cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the implementation of a three-dimensional circulation model for Prince William Sound, Alaska

Abstract The POM (Princeton Ocean Model), a three-dimensional, primitive equation ocean circulation model, is applied to Prince William Sound, Alaska. A 3-D concentration equation for passive tracers is added to POM to explore transport pathways and rates, plus retention zones and residence times. The 3-D structures of the current, density, and passive tracer concentration are examined for realistic bottom topography, idealized Alaskan coastal water inflow/outflow, and idealized wind-forcing. Based on observational evidence and ecological concerns, the ‘lake/river hypothesis’ (i.e. the effect of weak versus strong throughflow on the ecology of the Sound) is explored to determine its influence on the circulation and transport patterns of passive tracers. Strong inflow through Hinchinbrook Entrance (river-like case) is crucial to the vigorous cyclonic circulation in the Sound and strong coupling to offshore influences, while with a weak inflow (lake-like case), the circulation in the Sound is much weaker and weakly coupled to offshore influences. The strength of the inflow and the wind direction are particularly important for determining the nature of the secondary branches of the throughflow in the northwestern Sound and the position, strength, and number of cyclonic and anticyclonic gyres. Mesoscale eddies are induced in the deep basins that have not yet been studied observationally. The advection of buoyant (relatively fresh) coastal water into the Sound significantly influences the circulation pattern and upper-layer density stratification. Idealized winter and summer wind-forcing generate distinctive surface circulation patterns that are important to the transport pathways, residence times, and retention zones of passive tracers; for example, northward and westward winds increase the northernmost penetration of passive tracers entering the Sound from offshore and the residence time substantially.
Evaluation of a simple microstructural-electrochemical model for corrosion damage accumulation in microstructurally complex aluminum alloys

Abstract Stereological and electrochemical data collected in 0.1 M NaCl is presented for the intermetallic particles found in AA7075-T651. These values are used as inputs for a mechanistic-based corrosion model which yields a distribution of pit radii (assuming hemispherical pitting) as function of immersion time. With an optical profilometer (OP), a distribution of damage depths were collected from samples exposed to 0.1 M NaCl solution for times ranging from 10 to 1344 h. Damage depths were compared with the model predictions of pit depth. The model is able to predict observations of corrosion damage depths to within a factor of two, but tends to under-predict damage depth at short times and over-predict at long times. Under-prediction may be associated with early rapid dissolution of active particles. Over-prediction by the model at longer exposure times may be associated with the fact that repassivation is not included as a part of this simple model.
An Implementation and Experimental Study of the Variable-Structure Congestion Control Protocol (VCP)

The Variable-structure Congestion control Protocol (VCP) has been proposed as an alternative approach to the eXplicit Control Protocol (XCP). In our earlier work, we reported the NS2 simulation results of cross-layer profiling studies of VCP, XCP, and TCP+REM in encrypted wireless networks. Our studies utilized finite-state Markov chains to model bit error characteristics of wireless links and applied per packet link layer FEC codes in order to compensate for such errors. Our simulation results showed that VCP takes a significant step toward addressing the tradeoff between the performance and practicality of implementation. In this paper, we report the results of our implementation of VCP in the Linux kernel. Our implementation of VCP consists of a number of Linux Loadable Kernel Modules (LKMs) associated with transmitting, intermediate, and receiving nodes. Our implementation allows for the co-existence of VCP with standard transport protocols such as TCP and UDP. Utilizing an experimental wired testbed capable of realistically emulating the fading characteristics of wireless links, we profile the performance of the Linux implementation of VCP. Based on our profiling results in the Linux kernel, we observe (1) the need for protecting protocol's metadata as well as data against bit errors, and (ii) that VCP represents a high performing yet practical congestion control protocol for encrypted wireless networks.
Glial-restricted precursors: patterns of expression of opioid receptors and relationship to human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat and morphine susceptibility in vitro.

Recent evidence suggests that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced pathogenesis is exacerbated by opioid abuse and that the synergistic toxicity may result from direct actions of opioids in immature glia or glial precursors. To assess whether opioids and HIV proteins are directly toxic to glial-restricted precursors (GRPs), we isolated neural stem cells from the incipient spinal cord of embryonic day 10.5 ICR mice. GRPs were characterized immunocytochemically and by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). At 1 day in vitro (DIV), GRPs failed to express μ opioid receptors (MOR or MOP) or κ-opioid receptors (KOR or KOP); however, at 5 DIV, most GRPs expressed MOR and KOR. The effects of morphine (500 nM) and/or Tat (100 nM) on GRP viability were assessed in GRPs at 5 DIV by examining the apoptotic effector caspase-3 and cell viability (ethidium monoazide exclusion) at 96 h following continuous exposure. Tat or morphine alone or in combination caused significant increases in GRP cell death at 96 h, but not at 24 h, following exposure. Although morphine or Tat caused increases in caspase-3 activity at 4 h, this was not accompanied with increased cleaved caspase-3 immunoreactive or ethidium monoazide-positive dying cells at 24 h. The results indicate that prolonged morphine or Tat exposure is intrinsically toxic to isolated GRPs and/or their progeny in vitro. Moreover, MOR and KOR are widely expressed by Sox2 and/or Nkx2.2-positive GRPs in vitro and the pattern of receptor expression appears to be developmentally regulated. The temporal requirement for prolonged morphine and HIV-1 Tat exposure to evoke toxicity in glia may coincide with the attainment of a particular stage of maturation and/or the development of particular apoptotic effector pathways and may be unique to spinal cord GRPs. Should similar patterns occur in vivo then we predict that immature astroglia and oligodendroglia may be preferentially vulnerable to HIV-1 infection or chronic opiate exposure.
Demonstration of a 200 cm -1 continuous scan in th e mid-infrared with a PPLN-based OPG/OPA lightsource

