cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Rights in the United States – Foreword

In this forward, Powell and Cleveland introduce a special volume celebrating one of a signature program of the Columbia Law School Human Rights Institute (HRI). “Human Rights in the United States.” As the founding director and current faculty co-director of HRI, they co-wrote this introduction to celebrate the first ten years of HRI’s progress – particularly its work to bridge the international law of human rights and the domestic law of constitutional rights.While the United States played a leading role in the creation and development of modern international organizations and human rights law regimes and there has been a bi-partisan commitment to advancing human rights in U.S. foreign policy for many decades, it has been less consistent in promoting international standards guaranteeing human rights as part of U.S. domestic law and policy. The Human Rights Institute was a path-breaker in recognizing that human rights do not involve merely scholarship and activism regarding what happens “out there,” but that human rights are implicated in domestic U.S. policies as well. This goal of affirming human rights at home was part of Henkin’s holistic vision of human rights as protected through a fluid regime of national, sub-national, and international instruments. To Henkin, constitutions have been every bit as important as treaties. Human rights around the globe are typically protected through domestic law, and the U.S. Constitution and U.S. domestic statutes are no different. Indeed, the U.S. Constitution has a particularly intimate relationship to the international human rights movement, since U.S. constitutionalism featured centrally in the creation of the modern conception of human rights. Therefore, the “Human Rights in the United States” program was established as a way to create new models of social justice, among other ways, by linking domestic and human rights advocates and scholars through the Institute’s “Bringing Human Rights Home Lawyers Network.” In examining HRI’s mission to bring human rights home in the United States, the authors also examine anew the opportunities and challenges that we face in the broader movement for human rights.
Biue surface-emitting second-harmonic generators fabricated from [112]-oriented III—V heterostructures

Coherent blue-light emitters are currently of great practical interest because of their potential use in high-density optical-data-storage and multicolor-display applications. Second-harmonic generation of blue light by the nonlinear interaction of fundamental electric fields in III–V heterostructure waveguides oriented in the [001] crystal direction has been demonstrated.1 For the [001] direction, the crystal symmetry is such that one of the counterpropagating fields must be a transverse electric (TE) field and the other must be a transverse magnetic (TM) field for the nonlinear interaction to cause second-harmonic generation.
Long-Term Consequences of Early Sexual Initiation on Young Adult Health: A Causal Inference Approach

Although early sexual initiation has been linked to negative outcomes, it is unknown whether these effects are causal. In this study, we use propensity score methods to estimate the causal effect of early sexual initiation on young adult sexual risk behaviors and health outcomes using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We found that early sexual initiation predicted having 2 or more partners (for both males and females) and having a sexually transmitted infection in the past year (females only) but did not predict depressive symptoms in the past week (for either gender). These results underscore the importance of continued programmatic efforts to delay age of sexual initiation, particularly for females.
Single spikes may suffice.

it is well-established that the vast majority of information is carried through the brain by action potentials. Exactly how this information is embedded within the spike train, however, has been a topic of some debate. Potential codes fall roughly into three categories: rate, timing, and synergy. In
Surface noise analysis using a single-ion sensor

We use a single-ion electric-field noise sensor in combination with in situ surface treatment and analysis tools, to investigate the relationship between electric-field noise from metal surfaces in vacuum and the composition of the surface. These experiments are performed in a setup that integrates ion trapping capabilities with surface analysis tools. We find that treatment of an aluminum-copper surface with energetic argon ions significantly reduces the level of room-temperature electric-field noise, but the surface does not need to be atomically clean to show noise levels comparable to those of the best cryogenic traps. The noise levels after treatment are low enough to allow fault-tolerant trapped-ion quantum information processing on a microfabricated surface trap at room temperature.
Cystine storage in cultured myotubes from patients with nephropathic cystinosis

Sorted muscle cells, cultured from a patient with nephropathic cystinosis, stored 100 times normal amounts of cystine. Subcellular fractionation and density-gradient centrifugation confirmed that the cystine was located in a lysosomal compartment. 2. Myoblasts from cystinotic patients in culture underwent fusion to myotubes in a normal fashion. 3. The free thiol cysteamine effectively depleted cystinotic-muscle cells of cystine. 4. Cultured myoblast and myotubes offered a unique system for investigating the effects of lysosomal storage on differentiated cell functions.
Breeding and Analysis of the Characteristics and Properties of Songjing 9,a Super Rice Cultivar with High Quality in Cold Region

Through to the data analysis of the breeding process,yield appraisal,regional trail in Heilongjiang Province,field experiment,rice quality testing and stress resistance appraisal for Songjing 9,the result confirmed that Songjing 9 was not onlt a new super rice cultivar with high quality,high yield,but alsohad strong rice blast resistance,cold tolerance and strong lodging resistance;which wasan important innovation for high quality and high-yield rice breeding in cold region.
The Rhetoric of Film: Toward Critical Methodology.

