cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Traversing 2nd and 3rd Waves: Feminist Legal Theory Moving Forward

During the course of debates as to feminism's relevancy by its proponents from the '60's, 70's and 80's, a new feminism emerged with the coming of age of a younger generation, a feminism with very different values, goals and world view and which claimed the title of being the 3rd Wave. Though in its nascence during the '90's, the 3rd Wave has increasingly made its presence felt, particularly among young women, in the first decade of the new millennium. For reasons discussed in this essay, the 3rd Wave has made little effort to engage the legal arena or the legal academy. Many long-standing feminists (referred to by some as the 2nd Wave) have not even heard of the 3rd Wave; others who have are, to a certain degree, agape at the direction this new feminism has taken. Some feminists of 2nd or 3rd Wave generation age do not identify with either wave. Not infrequently, 3rd wavers and 2nd wavers more familiar with each other express hesitation or even rejection of what they each view the other stands for.This essay creates a unifying framework for extrapolating the varied themes manifested in the papers presented at the very first day-long Feminist Legal Theory and Feminisms Conference, sponsored by the University Of Baltimore School Of Law. The participants included many noted feminist scholars as well as those who are not yet well known. The diversity spanned in age from the mid-70's to the mid-20's, in geography from the United States to China, in social rank: Professors, a Judge, a law clerk, law students and activists. The subjects ranged from the 2nd and 3rd Waves generally to specific topics such as: pornography, cross-dressing, female television judges, regulating pregnancy, determining parenting rights, Muslim women's feminism and what, if anything, feminism means for the poor, either domestically or internationally. The papers' structures ranged from theoretical expositions to case analyses and to empirical studies. The participants were both male and female and from across racial and ethnic lines.The purpose of this essay's unifying framework is to demonstrate that despite the disparate points of view, style of analysis and subject matters presented – a coherency among the 20 or so extremely diverse presenters can indeed be distilled - a coherency from which Feminist Legal Theory can move forward.
The Effects of Chinese Aid and Investment on State Building in Africa

What is the impact of Chinese aid and investment on the capacity and perceived legitimacy of recipient states in sub-Saharan Africa? In recent years China has dramatically expanded its presence across the continent, provoking acrimonious debate among scholars and policymakers about the efficacy of the assistance it provides. Unlike many Western donors, China typically builds the sorts of large-scale infrastructure projects that are essential for boosting state capacity, but rarely imposes good governance conditions on recipient states. China has also been implicated in predatory or exclusionary hiring practices in the countries where it operates. We hypothesize that this combination of characteristics produces a capacity/legitimacy trade-off: even as Chinese assistance increases the capacity of recipient states, it simultaneously decreases their legitimacy in the eyes of citizens. We propose to test this hypothesis through a two-pronged research design: a cross-national analysis covering all countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and a sub-national analysis focusing on Liberia, Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo. For the cross-national component, we propose to measure the size, location and completion date of all Chinese investment and development projects from 2000 to the present, building on data collected by the AidData initiative. We will combine this information with a variety of publicly available datasets to measure state capacity and legitimacy, including the Worldwide Governance Indicators, the World Values Survey, and Afrobarometer, among other sources. We are exploring several possible identification strategies to isolate the causal effect of Chinese aid and investment on these outcomes  for example, by using changes in recipient countries diplomatic ties with Taiwan as an instrument for changes in the size and scope of Chinese assistance. For the sub-national component, we propose to combine administrative records on state capacity with surveys to measure citizens attitudinal responses to state authority and lab-in-the-field experiments (based on the tax compliance game) to measure their behavioral responses as well.
Unified CUSUM Charts for Monitoring Process Mean and Variability

AbstractIn this paper, we propose two new CUSUM control charts which are based on the probability integral transformation. The CUSUM M-chart is specifically designed for detecting small shifts in process mean, while the CUSUM V-chart is specifically designed for detecting small changes in process variability. They can be thought of as the CUSUM version of the X¯ chart and S -chart. Besides that the proposed control charts can be readily extended to non-normal distributions, a special feature is that both charts can be visualized as a single chart to provide simultaneous monitoring of the process mean and variability. An example and simulations are used to compare the existing optimal CUSUM control charts with the proposed CUSUM control charts. It is demonstrated that the CUSUM M-chart, the CUSUM V-chart and the combined CUSUM M- and V-charts are comparable to the existing optimal CUSUM procedures.
Vasculitic central retinal vein occlusion: The presenting sign of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis.

