cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrition and the older female: a review.

Reviewed here are the major nutritional problems of older females, stressing where older female nutrition differs from that of older males. Older females have a higher body mass index and lower waist-to-hip ratio than do older males. Older females reduce their food intake compared to younger females much less than do older males compared to younger males. Total energy expenditure is minimally reduced in older females compared to young females. Resting metabolic rate is reduced by 13% in older females. The major nutritional problem faced by older females, protein energy malnutrition, and its reversible causes are addressed. Inability to recognize the need for fluids is a common problem leading to dehydration in older persons. Older persons are at major risk for ingesting less than two-thirds of the recommended dietary allowance for vitamins. Older women are more likely than men to take vitamin or mineral supplements. Osteopenia is a common problem leading to fractures in older women, and decreased calcium intake and vitamin D deficiency, as well as estrogen deficiency, play a role in the pathogenesis of osteopenia. Total cholesterol levels increase with age in older women, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decline. However, cholesterol levels that are optimum for survival are higher in older women than in older men. At 65 years of age it is more common in males. Over one-half of older persons with DM are undiagnosed. Management of DM in older persons requires a judicious approach to balance the potential problems of hypo- and hyperglycemia.
Neoplasia in ileal pouch mucosa after total proctocolectomy for juvenile polyposis: report of a case.

PURPOSE: Patients treated with restorative proctocolectomy for familial adenomatous polyposis or ulcerative colitis occasionally develop disease in the ileal pouch similar to that originally present in the colon. We investigated the possibility of analogous involvement in the ileal pouch of juvenile polyposis patients. METHODS: Endoscopic surveillance for neoplasia throughout the gastrointestinal tract was performed, with retrieval of all polypectomy specimens for histologic classification using the criteria of Morson. RESULTS: Multiple large juvenile polyps were found in the ileal pouch of one patient less than 10 years after restorative proctocolectomy for hereditary juvenile polyposis. The pouch was much more severely affected than the proximal ileum, small intestine, or stomach. Although most polyps had a completely benign histologic appearance, three had moderate to severe dysplasia. DISCUSSION: Mucosal changes induced by bacteria or stasis of luminal contents may promote manifestation in the ileal pouch of the disease phenotype usually more evident in the colon. Patients with severe or generalized juvenile polyposis should be considered for periodic endoscopic surveillance of the ileal pouch beginning several years after restorative proctocolectomy.
Individualized brain parcellation with integrated funcitonal and morphological information

We propose a novel brain parcellation method to define individualized, groupwise consistent brain network nodes based on integrated functional and morphological information. Particularly, our method is built under a collaborative multi-view clustering framework in conjunction with graph-regularization techniques. Our method is able to integrate multimodality imaging data in the brain parcellation to comprehensively capture inter-subject variability in functional anatomy. Our method has been evaluated based on resting state functional MRI and structural MRI data obtained from the WU-Minn Human Connectome Project. The experimental results have demonstrated that our method could obtain groupwise consistent and subject-specific parcellation results with better functional and structural coherence.
Relational Resources as a Builder of B2B Service Brand Equity

Existing literature supports the notion that sellers’ corporate and product brands are valuable, enabling resources that serve to build and reinforce firm-level competitive advantages (Aaker 2004). These brands act as key signaling mechanisms, which convey critical and differentiating information to current and prospective customers (Kirmani and Rao 2000). Such differentiation serves to reinforce brand positions, rewarding firms with competitive advantage, performance, growth, and profit (Aaker 2004, 1996; Keller 2008).
Three-dimensional inspiratory flow in a double bifurcation airway model

The flow in an idealized airway model is investigated for the steady inhalation case. The geometry consists of a symmetric planar double bifurcation that reflects the anatomical proportions of the human bronchial tree, and a wide range of physiologically relevant Reynolds numbers (Re = 100–5000) is considered. Using magnetic resonance velocimetry, we analyze the three-dimensional fields of velocity and vorticity, along with flow descriptors that characterize the longitudinal and lateral dispersion. In agreement with previous studies, the symmetry of the flow partitioning is broken even at the lower Reynolds numbers, and at the second bifurcation, the fluid favors the medial branches over the lateral ones. This trend reaches a plateau around Re = 2000, above which the turbulent inflow results in smoothed mean velocity gradients. This also reduces the streamwise momentum flux, which is a measure of the longitudinal dispersion by the mean flow. The classic Dean-type counter-rotating vortices are observed in the first-generation daughter branches as a result of the local curvature. In the granddaughter branches, however, the secondary flows are determined by the local curvature only for the lower flow regimes (Re ≤ 250), in which case the classic Dean mechanism prevails. At higher flow regimes, the field is instead dominated by streamwise vortices extending from the daughter into the medial granddaughter branches, where they rotate in the opposite direction with respect to Dean vortices. Circulation and secondary flow intensity show a similar trend as the momentum flux, increasing with Reynolds number up to Re = 2000 and then dropping due to turbulent dissipation of vorticity. The streamwise vortices interact both with each other and with the airway walls, and for Re > 500 they can become stronger in the medial granddaughter than in the upstream daughter branches. With respect to realistic airway models, the idealized geometry produces weaker secondary flows, suggesting that realistic anatomical features may generate more lateral dispersion than canonical symmetric models.
Association between shunt-responsive idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and alcohol

