cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A clinical study of an unusual case of asthma associated with urticaria pigmentosa.

Abstract Studies were made on a 3-year-old boy with urticaria pigmentosa who has the unique feature of asthma associated with his flushing episodes. The flushing episodes were frequently followed by bulla formation and appeared to occur in three week cycles. Fluid from the bullous lesions was similar to the patient's serum in protein content but contained approximately five times more histamine and ten times more serotonin than did the patient's serum. The urine 5-hydroxy indol acetic acid collected following flushing episodes and during control periods was within normal limits. The combination of an antihistamine (chlorpheniramine) and a serotonin inhibitor (methysergide maleate) suppressed his skin reactivity after intradermal injections of histamine, serotonin, and 4880 better than either drug alone. The serotonin inhibitor did not have a demonstrable effect upon anaphylaxis induced in guinea pigs following the intravenous injection of histamine. Clinically, this child has done well on long-term antihistamine and serotonin inhibitor therapy. The number of urticarial lesions has dramatically decreased, and he has had no episodes of flushing, asthma, or bulla formation. The antihistamine alone was able to block these symptoms only partially. Codeine was shown to be capable of inducing flushing episodes and bulla formation, even when the child was taking the above medication.
A practical approach to imaging dyssynchrony for cardiac resynchronization therapy

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is believed to benefit patients by primarily correcting heterogeneity in regional ventricular mechanical contraction, known as dyssynchrony. Although many symptomatic heart failure patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and widened electrocardiographic QRS complexes have clinical improvement from CRT, a significant subset of approximately one-third do not seem to respond. Because the degree of mechanical dyssynchrony may be widely variable, interest has remained high to attempt to improve patient selection for CRT using cardiac imaging as a means to quantify dyssynchrony. This article will review the principal echocardiographic methods of dyssynchrony analysis by tissue Doppler imaging, (opposing wall delay, 12-site standard deviation or Yu index, and longitudinal strain), routine pulsed-Doppler (interventricular mechanical delay, pre-ejection delay and filling time ratio), and speckle tracking (including radial, circumferential, and longitudinal strain). In addition, dyssynchrony analysis by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is introduced as a potential alternative technique. The technical features, strengths and limitations, and clinical evidence for these methods are discussed, including a practical clinical approach.
Spinning of tubes: A review

Spinning of tubes involves progressive localized deformation of a cylindrical ring between a rotating mandrel and a roller. The resultant product is a tube whose wall thickness is determined by the gap between the mandrel and roller. The process is also known as shear forming, flow turning, spin forging, rotary extrusion, roll extrusion, flow forming, hydrospinning, rotoforming, and floturning. Spinning of tubes is reviewed herein with the objective of providing an understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying the process,important variables and their influence on the process, some of the simpler tooling techniques that have evolved for specific parts, and the types of parts to which the process has been successfully applied in industry.
Metson attic steam drive

The Metson Pool of the Midway-Sunset field in California is a steeply dipping viscous oil reservoir. Steam type thermal recovery operations have been in progress in the pool for 10 yr. Cyclic steam stimulation techniques have been utilized to take advantage of both natural and induced productive mechanisms. These cyclic operations have proven effective in all but the updip sections of the formation. An attic steam injection program was initiated as a pilot project in Oct. 1970, and has since been expanded to include 18 steam-injection patterns across the updip edge of the formation. The short-term objective of this program is to economically displace and recover oil at the top of the structure by conventional steam-flood mechanisms. The long-term objective is to accelerate recoveries from downdip cyclic operations. The excellent results of this project indicate that the attic steam drive process should be applicable to any massive, steeply dipping, heavy oil reservoir. The process will be of particular value along updip reservoir edges where cyclic steam injection has become uneconomic.
Mass spectra of germacranolide type sesquiterpene dilactones and derivatives

The low and high resolution mass spectra of five germacranolide sesquiterpene dilactones together with the d0-, d3-acetates, d0-, d9-TMSi derivatives and deuterium exchange products were obtained. The mass spectra of the five dilactones revealed several kinds of common fragment ions. The germacranolides containing a 4,5 double bond exhibit characteristic ions at m/e 274, 256, 228, 165 and 147, while the 4,5-dihydro compound exhibits fragment ions at m/e 276, 258, 230 and 162.
Assessment of smoke inhalation injury using volumetric optical frequency domain imaging in sheep models