The rhetorical critic of film should develop critical methodology which includes a means for examining immediate viewer responses along with a deductive or inductive critical construct selected as most appropriate for revealing the suasive dimensions of a particular instance of filmic persuasion.
FDA analysis of the characteristics and relevance of serious adverse events that are Grade 1 or 2 in severity.

2538Background: In New Drug Approval (NDA) applications, sponsors must provide an integrated summary of the safety of the drug product, including serious adverse events (SAEs), defined as adverse e...
Information Content and Spatial Variability

In the last chapter we examined three methods for generating a grid DEM or other raster surface. This chapter deals with the resolution necessary or sufficient to capture spatial information. In the following sections we first examine the background and theory of informational entropy; how this statistic serves as a measure of spatial variability; and an application showing the effects of resolution on slope derived from a raster DEM. Using information content as a measure of spatial variability is motivated by a desire to have a simple measure for assessing effects of resolution, as well as other operations such as smoothing. If the measure is sufficiently robust it can help discriminate which resolution is sufficient to represent the spatial detail necessary for hydrologic modeling. If a larger resolution captures essentially the same information as a smaller resolution, it is preferable because computer storage and computational effort will be more efficient.
Building a Research Data Management Service at the University of California, Berkeley: A tale of collaboration

University of California, Berkeley’s Library and the central Research Information Technologies unit have collaborated to develop a research data management program that leverages each organization’...
Neighborhood Context, Dementia Severity, and Mexican American Caregiver Well-Being

Objective: The current study extends research on Latino caregiving to describe the role of neighborhood-level factors and dementia severity for caregiver well-being. Method: Data are drawn from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (HEPESE 2010/2011, N = 343). We present regression analyses that describe the relationship between dementia severity in the older care recipient and neighborhood-level structural factors for caregiver mental health. Results: Mexican Americans providing care in neighborhoods characterized by a higher percent Latino report fewer depressive symptoms and greater life satisfaction. Percent Latino and percent Spanish speaking residing in the neighborhood are especially protective of caregiver depressive symptoms when care recipients display more severe dementia-related neuropsychiatric symptoms. Discussion: Neighborhood characteristics play an important role in the Latino caregiver well-being processes. Targeting neighborhoods, especially in r...
Development of novel backbones for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL): The pralatrexate/romidepsin doublet.

2552Background: Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a heterogeneous group of lymphomas in which only 20-25% of patients experience long-term survival with CHOP chemotherapy. Recently several drugs...
Micro-EDM induced surface modification of titanium alloy for biocompatibility

The objective of the current study is to investigate the surface modifications of an implant material Ti-6Al-4V with respect to biocompatibility after machined by micro-electro-discharge machining (micro-EDM). The machined surface characteristics were evaluated by the surface topography, crater sizes, elemental composition, and surface microhardness. It was found that micro-EDM can produce surface roughness lower than 100 microns, which is necessary on the implant surface to promote cell growth around the implant. The roughness of the machined surface can be controlled by controlling the crater sizes, as a direct relationship between crater sizes and discharge energy was observed. A porous and thick titanium oxide (TiO2) layer was observed on the machined surface, which can induce bony ingrowth into the porous structure, resulting in morphological fixation of the implants to the bone. No known toxic substances were observed on the machined surface of Ti-6Al-4V that could be harmful for human body. Moreover, slight increase in microhardness of the machined surface was observed after micro-EDM, which could be beneficial in biomedical orthodontic applications for wear resistance.
Probing the flavin transfer mechanism in alkanesulfonate monooxygenase system

