cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who Is in Control? The Role of Self‐Perception, Knowledge, and Income in Explaining Consumer Financial Behavior

The current research examines the relationship between consumer financial knowledge, income, and locus of control on financial behavior. Ethnicity is included as a potential moderator of the effects of these three variables on financial behavior. Findings suggest that consumers’ propensity to save, budget, and control spending depends partly on their level of perceived control over outcomes as well as knowledge and financial resources. Evidence of race and ethnicity as moderators is mixed.
Functional brain imaging of tobacco use and dependence

While most cigarette smokers endorse a desire to quit smoking, only about 14% to 49% will achieve abstinence after 6 months or more of treatment. A greater understanding of the effects of smoking on brain function may (in conjunction with other lines of research) result in improved pharmacological (and behavioral) interventions. Many research groups have examined the effects of acute and chronic nicotine/cigarette exposure on brain activity using functional imaging; the purpose of this paper is to synthesize findings from such studies and present a coherent model of brain function in smokers. Responses to acute administration of nicotine/smoking include: a reduction in global brain activity; activation of the prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and visual system; activation of the thalamus and visual cortex during visual cognitive tasks; and increased dopamine (DA) concentration in the ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens. Responses to chronic nicotine/cigarette exposure include decreased monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B activity in the basal ganglia and a reduction in alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) availability in the thalamus and putamen. Taken together, these findings indicate that smoking enhances neurotransmission through cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits either by direct stimulation of nAChRs, indirect stimulation via DA release or MAO inhibition, or a combination of these factors. Activation of this circuitry may be responsible for the effects of smoking seen in tobacco dependent subjects, such as improvements in attentional performance, mood, anxiety, and irritability.
Internal quadratic invariance and decentralized control

For decentralized control systems with quadratically invariant information constraints, the set of achievable closed-loop maps is affine, and thus the associated minimum-norm controller synthesis problem is amenable to a convex programming approach. In this paper, we show that a strictly broader class of problems we call internally quadratically invariant, also yields an affine set of achievable closed-loop maps. We treat systems represented by rational as well as proper rational transfer functions and present an illustrative example.
The synthesis of 1-S-35 diamox.

A procedure is described for the synthesis of S-35 labeled Diamox® (2-acetylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfonamide), in relatively good yield from readily available starting materials.
A fast vectorized program for the CDC Cyber 205 to simulate the Ising spin glass in three dimensions

Abstract We describe a computer program that performs the Metropolis algorithm for the three-dimensional (J = ±1) Ising spin glass problem at a peak speed of 80 million spin updates per second on a 2-pipe CDC CYBER 205.
Gradients of protein kinase C substrate phosphorylation in primate visual system peak in visual memory storage areas

Abstract Two protein kinase C (PKC) substrates of 50 and 81 kDa display topographical gradients in 32 P-incorporation along the occipitotemporal visual processing pathway in rhesus monkey cerebral cortex. The 50 kDa protein appears to be homologous to protein F1 from rat (47 kDa) on the basis of isoelectric point, two-dimensional phosphopeptide maps, and kinase specificity, while the 81 kDa protein is probably the same as a previously described PKC substrate. The phosphorylation of protein F1 and 81 kDa was significantly higher in temporal regions of the occipitotemporal pathway, which have been implicated in the storage of visual representations, than in occipital regions, which appear to be less important for visual memory functions. These results suggest that the PKC phosphorylation system, which has been related previously to changes in neural plasticity, plays a progressively greater role in later stages of visual processing, and that this role may involve the storage of visual information in inferotemporal cortical areas.
A Comparison of Forward and Concurrent Chaining Strategies in Teaching Laundromat Skills to Students with Severe Handicaps.

This study compared the relative efficiency of forward and concurrent chaining strategies in teaching the use of a commercial washing machine and laundry soap dispenser to four high school students with severe handicaps. Acquisition and maintenance of the laundromat skills were assessed through a multielement, alternating treatment within subject design. Results indicated that the concurrent chaining strategy was more efficient than forward chaining in facilitating acquisition of the activities. Four week and eight week follow-up probes indicated that concurrent chaining resulted in better maintenance of the activities. The implications of these results for teaching community activities and future research in building complex chains are discussed.
Clinical Evaluation of a New Electronic Spirometer

An electronic spirometer which utilizes a thermistor and an linearizing circuit, was evaluated. When compared to a Collins 13.5 liter water seal spirometer, 60 test results from 30 patients revealed no clinically significant difference in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ), or maximum voluntary ventilation (MW). The device was found durable and highly useful in the hospital or clinic.
Does physician continuity within a clinical trial increase retention and compliance among adolescent smokers

BACKGROUND Retention and compliance are hurdles in many clinical trials designed for adolescents. Factors that may improve these issues in a challenging population may lead to increased data and power in much needed adolescent substance abuse research. METHODS Within a large-scale smoking cessation study for adolescents, physician continuity (PC) was examined to determine its effect on retention, compliance, and cessation. RESULTS In an analysis of 98 participants, participants with physician continuity throughout the study were more likely to attend more treatment visits and be medication compliant. It was also found that PC had no effect on participant smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS It appears that PC may be one way to increase retention and compliance within an adolescent clinical trial, without interfering with the specific aim of the research study (in this case, smoking cessation).
The effect of supernumerary heterochromatic chromosome segments on non-homologous chromosome associations in the grasshopper Camula pellucida.

