cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grain boundary junctions of FeSe0.5Te0.5 thin films on SrTiO3 bi-crystal substrates

Grain boundary junctions were fabricated in the epitaxial FeSe0.5Te0.5 thin films on [001] tilt SrTiO3 bi-crystal substrates with a CeO2 buffer layer. Critical current densities across the junctions with different mis-orientation angles of 4°, 7°, 15°, and 24° were measured at magnetic fields up to 30 T. It was found that the 4° and 7° junctions carry critical current densities comparable to that of the intra-grain film while those of the 15° and 24° junctions were suppressed drastically. A critical mis-orientation angle of around 9° was identified that separates the strong coupling region from the weak link region. We found that the critical current densities across the grain boundary with a 24° mis-orientation angle are modulated by the magnetic field, indicating a Josephson Effect. This junction is estimated to be in the intermediate-size regime with an effective transverse junction width L ∼ 2.6–2.8 μm and a Josephson penetration depth λJ ∼ 1.2 μm.
SERUM FERMENTS AND ANTIFERMENT AFTER FEEDING STUDIES ON FERMENT ACTION. XXI.

1. After feeding, an increase in non-coagulable nitrogen of the serum can be determined, reaching a maximum in about six hours. 2. This increase is greatest in the portal blood and is partially due to an increase in amino-acids. There is no increase in proteoses. 3. There is usually a progressive decrease in serum protease, reaching a minimum after from five to seven hours. 4. The portal blood may show an unaltered or an increased amount of protease. 5. The serum antiferment shows a slight increase, but is subject to considerable fluctuation. 6. The serum lipase (esterase) shows a slight increase, reaching a maximum after three hours. The hepatic blood usually contains the lowest concentration of lipase.
Attending and glancing

The activities of glancing and attending are rarely compared, yet they have significant affinities to the point where we may say that glancing is a mode of attending while the latter, in turn, often proceeds by glances. This paper explores these affinities, showing that each activity is a form of “reactive spontaneity” (James) and that each engages in a particular version of advertence. Mental as well as ordinary perceptual glances are examined, with examples being taken from laboratory studies, everyday life, meditation, and the psychotherapeutic technique of focusing. In the end, the two acts collaborate closely, enhance each other, and can be considered conterminous in many of their aims and procedures for reaching them.
Laser desorption fourier transform mass spectra of ascorbic and isoascorbic acids

Positive and negative ion laser desorption Fourier transform mass spectra of ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid, and their sodium and potassium salts have been determined. A number of differences between these spectra and previously reported laser microprobe mass analyzer (LAMMA) spectra are found. In contrast with earlier results, m/z 175 anions are present in all negative ion spectra, as are cluster ions. Thus, it should not be concluded that the radical salts are electroneutral, as claimed in the earlier study.
Program criteria for software engineering accreditation programs

The Software Engineering Education Project's objective is to recommend curricula to prepare professionals in software engineering. This article reports on SWEEP's initial progress and its future goals to address undergraduate- and graduate-level accreditation for software engineering and technology programs.
Demonstration of 17 Meter Standoff THz Wave Generation

We report standoff THz wave generation from femtosecond laser-induced plasma in ambient air through nonlinear optical processes similar to four-wave-mixing at a distance of about 17 meters by remotely focusing optical beams far way.
Bribery and corruption

Last year will be remembered for the greatest economic downturn since the Great Depression. It will also be remembered for unprecedented violations of trust from our political and financial leaders. But despite high-profile cases like the Madoff scandal, bribery and corruption occur on a routine basis throughout the business world. The author discusses the most common examples of bribery and corruption, as well as some precautions for their detection and prevention. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biochemical Transformation of mouse cells by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2: comparison of different methods for inactivation of viruses.

Comparison of methods to inactivate lytic properties of herpes simplex viruses revealed that ultraviolet irradiation, photodynamic procedures, and heat all destroyed infectivity effectively. Ability to biochemically transform thymidine kinase deficient cells to an enzyme positive phenotype was retained after limited exposure to heat or ultraviolet light but appeared to be destroyed by photodynamic methods employing neutral red. Exposure to 56°C quickly and effectively destroyed transforming activity with lower temperatures being less effective. The most reproducible transforming assays were obtained following inactivation by ultraviolet light. Cell cultures developed by this procedure were virus-free but retained ability to synthesize virus-specific antigens.
Stereotypic behavioral response of rat fetuses to acute hypoxia is altered by maternal alcohol consumption.

