cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The study of polyandry: a critique and synthesis.

The authors examine some of the biases present in the literature that limit understanding of polyandry and address the lack of general explanations for the existence of polyandry. They also offer a general theoretical statement regarding the conditions under which polyandry is likely to arise as a normative form of marriage. They conclude that factors that explain the occurrence and the rarity of polyandry are different than commonly supposed. The difficulty of determining paternity need not be an issue in most nonindustrial societies since few kinship systems require the identification of a childs genetic father to locate that child in the kinship structure. Neither does sexual jealousy appear to cause difficulty in cultures where polyandry has developed in response to natural environmental circumstances. Polyandry also appears to be preferred and practiced only when it is advantageous to men and does not require reflect or emanate from any kind of female dominance. Instead polyandry arises from a set of economic factors and is rare because this combination of factors is rare. The 2 most important antecedents appear to be 1) extreme societal poverty where the harsh environmental conditions permit only very low population densities and marginal subsistence levels and 2) limited roles for women in the productive economy. Polyandry is highly adaptive under these conditions. Family size is minimized so there are fewer mouths to feed and families contain several adult males who function as providers. Polyandrous societies then should be regarded as examples of human flexibility in adjusting to difficult circumstances in a rational effective manner not as deviant or unnatural cases.
Approach to examine efficacy of game-based and virtual simulation training

The United States Army has heavily leveraged, developed and expanded its use of virtual simulation training, as this class of simulation has been empirically demonstrated to be effective in the transfer of skills to the live environment. Game-based training, an alternative class of simulation, is characterized by its lower overhead and cost and potentially represents a less expensive alternative to virtual simulation training. In an effort to reduce the cost of training simulation, the U.S. Army has recently socialized the concept of potentially replacing select virtual simulation trainers with game-based simulations. While lowering the cost of simulation is a noble endeavor, the aforementioned concept requires further investigation as minimal empirical evidence exists regarding the effectiveness of game-based training, particularly at the collective echelon of training. In this paper, we lay the foundation to conduct an investigation of whether a game-based simulation may be as equally an effective collective training apparatus as a higher-cost, higher-fidelity, virtual simulation. Specifically, we discuss a planned Training Effectiveness Evaluation (TEE) of both the Aviation Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (AVCATT) and a game-based aviation simulation that will empirically determine whether or not virtual training in the AVCATT could potentially be replaced by an equally effective, but less costly, game-based simulation. We discourse on our proposed design of experiment, which will utilize qualified Army aviators performing a tactical, collective mission in two discrete training treatments (AVCATT and a game-based simulation) at Fort Rucker, Alabama.
Photoluminescence spectroscopy of biased, double barrier resonant tunneling structures

Work on the transport properties of double barrier resonant tunneling (DBRT) structures has advanced to the point where pure electrical measurements are no longer sufficient to yield the detailed information required to test theoretical models, More sophisticated techniques, such as magnetotransport,1 have already provided valuable information concerning charge buildup in the emitter region and the role of phonon scattering. Optical spectroscopy2 is another powerful experimental probe of perpendicular transport in DBRT structures, as will be demonstrated.
Method for removal of surface-active impurities and calcium from conjugated bile salt preparations: comparison with silicic acid chromatography.

Some commercial preparations of common natural conjugated bile salts contain impurities (e.g., amines, lipids, and calcium) that are likely to affect their physicochemical properties. A method was developed for purifying commercial preparations of sodium salts of glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids. The method consists of passage of a dilute aqueous solution of the sodium bile salt through three columns in sequence: graphitized carbon, a hydrophobic bonded octadecylsilane (C18) cartridge, and a calcium-chelating resin. The final solution was extracted with chloroform, and the purified bile salt was then isolated by freeze-drying, with a yield of 65-75%. Each bile salt purified by this method was compared with the corresponding bile salt purified by conventional adsorption chromatography on a silicic acid column, using a mixture of methanol and chloroform as eluant. Purity was assessed by visible spectra, by surface tension measurements (using the maximum bubble-pressure method and a Wilhelmy wire method), by chloroform extractability of impurities in the conjugated bile acid, by liposome solubilization, and by chemical analysis of the calcium content. Both purification methods removed colored and surface-active impurities, but the new method was always as or more effective than silicic acid column chromatography. Calcium ion, present in commercial bile salts in concentrations up to 16 mmol/mol bile salt, was removed completely by the three-column method, but not by silicic acid chromatography. The new method is thus a simple, rapid, and efficient procedure for purification of the sodium salts of glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids for physicochemical measurements, in which elimination of surface-active impurities and polyvalent cations is desired.
Design, Analysis, Fabrication, Ground-Test, and Flight of a Two-Stage Hybrid and Solid Rocket

