cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Exposure in Space on Tomato Seeds: Photosynthesis, Biomass, and Water Relations of Well-Watered and Drought-Stressed Plants

Tomato seeds exposed to space conditions for nearly six years on board the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) satellite were subsequently germinated and the resultant seedlings grown on earth under controlled conditions for analysis. Photosynthesis, biomass, and water relations were compared between mature plants grown from earth-based control seeds and space-exposed seeds under both well-watered and drought-stressed conditions. No consistent significant differences in photosynthesis and water relations were observed in the two sets of plants at any level of drought stress. Fruit production, however, though limited and variable, was significantly greater in plants grown from space-exposed seeds than in plants grown from earth-based seeds. Overall, exposure of seeds to space had only minor effects on the physiology and growth of plants grown from such seed.
Protocol for a randomized clinical trial investigating early sacral nerve stimulation as an adjunct to standard neurogenic bladder management following acute spinal cord injury

Neurogenic bladder (NGB) dysfunction after spinal cord injury (SCI) is generally irreversible. Preliminary animal and human studies have suggested that initiation of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) immediately following SCI can prevent neurogenic detrusor overactivity and preserve bladder capacity and compliance. We designed a multicenter randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of early SNM after acute SCI. The scientific protocol comprises a multi-site, randomized, non-blinded clinical trial. Sixty acute, acquired SCI patients (30 per arm) will be randomized within 12 weeks of injury. All participants will receive standard care for NGB including anticholinergic medications and usual bladder management strategies. Those randomized to intervention will undergo surgical implantation of the Medtronic PrimeAdvanced Surescan 97,702 Neurostimulator with bilateral tined leads along the S3 nerve root in a single-stage procedure. All patients will undergo fluoroscopic urodynamic testing at study enrollment, 3 months, and 1-year post randomization. The primary outcome will be changes in urodynamic maximum cystometric capacity at 1-year. After accounting for a 15% loss to follow-up, we expect 25 evaluable patients per arm (50 total), which will allow detection of a 38% treatment effect. This corresponds to an 84 mL difference in bladder capacity (80% power at a 5% significance level). Additional parameters will be assessed every 3 months with validated SCI-Quality of Life questionnaires and 3-day voiding diaries with pad-weight testing. Quantified secondary outcomes include: patient reported QoL, number of daily catheterizations, incontinence episodes, average catheterization volume, detrusor compliance, presence of urodynamic detrusor overactivity and important clinical outcomes including: hospitalizations, number of symptomatic urinary tract infections, need for further interventions, and bowel and erectile function. This research protocol is multi-centered, drawing participants from large referral centers for SCI and has the potential to increase options for bladder management after SCI and add to our knowledge about neuroplasticity in the acute SCI patient. ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT03083366 1/27/2017.
Sleepless in school: The role of social determinants of sleep health among college students

Sleep health is a public health concern and has been linked to an increased risk of number of deleterious health outcomes. Poor sleep health has been documented among college student populations; h...
A potential role for lysophosphatidylcholine in the delivery of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to the fetal circulation.

Abstract The mechanisms of placental transfer of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are poorly understood, however fatty acid transporters in the syncytiotrophoblast microvillous (MVM) and basal plasma membrane (BM) are believed to be involved. Using LC-MS/MS and samples from normal term pregnant women, we found that the concentration of lysophosphatidylcholine-docosahexaenoyl (DHA-LPC) was 4-fold higher in umbilical vein plasma compared to maternal venous concentrations while conversely phosphatidylcholine (PC) containing DHA or arachidonic acid were higher in maternal circulation. Using primary human trophoblast cells incubated with DHA we show that DHA was highly incorporated into PC and LPC species in the placenta. Protein expression of Phosphatidylcholine Transfer Protein (PCTP) was 14-fold higher in MVM and the expression of MFSD2a, an LPC transporter, was 5-fold higher in BM than in MVM. Interestingly, BM MFSD2a expression was positively correlated with DHA-LPC in the umbilical vein. These findings suggest that syncytiotrophoblast takes up PC from the maternal circulation, as well as preferentially incorporating DHA into PC. Placental PC are converted to LPC forms, which are transported across the BM mediated by MFSD2a, with a strong selectivity for DHA.
Challenging the Canon: The Critique and Its Aftermath in Autobiographical Perspective

This chapter is primarily autobiographical in nature. It begins with a discussion of certain early-career teaching experiences which inspired the author’s critique of the practices that have long been widely accepted among mainstream research psychologists for interpreting the results of population-level statistical analyses. The discussion then moves to an overview of publications stemming from the 1980s in which various facets of the critique and accompanying ideas were elaborated. The last major section of the chapter treats of the reception of the critique among defenders and devoted practitioners of the mainstream interpretive practices challenged by the critique.
The “perfect storm” for distributed wind markets

