cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Globalization and The Other: Lifeworld(s) on the Brink

This article specifieshow globalizationis not only an economic reality, but isalso a socio-political-psychological and ecological one. It demonstrates how globalization, as an institution created by humans, not only fosters fearand greed among humans, but also decimates non-human animal lifeworlds, and, in doing so, threatens planet Earth itself. The article explores the relationship of globalization to Otherness in the form of the "enemy", whether religious, national, ethnic, political, or ecological, the latter specifically in the form of coral reefs. The exploration highlights the fact that if there are endangered species, it is because a dangerous spe- cies exists. Globalization foments an "us against them" mentality; heightens human competition between groups; and, not surprisingly, draws on what Darwin described as "the law of battle", namely, male-male competition. What in a phylogenetic sense originated in the service of mating now functions in the service of powerand war. Recognition of this socio-political-psychological- ecological reality leads to an inquiry into the enemy that is not only outside but also within. Notable descriptions of the "Other within" are found in Socrates' and Plato's commentaries on the nature of humans, in Jung's concept of the Shadow, and, strikingly, in the observations of David Shulman and Mahmoud Darwish on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and impasse. This investigation of the relationship between globalization and the Other leads ultimately to the realization that, if socio-political-psychological - and ecological - ills are to be treated and cured, then we need to examine the Other within. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Escherichia coli—Infected Cephalohematoma in an Infant

This report describes a 1-month-old female with bacteremia and meningitis complicated by an infected cephalohematoma that resulted from hematogenous seeding. This report serves as a reminder that, although occurring rarely, inflammation overlying a cephalohematoma in an infant with bacteremia can indicate focal infection that requires incision and drainage for resolution.
An effective defense against email spam laundering

Laundering email spam through open-proxies or compromised PCs is a widely-used trick to conceal real spam sources and reduce spamming cost in underground email spam industry. Spammers have been plaguing the Internet by exploiting a large number of spam proxies. The facility of breaking spam laundering and deterring spamming activities close to their sources, which would greatly benefit not only email users but also victim ISPs, is in great demand but still missing. In this paper, we reveal one salient characteristic of proxy-based spamming activities, namely packet symmetry, by analyzing protocol semantics and timing causality. Based on the packet symmetry exhibited in spam laundering, we propose a simple and effective technique, DBSpam, to on-line detect and break spam laundering activities inside a customer network. Monitoring the bi-directional traffic passing through a network gateway, DBSpam utilizes a simple statistical method, Sequential Probability Ratio Test, to detect the occurrence of spam laundering in a timely manner. To balance the goals of promptness and accuracy, we introduce a noise-reduction technique in DBSpam, after which the laundering path can be identified more accurately. Then, DBSpam activates its spam suppressing mechanism to break the spam laundering. We implement a prototype of DBSpam based on libpcap, and validate its efficacy through both theoretical analyses and trace-based experiments.
Vocal distinctiveness of the Red Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) on the island of Newfoundland, Canada

ABSTRACT Ten vocal types of Red Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) are recognized in North America. Little is known about this species' vocalizations on the island of Newfoundland, where the subspecies L. c. percna (Bent 1912) was described on the basis of study skins collected in a single year from one area; subsequently a distinctive vocal type was proposed on the basis of one sound recording. We made field recordings (∼1000 min) of Red Crossbill vocalizations in Newfoundland to describe vocalizations and compare them with vocal types recognized elsewhere in North America. One class of call (“flight call”; class I call hereafter) was distinctive, and discriminant analysis distinguished 98% of Newfoundland class I calls from mainland North American and European samples. Class I calls of 5 (out of 83) Newfoundland birds resembled recognized vocal types from mainland North America. Other call classes (“excitement/alarm” and “chitter”) of Newfoundland birds also differed from mainland North American samples. We ...
A Singular Example of the Wrath of God: The Use of Sodom in Sixteenth-Century Exegesis

What did the Reformation do for sodomy? The more or less established view, developed by social and cultural historians and contributors to the history of sexuality, is that it did relatively little. The evidence of the normative discourses of theology and law suggests that definitions and understandings of sodomy after the Reformation movements of the early and middle sixteenth century differed little from what had been proffered in the legal and moral writings of the medieval period. According to these defi nitions, which varied in their particulars, sodomy was a sin of unnatural lust which included, but was often not limited to, sexual contact between persons of the same sex. It was a sin whose origins could be traced to the biblical cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, whose inhabitants' penchant for unnatural sex led directly to their destruction in a hail of sulfur and fire—a dramatic event that was to stand as a warning both to those tempted to indulge in this vice and to those innocent of that particular sin who would nonetheless tolerate it in their neighbors. This view is found reflected in a wide range of writings from homiletic, exegetical, and penitential productions of late antiquity and the early, high, and late Middle Ages. And, indeed, while Protestant reforming ideas and practices changed many things in Europe of the sixteenth century, they seem to have left untouched this conception of the sin of the Sodomites. Confessions divided on many theological issues appear to have had no quarrel over what sodomy was, where it had come from, and what ought to be done about it. Definitions, then, remained more or less the same through the course of the Reformations; what changed was the capacity of local and regional jurisdictions to enforce legal proscriptions. And so, if the Reformation movements had any impact on the public discourse on sodomy, that impact was limited to the contribution the reforms made to the development of instruments of moral discipline and their facilitation (in some instances) of harsher responses to persons accused and convicted of the crime of sodomy.
The Molecular Perspective: Methotrexate