Bacteria acquire sulfur through the sulfur assimilation pathway, but under sulfur limiting conditions bacteria must acquire sulfur from alternative sources. The alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzymes are expressed under sulfur-limiting conditions, and catalyze the desulfonation of wide-range of alkanesulfonate substrates. The SsuE enzyme is an NADPH-dependent FMN reductase that provides reduced flavin to the SsuD monooxygenase. The mechanism for the transfer of reduced flavin in flavin dependent two-component systems occurs either by free-diffusion or channeling. Previous studies have shown the presence of protein-protein interactions between SsuE and SsuD, but the identification of putative interaction sights have not been investigated. Current studies utilized HDX-MS to identify protective sites on SsuE and SsuD. A conserved α-helix on SsuD showed a decrease in percent deuteration when SsuE was included in the reaction. This suggests the role of α-helix in promoting protein-protein interactions. Specific SsuD variants were generated in order to investigate the role of these residues in protein-protein interactions and catalysis. Variant containing substitutions at the charged residues showed a six-fold decrease in the activity, while a deletion variant of SsuD lacking the α-helix showed no activity when compared to wild-type SsuD. In addition, there was no protein-protein interactions identified between SsuE and his-tagged SsuD variants in pull-down assays, which correlated with an increase in the Kd value. The α-helix is located right next to a dynamic loop region, positioned at the entrance of the active site. The putative interaction site and dynamic loop region located so close to the active site of SsuD suggests the importance of this region in the SsuD catalysis. Stopped-flow studies were performed to analyze the lag-phase which signifies the stabilization and transfer of reduced flavin from SsuE to SsuD. The SsuD variants showed a decrease in lag-phase, which could be because of a downturn in flavin transfer. A competitive assay was devised to evaluate the mechanism of flavin transfer in the alkanesulfonate monooxygenase system. A variant of SsuE was generated which interacted with SsuD, but was not able to reduce FMN. Assays that included varying concentrations of Y118A SsuE and wild-type SsuE in the coupled assays showed a decrease in the desulfonation activity of SsuD. The decrease in activity could be by virtue of Y118A SsuE competing with the wild-type SsuE for the putative docking site on SsuD. These studies define the importance of protein-protein interactions for the efficient transfer of reduced flavin from SsuE to SsuD leading to the desulfonation of alkanesulfonates.
The Ex Vivo Treatment of Donor T Cells with Cosalane, an HIV Therapeutic and Small-Molecule Antagonist of CC-Chemokine Receptor 7, Separates Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease from Graft-versus-Leukemia Responses in Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Models.

ABSTRACT Despite recent advances in therapy, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the only curative option for a range of high-risk hematologic malignancies. However, acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) continues to limit the long-term success of HSCT, and new therapies are still needed. We previously demonstrated that aGVHD depends on the ability of donor conventional T cells (Tcons) to express the lymph node trafficking receptor, CC-Chemokine Receptor 7 (CCR7). Consequently, we examined the ability of cosalane, a recently identified CCR7 small-molecule antagonist, to attenuate aGVHD in mouse HSCT model systems. Here we show that the systemic administration of cosalane to transplant recipients after allogeneic HSCT did not prevent aGVHD. However, we were able to significantly reduce aGVHD by briefly incubating donor Tcons with cosalane ex vivo before transplantation. Cosalane did not result in Tcon toxicity and did not affect their activation or expansion. Instead, cosalane prevented donor Tcon trafficking into host secondary lymphoid tissues very early after transplantation and limited their subsequent accumulation within the liver and colon. Cosalane did not appear to impair the intrinsic ability of donor Tcons to produce inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, cosalane-treated Tcons retained their graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) potential and rejected a murine P815 inoculum after transplantation. Collectively, our data indicate that a brief application of cosalane to donor Tcons before HSCT significantly reduces aGVHD in relevant preclinical models while generally sparing beneficial GVL effects, and that cosalane might represent a viable new approach for aGVHD prophylaxis.
Social Support Outside the Workplace, Coping Styles, and Burnout in a Cohort of EMS Providers From Minnesota:

Occupational burnout has been linked to the delivery of lower quality of care in some health care professions, including with turnover intentions and absenteeism in emergency medical services (EMS) workers. Thus, studies that identify factors associated with burnout may be integral to optimizing quality and workforce engagement among EMS professionals. A survey was conducted to assess social support outside the workplace, coping styles, and occupational burnout in a cohort of EMS providers from Minnesota. Surveys were returned by 217 providers (54% response), of which 167 had provided data on burnout, social support, and coping styles and were included in the analysis. The mean age was 41 years, 62% were male, and the prevalence of burnout was 17%. After adjustment for age and EMS tenure, the odds of burnout was higher among those characterized as socially isolated as compared with providers who were integrated socially or moderately integrated (odds ratio = 3.52; 95% confidence interval = [1.13, 10.98]). Common coping responses included planning, positive reframing, and active coping, while behavioral disengagement and denial were rarely used. Lack of social networks outside the workplace and frequent use of self-blame, food, or substance use as coping strategies were associated with burnout. Conversely, social integration and use of religion and instrumental support to cope with stressors were associated with reduced burnout.
Dynamic Functional Connectivity Using Heat Kernel

Sliding and tapered sliding window methods are the most common approaches in computing dynamic correlations between brain regions. However, due to data acquisition and physiological artifacts in resting-state fMRI, the sidelobes of the window functions in spectral domain will cause high-frequency fluctuations in dynamic correlations. To address the problem, we propose to define the heat kernel, a generalization of the Gaussian kernel, on a circle continuously without boundary. The windowless dynamic correlations are then computed by the weighted cosine series expansion, where the weights are related by the heat kernel. The proposed method is applied to the study of dynamic interhemispheric connectivity in the human brain in identifying the state space more accurately than the existing window methods.
Urban Geocryology: Mapping Urban–Rural Contrasts in Active-Layer Thickness, Barrow Peninsula, Northern Alaska

