cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative proteomic analysis of histone modifications in decitabine sensitive and resistant leukemia cell lines

The refractory nature of many cancers remains the main health challenge over the past century. The epigenetic drug, decitabine (DAC), represents one of the most promising therapeutic agents in cancers particularly in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, its ambiguous anti-tumor mechanism and the unpredictable drug-resistant nature in some population compromise its application in cancer therapy. In crosstalk with DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are the key players in modulating the downstream epigenetic status of tumor suppressor genes. This study targets the role of decitabine in epigenetic regulation in leukemia therapy and searches responsive predictors and therapeutic targets for pretreatment evaluation and drug development. A simple, fast, and robust proteomic strategy identified 15 novel PTMs and 60 PTM combinations in two leukemia cell lines (MDS-L and TF-1). Histone modification profiles have been generated and compared between DAC sensitive and resistant groups (n = 3) in response to DAC treatment. Among these histone PTMs, five of which were found differentially upon DAC treatment in drug sensitive and resistant cells: H3.3K36me3, H4K8acK12acK16ac in MDS-L cells; and H3.1K27me1, H3.1K36me1, H3.1K27me1K36me1 in TF-1 cells. They may serve as biomarkers in predicting leukemia and drug responsiveness. In addition, we also explored PTM differences in two cell lines which were developed from early and advanced stages of AML. Three PTMs (H3.1K27me3, H3.1K27me2K36me2 and H3.3K27me2K36me2) are highly abundant in TF-1 cells (advanced AML cell line), suggesting their relevance to leukemogenesis. Our method allowed deep analysis of histone proteins and elucidation of a large number of histone PTMs with high precision and sensitivity. DAC-induced DNA hypomethylation has wide impact on chromatin modifications. This study represents first effort to investigate the undefined epigenetic mechanism of decitabine in leukemia therapy. The identification of 15 novel PTMs and the discovery of several marks have relevance to epigenetic directed therapies.
Combinatorics, algorithms and systems for sensor deployment with line-of-sight constraints: poster

In this paper we investigate sensor deployment and coverage algorithms for using infrared signals in indoor applications. Infrared signals are directional and reliable signals that have little interference with other electromagnetic signals that are commonly found in the deployment domain such as visible light and wireless radio waves. Since the angle of arrival is used, and line of sight is the main constraint for IR signals, we investigate the problem called robust guarding, i.e., placing emitters to ensure that all points of the domain are robustly covered by two emitters that are from sufficiently different directions. We prove combinatorial upper and lower bounds for the number of emitters needed and prove that finding the minimum number of guards is NP-hard. We show that n/2 guards are always sufficient and sometimes necessary for rectilinear polygons and we provide practical algorithms in general. We also developed a testbed with low cost off-the-shelf infrared (IR) emitters and sensors for indoor device-free localization. We tested the algorithms for using infrared sensors for indoor localization and our system achieves an average accuracy of 11.7 cm in a typical office setting.
Caught between vulgar and effete realists: Critical theory, classical realism and mythographies of power:

This study explores conceptual conflicts embedded in the thematic grounding of classical realism. To establish conditions of consistent normality in human political behaviour for realist analysis, ...
Root-Microbe Interactions in Response to Soil Conditions

Soil microbes are a substantial component of soils and are essential for many soil functions and capability. Many recent studies have confirmed the beneficial root-microbe associations for soil and plant health, including root growth, fitness, and stress tolerance of plants under different soil conditions. Roots and rhizosphere microbial communities are in flux with the environment; as a result, root-microbe interactions shift in response to soil conditions. Some soil conditions like moisture stress (transient soil condition) and acidity and alkalinity (inherent soil conditions) are common constraints for many beneficial root-microbe interactions. For example, during drought, the plant microbiome is significantly altered in many crops, and plants may select unique microbes to improve drought tolerance. Studies have shown that the phylogenetic and the physiological adaptations by some microbes in response to moisture stress can benefit plants. Soil constraints such as subsoil acidity and aluminum or salt toxicity can be detrimental to some plant-beneficial microbes like mycorrhizae. As a result, novel root-microbe interactions do occur most likely in subsoil, which may be critical for improving root fitness and soil health in the subsoil. There are opportunities to improve the root-microbe interactions through diversification of cropping systems and sustainable management practices. Further research is needed to clearly outline beneficial root-microbe interactions in response to soil conditions and fill knowledge gaps to effectively integrate belowground interactions with soil and crop management.
Splitting Methods for Some Nonlinear Wave Problems

The main goal of this chapter is to discuss the numerical solution of nonlinear wave equations associated with the first of the celebrated Painleve transcendent ordinary differential equations and the Bratu problem nonlinearity. In order to solve numerically the above equations, whose solutions blow up in finite time in most cases, we advocate a numerical methodology based on the Strang’s symmetrized operator-splitting scheme. With this approach, we can decouple nonlinearity and differential operators. The resulting schemes, combined with a finite element space discretization and adaptive time-stepping to monitor possible blow-up of the solution, provide a robust and accurate solution methodology, as shown by the results of the numerical experiments reported here.
Phil Knight and the Public Purposes of Higher Education

