cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The presence, origin, and significance of Aβ peptide in the cell bodies of neurons

Interest in the A beta amyloid in Alzheimer disease (AD) has largely focused on the A beta in the neuropil, an extracellular site. Here much attention has been given to the possibility that A beta acts as a neurotoxin. However, increasing emphasis is now being given to the relationship between neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and the degree of cognitive decline, as opposed to the relationship between decline and senile plaques, the sites of extracellular A beta deposition. This review focuses attention on the existence and significance of A beta in the cell body of the neuron. The review brings together diverse strands of literature indicating: (1) the tau-positive, paired helical filaments that are the main component of NFT are not themselves the source of the amyloid-like staining (Congo red birefringence) of PHF, and are not, in fact, an "amyloid"; (2) there is A beta within the cytoplasm of neurons affected by AD and in other conditions characterized by tau-positive neurofibrillary tangles; (3) peptides derived from portions of the A beta precursor can bind to PHF; (4) the affected neurons are the source of extracellular A beta in their vicinity and are also unable to maintain the synaptic structures that depend upon the integrity of the neuronal cell body; and (5) debates about whether the intracellular A beta is an amyloid depend upon beliefs about its tertiary structure and assumptions concerning the relationship between the size of self-aggregating A beta molecules, their tertiary structure, and their ability to generate Congo red birefringence without necessarily being detected as ultrastructural filaments 5-10 nm wide. Based upon this literature, it is suggested that the Congo red birefringence generated by NFT is caused by A beta, intimately bound to the NFT. Moreover, whether defined as an amyloid or not, the A beta in the neuronal cell body indicates an abnormal processing of the precursor molecule on the way to its ultimate transmembrane domain. Deranged neuronal functioning, which leads to this abnormal processing and/or the intracellular A beta itself, may be the cause of subsequent functional and morphologic abnormalities in the brain.
Some aspects of the production of ethanol from sugar cane residues in Zimbabwe.

Analyse energetique et economique de l'usine de Triangle produisant 30 Ml/an d'ethanol a partir de dechets de canne a sucre au Zimbabwe. Etablissement d'une relation empirique entre la capacite de production et le cout de production d'une usine de ce type
Experimental and numerical characterization of liquid fluidized beds of coal particles

Abstract Liquid fluidized-bed reactors are being investigated for the biological conversion of coal to clean-burning liquid fuels. The efficient design, operation, and scaleup of such reactors require accurate, predictive mathematical models which describe their performance. A fully predictive model is proposed to describe both the bed height and the particle size distribution obtained in such liquid fluidized beds of coal particles. This model is validated on both the macroscopic and microscopic scales. First, using well-characterized charges of Illinois #6 bituminous coal having a particle size of 10–250 μm, the bed was studied macroscopically by observing the bed height as a function of flow rate and coal charge. Secondly, to characterize the bed on a microscopic level, a novel, noninvasive fluorescence technique was used. This technique allowed direct observation of particle size distributions as a function of axial position and flow rate. Use of this experimental technique revealed patterns in bed segregation and elutriation that will be paramount to the operation of a bioreactor for coal solubilization. Over a wide range of particle sizes, liquid velocities, and coal loadings, the predicted bed heights agree very well with the experimental results. In addition, agreement is demonstrated between the predicted and measured particle number distributions as a function of flow rate and axial position. The mathematical model proposed here will have an impact on many low-Reynolds-number fluidized-bed applications, including other bioprocesses such as ethanol production and fermentation of organic acids.
Brief Report: Pilot Single-Blind Placebo Lead-in Study of Acamprosate in Youth with Autistic Disorder.

An excitatory/inhibitory (E:I) imbalance marked by enhanced glutamate and deficient gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission may contribute to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We report on the first single-blind placebo lead-in trial of acamprosate, a drug with putative mechanisms restoring E:I imbalance, in twelve youth with ASD. We conducted a 12-week single-blind, placebo lead-in study of acamprosate in youth age 5–17 years with autistic disorder. Six of nine subjects who received active drug treatment were deemed treatment responders (defined by a score at final visit of “very much improved” or “much improved” on the Clinical Global Impressions Improvement scale) and ≥25 % improvement on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist Social Withdrawal subscale. Future larger-scale dose finding studies of acamprosate in ASD may be warranted given this preliminary indication of benefit.
Hepatic vagotomy (partial hepatic denervation) does not alter ingestive responses to metabolic challenges

The effects of transecting the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve were studied in male and female Long Evans rats. No differences between same-sex hepatic vagotomized (HV) and sham operated (SHM) animals were found in postoperative body weight, diurnal patterns of ingestion, or the response to insulin (4, 8, 12 U/kg, IP), 2-deoxy-D-glucose (125, 250, 500 mg/kg, IP), sodium chloride (10 ml/kg: 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 M, IP), or polyethylene glycol (10 ml/kg: 30% w/v, SC). These results can be interpreted as evidence for a minor role of the hepatic vagus in the total complement of hepatic afferent innervation.
Evaluation of Germicides with Relation to Tissue Toxicity

