cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AFLP Discrimination of Native North American and Cultivated Hop

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is cultivated for the female fl owers, or “cones,” which traditionally have been used as a bittering and fl avoring agent in beer. Hop breeding historically relied on relatively simple selection techniques within established breeding lines. Supplementing current breeding material with new genetic sources would enhance a hop breeder’s ability to select for new traits. The objective of this research was to assess the genetic relationship of H. lupulus var. lupuloides and H. lupulus var. pubescens accessions with hop germplasm currently utilized by hop breeding programs. A total of 60 hop accessions representing both cultivated (n = 21) and native (n = 39) Humulus were evaluated using amplifi ed fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers. The four primer combinations used generated 296 scorable fragments of which 176 (59.5%) were polymorphic. Principal components analysis and hierarchal cluster analysis showed the native American accessions clustering separately from the cultivated germplasm. Within each of the two main groups, two smaller subgroups were evident with H. lupulus var. lupuloides and H. lupulus var. pubescens segregated into unique clusters. This research provides the fi rst molecular genetic evidence of H. lupulus var. pubescens and H. lupulus var. lupuloides being two separate botanical varieties. Results from this research suggest incorporating the native American hop accessions studied in this experiment would enhance the genetic diversity within hop breeding programs.
Characteristics of Microstructure and Texture in the Stir Zone of Friction Stir Welded Al-12.7Si-0.7Mg Alloy

4-mm thick Al-12.7Si-0.7Mg alloy plates were cut from the hot extrusion profiles. A butt-welding joint was made by friction stir welding (FSW). Optical microscopy and SEM-EBSD analysis were employed to examine the microstructure and texture evolution in the stir zone of the joint. This work provides basic information for microstructure and microtexture characteristics in the stir zone after FSW for this novel wrought Al-Si alloy.
Towards Successful Dissemination of Psychological First Aid: A Study of Provider Training Preferences

Dissemination of Psychological First Aid (PFA) is challenging considering the complex nature of disaster response and the various disaster mental health (DMH) trainings available. To understand challenges to dissemination in community mental health centers (CMHCs), interviews were conducted with nine DMH providers associated with CMHCs. Consensual qualitative analysis was used to analyze data. Interviews were targeted toward understanding organizational infrastructure, DMH training requirements, and training needs. Results clarified challenges to DMH training in CMHCs and factors that may promote buy-in for trainings. For example, resources are limited and thus allocated for state and federal training requirements. Therefore, including PFA in these requirements could promote adoption. Additionally, a variety of training approaches that differ in content, style, and length would be useful. To conclude, a conceptual model for ways to promote buy-in for the PFA Guide is proposed.
A result complementary to Gersgorin's Circle Theorem

Abstract Gersgorin’s Circle Theorem looks at certain circles in the complex plane that contain an eigenvalue. In contrast, this paper examines the consequences for an eigenvector of the eigenvalue not belonging to a circle.
Public health assessment of potential biological terrorism agents.

As part of a Congressional initiative begun in 1999 to upgrade national public health capabilities for response to acts of biological terrorism, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was designated the lead agency for overall public health planning. A Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Office has been formed to help target several areas for initial preparedness activities, including planning, improved surveillance and epidemiologic capabilities, rapid laboratory diagnostics, enhanced communications, and medical therapeutics stockpiling (1). To focus these preparedness efforts, however, the biological agents towards which the efforts should be targeted had to first be formally identified and placed in priority order. Many biological agents can cause illness in humans, but not all are capable of affecting public health and medical infrastructures on a large scale. The military has formally assessed multiple agents for their strategic usefulness on the battlefield (2). In addition, the Working Group on Civilian Biodefense, using an expert panel consensus-based process, has identified several biological agents as potential high-impact agents against civilian populations (3–7). To guide national public health bioterrorism preparedness and response efforts, a method was sought for assessing potential biological threat agents that would provide a reviewable, reproducible means for standardized evaluations of these threats. In June 1999, a meeting of national experts was convened to 1) review potential general criteria for selecting the biological agents that pose the greatest threats to civilians and 2) review lists of previously identified biological threat agents and apply these criteria to identify which should be evaluated further and prioritized for public health preparedness efforts. This report outlines the overall selection and prioritization process used to determine the biological agents for public health preparedness activities. Identifying these priority agents will help facilitate coordinated planning efforts among federal agencies, state and local emergency response and public health agencies, and the medical community.
Some Finite Sample Results for Theil's Mixed Regression Estimator

Abstract Finite sample properties of Theil's mixed regression estimator and test statistic for checking the compatibility of prior and sample information, are studied via Monte Carlo sampling experiments.
Production and characterization of a specific 5-HT2 receptor antibody

