cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of the efficacy of gradient table correction on improving the accuracy of fiber tractography

Purpose Several groups suggested that the gradient table of a DTI data set should be reoriented to compensate for head motion. Although the effects of this correction were demonstrated qualitatively, its efficacy was not demonstrated quantitatively to date. The main goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of gradient table correction on improving the accuracy of fiber tractography. Methods First, the effects of gradient table correction on the estimation of fractional anisotropy (FA) maps and the primary diffusion direction were quantified and compared with the inherent uncertainty in the estimation process. Then, the effects of gradient table correction on tractography were quantified. Results The corrections in FA values were only a fraction of the typical values seen in major fasciculi and inter-subject variance. The corrections to the primary diffusion direction were also much smaller than the uncertainty inherent in the estimation of its direction. However, the directional estimates were biased due to head motion and deviated fiber tracking. Conclusions Corrections to FA values were negligible and are not expected to affect group comparisons. However, a small but consistent bias was introduced to the estimates of primary diffusion direction, which might affect brain connectivity analyses based on fiber tracking. Magn Reson Med 72:227–236, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Of Mice and Men (and Effects of Gene Silencing)

In this issue of Circulation , Zheng and coworkers1 demonstrate the efficacy of specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) added to University of Wisconsin solution in protecting donor hearts against cold ischemic injury during storage and subsequent reperfusion. siRNAs targeted tumor necrosis factor-α, C3, and Fas. The study design was well rationalized and performed systematically to confirm the efficacy of these siRNA constructs in silencing their respective targets, first in cell culture and subsequently in whole mouse hearts. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to demonstrate knockdown of each of these proteins after ischemia and reperfusion in contrast to their strong upregulation in control hearts. Beneficial effects were confirmed by enhanced function, decreased apoptosis, diminished neutrophil activation and infiltration, and less histological evidence of tissue damage in the treated hearts. Article see p 1099 First discovered as a method for gene silencing in plants, siRNA effectively silences or reduces posttranscriptional efficacy of …
Convergence Analysis for Reduced-Order Adaptive Controller Design: Disturbance Attenuation and Asymptotic Tracking for SISO Linear Systems with Noisy Output Measurements

To analyze the robustness of adaptive control system, stability analysis of the closed-loop system and convergence analysis of parameters are two issues of most importance. In this paper, we study the convergence properties for the reduced-order adaptive control system achieved by Zhao and Pan (2004), where we established the stability properties for the closed-loop system. We explore the conditions under which various closed-loop signals converge. In particular, the convergence properties of the parameter estimates to their true values and the asymptotic behavior of the state variables of the unknown system are of interest. We rigorously prove that, whenever the exogenous disturbance inputs is of finite energy and bounded, and the reference trajectory and its derivatives up to rth order are bounded, r being the relative degree of the transfer function of the true system, then a set of closed-loop signals are of finite energy and converge to zero; the system states and their estimates exhibit asymptotic behaviors with certain formats. With an additional persistency of excitation condition, the parameter estimates converge to their true values and the state estimates asymptotically track the true state.
Differential requirement for p56lck in HIV-tat versus TNF-induced cellular responses: effects on NF-kappa B, activator protein-1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and apoptosis.

HIV-tat protein, like TNF, activates a wide variety of cellular responses, including NF-κB, AP-1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and apoptosis. Whether HIV-tat transduces these signals through the same mechanism as TNF is not known. In the present study we investigated the role of the T cell-specific tyrosine kinase p56lck in HIV-tat and TNF-mediated cellular responses by comparing the responses of Jurkat T cells with JCaM1 cells, an isogeneic lck-deficient T cell line. Treatment with HIV-tat protein activated NF-κB, degraded IκBα, and induced NF-κB-dependent reporter gene expression in a time-dependent manner in Jurkat cells but not in JCaM1 cells, suggesting the critical role of p56lck kinase. These effects were specific to HIV-tat, as activation of NF-κB by PMA, LPS, H2O2, and TNF was minimally affected. p56lck was also found to be required for HIV-tat-induced but not TNF-induced AP-1 activation. Similarly, HIV-tat activated the protein kinases JNK and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase in Jurkat cells but not in JCaM1 cells. HIV-tat also induced cytotoxicity, activated caspases, and reactive oxygen intermediates in Jurkat cells, but not in JCaM1 cells. HIV-tat activated p56lck activity in Jurkat cells. Moreover, the reconstitution of JCaM1 cells with p56lck tyrosine kinase reversed the HIV-tat-induced NF-κB activation and cytotoxicity. Overall, our results demonstrate that p56lck plays a critical role in the activation of NF-κB, AP-1, JNK, and apoptosis by HIV-tat protein but has minimal or no role in activation of these responses by TNF.
Minimally invasive surgical resection of right atrial aneurysm.

