cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Mother's Milk Feeding for Very Low Birth Weight Infants in Massachusetts.

Objective To examine the extent to which maternal race/ethnicity is associated with mother's milk use among hospitalized very low birth weight (VLBW) infants and maternal receipt of hospital breastfeeding support practices (human milk prenatal education, first milk expression Study design We studied 1318 mother-VLBW infant pairs in 9 Massachusetts level 3 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) between January 2015 and November 2017. We estimated associations of maternal race/ethnicity with any and exclusive mother's milk on day 7, on day 28, and at discharge/transfer and hospital practices. We estimated HRs comparing the probability of continued milk use over the hospitalization by race/ethnicity and tested mediation by hospital practices, adjusting for birth weight and gestational age and including hospital and plurality as random effects. Results Mothers were 48% non-Hispanic white, 21% non-Hispanic black, and 20% Hispanic. Initiation of mother's milk was similar across groups, but infants of Hispanic mothers (hazard ratio [HR], 2.71; 95% CI, 2.05-3.59) and non-Hispanic black mothers (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.17-2.07) stopped receiving milk earlier in the hospitalization compared with infants of non-Hispanic white mothers. Hispanic mothers had lower odds of providing skin-to-skin care at Conclusions Hispanic and non-Hispanic black mothers were less likely than non-Hispanic white mothers to continue providing milk for their VLBW infants throughout the NICU stay.
Dilemma of Data Sharing Alliance: When Do Competing Personalizing and Non‐Personalizing Firms Share Data

We analyze a case where two competing firms, a personalizing firm that makes product recommendations and a non‐personalizing firm that does not recommend products, compete with each other and may participate in a data sharing alliance (in which the non‐personalizing firm shares its data with the personalizing firm). The customer is strategic as she first visits the personalizing firm to find out what product to purchase among the recommended ones and purchases the product eventually from one of the firms. Overall, the customer distributes all her purchases across both the firms—she purchases from the personalizing firm to maintain a profile quality with the firm (to continue to obtain good recommendations) and from the non‐personalizing firm to benefit from the lower prices of that firm. We analyze this setup in a two‐stage game to find the subgame perfect Nash Equilibrium. In the first stage, firms decide to share data, or not. In the second stage they play a simultaneous move price game. We find that the non‐personalizing firm is always willing to share its data with the personalizing firm, but the personalizing firm uses it only when the learning rate influence dominates the profile influence. When the personalizing firm improves its system and both firms share data, its own profit always increases and under certain conditions the profit of the non‐personalizing firm also increases. Finally, social surplus may increase as well when firms share data. This result has important implications for the policy‐makers controlling information sharing between firms.
Near-octave intense mid-infrared by adiabatic down-conversion in hollow anti-resonant fiber.

We show that adiabatic down-conversion can be made the dominant four-wave mixing process in an anti-resonant hollow-core fiber for nearly a full octave of mid-infrared bandwidth with energy exceeding 10 μJ, allowing the generation of energetic and shapeable two-cycle pulses. A numerical study of a tapered fiber with an applied gas pressure gradient predicts the efficient conversion of a 770–860 nm near-infrared frequency band to 3–5 μm, while a linear transfer function allows pre-conversion pulse shaping and simple dispersion management. Our proposed system may prove to be useful in diverse research topics employing nonlinear spectroscopy or strong light–matter interactions.
Sex differences in upper tract urothelial carcinomas

Purpose of review To evaluate contemporary sex-specific differences in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) by reviewing diagnostic considerations, clinicopathologic features, oncologic outcomes, environmental exposures, and regional variation in UTUC by sex. Recent findings Although some contemporary studies implicate sex-based differences in UTUC, the literature concerning the effect of sex on clinicopathologic features and oncologic outcomes in UTUC reveals mixed findings. Factors accounting for the time to diagnosis in UTUC seem to differ between men and women. The epidemiology and outcomes of UTUC are largely influenced by geographic variation in the disease, which may be due to differences in exposure to environmental risk factors. Sex-based variations and potential differences in disease biology remain to be elucidated. Summary A global consensus on the effect of sex on clinicopathologic characteristics and oncologic outcomes in UTUC has not been established definitively. Review of this topic does, however, shed light on important considerations given differences in the time to diagnosis, risk factors, and regional variation by sex. Further studies evaluating genetic, anatomic, physiologic, and socioeconomic differences between men and women with UTUC may provide further insight into understanding the effect of sex in UTUC.
Can a relational substance ontology be hylomorphic

The debate between relational versus constituent substance ontology is longstanding and ongoing. In the contemporary literature it is mostly taken for granted that any version of hylomorphism must count as a constituent substance ontology. Here I argue that a certain sort of relational substance ontology could also legitimately be labeled hylomorphic, and in fact that relational substance ontologists have some good reasons to affirm this version of hylomorphism.
7-LB: Dichloroacetate Improves Cognitive Function during Hypoglycemia in T1DM Patients

