cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Ultrashort Clock Mutation at the period Locus of Drosophila melanogaster That Reveals Some New Features of the Fly's Circadian System:

A rhythm mutant of Drosophila melanogaster was induced by chemical mutagenesis and isolated by testing for locomotor activity rhythms, which in the new variant had periods of approximately 16 hr. The sex-linked mutation responsible for this ultrashort period causes 20-hr rhythms when heterozygous with a normal X. This semidominance notwithstanding, the new mutation was revealed to be an allele of the period (per) gene by noncomplementation with per-null variants, in the sense that females heterozygous for perT (as the ultrafast-clock allele is called) and per- exhibited periods that were much shorter than in the case of perT/+. These tests also revealed in a clearer manner than in previous cases that two "doses" of a fast-clock per mutation lead to appreciably shorter periods than those exhibited by one-dose females whose other per allele is a loss-of-function variant. In light-dark cycles (LD 12:12), flies carrying perT in a genotypic condition leading to free-running periods that are 8 hr faster than normal nevertheless entrained, by phase-shifting that large number of hours each day; the evening peak of locomotor activity was, however, many hours earlier than normal. The use of a newly developed device for monitoring Drosophila eclosion automatically showed that perT exhibits a very marginal emergence rhythm at 25 degrees C, but periodicity of ca. 17-18 hr at 19 degrees. Staining of the per-encoded protein (PER) in sections of perT versus normal pharate adults revealed for the first time that the immunohistochemically detected signal cycles in its intensity in wild-type, in a manner that is similar to the PER rhythm previously demonstrated in adults. The staining cycle in pharate adults expressing perT differed from that of wild-type. Temperature compensation of the adult activity rhythm of perT was found to be faulty, in that periods became appreciably shorter as the flies were heated. However, the mutant exhibited a normal degree of period lengthening when its locomotor activity was monitored in the presence of heavy water. The perT mutation interacted with the long-period Andante allele of the dusky locus in a manner that was anomalous (in comparison to dyAnd interactions with per+ or another short-period per mutation). This and other unique features of perT are discussed from the standpoint of the new mutation's heuristic value, including that which may stimulate a deeper understanding of the period gene's action at the molecular level.
Models of short-range order in a face-centered cubic Fe-Ni-Cr alloy with a high concentration of nitrogen

Abstract The calculation results of a cluster variation model and two different Monte Carlo models that have been used to deduce the atomic arrangement in a concentrated solid solution of nitrogen in an austenitic alloy (Fe-39.9Ni-14.96Cr-0.25N wt%) are compared. Quantitatively, the predictions of all three models are in good agreement. In the absence of nitrogen, the arrangement of the metal atoms at 1273 K was found to be close to random. Addition of nitrogen markedly increases the number of octahedral lattice clusters containing four or more chromium atoms, with the result that a large fraction of the nitrogen atoms occupy interstitial sites in these high-chromium clusters. The association of nitrogen and chromium atoms predicted at 298 K was found to be even more pronounced, the nitrogen being exclusively in clusters with six chromium atoms. The validity of the assumptions made in each of the models and the significance of the results are discussed.
Developing a university-wide course on sustainability: a critical evaluation of planning and implementation

Abstract Sustainability is an issue of increasing importance in today's world. Institutions of higher education are undergoing change towards incorporating sustainable development principles within their teaching, research, service, and community outreach efforts. This article presents a case study of the development and implementation of one such initiative: a university-wide freshman course centered on the topic of sustainability. The objective of the course was to expose freshman students to important sustainability issues in a common course team-taught by faculty from various disciplines. The article presents experiences and recommendations as a guide to administrators, faculty and researchers at other institutions of higher education that plan to undertake similar endeavors. Based on experiences with the course, it is recommended that institutions that attempt a similar course should allocate significant time to develop the course, ideally a year in advance. The course concept was predicated on faculty members from widely differing disciplines coming together to teach a cluster topic. While this led to an interesting diversity in perspective, and introduced students to the multi-dimensional aspects of sustainability issues, it also resulted in divergent expectations among faculty and a lack of coherence in achieving the goals of the course initially set forth. A mechanism needs to be in place to coordinate faculty and their lectures within a cluster, and to prevent divergent expectations. An additional challenge that should be taken into consideration is the level of preparedness of freshman students to participate in a course that required high levels of critical thinking and analysis. In conclusion, the course has much potential to create a culture of caring for sustainability issues at an institution, as well as being a bonding experience for incoming freshmen. However, some restructuring is necessary to nurture the students to the point where they can engage in meaningful discussion of sustainability issues.
Resisting the Welfare Mother: The Power of Welfare Discourse and Tactics of Resistance:

This paper examines the impact of dominant discourses on welfare on the lives of women caught up within the American welfare system, focusing primarily on community differences in levels of stigma and the possibility for resistance to the dominant practices. Based upon interviews with 36 women conducted in 1997, one year after the passage of the Welfare Reform Act of 1996, the paper compares women living in concentrated poverty in the inner cities with those living in rural and suburban communities. The levels of stigma vary dramatically between the two areas, with women in mixed class communities experiencing much more negative treatment and internalizing the punitive welfare discourse to a far greater extent. Women experiencing lower levels of welfare stigma are able to enact more resistive practices to counter the effects of the dominant discourse.
Particle Monte Carlo simulation of Wigner function tunneling

Abstract We present initial results from a particle-based Monte Carlo simulation of Wigner function evolution. The case of the single tunnel barrier is studied by solving the Schrodinger equation, the Wigner distribution function, and the new Monte Carlo procedure. Comparisons of the resulting densities are presented along with a Bohm trajectory interpretation to validate the new method.
Linguistic Practice and False-belief Tasks

Jill de Villiers has argued that children's mastery of sentential complements plays a crucial role in enabling them to succeed at false-belief tasks. Josef Perner has disputed that and has argued that mastery of false-belief tasks requires an understanding of the multiplicity of perspectives. This paper attempts to resolve the debate by explicating attributions of desires and beliefs as extensions of the linguistic practices of making commands and assertions, respectively. In terms of these linguistic practices one can explain why desire-talk will precede belief-talk and why even older children will have difficulty attributing incompatible desires.
“Cinema in the Hands of the People”: Chris Marker, the Medvedkin Group, and the Potential of Militant Film*

* This paper developed out of a seminar on postwar European art, directed by Benjamin Buchloh at Harvard University in 2010. I owe my foremost thanks to Buchloh, who supported this project from its inception, and to Malcolm Turvey, for his invaluable editorial critique. Thanks are also due to Maria Gough, my colleagues in the seminar, ISKRA, the Harvard Film Archives, and, for their generous advice on early drafts, Samuel Johnson, Kevin Lotery, and Annie Rudd. 1. August Villiers de l’Isle-Adam, “Tableau de Paris,” Le Tribun du Peuple (19 May 1871). Reproduced in La Commune de Paris Aujourd’hui, ed. Jacques Zwirn (Paris: Les Editions de l’Atelier, 1999), p. 139. All translations are my own, unless otherwise specified. 2. Nicolas Sarkozy, “Discours a Besancon, 13 Mars, 2007,” n.p., sites.univ-provence.fr/veronis/ Discours2007transcript.php?n=Sarkozy&p=2007-03-13 (accessed September 1, 2011). Approach the groups, listen. A whole population is discussing serious matters, and for the first time workers can be heard exchanging their views on problems which until now have been broached only by philosophers.
Surgical management of clinically significant hypertropia associated with exotropia.

Purpose To report the surgical treatment of hypertropia coexisting with exotropia, with either vertical offset surgery or additional vertical muscle surgery simultaneous to correction of the exotropia. Methods A total of 35 patients with exotropia and hypertropia who underwent a horizontal muscle surgery for exotropia were included. To determine efficacy in resolving a vertical deviation in patients with exotropia, 28 patients were compared in 2 groups: those who underwent horizontal muscle surgery with vertical offset and those who underwent horizontal muscle surgery with additional vertical muscle surgery. An additional 7 patients who had exotropia and hypertropia but did not undergo vertically corrective surgery were included for comparison. Results Vertical offset of horizontal rectus muscles (4 mm) resulted in 8 Δ correction of the distance hypertropia. Vertical rectus muscle recession used in the treatment of larger hypertropic deviations with exotropia had a 3 Δ correction per 1 mm of recession. Success rates for hypertropia correction were similar between groups, 63% vertical offset and 71% vertical muscle groups; overcorrections occurred in 29% of the vertical muscle group. The vertical correction in both groups was stable in 88% over 6 months postoperatively. Conclusions Vertical offset of the horizontal muscles simultaneous with exotropia correction has a beneficial effect in small-angle hypertropia ( Δ ). Vertical rectus muscle surgery in patients with hypertropia greater than 10 Δ had equivalent success; however, in intermittent exotropia the hypertropia was prone to overcorrection.
Comparison of Leaf Plastochron Index and Allometric Analyses of Tooth Development in Arabidopsis thaliana

Two methods of analyses were used to investigate tooth development in serrate (se) mutant and wild-type Columbia-1 (Col-1) Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. There were almost twice as many teeth with deeper sinuses and two orders of toothing on the margins of serrate compared with Columbia-1 leaves. The main objective of this study was to test three hypotheses relative to the source of polymorphism in tooth development: (i) Teeth share similar growth rates and initial sizes, but the deeper teeth are initiated earlier in leaf development. (ii) Teeth share similar timing of initiation and growth rates, but the deeper teeth have a larger initial size. (iii) Teeth share similar timing of initiation and initial sizes, but the deeper teeth have a faster growth rate. Leaf plastochron index (LPI) was used as the time variable for leaf development. Results showed teeth in se were initiated at -27 LPI, 15 plastochrons earlier than those of Col-1. Serrate leaf expansion was biphasic, with the early phase expanding at half the relative plastochron rate of the later phase, which equaled the constant relative expansion rate of Col-1 leaves. Allometric analyses of tooth development obscured the interactions between time of tooth and leaf initiation and the early phase of leaf expansion characteristic of serrate leaves and teeth. Timing of developmental events that allometric analysis obscured can be readily detected with the LPI as a developmental index.
Fertility and blood progesterone levels following LHRH-induced superovulation in FSH-treated anestrous goats