In this paper, results are presented that demonstrate an infrared cavity ringdown spectrometer capable of rapid, uninterrupted tuning over a spectral range of over 200 cm−1. This work addresses the need for a fieldable infrared sensor that can fully exploit the high sensitivity and specificity offered by laser-based IR spectroscopy when conducted in the fundamental absorption regions. To achieve maximum specificity, such a device would tune over significant fractions the fundamental absorption regions near 8-14 µm and 3-5 µm. This would allow measurement of multiple vibrational band systems of larger molecules in addition to resolving individual rovibrational lines of smaller species. The system described here is shown to tune continuously over 200 cm−1 segments in the latter spectral window. By combining more than one continuous scan, it is possible to cover the full CH-stretching range (3.1-3.7 µm). Ultimately, tuning is limited only by the spectral bandwidth (600 cm−1) of the ringdown mirrors that are used. Future systems can extend this technique to the 8-14 µm window.
Thermoregulation and activity patterns of two syntopic cicadas, Tibicen chiricahua and T. duryi (Homoptera: Cicadidae), in central New Mexico

Tibicen chiricahua and T. duryi are cicada species that are active as adults early each summer in central New Mexico, and are often syntopic in pinyon-juniper woodlands. Both species regulate thoracic temperature (Tth) within fairly narrow limits by utilizing behavioral mechanisms and evaporative cooling. However, syntopic populations of these two species were found to regulate at different Tth despite having synchronous annual and daily activity periods; overall mean Tth of T. chiricahua was 3.1°C higher than it was for T. duryi. Interspecific differences in evaporative cooling abilities and rates of passive heat exchange could not account for this difference in Tth. Part of the difference in Tth resulted from the fact that individuals of the two species were active in thermally distinct microhabitats. Within each species, mean Tth varied among behavior categories, and differences in how the two species allocated their time between activities also contributed to the interspecific difference in Tth. Though T. duryi is restricted to pinyon-juniper habitats such as the one in this study, T. chiricahua is also found in warmer habitats. The difference in Tth in the syntopic populations probably reflects interspecific differences in thermal preferences and thermal optima that are adaptive over their respective habitat ranges. The degree of dependence of Tth on ambient temperature (Tam) varied between activities within both species, with the least dependence exhibited during singing. Singing involves intense activity of tymbal muscles, which apparently can only function effectively over a relatively narrow range of temperature.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Smartphone Teleradiology Application Is Successfully Incorporated Into a Telestroke Network Environment”

We thank Drs Chakrabarti and Perera for their letter dated October 8, 2012, which examined important issues regarding image quality and access. Chakrabarti and Perera postulate that the decrease in agreement over identification of more subtle radiological features, such as early ischemic changes and hyperdense artery signs, between neurologists using ResolutionMD and radiologists and independent telestroke adjudicators using standard picture archiving and communications system (PACS) and desktop viewers may have been the result of the lower resolution and small screen area of the mobile technology used. Instead, we assert that the more probable explanation was the impact of stress and limited viewing time on ResolutionMD computed tomography interpretation of subtleties by providers in a real-world emergency environment.1 In a more controlled comparison between …
Rapid morphological and substratum adherence response by hairy cell and other human leukemic cells to phorbol ester tumor promoters.

Human leukemic cells, maintained in tissue culture, responded differentially following exposure to the phorbol ester tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Short-term (0–2 h) TPA treatment of hairy cell leukemic cells (of presumed B-lymphocytic origin) resulted in the attachment of 5–100% of cells (depending on % leukemic mononuclear cells) to the culture dish and extension of long processes. Similar changes were also observed with cells from acute myelogenous, acute prolymphocytic and some acute monomyelocytic leukemic patients. Related non-promoters such as phorbol and 4-α-phorbol-12, 13-didecanoate, had no effect. In contrast, both chronic and acute lymphocytic, chronic myelogenous and acute promyelocytic leukemic cells showed no response to TPA over this short time period. Neither the adherence nor morphological changes were blocked by inhibitors of protein synthesis (cycloheximide) or glycosylation (tunicamycin), but the process formation was sensitive to inhibitors of microtubule formation such as colchicine. The effect was not reversible by TPA removal, and exposure to TPA for only 5 min resulted in a complete adherence and morphological induction within 60 min.
Supersonic Aeroelastic Applications of Harmonic Potential Panel Method to Oscillating Flexible Bodies

