cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Valley Polarization of Interacting Carriers in a Monolayer Semiconductor.

We report magnetoabsorption spectroscopy of gated ${\mathrm{WSe}}_{2}$ monolayers in high magnetic fields up to 60 T. When doped with a 2D Fermi sea of mobile holes, well-resolved sequences of optical transitions are observed in both ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ circular polarizations, which unambiguously and separately indicate the number of filled Landau levels (LLs) in both $K$ and ${K}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ valleys. This reveals the interaction-enhanced valley Zeeman energy, which is found to be highly tunable with hole density $p$. We exploit this tunability to align the LLs in $K$ and ${K}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and find that the 2D hole gas becomes unstable against small changes in LL filling and can spontaneously valley polarize. These results cannot be understood within a single-particle picture, highlighting the importance of exchange interactions in determining the ground state of 2D carriers in monolayer semiconductors.
Extracellular Mapping of Arrhythmias

For over a hundred years, investigators have recorded electrograms from the heart and used these to determine the sequence of activation of the heart in normal rhythms and arrhythmias. With more complex analysis techniques, other parameters such as potential amplitudes, recovery times, dominant frequency, propagation velocity, and phase can be derived. This chapter reviews the underlying assumptions and electrophysiological principals used to construct, display, and interpret the spatial and temporal representation of these data. Today, these techniques are used for research, clinical diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the strengths and limitations of these techniques are essential to understanding mechanisms and treatment.
Testing High-Tension Impregnated Paper-Insulated, Lead-Covered Cable

The increase in voltage rating of cables has necessitated that the tests to assure satisfactory cable be more adequate than as standardized at present. This has resulted in an intensive study of the tests previously standardized, development of new tests, and the design and manufacture of suitable testing equipment to meet the new testing requirements. Measurements are made upon cables to determine the following properties of the insulation: Insulation Resistance Dielectric Strength Dielectric Power Loss and Power Factor Capacitance Ability to Withstand Bending Insulation Resistance: This measurement is being made in the same way on cables of all voltage rating. The results of the test on high-tension cables are of doubtful value as a criterion of the suitability of cable for use. Continued study of this measurement should be made. Dielectric Strength: Suitable testing equipment for satisfying the requirements of the increased voltages in dielectric strength tests has been made available. This includes sine-wave generators, adequate testing transformers, appropriate cable testing terminals. Data is given from which conclusions are drawn as to the magnitude and duration of test voltages. The adequacy of these values will become known through experience. The need for field testing is shown. Dielectric Power Loss and Power Factor: The tendency is to extend the measurement of dielectric power factor to include each reel length to be shipped. The Schering Bridge for making such measurements is described. The need for standardizing the testing procedure for power-factor measurements is shown.
Recurrent massive pulmonary embolism following catheter directed thrombolysis in a 21-year-old with COVID-19: a case report

Background Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with increased incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE), even among patients at low risk for venous thrombo-embolic (VTE) events. Case summary We present the case of a 21-year-old male, with no previous medical history, who presented with cough, fevers, shortness of breath, pleuritic chest pain, and 1 day of dizziness with near syncope as well as acutely worsened dyspnoea. He was subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19 and massive PE. He underwent successful catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT), and his clinical status improved. One day following initial CDT, he developed acute respiratory failure and hypotension and was diagnosed with recurrent massive PE. He was treated with repeat CDT and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to provide time for right ventricular recovery. The patient was able to be weaned off ECMO after 9 days and was eventually extubated and discharged to an acute rehabilitation facility. Discussion Beyond COVID-19, no hypercoagulable risk factors were identified despite thorough investigation. This case highlights the thrombogenic potential and morbid sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, even in young patients. It also highlights the use of CDT and ECMO among patients with massive PE and COVID-19. To date, this is the youngest reported patient to develop massive PE in the setting of COVID-19.
A note on Bertrand's analysis of baccarat

It is well known that Bertrand's analysis of baccarat in 1888 was the starting point of Borel's investigation of strategic games in the 1920s. We show that, with near certainty, Bertrand's results on baccarat were borrowed, without attribution, from an 1881 paper of Badoureau.
Transacting in Data: Tax, Privacy, and the New Economy

The technological developments of recent decades have allowed companies to collect staggering amounts of consumer data by offering “free” access to digital products like search engines and social-media platforms. Scholars in a variety of fields recognize that this practice represents a new type of market exchange, but our tax laws and tax scholars have thus far ignored this aspect of the new economy. That inattention means that transactions in data currently benefit from an implicit exemption from tax. This article brings light to that issue by providing the first analysis of the relationship between the personal-data market and our domestic tax instruments. That analysis shows that personal-data transactions do fit within those tax instruments, but that several factors will prevent them from actually being taxed. The resulting tax preference for data creates a distortion in the market that results in lost tax revenue and that undermines efforts to reform the personal-data market to better account for individual privacy interests. This article considers those issues and concludes by urging the recognition of the tax preference for data in the broader U.S. regulatory structure related to data and personal privacy.
Predictors of varying levels of nonadherence to mammography screening in older women.

