cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Molecular Weight on the Ion Transport Mechanism in Polymerized Ionic Liquids

The unique properties of ionic liquids (ILs) have made them promising candidates for electrochemical applications. Polymerization of the corresponding ILs results in a new class of materials called polymerized ionic liquids (PolyILs). Though PolyILs offer the possibility to combine the high conductivity of ILs and the high mechanical strength of polymers, their conductivities are typically much lower than that of the corresponding small molecule ILs. In the present work, seven PolyILs were synthesized having degrees of polymerization ranging from 1 to 333, corresponding to molecular weights (MW) from 482 to 160 400 g/mol. Depolarized dynamic light scattering, broadband dielectric spectroscopy, rheology, and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to systematically study the influence of MW on the mechanism of ionic transport and segmental dynamics in these materials. The modified Walden plot analysis reveals that the ion conductivity transforms from being closely coupled with structural relaxation...
Resonant Impurity-Electron-Optical-Phonon Interactions in GaAs and GaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Wells and Superlattices

A review of recent systematic experimental studies of the well-width dependence of the resonant interaction of shallow donor electronic transitions with polar optical phonons in GaAs/AlGaAs multiple-quantum-well structures is presented. Particular attention is given to the effect of confinement on the strength of the observed interaction, and the question of whether or not interface phonons play a role in the narrow well samples. Primary emphasis has been placed on the hydrogenic 1s-2p+ transition of well-center donors, followed with far infrared photoconductivity spectroscopy, and tuned through resonances with GaAs optical phonons by magnetic fields up to 23.5T. Extremely large and asymmetric interaction gaps have been observed in both the “two-level” and “three-level” resonance regions for small well-width samples. These gaps decrease systematically as the well-width increases, with the largest well-width sample (450A) exhibiting structure and splittings close to those of a reference bulk sample. Results are consistent with enhancement of the interaction as confinement progresses from 3D to 2D and demonstrate that the extent of the electronic wavefunction is the most important factor determining the interaction strength. There is also some evidence supporting contributions of other phonon modes, presumably interface phonons, to the large interaction in the narrow well-width samples.
Devitrification in sodium disilicate glasses containing iron

Etude systematique des transformations de structure induites par la chaleur dans des verres du systeme (Na 2 O•2SiO 2 ) 1−x •(Fe 2 O 3 ) x avec 0,05≤x<0,3 a l'aide de la diffraction X de l'etude de la structure fine au-dela du bord d'absorption X et de la spectroscopie Mossbauer. Le systeme vitreux se devitrifie a haute temperature pour former trois phases cristallines principales
β-Arrestin 1-dependent regulation of Rap2 is required for fMLP-stimulated chemotaxis in neutrophil-like HL-60 cells

β-Arrestins have emerged as key regulators of cytoskeletal rearrangement that are required for directed cell migration. Whereas it is known that β-arrestins are required for formyl-Met-Leu-Phe receptor (FPR) recycling, less is known about their role in regulating FPR-mediated neutrophil chemotaxis. Here, we show that β-arrestin 1 (ArrB1) coaccumulated with F-actin within the leading edge of neutrophil-like HL-60 cells during chemotaxis, and its knockdown resulted in markedly reduced migration within fMLP gradients. The small GTPase Ras-related protein 2 (Rap2) was found to bind ArrB1 under resting conditions but dissociated upon fMLP stimulation. The FPR-dependent activation of Rap2 required ArrB1 but was independent of Gαi activity. Significantly, depletion of either ArrB1 or Rap2 resulted in reduced chemotaxis and defects in cellular repolarization within fMLP gradients. These data strongly suggest a model in which FPR is able to direct ArrB1 and other bound proteins that are required for lamellipodial extension to the leading edge in migrating neutrophils, thereby orientating and directing cell migration.
End-User Reactions to a Graphical MEDLINE Interface in a Scientific Setting

Abstract Library user satisfaction studies with graphical user interfaces are infrequent, despite the proliferation of software moving in this direction. A large pharmaceutical research facility completed a study comparing end-user reactions to a new, graphical interface of the MEDLINE database (SilverPlatter's WinSPIRS and MacSPIRS) after years of using a DOSbased version. This study replicated a previous one in which reaction to the library catalog's migration to a graphical interface was recorded. The study included a survey assessing user satisfaction and a review of overall usage. As with the previous library catalog study, the graphical version was preferred over the DOSbased version. This conclusion is shown by survey findings and supported by increased usage.
Evaluating peer reviews of writing using fault injection

Advanced writing courses are required in many college majors, including computer science. This paper describes an experimental tool and approach created to improve peer reviews of writing. Students benefit from participating in peer reviews of each others' writings. It has been found[1] that peer reviews were as good or better than reviews by instructors on student achievement and attitudes. One aspect of peer reviews that is important is the amount of effort that students put into the peer review process. In [2] students who provided more detailed comments improved their own writing more than students that provided numeric only feedback. Intuitively, it seems reasonable that students that put more effort into the peer review process will get more out of it. One way to encourage students to fully participate in the peer review process is to provide accurate and timely feedback on their reviews.
Evaluation of NCAM and DKK1 Expression in Multiple Myeloma and MGUS by Gene and Tissue Microarrays: Expression Accompanies Progression.

