cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Observed Offset Distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts from Their Host Galaxies: A Robust Clue to the Nature of the Progenitors* **

We present a comprehensive study to measure the locations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) relative to their host galaxies. In total, we find the offsets of 20 long-duration GRBs from their apparent host galaxy centers by utilizing ground-based images from Palomar and Keck and space-based images from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We discuss in detail how a host galaxy is assigned to an individual GRB and the robustness of the assignment process. The median projected angular (physical) offset is 017 (1.3 kpc). The median offset normalized by the individual host half-light radii is 0.98, suggesting a strong connection of GRB locations with the UV light of their hosts. This provides strong observational evidence for the connection of GRBs to star formation. We further compare the observed offset distribution with the predicted burst locations of leading stellar-mass progenitor models. In particular, we compare the observed offset distribution with an exponential disk, a model for the location of collapsars and promptly bursting binaries (e.g., helium star–black hole binaries). The statistical comparison shows good agreement, given the simplicity of the model, with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov probability that the observed offsets derive from the model distribution of PKS = 0.45. We also compare the observed GRB offsets with the expected offset distribution of delayed merging remnant progenitors (black hole–neutron star and neutron star–neutron star binaries). We find that delayed merging remnant progenitors, insofar as the predicted offset distributions from population synthesis studies are representative, can be ruled out at the 2 × 10-3 level. This is arguably the strongest observational constraint yet against delayed merging remnants as the progenitors of long-duration GRBs. In the course of this study, we have also discovered the putative host galaxies of GRB 990510 and GRB 990308 in archival HST data.
Computing inspirals in Kerr in the adiabatic regime : I. The scalar case

A key source for LISA will be the inspiral of compact objects into massive black holes. Recently Mino has shown that in the adiabatic limit, gravitational waveforms for these sources can be computed by using for the radiation reaction force the gradient of one half the difference between the retarded and advanced metric perturbations. Using post-Newtonian expansions, we argue that the resulting waveforms should be sufficiently accurate for signal detection with LISA. Data-analysis templates will require higher accuracy, going beyond adiabaticity; this remains a significant challenge. We describe an explicit computational procedure for obtaining waveforms based on Mino's result, for the case of a point particle coupled to a scalar field. We derive an explicit expression for the time-averaged time derivative of the Carter constant, and verify that the expression correctly predicts that circular orbits remain circular while evolving under the influence of radiation reaction. The derivation uses detailed properties of mode expansions, Green's functions and bound geodesic orbits in the Kerr spacetime, which we review in detail. This paper is about three quarters review and one quarter new material. The intent is to give a complete and self-contained treatment of scalar radiation reaction in the Kerr spacetime, in a single unified notation, starting with the Kerr metric, and ending with formulae for the time evolution of all three constants of the motion that are sufficiently explicit to be used immediately in a numerical code.
Infrared Reflectance Characterization of a GaAs-AlAs Superlattice

The optical properties of a GaAs-AlAs superlattice have been examined using the non-destructive technique of infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Through this technique, the absorption edge, the effective superlattice refractive index, the thickness, and the optical grading of the superlattice-substrate were determined. Location of the absorption edge was made from the reflectance spectrum and showed general agreement with photoluminescence measurements. A more detailed analysis of the infrared spectra indicated the presence of a transition region between the substrate and the superlattice. Based on a non-linear least squares method for fitting the experimental data, a dispersion relation for the dielectric function was obtained. This dielectric function yielded a value for the superlattice refractive index that was lower than that of the corresponding, homogeneous, AlGaAs alloy film for wavelengths between 1.0 and 2.5 micrometers.
Concentration-dependent reactions of deoxofluor with arylglyoxal hydrates: a new route to polyfluoro ethers.

In concentrated solutions (CH2Cl2) at 25 °C, arylglyoxal hydrates, ArCOCHO·H2O (Ar = 4-MeO-C6H4-, 4-Me-C6H4-, 4-F-C6H4-, Ph-, (2a−f) with Deoxofluor gave fluorinated ethers, ArCF2CHFOCHFCF2Ar, (3a−f) in >90% yields as meso/racemic mixtures (∼1:1). Under very dilute conditions, mixtures of ArCF2CHO (major) (4a−f) and ArCF2CF2H (6a−f) (minor) were obtained. The structures of 3b (racemic) and 4a (meso) have been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis.
Fourier frequencies in affine iterated function systems

Abstract We examine two questions regarding Fourier frequencies for a class of iterated function systems (IFS). These are iteration limits arising from a fixed finite families of affine and contractive mappings in R d , and the “IFS” refers to such a finite system of transformations, or functions. The iteration limits are pairs ( X , μ ) where X is a compact subset of R d (the support of μ ), and the measure μ is a probability measure determined uniquely by the initial IFS mappings, and a certain strong invariance axiom. The two questions we study are: (1) existence of an orthogonal Fourier basis in the Hilbert space L 2 ( X , μ ) ; and (2) explicit constructions of Fourier bases from the given data defining the IFS.
SELF APPRAISAL ‘VOICE’ AND PERCEPTIONS OF JUSTICE: EXAMINING THE IMPACT AND INTERDEPENDENCE OF INSTRUMENTAL AND VALUE‐EXPRESSIVE EFFECTS