Students in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Stanford University participated in a hybrid rocket design project with the aim of designing, building, testing and flying a hybrid rocket, closely following an industrial design cycle. The PEMDAS rocket – a two-stage rocket with a hybrid first stage, (paraffin/polyethylene fuel and nitrous oxide oxidizer), and solid second stage (Aerotech M650 motor) was built and flown as part of this project. In June 2013, the PEMDAS rocket achieved an apogee of nearly 10,000 feet above ground level (AGL), hence setting an altitude record for hybrid rockets designed at Stanford University. In this paper, the process from designing to launching the PEMDAS rocket will be presented. A full scale ground test was conducted prior to flight. Measurements obtained from the ground test and a comparison of predictions with actual flight results will be discussed.
JOHN R. COMMONS INSTITUTIONAL THEORIST

one craves from one's scientific and scholarly qualities, substitute satisfactions can usually be had through the cheap and ready applause that rewards righteous indignation at current evil, however irrelevant this may be to the problem at hand. Fortunately, the main argument that has been advanced above tends to take care of itself as a science advances and its practitioners achieve a more adequate grasp of what are the mores of scientific work, as contrasted with the mores of many other roles scientists are called upon to fulfill. Thus, nearly all chemists and physicists would probably regard my argument above as more or less self-evident as far as their own fields are concerned, although many of them would perhaps join social scientists who contend that social science "is different" in this respect. As for the rest, a benign providence has fortunately decreed that they cannot do what they declare they should do, namely, produce only such scientific knowledge as will be used in ways approved by the highly transient scientist himself on the highly transitory "social issues" that agitate the current scene.
Research by Expatriates in Africa: Can It Be "Relevant"?

Moreover, even a genuine demonstration of dedication to problemoriented research is not guaranteed to silence the critics. Real accomplishments may, in the present climate, have no more impact than pious declarations of intent. African studies as conducted by American scholars is presently under such impassioned attack from so many quarters and for so many reasons that even tangible accomplishments may not be given much weight by those who feel only anger and indignation when they consider African studies. Whatever the record may show, critics of both the left and the right in recent months have interpreted African studies in the United States as biased either in one or another direction and as lacking the essential, if ill-defined, quality called "relevance."
International Justice in Ethical Decision-Making: Expanding the Role

Although the actions of government officials affect those who live in other countries, little attention has been paid to the role of international justice in how decision makers make ethical decisions. This study describes different areas in which administrative actions have an impact abroad and analyzes arguments for and against a role for international justice in decision-making. Public servants may legitimately prioritize their primary constituents, but international justice is an important value that should inform their decisions.
The Reliability-based Topological Optimization Design of Continuum Structural with Abnormal Distribution

Because of the continuum structural with uncertainty is common,the research of reliability-based topology optimization is of great significance.Techniques from the fourth prime matrix and the finite element method are employed to present the practical and effective method for the reliability-based topology optimization for continuum structural with abnormal distribution parameters in the case of given the first-forth moments of basic random variables.The topology optimization is described as pattern recognition to element and the K nearest neighbor method is extracted from the technique of pattern recognition to seek the optimized result with the element stress as variable and Euclidean distance of stress as recognition standard.Several numerical examples given to compare with optimized results with deterministic indicate that the approach proposed is a convenient and practical method.
Introduction: Secularity or the Post-Secular Condition

This book addresses the recent criticism and breakdown of the secularization thesis, a development that amounts to a crisis in the concept of secularism and in the long-held assumptions about an inevitable modernization from traditional, religious worlds to secular ones. Until the last decades of the twentieth century, secularization was generally regarded as a nearly indisputable fact of modern life and a staple of sociological thinking. A broadly held belief in secularization, what I call ‘the standard secularization thesis’, pointed to religion’s continual and inevitable decline. In the conjectures of the earliest sociologists — including Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, and Max Weber — secularization was considered an inevitable result of modernization: urbanization, industrialization, the rise of science, individualization, and so forth. Secularization was understood as teleological and irreversible, ending in the ultimate extirpation of religion and ‘the death of God’.1 As an example of this article of faith, in 1968, the American sociologist Peter Berger was quoted in the New York Times as predicting that ‘[b]y the 21st century, religious believers are likely to be found only in small sects, huddled together to resist a worldwide secular culture’.2
The Pluralistic Hypothesis

I have argued that it is rational on the part of those who experience religiously to believe and to live on this basis. And I have further argued that, in so believing, they are making an affirmation about the nature of reality which will, if it is substantially true, be developed, corrected and enlarged in the course of future experience. They are thus making genuine assertions and are making them on appropriate and acceptable grounds. If there were only one religious tradition, so that all religious experience and belief had the same intentional object, an epistemology of religion could come to rest at this point. But in fact there are a number of different such traditions and families of traditions witnessing to many different personal deities and non-personal ultimates.
The Crisis Spreads: Indonesia (with Arry Basuseno)