Introduction: Expression NCAM1 , a cell adhesion molecule involved in neuron-neuron adhesion, is also expressed by multiple myeloma (MM PC). Osteolytic bone lesions are a hallmark of MM and elevated expression of NCAM in MM PC has been correlated with this process (Ely and Knowles, 2003). We have previously reported that MM PC express DKK1 and MM blocks osteoblast differentiation in a DKK1-specific manner, suggesting that secretion of the Wnt signaling inhibitor plays a role in MM bone disease. Herein we used gene expression microarrays and tissue microarrays (TMAs) to investigate the simultaneous expression of DKK1 and NCAM in MM and MGUS. Methods: The study population consisted of 198 newly diagnosed MM and 44 MGUS. RNA from CD138-selected plasma cells was hybridized to Affymetrix U133Plus microarrays and data processed with Affymetrix Microarray Suite GCOS1.1 software. TMAs were constructed from formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded bone marrow biopsies. Serial sections of TMA were immunostained for CD138, NCAM and DKK1. TMAs were scanned using ScanScope using 20x lens, assessed using TMA lab software (Aperio Technologies) and scored as an average number of cells in the context of CD138 staining. Results: When put in context of a recently described molecular classification (Zhan et al., 2006), NCAM and DKK1 were found significantly co-over-expressed ( DKK1+/NCAM+ ) in HYPERDIPLOID MM (P 90% of PC in 191 (98%); of these, 94 were also NCAM+ in 5% to > 90% of PC; 1 case was positive for NCAM+/DKK− and 3 were NCAM−/DKK−. There was no significant difference in clinical parameters and survival in a comparison of NCAM+/DKK+ and NCAM−/DKK+ groups. DKK1 gene expression was higher in DKK1+/NCAM+ than in DKK1+/NCAM− MM (P=0.006); NCAM gene expression was higher in DKK1+/NCAM+ than in DKK+/NCAM− MM (P<0.0001) and NCAM was the number one SAM-defined gene over-expressed in DKK1+/NCAM+ relative to DKK1+/NCAM− disease. Consistent with GEP data, DKK1+/NCAM+ MM was over-represented in HYPERDIPLOID MM (32% v. 10%; P<0.001), while DKK1+/NCAM− disease was overrepresented in MAF-spike (15% v. 2%; P=0.003) and MYELOID subgroups (32% v. 18%; P=0.03). DKK1+/NCAM+ MM was completely absent in CCND1 -spike /CD20-negative disease, with only 4% of DKK1+/NCAM− cases in this subgroup. No difference was observed for the other subtypes. Conclusion: DKK1 is expressed in all cases of MM with half also expressing NCAM. Neither gene is expressed in MGUS PC. These data suggests that expression of these genes in plasma cells accompanies disease progression.
The Sharing Economy and Marketing: A Review and Future Research (An Abstract)

The sharing economy continues to grow in the USA, developed countries, and emerging markets. The sharing economy connects sellers and buyers through unique digital platforms and P2P business models. The sharing economy can be a part of “futuristic marketing” related to the Internet and web-based interactions. It is definitely an extension of new marketing practices that encompass consumers, business, society, virtual networks, etc. The sharing economy can be defined as sharing of consumer and industrial products, services, and resources which are used by consumers and businesses. The sharing economy is inherently synonymous with collaborative consumption areas that help consumers and firms to lower cost, seek economies of scale, and remain competitive in the fast-changing business and digital world.
Towards a Community "Playground:" Connecting CyberGIS with its Communities

While high-performance computing is a fundamental component of CyberGIS, equally important is establishing a fundamental connection between CyberGIS and the various user communities requiring it. This involves the sharing, communication, and collaboration of authoritative, relevant spatial science not only among GIS specialists within their respective organizations, but across related scientific disciplines, between government agencies, and even to interested citizens seeking easy access to complex spatial analysis through a tailored, simplified user experience. In order to best to achieve such effective sharing and collaboration, one must also seek to understand the advantages and limitations of cloud computing in the context of spatial computation. We briefly introduce some key concepts of cloud GIS, followed by several use cases ranging from optimizing community resource allocation decisions, to coastal and marine spatial planning, to assessing solar energy potential in urban areas, to understanding river and watershed dynamics. These examples underscore the great potential for CyberGIS to provide as a fundamental component an environment for users of varying background and abilities an environment in which to perform and evaluate spatial analyses in a “community playground” of datasets, maps, scripts, web-based geoprocessing services, and GIS analysis models. Indeed, exposing the power of spatial analysis to a larger audience (the non-GIS audience) may be the biggest long-term value of CyberGIS, helping it toward the ultimate goals of facilitating communication and collaboration, breaking down barriers between institutions, disciplines and cultures, and fostering a better connection between CyberGIS and its many communities.
Free–Ranging and Confined Sika Deer in North America: Current Status, Biology, and Management

