cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repair of Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defects With Decellularized Extracellular Matrix: Initial and Midterm Outcomes:

Objective:Since April 2010, our institution has repaired complete atrioventricular septal defects (CAVSDs) with a two-patch technique utilizing CorMatrix extracellular material. This material is po...
Latent classes of older foster youth: Prospective associations with outcomes and exits from the foster care system during the transition to adulthood

Youth in the foster care system face considerable challenges during the transition to adulthood. However, there is significant variability within this population. This study uses person-oriented methods and a longitudinal dataset of youth aging out of foster care to examine differences in how subgroups of foster youth fare during the transition to adulthood. We identified four distinct latent classes, consistent with prior person-oriented studies of this population, and validated these classes by examining differences on additional relevant factors at age 17. After establishing these classes, we tested their predictive validity by examining differences in outcomes at age 19 in domains relevant to the transition to adulthood, including education and employment, problem behaviors, and mental health problems. Finally, given the importance of extended foster care in promoting better outcomes, we used survival analysis to prospectively examine whether class membership was associated with differences in the rates at which youth left foster care between ages 17 and 19. One large group of youth exhibited moderate behavior problems and left care quickly, while another large group of resilient youth had favorable outcomes and left care relatively slowly. A small group exhibited considerable behavior and mental health problems, but left care more slowly, and a very small group was characterized by a history of pregnancy. Findings suggest considerable variability in service need among older foster youth. Implications for service provision during the transition to adulthood are discussed.
32 A review of alcohol-related mobile apps: prevention vs. promotion of problematic alcohol use and related injury risk

Purpose Problematic alcohol use is an important risk factor for injury. Smartphones introduce new possibilities for increasing or decreasing that risk. Many alcohol-related smartphone apps exist. This study systematically reviewed alcohol-related apps available in the U.S. app market, described the purpose of these apps and assessed their potential to increase or decrease risks associated with alcohol use. Methods The two largest app stores were searched using the keywords alcohol, drunk, drinking games, sober, blood alcohol, designated driver, and too drunk to drive. The top 100 apps resulting from each term were screened for inclusion. Using a structured codebook, information on the app purpose, features, and developer was abstracted from the text and screen shots for each app’s listing. Apps were also coded for the extent to which they were likely to promote or prevent problematic alcohol use using the Precede-Proceed Model concepts of predisposing, enabling, or reinforcing a behaviour. Results A total of 764 alcohol-related apps were included in the analysis. The most common app purpose was drinking game (36.1%), followed by BAC calculator/intoxication test (24.1%), addiction recovery support (13.1%), and designated driver/safe ride finder (10.9%). More apps were classified as risk promoting (40.7%) than preventive (36.6%). Most apps classified as risk-preventing were enabling (79.6%), whereas risk-promoting apps were most commonly reinforcing (44.9%). Conclusions Behaviour change models are useful for assessing the potential impact of alcohol-related apps. Risk-reducing apps have potential to prevent injury, but the large number of risk-promoting apps is cause for concern. Significance and Contributions to Science This study describes the nature of easily available apps related to alcohol use and sets the stage for research to determine how these apps are actually used by consumers. This study also contributes a framework for characterising apps that could be expanded to other substance use and injury risks.
Bayesian assessment of moving group membership: importance of models and prior knowledge

Young nearby moving groups are important and useful in many fields of astronomy such as studying exoplanets, low-mass stars, and the stellar evolution of the early planetary systems over tens of millions of years, which has led to intensive searches for their members. Identification of members depends on the used models sensitively, therefore, careful examination of the models is required. In this study, we investigate the effects of the models used in moving group membership calculations based on a Bayesian framework (e.g., BANYAN II) focusing on the beta-Pictoris moving group (BPMG). Three improvements for building models are suggested: (1) updating a list of accepted members by re-assessing memberships in terms of position, motion, and age, (2) investigating member distribution functions in $XYZ$, and (3) exploring field star distribution functions in $XYZ$ and $UVW$. The effect of each change is investigated, and we suggest using all of these improvements simultaneously in future membership probability calculations. Using this improved MG membership calculation and the careful examination of the age, 57 bona fide members of BPMG are confirmed including 12 new members. We additionally suggest 17 highly probable members.
Making the Tea Party Republican: Media Bias and Framing in Newspapers and Cable News:

Research on the Tea Party emphasizes the role of Fox News in magnifying the movement’s early successes. Fox News is credited with legitimizing the Tea Party’s grievances, allowing the movement to m...
First-Principles Statistical Mechanics of Multicomponent Crystals

