cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IMPREGNATION OF CONCRETE WITH CORROSION INHIBITORS

Corrosion of steel in concrete is a major problem in US infrastructure. Approximately half of the bridges in the interstate highway system are in need of repair, and a significant cause is the corrosion of the embedded steel due to chloride ingress. A similar problem is found in parking structures throughout the northern regions of the United States due to deicing salts brought in from automobiles. Currently the only commercial means of arresting corrosion without replacing concrete is the application of cathodic protection. Calcium nitrite has been shown to be an effective corrosion inhibitor when admixed into plastic concrete. In this paper an experiment to impregnate a bridge deck and support column with calcium nitrite is discussed. Two methods were used to impregnate the concrete with calcium nitrite. The first involved drying a bridge deck by heating it above the boiling point of water, and then slowly cooling to ambient temperature to avoid thermal and drying shrinkage cracking. The deck was then successfully impregnated with liquid calcium nitrite. The column was impregnated by removing delaminated concrete and drilling holes. A calcium nitrite rich latex modified grout was placed in the drill holes and a calcium nitrite rich latex modified concrete was produced to replace the removed concrete. Nitrite migration into the sound concrete left in place is to be measured over time. Corrosion rates determined by polarization resistance, and corrosion potentials were measured before the above processes were performed. The steel was definitely corroding in some areas and the corrosion behavior is to be monitored over time. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 857776.
Bioceramics and dentistry.

Metals and polymers have received considerable attention with respect to their potential use in human implantation. Serious study of the ceramics for this purpose has only recently begun. Materials for implantation in any body site must meet certain requirements. Each class of material has been found to have some highly desirable properties as well as some undesirable characteristics. Materials for use in dental implantation, particularly for the replacement of individual teeth, are subjected to environmental factors not generally existent in other implantation sites. Preliminary studies of the ceramics have suggested that, from the physiologic standpoint, they may be the best implantable substitute for hard tissues (bones and teeth) yet achieved. There are, however, many questions remaining to be answered concerning the selection of the most suitable material, its fabrication, and the reaction of tissues to it. These questions should serve to indicate future areas of exploration.
Her2 Expression in Prostatic Cancer: A Comparison With Mammary Carcinoma

ABSTRACTPurpose: There is growing interest in HER2 and its downstream signaling pathway molecules as treatment targets in human malignancies, including prostatic carcinoma. We used a standard Food and Drug Administration approved HER2 immunohistochemical kit to study HER2 expression in prostate cancer. We compared the results with those reported for mammary carcinoma.Materials and Methods: For this study we selected 216 specimens obtained from patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for primary untreated prostatic carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using the HercepTest kit (Dako Corp., Carpinteria, California) in strict fashion according to the technical and analytical protocols outlined in the kit.Results: Of the tumors 33 (15%) were positive for HER2, including 31 (94%) that were only weakly positive (2+). Of the HER2 positive tumors 97% were Gleason grade 7 or higher. Of the 33 positive cases 22 (67%) showed only a focal positive reaction for HER2 in discrete tumor areas.Conclus...
Overview of revisions to IEEE standard 519-1992

The areas of intended revision to IEEE Std. 519-1992 are summarized in this paper. Major areas of revision include: (1) incorporating harmonic limits for buses with nominal voltage of less than 1 kV; (2) including limits for interharmonics; (3) adding recommendations with respect to time-varying harmonics; and (4) replacing the existing material relating to voltage notches and ringing.
DIFFERENTIAL PROPAGATION OF THE METAZOAN PARASITE MYXOBOLUS CEREBRALIS BY LIMNODRILUS HOFFMEISTERI, ILYODRILUS TEMPLETONI, AND GENETICALLY DISTINCT STRAINS OF TUBIFEX TUBIFEX

Whirling disease, caused by the parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, has infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and other salmonid fish in the western United States, often with devastating results to native populations but without a discernible spatial pattern. The parasite develops in a complex 2-host system in which the aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex is an obligate host. Because substantial differences in whirling disease severity in different areas of North America did not seem explainable by environmental factors or features of the parasite or its fish host, we sought to determine whether ecological or genetic variation within oligochaete host populations may be responsible. We found large differences in compatibility between the parasite and various laboratory strains of T. tubifex that were established from geographic regions with different whirling disease histories. Moreover, 2 closely related species of tubificids, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Ilyodrilus templetoni, which occur naturally in mixed species assemblages with T. tubifex, were incompatible with M. cerebralis. Virulence of the parasite was directly correlated with the numbers of triactinomyxon spores that developed within each strain of T. tubifex. Thus, the level of virulence was directly related to the compatibility between the host strain and the parasite. Genetic analyses revealed relationships that were in agreement with the level of parasite production. Differences in compatibilities between oligochaetes and M. cerebralis may contribute to the spatial variance in the severity of the disease among salmonid populations.
Performance evaluation of multispectral analysis for surface material classification