Individuals in two separate studies participated in a self‐appraisal activity in which they were randomly assigned to three conditions promising different levels of potential influence on the evaluation of a written assignment. Self‐report data regarding perceptions of voice impact, voice appreciation, and procedural and distributive justice were analyzed. Results of MANOVA and regression suggest voice appreciation, measuring value expressive effects, was positively and significantly related to perceptions of justice, while the self appraisal's perceived impact on a valued outcome was not. However, the impact of value expressive effects on perceptions of fairness was reduced somewhat with higher instrumental possibilities for voice among undergraduate students. Implications for ongoing research and practical applications are discussed regarding the use of various forms of self appraisal.
Gas-phase concentration, purification, and identification of whole proteins from complex mixtures.

Five proteins present in a relatively complex mixture derived from a whole cell lysate fraction of E. coli have been concentrated, purified, and dissociated in the gas phase, using a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Concentration of intact protein ions was effected using gas-phase ion/ion proton-transfer reactions in conjunction with mass-to-charge dependent ion “parking” to accumulate protein ions initially dispersed over a range of charge states into a single lower charge state. Sequential ion isolation events interspersed with additional ion parking ion/ion reaction periods were used to “charge-state purify” the protein ion of interest. Five of the most abundant protein components present in the mixture were subjected to this concentration/purification procedure and then dissociated by collisional activation of their intact multiply charged precursor ions. Four of the five proteins were subsequently identified by matching the uninterpreted product ion spectra against a partially annotated protein...
Optimum transmit range and capacity of mobile infostation networks

A mobile infostation network stipulates all transmissions to occur when nodes are in proximity. In this paper, the effect of transmit range on the capacity of four transmission strategies is studied. We show that a stipulated transmit range improves the capacity relative to the reference strategy with an unconstrained transmit range. This indicates an optimal trade-off exists between spatial transmission concurrency and spectral efficiency on individual links. The optimal number of neighbors is invariant to node density, and is between 0.6 to 1.2 for our transmission strategies. This result should be contrasted to a magic number of 6 to 8 neighbors for multihop networks, where the expected forward progress per hop is maximized. This reflects the different optimization criteria of mobile infostation and multihop ad hoc networks. In addition, the capacity per unit area increases linearly with node density. This is counter-intuitive but can be explained using a rescaling argument drawn from percolation theory.
The Dilemmas of US Maritime Supremacy in the Early Cold War

After World War II, the US Navy confronted the challenge of adapting to dramatically altered geopolitical circumstances. Moscow did not have an ocean-going fleet, and early Cold War strategy was dominated by the salient position of nuclear strategic bombing – a mission thought to be outside the purview of the navy. Traditional roles, such as protecting sea lines of communication and supporting ground forces ashore, quickly proved indispensable. However, the navy eventually also succeeded in fielding dramatic technological and institutional innovations, for example, the strategic missile submarine, which enabled the US to successfully leverage maritime power against the continental power of the USSR.
Time-dependent matrix-fracture shape factors for partially and completely immersed fractures

The modeling of multiphase flow in fractured porous media relies on the accurate description of fracture-to-matrix transfer of water. Calculation of this rate, within dual-continuum models, depends on matrix-fracture transfer functions incorporating the so-called shape factor. Typically, matrix-to-fracture transfer functions are obtained by assuming all fractures to be instantaneously immersed in water (instantly-filled), with a uniform fracture pressure distribution under pseudo-steady state conditions. The result is constant, time-independent, shape factors. Clearly, this is not necessarily true. Partially immersed fractures and other unsteady-state conditions do not lead to constant shape factors. A new time-dependent matrix-fracture transfer shape factor formulation and transfer functions for both filling- and instantly-filled fracture transfer are derived based on dimensional analysis of experimental data. The dimensional analysis of full-physics data avoids simplifications that may lead to expressions that do not represent accurately matrix-fracture transfer. The new shape factor carries information about the transient behavior of the water saturation, Sw, and so it leads to more accurate description of the matrix-fracture transfer. Good agreement was found between experimental data, an analytical model, and a proposed modified dual-porosity formulation with the new time-dependent shape factor and transfer function.
Assumptions in Decision Making Scholarship: Implications for Business Ethics Research