Abstract Purpose To report the case of a patient who presented with a vasculitic central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), which was the result of an undiagnosed systemic inflammatory condition, seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Observations The patient presented with reduced vision in the left eye and polyarthralgia. Fundoscopic examination revealed a central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) with concurrent evidence of vasculitis. Work-up for polyarthralgia included comprehensive serologic testing for connective tissue disease, including Vectra ® disease activity (DA) testing. Results of these studies confirmed the diagnosis of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Systemic steroid therapy was initiated with subsequent anatomic and visual improvement. Conclusions and importance We hypothesize that the systemic inflammation—a hallmark of RA—led to the development of a vasculitic CRVO and, thus, the retinal manifestations served as the disease marker that prompted thorough work-up of the patient's disease, even in the face of initial seronegativity. This case serves as a reminder that, in the setting of CRVO and polyarthralgia, systemic inflammatory conditions must be considered as the underlying etiology. Further, this case report highlights our evolving understanding of the role that serologic markers play in the diagnosis and monitoring of RA.
Surfactant-assisted growth and properties of rare-earth arsenide InGaAs nanocomposites for terahertz generation

We explore the effects of surfactant-mediated epitaxy on the structural, electrical, and optical properties of fast metal-semiconductor superlattice photoconductors. Specifically, application of a bismuth flux during growth was found to significantly improve the properties of superlattices of LuAs nanoparticles embedded in In0.53Ga0.47As. These improvements are attributed to the enhanced structural quality of the overgrown InGaAs over the LuAs nanoparticles. The use of bismuth enabled a 30% increase in the number of monolayers of LuAs that could be deposited before the InGaAs overgrowth degraded. Dark resistivity increased by up to ∼15× while carrier mobility remained over 2300 cm2/V-s and carrier lifetimes were reduced by >2× at comparable levels of LuAs deposition. These findings demonstrate that surfactant-mediated epitaxy is a promising approach to enhance the properties of ultrafast photoconductors for terahert generation.
Interaction Between Sample Preparation Techniques and Colorimetric Reagents in Nitrite Analysis in Meat

The amount of nitrite measured in model and meat systems was a function of the interactions of the chloride and ascorbate concentrations with the method of sample preparation and the combination of Griess reagents used for colorimetric determination. Ascorbate caused loss of nitrite in the samples when heated and interfered in the Griess reaction, increasing the concentration of pigment formed from any given concentration of nitrite if sulfanilic acid and N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine were used, and decreasing the amount if sulfanilamide and 1-naphthylamine were used. The interference was eliminated by both the AOAC procedure and mercuric chloride addition, although the former were less effective at higher ascorbate concentrations. Chloride increased the amount of pigment formed from a given amount of nitrite with sulfanilic acid but had no effect on the amount of sulfanilamide pigment.
Hemorrhagic Cystitis Associated with Herpes Simplex Virus

AbstractA 45-year-old man presented with hemorrhagic cystitis and was found to have herpes simplex infection of the bladder by biopsy, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The patient had no clinical evidence of immunosuppression or disseminated infection. Although viral etiologies of hemorrhagic cystitis are recognized, to our knowledge only 4 cases of hemorrhagic cystitis due to herpes simplex virus have been reported.
My Parents’ Generation

If you are to have a sympathetic understanding of my history, you will have to understand my roots, the story of how my parents left their families and everything they knew behind when they came to America for what was supposed to be a short visit. That short visit became a lifetime, and my parents became issei, “first-generation” Japanese immigrants to the United States of America. And as the American-born sons of my parents, my brothers and I are nisei, children of the second generation.
Forschungsbedarf zu Erfolgsfaktoren internationaler Marktbearbeitungsstrategien

Die intemationale Mark.tbearbeitung bedeutet fiir cine Untemehmung, die Aufuahme von geschiiftlichen Aktivitiiten in einem neuen Zielmark.t. Dieses kann als ein Ereignis begriffen werden, ebenso aber auch als ein Prozess, der eine Reihe von MaBnahmen zur Folge hat. Die ldentifikation der Wirksamkeit von Mallnahmen, die den Erfolg cines Unternehmens in Markt und Gesellschaft im Verhiltnis zum Wettbewerb nachhaltig beeinflussen, liefert mithilfe der Erfolgsfaktorenforschung erste Anhaltspunkte iiber erfolgsversprechende Vor• gehensweisen zur Gestaltung der Wertsch6pfungskoordination und -konfiguration im Rahmen der internationalen Mark.tbearbeitung.
Ultraviolet (250-550 nm) absorption spectrum of pure water.

