cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innovation and Industry Evolution

The theoretical literature on innovation has been concerned with a single innovation produced by a number of identical agents. By contrast, we consider a market in which one firm is the current incumbent, while the remaining firms are challengers. Moreover, we consider a sequence of innovations, so that success does not imply that the successful firm reaps monopoly profits forever after, but only until the next, better innovation is developed. We begin with a fully optimizing behavioral model and derive the equivalent of the Schumpeterian “process of creative destruction.” That is, a firm enjoys temporary monopoly power but is soon overthrown by a more inventive challenger. The essential point to grasp is that in dealing with capitalism we are dealing with an evolutionary process…The fundamental impulse that sets and keeps the capitalist engine in motion comes from the new consumers' goods, the new methods of production or transportation, the new markets, the new forms of industrial organization that capitalist enterprise creates [Schumpeter, 1942, pp. 82–83].
Regulation of mucosal immune responses by recombinant interleukin 10 produced by intestinal epithelial cells in mice.

Abstract Background & Aims: Interleukin (IL)-10 is a cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of a site-specific delivery of IL-10 on intestinal immune responses. Methods: Transgenic mice were created in which IL-10 is expressed by the intestinal epithelial cells. Results: Transgenic mice showed a marked increase in the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the small intestine. Mucosal lymphocytes of transgenic animals produced fewer T helper type 1 cytokines than wild-type lymphocytes. By contrast, the production of transforming growth factor β was increased. Moreover, the epithelial layer in transgenic mice was significantly enriched for CD4 + CD25 + T cells. Furthermore, transgenic mice had increased numbers of immunoglobulin A–producing B cells in the small intestine. These effects were local because splenic lymphocytes were not affected. Studies in models of inflammatory bowel disease showed that transgenic IL-10 was able to attenuate the acute colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate administration or by adoptive transfer of CD4 + CD45RB high splenocytes, with a modest effect on the chronic intestinal inflammation arising spontaneously in IL-10 −/− mice. Conclusions: These observations provide evidence for an in vivo lymphoepithelial cross talk, by which cytokines locally produced by epithelial cells can regulate immune responses in the intestine without systemic modifications. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;122:1829-1841
Cooperativity and Hydrogen Bonding Network in Water Clusters

Abstract Clusters of water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonding networks. These networks are differentiated by the participation of the individual water molecules in the hydrogen bonds either as proton donors (d), proton acceptors (a) or their combinations. It has long been assumed that the stability of clusters is determined by the dominant two-body interactions between the water molecules. We have found that homodromic hydrogen bonding networks, i.e. those exhibiting donor–acceptor (da) arrangements between all water molecules, are associated with the largest non-additivities among other networks present in low lying minima of small water clusters. This finding offers a novel explanation for the stability of homodromic rings that are the global minima for the clusters trimer through pentamer. Among the non-additive terms, three-body terms are mainly responsible for determining the relative stabilities between the various trimer through pentamer isomers. This suggests that purely two-body pairwise additive potentials will result in errors exceeding 20% for clusters larger than the pentamer. Among all higher order components, the three-body term was found to be the most important.
Hippocampal-dependent Pavlovian conditioning in adult rats exposed to binge-like doses of ethanol as neonates.

Abstract Binge-like postnatal ethanol exposure produces significant damage throughout the brain in rats, including the cerebellum and hippocampus. In the current study, cue- and context-mediated Pavlovian conditioning were assessed in adult rats exposed to moderately low (3E; 3 g/kg/day) or high (5E; 5 g/kg/day) doses of ethanol across postnatal days 4–9. Ethanol-exposed and control groups were presented with 8 sessions of trace eyeblink conditioning followed by another 8 sessions of delay eyeblink conditioning, with an altered context presented over the last two sessions. Both forms of conditioning rely on the brainstem and cerebellum, while the more difficult trace conditioning also requires the hippocampus. The hippocampus is also needed to gate or modulate expression of the eyeblink conditioned response (CR) based on contextual cues. Results indicate that the ethanol-exposed rats were not significantly impaired in trace EBC relative to control subjects. In terms of CR topography, peak amplitude was significantly reduced by both doses of alcohol, whereas onset latency but not peak latency was significantly lengthened in the 5E rats across the latter half of delay EBC in the original training context. Neither dosage resulted in significant impairment in the contextual gating of the behavioral response, as revealed by similar decreases in CR production across all four treatment groups following introduction of the novel context. Results suggest ethanol-induced brainstem-cerebellar damage can account for the present results, independent of the putative disruption in hippocampal development and function proposed to occur following postnatal ethanol exposure.
Direct and Indirect Abortion in the Roman Catholic Tradition: A Review of the Phoenix Case

