cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constraint-based hypertext for argumentation

In this paper we describe a hypertext system we are developing for the support of reasoned argumentation: the EUCLID project. We use the project to address two general problems arising with hypertext: the problems of controlling user/document interaction, and the problem of controlling the screen. We suggest that guiding users' interaction with hypertext is difficult because of the unique form of discourse that hypertext represents, and that structuring user/document interaction can be achieved through specializing to a particular type of material and designing the hypertext system to respect the particular discourse structure characteristic of that material. EUCLID's design is tuned to the structure of reasoned discourse. The problem of screen management in EUCLID is a serious one, because our presentation of complex arguments requires mapping the complex logical relations between parts of realistic arguments onto complex spatial relations between items in the display. We describe a general system we are developing which provides this high degree of control for hypertext screen management. This system represents a constraint-based approach to hypertext, in which the items from the underlying database that are to be displayed may each contribute a number of constraints on the layout; a general constraint-satisfier then computes a screen layout that simultaneously satisfies these constraints. Each time an item is to be added to or deleted from the screen, the constraint set is adjusted and the screen layout is recomputed; thus the spatial relationships on the screen provide at all times a veridical representation of the underlying relations between displayed database items. This kind of strong screen control is demanded by hypertext applications which, like ours, are fine grained: the number of nodes and links being displayed number in the hundreds.
Geriatric Patient Care by U.S. Pharmacists in Healthcare Teams: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analyses

Objectives: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analyses to examine the effects of pharmacists' care on geriatric patient-oriented health outcomes in the United States (U.S.). Design: Studies examining U.S. pharmacists' patient care services from inception of the databases through July 2012 were searched. The databases searched include PubMed/MEDLINE, Ovid/MEDLINE, ABI/INFORM, Health Business Fulltext Elite, Academic Search Complete, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database, and Clinical Trials.gov. Studies reporting pharmacists' intervention for geriatric patients, comparison groups, and patient-oriented outcomes were assessed. Dual review for inclusion and data extraction were performed. Setting: University of Arizona College of Pharmacy. Measurements: Study and participant characteristics, pharmacist intervention, and outcomes with data for meta-analyses were collected. A forest plot was constructed to obtain a pooled standardized mean difference using a random effects model. Results: One hundred fifty-two articles were reviewed, with 20 resulting studies included in the final meta-analyses. Study sample size ranged from 36 to 4,218, with mean age of subjects being 65 and older. The studies were most frequently conducted in ambulatory care clinics, followed by inpatient settings; the majority focused on multiple diseases and conditions. Pharmacist activities varied widely, with technical interventions used most often. Favorable results were found in all outcome categories, and meta-analyses conducted for therapeutic, safety, hospitalization, and adherence were significant (P < .001), favoring pharmacist care over comparison. Some identifiable variability existed between included studies. Conclusion: Pharmacist intervention has favorable effects on therapeutic, safety, hospitalization, and adherence outcomes in older adults. Pharmacists should be involved in team-based care of older adults.
Macrophage response to high number of titanium particles is cytotoxic and COX‐2 mediated and it is not affected by the particle's endotoxin content or the cleaning treatment

Periprosthetic osteolysis is a progressive deterioration of bone around prostheses resulting primarily from the presence of wear debris. Particulate material, number, and their interactions with environmental factors play important roles in macrophage activation around implants. We have previously shown that macrophages cultured in the presence of high numbers of cleaned titanium (Ti) particles released significant amounts of PGE2 that is potentially detrimental for bone. Cleaning of particles has become routine in most studies of macrophage/particle interactions as contaminating endotoxin elicits a macrophage cytokine response and since numerous studies have suggested that endotoxins may be present on implant materials. However, the strenuous cleaning procedure itself represents a possible source of other contaminants (such as material by-products) that may be relevant to the prostanoid response of macrophages. To analyze this hypothesis, the macrophage response to high numbers of cleaned Ti particles was compared to that of unclean particles and to particles that were subjected to a short version of the cleaning procedure. It was found that neither the high amount of endotoxin on the unclean particles nor the duration of the cleaning procedure had an effect on the release of PGE2 and the decrease in cell viability in response to high number of Ti particles. Evidence of a possible relationship between these two variables is presented. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
Biochemical changes associated with α-difluoromethylornithine uptake and resistance in Trypanosoma brucei