Until its spectacular collapse Indonesia was advertised as a resounding success story of the twin liberalizations. These two liberalizations had to do with both the internal and external sectors of the economy. Internally, the financial liberalization that started in the 1980s and continued until the period of the crisis was hailed as a great success. Externally, both trade and capital account liberalization were held up as models for others to follow. By late 1997, the Indonesian economy lay in ruins. What went wrong?
The Effect of Re-randomization in a Smoking Cessation Trial.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this sub-study was to determine whether operating engineers (heavy equipment operators) who failed to quit smoking in a randomized controlled trial would benefit from re-exposure to the interventions one year later. METHODS Operating Engineers attending workplace safety training groups during the winters of 2010 to 2012 were randomized by training group to either to the Tobacco Tactics Web-based intervention or the 1-800-QUIT-NOW telephone line. Of the 145 original participants, 41 reappeared in training groups one year later and were re-randomized with their group. Seven-day point prevalence quit rates at 30-days and 6-months post-intervention were analyzed using the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS At 30-day follow-up, an additional 9.8% (4/41) of repeaters had quit smoking. At 6-month follow-up, 12.2% (5/41) of repeaters had quit smoking. At 30-day follow-up, increased quitting was more common among those re-randomized to the intervention group than among those who received the control treatment, although this was not statistically significant and was no longer true at 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Because many smokers make multiple attempts to quit smoking, re-enrollment of participants in smoking cessation trials may produce additional quitters.
Genome Sequences of Newly Isolated Mycobacteriophages Forming Cluster S

We describe the genomes of two mycobacteriophages, MosMoris and Gattaca, newly isolated on Mycobacterium smegmatis The two phages are very similar to each other, differing in 61 single nucleotide polymorphisms and six small insertion/deletions. Both have extensive nucleotide sequence similarity to mycobacteriophage Marvin and together form cluster S.
The Role of Code-Switching and Language Context in Bilingual Phonetic Transfer

The present study examines the effect of two potential catalysts for interlanguage phonetic interaction, code-switching and language mode, on the production of voice onset time (VOT) to better understand the role of (near) simultaneous dual language activation on phonetic production, as well as the nature of phonetic transfer. An oral production paradigm was carried out in which Spanish–English bilinguals produced words with initial voiceless stops as non-switched tokens, code-switched tokens in an otherwise monolingual context, and code-switched tokens in a bilingual context. Results demonstrated a degree of phonetic transfer associated with code-switching, either unidirectional or bi-directional. Specifically, English, with long lag VOT, was more susceptible to phonetic transfer than Spanish (short lag). Contrary to expectations, while the code-switching effect was present in both monolingual and bilingual mode, there was no additional transfer, or additive effect, of bilingual language mode. Differences in the effects of code-switching on English and Spanish are discussed with respect to the inherently different acceptable VOT ranges in the two languages. Furthermore, the lack of difference in VOT between the code-switched tokens in the monolingual and bilingual contexts is taken to suggest limits on phonetic transfer.
Simulating the fidelity and the three Mg mechanism of pol η and clarifying the validity of transition state theory in enzyme catalysis.

Pol η belongs to the important Y family of DNA polymerases that can catalyze translesion synthesis across sites of damaged DNA. This activity involves the reduced fidelity of Pol η for 8-oxo-7,8-dhyedro-2′-deoxoguanosin(8-oxoG). The fundamental interest in Pol η has grown recently with the demonstration of the importance of a 3rd Mg2+ ion. The current work explores both the fidelity of Pol η and the role of the 3rd metal ion, by using empirical valence bond (EVB) simulations. The simulations reproduce the observed trend in fidelity and shed a new light on the role of the 3rd metal ion. It is found that this ion does not lead to a major catalytic effect, but most probably plays an important role in reducing the product release barrier. Furthermore, it is concluded, in contrast to some implications, that the effect of this metal does not violate transition state theory, and the evaluation of the catalytic effect must conserve the molecular composition upon moving from the reactant to the transition state. Proteins 2017; 85:1446–1453. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
EEG analysis reveals reduced seizure activity by optogenetic inhibition of GABAergic interneurons

Among the many cell types involved in epileptogenesis, the GABAergic interneurons are of great interests, largely due to their context-dependent role in controlling cellular excitability and dynamic behavior in seizure. By controlling GABAergic interneuron activity with optogenetic technology, we sought to block seizure activity in the hippocampus in a 4-aminopyridine induced seizure model in mice. This paper introduces an experiment where intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) was acquired from the hippocampal CA3 area during seizure while the GABAergic interneurons were optically altered. EEG segments during GABAergic interneurons inhibition (Laser ON) was compared to the condition when GABAergic interneurons were not inhibited by the light (Laser OFF). We utilized an adaptive Amplitude Correlation Threshold metric to define certain Seizure Level as a key parameter for epileptic detection. We also quantified the degree of inhibition as an evaluation parameter for the laser-interfered treatment. We found that both the frequency and strength of the ictal events were evidently reduced when the GABAergic interneurons were optically inhibited. This work reveals a novel functional role of GABAergic interneurons in seizure.
Moving Beyond Anger and Depression: The Effects of Anxiety and Envy on Maladaptive Coping

