cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic and magnetic structure of bcc nickel.

The electronic and magnetic structure of metastable bcc nickel grown on Fe(001) has been investigated using spin-polarized angle-resolved photoemission. At the iron lattice constant bcc nickel is found to be ferromagnetic, with a moment of (0.4{plus minus}0.45){mu}{sub {ital B}} in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions, and with a Curie temperature above 300 K. A 6-eV'' spin-polarized satellite is also observed, analogous to that seen for fcc nickel previously. The observation of spin polarization in this feature confirms the presence of long-range ferromagnetic order at the local nickel sites.
Computer diagnosis of electrocardiograms. III. A computer program for arrhythmia diagnosis

Abstract The arrhythmia analysis program uses as its input the information from the measurement section described in the preceding paper. This program attempts to determine the nature of the basic rhythm and any other important events (such as ectopic beats). An effort was made to be reasonably complete in including all the common arrhythmias in the logic. All fourteen leads recorded are analyzed and a composite arrhythmia diagnosis given. The logic attempts to compensate for the possible errors from the measurement program.
A historical review of outpatient consultation-liaison psychiatry

Outpatient consultation-liaison psychiatry evolved from the application of clinical principles learned in inpatient work. The author reviews reports of outpatient C-L psychiatry and categorizes them into four groups: 1) Comprehensive Medicine Clinics; 2) Consultation to Other Outpatient Settings; 3) Psychiatric Consultation Clinics; and 4) Behavioral Medicine Clinics. Advantages and disadvantages of each are postulated, and evolution of these clinics to the present time as well as suggested future research directions are discussed.
Membrane glycine transport proteins.

Structurally, the simplest amino acid is glycine, and it has a number of important yet distinct functions in the body. This review focuses on the different transport systems and the associated carrier proteins for glycine that are responsible for its movement across biological membranes. Transport proteins in the class GLYT appear to be the most specific for glycine. However, the B0+ system also carries significant amounts of glycine. Other amino acid transport systems capable of carrying small amounts of glycine are ASC, asc and system L. In addition, an ATP-dependent transport process exists that takes up glycine into synaptic vesicles at nerve endings. This is known as the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter since, in addition to glycine, it can transport possibly two other inhibitory neurotransmitters.
Transmetalation of Alkylboranes to Palladium in the Suzuki Coupling Reaction Proceeds with Retention of Stereochemistry

Deuterium-labeling experiments demonstrate that the transmetalation step of the Suzuki coupling reaction of alkylboranes and α-iodoenones proceeds with retention of stereochemistry.
Overcrowding, food and phosphorus limitation effects on ephipphia production and population dynamics in the invasive species Daphnia lumholtzi

Daphnia lumholtzi has been very successful in colonizing North America since its appearance in Texas in 1990. Although previous studies have sought to link its success as an invasive species with various aspects of its population biology, there is little experimental data linking the invasion success of D. lumholtzi with its autecology, specifically its reproduction strategy. In this study we sought to link food quality and quantity to diapause in D. lumholtzi through a variation in phosphorus (P) content of algae, food quantity, and light level. We also assessed the effect of Daphnia peak population densities on reproductive rates and production of resting eggs. We found that when food is abundant, per capita ephippia production may be limited by P, but under food limitation conditions, there is no significant effect of food quality on ephippia production. Our results suggest that a combination of food quality/quantity and population density may work together to induce the production of resting eggs in this invasive species.
Modified surface chemistry, potential, and optical properties of polar gallium nitride via long chained phosphonic acids

Abstract Surface potential, chemistry, topography, and optical properties were modulated utilizing the attachment of phosphonic acids (11-mercaptoundecylphosphonic acid, 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctanephosphonic acid, and 1,8-octanediphosphonic acid) with phosphoric acid to polar (c-plane) GaN. These changes were identified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) with kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), photoluminescence (PL), and water contact angle. The results indicated that the attachment of phosphonic groups to gallium nitride strongly depends on the formation of a native oxide layer and subsequent passivation. It was seen that a fluorine terminated phosphonic acid increased the overall surface oxide versus other groups, as well as reduced the surface potential and improved the photoluminescence relative to other treatments. Sulfur terminated phosphonic acid demonstrated a similar reduction in surface potential and oxide formation to fluorine based phosphonic acid; however, improvements of optical luminescence on the same scale were not achieved.
Identification of circulating growth hormone-binding proteins in domestic poultry: an initial characterization.

