cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Law and order in the classroom: reconsidering A Course on Citizenship, 1914

This article explores the tension between social control and democratic participation in the first American peace education curriculum, A Course in Citizenship (1914). Previously, this Course has been read as a case study of progressive era peace education, during which the call to teach democratically increased in volume. Building on this critical history, the Course can also offer historical perspective on the high value of discipline and obedience to law inscribed in some teachers’ views of citizenship education. Read alongside archival transcripts from the American peace movement before World War I, the warrants for predicting future peace in the Course in Citizenship suggest that peace education requires innovative methods of constituting classroom authority on the basis of representation.
Routine enlargement of the small aortic root: a preventive strategy to minimize mismatch.

Abstract Background . We routinely use aortic root enlargement (ARE) as part of one strategy to avoid prosthesis-patient mismatch in patients with relatively small aortic roots who are undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR). Methods . We performed a retrospective review of 657 consecutive stented AVR patients at a single institution between 1995 to 2001. Of these, 114 (17%) patients underwent ARE. Root enlargement was selectively performed in patients at risk for prosthesis-patient mismatch, defined as calculated projected indexed effective orifice area (iEOA) less than 0.85 cm 2 /m 2 . This involved extension of the aortotomy between the left and noncoronary cusps, valve implantation, and Dacron patch closure of the aorta, thus permitting replacement with a valve size appropriate to body surface area. Results . The mean age of ARE patients was 72.5 ± 11.0 years, with 32% aged 80 years or more. Of the patients, 61% were female and 27% had undergone previous cardiac operations. Combined procedures included coronary bypass in 57 patients and mitral repair or replacement in 24. The prevalence of mismatch was less than 3%. The ARE required an average of 19 minutes of additional aortic clamp time. The 30-day mortality was 0.9%. Logistic regression showed perfusion time to be the only independent predictor of mortality. Conclusions . Our results show that ARE can be performed readily and with minimal added risk relative to standard AVR. We also present a preventive strategy to minimize mismatch predicted at time of operation from the reference value of effective orifice area for a given prosthesis and the patient's size. This includes use of ARE to enhance the potential benefit of AVR.
Analysis and implementation of a dual algorithm for constrained optimization

This paper analyzes a constrained optimization algorithm that combines an unconstrained minimization scheme like the conjugate gradient method, an augmented Lagrangian, and multiplier updates to obtain global quadratic convergence. Some of the issues that we focus on are the treatment of rigid constraints that must be satisfied during the iterations and techniques for balancing the error associated with constraint violation with the error associated with optimality. A preconditioner is constructed with the property that the rigid constraints are satisfied while ill-conditioning due to penalty terms is alleviated. Various numerical linear algebra techniques required for the efficient implementation of the algorithm are presented, and convergence behavior is illustrated in a series of numerical experiments.
Evolution and Online Instruction: Using a Grounded Metaphor to Explore the Advantageous and Less Advantageous Characteristics of Online Instruction.

This research presents a case study of the first-time experience of the instructor-researcher in teaching an online class. Through thematic analysis and grounded metaphor, evolution was identified as the metaphor used to illuminate the emerging themes in creating a narrative. Advantageous and less-than-advantageous characteristics of online instruction were identified. The advantageous characteristics identified were (a) students actively involved in their own education, assessing their own learning and seeking additional information; (b) students constructing knowledge; (c) measured responses by students; (d) an increase in the quality of students work because of open access to peers' work; and (e) students' increases in technological confidence. The less-than-advantageous characteristics found were (a) concerns for clarity, (b) concerns for loss of personal or intimate interactions, and (c) misinterpretations resulting from communicating online. It is hoped that this work will assist the in understandin...
Theory for protein solubilities

Abstract Apomyoglobin is a protein that has a minimum in solubility as a function of urea concentration in water. We propose a mean-field model to account for this behavior. In contrast to the view that proteins aggregate in conformations intermediate between native and denatured states, the present model proposes that denatured states aggregate, and that the minimum in solubility arises from coupling of the aggregation equilibrium with the folding/unfolding equilibrium.
Specificity of immunosuppression by human alveolar cells.

To study their effect on T- and B-lymphocyte functions, we obtained human alveolar cells, predominantly macrophages, by bronchoalveolar lavage. The cellular target of suppression by alveolar cells of lymphoproliferation was defined by cell separation techniques. The results indicate a direct effect on T cells by alveolar cells via a soluble mediator released from alveolar cells. In contrast to the profound suppression of mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation, no significant suppression by equivalent numbers of alveolar cells was observed in assays of B-lymphocyte function or in the interactions of helper and suppressor T cells with B lymphocytes. These observations are consistent with an immunoregulatory role for alveolar cells, most likely alveolar macrophages: inhibiting cell-mediated immune responses and delayed hypersensitivity in the lung, while favoring antibody responses.
Distributed Interpolation Schemes for Field Estimation by Mobile Sensor Networks