According to general strain theory (GST), life stressors, or strains, lead to different types of negative emotions, some of which increase the likelihood of maladaptive coping. A considerab...
INCREASED CLINICAL AND FINANCIAL BURDEN OF HEART FAILURE HOSPITALIZATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: INSIGHTS FROM THE NATIONAL INPATIENT SAMPLE

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with higher incidence of systolic and diastolic heart failure (HF) from both ischemic and non-ischemic etiologies independent of traditional CV risk factors. Although HF is an important contributor to the excess mortality in RA, the burden of acute
Does the use of a multi-trait, multi-test approach to measure animal personality yield different behavioural syndrome results?

A multi-trait, multi-test approach to investigate the convergence or discrimination between behavioural tests putatively targeting the same or different animal personality traits has been recommended, yet whether and how the approaches affect the identification of behavioural syndrome(s), the suite of correlated personality traits, requires investigation. Here, we used behavioural measures collected from five commonly used behavioural tests targeting three personality traits, evaluated their convergence/discrimination through exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and then explored whether the identification of syndrome changed based on the approach we used to quantify personality traits. Our results indicated that tests presumably targeting the same personality trait actually measured distinct behavioural aspects. Syndrome defined using correlation changed due to how we identified personality traits, but not when using structural equation models (SEMs). Overall, this study emphasizes that it is critical to clarify the approach and terms we use for ‘personality traits’ in the field of animal personality.
Nuclear cooperation with non-NPT member states? An elite-driven model of norm contestation

Supporters of the nuclear nonproliferation regime argue that international agreements, power politics, and emerging standards of legitimacy have generated a robust nuclear nonproliferation norm. Th...
What are the outcomes of declining a public health service increased risk liver donor for patients on the liver transplant waiting list

The tragedy of the national opioid epidemic has resulted in a significant increase in the number of opioid-related deaths and accordingly an increase in the number of potential donors designated Public Health Service (PHS) increased risk. Previous studies have demonstrated reluctance to use these PHS organs, and as a result, higher discard rates for these organs have been observed. All patients listed for liver transplantation in the United States from January 2005 to December 2016 were investigated. Patients on the waiting list were divided into 2 groups: those in which a PHS liver was used for transplantation (accepted PHS group) and those in which a PHS liver was declined and transplanted into a recipient lower on the match run (declined PHS group). Intention-to-treat patient survival from the time of PHS offer was significantly higher in the accepted PHS compared with the declined PHS group (P < 0.001). On Cox multivariate regression, declining a PHS donor liver was associated with a hazard ratio of 2.36 (95% confidence interval, 2.23-2.49; P < 0.001). For patients in which a PHS organ offer was declined, 11.6% died or were delisted for being too sick within the subsequent year. Donor liver allografts implanted in the accepted PHS group were of a lower donor risk index (1.28 versus 1.44) compared with the non-PHS organs that patients in the declined PHS group ultimately received if they underwent transplantation. In conclusion, there is a significantly higher survival for patients in which a PHS liver is accepted and used compared with those patients in which a PHS organ is declined. These data will help inform decisions about whether or not to accept a PHS donor liver for both patients and transplant professionals. Liver Transplantation 24 497-504 2018 AASLD.
Investigating Insight Generation and Decision Making with Visualizations in Real and Virtual Environments

Visualizing data has been touted as a method to reduce cognitive workload by externalizing cognitive processes and utilizing the human perceptual system's ability to recognize patterns [1-4]. The current study investigated whether displaying sociocultural data in an immersive 3D virtual environment improved insight generation and decision making over traditional 2D visualizations. Participants were given 10 minutes to interact with visualizations representing sociocultural information and decide where a possible future threat in a fictional city may occur using either a 2D tabletop map in the real world or the same map represented in 3D in an immersive virtual environment. Visualizations included information either highly correlated with previous incidents (i.e., government building locations and bus routes) and information not highly correlated (i.e., religious centers, income for areas, park locations, and flood zones). Success required identifying which variables were highly correlated with previous incidents, and thus predicted where a future threat may occur. Initial results indicate that in the 3D virtual environment, successful participants gave their final decision about 90 seconds faster than unsuccessful participants. Throughout the simulation, previous incident and government building location visualizations were highly utilized (for both, 85% of total duration), however, successful participants used the bus routes longer (12%) compared to unsuccessful participants. Further, the current trend suggests that successful participants avoided using irrelevant visualization information compared to unsuccessful participants. Ongoing work will compare these results to the 2D table-top display.
“Too Young to Remember Determined Not to Forget”: Memory Activists Engaging With Returning ICTY Convicts