OBJECTIVE Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is characterized by ventriculomegaly, gait difficulty, incontinence, and dementia. The symptoms can be ameliorated by CSF drainage. The object of this study was to identify factors associated with shunt-responsive iNPH. METHODS The authors reviewed the medical records of 529 patients who underwent shunt placement for iNPH at their institution between July 2001 and March 2015. Variables associated with shunt-responsive iNPH were identified using bivariate and multivariate analyses. Detailed alcohol consumption information was obtained for 328 patients and was used to examine the relationship between alcohol and shunt-responsive iNPH. A computerized patient registry from 2 academic medical centers was queried to determine the prevalence of alcohol abuse among 1665 iNPH patients. RESULTS Bivariate analysis identified associations between shunt-responsive iNPH and gait difficulty (OR 4.59, 95% CI 2.32-9.09; p < 0.0001), dementia (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.14-2.80; p = 0.01), incontinence (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.13-2.76; p = 0.01), and alcohol use (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.23-3.16; p = 0.03). Borderline significance was observed for hyperlipidemia (OR 1.56, 95% CI 0.99-2.45; p = 0.054), a family history of hyperlipidemia (OR 3.09, 95% CI 0.93-10.26, p = 0.054), and diabetes (OR 1.83, 95% CI 0.96-3.51; p = 0.064). Multivariate analysis identified associations with gait difficulty (OR 3.98, 95% CI 1.81-8.77; p = 0.0006) and alcohol (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.10-3.39; p = 0.04). Increased alcohol intake correlated with greater improvement after CSF drainage. Alcohol abuse was 2.5 times more prevalent among iNPH patients than matched controls. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol consumption is associated with the development of shunt-responsive iNPH.
What is the best way not to treat prostate cancer

Abstract Introduction Selective treatment approaches for prostate cancer (PCa) are warranted given the highly varied nature of the disease and the consequences associated with definitive therapy. Materials and Methods We present a stepwise overview of strategies optimized to not treat PCa, ranging from improved screening practices that seek to maximize the yield at initial diagnosis, as well as refinements to clinical risk prediction and the performance of active surveillance. Results Improved adherence to screening guidelines offering simplistic, rational practice recommendations are poised to improve the performance of early detection strategies. In addition, measures to improve the quality of PCa screening would include greater integration of novel markers with higher specificity for clinically significant disease, in an effort to stem the tide of over-diagnosis and consequential overtreatment of low-grade tumors. For men diagnosed with PCa, the use of validated, multi-variable risk stratification stands to offer greater certainty in initial management choices: consideration of active surveillance for those with low-risk status, and definitive therapy for men with intermediate and high-risk features. We review the efficacy and nature of active surveillance protocols, and offer a context for refinements that may be anticipated with future study. Conclusions The question of how best to not treat prostate cancer is often more complex than policies of universal treatment, yet is integral to minimize morbidity of over-treatment in patients with low-risk tumors. An array of refined risk stratification instruments, biomarkers, and genomic assays seek to improve the confidence both prior to, and following diagnosis.
2.8 A Class-G voltage-mode Doherty power amplifier

In modern communication, wideband and high-spectral-efficiency modulation results in high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), up to 8 to 10dB. Well-known PA-efficiency-enhancement techniques, such as Doherty and outphasing, offer reduced efficiency improvement beyond 6dB back-off, limiting the efficiency enhancement obtainable with high PAPR modulation. Recent works have shown that a combination of different techniques [1–3] can result in improved efficiency well beyond 6dB back-off. However, these combined techniques have come at a cost of glitches due to mode-transitions, when power supply voltage or load impedance undergo large variations at critical power levels. In [1,2] switching between power supply voltages causes significant glitches, which degrade the EVM and ACPR of the transmitted signal. In [1], reasonable EVM is achieved, by reducing the average output power so that power supply switching is less frequent. A “skipping window” technique is proposed in [3] to skip high-frequency mode-transitions reducing overall glitching. While this improves the ACPR, the efficiency is degraded since there is no enhancement during a skipped transition.
Perception of Policy and Environmental Action to Promote Healthy Behaviors in African American Communities