Previous work has shown the feasibility of merging surface material information derived from moderate resolution multispectral imagery with estimates of height based upon stereo matching in high resolution panchromatic imagery. The goal is to use surface material information, normally highly correlated with object location in complex urban scenes, as a source of information for small scale mapping of man-made structures such as buildings and roads, as well as natural features such as soil, vegetation, and water. The fusion of height estimates with surface material estimates provides a unique synthetic three dimensional dataset that is not directly available in any airborne imaging sensor. The focus of this paper is to present a performance evaluation of two classification techniques, gaussian maximum likelihood and differential radial basis function, on the task of surface material analysis. In order to carry out this evaluation the authors have created several highly detailed ground truth segmentations based upon manual analysis of the multispectral imagery, as well as by inspection of panchromatic imagery acquired over the same area. Tools built for the generation and validation of the ground-truth surface material map are also discussed. >
RATE control for bandwidth allocated services in IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

We investigate how to add rate control to full-duplex IEEE 802.3 Ethernet. We envision the need for rate control in order to enable bandwidth allocation in future Ethernet in the first mile (EFM) subscriber services. We propose a RATE mechanism that can be implemented with a simple byte-based leaky bucket. We demonstrate with simulation methods that RATE can isolate flows and provide lower loss and delay than no control or PAUSE control for misbehaving flows. We also show, using simulation models, that RATE and PAUSE can complement each other where a switch is RATE controlled and the sending source PAUSE controlled. An appendix gives a formal specification of RATE.
Osmotic forces and gap junctions in spreading depression: a computational model

In a computational model of spreading depression (SD), ionic movement through a neuronal syncytium of cells connected by gap junctions is described electrodiffusively. Simulations predict that SD will not occur unless cells are allowed to expand in response to osmotic pressure gradients and K+ is allowed to move through gap junctions. SD waves of [K+]out approximately 25 to approximately 60 mM moving at approximately 2 to approximately 18 mm/min are predicted over the range of parametric values reported in gray matter, with extracellular space decreasing up to approximately 50%. Predicted waveform shape is qualitatively similar to laboratory reports. The delayed-rectifier, NMDA, BK, and Na+ currents are predicted to facilitate SD, while SK and A-type K+ currents and glial activity impede SD. These predictions are consonant with recent findings that gap junction poisons block SD and support the theories that cytosolic diffusion via gap junctions and osmotic forces are important mechanisms underlying SD.
Characterization of protein release from hydrolytically degradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels

We present a novel fully hydrophilic, hydrolytically degradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel suitable for soft tissue engineering and delivery of protein drugs. The gels were designed to overcome drawbacks associated with current PEG hydrogels (i.e., reaction mechanisms or degradation products that compromise protein stability): the highly selective and mild cross-linking reaction allowed for encapsulating proteins prior to gelation without altering their secondary structure as shown by circular dichroism experiments. Further, hydrogel degradation and structure, represented by mesh size, were correlated to protein release. It was determined that polymer density had the most profound effect on protein diffusivity, followed by the polymer molecular weight, and finally by the specific chemical structure of the cross-linker. By examining the diffusion of several model proteins, we confirmed that the protein diffusivity was dependent on protein size as smaller proteins (e.g., lysozyme) diffused faster than larger proteins (e.g., Ig). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the protein physical state was preserved upon encapsulation and subsequent release from the PEG hydrogels and contained negligible aggregation or protein-polymer adducts. These initial studies indicate that the developed PEG hydrogels are suitable for release of stable proteins in drug delivery and tissue engineering applications.
Shock models of high-velocity interstellar Si III

Recent Copernicus observations of high-velocity interstellar Si III have been interpreted as evidence for collisionally ionized gas at 30,000 to 80,000 K. In this paper, these observations are summarized, and conductive-interface and shock-heating mechanisms are investigated as sources for the temperatures, column densities, and velocity fields. The conductive mechanism evidently cannot reproduce the observations, but radiatively cooling shocks of 50 to 100 km/s, produced by supernova remnants or stellar winds, may provide a viable explanation. Time-dependent calculations of the cooling and ionization behind such shocks show the importance of initial ionization conditions at 100,000 K and produce results substantially different from those of calculations which start at 1 million K.
The use of oral contraceptive before pregnancy and breastfeeding duration: a cross-sectional study with retrospective ascertainment.

