cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of airborne antigens

Abstract Measurement of potentially harmful materials in the appropriate place in the environment is essential in industry, both to identify the toxic material and the workers who may be affected by it and to follow the effectiveness of measures designed to reduce exposure. This principle applies no less to occupational allergy than to toxicology. Indeed, the same equipment used for collecting and assaying for airborne dusts and chemicals can be used to collect and assay airborne antigens. Three examples can serve as models for application to other situations. Assay procedures for measuring concentrations of diisocyanates in the air of the workplace permitted definition of the concentrations that are toxic and the lower concentrations that may induce asthma. Widespread use of these assays accumulated enough data to permit NIOSH to publish recommended procedures to minimize exposure, limits of allowable exposure, and techniques of air sampling and analysis. A high-volume air sampler that filters about 1700 m 3 of air per day and retains particles larger than 0.1 μm in diameter was used to monitor levels of an antigen from a spray-wash air conditioner that caused hypersensitivity. pneumonitis in a textile factory. The antigen eluted from the filter is measured by a sensitive radioimmunoassay technique using the patients' sera to detect the antigen. Coupled with epidemiologic data, it was possible to estimate concentrations associated with sensitization and concentrations required to elicit episodes of the disease. More importantly, it was possible to follow the result of changes in the factory undertaken to reduce the exposure and to determine whether the goals of levels of airborne antigen were being met. This same air sampler was used to identify and quantitate mouse antigens that reacted with IgE antibody and caused allergic rhinitis and asthma in some animal handlers in animal quarters and in an immunology research laboratory. After elution from the filter sheets, the mouse antigens were measured by the BAST inhibition technique with sera from mouse-allergic patients. As had previously been suspected from indirect evidence, the major airborne antigen proved to be mouse urinary protein. These three examples illustrate a chemical assay for a well-defined low molecular weight substance, radioimmunoassay employing human IgG antibody to an undefined antigen associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and radioimmunoassay employing IgE antibody for occupational asthma. Thus we now have the methods to allow for developing criteria for recommended standards for occupational exposure to any antigen.
Damping of the continuum response from 2p-2h excitations.

The nuclear response function in the random-phase-approximation theory may be substantially altered at high excitation energy due to coupling of 1p-1h to 2p-2h or higher excitations. In the continuum region of quasi-elastic scattering, this coupling can be included by inserting into the random-phase-approximation Green's function a complex self-energy for the p-h states, which depends only on their energy, spin (S), and isospin (T). This allows the full response to be expressed directly as an integral over the random-phase-approximation response. The self-energies, which can be determined from empirical single-particle spreading widths, are large in the spin and isospin channels, but small in the T,S=0,0 channel, giving rise to substantial damping in all channels except 0,0. We apply this method to calculate damping of the random-phase-approximation surface response, and discuss the consequences for cross sections and spin observables in quasi-elastic (p,p') and (n,p) reactions.
Recent Advances in the Systemic Management of Metastatic Breast Cancer

Although improvements in breast cancer management have been made, many women are diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer, an incurable stage of the disease. Several new therapies have become availa...
Treatment of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions: a 2- versus 3-step approach.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether colposcopically directed biopsy is a necessary step in the evaluation of patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Study design A retrospective analysis was conducted of the correlation between the high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion Papanicolaou test and the colposcopically directed biopsy and the correlation between the high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion Papanicolaou test and the loop electrosurgical excisional procedure. Results Of 72 patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions on Papanicolaou test, 48 patients had a pathologic diagnosis on cervical biopsy of CIN II or greater, which provides a 67% correlation between the Papanicolaou test and the colposcopically directed biopsy. Fifty-six patients had a pathologic diagnosis on loop electrosurgical excisional procedure of CIN II or greater, which provides a 78% correlation between the Papanicolaou test and the loop electrosurgical excisional procedure. The median interval between the Papanicolaou test and the definitive treatment was significantly longer ( P Conclusion The colposcopically directed loop electrosurgical excisional procedure after a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion Papanicolaou test may reduce the time interval between diagnosis and treatment; furthermore, it offers equal correlation when compared with traditional treatment.
Creating Cosmopolitans: The Case for Literature.

A cosmopolitan education must help us identify with those who are unlike us. In Martha Nussbaum’s words, students must learn “enough to recognize common aims, aspirations, and values, and enough about these common ends to see how variously they are instantiated in the many cultures and their histories.” It is commonly thought that reading serious literature will play a significant role in this process. However, this claim is challenged by theorists we call sentimentalists, who claim that the goals of cosmopolitan education are better served by less sophisticated, overtly sentimental texts which take a certain moral framework as given and encourage straightforward emotional responses within the guidelines of that framework. This paper critiques the sentimentalists’ position, arguing that their conception of a ‘sentimental education’ is inadequate to prepare students for the increasingly diverse, complex, cosmopolitan world their fate it is to inhabit.
THE INFLUENCE OF BUFFER SYSTEMS ON FIXATION WITH OSMIUM TETROXIDE.

