cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lightly Fluorinated Graphene as a Protective Layer for n-Type Si(111) Photoanodes in Aqueous Electrolytes

The behavior of n-Si(111) photoanodes covered by monolayer sheets of fluorinated graphene (F–Gr) was investigated under a range of chemical and electrochemical conditions. The electrochemical behavior of n-Si/F–Gr and np+-Si/F–Gr photoanodes was compared to hydride-terminated n-Si (n-Si−H) and np+-Si−H electrodes in contact with aqueous Fe(CN)63-/4- and Br2/HBr electrolytes as well as in contact with a series of outer-sphere, one-electron redox couples in nonaqueous electrolytes. Illuminated n-Si/F–Gr and np+-Si/F–Gr electrodes in contact with an aqueous K3(Fe(CN)6/K4(Fe(CN)6 solutions exhibited stable short-circuit photocurrent densities of ∼10 mA cm–2 for 100,000 s (>24 h), in comparison to bare Si electrodes, which yielded nearly a complete photocurrent decay over ∼100 s. X-ray photoelectron spectra collected before and after exposure to aqueous anodic conditions showed that oxide formation at the Si surface was significantly inhibited for Si electrodes coated with F–Gr relative to bare Si electrodes e...
Factors predictive of failure to complete planned intraoperative breast radiation using the intrabeam® system

Purpose Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) is a form of breast irradiation that is delivered in a single session at the time of partial mastectomy. In up to 10% of patients, planned IORT is not completed; this leads to wasted resources and decreased patient satisfaction. Our objective was to evaluate factors associated with failure to complete planned IORT. Methods and Materials An IRB-approved review of planned IORT cases from 2011 to 2015 was conducted. Eligibility criteria included: age ≥60, invasive ductal or mammary carcinoma, tumor <3.0 cm, ER positive, and clinically node negative. Discontinuation of planned IORT was at the discretion of the breast surgical and radiation oncologists. Results Twenty-one (15%) of one hundred and forty-five planned IORT cases were not completed. Reasons for failure to complete IORT included inadequate applicator to skin distance (n = 15, 71%), altered wire localization findings the day of surgery (n = 4, 19%), equipment failure (n = 1, 5%), and hemodynamic instability (n = 1, 5%). Significant surgeon variability was associated with failure to complete planned IORT (P < 0.001). Conclusions Insufficient skin-to-applicator spacing is the most common reason for failure to complete IORT. In this series, higher volume surgeons completed a greater proportion of IORT cases, suggesting a learning curve to patient selection or intraoperative technique. J. Surg. Oncol. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abstract 308: Losartan Increases Muscle Insulin Delivery via Microvascular Recruitment and Rescues Insulin’s Metabolic Action during Lipid Infusion

Rationale: Insulin delivery and transendothelial insulin transport are two discrete steps that limit muscle insulin action. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT 1 R) blockade recruits microvasculature and increases glucose use in muscle. Increased muscle microvascular perfusion is associated with increased muscle delivery and action of insulin. Objective: To examine the effect of acute AT 1 R blockade on muscle insulin uptake and action in rats. Methods and Results: Rats were studied after an overnight fast to examine the effects of losartan on muscle insulin uptake (protocol 1), microvascular perfusion (protocol 2), and insulin’s microvascular and metabolic actions in the state of insulin resistance (protocol 3). Endothelial cell insulin uptake was assessed using 125 I-insulin as tracer. Systemic lipid infusion was used to induce insulin resistance. Losartan significantly increased muscle insulin uptake (∼60%, p Conclusion: AT 1 R blockade increases muscle insulin uptake mainly via microvascular recruitment and rescues insulin’s metabolic action in the insulin resistant state. This may contribute to the clinical findings of decreased cardiovascular events and new onset of diabetes in patients receiving AT 1 R blockers.
A Hybrid Approach for the Automatic Extraction of Causal Relations from Text

This chapter presents an approach for the discovery of causal relations from open domain text in English. The approach is hybrid, indeed it joins rules based and machine learning methodologies in order to combine the advantages of both. The approach first identifies a set of plausible cause-effect pairs through a set of logical rules based on dependencies between words, then it uses Bayesian inference to reduce the number of pairs produced by ambiguous patterns. The SemEval-2010 task 8 dataset challenge has been used to evaluate our model. The results demonstrate the ability of the rules for the relation extraction and the improvements made by the filtering process.
Interferon-γ signaling in melanocytes and melanoma cells regulates expression of CTLA-4

CTLA-4 is a cell surface receptor on T cells that functions as an immune checkpoint molecule to enforce tolerance to cognate antigens. Anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy is highly effective at reactivating T cell responses against melanoma, which is postulated to be due to targeting CTLA-4 on T cells. Here we report that CTLA-4 is also highly expressed by most human melanoma cell lines, as well as in normal human melanocytes. Interferon-gamma (IFNG) signaling activated the expression of the human CTLA-4 gene in a melanocyte and melanoma cell-specific manner. Mechanistically, IFNG activated CTLA-4 expression through JAK1/2-dependent phosphorylation of STAT1, which bound a specific gamma-activated sequence (GAS) site on the CTLA-4 promoter, thereby licensing CBP/p300-mediated histone acetylation and local chromatin opening. In melanoma cell lines, elevated baseline expression relied upon constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway. Notably, RNA-seq analyses of melanoma specimens obtained from patients who had received anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy (ipilimumab) showed upregulation of an IFNG-response gene expression signature, including CTLA-4 itself, which correlated significantly with durable response. Taken together, our results raise the possibility that CTLA-4 targeting on melanoma cells may contribute to the clinical immunobiology of anti-CTLA-4 responses.
Decoding the Impossibility Defense

