cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variability in the Structures of [4-(Aminomethyl)pyridine]silver(I) Complexes through Effects of Ligand Ratio, Anion, Hydrogen Bonding, and π-Stacking

The reaction of the asymmetric 4-(aminomethyl)pyridine (4-amp) ligand with silver(I) salts of trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate, OTf-), trifluoroacetate (tfa-), or tetrafluoroborate (BF4-) have produced a variety of one- and two-dimensional structural motifs depending upon the ratio in which the components are mixed. When the proportion of ligand to metal is 1:1, linear coordination polymers are formed with silver(I) OTf- (1) and tfa- (2). Altering the ratio to 2:1, a linear polymer of corner-shared boxes (3) is formed with tfa-, a linear box-in-box “chain link” polymer (4) is formed with OTf-, and a two-dimensional sheet (5) is constructed with BF4-. Addition of 5,5‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine to a solution of 4-ampAgBF4 disrupts the polymerization of the previous structure and results in the construction of the infinite metal−metal bound strings of 6a regardless of ratio of amp to silver present. H-bonding, π-stacking, and closed-shell Ag−Ag interactions are all involved in the overall conformations of ...
Sustainable Futures for Linden Village: A Model for Rehabilitation and Sustainable Development of Urban Neighborhoods

This paper presents a case study of urban neighborhood redevelopment facilitated by an interdisciplinary, collaborative effort between university faculty/students, community partners, and local organizations/agencies. The target area is Linden Village, a Columbus neighborhood experiencing the same sprawldriven population loss and economic decline facing many inner city communities in the United States. In this case, local redevelopment is hampered by the deteriorating environment. Moreover, old houses without proper maintenance, repairs, and upgrades are subjected to elevated energy use, high utility costs, and poor environmental quality. The project seeks to increase community awareness of and involvement in sustainable housing and neighborhood development through community-defined development priorities, neighborhood health assessment, GISbased mapping for neighborhood development and economic growth, and on-the-job training for local residents in green home rehabilitation. Findings will provide baseline results for more wide-ranging studies and facilitate informed decisionmaking for the creation of healthy and sustainable urban environments.
II. Effect of Dyes on Colonies of Certain Pathogenic Fungi

In a previous paper observations were made on the growth of certain pathogenic fungi on a medium containing alcoholic nigrosine and one containing litmus.1 In the present paper a like medium (peptone 4%, dextrose 1%, agar 1 1/2%) containing 2% Eosin Y and one containing 2% Eosin B∗ were used.The following pathogenic fungi and 2 saprophytes, Lichtheimia sp. and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were observed: Achorion schoenleinii, Acladium castellani, Candida candida, Endodermophyton tropicale, Endomyces capsulatus, Endomyces dermatitidus, Epidermophyton inguinale, Glenospora gammeli, Geotrichum bachmann, Indiella americana, Monosporum apiospermum, Microsporon audouini, Monilia albicans, Oospora humi, Trichophyton crateriforme, Trichophyton granulosum, Trichophyton interdigitale, Trichophyton japonicum, Willia anomala. Observations were made over 30 days. The tubes were kept at room temperature.Growth occurred within 4 days in all tubes of the control media and in the dye tubes with the exception of Achorion sch...
Changes in precipitation with climate change

There is a direct influence of global warming on precipitation. Increased heating leads to greater evaporation and thus surface drying, thereby increasing the intensity and duration of drought. However, the water holding capacity of air increases by about 7% per 1°C warming, which leads to increased water vapor in the atmosphere. Hence, storms, whether individual thunderstorms, extratropical rain or snow storms, or tropical cyclones, supplied with increased moisture, produce more intense precipitation events. Such events are observed to be widely occurring, even where total precipitation is decreasing: 'it never rains but it pours!' This increases the risk of flooding. The atmo- spheric and surface energy budget plays a critical role in the hydrological cycle, and also in the slower rate of change that occurs in total precipitation than total column water vapor. With modest changes in winds, patterns of precipitation do not change much, but result in dry areas becoming drier (generally throughout the subtropics) and wet areas becoming wetter, especially in the mid- to high latitudes: the 'rich get richer and the poor get poorer'. This pattern is simulated by climate mod- els and is projected to continue into the future. Because, with warming, more precipitation occurs as rain instead of snow and snow melts earlier, there is increased runoff and risk of flooding in early spring, but increased risk of drought in summer, especially over continental areas. However, with more precipitation per unit of upward motion in the atmosphere, i.e. 'more bang for the buck', atmo- spheric circulation weakens, causing monsoons to falter. In the tropics and subtropics, precipitation patterns are dominated by shifts as sea surface temperatures change, with El Nino a good example. The volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 led to an unprecedented drop in land precipitation and runoff, and to widespread drought, as precipitation shifted from land to oceans and evaporation faltered, providing lessons for possible geoengineering. Most models simulate precipitation that occurs prematurely and too often, and with insufficient intensity, resulting in recycling that is too large and a lifetime of moisture in the atmosphere that is too short, which affects runoff and soil moisture.
Evolution Direction of Guangdong Power Communication Networks in Smart Grid

