cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Leaks Through Microchannel Cracks Using RELAP5-3D

The purpose of the present work is to study the flow leakage through postulated microchannels. In the framework of the leak before break, it is reasonable to assume that a detectable leak develops before a large break occurs. A large pressure difference may exist between the crack inlet and outlet; the fluid residence time is so brief that thermodynamic equilibrium conditions cannot be reached within the crack. Using RELAP5-3D system code, the modified Henry's homogeneous nonequilibrium model was adopted to simulate the fluid condition at the choked point. In channels with large L/D H , mechanical equilibrium between the phases is usually reached. On the other hand, because of the small residence time, thermal equilibrium may not be achieved. Thus, the critical flow through the crack is kinematically homogeneous, but thermodynamically in nonequilibrium conditions. In this investigation, various channel cross-flow areas were considered, each having a sensitivity study performed in reference to the wall roughness. In this approach it was possible to analyze the dependence of channel pressure drop as afunction of the Reynolds number and wall roughness. For high values of the Reynolds number, the pressure drop showed very little influence of the Reynolds number over the fluid conditions inside the microchannel. On the other hand, the wall roughness strongly influences the channel pressure drop and, consequently, the critical mass flow rate through the crack. The RELAP5-3D wall friction correlation was compared with various available models in the literature, such as John et al. (1987), modified Karman, Nikuradse (1933), and Button et al. (1978). These correlations predict similar values for the friction factor. The RELAP5-3D model was also in agreement with modified Karman correlation for the studied wall roughness values. However, it underestimated the friction factor with respect to John's formula. This indicates that the crack critical mass flow rate predicted by RELAP5-3D is larger than that calculated using John's correlation.
Pathophysiology of post-operative scars

BACKGROUND: Major surgical procedures result in varying degrees of scar as a visible endpoint of wound healing. Efforts to minimize post-operative scar formation that can lead to painful or unsightly scars have been motivated by the unpredictability and potential for abnormal scarring. The formation of scars following surgery is of particular interest to plastic surgeons. We review here the classic stages of wound repair and the mechanical forces that affect post-operative scarring. METHODS: The peer-reviewed literature within the last 10 years was studied using an evidence-based approach. RESULTS: Pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that post-operative scar formation begins with the surgical incision and is influenced by the local wound environment as it passes through the classic stages of inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. Mechanical forces including tension, depth and epidermal closure all influence scarring as demonstrated in animal models and clinical experience. Dermal regeneration templates have both scar reductive and regenerative properties. Current scar therapy includes compression therapy, silicone gel sheeting, radiation therapy and molecular therapy albeit with variable success. CONCLUSIONS: Post-operative scar forms as the result of a highly conserved cascade of events following surgery that seeks to restore skin integrity and is influenced by the wound environment's physical properties likely through cellular mechanotransduction. While current therapies seek to minimize scar formation based on our understanding of these forces, further research on the molecular and mechanical forces affecting post-operative scarring will allow for clinical applications to minimization scar formation.
High-Resolution, High-Stability, High-Frequency Optical Tweezers Methods with a Simple Video Camera

We have developed a number of optical tweezers techniques for performing high-resolution (3-D, angstrom-level), high-stability (1-2 nm longterm), high-frequency (> 100 kHz) measurements using inexpensive video microscopy. Experimental demonstrations include quantification of protein folding kinetics.
Mass Flow Ratio Influence on Shock and Pressure Spectra for a Low-Boom Supersonic Inlet

Spectral analysis of a low-boom axisymmetric external compression inlet has been performed using Schlieren video and experimental unsteady surface pressure readings as a function of mass flow rates. The experimental data was obtained for fixed inlet Mach number in the 8’ x 6’ supersonic wind tunnel at the NASA Glenn Research Center. A 5 kHz sampling rate is used for surface pressure transducer readings while the shock motion was captured with Schlieren video frames at 2,000 frames per second, and processed using image-threshold analysis to determine fluctuations in external shock position. Power spectral density plots are used to reveal the dominant excitation modes for both the normal shock and surface pressure fluctuations. These fluctuations are minimal at the design mass flow rate case of 98.5% mass flow ratio (MFR). However, substantial oscillations were observed for a MFR of about 95.5%, indicating a small buzz region can occur at a relatively high mass flow rate. For the normal shock oscillations, these are primarily focused at frequencies of about 20 Hz, 31 Hz and 70 Hz. The pressure fluctuations indicated similar frequencies but were a strong function of pressure tap location.
Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis.