Abstract Over 1 GW of distributed wind has been installed across all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Yet the number of installations varies greatly by state, even when wind resources are similar. This article presents the results of a county-by-county study of markets for distributed wind in the contiguous United States that culminates with a figure that represents the relative strength of markets across the United States based on a composite assessment of 1) policy environments, including incentives, and interconnection, net metering, and permitting policies; 2) electricity prices, and 3) wind resources. The number of megawatts of installed distributed wind is superimposed on the combined figure, in most cases confirming the influence of these market factors. This analysis identified Indiana, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Maine, eastern Colorado, western Kansas, and northern New Mexico as areas that have untapped economic distributed wind potential. Specific policy, electricity price, and wind resource examples are provided from Iowa, New York, Washington, Oregon, and California.
CMOS-Compatible Wearable Sensors Fabricated Using Controlled Spalling

Wearable sensors can provide important human physiology and activity data and therefore have promising applications in healthcare, entertainment, and security. Here, we report the design, fabrication, and characterizations of a thin silicon film sensor for wearable sensor applications. Temperature, light, and strain sensing capabilities of the thin film of doped silicon, fabricated using a controlled spalling process, were fully characterized. An n-doped silicon thin-film sensor prepared with the spalling technology exhibited a temperature coefficient of −0.44%/°C. The sensor also showed excellent light sensing response in an illumination range from 110 to 1710 cd/mm2. The ratio of the electrical resistance changes over the applied forces was measured to be around 0.6%/N.
Synthesis of 1,3-Diaryl-Substituted Indazoles Utilizing a Suzuki Cross-Coupling/Deprotection/N-Arylation Sequence.

Substrate (I) is highly suitable for the title sequence which affords a broad spectrum of target compounds.
A novel pattern of germ cell divisions in the production of hymenopteran insect eggs

Egg development is a defining process of reproduction in higher eukaryotes. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, this process begins with four mitotic divisions starting from a single germ cell, producing a cyst of 16 cystocytes; one of these cells will become the oocyte and the others supporting nurse cells. These mitotic divisions are exceptional because cytokinesis is incomplete, resulting in the formation of cytoplasmic bridges known as ring canals that interconnect the cystocytes. This organization allows all cystocytes to divide synchronously during each mitotic round, resulting in a final, power-of-2 number of germ cells. Given that numerous insects obey this power-of-2 rule, we investigated if strict cell doubling is a universal, underlying cause. Using confocal microscopy, we found striking departures from this paradigm in three different power-of-2 insects belonging to the Apocrita suborder (ants, bees and wasps). In these insects, the earliest-formed cystocytes cease to divide during the latter mitotic cycles while their descendants undergo further division, thereby producing a 'radial' direction of division activity. Such cystocyte division patterns that depart from strict cell doubling may be 'fine-tuned' in order to maintain a final, power-of-2 germ cell number.
Resampling‐based stepwise multiple testing procedures with applications to clinical trial data

Endpoints in clinical trials are often highly correlated. However, the commonly used multiple testing procedures in clinical trials either do not take into consideration the correlations among test statistics or can only exploit known correlations. Westfall and Young constructed a resampling-based stepdown method that implicitly utilizes the correlation structure of test statistics in situations with unknown correlations. However, their method requires a "subset pivotality" assumption. Romano and Wolf proposed a more general stepdown method, which does not require such an assumption. There is at present little experience with the application of such methods in analyzing clinical trial data. We advocate the application of resampling-based multiple testing procedures to clinical trials data when appropriate. We have conjectured that the resampling-based stepdown methods can be extended to a stepup procedure under appropriate assumptions and examined the performance of both stepdown and stepup methods under a variety of correlation structures and distribution types. Results from our simulation studies support the use of the resampling-based methods under various scenarios, including binary data and small samples, with strong control of Family wise type I error rate (FWER). Under positive dependence and for binary data even under independence, the resampling-based methods are more powerful than the Holm and Hochberg methods. Last, we illustrate the advantage of the resampling-based stepwise methods with two clinical trial data examples: a cardiovascular outcome trial and an oncology trial.
Inversion Theory and SSTDR Analysis

It is the purpose of this paper to explore the viability of spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR) to be used as an electrical system analyzer for complex impedance. The ability to extract the complex impedance of any generalized load using only the incident and reflected SSTDR signals would allow the SSTDR to be employed on a wide range of electrical applications, and greatly aid in troubleshooting active electrical systems without the need of removing the system from service.
Complete first-order theories of some classical matrix groups over algebraic integers

Abstract Let O be the ring of integers of a number field, and let n ≥ 3 . This paper studies bi-interpretability of the ring of integers Z with the special linear group SL n ( O ) , the general linear group GL n ( O ) and the subgroup T n ( O ) of GL n ( O ) consisting of all the uppertriangular matrices. For each of these groups we provide a complete characterization of arbitrary models of their complete first-order theories.
Simplicity creates inequity: implications for fairness, stereotypes, and interpretability (invited paper)

