cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emergency management of agitation in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a common psychiatric condition, affecting approximately 1% of the population. Acute emergent presentations often include hallucinations, delusions, thought, and speech disorders. Agitation is common among emergency patients with schizophrenia. Decisional capacity should be assessed in all patients. Reversible causes of agitation should be ruled out, including infection, metabolic disorders, endocrine disorders, trauma, pain, noncompliance, toxicological disorders, and structural brain abnormalities. Agitation may be managed acutely using a combination of pharmacological agents and nonpharmacological interventions. Effective pharmacological agents include several classes of antipsychotic agents and benzodiazepines. Potential life-threatening complications of pharmacological therapy should be anticipated, which may include neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), prolonged QT syndrome, and respiratory depression. Nonpharmacological interventions may include a quiet environment, physical restraints, and behavioral interventions. Disposition decisions should be made based on the etiology of agitation, effective management, decisional capacity, and presence of suicidal or homicidal intentions. Many patients who have required nonpharmacological or pharmacological management of agitation require inpatient psychiatric treatment, either voluntarily or involuntarily. Psychiatric consultation should be sought for patients with schizophrenia and uncertain disposition determinations, or those requiring other complex management decisions.
Exosomes in Cancer Development, Metastasis and Drug Resistance: A Comprehensive Review

Trafficking of biological material across membranes is an evolutionary conserved mechanism and is part of any normal cell homeostasis. Such transport is composed of active, passive, export through microparticles, and vesicular transport (exosomes) that collectively maintain proper compartmentalization of important micro- and macromolecules. In pathological states, such as cancer, aberrant activity of the export machinery results in expulsion of a number of key proteins and microRNAs resulting in their misexpression. Exosome-mediated expulsion of intracellular drugs could be another barrier in the proper action of most of the commonly used therapeutics, targeted agents, and their intracellular metabolites. Over the last decade, a number of studies have revealed that exosomes cross-talk and/or influence major tumor-related pathways, such as hypoxia-driven epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer stemness, angiogenesis, and metastasis involving many cell types within the tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence suggests that exosome-secreted proteins can also propel fibroblast growth, resulting in desmoplastic reaction, a major barrier in effective cancer drug delivery. This comprehensive review highlights the advancements in the understanding of the biology of exosomes secretions and the consequence on cancer drug resistance. We propose that the successful combination of cancer treatments to tackle exosome-mediated drug resistance requires an interdisciplinary understanding of these cellular exclusion mechanisms, and how secreted biomolecules are involved in cellular cross-talk within the tumor microenvironment.
Adsorption of vapors by silica gels of different structures

Abstract 1. 1. Isothermals were obtained at 25°C. for the adsorption of the vapors of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, and water by silica gels of different apparent densities. For certain of these systems additional isotherms at 40 or 45°C. were obtained. 2. 2. The specific surface area of each gel was determined by three independent methods as follows: (a) by application of the BET equation to the low temperature nitrogen adsorption isotherms, (b) by the method based upon the assumption of the existence of uniform circular capillaries (i.e., a = 2Vs radius ), and (c) by treatment of the gravimetric data according to the free surface energy method of Fu and Bartell. 3. 3. For each system the values of the adhesion tension, work of adhesion, and initial spreading coefficient were calculated from the adsorption data by means of the Gibbs equation which interrelates surface area, surface tension, surface excess and chemical potential. 4. 4. It was found that the free surface energy changes which occurred when unit areas of the different porous solids were replaced by unit areas of given solid-liquid or solid-saturated vapor interfaces were independent of the apparent densities of the adsorbent, i.e., the adhesion tension values calculated for a given liquid against a series of silica gels which differed in average pore radius, pore volume, and specific surface area were practically the same. 5. 5. Inasmuch as six different organic liquids, possessing widely different surface tensions as well as widely different interaction energies against silica gave for a given gel similar values for surface area, which values were in good agreement with values obtained with other accepted methods, it appears justifiable to conclude that the free surface energy method of Fu and Bartell is generally applicable.
Multi-objective home health nurse routing with remote monitoring devices

A multi-objective home health nurse routing and scheduling problem variant with the option of assigning some patient visits to remote monitoring devices is defined. A metaheuristic solution approach that approximates the Pareto optimal frontier for travel cost, nurse consistency and balanced workload objectives is developed. This set of objectives represents possibly conflicting interests – those of the agency, patients, and nurse workforce. A computational study is conducted to determine the tradeoffs among these objectives when creating nurse routes and schedules.
Finding similarities and differences in the solutions of word problems