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3] A 47-year-old woman presented with paroxysmal atrial flutter. Echocardiogram and computed tomography with 3-dimensional reconstruction revealed a massive right atrium (RA) with a giant aneurysm of the right atrial appendage and patent foramen ovale (
The BLyS/BAFF family of ligands and receptors: key targets in the therapy and understanding of autoimmunity

The B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS; also termed BAFF) family of ligands and receptors plays a central role in B lymphocyte development, selection, and homoeostasis. Members of this family can independently influence different B cell subsets, because the interactions between the two ligands and three receptors vary, and the receptors themselves are differentially expressed among developing, naive, and antigen experienced B cell subsets. These properties prompt careful assessment of how ablative therapies may influence the behaviour of upstream or downstream B lineage populations, as well as how the implementation and expectations of therapeutics targeting BLyS family members must be guided by knowledge of the B cell subsets contributing to pathogenesis.
Development of insect thorax based flapping mechanism

Design of a flapping mechanism for flapping wing micro air vehicles (FWMAV) is presented based on a mathematical model of insect thorax. This model also includes an aerodynamic model of flapping wings. Using experiments on dynamically scaled wings and numerical optimization, the mechanism is tuned for peak aerodynamic performance. The thorax model is used to understand the mechanics of the biological flapping mechanism and reveals the significance of rotational stiffness and inertia distribution in flapping wings. Experiments conducted on the actual thorax based mechanism validate theoretical findings and also show significant lift generation capability.
Salben und Salbengrundlagen

Das angegebene Thema heute auszufuhren, birgt gewisse Schwierigkeiten in sieh. Befinden wir uns doch durch die Entwicklung der pharmazeutischen, aber auch der kosmetischen Chemie und Industrie in einem Umbruch. Wenn auch die Vorstellungen der alten klassischen Therapie, wie sie Siebert vertreten hat, immer noch ihre Berechtigung und daruber hinaus einen grosen Verstandigungswert besitzen, so bedurfen sie heute nach der Entwicklung neuer Emulsionen und neuer Grundlagen wie der Polyathylenoxyde und der Silikone doch der Erganzung. Nach dem Siebertschen Therapie-Schema wurden akute Hauterscheinungen, meist aus der Gruppe der Ekzemkrankheiten, bei erhaltenem Epithel mit Schuttelmixturen, bei Kontinuitatsunterbrechungen der Hautoberflache mit feuchten Umschlagen behandelt. Mit dem Nachlassen der Akuitat wurde auf Kuhlsalben und Pasten ubergegangen, denen sowohl im subakuten wie im chronischen Stadium Salben folgten, letztlich noch zusatzlich Firnisse und Pflaster.
The American Law Institute Proposes Simplifying the Doctrine of Estates

This short essay reports on the proposal for reformulating and simplifying the doctrine of estates that was just adopted by the American Law Institute in the Restatement (Third) of Property: Wills and Other Donative Transfers (Tent. Draft No. 6, Approved 2010).
Forging Identities: Jewish Women, Legal Aid, and the Secular Liberal State, 1890-1930

This article discusses an unexamined area of the history of the legal profession — the role that late nineteenth and early twentieth century Jewish women legal practitioners played in the delivery of free legal aid to the poor as social workers, lawyers, and, importantly, as cultural and legal brokers. It presents two such women who represented different types and models of legal aid — Minnie Low of the Chicago Bureau of Personal Service, a Jewish social welfare organization, and Rosalie Loew of the Legal Aid Society of New York. The article interrogate how these women negotiated their identities as Jewish professional women, what role being Jewish and female played in shaping their careers, understandings of law, and the delivery of legal aid, as well as the constrained professional possibilities, but at times, opportunities, both women confronted and embraced. By puzzling through these issues, we also see two contrasting understandings of the rule of law and the secular liberal state. This article, combining gender history, legal history, and Jewish history, thus contributes to and enriches the growing body of scholarship on Jewish male lawyers and their relationship to the larger Jewish community and the state.
Anatomy of the Adductor Magnus Origin: Implications for Proximal Hamstring Injuries

Background:The adductor magnus (AM) has historically been a potential source of confusion in patients with suspected proximal hamstring avulsion injuries.Purpose:To investigate the anatomic charact...
Thinking Outside the Big Box: The Relationship between Wal-Mart and Social Capital

A growing literature attempts to link Wal-Mart's presence in a community to rates of political participation and membership in civic associations. The debate is currently fought out by competing econometric models – some find a negative association between Wal-Mart and social capital, while others find that there is no relationship. To better examine the links that connect Wal-Mart to rates of social capital and civil society, we propose research that goes beyond aggregate statistical work at the county level. Using an original data set on Wal-Mart fights spanning the state of Colorado, we consider whether referenda, city council decisions, or city ordinances hostile to big box retail were used to prevent Wal-Mart from opening stores; we examine how these fights influenced rates of political participation, membership in civic organizations, attitudes regarding political efficacy, and participation in philanthropic organizations at the local level.
Effect of endotoxic shock on kinetics of system A amino acid transport in rat soleus muscle