Smart grid is the development direction of power grids in China or even those in the world.The establishment of high-speed,bidirectional,real-time and integrated communication system lays foundation for data obtaining,protection and control of smart grid.Therefore,the establishment of high-quality communication system takes the first step to smart grid.By combining planning,technical and management standards,development of key technology as well as equipment development of smart grid in Guangdong,the paper analyzes burden that born by Guangdong power communication networks and brings forward evolution direction and scheme.
Comparative Physiology and Pharmacology of the Cat and Rabbit Urinary Bladder

Abstract The cat and the rabbit are two of the most popular models for the study of lower urinary bladder function. The cat has been used extensively for in-vivo studies of spinal and supra-spinal micturition reflexes. In contrast, the rabbit has been used extensively for the in-vitro study of bladder function. In order to determine if the results obtained using one species can be applied to another, we have compared the in-vitro physiology and pharmacology of the cat and rabbit bladder using isolated strips and whole bladder preparations. The results can be summarized as follows: 1) The cat displays significant spontaneous activity during in-vitro cystometry, but the rabbit shows no such activity (whole bladder studies). 2) Although the bladder weights of the cat and rabbit are similar, the rabbit bladder has a capacity three times that of the cat. 3) The maximal response to field stimulation was obtained at one gram of passive tension for the rabbit isolated strips, whereas five grams of passive tension was required for the cat strips. 4) Atropine inhibited the response of isolated strips of cat bladder to field stimulation by approximately 13% whereas the response of rabbit bladder strips was inhibited by approximately 45%. 5) The magnitude of the response of rabbit bladder strips to ATP was similar to the response to field stimulation in the presence of atropine; the response of cat bladder strips to ATP was only 20% of the response of that of the rabbit bladder strips, and approximately 10% of the response of the cat strips to field stimulation in the presence of atropine. 6) Field stimulation produced a lofold greater rise in intravesical pressure in the cat isolated bladder than in the isolated rabbit bladder; in response to bethanechol, the cat bladder generated a 6-fold greater response than the rabbit bladder. It is clear that the in-vitro pharmacological responses of the cat urinary bladder are qualitatively and quantitatively different from that of the rabbit bladder. (J. Urol, 143: 848–852, 1990)
The complexities of solving the problem of human malformations

Although major advances have been made in -the epidemiology of birth defect surveillance, in intrauterine diagnosis and treatment, and In clarifying the role of environ-mental factors, we are uncertain about the causes of the majority of birth defects. Miseducation of the public and some professional groups has led to an overemphasis on the importance of drugs and chemicals as causes of birth defects and has resulted in major health and social problems. Many problems remain in preventing or reducing the Incidence of human malformations, which may be solved by the combined efforts of clinical surveillance programs and advances in the fields of genetics, developmental biology, and biochemistry.
“Are Vegetarians Good Fighters?”: World War I and the Rise of Meatless Patriotism

As the USA approached possible involvement in World War I, debates arose in the popular press about American war readiness. While some writers worried about the size and scale of American military capabilities, others debated the state of American masculinity and strength in the face of a potential mass mobilization. Perhaps surprisingly, one group that focused on issues of masculinity, strength, and violence were vegetarians. In the pages of one vegetarian publication, the issue was answered directly. The editorial staff of Physical Culture Magazine responded to a letter from a reader asking if vegetarians were prepared to serve their country during its time of need. The magazine’s answer made an explicit connection between meatless living and the strength needed to win a war. Responding to the onset of war, the magazine emphasized the need for what an editorial labeled “men in brain and body.” The editorial explained that “the manhood” of the USA had been collectively called to reckoning and that the fate of the war would be decided by those “nations that can furnish the best, the most capable, the most courageous men” of strength and health and this group quite clearly included vegetarians.1
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Current Technology and Future Directions:

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement as an alternative to open surgical repair is rapidly becoming more used in high-risk patients with aortic stenosis. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement offers the benefit of being much less invasive than traditional surgical repair and has evolved as a therapeutic option for patients with prohibitive surgical risk or those deemed surgically inoperable. Nevertheless, despite its potential to mitigate risk in this frail population, it comes with its own unique set of complications. Technological advancements in valve structure, function, and delivery have and continue to attempt to minimize these risks. This review aims to summarize current advancements in transcatheter aortic valve replacement technology while also introducing areas of future direction in this exciting new field.
‘My Body Feels Old’: Seniors’ Discursive Constructions of Aging-as-Disabling

Social gerontology and disability studies have made similar but separate arguments for ways to study aging and disability, respectively. This study of interviews with seniors finds that seniors characterize aging as disabling and position both identity constructions as negative. The article argues for the use of disability theory and discourse to examine seniors’ lived experiences.
Geospatial economics of the woody biomass supply in Kansas -- A case study