The effect of supernumerary heterochromatic chromosome segments on non-homologous chromosome associations in the grasshopper Camula pellucida
A Developmental Model of the Social Group

(1962). A Developmental Model of the Social Group. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 195-207.
N-Terminal Domain of Luciferase Controls Misfolding Avoidance

The proteomes of all forms of life are predominated by large proteins. In contrast to small, one-domain proteins, little is known about folding pathways of large multidomain proteins. In this report we study Firefly (Photinus pyralis) luciferase as a model for investigating the mechanical folding and refolding of large, multidomain proteins. Using AFM-based single molecule force spectroscopy, our results indicate that Luciferase unfolds mechanically in three distinct unfolding stages. This unfolding pathway is unique as it produces additional intermediate states when the protein is extended in the presence of a single cofactor, ATP, or the pair of cofactors, D-(-)-luciferin and ATP. The modulation of the force-extension curve by ligands and denaturing chemicals, aided by computer simulations and crystallography structures, allowed us to interpret that force-extension profile as the sequential unfolding of Luciferase from the C-terminus to the N-terminus. Our results from mechanical unfolding suggest that Luciferase unfolds in a multiple-step process and that the N-terminal domain is the most stable. Interestingly, our results from single-molecule refolding experiments show that complete unfolding causes Luciferase to get trapped in non-native configurations that prevent refolding. In addition, however, these experiments show how partial unfolding of the C-terminal residues of Luciferase - with the N-terminal domain remaining folded - allow the entire protein to robustly refold, which is a novel feature of Luciferase. This feature of refolding indicates that the N-terminal domain of Luciferase may directly be involved in preventing folding into kinetic traps and provides insight on why it has evolved to fold co-translationally. These results represent an important step in understanding the folding landscapes of large proteins and have applications in drug targeting strategies and force-sensing technologies.
RF Magnetic Signal Localization at Very High Magnetic Field Systems

The impetus of this work originated from the advent of high magnetic field magnetic resonance imaging scanners with B0 fields of 4T, 7T, and 9.4T. These ultrahigh magnetic field systems generally improve the signal to noise ratios. However, B1 field non-uniformity also occurs due to the increased RF field frequencies when wavelengths in the head become shorter than its size. As interest in multiple channel transmission line coils increases, the control of the amplitude and phase of individual coil elements is required in order to develop desired B1 field. The choice of the excitation of the coil elements may be determined by convex optimization. Convex optimization is used provides results very fast, when the problem is formulated globally. In addition, convex optimization provides better signal to noise (SNR) ratio when anatomic specific regions are investigated. In this paper, simulation and experimental results are discussed at 9.4T systems based on the number of elements. The primary objective of this study is to increase the signal in a specific target region and decrease the signal and noise in the outside region termed the suppression region. The convex formulations are minimizing the maximum field point in the suppression region while keeping the center of target maximum. Based on this min-max optimization criterion, an iteration method which modifies the selection of suppression fields is also performed to produce better results. The results of the localization on FDTD human data at 9.4T are shown in Fig. 1. In these figures, the axial slices of the center of human head model provided by XFDTD are used after manipulating with MATLAB and the 16 channel head coil is excited. Figure 1 shows an improvement of the homogeneity in the suppression region when the target region is at center. In Fig. 2, received signal localizations are obtained for three different regions of interest (ROI) after using the convex optimization. Note that the selection of ROI is limited by the geometric setting of phantom in the 8-channel TEM head coil. Convex optimization with an iterative method was performed on both the human head and phantom models with operating frequency 400 MHz to design coil channel excitation parameters. By applying the iterative method to the convex optimization, more homogeneous B1 fields are obtained in the suppression region for 9.4T system.
Impact of the presence of amines on the degradation of vinylidene chloride copolymers

Because of the prominence of vinylidene chloride/methyl acrylate copolymers in barrier plastic packing applications, the degradation of these materials continues to be the focus of much interest. The prominent degradation process at moderate temperature (<200°C) is dehydrochlorination. This reaction is a typical radical chain process with distinct initiation, propagation, and termination phases. A principal defect structure responsible for the initiation of degradation is unsaturation along the polymer backbone. Although most stabilization packages for these polymers contain basic components to absorb hydrogen chloride as it is generated, materials sufficiently basic to abstract hydrogen chloride might actually enhance the rate of degradation by introducing double bonds into the polymer structure. That this is the case has been established by the thermogravimetric examination of the degradation of a methyl acrylate (5 mol%)/ vinylidene chloride copolymer in the presence of amines of varying base strengths. In general, the initiation rate constant, kt, for the degradation process is enhanced in the presence of amine.
Alteration of the regulatory properties of chicken liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase by treatment with aspirin.