Twenty mature, mixed-breed, seasonally anestrous female goats were used to study the effects of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) on ovulation rate, fertility, and blood progesterone levels following norgestomet-induced estrus and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) treatments. Each goat received 6 mg norgestomet by subcutaneous (sc) implant and 3 mg intramuscularly, along with an intramuscular (im) injection of 5 mg estradiol valerate. Four injections of FSH were given for 2 d in divided doses of 10, 10, 5 and 5 mg im every 12 h, starting at 24 h before implant removal. The goats were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 equal treatment groups, and were treated with 2 intravenous (iv) injections of either 0.9% saline (control) or 300 ug LHRH at 24 and 48 h after the removal of the implants. All the goats exhibited estrus within 24 or 36 h of implant withdrawal and were mated to bucks of proven fertility. At laparotomy on Day 7 or 8 after the removal of the implants, the mean number of unovulated follicles was higher (P<0.05) in Group I than in Group II. The mean number of corpora lutea (ovulation rate), the total number of embryos and the number of normal embryos recovered were higher (P<0.05) in LHRH-treated does than in the controls. Treatment with LHRH resulted in 72.14% fertility (mean number of CL = 14) as compared with the controls with 64.29% fertility (mean number of CL = 2.8). The embryos obtained from goats in Group II were of more uniform developmental age regardless of the day of embryo collection, as compared with those of the controls. Plasma progesterone levels were significantly increased on Days 4 to 6 in both treatment groups. The results of this study have demonstrated that the FSH and LHRH treatment regimen increased follicular development, ovulation rate and blood progesterone levels in norgestomet-treated anestrous goats. Moreover, LHRH treatment enhanced fertility, and improved embryo quality as indicated by the significantly higher total number of embryos as well as the higher (P<0.05) number of normal recoverable embryos.
A High Omega-3 Fatty Acid Diet has Different Effects on Early and Late Stage Myeloid Progenitors

The effects of the polyunsaturated omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids (FA) on hematopoiesis are complex in that both FA forms are processed into leukotrienes, eicosanoids, and prostaglandins, which can have independent effects. These FA have antagonistic effects in that n-6 FA prostaglandins tend to be pro-proliferative and pro-inflammatory, while the effects of n-3 FA prostaglandins are the opposite. We have previously shown that diets high in n-3 FA reduce the size of the middle to later stage myeloid progenitor compartment in FVB X sv129 F1hybrid mice. To assay the effects of high n-3 FA diets on earlier stages of myelopoiesis, we fed C57BL/6J mice diets high in n-3 FA or levels of n-3/n-6 FA similar to western diets and assayed the effects on myelopoiesis with flow cytometry and colony forming cell assays. Results indicate an expansion of the common myeloid progenitor cell compartment in high n-3 FA diets, which does not persist into later stages where the number of progenitor cells is actually lower in high n-3 FA fed animals. Investigations in vitro with the hematopoietic stem cell line EML-clone 1 indicate that cells cultured with eicosapentaenoic acid (n-3 FA) or arachidonic acid (n-6 FA) have no differences in cell viability but that arachidonic acid more rapidly produces progenitors with low levels of the macrophage developmental marker, F4/80.
Experiences with the Blackfin architecture in an embedded systems lab

At Northeastern University we are building a number of courses upon a common embedded systems platform. The goal is to reduce the learning curve associated with new architectures and programming environments. The platform selected is based on the Analog Devices Blackfin digital signal processor.In this paper we discuss our recent experience developing anew undergraduate embedded systems lab. Students learn to utilize the embedded DSP platform to address a number of different applications, including controller design, RS-232 communication, encryption, and image processing. This platform provides a rich design exploration sandbox replete with programming and simulation tools. We describe our use of this platform in our Microprocessor-based Design Laboratory and discuss how this platform can be used in a range of classes.
A kairomone forTrichogramma nubilale (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) isolation, identification, and synthesis.

