cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hardwoods on pine sites: competition or antagonistic symbiosis

Abstract Early development of natural loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) regeneration was monitored in two research studies and two research demonstrations between 1980 and 1989 in southern Arkansas. Site preparation and hardwood control incorporated the use of herbicides, mechanical treatments, or prescribed burning to facilitate the establishment of natural pine regeneration in accordance with two reproduction cutting methods — selection and shelterwood — on upland pine sites. All treatments resulted in satisfactory density and per cent stocking of pine regeneration within the first 3 years. Growth of that regeneration excelled in one research study and on one demonstration area, but was impaired on the other two areas, apparently by an overabundance of herbaceous vegetation. Where an understory and midstory hardwood cover preceded the pine reproduction cuts, herbaceous vegetation was nearly absent and subsequent growth of the pine regeneration was excellent.
∗-Trek III: the search for Ramond–Ramond couplings

Abstract We give a detailed discussion of the disk amplitudes with one closed string insertion, which we used to construct the supergravity couplings of noncommutative D-branes to the RR potentials, given in hep-th/0104139 . We prove the inclusion of Elliott's formula, the integer-valued modification of the noncommutative Chern character, to all orders in the gauge field. We also give a detailed comparison between the form of the result in which Elliott's formula is manifest, and the form expressed in Matrix model variables.
Interactions Among Friction, Wear, and System Stiffness—Part 2: Vibrations Induced by Dry Friction

Different types of vibrations induced by dry friction are investigated by means of a model apparatus described in Part 1. The structural model is obtained from the measurement of the modal frequencies and damping ratios of three degrees of freedom. The oscillations in the normal and frictional forces, as well as the slider vibrations, have been measured and analyzed. As the normal load is increased, four different regions of vibrations are observed corresponding to the four friction regimes discussed in a companion paper. Small oscillations are encountered at low values of the normal load and they are possibly caused by random surface irregularities. The vibration characteristics are changed when transition occurs from steady state friction. When the normal load is further increased, self-excited periodic vibrations are produced. The spectra of the oscillations are related to the modal frequencies. Self-excited vibrations are analyzed on the basis of the experimental data. 12 references, 6 figures, 1 table.
Orbital Instabilities in a Triaxial Cusp Potential

This paper constructs an analytic form for a triaxial potential that describes the dynamics of a wide variety of astrophysical systems, including the inner portions of dark matter halos, the central regions of galactic bulges, and young embedded star clusters. Specifically, this potential results from a density profile of the form ρ(m) ∝ m-1, where the radial coordinate is generalized to triaxial form so that m2 = x2/a2 + y2/b2 + z2/c2. Using the resulting analytic form of the potential and the corresponding force laws, we construct orbit solutions and show that a robust orbit instability exists in these systems. For orbits initially confined to any of the three principal planes, the motion in the perpendicular direction can be unstable. We discuss the range of parameter space for which these orbits are unstable, find the growth rates and saturation levels of the instability, and develop a set of analytic model equations that elucidate the essential physics of the instability mechanism. This orbit instability has a large number of astrophysical implications and applications, including understanding the formation of dark matter halos, the structure of galactic bulges, the survival of tidal streams, and the early evolution of embedded star clusters.
Kinetics of a diffusive capture process: lamb besieged by a pride of lions

The survival probability, , of a diffusing prey (`lamb') in the proximity of N diffusing predators (a `pride of lions') in one dimension is investigated. When the lions are all to one side of the lamb, the survival probability decays as a non-universal power law, , with the decay exponent proportional to . The crossover behaviour as a function of the relative diffusivities of the lions and the lamb is also discussed. When , the lamb survival probability exhibits a log-normal decay, .
Short‐Run and Long‐Run Dynamics of Exchange Rates with Sticky Prices

This paper constructs microfoundations for the nexus between sticky goods prices and exchange rate overshooting. Based on an asset-pricing model, this paper describes how the exchange rate responds to a monetary shock in the short run and adjusts in later periods to a new long-run rate. In an environment where goods prices are sticky, the short-run response of the exchange rate to a monetary shock depends on the elasticity of consumption demand. The long-run exchange rate always shifts equiproportionately to a monetary shock regardless of the parameter values and is reached many periods after the shock.
High-efficiency Ga1-xAlxAs-GaAs solar cells

Abstract Heterojunction solar cells consisting of pGa 1-x Al x As-pGaAs-nGaAs are grown by liquid-phase epitaxy and exhibit power conversion efficiencies of over 16% (corrected for contact area) measured in sunlight for air mass (AM)1 at sea level, whereas efficiencies of 19% – 20% are obtained for AM2 or more. The improved efficiencies compared with conventional homojunction (Si and GaAs) cells are attributed to the reduction of series resistance and the reduction of surface recombination losses resulting from the presence of the heavily doped Ga 1-x Al x As layer. Open-circuit voltages of 0.98 – 1.0 V and short-circuit currents of 18 – 21 mA −1 cm −2 (corrected for contact area) are observed for a solar input intensity of 98.3 mW cm −2 .
Some Design Considerations for Large Space Structures