Transient compression of the umbilical cord has been implicated as a potential cause of unexplained brain damage and/or fetal death. We induced acute fetal hypoxia by compressing the umbilical cord of the fetal rat with a microvascular clamp. Direct observation of fetal behavior immediately after cord compression identified a three-phase behavioral response to acute hypoxia, consisting of an initial suppression in motor activity, a brief period of hyperactivity, and a secondary suppression of movement. All three phases occurred in
Automatic anticancer chronotherapy using implanted programmable pumps: An attempt to improve therapeutic index

Tox ic i t y and ef f icacy of at least a dozen most commonly used cytotox ic drugs vary predictably depending upon the time of day when they are given (W. Hrushesky, Science 228,73-75,1985). In a series of murine experiments inv-oTving more than 700 CD~F. mice and F344 rats, we have repeatedly shown that the:s~fest time for FUDR adminis t ra t ion is the midto l a t e a c t i v i t y span. An implantable, programmable drug administrat ion device (Medtronic, Inc . ) , al lowing automatic dose modif icat ions of continuous longterm infusion, was implanted in 19 patients (p t ) , while 26 pt received an Infusaid pump for continuous f l a t infusion. 31 pt with metastatic adenocarcinomas confined to the l i v e r received i n t r a a r t e r i a l hepatic (IA) FUDR infusions. Tox ic i t y of the same da i l y dose of f l a t vs t ime-modified infusion patterns (6-hourly port ions of 68% (3-9 p.m.),15%,2%,15%) was compared. IA-FUDR Infusion (monthly O.2-O.3mg/kg/dxl4) f l a t timed X 2 p No. of patients 22 8 Hepat i t i s /cho lang i t i s (%) 46 25 2.8 <.05 Gastrointest inal tox. (%) 67 0 9.9 <.01 Dose reductions (%) 20 0 14 patients with widely spread cancer received central venous (IV) FUDR e i ther as f l a t or time modified continous infusion as above. IV-FUDR Infusion (monthly 0.15 mg/kg/day x14) f l a t timed X z p No. of courses 13 7 Severe diarrhea 8 0 10.1 <.03 Hospital admissions 5 0 Dose reductions 4 0 This time qua l i f i ed infusion-chemotherapy is less tox ic .
Techniques Used for Difficult Retrievals of the Günther Tulip Inferior Vena Cava Filter: Experience in 32 Patients

Purpose To retrospectively review experience with difficult retrievals of Gunther Tulip filters (GTFs) in which various techniques were used. Materials and Methods From December 2004 to December 2006, 32 patients were referred to a single radiology department for GTF retrieval (25 women and seven men; mean age, 40 years; range, 21–60 y). All patients were evaluated, and 22 of these patients had undergone unsuccessful filter retrieval attempts elsewhere. In the remaining patients, significant tilt of the filter ( n = 8) or difficult internal jugular vein access ( n = 2) discouraged retrieval attempts. There were a total of 38 filters. Twenty-five patients had a filter in the infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC). Among the remaining seven patients, six had bilateral iliac filters and one had a left iliac filter. Retrievals were performed via conventional technique—ie, by snaring the hook of the filter without additional maneuvers—or other techniques. Results Thirty-seven of 38 filters were successfully removed, for a success rate of 97%. Successful retrievals were performed with conventional ( n = 4), catheter twist ( n = 3), modified snare ( n = 15), loop snare ( n = 14), and balloon dilation ( n = 1) techniques. The average dwell time for filters successfully removed was 58 days (range, 22–258 d). One failure occurred in a patient who had undergone unsuccessful retrieval previously. The hook of the filter and a displaced secondary strut, which had migrated superiorly, were incorporated into the IVC wall in this case. Conclusions Additional maneuvers were useful in these difficult retrievals of GTFs that might not otherwise be retrievable with the conventional method.
Introduction of the emm6 gene into an emm-deleted strain of Streptococcus pyogenes restores its ability to resist phagocytosis.

To complete the formal proof that the M protein functions to protect the group A streptococcus from phagocytosis and to lay the groundwork for the molecular genetic dissection of this major virulence factor, we have reintroduced a wild-type allele of the M protein gene (emm) into the chromosome of a strain from which it had previously been deleted. For this purpose, we used homologous recombination with an engineered plasmid that was introduced into the Streptococcus pyogenes chromosome by an electroporation technique that we developed. The plasmid pJRS120E was constructed in Escherichia coli and contains the structural gene for the antiphagocytic M6 protein (emm6) of S. pyogenes JRS4 and a selectable marker (ermAM) between the chromosomal regions that flank emm6 in S. pyogenes. This plasmid was introduced into S. pyogenes strain JRS75, a strain that is not resistant to phagocytosis as a result of the allelic replacement of the emm6 gene by a kanamycin resistance gene (aphA3). DNA hybridization analysis indicated that in erythromycin-resistant strain JRS115, homologous recombination resulted in the replacement of the aphA3 gene of JRS75 with the introduced emm6 allele. Strain JRS115 produces approximately the same amount of M6 as does the parental emm6+ strain JRS4, as assayed by Western blot analysis, and is resistant to phagocytosis.
Red herrings, dead horses, straw men, and blind alleys: Escaping the stuttering conundrum

