cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender-Associated Differences in Lung Cancer: Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes in Women

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. In recent years the incidence of lung cancer in men has been declining, while in women it has been increasing. A number of population-based studies have demonstrated gender-based differences in clinical and pathologic factors, as well as in survival related to lung cancer. Disparities in age, smoking practices, and histological subtypes are among the differences that have been identified. Gender disparity also has been observed in outcomes, with improved survival observed for women in a number of clinical trials. This article reviews the gender-related differences in clinical and pathologic factors and outcomes of patients with lung cancer observed in population-based studies and clinical trials.
A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF HALOBACTERIUM HALOBIUM AND ITS LYSIS IN MEDIA OF LOW SALT CONCENTRATION

The reported absence of a cell wall in halobacteria cannot be confirmed. Improved fixation techniques clearly show a cell wall-like structure on the surface of these cells. A stepwise reduction of the salt concentration causes the release of cell wall material before the cell membrane begins to disintegrate. The cell membrane breaks up into fragments of variable but rather small size, which are clearly different from a 4S component reported by others to be the major breakdown product of the cell membrane. It appears more likely that the 4S component arises from the dissolution of the cell wall. A residue of large membranous sheets remains even after prolonged exposure of halobacteria envelopes to distilled water. The lipids in these sheets do not differ significantly from the lipids in the lysed part of the cell membrane. The sheets, however, contain a purple-colored substance, which is not present in the lysed part. The easily sedimentable residue that remains after lysis of the cells or envelopes in distilled water also contains "intracytoplasmic membranes" with unusual structural characteristics. They can also be identified in sections through intact bacteria or envelope preparations. Their function is at present unknown but seems to be related to the formation of gas vacuoles in these organisms.
A comparison between hysteretic and fixed frequency boost converters used for power factor correction

A hysteretic controlled boost power converter is compared to a fixed frequency boost converter. The decision of which circuit to be used in electronic products is often based upon cost, size, heat rise, availability of components, and complexity of the design. The advantages and disadvantages of the hysteretic control and fixed frequency boost converter using 400 W as a load operating from 90 VAC to 270 VAC are providing 450 V to the output electrolytic capacitor are presented. >
On the coupling strength between the land surface and the atmosphere: From viewpoint of surface exchange coefficients

[1] This study addresses the land-atmospheric coupling strength by using long-term AmeriFlux data from a wide range of land covers and climate regimes to reconstitute the surface exchange coefficient, C h , which governs the total surface heat fluxes. For spring and summer, results show stronger coupling for tall canopy with C h values ten times larger than for shorter vegetation. Observed C h are then compared to values from the Noah land model. Results indicate that Noah underestimated (overestimated) C h for forest (grass and crops), implying an insufficient (too efficient) coupling for tall canopy (short canopy). This discrepancy is attributed to the treatment of the roughness length for heat. With modest adjustments, the Noah model can reproduce the observed C h . This study highlights the crucial role of treating the surface exchange processes in coupled land/weather/climate models and the need to use long-term flux data for different vegetation types and climate regimes to assess and mitigate their deficiencies.
The Conformational Properties of the Highly Selective Cannabinoid Receptor Ligand CP-55,940

During a search for novel drugs possessing analgesic properties but devoid of the psychotropic effects of marijuana, a group of molecules designated as nonclassical cannabinoids was synthesized by Pfizer. Of these nonclassical cannabinoids CP-55,940 has received the most attention principally because it was used as the high affinity radioligand during the discovery and characterization of the G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor. In an effort to obtain information on the stereoelectronic requirements at the cannabinoid receptor active site, we have studied the conformational properties of CP-55,940 using a combination of solution NMR and computer modeling methods. Our data show that for the most energetically favored conformation, (i) the aromatic phenol ring is perpendicular to the cyclohexane ring, and the phenolic O-H bond is coplanar with the aromatic ring and points away from the cyclohexyl ring; ii) the dimethylheptyl chain adopts one of four preferred conformations in all of which the chain is almost perpendicular to the phenol ring; and iii) an intramolecular H-bond between the phenolic and hydroxypropyl groups allows all three hydroxyl groups of CP-55,940 to be oriented toward the upper face of the molecule. Such an orientation by the OH groups may be a characteristic requirement for cannabimimetic activity.
PREPARATION AND HOST-REACTIVE PROPERTIES OF ENDOTOXIN WITH LOW CONTENT OF NITROGEN AND LIPID

Endotoxins of low lipid content prepared from S. enteritidis by the aqueous ether method have been further treated to remove bound lipid by non-hydrolytic procedures. Such endotoxins, containing as little as 2 per cent lipid A, were as potent in stimulating a variety of physiological responses as those prepared by the well known phenol-water or Boivin procedures which yield products containing as much as 30 per cent lipid A. To verify the difference in lipid content between the aqueous ether preparations and other types of endotoxins, three different methods of lipid analysis were employed: determination of chloroform-soluble material released by hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid (lipid A) or with acetic acid (lipid W), and estimation of total bound fatty acids. These methods were in accord in showing the magnitude of the difference. No more than one-half of the fatty acids present in endotoxin were associated with the fraction designated lipid A. Methods are described for the preparation of potent endotoxins with analytical values for nitrogen, phosphorus, hexosamine, carbohydrate, and fatty acid which do not differ appreciably from those of the classical, non-toxic, haptenic polysaccharides.
Temporal changes in Aqu/C60 physical-chemical, deposition, and transport characteristics in aqueous systems.

