cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical study of the electron density distributions of glycyl-L-threonine dihydrate

The electron density distributions of a small dipeptide molecule, glycyl-L-threonine dihydrate whose structure has recently been determined using accurate single-crystal X-ray diffraction to a resolution of 0.43 A, have been studied theoretically at the semiempirical level and Hartree–Fock level employing varying sizes of basis sets up to the valence triple-zeta plus polarization level. Both theoretical structure factors and dynamic deformation maps are computed using the electronic wavefunctions derived in vacuo using MO methods. General agreement between theory and experiment is good and improves when larger basis sets are employed. The dynamic theoretical structure factors calculated at the HF/6-311G** level for all the experimentally observed reflection angles fit the experimental ones better with about a 0.01 decrease in the R w value compared to the Independent Atom Model (IAM). The semiempirical MNDO density performs consistently better than the minimal basis Hartree–Fock density, but is shown to b...
Kapitza resistance between silver and 3He at millikelvin temperatures

Abstract A glass capacitance thermometer was used to measure the Kapitza resistance R κ between a 0.5 μ silver film and liquid 3 He at temperatures from 3 to 40 mK. Temperature dependence of R κ was observed in three regimes: roughly proportional to T −1 below 15 mK, T −2 from 15 to 26 mK, and T −3 above 26 mK. R κ depended on pressure over the entire temperature range; at 22 mK, Rk was inversely proportional to m ∗ ( P ), the effective mass of liquid 3 He. At 6.7 mK, R κ varied with applied magnetic field with a minimum at H ≈ 2.5mT. No magnetic field dependence was observed above 15 mK.
Disparities in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Management for the Young Goose and Young Gander Clinical, Organizational, and Educational Challenges

Traditionally, women with coronary heart disease (CHD) have been understudied, underrecognized, and undertreated, with consequently more adverse outcomes than men.1–3 Sex-based differences in CHD outcomes are a compelling basis for enhancing the representation of women in CHD clinical trials. A robust literature specifically identifies that younger women have more adverse outcomes with myocardial infarction and coronary artery bypass graft surgery than do their male peers.4 Article see p 1324 This has obtained despite the data that, since 2000, there has been a steady decline in cardiovascular mortality for US women, narrowing the gender gap (Figure 1).5 Half of this mortality decline is attributable to improved management of established cardiovascular disease, and the remainder, to preventive interventions. Sex-specific science (evidence) guides management decisions and has translated into these improved cardiovascular outcomes for women over the past decade, yet many important clinical outcomes differ by age, with young women selectively disadvantaged. Since 1984, more women than men continue to die annually of cardiovascular disease. Importantly, in recent years, there has been an increase in cardiovascular mortality for young women, those aged 35 to 54 years, reversing the favorable trend of the past 4 decades.6 Cardiovascular mortality continues to decline, albeit more slowly in women aged 55 to 64, 56 to 64, 65 to 74, 75 to 84, and >85 years (Figure 2). Figure 1. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality trends for males and females (United States: 1979–2011). Reprinted from Mozaffarian et al5 with permission of the publisher. Copyright © 2015, the American Heart Association. Figure 2. Trends in age-specific mortality rates from coronary heart disease. Reprinted from Ford and Capewell6 with permission of the publisher. Copyright © 2007, the American College of Cardiology. This highlights the prescience and creativity of the Variations in …
Discontinuities in aerodynamics and aeroacoustics: The concept and applications of generalized derivatives

Abstract The concept of generalized differentiation is defined for functions of one and several variables. With simple examples it is shown that in finding discontinuous solutions of differential equations, one should write the differential equations in terms of generalized derivatives. The discontinuities in the solution then appear as additional source terms in the resulting equation to which the conventional Green function technique may be applied. The method is very systematic and in many cases, reduces algebraic manipulations. Two examples from aerodynamics and two examples from aeroacoustics are worked out. One example from aerodynamics is a new derivation of the Oswatitsch integral equation of transonic flow. A simple expression for the sound from high speed surfaces in motion is obtained. It is shown that there exists a Poisson equation with time ( t ) as a parameter whose solution is identical to the solution of the acoustic wave equation at only a single point for all values of t . Other well-known results from a new point of view based on generalized differentiation are also derived and presented. In the two appendices the products of delta functions and regularization of a divergent integral appearing in one of the examples are discussed.
An Efficient Operator for the Change Point Estimation in Partial Spline Model.

