cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of a Curriculum in Telephone Medicine

Background: Telephone medicine is an important but seldom-taught part of generalist physician's practices. Surveyed residents have expressed discomfort with this aspect of ambulatory care. Description: To determine if a telephone-medicine curriculum improves telephone- medicine skills of internal-medicine residents. Evaluation: Residents at West Virginia University (WVU) and the Moses Cone Memorial Hospital (N = 29) tested a telephone-medicine curriculum. They completed pre- and postcurriculum objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs). Half of the WVU residents underwent the post-OSCE immediately and half after 6 months. All residents completed daily evaluations of the curriculum. Conclusions: The post-OSCE scores improved significantly(ps for each group <. 01). Means of daily evaluations were 4.2 � 4.7 (on 1� 5 scales) for curricular content and delivery. The residents felt significantly better able to manage patients' calls after 2 sessions (p <. 01). Improvement was seen in the telephone OSCE ...
Why adaptive wavelet transform

The freedom of choosing an appropriate kernel of a linear transform, which is given to us by the recent mathematical foundation of the wavelet transform, is exploited fully and is generally called the adaptive wavelet transform. However, there are several levels of adaptivity: (1) Optimum Coefficients: adjustable transform coefficients chosen with respect to a fixed mother kernel for better invariant signal representation; (2) Super-Mother: grouping different scales of daughter wavelets of same or different eother wavelets at different shift locations into a new family called a superposition mother kernel for better speech signal classification; (3) Variational Calculus to determine ab initio a constraint optimization mother for a specific task. The tradeoff between the mathematical rigor of the complete orthonormality and the speed of order (N) with the adaptive flexibility is finally up to the users' decisions to get their jobs done with the desirable properties. Then, to illustrate (1), a new invariant optoelectronic architecture of a wedge-shape filter in the WT domain is given for a scale-invariant signal classification by neural networks.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Atmospheric Electricity Paradigm

Remarkable aspects of the thundercloud are its intense electrification, precipitation, and convection. A satisfactory understanding of how a thunderstorm works will require a continuing series of investigations to explore the complicated interrelationships among these phenomena. Until now the major effort has been devoted to studies of how precipitation causes electrification. For a century, investigations of thunderstorms have been dominated by the idea that lightning is produced by a charge-separation process within the cloud caused by falling precipitation. The origin of this idea, its implications, present status, and probable future are examined in the light of T. S. Kuhn's views on the nature of scientific progress. Despite some achievements, the results of research based on the precipitation theory have proved disappointing. For example, they have shed little light on important problems such as the factors that determine the polarity of the cloud electric dipole and the role that electricity plays ...
Expanding our Teaching Effectiveness: Understanding our Responses to “In-The-Moment” Classroom Events

Responses to “in-the-moment” events—defined as events that take an unexpected and potentially negative turn and that require immediate unplanned responses, which may affect the continued integrity and effectiveness of the learning environment—are examined as formative of teaching effectiveness. It is argued that teacher flexibility when responding is a key factor for effectiveness. Using experiential learning theory as a framework, the concept of flexibility in responding to such events is explored. Case studies of actual teaching situations are used as the authors illustrate the application of the framework and offer strategies for increasing response flexibility.
A Structural Analysis of Coherence in Electronic Charts in Juvenile Mental Health

This study explores the impact of institutionalized formulas in the creation of electronic mental health chart records. Through a qualitative analysis of client records obtained from a private organization that provides support and rehabilitation for at-risk youth, we explore the ways that structures imposed by the electronic charts limit cohesiveness and disrupt the communication of evaluative information. This disruption, which we argue is imposed by the format of the charts themselves and is reinforced by the institutional structures at work, is pivotal because it potentially impedes effective communication and understanding between the caregivers and providers who access this information.
Crush Injuries to the Head in Children

Although the majority of head injuries in children and adults involve dynamic loading conditions, some patients suffer static loading. Static loading occurs when forces are applied slowly to the head, and it produces a much different pattern of injuries. Crush injuries are usually described in the context of industrial accidents, but in our experience, these injuries are not rare in children. We report a series of seven crush injuries in young children admitted during a period of 29 months and describe our experience in the evaluation and treatment of this complex entity. Patient ages ranged from 15 months to 6 years. In four cases, the child's head was run over by a motor vehicle backing up in a driveway or parking lot. In the three other patients, the static loading occurred when the child climbed or pulled on a heavy object, which then fell over with the child and landed on the child's head. One child with cervicomedullary disruption died shortly after his arrival at the hospital. The others showed varying degrees of soft tissue injury to the face and scalp, with Glasgow Coma Scale scores ranging from 7 to 15. Computed tomograms and magnetic resonance images showed multiple and often extensive comminuted calvarial fractures, as well as subarachnoid and parenchymal hemorrhages. All patients had basilar cranial fractures. There was one cervical spine injury but no major vascular injuries. One child had pituitary transection, four had cranial nerve palsies, and another developed a delayed cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea 18 months after injury. All children made good cognitive recoveries, with some having relatively mild fixed focal deficits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Early Coronary Angiogenesis in Response to Thyroxine Growth Characteristics and Upregulation of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor

Abstract—Although a substantial coronary angiogenesis occurs after thyroid hormone treatment, its regulation and relationship to cardiac hypertrophy are not understood. This study was designed to determine (1) the onset of capillary proliferation, (2) the sites of capillary proliferation, and (3) whether basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) upregulation occurs in response to thyroxine administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected daily with l-thyroxine (T4, 0.2 mg/kg SC). Bromodeoxyuridine labeling of capillary endothelial cells increased during the first 24 hours of treatment and peaked after 2 days of treatment. Northern blot analysis revealed a slight increase in bFGF mRNA during this period, followed by a doubling of expression by 48 hours, at which time bFGF protein was also increased. In situ hybridization, used to localize bFGF mRNA, showed an increase in transcripts within 24 hours after T4. This enhancement was uniform in the epimyocardium and endomyocardium. Histochemical analysis (dou...
Flat Plate Solar Collector For a Tropical Climate: Determining the Solar Energy Contribution

ABSTRACT Energy is the lifeblood of most manufacturing processes. Finding an inexpensive and reliable source of energy is a challenge in many developing countries. Due to lack of planning and bureaucratic barriers, state-run energy industries of these countries are unable to meet the demand of booming small industries. Plant managers, struggling to ship their export quotas, seek viable solutions to their energy problems. This report analyzes the hot water needs of a manufacturing plant in Sri Lanka. A solution is proposed to incorporate a flat-plate solar collector to supplement the current water heating system using appropriate technologies. Any proposed solutions to the energy problems in developing countries should consider the socioeconomic status of a given country. Specifically, this article illustrates how one can estimate the thermal energy contribution that can be obtained via a flat-plate solar collector mounted on a plant roof. Once the energy contribution factor is known, one can use it for ot...
Kinetic studies of carrier transport and recombination at the n-silicon/methanol interface

The response of the open-circuit photovoltage, V/sub oc/, has been investigated with regard to changes in the minority carrier diffusion length, majority carrier density, short-circuit photocurrent density, and cell temperature of n-Si/CH/sub 3/OH junctions. The reaction kinetics are observed to be first order in dopant density, minority carrier diffusion length, and photocurrent density. The activation barrier for carrier recombination, obtained from plots of V/sub oc/ vs. temperature, is 1.15 +/- 0.05 eV. An optimum dopant density for maximum V/sub oc/ is observed, and this is consistent with bulk lifetime measurements on similarly doped Si samples. The reaction kinetics are not sensitive to the concentration of redox species (at constant electrochemical potential), indicating minimal recombination losses due to poor interfacial charge transport rates. V/sub oc/ values for optimally doped systems (V/sub oc/ = 670 mV for 0.015 omega-cm n-Si samples at 20 mA/cm/sup 2/ photocurrent densities) represent the highest photovoltages obtained to date for any n-Si-based surface barrier device. Surface recombination velocity measurements at the n-Si/CH/sub 3/OH interface have been performed, and correlations between the surface recombination rate and the improvement in current-voltage properties have been investigated.
Modeling small-scale spatial interaction of shortgrass prairie species

Abstract Native grasses interact spatially with themselves and their environment and can therefore be thought of as a system of dependent random variables. One method of modeling the spatial dependence of a multi-species population is a Gibbsian pairwise potential model. Since natural selection operates at the level of individual plants, the information obtained from such a model should provide a greater understanding of the intraspecific interactions in plant populations, while providing a theoretical basis for determining a plants' ‘competitive zone’ of influence. In this paper we fit a pairwise potential model to describe the spatial dependency of dominant grasses and forbs measured on a 1.5 × 1.5 m study plot located on a shortgrass prairie site near Fort Collins, Colorado. Dominant grasses included blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii), Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), and needle-and-thread grass (Stipa comata). Procedures for introducing spatial heterogeneity in the model is also discussed.
THE EFFICACY OF LMX VERSUS EMLA FOR PAIN RELIEF IN BOYS UNDERGOING OFFICE MEATOTOMY

ABSTRACT Purpose: We determined if a difference in pain management occurred when topical anesthetics LMX (formerly ELA-Max, lidocaine 4%) and EMLA (lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5%) were compared in boys undergoing office meatotomy for symptomatic meatal stenosis. Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized study was performed on 52 boys who underwent office meatotomy by a single pediatric urologist. Of the boys 26, 2 to 9 years old (mean age 4.4) underwent meatotomy 45 minutes after topical anesthetic application (LMX 13, EMLA 13) between February and December 2001, 26, ages 1 to 10 years old (4.6) underwent meatotomy 30 minutes after topical anesthetic application (LMX 13, EMLA 13) between April 2002 and January 2003. A single pediatric urological nurse performed pain assessment using the Wong-Baker Faces scale before applying the anesthetic ointment and immediately following the procedure. Each child had either LMX or EMLA applied and covered with an occlusive dressing for either 45 or 30 minutes before the procedure. Oral acetaminophen (10 mg/kg) was given at the time of anesthetic application. A meatotomy was then performed using a straight crushing hemostat for 1 to 2 minutes followed by incision. Mann-Whitney rank sum test was implemented to determine statistical significance. Results: Excellent procedure outcomes were experienced by all patients without recurrent meatal stenosis. Conclusions: There was no significant difference between LMX and EMLA when applied 45 minutes before meatotomy. When applied 30 minutes before meatotomy LMX provided significantly superior pain management than EMLA.
An asymptotic model for resistive instability in the Earth's outer core

