cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental sequelae of long-term infant tracheostomy.

SUMMARY The records of 130 children who had had a tracheostomy for more than one month between 1972 and 1982 were reviewed for birth, medical and demographic characteristics, and 32 who were not severely physically or mentally handicapped were followed up at a mean age of 5 · 5 years. Rates of mortality and morbidity were high, and half of the survivors had moderate to severe intellectual and physical impairments. Even those with the most optimal outcome had significant developmental problems, including slower growth-rate and higher than normal incidences of behavior problems and speech difficulties. Most survivors needed special educational intervention or rehabilitative therapies. RESUME Sequelles developpementales des tracheotomies prolongies du nourrisson Les dossiers de 130 enfants ayant eu une tracheotomie pendant plus d'un mois entre 1972 et 1982 ont ete revus pour analyse des caracteristiques de naissance, de suivi medical et de demographie; 32 des enfants qui n'etaient gravement handicapped ni physiquement ni mentalement, ont ete suivis jusqu'a un âge moyen de 5 ans et demi. Les taux de mortalite et de morbiditeetaient eleves et la moitie des survivants presentaient des incapacites intellectuelles ou physiques, de moderees a graves. Des problemes reels de developpement, incluant un ralentissement de la croissance et une incidence superieure a la normale de problemes de comportement et de difficultes de langage, sont apparus meme chez les enfants avec le meilleur devenir. La plupart des survivants ont eu besoin d'interventions d'elucation specialised et de prises en, charge reeducatives. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Entwicklungsfolgen nach Iangerer Tracheotomie bei Kindern Aus den Jahrgangen 1972 bis 1982 wurden die Krankengeschichten von 130 Kindern, die langer als einen Monat tracheotomiert waren, auf Geburtsanamnese und medizininische und demographische Charakteristika durchgesehen und 32 Kinder, die korperlich oder geistig nicht schwer behindert waren, wurden bis zum mittleren Alter von 5·5 Jahren kontrolliert. Die Mortalitats-und Morbiditatsraten waren hoch, und die Halfte der Uberlebenden hatte masige bis schwere intellektuelle und korperliche Storungen. Selbst die Kinder mit dem besten Outcome hatten signifikante Entwicklungsprobleme, wie verzogerte Wachstumsraten und haufiger als normal Verhaltensprobleme und Sprachschwierigkeiten. Die meisten Uberlebenden brauchten eine besondere Schulforderung oder Rehabilitationstherapien. RESUMEN Secuelas del desarrollo en ninos con traqueostomia de largo plazo Las historias de 130 ninos que habian sido sometidos a traqueostomia durante mas de un mes entre 1972 y 1982 fueron revisadas atendiendo al nacimiento, caracteristicas mSdicas y demograficas, y 32 que no tenian una minusvalencia grave fisica o mental fueron seguidos hasta una edad promedio de
Some evidence for coding processes derived from clustering in free recall

Clustering in free recall has often been interpreted as arising from use of the category name as a coding response. Data relevant to this interpretation are presented and interpreted with regard to three free-recall situations in which clustering is observed. It is concluded that category names do not play roles in clustering in the category-clustering situation or in the difference in clustering found for sets of words which comprise all the items of a category as compared with word sets which do not exhaust a category. However, there is evidence that the greater clustering found for categorized pair members than for noncategorized pair members with equal associative overlap may be due to the greater codability of the categorized pairs.
Low-energy reporters: evaluation of potential differential reporting in case-control studies.

Errors in measuring dietary intake can threaten validity of data. Low-energy reporters (LER) are individuals who report lower levels of energy intake than deemed feasible given their basal metabolic rate and physical activity level (PAL). The purpose of this study was to determine whether LER differ by case/control status or by extent of disease of cases. Data from a large population-based case-control study of colon cancer were used to identify LER. Dietary data were collected using a diet history questionnaire. Age- and gender-specific basal metabolic rate was estimated, and Goldberg cut points were used to estimate plausible energy intake and adjusted for PAL. On the basis of standard methods that do not take PAL into account, 16.7% of male cases, 19.8% of male controls, 20.9% of female cases, and 22.2% of female controls were considered LER. There were no case-control differences in the proportion of LER in men or women when PAL-adjusted cut points were used, although more individuals were considered ...
Selective Growth of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles and Islands on Au(111)