A synthetic peptide was used to generate antibodies against the rat serotonin-2 (5-HT2) receptor. The peptide corresponds to a unique sequence from the N-terminal extracellular portion of the receptor protein (antibody = Ab 5HT2-N). This peptide was chosen based on its theoretical antigenic index and for specificity to the 5-HT2 receptor. In dot blot analysis, antisera detected 2 ng-2 μg of synthetic peptide at dilutions of 1/200-1/20,000. COS-7 cells transiently transfected with a eularyotic expression vector containing the 5-HT2 cDNA displayed intense immunoreactivity with crude and affinity-purified Ab 5HT2-N. In contrast, no immunoreactivity was seen in control experiments when: (1) non-transfected or vector transfected COS-7 cells were used; (2) pre-immune sera was substituted for primary antisera; (3) primary antisera was omitted; or (4) antiserum was pre-adsorbed to 10 μM synthetic peptide. Immunohistochemical analysis of sections of perfused rat brain revealed intense immunolabelling of a subset of neurons in regions of the ventral forebrain, dorsal hippocampus, striatum, cerebral cortex, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT). An especially dense band of small cells was seen in layer 2 of pyriform cortex. There was a very high concentration of labelled cells in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. In situ hybridization histochemistry with a 5-HT2 antisense cRNA riboprobe showed a pattern of hybridization in forebrain similar to the pattern of immunolabelling with Ab 5HT2-N. Western blot analysis of proteins extracted from the LDT revealed a single protein species reacting with the antibody. This reactivity is not present in the pre-immune sera and is blocked by the synthetic antigen. These data suggest that we have produced a specific antibody suitable for immunocytochemical application that recognizes an N-terminal epitope of the rat 5-HT2 receptor.
Wounding the cornea to learn how it heals

Corneal wound healing studies have a long history and rich literature that describes the data obtained over the past 70 years using many different species of animals and methods of injury. These studies have lead to reduced suffering and provided clues to treatments that are now helping patients live more productive lives. In spite of the progress made, further research is required since blindness and reduced quality of life due to corneal scarring still happens. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known about different types of wound and animal models used to study corneal wound healing. The subject of corneal wound healing is broad and includes chemical and mechanical wound models. This review focuses on mechanical injury models involving debridement and keratectomy wounds to reflect the authors' expertise.
Mycobacterial Ecology of the Rio Grande

This is the first study to characterize the environmental conditions which contribute to the presence and proliferation of environmental mycobacteria in a major freshwater river. Over 20 different species of environmental mycobacteria were isolated, including the pathogenic M. avium and M. kansasii. Species of the rapidly growing M. fortuitum complex were the most commonly isolated mycobacteria, and one-third of all isolates were not identified at the species level, even by 16S sequencing. PCR restriction analysis of the hsp65 gene was more accurate and rapid than biochemical tests and as accurate as yet less expensive than 16S sequencing, showing great promise as a new tool for species identification of environmentally isolated mycobacteria. Total environmental mycobacteria counts positively correlated with coliform and Escherichia coli counts and negatively correlated with chemical toxicity and water temperature. Environmental mycobacteria can survive in the alkaline conditions of the river despite previous reports that especially acidic conditions favor their presence. A representative river isolate (M. fortuitum) survived better than E. coli O157:H7 at pHs below 7 and above 8 in nutrient broth. The river strain also retained viability at 8 ppm of free chlorine, while E. coli was eliminated at 2 ppm and above. Thus, in vitro studies support environmental observations that a variety of extreme conditions favor the hardy environmental mycobacteria.
Deploying wildland fire suppression resources with a scenario-based standard response model

Abstract Wildland fire managers deploy suppression resources to bases and dispatch them to fires to maximize the percentage of fires that are successfully contained before unacceptable costs and losses occur. Deployment is made with budget constraints and uncertainty about the daily number, location, and intensity of fires, all of which affect initial‐attack success. To address the deployment problem, we formulate a scenario‐based standard response model with two objective functions: the number of suppression resources deployed and the expected daily number of fires that do not receive a standard response, defined as the desired number of resources that can reach the fire within a specified response time. To determine how deployment levels affect the standard response objective, a weighted sum of the objective functions is minimized, and the weights are ramped from large to small to generate the tradeoffs. We use the model to position up to 22 engines among 15 stations in the Amador‐El Dorado unit of the ...
COCORP profiling across the Rocky Mountain Front in southern Wyoming, Part 1: Laramide structure