Abstract Treatment of chicken liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase with aspirin at pH 7.8 desensitizes the enzyme toward inhibiiton by AMP. This treatment also reduces the enzyme affinity for substrate and the enzyme sensitivity to high substrate inhibition. These altered properties remain essentially unchanged even after removal of nearly all aspirin by dialysis or ultrafiltration. They are also stable to hydroxylamine. Salicylate is ineffective in inducing these altered properties. Both the reduced affinity for substrate and the reduced sensitivity to high substrate inhibition are largely prevented by substrate, while AMP specifically prevents the desensitization to allosteric inhibition by AMP.
Superconducting Magnets for Fusion Applications

Fusion magnet technology has made spectacular advances in the past decade; to wit, the Mirror Fusion Test Facility and the Large Coil Project, However, further advances are still required for advanced economigal fusion reactors. Higher fields to 14 T and radiation-hardened supercgndugtors and insulators Will be necessary. Coupled with high rates of nuclear heating and pulsed losses, the next-generation magnets will need still higher current density, better stability and quench protection. Cable-in-conduit gonductors coupled with polyimide insulations and yetter steels seem to be the appropriate path. Neutron fluences up to 1019 neutrons/cm2 in niobium tin are achievable, In the future, other amorphous superconductors could raise these limits further to extend reactor life or decrease the neutron shielding and corresponding reactor size.
Adsorption and recovery of cellulases during hydrolysis of newspaper

The adsorption of cellulases from Trichoderma viride was studied during the hydrolysis of newspaper. By measuring individual enzyme activities it was found that in the early stage of hydrolysis enzyme components showing C/sub x/A were adsorbed preferentially to those showing C/sub 1/A; afterwards this situation was inverted. Electrophoretic resolution of proteins in hydrolysates showed a continuous decrease of enzyme proteins in solution, and furthermore suggested that the enzymes once adsorbed remained immobilized on the substrate (even after extensive digestion). Experiments to recover the enzymes that had remained in solution after typical hydrolysis showed a potential saving of enzyme of up to 40%.
Chemical and Toxicological Evaluations of Isolated and Synthetic Chloro Derivatives of Dibenzo-p-dioxin

ONE of the toxic compounds known as hydropericardium factor (chick oedema factor) is 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodi-benzo-p-dioxin1. Because it is highly improbable that these very toxic compounds are naturally occurring components of the fats from which they have been isolated, the question of their origin has aroused speculation.
Molecular targeted therapies for pancreatic cancer

Abstract Background Pancreatic cancer cells express different mutations that increase the aggressiveness and confer resistance to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Molecules that selectively bind and inhibit these mutations are effective in other solid tumors and are now emerging as a complementary therapy in pancreatic cancer. The objective of this review is to describe the effect of drugs that inhibit specific mutations present in pancreatic cancer with special emphasis on clinical trials. Data sources We reviewed the English-language literature (MedLine) addressing the role of drugs that target mutations present in pancreatic cancer. Both preclinical and clinical studies were included. Conclusions Preclinical evidence supports the combination of conventional approved therapies plus drugs that block epidermal growth factor receptor and vascular growth endothelial factor or induce apoptosis. However, most of the current clinical evidence is limited to small phase I trials evaluating the toxicity and safety of these regimens. The results of additional randomized trials that are still undergoing will clarify the role of these drugs in pancreatic cancer.
The Relationship between Communication Problems and Psychological Difficulties in Persons with Profound Acquired Hearing Loss

Communication strategies, accommodations to deafness, and perceptions of the communication environment by profoundly deaf subjects were correlated with indices of psychosocial adjustment to determi...
Vibrational calculations and potential determination for ArOH* (v=0, 1) and ArOD* (v=0, 1)

Abstract We present calculated vibrational energy intervals for ArOH(D) ( 2 Σ + , v =0 and 1) based on exact vibrational calculations for total angular momentum exclusive of electron spin, N =0 and a centrifugal sudden approximation for N =1. A modification of a previous potential surface for the v =0 complex (J.M. Bowman, B. Gazdy, P. Schafer and M.C. Heaven) is made to include explicit OH(D) vibrational dependence. By a trial-and-error procedure the potential parameters are optimized to give good agreement with experiment for the vibrational energy intervals. Rotation constants are also calculated and are in good agreement with experiment. Vibrational wavefunctions are presented which serve to explain an interesting inverse isotope effect in the van der Waals stretching intervals.
Crystal and molecular structure of a hydrogen-bonded complex containing adenine and hypoxanthine derivatives: 9-Ethyl-8-bromoadenine-9-ethyl-8-bromohypoxanthine☆