This research assessed the geospatial supply of cellulosic feedstocks for potential mill sites in Kansas (KS), with procurement zones extending to Arkansas (AR), Iowa (IA), Missouri (MO), Oklahoma (OK), and Nebraska (NE). A web-based modeling system, the Kansas Biomass Supply Assessment Tool, was developed to identify least-cost sourcing areas for logging residues and upland hardwood roundwood biomass feedstocks. Geospatial boundaries were used according to the 5-digit zip code tabulation area (ZCTA). This higher level of resolution advanced the understanding of the geospatial economics of modeling the supply chain for cellulosic feedstocks. The analyses were conducted for six sub-regions (Chanute, Effingham, El Dorado, Manhattan, Ottawa, and Pratt) within Kansas that were identified by the US Forest Service as suitable for forest habitat. Atchison County of Effingham region had the least marginal costs for upland hardwood roundwood, ranging from $92.59 to $108.68 per dry metric ton, with an available annual supply of approximately 72 thousand dry metric tons. The least favorable was the El Dorado region, where the marginal costs ranged from $97.32 to $108.05 per dry metric ton, with an annual supply of approximately 4.4 thousand dry metric tons.
Repeated hapten exposure induces persistent tactile sensitivity in mice modeling localized provoked vulvodynia

Background Vulvodynia is a remarkably prevalent chronic pain condition of unknown etiology. Epidemiologic studies associate the risk of vulvodynia with a history of atopic disease. We used an established model of hapten-driven contact hypersensitivity to investigate the underlying mechanisms of allergy-provoked prolonged sensitivity to pressure. Methods We sensitized female ND4 Swiss mice to the hapten oxazolone on their flanks, and subsequently challenged them four days later with oxazolone or vehicle for ten consecutive days on the labia. We evaluated labiar sensitivity to touch, local mast cell accumulation, and hyperinnervation after ten challenges. Results Oxazolone-challenged mice developed significant tactile sensitivity that persisted for over three weeks after labiar allergen exposures ceased. Allergic sites were characterized by mast cell accumulation, sensory hyper-innervation and infiltration of regulatory CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells as well as localized early increases in transcripts encoding Nerve Growth Factor and nerve-mast cell synapse marker Cell Adhesion Molecule 1. Local depletion of mast cells by intra-labiar administration of secretagogue compound 48/80 led to a reduction in both nerve density and tactile sensitivity. Conclusions Mast cells regulate allergy-provoked persistent sensitivity to touch. Mast cell-targeted therapeutic strategies may provide novel means to manage and limit chronic pain conditions associated with atopic disease.
Aromatase inhibitor-associated musculoskeletal symptoms: etiology and strategies for management.

In the United States, approximately 180,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer annually.
Updated results of a phase I study of low dose decitabine and valproic acid (VA) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML): Gene reexpression, demethylation, and clinical response

6515 Background: Decitabine, an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) enzymes, has activity in myeloid malignancies at doses >1 log below the MTD of 2250mg/m2/course which may be optimal for DN...
Plant Adaptation to Cold I. Chlorophyll II. Minerals

A number of montane herbs in northern Utah typically form flower buds beneath the snow cover and flower either through it or immediately after its recession. Two of these species, one naturally occurring, Claytonia lanceolata, and one cultivated bulb, Galanthus nivalis, were investigated for their response to this stress environment. Snow depth patterns, chlorophyll content of tissues, and plants grown in light-tight boxes, suggest that light passing through the snow to reach plants growing underneath is not critically involved in the timing of their developmental cycles or in their ability to endure this low temperature environment. Ability to endure stress seems to be closely related in a number of ways to activity at the plant membranes. Plants were protected from low temperature damage by application of cytokinin or calcium, both of which probably acted at the membrane. Potassium calcium antagonisms were reflected in the internal distribution of the ions under natural stress conditions; and plants that differentiated at the meristem while growing through the snow accumulated calcium at the tip during this growth.
FUD — Balancing Scheduling Parameters in Shared Computing Environments

Shared computing environments such as Cloud, HPC and Grid Computing present a challenge for scheduling systems as they seek to balance incoming requests with available resources, maintain high utilization, be fair among users, and cope with environmental dynamicity. In this paper, we will introduce the FUD theorem. The FUD theorem is based on the premise that a scheduler's desire to optimize the three system parameters: Fairness, Utilization and Dynamicity (FUD) comes at a cost. These parameters adversely affect one another, and thus, in a shared computing environment, a scheduler is unable to be fair while fully utilizing the available resources and still deal with the dynamicity of the environment. The presented FUD model argues for relaxing one of the three parameters to optimize scheduling decisions based on the remaining two.
Neurocognitive Function in Children with Primary Hypertension after Initiation of Antihypertensive Therapy

