cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protected-specimen brush technique in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

criteria. The 42 studies reviewed were identified through a MEDLINE search and presented primary data of bronchoscopy samples from patients receiving mechanical ventilation. All studies had rigorous clinical criteria for the diagnosis of pneumonia, including response to antibiotics, that were independent of the results of PSB or BAL procedures. The review methodology for this section is described in Dr. Steven H. Woolf’s section on the search of the literature. Independent nonbronchoscopic diagnostic criteria were required to ensure that there were no derivative data. 108 Five studies compared PSB sampling to the use of specimens obtained immediately after autopsy as the final criteria for diagnosis. The remaining 13 studies used clinical assessment, response to antibiotics, and histologic data, including eventual autopsy information, when available. Of the 846 patients evaluated, pneumonia was diagnosed in 287. The quality of the PSB technique used in making the diagnosis was not described in detail for most of the studies in Tables 14 and 15. A few studies have examined assessing the quality of bronchial brushings. The issue of reproducibility was addressed by Marquette et al, 27 who obtained five specimens from one area of the lung. In 25% of the patients, the variability in one or more of the bronchial specimens was . 10 3 cfu/mL, and in the remainder it was , 10 3 cfu/mL, which was the cutoff point. This suggests that 25% of the time a single PSB determination would have the possibility of being a false positive or a false negative. Another study, in patients who had localized pneumonia and were not receiving antibiotics, compared brush samples from the affected lobe and an unaffected lobe. The bacterial concentration in specimens from the affected area was at least 100-fold higher than in the unaffected lobe. 26 Assessing the quality of the PSB sample involves examining a cell sample and looking directly at a brush sample. The problem is that two brush samples have to be obtained, since the slide could contaminate the culture results. Using the PSB technique allows for assessment of the quality of the sample, because the presence of squamous epithelial cells indicates that the sample is unaccept
Effect of calcination and polycrystallinity on mechanical properties of nanoporous MFI zeolites

Abstract The mechanical properties of nanoporous pure-silica-zeolite (PSZ) polycrystalline MFI films—both as-synthesized and calcined, and as-synthesized PSZ MFI single crystals are studied by nanoindentation using a Berkovich indenter. The indentation modulus and hardness of calcined seeded-growth MFI films are measured to be 3.6% and 21.8% lower than that of the as-synthesized films, respectively. The calcination process demonstrated a much higher influence on the hardness than the indentation modulus of the films. A simple mechanical analysis indicates that the calcined MFI film has a modulus of resilience of 36.6% lower than that of the as-synthesized MFI film. Furthermore, the indentation modulus and hardness of the as-synthesized MFI single crystals are measured to be 27.6% and 30.9% higher than those of the as-synthesized seeded-growth MFI film, respectively. The grain boundaries and interzeolitic defects seem to be the primary reasons for the lower mechanical properties of the polycrystalline films than those of the MFI single crystals.
The larger role of the university in economic development: introduction to the special issue

Current studies of economic growth that emphasize the role of universities and other institutions of higher education have increasing focused on technology transfer. Attention has shifted towards easily quantified metrics such as the number of patents issued, licenses signed, licensing revenues received, and the formation of new companies based on university technologies. This emphasis ignores the larger contribution of universities to the economy as agents of economic and social development. The papers for this special issue are drawn from a conference held at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill in April 22–24, 2009, that brought together a group of scholars and practitioners to explore how to expand our inquiry to consider the larger role that research universities play in the modern economy. The papers in this issue attempt to consider the broader impact of universities as actors in economic and industrial development and provide a more critical assessment of the factors and conditions that affects the ability of universities to promote socially desirable outcomes. It is our desire to widen the discussion and increase understanding of the range of activities for which universities have stewardship in the economy and society. We hope to begin a dialogue on the types of metrics that capture this broader influence. Historically, universities—the venue of many social movements—led social activism. While universities were concerned with educating the elite at their early formation, their role is constantly expanding. With expanding opportunities brought by the Industrial Revolution, universities began to make more direct contributions on a social and economic level. Starting in the second half of the twentieth century, with a reliance on public funding of higher educational institutions, universities found themselves under enormous pressure to make a return to society. As we say that we now live in a knowledge economy the role of universities has become central.
HOW SHOULD WE BEHAVE? A REVIEW OF REASONS AND PERSONS BY DEREK PARFIT