In North America, the largest numbers of free-ranging sika deer (Cervus nippon) currently occur in Texas and Maryland, with smaller populations on Chincoteague Island, Virginia; there are very small populations about which little is known in North Carolina and Kentucky. Sika deer in these five states are sympatric with native white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). A few individual sika deer escapees from game farms or ranches occur occasionally in other states and may be taken during the hunting season, but there are no other reproductively viable, free-ranging populations. Likewise, there are no known free-ranging sika deer in any of the Canadian provinces or territories. Confined populations of sika deer on game farms or ranches are much more widely distributed in North America, with animals currently held in at least 39 states and four Canadian provinces. In addition to other management concerns related to exotics, the perceived magni- tude of problems associated with the potential spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) has resulted in very restrictive regulations against transporting sika deer (and other ungulates) in most states and provinces.
Assessment of Infrastructure Resilience in the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake

Despite many studies on infrastructure resilience in the existing literature, there is a limited empirical understanding of disaster resilience in the context of intermittent infrastructure systems...
Migration and Well-being: Beyond the Macrosystem

This commentary reviews the contributions of the 6 papers to the emerging focus on migration within community psychology. This collection of articles on migration and community represents a growing interest in the field in immigration issues in general, and a community psychology focus on these issues in particular. The papers span a range of issues raised by migration in a variety of different contexts. The papers reflect principles of community psychology by articulating a perspective on migration and its outcomes within national and global contexts. Taken together, these articles demonstrate the increasing mutual enrichment of immigration and community research. The articles suggest the need to continue to articulate psychological constructs as transactional and contextual across multiple levels of analysis.
Lipid biosensor interactions with wild type and matrix deletion HIV-1 Gag proteins.

Abstract The matrix (MA) domain of the HIV-1 precursor Gag protein (PrGag) has been shown interact with the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein, and to direct PrGag proteins to plasma membrane (PM) assembly sites by virtue of its affinity to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI[4,5]P2). Unexpectedly, HIV-1 viruses with large MA deletions (ΔMA) have been shown to be conditionally infectious as long as they are matched with Env truncation mutant proteins or alternative viral glycoproteins. To characterize the interactions of wild type (WT) and ΔMA Gag proteins with PI(4,5)P2 and other acidic phospholipids, we have employed a set of lipid biosensors as probes. Our investigations showed marked differences in WT and ΔMA Gag colocalization with biosensors, effects on biosensor release, and association of biosensors with virus-like particles. These results demonstrate an alternative approach to the analysis of viral protein-lipid associations, and provide new data as to the lipid compositions of HIV-1 assembly sites.
Economic and Environmental Analysis for Advancing Sustainable Management of Livestock Waste: A Wisconsin Case Study.

Livestock waste may cause air quality degradation from ammonia and methane emissions, soil quality detriment from the in-excess nutrients and acidification, and water pollution issues from nutrient and pathogens runoff to the water bodies, leading to eutrophication, algal blooms, and hypoxia. Despite the significant environmental benefits of performing pollution management for these organic materials, the recovery of value-added products from livestock waste is not a current practice due to the high investment costs required and the low market values being offered for the recovered products. In addition, the deployment of waste treatment technologies is hindered by the difficulty to attribute an economic value to environmental benefits. We present a supply chain design framework to conduct simultaneous economic and environmental analysis of post-livestock organic material to value-added products. The proposed framework captures techno-economic and logistical issues and can accommodate diverse types of pol...
Finite element analysis of annuloplasty and papillary muscle relocation on a patient-specific mitral regurgitation model.

OBJECTIVES Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is a significant complication of left ventricle (LV) dysfunction associated with poor prognosis and commonly treated by undersized ring annuloplasty. This study aimed to quantitatively simulate the treatment outcomes and mitral valve (MV) biomechanics following ring annulopalsty and papillary muscle relocation (PMR) procedures for a FMR patient. METHODS We utilized a validated finite element model of the left heart for a patient with severe FMR and LV dilation from our previous study and simulated virtual ring annuloplasty procedures with various sizes of Edwards Classic and GeoForm annuloplasty rings. The model included detailed geometries of the left ventricle, mitral valve, and chordae tendineae, and incorporated age- and gender- matched nonlinear, anisotropic hyperelastic tissue material properties, and simulated chordal tethering at diastole due to LV dilation. RESULTS Ring annuloplasty with either the Classic or GeoForm ring improved leaflet coaptation and increased the total leaflet closing force while increased posterior mitral leaflet (PML) stresses and strains. Classic rings resulted in larger coaptation forces and areas compared to GeoForm rings. The PMR procedure further improved the leaflet coaptation, decreased the PML stress and strain for both ring shapes and all sizes in this patient model. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that a rigorously developed patient-specific computational model can provide useful insights into annuloplasty repair techniques for the treatment of FMR patients and could potentially serve as a tool to assist in pre-operative planning for MV repair surgical or interventional procedures.
Two-Stage Nutrient Uptake