Objective To determine the change in neurocognitive test performance in children with primary hypertension after initiation of antihypertensive therapy. Study design Subjects with hypertension and normotensive control subjects had neurocognitive testing at baseline and again after 1 year, during which time the subjects with hypertension received antihypertensive therapy. Subjects completed tests of general intelligence, attention, memory, executive function, and processing speed, and parents completed rating scales of executive function. Results Fifty-five subjects with hypertension and 66 normotensive control subjects underwent both baseline and 1-year assessments. Overall, the blood pressure (BP) of subjects with hypertension improved (24-hour systolic BP load: mean baseline vs 1 year, 58% vs 38%, P P Conclusions Overall, children with hypertension did not improve in neurocognitive test performance after 1 year of antihypertensive therapy, beyond that also seen in normotensive controls, suggesting improvements with age or practice effects because of repeated neurocognitive testing. However, the degree to which antihypertensive therapy improves BP may affect its impact upon neurocognitive function.
Effect of Pump-over Conditions on the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds during Cabernet Sauvignon Fermentation

The formation of the cap during red wine fermentation necessitates use of some mode of cap management to maintain proper control of fermentation temperatures and promote phenolic extraction during the course of alcoholic fermentation. Pump-overs are among the most common modes of cap management and involve pumping the fermenting juice from below the cap and spraying it over the top. The efficacy of pump-overs at maintaining temperature and promoting phenolic extraction is thought to be affected by the volume and frequency of pump-over, but these effects have not been thoroughly investigated in a highly controlled environment. Research-scale Cabernet Sauvignon fermentations (100 L) were performed in which the volume and frequency of the pump-overs were systematically varied, and phenolic extraction was monitored during fermentation. Pump-over volume and frequency did not have a significant effect on phenolic extraction in research-scale fermentors, although the results obtained may depend on fermentor size or design. Half of the fermentor volume twice per day was the minimum mixing needed to maintain phenolic extraction and temperature control during fermentation. However, analysis of the bottled wines showed no significant differences in phenolic content five months posttreatment.
Silkworm silk-based materials and devices generated using bio-nanotechnology

Silks are natural fibrous protein polymers that are spun by silkworms and spiders. Among silk variants, there has been increasing interest devoted to the silkworm silk of B. mori, due to its availability in large quantities along with its unique material properties. Silk fibroin can be extracted from the cocoons of the B. mori silkworm and combined synergistically with other biomaterials to form biopolymer composites. With the development of recombinant DNA technology, silks can also be rationally designed and synthesized via genetic control. Silk proteins can be processed in aqueous environments into various material formats including films, sponges, electrospun mats and hydrogels. The versatility and sustainability of silk-based materials provides an impressive toolbox for tailoring materials to meet specific applications via eco-friendly approaches. Historically, silkworm silk has been used by the textile industry for thousands of years due to its excellent physical properties, such as lightweight, high mechanical strength, flexibility, and luster. Recently, due to these properties, along with its biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-immunogenicity, silkworm silk has become a candidate for biomedical utility. Further, the FDA has approved silk medical devices for sutures and as a support structure during reconstructive surgery. With increasing needs for implantable and degradable devices, silkworm silk has attracted interest for electronics, photonics for implantable yet degradable medical devices, along with a broader range of utility in different device applications. This Tutorial review summarizes and highlights recent advances in the use of silk-based materials in bio-nanotechnology, with a focus on the fabrication and functionalization methods for in vitro and in vivo applications in the field of tissue engineering, degradable devices and controlled release systems.
Entrepreneurial Alertness and Opportunity Identification: Where Are We Now?

Since its inception, entrepreneurship has struggled with the academic version of a new venture’s liability of newness; the field was considered pre-paradigmatic (Research methodology in strategy and management, New York, pp 1–32, 2005b), bereft of theory or conceptual frameworks (J Bus Ventur 19:617–620, 2004; Acad Manage Rev 26):8–11, 2001) and so lacking in understanding that investigators could not agree on what constituted the phenomenon of interest: any kind of self-employment? New venture creation? Corporate venturing? Something else? All of the above (J Bus Ventur 5:15–28, 1990; Acad Manage J 48:556–564, 2005a; Entrep Theory Pract 26:17–25, 2001, Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship, Englewood Cliffs, 1982)?
Regulation of synapse formation by cyclic AMP.