Algorithms are increasingly used to aid, or in some cases supplant, human decision-making, particularly for decisions that hinge on predictions. As a result, two additional features in addition to prediction quality have generated interest: (i) to facilitate human interaction and understanding with these algorithms, we desire prediction functions that are in some fashion simple or interpretable; and (ii) because they influence consequential decisions, we also want them to produce equitable allocations. We develop a formal model to explore the relationship between the demands of simplicity and equity. Although the two concepts appear to be motivated by qualitatively distinct goals, we show a fundamental inconsistency between them. Specifically, we formalize a general framework for producing simple prediction functions, and in this framework we establish two basic results. First, every simple prediction function is strictly improvable: there exists a more complex prediction function that is both strictly more efficient and also strictly more equitable. Put another way, using a simple prediction function both reduces utility for disadvantaged groups and reduces overall welfare relative to other options. Second, we show that simple prediction functions necessarily create incentives to use information about individuals' membership in a disadvantaged group --- incentives that weren't present before simplification, and that work against these individuals. Thus, simplicity transforms disadvantage into bias against the disadvantaged group. Our results are not only about algorithms but about any process that produces simple models, and as such they connect to the psychology of stereotypes and to an earlier economics literature on statistical discrimination.
A Review of “Treacherous Beauty: Peggy Shippen, the Woman behind Benedict Arnold's Plot to Betray America”

In Treacherous Beauty: Peggy Shippen, the Woman behind Benedict Arnold's Plot to Betray America, Mark Jacob and Stephen H. Case attempt to illustrate the role Shippen played in Arnold's infamous pl...
Chapter 2. Pollution and Degradation of Coral Reef Communities

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the pollution and degradation of coral reef communities. Corals occupy only a portion of reef communities. Large areas of reefs are covered mainly by a thin layer of algae. Large quantities of algal fragments are removed from the algal community by currents and transported to adjacent coral and other communities where they serve as detrital food. Some of these algal communities have been found to be capable of extremely high rates of nitrogen fixation. This newly fixed nitrogen is distributed through reef food chains via grazers and consumers of algal detritus. This mechanism is important in maintaining the high productivity of reef communities in waters characteristically very low in fixed nitrogen. The existence of healthy coral communities in chronically turbid waters can be explained if strong currents are present that help prevent the build-up of sediments on coral surfaces. Comparatively large fractional changes in sediment metal concentrations may also be expected in reef areas polluted with heavy metals.
Understanding social media data for disaster management

Social media data are increasingly being used in disaster management for information dissemination, establishment of situational awareness of the “big picture” of the disaster impact and emerged incidences over time, and public peer-to-peer backchannel communications. Before we can fully trust the situational awareness established from social media data, we need to ask whether there are biases in data generation: Can we simply associate more tweets with more severe disaster impacts and therefore higher needs for relief and assistance in that area? If we rely on social media for real-time information dissemination, who can we reach and who has been left out? Due to the uneven access to social media and heterogeneous motivations in social media usage, situational awareness based on social media data may not reveal the true picture. In this study, we examine the spatial heterogeneity in the generation of tweets after a major disaster. We developed a novel model to explain the number of tweets by mass, material, access, and motivation (MMAM). Empirical analysis of tweets about Hurricane Sandy in New York City largely confirmed the MMAM model. We also found that community socioeconomic factors are more important than population size and damage levels in predicting disaster-related tweets.
Genus of learning relationships: mentoring and coaching as communicative interaction

Purpose – This essay aims to emphasize the genus of learning relationships as comprised by interaction among the partners. The genus of both mentoring and coaching is a learning relationship characterized by communicative interactionDesign/methodology/approach – Conventional mentoring and coaching prescriptions are compared in terms of their treatment communicative interaction. Currently popular distinctions between coaching and mentoring are based on formal and conventional beliefs about what each endeavor is supposed to do. Although assumed to be distinct, each is incompletely understood as a communicative enterprise, and inconsistent prescriptions abound in the popular literature. Four kinds of learning goals are identified, and these are aligned with four kinds of relationship characterized by the employment of different kinds of speech acts.Findings – The paper finds that coaching and mentoring are perhaps better examined by way of the learning relationships constructed by the communicative interacti...
Stroke in Children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Botswana: A Report of Six Cases (P4.303)

