cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular and respiratory relationships with neuronal discharge in the central nucleus of the amygdala during sleep-waking states.

We examined state-related relationships of neuronal discharge in the central nucleus of the amygdala (ACE) with cardiac and respiratory patterning. ACE cell discharges correlated with cardiac and respiratory timing, arterial pressure, and several respiratory parameters in undrugged, freely moving cats during waking, quiet sleep, and rapid eye movement sleep. Phasic discharge with the cardiac or respiratory cycle was examined using cross-correlation histograms. Of 80 cells in 8 cats, 24% showed a timing relationship with the cardiac or respiratory cycle, i.e., a tendency to discharge with each cardiac R-wave or with each breath, 12% with the cardiac cycle, and 14% with the respiratory cycle (2 cells showed both). All timing relationships were state dependent, usually observed in only one sleep-waking state per cell. Over half the cells showed a significant Pearson's r rate correlation with respiratory period or arterial pressure. Two-thirds of the cells showing arterial pressure correlations also correlated with respiratory period. A substantial proportion of ACE cells thus shows a state-dependent modulation of discharge rate and pattern by cardiovascular and respiratory variables. Rate and timing relationships were mutually exclusive within states, suggesting a state-dependent functional differentiation within the ACE.
Experimental hypercoagulable state induced by factor X: comparison of the nonactivated and activated forms.

Abstract Infusions of 630 U. of purified nonactivated Factor X failed to induce stasis thrombi in rabbits. In contrast, 5 U. of purified activated Factor X produced massive thrombi in the jugular veins of rabbits. Admixture of activated Factor X with 2 μg of phospholipid before infusion reduced tenfold the amount of activated Factor X required to produce stasis thrombi. Phospholipid also prolonged the hypercoagulability induced by activated Factor X from 10 to 200 seconds, but did not produce thrombosis itself nor make nonactivated Factor X thrombogenic. These data demonstrate for the first time that systemic hypercoagulability is not related to the absolute quantity of a circulating clotting factor, but rather to whether it is circulating in an activated form.
Object-oriented co-synthesis of distributed embedded systems

This paper describes a new co-synthesis algorithm which synthesizes a distributed processing engine of arbitrary topology and the application software it executes from an object-oriented specification. Process partitioning is an especially important optimization for such systems because the specification will not in general take into account the process structure required for efficient execution on the distributed engine. Our algorithm takes advantage of the structure of the object-oriented specification to simultaneously partition, allocate, schedule, and map the required function to satisfy performance constraints and minimize costs. Experimental results show that our algorithm provides good results in reasonable CPU times.
MMSE acquisition of DSSS acoustic communications signals

A method for acquisition of direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signals based on a minimum mean-square error (MMSE) receiver is presented. An adaptive decision feedback equalizer (DFE), operating at the chip rate, uses the known spreading code as training data. A fixed number of unmodulated code periods is transmitted for acquisition purposes. An arbitrarily chosen initial code timing is hypothesized, and this timing is used to adapt the DFE and despread the chip estimates at its output. When the despreader output exceeds a threshold, lock is declared, and the receiver switches from acquisition to tracking mode. If the threshold is not exceeded during a pre-specified amount of time, a different initial timing is hypothesized, and the receiver is re-initialized. The locally generated code can be advanced by a number of chips that is proportional to the length of the feedforward equalizer filter. The MMSE receiver also automatically acquires and tracks the Doppler shift that results from source-receiver motion using a phase-locked loop and integrated sample-rate interpolation. Code acquisition is demonstrated using experimental data with length 63 Kasami sequences transmitted at a chip rate of 10 kHz for a resulting data rate of 150 bps. Up to 8 simultaneous users are reliably acquired and demodulated using the recursive least-squares (RLS) update algorithm.
What We Gain by Combining Variationist and Concept-Oriented Approaches: The Case of Acquiring Spanish Future-Time Expression

This study aimed to advance research on first and second language future-time expression in Spanish and to demonstrate the strengths of combining functionalist, concept-oriented approaches (e.g., Andersen, 1984; Bardovi-Harlig, 2000; Shirai, 1995; von Stutterheim & Klein, 1987) with variationist approaches. The study targeted 140 participants (120 English-speaking learners of Spanish of varying proficiency and 20 native speakers of Spanish) who completed an oral task responding to eight prompts (e.g., describe tus planes para este fin de semana “describe your plans for this weekend”). Results from cross-tabulations and multinomial regressions indicated gradual inclusion of new linguistic and social variables as learner proficiency increased and demonstrated the value of considering both group and individual behavior. Findings were discussed in relation to stages of acquisition of future-time expression.
Real time motion-based authentication for smartwatch