This study extends the Rittle-Johnson and Star (2009) research agenda of identifying when solution comparisons are effective by combining their quantitative approach with the qualitative descriptive approach advocated by Lobato (2008). In Experiment 1 university students described similarities and differences between detailed solutions of arithmetic or algebra word problems so we could determine whether such comparisons support learning of the combine and compare schema that represent semantic components of these solutions. Comparison of arithmetic solutions improved the selection of arithmetic equations to model word problems but did not transfer to algebra equations. Comparisons of the more complex algebra solutions did not result in either learning or transfer. A more scaffolded variation of the arithmetic comparisons in Experiment 2 replicated the Experiment 1 findings (learning but no transfer), but students identified more schematic components in their comparisons. Comparing a pair of arithmetic solutions followed by a pair of algebra solutions in Experiment 3 replicated the previous findings of improvement on arithmetic, but not algebra, problems. The results connect reported similarities and differences to learning (Lobato, Ellis, & Munoz, 2003) and support the conclusion that complexity can limit the potential benefits of solution comparisons (Rittle-Johnson, Star, & Durkin, 2009)
WE-C-WAB-10: Estimation of 3D Fluoroscopic Treatment Images Using a Single Cine EPID Image

Purpose: A novel algorithm for volumetric time‐varying image estimation and 3D tumor localization from a single cine EPID image. Methods: Generating a volumetric fluoroscopic (time‐varying) image from a single EPID image is a two‐step process. In the first step a patient‐specific motion model is constructed and in the second step the motion model is updated according to the information in the EPID image. The patient‐specific motion model is a compact representation of lung motion represented in displacement vector fields (DVFs). DVFs are calculated through deformable image registration of a reference 4DCT image (typically peak‐exhale) to the 4DCT images corresponding to different phases of a breathing cycle. The salient characteristics in the DVFs are captured in a compact representation through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA decouples the spatial and temporal components of the DVFs. Spatial information is represented in eigenvectors and the temporal information is represented by eigen‐coefficients. To generate a new volumetric image, the eigen coefficients are updated via cost function optimization based on DRRs and projection images. The updated eigen‐coefficients are then used to obtain updated DVFs that in turn give the volumetric image corresponding to the EPID image. Results: The algorithm was tested on 1) XCAT digital phantom data based on 8 irregular patient breathing patterns; and 2) patient cine EPID images acquired during SBRT. The root‐mean‐squared vector tumor localization error is (0.73 ± 0.63) mm for the XCAT data and (1.9 ± 1.6) mm for the patient data. Conclusions: We introduced a novel method of estimating volumetric time‐varying images from a single cine EPID image. This is the first method to estimate volumetric time‐varying images from MV cine EPID, and has the potential to provide 3D information with no additional imaging dose to the patient. The project described was supported, in part, by an RSNA Research Scholar Grant and Award Number R21CA156068 from the National Cancer Institute. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the RSNA, National Cancer Institute or the National Institutes of Health.
A Correlation for the Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Viscosity

An expression is suggested for correlating viscosity and kinematic viscosity data over a wide range of pressure and temperature. This expression is obtained by expanding the natural logarithm of viscosity in a series about ambient pressure and temperature. This series expansion is truncated to obtain a relatively simple relation that contains several useful empiricisms as special cases. Coefficients in this expansion are conveniently determined using a regression analysis. The proposed relation describes ASME data for several oils to within a 3 percent average deviation for pressures to 350 MPa (50 ksi) and temperatures to 373 K (100°C). The average deviation is less than 15 percent for pressures to 1.0 GPa (150 ksi) and temperatures to 491.5 K (218°C). In both cases, the agreement is typically much better than those predicted by other correlations over the same range of pressure and temperature.
The partial molar entropies of aqueous chloro complexes of Cd(II)

Abstract The enthalpies of reaction of CdO + Cd(OH) 2 mixture with aqueous HCl + HClO 4 solutions of variable composition but constant ionic strength, I = 1 mol kg −1 , are presented. The results are interpreted to derive enthalpy increments for the simultaneous reactions leading to the three reported chloro complexes of Cd(II). Several methods of extrapolating the results to the conventional standard state are discussed. The results may be characterized by the following partial molar entropies: CdCl + (aq), 8 .3 ; CdCl 2 (aq), 23; and CdCl 3 − (aq), 48 cal mol −1 K −1 .
The effect of nutrients on germination of cold-treated oospores of Phytophthora cactorum in vitro

When mature 30-d-old oospores of Phytopthora cactorum were tested for germination immediately after harvesting from culture, 30% germinated in sterile glass distilled water and 90% in soil extract; however, after oospores had been stored at 2–4 °C in sterile distilled water for 2 or more weeks, germination was less than 1% in water, but increased to 80% in filter-sterilized soil extract, oospores exudate, mycelial exudate, and alfalfa root exudate. When similarily-treated oospores were incubated in solutions of amino acids, sugars, organic acids, various salts, urea, and adenine, oospores germinated (35–75%) only in the amino acid solutions. The maximum and minimum concentrations of alanine and glycine for stimulation of oospore germination were 10 and 0·1 m m , respectively. About 30–80% activation (erosion of the inner oospore wall without germination) occurred in solutions of sugars, nitrate salts, urea and in distilled water, but germination did not occur. When either sucrose or a mineral salt solution was added to alanine at 1 m m , the percent germination of oospores was higher than with alanine alone. Activated oospores in sucrose (10 m m ) germinated only when sucrose was replaced by alanine (10 m m ). The germination of oospores in undiluted and diluted soil extract (1:10) was 75% but in undiluted soil extract from combusted soil, germination was reduced to 56·6%, and in dilutions of 1:10 and 1:100 none of the oospores in combusted soil extract germinated.
Effects of four-wave mixing on four-photon resonance excitation and ionization in the presence of a three-photon intermediate state resonance enhancement.