Philip H. Knight's $400 million gift to Stanford University is characteristic of a US higher education system in which resources tend to flow to institutions that both possess substantial wealth an...
Root data with group actions

Suppose k is a field, G is a connected reductive algebraic k-group, T is a maximal k-torus in G, and \(\Gamma \) is a finite group that acts on (G, T). From the above, one obtains a root datum \(\Psi \) on which \({{\,\mathrm{Gal}\,}}(k)\times \Gamma \) acts. Provided that \(\Gamma \) preserves a positive system in \(\Psi \), not necessarily invariant under \({{\,\mathrm{Gal}\,}}(k)\), we construct an inverse to this process. That is, given a root datum on which \({{\,\mathrm{Gal}\,}}(k)\times \Gamma \) acts appropriately, we show how to construct a pair (G, T), on which \(\Gamma \) acts as above. Although the pair (G, T) and the action of \(\Gamma \) are canonical only up to an equivalence relation, we construct a particular pair for which G is k-quasisplit and \(\Gamma \) fixes a \({{\,\mathrm{Gal}\,}}(k)\)-stable pinning of G. Using these choices, we can define a notion of taking “\(\Gamma \)-fixed points” at the level of equivalence classes, and this process is compatible with a general “restriction” process for root data with \(\Gamma \)-action.
Multiscale Crystalline Plasticity for Materials Design

The notion of crystalline plasticity model constructs is generalized to address different levels of material structure hierarchy, extending from predictive atomic scale approaches through responses of polycrystals. Intermediate forms of models vary from discrete (and often dynamic) methods to statistical and continuum methods. These range from coarse-grained atomistic and microscopic phase field models, discrete dislocation dynamics, dislocation field mechanics, statistical continuum dislocation, and mesoscopic phase field models to mesoscale generalized continuum models of gradient or micropolar type and on up to grain-scale continuum crystal plasticity. Essential elements of crystalline plasticity are listed, and it is argued that no single model construct addresses all elements. Hence, a portfolio of distinct model constructs is necessary to support design of hierarchically structured materials, in some cases demanding atomic scale resolution and in others cooperative behavior of grains at scales 4–5 orders of magnitude larger. Some recent progress in addressing key gaps in crystalline plasticity models is discussed, including distinguishing nucleation and growth processes, slip transfer at interfaces, the need for more robust submicron generalized continua frameworks, and decision support for quantifying extreme value responses and properties that are controlled by dislocation plasticity.
Starting and Ending in the Middle: Strategies and Recommendations for Transferring Cases in Psychology Training Clinics

ABSTRACTTransferring patient cases is an inevitable part of clinical psychology graduate training. The existing research provides some guidance on patient termination and less so on patient transfers per se. As such, there is a need to directly address and further systematize the case transfer process at the clinical, training, and administrative levels. The aim of this article is to provide recommendations for the outgoing and incoming therapists, supervisors, and training clinic administrators. It also proposes a checklist to formalize the case transfer process illustrated with three case examples.
Fuel poverty in the US: Evidence using the 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey

Abstract Fuel poverty has received less attention in the US than in parts of Europe, particularly Northern Europe. We use data from the 2009 US Residential Energy Consumption Survey to illustrate the extent of the problem and to contrast homeowners and renters who differ in both income and energy expenditure. Narrowing the focus to homeowners on the east coast of the country, we use a logit model to look for differences in predictors of fuel poverty in the relatively cold Northeast states versus warmer South Atlantic states. Overall, there are more similarities than differences in these predictors. Insulation standards differ regionally and this is important for the South Atlantic states where respondents who self-report having adequate insulation are less likely to be in fuel poverty by our definition.
Min-max optimization of several classical discrete optimization problems

In this paper, we study discrete optimization problems with min-max objective functions. This type of problems has direct applications in the recent development of robust optimization. The following well-known classes of problems are discussed: minimum spanning tree problem, resource allocation problem with separable cost functions, and production control problem. Computational complexities of the corresponding min-max version of the above-mentioned problems are analyzed. Pseudopolynomial algorithms for these problems are provided under certain conditions.
Who’s the Boss?—Sponsor, Collaborators, and Consultants

The sponsor is the most influential person involved in the training of the applicant. Therefore, a detailed description of their qualifications as a scientist and as a mentor, along with an explicit outline of the individual training plan they have developed for the applicant, is extremely important. Reviewers use several different components to evaluate the overall excellence of a sponsor, including their expertise in the field of study of the applicant’s research project, their productivity, their funding history, the number of previous trainees they have produced and the quality of their training, the number of trainees to be supervised during the training period of the applicant, and the training plan for the applicant. This chapter discusses the components required by the sponsor, including their Biosketch, funding, training history, and training plan for the applicant. Discussion is also provided regarding the inclusion of a cosponsor, in particular whether a cosponsor should be included and how to incorporate their contributions into the overall application.
Variables Affecting Sorption and Transport of Radionuclides in Hanford Subsoils