This article outlines the progress in the understanding of the epidemiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) during the last decade. Epidemiology concerns the occurrence and the risk factors of the disease. In previous publications, criteria for defining AD have been developed to be used in clinical investigations and population-based studies. 42, 97
Examining the Development of Judicial Independence

Scholars who examine judicial independence offer various theories regarding its development. Some argue that it serves as a type of insurance for regimes who believe their majority status is in jeo...
Use of a RSM Turbulence Model for the Prediction of Velocity and Temperature Fields in a Mechanically Ventilated Room

AbstractFull-scale experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods were used to investigate the velocity and temperature fields in a mechanically ventilated room. Detailed airflow fields were measured in three cases of ventilation air temperature: an isothermal case, a hot case and a cold case. The ventilation system created a round jet which developed near the ceiling. The experimental data were used to test two turbulence models: a first order k-e turbulence model and a second order RSM turbulence model. The RSM model predicted the temperature and velocity fields better than the k-e turbulence model. In particular, experimental global values of velocity and temperature were in good agreement with the RSM turbulence model. This model is recommended for simulation of ventilated enclosures with thermal effects.
Reinforcement expectancies for studying predict drinking problems among college students: Approaching problem drinking from an expectancies choice perspective

Molar behavioral choice theories point to the important role reinforcement for alternative behaviors may play in reducing problem drinking [Psychol. Addict. Behav. 9 (1995) 223.]. A similar molar choice perspective may apply to a cognitive mediational level of analysis: the molecular link between alcohol expectancies and drinking behavior depends on expectancies for alternative behaviors. In this study, 82 college students completed the Alcohol Effects Questionnaire (AEFQ), the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI), a self-report measure of drinking quantity and frequency, and a five-item studying expectancies questionnaire devised for the current study. Analyses indicated that, among students who hold high alcohol expectancies, those who reported high studying expectancies drink less and develop significantly fewer drinking problems than those who hold low studying expectancies. Future research may address the possibility of reducing drinking problems among college students by enhancing studying expectancies.
Component and compound communities

As previously outlined, component and compound parasite communities should be considered within the context of specific hierarchical scales. Thus, a component community consists of all the infracommunities of a species within a given ecosystem, while a compound community is composed of all the component communities within the same ecosystem. A discussion of these community concepts has been combined in this chapter for two reasons. First, it was a matter of convenience and clarity as far as the authors were concerned. Second, because so few studies have actually been conducted at the compound community level, it was believed that a chapter devoted solely to this level of organization would not stand alone very well.
Structural Effects of Lanthanide Dopants on Alumina.

Lanthanide (Ln3+) doping in alumina has shown great promise for stabilizing and promoting desirable phase formation to achieve optimized physical and chemical properties. However, doping alumina with Ln elements is generally accompanied by formation of new phases (i.e. LnAlO3, Ln2O3), and therefore inclusion of Ln-doping mechanisms for phase stabilization of the alumina lattice is indispensable. In this study, Ln-doping (400 ppm) of the alumina lattice crucially delays the onset of phase transformation and enables phase population control, which is achieved without the formation of new phases. The delay in phase transition (θ → α), and alteration of powder morphology, particle dimensions, and composition ratios between α- and θ-alumina phases are studied using a combination of solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, electron microscopy, digital scanning calorimetry, and high resolution X-ray diffraction with refinement fitting. Loading alumina with a sparse concentration of Ln-dopants suggests that the dopants reside in the vacant octahedral locations within the alumina lattice, where complete conversion into the thermodynamically stable α-domain is shown in dysprosium (Dy)- and lutetium (Lu)-doped alumina. This study opens up the potential to control the structure and phase composition of Ln-doped alumina for emerging applications.
Model-assisted development of microfabricated 3D Ni(OH)2 electrodes with rapid charging capabilities

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) nickel hydroxide electrodes based on well-ordered and laminated structures are prepared via an electrochemical route combined with microfabrication technologies. The electrodes exhibit enhanced rate capabilities owing to their large surface area and reduced diffusion and conduction path lengths for the charge transfer. Highly laminated electrodes enable areal capacities as high as 2.43 mAh cm −2 . When charged at fast rates of 150C, the electrodes are able to deliver more than 50% of their initial capacity. The electrochemical performance of the fabricated electrodes is predicted with close approximation by means of a mathematical model developed by employing fundamental mass transport and reaction kinetics principles. This model is then used to optimize the characteristic dimensions of the electrodes and make projections of performance for various energy and power needs.
Meta-analyses of HIV prevention interventions targeting improved partner communication: effects on partner communication and condom use frequency outcomes.

