cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sleep disturbances in clinic patients with functional bowel disorders.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Sleep deprivation can lower visceral perception thresholds and nonregenerative sleep has been implicated as an etiological factor in chronic hyperalgesia syndromes. The aims of our study were to quantify the self-reported prevalence and type of sleep disturbances in patients with different functional bowel disorders (FBD) and to determine if this prevalence is related to involvement of the upper or lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract, perceived disease severity, or psychological comorbidity. METHODS: We enrolled 505 new FBD patients from an academic referral center specializing in functional GI disorders and 247 community based healthy controls. All patients and controls were prospectively evaluated by validated bowel symptom and sleep questionnaires. A psychological profile was obtained by SCL-90R. RESULTS: We found that 68% of functional dyspepsia (FD), 71.2% of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)+FD, 50.2% of IBS, and 55.1% of the normal subjects reported having sleep disturbances. Waking up repeatedly during the night and waking up in the morning feeling tired or not rested were the most commonly reported sleep patterns; 57.2% of the patients reported that their abdominal ache awakened them from sleep during the night. Self-reported sleep disturbance was directly related to the perceived intensity of GI symptoms. Self-reported sleep disturbances were equally common in both male (57%) and female (58.4%) FBD patients. There was no significant difference between the mean anxiety and depression scores between patients with and without sleep dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: FD patients, but not IBS patients, reported sleep disturbances more frequently than healthy control subjects. Abdominal pain or discomfort that awaken FBD patients from sleep during the night were common, and thus a poor discriminating factor between organic and functional disorders.
Phosphorylation in the amino terminus of tau prevents inhibition of anterograde axonal transport.

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies are characterized by fibrillar inclusions composed of the microtubule-associated protein, tau. Recently, we demonstrated that the N-terminus of tau (amino acids [aa] 2–18) in filamentous aggregates or N-terminal tau isoforms activate a signaling cascade involving protein phosphatase 1 and glycogen synthase kinase 3 that results in inhibition of anterograde fast axonal transport (FAT). We have termed the functional motif comprised of aa 2–18 in tau the phosphatase-activating domain (PAD). Here, we show that phosphorylation of tau at tyrosine 18, which is a fyn phosphorylation site within PAD, prevents inhibition of anterograde FAT induced by both filamentous tau and 6D tau. Moreover, Fyn-mediated phosphorylation of tyrosine 18 is reduced in disease-associated forms of tau (e.g., tau filaments). A novel PAD-specific monoclonal antibody revealed that exposure of PAD in tau occurs before and more frequently than tyrosine 18 phosphorylation in the evolution of tangle formation in AD. These results indicate that N-terminal phosphorylation may constitute a regulatory mechanism that controls tau-mediated inhibition of anterograde FAT in AD.
Toward a multimethod approach to assessing the effects of social support

Two studies were done to assess the direct and stress-buffering effects of social support on psychological symptoms of college students. Three conceptually distinct measures were used to assess different aspects of social support: receipt of supportive transactions, satisfaction with support received, and social support network characteristics. The results indicated a significant direct and stress-buffering effect for support satisfaction in reducing psychological symptomatology. Two measures of support network size were used: number of people who were both a source of supportive and of upsetting interactions (conflicted support network), and number of people who were only mentioned as a source of support (unconflicted support network). Conflicted network size was positively related to symptomatology and increased the relationship between stress and symptomatology. No direct or interaction effects were obtained for unconflicted network size in predicting symptomatology.
Radical Formation in the Oxidation of 2,2‘-Azo-2-methyl-6-heptene by Thianthrene Cation Radical

Reaction of 2,2'-azo-2-methyl-6-heptene (1) with thianthrene cation radical perchlorate (Th(*)(+)ClO(4)(-)) in CH(2)Cl(2) solution containing 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylpyridine (DTBMP) gave a mixture of nine C(8) hydrocarbons, namely, 1,1,2-trimethylcyclopentane (4, 2.2%), 6-methyl-1-heptene (5, 2.2%), 2-methyl-1,6-heptadiene (6, 9.8%), 2,2-dimethyl-1-methylenecyclopentane (7, 2.9%), 6-methyl-1,5-heptadiene (8, 39%), 3,3-dimethyl- (9, 7.6%), 4,4-dimethyl- (10, 11%), 1,2-dimethyl- (11, 5.4%), and 1,6-dimethylcyclohexene (12, 1.5%). The amounts of acyclic dienes (6, 8) fell and of cyclohexenes (9, 10) rose when DTBMP was omitted from or diminished in the solution. The results provide firm evidence (products 4, 5, and 7) for the formation of the 2-methyl-6-hepten-2-yl radical (2), although the major fate of 2 is its oxidation to the corresponding cation 13, the origin of the bulk of the other products.
Uptake of Metals on Peat Moss: An Ion-Exchange Process†