One neuroblastoma and four hybrid cell lines were obtained which formed numerous synapses with cultured striated muscle cells. Many other neuroblastoma or somatic cell hybrids were found which synthesized acetylcholine, but which lacked one or more properties needed to form functional synapses. The following kinds of clonally inherited synaptic defects were identified in these cell lines: alterations in voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel activity, large dense-core vesicles, depolarization-dependent acetylcholine secretion, and the lack of functional protein synthesized and released into the medium by the neural cells (which normally Increases aggregation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on myotube plasma membranes).
Measurement of the Optic Nerve Head Blood Flow

Ischemic disorders of the optic nerve head (ONH) ­constitute an important cause of acute visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is a well-known disorder belonging to this category. Also, during the past four decades a large body of evidence has emerged suggesting that vascular insufficiency in the ONH may play an important role in development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy [1–11]. Both types of optic neuropathy are common and cause serious visual loss. All this has naturally resulted in the current major thrust of research to explore the various aspects of the ONH circulation in health and disease.
Examining Digital Messaging Applications for Postsecondary Students With Intellectual Disability

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of using mobile technology applications to improve digital communication skills in four postsecondary students with intellectual disability. An ...
Abstract 180: Association of Risk Factor-Based Educational Programs on Stroke Hospitalization and Death Rates in West Central Florida

Background: Since 2003 six public health educational campaigns were begun in Florida to reduce stroke rate and mortality by increasing public awareness of stroke-related symptoms and its risk facto...
Conflict Intervention Training as Strategic Convening: Lessons From Syria:

This article develops a framework of training design to intervene in active armed conflict. A case study of Syria presents a context of the inquiry. The concept of strategic convening is introduced...
Cervical Lymphadenopathy and Nasopharyngeal Mass

Any male with EBV related malignancy and hypogammaglobulinemia should be evaluated for X-Linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP)
Reducing the Maximum Length of Connections in Single Flux Quantum Circuits During Routing

As the number of nets connecting single-flux-quantum (SFQ) cells in large-scale SFQ circuits grows, powerful electronic design automation (EDA) tools are needed to mitigate the wire routing task. Moreover, the clock frequency of SFQ circuits is heavily influenced by the longest wire delay. However, current routing tools have no means to control the maximum length of routing wires. In this paper, we present an innovative post-routing optimization framework which reduces the maximum wirelength in SFQ circuits. A framework is developed in which the longest wire is ripped and re-routed by resorting to a maze routing algorithm after the acquisition of wire density distribution using a machine learning method. Based on the MIT-LL SFQ5ee process technology and using a small library of SFQ logic cells, we show that the proposed framework can complete post-routing optimization of 13 SFQ circuits in 8 minutes while reducing the length of the longest wire by 11.8% on average over the state-of-the-art EDA routing tool for large-scale SFQ circuits.
Communication-Efficient (Proactive) Secure Computation for Dynamic General Adversary Structures and Dynamic Groups

In modern distributed systems, an adversary’s limitations when corrupting subsets of a system’s components (e.g., servers) may not necessarily be based on threshold constraints, but rather based on other technical or organizational characteristics. This means that the corruption patterns (and thus protection guarantees) are based on the adversary being limited by what can be captured by a General Adversary Structure (GAS). We consider efficient secure multiparty computation (MPC) under such dynamically-changing GAS settings. In such settings, one desires to protect against and during corruption profile changes; such adaptivity also renders some (secret sharing-based) encoding schemes underlying MPC protocols more efficient than others when operating with the (currently) considered GAS.
Characterizing inclusion and exclusion criteria in clinical trials for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy among adults with hematologic malignancies.

Abstract Objective Restrictive eligibility criteria are a known barrier to patient enrollment into clinical trials. With the introduction of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, it is imperative to ensure trials are generalizable to the intended population with appropriate safety guiderails. Methods Using the U.S. National Library of Medicine's clinical trial database, we identified 84 clinical trials and characterized inclusion/exclusion criteria for CAR-T therapy in hematologic malignancies with a focus on age, performance status, and comorbidities, and the relationship to sponsorship, disease type, and study phase. Results The overwhelming majority of CAR-T trials imposed restrictions on upper age (n = 54, 64%), performance status (n = 72, 86%), and renal function (n = 76, 90%). Institution-sponsored studies were more likely to have age restrictions (n = 29) than industry-sponsored (n = 20), (83% vs 45%, p 20–60 mL/min, and GFR >30–70 mL/min. Conclusion These results suggest highly variable inclusion/exclusion criteria for early phase CAR-T studies that may limit patient accessibility to therapy and emphasize the need for a standardized, evidence-based approach to patient enrollment.
Molecular modelling guided design, synthesis and QSAR analysis of new small molecule non-lipid autotaxin inhibitors

Abstract The lysophospholipase D autotaxin (ATX) generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) that activates six cognate G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) in cancerous cells, promoting their motility and invasion. Four novel compounds were generated aided by molecular docking guided design and synthesis techniques to obtain new dual inhibitors of ATX and the lysophosphatidic acid receptor subtype 1 (LPAR1). Biological evaluation of these compounds revealed two compounds, 10 and 11, as new ATX enzyme inhibitors with potencies in the range of 218–220 nM and water solubility (>100 µg/mL), but with no LPAR1 inhibitory activity. A QSAR model was generated that included four newly designed compounds and twenty-one additional compounds that we have reported previously. The QSAR model provided excellent predictability of the pharmacological activity and potency among structurally related drug candidates. This model will be highly useful in guiding the synthesis of new ATX inhibitors in the future.
Aerosol Barriers in Pediatric Anesthesiology: clinical data supports FDA caution.