A kairomone that effects host-seeking behavior inTrichogramma nubilale Ertle and Davis, an egg parasitoid of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), was isolated from moth scales of the European corn borer. The kairomone was identified as a mixture of 11,15-, 13,17-, and 15,19-dimethylnonatriacontanes. The three dimethylnonatriacontanes were synthesized, and bioassays showed that the 13,17 isomer was the most active in terms of klinokinetic and retention effects. The 11,15 isomer and the 15,19 isomer had some effect on klinokinesis, but they failed to effect retention of the wasps. The 13,17-dimethylnonatriacontane is considered to be the most important component of the kairomone.
Comparative toxicity of the cardiovacular toxin allylamine to porcine aortic smooth muscle and endothelial cells

This study supports a recent hypothesis that the cardiovascular toxin, allylamine, is toxic to smooth muscle cells of large elastic arteries (aorta). Cultures of the porcine aortic smooth muscle, endothelial, and fibroblastic cells were exposed to varying concentrations of allylamine ranging from 5 microM to 340 microM. Monitored cytotoxic and cytolytic activities demonstrated that final concentrations of 60 microM allylamine decreased cell population viability of smooth muscle cells as much as 50%. Viability decreased approximately linearly with increasing concentrations of allylamine including spontaneous lysing of smooth muscle cells at 90 microM. Endothelial cells were more resistant to lower concentrations of allylamine requiring 90 microM to decrease cell population viability by 50%. In contrast, fibroblastic cells were very resistant to lower concentrations of allylamine. The specific lytic response of these cells in culture, measured by release of [3H]thymidine, gave findings parallel to the viability studies, i.e. at 100 microM allylamine smooth muscle cells demonstrated 75% specific lysis while endothelial cells showed 29%. Growth studies of cells surviving an 8-h exposure to allylamine indicate that surviving endothelial cells have better growth characteristics than surviving smooth muscle cells; both cell lines are also apparently injured at concentrations of allylamine much lower than the CT50. These studies show that of the cellular components of the vascular wall, smooth muscle cells appear to be the most sensitive to the toxic effects of allylamine.
The Euro, the European Central Bank, and the International Monetary System

The creation of the euro at the beginning of 1999 represents one of the most significant events in international finance since the end of World War II. Never in the past had a group of sovereign nations voluntarily given up their national currency for a common currency. The article begins by reviewing the benefits and costs of the euro on the participating countries; it then examines the role of the European Central Bank (ECB) in the conduct of monetary policy in the European Monetary Union, as well as its effect on the euro/dollar and euro/yen exchange rates; finally, the article analyzes the effect that the ECB has and is likely to have on the functioning of the international monetary system.
Recent advances in avalanche photodiodes: Ultraviolet to infrared

Recent breakthroughs in photodetector and optical sensor technologies have increased the performance and functionality of a wide range of existing systems as well as enabling new applications. This talk will review progress in a variety of low-noise avalanche photodiodes (APDs). Emphasis will be on APDs that operate at the spectral edges of the spectrum covered by Si APDs; namely, the ultraviolet and short-wavelength and mid-wavelength infrared. Both linear mode and Geiger-mode operation will be discussed.
Temporal boundary value problems in interfacial fluid dynamics

We study problems in interfacial fluid dynamics which do not have well-posed initial value problems. We prove existence of solutions for these problems by considering instead boundary value problems, where boundary data is specified at two different times. We develop a general framework, for problems on the real line and for problems which are spatially periodic. A variety of boundary conditions are considered, including Dirichlet, Neumann and mixed conditions. The framework is applied to two specific problems from interfacial fluid dynamics: a family of generalizations of the Boussinesq equations developed by Bona, Chen and Saut, and the vortex sheet.
Style and structure in mother‐child conversations about the past

This research examined possible stylistic differences in how mothers structure conversations about the past with their young children. Just as there are different maternal styles for talking about the “here‐and‐now,” which influence children's language development, we explored different maternal styles for talking about the “there‐and‐then,” which might influence children's memory development. Ten mothers and their 30–35‐month‐old children engaged in naturalistic conversations about various past events. Two styles emerged, an elaborative style and a repetitive style. Elaborative mothers talk more than repetitive mothers, they ask more memory questions, and they provide more information about the event under discussion. They are also more likely to elaborate on their previous questions, whereas repetitive mothers tend to simply repeat questions without embellishment. Implications of these two maternal styles for the child's memory development are discussed.
The impact of BEOL lithography effects on the SRAM cell performance and yield

With the feature size shrinking down to 65 nm and beyond, manufacturing process variation starts to signif cantly impact the device and interconnect electrical parameters, and therefore the performance of circuits. Back-end-of-line (BEOL) design for manufacturability concerns such as lithography variation and misalignment are more pronounced in the advanced technology node. Since SRAM cell always ?tests? the most advanced technology among all design blocks, SRAM cell yield analysis considering the internal cell interconnect BEOL impact is important and necessary. In this paper, we perform a critical study of the effects of BEOL lithographic variations on SRAM performance and yield analysis. An SRAM simulation model with internal cell interconnect RC parasitics is presented in order to study the BEOL lithographic impact. With our method, the impact of BEOL variations on memory designs are systematically evaluated. First, we study the impact of ideal parasitics assuming no lithographic variations. This is followed by considering worstcase, best-case and nominal lithographic variations. On average, ideal parasitics impact the delay by more than 20?30% and impact the stability yield leading to SRAM minimum operating voltage, Vmin, increase of 100mV. This implies that the power estimation with our BEOL model is more accurate, and a traditional model without interconnect parasitic may be 33% off in terms of accuracy. Additional accounting of the litho variations for BEOL study induces about 4% variation on the SRAM read delay. Finally, when the resistance change due to misalignment is of the same order of magnitude as the nonlinear device resistance, the impact is more severe.
Image of God: Effect on Coping and Psychospiritual Outcomes in Early Breast Cancer Survivors

