cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current and future anti-TNF therapy for inflammatory bowel disease

Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF) therapy has become a very important modality in the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. A number of anti-TNF medications have been investigated for this purpose, many via randomized controlled trials. Infliximab, the most studied of these agents, has shown impressive efficacy in the treatment of luminal and fistulizing Crohn’s disease, as well as ulcerative colitis. Adalimumab and certolizumab have shown similar efficacy in Crohn’s disease but have not yet been studied in ulcerative colitis. Less impressive results were seen in randomized controlled trials involving CDP-571, etanercept, or onercept for patients with Crohn’s disease. Thalidomide and CNI-1493 have been evaluated only preliminarily in small, open-label pilot studies in patients with Crohn’s disease. The future of anti-TNF therapy in inflammatory bowel disease is very bright, as exciting new developments continue to be made at a rapid pace.
Avoiding the labrum in hip arthroscopy.

Abstract Summary: Iatrogenic joint damage is a potential complication of any arthroscopic procedure. The anatomic constraints of the hip cause particular concern. The greatest risks are perforation of the acetabular labrum and scuffing of the articular surface. Careful attention to the details of the technique described can reduce the likelihood of this problem. With current technology, some occasional damage is unavoidable. However, all steps should be taken to minimize the likelihood and magnitude of such occurrences. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related surgery, Vol 16, No 7 (October), 2000: pp 770–773
A Simple, Accurate Integral Solution for Accelerating Turbulent Boundary Layers With Transpiration

The inner law for transpired turbulent boundary layers is used as the velocity profile in the integral form of the x momentum equation. The resulting ordinary differential equation is solved numerically for the skin friction coefficient, as well as boundary layer thicknesses, as a function of position along the surface. Predicted skin friction coefficients are compared to experimental data and exhibit reasonably good agreement with the data for a variety of different cases. These include blowing and suction, with constant blowing fractions F for both mild and severe acceleration. Results are also presented for more complicated cases where F varies with x along the surface.
Brain Efflux Index To Investigate the Influence of Active Efflux on Brain Distribution of Pemetrexed and Methotrexate

Antifolates, in particular methotrexate (MTX), have been widely used in the treatment of primary and secondary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). Pemetrexed (PMX) is a novel antifolate that also exhibits potent antitumor activity against CNS malignancies. Studies have shown that brain distribution of both antifolates is significantly restricted, possible due to active efflux transport at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This study characterizes the brain-to-blood transport of PMX and MTX and examines the role of several efflux transporters in brain distribution of the antifolates by use of the intracerebral microinjection technique (brain efflux index). The results from this study show that both PMX and MTX undergo saturable efflux transport across the BBB, with elimination half-lives of approximately 39 minutes and 29 minutes, respectively. Of the various efflux transporters this study investigated, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2) does not play an important role in the brain distribution of the two antifolate drugs. Interestingly, breast-cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) makes a significant contribution to the brain elimination of MTX but not PMX. In addition, the brain-to-blood transport of both antifolates was inhibited by probenecid and benzylpenicillin, suggesting the involvement of organic anion transporters in the efflux of these compounds from the brain, with organic anion transporter 3 (Oat3) being a possibility. Our results suggest that one of the underlying mechanisms behind the limited brain distribution of PMX and MTX is active efflux transport processes at the BBB, including a benzylpenicillin-sensitive transport system and/or the active transporter Bcrp.
DNA cytosine and methylcytosine deamination by APOBEC3B: enhancing methylcytosine deamination by engineering APOBEC3B

APOBEC (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like) is a family of enzymes that deaminates cytosine (C) to uracil (U) on nucleic acid. APOBEC3B (A3B) functions in innate immunity against intrinsic and invading retroelements and viruses. A3B can also induce genomic DNA mutations to cause cancer. A3B contains two cytosine deaminase domains (CD1, CD2), and there are conflicting reports about whether both domains are active. Here we demonstrate that only CD2 of A3B (A3BCD2) has C deamination activity. We also reveal that both A3B and A3BCD2 can deaminate methylcytosine (mC). Guided by structural and functional analysis, we successfully engineered A3BCD2 to gain over two orders of magnitude higher activity for mC deamination. Important determinants that contribute to the activity and selectivity for mC deamination have been identified, which reveals that multiple elements, rather than single ones, contribute to the mC deamination activity and selectivity in A3BCD2 and possibly other APOBECs.
Conjugates and Legendre Transforms of Convex Functions

Fenchel's conjugate correspondence for convex functions may be viewed as a generalization of the classical Legendre correspondence, as indicated briefly in (6). Here the relationship between the two correspondences will be described in detail. Essentially, the conjugate reduces to the Legendre transform if and only if the subdifferential of the convex function is a one-to-one mapping. The one-to-oneness is equivalent to differentiability and strict convexity, plus a condition that the function become infinitely steep near boundary points of its effective domain. These conditions are shown to be the very ones under which the Legendre correspondence is well-defined and symmetric among convex functions. Facts about Legendre transforms may thus be deduced using the elegant, geometrically motivated methods of Fenchel. This has definite advantages over the more restrictive classical treatment of the Legendre transformation in terms of implicit functions, determinants, and the like.
EFFECT OF DEUTERIUM OXIDE ON THE GROWTH OF PEPPERMINT (MENTHA PIPERITA L.). I. MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY.

