cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge cannot explain the developmental growth of working memory capacity

According to some views of cognitive growth, the development of working memory capacity can account for increases in the complexity of cognition. It has been difficult to ascertain, though, that there actually is developmental growth in capacity that cannot be attributed to other developing factors. Here we assess the role of item familiarity. We document developmental increases in working memory for visual arrays of English letters versus unfamiliar characters. Although letter knowledge played a special role in development between the ages of 6 and 8 years, children with adequate letter knowledge showed practically the same developmental growth in normalized functions for letters and unfamiliar characters. The results contribute to a growing body of evidence that the developmental improvement in working memory does not wholly stem from supporting processes such as encoding, mnemonic strategies, and knowledge. A video abstract is available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJdqErLR2Hs&feature=youtu.be.
Efficient XSLT processing in relational database system

Efficient processing of XQuery, XPath and SQL/XML on XML documents stored and managed in RDBMS has been widely studied. However, much less of such type of work has been done for efficient XSLT processing of XML documents stored and managed by the database. This is partially due to the observation that the rule based template driven XSLT execution model does not fit nicely with the traditional declarative query language processing model which leverages index probing and iterator based pull mode that can be scaled to handle large size data. In this paper, we share our experience of efficient processing of XSLT in Oracle XML DB. We present the technique of processing XSLT efficiently in database by rewriting XSLT stylesheets into highly efficient XQuery through partially evaluating XSLT over the XML documents structural information. Consequently, we can leverage all the work done for efficient XQuery/XPath processing in database to achieve combined optimisations of XSLT with XQuery/XPath and SQL/XML in Oracle XMLDB. This effectively makes XSLT processing scale to large size XML documents using classical declarative query processing techniques in DBMS.
Effect of Consumer Beliefs on Online Purchase Behavior: The Influence of Demographic Characteristics and Consumption Values

The three most common beliefs that consumers have about shopping online are that it saves time, saves money and helps find products that best match needs. But how do these beliefs, either individually or in combination, influence online purchase behavior? The premise of the article is that the effect of beliefs on online purchase behavior is moderated by demographic characteristics such as income, education, and generational age, and by consumption values such as the inclination to consider many alternatives before making a choice, the enjoyment of shopping, and the tendency to research products prior to making a purchase. The findings on how beliefs and consumption values influence purchase behavior can assist online retailers formulate product positioning strategies that create more value for consumer segments through better customization, thereby enhancing retailer profits. The findings can also help public policy makers design communication strategies to help lower-income consumers realize the same benefits of e-commerce as their higher-income counterparts.
Accounting for unequal variances in evolutionary trend mechanisms

Evolutionary trends seemingly abound throughout the history of life. Perhaps the best-known example is Cope's rule, the tendency for lineages to increase in size over time. Other examples include hypothesized trends toward increasing complexity and fitness. What kinds of mechanisms cause such large-scale trends—trends occurring in higher taxa over geological time spans—and how can we effectively visualize them? In a seminal paper, Stanley (1973) proposed that apparent directional trends such as Cope's rule can result from unbiased change away from small initial values, analogous to diffusion away from a lower bound. Fisher (1986) generalized this idea, and Gould (1988, 1996) argued that such trends are properly viewed as increases in variance rather than trends in the average. These types of trend mechanisms were labeled by McShea (1994) as passive, in contrast to driven mechanisms in which change is biased in a particular direction because of (for instance) adaptive benefit or ontogenic constraint. In McShea's usage (McShea 1994, 1998b, 2000), the passive and driven categories include a broad range of evolutionary dynamics, of which unbiased diffusion and biased change are the simplest. More generally, McShea defines a driven trend mechanism as one resulting from an unstructured state space in which rates of change, speciation, and extinction are constant for all lineages. In contrast, a passive trend mechanism is one in which change among lineages follows a state space in which the rates vary in a structured way (McShea 2000). A similar distinction is the passive/active classification proposed by Wagner (1996), although Wagner's active trends constitute a broader category than McShea's driven trends. Much empirical and methodological work has been devoted to distinguishing passive and driven trends. Some recent papers in the paleontological literature include those of Carlson (1992), Boyajian and Lutz (1992), McShea (1993, …
Arthroscopic Repair of a Posterior Bony Bankart Lesion

Posterior bony defects of the glenoid rim, particularly those associated with instability, are often a frustrating challenge for arthroscopists because of the defects' inaccessibility from standard portals. This challenge is enhanced when the lesion is chronic and fibrous malunion of the fragment makes mobilization difficult. We present our technique for arthroscopic repair of the relatively uncommon chronic posterior bony Bankart lesion. By use of lateral positioning and a standard anterior viewing portal and posterior working portal, as well as a strategically placed posterolateral accessory portal, the lesion is first freed from its malreduced position and ultimately repaired using suture anchor fixation of the bony fragment along with its associated labrum directly to the remaining glenoid rim. This technique, facilitated by precise portal placement, results in satisfactory fragment reduction, appropriate capsular tension, and restoration of anatomy.
Results of proximal arch replacement using deep hypothermia for circulatory arrest: is moderate hypothermia really justifiable?

