cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suprachiasmatic nucleus and melatonin : Reciprocal interactions and clinical correlations

AA-NAT= : aryl alkylamine N-acetyltransferase; AD= : Alzheimer disease; AVP= : arginine vasopressin; Ca2+= : calcium; CaMK= : calmodulin kinase; cAMP= : cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CREB= : cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) responsive element binding protein; GABA= : γ-aminobutyric acid; HI-OMT= : hydroxyl indol-O-methyltransferase; 5-HTP= : 5-hydroxytryptophan; IML= : intermediolateral cell column; MT= : melatonin; NE= : norepinephrine; NO= : nitric oxide; PAC2= : pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide receptor 2; PCACP= : pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide; PKA= : protein kinase A; PVN= : paraventricular nucleus; RAI1 = : retinoic acid induced gene 1; RHT= : retinohypothalamic tract; SCG= : superior cervical ganglion; SCN= : suprachiasmatic nucleus. Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule that has a major role in regulation of sleep and other cyclical bodily activities. The suprachiasmatic nucleus contains neurons that exhibit a circadian pattern of activity and regulate melatonin secretion by the pineal gland in response to the environmental light/dark cycle. Melatonin signals both the time of the day (a “clock” function) and the time of the year (a “calendar” function) to all tissues of the body. Recent evidence indicates that abnormalities in the circadian control of melatonin secretion may have an important role in sleep disorders associated with aging, Alzheimer disease, and other degenerative and developmental disorders. Because of its antioxidant properties, melatonin may also have potential neuroprotective effects. There are several recent reviews on the mechanisms controlling circadian rhythms and melatonin secretion and functions.1–9 ### Suprachiasmatic nucleus activity and its entrainment by light. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus is the master clock controlling circadian rhythms in mammals.1–3 The SCN neurons have a near-24-hour rhythm of electrical activity, even in the absence of environmental cues. This circadian activity reflects the rhythmic pattern of expression of core genes, called clock genes, that are regulated transcriptionally, translationally, and post-translationally by autoregulatory feedback loops.1–3 The circadian influences of SCN neurons are distributed throughout different target organs of the body by efferent neural and humoral signals, particularly circulating melatonin. The SCN controls melatonin secretion via a multisynaptic pathway1,6 (figure 1). Figure 1 Pathway involving entrainment of melatonin secretion by light The circadian regulation of melatonin secretion depends on an indirect pathway that originates from photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina and reaches, via the retinohypothalamic tract to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is the circadian pacemaker. The suprachiasmatic nucleus, via an inhibitory projection to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, controls the sympathetic output to the pineal gland that is …
Natural and constrained language production as a function of age and cognitive abilities.

Although it is often claimed that verbal abilities are relatively well maintained across the adult lifespan, certain aspects of language production have been found to exhibit cross-sectional differences and longitudinal declines. In the current project age-related differences in controlled and naturalistic elicited language production tasks were examined within the context of a reference battery of cognitive abilities in a moderately large sample of individuals aged 18–90. The results provide support for age-related increases in lexical sophistication and diversity at the discourse level, and declines in grammatical complexity in controlled and naturalistic contexts. Further, age-related decreases in facility with complex grammatical constructions in controlled sentence production were statistically independent of the cognitive abilities assessed in this project.
Power Frequency Scaling and Electrode Vapor Effects in Gas Blast Interrupters

In order to investigate the applicability of experiments on reduced size models to full size gas blast interrupters, a series of air blast experiments was performed in which peak currents and test frequency were varied together, keeping dl/dt at current zero fixed. With a strong effect of l thus eliminated, with current blocking avoided, and with the electrode vapour effect suitably controlled, the post current zero thermal recovery speed of the arc was found to be independent of the power or test frequency. Similar experiments were performed with several electrode materials. To these have been added measurements of electrode vapour contamination level and a theoretical model. In combination, they indicate strongly that a modest degree of vapour contamination (~ one percent) by a low ionization potential material (copper) can increase the electrical conductivity of an arc enough to halve its thermal recovery speed.
Global competition and local cooperation in a network of neural oscillators

Abstract An architecture of locally excitatory, globally inhibitory oscillator networks is proposed and investigated both analytically and by computer simulation. The model for each oscillator corresponds to a standard relaxation oscillator with two time scales. Oscillators are locally coupled by a scheme that resembles excitatory synaptic coupling, and each oscillator also inhibits other oscillators through a common inhibitor. Oscillators are driven to be oscillatory by external stimulation. The network exhibits a mechanism of selective gating, whereby an oscillator jumping up to its active phase rapidly recruits the oscillators stimulated by the same pattern, while preventing the other oscillators from jumping up. We show analytically that with the selective gating mechanism, the network rapidly achieves both synchronization within blocks of oscillators that are stimulated by connected regions and desynchronization between different blocks. Computer simulations demonstrate the model's promising ability for segmenting multiple input patterns in real time. This model lays a physical foundation for the oscillatory correlation theory of feature binding and may provide an effective computational framework for scene segmentation and figure/ ground segregation.
The Caledonian metamorphic core: an Alpine model

The Neogene evolution of the Central Swiss Alps is outlined and used as an analogue for the Grampian Orogeny of Scotland. A direct comparison is made between the three tectonothermal stages which characterize the Alps and similar events in the Scottish Highlands. Geometric similarities are emphasised using geological cross-sections. Kinematic and mechanistic similarities are inferred. A net convergence model which links the metamorphic and uplift–denudation history of the Alps to its tectonic development in a crustal-scale duplex is argued to describe appropriately the history of the Dalradian and northern Scottish Highlands.
Effects of antiserum to Trypanosoma cruzi on the uptake and rate of killing of vector-borne, metacyclic forms of the parasite by macrophages.