Abstract Regret is expressed for the energies being dissipated by colleagues addressing outmoded hypothetical constructs pertaining to the onset, development, and maintenance of stuttering. Following a review of the development of the author's thinking regarding fluency disorders over a 30-year period, it is concluded that the study of any single aspect of stuttering must include consideration of the interactive effects of the disorder's affective, behavioral, and cognitive components extant at the time of assessment. To stimulate the development of more comprehensive yet communicable frameworks from which to view fluency disorders, a definition is proffered of stuttering as a clinical syndrome with three subtypes (developmental, remediable, and chronic perseverative) comprised of characteristic affective, behavioral, and cognitive components.
d x 2 -y 2 density-wave order and its role in the phase diagram of extended Hubbard models

We show in a mean-field calculation that phase diagrams remarkably similar to those recently proposed for the cuprates arise in simple microscopic models of interacting electrons near half-filling. The models are extended Hubbard models with nearest-neighbor interaction and correlated hopping. The underdoped region of the phase diagram features ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ density-wave (DDW) order. In a certain regime of temperature and doping, DDW order coexists with antiferromagnetic order. For larger doping, it coexists with ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ superconductivity. While phase diagrams of this form are robust, they are not inevitable. For other reasonable values of the coupling constants, drastically different phase diagrams are obtained. We comment on implications for the cuprates.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor is required for in vivo cardiac myocyte proliferation at early embryonic stages of heart development.

Abstract In birds and mammals, cardiac myocytes terminate mitotic activity in the neonatal period and regeneration of cardiac muscle does not occur after myocardial injury in adult hearts. Even embryonic myocytes, which actively proliferate in vivo, quickly lose mitotic activity when placed in cell culture. Several growth factors, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF), have been documented in embryonic hearts and some have been shown to influence myocyte terminal differentiation in culture. However, none of these growth factors have been shown to reactivate cell division in postmitotic myocytes nor have their in vivo functions been defined satisfactorily. To clarify the role of FGF signaling in heart growth, we prepared two retroviral vectors capable of suppressing (i) functions of FGF receptors (FGFRs) with a dominant-negative mutant of receptor type 1 (FGFR1) or (ii) the translation of endogenous FGFR1 by transcribing its antisense RNA. Both vectors inhibited myocyte proliferation and/or survival during the first week of chicken embryonic development but had much less effect after the second week. No apparent alteration of myocyte growth was observed after overexpression of full-length FGFR1. These results suggest that receptor-coupled FGF signaling regulates cardiac myocyte growth during tubular stages of cardiogenesis but that myocyte growth becomes FGF-independent after the second week of embryogenesis.
Peripheral neuropathy does not invariably coexist with autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus.

Background: Peripheral somatic and autonomic neuropathies are the most common types of diabetic polyneuropathy. Although duration and degree of hyperglycemia are considered to be risk factors for both autonomic and peripheral neuropathy, recent studies have raised the question of a different development and natural history of these neuropathies in diabetes. In addition, a few studies have investigated the relationship between chronic painful and autonomic neuropathy. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent autonomic and peripheral neuropathy coexist, as well as whether painful neuropathy is more common in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy. Methods: Subjects with type 1 (n=52; mean age 31.7 years) and type 2 diabetes (n=53; mean age 54.5 years) were studied. Evaluation of peripheral neuropathy was based on clinical symptoms (neuropathic symptom score), signs (neuropathy disability score), and quantitative sensory testing (vibration perception threshold). Assessment of autonomic neuropathy was based on the battery of standardized cardiovascular autonomic function tests. Results: Prevalence rates of pure autonomic and of pure peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 1diabetes were 28.8 and 13.5%, respectively. The respective rates in patients with type 2 diabetes were 20.7% (P=0.33 vs. type 1 diabetes) and 20.7% (P=0.32). Peripheral and autonomic neuropathy coexisted in 28.8% of type 1 and in 45.3% of type 2 diabetic subjects (P=0.08). Prevalence rates of chronic painful neuropathy in subjects with type 1 diabetes, with and without autonomic neuropathy, were 16.6 and 22.7%, respectively (P=0.85) and in type 2 diabetic subjects 20 and 22.2%, respectively (P=0.58). Multivariate analysis after adjustment for age, sex, blood pressure, duration of diabetes, HBA(1c), and presence of retinopathy or microalbuminuria showed that neither the indices of peripheral nerve function (neuropathic symptom score, neuropathy disability score, vibration perception threshold) nor the presence of peripheral neuropathy or chronic painful neuropathy are associated with the presence of autonomic neuropathy in individuals with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: Peripheral and autonomic neuropathies do not invariably coexist in diabetes. In addition, chronic painful neuropathy may be present irrespective of the presence of autonomic neuropathy.
Combined Dacryops With Underlying Benign Mixed Cell Tumor of the Lacrimal Gland

Purpose/Methods Computed tomographic scan disclosed a well-defined mass in the right lacrimal fossa of a 5 7-year-old woman. We excised and examined the mass. Results/Conclusions The mass was a combination of a small benign mixed cell tumor and a large ductal cyst of the lacrimal gland. It is possible that a cyst in the lacrimal duct may mask an underlying neoplasm of the lacrimal gland.
Autoradiographic localization of the opiate receptor in rat brain