The use of selective cerebral perfusion with warmer temperatures during circulatory arrest has been increasingly used for arch replacement over concerns regarding the safety of deep hypothermic cir...
Jejunal Brush Border Hydrolase Activity Is Higher in Tallow-Fed Pigs than in Corn Oil-Fed Pigs

We tested the effect of dietary fat on the lipid composition and hydrolase activity of jejunal brush border membranes in piglets. Eighteen 5-wk-old piglets were divided into three groups and for 4 wk fed either an unsaturated low fat diet (3.2% corn oil), an unsaturated high fat diet (17.2% corn oil) or a saturated high fat diet (2.2% corn oil + 15% tallow). Brush border membranes were prepared from the jejunal mucosa and analyzed for cholesterol, phospholipid and fatty acids. The activities of sucrase-isomaltase, lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, maltase-glucoamylase, aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase were measured. Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase isoforms were immunopurified and separated by SDS-PAGE, and their relative proportions were measured by densitometry. The activities of the disaccharidases and alkaline phosphatase, but not aminopeptidase, were greater in animals fed the saturated high fat diet than in animals fed the unsaturated high fat diet. The fatty acid composition of the membranes generally reflected the composition of the diet. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the phospholipid, fatty acid and cholesterol compositions of the membranes were associated with the differences in brush border hydrolase activity.
Pitting the Mall Against the Internet In Advertising-Research Completion: Internet Panels Are More Popular. Are They More Effective?

ABSTRACT Internet surveys—particularly those utilizing panels of consumers—have supplanted the mall intercept as the method of choice for many advertising researchers. Internet surveys are estimated to be growing at a rate of almost 14 percent per year, with as much as 35 percent of all advertising research conducted using Internet panels. One question remains: How do the data utilizing Internet panels compare with mall-intercept data? This empirical study seeks to answer this question by replicating four mall-intercept studies using an Internet panel. Print, broadcast, and Internet ads were tested using the same products/brands, test and control ads, screening criteria, and survey questions. The results showed some differences, particularly with responses to open-end questions. The results also demonstrated that much of that difference appeared to be due to the influence of the researcher in the mall-intercept environment, a factor not present with Internet-panel surveys.
Penetration and Persistence of Commercially Formulated Beauveria bassiana Conidia in Soil of Two Tillage Systems

Penetration and persistence of commercially formulated conidia of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillimen in the profiles of long-term conventional and no-tillage plots were measured by recovery of colony-forming units (CFUs) at selected depths over 235 d after application of an aqueous spray of conidia to the soil. High percentages of fungal propagules recovered from the conventional and no-tillage plots remained in the upper 5 cm of the profiles of the Cecil sandy clay loam soil. The conidia (2–3 by 2.0–2.5 μm) apparently were filtered from the aqueous suspension by the soil matrix as the suspension passed through the soil profile. Penetration of small percentages of conidia to the depth of 10.1 to 15.0 cm in both tillage systems occurred before 8 h after application. Rate of penetration of propagules to these lower depths was faster in conventional plots than in no-tillage plots. Infiltration rates of water were consistent with the differential rate of penetration in the two systems. Although only 300 and 1,800 CFUs/cm3 of dry soil remained in the 10.1- to 15.0-cm depth of the conventional and no-tillage plots, respectively, after 12 d, 90 and 75% of Galleria mellonella (L.) larvae exposed to soil from this depth of the respective tillages were infected. Recovery of propagules from the 0- to 5-cm depth of the conventional and no-tillage plots decreased 95 and 86%, respectively, within 12 d of application of conidia. By day 235, the conventional tillage plot contained only 18 CFUs/cm3 of dry soil at this depth. A 10-fold decrease in the number of CFUs remaining in the no-tillage plots occurred by day 49 (4.8 × 104 CFUs/cm3 of dry soil) with no propagules detected by day 200. Persistence of granular and wettable powder formulations of B. bassiana in the Cecil series soil was compared in a separate study. A 10-fold decrease in viable CFUs in plots treated with aqueous suspensions of the wettable powder occurred by day 21. By day 202, no CFUs remained in those plots. The number of CFUs recovered from plots treated with the granular formulation was 10 times higher than the number recovered from plots treated with the aqueous spray. After 202 d, 111 viable CFUs/cm3 of dry soil remained in the plots treated with granular formulation.
Capsule Commentary on Luu et al., Provider-to-Provider Communication During Transitions of Care From Outpatient to Acute Care: A Systematic Review