We introduce a procedure to adapt local interpolations to represent spatial fields as they are measured by a mobile sensor network. The scheme incorporates new sensor (synchronous) measurements in a similar fashion to a Kalman filter-like recursion. We derive necessary conditions that allow the distributed computation of the recursion and present an algorithm that makes use of agreement rules that satisfy them. We show how the nearest neighbor interpolation scheme is compatible with the motion coordination algorithm for region coverage proposed in. Finally, we illustrate the performance of the algorithms in simulation.
Immunology of Reptiles

Reptiles tend to have a broad innate immune response followed by a more moderate adaptive response, and as an ectotherm, their immune response is strongly affected by temperature. The innate immune responses in reptiles encompass a diverse group of molecules and cells that includes non-specific leukocytes, lysozymes, antimicrobial peptides, the complement pathway and fever. The adaptive response involves both T and B cells; however, reptile humoral responses are much less robust than mammalian responses. Thus, reptiles may rely more heavily on a natural antibody response. The slower adaptive response may be because reptiles lack lymph nodes and do not form germinal centres. Phagocytic B cells have also been identified in reptiles. Studies of the reptilian immune system may contribute to our understanding of the evolution of the immune system as well as to the fields of conservation biology, ecological immunology and human medicine. Key Concepts Reptiles have a broad innate immune response able to encompass a variety of pathogens followed by a specific adaptive response. Because reptiles are ectothermic, temperature has a strong effect on immune responses. Seasonal variation in structure and function of the immune system in reptiles is common. As the only ectothermic amniotes, reptiles provide vital information on the evolution of the immune systems. Keywords: ecological immunology; ectotherm; reptile; innate immunity; adaptive immunity; phagocytosis
Ectopic Pregnancy—Part II: Diagnostic Procedures and Imaging

Ectopic pregnancy is an increasingly common and potentially catastrophic condition in which the patient often presents to the ED with abdominal pain or vaginal bleeding. Recent developments in the laboratory (sensitive beta hCG assays, progesterone assays), in ultrasonography (transvaginal probes, Doppler ultrasonography), and in the combination of modalities (discriminatory zone of beta hCG for ultrasonographic evidence of IUP) have allowed the earlier diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, with the potential for a reduction in maternal mortality and morbidity. Understanding the strengths and limitations of the variety of diagnostic modalities available will allow the clinician to formulate a rational strategy for the early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Numerous algorithms have been developed. All begin with high clinical suspicion for women of reproductive age with abdominal/pelvic pain or vaginal bleeding. Pregnancy testing with a sensitive beta hCG qualitative test is next. For stable patients found to be pregnant, sonography generally follows (often first transabdominally then transvaginally). Unstable patients require immediate resuscitation and gynecology consultation; invasive diagnostic methods may supplant laboratory studies and sonography. Unclear cases may necessitate the use of quantitative beta hCG (discriminatory zone), other pregnancy hormones (progesterone), invasive procedures (laparoscopy, culdocentesis, D&C), or observation (serial beta hCGs). A suggested algorithm incorporating these elements is shown (Fig. 1).
Low-overhead byzantine fault-tolerant storage

This paper presents an erasure-coded Byzantine fault-tolerant block storage protocol that is nearly as efficient as protocols that tolerate only crashes. Previous Byzantine fault-tolerant block storage protocols have either relied upon replication, which is inefficient for large blocks of data when tolerating multiple faults, or a combination of additional servers, extra computation, and versioned storage. To avoid these expensive techniques, our protocol employs novel mechanisms to optimize for the common case when faults and concurrency are rare. In the common case, a write operation completes in two rounds of communication and a read completes in one round. The protocol requires a short checksum comprised of cryptographic hashes and homomorphic fingerprints. It achieves throughput within 10% of the crash-tolerant protocol for writes and reads in failure-free runs when configured to tolerate up to 6 faulty servers and any number of faulty clients.
Nutritional Modulation of Terminal End Buds: Its Relevance to Breast Cancer Prevention

