cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Verruciform xanthomas and lymphedema.

3. Whimbley E, Kiehn TE, Armstrong D. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracelhdare disease: diagnosis and therapy. Curr Clin Top Dis 1986;7:112-33. 4. Cox SK, Strausbaugh LJ. Chronic cutaneous infection caused by Mycobacterium intracetlulare. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:794-6. 5. Cole GW, Gebhard J. Mycobacterium avium infection of the skin resembling lepromatous leprosy. Br J Dermatol 1979;101:71-4. 6. Schrnid JD, Yaeger H, Smith EB, et al. Cutaneous infection due to a Runyon Group llI atypical mycobaeterium. Am Rev Respir Dis 1972;106:469-71. 7. Love GM. Nontuberculous mycobacterial skin infection resembling lepromatous leprosy. South Med J 1987;80: 1060-1. 8. Woods GL, Washington JA. Mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis: review of microbiologic and clinical aspects. Rev Infect Dis 1987;9(2):275-94. 9. Nel EE. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex serovans isolated in South Africa from humans, swine, and the environment. Rev Infect Dis 1982;125:388-91. 10. Reznikov M, Leggo JH, Dawson DJ. Investigation by seroagglutination of strains of the Mycobacterium intracellulare-Mycobacterium scrofulaceum group from house dust and sputum in southeastern Queensland. Am Rev Respir Dis 1971;104:951-3. 11. Parker BC, Ford MA, Gruff H, et al. Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria. IV. Preferential aerosolization of Mycobacterium intracelhdare from natural waters. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983;128:652-6. 12. Murphey SA, Jungkind DL, Schwartz HG, et al. Mycobacterium avium-intraeel[ulare in a hospital hot water system: epidemiological investigations. In: Proceedings and abstracts of the 24th Interscience Conference on Anfimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Las Vegas, Oct 24-26, 1983. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1983:277. 13, Beyt BE, Ortbals DW, Santa Cruz D J, et al. Cutaneous mycobacteriosis: analysis of 34 cases with a new classification of the disease. Medicine 1980;60:95-109. 14. Damsker B, Bottone E J. Nontuberculous as unsuspected agents of dermatological infections: diagnosis through microbiologicalparameters. J Clin Microbiol 1980; 11:569-72. 15. Runyon EH. Whence mycobacteria and mycobacterioses ? Ann Intern Med 1971;75:467-8. 16. SafranekTJ, Jarvis WR, CarsonLA, etal.I317:197-201. 17. Cott RE, Carter M, Sail T. Cutaneous disease caused by atypical mycobacteria: report of two chromogen infections and review of the subject. Arch Dermatol 1967;95:259-68. 18. Ackerman AB. Histologie diagnosis of inflammatory skin disease. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1978:808-11. 19. Whimbey E, Kiehn TE, Armstrong D. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracelhdare disease: diagnosis and therapy. In: Remington JS, Swartz MN, eds. Current clinical topics in infectious diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986:112-33.
Improving Beginning Reading Instruction and Intervention for Students with LD Reconciling “All” with “Each”

We begin with an examination of the tensions that exist between educational efforts that target the needs of all students and efforts that target the needs of individual students with disabilities. Next, we provide reasons why, in beginning reading, a schoolwide system designed to teach all students to read can also support individualized and flexible instruction designed to teach each student to read. Finally, we describe a schoolwide beginning reading model that includes a schoolwide framework or infrastructure that supports comprehensive and coordinated reading goals, assessment, and instruction for all students integrated with ongoing progress monitoring and instructional adjustments that allow for differentiated and individualized instruction for each student, including students with disabilities.
Effects of aprotinin on complement and granulocyte activation during ex vivo hemodialysis.

Abstract Hemodialysis with cellulosic membranes results in complement activation, granulocytopenia, and granulocyte activation. To further investigate the relationship between complement activation and granulocyte activation, we developed a model of ex vivo hemodialysis with blood flow, dialysate flow, and dialysate composition similar to in vivo hemodialysis. We used this model to investigate the effects of aprotinin, a potent serine protease inhibitor frequently used as an anti-inflammatory agent during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, on both complement and granulocyte activation. Seven normal human volunteers were phlebotomized for ex vivo hemodialysis on two occasions each, once with and once without 800,000 kallikrein inhibitor units of aprotinin added to the circuit. Measurements were made of complement activation (radioimmunoassay for C3a desArg and C5a desArg), as well as granulocyte activation (flow cytometric measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, granulocyte CD11b-CD18 [MAC-1, CR3] expression, and CD62-L [L-selectin] expression). Statistically significant elevations in C3a desArg levels occurred by 10 minutes and reached a maximum of 5,367 ± 712 ng/mL by 60 minutes after the initiation of ex vivo hemodialysis. Plasma C5a levels were elevated to 236 ± 32 ng/mL at 60 minutes compared with 45 ± 15 ng/mL predialysis. Aprotinin was able to significantly inhibit dialysis-induced C3a generation (peak 2,456 ± 572 ng/mL at 60 minutes) as well as C5a generation (86 ± 23 ng/mL at 60 minutes). During ex vivo hemodialysis, there was also a significant increase in granulocyte ROS production, MAC-1 upregulation, and L-selectin downregulation. Changes in granulocyte activation were not affected by the administration of aprotinin. We conclude that aprotinin partially inhibits complement activation but has no effect on granulocyte activation in an ex vivo model of hemodialysis with cellulosic membranes.
A 200-kd protein isolated from the fascia adherens membrane domains of chicken cardiac muscle cells is detected immunologically in fibroblast focal adhesions