In Roman Catholic Moral Theology, a direct abortion is never permitted. An indirect abortion, in which a life threatening pathology is treated, and the treatment inadvertently leads to the death of the fetus, may be permissible in proportionately grave situations. In situations in which a mother’s life is endangered by the pregnancy before the fetus is viable, there is some debate about whether the termination of the pregnancy is a direct or indirect abortion. In this essay a recent case from a Roman Catholic sponsored hospital in Phoenix is reviewed along with the justifications for and arguments against viewing the pregnancy termination as an indirect abortion. After review of several arguments on both sides of the debate, it is concluded that termination of the pregnancy itself as the means of saving the mother cannot be considered an indirect abortion and that the principle of “double effect” does not justify the termination. In addition, the importance of a breakdown in communication between the local bishop and the administration of the hospital is shown to have contributed to the ultimate loss of Catholic sponsorship of the hospital.
Boundary Negotiating Artifacts: Unbinding the Routine of Boundary Objects and Embracing Chaos in Collaborative Work

Empirical studies of material artifacts in practice continue to be a rich source of theoretical concepts for CSCW. This paper explores the foundational concept of boundary objects and questions the conception that all objects that move between communities of practice are boundary objects. This research presents the results of a year-long ethnographic study of collaborative work, specifically the multidisciplinary collaborative design of a museum exhibition. I suggest that artifacts can serve to establish and destabilize protocols themselves and that artifacts can be used to push boundaries rather than merely sailing across them. Artifacts used for collaboration do not necessarily exist within a web of standardized processes and disorderly processes should not be treated as "special cases".
Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase: the molecular basis for a concerted allosteric transition

Abstract Aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli has become a model system for the study of both homotropic and heterotropic interactions in proteins. Analysis of the X-ray structures of the enzyme in the absence and presence of substrates and substrate analogs has revealed sets of interactions that appear to stabilize either the ‘T' of the ‘R' states of the enzyme. Site-specific mutagenesis has been used to test which of these interactions are functionally important. By combining the structural data from X-ray crystallography, and the functional data from site-specific mutagenesis a model is proposed for homotropic cooperativity in aspartate transcarbamoylase that suggests that the allosteric transition occurs in a concerted fashion.
Developing a Systematic Decision-Making Framework: Bureaucratic Politics in Perspective

The bureaucratic politics model has achieved great popularity in the study of decision making. Yet too often the term “bureaucratic politics” is used by scholars and practitioners without clearly stating its policy application. The decision-making behavior that occurred during the Johnson and Nixon administrations for SALT I serves to illustrate many of the limits of the model. First, the decision-making structure posited by the bureaucratic politics model is not nearly as prevalent within the executive branch as is commonly assumed. Second, even where the bureaucratic politics structure is present, the decision-making process is not always one of bargaining, compromise, and consensus. Finally, the decision context and the decision participants are ignored in the model. To provide a clearer understanding of policy-making behavior, a more systematic decision-making framework is offered, which should contribute to the development of better model- and theory-building.
An acquisition and analysis system for on-line experiments on the neurophysiology of learning

An integrated hardware and software system is used in studying neural correlates of learning. The hardware system is designed to maximize experimental flexibility, while the software system is designed to maximize computer speed for data acquisition and programmer efficiency for data analysis.
Potential benefits of a serodiagnostic test for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to prevent neonatal HSV-1 infection

BackgroundChanges in sexual practices have led to an increase in the incidence of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections. Such infections affect an estimated 400 newborns each year, with serious consequences.GoalTo evaluate the use of a serodiagnostic test for HSV-1 to be used by pre
Remembering History in Sociocultural Research

The essays in this issue of Human Development add to the growing body of contemporary research which seeks a systematic way to take into account the role of culture in constituting human development. Wertsch and Hatano provide a brief overview of a family of such approaches they identify as ‘sociocultural’ and identify several characteristics that sociocultural approaches share, in varying degrees: (1) A belief that ‘human cognitive competence in daily life is heavily dependent on continuous interaction with other people and with ‘‘mediational means’’, or ‘‘cultural tools’’.’ (2) The importance of participation in culturally shaped social practices as the proximal environment of development. (3) The influence of ‘larger contexts, both at community and global levels’ which affect ‘the micro-environment in which individual learning is observed’. Proper consideration of these, and related, precepts, is needed, the editors argue, in order to overcome several shortcomings of approaches which consider human thought to be a process of symbol manipulation internal to individuals. Chief among the shortcomings listed by the editors is the ‘largely acultural and ahistorical’ nature of developmental research, a consequent overemphasis on the universal nature of mind, and a closely associated tendency to interpret manifestations of thinking in Western society as the true indicator of that universal nature. Since I am on record in support of all of the editors’ ideas, and cited by the various authors for contributions I have made in support of their goals, I cannot very well turn around and declare a sudden conversion to cartesian dualism, the virtues of culture-free psychological tests, or the timelessness of human nature. Moreover, I enjoyed reading, and learned from, each of the contributions Wertsch and Hatano gathered here. I can, however, highlight certain issues raised by what is, and is not, presented in the accompanying articles, as a stimulus to further thought about the role of culture in processes of development.
Swedish Ethnicity and Labor Socialism in the Work of Nils F:son Brown, 1919–1928