of the poisons used in modern chemotherapy rely on the observation that most cells in the body are not actively dividing, so substances that block some step in cell reproduction will have a disproportionately severe effect on growing cancer cells relative to most healthy tissues. Virtually every step of cell growth and division is targeted by some chemotherapeutic drug today. The enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), shown in Figure 1, was the first enzyme to be targeted by chemotherapy. It plays a supporting role, but an essential role, in the synthesis of thymine nucleotides. The leading role is played by the enzyme thymidylate synthase, which adds a methyl group onto uracil to form thymine. This may seem like a small change, but the extra hydrophobic bulk of this methyl group is essential for proper discrimination of thymine from the other three bases by various transcription factors, repressors, enhancers and other DNA-binding proteins. The methyl group is delivered to thymidylate synthase by folate, a small cofactor molecule that is an essential vitamin for human beings. In the course of the reaction, as the methyl is transferred from folate to uracil, the folate molecule is oxidized. This is where DHFR makes its entry: DHFR restores folate to its reduced state, ready for the next round of thymine synthesis. If the action of DHFR is blocked, the cell dies. When treated with methotrexate, the level of reduced folate plummets, and synthesis of thymine and purine nucleotides grinds to a halt. (There is evidence that methotrexate also blocks other steps in nucleotide synthesis, magnifying these effects.) As the available thymine nucleotides are depleted, the normally low levels of uracil nucleotides grow, because thymidylate synthase cannot perform its job. Uracil is then erroneously added to growing DNA chains in place of thymine. Ultimately, this halts DNA synthesis, and promotes fragmentation of the DNA as repair enzymes unsuccessfully attempt to remove the many faulty nucleotides. The Molecular Perspective: Methotrexate
ANALYTIC TEST CASES FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL HYDRODYNAMIC MODELS

SUMMARY Exact periodic solutions are generated for the 3-D hydrodynamic equations in linearized form. A linear slip condition is enforced at the bottom, based on the velocity at the bottom. It is shown that the bottom stress can be equivalently expressed in terms of the vertically averaged velocity, and expressions for this bottom stress coefficient are derived in terms of the primary parameters of the problem. As a result, the three-dimensional structure may be assembled from conventional solutions to (a) the 1-D vertical diffusion equation; and (b) the 2-D vertically averaged shallow water equations. In the latter, the bottom stress effects are shown to be complex and frequency-dependent, and an additional rotational term is required for their representation.
Insertion of a three dimensional silicon microelectrode assembly through a thick meningeal membrane

There are many different needs for intraoperative mapping in both rodent as well as human brain. Whether the goal of the procedure is for epileptic mapping, removal of cancerous tissue, mapping the motor and sensory cortices, or understanding the underlying neural networks within the brain, dense three-dimensional electrode arrays are necessary. In this study, we outlined and validated thicker silicon probe designs for use in intracortical mapping applications. Multiple shank and electrode site configurations were implanted successfully through rat dura as a model for human pia, and all devices maintained the electrical functionality necessary for electrophysiological mapping applications.
Studies On the Origin of Culex pipiens pipiens Form Molestus in New York City

Culex pipiens pipiens is comprised of two forms: Cx. pipiens pipiens form pipiens and Culex pipiens pipiens form molestus. One population of Cx. p. pipiens form molestus in the United States, located in the 91st Street sewer of New York City (NYC), has been relatively well-characterized. The objective of this review is to summarize the results of multiple independent studies on Cx. p. pipiens form molestus in NYC and present the current understanding of the origin of this population. While solid evidence exists supporting the genetic differentiation and population structuring between Cx. p. pipiens form pipiens and form molestus in NYC, the possibility that the 91st St. sewer population of form molestus was founded by local aboveground Cx. p. pipiens form pipiens cannot be ruled out based on available data to date. Future studies in the US should include sympatric populations of both forms of Cx. p. pipiens from around the world in order to provide the necessary context to resolve these phylogenetic relationships.
The relationship between ethnic identity and Chlamydia and Gonorrhea infections among low-income detained African American adolescent females

This study explored the relationship between ethnic identity and Chlamydia and Gonorrhea infections among detained African American female adolescents. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 123 African American female adolescents within eight detention facilities in Georgia. Using audio-computer assisted self-interviewing technology, data were collected on demographics, ethnic identity, laboratory-confirmed Chlamydia and Gonorrhea, and other known correlates for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as socioeconomic status, parental monitoring, and risky sexual behaviors. Rates of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea testing yielded incidence rates of 22.6% and 4.3%, respectively. Findings indicated that, controlling for STI correlates, participants who indicated high ethnic identity were 4.3 times more likely to test positive for an STI compared to those scoring low on the measure of ethnic identity.
The Compulsion to Circumcise is Constant