Various studies have identified risk factors associated with decreased breastfeeding duration. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between oral contraceptive (OC) use before pregnancy and breastfeeding duration. In 1994/95, as part of a 3-year epidemiologic follow-up study of school children, reproductive interviews were conducted with their mothers. The study population consists of 663 women residing in Hesse, Central Germany; 575 provided information on their reproductive history. The interview included retrospective ascertainment of OC use, its timing before pregnancy, and duration of breastfeeding. To estimate its effect on duration of breastfeeding, survival analysis was applied controlling for maternal age, socio-demographic characteristics, smoking during pregnancy, age at menarche, planning of the pregnancy and birth order. Hazard ratios and median breastfeeding duration were estimated. The mean age of the women at delivery was 27.3 years. Among participants, 34.9% had high school education or less, 10.4% had more than 2 children, and 30.1% smoked during pregnancy. In total, oral contraceptive use in the 12 months before conception was reported by 40.4% of the women, within 3 months of conception by 18.4%. 81.4% (468/575) of women initiated breastfeeding. Compared to those who did not use OC in the 12 months preceding pregnancy, mothers who used OC during the 3 months before conception had a shorter duration of breastfeeding (HR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.61), as did mothers who stopped OC use 4–12 months before conception (HR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.58). Smoking during pregnancy and lower education were also significantly associated with shorter duration of breastfeeding. The results suggest that OC use during the 12 months prior to conception may affect breastfeeding duration. These findings may be due to the endocrine disrupting effect of OC. Alternatively, both OC use and shorter duration of breastfeeding may represent lifestyle-related conditions.
New Opportunities at Emerging Facilities

Synchrotron X-ray sources and pulsed neutron sources are getting brighter. This permits new opportunities for scattering, spectroscopy, and imaging studies of Earth materials and processes that were not possible a decade ago. The impact of these latest-generation facilities on Earth sciences research requiring nanometer- to micrometer-scale resolution is growing and will continue to grow as next-generation X-ray and neutron sources become available over the next six years. These facilities will include the world's first X-ray free-electron lasers in the US (2009) and Europe (2012) and the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA (2006). In addition, five nanoscale science research centers are under construction in the US and will impact the emerging field of nanogeoscience.
Optimal replication for min-cut partitioning

Heuristics for replicating logic have been shown to reduce pin count and wiring density in partitioned logic networks. We present an efficient algorithm for determining an optimal min-cuf replication set for a k-partitioned graph in O(knmlog(n2/m)) time. For the NP-hard case with limited size partition components, we propose a new replication heuristic which reduces the worst-case running time by a factor of O( k2) over previous methods. Ezperimental results are presented.
Cervical Variations of the Phrenic Nerve

Objectives/Hypothesis: Selective reinnervation of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle with a single phrenic nerve rootlet has been shown to restore physiologic motion in animal models. However, clinical translation of this work is challenged by the limited knowledge of the cervical anatomy of the phrenic nerve. Study Design: Prospective collaborative study. Methods: Dissection of 111 cadaveric necks (88 embalmed and 23 unembalmed) from 56 cadavers. Results: The mean (standard deviation) lengths of unembalmed cadaver C3, C4, and C5 nerve rootlets were 3.9 (2.4), 3.6 (2.6), and 0.5 (0.8) cm, respectively. Embalmed cadavers had shorter C3 and C4 phrenic nerve rootlet lengths than unembalmed cadavers (P = .02 and P = .03, respectively). There was no difference in mean nerve rootlet length based on sex, body height or weight, or side of dissection. A total of eight unique phrenic nerve rootlet patterns were identified. The most common pattern consisted of phrenic with single C3 and C4 rootlets with an immeasurable C5 rootlet, which was present in 30 of 111 (26%) of the necks. The classic three branching pattern of single C3, C4, and C5 rootlets was found in 25 of 111 (22%) of the necks. Six of 111 (5%) of the dissections displayed accessory phrenic nerves arising from the C3, C4, or C5 anterior rami. A χ2 analysis showed no difference between side or sex and frequency of pattern. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates the wide variability within the cervical anatomy of the phrenic nerve.
Financial Risk Management by Insurers: An Analysis of the Process

On-site visits to financial service firms were conducted to review and evaluate their risk management systems. In the insurance sector, this evaluation covered prominent life/health and property-liability insurers, both in the United States and abroad. The information obtained covered both the philosophy and the practice of financial risk management. This article outlines the results of this investigation. It reports the state of risk management techniques in the industry. It reports the standard of practice and evaluates how and why it is conducted in the particular way chosen. In addition, critiques are offered where appropriate. We discuss the problems which the industry finds most difficult to address, shortcomings of the current methodology used to analyze risk, and the elements that are missing in the current procedures of risk management.
Early Differentiation of the Afferent Nervous System in Glabrous Snout Skin of the Opossum (Monodelphis domesticus)

