cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Technique for Preparing Monocrystalline Metal Surfaces for Work Function Study. The Work Function of Ag(100)

A new method of experimental attack upon the problem of the structural dependence of the work functions of the metals is described. The method utilizes the results of recent electron diffraction studies which show that many cubic lattice metals when thermally vaporized and condensed on heated cleavages of rocksalt form films which are in effect single crystals with a (100) plane parallel to NaCl (100). With silver as a typical metal of this class, there has been developed a technique of preparing an Ag(rocksalt) film in the measuring tube itself and of then determining its contact difference of potential against (1) polycrystalline silver films deposited on glass at room temperature, and (2) a reference metal of known work function, barium. The silver was fractionally distilled and only the middle fractions deposited on the glass and rocksalt targets, the barium fractionally and multiply distilled and its discarded fractions used to getter the tubes in which the measurements were made. The contact p.d. between Ag(rocksalt) and Ag(glass) has been found to range from 0.12 v in a preliminary measurement to 0.32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 v in final measurements made after the technique of preparing the Ag(rocksalt) films had been perfected. The contact p.d. for Ag(glass) ---Ba is found to be 1.95 v, in close agreement with our earlier results at liquid-air temperature. Work function values computed from these measurements and the work function of Ba, 2.52 ev, are 4.47 ev for Ag(glass) and 4.79 ev for Ag(rocksalt). Since two independent electron diffraction investigations, both especially complete for silver, indicate that Ag(rocksalt) films formed under the conditions of the present experiments invariably approximate closely to the ideal (100) structure, and since the contact potential method measures the average work function of a surface without weighting vestigial regions of imperfect symmetry, our Ag(rocksalt) work function value is identified tentatively with the work function of Ag(100). Our Ag(100) value is in good agreement with Farnsworth and Winch's recent photoelectric measurements on a massive single crystal but Winch's earlier value of 4.74 ev for the work function of a heat-treated silver wire is probably characteristic of the crystal faces of preferred orientation developed by thermal etching rather than of randomly oriented polycrystalline silver. The method developed in the present work for measuring Ag(100) appears to be directly applicable to the (100) orientations of Ni, Cu, Au, Pd and Al.
Kinetics of two‐phase bulk polymerization. II. The influence of dissolved polymer

The effect of dissolved polybutadiene on the initial rate of polymerization of styrene was investigated by using high-precision dilatometric techniques. The dissolved polymer reduced the rate of polymerization by amounts greater than can be accounted for by a reduction in monomer concentration. Rate reductions increased with the amount of dissolved polybutadiene and with its molecular weight and were greater for benzoyl peroxide initiator than for equal concentrations of azobisisobutyronitrile. Surprisingly, analogous rate reductions were observed when polystyrene were substituted for the polybutadienes, except that at high polystyrene concentrations, the expected autoacceleration was observed. These rate reductions showed no correlation with the viscosity of the reaction mass, nor did the dissolved polymer affect initiator efficiency. At a given level of a particular dissolved polybutadiene, rate reductions were diminished by increasing levels of each initiator, and by adding a chain-transfer agent. Good quantitative agreement was obtained with the number-average length of the growing polymer chains, whether varied by using different initiators, changing initiator level, or adding chain-transfer agent. These results are inconsistent with a chemical mechanism, but they are explained by a proposal originated by North and Reed whereby the dissolved polymer makes the reaction mass a “poorer” solvent for the growing polymer chains, reducing their overall coil dimensions and enhancing their rate of diffusion together for termination.
Effects of parachlorophenylalanine on ethanol self-selection in the rat

Abstract The efficacy of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) in producing conditioned taste aversions and unconditioned avoidance of ethanol was investigated in two experiments. It was found that administering PCPA to rats having free access to a saccharine solution and water produced robust aversions to saccharin that extinguished within 6 days after termination of the PCPA treatments, thereby indicating that PCPA can produce conditioned aversions to substances consumed during its administration. In a second experiment, intraperitoneal injections of PCPA and/or ethanol given to rats not having access to ethanol were found to produce no change in their subsequent ethanol preferences. The results support the contention of earlier investigators that the reported effects of PCPA on the rat's preference for ethanol may have been due largely to the animals acquiring conditioned aversions to ethanol during PCPA treatments.
On-line impulse response extraction of a power transfer path using pulse compression probing

Measurement-based extraction of non-parametric small signal models of power transfer paths in real-time can greatly benefit wide-area control, monitoring, and protection of a power system. This paper explores the feasibility of using pulse compression (PC) probing for on-line identification of impulse responses and change detection of selected power transfer paths. These real-time schemes become possible due to the increasing presence of modern power electronic control devices in, for example, high voltage dc (HVDC) transmission systems, as well as networked measurement devices of high reporting rates, such as phasor measurement units (PMUs). The paper discusses the principle of PC probing, including probing signal synthesis, injection, and the acquisition of perturbed system measurements for on-line extraction of small signal impulse responses. A 5-bus test power system is built to illustrate the results of impulse response identification, and change detection using pulse-compression probing.
Cosmology of nonlinear oscillations