Objectives: To identify predictors of varying levels of nonadherence to mammography screening in older women. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Sixty community-based sites where seniors gather. Participants: Consecutive volunteer sample of 499 women aged 60 to 84 who had not received a mammogram within the previous year. Measurements: Three levels of nonadherence (never had a mammogram (never), mammogram more than 2 years before (lapsed), and mammogram in the past 1 to 2 years (due/reference group)). These were based on a Transtheoretical Model and incorporated into the Adherence Model. Bivariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis was used for variables obtained. Results: Two risk factors, having difficulty getting to a facility and not intending to ask a health provider for a mammogram, were predictive of the never and lapsed levels. Distinct risk factors for being in the never compared with the due level of nonadherence included being concerned about pain, not being enrolled in a health maintenance organization, not getting preventive checkups, and being only somewhat (versus very) likely to ask a physician for mammogram. In contrast, distinct risk factors for the lapsed compared with the due level of nonadherence included perceiving that no friends have routine mammograms and not having a provider referral. Conclusion: Some risk factors for not being up to date with mammography vary by the level of nonadherence. Interventions should be individualized to women's level of nonadherence and include common core strategies that encourage women to ask for a mammogram and to lessen the difficulty of getting to a screening facility.
Sulfhydryl-directed triggering of conformational changes in the enzyme rhodanese.

Abstract The enzyme rhodanese in the form without transferred sulfur, (E), was inactivated by carboxymethylation with iodoacetic acid (E.IAA), and its conformation was compared with that of E inactivated by oxidative processes (Eox). Formation of E.IAA led to the exposure of binding sites for the fluorescent apolar probe 1,1'-bi(4-anilino)naphthalene-5,5'-disulfonic acid (BisANS). The dissociation constant for BisANS decreased as the concentration of E.IAA decreased and ranged from approximately 200 microM at 1 mg/ml protein to approximately 2 microM at protein concentrations below 0.1 mg/ml. Centrifugation confirmed that E.IAA, but not the underivatized enzyme, could associate. E.IAA was proteolyzable by chymotrypsin or endoproteinase Glu C (V8), while rhodanese containing bound sulfur, ES, was totally refractory, and E was only clipped to a small extent. This constellation of consequences was only previously observed with oxidatively inactivated rhodanese. Fluorescence depolarization measurements of bound BisANS were consistent with exposure of apolar surfaces and association of the protein. The fluorescence spectra of BisANS bound to E.IAA or Eox were identical and distinct from the spectrum of BisANS bound to phenylglyoxal-inactivated ES. Digestion with chymotrypsin was followed using protein and BisANS fluorescence and showed a similar response for E.IAA and Eox. These results indicate that the consequences of forming Eox and E.IAA are very similar. Thus, reaction of the active site sulfhydryl group apparently triggers a conformational change leading to increased protein flexibility and increased exposure of hydrophobic surfaces. In the case of oxidation, the trigger might involve initial formation of an active site sulfenic acid which ultimately gives higher oxidation states that could include disulfides.
Planning Movement for Two PUMA Manipulators Holding the Same Object

Two PUMA manipulators holding an object form a six degree of freedom closed kinematic chain. This situation occurs when heavy or long objects are to be manipulated by the robots. The constraint that the object not be dropped imposes limits on the configuration variables, which are treated as obstacles. A general program has been developed and implemented for planning paths for any multi-dimensional closed chain robot system. It is used to find a feasible path avoiding obstacles including that due to the closure of the chain. This program is used to plan a pick and place movement for two PUMA manipulators. The degrees of freedom are chosen so that both the robots can be controlled independently instead of using master-slave strategy.
Glaciological and marine geological controls on terminus dynamics of Hubbard Glacier, southeast Alaska

Hubbard Glacier, located in southeast Alaska, is the world's largest nonpolar tidewater glacier. It has been steadily advancing since it was first mapped in 1895; occasionally, the advance creates an ice or sediment dam that blocks a tributary fjord (Russell Fiord). The sustained advance raises the probability of long-term closure in the near future, which will strongly impact the ecosystem of Russell Fiord and the nearby community of Yakutat. Here, we examine a 43 year record of flow speeds and terminus position to understand the large-scale dynamics of Hubbard Glacier. Our long-term record shows that the rate of terminus advance has increased slightly since 1895, with the exception of a slowed advance between approximately 1972 and 1984. The short-lived closure events in 1986 and 2002 were not initiated by perturbations in ice velocity or environmental forcings but were likely due to fluctuations in sedimentation patterns at the terminus. This study points to the significance of a coupled system where short-term velocity fluctuations and morainal shoal development control tidewater glacier terminus position.
LU-decomposition based integral equation solver of linear complexity and higher-order accuracy for large-scale capacitance extraction