The importance of configurational, vibrational, and electronic excitations in crystalline solids of technological interest makes a rigorous treatment of thermal excitations an essential ingredient in first-principles models of materials behavior. This contribution reviews statistical mechanics approaches that connect a crystal’s electronic structure to its thermodynamic and kinetic properties. We start with a description of a thermodynamic and kinetic framework for multicomponent crystals that integrates chemistry and mechanics, as well as nonconserved order parameters that track the degree of chemical order and group/subgroup structural distortions. The framework allows for spatial heterogeneities and naturally couples thermodynamics with kinetics. We next survey statistical mechanics approaches that rely on effective Hamiltonians to treat configurational, vibrational, and electronic degrees of freedom within multicomponent crystals. These Hamiltonians, when suitably constructed, are capable of extrapola...
Mice follow odor trails using stereo olfactory cues and rapid sniff to sniff comparisons

Animals use the distribution of chemicals in their environment to guide behaviors essential for life, including finding food and mates, and avoiding predators. The presence of this general class of behavior is extremely widespread, even though the olfactory sensory apparatus and strategies used may vary between animals. The strategies and cues used by mammals to localize and track odor sources have recently become of interest to neuroscientists, but are still poorly understand. In order to study how mice localize odors, we trained mice to perform a trail following task using a novel behavioral paradigm and behavioral monitoring setup. We find that mice, in order to follow an odor trail, use both sniff by sniff odor concentration comparisons and internares comparisons to guide their behavior. Furthermore, they employ olfactory information to guide adaptive behaviors with remarkably short latencies of approximately 80ms. This study and its findings establish a rich, quantifiable olfactory localization behavior in mice that is amenable to physiological investigations and motivates investigation into the neural substrates of the identified olfactory cues.
Neutrophilic Leukocyte Granules: From Structure to Function

The ability of each type of leukocyte to perform its special function depends on the synthesis of particular chemical substances during its maturation. Certain leukocytes, e.g., the granulocytes, synthesize proteins at regular intervals early in their maturation in bone marrow and store them for days in large cytoplasmic granules (Bainton and Farquhar 1966, 1970; Bainton et al., 1971). When appropriately stimulated, these cells can move from blood to tissues and, within seconds, the granules may release their contents into an endocytic vacuole or, by fusion with the plasma membrane, to the exterior of the cell. Thus, their major function in inflammatory processes is usually accomplished by endocytosis “eating”, or exocytosis “secreting” (Bainton, 1980).
Anti-Inflammatory Characteristics of Human Milk

When first proposed, the hypothesis that human milk was anti-inflammatory was supported by 2 observations: poor function of milk leukocytes and the presence in milk of components that could modify inflammatory processes. This hypothesis is now supported by studies documenting anti-inflammatory effects in animal models and suppression of humoral and cellular components of inflammation in vitro. To date, two mechanisms have been demonstrated: alteration of leukocyte function and modification of cytokine biology. It is not clear whether these mechanisms are only topical effects in the digestive tract, or whether absorption of milk components results in systemic effects. While inflammation benefits the host as a defense mechanism and precursor to immune responses, it also contributes to the clinical manifestations of illness and is an important early component of wound-healing responses that result in scar. The biological effects of milk’s anti-inflammatory character may be to minimize clinical symptomatology without losing immunoresponsiveness for the breast-fed infant, and to minimize scar formation during healing responses.
Chipping away at censorship firewalls with user-generated content

Oppressive regimes and even democratic governments restrict Internet access. Existing anti-censorship systems often require users to connect through proxies, but these systems are relatively easy for a censor to discover and block. This paper offers a possible next step in the censorship arms race: rather than relying on a single system or set of proxies to circumvent censorship firewalls, we explore whether the vast deployment of sites that host user-generated content can breach these firewalls. To explore this possibility, we have developed Collage, which allows users to exchange messages through hidden channels in sites that host user-generated content. Collage has two components: a message vector layer for embedding content in cover traffic; and a rendezvous mechanism to allow parties to publish and retrieve messages in the cover traffic. Collage uses user-generated content (e.g., photo-sharing sites) as "drop sites" for hidden messages. To send a message, a user embeds it into cover traffic and posts the content on some site, where receivers retrieve this content using a sequence of tasks. Collage makes it difficult for a censor to monitor or block these messages by exploiting the sheer number of sites where users can exchange messages and the variety of ways that a message can be hidden. Our evaluation of Collage shows that the performance overhead is acceptable for sending small messages (e.g., Web articles, email). We show how Collage can be used to build two applications: a direct messaging application, and a Web content delivery system.
Effect of carbonate platform morphology on syndepositional deformation: Insights from numerical modeling