Routine non-ritual circumcision stands alone as an allegedly prophylactic procedure that is carried out on an enormous scale for the eventual benefit of only a small minority. Arguments in favor of this procedure have varied with time. They have included prevention of penile cancer, prevention of cervical cancer in sexual partners, and more recently prevention of urinary tract infections in infants and young boys, prevention of AIDS, and cost savings. Yet, no proper epidemiological evaluation of the risk/benefit ratio has been carried out. Instead the arguments have been largely polemical. These will be reviewed and available data assessed.
Stereospecific analysis of high melting triglycerides of bovine milk fat and their biosynthetic origin.

Abstract Fatty acid composition, triglyceride molecular weight distributions, melting ranges, amount of cis and trans isomers, and stereospecific fatty acid distributions were determined for high melting triglyceride fractions and bovine milk fat free of them. Distributions of fatty acids on the high melting triglycerides differed from distributions of fatty acids in the rest of the milk fat triglycerides. The significance of these results is evaluated in relation to the biosynthetic origin of high melting triglycerides. Stereospecific distributions of these fatty acids support previous speculations that the mono-glyceride pathway may play a significant role in biosynthesis of high melting triglyceride in bovine milk fat.
Macroalgal blooms on southeast Florida coral reefs: II. Cross-shelf discrimination of nitrogen sources indicates widespread assimilation of sewage nitrogen

Since 1990, coral reefs off southeast Florida have experienced an unprecedented succession of macroalgal blooms and invasions. To determine if anthropogenic land-based nitrogen (N) sources support these HABs, we collected macroalgal tissue for stable nitrogen isotope (d 15 N) analysis at three spatially distinct depths ranging from the shallow subtidal to the shelf break (43 m) along seven transects from Jupiter to Deerfield Beach, Florida, USA. This sampling was initiated during a historically significant drought in the spring of 2001 when rainfall, stormwater runoff, and upwelling were at a minimum. The sampling was repeated in the summer wet season following significant stormwater runoff and during a strong upwelling event. Despite significant seasonal changes in N source availability, d 15 N values did not vary between samplings. Collectively, d 15 N values were significantly higher on inshore shallow reefs (+8.1%) compared to mid (+6.1%) and deep reefs (+6.7%). Values were also elevated in the southern portion of the study area (e.g., Boca Raton, +8.5%) where nearly 1.5 billion l/day of secondarily treated wastewater is discharged into the ocean via coastal outfalls. Codium isthmocladum, a macroalga that assimilates its nutrients entirely from thewater column, was the dominant bloom species in the southern study area, where tissue d 15 N values matched source values of nearby sewage outfalls. The northern study area was dominated by species of the genus Caulerpa, particularly the invasive Pacific native C. brachypus var. parvifolia, which are capable of accessing benthic nutrient sources (e.g., submarine groundwater discharge, SGD) by means of root-like rhizoids. The northern area does not have sewage outfalls butfeatures a highly transmissivegeologic zonewhere SGD may be enriched with septic tank leachate and effluent from municipal deep injection wells. Multiple lines of evidence supported the hypothesis that land-based sewage N was more important than upwelling as a N source to these HABs: (1) d 15 N values were highest on shallow reefs and decreased with increasing depth, indicating land-based sources of enrichment; (2) elevated d 15 N values occurred in these HABs during the dry season, prior to the onset of the summer upwelling; (3) elevated NH4 + concentrations occur on these reefs during both upwelling and non-upwelling periods and are kinetically preferred by macroalgae compared to upwelled NO3 . These findings provide a case study of a coupling between
Of Constitutional Custodians and Regulatory Rivals: An Account of the Old and New Separation of Powers

The theory and reality of “administrative separation of powers” requires revisions to the longstanding legal, normative, and positive accounts of bureaucratic control. Because these leading accounts are often insufficiently attentive to the fragmented nature of administrative power, they tend to overlook the fact that internal administrative rivals — perhaps as much as Congress, the President, and the courts — shape agency behavior. In short, these accounts do not connect what we might call the old and new separation of powers. They thus fail to capture the multidimensional nature of administrative control in which the constitutional branches (the old separation of powers) and the administrative rivals (the new separation of powers) all compete with one another to influence administrative governance.Connecting novel insights regarding administrative separation of powers to old — and seemingly settled — debates over the design and desirability of bureaucratic control, this Article (1) characterizes the administrative sphere as a legitimate, largely self-regulating ecosystem, (2) recognizes the capacity of three rivals — politically appointed agency heads, politically insulated civil servants, and members of the public — to internally police the administrative process, and (3) recasts judges, presidents, and legislators as custodians tasked with preserving a well-functioning, internally rivalrous administrative separation of powers.
Novel 7-Alkyl Methylenedioxy-Camptothecin Derivatives Exhibit Increased Cytotoxicity and Induce Persistent Cleavable Complexes Both with Purified Mammalian Topoisomerase I and in Human Colon Carcinoma SW620 Cells

