cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Description and Characterization of Oil and Gas Reservoirs for Formation Damage Potential

Reservoir formation evaluation and characterization are the first essential determinations prior to the formation damage assessment and mitigation tasks because reservoir formation damage processes are greatly influenced by reservoir formation properties. Therefore, the origin, mineralogy, and types of petroleum-bearing formations are reviewed. The essential characteristics of conventional reservoirs (sands, sandstones, limestones, dolomites, turbidites) versus unconventional reservoirs (shale, coal-bed gas reservoirs, and gas-hydrates) are delineated. The outstanding geologic features that cause hydrocarbon production and reservoir formation damage are described.
The Course of Judicial Review in the State of Ohio

The first constitution of Ohio was framed in 1802, and was not submitted to popular vote for approval. Fashioned by followers of Thomas Jefferson, the new government had as its cardinal principle the doctrine of legislative supremacy. With no power over patronage, and with the veto power denied to him as well, the governor was but a “shadow executive.” Since the judges were appointed by the legislature for the limited term of seven years, the judiciary also played a subordinate role.Although the fundamental character of the constitution was conceded, it was a question in the mind of many as to who should determine the nature and scope of that instrument. To ardent Jeffersonians, this matter presented little difficulty; in their judgment, the legislature was fully competent to settle any question that might arise as to the nature of the constitution.
The Impact Of Gender And Dress On Choice Of CPAs

The study investigated the impact of client gender, CPA gender, and CPA dress on the likelihood of hiring a CPA for professional services. Subjects perceptions of CPAs in regard to nine variables, such as expertise, credibility, and professionalism, were collected and analyzed. The results indicate that perceptions of friendliness were significantly affected by both client and CPA gender, while professionalism was significantly affected by the dress. Moreover, interactions of the three main effects were significant.
Transfusion-related sepsis: a silent epidemic.

In this issue of Blood , [Hong et al][1] advocate for use of additional US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved safety measures for transfusion. Most patients transfused with contaminated platelets do not show immediate clinical signs. Active surveillance suggests patient risk 10- to 40-
Abstract B16: The association between skin characteristics and sun-protection behaviors

Abstracts: Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research 2008 B16 Background Behaviors such as sunscreen use and use of skin-protective clothing can help prevent skin cancer, but little is known about how these sun protection behaviors vary by phenotypic risk factors for skin cancer. Objective We carried out a cross-sectional study (n = 6898) nested within a community-based prospective cohort in Washington County, MD. We measured the associations between skin cancer risk characteristics (skin type, complexion, freckling, and eye color) and personal sun protection behaviors (sunscreen and sun-protective clothing use). Results The prevalence of regular use of sunscreen was 23%, and the prevalence of regular use of sun-protective clothing was 21%. There were consistent trends indicating those at highest risk of skin cancer were most likely to engage in sun protection behaviors. For example, compared to those who tan without burning, those who develop blistering sunburns were more likely to use sunscreen (OR 6.55, 95% CI 3.08 -13.92 men, OR 4.87, 95% CI 3.34 - 7.09 women) and sun-protective clothing (OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.73 - 4.85 men, OR 4.29, 95% CI 2.81 - 6.55 women). Those with fair skin were more likely than those with medium or dark brown complexion to use sunscreen or sun-protective clothing. Other factors significantly associated with sun protection behaviors were lifestyle-related factors such as lower body mass index and never smoking. Conclusion The overall prevalence of sun protection behaviors was low. Our results indicate individuals with the highest skin cancer susceptibility are most likely to use sunscreen and sun-protective clothing, and may also be most receptive to skin cancer prevention educational interventions. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B16.
Let's “Internationalize” Our Marketing Students

Journal of Marketing, Vol. 28 (April, 1964), pp. 38-40. TODAY the environment of American business is international. But the typical outlook of the American businessman is provincial. These generalizations emphasize an educational problem of great magnitude and of extreme national importance. The effect of foreign business on an individual firm may be to provide additional markets, sources of merchandise, and varying degrees of competition. Whatever the effects, no American businessman can afford to avoid developing an understanding of international business relationships.
Receptor-mediated activation of recombinant Trpl expressed in Sf9 insect cells

