cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hodgkin, Alan Lloyd

British physiologist and biophysicist Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, OM, KBE, PRS (1914–98) shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley (1917–2012) and John Eccles (1903–97) for his research on the ionic mechanisms responsible for excitation and conduction in nerve axons. Hodgkin and Huxley's work led to the subsequent elucidation by others of the molecular mechanisms or nerve conduction, including the existence and operation of ion channels, which followed improvements in electronic techniques and the development of molecular genetics.
Primordial Prevention Through School Health Promotion

The widespread occurrence of adult cardiovascular diseases in westernized populations, coronary artery disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and the evidence these begin in childhood show the need to begin prevention early for virtually everybody. Damaging lifestyles learned early have to be addressed through education. The background from pediatric epidemiologic studies over the past four decades stresses approaches for prevention should be through primordial prevention. This can best be done through comprehensive and coordinated health education of school children. However, the challenge remains with respect to incorporating a sufficient health education program into the school systems that serve the entire population of children. Our experience shows single focused prevention efforts, e.g. for smoking, or for drugs, or for alcohol, are not as effective as broad health education, just like medical care is the ideal approach that physicians try to use in general medical practice. Thus, there is a need to get the parents and education community along with the communities of business and health care involved. Health education or prevention programs spearheaded by programs outside of the traditional educational system fail once the funding of such programs disappears. Failures also occur because general health is not part of the traditional education process and teachers are not trained in this discipline. Federal, state, and local governments will have to support school systems to begin and sustain such programs over time. Meeting this challenge is the best hope for primordial prevention.
On the Image Correlation Measurement of Displacement Fields With Strong Strain Gradients Or Discontinuities

Digital image correlation (DIC) based full-field deformation measurement technique has been successfully used to map both nominally homogenous and non-homogenous deformation fields [15]. Among the key parameters in a digital image correlation analysis are grid point selection, subset size and shape, local mapping function for the subset, and the image correlation criterion and its optimization solution algorithm used. In particular, the affine deformation mapping function (equivalent to the assumption that the subset deforms uniformly) is most commonly used. For a given deformation field with a very high strain gradient (such as the strain field around a sharp crack tip [1] and the boundary region across a shear band or tensile deformation band due to certain material softening behaviour [4]), such a choice of the local mapping function for a given subset is questionably. Furthermore, the common use of a uniform grid point set with subset centred at each grid point would also not be proper to achieve the optimum balance between the spatial resolution and accuracy of displacement field measurements. Several novel digital image correlation analysis methods are presented here to specifically address the above mentioned issues.
Metal sorption studies biased by filtration of insoluble metal oxides and hydroxides.

Abstract Toxic metals in the environment are often remediated using sorption techniques, particularly in aquatic and drinking water systems. However, a review of over 30 published sorption studies in the past two years alone revealed that the use of filtration to separate sorbed from unsorbed metals do not take into account metal hydroxide and oxide formation, and thus likely produce erroneous results. We quantified the effect of filtration on the removal of metal oxide/hydroxides from solution using a 0.45 μm filter as a function of pH, initial metal concentration and ionic strength for As, Be, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn. We found that even when the initial metal concentration was as low as 0.1 mg/L, up to 93% of metals in solution were removed and up to 100% removal was observed when the initial metal concentration was 5 mg/L at a pH of 7. If this was unaccounted for, precipitated metal oxide/hydroxide removed via filtration will be inaccurately attributed to metal sorption. Additionally, we demonstrate that speciation modeling can underestimate the pH at which insoluble metal species form and therefore can only be used to approximate metal precipitation, especially in complex matrices. Overestimating the sorption capacity of sorbent materials has major implications if these sorbents are used for the purification of drinking water or other vital environmental remediation efforts. We recommend sorption studies using filtration prepare the appropriate matrix-matched control samples to quantify potential metal oxide/hydroxide formation.
Divorce and health in middle and older ages

The prevalence and incidence of divorce at older ages have doubled since 1990. We use Health and Retirement Study data to describe associations between divorce, remarriage and health in middle and later life, following individuals and couples through divorce and remarriage in models with individual or couple fixed effects. At middle and older ages, divorce is more often associated with adverse physical and mental health changes for women than for men. Remarriage is associated with a restoration of health and depression to pre-divorce levels for men and women. However, men are more likely to remarry. Evidence from couple models suggests that for husbands, but not wives, remarriage may be associated with less depression than the baseline marriage. Differences in self-reported health associated with divorce appear linked to (diagnosed) mental health conditions among wives and physical health conditions among husbands.
Behaviors and Strategies Supporting Everyday Memory in Older Adults.

