cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The institutional environment for multinational investment

This article posits that the effect of political hazards on the choice of market entry mode varies across multinational firms based on the extent to which they face expropriation hazards from their potential joint-venture partners in the host country (the level of contractual hazards). As political hazards increase, the multinational faces an increasing threat of opportunistic expropriation by the government. Partnering with host-country firms that possess a comparative advantage in interactions with the host-country government can safeguard against this hazard. However, as contractual hazards increase, the potential benefit to the joint-venture partner of manipulating the political system for it's own benefit at the expense of the multinational increases as well, thereby diminishing the hazard-mitigating benefit of forming a joint venture. A two-stage bivariate probit estimation technique is used to test these hypotheses on a sample of 3,389 overseas manufacturing operations by 461 firms in 112 countries. Copyright 2000 by Oxford University Press.
Copper-diamine-catalyzed N-arylation of pyrroles, pyrazoles, indazoles, imidazoles, and triazoles.

This paper details the copper-catalyzed N-arylation of π-excessive nitrogen heterocycles. The coupling of either aryl iodides or aryl bromides with common nitrogen heterocycles (pyrroles, pyrazoles, indazoles, imidazoles, and triazoles) was successfully performed in good yield with catalysts derived from diamine ligands and CuI. General conditions were found that tolerate functional groups such as aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, primary amines, and nitriles on the aryl halide or heterocycle. Hindered aryl halides or heterocycles were also found to be suitable substrates using the conditions reported herein.
Risk of Urinary Tract Cancers Following Kidney or Ureter Stones

pelvidureter cancer (SIR = 2.5; 95% GI = 1.8-3.3) and bladder cancer (SIR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.3-1.6) were observed, but the SIRS for women were more than twice those for men. Risks varied little by age or duration of follow-up. Risks of renal pelvidureter cancer and bladder cancer among patients with an associated diagnosis of urinary tract infection were more than double those among patients without such infection, although the risks were significantly elevated in both groups. Conclusions: Individuals hospitalized for kidney or ureter stones are at increased risk of developing renal pelvidureter or bladder cancer, even beyond 10 years of follow-up. Chronic irritation and infection may play a role, since kidney or ureter stones were located on the same side of the body as the tumors in most patients with renal pelvidureter cancer evaluated in our study. Editorial Comment: First, it was vasectomy and its possible association with subsequent coronary artery disease, and now it is urolithiasis leading to urothelial cancer. While the former raised a furor later calmed by additional studies, this most recent finding remains unchallenged. Although squamous cell cancer of the renal pelvis has been related to a history of urolithiasis, this study is possibly the first to link stone disease and transitional cell cancer. The data hold up even if one were to eliminate all patients with tumors discovered during the first year after a stone episode, that is concurrent disease states, or patients with tumors found only at autopsy, that is clinically silent tumors. Notably, there was no increase in renal cell or lung cancer in this patient group, suggesting that the findings cannot be attributed to a generalized renal problem or other confounding problems, such as smoking or job related risks. Also of interest, in 75% of the patients the tumor and stone were located on the same side, again invoking the argument that tumor formation was possibly due to local irritation from the stone. Lastly, the risk of urothelial tumor formation remained as long as 10 years after the initial stone event. The bottom line question is whether radiographic or cystoscopidcytology surveillance is indicated in all patients with stones to detect renal pelvidureteral or bladder tumors in 0.14 and 0.62%, respectively. This article has made me more aware but I am not planning to expand my followup of urolithiasis beyond that of urinalysis and a plain radiograph of the abdomen at routine intervals. Ralph V. Clayman, M.D.
A new approach to the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides with alkylamino groups linked to internucleotide phosphate groups

Abstract An efficient method for the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides with alky1amino groups based on the H-phosphonate method and the Atherton- Todd reaction has been developed. During the synthesis internucleotide phosphorodiester groups did not react with the activated H-phosphonate.
Syringomyelia Hydrodynamics: An In Vitro Study Based on In Vivo Measurements