Abstract We use finite element numerical modeling to show that carbonate platform morphology is a control on syndepositional deformation in steep-walled carbonate platforms. We simulate gravity application on three end-member carbonate platform margin morphologies: (1) a mixed planar-concave up shaped shelf margin from Tobacco Cay, Belize, (2) a concave up shaped system representing the Capitan Profile, Guadalupe Mountains West Texas, and (3) a sigmoidal, Jurassic Amellago ramp. We model the platform material with a brittle failure criteria that captures tensile and shear failure. We show that the presence of a vertical reef wall and, thereby, lack of lateral confining stress seaward leads to a tensile stress state in the middle of the shelf and the shelf edge, promoting the development of opening-mode (Mode I) tensile fractures. Fractures occur in the absence of additional loading or burial, indicating that their formation is consistent with a syndepositional setting. Overall, our results demonstrate that carbonate platforms with a near vertical reef wall are routinely modified by syndepositional deformation and failure in the absence of compaction. We show that zones of high tensile stress can result in brittle, tensile failure and confirm that tensile failure is a critical element of building and may contribute to maintaining steep-walled carbonate platform systems.
Abstract 12757: Prevalence and Outcome of Thrombotic and Embolic Complications in Adults After Fontan Operation

Introduction: There are limited studies of thrombotic and embolic complications (TEC) in the adult Fontan population. Hypothesis/objectives: To determine the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of TECs in this population. Method: Review of adults with a previous Fontan operation, followed at Mayo Clinic, 1994-2014. Systemic TEC was defined as intracardiac thrombus, ischemic stroke, or systemic arterial embolus. Non-systemic TEC was defined as Fontan conduit/right atrial thrombus or pulmonary embolus. Results: We identified 387 patients; mean age 28 ±7 years and follow-up 8±2 years. An atriopulmonary connection (APC) was done for 286/387 patients. Atrial arrhythmias were present in 278/387 (72%). There were 121 TECs (systemic n=36, non-systemic n=85) in 98/387 patients (25%). Risk factors for systemic TEC were atrial arrhythmia (hazard ratio [HR], 2.28; P =.001) and APC (HR, 1.98; P =.02); non-systemic TEC also had similar risk factors. All 98 patients received warfarin but warfarin was discontinued in 10/98 because of bleeding; and 8 of these 10 had a second TEC after discontinuing warfarin. Thrombi resolution occurred in 16/82 (20%) that continued to receive warfarin 16 (20%) and had follow-up imaging; 8 with other comorbid conditions had Fontan conversion. In total, 24/98 patients had a second TEC, most of whom had inadequate anticoagulation. Conclusions: TEC was not uncommon; risk factors for TEC were APC and atrial arrhythmias. Most patients were treated successfully with warfarin alone. A second TEC occurred in most patients whose anticoagulation was discontinued because of bleeding events. Legends Kaplan-Meier Curves comparing freedom from TEC. (A). Freedom from TECs in all patients and in patients with vs without atrial arrhythmia (AA) ( P =.002). (B). Freedom from TECs in all patients and in patients with vs without atriopulmonary connection (APC) ( P =.001). “No APC” group comprise of patients with total cavopulmonary connections.
The DIVE Approach: Using Case-Ordered Meta-Matrices and Theory-Based Data Displays to Analyze Multiple Case Study Data

This chapter describes a rigorous model for analyzing multiple case study data that advances both evaluative and theoretical goals. Specifically, this approach, which we refer to as DIVE, involves cyclically analyzing case-ordered meta-matrix displays to uncover patterns in the data. The DIVE approach assists researchers in conducting complex thematic analyses, and provides a more structured approach to identifying patterns across multiple sites and/or dimensions of analysis, making visible the relationships among various categories and constructs of interest across cases. The chapter draws on two published empirical studies to demonstrate how to operationalize theoretical constructs, utilize matrices, and situate cases in theoretically informed displays. The chapter also recommends ways to address validity concerns and to use technology to facilitate analysis.
Task Allocation in Uncertain Environments using a QuadTree and Flow network

Systems of multiple UAVs have been used for surveillance and reconnaissance operations for the past few decades. One of the most challenging problems with deploying multiple UAVs with different capabilities is how to individually assign them to a set of tasks in such a way that optimizes the overall mission goal subject to a set of resource constraints. In this paper, we consider the problem of task collaboration and coordination between a team of UAVs using a priori reconnaissance about the task and risk distributions. We present an intuitive approach to allocating tasks with centralized and decentralized techniques using a Quad-Tree and K-Partite graph. The Quad-Tree formally models the reconnaissance using its quadrants as potential task locations. It is used to compute the utilities for assigning each UAV to the quadrants, taking into account the cost of reaching the quadrant centroid and eliminating the risk imposed by static enemies. The K-Partite graph performs task allocation and coordination between UAVs and the quadrants to maximize the collected intelligence, while maintaining the time, fuel, and safety constraints of the UAVs. Once the initial task assignments are centrally generated, each UAV is responsible for assigning itself to other tasks while exploring the field. The coordination of UAVs is achieved by communicating the changes of their local graph and tree. We assume that communication range and bandwidth are unlimited, but we describe how our approach can be extended for situations where communication is constrained. Simulation experiments demonstrate that our approach effectively distributes the UAVs over the environment and allows them to accomplish their mission within the resource limits.
Cigarette Consumption in Different U.S. States, 1955–1998: An Empirical Analysis of the Potential Use of Excise Taxation to Reduce Smoking