For supersonic aeroelastic applications, the Harmonic Potential Panel (HPP) method for elastic bodies in oscillatory motion is presented. For applicability in the full supersonic-flow regime, the HPP method has been extended to include the mean-flow nonlinearity according to Van Dyke's nonlinear iterative scheme. In all computed cases, improvements are found for the HPP nonlinear results over the HPP linear results. Effects of frequency upon generalized forces for two different body shapes are investigated. Rigid body oscillation flutter boundaries and free-free body bending aerodynamic damping coefficients are presented for various configurations, including Hanson and Doggett's SA-1 launch vehicle model. Overall trends are established and favorable comparisons obtained with measured data throughout the supersonic Mach number range.
Relationship between the tensile and shear strength of aramid fibres

The tensile failure morphology of aramid fibres is often highly fibrillated [1-4] and analogous to that of a uniaxially oriented fibre-reinforced composite which fails in tension via matrix shear failure initiated at fibre ends. A simple hypothesis regarding the relationship between tensile and shear strength of these fibres can be proposed by considering the individual fibres to be micro-composites and applying the concepts of engineering composite mechanics. The problem of stress concentrations in a macro-composite and the stress transfer process at fibre ends have been studied extensively [5-7]. Although details of these studies are different, in all of them, the magnitude of the shear stress concentrations between a fibre end and its neighbouring fibres is proportional to the tensile stress applied to the structure. I f aramid fibre failure occurs when the shear forces at a discontinuity exceed the shear strength of the bond between the fibrous subcomponents, then, for the case of elastic shear stress/ strain behaviour, the fibre tensile strength should be directly proportional to the shear strength. The experimental work described below was undertaken to test the above hypotheses. The filament tenacity, shear modulus and shear strength were determined for a series of 13 aramid yarn samples. Filament shear strength was estimated by combining the results of two fibre torsion tests as described below. The ultimate axial shear strain was estimated by measuring the filament strength as a function of twist and determining the threshold torsional strain (diameter × twist) on the filament surface at which strength loss began. The ultimate axial shear strain was then taken to be equal to the threshold torsional surface strain. This method was based on previous work with Kevlar (DuPont registered trademark) aramid fibres [8] in which the onset of strength loss and nonrecoverable deformation upon twisting was observed to correspond to the appearance of axial TA B LE I Tenacity and torsional properties of aramid fibres
D-optimal designs for sensor and actuator locations

Active control of noise and vibration is now possible in automobiles, aircraft, and many other devices. Where to place actuators, to control noise and vibration, and sensors, to measure the performance of the actuators, is a central question. Given a truss structure, we seek the k most effective locations to control and/or sense vibrations. A discrete D-optimal design has been proposed as a solution to this location problem. We develop a simple static tabu search and test its performance on an 80 node truss structure built at NASA-Langley Research Center. We show that our tabu search approach dominates the traditional approaches to finding D-optimal designs.
A general method for detecting protease activity via gelation and its application to artificial clotting

A modular system for detecting protease activity via enzyme-triggered gel formation is described. Protease-specific recognition sequences are utilized to achieve enzyme specificity. Artificial blood clotting is demonstrated by activating endogenous thrombin to trigger gelation in fibrinogen-deficient blood plasma.
Cross-reactivity and neutralization by rabbit antisera raised against crotoxin, its subunits and two related toxins.

Abstract I. I. Kaiser , J. L. Middlebrook , M. H. Crumrine and W. W. Stevenson . Cross-reactivity and neutralization by rabbit antisera raised against crotoxin, its subunits and two related toxins. Toxicon 24, 669 – 678, 1986. — Antisera were raised against intact crotoxin ( Crotalus durissus terrificus ), Mojave toxin ( Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) and concolor toxin ( Crotalus viridis concolor ), as well as the subunits of crotoxin. Double immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) demonstrated antigenic similarity between these three purified toxins and their subunits. Additionally, when crotoxin antisera were pre-incubated with each of the three toxins before injection, the lethal activity of all were neutralized equally well. Antiserum was considerably more effective in neutralizing crotoxin in vivo when the toxin was injected i.m. than when injected i.v. Antisera against both intact crotoxin and its basic subunit were an order of magnitude more effective than crotoxin acidic subunit antiserum in crotoxin neutralization. Purified phospholipase A 2 from Crotalus adamanteus and Crotalus atrox showed weak cross-reactivity with antisera raised against intact crotoxin and its subunits in the ELISA. Our results suggest that crotalid neurotoxins can be detected and neutralized by polyclonal antibodies raised against any intact toxin or basic subunit in this group of homologous toxins.
A sediment budget study of clamshell dredging and ocean disposal activities in the New York bight

