cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Sediment Transport in a Shallow Lake

A systematic approach to study the sediment transport in shallow waters is presented. The approach combines mathematical modeling, remote sensing by satellite and aircraft, and laboratory and field experiments. Two- and three-dimensional hydrodynamic models are utilized and combined with significant wave models to account for the important mechanisms of sediment dispersion: convection, turbulent diffusion, gravitational settling, and re-suspension and deposition at sediment-water interface. Two examples of model application are presented: (1) a feasibility study of direct pipeline discharge of dissolved solids into the Central Basin of Lake Erie; and (2) a realistic sediment dispersion event of 3 days in the Western Basin of Lake Erie. For the sediment dispersion event, the model successfully simulates the observed general sediment dispersion pattern as well as the significant concentration gradient in the horizontal direction. The bottom sediments underwent appreciable resuspension and deposition during the 3-day event, while the net change in sediment thickness over much of the basin was quite small. The basic approach can be extended to study the sediment transport in estuarine and coastal regions.
Ozone exposure upregulates the expression of host susceptibility protein TMPRSS2 to SARS-CoV-2

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus, and the etiologic agent for the current global health emergency, causes acute infection of the respiratory tract leading to severe disease and significant mortality. Ever since the start of SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19 pandemic, countless uncertainties have been revolving around the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. While air pollution has been shown to be strongly correlated to increased SARS-CoV-2 morbidity and mortality, whether environmental pollutants such as ground level ozone affects the susceptibility of individuals to SARS-CoV-2 is not yet established. Objective To investigate the impact of ozone inhalation on the expression levels of signatures associated with host susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Methods We analyzed lung tissues collected from mice that were sub-chronically exposed to air or 0.8ppm ozone for three weeks (4h/night, 5 nights/week), and analyzed the expression of signatures associated with host susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Results SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells requires proteolytic priming by the host-derived protease, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). The TMPRSS2 protein and Tmprss2 transcripts were significantly elevated in the extrapulmonary airways, parenchyma, and alveolar macrophages from ozone-exposed mice. A significant proportion of additional known SARS-CoV-2 host susceptibility genes were upregulated in alveolar macrophages and parenchyma from ozone-exposed mice. Conclusions Our data indicate that the unhealthy levels of ozone in the environment may predispose individuals to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given the severity of this pandemic, and the challenges associated with direct testing of host-environment interactions in clinical settings, we believe that this mice-ozone-exposure based study informs the scientific community of the potentially detrimental effects of the ambient ozone levels determining the host susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2.
Virus Assembly Pathways: Straying Away but Not Too Far.

Non-enveloped RNA viruses pervade all domains of life. In a cell, they co-assemble from viral RNA and capsid proteins. Virus-like particles can form in vitro where virtually any non-cognate polyanionic cargo can be packaged. How only viral RNA gets selected for packaging in vivo, in presence of myriad other polyanionic species, has been a puzzle. Through a combination of charge detection mass spectrometry and cryo-electron microscopy, it is determined that co-assembling brome mosaic virus (BMV) coat proteins and nucleic acid oligomers results in capsid structures and stoichiometries that differ from the icosahedral virion. These previously unknown shell structures are strained and less stable than the native one. However, they contain large native structure fragments that can be recycled to form BMV virions, should a viral genome become available. The existence of such structures suggest the possibility of a previously unknown regulatory pathway for the packaging process inside cells.
Immediate Impact of a Brief Suicide Prevention Training for Veteran Volunteers

Introduction. The concern that talking about suicide may intensify suicidal ideation is a common fear that has been dispelled by research, yet still lingers in popular consciousness. The aim of the...
Biochemical Safety of Ablative Yttrium-90 Radioembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma as a Function of Percent Liver Treated.

Purpose Transarterial radioembolization can serve as an ablative therapy for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Given the volumetric variability of liver segments, this study aimed to characterize the safety of ablative radioembolization by determining percent liver treated (%LT) thresholds associated with biochemical toxicity. Patients and Methods Patients with HCC receiving a single ablative radioembolization treatment using glass microspheres from 2017 through 2020 were reviewed. %LT was calculated as treatment angiosome volume divided by whole liver volume. Biochemical toxicities were defined as increases in Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) grade or Child-Pugh (CP) class compared to baseline and albumin or bilirubin adverse events (AEs) per the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. Receiver operating characteristic curves and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the impact of %LT on toxicities. Results Of 141 patients analyzed, 53% (n=75) were ALBI 1, 45% (n=64) ALBI 2, 79% (n=111) CP-A, and 21% (n=30) CP-B. A %LT ≥14.5% was associated with grade/class increases in ALBI 2 (p≤0.01) and CP-B patients (p=0.026). In multivariate analysis, a %LT ≥14.5% was an independent predictor of increases in the ALBI 2 and CP-B groups (p<0.01). No significant %LT threshold was found for ALBI 1 and CP-A patients. No grade 3/4 albumin or bilirubin AEs were reported, while grade 2 AEs were related to an initial whole liver volume <1.3 L (p≤0.01). Conclusion Patients with ALBI 2 and CP-B liver function are less likely to have an increase in their respective grade/class when treating <14.5% of the liver using glass microspheres. ALBI 1 and CP-A patients showed no definitive %LT threshold for biochemical toxicity within the range of this study.
Protein Visualization and Manipulation In Drosophila Through the Use of Epitope Tags Recognized by Nanobodies