Smoke inhalation injury is a serious threat to victims of fires and explosions, however accurate diagnosis of patients remains problematic. Current evaluation techniques are highly subjective, often involving the integration of clinical findings with bronchoscopic assessment. It is apparent that new quantitative methods for evaluating the airways of patients at risk of inhalation injury are needed. Optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) is a high resolution optical imaging modality that enables volumetric microscopy of the trachea and upper airways in vivo. We anticipate that OFDI may be a useful tool in accurately assessing the airways of patients at risk of smoke inhalation injury by detecting injury prior to the onset of symptoms, and therefore guiding patient management. To demonstrate the potential of OFDI for evaluating smoke inhalation injury, we conducted a preclinical study in which we imaged the trachea/upper airways of 4 sheep prior to, and up to 60 minutes post exposure to cooled cotton smoke. OFDI enabled the visualization of increased mucus accumulation, mucosal thickening, epithelial disruption and sloughing, and increased submucosal signal intensity attributed to polymorphonuclear infiltrates. These results were consistent with histopathology findings. Bronchoscopic inspection of the upper airways appeared relatively normal with only mild accumulation of mucus visible within the airway lumen. The ability of OFDI to not only accurately detect smoke inhalation injury, but to quantitatively assess and monitor the progression or healing of the injury over time may provide new insights into the management of patients such as guiding clinical decisions regarding the need for intubation and ventilator support.
Glucose uptake inhibitor sensitizes cancer cells to daunorubicin and overcomes drug resistance in hypoxia

Purpose A high-rate glycolysis is a fundamental property of solid tumors and is associated with an over-expression of glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes. We hypothesize that over-expression of glucose transporters in tumors prevents apoptosis, promotes cancer cell survival, and confers drug resistance. Inhibition of glucose transporter will preferentially sensitize the anticancer effects of chemotherapeutic drugs to overcome drug resistance in hypoxia.
Breast milk, microbiota, and intestinal immune homeostasis

Newborns adjust to the extrauterine environment by developing intestinal immune homeostasis. Appropriate initial bacterial colonization is necessary for adequate intestinal immune development. An environmental determinant of adequate colonization is breast milk. Although the full-term infant is developmentally capable of mounting an immune response, the effector immune component requires bacterial stimulation. Breast milk stimulates the proliferation of a well-balanced and diverse microbiota, which initially influences a switch from an intrauterine TH2 predominant to a TH1/TH2 balanced response and with activation of T-regulatory cells by breast milk-stimulated specific organisms (Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides). As an example of its effect, oligosaccharides in breast milk are fermented by colonic bacteria producing an acid milieu for bacterial proliferation. In addition, short-chain fatty acids in breast milk activate receptors on T-reg cells and bacterial genes, which preferentially mediate intestinal tight junction expression and anti-inflammation. Other components of breast milk (defensins, lactoferrin, etc.) inhibit pathogens and further contribute to microbiota composition. The breast milk influence on initial intestinal microbiota also prevents expression of immune-mediated diseases (asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes) later in life through a balanced initial immune response, underscoring the necessity of breastfeeding as the first source of nutrition.
Effects of dietary galactose and fructose on rats fed diets marginal or adequate in copper for 9–21 months

Abstract This study was designed to monitor the metabolic differences after feeding starch, galactose and fructose diets with adequate or marginal copper levels to normal male rats over a period of 9–21 months. Two hundred and forty-five weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 50–60 g were randomly divided into one of the eight dietary groups. All diets were either Cu marginal (1.5 μg/g diet) or adequate (5–6 μg/g) with 627 carbohydrate (g/kg diet) as starch; 500 galactose and 127 starch; 500 fructose and 127 starch; or 400 galactose and 227 fructose. Glycated hemoglobin, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity, hematocrit, and plasma glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride were measured in 72 rats after nine months. Galactose-fed rats had the lowest (P
Fractal scaling in thin film condensation and material surfaces

Abstract Surfaces and interfaces play a crucial role in a very broad spectrum of natural and commercial processes involving solid materials. It is common to idealize the geometry of these surfaces by smooth planes. However, only in very rare cases (such as mica or carefully prepared low index single crystal faces) are surfaces smooth down to atomic length scales. In some cases, the deviations from the idealized planar geometry are small and we can think in terms of various types of “defects” in an otherwise perfect surface. As the defect density becomes larger, interactions between defects become important and the “isolated defect” picture becomes less useful.
Exchange rate effects on Korea–U.S. bilateral trade: A new look

Abstract This study examines the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on Korea׳s trade with the U.S. by taking the roles of exchange rate volatility and third country effects into account. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration is applied to estimate bilateral exports and imports of disaggregating 10 industries between Korea and the U.S. We find that Korea׳s major export industries are highly responsive to the bilateral exchange rate, volatility and third country effects in both the long- and short-run, whereas Korea׳s imports are mostly insensitive to changes in those three factors. It is also found that income in both countries plays an important role in influencing the bilateral trade flows in both the long- and short-run.
On the performance of closed heterogeneous chemical reaction systems: Selectivity of complex chemical networks

Abstract We investigate the performance of batch slurry chemical reaction systems in which the departure from the idealization of perfect contacting is important so that multicomponent physicochemical interactions must be taken into account. We construct a reduced state variable description via projection onto Im K and exhibit conditions on the reduced diffusion and chemical operators which define a wide class of stable systems. We investigate the selectivity of chemical networks made up of chemically independent subnetworks which compete for a common catalyst surface and interact via the physical processes of mixing and diffusion.
Active potassium transport by rabbit descending colon epithelium.