The purpose of this study was to quantify the dry mass of dredged material involved in each stage of typical clamshell dredging and ocean disposal activities in order to identify and quantify “losses” of dredged material Turbidity plumes generated at dredging sites were also observed Approximately 2% of the dredged material was lost at the dredging site Of this quantity 61% was due to the dredging itself and 38% was due to intentional barge overflow Approximately 3 7% of the dredged material was lost at the Mud Dump Site during disposal Total loss of dredged material during these clamshell dredging and ocean disposal operations was calculated to be 5 6% Observations revealed that turbidity plumes were local features which traveled along the bottom for several hundred feet These plumes only persisted while dredging was occuring, and ambient conditions were established within a relatively short time after dredging ceased
Fluoride-induced reduction of Ag(I) cation leading to formation of silver mirrors and luminescent Ag-nanoparticles.

In aprotic solvents, Lewis basic F– anion reduces Lewis acidic Ag(I) cation to Ag(0), forming metallic silver mirrors on the inner surfaces of reaction vessels and luminescent Ag-nanoparticles (AgNPs) in supernatant solutions, which emit blue light upon UV irradiation. The F–-induced formation of silver mirrors and AgNPs was confirmed through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), fluorescence spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, whereas the Ag(I)-induced oxidation of F– to Ḟ radical, followed by its conversion to HF2– via H-abstraction and H-bonding, was evident from 19F NMR spectroscopy. This redox reaction is deactivated in water, as the reducing power of hydrated F– diminishes drastically. Less Lewis basic Cl–, Br–, and I– ions do not reduce Ag(I) to Ag(0), instead they can only form Ag(I) halide precipitates irrespective of protic or aprotic solvents. The Ag-coated surfaces, luminescent AgNPs, and Ḟ radicals produced...
General theory of markov processes

General theory of markov processes, by Michael Sharpe, University of California at San Diego. Academic Press, New York (1988), 419 pp. $49.50. ISBN 0-12-639060-6.
The 'wicked problem construct' for organisational leadership and development

The recognition of tensions, contradictions and paradoxes in theory, research, and practice within organisations is important for effective organisational leadership (EOL). The extent to which managers and policy makers currently have adequately come to terms with such complexity still remains open to discussion. The wicked problem construct (WPC) is a concept, process and a framework that can be used in identifying the reasons for these tensions and contradictions, explaining how they can be managed, and pointing out the limits they create for what is needed for effective organisational leadership. This paper examines the conceptual literature on 'wicked problems', identifying the critical dimensions of the proposed construct, and exploring the lack of attention to nonlinear epistemology of practice and systems thinking by managers and policy makers. The challenges of traditional management approaches to address complexity and to increase effectiveness in dealing with wicked problems are explained. The implication for practice of the WPC as a framework for organisational effectiveness in public, private, and the third sectors is described.
Distribution of HEOD (dieldrin) in mammals: III. Transport--transfer.

A mathematical model simulating the blood transport and tissue residue distributions of the highly toxic and highly lipid soluble pesticide dieldrin in mammals is presented. This model is a significant improvement over our previously published preliminary model for dieldrin distribution in mammals. The assumptions and working hypotheses of the model are presented and used in generating a set of differential equations based upon mass balance principles. Two simulation cases are examined. The first simply demonstrates the gross features of: 1) Transport limiting conditions; 2) equal transport-equal membrane transfer conditions, and 3) membrane transfer limit conditions. The second studies a single tissue (the blood-brain barrier case) example of the above mentioned conditions. All simulations made were conducted for a hypothetical mature male rate of the average Wistar® type eating foodad lib.
Taxol treatment of experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Taxol is a potent stabilizer of microtubules, and inhibitor of in vitro replication, migration, and contraction of fibroblasts. It has been found to limit the development of experimental tractional retinal detachments in nonvitrectomized rabbit eyes. We used taxol in vitrectomized, phakic rabbit eyes with experimentally induced proliferative vitreoretinopathy and tractional retinal detachments. Taxol was dissolved in 30% DMSO because of poor aqueous solubility. A single 0.1 ml intravitreal dose of 2 × 10−4M taxol in 30% DMSO was injected immediately after 250000 heterologous corneal fibroblasts had been injected; 0.1 ml of 30% DMSO was injected into control eyes. Taxol reduced the incidence of tractional retinal detachments seen 3–4 weeks later. When taxol injection was delayed for 3 days after the initial intravitreal injection of fibroblasts into nonvitrectomized eyes, the extent of retinal detachments was reduced, but the incidence of retinal detachment was unchanged from the untreated eyes at the end of 4 weeks. These data indicate that taxol may be most useful when given early in the course of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
Synthesis of microporous boron-substituted carbon (b/c) materials using polymeric precursors for hydrogen physisorption.

