cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elastic Scattering of 600 MeV Protons from Light Nuclei

In 1966 a program was initiated at the NASA-Lewis Research Center to study the scattering of 600 MeV protons from light nuclei. Deuterium, Helium (3) and Helium (4) were chosen partly for experimental reasons, and partly because a systematic study of these nuclei might be most suitable for testing multiple scattering theories. Such theories require a good knowledge of the elementary interaction between the incident particle and the target nucleons, and the nuclear wavefunction (or equivalently Fermi momentum distribution). Therefore, we have supplemented existing nucleon-nucleon scattering data by measuring the p-p differential cross section and polarization, and we have determined the momentum distribution for the proton in the deuteron and in Helium (4) from (p,2p) measure-ments. In this contribution I will report our results of differential cross section and polarization in elastic p-p, p-d, p-3He, p-4He scatterings. The (p,2p) results will be presented by Perdrisat in a separate contribution to this conference. The experiments were performed at the proton synchrocyclotron of the NASA-Space Radiation Effects Laboratory in Virginia. Our team, in addition to W. K. Roberts, J. S. Vincent and myself consisted of M. Blecher, K. Gotow, P. C. Gugelot, C. F. Perdrisat, and L. W. Swenson of the Virginia Universities and J. R. Priest from Miami University.
Phylogeny of Mantodea based on molecular data: evolution of a charismatic predator

. The previously unknown phylogenetic relationships among Mantodea (praying mantids) were inferred from DNA sequence data. Five genes (16S rDNA, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, cytochrome oxidase II and histone 3) were sequenced for sixty-three taxa representing major mantid lineages and outgroups. The monophyly of mantid families and subfamilies was tested under varying parameter settings using parsimony and Bayesian analyses. The analyses revealed the paraphyly of Hymenopodidae, Iridopterygidae, Mantidae, and Thespidae and the monophyly of the Amorphoscelidae subfamily Paraoxypilinae. All represented subfamilies of Iridopterygidae and Mantidae appear paraphyletic. Mantoididae is sister group to the rest of the sampled mantid taxa. Lineages congruent with current subfamilial taxonomy include Paraoxypilinae, Hoplocoryphinae, Hymenopodinae, Acromantinae and Oligonicinae. The mantid hunting strategy is defined as either generalist, cursorial or ambush predators. By mapping hunting strategy onto our phylogeny, we reconstructed the ancestral predatory condition as generalist hunting, with three independent shifts to cursorial hunting and one shift to ambush hunting, associated with the largest radiation of mantid species.
Interpolating Value Functions in Discrete Choice Dynamic Programming Models

Structural discrete choice dynamic programming models have been shown to be a valuable tool for analyzing a wide range of economic behavior. A major limitation on the complexity and applicability of these models is the computational burden associated with computing the high dimensional integrals that typically characterize an agent's decision rules. This paper develops a regression based approach to interpolating value functions during the solution of dynamic programming models that alleviates this burden. This approach is suitable for use in models that incorporate unobserved state variables that are serially correlated across time and correlated across choices within a time period. The key assumption is that one unobserved state variable, or error term, in the model is distributed extreme value. Additional error terms that allow for correlation between unobservables across time or across choices within a given time period may be freely incorporated in the model. Value functions are simulated at a fraction of the state space and interpolated at the remaining points using a new regression function based on the extreme value closed form solution for the expected maxima of the value function. This regression function is well suited for use in models with large choice sets and complicated error structures. The performance of the interpolation method appears to be excellent, and it greatly reduces the computational burden of estimating the parameters of a dynamic programming model.
The Emotional Advantage: The Added Value of the Emotionally Intelligent Negotiator

In surveying past negotiation literature, successful negotiators were often portrayed as calculating and factual with a stress on keeping a poker face throughout negotiations. This article summarizes key features in the literature on emotional intelligence (EI), refutes the notion that the suppression of emotion in negotiation is desirable, and recognizes the value that EI can contribute to the repertoire of effective negotiators. The article describes key competencies associated with EI and how these skills help negotiators work with conflict if it emerges, develop creative options for potential agreements, facilitate trust, and contribute to affective and substantive satisfaction.
Institutions, Education, and Economic Performance

This paper considers the interactions between governance, educational outcomes, and economic performance. More specifically, we seek to establish the linkages by which institutional quality affect growth by considering its mediating impact on education. While the contribution of both human capital and institutions to growth are often acknowledged, the channels by which institutions affect human capital and, in turn, growth, has been relatively underexplored. Our empirical approach adopts a two-stage strategy that estimates national-level educational production functions which include institutional governance as a covariate, and uses these estimates as instruments for human capital in cross-country growth regressions.
Crashing Memory 2.0: False Memories in Adults for an Upsetting Childhood Event

© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Summary: Previous crashing memory studies have shown that adults can be led to believe they witnessed video footage of news events for which no video footage actually exists. The current study is the first to investigate adults' tendency to report memories of viewing footage that took place when they were children: the plane crash in Pennsylvania on 11 September 2001. We found that in a computer questionnaire, 33% indicated a false memory with at least one false detail. In a more detailed face-to-face interview, only 13% of the group described a detailed false memory. Familiarity with the news story, fantasy proneness, alcohol use, and frequency of negative emotions after 9/11 were all associated with a Persistent False Memory. Participants who had received prior suggestion were more likely to later report false memories in the subsequent interview. We discuss our novel results and the importance of the paradigm.
Models for Matched Pairs

When randomization is impractical or impossible, matched studies are often used to enhance the comparability of comparison groups, so as to facilitate the assessment of the association between an exposure and an event while minimizing confounding. There are several approaches to the analysis of matched data, including the matched pairs t Test, stratified analyses, the McNemar test, and conditional logistic regression. Each approach may be best in a given situation. Keywords: conditional logistic regression; matched pairs t test; matched studies; Mc Nemar test; stratified analysis
On Adjoint and Brain Functors

There is some consensus among orthodox category theorists that the concept of adjoint functors is the most important concept contributed to mathematics by category theory. We give a heterodox treatment of adjoints using heteromorphisms (object-to-object morphisms between objects of different categories) that parses an adjunction into two separate parts (left and right representations of heteromorphisms). Then these separate parts can be recombined in a new way to define a cognate concept, the brain functor, to abstractly model the functions of perception and action of a brain. The treatment uses relatively simple category theory and is focused on the interpretation and application of the mathematical concepts .
Rethinking the form and function of cities in post-Soviet countries

Eurasian cities, unique in the global spatial landscape, were part of the world's largest experiment in urban development. The challenges they now face because of their history offer valuable lessons to urban planners and policymakers across the world from places that are still urbanizing to those already urbanized. Today, Eurasian cities must respond to three big changes: the breakup of the Soviet Union, the return of the market as the driving force of society, and the emergence of regional powers such as the European Union, China, and India that are competing with the Russian Federation for markets and influence in its former satellites. Several methods of analysis indicate an imbalance across Eurasia, implying a need to readjust Eurasia's urban structure. National policies in Eurasia are still preoccupied with spatial equity. But the concentration of economic activity in large cities is fundamental to national competitive advantage: they foster innovation through their diversity of industries -- and reduce production costs through their economies of scale. This paper suggests some ideas on how policymakers can harness the economic power of cities to drive national economic development, by focusing on four themes: planning, connecting, greening, and financing cities.
Counting Permutations by Alternating Descents

We find the exponential generating function for permutations with all valleys even and all peaks odd, and use it to determine the asymptotics for its coefficients, answering a question posed by Liviu Nicolaescu. The generating function can be expressed as the reciprocal of a sum involving Euler numbers: \[ \left(1-E_1x+E_{3}\frac{x^{3}}{3!}-E_{4}\frac{x^{4}}{4!}+E_{6}\frac{x^{6}}{6!}-E_{7}\frac{x^{7}}{7!}+\cdots\right)^{-1}, \tag{$*$} \] where $\sum_{n=0}^\infty E_n x^n\!/n! = \sec x + \tan x$. We give two proofs of this formula. The first uses a system of differential equations whose solution gives the generating function \begin{equation*} \frac{3\sin\left(\frac{1}{2}x\right)+3\cosh\left(\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{3}x\right)}{3\cos\left(\frac{1}{2}x\right)-\sqrt{3}\sinh\left(\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{3}x\right)}, \end{equation*} which we then show is equal to $(*)$. The second proof derives $(*)$ directly from general permutation enumeration techniques, using noncommutative symmetric functions. The generating function $(*)$ is an "alternating" analogue of David and Barton's generating function \[ \left(1-x+\frac{x^{3}}{3!}-\frac{x^{4}}{4!}+\frac{x^{6}}{6!}-\frac{x^{7}}{7!}+\cdots\right)^{-1}, \] for permutations with no increasing runs of length 3 or more. Our general results give further alternating analogues of permutation enumeration formulas, including results of Chebikin and Remmel.
Uncertainty Quantification for Airfoil Icing Using Polynomial Chaos Expansions

The formation and accretion of ice on the leading edge of a wing can be detrimental to airplane performance. Complicating this reality is the fact that even a small amount of uncertainty in the shape of the accreted ice may result in a large amount of uncertainty in aerodynamic performance metrics (e.g., the stall angle of attack). The main focus of this work concerns using the techniques of polynomial chaos expansions to quantify icing uncertainty much more quickly than traditional methods (e.g., Monte Carlo). First, we present a brief survey of the literature concerning the physics of wing icing, with the intention of giving a certain amount of intuition for the physical process. Next, we give a brief overview of the background theory of polynomial chaos expansions. Finally, we compare the results of Monte Carlo simulations to polynomial-chaos-expansion-based uncertainty quantification for several different airfoil-icing scenarios. The results are in good agreement and confirm that polynomial chaos expa...
Game theory for security: lessons learned from deployed applications