Various biomaterials have shown promise as sorbants to remove heavy metals from water. Several advantages of peat moss for such applications include its abundance, low cost, and high metal capacity. A Ca-loaded column of peat moss was therefore studied with mixtures of metals. Metals bind to anionic sites by displacing protons from acidic groups ( ) or existing metals from anionic sites at high pH (Kex). These ion-exchange equilibrium constants were determined in batch experiments by direct measurement of species in solution and sorbed on the solid phase. The same Kex values of Mg 0.342, Mn 0.862, Ca 1.00, Ni 1.42, Zn 1.88, Cd 2.82, Cu 9.97, and Pb 26.7 relative to Ca were found for a given metal alone or in the presence of a mixture, thus showing that the metals function independently. Under conditions employed for a Mg/Mn mixture, it was found that ion-exchange equilibria were maintained along the column due to very fast rates for metal−metal exchange as measured in a separate kinetic study. A linear re...
Geometric angles in quantum and classical physics

Abstract The geometric angles introduced in the group theoretical treatment of Berry's phase by Anandan and Stodolsky are generalized to the non-adiabatic cyclic evolutions studied by Aharonov and Anandan. This is done in the Schrodinger and Heisenberg representations. In the adiabatic, classical limit, these angles are shown to correspond to Hannay's angles. A purely group theoretical description of these angles as determining the holonomy of a connection in a principal fiber bundle over a homogeneous space is given in both quantum and classical physics.
Thermal stabilization of PVC by “plasticizer thiols”

Various new carboxylate esters containing one or more sulfhydryl groups are shown to be remarkably effective as both thermal stabilizers and plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). These plasticizer thiols function well as primary stabilizers in the absence of metal-containing additives when they are introduced at either a typical plasticizer level or a conventional stabilizer level. Their syntheses are straightforward and, in some cases, require only an acid-catalyzed esterification performed with commercially available starting materials. Unlike typical thiols, the purified plasticizer thiols do not have offensive odors when their molecular weights are relatively high.
A population-based twin study of the relationship between neuroticism and internalizing disorders.

Objective: The anxiety and depressive disorders exhibit high levels of lifetime comorbidity with one another. The authors examined how genetic and environmental factors shared by the personality trait neuroticism and seven internalizing disorders may help explain this comorbidity. Method: Lifetime major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, animal phobia, situational phobia, and neuroticism were assessed in over 9,000 twins from male-male, female-female, and oppositesex pairs through structured diagnostic interviews. Multivariate structural equation models were used to decompose the correlations between these phenotypes into genetic and environmental components, allowing for sex-specific factors. Results: Genetic factors shared with neuroticism accounted for between one-third and one-half of the genetic risk across the internalizing disorders. When nonsignificant gender differences were removed from the models, the genetic correlations between neuroticism and each disorder were high, while individual-specific environmental correlations were substantially lower. In addition, the authors could identify a neuroticism-independent genetic factor that significantly increased risk for major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. Conclusions: There is substantial, but not complete, overlap between the genetic factors that influence individual variation in neuroticism and those that increase liability across the internalizing disorders, helping to explain the high rates of comorbidity among the latter. This may have important implications for identifying the susceptibility genes for these conditions.
A comparison of methods for the molecular quantitation of the fourth component of human complement.

Abstract Quantitation of C′4 by the effective molecule titration procedure yielded values which were approximately 300 times lower than values based on nitrogen determination or on immunochemical analysis. To explore the reason for the disparate results, a quantitative analysis of the reaction mechanism of C′4 in immune hemolysis was performed employing highly purified, radioactively labeled C′4. It was found that the majority of the C′4 molecules escape detection by effective molecule titrations due to (a) inefficient binding of C′4 to the cell surface, and (b) hemolytic inefficiency of specifically cell bound C′4. Two factors were experimentally derived which permit conversion of the number of effective C′4 molecules to the absolute number of C′4 molecules. The number of effective molecules per μg of C′4 was similar for isolated C′4 and for C′4 in fresh human serum.
Stable and runaway bubble merger in a model for Rayleigh-Taylor unstable interfaces

Abstract A statistical model for the growth of bubbles in a Rayleigh-Taylor unstable interface is analyzed. Runaway and uniform growth regimes are observed. Starting from a random configuration, in which neighboring bubbles are uncorrelated, runaway is found to be the expected initial transient with velocities and accelerations growing exponentially. However neighboring bubble correlations develop dynamically, which may lead to a self-limiting regime of uniform growth and constant acceleration. The observed constant acceleration rate is non-universal.
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION WITH SENSITIVITY CONSTRAINTS

One important problem with using optimization models for design is that parameter values, and thus model results, are often uncertain. A general and practicable approach, sensitivity constrained nonlinear programming (SCNLP), is developed for extending nonlinear programming models to include functions of the system sensitivity to changes in parameter values. Using SCNLP, sensitivity-based functions can be constructed that represent approximately many meaningful design criteria, including first-order estimates of the variance, reliability, and robustness. Thus SCNLP can be used to generate alternative designs that are good with respect to traditional objectives, and that incorporate explicitly the concerns about uncertainty in parameter values. A solution procedure is presented, and an implementation is discussed briefly. To illustrate the approach, a simple heat exchanger design SCNLP is formulated and solved. More significant design problems can be considered, and an application of SCNLP to a complex was...
Conjugate heat transfer measurements in a non-uniformly heated circular flow channel under flow boiling conditions