Selective growth of well-defined α-Fe 2 O 3 structures was achieved on a Au(111) surface and characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Although oxidation of Fe particles on Au(111) with molecular O 2 at room temperature forms FeO, Fe 2 O 3 is prepared by oxidation of Fe particles on Au(111) with NO 2 at an elevated temperature, as verified by XPS, based on the binding energy (BE) value of the Fe 2p 3/2 (710.9 eV) peak and atomic ratio of O and Fe ∼1.5:1. STM images reveal that Fe 2 O 3 adopted ordered three-dimensional structures on Au(111). Although the general morphology of the Fe 2 O 3 structures on A(111) depends on the coverage, varying from nanoparticles at low coverage to islands at high coverage, all of these Fe 2 O 3 structures have nearly identical heights of 5―6 A at all coverages. The surface structures of the Fe 2 O 3 are all consistent with an O-terminated α-Fe 2 O 3 (0001), showing a hexagonal unit cell with a lattice constant of ∼3 A in atomically resolved STM images.
HIGH-ENERGY AND MULTI-PEAKED SOLUTIONS FOR A NONLINEAR NEUMANN PROBLEM WITH CRITICAL EXPONENTS

We establish the existence of positive solutions with two peaks being located on the boundary of the domain for the problem −Δu + λu = up in antipodal invariant domains including ball domains with Neumann boundary conditions. Here p is the critical Sobolev exponent (N + 2)/(N − 2). The shape of the solutions and the location of the peaks are also studied.
Comparing the Effects of Classroom Audio-Recording and Video-Recording on Preservice Teachers' Reflection of Practice.

This study examined the effects of audio and video self-recording on preservice teachers' written reflections. Participants (n = 201) came from a secondary teaching methods course and its school-based (clinical) fieldwork. The audio group (nA = 106) used audio recorders to monitor their teaching in fieldwork placements; the video group (nV = 95) used video recorders. Qualitative methods (content analysis) of the reflections found that preservice teachers gave varied attention to curricular decisions, question/response patterns, wait time, mannerisms, nervousness, and use of praise. Quantitative analyses (chi-square tests for independence) indicate the recording format did not lead to significant differences in participants' reflection on their various instructional behaviors except for two aspects: the video group gave more attention to non-verbal behaviors and movement around the classroom (α = .05). Implications are discussed, including methods for enhancing the habit of teachers recording and reflectin...
The influence of the mode of nutrition on the digestive system of Ochromonas malhamensis.

The intracellular distribution and level of acid hydrolases in Ochromonas malhamensis were studied in cells grown osmotrophically in a defined medium, in a carbon-free starvation medium, and during phagotrophy in each of these media. By cytochemical techniques, little enzymic reaction product was observed in the vacuoles of osmotrophic cells grown in the defined medium. Starved cells, however, contained autophagic vacuoles and cannibalized other Ochromonas cells. Dense enzymic reaction product was observed in the digestive vacuoles and in the Golgi cisternae of these starved cells. Moreover, starved cells and cells grown in a nutritionally complete medium ingested Escherichia coli which appeared in digestive vacuoles containing enzymic reaction product. Biochemical assays for lysosomal acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.2 orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase) and acid ribonuclease (E.C. 2.7.7.16 ribonucleate nucleotido-2'-transferase) were done on Ochromonas cultures in the same experimental treatments and under identical assay conditions as the cytochemical study. During starvation, the acid hydrolase specific activities were consistently twice those found in cells grown in an osmotrophic complete medium. Ochromonas fed E. coli showed no increase in acid hydrolase specific activity as compared to controls not fed E. coli. The latency of lysosomal acid hydrolases in cells fixed with glutaraldehyde was reduced, suggesting that this fixative increases lysosomal membrane permeability and may release enzymes or their reaction products into the cytoplasmic matrix during cytochemical analysis. This could explain the cytoplasmic staining artifact sometimes observed with glutaraldehyde-fixed cells when studied by the Gomori technique. This study confirms that Ochromonas malhamensis, a phytoflagellate, does produce digestive vacuoles and can ingest bacteria, thereby fulfilling its role as a heterotroph in an aquatic food chain. When Ochromonas is grown in a nutritionally complete osmotrophic medium, phagocytosis causes appearance of acid hydrolases in the digestive vacuoles, whereas the total activity of the enzymes remains unchanged. An organic carbon-free medium strongly stimulates acid hydrolaes activity and causes these enzymes to appear in the digestive vacuoles whether phagocytosis occurs or not.
Pain management in the postoperative congenital heart disease patient

Abstract Postoperative control of pain in infants and children was formerly thought to be of little matter, but data relatively recently developed indicates that, for a variety of reasons, control of pain is of great importance for the pedatric patient. This chapter summarizes some of the data which have led to the contemporary appreciation of the importance of pain control. It also outlines techniques for providing optimal control of pain in the postoperative cardiac patient.
Antigen recognition in delayed-type hypersensitivity.

