor nucleoside m 7 guanosinc which was found to occur at less than one full residue in tRNA Phe ( E. coli ) and tRNA Arg ( E. coli ) but not in the other species of tRNAs examined. 3. 3. Several hypotheses to explain this observation are discussed.
Ultimate tensile properties of elastomers. VI. Strength and extensibility of a styrene–butadiene rubber vulcanizate in equal biaxial tension†

The ultimate properties of an unfilled styrene-butadiene rubber vulcanizate in equal biaxial tension were determined by inflating a circular membrane into a bubble. Tests were made at several extension rates (evaluated at the pole) from about 0.15 to 4 min−1 and at temperatures from −43 to 90°C. The stress in the vicinity of the pole when rupture occurred was evaluated from the pressure, the radius of curvature, and the extension ratio λ, the latter two quantities being obtained from photographic data. Below 70°C, the ultimate extension ratio λb is approximately 5.2 and is essentially independent of extension rate and temperature, in striking contrast to the behavior in simple and constrained biaxial tension (pure shear). Likewise, the rupture stress is manyfold greater than in either simple or constrained biaxial tension. From the extremum points of failure envelopes, the maximum extension ratio (λb)max in equal biaxial tension is 5.7 and in simple tension is 7.2. An examination of ruptured membranes showed that, except at 70 and 90°C, rupture began away from the pole in a region where the stress state is unequal biaxial tension. Hence, values of the ultimate properties in truly equal biaxial tension are no doubt somewhat greater than those obtained from the membrane tests. However, it is shown that (λb)max in truly equal biaxial tension must be lower than that in simple tension by at least 10%. A consideration of rupture data in simple, constrained biaxial, and equal biaxial tension leads to the conclusion that no simple failure criterion is applicable for interrelating data obtained under the several states of combined stress. The rupture patterns and factors that affect the site of rupture initiation and the mode of crack growth are also discussed.
Retrograde fast pathway ablation for atrioventricular nodal reentry associated with markedly prolonged PR intervals

Three patients with typical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and markedly prolonged PR intervals (>300 ms) without dual pathway physiology at baseline or during isoproterenol infusion underwent successful fast pathway ablation and remained asymptomatic without recurrent AVNRT, atrioventricular block, or symptomatic bradycardia for a mean of 19 months. In patients with recurrent AVNRT and markedly prolonged PR intervals, selective ablation of the retrograde fast pathway can eliminate AVNRT without further impairment of anterograde atrioventricular nodal function.
Feedforward, high density, programmable read only neural network based memory system

Neural network-inspired, nonvolatile, programmable associative memory using thin-film technology is demonstrated. The details of the architecture, which uses programmable resistive connection matrices in synaptic arrays and current summing and thresholding amplifiers as neurons, are described. Several synapse configurations for a high-density array of a binary connection matrix are also described. Test circuits are evaluated for operational feasibility and to demonstrate the speed of the read operation. The results are discussed to highlight the potential for a read data rate exceeding 10 megabits/sec.
Outcomes of volume-overloaded cardiovascular patients treated with ultrafiltration.