In bioinformatics application, the estimation of the starting and ending points of drop-down in the longitudinal data is important. One possible approach to estimate such change times is to use the partial spline model with change points. In order to use estimate change time, the minimum operator in terms of a smoothing parameter has been widely used, but we showed that the minimum operator causes large MSE of change point estimates. In this paper, we proposed the summation operator in terms of a smoothing parameter, and our simulation study showed that the summation operator gives smaller MSE for estimated change points than the minimum one. We also applied the proposed approach to the experiment data, blood flow during photodynamic cancer therapy.
The neurocritical care research network: NCRN

Neurocritical care diseases carry a high morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic and technological advances in neurocritical care have greatly improved the outcome of a variety of life-threatening disorders including traumatic brain injury, acute ischemic stroke, intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and anoxic injury following cardiac arrest. These advances have stemmed from a better understanding of the physiology of neurocritical care illnesses, improved neuromonitoring techniques, and the introduction of more efficacious treatments. Despite all the advances in neuromonitoring, diagnostic imaging, and emerging treatments, much research needs to be undertaken in neurocritical care. Many of the clinical trials carried out in the general critical care population have excluded neurocritical care patients. For instance, the landmark ARDSNET trial that demonstrated the beneficial effects of low tidal volume ventilation in patients with ARDS cannot be directly applied to neurocritical care patients who frequently may experience this pulmonary complication. There is a need for a more cohesive and integrated research system or network to establish a track record for high-quality, investigator-initiated clinical research in neurocritical care. Such a system may help us overcome potential impediments to the future advancement of neurocritical care research. We propose the creation of the neurocritical care research network. The mission of the Network is to facilitate multicenter and multidisciplinary collaboration and patient enrollment in clinical trials of specific neurocritical care diseases.
Introduction to the Special Research Forum on the Management of Organizations in the Natural Environment: A Field Emerging From Multiple Paths, With Many Challenges Ahead

An increasing amount of high-quality research has been conducted in the past decade on the topic of managing organizations in the natural environment. The authors trace this evolution using path an...
Opportunities for Improving Post-Hospital Home Medication Management Among Older Adults

Effective post-hospital home medication management among older adults is a convoluted, error-prone process. Older adults, whose complex medication regimens are often changed at hospital discharge, are susceptible to medication-related problems (e.g. Adverse Drug Events or ADEs) as they resume responsibility for managing their medications at home. Human error theory frames the discussion of multi-faceted, interacting factors including care system functions, like discharge medication teaching that contribute to post-hospital ADEs. The taxonomy and causes of post-hospital ADEs and related risk factors are reviewed, as we describe in high-risk older adults a population that may benefit from targeted interventions. Potential solutions and future research possibilities highlight the importance of interdisciplinary teams, involvement of clinical pharmacists, use of transitional care models, and improved use of informational technologies.
Wire length distribution for placements of computer logic

It is shown from simple theoretical considerations that the distribution fk of wire lengths for a good two-dimensional placement on a square Manhattan grid should be of the form fk = g/kγ (1 ≤ k ≤ L) and fk ≅ 0 (k > L), where γ is related to the Rent partitioning exponent p by the equation 2p + γ ≅ 3. Three placements were investigated and the distribution functions for wire length were found to follow the above relationships.
Serum Amyloid A 2.2 Refolds into a Octameric Oligomer that Slowly Converts to a More Stable Hexamer

Abstract Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an inflammatory protein predominantly bound to high-density lipoprotein in plasma and presumed to play various biological and pathological roles. We previously found that the murine isoform SAA2.2 exists in aqueous solution as a marginally stable hexamer at 4–20 °C, but becomes an intrinsically disordered protein at 37 °C. Here we show that when urea-denatured SAA2.2 is dialyzed into buffer (pH 8.0, 4 °C), it refolds mostly into an octameric species. The octamer transitions to the hexameric structure upon incubation from days to weeks at 4 °C, depending on the SAA2.2 concentration. Thermal denaturation of the octamer and hexamer monitored by circular dichroism showed that the octamer is ∼10 °C less stable, with a denaturation mid point of ∼22 °C. Thus, SAA2.2 becomes kinetically trapped by refolding into a less stable, but more kinetically accessible octameric species. The ability of SAA2.2 to form different oligomeric species in vitro along with its marginal stability, suggest that the structure of SAA might be modulated in vivo to form different biologically relevant species.
Is it formal if it's not physics? (the influence of content on formal reasoning)

Formal reasoning has been studied extensively with tasks that have physics or laboratory content. This study compares laboratory and naturalistic content influences on formal reasoning tasks. Ninety 13-, 15-, and 17-year olds received both laboratory and naturalistic content tasks which required ability to control variables. Expectations about the variables in each task were measured. Results revealed that 8 to 20% of the variance in performance was associated with task content. Content effects were shown to reflect expectations about task variables.
Frame-based phonotactic Language Identification