Comparison of the microscopic and ultrastructural morphology of rat liver and pancreas after fixation in osmium tetroxide buffered with six different solutions indicates that the buffer affects fixation significantly. Differences in penetration of the fixative, stainability, and cellular appearances by light microscopy and on sectioning properties, acceptance of heavy metal “stains”, and general morphology for electron microscopy were observed. The results are not easily explained on the basis of tonicity differences alone and are interpreted as evidence in favor of the concept of specific ion effects.
Carotid endarterectomy in the presence of a contralateral occlusion: a review of 315 cases over a 27-year experience

Abstract Recent data from the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial revealed a 14.3% perioperative risk of stroke or death with carotid endarterectomy contralateral to a carotid artery occlusion. Since last reporting on this topic in the mid-1980s, the authors have reviewed 180 patients with occlusion of one internal carotid artery (ICA) and who underwent endarterectomy of the stenotic contralateral ICA operated from 1965 to 1984 (group A) compared with 135 operated on from 1985 to 1991. The two groups were similar with respect to age, sex, incidence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes and history of smoking, but group B had a significantly increased incidence of patients who were neurologically symptom-free before surgery (21.5% versus 7.8%, P
The safety and tolerability of regadenoson in patients with end-stage renal disease: The first prospective evaluation

Background There has not been any prospective evaluation of the safety and tolerability of regadenoson (REG)-stress in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
The resampling of entropies with the application of biodiversity

This paper discusses the bootstrap test of entropies. Since the comparison of entropies is of prime interest in applied fields, finding an appropriate way to carry out such a comparison is of utmost importance. This paper presents how resampling should be performed to obtain an accurate p-value. Although the test using a pair-wise bootstrap confidence interval (CI) has already been dealt with in few works, here the bootstrap tests are studied because it may demand quite a different resampling algorithm compared with the CI. Moreover, the multiple test is studied. The proposed tests appear to yield several appreciable advantages. The easy implementation and the power of the proposed test can be considered as advantages. Here the entropy of the discrete variable is studied. The proposed tests are examined using Monte Carlo investigations and also evaluated using various distributions.
Methods to detect P-glycoprotein and implications for other drug resistance-associated proteins

The problem of tumor cell drug resistance remains a barrier to the successful treatment of many neoplastic diseases. Problems of tumor cell heterogeneity and expression of multiple mechanisms of drug resistance complicate treatment strategies. Indeed, even that form of resistance to natural product anticancer agents, multidrug resistance (MDR), can have multiple mechanisms. Compounding these problems is the use of different methodologies and different reagents to assess expression of the most widely studied form of MDR, that due to increased expression of the MDR1 gene and its product, P-glycoprotein (Pgp). In this paper, we discuss problems associated with assay variability and accurate measurement of markers of drug resistance, and summarize consensus findings of the St Jude Workshop on methods to detect Pgp in tumors.
Submillimeter observing conditions on Cerro Chajnantor

Consistently superb observing conditions are crucial for achieving the scientific objectives of a ground based telescope. For observations at submillimeter wavelengths, choosing a site with very little atmospheric water vapor is paramount. In northern Chile, the high Andes near San Pedro de Atacama are among the highest and driest places on Earth. At the 5000 m Chajnantor plateau, long term measurements have demonstrated observing conditions are excellent for submillimeter astronomy. Even better conditions prevail on higher mountain peaks in the vicinity. For the CCAT, we have selected a candidate site at 5612 m near the summit of Cerro Chajnantor. Radiosonde measurements, meteorological data, and measurements of the 350 Consistently superb observing conditions are crucial for achieving the scientific objectives of a ground based telescope. For observations at submillimeter wavelengths, choosing a site with very little atmospheric water vapor is paramount. In northern Chile, the high Andes near San Pedro de Atacama are among the highest and driest places on Earth. At the 5000 m Chajnantor plateau, long term measurements have demonstrated observing conditions are excellent for submillimeter astronomy. Even better conditions prevail on higher mountain peaks in the vicinity. For the CCAT, we have selected a candidate site at 5612 m near the summit of Cerro Chajnantor. Radiosonde measurements, meteorological data, and measurements of the 350 μm transparency all indicate submillimeter observing conditions are consistently better at the CCAT site than at the plateau. transparency all indicate submillimeter observing conditions are consistently better at the CCAT site than at the plateau.
Assembly and secretion of chylomicrons by differentiated Caco-2 cells. Nascent triglycerides and preformed phospholipids are preferentially used for lipoprotein assembly.