Security at major locations of economic or political importance or transportation or other infrastructure is a key concern around the world, particularly given the threat of terrorism. Limited security resources prevent full security coverage at all times; instead, these limited resources must be deployed intelligently taking into account differences in priorities of targets requiring security coverage, the responses of the adversaries to the security posture and potential uncertainty over the types of adversaries faced. Game theory is well-suited to adversarial reasoning for security resource allocation and scheduling problems. Casting the problem as a Bayesian Stackelberg game, we have developed new algorithms for efficiently solving such games to provide randomized patrolling or inspection strategies: we can thus avoid predictability and address scale-up in these security scheduling problems, addressing key weaknesses of human scheduling. Our algorithms are now deployed in multiple applications. ARMOR, our first game theoretic application, has been deployed at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) since 2007 to randomize checkpoints on the roadways entering the airport and canine patrol routes within the airport terminals. IRIS, our second application, is a game-theoretic scheduler for randomized deployment of the Federal Air Marshals (FAMS) requiring significant scale-up in underlying algorithms; IRIS has been in use since 2009. Similarly, a new set of algorithms are deployed in Boston for a system called PROTECT for randomizing US coast guard patrolling; PROTECT is intended to be deployed at more locations in the future, and GUARDS is under evaluation for national deployment by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). These applications are leading to real-world use-inspired research in scaling up to large-scale problems, handling significant adversarial uncertainty, dealing with bounded rationality of human adversaries, and other fundamental challenges. This talk will outline our algorithms, key research results and lessons learned from these applications.
Automated temporal reasoning about reactive systems

There is a growing need for reliable methods of designing correct reactive systems such as computer operating systems and air traffic control systems. It is widely agreed that certain formalisms such as temporal logic, when coupled with automated reasoning support, provide the most effective and reliable means of specifying and ensuring correct behavior of such systems. This paper discusses known complexity and expressiveness results for a number of such logics in common use and describes key technical tools for obtaining essentially optimal mechanical reasoning algorithms. However, the emphasis is on underlying intuitions and broad themes rather than technical intricacies.
Continuous-Flow Synthesis and Purification of Atropine with Sequential In-Line Separations of Structurally Similar Impurities

Flow chemistry has attracted significant interest in pharmaceutical development, where substantial efforts have been directed toward the design of continuous processes. Here, we report a total synthesis of atropine in flow that features an unusual hydroxymethylation and separation of several byproducts with high structural similarity to atropine. Using a combination of careful pH control in three sequential liquid—liquid extractions and a functionalized resin, atropine is delivered by the flow system with >98% purity.
Hessian recovery for finite element methods

In this article, we propose and analyze an effective Hessian recovery strategy for the Lagrangian finite element method of arbitrary order. We prove that the proposed Hessian recovery method preserves polynomials of degree k + 1 on general unstructured meshes and superconverges at a rate of O(hk) on mildly structured meshes. In addition, the method is proved to be ultraconvergent (two orders higher) for the translation invariant finite element space of any order. Numerical examples are presented to support our theoretical results.
Films of bacteria at interfaces: three stages of behaviour

We report an investigation of the formation of films by bacteria at an oil–water interface using a combination of particle tracking and pendant drop elastometry. The films display a remarkably varied series of dynamical and mechanical properties as they evolve over the course of minutes to hours following the creation of an initially pristine interface. At the earliest stage of formation, which we interrogate using dispersions of colloidal probes, the interface is populated with motile bacteria. Interactions with the bacteria dominate the colloidal motion, and the interface displays canonical features of active matter in a quasi-two-dimensional context. This active stage gives way to a viscoelastic transition, presumably driven by the accumulation at the interface of polysaccharides and surfactants produced by the bacteria, which instill the interface with the hallmarks of soft glassy rheology that we characterize with microrheology. Eventually, the viscoelastic film becomes fully elastic with the capability to support wrinkling upon compression, and we investigate this final stage with the pendant drop measurements. We characterize quantitatively the dynamic and mechanical properties of the films during each of these three stages – active, viscoelastic, and elastic – and comment on their possible significance for the interfacial bacterial colony. This work also brings to the forefront the important role that interfacial mechanics may play in bacterial suspensions with free surfaces.
THE ‘EUROPEANISATION’ OF REFERENCE GROUPS: A reconsideration using EU-SILC

ABSTRACT In this paper we address the question of the relative importance of within and between country differences in income and material deprivation in the European Union in the context of recent suggestions that insufficient attention has been paid to the latter. In particular, we respond to the argument that the ‘state bounded’ relative income approach obscures the significance of EU-wide reference groups. Making use of EU-SILC 2004, we have sought to quantify the magnitude of relevant within and between country differences and their relative impact. Overall, our analysis supports the view that the predominant frame of reference is a national one. The limited impact of European reference groups observed in our analysis does not require explanation in terms of the emergence of a European social stratification system. Furthermore, the significance of such comparisons depends not only on the expectations of those affected by European inequalities but on the degree of legitimacy afforded to ensuing demand...
Asymmetric glycolate aldol reactions using cinchonium phase-transfer catalysts.

