cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Don't hyperventilate over triage respiratory rates.

Are triage respiratory rates inaccurate? Absolutely. In this month’s Annals, Bianchi et al compared standard nurserecorded triage respiratory rates with those measured by a research assistant during 60 seconds and those obtained by a commercial respiratory rate sensor (BioHarness; Zephyr Technology, Corp, Annapolis, MD). Tachypnea ( 20 breaths/ min) was missed 77% of the time. This statistic is alarming because emergency physicians fundamentally rely on triage vital signs to help assess their patients. With tachypnea being missed three fourths of the time, we must be receiving false reassurance for substantial numbers of patients. Tachypnea is an integral diagnostic element of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and a key component of pneumonia scores (eg, Pneumonia Severity Index, CURB 65); accordingly, erroneous triage respiratory rates should result in misclassifications of patients. Is there any evidence this is really a problem? During your last shift, how many patients were harmed because their triage respiratory rate was inaccurate? Bianchi et al concluded that the solution is to change how respiratory rate is measured, perhaps by using the BioHarness device routinely at triage. This would be a time-consuming and expensive change for every emergency department (ED). But perhaps it must be done for the sake of accuracy. Let’s critically examine what we already know about respiratory rates, examine the implications of these new data, and then try to make sense of this conundrum. Taking vital signs is a standard prelude to every ED visit and essentially all health care encounters. There is little dispute that respiratory rate is the least objective vital sign. Bianchi et al demonstrated that routine triage assessments do not agree with measurements taken during a full minute (as recommended by the World Health Organization). Previous ED studies reported similar results. Indeed, the interrater reliability of measuring respiratory rates during a full minute is also poor, although this criterion standard has not been questioned. It is widely assumed that triage nurses often estimate respiratory rates rather than formally counting respirations for 15 seconds and multiplying by 4. Recorded values such as 14 or 18 breaths/min, which are indivisible by 4, support this contention. Bianchi et al reported that triage nurses most commonly record rates of 16 to 18 breaths/min, which seems consistent with anecdotal observations elsewhere. d
An experimental study on redundancy resolution scheme of postural configuration in human arm reaching with an elbow joint kinematic constraint

This paper studies the redundancy resolution strategy of the central nervous system (CNS) in selecting an arm posture during reaching motions. Based on the assumption that such governing rules are preserved against any joint constraint condition, an elbow joint DOF was fixed during the experiments with a light weight elbow brace. Two different coordinate systems are defined to interpret kinematics and dynamics of motion in a task-oriented space and an internal body space. The kinematic and dynamic contributions of the internal body frame on the task frame, is quantified by mappings. The experimental results show that the core principle of the CNS to determine the arm posture is to minimize the kinetic energy cost.
Information behavior in dynamic group work contexts: interwoven situational awareness, dense social networks and contested collaboration in command and control

Abstract In many dynamic work situations, no single individual can acquire the varied and often rapidly expanding information needed for success. Individuals must work together to collect, analyze, synthesize and disseminate information throughout the work process. Perhaps one of the most dynamic work contexts is command and control in the military at the battalion level which directs 300 to 1000 soldiers on the battlefield. This paper reports on a study that explores human information behavior in command and control (C2). Data was gathered from simulated battle exercises, interviews with experienced C2 personnel and documentation on C2. During data analysis, three important themes that highlight the why, what, how and consequences of information behavior in C2 emerged. The first is the concept of interwoven situational awareness consisting of individual, intragroup and intergroup shared understanding of the situation. Interwoven situational awareness appears to facilitate response to dynamic, constraint-bound situations. The second theme describes the need for dense social networks or frequent communication between participants about the work context and situation, the work process and domain-specific information. The third theme is called ‘contested collaboration’, a phenomenon where team members maintain an outward stance of cooperation but work to further their own interests, at times sabotaging the collaborative effort. These results provide insights to the complex nature of human information behavior in dynamic and complex work contexts and lead to recommendations for training and further research.
Evaluating the Treatment Manual as a Means of Disseminating Empirically Validated Psychotherapies

Psychotherapy manuals evolved from the needs of researchers and are rapidly becoming a major medium for disseminating empirically validated treatments. For manuals to provide an effective means of dissemination, specific issues must be considered, including (a) efficacy and practitioner adherence in research versus clinical practice; (b) the difference between rule-governed adherence to a treatment manual and flexible, integrative practice; and (c) the desired structure and content of treatment manuals. Studies should compare the process and outcome of manual-based treatments in experimental versus clinical settings, and the effects of alternative forms of manual-based training. Systematic description of common factors and clinical strategies can also help to disseminate the effective elements of a treatment.
Left-sided pleural effusion secondary to splenic vein thrombosis. A previously unrecognized relationship.