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of breast cancer survivors' views of God on religious coping strategies, depression, anxiety, stress, concerns about recurrence, and psychological well-being. DESIGN Exploratory, cross-sectional, comparative survey. SETTING Outpatients from community and university oncology practices in the southeastern United States. SAMPLE 130 early breast cancer survivors (6-30 months postdiagnosis). METHODS Self-report written survey packets were mailed to practice-identified survivors. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Image of God, religious coping strategies, depression, anxiety, stress, concerns about recurrence, and psychological well-being. FINDINGS Women who viewed God as highly engaged used more coping strategies to promote spiritual conservation in proportion to coping strategies that reflect spiritual struggle. Women who viewed God as highly engaged maintained psychological well-being when either spiritual conservation or spiritual struggle coping styles were used. No differences in variables were noted for women who viewed God as more or less angry. CONCLUSIONS The belief in an engaged God is significantly related to increased psychological well-being, decreased psychological distress, and decreased concern about recurrence. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Addressing survivors' issues related to psychological adjustment and concern about recurrence within their world view would allow for more personalized and effective interventions. Future research should be conducted to establish how the view that God is engaged affects coping and psychological adjustment across diverse groups of cancer survivors and groups with monotheistic, polytheistic, and naturalistic world views. This could lead to a practical method for examining the influence of these world views on individuals' responses to cancer diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship.
Compatible coarsening in the multigraph algorithm

We present some heuristics incorporating the philosophy of compatible relaxation into an existing algebraic multigrid method, the so-called multigraph solver of Bank and Smith [Bank Randolph E., Kent Smith R. An algebraic multilevel multigraph algorithm. SIAM J Sci Comput 2002;25:1572-92]. In particular, approximate left and right eigenvectors of the iteration matrix for the smoother are used in computing both the sparsity pattern and the numerical values of the transfer matrices that correspond to restriction and prolongation. Some numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of the procedure.
Gender and non-medical use of prescription opioids : results from a national US survey

Aims Gender differences exist regarding alcohol and illicit drug use disorders in the United States. Little is known about the gender-related factors associated with non-medical use of prescription opioids. Design Using data from the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we examined risk factors for past-year non-medical use of prescription opioids stratified by gender. Setting Non-institutionalized US residences. Participants Civilian, non-institutionalized US citizens aged 12 years and older. Measurements Self-reported alcohol and drug use, focusing specifically on past-year non-medical use of prescription opioids. Findings Among 55 023 respondents, 4.8% reported past-year, non-medical use of prescription opioids. For both women and men, alcohol abuse/dependence and marijuana, hallucinogen, cocaine, non-medical stimulant and sedative/tranquilizer use were associated with past-year non-medical use of prescription opioids. Among women but not men, first use of illicit drugs beginning at 24 years or older [adjusted odds ratios (AOR) 1.90, 95% CI 1.05–3.44], serious mental illness (AOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.29–2.17) and cigarette smoking (AOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.05–1.68) were associated with past-year non-medical use of prescription opioids. Among men but not women, past-year inhalant use (AOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.28–2.92) was associated with the outcome. Conclusions For both women and men, illicit drug use is associated with the non-medical use of prescription opioids. Additionally, certain factors associated with the non-medical use of prescription opioids are notably gender-specific. Clinicians should recognize that patients with a history of illicit substance use or misuse of other prescription medications are at increased risk for non-medical use of prescription opioids, and that gender-specific factors can help to identify individuals at greatest risk.
MHC antigen expression on bulk isolated macrophage-microglia from newborn mouse brain: induction of Ia antigen expression by γ-interferon

Abstract Macrophage-microglia were isolated from primary mixed brain cell cultures of normal newborn mice. They were successfully maintained in vitro for at least 8 weeks. Purity of the cultures was 97–100%, as determined by endocytosis of latex beads, non-specific staining through Fc receptors, EA and EAC rosette formation. These cells were non-specific esterase-positive, but peroxidase-negative. Electron-microscope observations revealed morphological similarities to mature macrophages. Isolated macrophage-microglia seldom incorporated [3H]thymidine in vitro. By means of 51Cr release assay, using monoclonal antibodies against mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and complement, we detected class I MHC (H-2) antigen on unstimulated macrophage-microglia, and both class I and class II (Ia) antigens on γ-interferon-treated cells. These observations suggest possible immunoregulatory functions of macrophage-microglia in the central nervous system, as is characteristics of other cells of monocyte lineage.
Application of the corresponding states principle to mixtures of low molecular weight gases at low temperatures and high pressures

There are two main avenues of approach in applying the corresponding states principle to multicomponent systems. One is through the use of reduced virial coefficients introduced by Guggenheim [1], Guggenheim and McGlashan [2], and further developed by Prausnitz and Gunn [3]. The other is through the use of composition dependent pseudo- critical properties proposed originally by Kay [4] with later improvements by Joffe [5], Stewart et al. [6] and Leland and Mueller [7]. The method of reduced virials is more rigorous theoretically but tine thermo-dynamic properties evaluated from it are limited to conditions under which the gas behavior can be described by equations involving only the second virial. The method of pseudo-criticals, while more empirical in nature, does not completely neglect the effect of higher virials.
Hyperbranched macromolecules via olefin metathesis.