Abstract Plasma-facing components (PFCs) for fusion reactors and high heat flux heat sinks for electronic applications, are usually subjected to a peripherally non-uniform heat flux. The configuration under study is related to these applications and consists of a single-side heated circular-like cross-section test section (TS) with a circular coolant channel bored through the center. The TS has a heated length of 180.0 mm and has 10.0 and 30.0 mm inside and outside diameters, respectively. It was subjected to a constant heat flux on one side only, and the remaining half of the circumferential surface is not exposed to a heat flux. The inlet channel water temperature was held constant at 26.0 °C, the exit pressure was maintained at 0.207 MPa, and the mass velocity was 0.59 Mg / m 2 s . The results consist of three-dimensional TS wall temperature distributions and a clear display of both CHF and post-CHF for this single-side heated configuration. These results are very encouraging in that they are among the first full set of truly three-dimensional TS wall temperature measurements for a one-side heated (OSH) flow channel which contains the effect of conjugate heat transfer for turbulent, subcooled flow boiling.
The Conjugate Graetz Problem With Axial Conduction

Our study is motivated by recent investigations of heat transfer in microheat exchangers fabricated on silicon wafers. The objective is to assess the importance of axial heat conduction in both the solid and the liquid. To this end, we studied slug and Poiseuille flows between parallel plates and in circular cylinders
Precision flow measurement techniques for low thrust auxiliary propulsion liquid rockets.

Fuel consumption precision measurements for low thrust auxiliary rockets using impeller wheel and photometric devices
Chromatic and intensive effects in dot-pattern masking: evidence for different time constants in color vision.

Masking of red, green, and blue dotted alphabetic characters (of about 0.34 cd/m2) by random dots of the same colors and luminance indicates that masking is greatest with red masking dots and red-dotted target patterns, and least with blue masking dots and targets. Over-all masking increases as mask-to-target interval increases and as the number of masking dots increases, but varying dot luminances down to about 0.034 cd/m3 have relatively little effect on the amount of masking. A major difference between colors occurs, however, only when there is an interval between target and mask. Color differences are also greatly reduced when the spectral bandwidth is reduced. These findings are interpreted in terms of time-constant differences among the mechanisms that mediate human color vision.
Replacement of the proximal histidine iron ligand by a cysteine or tyrosine converts heme oxygenase to an oxidase.

The H25C and H25Y mutants of human heme oxygenase-1 (hHO-1), in which the proximal iron ligand is replaced by a cysteine or tyrosine, have been expressed and characterized. Resonance Raman studies indicate that the ferric heme complexes of these proteins, like the complex of the H25A mutant but unlike that of the wild type, are 5-coordinate high-spin. Labeling of the iron with 54Fe confirms that the proximal ligand in the ferric H25C protein is a cysteine thiolate. Resonance-enhanced tyrosinate modes in the resonance Raman spectrum of the H25Y·heme complex provide direct evidence for tyrosinate ligation in this protein. The H25C and H25Y heme complexes are reduced to the ferrous state by cytochrome P450 reductase but do not catalyze α-meso-hydroxylation of the heme or its conversion to biliverdin. Exposure of the ferrous heme complexes to O2 does not give detectable ferrous−dioxy complexes and leads to the uncoupled reduction of O2 to H2O2. Resonance Raman studies show that the ferrous H25C and H25Y heme ...
The age, growth, and distribution of the longjaw cisco, Leucichthys alpenae Koelz, in Lake Michigan

Abstract The longjaw (Leucichthys alpenae) was found at all of the 109 stations fished in the open lake during 1930–1932 and at 29 of the 32 stations in Green Bay in 1930 and 1932. Koelz (1929) found the longjaw at 35 localities, 33 of which were different from those fished in 1930–1932. The species was most abundant in water with a depth of less than 70 fathoms, but was found as deep as 97 fathoms. The longjaw was estimated to be about 4 1/3 times as abundant along the east shore of southern Lake Michigan as along the west shore in 1930 and 1931. The abundance along the east shore in 1930–1931 was estimated to be approximately equal to that in northern Lake Michigan in 1932. The best explanation for the relative scarcity of L. alpenae along the west shore is that a more intensive fishery, with smaller sizes of mesh, was operating on a separate population. The length distribution of 6,954 specimens taken in 1930–1932 revealed little difference in frequencies between the sexes, the samples taken in each of...
Improved Chemotherapy for Small-Cell Undifferentiated Lung Cancer