In this chapter we model the activities of a cell that receives nutrients from its environment, uses these nutrients for growth and maintenance, and then excretes waste products back into its environment.
Recovery of adherent cells after in situ electroporation monitored electrically

Here we describe various experiments that address the efficiency of loading extracellular probes into the cytoplasm of adherent mammalian cells (normal rat kidney, Madin-Darby canine kidney, and Af...
A Quarter Century of APOE and Alzheimer’s Disease: Progress to Date and the Path Forward

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered a polygenic disorder. This view is clouded, however, by lingering uncertainty over how to treat the quasi "monogenic" role of apolipoprotein E (APOE). The APOE4 allele is not only the strongest genetic risk factor for AD, it also affects risk for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and other neurodegenerative disorders. This review, based mostly on data from human studies, ranges across a variety of APOE-related pathologies, touching on evolutionary genetics and risk mitigation by ethnicity and sex. The authors also address one of the most fundamental question pertaining to APOE4 and AD: does APOE4 increase AD risk via a loss or gain of function? The answer will be of the utmost importance in guiding future research in AD.
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Africa: Strategies, Synergies, and Constraints

This chapter uses data on Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to examine the nature of climate change mitigation and adaptation actions being pursued in African countries and assesses the extent to which preferred mitigation and adaptation priorities advance the cause of sustainable development on the continent. The prospective synergies between mitigation and adaptation approaches and sustainable development are assessed. Also, the pathways through which resource constraints and institutional and policy environment affect Africa’s ability to mitigate and adapt to climate change are examined, as well as the degree to which these constraints are being addressed. It is argued that Africa’s ability to benefit from sustainable development synergies embedded in the mitigation and adaptation strategies in the INDCs will be greatly limited by institutional and policy environment that hinders funding, capacity building, and technological innovation systems development. The slow pace of efforts to address these impediments further erodes confidence that climate adaptation in Africa will be effective at sufficiently contributing to a reduction in climate change risks to the continent.
A translational rheostat integrates euchromatin regulation and growth of pluripotent embryonic cells

A transcriptionally permissive chromatin state is a characteristic of both the early blastocyst embryo and of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Recent work from the laboratory of Miguel Ramalho-Santos, described in this Editorial, demonstrates that this state is very sensitive to translational output, with a positive feedback loop linking high rates of translation with maintenance of a stem cell state of hyper-transcription and elevated chromatin accessibility (1).
Compiler-Directed and Architecture-Independent Mitigation of Read Disturbance Errors in STT-RAM

High density, negligible leakage power, and fast read speed have made Spin-Transfer Torque Random Access Memory (STT-RAM) one of the most promising candidates for next generation on-chip memories. However, STT-RAM suffers from read-disturbance errors, that is, read operations might accidentally change the value of the accessed memory location. Although these errors could be mitigated by applying a restore-after-read operation, the energy overhead would be significant. This paper presents an architecture-independent framework to mitigate read disturbance errors while reducing the energy overhead, by selectively inserting restore operations under the guidance of the compiler. For that purpose, the vulnerability of load operations to read disturbance errors is evaluated using a specifically designed fault model; a code transformation technique is developed to reduce the number of vulnerable loads; and, an algorithm is proposed to selectively insert restore operations. The evaluation results show that the proposed technique can effectively reduce up to 97% of restore operations and 66% of the energy overhead while maintaining 99.8% coverage of read disturbance errors.
Effects of dietary level of ruminally protected choline on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers and on growth and serum metabolites in lambs.

Ruminally protected choline (RPC) was evaluated in two experiments. In Exp. 1, beef steers (n = 160; average initial BW = 350.9 kg) were fed a 90% concentrate diet with either 0, .25, .5, or 1.0% RPC (DM basis) for 112 to 140 d. Feeding .25% RPC increased ADG 11.6% compared with 0% RPC, but responses diminished with increasing RPC level (cubic response, P .10) among treatments. Quantities of carcass mesenteric (P .10) among RPC levels. Supplementing RPC in high-concentrate diets improved performance, but results were not consistent among RPC levels or between cattle and sheep. Potential effects of RPC might be mediated through alterations in fat metabolism and(or) metabolic hormones related to fat metabolism.
Multifunctional Pacemaker Lead for Cardiac Energy Harvesting and Pressure Sensing