A facile route to hyperbranched polymers via acyclic diene metathesis is reported. Any molecule functionalized with two or more acrylate groups and one terminal olefin can serve as an AB_n monomer when exposed to an imidazolinylidene-based ruthenium olefin metathesis catalyst, due to the cross metathesis selectivity of this catalyst. For the polymers obtained by this method, both ^1H NMR spectroscopy and triple detector size exclusion chromatography conclusively indicate a branched architecture.
Effect of a California Spray Oil on Transpiration of Citrus

The affect on transpiration in plants of several varieties of citrus, of a representative California foliage spray oil applied according to present-day practice for control of citrus pests in the field investigated in laboratory experiments. Plants of Eureka lemon, Bears lime, navel orange, and Valencia orange Were grown in pots in the glasshouse; temperature control permitted a maximum of 92° F. during the day and a minimum of 66° F. during the night. Transpiration was measured by determining the loss in total weight of the potted plant during a period of 7 hours from morning to afternoon; the surface area of the foliage was measured and transpiration was expressed as milligrams of water transpired per square centimeter of leaf surface per hour. On the first day after the application of 1.75% spray oil in aqueous mixture, transpiration of the oil-sprayed plants was reduced to one-third that of untreated plants. Oil-sprayed plants recovered with time, and analyses showed that the correlation with the log 10 of time is highly significant. The available evidence indicates that reduction in transpiration in citrus foliage after the application of oil spray is due to physical interference by the spray oil on or in the leaf tissue and that recovery of transpiration occurs with dissipation of oil from the leaves. Transpiration was restored to original levels in the oil-sprayed plants in 3 to 5 weeks after the spray was applied.
AVERAGE NUMBER OF EVENTS AND AVERAGE REWARD

In a renewal process, the interarrival times are independent and identically distributed, and in a renewal reward process, the pairs of reward and interarrival time are i.i.d. Many useful results hold for these processes. This paper relaxes the assumption of identical distributions while keeping the assumption of independence. This paper explores the properties of the mean average number of occurrence of events and the mean average reward on any finite time interval. The paper also discusses the limiting properties of these two quantities and extends many results from the renewal process and renewal reward process to the more general counting process and reward sequence.
Outcomes of critically ill patients.

Abstract Objective We hypothesized that critically ill patients who remain in the ED for more than 24 hours experience worse outcomes and longer lengths of stay than those transferred to the medical intensive care unit (MICU) within 24 hours. Methods Medical records were examined of all patients admitted to the MICU directly from the ED of a 325-bed community teaching hospital between 2001 and 2002. Results Of 443 patients, 104 remained in the ED for 24 hours or longer (ED ≥24 ) before being transferred to the MICU. There were no significant differences in demographic characteristics of the 339 who were in the ED for less than 24 hours (ED ) as compared with ED ≥24 . APACHE II scores were 18.9 ± 1.0 for a random sample of ED and 20.5 ± 0.9 for ED ≥24 ( P = .2). Lengths of hospital stay were 10.9 ± 0.8 days for ED and 9.8 ± 0.9 days for ED ≥24 ( P = .7). Mortality rates were 26.8% for ED and 26.9% for ED ≥24 ( P = .5). Conclusions These data suggest that outcomes of critically ill patients transferred from the ED to our MICU within 24 hours were not better than those who remained in the ED for longer durations. Larger studies are required to examine this hypothesis.
The pleomorphism of systemic sclerosis: are we ready for 'personalized medicine' in scleroderma?

While the term ‘personalized medicine’ is relatively new, with varying definitions depending on whether it is defined by those in Congress, pathology, genetics, informatics or pharmacology, it is n...
The Lists of Phalaborwa Rulers: A Comparison of Variant ‘Fixed’ Sources

In this paper I discuss genealogical material documented in the past about the ruling families of Phalaborwa in the northeast Transvaal. Recent archeological research in Phalaborwa demonstrates a continuous Iron Age cultural complex in the area centered around Lolwe hill since the eighth century A.D. Subsequent investigations of Phalaborwa oral tradition clearly link the present BaPhalaborwa Sotho-speaking population with the Iron Age past, adding considerable specific detail for the historical reconstruction of this remarkable 1000-year old metalproducing and trading society.Noble and royal genealogies among the BaPhalaborwa focus on the main line of Malatji clan rulers and in all of the Malatji lines the genealogies merge at one or other ascending levels. There is consequently a single ultimate prestige genealogy for all noble and royal families in Phalaborwa which has become fixed by the efforts of various of the tribe literates since the 1930s. Inconsistencies in oral tradition from diverse groups, however, suggest that this genealogy was not rigid in the past, but flexible, allowing certain direct lines of descent to become obscured and the collateral and even unrelated lines which have found their way into political association with the ruling house of Phalaborwa by various means to be added.
Patient engagement in rehabilitation therapy: physical and occupational therapist impressions