Little is known about how temporal changes in the physical–chemical properties of C60 aggregates formed in aqueous systems (termed aqu/C60) can impact transport pathways contributing to ecological exposures. In this study three aqu/C60 suspensions of short-term (100 days), intermediate-term (300 days), and long-term (1000 days) water exposure were first characterized for particle size distribution, water/toluene phase distribution, and surface chemistry. Then, aqu/C60 deposition to a model silica surface and transport in porous media were studied by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and saturated sand columns. As suspension time increased, aqu/C60 particle size shifted to a larger size range as determined by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and the aqu/C60 distribution to toluene was reduced, likely due to surface polarization as revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and UV–visible spectroscopy of the aqu/C60 suspensions. Additionally, the deposition to silica surfaces in both QCM and...
Courtship Behavior of Heliothis subflexa (Gn.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Associated Backcross Insects Obtained from Hybridization with H. virescens (F.)

This study describes the courtship behavior sequence under wind tunnel conditions of Heliothis subflexa (Guenee) and selected backcross insects (generations 5 and 6) obtained from hybridization with Heliothis virescens (F.). The rhythmic release of pheromone by H. subflexa, H. virescens and backcross females was correlated with the response rhythm of males. The behavioral courtship sequence of H. subflexa males ( P < 0.05) included oriented flight, landing, antennation, attempted copulation, and mating behaviors. Backcross insects did not antennate, but they fully displayed their hairpencils as did males of H. virescens . Factors that increased the probability of successful matings were identified as an acquiescent female, antennating by H. subflexa males, full hairpencil display (backcross males) and the male's ability to clasp the female genitalia. Overall, 63% of H. subflexa and 33% of backcross pairs culminated the courtship sequence with successful mating. The tendency of backcross males to settle down after limited flight activity contributed greatly to the increased proportion of unsuccessful males.
Supplementary Data for: Structure and Stratigraphy of the Luning Allochthon and the Kinematics of Allochthon Emplacement, Pilot Mountains, West-Central Nevada

Synthetic Fabric Models To aid discussion of the geometry of folds forward models are constructed to illustrate and test the inferred sequential development of folds in three thrust sheets, nappe N1 (eastern domain) and imbricates n 1c and n 2c (western domain). Models consist of equal-area projections of the geometries of folds of bedding and, where applicable, folds of axial surfaces. Fold axes are represented as dots with numerical subscripts indicating their respective fold sets (n = 1,2,3). Orientations of fold surfaces represented in models are those which yield good approximations to the surface orientations measured around the curvature of folds characteristic of particular fold sets. The distribution of fold surface orientations is effectively weighted by selection of surfaces to be used in subsequent stages of modeled fold development. Selection of particular fold surface orientations is made on the basis of fold style and the dominant attitude of fold surfaces which define folds of a particular fold set. As an example, a tight fold with long homoclinal limbs would, during modeled refolding of bedding, be represented primarily by the orientations of the fold limbs. Napple N2 (Eastern Domain). Synthetic fabric diagrams constructed from a forward model of the geometry of sequential folding for nappe N2 are compared to the observed fabric in Figure 10. First folds are modeled as a tight fold set with a shallowly plunging, northeasterly-trending fold axis lying in an axial plane with an orientation of N35°E 60°NW. Elements of the first folds are refolded by second-phase folds which have northwesterly striking, near-vertical axial planes. Orientations of modeled P 2 fold axes are variable and dependent on the initial attitude of P 1 fold elements.
Specialty pharmacy services for patients receiving oral medications for solid tumors

Purpose Currently available oral oncology therapies are reviewed, and specialty pharmacy services for patients receiving these drugs are described. Summary Market introductions of new oral oncology drugs have increased substantially over the past decade, and 25–30% of all oncology agents in development are oral medications. Oral agents for treatment of breast cancer include capecitabine, lafatinib, and palbociclib. Several oral agents are used in treating patients with lung cancer driven by mutations of genes coding for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); currently available agents include the ALK inhibitors certinib and crizotinib and the EGFR inhibitors afatinib, erlotinib, and gefitinib. Four oral targeted therapies are used in the treatment of melanoma associated with the B-Raf proto-oncogene, BRAF : cobimetinib, dabrafenib, trametinib, and vemurafenib. Oral agents for treatment of prostate cancer include abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide. Oral agents for treatment of renal cell carcinoma include axitinib, everolimus, pazopanib, sorafenib, and sunitinib. Specialty pharmacy services for patients receiving oral oncology agents can include (1) providing patient counseling and education on adverse effects and self-management strategies, (2) processing prior-authorization requests and helping patients navigate copayment assistance programs, and (3) monitoring for medication toxicities and recommending dose adjustments as appropriate. Conclusion Many oral oncology medications have been introduced over the past 10–15 years, with many others in clinical development. Due to the complexity of initiating and monitoring patients receiving these oral therapies, specialty pharmacy services are an essential component of many patients’ cancer care.
Current approaches to the management of osteoporosis in men