Background Little is known about the means by which older adults achieve memory-demanding goals in everyday life or alternatively about why they fail to do so. Objectives We conducted qualitative interviews to evaluate what older people do to support everyday memory functioning. A principal focus was on understanding the ways in which individuals use internal memory strategies and external memory aids. Methods We interviewed 25 community-dwelling older adults (mean age 70 years) in a semi-structured interview. The transcribed results were coded by extracting segments of the interviews and classifying the responses into emergent categories. All coded interview segments were reviewed by category. Memos were created and relevant themes identified. Results The older adults reported everyday memory failures (such as forgetting names), often without nominating explicit methods for avoiding these problems. They also reported using a number of external memory aids such as calendars and lists. Our interviews indicated this use was typically a part of complex routines and habits of living that often seemed vulnerable to errors. For instance, people would report filling medication organizers or completing to-do lists without mentioning plans for how to effectively use these aids later. Furthermore, they often reported reliance on spontaneous encoding and retrieval - for example, stating that they would routinely remember to perform important actions in the future. Conclusions Older adults' reported everyday memory failures were linked to suboptimal use of external memory aids and to a reliance on incidental learning and remembering. There is potential value for interventions that improve procedures for managing everyday life goals that rely on memory.
DNA methylation patterns of adult survivors of adolescent/young adult Hodgkin lymphoma compared to their unaffected monozygotic twin.

DNA methylation (DNAm) silences gene expression and may play a role in immune dysregulation that is characteristic of adolescent/young adult Hodgkin lymphoma (AYAHL). We used the Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip to quantify DNAm in blood (N = 9 pairs, mean age 57.4 y) or saliva (N = 36 pairs, mean age 50.0 y) from long-term AYAHL survivors and their unaffected co-twins. Epigenetic aging (DNAm age) was calculated using previously described methods and compared between survivors and co-twins using paired t-tests and analyses were stratified by sample type, histology, sex, age at sample collection and time since diagnosis. Differences in blood DNAm age were observed between survivors and unaffected co-twins (64.1 vs. 61.3 years, respectively, p = .04), especially in females (p = .01); no differences in saliva DNAm age were observed. Survivors and co-twins had 74 (in blood DNA) and 6 (in saliva DNA) differentially methylated loci. Our results suggest persistent epigenetic aging in AYAHL survivors long after HL cure.
"God Save This Honorable Court": How Current Establishment Clause Jurisprudence can be Reconciled with the Secularization of Historical Religious Expressions

Introduction 1274 I. Establishment Clause Jurisprudence 1281 A. Building up to Lemon 1281 B The Current Standard—The Lemon Test 1287 C. Alternative Analyses Emerge 1290 D. The Secularization Approach 1292 1. The dawn of secularization—Marsh v. Chambers........1294 2. Secularization of historical religious expressions......1296 II. The Flaws of Current Establishment Clause Jurisprudence..1298 A. But for Secularization, Historical Religious Expression Would Fail Current Establishment Clause Jurisprudence 1298 B. Secularization is an Inconsistent Solution 1302
Proton spin structure at small-x

Abstract We generalize the Bartels-Ermolaev-Ryskin approach for the g 1 structure function at small-x [1] , [2] to determine the small-x asymptotic behavior of the orbital angular momentum distributions in QCD. We present an exact analytical solution of the evolution equation in the double logarithmic approximation and discuss its implications for the proton spin problem.
The Professionalization of Academic Advising: A Structured Literature Review

Practitioners and scholars of academic advising have long grappled with the professional status of the field. To better understand the characteristics of professionalization and the obstacles that ...
Implications of Computer-Assisted Testing and Assessment for Professional Practice and Training

The authors of this article address the ethical and pragmatic issues—yet to be incorporated into professional training and continuing education—raised by the introduction of microcomputers.
Compromise and the American Founding: The Quest for the People's Two Bodies

Why is today's political life so polarized? This book analyzes the ways in which the divergent apprehensions of both 'compromise' and the 'people' in seventeenth-century England and France became intertwined once again during the American founding, sometimes with bloody results. Looking at key-moments of the founding, from the first Puritan colonies to the beginning of the Civil War, this book offers answers of contemporary relevance. It argues that Americans unknowingly combined two understandings of the people: the early modern idea of a collection of individuals ruled by a majority of wills and the classic understanding of a corporation hierarchically structured and ruled by reason for the common good. Americans were then able to implement the paradigm of the 'people's two bodies'. Whenever the dialectic between the two has been broken, the results had have a major impact on American politics. Born by accident, this American peculiarity has proven to be a long-lasting one.
Surgical Treatment for Refractory Gastroparesis: Stimulator, Pyloric Surgery, or Both?

