cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of biases in probability judgments on market prices

Abstract Experimental markets were used to examine whether individual probability judgment biases affect market prices. This issue is important to accounts because users of accounting information (especially investors) face competitive market environments. The expectation was that it would be more difficult for prices to be unbiased in markets where biased traders had the highest expected payoffs than in markets where unbiased traders had the highest expected payoffs. This expectation arose from the observation that competitive forces would produce biased prices when biased traders had the highest expected payoffs unless either (1) biased traders learned to be unbiased as a result of market experience, or (2) biased traders were inactive, thus allowing unbiased traders to set prices. Consistent with expectations, prices were biased in a market where biased traders had the highest expected payoffs. That is, individual judgement biases persisted, biased traders remained active, and prices were biased accordingly. Results were less clear in a market where unbiased traders had the highest expected payoffs, with prices moving toward unbiased prices but remaining more biased than unbiased overall. The results of this study suggest that individual judgment biases can have a substantial effect on market prices, and, consequently, demonstrations of individual investor judgment biases should be of concern to accountants.
Digitally Assisted Analog Circuits

Today's interfaces between digital and "real world" analog signals rely mainly on complex analog circuit components that strictly limit achievable power efficiency and throughput. Digitally assisted analog circuits can exploit digital circuits' high density and low energy per computation to enable a new generation of interface electronics based on minimal-precision, low-complexity analog building blocks
Consideration of human factors in investigations of structural failures

Investigations of claimed structural failures often lead to conclusions based on structural factors including strength and serviceability. Typically, these conclusions are absolute, since they result from objective comparisons of results to limits prescribed by owners and/or governing agencies. Occasionally, however, the failure of a structure may be defined by human factors, which are more subjective. A case is presented herein that describes the evolution of an investigation from one of only structural factors to one that included human factors. Discussion focuses on ‘failure’ being defined by the inability of the structure to restrict human annoyance. In this case, excessive building vibrations were claimed to render the occupants unable to perform their work as intended. Investigation, presentation and solution processes are described in order to contrast differences between absolute failure decisions based on structural factors and relative failure decisions based on human factors.
Prediction of Glass Transition Temperatures from Monomer and Repeat Unit Structure Using Computational Neural Networks

Quantitative structure−property relationships (QSPR) are developed to correlate glass transition temperatures and chemical structure. Both monomer and repeat unit structures are used to build several QSPR models for Parts 1 and 2 of this study, respectively. Models are developed using numerical descriptors, which encode important information about chemical structure (topological, electronic, and geometric). Multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) and computational neural networks (CNNs) are used to generate the models after descriptor generation. Optimization routines (simulated annealing and genetic algorithm) are utilized to find information-rich subsets of descriptors for prediction. A 10-descriptor CNN model was found to be optimal in predicting Tg values using the monomer structure (Part 1) for 165 polymers. A committee of 10 CNNs produced a training set rms error of 10.1K (r2 = 0.98) and a prediction set rms error of 21.7K (r2 = 0.92). An 11-descriptor CNN model was developed for 251 polymers usi...
CW second harmonic generation with elliptical Gaussian beams

We present a study of the efficiency and optimization of cw second harmonic generation by elliptical Gaussian laser beams. Elliptical focusing slightly improves conversion efficiency and reduces crystal damage risk when heavy walk-off is present. Single-pass measurements of the efficiency for doubling 515-nm radiation in beta-barium borate (BBO) agree with theory. Thermal effects, caused by radiation absorption, limit the doubling efficiency of single-frequency radiation in an external enhancement ring cavity.
Pushing Disks Together—The Continuous-Motion Case

If disks are moved so that each center—center distance does not increase, must the area of their union also be nonincreasing? We show that the answer is yes, assuming that there is a continuous motion such that each center—center distance is a nonincreasing function of time. This generalizes a previous result on unit disks. Our proof relies on a recent construction of Edelsbrunner and on new isoperimetric inequalities of independent interest. We go on to show analogous results for the intersection and for holes between disks.
Exact results and approximation schemes for the Schwinger model with the overlap Dirac operator

Abstract We propose new techniques to implement numerically the overlap-Dirac operator which exploit the physical properties of the underlying theory to avoid nested algorithms. We test these procedures in the two-dimensional Schwinger model and the results are very promising. We also present a detailed computation of the spectrum and chiral properties of the Schwinger Model in the overlap lattice formulation.
Direct synthesis of spiro δ-lactones from conjugated dienes and epoxides

Abstract Stepwise reactions of conjugated diene-magnesium reagents with an epoxide followed by carbon dioxide provide a direct method for a one-pot synthesis of spiro δ-lactones accommodating a vinyl moiety at the β-position.
High temperature annealing induced superparamagnetism in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB tunneling junctions