The Drosophila proteins, Trp and Trpl, are suggested to be cation channels responsible for depolarization of the receptor potential associated with stimulation of insect photoreceptor cells by light. Consistent with this hypothesis, we recently showed that recombinant Trpl forms Ca(2+)- and Ba(2+)-permeable non-selective cation channels when expressed in Sf9 cells using the baculovirus expression vector. As Trpl may be activated in the photoreceptor cell after stimulation of phospholipase C, we hypothesized that a similar regulation of recombinant Trpl may be observed in the Sf9 cell after activation of heterologous membrane receptors linked to Ca(2+)-signal-transduction pathways. To test this hypothesis, Ca2+ signalling was examined in Fura-2-loaded Sf9 cells infected with baculovirus containing cDNA for the M5 muscarinic receptor alone (M5 cells) or in cells co-infected with both M5 and Trpl-containing baculoviruses (M5-Trpl cells). Addition of carbachol (100 microM) to M5 cells produced an increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) (mean +/- S.D.; n = 17) from 101 +/- 20 to 762 +/- 178 nM which declined to a sustained elevated level of 384 +/- 102 nM after 3 min. The sustained component was eliminated by removal of extracellular Ca2+ or by addition of La3+ or Gd3+ (10 microM). In M5-Trpl cells, basal [Ca2+]i increased as a function of time after infection. To evaluate the contribution of Ca2+ influx to the overall profile observed, Ba2+, a Ca2+ surrogate that is not a substrate for the Ca2+ pump, was used. The increase in basal [Ca2+]i seen in M5-Trpl cells was associated with an increase in basal Ba2+ influx. Addition of carbachol to M5-Trpl cells at 30-36 h after infection produced a large increase in [Ca2+]i to a sustained value of 677 +/- 143 nM. This change in [Ca2+]i was (1) blocked by atropine, (2) attenuated in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, and (3) relatively insensitive to La3+, but blocked by Gd3+ in the 0.1-1 mM range. In the presence of 10 microM Gd3+ to block the endogenous-receptor-mediated Ca(2+)-influx in M5-Trpl cells. In sharp contrast increase in Ba2+ influx in M5-Trpl cells. In sharp contrast, neither Ca2+ nor Ba2+ influx through Trpl was affected by thapsigargin, a selective inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase pump.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Ecological implications of metabolic compensation at low temperatures in salamanders.

Global warming is influencing the biology of the world’s biota. Temperature increases are occurring at a faster pace than that experienced by organisms in their evolutionary histories, limiting the organisms’ response to new conditions. Mechanistic models that include physiological traits can help predict species’ responses to warming. Changes in metabolism at high temperatures are often examined; yet many species are behaviorally shielded from high temperatures. Salamanders generally favor cold temperatures and are one of few groups of metazoans to be most species-rich in temperate regions. I examined variation in body temperature, behavioral activity, and temperature dependence of resting heart rate, used as a proxy for standard metabolic rate, in fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra). Over 26 years, I found that salamanders are behaviorally active at temperatures as low as 1 °C, and aestivate at temperatures above 16 °C. Infrared thermography indicates limited thermoregulation opportunities for these nocturnal amphibians. Temperature affects resting heart rate, causing metabolic depression above 11 °C, and metabolic compensation below 8 °C: heart rate at 3 °C is 224% the expected heart rate. Thus, salamanders operating at low temperatures during periods of peak behavioral activity are able to maintain a higher metabolic rate than the rate expected in absence of compensation. This compensatory mechanism has important ecological implications, because it increases estimated seasonal heart rates. Increased heart rate, and thus metabolism, will require higher caloric intake for field-active salamanders. Thus, it is important to consider a species performance breadth over the entire temperature range, and particularly low temperatures that are ecologically relevant for cold tolerant species such as salamanders.
The Cheerleader*: a feminist mom, her pre-teen daughter†, and the spaces‡ for girls in American football§

AbstractThis autoethnography is a reflection of my non-linear processes of thinking with American cheerleading. A feminist professor teaching at a historical woman’s university, I had stereotyped the sexism of the activity. Meanwhile, my daughter fell in love with the sport and joined a cheer squad. The main text invokes key moments critical to my thinking with cheerleading, and represents what a casual observer may have witnessed. My specific thoughts about those events are detailed in the footnotes.
A Threshold Concept Framework for Use Across Disciplines

Threshold Concepts Theory posits that learners are likely to encounter difficult “threshold concepts” whose acquisition is essential to their advancement in a given discipline. These concepts “can be akin to a portal, opening up a new and previously inaccessible way of thinking about something” (Meyer & Land, 2006, p. 3).
Is vaping a gateway to smoking: a review of the longitudinal studies.

BACKGROUND The use of e-cigarettes (ECs) is rising globally. There is concern that e-cigarette may actually lead to smoking, especially amongst adolescents. OBJECTIVE To perform a comprehensive review of literature reporting the longitudinal effects of e-cigarette use on onset of smoking among adolescents and young adults. METHODS A search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science in February 2016 to identify the studies containing data on EC use among adolescents and young adults (age<30 years). We then narrowed our search to only include longitudinal studies with data on EC and conventional cigarette smoking among this population. RESULTS Four longitudinal studies were identified that analyzed the use of ECs and smoking at both baseline and follow-ups in the target population. These studies demonstrated that EC use is associated with an increase in combustible cigarette smoking, even amongst the adolescents who were not susceptible to smoking. CONCLUSION This review highlights the strong evidence that not only are ECs are not an effective tool for smoking cessation among adolescents, they actually are associated with higher incidence of combustible cigarette smoking. Policy makers need to recognize of the insidious nature of this campaign by the tobacco industry and design policies to regulate it.
Quick-look identification and orbit determination of a tethered satellite