Multiple growth hormone (GH)-binding proteins (GHBPs) were identified in serum and plasma samples from domestic chickens and turkeys. Proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 10% acrylamide, 2.7% bis discontinuous gels under reducing conditions and electrotransferred to nitrocellulose paper. Western blots were incubated with 125I-labelled recombinant chicken GH (cGH) or bovine GH and GHBPs visualized by means of autoradiography. In fresh samples (less than 2 h from collection to gel electrophoresis), multiple minor high Mr bands were evident between approximately 72,000 and 175,000. Two major bands were observed at approximately 69,500 and 27,500. The latter is consistent with previous reports for the rat and mouse serum GHBPs based on nucleotide sequence analysis. The minor bands were essentially undetectable after storage at -25 degrees C for several months, and an additional major band at Mr approximately 52,500 appeared. The Mr-69,500 major protein contained N-linked carbohydrate, as determined by a reduction in molecular size by treatment with peptide N-glycosidase F. Binding of 125I-labelled GH was partially inhibited by co-incubation with 50 micrograms unlabelled pituitary-derived cGH/ml and excess unlabelled porcine GH as well as ovine prolactin, but not by bovine insulin. Non-specific binding of 125I-labelled GH by serum albumin was also observed. A comparison was made between these GHBPs and the hepatic GH receptor (e.g. molecular weight estimates, affinity for homologous versus heterologous GHs, cross-reactivity with prolactin, presence of N-linked carbohydrate). The origin and relationship among the various molecular weight species of GHBPs identified, and their potential role in regulation of the biological activity of GH in birds, remain to be determined.
Efficacy and safety of oral nadolol for exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias

Sixty-four patients with reproducible exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias were enrolled in an open-label, multicenter study to assess the efficacy and safety of oral nadolol therapy. There were 53 men and 11 women ranging in age from 19 to 75 years (mean 53.9). The severity of arrhythmias varied from frequent ventricular premature beats to nonsustained and sustained ventricular tachycardias. Using serial treadmill exercise tests, patients underwent dose titration for 1 month and were followed up for 3 to 6 months. Depending on drug tolerance and response to treadmill exercise testing, the single daily required dose of oral nadolol ranged from 20 to 240 mg (average 66). Twenty-three (36%) of the patients experienced a total of 30 adverse effects of nadolol therapy; however, only 9 (14%) patients had to be withdrawn from the study. The adverse effects observed were those commonly associated with beta-adrenergic blocking agents, and all were dose-dependent and reversible. At the last patient visit, the severity of exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias was significantly decreased compared with pretreatment in 36 (75%) of 48 evaluable patients. Eighteen (38%) of the patients demonstrated total suppression of arrhythmias. This was accompanied by significant increases from pretreatment in both the mean duration of symptom-limited exercise (+1.02 +/- 0.41 minutes, p less than 0.05) and the mean time of exercise required for arrhythmia induction (+1.80 +/- 0.66 minutes, p less than 0.01), a significant decrease from pretreatment in the mean peak exercise double-product (-4,775, p less than 0.001) and a decrease in the incidence of exercise-induced ST-segment depression (-33%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
False Models and Post-Data Model Construction

Abstract This article proposes a method of discounting evidence when linear regression models are constructed after the data have been partially analyzed. The solution parallels a formal decision theoretic analysis of a presimplification problem in which models or model spaces are simplified before observation in order to avoid observation or processing costs. Post-data model construction is interpreted as the data-dependent decision that this pre-simplification is undesirable. The discounting implications of this formal analysis may then be used to police data analyses with less formal post-data model construction.
Communicating Control in the Classroom and Satisfaction with Teaching and Students.

This investigation reports the findings of two studies designed to explore the relationship between the use of Behavior Alteration Techniques (BATs) in the classroom and teacher satisfaction toward their profession and students. Results indicated that BAT use was a significant predictor of satisfaction for teachers at all levels of instruction. Specifically, elementary and secondary teachers’ (Study 1 ) use of primarily antisocial BATs was shown to be negatively related to their satisfaction, whereas the use of primarily prosocial BATs was unrelated to satisfaction. In contrast, college teachers’ (Study 2) use of prosocial BATs was positively associated with their satisfaction, but antisocial BAT use was unrelated. Interpretation of findings and discussion of differences were based on an analysis of the managerial demands and techniques available to teachers of younger students versus teachers of more adult‐learners.
Wealth impact of cross-border US acquisitions of Chinese firms

Do US firms gain value by buying Chinese firms? This study investigates the wealth impact of mergers and acquisitions' announcements on US firms involved in cross-border acquisitions of 204 Chinese firms from 1999 to 2007. The empirical findings show that US firms experienced statistically significant wealth gains on the announcement day, though they are primarily concentrated in transactions involving divested targets. An analysis of wealth gains with respect to industry affiliation indicates that acquisitions in the Chinese manufacturing and services sectors experience the greatest wealth gains. In contrast, acquisitions in the financial sector result in a loss of wealth. Among the factors influencing wealth gains were the undervaluation of the yuan, favourable Chinese economic conditions, positive sales growth rates and financial slack of the acquiring firms.
Many-body surface strain and surface reconstructions in fcc transition metals.