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) studies have suggested that exposure to recurrent hypoglycemia (RH) reduces brain cortical Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) flux in animal models. Examination of rat cortical RNA for inhibitory PDH kinase (PDK) isoform expression patterns identified a two-fold upregulation of PDK4 (p>0.01) after three episodes of hypoglycemia. To date no study has examined the functional role of PDH complex inhibition in the cognitive deficits associated with hypo in patients with T1DM. In a randomized controlled cross-over trial of 11 intensively treated T1DM subjects we examined whether PDK inhibition by dichloroacetate (DCA; 12.5mg/kg), which maintains PDH in its active state might restore cognitive function, counterregulatory hormonal responses and symptoms during clamped hypoglycemia (target 50mg/dL). Cognitive testing included measures of visual matching ability and short term visual and auditory memory as well as the ability to manage conflicting information while ignoring task-irrelevant information. Symptom ratings during hypoglycemia were measured using a modified Edinburgh scale. We found that DCA ingestion is associated with increased performance related to visual memory (DCA: 89% correct vs. Placebo: 69% correct, p=0.049), as well as a faster response time during the multitasking test (549ms DCA vs. 603ms placebo; p=0.028). On the Edinburgh scale, patients reported lower ratings of warmness during hypoglycemia with DCA vs. Placebo (2.5 vs. 3.6; p=0.075). Furthermore, we did not observe an effect of DCA on CRR hormonal responses. These results suggest that inhibition of PDH flux by enhanced PDK activity significantly contributes to cognitive impairment under hypoglycemia and may contribute to subjective symptoms and possibly hypoglycemia awareness. We therefore conclude that strategies focusing on reactivation of oxidative glucose metabolism in the brain may play an important role in mitigating the negative impact of hypoglycemia on cognitive function. Disclosure D. Groskreutz: None. D. Trico: None. N. Tai: None. R. Belfort-DeAguiar: Research Support; Self; Silver Palate Kitchens, Inc. J. Leventhal: None. W. Lam: None. M. Knight: None. J. Gannon: None. R.I. Herzog: Consultant; Spouse/Partner; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Funding JDRF
Additivity and Product Properties

We have some unfinished business from Chapter 9: the proof of two of the properties of the Brouwer degree. We will need two more tools from algebraic topology for these proofs.
Vertical vergence in nonhuman primates depends on horizontal gaze position

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to compare vertical fusion capability at different orbital eye positions in normal nonhuman primates and attempt to use this information to isolate the extraocula...
A Multifunctional Smart Soft Contact Lens Device Enabled by Nanopore Thin Film for Glaucoma Diagnostics and In Situ Drug Delivery

In this paper, we report a new power-free multifunctional soft contact lens device that can measure intraocular pressure (IOP), achieve extended drug delivery in situ , and detect glaucoma biomarkers, all within the same device. Experiments demonstrate that the contact lens sensor can detect Interleukin 12p70, one possible biomarker for glaucoma, in a concentration as low as 2 pg/ml in artificial tears. The sustained drug release of the contact lens device can last up to 30 days. In ex vivo tests using cadaver pig eyes, the sensor detected IOP in a range of 10–50 mmHg with excellent repeatability. [2019-0067]
Methanobactin: A Novel Copper-Binding Compound Produced by Methanotrophs

Aerobic methanotrophs are a novel group of microorganisms that play a critical role in the global carbon cycle. Expression and activity of a key enzyme in the metabolism in these microbes, the methane monooxygenase, is controlled by the availability of copper. To sequester copper, some methanotrophs produce a ribosomally synthesized post-translationally modified polypeptide called methanobactin. This peptide, or chalkophore, has unique features, with all known forms being small (<1300 Da) with two heterocyclic rings with associated thioamide groups that bind copper quite strongly. Here we provide an overview of the known diversity of methanobactins, describe the genetics underlying the methanobactin biosynthesis, the variety of functions methanobactin has been observed to have, as well as various environmental, industrial and medical applications of methanobactin.
Defining Pollinator Health: A Holistic Approach Based on Ecological, Genetic, and Physiological Factors.