In this book Parfit attempts to develop a rational, non-religious ethics. Instead of asking, “What does God tell us to do?” he asks, “What does reason tell us to do?” Given a set of simple assumptions, he considers whether it is possible to be consistently selfish or consistently good. Analyses of personal dilemmas (problems of self-control) and moral dilemmas (problems of social cooperation) show that neither consistent selfishness nor consistent goodness is logically possible. Instead, a fine balance must be maintained between, on the one hand, our immediate versus long-term good and, on the other, our own good versus that of other people. Ultimately Parfit fails to develop a formula by which such a balance may be struck. Parfit's analysis is consistent with behavioral analysis in its reductionistic view of the self and the parallel it draws between relations with other people and relations with oneself at other times. Parfit's analysis is inconsistent with behaviorism in its view of the mind as internal, available to introspection, and able to cause behavior. His nonfunctional mentalism leads Parfit to inconsistencies and blocks the path to a consistent ethics. Teleological behaviorism's view of the mind in terms of patterns of overt behavior is not hampered by these inconsistencies and may lead to a functional rather than purely rational ethics.
Who Should Receive Hormone Replacement Therapy

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in women in the United States and increases dramatically in postmenopausal women. The following review summarizes the known benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy and gives recommendations for use of hormone replacement in women. Estrogen may play a role in preventing the development of atherosclerosis in women by raising levels of HDL cholesterol, lowering levels of LDL cholesterol and lipoprotein (a), lowering levels of fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, dilating coronary arteries, preventing the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, decreasing the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells, and decreasing the production of inflammatory cell activators. These anti-atherogenic effects of estrogen may translate into clinical benefits. A meta-analysis of 31 studies yielded a 44% reduction in the risk of coronary heart disease in women taking estrogen alone. Unopposed estrogen is associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer; therefore, progestin is added to estrogen in women with an intact uterus. Less is known about the effect of the combination of estrogen and a progestin on the risk of coronary heart disease. Estrogen is also beneficial in the prevention of osteoporosis; however, long-term use of estrogen alone and estrogen in combination with progestin may increase the risk for breast cancer. Mathematical modeling predicted that women with no risk for cardiovascular disease, cancer, or osteoporosis may gain 0.9 years of life with the use of estrogen alone; women with risk factors for cardiovascular disease can expect to gain 1.5 years of life; and women with coronary heart disease at the age of 50 can expect to gain 2.1 years of life. The current American College of Physicians recommendations for hormone replacement are as follows: (1) All women should be considered; (2) women with a hysterectomy should receive estrogen alone; (3) women at risk for, or with, coronary heart disease are most likely to benefit from estrogen; with an intact uterus, progestin must be added; (4) risks of estrogen may outweigh benefits in women at increased risk for breast cancer. Definitive guidelines for the treatment of women must await the results of randomized clinical trials in the ongoing Women's Health Initiative. These will not be available for several years, and until then any recommendations for women will have to be judged from estimates of risk rather than of benefit from reduction of risk. The decision whether to initiate estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women is one that still needs to be made on an individual patient basis.
Effects of dimensions on the sensitivity of a conducting polymer microwire sensor

It is commonly considered that the sensitivity of a microsensor increases with its increasing surface-to-volume ratio. However, it is not exactly clear how the surface-to-volume ratio affects the sensitivity of a conducting polymer microsensor. The change in any of the three geometrical dimensions (i.e., length, width and thickness) of a microsensor changes the surface-to-volume ratio. In designing a microsensor of desired sensitivity, it is important to know the effect of each dimension on the sensitivity for properly defining the sizes and shapes of the microsensor. As such, in this work, we have investigated the effects of each individual dimension on the sensitivity of a conducting polymer microwire sensor. Polypyrrole (PPy) and Poly (3,4-dimethlydioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) microwire sensors of different dimensions were fabricated using an intermediate-layer lithography (ILL) method. They were further employed to detect methanol and acetone vapors at concentrations in the range of 0.6-7.1 parts per thousand (ppt). The corresponding three relationships between the three geometrical dimensions and the sensitivities were found using a statistical program, SAS. From the point view of surface-to-volume ratio, the thickness should affect the sensitivity much more than the other two dimensions. However, the three relationships indicate that the effects of the three geometrical dimensions on the sensitivity of a microwire sensor vary with the conducting polymer materials and the targets to detect. In other words, which dimension has more effects on sensitivity is case-dependent. Results presented in this work can be potentially used to aid in the design of conducting polymer microwire sensors of high sensitivity.
Description and development of a SAW filter CAD system

The authors present a description of the appropriate device models, design methods, and analysis techniques for a real-time surface acoustic wave (SAW) computer-aided design (CAD) system. The approaches presented have been successfully implemented in the creation of a fully integrated SAW filter CAD system for the design of bidirectional and three-phase unidirectional filters on a DEC VAX 11/750 system and for the design of bidirectional filters on an IBM PC-AT computer, which acts as an independent workstation. The focus is on bidirectional transducer design and analysis using the PC-based computer system. CAD analysis of a SAW bidirectional filter is compared to measured parameters. >
On-demand, competing gradient arrays for neutrophil chemotaxis