T his literature review by Luu et al. 1 examines the results of 20 studies about provider-to-provider communication for the transfer of persons from outpatient to inpatient care settings. The authors narrowed their results from 4009 initial citations by including only original articles written in English, involving human subjects, and that were clearly about transitions of care or direct provider-to-provider communication. The result is a small cohort of studies from the US, the UK, and Australia, through which the authors explore the frequency and type of communication methods used during transitions of care from outpatient to inpatient settings. They found that most of these studies themselves were small and presented statistically insignificant data about communication outcomes, and thus conclude that the existing evidence regarding outpatient-to-inpatient provider-to-provider communication is insufficient. The authors attempt to address and evaluate what is known about provider-to-provider communication during outpatient-to-inpatient care transitions and the potential effects of direct provider-to-provider communication on certain outcomes, including mortality, readmissions, length of stay, patient and provider satisfaction, and utilization. Unfortunately, the study’s size and approach limit its overall value, except to note in the conclusion that more robust studies about outpatient-to-inpatient provider-to-provider communication are needed. It is also unclear how the noted outcome measures were identified, or that they are capable of defining ideal communication methods for optimizing patient care and minimizing potential medical errors during outpatient-to-inpatient transitions. Many variables that occur after an outpatient-to-inpatient transition, and that are unrelated to the initial communication, can affect all the identified outcome measures. Other unexamined pieces would have been helpful to address, such as to what degree provider communication plays a role in determining whether transitions from outpatient to inpatient care settings align with patient wishes, and whether such communications affect treatment decision-making at the moment of inpatient admission. At least mentioning the potential influences of macroand micro-systematic differences in the provision of health care between the US, the UK, and Australia would also be helpful in contextualizing the importance and impact of communication with outpatient-toinpatient care transitions. Future work should also study how the reasons for outpatient-to-inpatient transfers are communicated between providers.
"Free" Raptor - a novel regulator of metabolism.

With the increased prevalence of obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most common chronic liver disease. At present, NAFLD has no approved pharmacotherapy, likely due to in...
SCHEDULING OPTIMIZATION OF PALLETS FOR n×m PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

In this paper,we improve the models given by G.Cohen to the production systems in Z-domain,i.c.choosing the input times and the output times of workparts as input variables and output variablesrespectively.The relation between timed event graph and matrix,and the influence of the system are stu-died.Then a heuristic algorithm is given for choosing fewer pallets to minimize the eigenvalue of the dy-namic system,which makes the production system have the highest production rate.The main idea of thealgorithm is placing tokens in the feedback ares of the critical circuits in the timed event graph,which re-duces the eigenvalue of the system.The algorithm has a quite fast convergent speed.
A user oriented cloud security evaluation framework

Recent trends within the IT industry have led to a tectonic shift in the way organisations utilise information systems to yield maximum efficiency. Cloud services are the cornerstone of the aforementioned paradigm permutation. The advent of cloud computing has brought with it a multitude of new and exciting concepts that can complicate security demands exponentially. These security demands must be met to ensure user trust. This paper presents a user-oriented security auditing framework to establish the user trust by: a) allowing the cloud users to provide their security preferences for the desired cloud services; b) providing an auditing mechanism to validate the security controls and internal security policies of cloud service providers (CSPs) published in the cloud security alliance (CSA) STAR database; c) maintaining a database of CSPs along with their responses to the consensus assessments initiative questionnaire (CAIQ) as well as the certificates issued by the certificate authorities.
The Development of a Technology-Based Hierarchy to Assess Chronic Low Back Pain and Pain-Related Anxiety From a Fear-Avoidance Model.

Abstract Previous studies have not examined the assessment of chronic low back pain (CLBP) and pain-related anxiety from a fear avoidance model through the use of motion-capture software and virtual human technologies. The aim of this study was to develop and assess the psychometric properties of an interactive, technologically based hierarchy that can be used to assess patients with pain and pain-related anxiety. We enrolled 30 licensed physical therapists and 30 participants with CLBP. Participants rated 21 video clips of a 3-D animated character (avatar) engaging in activities that are typically feared by patients with CLBP. The results of the study indicate that physical therapists found the virtual hierarchy clips acceptable and depicted realistic patient experiences. Most participants with CLBP reported at least 1 video clip as being sufficiently anxiety-provoking for use clinically. Therefore, this study suggests a hierarchy of fears can be created out of 21 virtual patient video clips paving the way for future clinical use in patients with CLBP. Perspective This report describes the development of a computer-based virtual patient system for the assessment of back pain-related fear and anxiety. Results show that people with back pain as well as physical therapists found the avatar to be realistic, and the depictions of behavior anxiety- and fear-provoking.
Treatment of Headaches with Plastic Surgery