As a result of operations at the Hanford site, radioactive wastes from reactor fuel reprocessing have been released to subsoils underlying the Hanford Reservation. Sorption of waste radionuclides on these sediments is an important factor in retarding their transport by groundwater. To predict rates of migration the variables which control sorption must be identified and a quantitative relationship between the variables and sorption parameters must be obtained. Statistically designed screening experiments were used in an attempt to identify all potentially important factors and to eliminate insignificant ones. The factors found to be statistically significant were studied in more detail using a response surface experimental design. This yielded regression equations which relate distribution coefficients (Kd’s) for several hazardous isotopes in the waste to the factors affecting sorption. Factors which were initially considered to affect sorption are listed in Table 1.
Response to Comment on “Innovative scattering analysis shows that hydrophobic disordered proteins are expanded in water”

Best et al . claim that we provide no convincing basis to assert that a discrepancy remains between FRET and SAXS results on the dimensions of disordered proteins under physiological conditions. We maintain that a clear discrepancy is apparent in our and other recent publications, including results shown in the Best et al . comment. A plausible origin is fluorophore interactions in FRET experiments.
Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Glycoprotein K (gK) Pathogenic CD8+ T Cells in Exacerbation of Eye Disease

HSV-1-induced corneal scarring (CS), also broadly referred to as Herpes Stromal Keratitis (HSK), is the leading cause of infectious blindness in developed countries. It is well established that HSK is in fact an immunopathological disease. The contribution of the potentially harmful T cell effectors that lead to CS remains an area of intense study. Although the HSV-1 gene(s) involved in eye disease is not yet known, we have demonstrated that gK, which is one of the 12 known HSV-1 glycoproteins, has a crucial role in CS. Immunization of HSV-1 infected mice with gK, but not with any other known HSV 1 glycoprotein, significantly exacerbates CS and dermatitis. The gK-induced eye disease occurs independently of the strain of the virus or mouse. HSV-1 mutants that lack gK are unable to efficiently infect and establish latency in neurons. HSV-1 recombinant viruses expressing two additional copies of the gK (total of three gK genes) exacerbated CS as compared with wild type HSV-1 strain McKrae that contains one copy of gK. Furthermore, we have shown that an 8mer (ITAYGLVL) within the signal sequence of gK enhanced CS in ocularly infected BALB/c mice, C57BL/6 mice, and NZW rabbits. In HSV-infected “humanized” HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice, this gK 8mer induced strong IFN-g-producing cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses. gK induced CS is dependent on gK binding to signal peptide peptidase (SPP). gK also binds to HSV-1 UL20, while UL20 binds GODZ (DHHC3) and these quadruple interactions are required for gK induced pathology. Thus, potential therapies might include blocking of gK-SPP, gK-UL20, UL20-GODZ interactions, or a combination of these strategies.
Topology Identification via Growing a Chow-Liu Tree Network

We study the problem of sparse interaction topology identification using sample covariance matrix of the states of the network. We postulate that the statistics are generated by a stochastically-forced undirected consensus network with unknown topology in which some of the nodes may have access to their own states. We first propose a method for topology identification using a regularized Gaussian maximum likelihood framework where the $\ell_{1}$ regularizer is introduced as a means for inducing sparse network topology. We also develop a method based on growing a Chow-Liu tree that is well-suited for identifying the underlying structure of large-scale systems. We apply this technique to resting-state functional MRI (FMRI) data as well as synthetic datasets to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Heterogeneity of farm loan packaging term decisions: a finite mixture approach

This article revisits the minority borrowers’ discrimination issue in farm lending by departing from traditional loan approval-rejection or default rate-based analytical models to focus on loan pac...
The Exacerbating Impact of Moral Disapproval on the Relationship Between Pornography Use and Depression, Anxiety, and Relationship Satisfaction.

Using an online sample of participants in committed relationships, support was found for a moderated mediation model in which depression mediated the relationship between pornography use and relati...
Gender Differences in Young Children's Compliance to Maternal Directives: A Meta-Analysis.

Evolutionary theory and several lines of evidence suggest that the motive to establish positive relationships with others is stronger in females than males. Accordingly, it was predicted that in yo...
Association Between Peripheral Blood Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)/Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2) Ratio Time at Risk and Hospital Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated Patients.