Expansion of the available repertoire of reagents for visualization and manipulation of proteins will help understand their function. Short epitope tags installed on proteins of interest and recognized by existing binders such as nanobodies facilitate protein studies by obviating the need to isolate new antibodies directed against them. Nanobodies have several advantages over conventional antibodies, as they can be expressed and used as tools for visualization and manipulation of proteins in vivo. Here, we combine the advantages of short epitopes (NanoTags) and nanobodies specific for them by characterizing two short (<15 aa) tags, 127D01 and VHH05, which are high-affinity targets of nanobodies. We demonstrate that these NanoTags and the nanobodies that recognize them can be used in Drosophila for in vivo protein detection and re-localization, direct and indirect immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, and immunoprecipitation. We further show that CRISPR-mediated gene targeting provides a straightforward approach to tagging endogenous proteins with the NanoTags. Single copies of the NanoTags, regardless of their location, suffice for detection. This versatile and validated toolbox of tags and nanobodies will serve as a resource for a wide array of applications, including functional studies in Drosophila and beyond.
Red Scaly Patches

Differential diagnosis of scaly, red patches includes thin psoriasis, pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP), mycosis fungoides (MF), MF-like drug eruption, and parapsoriasis.
Artificial Recharge in Water Resources Management

Areas with imminent or possible water shortages must consider artificial ground-water recharge as a tool in water resource managements. Several methods such as multipurpose wells, pits, shafts, holes, trenches, and spreading have been utilized. Some of the major problems encountered are sedimentation, pollution hazard, and economic feasibility. Benefits derived include conservation, land reclamation, and off-season storage of imported waters. The primary sources of water for artificial recharge are surface runoff waters, effluents or waste waters, and imported water.
Water Resources Planning — Its Recent Evolution

Planning techniques and procedures have changed greatly in the last 20 years. They have changed because: (1)The techniques of analyses have changed; (2)the institutional setting for planning has changed; and (3)society’s values have changed. A review of three cases will show these changes and their evolution: the North Branch of the Potomac report (1961); the Potomac River basin report (1963); and the North Atlantic Regional Water Resources Study report (1973). For each case the techniques and procedures used in Plan Formulation, Plan Evaluation; Objective Setting; and Decision Making are reviewed. The paper concludes that excellent planning is possible and can become probable if institutional development keeps pace with the developing planning techniques.
Premorbid Adjustment and Response to Nicotinic Acid

Some years ago the Rutgers Interdisciplinary Research Center received what then seemed to be a very large grant to study the hypothesis that nicotinic acid in large doses was effective in the treatment of schizophrenia (Hoffer et al., 1957). The research plan for this comprehensive study provided for a sample of 100 patients on treatment for the course of two years. All of the patients were new admissions at the New Jersey State Hospital at Marlboro. All were males and very few of them could be described as chronic patients. The median duration of prior hospitalization during the preceding five years was 7 1/2 weeks.
Stratification of the Welfare Poor: Intersections of Gender, Race & 'Worthiness' in Poverty Discourse and Policy

This Article analyzes the historical, cultural and legal treatments and representations of poor black women from Progressive Era philanthropic aid to early "work-to-welfare" reform protocol. When black women serve as the case study for a larger examination of social policy issues we see that welfare was rarely meant to remedy the structural crunch of poverty. Working class black women have been at the center of the construction of the poor and serve as the designation to determine which people deserve to be compensated for being poor.Furthermore, the Author discusses both the ramifications and rationale of why the government never designated black women as "deserving" poor and the implications of constructed images in the post-reconstruction period, the New Deal Era, the 1960s AFDC agenda, and 1980s welfare to work reform.
Extraction of macro-molecule images in cryo-EM micrographs

Advances in Electron Microscopy and single-particle reconstruction have led to results at increasingly high resolutions. This has opened up the possibility of complete automation of single particle reconstruction. Main bottleneck in automation of single particle reconstruction is manual selection of particles in the micrograph. This paper describes a simple but efficient approach for segmentation of particle projections in the micrographs obtained using cryo-electron microscope. Changing the shape of objects to facilitate segmentation from the cluster and reconstructing its actual shape after isolation is successfully attempted. Both low-level and high-level processing techniques are used and the whole process is made automatic. Over 90 percent success in automatic particle picking is achieved. Several areas for improvement and future research directions are discussed.
Feeds and Feed Additives, Ruminant Feeds