Procyclic Trypanosoma brucei grown in semi-defined media are sensitive to α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) (EC50 100 μM), an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. Organisms resistant to 5 mM DFMO (EC50 > 20 mM) were obtained by passage in incremental amounts of drug. Resistant and wild-type cells accumulated DFMO by passive diffusion with a consequent decrease in polyamine levels, indicating inhibition of ODC in both cell types. The resistant phenotype was stable in the absence of DFMO, in which state there was no increase in ODC abundance or activity. By kinetic analysis, the ODC of resistant cells appeared normal. In wild-type and resistant cells, [3H]DFMO equally and uniquely affinity-labelled a 50 kDa polypeptide corresponding to the ODC subunit. Levels of ODC and tubulin mRNAs were elevated 4-fold in resistant cells grown in the presence of DFMO, although there was no indication of gene amplification. The intracellular concentration of dihydrotrypanothione (N1,N8-bis(glutathionyl)-spermidine), a redox intermediate unique to kinetoplastids, was unchanged in resistant cells growing in DFMO but was halved in wild-type cells exposed to DFMO for 48 h. The exceptionally elevated levels of ornithine found in DFMO-treated resistant cells most likely play a crucial role in cell survival by maintaining intracellular concentrations of dihydrotrypanothione by competing with DFMO for ODC.
Disaster Care for Persons With Psychiatric Disabilities: Recommendations for Policy Change

There is growing concern that the management of persons with psychiatric disabilities after disaster has been inadequate. Unfortunately, the literature is extremely limited, and empirical evidence ...
Plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-6 are inversely related to cytochrome P450-dependent drug metabolism in patients with congestive heart failure

Abstract Background: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are important mediators of drug metabolism, and activity of these enzymes is a major determinant of the duration and intensity of drug effect. Circulating plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α and interleukin [IL]-6) are elevated in patients with heart failure and these cytokines have been shown to down-regulate CYP enzyme activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma cytokine concentrations and CYP enzyme activities in patients with heart failure. Methods and Results: Sixteen patients with congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association classes II-IV) received a metabolic probe cocktail consisting of caffeine, mephenytoin, dextromethorphan, and chlorzoxazone to assess the activities of the CYP enzymes 1A2, 2C19, 2D6, and 2E1. Blood and urine samples were collected for drug and metabolite determinations by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); cytokine concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found a striking inverse relationship between both TNF-α and IL-6 plasma concentrations and the activity of CYP2C19; metabolism of caffeine (CYP1A2) also had a negative association with IL-6 plasma concentrations. Conclusions: Cytokine-mediated decreases in drug metabolism may contribute to observed variability in drug response and augment the risk of adverse drug effects in CHF patients.
High-precision isotope-shift measurement of 2(3)S-2(3)P transition in helium.

The isotope shift for the ${2}^{3}$S-${2}^{3}$P transition between $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ has been measured with a laser-microwave spectroscopy technique to a precision of 1 ppm, or 30 kHz. Our result is 100 times more precise than previous measurements and is by far the most precise isotope-shift measurement ever made for a multielectron system. It provides, for the first time, not only a check for the specific mass shift, but also for the calculations of the nuclear volume shift, the relativistic corrections involving the coupling between electrons, and the QED contributions.
Kautilya on institutions, governance, knowledge, ethics and prosperity

Purpose – Both researchers and policy makers have increasingly focused their energies in exploring the sources of economic growth. The purpose of this paper is to explore the very first ideas on the sources of economic growth of Kautilya during the fourth century BCE.Design/methodology/approach – Kautilya's non‐technical statements on economic growth are presented as a formal model of economic growth.Findings – Kautilya believed that institutions are a prerequisite to economic growth and good governance, knowledge, ethical conduct and economic growth are interdependent. That is, Kautilya believed in the virtuous cycle of economic growth.Research limitations/implications – Kautilya's model of virtuous cycle implies that Kaufmann and Kraay specify an incorrect model to test the virtuous cycle model of economic growth.Practical implications – Although it is a challenge to empirically estimate Kautilya's model if estimated appropriately, it could help in partitioning the Solow residuals into contributions mad...
Further tests of the interactive race model of divided attention: The effects of negative bias and varying stimulus — onset asynchronies

In Go/No-Go detection tasks, responses to redundant targets are typically faster than responses to either of these targets alone. One explanation of this redundant-targets effect is from race models, which assume statistical facilitation due to the activation of more than one processing channel under the redundant-targets condition. J. O. Miller (1982, 1986) has derived an upper boundary for the amount of facilitation these models can predict and has found this boundary to be consistently violated in bimodal divided-attention tasks and in letter-detection tasks. Thus, until recently race models were thought to be unable to predict the amount of facilitation commonly observed.
Clinical clues in the breathing behaviors of patient and therapist

Verbal communications have dominated treatment theories and will remain a privileged source of communication. This paper directs the therapist's attention to some of the possible breathing behaviors in treatment which may, like verbal language, convey an unconscious or conscious message that is possibly interpretable. Breathing has meaning in the transference—countertransference intersubjective world. Behavior symbolized by breathing may be included in the earliest somatic, dyadic interaction and may therefore go with one through life and reappear in every new relationship. This paper directs the clinician's attention to some of the possible meanings and interpretations of breathing behavior during treatment. It calls attention to techniques for exploring the rich connection between breathing, body, object and somatization.
High fat feeding in cardiomyocyte-restricted PPARδ knockout mice leads to cardiac overexpression of lipid metabolic genes but fails to rescue cardiac phenotypes