The association of left-sided pleural effusion and subcapsular splenic hematoma was reported in 1980. We describe a patient in whom a left-sided pleural effusion resulted from splenic vein thrombosis, a relationship not previously reported. Splenectomy was performed, demonstrating the spleen to be enlarged and hemorrhagic. The pleural effusion did not recur after splenectomy. The three effusions due to splenic hematomas reported previously cleared only after splenectomy, suggesting splenectomy may be necessary to prevent reaccumulation. We propose possible pathophysiologic mechanisms and recommend that splenic vein thrombosis be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained left-sided pleural effusions. (Chest 1991; 100:574-75)
Consultants in the Classroom: Student/Teacher Collaborations in Community History

In the spring of 2011, students in my advanced seminar for history majors at Michigan State University () discovered that nearby Lansing had spent more than a decade fighting over the desegregation of the city’s schools. “I do not think I have ever really thought about who makes up the population of Lansing or how foreign the idea of desegregated schools would be during the time period,” one of them wrote in her class blog, “but it is all becoming much more clear now.” She did not arrive at this conclusion after hearing a lecture or reading a text. She came to it while immersed in the minutes of the Lansing School Board (“I am addicted to school board minutes”), which chronicled a divisive and emotional struggle from the mid-1960s through the late 1970s by the city to shape the direction of its schools, a struggle highlighted by a special election that replaced the board’s busing proponents with opponents of busing and by a series of losing court battles with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People () that went all the way to the Supreme Court. The struggle over busing and desegregation is an important chapter in the nation’s history of civil rights that college students can study in the conventional way, through a course of lectures, readings, and writing assignments. The students in my seminar entered the story from a different door, however, by conducting research and preparing work product in a community setting. Public historians are familiar with this approach to research; project-centered study is a staple of public history course design. What made this experience different was that the instructor had had no formal training in public history, the students’ projects originated outside rather than inside the classroom, the course was not explicitly or formally one on public history, and the method of instruction put the teacher in the role of consultant rather than professor. The common denominator in these experiences was the audience-driven nature of the course work, like that of a consultant’s work.
Quiet eye and the Bereitschaftspotential: visuomotor mechanisms of expert motor performance

Concurrent exploration of the Bereitschaftspotential (BP) and quiet eye period (QE) was implemented to assess potential mechanisms underlying psychomotor skills that differentiate expert and near-expert performers. Twenty golfers were classified by their USGA handicap rating as either a high handicap (HH; near-expert) or low handicap (LH; expert) to permit skill-based inferences. Participants completed 90 trials during which QE duration, BP activity, and putting performance were recorded. The application of single-subject analyses illustrated that LH golfers were more accurate and less variable in their performance than the HH group. Systematic differences in QE duration and BP were also observed, with experts exhibiting a prolonged quiet eye period and greater cortical activation in the right-central region compared with non-experts. A significant association between cortical activation and QE duration was also noted. The results of this investigation lend support to the motor programming/preparation function of the QE period. Practical and theoretical implications are presented and suggestions for future empirical work provided.
THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA DOSE RESPONSE ON INFARCT SIZE IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION USING ENDOVASCULAR COOLING AND REWARMING

Hypothermia treatment can provide substantial cardiac protection after ischemic insult and before reperfusion. However, there is insufficient data on the relationship between myocardial salvage and degree of cooling. We evaluated the effect of mild hypothermia dose on reduction of acute infarct size
Charge-state dependence of binary-encounter-electron cross sections and peak energies.

The charge-state dependence of the binary-encounter-electron (BEE) double-differential cross section (DDCS) at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with respect to the beam direction resulting from collisions of 1 MeV/amu ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{\mathit{q}+}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{\mathit{q}+}$, ${\mathrm{O}}^{\mathit{q}+}$, ${\mathrm{F}}^{\mathit{q}+}$, ${\mathrm{Si}}^{\mathit{q}+}$, and ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\mathit{q}+}$, and 0.5 MeV/amu ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{\mathit{q}+}$ with ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ is reported. The data show an enhancement in the BEE DDCS as the charge state of the projectile is decreased, in agreement with the data reported by Richard et al. [J. Phys. B 23, L213 (1990)]. The DDCS enhancement ratios observed for the three-electron isoelectronic sequence ${\mathrm{C}}^{3+}$:${\mathrm{C}}^{6+}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{4+}$:${\mathrm{N}}^{7+}$, ${\mathrm{O}}^{5+}$:${\mathrm{O}}^{8+}$, and ${\mathrm{F}}^{6+}$:${\mathrm{F}}^{9+}$ are about 1.35, whereas a DDCS enhancement of 3.5 was observed for ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{4+}$. The BEE enhancement with increasing electrons on the projectile has been shown by several authors to be due to the non-Coulomb static potential of the projectile and additionally to the e-e exchange interaction. An impulse-approximation (IA) model fits the shape of the BEE DDCS and predicts a ${\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{p}}^{2}$ dependence for the bare-ion cross sections. The IA also predicts a binary peak energy that is independent of q and ${\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{p}}$ and below the classical value of 4t, where t is the energy of electrons traveling with the projectile velocity. We observed a BEE energy shift \ensuremath{\Delta}E (\ensuremath{\Delta}E=4t-${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{peak}}$, where ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{peak}}$ is the measured energy at the peak of the binary encounter electrons) that is approximately independent of q for the low-${\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{p}}$ ions, whereas the measured \ensuremath{\Delta}E values for Si, Cl, and Cu were found to be q dependent.
Citizenship Lessons from the Past: The Contours of Immigrant Naturalization in the Early 20th Century*