Several surgical options exist for refractory gastroparesis (Gp) including gastric electric stimulation (GES) and pyloric surgery (PS) such as pyloromyotomy or pyloroplasty. Few studies exist comparing the outcomes of these surgeries. Compare the clinical outcomes of GES, PS, and simultaneous GES+PS for refractory Gp. Patients undergoing surgical intervention at our medical center from January 2016 to April 2019 were given pre- and post-surgery questionnaires to assess their response to intervention: Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms (PAGI-SYM) grading symptoms and Clinical Patient Grading Assessment Scale (CPGAS) grading response to treatment. Results are expressed as mean ± SE. One hundred thirty-two patients underwent surgical intervention; 12 were excluded. Mean CPGAS improvement overall was 2.8 ± 0.2 (p 0.05). Mean improvement in Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI) total score was 1.0 ± 0.1 (p 0.05). GES and GES + PS, but not PS only, significantly improved symptoms of nausea and vomiting (p < 0.01). Among gastroparesis subtypes, patients with diabetic gastroparesis had more improvement on nausea/vomiting subscale compared with idiopathic gastroparesis (p = 0.028). Patients with refractory symptoms of Gp undergoing GES, PS, or combined GES+PS each had significant improvement of their GCSI total score. GES and combined GES+PS significantly improved nausea/vomiting. These results suggest GES or combined GES+PS appears better for nausea/vomiting predominant refractory Gp.
Procedural Challenges in Interventional Neuroradiology

Interventional neuroradiology poses unique challenges to the anesthesiologist. It is frequently in a location remote from the operating room platform, and off-hour emergency cases require the services of more than a core group of anesthesia providers. Fundamental principles include (1) direct communication between the anesthesiologist and neurointerventionalist regarding specifics of the planned procedure, hemodynamic parameters, and preferences regarding general anesthesia (GA) vs. conscious sedation (CS), (2) awareness of the extreme urgency of acute stroke interventions in particular (avoiding time delay and hypotension), (3) avoidance of nitrous oxide due to the procedural risk of cerebral air embolism, (4) use of short-acting anesthetic agents to allow timely emergence and postoperative neurologic examination, and (5) individualized hemodynamic control following anesthetic emergence.
Alcohol consumption is associated with the severity and outcome of acute liver injury/failure

BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-medical factors which contribute to the severity of acute liver failure (ALF) remain poorly defined. The association of alcohol consumption on the severity of presentation and outcome were determined in patients with ALF and acute liver injury (ALI) in a large, multicentre registry. METHODS Alcohol consumption during the 6 months prior to study entry was analysed in 1170 patients enrolled in the ALF Study Group Registry. Consumption was categorized as none/minimal (<3 alcoholic beverages/week) or at least moderate (≥3/week). Clinical characteristics, the severity of liver injury at presentation (ALI or ALF) and outcome were compared. RESULTS In patients with acetaminophen (APAP) overdose, at least moderate alcohol consumption was associated with higher peak aminotransferases, bilirubin, creatinine and INR on admission, compared to no/minimal consumption. In patients with non-APAP ALI/ALF, at least moderate alcohol consumption was associated with higher peak aminotransferases and creatinine. In APAP, non-APAP or all aetiologies, at least moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a 75%, 89% and 82% higher odds, respectively, of presenting as ALF rather than ALI (all P < .005). At least moderate alcohol consumption increased the odds of death by 45% (P = .01) across all aetiologies. In multivariate analysis, older age, non-Caucasian race, peak INR, peak bilirubin and at least moderate alcohol consumption were significantly associated with death. Finally, in Kaplan-Meier analysis of patients with all aetiologies, at least moderate alcohol consumption was associated with decreased time-dependent survival (P = .002). CONCLUSION Alcohol consumption adversely affects the presentation and outcome of both APAP- and non-APAP-induced ALI/ALF.
Photoacoustic image guidance and robotic visual servoing to mitigate fluoroscopy during cardiac catheter interventions

Many cardiac interventional procedures (e.g., radiofrequency ablation) require fluoroscopy to navigate catheters in veins toward the heart. However, this image guidance method lacks depth information and increases the risks of radiation exposure for both patients and operators. To overcome these challenges, we developed a robotic visual servoing system that maintains visualization of segmented photoacoustic signals from a cardiac catheter tip. This system was tested in two in vivo cardiac catheterization procedures with ground truth position information provided by fluoroscopy and electromagnetic tracking. The 1D root mean square localization errors within the vein ranged 1.63 − 2.28 mm for the first experiment and 0.25 − 1.18 mm for the second experiment. The 3D root mean square localization error for the second experiment ranged 1.24 − 1.54 mm. The mean contrast of photoacoustic signals from the catheter tip ranged 29.8 − 48.8 dB when the catheter tip was visualized in the heart. Results indicate that robotic-photoacoustic imaging has promising potential as an alternative to fluoroscopic guidance. This alternative is advantageous because it provides depth information for cardiac interventions and enables enhanced visualization of the catheter tips within the beating heart.
Small airway function in obese individuals with self-reported asthma.