This study evaluated the kinetics of system A amino acid transport in soleus muscle during endotoxic shock. Fasted male rats (80-100 g) were killed by decapitation 5 h after the intravenous injection of saline (control) or 20 mg/kg Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin. Soleus muscles (40 mg) from control or endotoxic rats were incubated in oxygenated Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C for 20, 40, or 60 min. Initial rates of entry of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) into the inulin-inaccessible space of muscles were measured over a wide range of AIB concentrations (0.1-20.0 mM). Initial rates of AIB transport were separated into two parallel transport processes, a saturable carrier-mediated component and a nonsaturable passive diffusive process. The diffusion constant for the nonsaturable process in the endotoxic muscles (0.36 h-1) was 38% greater than control muscles (0.26 h-1). The maximum rate of AIB transport decreased from 55.6 +/- 3.3 nmol . g dry wt-1 . min-1 in controls to 18.3 +/- 1.9 nmol . g dry wt-1 . min-1 in endotoxic muscles. The apparent Km for saturable AIB transport was not different between control (1.68 +/- 0.12 mM) and endotoxic muscles (1.64 +/- 0.19 mM). Alterations of system A amino acid transport in endotoxic soleus muscles were due to an increase in passive AIB diffusion and a decrease in the number and/or activity of existing carriers and not to a change in carrier affinity for AIB. These results elucidate the mechanism for the decreased amino acid transport (system A) by soleus muscle in endotoxic shock.
Evaluation of Camshaft and Lifter Wear, Deposits, and Oil Thickening with Low-Phosphorus Engine Oils in Taxicab Service

Utilisation d'huiles a faible teneur en phosphate dans les moteurs de taxis. Influence sur les depots, l'epaississement de l'huile et l'usure de l'arbre a cannes et des poussoirs de soupape
Treatment of ADHD in Neurofibromatosis Type 1

The cognitive and behavioral problems and effects of treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 20 children with NF1 and ADHD were compared to 26 control children with NF1, 14 controls with ADHD, and 14 controls with normal development, studied at Klinikum Nord Ochsenzoll. Hamburg, Germany.
High-Average-Power Difference-Frequency-Generation in Midwave-Infrared

High average power midwave infrared generation using difference frequency mixing in periodically poled, orientation patterned and birefringence-phase-matched nonlinear optical materials will be reviewed. Recent theoretical analysis for maximizing output power will be presented.
Hydroxymethyl radical self-recombination in high-temperature water.

The self-recombination reaction of •CH2OH radicals in neutral aqueous solution has been studied at temperatures up to 300 °C at a pressure of 220 bar using pulse radiolysis and transient absorption. •CH2OH species decay by second-order kinetics independent of the applied dose, with a rate constant at 22 °C of 2k = 1.4 ± 0.1 × 109 M–1 s–1. The recombination follows Arrhenius behavior with the activation energy (Ea) 12.7 ± 0.9 kJ/mol and pre-exponential factor of 1.9 ± 0.4 × 1011 M–1 s–1. The overall recombination is significantly slower than the diffusion limit at elevated temperature, meaning that both disproportionation and dimerization channels have significant activation barriers. Ab initio calculations support the inference that the dimerization channel has no energy barrier, but has a large negative activation entropy barrier. The disproportionation channel (giving aqueous formaldehyde) almost certainly involves one or more specific water molecules to lower its activation energy relative to the gas p...
Salmonellen im Vormarsch

Seit dem 18. Jahrhundert werden Salmonellen mit Ausbruchen von Diarrhoe in Zusammenhang gebracht und gehoren heute weltweit zu den haufigsten und weit verbreitetsten lebensmittelbedingten Infektionen. Immer wieder wird von Salmonellen‐Epidemien in Kliniken oder von mit Salmonellen kontaminierten Nahrungsmitteln in Supermarkten berichtet. In den letzten Jahren konnten 90% der lebensmittelbedingten Infektionen auf Salmonellen zuruckgefuhrt werden. Dies lasst sich auch durch die hohe Anpassungsfahigkeit der Salmonellen an ihren jeweiligen aktuellen Lebensraum sowie durch ihre hohe Vermehrungsrate erklaren. Die Kosten fur Salmonellenerkrankungen werden in Deutschland auf eine Milliarde Euro jahrlich geschatzt, in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika (USA) und in der Europaischen Union (EU) liegt die Schatzung bei jeweils drei Mrd. US‐Dollar bzw. drei Mrd. Euro jahrlich.
Molecular Genetic Analysis of a Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor Arising after Intracranial Radiation and Chemotherapy for Leukemia