(1997). Swedish Ethnicity and Labor Socialism in the Work of Nils F:son Brown, 1919–1928. The Historian: Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 759-775.
Boundary element modeling of quantum structures

Remarkably few applications of boundary element techniques to the solution of Schroedinger's equation have been reported. However, use of boundary elements can reduce the dimensionality by one, and the increased computational efficiencies enable one to compute eigenstates and eigenvalues of 3D quantum dots on desktop PCs. In this work, we introduce the boundary element technique and describe the single band quantum mechanical properties of various quantum dot and quantum wire configurations. The observed behavior of coupled quantum structures results in the equivalent of molecular bonding and antibonding states. Extensions of the method are developed with a numerical perturbation technique for spatially varying potentials, such as the influence of an electric field on quantum wires. Excellent agreement with an exact solution for a quantum wire is reported.
Change in Smoking, Diet, and Walking for Exercise in Blacks

Positive changes in one health behavior may be accompanied by other constructive health behavior changes. Thus, the authors investigated the association of smoking reduction and cessation to changes in fruit and vegetable (FV) intake and engaging in walking for exercise. This study included 539 Black light smokers (≤10 cigarettes per day ≥25 days/month) enrolled in a 2 × 2 factorial study (placebo vs. nicotine gum, health education vs. motivational interviewing). Reducing cigarette consumption (p = .02) and quitting smoking (p < .01), as well as receiving the nicotine gum (p = .04), was associated with increased FV intake, after controlling for baseline FV intake. Compared with those who did not reduce their smoking, both reducers (p < .001) and quitters (p < .001) were more likely to walk for exercise at follow-up, after controlling for baseline walking status (p = .01). Thus, addressing one health risk behavior may prompt other positive health behaviors, which may argue for developing interventions targeting multiple health risk behaviors.
REPEATED MEASUREMENTS OF FORGETTING BY RHESUS MONKEYS (MAC AC A MULATTA)

Sunma7y.-Forgetting of spatial information was studied three times (1968, 1972, and 1980) in three feral-born rhesus monkeys (Mucaca Mulatta) acquired in 1952 at the approximate age of 2 yr. and in three rhesus monkeys born in the laboratory between 1956 and 1958. Memory was evaluated by illuminating one cell at a time in a 4 X 4 matrix, varying the interval between the time the mcnkey saw the stimulus and being allowed to respond to it. Considerable practice was given on this task between the 1968 and 1972 studies. No further practice occurred between 1973 and 1980. Forgetting occurred over brief intervals of time ( 0 to 18 sec.) for all subjects and persisted in spite of considerable changes in the level of performance.
Dynamics of mussel plaque detachment

Mussels are well known for their ability to generate and maintain strong, long-lasting adhesive bonds under hostile conditions. Many prior studies attribute their adhesive strength to the strong chemical interactions between the holdfast and substrate. While chemical interactions are certainly important, adhesive performance is also determined by contact geometry, and understanding the coupling between chemical interactions and the plaque shape and mechanical properties is essential in deploying bioinspired strategies when engineering improved adhesives. To investigate how the shape and mechanical properties of the mussel's plaque contribute to its adhesive performance, we use a custom built load frame capable of fully characterizing the dynamics of the detachment. With this, we can pull on samples along any orientation, while at the same time measuring the resulting force and imaging the bulk deformations of the plaque as well as the holdfast-substrate interface where debonding occurs. We find that the force-induced yielding of the mussel plaque improves the bond strength by two orders of magnitude and that the holdfast shape improves bond strength by an additional order of magnitude as compared to other simple geometries. These results demonstrate that optimizing the contact geometry can play as important a role on adhesive performance as optimizing the chemical interactions as observed in other organisms and model systems.
Design and analysis of sponsored search mechanisms

Auctions have become the standard way of allocating resources in electronic markets. Two main reasons why designing auctions is hard are the need to cope with strategic behavior of the agents, who will constantly adjust their bids seeking more items at lower prices, and the fact that the environment is highly dynamic and uncertain. Many market designs which became de-facto industrial standards allow strategic manipulation by the agents, but nevertheless display good behavior in practice. In this thesis, we analyze why such designs turned out to be so successful despite strategic behavior and environment uncertainty. Our goal is to learn from this analysis and to use the lessons learned to design new auction mechanisms, as well as fine-tune the existing ones. We illustrate this research line through the analysis and design of Ad Auctions mechanisms. We do so by studying the equilibrium behavior of a game induced by Ad Auctions, and show that all equilibria have good welfare and revenue properties. Next, we present new Ad Auction designs that take into account richer features such as budgets, multiple keywords, heterogeneous slots and online supply.
Disubstituted sialic acid ligands targeting siglecs CD33 and CD22 associated with myeloid leukaemias and B cell lymphomas