Impossible attempts were first officially recognized as non-criminal in 1864, the idea being that a person whose anti-social bent poses no appreciable risk of harm is no criminal. To reassure myself the subject doesn’t “smell of the lamp,” I tapped “impossibility” into Westlaw, which designated over 3000 criminal cases as on point, 1200 or so more recent than 1999. Impossible attempts thus turn out to be not merely a professorial hobby horse, but instead, expressive of a non-trivial tension between risk-taking and harm-causing within the very real world of criminal litigation. Although it is now hornbook that impossible attempts are punishable as crimes, there remains a sense of a non-trivial difference between failing at larceny by picking the empty pocket of a passerby on a sidewalk and by picking the empty pocket of a mannequin in a department store. What remains up in the air is what accounts for that difference. Here I decode the impossibility defense by “hounding down the minutiae” of what it means to make a mistake. I am certainly not the first to insist that the impossibility defense lives on. I am, however, the first to base such a claim on the grammar or criteria of mistakes, which can get us closer to the bottom of what makes attempts impossible and why it matters.
RDoC, Psychopathology, and Naturalism: What’s New Is What’s Old?

The Research Domain Criteria project, although innovative, remains thoroughly grounded in a naturalist conception of psychopathology. Exploring the meaning of psychopathology with reference to soci...
‘The roar that lies on the other side of silence’: supporting aspiring teachers in developing dissonance, uncertainty, and compassion for diverse learners

ABSTRACTIn this text, we examine ways teacher educators might inspire: compassion in aspiring teachers for students with whom they interact, and dissonance and uncertainty concerning ways they talk...
Collaborative Quality Improvement

Implementing change at a system level requires a broad, comprehensive approach to quality improvement that engages multiple stakeholders, encourages a culture of knowledge sharing, and takes into account differences in local contexts. It is in this regard that collaborative quality improvement (CQI) efforts are most effective. CQI involves multi-institutional teams who share data through centralized, clinical registries and work collectively to identify best practices. These practices are subsequently implemented and evaluated in the local setting of participants’ home institutions. The aim of these collaborative efforts is to improve care by reducing variation among hospitals and providers, minimizing the time lag between changes in knowledge and translation to changes in practice, and evaluating care strategies in real-world settings.
Structure-Function Correlation in Noise-Damaged Ears: A Light and Electron-Microscopic Study

Of the roughly 50,000 afferent fibers in the cat’s auditory nerve, approximately 95% terminate peripherally on inner hair cells (IHCs), as the so-called “radial fibers” (RFs) [24,25]. RFs comprise the population of neurons sampled when the auditory nerve is impaled with glass microelectrodes [9]. In the cat, the great majority of RFs is unbranched, terminating on a single IHC via a single terminal swelling [24,8]. Thus, by sampling the activity of a single RF we have a window onto the functional state of a very restricted region of the organ of Corti. By sampling the activity of different single fibers, with different characteristic frequencies (CFs), we can assess the functional state of the entire cochlea, from base to apex.
Catalytic Alkene Difunctionalization via Imidate Radicals

The first catalytic strategy to harness imidate radicals has been developed. This approach enables alkene difunctionalization of allyl alcohols by photocatalytic reduction of their oxime imidates. The ensuing imidate radicals undergo consecutive intra- and intermolecular reactions to afford (i) hydroamination, (ii) aminoalkylation, or (iii) aminoarylation, via three distinct radical mechanisms. The broad scope and utility of this catalytic method for imidate radical reactivity is presented, along with comparisons to other N-centered radicals and complementary, closed-shell imidate pathways.
Demonstration of efficient vertical and venereal transmission of dengue virus type-2 in a genetically diverse laboratory strain of Aedes aegypti.