Previous studies of rabbit descending colon have disagreed concerning potassium transport across this epithelium. Some authors reported active K+ secretion underin vitro short-circuited conditions, while others suggested that K+ transport occurs by passive diffusion through a highly potassium-selective paracellular route. For this reason, we re-examined potassium fluxes across the colon in the presence of specific and general metabolic inhibitors. In addition, electrochemical driving forces for potassium across the apical and basolateral membranes were measured using conventional and ion-sensitive microelectrodes. Under normal conditions a significant net K+ secretion was observed (J net K =−0.39±0.081 μeq/cm2hr) with42K fluxes, usually reaching steady-state within approximately 50 min following isotope addition. In colons treated with serosal addition of 10−4 m ouabain,J K was lowered by nearly 70% andJ K was elevated by approximately 50%. Thus a small but significant net absorption was present (J net K =0.12±0.027 μeq/cm2hr). Under control conditions, the net cellular electrochemical driving force for K+ was 17 mV, favoring K+ exit from the cell. Cell potential measurements indicated that potassium remained above equilibrium after ouabain, assuming that passive membrane permeabilities are not altered by this drug. Net K+ fluxes were abolished by low temperature. The results indicate that potassium transport by the colon may occur via transcellular mechanisms and is not solely restricted to a paracellular pathway. These findings are consistent with our previous electrical results which indicated a nonselective paracellular pathway. Thus potassium transport across the colon can be modeled as a paracellular shunt pathway in parallel with pump-leak systems on the apical and basolateral membranes.
Long-range quantum entanglement in noisy cluster states

We describe a phase transition for long-range entanglement in a three-dimensional cluster state affected by noise. The partially decohered state is modeled by the thermal state of a short-range translation-invariant Hamiltonian. We find that the temperature at which the entanglement length changes from infinite to finite is nonzero. We give an upper and lower bound to this transition temperature.
Market orientation and performance of export ventures: the process through marketing capabilities and competitive advantages

Our study focuses on the internal process through which market orientation influences performance in export markets, and develops a model of market orientation–marketing capabilities–competitive advantages–performance relationships. Using survey data of 491 export ventures based in China, we find that marketing capabilities mediate the market orientation–performance relationship, while competitive advantages partially mediate the marketing capabilities–performance relationship. Moreover, coordination mechanism strengthens, and cost leadership strategy weakens, the effects of market orientation on new product development and marketing communication capabilities, respectively. Market turbulence attenuates the effect of market orientation on new product development capability while competitive intensity strengthens this effect.
Automatic reconstruction of as-built building information models from laser-scanned point clouds: A review of related techniques

Building information models (BIMs) are maturing as a new paradigm for storing and exchanging knowledge about a facility. BIMs constructed from a CAD model do not generally capture details of a facility as it was actually built. Laser scanners can be used to capture dense 3D measurements of a facility's as-built condition and the resulting point cloud can be manually processed to create an as-built BIM — a time-consuming, subjective, and error-prone process that could benefit significantly from automation. This article surveys techniques developed in civil engineering and computer science that can be utilized to automate the process of creating as-built BIMs. We sub-divide the overall process into three core operations: geometric modeling, object recognition, and object relationship modeling. We survey the state-of-the-art methods for each operation and discuss their potential application to automated as-built BIM creation. We also outline the main methods used by these algorithms for representing knowledge about shape, identity, and relationships. In addition, we formalize the possible variations of the overall as-built BIM creation problem and outline performance evaluation measures for comparing as-built BIM creation algorithms and tracking progress of the field. Finally, we identify and discuss technology gaps that need to be addressed in future research.
Aminoglycoside-Based Triple-Antibiotic Therapy Versus Monotherapy for Children With Ruptured Appendicitis