We have investigated the evolution of the magnetic transport properties as a function of short annealing time in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB based magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with a free layer of 2 nm. It is found that the hysteresis behaviors in magnetoresistance (MR) loops disappear in samples annealed for 17 min. The linear region between MR and the applied field gradually increases. The MR loops without hysteresis can be well fitted by using the superparamagnetism theory, suggesting the formation of superparamagnetic particles in the free layer during the high temperature annealing. The control of MTJ properties with annealing time is desirable in magnetic field sensor productions.
SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE INVESTING AND PORTFOLIO DIVERSIFICATION

I use a sample of socially responsible stock mutual funds matched to randomly selected conventional funds of similar net assets to investigate differences in characteristics of assets held, portfolio diversification, and variable effects of diversification on investment performance. I find that socially responsible funds do not differ significantly from conventional funds in terms of any of these attributes. Moreover, the effect of diversification on investment performance is not different between the two groups. Both groups underperform the Domini 400 Social Index and S&P 500 during the study period.
Calibration of optical systems for linewidth measurements on wafers

In contrast to earlier work with nearly opaque photomasks, optical linewidth measurements on wafers encompass materials with a much wider variation in optical parameters and material profiles. Accurate optical edge detection requires corrections for both the relative reflectance and phase at the line edge because of the partial coherence present in optical microscopes. However, measurement systems which cannot provide the appropriate corrections and cannot detect edge location accurately can be calibrated. Since the correction curve is material dependent, calibrated standards are theoretically required for each step in the wafer fabrication process where linewidths are measured. In the proposed approach for thin layers (less than 200 nm), a small number of etched silicon-dioxide-on-silicon wafers can be used for calibration of a large class of wafer materials. Examples of wafer calibration data for filar, image-splitting, and image-scanning systems are given. The prob-lems associated with accurate linewidth measurement and calibration for thick layers are also discussed.
Energetics of bcc-fcc lattice deformation in iron.

The energetics of homogeneous bcc-fcc lattice deformation in iron at 0 K has been investigated along the tetragonal ``Bain'' deformation path. The total energy (as a function of volume), the enthalpy (as a function of pressure), the pressure-volume relations---both for nonmagnetic (NM) and ferromagnetic (FM) states---were calculated using the linear muffin-tin-orbital (LMTO) method. The ground-state magnetic properties (ferromagnetic contributions to the total energy and magnetic moments) were found by making use of the Stoner theory of itinerant ferromagnetism, rather than spin-polarized calculations. This circumvents the difficulties of using the traditional local-spin-density approximation which fails to describe correctly the energetics of iron phases. The Stoner exchange parameter I was calculated from the linear-response theory for each axial ratio c/a as a function of volume and then adjusted by a constant enhancement factor \ensuremath{\beta}, determined by fitting the equilibrium atomic volume of the FM bcc phase. No other adjustments of any quantities were performed. The calculations revealed a somewhat unusual behavior of enthalpy along the deformation path.The enthalpy of the NM phase exhibits a monotonic decrease with c/a, the bcc modification being unstable with respect to the shear deformation. Moreover, up to a certain c/a (depending on pressure), the NM bcc phase is also unstable with respect to spontaneous magnetization. Ferromagnetism stabilizes the bcc phase. However, the FM fcc phase is unstable with respect to shear deformation. The enthalphy curve along the deformation path then has a cusp corresponding to a first-order phase transition between FM and NM states accompanied by an appreciable volume discontinuity. For the FM bcc, the calculated bulk modulus (1.689 mbar) and the magnetic moment (2.223${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$/atom) as well as the fcc-bcc enthalpy difference at zero pressure (6.947 kJ/mol) are in good agreement with available experimental data. A fcc-bcc lattice-deformation enthalpy barrier at the equilibrium pressure ${P}_{0}$=145 kbar is found to be 12.762 kJ/mol. The NM fcc lattice loses mechanical stability at a fcc-bcc enthalpy difference of -14.072 kJ/mol. As an aid to the development of improved interatomic potentials for iron, plots of FM contributions to the energy versus Wigner-Seitz radius for different c/a are also presented.
Design and synthesis of dipeptidyl α′,β′-epoxy ketones, potent irreversible inhibitors of the cysteine protease cruzain

Abstract The dipeptidyl epoxy ketone 4 is a potent, irreversible inhibitor of cruzain, a cysteine protease isolated from Trypanosoma cruzi, with an apparent second order inhibition rate constant of 330,000 sec−1M−1.
Strongly n-Trivial Knots

The authors prove in this paper that, given any knot $k$ of genus $g$ , $k$ fails to be strongly $n$ -trivial for all $n$ with $n\ge 6g-3$ .
Kinetics of the reactions of SH radicals with NO2 and O2

