cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The nature of the associations between Olpidium brassicae and lettuce big-vein and tobacco necrosis viruses.

Abstract Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) was associated intimately with zoospores of Olpidium brassicae (Wor.) Dang. Transmission of TNV was not prevented when zoospores were washed by consecutive centrifugations that removed TNV demonstrable by mechanical assay. Transmission was prevented when zoospores from roots infected with TNV and Olpidium were discharged into TNV antiserum or when the antiserum was mixed with zoospores either 1 minute before or after TNV was added in vitro. The TNV antiserum reduced, but did not completely prevent, transmission when added to TNV-zoospore mixtures that had been prepared for more than 15 minutes. Olpidium survived in dry roots for 39 months, withstood acid treatment, and transmitted lettuce big-vein virus (BVV). Transmission of TNV, in contrast, was not obtained from roots that were air-dried for 8 days and was prevented by acid treatment of resting spores from freshly harvested roots. Thus, BVV seems to be internally borne in resting spores whereas TNV is not. It is proposed that TNV is acquired by zoospores after the separate entities are independently released from roots, rather than being carried internally by these zoospores, as BVV seems to be. This acquisition probably consists of adsorption of TNV to the zoosporic plasma membrane, from which it is released after the fungal protoplasm infects the host. Although it is possible that TNV might be taken into the fungal protoplasm during flagellar retraction, or during prolonged exposure of zoospores to TNV, there is no clear evidence of this. The few transmissions obtained when zoospores and TNV were mixed at least 15 minutes before antiserum was added may have been caused by in vitro encystment of zoospores and consequent protection of the virus.
Monte Carlo Simulation of charged particles upstream of the Earth's bow shock

A simple model of the earth's bow shock is presented and compared with ISEE-1 observations of diffuse ions upstream of the shock. Ion behavior is modeled in a test particle simulation using Monte Carlo techniques for a plane parallel shock at which cold solar wind ions are heated sufficiently to allow diffusion back upstream. Fitting of the model to the observations indicates that the diffusion coefficient must increase faster than linearly with velocity, and provides an upper limit to the acceleration efficiency defined as the proportion of incoming solar wind ions accelerated and observed upstream. Results suggest that astrophysical shocks are capable of accelerating ions directly from the thermal plasma without the need for a distinct preenergizing injection stage.
Evaluation of a Rapid Bauer-Kirby Antibiotic Susceptibility Determination

To reduce the incubation time requirement in the Bauer-Kirby antibiotic susceptibility test, comparisons were made of the test results at 18 to 20 h (standard) and 7 to 8 h (rapid) utilizing 100 recent clinical isolates. The zone diameters for 664 disks were monitored by using the standard classification: resistant, intermediate, or susceptible. The susceptibility determination was unchanged in 558 out of 664 instances (84.0%). An analysis of the remaining 106 sets revealed that an initial interpretation of intermediate in zone size, subsequently determined resistant or susceptible, accounted for 49 of the observed differences. The reverse changes, initial resistant or susceptible subsequently classified as intermediate, accounted for 20 of the changes. In five instances the interpretation changed from susceptible to resistant; in two cases the interpretation changed from resistant to susceptible. The remaining 30 determinations were classified as indeterminant due to (i) insufficient growth at the early (7 to 8 h) determination, and to (ii) zones which were so large that they could not be measured accurately. The data indicate that zone sizes when measured to the nearest 0.1 mm can be interpreted with reasonable accuracy and the results can be available 10 to 14 h sooner.
Increasing children's consumption of fruit and vegetables: Does the type of exposure matter?

This study sought to determine how eight days of home exposure to information about healthful foods and eating behaviors in the form of children's books and a variety of fruit and vegetables interacted to affect 4- to 8-year-old children's (N=59) consumption of fruit and vegetables. Before and after the home exposure, children participated in a task in which their consumption of a variety of fruit and vegetables that ranged in familiarity was measured. Results indicated that exposure to food and books were both effective at increasing consumption of fruit, but not vegetables. Additionally, children who were exposed to books consumed more of an infrequently consumed fruit presented during the post-test, but only if they had not been exposed to food during the home exposure. Overall, children's fruit consumption increased more if their mothers did not pressure them to eat, and those who were less neophobic were more likely to try a novel fruit or vegetable during the post-test. These findings suggest that information and food variety both can be effective for increasing acceptance of fruit, and highlight the need for more research that investigates the efficacy of intervention strategies that promote vegetable consumption in young children.
High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for aqueous analysis of nanogram-level N-nitrosodimethylamine