Bonding in the near-surface region is strongly influenced by the truncation of the lattice at the surface. This many-body effect is examined quantitatively by use of the embedded-atom method on low-index transition-metal surfaces. An unreconstructed metal surface is found to have a tensile strain of several percent. This many-body surface strain is an important factor in the energetics of surface structure, serving as a parameter combining surface stress and nonlinear elastic effects. In particular, it is demonstrated that the surface strain drives surface reconstruction, and also produces asymmetry in the stability properties of thin mismatched epitaxial overlayers.
Metacognitive knowledge about problem-solving methods.

Background. The effective application of a problem-solving method requires the knowledge of what task is relevant, what the abilities involved are and how much effort is needed. However, as yet too little is known about these metacognitive representations. Aim. This study was aimed at describing beliefs about problem-solving methods and at assessing whether they vary according to the kind of method and of problem and are modified by psychological courses attended. Sample. Forty-six Italian undergraduates in psychology and 37 in non-psychological disciplines. Methods. Participants had to rate how frequently each of five problem-solving methods (free production, analogy, step-by-step analysis, visualisation and combining) is employed and how effective and easy each one is to apply. Ratings were requested for interpersonal, practical and study problems. Participants were also asked to identify which abilities they thought would be involved in each method. Results. According to students' ratings, the most frequently used problem-solving method was analogy, which was also considered the easiest method to apply, whereas step-by-step analysis and combining were considered the most difficult. Problem-solving techniques were perceived as being relevant above all for practical problems, whereas they were conceived as less suitable for interpersonal problems. For study problems the most relevant strategy was step-by-step analysis. Students were aware of the abilities relevant to each problem-solving method. Conclusions. Undergraduates both in psychology and non-psychological disciplines can identify some critical features in the methods used to solve problems, even though some misconceptions emerged. Since metacognition plays a causal role in problem-solving, trainers should take into account trainees' folk representations of problem-solving strategies.
Low-sodium diet and free fluid intake in the treatment of congestive heart failure; a preliminary report.

TRADITION is hard to break. Doubtless since the time of Adam, dropsy has been traditionally treated by the limitation of fluid intake, a natural result of the observation of the accumulation of water in the body tissues. Despite the assembly of clear-cut evidence in laboratory and clinic that restriction of common salt and of sodium in any form is much more important than is restriction of water, the practical application of this idea in effective form has been extremely slow. In a few places in this country where knowledge along this line was far more advanced than elsewhere, the usefulness . . .
Arthrographically guided splint therapy for recapturing the temporomandibular joint meniscus

Splint therapy for mandibular repositioning is an accepted method of treatment for patients with temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction. An accurate method of registering the optimal mandibular position on the basis of meniscocondyle relationships depicted on arthrographs is described.
Scalar Wiener filter based on discrete trigonometric transforms and symmetric convolution

This paper presents a scalar Wiener filter derived in the transform domain of discrete trigonometric transforms. The implementation of the filter is through symmetric convolution, the underlying form of convolution for discrete trigonometric transforms. The symmetric convolution of two sequences is equivalent to their multiplication in the transform domain of discrete trigonometric transforms. This symmetric convolution-multiplication property and the fact that a type-II discrete cosine transform is asymptotically equivalent to the eigenvectors of the correlation matrix of a Markov-I process allows this scalar Wiener filter to be nearly optimum for Markov-I models. The performance of the filter is analyzed for the case of recovering an object corrupted by a 2D Gaussian filter in the presence of noise.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A new look at blood coagulation factor V.

Purpose of reviewFactor V plays an essential role in hemostasis and has a profound influence on thrombin generation. The aim of this review is to highlight recent advances in our understanding of the biology of factor V which shed light on the variable bleeding tendencies in severe factor V deficien
Self-calibration of sensor misplacement based on motion signatures

Human motion monitoring with body worn sensors is becoming increasingly important in health and wellness. However, achieving a robust recognition of physical activities or gestures despite variability in sensor placement is important for the real-world deployment of body sensor networks. A novel self-calibration process of sensor misplacement based on repetitive motion signatures is proposed. A rotation matrix model is introduced to represent the impact of sensor misorientation. Dynamic time warping (DTW) is employed for choosing and synchronizing training and testing datasets. The information from repetitive motion signatures is then used to calibrate sensor misplacement. In this work, walking was used as an example of a motion signature that provides information for sensor misplacement calibration. To investigate the validity of this method, a large dataset of 57 walking traces over seven different subjects was collected. With the proposed algorithm, we show that in the lower body motion tracking experiment, step-length-measurement accuracy can be improved from 45.84% to 94.51%.
Analysis of Glucose Transporter Topology and Structural Dynamics