Abstract 9-Ethyl-8-bromoadenine and 9-ethyl-8-bromohypoxanthine form a 1:1 hydrogen-bonded complex in the crystalline state. The structure has been determined by three-dimensional X-ray diffraction methods and refined by block diagonal least squares to a final residual of 9.1%. The crystals are triclinic, space group P 1 , with a = 8.55 A , b = 7.23 A , c = 14.65 A , α = 87 ° 8′, β = 102 ° 34′ and γ = 92 ° 25′ . The adenine and hypoxanthine bases form a planar complex, joined by two hydrogen bonds; an N-H…N bond involving N(1) of hypoxanthine and N(7) of adenine, and an N-H…O bond involving the amino group of adenine and the carbonyl oxygen of hypoxanthine. The over-all crystal structure is a sheet-like structure, in which adjacent base pairs are related by a center of symmetry and are connected by hydrogen bonds between the adenine residues. The possible significance of this structure to Crick's “wobble” hypothesis is discussed.
Enter the Dragon: Parenting and Low-Self Control in a Sample of Chinese High School Students

While a number of studies examine the parenting and social bond causes of low self-control in data obtained in the United States, very few focus on these constructs on data collected in international settings. The resulting gap in the literature is a major one in terms of the understanding of how low self-control potentially develops in other countries. This study tests several parenting and social bond models in an attempt to spur future global research on the concepts that are associated with low self-control. The data were collected from a convenience sample of 414 high school students in a suburb of a large Chinese city. Measures of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s parental variables as well as those of other investigators are included. Additionally, important social bonds such as maternal, school, and peer attachment are also specified. Results indicate that almost all of the parenting and bond measures are significantly associated with the development of low self-control. These findings indicate the possibility that both parenting and relationship factors are potentially important to the development of low self-control in Chinese high school students.
POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF HAPLOPAPPUS AND RELATED GENERA (COMPOSITAE—ASTEREAE)

Pollen grains of Haplopappus and related genera in the subtribe Solidaginae from North and South America were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The grains are consistently tricolporate and echinate. Some genera can be distinguished by pollen size, spine length, and number of spine rows between colpi. Based on these characters, the divergence of Benitoa from other members of the subtribe, as indicated by its morphology and secondary chemistry, is supported. Additionally, the recently suggested absence of a close relationship between Pyrrocoma and Oonopsis is indicated by their contrasting pollen types. This study demonstrates the potential of pollen studies in distinguishing some taxonomic groups in the
Identification of serotype II infectious bursal disease virus proteins.

Summary Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of serotype II IBDV (OH and MO strains) purified from infected Vero cells resolved a previously undetected major viral polypeptide, VP2. The molecular weight (MW) of VP2 was different between the two strains of serotype II. It was 43.5 kDa in strain OH and 44 kDa in strain MO. This was higher than the MW of VP2 in SAL strain of serotype I IBDV which was 41 kDa. VPX (50 kDa), VP3 (33 kDa) and VP4 (30.5 kDa) were similar in both serotype II virus strains but were also of higher MW than VPX (48 kDa), VP3 (32 kDa) and VP4 (30 kDa) of SAL virus. VP1 (80 kDa) had the same MW in both serotypes.
Group-Theoretical Selection Rules in Inelastic Neutron Scattering within the Rigid-Molecule Model

The model-independent technique of Elliott and Thorpe (ET) is extended to apply to a class of models in which molecular units undergo translational vibrations with respect to each other and also librations, but in which the internal vibronics of the molecules are neglected. Within the model we find that the ET "structure function" ${F}^{(r)}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}})$, associated with irreducible representation $r$ and momentum transfer $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$, can be written in the form ${F}^{(r)}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}})={F}^{(r)}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}|R)+{F}^{(r)}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}|\ensuremath{\theta})$, where $R$ and $\ensuremath{\theta}$ signify translational and rotational oscillations. Moreover, the translational part is identical to that of ET except that the atomic scattering lengths ${a}_{n}$ which appear in their result are to be replaced by $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$-dependent molecular form factors ${a}_{n}({\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}}^{\ensuremath{'}})$. ${F}^{(r)}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}|\ensuremath{\theta})$ contains a vector form factor equal to $i{\ensuremath{\nabla}}_{{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{a}_{n}({\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, where ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is related to $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$ via a rotation. Mathematically, their result is contained in ours as a special case. Physically, we indicate how to use both procedures in concert, thereby aiding in the identification of $r$ as well as in separating the internal from external vibrations and among the latter, the translational and rotational parts thereof. At the Brillouin-zone boundary we employ the so-called multiplier representations, thereby achieving a simplification both of our results and theirs. By significantly reducing the number of phonon modes to be considered in complex molecular crystals, we have likewise increased the diagnostic power of this method which requires no detailed knowledge of force constants. It is hoped that our results will receive wide application in the identification of phonons in such crystals.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE PRINCELY BURIALS OF THE MING DYNASTY ENFEOFFMENTS