This paper describes a frame-based phonotactic Language Identification (LID) system, which was used for the LID evaluation of the Robust Automatic Transcription of Speech (RATS) program by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The proposed approach utilizes features derived from frame-level phone log-likelihoods from a phone recognizer. It is an attempt to capture not only phone sequence information but also short-term timing information for phone N-gram events, which is lacking in conventional phonotactic LID systems that simply count phone N-gram events. Based on this new method, we achieved 26% relative improvement in terms of C avg for the RATS LID evaluation data compared to phone N-gram counts modeling. We also observed that it had a significant impact on score combination with our best acoustic system based on Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs).
Six stirrup handled Moche ceramic vessels from pre-Colombian Peru: a technical study applying PIXE spectrometry

Abstract Much has been said recently concerning the Moche culture of Peru (100 B.C. to 700 A.D. ) which preceded the more widely known Inca society. Since there was no written language, what is known about the Moche people has been through the artifacts produced, their design and craftsmanship. This study concerns the PIXE analysis of the matrix and the red and white surface patterns of six stirrup handled earthenware vessels. The results suggest different techniques were applied for producing the coloring and surface designs and that a common source of clays was not used in the construction.
Heat transfer from turbulent water flow in a tube to a cooled isothermal wall

Abstract A device was constructed to establish a constant wall temperature for the isothermal cooling of the turbulent flow of water in a tube. The flow was fully developed hydronamically but developing thermally. Data obtained were used to derive an equation to predict the Nusselt number using the method of least squares. An existing equation for developing flow was tested to determine how well it fit the data. The derived equation of this study has a correlation coefficient of 0.877 and a standard deviation of 19.0.
A test case: does the availability of visual feedback impact grip strength scores when using a digital dynamometer?

Abstract A cross-sectional, quantitative study of clinical measurement utility. New technological advances can challenge the efficacy of even the most widely accepted and respected tests. For example, grip strength instruments offer digital or computerized displays, precision scoring, and varied interfaces that differ from traditional Jamar™ dynamometers (Lafayette, IN). This test case explores how the opportunity to view grip strength scores during testing can influence outcomes. One hundred forty-six healthy subjects, aged 18–24 years, were tested for grip strength under visual feedback and no visual feedback conditions, using the JTech Grip Dynamometer (Salt Lake City, UT). Participants achieved a small, yet statistically significant, 1.74 lb stronger grip score with visual feedback (p Level of evidence Not applicable.
Comment on "The properties of free polymer surfaces and their influence on the glass transition temperature of thin polystyrene films" by J.S. Sharp, J.H. Teichroeb and J.A. Forrest.

Sharp, Teichroeb and Forrest [J.S. Sharp, J.H. Teichroeb, J.A. Forrest, Eur. Phys. J. E 15, 473 (2004)] recently published a viscoelastic contact mechanics analysis of the embedment of gold nanospheres into a polystyrene (PS) surface. In the present comment, we investigate the viscoelastic response of the surface and conclude that the embedment experiments do not support the hypothesis of a liquid surface layer of sufficiently reduced “rheological temperature” to explain reports of very large reductions in the glass temperature of freely standing ultrathin polystyrene films. We also report some errors and discrepancies in the paper under comment that resulted in an inability to reproduce the reported calculations. We present our findings of error in a spirit of clarifying the problem of embedment of spheres into surfaces and in order that others can understand why they may not reproduce the results reported by Sharp, Teichroeb and Forrest. In the comment, we also examine the effects of the magnitude of the forces that result from the polymer surface-nanosphere particle interactions on the viscoelastic properties deduced from the embedment data and we provide a comparison of apparent surface or “rheological” temperature vs. experimental temperature that indicates further work needs to be performed to fully understand the surface embedment experiments. Finally, we comment that the nanosphere embedment measurements have potential as a powerful tool to determine surface viscoelastic properties.
The lack of toxicity of intravitreally administered triamcinolone acetonide.

We gave one eye of each of 21 rabbits an intravitreal injection of 1 mg of triamcinolone acetonide; the other eye received an injection of an equal volume of saline solution as a control. Results of slit-lamp examinations, ophthalmoscopy, intraocular pressure, electroretinography, and light and electron microscopy all remained normal throughout the three-month course of the experiment, demonstrating the lack of ocular toxicity of triamcinolone acetonide in the rabbit.
Single Taste Stimuli Elicit Either Increases or Decreases in Intracellular Calcium in Isolated Catfish Taste Cells

Taste cells are specialized epithelial cells that respond to stimulation with release of neurotransmitters onto afferent nerves that innervate taste buds. In analogy to neurotransmitter release in other cells, it is expected that neurotransmitter release in taste cells is dependent on an increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). We have studied changes in [Ca2+]i elicited by the taste stimuli l- and d-arginine in isolated taste cells from the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). In a sample of 119 cells, we found 15 cells responding to l-arginine, and 12 cells responding to d-arginine with an increase in [Ca2+]i. The response to l-arginine was inhibited by equimolar d-arginine in cells where d-arginine alone did not cause a change in [Ca2+]i, which is consistent with mediation of this response by a previously characterized l-arginine-gated nonspecific cation channel antagonized by d-arginine [31]. However, we also found that these taste stimuli elicited decreases in [Ca2+]i in substantial number of cells (6 for l-Arg, and 2 for d-Arg, n= 119). These observations suggest that stimulation of taste cells with sapid stimuli may result in simultaneous excitation and inhibition of different taste cells within the taste bud, which could be involved in local processing of the taste signal.
Molecular genetic testing in endocrinology - a practical guide.

