cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical resistivity and hall effect of single crystals of GaTe and GaSe

Abstract The resistivity and Hall effect of single crystals of GaTe have been investigated in the temperature range from 80° to 1000°K. The influences of etching and cold-working have also been studied. All samples investigated are p-type in the whole temperature range. Acids appear to diffuse between the layers characteristic of the structure, contributing an ionic conductivity. Upon coldworking resistivity, ϱ, as well as Hall coefficient, AH, increase, Δϱ/ϱ is somewhat larger than Δ A H A H , indicating that both concentration and mobility of the holes decrease. We believe that cold-working creates electronic levels near the conduction and valence bands. These levels, which are probably associated with dangling bonds of dislocations, have also been observed optically. Two samples of GaSe have been investigated, between about 150° and 330°K. One sample is p-type with an activation energy of 0·15± 0·02 eV. No Hall effect was measured on the second sample and the resistivity curve suggests an activation energy of 0·37 ± 0·01 eV.
River Guides, Geographical Informants, and Colonial Field Agents in the Portuguese Amazon

Recent studies of colonial mapping, reconnaissance, and imperial science have emphasized the role played by local or native informants in the construction of European geographical knowledge of the ...
Development and evaluation of an impatient holistic nursing care services department

This paper describes the development and evaluation of a holistic nursing department at a 261-bed conventional, community hospital. Through the holistic nursing department, a nurse visits hospitalized inpatients. The visit might include complementary and alternative modalities (CAM) therapies, such as relaxation techniques, therapeutic touch, aromatherapy, and therapeutic suggestion. Evaluation of visits occurred through a retrospective chart review and patient satisfaction surveys. Main outcome measures were patient satisfaction, physiological changes, and pre- and post-distress scores. Discomfort and distress was decreased and patient satisfaction high when CAM therapies were used in conjunction with traditional inpatient medical and nursing care.
Professional standards: Can they shape practice in an international context?

A summary of the career of a Russian engineer who practiced a century ago in western Europe, as well as in Russia, provides an example of how ethical standards can influence practice across national boundaries. An examination of his career and his conception of engineering, of the evolution of engineering standards and codes, and of the process of formulating codes in particular instances explains how international standards can shape practice in an international context.
Rumen synthesis of the vitamin B complex as influenced by ration composition.

Summary The addition of urea as a source of nitrogen definitely increased the synthesis of riboflavin, nicotinic acid, biotin and pantothenic acid in the bovine rumen when a readily available carbohydrate was present. Pyridoxine and “folic acid” could not be too closely correlated with ration composition. In the absence of a readily fermentable carbohydrate and probably a low population of microorganisms the synthesis of the members of the B complex is not at a maximum. The data indicate that thiamine may not be synthesized in the rumen. However, it seems more than probable that it is synthesized, but absorbed or destroyed at a rate greater than its synthesis.
A spin label study of horseradish peroxidase.

Abstract The topography of the active sites of native horseradish peroxidase and manganic horseradish peroxidase has been studied with the aid of a spin-labeled analog of benzhydroxamic acid ( N -(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-3-carboxy)- p -aminobenzhydroxamic acid). The optical spectra of complexes between the spin-labeled analog of benzhydroxamic acid and Fe 3+ or Mn 3+ horseradish peroxidase resembled the spectra of the corresponding enzyme complexes with benzhydroxamic acid. Electron spin resonance (ESR) measurement indicated that at pH 7 the nitroxide moiety of the spin-labeled analog of benzhydroxamic acid became strongly immobilized when this label bound to either ferric or manganic horseradish peroxidase. The titration of horseradish peroxidase with the spin-labeled analog of benzhydroxamic acid revealed a single binding site with association constant K a ≈ 4.7 · 10 5 M −1 . Since the interaction of ligands (e.g. F − , CN − ) and H 2 O 2 with horseradish peroxidase was found to displace the spin label, it was concluded that the spin label did indeed bind to the active site of horseradish peroxidase. At alkaline pH values, the high spin iron of native horseradish peroxidase is converted to the low spin form and the binding of the spin-labeled analog of benzhydroxamic acid to horseradish peroxidase is completely inhibited. From the changes in the concentration of both bound and free spin label with pH, the p K value of the acid-alkali transition of horse-radish peroxidase was found to be 10.5. The 2 T m value of the bound spin label varied inversely with temperature, reaching a value of 68.25 G at 0° C and 46.5 G at 52° C. The dipolar interaction between the iron atom and the free radical accounted for a 12% decrease in the ESR signal intensity of the spin label
Using the Choquet integral for screening geological CO2 storage sites

Using the Choquet integral for screening geological CO 2 storage sites Yingqi Zhang 1* 1. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Earth Sciences Division, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 90-1116, Berkeley, CA, USA * Contact author Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 90-1116 Berkeley, California 94720-8126 Tel.: Fax.: 510-486-5686 Email: yqzhang@lbl.gov
Interaction with Other Health Team Members in Caring for Elderly Patients