SummaryApplication of the technic described, considering tissue toxicity as well as germicidal power, indicates that in general the chlorine compounds rate the highest, phenolic compounds next, and organic mercurials rate the lowest as efficient germicides. This corroborates certain previous studies.4, 8, 9 Tincture preparations in general are not ideal germicides since the solvents are more toxic to phagocytosis than to bacteria.The toxicity and germicidal end points found in this study indicate that a large number of germicides in general use are too concentrated. Germicides should be utilized in concentrations which are germicidal but non-toxic to tissue. The efficiency range is defined.Of the natural barriers to infection, i. e., skin and blood, the blood is more sensitive to the destructive action of germicides. Therefore the phagocytosis inhibition technic may be regarded as a valuable aid in the evaluation of germicides for clinical use.
THE EVOLUTION OF CASSIOPEIA A AT LOW RADIO FREQUENCIES

We have used archival 74 MHz Very Large Array data spanning the last 15 years in combination with new data from the Long-Wavelength Demonstrator Array and data from the literature covering the last 50 years to explore the evolution of Cas A at low radio frequencies. We find that the secular decrease of the flux density of Cas A at ~80 MHz is rather stable over five decades of time, decreasing at a rate of 0.7%-0.8% yr–1. This is entirely consistent with previous estimates at frequencies as low as 38 MHz, indicating that the secular decrease is roughly the same at low frequencies, at least between 38 and 80 MHz. We also find strong evidence for as many as four modes of flux density oscillation about the slower secular decrease with periods of 3.10 ± 0.02 yr, 5.1 ± 0.3 yr, 9.0 ± 0.2 yr, and 24 ± 2 yr. These are also consistent with fluctuations seen previously to occur on scales of a few years. These results provide compelling motivation for a thorough low-frequency monitoring campaign of Cas A to constrain the nature and physical origins of these fluctuations, and to be able to better predict the flux density of Cas A at any given epoch so that it may be used as a reliable low-frequency calibrator.
Identifying types of nursing facility stays using medicare claims data: an algorithm and validation

Nursing facilities provide skilled nursing and rehabilitative care to patients for short stays and custodial care to patients for long stays. The type of nursing facility stay (short- or long-term) is a potentially important risk factor and health outcome in health services research and is informative from both medical and fiscal perspectives. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an algorithm to identify the use of nursing facility services and differentiate short- from long-term care using Medicare claims data. We used claims data for a 5% sample of Medicare beneficiaries to develop an algorithm to detect the use of nursing facility services and to distinguish between short- and long-term stays. We tested this algorithm using residency status from Medicaid long-term care claims for dually eligible beneficiaries and using residency status from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS). Among 1,694,051 beneficiaries included in the baseline cohort, 25.6% had some indication of nursing facility residency. Using our algorithm, 59.8% of beneficiaries using any nursing facility care were classified as long-term residents. Validation of the algorithm against Medicaid long-term care claims and MCBS yielded high sensitivity and specificity. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to present a validated algorithm for identification of use of nursing facility services among Medicare beneficiaries that differentiates between short- and long-term care residency status.
93Nb knight shift and quadrupole coupling parameters in the orthorhombic β phase hydride and deuteride of niobium

Abstract The Knight shift tensor components and quadrupole coupling parameters of the 93Nb NMR have been measured for the first time in the orthorhombic β phase hydride and deuteride of niobium. The isotropic component of the Knight shift tensor has the same value in the hydride phase as in the solid solution (α') phase at the same composition, indicating that no significant change in band structure details occurs as a consequence of the structural phase transition. Comparison of the measured asymmetry parameter of the quadrupole interaction with calculated values indicates that the probable Nb environment is that of the ordered NbH structure. Estimates of the activation energy for hydrogen (deuterium) diffusion are obtained from the temperature dependence of the linewidths of the spectrum features.
Autonomic tone in medical intensive care patients receiving mechanical ventilation and during a CPAP weaning trial.

Mechanical ventilator support and the resumption of spontaneous ventilation or weaning create significant alterations in alveolar and intrathoracic pressure that influence thoracic blood volume and flow. Compensatory autonomic tone alterations occur to ensure adequate tissue oxygen delivery, but autonomic responses may produce cardiovascular dysfunction with subsequent weaning failure. The authors describe autonomic responses of critically ill patients (n = 43) during a 24-hr period of mechanical ventilatory support and during the 24 hr that included their initial spontaneous breathing trial using continuous positive airway pressure. Nearly two thirds of these patients demonstrated abnormal autonomic function and this dysfunction was more severe in those patients who were unable to sustain spontaneous ventilation (n = 15). With further systematic study, autonomic responses may be useful in the identification of patients who are likely to develop cardiac dysfunction with the resumption of spontaneous breat...
Comparison of allele-sharing statistics for general pedigrees.