Biomedical self-sustainable energy generation represents a new frontier of power solution for implantable biomedical devices (IMDs), such as cardiac pacemakers. However, almost all reported cardiac energy harvesting designs have not yet reached the stage of clinical translation. A major bottleneck has been the need of additional surgeries for the placements of these devices. Here, integrated piezoelectric-based energy harvesting and sensing designs are reported, which can be seamlessly incorporated into existing IMDs for ease of clinical translation. In vitro experiments validate the energy harvesting process by simulating the bending and twisting motion during heart cycle. Clinical translation is demonstrated in four porcine hearts in vivo under various conditions. Energy harvesting strategy utilizes pacemaker leads as a means of reducing the reliance on batteries and demonstrates the charging ability for extending the lifetime of a pacemaker battery by 20%, which provides a promising self-sustainable energy solution for IMDs. The additional self-powered blood pressure sensing is discussed, and the reported results demonstrate the potential in alerting arrhythmias by monitoring the right ventricular pressure variations. This combined cardiac energy harvesting and blood pressure sensing strategy provides a multifunctional, transformative while practical power and diagnosis solution for cardiac pacemakers and next generation of IMDs.
Assessing Late Vegetative and Tasseling Fungicide Application Timings on Foliar Disease and Yield in Indiana Corn

Gray leaf spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis) is a foliar disease of corn (Zea mays) that consistently reduces yields across the United States and is an annual concern in Indiana corn production. Field t...
The Impact of a Current Imbalance Compensator on Feeder Compensation Equipment Operation

Typically, a feeder in a distribution system is operating with unbalanced currents. Furthermore, single-phase load-side generation can worsen this current imbalance. The use of an active current compensator has been suggested in literature as a solution because traditional compensation equipment used by electric utilities cannot fully address this issue. This paper looks at the effect that an unbalanced current compensator will have on the conventional compensation equipment installed at the substation. In addition, the positioning of this compensator relative to the other equipment is discussed. Using data from an existing distribution feeder the findings show that in most cases the use of this compensator can reduce the number of operations experienced by voltage regulators and switched capacitor banks.
Soft Tissue Grafting Around Implants: Why, When, and How?

This paper discusses the role of soft tissue grafting around dental implants. The aim of this review is to present pertinent literature on peri-implant soft tissue including its role, indications for augmentation, techniques used to enhance the quality and/or quantity of the soft tissue, and corresponding timing of those procedures. Most reviewed soft tissue grafting studies in this paper were published in the last 5 years. However, the review also included older articles to mitigate the lack of recent randomized controlled trials or even case series on the reviewed soft tissue graft types. Soft tissue management with custom healing abutments or temporary restorations should be considered whenever possible. Soft tissue grafting to increase the width of keratinized mucosa (KM) seems to result in greater reduction of inflammation signs and a greater maintenance of crestal bone levels. The use of soft tissue grafts to increase soft tissue thickness tends to have a positive effect on maintaining crestal bone levels, especially when used to increase vertical thickness. Apically positioned flaps (APFs) in combination with free gingival grafts (FGGs), subepithelial connective tissue grafts (SCTGs), or xenogenic collagen matrix (XCM) can significantly increase the KM width. Grafts to enhance facial tissue thickness lack evidence to support their long-term impact on mucosal marginal levels. Nonetheless, soft tissue manipulation is frequently performed at second-stage surgery to improve the facial thickness and esthetics. No clear advantages for the timing of soft tissue grafting with regard to clinical outcomes can be delineated when grafting is performed to increase KM or tissue thickness in simultaneous or staged approaches. The decision and timing to treat soft tissue defects should be based on risk assessment at the site and patient levels.
Pressured By Students, Medical Schools Grapple With Climate Change

In Miami, Florida, aspiring clinicians apply lessons learned while reaching out to the region's most vulnerable communities.
Improving convergence by optimizing the condition number of the stiffness matrices arising from least-squares finite element methods

Abstract The least-squares finite element method (LSFEM) has drawn much attention with desirable properties , such as always symmetric positive-definite stiffness matrix and approximation of primal and non-primal variables with equivalent accuracy. Despite a condition number comparable to that of Galerkin FEM, of O ( h − 2 ) , it is sometimes found that LSFEM with low-order elements does not show a satisfactory accuracy of solution. In this report, we propose an easy-to-implement technique that optimizes the condition number of the stiffness matrix. The least-squares functional is applied to the first-order governing equations and a linear combination of the weak form domain and boundary equations, with normalization (i.e., weighting) parameters is constructed. The impact of these parameters on the condition number of the resulting global stiffness matrix is proved to be independent of mesh size or shape function order. By use of a global optimization scheme that tunes these parameters, we observe notable decrease in the condition number compared to cases where the least-squares principle is directly applied to the governing equations, and hence convergence is significantly improved. It is further shown that the technique can be applied to the elemental stiffness matrix for a computationally efficient means of determining normalization parameters. To show the general applicability of the method, we also apply this technique to solve for a two-dimensional (2D) lid-driven flow problem and to calculate the electromagnetic field distribution in a 2D rectangular resonant cavity . In both problems, the LSFEM solution accuracy is poor prior to optimization of weighting parameters, and accuracy does not increase much by mesh refinement alone. Moreover, the process can be generalized to Galerkin FEM and other methods to improve convergence properties .
Metaphor Wars: Conceptual Metaphors in Human Life