An 85-year-old retired teacher experiences gradual memory loss over several years. She has hypertension, diabetes mellitus controlled with an oral hypoglycemic drug, and atrial fibrillation for which she takes warfarin to prevent stroke. Two years earlier she underwent successful total hip replacement. After careful medical and functional evaluation, her internist concludes that she is in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. He is concerned about her ability to live alone and, in particular, to continue to manage her medications safely. Her daughter lives in another city but arranges a consultative visit with the physician to discuss her mother’s future care. Because the daughter travels frequently for business, she and her mother decide that an assisted living facility near the daughter’s home would provide the safest environment. This plan requires moving to a new city and establishing health care with new providers. The United States population of adults aged 65 and older is projected to grow from 35 million in 2000 (12.4% of the total population) to 70 million in 2030 (20.6% of the population) [1]. As a result, dentists, physicians, and other health care professionals will care for an ever larger number of individuals living to an advanced old age, many of whom, like the woman described in the vignette, will become frail, suffer multiple chronic illnesses, and experience disability [2]. Furthermore, care of these complex patients occurs in multiple sites and is managed by multiple providers over time. Expert care of geriatric patients often depends on consultation and coordination of services with other professionals and care providers. Consequently, safe and comprehensive care demands teamwork. Understanding the contribution that other health
Successes and lessons learned after more than a decade of upper extremity and face transplantation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to present the most recent updates on face and upper-extremity allotransplantation. RECENT FINDINGS To date, 27 face and more than 89 upper-extremity allotransplantations have been performed. Both the face and hand transplants restored form, function and patients' social integration. The complications were comparable with solid organs; however, face transplantation, as well as the combination of face and double hand transplantation, presented with significant morbidity and mortality. Evidence of chronic rejection was confirmed in hand transplants, but it has not been reported yet for facial transplantation. Novel immunosuppressive protocols have allowed a decrease in the number and dosages of traditional immunosuppressants. With increased awareness that following face and hand transplantation, the return of function is more important than anatomical restoration of the missing parts, there has been an important shift in the ethical debate weighing the risks and benefits of face and hand allotransplantation. SUMMARY Early results after face and upper extremity transplantation are promising, with 5-year survival rates greater than in solid organ transplants. However, these procedures still need to be closely monitored and the outcome data should be rigorously reported to the central patient registry database to allow continuous surveillance.
Upstream whistler-mode waves at planetary bow shocks: A brief review

Upstream whistler-mode waves appear to be present in front of all collisionless shocks. Because the whistler-mode group velocity exceeds its phase velocity over the frequency range in which the phase velocity increases with frequency, interesting alterations of polarization and frequency spectrum occur in the observer's reference frame. Landau resonance also plays a role in the wave properties. The source of these waves is the shock but the mechanism for wave generation is not yet understood.
Technology development of integrated multi-modal and flexible tactile skin for robotics applications

We report the development of a multi-modal, flexible tactile sensing skin based on polymer substrates and integrated micromachining technology with increased mechanical robustness relative to silicon tactile devices. This polymer-based tactile skin is very unique because it includes the following sensing modalities beyond surface roughness and contact force measurement: thermal conductivity, hardness, temperature, and its own curvature. These new modalities allow the demonstrated tactile sensors to characterize an object or a contact event in a more comprehensive fashion. Sensing is accomplished via thin film metal gold heaters, nickel RTD's (Resistance Temperature Device), and NiCr (nichrome) strain gauges. Experimental characterization of the sensors' performance and potential for application to robotics are presented.
Integration of Low Dielectric Constant Materials in Advanced Aluminum and Copper Interconnects

Advanced on-chip interconnects using new materials and new integration architectures are necessary for current and future IC chips in order to meet the requirements in performance, reliability and manufacturing cost. Insulating materials with low dielectric constant (low-κ) and conductive materials with low-resistivity have drawn significant attention for their possible applications in IC interconnects. Dual damascene interconnect integration architectures not only offer process simplification and low cost, but also enable the use of low-resistive Cu for interconnect wiring. Use of low-κ materials in dual damascene architecture is challenging due to material and processing issues. In this paper, the evolution of advanced interconnects, materials and technology options, and some recent achievements in advanced interconnect systems of low-κ dielectric and dual damascene architectures for both Al and Cu metallization are reviewed and discussed.
Utility of the ventricular fibrillation waveform to predict a return of spontaneous circulation and distinguish acute from post myocardial infarction or normal Swine in ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest.