The present study aimed to examine the perceptions of African American communities regarding the involvement of political leaders in facilitating policy and environmental change promoting healthy eating and physical activity. We selected the Metro Jackson Area comprised of Hinds, Madison and Rankin Counties because it is a combination of urban and rural communities. The sample consisted of 70 participants from seven sites. A total of seven focus groups were asked to respond to one question to assess political leaders' involvement in healthy living: "When you think about your political leaders that you have in the Jackson, Mississippi area, do any of them promote healthy eating and physical activity?" Focus groups consisted of six to 12 participants and were asked to comment on their participation in physical activity. The focus group interviews were digitally recorded. The recorded interviews were transcribed by a professional transcriptionist. Community members could not recollect much participation from political leaders in the health prevention/intervention efforts. In each of the counties, there was evidence that there was some involvement by local politicians in health promotion issues, but not on a large scale. In conclusion, making healthy foods and products available in neighborhood stores has long been associated with healthy behaviors and positive health outcomes. This can make a difference in the Mississippi communities where supermarkets are not accessible and health disparities abound.
Abstract 929: Dissecting heterogeneity and population dynamics in breast cancer stem cells

The CSC hypothesis posits that there is a subset of tumors cells driving tumor growth and metastasis and that by targeting this population, tumors can be more efficiently eradicated. Recently it was shown that there are two types of CSCs in breast cancer, mesenchymal CSC’s characterized as CD44+/CD24- and an epithelial type marked by ALDH expression. The cellular plasticity of these CSC states may contribute to their metastatic capacity. However, little is known about the heterogeneity of these CSC populations or how they are regulated by the tumor microenvironment. To address these issues we have utilized Drop-Seq to generate single cell RNA-Seq data from thousands of cells across patient derived xenografts from various molecular subtypes of breast cancer. In order to monitor real-time state transitions between the determined cellular populations, we have also designed and constructed fluorescent reporter constructs for genes specific to critical cell populations and cancer stem cells. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce these reporters into the native loci of the genes in order to recapitulate native gene expression patterns. Single cell transcriptomics will help to characterize the molecular heterogeneity of CSC populations. The addition of fluorescent reporters will help to elucidate the mechanisms that regulate breast CSC’s as well as their interaction with the tumor microenvironment and to identify potential therapeutic targets. Citation Format: Michael D. Brooks, Max S. Wicha. Dissecting heterogeneity and population dynamics in breast cancer stem cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 929. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-929
Logic isn’t normative

Some writers object to logical pluralism on the grounds that logic is normative. The rough idea is that the relation of logical consequence has consequences for what we ought to think and how we ought to reason, so that pluralism about the consequence relation would result in an incoherent or unattractive pluralism about those things. In this paper I argue that logic isn’t normative. I distinguish three different ways in which a theory – such as a logical theory – can be entangled with the normative and argue that logic is only entangled in the weakest of these ways, one which requires it to have no normativity of its own. I use this view to show what is wrong with three different arguments for the conclusion that logic is normative.
Socialization Goals, Parental Psychological Control, and Youth Anxiety in Chinese Students: Moderated Indirect Effects based on School Type.

With rates of adolescent anxiety on the rise in China, it is imperative to investigate whether certain parenting beliefs and practices may be related to anxiety. Specifically, we tested whether parents’ socialization goals relate to parental psychological control, and subsequently, adolescents’ anxiety. We also tested if attending a “key” school (i.e., more competitive and achievement-oriented) or typical school moderated relations. Two hundred forty-seven high-school students (Mage = 15.62, 57.5% girls) and a caregiver (59.5% mothers) participated. Caregivers completed measures of their socialization goals and their own psychological control. Adolescents reported on their perceptions of parental psychological control and their own anxiety. Psychological control was positively related to youth anxiety. Moderated indirect effects were found. For youth in typical schools, parents who strongly value academic achievement (i.e., achievement oriented goals) and those who strongly value broadening one’s experiences in new places and with new people (i.e., self-development in context goals) had youth who experienced more anxiety, and this relation occurred indirectly through greater parental psychological control. For youth in key schools, only parents’ achievement oriented goals were related to youth anxiety indirectly through parental psychological control. Parents’ interdependence oriented socialization goals were unrelated to either psychological control or anxiety.
Antiferromagnetic Resonance and Terahertz Continuum in α-RuCl_{3}.