Homology modeling and scanning cysteine mutagenesis studies suggest that the human glucose transport protein GLUT1 and its distant bacterial homologs LacY and GlpT share similar structures. We tested this hypothesis by mapping the accessibility of purified, reconstituted human erythrocyte GLUT1 to aqueous probes. GLUT1 contains 35 potential tryptic cleavage sites. Fourteen of 16 lysine residues and 18 of 19 arginine residues were accessible to trypsin. GLUT1 lysine residues were modified by isothiocyanates and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters in a substrate-dependent manner. Twelve lysine residues were accessible to sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin. GLUT1 trypsinization released full-length transmembrane helix 1, cytoplasmic loop 6–7, and the long cytoplasmic C terminus from membranes. Trypsin-digested GLUT1 retained cytochalasin B and d-glucose binding capacity and released full-length transmembrane helix 8 upon cytochalasin B (but not d-glucose) binding. Transmembrane helix 8 release did not abrogate cytochalasin B binding. GLUT1 was extensively proteolyzed by α-chymotrypsin, which cuts putative pore-forming amphipathic α-helices 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, and 11 at multiple sites to release transmembrane peptide fragments into the aqueous solvent. Putative scaffolding membrane helices 3, 6, 9, and 12 are strongly hydrophobic, resistant to α-chymotrypsin, and retained by the membrane bilayer. These observations provide experimental support for the proposed GLUT1 architecture; indicate that the proposed topology of membrane helices 5, 6, and 12 requires adjustment; and suggest that the metastable conformations of transmembrane helices 1 and 8 within the GLUT1 scaffold destabilize a sugar translocation intermediate.
Toxicology of benzalkonium chloride given orally in milk or water to rats and dogs.

Abstract Benzalkonium chloride was well tolerated by male albino rats when administered orally in single daily doses of 50.0 mg/kg in milk or water for 12 weeks, or to beagle dogs in doses of 12.5 mg/kg in milk or water for one year. Slight depression of body weight gain was observed in rats given 100.0 mg/kg in water, but no depression occurred at the same dose in milk. No gross or histologic changes were observed in the tissues of these rats. Several dogs died that were medicated at 25.0 or 50.0 mg/kg in water, whereas none died when the milk vehicle was used. Conditioned salivation, vomiting, and enteritis were frequently observed in the dogs. The severity of these signs was directly related to the dosage and was more intense with the water than with the milk vehicle. The data from this presentation and those of Fitzhugh and Nelson (1948) and Alfredson et al. (1951) indicate that benzalkonium chloride was well tolerated at dose levels much higher than the recommended sanitary use concentrations of benzalkonium chloride when the data are compared on a calculated dose for dose basis (dietary vs. stomach tube).
Role of the microcin B17 propeptide in substrate recognition: solution structure and mutational analysis of McbA1−26

Abstract Background : The peptide antibiotic microcin B17 (MccB17) contains oxazole and thiazole heterocycles formed by the post-translational modification of four cysteine and four serine residues. An amino-terminal propeptide targets the 69 amino acid precursor of MccB17 (preproMccB17) to the heterocyclization enzyme MccB17 synthetase. The mode of synthetase recognition has been unclear, because there has been limited structural information available on the MccB17 propeptide to date. Results : The solution structure of the MccB17 propeptide (McbA 1−26 ), determined using nuclear magnetic resonance, reveals that McbA 1−26 is an amphipathic a helix. Mutational analysis of 13 propeptide residues showed that PheB and Leu12 are essential residues for MccB17 synthetase recognition. A domain of the propeptide was putatively identified as the region that interacts with the synthetase. Conclusions : MccB17 synthetase recognizes key hydrophobic residues within a helical propeptide, allowing the selective heterocyclization of downstream cysteine and serine residues in preproMccB17. The determination of the solution structure of the propeptide should facilitate the investigation of other functions of the propeptide, including a potential role in antibiotic secretion.
Day-case herniotomy in children. A comparison of ilio-inguinal nerve block and wound infiltration for postoperative analgesia.

Summary Forty-nine boys scheduled for day-case inguinal herniotomy Here studied to compare ilio-inguinal nerve block and wound infiltration for postoperative analgesia. Both techniques were simple to perform and produced no complications. In the ilio-inguinal block group, 100% had either no pain or very mild discomfort when assessed 60 minutes after return to the day unit, compared to 95% in the infiltration group. Some children did appear to have pain following discharge but in all cases this responded well to simple analgesics. We conclude that both techniques provide satisfactory analgesia whilst the complications of narcotics are avoided, and suggest that simple infiltration of the wound with local anaesthetic solution should be encouraged in paediatric anaesthesia.
Transport equations for multicomponent anisotropic space plasmas - A review