A renewed interest in the deployment of tethered satellites has motivated recent studies addressing the problem of the accurate identification, orbit determination, and motion prediction of a tethered satellite system (TSS). If the motion of a TSS is not analyzed accurately, a tethered satellite could be incorrectly identified as an object on a re-entry trajectory. Classical orbit determination methods do not possess the capabilities to determine whether or not a tracked satellite is part of a TSS. The problem of identification is compounded by the fact that this process must be performed quickly using a short arc of observational data. Once this "quick-look" identification is achieved, it is also important to have the capabilities to precisely determine the orbit of the TSS for future tracking and orbit prediction purposes. This paper presents a three-stage methodology which has been developed to address the accurate identification, orbit determination, and long-term orbit prediction of a TSS. The first stage uses recently developed preliminary orbit determination (POD) methods which have the capability to determine whether an observed satellite is part of a TSS or not using only a few observations. The second stage utilizes ridge-type estimation methods, which have been shown to be capable of obtaining a more accurate state of the observed satellite using a short arc of observational data. The third-stage analysis utilizes an enhanced tether satellite dynamical model suited for the long-term orbit determination and motion prediction. The effectiveness of this proposed three-stage method is demonstrated using both simulated tether satellite data and actual data obtained from the Tether Physics Survivability (TiPS) Experiment.
II-08 The role of neutrophils in B cell dysregulation in systemic lupus erythematosus

Background SLE is an autoimmune disease involving pathological dysregulation of both innate and adaptive immune compartments and loss of B cell tolerance. Recent evidence showing that neutrophils are dysregulated in SLE has led us to hypothesise that this innate immune cell may contribute to loss of B cell tolerance, both as a producer of cytokines and of self-antigen, in the form of apoptotic debris or neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Indeed, in previously published work from our group we demonstrated that neutrophils contribute to a Type I interferon signature in the bone marrow (BM) of SLE patients and represent a significant source of cytokines known to affect B cell function such as BAFF and APRIL. In order to ask whether neutrophils promote loss of B cell self-tolerance and immune activation, we examined neutrophil function over the course of disease and the impact of neutrophil depletion in the NZB/W lupus model. Materials and methods NZB/NZW F1 female mice were injected intraperitoneally every other day with anti-Ly6G antibody (500 ug), either from 25 to 30 weeks of age (established disease) or 14 to 26 weeks (disease onset). Proteinuria was monitored weekly. At the end of the therapy, mice were euthanized and spleen, BM and kidneys were collected to enumerate neutrophils and lymphocytes by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence and antibody secreting cells (ASC) by ELISpot. Results BM neutrophils are increased in frequency in lupus, display increased apoptosis, and have elevated production of BAFF, APRIL and IFNα near developing B cells. We also find an enrichment of IFNα-producing neutrophils in the spleen in close proximity to B cells late in disease. Surprisingly, following neutrophil depletion early in disease, there was an acceleration of proteinuria and pronounced increases in germinal centre formation, anti-dsDNA titers, and anti-dsDNA ASCs in the spleen, BM, and kidney. However, neutrophil depletion after onset of overt disease pathology does not impact SLE progression. To elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying neutrophil effects on B cell auto-reactivity, we further examined the cytokine profile and splenic localization of neutrophils over the course of disease. Early in disease splenic neutrophils were in closer proximity to T cells, whereas B cell interactions increased with disease progression. Conclusions These data delineate a shifting balance of regulatory and activating roles for neutrophils during SLE progression, possibly dominated by suppressive effects on T cell activation and/or differentiation early and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines later in disease.
PhenoTree: Interactive Visual Analytics for Hierarchical Phenotyping From Large-Scale Electronic Health Records

Electronic health records (EHRs) capture comprehensive patient information in digital form from a variety of sources. Increasing availability of EHRs has facilitated development of data and visual analytic tools for healthcare analytics, such as clinical decision support and patient care management systems. Many healthcare analytic tools are used to investigate fundamental problems, such as study of patient population, exploring complicated interactions among patients and their medical histories, and extracting structured phenotypes characterizing the patient population. In this paper, we propose PhenoTree , a novel data-driven, hierarchical, and interactive phenotyping tool, that enables physicians and medical researchers to participate in the phenotyping process of large-scale EHR cohorts. The proposed visual analytic tool allows users to interactively explore EHR cohorts, and generate, interpret, evaluate, and refine phenotypes by building and navigating a phenotype hierarchy. Specifically, given a cohort or subcohort, PhenoTree employs sparse principal component analysis (SPCA) to identify key clinical features that characterize the population. The clinical features provide a natural way to generate deeper phenotypes at finer granularities by expanding the phenotype hierarchy. To facilitate the intensive computation required for interactive analytics, we design an efficient SPCA solver based on a variance reduced stochastic gradient technique. The benefits of our method are demonstrated by analyzing two different EHR patient cohorts, a public and a private dataset containing EHRs of $101\,767$ and $223\,076$ patients, respectively. Our evaluations show that PhenoTree can detect clinically meaningful hierarchical phenotypes.
MHV-A59 Orf1a Replicase Protein NSP7-NSP10 Processing in Replication