Introduction Acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation is a leading cause of mortality in the intensive care unit. Although single peripheral blood oxygen saturation/fraction of inspired oxygen (SpO2/FiO2) ratios of hypoxemia have been evaluated to risk-stratify patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, the utility of longitudinal SpO2/FiO2 ratios is unknown. Objective To assess time-based SpO2/FiO2 ratios ≤ 150-SpO2/FiO2 time at risk (SF-TAR)-for predicting mortality in mechanically ventilated patients. Methods Retrospective, observational cohort study of mechanically ventilated patients at 21 community and 2 academic hospitals. Association between the SF-TAR in the first 24 hours of ventilation and mortality was examined using multivariable logistic regression and compared with the worst recorded isolated partial pressure of arterial oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (P/F) ratio. Results In 28,758 derivation cohort admissions, every 10% increase in SF-TAR was associated with a 24% increase in adjusted odds of hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio = 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23-1.26); a similar association was observed in validation cohorts. Discrimination for mortality modestly improved with SF-TAR (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.81-0.82) vs the worst P/F ratio (AUROC = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.78-0.79) and worst SpO2/FiO2 ratio (AUROC = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.79-0.80). The SF-TAR in the first 6 hours offered comparable discrimination for hospital mortality (AUROC = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.79-0.80) to the 24-hour SF-TAR. Conclusion The SF-TAR can identify ventilated patients at increased risk of death, offering modest improvements compared with single SpO2/FiO2 and P/F ratios. This longitudinal, noninvasive, and broadly generalizable tool may have particular utility for early phenotyping and risk stratification using electronic health record data in ventilated patients.
The architecture for semantic data access to heterogeneous information sources.

This paper presents the analysis and high-level design of a system that will allow uniform access to heterogeneous data sources such as semantic databases, relational databases, web sites, ASCII files, and others via a common query interface. This interface is based on the Semantic Database Model, which is superior to other data models in expressive power and ease of use, and which allows us to represent a unified semantic schema of all the combined sources — the United Semantic Schema. Interoperability with commonly used tools is supported via ODBC. A particular application of the system to provide an ODBC interface to the WWW as a data source is discussed.
Innovation in the 21st Century: Architectural Change, Purpose, and the Challenges of Our Time

Understanding the process of innovation has been a central concern of management researchers, but despite this progress, there remains much that we do not understand. Deepening our knowledge is cri...
3027 – HSC-INDEPENDENT EMP CONTAIN ERYTHROID/MEGAKARYOCYTE AND INNATE LYMPHOID/MYELOID LINEAGE HETEROGENEITY PRIOR TO SEEDING THE FETAL LIVER

Hematopoietic ontogeny unfolds in two broad programs- a complex hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-independent program followed by an HSC-dependent program. We have previously determined that HSC-independent, multi-lineage “erythro-myeloid” progenitors (EMP) emerge from hemogenic endothelium in the yolk sac of the murine embryo and engraft the fetal liver to generate the first definitive erythroid, granulocyte, monocyte, and NK cells prior to the establishment of HSC-derived hematopoiesis. Analysis of single cell transcriptomic data from E9.5 EMP and from hematopoietic cells in the E12.5 fetal liver provides a unique opportunity to tie predictions of progenitor identity to subsequent differentiation states. We analyzed 2,959 kit+CD41+CD16/32+ yolk sac EMP and 7,495 fetal liver hematopoietic cells pooled from 30 E9.5 and 3 E12.5 embryos, respectively, using the 10X Genomics and inDrops platforms. Dimensionality reduction coupled with graph-based clustering and analysis of differentially expressed marker genes allowed us to presumptively identify erythroid-, megakaryocyte-, macrophage-, and myeloid-biased clusters both in EMP and in the E12.5 fetal liver. Functional colony-forming assays confirm the existence of primary myeloid- and erythroid-biased EMP in E9.5 embryos. E9.5 EMP also contain a cluster of innate lymphoid-biased progenitors, consistent with the recently identified NK cell lineage potential of EMP. Integration of EMP and fetal liver datasets further supported the concept that EMP consist of a surprising, early complexity of lineage-biased progenitors, whose differentiation continue in the fetal liver. Interestingly, EMP also contained a cluster of hemogenic endothelial-biased progenitors that were not found in the fetal liver, and which serve as a source of diverging erythroid/megakaryocyte and innate lymphoid/myeloid pseudotime trajectories. Taken together, our data support the concept that EMP emerge from hemogenic endothelium and begin to differentiate into multiple lineage-biased progenitors before engrafting the fetal liver to complete their differentiation along erythroid/megakaryocytic and innate immune cell paths to meet the needs of the developing embryo prior to the establishment of HSC-derived blood cell production.
Conceptual connections between science and engineering in elementary teachers’ unit plans