Abstract It is still uncertain if cell-mediated immune reactions are more or less specific than antibody-mediated reactions. Accordingly, hapten and carrier specificity were examined in delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Hapten specificity was demonstrated with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-guinea pig albumin (GPA), 2,6-DNP-GPA, 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP)-GPA, and dansyl (DNS)-GPA. Guinea pigs immunized with each of these conjugates were tested 7 days later with the immunogen and the other conjugates. Strong delayed skin responses were highly specific for the immunogen; there were some weak cross-reactions among the nitrophenyl conjugates, no crossre-actions between the DNS and nitrophenyl conjugates, and no responses to unconjugated GPA. Conjugates carrying different numbers (1–45) of 2,4-DNP groups per molecule were all able to elicit specific responses to 2,4-DNP. Carrier specificity in delayed hypersensitivity was confirmed by immunizing with 2,4-DNP-GPA, and challenging with the immunogen, with 2,4-DNP coupled to bovine albumin (BSA), rabbit IgG, ovalbumin, and hemocyanin. Strong responses were seen to the immunogen, a weak response to 2,4-DNP-BSA, and no response to the other conjugates. Specific immune recognition of both hapten and carrier determinants is therefore required for expression of delayed hypersensitivity. These cell-mediated reactions thus appear to be more specific than those of antibody-mediated reactions in solution.
Characterization of biomass and high carbon content coal ash for productive reuse applications

Productively reusing the waste residuals from energy production is an essential component in sustainable disposal and management of energy related waste. In the US, the world’s second largest producer of coal next to China, over 118 million tons of coal combustion by-products are produced each year; only 44% of which are productively reused. In recent decades, advances in lowering CO2, SOX, and NOX emissions from coal combustion have changed the characteristics of the solid coal combustion products. In particular, the residual carbon content of fly ash generated at many US coalfired power plants has increased, and has become more heterogeneous. Additionally, utilities are exploring the use of pure biomass as a fuel source, which results in a fly ash that is generated from a purely organic source. While much research effort has been devoted to understanding the properties and potential productive reuse alternatives for coal combustion products, relatively little research has been done on the byproducts from biomass combustion or co-combustion. In this study, high carbon content coal ash, co-fired coal/biomass ash, and pure biomass ash from several US power plants were investigated. The ashes were characterized using a number of physical and chemical analysis techniques, including: scanning electron microscopy, laser diffraction, organic carbon content, nitrogen adsorption surface area, proximate and ultimate, X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Results showed little physical, chemical, and mineralogical differentiation between coal ash and coal co-fired with biomass ash. However, the pure biomass ashes investigated in this study, showed significantly lower specific gravity, and primary oxide content, as well as coarser particle size distribution, higher residual carbon, higher heating value, and much higher specific surface area, when compared to the coal and co-fired ashes. These results have important implications on the potential for productive reuse of these waste materials.
The International Classification of Retinoblastoma predicts chemoreduction success.

Purpose To evaluate the reliability of the International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) for predicting treatment success with chemoreduction (CRD). Design Noncomparative interventional case series. Participants Two hundred forty-nine consecutive eyes. Methods All eyes were treated with CRD and were classified according to the ICRB: group A included those eyes with retinoblastoma ≤3 mm; group B included those eyes with retinoblastoma >3 mm, macular location, or minor subretinal fluid; group C included those eyes with retinoblastoma with localized seeds; group D included those eyes with retinoblastoma with diffuse seeds; group E included those eyes with massive retinoblastoma necessitating enucleation. The CRD regimen included vincristine, etoposide, and carboplatin for 6 cycles plus local consolidation with thermotherapy or cryotherapy. Main Outcome Measure Chemoreduction success, defined as avoidance of external beam radiotherapy or enucleation. Results Of the 249 eyes, 23 (9%) were in group A, 96 (39%) were in group B, 21 (8%) were in group C, and 109 (44%) were in group D. In this series, group E eyes were managed with enucleation. Treatment success was achieved in 100% of group A, 93% of group B, 90% of group C, and 47% of group D eyes. Conclusions The ICRB can be of assistance in predicting CRD success for retinoblastoma. Additional treatment methods are necessary to salvage more group D eyes.
An overview of anesthetic procedures, tools, and techniques in ambulatory care

Ambulatory surgical and anesthesia care (ASAC), also known as Same Day Surgery or Day Care in some countries, is the fastest growing segment of ambulatory surgical and anesthesia care. Over 50 million ambulatory surgical procedures are conducted annually comprising over 60% of all anesthesia care with an impressive track record of safety and efficiency. Advances in ambulatory anesthesia care have been due to newer generation of inhalation and intravenous anesthetics as well as airway management technology and techniques. Successful ambulatory anesthesia care relies on patient selection, adequate facilities, highly trained personnel and quality improvement policies and procedures. Favoring one anesthetic technique over the other should be patient and procedure-specific. Effective management of post-operative pain as well as nausea and vomiting are the final pieces in assuring success in ambulatory anesthesia care.
Examining the Role of "Place" in Twitter Networks through the Lens of Contentious Politics

