cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring Applications of Building Information Modeling for Enhancing Visualization and Information Access in Engineering and Construction Education Environments

The motivation for this research stems from the authors' experience where they have witnessed the challenges students face in grasping certain concepts because of difficulty visualizing the concepts being taught. The research aims to understand how new digital tools can help students overcome these challenges and how to measure their effectiveness. Three applications of building information modeling in Civil Engineering (CE) and Construction Management (CM) education were explored in this research. Two were the creation of knowledge repositories for residential construction and concrete formwork applications, and the third was the use of three dimensional building information models for enhancing student visualization of concrete structure design concepts. An increase of 4.7% for the beam problem, 4.8% for the slab problem, and 4.8% for the foundation and column problem was observed in the number of correct answers from CM students. For CE students, an increase of 10.1% was observed in the number of corre...
Confidentiality Intervention: Effects on Provider-Consumer-Family Collaboration:

This article discusses a model intervention clarifying confidentiality policies regarding releasing information to families or significant others was evaluated for its effectiveness in improving provider-consumer-family collaboration. The intervention was implemented in one agency, and a comparison agency continued with previously used procedures. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 59 providers and 68 families at baseline and 52 providers and 58 families upon termination of the study. The authors found that families with relatives receiving treatment from the intervention agency were significantly more likely to have had contact with providers during the course of the study than were families from the comparison agency. Families associated with providers who had higher fidelity to the intervention were also more likely to report more frequent provider contact, more information from providers, and more satisfaction with the amount of contact they had with providers. The authors conclude the...
Biased Assimilation, Attitude Polarization, and Affect in Reactions to Stereotype-Relevant Scientific Information

Two studies examined (a) whether biased assimilation and attitude polarization occur in the processing of stereotype-relevant scientific information and (b) the role of affect in these processes. In Study 1, individuals high or low in prejudice toward homosexuals read two fictitious studies, one confirming and one disconfirming the stereotype of homosexuality. Study 2 replicated Study 1 using a sample including individuals with moderate attitudes about homosexuality. Evidence of biased assimilation was found. Participants perceived research consistent with their attitude about homosexuality as more convincing than research inconsistent with their attitude. Evidence of attitude polarization was also found but was restricted to measures of perceived attitude change. Finally, participants reported more negative affective reactions after attitude-inconsistent than attitude-consistent information, and evidence was found that these affective reactions mediated biased processing. Implications of the results for ...
The future development of the United Nations: some suggestions for research

While it seems likely that Dag Hammarskjold will bear up under recent Soviet attacks and will serve out the remaining two years of his term, the pattern of broad political initiatives recently undertaken by the Secretary-General is almost certainly due for a substantial change. The third chapter in the life of the United Nations, the Period of the Secretary-General, is being interrupted, if not transformed, by the Soviet assault. The nature of the Soviet attack suggests that the next period in UN's history will be characterized by a basic struggle for control of the organization. The tactics are certain to be rougher than in previous years. The competition will be for keeps-for the dominant voice in a political and administrative instrument now believed by both the United States and the U.S.S.R. to be of major diplomatic importance. It will, I believe, be the most significant period to date in the life of the United Nations. It is likely to usher in several mutations in the development of international organization. The growth of an institution never fits a neat pattern of classification. But for purposes of general analysis we can refer to a first chapter in UN's life, extending from its founding in 1945 to the beginning of the Korean War, as the Period of the Security Council. It was characterized by an effort to make the United Nations work as it was originally conceived. The second period, from 1950 to Mr. Hammarskjold's visit to the Middle East in April, 1956, can be called the Period of the General Assembly. It was symbolized by the Uniting for Peace Resolution. The West still retained a "safe" working majority in the Assembly. The admission of 16 new states into mem-
Cointegration tests of present value models with a time‐varying discount factor

The paper analyses the impact of persistence and volatility in the discount rate in present-value models on cointegration tests in levels and in logarithms. In simulations we find that the probability of not rejecting the null of no cointegration depends on the persistence of the discount rate process and can be very high when the expected returns process is highly persistent. In contrast, the cointegration tests are very robust with respect to the level of volatility in the discount rate. We discuss the relevance of our findings for the US stock market where standard ADF tests do not reject the null of no cointegration between stock prices and dividends. Based on estimates of persistence in four asset pricing models, we find that a model which links expected returns to the dividend yield is sufficiently persistent to explain the failure of rejecting the null that stock prices and dividends are not cointegrated.
Prevention of human pancreatic cancer cell‐induced hepatic metastasis in nude mice by dipyridamole and its analog RA‐233