OBJECTIVE: We present six cases of stroke in children with HIV/AIDS presenting to Princess Marina hospital in Botswana, and discuss the etiology, evaluation, management, and outcome of stroke in children with HIV. BACKGROUND: In Botswana, HIV is one of the most common causes of stroke in children, but there is little published data to guide evaluation and management of stroke in this population. HIV is thought to increase stroke risk through a variety of mechanisms. DESIGN/METHODS: Case series. RESULTS: We prospectively identified six children with HIV and stroke over three months in 2013, during which only two children were identified with stroke who were HIV uninfected. All had imaging with CT or MRI confirming ischemic stroke and ruling out alternative diagnoses, including hemorrhagic stroke and venous sinus thrombosis. Most patients had a history of advanced HIV disease (World Health Organization Stage 3 or 4) with low CD4 counts (median CD4 nadir=110), but all had been treated with combination antiretroviral therapy with some recovery of immune function. An etiology for the stroke was identified in four of six patients and included HIV vasculopathy in 2 patients, HIV cardiomyopathy with cardioembolism in 1 patient, and VZV vasculopathy in one patient. Hypercoaguability workup was normal in all patients except for anticardiolipin antibodies of uncertain significance in one patient. All patients were treated with aspirin and all but one patient had an excellent short-term outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of stroke appears to be increased in children with HIV, though further controlled studies are necessary to further investigate this. Etiologies for stroke in children with HIV includes HIV vasculopathy, HIV cardiomyopathy, and opportunistic infections. Evaluation should include head imaging with vascular imaging, MRI with MRA if possible, and CT. The utility of lumbar puncture and hypercoaguability workup in this population needs to be investigated further. Given the difficulties of monitoring anticoagulation in this setting, low dose aspirin is a reasonable first line treatment. Disclosure: Dr. Khurana has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bearden has nothing to disclose.
Hydrogen-atom positions in P4/nnc vesuvianite

The crystal structure of a large crystal (11.0 x 7.8 x 4.1 nm) of gem-quality Fe-bearing vesuvianite [ɑ 15.533 (ll), c 11.785(16) A, V 2843(5) A^3; є 1.713(5), to ω 1.710(5), 2V 0°(5);D 3.43 g cm^(-3); 3.68 wt%FeO] from Kenya has been refined at 298 K by single-crystal neutron-diffraction methods to a weighted R value of 3.9% for 1448 unique Bragg reflections. No violations of P4/nnc space-group symmetry were observed on examination of the crystal by time-of-flight neutron methods. The protons are associated with oxygen atoms O(11)[H(1)0.4592(7),0.4814(9),0.3083(8)]and O(10)[H(2)0.25,0.25,0.280(10), as predicted by bond-valence calculations. Difference-Fourier maps show a double minimum between adjacent O(10) atoms along c, indicating a statistical distribution of H(2) between two sites. The partial occupancy of the H(1) site (85%) is consistent with the substitution of fluorine for oxygen at the O(11) site. Although hydrogrossular and vesuvianite have similar structures and occur in many of the same environments, the neutron-diffraction results rule out the possibility of a hydrogarnet-type substitution [(O_4H_4)^4 = (SiO_4)^(4-)] in this specimen. Its infrared spectrum (6500-7500 cm^(-1)) most closely resembles that of intermediate fluorine, boron-poor vesuvianite.
The Aftermath of a Section 355 Transaction (Parts 1 and 2)

This two-part article explores a wide variety of situations in which the tax-free treatment of corporate spin-offs and other separations under section 355 of the Internal Revenue Code can be jeopardized by transactions or other events that occur after the separation has been completed. Part 1 reviews the statutory and nonstatutory requirements of section 355 transactions and then focuses on (i) deviations from the purported business purpose for the spin and (ii) post-spin transactions involving dispositions of assets by the distributing of the spun-off corporation. Part 2 covers (i) post-spin transactions involving dispositions or new issuances of the stock of the distributing corporation; (ii) important recent changes in IRS ruling policy with respect to section 355 transactions; and (iii) common analytic themes for assessing, and suggestions for minimizing potentially adverse tax implications of post-spin developments.
Mitochondria, calcium, and tumor suppressor Fus1: At the crossroad of cancer, inflammation, and autoimmunity

// Roman Uzhachenko 1 , Anil Shanker 1, 2 , Wendell G. Yarbrough 3, 4, 5 , Alla V. Ivanova 3 1 Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States 2 Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States 3 Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States 4 Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States 5 Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States Correspondence to: Alla V. Ivanova, e-mail: alla.ivanova@yale.edu Keywords: Fus1/Tusc2, mitochondria, calcium, tumor suppressor, inflammation, autoimmunity Received: March 23, 2015 Accepted: June 27, 2015 Published: July 15, 2015 ABSTRACT Mitochondria present a unique set of key intracellular functions such as ATP synthesis, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca 2+ buffering. Mitochondria both encode and decode Ca 2+ signals and these interrelated functions have a direct impact on cell signaling and metabolism. High proliferative potential is a key energy-demanding feature shared by cancer cells and activated T lymphocytes. Switch of a metabolic state mediated by alterations in mitochondrial homeostasis plays a fundamental role in maintenance of the proliferative state. Recent studies show that tumor suppressors have the ability to affect mitochondrial homeostasis controlling both cancer and autoimmunity. Herein, we discuss established and putative mechanisms of calcium–dependent regulation of both T cell and tumor cell activities. We use the mitochondrial protein Fus1 as a case of tumor suppressor that controls immune response and tumor growth via maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. We focus on the regulation of mitochondrial Ca 2+ handling as a key function of Fus1 and highlight the mechanisms of a crosstalk between Ca 2+ accumulation and mitochondrial homeostasis. Given the important role of Ca 2+ signaling, mitochondrial Ca 2+ transport and ROS production in the activation of NFAT and NF-κB transcription factors, we outline the importance of Fus1 activities in this context.
Lyophilized Tea Extracts of Brickellia cavanillesii (Asteraceae): In Vitro Characterization of Biological Activity