Findings with experimental rodent models reveal that exposures to dietary factors during the in utero and pubertal periods when the mammary gland is undergoing extensive modeling and re-modeling, alter susceptibility to develop mammary tumors. Similar observations have been made in humans: childhood exposure to genistein in soy or to some other bioactive food components reduces later breast cancer risk, although they may have no effect if consumed during adulthood. Thus, food components may be more effective in affecting cancer risk in some periods of life than others. Many of these dietary exposures modify fetal and postnatal hormonal environment, including changing the concentrations of estrogens and leptin. The hormonal alterations then may induce persistent epigenetic changes by affecting gene promoter regions or by inducing histone modifications that affect chromatin transcription. The targets of epigenetic changes are likely to be the terminal end buds (TEBs), the structures where carcinogen-induced mammary tumors in rats and mice are initiated. More specifically, the site of these changes in TEBs may be the stem cells and their niche; this might explain how an exposure early in life affects the risk of breast cancer decades later. Similar structures in women, called terminal ductal lobular units, are the sites where most human breast cancers rise. According to this hypothetical model, cancer is initiated only when the epigenetically altered cells are exposed to carcinogens/radiation, etc. during adult life. In a "normal" stem cell or its niche, cancer initiating exposures do not necessarily cause cancer, because the cells can either repair the damage or undergo apoptosis. Thus, the most likely molecular targets of early life dietary exposures are genes that regulate DNA adduct formation, repair DNA damage or induce apoptosis, such as genes affecting cellular metabolism, tumor suppressor genes or genes promoting cell survival. It is possible that some of these epigenetic changes also explain why the number of TEBs generally, but not always, correlates with breast cancer risk. This hypothesis may imply that adult intake of some bioactive dietary components reduces cancer risk increased by early life dietary exposures or inhibits tumor growth by reversing epigenetic changes in various molecular targets.
Effect of Wakefulness-Promoting Agents on Sleepiness in Patients with Sleep Apnea Treated with CPAP: A Meta-Analysis.

Study Objectives:To perform a meta-analysis of the effect of wakefulness-promoting agents (modafinil and armodafinil) in patients with residual sleepiness after CPAP therapy for obstructive sleep a...
A methodology for mode pushing in coercivity calculations

A mode pushing technique has been developed to accelerate the convergence of stiff modes in the numerical solution of a two-dimensional coercivity problem. The approach is applied to a domain wall which is described by a line that is pinned at two points. The mode pushing process consists of a translational as well as bending transformation of the domain wall in an iterative process until a stationary solution is obtained. This technique is found to greatly enhance the convergence of the solution by several orders of magnitude. >
Implications of the Proposed Revisions in a Draft of the Revised NIOSH Lifting Guide (1991) for Job Redesign: A Field Study:

The main objective of this research project was to compare the recommended load limits for lifting tasks derived based on the NIOSH (1981) Lifting Guide and the proposed NIOSH Draft Revisions of (1...
Convex Channel Design for Improved Capacitorless DRAM Retention Time

A convex channel surface with Si0.8Ge0.2 is proposed to enhance the retention time of a capacitorless DRAM Generation 2 type of capacitorless DRAM cell. This structure provides a physical well together with an electrostatic barrier to more effectively store holes and thereby achieve larger sensing margin as well as retention time. The advantages of this new cell design as compared with the planar cell design are assessed via two- dimensional device simulations. The results indicate that the convex heterojunction channel design is very promising for future capacitorless DRAM.
Students, sarariiman (pl.), and seniors: Japanese men's use of ′manly′ speech register

This article analyzes seven Japanese all-male friendly conversations, focusing on stereotypically gendered sentence-final particles to ascertain whether and how Japanese men native to the Kansai (western) region of Japan, aged 19–68 years, use these features to create a gendered identity. Quantitative methods are employed to establish the frequency with which such stereotypically gendered forms are used. A close discourse analysis investigates how the men use these forms in particular contexts to index particular identities, which may or may not correspond to traditional notions of Japanese masculinity.Earlier versions of this article were presented to the Department of Anthropology at the University of Iowa and to the Stanford Sociolinguistics Research Group at Stanford University. I thank the members of those audiences for their vital feedback. I am indebted to Janet S. (Shibamoto) Smith, Michael Silverstein, Miyako Inoue, Shigeko Okamoto, Laura Graham, Scott Fabius Kiesling, Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld, Hari Kanta Ogren, Jane Hill, and an anonymous reviewer for carefully reading and commenting on drafts. Without the support of the Kobe College Corporation and the National Science Foundation (Grant # BCS9817943) this article and its larger project would not have been possible.
Suppression of Plutella xylostella and Trichoplusia ni in cole crops with attracticide formulations.

The three key lepidopteran pests of cole, Brassica oleracea L., crops in North America are diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae); cabbage looper; Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); and imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Two species-specific pheromone-based experimental attracticide formulations were evaluated against these pests: LastCall DBM for P. xylostella and LastCall CL for T. ni. No LastCall formulation was available against P. rapae. Laboratory toxicity experiments confirmed the effectiveness of each LastCall formulations in killing conspecific males that made contact. In replicated small plots of cabbage and collards in central Alabama, over four growing seasons (fall 2003, spring 2004, fall 2004, and spring 2005), an attracticide treatment receiving the two LastCall formulations, each applied multiple times at the rate of 1,600 droplets per acre, was compared against Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kursatki (Bt) spray at action threshold and a negative untreated control. Efficacy was measured by comparing among the three treatments male capture in pheromone-baited traps, larval counts in plots, and crop damage rating at harvest. LastCall provided significant reductions in crop damage comparable to Bt in three of the four seasons. Efficacy of LastCall was dependent upon lepidopteran population densities, which fluctuated from season to season. In general, reduction in crop damage was achieved with LastCall at low-to-moderate population densities of the three species, such as typically occurs in the fall in central Alabama, but not in the spring when high P. rapae population pressure typically occurs in central Alabama. Significant reductions in pheromone trap captures did not occur in LastCall plots, suggesting that elimination of males by the toxicant (permethrin), rather than interruption of sexual communication, was the main mechanism of effect.
Dual-band planar electric thz metamaterial with resonator yield analysis