PURPOSE: The epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of osteoporosis in men are reviewed. SUMMARY: Men with osteoporosis account for approximately one fifth of all patients with osteoporosis, and their morbidity and mortality rates from this disease are higher than in other patients. Guidelines specifically addressing the management of osteoporosis in men are not available. Lifestyle modifications, including smoking cessation, limited alcohol consumption, routine exercise, and fall prevention strategies, are beneficial to maintain bone health. Appropriate calcium and vitamin D intakes are critical components of any osteoporosis management strategy. Drug therapy should be initiated in all men at high risk for fracture. Alendronate is indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis. It is considered first-line therapy because of its efficacy and safety profiles. Teriparatide is indicated for the management of osteoporosis in high-risk men, but the drug's cost, complex administration schedule, and potential risks have caused it to be restricted to a second-line therapy. Other options reserved for select patients include calcitonin and testosterone. Further studies are needed to better understand the distinctive features and management strategies for men with osteoporosis. CONCLUSION: While the rate of osteoporosis in men is lower than in women, the consequences are possibly more devastating. Evaluation of secondary causes, especially hypogonadism, is important, as they can play a significant role in the development of osteoporosis in men. All men should be educated to improve modifiable risk factors and maintain recommended daily intakes of calcium and vitamin D. Bone mineral density should be evaluated in high-risk men using central dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and drug treatment should be considered in those with a history of low-trauma fracture or significant bone loss.
Methotrexate-induced Hepatic Necrosis Requiring Liver Transplantation in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis

MTX-induced hepatic injury and liver enzyme elevations have been demonstrated after treatment of leukemia, gestational disease and during treatment of psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. A 40-year-old man with a long standing history of rheumatoid arthritis was treated with MTX over a 6 month period and developed an overwhelming hepatic necrosis. He was successfully transplanted.
Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to assess reproductive and developmental toxicity

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the achievements realized in the field of toxicology through the use of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as an animal model. The entire lifecycle, from an egg to an adult producing more eggs, takes just 3.5 days. The hermaphrodite reproductive system consists of a symmetrically arranged bilobed gonad. The male gonad is a single lobed U-shaped structure. The developmental stages in C. elegans are very short, and its molecular and morphological pathways are well reported. The adult C. elegans has 302 neurons in two independent nervous systems: 282 in the somatic nervous system and 20 in the pharyngeal nervous system. These nervous systems control locomotion, feeding, defecation, reproduction and environmental sensing. Alterations in any of these functions may be indicators of neurotoxicity. Several studies have shown that some reproductive endpoints are controlled by the nervous system. Since the genome was first published, a plethora of molecular techniques have been developed for genetic manipulation and cellular and molecular observation that are particularly valuable for toxicological studies. Transgenic C. elegans have been employed as biomarkers of a variety of environmental exposures and provide valuable insight regarding the molecular bases of cellular stress and toxicity. Light microscopy is another valuable tool for the examination of toxicant effects in C. elegans. A variety of computer-based assays have been developed to assess outcomes of toxicant exposure in C. elegans. Genome-wide screening using C. elegans is a classical approach for studying the functional repercussions of a gene in a given molecular response. Developmental and reproductive toxicity are caused by metals like cadmium, zinc, mercury, lead, magnesium and other metals as well as pesticides
Making the Case for the Success of Industrial Policy in Indonesia

Between 1965 and 1990, growth in income per capita in Indonesia averaged 4.5 per cent per annum (World Bank 1992: 218). Only seven developing countries — China, Lesotho, Paraguay, Botswana, Korea, Singapore and Hong Kong — grew faster. High economic growth was accompanied by a rapid decline in the incidence of poverty and low income inequality (Campos and Root 1996: 9–16). In addition to equitable and poverty-reducing growth, Indonesia achieved food self-sufficiency (in rice by 1985), a rapid decline in the rate of population growth and an equally impressive spread of basic education and literacy (Campos and Root 1996: 60).
Methods for Increasing Cooperation Rates for Surveys of Family Forest Owners