Evidence for global bee population declines has catalyzed a rapidly evolving area of research that aims to identify the causal factors and to effectively assess the status of pollinator populations...
Message Position, Information Processing, and Persuasion: The Discrepancy Motives Model

Abstract When a person encounters a persuasive appeal, a salient perception of the message is often the extent to which it is relatively proattitudinal or counterattitudinal. Some studies suggest that counterattitudinal communications are processed more deeply than proattitudinal messages. However, other research has found the opposite processing relation. Similarly, various properties of premessage attitudes and attributes of message sources have been shown to affect message processing. Yet, in some cases, these findings have appeared inconsistent with one another. We suggest that this variety of findings can be organized and understood by considering the motivational states that guide processing of agreeable and disagreeable information, respectively. When encountering counterattitudinal advocacies, people should often be motivated to defend their views, and variables that influence defense motives should determine the amount of processing. Conversely, proattitudinal information presents an opportunity to bolster the premessage attitude. Thus, variables that affect the degree of bolstering motivation can affect the amount of proattitudinal message processing. In this chapter, we present the Discrepancy Motives Model—an integrative framework for organizing how persuasion variables interact with message position to affect the depth of information processing. In addition to processing differences, we discuss implications that this new account holds for understanding other attitude change phenomena.
Acoustic Characteristics of Vocal Sounds Used by Professional Actors Performing Classical Material Without Microphones in Outdoor Theatre

Summary Objective Theatre actors use voice in virtually any physical position, moving or still, and perform in a wide range of venues. The present study investigated acoustic qualities required to perform classical material without electronic amplification in outdoor spaces. Design Eight professional actors, four female, four male, from NY Classical Theatre performed one-minute monologues, first stationary, then moving, for audio recording in Central Park. Four subjects recorded two monologues each, from productions in which they played both male and female characters. Data were analyzed for fundamental frequency (F0), sound pressure level (SPL), and long-term average spectrum (LTAS). Results Overall, F0 ranged between 75.38 and 530.33 Hz. Average F0 was 326 Hz stationary and 335.78 Hz moving for females, 248.54 Hz stationary, 252.82 Hz moving for males. SPL ranged from 28.54 to 110.51 dB for females, and 56.69 to 124.44 dB for males. Average SPL was 82 dB for females, 96.98 dB for males. On LTAS, females had a peak between 3 and 4 kHz ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 dB and another between 4 and 5 kHz ranging from 2 to 4.5 dB, while males had a peak between 3 and 4 kHz ranging from 1 to 8.5 dB. Conclusion Actors appear to use a similar F0 range across gender and performing conditions. Average F0 increased from stationary to moving. Males had greater SPL values than females, and the amplitude of peaks in the region of the Actor's Formant of LTAS curves was higher in male than female voices.
Transformative Silence and Protest

Social movement protests have become common place in the last several years. Images come easily to mind of protestors marching down streets holding signs and chanting. Just as easily, images come to mind of counter-protestors yelling back, and law enforcement engaging protestors, often trying to control them with notable force. This Article recognizes that protestors often engage with speech, silence and the law in very pragmatic, but important ways. How does a locality handle permitting for protests? Are there noise restrictions to know about? How likely will it be that law enforcement will be present and making arrests? If there are arrests, who will post bail? While those practical choices are important, focusing on those choices often means that protest gets framed as being about speech rights—who gets to speak and how, and who gets to control speech and how. That framing obscures that protest is as much about silence as it is about speech. That is true because protest is a deeply relational activity and choices about speech always involve choices about silence—or silencing. Similarly, the law is deeply relational as it sets up ways to order how people can, or cannot, engage and interact with each other. This Article posits that more carefully investigating the relationality involved in protest work unearths a new and powerful dynamic—transformative silence. The Article considers how transformative silence can upend the typical zero-sum qualities of protest, and can increase the possibility that protest can lead to social change.
Liquid chromatography using ≤5 μm open tubular columns

Abstract Significant progresses have been made recently in liquid chromatography (LC) using ≤5-μm-i.d. open tubular (OT) columns. Peak capacities of 2000+ within 3 h, efficiencies of 10+ million plates/m and millisecond separations have all been obtained. Since all these magnificent progresses are achieved in the last 3–4 years and no one has reviewed these achievements, it is important to write a short review on this topic so that scientists can adopt it in their research and applications. In this article we first summarize the most recent progresses of LC separations using ≤5-μm-i.d. OT columns. We then review the procedures of how to prepare these columns and share our experiences on how to choose appropriate experimental components to construct apparatus and select appropriate experimental parameters to carry out these separations. We also discuss the pros and cons and provide a future perspective of this technique at the end of this article.
Responding to Career Development Uncertainties and Successfully Navigating Career Journeys

The ProblemThe COVID-19 pandemic has forced employees and organizational leaders to consider the reality of its impact on career goals. Individuals have been forced to reconsider or readjust their ...
Piriformis Syndrome Masquerading as an Ischiofemoral Impingement.