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta) is an essential determinant of basal myocardial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and bioenergetics. We wished to determine whether increased lipid loading affects the PPARdelta deficient heart in transcriptional regulation of FAO and in the development of cardiac pathology. Cardiomyocyte-restricted PPARdelta knockout (CR-PPARdelta(-/-)) and control (alpha-MyHC-Cre) mice were subjected to 48 h of fasting and to a long-term maintenance on a (28 weeks) high-fat diet (HFD). The expression of key FAO proteins in heart was examined. Serum lipid profiles, cardiac pathology, and changes of various transduction signaling pathways were also examined. Mice subjected to fasting exhibited upregulated transcript expression of FAO genes in the CR-PPARdelta(-/-) hearts. Moreover, long-term HFD in CR-PPARdelta(-/-) mice induced a strikingly greater transcriptional response. After HFD, genes encoding key FAO enzymes were expressed remarkably more in CR-PPARdelta(-/-) hearts than in those of control mice. Despite the marked rise of FAO gene expression, corresponding protein expression remained low in the CR-PPARdelta(-/-) heart, accompanied by abnormalities in sarcomere structures and mitochondria that were similar to those of CR-PPARdelta(-/-) hearts with regular chow feeding. The CR-PPARdelta(-/-) mice displayed increased expression of PPARgamma co-activator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) and PPARalpha in the heart with deactivated Akt and p42/44 MAPK signaling in response to HFD. We conclude that PPARdelta is an essential determinant of myocardial FAO. Increased lipid intake activates cardiac expression of FAO genes via PPARalpha/PGC-1alpha pathway, albeit it is not sufficient to improve cardiac pathology due to PPARdelta deficiency.
Reflectivities of selected land surface types at 19 and 37 GHz from SSM/I observations

Abstract Surface reflectivities for horizontally and vertically polarized emission at 19 GHz and 37 GHz are calculated for two locations over sand deserts, one location each over a rainforest, and a savanna from daytime observations by the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) on board the DMSP-F8 satellite for the period January 1988 to December 1989. The calculated reflectivities over the deserts are compared against predictions from the Fresnel equations, while the reflectivities over the rainforest are compared against predictions from a radiative transfer model and with field observations. The temporal variation of the reflectivities over the savanna is discussed in relation to those over deserts and rainforest, and in terms of biomass growth and decay. These SSM/I observations can be used to study seasonal and interannual changes of vegetation cover.
Nutrition studies during pregnancy

T HIS paper is one of a series dealing with the importance of diet during pregnancy to both the mother and her infant. The group studied and the methods employed are described in detail in the introductory article of the series. 1 The same 216 mothers and their infants are considered here. Of the various nutritional essentials necessary for growth, protein is of great importance. During growth not only is there an increase in the amount needed, but also the quality of the protein in the diet is important in order that those amino acids essential for growth are present in necessary amounts. Despite these well-known facts and the fact that pregnancy, especially the last two trimesters, is a period of rapid growth and development, it has not been customary for many obstetricians to stress the importance of an increase in the amount of protein in the diet of the pregnant woman. Slonaker ~ studied the effect of different percentages of protein in the diets of six generations of rats in order to observe the efficiency of various levels of protein intake upon reproduction and the growth and development of the offspring. He concluded that the best results were obtained with protein constituting approximately 14 per cent of the total calories of the diet. In his conclusions he states that a study of the history of mankind convinces one that races of tall stature and most perfect physique have lived on well-balanced diets rich in protein, with meat and other animal products forming a conspicuous part. Human balance studies of Macy and her co-workers a have shown that during the latter part of pregnancy the maternal organism stores nitrogen in excess of thaZ going into the developing fetus. Coons and Blunt 4 and Macy and Hunscher G found that nitrogen retention was highest when the mother's diet was well supplied with animal protein. Coons, Macy, and others 5, ~, 7 have also studied the nitrogen retention in the fetus at each lunar month of pregnancy. From these studies it
Glomerular basement membrane length to podocyte ratio in human nephronopenia: implications for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