The nonlinear oscillations of a scalar field are shown to have cosmological equations of state with w=p/ρ ranging from −1<w<1. We investigate the possibility that the dark energy is due to such oscillations.
Cholos, Chúntaros, and the ‘Criminal’ Abandonments of the New Frontier

By advancing what I am calling the new frontier of the United States and Mexico as central in the formation of subjectivities, this article foregrounds two contemporary figures: ‘cholos’ and the ‘chuntaros.’ The former is how a particular group of youths, who called themselves Barrio Libre or the Free ’Hood, self-identified and the term is often common shorthand for ‘gang’ in much of the Americas. The term speaks to the premiere figure of an anxiety about unchecked, undocumented, and criminalized racial and cultural flows in the Americas. The cholos of Barrio Libre preyed on ‘chuntaros,’ the provincial ‘hick’ of an increasingly urbanizing, migrating Mexico. ‘Chuntaros’ has also become a term for the alien bodies that pass through daily projects of state sovereignty at the margins of two states, specifically United States and Mexican intensifying militarized policings and their dramatic abandonments. In this article, I situate these practices within the history of largely unacknowledged racisms in Mexico, ...
Using sinh and cosh to solve the cubic

We perhaps take for granted the use of the hyperbolic functions sinh x: and cosh x and assume that they always were defined in terms of the exponential function as 1/2(exp (x) ? exp ( – x)). In fact these very useful functions, so prominent in the study of growth and decay, were first motivated by the geometrical analysis of the unit hyperbola compared to the unit circle. The first one to use them, Vincentius Riccati, constructed a kind of logarithm for reducing multiplication to addition. Although he was aware of the exponential function exp(x) he built his ‘analogous logarithm’ structure on ordinary geometry and proceded to prove the theorems we are familiar with today. Among other things he provided a geometrical structure for finding the roots of the cubic x 3 — 3ax — b = 0 according to the method of Cardan. This paper presents the geometry that Riccati used.
Substrate-binding Clusters of the K+-transporting Kdp ATPase of Escherichia coli Investigated by Amber Suppression Scanning Mutagenesis

The Kdp-ATPase of Escherichia coli is a four-subunit P-type ATPase that accumulates K+ with high affinity and specificity. Residues clustered in four regions of the KdpA subunit of Kdp were implicated as critical for K+binding from the analysis of mutants with reduced affinity for K+ (Buurman, E., Kim, K.-T., and Epstein, W. (1995)J. Biol. Chem. 270, 6678–6685). K+binding by this pump has been analyzed in detail by site-directed mutagenesis. We have examined 83 of the 557 residues in KdpA, from 11 to 34 residues in each of four binding clusters known to affect K+ binding. Amber mutations were constructed in a plasmid carrying the kdpFABC structural genes. Transferring these plasmids to 12 suppressor strains, each inserting a different amino acid at amber codons, created 12 different substitutions at the mutated sites. This study delineates the four clusters and confirms that they are important for K+ affinity but have little effect on the rate of transport. At only 21 of the residues studied did at least three substitutions alter affinity for K+, an indication that a residue is in or very near a K+ binding site. At many residues lysine was the only substitution that altered its affinity. The effect of lysine is most likely a repulsive effect of this cationic residue on K+ and thus reflects the effective distance between a residue and the site of binding or passage of K+ in KdpA. Once a crystallographic structure of Kdp is available, this measure of effective distance will help identify the path of K+ as it moves through the KdpA subunit to cross the membrane.
A new boundary element method formulation for three dimensional problems in linear elasticity

A new boundary element method (BEM) formulation for planar problems of linear elasticity has been proposed recently [6]. This formulation uses a kernel which has a weaker singularity relative to the corresponding kernel in the standard formulation. The most important advantage of the new formulation, relative to the standard one, is that it delivers stresses accurately at internal points that are extremely close to the boundary of a body. A corresponding BEM formulation for three dimensional problems of linear elasticity is presented in this paper. This formulation is derived through the use of Stokes' theorem and has kernels which are only 1/r singular (wherer is the distance between a source and a field point) for the displacement equation. The standard BEM formulation for three-dimensional elasticity problems has a kernel which is 1/r2 singular.
Recent views of conceptual structure

This article reviews theories of concept structure proposed since the mid-1970s, when the discovery of typicality effects led to the rejection of the view that instances of a concept share necessary and sufficient attributes. To replace that classical view, psychologists proposed the family resemblance and exemplar views (and hybrids of the 2), which argue that instances of a concept share a certain level of overall similarity, rather than necessary and sufficient attributes. These similaritybased views account for much of the typicality data but fail to provide an adequate explanation of the coherence of conceptual categories and of various context effects. Recently proposed explanation-based accounts address these issues but raise further questions about the distinction between concept-specific information and general knowledge and about the relationship between conceptual knowledge and various forms of inference.
Marx and the end of Orientalism