From Tehran Square to Gezi Park, Twitter is an emergent tactic of protestors in the public square. Our work utilizes the theoretical framework of contentious politics and its human geographic extension as a framework for examining the role of "place" in Twitter-based networks of resistance. We examine Twitter traffic about local instantiations of Occupy Wall Street across eight cities. The study addresses mutual communications between Twitter participants in hash tags related to each of these local instantiations. This work explores the role of place as a constitutive component of these networks. To do so, we employ descriptive statistical and chi-square tests to examine the significance of user-defined metadata regarding place to the exchanges between users within a network. We conclude that place matters and point to future directions in computational and traditional qualitative analysis, spatial-temporal studies of social media, and the effects of locational propinquity for network development.
The effect of organizational identification on employee affective and performance responses

Organizational identification (OI), defined as the importance of the organization in the person's self-concept, was argued to influence employee affective responses (job satisfaction and alienation) and performance responses (task involvement, investment of effort, and performance effectiveness). More specifically, it was hypothesized that there is 1. a positive relationship abetween OI and satisfaction with five job dimensions-work, supervision, pay, promotion and co-workers; 2. a negative relationship between OI and alienation; and 3. a positive relationship between OI and three task-related variables-task involvement, investment of effort, and performance effectiveness. A survey study was conducted on 215 service deliverers to the elderly in a large midwest city. The results were mostly consistent with the hypotheses.
A Genetic Algorithm for Assessing Flatness in Automated Manufacturing Systems

The measurement of flatness for manufactured parts is one of the most frequently used procedures in automated manufacturing systems. Measuring instruments are commonly utilized in taking measurement data from manufactured surfaces for inspection purposes. The measurement data is then used to evaluate the geometric information, from errors associated with its surface. The study proposes the computational approaches for flatness with respect to ASME Y14.5M-1994 standard. The proposed methods consider the trade-off between the accuracy of flatness and the efficiency of inspection. Two approaches of computational metrology based on genetic algorithms are proposed to explore the optimality of flatness measurement and the flatness feasibility analysis. The results show that the optimization algorithms provide exact flatness errors and adequate tolerance size.
Ionizable Isotopic Labeling Reagent for Relative Quantification of Amine Metabolites by Mass Spectrometry

A powerful approach to relative quantification by mass spectrometry is to employ labeling reagents that target specific functional groups in molecules of interest. A quantitative comparison of two or more samples may be readily accomplished by using a chemically identical but isotopically distinct labeling reagent for each sample. The samples may then be combined, subjected to purification steps, and mass analyzed. Comparison of the signal intensities obtained from the isotopically labeled variants of the target analyte(s) provides quantitative information on their relative concentrations in the sample. In this report, we describe the synthesis and use of heavy and light isotopic forms of methyl acetimidate for the relative quantification of amine-containing species. The principal advantages of methyl acetimidate as a labeling reagent are that the reaction product is positively charged and hydrophobicity is increased, both of which enhance electrospray ionization efficiency and increase detection sensitiv...
Study of the ligament tension and cross-section deformation using nonlinear finite element/multibody system algorithms

In this investigation, the effects of the knee-joint movements on the ligament tension and cross-section deformation are examined using large displacement nonlinear finite element/multibody system formulations. Two knee-joint models that employ different constitutive equations and significantly different deformation kinematics are developed and implemented to analyze the ligament dynamics in a computational solution procedure that integrates large displacement finite element and multibody system algorithms. The first model employs a lower fidelity large displacement cable element that does not capture the cross-section deformations and allows for using only nonlinear classical beam theory with a linear Hookean material law instead of a general continuum mechanics approach. In the second model, a higher fidelity large displacement beam model that captures more coupled deformation modes including Poisson modes as well the cross-section deformation is used. This higher fidelity model also allows for a straight forward implementation of general nonlinear constitutive models, such as Neo Hookean material laws, based on a general continuum mechanics approach. Cauchy stress tensor and Nanson’s formula are used to obtain an accurate expression for the ligament tension forces, which as shown in this investigation depend on the ligament cross section deformation. The two models are implemented in a general multibody system algorithm that allows introducing general constraint and force functions. The finite element/multibody system computational algorithm used in this investigation is based on an optimum sparse matrix structure and ensures that the kinematic constraint equations are satisfied at the position, velocity, and acceleration levels. The results obtained in this investigation show that models that ignore coupled deformation modes including some Poisson modes and the cross-section deformations can lead to inaccurate prediction of the ligament forces. These simpler models, as demonstrated in this investigation, can be used to obtain only simplified expressions for the ligament tensions. A three-dimensional knee-joint model that consists of five bodies including two flexible bodies that represent the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is used in the numerical comparative study presented in this paper. The large displacement procedure presented in this investigation can be applied to other types of Ligaments, Muscles, and Soft Tissues (LMST) in biomechanics applications.
Simulating hemodynamics of the Fontan Y-graft based on patient-specific in vivo connections.