The study of metaphor is now firmly established as a central topic within cognitive science and the humanities. We marvel at the creative dexterity of gifted speakers and writers for their special talents in both thinking about certain ideas in new ways, and communicating these thoughts in vivid, poetic forms. Yet metaphors may not only be special communicative devices, but a fundamental part of everyday cognition in the form of 'conceptual metaphors'. An enormous body of empirical evidence from cognitive linguistics and related disciplines has emerged detailing how conceptual metaphors underlie significant aspects of language, thought, cultural and expressive action. Despite its influence and popularity, there have been major criticisms of conceptual metaphor. This book offers an evaluation of the arguments and empirical evidence for and against conceptual metaphors, much of which scholars on both sides of the wars fail to properly acknowledge.
Romanticism and Victorian Scientific Naturalism

Examples from Charles Darwin, especially his tacking between different forms of temporality that enabled an integration of human experience and geological immensity, and John Tyndall, with his all-encompassing vision of a mechanical and energetic universe, show the sense in which Victorian scientific naturalism replicated in important respects the Romantic sensibilities of a Humboldt or a Goethe, for whom the natural world represented a self-sufficient unity. There was no ontological gap between Mind and Nature for scientific naturalism any more than there had been for Romantic sensibilities. Reason was what resulted from human nature, and human nature was reason. Nature red in tooth and claw, the terrible sublimity of scientific naturalism, was Romanticism's legitimate offspring.
Association of HIV viral load and CD4 cell count with human papillomavirus detection and clearance in HIV-infected women initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Objectives The extent to which highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) affects HPV acquisition and clearance in HIV-infected women is not well-understood. We sought to describe high risk HPV detection and clearance rates over time since HAART initiation, based on time-varying HIV viral load (VL) and CD4+ T-cell count (CD4) using novel statistical methods.
Friend leukemia and endogenous viruses. I. Production of friend and endogenous C-type particles by mouse cells cultured in vitro.

Abstract Within 3 days after infection of BALB c 3T3 mouse cells with Friend virus, formation of new virions is detectable by agglutination of [ 3 H]uridine-labeled virus with Con A. Newly infected cells produce a heterogeneous population of particles which includes infectious leukemia virus that is selectively and quantitatively agglutinated by Con A. Particles that are nonagglutinable are released in gradually diminished amounts as cells are serially passaged in vitro . Continued cultivation of the cells results in “spontaneous” production of other particles of density 1.18 that are coproduced with FLV. C-type particles (also of density 1.18) are produced simultaneously by cells not infected with Friend virus. They are morphologically indistinguishable from FLV, bind ferritin Con A, and similarly contain 60–70 S RNA.
Differential expression of ras signal transduction mediators in verrucous and squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract.

Abstract Context.—ras gene mutations and expression of its gene product have been described in verrucous and squamous cell carcinomas. Other downstream signal-transduction mediators, extracellular ...
Renal protection in chronic kidney disease: hypoxia-inducible factor activation vs. angiotensin II blockade.

The 5/6th nephrectomy or ablation/infarction (A/I) preparation has been used as a classic model of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We observed increased kidney oxygen consumption (QO2) and altered renal hemodynamics in the A/I kidney that were normalized after combined angiotensin II (ANG II) blockade. Studies suggest hypoxia inducible factor as a protective influence in A/I. We induced hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and HIF target proteins by two different methods, cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and dimethyloxalyglycine (DMOG), for the first week after creation of A/I and compared the metabolic and renal hemodynamic outcomes to combined ANG II blockade. We also examined the HIF target proteins expressed by using Western blots and real-time PCR. Treatment with DMOG, CoCl2, and ANG II blockade normalized kidney oxygen consumption factored by Na reabsorption and increased both renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. At 1 wk, CoCl2 and DMOG increased kidney expression of HIF by Western blot. In the untreated A/I kidney, VEGF, heme oxygenase-1, and GLUT1 were all modestly increased. Both ANG II blockade and CoCl2 therapy increased VEGF and GLUT1 but the cobalt markedly so. ANG II blockade decreased heme oxygenase-1 expression while CoCl2 increased it. By real-time PCR, erythropoietin and GLUT1 were only increased by CoCl2 therapy. Cell proliferation was modestly increased by ANG II blockade but markedly after cobalt therapy. Metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities were corrected equally by ANG II blockade and HIF therapies. However, the molecular patterns differed significantly between ANG II blockade and cobalt therapy. HIF induction may prove to be protective in this model of CKD.
FRENCH NOUN ENDINGS AND VOCABULARY BUILDING

Author's summary.— Concrete suggestions for Vocabulary building by the use of suffixes. A list of the most common und useful suffixes with meanings and examples.
Robust hyperspectral vision-based classification for multi-season weed mapping

