cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bulk stable carbon and deuterium isotope analyses of bitumen artifacts from Hacinebi Tepe, Turkey: reconstructing broad economic patterns of the Uruk expansion

Abstract This research addresses issue of inter-regional trade for the world's first colonial trading system, the economic expansion of state societies from southern Mesopotamia into southwest Iran and southeast Anatolia, through the use of stable carbon and deuterium isotope analyses of bitumen artifacts. The key goal of the project was to get beyond simply the identification of trade (Schwartz, M., Hollander, D., Stein, G., 1999. Paleorient 25 (1), 67–82) and examine broad regional patterns in the exchange system. To this end, the methodological approach of this research was focused on the reconstruction of general exchange patterns using a large sample set. The results of these analyses suggest the utility of bulk isotopic analyses in the identification of broad regional patterns, serving as a complement to detailed isotopic and molecular work on asphaltene extractions of bitumen (Connan, J., Nishiaki, Y., 2003. Vol. II: Chalcolithic Technology and Subsistence. The University Museum – The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, pp. 283–306). Some of the data indicate changes in the organization of trade at the site of Hacinebi in southeast Turkey and suggest large economic changes in Anatolia associated with the Uruk expansion.
Inhibition of chymotrypsin through surface binding using nanoparticle-based receptors.

Efficient binding of biomacromolecular surfaces by synthetic systems requires the effective presentation of complementary elements over large surface areas. We demonstrate here the use of mixed monolayer protected gold clusters (MMPCs) as scaffolds for the binding and inhibition of chymotrypsin. In these studies anionically functionalized amphiphilic MMPCs were shown to inhibit chymotrypsin through a two-stage mechanism featuring fast reversible inhibition followed by a slower irreversible process. This interaction is very efficient, with a K = 10.4 ± 1.3 nM. The MMPC–protein complex was characterized by CD, demonstrating an almost complete denaturation of the enzyme over time. Dynamic light scattering studies confirm that inhibition proceeds without substantial MMPC aggregation. The electrostatic nature of the engineered interactions provides a level of selectivity: little or no inhibition of function was observed with elastase, β-galactosidase, or cellular retinoic acid binding protein.
The formation and the role of potassium bubbles in NS-doped tungsten

Abstract The present paper describes the creation of potassium bubbles in non-sag (NS)-doped tungsten ingots during sintering, the behaviour of these bubbles during thermomechanical processing and their role in lamp filaments. Initial discussion will focus on the chemistry changes and densification kinetics of reduced tungsten powder during ingot sintering. A key feature of NS-doped ingot sintering is the generation of potassium bubbles in the tungsten ingot matrix from submicron pores in the reduced powder which contain the NS dopant. The chemistry changes associated with potassium bubble formation are critical to the properties of the ingot, such as potassium concentration, potassium bubble distribution, grain structure and density, and consequently the properties of the final incandescent lamp wire. In addition to the potassium bubble distribution, the density and microstructure of the NS-doped, sintered tungsten ingot are also critical. Consequently, the densification kinetics and microstructural evolution over the temperature range 1200–3000 °C will be discussed together with the predominant sintering mechanisms. Once the ingot is manufactured, one must also understand how the bubbles respond to the thermomechanical processing and how they influence the overall wire micro-structure. The morphological changes of the potassium bubbles have been investigated at the ingot, rod and wire stages of the wire manufacturing process. Potassium bubble growth during filament operation is discussed using analytical models together with microstructural observations.
Capabilities and limitations of thermal models for use in thermal comfort standards

Thermal models of the human body and its interactions with the surrounding thermal environment are often proposed, and to some extent are used, as the basis for thermal comfort standards. These models range from simple, one-dimensional, steady-state simulations to complex, transient, finite element codes with thousands of nodes. The models are potentially very useful in that they provide a straightforward means to incorporate the numerous physical variables that affect comfort. Some models can be applied to complex situations which would be difficult, if not impossible, to reflect in simple charts or equations. Whether simple or complex, all of these models have limitations for use in standards. These limitations include the accuracy of the physical simulation and the accuracy of the inputs to the model. Perhaps, the biggest limitation is the accuracy with which comfort perceptions can be related to the physiological variables simulated in the thermal models.
Effect of diborane on the microstructure of boron-doped silicon nanowires

Abstract Boron-doped silicon (Si) nanowires, with nominal diameters of 80 nm, were grown via the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mechanism using gold (Au) as a catalyst and silane (SiH 4 ) and diborane (B 2 H 6 ) as precursors. The microstructure of the nanowires was studied by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. At lower B 2 H 6 partial pressure and thus lower doping levels (⩽1×10 18 cm −3 ), most of the boron-doped Si nanowires exhibited high crystallinity. At higher B 2 H 6 partial pressure (∼2×10 19 cm −3 doping level), the majority of the wires exhibited a core–shell structure with an amorphous Si shell (20–30 nm thick) surrounding a crystalline Si core. Au nanoparticles on the outer surface of the nanowires were also observed in structures grown with high B/Si gas ratios. The structural changes are believed to result from an increase in the rate of Si thin-film deposition on the outer surface of the nanowire at high B 2 H 6 partial pressure, which produces the amorphous coating and also causes an instability at the liquid/solid interface resulting in a loss of Au during nanowire growth.
Timing of feeding bouts of mountain lions