A fast LU factorization of linear complexity is developed to directly solve a dense system of linear equations for the capacitance extraction of any arbitrary shaped 3-D structure embedded in inhomogeneous materials. In addition, a higherorder scheme is developed to achieve any higher-order accuracy for the proposed fast solver without sacrificing its linear computational complexity. The proposed solver successfully factorizes dense matrices that involve more than one million unknowns in fast CPU run time and modest memory consumption. Comparisons with state-of-the-art integral-equation-based capacitance solvers have demonstrated its clear advantages.
1973: Financialization and the Conditions of Postmodernity

Excerpt: "1973 not only marked the dismissal of an economic post-war order that bound the currencies of developed countries to a stable relationship with the US dollar and the dollar to a fixed exchange rate with gold; this break was also seen as a condition postmoderne in economics - a situation where turbulence and instability moved toward a flexible system of exchange rates, a regime of floating signifiers without an anchor, without the foundation of a transcendental signified. A system would now emerge in which currencies only related to currencies without reference and finally rested upon the uncertain standard of unsecured “fiat money.” To what extent, then, does the year 1973 mark the birth date of our present era? How can it be understood as the beginning of a financial system that even today holds us in thrall? What are the social experiments that it opened onto? And what sense, if any, does it make to speak here of a postmodern condition? -- Let me attempt to give an overview of some elements of this new global financial order."
Optic nerve injury alters basic fibroblast growth factor localization in the retina and optic tract

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is thought to be a trophic factor for several classes of neurons. Its distribution changes in response to cortical neural injury. We have determined the effect of injury to the optic nerve on localization of bFGF in the rodent retina and visual pathways. Our observations were confirmed by using different antisera and monoclonal antibodies. While photoreceptors normally contain virtually no bFGF, crushing the optic nerve causes a striking increase, over a period of several weeks, in the amount of bFGF in retinal photoreceptors. Since photoreceptors do not synapse directly upon the injured ganglion cells, intermediary cells must participate in the cascade of events that results in the elevated bFGF. In light of the observation that exogenous bFGF protects photoreceptors from photodamage (Faktorovich et al., 1992), this increase in bFGF in photoreceptors may explain, in part, why crushing the optic nerve protects photorecptors against photodamage (Bush and Williams, 1991). Whereas bFGF is constitutively found in glia in the optic nerve, little bFGF is found in glia in the optic tract. However, damage to the optic nerve increases bFGF in astrocytes in the optic tract. This change occurs within days, suggesting that a relatively direct signal may intervene between the injured axon and the adjacent glial cells. Thus, despite the fact that the optic nerve and optic tract are contiguous structures through which axons of retinal ganglion cells project, the glial elements in these structures express distinct properties, because of differences in either glial subclasses or microenvironment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Steady-state analysis of the adaptive successive interference canceler for DS/CDMA signals

The adaptive successive interference canceler (ASIC) is a multistage receiver that sequentially detects and removes cochannel users from the received signal impinging on a single antenna element. Each stage of the ASIC consists of a conventional matched filter (MF) detector and an adaptive interference canceler (AIC) that employs the least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm to recursively estimate the received amplitude of the detected signal. In this paper, we investigate the performance of the ASIC using a Wiener model of convergence for the LMS algorithm, deriving expressions for the asymptotic mean and variance of the amplitude estimate and the steady-state bit error rate (BER). The analyses and computer simulations demonstrate that the performance of the ASIC exceeds that of the conventional SIC (CSIC), which utilizes the MF output as the received amplitude estimate.
Peptide bond vibrational coupling.

Neutral trialanine (Ala3), which is geometrically constrained to have its peptide bond at Φ and Ψ angles of α-helix and PPII-like conformers, are studied at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory to...
Teaching elementary thermodynamics and energy conversion: Opinions

This presentation deals with innovation in teaching and understanding of thermodynamic principles. Key features of the approach being advocated are: (a) postulation of the existence of entropy, (b) explicitly associating energy transfers with other transports, (c) stating the 2nd Law in terms of Gibbs' available-energy, (d) systematic use of software such as EES. The paper outlines and elaborates upon an introductory course. Major headings in the course are: basic concepts: properties, additive properties and balances, primitive properties, energy, 1st Law. entropy, elementary academic applications of balances, available-energy, second law, exergy, thermostatic property relations, EES. Applications to processes, fluid flow, Heat transfer, thermochemical. Applications to devices, single-process, compound-process, systems (consisting of devices and processes functioning together).
Preface to the Special Issue on Ultrasound Imaging of the Tongue

My first contact with ultrasound was as a graduate student, using A‐mode to study laryngeal closure. When I began working at the NIH Clinical Center, the only instrument available to me was B‐scan ...
Seasonality of isotopes in precipitation: A global perspective