Background— In cardiac arrest, the ventricular fibrillation (VF) waveform, particularly amplitude spectral area (AMSA) and slope, predicts the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), but it is unknown whether the predictive utility differs in an acute myocardial infarction (MI), prior MI, or normal myocardium and if the waveform can distinguish the underlying myocardial state. We hypothesized that in a swine model of VF cardiac arrest, AMSA and slope predict ROSC after a shock independent of substrate and distinguish an acute from nonacute MI state. Methods and Results— MI was induced by occlusion of the left anterior descending artery. Post MI swine recovered for a 2-week period before induction of VF. VF was untreated for 8 minutes in 10 acute MI, 10 post MI, and 10 control swine. AMSA and slope predicted ROSC after a shock independent of myocardial state. For AMSA >31 mV-Hz, the odds ratio was 62 ( P ≤0.001) compared with AMSA 3.1 mV/s, odds ratio was 52 ( P ≤0.001) compared with slope 33.5 mV-Hz, the sensitivity to identify an acute from nonacute (control or post MI) state was 83%. Conclusions— In a swine model of VF cardiac arrest, AMSA and slope predict ROSC independent of myocardial substrate. Furthermore, with chest compressions, the VF waveform evolves differently and may offer a means to distinguish an acute MI.
Zum Mechanismus der elektrokatalytischen Sauerstoffreduktion an Metallchelaten II. Metall-Tetraphenylporphyrine†

Die kathodische Sauerstoffreduktion wurde an den Tetraphenylporphyrinen mit verschiedenen Zentralatomen auf glatten Metall- und Kohlenstoffelektroden sowie zum Vergleich auch an den unbedeckten Elektroden untersucht. Dabei wurde die Methode der rotierenden Scheibe-Ring-Elektrode verwendet, um das bei der Reduktion entstehende Wasserstoffperoxid quantitativ zu bestimmen. Nach Auswertung der Stromspannungskurven lassen sich die Parallel- und Konsekutivreaktionen des Umsatzes von Sauerstoff zu Wasser und/oder Wasserstoffperoxid (und evtl, weiter zu Wasser) durch Berechnung der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten bestimmen. - Im Anschlus an die Ergebnisse mit Metall-Dibenzotetraazaannulenen wurden die Messungen auf die Metalltetraphenylporphyrine ausgedehnt. Fruhere Ergebnisse bezuglich der Abhangigkeit der Aktivitat von den Zentralatomen der Porphyrine konnten bestatigt und erweitert werden. Sowohl in sauren als auch in alkalischen Elektrolyten entsteht Wasserstoffperoxid, das in sauren Elektrolyten am Eisen-Tetraphenylporphyrin bei niedrigen Potentialen weiter reduziert wird. Das Hauptprodukt ist aber im Gegensatz zu den Tetraazaannulenen Wasser, das in direkter Reaktion entsteht. Lediglich an Kobalt-Tetraphenylporphyrin entsteht mehr Wasserstoffperoxid als Wasser. An reinem Gold und reinem Pyrographit bildet sich in der Hauptsache Wasserstoffperoxid, an reinem Platin im mittleren Spannungsbereich ausschlieslich Wasser. The cathodic oxygen reduction was investigated on smooth metal electrodes and carbon electrodes covered with tetraphenylporphyrines with different central atoms and on uncovered electrodes. The rotating ring disc method was used to determine quantitatively the hydrogen peroxide produced in the course of the reduction. The evaluation of the current-potential curves in terms of reaction rates reveals parallel and consecutive reactions of oxygen to give water and/or hydrogen peroxide which may react to give water. - The measurements were extended to metal porphyrines, following the results obtained with metal dibenzotetraazaannulenes. Earlier results concerning the activity, which depends on the central atom, were confirmed and extended. Hydrogen peroxide is produced in acid and alkaline electrolytes, and with iron tetraphenylporphyrine it is reduced further at low potentials. In contrast to tetraazaannulenes, the main product is water, which is produced by direct reaction. More hydrogen peroxide than water is produced only if cobalt tetraphenylporphyrine is used. At pure gold and pure pyrographite, mainly hydrogen peroxide is produced, while at pure platinum in the middle potential range only water is formed.
Elk-1 Can Recruit SRF to Form a Ternary Complex Upon the Serum Response Element

The initial genomic response to serum growth factors is the transcriptional activation of a set of immediate-early genes. Serum-induced transcriptional activation of several of these genes involves the formation of a ternary complex that includes the serum response factor (SRF), a 62 kDa ternary complex factor (TCF) and a serum response element (SRE). TCF alone does not bind the SRE of the protooncogene c-fos, but requires the prior assembly of the SRF-SRE binary complex for it to be recruited into a ternary complex. Here we show that this SRF-SRE binary complex is not an obligatory prerequisite for the formation of a serum responsive ternary complex. We demonstrate that Elk-1, which has properties of TCF can recruit SRF into a ternary complex on elements that do not support formation of the SRF-DNA binary complex. We also show that for two immediate-early genes, pip92 and nur77, formation of the ternary complex may occur without the prior assembly of SRF-DNA binary complex. Finally, we show that the ability of different sequences to support formation of Elk-l-SRF-DNA ternary complex in vitro correlates with their ability to respond to serum growth factors in vivo. Our results suggest that a much broader range of DNA sequences than the consensus SRF and TCF binding sites can support ternary complex formation, and by inference, serum induction. Possible implications of these results are discussed.
Esterase activities in adult rabbit eyes