COCORP deep seismic-reflection profiles have been recorded showing significant crustal deformation of the North American craton; profiles were made across the Laramie Mountains, the Wyoming section of the Front separating the southern Rocky Mountains from the Great Plains, and eastern margin, in Wyoming and Colorado. These mountains are underlain by a series of westerly dipping seismic reflectors traceable as deep as 10 to 12 km, arranged en echelon with various dips (20° to 50°), which in some cases can be traced to the surface position of faults flanking the Laramie Mountains. Although other interpretations are possible, the reflectors are thought to be thrust faults, whose distribution and orientation suggest that the mountains were uplifted by horizontal crustal shortening during the Laramide orogeny. These inferred thrusts apparently do not generate such pronounced fault-zone reflections as those seen on COCORP lines recorded across the Wind River Mountains in Wyoming, probably because fault displacements were much smaller. Differential movements along the thrusts may explain variations in the character of the Rocky Mountain Front in the region of the COCORP lines. On the basis of morphological continuity, the Front in Colorado may also have been uplifted by crustal shortening with variations of structural style caused by adjustments to Precambrian and Ancestral Rockies structures. COCORP data have now been recorded across two mountain ranges lying on the eastern and western margins of the region of Laramide basement uplifts in Wyoming. Both ranges (Laramie and Wind River) apparently are underlain by moderately dipping thrust faults. Probably, crustal shortening by lateral compression was the dominant cause of the Laramide basement uplifts. These mountain-building compressional stresses were transmitted to the interior of the continent, 1,000 to 1,500 km from an active plate margin.
The ionization of sulfurous acid in Na−Mg−Cl solutions at 25°C

The stoichiometric pK 1 * and pK 2 * for the ionization of sulfurous acid has been determined from emf measurements in NaCl solutions with varying concentrations of added MgCl2 (m=0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) from I=0.5 to 6.0 molal at 25°C. These experimental results have been treated using both the ion pairing and Pitzer's specific ion-interaction models. The Pitzer parameters for the interaction of Mg2+ with SO2 and HSO 3 − yielded λ=0.085±0.004, β(0) = 0.35±0.02, β(1) = 1.2±0.04, and Cφ = −0.072±0.007. The Pitzer parameters β(0) = −2.8±0.4, β(1) = 12.9±2.9 and β(2) = −2071±57 have been determined for the interactions of Mg2+ with SO 3 2− . The calculated values of pK 1 * and pK 2 * using Pitzer's equations reproduce the measured values to within ±0.04 pK units. The ion pairing model with log KMgSO3=2.36±0.02 and logγMgSO3 = 0.1021, reproduces the experimental values of pK 2 * to ±0.01. These results demonstrate that treating the data by considering the formation of MgSO3 yields a better fit of the experimental measurements with fewer adjustable parameters. With these derived coefficients obtained from the Pitzer equations and the ion pairing model, it is possible to make reliable estimates of the activity coefficients of HSO 3 − and SO 3 2− in seawater, brines and marine aerosols containing Mg2+ ions.
A radioisotopic assay for Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase

Abstract We describe a radioisotopic assay for Δ 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. In this assay we use Δ 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate[U- 14 C] and isolate product l -[U- 14 C]proline by cation-exchange column chromatography.
Evidence That the Vinland Map Is Medieval

The Vinland Map has been proposed to date to the mid-fifteenth century and is significant in showing the north Atlantic area of what is now North America about 50 years before the voyages of Columbus. It has been confirmed by radiocarbon dating that the map was drawn on a fifteenth century parchment; however, controversy regarding the ink of the map has persisted. Analytical studies of the ink of the map have been interpreted to show that the map is a twentieth century forgery because of the presence of carbon and anatase in the ink. However, carbon is known to have been added to medieval iron gallotannate inks, and the presence of anatase in a medieval ink can be explained by examining the process of making medieval inks.
Circulating Levels of Plasma Adrenocorticotropin in Poly cystic Ovary Disease

Excessive adrenal androgen production contributes to hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovarian disease (PCO). This study was performed to determine the concentration of basal plasma ACTH in PCO patients and normal women and correlate its level with that of circulating adrenal androgen. In PCO patients, significant increases in serum testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were noted compared to levels in normal women. The mean circulating plasma ACTH in PCO patients (22 +/- 2 pg/ml) was not different from that in normal controls (20 +/- 2 pg/ml). The mean ratio of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to ACTH in individual PCO patients was significantly greater than that in normal subjects, whereas the cortisol to ACTH ratio was similar in both groups. These results suggest that increased adrenal androgen production in PCO patients is not due to abnormal ACTH secretion but arises from either altered adrenal responsiveness to ACTH or abnormal adrenal stimulation by a factor(s) other than ACTH.
New fluctuation analysis of D-policy bulk queues with multiple vacations

This paper offers new studies of the queueing process in D-policy models with Poisson bulk input, general service time, and multiple vacations. The D-policy applies when the system, after being exhausted, suspends service until the total workload crosses D (>= 0), thereby accumulating some number of customers. The key investigation is that of the queueing process during the ''first service cycle'', which includes the first vacation period when all customers line up waiting for the server to return and a period when all those customers are processed. For this model, neither the servicing process is renewal, nor the queueing process is semiregenerative relative to the departure epochs. To overcome the problem, the paper explores a new fluctuation technique of multivariate marked counting processes. It includes the time dependent analysis of queueing and busy period processes, specially developed for this process, and it yields their stationary distributions in closed analytic forms.
Solubility measurement by direct injection of supercritical-fluid solutions into a HPLC system