THz radiation transmission through a dual-band electric metamaterial is presented, where we analyze manufacturing defects in the metamaterial. Removing different resonator percentages allows us to quantify the effects of manufacturing defects on the material response.
Modeling and simulation for hybrid electric vehicles. II. Simulation

For pt.I see ibid., vol.3, no.4, p.235-43 (2002). Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) simulation is conducted based on the model developed for a parallel HEV built in the University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UT-HEV). The HEV simulation is a parametric analysis of the power control schemes and vehicle performance. Major parameters are evaluated for the vehicle driven under the standard urban and highway driving schedules. The results indicate that current configuration of the UT-HEV NEON has superb capability for battery state of charge (SOC) recovery while meeting the velocity request of the given driving schedules. Recommendations are given from the simulation for optimal performance in light of the HEV power control, capability for SOC recovery through regeneration and regenerative braking, as well as velocity, acceleration and range performance.
Dolomitization of the Devonian Swan Hills Formation, Rosevear Field, Alberta, Canada

The Swan Hills Formation (Middle-Upper Devonian) of the Western Canada Basin is host to several NW-SE-trending gas fields developed in massive replacement dolostone. One of these, the Rosevear Field, contains two major dolostone trends along opposing margins of a marine channel that penetrates into a platform-reef complex. Dolostones consist predominantly of branching and bulbous strdmatoporoid floatstones and rudstones with well-developed moldic and vuggy porosity. Replacement dolomite is coarsely crystalline (100-600 μm), inclusion-rich, composed of euhedral through anhedral crystals and has a blotchy to homogeneous red cathodoluminescence. Geochemically, replacement dolomite is characterized by (i) nearly stoichiometric composition (50.1-51.1 mol% CaCO3), (ii) negative δ18O values (mean=-7.5‰, PDB) and (iii) variable 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from values similar to Late Devonian-Early Mississippian seawater (∼0.7082) to radiogenic compositions comparable to saddle dolomite cements (>0.7100). Dolomitization began after widespread precipitation of early, equant calcite spar and after the onset of pressure solution, implying that replacement dolomite formed in a burial environment. Oxygen isotope data suggest that dolomite formed at 35-75°C, temperatures reached during burial in Late Devonian through Jurassic time, at minimum depths of 450 m. The linear NW-SE orientation of most dolomite fields in the Swan Hills Formation is suggestive of fault control on fluid circulation. Two models are proposed for fault-controlled circulation of dolomitizing fluids at the Rosevear Field. In the first, compaction-driven, updip fluid migration occurred in response to basin tilting commencing in the Late Palaeozoic. Deep basinal fluids migrating updip were focused into channel-margin sediments along fault conduits. The second model calls upon fault-controlled convective circulation of (i) warm Devonian-Mississippian seawater or (ii) Middle Devonian residual evaporitic brines. The overlap in 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O compositions, and similar cathodoluminescence properties between replacement and saddle dolomites provide evidence for neomorphism of some replacement dolomite. Quantitative modelling of Sr and O isotopes and Sr abundances suggests partial equilibration of some replacement dolomite with hot radiogenic brines derived during deep burial of the Swan Hills Formation in the Late Cretaceous-Palaeocene. Interaction of replacement dolomite with deep brines led to enrichment in 87Sr while leaving δ18O similar to pre-neomorphism values.
Electrochemical Acceleration of Chemical Weathering as an Energetically Feasible Approach to Mitigating Anthropogenic Climate Change

We describe an approach to CO2 capture and storage from the atmosphere that involves enhancing the solubility of CO2 in the ocean by a process equivalent to the natural silicate weathering reaction. HCl is electrochemically removed from the ocean and neutralized through reaction with silicate rocks. The increase in ocean alkalinity resulting from the removal of HCI causes atmospheric CO2 to dissolve into the ocean where it will be stored primarily as HCO3- without further acidifying the ocean. On timescales of hundreds of years or longer, some of the additional alkalinity will likely lead to precipitation or enhanced preservation of CaCO3, resulting in the permanent storage of the associated carbon, and the return of an equal amount of carbon to the atmosphere. Whereas the natural silicate weathering process is effected primarily by carbonic acid, the engineered process accelerates the weathering kinetics to industrial rates by replacing this weak acid with HCI. In the thermodynamic limit--and with the appropriate silicate rocks--the overall reaction is spontaneous. A range of efficiency scenarios indicates that the process should require 100-400 kJ of work per mol of CO2 captured and stored for relevant timescales. The process can be powered from stranded energy sources too remote to be useful for the direct needs of population centers. It may also be useful on a regional scale for protection of coral reefs from further ocean acidification. Application of this technology may involve neutralizing the alkaline solution that is coproduced with HCI with CO2 from a point source or from the atmosphere prior to being returned to the ocean.
Effects of particle size fluctuations in a breathing Lennard-Jones liquid