The effect of varying concentrations of D 2 O on the growth of peppermint plants was studied over a period of at least 50 days. The extent of deuterium uptake is reported. This appears to be the first detailed study of the effects of extensive replacement of hydrogen by deuterium on the growth of a higher plant.
MAPGrid: A New Architecture for Empowering Mobile Data Placement in Grid Environments

The rising popularity of mobile applications and devices has brought about an enhanced interest in infrastructure support for mobile computing. Our work focuses on the development of a mobile grid infrastructure called MAPGrid (mobile applications on Grids), where grid resources are exploited as proxies to enable advanced mobile applications. However, intermittent availability of grid resources presents challenges for data-intensive mobile applications. In this paper, we propose novel methodologies for placing mobile data on grid proxies. We introduce a notion of two-tier architecture for MAPGrid, where the upper tier captures grid related features and the lower tier represents features associated with mobile environments. We further develop an intelligent mobile data placement mechanism that effectively balances tradeoffs between replication cost and data access cost by leveraging knowledge of grid availability and mobile data request patterns. Through extensive experimentation, we illustrate the superiority of the proposed techniques over several popular data placement strategies.
A comparative analysis of forest dynamics in the Swiss Alps and the Colorado Front Range

Abstract Mountain forests in the European Alps and in the Rocky Mountains share many similarities but they are subject to strongly different climates and disturbance regimes. In this study, the factors that bring about the similar appearance of these systems are investigated based on a quantitative, dynamic model of the structure and composition of mountain forests with a specific focus on patterns of tree recruitment and growth. In a first step, the forest model F OR C LIM which had been used previously in different mountain ranges of the temperate zone but not in the Rocky Mountains, was evaluated and adapted with respect to its capability of portraying forest dynamics in the Rocky Mountains. This yielded several insights that point at necessary model improvements as well as the need for an increased understanding of the ecophysiological mechanisms controlling the biogeography of western tree species and better data on ecotypes of these species. A model version that is based on the tree species of the central Rocky Mountains proved capable of portraying the key features of Front Range forests along a climate gradient that extended from the lower to the upper treeline near Boulder, Colorado. In the second step, the model was used to quantitatively evaluate the limiting factors for tree establishment and tree growth at pairs of sites in the Swiss Alps and the Front Range. The results suggest that: (1) drought is important for shaping forest structure and composition at all elevations in the Front Range whereas it is generally of subordinate importance at high elevations in the European Alps; (2) large-scale disturbances such as fire are essential for predicting forest features in the Front Range but they are less important in the European Alps and (3) competition for light is lower in the Front Range than in the Alps. Intervals between successful establishment events in near-natural mountain forests of the two areas were found to be as large as 50–100 years. This very slow and highly stochastic nature of forest dynamics should be kept in mind when drawing conclusions on the future state and protective function of mountain forests.
Integrated disinfection by-products mixtures research: concentration by reverse osmosis membrane techniques of disinfection by-products from water disinfected by chlorination and ozonation/postchlorination.

To conduct the health-effect studies described in subsequent articles in this series, concentrated aqueous mixtures of disinfection by-products were required for the two water treatment trains described in the preceding article (Miltner et al., 2008). To accomplish this, the finished drinking waters from each treatment train were sent through cation-exchange resin columns to remove hardness and free chlorine. Reverse osmosis membranes were then used to concentrate approximately 2400 L of each finished water down to approximately 18 L. The resulting volumetric concentration factors for the chlorinated and ozonated/postchlorinated waters were 136- and 124-fold, respectively. The concentrates were spiked with select disinfection by-products (DBPs) that were lost during the concentration effort. The results, along with the rationale for choosing the method of concentration, are presented. After reintroduction of a select list of lost DBPs, the concentration methodology used herein was able to produce concentr...
Infant tongue lesions: A case presentation and review of the literature