On the premise that the fascia adherens of cardiac muscle cell intercalated disk membranes is a structure that is closely homologous to the focal adhesions formed by fibroblasts, a fascia adherens preparation was isolated from chicken cardiac muscle, and was analyzed for its protein composition. A prominent 200-kilodalton (kd) protein was purified from the fascia preparation and shown to be antigenically unrelated to several previously characterized cytoskeletal proteins, including cardiac myosin and vinculin. With monospecific antibodies to the 200-kd protein, an identical or closely similar intracellular protein was shown to be associated with the focal adhesion plaques of fibroblasts.
A Bacterial Strain with a Unique Quadruplet Codon Specifying Non‐native Amino Acids

The addition of noncanonical amino acids to the genetic code requires unique codons not assigned to the 20 canonical amino acids. Among the 64 triplet codons, only the three nonsense "stop" codons have been used to encode non-native amino acids. Use of quadruplet "frame-shift" suppressor codons provides an abundant alternative but suffers from low suppression efficiency as a result of competing recognition of their first three bases by endogenous host tRNAs or release factors. Deletion of release factor 1 in a genomically recoded strain of E. coli (E. coli C321), in which all endogenous amber stop codons (UAG) are replaced with UAA, abolished UAG mediated translation termination. Here we show that a Methanocaldococcus jannaschii-derived frame-shift suppressor tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair enhanced UAGN suppression efficiency in this recoded bacterial strain. These results demonstrate that efficient quadruplet codons for encoding non-native amino acids can be generated by eliminating competing triplet codon recognition at the ribosome.
Min-max approximate dynamic programming

In this paper we describe an approximate dynamic programming policy for a discrete-time dynamical system perturbed by noise. The approximate value function is the pointwise supremum of a family of lower bounds on the value function of the stochastic control problem; evaluating the control policy involves the solution of a min-max or saddle-point problem. For a quadratically constrained linear quadratic control problem, evaluating the policy amounts to solving a semidefinite program at each time step. By evaluating the policy, we obtain a lower bound on the value function, which can be used to evaluate performance: When the lower bound and the achieved performance of the policy are close, we can conclude that the policy is nearly optimal. We describe several numerical examples where this is indeed the case.
Does a cutback in external funding reduce incidence of foreign sponsored terrorism

It is shown that a cutback in external funding would reduce the incidence of foreign sponsored terrorism in the home country, but the magnitude of the reduction will be somewhat smaller than normally expected because of the precipitous fall in the price of terror caused by home currency depreciation.
Changing patterns of drug abuse in New York City.

(1974). Changing Patterns of Drug Abuse in New York City. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 371-378.
The Relationship Between Collagen Content and Emulsifying Capacity of Poultry Meat

Abstract INTRODUCTION IT has been well established that a sausage batter or mix constitutes a form of an emulsion. Hansen (1960) and Swift et al. (1961) have established that fat incorporated into a sausage product is dispersed in small drops and enveloped with a layer of protein material, producing essentially an oil-in-water emulsion. Since sausage making traditionally has been an art and manufacturing procedures have been developed on an empirical basis, the knowledge and processes of emulsions and excellent quality sausages are important. Swift et al. (1961) have shown that the factors affecting the ability of meat to emulsify fat in a saline system include the extent to which meat is comminuted, the proportion of saline phase, the rates of addition of fat and of mixing and temperature. Much work has been reported concerning red meats and their ability to emulsify fat. This study was initiated because poultry meat in new …
Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall

The present paper presents a series of studies showing that relevant contextual knowledge is a prerequisite for comprehending prose passages. Four studies are reported, each demonstrating increased comprehension ratings and recall scores when Ss were supplied with appropriate information before they heard test passages. Supplying Ss with the same information subsequent to the passages produced much lower comprehension ratings and recall scores. Various explanations of the results are considered, and the role of topics in activating cognitive contexts is discussed.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBODIES AND PEROXISOMAL ENZYMES IN GREENING BEAN LEAVES