Data for the spectral light absorption of pure water from 250 to 550 nm have been obtained using an integrating cavity made from a newly developed diffuse reflector with a very high UV reflectivity. The data provide the first scattering-independent measurements of absorption coefficients in the spectral gap between well-established literature values for the absorption coefficients in the visible (>400 nm) and UV (<200 nm). A minimum in the absorption coefficient has been observed in the UV at 344 nm; the value is 0.000811±0.000227 m−1.
Skepticism and Responsibility: Paul Auster’s The Book of Illusions

ABSTRACTPaul Auster’s novels evoke with staunch sincerity what the American philosopher Stanley Cavell calls “the responsibility you bear” for your words and actions alike. I argue that Cavell’s ongoing inquiry into topics such as community and skepticism, informed by nineteenth-century Transcendentalist philosophy, can be extended to Auster’s fiction to help illuminate the ethical underpinnings of his metaphysical work. In my analysis of the author’s 2002 novel, The Book of Illusions, I show how Auster subverts the postmodern paradigm of deconstructing the humanist subject as a locus of ethical conflicts and choices. A meditation on assuming responsibility for one’s own actions and their sometimes tragic consequences, the novel rejects any claim to an unsatisfying relativism of “anything goes.” In a story obsessively occupied with guilt and penance, characters are held accountable for their mistakes and neglects. Shaped by chance events, unanticipated encounters, and deadly accidents, The Book of Illusio...
Race and photography: Racial photography as scientific evidence, 1876–1980 by Amos Morris-Reich

Amos Morris-Reich’s Race and Photography: Racial Photography as Scientific Evidence, 1876–1980 traces the integral role of photography in racial literature from the closing decades of the nineteent...
Navigating the gig: rideshare drivers and mobile technologies in context

This experience report presents context of use research investigating the occupational and technological (e.g. navigational software/hardware) use habits of UBER/LYFT rideshare drivers in the Washington, D.C. metro (~20-mile radius) driving area. This study implemented structured observational context analysis and semi-structured interview to evaluate four (4) primary user interaction domains: 1) User Experience: Knowledge of Hardware, Software, and Technical Language; 2) Task-Specific Use: Effective Use of Device for Navigating and Driving; 3) User Control: Assistive Device and Job Design; 4) Use of Communication: Assistive Dialogue Used by Navigator. Findings were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods, with interaction factors evaluated for user impact. Discoveries included: discretionary use of software significantly impacted task performance, driver autonomy, and job satisfaction; error and choice-tolerant navigational devices facilitated occupational satisfaction; and technical language fluency improved device use accuracy and rideshare driver ethos. This study was approved by IRB (974251-1) and all participants provided informed consent.
Virtual Reality and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Driving Anxiety and Aggression in Veterans: A Pilot Study

Abstract Within the U.S. military, motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. Prior combat exposure and anxiety symptoms are associated with risky and aggressive driving, which is responsible for over half of MVA fatalities. Therefore, interventions are needed to reduce driving anxiety and aggression in veterans in order to mitigate the public health impact of MVAs. Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) offers safe, controlled exposure to distressing stimuli. The current study piloted a novel virtual reality and cognitive behavioral intervention (VRET + CBT) for veterans that integrated both anxiety and anger management components. Virtual reality driving scenarios were delivered in a driving simulator and tailored for the military population. Six previously deployed veterans completed eight intervention sessions, as well as pre/post, one month follow-up and six to nine month follow-up assessments. Repeated measures ANOVAs demonstrated significant decline and large effect sizes for PTSD symptoms, driving phobia, hyperarousal in driving situations, anxiety/anger-related thoughts and behaviors, and risky driving. Hyperarousal in driving situations declined by 69%, aggressive driving declined by 29%, and risky driving declined by 21%. Treatment gains were maintained at follow-up. Recruitment, retention, immersion, simulator sickness scores, and qualitative feedback demonstrated feasibility of the intervention. Implications for future research and adaptation are discussed.
The Rapid Disaster Evaluation System (RaDES): A Plan to Improve Global Disaster Response by Privatizing the Assessment Component.

Abstract Background Emergency medicine personnel frequently respond to major disasters. They expect to have an effective and efficient management system to elegantly allocate available resources. Despite claims to the contrary, experience demonstrates this rarely occurs. Objectives This article describes privatizing disaster assessment using a single-purposed, accountable, and well-trained organization. The goal is to achieve elegant disaster assessment, rather than repeatedly exhorting existing groups to do it. Discussion The Rapid Disaster Evaluation System (RaDES) would quickly and efficiently assess a postdisaster population's needs. It would use an accountable nongovernmental agency's teams with maximal training, mobility, and flexibility. Designed to augment the Inter-Agency Standing Committee's 2015 Emergency Response Preparedness Plan, RaDES would provide the initial information needed to avoid haphazard and overlapping disaster responses. Rapidly deployed teams would gather information from multiple sources and continually communicate those findings to their base, which would then disseminate them to disaster coordinators in a concise, coherent, and transparent way. Conclusions The RaDES concept represents an elegant, minimally bureaucratic, and effective rapid response to major disasters. However, its implementation faces logistical, funding, and political obstacles. Developing and maintaining RaDES would require significant funding and political commitment to coordinate the numerous agencies that claim to be performing the same tasks. Although simulations can demonstrate efficacy and deficiencies, only field tests will demonstrate RaDES' power to improve interagency coordination and decrease the cost of major disaster response. At the least, the RaDES concept should serve as a model for discussing how to practicably improve our current chaotic disaster responses.
Managing glenoid bone loss in total shoulder arthroplasty: Role of augmented patient-specific implants