First published in 1978, this title analyses a range of problems that arise in the study of North Africa and the Middle East, bridging the gap between studies of Sociology, Islam, and Marxism. Both Sociology and the study of Islam draw on an Orientalist tradition founded on an idealist epistemology, ethnocentric values and an evolutionary view of historical development. Bryan Turner challenges the basic assumptions of Orientalism by considering such issues as the social structure of Islamic society, the impact of capitalism in the Middle East, the effect of Israel on territories, revolutions, social classes and nationalism. A detailed and fascinating study, Marx and the End of Orientalism will be of particular interest to students studying the sociology of colonialism and development, Marxist sociology and sociological theory.
Attempts to produce taste-aversion learning in rats exposed to 60-Hz electric fields.

A measure of taste-aversion (TA) learning was used in three experiments to 1) determine whether exposure to intense 60-Hz electric fields can produce TA learning in male Sprague-Dawley rats, and (2) establish a dose-response function for the behavior in question. In Experiment 1, four groups of eight rats each were distributed into one of two exposures (69 +/- 5 kV/m or 133 +/- 10 kV/m) or into one of two sham-exposure groups. Conditioning trials paired 0.1% sodium saccharin in water with 3 h of exposure to a 60-Hz electric field. Following five conditioning trials, a 20-min, two-bottle preference test between water and saccharin-flavored water failed to reveal TA conditioning in exposed groups. In Experiment 2, four groups of eight rats each (34 +/- 2 kV/m or 133 +/- 10 kV/m and two sham-exposed groups) were treated as before. Electric-field exposure had no effect on TA learning. Experiment 3 tested for a possible synergy between a minimal dose (for TA learning) of cyclophosphamide (6 mg/kg) and 5 h of exposure to 133 +/- 10 kV/m electric fields in a dark environment under conditions otherwise similar to those of Experiments 1 and 2. The results indicated no TA learning as reflected inmore » the relative consumption of saccharin. 16 references, 6 figures, 1 table.« less
A scenario on polarization in a planetary atmosphere

A great deal of information can be obtained about aerosol and Rayleigh scattering by observing the polarization state for both reflected and transmitted radiation. Results of neutral point behavior are presented for (1) a Rayleigh or molecular scattering atmosphere; (2) a haze L distribution of aerosols typical of those found in the earth's atmosphere; and (3) two actual models of the earth's atmosphere which combine Rayleigh scattering with a normal aerosol content and with a one-third normal aerosol content.
Charge-Transfer Properties of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells via Long-Range-Corrected Density Functional Theory

The excited&state properties in a series of solar cell dyes are inve stigated with a long& range&corrected (LC) functional which provides a more accurate descri ption of charge&transfer states. Using time&dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), the LC f ormalism correctly predicts a large increase in the excited&state electric dipole moment of the dyes with respect to that of the ground state, indicating a sizable charge separation associated with the S 1 ← S 0 excitation. The performance of the LC&TDDFT formalism, illustrated by computing excitation energies, oscillator strengths, and excited&state dipole moments, demonstr ates that the LC technique provides a consistent picture of charge&transfer excitations as a function of molecular size. In contrast, the widely&used B3LYP functional severely overestima tes excited&state dipole moments and underestimates the experimentally observed excitations, especially for larger dye molecules. The results of the present study emphasize the importance of long&range exchange corrections in TDDFT for investigating the charge&transfer dynamics in solar cell dyes.
Challenges in the structural characterization of thin organic films

This review addresses the special problems associated with the micro-structural characterization of thin and ultrathin organic films, primarily by optical spectroscopies. Films which are deposited by Langmuir-Blodgett techniques, self-assembly chemistry, and bulk film deposition techniques are considered. The use of enhanced optical excitation using surface phasma resonances and integrated optical structures is discussed extensively, as is the use of ellipsometry. Discussion of the spectroscopies used is broken into a section on electronic spectroscopies and an extensive discussion of vibrational spectroscopies. Vibrational information may be obtained with photons (absorption or scattering) or electrons (loss spectra), and the types of experimental systems amenable to each, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each are explored.
"First they ignore you...": The time-context dynamic and corporate responsibility

One of the reasons it has been so challenging to define corporate responsibility (CR) is that what is considered to be responsible behavior by corporations shifts over time. Not only does the meaning of CR constantly shift, but so do public expectations and the baseline of acceptable corporate practice. New CR behaviors become common practice through two mechanisms. New norms of industry-wide practices evolve in response to shifting stakeholder expectations and demands, in response to changing laws and regulations. Moreover, changes in laws are often facilitated by evolving voluntary CR norms. As either norms of behavior or laws shift over time, the “business case” for certain CR behaviors strengthens, but at the same time the very definition of CR shifts as firms find themselves pressured to adopt additional CR behaviors, whose business benefits may initially be unclear. This time dynamic thus changes what is profitable for companies and reveals that what is and is not responsible corporate practice is both time- and context-dependent rather than universal.
Tory Industrialism and Town Politics: Swansea in the Eighteenth Century