UNLABELLED Lyophilized Brickellia cavanillesii (LBC) tea extracts and identified chemical compounds of LBC were examined using in vitro human carcinoma liver (HepG2) cells with and without fetal bovine serum (FBS). Cells were incubated for 24 h with varying concentrations of FBS and LBC, respectively; cytotoxicity was determined spectrophotometrically using MTT (Formazan 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay. Furthermore, the potential hypoglycemic activity of LBC tea extracts was investigated using glucose transport and metabolism proteins biomarkers. FBS (0% to 10%) increased the viability of HepG2 cells steadily with increasing concentration. Possible therapeutic effects of LBC were concentration dependent with and without FBS. The cytotoxicity of 12 identified compounds from the LBC extract suggests that the individual compounds inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells differentially and do not reflect the inhibition of the whole aqueous LBC. Western blot analysis of glucose facilitated transporter protein 2 (GLUT 2) expression of HepG2 cells exposed to 0 mg/mL (Control) and 0.2 mg/mL LBC for 2, 4, 6, and 24 h suggests that GLUT 2 expression was increased. Increase in GLUT 2 expression in the absence of FBS was statistically significant with time of exposure. Significant difference was observed for GLUT 2 expression between 6 and 24 h and also between 4 and 24 h at 0.2 mg/mL LBC. Results obtained indicate that LBC may exhibit antidiabetic activity. However, further studies will be necessary to clearly delineate LBC potential therapeutic benefit and biological activities in animal studies as well as other in vitro models. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Brickellia cavanillesii (Asteraceae) is a herbal plant widely used (Central America, Mexico and South-Western U.S.A.) in Type 2 diabetes mellitus therapy. Unfortunately, there is insufficient scientific data to validate its presumed pharmacological properties. This study examines the cytotoxic properties of whole, and certain identified chemical compounds in B. cavanillesii. It also investigates the potential hypoglycemic activity of lyophilized B. cavanillesii using glucose transport and metabolism proteins as biomarkers.
A three‐dimensional multiphysics modeling of thin‐film amorphous silicon solar cells

A 3D multiphysics simulation toolbox for thin-film amorphous silicon solar cells has been developed. The simulation is rigorous and is based on developing three modules: first to analyze light propagation using electromagnetic techniques, second to account for charge generation and transportation based on the physics of the semiconductor device, and third including electrode modeling by applying electrostatic techniques. Published results of a P-I-N thin-film amorphous silicon solar cell fabricated on a thick glass and experimentally evaluated was used as a vehicle to validate our 3D multiphysics toolbox and demonstrate its capabilities. The toolbox utilizes COMSOL for solving the partial differential equations describing the three modules, and MATLAB to input data, control the solver, and provides the coupling between the three modules. The developed toolbox was used to investigate both the effect of embedding Metallic Nanoparticles (MNPs) and the impact of defects on the external quantum efficiency. The simulator, besides being rigorous, is suitable to model various types of solar cells (organic, inorganic, thick film, thin film, heterojunction, or plasmonic) as well.
Comptoniaster adamsi nov. sp. (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) from the middle Cretaceous of Texas and its phylogenetic position

Comptoniaster adamsi nov. sp. (Asteroidea, Valvatida, Goniasteridae) is described from the middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) Britton Formation of northcentral Texas, USA. The new species provides the focus for an exploratory cladistic analysis of Mesozoic asteroids of the Comptoniaster-Tylasteria Group sensu G. Breton. The systematics of Mesozoic goniasterids has relied heavily on the morphology of marginal ossicles, which generally are the best-preserved elements of the skeleton. Unfortunately, marginal ossicular data are scanty for most species because ossicles tend to be morphologically simple yet varied even within individuals, and few even partially articulated specimens are available to provide more comprehensive information. Further, both plesiomorphy and homeomorphy have been important. Because of limited available data, phylogenetic reconstruction here is preliminary. Nevertheless, a number of taxon groupings recognized in the literature are recovered, and stratigraphic distribution provides some support for results. Data unfortunately are particularly incomplete for species of Comptoniaster, the focus of the study. Comptoniaster adamsi nov. sp. clustered with three other species assigned to the genus, including the type, all Cretaceous in age. Jurassic species of Comptoniaster are more widely distributed in the analysis, perhaps reflecting an early stage in diversification or perhaps suggesting the need for species assignment reassessment, but also reflecting the limited available data.
The relationship between squaraine dye surface morphology and sensitization behavior on SnS2 electrodes