Early differentiation of afferent fibers innervating the snout skin of Monodelphis domesticus was studied by electron microscopy and by light-microscopic silver staining techniques. This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between dermal and epidermal innervation in the neonate opossum while correlating these findings with behavioral responses. The advantage of using this species is that the neonate is born in a very immature stage and has a rostrocaudal development of the peripheral nervous system. Glabrous snout skin from young opossums was studied at birth (0 day) and postnatal days 1, 3, and 5. Neurite bundles were seen within the dermis, with axons and growth cones approaching the epidermis. Some axons penetrated the dermal-epidermal junction in newborn pups. Merkel cells were consistently numerous during the time spanned by this study. Mature Merkel cells had granules polarized toward an associated neurite and were often located in the base of the rete pegs. Immature Merkel cells we...
Internet Governance Models: An International Perspective

The Internet grew up without a formal governance structure, contributing to its once-popular characterization as an uncharted electronic frontier unburdened by regulation, taxes, scarcity, or strife. Of course this description is exaggerated; there have always been rules of some sort in cyberspace. But governing structures rooted in the physical world have struggled to adapt to the online world, and the legitimacy of new structures created for the Internet has been rightfully challenged. These problems have been particularly acute in instances of great international diversity of law or culture - a diversity that may be difficult to preserve in a world without borders. Yet even the most fundamental questions, like whether to apply real-world laws to the Internet in the first place, remain controversial. The Article explores three areas in which various forms of Internet governance have been attempted: content regulation, spam, and the domain name system; and concludes that no one method of governance is likely to solve the problems of cyberspace.
Characterization of the regulatory elements of the maize P-rr gene by transient expression assays.

The maize P-rr gene conditions floral-specific flavonoid pigmentation, especially in the kernel pericarp and cob. We analyzed the P-rr promoter by transient expression assays, in which segments of the P-rr promoter were fused to the GUS reporter gene and introduced into maize cells by particle bombardment. A basal P-rr promoter fragment (−235 to +326) gave low, but significant, levels of GUS reporter gene expression. Interestingly, two widely spaced segments containing enhancer-like activity were found. When tested individually, both the proximal (−1252 to −236) and distal (−6110 to −4842) segments boosted expression of the basal P-rr promoter::GUS construct about five-fold. A 1.6 kb segment of the P-rr promoter (−1252 to +326) containing the proximal enhancer and the 5′-untranslated leader driving the GUS reporter gene showed preferential expression in BMS and embryogenic suspension cell cultures vs. endosperm-derived suspension cell cultures. These results demonstrate the application of transient assay techniques for the identification of regulatory elements responsible for floral-specific regulation of the complex P-rr gene promoter in maize.
Athens in the Late Bronze Age

The Athenians of the classical era were deeply conscious of the fact that the history of their city was different from that of the rest of Greece. They were the autochthonous settlers of the land, and their orators and writers kept forever reminding them that Athens and Attica were not subdued when the Dorian invaders gained possession of most of the Peloponnesus at the end of the Bronze Age. Was this an empty boast, the kind of historical error that Thucydides (1, 20) attributes to a people's readiness to accept uncritically the old traditions about their own country or those of others? The historian (1, 2) makes it clear that he himself believed in the tradition that Attica was the original home of the Athenians of his day, and he found an explanation for this phenomenon in the poverty of the soil which made the conquerors pass by Attica for richer sections of the country. Archaeological research has confirmed Thucydides' conclusions.
Race, Empire, and English Language Teaching: Creating Responsible and Ethical Anti-Racist Practice Ambiguities and Tensions in English Language Teaching: Portraits of EFL Teachers as Legitimate Speakers, by Wyatt Brockbank

Motha’s (2014) and Sayer’s (2012) books both shed light on the ways ideologies on race and language often shape perceptions of identity and legitimacy in the lives of English language teachers. The...
Photoelectrochemical characterization of nanocrystalline thin-film Cu₂ZnSnS₄ photocathodes.

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanocrystals, synthesized by a hot injection solution method, have been fabricated into thin films by dip-casting onto fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates. The photoresponse of the CZTS nanocrystal films was evaluated using absorbance measurements along with photoelectrochemical methods in aqueous electrolytes. Photoelectrochemical characterization revealed a p-type photoresponse when the films were illuminated in an aqueous Eu3+ redox electrolyte. The effects of CZTS stoichiometry, film thickness, and low-temperature annealing on the photocurrents from front and back illumination suggest that the minority carrier diffusion and recombination at the back contact (via reaction of photogenerated holes with Eu2+ produced from photoreduction by minority carriers) are the main loss mechanisms in the cell. Low-temperature annealing resulted in significant increases in the photocurrents for films made from both Zn-rich and stoichiometric CZTS nanocrystals.
Zinc Pyromellitate Coordination Polymers with Bis(pyridylmethyl)piperazine Tethers: A Rare Binodal Network and a New Simple Self-Penetrated Topology