The SH + NO2 reaction rate constant was measured by monitoring SH concentrations with long-path optical absorption at 324 nm in a laser photolysis system. At 298 K, the rate constant was found to be (4.8 + or - 1.0) x 10 to the -11th cu cm/molecule per sec. An upper limit of 4 x 10 to the -19th cu cm/molecule per sec was inferred for the SH + O2 reaction, indicating that the atmospheric oxidation of the SH radical may occur via reaction with species such as NO2 and O3.
Dissipationless Merging and the Assembly of Central Galaxies

We reanalyze the galaxy-mass correlation function measured by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to obtain host dark matter halo masses at galaxy and galaxy-group scales. We extend the data to galaxy clusters in the 2MASS catalog and study the relation between central galaxy luminosity and halo mass. While the central galaxy luminosity scales as ~M0.7 to M0.8 at low masses, the relation flattens to shallower than ~M0.3 above ~4 × 1013 M☉. The total luminosity of galaxies in the halo, however, continues to grow as a power law ~M0.8-M0.9. Starting from the hypothesis that the central galaxies grow by hierarchical merging ("galactic cannibalism"), we develop a simple model for the evolution of their luminosities as a consequence of the accretion of satellite galaxies, tracking the merging of dark matter halos. The luminosity-mass relation flattens when the timescale on which dynamical friction induces orbital decay in the satellite galaxies exceeds the age of the dark matter halo. Then the growth of the central galaxy is suppressed, as it can cannibalize only the rare, massive satellite galaxies. The model takes the dependence of the total luminosity of galaxies in a halo on its mass and the global galaxy luminosity function as input and reproduces the observed central galaxy luminosity-mass relation over 3 decades in halo mass, 1012-1015 M☉. The success of the model suggests that gas cooling and subsequent star formation did not play an important role in the final assembly of central galaxies from sub-L precursors.
The Tetrahedron algebra and its finite-dimensional irreducible modules

Abstract Recently Terwilliger and the present author found a presentation for the three-point sl 2 loop algebra via generators and relations. To obtain this presentation we defined a Lie algebra ⊠ by generators and relations and displayed an isomorphism from ⊠ to the three-point sl 2 loop algebra. In this paper we classify the finite-dimensional irreducible ⊠-modules.
Policy Adoption in Dynamic International Environments: Evidence from National AIDS Programs

The policy adoption is often seen as a function of internal determinants, external determinants, or a combination of the two. In the years since the start of the HIV/AIDS epidemic nearly every country in the world has adopted of some nature a program to combat the epidemic. This article demonstrates the mixed mechanisms influencing the adoption of AIDS programs, in a quantitative study of 90 countries. Prior studies have claimed that multilateral organizations were vital to global action against the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This study provides empirical evidence showing the actions taken by the multilateral organizations have both helped and hindered efforts to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis of multi-dimensional packet classification on programmable network processors

Multi-field packet classification is frequently performed by network devices such as edge routers and firewalls-such devices can utilize programmable network processors to perform this compute-intensive task at nearly line speeds. The architectures of programmable network processors are typically highly parallel and a single algorithm can be mapped in different ways onto the hardware. In this paper, we study the performance of two different design mappings of the Bit Vector packet classification algorithm on the Intel^(R) IXP1200 network processor. We show that: (i) Overall, the parallel mapping has better packet processing rate (25% more) than the pipelined mapping; (ii) In the parallel mapping, a processing element's utilization can be considerably affected by code complexity, in terms of branching, because of significant time wasted (as much as 40% more) due to aborting instruction execution pipelines; (iii) In the pipelined mapping, multiple memory reads per packet can lower the overall performance.
S-Benzoxazolyl (SBox) glycosides as novel, versatile glycosyl donors for stereoselective 1,2-cis glycosylation.

Novel glycosyl donors, S-benzoxazolyl (SBox) glycosides, have been synthesized, tested toward various protecting group manipulations, and applied to the highly stereoselective 1,2-cis glycosylation. These compounds fulfill the requirements for a modern glycosyl donor such as accessibility, high stability toward protecting group manipulations, and mild activation conditions. It was also demonstrated that SBox glycosides withstand other glycosyl donor activation conditions and therefore allow selective glycosylations of O-pentenyl and thioglycosides.
Modeling of Interstellar Scintillation Arcs from Pulsar B1133+16

The parabolic arc phenomenon visible in the Fourier analysis of the scintillation spectra of pulsars provides a new method of investigating the small-scale structure in the ionized interstellar medium (ISM). We report archival observations of the pulsar B1133+16 showing both forward and reverse parabolic arcs sampled over 14 months. These features can be understood as the mutual interference between an assembly of discrete features in the scattered brightness distribution. By model fitting to the observed arcs at one epoch, we obtain a "snap-shot" estimate of the scattered brightness, which we show to be highly anisotropic (axial ratio >10 : 1), to be centered significantly off axis, and to have a small number of discrete maxima, which are coarser than the speckle expected from a Kolmogorov spectrum of interstellar plasma density. The results suggest that these are the effects of highly localized discrete scattering regions that subtend 0.1-1 mas but can scatter (or refract) the radiation by angles that are 5 or more times larger.
The Prime and Primitive Spectra of Multiparameter Quantum Symplectic and Euclidean Spaces