The maximum depth of seasonal thaw is a critical design factor for civil infrastructure in permafrost regions. Although maps of active-layer thickness (ALT) have been created for localized areas in...
Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli Podophage Penshu1

Escherichia coli 4s is a Gram-negative bacterium found in the equine intestinal ecosystem alongside diverse other coliform bacteria and bacteriophages. This announcement describes the complete genome of the T7-like E. coli 4s podophage Penshu1. From its 39,263-bp genome, 54 protein-encoding genes and a 179-bp terminal repeat were predicted.
Topological analysis of the gp41 MPER on lipid bilayers relevant to the metastable HIV-1 envelope prefusion state

The membrane proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp) 41 is an attractive vaccine target for elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) by vaccination. However, current details regarding the quaternary structural organization of the MPER within the native prefusion trimer [(gp120/41)3] are elusive and even contradictory, hindering rational MPER immunogen design. To better understand the structural topology of the MPER on the lipid bilayer, the adjacent transmembrane domain (TMD) was appended (MPER-TMD) and studied. Membrane insertion of the MPER-TMD was sensitive both to the TMD sequence and cytoplasmic residues. Antigen binding of MPER-specific bNAbs, in particular 10E8 and DH511.2_K3, was significantly impacted by the presence of the TMD. Furthermore, MPER-TMD assembly into 10-nm diameter nanodiscs revealed a heterogeneous membrane array comprised largely of monomers and dimers, as enumerated by bNAb Fab binding using single-particle electron microscopy analysis, arguing against preferential trimeric association of native MPER and TMD protein segments. Moreover, introduction of isoleucine mutations in the C-terminal heptad repeat to induce an extended MPER α-helical bundle structure yielded an antigenicity profile of cell surface-arrayed Env variants inconsistent with that found in the native prefusion state. In line with these observations, electron paramagnetic resonance analysis suggested that 10E8 inhibits viral membrane fusion by lifting the MPER N-terminal region out of the viral membrane, mandating the exposure of residues that would be occluded by MPER trimerization. Collectively, our data suggest that the MPER is not a stable trimer, but rather a dynamic segment adapted for structural changes accompanying fusion.
Markets and welfare effects of food fraud

This study develops a theoretical framework of heterogeneous consumers and producers and imperfectly competitive food companies to analyse the system‐wide market and welfare effects of food fraud in the form of food adulteration and mislabelling. The results show that, while the price impacts of food fraud are product‐specific with the equilibrium prices of high‐quality and low‐quality products moving in different directions, the equilibrium quantities depend on the relative magnitude of the demand and supply effects of food fraud. Regarding the welfare effects of food fraud, they are shown to be highly asymmetric across different consumers and producers. In addition to enabling the disaggregation of the welfare effects of food fraud, the explicit consideration of agent heterogeneity, asymmetries in the probability of fraud detection and the endogeneity of the producer quality choices also enables the derivation of a key result of this study; contrary to what is traditionally believed, both low‐quality and high‐quality producers can have economic incentives to commit fraud. The group that is more likely to cheat is determined by the social attitudes towards fraudulent behaviour, the enforcement policy parameters and the relative magnitude of the demand and supply effects of food fraud. A comparison of the market effects of mislabelling and food adulteration reveals that, while the equilibrium quantity of the high‐quality product is higher in the presence of mislabelling, producers are more likely to mislabel than adulterate their products.
Respiratory outcomes with the use of a lower custom fit genioglossal-effecting oral appliance.

OBJECTIVE Sleep apnea research cites that an oral appliance, which places the mandible in a more forward position and the genioglossus (tongue muscle) on the floor of the mouth, improves aspects of the pharyngeal opening. Exercise science research has cited improvements in airway dynamics and physiological variables with oral appliance use during exercise. Thus, the purpose of this study was to design an oral appliance that would act on the genioglossus and determine if there were effects on respiratory parameters while exercising. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventeen healthy subjects ages 18-43 participated in this study. Prior to the exercise protocol, the order of the oral applicance (OA) or no oral appliance (no OA) condition was randomly assigned to subjects, with subjects completing both conditions. Respiratory parameters (respiratory rate, ventilation, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) were measured between conditions while subjects ran for 10 min at steady state. RESULTS The results demonstrated that both respiratory rate (25.97 BPM, OA and 28.35 BPM, no OA) and ventilation (47.66 l/min, OA and 50.34 l/min, No OA) were significantly lowered (p < .01) in the OA condition. There were no differences in carbon dioxide (1.89 l/min, no OA and 1.88 l/min, OA) or oxygen outcomes (2.17 l/min, no OA and 2.17 l/min OA). DISCUSSION The outcomes from this study suggest that the design of the oral appliance elicits an effect on the genioglossus, thereby resulting in lowered respiratory rate and ventilation with no negative effects on oxygen uptake during exercise.
An Ecosocialist Perspective on Gaia 2.0: The Other World That is Still Possible*

