cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The consequences of the isotope effect on proline dehydrogenation rates estimated by the tritium loss method.

Abstract Loss of tritium from a substrate is often used to estimate the rate of dehydrogenation. However, loss of 3H may be much slower than loss of H because of the tritium isotope effect. In order to assess the impact of the tritium isotope effect, loss of 3H from the C-5 position of proline during dehydrogenation by rat liver mitochondria and bacteroids from soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) nodules was compared with appearance of 14C in products of [14C]proline dehydrogenation. Incubations were carried out in the presence of o-aminobenzaldehyde (added to trap the initial product, Δ1-pyroline-5-carboxylate). The fraction of total 14C products trapped by o-aminobenzaldehyde varied from 0.07 to 0.75 depending upon experimental conditions. With rat liver mitochondria, dehydrogenation of [14C]proline was between 3.27 and 9.25 times faster than dehydrogenation of 3H proline, depending upon assay conditions. Soybean nodule bacteroids dehydrogenated [14C]proline about 5 times faster than [3H]proline. We conclude the following: (i) the rate of proline dehydrogenation may be greatly underestimated by the tritium assay because of the tritium isotope effect, and (ii) the 14C assay may underestimate the rate of proline dehydrogenation if it is assumed that o-aminobenzaldehyde quantitatively traps Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate under all conditions. The simplicity of the tritium assay makes it attractive for routine use. However, its use requires determination of the tritium isotope effect, under the specific conditions of the assay, in order to correct the results. The considerations discussed here have broad applicability to any dehydrogenase assay employing tritium loss.
Policy improvement for repeated zero-sum games with asymmetric information

In a repeated zero-sum game, two players repeatedly play the same zero-sum game over several stages. We assume that while both players can observe the actions of the other, only one player knows the actual game, which was randomly selected from a set of possible games according to a known distribution. The dilemma faced by the informed player is how to trade off the short-term reward versus long-term consequence of exploiting information, since exploitation also risks revelation. Classic work by Aumann and Maschler derives the recursive value equation, which quantifies this tradeoff and derives a formula for optimal policies by the informed player. However, using this model for explicit computations can be computationally prohibitive as the number of game stages increases. In this paper, we derive a suboptimal policy based on the concept of policy improvement. The baseline policy is a non-revealing policy, i.e., one that completely ignores superior information. The improved policy, which is implemented in a receding horizon manner, strategizes for the current stage while assuming a non-revealing policy for future stages. We show that the improved policy can be computed by solving a linear program, and the computational complexity of this linear program is constant with respect to the length of the game. We derive bounds on the guaranteed performance of the improved policy and establish that the bounds are tight.
Feeding rate responses of oyster larvae (Crassostrea virginica) to seston quantity and composition

Abstract The functional response of oyster larvae [ Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin)] to in situ food variability was examined by measuring their feeding rates for samples of seston (Chesapeake Bay, USA) that differed in both particle amount and composition. Feeding rates and patterns were compared to those of larvae fed the cultured alga Isochrysis sp. (clone T-ISO). Larval feeding patterns appeared to be consistent with a Holling's Type 3 functional response for both natural particles and T-ISO. The incipient limiting concentrations of suspended particle volume where ingestion rates became maximal were similar for natural plankton (range 20 × 10 5 to 33 × 10 5 μm 3 · ml −1 ) and T-ISO (19 × 10 5 μm 3 · ml −1 ) and were also similar to previously reported values for other species of bivalve larvae fed cultured algae. Incipient limiting concentrations for natural suspensions corresponded to 20–100% of ambient concentrations. Larval ingestion rates for seston collected over different times and from different locations appeared to be at saturated levels (range about 90 × 10 3 to 120 × 10 3 μm 3 · larva −1 · h −1 ) but it is not clear whether larval growth is food-limited in Chesapeake Bay. Ingestion rates for these seston samples were similar despite considerable differences in the particle size structure and plankton composition of these samples. Larval ingestion rates for seston were greater than maximal ingestion rates of T-ISO (about 28 × 10 3 μm 3 · larva −1 · h −1 ) and higher than previously reported maximal rates for bivalve larvae fed cultured foods, suggesting that oyster larvae perceived differences in the nutritional quality of natural and cultured foods. These experiments suggest that in nature, the ingestion rates of oyster larvae appear to be most strongly regulated by food quantity (volume) and nutritional quality and not particle size or numerical abundance.
The Rasch Model Plus Guessing