We consider effects which occur when four-wave sum frequency generation and multiphoton ionization are induced by lasers tuned near a three-photon resonance and simultaneously near or at a dipole allowed four-photon resonance. In studies with unfocused laser beams, if the phase mismatch of the generated four-wave-mixing field is large and the related two-photon resonance for the absorption of a four-wave-mixing photon and a laser photon results in strong absorption of the four-wave-mixing field, a coherent cancellation occurs between the pumping of the resonance by two- and four-photon processes. This interference effect occurs when the first laser is tuned on either side of the three-photon resonance and {vert bar}{Delta}{ital k}{sub {ital r}L}{vert bar}{much gt}1, where {Delta}{ital k}{sub {ital r}} is the mismatch and {ital L} is the length of the path of the laser beams in the gas. With focused laser beams large differences occur between ionization with unidirectional beams and with counterpropagating laser beams when {vert bar}{Delta}{ital k}{sub {ital r}b}{vert bar}{much gt}1, where {ital b} is the confocal parameter of the focused laser beams. Strong absorption of the four-wave-mixing field is shown not to be necessary for strong destructive interference with focused laser beams when the phase mismatch is large.more » This work also suggests an explanation for earlier experiments where the presence of a four-photon resonance enabled the generation of third-harmonic light in a positively dispersive wavelength region. We argue that this process can occur when the laser used to achieve the four-photon resonance is focused on the small {ital z} ({ital z} is the coordinate in the direction of propagation) side of the focal point of the laser responsible for the third-harmonic generation.« less
Experimental carcinogenesis bronchial intramural adenocarcinomas in rats from x-ray irradiation of the chest

One hundred eighty-six rats and 202 hamsters, that survived the respective time periods when the first lung cancer was diagnosed in each species, had been given an exposure of 3000 R or 4000 R of x-irradiation applied externally to the chest. About 43% of the rats, but only 2% of the hamsters, developed lung cancer. To enhance the prevalence of lung cancer, some of the irradiated animals were injected intratracheally with 9, 10-dimethyl-1, 2-benzanthracene (DMBA). Lung cancer prevalence in irradiated animals injected with DMBA was no higher than that in irradiated animals not so injected. Intratracheal injections of DMBA in nonirradiated rats did not result in tumor production but, in nonirradiated hamsters, DMBA caused a 6% prevalence of lung cancer. The mortality rate of both animal species showed a more than additive effect in animals given the higher x-ray dosage plus intratracheal injections of either DMBA or iron oxide alone. The lung cancers in the irradiated rats predominantly affected bronchi (86%) and were mostly adenocarcinomas (88%). The cancers were generally intramural and were covered by an intact and normal surface epithelium. Their origin appeared to be from aberrant intramural glands. These glands are not found in the bronchi of germ-free rats but do occur in bronchi thickened by severe endemic chronic bronchitis.
Design rules for electrode arrangement in an air-breathing alkaline direct methanol laminar flow fuel cell

Abstract The influence of electrode length on performance is investigated in an air-breathing alkaline direct methanol laminar flow fuel cell (LFFC). Depletion of methanol at the electrode surface along the direction of flow hinders reaction kinetics and consequently also cell performance. Reducing the electrode length can decrease the influence of boundary layer depletion, and thereby, improve both the current and power densities. Here, the effect of boundary layer depletion was found to play a significant effect on performance within the first 18 mm of an electrode length. To further utilize the increased power densities provided by shorter electrode lengths, alternative electrode aspect ratios (electrode length-to-width) and electrode arrangements were explored experimentally. Furthermore, by fitting an empirical model based on experimentally obtained data, we demonstrate that a configuration comprised of a series of short electrodes and operated at low flow rates can achieve higher current and power outputs. The analysis of optimal electrode aspect ratio and electrode arrangements can also be applied to other microfluidic reactor designs in which reaction depletion boundary layers occur due to surface reactions.
Determination of Strains Between Enamel and Iron by Means of Split Rings

A modified split-ring test has been devised whereby it is possible to measure strains produced between porcelain enamel and iron from room temperature to the softening point of the enamel. A correlation of data obtained by this test is made with warpage and expansion data to determine the accuracy and validity of the test. A description of the apparatus used and the method of determining strains is presented.
IS HO2+ A DETECTABLE INTERSTELLAR MOLECULE?