In the last two decades, British urban history has flourished. The Tudor and Stuart periods have attracted particular attention, so that we are well informed on the party factions and politics of this time. There are excellent general accounts by Drs Clark, Slack and others; and notable local studies like Dr Evans' account of Norwich. However, it is interesting that early eighteenth-century towns are by no means as well covered, especially in the area of politics. We have studies of Norwich and the West Midlands, but these mostly concern the period after 1760. On the first half of the century, most of the available published material comes from incidental references in books on broader party politics and organization; for instance in works by Drs Holmes, Brewer and Colley.
Performance analysis of flagged prefix adders with logical effort

This paper studies an adder technique that performs three input addition utilizing parallel prefix adders. The adder architectures are called three-input flagged prefix adders (TIFPA) due to the utilization of a new set of intermediate outputs called flag bits to obtain the desired result. One of the advantages of this technique is the elimination of dedicated adder units to perform three-input addition. This adder can find its use in applications such as multiplication or multi-media units. This paper examines the effect on the performance of the adder when the operand size is expanded from 16 bits to 32 and 64 bits. Furthermore, a logical effort analysis has also been performed on the TIFPA to confirm the simulation and analytical results. The performance of this adder design has been compared to that of carry save adders (CSA) to understand the performance gain of the proposed technique. The comparison has been made with respect to the simulation results and also on the basis of logical effort.
GREEN AUTOFLUORESCENCE OF DINOFLAGELLATE CYSTS CAN BE USED INSTEAD OF PRIMULINE STAINING FOR CYST VISUALIZATION AND ENUMERATION IN SEDIMENTS

Primuline staining is widely used to visualize and enumerate dinoflagellate cysts in marine sediments. In staining cysts of Gymnodinium catenatum H. W. Graham, Scrippsiella trochoidea (F. Stein) A. R. Loebl., and cysts from estuarine sediments, we found their green fluorescence after primuline treatment to be seemingly no different from the green autofluorescence (GAF) inherent in vegetative cells and cysts of dinoflagellates fixed in formaldehyde. Although primuline subsequently proved to enhance green fluorescence of both species quantitatively, we nonetheless recommend taking advantage of dinoflagellates' GAF to detect and count their cysts in sediments. Doing so will reduce the time, chemical consumption, and possible loss of cells involved in the primuline-staining procedure.
Extending the ‘White Way’: municipal streetlighting and race, 1900–1930

While the illumination of streets by electric streetlights in Western cities is a given today, in the early part of the twentieth century it was a technology whose conspicuous consumption was a status symbol for both individuals and towns. Not long after its introduction, however, electric lighting in cities also became noticeable in its absence. This paper draws on municipal records to consider how ideologies of white supremacy and progress came together to produce the uneven deployment of streetlighting in the small town of Rocky Mount, North Carolina, thus contributing to the city's segregation in the early part of the twentieth century. By tracing the development of hierarchical streetlighting systems, such as General Electric's White Way, I also show how the racialized deployment of streetlighting was aided by large electrical equipment manufacturers. In conclusion, I argue that these insights are crucial to understanding how technologies racialize space, but also how technologies such as streetlight...
Synthesis and Reactions of Ketenimines

Ketenimines R1R2CCNR3 were first reported in 1919, but the development of the chemistry of these compounds is of relatively recent origin. These heterocumulenes are becoming of increasing interest as a dehydrating agent for peptide syntheses, as a coreagent in dimethyl sulfoxide oxidations, and as a substrate in the synthesis of heterocycles by condensation with polar multiple bonds and dipolar systems. The cycloadditions are of special interest from the viewpoint of orbital symmetry considerations. Some unusual organometallic complexes of ketenimines have also been synthesized. Recently some triaryl ketenimines have been found to have insecticidal and miticidal activity. Polymeric ketenimines have been implicated as molecular precursors of life.
Wheeled mobile robot navigation using proportional navigation

We present a method for wheeled mobile robot navigation based on the proportional navigation law. This method integrates the robot's kinematics equations and geometric rules. According to the control strategy, the robot's angular velocity is proportional to the rate of turn of the angle of the line of sight that joins the robot and the goal. We derive a relative kinematics system which models the navigation problem of the robot in polar coordinates. The kinematics model captures the robot path as a function of the control law parameters. It turns out that different paths are obtained for different control parameters. Since the control parameters are real, the number of possible paths is infinite. Results concerning the navigation using our control law are rigorously proven. An extensive simulation confirms our theoretical results.
Legionella pneumophila Is Internalized by a Macropinocytotic Uptake Pathway Controlled by the Dot/Icm System and the Mouse Lgn1 Locus✪