An attempt is made to present a unified approach to the study of transport phenomena in multicomponent anisotropic space plasmas. In particular, a system of generalized transport equations is presented that can be applied to widely different plasma flow conditions. The generalized transport equations can describe subsonic and supersonic flows, collision-dominated and collisionless flows, plasma flows in rapidly changing magnetic field configurations, multicomponent plasma flows with large temperature differences between the interacting species, and plasma flows that contain anisotropic temperature distributions. In addition, if Maxwell's equations of electricity and magnetism are added to the system of transport equations, they can be used to model electrostatic shocks, double layers, and magnetic merging processes. These transport equations also contain terms which act to regulate both the heat flow and temperature anisotropy, processes which appear to be operating in the solar wind.
The application of a computerized measurement of the content analysis of natural language to the assessment of the effects of psychoactive drugs

This article aims to answer the question whether developing technology is now capable of measuring objectively and accurately the effects of psychoactive pharmacological agents by means of computerized assessments of psychological states and traits through the analysis of the content and form of people 's speech. At the present time, psychopharmacological researchers involved in clinical trials rely on DSM-IV criteria and standardized self-report measures and observer rating scales to assess psychoactive drug effects. Attention is drawn to the potentially unrecognized measurement errors and relatively low interrater reliability by these methods-for example, all raters are not free of observer bias and every subject administered a drug is not equally and accurately well-informed about the self. The computerized content analysis methods tend to avoid these biases and measurement errors. A review is provided describing the Gottschalk-Gleser method of measuring psychobiological dimensions from the form and content of short (usually five-minute) speech samples of verbal behavior, generally elicited by standardized and purposely ambiguous instructions to talk about any interesting or dramatic personal life experiences. Norms have been obtained by this method of speech elicitation, adjusted for age, sex and educational level. Sections are provided covering cross-cultural and language validation research on the Gottschalk-Gleser content analysis method, the influence of medical or psychiatric illness as well as psychoactive drugs on verbal content analysis-derived scores and the research carried out for more than 20 years computerizing this content analysis procedure through the development of artificial intelligence software enabling these measurements to be done from typescripts of speech samples on computer diskettes. A brief review deals with the general applications of this method of measurement to basic and clinical psychiatry, psychosomatic medicine, neuropsychology, the diagnostic process in a psychiatry outpatient clinic, children 's mental health problems, dream research, and assessment of mental processes during PET scanning of the brain. This is followed by a review of the applications of this method of content analysis of speech to neuropsychopharmacological testing of antianxiety, antidepressive, antipsychotic, and other psychoactive drugs, as well as to pharmacokinetic variables and clinical response. This method is now in the process of being used in clinical trials in psychopharmacology and is recommended for more extensive use in this research area.
Fidelity and acceptability of an adaptive intervention for caregivers: an exploratory study.

Objective: There has been growing interest in providing tailored or adaptive interventions to family caregivers as a way of addressing their heterogeneity of risk factors and other needs. A particular challenge in an adaptive study is to implement the individualized intervention protocol as planned (program fidelity). This study explores the fidelity of implementation of an adaptive intervention for family caregivers of persons with dementia and its acceptability to caregivers. Method: Using a sample of 35 caregivers of person with dementia who participated in a program development study, we gathered information on acceptability and fidelity of the program from multiple sources, including caregiver and counselor reports and ratings of recordings of sessions. Results: Findings show that caregivers have high levels of acceptance of the intervention plan and high ratings of satisfaction with the program. Ratings of satisfaction and counselor competence were not associated with the amount of treatment provide...
Improving Medication Error Reporting in Hospice Care

The aims of this study are to determine the incidence of medication errors, characterize the type/severity of errors, and estimate the impact of an educational intervention on medication error processes in a hospice population. Medication errors from 2 hospice organizations were collected and coded for type of error/outcome severity. The educational intervention included a 2-hour in-service and twice weekly reminders. A survey to assess participants' change in knowledge and attitudes regarding medication error reporting through the study period and was administered at 3 different time points. Data analysis revealed that medication error reporting increased in one hospice program, that participants' ability to correctly identify medication errors increased (P < .001), and awareness of medication errors in hospice care increased (P < .01) after the intervention.
An assay for the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA to large oligonucleotides

Abstract A rapid assay for endonuclease activity which cleaves high-molecular-weight RNA to acid-precipitable fragments has been developed. RNA is covalently coupled to beaded agarose under conditions that produce relatively few coupling sites. The immobilized RNA can be used qualitatively or semiquantitatively in an assay for endonuclease activity by determining the release of acid-precipitable RNA from the complex. This assay is compared to one employing separation of degraded RNA by gel electrophoresis.
Atomic Lines in the Auroral Spectrum