This article discusses feedstuffs and feed additives that are incorporated into ruminant diets based on various physiological states of the animal. The ruminant animal is unique because it can utilize highly fibrous feedstuffs unsuitable for consumption by monogastrics. Primary feedstuffs include forages/roughages, high energy feeds, supplements, feed additives, and young animal feeds. Forages/roughages (fibrous feeds) are the predominant feedstuffs consumed by ruminants throughout their lifetimes. Ruminants consume fibrous feeds either by grazing or by being fed preharvested forage. High energy feeds are those that are more energy-dense than forages/roughages. These consist primarily of readily fermentable carbohydrates (grains) and lipids (animal or plant origin). Several supplemental sources of protein, energy, macrominerals, microminerals, and vitamins are discussed. Primary classes of feed additives include ionophores, ion-exchange compounds, direct-fed microbials, bloat preventatives, ruminal buffers, defaunation agents, hormones, antibiotics, and miscellaneous compounds. Situations in which young ruminants consume feed other than mother's milk are discussed. Various feed sources for these young animals are identified. Because of the extreme diversity in ruminant production systems, the sources of ruminant feedstuffs are extremely diverse.
The Legacies of Law: Apartheid and the Law I

To understand apartheid's endgame, we first need to understand apartheid. As William Riker remarked, at “any point in institutional development, humans start with some pre-existing customs that influence new departures.” Following Riker, this chapter revisits the pre-history of apartheid's endgame. It investigates the institutional foundations of the apartheid state, with particular reference to legal norms and institutions. It analyzes state formation and state transformation, and its relationship to race, class, and nationalism in South Africa. The period under investigation stretches from colonial times to the reform of apartheid, from 1652 to the early 1980s. From this longitudinal perspective, the chapter reconstructs the evolution of legal norms and institutions, and explicates their effects, in the making of apartheid. It is concerned with the explanation of institutions. While the book takes the apartheid state as the object to be explained in the next two chapters (the dependent variable), the state will become the thing that does the explaining (the independent variable) in the following two chapters. The discussion in this chapter is organized around critical junctures of state formation in South Africa. The discussion is episodic rather than comprehensive. It begins with a brief historical overview of South Africa's strong-state path to democracy. The chapter then returns to some crucial moments of state formation and transformation. It illustrates how, and why, Dutch-descended Afrikaners and British-descended English-speakers converged on the idea of a “racial state,” and what it took to turn this racial state into the apartheid state.
Overcoming the Majority Barrier in Large-Scale Systems

In asynchronous environments, the majority barrier prevents us from achieving consensus when more than half of the nodes fail. We argue that the majority barrier significantly limits the availability of practical systems such as peer-to-peer systems. To overcome the barrier realistically, this paper proposes a witness model that probabilistically strengthens the traditional asynchronous model for large-scale systems. The model is motivated by the prevalence of fuzzy partitions in today’s Internet, namely, reachability is far from transitive. Our assumptions in the model are strictly weaker than those in previous approaches. To show that the model is realistic, we carefully use real Internet measurements to validate our strengthening assumptions. On the other hand, we design three consensus protocols under the witness model that can tolerate n-1 failures, showing that the model is strong enough to overcome the majority barrier.
Asymptotics for rooted planar maps and scaling limits of two-type spatial trees

We prove some asymptotic results for the radius and the profile of large random bipartite planar maps. Using a bijection due to Bouttier, Di Francesco and Guitter between rooted bipartite planar maps and certain two-type trees with positive labels, we derive our results from a conditional limit theorem for two-type spatial trees. Finally we apply our estimates to separating vertices of bipartite planar maps: with probability close to one when $n$ goes to infinity, a random $2\ka$-angulation with $n$ faces has a separating vertex whose removal disconnects the map into two components each with size greater that $n^{1/2-\vep}$.
Architecture for Affective Social Games

The importance of affect in delivering engaging experiences in entertainment and education is well recognized. We introduce the Koko architecture, which describes a service-oriented middleware that reduces the burden of incorporating affect into games and other entertainment applications. Koko provides a representation for affect, thereby enabling developers to concentrate on the functional and creative aspects of their applications. The Koko architecture makes three key contributions: (1) improving developer productivity by creating a reusable and extensible environment; (2) yielding an enhanced user experience by enabling independently developed applications to collaborate and provide a more coherent user experience than currently possible; (3) enabling affective communication in multiplayer and social games.
Covariate measurement and endogeneity

The effects of improving covariate measurement are investigated when the covariate is endogenous even in the absence of measurement error. Reducing measurement error can exacerbate the finite sample bias of Two-Stage Least Squares. An application reveals this is of practical importance.
RNA-binding properties of a translational activator, the adenovirus L4 100-kilodalton protein.