Abstract To develop a cell culture model for chyclomicron (CM) assembly, the apical media of differentiated Caco-2 cells were supplemented with oleic acid (OA) together with either albumin or taurocholate (TC). The basolateral media were subjected to sequential density gradient ultracentrifugations to obtain large CM, small CM, and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and the distribution of apoB in these fractions was quantified. In the absence of OA, apoB was secreted as VLDL/LDL size particles. Addition of OA (≥0.8 mm)with TC, but not with albumin, resulted in the secretion of one-third of apoB as CM. Lipid analysis revealed that half of the secreted phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG) were associated with CM. In CM, TG were 7–11-fold higher than PL indicating that CM were TG-rich particles. Secreted CM contained apoB100, apoB48, and other apolipoproteins. Secretion of large CM was specifically inhibited by Pluronic L81, a detergent known to inhibit CM secretion in animals. These studies demonstrate that differentiated Caco-2 cells assemble and secrete CM in a manner similar to enterocytes in vivo. Next, experiments were performed to identify the sources of lipids used for lipoprotein assembly. Cells were labeled with [3H]glycerol for 12 h, washed, and supplemented with OA, TC, and [14C] glycerol for various times to induce CM assembly and to radiolabel nascent lipids. TG and PL were extracted from cells and media and the association of preformed and nascent lipids with lipoproteins was determined. All the lipoproteins contained higher amounts of preformed PL compared with nascent PL. VLDL contained equal amounts of nascent and preformed TG, whereas CM contained higher amounts of nascent TG even when nascent TG constituted a small fraction of the total cellular pool. These studies indicate that nascent TG and preformed PL are preferentially used for CM assembly and provide a molecular explanation for the in vivo observations that the fatty acid composition of TG, but not PL, of secreted CM reflects the composition of dietary fat. It is proposed that in the intestinal cells the preformed PL from the endoplasmic reticulum bud off with apoB as primordial particles and the assembly of larger lipoproteins is dependent on the synthesis and delivery of nascent TG to these particles.
Sensors for Use with Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation

Functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) designates artificially applied electrical activation of muscles to restore function lost as a result of neurological lesions. FNS prostheses are currently being designed to restore urinary bladder control, standing, walking, and hand function. All of these prostheses need sensors for interaction with the human users and the environment. This paper discusses each of these prostheses with special regard to the use of sensors and the design specifications that the sensors must meet.
Software Engineering - the State of the Profession

This workshop provides a forum for discussing the current state of the software engineering discipline. Position on software engineering issues and problems are presented by participants with experience and perspective from industry, government and academia.
Enhanced Rewarding Properties of Morphine, but not Cocaine, in βarrestin-2 Knock-Out Mice

The reinforcing and psychomotor effects of morphine involve opiate stimulation of the dopaminergic system via activation of μ-opioid receptors (μOR). Both μ-opioid and dopamine receptors are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family of proteins. GPCRs are known to undergo desensitization involving phosphorylation of the receptor and the subsequent binding of βarrestins, which prevents further receptor-G-protein coupling. Mice lacking βarrestin-2 (βarr2) display enhanced sensitivity to morphine in tests of pain perception attributable to impaired desensitization of μOR. However, whether abrogating μOR desensitization affects the reinforcing and psychomotor properties of morphine has remained unexplored. In the present study, we examined this question by assessing the effects of morphine and cocaine on locomotor activity, behavioral sensitization, conditioned place preference, and striatal dopamine release in βarr2 knock-out (βarr2-KO) mice and their wild-type (WT) controls. Cocaine treatment resulted in very similar neurochemical and behavioral responses between the genotypes. However, in the βarr2-KO mice, morphine induced more pronounced increases in striatal extracellular dopamine than in WT mice. Moreover, the rewarding properties of morphine in the conditioned place preference test were greater in the βarr2-KO mice when compared with the WT mice. Thus, βarr2 appears to play a more important role in the dopaminergic effects mediated by morphine than those induced by cocaine.
Measurement of Broadband Dielectric Properties of Cyclohexane, Chlorobenzene, 10% Formalin, and 1,4-Dioxane Using Dispersive Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

The broadband millimeter-wave dielectric properties of chlorobenzene, cyclohexane, 10% formalin, and 1,4-dioxane are presented for the first time in this paper. A variable-temperature variable-thickness interferometer was assembled to perform dispersive Fourier transform spectroscopy on liquids at millimeter and submillimeter waves. Using the two-thickness method, the refractive index, absorption coefficient, real and imaginary permittivities, and loss tangent were obtained as a continuous function of frequency from 60 to 600 GHz (2-20, 5-0.5 mm). Resonance patterns for cyclohexane, 10% formalin, and 1,4-dioxane were detected. Knowledge of these properties can facilitate future research in examining biological tissues and mixtures.
Dopamine and adaptive memory

