cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbulent energy dissipation rates and exchange processes above a non‐homogeneous surface

Energy dissipation rates and the eddy fluxes of sensible heat, momentum, and total kinetic energy have been measured above a non-homogeneous surface. Calculations were made from simultaneous observations of fluctuations in air temperature and the orthogonal components of wind velocity at heights of 16 m and 40 m. In all thermal stratifications, dissipation rates given by the Kolmogoroff structure function are in close agreement with direct measurements of the energy extracted from the mean flow. During stable stratification, energy losses due to work done against gravity and to the divergence of the vertical flux of turbulent kinetic energy are nearly an order of magnitude smaller than the dissipation. In unstable stratification, energy losses due to the flux divergence are of the same order as the dissipation and are approximately three times larger than the energy produced by buoyancy. Estimates of the vertical heat flux from the Obukhov structure function compare favourably with directly-measured fluxes if the constant in the structure function is assigned a value of 0.7 in lapse conditions and a value of 1.6 in inversion conditions. The measurements also show that the ratio of the diffusivities of heat and momentum at a height of 16 m is significantly greater than unity in unstable stratification and significantly less than unity in stable stratification. Finally, the new measurements of dissipation rate are shown to be consistent with values obtained in previous studies.
Preoperative custom carbon fiber operating table for endourologic surgery.

Abstract Purpose: Numerous options for operating tables exist for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), but none of the tables suited our specific needs. Therefore a new custom PCNL table was developed. Methods: An existing carbon fiber table design was extensively modified to make it suitable for both PCNL and endoscopic urologic procedures. The goals of the design were to create a large imaging window and eliminate any metallic side rail interference during PCNL procedures with the patient in a split-leg prone position. A secondary objective was that the table be suitable for endourologic procedures in the lithotomy position. Results: A custom carbon fiber operating table was successfully developed and implemented in the clinical care of our patients. Conclusions: The modified custom carbon fiber operating table was successfully developed and now used as the primary table for our endourologic procedures. Future refinements to further optimize the table design are underway.
The Archaeology of Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico

The site of Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico, is well known for its distinctive architecture and sculpture that came to light in excavations initiated some 70 years ago. Less well known is the extensive corpus of archaeological research conducted over the past several decades, revealing a city that at its height covered an area of c. 16 km2 and incorporated a remarkably diverse landscape of hills, plains, alluvial valleys, and marsh. Its dense, urban character is evident in excavations at over 22 localities that uncovered complex arrangements of residential compounds whose nondurable architecture left relatively few surface traces. Evidence of craft production includes lithic and ceramic production loci in specific sectors of the ancient city. Tula possessed a large and densely settled hinterland that apparently encompassed the surrounding region, including most of the Basin of Mexico, and its area of direct influence appears to have extended to the north as far as San Luis Potosi. Tula is believed to have originated as the center of a regional state that consolidated various Coyotlatelco polities and probably remnants of a previous Teotihuacan-controlled settlement system. Its pre-Aztec history exhibits notable continuity in settlement, ceramics, and monumental art and architecture. The nature of the subsequent Aztec occupation supports ethnohistorical and other archaeological evidence that Tula’s ruins were what the Aztecs called Tollan.
Fraction interpolation walking a Farey tree

We present an algorithm to find a proper fraction in simplest reduced terms between two reduced proper fractions. A proper fraction is a rational number m/n with m 1. A fraction m/n is simpler than p/q if m ≤ p and n ≤ q, with at least one inequality strict. The algorithm operates by walking a Farey tree in maximum steps down each branch. Through Monte Carlo simulation, we find that the present algorithm finds a simpler interpolation of two fractions than using the Euclidean-Convergent [D.W. Matula, P. Kornerup, Foundations of finite precision rational arithmetic, Computing 2 (Suppl.) (1980) 85-111] walk of a Farey tree and terminating at the first fraction satisfying the bound. Analysis shows that the new algorithms, with very high probability, will find an interpolation that is simpler than at least one of the bounds, and thus take less storage space than at least one of the bounds.
Glutamate AMPA/kainate receptors, not GABAA receptors, mediate estradiol-induced sex differences in the hypothalamus

Sex differences in brain morphology underlie physiological and behavioral differences between males and females. During the critical perinatal period for sexual differentiation in the rat, gonadal steroids act in a regionally specific manner to alter neuronal morphology. Using Golgi-Cox impregnation, we examined several parameters of neuronal morphology in postnatal day 2 (PN2) rats. We found that in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) and in areas just dorsal and just lateral to the VMN that there was a sex difference in total dendritic spine number (males greater) that was abolished by treating female neonates with exogenous testosterone. Dendritic branching was similarly sexually differentiated and hormonally modulated in the VMN and dorsal to the VMN. We then used spinophilin, a protein that positively correlates with the amount of dendritic spines, to investigate the mechanisms underlying these sex differences. Estradiol, which mediates most aspects of masculinization and is the aromatized product of testosterone, increased spinophilin levels in female PN2 rats to that of males. Muscimol, an agonist at GABA(A) receptors, did not affect spinophilin protein levels in either male or female neonates. Kainic acid, an agonist at glutamatergic AMPA/kainate receptors, mimicked the effect of estradiol in females. Antagonizing AMPA/kainate receptors with NBQX prevented the estradiol-induced increase in spinophilin in females but did not affect spinophilin level in males.
Meridional variations in visual acuity and eye movements during fixation.