An alkylating camptothecin (CPT) derivative, 7-chloromethyl-10,11-methylenedioxy-camptothecin (7-CM-MDO-CPT) was recently shown to produce irreversible topoisomerase I (top1) cleavage complexes by binding to the +1 base of the scissile strand of a top1 cleavage site. We demonstrate that 7-CM-EDO-CPT (7-chloromethyl-10,11-ethylenedioxy-camptothecin) also induces irreversible top1-DNA complexes. 7-CM-MDO-CPT, 7-CM-EDO-CPT, and the nonalkylating derivative 7-ethyl-10,11-methylenedioxy-camptothecin (7-E-MDO-CPT) also induced reversible top1 cleavable complexes, which were markedly more stable to salt-induced reversal than those induced by 7-ethyl-10-hyroxy-CPT, the active metabolite of CPT-11. This greater stability of the top1 cleavable complexes was contributed by the 7-alkyl and the 10,11-methylene- (or ethylene-) dioxy substitutions. Studies in SW620 cells showed that 7-E-MDO-CPT, 7-CM-MDO-CPT, and 7-CM-EDO-CPT are more potent inducers of cleavable complexes and more cytotoxic than CPT. The reversal of the cleavable complexes induced by 7-E-MDO-CPT, 7-CM-MDO-CPT, and 7-CM-EDO-CPT was markedly slower after drug removal than that for CPT, which is consistent with the data with purified top1. By contrast to CPT, 7-E-MDO-CPT, 7-CM-MDO-CPT, and 7-CM-EDO-CPT were cytotoxic irrespective of the presence of 10 μm aphidicolin. These results suggest that 7-E-MDO-CPT, 7-CM-MDO-CPT, and 7-CM-EDO-CPT are more potent top1 poisons than CPT and produce long lasting top1 cleavable complexes and greater cytotoxicity than CPT in cells.
Early childhood development in Rwanda: a policy analysis of the human rights legal framework

Early childhood development (ECD) is a critical period that continues to impact human health and productivity throughout the lifetime. Failing to provide policies and programs that support optimal developmental attainment when such services are financially and logistically feasible can result in negative population health, education and economic consequences that might otherwise be avoided. Rwanda, with its commitment to rights-based policy and program planning, serves as a case study for examination of the national, regional, and global human rights legal frameworks that inform ECD service delivery. In this essay, we summarize key causes and consequences of the loss of early developmental potential and how this relates to the human rights legal framework in Rwanda. We contend that sub-optimal early developmental attainment constitutes a violation of individuals’ rights to health, education, and economic prosperity. These rights are widely recognized in global, regional and national human rights instruments, and are guaranteed by Rwanda’s constitution. Recent policy implementation by several Rwandan ministries has increased access to health and social services that promote achievement of full developmental potential. These ECD-centric activities are characterized by an integrated approach to strengthening the services provided by several public sectors. Combining population level activities with those at the local level, led by local community health workers and women’s councils, can bolster community education and ensure uptake of ECD services. Realization of the human rights to health, education, and economic prosperity requires and benefits from attention to the period of ECD, as early childhood has the potential to be an opportunity for expedient intervention or the first case of human rights neglect in a lifetime of rights violations. Efforts to improve ECD services and outcomes at the population level require multisector collaboration at the highest echelons of government, as well as local education and participation at the community level.
Leakage Current Behavior in Common I-Layer A-SI:H P-I-N Photodiode Arrays

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon photodiode arrays form the basis of monolithic three-dimensional integrated circuit sensor technology. In these arrays, the intrinsic a-Si:H layer covers the entire area to maximize light collection. One technique by which the pixel diode is defined, is to pattern the bottom contact layer independently of the intrinsic layer. One of the most important characteristics of any diode array, however, is that the dark-state reverse bias leakage currents must be as low as possible to minimize diode noise. This study examines the leakage currents associated with the pixelated array. These structures are unique in that the edge of the diode is defined by the local electric field between diodes, rather than the physical surface of an a-Si:H film. The effect of the diode edge has been found to induce a field-dependent component to the reverse bias leakage current. For example, diodes with 5500A i-layer, have a junction leakage of 14 to 20 pA/cm2, at 5.0 x 104 V/cm, while the pixel edge-dependent current component can be as high as 30 pA/cm2. In addition, it will be shown that the i-layer thickness and junction doping plays a key role in determining the behavior of the leakage currents.
Characterization of a major EA-D component of the EBV-induced EA complex

Several EBV-related antigens have beea identified by indirect immunofluorescence using sera from patients and healthy virus carriers. Of these antigens, EA is diagnostically valuable since its presence appears to indicate an active infection and is therefore of potential prognostic importance.
Combining Rough Clustering Schemes as a Rough Ensemble