While decision making scholarship in management has specifically addressed the objectivist assumptions within the rational choice model, a similar move within business ethics has only begun to occur. Business ethics scholarship remains primarily based on rational choice assumptions. In this article, we examine the managerial decision making literature in order to illustrate equivocality within the rational choice model. We identify four key assumptions in the decision making literature and illustrate how these assumptions affect decision making theory, research, and practice within the purview of business ethics. Given the breadth of disciplines and approaches within management decision making scholarship, a content analysis of management decision making scholarship produces a greater range of assumptions with finer granularity than similar scholarship within business ethics. By identifying the core assumptions within decision making scholarship, we start a conversation about why, how, and to what effect we make assumptions about decision making in business ethics theory, research, and practice. Examining the range of possible assumptions underlying current scholarship will hopefully clarify the conversation and provide a platform for future business ethics research.
Reshaping Civil Society through a Truth Commission: Human Rights in Morocco's Process of Political Reform

1 Observers of Moroccan politics have debated extensively the significance of the country's ‘top-down’ liberalization. At this point, there is no definitive verdict on palace-guided reforms, such as the recent Equity and Reconciliation Commission (IER). Rather, these reforms have left an ambiguous legacy. This article uses the IER - a truth commission established in 2004 to examine past human rights abuses, compensate victims and ensure nonrepetition - as an analytical tool to understand how transitional justice carried out as a strategic measure of top-down liberalization can reshape the relationship between civil society and the state. While the monarchy's reform efforts in Morocco have not (as of yet) led to a civil society capable of supporting a stable democratic transition, the article argues that these efforts have increased civil society's expectations of gaining capacity and space to implement ethical goals and demands. Greater expectations, in turn, have altered how the monarchy must calculate its survival strategy.
An Instructional Strategy Framework for Online Learning Environments

The rapid growth of Web-based instruction has raised many questions about the quality of online courses. This chapter presents a conceptual framework that can guide the development of online courses by providing a holistic perspective on online teaching and learning. Examples of instructional strategies that fit the framework are described.
Using Regression Techniques to Predict Large Data Transfers

The recent proliferation of Data Grids and the increasingly common practice of using resources as distributed data stores provide a convenient environment for communities of researchers to share, replicate, and manage access to copies of large datasets. This has led to the question of which replica can be accessed most efficiently. In such environments, fetching data from one of the several replica locations requires accurate predictions of end-to-end transfer times. The answer to this question can depend on many factors, including physical characteristics of the resources and the load behavior on the CPUs, networks, and storage devices that are part of the end-to-end data path linking possible sources and sinks. Our approach combines end-to-end application throughput observations with network and disk load variations and captures whole-system performance and variations in load patterns. Our predictions characterize the effect of load variations of several shared devices (network and disk) on file transfer times. We develop a suite of univariate and multivariate predictors that can use multiple data sources to improve the accuracy of the predictions as well as address Data Grid variations (availability of data and sporadic nature of transfers). We ran a large set of data transfer experiments using GridFTP and observed performance predictions within 15% error for our testbed sites, which is quite promising for a pragmatic system.
Guarded resolution for answer set programming

We investigate a proof system based on a guarded resolution rule and show its adequacy for the stable semantics of normal logic programs. As a consequence, we show that Gelfond–Lifschitz operator can be viewed as a proof-theoretic concept. As an application, we find a propositional theory EP whose models are precisely stable models of programs. We also find a class of propositional theories &#120018;P with the following properties. Propositional models of theories in &#120018;P are precisely stable models of P, and the theories in &#120018;T are of the size linear in the size of P.
A New Class of Easily Activated Palladium Precatalysts for Facile C−N Cross-Coupling Reactions and the Low Temperature Oxidative Addition of Aryl Chlorides

A new class of one-component Pd precatalysts bearing biarylphosphine ligands is described. These precatalysts are air- and thermally stable, are easily activated under normal reaction conditions at or below room temperature, and ensure the formation of the highly active monoligated Pd(0) complex necessary for oxidative addition. The use of these precatalysts as a convenient source of LPd(0) in C−N cross-coupling reactions is explored. The reactivity that is demonstrated in this study is unprecedented in palladium chemistry.
Direct Prenylation of Aromatic and α,β-Unsaturated Carboxamides via Iridium Catalyzed C-H Oxidative Addition-Allene Insertion

Exposure of aromatic carboxamides 1e−1m, heteroaromatic carboxamides 1n−1p, and α,β-unsaturated carboxamides 1q−1s to 1,1-dimethylallene in the presence of the a cationic iridium complex derived from [Ir(cod)2]BArF4 and rac-BINAP results in direct C−H prenylation to furnish adducts 2e−2m, 2n−2p, and 2q−2s, respectively, in good isolated yields as single isomers.
Photoresponse of Electrochemically and Spray‐Pyrolytically Deposited CdTe Thin Film Electrodes

Semiconducting thin films of CdTe were prepared by both electrochemical and spray-pyrolytic methods and their photoresponse toward water electrolysis was studied. The photoresponse of electrodeposited films was found to be depend on the deposition potential, deposition time, and the annealing time of the film. For the spray-deposited films prepared at a substrate temperature of 350 C, the photoresponse was dependent on spray time. The conductivity type (n- or p-type) of electrodeposited CdTe thin films was found to be dependent on the electrodeposition potential. The p-CdTe and n-CdTe films are formed at negative and positive electrodeposition potentials vs. Ag/AgCl electrode, respectively. Importantly, it was possible to vary the indirect bandgap of the electrodeposited CdTe thin films (e.g., 1.55 to 2.0 eV) by controlling the electrodeposition potential or the annealing time. Pyrolytically prepared n-CdTe thin films showed a better photoresponse toward water electrolysis than electrodeposited films.
Inventory and outlook of high energy physics

