cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyberactivism and nationalistic communicative actions of publics: framing and agenda-building over Wikipedia in international disputes

Different from other information processing theories, the Situational Theory of Problem Solving (STOPS) proposes that the underlying goal of communication is problem solving rather than decision making. Whether and how individuals become engaged in the processes of information acquisition, selection and transmission depends on whether they find an issue to be problematic (problem recognition), perceive to be involved in the issue (involvement recognition), feel constrained about resolving the issue (constraint recognition) and have the applicable knowledge to deal with the issue (referent criterion). Using the Wikipedia page of "Senkaku Islands dispute" as a case, the present study seeks to examine how individuals become motivated to engage in communicative actions to co-construct an agenda about an ongoing international dispute between the Chinese and Japanese governments. Based on data collected using textual and content analysis of the "article" page, the "talk" page, the "view history" page, the "references" section, the "sources" section and the "external links" section, the present study seeks to redefine both the independent and dependent variables in STOPS and discusses the significance of Wikipedia, as an international platform for the co-construction of agendas, for the expression of nationalistic sentiments towards international disputes.
Consistent transient transfection of DNA into non-transformed human and murine T-lymphocytes

The ability to analyze transcriptional regulation in non-transformed T-cells has been hampered by the inability to reproducibly transiently transfect these cells with DNA constructs. We have previously demonstrated that normal human whole mononuclear and CD4 T-cells can be consistently transiently transfected with plasmid DNA. Human cells were most receptive to plasmid DNA uptake between 19.5 and 20 h after prestimulation with a submitogenic dose of the polyclonal T-cell activator, PHA. Here we report an alteration and optimization of this protocol for non-transformed murine splenic T-cells, using concanavalin A instead of PHA as the preactivation stimulus. When coupled with the high sensitivity of luciferase reporter gene constructs, this protocol facilitates the analysis of a variety of T-cell-specific promoters in non-transformed T-cells. In addition, we directly demonstrate that murine T-cells are specifically transiently transfected among a population of whole mononuclear cells by using an expression vector for green fluorescent protein.
A Solution to the Problem of Linking Multivariate Documents

Abstract In many scientific investigations, it is desired to bring together, or link, two or more documents which represent the same individual, even though these documents do not contain a unique identifier and were derived from different sources. In medical and public health research and elsewhere, this problem is known as the document linkage problem. This paper considers some aspects of classifying pairs of documents into one of two populations when their items are identifying information, where each item of information can take on three distinct values correct, incorrect or missing. Section 1 identifies three document linkage problems. Sections 2 and 3 deal with the mathematical formulation of the multivariate document linkage problem. Section 4 gives the classification procedure and Section 5 deals with the application of the theory to a problem in the field of public health.
Acatholic and Ecumenical Response to the Left Behind Series

This article seeks to explore why Roman Catholics have responded so negatively to the Left Behind Series. The article critically evaluates the charges that Pentecostal and Evangelical expectations of the rapture are necessarily ‘fundamentalist’ or inherently ‘anti-Catholic’. By presenting the Catholic Church's history of its own apocalyptic movements and its experience in America, the author suggests ways that Roman Catholics and Pentecostals can strengthen each by sharing elements of each other's understanding of the Book of Revelation.
Physical functioning and health-related quality-of-life changes with exercise training in hemodialysis patients

The Renal Exercise Demonstration Project was designed to test the effects of two different approaches to exercise programming on the levels of physical activity, physical functioning, and self-reported health status in hemodialysis patients. Two hundred eighty-six patients were recruited for participation. Intervention patients were given individually prescribed exercise for 8 weeks of independent home exercise, followed by 8 weeks of incenter cycling during dialysis. Physical performance testing was performed at baseline and after each intervention using gait speed, sit-to-stand test, and 6-minute walk. The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36-item (SF-36) questionnaire was used to assess self-reported health status. The intervention group showed increased participation in physical activity. There were significant differences between the intervention and nonintervention groups in change over time in normal and fast gait speed, sit-to-stand test scores, and the physical scales on the SF-36, including the physical component scale. The intervention group improved in these test results, whereas the nonintervention group either did not change or declined over the duration of the study. It is clear that improvements in physical functioning result from exercise counseling and encouragement in hemodialysis patients. Because self-reported physical functioning is highly predictive of outcomes in hemodialysis patients, more attention to patients' levels of physical activity is warranted.
Oxygen uptake of single insects determined with a polarographic oxygen electrode

Abstract When the oxygen uptake of live insects was determined by using a polarographic electrode and a buckout circuit was placed in series with commercially available equipment, small changes in oxygen tension could be detected at a sensitivity 100-fold greater than that provided by the unmodified instruments. The test was made by placing the insect in a closed chamber so designed that the oxygen utilization of insects weighing between 60 and 500 mg could be measured. The rates of respiration of four species of insects determined by this method were in good agreement with those obtained by other investigators with manometric techniques.
Inviable hybrids of Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) with C. rivularis (Gould) and C. gigas (Thunberg)