Particle size is included as a dynamical variable in a molecular dynamics simulation of 256 particles interacting through modified Lennard-Jones pair potentials. This additional, internal, degree of freedom provides a simple model for the study of the effects of size fluctuations (conformational changes) and internal vibrational modes in molecular fluids. When the frequency of the dynamical size fluctuations is close to that of hindered translations (cage frequency) in the liquid a substantial enhancement of the diffusion constant is observed along with a corresponding reduction of the shear viscosity.
Magnetic vortex oscillator driven by d.c. spin-polarized current

Transfer of angular momentum from a spin-polarized current to a ferromagnet provides an efficient means to control the magnetization dynamics of nanomagnets. A peculiar consequence of this spin torque, the ability to induce persistent oscillations in a nanomagnet by applying a d.c. current, has previously been reported only for spatially uniform nanomagnets. Here, we demonstrate that a quintessentially non-uniform magnetic structure, a magnetic vortex, isolated within a nanoscale spin-valve structure, can be excited into persistent microwave-frequency oscillations by a spin-polarized d.c. current. Comparison with micromagnetic simulations leads to identification of the oscillations with a precession of the vortex core. The oscillations, which can be obtained in essentially zero magnetic field, exhibit linewidths that can be narrower than 300 kHz at ∼1.1 GHz, making these highly compact spin-torque vortex-oscillator devices potential candidates for microwave signal-processing applications, and a powerful new tool for fundamental studies of vortex dynamics in magnetic nanostructures.
Age-Related Na,K-Atpase mRNA Expression and Alzheimer’s Disease

The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is believed to involve multiple factors including known and unknown genetic as well as acquired influences (Selkoe, 1994). The known genetic mutations involve the amyloid precursor protein (APP), trisomy 21 in Down’s syndrome, presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 (Selkoe, 1994; Hardy, 1997). However, in more than 90% of AD patients, the disease is sporadic with onset in late adulthood although the probability of developing AD is increased by the presence of the e4 allele of apolipoprotein E (Corder et al., 1993). While all the inherited and sporadic cases of AD are believed to involve abnormal processing and deposition of fibrillar amyloid (Aβ) peptides derived from APP (Selkoe, 1994; Hardy, 1997), there are many indications that Aβ peptide processing is not the only critical factor in AD dementia, and that other factors may interact with Aβ peptide to potentiate the toxicity.
Multifunctional coatings created using an antimicrobial polymer as a platform for titania precipitation on cotton

Titania precipitation on cotton has been achieved using a commercially available antimicrobial polymer, Reputex 20. The cotton swatches precipitated with titania retain antimicrobial activity, and we have also shown the ability to encapsulate diisopropylfluorophosphatase (DFPase), an enzyme capable of breaking down organofluorophosphates. Cotton swatches are easily prepared and precipitation occurs at room temperature in aqueous solutions at neutral pH. Both the antimicrobial properties of Reputex 20 and the hydrolytic activity of the DFPase enzyme are retained after titania precipitation, generating a cotton material exhibiting multifunctional properties. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43199.
LARGE SPACE STRUCTURE ANALYSIS USING SUBSTRUCTURE MODAL TEST DATA

This paper discusses a method of synthesizing a system from substructure test data that significantly reduces modal truncation errors. Because experimental results are restricted to a limited number of low frequency modes, large truncation e r ro r s can result from the use of only the measured modes. With this method residual flexibility and residual mass matrices a re calculated from the analytical Finite Element Model and are used to augment the measured test data. These residual terms a re shown to account for the flexibility at the suhstructure's interface that is lost due to omitting the high e r order modes. This modal coupling method utilizes an inertial coupling teclinique that has unconstrained interface coordinates ior the main body structure. Mass simulators a re added at the interface locations to represent the boundary loadings of the major components wliose modal characteristics a re determined separately. The method is used to couple two DSCS III* spacecraft structures to form a tandem-launched configuration. By performing two tests on a single spacecraft structure, a major cost reduction is achieved by eliminating one test structure and by greatly simplifying each test. The coupled system resonant frequencies and mode shapes obtained from tlie FEM analysis showed significant improvement due to residual effects, and the results using experimental data indicated similar trends.
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SECOND TOE LENGTH AND ANDROGEN- LINKED BEHAVIORS