Bleomycin sulfate, doxorubicin hydrochloride, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine sulfate combination chemotherapy was given to 29 patients with small-cell undifferentiated lung cancer. Only four of these patients had limited disease, and in these patients there was 100% complete remission; two of these four patients remain in complete remission at more than 52 and 60 weeks. Of the 25 patients with generalized disease, 18 (72%) had neoplasm regression (>50%), including two with complete remission (8%). The median duration of remission was 25 weeks. The median survival time from diagnosis was 39 weeks and that from initiation of therapy, 35 weeks. The drug regimen was well tolerated, and although substantial leukopenia was produced, there were only three patients in whom granulocytopenic infections developed. There was only one drug-related death. ( JAMA 235:1225-1229, 1976)
Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation of larger (42 kDa) multiply charged proteins

Abstract Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD), demonstrated originally with ions as large as 17 kDa, has been applied to larger proteins in a 6 T Fourier-transform mass spectrometer. For carbonic anhydrase (29 kDa), ThiF (27 kDa), and thiazole kinase (29 kDa), ion cell temperatures of 60–110 °C give mostly uninformative H 2 O loss, but 145 °C gives extensive backbone dissociation. For carbonic anhydrase ions at 70 °C, H 2 O loss continues for >240 s; thermalizing ions for ∼30 s reduces H 2 O loss eightfold. For thiaminase I (42 kDa), H 2 O loss is not observed, with backbone dissociation occurring above 150 °C. For these proteins, BIRD has effected cleavages of 34, 41, 23, and 28, respectively, backbone bonds. Although most are the same as those cleaved by infrared multiphoton dissociation and collisionally activated dissociation, some BIRD cleavages do provide additional and complementary sequence information. Carbonic anhydrase also shows extensive H 2 O loss from its fragment ions that compromises their validity for sequencing.
Directional Antenna Multi-path Location Aided Routing (DA-MLAR)

DA-MLAR is an extension of multi-path location aided routing (MLAR) with directional antenna capability. DA-MLAR minimizes the protocol overhead of reactive routing protocols. The extension not only further reduces MLAR's protocol overhead, but also improves the packet delivery ratio and the end-to-end delay. This is because the long radio transmission range obtained using directional antenna can avoid network partitions so as to reduce the number of rebroadcasts and cut down on the number of routing hops. Through simulations, we demonstrate that MLAR with directional antenna reduces protocol overhead by up to 87%, data overhead by up to 40%, end- to-end delay by up to 33%, and improves packet delivery ratio by up to 15%. In most of the topologies, directionalities with beam width ranging from 9 to 15 degrees are found to be optimal most of the time
Trans fat diet induces abdominal obesity and changes in insulin sensitivity in monkeys.

Objective: There is conflicting evidence about the propensity of trans fatty acids (TFAs) to cause obesity and insulin resistance. The effect of moderately high intake of dietary monounsaturated TFAs on body composition and indices of glucose metabolism was evaluated to determine any pro-diabetic effect in the absence of weight gain. Research Methods and Procedures: Male African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops; n = 42) were assigned to diets containing either cis-monounsaturated fatty acids or an equivalent diet containing the trans-isomers (∼8% of energy) for 6 years. Total calories were supplied to provide maintenance energy requirements and were intended to not promote weight gain. Longitudinal body weight and abdominal fat distribution by computed tomography scan analysis at 6 years of study are reported. Fasting plasma insulin, glucose, and fructosamine concentrations were measured. Postprandial insulin and glucose concentrations, and insulin-stimulated serine/threonine protein kinase (Akt), insulin receptor activation, and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations in subcutaneous fat and muscle were measured in subsets of animals. Results: TFA-fed monkeys gained significant weight with increased intra-abdominal fat deposition. Impaired glucose disposal was implied by significant postprandial hyperinsulinemia, elevated fructosamine, and trends toward higher glucose concentrations. Significant reduction in muscle Akt phosphorylation from the TFA-fed monkeys suggested a mechanism for these changes in carbohydrate metabolism. Discussion: Under controlled feeding conditions, long-term TFA consumption was an independent factor in weight gain. TFAs enhanced intra-abdominal deposition of fat, even in the absence of caloric excess, and were associated with insulin resistance, with evidence that there is impaired post-insulin receptor binding signal transduction.
Heteroleptic cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes with charge transporting groups: a theoretical study

Efficient and stable high energy organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) are a vital component of new generation general illumination solutions. However, large charge imbalances in the emissive layer of OLEDs lead to charge accumulation and subsequent side reactions which lowers the device efficiency and dramatically shortens operational lifetime. Radical changes in the way emitter materials are designed are needed to address this problem. Conventional approaches have only focused on color tuning; however, multi-functional emitter materials are needed to assist the transport of charge in the emissive layer. We have designed new organometallic iridium phosphorescent materials with bipolar charge transport properties to be used in high energy OLEDs and white light configurations. Theoretical data presented here indicates that these new emitter complexes would improve charge transport in the emissive layer.
Bile acids XXXIII. The synthesis of allomuricholic acids