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells in the circulation, protecting the body against pathogens and responding early to inflammation. Although we understand how neutrophils respond to individual stimuli, we know less about how they prioritize between competing signals or respond to combinational signals. This situation is due in part to the lack of adequate experimental systems to provide signals in controlled spatial and temporal fashion. To address these limitations, we designed a platform for generating on-demand, competing chemical gradients and for monitoring neutrophil migration. On this platform, we implemented forty-eight assays generating independent gradients and employed synchronized valves to control the timing of these gradients. We observed faster activation of neutrophils in response to fMLP than to LTB4 and unveiled for the first time a potentiating effect for fMLP during migration towards LTB4. Our observations, enabled by the new tools, challenge the current paradigm of inhibitory competition between distinct chemoattractant gradients and suggest that human neutrophils are capable of complex integration of chemical signals in their environment.
The Physiological Action of Smog on Plants. I. Initial Growth and Transpiration Studies

The effect of synthetic smog (1-n-hexene plus ozone) on growth and transpiration of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) and on elongation of etiolated pea sections (Pisum sativum) has been studied. Use has been made of hidden damage (growth decrease in the absence of visible injury) to measure the effect of light, sucrose spray, ..beta..-naphthoxyacetic acid, and water supply on smog injury. Growth of tomato plants fumigated in the dark or light just following a 12-hour dark period or in the dark after one and one half hours of light was unaffected by smog. Growth of plants fumigated in the light at mid-day or early afternoon was signficantly decreased by smog treatment. Sucrose spray partially protected tomato plants against smog damage. ..beta..-naphthoxyacetic acid did not significantly affect the response of tomato plants to smog. Smog treatment did not affect the elongation of etiolated pea sections either in water or in 2,4-D solution. Tomato plants given limited water supply were resistant to smog damage while comparable plants receiving ample water were susceptible. Transpiration and water uptake rates of tomato plants were decreased by subjection to smog. The decrease was followed by recovery to slightly less than control rates. Subsequent fumigation caused repeated dropsmore » in transpiration rates followed by partial recovery. No direct correlation between stomatal opening and response of plants to smog was observed.« less
Procrastination as self‐regulation failure of performance: effects of cognitive load, self‐awareness, and time limits on ‘working best under pressure’

Effects of cognitive load, objective self-awareness and time limits on the self-regulation of performance speed and accuracy were investigated between procrastinators and non-procrastinators. In experiment 1 chronic procrastinators completed fewer items (slow speed) and made more errors (less accuracy) than non-procrastinators under high but not low cognitive load conditions when the time span was limited and brief. In experiment 2 chronic procrastinators performed slower than non-procrastinators under a 2 second, but not under no limit, 1 second, or 4 second time limit conditions. Chronic procrastinators compared to non-procrastinators also performed more slowly and made more performance errors under objective self-awareness conditions regardless of the length of time. These experiments indicate that chronic procrastinators regulate ineffectively their performance speed and accuracy when they ‘work under pressure’ (defined by high cognitive load, objective self-awareness, and imposed time limitations). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communication apprehension and satisfaction in interpersonal relationships

We investigated the relationship between communication apprehension and satisfaction for a sample of 504 persons. The analyses supported the expectation that apprehension and satisfaction would be related negatively. Apprehension in dyadic contexts and with friends related most strongly to dissatisfaction. We discussed the implications of these results with particular attention to chronic apprehensives.
Biological and behavioral effects of one night's sleep deprivation in depressed patients and normals

Abstract Twenty-five patients with major depressive illness and 20 normal volunteers were sleep deprived for one night in order to assess mood, physiology, and biochemistry. Fifteen patients showed mild to moderate improvement in depression, normally lasting one day, while volunteers tended to experience slight increases in dysphoria following sleep deprivation (SD). Prior to SD depressed patient responders had lower baseline levels of HVA in CSF than non-responders. Following SD responders tended to have decreases in CSF calcium and MHPG and increases in serum cortisol compared to nonresponders. Nonresponders also showed a flattened diurnal temperature rhythm following SD. Alterations in central neurotransmitters, circadian rhythms, and stress activation are discussed as possible mediators of the selective mood improvement in depressed patients compared to normal volunteer controls.
Coherent pulse synthesis from two (formerly) independent passively mode-locked Ti:sapphire oscillators

Summary form only given. We present our recent breakthrough in pulse synthesis via synchronizing and phase-locking two independent mode-locked lasers. The resultant synthesized pulse train indicates for the first time to our knowledge, phase coherence between two separate femtosecond lasers.
The growth kinetics and polydispersity of condensational aerosols

Abstract This work is a theoretical analysis of aerosol growth in a recently developed laminar flow aerosol generator, a modification of the Sinclair-LaMer generator. The parameters which affect the aerosol size distribution are elucidated by rigorous analysis of the droplet growth kinetics and transport phenomena associated with vapor condensation on nuclei in a nonisothermal flow field. The results of the analysis are compared with available experimental data. Theory and experiment are in excellent agreement with respect to the effects of using nitrogen rather than helium as a carrier gas, and other experimentally observed characteristics are predicted.
Mutation position within evolutionary subclonal architecture in AML.