Abstract High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescence derivatization were applied for a nanogram-level N -nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) analysis of water samples. For the analysis of N -nitrosodimethylamine, samples were first denitrosated by a mixed solution of hydrobromic acid and acetic acid to produce dimethylamine, which was derivatized with dansyl chloride for HPLC fluorescence detection. Fluorescence detection was optimized with excitation and emission wavelengths of 340 and 530 nm, respectively. pH adjustment after denitrosation was necessary to maximize fluorescence intensity with pHs in the range of 9–12. A dansyl chloride concentration of 500 mg l −1 was found to be optimal for measuring a fluorescence signal. An instrumental detection limit of 0.1 ng of NDMA was possible with fluorescence derivatization. The NDMA in water samples was extracted by continuous solid-phase extraction using Ambersorb 572. Although the determination of NDMA was variable at lower concentrations (less than 200 ng l −1 ), it was observed that the NDMA detection limit with this method could be lowered to a concentration of 10 ng l −1 . Another benefit of this method can be found in its selectivity for NDMA. Unlike gas chromatographic (GC) methods, this method generates a distinct peak for NDMA without interference even in the complex matrix of wastewater effluents. The HPLC with fluorescence derivatization method may be applicable for determining NDMA in water and wastewater samples for various research purposes and for screening environmental samples.
Risk analysis of fracture and failure

This paper is inspired by the work of Professors Heinz Wilsdorf and Doris Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf on fundamental aspects of ductile fracture mechanism. Risk – a measure of the probability and severity of adverse effects – is introduced and related to the consequences associated with elastic (reversible) deformation, plastic (irreversible) deformation, and catastrophic deformation (total failure). Cost-benefit-risk trade-off analysis is discussed.
Ego-Action Analysis for First-Person Sports Videos

A new algorithm enables a fully automatic real-time video segmentation solution for dynamic first-person sports videos. The proposed approach leverages the latest in robust vision-based ego-motion estimation and unsupervised learning using nonparametric Bayesian modeling.
Differences in valyl-proline sequence content in elastins from various bovine tissues.

Summary A four-fold difference in the number of valyl-proline sequences recovered from bovine ligamentum nuchae elastin and ear cartilage elastin indicates that there are significant primary sequence differences between the two types of elastin. These results support our previous suggestion that the elastin associated with elastic cartilage is a different genetic type of elastin.
Quality of life in the growing community

The main reasons why communities grow rapidly in population is because of their attractiveness, which incorporates both economic and non-economic considerations. However, rapid population growth can and often does deteriorate the attractiveness of a community and thus reduces the motive for further rapid population growth. This paper develops a model of individual migration based on the assumption that individuals, or households, will locate in communities which maximize their perception of the “quality of life.” When aggregated, the model can be used to describe how the attractiveness of different communities adjusts relative to one another. The influence of economic factors and the industrial base on population growth and community attractiveness are examined, and the trade-offs between economic and non-economic components of a community's “quality of life” are discussed. Finally, possible strategies for communities who wish to slow their rates of population growth are examined in light of the implications of the model.
Isolation of rare cells from cell mixtures by dielectrophoresis

The application of dielectrophoretic field-flow fractionation (depFFF) to the isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from clinical blood specimens was studied using simulated cell mixtures of three different cultured tumor cell types with peripheral blood. The depFFF method can not only exploit intrinsic tumor cell properties so that labeling is unnecessary but can also deliver unmodified, viable tumor cells for culture and/or all types of molecular analysis. We investigated tumor cell recovery efficiency as a function of cell loading for a 25 mm wide x 300 mm long depFFF chamber. More than 90% of tumor cells were recovered for small samples but a larger chamber will be required if similarly high recovery efficiencies are to be realized for 10 mL blood specimens used CTC analysis in clinics. We show that the factor limiting isolation efficiency is cell-cell dielectric interactions and that isolation protocols should be completed within approximately 15 min in order to avoid changes in cell dielectric properties associated with ion leakage.
Viral infection of neurons can depress neurotransmitter mRNA levels without histologic injury.

Abstract Neonatal mice inoculated with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) have non-lytic persistent neuronal infection and disturbed behavior. We now show that LCMV replicates in neurons containing the neurotransmitter somatostatin without morphologic evidence of injury and that persistent neuronal LCMV infection in mice is attended by a decrease in brain levels of somatostatin mRNA. Brain levels of mRNA for another neurotransmitter peptide, cholecystokinin, are not decreased. These data are the first to localize a virus to a specific neurotransmitter-containing cell during in vivo infection and suggest that persistent viral infections could cause neurologic or psychiatric diseases through selective effects brain levels of neurotransmitter mRNAs.
Effect of nicotinic acid and related compounds on incorporation of mevalonic acid into cholesterol.