Abstract A new apparatus has been built for measuring solubility of solutes in supercritical fluids by direct injection of saturated supercritical-fluid solutions into a high-performance liquid chromatograph. To test the system, we measured the solubility of solid naphthalene in supercritical carbon dioxide at 55 °C for pressures between 6.58 and 10.23 MPa. The system was designed to operate at pressures and temperatures up to 34 MPa and 140 °C.
The eighteenth Century English commons: A model for ocean management

Abstract Ocean management institutions have not kept pace with our technical ability to exploit ocean resources. In contrast to the fragmented management procedures currently in practice, long term ocean sustainability requires a comprehensive, coordinated management approach. Common property, while often advanced as the cause of overexploitation of ocean resources, may in fact be the institutional arrangement with the greatest potential to control ocean use. This paper presents the 18th Century English commons as an example of a successful resource management institution which coordinated multiple resource uses, was flexible to changing environmental conditions, and embodied community control. The historical record on the enclosure of the commons suggests parallels with current privatization efforts which raise troubling distributional questions. Issues central to the adaptation of the commons structure to current ocean management needs are discussed.
Hair Color, Molt, and Testis Size in Male, Short-Tailed Weasels Treated with Melatonin

Melatonin in beeswax was implanted in male weasels (Mustela erminea). Brown weasels and white animals undergoing the spring change to the brown pelage and reproductive activity molted, grew a new white coat, and became reproductively quiescent after treatment. Controls retained or acquired the brown coat and developed or maintained enlarged testes. Treated weasels with pituitary autografts under the kidney capsule grew brown hair after hair growth was initiated by plucking. It is suggested that the pineal gland product, melatonin, initiates changes in the central nervous system and endocrines which result in molting, growth of the white winter pelage, and reproductive quiescence in the weasel.
Inherited Surfactant Protein-B Deficiency and Surfactant Protein-C Associated Disease: Clinical Features and Evaluation

The pulmonary surfactant is a mixture of phospholipids and proteins synthesized, packaged, and secreted by alveolar type II cells that lowers surface tension and prevents atelectasis at end-expiration. A tightly regulated, complex metabolic cycle involves all components of the pulmonary surfactant. Disorders of surfactant metabolism that have a genetic basis are rare, but causes of respiratory dysfunction in infants and children emerge. Recessive loss of function mutations in surfactant protein-B (SP-B) gene lead to respiratory failure that is lethal in the newborn period while single allelic mutations in the surfactant protein-C (SP-C) gene cause interstitial lung disease of varying severity and age of onset. The genetic basis, mechanisms, clinical presentation and outcome, diagnostic approach and limited therapeutic options for disease due to mutations the SP-B and SP-C genes will be described in detail in this article. These disorders provide insights into some of the distinct mechanisms that disrupt the surfactant metabolic cycle and cause respiratory disease in infants and children.
Progress toward the total synthesis of lucentamycin A: total synthesis and biological evaluation of 8-epi-lucentamycin A.

Synthetic efforts toward the cytotoxic peptides lucentamycins A−D are described that resulted in the total synthesis and biological evaluation of 8-epi-lucentamycin A in 15 steps with 2.2% overall yield. The key epi-nonproteogenic 3-methyl-4-ethylideneproline was synthesized via a titanium-mediated cycloisomerization reaction.
Pairwise Interactions between Neuronal α7Acetylcholine Receptors and α-Conotoxin ImI

The present work uses α-conotoxin ImI (CTx ImI) to probe the neurotransmitter binding site of neuronal α7 acetylcholine receptors. We identify key residues in α7 that contribute to CTx ImI affinity, and use mutant cycles analysis to identify pairs of residues that stabilize the receptor-conotoxin complex. We first mutated key residues in the seven known loops of α7 that converge at the subunit interface to form the ligand binding site. The mutant subunits were expressed in 293 HEK cells, and CTx ImI binding was measured by competition against the initial rate of125I-α-bungarotoxin binding. The results reveal a predominant contribution by Tyr-195 in α7, accompanied by smaller contributions by Thr-77, Tyr-93, Asn-111, Gln-117, and Trp-149. Based upon our previous identification of bioactive residues in CTx ImI, we measured binding of receptor and toxin mutations and analyzed the results using thermodynamic mutant cycles. The results reveal a single dominant interaction between Arg-7 of CTx ImI and Tyr-195 of α7 that anchors the toxin to the binding site. We also find multiple weak interactions between Asp-5 of CTx ImI and Trp-149, Tyr-151, and Gly-153 of α7, and between Trp-10 of CTx ImI and Thr-77 and Asn-111 of α7. The overall results establish the orientation of CTx ImI as it bridges the subunit interface and demonstrate close approach of residues on opposing faces of the α7 binding site.
An experimental study on the use of static effective modulus theories in dynamic problems