The ontogeny of leaf microbodies (peroxisomes) has been followed by (a) fixing primary bean leaves at various stages of greening and examining them ultrastructurally, and (b) homogenizing leaves at the same stages and assaying them for three peroxisomal enzymes. A study employing light-grown seedlings showed that when the leaves are still below ground and achlorophyllous, microbodies are present as small organelles (e.g., 0.3 µm in diameter) associated with endoplasmic reticulum, and that after the leaves have turned green and expanded fully, the microbodies occur as much larger organelles (e.g., 1.5 µm in diameter) associated with chloroplasts. Specific activities of the peroxisomal enzymes increase 3- to 10-fold during this period. A second study showed that when etiolated seedlings are transferred to light, the microbodies do not appear to undergo any immediate morphological change, but that by 72 h they have attained approximately the size and enzymatic activity possessed by microbodies in the mature primary leaves of light-grown plants. It is concluded from the ultrastructural observations that leaf microbodies form as small particles and gradually develop into larger ones through contributions from smooth portions of endoplasmic reticulum. In certain aspects, the development of peroxisomes appears analogous to that of chloroplasts. The possibility is examined that microbodies in green leaves may be relatively long-lived organelles.
The Effect of Processing Conditions on Heat Transfer During Directional Solidification via the Bridgman and Liquid Metal Cooling Processes

Finite-element-based solidification modeling was used to investigate the thermal characteristics of the Bridgman and liquid metal cooling (LMC) directional solidification (DS) processes. Physically representative boundary conditions were implemented within a finite-element model to test its applicability to a broad range of processing conditions. The dominant heat-transfer step for each case was identified. Relationships between the thermal gradient and the solid–liquid interface position relative to the transition region of the furnace were developed. The solidification rate, the local velocity of the solid–liquid interface, and the cooling rate as a function of withdrawal rate were analyzed. The curvature of the solid–liquid interface varies with the processing conditions and influences the local thermal condition and, therefore, the morphological development of dendritic structure during solidification. An extensive sensitivity analysis of process conditions was conducted for both the Bridgman and LMC techniques. The relative importance of process parameters on the resulting thermal conditions during solidification was identified. A protocol for determination of preferred process conditions was defined. The maximum axial thermal gradient at the surface of the casting occurs when the solid–liquid interface is just above the baffle for both the Bridgman and LMC DS processes, independent of casting geometry or mold-heater temperature.
Epidemiological studies in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and comorbidity of the rheumatic diseases

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in human populations. Over the past decade there has been considerable progress in our understanding of the fundamental descriptive epidemiology (levels of disease frequency: incidence and prevalence, comorbidity, mortality, trends over time, geographic distributions, and clinical characteristics) of the rheumatic diseases. This progress is reviewed for the following major rheumatic diseases: rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, gout, Sjogren's syndrome, and ankylosing spondylitis. These findings demonstrate the dynamic nature of the incidence and prevalence of these conditions – a reflection of the impact of genetic and environmental factors. The past decade has also brought new insights regarding the comorbidity associated with rheumatic diseases. Strong evidence now shows that persons with RA are at a high risk for developing several comorbid disorders, that these conditions may have atypical features and thus may be difficult to diagnose, and that persons with RA experience poorer outcomes after comorbidity compared with the general population. Taken together, these findings underscore the complexity of the rheumatic diseases and highlight the key role of epidemiological research in understanding these intriguing conditions.
High‐Strain‐Rate Testing of Materials: The Split‐Hopkinson Pressure Bar

Robust models that capture the physics of high-rate material response are required for developing predictive capability for highly dynamic events. One develops a strength constitutive model for a particular material by measuring its mechanical properties over a range of temperatures, strain rates, and stress states. The samples of interest are loaded in compression, tension, or torsion over a range of loading rates and temperatures germane to the application of interest. Various mechanical testing frames are available that achieve nominally constant loading rates for limited plastic strains and, thereby, a constant strain rate. The standard screw-driven or servohydraulic testing machines achieve strain rates of up to 5 s−1. Specially designed testing machines, typically equipped with high-capacity servohydraulic valves and high-speed control and data acquisition instrumentation, can achieve strain rates as high as 200 s−1 during compression loading. To go even higher, we must employ projectile-driven impacts that induce stress-wave propagation in the sample materials. Chief among the techniques to measure the dynamic stress–strain response of materials is the split-Hopkinson pressure bar. This technique is capable of achieving the highest uniform uniaxial stress loading of a specimen in compression at nominally constant strain rates of the order of 103 s−1 and true strains of 0.3. Stress in the Hopkinson bar is measured by using an elastic element in series with the specimen of interest. Stress waves are generated via an impact event and the elastic elements utilized are long bars such that the duration of the loading pulse is less than the wave transit time in the bar. In this article the principles of the split-Hopkinson pressure bar, its data reduction, sample preparation, and limitations are detailed. Keywords: high-strain-rate testing; split-Hopkinson pressure bar; Kolsky bar; mechanical testing; constitutive response; dynamic mechanical behavior
Rationalizing the Spatial Distribution of Mesoscale Eddy Diffusivity in Terms of Mixing Length Theory