Memory is essential to adaptive behavior because it allows past experience to guide choices. Emerging findings indicate that the neurotransmitter dopamine, which signals motivationally important events, also modulates the hippocampus, a crucial brain system for long-term memory. Here we review recent evidence that highlights multiple mechanisms whereby dopamine biases memory towards events that are of motivational significance. These effects take place over a variety of timescales, permitting both expectations and outcomes to influence memory. Thus, dopamine ensures that memories are relevant and accessible for future adaptive behavior, a concept we refer to as 'adaptive memory'. Understanding adaptive memory at biological and psychological levels helps to resolve a fundamental challenge in memory research: explaining what is remembered, and why.
Considering the Needs of English Language Learner Populations An Examination of the Population Validity of Reading Intervention Research

This article synthesizes reading intervention research studies intended for use with struggling or at-risk students to determine which studies adequately address population validity, particularly in regard to the diverse reading needs of English language learners. An extensive search of the professional literature between 2001 and 2010 yielded a total of 67 reading intervention studies targeting at-risk elementary students. Findings revealed that many current research studies fail to adequately describe the sample, including the accessible and target populations, and to disaggregate their findings based on demographic characteristics. When population validity issues are not addressed, researchers cannot generalize findings to other populations of students, and it becomes unclear what intervention strategies work, especially with English language learner student populations. However, 25 studies did specifically recognize and address the needs of English language learners, indicating more researchers are ta...
New insights into p53 functions through its target microRNAs

The tumor suppressor p53 pathway, whose alterations are highly associated with all types of human cancers, plays an essential role in preventing tumor development and progression mostly through its downstream target genes. Over the last decade, a growing list of p53 microRNA (miRNA) targets has been identified as additional downstream players of this pathway. Further studies of these miRNAs have revealed their more complicated regulations and functions in executing and/or regulating p53 activity. Here, we review the p53 miRNA targets identified thus far, and discuss how they fine-tune p53 stress responses, mediate the crosstalk between p53 and other signaling pathways, and expand the role of p53 in other human diseases in addition to cancers.
Word-lattice based spoken-document indexing with standard text indexers

Indexing the spoken content of audio recordings requires automatic speech recognition, which is as of today not reliable. Unlike indexing text, we cannot reliably know from a speech recognizer whether a word is present at a given point in the audio; we can only obtain a probability for it. Correct use of these probabilities significantly improves spoken-document search accuracy. In this paper, we will first describe how to improve accuracy for "web-search style" (AND/phrase) queries into audio, by utilizing speech recognition alternates and word posterior probabilities based on word lattices. Then, we will present an end-to-end approach to doing so using standard text indexers, which by design cannot handle probabilities and unaligned alternates. We present a sequence of approximations that transform the numeric lattice-matching problem into a symbolic text-based one that can be implemented by a commercial full-text indexer. Experiments on a 170-hour lecture set show an accuracy improvement by 30-60% for phrase searches and by 130% for two-term AND queries, compared to indexing linear text.
Mobility and CMOS devices/circuits on sub-10nm [110] ultra thin body SOI

For the first time, we show the experimental inversion mobility data on ultra thin [110] SOI substrates for thickness as thin as 6nm. Both electron and hole mobility in ultra thin [110] SOI are evaluated as a function of SOI thickness. In addition, novel processes such as [110] selective epitaxy and extremely thin cobalt disilicide CoSi/sub 2/ are developed. Ring oscillators and SRAM cell are demonstrated for the first time on 6nm [110] ultra thin SOI. When compared to ultra thin SOI in (100) substrate, we observe /spl sim/33% drive current enhancement in PFETs at Lg=50nm and /spl sim/1.8X hole mobility enhancement.
In your own words: using full sentences as feedback

Many applications have cluttered dialogs that require users to make complicated settings. Some settings even determine the availability and state of other settings, creating interdependencies that can be hard to discern. Most afforadances, although they aid the use of individual widgets, provide no feedback about overall configurations. Here I present a technique for providing feedback in configuration tools using grammar-generated sentences that update instantly as the user acts. Experimental results confirm the technique has promise.
The Effect of Residential Land Market Regulations on Urban Welfare