Abstract We investigate a class of algebras that provides multiparameter versions of both quantum symplectic space and quantum Euclidean 2n-space. These algebras encompass the graded quantized Weyl algebras, the quantized Heisenberg space, and a class of algebras introduced by Oh. We describe the structure of the prime and primitive ideals of these algebras. Other structural results include normal separation and catenarity.
Cation Exchange Behavior of Vermiculite-Biotite Mixtures1

ABSTRACT The cation exchange capacity of a series of commercially available vermiculite-biotite minerals (Traveler's Rest, South Carolina; Libby, Montana; and Polobora, South Africa) was measured by a column method using various cations. The selectivity of the clay mineral for various ion pairs was determined with particular attention given to the adsorption from a sodium chloride-cesium chloride mixed electrolyte solution. The mineral was found to be highly selective for cesium ion, a large part of the amount adsorbed probably replacing potassium ions in the biotite layers. This replacement in the biotite is a much slower process than normal ion exchange and greatly lengthened the time required to come to equilibrium in the column. The cesium ion cannot be removed easily from cesium-saturated vermiculite. The fixation of cesium ion was close to 100 percent at room temperature in contact with a cesium chloride solution. An isotopic exchange, Cs 133 for Cs 134, removed only very small quantities of the fixed cesium. Boiling with sodium chloride was only slightly more effective. All the results are in general agreement with the theory explaining ion fixation on the basis of collapse of the vermiculite structure to that of biotite.
Rotation and Locking of Magnetic Islands

The polarization drifts arising from the acceleration of plasma flowing alongside a magnetic island are shown to be destabilizing. A critical island width is found above which the polarization drifts (inertial forces) defeat the stabilizing effect of the viscous forces and prevent islands from being unlocked by increasing the plasma rotation.
Effectiveness of Electoral Systems for Reducing Government Corruption: A Game-Theoretic Analysis

Abstract A theoretical model is developed for predicting the relative effectiveness of different electoral systems for reducing government corruption. We consider voting games in which parties with known corruption levels and known positions on a major policy question compete for legislative seats. We find that approval voting and proportional representation are fully effective, in the sense that all equilibria exclude corrupt parties from legislative seats. Plurality voting is partly effective, in the sense that there always exist some equilibria that exclude corrupt parties. Borda voting is ineffective because, for some political situations, no equilibria can guarantee the exclusion of corrupt parties. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number D72.
Computations with Frobenius Powers

It is an open question whether tight closure commutes with localization in quotients of a polynomial ring in finitely many variables over a field. Katzman [Katzman 98] showed that tight closure of ideals in these rings commutes with localization at one element, if for all ideals I and J in a polynomial ring there is a linear upper bound in q on the degree in the least variable of reduced Grobner bases in reverse lexicographic ordering of the ideals of the form J + I [q]. Katzman conjectured that this property would always be satisfied. In this paper we prove several cases of Katzman's conjecture. We also provide an experimental analysis (with proofs) of asymptotic properties of Grobner bases connected with Katzman's conjectures.
A Bayesian approach to the semi-analytic model of galaxy formation: methodology

We believe that a wide range of physical processes conspire to shape the observed galaxy population but we remain unsure of their detailed interactions. The semi-analytic model (SAM) of galaxy formation uses multi-dimensional parameterizations of the physical processes of galaxy formation and provides a tool to constrain these underlying physical interactions. Because of the high dimensionality, the parametric problem of galaxy formation may be profitably tackled with a Bayesian-inference based approach, which allows one to constrain theory with data in a statistically rigorous way. In this paper, we develop a generalized SAM using the framework of Bayesian inference. We show that, with a parallel implementation of an advanced Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo algorithm, it is now possible to rigorously sample the posterior distribution of the high-dimensional parameter space of typical SAMs. As an example, we characterize galaxy formation in the cur
OpenMP implementation of SPICE3 circuit simulator

In this paper, we describe our experience of creating an OpenMP implementation of the SPICE3 circuit simulator program. Given the irregular patterns of access to dynamic data structures in the SPICE code, a parallelization using current standard OpenMP directives is impossible without major rewriting of the original program. The aim of this work is to present a case study showing the development of a shared memory parallel code with minimum effort. We present two implementations, one with minimal code modification and one without modification to the original SPICE3 program using Intel's taskq construct. We also discuss the results of the case study in terms of what future compiler tools may be needed to help OpenMP application developers with similar porting goals. Our experiments using SPICE3, based on SRAM model simulation, were compiled by the SUN compiler running on a SunFire V880 UltraSPARC-III 750MHz and by the Intel icc compiler running on both an IBM Itanium with four CPUs and Intel Xeon of two processors machines. The results are promising.
Aspirator Separation of Corn-fines Mixtures

ABSTRACT A study was conducted to determine physical and chemical characteristics of com fines removed by a Kice Mini-Aspirator. Five air velocities were used to separate mixtures of com fines and whole kernels into heavies and liftings. As aspirator air velocity was increased, removal efficiency of every size fraction increased; starch content of liftings decreased, whereas oil content increased and protein content was unchanged.
Feeling no pain: alcohol as an analgesic.