Abstract Kierszenbaum F., Lima M. F. and Wirth J. J. 1985. Effects of antiserum to Trypanosoma cruzi on the uptake and rate of killing of vector-borne, metacyclic forms of the parasite by macrophages. International Journal for Parasitology15: 409–413. The contribution of phagocytic function to host defense against infection with metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from insect vectors was investigated in mice passively transferred with anti-T. cruzi serum. The protective effect resulting from the passive transfers was significantly reduced by administration of either silica or cobra venom factor (CVF). A more pronounced curtailment of the protective effect was seen when both silica and CVF were administered to the mice. This effect was greater than that calculated by adding the effects produced by silica and CVF alone. In in vitro experiments, presence of anti-T. cruzi antibodies enhanced the capacity of mouse macrophages to take up the metacyclic organisms and increased the proportion of macrophages associating with the parasites. Increased macrophage-parasite association was also seen when either the flagellates or the macrophages were preincubated with the antiserum. Antibody-treated metacyclic forms of T. cruzi were more rapidly cleared by untreated macrophages than parasites pretreated with normal mouse serum. These results support a role for macrophages in host defense against the form of T. cruzi responsible for natural infections and emphasize the role played by anti-T. cruzi antibodies. The combined effect of the silica and CVF treatments suggests that C activity may contribute to the protective action of antibodies through its opsonic properties, though a concomitant role for C-dependent immune lysis cannot be ruled out. These results highlight the protective role of antibodymediated mechanisms against infection with the form of T. cruzi responsible for natural infections.
Feasibility of a low-mass binary source progenitor for PSR1937+214

One suggested progenitor system for the 1.5–ms pulsar PSR1937+214 is a close binary containing, in the late stages of its evolution, a neutron star and a very-low-mass (≲0.1 M⊙) degenerate dwarf helium star1,2. The two main questions that affect the plausibility of this scenario are: (1) whether the system's evolution would in fact leave the neutron star at the observed high spin rate; and (2) whether the secondary could be disrupted, leaving a single pulsar. Here, we have analysed such a system using the predictions of Ghosh and Lamb3, and find that the equilibrium rotation period predicted for the neutron star immediately before the disruption of the secondary is so large that matter accreted from a disk after disruption would be unlikely to spin the pulsar up to the observed period. Furthermore, our estimate for the magnitude of tidal torques that transfer rotational angular momentum from an accretion disk back into the orbital motion may give values substantially higher than the previous estimate1;. It is thus unlikely that PSR1937+214 originated in a binary system in which the companion had an extremely low mass at disruption.
Intense terahertz pulses from SLAC electron beams using coherent transition radiation

SLAC has two electron accelerators, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and the Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests (FACET), providing high-charge, high-peak-current, femtosecond electron bunches. These characteristics are ideal for generating intense broadband terahertz (THz) pulses via coherent transition radiation. For LCLS and FACET respectively, the THz pulse duration is typically 20 and 80 fs RMS and can be tuned via the electron bunch duration; emission spectra span 3-30 THz and 0.5 THz-5 THz; and the energy in a quasi-half-cycle THz pulse is 0.2 and 0.6 mJ. The peak electric field at a THz focus has reached 4.4 GV/m (0.44 V/A) at LCLS. This paper presents measurements of the terahertz pulses and preliminary observations of nonlinear materials response.
Characteristics of single-case designs used to assess intervention effects in 2008

This article reports the results of a study that located, digitized, and coded all 809 single-case designs appearing in 113 studies in the year 2008 in 21 journals in a variety of fields in psychology and education. Coded variables included the specific kind of design, number of cases per study, number of outcomes, data points and phases per case, and autocorrelations for each case. Although studies of the effects of interventions are a minority in these journals, within that category, single-case designs are used more frequently than randomized or nonrandomized experiments. The modal study uses a multiple-baseline design with 20 data points for each of three or four cases, where the aim of the intervention is to increase the frequency of a desired behavior; but these characteristics vary widely over studies. The average autocorrelation is near to but significantly different from zero; but autocorrelations are significantly heterogeneous. The results have implications for the contributions of single-case designs to evidence-based practice and suggest a number of future research directions.
Injection of Contrast Media in Postresection Pleural Spaces; Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Value