The rational design of prodrugs to improve the therapeutic efficacy of existing drugs would be expedited if the nature of the in vivo enzymatic conditions that regenerate the drugs from their prodrugs is known. Using albino and pigmented rabbits as models, this research seeks to delineate the esterase activities in their corneas, irises, ciliary bodies, and aqueous humor, which are intimately involved in the disposition of drugs from topical dosing. This was achieved by monitoring the hydrolysis kinetics of alpha-naphthyl acetate, both in the presence and absence of esterase inhibitors, upon incubation with aqueous humor and homogenates of cornea, iris, and ciliary body. It was found that in both breeds of rabbits, esterase activity was the highest in the iris-ciliary body followed by the cornea and then the aqueous humor, and that multiple esterases probably existed in the aqueous humor, and the ocular tissues studied. However, the esterase activity in the cornea and iris-ciliary body of the pigmented rabbit was greater when compared with the albino rabbit. Based on these results, drugs and prodrugs containing ester linkages can undergo varying extents of esterase-mediated hydrolysis while permeating the cornea and upon entering the aqueous humor, iris, and ciliary body. Moreover, in view of the differences in esterase activity that exist between the albino and pigmented rabbits, it would be necessary to employ both breeds of rabbits in evaluating the rate and extent to which ocular ester prodrugs would be converted to their parent compounds.
Strength reductions from metastatic cortical defects in long bones

The purpose of this investigation was to measure the reduction in bone strength resulting from drill holes in diaphyseal bone and to compare this with finite element and theoretical predictions for stresses in a tubular structure. Fifty-two pairs of canine femora were tested to failure in four-point bending. One bone of each pair was used as the control; the other femora had holes of variable size drilled in the lateral cortex. At a ratio of drill hole diameter to bone diameter of 0.2, the bone retained only 62% of its expected strength. A linear regression between the area fraction (the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the drilled specimen to the control specimen) and the percentage of expected strength yielded a strong positive correlation (R2 = 0.79). The average cross sectional properties were used as the basis for linear orthotropic and nonlinear elastic-plastic finite element models of idealized geometry. The linear models proved insuifficient for prediction of failure loads. The nonlinear models, which accounted for both material plasticity and the stress concentration effects of the defect, yielded good correspondence with the experimental data. While the influence of irregular borders and adaptive remodeling of the bone adjacent to the defect requires further investigation, our results suggest the possibility of prediction of fracture risk based on geometric properties of metastatic lesions. Prophylactic fixation remains a matter of clinical judgement based on the functional demands and expected strength of the affected bones.
Value-Added Models of Assessment: Implications for Motivation and Accountability.

In this article, we examine the relations of value-added models of measuring academic achievement to student motivation. Using an achievement goal orientation theory perspective, we argue that value-added models, which focus on the progress of individual students over time, are more closely aligned with research on student motivation than are more traditional approaches to measuring achievement in a high-stakes testing environment. Although differing approaches to value-added assessment have been proposed, the core elements of the models are similar. We propose that the assessment data provided by value-added models has the potential to positively affect academic motivation, particularly when viewed through the lens of goal orientation theory.
Understanding Sexual Assault Survivors' Willingness to Participate in the Judicial System

This dissertation examined the relationship between support services for adult survivors of sexual assault and judicial outcomes. Specifically, this study explored survivors’ willingness to participate in the judicial process. Although “victim unwilling to participate” is the primary reason given by the police for cases not progressing to prosecution, we know little about most aspects of survivors’ willingness to participate in the judicial process, especially beyond initial reporting of the assault. The steps to prosecution are dependent on one another yet a survivor’s willingness to participate in these steps is a fluid process. The primary research question explored was Are there clusters of survivors according to their responses to specific items on a Willingness to Participate scale? Additional research questions focused on differences among possible clusters of survivors. A semi-structured interview protocol was completed with 46 survivors of adult sexual assault. Cluster analysis was conducted and three clusters emerged. Findings suggest that support services were helpful to those who were highly willing to participate but that willingness was insufficient to influence judicial outcomes. Future research concerning judicial outcomes in sexual assault cases should focus on strategies to dispel myths about rape among survivors, within the judicial system, and with potential jurors as a means of improving both survivor participation and judicial
Interactions of bullfrog tadpole predators and an insecticide: predation release and facilitation

The effect of a contaminant on a community may not be easily predicted, given that complex changes in food resources and predator-prey dynamics may result. The objectives of our study were to determine the interactive effects of the insecticide carbaryl and predators on body size, development, survival, and activity of tadpoles of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). We conducted the study in cattle tank mesocosm ponds exposed to 0, 3.5, or 7.0 mg/l carbaryl, and no predators or two red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), or crayfish (Orconectes sp.). Carbaryl negatively affected predator survival by eliminating crayfish from all ponds, and by eliminating bluegill sunfish from ponds exposed to the highest concentration of carbaryl; carbaryl exposure did not effect survival of red-spotted newts. Because crayfish were eliminated by carbaryl, bullfrogs were released from predation and survival was near that of predator controls at low concentrations of carbaryl exposure. High concentrations of carbaryl reduced tadpole survival regardless of whether predators survived carbaryl exposure or not. Presence of crayfish and newts reduced tadpole survival, while bluegill sunfish appeared to facilitate bullfrog tadpole survival. Presence of carbaryl stimulated bullfrog tadpole mass and development. Our study demonstrates that the presence of a contaminant stress can alter community regulation by releasing prey from predators that are vulnerable to contaminants in some exposure scenarios.
COMPARISON OF TWO MEASURES OF BURNOUT