Although molecular oxygen, O2, has long been thought to be present in interstellar environments, it has only been tentatively detected toward one molecular cloud. The fractional abundance of O2 determined from these observations is well below that predicted by astrochemical models. Given the difficulty of O2 observations from ground-based telescopes, identification of a molecule that could be used as a tracer of O2 in interstellar environments would be quite useful. To this end, we have undertaken a collaborative examination of HO + in an attempt to evaluate the feasibility of its detection in interstellar clouds. We have conducted high-level ab initio calculations of its structure to obtain its molecular parameters. The reaction responsible for the formation of HO + is nearly thermoneutral, and so a careful analysis of its thermochemistry was also required. Using the Active Thermochemical Tables approach, we have determined the most accurate values available to date for the proton affinities of O2 and H2, and the enthalpy, Gibbs energy, and equilibrium constant for the reaction H + +O 2 → HO + +H 2. We find that while this reaction is endothermic by 50 ± 9c m −1 at 0 K, its equilibrium is shifted toward HO + at the higher temperatures of hot cores. We have examined the potential formation and destruction pathways for HO + in interstellar environments. Combining this information, we estimate the HO + column density in dense clouds to be ∼10 9 cm −2 , which corresponds to line brightness temperatures of0.2 mK. If our results prove correct, HO + is clearly not a detectable interstellar molecule.
Rehearsed and Coerced: Creating Counter Indications

The experience of audiences at performative events is too often devoid of stakes. Counter Indications examined how a theatrical installation can use media and spatial design to bring a passive audience into the decision-making process, and past the comfortable catharsis of traditional theatre to experience some of the implications of government-sanctioned interrogation and torture.
Mechanisms involved in the inhibitory effect of chronic alcohol exposure on pancreatic acinar thiamin uptake.

Pancreatic acinar cells (PAC) obtain thiamin from the circulation via a carrier-mediated process that involves thiamin transporters 1 and 2 (THTR-1 and THTR-2; products of SLC19A2 and SLC19A3, resp...
The Impact of Customer Orientation on Government Employee Performance

ABSTRACT This article explores the impact of “customer service” orientation on government employee performance. Although public organizations have been encouraged to become customer-centered organizations, concerns exist about the application of such market orientations to the management of government organizations. This article joins in the customer orientation debate by exploring the impact of customer orientation on employee motivation and performance. Using quantitative and qualitative analysis of data from civilian employees at a Department of Defense installation, this study explores the impact of customer orientation on employee performance and motivation, across time and work roles. Consistent with previous research that suggests that customer orientation is positively associated with public and private employee performance and work attitudes, the results of this study suggest that customer service orientation has a strong positive impact on employee performance and motivation. Employee customer o...
Duality of the Multivariate Distributions of Marshall-Olkin Type and Tail Dependence

A dual class of the multivariate distributions of Marshall–Olkin type is introduced, and their copulas are presented and utilized to derive explicit expressions of the distributional tail dependencies, which describe the amount of dependence in the upper-orthant tail or lower-orthant tail of a multivariate distribution and can be used in the study of dependence among extreme values. A sufficient condition under which tail dependencies of two such distributions can be compared are obtained. Some examples are also presented to illustrate our results.
An orally delivered small-molecule formulation with antiangiogenic and anticancer activity

Targeting angiogenesis, the formation of blood vessels, is an important modality for cancer therapy. TNP-470, a fumagillin analog, is among the most potent and broad-spectrum angiogenesis inhibitors. However, a major clinical limitation is its poor oral availability and short half-life, necessitating frequent, continuous parenteral administration. We have addressed these issues and report an oral formulation of TNP-470, named Lodamin. TNP-470 was conjugated to monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid to form nanopolymeric micelles. This conjugate can be absorbed by the intestine and selectively accumulates in tumors. Lodamin significantly inhibits tumor growth, without causing neurological impairment in tumor-bearing mice. Using the oral route of administration, it first reaches the liver, making it especially efficient in preventing the development of liver metastasis in mice. We show that Lodamin is an oral nontoxic antiangiogenic drug that can be chronically administered for cancer therapy or metastasis prevention.
Subpopulations of Human Lymphocytes and their Alterations in Immunodeficiency Diseases

The two major lines of immunocompetent cells, T and B cells, are thought to derive from a common lymphoid precursor or more directly from the multipotent hemopoietic stem cell. For both T and B cells, it is clear that special inductive microenvironments play important roles in the initiation of their separate differentiation pathways. The epithelial thymus serves both as a generation site for T cells and as a source of hormones that can modulate proliferation and function of T cells even after they enter the circulation to migrate through peripheral lymphoid tissues. The inductive micro-environments for the B cell pathway in mammals are not as sharply delineated, and these change during development. The fetal liver is an early site of B cell generation, and bone marrow assumes this function later. Much has been learned about the details of the development and differentiation of functionally diverse subpopulations of T and B cells in recent years, and practical markers are now available for the study of these processes in humans.
Cell Constants for Dicalcium Silicate‐Alkali Fluoride Complexes