An attempt was made to evaluate the contribution of eye movements to meridional variations in visual acuity. The threshold background luminance was determined for the detection of a fine wire at different orientations and exposure durations. In addition, eye movements were recorded under comparable conditions in order to ascertain the magnitude of relative motion that retinal images of such wires undergo due to eye movements. It was found that acuity varies as a function of line orientation in a similar manner with all exposure durations. Differences in the effect of line orientation with different exposure duration appear to be unrelated to the variations in retinal image motion due to eye movements during fixation. It was concluded that for most individuals, the directional nonuniformity of eye movements during fixation is not sufficient to play any role whatever in the meridional variations in the visibility of visual detail.
Recent development on statistical methods for personalized medicine discovery

It is well documented that patients can show significant heterogeneous responses to treatments so the best treatment strategies may require adaptation over individuals and time. Recently, a number of new statistical methods have been developed to tackle the important problem of estimating personalized treatment rules using single-stage or multiple-stage clinical data. In this paper, we provide an overview of these methods and list a number of challenges.
High‐pressure Induced Phase Transition in ZrO2

Tetragonal ZrO2 can be formed directly from the mono-clinic form at 25° C by applying pressures greater than 37 kbars. The transition is reversible, and the tetragonal phase cannot be retained in a metastable condition at ambient conditions.
In vitro chemotactic response of osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells to a partially purified protein extract of demineralized bone matrix.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the chemotactic potential of a partially purified protein extract from bone matrix when tested against osteosarcoma cells with Osteoblast characteristics. The chemotactic response of ROS 17/2 cells to a lyophilized bovine bone extract purified to “Urist step eight” was evaluated in Boyden blind well chambers. A checkerboard design was employed to test cell migration against positive, negative, and no concentration gradients, thereby controlling the effects of chemokinesis and/or random migration on results. The results demonstrate that the partially purified protein extract from bovine bone matrix is chemotactic since more cells migrated to positive gradients than to negative gradients (P <.01). The chemotactic effect was confirmed by an increase in cell migration toward positive gradients of the bone extract compared to cell migration in the presence of no gradient (P <.01). When no gradient was present, the cells exhibited an increased response in the pr...
Septal Localization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis MtrB Sensor Kinase Promotes MtrA Regulon Expression

The mechanisms responsible for activation of the MtrAB two-component regulatory signal transduction system, which includes sensor kinase MtrB and response regulator MtrA, are unknown. Here, we show that an MtrB-GFP fusion protein localized to the cell membrane, the septa, and the poles in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis. This localization was independent of MtrB phosphorylation status but dependent upon the assembly of FtsZ, the initiator of cell division. The M. smegmatis mtrB mutant was filamentous, defective for cell division, and contained lysozyme-sensitive cell walls. The mtrB phenotype was complemented by either production of MtrB protein competent for phosphorylation or overproduction of MtrAY102C and MtrAD13A mutant proteins exhibiting altered phosphorylation potential, indicating that either MtrB phosphorylation or MtrB independent expression of MtrA regulon genes, including those involved in cell wall processing, are necessary for regulated cell division. In partial support of this observation, we found that the essential cell wall hydrolase ripA is an MtrA target and that the expression of bona fide MtrA targets ripA, fbpB, and dnaA were compromised in the mtrB mutant and partially rescued upon MtrAY102C and MtrAD13A overproduction. MtrB septal assembly was compromised upon FtsZ depletion and exposure of cells to mitomycin C, a DNA damaging agent, which interferes with FtsZ ring assembly. Expression of MtrA targets was also compromised under the above conditions, indicating that MtrB septal localization and MtrA regulon expression are linked. We propose that MtrB septal association is a necessary feature of MtrB activation that promotes MtrA phosphorylation and MtrA regulon expression. Background: The MtrB sensor kinase is a component of the essential MtrAB signal transduction system. Results: MtrB localizes to septa independent of phosphorylation; MtrB septal association and phosphorylation are necessary for cell division and expression of MtrA targets. Conclusion: MtrB septal localization and MtrA-regulon expression are linked. Significance: MtrB septal assembly triggers the activation of the MtrAB signal transduction pathway.
Alternative modeling approaches for contaminant fate in soils: uncertainty, variability, and reliability