Since the 1950s, archaeological excavations of imperial-clan burials have provided significant insights into the religious beliefs, aesthetic preferences, social structures, and economic practices of imperial family members. This article surveys archaeological findings on intact king/spouse tombs and the Ding Imperial Mausoleum, analyzing how princely burial construction, planning, commissions, decoration, and ritual practices reflected contemporary political reality. As a comparative and comprehensive study that examines variations in burials due to region, status, and artistic traditions, this paper reconstructs the position of princes and how Ming imperial power was observed and controlled. By drawing on a largely overlooked body of evidence provided by material culture, new avenues are opened for further exploration of the practices surrounding death, burials, and commemoration.
A Markov Model for Seasonal Forecast of Antarctic Sea Ice

A linear Markov model has been developed to simulated and predict the short-term climate change in the Antarctic, with particular emphasis on sea ice variability. Seven atmospheric variables along with sea ice were chosen to define the state of the Antarctic climate, and the multivariate empirical orthogonal functions of these variables were used as the building blocks of the model. The predictive skill of the model was evaluated in a cross-validated fashion, and a series of sensitivity experiments was carried out. In both hindcast and forecast experiments, the model showed considerable skill in predicting the anomalous Antarctic sea ice concentration up to 1 yr in advance, especially in austral winter and in the Antarctic dipole regions. The success of the model is attributed to the domination of the Antarctic climate variability by a few distinctive modes in the coupled air‐sea‐ice system and to the model’s ability to detect these modes. This model is presently being used for the experimental seasonal forecasting of Antarctic sea ice, and a current prediction example is presented.
Manure and microbes: public and animal health problem?

Most environmental concerns about waste management either have focused on the effects of nutrients, especially N and P, on water quality or have emphasized odor problems and air quality. Microbes from manure are often low on the priority list for control and remediation, despite the fact that several outbreaks of gastroenteritis have been traced to livestock operations. The pathogens discussed in this paper include protozoans ( Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia spp.), bacteria ( Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) , and some enteric viruses. Clinical symptoms, prospects for zoonotic infection, and control methods other than the use of antimicrobials are considered. Recommendations to avoid disease transmission include taking steps to ensure the provision of clean, unstressful environments to reduce disease susceptibility and the careful handling and spreading of manure from animals at high risk for infection, especially young calves. Composting and drying of manure decrease the number of viable pathogens. Environmental controls, such as filter strips, also reduce the risk of water contamination.
Computer-aided microbial identification using decision trees

Abstract This paper will demonstrate the utility of using machine learning methods to develop more efficient microbial identification (ID) techniques. The use of computer algorithms to create new decision trees can improve efficiency and increase systematization in the field of microbiology. Preliminary results indicate that decision tree algorithms can create new structures that require fewer tests on average to reach a positive identification of an unknown organism. Including test time and cost factors can make further improvements, resulting in systems that are more time-efficient and/or cost-effective. Machine learning techniques can also create customized ID systems for specific applications. This paper will explain the induction of decision trees and show examples of their use in microbial ID.
Atypical morphology of dark septate fungal root endophytes of Bouteloua in arid southwestern USA rangelands

Native grasses of semi-arid rangelands of the southwestern USA are more extensively colonized by dark septate endophytes (DSE) than by traditional mycorrhizal fungi. Roots of dominant grasses (Bouteloua sp.) native to arid southwestern USA rangelands were prepared and stained using stains specific for fungi (trypan blue) and for lipids (sudan IV). This revealed extensive internal colonization of physiologically active roots by atypical fungal structures that appear to function as protoplasts, without a distinguishable wall or with very thin hyaline walls that escape detection by methods staining specifically for fungal chitin. These structures were presumed to be active fungal stages that progressed to form stained or melanized septate hyphae and microsclerotia characteristic of DSE fungi within dormant roots. The most conspicuous characteristic of these fungi were the unique associations that formed within sieve elements and the accumulation of massive quantities of lipids. This interface suggests a biologically significant location for carbon transfer between the plant and fungus. The continuous intimate association with all sieve elements, cortical and epidermal cells as well as external extension on the root surface and into the soil indicates that they are systemic and considerably more prevalent than previously thought. A fungal network associated with a mucilaginous complex observed on the root surface and its potential role in root function in dry soil is discussed. It is suggested that those fungi that non-pathogenically and totally colonize plant cells be classed as systemic endophytic fungi (SEF). This would refine the broad designation of DSE fungi. The potential mutualistic benefit of SEF for native plants in arid ecosystems based on the extent of lipid accumulation and its apparent distribution is discussed.
Comparison of vital capacity in normal and poliomyelitic subjects.