To maximize the representativeness of results from surveys, coverage, sampling, nonresponse, measurement, and analysis errors must be minimized. Although not a cure-all, one approach for mitigating nonresponse errors is to maximize cooperation rates. In this study, personalizing mailings, token financial incentives, and the use of real stamps were tested for their impacts on cooperation rates for family forest owners asked to participate in the U.S. Forest Service’s National Woodland Owner Survey in the state of Connecticut. Token financial incentives, a two-dollar bill included in the first questionnaire mailing, significantly increased cooperation rates by 13 percentage points. Neither personalization nor real stamps showed significant impacts on cooperation rates. While these results are for just one state in the USA, we hypothesize that similar patterns would be observed in other states and likely other countries.
Efficacy of ‘Off-the-Shelf’, Commercially-Available, Third-Party Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) in Ex Vivo Cord Blood (CB) Co-Culture Expansion.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Our previous studies have shown that clinically-relevant levels of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) expansion are possible by ex vivo co-culture of cord blood (CB) mononuclear cells (MNC) with third-party bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and growth factors. 1 A recently activated M. D. Anderson protocol requires that BM from a haplo-identical family member be used for the de novo generation of sufficient MSC for subsequent co-culture, a process requiring ∼3 weeks. Time constraints, uncertainties associated with the identification of a suitable BM donor and potential variation in MSC performance make logistical execution of this strategy difficult. We therefore investigated the potential efficacy of ‘off-the-shelf' commercially-available sources of MSC. Since MSC do not express HLA-II (DR) they are non-immunogenic, suggesting that this might be a valuable alternative strategy. We compared ex vivo CB HSPC expansion obtained following CB MNC co-culture with 2 commercially-available research-grade MSC isolated by density separation and plastic adherence (MSC#1, Cambrex, Walkersville, MD and MSC#2, Allcells, Emeryville, CA). A third MSC, isolated by Stro-1 2 selection (MSC#3, supplied by PJS) was also evaluated. METHODS: Two MDACC frozen CB units (CB#1&2) were thawed, washed and co-cultured with adherent monolayers from each MSC. Total nucleated cell (TNC) and HSPC (CD34+ cells and colony-forming units, CFU) numbers were measured at input (Day 0) and output (Day 14). RESULTS: TNC and HSPC numbers revealed that the 2 commercially-available research-grade MSC (MSC#1&2) supported ex vivo CB HSPC expansion. MSC TNC CB34+ CFU CB#1 #1 x 6 x23 n/a #2 x 3 x 8 x15 #3 x 6 x16 x23 CB#2 #1 x 7 x20 x31 #2 x 5 x10 x20 #3 x10 x16 x34 1 Robinson et al. x13 x14 x25 n/a - not available MSC#2 performed less well than MSC#1 for both CB units suggesting that variation may exist between individual MSC. These data suggest that the screening of clinical-grade MSC that perform optimally during ex vivo expansion co-culture might be warranted to best utilize this ‘off-the-shelf' strategy. Data were similar to previous reports where TNC, CD34+ and CFU numbers were shown to increase approximately 13, 14 and 25-fold, respectively. 1 Data were also similar for MSC#3, suggesting that the method used to isolate MSC does not appear to be an important variable for effective CB MNC/MSC co-culture. CONCLUSION: Although research-grade MSC were compared from different commercial sources, these data suggest that, in principle, commercially-available clinical-grade MSC might prove a valuable ‘off-the-shelf' option, potentially reducing the time to therapy and addressing concerns associated with identifying a BM donor and variation in MSC performance. Future studies will evaluate FDA-compliant MSC that could be used clinically.
Women's Safety in Public Spaces: Examining the Efficacy of Panic Buttons in New Delhi

We present a qualitative inquiry through the lens of feminist Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) into women's perceptions of personal safety in New Delhi, India. Since a brutal gang-rape incident took place in Delhi in December 2012 and received global attention, women's safety has been the focus of much attention India-wide. In April 2016, the Indian government issued a mandate that all mobile phones sold in India 2017 onwards must include a panic button for women's safety. We draw on interview and survey data to examine women's responses to the mandate, also investigating what factors influence their perceptions of safety, positively and negatively. Our findings indicate that women's sense of safety may be deconstructed into a multitude of factors--personal, public, social, technological--that must align for this sense of safety to be preserved. We then discuss the implications these factors have for the success and (re-)design of the panic button and similar interventions.
Development as Freedom

This chapter examines alternative economic theories of “the public good,” drawing on work from contemporary economists Amartya Sen, Joseph E. Stiglitz, and Bruce C. Greenwald. In Development as Freedom, Sen champions an activist public policy that promotes a variety of individual freedoms through initiatives designed to promote the public good. Development, in this view, consists not just in supporting a market economy but also, crucially, removing “various types of unfreedoms that leave people with little choice and little opportunity of exercising their reasoned agency” (xii). In this theoretical framework, community colleges can be seen as essential providers of opportunity, development, and freedom.
Which Is the Merchant Here? And Which the Jew?