A simplified in vitro model of the spinal canal, based on in vivo magnetic resonance imaging, was used to examine the hydrodynamics of the human spinal cord and subarachnoid space with syringomyelia. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of subarachnoid (SAS) geometry and cerebrospinal fluid velocity were acquired in a patient with syringomyelia and used to aid in the in vitro model design and experiment. The in vitro model contained a fluid-filled coaxial elastic tube to represent a syrinx. A computer controlled pulsatile pump was used to subject the in vitro model to a CSF flow waveform representative of that measured in vivo. Fluid velocity was measured at three axial locations within the in vitro model using the same MRI scanner as the patient study. Pressure and syrinx wall motion measurements were conducted external to the MR scanner using the same model and flow input. Transducers measured unsteady pressure both in the SAS and intra-syrinx at four axial locations in the model. A laser Doppler vibrometer recorded the syrinx wall motion at 18 axial locations and three polar positions. Results indicated that the peak-to-peak amplitude of the SAS flow waveform in vivo was approximately tenfold that of the syrinx and in phase SAS5.2±0.6 ml/s, syrinx0.5±0.3 ml/s. The in vitro flow waveform approximated the in vivo peak-topeak magnitude SAS4.6±0.2 ml/s, syrinx0.4±0.3 ml/s. Peak-to-peak in vitro pressure variation in both the SAS and syrinx was approximately 6 mm Hg. Syrinx pressure waveform lead the SAS pressure waveform by approximately 40 ms. Syrinx pressure was found to be less than the SAS for 200 ms during the 860-ms flow cycle. Unsteady pulse wave velocity in the syrinx was computed to be a maximum of 25 m/s .L DV measurements indicated that spinal cord wall motion was nonaxisymmetric with a maximum displacement of 140 m, which is below the resolution limit of MRI. Agreement between in vivo and in vitro MR measurements demonstrates that the hydrodynamics in the fluid filled coaxial elastic tube system are similar to those present in a single patient with syringomyelia. The presented in vitro study of spinal cord wall motion, and complex unsteady pressure and flow environment within the syrinx and SAS, provides insight into the complex biomechanical forces present in syringomyelia. DOI: 10.1115/1.2073687
Respiratory Diseases in Minorities of the United States

For two decades, the State of the Art series has provided comprehensive reviews of important topics in respiratory and critical care medicine. These articles have served as reference documents not only to pulmonologists, but also to the general medical community. The length of States of the Art necessary to adequately review broad topics in-depth have required that the articles often are published in sections in successive issues of the journal. The present State of the Art summarizes and interprets the available data concerning the respiratory health of minority populations in our country. This important topic has not received appropriate attention in the past, perhaps due to the lack of available data and a failure to appreciate the diversity of respiratory health in different segments of the population. Because of its importance, this State of the Art is published in toto in a separate binding so that it will be a convenient reference document that presents current information in a single source.
RATIONAL BLOW-DOWNS IN HEEGAARD–FLOER HOMOLOGY

We examine the effect rational blow-downs have on the Ozsvath–Szabo, four-manifold invariant, verify that it is identical to that on the Seiberg–Witten invariants, and extend to new classes of blow-downs.
Where to From Here? EO‐as‐Experimentation, Failure, and Distribution of Outcomes

This article examines two potential causal mechanisms underlying the observed entrepreneurial orientation (EO)–performance relationship. We find empirical support for the notion that EO might be a performance–variance-enhancing strategic orientation rather than a performance–mean-enhancing orientation. With such a conceptualization, performance variance (along with, or instead of, mean performance) and failure take center stage. To address the question of “where to from here,” we discuss a number of research opportunities that we believe are going to make important contributions to the entrepreneurship and strategy literature.
Syntheses of cyclic carbonates with amidinium halide catalysts in reusable, reversible, room-temperature ionic liquids or acetonitrile

In situ-prepared, reversible, room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), amidinium carbamates, have been used as media for the syntheses of cyclic carbonates by cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides. The amidinium carbamates were prepared by exposing equimolar mixtures of an easily synthesized amidine and a primary amine to CO2 gas. For comparison purposes, amidinium dithiocarbamates were also employed as the RTILs in some experiments. Reaction between CO2 and four epoxides in the RTILs, occurs in good yields (> 90% in many cases) at room temperature or 50 °C in the presence of an amidinium halide catalyst. Product and any unreacted epoxide were extracted easily upon addition of an immiscible, lower density liquid to an RTIL reaction mixture. This process was repeated three times with the same RTIL without any obvious decrease in catalytic activity; presumably, additional transformations could have been conducted. The influences of the type of catalyst, CO2 pressure, reaction time, and temperature on the reaction yields have been investigated. The relatively mild reaction conditions and ease of separation of products, as well as the ability of the amidinium carbamates to be reused in the presence or absence of water make this an attractive alternative to other procedures for the efficient syntheses of cyclic carbonates.
Pre-management of disentanglement

We define threshold disentanglement as the level above which entanglement must be maintained for later use and calculate the values of quantum system parameters at t = 0 that will ensure that the threshold is not crossed in a specified time. An important issue is the possibility of non-smooth, typically non-exponential, decay of entanglement into the state of complete disentanglement. Given a specified operation time τ, we determine phase diagrams showing entanglement preservation during the evolution of a generic two-qubit mixed state as a function of selected initial parameters such as concurrence and excitation probabilities. In other words, disentanglement can be pre-managed through these parameters. Three common relaxation processes—amplitude, phase and depolarization—are considered.
Low loss and high gradient sc cavities with different wall slope angles

The introduction of reentrant shape for superconducting cavities has made it possible to achieve record-high gradients. In this paper it is shown that lowest losses in the cavities are also achievable employing the reentrant shape. Influence of the cavity wall slope angle on the extreme gradient and losses is analyzed.
Human image understanding : Recent research and a theory