Abstract One hour after injection of the potent opiate antagonist 3 H-diprenorphine (125 μCi, 13 Ci/mmole) 75–85% of the drug is associated with opiate receptor sites. Autoradiography of fresh frozen unfixed brain has been carried out to visualize receptor distribution. Dense clusters of autoradiographic grains are highly localized in the caudate-putamen, locus coeruleus, zona compacta of the substantia nigra and the substantia gelatinosa.
Time-domain measurements of group-velocity dispersion in quantum cascade lasers

Time-resolved mid-infrared upconversion based on sum-frequency generation was applied to measure the group-velocity dispersion in quantum cascade lasers; material, waveguide, and gain contributions were distinguished, and used to model the temporal pulse broadening.
The basic neuroscience of emotional experiences in mammals: The case of subcortical FEAR circuitry and implications for clinical anxiety

Abstract Evidence from behavioral neuroscience strongly suggests that the unconditional (innate) capacity to experience fear, along with fear-typical patterns of autonomic and behavioral arousal, arise from specific systems of the brain—the most prominent being a FEAR circuit which courses between the central amygdala and the periaqueductal gray of the midbrain. These circuits also mediate the raw affective properties of FEAR since animals escape and avoid such brain stimulation and develop conditioned place aversions to locations where they have had such negative experiences. These ancient emotional-affective systems appear to be relatively conserved among all mammalian species. Thus, the knowledge derived from common laboratory animals such as rats and mice, probably has basic scientific and therapeutic implications for all other mammals, including human beings. The neurochemical controls of the FEAR system range from benzodiazepines to neuropeptides that have implications in the search for new anti-anxiety treatments. Minor tranquilizers work by dampening activity in this emotional system through increased GABA-mediated neural inhibition. Drugs that can control clinical anxiety are summarized, and future directions are plotted.
Quasi-omnidirectional dual-band back-to-back E-shaped patch antenna for laptop applications

A novel dual-band low profile antenna to be integrated into a laptop screen cover rim is presented. In spite of the laptop's large ground plane, the antenna exhibits quasi-omnidirectional properties in both operating bands. The two resonant frequencies can be tuned independently within a broad range of ratio 1.2-3.5 without changing the patch external dimensions.
Hypertrichosis in juvenile dermatomyositis

A child with juvenile dermatomyositis had extensive, generalized hypertrichosis, a finding not typically associated with dermatomyositis. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:383-7.)
Fe-42%Ni austenitic alloy as a novel substrate for flexible electronics

We report Fe-42%Ni as a novel high-performance substrate for a-IGZO TFT fabrication after evaluating 8 different metals for chemical compatibility, mechanical flexing and dimensional stability. Excellent flexibility and rollability indicates that Fe-42%Ni would be a good choice as flexible substrate for R2R process. Pre-annealing process for stabilizing the substrate is studied and applied to the Fe-42%Ni foil before TFT fabrication. Staggered bottom gate a-IGZO TFTs which were fabricated on this substrate have field effect mobility of 12 cm2/V.s, threshold voltage of 2V, sub-threshold swing of 0.6V/decade and on/off current ratio exceeding 107.
The radiosurgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations: obliteration, morbidities, and performance status.

Objective This study examined the single-center treatment outcomes of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain using stereotactic radiosurgery, with regard to obliteration, predictive factors, morbidities, and patient performance status. Patients and Methods 127 patients were treated between 1990 and 2008 by use of linear accelerator or Gamma Knife. Their median age was 37 years, the median AVM volume was 7.3 cc (range, 0.014–113.13 cc), and the median follow-up duration was 42 months (range, 6–209 months). Forty-two percent of patients presented with intracranial hemorrhage, 31% received embolization, and 8% underwent prior resection. Thirty-one percent of patients received more than one round of radiosurgery. Results 64% of patients had complete obliteration confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging or angiography. Positive predictors of obliteration included pretreatment hemorrhage ( p = 0.042), smaller AVM volume (odds ratio=1.25; 95% CI, 1.03–1.52), and larger marginal dose (odds ratio=0.292; 95% CI, 0.100–0.820), whereas embolization ( p p Conclusions Stereotactic radiosurgery is an effective tool in the treatment of AVMs and amelioration of AVM-related headaches, but it did not affect the patients' performance status. Factors affecting obliteration include prior hemorrhage, marginal dose, prior embolization, and AVM volume. Risk of hemorrhage persists in the latency period after radiosurgery, and it remains finite even after complete obliteration.
Comparing the Young's Modulus of Near-Frictionless Carbon Films Obtained From Different Methods