1. Injection of bronchographic contrast medium into post-thoracotomy spaces is a useful procedure because it: a) demonstrates the presence or absence of a bronchopleural fistula; b) exactly outlines the size of the space and in the majority of cases the bronchial communication or communications; c) enables the surgeon to make an early decision concerning the need for further surgery on the basis of the above findings. 2. In almost half of the patients who had injection of bronchographic contrast into residual spaces, these spaces closed relatively soon following the procedure. Based upon our experience, the use of bronchographic contrast media, as described above, is not only a diagnostic procedure but also has prognostic and possibly therapeutic value in patients with post-thoracotomy spaces. 3. The three features of importance in deciding that a space will not close and surgery is indicated are: a) the presence of a large bronchopleural fistula; b) a space of such large size that its closure is improbable; c) the failure of a space into which contrast media has been injected to shrink or lose its air-fluid level within three weeks following the injection.
In Vivo Generation of Oligoclonal Colitic CD4+ T-Cell Lines Expressing a Distinct T-Cell Receptor Vβ

Background & Aims: Transplantation of wild-type (H-2k) bone marrow into tgϵ26 mice (BM→tgϵ26) induces colitis, characterized by T-helper cell type 1 activation in the lamina propria. Here we determined whether pathogenic T-cell clones could be derived by serial adoptive transfers into healthy tgϵ26 recipients, starting with the population of CD4 + cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of BM→tgϵ26 mice. Methods: CD4 + cells purified from the mesenteric lymph nodes of colitic BM→tgϵ26 mice were adoptively transferred into a second group of healthy tgϵ26 recipients. Mesenteric lymph node CD4 + cells from the second group of mice were then used for consecutive transfers. Lamina propria CD4 + cells isolated from each mouse with colitis were analyzed for their cytokine profile and for their T-cell receptor Vβ repertoire. Results: CD4 + T cells maintained a dominant T-helper 1 phenotype after multiple transfers (≤8) into recipient tgϵ26 mice. A single T-cell receptor Vβ was enriched (as much as 90%) in 8 CD4 + T-cell lines: Vβ8S3, Vβ8S1/2, Vβ10S1, or Vβ14. Sequence analyses of the T-cell receptor Vβs showed clonality or the presence of a very restricted number of clones within each line. Adoptive transfers of the oligoclonal lines into either C3H × Rag −/− or severe combined immunodeficiency disease mice (H-2k) also induced colitis, whereas transfers into BALB/c × Rag −/− or severe combined immunodeficiency disease mice (H-2d) did not. Conclusions: Colitis-inducing CD4 + T-helper 1 cell clones can be obtained by enrichment through sequential adoptive transfers of CD4 + cells from mesenteric lymph nodes. Distinct dominant T-cell receptor Vβs in each cell line responded to antigens presented by class II major histocompatibility complex.
Bioactivation mechanism of cytotoxic homocysteine S-conjugates.

Abstract S-(1,2-Dichlorovinyl)- l -homocysteine is a much more potent nephrotoxin than the corresponding cysteine S-conjugate S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)- l -cysteine ( A. A. Elfarra, L. H. Lash, and M. W. Anders (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 2667–2671 ). The objective of the present experiments was to test the hypothesis that the increased toxicity of homocysteine S-conjugates may be associated with the formation of the reactive metabolite 2-oxo-3-butenoic acid, which may arise via a nonenzymatic retro-Michael elimination reaction from the 2-oxo acid metabolites of homocysteine S-conjugates. S-(2-Benzothiazolyl)- l -homocysteine, which was a substrate for purified bovine kidney cysteine conjugate β-lyase (glutamine transaminase K) and whose metabolism was dependent on the presence of a 2-oxo acid, was cytotoxic in isolated rat kidney cells and was toxic to rat renal mitochondria, whereas the cysteine S-conjugate S-(2-benzothiazolyl)- l -cysteine had little effect. l -Methionine sulfoximine, l -canavanine, and the Michael acceptor methyl vinyl ketone were cytotoxic. The 2-hydroxy acid analogs of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)- l -homocysteine and 2-oxo-3-butenoic acid, S(1,2-dichlorovinyl) -2-hydroxy-4-mercaptobutanoic acid and 2-hydroxy-3-butenoic acid, respectively, which are expected to be metabolized by rat renal l -2hydroxy ( l -amino) acid oxidase to yield 2-oxo-3-butenoic acid, were also cytotoxic. To obtain evidence for the formation of 2-oxo-3-butenoic acid as a product of the metabolism of l -homocysteine S-conjugates and analogs, trapping experiments were conducted. S-(2-Benzothiazolyl)- l -homocysteine, S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)- l -homocysteine, l -methionine sulfoximine, and l -canavanine were converted by snake venom l -amino acid oxidase to 2-oxo-3-butenoic acid, which was trapped by the nucleophile methanethiol to yield 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid; the trapped product was derivatized with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and was identified by its electronic absorption spectrum and by high-performance liquid chromatography. Similar trapping experiments conducted with kidney homogenates and purified β-lyase were not successful. The data indicate that the bioactivation of homocysteine S-conjugates and analogs involves the enzymatic formation of the corresponding 2-oxo acids followed by a nonenzymatic retroMichael elimination reaction to yield the Michael acceptor 2-oxo-3-butenoic acid, which may contribute to the observed cytotoxicity of homocysteine S-conjugates.
Gender differences in sexual risk behaviours and sexually transmissible infections among adolescents in mental health treatment