In a recent paper [1] the effective elastic constants of a [0, ±45,0] 36 graph ite epoxy laminated composite were determined by ultrasonic wave velocity information, and the Young's moduli calculated from these constants were compared to those obtained using a quasi-static loading technique for six different directions. In this article, the previ ously obtained results are compared to those predicted using a three-dimensional static effective modulus theory [2]. It is shown that, if low frequency ultrasonic waves are used, the calculated Young's moduli compare favorably with both the static measurements and those predicted by the effective modulus theory. Comments on the applicability of the various measurement techniques for different purposes are also discussed.
Implications of crustal permeability for fluid movementbetween terrestrial fluid reservoirs

Abstract A classic paper by Rubey [Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull 62 (1951) 1111] examined various hypotheses regarding the origin of sea water and concluded that the most likely hypothesis was volcanic outgassing, a view that was generally accepted by Earth scientists for the next several decades. More recent work suggests that the rate of subduction of water is much larger than the volcanic outgassing rate, lending support to hypotheses that either ocean volume has decreased with time, or that the imbalance is offset by continuous replenishment of water by cometary impacts. These alternatives are required in the absence of additional mechanisms for the return of water from subducting lithosphere to the Earth's surface. Our recent work on crustal permeability suggests a large capacity for water upflow through tectonically active continental crust, resulting in a heretofore-unrecognized degassing pathway that can accommodate the water-subduction rate. Escape of recycled water via delivery from the mantle through zones of active metamorphism eliminates the mass-balance argument for the loss of ocean volume or extraterrestrial sources.
Stage-specific changes in protein phosphorylation accompanying meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes and fertilization of mouse eggs.

Characteristic changes in the patterns of protein phosphorylation occur during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes from the time subsequent to germinal vesicle breakdown, through metaphase II, and following fertilization. These changes occur during both in vitro or in vivo maturation or fertilization. Three major classes of changes in total phosphoprotein synthesis are observed. In the first class, protein phosphorylations increase from the germinal vesicle stage until just after germinal vesicle breakdown and then decrease during progression to metaphase II and after fertilization. The second class is characterized by decreases in protein phosphorylation during maturation with subsequent increases in phosphorylation of these proteins after fertilization. The third class is characterized by protein phosphorylations that remain relatively constant during maturation but increase after fertilization; phosphotyrosine phosphoproteins comprise the major species. The radiolabeled protein and phosphoprotein composition of isolated germinal vesicles was also examined, and a phosphoprotein of Mr 29,000 is found exclusively associated with the germinal vesicle. Since we have shown previously that 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate inhibits fertilization (Y.Endo, R.M. Schultz, and G.S. Kopf, submitted), we examined the effects of this compound on the phosphoprotein patterns of metaphase II eggs. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate treatment stimulates the phosphorylation of a specific phosphoprotein of Mr 80,000.
Expansion of an Atypical NK Cell Subset in Mouse Models of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Chronic inflammatory conditions, such as in autoimmune disease, can disturb immune cell homeostasis and induce the expansion of normally rare cell populations. In our analysis of various murine models of lupus, we detect increased frequency of an uncommon subset identified as NK1.1(+)CD11c(+)CD122(+)MHC class II(+). These cells share characteristics with the NK cell lineage and with cells previously described as IFN-producing killer dendritic cells: 1) they depend on IL-15 and express E4BP4; 2) they are cytotoxic and produce type I and type II IFN upon activation; and 3) they are efficient APCs both through MHC class II expression and in cross-presentation to CD8s. These atypical NK cells are responsive to TLR stimulation and thus are most abundant in mice with high copy number of the Tlr7 gene. They are highly proliferative as assessed by in vivo BrdU incorporation. In adoptive transfer experiments they persist in high numbers for months and maintain their surface marker profile, indicating that this population is developmentally stable. Gene expression analyses on both mRNA and microRNAs show a modified cell cycle program in which various miR-15/16 family members are upregulated, presumably as a consequence of the proliferative signal mediated by the increased level of growth factors, Ras and E2F activity. Alternatively, low expression of miR-150, miR-181, and miR-744 in these cells implies a reduction in their differentiation capacity. These results suggest that cells of the NK lineage that undergo TLR stimulation might turn on a proliferative program in detriment of their full differentiation into mature NK cells.
Experimental studies on the incidence of metastases after failure of radiation treatment and the effect of salvage surgery