Behavioral HIV prevention interventions designed to improve safer-sex communication skills with sexual partners may enhance engagement in protective behaviors and reduce HIV/STI risk. The current meta-analyses examined the efficacy of individual-based (i.e., not couples-based) HIV prevention interventions with a partner communication skills building component to increase frequency of: (a) safer-sex communication and (b) condom use with sexual partners among HIV at-risk groups (e.g., heterosexual African American females). Studies were retrieved from online bibliographic databases, a database of effective behavioral HIV prevention interventions, and an existing review of effective interventions. Eight manuscripts (k = 10 intervention vs. control comparisons) met inclusion criteria. Results indicated that compared to control conditions, at post-intervention follow-up, participants who were exposed to individual-based HIV prevention interventions with safer-sex communication skills training components had safer sex discussions with partners more frequently [drandom = 0.35 ± 0.10, p < .001, 95% CI (0.16, 0.55)], and used condoms more frequently [drandom = 0.39 ± 0.07, p < .001, 95% CI (0.25, 0.54)]. Including partner communication skills training in individual-based HIV prevention interventions may increase the frequency of both partner communication and condom use among the at-risk populations represented in the meta-analyses.
Foodborne Viral Pathogens and Infective Protein

Foodborne viruses such as rotavirus, norovirus, and hepatitis A virus cause enteric disease characterized by gastroenteritis and other complications and affect a large number of people every year. Foodborne enteric viruses are generally RNA virus, and they are shed in large numbers (about 109 particles per gram) from infected patients through vomitus and feces. Person-to-person or fecal–oral transmission is a common mechanism for viral infection. Since viruses are highly infectious, only a small dose of 10–100 particles is sufficient to cause an infection. Zoonotic viral pathogens are transmitted from animals and avian species to humans, sometimes through direct contact with the animal or the meat. Avian influenza virus is transmitted primarily through contact or aerosol to the bird handlers and is not considered a foodborne pathogen, but it has the potential to cause human pandemics. Avian flu virus infection is fatal and affects lower respiratory tract resulting in pneumonia. The Nipah virus is transmitted by fruit bat while feeding on fruits or palm sap, and it is responsible for viral transmission to swine or directly to humans. It has a very high mortality rate. Likewise, Ebola virus is a zoonotic viral pathogen with 25–90% mortality rate. The infection may be the foodborne source, but the virus can spread from human-to-human through bodily fluids. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and varient Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) are caused by misfolded neurodegenerative infectious prion proteins (PrPSc), which are highly resistant to heat and protease enzymes and can be transmitted by consuming contaminated meat. Preventing the use of meat–bone meal (MBM) or specific risk materials (SRM) can prevent the spread of prions among the meat-producing animals and to humans.
IMU-based gait analysis in lower limb prosthesis users: Comparison of step demarcation algorithms.

Abstract Background Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)-based gait analysis algorithms have previously been validated in healthy controls. However, little is known about the efficacy, performance, and applicability of these algorithms in clinical populations with gait deviations such as lower limb prosthesis users (LLPUs). Research question To compare the performance of 3 different IMU-based algorithms to demarcate steps from LLPUs. Methods We used a single IMU sensor affixed to the midline lumbopelvic region of 17 transtibial (TTA), 16 transfemoral (TFA) LLPUs, and 14 healthy controls (HC). We collected acceleration and angular velocity data during overground walking trials. Step demarcation was evaluated based on fore-aft acceleration, detecting either: (i) maximum acceleration peak, (ii) zero-crossing, or (iii) the peak immediately preceding a zero-crossing. We quantified and compared the variability (standard deviation) in acceleration waveforms from superposed step intervals, and variability in step duration, by each algorithm. Results We found that the zero-crossing algorithm outperformed both peak detection algorithms in 65% of TTAs, 81% of TFAs, and 71% of HCs, as evidenced by lower standard deviations in acceleration, more consistent qualitative demarcation of steps, and more normally distributed step durations. Significance The choice of feature-based algorithm with which to partition IMU waveforms into individual steps can affect the quality and interpretation of estimated gait spatiotemporal metrics in LLPUs. We conclude that the fore-aft acceleration zero-crossing serves as a more reliable feature for demarcating steps in the gait patterns of LLPUs.
The Other in Dreams

After examining the identity issues in Freud's Irma dream, Erik Erikson (1954) concludes that workable dream solutions may be not only ego-syntonic but also ethno-syntonic. Dreams may therefore open a window onto private, unconscious perceptions of the especially significant others upon whom we depend for security and satisfaction. The author examines a number of dream texts from this angle. Through these examples, he illustrates the way in which dreams may depict a person's sense of unconscious connection and responsibility to family, to community, and, in special cases, to one's nation. Dream life may thus illuminate a person's unconscious citizenship.
Experimental results from a DC photocathode electron gun for an IR FEL

A 350 keV DC photocathode gun capable of delivering the high-brightness CW electron beam necessary for Jefferson Lab`s infrared free-electron laser is described. The gun is to be used with a superconducting radiofrequency linac operating at 1.497 GHz and is mode-locked to the 40th subharmonic of the fundamental using a Nd:YLF drive laser. The gun provides 20--25 ps bunches at up to 135 pC/bunch. Experimental measurements of transverse and longitudinal beam properties are presented. Transverse emittance is measured using a slit-wire scanner emittance meter, and energy spread is measured using the slit and a spectrometer magnet. Longitudinal emittance is measured using a combination of sampling aperture, kicker cavity, slit and spectrometer. Measurements for bunch charges of 135 pC are described and compared with simulations.
Nonlinear cavitation erosion of stainless steel in mercury versus applied power