Cytogenetic data suggest that acute myeloid leukemia (AML) develops through a process of branching evolution, especially during relapse and progression. Recent genomic data from AML cases using digital sequencing, temporal comparisons, xenograft cloning, and single-cell analysis indicate that most, if not all, AML cases emerge through branching evolution. According to a review of the current literature, the balanced translocations (t[15;17], t[8;21], and inv[16]) and nucleotide variants in DNMT3A and TET2 most commonly occur in the founding clone at diagnosis. These mutations are rarely gained or lost at relapse, and the latter 2 mutations are observed in elderly subjects with mosaic hematopoiesis antedating overt leukemia. In contrast, +8, +13, +22, –X, –Y, and nucleotide variants in FLT3, NRAS/KRAS, WT1, and KIT frequently occur in subclones and are observed either to emerge or to be lost at relapse. Because drugs that target mutations within a subclone are unlikely to eliminate all leukemic cells, it will be essential to understand not only which mutations a patient has but also how they organize within the leukemic subclonal architecture.
Interference-Enhanced Raman Scattering of Very Thin Titanium and Titanium Oxide Films

The Raman spectra of very thin evaporated films (\ensuremath{\sim}6 nm thick) of metallic titanium and oxidized titanium are obtained with a new technique called interference-enhanced Raman scattering. The results indicate that titanium films exhibit a crystalline hcp structure while the titanium oxide has an amorphous structure with local atomic bonding configurations similar to those in crystalline ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$.
Operating Regimes of Signaling Cycles: Statics, Dynamics, and Noise Filtering

A ubiquitous building block of signaling pathways is a cycle of covalent modification (e.g., phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in MAPK cascades). Our paper explores the kind of information processing and filtering that can be accomplished by this simple biochemical circuit. Signaling cycles are particularly known for exhibiting a highly sigmoidal (ultrasensitive) input–output characteristic in a certain steady-state regime. Here, we systematically study the cycle's steady-state behavior and its response to time-varying stimuli. We demonstrate that the cycle can actually operate in four different regimes, each with its specific input–output characteristics. These results are obtained using the total quasi–steady-state approximation, which is more generally valid than the typically used Michaelis-Menten approximation for enzymatic reactions. We invoke experimental data that suggest the possibility of signaling cycles operating in one of the new regimes. We then consider the cycle's dynamic behavior, which has so far been relatively neglected. We demonstrate that the intrinsic architecture of the cycles makes them act—in all four regimes—as tunable low-pass filters, filtering out high-frequency fluctuations or noise in signals and environmental cues. Moreover, the cutoff frequency can be adjusted by the cell. Numerical simulations show that our analytical results hold well even for noise of large amplitude. We suggest that noise filtering and tunability make signaling cycles versatile components of more elaborate cell-signaling pathways.
The Physical Mechanism of Sodium Conductance Change in Nerve: An Electron Transfer Model

Assuming that the nerve membrane contains electron transfer complexes and energy traps, many Na channel-related properties can be explained, including the Na activation-inactivation process, refractory state, recovery of excitability, effects of Ca ions and local anesthetics, heat production and absorption, anode break excitation, and the significance of positive afterpotential in repetitive firing. This model also suggests that the nerve impulse could be elicited by laser beams.
Towards large-scale multi-socket, multicore parallel simulations: Performance of an MPI-only semiconductor device simulator

This preliminary study considers the scaling and performance of a finite element (FE) semiconductor device simulator on a set of multi-socket, multicore architectures with nonuniform memory access (NUMA) compute nodes. These multicore architectures include two linux clusters with multicore processors: a quad-socket, quad-core AMD Opteron platform and a dual-socket, quad-core Intel Xeon Nehalem platform; and a dual-socket, six-core AMD Opteron workstation. These platforms have complex memory hierarchies that include local core-based cache, local socket-based memory, access to memory on the same mainboard from another socket, and then memory across network links to different nodes. The specific semiconductor device simulator used in this study employs a fully-coupled Newton-Krylov solver with domain decomposition and multilevel preconditioners. Scaling results presented include a large-scale problem of 100+ million unknowns on 4096 cores and a comparison with the Cray XT3/4 Red Storm capability platform. Although the MPI-only device simulator employed for this work can take advantage of all the cores of quad-core and six-core CPUs, the efficiency of the linear system solve is decreasing with increased core count and eventually a different programming paradigm will be needed.
Distributed Rerouting for Multiple Sessions in Cognitive Radio Networks