Physical characteristics of large skeletal frameworks for space applications are investigated by analyzing one concept: the tetrahedral truss, which is idealized as a sandwich plate with isotropic faces. Appropriate analytical relations are presented in terms of the truss column-element properties, which for calculations were taken as slender graphite/epoxy tubes. Column loads, resulting from gravity-gradient control and orbital transfer, are found to be small for the class structure investigated. Fundamental frequencies of large truss structures are shown to be an order of magnitude lower than large earth-based structures. Permissible loads are shown to result in small lateral deflections of the truss due to low strain at Euler buckling of the slender graphite/epoxy truss column elements. Lateral thermal deflections are found to be a fraction of the truss depth using graphite/epoxy columns.
Phase Compatibilities in the System Y2O3‐BaO‐CuO at 950°C

We report the compatibility relationships between compounds, including the newly discovered superconducting Y1Ba2Cu3Ox phase, in the Y2O3-BaO-CuO system at 950°C. In addition to the previously reported ternary compounds, there is a new compound with a composition YlBa3Cu2Ox. The new compound is a perovskite 'space group P4mm) with lattice parameters a =4.078 A (0.4078 nm) and c =4.01 A (0.401 nm). There are also at least two structurally distinguishable binary phases between barium oxide and the known BaCuO2, but they appear to be hygroscopic and are beyond our current capabilities of analysis.
Highly innovative small firms in the markets for technology

Abstract Long-lived small firms with a substantial, public record of innovative success are the focus of this paper. We label such firms “serial innovators” and argue that they are often specialist suppliers in markets for technology. To survive as specialist suppliers, firms must produce technology that is broadly tradable. Using Arora, Fosfuri and Gambardella's markets-for-technology framework, we hypothesize that such technology has certain characteristics. It is: high quality, general purpose, broadly based, quite basic, and concentrated in newer generations of technology. We find that serial innovators, survivors among the specialist technology suppliers, have mastered innovating in technology with these characteristics. This helps explain why these firms have become serious players in these markets—at least for a few years until a new generation of technology emerges.
Sum-rate optimal power policies for energy harvesting transmitters in an interference channel

This paper considers a two-user Gaussian interference channel with energy harvesting transmitters. Different than conventional battery powered wireless nodes, energy harvesting transmitters have to adapt transmission to availability of energy at a particular instant. In this setting, the optimal power allocation problem to maximize the sum throughput with a given deadline is formulated. The convergence of the proposed iterative coordinate descent method for the problem is proved and the short-term throughput maximizing offline power allocation policy is found. Examples for interference regions with known sum capacities are given with directional waterfilling interpretations. Next, stochastic data arrivals are addressed. Finally, online and/or distributed near-optimal policies are proposed. Performance of the proposed algorithms are demonstrated through simulations.
High alpha aerodynamic control by tangential fuselage blowing

This work explores the effect of tangential blowing on the vortical structures that develop around a tangent-ogive cylinder configuration at high angle of attack. A lateral force results if blowing is applied asymmetrically. The study is conducted numerically by solving the three-dimensional, compressible-flow Navier-Stokes equations. The computation was done for a Reynolds number of 52,000, Mach number of 0.2, blowing momentum coefficients of 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4, and angle of attack of 10, 30, and 45 deg. Only asymmetrical blowing was considered. Surface streamlines, helicity contours and pressure distributions are obtained for each case.
Utilization of tetrabutylammonium triphenyldifluorosilicate (TBAT) in the synthesis of 6-fluoropurine nucleosides.

Abstract Tetrabutylammonium triphenydifluorosilicate (TBAT) has been found to be a useful reagent for the conversion of 6-chloropurine nucleosides to 6-fluoropurine derivatives. The 6-chloropurine nucleosides were reacted with trimethylamine to form quaternary trimethylammonium salts which were treated in situ with TBAT in DMF to effect conversion to the 6-fluoro derivatives in yields of 59–72%.
On the natural selection rule in general linear models

We consider a problem of selecting the best treatment in a general linear model. We look at the properties of the natural selection rule. It is shown that the natural selection rule is minimax under to “0–1” loss function and it is a Bayes rule under a monotone permutation invariant loss function with respect to a permutation invariant prior for every variance balanced design. Some other condition on the design matrix is given so that a Bayes rule with respect to a normal prior will be of simple structure.
Radiopharmaceuticals for Nuclear Endocrinology at the University of Michigan