Objectives. What were the determinants and patterns of naturalization in the first two decades of the 20th century? Low levels of citizenship acquisition among contemporary immigrants are frequently contrasted to the assumed rapid naturalization of prior European migrants, but in truth we know little about the earlier period. Historic data are well suited to investigate four explanations for naturalization: individuals' resources and skills; regulatory and bureaucratic barriers to citizenship; relative costs and benefits of citizenship; and the degree of political mobilization directed to immigrants. Methods. I use U.S. Census microfile data to run logistic regression models, and documentary material to examine the contours of immigrant naturalization in the early 20th century. Results. I find that while individual attributes matter, place of residence could be even more important; in 1900, where an immigrant lived influenced naturalization more than birthplace, ability to speak English, or literacy. Residence effects seem linked to a state's relative openness to immigration and local political mobilization. Over time, however, residence effects attenuate as the 1906 Naturalization Act and establishment of a federal naturalization bureaucracy appear to make citizenship patterns more uniform across the country. Conclusions. These findings suggest that historic and contemporary explanations of immigrants' naturalization should focus as much on the context of reception as the presumed quality of immigrants.
Differential cross-section surfaces for low-energy scattering of electrons and positrons from rare-gas atoms

The differential cross sections for scattering of electrons and positrons from He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe at projectile energies below the inelastic thresholds are calculated using a model potential approach in which the interaction between the projectile and the target atom is partitioned into static, exchange (for electrons), and correlation-polarization parts. Two different forms of the parameter-free correlation-polarization potential are suggested; in both cases the correlation-polarization potential is determined by smoothly matching the asymptotic form of the polarization potential (∼1/r4) to the correlation potential at the outermost orbital radius of the target atom. The results of angular distributions are presented in the form of contours of constant differential cross sections as well as in the form of differential cross section surfaces in three-dimensional plots. Both of these presentations display the locations of the principal maxima and minima of the differential cross sections as well as the critical points in a very useful manner.
Electron transfer to buckminster-fullerenes and functionalized fullerene derivatives in aqueous and protic media, as studied by radiolytic techniques

The primary radical products, namely C60 *− and C70 *− which were formed by reactions with either the solvated electrons or (CH3)2 *C(OH) radicals exhibit distinct absorption bands in the near-IR. Reaction of a water-soluble C60/γ-cyclodextrin complex with α-hydroxyalkyl radicals and hydrated electrons also involves electron transfer, as indicated by the dependence of the rate constants on the redox potential of the reducing species. Pulse radiolysis of micellar C60 solutions in BRIJ 35 and Triton X-100, on the other, exhibited electron transfer from various reducing radicals to the fullerence core. Water soluble fullerence mono-derivatives, e.g. C60[C(COO− 2]2 (1) and C60(C9H11O2)(COO−) (2) did not show any noticeable reactivity towards strongly reducing species which can be ascribed to the formation of clusters in which the hydrophobic fullerence core is shielded by a surrounding layer of negatively charged carboxylate functions. Upon incorporation into γ-cyclodextrin the reduction of 1 and 2 occurs rapidly as indicated by both an accelerated decay of the hydrated electron absorption and the formation of the characteristic near-IR absorption due to (C60 *−[C(COO−)/γ-CD and (C60 *−) (C9H11O2)(COO−)/γ-CD at 1030 nm. The all-equatorial bis- and tris-adducts, e.g. equatorial-C60[C(COO−)2]2 and equatorial-C60[C(COO−)2]3, did not show any evidence with respect to the occurrence of aggregation phenomena and yielded the respective radical anions equatorial-(C60 *−) [C(COO−)2]n in high yields.
A .699-approximation algorithm for Max-Bisection

We present a .699-approximation algorithm for Max-Bisection, i.e., partitioning the nodes of a weighted graph into two blocks of equal cardinality so as to maximize the weights of crossing edges. This is an improved result from the .651-approximation algorithm of Frieze and Jerrum and the semidefinite programming relaxation of Goemans and Williamson.
An Experiential View of Change in Couples Therapy