This paper proposes a distributed rerouting scheme in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). Specifically, we consider how we can reroute for multiple sessions in a situation where switching channels cannot ensure end-to-end connectivity. We propose a ring searching-based framework for rerouting, which is distributed and considers both the channel availabilities and potential rerouting choices of other sessions. Our framework can be applied for the rerouting of multiple sessions in CRNs and does not require any communication among them. The objective in our model is to minimize the queueing delay for each session that needs rerouting. We propose a novel way to estimate the delay for each session. Each node, in our model, that will be receiving RREQ (Route Request) messages maintains two queues: one queue on each node contains a list of nodes whose RREQ is received, and the other one contains the probabilities of it being chosen. We apply an opportunistic overhear approach to predict the probabilities. Also, we take the channel availabilities into account when constructing the rerouting path. The simulation results prove the high performance of our scheme. We also show the influence of different parameter settings, including both network environment parameters and scheme parameters.
Fluctuations and transport properties of many-particle systems☆

The relation between the response of a macroscopic system to an external perturbation and time-dependent correlations in the equilibrium ensemble is examined in detail. To this end, ten correlation functions are constructed from commutators of the five operators appearing in the microscopic conservation laws. The properties of these functions are examined both from a model-independent and a model-dependent viewpoint. The use of microscopic operator forms for the energy and momentum currents is essential, and the discussion of model independent information based on these operator forms and their commutation relations, forms one segment of this paper. Static fluctuations are investigated from a microscopic viewpoint, and the results are not always in agreement with those obtained by quasi-thermodynamic methods. Examination of the system's response to a well-defined mechanical perturbation, together with the corresponding hydrodynamic theory, produces hydrodynamic model expressions for the correlation functions in the low k limit. A number of such expressions may be compared with those obtained in a somewhat different manner by Kadanoff and Martin for the normal hydrodynamic model. In the k → 0 limit, certain frequency dependent expressions involving the nonconserved current functions yield two distinct types of terms. There are both δ(ω) singularities, the coefficients of which are related to static thermodynamic parameters, and terms regular in ω at the origin which may be identified (via the hydrodynamic model) with frequency-dependent transport coefficients. Comparison with the Kubo expressions for static dissipative coefficients in an ordinary fluid, derived by several authors, is straightforward. It is emphasized that the singular terms are essential for satisfying certain model independent sum rules for the correlation functions.
Structural and magnetic properties of quasi-1 and 2D pyrazine-containing spin-1/2 antiferromagnets

Abstract Aqueous reaction of Cu(BF4)2, NH4HF2, and pyrazine leads to formation of a novel 3D framework, [Cu(HF2)(pyz)2]BF4 (1), where 2D [Cu(pyz)2]2+ square layers are connected via HF 2 - . A second compound, Cu(ReO4)2(H2O)2(pyz) (2), was the result of our attempt to create the perrhenate analog of 1; a linear chain compound consisting of CuO4N2 octahedra linked through pyrazine ligands formed instead. Both compounds exhibit extensive hydrogen bonding interactions where bifluoride, F⋯H⋯F−, and O–H⋯O link layers and chains together in 1 and 2, respectively. Broad maxima indicative of short-range magnetic ordering (SRO) were observed in the magnetic susceptibility at 5.5 (1) and 7.7 K (2) while no evidence for the transition to long-range magnetic ordering (LRO) was detected above 2 K.
Collegiate athletic success and alumni generosity: Dispelling the myth

To examine the widely-accepted proposition that a university's successful athletic performance can evoke greater generosity on the part of its benefactors, analysis was conducted to measure the strength of the relationship between football or basketball success and several measures of monetary contributions for a number of major schools. The relative absence of significant results indicates that athletic performance and monetary donations are not closely related.
Guidelines on the implementation of diode in vivo dosimetry programs for photon and electron external beam therapy.

Abstract Semiconductor diodes offer many advantages for clinical dosimetry: high sensitivity, real-time read-out, simple instrumentation, robustness and air pressure independence. The feasibility and usefulness of in vivo dosimetry with diodes has been shown by numerous publications, but very few, if any, refer to the utilization of diodes in electron beam dosimetry. The purpose of this paper is to present our methods for implementing an effective IVD program for external beam therapy with photons and electrons and to evaluate a new type of diodes. Methods of deciding on reasonable action levels along with calibration procedures, established according to the type of measurements intended to be performed and the action limits, are discussed. Correction factors to account for nonreference clinical conditions for new types of diodes (designed for photon and electron beams) are presented and compared with those required by older models commercially available. The possibilities and limitations of each type of diode are presented, emphasizing the importance of using the appropriate diode for each task and energy range.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the C6H5 + CH3CHO Reaction: Experimental Measurement and Theoretical Prediction of the Reactivity toward Four Molecular Sites