Observations and theory suggest that lateral mixing by mesoscale ocean eddies only reaches its maximum potential at steering levels, surfaces at which the propagation speed of eddies approaches that of the mean flow. Away from steering levels, mixing is strongly suppressed because the mixing length is smaller than the eddy scale, thus reducing the mixing rates. The suppression is particularly pronounced in strong currents where mesoscale eddies are most energetic. Here, a framework for parameterizing eddy mixing is explored that attempts to capture this suppression. An expression of the surface eddy diffusivity proposed by Ferrari and Nikurashin is evaluated using observations of eddy kinetic energy, eddy scale, and eddy propagation speed. The resulting global maps of eddy diffusivity have a broad correspondence with recent estimates of diffusivity based on the rate at which tracer contours are stretched by altimetric-derived surface currents. Finally, the expression for the eddy diffusivity is extrapolated in the vertical to infer the eddy-induced meridional heat transport and the overturning streamfunction.
Comparison of hybrid and fully implicit time domain finite element solvers for transient electromagnetic simulation

The paper compares two finite element time domain solvers for transient electromagnetic simulation of multiscale structures. The first solver is based on a dual-field implicit-explicit formulation. By limiting the number of implicit elements, the solver closely resembles nodal discontinuous Galerkin and has better scalability in memory requirement and multithreading for solving large-scale problems. However, when the structures and features to be solved are electrically small, the explicit part of the hybrid solver is limited by the stability condition and becomes inefficient in passing low-frequency signals through the structures. We will demonstrate that the second solver based on a single-variable fully implicit formulation can better handle low-frequency applications such as electrostatic discharge and lightning strikes. It is also immune to bad meshes with extremely small or ill-shaped elements.
Interest Rate Volatility and No-Arbitrage Affine Term Structure Models

Within the affine framework, many have observed a tension between matching conditional first and second moments in dynamic term structure models (DTSMs). Although the existence of this tension is g...
Observed aerosol-induced radiative effect on plant productivity in the eastern United States

We apply satellite observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD) in conjunction with flux tower-derived estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) to probe the relationship between atmospheric aerosol loading and carbon uptake rate at 10 select sites (4 deciduous broadleaf, 3 cropland, 1 evergreen needle leaf, 1 mixed forest and 1 grassland) on hourly time scales in the growing season in the eastern United States. For deciduous and mixed forests, the aerosol light scattering increases GPP with a maximum effect observed under polluted conditions (AOD >0.6), when diffuse radiation is 40–60%. During midday hours, high AOD conditions (>0.4) enhance plant productivity by ∼13% in deciduous forests. In contrast, we find that high diffuse light fraction does not increase the carbon uptake rate in croplands and grasslands; for these ecosystems, we estimate that high AOD conditions reduce GPP by ∼17% during midday hours. Our findings are consistent with previous studies that have attributed these contrasting response sensitivities to the complex and closed canopy architecture of forests versus crops and grasslands. C4 but not C3 crops may benefit from pollution-induced changes in diffuse and direct light. Further research is needed to investigate the role of local meteorology as a possible confounder in the connection between atmospheric aerosols and plant productivity.
Angiotensin II and contraction of isolated myocytes from human, guinea pig, and infarcted rat hearts

The effects of angiotensin II on myocardial contractility were assessed in isolated cardiac myocyte preparations, using video microscopy with a computerized edge-detection system. Angiotensin II (1 nM-10 microM) did not affect the contraction of rat (n = 10), guinea pig (n = 11), or human ventricular myocytes (n = 8) or of human atrial myocytes (n = 12). Isoproterenol or raised extracellular calcium increased the contraction amplitude of the cardiac myocytes to a maximum of between 150 and 560% above basal, and there were corresponding increases in the velocities of contraction and relaxation. In rat and guinea pig ventricular myocytes 1 microM angiotensin II did not affect the inotropic response to isoproterenol. Seven days after left coronary artery ligation in seven rats, the basal contraction amplitude was reduced in myocytes from the infarcted region (4.0 +/- 1.9%) compared with the noninfarcted region (5.0 +/- 2.8%, P = 0.03) and with myocytes from six sham-operated hearts (5.0 +/- 2.8%, P = 0.03). There was a switch in myosin isoform expression from the V1 to the V3 isoform in myocytes from both the infarcted and noninfarcted regions. Angiotensin II (1 nM-10 microM) had no significant effect on the contraction characteristics of myocytes from the infarcted rat hearts. In conclusion, angiotensin II had no significant inotropic effect on isolated cardiac myocyte preparations from guinea pig ventricle, normal and infarcted rat ventricle, human ventricle, and human atrium.
Medical and Psychosocial Correlates of Insomnia Symptoms in Adult Survivors of Pediatric Brain Tumors

Objective Children diagnosed with brain tumors are at risk for insomnia. We evaluated insomnia symptoms, medical and psychosocial correlates, and medical documentation of sleep-related issues in a neuro-oncology clinic. Methods 98 adult survivors of pediatric brain tumors provided data about sleep, psychological distress, and health-related quality of life. Medical records were reviewed for treatment-related information and for documentation of sleep-related issues. Results 26% of the sample reported insomnia symptoms as evidenced by poor sleep efficiency. Insomnia symptoms were associated with a migraine headache history, but not with other medical or psychosocial outcomes. Approximately one in three medical providers did not document discussing sleep during the survivorship visit. Conclusions A sizeable number of pediatric brain tumor survivors experience insomnia symptoms. The survivorship visit is an ideal opportunity for providers to conduct a sleep evaluation for this at-risk population and to provide referrals for evidence-based insomnia treatment.
A general statistical method for identifying adaptations by parameterizing trait space