FSaII, a spontaneous fibrosarcoma, and SCCVII, a spontaneous squamous carcinoma, were studied as early generation isotransplants in the right leg of C3Hf/Sed mice. Animals successfully treated, in respect to local control by surgery alone for 6 mm diameter tumors, had an incidence of distant metastases of 2.6% for the FSaII, and 8% for the SCCVII. For 12 mm tumors the incidence of metastases was 14.3% and 41%, respectively. Animals successfully treated with radiation alone for 6 mm tumors had an incidence of distant metastases of 3.1% for the FSaII, and 6.9% for the SCCVII. Animals that developed local recurrence after radiation therapy were treated with salvage surgery when the recurrent tumor was either 6 mm or 12 mm. For those successfully treated the incidence of metastases was 12.5% for the FSaII, and 43% for the SCCVII when salvage surgery was performed on 6 mm tumors. When surgery was delayed and performed on 12 mm tumors, the incidence was 46.6% and 70.3%, respectively. The results indicate that after failure of radiation treatment there is a high incidence of metastases from the recurrent tumors. The incidence, however, can be reduced considerably by carrying out early salvage surgery.
Child Sexual Abuse Investigations in Israel

This article describes how allegations of child sexual abuse are investigated and adjudicated in Israel. Believing that children may well be harmed by repeated interrogation and demands to testify and be cross-examined, Israeli legislators enacted special provisions several decades ago to ensure that children were spared these traumas. Recent evaluations of the system they established suggest that the protections concerned may have led inadvertently to various practices, including the failure to prosecute, that have not served children well. Possible remedies and a research program related to these issues are described. Language: en
Implementation structures as institutions

When Benny Hjern and David Porter announced (perhaps prematurely) the death of the “single lonely organization” in the study of implementation, they initiated the increasing recognition of the comp...
Delivery of didanosine from enteric-coated, sustained-release bioadhesive formulation.

The aim of our study is to assess the release characteristics, in vitro permeation, and stability of an enteric-coated, bioadhesive, sustained-release formulation of didanosine (ddI). Enteric-coated tablets of ddI, containing Polyox® WSRN-303 and Methocel K4M, were prepared using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP 5.5). The enteric-coated formulation was resistant to dissolution in 0.1 N HCl solution but dissolved within 10 min (±2 min) in pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline. The release profiles were linear with square root time. Stability studies indicate that the formulations were stable at 4°C, room temperature, and 40°C upon storage for 6 months. Polyox® WSRN-303 tablets exhibited a higher ddI permeation ratio across live intestinal tissue compared with conventional tablets. Enteric-coated, sustained-release, bioadhesive tablets deliver ddI in small doses and at the same time prevent acid-induced degradation and hence hold a potential to improve ddI's oral bioavailability.
Localizing jammers in wireless networks

Wireless communication is susceptible to radio interference and jamming attacks, which prevent the reception of communications. Most existing anti-jamming work does not consider the location information of radio interferers and jammers. However, this information can provide important insights for networks to manage its resource and to defend against radio interference. In this paper, we explore methods to localize radio interferers in wireless networks. We first exploit the feasibility of using two existing range-free localization algorithms, Centroid Localization (CL) and Weighted Centroid Localization (WCL), to localize the position of the jammer. We then develop a novel algorithm, Virtual Force Iterative Localization (VFIL), which estimates the location of a jammer iteratively by utilizing the network topology. Our extensive simulation results have demonstrated that VFIL is less sensitive to node densities and can achieve higher accuracy when localizing the jammer's position compared with centroid-based approaches.
The Judicial Common Space

To say that positive political theory (PPT) scholarship on the hierarchy of justice is theory rich and data poor is to make a rather uncontroversial claim. For over a decade now, scholars have offered intriguing theoretical accounts aimed at understanding why lower courts defy (comply with) higher courts. But only rarely do they subject the accounts to rigorous empirical interrogation. The chief obstacle, it seems, is the lack of a reliable and valid measurement strategy for placing judges of lower courts and justices of higher courts in the same policy space. Without such a strategy, we can systematically test few, if any, hypotheses flowing from PPT models of the judicial hierarchy. With such an approach not only can we investigate the implications of these models, we can assess many others flowing from the larger PPT program on judging, as well. It is to the challenge of scaling judges and justices (as well as legislatures and executives) that we turn in this article. We begin by explicating our measurement strategy, and then by explaining its advantages over previous efforts. Next we explore the results of our approach and provide a descriptive look at data it yields: a “Judicial Common Space” (JCS) score for all justices and judges appointed since 1953. The last section offers three applications designed to shore up the suitability and adaptability of the JCS for a range of positive projects on the courts.
Logistics agglomeration in the US

Governments around the world are investing significant resources in the development of logistics clusters. This paper develops a methodology for identifying them and applies it to answer several lingering questions in the context of the US. It contributes to a more general debate in the general industrial clusters literature: while many authors see industrial clusters growing, others see them dispersing. To answer this and related questions in the context of logistics clusters the paper first analyzes the prevalence of such clusters using a two-index methodology to identify clusters in the US. Evidence of increasing concentration of the logistics industry in clusters in the US over time is tested and documented. In addition, some evidence that logistics activities in counties inside clusters show higher growth than counties outside clusters is found.
A Biodemographic Interpretation of Life Span