Abstract Total shoulder arthroplasty has been shown to generate good to excellent results for patients with osteoarthritis and a functioning rotator cuff. However, a major complication after primary total shoulder arthroplasty is loosening of the glenoid component, which has been shown to be commonly associated with glenoid retroversion. This article highlights the importance of correcting the glenoid version and reviews various techniques, such as eccentric reaming, posterior bone grafting, reverse shoulder arthroplasty, and augmented glenoid implantation to address glenoid retroversion in the setting of total shoulder arthroplasty.
Charge ordering and nonlocal correlations in the doped extended Hubbard model

We study the extended Hubbard model away from half filling on a two-dimensional square lattice using cluster dynamical mean field theory on clusters of size 8. We show that the model exhibits metallic, compressible charge-ordered, and insulating charge-ordered phases. We determine the location of the charge-ordering phase transition line at finite temperature and the properties of the phases as a function of doping, temperature, local interaction, and nearest-neighbor interaction. An analysis of the energetics of the charge-order transition shows that the charge-ordering transition mainly results in a rearrangement of local and nonlocal potential energy. We show the doping evolution of the spectral function from the isotropic metal via a charge-ordered metal to a charge-ordered insulator with a big gap, and study finite-size effects of the approximation.
Queryable compression on streaming social networks

In this era of social networks, we find ourselves with a collection of massive, changing graphs. Each of these graphs contain a set of nodes (individuals) and a set of edges among the nodes (relationships). How a graph is represented in a data structure determines what information is easy to obtain from it. However, many graphs are so large that even basic data structure representations (e.g. adjacency lists) do not fit in main memory. Therefore, it is an interesting field of study to design compressed data structures that facilitate certain query functions. Since we are dealing with social networks, our structure will also be able to stream edges directly into the compressed graph. We introduce our social network compressed data structure as an indexed array of compressed binary trees. We further minimize memory overhead by directly constructing the graph without any intermediate structure. We also provide fast access methods for edge existence (does an edge exist between two nodes?), neighbor queries (list a node's neighbors), and streaming operations (add/remove nodes/edges). We test our algorithms on public, anonymized, massive graphs such as Friendster, Live-Journal, Pokec, Twitter, and others. Our empirical evaluation is based on several parameters including time to compress, memory required by the compression algorithm, size of compressed graph, and time to execute queries.
Voices from the red states: challenging racial positioning in some of the most conservative communities in America

Using positioning theory (PT) and critical race theory (CRT), we examine disparate power relations between White governance and faculty of color (FOC) in one rural American teacher education contex...
Multi-objective Optimization for Plant Design via Tabu Search

Abstract Multi-objective optimization algorithms are employed in chemical process engineering to simultaneously model objectives related to profit, emissions, and safety. The challenge in generating trade-off curves for these problems comes from the nonlinearity and complexity of plant design models, so stochastic optimization techniques are considered in this work to compute Pareto-optimal surfaces. The purpose of this research is to investigate the efficacy and capabilities of the Tabu search algorithm for multi-objective optimization, specifically for plant design models. Traditional Tabu search algorithms have three key characteristics: local intensification, diversification, and the utilization of a Tabu list to apply adaptive memory to guide the search. Local intensification serves to ensure that search areas with several good solutions are searched thoroughly. Diversification allows access to wider regions of the search space. In this work, a Tabu Search algorithm is developed to solve plant design models for multiple objectives. An alkylation process was investigated in order to maximize the profit while simultaneously minimizing the byproduct formation. This is significant as energy requirements decrease with decreasing byproduct formation. Pareto-optimality curves were generated, and results show how tuning the parameters of the algorithm leads to more efficient determination of the Pareto surface, for highly nonlinear plant design models. While the Tabu search algorithm allows for the generation of Pareto-optimality curves, it is limited for larger problems by its lack of directionality in search. Therefore, the implemented multivariable Tabu search algorithm utilizes a greedy heuristic in determining the next region of the search space to investigate. A bounding component was introduced which progressively tightens of bounds, leading to smaller search regions and improving computational efficiency of the algorithm. Results show the efficacy of the novel approach.
8 A Comparison of P300 and Skin Conductance Response