The use of excise taxation as a tool for financing part of Medicaid and national health care costs as well as for discouraging smoking behavior was a major political issue in the 1980s and early 1990s. It failed to gain Congressional support despite a significant increase in both federal and most state tax rates over the past twenty years. Annual data and OLS techniques are used to analyze the demand for cigarettes in the 50 states and the District of Columbia over the period from 1955 to 1998. Results show the demand for cigarettes to be relatively price inelastic. However, the estimates indicate more elasticity for high tax states than for low tax states. The price inelastic coefficient of the aggregate demand suggests that the main impact of taxation is likely to result in increased revenues to states rather than in directly reducing tobacco usage. The ultimate impact on smoking usage depends on how these increased revenues are spent and whether they become directed at smoking reduction. Cigarette demand is also found to be income inelastic, which implies that the tobacco industry has been growing less rapidly or even declining relative to the rising trend of the per capita disposable personal income in many states.
Mixed Methods Research Design for Prevention Science: Methods, Critiques, and Recommendations

This chapter examines the complex and challenging considerations involved in the design of rigorous mixed methods research studies. In this effort, research investigators must understand and address certain competing or conflicting qualitative and quantitative traditions and imperatives for conducting a scientifically rigorous, yet culturally sensitive mixed methods research study. The aim is to design a well-crafted mixed methods research study that incorporates the best elements of qualitative and quantitative data forms for a study and generates more informative prevention science research.
A Computer Evolution in Teaching Undergraduate Time Series

In teaching undergraduate time series courses, we have used a mixture of various statistical packages. We have finally been able to teach all of the applied concepts within one statistical package;...
Exploring the In Vivo Role of the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter in Brown Fat Bioenergetics.

Summary The mitochondrial calcium uniporter has been proposed to coordinate the organelle’s energetics with calcium signaling. Uniporter current has previously been reported to be extremely high in brown adipose tissue (BAT), yet it remains unknown how the uniporter contributes to BAT physiology. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a mouse model lacking Mcu, the pore forming subunit of the uniporter, specifically in BAT (BAT-Mcu-KO). BAT-Mcu-KO mice lack uniporter-based calcium uptake in BAT mitochondria but exhibit unaffected cold tolerance, diet-induced obesity, and transcriptional response to cold in BAT. Unexpectedly, we found in wild-type animals that cold powerfully activates the ATF4-dependent integrated stress response (ISR) in BAT and upregulates circulating FGF21 and GDF15, raising the hypothesis that the ISR partly underlies the pleiotropic effects of BAT on systemic metabolism. Our study demonstrates that the uniporter is largely dispensable for BAT thermogenesis and demonstrates activation of the ISR in BAT in response to cold.
Age differences in electrocortical reactivity to fearful faces following aversive conditioning in youth.

Abstract Although biases in the processing of affectively salient stimuli are thought to increase risk for psychopathology across the lifespan, questions remain regarding how these biases develop. The current study tested an aversive conditioning model for the development of children’s sensitivity in detecting fearful faces at varying levels of emotional intensity and their facilitated attention to fearful faces assessed via the late positive potential (LPP) event-related potential component. Participants (N = 144, ages 7–11 years) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: an active training condition in which an 85-dB white noise burst was paired with fearful faces, an active control condition in which the white noise was presented randomly throughout the task, and a no-sound condition. Children completed a separate task in which they viewed happy, sad, and fearful child faces at varying levels of emotional intensity while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. Although there were no conditioning group differences in children’s sensitivity in detecting facial displays of emotion, there were group differences in LPP magnitude that were moderated by children’s age. Among younger children, those in the active conditioning group exhibited smaller LPP amplitudes to high-intensity fearful faces than children in the control groups. However, among older youth, those in the active conditioning group exhibited larger LPP amplitudes to high-intensity fearful faces than children in the control groups. These findings provide insight into how attentional biases may develop in children and how period of development may influence these patterns.
On-farm Evaluations of Wood-derived, Waste Paper, and Plastic Mulch Materials for Weed Control in Florida Container Nurseries

Mulches have been evaluated extensively as a weed management tool in container plant production, but most research has focused on loose-fill wood-derived mulch materials, such as pine bark or wood chips. In this experiment, pine (mixed Pinus sp.) bark (PB), shredded hardwood (HW), and pine sawdust were evaluated for weed control and crop response both alone and in combination with a guar gum tackifier alongside a plastic film mulch, a paper slurry mulch, and the paper slurry mulch + PB and compared with a nonmulched, nontreated control and a single application of preemergence herbicide (oxyfluorfen + pendimethalin). Mulch materials were applied to nursery containers ranging from 7 to 25 gal at two different nurseries and at two research centers in central Florida in 2017 and 2018. Results showed that the plastic mulch provided more than a 90% reduction in hand weeding time and weed weight over a 6-month period, and similar control was achieved with PB, paper slurry + PB, and the HW treatment (64% to 91% reduction in weeding time and weed weight). No growth differences were observed with any mulch treatment in any species evaluated including ligustrum (Ligustrum japonicum), Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), or podocarpus (Podocarpus macrophyllum).
Race-Based Sexual Stereotypes Influence Ratings of Child Victims in Sexual Abuse Cases