Hip pain can have a number of different etiologies. Ischiofemoral impingement (IFI), an etiology causing extra-articular hip pain, shares many of the same symptoms as other causes of gluteal or inguinal pain, making its diagnosis difficult. We present a case of a young female with persistent deep gluteal pain who was diagnosed with IFI based on radiographic findings; however, a diagnostic injection into the quadratus femoris did not confirm IFI as the primary pain generator. The patient subsequently failed several trials of physical therapy designed to address this diagnosis. The diagnosis was expanded to include piriformis syndrome and the modified treatment approach resulted in complete resolution of her pain. The similarities of these pathologies resulted in a delay of definitive treatment and would have potentially required unnecessary surgery. This case study highlights the diagnostic conundrum clinicians face in the evaluation of gluteal hip pain and provides an algorithm for considering alternate diagnoses when conservative management fails to achieve expected results.
Milwaukee Catholicism Intersects with Deindustrialization and White Flight, 1950–1990

Post-World War II Milwaukee remained America’s “machine shop,” with thousands of workers manufacturing specialized metal components for automobiles, heating plants, turbines, earth-moving equipment, and electrical controls. It was also a blue collar, union town with a dynamic history of European immigrants. After the war, a new migratory flow altered the city’s demographic balance as African Americans, some directly from the rural South and many transplants from other Northern industrial cities participated in the rich possibilities for employment in Milwaukee’s “metal-bending” industries. Milwaukee’s encounter with the Great Migration came later than other Northern cities such as Chicago and Detroit. At that same time, deindustrialization ate slowly at those same industrial jobs that made Milwaukee such a livable city. In the process of adjusting spatially to thousands of newcomers, large sections of formerly German-American neighborhoods north and northwest of the CBD were transformed from white to black districts. Racial tensions mounted with a population having only the weakest of experiences in living with a bi-racial population. Sizable relocations of both Caucasians and African Americans took place amid massive job reductions. Caught in transformations was the Catholic Church with its large, sophisticated network of local parishes and schools. Over several decades, the Church hierarchy strove to retain its presence and influence in these transitional neighborhoods, in particular pits presence through the old network of parochial schools. Ultimately, congregational statistics required difficult decisions, leading to parish closings and land sales.
Iron-Stress in Tomato ( Lycopersicum esculentum cv. Rutgers) Results in Increased Iron Reduction on the Root Plasma Membrane

Roots of tomato plants were grown for 21 days in complete hydroponic nutrient solution including Fe3+-chelate EDDHA and subsequently switched to nutrient solution withholding Fe for 4 to 5 days to induce iron stress. The iron-stressed plants reduced chelated Fe (measured as ferrozine complex) at rates 7-fold higher than those of roots of plants grown in Fe-sufficient conditions. The response in Fe-deficient plants was localized to root hairs which developed on secondary roots during the period of Fe stress.
Measuring the Domain of Mediating Hierarchy: How Contestable are US Public Corporations?

Recent scholarship by Blair & Stout has suggested that a "mediating hierarchy" version of a team production model can explain enduring features of corporate law that cannot easily be explained by agency theory. This article argues and reviews data demonstrating that "mediating hierarchy" (1) clearly does not describe a significant number of public companies, which are either manager-dominated or controlled by a single shareholder; (2) probably does not describe companies subject to the market for corporate control, which remains vigorous (notwithstanding the "poison pill"); but (3) may describe those public companies with both active "outsider" boards and a set of governance terms that delay takeovers sufficiently to dampen the effect of the market for corporate control, as well as close corporations that credibly commit to becoming such public companies. The article concludes with a review of significant, unanswered empirical questions bearing on the domain of mediating heirarchy in corporate law and on corporate governance more generally.
Broken Promises: Reading Instruction in Twentieth‐Century America

m One of the most important developments in the social sciences in recent years has been the growing awareness that prevailing theories may reflect the legitimizing philosophies of dominant groups. The critical approach to social science theory seeks to discover the ways in which theory and practice serve the interests of groups that dominate the state apparatus, including education. This is nowhere more evident than in language studies, where the interests of the state and those of minority language groups are often directly contradictory. What is disturbing is that the field of ESL has been remarkably free from such critical analysis. For instance, most ESL practitioners accept the view that learning English is a path to economic and social advancement, rather than a barrier to groups who often have no realistic opportunity to become fluent in English. Thus most second language acquisition (SLA) theories emphasize psychological and social-psychological factors such as motivation, while ignoring the links between language learning and power and dominance. With few exceptions (such as Fairclough, in press), work in ESL/SLA ignores questions such as: Who benefits when minority language groups are required to learn English for employment? What are the consequences of the belief that a single language is more effective than several languages for national communication? How does ESL serve to block the access of large numbers of people to economic resources and political power? Given the failure of ESL/SLA to confront such questions, it is not surprising that ESL is often seen by members of minority language groups as an agent of sociopolitical domination. Although no ESL book deals with these questions, a new book in a closely related field-reading instruction-offers ESL specialists a valuable window into critical analysis. Patrick Shannon's Broken Promises: Reading Instruction in Twentieth-Century America
First and second order Markov posterior probabilities on multiple time-course data sets