Purpose. The study is performed to examine the impressions of physical and occupational therapists on therapeutic engagement among their patients. Engagement in this context was defined as a patien...
An asymmetric NFAT1 dimer on a pseudo-palindromic κB-like DNA site

The crystal structure of the NFAT1 Rel homology region (RHR) bound to a pseudo-palindromic DNA site reveals an asymmetric dimer interaction between the RHR-C domains, unrelated to the contact seen in Rel dimers such as NF kappa B. Binding studies with a form of the NFAT1 RHR defective in the dimer contact show loss of cooperativity and demonstrate that the same interaction is present in solution. The structure we have determined may correspond to a functional NFAT binding mode at palindromic sites of genes induced during the anergic response to weak TCR signaling.
Predicting relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: what is the role of biomarkers?

Faecal calprotectin seems to be a relatively sensitive and specific marker of the risk of relapse in ulcerative colitis, but not in Crohn’s disease Various laboratory biomarkers have been studied in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as diagnostic aids, indicators of disease activity or severity, and to predict the risk of relapse in those patients in remission. These biomarkers have enormous potential implications for patient management. For example, therapeutic decisions could be directed more appropriately if a marker could reliably distinguish active IBD from other inflammatory or non-inflammatory causes of symptoms, or if one could distinguish Crohn’s disease from ulcerative colitis. In addition, a simple, inexpensive, sensitive, specific marker could help monitor response in the clinic and in clinical trials. Finally, the ability to reliably predict the risk of recurrence would help direct appropriate therapy to those who would most likely benefit from it and avoid the expense and potential toxicity of chronic maintenance therapy in those who have a low risk of recurrence. In the current issue of Gut , Costa and colleagues1 addressed the latter issue by studying the role of faecal calprotectin as a marker of risk of relapse in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease (see page 364) . Calprotectin represents 50–60% of neutrophilic cytosolic protein, is stable in faeces for several days after excretion, and has a relatively easy to perform assay which is available commercially and correlates well with the more difficult and more expensive indium 111-labelled leucocyte excretion2 Costa and colleagues1 studied 38 patients with Crohn’s disease and 41 with ulcerative colitis in remission for a mean of five months. A baseline faecal calprotectin level greater than 150 μg/g had a sensitivity for predicting relapse within the next year of 89% in ulcerative colitis and 87% in Crohn’s disease. The specificity …
Spatial Representations in the Parietal Cortex May Use Basis Functions

The parietal cortex is thought to represent the egocentric positions of objects in particular coordinate systems. We propose an alternative approach to spatial perception of objects in the parietal cortex from the perspective of sensorimotor transformations. The responses of single parietal neurons can be modeled as a gaussian function of retinal position multiplied by a sigmoid function of eye position, which form a set of basis functions. We show here how these basis functions can be used to generate receptive fields in either retinotopic or head-centered coordinates by simple linear transformations. This raises the possibility that the parietal cortex does not attempt to compute the positions of objects in a particular frame of reference but instead computes a general purpose representation of the retinal location and eye position from which any transformation can be synthesized by direct projection. This representation predicts that hemineglect, a neurological syndrome produced by parietal lesions, should not be confined to egocentric coordinates, but should be observed in multiple frames of reference in single patients, a prediction supported by several experiments.
Non‐equilibrium behaviour of equilibrium reservoirs in molecular simulations

SUMMARY We explore two widely used algorithms for fluid reservoirs in molecular simulations and demonstrate that they may induce nonphysical non-equilibrium effects, even in systems that should be at equilibrium. For example, correlations of momentum and density fluctuations lead to a bias in the mean fluid velocity when measured as the mean over samples of instantaneous fluid velocity. The nonphysical behavior is entirely computational in origin and is an instance of a more general issue in molecular simulations: a failure to correctly model stochastic properties may induce non-equilibrium behavior that does not exist in the corresponding physical system. Finally, we demonstrate that simple algorithm corrections eliminate this artifact. Copyright c � 2050 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diet, Keystone Resources and Altitudinal Movement of Dwarf Cassowaries in Relation to Fruiting Phenology in a Papua New Guinean Rainforest