Abstract Background: This study aims to probe a possible mechanism for the development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in human nephronopenic states. Methods: To this end, length (in microns) of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) covered by the cytoplasm of a podocyte was determined in controls and various congenital and acquired forms of nephronopenia with and without FSGS. Results: Results indicate that for all nephronopenic groups without FSGS, the respective lengths are not significantly different from those of controls. With the exception of long-surviving renal allografts with FSGS, each nephronopenic group with FSGS has a significantly longer length compared with its respective control group without FSGS. Although the corresponding length in long-surviving allografts with FSGS is longer than that in the transplant group without FSGS, the difference does not attain significance. Among all groups with FSGS, the respective GBM lengths are not significantly different among cases of congenital causes of nephronopenia, but are significantly longer than when nephronopenia is acquired, whereas the corresponding lengths among uninephrectomized and transplant groups are not significantly different from one another. Conclusion: These results support the hypothesis that in enlarging glomeruli of nephronopenia, the dominant reaction of podocytes is to undergo hypertrophy. The capacity for this is greater in podocytes of native kidneys than allografts, being most pronounced when the nephronopenia is congenital than if acquired, and being most constrained in allografts. This then imposes a limit to glomerular enlargement in nephronopenia beyond which denudation of segments of the enlarging/elongating glomerular capillaries occurs, when FSGS supervenes.
Multi Path Considerations for Anonymized Routing: Challenges and Opportunities

Recently, there has been a surging interest on anonymizer technologies as a result of increasing privacy concerns and censorship barriers on the Internet. Tor network has emerged as the most popular option in avail. However, popularity of Tor network is under threat of growing user frustration over low throughput and long latencies. Coincidentally, multi-path routing proposals have become popular in tackling similar performance issues in various contexts from the data center networks to the inter-domain routing. In this work, we apply multi-path techniques to overcome limitations in Tor's path construction and rigid congestion avoidance mechanisms which are major factors behind the unsatisfactory user experience. Multi-path mechanisms nicely complement underlying onion-routing mechanisms of Tor via exploiting diversity in the Tor network. Our preliminary evaluation on live Tor network revealed significant potential of performance improvements especially increasing throughput i.e., up to 4 times speed up in data transmission durations. Also, multi-path mechanisms may increase reliability of the overall system against congestion or service-interruption based attacks in return of an acceptable anonymity tradeoff.
Upper extremity arteriovenous fistulas induce modest hemodynamic effect on the in situ internal thoracic artery.

Background The left internal thoracic artery is the ideal conduit for coronary artery revascularization due to superior patency compared with venous grafts. The hemodynamic effects of an arterio-venous fistula on the native in situ internal thoracic artery and the potential for coronary flow steal after revascularization with the internal thoracic artery, are not well-characterized. Methods Fifteen chronic hemodialysis patients with functioning left upper extremity arterio-venous fistulas were evaluated with the use of transthoracic color Doppler analysis. Flow characteristics of the left and right internal thoracic arteries at baseline, with arterio-venous fistula occluded, and during hemodialysis were recorded. Peak systolic and diastolic velocities for the right and left internal thoracic arteries were calculated for each fistula state (occluded, open, and on-dialysis). One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the different means. Results Mean flow velocity calculations failed to identify any statistically significant differences between the ipsilateral and contralateral internal thoracic artery in any fistula state. In addition, mean internal thoracic flow velocities were similar between the different fistula states. Conclusions Changes in arteriovenous fistula flow state did not significantly alter Doppler flow hemodynamics of either the ipsilateral or contralateral in-situ internal thoracic artery. Further studies of the possible effects on internal thoracic arteries used as pedicled coronary grafts may be required.
Phenolsulfonphthalein binding capacity ofserum in newborn infants

The dye (PSP) binding capacity (D.B.C.) in serum of full-term and premature infantswas investigated. Normal infants and those with hemolytic and nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia were studied. Prematurity and hemolytic disease were shown to be factors associated with the greatest reduction in D.B.C. of serum. Infusion of albumin into two premature babies with nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia resulted in a rise of D.B.C. with only a transient elevation of bilirubin. The relationship of the D.B.C. to susceptibility to kernicterus in premature and full-term infants with hemolytic and nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia is discussed.
Concepts in Practice as Sources of Order.

The framework for the study of concept formation embraced by the articles in this special issue makes it possible to observe and catalog the mechanisms by which conceptual structures in the wild achieve and maintain organization. I propose a provisional inventory of such mechanisms that includes the primitive mechanisms of dimensionality reduction, filtering, and constraint satisfaction, as well as the composite mechanisms of modulated positive feedback, superposition of structure, mapping across conceptual spaces, and design. I also explore a list of mechanisms that decrease order and reflect on the balance between the creation and destruction of order in human cognition. Finally, I introduce a simple formalism, conceptual entropy, which may provide a means to measure and quantify changes in the degree of order in distributed conceptual systems.
Computation of load factors in bolted connections

AbstractAn accurate computation of the joint load factors is critical for the safe design of bolted connections. This study provides a four-step procedure for the direct computation of the joint load factors for a variety of bolt diameters, joint thicknesses, individual plate thicknesses, and plate material combinations. The finite element method was used to calculate the bolt and plate deformations necessary to directly compute the load factor for 4424 unique combinations of the four joint design parameters. The procedure developed in this study provides accurate estimates of the joint load factor over the entire range of the four joint design parameters. All 4424 joint designs originally analysed with the finite element method were recomputed using the proposed procedure. The root mean square error was found to be 0.58 per cent with a correlation coefficient between the load factors computed by using the original finite element analyses and the proposed procedure to be 0.9998.
Experimental modification of cerebellar development in tissue culture: x-irradiation induces granular degeneration and unattached purkinje cell dendritic spines.