The near-frictionless carbon (NFC) thin films grown at Argonne National Lab are excellent candidates for mitigating friction and wear issues in rotating and sliding MEMS applications. In this study, NFC films with Si/Si3N4 substrates were tested with static and CSM (continuous stiffness measurement) nanoindentation methods. Furthermore, the same NFC films with 900 nm thickness were fabricated into freestanding structures for the membrane deflection experiment (MDE). The Young’s modulus obtained from these three methods were compared and contrasted. The E values obtained from the nanoindentation methods were nearly constant when the indent depth was less than 100 nm (1/10 of the film thickness). Both the static and CSM indentation data indicated a clear increasing trend of the Young’s modulus with the indent depth until the elastic response from the substrate started to dominate the values (depth larger than 800 nm). The average modulus obtained from static and CSM nanoindentations were 49.5 ± 4.3 GPa and 50.2 ± 1.8 GPa for as-deposited films, respectively. The values changed to 46.9 ± 5.4 GPa and 46.8 ± 2.9 GPa after microfabrication processing. The larger standard deviation values indicated the affect of the increased surface roughness to the indentation tests. The E value determined from MDE tests was 35.1 ± 2.3 GPa, which was measurably smaller those from the indentation tests. As the AFM analysis showed little/no pile-up during indentation, the difference might come from the residual stress relief, which influences the measurement, when the NFC membranes were released from the substrate.
Comparison of high‐altitude production and ionospheric outflow contributions to O+ loss at Mars

[1] The Mars Test Particle model is used (with background parameters from a magnetohydrodynamic code) to simulate the transport of O+ ions in the near-Mars space environment to study the source processes responsible for ion escape. The MHD values at this altitude are used to inject an ionospheric outflow source of ions for the Mars Test Particle (MTP). The resulting loss distributions (in both real and velocity space) from this ionospheric source term are compared against those from high-altitude ionization mechanisms, in particular photoionization, charge exchange, and electron impact ionization, each of which has its own source regions, albeit overlapping. For the nominal MHD settings, this ionospheric outflow source contributes only 10% to the total O+ loss rate at solar maximum, predominantly via the central tail region. This percentage has very little dependence on the initial temperature, but a change in the initial ion density or bulk velocity directly alters this loss through the central tail. A density or bulk velocity increase of a factor of 10 makes the ionospheric outflow loss comparable in magnitude to the loss from the combined high-altitude sources. The spatial and velocity space distributions of escaping O+ are examined and compared for the various source terms to identify features specific to each ion source mechanism. For solar minimum conditions, the nominal MHD ionospheric outflow settings yield a 27% contribution to the total O+ loss rate, i.e., roughly equal to any one of the three high-altitude source terms with respect to escape.
Both novelty and expertise increase action observation network activity.

Our experiences with others affect how we perceive their actions. In particular, activity in bilateral premotor and parietal cortices during action observation, collectively known as the action observation network (AON), is modulated by one’s expertise with the observed actions or individuals. However, conflicting reports suggest that AON activity is greatest both for familiar and unfamiliar actions. The current study examines the effects of different types and amounts of experience (e.g., visual, interpersonal, personal) on AON activation. fMRI was used to scan 16 healthy participants without prior experience with individuals with amputations (novices), 11 experienced occupational therapists (OTs) who had varying amounts of experience with individuals with amputations, and one individual born with below-elbow residual limbs (participant CJ), as they viewed video clips of goal-matched actions performed by an individual with residual limbs and by an individual with hands. Participants were given increased visual exposure to actions performed by both effectors midway through the scanning procedure. Novices demonstrated a large AON response to the initial viewing of an individual with residual limbs compared to one with hands, but this signal was attenuated after they received visual exposure to both effectors. In contrast, OTs, who had moderate familiarity with residual limbs, demonstrated a lower AON response upon initial viewing—similar to novices after they received visual exposure. At the other extreme, CJ, who has extreme familiarity with residual limbs both visually and motorically, shows a largely increased left-lateralized AON response, exceeding that of novices and experienced OTs, when viewing the residual limb compared to hand actions. These results suggest that a nuanced model of AON engagement is needed to explain how cases of both extreme experience (CJ) and extreme novelty (novices) can result in the greatest AON activity.
On the power of multi-power interactive protocols

A simple characterization of the power of the multipower model in terms of probabilistic oracle Turing machines is given. It is shown that languages that have single-prover interactive protocols also have two prover-bounded round protocols and that languages that have multiprover interactive protocols have two prover protocols and three prover-bounded round protocols. An oracle is given relative to which there exists a co-NP language, that is not accepted by any multiprover interactive protocol. >
Psychiatric complications in patients with epilepsy: a review

At least 50-60% of patients with epilepsy develop psychiatric disturbances, particularly mood, anxiety, and psychotic disorders. This article, aimed at the non-psychiatric clinician, reviews the differential diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disturbances in epilepsy and focuses on the evaluation of psychiatric phenomena relative to the ictal state or the periictal and interictal periods. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies are reviewed. A final section discusses potential interactions between antiepileptic and psychiatric medications.
Hemodynamic assessment of virtual surgery options for a failing Fontan using lumped parameter simulation