We report measurements of optical absorption in the zigzag antiferromagnet $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{RuCl}}_{3}$ as a function of temperature $T$, magnetic field $B$, and photon energy $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ in the range $\ensuremath{\sim}0.3$--8.3 meV, using time-domain terahertz spectroscopy. Polarized measurements show that threefold rotational symmetry is broken in the honeycomb plane from 2 to 300 K. We find a sharp absorption peak at 2.56 meV upon cooling below the N\'eel temperature of 7 K at $B=0$ that we identify as the magnetic-dipole excitation of a zero-wave-vector magnon, or antiferromagnetic resonance (AFMR). With the application of $B$, the AFMR broadens and shifts to a lower frequency as long-range magnetic order is lost in a manner consistent with transitioning to a spin-disordered phase. From a direct, internally calibrated measurement of the AFMR spectral weight, we place an upper bound on the contribution to the dc susceptibility from a magnetic excitation continuum.
Factors Affecting the Formation of Alpha and Beta Polymorphs in Glutaric Acid Aerosols

Dicarboxylic acids are prevalent in the atmosphere and frequently investigated by aerosol and atmospheric scientists. Glutaric acid, being a water-soluble dicarboxylic acid, is commonly used to model water activity in dicarboxylic acid aerosols. Different values associated with glutaric acid aerosols, specifically DRH and hygroscopic data, have been reported by several groups. We hypothesize that this variability is caused by its polymorphism. Glutaric acid exhibits dimorphism, meaning the molecule can form into two different types of crystal structures, an alpha and a beta polymorph. Glutaric acid naturally forms the beta polymorph, which is more stable. The alpha polymorph is the metastable phase. These polymorphs manifest themselves as a bimodal aerosol size distribution when analyzed by Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers or other aerosol mobility sizing methods. In this article, we discuss the formation of the nanoscale alpha glutaric acid polymorph generated from an aqueous glutaric acid solut...
Structure of Calf Thymus Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), originally purified from calf thymus glands to homogeneity, was shown to have a native molecular weight of 32,000 by equilibrium sedimentation and two peptides of 26,500-dalton and 8,000-dalton when analyzed by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (1). Rabbit antibody prepared against this homogeneous TdT preparation (2) precipitates a single 58,000-dalton peptide from cell extracts of human and mouse leukemia lines labeled with radioactive amino acids (3). A high molecular weight enzyme (62,000-dalton peptide) was also purified from human leukemic lymphoblasts (4).
EEG Sleep in Borderline Personality Disorder

Sleep disturbances are well known concomitants of affective disorders. Objective EEG studies have repeatedly confirmed that many arousals occur and less slow-wave-sleep occurs. More specifically, major depression is associated with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep disturbances. Most studies have documented three REM sleep abnormalities in depression. First, the number of minutes from sleep onset to the first REM period is less than usual (shortened REM latency), the first REM period lasts longer than usual, and the number of phasic rapid eye movements is much greater than usual during REM especially during the first REM period of the night.
Analysis of Urban Air Mobility Operational Constraints

Urban air mobility (UAM) refers to a set of vehicles and operational concepts proposed to provide on-demand or scheduled air transportation services within a metropolitan area. This paper investiga...
Massively Parallel Sensing of Trace Molecules and Isotopologues with Subharmonic Mid-IR Frequency Combs

We introduce a new platform for mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy, based on a pair of broadband subharmonic optical parametric oscillators pumped by two phase-locked thulium-fibre combs. Our system provides fast (7 ms for a single interferogram), moving-parts-free, simultaneous acquisition of 350,000 spectral data points, spaced by 115-MHz intermodal interval over 3.1-5.5 J.1m spectral range. Parallel detection of 22 trace molecules in a gas mixture, including isotopologues containing such isotopes as 13 e , 18O, 17O, 15N, 34S, 33S and deuterium, with part-per-billion sensitivity and sub-Doppler resolution has been demonstrated.
MOLECULAR FORMS OF HEPATIC TYROSINE AMINOTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY

ABSTRACT. Dexamethasone, insulin, and serum induce an additive increase in the activity of tyrosine aminotransferase in hepatoma cells in tissue culture. By the criteria of immunotitration, heat stability, and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels, we have shown previously that all three effectors increase the cellular concentration of the same protein. During the course of these studies, however, we observed an apparent isozyme of tyrosine aminotransferase whose activity is not enhanced by these three inducers.
Removal of Bacteria from Solids by Bubbles: Effect of Solid Wettability, Interaction Geometry, and Liquid–Vapor Interface Velocity

Air bubbles are a promising means of controlling fouling for a range of applications, particularly delaying fouling in marine environments. This work investigates the mechanism by which the collisi...
From football to oil rigs: risk assessment for combined cyber and physical attacks

Although cyber security has become widely recognized as a serious threat to our modern world, there are new threats to our security that combine cyber with other modes of “attack.” This article explores the increasingly important theme in homeland and national security that future attacks will be multimodal, in particular including both a cyber and a physical component, where the cyber attack is intended to make it easier to succeed in the physical attack, and is not an end in itself. The article describes sample scenarios of combined cyber and physical attacks in two sectors where even just cyber security efforts have lagged behind: sports stadiums and the maritime transportation system. It presents an approach to comparing the risk of a combined cyber followed by physical attack and that of a “traditional” physical attack on the same target. It then analyzes the different stadium and maritime examples from the point of view of this risk assessment approach.
Effect of morbid obesity on patient-reported outcomes in total joint arthroplasty: a minimum of 1-year follow-up.