Diagnosis of asthma in obese individuals frequently relies on clinical history, as airflow by spirometry may remain normal. This study hypothesised that obese subjects with self-reported asthma and normal spirometry will demonstrate distinct clinical characteristics, metabolic comorbidities and enhanced small airway dysfunction as compared with healthy obese subjects. Spirometry, plethysmography and oscillometry data pre/post-bronchodilator were obtained in 357 obese subjects in three groups as follows: no asthma group (n=180), self-reported asthma normal spirometry group (n=126), and asthma obstructed spirometry group (n=51). To assess the effects of obesity related to reduced lung volume, oscillometry measurements were repeated during a voluntary inflation to predicted functional residual capacity (FRC). Dyspnoea was equally prevalent in all groups. In contrast, cough, wheeze and metabolic comorbidities were more frequent in the asthma normal spirometry and asthma obstructed spirometry groups versus the no asthma group (p<0.05). Despite similar body size, oscillometry measurements demonstrated elevated R 5-20 (difference between resistance at 5 and 20 Hz) in the no asthma and asthma normal spirometry groups (0.19±0.12; 0.23±0.13 kPa/(L·s-1), p<0.05) but to a lesser degree than the asthma obstructed spirometry group (0.34±0.20 kPa/(L·s-1), p<0.05). Differences between groups persisted post-bronchodilator (p<0.05). Following voluntary inflation to predicted FRC, R 5-20 in the no asthma and asthma normal spirometry groups fell to similar values, indicating a reversible process (0.11±0.07; 0.12±0.08 kPa/(L·s-1), p=NS). Persistently elevated R 5-20 was seen in the asthma obstructed spirometry group, suggesting chronic inflammation and/or remodelling (0.17±0.11 kPa/(L·s-1), p<0.05). Thus, small airway abnormalities of greater magnitude than observations in healthy obese people may be an early marker of asthma in obese subjects with self-reported disease despite normal airflow. Increased metabolic comorbidities in these subjects may have provided a milieu that impacted airway function.
Emerging and investigational targeted chemotherapy and immunotherapy agents for metastatic brain tumors

Metastases to the central nervous system are the most common cause of malignant intracranial tumors in adults. Current standard of care includes surgery and radiation, but overall survival remains ...
ATFuzzer: Dynamic Analysis Framework of AT Interface for Android Smartphones

Application processors of modern smartphones use the AT interface for issuing high-level commands (or AT-commands) to the baseband processor for performing cellular network operations (e.g., placing a phone call). Vulnerabilities in this interface can be leveraged by malicious USB or Bluetooth peripherals to launch pernicious attacks. In this article, we propose ATFuzzer, which uses a grammar-guided evolutionary fuzzing approach that mutates production rules of the AT-command grammar instead of concrete AT commands to evaluate the correctness and robustness of the AT-command execution process. To automate each step of the analysis pipeline, ATFuzzer first takes as input the 3GPP and other vendor-specific standard documents and, following several heuristics, automatically extracts the seed AT command grammars for the fuzzer. ATFuzzer uses the seed to generate both valid and invalid grammars, following our cross-over and mutation strategies to evaluate both the integrity and execution of AT-commands. Empirical evaluation of ATFuzzer on 10 Android smartphones from 6 vendors revealed 4 invalid AT command grammars over Bluetooth and 14 over USB with implications ranging from DoS, downgrade of cellular protocol version, to severe privacy leaks. The vulnerabilities along with the invalid AT-command grammars were responsibly disclosed to affected vendors and assigned CVE’s.
The Use of Immersive Environments for the Early Detection and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Neuropsychiatric disorders are highly prevalent conditions with significant individual, societal, and economic impacts. A major challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions is the lack of sensitive, reliable, objective, quantitative tools to inform diagnosis, and measure symptom severity. Currently available assays rely on self-reports and clinician observations, leading to subjective analysis. As a step toward creating quantitative assays of neuropsychiatric symptoms, we propose an immersive environment to track behaviors relevant to neuropsychiatric symptomatology and to systematically study the effect of environmental contexts on certain behaviors. Moreover, the overarching theme leads to connected tele-psychiatry which can provide effective assessment.
Design and Implementation of Operating System in Distributed Computer System Based on Virtual Machine

Distributed computer network system is a network system with high cohesion, transparency and autonomy. Users of a distributed system see a single, high-performance and high-reliability data computing and processing system with a large number of resources. With the long-term development of virtualization technology, the performance of virtual machine can meet many application requirements, especially for the virtualization of processor and memory, which has reached the performance similar to that of physical host. With the popularity of desktop virtualization technology, many enterprises begin to deploy desktop virtualization system. Nowadays, the virtual machine with certain characteristics and performance advantages has gradually matured after a long time of development, and has been widely used in computer related industries. Based on the connotation and characteristics of virtual machine, this paper analyzes and studies the design and implementation process of operating system in distributed computer system.
Using deep neural networks and interpretability methods to identify gene expression patterns that predict radiomic features and histology in non-small cell lung cancer.