Headaches affect millions of people a year and are associated with a great deal of morbidity. Though the causes of headaches are many, a subset of headaches refractory to traditional pharmacologic treatment — namely migraine and cluster headaches — can be treated surgically. All patients should undergo a thorough history and physical examination and evaluation by a headache specialist. Patients who are diagnosed with migraine headaches have potential trigger sites identi-fied by consideration of the constellation of symptoms, intranasal examination, CT scan, and by injection with 12.5 U of botulinum toxin A for each muscle involved. The use of botulinum toxin A as definitive treatment for headaches remains controversial; we use it as a diagnostic aid. Glabellar trigger sites are treated with corrugator supercilii resection, temporal trigger sites are treated with resection of the zygomaticotemporal branch of the trigeminal nerve (ZMTBTN), occipital trigger sites are treated with surgical release of the greater occipital nerve, and patients with intranasal triggers are treated with septo-plasty and inferior turbinate resection. Patients with cluster headaches are treated with resection of the ZMTBTN. Surgery does have a role in the treatment of refractory migraine and cluster headaches.
Jean Améry, Commemoration and Comparative Engagement

2016 marks the 50 th Anniversary of the publication of Jean Amery’s collection of essays dealing with his experiences at (and in the aftermath of) Auschwitz entitled Jenseits von Schuld und Suhne: Bewaltigungsversuche eines Uberwaltigten. Translated into English as At The Mind’s Limits: Contemplations By A Survivor On Auschwitz And Its Realities, Amery’s collection immediately set a standard for philosophical accounts of the camps that even today remains unchanged. More uncompromising than the texts of Wiesenthal, Levi, Borowski, and Wiesel, Amery’s collection philosophically explores the extreme limit of the survivor’s experience in the camps as well as the ensuing trauma of living in its wake.
Physiological changes during the development of potassium deficiency in cotton

Growthroom and field studies were used to study the physiology of the onset of K deficiency in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in order to explain the poor yield response to foliar-applied K fertilizer. This report describes studies conducted in Arkansas on the K nutrition of cotton. Initial studies documented the partitioning of K in plant components during the season. The onset of K deficiency in growth chamber experiments was first detected in roots, followed by stems, petioles and leaves, and then in the fruit. Furthermore, luxury storage of K, prior to peak demand for K by the boll load, could complicate tissue diagnostic recommendations. Visual K deficiencies were first observed in growth chamber experiments 19 days after K was withheld, along with reductions in leaf chlorophyll concentration and significant reductions in leaf photosynthesis. However, leaf ATP and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations were higher 19 and 26 days after withholding K than in the control, which may have been the result of reduced utilization and translocation of these metabolites. Carbon isotope analyses, and analysis of carbon isotope discrimination, indicated that the most limiting resistance to net photosynthesis was stomatal, but that non-stomatal limitations became more important as the K stress developed. Our studies show that reductions in leaf physiological processes and plant growth did not occur until the petiole K concentration fell below 0.88% on a dry weight basis. Therefore, reductions in lint yield and quality should not develop until this critical petiole level is attained. This information will improve our understanding of tissue diagnosis for a pending K deficiency. Results from these studies were used to explain the inconsistent response of cotton to foliar-applied K fertilizer.
Protein Phosphorylation and the Regulation of Key Events in Oocyte and Egg Cell Cycles

The aim of this chapter is to provide a description of the Xenopus oocyte and egg system in terms of the major experimental questions that existed in the mid-1970s, then to cover in brief form the resolution of those experimental questions as they now appear, and in so doing, to comment on how phosphorylation as a regulatory mechanism turns out to be the fundamental reaction that governs progression through the cell cycle in higher eucaryotes. in 1971, when the author was a second year graduate student, a paper appeared by Yoshi Masui at the University of Toronto in which he reported the results of experiments transferring cytoplasm from metaphase-arrested Rana unfertilized eggs into either resting G2 oocytes or into S-phase blastomeres of a newly fertilized egg.1 Masui found that the injection of metaphase cytoplasm into resting oocytes caused them to enter meiosis (G2 ⇒ M transition of oocyte maturation) in the absence of the normal mitogen (progesterone), and that it would do so even in the absence of protein synthesis. He gave the name to this activity of maturation-promoting factor, or MPF. in the same paper, Dr. Masui transferred metaphase cytoplasm into one blastomere of a two-cell embryo. He observed that the blastomere arrested in metaphase of the next mitotic division. He gave the name to this activity of cytostatic factor, or CSF, and postulated that it was responsible for the meiotic metaphase arrest that is characteristic of vertebrate unfertilized eggs.
How Anti-Discrimination Became a Religion, and What it Means for Judaism

The American left is still mostly at peace with the American Jewish community because the latter is predominantly irreligious, socially liberal, and politically progressive. A few decades from now, however, the majority of affiliated Jews may well be predominantly religious, socially conservative, and a significant “reactionary” force in politics, especially in New York where Ḥaredim (ultra-Orthodox Jews) are concentrated. Meanwhile, the left is growing increasingly intolerant of traditional religious beliefs, especially when they result in what is deemed to be “discrimination.” The definition of what constitutes actionable discrimination keeps expanding on the one hand, while Orthodox Judaism requires various sorts of discrimination, especially based on sex, on the other. Will the American left defend the religious freedom of American Jews in the future when the religious community is predominately Orthodox? If present trends continue, that seems increasingly unlikely.
A hollow coaxial cable Fabry-Pérot resonator for liquid dielectric constant measurement.