P300 and skin conductance response (SCR) show many similarities. Empirically, both are elicited by stimuli of any modality that are surprising, task-relevant, or intrinsically salient. Theoretically, both P300 and SCR have been explained in terms of neuronal, probabilistic, cognitive, or computer models of the orienting reflex (OR). However, the OR is not a unitary reflex, but a group of related processes that presumably correspond to different psychological functions. Although P300 and SCR are very different biologically, there is as yet a lack of evidence for their having different psychological correlates.
Community-Level Approaches to Preventing HIV: Guest Editors' Introduction

In this paper we introduce the contributions included in the special section on community-level efforts to prevent HIV. Authors of several recent review papers have suggested that individual-level approaches to prevent the spread of HIV produce short-term changes in behavior among intervention participants. However, many HIV prevention researchers believe that changing individuals' behavior alone is insufficient to stem the tide of the epidemic. Emergent approaches to HIV prevention seek to generate change at the community-level. The articles in the special section articulate current themes in community-level approaches to preventing HIV.
Alterations in TRPM2 and TRPM7 Functions in the Immune System Could Confer Susceptibility to Neurodegeneration

Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 (TRPM2) and Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 (TRPM7) are Ca2+ permeable channels found in neuronal and immune cells that have been linked to neuropathological disorders including neurodegeneration. Genetic variants of these channels, Trpm2 P1018L and Trpm7 T1482I , were identified in Guamanian cases of Western Pacific Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinsonism Dementia Complex (WP ALS-PDC). This chapter will summarize current knowledge of the biophysical and physiological properties of these channels with special focus on their roles in the innate and adaptive immune responses. Attempts will be made to describe how dysfunctions in normal channel expression, regulation and function in the innate and adaptive immune system could potentially contribute to neurodegenerative pathophysiology, particularly in connection with WP ALS-PDC.
Physiological Production and Polarized Secretion of the Amyloid β-Peptide in Epithelial Cells: A Route to the Mechanism of Alzheimer’s Disease

Converging evidence from many laboratories has implicated altered metabolism of the amyloid β protein precursor (βAPP) and progressive deposition of its amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) fragment as an early and constant feature of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. βAPP is a widely expressed type I integral membrane glycoprotein that undergoes processing by two principal routes: exocytic (secretory) and endocytic (reinternalization and lysosomal targeting). Either or both of these routes is capable of generating the intact Aβ fragment following cleavages by as yet unknown proteases. This leads to constitutive secretion of Aβ as a soluble peptide from a variety of neural and non-neural cells that express βAPP. One compartment in which Aβ generation appears to occur is the early endosome. Studies of βAPP trafficking in polarized epithelial cells grown in monolayer cultures suggests that Aβ is generated at least in part from βAPP molecules that traffic asymmetrically to the cell surfaces, with the major portion of Aβ being released from the basolateral surface. These and other studies of the detailed cellular mechanism for generation of Aβ should provide insights into specifically inhibiting cellular production and secretion of Aβ as a therapeutic approach toward slowing the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
Learning vocabulary from e-book reading and recorded word explanation for low-income elementary students with and without reading difficulties

Children from economically disadvantaged families have few opportunities to engage in shared storybook reading activities, and thus are disadvantaged in the area of vocabulary development. In today’s classroom, many children’s e-books provide audio narration support to facilitate comprehension for children with no adult support. Yet, in this digital age, we still know little about how to effectively use e-books to support these children. To rectify this gap, this study investigates the effects of e-book reading with audio narration and some recorded word explanation on the novel vocabulary learning of first grade students from low-achieving elementary schools (mean age = 6.5, SD = 0.50). Employing a within-subject design, students read two e-books and their performances on seven explained words were compared to the seven unexplained control words. As a whole, results indicated that recorded word explanation resulted in greater word learning than when word explanation was not provided. Additionally, e-book reading lead to incidental word learning, and three subgroups of readers showed different patterns of word learning across the e-book with and without the recorded word explanation and the control conditions. Findings suggest that children from low-income families can increase vocabulary from reading an e-book when a short recorded word explanation precedes the e-book reading activity.
Interfacility Transfer of Medicare Beneficiaries With Acute Type A Aortic Dissection and Regionalization of Care in the United States

Background: The feasibility and effectiveness of delaying surgery to transfer patients with acute type A aortic dissection—a catastrophic disease that requires prompt intervention—to higher-volume ...
Evaluating Symptom Distress in Cancer Patients.