Abstract Purpose : A case presentation of a soft tissue lesion in an 8-month-old patient's left lateral tongue and review of the literature regarding infant tongue lesions. Methods : The patient's medical records were reviewed with summarization of care to date that care was received at presenting institution. A systematic literature review was then conducted using PedMed. Results : The differential diagnosis of infant tongue lesions is large, encompassing hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, thyroglossal duct cysts, teratomas, choristomas, infantile fibromatosis and rhabdomyosarcomas, among many others. Conclusion : Most infant tongue lesions are benign. However, given the aggressive propensity of infantile fibromatosis and rhabdomyosarcomas, all infant tongue lesions must be characterized.
Kinetics of Corrosion Layer Formation. Part 1-Iron Carbonate Layers in Carbon Dioxide Corrosion

Abstract Kinetics of iron carbonate layer formation in carbon dioxide corrosion has been investigated using a direct method—the corrosion layer weight-change method. The experiments were conducted in a glass cell at the temperatures from 60°C to 90°C, within an iron carbonate supersaturation range from 10 to 350. It was found that the calculated results obtained by the previous kinetics expressions, which were based on the traditional dissolved ferrous ion concentration change method, are one to two orders of magnitude higher than the experimental reaction rates obtained in the present study. Based on the new data, a more appropriate equation is developed to describe iron carbonate layer growth on the steel surface. The experimental results further suggest that the main source of the ferrous ions, which are involved in the formation of the protective iron carbonate layer, is the iron dissolution process. It has been clearly demonstrated that the formation of iron carbonate is directly related to the condi...
Child Labor in Pakistan: Coming of Age in the New World Order:

The issue of child labor in Pakistan's export industries has become the topic of much controversy and in some ways has triggered the debate over trade and labor standards. Consumer protests and boycotts in the North have led to initiatives being taken by various national and international organizations. However, this article takes issue with the current projection of child labor as a function of children's poverty and lack of education and families' lack of awareness. The author argues that it is impossible to understand and even address the child labor problem without placing it against the back drop of the dynamics of the current neoliberal international political economic system. She concludes by arguing that the only way in which the issue of social and labor rights can be once more given precedence in an increasingly socially disembedded world economy is through political engagement with the forces of globalization: the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization.
Using EarLab to Study Masking Due to Anthropogenic Sound

The mammalian auditory system is a highly evolved acoustic signal-processing system that ­performs well even in highly reverberant and cluttered acoustic environments. In cetaceans, the auditory system is even more highly evolved and is generally more important than vision for navigation, foraging, and social communication. As humans inject more and more acoustic energy into the marine environment, these important acoustic functions may become compromised. Unfortunately, little is known about the hearing capabilities of many marine species in quiet and much less is known about the impact of anthropogenic sounds that could mask biologically significant signals.
Journalists Strike Online: Visibility, Field and The Huffington Post

Online journalism’s new economy of attention is bringing about profound changes in how journalism is defined and how individuals, organizations and causes achieve visibility. The 2011 strike against the online news organization The Huffington Post exemplifies how competing interests seek to circumscribe the field new means to gain attention. Journalists on both sides of the strike sought to discursively impose a vision of the field of journalism and define the relations between content producers and distributors. The institutionalization process that online journalism is currently undergoing involves both the reproduction of established journalistic structures and the opening of new possibilities through the struggles of actors in the field.
Nocturia: Treatment with Alternative Therapies

In a time of overeagerness toward the use of prescription medications to treat ­diseases and symptoms, of which benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and nocturia are not exempt, it is easy to disregard or minimize the importance that lifestyle changes can play in overall management. Indeed, for patients who have mild symptoms that are not particularly bothersome, such behavioral modification may be preferable in view of its general safety and the perception of cost-effectiveness.
Comparison of women engineers who persist in or depart from engineering

Abstract The current research examined differences between women engineers who persisted in an engineering career versus those who left engineering using a combination of two prominent theories of career change: social cognitive career theory (SCCT, Lent, Brown & Hackett, 1994; 2002) and integrated model of career change (Rhodes & Doering, 1983). The two groups of women did not differ in three domains of self-confidence or outcome expectations (engineering tasks, navigating organizational climate, or multiple roles), in vocational interests, or in workplace barriers. Women who continue in engineering do differ from those who leave in their experience of workplace supports and their levels of occupational commitment. Engineering turnover intentions and occupational commitment emerged as the two key variables that explained 33.4% of the variance in persistence in engineering careers. We discuss the implications of the results in terms of theoretical development and practical implications for organizations.
Scalable defense against internet bandwidth flooding attacks