This paper discusses a new synthesis route to prepare microporous boron substituted carbon (B/C) materials that show a significantly higher hydrogen binding energy and physisorption capacity, compared with the corresponding carbonaceous (C) materials. The chemistry involves a pyrolysis of the designed boron-containing polymeric precursors, which are the polyaddition and polycondensation adducts between BCl3 and phenylene diacetylene and lithiated phenylene diacetylene, respectively. During pyrolysis, most of the boron moieties were transformed into a B-substituted C structure, and the in situ formed LiCl byproduct created a microporous structure. The microporous B/C material with B content > 7% and surface area > 700 m2/g has been prepared, which shows a reversible hydrogen physisorption capacity of 0.6 and 3.2 wt % at 293 and 77 K, respectively, under 40 bar of hydrogen pressure. The physisorption results were further warranted by absorption isotherms indicating a binding energy of hydrogen molecules of ...
Mutation at the folate receptor 4 locus modulates gene expression profiles in the mouse uterus in response to periconceptional folate supplementation

Abstract Periconceptional supplementation of folic acid to the diet of women is considered a great success for a public health intervention. Higher folate status, either by supplementation, or via the mandatory fortification of grain products in the United States, has led to significant reduction in the incidence of neural tube defects. Besides birth defects, folate deficiency has been linked to a variety of morbidities, most notably to increased risk for cancer. However, recent evidence suggests that excess folate may be detrimental — for birth defect incidence or in the progression of cancer. How folate mediates beneficial or detrimental effects is not well understood. It is also unknown what molecular responses are elicited in women taking folate supplements, and thus experience a bolus of folate on top of the status achieved by fortification. To characterize the response to a periconceptional regimen of supplementation with folinic acid, we performed gene expression profiling experiments on uterus tissue of pregnant mice with either wildtype alleles or targeted disruption at the folate receptor 4 locus. We observed that, depending on the genetic background, folinic acid supplementation affects expression of genes that contribute to lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, mitochondrial function, cell cycle, and cell activation. The extent of the response is strongly modulated by the genetic background. Finally, we provide evidence that folinic acid supplementation in the mutant paradigm affects histone methylation status, a potential mechanism of gene regulation in this model.
Allosteric Regulation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

It is well established that aberrant activation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) drives cellular transformation and oncogenesis. A series of activating mutations in the extracellular region of EGFR have been identified in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients, and shown to transform NIH 3T3 cells. Sedimentation equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation analysis demonstrates that, in the context of the soluble EGFR extracellular region (sEGFR), these mutations are monomeric in the absence of ligand and dimerize upon ligand binding with affinities that are similar to those observed for the wildtype receptor. We also find that these mutations elevate the affinity of growth factor binding to sEGFR, and that there are differential effects on the entropic driving forces of growth factor binding to sEGFR. Taken together, these results demonstrate a potentially novel mode of EGFR disregulation by these GBM mutations. Our recent detailed thermodynamic analysis of ligand binding and dimerization in the EGFR system suggests that a greater understanding of the changes that occur upon binding of ligand to EGFR will be required before we can appreciate the mechanisms of disregulation by oncogenic mutation. We will present our progress towards determining a profile of the dynamic and conformational effects of ligand binding to EGFR using associated hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry (HX/MS). Comparing these profiles to those for EGFR bearing oncogenic mutations may reveal why these single amino acid substitutions can lead to receptor activation. Progress towards the application of these techniques to near full length receptors reconstituted in a lipid nanodisc model membrane system will also be reported, which will provide valuable information about the structurally poorly characterized juxtamembrane regions of EGFR.
Laser-Induced Line-Narrowing Effects in Coupled Doppler-Broadened Transitions

Laser induced line narrowing in coupled Doppler broadened transitions, noting mode crossing and spontaneous emission
Phylogeny of the riodinid butterfly subtribe Theopeina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini)

Abstract The almost exclusively Neotropical butterfly family Riodinidae is poorly represented in both ecological and systematic studies of Lepidoptera. A comparative morphological study of all seventy-five species in subtribe Theopeina (tribe Nymphidiini) yielded 104 characters, predominantly from wing pattern, male and female genitalia, and abdominal structures. All morphological characters and adults representing the range of wing pattern variation are illustrated. Phylogenetic analysis of the data produced a large number of most parsimonious cladograms, but the strict consensus of these, both when using equal weights and after successive weighting, is well resolved and the majority of terminal clades have high character and branch support. Theopeina is found to consist of five monophyletic genera, Protonymphidia, Archaeonympha, Calicosama, Behemothia and Theope (= Parnes and Dinoplotis), with the largest genus Theope containing thirteen monophyletic species groups, which are delineated to facilitate a discussion of broad evolutionary patterns in this morphologically diverse subtribe.
A Practical Guide for Implementing Evidence-Based Assessment in a Psychiatric Residential Treatment Facility: Translating Theory Into Practice