The perceptual recognition of objects is conceptualized to be a process in which the image of the input is segmented at regions of deep concavity into simple volumetric components, such as blocks, cylinders, wedges, and cones. The fundamental assumption of the proposed theory, recognition-by-components (RBC), is that a modest set of components [ N probably ≤ 36] can be derived from contrasts of five readily detectable properties of edges in a 2-dimensional image: curvature, collinearity, symmetry, parallelism, and cotermination. The detection of these properties is generally invariant over viewing position and image quality and consequently allows robust object perception when the image is projected from a novel viewpoint or degraded. RBC thus provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition: The constraints toward regularization (Pragnanz) characterize not the complete object but the object's components. A principle of componential recovery can account for the major phenomena of object recognition: If an arrangement of two or three primitive components can be recovered from the input, objects can be quickly recognized even when they are occluded, rotated in depth, novel, or extensively degraded. The results from experiments on the perception of briefly presented pictures by human observers provide empirical support for the theory.
A MODEL OF PLAN INFERENCE THAT DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN THE BELIEFS OF ACTORS AND OBSERVERS

Existing models of plan inference (PI) in conversation have assumed that the agent whose plan is being inferred (the actor) and the agent drawing the inference (the observer) have identical beliefs about actions in the domain. I argue that this assumption often results in failure of both the PI process and the communicative process that PI is meant to support. In particular, it precludes the principled generation of appropriate responses to queries that arise from invalied plans. I describe a model of PI that abandons this assumption. It rests on an analysis of plans as mental phenomena. Judgements that a plan is invalid are associated with particular discrepancies between the beliefs that the observer ascribes to the actor when the former believes that the latter has some plan, and the beliefs that the observer herself holds. I show that the content of an appropriate response to a query is affected by the types of any such discrepancies of belief judged to be present in the plan inferred to underlie that query. The PI model described here has been implemented in SPIRIT, a small demonstration system that answers questions about the domain of computer mail.
A system-level analysis of Schottky diodes for incoherent THz imaging arrays

Abstract GaAs Schottky diodes are analyzed as upper-mm-wave or THz direct-detectors in passive imaging arrays. Standard models are used for the current–voltage curve and small-signal responsivity with an assumed ideality factor of 1.2. The 1/f and burst noise properties are adopted from available empirical data, and a small-signal circuit model is used to compute the power delivered by the antenna to the diode. For a 4 sq μm diode area and typical modulation frequencies up to about 100 Hz, the noise-equivalent power (NEP) is found to be limited primarily by the 1/f and burst noise to values above ∼1 × 10−10 W/Hz1/2. If the modulation frequency could be increased to ∼1 MHz or above, or if the 1/f and burst noise mechanism could be greatly reduced, the analysis predicts that the Schottky NEP would drop to ∼3 × 10−12 W/Hz1/2 at room temperature. At video sampling rates (30 s−1), the corresponding noise-equivalent delta temperature (NEΔT) would fall in the range 1–10 K depending on the RF bandwidth.
Diastereoselective and enantioselective conjugate addition reactions utilizing α,β-unsaturated amides and lactams.

The conjugate addition reaction has been a useful tool in the formation of carbon–carbon bonds. The utility of this reaction has been demonstrated in the synthesis of many natural products, materials, and pharmacological agents. In the last three decades, there has been a significant increase in the development of asymmetric variants of this reaction. Unfortunately, conjugate addition reactions using α,β-unsaturated amides and lactams remain underdeveloped due to their inherently low reactivity. This review highlights the work that has been done on both diastereoselective and enantioselective conjugate addition reactions utilizing α,β-unsaturated amides and lactams.
Joint Estimation of Risk Preferences and Technology: Flexible Utility or Futility?

A thought experiment is designed to investigate whether the structure of risk aversion (i.e., the changes in absolute or relative risk aversion associated with changes in wealth) can be estimated with reasonable precision from agricultural production data. Findings strongly suggest that typical production data are unlikely to allow identification of the structure of risk aversion. A flexible‐utility parameterization is found to slightly worsen technology parameter estimates. Results also indicate that even under a restricted‐utility specification, utility parameter estimates are biased. Further, their quality is much worse when shocks are not large or samples are small.
Whirling Response and Stability of Flexibly Mounted, Ring-Type Flywheel Systems