SUMMARY Research has supported Carl Rogers' 1957 hypothesis that the therapeutic relationship and the self-directed growth capacity of the client are what make therapy work. Therapeutic expertise and the use of techniques are irrelevant. I argue that it is the “active client” (or couple) who is really the therapist and that therapists are merely resource providers. The resources they provide allow couples to make their own experiential self-discoveries and find solutions to their own problems. Experiencing is presented as transcending the typical dichotomy between cognition and affect. The experiential presence of the therapist as a person is a particularly important resource for couples. A case example is given.
Synthesis and characterization of leather impregnated with bismaleimide (BMI)-Jeffamine® resins

Leather/polymer composites were prepared by impregnating chrome-tanned cattlehide with a solution containing 1,1′-(methylenedi-4,1-phenylene)bismaleimide and Jeffamine® D-230. The mechanical properties in tension, glass transition temperatures, dynamic storage moduli, and moisture absorption of the composites were measured. Impregnated samples showed significant changes in tensile properties, such as the Young's modulus and strain at break, when compared with chrome-tanned cattlehide. In addition, impact energy increased significantly upon formation of the leather/polymer composite over that of the bismaleimide–Jeffamine® resin itself. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 1019–1027, 1998
Real-space quantum renormalization groups.

Although originally thought to show great promise in solving quantum many-body problems on a lattice, numerical real-space renormalization-group techniques have had little success for such problems. We explore the nature of the difficulties involved by studying the applicaton of the method to the simple tight-binding model in one dimension. The standard approach fails dramatically for this model. We show that the key to successfully applying the renormalization-group technique lies in applying a variety of boundary conditions to a block in order to simulate the effect of neighboring blocks.
Therapy of leukocytoclastic (necrotizing) cutaneous vasculitis

: There are multiple therapeutic options for cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis. The choice of the proper therapy is made more difficult by a variety of competing classification systems, and by a paucity of adequate clinical trials to assess efficacy of the most commonly used therapies. This article outlines an approach to therapy based on the diagnosis, the type of cutaneous involvement, the presence or absence of extracutaneous findings, and the known risks and benefits of currently available therapies for vasculitis.
Designing a robust bleeding detection method for brain CT image analysis

Approximately 7 million people each year in the world suffer from brain injuries caused by motor vehicle accidents, falls, or assaults. Thus, correctly identifying bleeding in the brain is critical to make fast and reliable treatments and diagnostic decisions for proving better cares to brain injury patients. Although it is very challenging to detect bleeding areas in low resolution Computed Tomography (CT) images having complex bleeding patterns, developing an automated detection method can significantly help physicians understand bleeding patterns and determine the severity of brain injuries. In this paper, we propose a fast and robust hybrid method to detect bleeding areas on clinical brain CT images. Specifically, our proposed method follows several steps to segment bleeding areas in brain CT images as eliminating noise, detecting and separating skull regions, applying a combined approach of histogram and a modified global thresholding. By applying our approach to 30 brain CT image, we found the accuracy of 90% in identifying bleeding areas correctly.
Charge expulsion and electric field in superconductors

The theory of hole superconductivity predicts that when a metal goes superconducting negative charge is expelled from its interior towards the surface. As a consequence the superconductor in its ground state is predicted to have a nonhomogeneous charge distribution and an outward pointing electric field in its interior. Here we propose equations to describe the behavior of the charge density and electric field in superconductors, and solve them for a spherical geometry. The magnitude of the predicted interior electric field depends on superconducting parameters such as the condensation energy and the London penetration depth and is found to be of order ${10}^{6}\mathrm{V}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}.$ A physical interpretation of the result is given. It is predicted that for small superconducting bodies (compared to the penetration depth) an electric field outside the superconductor should result from this physics. This may explain a recent experimental observation in Nb metal clusters.
Next to leading order structure functions for DIS off a large nucleus

We calculate the structure functions for DIS off a large nucleus at the NLO accuracy in αs using the operator product expansion (OPE) at high energy: we calculate the leading order and next-to-leading order (NLO) coefficient function of the OPE (the photon impact factor) and the evolution equation to the NLO of the relative Wilson lines operators. We obtain for the first time an analytic expression in coordinate space of the NLO photon impact factor.
Macromerine and Normacromerine Biosynthesis in Coryphantha macromeris var. runyonii

The biosynthetic conversion of epinephrine to normacromerine in Coryphantha macromeris (Engelm.) Br. and R. var. runyonii (Br. and R.) L. Benson (Cactaceae) has been studied. Metanephrine, which has been isolated from this cactus and is a normal metabolite of epinephrine in mammalian systems, appeared to be the likely intermediate .between epinephrine and normacromerine. Normacromerine turnover studies suggesteda 16-day interval between metanephrine administration and harvest of the cacti. During this incubation period, the cacti specifically converted 4.77% of the administered dl-7-3H- metanephrine to normacromerine. Based on biochemical precedents, the postulated metabolic fate of normacromerine in the cactus was an enzymatic N-methylation to give macromerine. However, radiolabeled normacromerine was a very inefficient precursor to macromerine.
Mean flow in round bubble plumes