We report, for the first time, a low-cost and robust homemade hollow coaxial cable Fabry–Perot resonator (HCC-FPR) for measuring liquid dielectric constant. In the HCC design, the traditional dielectric insulating layer is replaced by air. A metal disk is welded onto the end of the HCC serving as a highly reflective reflector, and an open cavity is engineered on the HCC. After the open cavity is filled with the liquid analyte (e.g., water), the air-liquid interface acts as a highly reflective reflector due to large impedance mismatch. As a result, an HCC-FPR is formed by the two highly reflective reflectors, i.e., the air-liquid interface and the metal disk. We measured the room temperature dielectric constant for ethanol/water mixtures with different concentrations using this homemade HCC-FPR. Monitoring the evaporation of ethanol in ethanol/water mixtures was also conducted to demonstrate the ability of the sensor for continuously monitoring the change in dielectric constant. The results revealed that the HCC-FPR could be a promising evaporation rate detection platform with high performance. Due to its great advantages, such as high robustness, simple configuration, and ease of fabrication, the novel HCC-FPR based liquid dielectric constant sensor is believed to be of high interest in various fields.
Interconnect Limits on Gigascale Integration (GSI)

Opportunities for Gigascale Integration (GSI) are governed by a hierarchy of physical limits. The levels of this hierarchy have been codified as: 1) fundamental, 2) material, 3) device, 4) circuit and 5) system. Many key limits at all levels of the hierarchy can be displayed in the power, P, versus delay, td, plane and the reciprocal length squared, L-2, versus response time, τ plane. Power, P, is the average power transfer during a binary switching transition and delay, td, is the time required for the transition. Length, L, is the distance traversed by an interconnect that joins two nodes on a chip and response time, τ, characterizes the corresponding interconnect circuit. At the system level of the hierarchy, quantitative definition of both the P versus td and the L-2 versus τ displays requires an estimate of the complete stochastic wiring distribution of a chip. p]Based on Rent’s Rule, a well known empirical relationship between the number of signal input/output terminals on a block of logic and the number of gate circuits with the block, a rigorous derivation of a new complete stochastic wire length distribution for an on-chip random logic network is described. This distribution is compared to actual data for modern microprocessors and to previously described distributions. A methodology for estimating the complete wire length distribution for future GSI products is proposed. The new distribution is then used to enhance the critical path model that determines the maximum clock frequency of a chip; to derive a preliminary power dissipation model for a random logic network; and, to define an optimal architecture of a multilevel interconnect network that minimizes overall chip size. In essence, a new complete stochastic wiring distribution provides a generic basis for maximizing the value obtained from a multilevel interconnect technology.
Erratum to Interdiffusion Behavior of U3Si2 with FeCrAl via Diffusion Couple Studies J. Nucl. Mater. 502 (2018) 356–369

Abstract Uranium silicide (U3Si2) is a candidate to replace uranium oxide (UO2) as light water reactor (LWR) fuel because of its higher thermal conductivity and higher fissile density relative to the current standard, UO2. A class of Fe, Cr, Al alloys collectively known as FeCrAl alloys that have superior mechanical and oxidation resistance are being considered as an alternative to the standard Zirconium based LWR cladding. The interdiffusion behavior between FeCrAl and U3Si2 is investigated in this study. Commercially available FeCrAl, along with U3Si2 pellets were placed in diffusion couples. Individual tests were performed at temperatures ranging from 500 °C to 1000 °C for 30 hours and 100 hours. The interdiffusion was analyzed with an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Uniform and planar interdiffusion layers along the material interface were illustrated with backscatter electron micrographs and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Electron diffraction was used to validate phases present in the system, including distinct U2Fe3Si/UFe2 and UFeSi layers at the material interface. While no interaction was observed at 500 °C, interaction was observed at and above 600 °C. The amount of interaction between the two materials enhanced progressively at elevated temperatures.
Predicting Consumption Patterns with Repeated and Novel Events