The motto for this book has been taken from the deceptively simple question that Portia poses in The Merchant of Venice upon entering the courtroom in the guise of a young doctor of law. The various plots and subplots of Belmont’s wooing and Venice’s Rialto have come to a head. Antonio, the merchant of the play’s title, has defaulted on a loan to Shylock the Jew. The penalty made half in jest is one pound of Antonio’s flesh, and Shylock now intends to take it closest to Antonio’s heart. Antonio made the loan gratuitously on behalf of his kinsman Bassanio, a Venetian youth seeking the heiress Portia in marriage. Bassanio’s venture has succeeded, but Antonio’s merchant ventures have been wrecked at sea. When Shylock discovers that his own daughter Jessica has run off with a Venetian youth Lorenzo, a friend of Bassanio, the Jew’s antipathy for Antonio deepens to a thirst for vengeance.
An Integrated Study for Hydraulic Fracture and Natural Fracture Interactions and Refracturing in Shale Reservoirs

Abstract Natural fractures and their interactions with the induced hydraulic fractures play a critical role in the final induced fracture path as the created combined natural fracture–hydraulic fracture network is complex and will represent more realistically the production forecasting through reservoir simulation in shale reservoirs that correspondingly affects stimulated reservoir volume and the production efficiency. Most current commercial reservoir simulators incorporate predetermined predicted propagation path and fracture network created in these reservoirs making the production forecasting unreliable as they will not reflect any of the complexities of the tight reservoirs resulting in misleading production forecasting, recovery factors, and development plans. In this chapter, a coupled model accounting for several factors in the fracturing of shale reservoirs is presented. The fracture modeling results obtained were used in a case study conducted in the oil window of a well pad in the Eagle Ford reservoir. After the field case is implemented for fracturing, reservoir simulation has been conducted to perform a history match using the first 4 years' production data with the introduced new model. Due to the significant drop in the production rates during the first 2 years, a refracturing operation has also been simulated to determine how much more oil and gas can be produced from this well pad if the wells are refractured. The coupled model has then been compared with a commercial reservoir simulator incorporating a predetermined fracturing path to emphasize the differences of incorporating complex fracture network. The results of our comparative study indicated that the modified zipper pattern has provided the optimum recovery in the study well pad and using predefined fractures underestimates oil production, whereas the coupled approach introduced in this chapter provides more accurate production prediction for both fractured and refractured wells.
Direct Torque Model Predictive Control of a polyphase permanent magnet synchronous motor with current harmonic suppression and loss reduction

Poly-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are often found valuable in more electric aerospace and military vehicle applications because of the merits of being fault tolerant, exhibiting high energy density as well as operating at high speeds. This paper presents the Direct Torque Model Predictive Control (DT-MPC) of a five-phase PMSM. Through a proposed cost function, this control method improves the large torque ripple issue in the traditional direct torque control motor drives, and more importantly, it exhibits the advantage of significantly reducing poly-phase PMSM's high order harmonics and overall system losses.
Contextual fear retrieval-induced Fos expression across early development in the rat: An analysis using established nervous system nomenclature ontology.

Abstract The neural circuits underlying the acquisition, retention and retrieval of contextual fear conditioning have been well characterized in the adult animal. A growing body of work in younger rodents indicates that context-mediated fear expression may vary across development. However, it remains unclear how this expression may be defined across the full range of key developmental ages. Nor is it fully clear whether the structure of the adult context fear network generalizes to earlier ages. In this study, we compared context fear retrieval-induced behavior and neuroanatomically constrained immediate early-gene expression across infant (P19), early and late juvenile (P24 and P35), and adult (P90) male Long-Evans rats. We focused our analysis on neuroanatomically defined subregions and nuclei of the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA complex), dorsal and ventral portions of the hippocampus and the subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex as defined by the nomenclature of the Swanson (2004) adult rat brain atlas. Relative to controls and across all ages tested, there were greater numbers of Fos immunoreactive (Fos-ir) neurons in the posterior part of the basolateral amygdalar nuclei (BLAp) following context fear retrieval that correlated statistically with the expression of freezing. However, Fos-ir within regions having known connections with the BLA complex was differentially constrained by developmental age: early juvenile, but not adult rats exhibited an increase of context fear-dependent Fos-ir neurons in prelimbic and infralimbic areas, while adult, but not juvenile rats displayed increases in Fos-ir neurons within the ventral CA1 hippocampus. These results suggest that juvenile and adult rodents may recruit developmentally unique pathways in the acquisition and retrieval of contextual fear. This study extends prior work by providing a broader set of developmental ages and a rigorously defined neuroanatomical ontology within which the contextual fear network can be studied further.
Chapter 20 The optimum quantity of money