The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of C 6 H 5 with CH 3 CHO have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The total rate constant for the reaction has been measured by means of the cavity ring-down spectrometry (CADS) in the temperature range 299-501 K at pressures covering 20-75 Torr. The overall bimolecular rate constant can be represented by the expression k = (2.8±2)×10 11 exp[-(700±30)/T] cm 3 mol -1 s -1 , which is slightly faster than for the analogous C 6 H 5 +CH 2 O reaction determined with the same method in the same temperature range. The reaction mechanism for the C 6 H 5 +CH 3 CHO reaction was also explored with quantum-chemical calculations at various hybrid density functional theories (DFTs) and using ab initio high-level composite methods. The theories predict that the reaction may occur by two hydrogen-abstraction and two addition channels with the aldehydic hydrogen-abstraction reaction being dominant. The rate constant calculated by the transition state theory for the aldehydic hydrogen-abstraction reaction is in good agreement with the experimental result after a very small adjustment of the predicted reaction barrier (+0.3 kcal mol -1 ). Contributions from other product channels are negligible under our experimental conditions. For combustion applcations, we have calculated the rate constants for key product channels in the temperature range of 298-2500 K under atmospheric-pressure conditions; they can be represented by the following expressions in units of cm 3 mol -1 s -1 : k 1,cho =8.8×10 3 T 2.6 exp(-90/T), k 2,ch3 = 6.0×10 1 T 3.3 exp(-950/T), k 3a (C 6 H 5 COCH 3 +H)=4.2×10 5 T 0.6 exp(-410/T) and k 3b (C 6 H 5 CHO+CH 3 )=6.6×10 9 T -0.5 exp(-310/T).
British community norms for the Brief Symptom Inventory

British community norms (N = 376) for the Brief Symptom Inventory (Derogatis & Spencer, 1982) are presented. Means are significantly higher than previously published US norms for all symptom dimensions, and show variability according to age, sex and work status. The proportion of ‘cases’ in the sample is similar to other British estimates. It is recommended that culturally relevant norms should be established and used in future work with this instrument.
Genetics and language: a neurobiological perspective on the missing link (-ing hypotheses)

The paper argues that both evolutionary and genetic approaches to studying the biological foundations of speech and language could benefit from fractionating the problem at a finer grain, aiming not to map genetics to “language”—or even subdomains of language such as “phonology” or “syntax”—but rather to link genetic results to component formal operations that underlie processing the comprehension and production of linguistic representations. Neuroanatomic and neurophysiological research suggests that language processing is broken down in space (distributed functional anatomy along concurrent pathways) and time (concurrent processing on multiple time scales). These parallel neuronal pathways and their local circuits form the infrastructure of speech and language and are the actual targets of evolution/genetics. Therefore, investigating the mapping from gene to brain circuit to linguistic phenotype at the level of generic computational operations (subroutines actually executable in these circuits) stands to provide a new perspective on the biological foundations in the healthy and challenged brain.
Migration of blood-borne regenerative cells during post-pneumonectomy compensatory lung growth

INTRODUCTION: Many rodents demonstrate post-pneumonectomy lung growth, a finding recently suggested by observations in humans. The alveolus consists of a thin epithelial lining and a meshwork of capillaries, with few stromal components available to contribute to regeneration. The limited cellular diversity suggests that lung growth after pneumonectomy requires the migration of regenerative cells. Our hypothesis was that these cells would be derived from the peripheral blood circulation.
Pulpal and periapical tissue response to butyl 2-cyanoacrylate

Abstract A series of experiments was conducted with the use of butyl 2-cyanoacrylate and cavity varnish on traumatically exposed pulps in the albino rat. Histologic comparisons were made between three groups of animals, showing that the sealing effect of the cavity varnish was dissipated in between 1 and 7 days. Cyanoacrylate produced immediate hemostasis and a delay in the inflammatory response. Granuloma and cyst formation occurred in the nontreated animals at 21 and 49 days, respectively, but a similar effect was not seen in the cyanoacrylate-treated specimen until the ninety-first day. Marked giant-cell reaction was observed in the nontreated and cavity-varnish-treated animals as early as 7 days but was not seen in the cyanoacrylate-treated group before 91 days; nor was there a change in the appearance of the periodontal ligament space or the inter-radicular bone of the latter group until the ninety-first day. Inflammatory response was seen in the nontreated group as early as the first day. Enlargement of the pulpal blood vessels was seen in the cyanoacrylate-treated animals and, although a disturbance of the orderly palisade arrangement of the odontoblasts was noted, these cells remained viable at the end of 70 days and did not completely loose their viability until the ninety-first day. These experiments show that butyl 2-cyanoacrylate may have an ameliorative effect upon exposed pulpal tissue in the albino rat for 90 days.
Coupled-dipole approximation: predicting scattering by nonspherical marine organisms