Numerical work indicates that resistive instability may be the dominant mode of instability in the Earth's outer core for realistic core parameter regimes. In this paper, we assume that the Elsasse...
A Double-blind Placebo Controlled Trial of Fluoxetine in Fibromyalgia

42 women were randomized to receive either placebo or fluoxetine at 20 mgs per day. Inter and intra group differences in clinical variables were evaluated after 3 and 6 weeks of treatment. Except for self rated anxiety which improved in the placebo treated group at 3 weeks, no differences between groups were rioted.For those receiving fluoxetine both AIMS Anxiety (4.0 baseline vs. 3.3, p = 0.04) and Depression scores (2.6 baseline vs. 1.9, p = 0.03) improved at 3 weeks; however, improvement in the Beck Depression Scale did not reach significance (11.8 vs. 9.4, p = 0.34). At 6 weeks, both AIMS Depression (2.6 at baseline and 1.5 at 6 weeks, p = 0.03) and Beck Depression Scales (11.8 at baseline vs. 8.3 at 6 weeks, p = 0.04) showed improvement, as did sleep quality (9.6 vs. 7.6, p = 0.03). But no other variable had a significant change from baseline at either the 3 or 6 week point. Our data do not suggest that fluoxetine improves the signs and symptoms of fibromyalgia.
Explanation of Two Anomalous Results in Statistical Mediation Analysis

Previous studies of different methods of testing mediation models have consistently found two anomalous results. The first result is elevated Type I error rates for the bias-corrected and accelerated bias-corrected bootstrap tests not found in nonresampling tests or in resampling tests that did not include a bias correction. This is of special concern as the bias-corrected bootstrap is often recommended and used due to its higher statistical power compared with other tests. The second result is statistical power reaching an asymptote far below 1.0 and in some conditions even declining slightly as the size of the relationship between X and M, a, increased. Two computer simulations were conducted to examine these findings in greater detail. Results from the first simulation found that the increased Type I error rates for the bias-corrected and accelerated bias-corrected bootstrap are a function of an interaction between the size of the individual paths making up the mediated effect and the sample size, such...
Characteristics of Poly(3,5-Dimethylphenylacrylate) in Ethyl Acetate at 25 and 30°C

The flow times of ethyl acetate (EA) and poly(3,5-dimethylphenylacrylate) (35PDMPA) in EA were measured using a Cannon-Ubbelohde semi-micro-dilution capillary viscometer in a thermostated water bath at 25 and 30°C ± 0.02°C. The intrinsic viscosities [η] of 35PDMPA/EA solutions were evaluated by classical Huggins, and Kraemer's methods. The values of Huggins’ constant were related to the polymer–solvent interactions and the nature of the polymer solution. The intrinsic viscosity–molecular weight relationship was established with the two-parameter classical methods of Staudinger–Mark–Houwink–Sakurada and Stockmayer–Fixman. The conformational parameter C∞ and the rigidity factor σ indicated 35PDMPA was semiflexible. Also, the values of [η] and of 35PDMPA samples in EA fit well into the Yamakawa–Fujii worm-like touched-bead model of stiff chains theory modified by Bohdanecký. Comparing the molecular parameters of 35PDMPA in EA with that of 35PDMPA in toluene at the same temperature showed that this polymer wa...
SIMILARITY OF PERSONALITIES OF FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS AND STUDENT-PILOTS: EFFECT ON FLIGHT TRAINING TIME

This study assessed whether similarities or differences in personality between student pilots and their flight instructors at least partially account for the wide range of flying hours required to obtain a pilot's certificate. A significant relationship was noted between difference scores for male students and instructors, as measured on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and student-pilots' flying time.
Apoptosis occurs in the oligodendroglial lineage, and is prevented by basic fibroblast growth factor.