The fate of contaminants in soils is an issue that is relevant to the management of both uncontrolled hazardous waste sites and to engineered facilities that accept hazardous materials. Addressing long-term potential human exposures requires the use of models. Large uncertainties are associated with predictions from these models. Some of this uncertainty derives from uncertainty about chemical properties and transformation half-lives and some derives from the variation among sites. The purpose of the paper is to consider two alternative modeling approaches and the reliability with which each approach can represent variations of contaminant behavior in the California landscape. One approach is based on the exact solution of the dispersion/advection differential equations that describe contaminant fate in the soil. The second approach is based on a mass-balance approach with less resolution in the soil layers. Incorporation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in the top ten meters of soil is used as a case study to consider how well the two models can be expected to predict cumulative inventory in this ten-meter zone over five years. Using rank correlation as a measure of the importance of parameter uncertainty, it is demonstrated that these two models represent variability of contaminant behavior in the California landscape with comparable reliability.
Effect of a Nonionic Surface-Active Polymer on Passage of Hydrocortisone Across Rat Intestine In Vitro

Employing the Crane and Wilson everted sac technique, the passage of hydrocortisone cortisol—in micellar solutions of oxyethylated tertiary octylphenol polymethylene polymer (tyloxapol)—from the mucosal to the serosal side of the rat intestinal membrane was studied. It was determined that the mechanism by which cortisol passes across the membrane is that of diffusion. However, it was found that the relative rate of passage of cortisol dissolved in micellar solutions of tyloxapol is a function of concentration of the solubilizing agent used and is inversely proportional to the concentration of tyloxapol and viscosity of the solution tested.
Comparison of DABA and GABA Transport into Plasma Membrane Vesicles Derived from Synaptosomes

: Transport of GABA by a high-affinity transport system (Km≃ 10−5 M) is thought to terminate the action of this postulated neurotransmitter. 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid (DABA), a structural analogue, is taken up by neuronal elements and inhibits GABA uptake. Localization of [3H]DABA by auto-radiography has been used to identify neurons with the GABA high-affinity transport system. After reconstitution of lysed synaptosomal fractions in potassium salts, transfer of these membrane vesicles to sodium salts produces sodium and potassium ion gradients which drive [3H]GABA and [3H]DABA transport. For each, transport requires external sodium, is abolished by ionophores that dissipate the Na+ gradient, and is enhanced by conditions which make the intravesicular electromotive force more negative. Some characteristics of the transport of these substances, however, differ. For example, external chloride is required for GABA, but not DABA, transport. Internal potassium is required for DABA, but not GABA, transport. DABA is a competitive inhibitor (Ki≃ 0.6 MM) of GABA transport into membrane vesicle and synaptosomes. GABA, however, is a feeble inhibitor of DABA uptake into the membrane vesicles. These differences suggest that the two substances are transported by different mechanisms and possibly by different carriers. In addition to these experiments, using enzymatic-fluorometric techniques, it was shown that the artificially imposed ion gradients drive net chemical transport of GABA into the vesicles.
Laparoscopic bowel injury in retroperitoneal surgery: current incidence and outcomes.

Purpose: Laparoscopic bowel injury is associated with significant morbidity and mortality when unrecognized. We assessed the incidence and outcomes of bowel injury in a contemporary cohort of patients, and reviewed the literature to examine the impact of experience with time on the incidence and consequences of bowel injury.Materials and Methods: Between 2006 and 2009 we performed 1,073 laparoscopic surgeries on the upper urinary tract, adrenal gland and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Patients incurring bowel injury were identified retrospectively. We reviewed complications and management. In a separate literature survey we identified 21 studies on laparoscopic bowel injury from 1993 to 2009. We analyzed etiology, incidence and management.Results: Bowel injury occurred in 8 cases (0.75%), including 6 and 2 identified intraoperatively and postoperatively, respectively. Mechanisms included Veress needle and trocar placement, dissection and thermal injury. Intraoperative management included oversewing the inju...
Dual-Purpose Mixed-Level Test Generation Using Swarm Intelligence

Automatic test pattern generation for non-scan sequential circuits is an extremely challenging task. If successful, it can offer many benefits to the EDA community, ranging from manufacturing and functional test to post-silicon validation. High-level test generators often miss the low-level details, thus missing the detection of some gate-level faults. On the other hand, gate-level test generators miss the high-level path traversal knowledge to more effectively traverse the state space. In this work, we present a fine-grain mixed-level test generator that utilizes co-simulation of register-transfer and gate levels to generate high quality vectors. The algorithm, based on an ant colony optimization, targets branch coverage at the RTL and simultaneously attempts to associate rare fault excitations with a sequence of branch activations. By weighting these sequences within the fitness function across the two levels, the algorithm is able to achieve high fault coverage in the presence of deep hard-to-reach states without scan. The result is that the test sequences obtained offer both high branch coverage as well high stuck-at coverage with low computational costs. In particular, for hard-to-test circuits such as the ITC'99 circuit b12, >98% branch coverage and >90% stuck-at coverage are achieved, vastly improving over other state of the art non-scan tools.
Uptake of Plasmid DNA by Protoplasts from Synchronized Soybean Cell Suspension Cultures