Children’s rights to personal safety and their rights to justice when that safety has been violated should be applied universally, irrespective of a child victim’s race. Yet when children disclose sexual abuse, racial prejudice could affect adults’ judgments of child victims. The present study examined how endorsement of the Jezebel stereotype (that Black females are lascivious and hypersexual) and exposure to sexualized videos influence perceptions of Black female child sexual abuse (CSA) victims. Undergraduates (N = 213) completed a Jezebel stereotype questionnaire and were randomly assigned (within gender/race) to experimental condition based on a 2 (victim age: 6 vs. 10 years) × 2 (victim race: Black, White) × 3 (priming condition: Black sexual video, White sexual video, no video) factorial design. Participants viewed one of the videos, read a CSA case, and then provided ratings about the case. Results suggest bias against Black girls even as young as 6 years old. For example, Black (compared to White) girls were perceived as less traumatized by their victimization. Participants who viewed the Black video and judged a Black victim rated the victim as less credible than those who viewed the Black video and judged a White victim. A number of participant gender differences in ratings of the child victims were also uncovered. The findings expand research on stereotyping and child victims. Implications for CSA case adjudication and children’s rights are discussed.
Spectroscopic photoemission and low-energy electron microscopy studies of the surface and electronic structure of two-dimensional materials

Advances in two-dimensional (2D) materials research have opened up new opportunities in miniaturization of optoelectronic and spintronic devices at the atomically thin limit. One major research thr...
Microphase Separation of Ionic Liquid-Containing Diblock Copolymers: Effects of Dielectric Inhomogeneity and Asymmetry in the Molecular Volumes and Interactions between the Cation and Anion

We study the phase behavior of a block copolymer and ionic liquid mixture using the Landau theory of Leibler and field-theoretic techniques in polymer physics. Our weak-segregation theory of microp...
Search for Axionic Dark Matter Using the Magnetar PSR J1745-2900

We report on a search for dark matter axion conversion photons from the magnetosphere of the Galactic Center magnetar PSR J1745-2900 using spectra obtained from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (the National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.). No significant spectral features are detected. Using a hybrid model for PSR J1745-2900 and canonical assumptions about the dark matter density profile, we exclude axion models with axion-photon coupling ${g}_{a\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}}g6--34\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ with 95% confidence over the mass ranges 4.2--8.4, 18.6--26.9, 33.0--41.4, 53.7--62.1, and $126.0--159.3\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{eV}$. If there is a dark matter cusp, the limits reduce to ${g}_{a\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}}g6--34\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, which overlap some axion models for the observed mass ranges $g33\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{eV}$. These limits may be improved by modeling the stimulated emission that can boost the axion-photon conversion process.
Capturing Value in Platform Business Models That Rely on User-Generated Content

Business models increasingly depend on inputs from outside traditional organizational boundaries. For example, platforms that generate revenue from advertising, subscription, or referral fees often...
Jail-Based Data-to-Care to Improve Continuity of HIV Care: Perspectives and Experiences from Previously Incarcerated Individuals

Incarceration can disrupt retention in HIV care and viral suppression, yet it can also present an opportunity to reengage people living with HIV (PLWH) in care. Data-to-care (D2C) is a promising new public health strategy that uses HIV surveillance data to improve continuity of care for PLWH. The goal of this study was to examine perspectives on and experiences with D2C among PLWH who had recently been incarcerated in jail. Semistructured, qualitative interviews were conducted with 24 PLWH in community and prison settings about (1) knowledge of and experiences with D2C and (2) attitudes about implementing D2C in the jail setting. Participants who had been contacted for D2C described their interactions with state public health workers favorably, although almost half were not aware that the state performs HIV surveillance and D2C. While most participants indicated they would welcome assistance from the state for reengaging in care, they also framed retention in care as an individual responsibility. Most participants supported the idea of jail-based D2C. A vocal minority expressed adamant opposition, citing concerns about the violation of privacy and the threat of violence in the jail setting. Findings from this study suggest that D2C interventions in jails could be beneficial to reengaging PLWH in care, and acceptable to PLWH if done in a way that is sensitive to the needs and concerns of incarcerated individuals. If implemented, jail-based D2C programs must be designed with care to preserve privacy, confidentiality, and the autonomy of incarcerated individuals.
First Saturation Correction in High Energy Proton-Nucleus Collisions: II. Single Inclusive Semi-Hard Gluon Production