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors are aggressive tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), yet their etiology remains unclear. We report a case of a primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) arising in the cerebellum and pons 7 yr after intracranial radiation and chemotherapy for leukemia involving the CNS. This case suggests a possible link between radiation, chemotherapy, and the formation of these tumors, with a potential new pathogenetic role for somatic inactivation of the protooncogene RET.
Analysis on the Approach of Prompting Contemporary College Students' Personal Soft-power

With the development of fierce competition,the contemporary college students' personal soft power is the key factors when they participate in the competition and ultimately achieve success in modern society.At present,college students' personal soft power contains problems such as emotion,utilitarianism,blindness and so on.Deepening the socialist core values,forging solid inner strength and participating in social practice actively are three ways to promoting college students' individual soft power.
Occupational Considerations for the Prehospital Care Provider

Contemporary prehospital personnel are facing the major issues of infectious disease exposure, malpractice, attrition, and career opportunities in their challenging and demanding profession. Successful prehospital emergency medicine is contingent not only on the effective and efficient functioning of the entire EMS system, but most important, on the sound performance of each prehospital care provider. For the emergency physician, awareness, understanding, and appreciation of the important occupational considerations confronting prehospital care providers are essential.
Low quality of dying and death in patients with septic shock as perceived by nurses and resident physicians

ABSTRACTSeptic shock is a disease with both high prevalence and mortality. Few studies have evaluated the quality of dying and death (QODD) in patients with septic shock. The authors compared the QODD of patients who died of septic shock versus other causes. They prospectively collected QODD surveys from nurses and residents caring for 196 patients who died in the medical intensive care unit (ICU) at an urban, university hospital. Patients were included in the analysis if either a nurse or resident returned a survey. Chart review established cause of death. The authors compared total QODD scores (on a scale of 0–100) and a single-item score (QODD-1; on a scale of 0–10) of patients who died of septic shock versus other causes. Survey response rates were 59% (n = 155) for residents and 49% (n = 129) for nurses. Nurses rated patients as having lower total QODD and QODD-1 scores for septic (Δ 7.5 points, p = 0.03, and 0.9 points, p = 0.05, respectively). Residents rated septic patients with lower QODD-1 score...
Combined cystometric, sphincter electromyographic and uroflowmetric studies before and after transurethral resection of the prostate.

AbstractDetrusor and urethral function was studied in 10 patients before and 3 months after transurethral resection of the prostate by means of flowmetry, and simultaneous gas cystometry and integrated sphincter electromyography. The patients had no clinical signs of neurological disease. Six had neurogenic exaggeration of the detrusor reflex in the preoperative studies. In 3 patients changes in the detrusor reflex were found postoperatively. Postural changes in detrusor reflex excitability were encountered preoperatively and postoperatively. The preoperative finding of detrusor hyperreflexia in the majority of the patients is ascribed to lesions in the detrusor reflex organization at 2 anatomical sites: 1) a subclinical lesion of the cerebral circuits of the detrusor reflex control owing to arteriosclerosis and 2) an increase of sensory detrusor-reflex triggering stimuli from the morphologically changed prostatic urethra. The study calls for diagnostic techniques for delineation of minimal cerebrospinal ...
Arms Races and the Outbreak of War: Application of Principal-agent Relationships and Asymmetric Information

Some recent developments in principal-agent theory and asymmetric information are used to study, in the context of a formal model, both when and under what circumstances arms races lead to the outbreak of war and whether wars can be explained as the result of rational behaviour and thus subject to analysis by social scientists. In the formal model countries act as rational agents concerned with the economic right to consumption in a two-period model in which conflict, war and redistribution may all occur. The first period is one of a potential arms race, with countries choosing between consumption and investment in arms, while the second period is one of a potential crisis, with the countries bargaining and possibly using the threat of force (‘conflict’) or the use of force (‘war’) to reallocate resources. In certain circumstances arms races do lead to war, while in other well-defined cases they can result in a stable equilibrium in which each side deters the other. Some key factors in distinguishing between these two cases are the level of resources in both countries, the possibilities for redistributing resources, and the possibility that in a situation of asymmetric information the uninformed country will adopt a pooling rather than a separating equilibrium.
Challenges in Pediatric Neuroanesthesia: Awake Craniotomy, Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Interventional Neuroradiology

This article gives a review of 3 challenges in caring for children undergoing neurosurgical and neurointerventional procedures. Anesthesiologists may have experience with certain aspects of these situations but may not have extensive experience with each clinical setting. This review addresses issues with awake craniotomy, intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging, and neurointerventional procedures in children with neurologic disease. Familiarization with these complex clinical scenarios and their unique considerations allows the anesthesiologist to deliver optimal care and helps facilitate the best possible outcome for these patients.
New Frontiers in Newsgathering: How Foreign Correspondents Use Chat Apps to Cover Political Unrest