Cinchona phase-transfer catalysts (PTC) were developed for glycolate aldol reactions to give differentially protected 1,2-diol products. Silyl enol ether 9 reacted to generate benzhydryl-protected products. O-Allyl trifluorobenzyl cinchonium hydrofluoride CN-4 (20 mol %) catalyzed the addition of 9 to benzaldehyde to give 8 as a single syn-product in 76% yield and 80% ee. Recrystallization enriched the product to 95% ee, and a Baeyer−Villiger reaction transformed the product into useful ester intermediates.
Analysis and control of correlated web server queues

The research literature is rich with studies that demonstrate various degrees of correlation in the arrival processes found in Web server environments. All of these previous studies either have assumed the arrival process of each Web server to be independent of the corresponding service process or have completely ignored this important issue. Using data from commercial Web servers, we demonstrate the existence of considerable dependencies between arrival times and service times, in addition to a strong dependence structure within the arrival process, and then we explore a likely causal model of this cross correlation. A mathematical approximation of Web server performance is derived, based on heavy-traffic stochastic-process limits, that captures both the correlations within the arrival process and the correlations between the arrival and service processes. We then demonstrate that the results from our approximation, which is asymptotically exact, are in very good agreement with simulation results across all traffic intensities. Our mathematical analysis is further exploited to revisit certain scheduling issues in Web server environments. In particular, we consider a scheduling approach that provides expected response times relatively close to those under the optimal shortest remaining processing time policy while also maintaining better variance properties.
Azimuthal Anisotropy of Identified Hadrons in 200 GeV Au+Au Collisions

The azimuthal anisotropy parameter v 2 has been measured with high statistics for identified hadrons in s NN = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions with the STAR experiment. At high transverse momentum ( p T ) a strong v 2 for π + + π − and p + p ¯ is observed. In the intermediate p T region, number-of-constituent-quark scaling was tested to high precision. A detailed comparison of v 2 for the multi-strange hadrons ϕ, Ξ − + Ξ ¯ + , and Ω − + Ω ¯ + with other particle species substantiates the development of collectivity among partons in the early phase of the collisions at RHIC.
A new upper bound for finite additive bases

Let n(2,k) denote the largest integer n for which there exists a set A of k nonnegative integers such that the sumset 2A contains {0,1,2,...,n-1}. A classical problem in additive number theory is to find an upper bound for n(2,k). In this paper it is proved that limsup_{k\to\infty} n(2,k)/k^2 \leq 0.4789.
Parallel Developments in Aprotic and Protic Ionic Liquids: Physical Chemistry and Applications

This Account covers research dating from the early 1960s in the field of low-melting molten salts and hydrates,which has recently become popular under the rubric of “ionic liquids”. It covers understanding gained in the principal author’s laboratories (initially in Australia, but mostly in the U.S.A.) from spectroscopic, dynamic, and thermodynamic studies and includes recent applications of this understanding in the fields of energy conversion and biopreservation. Both protic and aprotic varieties of ionic liquids are included, but recent studies have focused on the protic class because of the special applications made possible by the highly variable proton activities available in these liquids.
Filter approaches to wave kinematics approximation

Time invariant analog filters are presented which are appropriate for approximating ocean wave kinematics described stochastically. The JONSWAP spectrum is used for the statistical characterization of the wave elevation. Further, linear (Airy) theory results are invoked for the variation with depth of the wave spectra. It is shown that these approximations allow closed form calculations of wave related statistics, and lead to efficient digital simulation algorithms of wave kinematics records.
Modal sensitivity analysis of coupled acoustic-structural systems

Modal analysis of coupled acoustic-structural systems leads to unsymmetric eigenproblem of special form which introduce different left and right eigenvectors. In this paper, the relation between left and right eigenvectors is first established by symmetrization of the unsymmetric eigensystem, and then Nelson's method is extended to coupled acoustic-structural systems for calculating the sensitivities of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The method only needs to calculate the sensitivities of the right eigenvectors and can treat the Helmholtz resonance mode naturally. Numerical examples of an acoustic box model solved by the proposed approach are compared with finite difference approach and good agreement is noted.
Comparison of central corneal thickness measured by four different pachymeters.