There are numerous contexts where individuals typically consume a few items from a large selection of possible items. Examples include purchasing products, listening to music, visiting locations in physical or virtual environments, and so on. There has been significant prior work in such contexts on developing predictive modeling techniques for recommending new items to individuals, often using techniques such as matrix factorization. There are many situations, however, where making predictions for both previously-consumed and new items for an individual is important, rather than just recommending new items. We investigate this problem and find that widely-used matrix factorization methods are limited in their ability to capture important details in historical behavior, resulting in relatively low predictive accuracy for these types of problems. As an alternative we propose an interpretable and scalable mixture model framework that balances individual preferences in terms of exploration and exploitation. We evaluate our model in terms of accuracy in user consumption predictions using several real-world datasets, including location data, social media data, and music listening data. Experimental results show that the mixture model approach is systematically more accurate and more efficient for these problems compared to a variety of state-of-the-art matrix factorization methods.
Optimal Planning of Renewable Generations for Electric Vehicle Charging Station

Driven by the recent innovation in battery technology and electric drivetrain, electric vehicles (EVs) have grown rapidly and are widely deployed to enable a sustainable transportation system. One of the key challenges is how to optimize the sizing and operation of the charging stations to meet the ever-increasing EV demands. In this paper, we develop a two-stage optimization framework to address this challenge. The proposed framework can determine the optimal capacity of renewable energy generation, and the optimal scheduling for power supply, in two stages, respectively. We reformulate a single-level stochastic programming problem to solve the two-stage optimization problem. In addition, we analyze the arrival patterns and demand profiles of EVs using real-world data to facilitate a practical EV request model. Numerical results demonstrate the optimal planning for a renewable-powered EV charging station. We show the optimal mix of solar and wind energy generations and the optimized power scheduling.
Organizational Trust and Interfirm Cooperation: An Examination of Horizontal Versus Vertical Alliances

Over the past decade, trust has emerged as the central means of achieving cooperation in interorganizational relationships. Past empirical inquiries have largely focused on the role of trust within the context of vertical relations between channel members or service providers and their clients. Thus, little is known about the nature or the role of trust in horizontal relations. A number of interorganizational scholars suggest that the nature and the effect of behavioral norms such as trust may be widely different in horizontal versus vertical relationships. This study examines the effect of relationship form on organizational trust using data from a survey of 106 U.S. firms who have recently participated in either horizontal or vertical R&D alliances. The results of this survey indicate that participants in vertical alliances display higher levels of organizational trust than participants in horizontal alliances. In addition, while organizational trust enhances cooperation in vertical alliances, trust is unrelated to cooperation in horizontal alliances.
Compression techniques for wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor network applications, an event is observed by a group of spatially distributed sensors which collaborate to make decisions. Since there is limited bandwidth in wireless sensor networks, it is important to reduce data bits communicated among sensor nodes to meet the application performance requirements. It also saves node energy since less bits are communicated between nodes. An approach is to compress sensor data before transmissions to reduce energy as some loss is acceptable without affecting the results of applications. Data collected by sensors that are in close proximity exhibit spatial correlation, further, since the samples collected over time are from the same source(s) also show temporal correlation. We shall first review state-of-the-art results on compression and issues in deploying these techniques in wireless sensor networks. We then present a new data compression scheme, called ESPIHT, that exploits this spatio-temporal correlation present in sensor networks to reduce the amount of data bits transmitted in a collaborative signal processing application. The proposed ESPIHT seamlessly embeds a distributed source coding (DSC) scheme with a SPIHT based iterative set partitioning scheme to exploit both spatial and temporal correlation. Instead of being a generic compression scheme, ESPIHT is coupled with application on which it adapts to application fidelity requirement so that application level false alarm rate is kept low. We evaluated the proposed scheme using dataset from an acoustic sensor based ATR application on a network of iPAQs with Wireless LAN connection. Our results show that ESPIHT reduces data rate by a factor of 8 and maintains Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) gain of 20dB or better. The coding/decoding processing is simple and takes on the order of 10 msec on iPAQs. It is superior to known schemes in terms of SNR gain as shown in the experimental study based on field data when the sampling rate is relatively high and the network is dense.
The biomechanics of force distribution in implant-supported prostheses

Force distribution with natural teeth depends on micromovement induced by the periodontal ligament. The location and cusp inclination of the tooth qualitatively alter the force pattern. Osseointegrated implants do not have micromovement associated with force distribution. Force distribution to the osseointegrated implant interface is completely different than with natural teeth. Alterations in tooth location and cusp inclination are suggested to limit implant overload. Force distribution in splinted natural teeth and osseointegrated prostheses are compared. The mechanism of interface force distribution and the consequences of poor interface fit are interrelated. The differential mobility of splinted natural teeth affects diagnosis and treatment. However, combining natural teeth with an osseointegrated prosthesis requires new design principles.
An Introduction to Social Constructionism in Vocational Psychology and Career Development