Purpose: Integrative analysis combining diagnostic imaging and genomic information can uncover biological insights into lesions that are visible on radiologic images. We investigate techniques for interrogating a deep neural network trained to predict quantitative image (radiomic) features and histology from gene expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Approach: Using 262 training and 89 testing cases from two public datasets, deep feedforward neural networks were trained to predict the values of 101 computed tomography (CT) radiomic features and histology. A model interrogation method called gene masking was used to derive the learned associations between subsets of genes and a radiomic feature or histology class [adenocarcinoma (ADC), squamous cell, and other]. Results: Overall, neural networks outperformed other classifiers. In testing, neural networks classified histology with area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) of 0.86 (ADC), 0.91 (squamous cell), and 0.71 (other). Classification performance of radiomics features ranged from 0.42 to 0.89 AUC. Gene masking analysis revealed new and previously reported associations. For example, hypoxia genes predicted histology (>0.90 AUC). Previously published gene signatures for classifying histology were also predictive in our model (>0.80 AUC). Gene sets related to the immune or cardiac systems and cell development processes were predictive (>0.70 AUC) of several different radiomic features. AKT signaling, tumor necrosis factor, and Rho gene sets were each predictive of tumor textures. Conclusions: This work demonstrates neural networks’ ability to map gene expressions to radiomic features and histology types in NSCLC and to interpret the models to identify predictive genes associated with each feature or type.
Subjective Metric Organization Directs the Allocation of Attention across Time

Metric structure cues important moments, which can guide attention across time. Supporting this, metric strength improves performance and modulates early auditory processing. It is unclear whether ...
Experiments on visual cells by nature and man: in search of treatment for photoreceptor degeneration. Friedenwald lecture.

In this lecture I attempt to provide an overview of pathogenetic factors of photoreceptor degeneration as well as the alterations of the visual cells and their cellular environment in photoreceptor degeneration. A therapeutic approach to photoreceptor degeneration was developed based on the experimental model of photic retinopathy
Effect of Microstructure on Sliding Contact Damage and Wear of Ceramic Coatings

Hard and wear resistant ceramics coatings are often applied to metallic surfaces to enhance their tribological performance. Using the scratch and twin roller tests, we evaluated the surface contact damage and the mechanism of wear in different ceramic coating. In amorphous diamond-like carbon coating, the damage and eventual material removal occurred by straight cracking that follows the trajectory of the tensile stresses. Damage in a crystalline titanium nitride (TiN) coating with a columnar grain structure occurred primarily by inter-columnar cracking perpendicular to the surface. For crystalline chromium nitride (CrN) coating with equiaxed grains, contact damage consisted primarily of grain boundary cracking and wear is due to surface-layer grain pullout. Results of the present study showed the dominant effect of ceramic coating microstructure on the contact damage and wear mechanism.
Intellectual Property Norms in Stand-Up Comedy

In this paper, which will appear as a chapter of a forthcoming book from the Univ. of Chicago Press, "The Making and Unmaking of Intellectual Property," we analyze how stand-up comedians protect their jokes using a system of social norms. Intellectual property law has never protected comedians effectively against theft. Initially, jokes were virtually in the public domain, and comedians invested little in creating new ones. In the last half century, however, comedians have developed a system of IP norms. This system serves as a stand-in for formal law. It regulates issues such as authorship, ownership, transfer of rights, exceptions to informal ownership claims and the imposition of sanctions on norms violators. Under the norms system, the level of investment in original material has increased substantially. We detail these norms, which often diverge from copyright law's defaults. Our description is based on interviews with comedians, snippets of which we include throughout the paper. Our study has implications for intellectual property theory and policy. First, its suggests that the lack of legal protection for intellectual labor does not entail a market failure by necessity, as social norms may induce creativity. Second, it suggests that the rules governing a particular creative practice affect not only how much material is created, but also its kind. Third, we suggest that comedians' IP norms system emerged over the past half century as technological change increased the benefit of having property rights in jokes and concomitantly reduced the costs of enforcing those rights. Fourth, we note that stand-up's norms system recognizes only a limited set of forms of ownership and transfer. We suggest that the system's crude rights structure is driven by the fact that effective enforcement requires that ownership be clear to the community. Lastly, social norms offer a way to regulate creative practices that do not sit well within IP law's one-size-fits-all mold. They do so, moreover, without imposing on society the costs of disuniformity in the formal law, including legal complexity and industry-driven lobbying. Stand-up's norms system has both benefits and costs, which we detail in the paper. However, norms-based IP systems offer an alternative (or supplementary) cost/benefit bundle which in some cases may be superior to that of formal law alone. In stand-up's case, norms economize on enforcement costs and appear to maintain a healthy level of incentives to create alongside a greater diversity in the kinds of humor produced. A final assessment of stand-up's social norms system awaits further work. With what we currently know, we are cautiously optimistic.
Strategic Imperatives in Software Engineering Education