polyprotein is processed by the main protease (M) into mature products including nsp7nsp10, which are associated with replication complexes and presumably involved with RNA synthesis. The exact function of these proteins, in either their preor postcleaved forms, is unknown. However, disruption of M cleavage during any stage of the infection cycle blocks replication, suggesting that constitutive proteolytic processing of the nonstructural polyprotein is a requirement for efficient transcription. In this report, we describe preliminary data defining the requirement for the proteolytic processing of the nsp7-nsp10 proteins in MHV-A59 replication. Through use of an efficient MHV-A59 reverse genetics system, we ablated each of the M cleavage sites associated with the nsp7-nsp10 cassette, and evaluated whether the mutated genome was capable of supporting a viable virus, and if so, characterized the M processing of the mutated protein, transcription function, and in vitro growth fitness.
ScienceSDS: A Novel Software Defined Security Framework for Large-scale Data-intensive Science

Experimental science workflows from projects such as Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) and Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) are characterized by data-intensive computational tasks over large datasets transferred over encrypted channels. The Science DMZ approach to network design favors lossless packet forwarding through a separate isolated network over secure lossy forwarding through stateful packet processors (e.g. firewalls). We propose ScienceSDS, a novel software defined security framework for securely monitoring large-scale science datasets over a software defined networking and network functions virtualization (SDN/NFV) infrastructure.
The technique for 3D printing patient-specific models for auricular reconstruction

Abstract Purpose Currently, surgeons approach autogenous microtia repair by creating a two-dimensional (2D) tracing of the unaffected ear to approximate a three-dimensional (3D) construct, a difficult process. To address these shortcomings, this study introduces the fabrication of patient-specific, sterilizable 3D printed auricular model for autogenous auricular reconstruction. Methods A high-resolution 3D digital photograph was captured of the patient's unaffected ear and surrounding anatomic structures. The photographs were exported and uploaded into Amira, for transformation into a digital (.stl) model, which was imported into Blender, an open source software platform for digital modification of data. The unaffected auricle as digitally isolated and inverted to render a model for the contralateral side. The depths of the scapha, triangular fossa, and cymba were deepened to accentuate their contours. Extra relief was added to the helical root to further distinguish this structure. The ear was then digitally deconstructed and separated into its individual auricular components for reconstruction. The completed ear and its individual components were 3D printed using polylactic acid filament and sterilized following manufacturer specifications. Results The sterilized models were brought to the operating room to be utilized by the surgeon. The models allowed for more accurate anatomic measurements compared to 2D tracings, which reduced the degree of estimation required by surgeons. Approximately 20 g of the PLA filament were utilized for the construction of these models, yielding a total material cost of approximately $1. Conclusion Using the methodology detailed in this report, as well as departmentally available resources (3D digital photography and 3D printing), a sterilizable, patient-specific, and inexpensive 3D auricular model was fabricated to be used intraoperatively. This technique of printing customized-to-patient models for surgeons to use as ‘guides’ shows great promise.
Development of a medication review service for patients with enteral tubes in a community teaching hospital

Purpose The results of a study to develop a hospital-wide medication review service for patients with enteral tubes to improve patient safety are presented. Summary Inappropriate enteral administration of medications can result in occluded tubes, altered clinical response, and an increase in adverse effects. At Saint Barnabas Medical Center, a 600-bed community teaching hospital located in Livingston, New Jersey, a medication review service for patients with an enteral tube was developed. A phased approach was used. In phase 1, a retrospective chart review revealed that 43% of our patients with enteral tubes received at least one medication that should not be crushed. In phase 2, we identified formulary medications that should not be crushed based on guidance from the Institute for Safe Medication Practices. We added a “do not crush” warning to the identified medications in our electronic medication administration record and automated medication dispensing system. In phase 3, we created an automatic substitution list of medications. Phase 4 involved the development of the program in our health information technology platform. An electronic task list alerted pharmacists about patients with enteral tubes who required medication review and potential medication substitutions, as well as patients with newly removed enteral tubes who can be placed back on their original medications. In phase 5, we provided education to prescribers, nurses, and pharmacists. Conclusion A hospital-wide medication review service for patients with enteral tubes at our community teaching medical center was developed.
Episodic Canopy Structural Transformations and Biological Invasion in a Hawaiian Forest.