Publisher Summary Milton's Friedman's doctrine regarding the “optimum quantity of money”—according to which an optimal monetary policy would involve a steady contraction of the money supply at a rate sufficient to bring the nominal interest rate down to zero—is one of the most celebrated propositions in modern monetary theory. The reasons for the degree of interest in Friedman's argument are not difficult to discern. Friedman deploys some simple ideas from the modern theory of competitive equilibrium that applies to the characterization of Pareto optimal allocation of resources and the interpretation of certain necessary conditions for efficiency in terms of equilibrium prices and rates of return. The conclusions that Friedman reaches are of apparent relevance to some of the most debated issues of practical economic policymaking, and his proposed policy rule is of such striking simplicity that its implications for practical policy are quite clear.
Security Principles for Managers

This chapter addresses the importance of information security, provides some statistics about security breaches and threats, and discusses security services and mechanisms. One of the important security mechanisms is, of course, encryption. An overview of secret key and public key encryption techniques is provided, followed by a brief description of other security services such as authentication, message integrity, and non-repudiation.
Microbial Transformations at Aqueous-Solid Phase Interfaces: A Bioremediation Approach

The application of state-of-the-science analytical techniques to environmental chemodynamics of organic contaminants has provided society with various information of concern. The air we breathe, the water we drink, the soil in which our crops are grown, and the environments where populations of humans, animals, and plants grow are contaminated with a variety of synthetic organic chemicals. Many of these contaminants are industrial chemicals that have been, deliberately or inadvertently, discharged into surface and ground waters, or onto soils and bottom sediments following their intended use. Others are by-products of manufacturing operations that do not utilize waste-treatment facilities or by-products that were inadequately treated.
A Multiscale Agent-Based Model for the Investigation of E. coli K12 Metabolic Response During Biofilm Formation

Bacterial biofilm formation is an organized collective response to biochemical cues that enables bacterial colonies to persist and withstand environmental insults. We developed a multiscale agent-based model that characterizes the intracellular, extracellular, and cellular scale interactions that modulate Escherichia coli MG1655 biofilm formation. Each bacterium's intracellular response and cellular state were represented as an outcome of interactions with the environment and neighboring bacteria. In the intracellular model, environment-driven gene expression and metabolism were captured using statistical regression and Michaelis-Menten kinetics, respectively. In the cellular model, growth, death, and type IV pili- and flagella-dependent movement were based on the bacteria's intracellular state. We implemented the extracellular model as a three-dimensional diffusion model used to describe glucose, oxygen, and autoinducer 2 gradients within the biofilm and bulk fluid. We validated the model by comparing simulation results to empirical quantitative biofilm profiles, gene expression, and metabolic concentrations. Using the model, we characterized and compared the temporal metabolic and gene expression profiles of sessile versus planktonic bacterial populations during biofilm formation and investigated correlations between gene expression and biofilm-associated metabolites and cellular scale phenotypes. Based on our in silico studies, planktonic bacteria had higher metabolite concentrations in the glycolysis and citric acid cycle pathways, with higher gene expression levels in flagella and lipopolysaccharide-associated genes. Conversely, sessile bacteria had higher metabolite concentrations in the autoinducer 2 pathway, with type IV pili, autoinducer 2 export, and cellular respiration genes upregulated in comparison with planktonic bacteria. Having demonstrated results consistent with in vitro static culture biofilm systems, our model enables examination of molecular phenomena within biofilms that are experimentally inaccessible and provides a framework for future exploration of how hypothesized molecular mechanisms impact bulk community behavior.
Molecular markers in recurrent stage I, grade 1 endometrioid endometrial cancers

Abstract Objectives Stage I, grade 1 endometrial cancers have low recurrence rates and often do not receive adjuvant therapy. We compared recurrent cases to matched non-recurrent controls to evaluate for molecular markers associated with higher risk of recurrence. Methods A case-control study including all cases of recurrent stage I, grade 1 endometrioid endometrial cancer at one institution in a ten-year period. Cases were matched to controls by age, BMI, weight and stage. Molecular testing and immunohistochemistry were performed on archival tumor specimens: microsatellite instability (MSI-H), mismatch repair status, POLE mutational status, and next-generation sequencing. Results 15 stage I, grade 1 endometrial cancer cases with recurrent disease and available tumor specimens were identified. CTNNB1 and MSI-H were present at significantly higher rates in cases than controls (CTNNB1 60% vs. 28%, OR 3.9, 95%CI 1.1–14.7, p = 0.04 and MSI-H 53% vs. 21%, OR 4.4, 95%CI 1.1–17.0, p = 0.03). POLE mutations were found in 0% of cases vs. 7% of controls (p = 0.54). Among specimens demonstrating microsatellite stability (MSS), 100% of cases vs. 26% of controls had CTNNB1 mutations (p Conclusions Compared to controls, CTNNB1 mutation is present at significantly higher rates in recurrent stage I, grade 1 endometrial cancers and is found most commonly in MSS tumors. MSI-H is also present at significantly higher rates in recurrent cases. These markers may be useful for prognostic risk stratification and adjuvant therapy decision-making in this otherwise low-risk population.
Bruno de Hezeta y Fray Miguel de la Campa: los parajes del miedo en la exploración del Pacífico Noroeste (1775).