Abstract Interspecific hybridization may provide important tools for selective breeding programs in oyster culture, especially for enhancement of disease resistance, and may have a bearing on debates concerning the introduction of non-native species. Factorial crosses of C. virginica with C. rivularis (C. arakiensis) and C. gigas were made, producing control and hybrid larvae. Larval survival and growth were documented. After several replicated experiments it became apparent that diploid hybrids were inviable, and so triploid hybrids were also tested and found to be equally inviable. Feeding studies with hybrids were initiated to determine if lack of growth and viability were related to capture of food. Overall, hybrids of C. virginica with C. rivularis and C. gigas can be readily produced, but are inviable after 8–10 days and grow little. With regard to the species examined here, previous reports of successful hybridization should be questioned. Introduction of C. gigas to the native range of C. virginica will not have direct genetic effects on C. virginica .
Binucleating ligands for probing metal–metal interactions in hemocyanin and cytochrome oxidase models

Abstract Interest in multimetal metalloproteins frequently results from the observation of spin coupling phenomena because they give clues to the presence of proximate paramagnetic centers. It is not usually the spin coupling per se that is important to the biochemistry of a metalloprotein but an understanding of the nature of the spin interaction is inextricably associated with the deduction of the structure of the metal sites. And it seems that the more completely the normal magnetic signatures of a metal are erased by spin coupling, the more challenging becomes the elucidating of structure. The diamagnetism of copper(II) hemocyanin derivatives and the EPR silent heme a 3 –copper site of cytochrome oxidase are cases in point. The interralationship of spin coupling and structure has dictated that progress in understanding magnetic interactions has been dependent on a detailed knowledge of structure, usually gained from X-ray crystallography. So it is, with the synthetic model compound approach to metalloproteins, that the design and synthesis of complexes which are amenable to definitive structural characterization is critically important. In this paper, the design, synthesis and structural characterization of spin coupled models for hemocyanin and cytochrome oxidase are discussed within the context of using magnetic coupling phenomena to raw structural implications for their binuclear active sites. We have recently reported [1] an azide/alkoxide dibridged binuclear copper(II) complex which, like hemocyanin, is diamagnetic (Fig. 1, X = N 3 ). The rationale for understanding this strong antiferromagnetic coupling is based on a superexchange pathway via the bridging for orbital overlap of the (d x 2 − y 2 ) 1 ground states of the approximately tetragonal copper centers. In contrast, the trigonal bipyramidal copper centers in the corresponding acetate complex (Fig. 1, X = OAc) are essentially spin free (μ = 1.83 per Cu). These complexes endorse the proposal that diamagnetism in oxy- and methemocyanin (and Type III copper) is the result of dibridged tetragonal copper(II) centers with at least one O-bridged ligand such as alkoxide. The mostpopular explanation for the absence of an EPR signal for the active site of resting state cytochrome oxidase is spin coupling between high-spin ferric heme a 3 and a proximate copper(II) center [2]. Figure 2 illustrates a ligand whose complexes with iron(III) in the porphyrin base and copper(II) coordinated in the bisbenzimidazole superstructure yield isolable crystalline materials of analytical and spectroscopic purity. Their magnetic properties are under investigation.
AFM Investigations of Cellulose Fibers in Bintje Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) Cell Wall Fragments

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to image the cellulose networks in moist fragments of the cell walls of Bintje potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). The interfiber spacing in hydrated native cell wall fragments was found to be 26.2 nm. This value is consistent with published estimates of the contour length of xyloglucan cross-links determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of cell walls. Sequential extraction of the pectin using CDTA and Na2CO3 led to shrinkage of the cell wall fragment and a reduction in interfiber spacing to 20.2 nm. Partial extraction of xyloglucan using 1 M KOH caused a small decrease in interfiber spacing to 19.5 nm. Finally, the almost complete removal of xyloglucan with 4 M KOH substantially reduced the interfiber spacing to 11 nm. The results are consistent with a model for the cell wall in which the cellulose–xyloglucan network is immersed in a swollen, hydrated pectin network.
Incorporation of 32Pi into mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in regenerating liver