The historical background at the University of Michigan laid a foundation for the innovative development of radionuclides in diagnosis and treatment of endocrine diseases. From that background, Dr. William Beierwaltes, the chief of Nuclear Medicine, inspired two talented young chemists to synthesize unique radiopharmaceuticals that transformed diagnostic approaches to certain endocrine disorders. Dr. Raymond Counsell's 131-I-radiocholesterol, enabled imaging that defined function in the adrenal cortex, and thereby distinguished the different forms of Cushing's syndrome and of primary aldosteronism; in addition, this new technique differentiated benign adrenal cortical adenomas from other adrenal cortical tumors. Dr. Donald Wieland created metaiodobenzlylguanidine (MIBG), a compound that can be tagged with either 131-I or 123-I, and led to the scintigraphic depiction of adrenergic tumors, particularly pheochromocytomas and neuroblastoma, anywhere in the body of a patient. Treatments with large doses of MIBG have reduced the malignant forms of pheochromocytomas and brought remissions to children with neuroblastomas. MIBG also concentrated in the autonomic neurons and so the nerves of the heart were also portrayed. Subsequent novel syntheses included positron-emitting nuclides that, through positron emission tomography, have revealed the physiology and altered physiology of the human heart. These men and their discoveries exemplify the creative endeavors that compel us to seek further the wonders of nuclear science.
Gaussian beams in near-zero transition metamaterials

Abstract We theoretically and numerically investigate the phenomenon of resonant field enhancement of Gaussian beams in two types of transition metamaterials: with a positive-zero-negative index profile and with a positive-zero-positive index profile and demonstrate strongly localized resonant field enhancement in both cases. This study is likely to have applications in the fields of nonlinear and transformation optics and lays a foundation for the studies of more complex vector and vortex beam propagation in graded-index metamaterials.
Methods for limiting arc flash hazards while maintaining system selectivity

Coordination studies utilize time current curves to determine the extent to which upstream overcurrent protective device pick-up and time delays must be increased to provide selectivity with downstream devices. These increases in device time delays result in increased let through energy and greater arc flash hazards. Advanced breaker trip unit technologies, including zone selective interlock, maintenance mode, and enhanced time current curve adjustment options, limit let through energy and reduce arc flash hazards without compromising system selectivity. This paper will detail how these new technologies can be utilized within cement facilities to enhance system reliability and protect personnel.
Feasibility of hydrogen production from coal electrolysis at intermediate temperatures

Abstract Hydrogen production via coal electrolysis was evaluated at intermediate temperatures (40–108 °C). A coal electrolytic cell (CEC) was designed and constructed to carry out galvanostatic experiments with concentrated electrolyte (4 M H2SO4). Operating temperatures above 100 °C were found to significantly improve the kinetics of electro-oxidation of coal, coal conversion, and CO2/coal Faradaic efficiency. CO2/coal Faradaic efficiencies and coal conversions of up to 57.29 and 3.21%, respectively, were observed at 108 °C.
Modeling full-length video using Markov-modulated gamma-based framework

All traffic models for MPEG-like encoded variable bit rate (VBR) video can be broadly categorized into (1) data-rate models (DRMs) and (2) frame-size models (FSMs). Almost all proposed VBR traffic models are DRMs. DRMs generate only data arrival rate, and are good for estimating average packet-loss and ATM buffer overflowing probabilities, but fail to identify such details as percentage of frames affected. FSMs generate sizes of individual MPEG frames, and are good for studying frame loss rate in addition to data loss rate. Among three previously proposed FSMs: (1) one generates frame sizes for full-length movies without preserving group-of-pictures (GOP) periodicity; (2) one generates VBR video traffic for news videos from scene content description provided to it; and (3) one generates frame sizes for full-length movies without preserving size-based video-segment transitions. We propose two FSMs that generate frame sizes for full-length VBR videos preserving both GOP periodicity and size-based video-segment transitions. First, two-pass algorithms for analysis of full-length VBR videos are presented. After two-pass analysis, these algorithms identify size-based classes of video shots into which the GOPs are partitioned. Frames in each class produce three data sets, one each for I-, B-, and P-type frames. Each of these data sets is modeled with an axis-shifted gamma distribution. Markov renewal processes model (size-based) video segment transitions. We have used quartile-quartile (QQ) plots to show visual similarity of model-generated VBR video data sets with original data set. Leaky-bucket simulation study has been used to show similarity of data and frame loss rates between model-generated VBR videos and original video. Our study of frame-based VBR video revealed that even a low data-loss rate could affect a large fraction of I frames, causing a significant degradation of the quality of transmitted video.
Single-cycle optical pulses synchronized with molecular oscillations

Molecular modulation can produce an ultra-broad spectrum of infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light. This technique relies on the adiabatic preparation of highly coherent molecular vibrations or rotations in large ensembles of molecules. Coherent molecular motion leads to laser frequency modulation, and results in an efficient collinear generation of equidistant mutually coherent sidebands. In this paper I discuss perspectives for using this light source to synthesize sub-cycle and non-sinusoidal light pulses that are perfectly synchronized with the molecular oscillations in the given molecular system. These pulses provide a unique tool for studying ultra-fast atomic and molecular dynamics.
Double Quantum Groups and Iwasawa Decomposition