Background: Adolescents with a history of psychiatric disorder(s) are particularly vulnerable to contracting sexually transmissible infections (STIs) as a result of psychological and emotional states associated with higher rates of risky sexual behaviour. The present study examined gender differences in sexual risk behaviours and STI among adolescents in mental health treatment. Methods: Three hundred and seventy nine sexually active adolescents, aged 13-18 years, from a larger multisite study, who received mental health treatment during the past year, completed an audio computer-assisted self interview assessing sociodemographics, psychiatric symptomatology and HIV/STI risk behaviours, and provided urine specimens tested for STI. Results: After controlling for covariates, multivariate logistic regression models indicated that female adolescents were more likely to have had an HIV test (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.2, P = 0.0001), obtain their HIV test results (AOR = 2.9, P = 0.03), refuse sex out of fear for STI acquisition (AOR = 1.7, P = 0.04), or avoid a situation that might lead to sex (AOR = 2.4, P = 0.001), and were less likely to have a casual sex partner (AOR = 0.40, P = 0.002). Additionally, females were more likely to report inconsistent condom use (AOR = 2.60, P = 0.001) and have a STI (AOR = 9.1, P = 0.0001) than their male counterparts. Conclusions: Female adolescents receiving mental health treatment were more than nine times as likely to have an STI and more likely to use condoms inconsistently. The standard of care for mental health practice for adolescents should include referrals for STI screening and treatment as well as assessment and discussion of risky sexual behaviours as part of the treatment plan when indicated. Effective programs should address gender-specific communication and behavioural skills.
Globin evolution was apparently very rapid in early vertebrates: a reasonable case against the rate-constancy hypothesis.

Kimura mistook ambiguous maximum parsimony codons for wrong codons. The maximum parsimony method performed well as judged by the two classes of serine codons (which can not be connected by silent mutations) on comparing the parsimony codons for serines in human, rabbit, and mouseα hemoglobin chains to actual codons determined by nucleotide sequencing. In genealogical reconstructions involving 247 eucaryotic globins, the maximum parsimony distances separating the contemporary sequences show that Kimura's Poisson and Dayhoff's PAM estimates of rate of globin evolution miss most of the superimposed replacements and are therefore seriously in error. Nor is Kimura's constant rate assumption and his belief in a single origin of myoglobin supported. Lamprey myoglobin appears to be most like lamprey hemoglobin, while gnathostome myoglobin seems closest to gnathostome hemoglobin. It was found that the three types of gnathostome globins (Mb,α Hb,β Hb) evolved between the shark-boney vertebrate and bird-mammal ancestors at a much faster rate than from the latter ancestor to the present. The data indicate that rates were exceedingly fast during the origin of these globin chains because a high proportion of substitutions were adaptive. It was concluded that wherever strong stabilizing selection acts on a protein, somewhere in the past positive Darwinian selection must have spread the amino acid substitutions now being preserved.
Phosphate Content and Hydrogen Ion Concentration of the Surface Water of the English Channel and Southern North Sea, June 18–22, 1928

ATKINS, who has carried out numerous analyses of the phosphate content of the English Channel, has found that water containing 30 to 40 milligrams of P2O5 per cubic metre in the winter is almost completely devoid of phosphate in the early summer owing to its utilisation by algae. The depletion occurs first in the upper layers in the spring, when the sunshine begins to exceed about three hours a day. The time varies, and a comparison of one year with another has shown that the main differences are due to the dates when the phytoplankton multiply rapidly and use up the phosphate at a greater rate than it is being re-formed from dead organisms (Harvey, 1928).
Dynamic interfacial behavior of viscoelastic aqueous hyaluronic acid: effects of molecular weight, concentration and interfacial velocity