Abstract To assist in the identification of trihydroxy bile acids derived from rat bile after administration of allochenodeoxycholic acid, the isomeric allomuricholic acids (3α,6,7-trihydroxy-5α-cholanic acids) were prepared. Hyodeoxycholic acid was selectively oxidized at C-6 and the keto acid allomerized to the 5α-series. After successive bromination, reduction of the ketone, and treatment of the product with zinc and acetic acid, methyl 3α-acetoxy-Δ6-cholenate was obtained. Hydrolysis of the derived epoxide provided allo-α-muricholic acid (the 3α,6β,7α-triol). Hydrolysis of the osmate of the cholenate afforded allohyocholic and allo-β-muricholic acids (the 3α, 6α,7α- and 3α,6β,7β-triols), respectively. Reduction of 3α, 7β-dihydroxy-6-oxo-5α-cholanic acid with sodium in propanol afforded allo-ω-muricholic acid (the 3α,6α,7β-triol). Results of thin layer and gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry are compatible with the structures assigned.
A Validity Generalization Perspective on the Ability of Undergraduate GPA and the Medical College Admission Test to Predict Important Outcomes

Background: Research on the validity of using the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) and undergraduate grade point average (GPA) for selection to medical school has produced conflicting interpretations. There is debate regarding the degree to which coefficients diminish over the course of educational and professional outcomes and disagreement over whether these two measures can predict clinical performance. Purpose: To summarize and interpret the validity literature using validity generalization techniques that account for measurement error. Methods: Validity generalization techniques were used to summarize MCAT and undergraduate GPA validity research. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate validity coefficients for two outcome domains across educational and professional attainment levels. Results: The ability to predict academic performance decreases slightly for written tests. For clinical performance assessments, existing research does not allow an assessment of change across training levels. Ho...
Prepyriform electrical activity in the rat during high altitude exposure

Abstract 1. 1. Effects of exposure for 2 h to simulated altitudes of 12,500 (475 mm Hg) and 18,000 ft (380 mm Hg) on electrical activity of the olfactory cortex were studied in awake, unrestrained rats implanted with electrodes in the prepyriform cortex and in the lateral olfactory tract (LOT). 2. 2. The prepyriform evoked potential, elicited by single shock stimulation of the LOT, consists of several oscillations of decreasing amplitudes. Terminal oscillations of the evoked response were more susceptible than initial waves to the effects of high altitude: greater reductions in amplitude and frequency of final, than of initial, waves occurred during high altitude exposure. At 18,000 ft the number of oscillations in the evoked response decreased. 3. 3. Latency between stimulus artifact and beginning of the prepyriform response increased 6 and 14% after 2 h at 12,500 and 18,000 ft, respectively Analysis of latency into its components (conduction time along the LOT and synaptic delay between tract and cortex) revealed that synaptic delay was more sensitive than conduction to high altitude exposure. At 18,000 ft increase in synaptic delay occurred earlier, was 2.5 times greater after 2 h at altitude, and took longer to recover after return to sea level, than increase in conduction time. At 12,500 ft synaptic delay, but not conduction time, was increased. 4. 4. Spontaneous electrical activity of the prepyriform cortex is characterized by bursts of beta waves with an average frequency of 50 c/sec and by respiratory waves. At 18,000 ft marked depression of the olfactory cortex was demonstrated by 40–50% reductions in amplitude and number of waves per burst and in duration of bursts of beta waves; frequency decreased 10–20%. Beta waves became normal 10 min after return to sea level pressures. Decreased frequency and increased amplitude of respiratory waves suggested that respiration was slower and deeper after 2 h at 18,000 ft.
Enhancing the quality of H/D exchange measurements with mass spectrometry detection in disulfide-rich proteins using electron capture dissociation.

Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry (MS) has become a potent technique to probe higher-order structures, dynamics, and interactions of proteins. While the range of proteins amenable to interrogation by HDX MS continues to expand at an accelerating pace, there are still a few classes of proteins whose analysis with this technique remains challenging. Disulfide-rich proteins constitute one of such groups: since the reduction of thiol–thiol bonds must be carried out under suboptimal conditions (to minimize the back-exchange), it frequently results in incomplete dissociation of disulfide bridges prior to MS analysis, leading to a loss of signal, inadequate sequence coverage, and a dramatic increase in the difficulty of data analysis. In this work, the dissociation of disulfide-linked peptide dimers produced by peptic digestion of the 80 kDa glycoprotein transferrin in the course of HDX MS experiments is carried out using electron capture dissociation (ECD). ECD results in efficient cleavage of...
Ethnobotanical Observations on the Cuna Indians

Although the Cuna Indians of Panama and Colombia are said to derive from Colombian Chibchan stock (2), place names suggest that they occupied much of eastern Panama at the time of the conquest (3). At that time, much of eastern Panama, now forested, was open, savannalike terrain (1). Balboa is said to have sent his men from Pacific Darien (now regarded by the novice as virgin forest) to the Atlantic slope to secure timbers to construct boats for his conquest of Peru. Since then, because of disease and other pestilence, the Panama Cuna Indians have largely retreated to the Comarca of San Blas, although there are relict villages on the headwaters of the Bayano, Chucunaque, Paya and Pucro. The Cuna trace their origin to mysterious, virtually unexplored, Cerro Tacarcuna at the corner of Darien, San Blas, and Colombia. The Cuna village of Tacarcuna (elevation ca. 650 m) on the Tacarcuna River was apparently abandoned nearly a century ago because of smallpox. Smallpox and measles possibly caused the decimation of the vast Cuna empire of the days of conquest when Oviedo estimated a population density much greater than that of modem Darien (1).
MGS-TES thermal inertia study of the Arsia Mons Caldera