Abstract The adenovirus L4 100-kDa nonstructural protein (100K protein) is required for efficient initiation of translation of viral late mRNA species during the late mRNA species during the late phase of infection (B. W. Hayes, G. C. Telling, M. M. Myat, J. F. Williams, and S. J. Flint, J. Virol. 64:2732-2742, 1990). The RNA-binding properties of this protein were analyzed in an immunoprecipitation assay with the 100K-specific monoclonal antibody 2100K-1 (C. L. Cepko and P. A. Sharp, Virology 129:137-154, 1983). Coprecipitation of the 100K protein and 3H-infected cell RNA was demonstrated. The RNA-binding activity of the 100K protein was inhibited by single-stranded DNA but not by double-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or tRNA. Competition assays were used to investigate the specificity with which the 100K protein binds to RNA in vitro. Although the protein exhibited a strong preference for the ribohomopolymer poly(U) or poly(G), no specific binding to viral mRNA species could be detected; uninfected or adenovirus type 5-infected HeLa cell poly(A)-containing and poly(A)-lacking RNAs were all effective inhibitors of binding of the protein to viral late mRNA. Similar results were obtained when the binding of the 100K protein to a single, in vitro-synthesized L2 mRNA was assessed. The poly(U)-binding activity of the 100K protein was used to compare the RNA-binding properties of the 100K protein prepared from cells infected by adenovirus type 5 and the H5ts1 mutant (B. W. Hayes, G. C. Telling, M. M. Myat, J. F. Williams, and S. J. Flint, J. Virol. 64:2732-2742, 1990). A temperature-dependent decrease in H5ts1 100K protein binding was observed, correlating with the impaired translational function of this protein in vivo. By contrast, wild-type 100K protein RNA binding was unaffected by temperature. These data suggest that the 100K protein acts to increase the translational efficiency of viral late mRNA species by a mechanism that involves binding to RNA.
High osmolality-low pH flush solutions improve renal transplant function in rats.

Although transplanting rat kidneys is an established microsurgical technique, inulin clearance is abnormally low, due to rejection and/or warm ischemia-induced damage. In the present studies, rejection was avoided by using inbred Brown Norway rats as donors and recipients. Donor kidneys were flushed with ice-cold solutions of various composition (saline, saline + 200 or 400 mM mannitol) and pHs (5.7, 6.4, and 7.4), and the kidneys were kept cold during transplantation into unilaterally nephrectomized recipients. Renal function was assessed by clearance techniques 1 week later. In control rats, with both native kidneys intact, the ratio of inulin clearance, left kidney to right kidney, was 0.99±0.02. In rats with a native right kidney and a transplanted left kidney that had been flushed with saline, the ratio was considerably lower (0.46±0.09). Adding 200 mM mannitol to the saline flush solution increased the ratio (0.89±0.09). In comparison, adding 200 mM mannitol and 5 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 resulted in a somewhat lower ratio (0.80±0.09), whereas adding 200 mM mannitol and 5 mM phosphate buffer at pH 5.7 resulted in a higher ratio, one that was indistinguishable from control (0.97±0.09). Thus, in this latter group, the inulin clearances of the transplanted kidneys were identical to those of the contralateral native kidneys.
Thermochemical Changes in Alunite and Alunitic Clays

One of the important sources of refractory material in Egypt is alunite, a hydrated potassium aluminum sulfate. The reaction occurring on heating this material is studied by X-ray and thermal-analysis methods. If the potash is leveled out after a preliminary calcination, corundum or mullite brick may be produced from the resultant material.
The effects of tibial rotation on patellar position

The effects of external and internal tibial rotation on patellar motion were investigated using a magnetic 3Space® tracker system (Polhemus, Colchester, VT 05446, USA). Seven fresh-frozen adult cadaver knees were used in this study. The muscle alignment of each quadriceps muscle was measured to determine the direction of loading forces. Three loading patterns were used to simulate the unresisted knee extension during sitting, standing from squatting and the stance phase of walking, with different weights applied to each quadriceps muscle at each knee flexion angle. The position of the patella, along with patellar shift, tilt and rotation was measured and compared to external or internal tibial rotation and neutral rotation. In the sitting and squatting simulations the patella showed at the terminal extension of the knee more lateral shift and a more lateral tilt with tibial external rotation than in a neutral position (P < 0.05). In walking simulation, the patella showed more external rotation with external rotation of the tibia than with a neutral one, at the 0, 72 and 90% of the stance phase of walking (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate the importance of external tibial rotation as a factor in the development of patellar dislocations or subluxations, especially in athletes.
Irreducible posets with large height exist

Abstract The dimension of a poset (X, P) is the minimum number of linear extensions of P whose intersection is P. A poset is irreducible if the removal of any point lowers the dimension. If A is an antichain in X and X − A ≠ O, then dim X ≤ 2 width ((X − A) + 1. We construct examples to show that this inequality is best possible; these examples prove the existence of irreducible posets of arbitrarily large height. Although many infinite families of irreducible posets are known, no explicity constructed irreducible poset of height larger than four has been found.
Analysis of TSV geometric parameter impact on switching noise in 3D power distribution network

This paper reports on modeling of simultaneous switching noise (SSN) in 3D TSV-based system with multiple IC chips stacked and connected through TSVs. TSVs and other components are modeled using full-wave electromagnetic tools to extract equivalent circuit models. Power distribution network (PDN) combining on-chip and off-chip components are simulated with SPICE. The voltage noise generated by switching current is analyzed to exanimate the impact of TSV geometric parameters such as TSV dimensions, pitch, and number. The current noise in TSV is also extracted for the potential impact on signal integrity. The impacts of TSV geometric parameters on the PDN noise are limited impacts at frequencies below 1 GHz. However, the frequencies of inter-chip resonances are sensitive to TSV geometric parameters. These resonant frequencies are often in the range of 1 GHz - 10 GHz, which may coincide with the clock frequency and induce significant noises.
Hypoxia induced changes in lung fluid balance in humans is associated with beta-2 adrenergic receptor density on lymphocytes.