Abstract This study investigated the robustness of hyperspectral image-based plant recognition to seasonal variability in a natural farming environment in the context of automated in-row weed control. A machine vision system was developed and equipped with a CCD camera integrated with a line-imaging spectrograph for close-range weed sensing and mapping. Three canonical Bayesian classifiers were developed using canopy reflectance (400–795 nm) collected over three seasons for tomato and weeds. The performance of the three season-specific classifiers was tested by changing environmental conditions, resulting in an increase in total error rate of up to 36%. Global calibration across the complete span of the three seasons produced overall classification accuracies of 85.0%, 90.0% and 92.7%, respectively, for 2005, 2006 and 2008. To improve the stability of global classifier over multiple seasons, a multiclassifier system was constructed with three canonical Bayesian classifiers optimized for the three seasons individually. This system was tested on a data set simulating an upcoming season with field conditions similar to that in 2005. The system increased the total discrimination accuracy to 95.8% for the tested season under simulation. This method provided an innovative direction for achieving robust plant recognition over multiple seasons by integrating expert knowledge from historical data that most closely matched the new field environment.
Cloning and sequence analysis of a novel member of the single-stranded DNA binding protein family

A single-stranded DNA binding protein (SSB) was isolated which has unusual amino acid residues at sites previously shown to be highly conserved and critical for DNA binding. Sequence analysis suggested that these residues are characteristic of a novel class of SSBs from Gram-positive bacteria.
A comment on mill's argument for utilitarianism

This article contains criticisms of various interpretations of Mill's argument for Utilitarianism. An attempt is made to explain how Mill conceived the rationality of his proof, and how his justification of the Principle of Utility differs from a justification of fundamental moral principles on the basis of the logic of ethical discourse.
A new technonationalism?: China and the development of technical standards

Chinese technology executives, government officials, and members of its research community are debating how far to push the country's strategy for promoting technology standards at home and abroad.
Red blood cell oxidative stress impairs oxygen delivery and induces red blood cell aging

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) need to deform and squeeze through narrow capillaries. Thus, decreased deformability of RBCs contributes to the elimination of aged or damaged RBCs from the circulation. This process causes impaired oxygen delivery, which has contributed to the pathology of a number of diseases. Studies from our laboratory have shown that oxidative stress plays a significant role in damaging the RBC membrane and impairing deformability. RBCs are continuously exposed to both endogenous and exogenous sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). While the bulk of the ROS are neutralized by the RBC antioxidant system consisting of both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants including catalase, glutathione peroxidase and peroxiredoxin-2, the autoxidation of hemoglobin bound to the membrane is relatively inaccessible to cytosolic antioxidants. This process becomes more pronounced under hypoxic conditions when hemoglobin is partially oxygenated resulting in an increased rate of autoxidation and increased affinity for the RBC membrane. We have shown that a fraction of peroxyredoxin-2 present on the RBC membrane may play a major role in neutralizing these ROS. H2O2 that is not neutralized by the RBC antioxidant system can react with the heme producing fluorescent heme degradation products (HDP). We have used the level of these HDP as a measure of RBC Oxidative Stress. Increased levels of HDP are detected during cellular aging and various diseases. The negative correlation (pWhile decreased deformability contributes to the removal of RBCs from circulation, the uptake of RBCs by macrophages can also involve other processes like caspase-3 activation,which also directly involve oxidative stress. RBC oxidative stress, therefore, plays a significant role in inducing RBC aging.
Continuum Theory for Piezoelectric Response of Chiral Nanotubes Under Uniaxial and Torsional Stresses

We develop and solve a continuum theory for the piezoelectric response of nanotubes under applied uniaxial and torsional stresses. We find that the piezoelectric response is controlled by the chiral angle, the aspect ratio, and two dimensionless parameters specifying the ratio of the strengths of the electrostatic and elastic energies. The model is solved in two limiting cases and the solutions are discussed. These systems are found to have several unexpected physical effects not seen in conventional bulk systems, including a strong stretch-twist coupling and the development of a significant bound charge density in addition to a surface charge density. The model is applied to estimate the piezoelectric response of a boron nitride nanotube under uniform tensile stress.
1,4-Dilithio-1,2,3,4-tetraphenyl-butadiene - crystal structure of the 1,2-dimethoxyethane adduct

Abstract The crystal structure of Li 2 C 4 Ph 4 · 2DME ( 1 , DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) is reported. In the solid state it is monomeric owing to the chelating properties of the bidentate donor solvent. The butadiene backbone exhibits cis -geometry with two essentially localized CC double bonds, separated by a CC single bond. The lithium ions coordinate on opposite sides of the C 4 -backbone. They show short contacts to the terminal C-atoms of the butadiene moiety and significantly longer ones to the central C-atoms. No interactions between the Li + ions and the phenyl rings were observed. Crystal data (Mo-Kα radiation) at −120°C for 1 · 0.5C 5 H 12 : a = 1036.5(4) pm, b = 1084.0(5) pm, c = 1709(1) pm, α = 105.11(4)°, β = 103.25(4)°, γ = 97.51(4)°, triclinic, space group P 1 , R = 0.083 for 3727 ( F > 6σ( F )) data.
CD36 mRNA in the Gastrointestinal Tract Is Differentially Regulated by Dietary Fat Intake in Obesity-Prone and Obesity-Resistant Rats