Summary talk at ICHEP 2002, Amsterdam, July 2002. I have kept very close to the content and style of the talk as it was delivered. You may access the associated PowerPoint presentation through a link at this http URL
A neighborhood-level view of riots, property values, and population loss: Cleveland 1950–1980

Abstract We undertake a case study of riots in the context of Cleveland’s economic decline between 1950 and 1980. Our empirical perspective emphasizes differential changes in property values and population levels across census tracts depending on their proximity to the riots’ epicenter. We find patterns that are consistent with concentrated, negative, and long-lasting effects from the 1960s riots. The negative relationship between riots and property value trends is not merely a reflection of the pre-existing trend in value, the pre-riot racial composition of the neighborhoods, the pre-riot proportion of neighborhood residents holding manufacturing jobs, the neighborhood crime rate, nor changes in the observable characteristics of the housing stock. We suggest that the impact of the riots was compounded by long-run forces that were already eroding Cleveland’s economic base.
Statistical adjustments when comparing preexisting groups.

An illustration is given showing why the analysis of covariance usually does not provide the appropriate adjustment to compensate for preexisting differences between nonexperimental groups.
Mars Aerobraking Spacecraft State Estimation by Processing Inertial Measurement Unit Data

Aerobraking is an efficient technique for orbit adjustment of planetary spacecraft, such as Magellan (Venus), Mars Global Surveyor, and Mars Odyssey. Determination of the vehicle state during the aerobraking phase has conventionally been performed using only radiometric tracking data prior to and following the atmospheric drag pass. This approach is sufficiently accurate and timely to meet current mission operational requirements; however, it is expensive in terms of ground support and leads to delayed results because ofthe need for post-drag pass data. This research presents a new approach to estimation of the vehicle state during the atmospheric pass that sequentially incorporates observations from an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and models of the vehicle and environment. The approach, called Inertial Measurements for Aerobraking Navigation (IMAN), is shown to perform at a level comparable to the conventional methods in terms of navigation accuracy and superior to them in terms of availability of the results immediately after completion ofthe pass. Furthermore, the research shows that IMAN can be used to reliably predict subsequent periapsis times and locations over all aerobraking regimes. IMAN also yields accurate peak dynamic pressure and heating rates, critical for a successful corridor control strategy, comparable to navigation team reconstructed values. This research also provides the first instance of the utilization of the Unscented Kalman Filter for the purpose of estimating an actual spacecraft trajectory arc about another planet.
f-Electron systems: pushing band theory

Abstract The f-electron orbitals have always been the “incomplete atomic shells acting as local moments, and weakly interacting with the remaining electronic structure” in the minds of most people. So examining them using a band theory where one views them as itinerant was once - and to some extent even today still is - considered with some skepticism. Nonetheless, a very significant community has successfully utilized band theory as a probe of the electronic structure of the appropriate actinides and rare earths. Those people actually using the approach would be the first to declare that it is not the whole solution. Instead, one is pushing and even exceeding its limits of applicability. However, the appropriate procedure is to push the model consistently to its limits, patch where possible, and then look to see where discrepancies remain. I propose to offer a selected review of past developments (emphasizing the career to date of A.J. Freeman in this area), offer a list of interesting puzzles for the future, and then make some guesses as to the techniques one might want to use.
One-Millipound Mercury Ion Thruster

A mercury ion thruster has been developed for efficient operation at the nominal 1-mlb thrust level with a specific impulse of about 3,000 sec and a total power consumption of about 120 W. At a beam voltage of 1,200 V and beam current of 72 mA, the discharge chamber operates with a propellant efficiency of 93.8% at an ion-generation energy of 276 eV/ion. The 8-cm diameter thruster advances proven component technology to assure the capability for thruster operation over an accumulated beam-on time in excess of 20,000 hours with a capability for 10,000 on-off duty cycles. Discharge chamber optimization has combined stable current-voltage characteristics with high performance efficiency by careful placement of the discharge cathode near the location of a magnetic-field zero just upstream of the thruster endplate.
Strength Development in Phosphate‐Bonded Calcium Aluminate Cements

The chemical reaction at room temperature between calcium aluminate cement (CAC) and NH4H2PO4-based fertilizer solution causes the formation of ammonium calcium pyrophosphate (AmCPP) as an amorphous cementitious phase. This phase was responsible for the development of strength in rapid-setting phosphate-bonded cement (PBC) specimens. Hydrothermal treatment of PBC at 200°C led to phase transformations of AmCPP and CAC into crystalline hydroxyapatite as the major phase and anorthite as the minor one. The moderate growth of these interlocked crystals in the interspaces of amorphous phases played an important role in creating a dense microstructure, thereby conferring a very high strength to the PBC. In contrast, an excessive crystal growth, which caused the formation of porous microstructure, resulted in a reduction in strength.
Stereoconvergent Arylations and Alkenylations of Unactivated Alkyl Electrophiles: Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Secondary Sulfonamides and Sulfones