The scarcity and rising cost of petroleum have motivated international interest in developing hybrid automobiles using flywheels for mechanical energy storage. Rim-type composite-material flywheels are promising designs for such developments. These flywheels significantly differ from turbine/compressor systems in two respects. First, the flywheel rim attachment to its hub is very flexible, for both translation and tilting. Secondly, these flexibilities depend upon rotational speed through centrifugal stiffening. Free whirling, stability, and forced whirling are examined for these flywheel systems. The numerical results are most directly applicable to the Sandia single-rim systems currently under development. However, the analyses can be extended to other flywheel designs within the broad category of the rim type. In the free-whirling analysis, predicted critical speeds are encountered in the design operating speed range. Practical ways to increase such critical speeds are suggested. Effects of material internal damping on the stability of the system are incorporated through adopting complex moduli in the formulation. It is found that the adverse effect of internal damping on the onset of instability can be overcome by providing an adequate external damper up to a considerably high speed. Forced whirling excited by unbalance and initial tilt of rim element is studied. Minimum externalmore » damping is determined such that the maximum response does not exceed a permissible value.« less
Formation of Chromenes and Coumarin Derivatives From Salicylaldehydes and 2-Pentenedioate: Facile Route to 3-Formylcoumarins

Abstract Condensation of salicylaldehydes with diethyl 2-pentenedioate under the Knoevenagel conditions afforded either coumarin-3-acrylates or 2H-chromenedicarboxylate derivatives depending on the substituents on the aryl nucleus. Osmium tetroxide catalyzed periodate oxidation of coumarin-3-acrylates gave 3-formylcoumarin derivatives.
A discrete/continuous time-domain analysis of a generalized class E amplifier

A simple and efficient procedure relying on a state-space description of the circuit to evaluate boundary conditions in a class-E, switching-mode, RF amplifier is described. The amplifier model used includes the on and off resistances of the active device switch. The state-space description is converted to a discrete-time representation which allows incorporating the problem into the framework of linear algebraic equations. Details on determining boundary conditions and a simple but efficient program to calculate them are provided. >
Generation and Analysis of Large Reliability Models

An effort has been underway for several years at NASA's Langley Research Center to extend the capability of Markov modeling techniques for reliability analysis to the designers of highly reliable avionic systems. This effort has been focused in the areas of increased model abstraction and increased computational capability. The reliability model generator (RMG), a software tool which uses as input a graphical, object-oriented block diagram of the system, is discussed. RMG uses an automated failure modes-effects analysis algorithm to produce the reliability model from the graphical description. Also considered is the ASSURE software tool, a parallel processing program which uses the ASSIST modeling language and SURE semi-Markov solution technique. An executable failure modes-effects analysis is used by ASSURE. The successful combination of the power of graphical representation, automated model generation, and parallel computation leads to the conclusion that large system architectures can now be analyzed.
Income and Risk for Dairymen Selecting Sires for Artificial Insemination

Abstract Expected income and risk for dairymen was computed for alternatives of sire selection. Mean transmitting abilities for dollars of young unproven and old progeny tested bulls were considered. Accuracy of progeny test (Repeatability), total number of bulls, used in the herd were varied. A prediction function for semen price was estimated for progeny tested bulls from their Repeatabilities. A constant semen price was assumed for young bulls. Expected income of a sire transmitted to a daughter and her offspring was estimated by an index including semen price and income over feed cost. Risk was defined as standard deviation of income. With the same mean transmitting abilities for young and old bulls, expected income increased with increasing proportion of young bulls because of higher semen price for old bulls and increasing semen price with increasing Repeatability. When transmitting abilities of old bulls are larger than those of young bulls, expected income for old bulls still could be smaller because of higher semen costs. But it also could be larger if expected income is large enough to offset the difference in semen price. Risk increased with increasing utilization of young bulls, decreasing Repeatability of old bulls, and decreasing total number of bulls used. The decision of what selection alternative to use depends on the dairyman's individual weighting of expected income versus risk.
Simulation of Trailing Edge Vortex Shedding in a Transonic Turbine Cascade

Midspan losses in the NRC transonic turbine cascade peak at an exit Mach number (M2 ) of ~1.0 and then decrease by ~40 percent as M2 is increased to the design value of 1.16. Since recent experimental results suggest that the decrease may be related to a reduction in the intensity of trailing edge vortex shedding, both steady and unsteady quasi-three-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations have been performed with a highly refined (unstructured) grid to determine the role of shedding. Predicted shedding frequencies are in good agreement with experiment, indicating the blade boundary layers and trailing edge separated free shear layers have been modeled satisfactorily, but the agreement for base pressures is relatively poor, probably due largely to false entropy created downstream of the trailing edge by numerical dissipation. The results nonetheless emphasize the importance of accounting for the effect of vortex shedding on base pressure and loss.
A middleware architecture for mobile 3D graphics

Mobile graphics, which involves running networked computer graphics applications on mobile devices across wireless networks, is a fast growing segment of the networks and graphics industries. Running networked graphics applications in mobile environments faces a fundamental conflict; graphics applications require large amounts of memory, CPU cycles, battery power and disk space, while mobile devices and wireless channels tend to be limited in these resources. In order to mitigate mobile environment issues, some form of adaptation based on a client device's capabilities, prevailing wireless network conditions, characteristics of the graphics application and user preference, is necessary. In this paper, we describe the mobile adaptive distributed graphics framework (MADGRAF), a graphics-aware middleware architecture that makes it feasible to run complex 3D graphics applications on low-end mobile devices over wireless networks. In MADGRAF, a server can perform mobile device-optimized pre-processing of comple...
The Aggregation Equation with Power-Law Kernels: Ill-Posedness, Mass Concentration and Similarity Solutions