Developing countries, unlike most developed ones, may have a large informal housing sector that exists outside the formal sector and outside direct regulation. At the extreme it may involve squatter settlements on invasions of land that originally might have been owned by the government or subject to title dispute. However, it may also involve illegal developments of private land, where the houses constructed do not meet regulatory standards and the properties sold may offer limited property rights over the housing and none over the land. The government may be politically unable to shut down the informal sector, and poor institutions may leave significant portions of urban land without proper title. While the informal sector avoids direct land use regulation, the local government may attempt to indirectly regulate the scope of its development by not providing it with certain public infrastructure services (such as connections to general road, water, and sewerage systems) or by threatening the tenure security of residents.
Critical Tests with Copper Sulfate for Experimental Moniliasis (Crop Mycosis) of Chickens and Turkeys

Abstract INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTS herewith reported were made in connection with the investigational activities of the Food and Drug Administration to support enforcement of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act against misbranded drugs for livestock and poultry. When the occasion demands, remedies are tested on a “class basis” to evaluate their particular merit in a given field of disease. This can be done when many remedies in a particular category, which contain a common basic ingredient, are recommended for a specific disease or condition. In this instance, attention was drawn to almost universally made recommendations for copper sulfate as a remedy for crop mycosis in poultry caused by the fungus Candida albicans. Interest was concentrated in the validity of such recommendations when the literature revealed a paucity of factual evidence to support copper sulfate as a competent treatment of moniliasis (crop mycosis). This article presents critical information collected from the experimental …
Capital Flows to Latin America: Is There Evidence of Contagion Effects?

The issue of "spillover or contagion" effects has acquired renewed importance in light of the Mexican crisis in December 1994 and the effect that this event has had on other emerging market economies. Relatively little empirical analysis exists on how small open economies are affected by economic developments in their neighbors and what role financial markets play in the transmission of disturbances. This paper attempts to fill that gap by examining recent developments in emerging equity markets in Asia and Latin America and longer term trends and cycles in capital flows to Latin American economies and their sensitivity to events in the larger countries in the region.
Plasmonic nanoarrays made in porous alumina template

We report a simple and facile method to produce plasmonic nanoarray in nanoporous alumina templates. Reflectance properties of the alumina template exhibits stop bands in the spectrum. Two dimensional arrays of Polymer-Gold nanocomposite support discrete Plasmon resonance modes at visible and infrared frequencies when illuminated with light at normal incidence.
Adolescents' experiences with uxoricide

The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of individuals who survived the loss of one or both parents through parental homicide or homicide/suicide as adolescents. Participants (N = 34) were aged between 12 and 19 years at the time of the death and were aged between 29 and 64 years at the time of the interview. Participants were interviewed twice and asked to tell the story of their lives. Data were analyzed in the hermeneutic phenomenological tradition using a stepwise process of developing categories and then a single complex theme. Common categories of participants' childhoods included abuse both before and after the uxoricide and vivid memories of the homicide. As adults, most participants reported difficulties with intimate relationships, legal problems, and substance use. Integrity was an overarching theme for these participants. Among those who had integrated the story of the homicide into their adult lives, some believed that they were doing well whereas others did not. Some participants had isolated the event and considered that they were doing well as a result. These findings are limited by the convenience sample but offer a rich portrait of the lives of individuals who experienced uxoricide as adolescents. Clinicians might be advised to tread carefully if individuals report that they have isolated rather than integrated the uxoricide into their adult lives. No evidence exists in support that either stance is preferable.
Burning odor-elicited anxiety in OEF/OIF combat veterans: inverse relationship to gray matter volume in olfactory cortex

Despite the anatomical overlap between the brain's fear/threat and olfactory systems, a very limited number of investigations have considered the role of odors and the central olfactory system in the pathophysiology of PTSD. The goal of the present study was to assess structural differences in primary and secondary olfactory cortex between combat veterans with and without PTSD (CV + PTSD, CV-PTSD, respectively). An additional goal was to determine the relationship between gray matter volume (GMV) in olfactory cortex and the distressing properties of burning-related odors. A region of interest voxel-based morphometric (VBM) approach was used to measure GMV in olfactory cortex in a well-characterized group of CV + PTSD (n = 20) and CV-PTSD (n = 25). Prior to the MRI exam, combat-related (i.e., burning rubber) and control odors were systematically sampled and rated according to their potential for eliciting PTSD symptoms. Results showed that CV + PTSD exhibited significantly reduced GMV in anterior piriform (primary olfactory) and orbitofrontal (secondary olfactory) cortices compared to CV-PTSD (both p < .01). For the entire group, GMV in bilateral anterior piriform cortex was inversely related to burning rubber odor-elicited memories of trauma (p < .05). GMV in orbitofrontal cortex was inversely related to both clinical and laboratory measures of PTSD symptoms (all p < .05). In addition to replicating an established inverse relationship between GMV in anxiety-associated brain structures and PTSD symptomatology, the present study extends those findings by being the first report of volumetric decreases in olfactory cortex that are inversely related to odor-elicited PTSD symptoms. Potential mechanisms underlying these findings are discussed.
Analysis and design of motion control systems with positive force/torque feedback using robust control methods