Abstract Background Previous studies have demonstrated an important role for beta-2 adrenergic receptors (β2AR) in lung fluid clearance. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between β2AR density on lymphocytes and indices of lung water in healthy humans exposed to ∼17 h of hypoxia ( F IO 2 = 12.5 % in a hypoxia tent). Methods Thirteen adults (mean ± SEM; age = 31 ± 3 years, BMI = 24 ± 1 kg/m2, V O 2 Peak = 40 ± 2 ml / kg / min ) participated. Pulmonary function, CT derived lung tissue volume (Vtis-tissue, blood and water), lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DCO) and nitric oxide (DNO), alveolar-capillary conductance (DM), pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) and lung water (CT Vtis − Vc) were assessed before and after ∼17 h normobaric hypoxia ( F IO 2 = 12.5 % ). β2AR density on lymphocytes was measured via radioligand binding. Arterial oxygen saturation ( Sa O 2 ), cardiac output (Q), right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and blood pressure (BP) were also assessed. Results After 17 h hypoxia, Sa O 2 decreased from 97 ± 1 (normoxia) to 82 ± 4% and RVSP increased from 14 ± 3 (normoxia) to 29 ± 2 mmHg (p 0.05). CT Vtis decreased and lung water was estimated to decline 7 ± 13%, respectively. β2AR density averaged 1497 ± 187 receptors/lymphocyte and increased 21 ± 34% with hypoxia (range −31 to +86%). The post-hypoxia increase in β2AR density was significantly related to the reduction in lung water (r = −0.64, p Conclusions Lung water decreases with 17 h normobaric hypoxia are associated with changes in beta adrenergic receptor density on lymphocytes in healthy adults.
Prospective evaluation of the etiology of anxiety sensitivity: test of a scar model.

Abstract A large body of research has suggested that anxiety sensitivity (AS) acts as a specific vulnerability factor in the development of anxiety pathology. More recently, attention has turned to the etiology of AS per se. The present study represents a specific test of a Scar model of AS. A Scar model posits that the experience of distress will affect the vulnerability factor. We were specifically interested in evaluating the effects of a specific stressor (spontaneous panic) as well as general distress on changes in AS over time. A large nonclinical sample of young adults ( N =1296) was prospectively followed over a five week highly stressful period of time (i.e. military basic training). Findings were consistent with the Scar model and suggested that the specific stressor of experiencing a panic attack as well as general stressors creating significant anxiety symptoms uniquely contributed to increased levels of AS (regardless of prior history of panic). Moreover, the experience of spontaneous panic in the context of generally low levels of distress (both anxiety and depression) appeared to be particularly pernicious in terms of resulting in greater increases in AS. In sum, anxiety-related stressors appear to have the potential to ‘scar’ individuals in regard to this cognitive vulnerability factor.
Women and the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Twenty-seven women referred to a sleep disorders clinic for symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) during one year were systematically analyzed after polygraphic monitoring of sleep and cephalometric x-ray examination. Our subjects, one-third of whom were premenopausal, comprised approximately 12 percent of the total OSAS population seen. Women with OSAS were compared with 110 OSAS men and with a group of 16 women without OSAS but referred to orthodontists for mild dental malocclusion. Women with OSAS were massively obese, much more so than their male counterparts. There was no significant difference between pre- and postmenopausal women, with the exception of the respiratory disturbance index (RDI), which was lower in the postmenopausal group despite similar morbid obesity (seemingly better tolerated by women with OSAS than by men with the same syndrome) and long mandibular plane-hyoid bone distance. The significantly higher RDI noted in premenopausal women, despite equally massive obesity and upper airway abnormalities, is thought to be related to hormonal status and better arousal response. Chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) seen in a subgroup of women with OSAS did not differentiate this subgroup from the other OSAS patients when oxygen saturation during sleep, frequency of abnormal respiratory events and sleep variables were considered. Massive obesity is the dominant factor for the appearance of OSAS in women.
Transient flow boiling heat-transfer measurements in microdomains

Abstract A single channel microdevice ( D h = 230 μm) was used in this study to measure the local wall temperature in a flow boiling configuration using thin-film (70 nm titanium) thermistors. The device and experimental configuration allows the measurement of surface temperature with high spatial resolution and a temporal resolution in the kHz range with synchronized flow regime observation. A steady heat-flux was supplied to the working fluid (de-ionized water) using a thin-film heater (100 nm titanium) to study the transient temperature evolution accompanying several flow patterns, such as bubbly flow, elongated bubble (slug) flow, partial wall dryout, and critical heat flux (CHF). Transient local convective heat transfer coefficients are computed for phenomena such as bubble nucleation and bubble growth through the use of a 3-D finite element model to account for the transient conjugate heat transfer effects in the substrate.
Soft-x-ray-emission studies of bulk Fe3Si, FeSi, and FeSi2, and implanted iron silicides.