It is obviously useful to think of evolved individuals in terms of their adaptations, yet the task of empirically classifying traits as adaptations has been claimed by some to be impossible in principle. I reject that claim by construction, introducing a formal method to empirically test whether a trait is an adaptation. The method presented is general, intuitive, and effective at identifying adaptations while remaining agnostic about their adaptive function. The test follows directly from the notion that adaptations arise from variation, heritability, and differential fitness in an evolving population: I operationalize these three concepts at the trait level, formally defining measures of individual traits. To test whether a trait is an adaptation, these measures are evaluated, locating the trait within a three-dimensional parameterized trait space. Within this space, I identify a region containing all adaptations; a trait's position relative to this adaptive region of trait space describes its status as an adaptation. The test can be applied in any evolving system where a few domain-specific statistical measures can be constructed; I demonstrate the construction of these measures, most notably a measure of an individual's hypothetical fitness if it were born with a different trait, in Packard's Bugs ALife model. The test is applied in Bugs, and shown to conform with our intuitive classification of adaptations.
Preoperative atrial fibrillation may not increase thromboembolic events in left ventricular assist device recipients on midterm follow-up.

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a well-established risk factor for thromboembolic (TE) complications. AF is frequently found in patients with advanced heart failure, including patients undergoing left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. However, reports on whether preoperative AF increases the risk of TE events after LVAD implantation are scarce and limited to single-center or 2-center studies. We sought to evaluate the association of preoperative AF with TE events and patient survival using the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS). Methods A retrospective analysis of INTERMACS data of primary continuous-flow LVADs implanted between May 2012 and December 2013 was performed. Adult patients were dichotomized as having AF or no AF (NAF). TE events were defined as cerebrovascular accident, transient ischemic attack, hemolysis, arterial non–central nervous system embolism, or explant because of pump thrombosis. Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate Cox regression were performed for freedom from TE and patient survival. Results Of 3,909 patients identified during the study period, 838 (21.4%) had preoperative AF. Patients with AF were older, were likely to be male, and had more comorbidities ( p p = 0.60). On univariate analysis, AF was not significantly associated with freedom from TE but was associated with decreased patient survival (log-rank test p = 0.03). On multivariate analysis, AF was not significantly associated with either TE (adjusted hazard ratio 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.80–1.13) or patient survival (adjusted hazard ratio 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 0.91–1.31). Conclusions Analysis of INTERMACS suggests that preoperative AF may not increase the risk of postoperative TE complications or patient mortality on midterm follow-up. Longer follow-up to confirm these findings is warranted.
A New Proof of the Formula for the Number of 3 × 3 Magic Squares

Introduction For our purposes, a magic square is a square matrix with nonnegative integer entries in which all row sums and column sums are equal. (We note that other notions of magic squares exist. For example, one might require that the diagonal sums be the same, too, or one might forbid repetitions of elements in any line.) L,et H,(r) denote the number of n X n magic squares of line sum r. It has long been known (see [1] and [4]) that
AERODYNAMIC EVALUATION OF WING TIP MOUNTED NACELLES

A computational investigation of the impact of wing tip mounted engine nacelles was undertaken in order to quantify potential improvements in performance and reductions is wake vortex strengths as had been identified in previous wind tunnel tests by Patterson, et al. The results obtained indicated that the bulk of the performance gains are associated with the diameter of the wing tip body and not with the presence of axial flow in the tip vortex core. However, the tip vortex strength is reduced by such core flow and forced core blowing does enhance the viscous dissipation of the vortex. The possibility still exists to effect the tip vortex stability through blowing, but vortex breakdown was not observed in the computational analysis.
Pulke, Maple Syrup, and Palm Wine: International and Multicultural Literatures for Cross-cultural Learning and Understanding

Multiculturalism is still a buzzword in the humanities and education. Through exposure to multicultural literatures, students expand their multicultural knowledge and awareness. Having a meaningful experience and understanding of multiple world cultures is to learn how to understand and appreciate the other. Cross-cultural understanding helps one to learn to intelligently accept differences which the world needs for international understanding and world peace. Using a combination of literary and practical pedagogical approaches, and real classroom experiences, the aim of this study is to explore the uniqueness of the individual and common threads that bind people together in multicultural and international literatures for children and youth, and how it can be humanistically and effectively taught in colleges and universities.
Research Development on Gas Sensing Mechanism of Metal Oxide Semiconducting Thin Films