Ontogenetic evidence suggests a possible link between second toe length and prenatal androgenization, and therefore it is possible that a longer second toe is related to behaviors and traits previously shown to be associated with testosterone. In an exploratory analysis of this phenomenon, respondents provided self-reports of various behaviors and traits previously shown to be related to testosterone and finger-length ratios and also indicated whether or not their second toe was the longest of their toes (i.e., extended beyond their other toes). Results yielded a significant association between longer second-toe length and left-handedness for both men and women. For women only, relationships between a longer second toe and a competitiveness orientation, a winning orientation, and physical aggression were found. For men only, a relationship between a longer second toe and exercise frequency was found. There was no association between second toe length and sociosexual orientation or sexual orientation for either sex. The implications and limitations of these findings and the potential for future research are discussed.
The Hamel Dimension of Any Infinite Dimensional Separable Banach Space is c.

(1973). The Hamel Dimension of Any Infinite Dimensional Separable Banach Space is c. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 298-298.
Nanoscale Dynamics of Heavy Oil Recovery Using Surfactant Floods

The surfactant flooding is one of enhanced oil recovery processes aimed at recovering additional oil after a waterflood. This work investigates the kinetics and nanoscale dynamics of asphalt recovery (heavy oil) via surfactant floods using nanoscale characterization techniques including quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry, and dynamic light scattering. It was found that while the recovery was inefficient below the CMC, the recovery rate increased with increasing surfactant concentration until a surfactant concentration of 2–3 × CMC, then reached a plateau. Above the CMC, the recovery dynamics could be well described by a two-term exponential decay model, indicating that two different first-order processes are responsible for this behavior. The fast process was found to be related to the formation of larger microemulsions, while the slow process was associated with the formation of loaded micelles. Overall, this article provides new nanoscale insights into th...
Cardiovascular Effects of Renin.

Renin, a pressor protein from the kidney which has been suggested as a cause of clinical hypertension, raises the blood pressure largely through generalized peripheral vasoconstriction.1, 2 During the pressor response, no significant changes have been observed in the skin temperature3, 4 nor cardiac output5 of animals. Hessel6 reported the production of permanent hypertension in rabbits by repeated intravenous injections of pig renin.The effects of renin on human beings have not been extensively studied but it has been shown that hog renin is ineffective7, 8 while human renin raises the blood pressure.7 Angiotonin, formed by the action of renin on blood globulins, has been shown to increase the arterial and venous pressure and to decrease the heart rate, cardiac output and blood flow in the limbs in human beings.9, 10Methods. In the present investigation extracts of human and hog kidneys were prepared and assayed by methods described elsewhere.11, 12 A rabbit unit has been defined as the amount of renin (...
Making moves: How sex and race are detected from biological motion.

Humans are able to successfully detect characteristics about others that serve to guide interaction, yet the source of this information is unclear. We hypothesized that biological motion specifies sex and race as these invariant categorical characteristics often guide interaction. Results indicated that movement kinematics are necessary but not sufficient for sex detection and that race is detectable when movement is produced by Caucasians but not African Americans, and only when kinematic information is embedded in body structure. These results imply that social psychological perspectives on person perception should be integrated with ecological psychological perspectives on affordances in order to understand social cognition.
Urban Education and Black Racial Identity in South Africa

Data suggest that having a positive, internalized racial identity is related to healthy outcomes. Although some scholars have highlighted the role of education in providing a context to develop such an identity, there is a dearth of research in this area. This study analyzed racial life narrative interviews with 15 Black South Africans to explore the role of education in shaping individuals’ perceptions of being Black during and after apartheid. We uncovered three interrelated dimensions: Educational System Shapes Opportunities, Educational Context Influences Racial Awareness (through opportunities for student activism, curriculum, and personal experiences with discrimination), and Education as (Racial) Empowerment.
Pituitary Responses to Acute Administration of Thymosin and to Thymectomy in Prepubertal Primates

There is firm clinical and laboratory evidence that adrenal glucocorticoids induce thymic involution, reduce mitotic activity in thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes, and inhibit phagocytic activity of human leukocytes (Ishidate and Metcalf, 1963; Monjan, 1981). By contrast, low concentrations of glucocorticoids enhance thymocyte differentiation and stimulate antibody formation in vitro (Ambrose, 1964; Ritter, 1977). How this interaction between the hypophyseal-adrenal axis and the immune system is controlled is unclear.
The (Perceived) Vanishing of the Leisure Class: Views from Weber, Veblen, and Piketty

The French economist Thomas Piketty has recently provided extensive documentation that economic inequality in the most developed countries has grown and will continue to grow. Relying on data primarily from Britain, France--and to a lesser extent, the United States and Germany-- Piketty asserts that this trend will continue, barring events such as major wars or internal revolutions. Weber saw capitalism in much the same terms, emphasizing slow capital accumulation over relatively long periods of time, which brought distinction and legitimacy to the holder of large amounts of capital. Veblen focused on the conspicuous display of this legitimation. However, in light of the extent of global capital Piketty’s analysis provides clues to reasons for the emergence of global flows of capital combined with the perceived physical disappearance of wealthy capitalists themselves.
10nm local interconnect challenge with iso-dense loading and improvement with ALD spacer process