The cavitation erosion rate for 316 stainless steel in mercury was found to increase in a nonlinear fashion with the maximum applied power. In addition, the incremental increase in erosion was observed to decrease with increased power in water, yet increased six to seven times when mercury was used as the cavitating fluid.
Injury of Enteropathogenic Bacteria in Drinking Water

Outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to contaminated drinking water are frequently documented occurrences. A variety of etiological agents have been implicated in this disease. However, the causative agent varies with the geographical area, climate, general level of sanitation, endemic persistance of the disease, as well as cultural and socioeconomic characteristics of the population. In less developed countries, the prevalence of one of a combination of these factors is, quite often, associated with frequent recurrences of gastroenteritis caused by a typical enteropathogen. In the United States, contaminated ground water is the major source of waterborne disease outbreaks (Craun, 1984). Contamination generally occurs in local areas by seepage of sewage into aquifers and improperly developed wells or is due to inadequately treated drinking water. It can also occur after the entry of sewage-contaminated surface water into poorly protected wells.
Potential technologies for engineering network-centric simulations

The paradigm under which we engineer and use software has changed from a product-oriented view to a service-oriented view in recent years. Technologies have emerged to enable the development and deployment of software applications to run on server computers for use by many people over a network. This paper describes such technologies for modeling and simulation (M&S) applications. Namely, Java platform, Enterprise Edition, Microsoft platform, .NET Framework, and High Level Architecture technologies are described for building network-centric M&S applications.
EPIC: Efficient Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing for Infection Detection

The world has experienced many epidemic diseases in the past, SARS, H1N1, and Ebola are some examples of these diseases. When those diseases outbreak, they spread very quickly among people and it becomes a challenge to trace the source in order to control the disease. In this paper, we propose an efficient privacy-preserving contact tracing for infection detection (EPIC) which enables users to securely upload their data to the server and later in case of one user got infected other users can check if they have ever got in contact with the infected user in the past. The process is done privately and without disclosing any unnecessary information to the server. Our scheme uses a matching score to represent the result of the contact tracing, and uses a weight-based matching method to increase the accuracy of the score. In addition, we have developed an adaptive scanning method to optimize the power consumption of the wireless scanning process. Further, we evaluate our scheme in real experiment and show that the user's privacy is preserved, and the accuracy achieves 93% in detecting the contact tracing based on the matching score in an energy efficient way.
Epidemiologic Studies of Persons Exposed to Power Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields: A Critical Analysis

In view of an ever-increasing demand for energy, the operating electrical voltage in the U.S. has grown from 38 kV in 1920 to 765 kV in 1959. More powerful output systems (1000 kV) have already been developed and some with even greater potential (2000 kV) are being contemplated. Because of the immense, integrated power grid in the U.S., with almost a quarter of a million miles of overhead transmission lines, exposure to their attendant electric and magnetic fields is inevitable. Deleterious effects of such exposure on our biological ecosystem have been suggested and investigations of such relationships have been undertaken. Concurrently, with assessment of potential biological hazards, uncertainty as to safety may lead to controversy concerning environmental protection. Therefore, before regulatory measures and/or legislation are seriously contemplated, the scientific community is obliged to collect the proper types and sufficient amounts of evidence to serve as an adequate basis for cogent discussion and interpretation of the problem.
Effects of ganciclovir treatment in a murine model of cytomegalovirus-induced hearing loss.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether ganciclovir (GCV) treatment reduces sensorineural hearing loss in cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected mice. The effects of GCV on viral load, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), and outer hair cell (OHC) integrity were also investigated. METHODS Infected BALB/c mice were inoculated with murine CMV on postnatal day 3. Those treated with GCV received an intraperitoneal injection twice a day for 14 days. Auditory thresholds were assessed using distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing 4 weeks after inoculation. Temporal bones were used for determination of viral load by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and hair cell quantification by scanning electron microscopy. ANCs were completed by an automated hematology analyzer, with manual review for confirmation. RESULTS GCV-treated CMV-infected mice had lower ABR (P < 0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis test) and DPOAE (P < 0.0001) thresholds compared to CMV-infected untreated mice, indicating that GCV protected mice from CMV-induced hearing loss. Viral load in infected populations undergoing GCV treatment was significantly decreased (P = 0.03) relative to untreated mice. GCV treatment alone had no effect on ABR and DPOAE compared to untreated, uninfected controls (P = 0.1, P = 0.24, respectively). GCV-treated mice received increased protection from OHC loss when compared to untreated groups, with total OHC losses of approximately 7% and 14%, respectively (P < 0.05). Neutropenia was absent after 7 days of GCV treatment. CONCLUSION Ganciclovir effectively ameliorated SNHL and partially protected from OHC loss in a preclinical model of congenital CMV infection, seemingly by reducing viral load. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 130:1064-1069, 2020.
Rhenium bipyridine catalysts with hydrogen bonding pendant amines for CO2 reduction.