ABSTRACT Objective To discuss the factors to consider when evaluating patients with a suspected genetic endocrine disorder, so as to guide practicing endocrinologists through the process of genetic testing and result interpretation. Methods The author’s experience and review of appropriate literature have been used to give a personal perspective on the role of genetic testing in hereditary endocrine disorders. Results Recent advances in our understanding of genetics and genomics have uncovered that they have a far more important role in the pathogenesis of endocrine disease than previously appreciated. Not only are we expanding our understanding of rare mendelian disorders such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 2, but we are also beginning to understand the clinical significance of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of common disorders such as obesity and dyslipidemia. Conclusions It can be difficult to appreciate the clinical significance and utility of genetic testing that is currently available, and the interpretation of genetic test results can be challenging. Decisions on whether genetic testing is needed should be made on a case-by-case basis, with the endocrinologist and geneticist working together from the outset. (Endocr Pract. 2012;18:85-89)
A review of the conditions leading to downwash in physical modeling experiments

Although stack downwash is not a widespread problem at modern fossil-fuel power plants and larger industrial stacks, it is a very important problem in simulating buoyant plumes in wind tunnels and towing tanks. Scaling criteria for avoiding downwash in ten subcritical model experiments have been reviewed. A comparison was made between data on the occurrence of downwash from 10 modeling studies to the theory proposed by Tatom (1986). In general, there was good agreement of Tatom's theory with the occurrence of downwash.
High-Resolution Protein Design with Backbone Freedom

Recent advances in computational techniques have allowed the design of precise side-chain packing in proteins with predetermined, naturally occurring backbone structures. Because these methods do not model protein main-chain flexibility, they lack the breadth to explore novel backbone conformations. Here the de novo design of a family of alpha-helical bundle proteins with a right-handed superhelical twist is described. In the design, the overall protein fold was specified by hydrophobic-polar residue patterning, whereas the bundle oligomerization state, detailed main-chain conformation, and interior side-chain rotamers were engineered by computational enumerations of packing in alternate backbone structures. Main-chain flexibility was incorporated through an algebraic parameterization of the backbone. The designed peptides form alpha-helical dimers, trimers, and tetramers in accord with the design goals. The crystal structure of the tetramer matches the designed structure in atomic detail.
A new time-of-flight spectrometer at NIST

Abstract A highly versatile time-of-flight spectrometer is to be installed at NIST. Seven disk choppers and a channeled guide will produce clean beams of optimum intensity, with a choice of three energy resolution widths at a given wavelength. The approximate wavelength range will be 0.2−1.2 nm (2−12A).
A Gamma Ray Probe for the Detection of Ocular Melanomas

A specially designed scintillation probe has been assembled and applied in a promising diagnostic study of malignant melanoma in the human eye. When used in conjunction with a new radiopharmaceutical agent recently developed at The University of Michigan, 125I labeled chloroquine analog, the probe permits simple and nonsurgical gamma ray counting as a substitute for more elaborate techniques required in 32p beta scanning for the same prupose. Preferential uptake of the agent in ocular melanomas has been previously reported using a modified 5-inch NaI (Tl) crystal scanner as the detector. We have realized a substantial improvement in both sensitivity and reproducibility by substituting a hand-held probe placed in contact with the patient's closed eyelid. The counting rate over each eye is followed for a period ranging from 3 to 21 days after dosage. A melanoma in one eye gives rise to an enhanced rate over that eye. Data are presented on a total of 12 patients, including two with confirmed ocular melanomas. In both of these cases, the involved eye consistently shows a significantly greater activity than the opposite eye. In the remaining cases considered "negative", measured eye-to-eye asymmtries are much lower, and a measure of the variance associated with these cases is presented.
Supporting factual statements with evidence from the web

Fact verification has become an important task due to the increased popularity of blogs, discussion groups, and social sites, as well as of encyclopedic collections that aggregate content from many contributors. We investigate the task of automatically retrieving supporting evidence from the Web for factual statements. Using Wikipedia as a starting point, we derive a large corpus of statements paired with supporting Web documents, which we employ further as training and test data under the assumption that the contributed references to Wikipedia represent some of the most relevant Web documents for supporting the corresponding statements. Given a factual statement, the proposed system first transforms it into a set of semantic terms by using machine learning techniques. It then employs a quasi-random strategy for selecting subsets of the semantic terms according to topical likelihood. These semantic terms are used to construct queries for retrieving Web documents via a Web search API. Finally, the retrieved documents are aggregated and re-ranked by employing additional measures of their suitability to support the factual statement. To gauge the quality of the retrieved evidence, we conduct a user study through Amazon Mechanical Turk, which shows that our system is capable of retrieving supporting Web documents comparable to those chosen by Wikipedia contributors.
Marcellus and mercury: Assessing potential impacts of unconventional natural gas extraction on aquatic ecosystems in northwestern Pennsylvania