Positive force/torque feedback (PFF) can compensate for the detrimental effects of load dynamics and exogenous force/torque disturbances on the tracking performance of motion control systems. With real world nonideal force/torque sensors/actuators, a PFF controller can be designed to accommodate the sensor's/actuator's dynamics and to minimize the impact of load dynamics or external force/torque disturbances upon the motion tracking loop. This brief shows that PFF is an effective method for many practical control problems. It is also shown that the analysis and design of motion control systems with PFF can be put into the /spl mu/ framework and, thus, the tracking controller and the force/torque feedback controller can be synthesized simultaneously using commercially available /spl mu/ tools. Some practical issues, which are independent of design methods, such as the robust stability (RS) of the PFF loop and the bandwidth requirements for the PFF controller, are also discussed. It is concluded that, outside the system's effective tracking bandwidth, it is not wise to use model-based "perfect" PFF for a "big" load due to the lack of robustness of the PFF loop against the actuator uncertainties. Experimental results with a UW hexapod strut show that the /spl mu/ design method for PFF is promising.
Global Warring and the Permanent Dry: How Heat Threatens Human Security in a Warmer World

This essay will attempt to correct the oversimplification of climate justice as a crisis culminating in waves of climate refugees. Instead, we focus on how heat increases vulnerability of cultures, institutions, lifestyles, occupations, human rights, and community viability due to both rising global average temperatures and the resulting destabilizing societal consequences of inequity in a warmer world. It will illuminate the ways in which heat is the biggest climate-driven threat to global human security, particularly in non-island regions and states where social stability and improved development hold tremendous geopolitical importance. The essay will then discuss ways in which current legal and political responses are inadequately prepared to handle heat vulnerability. We propose that human security should become a central factor in new institutions being conceived around climate-induced social and political issues, ranging from crop failure to, in a worst-case scenario, voluntary or forced climate-induced displacement.
Areal representativeness of point rainfall

Shower-type rainfall data collected on several Illinois raingage networks, ranging in area from 19 ac to 400 sq mi, have been used to determine the areal representativeness of point rainfall measurements. Point rainfall was measured at the center of each area, and empirical relations for average and standard errors were developed for storm, weekly, and monthly periods. In addition, storm data for areas of 10 to 100 sq mi were used to obtain empirical relations between point and areal mean rainfall, when the point rainfall is measured at a gage displaced from the areal center by various distances. The results are considered representative of the Midwest and of other areas having similar climate and topography.
Extracting socio-cultural networks of the Sudan from open-source, large-scale text data

This paper was originally presented at the annual conference of the Sudan Studies Association (SSA) at Purdue University in 2010, and has been adapted for this publication. At the SSA meeting, we had the opportunity to present our work on a computer-supported methodology for extracting and analyzing over-time network data based on open source text data about the Sudan, and to receive feedback from subject matter experts on the Sudan. Our presentation was part of a panel on “Data analyses of Sudan’s reality”. In this panel, the collaborators from a multi-university research initiative that focuses on rapid ethnographic retrieval reported on their work. The field of Network Analysis provides theories and methods for representing and examining the structure, functioning and dynamics of interactions between social agents, infrastructures and information (Wasserman and Faust 1994;
Phenomenological optical model for p-4He elastic scattering

Abstract The results of a Dirac equation optical model analysis of p- 4 He elastic scattering data are reported. The optical potential obtained at 1029 MeV reproduces the systematics of p- 4 He data over the energy range from 560 to 1730 MeV.
Identification of a Novel Family of Oxidized Phospholipids That Serve as Ligands for the Macrophage Scavenger Receptor CD36