Background. Several studies have provided evidence suggesting that platelets play a key role in tumor metastasis. A number of antiplatelet agents have been used to prevent tumor metastasis in animal models and humans. Antiplatelet agents, dipyridamole (adenosine transport inhibitor), and RA-233 (inhibitor of cAMP PDE) were used to prevent tumor–cell–platelet interactions both in in vitro and in vivo systems; however, the data were not very conclusive. Methods. Our studies used dipyridamole and RA-233 alone and in combination to investigate their effects on human pancreatic tumor cells (RWP-2)-induced platelet aggregation in human blood and on hepatic metastasis in nude mice. To examine effects of dipyridamole and RA-233 on liver metastasis, the tumor cells (RWP-2) were injected intrasplenically in nude mice grouped into control, dipyridamole (8 mg/kg), RA-233 (8 mg/kg), and dipyridamole plus RA-233 (8 mg/kg each). The agents were administered intraperitoneally 1 hour before and 24 hours after the tumor cell injection. Results. When dipyridamole and RA-233 were used alone, only weak to moderate effects were seen on RWP-2 tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation. However, these agents, when combined, strongly inhibited the tumor cell-induced aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma. In tumor metastasis experiments, reductions of approximately 70% in hepatic nodules and 90% in surface area occupied by the tumor were seen with the combination treatment (dipyridamole plus RA-233) as compared with the control group of mice. Conclusions. This study suggests that the combination of dipyridamole and RA-233 provides an effective intervention for the antithrombotic approach to the treatment of cancer metastases.
Flame images from pointwise Raman data

Over the past two decades, Raman scattering has been developed as a uniquely useful tool in combustion and gasdynamic research. For flows that are not prohibitively luminous or particle-laden, it can provide composition and temperature data in real time. It has the capability to view physical situations in a “snapshot” fashion—as in single-shot data accumulation to build histograms that can approach probability density functions, or in the direct acquisition of linear or two-dimensional Raman images—and possesses the capability to observe the difference between thermodynamic equilibrium and molecular internal mode populations that are out of equilibrium. Here, we illustrate its applicability to experimental problems for which mean flame structural data are desired. We show here results on the use of pointwise Raman data to give average spatial maps for zones of a turbulent diffusion flame.
Recognition of Happy and Sad Facial Expressions among Baganda and U.S. Children

The recognition of happy and sad expressions by U.S. children and by Baganda children and adults was assessed using schematic drawings. Developmental and cultural differences and similarities in this ability were found. The happy expression was more easily identified by the young children than the sad expression. When stimuli potentially contradictory to the facial expression (e.g., red dress on a sad girl, tears on a happy face) were added to the drawings, many African and U.S. children changed their previous judgments. In several cases, only the Baganda children changed their judgments; the American children were unaffected. Socioeconomic factors and certain cultural values may have been responsible for yielding cross-cultural differences.
Current-voltage characteristics, small-signal parameters, and switching times of GaAs FET's

A new two-dimensional model of a GaAs FET is proposed. The model takes into account diffusion processes and Gunn-domain formation under the gate but it requires a very small computer time. The electric-field profiles under the gate, current-voltage characteristics, the dependences of the transconductance and gate-to-source capacitance on the drain voltage, and the dependences of a characteristic switching time and power-delay product on the device thickness are calculated. The results of the calculation agree well with the experimental data found earlier by other authors. The proposed model can be used for a computer-aided design of GaAs FET amplifiers and logic elements and also for a comparative study of GaAs and InP MESFET's.
Rapid application design and testing of Web usability

The rapid application design and testing (RAD-T) process greatly advances time-driven development of Web applications without sacrificing usability. Our GUI-based toolset, in conjunction with an extension of HTML, provides for early usability testing at the onset of Web specification and design activities.
Gel electrophoretic analysis of Zymomonas mobilis glycolytic and fermentative enzymes: identification of alcohol dehydrogenase II as a stress protein.

The 13 major enzymes which compose the glycolytic and fermentative pathways in Zymomonas mobilis are particularly abundant and represent one-half of the soluble protein in exponential-phase cells. One- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis maps were developed for 12 of these enzymes. Assignments were made by comigration with purified proteins, comparison with overexpressed genes in recombinant strains, and Western blots (immunoblots). Although most glycolytic enzymes appeared resistant to turnover and accumulated in stationary-phase cells, the protein levels of pyruvate kinase, alcohol dehydrogenase I, and glucokinase declined. Alcohol dehydrogenase II was identified as a major stress protein and was induced both by exposure to ethanol and by elevated temperature (45 degrees C). This enzyme, encoded by the adhB gene, is expressed from tandem promoters which share partial sequence identity with the Escherichia coli consensus sequence for heat shock proteins. Images
Environmental influences in the evolution of tetrapod hearing sensitivity and middle ear tuning