Analisis discursivo desde la perspectiva postcolonial que la geografia humanista ha proporcionado de los diarios de navegacion de Bruno de Mezeta y Fray Miguel de la Campa en al Noroeste de America, 1775.
Arens Extensions for Polynomials and the Woodbury–Schep Formula

Among other results, we provide a formula for the order continuous component of a positive s-homogeneous polynomial on a vector lattice with Dedekind complete range.
A drug delivery perspective on intratumoral-immunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract In less than 5years immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) went from first FDA approval to become first-line options in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Despite that many patients have benefited from ICI, a significant fraction of individuals are refractory to these new immunological treatments. In this review, we discussed using intratumoral (i.t.) route of drug administration as an alternative to systemic therapy to increase the response rates and to circumvent potential drug-induced systemic adverse events. We provided a historic account of i.t. drug treatments in cancer and reviewed the contemporary experience in local drug delivery. We discussed the potential for enhancing the therapeutic impact of ICI by leveraging hydrogels as drug delivery vehicles and presented an outlook for implementing i.t. in renal cell carcinoma.
Positive Psychology and Education of Students with Disabilities: the Way Forward for Assessment and Intervention

Focusing on using strength-based practices in special education broadens the perspectives of students with disabilities, their families, and people that provide supports (e.g., educators, counselors) regarding the positive traits that students with disabilities demonstrate and how they can use these attributes to achieve valued life outcomes. Measuring, understanding, and building on strengths are the mission of the field of positive psychology, which can provide a framework for practitioners in the disability field to build on strengths and enhance systems of support and quality of life outcomes. Practitioners, including special and general educators, related service providers, psychologists, and counselors, can use positive psychological assessments and interventions to promote positive student school and postschool outcomes, including well-being, achievement, and leadership. This article (1) provides an overview of how positive psychology can provide a framework for strength-based approaches, (2) highlights specific positive psychological assessment tools and interventions, (3) describes how to implement positive psychological assessment tools and interventions in educational contexts with students with disabilities, and (4) identifies areas for future research to promote positive and meaningful outcomes. Low-cost strength-based assessments and interventions can be used in diverse educational settings to promote positive student school and postschool outcomes. Future research should test hypotheses related to how strength assessments and interventions can promote personal strengths across educational contexts (e.g., inclusive, general education classrooms) with students with diverse personal characteristics and support needs.
Trial by trial EEG based BCI for distress versus non distress classification in individuals with ASD

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is often accompanied by impaired emotion regulation (ER). There has been increasing emphasis on developing evidence-based approaches to improve ER in ASD. Electroencephalography (EEG) has shown success in reducing ASD symptoms when used in neurofeedback-based interventions. Also, certain EEG components are associated with ER. Our overarching goal is to develop a technology that will use EEG to monitor real-time changes in ER and perform intervention based on these changes. As a first step, an EEG-based brain computer interface that is based on an Affective Posner task was developed to identify patterns associated with ER on a single trial basis, and EEG data collected from 21 individuals with ASD. Accordingly, our aim in this study is to investigate EEG features that could differentiate between distress and non-distress conditions. Specifically, we investigate if the EEG time-locked to the visual feedback presentation could be used to classify between WIN (non-distress) and LOSE (distress) conditions in a game with deception. Results showed that the extracted EEG features could differentiate between WIN and LOSE conditions (average accuracy of 81%), LOSE and rest-EEG conditions (average accuracy 94.8%), and WIN and rest-EEG conditions (average accuracy 94.9%).
PI3Kγ/AKT Signaling in High Molecular Weight Hyaluronan (HMWH)-Induced Anti-Hyperalgesia and Reversal of Nociceptor Sensitization.

High molecular weight hyaluronan (HMWH), a well-established treatment for osteoarthritis pain, is anti-hyperalgesic in preclinical models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. HMWH-induced anti-hyperalgesia is mediated by its action at cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), the cognate hyaluronan receptor, which can signal via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), a large family of kinases involved in diverse cell functions. We demonstrate that intrathecal administration of an oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) antisense to mRNA for PI3Kγ (a Class I PI3K isoform) expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), and intradermal administration of a PI3Kγ-selective inhibitor (AS605240), markedly attenuates HMWH-induced anti-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) hyperalgesia, in male and female rats. Intradermal administration of inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR; rapamycin) and protein kinase B (AKT; AKT Inhibitor IV), signaling molecules downstream of PI3Kγ, also attenuates HMWH-induced anti-hyperalgesia. In vitro patch-clamp electrophysiology experiments on cultured nociceptors from male rats demonstrate that some HMWH-induced changes in generation of action potentials (APs) in nociceptors sensitized by PGE2 are PI3Kγ dependent (reduction in AP firing rate, increase in latency to first AP and increase in slope of current ramp required to induce AP) and some are PI3Kγ independent [reduction in recovery rate of AP afterhyperpolarization (AHP)]. Our demonstration of a role of PI3Kγ in HMWH-induced anti-hyperalgesia and reversal of nociceptor sensitization opens a novel line of research into molecular targets for the treatment of diverse pain syndromes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We have previously demonstrated that high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMWH) attenuates inflammatory hyperalgesia, an effect mediated by its action at cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), the cognate hyaluronan receptor, and activation of its downstream signaling pathway, in nociceptors. In the present study, we demonstrate that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)γ and downstream signaling pathway, protein kinase B (AKT) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), are crucial for HMWH to induce anti-hyperalgesia.
A Note on the Heights of the Different IGY Types of Es