Abstract The objective of this study is to explore the effect of morbid obesity on patient-reported outcomes in primary total joint arthroplasty. We retrospectively reviewed 755 primary total joint arthroplasty cases with a minimum of 1-year follow-up. Two groups were compared: (1) patients with BMI .05). There was also no difference in patient satisfaction rates between the two groups (P = .401 and .143 for total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty, respectively). The impact of morbid obesity on patient-reported outcomes appears to be limited to total knee arthroplasty only in the initial 6 months after surgery.
LYING AND HYPOCRISY IN MORALITY AND POLITICS

Hypocrisy is necessary in politics, especially in democracies, but whilehypocrisy can facilitate democratic cooperation, lying tends to undermine it. Thereare two basic alternative possibilities for how to think about political ethics. Thefirst begins with universal moral principles that are then applied to politics as wellas to other areas of life. In the second approach, instead, each activity or type ofrelationship has its own moral requirements. What is it about politics that makeshypocrisy and lying either morally legitimate or morally illegitimate? For the firstapproach, lying and hypocrisy are vices, whereas for the second, they may beconsidered as virtuous under certain circumstances. Hypocrisy is necessarybecause political relationships are relationships of dependence among peoplewhose interests do not exactly coincide. To secure supporters and coalition partnersrequires a certain amount of pretense. The case of lying, however, is quite differentdue to three additional characteristics of political relationships: cooperation overtime requires trust; accountability requires transparency; and consensus requiresa shared sense of reality. Lying undermines all three. Thus, truthfulness is amongthe political virtues even if exceptions sometimes must be made. Today, “post-truth”politics (“New Lying”), threatens to create a dangerous indifference to the truth anda cynical, wholesale acceptance of political lying.
An experimental study of granular packing structure changes under load

Abstract A novel experimental method is developed to characterize the packing structures of granular materials. This method can be used to identify microstructural parameters for granular materials required in micromechanical modeling. Important parameters include volume fractions, particle arrangements, and contact geometry, as well as packing structure changes under applied loads. In this effort, these microstructural parameters are quantified directly from actual material samples, not from hypothetical or numerically generated structures. The method developed utilizes a high resolution X-ray computerized tomography (CT) machine to non-intrusively acquire cross sectional images of a material sample. The material sample used in this study consists of laboratory-packed, 6 mm glass beads, mixed with asphalt as a binder material. Numerical algorithms are developed to analyze these CT images to reconstruct the actual three-dimensional (3D) packing of the sample and identify the asphalt binder structure. A special loading device is designed that fits the CT machine's sample stage and can apply loads during CT scanning. Changes in the microstructural parameters under load are then studied from the reconstructed packing structure corresponding to each loading step. This paper demonstrates that the experimental technique developed is capable of accurately identifying the internal packing structure of a granular material.
The characterization of self-assembled nanostructures in whole blood

Nanomedicine and targeted drug delivery systems hold significant promise, but suffer from a lack of successful translation into clinical use. A major factor is the inability to properly characterize important aspects of drug delivery systems in a realistic environment in vitro. Self-assembled particles are of particular concern because aqueous solutions may have different forces contributing to assembly, compared to the complex fluids inside the body. Characterization techniques for nanoparticles, the theory behind the techniques, and their shortcomings for use with blood are surveyed. Previous attempts to replicate or model blood for use with these techniques are examined. The complexity of blood, both its non-Newtonian nature and highly polydisperse cell and protein populations, makes it difficult to reliably study in situ nanoparticle properties in a way that resembles in vivo behavior. However, comparatively little focus is given to this issue: studies frequently use unreliable models of whole blood or jump from aqueous solutions directly to animal models, which can limit translational success. New technologies and methods to study nanoparticles in blood could provide valuable insight into how delivery systems will function in practice, and help to find promising candidates to move into animal or clinical trials.
Graphical Aids for Tomographic Image Correlation

The initial development of graphical aids for correlating tomographic images was intended for the evaluation of patients with neurological disorders. Essential to all analytic comparison of images is the ability to overlay images which show good anatomic resolution such as computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MRI) images onto images such as those obtained from positron emission tomography (PET) which show physiologic function.
AdS 3 reconstruction with general gravitational dressings

The gauge redundancy of quantum gravity makes the definition of local operators ambiguous, as they depend on the choice of gauge or on a ‘gravitational dressing’ analogous to a choice of Wilson line attachments. Recent work identified exact AdS3 proto-fields by fixing to a Fefferman-Graham gauge. Here we extend that work and define proto-fields with general gravitational dressing. We first study bulk fields charged under a U(1) Chern-Simons gauge theory as an illustrative warm-up, and then generalize the results to gravity. As an application, we compute a gravitational loop correction to the bulk-boundary correlator in the background of a black hole microstate, and then verify this calculation using a newly adapted recursion relation. Branch points at the Euclidean horizon are present in the 1/c corrections to semiclassical correlators.
New York’s Unconstitutional Tax Residence Rule

