cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathology of C4d-negative antibody-mediated rejection in renal allografts.

Purpose of review To summarize current evidence supporting the existence of C4d-negative antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in renal allografts, its potential to cause chronic graft injury, and whether histopathologic features of C4d-negative AMR differ from those of C4d-positive AMR. Recent findings Recently published molecular, clinicopathologic, and ultrastructural studies provide strong evidence that microvascular injury in the presence of donor-specific alloantibodies (DSA) has the potential to cause interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy, transplant glomerulopathy, and graft loss, whether or not peritubular capillary (PTC) C4d is present. Although C4d-positive AMR may represent a more severe form of AMR, recent studies have found that in patients with DSA, microvascular injury (glomerulitis, peritubular capillaritis) is more strongly associated with graft loss than C4d deposition. Our data suggest that C4d-positive and C4d-negative AMR show similar degrees of glomerulitis and peritubular capillaritis, similar frequencies of concurrent cell-mediated rejection, and that both may occur early or late posttransplantation. Summary In renal allografts, microvascular injury in the presence of DSA but with negative C4d staining in PTC nonetheless is indicative of humorally mediated graft injury that has the potential to cause tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis, transplant glomerulopathy, and graft loss. Prompt treatment for AMR may prevent or at least delay subsequent development of transplant glomerulopathy.
A National Profile of Health Care and Family Impacts of Children With Muscular Dystrophy and Special Health Care Needs in the United States

We used the 2005-2006 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs to compare 3 types of outcomes between children with and those without parental reported muscular dystrophy: (1) functional limitations; (2) health care experiences in terms of the 5 components of a medical home; and (3) family impacts, including financial or out-of-pocket costs and parental employment and time use. We used weighted logistic regression to examine their associations with muscular dystrophy after adjustment for socio-demographic characteristics. Among children with special health care needs, children with reported muscular dystrophy were much more likely to have difficulties with ambulation and self-care. They were more likely to have family members who reported financial problems, reduced or stopped employment, and spent more than 10 hours weekly providing or coordinating care. Muscular dystrophy was not associated with the likelihood of having a medical home after adjustment for socioeconomic status and other socio-demographic characteristics.
Beyond “Acting White” Affirming Academic Identities by Establishing Symbolic Boundaries Through Talk

This article investigates interactional processes by which students from non-dominant groups develop academic identities within schools that privilege the dominant group. It draws on an ethnographic study of an urban magnet school, focusing on a discourse analysis of conversations between 3 eighth-grade girls. Findings include that students supported their academic identities through strategically establishing symbolic boundaries between academic content and the standards by which they were judged. Overall, this study explores the ways in which students exercise agency as they develop symbolic boundaries that are more complex than the binary “white” versus “nonwhite” to attain identity-related goals.
Temperature Dependence of the Dissociation Constants of Several Amino Acids

The apparent dissociation constants of the amino acids lysine, histidine, arginine, glutamic acid, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and threonine were determined at 283.1 K, 298.1 K, 313.1 K, and 333.1 K at various ionic strengths by potentiometric titration. The Davies equation was used to extrapolate the dissociation constants to zero ionic strength. The pK values of the carboxylic acid attached to the α-carbon and the pK of the carboxylic acid on the side chain of glutamic acid were almost independent of temperature. Conversely, the pK values of the amino groups attached to the α-carbon and those on the side chain of the basic amino acids varied substantially with temperature. van’t Hoff type plots of the pK values showed linear relationships indicating that the standard enthalpy changes of reaction are constant over this range of temperatures.
Hypolipidemic effects of α, β, and γ-alkylaminophenone analogs in rodents

Summary A number of N -substituted β-alkylaminophenone derivatives including two α- and two γ-alkylaminophenone analogs were synthesized and investigated for hypolipidemic activity in mice at 8 mg/kg/day ip. Most of these analogs were found to be significantly more active than lovastatin and clofibrate. N -Phenylpiperazinopropiophenone 16 was one of the best derivatives, lowering serum cholesterol levels 41% and serum triglyceride levels 48% after 16 days of drug administration in CF 1 mice. In Sprague-Dawley rats, N -phenylpiperazinopropiophenone at 8 mg/kg/day orally also demonstrated more potent hypolipidemic activity than clofibrate, gemfibrozil, and lovastatin at their therapeutic dosage. It significantly reduced tissue cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the aorta wall tissue and lowered the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in chylomicron, very low density lipid (VLDL) and low density lipid (LDL) fractions, while it significantly elevated the cholesterol levels in high density lipid (HDL) fraction. This compound also proved to be active in lowering both cholesterol and triglyceride levels in hyperlipidemic mice and rats induced with atherogenic diet. In vitro liver acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl (HMG) CoA reductase, acyl CoA cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT), sn -glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, phosphatidylate phosphohydrolase, and hepatic lipoprotein lipase activities were significantly inhibited by N -phenylpiperazinopropiophenone from 25 to 100 μM.
Short communication: Estimation of stream channel geometry in Idaho using GIS-derived watershed characteristics