Abstract Background Ultrafiltration (UF) can rapidly and predictably remove extracellular and intravascular fluid volume. To date, assessment of UF in patients with cardiovascular disease has been confined to short- and medium-term studies in patients with a principal diagnosis of acute heart failure. Methods In-hospital and long-term outcomes were reviewed from consecutive patients with cardiovascular disorders and recognized pulmonary and systemic volume overload treated with a simplified UF system with the capability for peripheral venovenous access. Trained abstractors reviewed both paper and electronic medical records. Patients with a principal diagnosis of heart failure versus other primary hospital discharge diagnoses were identified according to International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision standards by independent coders. Results For a period of 43 months, 100 patients (76 male/24 female, 65 ± 14.0 years of age, systolic dysfunction 64%) were treated with UF during 130 hospitalizations. Baseline systolic blood pressure was 119 ± 23 mm Hg. Before UF, 53% were receiving intravenous vasoactive therapy. By using UF, 7.1 ± 3.9 L of ultrafiltrate were removed during 2.0 ± 1.2 treatments per hospitalization. Baseline creatinine was 1.8 ± 0.8 and 1.9 ± 1.2 (not significant) at discharge. Of the 15 in-hospital deaths, 14 occurred during the initial hospitalization. Left ventricular dysfunction was related to 13 (87%) of the 15 deaths; no deaths were related to UF use. In hospitalizations with a principal diagnosis of heart failure (n = 79), in-hospital mortality was 7.6% compared with an ADHERE risk tree estimated mortality of 7.5%. Multivariate logistic regression identified a trend for decreased systolic blood pressure to predict patient initial hospitalization mortality ( P = .06). Kaplan-Meier survivals for all patients were 71% at 1 year and 67% at 2 years. Cox regression found decreased systolic blood pressure as a predictor of long-term mortality (P = .025). Total volume of ultrafiltrate removed, ejection fraction, history of coronary artery disease, creatinine clearance, gender, age, and principal diagnosis of heart failure were not significantly associated with long-term mortality. Conclusion This series extends the spectrum of patients previously reported to be treated with UF. Despite marked volume overload, UF-treated patients with a principal diagnosis of heart failure had inpatient outcomes similar to the ADHERE registry. UF should be considered for a broad range of patients who present with volume overload.
Passive Immunization against HIV/AIDS by Antibody Gene Transfer

Despite tremendous efforts over the course of many years, the quest for an effective HIV vaccine by the classical method of active immunization remains largely elusive. However, two recent studies in mice and macaques have now demonstrated a new strategy designated as Vectored ImmunoProphylaxis (VIP), which involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) for in vivo expression. Robust protection against virus infection was observed in preclinical settings when animals were given VIP to express monoclonal neutralizing antibodies. This unorthodox approach raises new promise for combating the ongoing global HIV pandemic. In this article, we survey the status of antibody gene transfer, review the revolutionary progress on isolation of extremely bnAbs, detail VIP experiments against HIV and its related virus conduced in humanized mice and macaque monkeys, and discuss the pros and cons of VIP and its opportunities and challenges towards clinical applications to control HIV/AIDS endemics.
Measuring scientific research and technological innovation

Nowadays, the notion that the advancement of science and that of technology are fundamental for cultural, social and economic progress has become incontestable. The growing awareness of this has led to a markedly increased interest in empirical studies about technological and scientific development and to the proposal and testing of new quantitative indicators of research and innovation.
Natural convection heat transfer from a vertical plate—II. With gas injection and transverse magnetic field

Abstract A natural convection heat transfer experiment was conducted in mercury with gas injection in a vertical enclosure heated on one face at constant heat flux and cooled on the opposite face. Nitrogen gas bubbles were injected from a row of hypodermic tubes facing upwards along the bottom of the heated plate. A transverse magnetic field of magnitude 0.07 ⩽ B ⩽ 0.50 Tesla was imposed perpendicular to the heated surface. The range of the applied heat flux was 370 ⩽ q“ ⩽ 16 000 W m t-2 , corresponding to a modified Boussinesq number range of 10 5 ⩽ Bo ∗ x ⩽ 10 9 . The gas injection rate range was 0.9 ⩽ Q g ⩽ 9.2 cm 3 s −1 . Local heat transfer and void measurements were made with thermocouple and double-conductivity probes. Experimental results showed that for low heat flux rates, a small magnetic field intensity ( B ∼ 0.07 T ) significantly reduced the heat transfer coefficient in the presence of gas injection which in the absence of the magnetic field enhanced the heat transfer coefficient two- to three-fold relative to the single-phase result. The decrease was attributed to the suppression of both the laminar convection and the bubble-induced liquid motion. At higher heat fluxes, the decrease in the heat transfer coefficient in the presence of the magnetic field was less significant. Nevertheless, with increasing field intensity the Nusselt number decreased at these higher heat fluxes. An increase in the bubble size and bubble velocity stabilized the continuous decrease in the heat transfer coefficient for field intensities in the range B ∼ 0.25–0.35 T . At higher field intensities ( B ∼ 0.50 T ) temperature profiles indicated a conduction-dominated heat transfer mechanism.
A comparison of skin potential and skin resistance responses as measures of emotional responsivity.