Coverage of any breaking news event today often includes footage captured by eyewitnesses and uploaded to the social web. This has changed how journalists and news organizations not only report and produce news, but also how they engage with sources and audiences. In addition to social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook, chat apps such as WhatsApp and WeChat are a rapidly growing source of information about newsworthy events and an essential link between participants and reporters covering those events. To look at how journalists at major news organizations use chat apps for newsgathering during political unrest, we focus on a case study of foreign correspondents based in Hong Kong and China during and since the 2014 Umbrella Movement Hong Kong protests. Political unrest in Hong Kong and China often centers around civic rights and government corruption. The Umbrella Movement involved large-scale, sit-in street protests, rejecting proposed changes to Hong Kong’s electoral laws and demanding voting rights for all Hong Kong citizens. Through a combination of observation and interviews with foreign correspondents, this report explores technology’s implications for reporting political unrest: how and why the protesters and official sources used chat apps, and the ways foreign reporters used chat apps (which are typically closed platforms) for newsgathering, internal coordination, and information sharing.
Abstract 858: The circadian clock of glioma cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Highly invasive gliomas contain many cells that have changed to an enhanced migratory state through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These cells have the phenotype of glioma stem cells (GSCs). Similar to GSCs, glioma cells undergoing EMT show phenotypic heterogeneity, altered gene expression, and resistance to anticancer drugs along with increased invasiveness. Circadian rhythms in tumor cells influence the progression and severity of cancer and appear to regulate cell division cycles. Increased cancer incidence and progression have often been linked to disruption or deregulation of the molecular mechanism of the circadian clock. One of the major clock proteins, PER2, has been shown to play a regulatory role as a tumor and EMT suppressor in metastatic breast cancer cell lines. GSCs in tumorsphere cultures contain circadian clocks that may regulate their cancer properties. The possibility of a regulatory role for circadian rhythms in EMT was examined here. We used a standard method to induce EMT in the C6 rat glioma cell line that has known circadian rhythms in gene expression generated by the circadian clocks within its cells. EMT was induced by exchanging the cell culture medium with a serum-free stem cell medium (SCM) containing growth factors (EGF, FGF2, PDGF-alpha-beta). Cell cultures were imaged continuously with a microscope and digital camera in a cell incubator to monitor cell shape, cell death, migration, and apoptosis. During EMT, cells changed from an extended flat state to rounded and spindle shapes, ceased proliferating, and expressed EMT markers ZEB1 and vimentin. At the end of two days in SCM, 33.4% of the cells were ZEB1-positive and only 1.26% were GFAP-positive (n=3 cultures). Cell diameters after EMT were within the size range of C6 GSCs described as Hoechst-negative cells positive for stem cell markers nestin and CD133. Following EMT, small tumorspheres began to form. After initiating EMT, the rounded cells were counted at hourly intervals for up to four days after the medium exchange. As the number of post-EMT cells increased, the population size oscillated, and when examined by Lomb-Scargle periodogram analysis, four cultures had a significant period within the circadian range, 19-29 hours, (average 22.20 ±2.45 SD, p Citation Format: Arpan De, Dilshan Harshajith Beligala, Vishal Premdev Sharma, Benjamin Ryan Fry, Michael Eric Geusz. The circadian clock of glioma cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 858. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-858
Past observable dynamics of a continuously monitored qubit

The role of intrinsic postselection is analyzed for individual stochastic quantum measurement records of a continuously monitored observable. The measurement operators and linearized limits of the past collected measurement are outlined, linking together smoothing, weak measurements, and the information contained in the noisy record with simple formulas.
Descriptive characteristics of prostate cancer in patients with a history of primary male breast cancer - a SEER analysis.

Current evidence on risk of prostate cancer following a diagnosis of male breast cancer is limited and guidance for screening in this potentially higher-risk population remainsunclear. Our objective was to quantify prostate cancer risk in men diagnosed with breast cancer. We identified men diagnosed with first primary breast cancer between 1988 and 2012 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program registry databases. Men were followed for occurrence of a second primary prostate cancer and secondary outcomes of cancer-specific and overall survival. Stratified analyses were performed by age, breast cancer stage, race, and breast cancer hormone receptor status. Excess risk per 10,000 person-years and standardized incidence ratios (SIR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. We used multivaraible Cox proportional hazard models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CI for characteristics associated with secondary prostate cancer and survival. From a cohort of 5753 men with breast cancer with median follow up of 4.3 years, we identified 250 cases of second primary prostate cancer. Overall, the incidence of second primary prostate cancer was modestly greater than expected (SIR = 1.12, 95% CI 0.93–1.33), although not statistically significant. Stratified analyses demonstrated associations for men ages 65–74 at the time of breast cancer diagnosis (SIR = 1.34, 95%CI 1.01–1.73), hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (SIR = 1.23, 95%CI 1.11–1.39) or AJCC stage I breast cancer (SIR = 1.36, 95%CI 1.04–1.75) and second primary prostate cancer diagnosis. The incidence of prostate cancer in men with history of breast cancer is similar to the general population. Men with favorable characteristics of their breast cancer were more likely to develop prostate cancer, possibly due to a lower competing risk of breast cancer mortality.
Outcomes of Climate Change in a Marginalized Population: An Ethnography on the Turkana Pastoralists in Kenya.