In 1998 New York’s highest court upheld a dormant commerce clause challenge to the state’s statutory tax residence rule in Tamagni. This article argues that that case is no longer good law in light of the Supreme Court’s 2015 decision in Wynne because it is internally inconsistent and economically equivalent to a tariff.
Effects of music participation for mild cognitive impairment and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES To examine randomized controlled trials with active music-making interventions, in which older adults with probable mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia physically participate in music, and their effects on cognitive functioning, emotional well-being, and social engagement. Participating in music-making is engaging and has shown diverse benefits. Additionally, this review categorized the music activities of each intervention. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING Long-term care facilities, day centers, specialty outpatient units, and community. METHODS Published randomized controlled trials of active music-making interventions to support older adults with probable MCI or dementia were identified (to March 15, 2021) using searches on Medline (Ovid), APA PsycInfo (Ovid), CINAHL (Ebsco), and Embase (Elsevier). The outcomes were cognitive functioning, emotional well-being, and social engagement, including self- and clinician-reported measures such as the Mini-Mental State Examination, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Studies were critically appraised and studies with similar methodology were meta-analyzed. PARTICIPANTS Older adults with probable MCI and mild or moderate dementia. RESULTS A total of 21 studies with 1472 participants were analyzed for potential effect sizes and intervention activities. Of the 21 studies, nine studies recruiting a total of 495 participants were used to produce a random-effects meta-analytic model for cognitive functioning. Music showed a small, positive effect on cognitive functioning; the combined standard mean difference for the experimental and control group was 0.30 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10, 0.51). There was low study heterogeneity, with an I2 of 24% (p = 0.004). Individual studies for emotional well-being in terms of quality of life and mood showed positive effect sizes, d = 1.08 and d = 1.74, respectively. [Corrections added on July 8, 2021, after first online publication: The preceding sentences were revised from: "… control group was 0.31 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10,0.52). There was low study heterogeneity, with an I2 of 25% (p = 0.004)."] CONCLUSION: This review shows that music-making has a small but statistically significant effect on cognitive functioning for older adults with probable MCI or dementia. Future music interventions can benefit from rigorous intervention protocols that isolate specific activities.
Sparse Deconvolution of Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion in Adolescents.

Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by cells in the anterior pituitary on two time scales: discrete pulses over minutes that occur within a 24-hr pattern. Secretion reflects the balance of stimulatory and inhibitory inputs from the hypothalamus and is influenced by gonadal steroids, stress, nutrition, and sleep/wake states. We propose a novel approach for the analysis of GH data and use this approach to quantify (i) the timing, amplitude and the number of GH pulses and (ii) GH infusion, clearance and basal secretion (i.e., time invariant) rates, using serum GH sampled every 10 minutes during an 8-hour sleep study in 18 adolescents. In our method, we approximate hormonal secretory events by deconvolving GH data via a two-step coordinate descent approach. The first step utilizes a sparse-recovery approach to estimate the timing and amplitude of GH secretory events. The second step estimates physiological parameters. Our method identifies the timing and amplitude of GH pulses and system parameters from experimental and simulated data, with a median R^2 of 0.93, among experimental data. Recovering GH pulses and model parameters using this approach may improve the quantification of GH parameters under different physiological and pathological conditions and the design and monitoring of interventions.
Altered Grooming Syntax and Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release in EAAT3 Overexpressing Mice.

The excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT3 plays an important role in the neuronal uptake of glutamate regulating the activation of glutamate receptors. Polymorphisms in the gene-encoding EAAT3 have been associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), although the mechanisms underlying this relationship are still unknown. We recently reported that mice with increased EAAT3 expression in forebrain neurons (EAAT3 glo /CMKII) display behavioral and synaptic features relevant to OCD, including increased grooming, higher anxiety-like behavior and altered cortico-striatal synaptic function. The dopamine neurotransmitter system is implicated in ritualistic behaviors. Indeed, dopaminergic neurons express EAAT3, and mice lacking EAAT3 exhibit decreased dopamine release and decreased expression of the dopamine D1 receptor. Moreover, EAAT3 plays a role on the effect of the psychostimulant amphetamine. As such, we sought to determine if the OCD-like behavior in EAAT3 glo /CMKII mice is accompanied by altered nigro-striatal dopaminergic transmission. The aim of this study was to analyze dopamine transmission both in basal conditions and after an acute challenge of amphetamine, using behavioral, neurochemical, molecular, and cellular approaches. We found that in basal conditions, EAAT3 glo /CMKII mice performed more grooming events and that they remained in phase 1 of the grooming chain syntax compared with control littermates. Administration of amphetamine increased the number of grooming events in control mice, while EAAT3 glo /CMKII mice remain unaffected. Interestingly, the grooming syntax of amphetamine-control mice resembled that of EAAT3 glo /CMKII mice in basal conditions. Using in vivo microdialysis, we found decreased basal dopamine levels in EAAT3 glo /CMKII compared with control mice. Unexpectedly, we found that after acute amphetamine, EAAT3 glo /CMKII mice had a higher release of dopamine compared with that of control mice, suggesting that EAAT3 overexpression leads to increased dopamine releasability. To determine postsynaptic effect of EAAT3 overexpression over dopamine transmission, we performed Western blot analysis of dopaminergic proteins and found that EAAT3 glo /CMKII mice have higher expression of D2 receptors, suggesting a higher inhibition of the indirect striatal pathway. Together, the data indicate that EAAT3 overexpression impacts on dopamine transmission, making dopamine neurons more sensitive to the effect of amphetamine and leading to a disbalance between the direct and indirect striatal pathways that favors the performance of repetitive behaviors.
Winter fidelity, movements, and energy expenditure of Midcontinent Greater White-fronted Geese

Animal movement patterns are the result of both environmental and physiological effects, and the rates of movement and energy expenditure of given movement strategies are influenced by the physical environment an animal inhabits. Greater white-fronted geese in North America winter in ecologically distinct regions and have undergone a large-scale shift in wintering distribution over the past 20 years. White-fronts continue to winter in historical wintering areas in addition to contemporary areas, but the rates of movement among regions, and energetic consequences of those decisions, are unknown. Additionally, linkages between wintering and breeding regions are generally unknown, and may influence within-winter movement rates. We used Global Positioning System and acceleration data from 97 white-fronts during two winters to elucidate movement characteristics, model regional transition probabilities using a multistate model in a Bayesian framework, estimate regional energy expenditure, and determine behavior time-allocation influences on energy expenditure using overall dynamic body acceleration and linear mixed-effects models. We assess the linkages between wintering and breeding regions by evaluating the winter distributions for each breeding region. White-fronts exhibited greater daily movement early in the winter period, and decreased movements as winter progressed. Transition probabilities were greatest towards contemporary winter regions and away from historical wintering regions. Energy expenditure was up to 55% greater, and white-fronts spent more time feeding and flying, in contemporary wintering regions compared to historical regions. White-fronts subsequently summered across their entire previously known breeding distribution, indicating substantial mixing of individuals of varying breeding provenance during winter. White-fronts revealed extreme plasticity in their wintering strategy, including high immigration probability to contemporary wintering regions, high emigration from historical wintering regions, and high regional fidelity to western regions, but frequent movements among eastern regions. Given that movements of white-fronts trended toward contemporary wintering regions, we anticipate that a wintering distribution shift eastward will continue. Unexpectedly, greater energy expenditure in contemporary wintering regions revealed variable energetic consequences of choice in wintering region and shifting distribution. Because geese spent more time feeding in contemporary regions than historical regions, increased energy expenditure is likely balanced by increased energy acquisition in contemporary wintering areas.
Single-Particle Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Isoelectric Point and Comparison to Variants of Interest

SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, is a new, highly pathogenic coronavirus, which is the third coronavirus to emerge in the past 2 decades and the first to become a global pandemic. The virus has demonstrated itself to be extremely transmissible and deadly. Recent data suggest that a targeted approach is key to mitigating infectivity. Due to the proliferation of cataloged protein and nucleic acid sequences in databases, the function of the nucleic acid, and genetic encoded proteins, we make predictions by simply aligning sequences and exploring their homology. Thus, similar amino acid sequences in a protein usually confer similar biochemical function, even from distal or unrelated organisms. To understand viral transmission and adhesion, it is key to elucidate the structural, surface, and functional properties of each viral protein. This is typically first modeled in highly pathogenic species by exploring folding, hydrophobicity, and isoelectric point (IEP). Recent evidence from viral RNA sequence modeling and protein crystals have been inadequate, which prevent full understanding of the IEP and other viral properties of SARS-CoV-2. We have thus experimentally determined the IEP of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings suggest that for enveloped viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, estimates of IEP by the amino acid sequence alone may be unreliable. We compared the experimental IEP of SARS-CoV-2 to variants of interest (VOIs) using their amino acid sequence, thus providing a qualitative comparison of the IEP of VOIs.
Making Our Neighborhoods, Making Our Selves: George C. Galster (2019). University of Chicago Press, 401 pages. $55 (paperback)

George Galster is a prolific writer whose works I have long appreciated. What I admire, and what planners should find incredibly indispensable, is the rigorous empiricism Galster applies, giving th...
TLC‐SERS study of Syrian rue (Peganum harmala) and its main alkaloid constituents