PROF. L. VEGARD'S recent note1 on the atomic lines in the auroral spectrum calls for some comments. While it is true that the presence of the Vegard-Kaplan bands in auroral spectra was first observed and interpreted by Vegard, R. Bernard reported an auroral spectrum in which these bands and the 3,470 line were unusually strong in comparison with the rest of the spectrum. The remarkable resemblance between this auroral spectrum and the high-pressure afterglow spectrum discovered by me led Bernard to interpret the radiation at 3,470 as a line rather than as the 2 P.G. (3–4) band as proposed by Vegard. One must give Bernard credit for an important new observation in recognizing this resemblance.
Caenorhabditis elegans Pheromones Regulate Multiple Complex Behaviors

A family of small molecules called ascarosides act as pheromones to control multiple behaviors in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. At picomolar concentrations, a synergistic mixture of at least three ascarosides produced by hermaphrodites causes male-specific attraction. At higher concentrations, the same ascarosides, perhaps in a different mixture, induce the developmentally arrested stage known as dauer. The production of ascarosides is strongly dependent on environmental conditions, although relatively little is known about the major variables and mechanisms of their regulation. Thus, male mating and dauer formation are linked through a common set of small molecules whose expression is sensitive to a given microenvironment, suggesting a model by which ascarosides regulate the overall life cycle of C. elegans.
Color management in the real world: sRGB, ICM2, ICC, ColorSync, and other attempts to make color management transparent

A uniformly adopted color standards infrastructure has a dramatic impact on any color imaging industry and technology. This presentation begins by framing the current color standards situation in a historical context. A series of similar appearing infrastructure adoptions in color publishing during the last fifty years are reviewed and compared to the current events. This historical review is followed by brief technical, business and marketing reviews of two of the more popular recent color standards proposals, sRGB and ICC, along with their operating system implementations in the Microsoft and Apple operating systems. The paper concludes with a summary of Hewlett- Packard Company's and Microsoft's proposed future direction.
Low-Temperature Monolithic Three-Layer 3-D Process for FPGA

We developed a wafer-scale, monolithic, 3-D integrated circuit process that features three active layers: a silicon base layer with CMOS circuitry, a second layer of germanium (Ge) PMOS devices, and a top layer of AlOxNy resistive random access memory (RRAM) cells. The temperatures of all processes, following the fabrication of the CMOS circuitry, are below 400°C to ensure no damage to the CMOS circuitry. The Ge layer is applied as an array of islands using low-temperature aligned bonding, followed by cleaving at the buried layer of implanted hydrogen ions. The Ge PMOS devices are lithographically aligned to the underlying CMOS and feature metal gates over high-κ dielectric. The RRAM devices built into the third layer exhibit sub-μA switched currents. This process is attractive for a compact field-programmable gate array with reduced area, delay, and power.
An efficient embedded hardware for high accuracy detection of epileptic seizures

This paper presents design, implementation and evaluation of an efficient embedded hardware for accurate automated detection of epileptic seizures. Three hardware configurations are proposed and evaluated in terms of accuracy of detection, utilization of hardware resources, and power consumption. The results show that a solution based on combination of the statistical function of variance (for feature extraction) and an artificial neural network (ANN) classifier allows to achieve high detection accuracy (99.18%) with moderate hardware footprint (around 44% of the FPGA resources). Furthermore, use of algorithmic and architectural optimization techniques (reduction in precision of the fixed-point number representation and reuse of hardware components) allows reducing hardware footprint by a factor of 4.4 and power consumption by a factor of 2.7 as compared with an un-optimized hardware configuration. High accuracy, real-time detection, simplicity, power efficiency and small hardware footprint make our approach a good candidate for embedded epileptic seizure detection implementation.
Repression and its mediating influence on the defensive attribution of responsibility

Abstract The influence of a repressive coping style on the subsequent need to engage in defensive attribution of responsibility in response to a threatening instance of victimization was examined using different operationalizations of a repressor. In the first study, consistent with characteristic differences in coping styles conceptualized by the repression-sensitization continuum, repressors engaged in less defensive attribution of responsibility to a victim relative to sensitizers and were shown to have poorer recall of details associated with the threatening event. In the second study, a combination of anxiety level and defensiveness level were used to identify four distinct groups, including repressors. Results indicated that repressors engaged in less defensive attribution than either high-anxious or defensive high-anxious individuals; however, repressors did not differ from low-anxious individuals in this regard. Thus, characteristically coping with threatening stimuli through a repressive coping strategy appears to mediate the need to engage in defensive attribution of responsibility in a manner consistent with an arousal-based motivational bias.
Laser processed TiN reinforced Ti6Al4V composite coatings.