Image processing, virtual anatomy-editing tools, and computational solvers (CFD) offer unique opportunities for pre-operatively modeling and evaluating surgical repairs of congenital heart disease, such as single ventricle defects. In a recent case, three patient-specific Fontan models were evaluated using CFD. To better understand their impact on entire circulation, we extend this work by performing lumped parameter simulations with a circuit analog of the cardiovascular system. For the relatively small range of resting Fontan resistances evaluated (0.66–1.30 WU), large decreases in cardiac output (12%) and systemic arterial pressure (9%), and a slight increase in mean systemic venous pressure (2%) were observed. In summary, the inclusion of 1D lumped parameter modeling to existing surgical planning methodologies may allow researchers and clinicians to better understand the impact of Fontan hemodynamics on the rest of the body.
Comparative embryotoxicity of diphenylhydantoin and some of its metabolites in mice

Diphenylhydantoin (DPH)-induced embryotoxicity in mice and alteration of such action by pretreatment of mice with phenobarbital or SKF 525-A have been demonstrated. The present work reports the effects of DPH metabolites on prenatal growth and development: diphenylhydantoic acid, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, and α-aminodiphenyiacetic acid. These metabolites administered to pregnant Swiss Webster mice were less teratogenic than DPH; 87,5 mg/kg DPH induced 85% orofacial anomalies whereas equimolar dosages of the metabolites given on gestation days 11, 12, and 13 did not produce a significant incidence of these anomalies. The metabolites did not affect fetal growth and were generally less fetocidal than DPH. These results suggest that unmetabolized DPH is the active teratogen.
A pilot study of audiovisual family meetings in the intensive care unit.

Abstract Purpose We hypothesized that virtual family meetings in the intensive care unit with conference calling or Skype videoconferencing would result in increased family member satisfaction and more efficient decision making. Methods This is a prospective, nonblinded, nonrandomized pilot study. A 6-question survey was completed by family members after family meetings, some of which used conference calling or Skype by choice. Overall, 29 (33%) of the completed surveys came from audiovisual family meetings vs 59 (67%) from control meetings. Results The survey data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling, which did not find any significant group differences between satisfaction with the audiovisual meetings vs controls. There was no association between the audiovisual intervention and withdrawal of care (P = .682) or overall hospital length of stay (z = 0.885, P = .376). Conclusions Although we do not report benefit from an audiovisual intervention, these results are preliminary and heavily influenced by notable limitations to the study. Given that the intervention was feasible in this pilot study, audiovisual and social media intervention strategies warrant additional investigation given their unique ability to facilitate communication among family members in the intensive care unit.
Experience in the design, implementation and use of PL-11, a programming language for the PDP-11

PL-11 is a programming language for the PDP-11 family of computers designed and implemented as part of the OMEGA Project at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research). Its purpose is to provide an effective tool for both physicists and systems programmers to use in building real-time data acquisition systems that are on-line to high-energy physics experiments. It is a fairly typical member of the PL-class of programming languages (44) which are based on the initial design of PL360 (41) (see Table 1). Each of these languages represents a linguistic model of its specific machine architecture, thereby providing a Systems Implementation Language (SIL) that is extremely efficient on its target machine, yet is also highly effective for human programmers to use. The need for such a tool is obvious on all computer systems, but especially on minicomputers, where most applications are in fact “systems programs”. For example, in any data acquisition environment the distinction between “user” and “operating system” largely disappears—the user's prime concern is to handle time-dependent sequences of events involving the manipulation of special I/O devices through direct status checking and data streaming—all functions which are usually buried in the operating system of conventional computing systems.This paper discusses four years of experience with PL-11, especially as this relates to the general topic of SILs on minicomputers.
Simple Groups of Low 2-Rank

With the completion of the classification of simple groups with quasidihedral or wreathed Sylow 2-subgroups (and with it of the 2-rank ≤ 2 theorem), a veritable “cottage industry” developed, having as its purpose the classification of simple groups having a Sylow 2-subgroup S isomorphic to that of some known simple group X (or family of simple groups). (For brevity, we say that S is of type X.) At first these were limited to cases in which S had 2-rank 3 or 4, but eventually led to groups or families in which S had higher rank—in some cases, even arbitrary rank. Indeed, there was a period in which it looked as though we were heading towards a characterization of every known simple group in terms of the structure of its Sylow 2-subgroups.
Ion emission dynamics in ultrafast laser ablated plasmas

There has been intensive interest in the studies of ultrafast laser ablation dynamics due to its wide application in the fields of micromachining, laser surgery, surface smoothing, nanoparticle production etc.1,2 Compared to long-pulse nanosecond (ns) laser ablation, the thermal processes are less pronounced in plasmas produced by femtosecond (fs) ultrafast lasers. Ultrafast lasers are better suited for micromachining, pulsed laser deposition and various other applications. Ultra-intense laser produced plasmas can also be used for producing collimated proton, electron and neutron beams. Moreover, the laser plasmas provide intense ion beams with a high charge state, the so called laser ion source (LIS). However, the lack of control of the ion pulse from laser-produced plasmas limits its applications and further studies are necessary to improve basic understanding of ion emission dynamics from laser-produced plasmas. We investigated the dynamics of ion emission from ultrafast laser ablated plasmas in vacuum from metal targets. The angular features of ion emission features are studied for ultrafast laser ablation and compared with ion emission features of long-pulse ns laser-produced plasmas.
Competing Archives, Competing Histories: French and Its Cultural Locations in Late-Medieval England