The article discusses the impact of climate change on the Turkana pastoralist people of Kenya from an ethnographic perspective. Topics include the impact of climate change on livestock held by pastoralist groups, the relation of land use to ethnic conflicts among pastoralist groups in East Africa, and environmental and social impacts of alternative means of employment such as charcoal production and home brew production.
75 Years of the Device Research Conference—A History Worth Repeating

At a time when the scientific community is overrun with conferences, workshops, and congresses to discuss all facets of innovation, much can be learned from considering a meeting that has withstood the test of time: the Device Research Conference (DRC). The DRC has been the launching pad for many game-changing innovations, from early transistors to new electronic materials. While the conference has undergone transformations to adapt to changing times, it remains true to its roots in a way that has enabled 75 years’ worth of successful technical gatherings. Remembering DRC’s past provides inspiration for preserving and, we would argue, repeating the pattern laid by this historic meeting.
Synchrotron light sources in developing countries

We discuss the role that synchrotron light sources, such as SESAME, could play in improving the socioeconomic conditions in developing countries. After providing a brief description of a synchrotro...
Effect of alloying elements on defect evolution in Ni-20X binary alloys

Abstract The effect of alloying elements on radiation-induced microstructural evolution in Ni and Ni-20X (X = Fe, Cr, Mn and Pd) binary alloys was investigated using ion irradiation and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. The three-dimensional migration mode is identified to be the dominating migration mechanism for interstitial clusters in these binary alloys, contrary to the one-dimensional mode that dominates in the well-studied dilute alloys. The results reveal that: (1) the average size of defect clusters decreases as the solute atomic volume size factor increases. Smaller void size in Ni-20Cr is attributed to faster vacancy mobility in the near surface region, and weaker vacancy binding energy beyond the irradiation peak than Ni-20Fe. The smaller voids observed in Ni-20Mn and Ni-20Pd beyond the damage peak are due to the stronger Mn/Pd-vacancy binding effect of largely oversized solute atoms. (2) Oversized solutes can act as strong trapping sites for interstitials. The larger the solute atomic volume factor, the stronger the trapping force. This leads to a more significantly sluggish interstitial migration and smaller dislocation loop size. The average dislocation loop size in Ni-20Fe was four times larger than Ni-20Pd (atomic volume factor being 10.6% and 41.3%) but an order of magnitude lower in density. The smaller dislocation loop size in Ni-20Cr is attributed to stronger interstitial binding of Cr-Ni. Overall, the alloying effect on defects is more significant in concentrated binary alloys than in dilute binary alloys, due to the concentration difference of alloying atoms and the interstitial dominant migration mechanisms in the main irradiated region.
A delicate balance-ethical standards for physician-journalists.

To avoid exploiting patients, physician-journalists must take great care in deciding whether to feature patients whom they treat in their reporting.
National Identity in the United States

This chapter explores many facets of the question “What does it mean to be American?” The topic of American national identity is explored from the perspective of political science, while drawing on history, political philosophy, and psychology. The chapter begins with an exploration of the concepts of nationalism and patriotism, and discusses how they play a role in American public opinion. Next it examines the notion of identity attachment, which refers to the extent to which people think of themselves first and foremost as American. The question of identity attachment is often salient when societies have high levels of immigration, as the United States has had over the past several decades. As such, this section pays particular attention to the study of ethnic and racial differences in identity attachment. The factors that influence such attachment are discussed, as are the consequences of such attachment – or lack thereof – on political outcomes, such as trust in political institutions and political behavior. The final section of the chapter investigates the content of American identity, which involves the set of norms that people think constitutes American identity, such as the norms of free speech, active citizenship, and Protestantism. It looks at what these norms are, how they have evolved over time, the extent to which they are adopted by various segments of the American population. As with the section on identity attachment, this final section specifically addresses ethnic and racial differences in how people define what it means to be American.
Head injury and anosmia

Anosmia is a frequent complication of head injury. One hundred eighty-one patients with head trauma and accompanying smell impairment were examined in the University of Connecticut Chemosensory Clinic from 1986 to 2002. The literature is reviewed.
RASA1 and NF1 co-mutated non-small cell lung carcinomas: Cancer genomic data and evaluation of sensitivity to MEK inhibition.