The popularity of “non-parametric” linkage analysis using moderate and large sized pedigrees has increased in the last few years. Only a few of the existing allele-sharing statistics are applicable to general pedigrees, and even fewer are in common use. Little research has been done to compare the power of these statistics. We present some preliminary investigations into the power of the most popular general-pedigree allele-sharing statistics. We show that there are indeed non-trivial differences among the statistics, and that further studies are warranted. In particular, pedigree structure and the degree of recessiveness of the trait appear to be critical factors in determining which statistics are most powerful. Genet. Epidemiol. 19(Suppl 1):S92–S98, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A comparison of filter-based approaches for model-based prognostics

Model-based prognostics approaches use domain knowledge about a system and its failure modes through the use of physics-based models. Model-based prognosis is generally divided into two sequential problems: a joint state-parameter estimation problem, in which, using the model, the health of a system or component is determined based on the observations; and a prediction problem, in which, using the model, the state-parameter distribution is simulated forward in time to compute end of life and remaining useful life. The first problem is typically solved through the use of a state observer, or filter. The choice of filter depends on the assumptions that may be made about the system, and on the desired algorithm performance. In this paper, we review three separate filters for the solution to the first problem: the Daum filter, an exact nonlinear filter; the unscented Kalman filter, which approximates nonlinearities through the use of a deterministic sampling method known as the unscented transform; and the particle filter, which approximates the state distribution using a finite set of discrete, weighted samples, called particles. Using a centrifugal pump as a case study, we conduct a number of simulation-based experiments investigating the performance of the different algorithms as applied to prognostics.
Cerebral Mycotic Aneurysms Treated with a Neuroform Stent: Technical Case Report

Objective and importance We describe the first documented endovascular treatment of proximal intracranial mycotic aneurysms by a self-expanding, flexible, dedicated, intracranial Neuroform stent. Treatment with this stent rapidly obliterated the aneurysms, eliminated the need for additional coiling, and maintained the patency of the parent arteries. Clinical presentation A 47-year-old male patient with infective endocarditis presented with ischemic stroke and minimal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral angiography demonstrated a fusiform aneurysm of the supraclinoid segment of the left internal carotid artery and horizontal segment of the left middle cerebral artery, with superimposing side-wall focal aneurysms. Despite antibiotic therapy, the focal aneurysms progressively enlarged, as demonstrated on a subsequent cerebral angiogram at Day 11. Intervention A 4-mm x 2-cm Neuroform stent was deployed along the fusiform aneurysm of the left supraclinoid internal carotid artery and the horizontal middle cerebral artery M-1 segment encompassing the focal side-wall aneurysms with preserved patency of the parent arterial segments. Conclusion Endovascular stent placement can be an effective treatment for proximal intracranial mycotic aneurysms that fail to respond to medical therapy.
Congenital heart block

Summary 1. A case of congenital heart blockdiagnosed antenatally is presented. 2. The etiology, significance, and prognosis of congenital heart block are discussed.
Modifying health outcome measures for people with aphasia.

OBJECTIVE. The goal for this study was to determine methods to modify outcome measures for people with aphasia and to provide beginning support for the efficacy of these suggested modifications. METHOD. Twenty-nine community-dwelling people with aphasia participated. Modified outcome measures included the Stroke Impact Scale, the 36-item short form Medical Outcomes Study, Reintegration to Normal Living Scale, and Activity Card Sort. Participants were supported in their responses by systematically applying a hierarchy of support. An Independence Scale score was determined for each measure for each participant. RESULTS. Data from an examiner-rated Independence Scale, internal consistency of participants’ responses, correlations among subscale scores across measures, and correlations between aphasia severity and reported outcome provide evidence that people with aphasia are able to understand and respond with these supports. CONCLUSION. We provide key recommendations for making self-report measures accessible for people with aphasia.
Greater risk sensitivity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in young smokers than in nonsmokers

Despite a national reduction in the prevalence of cigarette smoking, ~19 % of the adult US population persists in this behavior, with the highest prevalence among 18–25-year-olds. Given that the choice to smoke imposes a known health risk, clarification of brain function related to decision-making, particularly involving risk-taking, in smokers may inform prevention and smoking cessation strategies. This study aimed to compare brain function related to decision-making in young smokers and nonsmokers. The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) is a computerized risky decision-making task in which participants pump virtual balloons, each pump associated with an incremental increase in potential payoff on a given trial but also with greater risk of balloon explosion and loss of payoff. We used this task to compare brain activation associated with risky decision-making in smokers (n = 18) and nonsmokers (n = 25), while they performed the BART during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The participants were young men and women, 17–21 years of age. Risk level (number of pumps) modulated brain activation in the right dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices more in smokers than in nonsmokers, and smoking severity (Heaviness of Smoking Index) was positively related to this modulation in an adjacent frontal region. Given evidence for involvement of the right dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices in inhibitory control, these findings suggest that young smokers have a different contribution of prefrontal cortical substrates to risky decision-making than nonsmokers. Future studies are warranted to determine whether the observed neurobiological differences precede or result from smoking.
Influence of discourse context on feature availability in conceptual combination