The development of efficient methods for the generation of enantioenriched sulfonamides and sulfones is an important objective for fields such as organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry; however, there have been relatively few reports of direct catalytic asymmetric approaches to controlling the stereochemistry of the sulfur-bearing carbon of such targets. In this report, we describe nickel-catalyzed stereoconvergent Negishi arylations and alkenylations of racemic α-bromosulfonamides and -sulfones that furnish the desired cross-coupling product in very good ee and yield for an array of reaction partners. Mechanistic studies are consistent with the generation of a radical intermediate that has a sufficient lifetime to diffuse out of the solvent cage and to cyclize onto a pendant olefin.
The Bacillus subtilis RNA Helicase YxiN is Distended in Solution

The Bacillus subtilis YxiN protein is a modular three-domain RNA helicase of the DEx(D/H)-box protein family. The first two domains form the highly conserved helicase core, and the third domain confers RNA target binding specificity. Small angle x-ray scattering on YxiN and two-domain fragments thereof shows that the protein has a distended structure in solution, in contrast to helicases involved in replication processes. These data are consistent with a chaperone activity in which the carboxy-terminal domain of YxiN tethers the protein to the vicinity of its targets and the helicase core is free to transiently interact with RNA duplexes, possibly to melt out misfolded elements of secondary structure.
BIMETALLIC SAMARIUM(III) CATALYSTS VIA ELECTRON TRANSFER INITIATION : THE FACILE SYNTHESIS OF WELL-DEFINED (METH)ACRYLATE TRIBLOCK COPOLYMERS

Abstract A method for generating a bifunctional organolanthanide(III) initiator in situ from a (meth)acrylate monomer and a divalent samarium precursor, (C5Me5)2Sm (1) or (C5Me5)2Sm(THF)2 (2), is described. This process involves one-electron transfer from the Sm(II) species to monomer, forming radical anions which couple to give a bimetallic samarium(III) enolate that acts as a bisinitiator for living polymerization. Well-defined, highly syndiotactic ABA triblock copolymers containing both methacrylate and acrylate segments were prepared in two monomer addition steps with this methodology. Selective side chain deprotection may be carried out on copolymers containing poly(tert-butyl acrylate) or poly(benzyl methacrylate) blocks to give syndiotactic ester-acid copolymers.
Feasibility Study of Vapor-Mist Phase Reaction Lubrication Using a Thioether Liquid

Aerospace drive systems are required to survive a loss-of-lubrication test for qualification. In many cases emergency lubrication systems need to be designed and utilized to permit the drive system to pass this difficult requirement. The weight of emergency systems can adversely affect the mission capabilities of the aircraft. The possibility to reduce the emergency system weight using vapor-mist phase lubrication (VMPL) technology has been considered by NASA and the Army Research Laboratory (ARL). Phosphate esters have been the lubricant of choice in most VMPL studies primarily because they do provide adequate lubrication for short periods of time. However, during the lubrication process, the phosphate esters react continuously with the surface iron in gears and bearings, resulting in excessive wear. To minimize this problem an alternative non-phosphate liquid, a thioether, was used to mist phase lubricate a spur gearbox rig operating at 10,000 rpm under highly loaded conditions. After 21 million shaft r...
Embedding meshes in Boolean cubes by graph decomposition

Abstract This paper explores the embeddings of multidimensional meshes into minimal Boolean cubes by graph decomposition. The dilation and the congestion of the product graph (G1 × G2) → (H1 × H2) is the maximum of the dilation and congestion for the two embeddings G1 → H1 and G2 → H2. The graph decomposition technique can be used to improve the average dilation and average congestion. The graph decomposition technique combined with some particular two-dimensional embeddings allows for minimal-expansion, dilation-two, congestion-two embeddings of about 87% of all two-dimensional meshes, with a significantly lower average dilation and congestion than by modified line compression. For three-dimensional meshes we show that the graph decomposition technique, together with two three-dimensional mesh embeddings presented in this paper and modified line compression, yields dilation-two embeddings of more than 96% of all three-dimensional meshes contained in a 512 × 512 × 512 mesh. The graph decomposition technique is also used to generalize the embeddings to meshes with wrap-around. The dilation increases by at most one compared to a mesh without wraparound. The expansion is preserved for the majority of meshes, if a wraparound feature is added to the mesh.
Sonoluminescence as quantum vacuum radiation

Sonoluminescence is the phenomenon of light emission by sound-driven gas bubbles in fluids. Ultra-sound makes bubbles collapse and rebound, and a flash of light shorter than 10ps is observed after each collapse. The emitted spectrum resembles the tail of a black-body spectrum of several tens of thousand Kelvin. So far no theory has been found that convincingly explains the radiation process.
Stochastic Ordering of Fading Channels Through the Shannon Transform