Aedes aegypti is the primary mosquito vector of dengue viruses (DENV; serotypes 1–4). Human-mosquito transmission cycles maintain DENV during epidemics but questions remain regarding how these viruses survive when human infections and vector abundance are minimal. Aedes mosquitoes can transmit DENV within the vector population through two alternate routes: vertical and venereal transmission (VT and VNT, respectively). We tested the efficiency of VT and VNT in a genetically diverse laboratory (GDLS) strain of Ae. aegypti orally infected with DENV2 (Jamaica 1409). We examined F1 larvae from infected females generated during the first and second gonotrophic cycles (E1 and E2) for viral envelope (E) antigen by amplifying virus in C6/36 cells and then performing an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). RT-PCR/nested PCR analyses confirmed DENV2 RNA in samples positive by IFA. We observed VT of virus to larvae and adult male progeny and VNT of virus to uninfected virgin females after mating with males that had acquired virus by the VT route. We detected no DENV2 in 30 pools (20 larvae/pool) of F1 larvae following the first gonotrophic cycle, suggesting limited virus dissemination at 7 days post-infection. DENV2 was detected by IFA in 27 of 49 (55%) and 35 of 51 (68.6%) F1 larval pools (20 larvae/pool) from infected E2 females that received a second blood meal without virus at 10 or 21 days post-infection (E2-10d-F1 and E2-21-F1), respectively. The minimum filial infection rates by IFA for E2-10d-F1 and E2-21d-F1 mosquitoes were 1:36 and 1:29, respectively. The VNT rate from E2-10d-F1 males to virgin (uninfected) GDLS females was 31.6% (118 of 374) at 8 days post mating. Twenty one percent of VNT-infected females receiving a blood meal prior to mating had disseminated virus in their heads, suggesting a potential pathway for virus to re-enter the human-mosquito transmission cycle. This is the first report of VNT of DENV by male Ae. aegypti and the first demonstration of sexual transmission in Aedes by naturally infected males. Our results demonstrate the potential for VT and VNT of DENV in nature as mechanisms for virus maintenance during inter-epidemic periods.
Using Reference Architectures and Frameworks

A major payoff from systematic and rigorous application of MBSE results from cost and time savings that are achieved through reuse of designs, product information, integration and test materials, data models, timing analyses, and many other artifacts of system architecture. In this chapter, we explore the primary approach to such reuse, which is the development and use of reference architectures (RAs). First, we introduce the RA concept, and we define terms and highlight the role of RAs in MBSAP. We then lay out a systematic approach to the creation, archiving, retrieval, tailoring, and use of RAs in real development programs, stressing the nature of an RA as a system-level design pattern. We illustrate these ideas using the E-X system example. We extend the RA concept using SysML constructs like Profiles and Libraries. We discuss architecture frameworks, which are closely allied to RAs and can facilitate effective architecture reuse, and we discuss a number of recognized frameworks. We then conclude the RA topic by carrying it to the level of product line architectures that are predicated on efficiently tailoring RA content to meet related but distinct customer needs in a well-defined system or product category. Chapter Objective: the reader will be able to employ the MBSAP methodology to develop, model, and apply RAs as a means of reusing proven architecture content in new system developments.
Identification of Nucleate Boiling as the Dominant Heat Transfer Mechanism during Confined Two-Phase Jet Impingement

Abstract Thermal management of high-power electronics requires cooling strategies capable of dissipating high heat fluxes while maintaining the device at low operating temperatures. Two-phase jet impingement offers a compact cooling technology capable of meeting these requirements at a low pressure drop. Generally, confined impingement geometries are used in electronics cooling applications, where the flow is constrained between the hot surface and orifice plate. Understanding the primary heat transfer mechanisms occurring as boiling takes place on the surface during jet impingement is important, specifically under such confined conditions. In this study, heat transfer from a copper surface is experimentally characterized in both confined jet impingement and pool boiling configurations. The dielectric liquid HFE-7100 is used as the working fluid. For the jet impingement configuration, the jet issues through a single 2 mm-diameter orifice, at jet exit velocities of 1, 3, 6, and 9 m/s, into a confinement gap with a spacing of 3 jet diameters between the orifice and heat source. Additional orifice-to-target spacings of 0.5, 1, and 10 jet diameters are tested at the lowest (Vj = 1 m/s) and highest (Vj = 9 m/s) jet velocities. By incrementing the heat flux applied to the surface and observing the steady-state response at each flux, the single-phase and two-phase heat transfer performance is characterized; all experiments were carried through to critical heat flux conditions. The jet impingement data in the fully boiling regime either directly overlap the pool boiling data, or coincide with an extension of the trend in pool boiling data beyond the pool boiling critical heat flux limit. This result confirms that nucleate boiling is the dominant heat transfer mechanism in the fully boiling regime in confined jet impingement; the convective effects of the jet play a negligible role over the wide range of parameters considered here. While the presence of the jet does not enhance the boiling heat transfer coefficient, the jet does greatly increase single-phase heat transfer performance and extends the critical heat flux limit. Critical heat flux displays a linear dependence on jet velocity while remaining insensitive to changes in the orifice-to-target spacing.
ChIRP-MS: RNA-Directed Proteomic Discovery

Comprehensive identification of RNA-binding proteins by mass spectrometry (ChIRP-ms) is a novel technique for studying endogenous ribonucleoprotein complexes. ChIRP-ms is robust across a wide range of expression level, from abundant housekeeping RNAs (e.g., spliceosomal U RNAs) to relatively lowly expressed RNAs (e.g., Xist). In vivo RNA-protein interactions are chemically cross-linked, and purified using biotinylated antisense oligonucleotides against RNA of interest. Coprecipitated proteins are gently eluted, and identified by mass-spectrometry (for discovery) or by western blotting (for validation).
SOME NEW BOUNDS AND APPROXIMATIONS ON TAIL PROBABILITIES OF THE POISSON AND OTHER DISCRETE DISTRIBUTIONS

In this paper, we discuss new bounds and approximations for tail probabilities of certain discrete distributions. Several different methods are used to obtain bounds and/or approximations. Excellent upper and lower bounds are obtained for the Poisson distribution. Excellent approximations (and not bounds necessarily) are also obtained for other discrete distributions. Numerical comparisons made to previously proposed methods demonstrate that the new bounds and/or approximations compare very favorably. Some conjectures are made.
Peripherally Restricted, Highly Potent, Selective, Aqueous-Soluble EP2 Antagonist with Anti-Inflammatory Properties.