Abstract 32Pi incorporation into the liver DNA of normal and hepatectomized rats was studied. Four h after injection of 32P1 into normal rats the mitochondrial DNA had a specific activity 6 times as great as did nuclear DNA. Twelve h after hepatectomy a 4-h incorporation of 32Pi showed that the specific activity of mitochondrial DNA was 18 times as great as that of nuclear DNA and accounted for 50% of the 32Pi incorporated into the total liver DNA. At 24 h post hepatectomy the rate of nuclear synthesis of DNA reached a maximum and the specific activities of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA were then equal after a 4-h incorporation. When normal rats were injected with 32Pi and sacrificed at times between 1 and 14 days after injection it was found that the specific activity of the mitochondrial DNA did not change appreciably during that period. In hepatectomized animals, both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA reached a maximum specific activity 2 days after injection and then both decayed at the same rate. The results indicate that mitochondrial DNA, like nuclear DNA, is metabolically stable and that DNA synthesis in normal ratliver mitochondria is a continuous process. The base ratios of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA were slightly but consistently different. A metabolically active contaminant associated with purified mitochondrial DNA after enzymatic digestion to mononucleotides was identified as AMP.
A VLSI chip for efficient transmission and retrieval of information

In this paper, we present a functional description of a VLSI chip aimed at reducing the cost of data transmission and data access within information processing machines and distributed information systems. The chip maps standard character codes (e.g., ASCII) into more efficient codes (e.g., Huffman's codes) using a tree module of basic cells. In bit-serial communication controllers, for example, the parallel-to-serial transformation unit can be simply replaced by the proposed chip. The VLSI design can provide speeds that far exceed current and projected peak transfer rates of high-speed disks and communication controllers.
Osseous metastases from carcinomas of the colon and rectum.

Of 765 patients with disseminated metastatic carcinoma of the colon and rectum treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center during the ten-year period 1960–1970, 53 (6.9 per cent) had skeletal metastases. Of these, 14 (1.8 per cent) had osseous metastases only. In one case the osseous lesion was the first symptom of a cancer of the sigmoid colon, and one patient had metastasis in the fibula from a primary rectal cancer. In our series the incidences of osseous metastases were 8.9 per cent from rectal carcinoma and 5.1 per cent from colonic carcinoma. The mean period from manifestation of skeletal metastasis to death was 13.2 months.
Observer design for Lipschitz nonlinear systems using Riccati equations

This paper presents a new observer design technique for Lipschitz nonlinear systems. Necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of a stable observer gain are developed using a S-Procedure Lemma. The developed condition is expressed in terms of the existence of a solution to an Algebraic Riccati Equation in one variable. Thus, the need to solve Linear Matrix Inequalities in multiple variables is eliminated. The advantage of the developed approach is that it is significantly less conservative than other previously published results for Lipschitz systems. It yields a stable observer for larger Lipschitz constants than other techniques previously published in literature.
Location Analysis in Ground-Water Remediation Using Neural Networks

Formal optimization techniques, of the kind developed in operations research to aid business decision-making, show promise as tools for controlling the high costs of ground-water remediation. A major barrier to the adoption of these tools in the industry, however, is the burden they place on the computational resources of an organization. Whenever a new pumping strategy is considered, a flow and transport model must be called to evaluate its effectiveness. Since it is common for optimization techniques to examine hundreds of strategies, at the very least, the bottleneck caused by the modeling step quickly becomes prohibitive. A method has been developed which uses artificial neural networks to substitute for the full model, permitting millions of strategies to be evaluated within reasonable time-frames on conventional computer equipment. This method was applied to a 28-location pump-and-treat problem at a western Superfund site. Networks were first trained to predict mass-extraction and containment information normally generated by the 2-D model SUTRA. They were then used in an optimization procedure to identify 250 (out of over 4 million) pumping patterns which met restoration goals at minimum cost. Analyses of the winning patterns classified individual locations as popular vs. unpopular. Sensitivity analyses on each location furthermore » distinguished: (1) locations which were strong performers under most circumstances form those which depended on other locations, and (2) locations which didn`t aid the cleanup from those which were actually detrimental to it. All these analyses were made possible by the rapid evaluation of patterns provided by the neural networks.« less
A Survey of Introductory Psychology Subject Pool Practices among Leading Universities

Department practice in administering the subject pool has been changing, but the educational value is still in doubt.
Caenorhabditis elegans has scores of homoeobox-containing genes

HOMOEOBOX-containing genes control cell identities in par-ticular spatial domains, cell lineages, or cell types during the development of Drosophila1,2 and Caenorhabditis elegans3–5, and they probably control similar processes in vertebrates6–9. More than 80 genes with homoeoboxes that have sequence similarities ranging from 25 to 100% have been isolated by genetic means or by DNA hybridization to previously isolated genes10. We synthesized 500–2,000-fold degenerate oligonucleotides corre-sponding to a set of well-conserved eight amino acid sequences from the helix-3 region of the homoeodomain11. We screened C. elegans genomic libraries with these probes and identified 49 putative homoeobox-containing loci. DNA sequencing confirmed that eight out of ten selected loci had sequences corresponding to the conserved helix-3 region11 plus additional flanking sequence similarity. One of these genes contained a sequence corresponding to a complete pou-domain12 and another was closely related to the homoeobox-containing genes caudal/cdx-113,14. The putative homoeobox loci were mapped to the physical contig map of C. elegans15,16, allowing the identification of potentially correspond-ing genes from the correlated genetic map. We estimate that the number of homoeobox-containing genes in C. elegans is at least 60, constituting ∼1% of the estimated total number of genes17.
Patterns of Political Behavior in Organization