The remaining native forests on the Hawaiian Islands have been recognized as threatened by changing climate, increasing insect outbreak, new deadly pathogens, and growing populations of canopy structure-altering invasive species. The objective of this study was to assess long-term, net changes to upper canopy structure in sub-montane forests on the eastern slope of Mauna Kea volcano, Hawai‘i, in the context of continuing climate events, insect outbreaks, and biological invasion. We used high-resolution multi-temporal Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data to quantify near-decadal net changes in forest canopy height and gap distributions at a critical transition between alien invaded lowland and native sub-montane forest at the end of a recent drought and host-specific insect (Scotorythra paludicola) outbreak. We found that sub-montane forests have experienced a net loss in average canopy height, and therefore structure and aboveground carbon stock. Additionally, where invasive alien tree species co-dominate with native trees, the upper canopy structure became more homogeneous. Tracking the loss of forest canopy height and spatial variation with airborne LiDAR is a cost-effective way to monitor forest canopy health, and to track and quantify ecological impacts of invasive species through space and time.
Ballistic limit equations for non-aluminum projectiles impacting dual-wall spacecraft systems

Abstract One of the primary design considerations of earth-orbiting spacecraft is the mitigation of the damage that might occur from an on-orbit MMOD impact. Traditional damage-resistant design consists of a ‘bumper’ that is placed a small distance away from a spacecraft component or from the wall of the element in which it is housed. The performance of such a multi-wall structural element is typically characterized by its ballistic limit equation (BLE), which defines the threshold particle size that results in a failure of the spacecraft element. BLEs are also key components of any micro-meteoroid/orbital debris (MMOD) risk assessment calculations. However, these assessments often call for BLEs to predict impact response for projectiles made of materials not used in the development of those BLEs. The question naturally arises regarding how close are the predictions of such BLEs when used in impact scenarios involving projectiles made of materials not necessarily considered in their development. In an effort to address this issue, a study was performed with the objective of assessing the validity of the NNO BLE for non-aluminum particles. Particle materials considered included steel, copper, and Al 2 O 3 (i.e. particles that are made of materials that are more dense than aluminum). Comparisons are made between actual test results involving these non-aluminum projectiles and the predictions of the NNO BLE. In nearly all cases, the NNO BLE was found not to work very well in the predicting failure / no failure response of these non-aluminum projectiles. A new NNO-type BLE is then developed that can be used to more reliably predict the response of dual-wall systems under the hypervelocity impact of such “heavier” non-aluminum projectiles.
Long-Duration Space Exploration and Emotional Health: Recommendations for Conceptualizing and Evaluating Risk.

Abstract Spaceflight to Mars will by far exceed the duration of any previous mission. Although behavioral health risks are routinely highlighted among the most serious threats to crew safety, understanding of specific emotional responses most likely to occur and interfere with mission success has lagged in comparison to other risk domains. Even within the domain of behavioral health, emotional constructs remain to be ‘unpacked’ to the same extent as other factors such as attention and fatigue. The current paper provides a review of previous studies that have examined emotional responses in isolated, confined, extreme environments (ICE) toward informing a needed research agenda. We include research conducted during space flight, long-duration space simulation analogs, and polar environments and utilize a well-established model of emotion and emotion regulation to conceptualize specific findings. Lastly, we propose four specific directions for future research: (1) use of a guiding theoretical framework for evaluating emotion responses in ICE environments; (2) leveraging multi-method approaches to improve the reliability of subjective reports of emotional health; (3) a priori selection of precise emotional constructs to guide measure selection; and (4) focusing on positive in addition to negative emotion in order to provide a more complete understanding of individual risk and resilience.
Quantitative Relationships between Virus Particles and Their Functional Activity

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the method of determining total virus particle count and virus infectivity along with an interpretation of the ratio of these measurements for certain representative viruses. The titration of a virus is essentially a determination of the smallest amount of a virus suspension that will produce some manifestation of disease in a susceptible host. Two types of manifestations may be observed: (1) a generalized or systemic infection usually referred to as an all-or-none response or (2) the production of local lesions. The most satisfactory method of enumerating physical particles depends upon their direct visualization in the electron microscope. Indirect methods have also been used for estimating virus particle concentration. One procedure depends upon estimates made of the virus particle's volume, density, and mass and requires preparations of pure virus. Another procedure is based upon an estimate of the number of hemagglutinating particles present in suspension. Quantitative comparisons between direct particle and lesion counts for plant viruses reveal high ratios as do the tumor viruses, but for different reasons. Another method for the quantitative assay of virus particles by electron microscopy depends upon the specific adsorption of the particles to susceptible cells—for example, phage particles to susceptible bacterial cells—or to hemolyzed red blood cells in the case of the myxoviruses.
CODACT: Towards Identifying Orthographic Variants in Dialectal Arabic