The prostaglandin E2 receptor, EP2, plays an important role in physiology and in a variety of pathological conditions. Studies indicate that EP2 is pro-inflammatory in chronic peripheral and central nervous system disease and cancer models. Thus, targeting the EP2 receptor with small molecules could be a therapeutic strategy for treating inflammatory diseases and cancer. We recently reported a novel class of competitive antagonists of the EP2 receptor. However, earlier leads displayed low selectivity against the DP1 prostanoid receptor, moderate plasma half-life, and low aqueous solubility, which renders them suboptimal for testing in animal models of disease. We now report a novel compound TG8-69, which has suitable drug-like properties. We present synthesis, lead-optimization studies, pharmacological characterization, and anti-inflammatory properties of this compound that support its use in chronic peripheral inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, endometriosis, and cancer, in which EP2 ...
On uncorrelated inter-monomer Förster energy transfer in Fenna-Matthews-Olson complexes.

The Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) light-harvesting antenna protein of green sulfur bacteria is a long-studied pigment-protein complex which funnels energy from the chlorosome to the reaction centre where photochemistry takes place. The structure of the FMO protein from Chlorobaculum tepidum is known as a homotrimeric complex containing eight bacteriochlorophyll a per monomer. Owing to this structure FMO has strong intra-monomer and weak inter-monomer electronic coupling constants. While long-lived (sub-picosecond) coherences within a monomer have been a prevalent topic of study over the past decade, various experimental evidence supports the presence of subsequent inter-monomer energy transfer on a picosecond time scale. The latter has been neglected by most authors in recent years by considering only sub-picosecond time scales or assuming that the inter-monomer coupling between low-energy states is too weak to warrant consideration of the entire trimer. However, Forster theory predicts that energy transfer of the order of picoseconds is possible even for very weak (less than 5 cm-1) electronic coupling between chromophores. This work reviews experimental data (with a focus on emission and hole-burned spectra) and simulations of exciton dynamics which demonstrate inter-monomer energy transfer. It is shown that the lowest energy 825 nm absorbance band cannot be properly described by a single excitonic state. The energy transfer through FMO is modelled by generalized Forster theory using a non-Markovian, reduced density matrix approach to describe the electronic structure. The disorder-averaged inter-monomer transfer time across the 825 nm band is about 27 ps. While only isolated FMO proteins are presented, the presence of inter-monomer energy transfer in the context of the overall photosystem is also briefly discussed.
Rare case of axillary pseudoaneurysm subsequent to an intra-arterial percutaneous cannulation

Axillary pseudoaneurysm (PSA) is a rare condition that mainly presents with traumatic injury. In this case report, we show an iatrogenic axillary PSA, following an intra-arterial line (A-line) removal. A 75-year-old with an extensive past medical history including diabetes hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, and atrial fibrillation on Warfarin came to the hospital for an elective abdominal aortic aneurism repair. During her postsurgical stay, she had multiple A-line placements due to recurrent malfunctions and ended up having an axillary A-line. The development of a PSA complicated the removal of the line; an infrequent complication. This was treated with thrombin injection a couple of times after which homeostasis was achieved. Although axillary PSAs are rare, especially iatrogenic ones, individual attention and care should be taken while handling axillary A-lines. Furthermore, one should have a low level of suspicion, especially in patients with multiple predisposing risk factors such as ours.
Leading Through Intervals versus Leading Pedestrian Intervals: More Protection with Less Capacity Impact:

When pedestrian, bike crossings, or both are concurrent with a vehicular phase, leading through intervals (LTI) and leading pedestrian intervals (LPI) are signalization techniques that provide a pa...
Abstract 4361: Kynurenine - Aryl hydrocarbon receptor axis: A crucial modulator of immunometabolism in cisplatin resistant lung cancer