Summary Cell suspension cultures of soybean were synchronized by accumulation of cells at the G 1 /S boundary with 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. Upon removal of fluorodeoxyuridine and addition of thymidine, viable cells resume growth and enter mitosis with increased synchrony. Protoplasts were isolated from cells at varying times following release from inhibition and assayed for uptake of 3 H-pBR322 plasmid DNA. Uptake into DNase-resistant, trichloroacetic acid —insoluble form was 2.5 to 4.5-fold higher in S phase than in G 1 or G 2 phase protoplasts. Endogenous soybean deoxyribonuclease activities did not vary over the cell cycle.
13C-labeled oligodeoxyribonucleotides: a solution study of a CCAAT-containing sequence at the nuclear factor I recognition site of human adenovirus

The solution behavior of the single-stranded CCAAT-containing octamer 1, d(AGCCAATA), that comprises part of the nuclear factor I (NF-I) recognition site at the origin of replication of human adenovirus has been studied by nmr spectroscopy at 500 and 600 MHz. Proton resonance assignments for 1 were aided by selective 13C enrichment at C1' of A1 or A5. High-resolution 13C-1H heteronuclear multiple-bond coherence spectra of the 13C-labeled oligomers permitted the selective detection of furanosyl ring protons within each labeled residue due to short- and long-range 13C-1H couplings to the enriched C1'. The resulting assignments provided firm starting points in the interpretation of double quantum filtered correlated spectra, yielding information supplemented by total correlated spectroscopy (TOCSY) and rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopic data to completely assign the 1H-nmr spectrum of 1 and extract 3JHH values for furanose conformational analysis. Several 13C-1H spin-coupling constants within the 13C-enriched A1 or A5 residues were measured from cross-peak shifts in TOCSY spectra, and their signs determined by inspection of the relative orientations of these shifts. 1H-1H and 13C-1H spin-couplings both indicate a preference (> 75%) for south (C2'-endo) conformations by the furanosyl rings of 1.
The role of alpha1beta1 integrin in wound contraction. A quantitative analysis of liver myofibroblasts in vivo and in primary culture.

An unresolved question in wound contraction concerns the identity of integrins mediating the attachment of tissue myofibroblasts to matrix in the injury site. Previous studies with cell lines have focussed on α1β1 and α2β1, the principal collagen-binding integrins, but have yielded conflicting data. We have examined this issue in wound healing in the liver, isolating the myofibroblast population (activated stellate cells) and quantitating expression of the α1 and α2 integrin subunits during the in vivo injury. Normal stellate cells displayed α1 but no detectable α2. During injury, α1 expression was maintained; α2 became detectable at the mRNA level but at all times was
A wrinkling index for press forming

The current practice of assessing wrinkling in sheet metal stampings by visual inspection provides only a qualitative measure of severity. A new quantitative index for assessing the severity of wrinkling in sheet metal samples was developed by comparing qualitative observations by inspectors with quantitative measurements of surface distortions. Twenty-four dome height samples were purposely made with different wrinkling severities, then were visually assessed by thirty-one skilled body engineers. An average rating for each sample was computed from these assessments. In addition, the samples were measured on a three-axis coordinate measuring machine and mathematical surfaces were generated from the data. These surfaces were then used to calculate changes in surface heights, curvatures, and areas and to correlate the measured changes with the visual assessments. The results suggest that the percentage increase in area and the absolute average of the wrinkling height difference correlate best with visual wrinkling assessments. By comparing the sensitivity of these two parameters, the percentage increase in area between the mean and wrinkled surface is favored for discriminating wrinkling severities. Although the percentage increase in area cannot fully characterize surface behavior, it still provides a practical means of quantifying wrinkling.
Optical multistage networks with reversible nonlinear devices

Optical implementation of three stage Cbs network for multiprocessing interconnection networks using reversible nonlinear interface devices is presented. The proposed network is nonblocking rearrangable and is based on two-by-two optical switch that is capable of performing four basic switching actions. 1 .© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Studies on cyanide metabolism in Lotus arabicus L. and Lotus tenuis L.

Abstract Uniformly labelled L -valine- 14 C and L -isoleucine- 14 C serve respectively as effective precursors of the aglycone moieties of the two cyanogenic glucosides, linamarin (α-hydroxy-isobutyronitrile-β- D -glucose and lotaustralin (α-hydroxy-α-methylbutyronitrile-β- D -glucose) which occur in Lotus arabicus L. and Lotus tenuis L. Asparagine- 14 C isolated from the tops of etiolated seedlings of these species which had been fed H 14 CN was degraded and the data obtained provide evidence for the amide carbon atom being formed from the nitrile carbon. In the case of plants fed L -valine-U- 14 C, the occurrence and distribution of radioactivity in asparagine- 14 C suggests that radioactive linamarin formed from the valine breaks down slowly to yield H 14 CN which in turn is incorporated into asparagine.
Spleen cells from Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice produce diffusible stimulator of eosinophilopoiesis in vivo.