Four experiments investigated the comprehension of combined concepts (e.g., peeled apple) in discourse by having people verify features that were true of the phrase (e.g., white) or true of noun (e.g., round). Phrase features were verified more accurately than noun features when the combinations were presented in a neutral context (Experiment 1). In Experiments 2 and 3, the discourse context was constructed to alter the given‐new structure of the combined concept. In both cases, the discourse context did not alter the tendency for phrase features to be easier to verify than noun features. In Experiment 4, we found that it is possible to alter the relative difficulty of verifying noun and phrase features if the discourse context emphasizes the particular feature being verified. Taken together, these results suggest that, during conceptual combination, features that are viewed as nonredundant information are available prior to other features. Features may be regarded as nonredundant if they serve to disting...
Selective aggregation of single-walled carbon nanotubes via salt addition.

By controlling the intermolecular and surface forces of SDS in water, we show here that it is possible to engineer the resultant VdW attraction between SWNTs. Titrating SWNT-SDS dispersions with salt solutions leads to diameter-dependent modulation of the electrostatic repulsive forces; changes in the absorbance and emission spectra of SWNTs are used to study these effects. We ascribe the observed spectroscopic changes to selective aggregation of SWNT chiralities. Our experiments clearly demonstrate that certain SWNT chiralities deviate from a simple diameter-dependent
Brief behavioral intervention for young children with disruptive behaviors

Parent reported behavioral difficulties in young children are relatively common. Without adequate intervention, some children will later present with more severe problem behaviors. Parent management training is one of the best methods of treatment for behavior problems; however, existing treatments can be lengthy and difficult to conduct outside of a research setting. The Brief Behavioral Intervention was designed as a briefer version of a manualized parent management training treatment package. Thirty-one parents of children aged 2-6.5 presenting with behavior problems were included in this initial study of treatment effectiveness. Based on parent and teacher report, treatment was effective in a mean of 7.2 sessions.
Japan's Competing Modernities: Issues in Culture and Democracy, 1900-1930

Scholars, Japanese and non-Japanese alike, have studied the greater Taisho era (1900-1930) within the framework of Taisho demokurashii (democracy). While this concept has proved useful, students of the period in more recent years have sought alternative ways of understanding the late Meiji-Taisho period. This collection of essays, each based on new research, offers original insights into various aspects of modern Japanese cultural history from modernist architecture to women as cultural symbols, popular songs to the rhetoric of empire-building, and more. The volume is organized around three general topics: geographical and cultural space; cosmopolitanism and national identity; and diversity, autonomy, and integration. Within these the authors have identified a number of thematic tensions that link the essays: high and low culture in cultural production and dissemination; national and ethnic identities; empire and ethnicity; the center and the periphery; naichi (homeland) and gaichi (overseas); urban and rural; public and private; migration and barriers. The volume opens up new avenues of exploration for the study of modern Japanese history and culture. If, as one of the authors contends, the imperative is to understand more fully the historical forces that made Japan what it is today, these studies of Japan's competing modernities point the way to answers to some of the country's most challenging historical questions in this century. Contributors: Gail L. Bernstein, Barbara Brooks, Lonny E. Carlile, Kevin M. Doak, Joshua A. Fogel, Sheldon Garon, Elaine Gerbert, Jeffrey E. Hanes, Helen Hardacre, Sharon A. Minichiello, Tessa Morris-Suzuki, Jonathan M. Reynolds, Michael Robinson, Roy Starrs, Mariko Asano Tamanoi, Julia Adeney Thomas, E. Patricia Tsurumi, Christine R. Yano.
Transformation of an AFP‐positive yolk sac carcinoma into an AFP‐negative neoplasm: Evidence for in vivo cloning of the human parietal yolk sac carcinoma

An alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-positive ovarian yolk sac carcinoma of typical histologic appearance was surgically removed from a 19-year-old woman. The AFP-positive tumor recurred and was treated with x-rays and cytotoxic drugs to full remission, i.e., until no clinical or biochemical signs of tumor were evident. The second recurrence, which proved to be fatal, was noticed approximately 1 year after the initial diagnosis, but was not associated with elevated levels of serum AFP. At autopsy, the widespread tumor had the histologic appearance reminiscent of murine parietal yolk sac (PYS) carcinoma. The tumor cells did not form the characteristic histologic features of the classical human yolk sac carcinoma, did not secrete AFP, and were surrounded by extensive hyalinous extracellular matrix rich in laminin and collagen. It is thus shown that recurrent human yolk sac carcinomas could change their histologic morphology due to selective outgrowth and cloning of the parietal yolk sac component. Clinical recognition of this cloning is important because the PYS carcinoma cells do not secrete AFP, and the tumor growth cannot be biochemically monitored with this classical tumor marker.
Innovative Legal Approaches to Address Obesity