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted rapid development and deployment of a variety of unproven physical barriers intended to protect providers from aerosols generated during airway management1,2 . The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initially granted an umbrella emergency use authorization (EUA) for passive protective barrier enclosures on May 1, 2020. Although anecdotal evidence drove widespread adoption of these devices, there are no data we are asware of demonstrating they protect providers from infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Furthermore, some have expressed concern about their safety and efficacy for both patients and providers3 , with particular concern that barriers may prolong intubation times and increase the risk of hypoxemia4 .
Ketamine for Refractory Chronic Migraine: An Observational Pilot Study and Metabolite Analysis

Patients with refractory chronic migraine have substantial disability and have failed many acute and preventive medications. When aggressive intravenous therapy is indicated, both lidocaine and (R,S)-ketamine infusions have been used successfully to provide relief. Retrospective studies have shown that both agents may be associated with short-term analgesia. In this prospective, observational pilot study of 6 patients, we compared the effects of lidocaine and (R,S)-ketamine infusions and performed metabolite analyses of (R,S)-ketamine to determine its metabolic profile in this population. One of (R,S)-ketamine's metabolites, (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine, has been shown in animal studies to reduce pain, but human studies in patients undergoing continuous (R,S)-ketamine infusions for migraine are lacking. All 6 patients tolerated both infusions well with mild adverse effects. The baseline mean pain rating (0-10 numeric rating scale) decreased from 7.5 ± 2.2 to 4.7 ± 2.8 by end of lidocaine treatment ( P ≤ . 05 ) but increased to 7.0 ± 1.4 by the postdischarge visit at 4 weeks (P > .05 vs baseline). The baseline mean pain rating prior to ketamine treatment was 7.4 ± 1.4, which decreased to 3.7 ± 2.3 by the end of the hospitalization ( P ≤ . 05 ) but increased to 7.2 ± 1.7 by the postdischarge visit at 6 weeks (P > .05 vs baseline). For the primary outcome the change in pain from baseline to end of treatment was greater for ketamine than lidocaine (-3.7 vs -2.8; P ≤ . 05 ), but this has minimal clinical significance. Ketamine metabolite analysis revealed that (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine was the predominant metabolite during most of the infusion, consistent with previous studies.
Droplet migration into dead-end channels at high salinity enhanced by micelle gradients of a zwitterionic surfactant

Colloidal migration driven by electrolyte gradients is often reported in low-salinity conditions. Applying such a concept in high salinity conditions, however, is quite challenging due to the deteriorated colloidal stability and quenched electrostatic interaction. Here, droplet migration in high salinity is induced by the gradient of a zwitterionic surfactant that also stabilizes the emulsion. The reported emulsion system and mobilization strategy allow encapsulation and enhanced delivery of chemical agents for many subsurface applications.
Weak Signal Detection in 5G+ Systems: A Distributed Deep Learning Framework

Internet connected mobile devices in 5G and beyond (simply 5G+) systems are penetrating all aspects of people's daily life, transforming the way we conduct business and live. However, this rising trend has also posed unprecedented traffic burden on existing telecommunication infrastructure including cellular systems, consistently causing network congestion. Although additional spectrum resources have been allocated, exponentially increasing traffic tends to always outpace the added capacity. In order to increase the data rate and reduce the latency, 5G+ systems have heavily relied on hyperdensification and higher frequency bands, resulting in dramatically increased interference temperature, and consequently significantly more weak signals (i.e., signals with low Signal-to-Noise-plus-Interference (SINR) ratio). With traditional detection mechanisms, a large number of weak signals will not be detected, and hence be wasted, leading to poor throughput in 5G+ systems. To this end, in this paper, we develop an online weak-signal detection scheme to recover weak signals for mobile users so as to significantly boost their data rates without adding additional spectrum resource. Specifically, we first formulate weak signal detection as a high dimensional user-time signal matrix factorization problem and solve this problem by devising a novel learning model, called Dual-CNN Deep Matrix Factorization (DCDMF). Then, we design an online distributed learning framework to collaboratively train and update our proposed DCDMF model between an edge network and mobile users, with correctly decoded signals at users only. By conducting simulations on real-world traffic datasets, we demonstrate that our proposed weak signal detection scheme can achieve throughput gain of up to 3.12 times, with computing latency of 0.84 ms per KB signals on average.
Overuse: A concept analysis

Spending much of her career in clinical pediatrics, the author was greatly troubled regarding the amount of screen time in which the patients of her office were reportedly engaging. It is for this reason that the concept of "overuse" was chosen for analysis. The author explores multiple facets of overuse including social media in adolescence, caffeine, pumpkin spice, "pitcher's elbow", antibiotic prescription, and interpersonal kindness. The purpose of this concept analysis is to explore the many differing applications of the definition of overuse as well as to construct a practical definition for identification and response in the pediatric clinical setting.
Pain Appraisals in Patients with Physical Injury: Assessing the Role of Distress Tolerance in the Relationship between Depression and Pain Catastrophizing