WE have previously demonstrated that a diffusible stimulator of eosinophilopoiesis is produced in mice after secondary injection with tetanus toxoid (TT)1. Lymphoid cells from TT-primed animals are capable of producing a diffusible eosinophilopoietic stimulator in non-primed hosts on intraperitoneal TT injection2. To establish that this is not a unique phenomenon, limited to this antigen, but rather that it is characteristic of antigen-induced eosinophilias and associated eosinophilopoietic responses, we have studied eosinophilopoiesis in a parasite-induced eosinophilia.
Mechanism of H2 histamine receptor dependent modulation of body temperature and neuronal activity in the medial preoptic nucleus

Abstract Histamine is involved in the central control of arousal, circadian rhythms and metabolism. The preoptic area, a region that contains thermoregulatory neurons is the main locus of histamine modulation of body temperature. Here we report that in mice, histamine activates H 2 subtype receptors in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPON) and induces hyperthermia. We also found that a population of glutamatergic MPON neurons express H 2 receptors and are excited by histamine or H 2 specific agonists. The agonists decreased the input resistance of the neuron and increased the depolarizing “sag” observed during hyperpolarizing current injections. Furthermore, at −60 mV holding potential, activation of H 2 receptors induced an inward current that was blocked by ZD7288, a specific blocker of the hyperpolarization activated cationic current ( I h ). Indeed, activation of H 2 receptors resulted in increased I h amplitude in response to hyperpolarizing voltage steps and a depolarizing shift in its voltage-dependent activation. The neurons excited by H 2 specific agonism expressed the HCN1 and HCN2 channel subunits. Our data indicate that at the level of the MPON histamine influences thermoregulation by increasing the firing rate of glutamatergic neurons that express H 2 receptors.
Microscopic mobility in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract It has recently been proposed that the electron microscopic mobility in hydrogenated amorphous silicon is of the order of 100cm2V−1s−1, and that the observed lower mobility values result from scattering by potential fluctuations arising from defect centres which have a negative effective correlation energy. We show that such potential fluctuations cannot lower the mobility to its observed value of 10cm2 V−1 s−1. Moreover, we find that the experimental evidence used to support the claim of a higher mobility can be adequately explained by the lower of the accepted values.
Nascent Proteins Caught in the Act

X-ray crystallographic snapshots of ribosomes, associated translation factors, and transfer RNA (tRNA) have allowed dynamic aspects of protein translation to be reconstructed. What is still missing is a detailed structural understanding of events coupled to translation. Two landmark papers in this issue ( 1 , 2 ) use cryo–electron microscopy (cryoEM) to obtain information at subnanometer resolution, enabling the direct visualization of nascent polypeptide chains in the ribosomal tunnel. The two different nascent chains of ribosome-nascent chain complexes (RNCs) instruct two distinct downstream pathways.
Penetration of adenosine antagonists into mouse brain as determined by ex vivo binding.

The penetration of the adenosine antagonists 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (CPT), 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (CPX), 8-(p-sulfophenyltheophylline (8-PST), and 8-[4-[[[[(2-amino-ethyl)amino]carbonyl]methyl]oxy]phenyl]- 1,3-dipropylxanthine (XAC) into mouse brain was determined using ex vivo binding and locomotor studies. CPT and CPX (25 and 0.25 mg/kg, respectively) both penetrated into brain in substantial amounts: 49 and 17% of theoretical levels assuming free penetration throughout the body, 10 min after i.p. injection, respectively. Brain levels of CPT decreased rapidly, declining to undetectable levels by 30 min post-injection, whereas levels of CPX declined much more slowly. As expected, no detectable brain levels of 8-PST were found following i.p. injection of 50 mg/kg. XAC (20 mg/kg) penetrated into brain poorly: 1.6% after 10 min and 3.2% 20 min post-injection. The ability of CPT to stimulate locomotor activity paralleled the brain levels, i.e. it was similar to theophylline at short times and the effect rapidly diminished. These studies demonstrate the usefulness of ex vivo binding in determining CNS penetration of adenosine receptor ligands.
Improved Stall-Delay Model for Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines

T HEdesign process of awind-turbine blade requires accurate and reliable prediction methods for the full range of the machine’s operating conditions. But at low values of tip-speed ratio (TSR ≤ 3.0), the stall-controlled turbine blades can operate with stall and can undergo stall-delay phenomenon during operation on the inboard regions of span. The understanding of the stall regime is important to control peak power output for stall-regulated turbines. There are significant differences between two-dimensional (2-D) airfoil flow and three-dimensional (3-D) flow on a rotating blade, particularly for the innermost part of the blade [1,2]. Lift coefficients attained at the inboard sections of a rotating blade are significantly in excess of the maximum value possible in 2-D static test [i.e., the angle of attack (AOA) at which stall occurs is greater for a rotating blade]. This behavior is referred to as the stalldelay phenomenon, which varies along the bladewith the augmented lift decreasing from blade root to tip. To obtain accurate blade sectional aerodynamic characteristics and hence accurate power prediction, the 2-D airfoil data need to be corrected for the inboard 3-D rotational effects. Since the stall-delay phenomenon was first observed by Himmellskamp [3] on propeller blades, many researchers in the helicopter and wind-turbine fields have tried to shed light to this problem.Very recently, Breton et al. [4] analyzed six differentmodels mostly used to correct the airfoil characteristics for 3-D rotational wing aerodynamics. They concluded that none of the models studied correctly represented the 3-D flow physics and that this was ultimately responsible for their lack of generality. The nonuse of stall control for the large-sizewind turbines is probably due to the fact that the stall-delay phenomenon is still not completely understood. The paper aimed at giving the delayed stall events and a simple correction model that reasonably complements the 2-D airfoil characteristics used to a blade element momentum (BEM) method. The model described in the sequel is based on the insight into the separate flow and stall delay documented in a previous paper [5]. II. New Physics-Based Model
Treasures in the attic: Rolling circle transposons discovered in eukaryotic genomes