During a distributed bandwidth-flooding attack, a large number of attack sources coordinate to send a high volume of undesired traffic to the victim with the purpose of exhausting its bandwidth. These attacks have proved difficult (sometimes impossible) to combat, as they require that action be taken before the victim's tail circuit. Current practice is typically restricted to the victim's administrator asking their ISP to manually install filters to block the attack, an approach increasingly insufficient as attacks become more sophisticated. The intuitive response is to automate this process, i.e., enable the victim to automatically compute undesired-traffic signatures and send filtering requests to its ISP. Yet, this approach faces significant challenges: Given the magnitude of currently witnessed attacks, it is unlikely that an ISP alone has enough resources to protect multiple attacked clients. Moreover, asking for help from other ISPs is complicated, in that it requires special inter-ISP relationships that do not exist today and raises security issues. This dissertation presents Active Internet Traffic Filtering (AITF), an IP-layer defense mechanism against distributed bandwidth-flooding attacks that addresses these challenges. Three key points guide AITF design: An "attack source" is defined as an entity that has been asked to stop sending certain traffic and has been caught disobeying; this definition simplifies the task of the network and prevents misclassification of innocent hosts. Second, attack traffic is blocked at routers located close to the attack sources; this is key for the mechanism's scalability, as each network becomes responsible for blocking its own misbehaving clients. Finally, a network that hosts attack sources either cooperates and helps block attack traffic, or risks losing its access to the victim, which provides an incentive to cooperate. We show that AITF preserves a significant percentage of the victim's bandwidth, while the per-client cost for each participating ISP is already affordable by today's ISPs and not expected to increase as the Internet grows. We also show that AITF can be incrementally deployed in the Internet without any special inter-ISP relationships. We conclude that the IP-layer of the Internet can provide an effective, scalable and deployable solution against distributed bandwidth-flooding attacks.
Tailoring photons

Materials can control, manipulate, and tailor waves and fields, and consequently engineered materials with ‘extreme’ characteristics may shape photons in unprecedented ways. I discuss some of the recent developments in controlling light with ‘extreme’ materials.
Advanced Quality Control Methods for Road Paving Construction by Utilizing Sensory Devices

This study is currently being conducted to produce a more realistic picture of how variables are created and dealt with from hot mix asphalt (HMA) paving construction in the State of Nebraska. Several paving projects across Nebraska have been visited where sensory devices are being used to test how density, moisture content within the asphalt, material surface temperature, internal temperature, wind speed, haul time, and equipment type, contribute to temperature differentials. Areas of high temperature differentials are identified using an infrared camera, and confirmed with a penetrating thermometer. A non-nuclear density device is also used to record how the lower temperature asphalt density compares to the more consistent hot area. After all variables are recorded, the location is recorded via a handheld global positioning system(GPS) to aid in locating points of interest in future site revisits to verify the research findings. Initial data collection suggests that most variables having the largest impact on quality can be controlled with adequate planning, and proper lay down procedures.
One size does not fit all: using variables other than the thin ideal to understand Black women's body image.

Very few empirical studies have investigated the effect that culturally relevant beauty ideals (such as long, straight hair and lighter skin tones) have on Black women’s feelings about their physical appearance. The current investigation examined the direct effect of internalizing idealized media im
LEXICAL EXTRAPROSODICITY IN CHILUNGU

Nouns in Chilungu, a Bantu language spoken in Zambia, exhibit more tonal distinctions synchronically than exist in many modern Bantu languages. There exists a five-way distinction in nouns with CVCV sterns and a four-way distinction in nouns with monosyllabic stems. We show that any synchronic analysis which assumes a two-way tonal distinction for each Tone Bearing Unit (e.g., H vs. L, or H vs. ¢) cannot predict the attested number of surface tonal patterns. We avoid this dilemma by proposing that the final mora of certain noun roots is extraprosodic. This assumption not only correctly predicts the attested surface patterns, but results in rules which are well-motivated both theoretically and typologically (in Bantu). We argue that lexical conditioning of extraprosodicity is a natural outgrowth of prosodic theory, parallel to the use of lexical stress and lexical accent
Evaluating the effect of P - transfer factor on preventing recurrence of myocarditis resulted from respiratoral tract infection

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of p - transfer factor on preventing recurrence of 30 patient with myocarditis resulted from respiratoral tract infection, the results revalued that the frequency of respiratoral tract infection reduced, the course of myocarditis decreased, the rate of myocarditis recur decreased, the value of t - lymphosyts transform increased, after treated with p - trarsfer factor, It suggested that p - transfer factor could prevent recur of myocarditis and improve prognosis.
Research on visualization of plant stalk