[1] Temperatures of the Arsia Mons caldera floor and two nearby control areas were obtained by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES). These observations revealed that the Arsia Mons caldera floor exhibits thermal behavior different from the surrounding Tharsis region when compared with thermal models. Our technique compares modeled and observed data to determine best fit values of thermal inertia, layer depth, and albedo. Best fit modeled values are accurate in the two control regions, but those in the Arsia Mons' caldera are consistently either up to 15 K warmer than afternoon observations, or have albedo values that are more than two standard deviations higher than the observed mean. Models of both homogeneous and layered (such as dust over bedrock) cases were compared, with layered-cases indicating a surface layer at least thick enough to insulate itself from diurnal effects of an underlying substrate material. Because best fit models of the caldera floor poorly match observations, it is likely that the caldera floor experiences some physical process not incorporated into our thermal model. Even on Mars, Arsia Mons is an extreme environment where CO2 condenses upon the caldera floor every night, diurnal temperatures range each day by a factor of nearly 2, and annual average atmospheric pressure is only around one millibar. Here, we explore several possibilities that may explain the poor modeled fits to caldera floor and conclude that temperature dependent thermal conductivity may cause thermal inertia to vary diurnally, and this effect may be exaggerated by presence of water-ice clouds, which occur frequently above Arsia Mons.
Response of 443 patients to steroids as primary therapy for acute graft-versus-host disease: comparison of grading systems.

Abstract Acute GVHD remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In a retrospective analysis, the response of 443 HSCT patients who received prednisone, 60 mg/m2, for 14 days followed by an 8-week taper, as initial therapy for acute GVHD from 1990 through 1999 at a single institution was examined. Median patient age was 29.0 years (range, 0.3-60.3 years), with 40% of patients or=28 days) complete response observed in 35% and partial response observed in 20% of patients. Patients with acute lower gastrointestinal GVHD (+/- other organ involvement) had lower response rates. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, recipients of related donor grafts and recipients of GVHD prophylaxis other than methotrexate alone had the highest likelihood of overall response. Initial Minnesota GVHD grade or Consensus GVHD grade was not associated with significant differences in overall response, whereas patients with an initial IBMTR grade of B or C had a higher likelihood of response. Chronic GVHD developed in 42% of patients by 1 year after HSCT. The probability of survival at 1 year after initiation of steroid therapy was 53% (95% confidence interval, 48%-58%). In Cox regression analysis, factors associated with better survival included patients' youth, receipt of related or HLA-matched unrelated grafts, and administration of GVHD prophylaxis other than T-cell depletion in all 3 grading systems. Lower initial GVHD grade (I-II or A-B) led to better survival. These data suggest that steroids provide an active but inadequate therapy for acute GVHD, especially with higher grade GVHD. More effective prophylaxis and therapy for acute GVHD is needed for mismatched unrelated donor recipients and for those with severe GVHD. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2002;8(7):387-94.
Genetics and neuropsychiatric disorders: Treatment during adulthood

Genetic approaches in animal models have recently led to new ways of thinking about inherited neuropsychiatric disorders. Many such disorders were thought to originate during early development, but newer findings have suggested that processes in the adult nervous system also contribute. Dan Ehninger and Alcino J. Silva outline how such events in the adult may be amenable to therapy, including some approaches in clinical trials. In Bedside to Bench, Petrus de Vries questions the utility of genome-wide association studies for autism spectrum disorders and other neuropsychiatric conditions.
Pathogenesis and management of postprandial hyperglycemia: role of incretin-based therapies

Postprandial plasma glucose concentrations are an important contributor to glycemic control. There is evidence suggesting that postprandial hyperglycemia may be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are antidiabetic agents that predominantly reduce postprandial plasma glucose levels. DPP-4 inhibitors are associated with fewer gastrointestinal side effects than GLP-1 receptor agonists and are administered orally, unlike GLP-1 analogs, which are administered as subcutaneous injections. GLP-1 receptor agonists are somewhat more effective than DPP-4 inhibitors in reducing postprandial plasma glucose and are usually associated with significant weight loss. For these reasons, GLP-1 receptor agonists are generally preferred over DPP-4 inhibitors as part of combination treatment regimens in patients with glycated hemoglobin levels above 8.0%. This article reviews the pathogenesis of postprandial hyperglycemia, the mechanisms by which GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors reduce postprandial plasma glucose concentrations, and the results of recent clinical trials (ie, published 2008 to October 2012) that evaluated the effects of these agents on postprandial plasma glucose levels when evaluated as monotherapy compared with placebo or as add-on therapy to metformin, a sulfonylurea, or insulin. Findings from recent clinical studies suggest that both GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors could become valuable treatment options for optimizing glycemic control in patients unable to achieve glycated hemoglobin goals on basal insulin, with the added benefits of weight loss and a low risk of hypoglycemia.
Managing equipment: a proposed model for replacement