Since the advent of methodologies to analyze the content of whole genomes (e.g., renaturation kinetics and Cot analysis), it has been known that a large fraction of eukaryotic genomes is highly repetitive (1, 2). Recent computer-assisted analysis of several sequenced eukaryotic genomes, including Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and humans, has demonstrated that most repetitive DNA is composed of or derived from transposable elements (TEs). In the human genome, for example, TEs are the single most abundant component, accounting for over 40% of the total DNA (3). Although this amount of TEs is viewed as a hindrance to those engaged in the determination and assembly of DNA sequence, the availability of both complete and partial eukaryotic genome sequences is providing TE biologists with a bonanza of raw material that is being used to understand how genomes evolve.
Direct measurement of membrane motion and fluidity by electron microscopy

THE mobility of cell membrane components1 has been measured either in the light microscope scale (by visual labelling2 and by the recovery of fluorescent bleaching3,4) or at the molecular level (by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)5 and spin label EPR6 methods). In this report, a new method, using electron microscopic techniques to measure membrane motion, is described. This method reduces the spatial and temporal averaging processes inherent in many other methods, and extends the resolution limit of observation to the nanometer scale. The main difficulty in applying electron optical techniques to kinetic measurement had been the requirement that the specimen be placed in a vacuum. The recent development of environmental stages7 has partly overcome this problem. The direct observation of reaction kinetics in an electron microscope is now possible. The application of this technique to biological research enables biological reactions to be observed at high resolution in a physiological environment.
Ramus, Visual Rhetoric, and the Emergence of Page Design in Medical Writing of the English Renaissance: Tracking the Evolution of Readable Documents

The evolution of page design to improve the readability of technical writing can be traced to improvements in typography and also to the influence of Peter Ramus. Ramus's logic used bracketed outlines to show the relationships among ideas within larger concepts. Used by legal writers and Puritan theologians to analyze concepts, Ramist method was also used by English physicians who sought to create medical texts that could be easily read and remembered by students and practitioners. Texts that used Ramist method illustrate their writers' awareness of the importance of making information visually accessible by use of white space, headings that reveal hierarchies of ideas, and bracketed dichotomies and partitions to reveal content for selective reading.
Distribution of calmodulin and calmodulin-binding proteins in bovine pituitary: association of myosin light chain kinase with pituitary secretory granule membranes.

Calcium is necessary for secretion of pituitary hormones. Many of the biological effects of Ca2+ are mediated by the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin (CaM), which interacts specifically with proteins regulated by the Ca2+-CaM complex. One of these proteins is myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), a Ca2+-calmodulin dependent enzyme that phosphorylates the regulatory light chains of myosin, and has been implicated in motile processes in both muscle and non-muscle tissues. We determined the content and distribution of CaM and CaM-binding proteins in bovine pituitary homogenates, and subcellular fractions including secretory granules and secretory granule membranes. CaM measured by radioimmunoassay was found in each fraction; although approximately one-half was in the cytosolic fraction, CaM was also associated with the plasma membrane and secretory granule fractions. CaM-binding proteins were identified by an 251-CaM gel overlay technique and quantitated by densitometric analysis of the autoradiograms. Pituitary homogenates contained nine major CaM-binding proteins of 146, 131, 90, 64, 58, 56, 52, 31 and 22 kilodaltons (kDa). Binding to all the bands was specific, Cat+-sensitive, and displaceable with excess unlabeled CaM. Severe heat treatment (100°C, 15 min), which results in a 75% reduction in phosphodiesterase activation by CaM, markedly decreased 251I-CaM binding to all protein bands. Secretory granule membranes showed enhancement for CaM-binding proteins with molecular weights of 184, 146, 131, 90, and 52000. A specific, affinity purified antibody to chicken gizzard MLCK bound to the 146 kDa band in homogenates, centrifugal subcellular fractions, and secretory granule membranes. No such binding was associated with the granule contents. The enrichment of MLCK and other CaM-binding proteins in pituitary secretory granule membranes suggests a possible role for CaM and/or CaM-binding proteins in granule membrane function and possibly exocytosis.
Resonance in quantum dot fluorescence on a band-edge of a 1-D photonic bandgap cholesteric structure under cw-laser excitation