Background Distress in cancer patients negatively affects emotions and coping abilities and can reduce treatment adherence, quality of life, and survival rates. The prevalence of distress in cancer patients has been reported at 35.1 percent and 37.8 percent, but is frequently undiagnosed. Previous studies have produced conflicting results regarding reported symptoms.This study aims to help health care providers identify symptoms correlated with distress to improve recognition and treatment. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed via medical record review of 40 adult cancer patients at the Avera Cancer Institute. Responses were compared using Pearson's chi-square test and the t-test. Results The average age of participants was 56.8 ± 12.0, and 65 percent had breast cancer. The mean overall score for distress was 4.6 ± 2.7 points on a 0-10 scale (95 percent CI 3.71 - 5.45). Twenty-four patients (60 percent) reported clinically significant distress. Females were more likely to report sadness. Specific symptoms with a statistically significant association with a higher overall distress included: fears, depression, sleep, worry, fatigue, nervousness, eating, and loss of interest in normal activities. Conclusions Although our sample size was small and homogeneous, the results demonstrated statistically significant associations between overall distress and the symptoms of fears, depression, sleep, worry, fatigue, nervousness, eating, and loss of interest in normal activities. These findings can increase awareness of symptoms associated with distress and allow clinicians to recommend specific interventions. Though many oncology clinics screen for distress, distress remains an important factor affecting quality of life and warrants further investigation.
Forests in the Anthropocene

Disturbances have shaped most terrestrial ecosystems for millennia and are natural and essential components of ecological systems. However, direct and indirect human activities during the Anthropoc...
Paid Caregivers in the Community-based Dementia Care Team: Do Family Caregivers Benefit?

ABSTRACT Purpose Older adults with dementia often rely on both paid caregivers (ie, home health aides, personal care attendants, other direct care workers) and family caregivers (ie, spouses, children, other unpaid individuals) to remain in the community. This study conceptualizes paid caregivers as part of the collaborative dementia care team and examines the association between receipt of paid care and primary family caregiver experience. Methods Using data from 3 waves (2011, 2015, and 2017) of the National Health and Aging Trends Study linked to the National Study of Caregiving, community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥67 years with advanced dementia (n = 338 observations) were identified. Primary family caregiver experiences were compared among those with zero, part-time ( Findings About one half of the community-dwelling older adults with advanced dementia received paid care: 30% had part-time paid care and 18% had full-time paid care. The experiences of family caregivers of those receiving part-time and no paid care were not significantly different. After adjusting for family caregiver and care recipient characteristics, receipt of full-time paid care was associated with a nearly 70% reduced odds of having activity restrictions due to caregiving (odds ratio, 0.31; P = 0.01) and a reduction in mean caregiver strain score (–0.73; P = 0.04). There was no statistically significantly association between the odds of high caregiver strain (score ≥5) and receipt of paid care (odds ratio, 0.65; P = 0.33). Implications The provision of paid care for individuals with dementia in the community may benefit family caregivers. Future work should acknowledge the important ways that paid caregivers contribute to outcomes for all members of the collaborative dementia care team.
Exploration and application of directional long boreholes in coal measure strata

two roadways in adjacent working face of Baode Mine may have the risk of water inrush at the same time, so it is necessary to construct long borehole to cover the roadway excavation. On the basis of the hydrogeological conditions of the mine, the safe water insulation thickness and water inrush coefficient of coal seam No .8 are calculated. The results show that the water inrush coefficient is 0.035-0.037 MPa/m, which is less than the critical value 0.06 MPa/m and the bottom plate has no sudden water hazard. In the construction of No .10 coal seam, the directional long borehole is used to detect whether there is a hidden structure communicating with the floor limestone and to drain water. The test shows that there is no effluent phenomenon in the borehole, which proves that there is no hidden structure in No .10 coal seam.
Assessing the sustainability of an integrated rural sanitation and hygiene approach: A repeated cross-sectional evaluation in 10 countries

Abstract Introduction While many studies have implemented programs to increase sanitation coverage throughout the world, there are limited rigorous studies on the sustainability of these sanitation programs. Methods Between 2014 and 2018, the rural Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene for All (SSH4A) approach was implemented by SNV in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Repeated cross-sectional household surveys were administered annually throughout program implementation, and 1-to-2-years following completion of program activities. We characterize to what extent sanitation coverage was sustained 1-2 years after implementation of this SSH4A intervention. Results Surveys were conducted in 12 program areas in 10 countries, with 22,666 households receiving a post-implementation survey. Six of 12 program areas (Bhutan, Ghana, Kenya, both Nepal sites, and Tanzania) had similar coverage levels of basic sanitation 1-to-2-years post-implementation, whereas there were varied levels of slippage in the other program areas (both Ethiopia sites, Indonesia, Mozambique, Uganda, and Zambia), ranging from a drop of 63 percentage points in coverage in Ethiopia to a drop of only 4 percentage points in Indonesia. In countries that experienced losses in the coverage of household sanitation, generally sanitation sharing among neighbors did not increase, whereas open defecation did increase. In each of the areas where slippage occurred, the sanitation coverage levels at the final time point were all still higher than the initial time point before SNV started working in these areas. We found a number of factors to be associated with the sustainability of sanitation coverage, including household socio-economic status, having household members with disabilities, baseline sanitation coverage levels of the program areas, and rate of change of coverage during program activities. Conclusions Data revealed sustained gains in sanitation coverage in some program areas, yet slippage in other areas. This work may serve to benchmark sustainability of sanitation interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
Engaging the Dark Side: Exploring Identification with Morally Complex Antagonists