Abstract The double quantum groups C q[D(G)] = C q[G] ⋈ C q[G] are the Hopf algebras underlying the complex quantum groups of which the simplest example is the quantum Lorentz group. They are nonstandard quantizations of the double groupG × G. We construct a corresponding quantized universal enveloping algebraUq( d ( g )) and prove that the pairing between C q[D(G)] andUq( d ( g )) is nondegenerate. We analyze the representation theory of these C q[D(G)], give a detailed version of the Iwasawa decomposition proved by Podles and Woronowicz for the quantum Lorentz group, and show that C q[D(G)] is noetherian. Finally we outline how to construct more general nonstandard quantum groups using quantum double groups and their generalizations.
Segmentation of merged characters by neural networks and shortest path

Abstract A major problem with a neural network-based approach to printed character recognition is the segmentation of merged characters. A hybrid method is proposed which combines a neural network-based deferred segmentation scheme with conventional immediate segmentation techniques. In the deferred segmentation, a neural network is employed to distinguish single characters from composites. To find a proper vertical cut that separates a composite, a shortest-path algorithm seeking minimal-penalty curved cuts is used. Integrating those components with a multiresolution neural network OCR and an efficient spelling checker, the resulting system significantly improves its ability to read omnifont document text.
Phase Separation in Mixtures of Hard Core Bosons

A theoretical investigation of boson versions of the $t\ensuremath{-}J$ and $t\ensuremath{-}{J}_{z}$ models on the square lattice is carried out. In the $t\ensuremath{-}{J}_{z}$ model, phase separation between a hole-rich and a hole-free phase occurs, at sufficiently low hole doping, for arbitrarily small values of ${J}_{z}$. The boson $t\ensuremath{-}J$ model, instead, features a uniform ground state at any doping for $J/t\ensuremath{\le}1.5$. No evidence of a striped ground state is found. Relevance of this study to the corresponding fermion models is discussed. Fermi statistics is found to enhance the tendency toward phase separation; in particular, phase separation is predicted, at low doping, in the fermion $t\ensuremath{-}{J}_{z}$ model, at all values of ${J}_{z}$.
Managing Delegation in the FDA: Reducing Delay in New-Drug Review

This article examines the effects of the user fee reform on the speed of drug review in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The results show that even after controlling for increased agency resources, the reform reduced review times among new-drug approvals by 34 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 11 to 51 percent, p = .01). The results suggest that increased agency resources alone cannot explain the reductions in drug-review times. Evidence suggests that other reform-specific factors facilitated the change. Such factors may include the agency's desire to obtain program renewal and secure future fee revenues as well as heightened industry monitoring. Additional results show that there were significant increases in the speed of review for novel drugs in the reform era and for drugs in certain classes that have historically experienced longer delays. The results suggest that the user fee reform has helped politicians manage delegation and reduce delay in new-drug review.
The sectoral structure of poverty during an adjustment period : evidence for Indonesia in the mid-1980s

The authors examine the structure of poverty in Indonesia by sector of employment, and how it changed during the adjustment period, 1984 to 1987. They find that, while aggregate poverty decreased during the period, the gains to the poor were quite uneven across regions and sectors. Gains to the rural sector in key regions were quantitatively important to Indonesia's success in alleviating poverty, they found. Most poverty exists -- and most gains in alleviating poverty were made -- in the rural farming sector. These gains were associated with crop diversification and continued growth in off-farm employment. The government's adjustment program favored rural areas and were crucial to Indonesia's evident success at maintaining momentum in alleviating poverty. However, one should not underrate the favorable conditions in Indonesia when adjustment started.
Gas-Phase Chemistry of Methyl(trimethylsilyl)germylene

Abstract The products obtained from the vacuum flow pyrolysis of (Me3Si)2GeHMe in the presence of excess 2,3-dimethylbutadiene point to the generation of the alpha -silylgermylene Me3Si-Ge-Me, and to its rearrangement via intramolecular C-H insertion to form a silagermirane whose ring-opening leads to isomeric beta -silylgermylenes. Dimerization of Me3Si-Ge-Me to a digermene followed by a sequence of rearrangements is also indicated. Fragmentation of silagermirane intermediates to a heteroene and a divalent species is an important process under these conditions. No products were found that demand the rearrangement of Me3Si-Ge-Me to Me2Si=GeMe2 via a methyl shift. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Renormalization of the neutrino mass operator

Abstract A small neutrino Majorana mass can arise in the Standard Model as an effective dimension 5 operator. We calculate the renormalization of this operator in the minimal Standard Model and in its two-Higgs-doublet and supersymmetric extensions. Renormalization from the scale of lepton number violation (e.g., the Planck scale or a GUT scale) to the weak scale decreases the strength of this operator by an order of magnitude or more if the top quark and Higgs boson masses are large. Neutrino mixing angles also run with momentum. We show instances where small mixing at a high scale becomes large at the weak scale, and vice versa.
Scalar-dissipation modeling for passive and active scalars: A priori study using direct numerical simulation