[1] We use data from Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) database to explore how the atmosphere's meridional circulation cells control the latitudinal and seasonal distribution of δ18O and d-excess in precipitation. We demonstrate that the atmospheric general circulation (AGC) cells determine variations of zonally averaged isotopic composition of meteoric water; the local isotopic minimum near the equator coincides with the intertropical convergence (ITC), and two maxima on either side of the ITC coincide with the subtropical highs (STHs). Both the ITC and STHs migrate cum sole, as part of the systematic annual migration of the meridional cells. This migratory circulation pattern controls the phase of the annual oscillation of the precipitation δ18O. At latitudes equatorward of the STHs, δ18O reaches its maximum in the winter of the respective hemisphere and at higher latitudes in the summer. From the monthly latitudinal distribution of the vertical velocity at the 500-hPa level, we obtain the seasonal variations of the latitudinal positions of the subtropical moisture source regions and their climates. The sea surface temperature and relative humidity at the moisture source regions are used to predict seasonal changes of the d-excess of water vapor evaporated from the source regions. The GNIP data is consistent with the predicted phase of the d-excess. However, the observed magnitude of the seasonal oscillation is greater than the predicted values. This work provides a baseline for understanding the influence of subtropical moisture source regions and other climatological factors on the d-excess.
On the mechanism of intensified plasma-assisted processing

Abstract Intensified plasma-assisted processing (IPAP), is a surface modification technique developed recently in our laboratory. Plasma intensification is accomplished by triode discharge and can be utilized for low-pressure, low-temperature diffusion treatments and synthesis of a range of advanced compounds. The energetic flux of ions and neutrals generated in IPAP can create highly favorable surface conditions producing significant improvements in properties ranging from thermal and chemical stability to wear resistance. The objective of the present study was to investigate further the role of energetic particle bombardment on the modification process. IPAP nitriding experiments were carried out on Ti-6A1-4V substrates at specific nitrogen flux levels and flux energies. Parallel experiments were performed by low-energy, broad-beam nitrogen implantation at comparable ion energies and dose levels. Nitrogen concentrations and penetration depths were determined by depth profiling using AES and microhardness measurements. The experimental results were used to derive effective nitrogen diffusivities to assess the effect of the energetic particle bombardment on the diffusion process. For both IPAP and ion implantation, nitrogen diffusion into titanium nitride and solid solution layers is greatly accelerated compared to conventional ion nitriding. IPAP is almost as effective as low-energy ion implantation in enhancing nitrogen penetration when the two processes use ions of similar energies and dose levels. The energetic neutrals present in IPAP appear to further enhance the growth of surface nitride layers. Analysis also indicates that an optimal ion energy may exist.
Regulation of type I collagen mRNA levels in fibroblasts

Type I procollagen mRNA levels, as well as total RNA and poly(A)-rich mRNA, remain constant when rapidly growing human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1 cells) are compared with quiescent cells. Polysome profiles of cells in both growth states revealed that the distribution of type I collagen mRNA in the mRNP fraction and in polysomes also remained constant even though total RNA and poly(A)-rich mRNA were shifted from polysomes to the mRNP pool in resting cells. Similar results were obtained when RNA fractions in polysomes associated with the cytoskeletal framework were examined. It is known that procollagen production is unaffected by the growth state of cells [Breul, S. D., Bradley, K. H., Hance, A. J., Schafer, M. P., Berg, R. A. and Crystal, R. G. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 5250-5260] although total protein synthesis is markedly decreased in resting cells. It would therefore appear that the translational control responsible for reduced synthesis of non-collagenous proteins in resting cells does not extend to procollagen and that transcriptional control can account for levels of type I procollagen produced by cultured human fibroblasts.
ArF resist CD shrinkage induced by defect inspection

Start writing your paper here. This is a two column format. EXACTLY one page is for text and EXACTLY one page is for graphics. You need not fill the pages. The second page is reserved for graphs, figures, photographs, etc. Only two pages will be shared with the evaluators.
Comet classification with new methods for gas and dust spectroscopy

Abstract We present the results of a program of comet long-slit spectroscopy with the Kast Dual Spectrograph on the 3-m Shane Telescope at Lick Observatory. A total of 26 comets, from a variety of dynamical families, were observed on 39 different nights from 1996 to 2007. A new statistical method extracted the twilight sky from comet frames, because traditional sky subtraction techniques were inadequate. Because previously published Haser model parent and daughter scale lengths did not fit the data well, unbiased ranges of scale lengths were searched for the best-fitting pairs. Coma gas production rates for OH, CN, C 2 , C 3 , NH, NH 2 , and OH confirmed the widely reported carbon-chain depletion for a sub-class of comets, most notably high-perihelion Jupiter-family comets observed at r h > 1.5 AU, with different behaviors for C 2 and C 3 . Our long-slit spectroscopy data was also adapted for the A ( θ ) fρ dust production parameter. The assumption that A ( θ ) fρ is constant throughout the nucleus was not upheld. High dust-to-gas ratios for comets with large perihelia were not a selection effect, and suggest that the dust was released earlier in the formation of the coma than the gas. The dust-to-gas ratio did not exhibit any evolutionary traces between different comet dynamical families. The comet survey illuminates the diversity among comets, including the unusually carbon poor Comet 96P/Machholz.
Control of Superplastic Cavitation by Hydrostatic Pressure