Background Using a bifurcated Y-graft as the Fontan baffle is hypothesized to streamline and improve flow dynamics through the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC). This study conducted numerical simulations to evaluate this hypothesis using postoperative data from 5 patients. Methods Patients were imaged with cardiac magnetic resonance or computed tomography after receiving a bifurcated aorto–iliac Y-graft as their Fontan conduit. Numerical simulations were performed using in vivo flow rates, as well as 2 levels of simulated exercise. Two TCPC models were virtually created for each patient to serve as the basis for hemodynamic comparison. Comparative metrics included connection flow resistance and inferior vena caval flow distribution. Results Results demonstrate good hemodynamic outcomes for the Y-graft options. The consistency of inferior vena caval flow distribution was improved over TCPC controls, whereas the connection resistances were generally no different from the TCPC values, except for 1 case in which there was a marked improvement under both resting and exercise conditions. Examination of the connection hemodynamics as they relate to surgical Y-graft implementation identified critical strategies and modifications that are needed to potentially realize the theoretical efficiency of such bifurcated connection designs. Conclusions Five consecutive patients received a Y-graft connection to complete their Fontan procedure with positive hemodynamic results. Refining the surgical technique for implementation should result in further energetic improvements that may help improve long-term outcomes.
Characteristics of acetylcholine-activated channels of innervated and chronically denervated skeletal muscles

Abstract Characteristics of the ACh-activated channels before and after denervation of the frog interosseal muscle were studied using the patch clamp technique. Acetylcholine sensitivity was increased on extrajunctional portions of the muscle 7, 42, and 73 days after sectioning of the sciatic nerve. Nonjunctional regions of the innervated muscle appeared to contain one type of ACh channels having a conductance of 28 pS and a mean channel lifetime of 3.8 ms at −90 mV. The denervated muscles contained two classes of channels with conductance of 18 and 28 pS which were present as early as 7 days postdenervation and remained for 93 days. The channel open times of the innervated muscles increased with membrane hyperolarization. The open times of the channels present at 42 days postdenervation showed longer lifetimes than those of innervated muscles and were 10.8 ms and 9.6 ms at −90 mV. These channels also showed less voltage dependence than the control fibers.
Coccidiostat residues in poultry excreta.

The excretion of the coccidiostats sulphaquinoxaline and decoquinate has been studied in caged broilers on diets containing 100 and 30 mg kg−1 of the drugs respectively. Sulphaquinoxaline reached a maximum excretion of 54 mg kg−1 (based on dried excreta) in 18 days and decoquinate a level of 37 mg kg−1 after 14 days. When the drugs were withdrawn from the feed the excreta concentration decreased to less than 2 mg kg−1 in 3 days. Storage of contaminated excreta at 23°C for 9 days showed contrasting effects; the sulphaquinoxaline content decreased from 56 to 35 mg kg−1 whereas the decoquinate concentration increased from 37 to 41 mg kg−1. Both coccidiostats appeared relatively stable when samples of excreta were dried in layers 1 cm thick in an oven at 200°C.
Electrocardiographic mirror pattern studies. III

Abstract 1. 1. The distribution curve of 142 cancellations in thirty-seven patients is similar to that of 106 cancellations in seventeen normal subjects, but the number of good and excellent cancellations in patients is smaller and that of poor and bad cancellations is greater. 2. 2. The significantly poorer cancellation in patients with bundle branch block is explained with a mobile dipole. 3. 3. In patients with right or left ventricular strain, the significantly poorer average cancellation is probably due in large part to technical limitations, but excellent cancellations were also frequently obtained. 4. 4. In patients with anterior or posterior myocardial infarct, the average cancellation coefficient is the same as in normal subjects. 5. 5. There is no significant difference in the cancellation coefficient or the dial reading at the bridge between patients with pulmonary emphysema and normal subjects. 6. 6. The regional distribution of good or poor cancellations over the surface of the body does not show any selective pattern in any category of pathology. 7. 7. There is no evidence that the poorer cancellation in some patients is due to the interference of local patterns. 8. 8. It is concluded that the lipole theory is a valid, workable concept for electrocardiographic interpretation of patients as well as normal subjects. 9. 9. Implications to electrocardiographic theory are discussed.
Comparisons of Permethrin Formulations and Application Methods for Northern Fowl Mite Control on Caged Laying Hens

Formulations of permethrin (Ectiban), a synthetic pyrethroid, as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC), wettable powder (WP), and dust were nearly equally effective for 9 or more weeks for control of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), on caged laying hens under environmentally controlled conditions. The permethrin was applied to the vent area as .05% active ingredient (AI) spray of the diluted EC or WP at 40 ml per bird, .1% AI mist of the diluted EC at 20 ml per bird, and 4.5 g per bird of the .25% AI dust. Dilute sprays of .05% permethrin prepared from the EC and WP and applied at 40 ml per bird were more effective in a commercial caged-laying hen house for northern fowl mite control than were .5% sprays of tetrachlorvinphos (Rabon), Ravap, and carbaryl (Sevin). Satisfactory mite control was obtained with .6% permethrin prepared from the EC and misted at the rate of 2.5 ml per bird. Low volume, high concentration misting of permethrin was a promising method for mite control with satisfactory control achieved with .2% AI at 5 ml per bird and .6% AI at 2.5 ml per bird.
Fibrous Structures with Designed Wicking Properties