Smartwatches become increasingly powerful and popular. These personal devices carry multiple sensors that continuously measure, collect, and analyze various sensitive personal information. Therefore, a strong and user friendly authentication mechanism is much needed to prevent illegitimate accesses to those devices. However, traditional protection approaches are far from sufficient and desirable for smartwatches. In this work, we present our recent study on developing and testing a motion-based real time authentication system for smartwatch. Our system applies behavioral biometrics collected from a smartwatch to verify the person who wears the watch. We have developed a prototype application using Android Wear to authenticate users in real time. We tested our system against two types of attacks to evaluate its resilience to attacks. We recruited five volunteers in our preliminary evaluation, from which some interesting findings were discovered. Our preliminary experimental results indicate that real time motion-based authentication is viable and promising.
ML measurements for northeastern United States earthquakes

abstract Local magnitudes ( M L ) are reported for 56 northeastern United States and Canadian earthquakes using records from a pair of Wood-Anderson torsion instruments which have operated at Weston Observatory since 1967. Corrections to the Richter M L formula are computed to take into account the difference in attenuation between southern California and the northeastern United States. The corrected M L values for these events were compared to the previously reported magnitudes which had been calculated either from the Nuttli (1973) m bLg formula applied to 5- to 10-Hz waves (called M N ) or from a coda magnitude formula ( M c ). In general, the M L determinations tend to underestimate the M N and M c values by about 0.4 magnitude units. This confirms the fact that the M N scale is not appropriate when applied to high-frequency waves, as it is in the northeastern United States. The reason for this appears to be in the relation of the period of the wave used in the magnitude determination to the corner period of the earthquake and earth response.
A Rare Case of Thoracoschisis

A term male baby, after delivery, was found to have a 3-centimeter beefy-red mass protruding from the left chest wall, adjacent to the left nipple. Radiological imaging suggested it’s origin from the left lateral liver segment. A diagnostic laparoscopy confirmed the isolated connection to the liver, elevated left hemidiaphragm, and protrusion between the ribs. The mass was excised using electrocautery, and pathologic examination showed normal liver tissue.
O-2 The implementation of oacc in a hospice setting

Background Outcome measurement plays a pivotal role in enhancing the quality, efficiency and availability of palliative care services. The Outcome Assessment and Complexity Collaborative (OACC) is a validated suite of outcome measures that is aimed to measure, demonstrate, and improve care for patients and families. Aim To implement the OACC Suite of Outcome Measures to all clinical services within Saint Francis Hospice (SFH). Method The implementation of the project went through several stages using Kotter’s (2012) eight step model of change. A Steering Group was established to provide leadership and oversee the implementation of the project. A strategy, vision, and purpose for implementation were devised in consultation with the Steering Group. The strategy, vision, and purpose were communicated to all clinical services using a variety of methods. A project lead from each service was appointed to facilitate the process within their service area. Training for all clinical staff was provided throughout the process. Feedback on implementation strategy, and availability of staff and IT support were sought throughout the process. Results Multiple barriers were experienced and successfully addressed by the Steering Group and project leads. OACC was successfully implemented into the organisation over a period of six months. Short term achievements were identified and shared with teams. Conclusion Barriers can be encountered when implementing outcome measures within a clinical setting. However, by displaying effective leadership and reinforcing the change throughout the process of the project implementation, the OACC suite of measures are now being successfully embedded within the organisation. Ultimately this will enhance the quality, efficiency and availability of our service for patients and their families.
All-polarization maintaining erbium fiber laser based on carbon nanowalls saturable absorber

We report a soliton mode locked femtosecond oscillation with all-polarization maintaining erbuim doped fiber laser based on Carbon Nanowalls saturable absorber (CNWs SA). To improve the stability and the capability of the oscillator, the all-polarization maintaining(all-PM) fiber is generally used since PM fiber is tolerant of stretches and bends. The saturable absorber is an optical device that placed in a laser cavity to suppress continuous wave operation to promote cooperation between many modes to sustain ultrashort pulse operation. We apply CNWs for the material of SAs in our oscillator. CNWs are one of the nanocarbon materials, which are a high-aspect-ratio structure in the cross-section, where, although their width and height range in a few micrometers, the thickness is as small as ten nanometers or so. A sheet of CNWs is made up of nano-size graphite grain aggregates. Then CNWs structure is expected to have a high absorption to the incident light and large modulation depth due to a small number of carbon layers as well as CNT and Graphene. With this all-PM fiber laser oscillator based on CNWs SA, the soliton mode-locked laser oscillated with 66.3MHz repetition frequency and its spectrum width is 5.6nm in FWHM. Average output power is 8.1mW with 122.5mW laser diode pump power. In addition, the laser amplification system with erbium-doped fiber is constructed and amplifies the femtosecond pulse laser into 268.2mW and 3000mW pumping power.
Ethylene in Plant Growth, Development, and Senescence