Abstract Transitional databases from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of three-dimensional mixing layers for single-phase flows and two-phase flows with evaporation are analyzed and used to examine the typical hypothesis that the scalar-dissipation probability distribution function (PDF) may be modeled as a Gaussian. The databases encompass a singlecomponent fuel and four multicomponent fuels, two initial Reynolds numbers ( Re ), two mass loadings for two-phase flows and two free-stream gas temperatures. Using the DNS-calculated moments of the scalar-dissipation PDF, it is shown, consistent with existing experimental information on single-phase flows, that the Gaussian is a modest approximation of the DNS-extracted PDF, particularly poor in the range of the high scalar-dissipation values, which are significant for turbulent reaction rate modeling in non-premixed flows using flamelet models. With the same DNS-calculated moments of the scalar-dissipation PDF and making a change of variables, a model of this PDF is proposed in the form of the β -PDF which is shown to approximate much better the DNS-extracted PDF, particularly in the regime of the high scalar-dissipation values. Several types of statistical measures are calculated over the ensemble of the 14 databases. For each statistical measure, the proposed β -PDF model is shown to be superior to the Gaussian in approximating the DNS-extracted PDF. Additionally, the agreement between the DNS-extracted PDF and the β -PDF even improves when the comparison is performed for higher initial- Re layers, whereas the comparison with the Gaussian is independent of the initial Re values. For two-phase flows, the comparison between the DNS-extracted PDF and the β -PDF also improves with increasing free-stream gas temperature and mass loading. The higher fidelity approximation of the DNS-extracted PDF by the β -PDF with increasing Re , gas temperature and mass loading bodes well for turbulent reaction rate modeling.
Syntheses of some hexacarboxylic acid derivatives of hexaazatriphenylene

Synthetic methods and product characterizations for the conversions of 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarboxylic acid to the corresponding triester triacid, triamic acid, triimide, triester triacid chloride, trimethyl triethyl hexaester, trimethyl ester tri(N,N-dimethyrjamide, hexaamide, tri(N,N,-dimethyr)amide triacid, tri(N,N-dimethyl)amide triacid chloride, and trisphthalhydrazide derivatives are described.
The Transitional Dynamics of Fiscal Policy: Long-Run Capital Accumulation and Growth

This paper analyzes the effects of fiscal policies in a non-scale growing economy with public and private capital. The equilibrium dynamics are characterized and we contrast the dynamic effects of government expenditure on investment and expenditure on consumption under four alternative modes of tax financing. Most of our attention focuses on the numerical simulations of a calibrated economy. The results emphasize the lengthy transition periods, which implies that policies have sizeable level effects, leading to substantial welfare effects, even though long-run growth rates are unaffected. The paper highlights the intertemporal dimensions of fiscal policy and the tradeoffs these involve for economic performance, especially growth and welfare.
On the stability of the tangent bundle of Fano manifolds

By using the classification of Fano 3-folds we prove: Let $X$ be Fano 3-fold. Assume that the tangent bundle $T_X$ of $X$ is not stable (i.e. semi-stable or unstable). Then $b_2\geq 2$ and a relative tangent sheaf $T_{X/Y}$ of a contraction $f:X\longrightarrow Y$ of an extremal face on $X$ is a destabilising subsheaf of $T_X$.
The generic existence of a core for q -rules

Aq-rule is where winning coalition hasq or more of then voters. It is important to understand when, generically, core points exist; that is, when does the core exist in other than highly contrived settings? As known, the answer depends upon the dimension of issue space. McKelvey and Schofield found bounds on these dimensions, but Banks found a subtle, critical error in their proofs. The sharp dimensional values along with results about the structure of the core are derived here. It is interesting how these dimensional values correspond to the number of issues that are needed to lure previously supporting voters into a new coalition.
Generation of coherent X-ray radiation through modulation compression

Abstract In this paper, we propose a scheme to generate tunable coherent X-ray radiation for future light source applications. This scheme uses an energy chirped electron beam, a laser modulator, a laser chirper and two bunch compressors to generate a prebunched kilo-Ampere current electron beam from a few tens Ampere electron beam out of a linac. The initial modulation energy wavelength can be compressed by a factor of 1 + h b R 56 a in phase space, where hb is the energy bunch length chirp introduced by the laser chirper, R 56 a is the momentum compaction factor of the first bunch compressor. As an illustration, we present an example to generate more than 400 MW, 170 attoseconds pulse, 1 nm coherent X-ray radiation using a 60 A electron beam out of the linac and 200 nm laser seed. Both the final wavelength and the radiation pulse length in the proposed scheme are tunable by adjusting the compression factor and the laser parameters.
Quantum dot nanoscale heterostructures for solar energy conversion

Quantum dot nanoscale semiconductor heterostructures (QDHs) are a class of materials potentially useful for integration into solar energy conversion devices. However, realizing the potential of these heterostructured systems requires the ability to identify and synthesize heterostructures with suitably designed materials, controlled size and morphology of each component, and structural control over their shared interface. In this review, we will present the case for the utility and advantages of chemically synthesized QDHs for solar energy conversion, beginning with an overview of various methods of heterostructured material synthesis and a survey of heretofore reported materials systems. The fundamental charge transfer properties of the resulting materials combinations and their basic design principles will be outlined. Finally, we will discuss representative solar photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical devices employing QDHs (including quantum dot sensitized solar cells, or QDSSCs) and examine how QDH synthesis and design impacts their performance.
Interconnection techniques for semiconductor networks