Around the world, efforts are underway to include engineering design as part of elementary science instruction. A common rationale for those efforts is that Engineering Design-based Science Teaching (EDST) is a productive pedagogical approach for developing students’ understanding of core science concepts. Effectively utilizing EDST requires that teachers develop design activities that are highly connected to science content so that students can apply and expand their understanding of relevant concepts. In this study, we examine how a group of elementary (grades 3–5) pre-service and in-service teachers incorporated EDST into their planned science instruction. Those teachers were participants in a professional development project aimed at supporting EDST. We examine the ways that participants used EDST, the extent to which engineering design activities were connected to science concepts, and factors associated with those connections. Most of the participants in the study developed science units in which an engineering design activity was placed at the end of the unit. Approximately half of those design activities lacked connections to the science concepts in the unit; they were typically related to the topic of the science unit, but did not require the use or development of key science ideas. Eleven percent of participants developed engineering activities with deep connections to science concepts, and 35% developed activities with shallow connections. No differences were found between life science, physical science, and earth/space science units in terms of the extent of conceptual connections. However, we did find that participants who utilized and adapted published engineering curriculum materials rather than make them from scratch were more likely to have unit plans with higher levels of conceptual connections. Our findings suggest that elementary teachers need additional support in order to effectively utilize EDST in their classrooms. Even within the context of a supportive professional development project, most of the engineering activities developed by our participants lacked substantial connections to the science concepts in their unit plans. Our findings highlight the value of high-quality curriculum materials to support EDST as well as the need to further expand the curriculum resources that are available to elementary teachers.
Conceptualizing the Human–Animal Bond and Animal-Assisted Interventions

Animal-Assisted Interventions have evolved in the past 50 years from a misunderstood field to a more respected form of complementary therapy. Although the field still lacks in strong empirical evidence, science is catching up with what many have thought intuitively: our interactions with animals are good for our well-being. This chapter will provide an overview of the value of human–animal interactions and provide insights into both the physiological and psychological benefits of the human–animal bond. Attention will be given to defining the bond as well as providing insights on why people seem drawn to developing relationships with animals. Finally, attention will be given to offering an overview of the spectrum of animal-assisted interventions, the present state of affairs in the field as well as an introduction to the importance of preserving the welfare of all beings involved in these interactions.
Antiretroviral neurotoxicity

Combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) has proven to effectively suppress systemic HIV burden, however, poor penetration into the central nervous system (CNS) provides incomplete protection. Although the severity of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) has been reduced, neurological disease is expected to exert an increasing burden as HIV-infected patients live longer. Strategies to enhance penetration of antiretroviral compounds into the CNS could help to control HIV replication in this reservoir but also carries an increased risk of neurotoxicity. Efforts to target antiretroviral compounds to the CNS will have to balance these risks against the potential gain. Unfortunately, little information is available on the actions of antiretroviral compounds in the CNS, particularly at concentrations that provide effective virus suppression. The current studies evaluated the direct effects of 15 antiretroviral compounds on neurons to begin to provide basic neurotoxicity data that will serve as a foundation for the development of dosing and drug selection guidelines. Using sensitive indices of neural damage, we found a wide range of toxicities, with median toxic concentrations ranging from 2 to 10,000 ng/ml. Some toxic concentrations overlapped concentrations currently seen in the CSF but the level of toxicity was generally modest at clinically relevant concentrations. Highest neurotoxicities were associated with abacavir, efavarenz, etravirine, nevaripine, and atazanavir, while the lowest were with darunavir, emtracitabine, tenofovir, and maraviroc. No additive effects were seen with combinations used clinically. These data provide initial evidence useful for the development of treatment strategies that might reduce the risk of antiretroviral neurotoxicity.
Development of an Air-Deployable Ocean Profiler

Abstract : Our goal is to develop an air-deployable ocean profiler (ADOP) that will make it feasible to rapidly deploy regional upper-ocean observing arrays. This project's objective is to develop ADOP to be deployed from aircraft through an A-sized (4.875 inch diameter, 36 inches long) sonobuoy tube. The performance goal is 200 dives to 500 m depth with a scientific payload of 1 kg. The float will use Iridium communication and GPS locating while at the surface. ADOP is intended to be the basis for air-deployed arrays that establish persistent area surveillance over regions O(100 km) on a side without post-deployment maintenance.
Managing Intra-operator Parallelism in Parallel Database Systems

Int#ra-operator (or partitioned) parallelism is a well-established mechanism for achieving high performance in parallel database systems. However, the problem of how to exploit intra-operator parallelism in a multi-query environment is not well underst,ood. This paper presents a detailed performance evaluation of several algorithms for managing intra-operator parallelism in a parallel database system. A dynamic scheme based on the concept of matching the ra.te of flow of tuples between operat,ors is shown to perform well on a variety of workloads and configurations.
NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic excitation selectively inhibited by ethanol in hippocampal slice from adult rat