A new stochastic order between two fading distributions is introduced. A fading channel dominates another in the ergodic capacity ordering sense, if the Shannon transform of the first is greater than that of the second at all values of average signal-to-noise ratio. It is shown that some parametric fading models, such as the Nakagami- $m$ , Rician, and Hoyt are distributions that are monotonic in their line of sight parameters with respect to the ergodic capacity order. Some operations under which the ergodic capacity order is preserved are also discussed. Through these properties of the ergodic capacity order, it is possible to compare under two different fading scenarios, the ergodic capacity of a composite system involving multiple fading links with coding/decoding capabilities only at the transmitter/receiver. Such comparisons can be made even in cases when a closed form expression for the ergodic capacity of the composite system is not analytically tractable. Applications to multiple access channels, and extensions to multiple-input multiple-output systems are also discussed.
Cobalt-Catalyzed Asymmetric Cyclopropanation with Diazosulfones: Rigidification and Polarization of Ligand Chiral Environment via Hydrogen Bonding and Cyclization

A new D2-symmetric chiral porphyrin P6 (2,6-DiMeO-ZhuPhyrin) with enhanced chiral rigidity and polarity was designed and synthesized through incorporation of hydrogen bonding and cyclic structure. Its cobalt(II) complex [Co(P6)] is a highly active and selective catalyst for asymmetric cyclopropanation of alkenes with diazosulfones. The [Co(P6)]-based catalytic system is suitable for various aromatic olefins as well as electron-deficient olefins, including α,β-unsaturated esters, ketones, and nitriles, forming the corresponding cyclopropyl sulfones under mild conditions in high yields and high selectivities. In most cases, both excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities were achieved.
A Model-Based fMRI Analysis with Hierarchical Bayesian Parameter Estimation

A recent trend in decision neuroscience is the use of model-based fMRI using mathematical models of cognitive processes. However, most previous model-based fMRI studies have ignored individual differences due to the challenge of obtaining reliable parameter estimates for individual participants. Meanwhile, previous cognitive science studies have demonstrated that hierarchical Bayesian analysis is useful for obtaining reliable parameter estimates in cognitive models while allowing for individual differences. Here we demonstrate the application of hierarchical Bayesian parameter estimation to model-based fMRI using the example of decision making in the Iowa Gambling Task. First we use a simulation study to demonstrate that hierarchical Bayesian analysis outperforms conventional (individual- or group-level) maximum likelihood estimation in recovering true parameters. Then we perform model-based fMRI analyses on experimental data to examine how the fMRI results depend upon the estimation method.
A nonlinear-discrete model of dynamic fracture instability

Abstract Molecular-dynamics simulations of dynamic fracture show that local shear deformation at the crack tip increases, and local potential energy builds up, eventually triggering dislocation emission — the instability that leads to crack branching. Neither the build-up nor the instability can be predicted by linear-continuum theories. We propose a simple nonlinear-discrete model, which demonstrates that the excitation of nonlinear modes generates this instability.
Space-Charge Perturbation Effects In Photonic Tubes Under High Irradiation

Potential perturbation effects at the cathode region of a photonic tube can occur at high intensity due to space-charge. Using appropriate photoelectron energy distribution functions, the electric field at the cathode is calculated and its effect upon the spatial/temporal resolution is examined.
The incidence of deep venous thrombosis in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

We prospectively studied the incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A total of 67 male patients (aged 19 to 39 years) were examined by compression ultrasonography to determine the presence of DVT in the operated extremity. All patients were studied preoperatively and 2 to 3 days postoperatively. The area of examination was from popliteal vein to inguinal ligament; no DVT prophylaxis was used. No patient had clotting preoperatively. The incidence of DVT was 1 in 67. One patient had an asymptomatic noncompressible lesion in the proximal femoral vein on postoperative day 3; repeat examination at day 10 was normal. Unless other risk factors are present, we do not recommend routine prophylaxis for male patients younger than 40 years of age who are undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Direct, indirect and collider detection of neutralino dark matter in SUSY models with non-universal Higgs masses

In supersymmetric models with gravity-mediated SUSY breaking, universality of soft SUSY breaking sfermion masses m0 is motivated by the need to suppress unwanted flavor changing processes. The same motivation, however, does not apply to soft breaking Higgs masses, which may in general have independent masses from matter scalars at the GUT scale. We explore phenomenological implications of both the one-parameter and two-parameter non-universal Higgs mass models (NUHM1 and NUHM2), and examine the parameter ranges compatible with ΩCDMh2, BF(b→sγ) and (g−2)μ constraints. We have demonstrated that in contrast to the mSUGRA model, in both NUHM1 and NUHM2 models, the dark matter A-annihilation funnel can be reached at low values of tan β, while the higgsino dark matter annihilation regions can be reached for low values of m0. We show that there may be observable rates for indirect and direct detection of neutralino cold dark matter in phenomenologically aceptable ranges of parameter space. We also examine implications of the NUHM models for the Fermilab Tevatron, the CERN LHC and a (s)1/2 = 0.5−1 TeV e+e− linear collider. Novel possibilities include: very light R, R squark and L slepton masses as well as light charginos and neutralinos and H, A and H± Higgs bosons.
YF-16 Inlet Design and Performance