Fibrous structures have been designed and tested to achieve anisotropic flow properties. A structure that transports liquid in one specific in-plane direction as fast as possible was formed by parallel arrangement of continuous filament yarns in the middle layer of a three-layer structure. The top and bottom layers consisted of low areal density nonwoven fabrics. Tests showed that flow was faster in the middle layer, yielding a nonuniform flow front among the layers. Structures with larger pores in the middle layer wicked faster, as anticipated from the Washburn equation. Although we maximized the in-plane orientation to increase the flow anisotropy of the structures, the flow anisotropy was only approximately 3, which can be usefully compared to a mechanical anisotropy of the structure of perhaps 50 or higher. A mathematical expression derived from combining the continuity equation with Darcy's Law was used to model the flow behavior in these structures. The predicted values of the flow front were within...
Post-Newtonian gravitational radiation and equations of motion via direct integration of the relaxed Einstein equations. II. Two-body equations of motion to second post-Newtonian order, and radiation-reaction to 3.5 post-Newtonian order

We derive the equations of motion for binary systems of compact bodies in the post-Newtonian (PN) approximation to general relativity. Results are given through 2PN order [order ${(v/c)}^{4}$ beyond Newtonian theory], and for gravitational radiation reaction effects at 2.5PN and 3.5PN orders. The method is based on a framework for direct integration of the relaxed Einstein equations (DIRE) developed earlier, in which the equations of motion through 3.5PN order can be expressed in terms of Poisson-like potentials that are generalizations of the instantaneous Newtonian gravitational potential, and in terms of multipole moments of the system and their time derivatives. All potentials are well defined and free of divergences associated with integrating quantities over all space. Using a model of the bodies as spherical, non-rotating fluid balls whose characteristic size s is small compared to the bodies' separation r, we develop a method for carefully extracting only terms that are independent of the parameter s, thereby ignoring tidal interactions, spin effects, and internal self-gravity effects. Through 2.5PN order, the resulting equations agree completely with those obtained by other methods; the new 3.5PN back-reaction results are shown to be consistent with the loss of energy and angular momentum via radiation to infinity.
Corporate Governance in an Age of Separation of Ownership from Ownership

The shareholder empowerment provisions enacted as part of the recent bailout legislation are internally incoherent because they fail to address the short-termist realities of shareholder ownership today. Ownership has separated from ownership in modern corporate America: individual investors now largely hold stock through mutual funds, pension funds, and hedge funds. The incentives of these short-term financial intermediaries only imperfectly reflect the interests of their long-term holders - an imbalance only exacerbated by the bailout’s corporate governance legislation. The bailout’s focus on shareholder empowerment tactics - such as proxy access, say-on-pay, and increased disclosure - makes little sense if shareholders are only in it for the short term. This Article uses the bailout provisions to illustrate the point that shareholder empowerment inadequately addresses systemic problems. The Article explores the recent regulation of target-date retirement funds as a further example of regulators’ persistent neglect of the separation of ownership from ownership. The Article concludes with some reflections on the difficult question of how to encourage long-lived firms when individual players, including even long-horizoned investors, may be looking for a quick payoff.
Guilt, Shame, and Family Socialization A Retrospective Study

In this study, we argue for the importance of guilt and shame for the process of socialization via the role of these reflexive emotions in individuals' conformity to moral and social norms. Working from the assumption that the self-concept is the basis for feelings of guilt and shame, we test a number of hypotheses connecting the experience of these emotions to 3 styles of parental control (inductive, affective, and coercive). Undergraduate students (N = 270) completed questionnaires designed to assess their proneness to feelings of guilt and shame in situations of norm violations, and through retrospective reports the disciplinary practices of each of their parents. Results supported hypothesized connections between inductive control and guilt, and between affective control and shame. The associations between parental control, guilt, and shame in situations of intentional and unintentional norm violations differed depending on the gender of the parent relative to the gender of the child and on the intera...
The effect of duodenojejunal alimentation on gastric pH and hormones in intensive care unit patients.