One of the key components of gas sensing devices is their active thin film whose performance is largely affected by the fabrication method.This is usually due to the differences in the film microstructures such as grain size,thickness,void fraction and effective surface area etc.Sol-Gel method has been well developed and widely used owing to its unique processes and advantages(e.g.easy film fabrication and low growth temperature).In this article,the preparation of metal oxide sol-gel thin films is reviewed from the aspects of film growth,microstructure and gas-sensing mechanisms.It is indicated that the films with grain size of 10 nm and thickness of less than 110 nm can give the best gas sensing performance.As to the optimization of the gas sensing behavior,it can be effectively done through tunning the grain size via controlling the baking temperature,baking time and/or adding some special additives in the sol-gel process.The transport mechanisms of various gas sensors are also reviewed from the viewpoint of energy band structure.Moreover,the relationship between the thin film microstructure and the effectiveness of the theoretical transport models of thermionic electron emission and electron tunneling is discussed too.
Computational Aerodynamic Analysis of Thick Flatback Airfoils

Flatbact(blunt trailing edge) airfoils are adopted for the inboard region of large wind turbine blades due to their structural and aerodynamic performance advantages.But very limited experimental data at high Reynolds Numbers are available because the wind tunnel experiments are limited by the Reynolds Number and solid blockage.In this study,a 2-D Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solver coupled with a transition prediction based on eN method is used to CFD calculated of blunt trailing edge airfoils.Several blunt trailing edge airfoils,blunting the trailing edge by different methods and with experimental data,are calculated and the results are analyzed.The results show that the CFD results of lift coefficients agree very well in linear region with the experimental data but the maximum lift is over predicted and post-stall phenomena are not captured computationally.
Development of Estimation of the Muscle Force Distribution of Joint

Muscle forces distribution of joint is considered to be an important tool to get in-depth understanding on the joint load and reason to injuries,which is significant to biochemical theories and injury prevention and treatment.The purpose of this paper was to review and summarize current progress made on muscle force distribution model so as to provide references to evaluation of muscle and ligament load in injury research.Literatures published and related to muscle force distribution model were reviewed.The results showed direct measurement of muscle forces in vivo was generally not feasible,therefore indirect non-invasive methods based on musculoskeletal model should be considered.This paper introduces four existing solutions to the joint muscle force distribution problem: simplified method,optimization,EMG-driven model and hybrid model.The future prospects of muscle forces distribution problem are the validation of muscle force and modeling method based on individual parameters.
Medullary expiratory activity during opossum development.

Medullary expiration-phased action potentials were obtained from 5-sec-butyl-5-ethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid- (Inactin) anesthetized suckling opossums from approximately 30 days of age to near weaning (80–90 days of age). The medulla was explored for expiratory neuronal action potentials during positive pressure breathing (PPB) (approximately 3 cmH2O) because many expiratory cells had little or no discharge during spontaneous breathing off load. After finding an expiratory unit, the response of the cell to removal (30–60 s) and reinstatement of PPB was measured. Projections to the spinal cord were also examined, and position of the cell was assessed. Results were compared with those obtained from rostral and caudal medullary expiratory neurons in adult opossums. Mean discharge rate of expiratory cells during PPB increased as a function of age. Discharge started with a delay after the cessation of inspiration; this delay decreased as a function of age. Cells averaged 7.5 spikes/breath during PPB and 2.2 spik...
Salt or ice diapirism origin for the honeycomb terrain in Hellas basin, Mars?: Implications for the early martian climate

Abstract The “honeycomb” terrain is a Noachian-aged cluster of ∼7 km wide linear cell-like depressions located on the northwestern floor of Hellas basin, Mars. A variety of origins have been proposed for the honeycomb terrain, including deformation rings of subglacial sediment, frozen convection cells from a Hellas impact melt sheet, a swarm of igneous batholiths, salt diapirism, and ice diapirism. Recent work has shown that the salt or ice diapirism scenarios appear to be most consistent with the morphology and morphometry of the honeycomb terrain. The salt and ice diapirism scenarios have different implications for the ancient martian climate and hydrological cycle, and so distinguishing between the two scenarios is critical. In this study, we specifically test whether the honeycomb terrain is consistent with a salt or ice diapir origin. We use thermal modeling to assess the stability limits on the thickness of an ice or salt diapir-forming layer at depth within the Hellas basin. We also apply analytical models for diapir formation to evaluate the predicted diapir wavelengths in order to compare with observations. Ice diapirism is generally predicted to reproduce the observed honeycomb wavelengths for ∼100 m to ∼1 km thick ice deposits. Gypsum and kieserite diapirism is generally predicted to reproduce the observed honeycomb wavelengths for ≥ 600–1000 m thick salt deposits, but only with a basaltic overburden. Halite diapirism generally requires approx. ≥ 1 km thick halite deposits in order to reproduce the observed honeycomb wavelengths. Hellas basin is a distinctive environment for diapirism on Mars due to its thin crust (which reduces surface heat flux), low elevation (which allows Hellas to act as a water/ice/sediment sink and increases the surface temperature), and location within the southern highlands (which may provide proximity to inflowing saline water or glacial ice). The plausibility of an ice diapir mechanism generally requires temperatures ≤ 250 K within Hellas in order to reproduce the observed diapir wavelength. Conversely, the viability of the salt diapir mechanism requires sufficiently thick evaporite deposits to accumulate in Hellas (generally ≃1–3 km), which requires the emplacement and evaporation within Hellas of a 14–2045 m global equivalent layer (GEL) of saline water (∼2 × 10 6 km 3 to ∼3 × 10 8 km 3 ). On the basis of our analysis, we conclude that ice diapirism is more likely due to the thin deposits (∼0.1–1 km thick) and low water volumes required (only 0.3–24 m GEL water), and the potential for either glacial deposits or a frozen ocean to supply the necessary ice. Salt diapirism requires thick evaporite deposits and high water volumes by comparison, and thus appears less likely.
FLAVOR AND SHELF LIFE OF FLUID MILK1,2