The need for equating is one of the principal reasons for using an item response model rather than the classical model to guide test construction. Use of the Rasch item response model in test construction makes equating especially easy. The Rasch model, however, does not have a guessing parameter, whereas most tests that require equating contain multiple-choice items subject to guessing. This limitation of the Rasch model has led many test developers to use a three-parameter model that accounts for guessing, though at the expense of increased difficulty in equating. Despite the Rasch model's limitations with respect to guessing, some test developers still use it in multiple-choice testing. This article examines the use of the Rasch model in multiple-choice testing, particularly with respect to the problems of goodness of fit and equating. Although goodness of fit turns out to be a problem small enough to ignore, modification of the Rasch model to account for guessing may be necessary to ensure accurate eq...
Application of finite-element-based solution technologies for viscoplastic structural analyses

Finite-element solution technology developed for use in conjunction with advanced viscoplastic models is described. The development of such solution technology is necessary for performing stress/life analyses of engineering structural problems where the complex geometries and loadings make the conventional analytical solutions difficult. The versatility of the solution technology is demonstrated by applying it to viscoplastic models possessing different mathematical structures and encompassing isotropic and anisotropic materials. The computational results qualitatively replicate deformation behavior observed in experiments on prototypical structural components.
Vascular-specific increase in exon 1B-encoded CAV1.2 channels in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Background The vasculature of the adult spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is known to express more functional L-type Ca channels than the vasculature of normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, but it is not known which CaV1.2 channel isoform is upregulated. Methods Western blots and real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to compare the expression levels of CaV1.2 channel protein and message in selected tissues of adult SHR and WKY rats. Results The results indicate overexpression in SHR vasculature specifically of the short exon 1b-encoded amino terminus CaV1.2 isoform. Brain and visceral smooth muscle expressing the same isoform were not similarly affected. Differences in message levels are insufficient to account for the differences in isoform-specific protein levels. Conclusions We conclude that SHR vasculature must regulate the channel postranscriptionally. Further experiments will be required to determine whether this involves translation of protein from exon 1b-specific transcripts more efficiently, posttranslational chaperoning to the surface membrane more efficiently, or selective degradation of the short amino terminus form of the protein more slowly than in WKY vasculature.
Integration of computer technology and interactive learning in geographic education

Abstract The rapid proliferation of computer technology is dramatically improving geographic instruction. However, as hardware and software technologies related to computer networks, environmental modelling, animation, multimedia and interactive learning become more available, educators must familiarise themselves with computer networks, software resources and digital data products. Technical proficiency is often critically linked to successful implementation, therefore we demonstrate how instructors can easily identify and access Internet resources using Mosaic software. We specifically report on using software and digital data products in conservation of the environment, environmental remote sensing, and geomorphology courses. These diverse and informative materials can be used in a wide variety of pedagogical tasks.
A Computer's Arrow of Time

Some researchers believe that the psychological or consciousness arrow of time is a consequence of the thermodynamic arrow. Some do not. As for many issues in this area, the disagreement revolves about fundamental and undebatable assumptions. As a contribution to this standoff I consider the extent to which a computer—presumably governed by nothing more than the thermodynamic arrow—can be said to possess a psychological arrow. My contention is that the parallels are sufficiently strong that little room is left for an independent psychological arrow. Reservations are nevertheless expressed on the complete objectivity of the thermodynamic arrow.
Vocal control region sizes of an adult female songbird change seasonally in the absence of detectable circulating testosterone concentrations

Previous research established that in several species of seasonally breeding oscine birds, brain areas (vocal control regions (VCRs)) that control vocal behavior learning and expression exhibit seasonal plas- ticity, being larger during than outside the reproductive period. In adult males, this seasonal decrease correlates with circulating testosterone (T) concentrations. VCRs contain androgen receptors and T plays an important role in neural plasticity and in the control of singing behavior. In behaviorally dimorphic species, VCRs are larger in males than females and change seasonally also in females, but the dependency of these changes on circulating T levels in females has not been established. In free-living adult dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis), a species in which females do not normally sing, the sizes of three VCRs (high vocal center, robust nucleus of the archistriatum, and Area X) were larger in males than females and decreased between summer and fall in both sexes. In males, this decrease was associated with changes in circulating T concentrations. Females, how- ever, had on average undetectable T levels throughout the breeding season. Seasonal changes in VCR volumes in adult females may depend on very low (below detec- tion limit) circulating T concentrations, on nonandro- genic plasma steroids, on androgen (or androgen metab- olites) produced in brain tissues, and/or on nonsteroidal factors such as photoperiod or social interactions with conspecific birds. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 42:
A numerical and experimental verification of compliance functions for compact specimens