Bulk iron silicides and implanted iron silicides have been studied by soft-x-ray emission (SXE) spectroscopy. The Si {ital L}{sub 2,3} emission spectra of these materials are measured. For bulk silicides, these spectra provide a measure of {ital s}- and {ital d}-type partial density of states (PDOS) localized on the Si sites. We compare them with available band-structure calculations and also with photoemission measurements. For implanted systems, the Si {ital L}{sub 2,3} emission spectra provide useful information about the silicide formation process with the variation of implant doses.
Factors influencing estimated oxygen uptake during exercise testing soon after myocardial infarction

To determine the extent to which oxygen uptake (VO2) estimated from exercise testing in healthy adults is applicable to patients tested soon after myocardial infarction, VO2 was measured during symptom-limited treadmill testing 3 and 11 weeks after the acute event. Twenty-two men (Group I) underwent treadmill testing using a "standard" modified Balke protocol (3 miles/h [80 m/min] with 2.5 percent increments in grade every 3 minutes) 3 and 11 weeks after infarction. Twenty-five clinically similar men (Group II) underwent treadmill testing using a standard protocol at 3 weeks but an "accelerated" protocol (3 miles/h with 5 percent increments in grade every 3 minutes) at 11 weeks. Measured and estimated values of peak VO2 were nearly identical for both groups of patients performing the standard protocol at 2 weeks (mean +/- standard deviation 20.5 +/- 4.7 versus 20.4 +/- 6.1 and 22.1 +/0 4.1 versus 22.5 +/- 4.5 ml/kg per min for Groups I and II, respectively). Measured and estimated values of peak VO2 were also similar for patients completing the standard protocol at 11 weeks (26.3 +/- 7.6 versus 26.7 +/- 6.9 ml/kg per min). In contrast, estimated values of peak VO2 were significantly higher than measured values in patients completing the accelerated protocol at 11 weeks (30.8 +/- 4.3 versus 27.7 +/- 5.0 ml/kg per min (probability [p] = 0.001). Holding onto the treadmill handrails significantly increased estimated peak VO2 (32.7 to 37.9 ml/kg per min) but did not affect measured peak VO2 (32.1 to 31.8 ml/kg per min). These results indicate that VO2 for patients performing treadmill exercise testing after myocardial infarction can be estimated from data derived from healthy adults so long as the exercise intensity is increased slowly and holding onto the handrails is avoided.
LIF detection of IO and the rate coefficients for I + O3 and IO + NO reactions

Abstract Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) from the (0, 0), (2, 0), (3, 0) and (2, 1) bands of the A 2 Π 3 2 → X Π 3 2 system of IO was detected. Using LIF detection of IO, the rate coefficients for I + O3 ← IO + O2 (k1) and IO + NO → I + NO2 (k2) reactions were measured between 240 and 370 K to be k1(T) = (2.3 ± 0.7 × 10−11 exp[−(860 ± 100)/T] and k2(T) = (1.02 ± 0.31) × 10−11 exp[(185) ± 70)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1.
Amplitude and spectral quantification of the effects of morphine on the cortical EEG of the rat

Abstract The effect of systemically administered morphine sulfate on the cortical EEG of the rat was studied using direct visual scoring procedures and spectral and amplitude distribution analysis techniques. The EEG effect was found to be dose-dependent, i.e., as higher doses of morphine were administered morphine-induced spindles or spike-like activity progressively increased and were eventually replaced by a highly synchronized EEG. In quantifying these EEG patterns, using spectral analysis, distinct frequency spectra were found for morphine-induced spindles and epochs of high voltage low frequency (HVLF) activity. The power in the 5–7 Hz frequency band was found to be a good indicator of the duration of the morphine effect since the value of this index was elevated during the time course of the drug effect. In addition, amplitude distribution methods revealed the sensitivity of two specific measures to the EEG changes induced by morphine. Values of standard amplitude followed closely the degree of EEG synchronization while kurtosis proved sensitive enough to follow the effect of specific doses of morphine sulfate.
Effects of pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity and serum lipids in obese cats.

Background Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione (TZD) insulin sensitizer approved for use in human type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic options for diabetes in cats are limited. Objective To evaluate the effects of pioglitazone in obese cats, which are predisposed to insulin resistance, to assess its potential for future use in feline diabetes mellitus. Animals A total of 12 obese purpose-bred research cats (6 neutered males and 6 spayed females, 5–7 years of age, weighing 5.4–9.8 kg). Methods Randomized, placebo-controlled 3-way crossover study. Oral placebo or pioglitazone (Actos™; 1 or 3 mg/kg) was administered daily for 7-week periods, with IV glucose tolerance testing before and after each period. Results Three mg/kg pioglitazone significantly improved insulin sensitivity (geometric mean [95% CI] 0.90 [0.64–1.28] to 2.03 [1.49–2.78] min −1pmol−1L; P = .0014 versus change with placebo), reduced insulin area under the curve during IVGTT (geometric mean [range] 27 [9–64] to 18 [6–54] min∙nmol/L; P = .0031 versus change with placebo), and lowered serum triglyceride (geometric mean [range] 71 [29–271] to 48 [27–75] mg/dL; P = .047 versus change with placebo) and cholesterol (geometric mean [range] 187 [133–294] to 162 [107–249] mg/dL; P = .0042 versus change with placebo) concentrations in the obese cats. No adverse effects attributable to pioglitazone were evident in the otherwise healthy obese cats at this dosage and duration. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Results of this study support a positive effect of pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism in obese cats, and suggest that further evaluation of the drug in cats with diabetes mellitus or other metabolic disorders might be warranted.
Mussel byssus attachment weakened by ocean acidification