This paper suggests that despite the current renaissance of interest in organizational power and politics, organization theory neglects individual political behavior within organizations. The need for a concern for individual political behavior is explored, and three key dimensions of political behavior are suggested: internal-external, vertical-lateral, and legitimate-illegitimate. A typology based on these dimensions is proposed, and predictions about the different types of political behavior are offered.
Galactose-1-phosphate accumulation by a Duarte-transferase deficiency double heterozygote

An infant, suspected of having galactosemia following a positive screening test on dried blood spots, was shown to be a Duarte-transferase deficiency compound heterozygote through studies of electrophoretic mobility of the transferase enzyme in blood from the patient and family members. No rise in blood glucose was seen following oral ingestion of galactose. At the same time, galactose rose in plasma and was excreted in the urine; galactose-1-phosphate accumulated in erythrocytes. A galactose-free diet was considered the prudent course in the presence of the patient's inability to metabolize galactose completely.
What's in a story: Interpreting the interpretations of story grammars∗

(1982). What's in a story: Interpreting the interpretations of story grammars. Discourse Processes: Vol. 5, No. 3-4, pp. 319-335.
Biotype-specific expression of dsRNA in the sweetpotato whitefly

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two different biotypes of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), on the induction of squash silverleaf (SSL), and to determine if double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) occurs in geographically remote populations of the two biotypes. Recently collected B-biotype whiteflies from Florida, Arizona, Mississippi, and Texas (SPW-B) all contained a 7.0 kb dsRNA molecule. Kb dsRNA molecule. Laboratory colonies of A-biotype whiteflies that were originally collected in 1981 from cotton in Arizona and California did not contain the 7.0 Kb dsRNA. When the two biotypes were compared only the SPW-B induced rapid onset, grade 5, SSL. DsRNA similar to that found in adult SPW-B was concentrated in whitefly nymphs, but host plant leaf tissue did not contain any consistent dsRNA molecules. SPW-A only induced low-grade SSL and progeny of SPW-A that were fed on pumpkin plants displaying SSL did not acquire the ability to express dsRNA or induce SSL. Our data suggest that dsRNA is not directly involved in the induction of SSL and that SSL is a host-specific response to a feeding injury induced by B-biotype whiteflies. The origin and source of the 7.0 Kb dsRNA molecule remains enigmatic but its expression is constant in the whitefly biotype that is responsible for the induction of SSL and several other plant disorders in the U.S.
Suppression of play fighting by amphetamine does not depend upon peripheral catecholaminergic influences

As reported earlier, d-amphetamine (0.25–1.0 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent depression of play fighting as indexed by the frequency of pins and the total duration of play fighting. Amphetamine reduced both the frequency of play bouts and the duration of those bouts that occurred. At the highest dose, play fighting was virtually eliminated. In contrast, 4-OH-amphetamine, which crosses the blood-brain barrier less readily than does d-amphetamine, did not depress play fighting at doses from 0.25 to 2 mg/kg. At 4 mg/kg, this drug reduced pinning, total play duration, and the frequency of play bouts, but did not affect bout duration. In a second experiment, the effects of d-amphetamine on play fighting were studied in animals that had been adrenal demedullated, subjected to chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine, or given a combination of both treatments. Amphetamine produced comparable suppression of play fighting regardless of the functional state of the sympathetic nervous system. Apparently, the effects of psychomotor stimulants on play fighting by juvenile rats are mediated by the central actions of these drugs.
Cognitive and behavioral treatments for social phobia: A critical analysis

Abstract Studies examining the effectiveness of cognitive and behavioral treatments for clinical samples of social phobic patients are reviewed, including those examining social skills training, relaxation training, exposure, and cognitive restructuring techniques. The group of studies is evaluated in terms of the subjects treated and several aspects of treatment application and experimental design in addition to an examination of technique effectiveness. Limitations of the existing literature are summarized, and implications for future research are discussed.
FDG-PET/CT IN THE EVALUATION OF ANAL CARCINOMA