OBJECTIVE. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to compare the use of triple therapy versus monotherapy for children and adolescents with perforated appendicitis and to determine whether there has been a transition to monotherapy within the freestanding children9s hospitals that contribute to the Pediatric Health Information System database. METHODS. We used the Pediatric Health Information System database, which includes billing and discharge data for 32 children9s hospitals in the United States, to examine the trend in antibiotic usage and whether the postappendectomy antibiotic regimen was associated with differences in complication-related readmissions, length of stay, or charges in a population of children and adolescents with ruptured appendicitis and discharge dates between March 1, 1999, and September 30, 2004. Pairwise regression analyses were performed to compare the most common monotherapy regimens with the triple therapy. RESULTS. A total of 8545 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 58%, over the entire study period, received the aminoglycoside-based triple antibiotic therapy on postoperative day 1. There was, however, a notable transition over this 6-year period, from 69% to 52% of surgeons using aminoglycoside-based combination therapy. There were no significant differences in the odds of readmission at 30 days except for the group receiving ceftriaxone, which was associated with significantly decreased odds. The subgroup receiving piperacillin/tazobactam monotherapy demonstrated significantly decreased length of stay (−0.90 days) and total hospital charges, and the group receiving cefoxitin demonstrated significantly decreased length of stay (−1.89 days), as well as decreased pharmacy and total hospital charges. CONCLUSIONS. Single-agent antibiotic therapy in the treatment of perforated appendicitis is being used with increasing frequency, is at least equal in efficacy to the traditional aminoglycoside-based combination therapy, and may offer improvements in terms of length of stay, pharmacy charges, and hospital charges.
POTENTIATION BY SQUALENE OF ADRENAL AND THYMIC RESPONSES TO CORTICOTROPIN12

SQUALENE, a triterpenoid hydrocarbon, has been identified as a naturally occurring compound which can be synthesized by animal tissues from acetate and can serve as a precursor of cholesterol, both in vivo and in vitro (1–5). The normal role of squalene as an intermediate in the biogenesis of cholesterol has not been established as being either obligatory or quantitatively significant, although there is good evidence that it is a natural precursor of cholesterol (6, 7). Squalene inhibits the response of secondary sex organs of chicks to pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin (PMSG) (8). Since the adrenals are steroid-producing glands subject to tropic hormone control, as are the gonads, it seemed possible that squalene might also inhibit response to corticotropin (ACTH). The effect of squalene on the action of ACTH in hypophysectomized weanling male rats has therefore been studied. No inhibition of ACTH action has been observed using adrenal and thymus weights as indices of response.
Use of the KL→3π0 decay as a tagged photon source to measure material thickness in a neutral kaon beam

Abstract A new method for measuring the thickness (in radiation lengths) of thin windows or gas-filled regions in a high-energy neutral kaon beam is presented. Using an electromagnetic calorimeter to reconstruct the six-photon signature of a KL→3π0 decay, we search for the presence of charged tracks to measure the probability of photon conversions in material upstream of the spectrometer. A magnetic field is used in the vacuum between the decay region and the material to be measured, allowing external photon conversions to be distinguished from decay processes with an internal photon conversion such as π0→e+e−γ.
Longitudinal patterns of vitamin and mineral supplement use in young white children.

Abstract Objectives The objective of this article is to report longitudinal patterns of nutrient supplementation in children, to quantify nutrient intakes from supplements and diet, and to examine relationships between supplement use and sociodemographic factors. Design and subjects Subjects were followed prospectively from birth to 24 months with periodic questionnaires on vitamin/mineral supplement use. Food diaries were completed to report food and beverage intake. Estimates of daily intakes of vitamins and minerals were calculated. Fisher's Exact tests and t tests were used to assess the association of sociodemographic variables with supplement use. Results A substantial proportion of young children used supplements. The prevalence of supplement use increased with age. By the end of 24 months, 31.7% used some supplement. Young supplement users consume supplements regularly, ranging from 40% to 60% of days reported. The majority of young children in this cohort could obtain adequate vitamins and minerals from diet alone for the first 24 months of life. Intakes of some nutrients from diet alone, such as vitamin E and folate, were not sufficient for a large proportion of young children. However, intake above the dietary reference intake was observed for a few nutrients, in particular for vitamin A. Conclusions Use of nutrient supplements is a common behavior during the first 2 years of life. This study shows that most young children obtain adequate nutrients from diet alone. Health professionals should provide recommendations for nutrient supplementation of generally healthy children based on an assessment of their dietary practices.
Cutaneous Pseudolymphoma Resulting from a Tattoo

A man developed nodules within the red areas of his tattoo. Biopsy revealed a lympho-histiocytic infiltrate consistent with a diagnosis of pseudolymphoma. This is only the second report in the literature of pseudolymphoma arising in a tattoo. Other causes of pseudolymphoma are reviewed.
Conscious recall of different aspects of skill memory

Different mechanisms are involved in the formation of memories necessary for daily living. For example, different memory representations are formed for the practiced transitions between key-presses (i.e. pressing key “2” after “3” in “4-3-2-1”) and for the ordinal position of each key-press (i.e. pressing key “2” in the third ordinal position in “4-3-2-1”) in a motor sequence. Whether the resulting transition-based and ordinal-based memories (Song & Cohen, in press) can be consciously recalled is unknown. Here, we studied subjects who over a week of training and testing formed transition and ordinal-based memory representations of skill for a 12-item sequence of key-presses. Afterwards, subjects were first asked to recall and type the trained sequence and then to perform random key-presses avoiding the trained sequence. The difference in the ability to purposefully recall and avoid a trained sequence represents conscious recall (Destrebecqz & Cleeremans, 2001). We report that (a) the difference in the ability to purposefully recall and to avoid the trained sequence correlated with ordinal-based but not with transition-based memory, (b) subjects with no ability to recall or avoid the trained sequence formed transition-based but not ordinal-based memories, and (c) subjects with full ability to recall and avoid the trained sequence formed both transition-based and ordinal-based memories. We conclude that ordinal-based memory can be voluntarily recalled when transition-based memory cannot, documenting a differential capacity to recall memories forming a motor skill. Understanding that different memories form a motor skill, with different neural substrates (Cohen & Squire, 1980), may help develop novel training strategies in neurorehabilitation of patients with brain lesions.
Cost-effective treatment of the infertile couple