This article provides specific and practical guidelines for how to set up and implement an assessment protocol in a psychiatric residential treatment facility (PRTF) setting for the purposes of informing administrators and therapists of their residents' current and changing mental health status throughout the course of treatment. The assessment protocol we propose and recommend is (a) based on empirically supported research, (b) relatively inexpensive, (c) easy to administer, and (d) provides easily interpretable information to therapists. This protocol was also well-implemented at a child and adolescent PRTF located in the southern region of the United States (N = 254) and was well-received by staff therapists (N = 6). The current article may be used as a “How-To” guide for implementing an evidence-based assessment protocol in PRTFs to translate theory into practice.
Effects of brackish water incursions and diel phasing of tides on vertical excursions of the keystone predator Pisaster ochraceus

The physical factors that constrain the vertical foraging excursions of the keystone predator, the sea star Pisaster ochraceus, hold considerable interest because they indirectly shape the vivid patterns of zonation of rocky shore communities by impeding or enhancing the ability of P. ochraceus to traverse the intertidal zone. In this paper, we describe a study conducted in the Pacific Northwest of North America in which we examined, in the field and laboratory, the abiotic factors that can affect vertical excursions by P. ochraceus. Our field observations revealed that the extreme upward reach and average shore level height reached by P. ochraceus were significantly lower for daylight high tides than nocturnal high tides. Based on diver observations following a severe storm, it would also appear that these diurnal movements can be impeded by freshwater incursions into the intertidal zone; a regularly occurring event in the Pacific Northwest. As part of an experimental investigation into this phenomenon, we observed that sea stars maintained in tall cylindrical aquaria, without tidal flux, remained near the bottom during daylight and moved to the top of the column at night, suggesting that photoperiod alone can influence the cycle of vertical movement. Adding a freshwater layer to the aquaria restricted these vertical excursions. Our results suggest that on rocky coastlines susceptible to fresh water incursions, the suppression of foraging may be an important factor in the spatial and temporal variation in the intensity of predation. Furthermore, given the relative increase in frequency and intensity of freshwater incursions in the Pacific Northwest and the intolerance of P. ochraceus to lowered salinity, there is the long-term potential to significantly alter patterns of species zonation in this essential marine habitat.
Lipopolysaccharide: Basic Biochemistry, Intracellular Signaling, and Physiological Impacts in the Gut

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a main constituent of Gram-negative bacterial membrane, specifically activates Toll-like receptor 4, leading to the production of pleiotropic cytokines/chemokines which in turn regulate inflammatory and innate and subsequent adaptive immune responses. Given that human gut harbors a large collection of commensal bacteria, LPS released by gut microbes is able to make the great impact on gut homeostasis through the intracellular signaling pathways engaged by host-microbial interaction. Emerging evidence indicates that LPS in the gut has a potency to elicit the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and necrotizing enterocolitis. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the basic biochemistry of LPS, LPS-induced intracellular signaling, and physiological impacts of LPS in the intestine.
Reducing solar sail escape times from Earth orbit using beamed energy

Abstract The time needed for solar sails to escape Earth orbit can be greatly reduced by using photon generators (“beamers” of microwaves or laser pulses). Once a ground-based or orbiting beamer imparts energy to a sail, it may take a relatively long time for the beamer and sail to resonate—i.e., the beamer and sail rendezvous after a certain number of orbital periods. For resonance to occur quickly, specific energies must be given to the sail at each boost. We simulate solar sail trajectories and estimate escape times under a variety of conditions using resonance methods, which can reduce escape times from Earth by over two orders of magnitude vs. using sunlight alone. If the sail is coated with a substance that sublimes under irradiation, much higher momentum transfers are possible. We derive physical scaling of beamer power and sublimed material temperature.
Approximating the powers of order-restricted log rank tests at local alternatives☆

Abstract Under a proportional hazards model with continuous, right-censored data, tests of homogeneity with order-restricted alternatives are considered for survival curves. For such situations, analogues to the log rank test have been derived by applying order-restricted inference procedures to the score statistics. For local alternatives, approximations to the power functions of these tests are obtained by relating them to the likelihood ratio tests of homogeneity of normal means with order-restricted alternatives. The accuracies of the approximations are studied using Monte Carlo techniques for the simple order and the simple tree order restrictions.
A MULTIDIMENSIONAL MEASURE OF RELIGIOUS INVOLVEMENT FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS

This article describes the confirmation and validation of a multidimensional measure of religious involvement using data from the National Survey of Black Americans (N = 2,107). This model was deve...
Mayo Experience with Two-Incision Total Hip Arthroplasty: The Added Technical Difficulty Has Not Been Rewarded