Biomaterial function depends on biological, chemical and environmental factors during formation and subsequent use. Ocean acidification has been shown to affect secreted calcium carbonate, but effects on other biomaterials are less well known. Research now reveals that proteinaceous byssal threads—used to anchor mytilid mussels to hard substrates—exhibited reduced mechanical performance when secreted under elevated pCO2 conditions.
Pension Fund Capitalism

Gordon Clark. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. xvii and 342 pp., diags., notes, and index. $65.00 cloth (ISBN 0-19-924047-7); $29.95 paper (ISBN 0-19-924048-5). This is a propitious time to...
DNA Microarrays in Biological Discovery and Patient Care

Publisher Summary DNA microarrays revolutionized the approach to gene expression profiling. Compared to prior methods, DNA microarrays have dramatically high throughput and are less cumbersome. Microarrays developed as a technique for large-scale DNA mapping and sequencing. However, changing the support surface from a porous membrane to a solid surface afforded significant improvements by increasing reaction kinetics and reducing background noise. The technology for DNA microarrays continues to evolve. The commonly used arrays are divided into two main categories that include oligonucleotide and spotted or complementary DNA (cDNA) microarrays. Commercial oligonucleotide platforms have gained popularity over homemade, spotted cDNA microarrays as costs have fallen to the point where commercial microarrays are the de facto platform. DNA microarrays provide a panoramic and quantitative overview of a sample's expression output. The power is immense as biological processes generally result from the coordinated interaction of multiple genes.
Membrane-aerated biofilm proton and oxygen flux during chemical toxin exposure.

Bioreactors containing sessile bacteria (biofilms) grown on hollow fiber membranes have been used for treatment of many wastestreams. Real time operational control of bioreactor performance require...
Hyperketonemia decreases mitochondrial membrane potential and its normalization with chromium (III) supplementation in monocytes

Altered cellular mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) has been implicated in the increased insulin resistance and the risk for diabetes. Hyperketonemia is increasingly being identified in type 2 diabetic patients in addition to those with type 1 diabetes. No previous study has examined the effect of hyperketonemia and trivalent chromium on cellular mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in any cell type. Using a U937 monocyte cell culture model, this study examined the hypothesis that hyperketonemia decreases and trivalent chromium normalizes the cellular MMP level. Cells were cultured with control and ketone bodies [acetoacetate (AA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)] in the absence or the presence (0.5-100 μM) of Cr(3+) at 37°C for 24 h. The MMP was determined using DiOC6 and flow cytometry. The results show a significant decrease in MMP in cells treated with AA, but not in the cells treated with BHB. The effect of AA on cellular MMP was prevented in chromium (III)-pretreated cells. Thus, hyperketonemia decreases the MMP, and supplementation with chromium (III) normalizes altered MMP, which may play a role in the improvement in glucose metabolism seen after chromium (III) supplementation in some studies with diabetic animals and patients.
Synthesis of 2-thiobenzimidazole derivatives as potential antifilarial agents

Several 5-benzoyl-2-thiobenzimidazole and 2-thiobenzimidazole aliphatic acids, esters, and N,N-dialkyl-carboxamides and thiocarboxamides were prepared by reacting bromo aliphatic acids, bromo aliphatic esters, and N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl or thiocarbamoyl chlorides with 5-benzoyl-2-thiobenzimidazole or 2-thiobenzimidazole in the presence of base. 2-Thiocarbomethoxy- and 2-thiocarboethoxybenzimidazole were prepared by the reaction of 2-thiobenzimidazole with methyl or ethyl chloroformate in the presence of base. However, the reaction of 5-benzoyl-2-thiobenzimidazole with ethyl chloroformate, afforded 5-benzoyl-2-ethylthiobenz-imidazole.
Application of design optimization techniques for vibration control of structures using piezoelectric devices

Active vibration control of structures using piezoelectric materials is a new approach for damping unwanted vibrations in structures lacking sufficient stiffness or passive damping. The finite elements method is used to model active damping elements which are piezoelectric actuators bonded to a box beam. Efficient implementation of these actuators requires that their optimal locations on the structure be determined and that the structure be designed to best utilize the properties of the piezoelectrics. A formal optimization procedure has been developed to address both of these issues. Multiobjective optimization techniques are used to minimize multiple and conflicting design objectives such as mass and energy dissipated by the piezoelectric actuators.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bacterial Colonization of Bone Allografts: Establishment and Effects of Antibiotics