Orally administered ethyl alcohol (1 ml/kg of 100% ethyl alcohol + 1 ml/kg tonic water) (the equivalent of two cocktails) produced tolerance to experimentally induced pain comparable to 0.17 mg/kg s.q. morphine (11.6 mg in a 70 kg person) [corrected]. Pain threshold, i.e., the initial awareness of pain, was not modified by either morphine or alcohol. The experiment was run using 18 paid subjects in an experimenter-blinded design. Both a pharmacologically active placebo (atropine) as well as a totally inactive placebo (saline) were employed. Pain induction occurred via mechanical pressure on the Achilles tendon utilizing a device previously standardized in the clinical screening of over 100,000 patients for pain awareness. These results suggest that alcohol, in non-intoxicating quantities, may be an effective adjunct to other analgesic modalities.
Toward resilient algorithms and applications

Large-scale computing platforms have always dealt with unreliability coming from many sources. In contrast applications for large-scale systems have generally assumed a fairly simplistic failure model: The computer is a reliable digital machine, with consistent execution time and infrequent failures that can be handled by occasionally storing a checkpoint of application state and restarting from that saved state if the system fails. Many computing experts, and several key technology trends indicate that the current simplistic application view of a high-end system is no longer feasible. Instead, algorithms and application developers must adopt more complex models for system reliability and adapt algorithms and implementation to be more resilient in the presence of failures and increased failure detection and correction.In this talk we present motivation for moving away from a checkpoint-restart-only model and discuss several new models for resilience, including latency tolerance, local recovery from local failure and selective reliability. We also discuss strategies for designing new algorithms and applications, and some of the required system and programming environment features.
Deuterium Exchange in the Systems of H2O+/H2O and H3O+/H2O

Abstract The reactions of H 2 O + , H 3 O + , D 2 O + , and D 3 O + with neutral H 2 O and D 2 O were studied by tandem mass spectrometry. The H 2 O + and D 2 O + ion reactions exhibited multiple channels, including charge transfer, proton transfer (or hydrogen atom abstraction), and isotopic exchange. The H 3 O + and D 3 O + ion reactions exhibited only isotope exchange. The variation in the abundances of all ions involved in the reactions was measured over a neutral pressure range from 0 to 2 × 10 −5 Torr. A reaction scheme was chosen, which consisted of a sequence of charge transfer, proton transfer, and isotopic exchange reactions. Exact solutions to two groups of simultaneous differential equations were determined; one group started with the reaction of ionized water, and the other group started with the reactions of protonated water. A nonlinear least-squares regression technique was used to determine the rate coefficients of the individual reactions in the schemes from the ion abundance data. Branching ratios and relative rate coefficients were also determined in this manner. A delta chi-squared analysis of the results of the model fitted to the experimental data indicated that the kinetic information about the primary isotopic exchange processes is statistically the most significant. The errors in the derived values of the kinetic information of subsequent channels increased rapidly. Data from previously published selected ion flow tube (SIFT) study were analyzed in the same manner. Rigorous statistical analysis showed that the statistical isotope scrambling model was unable to explain either the SIFT or the tandem mass spectrometry data. This study shows that statistical analysis can be utilized to assess the validity of possible models in explaining experimentally observed kinetic behaviors.
The Importance of Physical Models for Deriving Dust Masses and Grain Size Distributions in Supernova Ejecta. I. Radiatively Heated Dust in the Crab Nebula

Recent far-infrared (IR) observations of supernova remnants (SNRs) have revealed significantly large amounts of newly condensed dust in their ejecta, comparable to the total mass of available refractory elements. The dust masses derived from these observations assume that all the grains of a given species radiate at the same temperature, regardless of the dust heating mechanism or grain radius. In this paper, we derive the dust mass in the ejecta of the Crab Nebula, using a physical model for the heating and radiation from the dust. We adopt a power-law distribution of grain sizes and two different dust compositions (silicates and amorphous carbon), and calculate the heating rate of each dust grain by the radiation from the pulsar wind nebula. We find that the grains attain a continuous range of temperatures, depending on their size and composition. The total mass derived from the best-fit models to the observed IR spectrum is 0.019-0.13 Solar Mass, depending on the assumed grain composition. We find that the power-law size distribution of dust grains is characterized by a power-law index of 3.5-4.0 and a maximum grain size larger than 0.1 micron. The grain sizes and composition are consistent with what is expected for dust grains formed in a Type IIP supernova (SN). Our derived dust mass is at least a factor of two less than the mass reported in previous studies of the Crab Nebula that assumed more simplified two-temperature models. These models also require a larger mass of refractory elements to be locked up in dust than was likely available in the ejecta. The results of this study show that a physical model resulting in a realistic distribution of dust temperatures can constrain the dust properties and affect the derived dust masses. Our study may also have important implications for deriving grain properties and mass estimates in other SNRs and for the ultimate question of whether SNe are major sources of dust in the Galactic interstellar medium and in external galaxies.
Constant queue routing on a mesh