The effect of tumor metabolism on the tumor microenvironment is not well established. Our previous data have shown that cisplatin resistant (CR) lung cancer cells increased secretion of thioredoxin-1 (TRX1) and kynurenine (KYN). Interestingly, high TRX1 and KYN levels in tumor microenvironment can enhance immunosuppressive environment. We have demonstrated that CR cells possessed lower levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) due to metabolic re-programming. ARNT or HIF1β is a known binding partner of both HIF1α and aryl hydrocarbon (AHR). Importantly, recent study indicates that KYN can serve as an endogenous ligand for AHR in cancer cells. Thus, we hypothesize that in the absence of HIF1α, ARNT is now available to bind and form a new partner with KYN/AHR and initiate the transcription of genes which favor survival/proliferation of CR cells. Four pairs of NSCLC cell lines and their CR variants (ALC, FC, H460R, A549R) were used. Using immunofluorescence technique, our result showed that AHR localized primary in the nucleus of CR cells when compared with parental cell counterparts. We further determined that KYN was specific to AHR activation in CR cells by inhibiting AHR translocation using 10µM of dimethoxyflavone (DMF; an AHR antagonist). AHR was less accumulated inside nuclease after treatment. Importantly, treatment of DMF also resulted in suppression of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) activities. To further verify these findings, we assayed the expression of AHR-target gene (LAT1 and CYP1B1) with and without adding KYN. Both genes expressions were higher in CR cells and were further augmented upon an addition of KYN. In contrast, we did not find an increase in LAT1 after exposure to KYN in parental cells. Using flow cytometer, we found that CR cells possessed higher surface-LAT1 levels when compared to parental cell counterparts, and treatment of KYN resulted in significant tryptophan uptake in CR cells. Importantly, treatment with IDO1 inhibitor (5.5uM) significantly suppressed LAT1 and CYP1B1 expression in CR cells and reverse cisplatin resistance in CR from 2.5 to 0.75 μg/ml (3.3 fold). Thus, our data strongly indicate that KYN/AHR/ARNT axis plays a unique modulator role in CR cells metabolism. Overall these results will have potential impact on (i) how one can effectively exploit the KP pathway to treat CR tumors, and (ii) improving understanding on how CR cells evade immune surveillance. Supported by Department of Veterans Affairs (BLRD 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4361.
No Silver Bullet: Firearm Laws and Pediatric Death Prevention

Firearm fatality rates in the United States among children and youth 1 to 24 years old have been increasing since 2013, after an overall decline from 1999 to 2012.1,2 The upward trend in pediatric firearm fatalities includes a 32% rise in firearm homicide and a 28% rise in firearm suicide rates.2 A better understanding of effective prevention, such as the role of legislation, is essential in addressing this growing public health crisis. In this issue of Pediatrics , Goyal et al3 analyze the association of pediatric firearm fatality rates with stricter state gun laws in aggregate and with a focus on 3 specific laws. These laws were selected on the basis of work by Kalesan et al,4 in which a multivariate Poisson regression model that included 25 different firearm laws was used to examine the association of these laws with reductions in firearm homicides and suicides. This regression model identified 3 laws associated with decreased firearm deaths: (1) universal background checks for firearm purchase, (2) background checks for ammunition purchase, and (3) firearm identification requirements with microstamping or … Address correspondence to Judy Schaechter, MD, MBA, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami and Holtz Children’s Hospital, 1601 NW 12th Ave, 9th Floor, Miami, FL 33136. E-mail: jschaechter{at}miami.edu
Preliminary Findings from a Study of an Arabic Accessibility Tool Checker

Research into web accessibility tools in Saudi Arabia is limited. Many Arabic websites have accessibility limitations which prove challenging for people with disabilities. The purpose of this study is to create awareness of web accessibility for Arabic-speaking people and to demonstrate the efficacy of an Arabic accessibility checker prototype. Challenges in the internationalization of the interface design that were overcome using creative solutions to develop this tool are discussed. The first version of the tool solved the limitations of previous Arabic accessibility checkers. The usability of the tool which we called Arabic Accessibility Testing Tool (AATT) was investigated. Specifically, this paper presents work-in-progress research in the area of Arabic web accessibility issues and cross-cultural interface design.
The Underlying Mathematics

This chapter, which essentially is the concluding one (it is followed by a brief summary), develops the mathematical foundation for our decomposition. It is written in a manner to encourage readers to apply these notions to other concerns.
16 – Vector Functions, Vector Differentiation, and Parametric Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses vector functions, vector differentiation, and parametric equations. If f1 and f2 are functions of the real variable t. Then for all values of t for which f1(t) and f2(t) are defined, the vector-valued function f is given by, f(t) = (f1(t), f2(t)) = f1(t)i + f2(t)j. The domain of f is the intersection of the domains of f1 and f2. A Cartesian equation of the curve f(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j is an equation relating the variables x and y only. The vector function f is differentiable on the open interval I if f'(t) exists for every t in I.
Patient-specific optimization of automated detection improves seizure onset zone localization based on high frequency oscillations

Author(s): Trevino, Casey | Advisor(s): Lopour, Beth | Abstract: High frequency oscillations (HFOs) are a promising new biomarker of epileptogenicity, as they occur more frequently in the seizure onset zone (SOZ) and may aid in the demarcation of the epileptogentic zone. Development of reliable, automatic HFO detection algorithms is necessary for translation into clinical practice. While existing algorithms have demonstrated sufficient levels of sensitivity and specificity on individual data sets, there are currently no standards for their broad application. It is not uncommon for a previously validated algorithm to work poorly when applied to a new data set, and there is no consensus on whether (and how) parameter optimization should be done. Here we evaluate the impact of detector optimization on two independent datasets, consisting of twenty medically refractory epilepsy patients with seizure free surgical outcomes, using a widely cited automatic HFO detector based on the root-mean-square amplitude. We calculated SOZ localization results over a wide range of detection parameters and assessed the variance in results across patients. The optimal parameters were patient-specific, and in some cases, the most accurate localization resulted from detection with unconventional parameters. This suggests that the standard configurations are not suited for all patients. To overcome this obstacle, we suggest a novel method of coalescing the results from multiple parameter sets to isolate robust HFOs of epileptic tissue. This method resulted in localization accuracy that was comparable to the optimal parameter sets, without the difficult task of choosing a single parameter set to rely on. This work has the potential to eliminate per-patient optimization of HFO detection, which will support translation into clinical practice, and it suggests that future studies should continue investigating ways to address patient variability before applying automatic detection algorithms.
Arthroscopic Bankart Repair With Remplissage: Indications and Technique