I recorded plant community phenology for three years, classified each fruiting species according to pattern (continually, annually, biennially or one-year fruiting) and documented what cassowaries consumed versus this fruit availability through dung analyses. Dwarf cassowaries are 25 kg ratites whose diet consists of over 91% fruit year-round. Although the study site had aseasonal rainfall, it experienced an annual fruit lean season. During peak fruit periods cassowaries preferred predictable, synchronously fruiting annual and biennial species over continually fruiting species. However, during the lean season they had to rely on continually fruiting species, as they were almost the only fruits available over a 3–4 month period each year at the site. Cassowary diet is much more diverse than that of other specialized frugivores, perhaps because they are non-volant and can consume large quantities of fruit without the ballast limitations experienced by volant frugivores. Fruit availability and cassowary signs at three different altitudes over a 5-month period suggested that some individuals move altitudinally to follow fruit availability. I suggest that these are the females and that males remain to incubate eggs (the lean season is also the incubation season) and live mostly off their fat reserves.
A computer based system for quantification of the evoked response and long-term potentiation

The hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) phenomenon can be quantified by employing evoked response techniques and obtaining specific measurements taken from the evoked response waveform. The authors describe the data acquisition, computer analysis, and statistical treatment of the evoked response waveforms obtained from the dentate gyrus upon stimulation of the perforant path before and after the potentiation process in two diet groups. Control animals (25%-25% protein diet) and prenatally malnourished animals (6%-25% protein diet) were employed. Comparisons between the control and prenatally malnourished animals indicate that the efficacy of synaptic transmission was significantly decreased in those animals exposed to the prenatal protein insult. >
Renal renin-angiotensin system in diabetes: Functional, immunohistochemical, and molecular biological correlations

Recent evidence indicates a role for the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathogenesis of glomerular injury in diabetes. To further explore the RAS in diabetes, studies were conducted in nondiabetic control rats and in moderately hyperglycemic diabetic (DM) rats. In DM rats, both acute and chronic therapy with the specific angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor antagonist losartan did not affect glomerular hyperfiltration or hyperperfusion but selectively normalized the glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure and ultrafiltration coefficient. To determine the basis of intrarenal hemodynamic responsiveness to RAS inhibition, we conducted biochemical, molecular biological, and immunohistochemical studies to assess endogenous RAS activity. Values for plasma renin concentration and serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in DM rats were normal. In contrast, intrarenal renin protein content, and renin and angiotensinogen mRNAs, were increased in DM rats, suggesting disproportionate activation of the intrarenal RAS. Total renal ACE activity was significantly reduced in DM rats, but immunohistochemical studies indicated redistribution of ACE in the diabetic kidney. Proximal tubule ACE activity was reduced, but ACE immunostaining intensity was enhanced in glomeruli and renal vasculature. Together, these observations indicate increased RAS activity in those sites (glomeruli and vasculature) most likely to regulate hemodynamic function, potentially explaining the prominent responses to pharmacological blockade of ANG II formation and/or action.
Soil moisture patterns in a forested catchment: A hydropedological perspective

To connect pedon and landscape scales of soil moisture, a key lies in the distribution of different soils over the landscape. Mapping the fabric of soils over a watershed helps optimal sampling design and appropriate modeling of landscape hydrology. Such a hydropedological perspective is examined in a 7.9-ha forested catchment in central Pennsylvania in order to understand the spatio-temporal organization of soil moisture and its relationships with soil-landscape features. Soil moisture changes at four depth intervals (0–0.06, 0.11–0.29, 0.51–0.69, and 0.91–1.09 m) were monitored at 30 sites in the catchment for over 3 months in 2004. In addition, a reconnaissance campaign was conducted at 189 points on ten days during a 2.5-month period in 2003. Soil distribution and topographic metrics were correlated with the observed soil moisture patterns to reveal their relationships with soil type, depth to bedrock, topographic wetness index, slope, precipitation, and stream discharge. Among the five soil series identified in the catchment, the Ernest soil series (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Fragiudults) remained the wettest throughout the monitoring periods, which was consistent with its morphology and topographic position (e.g., many redox features and a fragipan-like layer starting at 0.3–0.5 m depth). The Weikert soil series (loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Lithic Dystrudepts) had the driest condition because of its shallow depth to bedrock and steep slopes. Cluster analysis based on soil depth, topographic wetness index, and local slope showed that the 30 monitoring sites could be grouped into wet, moderately wet, moderately dry, and dry locations that exhibited different spatio-temporal patterns of subsurface soil moisture. Such a grouping correlated with the soil series plus local slopes. Because of complex interplays between soils and topography, the individual contributions from soils and topography to the soil moisture grouping were hard to separate. Time series data showed a quick stream flow response to precipitation forcing, indicating the rapid movement of water within the catchment into the stream channel. A conceptual model of hillslope hydrology in this catchment was developed to elaborate the patterns of soil moisture distribution along the hillslope and within soil profiles, their relations to the soil series, and four main flow pathways downslope (i.e., subsurface macropore flow, subsurface lateral flow at A–B horizon interface, return flow at footslope and toeslope, and flow at the soil–bedrock interface). This conceptualization enhances the understanding and modeling of preferential flow dynamics at the small catchment scale, particularly with regard to the role of detailed soil mapping and lateral flow in hillslope hydrology.