Dialectal Arabic (DA) is the spoken vernacular for over 300M people worldwide. DA is emerging as the form of Arabic written in online communication: chats, emails, blogs, etc. However, most existing NLP tools for Arabic are designed for processing Modern Standard Arabic, a variety that is more formal and scripted. Apart from the genre variation that is a hindrance for any language processing, even in English, DA has no orthographic standard, compared to MSA that has a standard orthography and script. Accordingly, a word may be written in many possible inconsistent spellings rendering the processing of DA very challenging. To solve this problem, such inconsistencies have to be normalized. This work is the first step towards addressing this problem, as we attempt to identify spelling variants in a given textual document. We present an unsupervised clustering approach that addresses the problem of identifying orthographic variants in DA. We employ different similarity measures that exploit string similarity and contextual semantic similarity. To our knowledge this is the first attempt at solving the problem for DA. Our approaches are tested on data in two dialects of Arabic - Egyptian and Levantine. Our system achieves the highest Entropy of 0.19 for Egyptian (corresponding to 68% cluster precision) and Levantine (corresponding to 64% cluster precision) respectively. This constitutes a significant reduction in entropy (from 0.47 for Egyptian and 0.51 for Levantine) and improvement in cluster precision (from 29% for both) from the baseline.
The Politics of Selecting Chevron Deference

In this paper, we examine an important threshold question in judicial behavior and administrative law: when do federal circuit courts decide to use the Chevron deference framework and when do they select a framework that is less deferential to the administrative agency’s statutory interpretation? The question is important because the purpose of Chevron deference is to give agencies — not judges — policymaking space within statutory interpretation. We expect, nonetheless, that whether to invoke the Chevron framework is largely driven by political dynamics, with judges adopting a less deferential standard when their political preferences do not align with the agency’s decision. To provide insight, we analyze circuit-court decisions from 2003 until 2013 that review agency statutory interpretations. Our results — from the largest and most comprehensive database of its kind — provide partial confirmation of our expectations. When courts reviewed liberal agency interpretations, all panels — liberal, moderate, and conservative — were equally likely to apply Chevron. But when reviewing conservative agency interpretations, liberal panels selected the Chevron deference framework significantly less frequently than conservative panels. Contrary to limited prior studies, we find no evidence of “whistleblower” or disciplining effects when judges of different judicial ideologies comprised the panel. Viewed together, our results provide important implications for the current debate on whether to eliminate, narrow, or clarify Chevron’s domain.
Diagnosis of diaphragm injuries using modern 256-slice CT scanners: too early to abandon operative exploration

Background Missed injury of the diaphragm may result in hernia formation, enteric strangulation, and death. Compounding the problem, diaphragmatic injuries are rare and difficult to diagnose with standard imaging. As such, for patients with high suspicion of injury, operative exploration remains the gold standard for diagnosis. As no current data currently exist, we sought to perform a pragmatic evaluation of the diagnostic ability of 256-slice multidetector CT scanners for diagnosing diaphragmatic injuries after trauma. Methods A retrospective review of trauma patients from 2011 to 2018 was performed at an American College of Surgeons-verified level 1 trauma center to identify the diagnostic accuracy of CT scan for acute diaphragm injury. All patients undergoing abdominal operation were eligible for inclusion. Two separate levels of CT scan technology, 64-slice and 256-slice, were used during this time period. The prospective imaging reports were reviewed for the diagnosis of diaphragm injury and the results confirmed with the operative record. Injuries were graded using operative description per the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma guidelines. Results One thousand and sixty-eight patients underwent operation after preoperative CT scan. Acute diaphragm injury was identified intraoperatively in 14.7%. Most with diaphragmatic injury underwent 64-slice CT (134 of 157, 85.4%). Comparing patients receiving 64-slice or 256-slice CT scan, there was no difference in the side of injury (left side 57.5% vs. 69.6%, p=0.43) or median injury grade (3 (3, 3) vs. 3 (2, 3), p=0.65). Overall sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the 256-slice CT were similar to the 64-slice CT (56.5% vs. 45.5%, 93.7% vs. 98.1%, and 89.0% vs. 90.2%). Discussion The new 256-slice multidetector CT scanner fails to sufficiently improve diagnostic accuracy over the previous technology. Patients with suspicion of diaphragm injury should undergo operative intervention. Level of evidence I, diagnostic test or criteria.
Etnografía en un fondo histórico. La mano de obra y las inquietudes de la Casa Suárez ante la crisis gomera, 1920-1940

Este articulo examina la Casa Suarez durante el periodo de crisis de la economia de la goma elastica, despues del ano 1920. Tomando como herramienta de analisis el metodo de «etnografia en y del archivo» propuesto por Laura Ann Stoler (2009), se estudia el modo en que las inquietudes relativas a la inseguridad territorial y las dificultades economicas sufridas entre 1920 y 1940 afectaron la percepcion de la empresa gomera hacia sus trabajadores. En estos tiempos de incertidumbre, la administracion de Casa Suarez percibio al conjunto de sus trabajadores gomeros como herramientas para combatir los problemas que la administracion enfrentaba. Como consecuencia, la administracion realizo cambios en las representaciones de la fuerza laboral, que se encuentran plasmadas en los documentos internos de la Casa, dejando de ser vistos los trabajadores como elementos que debian producir la mayor cantidad de goma posible para pasar a ser considerados como un colectivo al que habia que mantener y proteger.
Anthropometric factors and risk of myeloid leukaemias and myelodysplastic syndromes: a prospective study and meta-analysis.