Hydrothermal reaction of zinc nitrate, pyromellitic acid (H4pyro), and isomeric bis(pyridylmethyl)piperazines has afforded a pair of three-dimensional (3D) coordination polymers with intriguing 3D ...
Effect of Hot-galvanizing on Mechanical Property of Bolt

According to the results of chemical composition,microstructure and mechanical property experiments,the mechanical property of general bolt and hot-galvanizing bolt were compared with each other.The results showed that there was little effect of hot-galvanizing on bolt of grade from 4.8 to 10.9.
Wedge-bond Anchorage of CFRP Tendons

Based on experimental research,a new wedge-bond anchorage of CFRP(carbon fiber reinforced polymer) tendon is developed.The anchoring capabilitis of CFRP tendon anchorage under static loads are tested,and the effects of geometric parameters are investigated.Results show that the improved wedge-bond anchorage can efficiently anchor the used CFRP tendons.
Hemorrhagic shock depresses myocardial contractile function in the guinea pig.

Isolated coronary-perfused guinea pig hearts were used to determine if in vivo hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial blood pressure, 32.8 +/- 2.3 mmHg for 2 hr) alters intrinsic contractile function of the left ventricle. Compared to control hearts, shocked hearts developed significantly less left ventricular pressure (control: 64.7 +/- 3.3; shock: 34.1 +/- 3.1 mmHg, P less than .001) and +dP/dt max (control: 1,429 +/- 187; shock: 894 +/- 119 mmHg/sec, P less than .038) and -dP/dt max (control: 1,416 +/- 176; shock: 808 +/- 94 mmHg/sec, P less than .011) at a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of 10 mmHg. Increasing left ventricular end-diastolic pressure from 0 to 20 mmHg, electrical pacing at control heart rate, and increased coronary flow rate failed to restore shock-induced cardiac dysfunction. Left ventricular function curves calculated from shocked hearts were shifted downward and to the right of values obtained from control hearts (P = .001). Furthermore, left ventricular performance in shocked hearts remained depressed as extracellular calcium concentration was increased from 1 to 8 mM. While calcium increased left ventricular pressure, +dP/dt max, and -dP/dt max in a dose-dependent manner in both control and shocked hearts, all indices of contractile performance were consistently less in shocked hearts than those measured in control hearts at each calcium concentration. Our data suggest that cardiac depression is a feature of hemorrhagic shock.
Endoscopic management of orbital tumors.

Purpose of review Orbital tumors have been classically approached via external incision. The introduction of endoscopic surgery has revolutionized the management of sinus and skull base disorder. Similarly, endoscopic techniques have been increasingly utilized to access intraorbital tumors located in the medial and inferior orbit with excellent outcomes. The history of the procedure, surgical anatomy of the orbit, patient selection, surgical planning, and the surgical techniques are discussed in this article. Recent findings Although the endoscopic management of orbital tumors is still in its infancy, it has already demonstrated enhanced access to the posterior orbit and orbital apex with decreased morbidity relative to external approaches. Summary A multidisciplinary team approach, including an oculoplastic surgeon, is an essential component for the surgical planning and management. As the cumulative surgical experience increases, the indications for this approach will likely continue to expand.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of substrate-hemoprotein complexes in solution. I. The interaction of xylidine with myoglobin, hemoglobin, and cytochrome P450.

1H nuclear magnetic resonance longitudinal relaxation time (T1) measurements were used to study the interaction of xylidine (2,6-dimethylaniline) with the hemoproteins myoglobin, hemoglobin, and solubilized rat liver microsomal cytochrome P450. Upon addition of various amounts of ferrimyoglobin, ferrihemoglobin, or ferricytochrome P450 to solutions of xylidine, the T1 values for the methyl and phenyl protons of the xylidine molecule decreased markedly. The observed changes showed that xylidine was much more sensitive to addition of cytochrome P450 than to myoglobin or hemoglobin. The relative effects upon the specific moieties of the substrate also differed; whereas myoglobin produced essentially the same effect upon the relaxation rates (T11p-1) of the phenyl and methyl protons of xylidine, hemoglobin and cytochrome P450 produced differential changes in the (T11p-1) values, phenyl > methyl. These results were shown to reflect specific xylidine-ferrihemoprotein complexes. A nonsubstrate, noninteracting internal reference (tetramethylammonium phosphate) was added to each sample as a control both for experimental variation and for effects due to changes in solution viscosity; in no case was a substantial change in the T1 value of the reference observed. Variable-temperature studies confirmed that the residence times for the xylidineferrimyoglobin and xylidine-cytochrome P450 interactions were in the region of fast exchange with respect to the NMR time scale (i.e., τM [unknown] T11M). Formation of the cyano derivative of ferrimyoglobin or ferrihemoglobin changes the paramagnetic spin state from S = 5/2 to S = 1/2, and conversion to the carbonmonoxyferrous derivative results in a diamagnetic species, S = 0. When the ferrihemoproteins were so converted in situ in the presence of xylidine, the T1 values for the xylidine moieties increased. Since the carbonmonoxyferrous derivatives of all three hemoproteins are diamagnetic, the latter type of experiment was performed in all cases to give the control values (1/T10), which allowed calculation of the paramagnetic relaxation rate values, 1/T11p. The 1H T1 results, in conjunction with the value obtained for the dissociation constant of the xylidine-cytochrome P450 complex (KD) = 4.1 x 10-4 M) and the estimated correlation time for the complex, allowed calculation of distances between the heme iron atom and specific portions of the substrate molecule.
Inevitable Global Predicates