Today's consumer determines the acceptance of milk by flavor and shelf life. Rancid, oxidized, and strong feed tastes of raw milk need to be eliminated. To prevent rancid and psychrotrophic flavor development, milk should be processed within 24 h of collection. Hot water sterilization of processing and filling equipment is essential. Product temperatures below 40 F at the filler extend shelf life. Proper handling during delivery and in stores is necessary to maintain good taste and keeping quality. Temperatures below 40 F, minimal fluorescent light and daylight exposure, and proper rotation are the key factors. Containers vary in their ability to protect the flavor and change in milk composition. Holding quality programs of 14 days at 45 F should be adopted by industry. Ten-day coding or open dating should be practiced by all processors. Regulatory agencies need to permit tests which will indicate shelf life. More emphasis must be placed on factors which determine consumer acceptability. These are flavor ...
554. Serotype Comparison of AAV Transduction in Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) demonstrate promising results in the treatment of many diseases. However, it is unlikely that a simple infusion of cells will provide the full range of desired treatment results. Transient genetic modification of ASC to turn them into drug-eluting depots is likely to enhance their reparative characteristics and accelerate healing. We hypothesized that adeno-associated virus (AAV), an approved gene therapy vector that has never been associated with disease, has several ideal characteristics needed for creating drug-eluting ASC. The most common recombinant AAV vectors were tested for transduction and duration of gene expression. rAAV5 demonstrated both the highest and longest term expression. The glycosylation profile of ASC was determined and we show that rAAV5 transduction requires plasma membrane associated sialic acid. Future studies will focus on rAAV5 as the vector of choice to deliver disease specific genes to drive biological drug delivery, engraftment, and disease correction.
Heavier birth weight associated with taller height but not age at menarche in US women born 1991-1998.

Objectives Heavier birth weight predicts taller adult height, but it remains unknown the extent to which this additional height increment results from a faster average growth rate versus an extension of the growth period. Aiming to distinguish these effects, this study examined associations between birth weight (BW), age at menarche (an established proxy for growth duration), and near-adult height in a cohort of US young women born in the 1990s. Methods Multiple regression evaluated age-adjusted height as an outcome of BW, age at menarche, indicators of family socioeconomic status, and other potential confounders in a sample of US teens who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2007 and 2012 (N = 342). Relevant interactions were also evaluated. Results Mean ± SD was 11.9 ± 1.2 years and 3262 ± 592 g for age at menarche and BW, respectively. BW did not predict age at menarche (β = –.01, p = .838). Girls were 1.3 cm taller per year delay in menarche (p < .001) and 2.9 cm taller per 1 kg increase in BW (p < .001). Additionally, the greatest gain in height associated with delayed menarche was observed among the heaviest BW quartile. Conclusions Girls born heavier were taller but experienced menarche at similar ages to girls born lighter. To the extent that age at menarche reflected growth duration, these results demonstrate faster average growth among heavier-born girls. Consistent with fetal programming of average growth rate, these results held after adjustment for confounders of postnatal growth like family socioeconomic status.
From Autonomy to Divinity: The Cultural Socialization of Moral Reasoning in an Evangelical Christian Community

This study examined moral reasoning in parent–child conversations within a U.S. evangelical Christian community. The goal was to identify social-communicative processes that may promote the development of Divinity in children's moral reasoning. Sixteen parent–child dyads (6–9 years old) discussed hypothetical moral vignettes about failures to help peers in need. Analyses revealed that Divinity typically co-occurred with Autonomy in these conversations and that such co-occurrences typically happened through three distinct social-communicative processes, labeled “align,” “scaffold,” and “counter.” Findings are used to explain the shifting priority of Autonomy and Divinity over the life course among members of evangelical Christian faiths that previous research has documented. More broadly, findings highlight socialization processes through which children can rationalize their developing moral outlooks in culturally distinct ways.
Design, fabrication and testing of a modulated metasurface antenna at 300 GHz