We study the multidimensional aggregation equation \({u_t+{\rm div}(uv)=0, v=-\nabla K*u}\) with initial data in \({\fancyscript{P}_2\left(\mathbb R^d\right)\cap L_{p} \left(\mathbb R^d\right)}\). We prove that with biological relevant potential K(x) = |x|, the equation is ill-posed in the critical Lebesgue space \({L_{d/(d-1)}\left(\mathbb R^d\right)}\) in the sense that there exists initial data in \({\fancyscript{P}_2\left(\mathbb R^d\right)\cap L_{d/(d-1)}\left(\mathbb R^d\right)}\) such that the unique measure-valued solution leaves \({L_{d/(d-1)}\left(\mathbb R^d\right)}\) immediately. We also extend this result to more general power-law kernels K(x) = |x|α, 0 < α < 2 for p = ps := d/(d + α − 2), and prove a conjecture in Bertozzi et al. (Comm Pure Appl Math 64(1):45–83, 2010) about instantaneous mass concentration for initial data in \({\fancyscript{P}_2\left(\mathbb R^d\right)\cap L_{p}\left(\mathbb R^d\right)}\) with p < ps. Finally, we characterize all the “first kind” radially symmetric similarity solutions in dimension greater than two.
Controlled pyrolysis of maleic hydrazide

Maleic hydrazide (MH) has been pyrolysed at 600°C in our controlled pyrolysis apparatus. During pyrolysis volatile compounds distil out ahead of the moving heated zone and are not extensively repyrolysed, while those substances which are absorbed by pyrolysand or are relatively nonvolatile are repyrolysed. Also, reactive intermediates can react with one another or with unpyrolysed material. Pyrolysis products determined include CO2 (24 wt%), CO (2 wt%), HCN (3 wt%), NH3 (9 wt%) and N2 (3 wt%). The gases identified account for 41 % of the maleic hydrazide pyrolysed. An additional 50% of the material pyrolysed remains as a black solid having the approximate composition C15H15N5O2. Approximately 1 % of the maleic hydrazide is unchanged. Thus, the fate of 92% of the maleic hydrazide can be accounted for. A trace amount of hydrazine could be detected. The results obtained using controlled pyrolysis are compared with results obtained by us and others using different pyrolytic conditions.
New Setting for Spontaneous Gauge Symmetry Breaking

Over half century ago Carl Brans participated in the construction of a viable deformation of the Einstein gravity theory. The suggestion involves expanding the tensor-based theory by a scalar field. But experimental support has not materialized. Nevertheless the model continues to generate interest and new research. The reasons for the current activity is described in this essay, which is dedicated to Carl Brans on his eightieth birthday.
Low cost, high performance processing of single particle cryo-electron microscopy data in the cloud

The advent of a new generation of electron microscopes and direct electron detectors has realized the potential of single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) as a technique to generate high-resolution structures. Calculating these structures requires high performance computing clusters, a resource that may be limiting to many likely cryo-EM users. To address this limitation and facilitate the spread of cryo-EM, we developed a publicly available 'off-the-shelf' computing environment on Amazon's elastic cloud computing infrastructure. This environment provides users with single particle cryo-EM software packages and the ability to create computing clusters with 16-480+ CPUs. We tested our computing environment using a publicly available 80S yeast ribosome dataset and estimate that laboratories could determine high-resolution cryo-EM structures for $50 to $1500 per structure within a timeframe comparable to local clusters. Our analysis shows that Amazon's cloud computing environment may offer a viable computing environment for cryo-EM. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.06664.001
Upper bounds for standardizations and an application

We present a new proof for the standardization theorem in λ -calculus, which is largely built upon a structural induction on λ -terms. We then extract some bounds for the number of β -reduction steps in the standard β -reduction sequence obtained from transforming a given β -reduction sequence, sharpening the standardization theorem. As an application, we establish a super exponential bound for the lengths of β -reduction sequences from any given simply typed λ -terms.
Self-Organizing Networks of Information Gathering Cognitive Agents

In many scenarios, networks emerge endogenously as cognitive agents establish links in order to exchange information. Network formation has been widely studied in economics, but only on the basis of simplistic models that assume that the value of each additional piece of information is constant. In this paper, we present a first model and associated analysis for network formation under the much more realistic assumption that the value of each additional piece of information depends on the type of that piece of information and on the information already possessed: information may be complementary or redundant. We model the formation of a network as a noncooperative game in which the actions are the formation of links and the benefit of forming a link is the value of the information exchanged minus the cost of forming the link. We characterize the topologies of the networks emerging at a Nash equilibrium (NE) of this game and compare the efficiency of equilibrium networks with the efficiency of centrally designed networks. To quantify the impact of information redundancy and linking cost on social information loss we provide estimates for the price of anarchy (PoA), and to quantify the impact on individual information loss we introduce and provide estimates for a measure we call maximum information loss (MIL). Finally, we consider the setting in which agents are not endowed with information, but must produce it. We show that the validity of the well-known “law of the few” depends on how information aggregates, in particular, the “law of the few” fails when information displays complementarities.
Hardware Accelerated Power Estimation