Abstract Bis(4-dimethylamino-2-dihydroxyphenyl)squaraine (1-1 OHSQ) dyes were deposited on van der Waals surfaces of SnS 2 single crystals by two methods, dipping in a dye solution and evaporation of dye solution. Dye morphologies and photosensitization properties on the same samples were studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and photoelectrochemical measurements. AFM experiments in air revealed two distinct morphologies of dye aggregates and photocurrent measurements on the same samples in aqueous electrolytes showed correspondingly different photocurrent spectra. Three-dimensional needle-shaped 1-1 OHSQ aggregates aligned along crystal directions and showed a broad excitation spectrum that extended into the near-IR region with a peak around 800 nm. In contrast, flat aggregates presumably consisting of monolayers of 1-1 OHSQ molecules, had a sensitization maximum around 680 nm. Both peaks were red-shifted from absorption peak of 1-1 OHSQ in bulk dichloromethane solution. Spectral differences between these dye aggregates are discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions.
Unearned Status Gain: Evidence from a Global Language Mandate

Theories of status rarely address “unearned status gain,” defined as an unexpected and unsolicited increase in relative standing, prestige, or worth attained not through individual effort or achiev...
Intrinsic plasticity: an emerging player in addiction

Exposure to drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, leads to plastic changes in the activity of brain circuits, and a prevailing view is that these changes play a part in drug addiction. Notably, there has been intense focus on drug-induced changes in synaptic excitability and much less attention on intrinsic excitability factors (that is, excitability factors that are remote from the synapse). Accumulating evidence now suggests that intrinsic factors such as K+ channels are not only altered by cocaine but may also contribute to the shaping of the addiction phenotype.
Hyperpolarization-activated ion currents in cultured rat cortical and spinal cord astrocytes

Hyperpolarization-activated currents were recorded from rat brain cortical and spinal cord astrocytes maintained in culture. Spinal cord astrocytes expressed primarily an inward rectifier potassium current characterized by time-dependent inactivation, a strong dependence on extracellular Na + and insensitivity to intracellular GTP-γ-S (0.2 mM). In cortical astrocytes voltage clamp protocols aimed to elicit currents activated at, or negative to cell membrane potentials led to the development of two distinct ion currents. The most prominent current resembled the inward rectifier potassium current. This component was sensitive to blockade by extracellular cesium and was greatly reduced during recordings performed with GTP-γ-S (0.2 Mm) added to the pipette solutions. The remaining current component was similar to the endothelial I ha current. I ha conductance was enhanced by extracellular potassium and the current reversal potential behaved as expected for a mixed cation, Na + /K + current. I ha was nearly abolished after removal of extracellular Na + . These results are consistent with the expression of a novel mixed cation conductance in glial cells, possibly involved in extracellular potassium buffering.
Morphometric analysis of cinder cone degradation

Abstract Measurements of Vie geometry of cinder cones can be used to determine the morphological effects and rates of degradation. Cinder cones in the San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona (where radiometric dates and stratigraphic studies have determined cone ages) decrease in height, height/width ratio and slope through time. The ratio of crater diameter to cone basal diameter does not appear to change with degradation, nor, as suggested previously, with chemical composition or particle size. Similar results obtained for cinder cones in Nevada, Oregon, Manchuria, Italy and Reunion suggest that the morphometric patterns of degradation are similar for all cinder-cones. The rates of degradation vary tremendously however, with rainfall and temperature being perhaps the most important factors. Since the initial geometries of cinder cones are remarkably similar, degraded cones may be ideal gauges of long-term climatic change. Degradation can be readily modelled for two cases: burial of cinder cone flanks by subsequent lava flows, and erosion and mass wasting. Although the former is locally important, degradation appears to occur principally by the second process: cinders weather to clay, which is gullied by rainfall, with the debris sliding downslope. Such erosion and mass wasting produces a degradation curve in general agreement with observations. Erosion rates can be accelerated orders of magnitude, however, by the mantling of old cones with easily eroded ash deposited during nearby eruptions. Comparison of cinder zone isopach radii and cone separation distances suggests it to be a common effect.
Blending Hard White Wheat to Improve Grain Yield and End-Use Performances