Abstract The purpose of this first generation investigation is to evaluate fabrication, in vitro cytotoxicity, cell–material interactions and tribological performance of TiN particle reinforced Ti6Al4V composite coatings for potential wear resistant load bearing implant applications. The microstructural analysis of the composites was performed using scanning electron microscope and phase analysis was done with X-ray diffraction. In vitro cell–material interactions, using human fetal osteoblast cell line, have been assessed on these composite coatings and compared with Ti6Al4V alloy control samples. The tribological performance of the coatings were evaluated, in simulated body fluids, up to 1000 m sliding distance under 10 N normal load. The results show that the composite coatings contain distinct TiN particles embedded in α + β phase matrix. The average top surface hardness of Ti6Al4V alloy increased from 394 ± 8 HV to 1138 ± 61 HV with 40 wt% TiN reinforcement. Among the composite coatings, the coatings reinforced with 40 wt% TiN exhibited the highest wear resistance of 3.74 × 1 0 − 6 mm 3 / Nm , which is lower than the wear rate, 1.04 × 1 0 − 5 mm 3 / Nm , of laser processed CoCrMo alloy tested under identical experimental conditions. In vitro biocompatibility study showed that these composite coatings were non-toxic and provides superior cell–material interactions compared to Ti6Al4V control, as a result of their high surface energy. In summary, excellent in vitro wear resistance and biocompatibility of present laser processed TiN reinforced Ti6Al4V alloy composite coatings clearly show their potential as wear resistant contact surfaces for load bearing implant applications.
Improved performance of carbon paste amperometric biosensors through the incorporation of fumed silica

The sensitivity and stability of carbon paste enzyme elearodes are greatly enhanced through the incorporation of fumed silica within the paste matrix. The improved performance is attributed to the adsorptive and electrocatalytic properties of the silica nanoparticles. The electrocatalytic action results in a substantial lowering of the overvoltage for both the oxidation and reduction of the enzymatically liberated peroxide species. Highly selective, low-potential, biosensing of glucose is thus accomplished in the presence of coexisting acetaminophen, ascorbic acid, or uric acid. The enhanced performance accrued from the presence of silica is also illustrated for mediator (dimethyl ferrocene)-containing pastes. High enzymatic activity is maintained over prolonged periods. The silica modification strategy provides an effective, fast, and inexpensive route for immobilizing enzymes within carbon paste matrices.
Asymptotic Neyman-Pearson games for converse to the channel coding theorem

Upper bounds have recently been derived on the maximum volume of length-n codes for memoryless channels subject to either a maximum or an average decoding error probability e. These bounds are expressed in terms of a minmax game whose variables are n-dimensional probability distributions and whose payoff function is the power of a Neyman-Pearson test at significance level 1 - e. We derive the exact asymptotics (as n → ∞) of this game by relating it to a problem that admits an asymptotic saddlepoint with an equalizer property.
Smoking automaticity and tolerance moderate brain activation during explore–exploit behavior

The adaptive trade-off between exploration and exploitation is a key component in models of reinforcement learning. Over the past decade, these models have been applied to the study of reward-seeking behavior. Drugs of addiction induce reward-seeking behavior and modify its underlying neurophysiological processes. These neurophysiological changes may underlie a behavioral shift from a flexible, exploratory mode to a focused, exploitative mode, which precedes the development of inflexible, habitual drug use. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between explore/exploit behavior and drug addiction by examining the neural correlates of this behavior in cigarette smokers. Participants (n=22) with a range of smoking behaviors completed a smoking dependence motives questionnaire and played a 6-armed bandit task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Exploratory behavior produced greater activation in the bilateral superior parietal and bilateral frontal cortices than exploitative behavior. Exploitative behavior produced greater activation in the bilateral superior and middle temporal gyri than exploratory behavior. fMRI data and orthogonalized smoking dependence motive scores were entered into multiple linear regression analyses. After controlling for nicotine tolerance, smoking automaticity positively correlated with activation in the same bilateral parietal regions preferentially activated by exploratory choices. These preliminary results link smoking dependence motives to variation in the neural processes that mediate exploratory decision making.
High-power 1.3um InGaAsP/InP lasers and amplifiers with tapered gain regions

Tapered structures fabricated in InGaAsP/InP 1.3-micrometers quantum-well material have been evaluated as lasers and as high-gain high-saturation-power amplifiers. The devices, which had a 1-mm-long ridge-waveguide gain section followed by a 2-mm-long tapered gain region, demonstrated > 1 W output power as lasers, with > 85% of the power in a central diffraction-limited lobe. The amplifiers had an unsaturated gain of 26 dB at 2.0 A and about 30 dB at 2.8 A. Saturated output power at 2.8 A was > 750 mW. At 2.0-A drive current and approximately equals 10-mW input power, the relative intensity noise of the amplified signal was = 2 GHz.
Spiritual‐material identification in the deep ecology movement