SummaryNicotinic acid and related compounds (0.1 to 5 mg per ml) have no significant effect on conversion of mevalonic acid to non-saponifiable material by rat liver homogenates. The incorporation of acetate into non-saponifiable material (largely cholesterol) decreases with increasing amounts of nicotinic acid. At 1 mg per ml of nicotinic acid a 34% average decrease in biosynthesis was observed. The results suggest that the locus of the nicotinic acid effect may be somewhere between acetate and mevalonate.
Local area networking in a radio quiet environment

The Green Bank facility of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory is spread out over 2,700 acres in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia. Good communication has always been needed between the radio telescopes and the control buildings. The National Radio Quiet Zone helps protect the Green Bank site from radio transmissions that interfere with the astronomical signals. Due to stringent Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) requirements, a fiber optic communication system was used for Ethernet transmissions on the site and coaxial cable within the buildings. With the need for higher speed communications, the entire network has been upgraded to use optical fiber with modern Ethernet switches. As with most modern equipment, the implementation of the control of the newly deployed Green Bank Telescope (GBT) depends heavily on TCP/IP. In order to protect the GBT from the commodity Internet, the GBT uses a non-routable network. Communication between the control building Local Area Network (LAN) and the GBT is implemented using a Virtual LAN (VLAN). This configuration will be extended to achieve isolation between trusted local user systems, the GBT, and other Internet users. Legitimate access to the site, for example by remote observers, is likely to be implemented using a virtual private network (VPN).© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A mechanistic model for phase holdup predictions in a three-phase fluidized bed

Abstract A mechanistic model developed based on modification of the concept underlying the classical wake model (CWM), more specifically the generalized wake model, is presented to account for the phase holdup behavior in gas—liquid—solid fluidized beds. The CWM is characterized by two parameters, namely, the relative wake size and the relative solids content in the bubble-wake, and assumes the wake to be closed. Conventionally, one of these two parameters is calculated indirectly from the phase holdup data with an assumed value or a presumed empirical correlation for the other parameter. In addition to these two parameters, the present model takes into account the inherent physical behavior of the wake involving liquids and solids exchanges due to the vortex shedding and formation. Moreover, the relative wake size and relative solids content in the bubble-wake used in the model are obtained directly from the experiments or experimentally based correlations. Based on the present model, it is found that the predicted liquid holdup is fairly insensitive to the frequency of the vortex shedding and to the ascending velocity of the shed vortices. Thus, the liquid holdup prediction based on the present model is fairly close to that based on the generalized wake model.
FGF8 is required for cell survival at distinct stages of nephrogenesis and for regulation of gene expression in nascent nephrons

During kidney morphogenesis, the formation of nephrons begins when mesenchymal nephron progenitor cells aggregate and transform into epithelial vesicles that elongate and assume an S-shape. Cells in different regions of the S-shaped body subsequently differentiate into the morphologically and functionally distinct segments of the mature nephron. Here, we have used an allelic series of mutations to determine the role of the secreted signaling molecule FGF8 in nephrogenesis. In the absence of FGF8 signaling, nephron formation is initiated, but the nascent nephrons do not express Wnt4 or Lim1, and nephrogenesis does not progress to the S-shaped body stage. Furthermore, the nephron progenitor cells that reside in the peripheral zone, the outermost region of the developing kidney, are progressively lost. When FGF8 signaling is severely reduced rather than eliminated, mesenchymal cells differentiate into S-shaped bodies. However, the cells within these structures that normally differentiate into the tubular segments of the mature nephron undergo apoptosis, resulting in the formation of kidneys with severely truncated nephrons consisting of renal corpuscles connected to collecting ducts by an abnormally short tubular segment. Thus, unlike other FGF family members, which regulate growth and branching morphogenesis of the collecting duct system, Fgf8 encodes a factor essential for gene regulation and cell survival at distinct steps in nephrogenesis.
Ground control for highwall mining in the United States

Abstract Highwall mining is an important coal mining method in the USA and may account for approximately 4% of total USA coal production. Highwall stability is the major ground-control-related safety concern in highwall mining. Engineering away the safety risk by decreasing the highwall slope angle may be the best solution to the hazard posed by vertical joints in highwalls. The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) requires a ground control plan that usually specifies the hole width, maximum hole depth, maximum overburden depth, seam thickness, web pillar width, barrier pillar width and number of holes between barriers. Design charts for these parameters are given. Web pillars containing pre-existing auger holes are analysed and a design chart for estimating their minimum width is also presented. Close-proximity multiple-split highwall mining, which caused several serious highwall failures, is analysed and recommendations are made. Finally, this study examined records from 5289 highwall miner hole...
Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as an antiestrogen in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

Abstract The effects of 1 nM 17β-estradiol, 1 nM 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and their combination on the formation of intracellular cytosolic 52- and 34-kDa proteins was determined using a commercially available cathepsin D radioimmunoassay procedure (ELSA cath-D™ kit) which recognizes both the 34- and 52-kDa proteins. In control (ethanol-treated) cells, the 52-kDa protein levels were 305 ± 49 fmol/mg protein (100%) whereas in cells treated with 1 nM 17β-estradiol, 1 nM TCDD or their combination the levels were 1223 ± 142 (401%), 478 ± 54 (150%) and 227 ± 33 (74%). These results confirm that TCDD inhibits the 17β-estradiol-induced intracellular formation of the 52-/34-kDa proteins and further extends the antiestrogenic properties of this compound.
Saddleback: a dominant, lethal gene in Sarotherodon aureus (Steindachner) (=Tilapia aurea)