One of the challenges of big data is to combine results of data mining obtained from a distributed dataset. The objective is to minimize the amount data transfer with minimum information loss. A generic combination process will not necessarily provide an optimal ensemble of results. In this paper, we describe a rough clustering problem that leads to a natural ordering of clusters. These ordered rough clusterings are then combined while preserving the properties of rough clustering. A time series dataset of commodity prices is clustered using two different representations to demonstrate the ordered rough clustering process. The information from the ordering of clusters is shown to help us retain salient aspects of individual rough clustering schemes.
Donor-like Deep Level Defects in GaN Characterized by Double-correlation Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy

Si doped GaN grown by molecular beam epitaxy on sapphire substrates were characterized by capacitance transient spectroscopy. Conventional deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements displayed six deep level defects, labeled A1, A, B, C1, C, and D, with activation energy ranging from 0.20 to 0.82 eV below the conduction band. Based on the logarithmic dependence of the DLTS spectral peaks on the filling pulse width, it is deduced that the defects A, B, C, and D are concentrated in the vicinity of line dislocations. Double-correlation DLTS (DDLTS) measurements, on the other hand, showed that only defects A (0.82 eV) and D (0.22 eV) exhibited deep donor-like characteristics. Following a 1.0 MeV electron irradiation of the GaN sample, one radiation-induced peak, E, with activation energy less than 0.20 eV was observed in the DLTS spectrum. However, after annealing at 350 °C, this DLTS peak intensity was found to diminish significantly.
SU-F-J-15: The Use of CBCT for Dose Calculations in H/N Patients: Impact of Limited FOV

Purpose: To investigate the impact of limited superior and inferior (SI) field-of-view (FOV) associated with on-board kV CBCT images for dose calculation. Methods: First, a (10×10) cm2 continuous arc 6 MV treatment plan was calculated for fourteen virtual water phantoms of varying SI thicknesses (5 to 15 cm) to replicate the FOV effect. In addition, 70 Gy VMAT plans from two H/N patients were calculated on their corresponding planning CT (pCT) and first fraction CBCT image volumes. For the phantom, the mean dose difference (full vs. limited FOV phantom) was calculated for each axial plane for each size phantom to determine the error with distance from the SI boundary, as a function of dose at the FOV edge. For the clinical cases, the absolute difference between CBCT and pCT dose was calculated for each voxel within the CBCT FOV and evaluated relative to CBCT SI boundary. Results: Phantom calculations showed that mean error was less than 5% for all planes whenever the CBCT border received less than 35 Gy or, otherwise, in planes at least 1.5 cm inside the CBCT SI FOV. Maximum pCT-calculated doses differences in the axial plane of the superior CBCT FOV border was 4 Gy for Patient 1 and 55 Gy for Patient 2, and the corresponding maximum error in the same planes were 2% and 24%, respectively. Maximum pCT-calculated dose 1 cm inferior to the superior FOV border was 7 Gy and 72 Gy, with a corresponding error of 0.5% and 2.5%. Conclusion: CBCT images may be used as a surrogate for full CT images with the following limitations: low dose (<50% of prescription dose) at the FOV edge, or greater than 1.5 cm material thickness between the CBCT border and the axial plane of interest. This work was partially funded by NIH P01CA059827.
Bioelectric impact of pathological angiogenesis on vascular function

Pathological angiogenesis, as seen in many inflammatory, immune, malignant, and ischemic disorders, remains an immense health burden despite new molecular therapies. It is likely that further therapeutic progress requires a better understanding of neovascular pathophysiology. Surprisingly, even though transmembrane voltage is well known to regulate vascular function, no previous bioelectric analysis of pathological angiogenesis has been reported. Using the perforated-patch technique to measure vascular voltages in human retinal neovascular specimens and rodent models of retinal neovascularization, we discovered that pathological neovessels generate extraordinarily high voltage. Electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that voltage from aberrantly located preretinal neovascular complexes is transmitted into the intraretinal vascular network. With extensive neovascularization, this voltage input is substantial and boosts the membrane potential of intraretinal blood vessels to a suprahyperpolarized level. Coincident with this suprahyperpolarization, the vasomotor response to hypoxia is fundamentally altered. Instead of the compensatory dilation observed in the normal retina, arterioles constrict in response to an oxygen deficiency. This anomalous vasoconstriction, which would potentiate hypoxia, raises the possibility that the bioelectric impact of neovascularization on vascular function is a previously unappreciated pathophysiological mechanism to sustain hypoxia-driven angiogenesis.
WITHDRAWAL: The Role of the Autonomic Ganglia in Atrial Fibrillation

This article has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate. The correct published version of the article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2015.01.005 . The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy .
Abstract 1675: MEF2 plays a significant role in the tumor inhibitory effects of agarose encapsulated RENCA cells through the EGF receptor