It has been shown that the application of hydrostatic gas pressures during superplastic deformation of fine grained 7475 Al can entirely prevent the intergranular cavitation normally encountered at atmospheric pressure. A critical ratio of hydrostatic pressure to flow stress may be defined for each superplastic forming condition above which virtually no cavitation occurs. In superplastic deformation conditions where intergranular cavitation plays a significant part in final tensile rupture, the superplastic ductility may be improved by the application of hydrostatic pressures. Similarly, detrimental effects of large superplastic strains on service properties may be reduced or eliminated by the application of suitable hydrostatic pressures during superplastic forming. In this case, superplastically formed material may have the same design allowables as conventional 7475 Al sheet.
ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENT OF AN IRREGULAR RC FRAME FOR FULL-SCALE 3D PSEUDO-DYNAMIC TESTING PART II: CONDITION ASSESSMENT AND TEST DEPLOYMENT

An overview of the Pseudo-dynamic (PsD) testing of a 3D reinforced concrete frame is described. The role of pre-test analysis in leading the test preparation and execution is presented through actual situations such as (i) the necessity and detailed procedure of the pre-test condition assessment, (ii) estimation of actuator force, displacement and rotation demands during the test and (iii) determination of mass (water tanks) magnitude and location to fulfil the test requirements. Comparison of analytical and experimental results is presented in addition to the description of observed damage inflicted on the structure. Finally, the effect of fixed-end rotation due to bond-slip in the reinforced concrete columns on the results obtained is discussed.
Helicase homologues maintain cytosine methylation in plants and mammals.

The Arabidopsis DDM1 gene is required for the maintenance of genomic methylation patterns but is a helicase homolog of the SWI2/SNF2 family rather than a DNA methyltransferase.(1) Dennis et al.(2) have shown that disruption of the mouse Lsh gene, the mammalian gene most closely related to DDM1, causes demethylation of the mouse genome. This result suggests that the mechanisms that maintain methylation patterns in the genomes of mammals and flowering plants are more conserved than previously suspected. BioEssays 24:297–299, 2002. ©2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Water quality change and habitat potential in riparian ecosystems

Abstract Riparian ecosystems play a vital role in providing ecosystem services that include habitat support and protection of water quality. This study assessed the role of riparian ecosystems along the lateral and longitudinal dimensions of the watershed system. A reach-scale assessment, spatial analysis using GIS, and a dynamic simulation of interactions were used to evaluate riparian dynamics in the Westfield River Watershed of Massachusetts. Riparian and riverine characteristics (slope, soils, and flow regime), disturbance regimes (land use and bank impairment), bird habitat suitability, available niches for wildlife, and vegetation biomass were found to vary along the longitudinal dimension of the watershed. Habitat potential (suitability to sustain a species) declined in general (trend) with riparian distance and a maximum potential was observed at an intermediate level. Dynamic simulation was performed using the STELLA model to quantify interactions between different reaches, land conditions, and land use to quantify soil loss (RUSLE equation) and spatial accumulation. Simulations showed a spatial influence in sediment transfer and loading into the stream. Policy simulations on land use in specific riparian locations showed a significant impact of urbanization on the water quality of the river. Significant reductions in soil loss (3%–48% decrease, depending on the spatial location of the practice) could be achieved through implementation of Best Management Practices (BMPs). Optimal placement of BMPs and conservation efforts in the riparian zone could be used to protect habitat potential and water quality of the watershed.
On Cross-Lagged Panel Models With Serially Correlated Errors

Cross-lagged panel studies are studies in which two or more variables are measured for a large number of subjects at each of several points in time. The variables divide naturally into two sets, and the purpose of the analysis is to estimate and test the cross-effects between the two sets. One approach to this analysis is to treat the cross-effects as parameters in regression equations. This study contributes to this approach by extending the regression model to a multivariate model that captures the correlation among the variables and allows the errors in the model to be correlated over time.
Acrosome morphogenesis in Lumbricus terrestris.

Acrosome morphogenesis commences in the juxtanuclear cytoplasm at the posterior end of spermatids of Lumbricus terrestris. A dense rod-shaped structure and the Golgi apparatus together participate first in forming an acrosome vesicle that contains the acrosome granule, and somewhat later shape the conical base of the acrosome in the cytoplasm beneath the vesicle. Cytoplasmic flow may account for the migration of the immature acrosome to the apical surface of the nucleus of the spermatid. Manchette microtubules play a key role in the final modelling of the acrosome. Sheathed by the manchette the acrosome elongates to 3–4 times its pre-attachment length. The conical base of the acrosome then extends anteriorly to enclose the acrosome vesicle. A dense rod emerging from the rod-shaped granule occupies an indentation of the base of the acrosome vesicle. The mature acrosome of Lumbricus is an extremely complex structure about 5–7 microns long and is bounded by the plasmalemma of the spermatozoon.
Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of cancer