The semiconductor miniaturization approaches which have been described recently have promised complete electronic equipments of extremely small size, light in weight, and of high reliability. Although complete equipments have not yet been built from these devices, this paper will describe some of the factors which must be considered in equipment design and show one technique which might be used for high density equipment.
Flyby Error Analysis Based on Contour Plots for the Cassini Tour

The maneuver cancellation analysis consists of cost contour plots employed by the Cassini maneuver team. The plots are two-dimensional linear representations of a larger six-dimensional solution to a multi-maneuver, multi-encounter mission at Saturn. By using contours plotted with the dot product of vectors B and R and the dot product of vectors B and T components, it is possible to view the effects delta V on for various encounter positions in the B-plane. The plot is used in operations to help determine if the Approach Maneuver (ensuing encounter minus three days) and/or the Cleanup Maneuver (ensuing encounter plus three days) can be cancelled and also is a linear check of an integrated solution.
Tariffs and capacity utilization by monopolistically competitive firms

Abstract This paper examines the effect of a tariff imposed on a monopolistically competitive (MC) sector on firm output in a 2 × 2 × 2 model with nonhomothetic technology. If the MC sector is capital intensive, then a tariff will improve the terms of trade, lower home firm demand elasticity, but raise firm output relative to foreign firms. If the MC sector is labor intensive, then excess supply for firm output may be decreasing in price, so the tariff may worsen the home country's terms of trade. Home firm demand elasticity falls but firm output rises relative to the partner country. These results qualify conclusions based on single-sector and single-country models.
A study of composite solid-propellant flame structure using a spectral radiation shadowgraph technique

Composite solid propellant flame structure in vicinity of burning surface based on spectral radiation shadowgraph technique
Toward molecular selectivity with chemically modified electrodes: can electroactivity and permeability through an overlaying metallopolymer film be controlled via rational manipulation of internal architecture?

Abstract Metallopolymeric films featuring widely varying metal-to-metal linkage lengths have been prepared via a combination of oxidative and reductive electropolymerization schemes. Each of the film materials exhibits strong size selective permeability behavior towards molecular reactants, therefore providing a primitive physical basis for selectivity with respect to reactivity at an underlying electrode. Surprisingly, the observed molecular size cut-offs are essentially independent of film composition, implying that a uniform molecular cavity or pore size exists. Attempts to modify effective pore sizes by introducing large ligand substituents (phenyl groups) at the monomer synthesis stage have failed to alter the pattern of size selectivity. We speculate that (a) potential pore size expansion effects expected from linkage length extension are offset by enhanced cross-linking, and/or (b) electrolyte anion templating effects during film synthesis may be defining the effective minimum pore size, thereby yielding uniform permeation size cut-offs.
Open-framework and microporous vanadium silicates.

A series of novel vanadium silicates with open-framework and microporous structures has been synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions. Ten distinct framework types have been identified that all have structures based on cross-linking single silicate sheets with square pyramidal VIVO5 units to give compounds with the general formula Ar[(VO)s(Si2O5)p(SiO2)q]·tH2O, where A is Na, K, Rb, Cs, or a combination. The vanadosilicate (VSH-n) structures have free channel diameters up to 6.5 A and show good thermal stability, absorption, and ion-exchange properties, suggesting their potential for technological applications as molecular sieves or in catalysis.
Cosmic rays from remnants of quasars

Considerations of the collision losses for protons traversing the 2.7-K blackbody microwave radiation field have led to the conclusion that the highest energy cosmic rays, those observed at ≥1020 eV, must come from sources within the present epoch. In light of this constraint, it is here suggested that these particles may be accelerated near the event horizons of spinning supermassive black holes associated with presently inactive quasar remnants. The required emf is generated by the black hole induced rotation of externally supplied magnetic field lines threading the horizon. Producing the observed flux of the highest energy cosmic rays would constitute a negligible drain on the black hole dynamo. Observations with upcoming air shower arrays and space missions may lead to the identification of candidate dormant galaxies that harbour such black holes. Although the highest energy events observed so far are accounted for within the context of this scenario, a spectral upper bound at ∼1021 eV is expected since the acceleration to higher energies appears to be precluded, on general grounds.
Models of acceleration and deceleration rates on a complex two-lane rural highway: Results from a nighttime driving experiment