. S, a dominant, lethal, atitosomal gene, was discovered in Auburn University's population of Surotherodon aureus (=Tilapia auera). When present in the heterozygous state (S+). the S gene produces the saddleback phenotype. Saddlebacks are missing part of or all of the dorsal fin. Some fish thai are missing most of or the entire dorsal fin have additional fin disorders and are missing various combinations of the pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins. Each fin disorder is associated with gross skeletal anomalies. Viability in saddlebacks is reduced by 67% during the first three months of life. Those that survive are less resistant to stress and subsequent infection than normal fish. When challenged by Saprolcegnia sp., saddlebacks were far more susceptible to infection (P<0.01). When present in the homozygous state (SS), the gene causes death in fry prior to swim-up. Thus, a single S gene reduces viability by 67%, and two S genes reduce viability by 100%. The S gene did not affect early growth or dressing percentage. Because it is a dominant gene, the S gene can be eliminated from any population in one generation by culling all saddlebacks.
Active-passive networked multiagent systems

This paper introduces an active-passive networked multiagent system framework, which consists of agents subject to exogenous inputs (active agents) and agents without any inputs (passive agents), and analyze its convergence using Lyapunov stability. Apart from the existing relevant literature, where either none of the agents are subject to exogenous inputs (i.e., average consensus problem) or all agents are subject to these inputs (i.e., dynamic average consensus problem), the key feature of our approach is that the states of all agents converge to the average of the exogenous inputs applied only to the active agents, where these inputs may or may not overlap within the active agents.
Glucocorticoid regulation of c-myc promoter utilization in P1798 T-lymphoma cells.

Glucocorticoids rapidly inhibit the expression of c-myc mRNA in P1798 lymphoma cells. Statistically significant decreases can be observed within 5-10 min after the addition of glucocorticoids. Although transcription of c-myc decreases within a few hours after dexamethasone is added to P1798 cell cultures, nuclear run-on transcription cannot be used to demonstrate that the very early changes in mRNA abundance reflect corresponding changes in transcriptional activity. An RNase protection assay has been used to measure the abundance and rates of turnover of the two major c-myc transcripts arising from the P1 and P2 initiation sites. The relative rates of synthesis of the c-myc mRNAs (i.e. transcription) can be calculated from such data. The abundance of the P2 transcript exceeds that of P1 mRNA by 3- to 4-fold in midlog phase cells. The turnover rates of the two c-myc mRNAs are essentially identical (0.02 min-1), indicating that the P2 promoter is 3-4 times stronger than P1. This was confirmed by measuring t...
Cyclic environmental testing of electrochromic window devices

We report on a systematic study of the factors affecting the degradation of prototype electrochromic (EC) windows. Our research activities include accelerated lifetime testing, activation analysis studies (AAS), and interfacial analysis studies. EC windows made by several different US companies were subjected to alternate coloring and bleaching voltage cycles while exposed to simulated 1.2-sun UV irradiance in a temperature-controlled environmental chamber. The samples inside the chamber were tested under a matrix of four different environmental test conditions at nominal sample temperatures of 85°C: cycling under irradiance, cycling with no irradiance, irradiance with no cycling, and simple thermal exposure with no cycling. In another accelerated environmental test, we evaluated device performance as a function of activation spectra. We used a series of cut-on filters for performing AAS of photolytically induced degradation of EC window devices. Finally, to identify the interface at which degradation occurs during cycling, we employed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (ECIS). The ECIS and electro-optical measurements were systematically and periodically repeated to discover any changes in electrochemical behavior as a function of cycling.
Efficacy of cefotaxime and latamoxef for Escherichia coli bacteremia and meningitis in newborn rats.

We have evaluated the efficacy of cefotaxime and latamoxef against a Kl Escherichia coli strain in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were close to the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) for both antibiotics (≤2dilutions). However, with an inoculum of 107 CFU/ml, MIC and MBC were significantly greater than those with inocula of 103 and 105. In vivo study with an infant rat model of bacteremia and meningitis revealed that (1) both cefotaxime and latamoxef penetrated well into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), (2) both drugs were bactericidal in blood and CSF, (3) both were effective in prevention of the development of meningitis in bacteremic animals, and (4) the mortality rates were significantly less in the treated than in the control group (p 6 CFU/ml of blood. These findings suggest that the effects of cefotaxime and latamoxef may be directly correlated with the size of the bacterial population exposed to these agents and that this variable may be an important factor to influence the therapeutic outcome.
Holocene trophic state history of a subtropical blackwater lake, South Georgia, USA