Abstract Objective: To review the published literature on the cost-effective approach to infertility treatment. Design: The literature on the economics and cost-effectiveness of infertility treatments was reviewed. Studies related to this topic were identified through MEDLINE. Result(s): Few cost-effectiveness studies about infertility treatment have been published. In the absence of tubal blockage and severe male factor, use of IUI and hMG-IUI is more cost-effective than IVF. In vitro fertilization is at least as cost-effective as tubal surgery. Although IVF costs are high, they fall well within the range of other accepted medical treatments and are below the general public's willingness to pay for these treatments. Conclusion(s): Cost-effectiveness analysis is an important means of improving quality of care while controlling costs. Further work regarding cost-effectiveness of treatments among different diagnostic groups is needed.
Load management strategies for electric utilities: a production cost simulation:

This paper deals with the development and application of a simulation model for analyzing strategies for managing the residential loads of electric utilities. The basic components of the model are (1) a production-cost model, which simulates daily operation of an electric power system; (2) a load model, which disaggregates system loads into appliance loads and other loads; and (3) a comparison model, which compares the production costs and energy consumption needed to meet a particular load profile to the corresponding costs and energy consumption required for another load profile. The profiles in each pair define alternative ways of meeting the same demand. A method for disaggregating load profiles into appliance components is discussed and several alternative strategies for residential load management for a typical northeastern electric utility are formulated. The method is based on an analysis of the composition of electric loads for a number of classes of residential customers in the model utility system. The effect of alternative load management strategies on the entire residential loadcurve is determined by predicting the effects of these strategies on the specific appliance components of the loadcurve. The results of using the model to analyze alternative strategies for residential load management suggest thatmore » load management strategies in the residential sector, if adopted by utilities whose operating and load characteristics are similar to those of the system modeled here, must take into account a wide variety of appliances to achieve significant changes in the total load profile. Moreover, the results also suggest that it is not easy to reduce costs significantly through new strategies for managing residential loads only and that, to be worthwhile, cost-reducing strategies will have to encompass many kinds of appliances.« less
Tighter Mean-Squared Error Bounds on Kurtosis-Based Fast-ICA

FastICA is a widely-used independent component analysis technique for blindly separating mixtures of instantaneouslymixed, independent sources recorded with multiple sensors. When using FastICA to estimate one source in interference, the unbiased mean-squared error can be bounded from above by the Schniter-Tong bounds on Shalvi-Weinstein estimators. We derive tighter upper bounds by extending both the Schniter-Tong proof and the Schniter-Johnson proof of upper bounds on constant-modulus estimators. These tighter bounds also exist over a wider range of sources and channels; existence gaps of over an order of magnitude of minimum-mean-squared error have been observed.
Neurogenin3 promotes early retinal neurogenesis

The transcriptional regulatory network governing the establishment of retinal neuron diversity is not well delineated. We report experimental results suggesting proneural gene neurogenin3 (ngn3) participating in this regulatory network. Retinal expression of chick ngn3 was confined to early neurogenesis. Overexpression of ngn3 in chick retina reduced cell proliferation and expanded the population of ganglion cells into the territory normally occupied by amacrine cells. Ngn3 overexpression altered the expression of a number of regulatory genes, including ash1, ath3, ath5, chx10, neuroD, ngn1, ngn2, and NSCL1. Early gene ngn1 was induced, but ash1, ngn2, ath3, and chx10, whose expressions persist through later phases of neurogenesis, were down-regulated. Expression of ath5 was up-regulated at the locale corresponding to young ganglion cells, but was down-regulated at the locale corresponding to progenitor cells. These results suggest that ngn3 regulates retinal neurogenesis by inducing regulatory genes for early-born neurons and repressing those for later-born cells.
Fundamental Constraints on Large-Scale Antimatter Rocket Propulsion

Because antimatter could potentially be used to accelerate interstellar space probes to velocities in excess of 10% of light speed, attention is drawn to the question of whether sufe ciently large quantities of antimatter could be produced in a feasible fashion. A number of different proposed methods for largescale antimatter production are analyzed, and fundamental, broadly applicable limitations on all of these schemes are presented. The implications for antimatter rocket propulsion are discussed. Nomenclature A = ratio of ion mass to proton mass B = magnetic e eld strength c = speed of light E = beam energy Elaser = laser energy e = charge of proton e 2 = electron
On the poincaré theta operator