X-ray diffraction powder patterns were used to determine the cell constants for the complexes 2CaO·SiO2·LiF and 2CaO·SiO2·KF by Lipson's method of indexing, assuming orthorhombic structures. The resulting cell constants are α0= 18.2, b0=20.6, and c0=7.2 A for the Li complex and α0=18.7, b0=20.5, and c06.9 A for the K complex.
Effect of structure on properties of polyols and polyurethanes based on different vegetable oils

We synthesized six polyurethane networks from 4,4-diphenylmethane di- isocyanate and polyols based on midoleic sunflower, canola, soybean, sunflower, corn, and linseed oils. The differences in network structures reflected differences in the composition of fatty acids and number of functional groups in vegetable oils and resulting polyols. The number average molecular weights of polyols were between 1120 and 1300 and the functionality varied from 3.0 for the midoleic sunflower polyol to 5.2 for the linseed polyol. The functionality of the other four polyols was around 3.5. Canola, corn, soybean, and sunflower oils gave polyurethane resins of similar crosslink- ing density and similar glass transitions and mechanical properties despite somewhat different distribution of fatty acids. Linseed oil- based polyurethane had higher crosslinking density and higher mechanical properties, whereas midoleic sunflower oil gave softer polyurethanes characterized by lower Tg and lower strength but higher elongation at break. It appears that the differences in properties of polyurethane networks resulted primarily from different crosslinking densities and less from the position of reactive sites in the fatty acids. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 809 - 819, 2004
Endovascular Recanalization of the Thrombosed Filter-bearing Inferior Vena Cava

PURPOSE To evaluate the authors' preliminary experience with use of endovascular methods to treat inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis in patients with IVC filters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Catheter-directed thrombolysis, balloon maceration, mechanical thrombectomy, and stent placement were used to treat 10 patients with thrombosis of filter-bearing IVCs causing symptoms in 18 limbs. Procedural challenges, technical and clinical success, complications, postprocedural filter status, and postprocedural pulmonary embolism (PE) prophylaxis were monitored. RESULTS Technical and clinical success were achieved in 15 of 18 (83%) and 14 of 18 symptomatic limbs (78%), respectively. Major bleeding (muscular hematoma) occurred in one patient (10%). Postprocedural PE prophylaxis included anticoagulation ( n = 8) and placement of a new filter into a newly placed Wallstent ( n = 1). During clinical follow-up, no clinically detectable PE was observed. Data pertaining to late limb status were available at a median of 19 months (range 1–46 months) follow-up in seven patients: three patients were asymptomatic, two patients had ambulatory edema only, one patient had constant mild edema, and one patient had constant severe edema. Postprocedural filter stability was radiographically documented at a median of 255 days (range, 4–1021 d) of follow-up. CONCLUSION Endovascular recanalization of the occluded IVC is feasible even in the presence of an IVC filter.
Intravenous Levetiracetam in the Management of Acute Seizures in Children

Levetiracetam may be effective in children with acute seizures or status epilepticus. We performed a retrospective chart review of children who received intravenous levetiracetam within 30 minutes of a seizure. Seventy-three patients during a 2-year study period met our inclusion criteria. The mean (± S.D.) age and weight of the patients were 5.59 ± 5.6 years (range, 1 day to 17.8 years) and 23.1 ± 21 kg (range, 1.97-97 kg), respectively. Patients received a mean (± S.D.) levetiracetam dose of 29.4 ± 13.5 mg/kg. Most children (n = 49, or 67%) received additional antiepileptic drugs to abort their seizure. Overall, the mean (± S.D.) total (abortive plus chronic) number of concomitant antiepileptic drugs used by the population was 2.53 ± 1.7 (1.07 ± 0.98 as additional abortive therapy, and 1.42 ± 1.29 as chronic therapy). Most patients received levetiracetam for serial seizures (79%), whereas 12% and 8% manifested a single seizure or status epilepticus, respectively. Clinical effectiveness at 1, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after the initial levetiracetam dose constituted the primary study outcome. Eighty-nine percent of patients remained seizure-free at 1 hour. This rate decreased at each evaluation time point. Most patients (71%) were placed on maintenance levetiracetam within 24 hours of their loading dose. The predictive ability of patient and drug regimen variables in outcomes was poor. Only the number of concomitant antiepileptic drugs consistently predicted outcomes. Levetiracetam was well tolerated at the doses studied, and appears most effective in single seizure events.
Parametric Phase-Locked OscillatorߞCharacteristics and Applications to Digital Systems