The products of the Legionella pneumophila dot/icm genes enable the bacterium to replicate within a macrophage vacuole. This study demonstrates that the Dot/Icm machinery promotes macropinocytotic uptake of L. pneumophila into mouse macrophages. In mouse strains harboring a permissive Lgn1 allele, L. pneumophila promoted formation of vacuoles that were morphologically similar to macropinosomes and dependent on the presence of an intact Dot/Icm system. Macropinosome formation appeared to occur during, rather than after, the closure of the plasma membrane about the bacterium, since a fluid-phase marker preloaded into the macrophage endocytic path failed to label the bacterium-laden macropinosome. The resulting macropinosomes were rich in GM1 gangliosides and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins. The Lgn1 allele restrictive for L. pneumophila intracellular replication prevented dot/icm-dependent macropinocytosis, with the result that phagosomes bearing the microorganism were targeted into the endocytic network. Analysis of macrophages from recombinant inbred mouse strains support the model that macropinocytotic uptake is controlled by the Lgn1 locus. These results indicate that the products of the dot/icm genes and Lgn1 are involved in controlling an internalization route initiated at the time of bacterial contact with the plasma membrane.
Controlling proteins through molecular springs.

We argue that the mechanical control of proteins—the notion of controlling chemical reactions and processes by mechanics—is conceptually interesting. We give a brief review of the main accomplishments so far, leading to our present approach of using DNA molecular springs to exert controlled stresses on proteins. Our focus is on the physical principles that underlie both artificial mechanochemical devices and natural mechanisms of allostery.
Complementary and alternative medicine in rheumatoid arthritis: no longer the last resort!

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has become popular with consumers worldwide and accounts for significant private and public health expenditures. According to earlier reports, the prevalence of CAM use by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in the United States is anywhere between 28% and 90%. Extensive use among RA patients and the limited knowledge among physicians had confirmed the need to evaluate the increasing prevalence of various CAM modalities. The primary aim of this study was to identify the incidence of CAM usage among our RA patients. Additionally, we aimed to correlate patient demographics and disease characteristics with the use of specific CAM modalities. An analysis of data extracted from our institution’s RA longitudinal registry was performed. The patients were asked to select from a list the modalities they were currently using and/or had used in the past. Of patients, 75.9% reported current or past use of CAM with >10% using 12 different modalities. Nutritional supplements and touch therapies were the most widely used overall, with mind–body therapies more prevalent among younger patients. CAM users were found to have more extra-articular manifestations and fewer comorbidities than non-CAM users. The use of CAM among RA patients is widespread with a broad spectrum of CAM modalities being used in early stages of the disease, frequently in conjunction with mainstream conventional treatments. Therefore, CAM may no longer be considered the rheumatoid patients’ last resort.
Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology of Tumors: Diagnostic Accuracy and Potential Pitfalls

FNA biopsy is a quick, safe, and inexpensive method for obtaining material for pathological diagnosis. It is most useful in the diagnosis of a malignant tumor. In experienced hands it is highly accurate, and many of the pitfalls in cytological interpretation can be avoided with increased practice. Special training is required to become proficient in both obtaining and interpreting aspirated material. It is not sufficient for pathologists to apply personal experience from tissue pathology to the diagnosis of cytological specimens. Current indications are the FNA biopsy will be used with increasing frequency for reasons involving both clinical practice and cost containment.
Hrd1-mediated BLIMP-1 ubiquitination promotes dendritic cell MHCII expression for CD4 T cell priming during inflammation

The ubiquitin pathway plays critical roles in antigen presentation. However, the ubiquitin ligases that regulate MHC gene transcription remain unidentified. We showed that the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1, expression of which is induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation, is required for MHC-II but not MHC-I transcription in dendritic cells (DCs). Targeted Hrd1 gene deletion in DCs diminished MHC-II expression. As a consequence, Hrd1-null DCs failed to prime CD4(+) T cells without affecting the activation of CD8(+) T cells. Hrd1 catalyzed ubiquitination and degradation of the transcriptional suppressor B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1) to promote MHC-II expression. Genetic suppression of Hrd1 function in DCs protected mice from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We identified Hrd1-mediated BLIMP1 ubiquitination as a previously unknown mechanism in programming DC for CD4(+) T cell activation during inflammation.
Increased spontaneous mitotic segregation in MMS-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS)-sensitive mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae belonging to four different complementation groups, when homozygous, increase the rate of spontaneous mitotic segregation to canavanine resistance from heterozygous sensitive (canr/+) diploids by 13- to 170-fold. The mms8–1 mutant is MMS and X-ray sensitive and increases the rate of spontaneous mitotic segregation 170-fold. The mms9–1 and mms13–1 mutants are sensitive to X rays and UV, respectively, in addition to MMS, and increase the rate of spontaneous mitotic segregation by 13-fold and 85-fold, respectively. The mutant mms21–1 is sensitive to MMS, X rays and UV and increases the rate of spontaneous mitotic segregation 23-fold.
Interorgan regulation of ethylene biosynthetic genes by pollination.