PURPOSE To compare three different ultrasound pachymeters and an optical scanning device for measuring central corneal thickness (CCT). METHODS This was a prospective study of 45 consecutive patients (90 eyes), who were seen in consultation for corneal refractive surgery and were tested by the same clinician on one visit. Thirty-five patients with no previous corneal eye surgery (group 1) and 10 who had undergone LASIK (group 2) were analyzed separately. Pachymetry was measured with the Pach V, PachPen, PachMate, and Orbscan II instruments. RESULTS Generalized Estimation Equations showed significant differences between the Orbscan II and the ultrasound instruments (5.2-22.8 microm) in group 1 and 2, and between the Pach V and the PachPen or PachMate (2.3-3.8 microm) in group 1. In group 2, 10 of 20 eyes had a range of measurements over 20 microns. CONCLUSIONS In 45 consecutive patients tested on one visit by the same clinician, CCT measured with three ultrasonic pachymeters, including two hand-held units, was clinically comparable in group 2. CCT measured with two ultrasonic pachymeters (i.e., PachMate and PachPen) was clinically comparable in group 1. The Orbscan II data differ from the other three instruments in both groups but more in the patients who had undergone LASIK (group 2).
The ups and downs of C–H hydrogen bonds

Abstract C–H⋯O hydrogen bonding has been known for more than sixty years. At one time it was a controversial subject. For the past sixteen years, its credibility has steadily increased until now it is very fashionable. Weak C–H⋯O interactions appear to be non-directional. Does this disqualify them as hydrogen bonds?
Second chance offers in auctions

This paper examines situations in which a seller might make a second chance (take-it-or-leave-it) offer to a non-winning bidder at a price equal to their bid at auction. This study is motivated by the take-it-or-leave-it second chance offer rules used by eBay and a number of state procurement agencies. Equilibrium bidder behavior is determined for IPV sealed bid first price, second price, English, and Vickrey auctions when a second chance offer will be made with an exogenous probability $$p$$ . In all but the Vickrey auction (which elicits the dominant strategy of bidding one’s value) equilibrium bids are lower than if there were no possibility of a second chance offer and higher than if a second chance offer will be made for certain. Further, the possibility of a second chance offer erodes the strategic equivalence between second price bids and English auction drop out levels. If bidders are risk averse (with CRRA preferences), this difference leads to expected revenue dominance of the second price over the English auction, both of which dominate the Vickrey auction. The first price auction is also shown to revenue dominate the Vickrey auction, and moreover, numerical results and intuition from existing literature suggest that the first price auction revenue dominates the second price auction.
Formation of methyl formate and other organic species in the warm-up phase of hot molecular cores

Aims. The production of saturated organic molecules in hot cores and corinos is not well understood. The standard approach is to assume that, as temperatures heat up during star formation, methanol and other species evaporate from grain surfaces and undergo a warm gas-phase chemistry at 100 K or greater to produce species such as methyl formate, dimethyl ether, and others. But a series of laboratory results shows that protonated ions, typical precursors to final products in ion-molecule schemes, tend to fragment upon dissociative recombination with electrons rather than just ejecting a hydrogen atom. Moreover, the specific proposed reaction to produce protonated methyl formate is now known not to occur at all. Methods. We utilize a gas-grain chemical network to probe the chemistry of the relatively ignored stage of hot core evolution during which the protostar switches on and the temperature of the surrounding gas and dust rises from 10 K to over 100 K. During this stage, surface chemistry involving heavy radicals becomes more important as surface hydrogen atoms tend to evaporate rather than react. Results. Our results show that complex species such as methyl formate, formic acid, and dimethyl ether can be produced in large abundance during the protostellar switch-on phase, but that both grain-surface and gas-phase processes help to produce most species. The longer the timescale for protostellar switch-on, the more important the surface processes.
Performance of integrated electro-optical navigation systems

Performance is analyzed for an airborne tightly coupled inertial navigation system (INS)/GPS/electro-optical imaging (EO) system that simultaneously estimates platform states, sensor biases, and unknown ground object coordinates using a single Kalman filter. Analysis is done by (1) comparing the performance of the INS/GPS/EO system with that of conventional tightly coupled INS/GPS navigation systems, (2) changing INS and GPS performance to determine the dependency on individual sensor performance, and (3) investigating the benefits of tracking a known ground object (control point). Simulation results show that (1) poor INS/GPS yaw angle accuracy is significantly improved by tracking an unknown ground object with the INS/GPS/EO system; (2) GPS performance has effects on platform position, velocity, and orientation accuracy, while INS performance has effects mainly on platform orientation accuracy; and (3) tracking a control point results in better navigation accuracy than tracking an unknown ground object, suggesting the possibility of using control points as an alternative to GPS.
Nonlinear Photon Bubbles Driven by Buoyancy