Abstract Cerebellum explants from 15–16 day fetal mice were irradiated with 500–1000 rad X-ray and were grown in tissue culture for 12–18 days. At the dose of 500 rad, a reduction of granule cell population was observed in the explant. At the dose of 1000 rad, granule cells were mostly destroyed leaving Purkinje cells disarrayed and clustered. Electron microscopy of the explants revealed the presence of unattached dendritic spines of Purkinje cell. It was noted that although numerous free spines could be seen in X-irradiated cultures, the postsynaptic specialization of these spines occurred only in ones embedded in astrocytic cytoplasm. The results indicate that (a) the formation of dendritic spines is a property of the Purkinje cell which probably is preprogrammed and (b) the postsynaptic differentiation of the unattached spines is directly related to their contacts with astrocytes.
Serial Plasma Concentrations of Cocaethylene, Cocaine, and Ethanol in Trauma Victims

Cocaethylene (EC), cocaine (COC), and ethanol (ETOH) concentrations were measured in 46 serial plasma samples from 15 male trauma victims. In all but two patients EC detected on admission to the hospital. In the remaining two, EC was not detected throughout hospitalization. However, these two patients had the lowest ETOH concentrations In the series (200 and 300 mg/L). Plasma concentrations ranged up to 128 lag/L for EC, up to 421 ~g/L for COC, and up to 5,100 mg/L for ETOH. Ratios of EC to COC concentration (EC/COC) were as high as 4.1. Concentrations of EC showed statistically significant correlation with those of COC (p < 0.01). The plasma half-life (Ttt=) of EC was found to be longer than that reported for COC (1 h) and was estimated to be 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 h In three patients. fects (5). At the same time, the LDs0 of EC is markedly less than that of COC in mice (6). Taken together, these facts suggest that there may be a substantially increased risk of morbidity and mortality as users attempt to titrate their COC intake based on the weaker stimulant effect of EC, during which time additional COC is converted to the more toxic EC (5). Finally, EC demonstrates essentially the same hepatotoxicity as COC in the mouse model (7). The structures of EC, COC, and BE are shown in Figure 1. Published reports containing plasma concentrations of EC have been mostly confined to postmortem material (1,2,8). To date there have been few reports of EC plasma concentrations in living patients, and those reports have been limited to single concentrations per patient (9,10). This study was designed to examine serial plasma concentrations in actual patients in order to estimate the plasma time-concentration profile and half-life of EC.
Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region. Ix. Metaxytherium albifontanum, sp. nov.

ABSTRACT We describe a new species of the halitheriine dugongid genus Metaxytherium from the late Oligocene of Florida and South Carolina. The new species is represented by cranial and postcranial material, including parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton. Metaxytherium albifontanum, sp. nov., differs from other species of Metaxytherium by the following unique combination of plesiomorphic and derived characters: posterior end of nasal process of premaxilla broad and flat relative to what is observed in most other members of the genus (somewhat resembling M. subapenninum); ventral extremity of jugal under posterior edge of orbit (character 85[1]) (shared with M. krahuletzi); exoccipitals separated in dorsal midline (character 66[1]) (shared with all other species in the genus, except some M. krahuletzi); and innominate with acetabulum (nearly lost or lost in M. crataegense, M. floridanum, M. serresii). This new species was sympatric with two dugongines, Crenatosiren olseni and Dioplotherium manigault...
Random matrix theory by the supersymmetry method beyond the sigma-model

Abstract The leading correction to the smoothed connected energy density-density correlation function is obtained for the large energy difference, within the context of the Gaussian Random Matrix Theory. In order to achieve this result, the supersymmetry method is extended beyond the sigma-model, to include small quadratic fluctuations around the saddle point. Special care is taken to avoid the potential divergence arising from the unbounded nature of the saddle point. Also, in the small energy difference regime, the leading correction to a two-point correlation function is obtained.
Puppies, Pigs, and People: Eating Meat and Marginal Cases