Development of models that explain relationships between changes in gene products often involve multiple replications of transcript abundance measurements across time courses. This paper develops a composite probabilistic analysis using a next-state paradigm. We not only consider the usual first-order Markov (next time step) setting but we also introduce a combined first-order and second-order Markov process which allows modeling of downstream relationships that show a one or two point time lag response. This is especially important to identify transcripts which change as a result of changes in earlier transcriptional events. As well, composite replicate next-state models are developed separately for independently and hierarchically related replications. Our Bayesian models produce rigorous posterior probabilities of relationships between genes. Multiple and varied simulations are conducted to verify the utility of our next-state composite models. We also make important practical biological inferences about transcriptional signaling networks in roots. These Bayesian methods are applied to an experimentally generated data set to validate our methods and to correlate the results from this analysis with other coexpression relationships predicted by other algorithms. This experimental data set examined the changes in transcript abundance in the roots of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, whose synthesis was induced by a hormone. This modeling identified novel relationships and those predicated by other methods, both of which can be experimentally tested.
Lossless and near-lossless compression of ECG signals

We present a linear transformation algorithm (LTA), which is based on a new transformation, linear order transformation (LOT). Experimental results show that the LTA yields comparable results to the Burrows-Wheeler algorithm (BWA) and outperforms the Gzip, and shorten waveform coder for near-lossless ECG compression; for lossless ECG compression it yields better compression than all the other techniques.
Electric field-induced softening of alkali silicate glasses

Motivated by the advantages of two-electrode flash sintering over normal sintering, we have investigated the effect of an external electric field on the viscosity of glass. The results show remarkable electric field-induced softening (EFIS), as application of DC field significantly lowers the softening temperature of glass. To establish the origin of EFIS, the effect is compared for single vs. mixed-alkali silicate glasses with fixed mole percentage of the alkali ions such that the mobility of alkali ions is greatly reduced while the basic network structure does not change much. The sodium silicate and lithium-sodium mixed alkali silicate glasses were tested mechanically in situ under compression in external electric field ranging from 0 to 250 V/cm in specially designed equipment. A comparison of data for different compositions indicates a complex mechanical response, which is observed as field-induced viscous flow due to a combination of Joule heating, electrolysis and dielectric breakdown.
A flexible rapid-prototyping system for digital-controlled high power converters

Although digital controllers offer an obvious benefit to power electronic designers they are far from perfect. In some cases moving from an analog to digital controller just trades one set of design problems for another. Fixed-point controllers require work on the front end to determine scaling factors, and if the right debug tools are not available, then information about the system can be hidden from the designer. In this paper we illustrate a system for using a MATLAB target PC in a closed-loop as a controller for a power electronics circuit. The key piece is our power interface board, which uses an FPGA to pass data from the power system to MATLAB's controller, and then from MATLAB back to the converter. We demonstrates the unparalleled ease with which controllers can be developed using this system and will give examples of the complex systems it is capable of producing
Intermolecular vibrational motion in CS2 liquid at 165 ⩽ T⩾ 300 K observed by femtosecond time-resolved impulsive stimulated scattering

Abstract Temperature-dependent molecular dynamics of CS 2 liquid are examined in femtosecond time-resolved impulsive stimulated scattering experiments. At temperatures T ⩽ 240 K, weakly oscillatory time-dependent responses are observed. These are interpreted in terms of librations of molecules about their local potential minima. The librations undergo rapid inhomogeneous dephasing. Temperature-dependent values of the configuration-averaged librational frequency and the extent of inhomogeneity in that frequency are determined.
The Influence of Tone, Target, and Issue Ownership on Political Advertising Effects in Primary Versus General Elections

The conventional wisdom in the literature about political advertising effects—e.g., going negative risks backlash, stick to issues your party owns—has been derived from studies of general elections. Much less attention has been paid to primary elections, in which a partisan audience may be receptive to attacks on the opposing party and may judge most issues to be handled better by their own party. This experiment (N = 223) sets out to investigate the roles of tone (positive versus comparative), target (none, primary opponent, or general election opponent), and issue ownership (party-owned issue or unowned issue) in responses to political advertising during primary versus general elections. As predicted, partisans in primary election conditions had lower ad and sponsoring candidate evaluations for comparative ads attacking a primary opponent than for positive ads or comparative ads attacking the eventual general election opponent, but there were no differences between the latter two. Independents in the ge...
Roads and wheels

Pelo eixo 'x' do plano cartesiano, podemos obter a tragetoria de uma figura geometrica que desliza pelo eixo 'x', atraves de um ponto fixo nesta figura. Esta demonstracao apresenta oito exemplos de figuras geometricas rolando no eixo 'x'
Endocrine Effects of the Mammalian Pineal