Amongst hormones in both plant and animal kingdoms, ethylene, a gaseous hydrocarbon, is unique. Despite its chemical simplicity, it is a potent growth regulator, affecting the growth, differentiation, and senescence of plants, in concentrations as little as 0.01 µl/1. As recently as twenty years ago, plant physiologists were divided as to whether this gas, which had been shown to have a range of striking effects on plant tissues, could properly be called a hormone. Since then, the advent of gas chromatographic means of detecting and measuring ethylene, the elucidation of its biosynthetic pathway, and the discovery of potent regulators of its production and action, have provided powerful tools for physiologists to explore the role of ethylene in plant growth and development. Ethylene is now considered to be one of the important natural plant growth regulators, and the literature abounds with reports of its effects on almost every phase of the life of plants. Although the majority of studies have concentrated on particular processes, particularly fruit ripening, flower senescence, and abscission, many other reported responses of plants to ethylene may be important parts of normal growth and development.
Road Map for Future Research

In Chapters 2 through 10 we presented and discussed most of what is known of the sonar system of dolphins. While great progress has been made in the last quarter of a century in understanding the acoustic processes involved, there are still many gaps in our knowledge. We are still far from being able to construct realistic mathematical and analytical models of the various processes involved. One major goal in obtaining comprehensive understanding of the dolphin sonar is to be able to construct artificial sonars that can replicate the fine target recognition capabilities of these animals. In this final chapter, we will discuss various areas in which additional research is needed in order to fill the gaps in our understanding of the dolphin sonar system. The various items discussed will by no means be all-inclusive but will represent some of the areas that I feel are important. In performing such an inventory, I run the risk of not being sufficiently comprehensive and perhaps appearing short-sighted to those in disciplines other than my own.
Role of Immigration and Other Processes in Determining Epiphytic Bacterial Populations

Conceptually, there are 4 major processes that can influence the size and composition of bacterial populations on leaves. Bacterial population sizes on a leaf can increase by both multiplication on that leaf as well as by immigration of bacteria from other leaves. In contrast, both the death of bacterial cells and their migration from a leaf can contribute to decreases in population size. It appears that most workers have assumed that growth and death of bacteria are the predominant processes that determine population sizes. These processes are obviously much more easy to study than immigration and emigration since they can be done in isolation in the laboratory or greenhouse. For example, the study of the multiplication of bacteria on plants can be easily studied by inoculating plants that are isolated from other plants in incubation chambers; increases in population size are directly attributable to multiplication of the bacteria. In contrast, studies of the importance of immigration of bacteria to the population sizes of bacteria on a leaf require a source of immigrant bacteria and that conditions facilitating immigration be maintained. Since the conditions which favour the immigration of bacteria to plants are not yet well understood, such studies must be done under field conditions. They therefore face the complications of variable environmental conditions which make the experiments difficult to reproduce. For this reason, most information relevant to understanding processes that occur on plants are inferences made from simple field or laboratory observations. Most observations have not been sufficiently detailed to partition the many factors that can influence epiphytic bacterial populations. To date, there have been few studies designed to understand the processes that contribute to epiphytic bacterial populations.
Speech Genres in Cultural Practice

The foundations of modern approaches to speech genres in cultural practice lie in 19th-century philology, Russian Formalism, Americanist anthropology, and British social anthropology. Contemporary perspectives center on the ethnographic description of genre systems, the ontology and epistemology of genre, genre as functional variety, genre as solution to recurrent communicative problems, and genre as orienting framework for the regimentation of discourse. Persistent problems in the analysis of speech genres in cultural practice include what order(s) of linguistic phenomena genre comprehends, dimensions of context in the social life of genres, and the tension between normative types and emergent forms in the conception and analysis of genre.
Actin and microtubule cross talk mediates persistent polarized growth.

Coordination between actin and microtubules is important for numerous cellular processes in diverse eukaryotes. In plants, tip-growing cells require actin for cell expansion and microtubules for orientation of cell expansion, but how the two cytoskeletons are linked is an open question. In tip-growing cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens , we show that an actin cluster near the cell apex dictates the direction of rapid cell expansion. Formation of this structure depends on the convergence of microtubules near the cell tip. We discovered that microtubule convergence requires class VIII myosin function, and actin is necessary for myosin VIII–mediated focusing of microtubules. The loss of myosin VIII function affects both networks, indicating functional connections among the three cytoskeletal components. Our data suggest that microtubules direct localization of formins, actin nucleation factors, that generate actin filaments further focusing microtubules, thereby establishing a positive feedback loop ensuring that actin polymerization and cell expansion occur at a defined site resulting in persistent polarized growth.
Silicon nitride waveguide as a power delivery component for on-chip dielectric laser accelerators

We study the weakly guided silicon nitride waveguide as an on-chip power delivery solution for dielectric laser accelerators (DLAs). We focus on the two main limiting factors on the waveguide network for DLAs: the optical damage and nonlinear characteristics. The typical delivered fluence at the onset of optical damage is measured to be ∼0.19 J/cm2 at a 2 μm central wavelength and 250 fs pulse width. This damage fluence is lower than that of the bulk Si3N4 (∼0.65 J/cm2), but higher than that of bulk silicon (∼0.17 J/cm2). We also report the nonlinearity-induced spectrum and phase variance of the output pulse at this pulse duration. We find that a total waveguide length within 3 mm is sufficient to avoid significant self-phase modulation effects when operating slightly below the damage threshold. We also estimate that one SiNx waveguide can power 70 μm silicon dual pillar DLAs from a single side, based on the results from the recent free-space DLA experiment.
A longitudinal study of spatial skills and number sense development in elementary school children.