The polarization state of light in the ocean can be used to enhance visibility. The consequences of scattering from nonspherically-symmetric particles on light propagation and visibility in the ocean was investigated. To calculate scattering from nonspherical marine microorganisms, it is usually necessary to resort to approximate methods. One promising approximation is the coupled-dipole approach in which an arbitrarily-shaped object is divided into a number of identical elements arranged on a cubic lattice. Each element is treated as a spherical, dipolar oscillator with its polarizability specified by the real and imaginary parts of the index of refraction. Interactions between dipoles are included by determining the field at a particular dipole due to the incident field and the fields induced by the other dipole oscillators. The scattered field is then the sum of the fields due to each oscillator. The coupled-dipole method is promising because, in principle, an organism of any shape can be modeled, and all 16 elements of the scattering matrix calculated. This approach has been applied to calculate scattering from spherical particles to verify the limits of the approximation, and from other shapes to investigate the effects of nonsphericity and chirality on scattering. In particular, all 16 Mueller matrix elements for the scattering were calculated from a finite cylinder, a single- strand helix, 14-strand helix, and ensembles of these particles. The effects of pitch, size, wavelength, and complex index of refraction were investigated. The results provide insights into the magnitude and type of depolarization effects associated with various marine microorganisms containing these structures.
Thin Film Processing with Ecr and Downstream Oxygen Plasmas

Downstream oxygen plasmas are used routinely to etch and strip resist materials in integrated circuit (IC) process sequences. Differences in the electrical damage incurred in thin (26 nm) silicon dioxide films on silicon due to the afterglow of rf and microwave oxygen plasmas appear to be due to higher energy VUV emission and to a greater density of positive ions in the case of rf excitation at downstream distances less than 35 cm. The high flux of oxygen ions in electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasmas also permits reasonable silicon oxidation rates at low temperature. Oxidation rates ofsilicon in ECR oxygen plasmas at temperatures between 250 and 450 C are comparable to those obtained for thermal oxidation in dry oxygen at temperatures above 850 C. Although oxidation rates are adequate under floating, anodic or cathodic bias conditions, only oxides grown under floating or anodic conditions display comparable chemical, physical and electrical properties to those of thermal oxides.
Machine testing for deviation of data from a Poisson distribution

THERE are many situations in which data are obtained describing events that occur at random. If the mechanism causing the random events is such that the events are independent and the probability of occurrence in any given interval of time is constant, the occurrence is described by the Poisson distribution. In a population of events which are normally expected to occur according to the Poisson distribution, certain events may occur as the result of special factors which operate in relation to them only. In such cases, these specially influenced events will not fall within the Poisson distribution that describes the rest of the population. It may be desirable to study the factors causing their peculiar occurrence and this will require that the normally occurring events be separated from the normally occurring ones. A practical machine method for making this kind of separation for any data which are Poisson-distributed is outlined. For clarity, the techniques will be described in terms of a particular example but other applications are of course possible.
The Classroom in the Palm of Your Hand

In this article, the use of student mobile learning technologies is discussed. The author then goes on to examine how he, as a college instructor, needs to implement better mobile learning interactions in his math classes. By connecting to the current literature on mobile learning, the author has tried to show how the development and implementation of mobile learning should occur. It is the author's hope that this article will motivate other college instructors to implement mobile learning interactions in their courses.
Czochralski growth of Ba2Ge2TiO8

Abstract Single crystal boules of Ba 2 Ge 2 TiO 8 were grown by the Czochralski technique from a stoichiometric melt. The boules were typically 8 mm in diameter and 15 mm in length with a slight yellowish color. Crystal growth parameters and charaterization methods are described.
National differences in an international classroom

The virtual classrooms of open online courses include students from a vast array of individual, social, economic, and educational contexts. Detailed data were collected for the first course MIT ran on the edX platform, including student behavior, performance, and background information. In this paper, we estimate the systematic differences in average performance, distribution of performance, and performance conditional on behaviors for countries with different characteristics (e.g., language, income).
Optimal control of assignment of jobs to processors under heavy traffic

The paper is concerned with the optimal control of the assignment of jobs from several arriving random streams to one of a bank of processors. Owing to the difficulty of the general problem, a heav...
Effects of electrophoretically deposited carbon nanofibers on the interface of single carbon fibers embedded in epoxy matrix

Abstract Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was used to deposit carboxylic acid-functionalized carbon nanofibers (O-CNFs) on the surface of single carbon fibers. Using the single fiber fragmentation technique and Weibull analysis, interfacial shear strength (IFSS) was estimated for different fiber surface treatments. Samples for sized, unsized, O-CNF deposited sized, and O-CNF deposited unsized carbon fibers were tested. Additionally, the effects of EPD were investigated by testing sized and unsized carbon fiber samples exposed to an electric field in water. Removal of the fiber sizing decreased IFSS by approximately 27%, but addition of O-CNFs to the unsized fiber surface led to an increase of 15% compared to the sized base fiber. The O-CNF deposited sized fibers provided IFSS increases of 207.6% and 66.9% for 1 and 5 min deposition durations, respectively. The surface morphology of all samples was characterized, and those containing homogeneous deposition of closely bound O-CNFs provided the highest IFSS values. Exposing sized fibers to the electric field for 1 min led to an IFSS increase of 79%, while unsized fibers undergoing the same treatment provided increases of 7.7% and 46% compared to the base sized fiber and unsized fiber samples, respectively.
The accuracy of geopotential models