Context: The law is a powerful public health tool with considerable potential to address the obesity issue. Scientific advances, gaps in the current regulatory environment, and new ways of conceptualizing rights and responsibilities offer a foundation for legal innovation. Methods: This article connects developments in public health and nutrition with legal advances to define promising avenues for preventing obesity through the application of the law. Findings: Two sets of approaches are defined: (1) direct application of the law to factors known to contribute to obesity and (2) original and innovative legal solutions that address the weak regulatory stance of government and the ineffectiveness of existing policies used to control obesity. Specific legal strategies are discussed for limiting children's food marketing, confronting the potential addictive properties of food, compelling industry speech, increasing government speech, regulating conduct, using tort litigation, applying nuisance law as a litigation strategy, and considering performance-based regulation as an alternative to typical regulatory actions. Finally, preemption is an overriding issue and can play both a facilitative and a hindering role in obesity policy. Conclusions: Legal solutions are immediately available to the government to address obesity and should be considered at the federal, state, and local levels. New and innovative legal solutions represent opportunities to take the law in creative directions and to link legal, nutrition, and public health communities in constructive ways.
Neocortical cell counts in normal human adult aging.

Fifty-one brains from clinically and neuropathologically normal individuals ranging in age from 24 to 100 years were studied to determine what changes occur in neocortical neuroectodermal cell populations as a function of normal aging. Twenty-m-thick sections from the midfrontal, superior temporal, and inferior parietal areas were examined with an image-analysis apparatus with combined manual and automatic editing capacity. Neuroectodermal cells were counted, measured, and assigned to one of ten categories, which were later summarized in three: large neurons (<90 m2), small neurons (41 to 90 m2), and glia (5 to 40 m2). Determinations were also made of brain weight, cortical thickness, neuronal density, neuron--glia ratio, and percentage of cell area. The results showed statistically significant age-related decrements in the following values: brain weight, cortical thickness in the midfrontal and superior temporal areas, large neurons in all three areas, and the neuron--glia ratio in the midfrontal and inferior parietal areas. The total number of neurons, neuronal density, and percentage of cell area were all unchanged. Increasing with age were the number of small neurons in the midfrontal cortex and glia in the midfrontal and superior temporal areas. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) Aging affects the frontal and temporal lobes more than the parietal; the salient change is shrinkage of large neurons with consequently increasing numbers of small neurons; (2) constant neuronal density coupled with diminished cortical volume (decreased brain weight and cortical thinning) indicate that there is some neuronal loss with age, but it is of much lesser magnitude than previously supposed; and (3) the number of glia increases with age.
Line-scan hyperspectral imaging for real-time in-line poultry fecal detection

The ARS multispectral imaging system with three-band common aperture camera was able to inspect fecal contaminants in real-time mode during poultry pro- cessing. Recent study has demonstrated several image processing methods including binning, cuticle removal filter, median filter, and morphological analysis in real-time mode could remove most false positive errors. The ARS research groups (Beltsville, MD and Athens, GA) and their industry partner are now merging the fecal detection and systemically disease detection systems onto a common platform using a line-scan hyperspectral imaging system. This system will aid in commercialization by creating one hyperspectral imaging system with user-defined wavelengths that can be installed at different locations of the processing line to solve significant food safety prob- lems of disease as well as contaminant detection. Thus, this research demonstrated the feasibility of line-scan hyper- spectral imaging system in terms of processing speed and detection accuracy for a real-time, in-line fecal detection at current processing speed (at least 140 birds per min) of commercial poultry plant. Our preliminary results showed the real-time hyperspectral imaging system could detect small amount (about 10 mg) of fecal (duodenum, cecum, colon) and ingesta contaminants. The system performance could be improved by optimizing line lighting system especially near-infrared bands for quality images and additional spectral images to minimize false positive detection errors. The newly developed line-scan hyper- spectral imaging system could improve Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS)'s poultry safety inspection pro- gram significantly.
EPR properties of immobilized quinone cation radicals and the molecular origin of Signal II in spinach chloroplasts