This paper describes estimation of stream channel geometry with multiple regression analysis of GIS-derived watershed characteristics including drainage area, catchment-averaged precipitation, mean watershed slope, elevation, forest cover, percent area with slopes greater than 30 percent, and percent area with north-facing slopes greater than 30 percent. Results from this multivariate predictor method were compared to results from the traditional single-variable (drainage area) relationship for a sample of 98 unregulated and undiverted streams in Idaho. Root-mean-squared error (RMSE) was calculated for both multiple- and single-variable predictions for 100 independent, random subsamples of the dataset at each of four different subsample levels. The multiple-variable technique produced significantly lower RMSE for prediction of both stream width and depth when compared to the drainage area-only technique. In the best predictive equation, stream width depended positively on drainage area and mean watershed precipitation, and negatively on fraction of watershed consisting of north-facing slopes greater than 30%. Stream depth depended positively on drainage area and precipitation, and negatively on mean watershed elevation. Our results suggest that within a given physiographic province, multivariate analysis of readily available GIS-derived watershed variables can significantly improve estimates of stream width and depth for use in flow-routing software models.
Engaging the Public in Technology Policy: A New Role for Science Museums

As science museums become increasingly engaged with informal education about technology, consideration of both social values and ethical controversies becomes more central to their role. While scie...
Effects of cell density and cell proliferation on acid cholesterol esterase and cathepsin activity of cultured human skin fibroblasts

Abstract We tested the effects of fibroblast cell density and proliferation on the activities of acid cholesterol esterase and cathepsins, the lysosomal enzymes which degrade low-density lipoprotein. Rates of cell proliferation were increased by: (1) fibroblast conditioned medium, (2) increasing the time since subculture from 3 to 7 days, and (3) decreasing the plating density of cells. Cathepsin activity was consistently decreased as cellular proliferation was increased by these various methods. Changes in acid cholesterol esterase activity were more variable. For example, acid cholesterol esterase activity was consistently a positive function of cell density only at densities under 3 μg protein/cm 2 , while cathepsin activity increased up to densities of 16 μg protein/cm 2 . However, the activities of both enzymes were lower at cell densities of under 3 μg cell protein/cm 2 compared to confluent cultures. Sparse fibroblast cultures may provide a unique model system to study low-density lipoprotein metabolism since, at low cell density, LDL receptor activity is high while lysosomal activity is low, making it possible that lysosomal degradation could become the rate-limiting step in the process of LDL degradation rather than receptor-mediated internalization of the lipoprotein. This might then allow an accumulation of lipoprotein-derived cholesteryl esters in the cell. Such a model could be relevant to the propensity of arterial cells to become foam cells during atherogenesis.
Biological chiral recognition: the substrate's perspective.

A novel stereocenter-recognition (SR) model has been proposed recently for describing the stereoselectivity of biological and other macromolecules towards substrates that have multiple stereocenters, based on the topology of substrate stereocenters (Sundaresan and Abrol, Prot Sci 11:1330–1339, 2002). The SR model provides the minimum number of substrate locations interacting with receptor sites that need to be considered for understanding stereoselectivity characteristics. Interactions between substrate locations and receptor sites may be binding, nonbinding or repulsive in nature and may occur in a many-to-one or one-to-many fashion, but for a receptor to be stereoselective, its interactions with substrate stereoisomers have to involve a minimum number of locations, in the correct geometry. The SR model is topologically rigorous, explains several previous experimental observations, and is predictive in nature. It predicts that stereoselectivity towards a substrate with N stereocenters in a linear structure involves a minimum of N + 2 substrate locations, distributed over all stereocenters in the substrate, such that effectively at least three locations per stereocenter interact with one or more receptor sites. This article uses the SR model to provide an insight into the chiral recognition process from a substrate's perspective that is intuitive and simple, furnishing a rigorous stereochemical basis for explaining stereoselectivity characteristics of many biological systems. Chirality 17:S30–S39, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The role of suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the production of circadian rhythm