The effect of ethanol (EtOH) on synaptic transmission mediated by N- methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA glutamate receptors was investigated in slices from adult rat hippocampus. Synaptic responses were elicited by stimulation of stratum radiatum and were recorded in CA1 stratum radiatum or stratum pyramidale. Population EPSPs (pEPSPs) mediated by NMDA receptor activation were isolated by application of a solution containing the kainate/quisqualate receptor antagonist 6,7- dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione and either low (0.1 mM) Mg2+ or 100 microM bicuculline. Increasing concentrations of EtOH produced increasing inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated pEPSPs with EtOH concentrations between 1 and 50 mM. At a concentration of 50 mM, EtOH inhibited NMDA receptor-mediated pEPSPS by 43%; the inhibition by 100 mM EtOH was not significantly different from that produced by 50 mM. Methanol and 1- butanol also inhibited the NMDA receptor-mediated pEPSPs; the potency of the alcohols for inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated pEPSPs was 1- butanol greater than ethanol greater than methanol. pEPSPs mediated by non-NMDA glutamate receptors were isolated by the application of the NMDA receptor antagonist d,1–2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid in the presence of 1.5 mM Mg2+. These pEPSPs were not significantly affected by 50 mM EtOH, whereas 100 mM EtOH reduced the amplitude of these pEPSPs by 9%. The observations indicate that synaptic excitation mediated by NMDA receptors in tissue from adult rat is inhibited by intoxicating concentrations of EtOH. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that EtOH-induced inhibition of EPSPs mediated NMDA receptors may contribute to the intoxicating effects of EtOH.
Star formation in a turbulent framework: from giant molecular clouds to protostars

Turbulence is thought to be a primary driving force behind the early stages of star formation. In this framework large, self-gravitating, turbulent clouds fragment into smaller clouds which in turn fragment into even smaller ones. At the end of this cascade we find the clouds which collapse into protostars. Following this process is extremely challenging numerically due to the large dynamical range, so in this paper we propose a semi-analytic framework which is able to model star formation from the largest, giant molecular cloud scale, to the final protostellar size scale. Because of the simplicity of the framework it is ideal for theoretical experimentation to explore the principal processes behind different aspects of star formation, at the cost of introducing strong assumptions about the collapse process. The basic version of the model discussed in this paper only contains turbulence, gravity and crude assumptions about feedback; nevertheless it can reproduce the observed core mass function and provide the protostellar system mass function (PSMF), which shows a striking resemblance to the observed initial mass function (IMF), if a non-negligible fraction of gravitational energy goes into turbulence. Furthermore we find that to produce a universal IMF protostellar feedback must be taken into account otherwise the PSMF peak shows a strong dependence on the background temperature.
Constitutive overexpression of secreted heterologous proteins decreases extractable BiP and protein disulfide isomerase levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

High-level gene expression does not always lead to corresponding high-level secretion of heterologous proteins in yeast. The rate-limiting step in many cases has been shown to exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Within the ER, the correct folding of secreted proteins is required for export competence; hence, the cellular proteins involved in these events are likely to be important for efficient secretion. We have found that the extractable levels of two ER-resident proteins involved in folding—heavy chain binding protein (BiP) and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)--are significantly reduced by prolonged constitutive overexpression of human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), human erythropoietin, or Schizosaccharomyces pombe acid phosphatase. However, the rate of BiP synthesis measured in pulse-chase radiolabeling experiments is not reduced by GCSF overexpression, and galactose-directed transcription of the BiP gene does not restore normal BiP protein levels once they have been depleted. The observed loss of lumenal resident proteins, either by proteolysis or irreversible aggregation, is expected to contribute significantly to the inefficiency of foreign protein secretion in yeast.
A protein serologically and functionally related to the group C E3 14,700-kilodalton protein is found in multiple adenovirus serotypes.

A 14.7-kilodalton protein (14.7K protein) encoded by the E3 region of group C adenoviruses has been shown to protect virus-infected fibroblasts from lysis by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (L.R. Gooding, L.W. Elmore, A.E. Tollefson, H.A. Brady, and W.S.M. Wold, Cell 53:341-346, 1988). In this study we show that adenoviruses of other groups are also protected from TNF-induced cytolysis. Representative serotypes of groups A, B, D, and E produce a protein analogous to the 14.7K protein found in human group C adenoviruses. Deletion of this protein in group C viruses permits virus infection to induce cellular susceptibility to TNF killing. As with group C adenoviruses, cells infected with wild-type adenoviruses of other serotypes are not killed by TNF and are protected from lysis induced by TNF plus cycloheximide. However, cells are susceptible to TNF-induced lysis when infected with adenovirus type 4 mutants from which the 14.7K gene has been deleted. Although all known adenovirus serotypes infect epithelial cells, adenoviruses cause several diseases with various degrees of pathogenesis. Our findings suggest that the 14.7K protein provides a function required for the in vivo cytotoxicity of many adenoviruses independent of the site of infection or degree of pathogenesis.
Studies of lymphocytes: relationship to mononuclear cells of inflammatory exudates.