Onset of feeding by mountain lions ( Puma concolor ) on individual prey was studied with an automatic camera near mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) that had been killed and cached by mountain lions. We categorized mountain lions as adult males, adult females, females with juveniles, and females with kittens. After sunset, females with kittens returned to kills significantly earlier than males, females, or females with juveniles. Early feeding by females with kittens might reflect avoidance of conspecifics, which are known to kill kittens. Alternatively, mothers with young kittens may remain closer to caches of prey than lone males, females, or mothers with juveniles. Increased energetic needs of lactating mothers also may dictate earlier feeding.
A novel role for the T‐box transcription factor Tbx1 as a negative regulator of tumor cell growth in mice

The T-box transcription factor, Tbx1, an important regulatory gene in development, is highly expressed in hair follicle (HF) stem cells in adult mice. Because mouse models of skin carcinogenesis have demonstrated that HF stem cells are a carcinogen target population and contribute significantly to tumor development, we investigated whether Tbx1 plays a role in skin carcinogenesis. We first assessed Tbx1 expression levels in mouse skin tumors, and found down-regulation in all tumors examined. To study the effect of Tbx1 expression on growth and tumorigenic potential of carcinoma cells, we transfected mouse Tbx1 cDNA into a mouse spindle cell carcinoma cell line that did not express endogenous Tbx1. Following transfection, two cell lines expressing different levels of the Tbx1/V5 fusion protein were selected for further study. Intradermal injection of the cell lines into mice revealed that Tbx1 expression significantly suppressed tumor growth, albeit with no change in tumor morphology. In culture, ectopic Tbx1 expression resulted in decreased cell growth and reduced development into multilayered colonies, compared to control cells. Tbx1-transfectants exhibited a reduced proliferative rate compared to control cells, with fewer cells in S and G2/M phases. The Tbx1 transfectants developed significantly fewer colonies in soft agar, demonstrating loss of anchorage-independent growth. Taken together, our data show that ectopic expression of Tbx1 restored contact inhibition to the skin tumor cells, suggesting that this developmentally important transcription factor may have a novel dual role as a negative regulator of tumor growth. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Defective parasympathetic innervation is associated with airway branching abnormalities in experimental CDH

Developmental mechanisms leading to lung hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remain poorly defined. Pulmonary innervation is defective in the human disease and in the rodent models ...
The influence of the type 3 (sigmoid) functional response upon the stability of predator-prey difference models

Abstract Sigmoid functional responses are found to exert a stabilizing influence upon a discrete-generation predator-prey model in a way analogous to that found in continuous predator-prey models. The precise effect depends upon the degree to which a predator's feeding history influences its reproductive success. The time delay intrinsic in difference equation models imposes constraints not found in differential models, however, it is shown that in an otherwise unstable model the inclusion of a sigmoid functional response can result in local stability. With the addition of prey self-regulation the stabilizing influence of the functional response acts in concert with self-regulation, as it does in continuous models. These results show that the effect of the sigmoid response upon stability is not dependent upon the assumption of continuity, and reinforces the view that sigmoid responses could be an important factor stabilizing natural communities.
Angle-insensitive flow measurement using Doppler bandwidth

The ability to measure the velocity of blood flow independent of the orientation of the blood vessel could aid in evaluation of many disease processes, such as coronary lesions. Conventional ultrasonic Doppler techniques require knowledge of the beam-to-flow angle, and the Doppler effect vanishes when this angle is 90/spl deg/. By employing a spherically symmetrical range cell and the Doppler bandwidth instead of the Doppler shift, preliminary results show that flow measurement of ideal uniform flow that has a blunt velocity profile can be made without knowledge of tile orientation of the vessel, even when the angle of orientation is around 90/spl deg/. But when the technique is applied to a real how that has a parabolic velocity profile, the Doppler bandwidth decreases as the beam-to-flow angle increases. Although the Doppler bandwidth is sensitive to the transducer angle in this situation, the error in determining flow velocity might be acceptable if the transducer angle can be estimated to be within a small range. For this method to be regarded as practical for clinical use, however, a consistent relationship between bandwidth and flow velocity must be demonstrated over some set of clinically relevant conditions. The experimental techniques and results for how measurements of both the ideal uniform flow and the real flow are presented in this paper.
Computer Simulation Study of Adsorption, Isosteric Heat and Phase Transitions of Methane on Graphite