Visual simulation of plant stems is of great significance for recognizing plant structure and improving realistic of plants.In order to simulate the external morphology of crop stalks,a Ball B-spline based method has been proposed.Firstly,3-dimension data points can be gotten by 3D scanner or digitizer.Then centerline and contour line can be resolved according to different B-spline base function.Finally,the normal vector can be used in order to simulate the bend of branches.Visualization model of pepper,cucumber and corn have been gotten by different forms of Ball B-spline.Besides,the algorithm has been improved for arbitrary shape during the modeling of corn.The experimental results show that this method not only can simulate the plant stalk with the degree of bending and many details but also can be used for many kinds of plant and has a relatively large value of certain prospects.
Abstract B147: Randomized phase II trial of a DNA vaccine encoding prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in patients with recurrent prostate cancer (NCT01341652)

Background: Patients with rapidly rising PSA alone after definitive therapy for prostate cancer are at high risk for metastatic progression and ultimately death from prostate cancer. This is a stage of disease for which there are no standard therapies, although androgen deprivation is often used. We have previously reported that a DNA vaccine encoding PAP (pTVG-HP) was safe and could elicit antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in this population (NCT00582140). Patients who developed persistent Th1-type immunity tended to have favorable changes in serum PSA doubling time. The safety, immunological activity, and changes in PSA doubling time were observed in a second pilot clinical trial evaluating different schedules of administration (NCT00849121). Methods: 106 patients with high-risk PSA-recurrent prostate cancer, PSA doubling time Results: To our knowledge, this is the first randomized, phase II trial using an anti-tumor DNA vaccine. Enrollment is ongoing, but expected to be complete in 2015. The clinical and biomarker plan of evaluation will be presented, as well as descriptions of other pilot clinical trials ongoing with this DNA vaccine. Citation Format: Douglas G. McNeel, Lawrence Fong, Emmanuel S. Antonarakis, Glenn Liu. Randomized phase II trial of a DNA vaccine encoding prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in patients with recurrent prostate cancer (NCT01341652). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B147.
Relative effectiveness of an instant replay videotape recorder in teaching trampoline.

Abstract The problem undertaken in this investigation was to examine the effects of teaching sports skills with and without an instant replay videotape recorder. Two random groups of freshman students at Washington State University were taught a 12-week unit in beginning trampoline. The experimental group used the VTR. The post-test-only control group design was used. Evaluation of performance was made by a three-man jury. The group means for the experimental and control groups were 80.57 and 79.36 respectively, clearly not significant at the preset level of acceptance of .10 (t = .27).
Correlates of Verbal Paired-Associate Learning in Children

Although a number of investigations of paired-associate (PA) learning have been conducted with children, little effort has been made to determine the relationship between ability in PA tasks and other subject variables. This study correlated PA performance of elementary school children with measures of intelligence, anxiety, and achievement. Two lists were studied, one consisting of strongly associated word pairs, and one of weak pairs. Relationships between various subject variables and PA performance on the strong pairs was not significant. Performance on the weak pairs, however, correlated significantly with the IQ, reading, vocabulary, and comprehensive achievement level of the children.
On Generalized Exchange and the Domestication of the Sangha

By many reckonings, the Theravāda Buddhist sangha, or community of monks, enjoys the greatest longevity of any existing voluntary human society. Yet, the sociological understanding of the sangha, including its relations with the Buddhist laity, has remained relatively undeveloped compared to other fields of religious sociology. Part of this may be the result of an undue respect for the formative thoughts of scholarly ‘ancestors’ in the field. Max Weber was among the first to apply systematic sociological perspectives to the study of the sangha. In doing so, however, he set the terms of the debate in ways which may have limited rather than expanded inquiry. Even scholars who have written their own chapters in the sociology of Theravāda still perpetuate some of the same unexamined perspectives first introduced by Weber and others. It is time to examine some of these classical assumptions which have guided our scholarship about the Buddhist sangha.
Enabling Architectures for Next Generation Optical Networks

As the demand grows for higher network access speeds, technologies such as optical fiber have begun to overtake traditional copper wire for data transport in short haul networks as well as long haul networks. Optical networking plays a growing role in next generation networks with new capabilities such as LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme) and Virtual Concatenation (VC), and services such as dynamic provisioning and traffic grooming. While these emerging capabilities hold the promise of an intelligent optical network, there are still obstacles. Protocols and standards to support these capabilities are still evolving. In addition, in order to realize the new benefits, carriers and providers must invest in new optical equipment, as well as upgrades to existing equipment. In the current economic environment, a choice which leverages lower cost equipment with software which can provide advanced functionality is significantly more attractive than expensive alternatives. In addition, upgradeable software-based components provide future cost savings as well as flexibility in supporting new and changing protocols and standards. In this paper, we discuss each of these issues in detail and present a solution for optical services and applications, including Optical Burst Switching, using a network processor based platform to overcome the obstacles facing next generation optical networks.
The background to and essentials of special relativity