Identification of the molecular targets involved in the tumor growth inhibition induced by agarose encapsulated mouse renal adenocarcinoma (RENCA) cells will aid in an understanding of the mechanism of action and may allow for the discovery of key targets for therapeutic intervention. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB1/HER1) and related family members have been shown to transduce extracellular signals through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway to regulate post-translational regulation of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) proteins. We have previously reported that suppression of MEF2 isoforms in target tumor cells reduced the growth inhibitory effect of RENCA macrobeads. In this study, we evaluated signaling through EGFR in response to RENCA macrobead conditioned media and examined post-translational activation of MEF2D, using the human prostate cancer, DU145 and the human breast adenocarcinoma, MCF7 cell lines. DU145 and MCF7 cells exposed to naive or conditioned media were evaluated using In-Cell Western™ analysis for the expression of phospho-EGFR Y1068 in parallel with total EGFR. Phospho-MEF2D and total MEF2D were assessed in nuclear extracts using western blotting. In the DU145 cells, exposure to RENCA macrobead conditioned media activates EGFR as evidenced by phosphorylation of the receptor at tyrosine 1068 in parallel with the increasing age and inhibitory capacity of macrobeads. Further, the growth inhibition of DU145 cells exposed to RENCA macrobead conditioned media is accompanied by dephosphorylation of MEF2D at Serine 444 supporting a role for increased MEF2D transcriptional activity in the inhibitory effect. MCF7 cells are less sensitive to RENCA macrobead-induced growth inhibition, EGFR is not phosphorylated by 2 hours following exposure to macrobead conditioned media and MEF2D remains phosphorylated at Serine 444. These findings support the hypothesis that RENCA macrobeads signal, at least in part, through the EGF receptor to differentially regulate MEF2D, which is significant for macrobead-induced tumor growth inhibition. Citation Format: Prithy C. Martis, Melissa A. Laramore, Atira Dudley, Barry H. Smith, Lawrence S. Gazda. MEF2 plays a significant role in the tumor inhibitory effects of agarose encapsulated RENCA cells through the EGF receptor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1675. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1675
Billy’s Fist: Neuroscience and Corporeal Reading in Melville’s Billy Budd

Matthew Rebhorn, “Billy’s Fist: Neuroscience and Corporeal Reading in Melville’s Billy Budd ” (pp. 218–244) This essay explores the relationship between Herman Melville’s Billy Budd (published 1924) and late-nineteenth-century neuroscience—particularly works by Alexander Bain and George Henry Lewes—to argue that this novel advances a new way of reading the body. Inflected by Melville’s late encounter with Arthur Schopenhauer’s ruminations on “will power,” Melville uses neuroscience to develop Schopenhauer’s idea into what I am calling a “corporeal reading” practice. This is a reading practice, I argue, that erodes the ontological distinction between the mind and body, between the mind as subject and the body as mere object. Yet because Melville set this novel in wartime, this new reading practice also reveals the deep, and often deadly, tensions that accompany understanding the body as having a mind of its own. In this way, Billy Budd becomes a primer not only for expanding the notion of the bodily consciousness, but also for learning to read the political inflections of the animate body and its “will (to) power.”
James Buchanan and George Stigler: Divergent Legacies from Frank Knight

I have been asked to compare James Buchanan’s body of work with that of George Stigler for a symposium on Stigler’s contributions to economics. I run my exposition through Frank Knight, who exerted strong though different forms of influence over both Stigler and Buchanan. Stigler’s oeuvre is largely an extension and refinement of Knight’s theory of perfect competition set forth in Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit, including Stigler’s effort to incorporate politics into the theory of perfect competition. In contrast, Buchanan tried to bridge the gap between Knight’s formulations of perfect and imperfect competition, while also emphasizing differences between markets and politics. Buchanan also tried to incorporate some of Knight’s repeated tergiversations about economic theory in relation to reality into his work, in contrast to Stigler’s comparative contentment with the state of economic theory.
Transmitter release site organization can predict synaptic function at the neuromuscular junction.

A simple rearrangement of the basic building blocks in the frog neuromuscular junction model into a mouse transmitter release site configuration predicted the major physiological differences betwee...
Lebesgue Measure and Integration

In this appendix we give a brief review, without proofs, of Lebesgue measure and integration on subsets of Rd. Details and proofs can be found in texts on real analysis, such as [Fol99] or [WZ77].
Comparison of Hair Cortisol Levels and Perceived Stress in Mothers Who Deliver at Preterm and Term.

Objective:To evaluate relationships between hair cortisol levels and perceived stress in mothers who deliver preterm and term. We hypothesized that the rate of change in cortisol levels would be gr...
An Electrocatalytic Approach to the Radical Difunctionalization of Alkenes

Given its many distinct characteristics, electrochemistry represents an attractive approach to meet the prevailing trends in organic synthesis. In particular, electrocatalysis—a process that integrates electrochemistry and small-molecule catalysis—has the potential to substantially improve the scope of synthetic electrochemistry and provide a wide range of useful transformations. Recently, we have demonstrated new catalytic approaches that combine electrochemistry and redox-metal catalysis for the oxidative difunctionalization of alkenes to access a diverse array of vicinally functionalized structures. This Perspective details our design principles underpinning the development of electrochemical diazidation, dichlorination, and halotrifluoromethylation of alkenes, which were built on foundational work by others in the areas of synthetic electrochemistry, radical chemistry, and transition-metal catalysis. The introduction of redox-active Mn catalysts allows the generation of radical intermediates from read...
System-wide repercussions and adaptive plasticity: the sequelae of immature visual cortex damage.