Spatial skills have been consistently linked to mathematics achievement in older students and adults, but we know little about their relationship to mathematics achievement in elementary school. This study examined how spatial skills influenced the development of number sense, and subsequent mathematics competency, as students progressed from the 2nd to the 4th grade. Gender, verbal working memory (VWM), and socioeconomic status (SES) have also been found to predict number sense development and to be linked to spatial skills; as such, they were included as covariates in this study. Participants were 304 second graders who were assessed at 5 points between 2nd and 4th grade. Two growth mixture models (spatial skills as time-invariant and time-variant covariates) were tested to determine whether different developmental trajectories were needed to explain the development of number sense. Both models revealed the presence of 2 latent classes. The classes differed in their initial level and in their growth rate, with the higher performing class beginning the second grade at an advantage and increasing that advantage over time. SES, VWM, and spatial skills influenced latent class membership and subsequent mathematics competency. SES, spatial skills, and VWM, but not gender, predicted the intercept but differences were found in predictors of the slope of number sense. The impact of number sense changed over time and differed as a function of latent class having an earlier impact on the higher performing class. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Engaging Parents to Prevent Adolescent Substance Use: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objectives. To test whether providing information to parents about their child’s academic performance and behavior in school will lead to lower rates of adolescent substance use.Methods. We perform...
IS JEFFREY CONDITIONALIZATION DEFECTIVE BY VIRTUE OF BEING NON-COMMUTATIVE? REMARKS ON THE SAMENESS OF SENSORY EXPERIENCES

Evaluation de la regle de conditionnalisation des degres de croyance etablie par Jeffrey malgre son caractere non-commutatif. Examinant l'applicabilite de la regle de Jeffrey aux experiences sensibles identiques, l'A. montre que la non-commutativite de la conditionnalisation permet au contraire de distinguer deux types d'observation.
Establishment of brown anoles (Anolis sagrei) across a southern California county and potential interactions with a native lizard species

The brown anole, Anolis sagrei, is a native species to the Caribbean; however, A. sagrei has invaded multiple parts of the USA, including Florida, Louisiana, Hawai'i and more recently California. The biological impacts of A. sagrei invading California are currently unknown. Evidence from the invasion in Taiwan shows that they spread quickly and when immediate action is not taken eradication stops being a viable option. In Orange County, California, five urban sites, each less than 100 ha, were surveyed for an average of 49.2 min. Approximately 200 A. sagrei were seen and verified across all survey sites. The paucity of native lizards encountered during the surveys within these sites suggests little to no overlap between the dominant diurnal western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis, and A. sagrei. This notable lack of overlap could indicate a potentially disturbing reality that A. sagrei are driving local extirpations of S. occidentalis.
15 – Risk Assessment

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the risk assessment of physical protection systems (PPS). The design and analysis of physical protection have to be addressed as an integrated system. In this way, all components of detection, delay, and response can be properly weighted according to their contribution to the PPS as a whole. Risk is defined as the likelihood of damage or loss multiplied by the potential magnitude of the loss. Good risk programs should include a combination of risk financing and risk control tools to treat the risk. The risk approaches used include avoidance, reduction, spreading, transfer, and acceptance. A team with broad experience is necessary to produce a complete and accurate vulnerability assessment. In order to truly make cost–benefit decisions, the system effectiveness and associated risk of the current, or baseline system, must be known. Different system performance or effectiveness are required against different threats. An additional tool that can be useful in the risk assessment of a facility is the consequence matrix, which relates the probability of adversary attack, consequence of loss of the asset, and the threat spectrum.
Applications of PLA in modern medicine

Abstract Polylactic acid (PLA) is a versatile biopolymer. PLA is synthesized with ease from abundant renewable resources and is biodegradable. PLA has shown promise as a biomaterial in a plethora of healthcare applications such as tissue engineering or regenerative medicine, cardiovascular implants, dental niches, drug carriers, orthopedic interventions, cancer therapy, skin and tendon healing, and lastly medical tools / equipment. PLA has demonstrated instrumental importance as a three-dimensionally (3D) printable biopolymer, which has further been bolstered by its role during the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (Covid-19) global pandemic. As an abundant filament, PLA has created desperately needed personal protective equipment (PPE) and ventilator modifications. As polymer chemistry continues to advance, so too will the applications and continued efficacy of PLA-based modalities.
Factors affecting molar size in Sus scrofa