11600Background: Ras-GTPase activating proteins (RasGAPs), notably NF1 and RASA1, mediate negative control of the RAS/MAPK pathway. While NF1 mutations are enriched in non-small cell lung carcinoma...
Connections between control allocation and linear quadratic control for weakly redundant systems

In this paper, connections between the control allocation and linear quadratic (LQ) control frameworks for optimally distributing control inputs in weakly input redundant systems are explored. It is also shown that, for a representative class of exogenous disturbance and reference signals, the LQ control technique is identical to the so-called optimal control subspace-based (OCS) control allocation technique. However, for this equivalence to hold, the OCS control allocation technique requires evaluation of a (generally) non-causal relationship between control inputs, while the LQ control technique requires perfect knowledge of the system, disturbance and reference states. In practice, neither of these conditions is achievable; therefore, approximations are needed. In this regard, the OCS control allocation technique is superior because it is explicit about the relationship that must be accurately approximated to attain optimality; this enables good approximations of the optimal relationship to be realized. Conversely, the LQ control technique implicitly approximates the optimal relationship via estimation of states, disturbances and/or reference signals. In a comparison with a classical example based on the Kalman filter, the OCS control allocation is shown to be superior in preserving the optimal alignment of redundant control inputs, thus introducing enhanced performance with reduced cost.
Neural connectivity in syntactic movement processing

Linguistic theory suggests non-canonical sentences subvert the dominant agent-verb-theme order in English via displacement of sentence constituents to argument (NP-movement) or non-argument positions (wh-movement). Both processes have been associated with the left inferior frontal gyrus and posterior superior temporal gyrus, but differences in neural activity and connectivity between movement types have not been investigated. In the current study, functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 21 adult participants during an auditory sentence-picture verification task using passive and active sentences contrasted to isolate NP-movement, and object- and subject-cleft sentences contrasted to isolate wh-movement. Then, functional magnetic resonance imaging data from regions common to both movement types were entered into a dynamic causal modeling analysis to examine effective connectivity for wh-movement and NP-movement. Results showed greater left inferior frontal gyrus activation for Wh > NP-movement, but no activation for NP > Wh-movement. Both types of movement elicited activity in the opercular part of the left inferior frontal gyrus, left posterior superior temporal gyrus, and left medial superior frontal gyrus. The dynamic causal modeling analyses indicated that neither movement type significantly modulated the connection from the left inferior frontal gyrus to the left posterior superior temporal gyrus, nor vice-versa, suggesting no connectivity differences between wh- and NP-movement. These findings support the idea that increased complexity of wh-structures, compared to sentences with NP-movement, requires greater engagement of cognitive resources via increased neural activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus, but both movement types engage similar neural networks.
Induction Chemotherapy Reduces Patient-reported Toxicities During Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation with Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy for Rectal Cancer.

Abstract Background Initial treatment with either neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) or induction FOLFOX (5-Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin) chemotherapy followed by CRT is considered standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer. We compared patient-reported outcomes (PRO) during CRT in patients who had received induction chemotherapy versus those who did not. Patients and Methods We reviewed records of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who were treated with CRT between September 2009 and October 2014, and who had completed ≥ 4 PRO assessments during treatment. Clinician- and patient-reported toxicities were collected each week during treatment. We fit binomial generalized linear models to maximum toxicity scores across all patients’ visits. Results Of 123 patients with ≥ 4 PRO assessments, 87 (71%) patients reported a clinically meaningful PRO score of 3 or higher for diarrhea, and 91 (74%) patients reported a PRO score of ≥ 3 for urgency, during 1 or more weeks of treatment, corresponding to ‘very frequent’ or worse. Of 116 patients who had also completed ≥ 4 clinician-reported assessments for descriptive analysis, clinically significant diarrhea (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade ≥ 2) was reported in 9% of patients, and grade 2 proctitis and cystitis were reported in 20% and 4%, respectively. Eighty-four (68%) patients had undergone induction chemotherapy prior to CRT. Patients who received induction chemotherapy had 68% lower odds of experiencing significant urgency (odds ratio [OR], 0.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11-0.95; P = .04), 76% lower odds of bleeding (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.1-0.62; P Conclusion Based on PROs, a high proportion of patients experienced clinically significant symptoms during pelvic CRT, with diarrhea and urgency being most commonly reported. This appears to be under-reported on clinician-reported assessments. Delivery of induction chemotherapy was associated with lower odds of experiencing urgency, bleeding, and tenesmus on PROs during subsequent CRT, with no significant impact on diarrhea and rectal pain.
Investigating the validity of the networked imaging sensor model

The Networked Imaging Sensor (NIS) model takes as input target acquisition probability as a function of time for individuals or individual imaging sensors, and outputs target acquisition probability for a collection of imaging sensors and individuals. System target acquisition takes place the moment the first sensor or individual acquires the target. The derivation of the NIS model implies it is applicable to multiple moving sensors and targets. The principal assumption of the NIS model is independence of events that give rise to input target acquisition probabilities. For investigating the validity of the NIS model, we consider a collection of single images where neither the sensor nor target is moving. This paper investigates the ability of the NIS model to predict system target acquisition performance when multiple observers view first and second Gen thermal imagery, field-of-view imagery that has either zero or one stationary target in a laboratory environment when observers have a maximum of 12, 17 or unlimited seconds to acquire the target. Modeled and measured target acquisition performance are in good agreement.
The Saudi Arabia Monetary Agency