This work investigates what factors prompt audience members to engage with morally complex antagonists and examines potential real-world attitudinal outcomes of such engagement. A two-part experime...
Why Is Tetrahydrofuran a Good Solvent for Calcium Batteries? Insights From Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Calcium batteries are rapidly emerging as a potential, future energy storage technology; however, their advancement relies heavily on understanding of the liquid electrolyte component in terms of stability and interactions with a calcium metal anode. Tetrahydrofuran, a cyclic ether, is an experimentally common and promising solvent for the preparation of stable and efficient calcium electrolytes. However, insights into the reasons why are lacking, which could unveil key principles to electrolyte design. In this report, we provide a theoretical study employing ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations of the interactions of Ca metal with the cyclic ether tetrahydrofuran (THF). The results show that the electrochemical breakdown and decomposition of THF at the Ca surface is highly orientation- and surface-site dependent, thereby significantly reducing the likelihood of its instability in a randomly organized bulk solvent. Likewise, in bulk electrolytes, its likelihood for breakdown is further diminished, in preference for coordination Ca2+ to form solvated structure. Hence, the finding that molecules require such strict conditions for their decomposition is an important selection and design principle for any solvent to prepare suitable calcium electrolytes. These findings are critical to the advancement of the calcium batteries.
Religion and personality

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the links between personality and religion, both in terms of what the study of personality can contribute to the scientific study of religion and what possible insights into personality structure and functioning that an acknowledgment of the religious side of life can offer. A complete understanding of the role of personality in religious experience and in the expression of religious impulses requires an extended discussion of how personality is conceptualized by contemporary personality psychologists. It is only after this that the interplay between personality and religion, at the levels of both theory and method, can be effectively approached. The chapter presents an articulated framework for the understanding of human individuality and its application to research on religious and spiritual constructs within personality. It was proposed that knowing a person requires being privy to information at three distinct levels or domains of personality description: (a) comparative dispositional traits, (b) contextualized personal concerns, and (c) integrative life stories. Each level contains different constructs and a different focus and is accessed through different assessment operations. The three levels of personality structure can be used to organize current knowledge and to suggest future directions for research on religion and personality.
Child Brain Development and Adult Brain Reorganization

The result of the Mountcastle columnar principle of mammalian cortex showed that infants are born with greater spatial-temporal abilities than previously understood, ready for enhancing with the right environment. It is noted that a newborn emerge with a sophisticated brain that indeed develops at a very rapid rate. This chapter illustrates several outstanding behavioral studies that support the hypothesis that infants are born with considerable spatial-temporal abilities. The study is done in a somewhat chronological order, beginning with the fetus. It emphasizes on the role of outside influences on the fetus. In particular, auditory input to the fetus does influence auditory choice of the neonate. Next, this chapter examines experiments that demonstrate that two-day-old neonates have definite auditory preferences that were dependent on their fetal experiences. Furthermore, relevant experiments that show the higher brain function spatial-temporal abilities of very young children is discussed. The chapter also emphasizes on brain development and reorganization.
LAWRENCE'S REPUBLIC

I. INTRODUCrION I am delighted and honored to participate in this symposium critiquing and celebrating the remarkable scholarship of Frank Michelman. I was a student of Frank-but of course we all are students of Frank. I also have had the good fortune to be a colleague of Frank-he has been a distinguished visiting professor at Fordham and has generously participated in a number of our conferences there. The only problem I had in preparing for the symposium is that Frank's scholarship is so rich and wide-ranging that it was difficult to decide what to write about. I initially planned to write a paper on Frank's famous arguments for constitutional welfare rights.' Next, my paper was to be about Frank's reflections in his Storrs Lectures at Yale Law School on "constitutional containment" and his musings in recent work on the thinness of constitutional law as compared with our richer commitments to justice. Then, I was tempted to write about "Michelman and Democracy"-to assess his book, Brennan and Democracy, 3 and his articles developing a liberal republicanism. 4 I also thought of invoking a term Frank used to describe Justice Brennan-"super liberal" 5 -and writing about "The
Glycolipid Composition of Human Cataractous Lenses: Characterization of Lewisx Glycolipids