Packet routing is an important problem in parallel computation since a single step of inter-processor communication can be thought of as a packet routing task. In this paper we present an optimal algorithm for packet routing on a mesh-connected computer.
Rigid body attitude tracking without angular velocity feedback

Abstract In this paper, we revisit the classical problem of attitude tracking for a rigid body. The interesting difference in the formulation is the assumption that only attitude measurements are available. We proceed to construct globally stabilizing control laws in terms of a minimal set of three-dimensional kinematic parameters that enable the rigid body to track any specified trajectory without requiring angular velocity measurements. The results presented here complement and extend some recent developments available for the nonminimal case of Euler parameters (quaternions).
Adhesive Effects on Dynamic Friction for Unlubricated Rough Planar Surfaces

As the size of contacting and sliding tribosystems decrease, intermolecular or adhesive forces become significant partly due to nanometer size surface roughness. The presence of adhesion has a major influence on the interfacial contact and friction forces as well as the microtribosystem dynamics (microtribodynamics) and thus influences the overall dynamic friction behavior. In this paper, a dynamic friction model that explicitly includes adhesion, interfacial damping, and the system dynamics for realistic rough surfaces was developed. The results show that the amplitude and mean value of the time varying normal contact and friction forces increase in the presence of adhesion under continuous contact conditions. Also, due to the attractive nature of adhesion, its presence delays or eliminates the occurrence of loss of contact. Furthermore, in the presence of significant adhesion, dynamic friction behavior is significantly more complicated compared to the no adhesion case, and the dynamic friction coefficient predictions may be misleading. Thus, it is more appropriate to discuss dynamic friction force instead of dynamic friction coefficient under dynamic conditions.
MARIJUANA AS A TREATMENT FOR GLAUCOMA

Summary Marijuana and its derivatives may be of use in the therapy of a number of medical conditions including the glaucomas. More research is required to substantiate earlier results and to resolve apparent contradictions. This research is best done if controlled trials can be conducted in a milieu divorced from the controversy surrounding marijuana decriminalization.
Formation of gas and ice giant planets

Abstract Agreement about planetary formation processes deteriorates sharply with distance from the Sun. While the terrestrial planets are widely believed to have formed from the collisional accumulation of solid bodies, there are two competing mechanisms for the formation of the gas giant planets, basically ‘bottom-up’ or ‘top-down’. The former is the traditional core accretion mechanism, where a roughly 10 Earth-mass solid core forms by collisional accumulation, followed by hydrodynamic accretion of a gaseous envelope. The latter is the recently revived disk instability mechanism, where a protoplanetary disk forms self-gravitating protoplanets through a gravitational instability of the gaseous disk, followed by settling and coagulation of dust grains to form central solid cores. These same two mechanisms have been modified to explain the formation of the ice giant planets. Their solid cores are thought to form too slowly to accrete substantial gaseous envelopes prior to disk removal in the core accretion mechanism, while in the disk instability mechanism, radiation from nearby massive stars is hypothesized to remove most of the protoplanets’ gaseous envelopes following core formation. Both of these mechanisms for gas and ice giant planet formation have a number of advantages and disadvantages, making a purely theoretical choice between them challenging. However, the ongoing discovery of extrasolar planetary systems promises to provide considerable insight into which of these mechanisms is responsible for forming most gas and ice giant planets in the galaxy, and by inference, those in our own Solar System.
Null form estimates for $(1/2,1/2)$ symbols and local existence for a quasilinear dirichlet-wave equation

Abstract We establish certain null form estimates of Klainerman–Machedon for parametrices of variable coefficient wave equations for the convex obstacle problem, and for wave equations with metrics of bounded curvature. These are then used to prove a local existence theorem for nonlinear Dirichlet-wave equations outside of convex obstacles.
Identifying the Effects of SNAP (Food Stamps) on Child Health Outcomes When Participation Is Endogenous and Misreported