Proposes a replacement model for all types of library equipment — both audiovisual and computer. The model enables managers to develop a consistent capital equipment replacement budget based on such factors as equipment longevity, level of use, and technological advances. Also discusses machine reassignment as an alternative to obsolescence.
A simple procedure for estimating pseudo risk ratios from exposure to non-carcinogenic chemical mixtures

Non-cancer risk assessment traditionally assumes a threshold of effect, below which there is a negligible risk of an adverse effect. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry derives health-based guidance values known as Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) as estimates of the toxicity threshold for non-carcinogens. Although the definition of an MRL, as well as EPA reference dose values (RfD and RfC), is a level that corresponds to “negligible risk,” they represent daily exposure doses or concentrations, not risks. We present a new approach to calculate the risk at exposure to specific doses for chemical mixtures, the assumption in this approach is to assign de minimis risk at the MRL. The assigned risk enables the estimation of parameters in an exponential model, providing a complete dose–response curve for each compound from the chosen point of departure to zero. We estimated parameters for 27 chemicals. The value of k, which determines the shape of the dose–response curve, was moderately insensitive to the choice of the risk at the MRL. The approach presented here allows for the calculation of a risk from a single substance or the combined risk from multiple chemical exposures in a community. The methodology is applicable from point of departure data derived from quantal data, such as data from benchmark dose analyses or from data that can be transformed into probabilities, such as lowest-observed-adverse-effect level. The individual risks are used to calculate risk ratios that can facilitate comparison and cost-benefit analyses of environmental contamination control strategies.
SU‐E‐J‐115: A Study of Tumor Volume Parameters in Lung Cancer Patients and the Possible Effects on Tumor Motion

Purpose: To study volume parameters and how they might affect tumor motion in lungcancer patients. Methods: Nine patients with lung lesions were imaged with a Philips Brilliance Big Bore 4D CT scanner before and after receiving radiation therapytreatment. A single board certified radiation oncologist contoured all patient tumors in zero (maximum inhalation) and fifty percent (full exhalation) phases. Images were ported to the treatment planning system Pinnacle© 9.0. Volume measurements of the lesions were automatically obtained from these contours. Maximal tumor dimensions were obtained manually in the saggital, coronal, and transverse planes. Tumor motion was assessed from the centroid tumor locations (obtained automatically) between respiratory phases. Centroid distance to the diaphragm was also measured. Results: A comparison of the difference from the spherical equivalent volume (SV) based upon the maximal tumor dimension and the volume measurements from Pinnacle© were compared. A linear correlation (R2 = 0.972) was noted. A correlation using a power law fit was determined between tumor motion and distance from the diaphragm for the initial scan and subsequent rescan (R2 = 0.251 and R2 = 0.249 respectively). Tumor motion was separated based upon which planar view the maximal tumor dimension was found to be in. Tumors with the largest sagittal dimensions (5 scans) had an average and standard deviation in tumor motion of 0.47 +/− 0.61 cm, coronal (5 scans) had 1.29 +/− 0.43 cm, and transverse (8 scans) had 0.61 +/− 0.31 cm. Conclusions: The data suggests a correlation to estimate spherical equivalent volume (SV) and thus the maximal dimension of the lesion. Also, if this maximal dimension was found in the coronal view, those tumors exhibited approximately twice as much tumor motion between respiratory phases as compared with tumors with maximal dimensions found in the other planar views.
Sequential G- to R-banding for high resolution chromosome analysis.

A sequential staining protocol for revealing first G-and then R-bands on early metaphase chromosomes is presented. Lymphocyte cultures are synchronized with methotrexate, and released from the S-phase block with bromodeoxyuridine. The resulting early metaphase cells are initially G-banded with Wright's stain and then R-banded by the fluorescence plus Giemsa (FPG) technique.
Mechanisms Underlying Preferential Assembly of Heparan Sulfate on Glypican-1

Glypicans are major cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, the structures of which are characterized by the presence of a cysteine-rich globular domain, a short glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attachment region, and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor. Despite strong evolutionary conservation of the globular domains of glypicans, no function has yet been attributed to them. By using a novel quantitative approach for assessing proteoglycan glycosylation, we show here that removal of the globular domain from rat glypican-1 converts the proteoglycan from one that bears approximately 90% heparan sulfate (HS) to one that bears approximately 90% chondroitin sulfate. Mutational analysis shows that sequences at least 70 amino acids away from the glypican-1 GAG attachment site are required for preferential HS assembly, although more nearby sequences also play a role. The effects of the glypican-1 globular domain on HS assembly could also be demonstrated by fusing this domain to sequences representing the GAG attachment sites of other proteoglycans or, surprisingly, simply by expressing the isolated globular domain in cells and analyzing effects either on an exogenously expressed glypican-1 GAG attachment domain or on endogenous proteoglycans. Quantitative analysis of the effect of the globular domain on GAG addition to proteoglycan core proteins suggested that preferential HS assembly is achieved, at least in part, through the inhibition of chondroitin sulfate assembly. These data identify the glypican-1 globular domain as a structural motif that potently influences GAG class determination and suggest that an important role of glypican globular domains is to ensure a high level of HS substitution of these proteoglycans.
Psychosocial issues in dealing with AIDS.