10nm M1 local interconnect is using three-color litho-etch-litho-etch-litho-etch (LELELE) integration to enable technology scaling. This paper discusses the challenges to balance the three-color density in critical standard cell scaling, illustrates the limited process margin resulting from iso-dense loading during dry etch CD shrink, and proposes a novel ALD spacer-shrink process which improves iso-dense CD difference by 50%.
Abstract 3927: The presence of COX-2 and tumor-associated macrophages as a prognostic marker for invasive breast carcinoma patients

Inflammation is an important mediator of tumor progression. The objective of this study was to assess whether the tissue localization of COX-2 and tumor-associated macrophages were associated with clinicopathological features of invasive carcinoma, including collagen deposition and patient survival outcome. A tumor microarray (TMA) of 371 biopsy specimens from patients with invasive breast carcinoma was analyzed for expression of high levels of COX-2, and the macrophage markers CD68 and CD163 in either the tumor nest (TN) or the tumor-associated stroma (TS). The study population for this TMA was female patients, 18 to 80 years of age with a median follow up of 8.4 years. Survival tables were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. We found that elevated collagen deposition was associated with high stromal expression of COX-2 (P Citation Format: Karla Esbona, Sandeep Saha, Yanyao Yi, Menggang Yu, Kari Wisinski, Lee G. Wilke, Patricia J. Keely. The presence of COX-2 and tumor-associated macrophages as a prognostic marker for invasive breast carcinoma patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3927.
Design and Implementation of a Remotely Configurable and Manageable Well-being Study

Surveys are essential tools for obtaining an understanding of factors impacting a person’s physical and mental well-being. Recently, surveys using face-to-face interactions have been replaced with smartphone surveys, with the added benefit of using a phone’s sensor and usage data (e.g., locations, apps used, communication patterns, etc.) to collect valuable contextual information. These data collections, especially if longitudinal, often require a certain degree of flexibility and adaptability, e.g., survey questions may change over time or depend on location, demographics, and previous responses. Data collections may also be re-configured to account for changes in the study goals or to test different intervention techniques. Finally, participant compliance should be monitored and may also lead to modifications in the data collection approach. This paper introduces a data collection tool and study design that not only collects surveys and phone sensor data, but also addresses the need for remote customization, reconfiguration, and management.
Binding Site Protonation and Uphill Occlusion Control the Na+/K+-Pump Selectivity

The Na+/K+-pump resides in the plasma membrane and maintains the physiological K+ and Na+ concentration gradient across the cell membrane. It operates via a ping-pong mechanism, making iterative transitions between inward-facing (E1) and outward-facing (E2) conformations. The E1 conformation binds three Na+ from the cytosol and exports them using the energy from ATP hydrolysis. The release of Na+ and the binding of K+ at the extracellular side trigger the structural transition to the occluded E2 state, which imports two K+, as the pump returns to the E1 conformation. Although the general features of the pumping cycle are known, the detailed mechanism governing the selectivity in different states of the pump is not well understood. Using free energy molecular dynamics simulations based on the crystal structures of the pump in its E1 and E2 states, the current study reveals a switch in the binding site protonation state upon the E1-E2 transitions, giving the ion binding site its specificity when the pump is in different states. Ion selectivity of the states along the pump cycle has also been calculated. The relative binding free energy of Na+ and K+ in the binding sites calculated along the conformational transition of the protein reveals a self-correcting mechanism that ensures the selectivity and the stoichiometry of the pumping cycle.
Applying a Family Resilience Framework in Training, Practice, and Research: Mastering the Art of the Possible

With growing interest in systemic views of human resilience, this article updates and clarifies our understanding of the concept of resilience as involving multilevel dynamic processes over time. Family resilience refers to the functioning of the family system in dealing with adversity: Assessment and intervention focus on the family impact of stressful life challenges and the family processes that foster positive adaptation for the family unit and all members. The application of a family resilience framework is discussed and illustrated in clinical and community-based training and practice. Use of the author's research-informed map of core processes in family resilience is briefly noted, highlighting the recursive and synergistic influences of transactional processes within families and with their social environment. Given the inherently contextual nature of the construct of resilience, varied process elements may be more or less useful, depending on different adverse situations over time, with a major crisis; disruptive transitions; or chronic multistress conditions. This perspective is attuned to the diversity of family cultures and structures, their resources and constraints, socio-cultural and developmental influences, and the viability of varied pathways in resilience.
Heidegger and Das Nichts