The siglec family of sialic acid-binding proteins are endocytic immune cell receptors that are recognized as potential targets for cell directed therapies. CD33 and CD22 are prototypical members and are validated candidates for targeting acute myeloid leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas due to their restricted expression on myeloid cells and B-cells, respectively. While nanoparticles decorated with high affinity siglec ligands represent an attractive platform for delivery of therapeutic agents to these cells, a lack of ligands with suitable affinity and/or selectivity has hampered progress. Herein we describe selective ligands for both of these siglecs, which when displayed on liposomal nanoparticles, can efficiently target the cells expressing them in peripheral human blood. Key to their identification was the development of a facile method for chemo-enzymatic synthesis of disubstituted sialic acid analogues, combined with iterative rounds of synthesis and rapid functional analysis using glycan microarrays.
Automatic facial expression recognition for intelligent tutoring systems

This project explores the idea of facial expression for automated feedback in teaching. We show how automatic realtime facial expression recognition can be effectively used to estimate the difficulty level, as perceived by an individual student, of a delivered lecture. We also show that facial expression is predictive of an individual studentpsilas preferred rate of curriculum presentation at each moment in time. On a video lecture viewing task, training on less than two minutes of recorded facial expression data and testing on a separate validation set, our system predicted the subjectspsila self-reported difficulty scores with mean accuracy of 0:42 (Pearson R) and their preferred viewing speeds with mean accuracy of 0:29. Our techniques are fully automatic and have potential applications for both intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) and standard classroom environments.
Perioperative Management of Bariatric Surgery in a Patient with Transposition of the Great Arteries Following an Atrial Level Switch

Introduction: Patients with palliated congenital heart disease may present later in life for major, non-cardiac surgical procedures. Although alternative surgical techniques are now available for the treatment of the transposition of the great arteries (TGA), an atrial level baffle (Mustard or Senning procedure) was previously performed. Long-term adverse effects of the atrial level switch include myocardial dysfunction, rhythm disturbances requiring pacemaker placement, pulmonary hypertension and baffle obstruction. Case report: We present a 23-year-old woman, who had undergone an atrial level switch during infancy for palliation of TGA and now presents for laparoscopic vertical sleeve gastrectomy for the treatment of obesity. Conclusions: The long term end-organ effects of an atrial level switch for TGA are reviewed and the perioperative of these patients is discussed.
Phase diagram of the half-filled one-dimensional t - V - V ′ model

Department of Physics, Georgetown University, Washington DC, 20057(Dated: August 12, 2011)We study the phase diagram of spinless fermions with nearest and next-nearest-neighbor inter-actions in one dimension utilizing the (ﬁnite-size) density-matrix renormalization group (DMRG)method. The competition between nearest and next-nearest-neighbor interactions and nearest-neighbor hopping generates four phases in this model: two charge-density-wave insulators, a Lut-tinger liquid phase, and a bond-order phase. We use ﬁnite-size scaling of the gap and variousstructure factors to determine the phase diagram.
Capsule Separation by Linear Induction Motor in Pneumatic Capsule Pipeline Freight Transport System

In order to advance the state-of-the-art in pneumatic capsule pipeline (PCP) underground freight transportation science, this paper examines the problem of separating capsules that may naturally form into trains as they travel through the pipeline. Such separation of capsules is necessary when the capsule trains approach branching points in the system. The analysis is performed for the simplified case of a train consisting of two capsules in a typical 1.0 -m2 cross section PCP. The capsules enter and traverse a multisegmented linear induction motor (MSLIM) that is to be used to separate them prior to reaching the branching point. Separation distances and times have to be large enough to allow a switching operation to be performed on the first capsule before the second capsule arrives at the switching point. Results of the analysis show how the first capsule will accelerate and how the second capsule will decelerate, thus causing separation. The results also show that reasonable capsule-separation distance...
Copolymerization parameters of acrolein and acidic vinyl monomers

Acrolein was copolymerized by radical initiation in aqueous solutions with sodium p-styrenesulfonate and acrylic acid, respectively, in the pH range of 3–7. The reactivities were shown to be pH-dependent. For the acrolein (M1)–sodium p-styrenesulfonate (M2) pair, r1 = 0.33 ± 0.15 and r2 = 0.32 ± 0.05 at pH 3; r1 = 0.23 ± 0.12 and r2 = 0.05 ± 0.03 at pH 5; r1 = 0.26 ± 0.03 and r2 = 0.025 ± 0.025 at pH 7. For the acrolein (M1)–acrylic acid (M2) pair, r1 = 0.50 ± 0.30 and r2 = 1.15 ± 0.2 at pH 3; r1 = 2.40 ± 0.50 and r2 = 0.05 ± 0.05 at pH 5; r1 = 6.70 ± 3.00 and r2 = 0.00 at pH 7. For acrolein, the new values of Q = 1.6 and e = 1.2 have been calculated. For sodium p-styrenesulfonate, the values Q = 0.76 and e = −0.26 at pH 3, Q = 0.51 and e = −0.87 at pH 5, Q = 0.39 and e = −1.00 at pH 7 were obtained; and for acrylic acid, the values Q = 1.27 and e = 0.50 at pH 3, Q = 0.11 and e = −0.22 at pH 5 were derived. The changes in reactivity are explained on the basis of inductive and resonance effects.
Stochastic decomposition method for modeling the scattered signal reflected of mucosal tissues.