This article examines memory activism among the young generation of activists in Serbia, born during or toward the end of the wars of the 1990s. By analyzing the actions of members of the Youth Ini...
Prevalence and Molecular Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes in Retail Establishments

As our understanding of Listeria monocytogenes transmission in retail and deli operations is limited, we conducted a cross-sectional study of L. monocytogenes contamination patterns in 121 retail establishments, using testing of food and environmental samples and subtype analysis (ribotyping) of L. monocytogenes isolates. Seventy-three (60%) establishments had at least one sample that tested positive for L. monocytogenes; 5 (2.7%) of the 183 food and 151 (13.0%) of the 1,161 environmental samples tested positive for L. monocytogenes, including 125 (16.7%) and 26 (6.3%) of non–food contact and food contact surface samples, respectively. Thirty-two EcoRI ribotypes were identified among the 156 L. monocytogenes isolated. Twenty-seven establishments had two or more L. monocytogenes with the same ribotype within a given establishment, including 9 establishments where isolates from 3 to 5 samples had the same ribotype. In 5 of 7 establishments where follow-up sampling was conducted 8 to 19 months after the init...
Isolation of a Gene Associated with Resistance to Cisplatin

Cisplatin (DDP) is one of the most widely used antineoplastic agents for the treatment of human cancer. It is effective against a broad spectrum of malignancies including testicular, ovarian, head and neck, bladder, and some forms of lung cancer. This usefulness is frequently obviated by the development of resistance in treated tumors (1). DDP resistance is expressed co-dominantly and is phenotypically stable for long periods in the absence of selection, implying a genetic basis (2). Both in vivo and in vitro selection with DDP usually result in levels of resistance on the order of 2 to 4-fold; clinically relevant but markedly less than that encountered with many antimetabolites and drugs associated with the multiple drug resistance phenotype mediated by the mdr 1 gene (3,4). The molecular basis of this resistance is not understood, though factors identified as capable of contributing to it include diminished DDP uptake, elevated glutathione or metallothioneins, and enhanced repair of DDP-DNA adducts (2).
Modeling One-Dimensional Systems

In this section, a model for predicting properties of premixed propagating methane—air and coal—air flames is described. This model is formulated to treat the general case of propagation in multiphase systems containing finely divided particles or droplets; however, the application emphasized herein is for pulverized coal—air systems. The model can also be used to describe gaseous systems, and has been applied to methane—oxidizer systems. The development that follows emphasizes laminar flows, but treatment of turbulent, propagating flames is also briefly discussed. The model is also two-dimensional, with one dimension being time and the other being distance along the flame; however, since the emphasis here is on the steady-state aspects, it is considered in this chapter on one-dimensional systems.
Knowledge of Antibiotic Use in College Students: A Quality Improvement Project

Aim: To evaluate college students' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about antibiotic use for simple viral infections, as well as determine if knowledge could be improved through an educational intervention and examine impacts on overall patient satisfaction. Background: Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem. College-aged students are at an increased risk for simple respiratory infections due to their close living conditions and poor knowledge of appropriate antibiotic use (Smith, Rigassio-Radler, Denmark, Haley, & Touger-Decker, 2012; Turner & Keller, 2015). Methods: Students ( N = 44) age 19-25 seen at the college health center of a small, private Nebraska university presenting with symptoms of an upper respiratory infection (URI) were given a survey prior to seeing the healthcare provider. During the visit, providers reviewed an educational handout discussing appropriate antibiotic use for URIs and then gave the student a post-survey to complete. Results: Students' Basic Knowledge of antibiotics improved, p = .1, Cohen's d = 0.41 as a result of the educational intervention, while changes in knowledge about Efficacy and Provider trust was mixed. Knowledge of correct use/misuse was high at pre, M = 1.95 and post M = 1.93. Conclusions: College-aged students benefit from additional education about antibiotics. Based on this project's findings, educational handouts have the potential to improve knowledge regarding antibiotics.
Sharpening land use maps and predicting the trends of land use change using high resolution airborne image: A geostatistical approach