We derive an analytic model for nonlinear "photon bubble" wave trains driven by buoyancy forces in magnetized, radiation pressure-dominated atmospheres. Continuous, periodic wave solutions exist when radiative diffusion is slow compared to the dynamical timescale of the atmosphere. We identify these waves with the saturation of a linear instability discovered by Arons; therefore, these wave trains should develop spontaneously. The buoyancy-driven waves are physically distinct from a second family of photon bubbles discovered by Gammie, which evolve into trains of gas pressure-dominated shocks as they become nonlinear. Like the gas pressure-driven shock trains, buoyancy-driven photon bubbles can exhibit very large density contrasts, which greatly enhance the flow of radiation through the atmosphere. However, steady state solutions for buoyancy-driven photon bubbles exist only when an extra source of radiation is added to the energy equation, in the form of a flux divergence. We argue that this term is required to compensate for the radiation flux lost via the bubbles, which increases with height. We speculate that an atmosphere subject to buoyancy-driven photon bubbles, but lacking this compensating energy source, would lose pressure support and collapse on a timescale much shorter than the radiative diffusion time in the equivalent homogeneous atmosphere.
Agent-based computational economics

Preface (L. Tesfatsion, K.L. Judd). Part 1. ACE research reviews. 1. Agent-based computational economics: A constructive approach to economic theory (L. Tesfatsion). 2. Computationally intensive analyses in economics (K.L. Judd). 3. Agent learning representation: Advice on modelling economic learning (T. Brenner). 4. Agent-based models and human subject experiments (J. Duffy). 5. Economic activity on fixed networks (A.W. Wilhite). 6. ACE models of endogenous interactions (N.J. Vriend). 7. Social dynamics: Theory and applications (H. Peyton Young). 8. Heterogeneous agent models in economics and finance (C. Hommes). 9. Agent-based computational finance (B. LeBaron). 10. Agent-based models of innovation and technological change (H. Dawid). 11. Agent-based models of organizations (M-H. Chang, J.E. Harrington, Jr.). 12. Market design using agent-based models (R. Marks). 13. Automated markets and trading agents (J.J. MacKie-Mason, M. Wellman). 14. Computational methods and models of politics (K. Kollman, S.E. Page). 15. Governing social-ecological systems (M.A. Janssen, E. Ostrom). 16. Computational laboratories for spatial agent-based models (C. Dibble). Part 2. Perspectives on the ACE methodology. Out-of-equilibrium economics and agent-based modeling (W.B. Arthur). Agent-based modeling as a bridge between disciplines (R. Axelrod). Remarks on the foundations of agent-based generative social science (J.M. Epstein). Coordination issues in long-run growth (P. Howitt). Agent-based macro (A. Leijonhufvud). Some fun, thirty-five years ago (T.C. Schelling). Part 3. Guideline for newcomers to agent-based modeling. A guide for newcomers to agent-based modeling in the social sciences (R. Axelrod, L. Tesfatsion).
Who Benefits from Export-led Growth? Evidence from Madagascar's Textile and Apparel Industry

Fuelled by low labour costs and preferential trade agreements, exports of textile products originating from Sub-Saharan countries have grown dramatically in the last decades. This paper analyses some of the implications that export growth in the textile and apparel sector have for social welfare and poverty reduction in Madagascar. The paper proposes a simulation exercise utilising household level data and a methodology that combines the wage premium literature with matching methods. The results point to a large variation in the distribution of the benefits from export growth, with skilled workers and urban areas benefiting most. From a gender perspective, women are found to benefit substantially less than men. Although total welfare effects are significant, the benefits are largely reaped by non-poor households. From a poverty perspective, export-led growth in the textile and apparel sector is expected to have only a small effect on overall poverty. Copyright 2008 The author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for the Study of African Economies. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, Oxford University Press.
Identification of Gleason pattern 5 on prostatic needle core biopsy: frequency of underdiagnosis and relation to morphology

Abstract The presence of a Gleason pattern 5 prostatic adenocarcinoma is associated with a worse outcome. This study assesses the accuracy of grading a tumor as having Gleason pattern 5 and the potential factors contributing to its undergrading. From the consultation service of one of the authors, we identified 59 consecutive needle biopsy cases comprising 138 parts that, upon review, were graded as having Gleason pattern 5. All cases were reported as the final diagnosis by the outside pathologist. They were sent for a second opinion at the behest of clinicians or patients and not because the pathologist was seeking a second opinion. Considering the highest Gleason score in a given multicore specimen as the overall Gleason score, Gleason pattern 5 was missed in 34 of 59 (57.6%) cases by the outside pathologist. Compared with the outside pathologist's diagnosis, the Gleason score rendered at the second opinion was increased in 101 of 138 (73.2%) parts, was decreased in 5 of 138 (3.6%) parts, and remained unchanged in 32 of 138 (23.2%) parts. Gleason pattern 5 was not identified by the initiating pathologist in 67 of 138 (48.6%) of the evaluated parts. The architectural patterns of pattern 5 were as follows: single cells (n=104, 75.3%); solid sheets (n=69, 50%); cords (n=62, 44.9%); and comedonecrosis (n=3, 2.2%). Pattern 5 was missed more frequently when it was not the primary pattern. The most common Gleason pattern 5 architectural type was single cells and the least common was comedonecrosis. None of the architectural patterns appeared to be more correctly identified than the others; however, the most accurate grading was when the primary pattern was 5 and was composed mostly of solid sheets. Owing to the important prognostic and therapeutic implications of Gleason pattern 5, pathologists must be attuned to its varied patterns and to the fact that it may often represent a secondary or tertiary component of the carcinoma.
Palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of aryl tosylates and mesylates.