We report Canonical (NVTMC), Grand Canonical (GCMC) and Gibbs Ensemble Monte Carlo (GEMC) simulations for adsorption of methane on graphite. Lennard-Jones (LJ) potentials are used for the intermolecular interactions, and both structured and structureless (10-4-3) solid-fluid potentials are considered. Several sets of methane-methane L.J parameters have been used in the literature, and we compare results obtained with these sets throughout our simulations. The adsorption isotherm and isosteric heat curve are obtained at 77.5 K and found in good agreement with experiments. The commensurate-incommensurate transition (CIT) of methane on a graphite substrate with periodically varying adsorbate-adsorbent potential at 40.0 K is studied and is in qualitative agreement with experiment. The effect of varying the corrugation of the fluid-wall potential on the commensurate and incommensurate phases is explored. The GEMC simulations have been carried out to study the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of a two-dimensional (2D) LJ fluid with system sizes up to 3000 particles. The effect of system sizes on the critical behavior is investigated. The GEMC method has also been successfully applied to study the VLE in 2D adsorbed films for the first time.
Radiographic readings for asbestosis : Misuse of science-validation of the ILO classification

Background Radiographic readings for pneumoconiosis (both asbestosis and silicosis), even those using the International Labour Office (ILO) Classification, have received widespread negative coverage in the media and strong judicial rebuke. Methods The medical literature over the past 90 years was reviewed for the relationships between radiographic severity (standardized as the ILO profusion score) and indices of exposure to silica or asbestos, tissue burden of silica particles or asbestos fibers, histologic fibrosis, various measurements of pulmonary function and mortality. Results Evidence from many different disciplines has demonstrated that the ILO profusion score correlates with occupational exposure, dust burden in the lung, histologic fibrosis and, more recently, with physiologic impairment and mortality. Conclusions The ILO Classification has therefore been validated as a scientific tool. Its fraudulent misuse by “hired-gun” physicians, attorneys and elements of the compensation system to falsify claims of asbestosis and/or silicosis (often in the same claimant) must be condemned. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:63–67, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
VISUALIZING LEARNING AND COMPUTATION IN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

Scientific visualization is the process of using graphical images to form succinct and lucid representations of numerical data. Visualization has proven to be a useful method for understanding both learning and computation in artificial neural networks. While providing a powerful and general technique for inductive learning, artificial neural networks are difficult to comprehend because they form representations that are encoded by a large number of real-valued parameters. By viewing these parameters pictorially, a better understanding can be gained of how a network maps inputs into outputs. In this article, we survey a number of visualization techniques for understanding the learning and decision-making processes of neural networks. We also describe our work in knowledge-based neural networks and the visualization techniques we have used to understand these networks. In a knowledge-based neural network, the topology and initial weight values of the network are determined by an approximately-correct set of inference rules. Knowledge-based networks are easier to interpret than conventional networks because of the synergy between visualization methods and the relation of the networks to symbolic rules.
Young adults' cognitive representations of intergenerational conversations

Abstract Extensive research has focused on younger adults’ stereotypes of older adults. The current paper attempts to extend this research by examining younger adults’ cognitive representations of intergenerational conversations—here termed intergenerational communication schemas (ICSs). Young adult respondents were provided with a description of an older target reflecting a positive or negative stereotype, and were asked to provide an open‐ended narrative describing a conversation with that older person. The narratives were analyzed and six categories emerged which were identified as homogeneous and coherent types of intergenerational conversation. For example, a helping schema emerged which featured descriptions of the older adult as dependent, the young person desiring to help the older adult, and the younger adult expecting to feel good for having helped. Some variation in the narratives is explained as a function of the nature of the older target, for instance the helping schema emerged exclusively i...
Points of View: A Survey of Survey Courses: Are They Effective?

Note from the Editors Points of View (POV) addresses issues faced by many people within the life science education community. Cell Biology Education (CBE) publishes the POV Feature to present two or more opinions published in tandem on a common topic. We consider POVs to be “Op-Ed” pieces designed to stimulate thought and dialogue on significant educational issues. Each author had the opportunity to revise or add to his/her POV after reading drafts of the other's POV. In this issue, we ask the question, “Are survey courses still viable for introductory biology?” The POV question is related to the ones asked by the National Research Council in the recent feature by Jay Labov (www.cellbioed.org/articles/vol3no4/article.cfm?articleID=132) and continues to be a subject of debate by many science departments, not just biology. Often the discussion is split not only by perceived value of the survey course, but also by the size of the institution. Therefore, we present four POVs, plus a framing POV to set the tone. The overview was written by Arri Eisen, who is a senior lecturer in Emory University's Biology Department and the director of the Program in Science & Society. Representing the Anti-Survey, Large University is Janet M. Batzli, Associate Director of the nontraditional Biology Core Curriculum at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. The Anti-Survey, Small College perspective is presented by David Becker, who is an Associate Professor and Magdalena R. and John P. Dexter Professor of Botany in the Department of Biology at Pomona College. Presenting the Pro-Survey, Large University perspective is Douglas M. Fambrough, Professor of Biology at The Johns Hopkins Department of Biology and Scientific Director of the Searle Scholars Program. Finally, the Pro-Survey, Small College POV was coauthored by Mary Lee Ledbetter and A. Malcolm Campbell. Ledbetter is a Professor of Biology at College of the Holy Cross and a 2003 NSF Director's Award recipient. Campbell is an Associate Professor of Biology at Davidson College and a co-Editor-in-Chief of CBE. Readers are encouraged to compare the authors' perspectives and share their thoughts and reactions using the online discussion forum hosted by CBE at http://www.cellbioed.org/discussion/public/main.cfm.
The Efficiency Paradox