It is well known that the norm of the Poincare theta operator does not exceed one. Recently, the problem of determining necessary and sufficient conditions guaranteeing that the norm is strictly le...
A depositional environment interpretation of the Love Ranch volcanic ash deposit in northwestern Ellis County, Kansas

Abstract Previously published seismic refraction data, and unpublished shallow-core lithology logs, paleocurrent data, chemical analyses, and vertical succession of bedforms of a volcanic ash deposit in Ellis County, Kansas indicate that an airfall ash was reworked and fluvially re-deposited within a meandering fluvial system. Paleocurrent data indicate a south to southeastward transport direction. The paleocurrent transport direction is similar to the present day tributary of the Saline River known as Tomcat Creek, located approximately 500 feet to the east of the ash deposit, suggesting the ash paleochannel underwent avulsion and represents the old position of Tomcat Creek. X-ray diffraction and chemical analyses of the ash indicate a silica-enriched, glassy ash; while petrographic and scanning electron microscopy comparisons indicate that the ash may be “Pearlette” (Pleistocene) type.
Applying a Formal Requirements Method to Three NASA Systems: Lessons Learned

Recently, a formal requirements method called SCR (software cost reduction) was used to specify software requirements of mission-critical components of three NASA systems. The components included a fault protection engine, which determines how a spacecraft should respond to a detected fault; a fault detection, isolation and recovery component, which, in response to an undesirable event, outputs a failure notification and raises one or more alarms; and a display system, which allows a space crew to monitor and control on-orbit scientific experiments. This paper demonstrates how significant and complex requirements of one of the components can be translated into an SCR specification and describes the errors detected when the authors formulated the requirements in SCR. It also discusses lessons learned in using formal methods to document the software requirements of the three components. Based on the authors' experiences, the paper presents several recommendations for improving the quality of requirements specifications of safety-critical aerospace software.
Constructivism: A meeting ground for evolving psychodynamic and cognitive‐behavioral practice?

Abstract The authors propose that constructivism provides a theoretical framework suitable for the complexities of contemporary social work practice. The specific focus is on the areas of confluence of cognitive‐behavioral and psychodynamic theory and technique. Building on their earlier work on psychotherapy integration, the authors extend their notion of “starting where the client is,” is in fact a constructivist concept, critical to the meaning‐making process. Through the use of case vignettes and a select review of the literature from both the psychodynamic and cognitive‐behavioral traditions, the importance of the active participation of both the client and the therapist are demonstrated. The use of the therapeutic relationship is highlighted in both the psychodynamic and cognitive‐behavioral perspectives, as is the social context of the client.
Clostridium difficile Toxins and Enterococcal Translocation in Vivo and in Vitro

Abstract Background. Clostridium difficile toxins alter permeability in cultured enterocytes and may alter intestinal epithelial permeability to bacteria in vivo. Experiments were designed to test the effects of C. difficile toxins on in vitro interactions of Enterococcus gallinarum with cultured enterocytes, as well as on translocation of E. gallinarum in mice. Materials and methods. Mature Caco-2 and HT-29 enterocytes were pretreated with C. difficile toxin A or toxin B followed by incubation with E. gallinarum. E. gallinarum -enterocyte interactions were assessed by quantitative culture. For in vivo experiments, antibiotic-treated mice were orally inoculated with C. difficile or saline, and all mice were orally inoculated 24 h later with E. gallinarum and sacrificed after another 24 h for analysis of cecal bacteria, cecal C. difficile toxin, and enterococcal translocation. Cecal C. difficile toxin was assayed as cytopathic effects on human foreskin fibroblasts. Results. Although neither toxin had a noticeable effect on bacterial internalization by cultured enterocytes, C. difficile toxins were associated with increased E. gallinarum transmigration across confluent enterocyte cultures. Mice orally inoculated with saline rather than C. difficile ( n = 29) had no detectable cecal toxin, while mice orally inoculated with C. difficile ( n = 30) had detectable cecal toxin. Viable E. gallinarum was recovered from the mesenteric lymph nodes of 97% of mice orally inoculated with saline followed by oral E. gallinarum, but only 37% of mice orally inoculated with C. difficile followed by oral E. gallinarum ( P Conclusions. These results suggested that observations with cultured enterocytes, demonstrating that C. difficile toxins facilitated bacterial migration across the intestinal epithelium, might have little in vivo relevance in a mouse model of antibiotic-induced C. difficile overgrowth.
Technology-driven interventions for caregivers of persons with dementia: a systematic review.