Minimally invasive (MIS) two-incision total hip arthroplasty (THA) was initially described as a revolutionary approach to total hip replacement in which no muscles or tendons were cut. Surgeon-developers of the MIS two-incision THA reported rapid recovery with few complications in highly selected groups of patients. However, there were no comparative studies reported by the surgeon-developers comparing the two-incision approach to any other method of THA in similar groups of patients using the same advanced anesthetic and rehabilitation protocols. At the Mayo Clinic our step-by-step research approach concerning MIS two-incision THA has included anatomical and clinical studies evaluating muscular damage, intraoperative and postoperative complications, subjective results, and functional results based on objective measurements including comprehensive gait analysis and strength testing. Our analysis of the accumulated data suggests that there are no scientific data that the two-incision technique provides better functional results than other approaches to THA, for many surgeons the prevalence of complications is high, the technique cannot be done without routinely damaging the abductor muscles, and patients who have had a THA with both techniques preferred a miniposterior THA to the two-incision THA.
Age of Aquarius—The FDLP in the 21st century

Abstract With the appointment of Bruce James as Public Printer of the United States in 2002 (confirmed by the Senate on November 20, 2002), 1 the Government Printing Office (GPO) began to forecast and plan for its future in the age of the Internet. During the spring of 2005, the Depository Library Council (DLC), an advisory body to the Public Printer, concluded it was time for depository librarians to play a more active part in envisioning the future of government information. Toward that end, DLC wrote a discussion paper, Knowledge Will Forever Govern: A Vision Statement for Federal Depository Libraries in the 21st Century, 2 and with the GPO's support devoted the 2005 Fall Depository Library Council meeting to discussing and refining a vision for the future of the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP).
Exploring a model of intuitive eating with college women.

Intuitive eating (i.e., eating based on physiological hunger and satiety cues rather than situational and emotional cues) recently has gained recognition as an adaptive eating style. The present study explored a model of intuitive eating based on a foundation of acceptance with 2 samples of college women. Path analysis with the 1st sample (N = 181) revealed that the acceptance model provided an excellent fit to the data, and latent variable structural equation modeling with the 2nd sample (N = 416) cross-validated this model. Specifically, general unconditional acceptance predicted body acceptance by others, body acceptance by others predicted an emphasis on body function over appearance, body acceptance by others and an emphasis on body function predicted body appreciation, and an emphasis on body function and body appreciation predicted intuitive eating.
The effects of inorganic lead on the neuromuscular junction

Abstract The effects of inorganic lead on neuromuscular function were examined using the rat and mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations. In vitro lead was found to decrease the force of contraction and to increase the latency between nerve stimulation and contraction. These effects were not seen when the muscle was stimulated directly. Responses of lead-treated preparations to acetylcholine and acetyl-β-methylcholine were unchanged. In addition, neuromuscular function was impaired in mice chronically exposed to lead. The results support the hypothesis of a prejunctional site of action of inorganic lead.
Pathogenesis of anaemia in hamsters infected with Leishmania donovani.

The development of anaemia was studied in hamsters infected withLeishmania donovani. Haematocrit studies as well as erythrocyte survival studies using radioactive chromium (51Cr), gave evidence of a progressive anaemia during the course of infection. The erythrocytes were positive in direct antiglobulin tests using antisera to IgG and complement C3. Moreover, erythrophagocytosis as well as increased deposits of haemosiderin in the liver and the spleen, particularly in the areas of proliferating macrophages, were demonstrated. It would appear that the erythrocytes adsorb immune complexes on their surfaces and become liable to enhanced phagocytosis by the macrophages of the liver and the spleen.
Identification and localization of a stable sulfenic acid in peroxide-treated tetrachlorohydroquinone dehalogenase using electrospray mass spectrometry.

Background: Tetrachlorohydroquinone dehalogenase catalyzes the reductive dehalogenation of tetrachlorohydroquinone to trichlorohydroquinone and then to 2,6-dichlorohydroquinone. This enzyme undergoes oxidative damage during purification which causes it to form aberrant products. The damage is reversible by treatment with dithiothreitol. Possible types of oxidative damage include an inappropriate disulfide bond, a cysteine sulfenic acid, or a methionine sulfoxide. Results: Using electrospray liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry, we have demonstrated that oxidation of tetrachlorohydroquinone dehalogenase with H 2 O 2 results in formation of a sulfenic acid at Cys13. Further oxidation to a sulfinic acid was also observed. Conclusions: Oxidation of Cys13 to a sulfenic acid prevents the normal reductive dehalogenation reaction from being completed. This finding is consistent with previous work which suggested that Cys13 acts as a nucleophile during the conversion of tetrachlorohydroquinone to trichlorohydroquinone. The technique described for identification and localization of the cysteine sulfenic acid should be applicable to a wide variety of biological systems.
Bilateral versus unilateral femoral access for uterine artery embolization: results of a randomized comparative trial.