Bone grafts are frequently used to supplement bone stock and to establish structural stability. However, graft-associated infection represents a challenging complication leading to increased patient morbidity and healthcare costs. We therefore designed this study to (1) determine if increasing initial S. aureus inoculation of bone allograft results in a proportionate increase in colonization; (2) assess if antibiotics decrease colonization and if antibiotic tethering to allograft alters its ability to prevent bacterial colonization; and (3) determine if covalent modification alters the allograft topography or its biological properties. Allograft bone and vancomycin-modified bone (VAN-bone) was challenged with different doses of S. aureus for times out to 24 hours in the presence or absence of solution vancomycin. Bacterial colonization was assessed by fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and by direct colony counting. Cell density and distribution of osteoblast-like cells on control and modified allograft were then compared. Bacterial attachment was apparent within 6 hours with colonization and biofilm formation increasing with time and dose. Solution vancomycin failed to prevent bacterial attachment whereas VAN-bone successfully resisted colonization. The allograft modification did not affect the attachment and distribution of osteoblast-like cells. Allograft bone was readily colonized by S. aureus and covered by a biofilm with especially florid growth in natural topographic niches. Using a novel covalent modification, allograft bone was able to resist colonization by organisms while retaining the ability to allow adhesion of osteoblastic cells. Generation of allograft bone that can resist infection in vivo would be important in addressing one of the most challenging problems associated with the use of allograft, namely infection.
Collaborating with teachers in the interest of student collaboration

Abstract Teachers' beliefs about the nature of knowledge and knowledge acquisition are explored in terms of the design and outcome of collaborative learning arrangements. Interviews with teachers and observations from instructional research are used to discuss: the selection of learning tasks, the structure of collaborative learning interactions, and the grouping of children for collaborative learning.
The effect of phosphorus segregation to grain boundaries in Ir + 0.3 wt % W alloys on high temperature ductility

Iridium and Ir + 0.3 wt % W alloys have failed intergranularly in a number of previous studies. Investigators suggested that the intergranular failure mode was the result of impurity segregation to grain boundaries, oxygen being one of the impurities most often mentioned. Direct evidence was not presented of impurity segregation to grain boundaries. Recent investigations using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) have shown that iridium and Ir + 0.3 wt % W may fail intergranularly without any impurity segregation to the grain boundaries. Results are reported of comparisons between heat DOP-4-7 and other doped and undoped Ir + 0.3 wt % W alloys.
Dissolution of NiFe2O4 particles in a NiO matrix

Abstract A TEM sample containing NiFe2O4 particles in a NiO matrix was subjected to a series of heat treatments in air and then characterized between heat treatments. Spinel particles between 75 and 100 nm in size were observed after a 1000°C heat treatment but had disappeared after a 1015°C heat treatment. According to the NiFeO phase diagram, a TEM sample containing 4 cation-% Fe should contain spinel particles up to 1200°C. This discrepancy between the experimentally observed temperature at which spinel dissolved and the temperature predicted by the phase diagram is discussed in terms of the Gibbs-Thomson effect.
The value of storage in securing reliability and mitigating risk in energy systems

The paper examines the value of ramp-constrained storage in securing reliability and mitigating risk in energy systems with uncertain supply and demand, and friction in the main supply source. Reliability is defined as the expected discounted cost of energy deficits over an infinite horizon, whereas risk is defined as the probability of incurring a large energy deficit. The nominal supply and demand are assumed to match perfectly, while deviations from the nominal values are modeled as random shocks with stochastic arrivals. Due to friction, the random shocks cannot be tracked by the main supply sources. Storage, on the other hand, is assumed frictionless as a supply source and can be used to compensate for the energy deficit shocks, though it cannot be filled up instantaneously. The storage control problem is formulated as an optimal control problem with the objective of maximizing system reliability. It is shown that when the stage cost is linear in the size of the energy deficit, the optimal control policy is myopic in the sense that all deficit shocks will be compensated up to the available level of storage. However, when the stage cost is strictly convex, it may be optimal to accept a small energy deficit in the interest of maintaining a higher level of reserve, which can help avoiding a large energy deficit in the future. The value of storage capacity in improving reliability, as well as the effects of the associated optimal policies under different stage costs on risk, i.e., the tail distribution of large energy deficits are examined.
Effect of boron, carbon, phosphorus and sulphur on intergranular cohesion in iron

Abstract Spin-polarized LMTO calculations were performed on a simplified model of a (111) Σ3 tilt grain boundary (GB) in bcc Fe. The GB was modelled by a hexagonal 8-atom supercell containing an impurity atom (B, C, P or S) in the center of a capped trigonal prism of Fe atoms at the GB core. It was found that the bonding of atoms in the GB plane is enhanced due to strong hybridization between electrons of Fe and the impurity. Across the GB the bonding is rather strong for B and C, while it is dramatically weakened for P and S, with d-electrons of Fe occupying almost entirely nonbonding states. The magnetic moments of Fe atoms in the GB were found to decrease with respect to those in the bulk, while the magnetic moments of Fe atom pairs across the GB were enhanced. Our results should be important for understanding the GB embrittlement in Fe and Fe-base systems.