Synopsis Vertebrates inhabit and communicate acoustically in most natural environments. We review the influence of environmental factors on the hearing sensitivity of terrestrial vertebrates, and on the anatomy and mechanics of the middle ears. Evidence suggests that both biotic and abiotic environmental factors affect the evolution of bandwidth and frequency of peak sensitivity of the hearing spectrum. Relevant abiotic factors include medium type, temperature, and noise produced by nonliving sources. Biotic factors include heterospecific, conspecific, or self-produced sounds that animals are selected to recognize, and acoustic interference by sounds that other animals generate. Within each class of tetrapods, the size of the middle ear structures correlates directly to body size and inversely to frequency of peak sensitivity. Adaptation to the underwater medium in cetaceans involved reorganization of the middle ear for novel acoustic pathways, whereas adaptation to subterranean life in several mammals resulted in hypertrophy of the middle ear ossicles to enhance their inertial mass for detection of seismic vibrations. The comparative approach has revealed a number of generalities about the effect of environmental factors on hearing performance and middle ear structure across species. The current taxonomic sampling of the major tetrapod groups is still highly unbalanced and incomplete. Future expansion of the comparative evidence should continue to reveal general patterns and novel mechanisms.
QUANTITATION OF PHOTOSYSTEM II ACTIVITY IN SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS. EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL QUINONE ACCEPTORS

Quantitation of photosystem II (PSII) activity in spinach chloroplasts is presented. Rates of PSII electron-transport were estimated from the concentration of PSII reaction-centers (Chl/PSII = 380:1 when measured spectrophotometrically in the ultraviolet [ΔA320] and green [ΔA540–550] regions of the spectrum) and from the rate of light utilization by PSII under limiting excitation conditions. Rates of PSII electron-transport were measured under the same light-limiting conditions using 2,5-dimethylbenzoquinone or 2,5-dichlorobenzoquinone as the PSII artificial electron acceptors. Evaluation is presented on the limitations imposed in the measurement of PSII electron flow to artificial quinones in chloroplasts. Limitations include the static quenching of excitation energy in the pigment bed by added quinones, the fraction of PSII centers (PSIIβ) with low affinity to native and added quinones, and the loss of reducing equivalents to molecular oxygen. Such artifacts lowered the yield of steady-state electron transport in isolated chloroplasts and caused underestimation of PSII electron-transport capacity. The limitations described could explain the low PSII concentration estimates in higher plant chloroplasts (Chl/PSII = 600 ± 50) resulting from proton flash yield and/or oxygen flash-yield measurements. It is implied that quantitation of PSII by repetitive flash-yield methods requires assessment of the slow turnover of electrons by PSIIβ and, in the presence of added quinones, assessment of the PSII quantum yield.
Gene Therapy Using Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors

Summary: The unique life cycle of adeno-associated virus (AAV) and its ability to infect both nondividing and dividing cells with persistent expression have made it an attractive vector. An additional attractive feature of the wild-type virus is the lack of apparent pathogenicity. Gene transfer studies using AAV have shown significant progress at the level of animal models; clinical trials have been noteworthy with respect to the safety of AAV vectors. No proven efficacy has been observed, although in some instances, there have been promising observations. In this review, topics in AAV biology are supplemented with a section on AAV clinical trials with emphasis on the need for a deeper understanding of AAV biology and the development of efficient AAV vectors. In addition, several novel approaches and recent findings that promise to expand AAV9s utility are discussed, especially in the context of combining gene therapy ex vivo with new advances in stem or progenitor cell biology.
FCC minority ownership policy and non‐entertainment programming in black‐oriented radio stations

A comparative analysis of composite week data revealed no significant difference in public service programming levels of Black and non‐Black owned stations.
Identification and quantification of N-linked glycoproteins using hydrazide chemistry, stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry

Quantitative proteome profiling using stable isotope protein tagging and automated tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is an emerging technology with great potential for the functional analysis of biological systems and for the detection of clinical diagnostic or prognostic marker proteins. Owing to the enormous complexity of proteomes, their comprehensive analysis is an as-yet-unresolved technical challenge. However, biologically or clinically important information can be obtained if specific, information-rich protein classes, or sub-proteomes, are isolated and analyzed. Glycosylation is the most common post-translational modification. Here we describe a method for the selective isolation, identification and quantification of peptides that contain N-linked carbohydrates. It is based on the conjugation of glycoproteins to a solid support using hydrazide chemistry, stable isotope labeling of glycopeptides and the specific release of formerly N-linked glycosylated peptides via peptide- N-glycosidase F (PNGase F). The recovered peptides are then identified and quantified by MS/MS. We applied the approach to the analysis of plasma membrane proteins and proteins contained in human blood serum.
Comparison of 2 Resident Learning Tools-Interactive Screen-Based Simulated Case Scenarios Versus Problem-Based Learning Discussions: A Prospective Quasi-Crossover Cohort Study