There is insufficient evidence linking excess body weight to risk of myeloid malignancies. We investigated this association using data from the Cancer Prevention Study-II (CPS-II), and a meta-analysis of published cohort studies. Among 152 090 CPS-II participants, 387 acute myeloid leukaemias (AML), 100 chronic myeloid leukaemias (CML) and 170 MDS were identified over 21 years of follow-up. In CPS-II, body mass index (BMI) was weakly associated with risk of CML (hazard ratio [HR] = 1·04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0·99-1·09 per 1 unit increase in BMI), AML (HR = 1·01, 95% CI: 0·98-1·03) and MDS (HR = 1·03, 95% CI: 0·99-1·07). After controlling for other anthropometric factors, no clear association was observed for height, BMI at age 18 years or weight change. In the meta-analysis (n = 7117 myeloid leukaemias), BMI 25-29·9 kg/m2 (HRpooled = 1·36, 95% CI: 1·12-1·59) and BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (HRpooled = 1·43, 95% CI: 1·18-1·69) were associated with higher risk of myeloid leukaemia overall, compared to a BMI <25 kg/m2 . Likewise, BMI ≥25 kg/m2 was positively associated with both AML and CML risk individually in the meta-analysis. These results underscore the need for large studies to detect associations with rare cancers, and show a modest, but positive association between excess body weight and myeloid malignancy risk.
Molecular testing strategies in non-small cell lung cancer: optimizing the diagnostic journey

Molecular testing identifies patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who may benefit from targeted therapy or immunotherapy (i.e., immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment for patients with high tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair-deficient tumors). Current guidelines state that molecular testing should be conducted at the time of initial diagnosis and tumor progression on targeted therapy. In real-world clinical practice in the United States (US), molecular testing is often not conducted or happens late in the diagnostic journey, resulting in delayed or inappropriate treatment. Herein, we review the rationale for molecular testing in advanced NSCLC, along with best-practice guidelines based on published recommendations and our own clinical experience, including a case study. We propose three strategies to optimize molecular testing in newly diagnosed patients with advanced NSCLC: (I) pulmonologists, interventional radiologists, or thoracic surgeons order molecular tests as soon as advanced NSCLC with an adenocarcinoma component is suspected; (II) liquid biopsies conducted early in the diagnostic pathway; and (III) pathologist-directed reflex testing, as conducted in other areas of oncology. To help facilitate these strategies, we outline our recommendations for optimal sample collection techniques and stewardship. In summary, we believe that implementation of these individual strategies will allow clinicians to effectively leverage available treatment options for advanced NSCLC, reducing the time to optimal treatment and improving patient outcomes.
Smoke-Free or Not: Attitudes Toward Indoor Smoke-Free Policies Among Permanent Supportive Housing Residents:

Purpose:Interventions for tobacco dependence are most effective when combined with smoke-free policies, yet such policies are rare in permanent supportive housing (PSH) for formerly homeless adults...
Lessons learned from the Advancing Maternal Immunization collaboration: identifying evidence gaps for informed respiratory syncytial virus maternal immunization decision-making.

In an increasingly crowded vaccine landscape, global and country decision-makers will require evidence-based and disease-specific information when prioritizing new public health interventions. The Advancing Maternal Immunization collaboration (AMI) was designed to develop a cross-program strategy to advance respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) maternal immunization (MI) availability and accessibility in low- and middle-income countries by completing a comprehensive RSV MI gap analysis and developing an actionable roadmap report. By engaging and coordinating key stakeholders using a web-based communication platform and developing standardized tools, AMI was able to facilitate interaction and consensus between members. This paper describes the methodology used to create and manage AMI’s work. We share lessons learned from our approach to inform other groups conducting similar work requiring cross-sectoral engagement. This approach could be adapted to efficiently conduct gap analyses for other health interventions that require input and coordination across a variety of topic areas, disciplines, geographies, and stakeholders.
Transient reductions in postoperative pain and anxiety using virtual reality in children