In this paper, we present power emulation, a novel design paradigm that utilizes hardware acceleration for the purpose of fast power estimation. Power emulation is based on the observation that the functions necessary for power estimation (power model evaluation, aggregation, etc.) can be implemented as hardware circuits. Therefore, we can enhance any given design with "power estimation hardware", map it to a prototyping platform, and exercise it with any given test stimuli to obtain power consumption estimates. Our empirical studies with industrial designs reveal that power emulation can achieve significant speedups (10X to 500X) over state-of-the-art commercial register-transfer level (RTL) power estimation tools.
Cycloaddition reactions of acyl ketenes with enol ethers: A general synthesis of 2-alkoxy-2,3-dihydro-4h-pyran-4-ones.

Abstract A detailed description of the hetero Diels-Alder reactions of acyl ketenes 4-6 with electron-rich dienophiles 7-9 for the facile synthesis of 2-alkoxy-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-ones 10-12 is presented.
RuCl3-promoted amide formation from azides and thioacids

Described here is the Ru(III)-promoted amide formation from azides and thioacids, which were shown not to form amides at room temperature in the absence of ruthenium. We believe that a complex formed by Ru(III) increases the reactivity of the thiocarbonyl species and therefore reaction with azides occurs at room temperature, even when less reactive (electron rich and/or sterically hindered) azides are employed.
STATCOM Impact Study on the Integration of a Large Wind Farm into a Weak Loop Power System

Recently, renewable wind energy is enjoying a rapid growth globally to become an important green electricity source to replace polluting and exhausting fossil fuel. However, with wind being an uncontrollable resource and the nature of distributed wind induction generators, integrating a large-scale wind-farm into a power system poses challenges, particularly in a weak power system. In the paper, the impact of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to facilitate the integration of a large wind farm (WF) into a weak power system is studied. First, an actual weak power system with two nearby large WFs is introduced. Based on the field SCADA data analysis, the power quality issues are highlighted and a centralized STATCOM is proposed to solve them, particularly the short-term (seconds to minutes) voltage fluctuations. Second, a model of the system, WF, and STATCOM for steady state and dynamic impact study is presented, and the model is validated by comparing with the actual field data. Using simulated PV and QV curves, voltage control and stability issues are analyzed, and the size and location of STATCOM are assessed. Finally, a STATCOM control strategy for voltage fluctuation suppression is presented and dynamic simulations verify the performance of proposed STATCOM and its control strategy.
ION-BY-ION COOLING EFFICIENCIES

We present ion-by-ion cooling efficiencies for low-density gas. We use Cloudy (version 10.00) to estimate the coolingefficienciesforeachionofthefirst30elements(H‐Zn)individually.Wepresentresultsforgastemperatures between 10 4 and 10 8 K, assuming low densities and optically thin conditions. When nonequilibrium ionization plays a significant role the ionization states deviate from those that obtain in collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE), and the local cooling efficiency at any given temperature depends on specific nonequilibrium ion fractions. The results presented here allow for an efficient estimate of the total cooling efficiency for any ionic composition. We also list the elemental cooling efficiencies assuming CIE conditions. These can be used to construct CIE cooling efficiencies for non-solar abundance ratios or to estimate the cooling due to elements not included in any nonequilibrium computation. All the computational results are listed in convenient online tables.
ALBEDOS OF SMALL HILDA GROUP ASTEROIDS AS REVEALED BY SPITZER

We present thermal 24 μm observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope of 62 Hilda asteroid group members with diameters ranging from 3 to 12 km. Measurements of the thermal emission, when combined with reported absolute magnitudes, allow us to constrain the albedo and diameter of each object. From our Spitzer sample, we find the mean geometric albedo, pV = 0.07 ± 0.05, for small (D < 10 km) Hilda group asteroids. This Spitzer-derived value of pV is greater than and spans a larger range in albedo space than the mean albedo of large (D 10 km) Hilda group asteroids which is pV = 0.04 ± 0.01. Though this difference may be attributed to space weathering, the small Hilda group population reportedly displays greater taxonomic range from C-, D-, and X-type whose albedo distributions are commensurate with the range of determined albedos. We discuss the derived Hilda size-frequency distribution, color-color space, and geometric albedo for our survey sample in the context of the expected migration induced "seeding" of the Hilda asteroid group with outer solar system proto-planetesimals as outlined in the "Nice" formalism.
Impact crater formation in icy layered terrains on Mars