In his seminal article, “Thinking English Law in French: The Angevins and the Common Law,” Paul Hyams examines the surprising number of lasting legal terms “that started life as French words” and argues “that so much Frenchness indicates that more of the crucially experimental but constructive thinking behind the early Common Law than I had previously imagined may have originated not in Latin, still less in English, but in the French language.” This is striking, I think, because experimental or creative thought is not often enough attributed to legal clerks, civil servants, or scribes in any language or century. I have been interested in “office creativity” because many late-medieval writers were bureaucrats by day and “moonlighted” as literary authors or scribes after hours: cases such as Geoffrey Chaucer's, Thomas Usk's, Thomas Hoccleve's, John Audelay's, and, from internal evidence, likely William Langland's, are already well known. Contributing to this ferment, though more rarely identifiable, are the...
Coupled long-term summer warming and deeper snow alters species composition and stimulates gross primary productivity in tussock tundra

Climate change is expected to increase summer temperature and winter precipitation throughout the Arctic. The long-term implications of these changes for plant species composition, plant function, and ecosystem processes are difficult to predict. We report on the influence of enhanced snow depth and warmer summer temperature following 20 years of an ITEX experimental manipulation at Toolik Lake, Alaska. Winter snow depth was increased using snow fences and warming was accomplished during summer using passive open-top chambers. One of the most important consequences of these experimental treatments was an increase in active layer depth and rate of thaw, which has led to deeper drainage and lower soil moisture content. Vegetation concomitantly shifted from a relatively wet system with high cover of the sedge Eriophorum vaginatum to a drier system, dominated by deciduous shrubs including Betula nana and Salix pulchra. At the individual plant level, we observed higher leaf nitrogen concentration associated with warmer temperatures and increased snow in S. pulchra and B. nana, but high leaf nitrogen concentration did not lead to higher rates of net photosynthesis. At the ecosystem level, we observed higher GPP and NEE in response to summer warming. Our results suggest that deeper snow has a cascading set of biophysical consequences that include a deeper active layer that leads to altered species composition, greater leaf nitrogen concentration, and higher ecosystem-level carbon uptake.
Drug-Induced Nephritides

Tubular injury in the form of acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) or acute renal failure is a well-recognized complication of the administration of a variety of drugs or diagnostic agents, such as radiocontrast dye (Linton et al., 1980). The acute onset of AIN as well as the frequently associated findings of fever, rash, eosinophilia, and elevated IgE levels have strongly suggested an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction. The underlying immunologic mechanism(s) of these reactions has not been established and it will be the purpose of this chapter to examine the possible role of immediate hypersensitivity.
On the organization of human T-cell receptor loci: log-periodic distribution of T-cell receptor gene segments

The human T-cell repertoire is complex and is generated by the rearrangement of variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) segments on the T-cell receptor (TCR) loci. The T-cell repertoire demonstrates self-similarity in terms clonal frequencies when defined by V, D and J gene segment usage; therefore to determine whether the structural ordering of these gene segments on the TCR loci contributes to the observed clonal frequencies, the TCR loci were examined for self-similarity and periodicity in terms of gene segment organization. Logarithmic transformation of numeric sequence order demonstrated that the V and J gene segments for both T-cell receptor α (TRA) and β (TRB) loci are arranged in a self-similar manner when the spacing between the adjacent segments was considered as a function of the size of the neighbouring gene segment, with an average fractal dimension of approximately 1.5. Accounting for the gene segments occurring on helical DNA molecules with a logarithmic distribution, sine and cosine functions of the log-transformed angular coordinates of the start and stop nucleotides of successive TCR gene segments showed an ordered progression from the 5′ to the 3′ end of the locus, supporting a log-periodic organization. T-cell clonal frequency estimates, based on V and J segment usage, from normal stem cell donors were plotted against the V and J segment on TRB locus and demonstrated a periodic distribution. We hypothesize that this quasi-periodic variation in gene-segment representation in the T-cell clonal repertoire may be influenced by the location of the gene segments on the periodic-logarithmically scaled TCR loci. Interactions between the two strands of DNA in the double helix may influence the probability of gene segment usage by means of either constructive or destructive interference resulting from the superposition of the two helices.
The Blood and Bone Marrow Neutrophil Response to Graded Doses of Endotoxin in Mice.