During the perinatal period, oligodendroglial precursor cells proliferate rapidly, then cease dividing and differentiate into oligodendroglia. Many of these newly formed oligodendroglia are destined to die. We now demonstrate that oligodendroglia generated in passaged cultures of rat forebrain oligodendroglial precursor cells after removal of basic fibroblast growth factor (basic FGF) from the medium often undergo internucleosomal DNA nicking and nuclear fragmentation, features characteristic of apoptosis. These alterations are rare in cultures maintained continuously in basic FGF. As in many other cellular lineages susceptible to apoptosis, these degenerative changes can be prevented by treatment with the endonuclease antagonist, aurintricarboxylic acid, or by inhibiting de novo RNA or protein synthesis. Supplementation of the basic FGF-free medium with insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, platelet-derived growth factor, or ciliary neuronotrophic growth factor also diminishes DNA nicking. Both oligodendroglial differentiation and DNA nicking are induced in basic FGF-treated cultures by inhibiting DNA synthesis with aphidicholin or excess thymidine, thus suggesting a close linkage between the anti-apoptotic, anti-differentiation, and mitogenic effects of basic FGF on the oligodendroglial lineage. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Combined effect of hyperfiltration and renin angiotensin system activation on development of chronic kidney disease in diabetic db/db mice

Background Hypertension is a major risk factor for renal disease progression. However, the mechanisms by which hypertension aggravates the effects of diabetes on the kidney are incompletely understood. We tested the hypothesis that renovascular hypertension accelerates angiotensin-II-dependent kidney damage and inflammation in the db/db mouse, a model of type II diabetes.
TAURINE TRANSPORT BY RAT JEJUNAL BRUSH BORDER MEMBRANE (BBM) VASICLES

Taurine is a β-amino compound with a large number of known and putative functions. The specific mechanism by which dietary taurine is absorbed by the intestine is not known. The intestinal BBM associated taurine transport mechanism was therefore examined using rat jejunal vesicles prepared by Mg++ precipitation. Osmotic sensitivity analysis showed that less than 5% of 3H -taurine uptake (pmoles/mg vesicle protein) resulted from binding. The initial rate (10s) of 10 μM uptake was stimulated 3.5 fold by an inwardly directed Na+-gradient when compared with a K+-gradient. The Cl− salt of Na+ supported uptake to a significantly greater degree than did more (SCN−) or less (SO4=) permeant salts. Na+-stimulated uptake at 1 min. achieved a value 2.5 times greater than equilibrium (“overshoot”). When Na+-stimulated 10s uptake was examined over a range of concentrations (10-1000 μM), the relationship was curvilinear. Half-maximal uptake occurred at 25±9 μM taurine (Km). Vmax was 24±2 pmoles/mg protein. An inside negative, valinomycin induced, K+-diffusion potential stimulated 10s uptake when compared to voltage clamped conditions (4.9 vs 2.6 pmoles/mg protein; p<.05). Incubation with a structural analog, hypotaurine, reduced 10s taurine uptake by 89%. These data support the existence of a rat jejunal BBM associated taurine transport mechanism which is Na+-gradient stimulated and modified by external Cl−, saturable, electrogenic, and inhibited by a structural analog. These features are similar to those described for the renal BBM taurine transporter.
Inductivism in Practice: Experiment in John Herschel’s Philosophy of Science

The aim of this work is to elucidate John F. W. Herschel’s distinctive contribution to nineteenth-century British inductivism by exploring his understanding of experimental methods. Drawing on both his explicit discussion of experiment in his Preliminary Discourse on Natural Philosophy and his published account of experiments he conducted in the domain of electromagnetism, I argue that the most basic principle underlying Herschel’s epistemology of experiment is that experiment enables a particular kind of lower-level experimental understanding of phenomena. Experimental practices provide knowledge of a particular phenomenon as a genuine effect produced under precise material conditions whose connections with other phenomena can be traced by variations in experimental parameters. The orienting concern of experimental inquiry seems to be the production of a secure understanding of phenomena even if it has no direct theoretical significance. Insofar as one can generate this lower-level understanding, it can ...
A note on IC-yield statistics

Abstract Expressions given by Moore and by Dingwall for relating integrated-circuit yield to area are compared and are given a common interpretation in terms of the composite model. The issue of large-chip yield projection is discussed, a subject that is still unclear because of the concave-up projections of the empirical curves, the linear projection of the composite model, and the concave-down projections of recent analytical models.
Characterizing isolated attosecond pulses from hollow-core waveguides using multi-cycle driving pulses

The generation of attosecond-duration light pulses using the high-order harmonic generation process is a rapidly evolving area of research. In this work, we combine experimental measurements with careful numerical analysis, to demonstrate that even relatively long-duration, 15 fs, carrier-envelope-phase (CEP) unstabilized near-infrared (NIR) pulses can generate isolated attosecond extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) pulses by the dynamically-changing phase matching conditions in a hollow-core waveguide geometry. The measurements are made using the laser-assisted photoelectric effect to cross-correlate the EUV pulse with the NIR pulse. A FROG CRAB analysis of the resulting traces (photoelectron signal versus photoelectron energy and EUV-NIR delay) is performed using a generalized projections (GP) algorithm, adapted for a wide-angle photoelectron detection geometry and non-CEP stabilized driving laser pulses. In addition, we performed direct FROG CRAB simulations under the same conditions. Such direct simulations allow more freedom to explore the effect of specific pulse parameters on FROG CRAB traces than is possible using the automated GP retrieval algorithm. Our analysis shows that an isolated pulse with duration of ≈ 200 attoseconds can result from CEP unstabilized, high intensity ≈ 15 fs multi-cycle driving pulses coupled into a hollow-core waveguide filled with low-pressure Argon gas. These are significantly longer driving pulses than used in other experimental implementations of isolated attosecond pulses.
Semiclassical cluster model for wave propagation in molecular crystals