This study aimed to model driver' deceleration or acceleration rates on a complex two-lane rural highway when approaching or departing horizontal curves under nighttime driving conditions. The data used in the study were from a field experiment conducted in Pennsylvania. Research participant speeds were continuously tracked along the experimental roadway. The deceleration and acceleration rate models when approaching and departing horizontal curves were treated as a uni-directional recursive system to account for the effects of upstream rates on deceleration and acceleration rates. This system was estimated using seemingly unrelated regression with random effects to account for the contemporaneous correlation across the two equations. Research participants were included in the model as random effects while several geometric roadway design features along the experimental roadway were included as fixed effects in the model. The results indicate that the explanatory variables associated with deceleration or acceleration rates when approaching or departing horizontal curves in the present experiment included several geometric design variables, such as curve direction, curve radius, horizontal curve length, and a vertical curve index. The deceleration and acceleration rates approaching and departing horizontal curves along the complex, two-lane rural highway included in this study have a larger range than those in past research studies of two-lane rural highways.
Anomalies in the Foundations of Ridge Regression

Summary Errors persist in ridge regression, its foundations, and its usage, as set forth in Hoerl & Kennard (1970) and elsewhere. Ridge estimators need not be minimizing, nor a prospective ridge parameter be admissible. Conventional estimators are not LaGrange's solutions constrained to fixed lengths, as claimed, since such solutions are singular. Of a massive literature on estimation, prediction, cross–validation, choice of ridge parameter, and related issues, little emanates from constrained optimization to include inequality constraints. The problem traces to a misapplication of LaGrange's Principle, unrecognized singularities, and misplaced links between constraints and ridge parameters. Alternative principles, based on condition numbers, are seen to validate both conventional ridge and surrogate ridge regression to be defined. Numerical studies illustrate that ridge regression as practiced often exhibits pathologies it is intended to redress. Resume Les erreurs persistent dans la regression ridge, ses bases, et son utilisation, comme determine en Hoerl et Kennard (1970) et plus tard. Il ne faut ni que les estimateurs ridge se reduisent au minimum ni qu'un parametre ridge soit admissible. Les estimateurs conventionnels ne sont pas les solutions de Lagrange contraintes aux longueurs fixes, comme souvent pretendu, car de telles solutions sont singulieres. D'une litterature vaste—sur l'evaluation, la prevision, la validation croisee, le choix du parametre ridge, et sujets allies, sujets collectivement connus sous le nom de regression ridge—peu est issu de la minimisation contrainte, meme vis a vis les contraintes d'inegalitie. Le probleme remonte a une mauvaise application du principe de Lagrange, au manque d'identifier des singularites, et aux liens mal places entre les contraintes et les parame tres ridge. Des principes alternatifs, bases sur des numeraux de condition, peuvent etre vus comme validant ridge conventionnelle et la regression de ridge succedanee, ce dernier aetre defini. Les etudes numeriques illustrent que la regression ridge, comme practiquee, montrent souvent des pathologies qu'il vise a redresser.
The virtual memory in the STRETCH computer

Early in the planning of the STRETCH computer it was seen that by using the latest solid state components in sophisticated circuits it would be possible to increase the speed of floating point arithmetic by almost two orders of magnitude over that in existing computers. However, there seemed to be no possibility of developing on the same time-scale economically feasible large memories with more than a factor of ten or perhaps twenty increase in speed. As a result, the proposed system appeared to be in danger of being seriously memory-access limited.
Vehicle trajectory reconstruction for signalized intersections using mobile traffic sensors

Abstract Mobile traffic sensors – those move with the flow they are monitoring – have quickly emerged as an important means for traffic monitoring and data collection. In this paper, we propose methods to reconstruct short vehicle trajectories for the entire traffic flow at arterial intersections using sample vehicle trajectories obtained from mobile traffic sensors. The motivation for this work is that once the trajectories for all vehicles are available, a complete picture of the traffic flow will be obtained. Such information can then be applied for arterial performance measurement and other related applications. This paper presents optimization-based and delay-based models to estimate shockwave boundaries at signalized intersections, which are used to reconstruct short vehicle trajectories by applying the variation formulation (VF) of traffic flow. The models are tested using the NGSIM data and micro-simulation data. The results indicate that the proposed models are not very sensitive to penetration rates. In general, the optimization-based model outperforms the delay-based model.
CHARACTERS OF CYCLES, EQUIVARIANT CHARACTERISTIC CLASSES AND FREDHOLM MODULES

We derive simple explicit formula for the character of a cycle in the Connes' (b, B)-bicomplex of cyclic cohomology and apply it to write formulas for the equivariant Chern character and characters of finitely-summable bounded Fredholm modules.
Intervention and Cultural Context: Mediation in the US and Norway

Polarizations and conflicts typical of teams in the US and Norway are discussed via a series of cases. It is argued that prescriptions for intervention that ignore culturally-influenced patterns of group dynamics are unlikely to transfer across cultures. A model of intervention, based on observed patterns of interaction, is proposed.
Great Principles of Computing

The great principles of computing have been interred beneath layers of technology in our understanding and our teaching. It is time to set them free.
Fast, Accurate Event Classification on Resource-Lean Embedded Sensors