Abstract Teeth are thought to be less affected than post-cranial elements by factors such as age, region, sex, and post-Pleistocene climate change, making changes in tooth size a better gage of domestication-induced morphological change in Sus scrofa. Rigorous empirical evaluation of this assumption, however, has been lacking. Here we examine the impact of multiple factors on molar size in an assemblage of modern wild boar from Southwest Asia, as well as a large assemblage of ancient S. scrofa from an archaeological site in southeastern Turkey dated to 11,600 cal. BP. We find that age related interstitial wear has a profound impact on molar lengths. Comparisons of length measurements of S. scrofa molars should only be made if one strictly controls for the state of wear, as well as the stage of crown development and eruption in third molars. Breadth measurements, on the other hand, are little affected by progressive wear and, as a result, are preferable to length measurements in the analysis of molar size in S. scrofa. We also evaluate the impact of logarithm size index (LSI) scaling on molar dimensions. Molar lengths are subject to a number of factors that distort meaningful patterning rendering LSI values of length dimensions of little utility in the evaluation of molar size in S. scrofa. With the exception of the upper first molar, LSI values of molar breadths appear to both capture and amplify patterns seen among unconverted measurements of individual teeth. Our evaluation also confirms the assumption that the size of post-cranial elements is more profoundly affected than molars by factors such as region and Post-Pleistocene climate change. While sexual dimorphism also has a greater impact on the size of post-crania than on molars, the degree of sexual dimorphism in molar breadths, as well as in M3 lengths, is still substantial and must be taken into account in any study of S. scrofa molar size. Before interpreting downward shifts in molar size as an indicator of domestic status, archaeozoologists need to first to consider the possible impact of differences in the proportions of males and females in archaeological assemblages. We conclude with a number of recommendations for new protocols for the analysis of S. scrofa dental metrics. We also offer observations about the impacts of factors like region, sex, and change over time on the size of the molars of this species that may open up new areas of research.
Nebulization therapy in small ruminants, 21 cases

Nebulization therapies are commonly used in humans and small animals. Currently there are published reports on nebulization therapy in horses and calves, but no studies describing this therapy have been reported in small ruminants. The objectives of this study were to identify the agents and dosages utilized for nebulization therapy in small ruminants at a university teaching hospital. Additional objectives were to describe outcomes vs non-nebulized cases and report any complications arising from therapy.
SEQing to find hidden medulloblastoma cells

Minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment has revolutionized the clinical management of pediatric leukemias but has remained challenging to implement in pediatric brain tumors. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Liu et al. describe an approach to measuring MRD in pediatric medulloblastoma through the use of cell-free DNA in cerebrospinal fluid, with important prognostic implications.
History of Electrocardiographic Leads

In Galvani’s exploration of the electrical properties of living tissues [1], he discovered that a muscle or nerve could be stimulated electrically by touching either with the ends of two rods of dissimilar metals bound together. To prove that animal tissue could generate electricity, he placed a nerve attached to a muscle across two points of another living muscle, one of which had been injured. The muscle of the former underwent contraction. It was the first demonstration of animal electricity and a gradient in potential between an injured and uninjured muscle tissue, the current of injury. The rheoscopic nerve-muscle preparation he used as the sensor could also be made to respond when the nerve was placed in contact with a beating heart, as shown subsequently by Kolliker and Muller [2]. It was the first direct lead used to record cardiac electricity [3] but was an electromechanical device, since the current generated by the heart yielded a measurable contraction of muscle rather than a graphic representation of the cardiac electromotive force itself.
Specification of > 2 MeV electron flux as a function of local time and geomagnetic activity at geosynchronous orbit

An algorithm has been developed for specifying > 2 MeV electron flux everywhere along geosynchronous orbit for use in operational products. The statistics of integrated electron fluxes from four GOESs for more than a solar cycle clearly indicate that the local time variation can be represented by a Gaussian distribution as a function of geomagnetic Kp index, which empirically determines the center and the half width of the Gaussian distribution. Using the most current estimated 3 h Kp value as an input, the prediction scheme requires the most recent electron flux measurements from available GOES(s) to determine the maximum and minimum for a Gaussian fit and to provide estimated electron fluxes at geosynchronous orbit with the time resolution of the instrument. In balancing between sufficient data for statistics and the change of geomagnetic configuration, the optimal length of data accumulation time for nowcasting is 6 h when one or two satellites are available. The prediction efficiency (PE) is independent of local time and solar cycle. We found that the PE values are greater than 0.5 when Kp 0.6 in 67.6% of the cases and PE > 0.8 more than 23.5% of the time based on our analysis from four GOESs between 1998 and 2009. Moreover, skill scores from our newly developed algorithm are ~90% of the time better than those resulting from a simpler algorithm based on a table provided by O'Brien (2009), indicating a dramatic improvement in predictive capability.
Paging-aided connection setup for real-time communication in mobile Internet