(1) Action potentials were recorded from single neurons in suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalamus in urethane anesthetized male rat. The rate of firing ranged from less than 1 to over 10/sec but was generally 4-8/sec, and it varied from one cell to another in the same animal. (2) Repetitive stimulation of optic nerve or light acting on the eye augmented the activity of approximately half of the the suprachiasmatic neurons examined (67 out of 159 cells) while 37 neurons (23%) showed clear inhibition by the same stimuli. (3) Stimulation of the suprachiasmatic nuclei strongly inhibited the electrical activity of cervical sympathetic nerves. Light or optic nerve stimulation also inhibited activity of cervical sympathetic nerves. (4) The rate of discharge of suprachiasmatic nuclei showed, at times, some short duration oscillations occurring every 3-5 min, but at other times the same neuron showed a steady low frequency of firing. (5) Projection of optic nerves to the suprachiasmatic nuclei was demonstrated by anterograde migration of horseradish peroxidase placed in the vitreous body. (6) It was suggested that light excites certain groups of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei which exert inhibitory action on cervical sympathetic nerve. This, in turn, caused a reduction in norepinephrine release by nerve fibers innervating the pineal and a reduction in pineal enzyme production. Thus, neurons in these nuclei contribute to the suppression of pineal enzyme production produced by light.
Radiation-induced light flashes observed by human subjects in fast neutron, x-ray and positive pion beams.

Radiation induced visual phosphenes observed by dark adapted human subjects in fast neutron, X ray and positive pion beams at Berkeley comparative to primary cosmic ray effects
Thoracoscopic lobectomy: introduction of a new technique into a thoracic surgery training program.

Objective Thoracoscopic lobectomy has been demonstrated to be safe and oncologically sound. However, few thoracic surgeons perform the operation. We hypothesized that use of a predetermined, stepwise plan for introduction of thoracoscopic lobectomy into a thoracic surgical training program would facilitate safe learning of the technique. Methods Databases from 2 affiliated institutions were queried to identify all lobectomies during a 4-year period. Our model for introduction of thoracoscopic lobectomy was established expertise in open lobectomy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, participation in a formal thoracoscopic lobectomy course, stepwise introduction of specific techniques used in thoracoscopic lobectomy into the operative approach, proctoring of initial thoracoscopic lobectomies by partners, and teaching of the technique to other thoracic surgeons and residents. Results We performed 202 lobectomies: 97 open and 105 thoracoscopic. Mortality was 3.0%. The conversion rate from thoracoscopic to open thoracotomy was 13%. When divided into quartiles, the percentage of lobectomies performed thoracoscopically increased from 18% in the first quartile to 82% in the fourth quartile. With ongoing experience, the procedure was performed at higher frequency by new staff and trainees. Residents performed 0% of thoracoscopic lobectomies in the first quartile, increasing to 54% in the third quartile. In the fourth quartile residents and a new staff surgeon performed 76% of thoracoscopic lobectomies. A resident was the operating surgeon for 37 thoracoscopic lobectomies. Conclusions Introduction of thoracoscopic lobectomy into an academic thoracic surgical practice can be achieved safely if a stepwise transition is invoked. Training of thoracic surgical residents and additional staff can thus be effectively accomplished.
How Firms Shape Income Inequality: Stakeholder Power, Executive Decision Making, and the Structuring of Employment Relationships

Focusing on developed countries, I present a model explaining how firms help determine rates of income inequality at the societal level. I propose that the manner in which firms reward individuals for their labor, how they match individuals to jobs, and where they place their boundaries contribute to levels of income inequality in a society. I argue that the determinant of these three processes is due, in part, to the effect of systems of corporate governance on the power and influence of different organizational stakeholders, resulting in variance in the types of employment relationships that predominate in a society. I conclude with a discussion of the research implications of emphasizing employers and employment practices as key determinants of societal-level income inequality.
Muddy Coast Dynamics and Resource Management

Muddy coasts are land-sea transitional environments common along low-energy shorelines around the world. They exist in climatic settings and tidal regimes ranging from microtidal to macro-tidal. Climatic warming and relative sea level rise are likely to have a greater impact on low-lying muddy coasts and deltas than most other coastal environments. This was the working hypothesis of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) Working Group 106, “Relative Sea Level and Muddy Coasts of the World,” which concluded its deliberations in the late 1990s.
Inhibition of chicken leukocyte migration in vitro: a direct agarose plate assay.

Abstract Leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) is a widely used in vitro correlate of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in mammals. This report describes the development of a direct agarose LMI assay for studying DTH in avian species. Optimum demonstration of LMI was found with leukocytes isolated on a Ficoll-diatrizoate gradient solution. The agarose culture plates were maintained at pH 7.2–7.4 in a water-vapor saturated, 39°C incubator with 2% CO2 tension. Antigen specific LMI was demonstrated in chickens with DTH to purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium (PPD) and ferritin. A good comparison between LMI and DTH, as measured by the delayed wattle reaction (DWR), was demonstrated. The effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on LMI was examined and LPS in microgram quantities was found to inhibit in vitro migration of chicken leukocytes. Contamination of antigen preparations with LPS is a probable explanation for occasional nonspecific inhibition of leukocyte migration since endotoxin is an almost ubiquitous contaminant of antigen preparations.
Housing design and long-term recovery processes in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