Abstract Lymphocytes are considered with respect to morphology, tissue origin, life-span, developmental potential, and function. The data presented are based primarily on in vivo kinetic studies in rats by means of tritiated thymidine and radioautography. Evidence is given supporting the concept of heterogeneity of lymphocytes, more particularly of the small cells for which two major populations, long- and short-lived varieties, are now generally recognized. In addition, results of in vitro studies of lymphocytes, by the monolayer culture system, are reviewed, which show that long-lived cells enlarge and divide in response to antigenic stimulation. The questions of identity and origin of the mononuclear cells which appear in subcutaneous inflammatory exudates are considered. The results of further studies concerning these cells are presented.
Wake-bound states: Dispersive and surface effects

The differing results of previous analyses of the binding energy for particles trapped in the wake of fast-moving ions traversing a solid are reconciled, and the values given by Day are corrected at high velocities. A form of a variational calculation of these energies which permits comparison of various dielectric functions is presented, and used to deduce a possible form for the bound-particle wave function. This wave function is used in an analysis of processes occurring as the wake emerges from the surface.
Observations of sunspot umbral velocity oscillations.

Review of sunspot umbral velocity measurements obtained free from any cross talk introduced by photospheric and penumbral scattered light by using lines formed only in the sunspot umbrae and showing no Zeeman effect. The maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of the umbral oscillatory velocity component is found to be of the order of 0.5 km per sec.
KIR and HLA genotypes have no identifiable role in single-unit dominance following double-unit umbilical cord blood transplantation.

KIR and HLA genotypes have no identifiable role in single-unit dominance following double-unit umbilical cord blood transplantation
Family Harmony or Individual Protection? Public Recommendations About How Police Can Handle Domestic Violence Situations

Domestic violence situations create tough choices between protecting an individual's safety and fostering family harmony and autonomy. Using a sample of 157 adult residents of Georgia, this study e...
Environmental standards as a strategy of international technology transfer

Abstract Political scientists have shown that regulations diffuse from importing nations to exporting nations through international trade channels. However, this exporter–importer logic cannot explain why some key developing countries, such as China, have adopted automobile emission standards despite their local manufacturers’ inability to compete in international markets. We develop a theory of environmental regulations as a strategy of international technology transfer. We argue that developing countries benefit from adopting environmental regulations if they enjoy substantial foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in the concerned economic sectors and hold promise as automobile markets for foreign producers with access to advanced technology. In these circumstances, developing countries can use environmental regulations to force foreign producers to supply new technologies. We support the theory with a quantitative analysis of new data on the relationship between automobile FDI and developing countries’ adoption of emission standards. We find that automobile FDI has a strong positive effect on the probability of adoption.
Extended Frequency Bandwidth and Electrical Resonance Tuning in Hybrid Terfenol-D/PMN-PT Transducers in Mechanical Series Configuration

This article addresses the modeling and characterization of hybrid transducers incorporating both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic elements. The complementary electrical and mechanical properties of the two classes of materials can yield transducers with higher performance or enhanced functionality relative to single-element devices. As a template for studying the properties of hybrid architectures, a transducer is considered which consists of a mechanical series arrangement of a PMN-PT stack and a Terfenol-D rod. This configuration exhibits a double resonant frequency response that can be tuned for a variety of applications. We are specifically interested in the development of models and design criteria for achieving broadband electromechanical transduction over the range from 500 Hz to over 6kHz. To that end, a model is presented which is constructed from three classical, widely available theories: (i) linear mechanical vibrations, (ii) classical electroacoustics, and (iii) linear piezoelectricity and piezomagnetism. Despite the general limitations of linear models when applied to nonlinear materials, the linear formulation is justified in this article by the consideration of biased, low signal regimes in which transducer behavior is quasilinear. The model is applicable to the design and control of high-performance devices, while being mathematically tractable and accurate over the regimes considered. The model also provides a framework which permits extraction of material property information from dynamic impedance measurements -as opposed to quasistatic measurements - that is under conditions similar to those found in transducer operation. The study also shows that it is possible to tune the electrical resonance frequency without fundamentally altering the transducer bandwidth. This result has practical implications in that it allows matching of the transducer response to individual drivers. This could allow for retrofit of an existing hybrid device with a newer, more advanced ferroelectric stack without compromising the device bandwidth.
Signal Enhancement and Tuning of Surface Plasmon Resonance in Au Nanoparticle/Polyelectrolyte Ultrathin Films

Investigations on optical and dielectric properties of hybrid ultrathin layer-by-layer (LbL) films of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and polyelectrolytes under different pH conditions resulted in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) signal enhancement under attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy conditions. Theoretical considerations on the basis of the Maxwell−Garnett theory were made to compare with experimental results. LbL films with different layer architectures were fabricated from AuNPs and two polyelectrolytes: poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) on Au and Ag thin film substrates for ATR. UV−vis spectroscopy and SPR spectroscopy were applied to study LbL film growth and monitor SPR shift upon pH switching. The (PAH/AuNPs)x multilayers showed an interesting dual-responsive SPR change as a function of pH and distance between AuNP layers and metal film. The addition of (PAH/PSS)y layers was found to act as an effective cushion to enhance this SPR response due to the...
Third country nationals and European law: Obstacles to rights’ expansion