Study objective Simulation-based learning is emerging as an alternative educational tool in this era of a relative shortfall of teaching anesthesiologists. The objective of the study is to assess whether screen-based (interactive computer simulated) case scenarios are more effective than problem-based learning discussions (PBLDs) in improving test scores 4 and 8 weeks after these interventions in anesthesia residents during their first neuroanesthesia rotation. Design Prospective, nonblinded quasi-crossover study. Setting Cleveland Clinic. Patients Anesthesiology residents. Interventions Two case scenarios were delivered from the Anesoft software as screen-based sessions, and parallel scripts were developed for 2 PBLDs. Each resident underwent both types of training sessions, starting with the PBLD session, and the 2 cases were alternated each month (ie, in 1 month, the screen-based intervention used case 1 and the PBLD used case 2, and vice versa for the next month). Measurements Test scores before the rotation (baseline), immediately after the rotation (4 weeks after the start of the rotation), and 8 weeks after the start of rotation were collected on each topic from each resident. The effect of training method on improvement in test scores was assessed using a linear mixed-effects model. Main results Compared to the departmental standard of PBLD, the simulation method did not improve either the 4- or 8-week mean test scores (P = .41 and P = .40 for training method effect on 4- and 8-week scores, respectively). Resident satisfaction with the simulation module on a 5-point Likert scale showed subjective evidence of a positive impact on resident education. Conclusions Screen-based simulators were not more effective than PBLD for education during the neuroanesthesia rotation in anesthesia residency.
Effects of Reduced Sodium Intake on Hypertension Control in Older Individuals: Results From the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly (TONE)

Background Few trials have evaluated the effects of reduced sodium intake in older individuals, and no trial has examined the effects in relevant subgroups such as African Americans. Patients and Methods The effects of sodium reduction on blood pressure (BP) and hypertension control were evaluated in 681 patients with hypertension, aged 60 to 80 years, randomly assigned to a reduced sodium intervention or control group. Participants (47% women, 23% African Americans) had systolic BP less than 145 mm Hg and diastolic BP less than 85 mm Hg while taking 1 antihypertensive medication. Three months after the start of intervention, medication was withdrawn. The primary end point was occurrence of an average systolic BP of 150 mm Hg or more, an average diastolic BP of 90 mm Hg or more, the resumption of medication, or a cardiovascular event during follow-up (mean, 27.8 months). Results Compared with control, mean urinary sodium excretion was 40 mmol/d less in the reduced sodium intervention group ( P P P = .001). During follow-up, an end point occurred in 59% of reduced sodium and 73% of control group participants (relative hazard ratio = 0.68, P P = .005); results were similar in other subgroups. In dose-response analyses, end points were progressively less frequent with greater sodium reduction ( P for trend = .002). Conclusion A reduced sodium intake is a broadly effective, nonpharmacologic therapy that can lower BP and control hypertension in older individuals.
Newtonian jet stability

Although Newtonian jet stability has been the object of numerous experimental and theoretical studies, the total problem of jet disintegration is by no means solved. Theories available in the literature are only applicable to low-speed laminar jets in stagnant air. In practice, the stability of a liquid jet may be influenced by the ambient medium, turbulence in the nozzle, and the extent of development of the velocity profile. None of these factors has received adequate study. This work presents the beginning of a systematic evaluation of the role played by these factors in the destabilization of a liquid jet. Correlations are presented for predicting the stability of both turbulent and high-speed laminar jets in stagnant air.
Contemporary experience with ketoconazole in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: clinical factors associated with PSA response and disease progression.

BACKGROUND Adrenal/intratumoral androgen biosynthesis contributes to ligand-dependent androgen receptor activation in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRCP). Compounds targeting CYP-17 hydroxylase and lyase, as ketoconazole and abiraterone, block adrenal/intratumoral androgen biosynthesis, and are used as sequential endocrine approaches in mCRCP. We aimed to describe contemporary experience and association of clinical factors with Prostate specific antigen (PSA) response and disease progression, in mCRPC progressing on GnRH-agonist, antiandrogen, antiandrogen withdrawal, and treated with ketoconazole.
Epigenetics: A Landscape Takes Shape

Epigenetics has recently evolved from a collection of diverse phenomena to a defined and far-reaching field of study. In this Essay, we examine the epistemology of epigenetics, provide a brief overview of underlying molecular mechanisms, and suggest future challenges for the field.
“Personality at Work” in Lüneburg - Rückblick und Ausblick