The aim of this work is to draw the attention of the biopho- tonics community to a stochastic decomposition method SDM to potentially model 2-D scans of light scattering data from epithelium mucosa tissue. The emphasis in this work is on the proposed model and its theoretical pinning and foundation. Unlike previous works that analyze scattering signal at one spot as a function of wavelength or angle, our method statistically analyzes 2-D scans of light scattering data over an area. This allows for the extraction of texture parameters that correlate with changes in tissue morphology, and physical char- acteristics such as changes in absorption and scattering characteristics secondary to disease, information that could not be revealed other- wise. The method is tested on simulations, phantom data, and on a limited preliminary in-vitro animal experiment to track mucosal tissue inflammation over time, using the area Az under receiver operating characteristics ROC curve as a performance measure. Combination of all the features results in an Az value up to 1 for the simulated data, and Az0.927 for the phantom data. For the tissue data, the best performances for differentiation between pairs of various levels of in- flammation are 0.859, 0.983, and 0.999. © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical In-
CONSUMER CHOICE BETWEEN CHIROPRACTIC AND MEDICAL CARE: A MICROECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Chiropractors and their professional organizations have a number of di€ficult choices to make in the changing market for health care services. Different promotional strategies bear different risks, depending on (a) consumer attitudes about chiropractic and other varieties of health care, such as “medical care”; (b) future price trends for chiropractic and medical services; and (c) how budgeting for health care services changes, especially in the evolving managed care environment.
Evaluations of kinetic parameters and critical runaway conditions in the reaction system of hexamine-nitric acid to produce RDX in a non-isothermal batch reactor

Abstract In the production process of RDX from the reaction of hexamine and nitric acid, its reaction rate was evaluated and expressed as −r A =1.234×10 6 e −5671.062 T C NO C 1.28 A , where T is the reaction temperature, CA is the concentration of hexamine and CNO is the initial concentration of added nitric acid. The critical condition of runaway reaction for the RDX production in a batch reactor is φc=20.437−4.805/[1+exp(336.7β−15.65)]. Its heat transfer coefficient at critical runaway condition was also estimated and expressed as (hS/V)cr=(RqgACNOCnAO)/(Eβ2e1/βφC).
Kinetics of Phase Transformation in the TiO2-SnO2 System Outside the Coherent Spinodal: Role of Aliovalent Dopants

The kinetics of phase transformation in the TiO2-SnO2 system above the coherent spinodal is examined with small additions of Al and Ta as dopants. Al increased the rate of phase separation while Ta suppressed it. Precipitation in the undoped sample occurred by cellular mechanism while in the Al-doped sample it seems to have occurred by heterogeneous nucleation and growth mechanism at the grain boundaries of the original solid solution.
Hierarchical Lithography for Generating Molecular Testbeds

Progress in molecular optoelectronic sensor development requires the production of nanostructures, which control the orientation and presentation of individual molecular species. Indeed, the prospect of producing nanochips with several different molecular sensors surface mounted on a 100 nm × 100 nm chip is clearly realizable. In order to gain the greatest advantage from this miniaturization, ordering, in the form of indexed localization of these nanostructures, is also required. It is unlikely that any one lithographic method will prove satisfactory for pattern production at the multiple size scales currently targeted for sensor integration. This paper targets the context of the device prototype development laboratory, where direct write methods may not be available or optimal. Two different, accessible types of lithography, with overlapping ranges of resolution, are used to create the multiple size scale levels of patterning required for the generation of testbeds for single molecule studies. Digital optical projection lithography provides for fast prototyping and large scale indexing features from the macro scale to the ~5 ?m scale. The intermediate scale, from 10 ? m to 100 nm is addressed using phase-shift lithography. These combined techniques provide indexing at a resolution compatible with addressing individual molecular lithography structures, particularly DNA origami, which in turn can be used to localize species in the 100 to ~10 nm range.
A Festschrift honoring Norman M. Rich.