We present numerical simulations of crater formation under Martian conditions with a single near-surface icy layer to investigate changes in crater morphology between glacial and interglacial periods. The ice fraction, thickness, and depth to the icy layer are varied to understand the systematic effects on observable crater features. To accurately model impact cratering into ice, a new equation of state table and strength model parameters for H2O are fitted to laboratory data. The presence of an icy layer significantly modifies the cratering mechanics. Observable features demonstrated by the modeling include variations in crater morphometry (depth and rim height) and icy infill of the crater floor during the late stages of crater formation. In addition, an icy layer modifies the velocities, angles, and volumes of ejecta, leading to deviations of ejecta blanket thickness from the predicted power law. The dramatic changes in crater excavation are a result of both the shock impedance and the strength mismatch between layers of icy and rocky materials. Our simulations suggest that many of the unusual features of Martian craters may be explained by the presence of icy layers, including shallow craters with well-preserved ejecta blankets, icy flow related features, some layered ejecta structures, and crater lakes. Therefore, the cratering record implies that near-surface icy layers are widespread on Mars.
Nonparametric confidence intervals for the one- and two-sample problems

Confidence intervals for the mean of one sample and the difference in means of two independent samples based on the ordinary-t statistic suffer deficiencies when samples come from skewed families. In this article we evaluate several existing techniques and propose new methods to improve coverage accuracy. The methods examined include the ordinary-t, the bootstrap-t, the biased-corrected acceleration and three new intervals based on transformation of the t-statistic. Our study shows that our new transformation intervals and the bootstrap-t intervals give best coverage accuracy for a variety of skewed distributions, and that our new transformation intervals have shorter interval lengths.
Analysis of the U.S.-Mexico Sugar Trade - 10 Years of NAFTA Regime and 10 Years from Now

The U.S.– Mexico sugar trade was examined, paying a close attention to the provisions of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the circumstances surrounding the industries of the two countries. Quantitative analyses provided the outlook of the future sugar market and shed light on the political implications.
Simulations of solar cell absorption enhancement using resonant modes of a nanosphere array

We propose an approach for enhancing the absorption of thin-film amorphous silicon solar cells using periodic arrangements of resonant dielectric nanospheres deposited as a continuous film on top of a thin planar cell. We numerically demonstrate this enhancement using three dimensional (3D) full field, finite difference time domain simulations and 3D finite element device physics simulations of a nanosphere array above a thin-film amorphous silicon solar cell structure featuring back reflector and anti-reflection coating. In addition, we use the full field finite difference time domain results as input to finite element device physics simulations to demonstrate that the enhanced absorption contributes to the current extracted from the device. We study the influence of a multi-sized array of spheres, compare spheres and domes, and propose an analytical model based on the temporal coupled mode theory.
Fixed Bandwidth Asymptotics in Single Equation Models of Cointegration with an Application to Money Demand

This paper provides a new approach to testing cointegration parameters in a single-equation cointegration environment. The novelty is in improving over the well-known heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) robust standard errors using fixed bandwidth (fixed-b) asymptotic theory and adapting it to the cointegration environment. It is shown that the standard tests still have asymptotic distributions free of serial correlation nuisance parameters regardless of the bandwidth or kernel used, even if the regressors in the cointegration relationship are endogenous. Using asymptotic power and finite sample size simulation experiments, specific practical and user-friendly recommendations regarding kernel and bandwidth choices are made. Finite sample simulations comparing the size and power of the tests using the fixed-b asymptotics to some of the currently popular tests are performed. These simulations confirm that the well-known size distortion of the standard tests can be greatly reduced. Alternatively, one can obtain greater power with much the same level of size distortion, depending on the choice of kernel and bandwidth. Finally, the newly developed tests are employed to investigate the standard money-demand relationship for US data.
Orientation of X Lines in Asymmetric Magnetic Reconnection-Mass Ratio Dependency

Using fully kinetic simulations, we study the X line orientation of magnetic reconnection in an asymmetric configuration. A spatially localized perturbation is employed to induce a single X line, which has sufficient freedom to choose its orientation in three-dimensional systems. The effect of ion to electron mass ratio is investigated, and the X line appears to bisect the magnetic shear angle across the current sheet in the large mass ratio limit. The orientation can generally be deduced by scanning through the corresponding 2-D simulations to find the reconnection plane that maximizes the peak reconnection electric field. The deviation from the bisection angle in the lower mass ratio limit is consistent with the orientation shift of the most unstable linear tearing mode in an electron-scale current sheet.
Nitration of Ethyl Carbamates of Phenylenediamines and Aniline

Abstract The methyl and ethyl carbamates of aniline and the diethyl dicarbamates of 1,2‐, 1,3‐, and 1,4‐phenylenediamine were prepared. Nitration of the carbamates gave ring mono‐, di‐, or trinitro‐derivatives in good yield.
On distributed averaging algorithms and quantization effects