An aqueous hyaluronic acid (HA(aq)) pericellular coat, when mediating the tactile aspect of cellular contact inhibition, has three tasks: interface formation, mechanical signal transmission and interface separation. To quantify the interfacial adhesive behavior of HA(aq), we induce simultaneous interface formation and separation between HA(aq) and a model hydrophobic, hysteretic Si-SAM surface. While surface tension γ remains essentially constant, interface formation and separation depend greatly on concentration (5 ≤ C ≤ 30 mg mL−1), molecular weight (6 ≤ MW ≤ 2000 kDa) and interfacial velocity (0 ≤ V ≤ 3 mm s−1), each of which affect shear elastic and loss moduli G′ and G′′, respectively. Viscoelasticity dictates the mode of interfacial motion: wetting–dewetting, capillary necking, or rolling. Wetting–dewetting is quantified using advancing and receding contact angles θA and θR, and the hysteresis between them, yielding data landscapes for each C above the [MW, V] plane. The landscape sizes, shapes, and curvatures disclose the interplay, between surface tension and viscoelasticity, which governs interfacial dynamics. Gel point coordinates modulus G and angular frequency ω appear to predict wetting–dewetting (G 200ω0.075). Dominantly dissipative HA(aq) sticks to itself and distorts irreversibly before separating, while dominantly elastic HA(aq) makes contact and separates with only minor, reversible distortion. We propose the dimensionless number (G′V)/(ωrγ), varying from ∼10−5 to ∼103 in this work, as a tool to predict the mode of interface formation-separation by relating interfacial kinetics with bulk viscoelasticity. Cellular contact inhibition may be thus aided or compromised by physiological or interventional shifts in [C, MW, V], and thus in (G′V)/(ωrγ), which affect both mechanotransduction and interfacial dynamics. These observations, understood in terms of physical properties, may be broadened to probe interfacial dynamics of other viscoelastic aqueous biopolymers.
Identification of histidine at the catalytic site of the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex.

Abstract The molecular oxygen in our atmosphere is a product of a water-splitting reaction that occurs in the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II of oxygenic photosynthesis. The catalytic core of the oxygen-evolving complex is an ensemble of four manganese atoms arranged in a cluster of undetermined structure. The pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique of electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) can be used to measure nuclear spin transitions of nuclei magnetically coupled to paramagnetic metal centers of enzymes. We report the results of ESEEM experiments on the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 selectively labeled with 15N at the two nitrogen sites of the imidazole side chain of histidine residues. The experiments demonstrate that histidine is bound to manganese in the oxygen-evolving complex.
Terahertz bandwidth pulses for coherent time-domain spectroscopy

Ultrashort pulses of electromagnetic radiation propagating through free space are used to perform coherent time-domain spectroscopy by probing the complex index of refraction of various materials, in particular thin films of high-critical- temperature superconductors and the microwave substrates that support them. The terahertz beam system utilizes Hertzian-dipole- like antennas consisting of a dc-biased photoconductive gap in a coplanar stripline as a transmitter, and an identical receiver with a photoconductive gap biased by the THz radiation. The transmitter is driven to produce the short radiation bursts by a 100-fs optical pulse from a Ti:sapphire self-mode-locked laser, while the receiver is synchronously gated by laser pulses split from the original beam. By performing measurements in the time domain and transforming data to the frequency domain, both the real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction of dielectrics and the conductivity of superconductors are determined over the entire range from approximately 200 GHz to several terahertz. This technique allows the direct broadband determination of these quantities in the mmw and sub-mmw regimes from the measurement of only a few time-domain waveforms and without the need for Kramers-Kronig analysis or complicated processing.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PULSAR RADIATION MECHANISMS

A polar cap pulsar model is outlined which leads to a cone of coherent radio emission with properties resembling observations. Attention is given to associating coupled 10 to the 12th V drifting-ion-e(+) injection into the region above the polar cap with observed pulsar behavior, and to understanding how these currents lead to strong coherent radio emission. Also considered are current flow in a pulsar magnetosphere, potential drops and relativistic ion, electron and positron flows. In addition, observational data is reviewed, including position angles and circular polarization of pulses motion of subpulses and their polarization, and adiabatic walking of a linearly polarized mode are also discussed.
Training and innovation: the Japanese way

The Japanese output of graduate engineers per head of population is two and a half times higher than in Britain. One result is that Japan continues to dominate high-technology mass-production industries in almost every sector, from electronic consumer goods to cars. (Financial Times, 15th June 1990)
Development of fluorescent nanoparticle-labeled lateral flow assay for the detection of nucleic acids

The rapid, specific and sensitive detection of nucleic acids is of utmost importance for the identification of infectious agents, diagnosis and treatment of genetic diseases, and the detection of pathogens related to human health and safety. Here we report the development of a simple and sensitive nucleic acid sequence-based and Ru(bpy)32+-doped silica nanoparticle-labeled lateral flow assay which achieves low limit of detection by using fluorescencent nanoparticles. The detection of the synthetic nucleic acid sequences representative of Trypanosoma mRNA, the causative agent for African sleeping sickness, was utilized to demonstrate this assay. The 30 nm spherical Ru(bpy)32+-doped silica nanoparticles were prepared in aqueous medium by a novel method recently reported. The nanoparticles were modified by 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane in order to conjugate to amine-capped oligonucleotide reporter probes. The fluorescent intensities of the fluorescent assays were quantified on a mictrotiter plate reader using a custom holder. The experimental results showed that the lateral flow fluorescent assay developed was more sensitive compared with the traditional colloidal gold test strips. The limit of detection for the fluorescent lateral flow assay developed is approximately 0.066 fmols as compared to approximately 15 fmols for the colloidal gold. The limit of detection can further be reduced about one order of magnitude when “dipstick” format was used.
45-nm silicon-on-insulator CMOS technology integrating embedded DRAM for high-performance server and ASIC applications