Pain is a complex construct contributing to significant impairment, particularly among physically injured patients seeking treatment in trauma and orthopedic surgery settings in which social workers are an integral component of care. The biopsychosocial theory, fear-avoidance, and cognitive mediation models of pain suggest that psychological factors (for example, depression) affect one's ability to tolerate distress, leading to negative pain appraisals, such as catastrophizing. This study examined whether distress tolerance serves as a mechanism by which depression is associated with pain catastrophizing. We administered a health survey to outpatient trauma and orthopedic surgery clinic patients who were using opioid medications; 84 patients were included in the final analysis; 39.3 percent screened positive for depression. A multilevel mediation model using structural equation modeling revealed a significant direct effect from depression to pain catastrophizing (s = .31, z = 3.96, p < .001) and a significant indirect effect by distress tolerance (Δs = .27, z = 3.84, p < .001). These results, which suggest that distress tolerance partially mediated the path from depression to pain catastrophizing, can inform social workers and other members of the multidisciplinary team about both the critical role of psychosocial factors after injury and interventions to improve postinjury recovery.
The Benedict Arnold of the Central Nervous System Tumor Microenvironment? The Role of Microglia/Macrophages in Glioma.

The glioma microenvironment is heavily infiltrated by non-neoplastic myeloid cells, including bone marrow–derived macrophages and central nervous system-resident microglia. As opposed to executing the antitumor functions of immune surveillance, antigen presentation, and phagocytosis, these tumor-associated myeloid cells are co-opted to promote an immunosuppressive milieu and support tumor invasion and angiogenesis. This review explores evolving evidence and the research paradigms used to determine the interplay of tumor genetics, immune cell composition, and immune function in gliomas. Understanding these cells and how they are reprogrammed will be instrumental in finding new and effective treatments for these lethal tumors.
Analyzing multi–domain learning for enhanced rockfall mapping in known and unknown planetary domains

Abstract Rockfalls are small–scale mass wasting events that have been observed across the solar system. They provide valuable information about the endo- and exogenic activity of their host body, but are difficult to identify and map in satellite imagery, especially on global scales and in big data sets. Past work implemented convolutional neural networks to automate rockfall mapping on the Moon and Mars with the caveat of (1) achieving sub–optimal performance and (2) requiring substantial manual image labeling efforts. Mixing annotated image data from the Moon and Mars while keeping the total number of labels constant, we show that including a small number (10%) of rockfall labels from a foreign domain (e.g. Moon) during detector training can increase performance in the home domain (e.g. Mars) by up to 6% Average Precision (AP) in comparison to a purely home domain-trained detector. We additionally show that using a large number of foreign domain training examples (90%) in combination with a small number (10%) of home domain labels can be as powerful or more powerful as exclusively (100%) using home labels in the home domain. We further observe that rockfall detectors trained on multiple domains outperform single–domain trained detectors in completely unknown domains by up to 16% AP, using image data from Ceres and comet 67P. We conduct an experiment varying only image resolution on a single planetary body (Mars) to test whether the improvement was due to training on differing resolutions specifically and show that none of the improvement can be explained by this effect alone. This means that the benefits of multi–domain training mostly draw from either variations in lighting condition, differing physical appearance/backgrounds around the target of interest for generalization purposes, or both. Our findings have important applications such as machine learning–enabled science discovery in legacy and new planetary datasets. The used dataset of martian and lunar rockfalls including a detailed description is available here: https://edmond.mpdl.mpg.de/imeji/collection/DowTY91csU3jv9S2 .
“Take It One Day at a Time and Try to Adjust to What's Going on”: Exonerees’ Advice to the Newly Exonerated and Future Exonerees About Life Post-Release

Wrongful convictions have received increased attention from both scholars and the media over the past several decades. Most of the research on this topic has focused on the factors that contribute ...
Design and Operation of Autonomous Freight Transportation Systems

The demand for freight transportation is on the rise as a result of population growth, increase in the need for energy, and the expansion of global trade. Existing infrastructure for freight transportation seems inadequate for future growth, and new facilities are required to cover the deficiencies in cargo movement. Underground Freight Transportation (UFT) is a new mode of transportation that uses the space below the ground to carry cargo within individual vehicles in tubes and pipelines. Different propulsion systems have been used for freight pipeline systems. The goal of this research is to find the proper propulsion system for the UFT system. In addition, this research aims at finding the minimum power of the propulsion system and energy consumption for the UFT system operation. Two short-haul and long-haul UFT systems with different load sizes are used to test and apply the results of this research. The findings of this research suggest that because of its light weight and short thickness, a Linear Induction Motor (LIM) is the most appropriate propulsion system for UFT. Besides, this research estimates that the energy consumption and power requirement of a LIM system is low. The energy consumption of LIM system is calculated as a function of UFT system operating speed. Therefore, the results of this research can be applied in the design, operation and cost estimating of other UFT systems.
CHAPTER 1 – DISCRETE COSINE TRANSFORM