Previous experimental studies are reviewed and those whose data are deemed reliable are identified. New experiments at larger scale are described and the results are reported. These are combined with the reliable previous studies to form a data set covering heights from 3.66 to 50 m and gasflow rates from 0.0002 to 0.59 normal m3/s. These wide-ranging data are combined with an integral theory for bubble plumes to determine functional relationships between local plume properties and the entrainment coefficient and the fraction of the momentum flux that is carried in the turbulent velocity fluctuations. These relationships together with the integral theory provide a set of equations that are suitable for numerical solution for the mean flow properties of any round bubble plume. Examples of the numerical solutions are presented and a comparison of one of these with existing experimental data is given. The relationships between the local plume properties and the entrainment coefficient and the momentum flux carried by the turbulence are interpreted to provide a qualitative understanding of the parameters involved and their influences on the plume.
Monitoring recovery from diaphragm paralysis with ultrasound.

Background Diaphragmatic paralysis is an uncommon, yet underdiagnosed cause of dyspnea. Data regarding the time course and potential for recovery has come from a few small case series. The methods that have been traditionally employed to diagnose diaphragmatic weakness or paralysis are either invasive or limited in sensitivity and specificity. A new technique utilizing two-dimensional, B-mode ultrasound (US) measurements of diaphragm muscle thickening during inspiration (Δtdi%) has been validated in the diagnosis of diaphragm paralysis (DP). The purpose of this study was to assess whether serial US evaluation might be utilized to monitor the potential recovery of diaphragm function. Methods Twenty-one consecutive patients with clinically suspected DP were referred to the pulmonary physiology laboratory. Sixteen patients were found to have DP by US (unilateral, 10 patients; bilateral, 6 patients). Subjects were followed up for up to 60 months. On initial and subsequent visits, Δtdi% was measured by US. Additional measurements included upright and supine vital capacity (VC), maximal inspiratory pressure (Pimax), and maximal expiratory pressure. Results Eleven of 16 patients functionally recovered from DP. The mean (± SD) recovery time was 14.9 ± 6.1 months. No diaphragm thickening was noted in those patients who did not recover. Positive correlations were found between improvement in Δtdi% and interval changes in VC, Pimax, and end-expiratory measurements of diaphragm thickness. Conclusions US may be used to assess for potential functional recovery from diaphragm weakness or DP. As in previous series, recovery occurs in a substantial number of individuals, but recovery time may be prolonged.
Effects of Varying Levels of Vegetable Juice Powder and Incubation Time on Color, Residual Nitrate and Nitrite, Pigment, pH, and Trained Sensory Attributes of Ready‐to‐Eat Uncured Ham

Vegetable juice powder (VJP) and a starter culture containing Staphylococcus carnosus have been identified as necessary ingredients for the manufacture of uncured, no-nitrate/nitrite-added meat products with quality and sensory attributes similar to traditional cured products. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of varying concentrations of VJP and incubation time (MIN-HOLD) on quality characteristics, including lipid oxidation, color, and cured meat pigment concentrations, of ham over a 90-d storage period, compare residual nitrate and nitrite content, and determine if differences exist in sensory properties of finished products. Four ham treatments (TRT) (TRT 1: 0.20% VJP, 0 MIN-HOLD; TRT 2: 0.20% VJP, 120 MIN-HOLD; TRT 3: 0.35% VJP, 0 MIN-HOLD; TRT 4: 0.35% VJP, 120 MIN-HOLD) and a sodium nitrite-added control (C) were used for this study. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed between TRTs and C for CIE L*, a*, b*, and cured color measured by reflectance ratio. Lipid oxidation (TBARS) for combined TRTs and C revealed little change over time while the C had less (P 0.05) were reported for cured pigment concentration between TRTs and C. Trained sensory panel intensity ratings for ham and vegetable aroma, and flavor, color, and firmness showed that a high concentration (0.35%) of VJP resulted in the highest scores for undesirable vegetable aroma and flavor. Treatment combinations with a low concentration (0.20%) of VJP were comparable to the C for all sensory attributes.
CAD Tool for FPGAs with Embedded Hard Cores for Design Space Exploration of Future Architectures

In this work, the goal is to develop a flexible CAD tool by which designers can explore integration of different types of embedded hard cores and interfaces in the FPGA architectures. Our tool takes a RTL design and defined embedded hard cores. The authors have modified VPR for place and route with embedded blocks. We have experimented different modules to be embedded as hard cores on a FPGA device. We also explore the FPGA routing architecture with embedded hard cores by applying uniform and non-uniform routing channels. In many cases, non-uniform channels produce more area-efficient architectures. Our results show that there is a need for a tool for better exploration of design space for FPGAs with embedded hard cores
Studies of mutations in T4 control genes 33 and 55.