Abstract A semiclassical method for wave propagation in solids is developed and then applied to an anharmonic linear diatomic lattice. The method involves integration of the quantal equations of motion for a small cluster embedded within the lattice. Cluster-lattice coupling occurs through time-dependent potentials determined through previous classical calculations.
Analysis of the Spectrum of Se II

An analysis of the spectrum of Se II is given with additions and corrections to that by Krishnamurty and Rao. The spectrum of selenium in this investigation was excited in a hollow cathode discharge with a helium atmosphere. Wave-length measurements were made in the region 500 to 2600A with a 1.5-meter grating vacuum spectrograph. New terms belonging to the $4{s}^{2}4{p}^{2}5p$ configuration have been found and identified. Several other terms, probably associated with the $4{s}^{2}4{p}^{2}4d$ and $4{s}^{2}4{p}^{2}5d$ configurations, have been found and $J$ values assigned, but it has been found impossible at present to assign $L$ and $S$ values to them. Tables of all term values and line classifications known at present are listed.
Surface (electro-)chemistry on Pt(1 1 1) modified by a Pseudomorphic Pd monolayer

Abstract The formic acid and methanol oxidation reaction are studied on Pt(1 1 1) modified by a pseudomorphic Pd monolayer (denoted hereafter as the Pt(1 1 1)–Pd 1 ML system) in 0.1 M HClO 4 solution. The results are compared to the bare Pt(1 1 1) surface. The nature of adsorbed intermediates (CO ad ) and the electrocatalytic properties (the onset of CO 2 formation) were studied by FTIR spectroscopy. The results show that Pd has a unique catalytic activity for HCOOH oxidation, with Pd surface atoms being about four times more active than Pt surface atoms at 0.4 V. FTIR spectra reveal that on Pt atoms adsorbed CO is produced from dehydration of HCOOH, whereas no CO adsorbed on Pd can be detected although a high production rate of CO 2 is observed at low potentials. This indicates that the reaction can proceed on Pd at low potentials without the typical “poison” formation. In contrast to its high activity for formic acid oxidation, the Pd film is completely inactive for methanol oxidation. The FTIR spectra show that neither adsorbed CO is formed on the Pd sites nor significant amounts of CO 2 are produced during the electrooxidation of methanol.
Multiscale modeling of point defects in Si-Ge(001) quantum wells

A computationally efficient hybrid Green's function (GF) technique is developed for multiscale modeling of point defects in a trilayer lattice system that links seamlessly the length scales from lattice (subnanometers) to continuum (bulk). The model accounts for the discrete structure of the lattice including nonlinear effects at the atomistic level and full elastic anisotropy at the continuum level. The model is applied to calculate the discrete core structure of point defects (vacancies and substitutional impurities) in Si-Ge(001) quantum wells (QWs) that are of contemporary technological interest. Numerical results are presented for the short range and long range lattice distortions and strains in the lattice caused by the defects and their formation energy and Kanzaki forces that are basic characteristics of the defects. The continuum and the lattice GFs of the material system are used to link the different length scales, which enables us to model the point defects and extended defects such as the quantum well in a unified formalism. Nonlinear effects in the core of the point defects are taken into account by using an iterative scheme. The Tersoff potential is used to set up the lattice structure, compute the unrelaxed forces and force constants in the lattice, andmore » derive the elastic constants required for the continuum GF. It is found that the overall elastic properties of the material and the properties of defects vary considerably when the material is strained from the bulk to the QW state. This change in the defect properties is very significant and can provide a characteristic signature of the defect. For example, in the case of a single vacancy in Ge, the strain reverses the sign of the relaxation volume. It is also found that the defect properties, such as the defect core structures, change abruptly across a Ge/Si interface. The transition occurs over a region extending from two to four lattice constants, depending upon the defect species.« less
A storage subsystem for image and records management

Digital storage and communications are becoming cost effective for massive collections of document images with access not only for nearby users but also for those who are hundreds of miles from their libraries. The Document Storage Subsystem (DocSS) provides generic library services such as searching, storage, and retrieval of document pages and sharing of objects with appropriate data security and integrity safeguards. A library session has three components: a manager of remote catalogs, a set of managers of large-object stores, and a manager of cache services. DocSS supports all kinds of page data--text, pictures, spreadsheets, graphics, programs--and can be extended to audio and video data. Document models can be built as DocSS applications; the paper describes a folder manager as an example. What differentiates DocSS among digital library projects is its approach to data distribution over wide area networks, its client-server approach to the heterogeneous environment, and its synergism with other components of evolving open systems.
Twinning in thin films—I. Elastic analysis