In the case of Martin Heidegger, it was the insight of this politically “conservative” thinker into the vocational imperatives of modern Western humanist secularism, which was in fact a naturalized supernaturalism, that drew my interest. His Being and Time showed that, since the Romans’ colonization of the errancy of the Greek of concept truth (a-letheia), thinking has been a metaphysical thinking that sees time from after or above (meta) things as they are (physis). It is a panoptic perspective that structures temporality for the purpose of rendering its errancy stable, a condition that would enable modern man to reduce its phenomena (including himself) to disposable reserve. Heidegger thus anticipated the pervasive insight that reads the modern world as one that has reduced politics to a biopolitics that threatens to reduce human life to bare life.
Estética, política y economía: dinámicas dialécticas en Amauta

Este ensayo rastrea las estrategias vanguardistas que Amauta emplea para su constitucion. Se distingue un movimiento dialectico que se inicia con la reactualizacion de una estetica precolombina, continua con una abierta propuesta socialista y desemboca en la siguiente confluencia: la revolucion que busca la instauracion de un sistema socialista de raiz indigena. El ensayo tambien intentara desprender el discurso economico de Amauta con relacion a su espiritu vanguardista. Se prestara especial atencion a la mineria como base de un modelo economico nacional y a la manera en que esta es representada en los trabajos de Mariategui y Cesar Falcon.
Pathogenesis of Severe Pneumonia - Advances and Knowledge Gaps

Purpose of review Pneumonia is a common disease that becomes severe in a subset of patients, dependent on host biology including mechanisms of immune resistance and tissue resilience. This review emphasizes discoveries in pneumonia biology from 2016, highlighting questions and directions that are especially pressing or newly emerging. Recent findings Novel cell-cell interactions mediating innate immune responses against microbes in the lung have been elucidated, between distinct leukocyte subtypes as well as between leukocytes and the structural cells of the lung. Adaptive immunity has received growing attention for determining the outcome of pneumonia, particularly the lung resident memory cells that arise from repeated prior respiratory infections and direct heterotypic recall responses. New tissue resilience components have been identified that contribute to anti-inflammatory, proresolution, tissue-protective, and reparative regeneration pathways in the infected lung. Summary Recent findings will direct research into fundamental mechanisms of lung protection. Over the longer term, manipulating these pathways has implications for clinical practice, as strategies to bolster resistance and resilience have potential to ameliorate severe pneumonia.
Stepping Toward Objective Outcomes: A Prospective Analysis of Step Count After Total Joint Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Functional recovery monitoring after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is often limited to surgeon-based assessment and patient self-reporting rather than objective measures. However, traditional outcomes may not reliably gauge return of function. The goal of this study was to evaluate and compare an objective measure of postoperative recovery, daily step-count, with patient self-reported outcomes. Methods Prospectively, 589 patients used a mobile step-tracking application to record daily steps. Steps were recorded for 4 weeks before surgery and 12 weeks, thereafter. Patient-reported lower extremity functional scale (LEFS) scores were recorded at 1, 6, and 12 weeks, postoperatively. LEFS scores were correlated to weekly median daily steps using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results Preoperative median daily steps were 2682 and 1988 for patients undergoing THA and TKA, respectively. Steps for weeks 1, 6, and 12 were 214, 3,170, and 3884 after THA and 153, 1772, and 2311 after TKA, respectively. Step-count demonstrated a weakly positive correlation with LEFS scores. For week 1, the correlation was 0.27 and 0.29 for THA and TKA patients, respectively. For week 6, the correlation was 0.18 and 0.29 for THA and TKA patients, respectively. Conclusion Physical function improved over the first 12 weeks as measured by both steps and patient-reported assessments. Postoperative steps weakly correlated with LEFS scores, suggesting patient-reported outcomes may provide only part of the story. Incorporating objective measures may be a valuable addition to the surgeon's armamentarium for monitoring patient recovery.
Platelet Prostanoids and their receptors

The prostanoids, which include the prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane (Tx)A2, are a family of locally acting lipid mediators. Two isozymes, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2, of which only COX-1 is expressed in mature platelets, form an unstable intermediate product, PGH2, from arachidonic acid released from membrane phospholipids. At least nine PG synthases metabolize PGH2 further to five biologically active prostanoids, which each act through one or more specific G-protein coupled receptor.
Interrupting the Mental Illness-Incarceration-Recidivism Cycle

Individuals with serious mental illness such as schizophrenia, bipolar, and major depressive disorders are being disproportionately relegated to US prisons and jails instead of community-based mental health clinics. They enter a system designed for criminal offenders. It is estimated that 10% to 20% of jail inmates and 25% of prison inmates have a serious mental illness; the proportion of affected jail inmates is estimated to be 3 to 6 times the rate in the general population.1 A significant percentage of these individuals are not receiving the psychiatric care they need and deserve. The lack of psychiatric beds in the United States likely contributes to this problem