The life span of individuals and the life expectancy of the populations they comprise have always been topics of interest to scientists and the lay population. In modern times, forecasts of life span and life expectancy have become particularly important public policy issues because of their influence on the future solvency of age-entitlement programs. The authors present a brief discussion of the origin of the notion of life span, discuss its relevance and importance in light of recent developments in the emerging field of the biodemography of aging, and explore the theoretical and biological forces that influence the duration of life of sexually reproducing species.
Regional differences in androgenic sensitivity of the chick comb and effects related to volume of inuncted vehicle

Combs of chicks were divided surgically into posterior (P-comb) and anterior (A-comb) portions of equal weight, thus providing two separate target organs in the same animal. Inunction with testosterone propionate stimulated equal increments in P- and A-combs with regard to values for length + height, but weight of the P-comb increased significantly more than that of the A-comb as a result of greater increase in width of the P- than of the A-comb. The P- was five times more responsive than the A-comb and contained larger amounts of ground substance as shown by histological examination and larger amounts of hexosamine as shown by chemical study. It was concluded that these two portions of the comb differed greatly in capacity to grow in response to androgenic stimulation. Reduction in the volume of the vehicle from 5 to 0.5 μl resulted in a sevenfold greater response of the chick comb to androgens. Restriction in the volume of vehicle and the use of the P-comb alone did not alter the precision of assay. Use of these procedures would permit measurement of androgens in amounts hitherto too small for assay.
Self-imaging oil fields

Abstract Can a developed oil field image itself? That is, can the oil pumps be used as seismic sources to image the subsurface geology in real time? This assumes that seismic data are recorded by a semi-permanent array of receivers. Some simple algebra and numerical tests suggest such a possibility. Introduction Engineers are currently using 3-D seismic experiments to monitor the pro-duction history of producing fields. In some cases they are using repeated 3-Dsurveys to monitor the time history of steam/fire/C02 floods. These seismicsurveys are expensive, requiring big bucks for operating field crews, vibroseisrental, and in some cases, partial shutdown of the pumps to lower the noise levels. Why not use the oil pump or steam injection noise as a seismic source? If asemi-permanent array of geophones could be stationed that continuously record and feed the seismic data to PC's (for storage and processing), then perhapssuch data can be used to image the reservoir features. If the PC's are powerfulenough then such imaging can take place in almost real time. The benefitswould be lowered costs due to the elimination of vibroseis rentals and pump
Polyimidines, a new class of polymers. II. Polyhexamethylenetetraphenyldithiopyromellitimidine

Polyimidines have been shown to be soluble, thermally stable polymers. In searching for an alternate synthetic method the thio analog of this system has been discovered. The brightly colored (red-orange) perthio derivatives of 3,3-diphenylphthalide and 3,3,5,5-tetraphenyipyromellitide were synthesized from their oxo analogs with P2S5. The model compound thioimidines were synthesized by reacting 3,3-diphenyldithiophthalide with aniline and with 1,6-hexane diamine and by reacting 3,3,5,5-tetraphenyltetrathiopyromellitide with aniline and n-hexylamine. The polymerization of tetraphenyltetrathiopyromellitide occurred readily with 1,6-hexanediamine in boiling carbon tetrachloride with complete cyclization. This reaction gave an 80% yield with inherent viscosities up to 0.89 and molecular weights up to approximately 11,000. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a 2% weight loss at 200°C and 10% weight loss at 300°C with rapid decomposition above 300°C. Although the polythioimidine was less thermally stable than its oxo analog, it was much more soluble in common solvents (aromatic and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons) and more readily synthesized in higher yield.
Silent letters are activated in spoken word recognition

Four experiments are reported that investigate processing of mispronounced words for which the phonological form is inconsistent with the graphemic form (words spelled with silent letters). Words produced as mispronunciations that are consistent with their spelling were more confusable with their citation form counterpart than mispronunciations that are inconsistent with their spelling in a same/different task. Cross-modal repetition priming for orthographically supported productions and their citation form counterparts was equivalent; in contrast, orthographically unsupported productions showed reduced priming relative to the citation form. The findings are discussed in light of models of cross-modal interaction between spoken and written lexical representations. We argue that the results support a restructuring model where reading promotes development of a phonological representation used during spoken word recognition.
Phonon Scattering at Crystal Surfaces by In Situ Deposited Gas Films

Phonon scattering from surface or interface defects has been a wide ranging problem of interest for many years. Losses at phonon generators and detectors[1], diffuse boundary scattering[2,3] and the anomalous Kapitza resistance[4] are all affected by this type of process, and have led to much speculation about the types of phonon interactions that may be occurring at a surface. Missing from this body of work has been a detailed study on the effects of sytematically introducing well characterized defects onto an otherwise “clean” surface. Here, we report on such a study and briefly discuss its implications for other experiments.
Aberrant functioning of the theory-of-mind network in children and adolescents with autism