Using 200 station-months of data, the dependence of h'E s on season and geographic location was studied. The minimum virtual height of E s was found to be generally greater for the f -type E s than for the l -type E s . Some dependence of h'E s (for the f -type and c -type) on geographic latitude was noted, with lower heights at lower latitudes. No dependence of h'E s on sunspot number was found. For any study of h'E s , the investigation should be on the basis of E s types, rather than on a composite value of h'E s .
US Health Care Reform and Transplantation. Part I: Overview and Impact on Access and Reimbursement in the Private Sector

The Health Care Reform (HCR) legislation passed by Congress in 2010 will have significant impact on transplant centers, patients and health care professionals. The Act seeks to expand coverage, limit the growth in health care costs and reform the delivery and insurance systems. In Part I of this two part series, we provide an overview and perspective of changes in private health insurance resulting from HCR. Under the plan, all Americans will be required to purchase coverage through their employer or via an improved individual/small group market. This legislation limits abusive practices such as limitations on preexisting conditions, lifetime and annual coverage limitations and dropping of beneficiaries if they become sick. The legislation will also limit high-cost plans and regulate premium increases. Private sector reforms are likely to benefit our patients by increasing the number of patients with access to transplant services, since the use of 'preexisting' conditions will be eliminated. However without a concomitant increase in the organ supply, longer waiting times and greater use of marginal organs are likely to increase the cost of transplant. Furthermore, transplant providers will receive reduced reimbursement as a result of market consolidation and the growing power of large transplant networks.
The Creation of Defensiveness in Social Interaction

This article develops and examines a conceptual model of defensiveness. Drawn from a review of the literature, defensiveness is hypothesized to be related to: (1) a self‐perceived flaw which the individual refuses to admit, (2) a sensitivity to that flaw, and (3) an attack by another person which (4) focuses on an area or issue that the attacker perceives as a flaw in the other. Results confirm this four‐factor definition of defensiveness and indicate that each factor makes a significant, independent contribution to people's feelings of defensiveness.
Cryogenic Foam Insulation - Abstracted Publications,

A group of documents were chosen and abstracted which contain information on the properties of foam materials and on the use of foams as thermal insulation at cryogenic temperatures. The properties include thermal properties, mechanical properties, and compatibility properties with oxygen and other cryogenic fluids. Uses of foams include applications as thermal insulation for spacecraft propellant tanks, and for liquefied natural gas storage tanks and pipelines.
Survey of expiration dating policies for repackaged pharmaceuticals

A national survey was conducted to determine the policies of hospital pharmacies regarding expiration dates for repackaged pharmaceuticals. A cover letter, questionnaire, and self-addressed stamped envelope were mailed to the directors of pharmacy of 360 randomly selected hospitals. Definitions of bulk and extemporaneous repackaging were provided. The response rate was 57%. Less than one third of the responding institutions followed the current FDA recommendations for dating oral solids repackaged in bulk. Almost one quarter used the manufacturer's date. Only 5.6% of the hospitals used more conservative dating. Similar percentages were found for the dating of oral liquids. One third of the hospitals used 30-90 days to date repackaged injectables ; however, a large range of expiration dates was reported. Almost one third of the hospitals applied the current FDA bulk repackaging dating recommendations to extemporaneous repackaging . A large percentage (29% for oral solids and 31% for oral liquids) used the manufacturer's date. A wide variety of arbitrarily assigned expiration dates are being used by hospital pharmacists in the bulk and extemporaneous repackaging of oral solids, liquids, and injections.
Ivory in World History – Early Modern Trade in Context

Ivory was the cause of the some of the oldest trading networks in human history. It is part of our cultural landscape yet ivory has commonly only been viewed through the lens of slavery or conservation. This article takes a broad look at the place of ivory in human history, from prehistoric times to the 19th century, with emphasis on the early modern world. Ivory trade is set against the backdrop of the environmental and evolutionary history of the elephant. It decouples the commodity from its adjuncts, to encourage a better understanding of the impact of ivory.