Abstract A two-dimensional finite element study of the compact specimen was performed in verification of its elastic compliance calibration functions. The results confirm Newman's boundary collocation solutions to within 2%. Empirical calibrations were also performed using alloys with well-known elastic moduli. The numerical and empirical agreement depends on the state of stress assumed in the model, with better aggrement for plane stress than for plane strain. Assuming plane stress and a Poisson's ratio of 0.3, the numerical solutions predict the true physical crack lengths within 4% or better for relative crack lengths, a/W, greater than 0.35. A 3-D finite element analysis of the speciment at a/W=0.5 verified that the 3-D compliances are best approximated by the 2-D compliances assuming plane stress rather than plane strain. The effect of plastic deformation on the unloading compliance was examined and was found to be less than 5%.
Respect in the workplace: A mixed methods study of retention and turnover in the voluntary child welfare sector

Abstract A significant challenge facing the child welfare system is the recruitment and retention of a stable and qualified workforce. Several studies have identified individual and organizational factors impacting workforce turnover. The current study expands upon previous research by utilizing a mixed methods design to examine the relationship between workers' perceptions of respect in the workplace and their intention to leave. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data revealed that workers perceive a lack of respect in five domains including organizational support, fair salary and benefits, fair promotion potential, adequate communication and contingent rewards. Based on the qualitative findings, researchers designed the Respect Scale, a quantitative scale measuring the concept perceived respect. Results from the logistic regression found that workers who score lower on the Respect Scale were significantly more likely to intend to leave their current job. Research and practice implications are discussed.
INDIRECT MEASUREMENT OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) IN NEWBORNS (NBs) UTILIZING DOPPLER ULTRASOUND

The purpose of this study was to determine systolic blood pressure values in normal NBs as well as in distressed infants using an ultrasonic Doppler transducer and a newly designed sphygmomanometer cuff. To establish normal values, 100 full term and premature babies were studied during the first week of life. The values for systolic pressure (SP) in normal full term infants ranged between 45 & 65 mmHg in the first 2 days & 55 to 75 mmHg over the next 2 weeks. SP in prematures (weight 1500 to 2250 gms) ranged from 40 to 60 mmHg. The SP in prematures correlated better with weight and postnatal age than with gestational age. Significant hypertension was noted in 34 of 40 (85%) babies born of mothers receiving methadone treatment. SP ranged from 90 to 120 mmHg & remained elevated for up to 3 weeks. The elevated SP was not related to maternal BP, or to the babies symptoms or therapy. Hypertension was also noticed in some babies with low Apgar scores & elevated levels of PCO2, however, severe asphyxia neonatorum was associated with hypotension. Significant hypotension in the range of 30 mmHg was recorded in NBs with RDS, intracranial bleeding, sepsis, and maternal administration of Mg SO4 for eclampsia. Babies born of mothers with diabetes, essential hypertension, and eclampsia were normotensive. Our BP measurements have proven to be useful in clinical management of sick NBs and the technique currently employed is simple, accurate, and reliable.
Structure of an Evolving Hailstorm Part V: Synthesis and implications for Hail Growth and Hail Suppression

Abstract A model of an evolving hailstorm is synthesized from data presented in four related papers in this issue. The storm model, which is applicable to a class of ordinary multicell hailstorms and similar to earlier models derived by workers in South Dakota and Alberta, is discussed in terms of the growth of hail and its implications for hail suppression. Hail is grown in time–evolving updrafts that begin as discrete new clouds on the flank of the storm. Low concentrations of embryos develop rapidly within each of these clouds. The embryos subsequently grow into small hailstones while suspended near or above, the −20°C level as each new cloud grows and becomes the main updraft. Recycling is not a feature of this model as it is in supercell models. To improve the chance of silver iodide seeding being effective in suppressing the growth of hall in multicell storms, it is proposed that the seeding should be carried out not in the main updraft as is often the practice, but, rather, in the regions of weaker...
Diffusion of Interstitial Solute in a Potential Well Characteristic of a Moving Dislocation

The equation governing the flux of interstitial solute near a moving dislocation is found. Such an equation is non-linear, a feature which allows for the realistic situation that the solute concentration is bounded by the concentration of interstitial sites. However, in order to find analytical solutions, the alternative of a two-dimensional, symmetric potential well characteristic of the dislocation is considered. Analytical determination of the properties of such a potential well as either a trap or a carrier of interstitial solute is made. The solute drag force-velocity curves for the steady-state motion of a potential well are obtained.
Interferon alpha delivery systems for the treatment of hepatitis C.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are the most common chronic blood-borne viral infections in the world. The prevalence of HCV infections varies significantly by race or ethnicity, with a high prevalence of the disease displayed in the Hispanic population. Additionally, Hispanics with chronic HCV have also more advanced hepatic fibrosis and faster liver fibrosis progression rates than either African Americans or Caucasians. Furthermore, a higher prevalence of cirrhosis and extent of mortality from liver cirrhosis is also observed in the Hispanic population compared with other groups. Current recommendations for treatment of hepatitis C are interferon alpha (IFNα)-based monotherapy and combination of IFNα preparations with ribavirin. Future treatment regimens will still be based on IFNα therapy with or without other effective antiviral agents, currently under investigation. However, there are some inherent limitations, mainly their relative short systemic circulation lifespan, and their unwanted effects on some non-target tissues. New research focuses on the development of novel modified interferon molecules which demonstrate reduced side effects and extended systemic circulation time, which can ultimately provide greater efficacy. Alternative routes for IFNα delivery, such as oral delivery, demonstrate challenging but promising areas of research for improving future patient compliance.
On seeding equatorial spread F: Parallel or transverse transport?