Potential uses of monoclonal antibodies in anti-cancer treatment include passive serotherapy, radioisotope conjugates, toxin-linked conjugates, and chemotherapy-monoclonal antibody conjugates. The bases for these applications have been founded in research with heterologous antisera, and in some cases with monoclonal antibodies in animal tumor models. Human trials with passive serotherapy have already begun in both hematopoietic and solid tumor malignancies. Promising results have been reported in cutaneous T cell lymphoma with anti-T cell monoclonal antibody, and in nodular lymphoma with anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody. Radioisotope conjugate work appears promising for imaging in both animals and humans, and this work will lay the foundation for possible therapeutic application of radio-immunotherapy. Toxin-linked conjugates are promising in vitro and may have application in autologous bone marrow transplantation. Research with chemotherapy conjugates is also underway. Preliminary results suggest that murine monoclonal antibodies will be well tolerated clinically except in the setting of circulating cells which bear the target antigen, where rapid infusions may be associated with intolerable side effects. In certain diseases, production of endogenous anti-mouse antibodies may also limit application. Advances in the technology for human-human hybridoma production may help solve some of these problems.
Exciton-plasma Mott transition in Si

The transition between free excitons and an electron-hole plasma is described for the first time by a theory based on full random-phase-approximation (RPA) screening in the plasma. The onset of exciton binding predicted is in excellent agreement with experimental data attributed to exciton dissociation in Si. It is suggested that the many-body electron-hole interaction may be well described by static RPA screening near the Mott transition.
Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalin's Russia

Introduction 1. Guarding the gates to the working class: women in industry, 1917-29 2. The struggle over working class feminism 3. The gates come tumbling down 4. From exclusion to recruitment 5. The five-year plan for women: planning above, counter planning below 6. Planning and chaos: the struggle for control 7. Gender relations in industry: voices from the point of production 8. Rebuilding the gates to the working class Conclusion.
Distinctions in Agonist and Antagonist Specificity Conferred by Anionic Residues of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

Two anionic residues in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, Asp-152 in the α-subunit and Asp-174 in the γ-subunit or the corresponding Asp-180 in the δ-subunit, are presumed to reside near the two agonist binding sites at the αγ and αδ subunit interfaces of the receptor and have been implicated in electrostatic attraction of cationic ligands. Through site-directed mutagenesis and analysis of state changes in the receptor elicited by agonists, we have distinguished the roles of anionic residues in conferring ligand specificity and ligand-induced state changes. αAsp-152 affects agonist and antagonist affinity similarly, whereas γAsp-174 and δAsp-180 primarily affect agonist affinity. Combining charge neutralization on the α subunit with that on the γ and δ subunits shows an additivity in free energy changes for carbamylcholine and d-tubocurarine, suggesting independent contributions of these residues to stabilizing the bound ligands. Since both aromatic and anionic residues stabilize cationic ligands, we substituted tyrosines (Y) for the aspartyl residues. While the substitution, αD152Y, reduced the affinities for agonists and antagonists, the γD174Y/δD180Y mutations reduced the affinity for agonist binding, but surprisingly enhanced the affinity for d-tubocurarine. To ascertain whether selective changes in agonist binding stem from the capacity of agonists to form the desensitized state of the receptor, carbamylcholine binding was measured in the presence of an allosteric inhibitor, proadifen. Mutant nAChRs carrying αD152Q or γD174N/δD180N show similar reductions in dissociation constants for the desensitized compared with activable receptor state and a similar proadifen concentration dependence. Hence, these mutations influence ligand recognition rather than the capacity of the receptor to desensitize. By contrast, the αD200Q mutation diminishes the ratio of dissociation constants for two states and requires higher proadifen concentrations to induce desensitization. Thus, the contributions of αAsp-152, γ/δAsp-174/180, and αAsp-200 in stabilizing ligand binding can be distinguished by the interactions between agonists and allosteric inhibitors.
Surface-induced dissociation from a liquid surface

Mass-selected projectile ions in the tens of electronvolt energy range undergo surface-induced dissociation upon collision with a liquid perfluorinated polyether (PFPE) surface. The efficiency of translational-to-vibrational (T-V) energy transfer is similar to that observed for a fluorinated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surface. The thermometer ion W(CO)^’ was used to detenrrine an average T-V conversion efficiency of 18% in the collision energy range of 30–50 eV. The surface can be bombarded for several hours without displaying any change in the scattered ion products. Ion-surface reactions occur with some projectiles and are analogous to those seen with the fluorinated SAM surface. For example, WF ▪ + (m=1–5) and W(CO)nF ▪ + (n=1–2, m=1–2) are generated upon collisions of W(CO) 6 + with the PFPE liquid surface. The ion-surface reactions observed suggest that F atoms and/or CF3 groups are accessible for reaction while the oxygen atoms lie below the outermost surface layer. Chemical sputtering of the liquid surface also occurs and yields common fluorocarbon fragment ions, including CF 3 + , C2F 5 + , and C3F 7 + and the oxygenated product CFO+. The liquid surface is remarkably free of hydrocarbon impurities. Collisions of the pyrazine and benzene molecular ions, both probes for hydrocarbon impurities, resulted in very little protonated pyrazine or protonated benzene.
Three views of demonstrative reference