In previous chapters we have discussed the class of predicates that are weak. As explained earlier, a weak predicate p holds in a distributed computation if there exists a consistent global state in which p is true. In this chapter, we discuss a different class of unstable predicates called strong predicates. Intuitively, a strong predicate p is true if it is true for all observers of the distributed computation. These predicates are generally useful in verifying that a desirable predicate was indeed true in a distributed computation. For example, consider the distributed computation shown in Fig. 7.1(a). Processes P1 and P2 set their flags, flag1 and flag2 and send messages to each other. On receiving a message from the other process, each process resets its own flag. It is easy to see that no matter what the execution speeds of processes are, the system will always go through a global state in which both flags are set. Similarly, computations in Fig. 7.1(b) and (c) also go through a global state in which both flag1 and flag2 are set.
Ramsay Hunt syndrome

A 78-year-old female presented at an outside hospital with complaints of drooping of the mouth on left side and dehydration due to inability to eat. On examination patient was noticed to have sagging left eyebrow, inability to close the left eye, absent left nasolabial fold and drooping of the mouth on the left side. A clinical diagnosis of Bell’s palsy was made and patient was discharged on a 5-day …
Inherited Membrane Disorders of Muscle: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy

Our progress in understanding the pathogenesis of human muscular dystrophies has been extremely slow, despite the fact that the majority of such syndromes are inherited diseases, and our general progress in understanding other genetic diseases of man has moved at a rapidly accelerating pace. Such slow progress might be related primarily to our ignorance of the most appropriate biochemical approaches to these problems, but it can also be attributed to a relatively unproductive concentration of research efforts on muscle tissue which has undergone numerous secondary changes. In addition, considerable effort has been invested in experimental models of myotonia and dystrophy which bear only minimal resemblance to the human disorders.
Intrahepatic, perihilar and distal cholangiocarcinoma: Management and outcomes.

Cholangiocarcinomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors that can be classified into three clinically distinct types of cancers, intrahepatic, perihilar and distal cholangiocarcinoma. The inconsistent use of nomenclature for these cancers has obscured a true knowledge of the epidemiology, natural history and response to therapy of these cancers. Our aims were to define demographic characteristics, management and outcomes of these three distinct cancer types. Materials and methods. A retrospective study of patients enrolled in an institutional cancer registry from 1992 to 2010. Median survival was compared between different treatment modalities over three time periods for the three types of cholangiocarcinoma at different stages of the disease using Kaplan Meyer analysis. Results. 242 patients were identified. All cases were reviewed and classified into intrahepatic (90 patients), distal (48 patients) or perihilar (104 patients) cholangiocarcinomas. These cancers differed in median age of onset, gender distribution, median survival and stage. 13.8% of patients presented with stage I, 5.8% with stage II, 9.6% with stage III, 28% with stage IV, with 41.8% having unknown stage. The overall median survival was 15.8 months, and was 23, 25, 14, and 4.5 months for stages I, II, III, and IV respectively. Surgery improved survival in both early and advanced stages. Multimodality therapies further improved outcomes, particularly for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Conclusion. Perihilar, distal and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma vary in their presentation, natural history and therapeutic approach to management. A consistently applied classification is essential for meaningful interpretation of studies of these cancers
Analysis of chinese-english mixed language query reformulation strategies and patterns during web searching

With the increasing number of multilingual webpages on the Internet, cross-language information retrieval has become an important research issue. In cultures where people speak both Chinese and English, using mixed language in oral speaking and web searching is a common phenomenon. This study employs semi-structured interviews and query log analysis to examine the query reformulation strategies and patterns regarding Chinese-English mixed language queries, and to determine why search engine users utilize certain reformulation strategies. The results can inform information scientists and IR system designers to enhance cross-language controlled vocabularies and develop discovery platforms for multilingual content, and improve search engines to provide users with more relevant results. The findings could also be expanded to other language combinations that would improve search engine designs.
Imaging moving targets through scattering media