Abstract We examine the elastic energy contributions to the thermodynamics of twinning of a coherent film on a substrate and a thin layer, sandwiched within the bulk. Using linear elasticity, we obtain exact analytical results for the elastic energy release and stress fields associated with the formation of a periodic array of twinned domains, as well as for a single embedded twin domain. The corresponding results are also obtained for twinning within the bulk and these results facilitate comparisons between twinning in a constrained environment as opposed to twinning in an environment with a traction free boundary. An asymptotic analysis of the substrate stress fields far from the film—substrate interface reveals that the domains can be represented as idealized defects in terms of elastic line force dipoles. While the analysis is applicable to general misfit strain tensors, we present detailed results for the energetics of domain formation for a tetragonal film on a cubic substrate; a case commonly encountered in ferroelectric films. The elastic energy release, derived in this paper, is incorporated into a thermodynamic analysis of twinning and the equilibrium microstructures are determined as a function of the film thickness, interfacial energy, transformation strains and the elastic constants in the following paper.
FINAL HEIGHT OF CHILDREN WITH TRUE PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY TREATED WITH GnRH (LRF) AGONISTS

GnRH (LRF) agonists effectively suppress gonadotropin and sex steroid production and have become the treatment of choice for young children who have rapidly progressive, true (central) precocious puberty. Although several reports have indicated that predicted adult height improves during GnRH agonist therapy, the limited reliability and accuracy of adult height prediction methods necessitate collection of final height measurements to determine whether final height is improved. We propose to test the hypothesis that GnRH agonist therapy improves the final height of children with true precocious puberty. Final height data will be obtained from selected pediatric endocrinologists around the world. Data from patients will be included: 1) if they have achieved 98 percent or more of their final height (bone age ≥ 14 years for girls or ≥16 years for boys); 2) if they have no other condition that might alter growth potential; and 3) if compliance and effectiveness of therapy have been felt to be good. Final heights will be compared with: 1) target heights; 2) untreated and treated (progestational agents) historical controls; and 3) predicted adult heights at initiation and completion of therapy. Data regarding length of therapy, the specific drug and route of administration, complications, and length/degree of post treatment suppression will also be sought.
The client evaluates nondirective psychotherapy.

37 clients, all of whom had been counseled nondirectively, were asked to write answers to the following questions: (1) What seemed to be the story before you came in? (2) What seemed to go on during your visits here? (3) How do things look to you now? A summarizing discussion by Carl Rogers points o
Abstract 2521: Associations between changes in circulating inflammatory biomarkers and reduced BMI achieved in SMART and PREFER behavioral weight loss interventions.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC OBJECTIVE Obesity, increasingly recognized to be associated with low-grade systemic inflammation, is a global pandemic that has been linked to several forms of malignancies, including breast, colon, and endometrial cancer (EC). The goal of this study was to explore longitudinal inflammatory biomarker changes in overweight and obese participants of the SMART and PREFER behavioral weight loss trials, focusing on participants who were most successful in reducing body mass index (BMI) by the 12th month of the intervention. We hypothesized that overweight and obese individuals undergoing intentional weight loss would experience changes in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and several other biomarkers associated with the development of EC and other malignancies. METHODS Participants were selected on the basis of weight loss over a period of 12 months in two major behavioral weight loss trials ― SMART and PREFER ― conducted at the University of Pittsburgh. Serum samples were obtained at baseline, 6 and 12 months from 68 participants (baseline mean body mass index (BMI) was 33.62 ± 4.1 kg/m2). Twenty-six bead based xMAP immunoassays were used for this study, including cytokines, chemokines, and hormones. These biomarkers were chosen on the basis of their link to inflammation and cancer development in previous research. Repeated measures mixed models were used to evaluate the association between changes in biomarkers and BMI from baseline with and without adjustment for covariates, including age, gender, and race. RESULTS Participants lost an average of 16.83 kg from baseline to 12 months, with the largest change occurring in the first 6 months of the intervention. Both repeated measures ANOVA models (with and without covariates) demonstrated that among 26 biomarkers, changes in adiponectin, CRP, C-Peptide, IGFBP-1, insulin, leptin, PAI-1 (total), resistin, sE-selectin were significantly associated with BMI change. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to an emerging literature beginning to explore biological mechanisms that may contribute to health benefits of even moderate weight loss. Results also emphasize the importance of further studies of biomarkers that showed significant changes after weight loss to determine the molecular pathways involved. Citation Format: Faina Y. Linkov, Marina Komaroff, Robert Edwards, Anna Lokshin, Mindi Styn, Dana Bovbjerg, Lora Burke. Associations between changes in circulating inflammatory biomarkers and reduced BMI achieved in SMART and PREFER behavioral weight loss interventions. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2521. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2521
Symmetric Phase Only Filtering for Improved DPIV Data Processing