Purpose To determine if uterine embolization via bilateral femoral puncture reduces fluoroscopy time with a similar frequency of puncture site complications compared with unilateral puncture. Materials and Methods Patients presenting for uterine artery embolization (UAE) for leiomyomata at a single institution were randomly assigned to receive unilateral or bilateral femoral punctures. Procedures were performed in a standardized fashion. Patients were blinded to the puncture site with an opaque dressing. Outcome measures included fluoroscopy time, dose–area product (DAP), procedure time, and puncture site pain after treatment. Baseline characteristics of the two groups and outcome measures were compared with the use of t tests, analyses of variance, Pearson χ 2 tests, and nonparametric tests. Results Fifty-seven patients consented to participate: 22 received bilateral punctures and 35 received unilateral puncture. Bilateral puncture procedures had less fluoroscopy time (13 minutes vs 16.6 minutes; P = .0033), less procedure time (54.9 min vs 62.9 min; P = .026), and fewer angiographic images (46.5 vs 68.3; P 2 for bilateral vs 16,237 μGy/cm 2 for unilateral; P = .35). Groins that were punctured had greater—although still minor—pain than unpunctured groins at 24 hours (visual analog pain scores, 1.45 for punctured groins vs 0 for unpunctured groins; P = .039) and 48 hours (scores of 1 vs 0; P = .018). There were no complications in either group. Conclusions Bilateral femoral puncture during UAE was associated with reduced fluoroscopy time and procedure time, minor puncture site pain, and no increase in complications.
Fast temporary storage for serial and parallel execution

There is an apparent conflict between the hardware requirements for fast parallel execution and the hardware requirements for fast serial execution. For example, fast vector execution is achieved by maintaining high execution concurrency over extended periods of time. With many operations executing in parallel, the time to carry out individual operations is much less important than the average execution concurrency.Fast serial execution, on the other hand, requires rapid execution of relatively few operations at a time; hardware concurrency can be sacrificed in favor of short execution times. Fewer registers and memory locations are required, but they must have shorter access times than for parallel execution.We show how to integrate these seemingly conflicting requirements into a single computer, using asymmetric distribution of hardware, and sometimes using software to allocate variables to appropriate parts of the storage hierarchy.
Mesa-isolated GaAs Schottky-barrier photodiodes

The design, fabrication and characterisation of GaAs Schottky-barrier phtodiodes with evaporated, free-standing metal airbridges is reported. The photodiodes were farbicatied using all dry-etching techniques. Anisotropic chemically assisted ion beam etching was used to etch vertical sidewall measas, and istropic reactive ion etching was used to etch a lateral tunnel. A free-standing-metal airbridge created by the lateral tunnel etch results in isolation of the active area at the same time, providing free-standing-metal interconnection to the contact pad.
Melting in the martian mantle: Shergottite formation and implications for present‐day mantle convection on Mars

Radiometric age dating of the shergottite meteorites and cratering studies of lava flows in Tharsis and Elysium both demonstrate that volcanic activity has occurred on Mars in the geologically recent past. This implies that adiabatic decompression melting and upwelling convective flow in the mantle remains important on Mars at present. I present a series of numerical simulations of mantle convection and magma generation on Mars. These models test the effects of the total radioactive heating budget and of the partitioning of radioactivity between crust and mantle on the production of magma. In these models, melting is restricted to the heads of hot mantle plumes that rise from the core-mantle boundary, consistent with the spatially localized distribution of recent volcanism on Mars. For magma production to occur on present-day Mars, the minimum average radioactive heating rate in the martian mantle is 1.6 x 10^(-12) W/kg, which corresponds to 39% of the Wnke and Dreibus (1994) radioactivity abundance. If the mantle heating rate is lower than this, the mean mantle temperature is low, and the mantle plumes experience large amounts of cooling as they rise from the base of the mantle to the surface and are, thus, unable to melt. Models with mantle radioactive heating rates of 1.8 to 2.1 x 10^(-12) W/kg can satisfy both the present-day volcanic resurfacing rate on Mars and the typical melt fraction observed in the shergottites. This corresponds to 43-50% of the Wnke and Dreibus radioactivity remaining in the mantle, which is geochemically reasonable for a 50 km thick crust formed by about 10% partial melting. Plausible changes to either the assumed solidus temperature or to the assumed core-mantle boundary temperature would require a larger amount of mantle radioactivity to permit present-day magmatism. These heating rates are slightly higher than inferred for the nakhlite source region and significantly higher than inferred from depleted shergottites such as QUE 94201. The geophysical estimate of mantle radioactivity inferred here is a global average value, while values inferred from the martian meteorites are for particular points in the martian mantle. Evidently, the martian mantle has several isotopically distinct compositions, possibly including a radioactively enriched source that has not yet been sampled by the martian meteorites. The minimum mantle heating rate corresponds to a minimum thermal Rayleigh number of 2 x 10^6, implying that mantle convection remains moderately vigorous on present-day Mars. The basic convective pattern on Mars appears to have been stable for most of martian history, which has prevented the mantle flow from destroying the isotopic heterogeneity.
Additional bowman-shenton approximate percentage points for pearson distributions based on pearson type vi

The Bowman and Shenton approximate percentage points for Pearson distributions are extended to include some cases for which the skewness β1 exceeds four.Use is made of the reciprocity property existing between the Pearson Type VI distribution and the Type I distribution