Pollination initiates a syndrome of developmental events that contribute to successful reproduction, including perianth senescence, changes in pigmentation, and ovule differentiation in preparation for impending fertilization. In orchid flowers, initiation of each of these processes in distinct floral organs is strictly and coordinately controlled by pollination, thus providing a unique opportunity to study the signals that coordinate interorgan postpollination development. Because ethylene has been implicated in contributing to regulation of severa1 aspects of postpollination development, we focused on determining the expression of its biosynthetic genes and their possible role in regulation. The abundance of mRNA encoding both 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase in the stigma, ovary, and labellum was found to be coordinately regulated by emasculation, auxin, and ethylene. Although petals contribute up to 26% of total flower ethylene and accumulate high levels of ACC oxidase mRNA and activity following pollination, no ACC synthase mRNA or activity was detected in this tissue. Together, these results support a model of interorgan regulation of postpollination development that depends on pollination-stimulated accumulation of mRNA encoding ethylene biosynthetic enzymes in a developmentally regulated and tissue-specific manner. This model relies on the translocation of a soluble hormone precursor, ACC, rather than on the translocation of the hormone itself. In this way, ACC serves to actuate the response already initiated by ethylene perceived by other parts of the flower. Thus, ACC may function as a secondary transmissible signal that coordinates postpollination development in diverse floral organs.
Cross-Space Building Occupancy Modeling by Contextual Information Based Learning

Research on building occupancy modeling is becoming increasingly important and prevalent, as occupancy is closely related to building energy efficiency, lighting control, security monitoring, emergency evacuation, and rescue operations. Building occupancy is time-sequenced occupancy changes that represent how occupants occupy a building, including both occupant presence and occupant number. Extensive research has been carried out to model building occupancy based on ambient sensing. However, occupancy models reported in previous work are mostly used to detect and estimate the occupancy in the same spaces, where the models are trained, and the generalizability of existing occupancy models to different spaces has not been explored. In general, collecting precise and continuous occupancy data for each space for training can be time consuming and intrusive. In most cases, it might not be realistic to have access to actual occupancy for all of the spaces in a building, thus it is difficult to establish an individual model for each space and improve large-scale occupancy awareness at the building level. We present a systematic framework for cross-space occupancy modeling through non-intrusive ambient sensing and relationship learning, by which the model was trained in one space and then applied to other geometrically similar spaces. Six rooms in two buildings were selected to validate the effectiveness of the framework. It was found that daily F-measure ranged from 0.71 to 0.94 with the mean of 0.80, and daily RMSE ranged from 0.42 to 1.72 with the mean of 1.23 for all classes of occupancy. Daily occupied/unoccupied detection accuracy ranged from 0.79 to 0.99 with the mean of 0.91; and the daily number estimation accuracy ranged from 0.63 to 0.78 with the mean of 0.71, when only the occupied periods were considered. The results showed that the F-measure and daily RMSE had an approximately negative linear relationship while the daily occupied/unoccupied detection accuracy had an approximately positive logarithmic relationship with the daily number estimation accuracy. Three potential influential factors on cross-modeling performance were also investigated. It was found that the level of real-time occupancy variation, the degree of long-term occupancy difference between spaces, and the operation of HVAC systems had negatively logarithmic, linear, and logistic relations with the daily cross-space occupancy modeling accuracies, respectively.
Getting good vibes: the therapeutic power of microbubbles and ultrasound.

Microbubbles are microspheres containing a shell-encapsulated gas, which are used as intravascular ultrasound contrast agents in diagnostic echocardiography ([1][1]). Although microbubbles may vary in their shell composition, all expand and contract (vibrate) when exposed to specific frequencies of
Interferometric Processing of ScanSAR Data Using Stripmap Processor: New Insights From Coregistration

Processing scanning synthetic aperture radar (ScanSAR) data using a stripmap processor, which is called full-aperture processing, has been the choice of many researchers. ScanSAR data are known to require very high azimuth coregistration precision which is usually achieved by a geometrical coregistration followed by a spectral diversity coregistration on the ScanSAR burst. However, for full-aperture processing, since individual bursts are no longer available for spectral diversity coregistration, the cross-correlation method in practice is still used to coregister ScanSAR data as stripmap data. We analyze the azimuth coregistration precision requirement of full-aperture processing and find that its requirement can be significantly relaxed. This is confirmed by a number of experiments, including simulations and real data experiments whose results are in good agreement with each other. An additional experiment on the cross-correlation method supports its use in full-aperture processing. Concluding from the experimental results, we further propose a simple method to evaluate the azimuth coregistration precision requirement for practical use. Finally, we present examples with ALOS-2 ScanSAR data.
PRESERVATION OF SAPROLEGNIACEOUS FUNGI FOR LIGHT MICROSCOPY