Mercury (Hg) is a persistent element in the environment that has the ability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify up the food chain with potentially harmful effects on ecosystems and human health. Twenty-four streams remotely located in forested watersheds in northwestern PA containing naturally reproducing Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout), were targeted to gain a better understanding of how Marcellus shale natural gas exploration may be impacting water quality, aquatic biodiversity, and Hg bioaccumulation in aquatic ecosystems. During the summer of 2012, stream water, stream bed sediments, aquatic mosses, macroinvertebrates, crayfish, brook trout, and microbial samples were collected. All streams either had experienced hydraulic fracturing (fracked, n = 14) or not yet experienced hydraulic fracturing (non-fracked, n = 10) within their watersheds at the time of sampling. Analysis of watershed characteristics (GIS) for fracked vs non-fracked sites showed no significant differences (P > 0.05), justifying comp...
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR—II

This issue is a continuation of the International Journal of Organizational Analysis's special issue on emotional intelligence published in the last issue of the 2002 volume. The introduction to that issue noted that research investigating the relationship between intelligence and behavior in organizations had traditionally focused on the general intelligence construct, g, but that a growing number of researchers were focusing on other aspects of intelligence (Svyantek & Rahim, 2002). Theorists such as Gardner (1983; 1999) and Sternberg (2002) have provided conceptualizations of intelligence as an adaptive mechanism for individuals residing within organizations based on specific intelligences, not g. One of these specific intelligences is emotional intelligence (EI) (Goleman, 1995; 1998).
Selective attrition in Russian-English bilingual children: Preservation of grammatical aspect

Loss of language-specific morphosyntactic structures, as well as the lexicon, is a hallmark of a `heritage language.' Specific to Russian, previous research suggested the lexicalization of grammatical aspect. This study investigated early stages of attrition in bilingual children with Russian as L1, using the narrative retelling paradigm. Narratives of 15 Russian-English bilingual subjects, between the ages of 4;0 and 10;11, were examined for signs of possible grammatical aspect restructuring as well as language-specific case and agreement errors. Fifteen monolingual Russian-speaking children within the same age range were tested in Moscow using the same methodology. Our results show only a few aspectual errors contextually, but none in morphological devices, among bilingual children. However, we found numerous lexical errors, as well as errors in the domain of morphosyntax. We conclude that L1 attrition takes place selectively with grammatical aspect spared in the initial process. An inverse correlation was found between the number of produced errors and the length of uninterrupted L1. Our results also suggest that consistent use of Russian at home and in extra-curricular activities, in addition to the length of uninterrupted L1, slows down the attrition of one's native language, especially in the presence of the dominant L2 language.
Paraphrasing and remembering compound words

The present study replicated a finding of Gleitman and Gleitman (1970) who found large differences in the successful paraphrasing of three-term compound words between groups of S s of different educational levels. These differences were shown not to be attributable to differential memorial capacity. They were also shown not to be a result of a difference in the ability to apply compounding rules recursively, for they were still obtained when the compounds consisted of only two terms. A further group difference pertained to the confidence S s expressed in the correctness of their own paraphrases: In the highly educated group this was related to actual paraphrasing accuracy, while in the less-educated group it was not. The results are interpreted to indicate a genuine group difference in linguistic competence.
Experimental Measurement of Steady 3-D Thermal Green’s Functions

In many areas of applied mathematics, the Green’s function is the solution to a field problem due to the application of a potential or a gradient of a potential at a point or line in space on the solution domain. In heat transfer, the ‘thermal’ Green’s function (TGF) is the temperature field that would arise as a result of the application of a point source of heat within or on the surface of a medium. We have been exploring the possible use of the thermal Green’s function as a new way of characterizing the convective heat transfer from the surface of a solid that is cooled by a flow. An experiment was designed to explore possible ways in which the thermal Green’s function can be measured in the laboratory. A small heated spot was created on the wall of a flow channel to approximate a point source of heat. The resulting temperature field was measured by the use of thermochromic liquid crystal thermography, and was compared to an analytical solution derived from the 3-D thermal Green’s function. This paper reports progress towards understanding the limitations in creating and digitally photographing the temperature field from a small heat source on the wall of a convective flow.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Ascaris suum: Lymphoid cell responses during secondary infections in the guinea pig