Mobile IP is a solution mobility on the global Internet. However, the basic mobile IP does not support paging. The main benefit of providing paging services is to save the battery power consumption at mobile terminals. Next generation Internet is expected to support multimedia communications. For real-time data traffic, quality of service (QoS) provision must be guaranteed. The resource reservation protocol (RSVP) was proposed to support the signaling of end-to-end IP QoS. When both IP paging and RSVP are supported in the network, the signaling delay for connection setup is the sum of the paging delay and the time for RSVP path setup. This paper introduces a new scheme for fast connection setup with the help of mobile IP location registration and paging. Performance analysis shows that the proposed scheme reduces the overall signaling delay and the total number of signaling messages.
Cyclic strain enhances cellular uptake of nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (NPs) have gained increasing interest in recent years due to their potential use as drug carrier, imaging, and diagnostic agents in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. While many cells in vivo experience mechanical forces, little is known about the correlation of the mechanical stimulation and the internalization of NPs into cells. This paper investigates the effects of applied cyclic strain on NP uptake by cells. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were cultured on collagen-coated culture plates and placed under cyclic equal-axial strains. NPs of sizes ranging from 50 to 200 nm were loaded at a concentration of 0.02 mg/mL and cyclic strains from 5 to 15% were applied to the cells for one hour. The cyclic strain results in a significant enhancement in NP uptake, which increases almost linearly with strain level. The enhanced uptake also depends on size of the NPs with the highest uptake observed on 100 nm NP. The effect of enhanced NP uptake lasts around 13 hours after cyclic stretch. Such in vitro cell stretch systems mimic physiological conditions of the endothelial cells in vivo and could potentially serve as a biomimetic platform for drug therapeutic evaluation.
Pain in Children

The systematic approach to management of acute and chronic pain in children is a relatively new concept [1]. One reason for the neglect of pain management in children in general, and in neonates in particular is that pain is quite difficult to assess, and even more challenging when its victims are very young or preverbal. Another reason is historical, as old anatomy studies proposed that the brain’s key development finished within the first few years of life. At the time, this view led the medical community to believe that since the central nervous system of the neonate and child was not fully developed, and that neonates were not capable of perceiving pain. This often resulted in conducting invasive procedures without analgesic or anesthesia [1–4]. Anatomical studies and experimental evidence published in the seventies and eighties confirmed that the neuronal pathways responsible for pain transmission are already present in neonates [5, 6], and that the cerebral cortex is also functional at that age in terms of pain perception [7, 8]. Current understandings of the neurobiology of brain development support these points and further suggest that the mechanisms by which infants and children process pain should be viewed within the context of a developing sensory nervous system [9]. After birth, many regions of the somatosensory nervous system continue to undergo changes in connectivity, leading to transient functional stages before the adult pattern is finally achieved. Such changes are also likely to determine perceptions and responses to pain and sensory processing at each developmental stage, as well as, later in life. Additional studies also suggest that tissue injury at a young age may contribute long-lasting somatosensory sequelae including central sensitization [10]. Similar to the history of pain management in infants, pain management in older children has suffered a similar neglect that has also afflicted early studies on adult pain management. Themost obvious causes include: low priority, failure to routinely assess and document pain, lack of protocols and accountability for poor pain management, and a lack of pain education programs for health care
Self-esteem during the school years. Its normal development and hazardous decline.

Self-esteem has a major impact on all aspects of a child and adolescent’s life. This article examines the emergence of self-esteem within a dynamic ongoing child-environment interaction; a framework for understanding the components of self-esteem; behavioral manifestations of self-esteem, especially as expressed in different coping maneuvers; and strategies and interventions to reinforce the self-esteem of children and adolescents.
Intestinal Lipodystrophy (Whipple's Disease) Amenable to Corticosteroid Therapy

lipodystrophy in a 36-year old physician, 54 cases have been reported in the literature.~-l1 Almost all of the cases were diagnosed at autopsy, and only a few in vivo by exploratory laparotomy and biopsy of the mesenteric lymph nodes or of the small intestine. Treatment had been uniformly unsuccessful, with fatal termination 1 to 5 years after the onset of the illness. Only recently corticotropin, cortisone and hydrocortisone have been used in the treatment of this disease with encouraging results. Mendes De Leon and Coenegracht,5 Jones et al} Plummer et al.,9 Radding and Fiese,1° and Lepore ll have each reported a case of intestinal lipodystrophy which responded favorably to corticosteroid therapy. We wish to present the study of another patient with this disease-to our knowledge, the 55th case of intestinal lipodystrophy in the literature. This patient has been subjected to three prolonged courses of corticotropin, cortisone and hydrocortisone therapy during an observation period of 4Y2 years. It led to the impression that in­ testinal lipodystrophy is a controllable or perhaps a curable disease. CASE REPORT
Role of Phospholipase-Associated Penetration Mechanism in Cell Injury by Rickettsia rickettsii