Purpose: Surgical staging and treatment of anal carcinoma has been replaced by noninvasive staging studies and combined modality therapy. In this study, we compare computed tomography (CT) and physical examination to [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) in the staging of carcinoma of the anal canal, with special emphasis on determination of spread to inguinal lymph nodes. Methods and Materials: Between July 2003 and July 2005, 41 consecutive patients with biopsy-proved anal carcinoma underwent a complete staging evaluation including physical examination, CT, and 2-FDG-PET/CT. Patients ranged in age from 30 to 89 years. Nine men were HIV-positive. Treatment was with standard Nigro regimen. Results: [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) detected 91% of nonexcised primary tumors, whereas CT visualized 59%. FDG-PET/CT detected abnormal uptake in pelvic nodes of 5 patients with normal pelvic CT scans. FDG-PET/CT detected abnormal nodes in 20% of groins that were normal by CT, and in 23% without abnormality on physical examination. Furthermore, 17% of groins negative by both CT and physical examination showed abnormal uptake on FDG-PET/CT. HIV-positive patients had an increased frequency of PET-positive lymph nodes. Conclusion: [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography detects the primary tumor more often than CT. FDG-PET/CT detects substantially more abnormal inguinal lymph nodes than are identified by standard clinical staging with CT and physical examination.
Mechanisms of Resistance to Cephalosporins in Ampicillin-resistant Escherichia Coli

Three distinct classes of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli possessing different P-lactamases varied in their levels of resistance to cephalothin, cephaloridine, cephalexin, and cefazolin. The P-lactamase of class I E. coli hydrolyzed the different cephalosporins at widely different rates. When tested with large inocula of organisms, MICs of all the cephalosporins except cephalexin were elevated to resistant levels and generally correlated with rates of hydrolysis. When tested with small inocula, MICs of all four cephalosporins were low. This is probably explained by the observation that, unlike ampicillin, permeability of cells to cephalosporins was high, and affinity of the P-lactamase for them was low. Class II E. coli had much more cephalosporinase than ampicillinase activity and were resistant to all four cephalosporins even when tested with small inocula. The P-lactamase of class III E. coli had low levels of specific activity, and bacteria of this class were only slightly more resistant to the cephalosporins than were ampicillin-susceptible E. coli. In classes II and III, as well as in E. coli susceptible to ampicillin, MICs of cephaloridine and cefalozin were slightly lower than those of the other cephalosporins.
Nurses Identify Education and Communication Among Professionals as Essential in Serving ASD Children

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a broad term encompassing a group of neurodevelopmental disabilities. Children with ASD present behavioral, communication, and social behaviors. One in 68 individu...
Regional pulmonary blood flow measurement in humans with electron-beam computed tomography

Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) is a potentially useful modality to quantitate regional pulmonary flow (RPF) with minimal invasiveness, in part because it has good spatial and temporal resolution. The present studies used a single compartment model of indicator transport and EBCT to measure regional tissue flow in the lungs of human subjects. The model postulates that flow is proportional to maximal enhancement and assumes complete tissue accumulation of indicator before significant indicator washout (WO). EBCT flow studies were retrospectively analyzed with respect to RPF in 10 adult patients who had undergone clinically indicated or research cardiovascular studies. Time density curves from the left atrial (LA) cavity and one-third segments of left (LL) and right (RL) lungs (A: anterior, M: middle, and P: posterior segments) were used to calculate RPF. Washout was determined as the percent of the LA curve at the time of peak parenchymal opacification using gamma curve fits to both tissue data and the LA curve data. Mean +/- standard deviation RPF in ml/min/ml was 0.8 +/- 0.4, 1.1 +/- 0.4, and 1.3 +/- 0.4 for A, M, and P respectively for one-third regions in the left lung. Similar results were found in the right lung. No difference in RPF was found when images were measured either by including the largest of visible parenchymal vessels or when such vessels were excluded. Flow in A of LL and RL was less than that in M or P. Average WO was about 10%, with a range of 0-41% of the LA curve area. There was no significant difference between one-third segment WO using pairwise comparison on the left and right sides when tested separately. RPF values were greater in the posterior vs anterior regions of these supine patients. In conclusion, EBCT can detect gravity related flow differences in the human lung. EBCT has potential for clinical assessment of absolute regional pulmonary flow determination in animals and man.
The effect of magnesium ion concentration on the fibrocartilage regeneration potential of goat costal chondrocytes.

Magnesium has recently been explored as a potential biomaterial for degradable orthopedic implants but its effect on fibrocartilage remains unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of high concentrations of magnesium ions on the matrix production of goat costal fibrochondrocytes in vitro. Cells were cultured using a scaffoldless approach with media containing magnesium chloride (MgCl2) or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) at concentrations of 20, 50, and 100 mM in addition to the baseline magnesium concentration of 0.8 mM MgSO4. At 4 weeks, there were no significant differences in compressive tangent modulus and total matrix production between constructs cultured in 20 mM Mg2+ and the 0.8 mM Mg2+ control (435 ± 47 kPa). There was a significant decrease in compressive tangent modulus compared to the 0.8 mM Mg2+ constructs in the 50 mM MgCl2 and MgSO4 groups, while the 100 mM groups were not mechanically testable (p < 0.05). The collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of the 50 and 100 mM MgCl2 and MgSO4 constructs was significantly lower than the control (6.9 ± 0.5% and 16.5 ± 1.3% per dry weight, respectively) (p < 0.05). The results show that goat costal fibrochondrocytes exhibit a high degree of resiliency to magnesium ion concentrations up to 20 mM in vitro.
Domestication is associated with reduced burst swimming performance and increased body size in clonal rainbow trout lines