Summwy.-The purposes of the study were to determine the correlations between scores on the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Tedium Measure and to correlate these measures with job satisfaction and health problems. These relationships might suggest which one of these two leading measures of burnout has the greatest ut~l~ry in future research. 78 diiea service workers in mental health and mental retardation settings participated. Tedium correlated significantly with the six burnout subscales. It also correlated significantly with job satisfaction and health problems. Only the emotional exhaustion intensity subscale of the Maslach inventory correlated significantly with job satisfaction and health problems. The Tedium Measure is an economical instrument for measuring burnout and has significant correlations with criterion variables. The Maslach scales may be more useful in investigating patterns as well as stages of burnout and in situations involving interactions with moderator variables. Numerous definitions and conceptualizations of burnout exist but most inlply that it is a process of professional disengagement from work in response to stress and strain in the work or work environment (Cherniss, 1980). More popularly, burnout is defined as physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion; the depletion of one's resources (Maslach & Jackson, 1981b; Pines, Aronson, & Kafry, 1981). Burnout has received considerable attention in the professional literature since the mid-1970's. Relationships between burnout and other variables have been explored. Pines and Kafry (1978) showed that tedium (burnout') was negatively correlated with indices of job satisfaction and positively. correlated with a desire to leave the job, and development of negative attitude; toward clients in social service settings. Burnout has also been related to family and marital problems, insomnia, and increased use of-alcohol and drugs (Maslach & Jackson, 1979; Jackson & Maslach, 1982) in mental health and in police work. In a literature review Savicki and Cooley (1982) state that burnout has been related to chronic fatigue, lower resistance to illness, complaining, absenteeism, and quitting the job or profession in a variety of professions and settings. Numerous articles focus on measurement of burnout. Miller and Potter ( 1982), studied burnout in speech-language pathologists by asking their sample, "To what degree do you consider yourself experiencing professional burnout as previously defined?". Clark (1980), writing in the areas of nursing and nursing administration, developed two questionnaires for self-assessment of. job stress and of organizational environment contributions to burnout. McConnell (1981) lists a burnout index of 24 items on physical, interpersonal and be
Women Build the Welfare State: Performing Charity and Creating Rights in Argentina, 1880–1955 – By Donna J. Guy

In this new book, the author offers a bottom‐up history of the Argentine welfare state by exploring the advocacy and charity work of two groups of women: middle‐ and upper‐class philanthropists and...
Sodium-dependent co-transported analogues of glucose stimulate ornithine decarboxylase mRNA expression in LLC-PK1 cells

Non-metabolizable analogues of glucose, including 1-O-methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside (alpha MDG), that are co-transported with Na+ increase the specific activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in LLC-PK1 cells [Lundgren and Vacca (1990) Am. J. Physiol. 259, C647-C653]. The present study examines the effect of alpha MDG on LLC-PK1-cell ODC mRNA expression. The relative concentration of ODC mRNA in cells incubated in Earle's balanced salts solution minus glucose (EBSS--G) plus 3 mM alpha MDG was 5-6-fold higher than the concentration of ODC mRNA in cells incubated in either EBSS--G alone or in EBSS--G plus 3 mM 3-O-methyl-D-glucopyranose, a non-metabolizable analogue of glucose that is taken up by a passive carrier-mediated glucose transporter. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide completely blocked the increase in ODC activity induced by alpha MDG. Actinomycin D was also a potent inhibitor of ODC mRNA expression by alpha MDG. Cycloheximide had very little effect on the ability of this sugar to increase ODC mRNA. The relative concentration of ODC mRNA increased as a function of the incubation time in EBSS--G plus alpha MDG. The amount of ODC mRNA also increased as a function of the concentration of alpha MDG in EBSS--G. The addition of phlorizin (100 microM) to EBSS--G prevented alpha MDG from increasing ODC mRNA in LLC-PK1 cells. Phlorizin did not prevent phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) from enhancing LLC-PK1-cell ODC mRNA expression. The positive effect of both alpha MDG and TPA on ODC mRNA expression was suppressed when cells were incubated in hypertonic EBSS--G. From these results it is suggested that the uptake of Na(+)-dependent cotransported sugars increase ODC activity by enhancing ODC gene transcription and that this process may be dependent on cell volume expansion.
Lack of a direct role for macrosialin in oxidized LDL metabolism