The article assumes arguendo that efficiency is the sole goal of antitrust. It then observes that how to achieve efficiency by applications of antitrust law is not obvious; that there are various routes towards attempting to achieve efficiency, and Chicago School advocates have picked one based on a principle of non-intervention rather than one based on a principle of trust in rivalry and open markets. The article shows how application of the non-intervention principle protects dominant firms from the competition of their rivals and in that connection deprives the market of efficiencies. Robert Bork argued in THE ANTITRUST PARADOX: in the name of competition, antitrust harmed competition. Professor Fox now argues: in the name of efficiency, conservative advocates and jurists harm efficiency. This is The Efficiency Paradox of her title.
A Low-Cost Acoustic Array for Detecting and Tracking Small RC Aircraft

The goal of this project was to create an inexpensive array with dynamically placed microphones that could detect and locate broadband sources in the far-field through algorithms for array calibration and beamforming. Post-beamforming signal processing algorithms for target detection and tracking were also investigated. Experiments performed using remote controlled airplanes in an open field demonstrated favorable results.
THEORETICAL AND RESEARCH SUPPORT FOR THE DULUTH MODEL: A REPLY TO DUTTON AND CORVO

In a recent article, Dutton and Corvo denounce and reject the so-called Duluth Model of batterer intervention based on cognitive–behavioral counseling, reinforcement from the criminal justice system, and coordination of additional community services. They not only accuse it of being ineffective and detrimental to progress in the field, but assert that its supporters are merely acting out of ideological and activist motivations. These authors call for research-based treatment that is more psychotherapeutic in nature, along with a diminished role of the criminal justice system and more attention to women's violence. The authors, however, are highly selective in the research they use to substantiate their position and apply their own activist biases to its interpretation. Their portrayal of the Duluth Model, and the fundamentals it represents, is a distorted caricature of its current conception. There is psychological theory and criminal justice research that support the Duluth Model and its utility. Moreover, developments in the field contradict the claims that the Duluth Model has an “iron-clad” hold that is impeding progress. The categorical condemnations in the Dutton and Corvo article shut-off needed dialogue and debate rather than further those developments. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Commonly held theories of human resource development

Due to the interdisciplinary nature of human resource development (HRD), there has been little agreement as to the underlying definition and primary theories that form the basis for the field. In order to reach some understanding, this paper will outline many of the current US American definitions now held in the HRD profession. Commonly held themes will be removed from those definitions and the theories underlying those themes will be examined. Each theory is reviewed and then tested with the first step of Patterson's (1986) criteria for assessing the validity of a theory. This review of the definitions and test of the underlying theories will give the field a primary interdisciplinary foundation to begin to work from and to do additional research.
Mining Software Repositories for Accurate Authorship

Code authorship information is important for analyzing software quality, performing software forensics, and improving software maintenance. However, current tools assume that the last developer to change a line of code is its author regardless of all earlier changes. This approximation loses important information. We present two new line-level authorship models to overcome this limitation. We first define the repository graph as a graph abstraction for a code repository, in which nodes are the commits and edges represent the development dependencies. Then for each line of code, structural authorship is defined as a sub graph of the repository graph recording all commits that changed the line and the development dependencies between the commits, weighted authorship is defined as a vector of author contribution weights derived from the structural authorship of the line and based on a code change measure between commits, for example, best edit distance. We have implemented our two authorship models as a new git built-in tool git-author. We evaluated git-author in an empirical study and a comparison study. In the empirical study, we ran git-author on five open source projects and found that git-author can recover more information than a current tool (git-blame) for about 10% of lines. In the comparison study, we used git-author to build a line-level model for bug prediction. We compared our line-level model with an existing file-level model. The results show that our line-level model performs consistently better than the file-level model when evaluated on our data sets produced from the Apache HTTP server project.
Experiences building a distributed sensor network