Abstract Domestication selection combined with inadvertent selection for high growth rate and large body size are common in hatchery salmonids. However, evolutionary trade-offs of various fitness components with body size and domestication are likely. This study explores potential trade-offs between growth and sprint swim performance among five clonal lines of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), varying in the number of generations under domestication. We hypothesized that clonal lines of trout derived from highly domesticated populations would have higher growth rates but slower sprint swimming performance relative to clonal lines derived from less-domesticated populations. Individuals from each of the five lines were repeatedly measured for body size and sprint swimming performance over 10–15 weeks. Our findings indicate significant differences in body size and sprint swimming performances between the less-domesticated and the more-domesticated lines, with more-domesticated lines being larger but poorer swimmers. Implications for the survival and reproduction of hatchery salmonids released into the wild are explored.
Venous Drainage to the Heart-Lung Machine via the Internal Jugular Vein

Effective uncomplicated drainage of venous blood to the heart-lung machine was achieved by cannulation of the right atrium through the internal jugular vein in 11 patients.
Evidence for the existence of rotational levels in all even nuclei

Abstract A theory of rotations of even nuclei is developed which is more general than the one based on the hydrodynamical model. It is assumed that the rotational motion can be treated adiabatically and that the three effective moments of inertia and the two effective quadrupole moments are independent parameters. A small centrifugal distortion of the rotor is added as a correction term. The theoretical predictions for energy levels and gammaray transition probabilities are compared with experimental results for nuclei with 40 ≦ A ≦ 250 and good agreement is obtained. The trends of the effective moments of inertia and effective quadrupole moments as a function of A are given.
Effects of L-alanine on membrane potential, potassium (86Rb) permeability and cell volume in hepatocytes from Raja erinacea.

Abstract Isolated hepatocytes from the elasmobranch Raja erinacea were examined for their regulatory responses to a solute load following electrogenic uptake of l -alanine. The transmembrane potential ( V m ) was measured with glass microelectrodes filled with 0.5 M KCl (75 to 208 MΩ in elasmobranch Ringer's solution) and averaged −61 ± 16 mV (S.D.; n = 68). l -alanine decreased (depolarized) V m by 7 ± 3 and 18 ± 2 mV at concentrations of 1 and 10 mM, respectively. V m did not repolarize to control values during the 5–10 min impalements, unless the amino acid was washed away from the hepatocytes. The depolarizing effect of l -alanine was dependent on external Na + , and was specific for the l -isomer of alanine, as d - and β-alanine had no effect. Hepatocyte V m also depolarized on addition of KCN or ouabain, or when external K + was increased. Rates of 86 Rb + uptake and efflux were measured to assess the effects of l -alanine on Na + /K + -ATPase activity and K + permeability, respectively. Greater than 80% of the 86 Rb + uptake was inhibited by 2 mM ouabain, or by substitution of choline + for Na + in the incubation media. l -Alanine (10 mM) increased 86 Rb + uptake by 18–49%, consistent with an increase in Na + /K + pump activity, but had no effect on rubidium efflux. l -Alanine, at concentrations up to 20 mM, also had no measurable effect on cell volume as determined by 3 H 2 O and [ 14 C]inulin distribution. These results indicate that Na + -coupled uptake of l -alanine by skate hepatocytes is rheogenic, as previously observed in other cell systems. However, in contrast to mammalian hepatocytes, V m does not repolarize for at least 10 min after the administration of l -alanine, and changes in cell volume and potassium permeability are also not observed.
Combining surface sensitive vibrational spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy to study biological interfaces

A multimodal system combining surface sensitive sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and total-internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy for surface and interface study was developed. Interfacial molecular structural information can be detected using SFG spectroscopy while interfacial fluorescence signal can be visualized using TIRF microscopy from the same sample. As a proof of concept experiment, SFG spectra of fluorescent polystyrene (PS) beads with different surface coverage were correlated with TIRF signal observed. Results showed that SFG signals from the ordered surfactant methyl groups were detected from the substrate surface, while signals from PS phenyl groups on the beads were not seen. Additionally, a lipid monolayer labeled using lipid-associated dye was deposited on a silica substrate and studied in different environments. The contact with water of this lipid monolayer caused SFG signal to disappear, indicating a possible lipid molecular disorder and the formation of lipid bilayers or liposomes in water. TIRF was able to visualize the presence of lipid molecules on the substrate, showing that the lipids were not removed from the substrate surface by water. The integration of the two surface sensitive techniques can simultaneously visualize interfacial molecular dynamics and characterize interfacial molecular structures in situ, which is important and is expected to find extensive applications in biological interface related research.
Effects of electro-convulsive shock on pregnancy in the rat.