Abstract The lymphoid cell responses of the mesenteric, hepatic, and mediastinal lymph nodes, of the spleen, and of the Peyer's patches of guinea pigs which were immunized subcutaneously with infective eggs of Ascaris suum and challenged with (a) 10,000 infective eggs of A. suum per os (Group I), (b) 10,000 artificially hatched second-stage larvae of A. suum via the mesenteric vein (Group II), (c) 1500 third-stage larvae of A. suum via the saphenous vein (Group III), or (d) not challenged (Group IV), were assessed by antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation, rosette formation, rosette inhibition, and rosetteplaquing techniques. Antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation assessed qualitatively the antigen-sensitive cell population, rosette formation in conjunction with rosette inhibition assessed quantitatively the immunoglobulin-receptored antigen-binding cell population, and rosette plaquing assessed quantitatively the receptored antibody-producing and the nonreceptored antibody-producing cell populations. The results obtained emphasized the local nature of the response in experimental ascariasis in that peak antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation and rosette formation responses occurred in the mesenteric, hepatic, and mediastinal nodes at the time the parasite was located in the intestine, the liver, and the lung, respectively. The lymphocytes of the mesenteric, hepatic, and mediastinal nodes of Group I animals expressed and/or secreted IgM, IgE, IgG 2 , or IgA antigen-specific immunoglobulins. IgM responses were relatively low whereas IgG 2 and IgE responses were most marked in the hepatic and mediastinal nodes, respectively. Significant IgA responses were detected only in the mesenteric and mediastinal nodes. The response of the spleen was predominantly IgG 2 in character; however, IgE-producing cells were detectable on Day 12 after infection. In Group II animals (the bowel phase of the challenge infection bypassed), only the hepatic and mediastinal nodes exhibited peak responses and these were similar to those of comparable nodes in Group I. In animals of Group III (both bowel and hepatic phase bypassed), only the mediastinal nodes showed peak responses and these were similar to, but occurred earlier than, those of the mediastinal nodes of Group I or Group II animals. The lymphoid cell responses of the lymphoid organs of Group IV animals (which received no challenge) although IgE and IgG 2 in character were uniform throughout the period of the experiment. These responses were relatively lower than, and neither peaked nor showed sequential pattern of appearance compared with, the responses of Group I, II, and III animals.
Does the Curved Nature of the Tibia Influence the Non-Contact ACL Injury?

The geometry of the tibial plateau and the femoral condyles are emerging as key parameters to be studied as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk factors. In this paper, we study the role of curved profile of the medial compartment of the tibia in a sagittal plane as a critical risk factor for the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The curvature of the mid-medial compartment of Tibia in 40 uninjured controls (21 women and 19 men) and 44 anterior cruciate ligament-injured cases (23 women and 21 men) were measured using magnetic resonance images and in-house matlab programming. We hypothesized that the Individuals with a less curved profile in the medial compartment of the tibia are at increased risk of suffering an anterior cruciate ligament injury compared to those with larger curved profiles. Based on t-tests, we established that the uninjured controls had larger curvature (p<0.05) compared to the injured cases. Biomechanically speaking a larger curvature of the tibia could prevent excessive sliding movement of femur with respect to the tibia, and thus could reduce the ACL strain. We suggest that future studies are needed to confirm this relationship and to evaluate the potential role of this curved profile of tibia in the risk of ACL injury.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Theory of nuclear quadrupole interactions in aluminum and copper metals in presence of muon

The electric field gradients at27Al and63Cu nuclei which are nearest neighbors to the muon in the face-centered cubic metals aluminum and copper, with muon at an octahedral interstitial site, are studied. The electron density fluctuations needed for the evaluation of the electronic, or valence, contributions to field gradients are taken from earlier investigations involving the spherical solid approximation. The enhancement factors a that have to be applied to the electric field-gradients obtained from these approximations, due to the departures of the electronic wave-functions from plane-wave character, and the incorporation of antishielding effects, have been obtained for both APW and OPW approaches to the conduction electron wave-functions and good agreement is found between the results by the two approaches. Size effects due to the lattice distortion associated with the presence of the muon are included through actual point ion summations using available calculated displacements of the ions surrounding the muon. The valence contributions are the dominant ones but the size effect contributions are also significant. The net field-gradient obtained for the27Al site is significantly smaller than experiment while that for63Cu is substantially larger than experiment. Possible sources that could lead to better agreement with experiment are discussed and it is concluded that major improvement is needed in the valence effect contributions in both metals.
Genome rearrangements by residual S10 elements in strains of Escherichia coli K-12 which had undergone Tn70 mutagenesis and fusaric acid selection