Consider the story of Fred, who receives a visit from the police one day. They have been summoned by Fred’s neighbors, who have been disturbed by strange sounds emanating from Fred’s basement. When they enter the basement they are confronted by the following scene: Twenty-six small wire cages, each containing a puppy, some whining, some whimpering, some howling. The puppies range in age from newborn to about six months. Many of them show signs of mutilation. Urine and feces cover the bottoms of the cages and the basement floor. Fred explains that he keeps the puppies for twenty-six weeks, and then butchers them while holding them upside-down. During their lives he performs a series of mutilations on them, such as slicing off their noses and their paws with a hot knife, all without any form of anesthesia. Except for the mutilations, the puppies are never allowed out of the cages, which are barely big enough to hold them at twenty-six weeks. The police are horrified, and promptly charge Fred with animal abuse. As details of the case are publicized, the public is outraged. Newspapers are flooded with letters demanding that Fred be severely punished. There are calls for more severe penalties for animal abuse. Fred is denounced as a vile sadist. Finally, at his trial, Fred explains his behavior, and argues that he is blameless and therefore deserves no punishment. He is, he explains, a great lover of chocolate. A couple of years ago, he was involved in a car accident, which resulted in some head trauma. Upon his release from hospital, having apparently suffered no lasting ill effects, he visited his favorite restaurant and ordered their famous rich dark chocolate mousse. Imagine his dismay when he discovered that his experience of the mousse was a pale shadow of its former self. The mousse tasted bland, slightly pleasant, but with none of the intense chocolaty flavor he remembered so well. The waiter assured him that the recipe was unchanged from the last time he had tasted it, just the day before his Philosophical Perspectives, 18, Ethics, 2004
Discrimination of features and orientations of schematic faces by children

Schematic faces varying in four features (eyes) and four orientations were presented to 46 children (10 from nursery school, 18 each from kindergarten and first grade). After familiarization and training on the matching-to-standard procedure, all children received 64 trials, 16 each from four tasks: features, orientations, feature-orientation combinations, and feature-orientation similarities. Results indicate that correct comparisons and response durations were affected by the different features and orientations, and were also related to the complexity of the tasks. Developmental trends were observed in the discriminations of mirror images and in feature-orientation combinations.
Thick Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle

The thick ascending limb occupies a central anatomic and functional position in human renal physiology, with critical roles in the defense of the extracellular fluid volume, the urinary concentrating mechanism, calcium and magnesium homeostasis, bicarbonate and ammonium homeostasis, and urinary protein composition. The last decade has witnessed tremendous progress in the understanding of the molecular physiology and pathophysiology of this nephron segment. These advances are the subject of this review, with emphasis on particularly recent developments.
Hematopoietic differentiation cell surface antigen switching in the bone marrow of different aged chickens

Immune cytolysis and immunofluorescence were used to examine chicken fetal antigen CFA) and chicken adult antigen (CAA) expression on the differentiation/maturation series of definitive erythroid cells obtained from the bone marrow of different aged chickens. We found that erythroid cells undergo changes in CFA/CAA antigenic expression dependent on their differentiation/maturation stages as well as the developmental age of the chicken. All differentiation/maturation stages of erythroid cells in the bone marrow of 12 and 18-day-old embryos express CFA only. Erythroblasts obtained from 7-day post-hatched chickens express either CFA or CAA. All three CFA/CAA phenotypes (i.e., CFA, CAA, and CFA + CAA) are observed in subsequent maturation stages, but only the CFA + CAA phenotype is observed in mature erythroid cells in the bone marrow of 7-day post-hatched chickens. Erythroblasts from 62 day post-hatched chickens exhibit all three CFA/CAA phenotypes. Cells in the subsequent maturation stages express various CFA, CAA, or CFA + CAA phenotypes resulting in a majority of the mature erythrocytes expressing both CFA and CAA, and a small population of mature erythrocytes expressing CAA only. Erythroblasts from adult chickens express both CFA and CAA; however, CFA is lost during erythroid maturation resulting in mature erythrocytes which express CAA only. These studies indicate that both the erythroid differentiation/ maturation stage and the developmental age of the chicken influence CFA and CAA antigenic expression on erythroid cells undergoing cellular differentiation/maturation in the bone marrow.
Is it safe to leave an ECMO circuit primed

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a means of life support for failing patients who require extreme life-saving measures due to failure of their heart, lungs or both organs. In a patient suffering cardiac arrest, the faster circulation via cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can be instituted the better the outcome is. If an ECMO circuit needs to be built and primed it may add significant minutes to the response time. The purpose of this study is to test for any growth in primed ECMO circuits at given time intervals to prove the safety of leaving an ECMO circuit primed. This, in turn, may lead to decreased response time, with an arrest and the placement of the arresting patient on ECMO. Five ECMO circuits were set up, primed and sampled for bacterial growth at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours and then at one-week intervals, with an end point of four weeks. No bacterial growth was found at any point during the sampling process.
Measured vs. calculated off-axis wedged dose distributions