The standard approach in Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) data processing is to use Fast Fourier Transforms to obtain the cross-correlation of two single exposure subregions, where the location of the cross-correlation peak is representative of the most probable particle displacement across the subregion. This standard DPIV processing technique is analogous to Matched Spatial Filtering, a technique commonly used in optical correlators to perform the crosscorrelation operation. Phase only filtering is a well known variation of Matched Spatial Filtering, which when used to process DPIV image data yields correlation peaks which are narrower and up to an order of magnitude larger than those obtained using traditional DPIV processing. In addition to possessing desirable correlation plane features, phase only filters also provide superior performance in the presence of DC noise in the correlation subregion. When DPIV image subregions contaminated with surface flare light or high background noise levels are processed using phase only filters, the correlation peak pertaining only to the particle displacement is readily detected above any signal stemming from the DC objects. Tedious image masking or background image subtraction are not required. Both theoretical and experimental analyses of the signal-to-noise ratio performance of the filter functions are presented. In addition, a new Symmetric Phase Only Filtering (SPOF) technique, which is a variation on the traditional phase only filtering technique, is described and demonstrated. The SPOF technique exceeds the performance of the traditionally accepted phase only filtering techniques and is easily implemented in standard DPIV FFT based correlation processing with no significant computational performance penalty. An "Automatic" SPOF algorithm is presented which determines when the SPOF is able to provide better signal to noise results than traditional PIV processing. The SPOF based optical correlation processing approach is presented as a new paradigm for more robust cross-correlation processing of low signal-to-noise ratio DPIV image data."
Analysis of Genes Encoding an Alternative Nitrogenase in the Archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri 227

Methanosarcina barkeri 227 possesses two clusters of genes potentially encoding nitrogenases. We have previously demonstrated that one cluster, called nif2, is expressed under molybdenum (Mo)-sufficient conditions, and the deduced amino acid sequences for nitrogenase structural genes in that cluster most closely resemble those for the Mo nitrogenase of the gram-positive eubacterium Clostridium pasteurianum. The previously cloned nifH1 from M. barkeri shows phylogenetic relationships with genes encoding components of eubacterial Mo-independent eubacterial alternative nitrogenases and other methanogen nitrogenases. In this study, we cloned and sequenced nifD1 and part of nifK1 from M. barkeri 227. The deduced amino acid sequence encoded by nifD1 from M. barkeri showed great similarity with vnfD gene products from vanadium (V) nitrogenases, with an 80% identity at the amino acid level with the vnfD gene product from Anabaena variabilis. Moreover, there was a small open reading frame located between nifD1 and nifK1 with clear homology to vnfG, a hallmark of eubacterial alternative nitrogenases. Stimulation of diazotrophic growth of M. barkeri 227 by V in the absence of Mo was demonstrated. The unusual complement of nif genes in M. barkeri 227, with one cluster resembling that from a gram-positive eubacterium and the other resembling a eubacterial V nitrogenase gene cluster, suggests horizontal genetic transfer of those genes.
A mobile agent based framework for web services

Web Services are emerging as a major technology to enable dynamic service discovery, composition, and invocation. On the other hand, software agents provide a distinctive capability in mediating user goals to determine service invocations. Web services and agent technologies have different problems that limit their functionality when applied separately. It is widely recognized that integrating these two technologies in a joint environment can overcome their problems while strengthening their advantages. There exists a communication gap between them. The major reason is that agents are not compatible with widely accepted standards of Web services. In response to the mentioned problems, this paper presents a mobile agent framework for Web services integration.
X-ray linewidths of nearly perfect copper crystals

The half widths of reflections from successive orders of (111) in copper were determined using a double spectrometer. Rocking curve nreasurements were made using Cu crystals in both crystal positions and using perfect Si crystals in the first crystal position with Cu crystals in the second position. The results agree quite well with values calculated from the Darwin theory for perfect crystals. A marked narrowing in the (222) rocking curve was observed when a Si (333) reflection from the perfect first crystal and Cu (222) reflection in the parallel second crystal arrangement was used.
From voids to Coma: the prevalence of pre-processing in the local Universe

We examine the effects of pre-processing across the Coma Supercluster, including 3505 galaxies over ∼500 deg 2 , by quantifying the degree to which star-forming (SF) activity is quenched as a function of environment. We characterise environment using the complementary techniques of Voronoi Tessellation, to measure the density field , and the Minimal Spanning Tree, to define continuous structures, and so we measure SF activit y as a function of local density and the type of environment (cluster, group, filament, and void) , and quantify the degree to which environment contributes to quenching of SF activity. Our sample covers over two orders of magnitude in stellar mass (10 8.5 to 10 11 M⊙), and consequently we trace the effects of environment on SF activity for dwarf and massive galaxies, distinguishing so-called ‘mass quenching’ from ‘environment quenching’. Environmentall y-driven quenching of SF activity, measured relative to the void galaxies, occurs to progressively greater degrees in filaments, groups, and clusters, and this trend holds for dwarf and massive galaxies alike. A similar trend is found using g− r colours, but with a more significant disparity between galax y mass bins driven by increased internal dust extinction in massive galaxies. The SFR distributions of massive SF galaxies have no significant environmental dependen ce, but the distributions for dwarf SF galaxies are found to be statistically distinct in most en vironments. Pre-processing plays a significant role at low redshift, as environmentally-driv en galaxy evolution affects nearly half of the galaxies in the group environment, and a significa nt fraction of the galaxies in the more diffuse filaments. Our study underscores the need for se nsitivity to dwarf galaxies to separate mass-driven from environmentally-driven effects, and the use of unbiased tracers of SF activity.
Teaching international public relations: An examination of individual and institutional attributes of public relations educators in the U.S.