Background The gastrointestinal tract (GI) is important for detection and transport of consumed nutrients and has been implicated in susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in various rat strains.
A Neural Network Approach to the Rapid Computation of Rotational Correlation Times from Slow Motional ESR Spectra

We explore the use of feed forward artificial neural networks for determining rotational correlation times from slow motional nitroxide electron spin resonance spectra. This approach is rapid and potentially eliminates the need for traditional iterative fitting procedures. Two networks are examined: the radial basis network and the multilayer perceptron. Although the radial basis network trains rapidly and performs well on simulated spectra, it is less satisfactory when applied to experimental spectra. In contrast, the multilayer perceptron trains slowly but is excellent at extracting correlation times from experimental spectra. In addition, the multilayer perceptron operates well in the presence of noise as long as the signal-to-noise ratio is greater than approximately 200/1. These findings suggest neural networks offer a promising approach for rapidly extracting correlation times without the need for iterative simulations.
Some balanced incomplete block designs

Abstract New constructions for SBIBDs with parameters ( υ , κ , λ ) = (45, 12, 3), (36, 15, 6), and (40, 13, 4) are given in this note.
Process improvement in acetone-butanol production from hardwood by simultaneous saccharification and extractive fermentation

The acetone-butanol production by simultaneous saccharification and extractive fermentation (SSEF) was investigated. In the SSEF employing cellulase enzymes andClostridium acetobutylicum, both glucan and xylan fractions of pretreated aspen are concurrently converted into acetone and butanol. Continuous removal of the fermentation products from the bioreactor by extraction was an important factor that allowed long-term fed-batch operation. The use of membrane extraction prevented the problems of phase separation and extractant loss. Increase in substrate feeding as well as reduction of nutrient supply was found to be beneficial in suppressing the acid production, thereby improving the solvent yield. Because of prolonged low growth conditions prevalent in the fed-batch operation, the butanol-to-acetone ratio in the product was significantly higher at 2.6–2.8 compared to the typical value of two.
Far-ultraviolet absorption spectra of porcine and human corneas

We have measured the absorption spectra of porcine and human corneas in the far ultraviolet region from 350 nm to 190 nm. The samples were sectioned from frozen corneas into thin slices of 15 micrometers to 40 micrometers in thickness. The absorption spectra shows three distinct regions from 260 nm to 190 nm: a relatively weak absorption region from 260 nm to 240 nm; a region of steep increase from 240 nm to 220 nm; and a strong and slowly increasing absorption region from 220 nm to 190 nm. The linear absorption coefficients were determined to be 2130 +/- 310 (cm-1) at 220 nm, 2240 +/- 320 (cm-1) at 215 nm, 2300 +/- 330 (cm-1) at 210 nm, and 2410 +/- 370 (cm-1) at 193 nm for porcine corneas and 2300 +/- 480 (cm-1) at 220 nm, 2300 +/- 460 (cm-1) at 215 nm, 2320 +/- 470 (cm-1) at 210 nm, and 2340 +/- 450 (cm-1) at 193 nm for human corneas. A `window of ablation' in the far ultraviolet region between 220 and 190 nm was determined. Statistical analysis was conducted to correlate the far ultraviolet absorption between the porcine and human corneas. The effect of freezing on the far ultraviolet absorption also has been studied.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Factors Influencing Fetal Growth

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the roles of insulin-like growth factor on fetal growth and development. 2. Delineate components of “maternal constraint.” 3. Explain the role of the placenta in regulating fetal growth. 4. Describe the effects of fetal glucose, amino acid, and fat supply on fetal growth. The principal determinants of fetal growth are fetal genotype and in utero environment. Environmental factors include maternal and paternal genetics, maternal size, and the capacity of the placenta to provide nutrients to the fetus. These environmental factors interact with the intrinsic growth pattern of the fetus, yielding a particular rate and composition of fetal growth. Most of the variation in fetal growth in a population is due to variations in environmental factors, not the fetal genome, although a genetically abnormal fetus clearly might not grow as well as a normal fetus if affected genes include those that are important for growth. Many genes contribute to fetal growth and birthweight. Techniques in which specific genes can either be deleted (“knockouts”) or overexpressed have led to greater understanding of how some of these genes regulate fetal growth. Such studies have shown that both maternal and paternal influences are present during fetal development and are passed on to the developing fetus by spermatozoa or oogonia by a mechanism called imprinting. Although the maternal genetic composition exerts greater influence than fetal genotype in the overall regulation of fetal growth, both maternal and paternal genomes are important in fetal growth and development (1)(2). For example, gynogenetic zygotes (two maternal genome copies) lead to underdeveloped extraembryonic tissues but well-developed embryos. The more modest regulation offered by the paternal genotype is essential for trophoblast development. For example, zygote nuclear transfer experiments have shown that androgenetic zygotes (two paternal genome copies) develop extensive trophoblast tissues but …