The current status of knowledge concerning the mammalian pineal's endocrine effects and the possible mechanisms for their mediation is reviewed and discussed. The diversity, physiological relations, and variability of the pineal's peripheral effects, and the constancy, rapidity, and homeostatic nature of its central and behavioral effects are consistent with the view that the pineal's primary action is on brain tissue. It remains probable that on a seasonal basis, the pineal's vegetative and homeostatic effects may contribute to the adaptive physiological changes in particular mammalian species under the influence of changes in photoperiod and possibly other environmental factors.
Matching large color differences with achromatic and chromatic surrounds

A color-difference-matching experiment was carried out using a computer-interfaced video-display system. Two reference color stimuli (i) and (j), and one test stimulus (i,j) surrounded by a large achromatic or chromatic stimulus were presented on the video screen. An observer was asked to adjust the test stimulus until he perceived it to have a color precisely “half way” between the colors of the given reference stimuli. A satisfactory half-way color was the one that produced perceptually equal color differences between (i) and (i,j) and (j) and (i,j) and simultaneously made these color differences as small as possible. Although the given color difference between the test stimuli (i) and (j) was generally quite large (100–200 just-perceptible color-difference steps) with the achromatic surround condition, the color-difference matching required to obtain the desired half-way color did not present any serious difficulties to the observer. The uncertainty of the chromaticity point of the half-way color was established by an ellipse of small to moderate size surrounding the mean chromaticity setting. The orientation and shape of the uncertainty ellipse was comparable with the orientation and shape of uncertainty ellipses obtained by other investigators studying color-difference matching involving much smaller color differences. The unexpected and noteworthy result of the present study lies in the location of the chromaticity point of (i,j) relative to those of (i) and (j) as a function of surround color. The location of (i,j) depends on the saturation of the surround stimulus but not its hue. Some speculative explanations of the observed results are offered.
The Impact of the Centralized Structuring of Logistics Activities on Span of Control, Formalization and Performance

The centralized structuring (or consolidation) of logistics activities within the firm is shown to have a major impact on (1) the total number of activities that are the direct responsibility of logistics, (2) formalization, and (3) the capability of the logistics system to accommodate certain channel activities. In particular, centralized structuring enhances the accommodation of product introduction, phaseout and recall in functional firms, and the customization of service levels to specific segments or customers in divisional firms.
Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on the activity and content of fatty acid synthetase in mouse liver.

Abstract When mice, previously fed a standard laboratory mouse chow diet, were fed a high carbohydrate (50% glucose) diet containing 15% (w/w) hydrogenated cottonseed oil, the activity of hepatic fatty acid synthetase per mg cytosolic protein increased approximately 3-fold over an 11-day period. However, when mice were placed on an isocaloric diet containing 15% (w/w) corn oil, the specific activity of the enzyme did not increase above the chow-fed levels. Using antibody prepared against pure mouse liver fatty acid synthetase, we showed that the increase in the specific activity of fatty acid synthetase in the hydrogenated cottonseed oil-fed animals resulted from an elevation in the hepatic content of the enzyme. This increase was a result of (a) an increase in the rate of synthesis of the enzyme relative to that of total protein and (b) a decrease in the enzyme's degradative rate, when compared to these parameters measured in the livers of the corn oil-fed animals. Furthermore, these dietary-induced changes in enzyme specific activity were not accompanied by changes in the catalytic efficiency of fatty acid synthetase; since both hydrogenated cottonseed oil-fed and corn oil-fed animals showed identical immunoequivalences and contained similar amounts of immunoprecipitable 3H-labeled enzyme protein per unit enzyme activity (in mice pulse-labeled with [3H]leucine). The results of experiments in which we administered pure fatty acids (oleic (cis-Δ9-18:1), ricinoleic (12-hydroxy-cis-Δ9-18:1), Iinoleic (cis, cis-Δ9,12-18:2), α-linoleic (cis, cis, cis-Δ9,12,15-18:3), columbinic (trans, cis, cis-Δ5,9,12-18:3) and arachidonic (all-cis-Δ5,8,11,14-20:4)) to mice maintained on a 50% glucose diet suggested that the ability of a fatty acid to inhibit hepatic fatty acid synthetase activity and to prevent an increase in hepatic fatty acid synthetase protein was related to the degree and position of unsaturation of the fatty acid administered and not to the ability of the fatty acid to act as prostaglandin precursor. Those 18-carbon fatty acids which possessed a double bond at positions Δ9,12 (linoleic, columbinic and α-linolenic) were the most effective at inhibiting hepatic fatty acid synthetase activity and in preventing an increase in enzyme content.
Diffusion, convection and chemical reaction in a channel

Abstract For laminar flow between a flat conduit exact solutions of the problem of steady-state diffusion and convection are presented for constant wall concentration, constant flux across the wall and a heterogeneous chemical reaction of the first order. The initial conditions were considered to be arbitrary functions of the coordinate across the channel. The same was performed for the cases of simultaneous diffusion, convection and homogeneous chemical reaction for constant wall concentration and heterogeneous chemical reaction. The eigenvalues are presented in tables and the eigenfunctions are presented in analytical form, which contains the confluent hypergeometric function.
On the Destiny of Biology