The ability of the Parametric Phase-Locked Oscillator (PLO) to detect, amplify, and store binary digital signals, in the form of two distinct phases of a carrier, makes it possible to use the device as the sole component in a digital computer system. The variable-capacitance version of the device operates readily at kilomegacycle frequencies, thus forming the basis of a digital computer at a kilomegapulse clock rate. In the present paper the results of an investigation of the behavior and possible applications of the variable-capacitance PLO are presented. The investigation was supported by experimental work with lumped-component variable-capacitance PLO's at 5 mc, and microwave variable-capacitance PLO's at 4 kmc. The steady-state behavior of the device is described; variations of the output voltage with pump voltage, loading, tuning and frequency variations are presented in the form of characteristic curves. Results indicate that the device is rather insensitive to reasonable changes in operating conditions and parameter values. The transient behavior of the PLO shows that the device can be switched in a number of different ways. Five such modes of operation are discussed; these are phase initiation, forced switching, burst generation, tri-stable operation and unconditional switching. Each of these modes has particular advantages for various applications. Switching times of the order of 3 to 10 cycles of the signal frequency are readily obtainable. The various modes of operation of the device suggest a number of applications both in logic and in memory.
El impacto ecológico y el bienestar nacional (el caso de Brasil: 1965-1998)

El crecimiento del producto interno bruto (PIB) como indicador de adelanto social ha sido criticado como enganoso pues pasa por alto las consecuencias ambientales y sociales de una economia creciente. En este trabajo desarrollo un indicador alternativo que no solo toma en cuenta estos dos aspectos, sino ademas como los problemas ambientales estan distribuidos dentro de la poblacion. Aplico mi metodologia a datos sobre Brasil de 1965 a 1998 y encuentro que, a pesar de un crecimiento anual mas alla de 3% en el PIB, el bienestar nacional aumenta mucho mas lentamente o, incluso, disminuye. Los resultados refuerzan las dudas sobre el PIB y demuestran la importancia de la distribucion ecologica en relacion con el bienestar nacional de un pais.
Flux density of primary cosmic rays at the geomagnetic equator

A stack of nuclear emulsions was kept aloft near the geomagnetic equator by means of a «skyhook» balloon. It remained at an average altitude of 106500 feet for about 61/2 hours. For primaries with atomic number below 6, the method of gap length measurements was used. A twofold criterion of δ-ray and gap measurements was used to identify the atomic number (Z) of each primary cosmic ray forZ≥6. The following flux values, extrapolated to the top of the atmosphere, were determined for VH-nuclei (Z≥20) H-nuclei (Z≥10), and M-nuclei (6≤Z≤9):JVH0=0.10±0.03,JH=0.36±0.05 andJM=0.57±0.06 (particles m−2s−1sr−1). The values forJVH0 andJH0 are in good agreement with the values found in the literature. ForJM0 a wide range of values has been reported. The present value determined forJM0 agrees within experimental error with the two lowest values reported by previous investigators.
A critical review of radiotherapy in the management of T1 glottic carcinoma.

Abstract Introduction: It is generally believed that patients presenting with T1 glottic cancer can be treated with either surgery or radiation therapy (RT) with similar expectations relative to tumor control. Accordingly, many institutions routinely treat patients with T1 glottic cancer with RT. This retrospective study was undertaken to ascertain the efficacy of RT in the treatment of these patients. Materlals and Methods: The records of 40 patients initially treated with RT between 1974 and 1989 were retrospectively reviewed. Parameters assessed included incidence of tumor control, need for and type of subsequent salvage surgical procedures, quality of voice, and ultimate survival rate. Results: In a group of 38 evaluable patients, 10 (26%) developed recurrence in the larynx and 2 (5.6%) in the cervical lymphatics. Salvage surgery resulted in 6 (16%) total laryngectomies. Death from T1 glottic cancer occurred in 1 (2.6%) patient. Speech results were judged good in 24% of patients, whereas 66% were felt to have impaired speech with elements of glottic fry, harshness, low pitch, and inefficient breath support. The additional costs incurred by patients requiring subsequent intervention are substantial. Conclusion: Cordectomy may be a superior option for management of T1 glottic cancer. Initial tumor control is probaly superior and literature review suggests that surgery may be a more economical option and should be seriously considered for the management of T1 glottic cancer.
Mechanisms of cytokine-induced death of cultured bovine luteal cells

Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) are cytotoxic to bovine luteal cells in vitro and may contribute to cell death during luteolysis in vivo. In this study, the mechanism by which luteal cells are killed by TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma was investigated. Luteal cells were cultured for 7 days in the presence or absence of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Inhibitors of arachidonate metabolism or scavengers of free radicals were included in the culture media. In addition, the effect of IFN-beta on the viability of cytokine-treated luteal cells was tested. Lastly, untreated and cytokine-treated cells were subjected to single cell gel electrophoresis for quantification of DNA fragmentation. Neither indomethacin nor nordihydroguaiaretic acid, which are inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, respectively, were able to prevent cytokine-induced cell death. Similarly, both the phospholipase A(2) inhibitor arachidonyltrifluoromethyl ketone and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine, were largely without effect. In contrast, while vitamin C did not significantly affect viability, superoxide dismutase plus catalase increased viability of cytokine-treated cells (P < 0.05), and IFN-beta prevented cell death (P < 0.05). Finally, while control cells remained free of DNA damage, TNF-alpha plus IFN-gamma induced significant amounts of DNA damage by 48 h after initiation of treatment (P < 0.05). In conclusion, reactive oxygen species, but not arachidonate metabolism or nitric oxide, contribute to cytokine-induced luteal cell death in vitro, and the process of cell death may be via apoptosis. Furthermore, IFN-beta may confer protective effects against cytokine-induced cell death in bovine luteal cells.
Inhibition of sonic hedgehog autoprocessing in cultured mammalian cells by sterol deprivation