Zusammenfassung. Im Ruckblick auf eine Reihe von in der Zeitschrift fur Personalpsychologie in den Jahren 2006 bis 2008 erschienenen Beitragen wird die Breite der Anwendungsmoglichkeiten von Personlichkeit im Arbeitskontext identifiziert. Die Beitrage stammen aus dem an der Universitat Luneburg durchgefuhrten Symposium “Personality at Work”. Sie beschaftigen sich mit den Zusammenhangen von Personlichkeit im weiteren Sinne mit Arbeitsmarkt, Berufserfolg und Personalauswahl sowie dem Einfluss der Kriteriumserfassung auf die Validitat von Verfahren.
Field and lab aging of EP compound arresters

Organic polymers, such as EPDM, by virtue of their very nature are susceptible to aging and degradation (weathering) when used for high voltage outdoor insulator applications. The very same flexible bonds that offer the advantages of polymers also make them vulnerable to aging and degradation. This paper presents the aging and degradation of 10 kV and 18 kV EP polymeric arresters removed after 10 years and 5 years of service respectively in Florida (FL). There is severe chalking and discoloration and alligatoring on the 10 year arrester. FTIR analysis showed major loss of various chemical groups, such as CH/sub 2/ and CH/sub 3/ above 95% in the alligatored part and up to 70% in the nonalligatored part. Similar but lesser magnitude changes were seen in the 5 year aged arrester. SEM micrographs of the field aged samples showed deeper cracks in alligatored portion compared to non-alligatored portion. Similar results, but of relatively lesser magnitude, were observed in the laboratory aging of arresters for a similar period.
Fluoroscopic screening of asymptomatic patients implanted with the recalled Riata lead family.

Background— The Food and Drug Administration recently issued a class I recall of the St. Jude Medical Riata implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead presumably because of increased risk of electric failure and mechanical separation via inside-out abrasion. We sought to examine the incidence and time dependence of inside-out abrasion in asymptomatic patients implanted with the Riata lead. Methods and Results— Asymptomatic patients implanted with the Riata lead at our institution were offered voluntary fluoroscopic screening in 3 views. Electric testing of the Riata lead with provocative isometric muscle contraction was performed at the time of fluoroscopic screening. Of the 245 patients undergoing fluoroscopic screening, 53 (21.6%) patients showed clear evidence of lead separation. Of these externalized leads, 0%, 13%, and 26% had a dwell time of 5 years, respectively ( P =0.037). Externalized leads had a significantly pronounced decrease in R-wave amplitude (−1.7±2.9 mV versus +0.35±2.5 mV; P <0.001), and more patients with externalized leads had ≥25% decrease in R-wave amplitude from baseline (28.0% versus 8.1%; P =0.018). One patient with externalization exhibited new noise on near-field electrogram. Conclusions— The Riata lead exhibits time-dependent high rates of cable externalization exceeding 20% at >5 years of dwell time. Externalized leads are associated with a more pronounced decrease in R-wave amplitude, which may be an early marker of future electric failure. The use of fluoroscopic and electric screening of asymptomatic patients with the Riata lead remains controversial in the management of patients affected by the recent Food and Drug Administration recall.
Collaborative, heuristic and normatively guided techniques to creativity

Societies and companies need innovations to advance and sustain long-term profitability. Innovations, on the other hand, need creativity, for which teams are typically utilized to take advantage of the multiple perspectives and divergent experience it could offer.This paper suggests the "collaborative, heuristic and normatively guided" techniques, which could be used to promote creativity in teams. They consist of (1) combining a multi-round Delphi technique with a series of thinking strategies (e.g., brain-storming, divide-and-conquer, deepsmart, etc,) that are to be applied by team members, (2) changing the level of abstractions to alter team members' perspectives, (3) guiding the collaborative idea creation process with customized questions to retain focus, and (4) pruning the multi-round outcomes to focus efforts on increasingly novel ideas. The principal advantages of these techniques lie in its capabilities of (1) processing a number of desirable rounds, (2) being self-directed and highly cost-effective, (3) invoking a multi-mode of thinking patterns, (4) assuring the outcomes being mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, (5) allowing busy knowledge workers to participate, (6) creating an internally competitive environment to induce creativity, and (7) applying readily in global settings absent of geographical and time-zone constraints. This set of techniques has seen limited testing in classroom settings so far. Preliminary results indicate that they appear to be quite useful in creating new ideas to improve existing products and services.
Pathology of the Eye

Ophthalmic pathology focuses on specific elements of the eye, such as the conjunctiva, cornea, uvea, lens, retina, and optic nerve. The types of diseases resemble those of other organs, including congenital, degenerative and atrophic, inflammatory and immunologic, and hyperplastic and neoplastic diseases.
N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: publication bias perpetuated by meta-analyses.