Wedge filters are frequently used in the clinic to improve target dose homogeneity. All physical wedges have a uniform thickness along the non-wedged direction. Therefore wedged field profiles show a "sagging effect" In this direction. Most treatment planning systems (TPS) assume an open field profile when calculating wedged dose distributions in the off-axis plane. Although this effect has been discussed in literature, a detailed analysis of calculated and measured dose distributions was not reported. Wedged dose distributions in the non-wedged direction were systematically measured for VARIAN 600CD 6 MV photons for all available wedge angles and a range of off-axis distances. Measured results were compared against dose distributions calculated by 3D FOCUS TPS. It was found that, depending on the field size, wedge angle and off-axis distance, the difference between measured and planned calculated doses may exceed 10%. In planes close to the central axis, the TPS overestimated the delivered dose, whereas in the distant off-axis planes the delivered dose was underestimated. This may lead to an appreciable underdosing and/or overdosing In the peripheral regions of the PTV. A three dimensional "wedge compensator" (3DWC) was designed for each wedge angle to be used in conjunction with the wedge filters. This 3DWC was used for dose distribution calculations only. The shape of this "wedge compensator" was determined by analyzing differences between measured and calculated dose distributions. Wedged dose distributions were recalculated using 3DWC. Excellent agreement between calculated and measured dose distributions was achieved.
Environmental Disclosure Evidence From Newsweek’s Green Companies Rankings

Corporate-level environmental information disclosure is increasingly common. This article studies the impact of a prominent media-generated sustainability ratings program, Newsweek’s 2009 ranking o...
Graph theoretical approach to study eQTL

Motivation: Analysis of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) significantly contributes to the determination of gene regulation programs. However, the discovery and analysis of associations of gene expression levels and their underlying sequence polymorphisms continue to pose many challenges. Methods are limited in their ability to illuminate the full structure of the eQTL data. Most rely on an exhaustive, genome scale search that considers all possible locus–gene pairs and tests the linkage between each locus and gene. Result: To analyze eQTLs in a more comprehensive and efficient way, we developed the Graph based eQTL Decomposition method (GeD) that allows us to model genotype and expression data using an eQTL association graph. Through graph-based heuristics, GeD identifies dense subgraphs in the eQTL association graph. By identifying eQTL association cliques that expose the hidden structure of genotype and expression data, GeD effectively filters out most locus–gene pairs that are unlikely to have significant linkage. We apply GeD on eQTL data from Plasmodium falciparum, the human malaria parasite, and show that GeD reveals the structure of the relationship between all loci and all genes on a whole genome level. Furthermore, GeD allows us to uncover additional eQTLs with lower FDR, providing an important complement to traditional eQTL analysis methods. Contact: przytyck@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Interactions between recombinant conventional squid kinesin and native myosin-V.

essential to axonal tubulin transport is lost or inhibited 2 days after axotomy. This inhibition is not due to the depletion of conventional kinesin. It could be due to the inactivation of conventional kinesin or to the inactivation or depletion of some other motor or factor essential to axonal tubulin transport. This model of protein transport in the squid giant axon may facilitate the identification of some of the factors essential to the control and maintenance of slow axonal transport. The author thanks James Galbraith and Thomas Reese for helpful discussions and comments. Literature Cited
Optimal throughput and energy efficiency for wireless sensor networks: multiple access and multipacket reception

We investigate two important aspects in sensor network design--the throughput and the energy efficiency. We consider the uplink reachback problem where the receiver is equipped with multiple antennas and linear multiuser detectors. We first assume Rayleigh flat-fading, and analyze two MAC schemes: round-robin and slotted-ALOHA. We optimize the average number of transmissions per slot and the transmission power for two purposes: maximizing the throughput, or minimizing the effective energy (defined as the average energy consumption per successfully received packet) subject to a throughput constraint. For each MAC scheme with a given linear detector, we derive the maximum asymptotic throughput as the signal-to-noise ratio goes to infinity. It is shown that the minimum effective energy grows rapidly as the throughput constraint approaches the maximum asymptotic throughput. By comparing the optimal performance of different MAC schemes equipped with different detectors, we draw important tradeoffs involved in the sensor network design. Finally, we show that multiuser scheduling greatly enhances system performance in a shadow fading environment.
An early missionary syllabary for the Hangzhou dialect

A picture of the phonology of the Hangzhou dialect at the turn of the century is found in a short book entitled Sound-table of the Hangchow dialect that was published in 1902 by the Church Missionary Society in Shaoxīng. The author of the book is not identified, but its production was no doubt associated with Bishop George Evans Moule, who for over 40 years, beginning in 1864, operated a mission in Hangzhōu affiliated with the Church Missionary Society. The spellings used in this book, which presents a syllabary of the Hangzhōu dialect, presumably reflect the system used in two textbooks on the dialect and a prayer book in colloquial Hangzhōu all written by Bishop Moule. The same spelling system was also used in a Hangzhōu vernacular translation of Matthew from the New Testament which was published sometime in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.
Pitfalls, Problems, and Operation of a Total Materials Management Program