In the popular mind Albert Einstein is identified as the architect of the theory of relativity and as the embodiment of modern scientific genius. Also, among a somewhat older set, he is probably remembered as a man with great humanitarian concerns, as well as the person whose theoretical work was the foundation for the atomic bomb. For one who was to become a singular legend even in his own lifetime, Einstein's background and early years were inauspicious enough. In fact, in later life his own assessment of his ability was that ‘I have no particular talent, I am merely extremely inquisitive.’ Like Newton, he seems to have had an exceptional power of concentration. We begin with a sketch of Einstein the man and then turn to his arguments for the relativity principle. ALBERT EINSTEIN Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany, into a family none of whose members had shown any brilliance. One year after Albert's birth, the family moved to Munich. His father ran a series of small businesses, most of which ended in failure. Young Albert was not a particularly good pupil, largely because he disliked the rigid German school system that placed great emphasis on learning by rote. He attended a Catholic elementary school, where he was the only Jewish student in the class, and then entered the Luitpold Gymnasium in Munich when he was ten.
Dislocation Mobility in High Purity LiF from 100°K to 300°K

Understanding of the dynamic plastic response of polycrystalline materials requires understanding of the stress and temperature dependence of dislocation mobility in single crystals. At low driving stresses dislocation mobility can be described by a thermal activation model, based on a mechanism of jerky glide of dislocations between obstacles. The average dislocation velocity increases with both stress and temperature. On the other hand, at sufficiently high stresses, such as those generated in plate impact experiments on high purity single crystals, the primary resistance to the motion of dislocations is that of the clear lattice. Under these conditions the dislocation mobility is usually regarded as described by a viscous-drag model of the form $$ {}_\tau b = B{\bar v_d} $$ (1) where τ is the resolved shear stress, b is the Burgers’ vector, B is the so-called drag coefficient and \( {\bar v_d} \) is the average dislocation velocity. According to currently accepted models for dislocation-phonon interaction, the drag coefficient B is expected to be proportional to the absolute temperature at temperatures from, say, 0.1 D to 1.0 D is the Deye temperature of the crystal.
On Patient Safety: Infection Prevention in Orthopaedics: Pearls and Pitfalls of a Global Perspective.

A note from the Editor-in-Chief: We are pleased to publish the next installment of “On Patient Safety” in Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®. The goal of this quarterly column is to explore a broad range of topics that pertain to patient safety. We welcome reader feedback on all of our columns and articles; please send your comments to eic@clinorthop.org. The author certifies that neither he, nor any members of his immediate family, have any commercial associations (such as consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR® or The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®.
Pseudo-monoclonal gammopathy: a report of four cases.

Hypergammaglobulinemia can result from both polyclonal and monoclonal immunoglobulin production. Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia is usually associated with inflammatory conditions and detected on serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) as broad indistinct band. In contrast, monoclonal gammopathy is
Ranking abstraction as a companion to predicate abstraction

Predicate abstraction has become one of the most successful methodologies for proving safety properties of programs. Unfortunately, it cannot be used for verifying all liveness properties. In order to handle liveness properties, we introduce the method of ranking abstraction. This method augments the analyzed system by a “progress monitor” which observes whether a given ranking function decreases or increases at any step of the program. The fact that the ranking function ranges over a well-founded domain is expressed by a compassion (strong fairness) requirement, which states that a function over a well-founded domain cannot decrease infinitely many times without also increasing infinitely many times. In analogy to predicate abstraction which uses a predicate base $\mathcal{P}$= {P1, ..., Pm} consisting of a set of predicates, we augment the program with a ranking coreΔ = {δ1,...,δn} consisting of several ranking components. The augmented system is then abstracted using standard predicate abstraction, but retaining all the compassion requirements. The abstracted augmented system is then model checked for an arbitrary ltl property. The ranking abstraction method is shown to be sound and (relatively) complete for proving all ltl properties, including safety and liveness. In the presented talk we focus on the strong analogy between predicate abstraction and ranking abstraction. Predicate abstraction can be viewed as a process which determines the best inductive invariant which can be formed as a boolean combination of the predicate base. In a similar way, ranking abstraction can be viewed as a search for the best well-founded global ranking function which can be formed as a lexicographic combination of the ranking components included in the ranking core Δ. In the talk, we present an algorithm for an explicit construction of such a global ranking function. Another important element of the predicate abstraction methodology is that of abstraction refinement by which, a coarse abstraction can be refined by analyzing a spurious counterexample. We show that ranking abstraction also possesses an analogous refinement process. We discuss how a spurious counter example can lead to a refinement of either the current predicate base or ranking core. The talk is based on results obtained through joint research with I. Balaban, Y. Kesten, and L.D. Zuck.
MicroRNA Regulation of the Pathological Angiogenic Response