Exploiting recently obtained analytic solutions of classical Yang-Mills equations for higher order perturbations in the field of the dilute object (proton), we derive the complete first saturation correction to the single inclusive semi-hard gluon production in high energy proton-nucleus collisions by applying the Lehmann-Symanzik-Zimmermann reduction formula. We thus finalize the program started by Balitsky (see Ref.~\cite{Balitsky:2004rr}) and independently by Chirilli, Kovchegov and Wertepny (see Ref.~\cite{Chirilli:2015tea}) albeit using a very different approach to carry out our calculations. We extracted the functional dependence of gluon spectrum on the color charge densities of the colliding objects; thus our results can be used to evaluate complete first saturation correction to the double/multiple inclusive gluon productions.
Commentary on Thomas Aquinas's Treatise on Happiness and Ultimate Purpose

This monumental, line-by-line commentary makes Thomas Aquinas's classic Treatise on Happiness and Ultimate Purpose accessible to all readers. Budziszewski illuminates arguments that even specialists find challenging: What is happiness? Is it something that we have, feel, or do? Does it lie in such things as wealth, power, fame, having friends, or knowing God? Can it actually be attained? This book's luminous prose makes Aquinas's treatise transparent, bringing to light profound underlying issues concerning knowledge, meaning, human psychology, and even the nature of reality.
US Construction Industry Managerial Strategies for Economic Recession and Recovery: A Delphi Study

AbstractEconomic changes impact the construction industry and the associated stakeholders involved in construction projects. Construction companies are not immune to economic downturns, as evidence...
Electrochemical and thermal-induced degradation of additively manufactured titanium alloys: a review

Titanium (Ti)-based alloys wield unique combination of mechanical, chemical, and high temperature properties, which place them at the forefront of engineering applications ranging from biomedical t...
The Income Taxation of Corporate Distributions under the Internal Revenue Code of 1954

Part I of Subchapter C of the Internal Revenue Code is the result of the efforts of the law-makers, particularly the Senate Finance Committee, to state with complete clarity the law with reference to the taxation of distributions by corporations, including the effects of such distributions on both the distributing corporation and the shareholders. For example, to what extent does a corporation realize gain or loss on a distribution of its assets to its shareholders? What effect does such a distribution have on its
Guilty Pleas or Trials: Which Does the Barrister Prefer?

[Barristers in England and attorneys in the United States have been upbraided for pursuing their interests to their clients’ detriment in recommending guilty pleas over trials. While this accusation against American attorneys could be true since their incentives are sometimes skewed to favour guilty pleas, it is not accurate with respect to barristers in England. This is because the latter’s selfish incentives — to maximise income and avoid sanction — incline them to prefer trials over guilty pleas. In Melbourne and Sydney, barristers have never been similarly accused. Indeed, the topic has not been studied. Based on interviews with legal professionals in those cities, this article concludes that, as in England, barristers’ incentives lead them to prefer trials. Thus, when barristers in Melbourne or Sydney recommend a guilty plea, they are arguably thinking of the defendant’s interest rather than their own.]
Job Shopping at the National Convention

(1979). Job Shopping at the National Convention. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 50, No. 9, pp. 23-23.
Molecular Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Genetic Activity EFFECTS OF ETHIDIUM BROMIDE ON THE DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID AND ENERGETICS OF ISOLATED MITOCHONDRIA

Abstract When isolated, respiring mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are exposed to ethidium bromide (EtdBr) they are capable of catalyzing the following discrete reactions. mtDNA + mEtdBr (Me2+)/→ [EtdBrm·DNA'] (1) [Etdbrm·DNA'] + (ATP) (nuclease(s))→ fragments + ... (2) (Reactions 1 + 2) mtDNA (3) + mtEtdBr + (ATP) → fragments + ... nATP ([EtdBrm·DNA'])/→ nADP + nPi (4) In this scheme (EtdBrm·DNA'] represents a novel, stable derivative of EtdBr, linked (probably covalently) to mitochondrial DNA fragments (DNA') which, as isolated, have a mean mass of 12.5 x 106 daltons. This intermediate had previously been shown to be formed in vivo and in vitro with kinetics of appearance and degradation consistent with it being the first product in the mutagenic sequence known to be initiated by EtdBr. Experiments using respiratory inhibitors and uncouplers suggest that Reaction 1 depends on an energized state of the inner membrane, while Reactions 2 and 3 are driven by ATP, either added externally or generated by oxidative phosphorylation. Simultaneously there is an enhancement of the hydrolysis of added ATP to ADP plus Pi (Reaction 4). Experiments with inhibitors, plus the use of mutants with lesions either in their mitochondrial ATPase complex or in enzyme(s) involved in the repair and recombination of their DNA, have shown that Reactions 2 (and hence 3) and 4 are tightly linked. Thus the DNAse (Reaction 3) depends on an intact coupling device and the EtdBr-induced uncoupling (Reaction 4) is dependent on the presence of mtDNA and appropriate enzyme(s) for its degradation. The addition of uncouplers, such as chlorocarbonylphenylhydrazone or colicin K, disrupts this link by providing an alternate pathway for the activation of ATPase and leads to an immediate cessation of Reaction 2. Euflavine, a known antagonist to EtdBr in vivo has no effect on any of the reactions by itself, but blocks Reactions 2, 3, and 4 when added simultaneously with or subsequent to EtdBr. Strains of S. cerevisiae known to be resistant to mutagenesis by EtdBr all exhibit a lowered rate of Reaction 3 but for different reasons: some exhibit a lowered capacity to form [EtdBr·DNA'], others to bring about its degradation. Obligately aerobic, petite negative yeasts are known not to be affected by EtdBr in a permanent fashion: mitochondria of all these strains show a complete inability to catalyze Reaction 1.
Predicting Nurse Staffing Needs for a Labor and Birth Unit in a Large‐Volume Perinatal Service