The cholesterol receptor-binding drugs amphotericin B and digitonin reduced rickettsial plaque formation, presumably by blocking rickettsial attachment, even when added to the plaque model on day 4 post-inoculation when infected foci were well established. The phospholipase inhibitor phentermine reduced plaque formation, presumably by inhibiting the phospholipase-associated entry step of penetration.
Permeability and the pathophysiology of oral mucosa

Abstract Drug delivery across the oral mucosa demands that compounds at the surface of the tissue must first penetrate the superficial epithelial permeability barrier before they can exert a local or systemic effect. In the latter case, it is also necessary for there to be adequate vascular perfusion of the underlying connective tissue. Normal processes such as aging appear to have minimal effect on permeability, but developmental and reactive changes, ranging from pathological thickening (hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis) to inflammation and thinning or atrophy are likely to be associated with increased permeability. Similarly, disease entities such as aphthous ulceration or blistering diseases (vesiculo-bullous lesions) are likely to lead to the tissue being more permeable because of the damage to the barrier layer. Furthermore, delivery devices involving topical adhesives and occlusion will be more difficult to utilize if the mucosal surface is compromised. On the other hand, the oral cavity is readily accessible, free from extremes of pH or proteolytic enzyme activity and the mucosa heals rapidly and is less reactive to drugs than is the skin.
Long-term survivorship and quality of life after cytoreductive surgery plus intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis.

Background:Cytoreductive surgery plus intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy with mitomycin C for peritoneal carcinomatosis is used as a palliative treatment for a variety of malignancies. The purpose of this study was to measure the quality of life (QOL) of survivors (>3 years) after treatment.
Differential chromatid damage induced by 6-thioguanine in CHO cells☆

Abstract Treatment of Chinese hamster ovary cells with 6-thioguanine (TG) produces severely disrupted chromatin in G2 cells, as visualized with premature chromosome condensation. In many regions of the chromosome this damage, appearing as a gapped or diffusely staining region, occurs in only one of sister chromatids. This morphology strongly supports previous reports that TG-induced cytotoxicity is related to its incorporation into DNA and that this lesion is expressed in the cell cycle following that in which drug exposure occurs.
Psychomotor retardation found in depressed outpatient women

Psychomotor retardation (PMR) has been found consistently in depressed inpatients. This article is the first to report PMR in depressed women outpatients in contrast to matched nondepressed controls, despite heterogeneous differences in lifestyle, using 2-week content-valid behavioral measurement. Principal findings include significant and substantial daytime activity reduction not explained by seven covariates. The absence of significant nighttime difference is explained on the basis of instrumentation limits.
The residual deprivation effect in instrumental conditioning as a function of deprivation level at the time of exposure to the reinforcer

The effect of food deprivation level at the time of initial exposure to a subsequent food reinforcer was investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, deprivation at the time of initial exposure influenced the subsequent acquisition and extinction of an instrumental response. In Experiment 2, the residual deprivation effect associated with a reduction in deprivation level occurred only when rats initially experienced the reinforcer at a high, as compared with a low, deprivation level. Results were discussed in terms of the assumption that the limits of incentive generated by a reinforcer are influenced by the deprivation state at the time of first exposure to that reinforcer.
Potential of renewable energy in Jordan

Abstract This paper reviews the potential of renewable energy resources in meeting part of the fuel demand in Jordan. In particular, the paper identifies solar energy for water heating applications, wind for electricity generation and conservation energy as most promising energy resources. These combined can meet more than 12% of the total fuel demand in Jordan.
Dihydropyridine receptor-ryanodine receptor uncoupling in aged skeletal muscle.

The mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle functional impairment and structural changes with advanced age are only partially understood. In the present study, we support and expand our theory about alterations in sarcolemmal excitation-sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release-contraction uncoupling as a primary skeletal muscle alteration and major determinant of weakness and fatigue in mammalian species including humans. To test the hypothesis that the number of RYR1 (ryanodine receptor) uncoupled to DHPR (dihydropyridine receptor) increases with age, we performed high-affinity ligand binding studies in soleus, extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and in a pool of several skeletal muscles consisting of a mixture of fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibers in middle-aged (14-month) and old (28-months) Fisher 344 Brown Norway F1 hybrids rats. The number of DHPR, RYR1, the coupling between both receptors expressed as the DHPR/RYR1 maximum binding capacity, and their dissociation constant for high-affinity ligands were measured. The DHPR/RYR1 ratio was significantly reduced in the three groups of muscles (pool: 1.03 ± 0.15 and 0.80 ± 0.11, soleus: 0.44 ± 0.12 and 0.26 ± 0.10, and EDL: 0.95 ± 0.14 and 0.68 ± 0.10, for middle-aged and old muscles, respectively). These data support the concept that DHPR-RYR1 uncoupling results in alterations in the voltage-gated sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release mechanism, decreases in myoplasmic Ca2+ elevation in response to sarcolemmal depolarization, reduced Ca2+ supply to contractile proteins and reduced contraction force with aging.
Comments on “The Effects of a Jetlike Current on Gravity Waves in Shallow Water”