University of Kentucky We are witnessing today a remarkable and astonishing phenomenon in the biological sciences. On one hand, there is the loss of faith among some biologists in their ability to solve the fundamental problems of their field; and, on the other hand, their belief that these problems will be solved by workers trained outside the biological sciences. In this these biologists find themselves in agreement with scientists from other disciplines who are also convinced that if they would take time from their own pressing work, whether this be physics, chemistry, mathematics, or engineering and apply their methods of approach to biological problems, that these problems would be reduced to manageable proportions in short order. Thus, one finds feelings of discouragement and inadequacy among biologists who have made substantial contributions to their
Making sense of India's spatial plan-making practice: Enduring approach or emergent variations?

India's Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) mandated “participation” while sponsoring the development plans for 63 select cities. Whom did the planners identify and engage as “stakeholders” in so many different places responding to the same national goals and requirements? We evaluate the reports and accounts of participation within the plan documents in order to compare variations in India's plan-making practice. We classify the plan-making efforts by interpreting the variation in relation to evidence about who the planners involved and using which methods, and to what extent. Grounding the investigation in the literature of post-independence spatial planning uncovers meaningful variations from the elite driven centralized planning model, including the emergent involvement of local actors. The paper concludes with an exploration of the future implications associated with this type of transformation for practice-oriented research in urban India and other developing contexts.
From literary output to literary criticism: Discovering Shaw's rhetoric

Research on changes in Shaw's rhetoric inMrs. Warren's Profession, Major Barbara, andHeartbreak House led me to a heuristic for gaining literary critical control over computer output. This essay describes the eleven-step process: stepping away from the data, stating first premises, developing a working hypothesis, classifying computer-sorted data, marking implicit literary sub-structures, collecting sub-structural data into tables, applying earlier statistical observations, choosing parts for detailed analysis, designing a visual method for representing the analysis, presenting segment by segment analysis of the selected data, and making larger descriptive generalizations. While describing this heuristic, the essay also reports on the Shaw research.
Voting and the Social Environment

This article develops a model of voting. A central tenet of this piece is that voting is a simple decision for most voters, and thus should be modeled simply. Working within the Kelley (1983) framework, I argue that to improve existing explanations of voting, we need to take account of the voter's social environment, that is, the views of friends and family. This new model better captures the process through which the voter decides and increases the explanatory power of the Kelley model. My model predicts 90.9% of the votes correctly—a 6.4% increase over the Kelley approach. The Center for Political Studies (CPS), however, only asked the appropriate questions in 1952. The lack of data shows the failure of students of voting to include the immediate social environment in their models.
Breast Cancer Staging: Working With the Sixth Edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual†

The sixth edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual contains some of the most extensive and significant revisions that have ever been made in the breast cancer staging system. The principal changes are related to the size, number, location, and method of detection of regional metastases to the lymph nodes. Some changes are related to the growing use of new technology (eg, sentinel lymph node biopsy, immunohistochemical staining, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction), whereas others are amendments of prior staging criteria, reflecting recent clinical evidence or widespread clinical consensus. Available data did not support the addition of new prognostic indicators such as histologic tumor grade to the tumor-node-metastasis system at this time. Future developments in determining breast cancer prognosis will most likely incorporate new approaches to identifying the genetic fingerprint of individual tumors.
Substorm warnings: An ISEE‐3 real time data system

The use of solar wind measurements made by ISEE-3 in its halo orbit around the L1 libration point to predict the onsets of magnetospheric substorms and geomagnetic storms is discussed. Consideration is given to the limitations on the predictive ability of the satellite measurements set by the bulk solar wind velocity, the elliptical orbit of the satellite and the correlation lengths of the magnetic field and the solar wind plasma. The ISEE-3 real-time data system is presented, with attention given to the ground receiving stations, the NASCOM communications system, the Multisatellite Operations Control Center and Information Processing Division at the Goddard Space Flight Center, the link between Goddard and the NOAA Space Environmental Services Center, and the NOAA Space Environment Laboratory data acquisition and display data system, which includes displays allowing storm forecasts. It is noted that the entire system should be operational by March, 1980.
Contribution of motoneuron intrinsic properties to fictive motor pattern generation