While much has been written about postdisaster housing reconstruction, few have explored the effects of certain types of building designs or materials in improving the quality of the housing stock, basic utilities, and amenities. This study examines housing improvements at two time points (six months and three-and-a-half years) after the 2004 tsunami and discusses structural recovery to the built form as well as households' perceptions of recovery at the individual and community levels. The analysis is made on the basis of surveys conducted in 558 rural households in the coastal district of Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu, India. Findings suggest that the reconstructed core-housing units are structurally good and have improved because of a stricter adherence to building standards and materials. Despite assistance and improvements to their housing stock, respondents from the backward classes and scheduled castes, lower income groups, and those pursuing nonfishing livelihoods expressed lower levels of perceived recovery compared with those from households from the most-backward caste, those with higher incomes, and fishing folks. Findings suggest that postdisaster housing recovery programs need to emphasize sustainable development goals that ideally not only contribute to physical well-being but also address a wide range of social problems as well. This will help to ensure that long-term physical, social, and economic recoveries are equitable to a broad range of beneficiaries.
THE INFLUENCE OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY UPON PLASMA IODINE AND THYROXINE CONTENT OF THE THYROID GLAND OF THE RAT

IN AN EARLIER STUDY (Morton, Perlman, Anderson, and Chaikoff, 1942) radioactive iodine was employed to investigate the turnover of iodine by the thyroid gland of the hypophysectomized rat. The results brought to light an interesting difference in the fate of radioactive inorganic iodine injected into normal and hypophysectomized rats. The normal thyroid gland rapidly converted labeled inorganic iodide to diiodotyrosine, and this conversion was also found to occur readily in the thyroid gland of the rat subjected to hypophysectomy. But the rate of formation of radio-thyroxine by the thyroid gland was greatly depressed by hypophysectomy. For a more complete understanding of the effects of hypophysectomy upon iodine metabolism, it became necessary to provide reliable data on the thyroxine content of the thyroid gland and onvthe protein-bound iodine of plasma of the hypophysectomized rat. This has been done in the present investigation.
High-Pressure Intrinsic Oxidation Kinetics of Two Coal Chars

Chars were produced from two coals (North Dakota lignite and Pittsburgh No. 8 hva bituminous coal) in a flat flame burner at atmospheric pressure. Intrinsic char reactivities to oxygen were then me...
Effects of even-aged management on forest birds at northern hardwood stand interfaces

Abstract Breeding birds were counted along transects across edges of even-aged northern hardwood stands in the White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Two replicate transects across each of 7 edge types representing 3 classes of contrast (abrupt, intermediate, and subtle) were sampled during June 1983–1985 to define species assemblages at stand edges and estimate the width and longevity of functional edges under even-aged management. Of 52 bird species, 28 occurred across all three classes of edges, but no unique species or assemblages were evident at the edges between stands. Across edges between young stands, bird species richness declined linearly from seedling stand interior to pole stand interior, but no differences in cumulative bird species richness by edge contrast type were found. The proportion of edge-detected species was higher in the younger stand in all edge contrast types except the most subtle edge type between mature stands. Only across seedling-sawlog and sapling-large sawlog edges were bird assemblages more different than similar. Edge “avoidance” was pronounced when stands were most different. The distributions of foraging and nesting guilds differed ( P
Twentieth-Century Jewish Émigrés and Medieval European Economic History

This essay discusses the intellectual contributions of five Jewish emigres to the study of European economic history. In the midst of the war years, these intellectuals reconceptualized premodern European economic history and established the predominant postwar paradigms. The emigres form three distinct groups defined by Jewish identity and by professional identity. The first two (Guido Kisch and Toni Oelsner) identified as Jews and worked as Jewish historians. The second two (Michal Postan and Robert Lopez) identified as Jews, but worked as European historians. The last (Karl Polanyi) was Jewish only by origin, identified as a Christian socialist, and worked first as an economic journalist, then in worker's education and late in life as a professor of economics. All five dealt with the origin of European capitalism, but in different veins: Kisch celebrated and Oelsner contested a hegemonic academic discourse that linked the birth of capitalism to Jews. Postan and Lopez contested the flip-side of this discourse, the presumption that medieval Europe was pre-capitalist par excellence. In doing so, they helped construct the current paradigm of a high medieval commercial revolution. Polanyi contested historical narratives that described the Free Market as the natural growth of economic life. This essay explores the grounding of these paradigms in the shared crucible of war and exile as Jewish emigres. This shared context helps illuminate the significance of their intellectual contributions by uncovering the webs of meaning in which their work was suspended.
Quantum Confinement and Carrier Localization Effects in ZnO/MgxZn1−xO Wells Synthesized by Pulsed Laser Deposition