Organic-rich sediment from Lake Louise, a dystrophic sinkhole lake in south Georgia, displays variations in C, N, P, C/N, δ13C, δ15N, biogenic silica (BSi) and diatom flora that document changes in trophic state over the past ~9,500 years. The lake initially was oligotrophic and moderately productive, but by the middle Holocene a rising regional water table, driven by eustatic sea level rise, caused expansion of wetlands around the lake and a shift to humic waters. Low rates of sediment accumulation, low C contents, rising C/N, and light δ13C and δ15N indicate this was a time of low productivity, more anoxic bottom waters and extensive recycling of littoral organic matter. These conditions persisted until ~1800 AD when a physical disturbance to the watershed, probably the Great Hurricane of 1780, resulted in a dramatic increase in productivity that has continued to the present day. We attribute this shift, recorded by a >tenfold increase in sediment accumulation rate, higher C, P, and δ15N, and lower BSi, to establishment of an inflow stream that increased nutrient delivery to the lake, raised water level, and expanded the wetland area around the lake. Since ~1930, logging, farming, and highway construction have impacted the lake, further accelerating biological productivity as well as the delivery of terrigenous sediment. Results of this study illustrate the potential of a single, catastrophic event to permanently alter the hydrology and chemistry of a lacustrine system and confirm that dystrophic lakes can be highly productive and therefore promising targets for paleolimnological study.
Metabolic effects of mestranol in high dosage

Abstract Metabolic effects of mestranol, given in continuous high dosage for 3 or more months, were investigated in 4 postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. Three women improved subjectively; in 1 patient objective remission of disease occurred. Adverse effects included: peripheral edema, weight gain of variable duration, hypertension, pruritus, increased skin pigmentation. In 1 patient, at 1 and 2 months of treatment, bromsulphthalein retention occurred; serum bilirubin, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels were increased transiently. These values returned to normal by 4 months, and remained normal for almost 3 years of treatment. With treatment, average values of plasma cholesterol were increased slightly, phospholipid levels were 20% greater, and triglycerides increased 40%. Circulating free fatty acid levels were decreased. Plasma alpha-lipoprotein increased by 40%. Blood sugar values were less. Plasma cortisol increased greatly; plasma growth hormone increased 3-fold: urinary gonadotrophin excretion diminished. There was a modest increase in serum protein-bound iodine values; thyroxine-binding globulin capacity doubled.
Preparation and physical properties of BiMo6S8 and SbMo6S8

Abstract The compounds Me 1 Mo 6 S 8 ( Me = Bi, Sb) were prepared by low-temperature diffusion of Bi and Sb into the binary phase Mo 6 S 8 . The homogeneity range of the ternary elements is very narrow and centered about Me = 1.0, implying that the ternary metal is located at the origin position of the rhombohedral unit cell. The observed lattice parameters (BiMo 6 S 8 , a h = 9.194, c h = 11.325; SbMo 6 S 8 , a h = 9.122, c h = 11.282) are consistent with this hypothesis and suggest that these atoms enter the structure as trivalent cations. No superconducting transition is observed for these materials above 2 K. A small temperature-independent paramagnetism is present in the magnetic susceptibility of these compounds. The magnitude of this paramagnetism is less than that found in other ternary molybdenum chalcogenides with trivalent cations, suggesting that a reduced density of states is responsible for the observed lack of superconductivity. Attempts to prepare Me Mo 6 (S 1− x Se x ) 8 ( Me = Sb and Bi) with x > 0 failed to yield ternary phases, instead producing mixtures of the unreacted ternary metal and the corresponding binary phase.
Treating an elderly woman with organic brain syndrome.

The aged represent a group at risk for developing emotional, mental, and physical disorders. Yet, because ofbiases against older patients, they often fail to receive comprehensive evaluation and treatment, and a great deal of psychopathology goes undiagnosed and untreated. Even elderly patients with known brain pathology should be thoroughly evaluated and offered treatment. Although psychotherapy for geriatric patients is discussed in the literature,I-8 relatively little is written about psychotherapy for patients who have brain pathology. Surprisingly good results are attainable, even in cases in which many prognostic factors are unfavorable. A supportive approach and a positive physician-patient relationship are crucial. If hospitalization is necessary, gratifying results can be obtained in an acute-care facility, provided the treatment goals are limited and realistic. Therapy, including maintenance chemotherapy, should continue after discharge from the hospital. Family members and significant others should be involved in the patient's treatment. Physicians may need to examine their attitudes toward elderly patients in order to maximize their professional effectiveness.911 Elderly patients tend to evoke issues such as one's own aging and death; the fear that an aged patient might die during treatment; the notion that old people are not attractive as patients; and therapeutic nihilism, the conviction that one has little to offer elderly patients. In the case described below, the primary physician exhibited therapeutic nihilism; he did not consult a neurologist when he thought the patient had had a stroke, and he was surprised later when she was able to return home, rather than requiring transfer for extended care. In practice, older psychiatrists are more apt not only
Cryptorchidism (undescended testes): A common congenital malformation associated with neurobehavioral abnormalities