Our aim of this book was to examine the major foundations of a social constructionist approach to vocational psychology and career development. Although social constructionism has a relatively long history with roots in philosophy (e.g., Derrida, 1982; 1998; Foucault, 1970) and sociology (Berger & Luckmann, 1966; Mead, 1934), it first garnered the full attention of psychologists in the early 1980s (e.g., Gergen, 1982; 1985; Harre, 1981), and vocational psychologists significantly later (Collin & Young, 2000; Guichard, 2005; Savickas, 1994; 2000; 2002).
Cytokine Therapy of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: The Cleveland Clinic Experience

The incidence of renal cell carcinoma in the United States appears to be increasing, and in 1994 will cause an estimated 11,300 deaths (1). Patients with resectable disease have a five year survival of approximately 50% (2), and those individuals presenting with regionally advanced or metastatic disease have five year survival rates of less than 5% (3). The rare spontaneous regression of established metastatic disease (4) has produced speculation that host factors may be relevant in controlling tumor growth. Recently, studies demonstrating the presence of specific cytolytic T-lymphocytes in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes isolated from renal cancers (5, 6) have documented the existence of a host immune response to this tumor. In the 1980’s, the clinical use of first recombinant interferon alpha (7) and subsequently interleukin-2 (rIL-2) (8, 9) was investigated in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The clear demonstration of objective tumor regressions secondary to administration of these cytokines has been followed by a period of increasing interest in the use of various biologic response modifiers in this neoplasm. At The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, we have systematically evaluated the biologic and clinical effects of various cytokines in patients with malignancy during the past 15 years. The purpose of this report is to summarize the experience in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer.
Nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics

Ideally one comes to a study of relativistic quantum mechanics with a full knowledge of both conventional quantum mechanics and what has come to be known as the special theory of relativity. Although a sound understanding of both subjects is presumed in all that follows, there are many issues and sidepaths that do not necessarily constitute common ground. It is the purpose of this chapter, therefore, to review a number of topics and emphasize a number of points that are essential to a relativistic generalization of the quantum theory. Additionally, it is particularly important in this field to establish at the beginning the general notation and definitions to be employed throughout the subsequent discussion. In a sense, this chapter is meant to be a somewhat sophisticated review of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics for the already-knowledgeable.
Hepatocellular carcinoma: a practical review for the surgical pathologist

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma causes significant human morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Western Europe and North America, the rising prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a major contributor to chronic liver disease and, ultimately, hepatocellular carcinoma. In some cases, a definitive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma can be rendered in the absence of histologic confirmation; needle core biopsies may be taken for small and/or indeterminate liver lesions. Pathologists continue to provide important clinical care through the diagnosis, staging, and molecular understanding of this malignancy. This article summaries the epidemiology, imaging, histopathology, and targeted immunohistochemical profile of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with a focus on practical knowledge for daily use.
Rates of Typical Disfluency in the Conversational Speech of 30-Month-Old Spanish-English Simultaneous Bilinguals.

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the typical disfluency rates at 30 months old in a large group of simultaneous bilingual children and also investigate the relationships between dis...
Places Are Nodes within Larger Networks

The main point of Issue C3 is that the health and wellbeing of places is, in part, a function of the larger socio-spatial networks in which they are situated. As Cummins et al [22] state, “places may be more usefully viewed as nodes in networks than as discrete and autonomous bounded spatial units” (p. 1827).
The Landscape of Phenotypic and Transcriptional Responses to Ciprofloxacin in Acinetobacter baumannii: Acquired Resistance Alleles Modulate Drug-Induced SOS Response and Prophage Replication.