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has found increasing acceptance in art conservation and forensic science for its great potential in detecting trace amounts of material. However, SERS is not a separation technique, and, therefore, it is not always suitable for distinguishing different components in a mixture. Coupling of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and SERS hasbeen investigated in this article as a tool for theseparation and identification of four alkaloids, namely harmalol, harmaline, harmane and harmine, from the seed extract of Syrian rue (Peganum harmala). The alkaloids contained in this plant were historically used as a dye and for medicinal purposes and have recently drawn attention due to their antitumor activity. The use of TLC over high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a convenient way to reduce the amount of material, equipment and time needed for the analysis, and coupling of TLC with SERS provides vibrational information on each compound in the mixture. HPLC analyses with diode array detection were also carried out as a test of our technique, to ascertain the composition of Syrian rue extract and validate the results obtained from TLC-SERS investigations. In addition, Syrian rue extract and its commercial alkaloid components were characterized by SERS and normal Raman spectroscopy here for the first time, in order to provide valuable reference data to be used for identification purposes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Supporting information may be found in the online version of this article.
Accountability and Student Learning

Holding teachers accountable for other people's (students) behavior is inappropriate policy that results in ineffective teaching, diminished enthusiasm for learning, and lower levels of achievement. There are both legal and psychological reasons for this. Making teachers responsible for students' behavior absolves students of responsibility for their own actions and develops an externalized locus of control in students that leads to teacher control and student dependence. Because every person is accountable for his or her own behavior but not for what other people do, teachers must be held accountable for what they do as teachers but not for what their students do as learners. Students are responsible for their own learning.
Base Composition of Poly (A+) Nuclear RNA of Frog Embryo and Friend Erythroleukemia Cells

Base composition determinations indicate that the poly (A+) nuclear RNA of frog embryo and Friend erythroleukemia cells that are transcribing a greater quantity of such RNA is more AU-rich than that of cells transcribing a lower quantity. Filter hybridizations show that repetitive sequences of poly (A+) nuclear RNA of frog embryos are more AU-rich than single copy sequences.
Integrating high-level optimizations in a production compiler: design and implementation experience

The High-Level Optimizer (HLO) is a key part of the compiler technology that enabled Itanium™ and Itanium™2 processors deliver leading floating-point performance at their introduction. In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation experience in integrating diverse optimizations in the HLO module. In particular, we describe decisions made in the design of HLO targeting Itanium processor family. We provide empirical data to validate the design decisions. Since HLO was implemented in a production compiler, we made certain engineering trade-offs. We discuss these trade-offs and outline key learning derived from our experience.
Protective Role of Surfactant Protein D in Ocular Staphylococcus aureus Infection.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens causing keratitis. Surfactant protein D (SP-D) plays a critical role in host defense and innate immunity. In order to investigate the role of SP-D in ocular S. aureus infection, the eyes of wild-type (WT) and SP-D knockout (SP-D KO) C57BL/6 mice were infected with S. aureus (107 CFU/eye) in the presence and absence of cysteine protease inhibitor(E64).Bacterial counts in the ocular surface were examined 3, 6, 12, 24 hrs after infection. Bacterial phagocytosis by neutrophils and bacterial invasion in ocular epithelial cells were evaluated quantitatively. S. aureus-induced ocular injury was determined with corneal fluorescein staining. The results demonstrated that SP-D is expressed in ocular surface epithelium and the lacrimal gland; WT mice had increased clearance of S. aureus from the ocular surface (p<0.05) and reduced ocular injury compared with SP-D KO mice. The protective effects of SP-D include increased bacterial phagocytosis by neutrophils (p<0.05) and decreased bacterial invasion into epithelial cells (p<0.05) in WT mice compared to in SP-D KO mice. In the presence of inhibitor (E64), WT mice showed enhanced bacterial clearance (p<0.05) and reduced ocular injury compared to absent E64 while SP-D KO mice did not. Collectively, we concluded that SP-D protects the ocular surface from S. aureus infection but cysteine protease impairs SP-D function in this murine model, and that cysteine protease inhibitor may be a potential therapeutic agent in S. aureus keratitis.
Decolonizing the Curriculum for Global Perspectives

In this article Binaya Subedi explores the multiple ways the idea of “global” is theorized within the school curriculum and suggests the utility of approaching the idea of global perspectives through decolonizing frameworks. In particular, she explores the deficit, accommodation, and decolonization approaches as offering three ways that the notion of global has been or can be infused within the school curriculum. Subedi traces the politics each of these approaches may advocate and the kinds of knowledge that may be included or silenced when proposing the utility of learning about global formations. The article proposes that scholars utilize decolonizing lenses to scrutinize how the idea of global perspectives has been articulated within writings on globalizing and internationalizing the curriculum.