Available mutations in transcriptional control genes 33 and 55 of coliphage T4 have been examined. By complementation analysis and map position, 15 mutants (13 in T4D, 2 in T4B) have been shown to lie in gene 33 and 6 (5 in T4D, 1 in T4B) in gene 55. According to patterns of suppression and recombination, these mutants define three distinct amber sites in gene 33 and also three distinct amber sites in gene 55. All of these mutations are true amber mutations, in apparent contrast to some traditional T4 "amber" mutants which grow in su+ E. coli CR63 but not in su- E. coli B because of a strain difference other than the su+ determinant. Evidence is presented that, contrary to previous suggestions (Bolle et al. 1968; Pulitzer and Geiduschek 1970), the gene 33 product is absolutely essential for T4 development.
Characterization of radiation-induced damage in d(TpApCpG).

SummaryThe radiation chemistry of the oligomer d(TpApCpG) X-irradiated in aqueous solution containing glutathione was studied. Four products were isolated by HPLC and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Two of the major products are isomers of a 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine modification of d(TpApCpG). A dihydrothymine modification is also formed. The other major product is a result of strand scission. These products are different from the major products identified previously in a study of d(TpApCpG) X-irradiated in oxygenated solution. The effect of specific radiation-induced lesions on the behaviour of d(TpApCpG) as substrate to a spleen phosphodiesterase-micrococcal nuclease combination of enzymes and to nuclease P1 was studied. These enzymes are of interest because they are used in postlabelling assays of DNA damage.
Rain area delineation by means of multispectral cloud characterization from satellite

Abstract. The identification of precipitation areas by microwave based rain algorithms can be improved by means of cloud classification schemes based on multispectral observations. Several recent studies have demonstrated the potential of cloud microphysical and optical characterization for the improvement of passive microwave rain estimates, especially in detecting likely precipitating pixels over land. The multispectral sensing capabilities of MODIS onboard Aqua are exploited to characterize the cloudy scenario, using a twofold approach: a) an RGB technique to qualitatively identify the different cloud systems on the basis of the combination of radiances measured in three selected channels, and b) a quantitative description of cloud top in terms of optical thickness (τ), effective radius (Re) and top temperature (Tc). The information gathered by the multispectral analysis of the cloud field from MODIS is contrasted with the rain intensity at the ground as derived from the AMSR-E operational algorithm, to assess the statistical relationships between microphysical parameters and the rain intensity for such nearly simultaneous and co-located observations.
Accessing northern California earthquake data via Internet

The Northern California Earthquake Data Center (NCEDC) provides easy access to central and northern California digital earthquake data. It is located at the University of California, Berkeley, and is operated jointly with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in Menlo Park, Calif., and funded by the University of California and the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program. It has been accessible to users in the scientific community through Internet since mid-1992. The data center provides an on-line archive for parametric and waveform data from two regional networks: the Northern California Seismic Network (NCSN) operated by the USGS and the Berkeley Digital Seismic Network (BDSN) operated by the Seismographic Station at the University of California, Berkeley.
Analytical results for Abelian projection

Abstract Analytic methods for Abelian projection are developed, and a number of results related to string tension measurements are obtained. It is proven that even without gauge fixing, Abelian projection yields string tensions of the underlying non-Abelian theory. Strong arguments are given for similar results in the case where gauge fixing is employed. The subgroup used for projection need only contain the center of the gauge group, and need not be Abelian. While gauge fixing is shown to be in principle unnecessary for the success of Abelian projection, it is computationally advantageous for the same reasons that improved operators, e.g., the use of fat links, are advantageous in Wilson loop measurements.
Dual-Earner Couples in Singapore: An Examination of Work and Nonwork Sources of Their Experienced Burnout

Based on data obtained from 95 dual-earner couples in Singapore, the study reported here examined a model of work and nonwork stressors as determinants of burnout. The model was underpinned by a conceptualization of burnout as emanating from the differential social roles performed by men and women within a gender stratified social structure. T-test, path, and moderated multiple regression analyses were used to examine the hypothesized relationships. Three findings were salient. First, wives reported significantly more burnout than husbands. Second, burnout in wives was influenced by both work and nonwork stressors while burnout in husbands was influenced only by work stressors. Third, the effect of job-spouse conflict on burnout in wives was moderated by quality of spouse experience. In general, the model was better able to predict burnout in wives (R = .34) than in husbands (R2 = .16). Limitations of the study, implications of the findings and directions for future studies are discussed.
Genetics and Evolution of Hybrid Male Sterility in House Mice