SummaryA single electro-convulsive shock administered to 5 pregnant rats 12 hours after mating had no effect on the course of pregnancy. Of 5 rats shocked once daily for 6 days beginning 12 hours after copulation, on the eleventh day 2 showed some degranulation of pituitary acidophils, slight reduction in size of basophils, small or degenerating corpora lutea and degenerating retarded embryos in the uteri. All animals similarly shocked for 11 days, showed the same pituitary and ovarian changes, and, in addition, complete destruction of the fetuses with necrosis and sloughing of decidua into the uterine lumen.
Finite element analysis of temperature distribution in microwaved cylindrical potato tissue

Abstract A new finite element formulation for the analysis of temperature distribution in a microwaved potato cylinder was developed by deriving and incorporating a non-linear heat generation term for an axisymmetric and transient heat transfer problem. Using the dielectric properties of potato, temperature distribution was predicted well for the center temperatures lower than 80°C. The deviation between the predicted and experimental temperatures beyond 80°C was corrected using the dielectric properties of water. Pronounced heating was found along the longitudinal axis passing through the center point of the potato cylinder.
Time-Optimal Attitude Control of a Quadrotor UAV

This paper presents the optimal control for a minimum-time, large-angle reorientation maneuver of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle. We use the Euler’s equations of motion and the Modified Rodrigues Parameters to describe the attitude motion of the vehicle. The minimum-time optimal control problem for large-angle reorientation maneuvers is formulated based on calculus of variations and Pontryagin’s minumum principle. At the end, the minimum-time problem is solved numerically and optimal controls are found for a typical quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle. The numerical simulations confirm our results are in agreement with analytical methods.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Live demonstration: A bio-inspired event-based size and position invariant human posture recognition algorithm

We demonstrate a realtime human postures recognition platform. The algorithm employs temporal difference imaging between video sequences as input and then decompose the contour of the active object into vectorial line segments. A scheme based on simplified Line Segment Hausdorff Distance combined with projection histograms is proposed to achieve size and position invariance recognition. Inspired by the hierarchical model of human visual system, the whole classification is described as a coarse to fine procedure. 88% average realtime recognition rate is achieved in the experiment.
Comments on: Subsampling weakly dependent time series and application to extremes

Professors Doukhan, Prohl, and Robert are to be congratulated for their work on extending the validity of the subsampling method to a much wider class of processes compared to the existing literature that typically requires the processes to be strongly mixing (cf. Politis et al. 1999). As described in Sects. 1 and 2, many common time series models, including the ARMA models, often fail to satisfy the strong mixing condition but they typically satisfy the ηand λ-weak dependence conditions of Doukhan and Louhichi (1999) considered in this paper. As a result, extending the validity of the subsampling method under suitable ηand λ-weak dependence conditions is an important contribution. Expectedly, the smooth version of the subsampling estimator is especially suited to the form of the ηand λ-weak dependence conditions which give covariance bounds for smooth functions of the observations. This is one reason why the validity of the smooth subsampling estimator in Theorem 1 holds under weaker conditions than those for the rough subsampling estimator in Theorem 3. However, from the applications point of view, it is worth noting that while smoothing is known to play an important role in the resampling methodology in certain inference problems (e.g., inference on quantiles), caution must be exercised in cases where the limit distribution of the (unbootstrapped) statistic has points of discontinuity. The authors also prove validity of the (smooth) subsampling estimator for the sample maximum under different sets of ηand λ-weak dependence conditions, for both the overlapping and the non-overlapping cases. This is an important problem where its natural competitor, namely, the block bootstrap method (cf. Kunsch 1989
Acid Peptic Diseases: Pharmacological Approach to Treatment

Acid peptic disorders are the result of distinctive, but overlapping pathogenic mechanisms leading to either excessive acid secretion or diminished mucosal defense. They are common entities present in daily clinical practice that, owing to their chronicity, represent a significant cost to healthcare. Key elements in the success of controlling these entities have been the development of potent and safe drugs based on physiological targets. The histamine-2 receptor antagonists revolutionized the treatment of acid peptic disorders owing to their safety and efficacy profile. The proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) represent a further therapeutic advance due to more potent inhibition of acid secretion. Ample data from clinical trials and observational experience have confirmed the utility of these agents in the treatment of acid peptic diseases, with differential efficacy and safety characteristics between and within drug classes. Paradigms in their speed and duration of action have underscored the need for new chemical entities that, from a single dose, would provide reliable duration of acid control, particularly at night. Moreover, PPIs reduce, but do not eliminate, the risk of ulcers in patients taking NSAIDs, reflecting untargeted physiopathologic pathways and a breach in the ability to sustain an intragastric pH of more than 4. This review provides an assessment of the current understanding of the physiology of acid production, a discussion of medications targeting gastric acid production and a review of efficacy in specific acid peptic diseases, as well as current challenges and future directions in the treatment of acid-mediated diseases.
A Model of Population Growth, Dispersal and Evolution in a Changing Environment