The optical properties of ZnO/Mg x Zn1−x O (x = 0.17) quantum wells (QWs) grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition are presented. A blueshift in the low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) of the QWs illustrates quantum confinement effects as a function of ZnO well widths in the range from 3 nm to 10 nm. Enhanced luminescence properties are observed with increasing quantum confinement. PL data indicate weak polarization effects associated with the heterojunctions. Temperature-dependent PL measurements indicate carrier/exciton localization with activation energy of approximately 4−5 meV, which are attributed to potential fluctuations at the well-barrier interface.
Television dramas and homicide causation

Television crime dramas are part of the media presentation of crime and criminals, and they represent an element in the construction of reality about crime by the viewing public. A review of the portrayal of homicide in TV crime dramas is not completely consistent with the official data. An adequate explanation of cause, beyond the plot motive, is lacking in the dramatic portrayal of homicide. Viewing audiences are left with plot motives to explain homicides, and plot motives often legitimize crime fighting proposals and placement of responsibility consistent with an individually oriented explanatory ideology.
Trace element analysis of solutions by hollow-cathode excitation

Abstract Construction and operation of a shielded hollow-cathode tube for emission spectrometric trace element analysis of solution is described. The demountable tube design also permits the tube to be used as a versatile line source in atomic absorption spectrometry. Quantitative analysis of solutions can be performed after evaporation, of a small portion of the test solution containing a suitable carrier salt in the cavity of the hollow cathode. Both stainless steel and graphite have been studied as cathodes. The effects of cathode material, filler gas, lamp current, and carrier salt were investigated for solutions of lead, copper, boron, and tin. The precision attainable in quantitative analysis is of the order of ±3–5%.
Inverting neutron reflectivity from layered film structures using polarized beams

Abstract It has recently been discovered that the phase of neutrons specularly reflected from a film structure can be determined exactly, even in the dynamical scattering region at small wave vector transfer, by using polarized beams and a buried magnetic reference layer. This is possible for both magnetic and nonmagnetic material films of interest. Given the reflection amplitude as a function of wave vector transfer, the scattering potential can be uniquely obtained by direct inversion, without resort to fitting. A review of some of the theory is presented, and new experimental results are reported.
Convergence of the synaptic weights for the elastic net method, and its application

Solution procedures for the traveling salesman problem (TSP), i.e. the problem of finding the minimum Hamiltonian circuit in a network of cities, can be divided into two categories: exact methods and approximate (or heuristic) methods. Since TSP is an NP hard problem, good heuristic approaches are of interest. The neural networks heuristic solutions of TSP was initiated by Hopfield and Tank. One such heuristic called the elastic net method is illustrated by the following, an imaginary rubber band is placed at the centroid of the distribution of n cities. Then some finite number (m greater than n) of points (nodes) on this rubber band changes their positions according to the dynamics of the method. Eventually they describe a tour around the cities. We express the dynamics and stability of the elastic net algorithm. We show that if a unique node is converging to a city, then the synaptic strength between them approaches one. Then we generalize to the case where more than one node converges to a city. Furthermore, a typical application that could make use of the elastic net method (e.g. multi-target tracking) will be pointed out for later studies. In order to verify the proof of the concept and the associated theorems, computer simulations were conducted for a reasonable number of cities.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stromal keratitis complicating anterior membrane dystrophy.

Recurrent erosion of the cornea has been well documented in patients with nontraumatic anterior membrane dystrophies of various types. We examined five patients who, in addition to an erosion, developed stromal keratitis. Three of these patients were subjected to a complete microbiologic workup, but the lesions were all sterile. The lesions healed with conservative treatment of patching and, in some cases, a soft contact lens. Stromal keratitis should be recognized as a complication of the nontraumatic recurrent erosion syndrome, which in turn is frequently associated with anterior membrane dystrophy. The finding of such anterior membrane changes in either eye will lead to the correct diagnosis and treatment of the affected eye.
Community Source Software in Higher Education

This case study shows how the University of Delaware adopted Sakai, a community source system for higher education. It discusses the major challenges of community source adoption and presents the key success factors for overcoming them.
What is at the end of the road? Understanding discontinuities of on-street bicycle lanes in urban settings

Abstract Demarcating on-street bicycle facilities is often mentioned as an important strategy to encourage increased bicycle safety and bicycle travel. However, little if any literature has focused on instances where separate on-street bicycle facilities end. This paper better understands the severity of such instances and corresponding physical characteristics. We identify 30 discontinuities of on-street bicycle lanes in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and collect primary data measuring their physical attributes and cyclists’ perceptions of the level of comfort while cycling through each. Using multi-variate analysis, the findings suggest that discontinuities ending on the left side of the street, with increased distance of crossing intersections, having parking after the discontinuities, and wider width of the curb lane are statistical elements that contribute to higher levels of discomfort. Such analysis is useful in determining bicyclists’ comfort level where discontinuities exist and such methods can be an important part of an overall level of service toolkit for planning on-street bicycle lanes.
Detecting relative motion in moving point patterns