Rhenium tricarbonyl bipyridine complexes modified with pendant secondary and tertiary amines in the 6- and 6′-positions were synthesized and characterized. Electrocatalytic studies performed under CO2 with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol display large current densities, corresponding to the reduction of CO2 to CO with moderate faradaic efficiencies (51–73%).
An iPWM Line-Coding-Based Wireline Transceiver With Clock -Domain Encoding for Compensating Up To 27-dB Loss While Operating at 0.5-to-0.9 V and 3-to-16 Gb/s in 65-nm CMOS

This article presents a clock-domain-based integrated pulsewidth modulation (PWM) (iPWM) line-coding scheme to enable equalization while operating at low supply voltages. While conventional equalizers such as feedforward equalizer (FFE), decision feedback equalizer (DFE), and continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE) are present on the high-bandwidth data path, the proposed iPWM-based line-coding-based approach moved the equalization logic away from the data path and into the subrate clock path. As a result, the proposed clock-domain iPWM line coding can operate at low supply voltages. An energy-efficient implementation of the proposed scheme was demonstrated. Fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process, the proposed transceiver operates over a data-rate range of 3–16 Gb/s from 0.5 to 0.9 V. Equalization in this transceiver was done using iPWM and a passive CTLE. Operating at 10 Gb/s at 0.65 V, the proposed transceiver is capable of equalizing up to 27 dB of channel loss at energy efficiency of 1.8 pJ/bit.
Influence of Patient Characteristics on Antibiotic Use Rates Among Preterm Infants.

BACKGROUND The antibiotic use rate (AUR) has emerged as a potential metric for neonatal antibiotic use, but reported center-level AURs are limited by differences in case mix. The objective of this study was to identify patient characteristics associated with AUR among a large cohort of preterm infants. METHODS Retrospective observational study using the Optum Neonatal Database, including infants born from January 1, 2010 through November 30, 2016 with gestational age 23-34 weeks admitted to neonatal units across the United States. Exposures were patient-level characteristics including length of stay, gestational age, sex, race/ethnicity, bacterial sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and survival status. The primary outcome was AUR, defined as days with ≥ 1 systemic antibiotic administered divided by length of stay. Descriptive statistics, univariable comparative analyses, and generalized linear models were utilized. RESULTS Of 17 910 eligible infants, 17 836 infants (99.6%) from 1090 centers were included. Median gestation was 32.9 (interquartile range [IQR], 30.3-34) weeks. Median length of stay was 25 (IQR, 15-46) days and varied by gestation. Overall median AUR was 0.13 (IQR, 0-0.26) and decreased over time. Gestational age, sex, and race/ethnicity were independently associated with AUR (P < .01). AUR and gestational age had an unexpected inverse parabolic relationship, which persisted when only surviving infants without bacterial sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Neonatal AURs are influenced by patient-level characteristics besides infection and survival status, including gestational age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Neonatal antibiotic use metrics that account for patient-level characteristics as well as morbidity case mix may allow for more accurate comparisons and better inform neonatal antibiotic stewardship efforts.
P066 A mobile clinic model to care for women engaging in exchange sex who are opiate dependent and living unhoused in seattle

Background In 2018, new HIV diagnoses among heterosexual persons who inject drugs (PWID) in King County, WA increased over 300%, from 7 to 30 cases. A cluster of 15 related cases were identified among persons living unhoused in a 3-mile radius in north Seattle, including 10 women who used drugs and exchanged sex. Here we describe a mobile outreach clinic designed to serve women in this community. Methods The SHE (Safe. Healthy. Empowered.) Clinic mobile unit began in July 2018. SHE provides weekly walk-in medical care and harm reduction services, including low-barrier buprenorphine-naloxone, contraceptives, sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing and treatment, and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The mobile clinic parks in front of a support center for women living with various combinations of homelessness, opioid addiction, and exchange sex. A retrospective chart review of the initial clinic visits of the first 50 women describes this high-risk population. Results None of the SHE Clinic patients had been screened for STI in the 3 months prior to clinic enrollment. Combined STI prevalence was high (44.5%); 48% of tested women had Trichomonas vaginalis (11/23), 18% had Chlamydia trachomatis (5/28) and 18% Neisseria gonorrhoeae (5/27). Only 29% of women reported condom use with all sex. No women reported planning for pregnancy; however, only 31% were using contraceptives and 10% (4/39) had new diagnosis of pregnancy. Forty-two patients tested for HIV, and 17 (44.7%) HIV-negative women initiated PrEP at their initial visit. Four women (8.5%) were HIV-positive, all were referred for treatment and are receiving some HIV care in the SHE clinic. Conclusion A mobile clinic affiliated with a well-established community-based organization has successfully provided limited primary medical care – including HIV testing, treatment and PrEP - to a homeless population of women who inject drugs and exchange sex in the epicenter of an HIV outbreak. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Yoga participation associated with changes in dietary patterns and stress: A pilot study in stressed adults with poor diet.