A general protocol for the palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of aryl tosylates and mesylates to form esters has been developed using a catalyst system derived from Pd(OAc)2 and the bulky, bidentate dcpp ligand. The system operates under mild conditions: atmospheric CO pressure and temperatures of 80−110 °C. A broad substrate scope has been demonstrated allowing carbonylation of electron-rich, electron-poor, and heterocyclic tosylates and mesylates, and the reaction shows wide functional group tolerance.
Local three-nucleon interaction from chiral effective field theory

The three-nucleon (NNN) interaction derived within the chiral effective field theory at the next-to-next-to-leading order (N2LO) is regulated with a function depending on the magnitude of the momentum transfer. The regulated NNN interaction is then local in the coordinate space, which is advantageous for some many-body techniques. Matrix elements of the local chiral NNN interaction are evaluated in a three-nucleon basis. Using the ab initio no-core shell model (NCSM) the NNN matrix elements are employed in 3H and 4He bound-state calculations.
A Convenient One-Pot Synthesis of Symmetric Secondary and Tertiary Vicinal Diamines

Abstract A convenient one-pot synthesis of symmetric vicinal diamines utilizing sodium borohydride/trifluoroacetic acid reduction methodology is described .
Set-theoretic geology

Abstract A ground of the universe V is a transitive proper class W ⊆ V , such that W ⊨ ZFC and V is obtained by set forcing over W, so that V = W [ G ] for some W-generic filter G ⊆ P ∈ W . The model V satisfies the ground axiom GA if there are no such W properly contained in V. The model W is a bedrock of V if W is a ground of V and satisfies the ground axiom. The mantle of V is the intersection of all grounds of V. The generic mantle of V is the intersection of all grounds of all set-forcing extensions of V. The generic HOD, written gHOD, is the intersection of all HODs of all set-forcing extensions. The generic HOD is always a model of ZFC, and the generic mantle is always a model of ZF. Every model of ZFC is the mantle and generic mantle of another model of ZFC. We prove this theorem while also controlling the HOD of the final model, as well as the generic HOD. Iteratively taking the mantle penetrates down through the inner mantles to what we call the outer core, what remains when all outer layers of forcing have been stripped away. Many fundamental questions remain open.
Gamma-rays and neutrinos from dark matter

High energy astrophysical γ-rays and neutrinos can be produced both by the annihilation and possible slow decay of dark matter particles. We discuss the fluxes and spectra of such secondaries produced by dark matter particles in the universe and their observability in competition with other astrophysical γ-ray signals and with atmospheric neutrinos. To do this, we work within the assumption that the dark matter particles are neutralinos with are the lightest supersymmetric particles (LSPs) predicted by supersymmetry theories.
Pilot evaluation of a stellate ganglion block for the treatment of hot flashes.

Purpose Hot flashes are a significant problem in breast cancer patients, especially because the most effective therapy, estrogen, is often contraindicated. Based on recent pilot data from a single group supporting the use of a stellate ganglion block for the treatment of hot flashes, the present pilot trial was done to further evaluate the hypothesis that a stellate ganglion block may be a safe and effective therapy for hot flashes.
Towards Improving MapReduce Task Scheduling Using Online Simulation Based Predictions

MapReduce is the model of choice for processing emerging big-data applications, and is facing an ever increasing demand for higher efficiency. In this context, we propose a novel task scheduling scheme that uses current task and system state information to drive online simulations concurrently within Hadoop, and predict with high accuracy future events, e.g., when a job would complete, or when task-specific data-local nodes would be available. These predictions can then be used to make more efficient resource scheduling decisions. Our framework consists of two components: (i) Task Predictor that predicts task-level execution times based on historical data of the same type of tasks, and (ii) Job Simulator that instantiates the real task scheduler in a simulated environment, and predicts expected scheduling decisions for all the tasks comprising a MapReduce job. Evaluation shows that our framework can achieve high prediction accuracy - 95% of the predicted task execution times are within 10% of the actual times - with negligible overhead (1.29%). Finally, we also present two realistic use cases, job data prefetching and a multi-strategy dynamic scheduler, which can benefit from integration of our prediction framework in Hadoop.
Candid Camera and the Behavioral Sciences