Background The use of N -acetylcysteine for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy has been the subject of numerous clinical trials and meta-analyses. We sought to examine the possibility of a publication bias and whether meta-analyses have magnified any potential publication bias. Methods We performed a Medline search and a manual search to identify published manuscripts. We also manually searched contemporaneous major cardiology scientific meetings to identify abstracts. We included only randomized controlled clinical trials. We pooled the results of abstracts and manuscripts separately and combined, calculating an odds ratio (OR). We analyzed meta-analyses according to the proportions of manuscripts and abstracts that they included and compared their calculated ORs to the OR of all available contemporaneous data. Our analysis spanned the time from the publication of the first manuscript on this topic through June 2006. Results Throughout the study period, the published manuscripts presented a treatment-effect estimate that was more optimistic than that found in unpublished abstracts. There was a temporal trend in that the estimate of treatment effect was greatest with early publications, which diminished as additional data became available. The profile of the journal (as assessed by impact factor) in which a manuscript was published was not related to the quality of the manuscript. However, studies reaching a positive conclusion were published in journals with higher impact factors compared with studies reaching negative conclusions. Meta-analyses included a substantially greater proportion of published manuscripts versus unpublished abstracts and provided more optimistic assessments of treatment effect than would have been derived had all available data been assessed. Conclusions There was a significant publication bias that persisted throughout the life cycle of this clinical question. The bias was further amplified by meta-analyses.
The Role of Interindividual Variation in Human Carcinogenesis

The process of chemical carcinogenesis is a complex multistage process initiated by DNA damage in growth control genes. Carcinogens enter the body from a variety of sources, but most require metabolic activation before they can damage DNA. There are multiple protective processes that include detoxification and conjugation, DNA repair and programmed cell death. Most of these functions exhibit wide interindividual variation in the population and thus are thought to affect cancer risk. The role of gene-environment interactions is being explored, and current data indicate that genetic susceptibilities can modify carcinogen exposures from the diet and tobacco smoking, although much more data exist for the latter. This review addresses the relationships of human carcinogenesis to these interindividual differences of phase I, phase II and DNA repair enzymes.
Separation in Stability Analysis of Piecewise Linear Systems in Discrete Time

Stability analysis of piecewise linear systems, without affine terms, consists of the problem of finding maximal stabilizing sets of switching paths among possible system coefficients and that of obtaining a sequence of state-space partitions in the order of increasing refinement. Exploiting the fact that these two problems can be solved separately, one can find subsets of the state space such that the piecewise linear system restricted to these sets is uniformly exponentially stable.
Crystallized intelligence versus fluid intelligence.

(2005). Crystallized Intelligence versus Fluid Intelligence. Psychiatry: Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 9-13.
A Strategic Model For Accounting Education

The need for significant changes in accounting education has been discussed for more than a decade, but this challenge has been unmet by educators and the profession. The purpose of this article is to discuss (1) the need for change in education (2) a model for accounting education, and (3) examples of how to improve accounting education. Accounting programs that adopt significant changes that provide students with the necessary skills will thrive in the future and continue to supply the profession with a sufficient supply of qualified graduates.
Variations in ENSO Phase Locking

A hybrid coupled model (HCM) and a simple coupled model (two variables) for the tropical Pacific ocean- atmosphere system are employed to examine the variations of ENSO phase-locking behavior. The HCM consists of an ocean general circulation model coupled to an empirical atmospheric model. While it is often stated that the warm peak phase of El Nino in observations tends to occur in a preferred season, both model simulations and analysis of observations suggest that the phase-locking behavior is more complicated. A scattered phase- locking behavior in ENSO onset and termination phases is seen in results of both models, even when model climatology is not changing during the integration and weather noise is not included. The mechanisms for this scatter appear to be robust when atmospheric stochastic forcing is included. A similar variation in phase-locking behavior is found in observations, suggesting that the observed scatter of onset and termination phases is a fundamental ENSO property. The scattered phase-locking behavior is explained as a result of a competition between the inherent ENSO frequency (giving a cycle in which warm peaks would not necessarily occur in a preferred season) and the tendency to phase-lock to a preferred season due to the nonlinear interaction between the ENSO cycle and the annual cycle. The phase-locking behavior is associated with the frequency-locking behavior but has additional aspects. For instance, the season of maximum warming can change with parameters, even when the locked ENSO frequency is unchanged. Analysis of observations motivated by the model variation in onset phases suggests defining a category for ''early-onset'' El Ninos. Such events appear to be more irregular than other El Ninos.
From Behavior to Neural Dynamics: An Integrated Theory of Attention

The brain has a limited capacity and therefore needs mechanisms to selectively enhance the information most relevant to one's current behavior. We refer to these mechanisms as "attention." Attention acts by increasing the strength of selected neural representations and preferentially routing them through the brain's large-scale network. This is a critical component of cognition and therefore has been a central topic in cognitive neuroscience. Here we review a diverse literature that has studied attention at the level of behavior, networks, circuits, and neurons. We then integrate these disparate results into a unified theory of attention.
Faith, Family, Filiality, and Fate: Dominican and Puerto Rican Elders' Perspectives on End-of-Life Decisions.