Damage of primary visual cortex in mature mammals severely disrupts vision by disconnecting much of the cognitive processing mac hinery of extrastriate cortex from its source of visual signals in the retina. However, equivalent lesions incurred early in postnatal life unmask a substantial latent flexibility of the brain to minimize the disruption by specific and ordered pathway expansions that bypass the lesion. The expansions shape pathways from retina through thalamus to extrastriate cortex and onto the midbrain into new, useful forms that are retained into adult life. These useful modifications support relatively normal signal processing in a variety of structures and the sparing of certain visually guided behaviors, such as aspects of complex-pattern vision and localizing objects introduced into the visual field. Thus, both the brain and the individual are optimized, in the absence of primary visual cortex, by adaptations for useful interactions with the environment. So far, the repercussions of early visual cortex lesions have been most thoroughly documented in cats, although it is likely on the basis of known repercussions and similarity of visual system organization and developmental sequence, that broadly equivalent repercussions and adaptations occur in monkeys and humans following early lesions of primary visual cortex. The knowledge gained has implications for devising therapeutic strategies to attenuate defects in vision induced by cortical lesions.
Developments in 18th Century Optics and Early Instrumentation

Of all the optical instruments, the telescope has been pre-eminent in the history of science and technology. This instrument has played many important and interesting roles, not only in the history of natural philosophy, but in the practical areas of navigation, surveying, time keeping, social history, and of course, military history. Since the beginning of the 19th century, it found an ever increasing use as an auxiliary instrument to other laboratory apparatus.
Fast Information-Theoretic Agglomerative Co-clustering

Jointly clustering the rows and the columns of large matrices, a.k.a. co-clustering, finds numerous applications in the real world such as collaborative filtering, market-basket and micro-array data analysis, graph clustering, etc. In this paper, we formulate an information-theoretic objective cost function to solve this problem, and develop a fast agglomerative algorithm to optimize this objective. Our algorithm rapidly finds highly similar clusters to be merged in an iterative fashion using Locality-Sensitive Hashing. Thanks to its bottom-up nature, it also enables the analysis of the cluster hierarchies. Finally, the number of row and column clusters are automatically determined without requiring the user to choose them. Our experiments on both real and synthetic datasets show that the proposed algorithm achieves high-quality clustering solutions and scales linearly with the input matrix size.
The Baboon Model of Epilepsy: Current Applications in Biomedical Research

Epilepsy is a condition of recurrent, unprovoked seizures (Adams and Victor, 1993). Seizures are episodic changes in behavior associated with a synchronized electrical discharge from the populations of neurons in the cerebral cortex. To classify human epilepsies as focal or generalized, clinicians rely on a seizure description combined with electroencephalography (EEG) (Commission on the Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy, 1981 and 1989). Because seizures are rarely recorded in brief EEG samples, clinicians rely on the the detection of interictal (between seizures) epileptic discharges, which serve as markers for the seizure type. Focal epilepsies begin with focal symptomatology and are associated with interictal epileptic discharges (IEDs) that are focal or lateralized to one cerebral hemisphere. Generalized epilepsies are associated with sudden unresponsiveness or bilateral motor symptoms at onset, and IEDs tend to involve both hemispheres simultaneously. While most focal epilepsies are symptomatic, related to a localized structural lesion, generalized epilepsies are predominantly idiopathic, and considered to be heritable. Some epilepsies, mainly idiopathic in characterization, include seizure types that are elicited by specific stimuli. Photosensitivity describes an enhanced cerebral excitation by exposure to intermittent light stimulation (ILS), such as a flickering light source. Photosensitivity is rare, occurring in about 5% of people with epilepsy, but is more frequently encountered in idiopathic or symptomatic generalized epilepsies (Janz and Durner, 1997). Most photosensitive patients have juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), with a prevalence of 30–60% (Janz and Durner, 1997). EEG findings of photosensitivity include the activation of IEDs, or photoparoxysmal responses, and the activation of myoclonic or generalized tonicclonic seizures, or photoconvulsive responses. Because all of these responses are associated with cortical excitability and a predisposition to seizures, they may be referred to as photoepileptic responses. Because of the prevalence of
Introduction to Jython

We have already pointed out that Jython is an implementation of the Python programming language, unlike CPython which is implemented in C/C++. While these implementations provide almost identical Python language programming environment, there are several differences. Since Jython is fully implemented in Java, it is completely integrated into the Java platform, so one can call any Java class and method using the Python language syntax. This has some consequences for the way you would program in Jython. During the execution of Jython programs, the Jython source code is translated to Java bytecode that can run on any computer that supports the Java virtual machine. This chapter gives a short introduction to the Jython programming language. We cannot give a comprehensive overview of Jython or Python in this chapter: this chapter aims to describe the bare minimum which is necessary to understand the Jython language, and to provide the reader with sufficient information for the following chapters describing numerical methods and statistical techniques using the DMelt libraries.
Power MOSFET Performance