A central challenge in building advanced sensor networks will be the development of distributed and robust control for such networks that scales to thousands of intelligent sensors [8]. Appropriately structuring where and when control and interpretation activities are done is key to the effective operation of the network. This structuring must be adaptive to changing network conditions such as new sensors being added, existing sensors malfunctioning, and communication and processor resource modifications. Together with this adaptive re-structuring of long-term roles and responsibilities, there is also a need for short-term adaptivity related to the dynamic allocation of sensors. This involves allocating the appropriate configuration of sensing/processing resources for effectively sensing the phenomena but also the resolution of conflicting resource assignments that may occur when there are multiple phenomena occurring in the environment that need to be tracked concurrently. More generally, this structuring can be thought of as organizational control. Organizational control is a multilevel control approach in which organizational goals, roles, and responsibilities are dynamically developed, distributed, and maintained to serve as guidelines for making detailed operational control decisions by the individual agents. The parameters guiding the creation and adaptation of the organization can have a dramatic impact on the performance of the sensor network. We have recently completed work on a small-scale sensor network (approximately 36 low-cost, adjustable radar nodes) for multivehicle tracking [5,7], that exemplifies in a simplified form many of the issues discussed above (see Fig. 1). This lecture will discuss how we approached the design of the sensor network and what technologies we needed to develop.
A class of second-order stationary self-similar processes for 1/f phenomena

We propose a class of statistically self-similar processes and outline an alternative mathematical framework for the modeling and analysis of 1/f phenomena. The foundation of the proposed class is based on the extensions of the basic concepts of classical time series analysis, in particular, on the notion of stationarity. We consider a class of stochastic processes whose second-order structure is invariant with respect to time scales, i.e., E[X(t)X(/spl lambda/t)]=t/sup 2H//spl lambda//sup H/R(/spl lambda/), t>0 for some -x<H</spl infin/. For H=0, we refer to these processes as wide sense scale stationary. We show that any self-similar process can be generated from scale stationary processes. We establish a relationship between linear scale-invariant system theory and the proposed class that leads to a concrete analysis framework. We introduce new concepts, such as periodicity, autocorrelation, and spectral density functions, by which practical signal processing schemes can be developed. We give several examples of scale stationary processes including Gaussian, non-Gaussian, covariance, and generative models, as well as fractional Brownian motion as a special case. In particular, we introduce a class of finite parameter self-similar models that are similar in spirit to the ordinary ARMA models by which an arbitrary self-similar process can be approximated. Results from our study suggest that the proposed self-similar processes and the mathematical formulation provide an intuitive, general, and mathematically simple approach to 1/f signal processing.
Derivatives Trading and Negative Voting

This paper exposits a model of parallel trading of corporate securities (shares, bonds) and derivatives (TRS, CDS) in which a large trader can sometimes pro…tably acquire securities with their corporate control rights for the sole purpose of reducing the corporation’s value and gaining on a net short position created through o¤-setting derivatives. At other times, the large trader pro…tably takes a net long position. The large trader requires no private information beyond its own trades. The problem is most likely to manifest when derivatives trade on an exchange and transactions give blocking powers to small minorities, particularly out-of-bankruptcy restructurings and freezeouts.
Poor Decision Making Is a Consequence of Cognitive Decline among Older Persons without Alzheimer’s Disease or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Objective: Decision making is an important determinant of health and well-being across the lifespan but is critical in aging, when many influential decisions are made just as cognitive function declines. Increasing evidence suggests that older adults, even those without dementia, often make poor decisions and are selectively vulnerable to scams. To date, however, the factors associated with poor decision making in old age are unknown. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that poor decision making is a consequence of cognitive decline among older persons without Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment. Methods: Participants were 420 non-demented persons from the Memory and Aging Project, a longitudinal, clinicalpathologic cohort study of aging in the Chicago metropolitan area. All underwent repeated cognitive evaluations and subsequently completed assessments of decision making and susceptibility to scams. Decision making was measured using 12 items from a previously established performance-based measure and a self-report measure of susceptibility to scams. Results: Cognitive function data were collected over an average of 5.5 years prior to the decision making assessment. Regression analyses were used to examine whether the prior rate of cognitive decline predicted the level of decision making and susceptibility to scams; analyses controlled for age, sex, education, and starting level of cognition. Among 420 persons without dementia, more rapid cognitive decline predicted poorer decision making and increased susceptibility to scams (p’s,0.001). Further, the relations between cognitive decline, decision making and scams persisted in analyses restricted to persons without any cognitive impairment (i.e., no dementia or even mild cognitive impairment). Conclusions: Poor decision making is a consequence of cognitive decline among older persons without Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment, those widely considered ‘‘cognitively healthy.’’ These findings suggest that even very subtle age-related changes in cognition have detrimental effects on judgment.
Polymerization of phenols catalyzed by peroxidase in nonaqueous media