Abstract High quality land use/land cover (LULC) data with fine spatial resolution and frequent temporal coverage are indispensable for revealing detail information of the Earth’s surface, characterizing LULC of the area, predicting the plausible land use changes, and assessing the viability and impacts of any development plans. While airborne imagery has high spatial resolution, it only provides limited temporal coverage over time. The LULC data from historical remote sensing images, such as those from Landsat, have frequent coverages over a long temporal period, but their spatial resolutions are low. This paper presents a spatio-temporal Cokriging method to sharpen LULC data and predict the trends of land use change. A set of time-series coarse resolution LULC maps and one frame of high spatial resolution airborne imagery of the Upper Mill Creek Watershed were used to illustrate the utility of our method. By explicitly describing the spatio-temporal dependence within and between different datasets, modelling the Anderson classification codes using spatial, temporal, and cross-covariance structures, and transforming the Anderson integer classification code to class probability, our method was able to resolve the differences between multi-source spatio-temporal LULC data, generate maps with sharpened and detailed land features, characterize the spatial and temporal LULC changes, reveal the trend of LULC change, and create a quality dataset invaluable for monitoring, assessing, and modelling LULC changes.
Using standardized case vignettes to evaluate nursing home staff recognition of delirium and delirium superimposed on dementia

The purpose of this study is to describe nursing home staff knowledge regarding delirium detection and the most common causes of delirium. Specific aims that guided this study include identifying the rate of nurse recognition of delirium and delirium superimposed on dementia (DSD), including different motoric subtypes of delirium, using standardized case vignettes, and exploring what nursing home staff describe as the potential causes of delirium. The study showed overall poor recognition of delirium and DSD, which did not improve over time. Interventions have the potential to increase the early detection of delirium and DSD by the staff and warrant development.
The place of therapy: between lab and field in the psychoanalytic office

This article builds on recent scholarship in medicine, science and technology illuminating the role of place and materiality in medical work. Drawing on ethnographic observations and qualitative interviews with US psychiatrists, psychologists and clinical social workers, I examine how the therapy office shapes psychoanalytic psychotherapists' efforts to understand their patients' unconscious conflicts. The concepts of 'laboratory' and 'field' frame my discussion of the material set up of the clinical room and the relational practices it fosters. I show that psychoanalytic practitioners try to approximate 'laboratory conditions' that insulate patients' problems from their everyday contexts and ensure a sense of stability. I also demonstrate that these clinicians' work depends on revealing personal preferences in the therapy room and fostering therapeutic relationships that resemble those in patients' everyday lives, making the office akin to the 'field'. The office thus becomes epistemically productive through therapists' management of the paradoxical relationship between laboratory and field.
HESS Opinions: Beyond the long-term water balance: evolving Budyko's supply–demand framework for the Anthropocene towards a global synthesis of land-surface fluxes under natural and human-altered watersheds

Abstract. Global hydroclimatic conditions have been substantially altered over the past century by anthropogenic influences that arise from the warming global climate and from local/regional anthropogenic disturbances. Traditionally, studies have used coupling of multiple models to understand how land-surface water fluxes vary due to changes in global climatic patterns and local land-use changes. We argue that because the basis of the Budyko framework relies on the supply and demand concept, the framework could be effectively adapted and extended to quantify the role of drivers – both changing climate and local human disturbances – in altering the land-surface response across the globe. We review the Budyko framework, along with these potential extensions, with the intent of furthering the applicability of the framework to emerging hydrologic questions. Challenges in extending the Budyko framework over various spatio-temporal scales and the use of global datasets to evaluate the water balance at these various scales are also discussed.
Ca2+/CaM interaction with voltage-gated Na+ channels.

Gardill et al. (1) describe a crystal structure for a complex of Ca2+-loaded calmodulin (CaM) and the cardiac NaV1.5 Na+ channel intracellular C terminus (C-terminal domain [CTD]) (Protein Data Bank [PDB]: 6MUD). They found, as we reported (2) with ternary complexes (PDB: 4JQ0 and 4JPZ) of NaVCTD, Ca2+-CaM, and the fibroblast growth factor homologous factor (FHF) FGF13B (3, 4), that Ca2+ occupies only the CaM N-lobe while the CaM C-lobe adopts a semiopen conformation found when apoCaM binds a target peptide (5). Gardill et al., however, state that we had interpreted our structures as having Ca2+ bind to the … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: geoffrey.pitt{at}med.cornell.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
La tenacité du réalisme juridique américain (The Persistence of American Legal Realism)

French Abstract: Dans cet article, j’essaierai d’identifier certaines lacunes du realisme juridique americain (RJA) qui l’empechent de fonctionner comme une theorie generale du droit et qui induisent ses adeptes en erreur au sujet de la nature du droit. Les principals premisses du RJA sont que le droit ne suppose pas l’analyse conceptuelle des normes legales et que le contenu du droit n’est pas subordonne a des principes hierarchiquement superieurs. Plus precisement, les adherents au RJA renient la methodologie du droit. Leur idee est pragmatique, c’est-a-dire, pour eux, seul le sens pratique suffit et prevaut. English Abstract: Despite several waves of disillusionment with American legal realism, the US legal community still clings to many radical views that were central to this movement. One reason for the longevity of these views is the common law’s exaggerated sense of the extent to which novel legal precedent represents change in the affected legal rules. This in turn is a consequence of the survival of legal realism’s extreme view that legal rules are only a superficial phenomenon. In my presentation, I will trace this extremism through the years following legal realism’s apparent demise and offer a more reasonable, and less chauvinistic, view of what the rules of the common law share with those of civil law jurisdictions.
The Use of Isolated and Synthesized Latency Functional Analyses in the Assessment and Treatment of Clothing Removal Exhibited by a Child with Autism