Microcavity resonance is demonstrated in nanocrystal quantum dot fluorescence in a 1-D chiral photonic bandgap cholesteric liquid crystal host. The resonance demonstrates coupling between quantum dot fluorescence and the cholesteric microcavity. Observed at a band edge of a photonic stopband, this resonance has circular polarization due to microcavity chirality with 4.9 times intensity enhancement in comparison with polarization of the opposite handedness. The circular polarization dissymmetry factor ge of this resonance is ~1.3. We also demonstrate photon antibunching of a single quantum dot in a similar glassy cholesteric microcavity. These results are important in cholesteric laser research, in which so far only dyes under pulsed excitation were used, as well as for room-temperature single-photon source applications.
Estimating human effects on global extinction

A quantitative technique for estimating extinctions due to clearing of natural ecosystems is described. Applied on a global scale, the method yields preliminary figures on extinctions of flowering plants, butterflies, land birds and land mammals ranging from 5.4 to 15.3% for the period from the beginning of agriculture until the year 1980. Actual numbers of extinctions of mammals and birds to date are much lower, possibly in part due to a tendency for the technique to overestimate species loss at the global scale. However, delayed extinctions of species whose populations have been reduced but not exterminated by habitat destruction are likely, suggesting that human impacts may be more serious than they currently appear.
Use of test signals in system identification by quasilinearization

Identification of linear systems with unknown input gains and parameters by quasilinearization is studied both by the boundary value method and the performance index method. It is shown that the boundary value method requires a test signal whose order of complexity is proportional to the order of the system. On the other hand, with the performance index method, it is proved that the normal inputs to these systems are sufficient for complete system identification. This is significant because the most important consideration of system identification is to be able to identify the system under normal operation with as little disturbance to the system operation as possible.
A microcomputer-based cardiotachometer with video display

A KIM-1 single board microcomputer implementation of a cardiotachometer that provides a low-cost versatile heart-rate data acquisition system is described. Unique features include telemetry, a composite video output signal of a video frame displaying elapsed time and heart-rate, and a TV camera signal of the behavior. Data is videotape- and/or audiotape-recorded for further analysis with a larger computer.
Cell Surfaces, Blood Groups and Microorganisms

WE have described the in vitro alteration of the blood group I receptor of the red cell by mycoplasma, and stated that the effect was greater on group A cells than on group O cells1. We also noted that Clostridium filtrates which had been reported by other workers to destroy the specific I determinant were more active against group A than against group O cells2. For these reasons we used group A1I red cells in our final test system which employed the gamma macroglobulin fraction from a group A2 patient who was I negative as our agglutinating reagent. Feizi and Darrell have now reported their failure to find an effect of mycoplasma on the receptors for I. Unfortunately, they used group OI cells instead of group AI cells in their test system3.
Social comparison and burnout: The role of relative burnout and received social support

Abstract Although there has been a great deal of research concerning myriad aspects of burnout, relatively little of that work has concerned the influence of social comparison processes in the etiology of burnout. We argue that social comparisons, in the form of perceptions of burnout relative to others, can influence the development of burnout, particularly when interacting with social support. A longitudinal study was designed to investigate the role that perceptions of relative burnout play in the development of future burnout. Downward comparison led to decreased levels of burnout and upward comparison led to increased levels of burnout, after a 2-month interval. We find support for the interactive effect of relative burnout and received social support (in the form of supportive conversations with coworkers) in predicting later emotional exhaustion and cynicism. We discuss the implications of this research for burnout theory and reduction and conclude with suggested directions for the future of resear...
Determination of the absolute configuration of the glycerol component in poly(glycosylglycerolphosphates) by GLC-MS☆

The identification of an increasing number of teichoic acid-like capsular polysaccharide structures containing glycerol phosphate linkages (see, for example, refs l-141, has necessitated the development of accurate and versatile methods for the determination of the absolute configuration of the chiral glycerol components. Only in a few instances has the assignment of the stereochemistry of 0-glycosyl glycerol, phosphorylated at one of the primary hydroxymethyl groups, within this type of polymer been reported 12-15 On the other hand, the stereochemistry of the . teichoic acids in the cell walls and membranes of gram-positive bacteria appears to be well established16,i7. Assignment of the stereochemistry of the glycerol residue in poly(glycosylglycerol phosphates) may be achieved by release of the chiral glycerol component, followed by its conversion to an appropriate derivative, and assignment of absolute stereochemistry by comparison with standards of known chirality by means of spectroscopic CORD, CD, or NMR), chromatographic or enzymic methods18,i9. In the case of polymers joined by + l)-glycerol-(3 + phosphodiester linkages, depolymerization can be accomplished with aqueous HF to afford a 1-0-glycosylated glycerol fragment. Configurational analysis is then possible by comparison of the chromatographic properties with standards of known absolute configuration2’ or by stereospecific enzymic assay following oxidation to the corresponding chiral glyceric acid . 21 More recen tl y a method based on the measurement of the chiroptical properties of 2,3-di-0-benzyl-sn-glycerol obtained from 1-0-glycosyl-sn-glycerols has been describedz2. When the teichoic acid contains 2-O-substituted glycerol phosphate linkages,
Preparation of radiochemically pure tritium nuclear-labelled morphine.