Polymers produced by horseradish-peroxidase-catalyzed coupling of phenols have been explored as potential substitutes for phenol-formaldehyde resins. To overcome low substrate solubilities and product molecular weights in water, enzymatic polymerizations in aqueous-organic mixtures have been examined. Peroxidase vigorously polymerizes a number of phenols in mixtures of water with water-miscible solvents such as dioxane, acetone, di-methylformamide, and methyl formate with the solvent content up to 95%. As a result, various phenolic polymers with average molecular weights from 400 to 2.6 x 10(4) D were obtained depending on the reaction medium composition and the nature of the phenol. Peroxidase-catalyzed copolymerization of different phenols in 85% dioxane was demonstrated. Poly(p-phenylphenol) and poly(p-cresol) were enzymatically prepared on a gram scale. They had much higher melting points, and in addition, poly(p-phenylphenol) was found to have a much higher electrical conductivity than phenol-formaldehyde resins.
Observational Evidence of Increases in Freshwater Inflow to the Arctic Ocean

Abstract Analysis of mass balance data from arctic mountain and subpolar glaciers with an aggregate area of more than 300*103 km2 reveals that these glaciers were the main source of increased freshwater inflow to the Arctic Ocean over the 1961–1998 period. The sum of net water inflow from glaciers was larger than net water inflow from rivers in the panarctic region, and the combined contribution from both glacier and land components had accelerated. Compared to the 1961–1990 averaged values, the largest combined contribution was observed at the end of the 1970s, declined in the 1980s, and began increasing again in the mid-1990s. Net glacier inflow supposedly increased due to Northern Hemisphere temperature warming. We attribute the increase in net river inflow to an increase in annual precipitation over the 50–70°N latitude belt in North America and Eurasia.
Beta-carotene stimulates human leukocytes to secrete a novel cytokine

The effect of beta-carotene on cytokine production by human peripheral blood leukocytes was tested. Beta-carotene stimulated the secretion of a novel cytotoxic cytokine when peripheral blood cells were exposed to carotenoid concentrations between 10(-6) and 10(-10) M. Beta-carotene-treated supernatants caused the cytolysis of four out of the six human tumor cell lines tested. Low level toxicity was also observed when normal diploid fibroblast lines were exposed to beta-carotene-treated leukocyte supernatants. The cytotoxic activity elicited by beta-carotene was found to be distinct from characterized cytokines based on both antisera neutralization and target cell specificity studies. This study demonstrates that beta-carotene can induce human leukocytes to secrete one or more cytokines that can manifest cytotoxic activity against human tumor cells in vitro.
Impact of Disarmament Nuclear Package Reductions

The traditional view of conflict is that it is a struggle between people who are in the right and people who are in the wrong. If one wished to be more religious about it, our imprinting from childhood seems to say that conflict is a struggle between good and evil. A more realistic view of conflict is that it is a complex entanglement of many factors and opposing interests. We can usually find some good and some bad on both sides. There are times when we have seen fit to support one side as the good side overlooking the real mix of factors. At other times both sides have looked good to us and our solution was to give arms to both of them as we have been doing in the Middle East.
Cardiovascular Responses to Isokinetic Trunk Exercise

Isokinetic trunk ergometers are relatively new devices. Because the stresses on the cardiovascular system when using these types of devices were unknown, the purpose of this study was to document the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) responses during a typical exercise session. Twelve subjects participated in three sessions of trunk flexion and extension exercises conducted on separate days. Exercises at one speed (ie, 60°, 90°, or 120°/sec) were performed at each session. During each session, five 30-second exercise periods were separated by 60-second rest intervals. There were no differences in the HR and BP responses between exercise sessions at the three speeds. There was a progressive increase in HR to a value approximating 77% of predicted maximal HR by the end of each of the exercise sessions. Systolic blood pressure did not change from rest to exercise; diastolic blood pressure decreased initially and remained stable at the lower value throughout the exercise sessions. Several subjects reported light-headedness and dizziness during rest intervals. Because of the symptoms reported, we recommend that therapists monitor BP and observe patients for signs and symptoms of exercise intolerance when performing this type of exercise.
Hyperfine-induced spin relaxation of a diffusively moving carrier in low dimensions: Implications for spin transport in organic semiconductors