Abstract Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) is one of the most common congenital malformations in males. The National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP) database yielded 50 bilateral and 93 unilateral cases of cryptorchidism matched to 286 controls for study center, socioeconomic status, birth order, and maternal age and education. At age 7 years, the incidence of frank mental retardation, borderline intelligence, and sensory deficits was significantly higher in males with bilateral cryptorchidism relative to their matched controls. When children with IQs > 85 were considered, those with unilateral cryptorchidism had significantly lower WISC Performance subscale scores relative to their matched controls. This was not an artifact of group differences in demographics, perinatal complications, physical growth, emotionality or motoric competence. Hence, cryptorchidism may be associated with maldevelopment of the brain.
The amino acid composition of actin, myosin, tropomyosin and the meromyosins

Abstract The amino-acid composition of actin, tropomyosin, myosin, L-meromyosin, and H-meromyosin has been determined by the Moore and Stein Chromatographic technique. The data obtained on the meromyosins when added up yield the amino acid composition of myosin. Tropomyosin and actin taken in equal proportion also approximate myosin, although the agreement with some of the amino acids is poor. Although not permitting the conclusion that myosin is a compound of actin and tropomyosin, the data strongly suggest a relationship, and do not rule out the possibility that actin and tropomyosin may be subunits in the myosin molecule.
A Two-Stage Approach for Network Monitoring

A goal of network tomography is to infer the status (e.g. delay) of congested links internal to a network, through end-to-end measurements at boundary nodes (end-hosts) via insertion of probe signals. Because (a) probing constitutes traffic overhead, and (b) in any typical scenario, the number of congested links is a small fraction of the total number in the network, a desirable design objective is to identify those (few) congested links using a minimum number of probes. In this paper, we make a contribution to solving this problem, by proposing a new two-stage approach for this problem. First, we develop a binary observation model linking end-to-end observations with individual link statuses and derive necessary and sufficient conditions for whether at least one link in the network is congested. Stage I of the proposed method shows that achieving 1-identifiability with a minimum number of probes is equivalent to the familiar minimum set covering problem that can be efficiently solved via a greedy heuristic. A sequential algorithm is described, leading to a significantly lowered computational complexity vis-a-vis a batch algorithm. Next, a binary splitting algorithm originally developed in group testing is used to identify the location of the congested links. The proposed scheme is evaluated by simulations in OPNET and experiments on the PlanetLab testbed to validate the advantages of our 2-stage approach vis-a-vis a conventional (batch) algorithm.
A Comprehensive Method for Studying Leisure Travel

This article describes research to provide baseline data representative of all leisure travelers in Idaho. The data base allows direct comparisons between resident and nonresi dent travelers and among people traveling during different seasons—comparisons that cannot be made with more methodologically fragmented travel-survey efforts. The results help delineate and describe district segments within Idaho's overall leisure travel market and enable researchers, policy analysts, and travel promoters to make decisions based on the interrelationships among those segments. Establishing a data base using the methods described can provide a more complete picture of travel throughout a state in a given year.
The Anglican Church of Rwanda : domestic agendas and international linkages

The article analyses the relationship between the Anglican Church of Rwanda and evangelical Episcopalians in the United States. In 2000, the archbishop of Rwanda, Emmanuel Kolini, in a move that gained great support for Rwanda’s post-genocide recovery, ordained several bishops to preside over congregations of orthodox, evangelical Americans who had severed their relationship with the Episcopalian Church of the United States over issues such as the blessing of samesex marriages and the ordination of openly gay clergy. The result was the creation of the Anglican Mission in the Americas, a missionary province in the United States that acknowledges Kolini as its archbishop. Such actions have made
Tick-borne relapsing fever in North America

Relapsing fever is characterized by recurring episodes of fever and nonspecific symptoms (e.g., headache, myalgia, arthralgia, shaking chills, and abdominal complaints). The illness is caused by an infection from the Borrelia species (spirochetes) that may be acquired through the bite of an infected tick (Ornithodoros species) or contact with the hemolymph of an infected human body louse (Pediculus humanus). In North America, most cases have been acquired in the western United States, southern British Columbia, and few cases have been reported from Mexico. Most cases have been acquired from exposure to rustic tick-infested cabins and caves. This article reviews relapsing fever, especially tick-borne relapsing fever in North America.
Comparison of the laryngoscopy views with the size 1 Miller and Macintosh laryngoscope blades lifting the epiglottis or the base of the tongue in infants and children <2 yr of age

Background Miller laryngoscope blades are preferred for laryngoscopy in infants and children Methods With IRB approval, 50 ASA I and II children Results The scores with the Miller blade lifting the epiglottis and the MAC blade lifting the tongue base were similar. The scores with the Miller blade lifting the epiglottis and the tongue base were similar. The scores for the MAC blade lifting the tongue base were greater than those lifting the epiglottis (95% confidence interval: 7.6–26.8) (P=0.0004). Conclusions In infants and children Clinical trial registration NCT01717872 at Clinical%20Trials.gov .
Intestinal amino acid absorption in tobacco hornworm larvae is stimulated by potassium and sodium but not rubidium or lithium