![Graphic][1] During development, pro- and anti-angiogenic factors orchestrate a complex, dynamic process to allow initial sprouting and invasion, subsequent pruning and remodeling, and finally maturation and survival of blood vessels. However, in pathological conditions such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration or inflammation the same angiogenic signaling pathways are misregulated and exploited, typically resulting in poorly organized vessels with leaky and tortuous properties. In the last decade, a new class of small non-coding RNA molecules termed microRNAs (miRs) have emerged as key regulators of several cellular processes including angiogenesis. We recently profiled microRNAs that were regulated upon growth factor activation of human endothelial cells and identified miR-132 as a regulator of pathological neovascularization. We found that miR-132 was highly expressed in activated blood vessels, but was undetectable in normal endothelium. Ectopic expression of miR-132 in endothelial cells increased their proliferation and tube-forming capacity, whereas intraocular injection of an antagomir targeting miR-132, reduced postnatal retinal vascular development in mice. We identified p120RasGAP as a miR-132 target and showed that miR-132 and p120RasGAP are expressed reciprocally during pathological angiogenesis. Our observations in several in vitro and in vivo models suggest that miR-132 acts as an angiogenic switch by suppressing endothelial p120RasGAP expression, leading to Ras activation and the induction of neovascularization, whereas the application of anti–miR-132 inhibits neovascularization by maintaining vessels in the resting state. In contrast to miR-132, a highly upregulated miR during angiogenesis, we have identified miR-34 as one of the most downregulated microRNAs in response to growth factors. Conversely, miR-34a is highly upregulated during endothelial stress responses. Our observations suggest that miR-34a functions as an ‘apoptomiR’ mediating endothelial cell death during stress by regulating the Notch pathway. Taken together, our data suggests a broad regulatory network of pro and anti-angiogenic microRNAs that target defined pathways to co-ordinate vascular responses in development and disease. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy

This chapter has provided an overview of HRTEM, with the objective of highlighting some of its applications and achievements, as well as identifying areas of ongoing research and development. The HRTEM enables the atomic structure of interfaces and defects to be determined routinely, reliably and with very high positional accuracy, thus providing better insights into the physical behavior of many nanostructured materials. Experts in the HRTEM field should find ways to ensure that their colleagues who are interested in the properties of these types of materials are given the opportunity and assistance required to capitalize on its attractive possibilities. Meanwhile, further developments in quantification and many novel applications can be anticipated. Online microscope control (“autotuning”), digital recording and computer processing, (almost) real-time structure refinement, and in situ environmental electron microscopy are likely areas of concentrated activity. Many challenges remain. The differences between simulated and experimental contrast levels need to be fully explained. Better approaches to inversion of crystal scattering are needed. Operating conditions for aberration-corrected imaging need to be further explored. These issues will surely receive much attention over the next several years.
Measurement of Serotonin in Plasma by In Vivo Microdialysis During Photochemically Induced Thrombosis — Methodological Aspects

The microdialysis technique represents a newly developed method that enables one to study biochemical alterations in extracellular fluid (ECF) as a function of time (Ungerstedt, 1984). The microdialysis setup consists of a narrow U-shaped probe with inlet and outlet tubes and a dialysis membrane where molecules diffuse from the ECF into the probe. The method was originally developed for monitoring brain ECF (Ungerstedt, 1984) and has become a routine tool used in pharmacokinetic studies for intravenous recordings. However, intra-arterial microdialysis applications are so far lacking.
Fluctuation-dissipation of an active Brownian particle under confinement

This study aims to address the question of fluctuation-dissipation relationship in a non-equilibrium system comprising active Brownian particles. Specifically, the fluctuation power spectral densities (PSD) of an Induced-ChargeElectrophoresis-driven metallic Janus particle in an optical trap was measured and compared the PSDs to that of nondriven particles. Unlike the PSDs of Brownian particles where there exists only one characteristic frequency, the PSDs of active Brownian particles have two with the second frequency characterized by the particles’ rotation diffusion. Energy dissipation of such particles, defined as the integrated PSDs were examined. Finally, Effective temperatures defined by various means, including the probability distribution of the particle's positions in the trap, and the zero-frequency limit of the fluctuation power spectral densities, are examined for the active Brownian particles.
Credibility of negative online product reviews: Reviewer gender, reputation and emotion effects