MORPHINE has been labelled with carbon-14 in the N-methyl position by chemical synthesis1,2 and randomly by biosynthesis3,4. Because of the metabolic lability of the N-methyl group and the need for considerable quantities of a product of high specific activity, studies on the preparation of tritium-nuclear labelled morphine were initiated. The Wilzbach procedure5 of exposure to tritium gas was utilized for the introduction of the tracer element into the morphine molecule. The preparation of biologically stable tritium-labelled morphine by this technique had been described previously6, and the radiochemical purity of the product was reported. We have found, however, that the exposure to tritium gas of morphine base or morphine sulphate in finely divided form, and subsequent purification to remove the labile tritium and radio-decomposition products, uniformly gave a seemingly pure crystalline morphine which showed two distinct areas of radioactivity when paper chromatograms were developed using correctly buffered paper and the proper solvent mixtures. One area contained a greater proportion of radioactivity (approximately 65–70 per cent of total) but negligible mass of material (not detectable by spray reagents or by visualization with ultra-violet light, less than 1 per cent). Similarly when normorphine base or its hydrochloride was tritiated in the same manner and purified, the morphine synthesized from it by the method of Andersen and Woods1 showed the same trace radio contaminant. When paper chromatograms were prepared from the above tritium-labelled ‘morphine’ using non-buffered paper and several solvent mixtures, that is, n-butanol, formic acid, and water (12 : 1 : 7 v/v); 2.3 per cent p-toluene sulphonic acid in n-butanol and water (100: 14-v/v), etc., all the radioactivity was located in one area. This area was the alkaloidal spot as localized by spraying with iodoplatinate alkaloidal reagent or by visualization of the shadow with ultra-violet light. The R F values were identical with parallel non-labelled morphine.
Behavioral economic analysis of smoking: money and food as alternatives

The relative reinforcing value of smoking versus two nonpharmacological reinforcers, money and food, was evaluated in young female smokers in two experiments. In Experiment 1 eight smokers worked for access to smoking or money on concurrent progressive variable ratio schedules of reinforcement (VR4 to VR50) across two days of Smoking Deprivation or No Deprivation. During No Deprivation money was reliably chosen over smoking. During Deprivation subjects initially (VR4) chose smoking over money, but at subsequent comparisons allocated equal time to work for smoking or money. In Experiment 2 eight smokers were provided access to smoking or food across four conditions: No Deprivation, Smoking Deprivation, Food Deprivation and Smoking + Food Deprivation, using the same progressive variable ratio schedules as in Experiment 1. Results showed an increase in the reinforcing value of food after Food Deprivation and smoking after Smoking Deprivation. On the dual deprivation day, subjects initially (VR4) chose to work for food, showed equal preferences over the next three schedule comparisons (VR8-VR20), and from VR25-VR50 shifted their choice to smoking. An increase in percent of calories as fat was observed during all deprivation conditions. The results demonstrate the use of the concurrent schedule paradigm for assessing choice among pharmacological and nonpharmacological reinforcers, and shows the relative reinforcing value of smoking depends on recent deprivation, response demands to obtain the reinforcer and availability of alternative reinforcers.
Between education and the economy: high-stakes testing and the contradictory location of the new middle class

This paper analyzes the contradictory location of the professional and managerial new middle class within the rising tension between old systems of the industrial capitalist model of education, epitomized by a reliance on high‐stakes, standardized testing and the newer forms of production associated with the ‘fast’ capitalism of the global economy. The author argues that the professional and managerial new middle class is faced with a dilemma since they benefit from systems of high‐stakes, standardized testing, yet require schools to also teach the types of skills and flexibility associated with knowledge economy. The analysis suggests that this dilemma represents the contradictory class location of the new middle class relative to both discursive and productive resources.
Catecholamine metabolism in elasmobranch interrenal body

Abstract 1. 1. Measurement of methyltransferase activity in elasmobranch interrenal body with S-adenosylmethionine-C14 indicated that transmethylation reactions in this tissue may have an important function in catecholamine metabolism. 2. 2. Assays for catechol-O-methyltransferase and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase showed the presence of both enzymes in homogenates of interrenal bodies obtained from several shark species and a sting ray. 3. 3. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine appear to occur in the interrenal body in significant amounts and it is postulated that this organ (the equivalent of mammalian adrenal cortex) is a major source of epinephrine in the elasmobranch. 4. 4. This hypothesis was further strengthened by studying the distribution of norepinephrine-7-H3 in nurse sharks. Interrenal body, next to kidney, was the most active tissue in concentrating the labeled catechol. Conversion of norepinephrine-H3 to its N-methylated product had occurred and both catechols appeared to be metabolized principally by O-methylation. 5. 5. The significance of these observations in relation to our understanding of adrenal cortical and adrenal medullary function is discussed.