Saprolegniaceous fungi are generally preserved for light microscopy by immersing hyphae in Amann's solution, or less commonly in formalin-acetic-alcohol (FAA) (Seymour, 1970), and mounting specimens on glass slides (Johnson, 1956). Material prepared in this manner is inadequate since the slides cannot be sealed permanently. More importantly, the morphological characteristics of the fungi become distorted (Figs. 1, 2). Thus, key diagnostic features (e.g., antheridial cell shape, mode of antheridial branch attachment, and oogonial wall ornamentation) often cannot be recognized in such preparations. The difficulty in preserving saprolegniaceous fungi has hindered the establish? ment of permanent reference collections of these fungi. Type specimens of most genera have been lost and preserved material, where it exists, is all but useless for taxonomic work. Collections of living cultures (Hawksworth, 1974; Stevens, 1974) are limited and incomplete. Furthermore, living cultures are subject to genetic change (Goos and Pollack, 1965) and can be lost easily as a result of contamination or improper maintenance; they cannot substitute for preserved specimens which provide a permanent record ofthe morphological features pres? ent in an organism at a given time and under specific environmental conditions. A technique has been developed which eliminates most ofthe distortion normally associated with saprolegniaceous fungi preserved by traditional methods. Fungi prepared with this technique can be permanently mounted on glass slides and are suitable for taxonomic studies at the light microscope level. Isolates of Achlya treleaseana (Humphrey) Kauffman, Brevilegnia bispora Couch, and Dictyuchus pseudodictyon Coker et Braxton were grown on split, sterilized hemp seed in glass Petri plates containing sterilized, charcoal-filtered, distilled water. Colonies exhibiting the desired structural features were submerged individually in 1% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 m sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.2). After 30 seconds, each colony was transferred and held for 10 minutes in a plate containing 0.1 m sodium cacodylate buffer. This was followed by two 10 minute rinses in distilled water. Colonies were stored in distilled water prior to staining and slide preparation. Permanent slide mount preparations (modified from the method described by Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer, 1972) were made by placing a square coverglass (No. 1, 25 mm) in the center of a clean glass slide (76 x 25 x 1 mm). The coverglass and slide were temporarily sealed together by applying a small drop of water at the interface. Portions of mycelium were cut from an intact colony with micro-
USING AUTOMATED TOOLS TO REDUCE SOFTWARE COSTS AND INSURE SYSTEM INTEGRITY

GENERAL ELECTRIC Space Systems Division Valley Forge Space Center P. 0. BOX 8555 Philadelphia, PA 19101
On the measurement of impurity atom distributions in silicon by the differential capacitance technique

A mathematical analysis is presented on the measurement of an impurity atom distribution in silicon by the differential capacitance technique. This analysis shows some inherent errors that can arise when the technique is applied to material containing a small impurity atom density. An important conclusion is that the differential capacitance measurement establishes the distribution of majority carriers, rather than the distribution of impurity atoms; therefore this measurement technique is applicable only in regions of semiconductor material exhibiting charge neutrality.
Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Data Focusing on Multicore-Based Architectures

This paper describes a general-purpose parallel scheme for efficiently focusing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data on multicore-based shared-memory architectures. The rationale of the proposed tiling-based parallel focusing model is first discussed, and then, its implementation structure is illustrated. The adopted parallel solution, which is based on a canonical processing pattern, exploits a segmented-block-based approach and works successfully on data acquired by different spaceborne SAR platforms. Insofar as a significant portion of the focusing algorithm is amenable to tiling, our approach decomposes the problem into simpler subproblems of the same type, also providing a suitable mechanism to explicitly control the granularity of computation through the proper specification of the tiling at the different stages of the algorithm itself. Relevant implementation makes use of multithreading and high-performance libraries. Achievable performances are then experimentally investigated by quantifying the benefit of the parallelism incorporated into the prototype solution, thus demonstrating the validity of our approach. Accordingly, canonical performance metrics have been evaluated, and the pertinent scalability has been examined on different multicore architectures. Furthermore, in order to emphasize the practical ability of the proposed parallel model implementation to efficiently deal with data of different SAR sensors, a performance analysis has been carried out in different realistic scenarios including data acquired by the Envisat/ASAR, RADARSAT-1, and COSMO-SkyMed platforms.
Study on Breeding and Utilization of Aromatic Soft Rice Restorer ‘Wenhui247'