The 45-nm technology, called 12S and developed for IBM POWER7®, is an extremely robust and versatile technology platform that allows for a rich set of features that include embedded dynamic random access memory (DRAM), performance and dense static RAM (SRAM), a trench-based decoupling capacitor, a comprehensive device menu, and a high-performance hierarchical back-end interconnect scheme, all built on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. Embedded DRAM was implemented for production in high-performance SOI for the first time and allowed us to leapfrog two generations of conventional SRAM densities. Immersion lithography was also employed for the first time in 45-nm IBM products. Our 45-nm design point represents a judicious leverage of silicon oxynitride dielectrics, scaled device technology, and rich features to yield chip-level performance enhancement of more than 50%, compared with our 65-nm node at comparable or less power. This paper describes the salient features of this technology node, the process architecture, the device design rationale, and the process design interactions.
Epidemic meningitis and meningococcemia treated with penicillin.

Summary Twenty-one patients with proved meningococcal infections were treatedwith penicillin. A. Fourteen of these patients had epidemic meningitis and were treated with penicillin intrathecally and intramuscularly. Eight patients responded satisfactorily; six did not respond so well to the doses administered. B. Four patients ill with epidemic meningitis were treated with penicillin administered only intramuscularly. Of these, three did not respond too well to therapy and one died. C. Four patients had meningococcemia and were treated with penicillinintramuscularly. Three recovered promptly. In one patient, the infection progressed to epidemic meningitis.
Normal and abnormal retinal projections following the crush of one optic nerve in goldfish (Carrassius auratus)

Optic nerve regeneration was examined with [3H]proline radioautography in fish that had one nerve crushed. Fibers had not yet grown beyond the crush site at 2 days post-crush (PC) and were at the optic chiasm by 4–5 days PC. By 6 days PC the fibers had reinnervated the rostral pole of the contralateral tectum, the lateral geniculate nucleus and area pretectalis dorsalis and ventralis. Area preopticus, nucleus opticus dorsolateralis and nucleus opticus commissurae posterior were partially reinnervated by 8 days PC. At this time numerous abnormal targets were labeled, including nucleus rotundus, nucleus isthmi, cerebellum, pituitary gland and ipsilateral optic tectum. Optic fibers also entered the posterior, intertectal and horizontal commissures, as well as tractus rotundus, the tectocerebellar, tectobulbar and mesencephalocerebellar tracts. In addition, fibers within the contralateral optic tectum were not restricted to their usual laminae. They were distributed from the superficial edge of the tectum to the ventricle. At 32 days PC only the normal retinal projections were evident, and all of the anomalous projections had disappeared. The anomalous projections may have either retracted or degenerated or become undetectable with radioautography.
Surface-induced conformational changes in lattice model proteins by Monte Carlo simulation.

We present Monte Carlo simulations of thermal, structural, and dynamic properties of a 27-segment lattice model protein adsorbed to a solid surface. The protein consists of a sequence of A and B segments whose order and topological contact energy values are chosen so that a unique $(3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3$ cubic) folded state occurs in the absence of an adsorbing surface [E. I. Shakhnovich and M. Gutin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 7195 (1993)]. The surface consists of a plane of sites that interact either (i) equally with all contacting protein segments (an equal affinity surface) or (ii) more strongly with type A contacting segments (an A affinity surface). For both surfaces, we find the conformational change of an initially folded protein to begin with a continuous transition to a structure where all segments contact the surface. This is followed by a partial refolding to a low energy state; this step is continuous and results in full surface contact for the equal affinity surface and is activated and results in significant loss of surface contact for the A affinity surface. We also observe a lesser (greater) degree of average surface contact in the equal (A) affinity surface with an increase in temperature.
Endoscopy and Oncology

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer has long been an important concern for the practicing gastroenterologist. Digestive cancer is a major worldwide health problem. It is estimated that 30% of all human cancers come from the digestive system, including the pancreas, biliary tree, and liver. These cancers, for the most part, have been highly lethal, with digestive cancers resulting in an estimated 36% of all cancer-related deaths. The role of the gastroenterologist and GI endoscopist in the management of GI cancer has expanded in recent years. Diagnosis, which has generally been the main role for GI clinicians, continues to be a major focus, but there has been a shift in emphasis. The diagnosis of advanced cancer in symptomatic patients has yielded little gain, and there is a new approach using endoscopic inspection for screening and surveillance to detect the earliest stages of neoplasia with a greater likelihood of cure. New optical devices and new methods for analysis of biopsy material should facilitate improved diagnosis of early cancer and premalignant disease. Endoscopic therapy has emerged as a highly effective and minimally invasive way to control and cure early neoplasia of the digestive tract. Polypectomy has been a major advance, and most recently ablation and endoscopic mucosal resection seem to be highly successful in treating flat neoplastic areas involving the gut mucosa. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has resulted in improved accuracy for cancer staging, and EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration has been successful in obtaining tissue diagnosis outside the gut lumen. New EUSGastrointest Endoscopy Clin N Am
Ethnic activists view the ethnic revival and its language consequences: An Interview Study of Three American Ethnolinguistic Minorities