Abstract Matching conditions used by Mei and Lo to study wave scattering at a vertical vortex sheet in the shallow water (long wave) limit are seen to be incorrect and, as a result, wave action is not conserved during scattering by a single vortex sheet. Here, we establish the correct kinematic condition for the more general case of a step discontinuity in depth as well as current, and modify Mei and Lo's results accordingly.
Effect of Stannous and Fluoride Ions on the Rate of Crystal Growth of Hydroxyapatite

Stannous and fluoride ions affected the rate of crystal growth of calcium phosphate from stable, supersaturated solutions inoculated with pure synthetic hydroxyapatite seed. Stannous ions appeared to inhibit the growth by a simple adsorption process; the effect of fluoride ions was much more difficult to interpret.
A CPM analysis of microbiology computerization project for hospital management information processing

Abstract This paper deals with the use of the critical path method (CPM) and CRIT, a computerized CPM program, as a tool for reporting and developing management information systems for hospital decision making. A CPM analysis was applied at the Microbiology Department of Deaconess Hospital to coordinate and synchronize the various tasks for efficient management. Its numerous benefits are cited. The CPM model can facilitate planning, decision making and managerial control by providing management information.
Travels, Songs and Displacements Movement in Translocal Documentaries Interrogating Development

This article analyzes a set of translocal documentary films by always-on-the-move filmmakers who attempt to connect place-based struggles against exploitative development projects. These films stitch together recorded footage from various locales/places to bring out the commonalities and shared patterns among them, thereby creating translocal/transplace alliances interrogating the dominant development discourse. In some of these works, train journeys between two places become a way of connecting to the past and renewing erstwhile translocal ties. I examine the links between aesthetic strategies of depicting movement in the documentaries, and their political critique of the displacement and forced migration of indigenous communities in the wake of exogenous developmental interventions. While each documentary film highlights “movement,” the formal elements that achieve this vary from songs narrating journeys to expressive montages with multilayered soundtracks. Engaging in a discussion of Kora Rajee, which ...
Thermal equilibrium in Europa's ice shell

Models of tidal-convective equilibrium for Europa's ice shell are computed using a laboratory-derived composite flow law for ice. Volume diffusion creep is found to dominate the flow law at equilibrium, and thus the thickness of the shell is strongly dependent on the poorly known grain size of the ice. This grain size is, however, constrained to be less than a few millimeters if equilibrium is achieved at the current eccentricity. Europa's ice shell cannot be thinner than about 16 km in equilibrium at present, since tidal dissipation cannot generate enough heat in such a thin shell to balance the heat transport. No conductive equilibria are found; this is likely due to the fact that most of a conductive shell must be cold if temperature gradients are to be large enough to carry the heat. A minimum eccentricity of about 0.0025 (about 1/4 the present value) below which there are no equilibria is also found.
Effects of soybean isoflavones, probiotics, and their interactions on lipid metabolism and endocrine system in an animal model of obesity and diabetes

The effects of soybean isoflavones with or without probiotics on tissue fat deposition, plasma cholesterol, and steroid and thyroid hormones were studied in SHR/N-cp rats, an animal model of obesity, and were compared to lean phenotype. We tested the hypothesis that probiotics by promoting the conversion of isoflavone glycosides to their metabolically active aglycone form will have a synergistic effect on body fat, cholesterol metabolism, and the endocrine system. Obese and lean SHR/N-cp rats were fed AIN-93 diets containing 0.1% soy isoflavone mixture, 0.1% probiotic mixture, or both together. Different fat tissues were teased and weighed. Plasma was analyzed for cholesterol and steroid and thyroid hormones. In both phenotypes, isoflavones lowered fat deposition in several fat depots. Probiotics alone had no significant effect on fat depots. Isoflavones lowered total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol in lean rats, but in obese rats isoflavones lowered only total and LDL cholesterol. Isoflavones also lowered many of the steroid hormones involved in lipid metabolism but had no significant effect on thyroid hormones. Probiotics had no significant effect on cholesterol or hormones. Thus, our data show that soy isoflavones also lower plasma cholesterol and that this hypocholesterolemic effect appears to be due in part to the modulation of steroid hormones. Probiotics do not seem to enhance the effect of isoflavones.