This paper describes the design and realization of a modulated metasurface (MTS) antenna at 300 GHz. To overcome the hurdles associated with the use of dielectric substrates in the sub-millimeter wave range, we propose an MTS structure which consists of an array of metalized cylinders placed on a ground plane. The metal cylinders are arranged in a square lattice with sub-wavelength unit cell size. This MTS topology has been successfully used to design a spiral MTS antenna. The resulting structure has been micromachined out of a silicon wafer by means of deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). The performance of the antenna has been verified by full-wave simulations, and measurements will be available at the time of the conference.
Abstract 3064: Mitochondrial DNA Loss in Load-Induced Heart Failure

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular disease is associated with declines in mitochondrial function. Autophagy is a lysosomal-dependent process through which cytoplasmic proteins and organelles can be degraded and has recently been shown to participate in remodeling of the myocardium in a variety of cardiac pathologies. Autophagy can be either non-selective or selective for damaged protein aggregates or organelles. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in mitochondria causes mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and induces selective degradation of mitochondria (mitophagy). We hypothesized that mitophagy contributes to remodeling of the heart under severe oxidative stress. METHODS: Mice were subjected to hemodynamic overload by severe thoracic aortic constriction (sTAC). qPCR was used to measure the abundance of mtDNA relative to nuclear DNA. Changes in proteins and cardiac function were also assessed. RESULTS: Decreases in mtDNA abundance were time dependent after sTAC (−47%±17 at day 2, p COXVIaH were more sensitive to pressure overload-induced loss of mtDNA and mitochondrial proteins, as were transgenic mice with cardiomyocyte-specific increases in autophagic activity ( αMHC-Beclin 1 ). CONCLUSION: MtDNA abundance declines in this model of load-induced heart failure and is associated with increased autophagic activity and ROS generation. Short-term application of CsA can blunt mtDNA loss and improve survival. This research has received full or partial funding support from the American Heart Association, South Central Affiliate (Arkansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma & Texas).
Fluence Map Optimization in IMRT Cancer Treatment Planning and A Geometric Approach

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a state-of-the-art technique for administering radiation to cancer patients. The goal of a treatment is to deliver a prescribed amount of radiation to the tumor, while limiting the amount absorbed by the surrounding healthy and critical organs. Planning an IMRT treatment requires determining fluence maps, each consisting of hundreds or more beamlet intensities. Since it is difficult or impossible to deliver a sufficient dose to a tumor without irradiating nearby critical organs, radiation oncologists have developed guidelines to allow tradeoffs by introducing so-called dose-volume constraints (DVCs), which specify a given percentage of volume for each critical organ that can be sacrificed if necessary. Such constraints, however, are of combinatorial nature and pose significant challenges to the fluence map optimization problem.
Fluoroelastomers For Harsh Environments

A review of fluoroelastomer materials and service in harsh chemical and thermal applications is provided as part of the Corrosion `96--Managing Corrosion with Plastics Symposium. Principles of material selection, application design, and service environments are defined and industrial applications for fluoroelastomers in seals, linings, tubing, hose, belting, fabrics, caulks, adhesives, laminates, and vibration absorption are discussed. This broad range of applications better enables participants to envision new applications to solve their specific needs.
Scanalog: Interactive Design and Debugging of Analog Circuits with Programmable Hardware

Analog circuit design is a complex, error-prone task in which the processes of gathering observations, formulating reasonable hypotheses, and manually adjusting the circuit raise significant barriers to an iterative workflow. We present Scanalog, a tool built on programmable analog hardware that enables users to rapidly explore different circuit designs using direct manipulation, and receive immediate feedback on the resulting behaviors without manual assembly, calculation, or probing. Users can interactively tune modular signal transformations on hardware with real inputs, while observing real-time changes at all points in the circuit. They can create custom unit tests and assertions to detect potential issues. We describe three interactive applications demonstrating the expressive potential of Scanalog. In an informal evaluation, users successfully conditioned analog sensors and described Scanalog as both enjoyable and easy to use.
How RNA transcripts coordinate DNA recombination and repair

Genetic studies in yeast indicate that RNA transcripts facilitate homology-directed DNA repair in a manner that is dependent on RAD52. The molecular basis for so-called RNA-DNA repair, however, remains unknown. Using reconstitution assays, we demonstrate that RAD52 directly cooperates with RNA as a sequence-directed ribonucleoprotein complex to promote two related modes of RNA-DNA repair. In a RNA-bridging mechanism, RAD52 assembles recombinant RNA-DNA hybrids that coordinate synapsis and ligation of homologous DNA breaks. In an RNA-templated mechanism, RAD52-mediated RNA-DNA hybrids enable reverse transcription-dependent RNA-to-DNA sequence transfer at DNA breaks that licenses subsequent DNA recombination. Notably, we show that both mechanisms of RNA-DNA repair are promoted by transcription of a homologous DNA template in trans. In summary, these data elucidate how RNA transcripts cooperate with RAD52 to coordinate homology-directed DNA recombination and repair in the absence of a DNA donor, and demonstrate a direct role for transcription in RNA-DNA repair.