Abstract In Photosystem II, Z reduces P-680+ and gives rise to a characteristic EPR signal, termed IIvf in oxygen-evolving chloroplasts and IIf in non-oxygen-evolving chloroplasts. Previous model compound studies of Signal II have centered on the immobilized anionic and neutral forms of semiquinone radicals. These radicals, however, exhibit an essentially structureless band shape in constrast to the partially resolved hyperfine pattern observed for Signal II. In the experiments reported here, we show that some cationic semiquinone radicals (e.g., 2-methyl-5-isopropylhydroquinone cation radical) exhibit band shape and micro-wave power saturation characteristics upon immobilization which are similar to Signal II. Examination of a series of quinone cation radicals shows that a Signal-II-like spectrum is observed when significant unpaired spin density occurs at a ring carbon to which a methyl group is bound. Whether this will occur for a specific quinone depends on the extent to which the peripheral substituent pattern favors a contribution from the antisymmetric benzenoid molecular orbital to the ground state of the radical. For the 2-methyl-5-isopropylhydroquinone cation radical, for example, a 26% contribution of this orbital is estimated. A plastoquinone cation radical in which the electron-donating ability of the quinol-OH groups has been decreased is compatible with antisymmetric orbital stabilization and, therefore, is identified as the Z+ species. Hydrogen bonding of the quinol oxygen to hydrogen-donating amino acid residues in vivo plus an out-of-plane geometry for the quinol-OH groups is proposed to stabilize the antisymmetric orbital. The partially resolved structure of Signal II indicates that the antisymmetric orbital is the major contributor to the ground state; the principal hyperfine splitting in the spectrum arises from the 2-CH3 group of the plastoquinone cation radical. The estimated electrode potential of the Z+ radical is in close agreement with the in vitro electrode potential of quinone cation radicals.
Prospects for thermal neutron detection and imaging with the GammaTracker handheld radioisotope identifier

We present measured data on the neutron detection response of the GammaTracker handheld radioisotope identifier. Two neutron detection modes are discussed: measuring absorption gamma rays from the cadmium present in the Cd-Zn-Te spectrometers, and measuring the absorption gamma rays from moderator material present in the environment. In both cases, the capture gamma rays can be imaged to help locate a shielded neutron source. In this work, we discuss the total neutron detection efficiency of the GammaTracker instrument, and we present measured images of shielded neutron sources. Prospects for gamma-ray rejection are discussed.
Hydrolytically degradable shells on thermoresponsive microgels

Thermoresponsive microgels consisting of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) cores and poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) shells cross-linked with the hydrolytically degradable cross-linker N,O-dimethacryloyl hydroxylamine were synthesized. Their swelling and erosion properties were characterized using a variety of analytical tools including dynamic light scattering, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation–multiangle light scattering, and atomic force microscopy. Shell addition leads to particle densification due to the added polymer and the mechanical, compressive force applied by the shell. Upon hydrolytic degradation of the shell cross-links, mechanical and chemical changes occur throughout the core and shell, leading to softer and more porous shells that permit greater core swelling. Such changes, which are triggered on exposure to physiologic conditions, are of potential utility within the realm of triggered drug delivery.
Effects of positive attitude and optimism on wage and employment: A double selection approach

Abstract Using two samples from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), a longitudinal data set from the United States, and following a double selection approach, the current study estimates the worker's employment and wage equations simultaneously with positive attitude and optimism as additional explanatory variables. Modeling employment as a bivariate decision process, the study examines different factors that influence the worker's labor market participation decision, the employer's hiring decision and the wage rate. The study finds the evidence that the worker's positive attitude and optimism affect the worker's employment probability from different angles: the former through the participation decision and the latter through the hiring decision. Following an alternative approach, this study also provides strong support to the earlier finding that positive attitude affects the worker's wage positively. Interestingly, the effects of attitude variables on the worker's wage are found to be quite comparable in magnitude to the wage effects of the traditional human capital variables.
Preliminary crystallographic analysis of trypanothione reductase from Crithidia fasciculata

Trypanothione reductase, a flavoprotein disulfide reductase specific to trypanosomatid parasites, has been crystallized by vapor diffusion of a protein solution (10 mg/ml) against 22% polyethylene glycol (average M r 8000) containing 100 m m -ammonium sulfate. Crystals of a size suitable for structure determination by X-ray diffraction have been obtained by seeding protein solutions with smaller crystals. The space-group is P 2 1 ( a =60·9 , b =161·8 , c =58·4 , β =99·1 0 ). The molecular mass and volume of the unit cell suggest that there is a dimer of the enzyme in the asymmetric unit, and this is confirmed by self-rotation functions calculated using data to 4·5resolution. The crystals diffract to beyond 3resolution. Crystals of another P 2 1 form ( a =91·3 , b =114·4 , c =92·0 β =141·3 0 ) are observed to grow under similar conditions.
Multiple operating systems on one processor complex

As large computing systems continue to grow in capacity and to offer improved price/performance, there is an increasing requirement to consolidate systems onto one processor complex. This paper describes the reasons why users need to run multiple operating systems today, provides a brief history of IBM's partitioning products, and introduces the Processor Resource/Systems Manager™, a machine feature on the IBM 3090 Model E and ES/3090™ Model S processors that provides users with a flexible and efficient capability to run multiple operating systems on a single processor complex.
Decreased postpartum use of oral pain medication after a single dose of epidural morphine.