1. No significant difference was found in the vital-capacity quotients of subjects in the sitting and in the standing position. 2. The loss of height that might be present in a scoliotic patient as the result of the lateral curvature of the spine does not produce enough change in the calculated body surface area of that patient to cause significant changes in the vital-capacity quotient. 3. Subjects with extensive respiratory-muscle paralysis and with a history of having been treated in respirators exhibited vital-capacity quotients significantly lower than those found in normal controls for their age and sex. 4. There was no significant difference in the vital-capacity quotients between normal and non-scoliotic, non-respiratory poliomyelitic male and female subjects. 5. There was no significant difference in the vital-capacity quotients between normal and poliomyelitic scoliotic subjects when the degree of deformity was slight or moderate. However, in severe scoliosis an appreciable reduction in vital-capacity quotients was observed. 6. Non-poliomyelitic scoliotic subjects with either thoracolumbar, primary lumbar, primary thoracic, or primary double curve patterns with angular deformities of less than 45 degrees were found to have vital-capacity quotients which were within normal limits. A significant reduction in vital capacity was found in subjects with the thoracic pattern when the angular deformity exceeded 45 degrees.
Demographic Factors Associated With Bronchiolitis Readmission

Objectives: The goal of this study was to evaluate patient characteristics and medical management and their association with readmission in children with bronchiolitis. Methods: This retrospective chart review included children admitted with bronchiolitis to 2 children’s hospitals. Reviewers selected charts based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, diagnosis and collected information on demographic characteristics, treatment, diagnostic testing, length of stay, and adverse outcomes. Univariate analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with any-cause readmission in 4 weeks. Results: A total of 1229 patients met inclusion criteria. Younger children were more likely to be readmitted within 4 weeks of discharge compared with older children (mean age: 4.5 vs 5.7 months; P = .005). Readmissions did not differ based on length of stay, and no medical intervention was associated with risk for readmission. Of patients readmitted from the large service area hospital, 57% lived ≤20 miles away, compared with 26.9% of those who were not readmitted (P = .03). Patients from the lowest income zip codes within the catchment area of the small service area hospital were more likely to be readmitted compared with patients from the highest income zip codes (7.8% vs 0%; P = .025). Conclusions: Overall, 6.4% of hospitalized patients with bronchiolitis were readmitted. Our data did not identify any inpatient medical management or modifiable risk factor associated with readmission.
Reexploring transport geography and networks: A case study of container shipments to the West Coast of the United States

After a meteoric rise to prominence in the 1990s, the practice of conceptualizing the relationships between places in terms of networks has recently come under fire within economic geography. Its critics claim that networks are ‘fuzzy’, ‘anemic’, and ‘overendowed’. Others have criticized the network approach for its insensitivity to the way in which power is transmitted unevenly across networks. However, these are not necessarily failings of the network metaphor but, rather, of its employment to date within economic geography. Where most economic geographers have come to see the network metaphor as a way of representing connections between the nodes that they study (frequently cities or firms), transport geographers have long taken the network itself as the principal object of study. In the research of many transport geographers, networks appear as powerful agents shaping the places they connect. Incorporation of lessons drawn from transport geography into the burgeoning literature on networks in economic...
The Laminin–Nidogen Complex is a Ligand for a Specific Splice Isoform of the Transmembrane Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase LAR

Leukocyte antigen–related protein (LAR) is a prototype for a family of transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatases whose extracellular domain is composed of three Ig and several fibronectin type III (FnIII) domains. Complex alternative splicing of the LAR-FnIII domains 4–8 has been observed. The extracellular matrix laminin–nidogen complex was identified as a ligand for the LAR-FnIII domain 5 (Fn5) using a series of GST-LAR-FnIII domain fusion proteins and testing them in in vitro ligand-binding assays. LAR– laminin–nidogen binding was regulated by alternative splicing of a small exon within the LAR-Fn5 so that inclusion of this exon sequence resulted in disruption of the laminin–nidogen-binding activity. Long cellular processes were observed when HeLa cells were plated on laminin–nidogen, but not when plated on a fibronectin surface. Indirect immunofluorescent antibody staining revealed high expression of LAR in a punctate pattern, throughout the length of these cellular processes observed on laminin–nidogen. Antibody-induced cross-linking of LAR inhibited formation of these cellular processes, and inhibition was correlated with changes in cellular actin cytoskeletal structure. Thus, LAR–laminin–nidogen binding may play a role in regulating cell signaling induced by laminin–nidogen, resulting in cell morphological changes.
Insulin-sensitizing and cholesterol-lowering effects of chromium (D-Phenylalanine)3.