A Festschrift honoring forty years of government services, twenty-five years as Founding Chairman of the Department of Surgery at the F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland and the seventieth birthday of Norman M. Rich, MD, Facs, DMCC, was held on Friday 26 March, 2004 in conjuction with the 24th Annual USU Surgical Associates Day. This article describes that event and introduces the articles written in celebration of it. Open image in new window Figure 1 From a private collection. Open image in new window Figure 2 From a private collection.
Improving the outcome of childhood pulmonary arterial hypertension: the effect of bosentan in the setting of a dedicated pulmonary hypertension clinic.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension during childhood is a heterogeneous disease that appears to have a genetic basis, and mutations involving bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2, activin receptor-like kinase 1, endoglin, and transforming growth factor beta receptors have been documented ([1–4][1]).
Control of Enterotoxic Bacillus cereus on Poultry or Red Meats and in Beef Gravy by Gamma Irradiation.

The gamma-radiation resistance of five enterotoxic and one emetic isolate of Bacillus cereus vegetative cells and endospores was tested in mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM), ground turkey breast, ground beef round, ground pork loin and beef gravy. The D10 values for B. cereus ATCC 33018 were 0.184, 0.431 and 2.56 kGy for logarithmic-phase cells, stationary-phase cells, and endospores at 5°C on MDCM, respectively. Neither the presence nor absence of air during irradiation significantly affected radiation resistance of vegetative cells or endospores of B. cereus ATCC 33018 when present on MDCM. Irradiation temperature (-20 to +20°C) did affect the radiation resistance of stationary-phase vegetative cells and to a limited extent that of spores on MDCM. Impedance studies indicated that surviving vegetative cells were severely injured by radiation. A dose of 7.5 kGy at 5°C was required to eliminate a challenge of 4.6 × 103 B. cereus ATCC 33018 from temperature-abused MDCM (24 h at 30°C). The radiation resistance of a mixture of endospores of six strains to gamma radiation was 2.78 kGy in ground beef round, ground pork loin and beef gravy, but 1.91 kGy in turkey and MDCM. The results indicate that irradiation of meat or poultry can provide significant protection from vegetative cells but not from endospores of B. cereus .
Making Sense of Urban Gardens

The basic question guiding this article is what do people living in an underserved neighborhood in St. Louis, Missouri, think about the urban gardens that have sprouted up around them during the last ten years. The question arose because of the mixed success of a produce market that was meant to target the nutritional needs of this African American community. Based on interviews conducted at two garden sites created by the nonprofit HopeBUILD, the author found that the community members valued the gardens less for the nutrition they offered than for the values and sense of heritage they conveyed. The ways they spoke about the gardens and produce resonated with old agrarian myths about the cultural importance of working the land to build a strong sense of character and independence. Many have relatives who took part in the Great Migration from the rural South in the early twentieth century. Although African Americans suffered devastating hardships from corrupt and racist tenant and farm policies, many held fast to the agrarian myth that to own a farm, or produce one’s own food, enabled self-determination and full rights of citizenship. These inner-city African Americans, therefore, stake claim to one of the longest-lasting and most potent symbols of American national identity—the American farmer. The symbol of the farmer is as relevant in urban lots as it is in the countryside. The point is that healthy food and nutritious food are not necessarily the same thing. Healthy foods are ones that sustain cultures, not just bodies.
Investigating New Product Diffusion Speed: A Semiparametric Approach

Global marketing managers are interested in understanding the speed of the new product diffusion process and how the speed has changed in our ever more technologically advanced and global marketplace. Understanding the process allows firms to forecast the expected rate of return on their new products and develop effective marketing strategies. The most recent major study on this topic (Van den Bulte, 2000) investigated new product diffusions in the United States. We expand upon that study in three important ways. (1) Van den Bulte notes that a similar study is needed in the international context, especially in developing countries. Our study covers four new product diffusions across 31 developed and developing nations from 1980-2004. Our sample accounts for about 80% of the global economic output and 60% of the global population allowing us to examine more general phenomena. (2) His model contains the implicit assumption that the diffusion speed parameter is constant throughout the diffusion life cycle of a product. Recognizing the likely effects on the speed parameter of recent changes in the marketplace, we model the parameter as a semiparametric function allowing it the flexibility to change over time. (3) We perform a variable selection to determine that the number of internet users and the consumer price index are strongly associated with the speed of diffusion.
A comparison of prevaginal and postvaginal manipulation fetal fibronectin