The YF 16 inlet design, the integration of airframe and inlet, the design philosophy, development tests, and performance of the inlet throughout the flight and maneuver envelope of the airplane are reviewed. Model data are included which show the airplane forebody effect on the inlet flowfield and the performance of the inlet in terms of pressure recovery, distortion, turbulence, inlet stability, and spillage drag. The data presented verify that the single, fixed-geometry, normal-shock inlet located in the protective flowfield of the fuselage nose provides an integrated inlet/airframe configuration that meets all of the design and performance goals established for the YF -16 air-combat fighter. Indeed, the simple, low-cost, and uncomplicated inlet design optimizes rather than compromises airplane performance in the air-combat arena, and at the same time provides a Mach 2 capability for the airplane.
Fundamentals of wireless networks systems

The field of wireless networks systems has witnessed tremendous growth in recent years causing it to become one of the fastest growing segments of the telecommunications technology. As wireless networks evolve with increasing size and profitability, they will be able to integrate with other wireless technologies enabling them to support mobile computing applications and perform as efficiently as wired networks. Due to the difficulties posed by the wireless transmission medium and the increasing demand for better and cheaper services, the area of wireless networks is also an extremely rich field for research and development.
Challenges associated with three dimensional phase field modeling of ferroelectric single crystal phase transformations

This paper discusses phase field modeling of tetragonal and rhombohedral ferroelectric domain structures using three dimensional grids. The work is based on the time dependent Ginsberg-Landau (TDGL) equation in which the free energy of the system is minimized subject to constraints on the boundaries of the system. Details are presented regarding the determination of energy functions and the effects of stress and electric field on these functions.
Elevation distribution of Titan’s craters suggests extensive wetlands

Abstract Using a new global topographic map of Titan, we find that craters on Titan preferentially lie at higher than average elevations. We explore several explanations for this observed behavior, and judge the most reasonable explanation to be the presence of widespread wetlands of liquid hydrocarbons at low elevations over much of geologic time. Impacts into a shallow marine environment or a saturated layer of sediments more than several hundred meters thick would produce crater morphologies similar to terrestrial submarine impacts. These are known to lack significant topographic expression, and would thus be difficult to observe with the Cassini spacecraft. Since Titan’s near-surface methane inventory likely fluctuated over geologic time, with episodic delivery and continuous depletion, a few craters at low elevations can nonetheless be expected.
Computation of Mistuning Effects on Cascade Flutter

A computational method is described for predicting eutter of turbomachinery cascades with mistuned blades. Themethodsolves theunsteadyEuler/Navier‐Stokesequationsformultiple-bladepassageson aparallel computer usingthemessagepassinginterface. Asecond-orderimplicit schemewithdualtime-steppingand multigrid isused. Each individual blade is capable of moving with its own independent frequency and phase angle, thus modeling a cascade with mistuned blades. Flutter predictions are performed through the energy method. Both phase-angle and frequency mistuning are studied. It is found that phase-angle mistuning has little effect on stability, whereas frequencymistuningsignie cantlychanges theaerodynamicdamping.Theimportant effectoffrequencymistuning is to average out the aerodynamic damping of the tuned blade row over the whole range of interbladephase angles (IBPA). If a tuned blade row is stable over most of the IBPA range, the blades can be stabilized for the complete IBPA range through appropriate frequency mistuning. Nomenclature Ch = coefecient of aerodynamic force in h direction CW = aerodynamic work coefe cient c = blade chord length E = total energy per unit mass h = translational blade displacement p = static pressure T = e utter period t = time u, v = e ow velocity components in x and y directions ub, vb = grid velocity components in x and y directions ¯ u, ¯ v = relative velocity components (u i ub, v i vb) a = rotational blade displacement h = stream tube thickness ratio in x direction N = e utter damping coefe cient q = density r = interblade phase angle x = e utter frequency
Darwin Tames an Andromeda Dwarf: Unraveling the Orbit of NGC 205 Using a Genetic Algorithm