Abstract Background and Purpose Stress contributes to dietary patterns that impede health. Yoga is an integrative stress management approach associated with improved dietary patterns in burgeoning research. Yet, no research has examined change in dietary patterns, body mass index (BMI), and stress during a yoga intervention among stressed adults with poor diet. Materials and methods Objectively-measured BMI and a battery of self-report questionnaires were collected at four time points during and following a 12-week yoga intervention (N = 78, 71% women, mean BMI = 25.69 kg/m2±4.59) – pre-treatment (T1), mid-treatment (6 weeks; T2), post-treatment (12 weeks; T3), and at 3-month follow-up (24 weeks; T4). Results T1 to T3 fruit and vegetable intake, BMI, and stress significantly declined in the overall sample. Reduction in vegetable intake was no longer significant after accounting for reductions in caloric intake, and reduction in caloric intake remained significant after accounting for reductions in stress. Conclusion Findings may be interpreted as yoga either encouraging or adversely impacting healthy dietary patterns (i.e., minimizing likelihood of future weight gain vs. decreasing vegetable intake and overall caloric intake among individuals who may not need to lose weight, respectively). Continued research is warranted, utilizing causal designs.
Current Influenza Vaccine Options for 2014

Influenza is a virus that causes significant morbidity and mortality in the United States each year. There are multiple vaccine formulations available that can help prevent or decrease the burden of influenza. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that everyone ≥6 months of age receive the influenza vaccine prior to the start of influenza season each year unless contraindicated to help prevent influenza and the spread of infection. The ACIP has developed the best practice guidelines to help assist patients, and providers select the vaccine that will offer the greatest protection against influenza given the patient’s age and co-morbid conditions. When administered early, the influenza vaccine can reduce the risk of influenza by 50–60 %. Researchers continue to investigate ways to improve the influenza vaccine to continue to increase its ability to reduce the risk of influenza and prevent influenza-related complications and deaths.
The Use of Electron-Opaque Tracers in Nuclear Transport Studies

Within the past several years it has become clear that there are selective mechanisms which facilitate the passage of certain endogenous macromolecules across the nuclear envelope. It is likely that a number of questions relating to this process, particularly those that involve the identification and characterization of specific exchange sites, can be answered by utilizing electron-opaque tracers.
Norms of Presentational Force

This is the author's accepted manuscript, made available with permission of the American Forensic Association.
Implementing Production Grids

We have presented the essence of experience gained in building two production Grids, and provided some of the global context for this work. As the reader might imagine, there were a lot of false starts, refinements to the approaches and to the software, and several substantial integration projects (SRB and Condor integrated with Globus) to get where we are today. However, the point of this paper is to try and make it substantially easier for others to get to the point where Information Power Grids (IPG) and the DOE Science Grids are today. This is what is needed in order to move us toward the vision of a common cyber infrastructure for science. The author would also like to remind the readers that this paper primarily represents the actual experiences that resulted from specific architectural and software choices during the design and implementation of these two Grids. The choices made were dictated by the criteria laid out in section 1. There is a lot more Grid software available today that there was four years ago, and various of these packages are being integrated into IPG and the DOE Grids. However, the foundation choices of Globus, SRB, and Condor would not be significantly different today than they were four years ago. Nonetheless, if the GGF is successful in its work - and we have every reason to believe that it will be - then in a few years we will see that the 28 functions provided by these packages will be defined in terms of protocols and MIS, and there will be several robust implementations available for each of the basic components, especially the Grid Common Services. The impact of the emerging Web Grid Services work is not yet clear. It will likely have a substantial impact on building higher level services, however it is the opinion of the author that this will in no way obviate the need for the Grid Common Services. These are the foundation of Grids, and the focus of almost all of the operational and persistent infrastructure aspects of Grids.
A decade of Medicaid in perspective: what have been the effects on children?

This study of the Medicaid program analyzes changes in child recipients, costs, and service use during the 1980s to assess the effects of recent federal policy shifts and to project future costs for children. Data presented in this study are from the Health Care Financing Administration9s Medicaid Statistical Report for the years 1979, 1985, and 1990, three time-points that demarcate major federal policy shifts. About half of all recipients added to the Medicaid program during the last decade were children; they comprised 14% of the total cost growth experienced by the program. In addition, the eligibility distribution of children receiving Medicaid shifted markedly over the last decade. In 1979, children receiving cash assistance comprised 90% of total child recipients; by 1990, this figure dropped to 72%. Future expansions to the Medicaid program are projected to cost less than the initial expansions. This is because the early expansions disproportionately served infants, who require more hospital services than older children. Despite the major changes in Medicaid eligibility for children during the 1980s, only limited cost shifts occurred in expenditures for children. Children continue to consume a small portion of the Medicaid budget. Congress should explore options for guaranteeing that their share of funding for services will be adequate. Moreover, since future expansions will be far less expensive than those already implemented, accelerating the phase-in process for all poor children may be a more financially feasible policy option than many policymakers anticipate, despite the fiscal hardships facing many states.
Spin Polarization in Electron Scattering from Surfaces