Background Fetal fibronectin (fFN) is used as a biomarker for preterm delivery. Currently, its use is discouraged if there has been vaginal manipulation in the previous 24 hours. Objective Our objective is to determine if there are differences between fFN results before and after vaginal manipulation in the form of sterile vaginal exam or transvaginal ultrasound. Study Design This was a prospective observational cohort study at a single center of women between 22-33 6/7 weeks at risk for preterm delivery due to: (1) a history of preterm delivery, short cervix, or multifetal gestation; or (2) symptoms of preterm labor. We excluded women with vaginal bleeding or infection, placenta previa, ruptured membranes, cervical dilation >3 cm, or any form of vaginal manipulation in the previous 24 hours. Specimen A was collected prior to planned vaginal exam or transvaginal ultrasound and specimen B was collected within 4 hours. The agreement between specimens A and B was assessed using descriptive statistics. Test characteristics of specimens A and B using the outcome of preterm delivery ( Results In all, 310 specimen pairs from 237 women were collected. Specimen A was positive in 37 (12%) instances and negative in 273 (88%) while specimen B was positive in 39 (13%) and negative in 271 (87%). There were discordant results in 26 specimen pairs. Of these, 14 (5%) negative specimen A results subsequently became positive for specimen B, and 12 (32%) positive specimen A results became negative for specimen B. Overall, there was a 92% agreement between specimens A and B (confidence interval, 88–94%). The specificity of specimens A and B for preterm birth was 90% vs 89%, respectively, with a negative predictive value of 87% for both. The false-negative rate was 12.8% for specimen A and 13.3% for specimen B. Conclusion There is a moderately high degree of agreement between prevaginal and postvaginal manipulation fFN results. Their test characteristics for evaluating preterm birth are similar with strong specificity and negative predictive values, and their false-negative rates are not clinically different. Consideration should be made to the utilization of postvaginal manipulation fFN when a prevaginal manipulation specimen is not available.
Abstract 823: Genetic reduction of circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 inhibits obesity-promoted colon tumorigenesis in mice and alters microRNA expression

Obesity has been associated with increased colon cancer risk. Although the molecular pathways underlying the obesity-colon cancer link are unknown, obesity is associated with several metabolic alterations including the IGF-1 pathway. Also, high circulating levels of IGF-1 are associated with increased colon cancer risk. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression. There is little known about differential expression of miRs affecting the ability of obesity to promote cancer and IGF-19s potential role. We tested the hypothesis that obesity enhances colon tumorigenesis and inhibition of IGF-1 would attenuate this effect and alter miR expression. We utilized genetically altered mice with a deletion of the igf1 gene in the liver through a Cre/loxP system. These liver-specific IGF-1 deficient (LID) mice display a ∼70% reduction in circulating IGF-1 levels. Colon tumorigenesis was initiated in LID and wildtype mice with AOM, and mice were subsequently administered a high fat (45% kcal from fat) or control diet (10% kcal from fat). Obesity promoted tumorigenesis at 20 weeks among both LID (n=82) and wildtype mice (n=71). The obese LID mice had an average of 5.7 + 1.9 tumors per mouse, while the LID control mice had an average of 3.9 + 2.3 tumors per mouse (p=0.195). However, the obese wildtype mice had an average of 9.3 + 3.0 tumors per mouse, while the control wildtype mice had an average of 6.7 + 2.9 tumors per mouse (p=0.02). IGF-1 signaling activates several growth-related pathways, resulting in an increase in proliferation and a decrease in apoptosis. Therefore, we examined markers of proliferation and apoptosis in the tumors and normal epithelium of the LID and wildtype mice. We observed an increase in proliferation in tumors from both the LID and wildtype mice as measured by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry. However, there was a significant decrease in proliferation in the normal epithelium of the LID mice LID mice had a proliferative index of 21.3% + 4.2% while the wildtype mice had a proliferative index of 37.1% + 3.9 (p Based on a previous study of obesity-promoted colon carcinogenesis, expression levels of ten miRs were investigated through real time PCR. LID mice had increased expression of miR-138, miR-34c, let-7f, and miR-16. In addition, LID mice had a significant decrease in expression of miR-155 and miR-196, regardless of diet. This study supports the hypothesis that the IGF-1 pathway and specific microRNAs are involved in obesity-promoted colon tumorigenesis. Targeting the IGF-1 pathway and the associated microRNAs may be an effective strategy to prevent colon tumors associated with obesity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 823. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-823
Professor Pessen on the “Egalitarian Myth” *

Professor Pessen’s recent work on antebellum wealth holding and social structure has been devoted to deflating the “egalitarian myth.” On the basis of data gathered in an extensive study of the rich of four large northeastern cities in the antebellum period, Pessen concludes that the egalitarian hypothesis is not sustained. Wealth was unequally distributed and economic mobility was very limited, in the sense that the rich had rich forbears. Although the origins of great fortunes lay with entrepreneurial types, their descendents gradually withdrew from active business life, maintaining general oversight of wealth that grew almost automatically as the result of fortunate early investments, profitable marriages, and the advantages of membership in a small elite.
I. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW REGARDING NUCLEAR WEAPONS

This article examines a number of major developments in international law and State policy regarding nuclear weapons which have occurred over the past two years.However, in order to understand the context and significance of these developments, I must first very briefly address what has gone on previously in this area of international relations.I have argued elsewhere that over the course of the decade ending in 2008 the original balance of principles underlying the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), which comprises the cornerstone of the nuclear non-proliferation legal regime, has been distorted, particularly by nuclear-weapon-possessing governments, led by the United States, in favor of a disproportionate prioritization of non-proliferation principles, and an unwarranted under-prioritization of peaceful use and disarmament principles.1 I also argue that this distortion of principled balance by nuclear weapon states has resulted in a number of erroneous legal interpretations of the NPT's provisions.
Heritabilities and genetic correlations of body weight, testis growth and ewe lamb reproductive traits in crossbred sheep