Relative motion carries valuable information for motion understanding and form perception. The authors present a scheme for detecting relative motion in image sequences of moving point patterns. The proposed scheme uses the complexity of image plane trajectories to determine the presence of relative motion. Experimental results for two moving point pattern sequences are presented to demonstrate the proposed approach. >
Political philosophy, ethnology, and time: a study of the notion of historical handicap

This article starts by identifying the crucial importance of the notion of historical handicap for the present-day social sciences of Latin America. Such notion is not an original invention made by Latinamericanists. On the contrary, I demonstrate that the genealogy of the notion of historical handicap must be sought in the tradition of Western political philosophy. Such genealogy must take into account the way it was integrated into ethnological descriptions. When and how did the Other become the backward, the primitive? While this relation was secondary for ancient Greek thought, theories of historical development became the main source of ethnological categories in the modern era. Interestingly enough, this modern synthesis suited the practical purpose of justifying two successive waves of European imperialistic: the era of discoveries, and 19th century colonialism. The article concludes by raising questions about the present role and application of the social sciences.
New‐Product Development Innovation and Commercialization Processes

Much new-product development (NPD) research over the last two decades has focused on improving the “process” of NPD. Keywords: history of product development processes; the overall innovation process; the fuzzy front end of innovation: creating the concept; gaining project acceptance: from concept to formal project; project implementation: from project to product launch; the whole innovation process: more than the sum of the parts
Social Perspectives on Art Education in the U.S.: Teaching Visual Culture in a Democracy

This article is an overview of social perspectives on art education. These perspectives include a concern with issues and interactions of gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, special ability, and other body identities and cultures; socioeconomics, political conditions, communities, and natural and humanly-made environments, including virtual environments. I focus here on the common ground among these perspectives which is based on the conviction that the visual arts are vital to all societies and that representations of an in education should seek to reveal its complexity, diversity, and integral cultural location. These perspectives represent the lived meanings of an and arts communities through, for example, change in curriculum, collaborative instructional methods, and community action. Social reconstructionist versions of these perspectives are also founded on the belief that an education can make a difference in student understanding of and action in the world and that, that difference can en...
Cell-trappable fluorescent probes for endogenous hydrogen sulfide signaling and imaging H2O2-dependent H2S production

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a reactive small molecule generated in the body that can be beneficial or toxic owing to its potent redox activity. In living systems, disentangling the pathways responsible for H2S production and their physiological and pathological consequences remains a challenge in part due to a lack of methods for monitoring changes in endogenous H2S fluxes. The development of fluorescent probes with appropriate selectivity and sensitivity for monitoring production of H2S at biologically relevant signaling levels offers opportunities to explore its roles in a variety of systems. Here we report the design, synthesis, and application of a family of azide-based fluorescent H2S indicators, Sulfidefluor-4, Sulfidefluor-5 acetoxymethyl ester, and Sulfidefluor-7 acetoxymethyl ester, which offer the unique capability to image H2S generated at physiological signaling levels. These probes are optimized for cellular imaging and feature enhanced sensitivity and cellular retention compared with our previously reported molecules. In particular, Sulfidefluor-7 acetoxymethyl ester allows for direct, real-time visualization of endogenous H2S produced in live human umbilical vein endothelial cells upon stimulation with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Moreover, we show that H2S production is dependent on NADPH oxidase–derived hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which attenuates VEGF receptor 2 phosphorylation and establishes a link for H2S/H2O2 crosstalk.
Objectives of Simulation

Steps that must be taken to increase the acceptance of the results of simulation in terms of the decision process by the resource manager are discussed. The actions covered are categorized in terms of the technological content of the practice itself and those relating to the process of the practice. Specific work underway to increase responsiveness and accuracy and to reduce costs are related. Suggestions are drawn from another discipline that are offered as guidelines for gaining acceptance of simulation results and a decision from a resource manager.
Comparison of Chevron osteotomy and modified McBride bunionectomy for correction of mild to moderate hallux valgus deformity.