Low-molecular weight organic chromium complexes are thought to play a key role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and therefore have been gaining popularity as nutritional supplement for patients with diabetes and concomitant lipid disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a novel synthetic chromium (D-phenylalanine)3 complex on insulin-sensitivity, plasma lipidprofile and oxidant stress in a mouse model of type II diabetes. Plasma glucose levels following intraperitoneal insulin-challenge (1 U/kg) to obese ob/ob(+/+) mice treated with Cr(D-Phe)3 (150 lg/kg/day for 6 weeks) were significantly lower compared to vehicle-control (control: 175.8 ± 43.2 mg/dL versus Cr(D-Phe)3 115.3 ± 18.0 mg/dL, p < 0.01, n = 12). Total serum cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio was significantly reduced following Cr(D-Phe)3-treatment (control: 2.19 ± 0.08 versus Cr(D-Phe)3 1.63 ± 0.05; p < 0.05). Hepatic oxidant stress, assessed as malondialdehyde equivalents and protein-carbonyl content were significantly attenuated following Cr(DPhe)3 treatment. The complex also inhibited lipid-peroxidation in vitro, in a concentration dependent manner. Taken together, these data suggest that Cr(D-Phe)3 may be of potential value in the therapy or prophylaxis of insulin-resistance and dyslipidemia associated with obesity.
Investigating the alternative-sensitivity of "know"

Several semantic analyses of know have been proposed in recent years to account for the so-called Gettier Problem. These analyses make distinct predictions regarding the sensitivity of know to the alternative possibilities expressed by its complement, as induced by expressions such as disjunction. These predictions were tested in two experiments. Results show that knowledge sentences with a disjunctive complement (e.g., John knows that Mary has a son or a daughter) are more likely to be judged as false than classically-equivalent sentences with non- disjunctive complements (e.g., John knows that Mary has a child) under Gettier-like scenarios. We discuss how these findings provide evidence for the alternative- sensitive approach to know.
Functional synapses are formed between human NTera2 (NT2N, hNT) neurons grown on astrocytes

The formation of functional synapses is a late milestone of neuronal differentiation. The establishment of functional synapses can be used to assess neuronal characteristics of different cell lines. In the present study, we examined the in vitro conditions that influence the ability of human neurons derived from the NT2 cell line (NT2N neurons) to establish synapses. The morphologic, immunologic, and electrophysiologic characteristics of these synapses was examined. In the absence of astrocytes, NT2N neurons rarely formed synapses and their action potentials were weak and uncommon. In contrast, when plated on primary astrocytes, NT2N neurons were able to form both glutamatergic excitatory (71%) and GABAergic inhibitory (29%) functional synapses whose properties (kinetics, ion selectivity, pharmacology, and ultrastructure) were similar to those of synapses of neurons in primary cultures. In addition, coculture of NT2N neurons with astrocytes modified the morphology of the neurons and extended their in vitro viability to more than 1 year. Because astrocyte-conditioned medium did not produce these effects, we infer that direct contact between NT2N neurons and astrocytes is required. These results suggest that NT2N neurons are similar to primary neurons in their synaptogenesis and their requirement for glial support for optimal survival and maturation. This system provides a model for further investigations into the neurobiology of synapses formed by human neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 407:1–10, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hot and cold in Drosophila larvae

Temperature is one of our most important physical cues, with extremes eliciting painful sensory warnings of tissue damage. Two recent publications present findings in Drosophila that implicate different neural substrates for low- and high-temperature responses, as well as indicating that a transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family member, painless, plays a role in these responses.
Multi-segment wavelength routing in large-scale optical networks

In this paper we present three wavelength routing algorithms, "end-to-end", concatenated shortest path" and "hierarchical routing" for large-scale optical networks where optical paths traverse a number of networking segments interconnected by gateways. We analyze them with respect to the type of traffic, i.e. global vs. local and consider different requirements on wavelength routing based on gateway adaptation capabilities (wavelength merging, conversion or waveband interchange). Finally, for examples of regional all-optical networks interconnected over an all-optical WDM backbone under a variety of traffic conditions, we present and compare numerical results of blocking performances of different routing algorithms and gateway selection strategies.
Mechanistic distinctions between agrin and laminin-1 induced aggregation of acetylcholine receptors.