A new aromatic soft hybrid rice restore line Wenhui 247 with rich aromatic,strong restore ability,high combining ability,disease resistant and japonica relatives was successfully selected for the first time and protected by the authority of national new varieties. It was developed through crossing the high quality Dianlong 201 which was the affinity with the local variety Howe muxi in Yunnan aromatic soft rice and restorer line Minghui 63,then and Dalixiang 12 with resistance to rice blast and japonica relatives. Finally we gathered genes with different kinds of characters,including aromatic rice,soft rice,strong restore ability,high combining ability,rice blast resistance and so on,and treat with strict add generation separation and selection. Teyou 247 was developed from the cross of the CMS line Longtepu A and the restorer line Wenhui 247 by author,was a new medium indica hybrid rice combination with naturally aromatic mixed type,high yield,strong resistance and high adaptability,and certified and released to commercial production by Yunnan Provincial Crop Variety Appraisal Committee in January,2010. The aromatic trait of Wenhui247 was controlled by double recessive gene,and the quality of rice met the second class of state of fine quality rice,the amylase contents was 16. 7 %,which was the good donor material of aromatic and soft rice genes for the breeding of aromatic soft hybrid rice restore line.
Computational Fluid Dynamics and Thermal-Hydraulic Analyses of SLIMM Reactor Passive Decay Heat Removal by Natural Circulation of Ambient Air

The Scalable LIquid Metal–cooled small Modular (SLIMM) reactor generates 10 to 100 MW(thermal) for extended periods without refueling. With the aid of an in-vessel chimney and a Na/Na helically coi...
Discovering Authentic Hope: Helping Students Reflect on Learning and Living with Purpose

Learning about environmental and sustainability issues such as climate change, forest dieback, food and water shortages, the extinction crisis, and ocean pollution can become a source of acute and chronic stress and create feelings of disempowerment. Environmental and sustainability educators can play a powerful role in facilitating affective learning experiences that foster students’ sense of hope and purpose. Educators are called on to incorporate teaching strategies that nurture a psychology of authentic hope. For young people, the process of discovering and defining their purpose can foster greater hope, well-being, and life satisfaction. The activity in this chapter provides a reflective learning process to help students discover authentic hope in their lives. After completing the activity, students should be able to (1) reflect on and explain their personal values and talents; (2) write a vision statement of themselves living in a flourishing sustainable society; (3) synthesize their values, talents, and vision in a personal purpose statement; and (4) recognize how a sense of purpose can lead to more hope and well-being in one’s life.
Transforming the Character of the Rhetorician

The writings of Plato and Aristotle provide character-transforming arguments. Both Plato and Aristotle treat the rhetorician Gorgias as an untrustworthy character and as an archetype of those willing to use sophistical deception. When rhetoric is defined in terms of outcomes, the rhetorician will do anything to persuade. Plato and Aristotle rejected Gorgias’ outcome orientation while advancing arguments for a true art of rhetoric with internal standards of excellence. They transformed the character of the rhetorician, from sophist to statesman. Mastering the art of rhetoric involves becoming a person of practical wisdom. This sort of transformed rhetorician is embodied in Cicero’s eloquent and ethical concern for the common good and St Augustine’s eloquent oration on the deepest longings of the restless heart.
Memory and Bearing Witness

Those who are alive receive a mandate from those who are silent forever. They can fulfill their duties only by trying to reconstruct precisely things as they were, and by wresting the past from fictions and legends. – Czeslaw Milosz WITNESSING IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD The previous chapters have explored a number of conceptual and normative issues related to individual and collective memory, including: the nature of and differences between these two types of memory; the reciprocal relationship between individual and collective memory, on the one hand, and individual and collective identity, on the other; the virtues associated with taking responsibility for one's personal past; the role of collective memory in repairing historical injustice; the relationship between history and collective memory; and the ethical and moral obligations of remembrance, collective remembrance as well as personal remembrance of the dear departed. Although collective memory is not reducible to the aggregate of individual memories, I have claimed that collective memory and individual memory do not exist in completely separate domains. On the contrary, each inevitably contributes to and is intertwined with the other. The collective memory of a group is incorporated, explicitly or implicitly, into the individual memories of its members, at the same time that they put the stamp of their personal memories on the memories they share. There are also analogies with respect to some of these issues between individual and collective memory, as was clear from my discussion of taking responsibility for one's personal past in Chapter 2 and collectively doing justice to the past in Chapter 3.
HIV-1 IIIB capture from whole blood on magnetic microparticles

Viral load quantification is a critical need for HIV management worldwide. However, the diagnostic technologies currently available are too limited by their size and expense to reach many remote and resource-limited populations. Toward the development of techniques which can be leveraged for point-of-care assays, we have investigated affinity capture of whole viruses using magnetic microparticles functionalized with antibodies or proteins targeting components of the HIV envelope. Results show the best performance from T-20, a small peptide employed in antiretroviral pharmacotherapy which targets an HIV envelope protein. This demonstration introduces an interesting alternative to antibodies for future affinity-capture applications in HIV diagnostics.