The purpose of this study was to compare the results of the Chevron osteotomy to the DuVries' modification of the McBride procedure using identical criteria in two groups of patients. Thirty-two pa...
Intermediate Bosons and the Electromagnetic Field

Possible symmetries between the (hypothetical) charged intermediate-boson field ${{W}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ and the derivative of the electromagnetic field $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{F}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}}{\ensuremath{\partial}{x}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}}$ are investigated. We assume that (a) the total electromagnetic current operator ${{\mathcal{I}}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}}={{e}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{F}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}}{\ensuremath{\partial}{x}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}})$ is proportional to a neutral member ${{W}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}}^{0}$ of the intermediate-boson fields, (b) all hadron mass differences between different members of the same isospin multiplet consist of finite $O({e}^{2})$ terms but no $O({f}^{2})$ terms, and (c) all known leptonic, semileptonic, and $\ensuremath{\Delta}S\ensuremath{\ne}0$ nonleptonic weak processes are transmitted by a single ${{W}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ field, where $f$, $e$, and ${e}_{0}$ are, respectively, the semiweak coupling constant, the renormalized charge, and the unrenormalized charge. The simplest model compatible with (a), (b), and (c) is found to be one consisting of six intermediate bosons, which may be regarded as forming an $S{U}_{3}$ triplet and its Hermitian conjugate. Assumption (a) also implies finite radiative corrections for other processes such as weak decays, charge renormalization, etc. The unrenormalized charge ${e}_{0}$ is shown to be finite, bounded by the inequality $1\ensuremath{\leqq}(\frac{{e}_{0}}{e})\ensuremath{\leqq}\sqrt{2}$. A lower limit of ${f}^{2}$ is established. Neglecting higher-order corrections, one finds this lower limit of ${f}^{2}$ to be $\frac{4}{3}{e}^{2}{sec}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$ and, in this limit, ${e}_{0}=\sqrt{2}e$ and $\frac{{m}_{W}}{{m}_{N}}\ensuremath{\cong}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is the fine structure constant, ${m}_{W}$ and ${m}_{N}$ are, respectively, the ${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ mass and the nucleon mass, and $\ensuremath{\theta}$ is the Cabibbo angle. The same model can also lead, in a reasonably natural way, to $\mathrm{CP}$ nonconservation.
Virtual gray-scale mask for fabrication of micro-optical elements via focused ion beam direct writing

A new fabrication approach, virtual gray-scale mask via focused ion beam (FIB) direct milling for fabrication of micro-optical elements (MOEs), is introduced. The designed MOEs, e.g., micro-diffractive lenses with continuous relief and micro-gratings, are directly milled by the FIB by means of the method of the virtual gray-scale mask with ion energy and ion beam current of 30 keV and 3 nA, respectively. The method has a one-step fabrication process and is free of user computer programming for the one-step direct writing. It is a useful approach for those FIB machines without the user programming function. It will be helpful for integration of MOEs with top-end optical fibers for applications of miniaturization of spectrometers, optical fiber sensors, and micro-optical systems in biochemistry analysis use.
Neo-Environmental Determinism and Agrarian "Collapse" in Andean Prehistory

In early anthropology, environmental determinism was used to explain race, human demography, material culture, cultural variation and cultural change. As anthropological interpretation evolved, simplistic reductionist thinking was replaced with more complex socio-cultural explanations. Despite these theoretical advances,environmental determinism continues to be invoked to explain Andean prehistory.
The Design, Fabrication, and Testing of a Five Megajoule Homopolar Motor-Generator

The current and future generations of controlled thermonuclear fusion experiments require large amounts of pulsed energy for heating and confinement of plasma. Kinetic energy storage with direct conversion to electrical power (i.e. homopolar machines) seems to be the most economically attractive solution for meeting these requirements.
MPEG-2 Digital Video Transport over IP/Ethernet/MPLS Networks

This paper presents the concepts for transport and distribution of MPEG-2 video streams over emerging carrier Metro-Ethernet/RPR/SONET and end-to-end IP/MPLS networks. Video performance (packet loss, latency) is measured and the results are discussed for different network conditions (port and metro ring load) and high priority (HP) quality of service (QoS) vs. best effort (BE) service profiles. The condition for preserving good video performance across IP/Ethernet/MPLS networks is discussed and analyzed.
Preservice teachers’ reflections of their involvement in a home-school connection project in teacher education

ABSTRACTMany future teachers have had little guidance on how to develop and foster home-school connections, especially when working with culturally and linguistically diverse families. This qualitative action research study aimed to identify what two different groups of preservice teachers enrolled in methods for teaching English learners courses (104 participants) perceived to be the gains of having participated in a semester-long home-school connection project as part of their teacher preparation program. The study also sought to identify what these preservice teachers indicated they will do to foster such connections in their own future classrooms. Suggestions for teacher preparation programs are provided in the manuscript.
Mode of Inheritance of Thyroxine Secretion Rate in Lines of New Hampshire Chickens

Abstract A TECHNIQUE has been described by which it is possible to estimate the thyroxine (T4) secretion rate of live fowls (Pipes et al., 1958). This method has made possible study of some of the factors influencing thyroxine secretion rate (TSR) of two lines of New Hampshire chickens developed by El-Ibiary and Shaffner (1950) on the basis of differences in their response to the administration of a goitrogen. Premachandra et al. (1958) reported that the line which showed the greatest enlargement of their thyroid glands caused by thiouracil feeding had mean winter TSR of 1.01 ± 0.47 μg. 1-thyroxine/100 g. body weight/day; whereas, the line which showed minimal enlargement had mean TSR of 2.97 ± 1.43 μg./l00g. body weight/day. It was shown subsequently, that the line with the high TSR declined 58% and the low line 42% during the summer months (Stahl and Turner, 1961). To obtain the potential maximum TSR …
New Patterns of Relationship: Beginnings of a Moral Revolution:

PATTERNS OF RELATIONSHIP between women and men are changing. Why they are changing, and how rapidly, are matters of debate. It may be that the chief forces for change are, e.g., economic. Industrialization and the accompanying trend toward smaller, independent families accounts in part for husbands having to share in domestic tasks which stand-in female members of larger, extended families would have assumed. Technological development, which eliminates the requirement of physical strength for many occupations, accounts for the decrease in sex differentiation in portions of the work force. Mass media make feminist ideas accessible to otherwise isolated women, facilitating an unprecedented broadening of the base of challenge from women no longer willing to live within past role definitions. Rising affluence eliminates the need for parents to choose to educate sons in preference to daughters. It may also be, however, that much of the change in patterns of relationship between men and women is more apparent than real. Some researchers claim, e.g., that despite the seeming loss of authority on the part of fathers, husbands still retain the preponderance of power in the family. Feminist interpreters of life in society and the churches call attention to the fact that since the 1920's women have lost more ground than they have gained in their struggle to share in the public world. Statistics show that in the United States women's growth numerically in the work force has not significantly changed their economic status vis-a-vis men. Whatever the actual changes already realized in women's and men's social roles, there can be no doubt that there is an important change in
Seasonal Occurrence and Habitat Characteristics of Some Vernal Pool Branchiopoda in Northern California, U.S.A.

New information on the life history and habitats of branchiopods in California vernal pools is presented. Pools were sampled biweekly during the 1992-1993 season. Branchinecta lynchi had 3 distinct hatches in 1 season which were dependent on pools drying and refilling with cold temperature water. Linderiella occidentalis and Lepidurus packardi were not observed after pools first dried and then filled a second time in 1 season. Physical habitat factors, including pool depth, surface area, and volume, were examined in relation to species presence. Pool area and volume are not as important as depth for pools in which these species occurred. Habitat duration for B. lynchi was between 3 and 14 weeks. Most pools containing B. lynchi had a duration of 7 weeks and females with shelled cysts in their brood pouches were observed after 6 weeks early in the season and after 2 weeks later in the season when temperatures were higher. Linderiella occidentalis and Lepidurus packardi require deeper pools with durations greater than 7 weeks.
Relation of Specific Precipitation to other Immunity Reactions

It has previously been supposed that, when protein antigens were injected into the body, specific proteolytic ferments were formed which would split the specific protein into simpler compounds. In the anaphylactic reaction a specific proteolytic ferment was thought to be formed which split the antigen on second injection, into toxic products. In the Abderhalden reaction the dialyzable substances were supposed to be formed by the action of a specific ferment on the substrate. The source of the split products was always believed to be the antigen. It is easily shown that serum always contains a nonspecific protease that is normally prevented from acting by an antiprotease (antitrypsin). Serum will inhibit the proteolytic power of trypsin. The amounts of protease and antiferment seem to vary greatly under different conditions. Many have believed that the ferment-inhibiting substances of the blood are true antibodies, but very little proof has been advanced to support the view. Jobling and Petersen1 noticed that soaps of the unsaturated fatty acids inhibited the action of trypsin. From later experiments2 they concluded that the ferment-inhibiting action of the serum is due to the presence of compounds of the unsaturated fatty acids. These same investigators showed8 that sera from which the lipoids had been removed became toxic for the homologous animals. They explained the toxicity as due to exposure of the serum proteins to the action of the serum protease with a consequent formation of toxic split products. They also observed changes in the coagulation of the blood showing that the mechanism of coagulation was altered. They believe therefore that the unsaturated lipoids play an important part in the mechanism of coagulation. lid In anaphylactic shock there is no doubt that poisonous protein split products are the etiologic factors. This has been demonstrated in vitro. There is now a consensus of opinion regarding the role of protein poisons in the production of anaphylaxis, but there has been a diversity of opinion regarding the matrix, that is, the protein broken down. liiid Donati4 co clu ed that the antigen was not split since organisms so used retained their antigenic properties. Now we find that so-called anaphylatoxin can be produced, in vitro, by treating sera with absorbing substances, such as kaolin, agar, starch, bacteria, etc.
A Failure Analysis on Application of Mobile Side Button

By analyzing the failure of mobile side button,we found that the flaws are existed in the design and the manufacturing process is unstable. After design is optimized,the failure can be eliminated and the product reliability is improved.