The Saudi Arabia Monetary Agency (SAMA), the central bank of the Kingdom, became official and effective on October 4, 1952.85 Given Saudi Arabia’s position as a prominent non-G-10 member of both the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and as a shareholder of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the SAMA is one of the biggest players in the international banking system. The SAMA is also a member of the Core Principles Liaison Group of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The SAMA regulates and supervises the Kingdom's banking system (commercial banks), and the Saudi stock market. In terms of monetary policy debate, the SAMA plays a significant role in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and is seen as a liaison between the West and the Middle East. Pursuant to its charter, the SAMA must conform and comply with Islamic Law, i.e., it cannot charge or pay interest, accept private deposits, or make advances to the government or to the private sector. To circumvent these prohibitions, new regulations were introduced in the 1980s based on a system of service charges instead of interest. The SAMA publishes audited balance sheets, which include a summary of profit and Joss accounts.
Squamous Neoplasia in the Esophagus.

Context.— Squamous lesions of the esophagus encompass a spectrum of disorders ranging from reactive changes and benign papilloma to squamous dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma, which may pose di...
1.12 – Network Analysis

Network analysis holds a prominent place in geographic information systems (GIS), which is a reflection of the earliest GIS data models that were implemented, its broad usefulness across domain areas, and its potential for future development. A network is a fundamental representation of space which can accurately represent a wide range of relationships. There is a scientific foundation for network analysis in the mathematical subdisciplines of graph theory and topology, along with referencing schemes that allow for geographic locations to be specified by their positions on a network. Within GIS, analytical methods for network applications have been developed that allow one to describe and measure networks, associate network events spatially, locate facilities on networks, and examine movement across networks. The field of network spatial statistics is quickly developing ways to infer the significance of network events with regard to their spatial and spatio-temporal properties. Interest in network analysis in GIS is high within many applications areas including transportation planning, utilities management, environmental analysis, social network analysis, and many more. Network analysis in GIS is an active research area today and is likely to see significant development of new methods for the foreseeable future.
Application of the International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology (ISRSFC) on Reporting Pericardial Effusion Cytology.

Introduction The International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology (ISRSFC) has recently been announced. Pericardial effusion (PE) is a clinical manifestation of a large variety of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions. Herein, we have applied the ISRSFC on reporting PE cytopathology and report our experience in a large academic institution. Method and materials After the Institutional Research Board approval, the electronic pathology database of a large academic institution was queried for PEs collected from January 2014 to January 2019. The diagnosis, patient demographics, and specimen volume were recorded for each case. The ISRSFC was applied and the cases were divided into 5 categories: nondiagnostic (ND), negative for malignancy (NFM), atypia of uncertain significance (AUS), suspicious for malignancy (SFM), and malignant (MAL). Each category was evaluated separately. Results A total of 299 cases were identified, 162 females and 137 males. The age of the subjects ranged from less than a year to 89 years (average 51.25 years). The volume ranged from 3 to 1,700 mL (average 298 mL). There were 252 NFM (84.3%), 13 AUS (4.3%), 4 SFM (1.3%), and 30 MAL (10%) cases. Metastatic lung cancer followed by metastatic breast cancer were the most common malignancies involving pericardial fluid (PF). No cases were diagnosed as ND. However, no mesothelial cells were seen in 97 specimens (38% of the negative cases). None of these patients developed malignant PE in at least 6 months of follow-up. Conclusion The ISRSFC is a user-friendly reporting system which is easily applicable on serous fluid including PF. The vast majority of PEs was benign (84.3%). Our study shows that the presence of mesothelial cells is not necessary for specimen adequacy in serous effusions as no mesothelial cells were identified in 38% of the negative cases. Metastatic lung carcinoma was the most common diagnosis of malignant effusions.
Decontextualizing contextual inversion

Contextual inversion, introduced as an analytical tool by David Lewin, is a concept of wide reach and value in music theory and analysis, at the root of neo-Riemannian theory as well as serial theory, and useful for a range of analytical applications. A shortcoming of contextual inversion as it is currently understood, however, is, as implied by the name, that the transformation has to be defined anew for each application. This is potentially a virtue, requiring the analyst to invest the transformational system with meaning in order to construct it in the first place. However, there are certainly instances where new transformational systems are continually redefined for essentially the same purposes. This paper explores some of the most common theoretical bases for contextual inversion groups and considers possible definitions of inversion operators that can apply across set class types, effectively de-contextualizing contextual inversions.
Resistive-Pulse Nanopore Sensing of Ligand Exchange at the Single Nanocluster Limit for Peptide Detection

Water-soluble metallic nanoclusters require passivating ligands to stabilize and, in many cases, derivatize their surfaces. Recently, we demonstrated the use of resistive-pulse nanopore sensing to ...