Abstract There is considerable current interest in how the spawning of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) is affected by the nature of the plasma-seeding process. The process most likely involves an atmospheric gravity-wave and coupling of its wind perturbations to the plasma in the bottomside of the F layer. Neutral-ion coupling can occur either via transverse transport (TT) perpendicular to geomagnetic field ( B → ) lines, or via parallel transport (PT) along B → . Whether TT or PT is responsible is important, because each involves different physics, which could lead to substantial differences in EPB development. The general consensus, until recently, was that TT controlled both seeding and the EPB growth process. Evidence, however, has appeared in the literature, which seemingly supports the notion that PT is playing a role in the plasma-seeding process. In this paper, a clarification of the physics is presented, which show that TT is, in fact, the dominant seeding process.
Flexible transponder design aided by agile binary bit encoder

In order to accommodate variable bit rates and achieve flexible transmission distances, a binary bit encoding scheme is incorporated in the dual-polarization (DP) quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) transmitter to manipulate the signal polarization multiplexing schemes into polarization-multiplexed (PolMux), polarization-switched (PolSw), and polarization-alternated (PolAl) schemes, such that the transmission bit rate could vary among 4B, 3B, and 2B, where B stands for the baud rate of the DP-QPSK signal. With the versatile polarization schemes, the trade-off between the transmission performance and system bit rate could be flexibly adjusted depending on the system requirements and conditions. The performance of these modulation formats has been evaluated experimentally at 32 Gbaud in a dispersion-managed fiber (DMF) link. At a 0.5 dB system margin, the transmission reach of PolSw and PolAl QPSK increased to ~6400 and ~8500 km, respectively, compared to the ~4500 km transmission distance using the PolMux QPSK signal. This improvement is attributed to the lower bit rate of PolSw QPSK (96 Gbits/s) and PolAl QPSK (64 Gbits/s) and to the superior characteristics of the PolSw and PolAl schemes. For example, PolAl QPSK performs as good as the PolMux BPSK format to show similar receiver sensitivity. At the end, a flexible transponder platform with full software-defined optics features is discussed using the proposed flexible transmitter configuration and other techniques, such as optical multi-tone generation and adaptive forward error correction, to enable the transponder to carry standard 10G/40G/100G data.
Morphological control of mesoscale colloidal models

Colloidal systems have proven useful mesoscale models because of their relatively large size, slow dynamics, and the ease with which one can alter the interactions between individual particles. Studies of these systems are often conducted by varying the effective pair potential and then studying the resulting morphologies through microscopy or scattering techniques. Using optical-based manipulation methods, however, one can directly assemble colloidal morphologies of interest. By spatially modulating laser-light intensity with a single scanning laser, we have been able to create optical traps of arbitrary design and construct colloidal structures of very specific morphology. In addition, once trapped, we have been able to lock in these structures using polymerization techniques. Our goal is to use this approach to both help us understand fundamental thermodynamic processes and to create templates for morphologies which would not otherwise develop.
GABAergic terminals are presynaptic to primary afferent terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord

Multiple, dorsal rhizotomies were performed unilaterally at lumbar levels L1–L4 in adult rats. Following 24–48 h degeneration periods and fixation by intracardiac perfusions, spinal cord were removed and transversely cut into 150 μm thick sections. These sections were incubated in immunocytochemical reagents for the peroxidase-labeling of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The sections were then prepared for electron microscopic examination, while other sections were processed for light microscopic, GAD immunocytochemistry and for Fink-Heimer staining of degenerating axons and axon terminals. Thirty-six hours following dorsal rhizotomies, the sections that were prepared for the light microscopic study of terminal degeneration showed large numbers of degenerating profiles in the ipsilateral substantia gelatinosa while degenerating profiles were virtually absent contralaterally. In electron microscopic preparations, degenerating primary afferent terminals were commonly observed at the centers of rosettes where they formed synaptic contacts with other axon terminals and with surrounding dendrites. Several types of synaptic relationships were observed in the rosettes which involved both GAD-positive and degenerating primary afferent terminals. Such synaptic relationships included those in which: (a) a single GAD-positive terminal was presynaptic to the central, primary afferent terminal, (b) two different GAD-positive terminals formed synapses with opposite sides of the same central, primary afferent terminal and were also closely apposed to the surrounding dendrites of the rosette, and (c) a GAD-positive terminal was presynaptic to a primary afferent terminal and both types of terminals were presynaptic to the same dendrite of the rosette. The synaptic relationships described in this study are discussed with respect to their possible functional roles in such GABA-mediated phenomena as: (a) primary afferent depolarization, (b) the dorsal root reflex and (c) primary afferent hyperpolarization. Our observations support the concept that GABAergic axon terminals are involved in the synaptic circuits which produce presynaptic inhibition and presynaptic facilitation of the primary afferent input to the dorsal spinal cord. Collectively the observed synaptic relationships could provide a morphological substrate that is compatible with an inhibitory surround system in the substantia gelatinosa.
General in Vivo Assay for the Study of Integrin Cell Membrane Receptor Microclustering

A method for measuring the microclustering of a class of cell surface receptors called integrins is reported. Integrins are proteins involved in bidirectional signaling across the cell membrane and are important in cell adhesion, growth, and survival. Their activity is regulated by changes in protein conformation and protein clustering. The developed in vivo clustering assay uses fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and has the benefit of requiring a single cloning step to generate FRET donors and acceptors that can be used to measure the clustering of a series of integrin mutants. The FRET reporters contain extracellular donor or acceptor fluorescent protein attached to native integrin cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains, and these are expressed along with wild-type or mutant integrins. Expression of the FRET reporters has no affect on the ligand binding properties of coexpressed integrins. FRET values are calculated for cell lines spreading on ligand coated surfaces, and these values are inde...
Young Listeners’ Music Style Preferences Patterns Related to Cultural Identification and Language Use

Listeners (N = 543) in grades 4, 5, and 6 rated their preference for 10 instrumental and vocal selections from various styles, including four popular music selections with versions performed in English, Spanish, or an Asian language. Participants estimated their identification with Spanish/Hispanic/Latino and Asian cultures, the number of languages they spoke, and the number of musical styles the adults in their family listened to at home. There were significant but small correlations between degree of identification with pinpointed cultures and preference for the four popular songs chosen to represent those cultures and significant, small correlations between preference for those and number of languages spoken. However, results on how degree of cultural identification corresponded with preference when responding to English or non-English versions of songs were mixed. There was a significant, small correlation between the number of musical styles adults at home were estimated to like and overall preferenc...
Outside Lobbying: Public Opinion and Interest Group Strategies. By Ken Kollman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. 215p. $55.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.

In an age when commercials bombard us with plain folk (from central casting) ruminating about the latest proposal in Congress and when "astroturf" more often refers to syn- thetically manufactured grassroots activity than to stadium playing fields, evidence that groups frequently "go public" is easy to come by. Nevertheless, these efforts to reach and use the public have received little systematic attention from political scientists. Ken Kollman aims to fill this substantial gap in interest group scholarship. Outside Lobbying is an impressive effort, one that should invigorate further inquiry into this important aspect of interest group advocacy.
An empirical study of an interactive, session-oriented computerized negotiation support system (nss)

The purpose of this study was to conduct empirical research into the effects of a highly structured, interactive computerized Negotiation Support System (NSS) on the outcome of face-to-face issues resolution and the attitudes of negotiators in both low and high conflict situations. In a laboratory experiment, pairs of bargainers played the role of manufacturers negotiating a four-issue, three-year purchase agreement for an engine subcomponent. Conflict level was manipulated by varying the amount of conflict of interest between the bargainers. For low conflict conditions, different weights were assigned for the issues so that mutually beneficial trade-offs were possible. The high conflict treatments featured the issues for both parties being weighted similarly, creating a situation in which one party's gain was almost equal to the other one's loss. The NSS used in this study provided computer support throughout a structured integrative bargaining process. Electronic communication between bargainers was provided for inputting their comments and proposals, displaying them on a public screen, and viewing each others' inputs on their private screens. An interactive Decision Support System supported each individual negotiator in the generation and evaluation of contract alternatives. The specific variables measured included joint outcomes, contract balance, negotiation time, the number of contracts proposed, and post-bargaining attitudes. The results of the study showed that NSS support did help bargainers achieve significantly higher joint outcomes and more balanced contracts, and that the NSS support significantly increased negotiation time. Satisfaction was significantly greater for NSS groups in both conflict levels, and perceived negative climate was significantly reduced in low conflict. Both types of computer software used in the study were given favorable evaluations by the subjects in terms of ease of use and usefulness.
SU-F-BRCD-05: Mean Regional Dose to the Esophagus Predicts Acute Toxicity Rate for Lung Cancer Patients.