ABSTRACT The emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in nosocomial pathogens has restricted the clinical efficacy of this antibiotic class. In Acinetobacter baumannii, the majority of clinical isolates now show high-level resistance due to mutations in gyrA (DNA gyrase) and parC (topoisomerase IV [topo IV]). To investigate the molecular basis for fluoroquinolone resistance, an exhaustive mutation analysis was performed in both drug-sensitive and -resistant strains to identify loci that alter ciprofloxacin sensitivity. To this end, parallel fitness tests of over 60,000 unique insertion mutations were performed in strains with various alleles in genes encoding the drug targets. The spectra of mutations that altered drug sensitivity were found to be similar in the drug-sensitive and gyrA parC double-mutant backgrounds, having resistance alleles in both genes. In contrast, the introduction of a single gyrA resistance allele, resulting in preferential poisoning of topo IV by ciprofloxacin, led to extreme alterations in the insertion mutation fitness landscape. The distinguishing feature of preferential topo IV poisoning was enhanced induction of DNA synthesis in the region of two endogenous prophages, with DNA synthesis associated with excision and circularization of the phages. Induction of the selective DNA synthesis in the gyrA background was also linked to heightened prophage gene transcription and enhanced activation of the mutagenic SOS response relative to that observed in either the wild-type (WT) or gyrA parC double mutant. Therefore, the accumulation of mutations that result in the stepwise evolution of high ciprofloxacin resistance is tightly connected to modulation of the SOS response and endogenous prophage DNA synthesis. IMPORTANCE Fluoroquinolones have been extremely successful antibiotics due to their ability to target multiple bacterial enzymes critical to DNA replication, the topoisomerases DNA gyrase and topo IV. Unfortunately, mutations lowering drug affinity for both enzymes are now widespread, rendering these drugs ineffective for many pathogens. To undermine this form of resistance, we examined how bacteria with target alterations differentially cope with fluoroquinolone exposures. We studied this problem in the nosocomial pathogen A. baumannii, which causes drug-resistant life-threatening infections. Employing genome-wide approaches, we uncovered numerous pathways that could be exploited to raise fluoroquinolone sensitivity independently of target alteration. Remarkably, fluoroquinolone targeting of topo IV in specific mutants caused dramatic hyperinduction of prophage replication and enhanced the mutagenic DNA damage response, but these responses were muted in strains with DNA gyrase as the primary target. This work demonstrates that resistance evolution via target modification can profoundly modulate the antibiotic stress response, revealing potential resistance-associated liabilities.
Violence reduces attention to faces and draws attention to points of contact

Although violence is a frequently researched topic, little is known about how different social features influence information gathering from violent interactions. Regions of an interaction that provide contextual information should receive more attention. We predicted the most informative features of a violent social interaction would be faces, points of contact, and objects being held. To test this, we tracked the eyes of 90 participants as they viewed images of social interactions that varied with respect to violence. When viewing violent interactions, participants attended significantly less to faces and significantly more to points of contact. Moreover, first-fixation analysis suggests that some of these biases are present from the beginning of scene-viewing. These findings are the first to demonstrate the visual relevance of faces and contact points in gathering information from violent social interactions. These results also question the attentional dominance of faces in active social scenes, highlighting the importance of using a variety of stimuli and contexts in social cognition research.
Film and Fine Art: Automatism, Automata and “The Myth of Total Cinema” in The Red Shoes and The Tales of Hoffmann

The philosophy and theory of film began with the skeptical question of whether film could be an art, given the mechanical way its moving pictures were produced. Theorists such as Noel Carroll and Victor Perkins have persuasively argued that the legacy of its defensive beginnings continues to compromise both philosophy and theory of film. This chapter seeks to contribute to an ongoing collective effort to overcome the effects of this legacy. It focuses on two films that invite comparisons not to painting or theater but to dance—Powell and Pressburger’s The Red Shoes and The Tales of Hoffmann. It argues that the right kind of attention to these films sheds new light on both what film is and how it is related to the other arts.
Landau-Hall states and Berezin-Toeplitz quantization of matrix algebras

We argue that the Landau-Hall states provide a suitable framework for formulating the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization of classical functions on a Kahler phase space. We derive the star-products for such functions in this framework and generalize the Berezin-Toeplitz quantization to matrix-valued classical functions. We also comment on how this is related to different calculations of the effective action for Hall systems.
Pilot Investigation: Older Adults With Atrial Fibrillation Demonstrate Greater Brain Leukoaraiosis in Infracortical and Deep Regions Relative to Non-Atrial Fibrillation Peers.

Background This pilot study explored differences in distribution of white matter hyperintensities (called leukoaraiosis; LA) in older adults (mean age = 67 years) with atrial fibrillation (AF) vs. non-AF peers measured by: (1) depth distribution; (2) anterior-posterior distribution; (3) associations between LA and cortical thickness; and (4) presence of lacunae and stroke. Methods Participant data (AF n = 17; non-AF peers n = 17) were acquired with the same magnetic resonance imaging protocols. LA volume was quantified by cortical depth (periventricular, deep, infracortical) and in anterior and posterior regions. Cortical thickness by lobe was assessed relative to LA load. Results Relative to non-AF peers, the AF group had twice the total LA volume (AF = 2.1% vs. Non-AF = 0.9%), over 10 times greater infracortical LA (AF = 0.72% vs. Non-AF = 0.07%), and three times greater deep LA (AF = 2.1% vs. Non-AF = 0.6%). Examinations of the extent of LA in anterior vs. posterior regions revealed a trend for more posterior relative to anterior LA. In the entire sample, total LA and infracortical LA were negatively associated with temporal lobe thickness. Only those with AF presented with lacunae or stroke. Conclusion Aging adults with AF had more total white matter disease than those without AF, particularly near the cortical mantle and deep within the cortex. Total and infracortical white matter disease in the entire sample negatively associated with temporal lobe thickness. Results suggest that those with AF have a distinct pattern of LA relative to those without AF, and that LA severity for all individuals may associate with structural changes in the cortex.