Abstract This article examines the texts and jurisprudence of European institutions such as the Council of Europe and the European Union regarding foreigners (third country nationals in the case of the EU) and their incorporation by courts and administrations in France, Germany, and the Netherlands. The evidence suggests that both the European Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Justice had a limited legal basis and unclear competence to rule in the area of foreigners’ rights. Notwithstanding, when they did, their rulings were partially taken into account. This required a number of conditions such as a positive attitude towards international law and a litigation strategy on the part of migrant aid groups.
[99mTc]pyrophosphate and [125I]phenylphosphonate behavior in the infarcted rat myocardium.

Abstract The concentration of [ 125 I]phenylphosphonate ([ 125 I]φPA), was compared to that of [ 99 m Tc]pyrophosphate ([ 99 m Tc]Pyro) in a rat infarct model. Twenty-three hours after ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery, [ 125 I]φPA was given intravenously (i.v.) to 30 adult male rats. Five minutes later, 5 of these animals received [ 99 m Tc]Pyro IV and the content of 125 I and 99 m Tc was then determined at 2 h for normal (N), and infarcted (INF) heart segments. A similar investigation was completed in 5 of the animals at each of the following times post MI; 2, 3, 4, 7 and 75 days. Data were expressed as the mean (± SEM) of (% uptake/g infarct)/(% uptake/g normal) for both tracers at each study time. These data suggest that the myocardial cells which exhibit constant uptake of [ 99 m Tc]Pyro are similar to those exhibiting chronic retention of [ 125 I]φPA. The myocardial infarct to normal ratio of [ 99 m Tc]Pyro on [ 125 I]φPA showed excellent correlation ( r = 0.928) and suggests that persistent positive pyrophosphate scans are likely due to residual damaged tissue from the acute episode of necrosis, rather than the involvement of newly injured tissue.
Cytogenetic studies of rfm mice which are susceptible to host versus graft disease following the perinatal inoculations of (t6 x rfm)f1 spleen cells and of t6t6 mice which are not.

Abstract Experimental host versus graft (HVG) syndrome is the fatal complex of lesions which results from perinatal inoculations of F 1 hybrid spleen cells into certain related parental strains of mice. It is primarily an incuded T-cell immunodeficiency syndrome with B-cell hyperplasia and hyperfunction. In this study, quantitative cytogenetic studies were done on the spleens and lymph nodes of young RFM mice which developed HVG diseas following the perinatal inoculations of (T 6 × RFM)F 1 spleen cells, and on T 6 T 6 and irradiated RFM mice which received similar inoculations, but did not develop the disease. RFM host susceptibility was associated with the engraftment of low numbers (12%) of donor F 1 cells in their spleens. Healthy T 6 T 6 chimeras had 25% donor cells in their spleens, and long-lived RFM chimeras, in which HVG disease had been prevented by irradiation, had 48% donor F 1 cells in their spleens. The finding of comparably high proportions of F 1 cells in the nodes of 25-day-old diseased RFM mice (87%) and healthy T 6 T 6 chimeras (79%) further supported the idea that the spleen was the major site of RFM host resistance. These studies associate susceptibility to lethal HVG disease with host resistance to the perinatal induction of tolerance to semiallogenic cells. Past and present work show that HVG disease can be prevented by the successful induction of tolerance in susceptible hosts by overwhelming or suppressing their resistance. As yet, there is no evidence that F 1 versus parent reactivity plays a pathogenic role.
Existence and non-existence for strongly coupled quasi-linear cooperative elliptic systems

We study the prototype model of the boundary value problem div ( | ∇ u | m - 2 ∇ u ) + u a v b = 0 in Ω , div ( | ∇ v | m - 2 ∇ v ) + u c v d = 0 in Ω , u = v = 0 on ∂ Ω , where Ω ⊂ R n ( n ≥ 2 ) is a connected smooth domain, and the exponents m > 1 and a , b , c , d ≥ 0 are non-negative numbers. Under appropriate conditions on the exponents m , a , b , c and d , and on the domain Ω , a variety of results on a priori estimates, existence and non-existence of positive solutions have been established.
Tennessee valley authority experience with field application of advanced UT system

Abstract An automated four-channel ultrasonic inspection system, the IntraSpect/98 was developed by Amdata Inc. and TVA engineering with TVA funding. Procedures for field application are developed and evaluated by the joint effort between TVA and the EPRI NDE Center. This paper describes the successful application of the IntraSpect/98 to the detection and sizing of IGSCC in stainless piping, examination of weld overlay, field examination of creviced safe-ends of reactor pressure vessel and measurement of wall thinning of fossil plant steam piping. The system was also applied to technique development for generator retaining ring and cast stainless steel pipe examination. The application of IntraSpect will be expanded to heavy section examination.