Abstract The electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) literature supports the robust finding that negative reviews are generally more influential to consumer behavior than positive ones. Moreover, recent studies suggest that much of the negativity bias is driven by the distinct emotions embedded in the content of negative word-of-mouth (NWOM) and the interaction effects between emotions and other source factors. Although the gender of the information source is a common heuristic used in message evaluation, this is the first study to examine the effect of gender stereotypes on emotional NWOM. Two web-based experiments show that when reviewer reputation cues are present, emotional content in NWOM lowers the credibility of male reviewers and the helpfulness of their reviews, but does not affect female-authored reviews. In contrast, when reputation cues are absent, the presence of emotions in NWOM lowers the credibility of female reviewers, but not that of male reviewers. The reputation cue has a positive effect on NWOM credibility and helpfulness. Findings help companies understand the impact of gender stereotypes in online NWOM and detect the most helpful NWOM in order to correct product issues and improve future eWOM.
Acoustic Studies of Composite-Material Interfaces

We review six recent acoustic studies of composite-material interfaces. Measured physical properties are either elastic constants (sound velocities, resonance frequencies) or internal frictions. The materials considered include (1) glass fiber/epoxy, (2) silicon-carbide fiber/titanium, (3) graphite fiber/aluminum, (4) diamond particle/copper, (5) alumina platelet/mullite, (6) graphite epoxy/aluminum laminate. We emphasize the need to combine measurements with solidmechanics modeling.
Comparison of Effects of Trichuris muris and Spontaneous Colitis on the Proximal Colon Microbiota in C3H/HeJ and C3Bir IL10-/- Mice.

The nematode Trichuris muris has been shown to interact with specific enteric bacteria, but its effects on the composition of its host's microbial community are not fully understood. We hypothesized that Trichuris muris-infected mice would have altered colon microbiota as compared with uninfected mice. Colon histopathology and microbial community structure and composition were examined in mouse models of colitis (C3BirTLR4-/- IL10-/- and C3H/HeJ TLR4-/- IL10+/+ mice) with and without T. muris infection, in uninfected C3BirIL10-/- mice with and without spontaneous colitis, and in normal C3H/ HeJ mice. T. muris-infected mice developed colon lesions that were more severe than those seen in IL10-deficient mice. Ap- proximately 80% of infected IL10-/- mice had colon neutrophilic exudates, and some had extraintestinal worms and bacteria. The composition and structure of proximal colon microbiota were assessed by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Colon microbiota in C3BirIL10-/- and C3H/HeJ mice differed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Trichuris infection significantly altered the relative abundance of individual operational taxonomic units [OTU] but not the composition (presence or absence of OTU) of colon microbiota in the 2 mouse genotypes. When C3BirIL10-/- and C3H/HeJ mouse OTU were considered separately, Trichuris was found to affect the microbiota of C3BirIL10-/- mice but not of C3H/HeJ mice. Even though 34 of the 75 (45%) C3BirIL10-/- mice had spontaneous colitis, neither qualitative nor quantitative differences were detected in microbiota between colitic or noncolitic C3BirIL10-/- mice or noncolitic C3H/HeJ mice. Therefore, Trichuris-infected mice developed distinct microbial communities that were influenced by host background genes; these alterations cannot be attributed solely to colonic inflammation.
Clinicians' Perceptions of Rapid Scale-up of Telehealth Services in Outpatient Mental Health Treatment.

Background: Little is known about specialty mental health and/or substance use disorder (MH/SUD) clinicians' experiences transitioning from in-person to telehealth care, to treat a diagnostically diverse population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Survey of outpatient MH/SUD clinicians (psychiatrists, nurse practitioners, psychologists, and licensed clinical social workers; N = 107) at a psychiatric hospital. Clinician satisfaction and experiences using telehealth across a variety of services (individual, group or family therapy, initial assessments, evaluation and management, and neuropsychological assessment) were assessed using a mixed-methods approach. Results: Across services, a majority agreed/strongly agreed that telehealth provided an opportunity to build rapport with patients (67-88%) and they could treat their patients' needs well (71-88%). The interest in continuing to use telehealth when in-person visits resume varied by type of service provided (50-71%). Group therapy and initial assessment were lowest (50% and 51%, respectively). Clinicians noted telehealth improved access to care for patients with logistical barriers, competing demands, mobility difficulties, and medical concerns; but was more challenging to care for patients with certain psychiatric characteristics (e.g., psychosis, paranoia, catatonia, high distractibility, and avoidance), high symptom severity, or who needed to improve social skills. Telehealth influenced the therapeutic process (e.g., observations of family dynamic, increased patient/clinician therapeutic alliance). Discussion and Conclusions: MH/SUD clinicians who quickly transitioned to telehealth care during the pandemic were largely satisfied with telehealth, but also identified challenges related to specific patient characteristics, or types of MH/SUD services. These observations warrant additional study to better delineate the role for an expanded use of telehealth postpandemic.