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a signaling molecule that is important for defining patterning in the developing vertebrate central nervous system. After translation, Shh autoproteolyzes and covalently attaches cholesterol to the newly formed carboxyl terminus, a modification crucial for normal Shh signaling. Presented here is evidence that acute severe sterol deprivation in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing mouse Shh (mShh) inhibits autoprocessing of the protein. These conditions allowed the first detailed kinetic analysis of mShh autoprocessing and turnover rates revealing that cells rapidly degrade both precursor and mature mShh regardless of sterol content and sterol deprivation increases the rate of precursor degradation. Inhibition of mShh autoprocessing also allowed the determination of the subcellular localization of mShh precursor which accumulates in a pre-medial Golgi intracellular compartment. Finally, the precursor form of mShh that results from autoprocessing inhibition appears to accumulate as an amide rather than a stable thioester.
Relativistic Petschek reconnection with pressure anisotropy in a pair-plasma

Reconnection of magnetic field lines for a wide range of parameters in the relativistic regime is considered. A newly developed covariant fluid model for magnetized plasmas, incorporating pressure anisotropy, is used to expand the study of the Petschek-type reconnection in a pair-plasma governed by slow-mode shocks. The plasma parameters are found to be strongly modified by anisotropy on both sides of the shock.
A 77-GHz Receiver Front End for Passive Imaging

A Wideband 77-GHz Front End Receiver for Passive Imaging has been designed and characterized. This system comprises a fully differential LNA, double-balanced mixer and VCO. The LNA achieves 4.9-6.0 dB NF, 18-26 dB gain, and S11, S22 of -13.0 and -12.8 dB, respectively. The double-balanced mixer achieves 12-14 dB NF, 20-26 dB conversion gain and -26 dBm PldB (input-referred). The VCO achieves output power from -2 to 0 tlBm with phase noise of ~-93 dBc/Hz at 72 GHz, and approximately 3 GHz of tuning range. The receiver achieves 40-46 dB max conversion gain, output-referred P1dB of 2 dBm and power dissipation of 195 mW.
Nitric oxide, an endogenous regulator of Dictyostelium discoideum differentiation

We have previously demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO)-generating compounds inhibit D. discoideum differentiation by preventing the initiation of cAMP pulses (Tao, Y., Howlett, A. and Klein, C. (1996) Cell. Signal. 8, 37-43). In the present study, we demonstrate that cells produce NO at a relatively constant rate during the initial phase of their developmental cycle. The addition of oxyhemoglobin, an NO scavenger, stimulates cell aggregation, suggesting that NO has a negative effect on the development of aggregation competence. Starvation of cells in the presence of glucose, which has been shown to prevent the initiation of cAMP pulses (Darmon, M. and Klein, C. (1978) Dev. Biol. 63, 377-389), results in an increased production of NO. The inhibition of cell aggregation by glucose treatment can be reversed by oxyhemoglobin. These findings indicate that NO is a signaling molecule for D. discoideum cells and that physiological or environmental conditions that enhance external NO levels will delay the initiation of cAMP pulses, which are essential for cell differentiation.
Afraid to Commit: Proposing Psychoanalysis and the Paradox of the Analyst's Desire

Abstract What makes us think of one patient as “analytic” and another one not? What is at stake when we make the case for the deep engagement fostered by a psychoanalysis? Using a clinical example, the author examines enactments in which the analyst unconsciously avoids substantive involvement with patients likely to entail contact with her most disavowed aspects of self. The importance of frequency is revisited given the contemporary foci on field theories and the ubiquitous influence of the analyst's subjectivity. The author argues that immersion in dyadic processes is required to understand why both participants may resist it. Epistemological shifts undermining objectivity and psychoanalysis’ diminished cultural prestige require the analyst to make the case for analysis. Yet, although the analyst's desire is necessary, her reliance on her individual sense of “fit” leaves her too dependent on each specific relational matrix to both express and protect her personal and professional selves.
The Impact of Immediate Craving on the Valuation of Current and Future Opioids

One of the mysteries of drug addiction is why people start to use drugs that are known to be addictive. Prior research has found that people generally under-predict the impact on their own future preferences of visceral states, such as hunger, thirst and fear that they are not currently experiencing. Based on this research, we hypothesized that people who are not currently craving a drug - even addicts who have experienced craving frequently in the past - will under-appreciate the impact of craving on their own future preferences. To test this prediction, we elicited the money value that addicts placed on an extra dose of the heroin substitute Buprenorphine, when they were either in a state of craving (right before receiving BUP) or in a drug-satiated state (right after receiving BUP). In the most important condition, the reward they ended up receiving - either money or BUP - would be delayed by 5 days. As would be predicted if addicts can't remember what craving is like when they aren't currently craving, addicts valued the extra dose of BUP to be received 5 days later more highly when they were craving than when they were satiated.
Cancer chemoprevention at the crossroads

Department of Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1500 Holcombe Boulevard Unit #1354, Houston, TX 77030, USA *Author for correspondence: Tel.: +1 713 745 0600; Fax.: +1 713 794 4385; VCJordan@mdanderson.org
Bone marrow regeneration in experimental benzene intoxication.