Background One of the earliest steps in synaptogenesis at the neuromuscular junction is the aggregation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the postsynaptic membrane. This study presents quantitative analyses of receptor and α-Dystroglycan aggregation in response to agrin and laminin-1, alone or in combination.
Terrestrial carbon sink in the Northern Hemisphere estimated from the atmospheric CO2 difference between Mauna Loa and the South Pole since 1959

The diVerence between Mauna Loa and South Pole atmospheric CO 2 concentrations from 1959 to the present scales linearly with CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel burning and cement production (together called fossil CO 2 ). An extrapolation to zero fossil CO 2 emission has been used to suggest that the atmospheric CO 2 concentration at Mauna Loa was 0.8 ppm less than that at the South Pole before the industrial revolution, associated with a northward atmospheric transport of about 1 Gt C yr −1 (Keeling et al. 1989a). Mass conservation requires an equal southward transport in the ocean. However, our ocean general circulation and biogeochemistry model predicts a much smaller pre-industrial carbon transport. Here, we present a new analysis of the Mauna Loa and South Pole CO 2 data, using a general circulation model and a 2-box model of the atmosphere. It is suggested that the present CO 2 diVerence between Mauna Loa and the South Pole is caused by, in addition to fossil CO 2 sources and sinks, a pre-industrial interhemispheric flux of 0.5–0.7 Gt C yr −1 , and a terrestrial sink of 0.8–1.2 Gt C yr −1 in the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere, balanced by a tropical deforestation source that has been operating continuously in the period from 1959 to the present. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-4-00001.x
The Contribution of Nicholas John Spykman to the Study of International Politics

Ten years ago Harcourt, Brace and Company published America's Strategy in World Politics . It was written by Nicholas John Spykman, Professor of International Relations at Yale University from 1928 until his death in 1943, and first director of the Institute of International Studies at Yale. Critics recognized that the book was important, but agreed on little else. One reviewer hailed it as “brilliant, incisive, provocative, well-reasoned, well-written, and altogether admirable as an analysis of American foreign policy from a point of view all too long neglected in the United States.” On the other hand, a second reviewer bitterly asked, “What were those eminent scholars at Yale thinking about when they let such an idea loose [that the United States might need German and Japanese power after the war]? … Such guessing and surmising is not objective political science, it is not anything but the expression of mental discomfort that the learned gentleman feels in a world that, despite his own cold-blooded cult of political realism, does not appear to be moving in the direction suggested by his own wishful thinking.” And there was more, much more, both pro and con. Despite a laudatory, front-page review, complete with picture, in the New York Times Book Review , Professor Spykman probably, if the score were totaled, did no better than break even.
Heat and radiofrequency plasma glow discharge pretreatment of a titanium alloy promote bone formation and osseointegration.

Orthopedic and dental implants manifest increased failure rates when inserted into low density bone. We determined whether chemical pretreatments of a titanium alloy implant material stimulated new bone formation to increase osseointegration in vivo in trabecular bone using a rat model. Titanium alloy rods were untreated or pretreated with heat (600°C) or radiofrequency plasma glow discharge (RFGD). The rods were then coated with the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (1 nM) or left uncoated and surgically implanted into the rat femoral medullary cavity. Animals were euthanized 3 or 6 weeks later, and femurs were removed for analysis. The number of trabeculae in contact with the implant surface, surface contact between trabeculae and the implant, and the length and area of bone attached to the implant were measured by histomorphometry. Implant shear strength was measured by a pull-out test. Both pretreatments and fibronectin enhanced the number of trabeculae bonding with the implant and trabeculae-to-implant surface contact, with greater effects of fibronectin observed with pretreated compared to untreated implants. RFGD pretreatment modestly increased implant shear strength, which was highly correlated (r2 = 0.87–0.99) with measures of trabecular bonding for untreated and RFGD-pretreated implants. In contrast, heat pretreatment increased shear strength 3–5-fold for both uncoated and fibronectin-coated implants at 3 and 6 weeks, suggesting a more rapid increase in implant-femur bonding compared to the other groups. In summary, our findings suggest that the heat and RFGD pretreatments can promote the osseointegration of a titanium alloy implant material. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 2363–2374, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stink Bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and their Natural Enemies in Alfalfa in South Georgia

Abstract The objective of this 3-yr study was to determine species composition and abundance of stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and their natural enemies in alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., in Georgia. Six species of phytophagous stink bugs, Nezara viridula (L.), Euschistus servus (Say), Thyanta custator custator (F.), Euschistus quadrator Rolston, Oebalus pugnax pugnax (F.), and Chinavia hilaris (Say), and one predatory species, Podisus maculiventris (Say), occurred in alfalfa. Generally, density of N. viridula, the predominant stink bug species, was high in seeding alfalfa in the late spring-early summer, and parasitization of this stink bug by Trichopoda pennipes (F.) could reach high levels as density of the pest increased in the crop. Euschistus servus and T. c. custator together comprised the second most predominant group of stink bugs in this crop. Based on seasonal occurrence of nymphs (all 5 instars) and adults, nymphal development time, ovarian development time, and reproductive status of adu...