Purpose: The relationship between spatial aspects of the dose distribution and incidence of acute radiation esophagitis for non‐small‐cell lungcancer(NSCLC) patients is not well understood. Specifically, the location of dose along the superior‐inferior (SI) axis of the esophagus has not been previously considered. We introduce the concept of mean regional dose (MRD) calculated for esophageal subvolumes, and test for significance for prediction of acute esophagitis (AE). Methods: The 3D dose distribution within the esophagus was extracted for 541 NSCLC patients treated with definitive photon therapy. The esophagus contour was divided into equal geometric halves, thirds, and fourths along the SI direction of the structure. MRD in each subvolume was calculated. Univariate logistic regression was performed to determine the correlation between MRD and CTCAE3.0 AE grade = 2 (medical intervention). The MRD was incorporated into an existing NTCP model (based on mean dose for the total esophageal volume) as a separate additive factor. Results: Univariate analysis indicated a significant correlation between AE grade = 2 and MRD in each of the esophageal subvolumes except for the inferior third and inferior‐most quarter. There was a statistically significant improvement when including the additive MRD factor for the superior/inferior halves, superior/inferior thirds, and superior‐most/inferior‐most quarters into the NTCP model.Conclusions: This study investigates previously unexplored regional differences in delivered dose to the esophagus of patients treated for NSCLC. There is evidence to suggest that dose to the superior portions of the esophagus is more important as it relates to the potential for acute toxicity. The 541 patient cohort is the largest database used to investigate AE in patients treated for NSCLC, strengthening the power of the statistical results. Additional methods to incorporate dose in individual esophagus voxels (along the SI axis) into the NTCP model are also being explored.
Theory of the D. C. Motor Controlled by Power Pulses Part II: Braking Methods, Commutation and Additional Losses

This paper, as a continuation of a companicn paper discusses the adaptation of the basic differential equations of the pulsed DC series motor for several braking methods, resulting again in expressions predicting the duration of pulse periods, required pulse frequencies and resulting current and torque values. Furthermore, equations for commutation phenomenons and additional iron losses, as caused by the pulsing armature current, are derived. Finally, the pulsing armature current is represented by an exact and approximate Fourier Series.
Methanol-Induced Contraction of Canine Cerebral Artery and Its Possible Mechanism of Action

In the present report, we investigated the effects of methanol on canine basilar cerebral arterial rings. Our data indicate that acute methanol exposure (5–675 mM) induces potent contractile responses of cerebral arteries in a concentration-dependent manner. Pharmacological antagonists, such as propranolol, phentolamine, haloperidol, methysergide, naloxone, diphenhydramine, and cimetidine, did not exert any effects on these methanol-induced contractions. Likewise, a potent antagonist of cyclo-oxygenase, and subsequent synthesis of prostanoids (i.e., indomethacin), failed to exert any effect on methanol-induced contractions. No differences in responsiveness to methanol in canine cerebral arteries were found in vessel segments with or without endothelial cells. Removal of extracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]o) partially attenuated methanol-induced contractions, while withdrawal of extracellular Mg2+([Mg2+]o) potentiated the contractions. In the complete absence of [Ca2+]o, 10 mM caffeine and 400 mM methanol induced similar, transient contractions followed by relaxation in K+-depolarized cerebral vascular tissues. Methanol-induced contractions were, however, completely abolished by pretreatment of tissue with 10 mM caffeine. Our results indicate that (1) methanol causes contractile responses of cerebral arterial smooth muscle (independent of amine, prostanoid, or opioid mediation; (2) in addition to a need for [Ca2+]o, an intracellular release of Ca2+is required for methanol-induced contractions; and (3) Mg deficiency potentiates the contractile responses of methanol on these brain vessels. The data presented in the study suggest that methanol-induced contractions occur via an sarcoplasmic reticulum-releasable store of [Ca2+]i; via mediation of either ryanodine–caffeine type receptors or a caffeine-releasable intracellular store of Ca2+.
Vibrational properties of epitaxial films on metals. II. fcc Ni on the Cu(001) surface

The general vibrational properties of epitaxially grown fcc Ni film on the Cu(001) surface have been studied using a central-force lattice-dynamical slab model. We found that, since the force constant in the overlayer film is different from that of the substrate, the surface-phonon modes may merge into the substrate bulk-phonon band, and a strong hybridization between the surface phonons and the bulk modes may take place. The theoretical phonon dispersion curves and the spectral densities are presented, and new film modes have been identified.
Status and Opportunities of Photovoltaic Inverters in Grid-Tied and Micro-Grid Systems