Abstract Mutant strains selected as survivors of the lethal overexpression of a plasmid-encoded bovine somatotropin-β-alactosidase fusion protein were found to include instances where an SI10 element had transposed from the chromosome into the fusion protein structural gene on the plasmid. Two distinct types of IS10 elements were found in these mutants, the well-known S10R and a novel hybrid element composed of portions of both IS10R and 10L. The strain in which the selection scheme was carried out had been constructed in a series of steps, including alteration of two loci by Tn10-ediated intramolecular transposition involving fusaric acid (FA) selection for loss of tetracycline resistance. Genetic dissection of this strain revealed that one of these altered loci was an origin for both types of IS10 elements, while the other locus was an origin for only IS10R elements. The finding that residual IS10 elements, left after FA selection for Tcs derivatives of Tn10-containing strains, can be a significant source of spontaneous mutation should be of interest to workers using strains that have been ‘cured’ of Tn10 in this way.
A cost-effectiveness analysis of prophylactic surgery versus gynecologic surveillance for women from hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) Families

Women at risk for Lynch Syndrome/HNPCC have an increased lifetime risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer. This study investigates the cost-effectiveness of prophylactic surgery versus surveillance in women with Lynch Syndrome. A decision analytic model was designed incorporating key clinical decisions and existing probabilities, costs, and outcomes from the literature. Clinical forum where risk-reducing surgery and surveillance were considered. A theoretical population of women with Lynch Syndrome at age 30 was used for the analysis. A decision analytic model was designed comparing the health outcomes of prophylactic hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy at age 30 versus annual gynecologic screening versus annual gynecologic exam. The literature was searched for probabilities of different health outcomes, results of screening modalities, and costs of cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cost-effectiveness expressed in dollars per discounted life-years. Risk-reducing surgery is the least expensive option, costing $23,422 per patient for 25.71 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Annual screening costs $68,392 for 25.17 QALYs; and annual examination without screening costs $100,484 for 24.60 QALYs. Further, because risk-reducing surgery leads to both the lowest costs and the highest number of QALYs, it is a dominant strategy. Risk-reducing surgery is the most cost-effective option from a societal healthcare cost perspective.
Development of a Continuous Whitefly Cell Line [Homoptera: Aleyrodidae: Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)] for the Study of Begomovirus

Abstract The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a widely distributed pest of many important food and fiber crops. This whitefly is also a vector of more than 70 plant-infecting viruses. A cell line was established in vitro using embryonic tissues from the eggs of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), B biotype (pseudonym B. argentifolii Bellows & Perring), and referred to as ‘Btb(Ba)97, Hunter-Polston’. Cell cultures were successfully inoculated with begomovirus (BGMV and ToMoV)-infected tomato plant sap. Embryonic tissues were seeded into Kimura's modified medium and kept at a temperature of 24°C. Continuous cell cultures were established and have since undergone 92 passages in 25-cm 2 flasks. Cell doubling time is approximately 3 days and the cells have been successfully revived after 1 year after storage at −80°C. The cell population is monolayers of predominately fibroblast with some epithelial cells. Begomoviruses (bean golden mosaic begomovirus, BGMV, and tomato mottle begomovirus, ToMoV) were inoculated to the cell cultures independently and detected by labeling by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. The viruses were detected bound to the cell membranes and within the cell cytoplasm. This is the first report of a continuous cell line established from a species of whitefly and its inoculation with two begomoviruses. The successful inoculation of whitefly cell cultures with begomoviruses shown in our results represents great promise for the development of systems that allow researchers to achieve a better understanding of the complex relationship between begomoviruses and their whitefly vectors.
HIV Informal Caregiving: Emergent Conflict and Growth

Findings are reported from a prospective study of 20 persons on the experience of providing informal care to partners or family members with HIV syndrome. In-depth, focused interviews were completed. Data were initially coded using an inductive technique and thematically analyzed. The informal care providers were found to engage in a variety of interacting, and often conflicting, psychosocial and instrumental processes that occurred over three emergent phases: (a) transitions to care, (b) living the burden, and (c) facing the void. Although the care providers struggled with various sources of uncertainty and distress, when periods of equanimity were realized, they experienced a heightened sense of coherence and personal growth.
Parathyroid Hormone Deficiency After Total Thyroidectomy: Incidence and Time

Background Parathyroid hormone (PTH) deficiency or hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy is not an uncommon postoperative complication. Patients who have PTH deficiency will develop profound hypocalcemia if not properly treated with oral calcium supplementation and activated vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol). However, there is little published on the long-term outcomes of these patients. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of PTH deficiency and the time course to resolution after total thyroidectomy. Methods We identified 271 consecutive patients who underwent total thyroidectomy from January 2006 to December 2008. All patients had serum PTH levels tested 4 h after surgery and the morning after surgery. Patients were diagnosed with PTH deficiency if their serum PTH was Results Of the 271 patients, 33 (12%) were found to have PTH deficiency. In comparing PTH deficient patients (group 1) with patients in group 2, there were no differences in age, gender, thyroid pathology, the incidence of thyroiditis, or other factors that would predict hypoparathyroidism. Twenty-four patients (73%) had recovery of their PTH levels to ≥10 pg/mL at their 1 wk follow-up appointment, while 9 (27%) patients still had PTH levels Conclusions We concluded that approximately 12% (33 of 271) of patients undergoing total thyroidectomy will develop PTH deficiency. Of the PTH deficient patients, 73% will return to normal parathyroid function within 1 wk of surgery. Furthermore, 82% of these PTH deficient patients will return to normal parathyroid function with long-term follow-up. Less than 1% (two of 271) of patients undergoing total thyroidectomy will require 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol for long-term hypocalcemia.
Cyclic strain induces vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation from murine embryonic mesenchymal progenitor cells