The purpose of this study was to compare gradients of skin resistance (SR) and skin potential (SP) responses generated by differing degrees of psychologically disturbing stimuli, and to determine the significance of the different wave forms of skin potential. SR and SP were simultaneously recorded during a word-association test that included three levels of psychologically disturbing verbal stimuli. In addition to the a and b waves of the SP response, a second negative wave form, a2, was recorded. SR and all SP wave forms yielded positive gradients as a function of increasing stimulus intensity. Gradients based upon SR and total SP were close to identical. Magnitude measures, which include zero responses, of the SP wave forms yielded steeper gradients than measures of amplitude or frequency. The relative contribution of different SP wave forms to total SP varied with stimulus level.
Effect of self-phase modulation on the instabilities of quantum-cascade lasers

Theoretical analysis of lasing instability in quantum-cascade lasers was carried out. A mid-infrared quantum-cascade laser structure with triple resonance levels was chosen as the prototype of the lasing medium with high Kerr nonlinearity from optical transitions. The self-phase modulation effect induced by Kerr nonlinearity was found to possibly change the unstable frequency domain significantly, i.e., not only broaden the unstable domain but also drive it from single-mode to multi-mode. The instability mechanisms of quantum-cascade lasers include one like the coherent multi-mode Rishen-Nummedal-Graham-Haken instability and the spatial-hole-burning-induced single-mode instability.
Injection of conjugated linoleic acid into beef strip loins.

Beef strip loins (IMPS 180; n = 15) were sectioned in thirds and sections (n = 45) were left untreated (CNT) or injected with either a commercial powder conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) source (Powder) or a commercial oil CLA source (Oil), whose major isomers were 18:2cis-9, trans-11 and 18:2trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers. Fresh Oil steaks had 3.20 and 3.15, Powder steaks had 4.67 and 4.62, and CNT steaks had 0.19 and 0.02 mg/g muscle tissue (wet basis) of the cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers, respectively. TBARS were similar (Oil) and lower (Powder), compared to CNT. Powder steaks had similar instrumental color, and beef and off flavor characteristics as CNT. Artificial marbling was created with Oil steaks having USDA Small79 and Powder steaks having USDA Modest86 marbling scores, while CNT steaks had USDA Slight94 marbling scores. Injection of CLA can be effective in significantly increasing CLA and potentially creating artificial marbling.
At the Intersection of Nervous System and Soul. Observation and Its Limits in Late 19th-Century Psychological Aesthetics

The article discusses a problem of observation that arises in the wake of a psychological “turn” in late 19th-century German aesthetics. This problem results from a confluence of two factors: a) the new theoretical claim that any form of aesthetic experience is to be explained as the effect of physiological and psychological processes that need to be studied empirically; and b) the methodological crux that the “crossing point” of nervous system and soul—the link between the two levels of neuronal activity and conscious mental states—remains a blind spot that can be accessed neither by means of objective measurement nor through subjective introspection. Pursuing the ways in which scholars like Friedrich Theodor Vischer and Theodor Lipps address this observational gap, the article analyzes how “psychological aesthetics” comes to turn on increasingly self-reflexive strategies of linguistic figuration—strategies that serve to model psycho-physiological causality as a mechanism of metaphorical translation.
Modern space/time geostatistics using river distances: data integration of turbidity and E. coli measurements to assess fecal contamination along the Raritan River in New Jersey.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a widely used indicator of fecal contamination in water bodies. External contact and subsequent ingestion of bacteria coming from fecal contamination can lead to harmful health effects. Since E. coli data are sometimes limited, the objective of this study is to use secondary information in the form of turbidity to improve the assessment of E. coli at unmonitored locations. We obtained all E. coli and turbidity monitoring data available from existing monitoring networks for the 2000−2006 time period for the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey. Using collocated measurements, we developed a predictive model of E. coli from turbidity data. Using this model, soft data are constructed for E. coli given turbidity measurements at 739 space/time locations where only turbidity was measured. Finally, the Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) method of modern space/time geostatistics was used for the data integration of monitored and predicted E. coli data to produce maps showing E. coli concentrat...