Due to the limited computational and energy resources available on existing wireless sensor platforms, achieving high-precision classification of high-level events in-network is a challenge. In this article, we present in-network implementations of a Bayesian classifier and a condensed kd-tree classifier for identifying events of interest on resource-lean embedded sensors. The first approach uses preprocessed sensor readings to derive a multidimensional Bayesian classifier used to classify sensor data in real time. The second introduces an innovative condensed kd-tree to represent preprocessed sensor data and uses a fast nearest-neighbor search to determine the likelihood of class membership for incoming samples. Both classifiers consume limited resources and provide high-precision classification. To evaluate each approach, two case studies are considered, in the contexts of human movement and vehicle navigation, respectively. The classification accuracy is above 85p for both classifiers across the two case studies.
Weak Transitions in A=6 and 7 Nuclei

The ${}^{6}\mathrm{He}$ $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay and ${}^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ electron capture processes are studied using variational Monte Carlo wave functions, derived from a realistic Hamiltonian consisting of the Argonne ${v}_{18}$ two-nucleon and Urbana-IX three-nucleon interactions. The model for the nuclear weak axial current includes one- and two-body operators with the strength of the leading two-body term---associated with $\ensuremath{\Delta}$-isobar excitation of the nucleon---adjusted to reproduce the Gamow-Teller matrix element in tritium $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay. The measured half-life of ${}^{6}\mathrm{He}$ is underpredicted by theory by $\ensuremath{\simeq}8%,$ while that of ${}^{7}\mathrm{Be}$ for decay into the ground and first excited states of ${}^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ is overpredicted by $\ensuremath{\simeq}9%.$ However, the experimentally known branching ratio for these latter processes is in good agreement with the calculated value. Two-body axial current contributions lead to a $\ensuremath{\simeq}1.7%$ (4.4%) increase in the value of the Gamow-Teller matrix element of ${}^{6}\mathrm{He}$ ${(}^{7}\mathrm{Be}),$ obtained with one-body currents only, and slightly worsen (appreciably improve) the agreement between the calculated and measured half-life. Corrections due to retardation effects associated with the finite lepton momentum transfers involved in the decays, as well as contributions of suppressed transitions induced by the weak vector charge and axial current operators, have also been calculated and found to be negligible.
Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods for the determination of solvent properties of room temperature ionic liquids

Room temperature ionic liquids are novel solvents with favorable environmental and technical features. Synthetic routes to over 200 room temperature ionic liquids are known but for most ionic liquids physicochemical data are generally lacking or incomplete. Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods afford suitable tools for the study of solvation properties under conditions that approximate infinite dilution. Gas-liquid chromatography is suitable for the determination of gas-liquid partition coefficients and activity coefficients as well as thermodynamic constants derived from either of these parameters and their variation with temperature. The solvation parameter model can be used to define the contribution from individual intermolecular interactions to the gas-liquid partition coefficient. Application of chemometric procedures to a large database of system constants for ionic liquids indicates their unique solvent properties: low cohesion for ionic liquids with weakly associated ions compared with non-ionic liquids of similar polarity; greater hydrogen-bond basicity than typical polar non-ionic solvents; and a range of dipolarity/polarizability that encompasses the same range as occupied by the most polar non-ionic liquids. These properties can be crudely related to ion structures but further work is required to develop a comprehensive approach for the design of ionic liquids for specific applications. Data for liquid-liquid partition coefficients is scarce by comparison with gas-liquid partition coefficients. Preliminary studies indicate the possibility of using the solvation parameter model for interpretation of liquid-liquid partition coefficients determined by shake-flask procedures as well as the feasibility of using liquid-liquid chromatography for the convenient and rapid determination of liquid-liquid partition coefficients. Spectroscopic measurements of solvatochromic and fluorescent probe molecules in room temperature ionic liquids provide insights into solvent intermolecular interactions although interpretation of the different and generally uncorrelated "polarity" scales is sometimes ambiguous. All evidence points to the ionic liquids as a unique class of polar solvents suitable for technical development. In terms of designer solvents, however, further work is needed to fill the gaps in our knowledge of the relationship between ion structures and physicochemical properties.
Phenanthridine synthesis via [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization reactions

A concise synthesis of phenanthridines via a microwave-assisted [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization reaction has been developed.
Distance Dependent Infinite Latent Feature Models

Latent feature models are widely used to decompose data into a small number of components. Bayesian nonparametric variants of these models, which use the Indian buffet process (IBP) as a prior over latent features, allow the number of features to be determined from the data. We present a generalization of the IBP, the distance dependent Indian buffet process (dd-IBP), for modeling non-exchangeable data. It relies on distances defined between data points, biasing nearby data to share more features. The choice of distance measure allows for many kinds of dependencies, including temporal and spatial. Further, the original IBP is a special case of the dd-IBP. We develop the dd-IBP and theoretically characterize its feature-sharing properties. We derive a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler for a linear Gaussian model with a dd-IBP prior and study its performance on real-world non-exchangeable data.
Comments on cross-adaptation.

Cross adaptation criteria and modifications in physiologic and biochemical processes in man and mammals, demonstrating positive cross acclimation between hypertension and hypoxia exposure