The hyperfine coupling between the spin of a charge carrier and the nuclear spin bath is a predominant channel for the carrier spin relaxation in many organic semiconductors. We theoretically investigate the hyperfine-induced spin relaxation of a carrier performing a random walk on a $d$-dimensional regular lattice, in a transport regime typical for organic semiconductors. We show that in $d=1$ and 2, the time dependence of the space-integrated spin polarization $P(t)$ is dominated by a superexponential decay, crossing over to a stretched-exponential tail at long times. The faster decay is attributed to multiple self-intersections (returns) of the random-walk trajectories, which occur more often in lower dimensions. We also show, analytically and numerically, that the returns lead to sensitivity of $P(t)$ to external electric and magnetic fields, and this sensitivity strongly depends on dimensionality of the system $(d=1$ versus $d=3)$. Furthermore, we investigate in detail the coordinate dependence of the time-integrated spin polarization $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathbf{r})$, which can be probed in the spin-transport experiments with spin-polarized electrodes. We demonstrate that, while $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathbf{r})$ is essentially exponential, the effect of multiple self-intersections can be identified in transport measurements from the strong dependence of the spin-decay length on the external magnetic and electric fields.
Herdt, Gilbert (1949–)

Gilbert Herdt is a cultural and clinical anthropologist best known for his scholarship on masculine identity development among the Sambia of Papua-New Guinea and lesbian and gay identity development among teens in Chicago. He is currently the Director of the Graduate Program in Human Sexuality at the California Institute for Integral Studies in San Francisco. Keywords: gender development; LGBT rights; ritualized homosexuality; sexual development
Social Movements in the Mexico City Airport Controversy: Globalization, Democracy, and the Power of Distance

How did a relatively small group of uneducated peasants organize a movement to halt a huge national project to build a showcase airport outside Mexico City? This article applies the power of distance model, an analytic perspective for understanding social movement origins and successes based on an understanding of state-society relations, to the mobilization by indigenous peasants against the proposed Texcoco airport. The power of distance perspective focuses on relative distance or closeness of relations between the state and its citizens. Our findings indicate that, despite democratization in Mexico, the distance between local peasants and the newly elected Fox administration was widened by its neoliberal, globalizing focus, which partly explains the escalation of the anti-airport mobilization. On another dimension, peasants were able to bridge the distance between them and global human-rights networks using an indigenous rights frame and global communications media to bring new resources to bear and ev...
Study on Diagenesis Differences of Chang 6 Stratum of Yangchang Formation in Ordos Basin

Basing on the analysis of core and cutting observation,particle size analysis,casting lamella,scanning electron microscope,X- diffraction analysis etc,the paper compares the characteristics of diagenesis in the Chang 6 sandstone reservoirs of Triassic Yanchang Formation at Jiyuan area in the western part and Ansai area in the eastern part of the Ordos Basin.It is shown that the mainly four diagenetic factors of Chang 6 were compaction,cementation and dissolution this area. The compaction is the main factor causing the loss of porosity for the sandstone. Cementation also caused the low porosity,and carbonate is the main cements in the cementation. The main cement is calcite in Jiyuan area,followed by siliceous cementation.The content of siliceous cement and calcite which most of calcite were dissoluted is not more in Ansai area. The main cement in Ansai is ferrocalcite which is most of ferrocalcite were not dissolved.
Discussion on Several Problems in Dam and Geotechnical Safety Monitoring Design

According to the research and analysis results of some specific projects,several common misunderstandings concerning project safety monitoring are discussed,including required precision in deformation monitoring,leveling and vertical monitoring,comprehensive observation precision of the tensile line method,the applicability of vacuum laser system,the comprehensive observation method of dam base rock,and temperature monitoring.The present work is instructive and meaningful to similar projects.
Mental Status Testing

The mental status examination (MSE) is a brief evaluation of a patient's behavior and cognitive functioning. Beginning with a history, the examination allows the physician to gather a concept of what the complaint is and the context for the complaint. The history is followed by assessments of psychiatric status and cognitive status. The MSE is structured informally and provides the clinician with information to help with diagnosis. The MSE can also be used to find specific areas that require further attention from a specialist and to gather information useful for a treatment plan.
Toward the Digital Electrochemical Recognition of Cobalt, Iridium, Nickel, and Iron Ion Collisions by Catalytic Amplification

We report the electrochemical detection of femtomolar amounts of cobalt, iridium, nickel, and iron ions in solution by electrocatalyst formation and amplification. The metal oxides of these ions can be formed electrochemically and can catalyze the oxidation of water. Alternatively, the reduction of metal ions to metals, such as the reduction of IrCl63– to iridium, is capable of electrocatalytically reducing protons to molecular hydrogen, as shown previously with Pt. These events, which manifest themselves in amperometry, correspond to the formation of electrocatalytic nuclei on the electrode surface, capable of electrocatalytically oxidizing water or reducing protons. An analysis of the frequency of anodic blips compared to theory implies that the requirement for water oxidation is 10 ± 1 ions of cobalt, 13 ± 4 ions of iridium, and 11 ± 3 ions of nickel. A similar analysis for iridium reduction and the corresponding catalytic reduction of protons implies that 6 ± 2 ions of iridium are required for proton ...
The Goss Progeny: A Follow-Up Outcomes Analysis