French, Spanish and Yiddish community ‘activists’ each claim an ‘ethnic revival’ in their respective communities during the past 10–15 years and consider their ethnic mother tongue to be its most vital and visible expression. The Spanish activists are, generally, the most hopeful among the three groups, and the Chicanos the most hopeful among the Spanish activists, claiming to have taken their que from the Black Civil Rights movement. French and Yiddish activists point to ‘Hispanics’ as the ultimate source of the ethnic revival within their own communities. Native born activists, and particularly the hitherto most Americanised among them, most commonly have positive attitudes, expectations and evaluations with respect to the ethnic revival and the future of their ethinic mother tongue in America, although they are less commonly concerned about a puristic standard of language usage.
Georges bank monitoring program: hydrocarbons in bottom sediments and hydrocarbons and trace metals in tissues

Abstract Hydrocarbons in sediments and hydrocarbons and trace metals in tissues from Georges Bank were analyzed to evaluate potential changes to the henthic environment resulting from exploratory drilling operations. Sediment hydrocarbon concentrations varied with grain size: concentrations up to 2·5μg/g dry weight total aromatic equivalents occurred in the fine-grained sediments of Lydonia Canyon and the ‘Mud Patch’ area south of Martha's Vineyard, whereas concentrations were less than I μg/g dry weight in sediments from the shallow areas of Georges Bank, at a regional control site, and at the site of drilling operations. Increases in total aromatic equivalents from approximately 0·1 μg/g dry weight to 0·4 μg/g dry weight were measured in sediments from a site 0.25 km from the drill rig concurrent with drilling operations. Petrogenic hydrocarbons were detected in both drilling fluid extracts and in sediments collected during drilling operations, suggesting short-term deposition of drilling discharges in near-rig sediments. Drilling discharge residues were not observed in the near-rig sediments one month after drilling operations were terminated. Furthermore, hydrocarbon residues from drilling discharges werenot observed in sediments from stations located at distances greater than 6 km from the drill site either during or subsequent to the drilling operations.
Redundancy analysis of autonomic and self-reported, responses to induced emotions

The issue of concordance among the elements of emotional states has been prominent in the literature since Lang (1968) explored the topic in relation to therapy for anxiety. Since that time, a consensus has emerged that concordance among these components is relatively low. To address this issue, redundancy analysis, a technique for examining directional relationships between two sets of multivariate data, was applied to data from a previously published study (Stephens, Christie, & Friedman, 2010). Subjects in this study listened to emotion-inducing music and viewed affective films while a montage of autonomic variables, as well as self-reported affective responses, were recorded. Results indicated that approximately 27-28% of the variance in self-reported affect could be explained by autonomic variables, and vice-versa. When all of the constraints of this emotion research paradigm are considered, these levels of explained variance indicate substantial coherence between feelings and physiology during the emotion inductions. These results are considered vis-a-vis the low levels of coherence that have often been reported in the literature.
Gene Deletion of nos2 Protects Against Manganese-Induced Neurological Dysfunction in Juvenile Mice

The mechanisms underlying cognitive and neurobehavioral abnormalities associated with childhood exposure to manganese (Mn) are not well understood but may be influenced by neuroinflammatory activation of microglia and astrocytes that results in nitrosative stress due to expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS2). We therefore postulated that gene deletion of NOS2 would protect against the neurotoxic effects of Mn in vivo and in vitro. Juvenile NOS2 knockout (NOS2(-/-)) mice were orally exposed to 50 mg/kg of MnCl₂ by intragastric gavage from days 21 to 34 postnatal. Results indicate that NOS2(-/-) mice exposed to Mn were protected against neurobehavioral alterations, despite histopathological activation of astrocytes and microglia in Mn-treated mice in both genotypes. NOS2(-/-) mice had decreased Mn-induced formation of 3-nitrotyrosine protein adducts within neurons in the basal ganglia that correlated with protection against Mn-induced neurobehavioral defects. Primary striatal astrocytes from wildtype mice caused apoptosis in cocultured striatal neurons following treatment with MnCl₂ and tumor necrosis factor-α, whereas NOS2(-/-) astrocytes failed to cause any increase in markers of apoptosis in striatal neurons. Additionally, scavenging nitric oxide (NO) with 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO) prevented the ability of Mn- and cytokine-treated wildtype astrocytes to cause apoptosis in cocultured striatal neurons. These data demonstrate that NO plays a crucial role in Mn-induced neurological dysfunction in juvenile mice and that NOS2 expression in activated glia is an important mediator of neuroinflammatory injury during Mn exposure.
An approach to manual space navigation.