This project was designed to test a nurse staffing model for its ability to accurately determine staffing needs for a large-volume labor and birth unit based on a staffing gap analysis using the nurse staffing guidelines from the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN). The staffing model and the AWHONN staffing guidelines were found to be reliable methods to predict staffing needs for a large-volume labor and birth unit.
Purification of overproduced Escherichia coli RNA polymerase sigma factors by solubilizing inclusion bodies and refolding from Sarkosyl.

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes a method for solubilizing and refolding proteins from inclusion bodies utilizing the mild anionic detergent, Sarkosyl. This method is found to be helpful in refolding several polymerase subunits and sigma (σ) factors with recoveries of monomeric refolded protein of greater than 50%. To obtain purified, active, monomeric protein, one must isolate the inclusion bodies, solubilize the protein in the inclusion bodies, and then allow the solubilized protein to refold by gradually removing the solubilizing agent. This approach has been used to isolate overproduced components of the E. coli transcription machinery. Most of the early work involved solubilizing with denaturants such as 8 M urea or 6 M guanidinium hydrochloride and refolding by slow dilution. It was commonly found that, on dilution to low denaturant, most of the protein aggregated and precipitated. Even when no visible precipitate formed, there was often soluble multimer present in the diluted solution. This was subsequently lost when the apparently soluble protein was bound to an ionexchange column and subjected to salt gradient elution. The majority of the refolded protein was multimeric, bound tightly to the column, and was never recovered.
The mechanism of evagination of imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster. 1. General considerations.

Abstract Morphological and ultrastructural observations of evaginating discs are presented along with studies of the biochemical and cellular effects of inhibitors of evagination, particularly cytochalasin B (CB). The ultrastructure of the evaginating disc is described with special reference to elements which might be important in evagination, specifically microfilaments and microtubules. There is circumstantial evidence that CB sensitive microfilaments distributed along the basal cell surface may play a role in evagination. No effects of CB were found on β-ecdysone-stimulated synthetic activities. A model for the evagination of appendages from imaginal discs which requires both cell flattening and cell rearrangement is presented. Some implications of the model for mosaic and cell lineage studies are discussed.
Rodent kinin-forming enzyme systems—II: Purification and characterization of an acid protease from murphy-sturm lymphosarcoma

An acid protease from the rat Murphy-Sturm lymphosarcoma (MSLS) tumor was purified 640-fold by extraction of the tumor tissue, acid precipitation with glacial acetic acid, ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 batch adsorption, QAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, and CM-32 cellulose chromatogaphy. The protease hydrolyzed bovine hemoglobin and formed vasopeptide kinins when incubated with purified rat plasma kininogen. Two protease fractions obtained by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration had identical molecular weights of 39,500–41,000 and were similar in other physico-chemical and kinetic characteristics. The purified enzyme showed three major isozymic forms (α, β and γ) with isoelectric points (pI) of 5.2, 5.5 and 5.8, respectively, and nearly identical amino acid compositions. The enzyme had a high moles percent of both aspartic and glutamic acids. The carbohydrate moiety of the enzyme contained 2 moles of N-acetylglucosamine and 8 moles of mannose per mole of enzyme. The pH optimum for the digestion of bovine hemoglobin was approximately 3.0 with a sharp decline of activity on either side of the pH optimum. The protease activity was very stable above pH 3.4. The Km values for the purified enzyme fractions A and B were 31.17 and 31.19 μM, respectively, and the corresponding Vmax values were 6.17 and 5.5 μM tyrosine per mg per min at 37° and pH 3.O. The enzyme was inhibited strongly by pepstatin (Ki = 31 × 10−9M and α = 0.1). The acid protease released kinin from purified rat plasma kininogen at an initial rapid rate which plateaued at 460 ng bradykinin equivalents/mg substrate after a 2-hr incubation at 37°.
The impact of retail rate structures on the economics of commercial photovoltaic systems in California