Murine macrosialin (MS), a scavenger receptor family member, is a heavily glycosylated transmembrane protein expressed predominantly in macrophage late endosomes. MS is also found on the cell surface where it is suggested, on the basis of ligand blotting, to bind oxidized LDL (oxLDL). Here we report on the regulation of MS by an atherogenic high-fat diet and oxLDL, and on the inability of MS in transfected cells to bind oxLDL. MS expression was markedly increased in the livers of atherosclerosis-susceptible C57BL/6 and atherosclerosis-resistant C3H/HeJ mice fed an atherogenic high-fat diet. In resident-mouse peritoneal macrophages, treatment with oxLDL upregulated MS mRNA and protein expression 1.5- to 3-fold. MS, overexpressed in COS-7 cells through adenovirus mediated gene transfer, bound oxLDL by ligand blotting. However, no binding of oxLDL to MS was observed in intact transfected COS-7 and Chinese hamster ovary cells, despite significant cell surface expression of MS. Furthermore, inhibition of MS through gene silencing did not affect the binding of oxLDL to macrophages. We conclude that although MS expression in macrophages and Kupffer cells is responsive to a proatherogenic inflammatory diet and to oxLDL, MS does not function as an oxLDL receptor on the cell surface.
A validation study of three indexes of orthodontic treatment need in the United States

The purpose of this study was to compare the reliability and validity of three occlusal indexes of orthodontic treatment need in predicting the opinion of treatment need of a panel of 18 orthodontists. A set of 160 study casts representing all types of malocclusion was used. The casts were scored with the following occlusal indexes: the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), the Handicapping Labio-Lingual Deviations index (HLD), and the Handicapping Malocclusion Assessment Record (HMAR modified). The diagnostic accuracy or validity of each index was calculated using the mean opinion of the orthodontic raters as a "gold standard". Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were plotted for each index. The overall diagnostic accuracy, as determined by percent area under the curve, was similar for each index: IOTN 98.6%; HLD 96.1%; HMAR 96.6%. The score optimizing the sensitivity and specificity relationship for each index was as follows: IOTN (dental health component) 4; HLD 13; HMAR 12. These results indicate that the three occlusal indexes provided valuable information for determining orthodontic treatment need.
Renal Atrophy Secondary to Chemoradiotherapy of Abdominal Malignancies

Purpose To identify factors predictive of renal atrophy after chemoradiotherapy of gastrointestinal malignancies. Methods and Materials Patients who received chemotherapy and abdominal radiotherapy (RT) between 2002 and 2008 were identified for this study evaluating change in kidney size and function after RT. Imaging and biochemical data were obtained before and after RT in 6-month intervals. Kidney size was defined by craniocaudal measurement on CT images. The primarily irradiated kidney (PK) was defined as the kidney that received the greater mean kidney dose. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to predict risk for renal atrophy. Results Of 130 patients, median age was 64 years, and 51.5% were male. Most primary disease sites were pancreas and periampullary tumors (77.7%). Median follow-up was 9.4 months. Creatinine clearance declined 20.89%, and size of the PK decreased 4.67% 1 year after completion of chemoradiation. Compensatory hypertrophy of the non-PK was not seen. Percentage volumes of the PK receiving ≥10 Gy (V 10 ), 15 Gy (V 15 ), and 20 Gy (V 20 ) were significantly associated with renal atrophy 1 year after RT ( p = 0.0030, 0.0029, and 0.0028, respectively). Areas under the ROC curves for V 10 , V 15 , and V 20 to predict >5% decrease in PK size were 0.760, 0.760, and 0.762, respectively. Conclusions Significant detriments in PK size and renal function were seen after abdominal RT. The V 10 , V 15 , and V 20 were predictive of risk for PK atrophy 1 year after RT. Analyses suggest the association of lower-dose renal irradiation with subsequent development of renal atrophy.
Manipulating nature's sugar biosynthetic machineries for glycodiversification of macrolides : Recent advances and future prospects

Changing the sugar structures and glycosylation patterns of natural products is an effective means of altering the biological activity of clinically useful drugs. Several recent strategies have provided researchers with the opportunity to manipulate sugar structures and to change the sugar moieties attached to these natural products via a biosynthetic approach. In this review, we explore the utility of contemporary in vivo and in vitro methods to achieve natural product glycodiversification. This study will focus on recent progress from our labo- ratory in elucidating the biosynthesis of D-desosamine, a deoxysugar component of many macrolide antibiotics, and will highlight how we have engineered the D-desosamine biosyn- thetic pathway in Streptomyces venezuelae through targeted disruption and heterologous ex- pression of the sugar biosynthetic genes to generate a variety of new glycoforms. The in vitro exploitation of the substrate flexibility of the endogenous D-desosamine glycosyltransferase (GT) to generate many non-natural glycoforms will also be discussed. These experiments are compared with recent work from other research groups on the same topics. Finally, the sig- nificance of these studies for the future prospects of natural product glycodiversification is discussed.
Estimating Effect Sizes From Pretest-Posttest-Control Group Designs:

Previous research has recommended several measures of effect size for studies with repeated measurements in both treatment and control groups. Three alternate effect size estimates were compared in...
Decomposing inequality and obtaining marginal effects