Optical microscopy in complex, inhomogeneous media is challenging due to the presence of multiply scattered light that limits the depths at which diffraction-limited resolution can be achieved. One way to circumvent the degradation in resolution is to use speckle- correlation-based imaging (SCI) techniques, which permit imaging of objects inside scattering media at diffraction-limited resolution. However, SCI methods are currently limited to imaging sparsely tagged objects in a dark-field scenario. In this work, we demonstrate the ability to image hidden, moving objects in a bright-field scenario. By using a deterministic phase modulator to generate a spatially incoherent light source, the background contribution can be kept constant between acquisitions and subtracted out. In this way, the signal arising from the object can be isolated, and the object can be reconstructed with high fidelity. With the ability to effectively isolate the object signal, our work is not limited to imaging bright objects in the dark-field case, but also works in bright-field scenarios, with non-emitting objects.
The Greening of Mobility in San Francisco

San Francisco has witnessed a flurry of interest in alternative transportation during the last fifteen years. Much of this interest has been inspired by grassroots movements to envision a new kind of city and act on that vision to foster a “politics of possibility.” This chapter explores the launching of two successful green mobility initiatives: the expansion of the city’s bicycle transportation program and the launching of a citywide car-sharing service. The impacts of these initiatives have been profound, affecting not only travel, parking, and automobile ownership, but also the planning code of the city of San Francisco. These developments point to the important role mobilization by grassroots activists and social entrepreneurship played as prime movers behind the city of San Francisco’s green transportation initiatives.
Engineering a Native Inducible Expression System in Shewanella oneidensis to Control Extracellular Electron Transfer

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a model organism for understanding extracellular electron transport, in which cells transfer intracellular electrons to an extracellular terminal electron acceptor such as insoluble minerals or poised electrodes. Biotechnological applications exploiting the respiratory capabilities of Shewanella species have led to their proposed use in wastewater treatment, bioremediation, and remote sensors. Transcriptional regulation tools can be used to rationally engineer S. oneidensis, optimizing performance in biotechnological applications, introducing new capabilities, or investigating physiology. Engineered gene expression in S. oneidensis has primarily involved the use of foreign regulatory systems from Escherichia coli. Here we characterize a native S. oneidensis pathway that can be used to induce gene expression with trimethylamine N-oxide, then engineer strains in which extracellular electron transfer is controlled by this compound. The ability to induce this pathway was assessed...
Characterization of a 6 MeV Accelerator Driven Mixed Neutron/Photon Source

Abstract There are many applications which require high yield radiation sources with mixed fluxes of photons and neutrons. In particular, such sources are necessary to test radiation detectors and materials. This study was concerned with the determination of photon and neutron fluxes generated by the interaction of a 6 MeV linear electron accelerator driven photon beam with a beryllium photoneutron converter. The double step procedure of an (e,γ) reaction followed by an (γ,n) emission results in a mixed radiation environment. The optimal converter geometry was determined by comparison of the computed neutron fluxes for each converter position. Computational results have shown that photon fluxes up to 10 11 photons/cm 2 /s and neutron fluxes up to 10 7 neutrons/cm 2 /s are achievable with the optimal setup. This paper is focused on the results of the MCNPX modeling and experiments and discussion of the converter orientation which leads to the largest radiation fluxes.
Connecting Universal Design for Learning With Culturally Responsive Teaching

Urban students are increasingly diverse in race, culture, language, and background knowledge. Educators must consider how students’ differences affect learning and align pedagogies that address thi...
The Changing Nature of “Workspace” and “Workplace:” What It Means for SMEs

As the virtual pipelines are laid to extend the reach of broadband connectivity to remote locations and to increase capacity on already available locations, connectivity and availability with those previously unreachable is increasing as well. The connectivity barriers are constantly being reduced as the broadband reach extends. The breakdown of connectivity barriers causes a dramatic change in the “work-space” and “work-place.” In an information age, where the work output is mostly digital and easily transmitted in the broadband medium, the pressing need for physical interaction in the workplace is diminishing. Add to that the growing technology that digitizes the human senses (auditory and visual), virtual communication methods allow for increased remote interaction. In this chapter, we discuss the evolving nature of the “work-space” and “work-place.” In the past few years, the digitization of work along with the increasingly expanding and accelerating rate of connectivity resulted in the evolution (or revolution) currently underway.
On the Value of Evidence-Based Psychopharmacology Algorithms

(2013). On the Value of Evidence-Based Psychopharmacology Algorithms. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 1-5.
Neural Mediation of Memory for Time

The structure and utilization of memory is central to one’s knowledge of the past, interpretation of the present, and prediction of the future. Therefore, the understanding of the structural and process components of memory systems at the psychological and neurobiological level is of paramount importance. In recent years, there have been a number of attempts to divide learning and memory into multiple memory systems. Schacter and Tulving (1994) have suggested that one needs to define memory systems in terms of the kind of information to be represented, the processes associated with the operation of each system, and the neurobiological substrates including neural structures and mechanisms that subserve each system. Furthermore, it is likely that within each system there are multiple forms or subsystems associated with each memory system and there are likely to be multiple processes that define the operation of each system. Finally, there are probably multiple neural structures that form the overall substrate of a memory system.
Auscultation and Atherosclerosis