The AIDS epidemic is a major challenge for health and mental health professionals as they identify and meet the interrelated medical and psychosocial needs of peopie with this disease. Public health authorities have identified AIDS as today’s most critical public health problem. In June 1986, at one of the early national conferences on the disease, the Public Health Service estimated that by 199 1 a total of $8 to $ 16 billion will have been spent for the treatment of persons with AIDS (1). Projections were that by the end of 199 1 more than 270,000 persons will have been diagnosed with AIDS, and that 54,000 persons will die from AIDS each year. In addition, the Public Health Service estimated in 1986 that one to one and a half million Americans were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS, and that 20 to 30 percent of these persons would contract the disease by 1991 (1). The number of cases was expected to double every 12 to 14 months. The Public Health Service has since revised the estimate of those who will be diagnosed with AIDS to more than 365,000 by the end
Autogamy in Paramecium polycaryum

Mass cultures of a stock of Paramecium polycaryum maintained over a period of several years showed abundant and frequent nuclear reorganization stages resembling those of ex-conjugant and ex-autogamous animals of other species of Paramecium. Conjugation has never been reported for P. polycaryum, nor has it been found in these studies. Cytological examination of stained preparations revealed a process of autogamy in P. polycaryum, closely similar to that described previously for P. aurelia. As a rule, all four of the micronuclei, the typical vegetative number in P. polycaryum, engage in the first prezygotic division which is characterized by the formation of prophase crescents. Variable numbers of the eight nuclei continue with the second division. A maximum of sixteen nuclei may result. Apparently, only one of these normally completes the third prezygotic division to form the gametic nuclei, although more than one may initiate it. A fusion nucleus (synkaryon) arises in, or near, a paroral cone, thus paralleling autogamy in P. aurelia. A series of postzygotic divisions produces eight definitive nuclei, four of which become macronuclear anlagen and four remain micronuclei. The first division of the synkaryon results, possibly, in the formation of a viable nucleus and a non-viable one, as in ex-conjugants of P. caudatum. After the last micronuclear division, a skein evolves from the old macronucleus which has become flattened and leaf-like. The skein rapidly segments into “sausages” which transform into spherical fragments, about thirty in number. Two cell divisions restore the normal vegetative nuclear complex.
Induction of Neuronal Morphology in Adrenal Chromaffin Cells Cocultured with Denervated Schwann Cells

We have studied the interactions of adrenal chromaffin and Schwann cells in a coculture system to observe whether denervated Schwann cells induce and support chromaffin cell differentiation in a manner analogous to nerve growth factor (NGF). Schwann cells induce both the accumulation of intense clumps of cocultured chromaffin cells on their surfaces and intense neurite outgrowth. This interaction is not blocked by antibodies to NGF or laminin. Conditioned medium from Schwann cell cultures fosters neurite outgrowth in chromaffin cells in a fashion qualitatively similar to NGF. Our data indicate that denervated Schwann cells exert a profound aggregating and differentiating effect upon chromaffin cells, inducing the expression of a neuronal phenotype via a predominantly NGF-independent mechanism.
Power-efficient relay selection in cooperative networks using decentralized distributed space-time block coding

Distributed space-time block coding (Dis-STBC) achieves diversity through cooperative transmission among geographically dispersed nodes. In this paper, we present a power-efficient relay-selection strategy for decentralized Dis-STBC in a selective decode-and-forward cooperative network. In particular, for a two-stage network, each decoded node broadcasts a small amount of information with limited power. This node then utilizes its own and its neighbors' information to decide whether or not to act as a relay for the source information. In this way, only part of the decoded set will act as relays. Further, by applying the idea of this relay-selection strategy to each relaying hop in a multihop network, a power-efficient hop-by-hop routing strategy is formulated. The outage analyses and simulations are presented to illustrate the advantage of these strategies.
Ethics in accounting: Values education without indoctrination

The integration of ethics into accounting curricula is a critical challenge facing accounting educators. The ethical subject matter to be covered and the role of the professor in ethical debates in the classroom are important unresolved issues. In this paper, we explore teaching basic values as an integral part of ethics education. Concern about indoctrination of students is addressed and the consistency of values education with the goals of ethics education is examined. A role for ethics researchers in identifying and clarifying the basic values that define our profession is recommended, and suggestions for implementing values education in accounting ethics are provided.