The literature assessing the efficacy of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as the Food Stamp Program, has long puzzled over positive associations between SNAP receipt and various undesirable health outcomes such as food insecurity. Assessing the causal impacts of SNAP, however, is hampered by two key identification problems: endogenous selection into participation and extensive systematic underreporting of participation status. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we extend partial identification bounding methods to account for these two identification problems in a single unifying framework. Specifically, we derive informative bounds on the average treatment effect (ATE) of SNAP on child food insecurity, poor general health, obesity, and anemia across a range of different assumptions used to address the selection and classification error problems. In particular, to address the selection problem, we apply relatively weak nonparam...
Cortical dynamics of figure-ground segmentation: Shine through

The shine-through effect occurs when a brief offset vernier target is followed by a grating of non-offset vernier elements. Rather than mask the target, this stimulus sequence produces a percept of the target vernier occluding the mask elements. We analyzed the dynamics of the 3D LAMINART model of depth perception and found that it explains the appearance of shine-through for these stimuli. The model explanation proposes that shine-through is due to a combination of false binocular disparity matches between the target and the central element of the mask, and a weakening of between disparity competition due to spatial competition and boundary grouping. Simulations of the model demonstrate that its behavior closely matches empirical data on the properties of shine-through. The model is contrasted with an alternative explanation of shine-through, and novel mask conditions are studied that allow for empirical tests of the model hypotheses.
A Catalog of 1022 Bright Contact Binary Stars

In this work we describe a large new sample of contact binary stars extracted in a uniform manner from sky patrol data taken by the ROTSE-I telescope. Extensive ROTSE-I light-curve data are combined with J-, H-, and K-band near-infrared data taken from the Two Micron All Sky Survey to add color information. Contact binary candidates are selected using the observed period-color relation. Candidates are confirmed by visual examination of the light curves. To enhance the utility of this catalog, we derive a new J - H period-color-luminosity relation and use this to estimate distances for the entire catalog. From these distance estimates we derive an estimated contact binary space density of × 10-5 pc-3.
LEO of III-nitride on Al2O3 and Si substrates

Lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) has recently become the method of choice to reduce the density of dislocations in heteroepitaxial GaN thin films, and is thus expected to lead to enhanced performance devices. We present here the LEO growth and characterization of GaN films by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Various substrates were used, including basal plane sapphire and oriented Si substrates. The steps in the LEO growth technology will be briefly reviewed. The characterization results will be discussed in detail. The structural, electrical and optical properties of the films were assessed through scanning, atomic and transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, capacitance-voltage, deep level transient spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and scanning cathodoluminenscence measurements. Single-step and double- step LEO GaN was achieved on sapphire. Similarly high quality LEO grown GaN films were obtained on sapphire and silicon substrates. Clear and dramatic reduction in the density of defects are observed in LEO grown materials using the various characterization techniques mentioned previously.
The initial core mass function due to ambipolar diffusion in molecular clouds

We show that the ambipolar-diffusion–initiated fragmentation of molecular clouds leads simply and naturally to an initial core mass function (CMF) which is very similar to the initial stellar mass function (IMF) and is in excellent agreement with existing observations. This agreement is robust provided that the three (input) free parameters remain within their range of values suggested by observations. Other, observationally testable, predictions are made.
Lewis acid mediated reactions of N-phenyl-(4-methylphenyl)-sulfoximidoyl chloride with alkynes. A novel route to benzothiazines.

Abstract A general route to benzothiazines has been developed. Treatment of 1 with a Lewis acid in the presence of an alkyne leads to benzothiazines, often in high yields.
Screening Test of Solid Amine Sorbents for CO2 Capture

In this study, the absorption properties of CO2 in seven different solid amine absorbents were measured. The specific characteristics, such as absorption capacity, absorption/desorption rate, cyclic capacity, cycle decay effect, temperature of reaction in the absorber, and optimal conditions for the CO2 absorption process were measured. This absorption process occurred at two temperatures—either 296.15 or 313.15 K—while the desorption process temperature was raised to 348.15 K. The solid amines (TEPAN and E-100AN) demonstrated higher cyclic capacity than others under these conditions. Our testing showed high reproducibility for the CO2 capture of TEPAN and E-100AN in measuring their cyclic capacity. Diminished cyclic capacities were noted for the MEA and 194B materials, with measured drops at the third cycle of about 16.17% and 15.79% lower than those in the first cycle, respectively.
Luminescent metal–organic frameworks for chemical sensing and explosive detection

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a unique class of crystalline solids comprised of metal cations (or metal clusters) and organic ligands that have shown promise for a wide variety of applications. Over the past 15 years, research and development of these materials have become one of the most intensely and extensively pursued areas. A very interesting and well-investigated topic is their optical emission properties and related applications. Several reviews have provided a comprehensive overview covering many aspects of the subject up to 2011. This review intends to provide an update of work published since then and focuses on the photoluminescence (PL) properties of MOFs and their possible utility in chemical and biological sensing and detection. The spectrum of this review includes the origin of luminescence in MOFs, the advantages of luminescent MOF (LMOF) based sensors, general strategies in designing sensory materials, and examples of various applications in sensing and detection.
Photon decay at the Schwarzschild horizon