Previously, we reported a canonical ensemble model of the heart motoneurons that underlie heartbeat in the medicinal leech. The model motoneurons contained a minimal set of electrical intrinsic properties and received a synaptic input pattern based on measurements performed in the living system. Although the model captured the synchronous and peristaltic motor patterns observed in the living system, it did not match quantitatively the motor output observed. Because the model motoneurons had minimal intrinsic electrical properties, the mismatch between model and living system suggests a role for additional intrinsic properties in generating the motor pattern. We used the dynamic clamp to test this hypothesis. We introduced the same segmental input pattern used in the model to motoneurons isolated pharmacologically from their endogenous input in the living system. We show that, although the segmental input pattern determines the segmental phasing differences observed in motoneurons, the intrinsic properties of the motoneurons play an important role in determining their phasing, particularly when receiving the synchronous input pattern. We then used trapezoidal input waveforms to show that the intrinsic properties present in the living system promote phase advances compared with our model motoneurons. Electrical coupling between heart motoneurons also plays a role in shaping motoneuron output by synchronizing the activity of the motoneurons within a segment. These experiments provide a direct assessment of how motoneuron intrinsic properties interact with their premotor pattern of synaptic drive to produce rhythmic output.
Loss of the AE3 anion exchanger in a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy model causes rapid decompensation and heart failure

Abstract The AE3 Cl − /HCO 3 − exchanger is abundantly expressed in the sarcolemma of cardiomyocytes, where it mediates Cl − -uptake and HCO 3 − -extrusion. Inhibition of AE3-mediated Cl − /HCO 3 − exchange has been suggested to protect against cardiac hypertrophy; however, other studies indicate that AE3 might be necessary for optimal cardiac function. To test these hypotheses we crossed AE3-null mice, which appear phenotypically normal, with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mouse model carrying a Glu180Gly mutation in α-tropomyosin (TM180). Loss of AE3 had no effect on hypertrophy; however, survival of TM180/AE3 double mutants was sharply reduced compared with TM180 single mutants. Analysis of cardiac performance revealed impaired cardiac function in TM180 and TM180/AE3 mutants. TM180/AE3 double mutants were more severely affected and exhibited little response to β-adrenergic stimulation, a likely consequence of their more rapid progression to heart failure. Increased expression of calmodulin-dependent kinase II and protein phosphatase 1 and differences in methylation and localization of protein phosphatase 2A were observed, but were similar in single and double mutants. Phosphorylation of phospholamban on Ser16 was sharply increased in both single and double mutants relative to wild-type hearts under basal conditions, leading to reduced reserve capacity for β-adrenergic stimulation of phospholamban phosphorylation. Imaging analysis of isolated myocytes revealed reductions in amplitude and decay of Ca 2+ transients in both mutants, with greater reductions in TM180/AE3 mutants, consistent with the greater severity of their heart failure phenotype. Thus, in the TM180 cardiomyopathy model, loss of AE3 had no apparent anti-hypertrophic effect and led to more rapid decompensation and heart failure.
Do drug interaction alerts between a chemotherapy order-entry system and an electronic medical record affect clinician behavior?

Introduction: We developed an enhancement to a chemotherapy order-entry system that alerted prescribers to potential drug interactions between patients’ usual outpatient medications and those prescribed for onsite cancer treatment. This report summarizes the interactions and analyzes the impact of alerts on clinician behavior. Methods: We studied electronic orders created from November 2010 to December 2011 by oncology clinicians at two comprehensive cancer centers who shared a chemotherapy order-entry system and an ambulatory electronic medical record.Theenhancementgeneratedanalertifanewchemotherapysystemorder foranantineoplastic agentorsupportive care medication interacted with an existing medication in the ambulatory record, and tracked prescribers’ responses. Results: New chemotherapy system orders triggered 29,592 drug interaction alerts. New orders for antineoplastic agents accounted for 495 (32.6%) of 1518 high- and medium-severity alerts. Interactions with antibiotics accounted for the majority of these alerts. New chemotherapy system orders for antiemetics triggered 352 (23.2%) alerts and more than two-thirds were attributed to interactions with analgesic opioids. High- and medium-severity alerts changed prescriber behavior in 224 (14.8%) occurrences, including potentially fatal interactions between meperidine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Clinicians who overrode alerts indicated that they would monitor the patient (54.6%), the patient already tolerated the combination (24.5%), and they would adjust the dose (15.1%). Conclusion: Cancer patients are at risk of serious interactions between medications ordered for cancer care and those provided for general medical care. Organizations and order-entry applications should develop countermeasures to identify and prevent potentially serious drug interactions.
Ten to fourteen residue peptides of Alzheimer's disease protein are sufficient for amyloid fibril formation and its characteristic xray diffraction pattern

The molecular basis of fibril formation in Alzheimers disease was explored by electron micrographic and x-ray diffraction analysis of a series of synthetic peptides corresponding to portions of the amino acid sequence of beta protein and that of its putative precursor. A minimum 14 residue peptide was identified that formed typical amyloid fibrils under physiological conditions. Of these 14 residues, 10 were sufficient to give an identical 4.76 A and 10.6 A diffraction pattern as that recently described for isolated neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaque cores and leptomeningeal amyloid fibrils.