Abstract The macrophage scavenger receptor CD36 plays an important role in the uptake of oxidized forms of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and contributes to lesion development in murine models of atherosclerosis. However, the structural basis of CD36 lipoprotein ligand recognition is unknown. We now identify a novel class of oxidized phospholipids that serve as high affinity ligands for CD36 and mediate recognition of oxidized forms of LDL by CD36 on macrophages. Small unilamellar vesicles of homogeneous phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecular species were oxidized by the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H2O2-NO system, and products were separated by sequential LC/ESI/MS/MS. In parallel, fractions were tested for their ability to bind to CD36. Four major structurally related phospholipids with CD36 binding activity were identified from oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-PC, and four corresponding structural analogs with CD36 binding activity were identified from oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-PC. Each was then synthetically prepared, its structure confirmed by multinuclear NMR and high resolution mass spectrometry, and shown to possess identical CD36 binding activity and LC/ESI/MS/MS characteristics in both native and derivatized forms. Based upon the structures of the active compounds identified, and structure-function studies with a variety of synthetic analogs, we conclude that the structural characteristics required for high affinity binding of oxidized PC species to CD36 are a phospholipid with an sn-2 acyl group that incorporates a terminal γ-hydroxy(or oxo)-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl (oxPCCD36). LC/ESI/MS/MS studies demonstrate that oxPCCD36 are formed during LDL oxidation by multiple distinct pathways. Formation of this novel class of oxidized PC species contributes to CD36-mediated recognition of LDL oxidized by MPO and other biologically relevant mechanisms. The present results offer structural insights into the molecular patterns recognized by the scavenger receptor CD36 and provide a platform for the development of potential therapeutic inhibitory agents.
The value of stroke prevention and treatment

An emerging issue in stroke prevention and stroke treatment is that therapies shown to be effective in clinical trials are not being used or are being used suboptimally. One of many explanations relates to cost, ranging from concerns about inappropriate use of societal resources to more immediate concerns of organizations and individuals about their financial well-being. Assessing the cost impact of a new therapy, and thus the financial incentives faced by decision-makers, is crucial to understanding and influencing real-world treatment decisions. Assessing cost in the context of health benefits is the object of cost-effectiveness analysis. A cost-effectiveness analysis typically compares the new treatment with a less efficacious yet less costly alternative. This article provides a brief overview of the cost implications of stroke and stroke-related treatments. The example of stroke prevention is used to illustrate how to calculate an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio and help clarify what makes a treatment an especially good value. Because stroke is tremendously expensive and because severe strokes are especially expensive, treatments to prevent stroke and to diminish stroke disability are likely to be an excellent value.
Municipal Activities and the Antitrust Laws After City of Lafayette

The Supreme Court decision in City of Lafayette v. Louisiana Power & Light and certain other institutional factors are likely to cause a rise in antitrust litigation involving municipalities. Therefore, it is important for local governmental units to know what types of actions are most likely to produce antitrust litigation. The purpose of this paper is to identify those types of municipal activities. The types of antitrust violations that may be alleged are varied and numerous. With the exception of mergers, antitrust charges against municipalities are not likely to differ greatly from antitrust litigation generally. The most common allegations are likely to involve violations of section 1 of the Sherman Act, such as price fixing, concerted refusals to deal, or division of the market by competitors; violations of section 3 of the Clayton Act, such as tying agreements or exclusive dealing agreements; or violations of section 2 of the Sherman Act, such as monopolization or attempts to monopolize as a result of refusals to deal. This paper examines the particular types of antitrust violations in connection with the particular types of municipal activities that are likely to give rise to antitrust litigation. One important respect in which municipal antitrust litigation will differ from antitrust litigation generally is that the former will often involve claims that conduct is exempt from the antitrust laws under the Parker or Noerr doctrines.
RITE+Krug: a combination of usability test methods for agile design

As user experience professionals, we often face objections that there is not enough time or resources to conduct usability testing during development. With the proliferation of Agile methods being used by development teams to compress the software lifecycle, the focus on time becomes even more critical. To meet the challenges of Agile development, we combined aspects of two discount usability methods: the Rapid Iterative Test and Evaluation method (RITE) and the approach to usability testing taken by Steve Krug. In this paper, we describe why we combined the methods and which elements we incorporated from each. The impact of using this new RITE+Krug combination has been remarkable. Test sessions are getting between 12 and 15 observers on a regular basis. The development, design, product management, and usability teams are engaged and actively participating in the usability testing process. Each test takes only a few hours time from the stakeholders' schedules, because the testing and debriefing can be conducted and concluded in one to two days. As a result, we can conduct a RITE+Krug test every two weeks and can get feedback on more aspects of the product than ever before.
Transparency and Obfuscation in Tax Court Procedure

The Internal Revenue Code permits the Chief Judge of the United States Tax Court to assign to Special Trial Judges cases that involve amounts in controversy over $50,000, but does not permit Special Trial Judges to enter the decision of the court in those cases. Instead, under Tax Court Rule 183, after conducting the trial in such a case, the Special Trial Judge must submit a report, including findings of fact and opinion, to the Chief Judge, and the Chief Judge will assign the case to a Judge or Division of the Court... Rule 183 further provides that due regard shall be given to the circumstance that the Special Trial Judge had the opportunity to evaluate the credibility of witnesses, and the findings of fact recommended by the Special Trial Judge shall be presumed to be correct. This article argues that the Special Trial Judge's report should be disclosed, at least to reviewing Courts of Appeals.
Association of synovial inflammation and inflammatory mediators with glenohumeral rotator cuff pathology