Three views of demonstrative reference are examined: ‘contextual’, ‘intentional’, and ‘quasi-intentional’. According to the first, such reference is determined entirely by certain publicly accessible features of the context. According to the second, speaker intentions are ‘criterial’ in demonstrative reference. And according to the third, both contextual features and intentions come into play in the determination of demonstrative reference. The first two views (both of which enjoy current popularity) are rejected as implausible; the third (originally proposed by Kaplan in ‘Dthat’) is argued to be highly plausible.
A new Drosophila gene wh (wuho) with WD40 repeats is essential for spermatogenesis and has maximal expression in hub cells.

Through mutagenesis by P-element transposition, we identified a series of mutants with deletions in topoisomerase 3β gene (top3β) and an adjacent, previously uncharacterized gene CG15897, here named wuho (wh). Whereas top3β truncation does not affect viability or fertility, wh null mutants display male sterile and female semi-sterile phenotypes. Furthermore, wh mutants can be fully rescued by wh transgenes, but not by top3β transgenes, suggesting that the fertility phenotypes are caused by wh deletion. The alignment of WH protein sequence with other eukaryotic putative homologues shows they are evolutionarily conserved proteins with 5 WD40 repeats in the middle portion of the protein, and a bipartite nuclear localization signal at the carboxyl terminus. Yeast homologue with 5 WD40 repeats, Trm82, is the non-catalytic subunit of a tRNA methylase. Immunostaining shows that WH has the highest expression in hub cells, a niche for germline stem cells of testis. However, WH is not required for the maintenance of hub cells or the germline stem cells. In wh mutant males, spermatogenesis is arrested at the elongating stage of the developing spermatids, resulting in an absence of mature sperms in the seminal vesicles. The decreased fertility in wh mutant females is mostly due to defects in oogenesis. There are abnormal egg chambers present in the mutant females, in which the cystocytes fail to arrest their cell division at the fourth mitotic cycle, resulting in more than 16 cells in a single egg chamber. Additionally, these abnormal cystocytes do not undergo multiple rounds of endoreplication as the nurse cells do in a normal egg chamber. Therefore, the cytological analyses demonstrate that wh has a critical function in cellular differentiation for germline cells during gametogenesis.
Deleterious effects of increased heart rate on infarct size in the conscious dog

Abstract This study was designed to determine whether augmentation of heart rate influences infarct size after coronary occlusion in unanesthetized dogs, some of which had experimentally induced atrioventricular (A-V) block. Coronary occlusion was produced in 27 conscious dogs by constriction of an externalized coronary arterial snare placed 3 to 5 days earlier. Heart rate was augmented at selected intervals after coronary occlusion by ventricular pacing or administration of isoproterenol or atropine, and left atrial pressure was monitored in selected animals in each group. Infarct size was determined from analysis of serial serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) changes and verified by myocardial CPK analysis. After coronary occlusion alone, release of CPK from myocardial tissue ceased within approximately 14 hours, and calculated infarct size therefore became constant. Augmentation of heart rate at that time by ventricular pacing or administration of isoproterenol or atropine led to extension of infarction with additional myocardial necrosis averaging 40, 72 and 40 percent, respectively, of the initial infarct size in the 3 groups. Stepwise increments of heart rate led to progressively smaller increments in infarct size, and even modest increases in heart rate (from 60 to 90 beats/min) in dogs with A-V block led to marked increases in infarct size averaging 73 percent ± 17 (SE, no. = 4). Augmentation of heart rate with isoproterenol as late as 72 hours after coronary occlusion led to marked extension of infarction. Thus, acceleration of heart rate after coronary occlusion consistently and markedly increased the extent of myocardial necrosis.
Animal toxicity of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol☆

Abstract The toxicity of trifluoroethanol (TFE) was investigated in mice and dogs. In mice, the acute LD50 was approximately 350 mg/kg by the oral or intraperitoneal routes and 1.6 ml/100 ml after a 10-min inhalation. Various compounds which are known to reduce the lethality of other alcohols by blocking their oxidation to toxic metabolites were tested for their effect on TFE lethality in mice. Disulfiram, allopurinol, and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole pretreatment were each found to provide a significant protection as the LD50 of TFE nearly doubled in each case. Sodium acetate was ineffective. Ethanol treatment for 48 hours after TFE injection markedly reduced the toxicity of TFE. Ethanol also inhibited conversion of TFE to trifluoroacetate in vivo . TFE was not oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase and NAD in vitro ; however, TFE was a competitive inhibitor of ethanol oxidation. Mice were not killed by doses up to 800 mg/kg of trifluoroacetaldehyde hydrate or up to 5000 mg/kg of sodium trifluoroacetate. Free trifluoroacetic acid was as toxic as hydrochloric acid. No deaths occurred after 100 mg/kg of TFE ip daily for 18 days; however, the mice failed to gain weight during the treatment period. Two dogs died 48 hours after 400 mg/kg of TFE iv without significant changes in blood urea nitrogen, serum glucose, serum lactate, or bromosulfalein retention time.
State-level review of existing academic programs: Have resources been saved?