Lenton and Latour proposed there is now a new phase of Gaian history, Gaia 2.0, where humanity is challenged to collectively manage the biosphere in its own interests as well as those of the rest o...
Latent Fused Lasso

Fused lasso norm is classically adopted to model sparse piecewise constant signals, however it is not the convex hull of the best representation of such simultaneously structured signal. In this paper, we propose a convex variational norm for better modeling sparse piecewise constant signals. The norm is based on (1) promoting sparsity in first-order difference with total variation norm and (2) exploiting latent group structure in first-order difference with simple linear constraints. We demonstrate the proposed norm outperforms fused lasso norm in a denoising setup with numerical experiments.
Chapter 3 – Statistic Essentials

Not all statistics are made equal and some can only be used with specific types of data. This chapter discusses the different categories of data and describes important differences that will reflect the type of statistical tests that can be used with each category. Descriptive statistics are also extremely important in any type of data analysis and are often the initial manipulation of the data that are calculated. There are important restrictions when applying measures of central tendency and measures of variance that are fundamental to the proper analysis and reporting of research findings. Examples are given when to properly use the standard deviation and the standard error of the mean. Finally the very important topics of confidence intervals, effect size, z scores, and degrees of freedom are explained.
Lost in translation: College students’ knowledge of HIV and PrEP in relation to their sexual health behaviors

Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a notable public health problem among young adults. The present study examined college students' knowledge of HIV and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in relation to their sexual health behaviors.Participants and Method: Participants included 1516 students who completed questionnaires on actual and perceived HIV knowledge, perceived PrEP knowledge, and sexual health behaviors.Results: While knowledge of HIV was high, knowledge of PrEP was low. Approximately 73% of the sample reported not using condoms at all times, and 41% reported never having been tested for HIV. Women, students at public schools, upper-year students, and students with higher HIV and PrEP knowledge were more likely to get tested for HIV than their counterparts. Knowledge of HIV and PrEP did not relate to condom use.Conclusion: These results suggest the need for increased education about PrEP and strategies to help students translate knowledge about HIV to recommended sexual health behaviors.
Parent Involvement in Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Programs: an Integrative Review

Despite the evidence and investment in evidence-based federally funded maternal, infant, and early childhood home visiting, substantial challenges persist with parent involvement: enrolling, engaging, and retaining participants. We present an integrative review and synthesis of recent evidence regarding the influence of multi-level factors on parent involvement in evidence-based home visiting programs. We conducted a search for original research studies published from January 2007 to March 2018 using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases. Twenty-two studies met criteria for inclusion. Parent and family characteristics were the most commonly studied influencing factor; however, consistent evidence for its role in involvement was scarce. Attributes of the home visitor and quality of the relationship between home visitor and participant were found to promote parent involvement. Staff turnover was found to be a barrier to parent involvement. A limited number of influencing factors have been adequately investigated, and those that have reveal inconsistent findings regarding factors that promote parent involvement in home visiting. Future research should move beyond the study of parent- and family-level characteristics and focus on program- and home visitor-level characteristics which, although still limited, have demonstrated some consistent association with parent involvement. Neighborhood characteristics have not been well studied and warrant future research.
Introduction to special issue on teaching social justice: the classroom as a space for social transformation

Normally in this space we, as guest editors, would tell you about our experiences using pedagogy as a way to turn college classrooms into transformative spaces for social change. We would share our...
Tobacco smoke exposure in pediatric cystic fibrosis: A qualitative study of clinician and caregiver perspectives on smoking cessation.

Objective Tobacco smoke exposure has negative impacts on the lung health of children with cystic fibrosis (CF), yet evidence-based strategies for smoking cessation have not been tested with or tailored to CF caregivers. This qualitative study identified barriers and facilitators of smoking cessation in this population and outlined potential interventional approaches. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with CF familial caregivers who were current or former smokers, and with members of the CF care team. We asked about experiences, practices, and prerequisites for a successful program. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded by two investigators. Analysis used a thematic approach guided by the PRECEDE model, which identifies predisposing (intrapersonal), reinforcing (interpersonal), and enabling (structural) factors relevant to health behaviors and programs. Results Seventeen interviews were conducted-eight with familial caregivers and nine with CF team members. Whereas caregivers provided greater insight into internal difficulties and motivators to quit smoking, clinicians offered more extensive input on barriers and solutions related to the clinical environment. Based on study recommendations, a successful tobacco cessation program should include (a) family education about the harms of smoke exposure for children with CF; (b) screening for exposure, ideally with biochemical verification; (c) access to trained tobacco counselors; (d) affordable pharmacotherapy; and (e) outpatient follow-up of those undergoing tobacco treatment. Conclusion This qualitative study revealed intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural barriers to eliminating tobacco smoke exposure in children with CF, outlined opportunities to address these barriers, and made recommendations for a comprehensive tobacco cessation strategy.
Arachnid navigation – a review of classic and emerging models