NGC 205, a close satellite of the M31 galaxy, is our nearest example of a dwarf elliptical galaxy. Photometric and kinematic observations suggest NGC 205 is undergoing tidal distortion from its interaction with M31. Despite earlier attempts, the orbit and progenitor properties of NGC 205 are not well known. We perform an optimized search for these unknowns by combining a genetic algorithm with restricted N-body simulations of the interaction. Coupled with photometric and kinematic observations as constraints, this allows for an effective exploration of the parameter space. We represent NGC 205 as a static Hernquist potential with embedded massless test particles serving as tracers of surface brightness. We explore three distinct, initially stable test particle configurations: cold rotating disk, warm rotating disk, and hot, pressure-supported spheroid. Each model reproduces some, but not all, of NGC 205's observed features, leading us to speculate that a rotating progenitor with substantial pressure support could match all of the observables. Furthermore, plausible combinations of mass and scale length for the spheroid progenitor model reproduce the observed velocity dispersion profile. For all three models, orbits best matching the observables place the satellite -->11 ± 9 kpc behind M31 moving at very large velocities: 300-500 km s−1 on primarily radial orbits. Given that the observed radial component is only 54 km s−1, this implies a large tangential motion for NGC 205, moving from northwest to southeast. This suggests NGC 205 is not associated with the observed stellar arc northeast of NGC 205. Furthermore, NGC 205's velocity appears near escape velocity, signifying NGC 205 is likely on its first M31 passage.
Finite-horizon LQ control for unknown discrete-time linear systems via extremum seeking☆

Abstract We present a non-model based approach for asymptotic, locally exponentially stable attainment of the optimal open-loop control sequence for unknown, discrete-time linear systems with a scalar input, where not even the dimension of the system is known. This control sequence minimizes the finite-time horizon cost function, which is quadratic in the measured output and in the input. We make no assumptions on the stability of the unknown system, but we do assume that the system is reachable. The proposed algorithm employs the multi-variable discrete-time extremum seeking approach to minimize the cost function, extending results established for the scalar discrete-time extremum seeking method. Simulation results show that the Hessian's condition number, used as a measure of the optimization problem's level of difficulty, increases with both the system's level of instability and the length of the finite horizon for a scalar system. Thus, we suggest solving well-conditioned, shorter time horizon optimal control problems to obtain good initial control estimates for longer time horizon problems if possible. We also show that the algorithm accommodates input constraints by employing the projection operator and introduce a Newton-based discrete-time extremum seeking controller, which removes the convergence rate's dependence on the unknown Hessian.
Fermions and the Sch/nrCFT Correspondence

We consider the problem of Dirac fermions propagating on a spacetime of Schrodinger isometry and the associated boundary Euclidean two-point function of fermionic scaling operators of the holographic dual non-relativistic conformal theory. Paying careful attention to the representations of the Schrodinger algebra that appear in this problem, we show carefully how the on-shell action is constructed and how the boundary theory may be renormalized consistently by the inclusion of appropriate Galilean invariant boundary counterterms.
Efficient generation and intramolecular cyclization reactions of acyl imines

Acyl carbamates can be selectively reduced with diisobutyl aluminum hydride to provide high yields of N-acyl hemiaminals 1. With appropriate substitution, these intermediates undergo Lewis acid catalyzed intramolecular exo cyclization reactions to afford 1-amino 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives.
Activation of Tellurium with Zintl Ions: 1/∞{[Ge5Te10]4−}, An Inorganic Polymer with Germanium in Three Different Oxidation States

The solvothermal reaction among tellurium, manganese, and the Zintl compound K4Ge9 has led to the formation of a polymeric mixed-valent complex {[Mn(en)3]2(Ge5Te10)}n (1; en = ethylenediamine). The most interesting structural feature of this material is the presence of three different oxidation states of germanium centers and the formation of Ge−Ge bonds in the infinite polymeric chains 1/∞{[Ge5Te10]4−}. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization confirms the different oxidation states of germanium.
Status of heavy quark physics on the lattice

The status of lattice calculations of some phenomenology of heavy quarks is presented. Emphasis is on progress made in calculating those quantities relevant to estimating parameters of the quark mixing matrix, namely leptonic decay constants, the bag parameter of neutral B mixing, and semileptonic form factors. New results from studies of quarkonia are highlighted.
Actinoflavoside, a novel flavonoid-like glycoside produced by a marine bacterium of the genus Streptomyces

Abstract Actinoflavoside ( 1 ), a novel glycoside composed of a rare 2, 3, 6-trideoxy-3-amino-ribopyranoside (ristosamine) aminosugar and an aglycone reminiscent of the plant flavonoids, was isolated from the culture broth of a marine Streptomyces sp. The structure of actinoflavoside was established by spectroscopic analysis and by chemical degradation.
Advances in supervision technology and economic welfare: a general equilibrium analysis

Abstract We analyze the impact of improvements in the technology by which employers monitor their workers. It is unclear a priori whether workers should benefit or not from such advances. On the one hand, they decrease the total costs of hiring workers and stimulate labor demand. On the other hand, as supervision becomes less costly employers tend to substitute monitoring for wages as a means of motivating workers. We show how the impact on firms and workers of such technological progress depends on the nature of the labor market equilibrium (i.e. whether there is full employment or not) and the cost (technology) of monitoring. A distinct possibility is that unemployed workers welcome the changes in supervision because they promote employment, while employed workers resist such changes and the more intensive supervision they encourage.