Publisher Summary This chapter is limited in scope to spin polarization in scattering from surfaces that started in earnest experimentally in 1975 and theoretically a few years earlier. The boundaries of this chapter implied by limiting it to electron scattering from surfaces is discussed. The chapter presents definitions of the measured quantities, the polarization P, and the spin-dependent scattering asymmetry S. The spin-orbit and exchange interactions both give rise to spin-dependent scattering; the scattering geometry can be chosen to enhance one or the other. The relation of S and P implied by symmetry is discussed. The types of apparatus that have been used for polarized low-energy electron diffraction (PLEED) measurements are discussed. An introduction to the theory of spin-dependent scattering due to the spin-orbit interaction is presented along with a review of experimental results. The chapter discusses theoretical work on spin polarization in electron scattering from magnetic surfaces. The theories are needed to understand the origin of the spin dependence of the experimentally measured parameters, and hence how these parameters relate to surface magnetic properties. The chapter examines how the spin-dependent scattering can be used to measure the changes in surface magnetization during chemisorption on the magnetic surface.
Resource sharing in capacity analysis

The problem of use of multiple resources by multiple task types in an environment where the resource-task assignments are constrained at various degrees of flexibility is investigated. The authors study this in the context of a partially flexible manufacturing flow shop and propose algorithms for predicting machine utilization by machine group (i.e., use of resources by job type). A general predictive model is introduced and described in detail. A specific implementation is illustrated. >
Contribution of guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav2 to homocysteine-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mouse podocytes (1063.6)

NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been demonstrated to mediate the activation of podocyte NLRP3 inflammasomes in response to elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcys). We have a...
In-situ characterization of the amorphous to microcrystalline transition in hot wire CVD growth of Si:H using real time spectroscopic ellipsometry

We have used in-situ real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) to characterize the morphology and crystallinity of hot-wire CVD (HWCVD) Si:H films as a function of hydrogen dilution R=[H]/[H+SiH/sub 4/], substrate temperature T/sub s/, and film thickness d/sub b/. Transitions from one mode of film growth to another are correlated with changes in the magnitude of the surface roughness during growth. The degree of crystallinity of the film can be determined from the form of the dielectric function. We have studied the growth parameter space for R from 0 to 14, T/sub s/ of 250/spl deg/C and 500/spl deg/C, and db from 0 to 1 /spl mu/m. We have mapped out the crystallinity vs. R, T/sub s/, and d/sub b/ based on our analysis of the RTSE data. These results have been corroborated using Raman scattering and atomic force microscopy to characterize the crystallinity and surface morphology of the films.
Scaling, renormalization, and universality in combinatorial games games: the geometry of chomp

Combinatorial games pose an extreme challenge to combinatorial optimization. Several combinatorial games have been shown to be PSPACEhard and many more are believed to be so. In this paper, we present a new approach to analyzing combinatorial games, which differs dramatically from current approaches. Using the combinatorial game Chomp as a model system, we employ ideas from physics and dynamical systems theory to unveil deep connections between such games and nonlinear phenomena commonly seen in nature.
Modafinil restores methamphetamine induced object-in-place memory deficits in rats independent of glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor expression

Abstract Background Chronic methamphetamine (meth) abuse in humans can lead to various cognitive deficits, including memory loss. We previously showed that chronic meth self-administration impairs memory for objects relative to their location and surrounding objects. Here, we demonstrate that the cognitive enhancer, modafinil, reversed this cognitive impairment independent of glutamate N -methyl- d -aspartate (GluN) receptor expression Methods Male, Long-Evans rats underwent a noncontingent (Experiment 1) or contingent (Experiment 2) meth regimen. After one week of abstinence, rats were tested for object-in-place recognition memory. Half the rats received either vehicle or modafinil (100 mg/kg) immediately after object familiarization. Rats (Experiment 2) were sacrificed immediately after the test and brain areas that comprise the key circuitry for object in place performance were manually dissected. Subsequently, glutamate receptor expression was measured from a crude membrane fraction using Western blot procedures. Results Saline-treated rats spent more time interacting with the objects in changed locations, while meth-treated rats distributed their time equally among all objects. Meth-treated rats that received modafinil showed a reversal in the deficit, whereby they spent more time exploring the objects in the new locations. GluN2B receptor subtype was decreased in the perirhinal cortex, yet remained unaffected in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of meth rats. This meth-induced down regulation occurred whether or not meth experienced rats received vehicle or modafinil. Conclusions These data support the use of modafinil for memory impairment in meth addiction. Further studies are needed to elucidate the neural mechanisms of modafinil reversal of cognitive impairments.
Evolution of induced plant responses to herbivores