Most arachnids are central-place foragers that return to retreats or burrows after excursions to hunt. In general, arachnids are relatively large and accessible to behavioral and physiological investigations, and in several cases the animals have special sensory structures that facilitate homing. Here we review the mechanisms used by non-arachnid walking animals to return to specific sites and compare them to what is known for several groups of arachnids. Much of what we know about path integration, in which an animal estimates the angle and distance of a homeward vector using information gathered during an outbound journey, has been gleaned through systematic behavioral experiments on spiders. We focus on the most heavily studied spider models, highlighting the methodology used to deduce various aspects of the path integration machinery. We also highlight some work being done on longer range spider navigators, and emerging work with other arachnid groups. We provide additional thoughts concerning the evolution of homing systems and suggest promising leads for further investigation.
U.S. Mothers’ Long-Term Employment Patterns

Previous research on maternal employment has disproportionately focused on the immediate postpartum period and typically modeled either cross-sectional employment status or time until a specific employment transition. We instead conceptualize maternal employment as a long-term pattern, extending the observation window and embedding employment statuses in temporal context. Using data from NLSY79 and sequence analysis, we document five common employment patterns of American mothers over the first 18 years of maternity. Three typical patterns revolve around a single employment status: full-time (36 %), part-time (13 %), or nonemployment (21 %); the other two patterns are characterized by 6 (15 %) or 11 (14 %) years of nonemployment, followed by a period of transition and then full-time employment. Analyses of the immediate postpartum period cannot distinguish between the nonemployment and reentry groups, which have different employment experiences and different prematernity characteristics. Next, we describe how mothers’ human capital, attitudes and cultural models, family experiences, and race/ethnicity are associated with the employment patterns they follow, elucidating that these characteristics may be associated not only with how much mothers work but also the patterning of their employment. Our results support studying maternal employment as a long-term pattern and employing research approaches that address the qualitative distinctness of these diverse patterns.
In-Person and Online-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Hoarding Disorder: A Multiple Baseline Study

Abstract Hoarding disorder (HD) is associated with distress and functional impairment not only for the individual but also for their family members and community. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) already has broad empirical support and may be helpful for treating HD. In this nonconcurrent multiple baseline study (N = 6), we examined the effect of ACT on HD symptom severity, functional impairment, quality of life, co-occurring symptoms, and other outcomes. Participants consistently reported decreases in HD severity, clutter, functional impairment due to clutter, and depression at posttreatment. Scores were maintained at follow-up for two of three participants. Changes in other variables like quality of life and psychological inflexibility were less consistent. Overall, our findings preliminarily support the efficacy of ACT for HD especially for symptom severity, but the reliability of its effect on other outcomes like quality of life and psychological inflexibility is unclear. Limitations include a homogeneous (100% White women) sample.
Expression and purification of fused kinase from insect cells for in vitro kinase assay.

Summary The Fused (Fu) kinase is a key transducer of Hedgehog signaling, but its relevant substrates have remained obscured due to the difficulty of obtaining active Fu for in vitro kinase assay. Based on the mechanism of Fu activation in vivo, we engineered a constitutively active Fu and expressed it in Sf9 cells using the baculovirus system. The kinase was affinity purified and applied for in vitro kinase assay using recombinant GST-fusion proteins as substrates to identify Fu-specific phosphorylation sites. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Han et al. (2019) .
Interacting with virtual objects via embodied avatar hands reduces pain intensity and diverts attention.

The current study introduces a new paradigm for exploring cognitive factors in pain. Interacting with virtual objects via embodied avatar hands increased the illusion of “being there” in the virtual world, increased VR analgesia for acute pain, and reduced accuracy on an attention demanding task. Twenty-four healthy volunteer college students participated in this within-subject randomized crossover design study. During Phase 1, each participant received brief thermal pain stimuli during interactive embodied avatar VR vs. passive VR (no avatar and no interactivity), VR treatment order randomized. After each pain stimulus, participants provided subjective 0–10 ratings of pain. Compared to the passive VR condition, during the interactive avatar VR, participants reported significant reductions in (1) worst pain, (2) pain unpleasantness, (3) time thinking about pain and (4). they had significantly more fun during the pain stimulus (p = .000 for each). During Phase 2, participants performed a divided attention task in each of the two VR conditions. Participants made significantly more errors on the divided attention task during the interactive avatar VR condition, compared to passive VR, implicating an attention mechanism for how virtual reality reduces pain and helping understand how VR influences pain perception. Trial registration: NCT04245475. Date of registration: 29/01/2020.
Sirtuin-Dependent Reversible Lysine Acetylation Controls the Activity of Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthetase in Campylobacter jejuni.