Heritabilities (h2) and genetic correlations (rc) involving body weights, measures of testes size and ewe lamb reproduction were calculated using 953 spring-born lambs produced during formation of a three-breed composite population containing 0·50 Dorset, 0·25 Rambouillet and 0·25 Finnish Landrace breeding. The h2 of body weight ranged from 0·2 to 0·3 between 45 and 150 days of age, but increased to 0·41 at the start of breeding of ewe lambs at about 6 months of age. Additive maternal effects were not important, perhaps because intensive housing encouraged cross-suckling. Testes size was measured as scrotal circumference (SC), SC with linear adjustment for weight (SCW) and SC divided by the one-third power of body weight (RSC). The h2 of SC traits was highest at 90 days (0·52 for SC, 0·62 for RSC and 0·57 for SCW), and h2 for age at maximum SC growth rate (i.e. TI, the inflexion point of a logistic SC growth curve) was 0·49. The h2 of ewe lamb fertility in autumn was 0·09 but the h2 for frequency of remating the following spring was 0·41. The h2 for ewe lamb litter size in these data was zero. At 90 days, rc between alternative measures of testes size exceeded 0·86; rG with body weight were 0·67 for SC, 0·53 for RSC and –0·74 for TI. The rG with ewe lamb fertility for 90-day weight, SC, RSC and SCW and for TI were –0·25, 0·20, 0·25, 0·38 and –0·32, respectively. The rc for these traits with spring remating were 0·34, 0·34, 0·26, 0·10 and –0·48, respectively.
Selling & Sales Management in Action: Assessment Center Selection of Sales Representatives

(1987). Selling & Sales Management in Action: Assessment Center Selection of Sales Representatives. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 57-59.
Monaural Music Source Separation Using Convolutional Sparse Coding

We present a comprehensive performance study of a new time-domain approach for estimating the components of an observed monaural audio mixture. Unlike existing time-frequency approaches that use the product of a set of spectral templates and their corresponding activation patterns to approximate the spectrogram of the mixture, the proposed approach uses the sum of a set of convolutions of estimated activations with prelearned dictionary filters to approximate the audio mixture directly in the time domain. The approximation problem can be solved by an efficient convolutional sparse coding algorithm. The effectiveness of this approach for source separation of musical audio has been demonstrated in our prior work, but under rather restricted and controlled conditions, requiring the musical score of the mixture being informed a priori and little mismatch between the dictionary filters and the source signals. In this paper, we report an evaluation that considers wider, and more practical, experimental settings. This includes the use of an audio-based multipitch estimation algorithm to replace the musical score, and an external dataset of audio single notes to construct the dictionary filters. Our result shows that the proposed approach remains effective with a larger dictionary, and compares favorably with the state-of-the-art nonnegative matrix factorization approach. However, in the absence of the score and in the case of a small dictionary, our approach may not be better.
Molecular Structure of Aggregated Amyloid-β: Insights from Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides aggregate to form polymorphic amyloid fibrils and a variety of intermediate assemblies, including oligomers and protofibrils, both in vitro and in human brain tissue. Since the beginning of the 21st century, considerable progress has been made to characterize the molecular structures of Aβ aggregates. Full molecular structural models based primarily on data from measurements using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) have been developed for several in vitro Aβ fibrils and one metastable protofibril. Partial structural characterization of other aggregation intermediates has been achieved. One full structural model for fibrils derived from brain tissue has also been reported. Future work is likely to focus on additional structures from brain tissue and on further clarification of nonfibrillar Aβ aggregates.
System, Text, Difference

Mind, language, machine: three systems without positive substance that, copulating interactively, create the universe as it is known and manipulated by man. Each seems to have a ‘physical’ reality, and yet each is also — and more importantly — an ethereal network of relations: a mind, elaborated through its eerie space like a language, is not simply a brain (a neural structure, ‘wetware’); a language is not simply air in motion or ink on paper; a machine is not simply silicon-based circuitry (hardware). Each, like the signs that comprise language, has a particle/wave nature, has something of Jacques Derrida’s trace (‘trace’) about it: each ‘can be focussed either materially or conceptually,… both is and is not matter, and carries within itself a kind of necessary exteriority’.1 Each in its insubstantiality consists of software: differential relations, diacritical nodes. No stuff at all finally: just functionalist patterns of interrelation, maps without territory, wispy microtexts interwoven. Each is — or is coming to be understood as — the same kind of system. And yet there seems to be a divorce among them, an otherness of each to the others.