Two hard white wheats (Triticum aestivum L.), ‘Betty’ with high protein and good processing quality and ‘Trego’ with good yield potential, were blended at percentages of 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, and 100% Betty and planted at three locations in western Kansas during 2001 to 2003. Grain yield and wheat end-use quality were evaluated to assess the impact of blending two cultivars in an attempt to optimize yield and processing quality. A significant two-way interaction between blend and location was observed for grain yield, test weight, grain protein, single kernel properties, flour extraction, mixograph tolerance, and bread loaf volume per gram of protein. The different yield and quality response of the Betty–Trego blends among locations resulted, in part, from the presence of stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend.) during 2 of the 3 yr (2001 and 2003). Test weight, single kernel weight and size, grain yield, and flour extraction decreased in response to increasing Betty in the blend, whereas grain protein, kernel hardness index, mixograph water absorption, mixograph tolerance, and bread loaf volume increased with the blending level of Betty. Some variables did not exhibit a statistical linear response to the percentage of Betty, indicating that blending Betty and Trego was a good strategy to stabilize agronomic performance and end-use quality.
Azimuth moveout vs. dip moveout in inhomogeneous media

Dip moveout (DMO) is often applied to prestack data to better preserve dipping events when performing partial stacks over ranges of offset. The tests presented in this paper, conducted on the SEG-EAGE salt data set, indicate that the application of azimuth moveout (AMO) in place of constant-velocity DMO yields better partial stacks in two important cases: first, when the velocity function increases with depth. Second, when a salt body causes NMO-velocity conflicts between deeper flat reflectors and shallower dipping reflectors. AMO is less sensitive to velocity variations than DMO because it is a residual operator, and thus it has less tendency to overcorrect reflections that have been moved out with too high NMO velocity. AMO has also the potential advantage over V (z) DMOs to be less sensitive to the given velocity function.
Data normalization method for a multisource inverse geometry CT system

The multi-source inverse-geometry CT(MS-IGCT) system is composed of multiple sources and a small 2D detector array. Each source is activated sequentially and covers a small portion of the field-of-view (FOV) and a full FOV reconstruction is acquired by combining projection data from all sources. During the data acquisition, the intensity of each x-ray source could change, e.g. because of instability in the power supply, leading to artifacts in the reconstructed image. To reduce the image artifacts, we developed a data normalization algorithm for the MS-IGCT system. The projection data of each source shares an overlap region in 2D Radon space with another source. Thus, substantially same projection data can be generated from different sources at different gantry positions. Since at least one source can illuminate a reference channel and therefore its data can be easily normalized. This normalized projection data can be used to normalize the raw data of another source with which it shares an overlap region. By performing this normalization process sequentially, the intensity variations of all sources can be corrected. The proposed method was tested with Shepp-Logan phantom using 10% random source intensity fluctuations. While the reconstructed image showed image artifacts that result from uncorrected fluctuations, after applying the proposed normalization algorithm, image artifacts were removed.
Slow relaxation and avalanches in the spin-paramagnetic transition of a thin film granular superconductor

Abstract We report measurements of the superconducting to normal transition of ultra-thin granular Al films in parallel magnetic fields, H‖. The parallel critical field,Hc, in our samples is Pauli spin-paramagnetically limited. We find that the critical field transition goes from second-order to strongly first-order at a tricritical point, Ttr, near 250 mK. The first-order transition is characterized by a giant hysteresis in the critical field, ΔHc‖ ∼ 2.5 kG. In the hysteretic region we find that the films are far out of thermodynamic equilibrium and exhibit very slow, τ ∼ 104s, glass-like, stretched-exponential relaxation. In addition, we observe significant avalanches. These observations are discussed in terms of a random array of Josephson junctions.
Shades of brown: Perceptions of racial profiling and the Intra-Ethnic differential

Abstract The recent wave of research examining racial profiling by the police has yet to examine potential differences from an intra-ethnic perspective. In addition, few studies have supplemented the insights gathered from streetand high way-stop data with important measures of citizen perceptions. In this study we attempt to conflate the two gaps by presenting an analysis of Black-and non-Black Hispanics' perceptions of racial profiling. More specifically, we analyze data from a random sample of New York City residents in order to explore differences related to how widespread, justified, and “personal” racial profiling is perceived to be. Results suggest that within ethnicity, racial self-identification plays a galvanizing role in shaping perceptions toward racial profiling. Future research directions are presented.
Regrets, I’ve had a few: Effects of dispositional and manipulated attachment on regret

Despite extensive research on regret, relatively little is known about the underlying mechanisms of regret within close relationships. Attachment theory provides a theoretical framework to study regret within close relationships. Specifically, anxiously attached people tend to have negative views of themselves and their past acts, which is likely to result in a higher tendency to experience regret. Attachment security is likely to attenuate this tendency. Two studies provide support for these claims. Study 1 used a correlational design and showed that attachment anxiety is positively associated with the tendency to feel regret within close relationships but not with regrets in other domains. Study 2 used an experimental design and showed that reducing attachment anxiety via attachment security enhancement reduces the tendency to feel regret mainly for participants high in attachment anxiety.
A CLINICAL TRIAL OF PHYSICAL THERAPY (PT) IN SPASTIC DIPLEGIA