The purpose of this survey was to solicit from state-level agencies with a possible role in the review of existing academic programs a straightforward response to the question of program elimination and reallocation of resources. State-level agencies in 37 states were surveyed concerning their activity in program elimination and consolidation. The main finding is that although there is some activity in the area of elimination and consolidation of programs, either there have been no cost savings or reallocation or the state cannot identify the amounts. Those programs eliminated tend to be low productivity programs.
Radiosonde Penetration of an Undilute Cumulonimbus Anvil

Abstract An example is presented of the serendipitous radiosonde penetration through the western edge of a rapidly growing undilute cumulonimbus anvil above 200 mb by an operationally released radiosonde balloon. The sounding is supportive of deep convection and contains a stable layer (13°C potential temperature increase) from 210 to 185 mb with a quasi-adiabatic mixed layer from there to 135 mb. The 185–135-mb layer has a wet-bulb potential temperature of 24°C which agrees to within 1°C of the subcloud-layer wet-bulb potential temperature. The wind perturbation of approximately 30 m s−1 within the mixed layer is larger than, but consistent with, relative outflow velocities estimated from satellite imagery and density current theory. Downstream soundings through decaying anvil debris 12 h later still show evidence of the initial convective thermal perturbation even as the tropopause attempts to reform in the vicinity of 200 mb. Implications for the tropospheric-stratospheric exchange of water vapor and t...
Tungsten-incorporation induced red-shift in the bandgap of gallium oxide thin films

Tungsten (W) incorporated Ga2O3 films were produced by co-sputter deposition. W-concentration was varied by the applied sputtering-power. The structure and optical properties of W-incorporated Ga2O3 films were evaluated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and spectrophotometric measurements. No secondary phase formation was observed in W-incorporated Ga2O3 films. W-induced effects were significant on the structure and optical properties of Ga2O3 films. The bandgap of Ga2O3 films without W-incorporation was ∼5 eV. Red-shift in the bandgap was noted with increasing W-concentration indicating the electronic structure changes in W-Ga2O3 films. A functional relationship between W-concentration and optical property is discussed.
Polymer Grafting via ATRP Initiated from Macroinitiator Synthesized on Surface

Macromolecular anchoring layer approach was used for preparation of an effective macroinitiator for the synthesis of grafted polymer layers by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiated from the surface. For the initial surface modification, a thin layer of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was deposited on the surface of a silicon wafer. The ATRP macroinitiator was synthesized on the substrate surface by the reaction between epoxy groups of PGMA and carboxy functionality of bromoacetic acid (BAA). Variation of the time and temperature of the BAA deposition as well as PGMA layer thickness allowed control over the amount of BAA attached to the surface. The PGMA anchoring layer allowed the achievement of initiator surface density significantly higher than that reported for a self-assembled monolayer of ATRP initiators. Polymer brushes were synthesized on the PGMA/BAA-modified substrates by ATRP. Different surface concentrations of BAA were used in our grafting experiments to acquire knowledge ab...
Stressful life events and adolescent drug use: Moderating influences of the MAOA gene

Abstract Purpose Though stressful life events appear to impact the likelihood and frequency of substance use among adolescents, these effects are often varied and inconsistent. We suggest that the polymorphic MAOA gene may be partially responsible for variable susceptibility to environmental pressures and substance use. More specifically, we hypothesize that adolescents possessing low activity alleles for the MAOA genotype are more likely to respond to stressful life experiences by initiating substance use. Methods The genetic subsample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health was analyzed (2,574 adolescents) using logistic regression models for each gender. Respondents’ self-reports of eight key stressors were used to create a composite life stress scale which was allowed to interact with a variable that represented the number of low activity MAOA alleles. Results For males, a significant interaction emerged between stressful life experiences and the MAOA gene for alcohol (p = .029) and marijuana (p = .039) initiation. For females, the interaction was not significant in each model. Conclusions MAOA interacts with life stress to increase the likelihood of substance use initiation for males. Those with a low activity MAOA allele are more likely to initiate substance use than those with a high activity allele when exposed to stressful experiences.
Grain-size effects on the shock sensitivity of hexanitrostilbene (HNS) explosive

Etude de l'influence de la taille des grains sur la sensibilite aux chocs de l'explosif hexanitrostilbene. Les resultats vont a l'encontre de la tendance qui considere une sensibilite croissante avec une diminution de la taille des grains