Posttranslational modifications are mechanisms for rapid control of protein function used by cells from all domains of life. Acetylation of the epsilon amino group (Ne) of an active-site lysine of the AMP-forming acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) synthetase (Acs) enzyme is the paradigm for the posttranslational control of the activity of metabolic enzymes. In bacteria, this active-site lysine of Acs enzymes can be modified by a number of different GCN5-type N-acetyltransferases (GNATs). Acs activity is lost as a result of acetylation and is restored by deacetylation. Using a heterologous host, we show that Campylobacter jejuni NCTC11168 synthesizes enzymes that control Acs function by reversible lysine acetylation (RLA). This work validates the function of gene products encoded by the cj1537c, cj1715, and cj1050c loci, namely, the AMP-forming acetate-CoA ligase (CjAcs), a type IV GCN5-type lysine acetyltransferase (GNAT [CjLatA]), and a NAD+-dependent (class III) sirtuin deacylase (CjCobB), respectively. To our knowledge, these are the first in vivo and in vitro data on C. jejuni enzymes that control the activity of CjAcs. IMPORTANCE This work provides the experimental evidence needed to support the assignment of function to three key enzymes, two of which control the reversible posttranslational modification of an active-site lysyl residue of the central metabolic enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase (CjAcs). We can now generate Campylobacter jejuni mutant strains defective in these functions, so we can establish the conditions in which this mode of regulation of CjAcs is triggered in this bacterium. Such knowledge may provide new therapeutic strategies for the control of this pathogen.
ADHD and Anxiety Disorders

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorders are among the most common psychological problems in adolescence. It is not surprising that a large number of teens experience both ADHD and anxiety together. In fact, one in four teenagers with ADHD also has a co-occurring or “comorbid” anxiety disorder. While comorbidity rates vary depending on the population, the rates are estimated between 20% and 40% in epidemiological and clinical samples (Anderson JC, Williams S, McGee R, Silva PA, Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:69–76, 1987; Hammerness P, Geller G, Petty A, Lamb P, Bristol C, Biederman J, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19:107–12, 2010; Tung I, Li JJ, Meza JI, Jezior KL, Kianmahd JS, Hentschel PG, Pediatrics 138:e20160430). These rates confirm that adolescents with ADHD are at a higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than those without ADHD. An analysis of 21 different research studies published between 1987 and 1999 found that children with ADHD were over three times more likely to have an anxiety disorder compared to children without ADHD (Angold A, Costello EJ, Erkanli A, J Child Psychol Psychiatry 40:57–87).
Sensory neuron inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors contribute to chronic mechanoreflex sensitization in rats with simulated peripheral artery disease.

The mechanoreflex is exaggerated in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and in a rat model of simulated PAD in which a femoral artery is chronically (∼72 h) ligated. We found recently tha...
Brian Friel, Ireland, and the north

After nearly five decades as one of Ireland's most celebrated playwrights, Brian Friel has been the subject of ten books and dozens of articles. This study expands Friel criticism into a sizeable body of material and into a fresher interpretative direction. Along with considering Friel's more recent plays, the book analyzes his interviews and essays to chart the author's ideological evolution throughout a career of more than forty years. Moreover, a chapter is devoted to his often ignored articles for The Irish Press (1962–1963), a series that reveals unsuspected insights into Friel's disposition towards the Irish Republic. Refining our understanding of Friel's relationship to Republicanism is central to the argument; rather than assuming that the author embraces nationalist ideology, the book relocates the conceptual concerns of his work away from Dublin and to 'The North', this bridge between Ireland and the British province of Northern Ireland.
Membrane phospholipid turnover as an intermediary step in insulin secretion. Putative roles of phospholipases in cell signaling.

Abstract One or more phospholipases of the C and A 2 types exist in rodent islets and may play a pivotal role in the cell signaling cascade culminating in exocytotic insulin release. Phospholipase C generates myo -inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate, which mobilizes a "pool" of calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum and which may also secondarily facilitate calcium (Ca ++ ) influx from the extracellular space to replenish that pool. Diacylglycerol is also generated by phospholipase C action and activates protein kinase C; it may thereby potentiate the cellular response to elevations in cytosolic free Ca ++ concentration. Arachidonic acid may be released during the degradation of diacylglycerol and may also contribute to islet activation. Phospholipase C is activated by glucose, cholinergic agonists, and probably by Ca ++ fluxes. Phospholipase A 2 action generates arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. Certain lysophospholipids mobilize cellular Ca ++ , at least in part from superficial, plasmalemmal stores. Native (unoxygenated) arachidonic acid also has the capability of mobilizing cellular Ca ++ from membrane-bound stores; it may, in addition, activate protein kinase C, as suggested by recent indirect studies. The further metabolism of arachidonic acid via lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase appears to provide positive and negative modulation, respectively, of stimulated insulin secretion. Many pieces of the puzzle remain, however, to be supplied. For example, it has not yet been unequivocally demonstrated that phospholipase A 2 is activated by physiologic stimuli in intact islets. Furthermore, the absence of truly specific pharmacologic stimulators or inhibitors of these processes currently precludes precise delineation of the respective physiologic roles of each potential mediator in stimulus-secretion coupling. When such roles are elucidated, it can be asked whether the defects in insulin secretion in diabetes mellitus may be due in part to abnormalities in the turnover of beta-cell membrane phospholipids and the generation of intracellular lipid-derived signals.
HOARDING AND FRAGMENTING