The case of a 9-year-old male with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who presented with problem behavior in the form of high-frequency clothing removal is reported. Descriptive data indicated the beha...
‘Eligible to be heard’ in transportation planning

Planners often use the phrase ‘hard-to-reach’ to describe youth, people of color, and people with low incomes, people from whom they need information but are unsuccessful in reaching. Consideration...
Lithium titanium disulfide cathodes

It is now almost 50 years since the first rechargeable lithium batteries, based on the reversible intercalation of lithium into layered structured titanium disulfide, were conceived. They were the precursor to the structurally related layered oxides that now dominate energy storage for electronics, the grid and vehicles.
Current Status of Radiomics and Deep Learning in Liver Imaging.

ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence is poised to revolutionize medical image. It takes advantage of the high-dimensional quantitative features present in medical images that may not be fully appreciated by humans. Artificial intelligence has the potential to facilitate automatic organ segmentation, disease detection and characterization, and prediction of disease recurrence. This article reviews the current status of artificial intelligence in liver imaging and reviews the opportunities and challenges in clinical implementation.
Longitudinal Impact of Parental Catastrophizing on Child Functional Disability in Pediatric Amplified Pain.

Objective Children with amplified musculoskeletal pain (AMPS) experience significant functional disability, with impairment in their ability to participate in age-appropriate activities of daily living. Parental factors play an important role in a child's pain symptoms and treatment outcomes, with parental pain catastrophizing and protective behaviors linked to several maladaptive outcomes for children. Aims of the current study were to examine how parental pain catastrophizing, child pain catastrophizing, and parental protective behaviors longitudinally impacted functional disability for children with AMPS. Methods Archival data were examined from parent-child dyads presenting to a tertiary pain clinic for treatment of AMPS. Over 1 year, parents completed measures assessing the level of pain catastrophizing, common behavioral responses to child pain, and child functional disability. Children completed measures of pain catastrophizing and functional disability. Measures were collected at initial evaluation, 6-months, and 12-months. Latent growth models (LGM) were conducted to examine how to study variables longitudinally impacted the rate of change in child functional disability. Results Examining a comprehensive LGM of study variables, parental catastrophizing emerged as the sole contributing factor to slower improvement in functional disability. Conclusions The strong influence of parental pain catastrophizing on functional disability may relate to parents limiting behaviors that promote adaptive coping in children with pain. As such, parents who catastrophize may benefit from specific interventions to increase their use of adaptive behavioral responses, such as redirecting children to complete functional activities and encouraging the use of positive coping skills for pain-related distress.
Labor market differentials estimated with researcher-inferred and self-identified sexual orientation

Abstract The impact of the common practice of inferring sexual orientation via cohabitation status on estimated labor market differentials for sexual minorities is understudied. Using the 2013–2018 National Health Interview Survey, I show that inferring sexual orientation via cohabitation status leads to similar estimated differentials for gay men but inflates outcomes for lesbian women. Estimates for all bisexual individuals are biased upwards, because bisexual individuals are less likely to cohabit and comprise less than ten percent of the same-sex cohabiting sample. Estimates of outcomes for sexual minority members of same-sex households are largely unaffected by the sample contamination resulting from potentially erroneous inclusion of heterosexual individuals. However, cohabitation based researcher inference of sexual orientation masks important heterogeneity in self-identified sexual orientation based labor market differentials. Results highlight the need for inclusion of sexual orientation identity on more large scale surveys.
Nonparametric Finite Mixture Models with Possible Shape Constraints: A Cubic Newton Approach.

We explore computational aspects of maximum likelihood estimation of the mixture proportions of a nonparametric finite mixture model -- a convex optimization problem with old roots in statistics and a key member of the modern data analysis toolkit. Motivated by problems in shape constrained inference, we consider structured variants of this problem with additional convex polyhedral constraints. We propose a new cubic regularized Newton method for this problem and present novel worst-case and local computational guarantees for our algorithm. We extend earlier work by Nesterov and Polyak to the case of a self-concordant objective with polyhedral constraints, such as the ones considered herein. We propose a Frank-Wolfe method to solve the cubic regularized Newton subproblem; and derive efficient solutions for the linear optimization oracles that may be of independent interest. In the particular case of Gaussian mixtures without shape constraints, we derive bounds on how well the finite mixture problem approximates the infinite-dimensional Kiefer-Wolfowitz maximum likelihood estimator. Experiments on synthetic and real datasets suggest that our proposed algorithms exhibit improved runtimes and scalability features over existing benchmarks.
Auditors’ Use of Brainstorming in the Consideration of Fraud: Reports from the Field