Caregiving for a person with dementia can lead to physical and psychological morbidity. Technology-driven interventions hold the promise of convenient, low-cost methods of delivering psychosocial interventions. This systematic review examined the efficacy of technology-driven interventions for caregivers of persons with dementia. A search of Ovid Medline, PsychInfo, and EBSCO from 1990 to May 2012 resulted in the identification of 295 articles. After removal of duplicates, 271 articles were reviewed, based on the abstract and title alone; 32 were relevant or could not be fully assessed without assessing the entire article. Eight fully satisfied the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Each of these had some positive findings. However, there was large variability in the content and delivery of the interventions and inconsistency in measurement and variability of outcomes. Future studies should employ randomized control trial methodology and measure outcomes with commonly used measures to ensure feasibility of com...
The President in a More Partisan Legislative Arena

This article updates our previous analysis of presidential success from 1953 to 1984 (Bond and Fleisher 1990) to see how increased partisanship in the House since 1985 has altered presidential-congressional relations. We ana lyze support from the four party factions in Congress (liberal Democrats, conservative Democrats, liberal Republicans, and conservative Republi cans) and the types of coalitions that formed on presidential votes in the House. The results present a mixed picture of how elevated partisanship altered the nature of presidential-congressional relations. We found an in crease in the tendency for partisan coalitions to form under recent minor ity presidents. This tendency, however, did not continue under unified government in the 103rd Congress. The analysis of presidential success rates under different coalitional structures provides more evidence that increased partisanship has altered presidential-congressional relations. Reagan in his second term and Bush lost more often than previous mi...
Erythrocyte transketolase activity in dialysis patients with neuropathy

Abstract Erythrocyte transketolase activity (ETKA) has been studied in a group of uremic patients exhibiting neuropathy on clinical grounds and demonstrating decreased motor nerve conduction velocities in the right peroneal nerve. Single or multiple hemodialyses did not affect ETKA in these patients nor did uremic plasma have any inhibitory effect on ETKA in erythrocytes from nonuremic patients. The enzyme activity actually tended to be greater than normal in uremic patients when related to the erythrocyte count. These results indicate that ETKA is unrelated to the peripheral neuropathy found in uremia.
SPICE macromodel of silicon-on-insulator-field-effect-transistor-based biological sensors

Abstract A user-friendly behavioral macromodel for biological response of FET-based transistors has been developed for use with commercial SPICE versions and will enable circuit level analysis of biosensor chips. The model is based on the physically realistic representation of biological layers using an ion-permeable charged membrane model. Simulations demonstrate good agreement to experimental results. Logarithmic increments in bound membrane charge result in linear threshold voltage shifts. The model accounts for phenomena such as Debye screening of biomolecules resulting in reduced sensor response to increments in salt concentration. Additionally, the presence of site binding charge on oxide surfaces is shown to severely deteriorate sensitivity.
Judicial Acceptance of The Battered Woman Syndrome

The Battered Woman Defense has been gaining acceptance in recent years. This note reviews the legal theory and issues relating to the use of the defense and presents the results of a Battered Woman...
Innate control of adaptive immunity: dendritic cells and beyond.

Innate immune recognition of pathogens triggers both immediate defenses against the invading pathogens and the initiation of adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in sensing and processing microbial information and directing the differentiation of naive lymphocytes to effector cells suitable against particular types of infections. These processes within DCs are intricately controlled at the levels of the cell, anatomical location, migration and their interaction with other cell types. This review focuses on recent understanding of the contributions of several key cell types, which regulate, and are regulated by DCs, in the generation of adaptive immune responses.
Interaction of H 2 with Si\(001\)-\(2×1\): Solution of the Barrier Puzzle

The sticking probability of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ on Si(001) is immeasurably small at room temperature, indicating the presence of a large energy barrier to adsorption. Surprisingly, the final state energy distributions of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecules desorbing from Si(001) show no signs of having traversed such a barrier, in apparent contradiction with microscopic reversibility. Here we report experimental and theoretical evidence resolving this long-standing puzzle. Adsorption and desorption proceeding along two distinct, microscopically reversible pathways can explain all observations.
Type III solar radio bursts and the fundamental-harmonic hypothesis

The observational evidence is reviewed for the occurrence of type III solar radio bursts in pairs with frequency ratio two to one. We show that the observations can be explained under the hypothesis that there is a tendency for a type III burst to be followed by a second burst within approximately one second. This explanation leads to fewer difficulties than the hypothesis that type III bursts occur in pairs, one member being emitted at the fundamental of the local coronal plasma frequency, the other at its second harmonic. We conclude that in general, type III bursts are emitted at the second harmonic of the plasma frequency and that type III theories should account for this and only under very special circumstances (which are rare) for the emission at the fundamental and the second harmonic.
PEDIATRIC TRAINEES SELF-PERCEPTION OF PERSONALITY TRAITS AND INTERVIEWING SKILLS