In an attempt to reverse the ecological damages of anthropocentric and materialistic cultures, deep ecology attempts, through a rhetoric of identification, to revise the dominant values of its audiences, advancing the ideas that non‐human life has intrinsic value and that the welfare of human beings is tied to the well‐being of the environment. Applying David Payne's concept of spiritual‐material identification, I argue that deep ecology's efforts fail because the movement forces a false division between spiritual and material understandings of various aspects of environmental debates. In advancing this claim, I examine basic philosophical texts of the movement for their spiritual and material themes. At stake in deep ecology's rhetorical efforts is not only the potentially beneficial revision of cultural values concerning nature, but also the intellectual and spiritual development of deep ecology activists who adhere to the movement's literature and philosophies.
Algebraic verification for parameterized motion planning libraries

Recent progress in algorithms for estimating regions of attraction and invariant sets of nonlinear systems has led to the application of these techniques to motion planning in complex environments. In most instances, the verification occurs offline as the algorithms are still too computationally demanding for realtime implementation; as a result any online planner is restricted to applying the finite set of motion plans that were verified offline. In this paper we attempt to present a partial remedy by algebraically verifying families of parameterized feedback controllers. We provide a specific example using LQR controllers parameterized by their goal or nominal motion. We formulate this verification using robust region of attraction techniques in sums-of-squares optimization, and show that perturbations of a Lyapunov or Riccati equation can be used to provide algebraically parameterized Lyapunov candidates. The resulting verified “funnels” then provide a parameterized motion library that can be used efficiently in online planning. We present a number of numerical examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
USE OF COLOR SCALES IN MICROANALYTICAL MAPS

False colors are widely used in images obtained in scanning electron probe microanalysis and in the mapping procedures. Color scales representing intensity variations are often employed, but these scales are not always appropriately constructed. Characteristics of colors and of microprobe maps are briefly discussed, and optimized scales are proposed.
A graphical model for evaluating the use of the egg ratio for measuring birth and death rates

1. A graphical model is described with which one can calculate for any reproductive schedule values for population growth rate, birth rate, death rate, egg ratio, and age structure. Variations are discussed to describe different kinds of life history. 2. Examples are described to show how various population parameters are interrelated and how they vary with reproductive schedule. Discrepancies that arise in deriving instantaneous coefficients from counts of a population growing by discrete steps are noted.
The glucose repression and RAS-cAMP signal transduction pathways of Saccharomyces cerevisiae each affect RNA processing and the synthesis of a reporter protein

Previously we reported that mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae REG1 gene encoding a negative regulator of glucose-repressible genes, suppress the RNA processing defects and temperature-sensitive growth of rna1-1 and prp cells. This result and the fact that growth on non-glucose carbon sources also suppresses rna1-1 led us to propose that RNA processing and export of RNA from the nucleus are responsive to carbon source regulation. To understand how carbon source affects these processes, we used p70, an antigen regulated by REGI and by glucose availability, as a reporter. We found that the response of p70 to glucose availability is mediated by both the SNFI-SSN6-dependent glucose repression and the RAS-cAMP pathways. These results led us to test whether the RAS-cAMP pathway interacts with RNA1. We found that suppression of rnal-1 appears to be mediated, at least in part, by the RAS-cAMP pathway.
Maimonides on the Fall of Man

The forms of interpreting sacred texts are many, and, of course, the concept of sacred text is fluid and part of a process depending on the attitudes of society which change over time. For Maimonides, an important method of interpretation was the philosophical mode. In order to get a better understanding of what Maimonides understood by that method of interpretation, Chapter Two of the First Part of his Guide of the Perplexed on the fall of man is examined in terms of structure and content. Then, the principle underlying the possibility of the philosophic mode of interpretation of the Hebrew Bible according to Maimonides is discussed. Finally, the general place of the philosophic mode of interpretation within the general theory of the interpretation of literature is touched on briefly.
Influence of chemical reactions on fluxes and a theory of active and facilitated types of transport

Abstract The influence of complex formation reaction on fluxes of species participating in the association-dissociation type of reaction across a diffusion barrier is investigated. Methods of computation of the reaction rate and concentration profiles in the diffusion barrier from experimentally available quantities both when diffusion coefficients are constants and when they are functions of position are presented. From the Gibbs-Duhem relation, valid for steady states in the presence of chemical reaction, a relation between three partial frictional coefficients is obtained. The conditions under which one of the three species participating in the reaction and undergoing transport may actively be transported is presented. The conditions under which a substance may be transported facilitated by the chemical reaction is also included. Illustrative numerical calculations substantiating the main conclusions of this paper are included.
Computing hyperelliptic integrals for surface measure of ellipsoids

An algorithm for computing a class of hyperelliptic integrals and for determining the surface measure of ellipsoids is described. The algorithm is used to construct an omnibus optimal-design criterion.