We have studied the glycolipid composition of human cataractous lenses. Neutral and acidic lipid fractions were isolated by column chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex and Iatrobeads. The neutral glycolipid fraction and acidic glycolipid fraction contained 0.6-0.9 micrograms of lipid-bound glucose (Glc) per mg of protein and 0.8-1.3 micrograms of lipid-bound sialic acid (NeuAc) per mg of protein, respectively. The neutral glycolipid fraction was found to contain LacCer (39.0% of total neutral glycolipids), Gb3 (16.2%), Gb4 (1.1%), nLc4 (5.0%), X (29.0%), and Y (9.2%). The acidic lipid fraction was found to contain mainly GM3 (33.1% of the total ganglioside fraction), GM1 (8.3%), LM1 (7.3%), GD1a (16.0%), and G (30.1%). The structures of neutral glycolipids X and Y and ganglioside G were elucidated by high performance thin-layer chromatography overlay method of glycolipids, gas-liquid chromatography, proton NMR spectrometry, and liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry as follows: 1) X, Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1'Cer, III3FucnLc4 (Lex); 2) Y, Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1- 3)GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1'Cer, V3FucIII3FucnLc6; and 3) G, NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)GlcNAc beta 1-3 Gal-beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1'Cer, IV3NeuAcIII3FucnLc4 (sialosyl-Le(x)). A minor neutral glycolipid Z was isolated and tentatively characterized as GlcNAc beta 1-3?Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-1'Cer (GlcNAc-Le(x)), suggesting that it may be the precursor of glycolipid Y. The major long-chain base of these human cataract glycolipids was C18:0 sphingosine (sphinganine). The major fatty acids were C16:0, C24:1 and C24:0, and monounsaturated fatty acids accounted for 40-55% of the total fatty acids.
Transcriptional Activation by the Adenovirus E1A Proteins

The adenovirus E1A gene products can transactivate viral and many cellular promoters while repressing others, drive quiescent cells to enter the cell cycle and synthesize DNA, and contribute to the oncogenic transformation of cells. These diverse effects of the ElA proteins appear to result from their ability to bind to a variety of cellular proteins, altering the activity of several different transcription factors.
Environmental aspects of heavy metal toxicity

This review surveyed different aspects of the toxicity of metals. The symptoms and ultimate effects of chronic metal poisoning, and the basis of the insidious onset of these effects were summarized. Cadmium, lead, and mercury were studied due to their present significant hazards to man and his environment if indiscriminate use is contined. It is essential that federal and state legislatures begin to consider these hazards and to take appropriate action. 54 references.
Alfred's Verse Preface to the Pastoral Care and the Chain of Authority

The Verse Preface to Alfred the Great's Pastoral Care completes the work of the preceding Prose Preface by appropriating religious language and authority to Alfred. The Prose Preface sets England at the end of a chain of intellectual and religious transmission which starts with the Hebrews and extends through the Greeks and Romans. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's work on legitimate language and symbolic capital, this essay explores how Alfred extends his translatio studii in the Verse Preface. Alfred presents himself as successor to Pope Gregory the Great and his emissary to England, Augustine, and the interpreter of the pope's written commands to all Englishmen, including bishops. Alfred's appropriation of church language helps justify his appropriation of authority and church wealth. Yet Alfred also employs Anglo-Saxon poetic tradition to enact in the preface the cultural translation he describes. By simultaneously demonstrating his knowledge of the prestigious Latin language and his willingness to use vernacular terms and tropes, he uses what Bourdieu terms a "strategy of condescension." Alfred's strategies ultimately assert authority over both lay and religious readers.
Kurtoxin, a gating modifier of neuronal high- and low-threshold ca channels.

Studies of Ca channels expressed in oocytes have identified kurtoxin as a promising tool for functional and structural studies of low-threshold T-type Ca channels. This peptide, isolated from the venomous scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus , inhibits low-threshold α1G and α1H Ca channels expressed in oocytes with relatively high potency and high selectivity. Here we report its effects on Ca channel currents, carried by 5 mmBa 2+ ions, in rat central and peripheral neurons. In thalamic neurons 500 nm kurtoxin inhibited T-type Ca channel currents almost completely (90.2 ± 2.5% at −85 mV; n = 6). Its selectivity, however, was less than expected because it also reduced the composite high-threshold Ca channel current recorded in these cells (46.1 ± 6.9% at −30 mV; n = 6). In sympathetic and thalamic neurons, 250–500 nm kurtoxin partially inhibited N-type and L-type Ca channel currents, respectively. It similarly reduced the high-threshold Ca channel current that remains after a blockade of P-type, N-type, and L-type Ca channels in thalamic neurons. In contrast, kurtoxin facilitated steady-state P-type Ba currents in Purkinje neurons (by 34.9 ± 3.7%; n = 10). In all cases the kurtoxin effect was voltage-dependent and entailed a modification of channel gating. Exposure to kurtoxin slowed current activation kinetics, although its effects on deactivation varied with the channel types. Kurtoxin thus appears as a unique gating-modifier that interacts with different Ca channel types with high affinity. This unusual property and the complex gating modifications it induces may facilitate future studies of gating in voltage-dependent ion channels.