Abstract A recent proposal that gravity theory is an emergent phenomenon also entails the possibility of photon decay near the Schwarzschild event horizon. We present a possible mechanism for such decay, which utilizes a dimensional reduction near the horizon.
Implications of radiation-induced reductions in ductility to the design of austenitic stainless steel structures

Abstract In the dose and temperature range anticipated for ITER, austenitic stainless steels exhibit significant hardening with a concomitant loss in work hardening and uniform elongation. However, significant post-necking ductility may still be retained. When elongation ( e u ) is well defined of a plastic instability, e u is found to sustain reasonably high values out to about 7 dpa in the temperature range 250–350†C, beyond which it decreases to about 0.3% for 316LN. This loss of ductility has significant implications to fracture toughness and the onset of new failure modes associated with shear instability. However, the retention of a significant reduction in area at failure following irradiation indicates a less severe degradation of low-cycle fatigue life in agreement with a limited amount of data obtained to date. Suggestions are made for incorporating these results into design criteria and future testing programs.
Sequencing-by-hybridization at the information-theory bound: an optimal algorithm

In a recent paper [PFU99) we have introduced a novel probing scheme for DNA sequencing by hybridization (SBH). The new gapped-probe scheme combines natural and universal bases in a well defined periodic pattern. It was shown in [PFU99] that the performance of the gapped-probe scheme (in terms of the length of a sequence that can be uniquely reconstructed using a given library size of probes) is significantly better than the standard scheme based on oligomer probes.In this paper we present and analyze a new, more powerful, sequencing algorithm for the gapped-probe scheme. We prove that the new algorithm exploits the full potential of the SBH technology with high-confidence performance, that comes within a small constant factor (about 2) of the information-theory bound. Moreover, this performance is achieved while maintaining running time linear in the target sequence length.
Intrinsic scale space for images on surfaces: The Geodesic Curvature Flow

Abstract A scale space for images painted on surfaces is introduced. Based on thegeodesic curvature flowof the iso-gray level contours of an image painted on the given surface, the image is evolved and forms the natural geometric scale space. Its geometrical properties are discussed as well as theintrinsicnature of the proposed flow; i.e., the flow is invariant to the bending of the surface.
Interacting Binaries with Eccentric Orbits. III. Orbital Evolution due to Direct Impact and Self-Accretion

The rapid circularization and synchronization of the stellar components in an eccentric binary system at the onset of Roche lobe overflow is a fundamental assumption common to all binary stellar evolution and population synthesis codes, even though the validity of this assumption is questionable both theoretically and observationally. Here we calculate the evolution of the orbital elements of an eccentric binary through the direct three-body integration of a massive particle ejected through the inner Lagrangian point of the donor star at periastron. The trajectory of this particle leads to three possible outcomes: direct accretion onto the companion star within a single orbit, self-accretion back onto the donor star within a single orbit, or a quasi-periodic orbit around the companion star, possibly leading to the formation of a disk. We calculate the secular evolution of the binary orbit in the first two cases and conclude that direct impact accretion can increase as well as decrease the orbital semimajor axis and eccentricity, while self-accretion always decreases the orbital semimajor axis and eccentricity. In cases where mass overflow contributes to circularizing the orbit, circularization can set in on timescales as short as a few percent of the mass-transfer timescale. In cases where mass overflow increases the eccentricity, the orbital evolution is governed by competition between mass overflow and tidal torques. In the absence of tidal torques, mass overflow results in direct impact can lead to substantially subsynchronously rotating donor stars. Contrary to assumptions common in the literature, direct impact accretion furthermore does not always provide a strong sink of orbital angular momentum in close mass-transferring binaries; in fact, we instead find that a significant part can be returned to the orbit during the particle orbit. The formulation presented in this paper together with our previous work can be combined with stellar and binary evolution codes to generate a better picture of the evolution of eccentric, Roche lobe overflowing binary star systems.
Resonant Response of Deep Convection to Surface Hot Spots

Abstract Observations show substantial variations of the intensity of tropical and/or summertime deep convection on land that are not explained by standard measures of convective instability. One feature that distinguishes land surfaces is their heterogeneity. The possible importance of this is investigated here by calculating the response of a nonrotating atmosphere to localized, transient surface heating using both the linearized equations of motion and a cloud-resolving configuration of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical model with moist physics, each in 2D. Both models predict that the depth of the resulting surface heat low near storm center will be greatest for a particular horizontal scale of heating. The linear model reveals that this is a resonant scale determined by the product of the environmental buoyancy frequency, characteristic heating time scale, and thickness of the thermal boundary layer, and the resonance occurs when the aspect ratio of the applied heating matches the ...