This study examines conflicts over job classification and over the use of seniority (job-classification politics) in two work settings-a midwestern plant of an electronics company and the longshore industry of southern California. Two phenomena characterized job-classification politics in each setting-hoarding, that is, the erection of barriers around jobs, and fragmenting, that is, the erection of barriers between workers. These outcomes are attributed to an unusually strong demand for skilled workers and to worker resentment over violations of seniority. The results are interpreted from an organizational-politics perspective.
A Prospective Study of Adolescents' Peer Support: Gender Differences and the Influence of Parental Relationships

This longitudinal study investigates parent and child predictors of adolescents' perceived social support from peers. Adolescents (285) and their parents filled out surveys when students were 11 and 15 years of age. Parent reports of their own social support and child reports of parental support to them, depression, and self-esteem were used as predictors of adolescents' peer social support. Path analyses revealed functional dissimilarity in the predictive model, for boys and girls. For boys and girls, the amount of spousal support parents' reported impacted the amount of parent to child support that children reported. For boys, this relationship impacted their perceptions of peer support indirectly through depression. However, for girls, parents' own supportive relationships directly impacted both their self-esteem and depression, above and beyond parent to child support, which then impacted girls' peer social support.
Nanofabrication of green luminescent Zn2SiO4 : Mn using biogenic silica

Chemical solution depostion of nanocrystalline Zn2SiO4:Mn on the biogenic silica frustule derived from the cultured marine diatom (Pinnularia sp.) is reported. Our deposition process uses rather simple chemistry that consists of only metal halides and water. Two types of nanostructures can be generated, depending upon the level of the initial chemical deposition coverage. The nanostructured Zn2SiO4:Mn exhibited bright green photoluminescence. The intricate micro and nanostructures of the frustule were preserved after the chemical solution deposition and postannealing processes. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society.
In vitro activity and pharmacodynamics of commonly used antibiotics against adult systemic isolates of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at Forty US Hospitals.

Abstract Background: Treatment of infections caused by gram-negative bacilli is increasingly challenging because of emerging resistance. Current surveillance data are informative, but may not discern differences by infection site and clinical setting, and do not incorporate pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics when determining susceptibility. Objectives: This study explored the differences in infection site and clinical setting and evaluated dose-optimization strategies using PD principles. The stud focused only on systemic isolates, and targeted a cohort of 40 hospitals in the United States with a nationwide geographic distribution. Methods: Nonduplicate, nonurine isolates of Escherichia coli (n = 937) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 1044) collected from adult patients at 40 US hospitals underwent MIC testing by broth microdilution to 15 agents. Results were analyzed by infection site and unit type (ward or intensive care unit [ICU]). PD modeling employing Monte Carlo simulation was used to predict the microbiologic success of varying dosing strategies. Results: E coli were highly susceptible except to fluoroquinolones; 6.8% were multidrug resistant (MDR) and were more likely in ICUs (risk ratio [RR], 2.5; 95% CI, 1.6–4.0). P aeruginosa displayed ≤86% susceptibility for all agents; MICs differed significantly by site of infection ( P Conclusions: These data suggest that susceptibility of E coli to commonly used antibiotics remains high (>90% for most drug classes), with the important exception of the fluoroquinolones; however, susceptibility of P aeruginosa is low enough to warrant concern. Attention to the source of the organism and the patient's location in an ICU or a ward—combined with knowledge of local epidemiology and PD principles-—should prove valuable in empiric agent selection. Additionally, reassessment of breakpoints employing PD principles is recommended, particularly for fluoroquinolones and piperacillin/tazobactam.
Research note: An empirical study of the characteristics of Internet traffic

Traffic engineering for packet-switched networks is important in terms of both network managements and future network managements and future network planning. A common methodology for traffic measurement should be established to facilitate understanding of the characteristics of individual networks. This paper describes the design and development of a system for measuring Internet traffic and the characteristics of this traffic. Results obtained with the system for the backbone traffic are given several parameters such as the number of packets, the volume of data transmitted, the connection time, the starting time, the connection interval and the number of retransmitted packets. Since it is proved that the above results are obtained from the backbone traffic, the proposed approach can be applied to the Internet in general.