Background: Theory-of-mind (ToM), the ability to infer people’s thoughts and feelings, is a pivotal skill in effective social interactions. Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been found to have altered ToM skills, which significantly impacts the quality of their social interactions. Neuroimaging studies have reported altered activation of the ToM cortical network, especially in adults with autism, yet little is known about the brain responses underlying ToM in younger individuals with ASD. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the neural mechanisms underlying ToM in high-functioning children and adolescents with ASD and matched typically developing (TD) peers. Methods: fMRI data were acquired from 13 participants with ASD and 13 TD control participants while they watched animations involving two “interacting” geometrical shapes. Results: Participants with ASD showed significantly reduced activation, relative to TD controls, in regions considered part of the ToM network, the mirror network, and the cerebellum. Functional connectivity analyses revealed underconnectivity between frontal and posterior regions during task performance in the ASD participants.
Family Physicians and Family Therapists: Understanding the Interdependent Synergism

This article, written by a family physician and a family therapist, is designed to identify differences between these two cultures that may serve as stumbling blocks to successful meeting of occupants of these two worlds. With the differences identified and described, various notions and suggestions are offered in an effort to promote more successful bridging between these two groups. There is little question about the synergistic impact that can be engendered for recipients of their care should this bridging be successfully navigated. The present day realities in healthcare make this an idea whose time has not just come, but rather seems imperative.
Grounded transnationalism: Neighborhood logics in Salvador Plascencia’s The People of Paper

This article presents a “neighborhood geography” of Salvador Plascencia’s 2005 novel The People of Paper, demonstrating how the author’s depiction of his hometown reflects both Mexican cultural inheritances and the ongoing flows of transnational migration. The most striking aspect of The People of Paper is its formal experimentation; a visit to California’s El Monte barrio reveals that its cultural practices of con safos and rasquachismo, inherited from Mexico but endemic to the region, inform the novel’s unorthodox author/character relationship and physical layout. Reading locally illuminates the text’s tight relationship between setting, narrative structure and transnationalism’s concrete effects – a valence lost when the text is too quickly labeled protest fiction, metafiction or magical realism.
Immune Response to Helminth Infections and Its Role in Treatment for Autoimmune Disorders

We have coevolved with helminths in order to tolerate these parasites and minimize their virulence. However, the heterogeneity in responses to helminths leads to severe morbidity in a proportion of infected individuals. This heterogeneity is poorly understood and could be a complex relationship between host genotype, parasite genotype, and the microbiota of infected individuals. The type 2 immune response is important in limiting parasite numbers and reducing tissue damage caused by the parasites, whereas the immune regulatory network induced by helminths benefits the parasite as well as the host by limiting the effectiveness of resistance mechanisms while also reducing immune pathology. The elimination of helminths in the developed world may partly influence the rise of autoimmune disorders over the last few decades, as the immune system is no longer being tuned by the presence of helminths. There are currently efforts to determine if the reintroduction of helminths, or their biological products can be used therapeutically for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. A variety of mechanisms have been shown to play a role in suppression of inflammatory diseases by helminths and different helminths likely act through different mechanisms to suppress different inflammatory diseases. Some of the protective effects of helminth infection may be a result of indirect effects downstream of microbiota alterations. Through the combination of mechanistic clinical trials, genomic and biochemical characterization of helminths, and animal models with inflammatory diseases, pathways that mediate the coexistence of helminths and humans may be targeted as new strategies for controlling inflammatory diseases.
Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Estimation of Atenolol and Lercanidipine Hydrochloride in Combined Dosage Form

Two simple, rapid, accurate and economic spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of Atenolol (ATE)&Lercanidipine Hydrochloride (LER) in combined dosage form. The first method is Area under curve (AUC) and second is Absorption Corrected method. The wavelength ranges 260-264&280-285 were selected to determine Atenolol (ATE)&Lercanidipine (LER), respectively in combined formulation by AUC method. The second method was absorption corrected method in which both the drugs exhibited strong absorbance at 270.33 nm. However, LER exhibited strong absorbance at 353.93, at which ATE showed zero absorbance. Hence, 353.93 nm was selected as one wavelength for determination of LER without interference from ATE. Quantitative estimation of ATE was carried out by subtracting the absorption due to LER at 270.33 nm using experimentally calculated absorption factor. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 25-300 μg/ml for ATE and 5-60 μg/ml for LER for both the methods. The results of analysis have been validated statistically and recovery studies confirmed the accuracy and reproducibility of the proposed methods which were carried out by following ICH guidelines.
Limit-point (LP) criteria for real symmetric differential expressions of order 2 n †

An interval-type LP criterion for is derived in which “positive” coefficients play a prominent role. When p n = 1 and all the other p i are zero this reduces to a result of Ismagilov (1962). Successive specializations are obtained with the growth of the p i constrained by monomials in x . Previous LP criteria of Everitt (1968) and Hinton (1972, 1974) are shown to be special cases.