Publisher Summary This chapter presents discrete cosine transform. The development of fast algorithms for efficient implementation of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) by Cooley and Tukey in 1965 has led to phenomenal growth in its applications in digital signal processing (DSP). The discovery of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) in 1974 has provided a significant impact in the DSP field. While the original DCT algorithm is based on the FFT, a real arithmetic and recursive algorithm, developed by Chen, Smith, and Fralick in 1977, was the major breakthrough in the efficient implementation of the DCT. A less well-known but equally efficient algorithm was developed by Corrington. Subsequently, other algorithms, such as the decimation-in-time (DIT),decimation-in-frequency (DIF), split radix, DCT via other discrete transforms such as the discrete Hartley transform (DHT) or the Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT), prime factor algorithm (PFA), a fast recursive algorithm, and planar rotations, which concentrate on reducing the computational complexity and/or improving the structural simplicity, have been developed. The dramatic development of DCT-based DSP is by no means an accident.
Guest Editor's Introduction: Frontiers of Simulation, Part II

In this second of two issues devoted to the frontiers of simulation, we feature four articles that illustrate the diversity of computational applications of complex physical phenomena. A major challenge for computational simulations is how to accurately calculate the effects of interacting phenomena, especially when such phenomena evolve with different time and distance scales and have very different properties. When time scales for coupling different effects are long compared with those that determine each effect's evolution separately then the system is "loosely coupled." It is then possible to couple several existing calculations together through an interface and obtain accurate answers.
Discretion, Staff Norms, and Outcomes

As discussed in Chapter 3, the rules imposed by the Boston Housing Authority did not place effective limits on decision making and therefore the staff had considerable freedom to choose among possible courses of action in aiding individual applicants. This chapter describes the discretion available to staff members, develops a bureaucrat typology to predict how various staff members are likely to use discretion, and examines the outcomes of discretionary decision making for several broad categories of applicants. Because the typology could not be tested directly against the outcomes, the analysis does not empirically verify the causal links between different sorts of bureaucrats and the results of their decisions for applicants. Nevertheless, the separate pieces take us a long way in understanding how discretion is used and provide a good picture of the outcomes.
TU‐A‐210‐00: HIFU Therapies ‐ A Primer

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has developed rapidly in recent years and is used frequently for clinical treatments in Asia and Europe with increasing clinical use and clinical trial activity in the US, making it an important medical technology with which the medical physics community must become familiar. Akin to medical devices that deliver treatments using ionizing radiation, HIFU relies on emitter geometry to non-invasively form a tight focus that can be used to affect diseased tissue while leaving healthy tissue intact. HIFU is unique in that it does not involve the use of ionizing radiation, it causes thermal necrosis in 100% of the treated tissue volume, and it has an immediate treatment effect. However, because it is an application of ultrasound energy, HIFU interacts strongly with tissue interfaces, which makes treatment planning challenging. In order to appreciate the advantages and disadvantages of HIFU as a thermal therapy, it is important to understand the underlying physics of ultrasound tissue interactions. The first lecture in the session will provide an overview of the physics of ultrasound wave propagation; the mechanism for the accumulation of heat in soft-tissue; image-guidance modalities including temperature monitoring; current clinical applications and commercial devices; active clinical trials; alternate mechanisms of action (future of FUS). The second part of the session will compare HIFU to existing ionization radiation techniques. The difficulties in defining a clear concept of absorbed dose for HIFU will be discussed. Some of the technical challenges that HIFU faces will be described, with an emphasis on how the experience of radiation oncology physicists could benefit the field. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the basic physics and biology of HIFU, including treatment delivery and image guidance techniques. 2. Summarize existing and emerging clinical applications and manufacturers for HIFU. 3. Understand that thermal ablation with HIFU is likely the first of several applications of the technology 4. Learn about some similarities and differences between HIFU and ionizing radiation in terms of physics and biological effects. 5. Learn about some of the technical challenges HIFU faces that might benefit from the experience of radiation oncology physicists including treatment planning improvements, quality assurance procedures, and treatment risk analysis. David Schlesinger receives research support from Elekta Instruments, AB. Matt Eames is an employee of the Focused Ultrasound Foundation which supports research and clinical trials. Dr. Eames conducts research which is supported by the Focused Ultrasound Foundation.
30 GHz GaAs monolithic low noise amplifier-antennas

This paper describes the design and performance of 30 GHz low noise amplifiers (LNAs) integrated with slot antennas on GaAs monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs). Various designs are compared, showing the tradeoffs between achievable noise figure, gain and overall chip size. The smallest chip size, measuring 8.6 mm/sup 2/, would provide a 2.1 dB noise figure with 9.5 dB associated gain.