Abstract The study reported here provides an examination of the attributes of selected public relation educators and their institutions in relation to the teaching of international public relations as a course or as a part of a course.
Thirty-first Annual Meeting of Society for Neuroscience San Diego, CA November 10–15, 2001

The 31st Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience took place November 10–15, 2001 in the San Diego Convention Hall, San Diego, CA. The total number of attendees exceeded 25,000. The meeting consisted of 986 scientific sessions, each with 10 to 30 presentations or posters. This report covers only oral presentations or posters on new drugs attended or viewed by the author of this report.
Structural Features of Azidopyridinyl Neonicotinoid Probes Conferring High Affinity and Selectivity for Mammalian α4β2 and Drosophila Nicotinic Receptors

The higher toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides such as N-(6-chloropyridin-3-ylmethyl)-2-nitroiminoimidazolidine (imidacloprid) to insects than mammals is due in large part to target site specificity at the corresponding nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We propose that neonicotinoids with a protonated N-unsubstituted imine or equivalent substituent recognize the anionic subsite of the mammalian α4β2 nAChR whereas the negatively charged (δ-) tip of the neonicotinoid insecticides interacts with a putative cationic subsite of the insect nAChR. This hypothesis can be tested by using two photoaffinity probes that differ only in the N-unsubstituted imine vs negatively charged (δ-) tip. Synthesis methodology was developed for compounds combining three moieties: pyridin-3-ylmethyl or 6-chloropyridin-3-ylmethyl and their 4- and 5-azido analogues; imidazolidine, 4-imidazoline or 4-thiazoline; and N-unsubstituted imine, nitroimine, cyanoimine, or nitromethylene. Structure−activity studies compared disp...
Human exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD

Abstract This paper uses an environmental partitioning model to evaluate the concentration of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in various environmental media. These concentrations are then used to estimate the amount of TCDD entering the food chain and the average daily intake of TCDD by the general population of the US. The food chain accounts for 98% of human exposure to TCDD. The model estimated the average daily intake of TCDD to be 0.05 ng/day.
Growing primacy of human agency in adaptation and change in the electronic era

The extraordinary advances in electronic technologies and global human interconnectedness present novel adaptational challenges and expanded opportunities for people to shape their social future and national life. The present article analyzes these pervasive transformational changes from an agentic theoretical perspective rooted in the exercise of perceived personal and collective efficacy. By acting on their efficacy beliefs, people ply the enabling functions of electronic systems to promote their education, health, affective well-being, worklife, organizational innovativeness and productivity and to change social conditions that affect their lives. Technology influences, and is influenced by, the sociostructural nature of societies. The codetermining sociostructural factors affect whether electronic technologies and globalization serve as positive forces that benefit all or divisive ones in human lives.
Non-line-of-sight serial relayed link for optical wireless communications

Ultraviolet (UV) is a promising enabling technology for non-line-of-sight (NLOS) optical wireless communication. However, the communication range is limited due to large path loss and low transmitted power from the light source. We thus consider end-to-end communication through a serial relayed link. Each pair of the relay nodes shares information via a NLOS UV channel whose path loss was measured through a test campaign. Considering possible interference from neighboring nodes and spatial reuse, we propose cooperative reception at the relay node to achieve performance close to the quantum limited case. The benefits in range extension and power savings of the UV relay network are demonstrated through error performance and data rate analysis, as well as numerical simulation. Light weight nodes with low power consumption are shown to be feasible to implement and deploy.
GROUPS WITH EXACTLY TWO SUBGROUPS OF GIVEN ORDER

In this note, we answer a question that as far as we know was first posed by Bruce Magurn in 1992. The question is the following: Question 1.1. Is there a finite group and a positive integer such t...
Pump-probe detection of surface-bound organophosphonate compounds

We demonstrate a pump-probe approach for the detection of organophosphonate compounds on substrates, in which the pump pulse fragments the parent molecule and the released phosphorous monoxide (PO) fragment is probed using laser-induced fluorescence.
Brief Announcement: Universal Data Aggregation Trees for Sensor Networks in Low Doubling Metrics

We describe a novel approach for constructing a single spanning tree for data aggregation towards a sink node. The tree is universal in the sense that it is static and independent of the number of data sources and fusion-costs at intermediate nodes. The tree construction is in polynomial time, and for low doubling dimension topologies it guarantees a O(log2 n)-approximation of the optimal aggregation cost. With constant fusion-cost functions our aggregation tree gives a O(logn)-approximation for every Steiner tree to the sink.