SummaryStudies were undertaken to characterize more definitively the effect of endotoxin upon neutrophil kinetics. The data presented herein indicate that the neutrophil response to endotoxin in the mouse is dose related. With relatively small doses of endotoxin, neutrophilia appeared earlier, was of greater magnitude and was not preceded by neutropenia. After larger doses, neutropenia persisted for several hours and was later followed by neutrophilia.The response in marrow neutrophils was determined at 6 and 16 hours following the injection of endotoxin in order to correlate changes occurring in the marrow with those observed in the blood. Smaller doses of endotoxin resulted in an earlier and greater degree of blood neutrophilia than did larger doses but fewer cells were released from the marrow after small doses than after large doses.At least 2 dose related kinetic events explain the neutrophil changes occurring after the administration of endotoxin. With small doses of endotoxin, the acceleration of r...
Unwelcome Constituents: Redistricting and Countervailing Partisan Tides

We analyze the effect of redrawn constituents on incumbent vote shares in Georgia U.S. House elections from 1992 to 2006. The Georgia General Assembly redrew the congressional boundaries for the 2006 midterm and the new lines redistributed approximately 31% of residents into districts with a different incumbent than the one representing them in 2004. With the use of Voting Tabulation District (VTD) data, we use a hierarchical model to evaluate the effect these redrawn constituents had on their new incumbent's vote share. We find a consistent pattern: both Democratic and Republican incumbents experienced significant reductions in their vote shares as a consequence of the redrawn VTDs placed in their districts. The short-term political climate featuring a national Democratic tide and a simultaneous statewide trend favoring the Grand Old Party (GOP) helps to explain this finding. With offsetting partisan conditions, the incumbency advantage came to the fore as Georgia U.S. House members, irrespective of party affiliation, performed better among the constituents they retained prior to redistricting. Our findings for the 2006 election run counter to the significant Republican redistricting advantage prevailing in Georgia congressional contests from 1992 to 2004.
Reaction of N-Isopropyl-N-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridin-6-amine with K2PtCl4: Selective C–H Bond Activation, C–N Bond Cleavage, and Selective Acylation

The selective C–H bond activation of N-isopropyl-N-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridin-6-amine promoted by Pt(II) was complicated by the low selectivity of sp2 C–H bond activation in acetonitrile and low yield of sp3 C–H activation in acetic acid. The use of a base was found to effectively suppress the competing sp3 C–H bond activation in acetonitrile, improving the selectivity of sp2 C–H bond activation from 70% to 99%. In the reaction in acetic acid, the low yield was due to the competing C–N bond cleavage. The use of a base reduced the C–N bond cleavage, but not completely. The reaction of N-tert-butyl-N-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridin-6-amine with K2PtCl4 in acetic acid produced the cyclometalated complex with complete C–N bond cleavage and its acylated derivative. These results indicated that the C–N bond cleavage might proceed via heterolytic C–N bond dissociation. The acylation following the C–N cleavage in the reaction in acetic acid is regioselective. Further experiments showed that the reaction of N-phenyl-2,2′-bipyrid...
The Role of the Obstetrician-Gynecologist in AIDS Prevention: The American Experience

The obstetrician-gynecologist is uniquely positioned to have a significant role in HIV prevention, in two ways. First, as the primary and often the only health care system contact for women in the reproductive age group, the obstetrician-gynecologist sees these women in a variety of circumstances ranging from family planning, to preconceptional, to prenatal, post partum, routine annual examinations, and more. Each of these occasions provides the opportunity, most often in a conducive setting, to review the social, sexual, and other relevant history, and to offer education, counselling, and testing if appropriate. Second, and perhaps in many ways more exciting, we have the opportunity to significantly reduce the rate of vertical transmission, if we can counsel and identify pregnant women and treat them with AZT as demonstrated in the 076 study. In the first instance, it is extremely difficult to measure the impact of our efforts on the behavior of patients and specifically to assign credit for any reduction in the number of new infections. In contrast, in the case of perinatal transmission, the demonstration of positive results was so dramatic as to cause the monitors of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group 076 study to abandon the controlled trial in February of 1994 and recommend AZT use for this purpose. The perinatal transmission rate in this study, conducted primarily in the United States (and one site in France), was reduced from 25.5% to 8.3%. [1,2] Although it is not likely to continue, the results with this approach in our own institution are even more striking, with only one infected neonate in the last forty born to HIV-infected mothers who received AZT according to the protocol.
The use of spray electrocautery to control presacral bleeding: a report of four cases

Bleeding originating from the presacral venous plexus during pelvic operations is difficult to control, constituting a potentially life-threatening complication. Although suture ligatures, packing, and placement of tacks are established hemostatic techniques, they are often proved to be ineffective. We report a simple novel technique using spray diathermy for managing this severe complication. We have applied our method in four patients, two undergoing low anterior resection, and the others undergoing abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer, that manifested severe presacral bleeding during rectal mobilization. Electrocautery at spray setting was applied slightly above the target bleeders at the presacral fascia, delivering a high-frequency electrical current in combination with drainage suction. In all cases, the method resulted in successful hemostasis. Applying spray electrocautery is a simple and effective method for controlling presacral bleeding. The advantages of using such a method instead of conventional hemostatic techniques include the option of varying the degree of haemostatic effect by altering the frequency and the volume of electric current.