This article examines the impact of retail electricity rate design on the economic value of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems, focusing on commercial customers in California. Using 15-min interval building load and PV production data from a sample of 24 actual commercial PV installations, we compare the value of the bill savings across 20 commercial-customer retail electricity rates currently offered in the state. Across all combinations of customers and rates, we find that the annual bill savings from PV, per kWh generated, ranges from $0.05 to $0.24/kWh. This sizable range in rate-reduction value reflects differences in rate structures, revenue requirements, the size of the PV system relative to building load, and customer load shape. The most significant rate design issue for the value of commercial PV is found to be the percentage of total utility bills recovered through demand charges, though a variety of other factors are also found to be of importance. The value of net metering is found to be substantial, but only when energy from commercial PV systems represents a sizable portion of annual customer load. Though the analysis presented here is specific to California, our general results demonstrate the fundamental importance of retail rate design for the customer-economics of grid-connected, customer-sited PV.
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849–1936) was a Russian physiologist most famous for his research on the conditioned response. His work provided a firm experimental grounding for many of the concepts currently accepted in psychology. Keywords: Pavlov; conditioned response; reflex; salivary reflex; conditioning
Visual detection of symmetry of 3D shapes

This study tested perception of symmetry of 3D shapes from single 2D images. In Experiment 1, performance in discrimination between symmetric and asymmetric 3D shapes from single 2D line drawings was tested. In Experiment 2, performance in discrimination between different degrees of asymmetry of 3D shapes from single 2D line drawings was tested. The results showed that human performance in the discrimination was reliable. Based on these results, a computational model that performs the discrimination from single 2D images is presented. The model first recovers the 3D shape using a priori constraints: 3D symmetry, maximal 3D compactness, minimum surface area, and maximal planarity of contours. Then the model evaluates the degree of symmetry of the 3D shape. The model provided good fit to the subjects' data.
An audit of the use of advance statements surrounding management of disturbed behaviour on a PICU

Background: PICUs traditionally manage patients who can display disturbed behaviour. Recent guidance has advocated patient engagement in outlining preferences regarding management strategies should they display such behaviour. Aim: To audit the use, within one PICU, of a mechanism that formally records individual patient preference in management of episodes of acute disturbed behaviour. Method: Two sets of fifteen retrospective case note analyses in an audit cycle. Results: Initial findings revealed that advance statements were completed by eight of the fifteen patients admitted (53%). Patients’ wishes were followed for two thirds of patients following incidents needing interventions. Following changes to practice, although only minimal improvement occurred in patients completing advance statements, they were completed sooner after admission and, despite more incidents needing interventions, patients’ wishes following episodes of disturbed behaviour were followed in two thirds of those who completed an advance statement. Conclusion: Use of advance statements regarding management of disturbed behaviour can be introduced in PICUs and this should be advocated.
Mathematical modeling and performance analysis for a two-stage acquisition scheme for direct-sequence spread-spectrum CDMA

Acquisition of synchronism is considered for DS/SS CDMA systems. For large systems with large timing uncertainties, it has been shown previously that acquisition in the presence of multiple-access interference may impose a significant limitation on capacity. This leads the authors to consider a system in which timing uncertainties are relatively small and to propose an acquisition scheme which exploits this to reduce complexity and acquisition overhead. The proposal may be appropriate for a microcellular environment for personal communications in which CDMA packet transmission is employed for both voice and data. Packetized transmission would imply that the overhead available for acquisition is small, and the large number of microcells would restrict the cost of the acquisition scheme used in the receiver in each microcell. The acquisition time required for a simple serial search scheme may therefore be unacceptably large. On the other hand, while acquisition using a passive matched filter is fast, the filter length required for reliable acquisition is liable to be excessive in terms of cost and complexity. Motivated by these considerations, the authors propose a two-stage acquisition scheme which employs a short programmable matched filter for initial detection, followed by a correlator for verification. Numerical results based on an approximate analysis of acquisition performance in the presence of multiple access interference are employed to compare the scheme with conventional acquisition schemes. >
Rheology and microstructure of magmatic emulsions : theory and experiments

The rheological properties of a dilute mixture of melt plus vapor bubbles, referred to as emulsion, are investigated theoretically and in rheometric experiments on dilute viscous germanium dioxide emulsions at temperatures between 1100 and 1175 C and at 100 kPa pressure in a rotating rod rheometer at shear rates between 0.05/s and 7/s. The results indicate that the emulsions may be described by a power-law constitutive relation when observations cover a sufficient range of shear rates to resolve nonlinear flow.
Sequential detector for nonlinear channels with applications to satellite communications

Sequential detection over a bandlimited nonlinear channel is considered and a particle filtering algorithm is developed. The nonlinearity of the problem motivates the use of sequential Monte Carlo methods. Since the channel is bandlimited, the resulting memory of the channel allows for modeling the problem as a dynamic state space model. A particular application to nonlinear satellite communication is illustrated, where the channel is a cascade of linear filters and the nonlinear traveling wave tube amplifier at the satellite repeater; The approach results in very simple detectors with good performance characteristics and general applicability.