The climatic and biotic conditions at any geographic location will change through time, for example, because of the advance of glaciers. If it is to avoid extinction, a species adapted to a moving habitat must either track its habitat spatially, or adapt genetically to the new environmental conditions. These processes of migration and evolution are important in determining continental biogeographic patterns. We develop a model to explore the relative contributions of adaptation and dispersal as alternative mechanisms whereby a population can respond to changing environmental conditions. In our model the environment to which the species is adapted moves across the landscape at a constant velocity, and a quantitative trait determines each individual's fitness as a function of the local environmental conditions. Local populations are allowed to adapt genetically to the environmental conditions at each point in space, so that a cline develops in the quantitative character. We find that if the rate of environmental movement is slow, the species will track its environment across space, otherwise it will go extinct. Additionally, the higher the genetic variance in the character, the easier it is for the species to maintain itself in a moving environment. Our results generalize previous models that predict a critical patch size of suitable habitat necessary for population persistence.
Estimating loop length from CryoEM images at medium resolutions

De novo protein modeling approaches utilize 3-dimensional (3D) images derived from electron cryomicroscopy (CryoEM) experiments. The skeleton connecting two secondary structures such as α-helices represent the loop in the 3D image. The accuracy of the skeleton and of the detected secondary structures are critical in De novo modeling. It is important to measure the length along the skeleton accurately since the length can be used as a constraint in modeling the protein. We have developed a novel computational geometric approach to derive a simplified curve in order to estimate the loop length along the skeleton. The method was tested using fifty simulated density images of helix-loop-helix segments of atomic structures and eighteen experimentally derived density data from Electron Microscopy Data Bank (EMDB). The test using simulated density maps shows that it is possible to estimate within 0.5A of the expected length for 48 of the 50 cases. The experiments, involving eighteen experimentally derived CryoEM images, show that twelve cases have error within 2A. The tests using both simulated and experimentally derived images show that it is possible for our proposed method to estimate the loop length along the skeleton if the secondary structure elements, such as α-helices, can be detected accurately, and there is a continuous skeleton linking the α-helices.
Corticomedullary Mixed Tumor of the Adrenal Gland With Concurrent Adrenal Myelolipoma

We report the case of a corticomedullary mixed tumor of the adrenal gland in a 55-year-old woman with a left adrenal mass who presented with mild symptoms of Cushing syndrome and an elevated urinary cortisol level. The patient underwent a left adrenalectomy. A well-circumscribed 2.5-cm mass, composed of an admixture of adrenal cortical cells and pheochromocytes, and an incidental 0.7-cm myelolipoma were present in the resected left adrenal gland. The diagnosis of adrenal corticomedullary mixed tumor was confirmed by both immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. To our knowledge, this is the eighth well-documented report of this rare tumor.
Considering dynamic Pareto frontiers in decision making

Considering how the resolution of conflicts changes over time is an aspect of multiobjective optimization that is not commonly explored. These considerations embody changes in both the preferences that dictate the selection of Pareto designs, and changes in the Pareto frontier itself over time, or s-Pareto frontier when a set of disparate design concepts are considered. As such, this paper explores the idea of dynamic s-Pareto frontiers and preferences. Specifically, this paper presents a dynamic multiobjective optimization problem formulation that provides a framework of identifying the s-Pareto frontier for a series of time steps. The application of the presented dynamic formulation is illustrated through a simple aircraft design example. Through this example it was observed that the identification of the dynamic s-Pareto frontier enabled the observation of the impact of design decisions on the offset of selected designs from the identified dynamic frontier. By measuring and minimizing the aircraft design offset, the selected aircraft design offset was improved by an average of roughly 60 % from the next best selected alternative identified using traditional selection methods.
Cryptic Genetic Variation Is Enriched for Potential Adaptations

Cryptic genetic variation accumulates under weakened selection and has been proposed as a source of evolutionary innovations. Weakened selection may, however, also lead to the accumulation of strongly deleterious or lethal alleles, swamping the effect of any potentially adaptive alleles when they are revealed. Here I model variation that is partially shielded from selection, assuming that unconditionally deleterious variation is more strongly deleterious than variation that is potentially adaptive in a future environment. I find that cryptic genetic variation can be substantially enriched for potential adaptations under a broad range of realistic parameter values, including those applicable to alternative splices and readthrough products generated by the yeast prion [PSI+]. This enrichment is dramatically stronger when multiple simultaneous changes are required to generate a potentially adaptive phenotype. Cryptic genetic variation is likely to be an effective source of useful adaptations at a time of environmental change, relative to an equivalent source of variation that has not spent time in a hidden state.