This article describes a user-written command, descogini, that decomposes the Gini coefficient by income source and allows the calculation of the impact that a marginal change in a particular income source will have on inequality. descogini can be used with bootstrap to obtain standard errors and confidence intervals. Copyright 2006 by StataCorp LP.
Modeling the output power of PV farms for power system adequacy assessment

This paper presents a method to model the expected output power of PV systems and to evaluate their effect on power system reliability. Grid level PV systems are usually constructed from a large number of electronic components and converters. Modeling of these systems in power system reliability is a complex task due to the dependency of the output power on an intermittent source (solar) and the availability of a large number of system components. An analytical method to construct a capacity outage probability table (COPT) that captures both the intermittency of the input source and component failures was proposed to model PV systems in power system adequacy assessment. The intermittency of the input source and component availabilities were modeled separately and then convolved to construct a single COPT. The resulted COPT can be viewed as a single PV system with multi-derated states. System reliability indices were evaluated using discrete convolution method. Monte Carlo simulation was used to validate the results of the proposed method. The proposed method was implemented on the IEEE-RTS and Roy Billinton test system (RBTS) with a wind farm of 30 MW. The obtained results were very close to those obtained using Monte Carlo simulation with less computation effort.
Group theory, nuclear spin statistics and tunneling splittings of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene

Abstract The symmetry group of the non-rigid 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) is constructed for the internal rotations of the nitro groups that exhibit low rotation barriers of 5 kcal/mole. The permutation group has 48 operations characterized by the wreath product S 3 [S 2 ]. The nuclear spin statistical weights for TATB with 17 O, 14 N and 1 H species are computed and the tunneling splitting patterns of the rotational and rovibronic levels of TATB are constructed for the first time. It is shown that the ground rovibronic state of TATB is split into A 1 , A 3 , T 1 and T 3 levels.
Northward intensification of anthropogenically forced changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC)

[1] Extensive modeling studies show that changes in the anthropogenic forcing due to increasing greenhouse gases might lead to a slowdown of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in the 21st century, but the AMOC weakening estimated in most previous modeling studies is in depth space. Using a coupled ocean atmosphere model (GFDL CM2.1), this paper shows that in density space, the anthropogenically forced AMOC changes over the 21st century are intensified at northern high latitudes (nearly twice of those at lower latitudes) due to changes in the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation. In contrast, anthropogenically forced AMOC changes are much smaller in depth space at the same northern high latitudes. Hence projecting AMOC changes in depth space would lead to a significant underestimation of AMOC changes associated with changes in the NADW formation. The result suggests that monitoring AMOC changes at northern high latitudes in density space might reveal much larger signals than those at lower latitudes. The simulated AMOC changes in density space under anthropogenic forcing can not be distinguished from that induced by natural AMOC variability for at least the first 20 years of the 21st century, although the signal can be detected over a much longer period. Citation: Zhang, R. (2010), Northward intensification of anthropogenically forced changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L24603, doi:10.1029/2010GL045054.
Dendrochronology of two butternut (Juglans cinerea) populations in the southeastern United States

Abstract Butternut (Juglans cinerea) has been an important component of eastern hardwood forests in North America since the last ice-age, but an exotic fungal pathogen (Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum) has been devastating the species throughout its native range since the late 1960s. Restoration strategies have not been widely adopted in the southern part of the species’ range, in part due to lack of information on disease and stand dynamics in the region. We initiated a study in 2004 to determine the feasibility of using butternut in tree ring analysis and to determine effects of climate and competition on growth and mortality of butternut trees. We studied the tree ring characteristics and population dynamics of butternut populations in southwestern Virginia and in central Tennessee. Butternuts in both populations were found to be relatively sensitive to annual variation of climate, particularly Palmer Drought Severity Indices, and had easily distinguishable tree ring boundaries. Overstory tree competition appeared to be accelerating butternut decline in a stand originating from a clearcut, while old-field succession was benefiting a butternut population in another stand. Our results indicate that potential exists to use dendrochronology as a tool in understanding the dynamics between butternut canker disease, exogenous factors (climate, disturbance), and endogenous factors (tree age, genetics) that will affect butternut population restoration efforts. These results should be tested in other parts of the species’ range.
Exposing a β-Lactamase “Twist”: the Mechanistic Basis for the High Level of Ceftazidime Resistance in the C69F Variant of the Burkholderia pseudomallei PenI β-Lactamase