The tradition of cardiovascular auscultation provides important clues to the presence and severity of atherosclerosis. The detection of a carotid bruit has long been associated with atherosclerosis and identifies heightened risk for both cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events. Another clinical finding of atherosclerosis, femoral bruits, is an established marker of advanced peripheral atherosclerotic disease which conveys increased cardiovascular risk. Novel coronary microbruit detection technology may detect turbulence created by arterial blood flow through luminal irregularities created by atherosclerosis, potentially providing an additional method to diagnose coronary artery disease. Despite advances in cardiovascular imaging, bedside auscultation remains a foundational tool for providers to detect atherosclerosis, identify patients at the highest risk for adverse outcomes, and guide further therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Nitrogen Management for Maximum Potato Yield, Tuber Quality, and Environmental Conservation

There is a need to continue developing new management practices to reduce nitrogen (N) losses that affect air, soil, and water quality. The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crop is grown in many developing economies and plays a major role in daily food consumption. Traditionally, farmers over-apply N fertilizer in potato production. Three key components identified to increase N use efficiencies (NUE) are the use of crop varieties, a carefully controlled N application rate, and better synchronization between applied N and potato N uptake. The effects of N management on agronomic efficiencies for red (Sangre) and russet (Canela Russet) cultivars grown during 2003 and 2004 in the San Luis Valley of Colorado, U.S.A were studied. In this region the traditional farmer practices range on average from 180 to 240 kg N fertilizer ha−1. The results showed that optimum N application for maximum tuber yield and quality for Canela Russet was 157 kg N ha−1 split as 90 kg N ha−1 applied at planting and three fertigations of 22 kg N ha−1 applied biweekly after initial tuberization. Maximum tuber yield and quality for the Sangre cultivar was observed with an N application rate of 90 kg N ha−1 applied at planting. The results indicate that tuber yield and quality can be affected by low N availability and N over-fertilization. It is important that site specific nitrogen management practices are developed that consider cultivar physiological responses to total nitrogen application as well as to the physiological stage when the nitrogen is applied to maximize yields, tuber quality, and economic returns while reducing N losses to the environment.
Dynamics of the order parameter of superconducting aluminum films

The imaginary part of the pair-field susceptibility of dirty-limit, superconducting, aluminum films has been obtained both above and below the transition temperature by analyzing the I–V characteristic of asymmetric superconducting tunneling junctions. Results obtained above the transition temperature have been found to be consistent with a diffusive time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation. Below the transition temperature two modes have been found, one propagating and the other diffusing. The resonant frequency and damping constant of the propagating mode have been compared with the predictions of a phenomenological two-fluid hydrodynamic theory given by Bray and Schmidt. A somewhat more detailed comparison has been made with a microscopic theory given by Schon and Schmid in which the propagating and diffusing modes, respectively, are associated with transverse and longitudinal fluctuations of the order parameter. In both the microscopic and macroscopic theories the propagating mode is a high-frequency superconducting analog of second sound in that it consists of a counter motion of the normal and superfluid.
Improving the Sensitivity of LiDARs Using Few-Mode Pre-amplified Receivers

An order of magnitude improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a 1550 nm LiDAR receiver was achieved using a few-mode optical preamplifier as compared to a multi-mode avalanche photodiode (APD). €
Cyber Security Assessment of Distributed Energy Resources

New distributed energy resource (DER) interconnection standards require communications and interoperability to provide grid operators greater flexibility for delivering voltage and frequency support. These communication channels are designed to allow utilities, aggregators, and other grid operators the ability to enable and configure various grid-support functions. However, these capabilities expand the power system cyber security attack surface and pose a significant risk to the resilience of the electric grid if controlled in aggregate. To advise the solar industry, grid operators, and government of the current risks and provide evidence-based recommendations to the community, Sandia performed cyber security assessments of a communications-enabled PV inverter and remote grid-monitoring gateway. The team found several well-designed security features but also some weaknesses. Based on these findings, recommendations are provided to improve the security features of DER devices.
LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OF NATIVE COARCTATION OF THE AORTA AFTER ENDOVASCULAR STENT IMPLANTATION IN CHILDREN WITH ONGOING AORTIC GROWTH

For native coarctation of the aorta (nCoA) and an aorta that is fully grown, endovascular stent (EVS) implantation is a standard and common treatment. The primary objective of this study was to provide longitudinal data for the long-term management of nCoA with EVS implantation in children when