As the follow up to a recently published study on the frequency and outcomes of the lower court progeny of Goss v. Lopez for the 20-year period 1986 to 2005, this empirical analysis divides these procedural due process rulings into successive groupings—1) those based on the Fourteenth Amendment due process analysis in Goss (labeled “Federal”) compared to those based on state laws that extended, and expanded, the procedural protections for suspensions and expulsions; 2) those concerned with suspensions compared to those concerned with expulsions; and 3) the two subgroups of suspension rulings— Federal versus State Law. Based on the nonparametric, chi-square statistic, this analysis found that the skew in outcomes in favor of district- defendants was significantly more pronounced for these successive comparisons, thus adding further evidence to the original study’ s cautious conclusion that the purported crippling effect on school discipline appears to be attributable to state law expansions of Goss rather than to the Supreme Court’ s interpretation of constitutional due process in the case.
Conclusion: Performing Politics, Taming Modernity

This book set out to understand why, how, and with what consequences the Arab reality TV battles mixed politics, religion, business, and sexuality, setting Arab public discourse ablaze in times of political crisis, military strife, and religious tension. As we come to the end of the story, it is useful to recall some of the big questions that animated this book. The pretense of reality TV to represent reality inspired the first question: What is the relation between reality TV and social reality? Many Arab journalists, we have seen, grappled with the answer, which goes to the heart of the social authority of the media; a couple of years into the Arab reality TV polemics and two months after al-Hariri's assassination, a columnist captured the situation as follows: After reality TV programs occupied an important part of social “reality” during the last two years, reality TV's status has begun a decline, bowing to the shocks of the real “reality.” … Real reality won the gamble, outshining the program that had to leave the limelight for a time … which seems to have killed the notion of “real TV” [in English]…. As if these shows lost their luster, and their realism, and rushed towards the real reality whose realism they sought to appropriate…. Didn't Big Brother shake and stir Bahrain? … The realism of that show provoked the real reality and became part of social reality, and not the other way around. […]
Arthrochalasis Type of Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (EDS Types VIIA and VIIB) and Related Disorders

The arthrochalasis type of the Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS), also known as EDS VII, is a rare collagen-related disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Severe generalized joint hypermobility, congenital bilateral hip dislocation and muscular hypotonia are common, while skin hyperextensibility and fragility, mild osteopenia and increased propensity to fractures are additional variable clinical features. Fewer than 40 cases have been reported to date. The classification of the arthrochalasis type of EDS has been subdivided into types VIIA and VIIB depending on whether the α1(I) (encoded by COL1A1) or the α2(I) (encoded by COL1A2) chains of procollagen I are affected, respectively. In this chapter we give an overview of the clinical, biochemical and molecular findings of EDS VII and other related disorders characterized by similar clinical and molecular features.
Interfacial ledge structures in Ni3 Al-Ni3Cb eutectic composites

The interfacial structure of Ni3Al-Ni3Cb directionally solidified eutectic composites has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. These interfaces contain at least three distinguishable arrays of features. Two of the arrays, misfit dislocations, have been discussed previously by Nakagawa and Weatherly. The third set, ledges which can fulfill both structural and kinetic growth functions, may interact with the dislocation arrays through strain-energy mechanisms. The interaction is manifested both as a local alteration of the line vector of the dislocation in certain circumstances, and as a change in the response of the dislocation image to ±g electron-microscope image-contrast experiments. A simple model of the strain field of a ledge based on that of an edge dislocation is formulated to rationalize the behavior of a misfit dislocation lying in close proximity to a ledge. The interaction of ledges and dislocation segments is expected to have significance in physical processes of practical interest such as production of matrix slip dislocations, misfit dislocation rearrangement, boundary sliding, and coarsening, and these processes are discussed in some detail.
In situ identification of kinetic factors that expedite inorganic crystal formation and discovery

Navigating the kinetic landscape is a key to reaching complex inorganic phases efficiently. High-temperature treatment of elemental mixtures is the traditional method of solid-state syntheses, where thermodynamic driving forces are large, but success can be hampered by kinetic barriers. Successful inorganic crystal preparation relies on methods to either surmount such barriers, or direct the reaction to avoid them. Both approaches were utilized in our synthetic investigation with in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) using Fe2SiS4 as the target compound. In this system, Si sulfidation is the limiting factor preventing thermodynamic Fe2SiS4 crystal formation. Through in situ XRD reaction maps, we established that superheated S liquid from the FeS2 peritectic at 743 °C was responsible for the onset of rapid Fe2SiS4 formation. Alternatively, by pre-reacting Si with Fe, we directed the chemical system via intermediate states that expedited Fe2SiS4 formation at temperatures as low as 550 °C. The utilization of these kinetic expediting factors, and those that can be uncovered by similar methods, can improve the potential of the solid state method for creating new materials and refining chemical syntheses.