Summary: Recurrent anterior shoulder instability can be challenging to treat especially in young active patients. The full spectrum of pathology present should be addressed during surgical stabilization and includes soft tissue and bone defects of both the glenoid and humeral head when present. Remplissage is an additional procedure, along with arthroscopic Bankart repair, that may be performed in the presence of a Hill Sachs defect to prevent humeral head engagement on the glenoid during abduction and external rotation. Our objective was to present the indications for and our preferred technique of arthroscopic bankart repair with remplissage for the treatment of shoulder instability with the presence of a Hill Sachs defect. In conclusion, arthroscopic Bankart repair combined with remplissage is a viable treatment option for anterior shoulder instability associated with a large engaging Hill Sachs defect and minimal to no glenoid bone loss.
Potassium Carbonate Assisted Synthesis Of α, β, γ, δ-Unsaturated Ketones

The Cinnamylideneacetophenones derivative is shows important medicinal properties and intermediate in organic synthesis. Several substituted α, β, γ, δ-Unsaturated Ketones were prepared in high yield and purity by direct reaction of substituted cinnamaldehyde and ketones in the presence of potassium carbonate as a base in ethanol at 50oC. The merit of the method is short reaction times, high yield, easy work-up and purification process, inexpensive and easily available catalyst.
Putting People First in Practice: Indonesia and the Kecamatan Development Program

Michael Cernea’s key insight was that the core concepts of sociology and anthropology—social organization, culture, participation, and symbolic construction—could improve the quality and effectiveness of development. His key achievement was in the fact that he and the people he inspired were able to bridge the gap between analyst and practitioner to show that these anthropological and sociological concepts really could make a difference in how development affected the poor. In this article, I’ll do my best to use describe my own journey from naive graduate student to World Bank team leader for the Kecamatan Development Program, one of the world’s earliest and largest community development programs.
Protecting the Public Domain and the Right to Use Copyrighted Works: Four Decades of the Eleventh Circuit’s Copyright Law Jurisprudence

This article is about the importance of the copyright law jurisprudence from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. This appellate court turns 40 in 2021, and it has rendered many influential copyright law decisions in the last four decades. Its body of work is impressive. This article discusses the court’s important decisions in the following areas: the originality standard; the application of the U.S. Supreme Court’s Feist decision to compilations, directories, computer software, architectural works, and other creative works like movies, photographs, and characters; copyright protection for unfixed works; the scope of the government edicts doctrine; and, fair use. The Eleventh Circuit’s rulings show a rigorous application of the originality standard, the principles announced by the Supreme Court in Feist, section 102(b) of the Copyright Act, scenes a faire, and the merger doctrine. The court’s consistent application of these doctrines and principles enables it to separate the protected expression in a work of authorship from that work’s unprotected elements. The opinions also evidence a generous interpretation and application of fair use where there are tensions between copyright and the First Amendment, in cases involving parody, and when protected works are reproduced for education. The Eleventh Circuit’s copyright jurisprudence adheres to several fundamental principles: that everyone is free to use whatever is in the public domain; that copyright protection extends only to creative expression and not to ideas, facts, scenes a faire, and those elements of a work that are standard, routine, commonplace, or dictated by efficiency; that reward to the author is a secondary consideration because the primary beneficiary of copyright is the public; and, that use of a work and use of a copyright are distinct in that one may use many elements from a work without infringing the copyright. The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals copyright rulings have protected the public domain, and everyone’s right to use the unprotected elements in a copyrighted work of authorship.
Inversion of Eddy Current Data and the Reconstruction of Flaws, Part 1: Acquisition of Data

Measuring the eddy currents in a material induced by an exciting field can provide useful information about the shape of the material. Several methods of nondestructive evaluation using eddy currents do not utilize a uniform exciting field over the area of interest [1]. When a non-uniform exciting field is used, the presence or absence of a flaw in the material is detected. However, some applications require more specific information about the size and shape of the flaw. If reconstruction of the flaw is required, current mathematical algorithms [2,4] require that the magnetic field due to eddy currents induced by a uniform exciting field be accurately measured. The magnetic fields can be measured by placing small inductive pickup coils in the vicinity of the material. Several different frequencies can be used to take advantage of the skin depth effect in conductors. Low frequencies can be used to look for flaws relatively deep beneath the surface; high frequencies can be used to look for “shallow” flaws.
Sox9 represses gene expression via histone deacetylase activity