Background: Pain after vaginal delivery may result from episiotomy, perineal laceration, or uterine involution. Many women have indwelling epidural catheters in place at delivery. We hypothesized that a small dose of epidural morphine would be an effective strategy for postpartum analgesia. Methods: Eighty-one healthy parturients receiving epidural analgesia for labor were enrolled. Patients were randomized in double-blind fashion to 1 of 3 groups: all groups received a 4-mL volume of epidural solution consisting of saline (group 1, control), 1 mg (group 2), or 2 mg morphine (group 3) after vaginal delivery. During the first 24 hours postpartum, patients were evaluated for the amount of oral pain medication requested; visual analog scale scores for pain at rest and with movement; satisfaction with postpartum pain treatment; and opioid side effects including nausea, pruritus, urinary retention, and respiratory depression. Results: Patients who received 2 mg of epidural morphine used an average of 0.7 (0--1, interquartile range) opioid-containing pain pills (acetaminophen with codeine or oxycodone) compared with 1.2 (0-2) in the 1-mg group and 1.9 (0-3) in the control group (P = .07). There was a statistically significant difference in oral drug usage between those who received epidural morphine and those who did not (P Conclusions: These results suggest that epidural morphine decreases the need for oral pain medication in the first 24 hours postpartum. No significant dose-dependent side effects were found.
Three-dimensional asymptotic stress field at the front of a bimaterial wedge of symmetric geometry under antiplane shear loading

Abstract Three-dimensional asymptotic stress field in the vicinity of the front of a bimaterial wedge is obtained by a new eigenfunction expansion method, subjected to three combinations of wedge-side boundary conditions – free–free, clamped–clamped and free–clamped. The bimaterial wedge has symmetric geometrical configuration with respect to the bimaterial interface. Each material is isotropic and elastic, but with different elastic properties. Additionally, numerical results pertaining to the variation of the lowest eigenvalues (or stress singularities) with respect to the half-aperture angle of the bimaterial wedge, subjected to the afore-mentioned wedge-side boundary conditions, are also presented. Dependence of the same on the material properties of the component material phases (if any) is also presented.
Posterior association cortex and visual pattern discrimination in the rat

Rats with parietal, temporal, or frontopolar cortex lesions and nonoperated controls were trained on a complex visual pattern discrimination. The rats with temporal association cortex damage committed significantly more errors than those with parietal association cortex damage and nonoperated controls. These results complement earlier findings of a dissociation between the effects of temporal and parietal association cortex lesions.
Extended cooling and viscous flow of large, hot rhyolite lavas: implications of numerical modeling results

Abstract A common misconception about rhyolite lava flows is that they cannot advance far from their vents and are constrained to be small due to their high viscosities. Although a high-viscosity lava will indeed flow quite slowly, it may advance a great distance if the lava efficiently retains heat and thus mobility, and if the available magma supply is large. To evaluate this possibility, a finite-difference numerical model was used to determine the rate of heat loss from units interpreted to be large rhyolite lavas. Cooling of such 100–300 m-thick units is very slow and is further retarded by a vesicular carapace and by evolution of latent heat. Thermal history alone suggests that large, thick lava flows could remain active for several decades. To constrain the duration of flow advance of these units, their inferred apparent viscosities are compared with those of active lava flows. Mean flow velocity of some large rhyolites in southwestern Idaho, USA, was estimated based on the observation that the units must still have been advancing by viscous flow at the start of spherulite crystallization, indicating perhaps a 10- to 18-year flow duration, based on studies of Obsidian Dome, California. Mean flow velocities would have been roughly 0.59 to 2.5 km/yr, and calculated average apparent viscosities of the flows ranged from 1.8 to 3.6 orders of magnitude greater than the viscosity of the lava itself. This relationship also holds for active andesite and basaltic andesite block lava flows, which have apparent viscosities 2.7 to 4 orders of magnitude greater than lava viscosities. This implies that large rhyolites may indeed have been emplaced in the same manner as less-silicic block lavas, and that long distance viscous flow is not unrealistic for rhyolite lavas. A good example of a large-volume lava is the 15-km 3 Rhyolite of the Badlands (SW Idaho), where vent relations show that lava effused from a fissure and advanced up to 9 km. More extensive rhyolites could also be emplaced solely by effusion. Extended flow of these lavas may lead to the remelting and removal of basal crumble breccias, and to the formation of welded shard textures in their margins, both processes tending to obscure the lava flow origin of the units. The great dimensions of lava-like rhyolitic units with volumes of 10 to at least 200 km 3 are not a sufficient reason to assume they erupted as ignimbrites.
The Raman spectra and structure of pure vitreous P2O5

We report the polarized Raman spectra of pure anhydrous vitreous P2O5 and conclude that this glass is a 3-connected network in which each P atom is surrounded almost tetrahedrally by three bridging O atoms and one double-bonded O terminator. Vibrational calculations on an anchored fragment are used to determine atomic motions in the higher frequency modes; these calculations confirm that the dominant Raman modes involve in-phase compression of neighboring PO bonds.
Pyridazines I: 4-Halo-5-hydrazino-3-pyridazone and Its Derivatives