Since its inception in 1947, over a million people have been filmed unobtrusively "in the act of being themselves," thus falling victim to Allen Funt's "Smile . . . you're on Candid Camera." Funt, who originated the idea and produced and directed first Candid Microphone and later Candid Camera, describes his experiences with the show as "providing a very wonderful insight" into the complex behaviors and personalities of people. Furthermore, in anticipation that the films might prove of some value to behavioral scientists, Funt has donated the Candid Microphone and Candid Camera collection to the Department of Psychology at Cornell University. What began as pure entertainment we are finding to be an unequalled repository of extremely valuable observations of human behavior. If we are to utilize the films as illustrations of behavioral concepts or as basic research data, we must assure ourselves that the sequences were carefully planned and the behaviors were recorded accurately and systematically (Johoda, Deutsh, & Cook, 1951; Webb, Campbell, Schwartz, & Sechrest, 1966). First,
Intraoperative parathyroid hormone testing: what have we learned?

Objectives/Hypothesis The development of rapid, sensitive assays for measuring the intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) molecule has the potential to allow the surgeon to determine the success of parathyroid surgery intraoperatively. The purpose of the study was to review our results in the context of currently held beliefs regarding the ability of the intraoperative iPTH to predict resolution of hyperparathyroidism. Study Design Retrospective review. Methods The study series is a retrospective review of 107 consecutive parathyroidectomies performed by a single surgeon. Patients with primary, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism were included. Results The intraoperative assay allowed an overall success rate of 93.4% across all patient categories. The success rate in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism was 95.7%. Measuring the iPTH level at 10 versus 15 minutes after the removal of tissue did not significantly affect the predictive value of the test. A decrease of 50% in the iPTH level after the resection of hyperfunctioning tissue was prognostic of successful treatment of the hyperparathyroid state. By contrast, a postexcision iPTH level that was within the normal range was not always predictive of cure. Conclusions The intraoperative iPTH assay is particularly useful in the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. The assay eliminates the need for intraoperative frozen-section analysis in most cases and allows the surgeon to perform limited resections with confidence. This is especially true in complicated parathyroid surgeries, such as revision surgeries or those requiring concomitant thyroid surgery. The assay is also useful in secondary hyperparathyroidism, although it appears that the inability to identify small nonfunctional or hypofunctional supernumerary parathyroid glands means that long-term normocalcemia may not be assured.
Geographical Indications and the Competitive Provision of Quality in Agricultural Markets

The economics of geographical indications (GIs) is assessed within a vertical product differentiation framework that is consistent with the competitive structure of agriculture. It is assumed that certification costs are needed for GIs to serve as (collective) credible quality certification devices, and production of high-quality product is endogenously determined. We find that GIs can support a competitive provision of quality and lead to clear welfare gains, although they fall short of delivering the (constrained) first best. The main beneficiaries are consumers. Producers may also accrue some benefit if production of the high-quality products draws on scarce factors that they own.
Quantum criticality and non-Fermi-liquid behavior in a two-level two-lead quantum dot

Analytical and continuous-time quantum Monte Carlo methods are used to investigate the possibility of occupation switching and quantum criticality in a model of two quantum impurities coupled to two leads. A general discussion of potential occupancy-switching-related quantum critical points is given, and a detailed analysis is made of a specific model which has been recently discussed. For spinless electrons, no phase transition is found. For electrons with spin, a critical value of the interaction strength separates a weak-coupling regime in which all properties vary smoothly with parameters from a strong-coupling phase in which occupation numbers vary discontinuously as level energies are changed. The discontinuity point is characterized by non-Fermi-liquid behavior. Results for self-energies and correlation functions are given. Phase diagrams are presented.
An efficient acylation/base-catalyzed cyclization of thioureas affords N,N′-disubstituted thiobarbituric acids

Abstract Acylation of 1,3-disubstituted thioureas with methyl malonyl chloride followed by base-catalyzed cyclization leads to the preparation of 1,3-disubstituted-2-thiobarbituric acids in high yield.
Performance Simulation of Evaporative Heat Exchangers [Cooling Towers, Fluid Coolers, and Condensers]

Abstract This paper presents a description of three computer algorithms developed to perform rating calculations of commercially available cooling towers, evaporative fluid coolers, and evaporative condensers. The paper illustrates the various simulations that are possible, including varying wet-bulb, inlet and exit temperatures, different fluid flow rates, altitude, or combinations of the above. The heat and mass transfer “characteristic equations, ”as a function of the fluid flow rates for a given evaporative heat exchanger, are derived from the manufacturer's rating data on one operating point, e.g., at the rating point. Or, one may use independently developed “characteristic equations” for any packing or tube bundle geometry of interest. The algorithms provide capability to predict the heat exchange capacity at any weather or process condition. They also allow the plant engineer to assess the effect of varying the air flow rate on the fan power for specified operating conditions. Example cases are ana...