The first two chapters offered an introduction to power MOSFET fundamentals and described the expectation on MOSFET performance from the point of view of different applications. This chapter provides some basic hints how to make a good power MOSFET, especially one optimized for hard switching applications.
Electron trapping: a mechanism for acid production in extreme ultraviolet photoresists

The photomechanism of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) exposures in chemically amplified photoresists is much different than that of previous lithographic wavelengths. Electrons generated during EUV exposure are demonstrated to be a source of acid production through a process referred to as electron trapping. Density functional theory modeling indicates that it is energetically favorable for the photoacid generator (PAG) molecule to decompose if an electron is trapped. Low-energy electrons (<10 eV) that are unlikely to produce holes and secondary electrons generate acid-indicating electron–PAG interactions that are capable of inducing decomposition. Additionally, solution phase reduction in PAGs via electrolysis is shown to produce acid. Furthermore, a more easily reduced PAG (i.e., higher likelihood of trapping an electron) produces a higher acid yield, further supporting electron trapping as a process of acid production regardless of the polymer matrix. An acid indicator, Coumarin 6, was used to determine the number of acids generated per absorbed EUV photon. The results of these measurements indicate that electron–PAG interactions are a source of acid production through electron trapping; thus, an increase in the number of electron-hole pairs available to induce chemical reactions would improve sensitivity.
A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Optimally Profiling Lamotrigine Disposition and Drug–Drug Interactions

Lamotrigine (Lamictal®) is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug available in both immediate-(IR) and extended-release (XR) formulations. Here, we present a new physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for IR and XR formulations of lamotrigine to predict disposition in adults and children, plus drug–drug interactions (DDIs). Models for lamotrigine IR and XR formulations were constructed using a Simcyp® Simulator. Concentration–time profiles were simulated for lamotrigine IR single (SD) and steady-state (SS) doses ranging from 25 to 200 mg in adults, as well as 2 mg/kg (SD), and 7.7–9.4 mg/kg (SS) in children aged between 4 and 17 years. Lamotrigine XR profiles were simulated for SD and SS doses ranging from 250 to 400 mg. DDI prediction with lamotrigine was simulated in adults with enzyme-inducing drugs, rifampin (rifampicin) and ritonavir, as well as the enzyme inhibitor, valproic acid. The lamotrigine model predicted adult area-under-the-curve (AUC) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) results for IR SD within 35% of observed data; lamotrigine IR SS dosing was within 10% and 30% of observed data, respectively. Pediatric lamotrigine IR SD AUC and Cmax values were within 10% and 15% of observed data, respectively. AUC and Cmax values for lamotrigine XR SD simulated in adults were within 20% of observed data; similarly lamotrigine XR SS parameters were within 10%. Concerning DDI simulation in adults, predicted-to-observed lamotrigine AUC ratios [AUCDDI/AUCalone] were within 15% for ritonavir and rifampin, and 20% for valproic acid. Our developed PBPK lamotrigine profile accurately predicts DDIs and lamotrigine IR/XR formulation disposition in adults and children. This PBPK model will be helpful in designing future DDI studies for co-administration of lamotrigine with other drugs and in designing individualized patient dosing regimens.
Early-Stage Venture Incubation Promotes Learning, Scaling, and Profitability among Entrepreneurs

Do founders learn during early-stage venture incubation? If so, what role does learning play in subsequent performance? To answer these questions, I use data from 2,153 applicants to an incubator i...
Additive Inhibition of Reflex Bladder Activity Induced by Bilateral Pudendal Neuromodulation in Cats.

Objective To determine the inhibitory effect on bladder activity induced by bilateral pudendal neuromodulation. Methods In 10 cats under anesthesia, two tripolar cuff electrodes were implanted bilaterally on the pudendal nerves for stimulation. A double lumen catheter was inserted into the bladder through the urethra to infuse saline and measure bladder pressure. During repeated cystometrograms (CMGs) pudendal nerve stimulation (PNS: 5 Hz, 0.2 ms, 5-15 min) was applied unilaterally or bilaterally at 1- or 2-times intensity threshold (T) for inducing anal sphincter twitching. PNS inhibition was indicated by the increase in bladder capacity measured by CMGs. Results Unilateral PNS at 1T did not significantly increase bladder capacity, but at 2T significantly (p < 0.05) increased bladder capacity by about 30%. Bilateral PNS at 1T also failed to increase bladder capacity, but at 2T significantly (p < 0.05) increased bladder capacity by about 60%, indicating an additive effect induced by the bilateral 2T PNS. Unilateral 1T PNS did not enhance the inhibitory effect induced by contra-lateral 2T PNS. Conclusion This study in anesthetized cats reveals that an additive inhibition of reflex bladder activity can be induced by bilateral pudendal neuromodulation, indicating that bilateral PNS might achieve better therapeutic efficacy in treating overactive bladder (OAB) than unilateral PNS.