When 4,5-dichloro-3-pyridazone, 4,5-dibromo-3-pyridazone, or 4,5-dichloro-2-phenyl-3-pyridazone in methanol was allowed to react with 95% hydrazine, a mono-halo mono-hydrazino-3-pyridazone was obtained. An unequivocal proof of structure for 4-chloro-5-hydrazino-3-pyridazone is reported. Twenty-five hydrazones of 4-bromo-5-hydrazine-3-pyridazone and twenty-seven hydrazones of 4-chloro-S-hydrazino-3-pyridazone were prepared. One cyclized derivative of 4-chloro-5-hydrazino-2-phenyl-3-pyridazone is also reported.
A column generation algorithm for bandwidth packing

We describe a column generation branch and bound procedure for optimally solving the bandwidth packing problem. The objective of this problem is to allocate bandwidth in a telecommunications network to maximize total revenue. The problem is formulated as an integer programming problem and the linear programming relaxation solved using column generation and the simplex algorithm. A branch and bound procedure which branches upon a particular path being used for a bandwidth routing is used to solve the IP. We present computational results.
Mirror hybrid reactors

The fusion-fission hybrid is a combination of the fusion and fission processes, having features which are complementary. Fission energy is running out of readily available fuel, and fusion has extra neutrons which can be used to breed that fission fuel. Fusion would have to take on an extra burden of radioactivity, but this early application would give fusion, which does not work well enough now to make power, practical experience which may accelerate development of pure fusion.
Enzyme Defect in a Case of Xanthinuria

THE enzyme xanthine oxidase which catalyses the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and of xanthine to uric acid is present in human liver, small-intestinal mucosa and milk1, although the levels of activity appear to be somewhat lower than in animals. Dent and Philpot2 and Dickinson and Smellie3 reported on a patient with xanthine urinary stones, increased urinary oxypurine excretion and very low blood and urine uric acid levels. They suggested that this patient was either unable to oxidize xanthine to uric acid or that there was a failure of xanthine reabsorption by the renal tubules, or that both these defects were present.
Simultaneous measurements of oxygen and carbon dioxide fluxes to assess productivity in phytoplankton cultures.

We validate a method that simultaneously measures O2 and CO2 fluxes by sampling headspace air in phytoplankton cultures. Fluxes were strongly correlated to traditional productivity measures, except for a taxon with unique C metabolism. The method provides accurate, real-time, non-destructive measurements and is recommended for laboratory studies of phytoplankton physiology.
Defective Biliary Secretion During Total Parenteral Nutrition: Probable Mechanisms and Possible Solutions

Cholestasis associated with TPN is now diminishing in frequency. One factor is likely to be the early initiation of oral feeding. One of the effects of oral intake is to restore the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. This in turn promotes lipid absorption, which leads to improved nutrition and a decreased in mucosal atrophy. The role of the enterohepatic cycling of bile acids has been explored in this review. In infants or children on TPN who have bile acid malabsorption, UDCA can be used to correct decreased secretion of endogenous bile acids. However, controlled studies showing that UDCA actually decreases moribidity and mortality in infants on prolonged TPN have not yet been performed and they are sorely needed. UDCA is nontoxic and acts as a natural bile acid after conjugation. An improved formulation of UDCA with rapid and efficient intestinal absorption has been developed, but the optimal formulation of UDCA is still not available. Cholylsarcosine, a new conjugated bile acid analogue that has been developed as a bile acid replacement agent, improves lipid absorption in animals with steatorrhea caused by bile acid malabsorption and intestinal resection. However, this compound has not been tested clinically.
Treatment Variable Effects on Supercritical Gasification of High-Diversity Grassland Perennials

Low-input high-diversity (LIHD) mixtures of native grassland perennials were subjected to a supercritical treatment process with the aim of obtaining hydrogen-rich gases. The process was studied based on the following treatment variables: reaction temperature (374 degrees C to 575 degrees C, corresponding to a pressure range of 22.1 to 40 MPa), residence time (10 to 30 min), biomass content in the feed, and catalysts (0% to 4% NaOH and solid alkali CaO-ZrO(2)). The gaseous phase produced from gasification of LIHD primarily consisted of hydrogen (H(2)), with a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH(4)), and carbon dioxide (CO(2)). The statistical significance of treatment variables was evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). It showed that at the level of P < 0.05, temperature, catalysts, and biomass content in the feed significantly affected gas yields, while residence time was not significant.
Peripheral Neurons Depend on CNS-Derived Guidance Cues for Proper Navigation during Leech Development

Abstract In leech, major nerve pathways are pioneered by CNS neurons and evidence from dye-injection and antibody experiments suggest that they may serve as guides for later differentiating neurons. In this study we have directly tested this hypothesis by examining the consequences of CNS ablation on the navigation in the periphery of a well-defined population of afferent sensory neurons. We show that in the absence of CNS-derived axons the axonal growth cones of this population of peripheral neurons extend with little directionality and instead of forming orderly projections, default into forming circular fasciculated pathways with each other. This suggests that CNS-derived guidance cues are absolutely required for the correct navigation of these peripheral sensory neurons.