Improving interview skills is one goal of ped training. We hypothesized that videotape recorded interviews would allow trainees to realistically assess their own style and skill. This study evaluated accuracy and change in interns self-perception following individually precepted videotaped clinic visits over a 6 week period Self-perception was measured by a self-administered scale consisting of 8 personality traits and 10 interviewing skills identified by polar opposites of each dimension. All interns completed the scale prior to the initial (time 1), and after the last (time 2), precepted session. At time 2, the faculty preceptor assessed the intern using the same scale. Data were available on 16 consecutive trainees. Interns' self-evaluation at time 1 and 2 were compared by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant change in self-perception was noted for the 8 personality traits (p<.01) but not the interviewing skills. Preceptors' evaluation was significantly less favorable than trainees' self-evaluation at time 2 along one personality dimension (formal vs. playful, p<.05) and 4 interviewing skills (maintaining vs. shifting focus, p<.01; clarifying history vs. not, p<.01; use of transition statements vs. not, p<.05; and empathic vs. not p<.05). 5 interns indicating least change in self-perception were most discrepant with preceptors' evaluation. We postulate that this combination indicates little benefit from the training experience. We conclude that videotape recorded interviews improve accuracy of self-assessment in most trainees.
Multiscale carbon nanotube-carbon fiber reinforcement for advanced epoxy composites.

We report an approach to the development of advanced structural composites based on engineered multiscale carbon nanotube−carbon fiber reinforcement. Electrophoresis was utilized for the selective deposition of multi- and single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on woven carbon fabric. The CNT-coated carbon fabric panels were subsequently infiltrated with epoxy resin using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) to fabricate multiscale hybrid composites in which the nanotubes were completely integrated into the fiber bundles and reinforced the matrix-rich regions. The carbon nanotube/carbon fabric/epoxy composites showed ∼30% enhancement of the interlaminar shear strength as compared to that of carbon fiber/epoxy composites without carbon nanotubes and demonstrate significantly improved out-of-plane electrical conductivity.
Computer generated holograms: an historical review

Since Gabor's first hologram, the meanings of that term have grown with increased use of the invention. Computers expanded applications further, and this paper surveys the methods and techniques of computer generated holograms.
The Dark Menace: Characterizing Network-based Attacks in the Cloud

As the cloud computing market continues to grow, the cloud platform is becoming an attractive target for attackers to disrupt services and steal data, and to compromise resources to launch attacks. In this paper, using three months of NetFlow data in 2013 from a large cloud provider, we present the first large-scale characterization of inbound attacks towards the cloud and outbound attacks from the cloud. We investigate nine types of attacks ranging from network-level attacks such as DDoS to application-level attacks such as SQL injection and spam. Our analysis covers the complexity, intensity, duration, and distribution of these attacks, highlighting the key challenges in defending against attacks in the cloud. By characterizing the diversity of cloud attacks, we aim to motivate the research community towards improving future security solutions for cloud systems.
Determination of riboflavin in pharmaceutical products by automatic discrete-sample analysis.

Abstract The fluorimetric determination of riboflavin by an automated procedure is described. The procedure allows up to thirty samples plus standards and blanks to be analysed in each run. After measurement, sodium dithionite treatment is used to eliminate the riboflavin fluorescence, and a second reading makes it possible to calculate net fluorescence values which can be related with concentration of riboflavin in the original samples. Linear response to riboflavin is obtained over the range 0–25 μg ml -1 . Repeatability is satisfactory for content uniformity and assay tests of riboflavin in oral pharmaceutical dosages.
Stag exposure advances the LH surge and behavioral estrus in Eld's deer hinds after CIDR device synchronization of estrus.

The impact of male presence or absence on the timing of the preovulatory LH surge and estrus was studied in 3 experimental groups (n = 6/group) of Eld's deer hinds pretreated with intravaginal progesterone-releasing devices (CIDR-type G) as follows: Group 1 = indirect male contact barn; Group 2 = direct male contact barn; and Group 3 = male isolation barn. For all hinds, the duration of the preovulatory LH surge averaged 2.5 ± 0.5 h, whereas mean peak preovulatory and basal LH concentrations were 2.9 ± 0.2 ng mL1 and 0.27 ± 0.03 ng mL1, respectively. Nine of 12 male-exposed hinds exhibited a preovulatory LH surge within 24 to 32 h postCIDR device withdrawal, whereas 0 of 6 male-isolated hinds exhibited a preovulatory LH surge during the same time period. Onset of behavioral estrus (45.2 ± 2.3, 52.7 ± 5.7 and 66.3 ±1.8 h, respectively) was significantly advanced (P < 0.05) after CIDR device withdrawal in male exposed hinds (Groups 1 and 2) compared with male isolated hinds (Group 3). These data suggest that stag exposure is important for modulating the timing of the preovulatory LH surge and behavioral estrus after synchronization of estrus with exogenous progestagens.