Abstract Commensurate with the increased frequency of cost-of-defense studies, the conventional wisdom that inducibility is a cost saving strategy is enjoying growing empirical support. However, there may be other advantages to inducibility that have yet to be confirmed. To identify them, I consider the disadvantages of high levels of constitutive defense in the context of herbivores differing in response to the defense and in the context of potential predators and parasitoids of herbivores. Among the potential benefits of inducibility are that it allows herbivore-specific targeting, reliable signaling to predators/parasitoids, avoidance of kairomonal use by specialist herbivores, and avoidance of adverse effects of direct defense on third trophic level organisms. Inducibility also enables local and systemic variation in defense responses. These factors may figure prominently in certain systems, but I predict that their quantification will prove to be a more daunting challenge than the quantifying of costs. Moreover, there may be constraints on the evolution of inducibility that limit the fine-tuning of responses necessary to realize many of these hypothetical benefits. Nevertheless, the growing body of detailed knowledge of the physiology of multiple induction pathways will provide opportunities for testing some of these hypotheses in different systems. Einhergehend mit der steigenden Zahl der Studien zu Kosten der pflanzlichen Abwehr bekommt die allgemeine Annahme, dass Induzierbarkeit von Abwehr eine kostensparende Strategie ist, immer mehr empirische Unterstutzung. Aber vielleicht gibt es noch andere Vorteile der Induzierbarkeit als die, die bisher schon bestatigt werden konnten. Um solche, bisher noch nicht detektierten Vorteile herauszufinden, werde ich hier die Nachteile von starker konstitutiver Abwehr analysieren und dabei die unterschiedlichen Reaktionen von Herbivoren auf die pflanzliche Abwehr ebenso berucksichtigen wie potentielle Pradatoren und Parasitoide der Herbivoren. Die moglichen Vorteile von Induzierbarkeit sind u.a. folgende: gezielte, spezifische Abwehr gegen bestimmte Herbivoren, verlassliche Signalgebung an Pradatoren und Parasitoide, Vermeidung der Kairomonausnutzung durch spezialisierte Herbivore und Vermeidung von nachteiligen Effekten der direkten Abwehr auf die Organismen in der dritten trophischen Ebene. Induzierbarkeit ermoglicht auch lokale und systemische Variation bei Abwehrreaktionen. Diese Faktoren mogen in bestimmten Systemen eine herausragende Rolle spielen und dennoch prognostiziere ich, dass ihre Quantifizierung eine entmutigendere Aufgabe darstellen wird als die Quantifizierung der Kosten. Daruber hinaus konnten “constraints” bei der Evolution der Induzierbarkeit limitierend wirken auf die prazise, jeweils angriffsspezifische Feinabstimmung der Abwehrreaktionen, die aber notwendig ist, um die hypothetischen Vorteile zu realisieren. Dennoch konnen die wachsenden Kenntnisse zur Physiologie der multiplen Induktionswege uns Wege eroffnen, um einige der Hypothesen zu den Kosten der Induktion pflanzlicher Abwehr in verschiedenen Systemen zu testen.
High-dose Therapy for Breast Cancer☆

The high incidence of breast cancer in young women, and the unfavorable prognosis for those who present with a high number of lymph nodes involved with cancer, has encouraged the development and evaluation of new treatment strategies. The use of dose intensification is supported by laboratory and clinical models. In this review article, the use of dose intensification supported by hemopoietic growth factors, and also by hemopoietic stem cells, is discussed. The results of published studies of high-dose chemotherapy in Stage II, III, and IV breast cancer are discussed and summarized, including those randomized comparisons with more conventional therapy. Improvements in supportive care continue to reduce the risks from neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, and these and other toxicities are likely to decrease as side-effects are anticipated and experience increases.
Tissue Reparative Effects of Macrolide Antibiotics in Chronic Inflammatory Sinopulmonary Diseases

It is well established that macrolide antibiotics are efficacious in treating sinopulmonary infections in humans. However, a growing body of experimental and clinical evidence indicates that they also express distinct salutary effects that promote and sustain the reparative process in the chronically inflamed upper and lower respiratory tract. Unlike the anti-infective properties, these distinct effects are manifested at lower doses, usually after a relatively prolonged period (weeks) of treatment, and in the absence of an identifiable, viable pathogen. Long-term, low-dose administration of macrolide antibiotics has been used most commonly for sinusitis, diffuse panbronchiolitis, asthma, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis. It is associated with down-regulation of nonspecific host inflammatory response to injury and promotion of tissue repair. Although large-scale trials are lacking, the prolonged use of these drugs has not been associated with emergence of clinically significant bacterial resistance or immunosuppression. Long-term, low-dose administration of 14- and 15-membered ring macrolide antibiotics may represent an important adjunct in the treatment of chronic inflammatory sinopulmonary diseases in humans.