Sox9 is a transcription factor that is essential for chondrocyte development. Previously we have shown that p300, a ubiquitously expressed co-activator, interacted with Sox9 to activate gene expression. Even though both Sox9 and p300 are expressed in some other tissue, it is only chondrocyte that expresses type II collagen. To clarify the mechanism that prevents Sox9 from activating chondrocyte-specific gene expression in those tissues, we examined the interaction between co-repressors and Sox9. Among the co-repressors, some HDACs interacted with Sox9 both in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of those HDACs reduced the transcriptional activity of Gal4-fused Sox9. TSA, but not TPX-B, caused de-repression of transcription regulated by Sox9. These data identify Sox9 as the first transcription factor to interact with HDACs, and suggest that HDAC may bind to Sox9 to regulate tissue-specific gene expression.
Petrology of volcanic rocks from Kaula Island, Hawaii

A compositionally diverse suite of volcanic rocks, including tholeiites, phonolites, basanites and nephelinites, occurs as accidental blocks in the palagonitic tuff of Kaula Island. The Kaula phonolites are the only documented phonolites from the Hawaiian Ridge. Among the accidental blocks, only the phonolites and a plagioclase basanite were amenable to K-Ar age dating. They yielded ages of 4.0–4.2 Ma and 1.8±0.2 Ma, respectively. Crystal fractionation modeling of major and trace element data indicates that the phonolites could be derived from a plagioclase basanite by subtraction of 27% clinopyroxene, 21% plagioclase, 16% anorthoclase, 14% olivine, 4% titanomagnetite and 1% apatite, leaving a 16% derivative liquid. The nephelinites contain the same phenocryst, xenocryst and xenolith assemblages as the tuff. Thus, they are probably comagmatic. The strong chemical similarity of the Kaula nephelinites and basanites to those from the post-erosional stage Honolulu Group on Oahu, the presence of garnet-bearing pyroxenites in the Kaula nephelinites (which previously, had only been reported in the Honolulu volcanic rocks) and the similar age of the Kaula basanite to post-erosional lavas from nearby volcanoes are compelling evidence that the Kaula basanites and nephelinites were formed during a “post-erosional” stage of volcanism.
Different effects of recJ and recN mutations on the postreplication repair of UV-damaged DNA in Escherichia coli K-12.

Abstract Two mutations known to affect recombination in a recB recC sbsBC strain, recJ284::Tn10 and recN262, were examined for their effects on the postreplication repair of UV-damaged DNA. The recJ mutation did not affect the UV radiation sensitivity of uvrB and uvrB recF cells, but it increased the sensitivity of uvrB recN (approximately 3-fold) and uvrB recB (approximately 8-fold) cells. On the other hand, the recN mutation did not affect the UV sensitivity of uvrB recB cells, but it increased the sensitivity of uvrB (approximately 1.5-fold) and uvrB recF (approximately 4-fold) cells. DNA repair studies indicated that the recN mutation produced a partial deficiency in the postreplication repair of DNA double-strand breaks that arise from unrepaired daughter strand gaps, while the recJ mutation produced a deficiency in the repair of daughter strand gaps in uvrB recB cells (but not in uvrB cells) and a deficiency in the repair of both daughter strand gaps and double-strand breaks in uvrA recB recC shcBC cells. Together, these results indicate that the recJ and recN genes are involved in different aspects of postreplication repair.
Rates and relative risk of hospital admission among women in violent intimate partner relationships.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the history of hospitalization among women involved in violent intimate relationships. METHODS: In this 1-year retrospective cohort study, female residents of King County, Washington, who were aged 18 to 44 years and who had filed for a protection order were compared with nonabused women in the same age group. Outcome measures included overall and diagnosis-specific hospital admission rates and relative risk of hospitalization associated with abuse. RESULTS: Women known to be exposed to a violent intimate relationship were significantly more likely to be hospitalized with any diagnosis (age-specific relative risks [RRs] ranging from 1.2 to 2.1), psychiatric diagnoses (RR = 3.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.8, 4.6), injury and poisoning diagnoses (RR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.2, 2.8), digestive system diseases (RR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.3, 2.9), and diagnoses of assault (RR = 4.9, 95% CI = 1.1, 22.1) or attempted suicide (RR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.6, 9.2) in the year before filing a protection order. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed an increased relative risk of both overall and diagnosis-specific hospitalizations among abused women. Intimate partner violence has a significant impact on women's health and use of health care.
Echocardiography and Doppler Echocardiography