We consider distributed iterative algorithms for the averaging problem over time-varying topologies. Our focus is on the convergence time of such algorithms when complete (unquantized) information is available, and on the degradation of performance when only quantized information is available. We study a large and natural class of averaging algorithms, which includes the vast majority of algorithms proposed to date, and provide tight polynomial bounds on their convergence time. We also describe an algorithm within this class whose convergence time is the best among currently available averaging algorithms for time-varying topologies. We then propose and analyze distributed averaging algorithms under the additional constraint that agents can only store and communicate quantized information, so that they can only converge to the average of the initial values of the agents within some error. We establish bounds on the error and tight bounds on the convergence time, as a function of the number of quantization levels.
Rabbinic Polysemy and Pluralism Revisited: Between Praxis and Thematization

One of the most celebrated aspects of rabbinic literature is its adducing of multiple interpretations of scriptural verses and its valorizing of multiple legal opinions as expressed in debate among the rabbinic sages. This celebration has come from several quarters, with each finding in the purported rabbinic polysemy and pluralism support for agendas that could not possibly have been those of the ancient rabbis. For example, in the 1980s, some literary critics and philosophers found support in rabbinic midrash for their theories of indeterminacy of textual meaning in literature and language in general. Likewise, moving from the linguistic to the social domain, those seeking more harmonious relations among modern Judaism's competing denominations have found a pluralistic model to emulate in ancient Judaism, following the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, when sectarian rivalry is thought to have been replaced by the “big tent” inclusiveness, marked by respectful debate among multiple opinions, of the rabbis at Yavneh.
Electromechanical fatigue behavior of graphite/epoxy laminate embedded with piezoelectric actuator

Fatigue behavior of graphite/epoxy laminate, having [0/±45/90]S lay-up and embedded with piezoelectric (lead zirconate-titanate, PZT) actuator, was investigated under combined mechanical and electrical cycling loading condition, and in only mechanical fatigue condition. The PZT was inserted into a cutout area in the two middle 90° plies. Experiments involved cycling of specimens at different maximum stress levels along with the excitation of the embedded actuator from -10 V to -100 V or 10 V to 100 V, which resulted in either in-phase or out-of-phase electrically induced strain relative to the applied mechanical loading or strain. In general, embedded PZT performed better in the out-of-phase than in the in-phase electromechanical fatigue condition. The fatigue life of the embedded PZT was more than one million cycles, for the applied maximum stress level well above its design limit in the out-of phase electromechanical and in only mechanical fatigue conditions. The embedded PZT failed before one million cycles during the in-phase test at the applied maximum stress equal to its design limit. Above this stress level, a sharp reduction in the fatigue life occurred during the in-phase electromechanical cycling condition.
Gender studies of STS: a look toward the future.

Feminism is a complex social phenomenon that has suffered misadventures and traveled down a number of blind alleys. Liberal feminism called for womens rights equal education pay and opportunity that provided them to make it in a mans world. However this has also led into certain blind alleys such as the tendency to: ignore or altogether deny sex and gender differences and the search for womens distinctive research methods. Feminists started developing the following three basic tenets of so called "difference feminism". First difference feminism diverged from liberalism in focusing on the differences between men and women. Second it also revalued qualities traditionally devalued as feminine such as subjectivity cooperation empathy and the likes. And finally it was argued that changes not only in women but also in science classrooms curricula laboratories theories priorities and research programs are needed for women to become equal in science. Feminism has brought impressive changes to science. Two examples are from the US where gender studies have had a massive impact on the content of science are medicine and primatology. However the question of who or what might create beneficial change in science has been confused by Americans mistrust in feminism. Moreover to test whether women or feminism will do or have done science differently would require a complex study of the history of science. Understanding the process of change can enhance efforts to open science to women throughout the world.
One-pot synthesis of arylboronic acids and aryl trifluoroborates by Ir-catalyzed borylation of arenes.

The synthesis of arylboronic acids and aryl trifluoroborates in a one-pot sequence by Ir-catalyzed borylation of arenes is reported. To prepare the arylboronic acids, the Ir-catalyzed borylation is followed by oxidative cleavage of the boronic ester with NaIO4. To prepare the aryltrifluoroborate, the Ir-catalyzed borylation is followed by displacement of pinacol by KHF2. These two-step sequences give products that are more reactive toward subsequent chemistry than the initially formed pinacol boronates.
A generalization of the theory of normal forms

Normal forms allow the use of a restricted class of coordinate transformations (typically homogeneous polynomials) to put the bifurcations found in nonlinear dynamical systems into a few standard forms. We investigate here the consequences of relaxing the restrictions of the form of the coordinate transformations. In the Duffing equation, a logarithmic transformation can remove the nonlinearity: in one interpretation, the nonlinearity is replaced by a branch cut leading to a Poincare section. When the linearized problem is autonomous with diagonal Jordan form, we can remove all nonlinearities order by order using these singular coordinate transformations.