Objective: What is the characterization of family involvement in health decisions, filial piety, religiosity/spirituality, and fatalism as they relate to attitudes/intentions toward end-of-life (EOL) planning/decision making among elderly Dominicans and Puerto Ricans in East Harlem, New York City? Method: An exploratory study using grounded theory and domain analysis was conducted with 51 elderly Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. Purposive and emerging themes were identified by three coders. Results: Purposive themes were family involvement in health decisions/filial piety and religiosity/spirituality/fatalism and for clinical EOL-related terms; emerging themes were accessing/using EOL care, autonomy, influence of death/dying on own future care decisions, and death/dying is a private matter. Implications: The recommendations for community members are to empower awareness of EOL issues, engage providers regarding cultural needs, and clarification of advance care planning (ACP) function; the recommendations for...
Defining Truth, the Whole Truth and Nothing but the Truth

Wenn das Wenn im Wege nicht ware, what do you hope your favorite truth-definition might accomplish? The following description of what looks like a semanticist’s paradise might fill the bill:
Transnational Law and Regulation of the Police

This article briefly discusses the use of transnational law in courses that focus on regulation of the police (usually called something like Criminal Procedure - Police Practices, or Constitutional Criminal Procedure). The first section of this article summarizes some interesting examples of transnational law relating to police practices in five areas: perspectives on the police, search and seizure, undercover investigations, interrogation, and remedies. The second section describes specific pedagogical techniques one can use to explore these issues.
Oxidation of Terbufos (Counter ® ) in Three Iowa Surface Soils

Laboratory tests were performed to determine the oxidation of terbufos (Counter®), O,O -diethyl S -[( tert -butylthio) methyl] phosphorodithioate, in 3 Iowa surface soils (Clarion, Harps, and Webster). The insecticide was applied to 10-g soil samples at a rate of 1 ppm, which is equivalent to a field application rate of 1 lb/acre. Soil samples were incubated at 22±1°C for 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. Terbufos was rapidly oxidized to its sulfoxide. The parent compound had an approximate half-life of 4 to 5 days. Terbufos sulfoxide reached a maximum concentration after 2 weeks of incubation, and terbufos sulfone did not appear until 1 week after the incubation was started. Significant differences ( P =0.01) were found in the ability of the 3 soils to oxidize terbufos. The sulfoxide and sulfone had no inhibitory influence on soil microbial activities.
The use of laboratory determinations in the control of streptokinase therapy.

The determination of the thrombin time was found to be overly sensitive to circulating fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products, and, therefore, inadequate as an aid in the control of the thrombolytic state induced by the administration of streptokinase therapy. Similarly, the method described by Clauss tended to yield inordinately low values for fibrinogen in the thrombolytic state. Use of either the prothrombin time or the prota- mine-thrombin time, or both, along with the thrombin time, afforded a more comprehensive and dependable evaluation of the abnormal hemostatic balance. The measurement of fibrinogen by means of turbidimetric (protein- precipitation) methods which do not involve conversion to fibrin in the plasma of patients undergoing treatment with streptokinase was superior in precision to the Clauss method.
Lipid domain depletion at small localized bends imposed by a step geometry.

Natural processes in biological cells rely on molecules to be in the right place at the right time to maintain the dynamics of living processes. When lipids in bilayer membranes move and mix, they ...
Commentary--Sorting It Out: Thoughts on "Does Sorting Students Improve Scores? An Analysis of Class Composition" by Courtney A. Collins and Li Gan.

One of the most challenging decisions made by school system administrators each year is how to assign students to teachers. This decision, usually guided by the administrator’s beliefs and values, ...
The Intelligent Fetching Technology Research about News

With the rapid increase of network information,it becomes necessary to research intelligent fetching technology for news.In this paper,on the basis of topic web crawler,it improved web page with the theme of correlation algorithm,designed news oriented intelligent fetching.According to the predetermined theme,it should be analyzed hyperlinks and grab web content to obtain the next crawling URL.Web pages online and related links are selective to access,the related subject web pages are crawled as much as possible.The experiment results show that the improved technology was highly promoted in the performance and the grab significantly accuracy compared to the previous technology.
197 INCREASING NUMBER OF RIB FRACTURES PREDICTS MORTALITY IN MULTI-INJURY BLUNT TRAUMA VICTIMS.