We evaluated effects of duodenojejunal (DJ) feeding on gastric pH and selected gastrointestinal hormones in 13 randomly selected patients in an intensive care unit (ICU). To obtain baseline values for gastric pH, a nasogastric (NC) tube was placed in each patient and gastric pH was measured every 30 minutes for 2 hours. To obtain control values, a Dobbhoff tube was placed fluoroscopically and 0.45 percent saline solution (NaCl), 75 ml, was infused for 1 hour and gastric pH was measured again; the previously placed NC tube was left in position. Then, by randomization, either 0.45 percent NaCl (pH = 5) was continued (n = 6) or a high-nitrogen, isotonic, enteral feeding solution (Osmolite HN, pH = 6.4) (n = 7) was infused, both at 75 ml/h. Gastric pH was noted hourly for 96 hours; antacid (Maalox TC, 15-ml aliquots) was given by NG tube when the pH was 4 or less. After 96 hours, the infusion was stopped and gastric pH was noted for 4 additional hours. Before and during initial saline solution infusion; after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of continuous infusion; and 4 hours after stopping the infusion, peripheral venous blood was obtained for measurement of plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and serum gastrin. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (RMD), Fishers' exact test, and the unpaired t-test. Groups did not differ demographically. Throughout the infusion, gastric pH tended to be higher with the enteral feeding solution than with saline solution, but this was significant only at 24 hours. Less antacid was required with the enteral feeding solution at 24 and 48 hours than with saline solution. Plasma GIP levels were significantly higher with the enteral feeding solution than with saline solution during most of the infusion. Serum gastrin levels did not differ between the groups. In this cohort, infusion of the enteral feeding solution tended to maintain a gastric pH of more than 4 and was associated with increased plasma GIP levels, which may inhibit gastric acid secretion. Early enteral feeding may benefit certain ICU patients. (Chest 1991; 99:695–702)
Plant Breeding Giants: Burbank, the Artist; Vavilov, the Scientist

LUTHER Burbank was a curious mixture: part gardener, part artist, part P. T. Barnum. He was responsible for a plethora of improved fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Some of these were of lasting significance, such as the Burbank potato, the Santa Rosa plum, the Phenomenal blackberry, and the
Do Transfer Payments Keep the Poor in Poverty

Do transfer payments keep the poor in poverty? There are at least two ways to restate the question, two ways that imply quite different, although related, lines of inquiry. A first restatement is: Do transfer payments raise the poor out of poverty? In short, are transfer payments efficacious in achieving the antipoverty function many of them obstensibly were introduced to perform, particularly those that are means-tested income redistribution programs? A second and more provocative restatement is: Do transfer payments cause the nonpoor to enter poverty, or, only a bit more mildly, do transfer payments induce the poor to stay in poverty? In short, does the existence of a social welfare system of the type extant in the United States have the perverse effect of increasing the incidence of poverty or perpetuating the poverty status of those who already are poor? In this paper we examine both lines of inquiry. We suspect that the net consequence of our investigation will be to raise troubling questions about the structure of American society and the fundamental causes of overty.
PITUITARY REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN PSEUDO-HYPOPHYSECTOMY EFFECTS OF PITUITARY IMPLANTS UPON ORGAN WEIGHTS OF STARVED AND UNDERFED RATS

IN PREVIOUS REPORTS (1–5), there was described a condition resembling hypophysectomy which was produced by underfeeding rats. The atrophy of the endocrine organs of the rat resulting from chronic inanition has been designated pseudohypophysectomy not only because of its resemblance to the effects of hypophysectomy but also because it is believed that many of the effects of inanition are due to malnutrition of the hypophysis, resulting in a diminished secretion of hormones. The endocrine tissue changes are qualitatively similar in the two conditions but they are seldom so marked during chronic inanition as they are after hypophysectomy. Changes in other tissues such as the spleen, thymus,and liver are equally marked in both conditions and appear to be related to the loss in body weight. The purpose of the present study is to determine the effects of complete hormonal replacement therapy in the form of rat pituitary implants, in modifying the effects of complete starvation and of chronic inanition.
Enhancement of the Adhesion of Cordierite Glass-Ceramic Coatings on Molybdenum by the Deposition of Metallic Interlayers on the Substrate

Sintered coatings of cordierite-base glass-ceramic do not adhere readily on bare molybdenum substrates. This is due to the absence of a stable metal oxide film on the substrate that serves as a suitable transition layer between the glass-ceramic and the substrate. To address this problem, dual layers of either chromium/nickel or chromium/copper were deposited by electroplating on the molybdenum substrates. Glass powder in slurry form was then cast on the substrates using a doctor blade and sintered in a helium-hydrogen atmosphere at 950°C. The metallic interlayer structure was found to produce an excellent bond between the coating and the substrate. The adhesion of the coatings was observed to be sensitive to the thickness of the deposited metal layers. Quantitative chemical analysis of the interface region was performed to explain the difference in adhesion quality. In all instances, the fracture surface was found to occur at the chromium oxide/chromium boundary providing a clear indication that the chromium oxide layer plays an important role in enhancing the adhesion. The superior adhesion in samples with the Cr-Cu interface was attributed to Cu acting as an effective diffusion barrier to Mo. Cr however, was able to diffuse through the Cu layer enhancing the bond between Mo and Cu by alloying with the Mo. Ni was not as effective as Cu in preventing the diffusion of Mo towards the glass-ceramic coating but a thicker Cr layer still produced a strong bond. In samples where the distinct Cr layer was either too thin or non-existent, adhesion was poor possibly because the Cr oxide does not bond well to the Ni-Cr alloy layer that formed after firing.
marriage, alliance, and warfare: a view from the New Guinea Highlands1