The strategic imperatives in software engineering education require that universities address the limits of human performance in the intellectual control of computer systems in industry and government. The remarkable growth in critical dependence of businesses and government agencies on computers in a single human generation presents unprecedented opportunities and challenges for educational institutions. Software development and maintenance seems a heuristic, error prone activity, much as doing arithmetic in roman numerals. Software engineering education must find the analogs of long division in place notation in software analysis and design. Such discoveries will change human capabilities as dramatically in software engineering as grade school students making calculations beyond Euclid's capability.
Efficient Re-rendering of Naturally Illuminated Environments

We present a method for the efficient re-rendering of a scene under a directional illuminant at an arbitrary orientation. We take advantage of the linearity of the rendering operator with respect to illumination for a fixed scene and camera geometry. Re-rendering is accomplished via linear combination of a set of pre-rendered “basis” images. The theory of steerable functions provides the machinery to derive an appropriate set of basis images. We demonstrate the technique on both simple and complex scenes illuminated by an approximation to natural skylight. We show re-rendering simulations under conditions of varying sun position and cloudiness.
Biological Response of Lactic Streptococci and Lactobacilli to Catalase

Addition of catalase to milk cultures of lactic streptococci resulted in increased rates of acid production, although it had no effect on cultures of lactobacilli. Milk cultures of both streptococci and lactobacilli produced detectable amounts of peroxide, which reached a maximum level in the early period of acid production followed by a drastic decrease as the acid production increased. Pyruvate and reduced glutathione decreased the amount of peroxide formed, but had little effect on acid production by the streptococci. Ferrous sulfate prevented the accumulation of peroxide and stimulated the rate of acid production by the streptococci to a greater extent than did catalase.
Intravascular bullet embolism to the right atrium.

: Bullet embolism is a relatively unusual complication of gunshot wounds. Embolism to the right atrium comprises <5% of all reported intravascular bullet emboli. We report an additional case of bullet embolus to the right atrium of a 0.38-caliber bullet following a gunshot wound to the chest. The intracardiac bullet was recognized radiologically on presentation, but the patient was hemodynamically stable and managed conservatively, with the bullet left in place. The missile remained within the heart without clinical significance for several years and was recovered from the right atrium only at the time of autopsy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of a 0.38-caliber bullet which embolized to the right atrium and remained inconsequential for an extended period of time.
Option Repricing and Incentive Realignment

We provide evidence that firms reprice out-of-the-money executive stock options in order to realign managerial incentives. A sharp decline in stock price, by reducing the sensitivity of executive pay to firm performance (delta) and, in many cases, increasing sensitivity of executive pay to stock-return volatility (vega), can cause managerial incentives to depart from optimal or target levels. Our results suggest that increasing delta does not appear to be a strong motivation for repricing. Rather, we find strong evidence that firms reprice executive options to reduce risk-taking incentives (vega) toward the target level.
Equal phase, variable crossover, ladder realizable, diplexers using the Butterworth polynomial

This paper considers a particular class of diplexer circuitry. This design class exhibits properties which are very useful. To one extent or another the properties listed below are each exhibited by the circuitry presented herein. Each attribute is under the control of the designer in order to provide the desired degree of approximation for each characteristic. >
What Is and What Can Be: How a Liminal Position Can Change Learning and Teaching in Higher Education

In this article we analyze what happens when undergraduate students are positioned as pedagogical consultants in a faculty development program. Drawing on their spoken and written perspectives, and using the classical anthropological concept of liminality, we illustrate how these student consultants revise their relationships with their teachers and their responsibilities within their learning. These revisions have the potential to transform deep-seated societal understandings of education based on traditional hierarchies and teacher/student distinctions.
The Mexican American Family: an Adlerian perspective

This study was designed to determine whether Adlerian-style interviews of Mexican American family members would support the general stereotypes commonly presented in the research literature. Interviews were conducted with members of 32 intact Mexican American families (64 parents, 123 children) from two church parishes. The interviews focused on perceptions of sibling roles, alliances among family members, and family management. A chi-square analysis of the data revealed that siblings perceived females as socially more cooperative and also tended to perceive sex-based alliances among family members. Parents did not seem to make choices on the basis of the sex of the family member. The results raise several questions about the prevalent literature on Mexican Americans but appear consistent with research on the American family in general.
Persistence of Klebsiella pneumoniae on simulated biofilm in a model drinking water system.