We used rapid filtration assays to determine the ion selectivity of ion gradientdriven phenylalanine uptake by brush border membrane vesicles prepared from the larval midgut of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta). Phenylalanine uptake by these vesicles is stimulated by both potassium and sodium. Phenylalanine uptake by larval M. sexta midgut brush border membrane vesicles is voltage sensitive and shows little selectivity for potassium over sodium. However, phenylalanine uptake by these vesicles is stimulated by neither rubidium nor lithium.
Task-Based Authorization Controls (TBAC): A Family of Models for Active and Enterprise-Oriented Autorization Management

In this paper, we develop a new paradigm for access control and authorization management, called task-based authorization controls (TBAC). TBAC models access controls from a task-oriented perspective than the traditional subject-object one. Access mediation now involves authorizations at various points during the completion of tasks in accordance with some application logic. By taking a task-oriented view of access control and authorizations, TBAC lays the foundation for research into a new breed of “active” security models that are required for agent-based distributed computing and workflow management.
INTERLEUKIN-10 IN NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by type 2 helper cells (Th2), as well as by monocytes and macrophages, and normal and neoplastic B lymphocytes. It is highly homologous to an open reading frame of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) called BCRF1, and EBV infection of B-cells up-regulates IL-10. IL-10 production has strong immunosuppressive effects via inhibition of Th1 type cytokines, including interferon gamma and interleukin-2. On B-cells, IL-10 has a potent stimulating effect, inducing proliferation and differentiation. Interestingly, in cell lines derived from B-cell lymphomas, IL-10 production has been found to be up-regulated, and it serves as an autocrine growth factor. In patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), serum IL-10 levels are significantly increased when compared to normal individuals and NHL patients in remission. The prognostic significance of these increased levels vary according to the assay used. Both human IL-10 and viral IL-10 are increased, and when specific assays for human IL-10 are used, there seems to be no prognostic significance, whereas when the assay cross-reacts with viral IL-10, high levels correlate with poor prognosis. These results suggest that viral IL-10 might have some pathogenic role in NHL.
Environmental health implications of global climate change

This paper reviews the background that has led to the now almost-universally held opinion in the scientific community that global climate change is occurring and is inescapably linked with anthropogenic activity. The potential implications to human health are considerable and very diverse. These include, for example, the increased direct impacts of heat and of rises in sea level, exacerbated air and water-borne harmful agents, and—associated with all the preceding—the emergence of environmental refugees. Vector-borne diseases, in particular those associated with blood-sucking arthropods such as mosquitoes, may be significantly impacted, including redistribution of some of those diseases to areas not previously affected. Responses to possible impending environmental and public health crises must involve political and socio-economic considerations, adding even greater complexity to what is already a difficult challenge. In some areas, adjustments to national and international public health practices and policies may be effective, at least in the short and medium terms. But in others, more drastic measures will be required. Environmental monitoring, in its widest sense, will play a significant role in the future management of the problem.
Saturating Mutagenesis of an Essential Gene: a Majority of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae Major Outer Membrane Porin (PorB) Is Mutable

The major outer membrane porin (PorB) of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an essential protein that mediates ion exchange between the organism and its environment and also plays multiple roles in human host pathogenesis. To facilitate structure-function studies of porin's multiple roles, we performed saturating mutagenesis at the porB locus and used deep sequencing to identify essential versus mutable residues. Random mutations in porB were generated in a plasmid vector, and mutant gene pools were transformed into N. gonorrhoeae to select for alleles that maintained bacterial viability. Deep sequencing of the input plasmid pools and the output N. gonorrhoeae genomic DNA pools identified mutations present in each, and the mutations in both pools were compared to determine which changes could be tolerated by the organism. We examined the mutability of 328 amino acids in the mature PorB protein and found that 308 of them were likely to be mutable and that 20 amino acids were likely to be nonmutable. A subset of these predictions was validated experimentally. This approach to identifying essential amino acids in a protein of interest introduces an additional application for next-generation sequencing technology and provides a template for future studies of both porin and other essential bacterial genes.
An Empirical Investigation of Cultural Differences in Ethical Decisionmaking among U.S. Accounting Students.

Abstract An exploratory study was conducted of cultural differences in ethical decisionmaking among Caucasian, Asian, and Hispanic accounting students attending U.S. universities. Students' responses to three ethical vignettes provided evidence of significant cultural variation in ethical judgments and self-reported behavioral intentions. Specifically, we found significant differences between the ethical judgments and intentions of Asian and Caucasian students. The ethical decisions of the Hispanic and Caucasian students generally did not differ. Gender differences were also significant in some cases, but their direction did not follow a consistent pattern.
Deforestation and land‐use effects on soil degradation and rehabilitation in western Nigeria. II. Soil chemical properties