Echocardiography is a diagnostic technique that uses ultrasound (high frequency sound) to produce an image of the heart in real time. The comprehensive echocardiographic exam uses multiple imaging formats to evaluate the heart. These include direct imaging of the heart with M-mode, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional formats and direct interrogation of blood flow through cardiac chambers and across valves with pulsed Doppler, continuous wave Doppler, and color flow Doppler. Echocardiographic transducers may be placed in multiple locations on the chest wall to obtain different views of the heart and also, using specialized devices, inside the esophagus and stomach and inside the heart mounted on special catheters that allow interrogation using a miniaturized transducer. To achieve usable information the reflected ultrasound signal is intensively processed after it is detected in the transducer. Modern transducers have upward of 256 transmit and receive elements that process the ultrasound signal. The reflected ultrasound signal is manipulated in multiple selective ways to best display the wide range of cardiac anatomy and motion encountered in the exam. Similarly, several different techniques of processing are used to display and quantify Doppler analysis of blood flow. Data from the echocardiographic exam is used to quantify anatomic size and shape of cardiac chambers, diagnose changes in cardiac structure characteristics of different kinds of cardiac disease, evaluate functional performance of the heart as a pump, characterize normal and abnormal anatomy, motion, and blood flow characteristics of heart valves, and determine the presence of various other abnormalities in and around the heart such as collections of fluid, blood clots, tumors, or areas of calcification. Echocardiography is a powerful diagnostic tool that safely and noninvasively evaluates the heart. Keywords: echocardiography; doppler echocardiography; cardiac ultrasound; two-dimensional echocardiography; three-dimensional echocardiography; transesophageal echocardiography
Spin Label Studies of Hemoproteins I. CYTOCHROME c

Abstract Bakers' yeast cytochrome c was spin labeled with N-(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)-bromoacetamide at the cysteine residue. The optical properties of the spin-labeled cytochrome c were similar to those of the native protein. The electron-transfer activity of the modified cytochrome c in the mitochondrial NADH oxidase system was 100%. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of either ferri- or ferrocytochrome c indicated weak immobilization of the spin label. Upon mixing with cytochrome c peroxidase, the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of the labeled cytochrome c was only slightly broadened. The incorporation of the spin-labeled cytochrome c into electron transport particles resulted in a greater immobilization of the label. The latter interaction was quite sensitive to the ionic strength of the suspending medium when the cytochrome c was bound to the outside of the particles. On the other hand, the spin-labeled cytochrome c either in solution or loaded to the inside of the particles was insensitive to the ionic strength.
Persistent Fungemia Caused by Torulopsis glabrata: Treatment with Amphotericin B

Torulopsis glabrata fungemia appeared in a 73-year-old man following multiple surgical procedures and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Removal of an infected indwelling venous catheter did not result in clearing of the blood stream. A percutaneous needle biopsy of the kidney was performed during the period of fungemia and funguria. There was no evidence of tissue invasion. Daily administration of intravenous amphotericin B for two weeks (total dose, 500 mg.) eliminated the organism.
Competencias claves para la comunicación organizacional

En la sociedad contemporanea las organizaciones necesitan modificarse continuamente. Enuncia y desarrolla las competencias claves y las habilidades imprescindibles (Liderazgo, trabajo en equipo y manejo de conflictos) para un desempeno exitoso.
Testing for High-Risk APOL1 Alleles in Potential Living Kidney Donors

Accurate risk assessment is critical when evaluating potential living kidney donors. High-risk kidney APOL1 variants have been associated with end-stage renal disease of multiple causes among African Americans, though the predictive power of these variants in population-based studies is small. No studies have looked at the effect of high-risk APOL1 alleles on donor outcomes, though few transplantation centers in the United States offer screening for APOL1 among African American donors. Screening all African Americans for high-risk APOL1 alleles may result in the exclusion of many potential donors (∼13% of African Americans). Such an exclusion may have a large effect on the availability of transplants for African Americans, who are already less likely to undergo transplantation. Nephrologists should be prepared to discuss with potential African American donors the relative increase in risk that is likely conferred by carrying 2 high-risk APOL1 alleles and how additional factors such as environmental exposures (eg, viral infections) and/or other genetic susceptibilities may be required for developing kidney disease. In this Perspective, we review the use of APOL1 testing for risk stratification of potential African American kidney donors.
New functions for an old enzyme: nonhemostatic roles for tissue-type plasminogen activator in the central nervous system.

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is a highly specific serine proteinase that activates the zymogen plasminogen to the broad-specificity proteinase plasmin. Tissue-type plasminogen activator is found not only in the blood, where its primary function is as a thrombolytic enzyme, but also in the central nervous system (CNS), where it promotes events associated with synaptic plasticity and acts as a regulator of the permeability of the neurovascular unit. Tissue-type plasminogen activator has also been associated with pathological events in the CNS such as cerebral ischemia and seizures. Neuroserpin is an inhibitory serpin that reacts preferentially with tPA and is located in regions of the brain where either tPA message or tPA protein are also found, indicating that neuroserpin is the selective inhibitor of tPA in the CNS. There is a growing body of evidence demonstrating the participation of tPA in a number of physiological and pathological events in the CNS, as well as the role of neuroserpin as the...
The structure and regulation of myotubularin phosphatases

The human neuromuscular diseases X-linked myotubular myopathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4B are caused by mutations in myotubularin family proteins. The myotubularins are a unique subfamily of protein tyrosine phosphatases that utilize inositol phospholipids, rather than phosphoproteins, as substrates. Recent structural studies, including the first crystal structure of a myotubularin family protein, have defined the structural features that are characteristic of the family and revealed the molecular basis of their unique substrate specificity. Interestingly, the myotubularin family contains a subgroup of proteins that are catalytically inactive. Recent biochemical studies have established that the inactive myotubularins function as adaptors for the active members and play an important regulatory role within the family.