Introduction Rib fractures are common injuries in blunt trauma; however, their impact on patient mortality and morbidity may be underestimated. Recent evidence suggests that this may be especially true for older patients. In multiply injured patients with rib fractures, we hypothesized that the number of rib fractures independently predicts mortality and influences outcome. Methods The trauma registry of our Level I Trauma Center (1992-2004) was queried. The patient cohort consisted of blunt trauma victims that had one or more diagnosis codes associated with traumatic rib fractures as outlined by the International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition (ICD-9). The primary outcome was mortality. Potential predictors of mortality were screened including gender, age (≤ 65 years vs > 65 years), Injury Severity Score (ISS) (≤ 15 vs > 15), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) (≤ 13 and > 13), number of ribs fractured, length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, and discharge disposition. Student9s t-test, one-way ANOVA, linear regression, and unadjusted logistic regression were used to screen potential predictors and only those statistically significant at the p Results A total of 1,033 patients sustained one to eight rib fractures from blunt trauma. Initial unadjusted analysis showed that age > 65 years, ISS > 15, and the number of ribs fractured were significantly associated with mortality (p 15 (OR 28, 95% CI 6, 120), age > 65 (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.4, 5.1) and number of ribs fractured (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0, 1.3) were independent predictors of mortality. After adjusting for age and ISS, the risk of mortality increased 1.2 times for each rib fractured. Applying the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit statistic, the number of ribs fractured, ISS, and age accounted for 76% of the variability in mortality. Conclusion Our data indicate that ISS > 15, age > 65, and the number of rib fractures are independent predictors of mortality after blunt trauma. After adjusting for age and ISS, the number of ribs fractured was associated with an increased risk of mortality of 1.2 times the number of ribs fractured. Future management algorithms should incorporate specific guidelines to address the number of rib fractures in an effort to decrease mortality.
101 Solution-focused questions for help with depression.

This book is a practical and informational guide to solution-focused therapy (SFT), with a focus on treating depression. It is the second book in a three-volume set, with the first book focused on ...
Equity Investment Alliances and Joint Ventures

The next step along the strategic alliance progression is when a globalizer invests in a venture overseas or, in other words, takes an equity position. Equity can take the form of acquiring a minority shareholding in an ongoing operation or the establishment of a new enterprise with two or more partners in the form of a joint venture. This chapter will examine both types of strategic alliances—minority stakeholdings and joint ventures, and relate the participants’ experiences back to the existing research.
The Influence of Religious Affiliation on Community Views about Environment, Climate Change, and Renewable Energy in and around the Mormon Culture Region

ABSTRACTWhile political ideology is a consistent predictor of public environmental views in the United States, religious affiliation may also be an important correlate of environmental attitudes, e...
Analyzing the Perceptions of Change in a Distributed Collection of Web Documents

It is not unusual for documents on the Web to degrade and suffer from problems associated with unexpected change. In an analysis of the Association for Computing Machinery conference list, we found that categorizing the degree of change affecting digital documents over time is a difficult task. More specifically, we found that categorizing this degree of change is not a binary problem where documents are either unchanged or they have changed so dramatically that they do not fit within the scope of the collection. It is in part, a characterization of the intent of the change. In this paper, we present a case study that compares change detection methods based on machine learning algorithms against the assessment made by human subjects in a user study. Consequently, this paper will focus on two research questions. First, how can we categorize the various degrees of change that documents endure? And second, how did our automatic detection methods fare against the human assessment of change in the ACM conference list?
Optic Pathway Gliomas in Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF-1)

Advances in the pathophysiology and clinical behavior of NF-1 associated optic pathway gliomas (OPG) made over the past 10 years are examined, and evidence-based recommendations for diagnosis and management are proposed by researchers from Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago; St Thomas's Hospital, London; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, The initial diagnostic and management guidelines proposed by a task force in 1997 are extended, and unanswered questions are addressed.
Globalization, Neoliberalism and Energy

Young adults today have grown up in a world where globalization is a pervasive reality and where most of our politicians accept its supposed virtues. Sometimes there are discussions about how globalization is losing (or gaining) us jobs, or whether we have globalized too much or not enough, but for most people it is just a fact represented by the labels from all around the world on their clothes or electronic devices. This was not the case when the authors of this book were young; at that time nearly everything we ate, wore, or drove was made in America. Anything from overseas – except specialized luxury goods – was normally assumed to be cheap and inferior. Globalization, at least on the scale we see it today, is a relatively recent phenomenon so it is important to understand how globalization grew so large so fast, what are the perceived and actual gains and costs, and how these are related to energy use.