Temporal changes in soil chemical and nutritional properties were evaluated in a long-term experiment conducted on Alfisols in West Africa. Effects of land use and cropping duration on soil chemical properties at 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm depths were evaluated for five treatments: (1) alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala established on the contour at 4-m intervals; (2) mucuna (Mucuna utilis) fallowing for 1 year followed by maize (Zea mays)-cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivation for 2 years on severely degraded land; (3) fallowing with mucuna on moderately degraded soils; (4) ley farming involving growing improved pastures for 1 year, grazing for the second year, and growing maize-cowpea for the third year on severely degraded land; (5) ley farming on moderately degraded soils. Soil chemical properties were measured once every year from 1982 through 1986 during the dry season, and included pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total soil nitrogen (TSN), Bray-P, exchangeable cations, and effective cation exchange capacity (CEC). Regardless of the cropping system treatments, soil chemical quality decreased with cultivation time. The rate of decrease at 0–5 cm depth was 0·23 units year−1 for pH, 0·05 per cent year−1 for SOC, 0·012 per cent year−1 for TSN, 0·49 cmol kg−1 year−1 for Ca2+, 0·03 cmol kg−1 year−1 for Mg2+, 0·018 cmol kg−1 year−1 for K+, and 0·48 cmol kg−1 year−1 for CEC. Although there was also a general decrease in soil chemical quality at 5–10 cm depth, the trends were not clearly defined. In contrast to the decrease in soil properties given above, there was an increase in concentration at 0–5 cm depth of total acidity with cultivation time at the rate of 0·62 cmol kg−1 year−1, and of Mn3+ concentration at the rate of 0·081 cmol kg−1 year−1. Continuous cropping also increased the concentration of Bray-P at 0–5 cm depth due to application of phosphatic fertilizer. Trends in soil chemical properties were not clearly defined with regards to cropping system treatments. In general, however, soil chemical properties were relatively favorable in ley farming and mucuna fallowing treatments imposed on moderately degraded soils. Results are discussed in terms of recommended rates of fertilizer use, in view of soil test values, expected yields, and critical limits of soil properties.
The Problem of Single-Party Predominance in an Unconsolidated Democracy: The Example of Argentina

Parties can be a crucial to democratic function but not all parties or party systems are democratic. Some parties are fully competitive within a pluralist system while others, notably hegemonic parties, are antithetical to democracy. Between competitive, pluralist party systems and hegemonic party systems lie predominant party systems. These are compatible with democracy where democracy is fully consolidated but inhibit democratic consolidation in settings with an authoritarian history or where the rule of law is incomplete. The effect of predominant parties in unconsolidated democracies has not been fully studied in comparative context. I scrutinize this problem in Argentina, which has followed an electoral calendar for two decades, but lacks a fully pluralist system of power-sharing among two nationally-competitive parties. The authoritarian background of Peronism, of Argentina itself and the limited competitive potential of the Radical Party have curtailed democratic development. The article underscores the seriousness of Argentina's dilemma by contrasting its situation with Democratic Party predominance in the United States Deep South in the 1940s. The comparison of democratic development in an older democracy with that of a newer democracy illustrates that some of the processes of consolidation are similar and that the experience of older democracies may indicate possible solutions for newer democracies.
20-HETE Contributes to Myogenic Activation of Skeletal Muscle Resistance Arteries in Brown Norway and Sprague–Dawley Rats

Objective:To evaluate the role of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a product of arachidonic acid ω-hydroxylation via cytochrome P450 (CP450) 4A enzymes, in regulating myogenic activation of skeletal muscle resistance arteries from normotensive Brown Norway (BN) and Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. Methods:Gracilis arteries (GA) were isolated from each animal, viewed via television microscopy, and vessel diameter responses to elevated transmural pressure were measured with a video micrometer under control conditions and following pharmacological inhibition of the CP450 4A enzyme system. Results:Under control conditions, GA from both rat groups exhibited strong, endothelium-independent myogenic activation, which was impaired following treatment with either 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA) or dibromo-dodecenylmethylsulfimide (DDMS), two mechanistically different inhibitors of 20-HETE production. The addition of tetraethylammonium (KCachannel inhibitor) to 17-ODYA-treated GA restored myogenic reactivity to l...
Changes in Hydraulic Roughness Coefficients for Circumferentially Strained M294 Pipe

When a culvert or storm drainage pipe is being sized on the basis of discharge capacity requirements, knowledge of the hydraulic roughness of the pipe is required. Hydraulic roughness is typically influenced by both the roughness of the pipe material and the inside pipe wall profile (e.g., smooth, corrugated, etc.). When subjected to external loads associated with field installations (e.g., backfill, compaction, etc.), the inside wall profile of thermal-plastic pipe products, like high-density polyethylene (HDPE) M294 drainage pipe, often changes due to circumferential strain. As lined HDPE pipe strains circumferentially, the structural external ribs reduce in diameter, which causes the inside liner to develop a longitudinal corrugated wall profile. Variations in the hydraulic roughness of M294 Type S drainage pipe with 24-in. (0.61-m) diameter that were based on external circumferential strain rates ranging from approximately 0 to 2.4% were identified in this study, conducted at the Utah Water Research L...