This paper reviews the status in industry and academia regarding configurations, topologies, controls, and grid connections in grid-tied and micro-grid PV inverter applications. The paper will discuss the major technical needs to address problems in bringing cost down, increasing efficiency and improving reliability/availability. The paper foresees that new grid interconnection features will have to be integrated more into the inverters, along with the wide-spreading use of distributed generations.
Sex Influences the Biomechanical Outcomes of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in a Preclinical Large Animal Model

Background:The risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is 2 to 10 times greater in women than men. While the effect of sex on injury risk is well established, its effects on surgical outcomes remain controversial.Purpose/Hypothesis:To investigate whether the biomechanical outcomes of ACL reconstruction are affected by sex using an established porcine model that displays similar sex-specific differences in knee anatomy and ligament structural properties to humans. The hypothesis was that there will be sex differences in ACL reconstruction outcomes with regard to the graft structural properties, knee laxity, and cartilage damage.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:A total of 41 adolescent Yucatan minipigs (23 male, 18 female) underwent unilateral ACL transection and ACL reconstruction using sex-matched bone–patellar tendon–bone allografts (with or without additional bioenhancement). Graft biomechanical and histological properties, knee laxity, and cartilage damage were assessed after 15...
Thermal via planning for 3-D ICs

Heat dissipation is one of the most serious challenges in 3-D IC designs. One effective way of reducing circuit temperature is to introduce thermal through-the-silicon (TTS) vias. In this paper, we extended the TTS-via planning in a multilevel routing framework by Cong and Zhang (2005), but use a much enhanced TTS-via planning algorithm. We formulate the TTS-via minimization problem with temperature constraints as a constrained nonlinear programming problem (NLP) based on the thermal resistive model and develop an efficient heuristic algorithm, named m-ADVP, which solves a sequence of simplified via planning subproblems in alternating direction in a multilevel framework. The vertical via distribution is formulated as a convex programming problem, and the horizontal via planning is based on two efficient techniques: path counting and heat propagation. Experimental results show that the m-ADVP algorithm is more than 200/spl times/ faster than the direct solution to the NPL formulation for via planning with very similar solution quality (within 1% of TS-vias count). However, compared to a recent work of multilevel TS-via planning algorithm based on temperature profiling (Cong and Zhang, 2005), our algorithm can reduce the total TS-via number by over 68% for the same required temperature with similar runtime.
Thinking Through Every Step: How People With Spinal Cord Injuries Relearn to Walk:

In this article we explore how people with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) create meaning out of their changing bodies as they undergo a therapeutic intervention called locomotor training (LT). Therapeutic interventions like LT are used to promote the recovery of walking ability among individuals with iSCI. The chronological nature of this study--interviews at three points throughout the 12-week intervention--enhances understanding of the recovering self after spinal cord injury. Drawing on a constructivist theoretical framework, we organize data according to three narrative frames. Participants interpreted LT as (a) a physical change that was meaningful because of its social significance, (b) a coping strategy for dealing with the uncertainty of long-term recovery, and (c) a moral strategy to reconstitute the self. We offer findings that lay the conceptual groundwork for generating new knowledge about what is important to people with iSCI as they relearn how to walk.
In Vivo Occlusal Forces and Moments : I. Forces Measured in Terminal Hinge Position and Associated Moments

Microducers and modified cephalometric roentgenogram techniques were used to study maximum biting forces and moments in an adult male. The force at the second molar was approximately 10% greater than that at the first molar. At the second molar, the moment of force was approximately 15% less than its value at the first molar.
Magnetic properties of the ALS booster synchrotron engineering model magnets

The Advanced Light Source (ALS) is designed to be a third generation electron storage ring producing high-brightness VUV (Vacuum in Ultraviolet) and X-ray radiation from wiggler and undulator insertion devices. Engineering models of all lattice magnets that are to be installed in the storage ring and its booster synchrotron have been built and are being tested to verify their performance. Attention is given to the magnets that form the booster lattice: dipoles, quadrupoles, sextupoles, and corrector dipoles (steerers). After a brief outline of measurement techniques and equipment, the major design parameters of these magnets are listed. Measured effective lengths and multipole field errors are then given for each type. All engineering models meet the specifications, and tracking studies including the measured systematic field errors show acceptable performance of the booster synchrotron; the designs are qualified for production. >
The deadman theory of suture anchors: observations along a South Texas fence line