Abstract Objective Virtual reality (VR) is a promising method to manage pain. Distraction-based VR (VR-D) is thought to reduce pain by redirecting attention. While VR-D can reduce pain associated with acutely painful procedures, it is unclear if VR-D can reduce pain after surgery. We assessed the ability of a single VR-D session to decrease acute postoperative pain and anxiety and explored if pain catastrophizing and anxiety sensitivity influenced the ability of VR-D to reduce these outcomes in children following surgery. Design Single-center, prospective, pilot study Setting Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) Subjects 50 children/adolescents (age 7-21 years) with postoperative pain followed by the Acute Pain Service Methods Patients received a single VR-D session following surgery. Prior to the VR-D session, patients completed pain catastrophizing (PCS-C) and anxiety sensitivity (CASI) questionnaires. Primary outcome consisted of changes in pain intensity following VR-D (immediately, 15, and 30 minutes). Secondary outcomes included changes in pain unpleasantness and anxiety. Results VR-D decreased pain intensity immediately and 15-minutes after VR-D. Reductions in pain unpleasantness were observed up to 30 minutes following VR-D. Anxiety was also reduced immediately and at 15-minutes following VR-D. While patients with higher pain catastrophizing had higher baseline pain intensity and unpleasantness, they did not show larger pain reductions following VR-D compared to those with lower pain catastrophizing. Conclusions VR-D is beneficial in transiently reducing pain intensity, unpleasantness, and anxiety in children with acute postoperative pain. This study informs design of larger, controlled study assessing VR-D for acute postoperative pain and anxiety.
Determination of anisotropic H c 2 up to 60 T in Ba 0.55 K 0.45 Fe 2 As 2 single crystals

The radio frequency penetration depth was measured in the superconductor $({\text{Ba}}_{0.55}{\text{K}}_{0.45}){\text{Fe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ under pulsed magnetic fields extending to 60 T and down to 14 K. Using these data we are able to infer a ${H}_{c2}(T)$, $H\text{\ensuremath{-}}T$ phase diagram, for applied fields parallel and perpendicular to the crystallographic $c$ axis. The upper critical-field curvature is different for the respective orientations, but they each remains positive down to 14 K. The upper critical-field anisotropy is moderate, $\ensuremath{\approx}3.5$ close to ${T}_{c}$, and drops with the decrease in temperature, reaching $\ensuremath{\approx}1.2$ at 14 K. These data and analysis indicate that (i) $({\text{Ba}}_{0.55}{\text{K}}_{0.45}){\text{Fe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ anisotropy diminishes with temperature and has an unusual temperature dependence and (ii) ${H}_{c2}(T=0)$ for this compound may easily approach fields of 75 T.
A Brief Negotiation Interview Adherence Scale for Smoking Cessation: A psychometric evaluation.

Abstract Practitioner adherence to the Brief Negotiation Interview (BNI) for high-risk alcohol consumption and opioid use disorder can be measured using the BNI Adherence Scale, for alcohol (BAS-A) and opioids (BAS-O), respectively. However, no psychometrically validated brief intervention adherence scale for smoking cessation has been reported in the literature. Our objective was to develop and examine the psychometric properties of a BAS for smoking cessation (BAS S). In the context of a clinical trial of the BNI in an emergency department (ED)—which incorporates motivational interviewing (MI), feedback, and behavioral contracting—plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and a Smokers' Quitline referral and brochure (BNI), compared with brochure-only (control), we developed and examined the psychometric properties of the BAS-S, a scale that requires raters to answer whether each critical action of the BNI was implemented. Three independent raters rated three hundred and eighty-eight audio-recorded BNI sessions. The results indicated that the BAS-S had excellent internal consistency, and discriminant validity, inter-rater reliability, and construct validity. The following 3-factor (10-item) solution accounted for 43% of the variance: factor 1, “Feedback,”, factor 2, “NRT Motivation,” and factor 3, “Plan Negotiation.” The study found predictive validity for the Feedback factor, suggesting that patients who were provided feedback on the harms of their smoking were significantly less likely to achieve biologically confirmed 7-day tobacco abstinence at their 3-month follow-up than those who were not provided such feedback (p
Host Specific Nodulation: Effects of Multiple nodD Genes of Rhizobium meliloti

In both Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium species, the common nodulation genes nodA,B,C,D are required for early events of nodule formation. In R. leguminosarum, R. trifolii, and R. meliloti, the expression of the nodABC genes requires root exudate and nodD. (Mulligan, et. al. PNAS 82, 6609–6613. 1985; Rossen, et. al. EMBO J. 4, 3369–3373, 1985; Innes, et. al. MGG 201, 426–432. 1985). Recently, it has been shown that the host specificity genes of R. leguminosarum (nodEF) are expressed if nodD and root exudates are present (Shearman, et. al. EMBO 5, 647. 1986). Mutations in the nodA,B,C genes totally block nodulation in all Rhizobium species tested so far. In R. leguminosarum and R. trifolii, a mutation in nodD also results in a completely Nod-phenotype. Surprisingly, an R. meliloti nodD mutant still forms nodules on alfalfa (Jacobs, et. al. J. Bact. 162, 469. 1985).
Conceptual Modeling for the Unified Medical Language System

Abstract The Unified Medical Language System was proposed by the National Library of Medicine to facilitate the exchange and utilization of information from multiple sources. We are using semantic networks as the knowledge representation scheme in a prototype system to explore how to accomplish these goals. Conceptual modeling helps define a complete and consistent set of objects and relationships to include in the semantic net. Both top-down and bottom-up approaches were found useful in the seven step process of building the semantic network. Theoretical and practical issues are discussed as well as future extensions to the current prototype.