Comparative genetic mapping provides insights into the evolution of the reproductive barriers that separate closely related species. This approach has been used to document the accumulation of reproductive incompatibilities over time, but has only been applied to a few taxa. House mice offer a powerful system to reconstruct the evolution of reproductive isolation between multiple subspecies pairs. However, studies of the primary reproductive barrier in house mice—hybrid male sterility—have been restricted to a single subspecies pair: Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus. To provide a more complete characterization of reproductive isolation in house mice, we conducted an F2 intercross between wild-derived inbred strains from Mus musculus castaneus and M. m. domesticus. We identified autosomal and X-linked QTL associated with a range of hybrid male sterility phenotypes, including testis weight, sperm density, and sperm morphology. The pseudoautosomal region (PAR) was strongly associated with hybrid sterility phenotypes when heterozygous. We compared QTL found in this cross with QTL identified in a previous F2 intercross between M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus and found three shared autosomal QTL. Most QTL were not shared, demonstrating that the genetic basis of hybrid male sterility largely differs between these closely related subspecies pairs. These results lay the groundwork for identifying genes responsible for the early stages of speciation in house mice.
Design and Analysis of Resource Selection Studies for Categorical Resource Variables

Design and analysis of resource selection studies, where resources, such as habitats, are categorical have been commonly used for the past four decades. These methods have been evaluated, criticized, modified, and extended in the wildlife and statistical science literature. In this paper, we review some of the history of resource selection studies and place these studies in the context of wildlife science. Several variations of resource studies are presented along with historical data sets to illustrate the type of data obtained from some study designs. Common methods of analysis are introduced and compared in the terms of appropriate application to data from the various study designs, underlying assumptions, and hypotheses being tested. Criticisms of several of the methods of analysis are reviewed along with fundamental concerns about resource selection studies from the recent literature. Implications for analysis and interpretation of results are presented along with suggestions for future development. Resource selection studies can provide useful management information but only if the design is sound, analysis is appropriate, and much care is taken in the interpretation of results.
Creativity for the rest of us:Examining status and creativity in a successful safety climate

This research examines how certain dimensions of safety climate influence the creativity of high and low status employees working in 21 outpatient hemodialysis clinics in the United States. Three s...
Differential Effects of an Anti-IL-2 Receptor Antibody on Cytotoxic and Suppressor Cells

Mitogen or antigen activation of resting CD4+ T cells provides a signal for the secretion of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and the development of IL-2 receptors (IL-2Rs) on their surface (1). The released IL-2 stimulates activated CD4+ helper cells in an autocrine fashion and, also exerts a paracrine effect on non-IL-2 secreting cells such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The specific requirement of CD8+ suppressor cells for IL-2 is less clear. We therefore studied the in vitro effects of SA36.6G, an anti-IL-2R monoclonal antibody directed to an epitope on the 55 kD chain of the IL-2R, on allostimulated proliferation, cytotoxic and suppressor cell generation, and the phenotype of activated cells.
Radiosensitivity of the Antigen-Trapping Mechanism and its Relation to the Suppression of Immune Response

Previous radiation recovery studies [1, 2, 3] suggest that reconstitution of the secondary antibody-forming potential (i.e., immunological memory) occurs only in the presence of persisting antigen. These results further demonstrate that the recovery of the secondary antibody-forming potential, if it occurs, is always incomplete.
Reasoning With Causal Cycles

This article assesses how people reason with categories whose features are related in causal cycles. Whereas models based on causal graphical models (CGMs) have enjoyed success modeling category-based judgments as well as a number of other cognitive phenomena, CGMs are only able to represent causal structures that are acyclic. A number of new formalisms that allow cycles are introduced and evaluated. Dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) represent cycles by unfolding them over time. Chain graphs augment CGMs by allowing the presence of undirected links that model feedback relations between variables. Unfolded chain graphs are chain graphs that unfold over time. An existing model of causal cycles (alpha centrality) is also evaluated. Four experiments in which subjects reason about categories with cyclically related features provided evidence against DBNs and alpha centrality and for the two types of chain graphs. Chain graphs-a mechanism for representing the equilibrium distribution of a dynamic system-may thus be good candidates for modeling how people reason causally with complex systems. Applications of chain graphs to areas of cognition other than category-based judgments are discussed.
County-Level Population Economic Status and Medicare Imaging Resource Consumption

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to assess relationships between county-level variation in Medicare beneficiary imaging resource consumption and measures of population economic status. Methods The 2013 CMS Geographic Variation Public Use File was used to identify county-level per capita Medicare fee-for-service imaging utilization and nationally standardized costs to the Medicare program. The County Health Rankings public data set was used to identify county-level measures of population economic status. Regional variation was assessed, and multivariate regressions were performed. Results Imaging events per 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries varied 1.8-fold (range, 2,723-4,843) at the state level and 5.3-fold (range, 1,228-6,455) at the county level. Per capita nationally standardized imaging costs to Medicare varied 4.2-fold (range, $84-$353) at the state level and 14.1-fold (range, $33-$471) at the county level. Within individual states, county-level utilization varied on average 2.0-fold (range, 1.1- to 3.1-fold), and costs varied 2.8-fold (range, 1.1- to 6.4-fold). For both large urban populations and small rural states, Medicare imaging resource consumption was heterogeneously variable at the county level. Adjusting for county-level gender, ethnicity, rural status, and population density, countywide unemployment rates showed strong independent positive associations with Medicare imaging events (β = 26.96) and costs (β = 4.37), whereas uninsured rates showed strong independent positive associations with Medicare imaging costs (β = 2.68). Conclusions Medicare imaging utilization and costs both vary far more at the county than at the state level. Unfavorable measures of county-level population economic status in the non-Medicare population are independently associated with greater Medicare imaging resource consumption. Future efforts to optimize Medicare imaging use should consider the influence of local indigenous socioeconomic factors outside the scope of traditional beneficiary-focused policy initiatives.
Including Nature in Engineering Decisions for Sustainability