Hypothesis We hypothesized that patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears would have greater synovial inflammation compared with those without rotator cuff tear pathology, with gene expression relating to histologic findings. Methods Synovial sampling was performed in 19 patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears (RTC group) and in 11 patients without rotator cuff pathology (control group). Cryosections were stained and examined under light microscopy and confocal fluorescent microscopy for anti-cluster CD45 (common leukocyte antigen), anti-CD31 (endothelial), and anti-CD68 (macrophage) cell surface markers. A grading system was used to quantitate synovitis under light microscopy, and digital image analysis was used to quantify the immunofluorescence staining area. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed for validated inflammatory markers. Data were analyzed with analysis of covariance, Mann-Whitney U , and Spearman rank order testing, with significance set at α = .05. Results The synovitis score was significantly increased in the RTC group compared with controls. Immunofluorescence demonstrated significantly increased staining for CD31, CD45, and CD68 in the RTC vs control group. CD45+/68– cells were found perivascularly, with CD45+/68+ cells toward the joint lining edge of the synovium. Levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and interleukin-6 were significantly increased in the RTC group, with a positive correlation between the synovitis score and MMP-3 expression. Conclusions Patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears have greater levels of synovial inflammation, angiogenesis, and MMP-3 upregulation compared with controls. Gene expression of MMP-3 correlates with the degree of synovitis.
Emergent behavior identification within an agent-based model of the Ballistic Missile Defense System using statistical debugging:

In this paper, we utilize a software engineering technique called statistical debugging to experimentally identify emergent behaviors in a System of Systems. We apply the technique to an agent-base...
Coxsackie B1 infection associated with ventriculitis.

Ventriculitis associated with acute enterovirus central nervous system infections is very rare. A case of a 7-week-old infant with coxsackie B1 meningitis and ventriculitis is presented. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed marked pleocytosis, hypoglycorrhachia and elevated protein simulating acute pyogenic meningitis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed ventriculitis. The diagnosis of enterovirus infection was confirmed by positive cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction and culture for enterovirus. This case illustrates several of the unusual findings associated with enterovirus meningitis.
Rôle of bacteria in the production of tourniquet shock in rats.

ConclusionsIn the experiments described in this article infection with Cl. welchii or other organisms did not prove to be a significant factor in the production of tourniquet shock in rats since:(1) Anaerobic and aerobic cultures of muscle from the hind limb after death were usually sterile.(2) Pre-treatment with sulfadiazine, penicillin, or gas gangrene antitoxin did not influence the development of shock, mortality or time of survival.
China in the Age of the World Picture

Most scholars of international law approach the topic from the vantage point of the North Atlantic, with China figuring at best as an example — or, more frequently, a counter-example — that illustrates a more central point about the history and character of the international legal order. This chapter insists on placing China at the center of international legal theory. Stated most broadly, it asks: How did the multiethnic Qing empire (1644-1911) on the eastern edge of the Eurasian landmass become “China,” a sovereign nation-state in a world of other, formally equal nation-states? With the aid of Martin Heidegger’s essay “The Age of the World Picture,” this chapter approaches international law as a foundational aspect of the political ontology of the modern world — one that depends on and sustains a particular metaphysical conception of the world, with associated notions of political time and space. In this light, I analyze the law of nations at its origin as the constitution of Europe: a set of constitutive norms that governed the relationship among the so-called “Family of Nations.” As this historically specific legal order has become globalized by means of colonialism, it has become effectively the constitution of the world. Where is China in the world made by modern international law? The Eurocentrism of mainstream scholarship aside, there is a growing literature on the colonial origins of international law. Much of it is concerned with the juridical implications of the “discovery” of the New World. A focus on Americas in this literature is obviously not unwarranted, yet the implications of the history of the New World cannot necessarily be extended globally. The Orient (to avoid anachronistic use of the term “Asia”) demands a theoretical account of its own, no less than America, and so does China as the dominant Oriental civilization on the eastern end of Eurasia.This chapter contrasts the now global international law of European origin with the historically Confucian world of East Asia, structured around Chinese cultural and political hegemony. Both traditions pretended to universality while each in fact embodied a particular set of imperial norms — Eurocentric in one case, Sinocentric in the other. Set against this comparative frame, the chapter considers a few key episodes in the historic encounter between these two imperial formations. Throughout, I analyze the Sino-Western encounter not as a clash of civilizations in geographic space and in historical time, but as the collision of different conceptions of space and time. What was at stake in that collision was the constitution of the international legal order and, ultimately, modern world.