Forty-eight infants 12-19 months of age with mild to severe spastic diplegia were randomly assigned to either 12 months of neurodevelopmental PT (Group PT:PT, N=25) or 6 months of infant stimulation (IS) followed by 6 months of PT (Group IS:PT, N=23). No motor or mental intergroup differences were seen at baseline. Motor outcome assessed by masked observers after 6 and 12 months of therapy included motor quotient (MoQ) derived from the Bayley Scales and observation of walking. Also, parents reported age of attainment of walking. Time-dependent analysis of parent reports showed earlier walking in Group IS:PT (p=0.01). Stepwise multiple regressions identified MoQ at enrollment as the greatest contributor to MoQ after 6 and 12 months' treatment (p<0.001). IS during the first 6 months also contributed (p<0.05 for 6 month MoQ, p<0.01 for 12 month MoQ). Mental development did not contribute to MoQ. Total variance explained: 6 months 42%, 12 months 50%. In these infants with spastic diplegla, 6 months of PT, compared to similarly intense IS, did not improve motor outcome. Earlier applied PT offered no motor advantage over later PT. MoQ prior to treatment was the best indicator of short term motor outcome.
Individual differences in mind wandering while reading predict lower rates of analogical transfer

Abstract Mind wandering has been argued to both impair and facilitate performance on complex cognitive tasks such as those encountered in the classroom. On the one hand, mind wandering may prevent students from fully encoding and remembering to-be-learned information. On the other hand, mind wandering may allow learners to consider to-be-learned information in the light of other contexts and situations. The current study examined the relationship between individual differences in mind wandering while reading and performance on an analogical reasoning task that required participants to recognize similarities between an unsolved problem and information presented in a set of passages. Across two studies, we found no evidence that participants who mind wandered more performed better on the reasoning task than participants who mind wandered less. In fact, the opposite pattern was observed, suggesting that the propensity to mind wander may put individuals at a disadvantage when it comes to analogical reasoning.
The human LDL receptor: A cysteine-rich protein with multiple Alu sequences in its mRNA

The nucleotide sequence of a cloned 5.3 kilobase cDNA for the human low density lipoprotein receptor revealed five domains in the 839 amino acid protein: 322 NH2-terminal amino acids, extremely rich in disulfide-bonded cysteine residues (15%) and including an 8-fold repeat of 40 residues that may contain the LDL binding site; 350 residues homologous to the precursor of mouse epidermal growth factor; a region immediately outside the plasma membrane, rich in serine and threonine and the site of O-linked glycosylation; 22 hydrophobic amino acids, spanning the plasma membrane; and 50 COOH-terminal amino acids, projecting into the cytoplasm. The mRNA for the receptor contains a 3' untranslated region of 2.5 kilobases that includes multiple copies of the Alu family of repetitive DNAs. Transfection of simian COS cells with the human LDL receptor cDNA linked to the SV40 early promoter resulted in expression of functional cell surface receptors.
Current Mode, Voltage Mode, or Free Mode? A Few Sage Suggestions

Many claims have been made about the benefits of a current-mode (CM) approach to IC design. The term is used to draw attention to some kind of special dependence on currents as signals, often without a clear orientation to the broader field, referring instead to recent CM papers. Its use suggests a significant and valuable distinction over "conventional" solutions, perhaps in the hope that this perspective, with an element of novelty at the cell level, will influence circuit design in the stringent context of IC production. This paper asks: What factors unambiguously define a current-mode circuit, and formally differentiate it from standard realizations of some function? Can one point to any compelling, and in the most favorable cases unique, advantages? Are these cells clearly of general value, capable of widespread utility? These issues are examined from the critical viewpoint that no circuits carry the entire functional burden by the exclusive use of either currents or voltages, and very few fully exploit the specific, but narrow, benefits of CM concepts. Real-world product development invariably demands the vigilant and full embrace of what might be called the Free Mode perspective, but merely as a mnemonic, not a classification.
Cognitive Structure and Transformation An Empirical Model of the Psycholinguistic Function of Numbers in Discourse

An empirical model of an atypical mode of cognition generated in a small group laboratory is presented. The model is derived from ostensibly anomalous cognitive and verbal data usually associated with speech errors and "pathological" mental states such as those found in dream processes. The model demonstrates that these ostensibly pathological phenomena occur regularly in so-called normal, rational states of cognitive functioning. Pieces of a verbal protocol are analyzed, demonstrating transformational structures of cognition and language as they pertain to numbers occurring in verbal productions. The data suggest a matrix structure. Implications of the model indicate that current information processing models of cognition preclude the recognition of data presented.