ABSTRACT: Audit standards require auditors to conduct fraud brainstorming sessions on every audit. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board has raised concerns about auditors’ fraud judgments and the quality of their brainstorming sessions. We develop a measure of brainstorming quality to examine how it affects auditors’ fraud decision-making processes. We test our measure using field survey data of auditors’ actual brainstorming sessions for 179 audit engagements. Respondents report considerable variation in the quality of brainstorming in practice. We find some evidence that high-quality brainstorming improves the relations between fraud risk factors and fraud risk assessments. We also determine that brainstorming quality positively moderates the relations between fraud risk assessments and fraud-related testing. Our results suggest that the benefits of brainstorming do not apply uniformly, because low-quality sessions likely incur the costs of such interactions without receiving the attendant bene...
Mostly Sound Type System Improves a Foundational Program Verifier

We integrate a verified typechecker with a verified program logic for the C language, proved sound with respect to the operational semantics of the CompCert verified optimizing C compiler. The C language is known to not be type-safe but we show the value of a provably mostly sound type system: integrating the typechecker with the program logic makes the logic significantly more usable. The computational nature of our typechecker (within Coq) makes program proof much more efficient. We structure the system so that symbolic executioneven tactical (nonreflective) symbolic executioncan keep the type context and typechecking always in reified form, to avoid expensive re-reification.
Personality Assessment Inventory among patients with psychogenic seizures and those with epilepsy

The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is a widely used self-report questionnaire designed to detect and quantify dimensions of adult psychopathology. Previous studies that examined the ability of the PAI to differentiate between patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and those with epilepsy (EPIL) have yielded inconsistent results. We compared the full PAI profiles of 62 patients with PNES, 55 with EPIL, and 45 normal control (NC) participants to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the PAI. We also sought to highlight psychopathologic symptoms that may inform psychological treatment of patients with PNES or epilepsy. PNES and EPIL patients reported more somatic concerns and symptoms of anxiety and depression than did NC persons. PNES patients reported more unusual somatic symptoms, as well as greater physical symptoms of anxiety and depression than did patients with EPIL. Classification accuracy of the "NES Indicator" was not much better than chance, whereas the Conversion subscale alone had reasonable sensitivity (74%) and specificity (67%). Overall, the PAI demonstrated only moderate classification accuracy in an epilepsy monitoring unit sample. However, the inventory appears to identify specific psychopathological symptoms that may be targets of psychological/psychiatric intervention.
Experimental study of ( f 7 2 2 )7 + states in s-d shell nuclei

Abstract The (α, d) reactions on 24, 26Mg, 28,30Si, 32,34S, 36,38,40Ar and 42Ca at beam energies from 34 to 40 MeV were performed to search for ( f 7 2 2 )7 + levels in order to confirm and extend systematics observed by previous investigators. Supplementary (3He, p) experiments on 24Mg, 28Si and 32S were also performed. DWBA calculations proved quite useful in interpreting the experimental results. In addition, the 25Mg(α,t) and 27Al(α, 3He) experiments were conducted to further distinguish the ( f 7 2 2 7 + states from ( d 5 2 f 7 2 )6 − levels in 26Al and 28Al. The latter states are expected to be populated with significant strength in (α, d) as are ( f 7 2 2 )7 + states. A nearly linear dependence of the (α, d) Q-values to the 7+ states versus atomic mass holds for all the s-d shell nuclei studied here. This Q-value linearity ends as the f 7 2 shell begins to fill although regularities are still apparent. A systematic and similar behavior of ( d 3 2 )3 + states was also observed.
Sphingan Group of Exopolysaccharides (EPS)

Introduction Historical Outline Chemical Structures Structural Variations Analytical Methods Occurrence Physiology Properties Biosynthesis Synthesis of Sugar-nucleotide Substrates Assembly of the Repeat Unit, Polymerization and Secretion Genetics Regulation Use of Classical Genetics and Recombinant DNA Technologies to Modify Production Biodegradation Production Fermentation Recovery and Purification Producers World Market Applications Outlook and Perspectives Patents Keywords: sphingan; exopolysaccharide; heteropolysaccharide; capsule; biofilm; gellan; welan; rhamsan; S-7; S-88; S-198; S-657; NW-11; I-886; GS1; Sphingomonas; l-mannose; 2 deoxy-β-d-arabino-hexuronic acid; phosphoglucomutase; poly-hydroxybutyrate; glycosyl transferase; bacitracin; isoprenylphosphate; genetic complementation; fermentation; gelation; rheology