Suture anchors are being increasingly reported as a means of fixation of torn rotator cuff tendons to bone. The author has developed a mechanical model for the suture anchor-rotator cuff construct based on an analogy to the deadman system used to stabilize a corner fence post. Using this model, one can demonstrate a mechanically favorable angle of insertion of the suture anchor (theta 1) such that the anchor's pullout strength is increased at low angles of theta 1. In addition, the angle that the suture makes with the direction of pull of the rotator cuff (theta 2) has a direct effect on tension in the suture. A low angle of theta 2 minimizes the total tension in the suture, thereby minimizing the chance of suture breakage.
Decomposing European CDS Returns

Nearly half of the variation in European CDS returns is captured by a novel factor that mimics economic catastrophe risk. During the financial crisis of 2007-8, this factor became more important relative to other sources of risk, leading to a shift in the correlation structure of CDS returns. Using equivalent CDS and equity portfolios, we show that while crucial for explaining temporal and cross-sectional variation in CDS returns, the factor plays a lesser role for equity. This is likely due to the limited sensitivity of the equity value at default to whether the event is of systemic or idiosyncratic nature. JEL Classifications: G12; G13; G15
Interfacing electrolytes with electrodes in Li ion batteries

Aqui… Onde a terra termina e o mar ja nao comeca —A poetic definition of a binary liquid/solid interface by Luis de Camoes (1572). Since its birth in early 1990s, Li ion battery technology has been powering the rapid digitization of our daily life and finally made its debut in 2010 into the large format application for electrified vehicles such as the Nissan Leaf and GM Chevrolet Volt; however, much of the chemistry and processes underneath this amazing energy storage device still remain to be understood, among which is the interphase between electrolyte and electrodes. Interphases are formed in situ on electrode surfaces from sacrificial decomposition of electrolytes. Their ad hoc chemistry supports the reversible Li+-intercalation in both anode and cathode materials at extreme potentials, while preventing parasitic reductions/oxidations on the reactive surfaces of those electrodes; but their existence places restrictions on energy and power densities of the device by impeding Li+-transport and setting operating voltage limits, respectively. It has been the dream of battery engineers to maximize the former and minimize the latter. This review summarizes the most recent knowledge about the chemistry and formation mechanism of this elusive battery component on both anode and cathode surfaces. The attempts to tailor a desired interphasial chemistry via diversified means were also discussed.
Detection of Bluetongue Virus in Clinical Samples by Polymerase Chain Reaction

A previously described bluetongue virus (BTV) serogroup polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was applied to clinical samples. The sensitivity of the BTV serogroup PCR was increased by the use of non- radioactive chemiluminescent hybridization. Unfractionated whole blood samples from rams experimentally inoculated with cell culture-adapted BTV- 11 UC-8 were analyzed by virus isolation (VI) on Vero cells and PCR. VI and PCR were in agreement, with the exception of 3 blood samples that were VI negative and PCR positive. In semen spiked with BTV- 11 UC-8, PCR detected as little as 1.6 x 10 2 plaque-forming units of BTV/ ml of semen. BTV in the spleen of a sheep submitted for necropsy for suspect BTV infection was detected by both PCR and VI in embryonated chicken eggs. BTV PCR with nonradioactive chemiluminescent hybridization resulted in a level of sensitivity comparable to that of VI and likly more sensitive than VI on Vero cells for blood. This BTV PCR has great promise for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of active BTV infection in a variety of clinical samples. Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne or- bivirus that infects wild and domestic ruminants. Blue- tongue virus infection is economically significant be- cause of morbidity and mortality among clinically affected animals and restrictions on international movement of animals and germplasm that have not been certified BTV free. 14 Animal and germplasm protocols for BTV-free cer- tification are currently being reevaluated (B.I. Osburn, personal communication). Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) formats will prove useful for determination of exposure to BTV. However determination of active BTV infection in seropositive animals and their germplasm will still require a costly, lengthy protocol involving virus isolations and serol- ogy. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 13 a technique used to exponentially amplify targeted nucleic acid se- quences, has great promise for facilitating detection of active BTV infection. Sensitive detection of the viral RNA from a wide spectrum of BTV serotypes from the United States and Israel using PCR amplification of viral RNA and radioactive dot hybridization de- tection of the BTV-specific PCR product have been reported. l This paper outlines application of the pre- viously reported BTV PCR protocol, modified with nonradioactive hybridization detection of the BTV- specific PCR product, to the detection of BTV in blood, semen, and tissue.
Image fusion using the curvelet transform: Comparative study applied to urban and peri urban areas of Algiers region (Algeria)

The fusion of high spectral, but low spatial resolution multispectral and low spectral, but high spatial resolution panchromatic satellite images is a very useful technique in various applications of remote sensing. In this paper, we describe approximate digital implementations of two new mathematical transforms, namely, the ridgelet transform and the curvelet transform. curvelet transform use the ridgelet transform as a component step, and implements curvelet subbands using a filter bank of a trous wavelet filters.