Persistence of Klebsiella pneumoniae on corroded iron surfaces in drinking water was studied using biofilm annular reactors operated under oligotrophic conditions. Reactors were inoculated with K. pneumoniae, and persistence was monitored in the bulk and biofilm phases. Initial cell concentration of 106 MPN/mL in the bulk water phase resulted in significantly longer adhesion than initial concentrations 1 and 2 orders of magnitude lower. K. pneumoniae cultured in low nutrient growth medium persisted longer in dechlorinated tap water than those cultured in full strength medium. Cell surface charge was more negative under low nutrient conditions, and this influenced electrostatic attraction between the cells and the oxidized iron surface. Cells grown in full strength media persisted longer in water with both low ( 0.5 mg/L) free chlorine residuals. Growth media injected with the cells dechlorinated the water allowing adhesion without inactivation. Microelectrode measurements showed a 40−...
Description, classification, and analysis of unoperated clefts of the lip and palate

Abstract The need for an anatomically accurate means for describing clefts of the lip and palate in the newborn child was stressed. On the basis of photographs, casts of the face and palate, and cephalometric roentgenograms obtained on a large series of newborn babies with clefts, a classification and analysis of clefts of the lip and palate were presented. In all instances, the records were those of patients on whom no surgical procedure had been performed. Longitudinal growth studies of the individual child with a cleft provide useful information in planning an integrated program of long range care. Such records also serve to contribute to the educative processes of all the specialties represented in the cleft palate team and to establish a means for interprofessional communication.
Good schools make good neighbors: Human capital spillovers in early 20th century agriculture

Abstract Formal schooling has a significant impact on modern agricultural productivity but there is little evidence quantifying the historical importance of schools in the early development of the American agricultural sector. I present new data from the Midwest at the start of the twentieth century showing that the emerging public schools were helping farmers successfully adapt to a variety of agricultural innovations. I use a unique dataset of farmers containing detailed geographical information to estimate both the private returns to schooling and human capital spillovers across neighboring farms. The results indicate that public schools contributed substantially to agricultural productivity at the turn of the century and that a large portion of this contribution came through human capital spillovers. These findings offer new insights into why the Midwest was a leader in the expansion of secondary education.
Lau effect and grating imaging

Lau imaging is shown to be a special case of generalized two-grating interference and is explained in terms of the phenomenon of grating imaging, wherein a grating is imaged by a second grating.
Travel-Related Vaccines

Travelers are at increased risk for several infections, including familiar infections such as measles that are widely distributed but more common in developing countries. Vaccines can markedly decrease the risk for many of these infections and are an important part of pretravel preparation. Travel provides an opportunity to review and update routine vaccines in adults and assess risk from unusual infections. Global travel is growing. Persons who are elderly, HIV-infected, and immunocompromised account for many of the travelers. Studies that assess the immunogenicity, efficacy, and adverse effects of some of the special vaccines used primarily in travelers generally have been done in young, healthy populations. Findings in young adults do not apply to other populations in whom immune response can be slower, less effective, and less durable. Recent reports of severe adverse events in elderly persons who have received yellow fever vaccine are a reminder that widely used, old vaccines can have unexpected side effects when used in a new population. It is biologically plausible that adverse effects might be more common in the elderly, and epidemiologically plausible that occasional instances of similar adverse events in the past could have been missed. Studies on special and travel vaccines in the elderly are needed urgently to define how these vaccines should be used in older populations and whether alternative means for protection are needed.
An analysis of conjugate heat transfer from a heated wall in a channel with zero-mean oscillatory flow for small oscillatory flow Reynolds numbers

Abstract An exact solution for small oscillatory flow Reynolds numbers is presented for the fully-developed zero-mean oscillatory flow and heat transfer in a two-dimensional channel with a wall uniformly heated to simulate the forced-convection cooling of electronic components on printed circuit boards. The other channel wall is insulated and all thermal properties are taken to be constant. Also, results are given in terms of time-averaged Nusselt number as functions of oscillatory flow Reynolds number and Wormersely number, based on both channel height and tidal displacement as the characteristic lengths, and for two specific cases with air and water as the cooling fluid media.
Substrate preferences for lipase-mediated acyl-exchange reactions with butteroil are concentration-dependent