Around the world, Burkholderia spp. are emerging as pathogens highly resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, especially ceftazidime. Clinical variants of Burkholderia pseudomallei possessing the class A β-lactamase PenI with substitutions at positions C69 and P167 are known to demonstrate ceftazidime resistance. However, the biochemical basis for ceftazidime resistance in class A β-lactamases in B. pseudomallei is largely undefined. Here, we performed site saturation mutagenesis of the C69 position and investigated the kinetic properties of the C69F variant of PenI from B. pseudomallei that results in a high level of ceftazidime resistance (2 to 64 mg/liter) when expressed in Escherichia coli. Surprisingly, quantitative immunoblotting showed that the steady-state protein levels of the C69F variant β-lactamase were ∼4-fold lower than those of wild-type PenI (0.76 fg of protein/cell versus 4.1 fg of protein/cell, respectively). However, growth in the presence of ceftazidime increases the relative amount of the C69F variant to greater than wild-type PenI levels. The C69F variant exhibits a branched kinetic mechanism for ceftazidime hydrolysis, suggesting there are two different conformations of the enzyme. When incubated with an anti-PenI antibody, one conformation of the C69F variant rapidly hydrolyzes ceftazidime and most likely contributes to the higher levels of ceftazidime resistance observed in cell-based assays. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the electrostatic characteristics of the oxyanion hole are altered in the C69F variant. When ceftazidime was positioned in the active site, the C69F variant is predicted to form a greater number of hydrogen-bonding interactions than PenI with ceftazidime. In conclusion, we propose "a new twist" for enhanced ceftazidime resistance mediated by the C69F variant of the PenI β-lactamase based on conformational changes in the C69F variant. Our findings explain the biochemical basis of ceftazidime resistance in B. pseudomallei, a pathogen of considerable importance, and suggest that the full repertoire of conformational states of a β-lactamase profoundly affects β-lactam resistance.
Boulez’s Creative Analysis: An Arcane Compositional Strategy in the Light of Mathematical Music Theory

We investigate part I of the famous composition Structures pour deux pianos by Pierre Boulez with regard to their mathematical construction principles and interpret the analytical results in order to obtain computational schemes for generalized compositions following Boulez’s approach and also in the lines of Boulez’s principle of creative analysis. These generalized schemes are then implemented in rubettes of the software Rubato and yield corresponding compositions. Our analysis confirms the visionary force of Boulez’s innovation in that his matrix methods for part I turn out to be in complete congruence with the category-theoretical situation created by generally addressed points in the spirit of the Yoneda lemma and then systematically used by Alexander Grothendieck.
Third-Year Evaluation of Host-Targeted Permethrin for the Control of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in Southeastern Connecticut

The impact of commercially available permethrin-treated cotton balls targeted at Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin on white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, was evaluated for a third year at five residential sites in south-central Connecticut. Each site had been treated twice each year from 1989 through 1991 with sufficient product to treat 0.4 ha of mouse habitat, and results were compared with five untreated sites. There were no significant differences in the number of host-seeking nymphs or adults of I. dammini, the vector of the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, in 1991 between the treated and untreated sites. The rate of infection in host-seeking nymphs by B. burgdorferi at the treated sites (15.3% of 600) was comparable with that at the untreated sites (16.5% of 454). Only 16.3% of 86 P. leucopus captured at the treated sites were infested with I. dammini subadults compared with 66.9% of 118 from the mice at the untreated sites. The impact of permethrin-treated cotton during the third year of treatment was similar to that observed for the first 2 yr and did not reduce the risk of exposure to spirochete-infected, host-seeking nymphs and adults of I. dammini.
Coherent Vibrational Oscillations of Hollow Gold Nanospheres

Ultrafast pump−probe spectroscopy was used to characterize coherent vibrational oscillations of hollow gold nanospheres (HGNs) composed of a polycrystalline Au shell and a hollow, solvent-filled interior. Different HGN samples show heavily damped radial breathing mode oscillations with a period ranging from 28 ± 2 to 33 ± 3 ps. We theoretically modeled the oscillation period of HGNs while varying both the shell thicknesses and particle radii. Creation of a hollow cavity was predicted to increase the oscillation period relative to solid gold nanoparticles, and this result was verified experimentally. Our theoretical predictions of oscillation period are significantly lower than the experimental measurements. We propose that this difference is due to the polycrystalline nature of HGNs that softens the vibration of the lattice compared with a single-crystalline shell. We compare our system to solid Au nanoparticles and Au nanoparticle aggregates and find a general trend of longer oscillation period with incr...
Developing a cardiomyocyte proliferation probe utilizing non-degradable CKAP2.

Currently, one of the biggest controversies in the field of cardiac regenerative medicine revolves around the ability of cardiomyocytes to proliferate. In contrast to the long-held hypothesis that the heart is a terminally differentiated, post-mitotic organ, some studies have suggested that the heart is capable of undergoing limited regeneration following injury. Others have reported induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation following various treatments, mostly in vitro. Conventional tools such as BrdU labeling fail to distinguish between mitotic events and other phenomena such as endoreduplication or poly-nucleation, thus making it difficult to assess cardiomyocyte proliferation. The present study presents a novel and innovative way to unambiguously study cardiomyocyte proliferation by use of a cell division probe to identify cells that undergo mitosis. The system utilizes a mutant form of the mitotic regulator cytoskeleton-associated protein 2 (CKAP2). CKAP2 remains cytoplasmic during interphase, but translocates to the nucleus following mitotic cell division. Usually, wild-type CKAP2 is degraded via the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway following translocation to the nucleus; however, by mutation of a destruction motif, the protein persists in the daughter nuclei following cell division. Thus, this non-degradable mu-