Background Hemodynamic forces play a crucial role in regulating vascular cell phenotype. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to test our hypothesis that cyclic strain could affect smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation. Methods A murine embryonic mesenchymal progenitor cell line (C3H/10T1/2) was cultured with or without cyclic strain for 6 days. Changes in cell morphology were studied with fluorescence dye Calcein-AM staining. Expression of specific SMC markers, smooth muscle specific α-actin (α-SMA), and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC), was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. Transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β) was used as a positive control. Results With cyclic strain, CH3/10T1/2 cells demonstrated spindle-shaped morphology and parallel alignment. Cells exposed to cyclic strain illustrated significantly increased mRNA levels of α-SMA and SMMHC by 3- and 2-fold, respectively, compared with static cells ( P P P Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate that cyclic strain significantly induces expression of two of the most important SMC markers in a murine embryonic mesenchymal progenitor cell line. Cyclic strain and TGF-β have a synergistic effect on α-SMA mRNA expression.
Molecular characterization of ilvC specialized transducing phages of Escherichia coli K-12.

A series of lambda defective ilvC specialized transducing phage has been isolated which carry regions of isoleucine and valine structural and regulatory genes derived from the ilv cluster at minute 83 on the linkage map of the chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12. The ilv genes carried by these phages and their order have been determined by transduction of auxotrophs. The ilvC + lysogen of an ilvC - strain gave rise, after heat induction of the lysogen, to transducing particles which carried the wild-type allele of the cya-marker. Further experiments have shown that the lambda defective ilvC phages were able to cotransduce a rho-15 ts mutation as well as a rep-5 mutation. Hence, the order of the clockwise excision of the ilv cluster was found to be ilvC-rho-rep-cya. Enzyme levels in strains carrying the lambda defective ilvC phages indicated that the ilvC gene was not altered by the insertion of lambda into the ilv cluster. The isolation and digestion of lambda defective ilvC DNA by EcoRI and HindIII restriction endonucleases demonstrated that the specialized transducing phages carried part of the genome from the E. coli K-12 chromosome.
Underground Compressed-Air Storage for Electric Utility Load Leveling

This work discusses underground compressed-air storage reservoirs with respect to leveling the loads on electric utilities and compares them with natural-gas storage systems. Rapid injection and removal of air on a daily cycle is a major problem. Mined hard-rock caverns, solution-mined salt cavities, fixed-volume porous sand reservoirs, and aquifers are analyzed for possible use.
Green neutrophilic inclusions could be a sign of impending death

![Figure][1] An 88-year-old African American man was evaluated for altered mental status and was found to have a urinary tract infection. He developed septic shock with a positive blood culture for Escherichia coli , confirmed as extended spectrum beta-lactamase. During the course of
Upright T wave in V1: a useful diagnostic sign of mild pulmonic valve stenosis in children.

In 9 of 10 children aged 5 to 10 years with mild pulmonary value stenosis, confirmed at cardiac catheterization and cineangiocardiography, the T wave in V 1 was upright in an otherwise normal electrocardiogram. This compared with absence of an upright T wave concluded that the presence of an upright T wave in V 1 in children with a systolic in V 1 in 6 cases of atrial septal defect and in 100 cases of functional murmurs. It is murmur and an otherwise normal electrocardiogram is strongly suggestive of mild pulmonary valve stenosis.
Distal pancreatectomy with splenic preservation revisited

Background Splenic preservation (SP) during distal pancreatectomy can be accomplished by ligating the main splenic artery and vein relying on blood supply from the short gastric vessels. The purpose of this study was to examine the short-term implications of this operation, comparing it to the outcomes following distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy. Methods The records of 259 patients who underwent distal pancreatectomy with and without SP at Massachusetts General Hospital from 1994 to 2004 were reviewed. Results A total of 29% of patients underwent SP with this technique. These patients were more likely to be women (74% vs 56%, P = .008) and to have benign disease (93% vs 54%, P Conclusions Splenic preservation relying on blood supply from the short gastric vessels is reliable and safe and does not have a higher incidence of postoperative complications when compared to traditional distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy. The current series validates this approach and provides further evidence of its feasibility and safety.