The accuracy of two recent geopotential models, GEM 7 and GEM 8, is evaluated and is found to be about 4.3 m with respect to the global geoid surface for GEM 7 and 3.9 m for GEM 8. The accuracies are root mean square values obtained by the use of 400 coefficients for GEM 7 and 706 coefficients for GEM 8. Independent observations used in the evaluation include 159 lumped coefficients from 35 resonant orbits, two sets of fields derived from optical-only and laser-only data, sets of zonal and resonant coefficients, and geoid undulations. The ratio of estimated commission to formal error in GEM 7 and GEM 8 ranges from 2 to 5. Several other recent geopotential models are examined.
Gastrointestinal Blood Flow and O2 Uptake in Piglets: Recovery from Hypoxemia

ABSTRACT: Gastrointestinal (GI) blood flow, O2 transport, and O2 uptake were measured during recovery from severe hypoxemia in newborn piglets. Hypoxemia was induced by lowering the inspired O2 concentration to 0.05 for 15 min. This resulted in an 82% decrease in GI O2 uptake. Recovery measurements were obtained 5 and 65 min after restoration of normoxia. During early recovery (5 min), GI O2 uptake increased above prehypoxemia baseline, presumably to “repay” the O2 deficit incurred during hypoxemia. This was mediated by an increase in the arteriovenous O2 content difference, as GI blood flow did not increase above prehypoxemia baseline. During late recovery (65 min), GI blood flow, O2 delivery, and arteriovenous O2 content difference decreased below prehypoxemia baseline. This resulted in a 52% decrease in GI O2 uptake below prehypoxemia baseline. Therefore, early recovery was characterized by an appropriate increase in GI O2 uptake; however, late recovery was characterized by a significant reduction in GI O2 transport and uptake. Circulatory homeostasis was not reestablished during the late recovery period.
Comment on spinless-boson interpretations of anomalous ℓℓγ events

Abstract Scenarios with a spinless boson decaying into l l γ have been proposed to explain the anomalous l l γ events at the CERN pp collider. A simple argument shows that the models fail to reproduce the concentration of the events at low l−γ invariant masses. The same argument provides a strong constraint upon any other possible interpretation of the events.
Near-field artifact reduction in planar coded aperture imaging

Coded apertures for imaging problems are typically based on arrays having perfect cross-correlation properties. These arrays, however, guarantee a perfect point-spread function in far-field applications only. When these arrays are used in the near-field, artifacts arise. We present a mathematical derivation capable of predicting the shape of such artifacts. The theory shows that methods used in the past to compensate for the effects of background nonuniformities in far-field problems are also effective in reducing near-field artifacts. The case study of a nuclear medicine problem is presented to show good agreement of simulation and experimental results with mathematical predictions.
The RNA encompassing the internal ribosome entry site in the poliovirus 5' nontranslated region enhances the encapsidation of genomic RNA.

Poliovirus replicons were constructed which contain the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) substituted for the poliovirus IRES. To monitor gene expression and encapsidation, the gene encoding firefly luciferase was substituted for the P1 gene. Replicons can be encapsidated following serial passage in the presence of a recombinant vaccinia virus, VV-P1, which expresses the poliovirus P1 protein following infection. Encapsidation of the wild-type replicon (PV-Luc) was accomplished at either 33 or 37 degrees C; the lower temperature actually resulted in greater amounts of encapsidated replicon. In contrast, the replicon with the EMCV IRES element (EMCV-Luc) was not efficiently encapsidated at 37 degrees C and, following serial passage with VV-P1 at 37 degrees C, was not amplified. EMCV-Luc was efficiently encapsidated, however, following serial passage with VV-P1 at 33 degrees C. Using the encapsidated EMCV-Luc obtained at 33 degrees C, we found that cells infected with EMCV-Luc at 33 or 37 degrees C produced similar amounts of luciferase. Encapsidated EMCV-Luc and PV-Luc had similar thermal stability at 33 and 37 degrees C. A single-round encapsidation analysis revealed that less EMCV-Luc was encapsidated at 37 than at 33 degrees C; less EMCV-Luc was encapsidated at 33 degrees C compared to PV-Luc at either 37 or 33 degrees C. The results of our studies suggest that in addition to influencing translation/replication, the IRES region of poliovirus can function to enhance encapsidation.