This article describes methods and concepts for emulating and including nature’s role in engineering activities, with the expectation that they will contribute to sustainable engineering. Existing nature-inspired methods function at different levels ranging from individual products to large integrated networks. These include methods such as biomimicry and industrial symbiosis that mimic some characteristic property of a natural system but depend on technological improvements for sustainability; ecological engineering and green infrastructure that depend on nature-based solutions as means for sustainability and techno-ecological synergy that integrates technological and ecological systems by adopting a holistic perspective of design.
Differential role of integrin beta 4 in HLA class-I induced endothelial cell activation

Aim The development of anti-donor HLA class I (HLA-I) antibodies following solid organ transplant is associated with acute and chronic rejection and graft failure. Following ligation with antibody, HLA class I molecules form a molecular partnership with integrin β 4 (ITGB4) to transduce activation and proliferative signals in endothelial cells (EC) contributing to rejection. We hypothesize that determination of the domains on the integrin β 4 molecule that interact with HLA-I will provide critical information for the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of chronic rejection. Methods To identify the ITGB4 intracellular domain(s) that associates with HLA-I, we used the ITGB4 full length (Wild Type) construct or deletion mutants that lack the Calx- β , fibronectin type III repeat FNIII 1-4 or connecting segment (CS) domain . These constructs were sub-cloned into an adenovirus-based vector and adenovirus encoding WT or mutants were generated. Endogenous ITGB4 expression was suppressed using siRNA transfection. Primary human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) lacking endogenous ITGB4 were infected with adenovirus and then EC activation was determined by analyzing protein phosphorylation, stress fiber formation, cell migration and proliferation. Results Our results demonstrate that HLA-I binds to ITGB4 via the CS domain. The CS domain is required for the phosphorylation of Src, Paxillin, Akt, ERK1/2 and S6RP. The FNIII 3&4 domains are required for phosphorylating Paxillin, Akt, ERK1/2 and S6RP, but not Src. HLA-I phosphorylates ITGB4 at Tyr1494 and Tyr1526 in a Src dependent manner. Furthermore, deletion of CS, FNIII3&4, Calx- β inhibited HLA-I induced EC stress fiber formation, migration and proliferation. Moreover, HLA-I induces association between ITGB4 and the adaptor protein Shc which depends on CS and FNIII3&4 domains. Suppression of endogenous Shc protein by siRNA inhibited HLA-I induced EC migration, proliferation and phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2 and S6RP, but not Src. Conclusion Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying HLA antibody-induced EC proliferation and migration should enable the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of antibody-mediated chronic transplant rejection.
Agricultural Information Needs of Women Farmers in South-Western Nigeria: Lessons for Effective Extension Delivery

This study determined the specific agricultural information needs of women farmers across the ago-ecological zones of south western Nigeria. A stratified andmulti-stage random sampling technique was adopted in selecting 347 women farmers that were duly registered with the Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) in Ogun, Oyo, Ondo and Delta States. Frequency counts, percentages, chi-square analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used in analyzing the generated data Findings reveal that 43.3% of the respondents are between 41 and 50 years, and that 83.4% are married. Cassava and maize are the major crops grown by the women farmers (100%). Furthermore, findings reveal that women farmers to a “large extent" need information pertaining to improved seeds (64.0%) and cooperative association (57.3%) while 56.8% do not need information on government regulations. Results of inferential statistics indicate that educational level is not significantly related to agricultural information needs (y? =0.35; p > 0.05). Hoyvever, there is a significant relationship between age and womenfarmers agricultural information needs (g2= 16,87, p 0-05). Therefore extension delivery packages to womenfarmers should layparticular emphasis on agricultural information relating to improvedseeds andcooperative associations.
Estimation and control for efficient autonomous drilling through layered materials

Drilling is a repetitive, dangerous and costly process and a strong candidate for automation. We describe a method for autonomously controlling a rotary drilling process as it transitions through multiple materials with very different dynamics. This approach classifies the drilling medium based on real-time measurements and comparison to prior drilling data, and can identify the material type, drilling region, and approximately optimal set-point based on data from as few as one operating condition. The controller uses these set-points as initial conditions, and then conducts an optimal search to maximize performance, e.g. by minimizing mechanical specific energy. The control architecture is described, and the material estimation process is detailed. The results of experiments that implement autonomous drilling through a layered concrete and granite sample are discussed.