Political alliances formed by marital exchange and the intensity of warfare are examined with data from the New Guinea Highlands. It is found in this study that extravillage alliance bonds are tenuous and impermant because of symbolic, demographic, and political factors which make the defense of intravillage security a more valued alternative. These factors have comparative Implications for the study of intergroup conflict management.
Balanced Explorative and Exploitative Search with Estimation for Simulation Optimization

We discuss desirable features that optimization algorithms should possess to exhibit good empirical performance when applied to solve simulation optimization problems possessing little known structure. Our framework emphasizes maintaining an appropriate balance between exploration, exploitation, and estimation. With the exception of estimation, our ideas are also applicable in (unstructured) deterministic optimization. Exploration refers to (globally) searching the entire feasible region for promising solutions, exploitation refers to the (local) search for improved solutions in promising subregions, and estimation refers to obtaining enhanced estimates of the objective function values at promising solutions and of the optimal solution. We also present two new random search methods that possess these desirable features, prove their almost-sure global convergence, and provide preliminary numerical results that suggest that the proposed framework is promising from a practical point of view.
Joint source/channel coding using trellis-coded CPFSK

A combined source/channel coding and modulation technique is developed for the transmission of memoryless sources over an AWGN channel. Combined source/channel coding is implemented using the concepts of trellis coded quantization (TCQ) in conjunction with an Ungerboeck code defined for a continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) signaling scheme. The Viterbi algorithm is employed by the source encoder to find a minimum mean-square-error (MSE) path through the source code trellis. The resultant minimum distortion sequence is mapped to an appropriate set of CPFSK symbols for transmission. A mapping is pragmatically developed to simultaneously preserve the original branch labelings of both the source and channel code trellises. Source symbol recovery is performed by maximum likelihood sequence estimation. The total distortion is experimentally determined over a range of channel signal-to-noise ratios. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the use of a CPFSK signaling scheme avoids the production of spectral line components in the transmitted waveform spectrum that are usually associated with joint source/channel coding schemes.
Informed Consent: Elective Abortion

This article presents an overview of the history of informed consent, identifies the necessary elements of informed consent and provides a discussion of the controversy surrounding informed consent for an elective abortion. The most current scientific reports of risk and benefits of elective abortions are examined and essential information for informed consent for an elective abortion is identified. Keyword: Elective Abortion, Informed Consent, Risk and Benefits of Elective Abortion
Sonographic diagnosis of a retro-orbital abscess.

A 36-year-old woman with no notable medical history presented to the emergency department for evaluation of pain and blurry vision in her left eye. The patient reported upper respiratory symptoms for 10 days and was seen by another physician 3 days previously for the same condition. At that time, she was discharged home with antibiotic eye drops and a diagnosis of conjunctivitis. She returned to the emergency department after noticing her left eye had become “more puffy,” and difficulty reading with the affected eye developed. Her other symptoms included nasal congestion, intermittent fevers, and chills. Review of systems yielded otherwise negative findings, including the use of contact lenses and injury to the affected eye. On physical examination, her vital signs were notable for a temperature of 103.1°F and a heart rate of 112 beats per minute. Examination of the head, ears, eyes, nose, and throat was notable for preorbital erythema, exophthalmos of the left eye, impaired extraocular movement of the left eye, visual acuity of 20/200 in the left eye and 20/25 in the right eye, and tenderness to palpation over the left maxillary sinus. Examination of the neck revealed no masses, no lymphadenopathy, and no meningismus. The remainder of her physical examination was unremarkable. The patient’s blood work was notable for a white blood cell count of 16,000 cells/μL.
Package for Optimization-Based Interactive CAD

An interactive program, based on a method of feasible directions, for solving a constrained minimization problem with time-dependent constraints is described. The interaction, involving both alphanumeric and color-graphic display, permits the designer a number of options, including, changing parameters in the problem or design algorithm, Single steping through any loop in the algorithm, and displaying relevant data, writing small macro programs to perform an unforeseen test or computation, and performing side calculations. An example to demonstrate the advantages of user interaction in reducing computational effort is included.
Systems Theory as Scaffold for Storytelling … and Other Reflections on Healthcare Organizing

President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) in 2010. As we pen this essay, the U.S. Supreme Court is considering the constitutionality of this federal sta...