Benzene intoxication was induced in a number of rabbits in order to study the factors which regulate production of leukocytes. One or more of the marrows of long bones was completely extirpated. After varying intervals, the animals were killed. The regenerated marrow was studied. Comparisons were made with regeneration in normal animals and with the intact marrow of animals treated with benzene. The appearance of regenerated and intact marrow was correlated with the degree of benzene intoxication. In normal animals, regeneration of extirpated marrow proceeded in a more or less sequential order. At first there was formation of sheets of primitive reticular cells and bone trabeculae, followed by fat cells and then by myeloid tissue. In severe benzene intoxication, the extirpated marrow regenerated only to the point of formation of primitive reticular cells. Further regeneration was halted at the point of formation of fat cells. Myeloid activity appeared to be predicated upon the presence of fat cells. At least, one part of the mechanism by which benzene induces aplasia of bone marrow is probably the inhibition of cell division and maturation past the level of the primitive reticular cell.
Enhanced optical nonlinearities in quantum boxes: theory and applications

Current interest in the optical behavior of semiconductor microcrystallites or boxes stems from their potential use in optical signal processing operations. Understanding of the fundamental mechanisms1-3 as well as the limitations to optical devices4,5 is still being considered actively. This paper reports the results of our studies of the nonlinear optics of excitons confined to zero dimension and examines its manifestation on the phenomena of dynamic Stark effect, optical phase conjugation, and two-beam coupling.
Future Directions for Aerospace GN&C

Past processor, sensor and software capability gain trends are identified as roots of ongoing advances in aerospace Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GN&C) systems. Functional decentralization, a wider variety of navigation sensors that have become selfaiding navigators, smaller avionics, as well as new classes of guidance and control algorithms that remain robust over expanding flight envelopes are some of those trends. Continuing GN&C hardware and software functionality advances are explored. The origins and directions of GN&C capabilities that enable autonomous vehicle operations are investigated including the development of means for higher-level interaction with humans, advances in fault management capabilities, and independent decision making functionality that adapts to changing environment and threat conditions. The challenges and possible mitigating approaches to verification and validation of increasingly complicated GN&C system designs are also addressed.
Higher Order Control Volume Scheme for Solving the Euler Equations

*† This paper demonstrates the use of distribution formulas in conjunction with a cell centered control volume integration scheme to obtain high order accurate solutions of the Euler equations. Distribution formulas for fourth and sixth order accurate results have been developed and formal order of accuracy studies have been performed to prove their validity. The distribution formulas for high order accurate control volume schemes are described and demonstrated using the Euler equations. In this demonstration, the Euler equations are marched in time to convergence using an extension of the Ni Lax-Wendroff control volume scheme. Results are shown comparing the fourth and sixth order accurate solutions with the traditional second order accurate solution. The extension of the traditional second order accurate control volume scheme to high order is relatively straightforward thereby enabling a wide variety of existing second order schemes to increase accuracy and/or reduce computational densities.
Legal Briefs: Premature Discharge of a Premature Infant With Apnea

A 1,563-g, 30 weeks' gestation female infant was delivered to a mother whose pregnancy was complicated by a history of herpes, without recent outbreaks, and a history of a treated urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis in the first trimester. She developed preterm labor and was started on magnesium sulfate and antenatal steroids. Labor was halted for a few days, but when it reoccurred the infant was delivered by C-section. Membranes were ruptured at delivery and the fluid was clear. Apgar scores were 6 and 8, at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The infant had poor respiratory effort and was intubated in the delivery room. The infant was admitted to the newborn intensive care unit (NICU) where she received one dose of surfactant replacement therapy and was placed on assisted ventilation. An evaluation for infection was done, and Ampicillin and Gentamicin were started. On day 2 the infant was extubated and placed on nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Antibiotics were discontinued on day 2 because the blood culture was negative and the infant was asymptomatic at that point except for some apneic episodes. A contingency order was written at the time of extubation for the nurses to start caffeine if the baby began having apnea. Plaintiff experts were critical of the contingency order and stated that the doctors needed to be informed about the development of any new symptoms the infant experienced, including apnea. Only then could the physicians make an appropriate decision about the need for an evaluation and potential intervention at that point in time. Although the intervention for caffeine could be appropriate, apnea of prematurity (AOP) is a diagnosis of exclusion and the physicians needed to be informed of its development. Several hours after extubation, the nurses started caffeine for the apnea. On day 4 the nasal continuous …