Substrate preferences for pancreatic lipase-mediated acyl-exchange reactions with butteroil were concentration-dependent for the series of acyl donors and alcohol acceptors evaluated. For acidolysis reactions, the initial reaction rates and percent reaction yields after 18 h at 50 µmol acyl donor per gram substrate mixture were similar forn-fatty acids and their methyl and glycerol esters. At 400–500 µmol g−1 (and greater), order of initial reaction rates and percent reaction yield was fatty acid glycerol esters > fatty acid methyl esters > fatty acids. At concentrations above 300–500 µmol g−1, reaction inhibition was observed for fatty acid substrates, and inhibition took place at lower concentrations for the shorter-chainlength fatty acids of those evaluated (5–17 carbons). Inhibition was primarily attributed to acidification of the microaqueous environment of the lipase. Desorption of water by the fatty acid substrate may be a secondary mode of inhibition. The concentration dependence of initial reaction rates and percent reaction yield was similar for then-alcohol substrates evaluated (2–15 carbons) for alcoholysis reactions with butteroil. Optimum alcohol concentration was 375–500 µmol g−1 (except for butanol, which was 1 mmol g−1, above which reaction inhibition was observed. Inhibition was attributed to desorption of water from the enzyme by the alcohol substrate. Relative reactivity of classes of alcohols for this reaction system was primary alcohols > secondary alcohols > tertiary alcohols. Generally, alcoholysis reactions were faster than acidolysis reactions, and triacylglycerols were the best substrates for acidolysis reactions with butteroil at high levels (up to 2 mmol g−1) of acyl donor substrate.
Characterization of UV-induced radiation damage to Si-based photodiodes

We have made direct measurements of the internal quantum efficiency and the reflectivity of UV-damped silicon photodiodes in the spectral range of 125 nm to 320 nm. The above quantities, coupled with absolute spectral responsivities, may yield unique information leading to the identification of the mechanisms responsible for the degradation of performance of the silicon photodiodes in the ultraviolet. The measurements were made using synchrotron radiation from the NIST synchrotron ultraviolet radiation facility and an absolute cryogenic radiometer as a primary standard detector.
Onset of Convection in a Porous Medium with Internal Heat Generation and Downward Flow

The criteria for the onset of natural convection in a fluid-saturated porous medium with a distributed heat source from absorbed solar radiation and an externally imposed downward flow of the fluid are determined. The Brinkmanextended Darcy formulation is used in the equations of motion. Linear stability analysis is performed on the continuity, momentum, and energy equations and the resulting linearized equations are solved using a Galerkin method. The stability criteria so obtained are given in terms of the internal and external Rayleigh numbers, porous medium permeability and extinction coefficient, and Peclet number of the imposed downward flow. The predicted stability criteria in the limiting cases of no downward flow and no heat generation are in agreement with those obtained by others. These results can be applied to the evaluation of a possible improved solar pond design, an end that motivated this study.
Real-time imaging of human brain function by near-infrared spectroscopy using an adaptive general linear model

Near-infrared spectroscopy is a non-invasive neuroimaging method which uses light to measure changes in cerebral blood oxygenation associated with brain activity. In this work, we demonstrate the ability to record and analyze images of brain activity in real-time using a 16-channel continuous wave optical NIRS system. We propose a novel real-time analysis framework using an adaptive Kalman filter and a state–space model based on a canonical general linear model of brain activity. We show that our adaptive model has the ability to estimate single-trial brain activity events as we apply this method to track and classify experimental data acquired during an alternating bilateral self-paced finger tapping task.
The role of vibrational energy in surface isomerization of cyclopropane

Abstract We report an investigation of the heterogeneous isomerization of cyclopropane to propylene on mica surfaces under conditions which made possible the independent variation of surface temperature, as well as the velocity and vibrational temperature of the incident cyclopropane molecules. Measured reaction probabilities ranged from 3.4 × 10 −6 to 5.4 × 10 −4 as the vibrational temperature was increased from 700 to 820 K while the surface temperature was constant at 756 K. This dependence upon vibrational temperature corresponds to an activation energy of 56 kcal mol . The apparent activation energy corresponding to a similar variation in surface temperature is 21 kcal mol . Model calculations indicate that these results cannot readily be accounted for in terms of simple energy exchange between the surface and a reactant molecule We conclude that the overall process must involve activated adsorption followed by surface reaction and desorption of product propylene.
Separation of oligosaccharides containing terminal α-linked galactose residues by affinity chromatography on Griffonia simplicifolia I bound to concanavalin A-sepharose

Abstract The seeds of Griffonia simplicifolia contain a family of five isolectins (GS-I) ( L. A. Murphy and I. J. Goldstein (1977) J. Biol. Chem.252, 4739–4742) that bind with high affinity to glycoconjugates containing terminal nonreducing α-linked galactose residues. Here, we report that GS-I itself is bound via its high mannose-type, Asn-linked sugar chains to immobilized concanavalin A (Con A-Sepharose). The GS-I in the GS-I-Con A-Sepharose complex retains its ability to bind glycoconjugates containing terminal α-linked galactose residues. This convenient method to immobilize GS-I is rapid and quantitative. We have exploited this affinity system to separate oligosaccharides based on their number of terminal α-linked d -galactose residues.