During the past decade, materials managers have made considerable progress in the coordination and integration of their activities, but many pitfalls and problems remain in the implementation of materials management programs. Uncoordinated cost reduction, for example, can be misleading; cost reductions in one area frequently appear as cost increases elsewhere. Reducing in-plant transportation equipment in order to fully utilize all of the company’s forklifts would probably require inventory increases and delay production. Similarly, reductions in packaging costs can increase the costs of materials handling and customer claims.
Copyright and the Perioperative Nurse

This manuscript version is a rendition of the author’s post review copy. The official version of record is available at the Perioperative Nursing Clinics site.
Finding Minimum Cost to Time Ratio Cycles with Small Integral Transit Times

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Recursive state estimation for a set-membership description of uncertainty

This paper is concerned with the problem of estimating the state of a linear dynamic system using noise-corrupted observations, when input disturbances and observation errors are unknown except for the fact that they belong to given bounded sets. The cases of both energy constraints and individual instantaneous constraints for the uncertain quantities are considereal. In the former case, the set of possible system states compatible with the observations received is shown to be an ellipsoid, and equations for its center and weighting matrix are given, while in the latter case, equations describing a bounding ellipsoid to the set of possible states are derived. All three problems of filtering, prediction, and smoothing are examined by relating them to standard tracking problems of optimal control theory. The resulting estimators are similar in structure and comparable in simplicity to the corresponding stochastic linear minimum-variance estimators, and it is shown that they provide distinct advantages over existing schemes for recursive estimation with a set-membership description of uncertainty.
On the estimation of sliding domains and stability regions of variable structure control systems with bounded controllers

The problem of the estimation of sliding domains and regions of asymptotic stability with sliding for a class of variable structure systems with a bounded controller is considered. Lyapunov-type arguments are used. The results are applicable to a class of uncertain systems with matched uncertainties. >
Mapping loop algorithms into reconfigurable mesh connected processor array

A method for mapping loop algorithms into mesh processor arrays is presented. The method can automatically detect and utilize parallelism in the algorithm. It is faster than similar methods with such capabilities, and it produces near-optimal solutions in most cases. Thus, it is suitable for mapping algorithms into reconfigurable systems. When the processors have local memories, the search space of the mapping can be reduced by storing data in the local memories, and the method takes advantage of this possibility. A technique to reduce data dependencies by distributing the functions in a loop body to different processors is also discussed. Since data dependencies determine the connections and the search space, this technique is useful in reducing the connections as well as speeding up the mapping. In order to explain the realization issues of the mapping, a novel mesh architecture with enhanced reconfigurable communication is briefly described. >
Practical issues of retrieving isolated attosecond pulse from CRAB

The effects of streaking speed, time delay jitter, laser intensity variation and shot noise on the reconstruction of attosecond XUV pulse with PCGPA are studied.
Range sensor based outdoor vehicle Navigation, collision avoidance and parallel parking

Detecting unexpected obstacles and avoiding collisions is an important task for any autonomous mobile system. This article describes GANESHA (Grid based Approach for Navigation by Evidence Storage and Histogram Analysis), a system using sonar that we implemented for the autonomous land vehicle Navlab. The general hardware configuration of the system is shown, followed by a description of how the system builds a local grid map of its environment. The information collected in the map can then be used for a variety of applications in vehicle navigation like collision avoidance, feature tracking and parking. An algorithm was implemented that can track a static feature such as a rail, wall or an array of parked cars and use this information to drive the vehicle. Methods for filtering the raw data and generating the steering commands are discussed and the implementation for collision avoidance, parallel parking and its integration with other vehicle systems is described.
Exergy analysis of a two-stage ground source heat pump with a vertical bore for residential space conditioning under simulated occupancy

Abstract This twelve-month field study analyzes the performance of a 7.56 W (2.16-ton) water-to-air-ground source heat pump (WA-GSHP) to satisfy domestic space conditioning loads in a 253 m2 house in a mixed-humid climate in the United States. The practical feasibility of using the ground as a source of renewable energy is clearly demonstrated. Better than 75% of the energy needed for space heating was extracted from the ground. The average monthly electricity consumption for space conditioning was only 40 kW h at summer and winter thermostat set points of 24.4 °C and 21.7 °C, respectively. The WA-GSHP shared the same 94.5 m vertical bore ground loop with a separate water-to-water ground-source heat pump (WW-GSHP) for meeting domestic hot water needs in the same house. Sources of systemic irreversibility, the main cause of lost work, are identified using Exergy and energy analysis. Quantifying the sources of Exergy and energy losses is essential for further systemic improvements. The research findings suggest that the WA-GSHPs are a practical and viable technology to reduce primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions under the IECC 2012 Standard, as well as the European Union (EU) 2020 targets of using renewable energy resources.