Linearized manual space navigation incorporating redundant measurements to compensate for instrumentation inaccuracies
HER2 specific tumor targeting with dendrimer conjugated anti-HER2 mAb

In the present study, we report the synthesis and human growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) specific tumor targeting properties of a dendrimer conjugated to anti-HER2 mAb (monoclonal antibody) conjugate. The polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer generation five (G5) was labeled with alexaFluor 488 and conjugated to anti-HER2 mAb. The binding and internalization of the antibody-conjugated dendrimer to HER2-expressing cells was evaluated by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Uniquely, the conjugate demonstrated cellular uptake and internalization in HER2-expressing cells as compared to free antibody. The time course of internalization and blocking experiments with free antibody suggest that the rapid and efficient cellular internalization of the dendrimer-antibody conjugate was achieved without alterations in specificity of targeting. Animal studies demonstrated that the conjugate targets HER2-expressing tumors.
Rapid Evolution of Diminished Transformability in Acinetobacter baylyi

The reason for genetic exchange remains a crucial question in evolutionary biology. Acinetobacter baylyi strain ADP1 is a highly competent and recombinogenic bacterium. We compared the parallel evolution of wild-type and engineered noncompetent lineages of A. baylyi in the laboratory. If transformability were to result in an evolutionary benefit, it was expected that competent lineages would adapt more rapidly than noncompetent lineages. Instead, regardless of competency, lineages adapted to the same extent under several laboratory conditions. Furthermore, competent lineages repeatedly evolved a much lower level of transformability. The loss of competency may be due to a selective advantage or the irreversible transfer of loss-of-function alleles of genes required for transformation within the competent population.
Occurrence and correlations between coliphages and anthropogenic viruses in the Massachusetts Bay using enrichment and ICC-nPCR.

We evaluated a two-step enrichment procedure to detect coliphages and an integrated cell culturenested polymerase chain reaction (ICC-nPCR) to detect human astrovirus, enteroviruses, rotavirus and adenovirus type 40 and 41 in marine water samples collected by the Massachusetts Water Resource Authority (MWRA). MWRA has been monitoring its receiving waters for coliphages, anthropogenic viruses and indicator bacteria in order to evaluate the impact of Boston’s Deer Island Sewage Treatment Plant discharge. Coliphages and enteric viruses were originally assayed using single agar overlay and most probable number cell culture (MPN) methods, respectively. Reanalysis of these samples for enteric viruses by ICC-nPCR demonstrated that 46% were positive for at least one virus compared with 23% with the MPN method. Use of the enrichment method showed a 47% increase in the detection of male specific and somatic coliphages compared with the single agar overlay method. Correlations between the presence of coliphages, enteric viruses and indicator bacteria were based on proximity to the treatment plant discharge, seasonal variations and site levels. The presence of enteric viruses was significantly correlated to coliphages but not to indicator bacteria. Preliminary comparative results demonstrate that effective and efficient monitoring of anthropogenic contamination can be achieved using these more sensitive and specific techniques.
Measuring the Suicidal Mind Implicit Cognition Predicts Suicidal Behavior

Suicide is difficult to predict and prevent because people who consider killing themselves often are unwilling or unable to report their intentions. Advances in the measurement of implicit cognition provide an opportunity to test whether automatic associations of self with death can provide a behavioral marker for suicide risk. We measured implicit associations about death/suicide in 157 people seeking treatment at a psychiatric emergency department. Results confirmed that people who have attempted suicide hold a significantly stronger implicit association between death/suicide and self than do psychiatrically distressed individuals who have not attempted suicide. Moreover, the implicit association of death/suicide with self was associated with an approximately 6-fold increase in the odds of making a suicide attempt in the next 6 months, exceeding the predictive validity of known risk factors (e.g., depression, suicide-attempt history) and both patients' and clinicians' predictions. These results provide the first evidence of a behavioral marker for suicidal behavior and suggest that measures of implicit cognition may be useful for detecting and predicting sensitive clinical behaviors that are unlikely to be reported.
Development of a first-principles design method for electromechanical systems a linear induction machine

This paper re-explores first-principles machine design by implementing continuum electromechanical models with Mathematica symbolic software. It is shown that the algebraic complexities previously impeding the application of the theory to many-layered structures are removed using this software. A double-stator linear induction motor (LIM) is used to verify the model's accuracy in predicting force density in an electric machine. Experimental force density-slip curves match theory for several air gap widths. A ten-layered structure is analyzed to illustrate the software's ability to implement the model
FLASH assembly of TALENs for high-throughput genome editing

Engineered transcription activator–like effector nucleases (TALENs) have shown promise as facile and broadly applicable genome editing tools. However, no publicly available high-throughput method for constructing TALENs has been published, and large-scale assessments of the success rate and targeting range of the technology remain lacking. Here we describe the fast ligation-based automatable solid-phase high-throughput (FLASH) system, a rapid and cost-effective method for large-scale assembly of TALENs. We tested 48 FLASH-assembled TALEN pairs in a human cell–based EGFP reporter system and found that all 48 possessed efficient gene-modification activities. We also used FLASH to assemble TALENs for 96 endogenous human genes implicated in cancer and/or epigenetic regulation and found that 84 pairs were able to efficiently introduce targeted alterations. Our results establish the robustness of TALEN technology and demonstrate that FLASH facilitates high-throughput genome editing at a scale not currently possible with other genome modification technologies.