cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disulphide Bonds of Adjacent Cysteine Residues in Low Molecular Weight Subunits of Wheat Glutenin

Abstract The adjacent cysteine residues Cf1and Cf2located in the homologous sequence division III of LMW subunits of glutenin, and of α- and γ-gliadins are important elements of the disulphide structure of these proteins. Two different analytical approaches were used to assign the disulphide linkages of the -Cys-Cys- sequence found in four cystine-containing peptides derived from LMW subunits of glutenin. Direct Edman degradation of the acetylated and cyanogen bromide treated peptide with detection of di-PTH-cystine was one method. Partial reduction of peptides with Tris(2-carboxyethyl)-phosphine hydrochloride, subsequent separation of fragments by RP-HPLC, alkylation with iodoacetamide and sequence analysis was the second method. Both these methodologies gave identical results. It was shown that the first of the adjacent cysteines (Cf1) is linked with another cysteine residue of division III (Cc) and that the second one of the pair (Cf2) is linked with a cysteine residue in the C-terminal division V (Cy) of the primary structure. A model for the complete disulphide structure of LMW subunits is presented.
Survivors: How to Keep Your Best People on Board after Downsizing

This article presents a review of the book “Survivors: How to Keep Your Best People on Board After Downsizing,” by Gayle Caplan and Mary Teese.
Photo-Disintegration of Silver and Aluminum

The energy and angular distributions of protons emitted from Ag and Al nuclei when irradiated with the x-rays from a 22-Mev betatron were determined with the use of photographic nuclear emulsions. A maximum x-ray energy of 20.8 Mev was used with Ag and energies of 20.8, 17.1, and 13.9 Mev with Al.With silver the number of neutrons emitted in the same irradiation was determined from the ($\ensuremath{\gamma},n$) induced activity. The ratio of numbers of protons in each Mev interval to the total number of neutrons is compared to the same ratio calculated on the basis of various assumptions as to level density and nuclear reaction cross sections. The comparison suggests that the observed proton spectrum consists of two overlapping components. One is a lower energy group in rough quantitative agreement as to spectrum shape and numbers with calculations from reasonable assumptions as to statistical-model level densities and other nuclear parameters. The second group is a high energy tail (10-14 Mev) of protons definitely outside of the spectrum expected from the statistical model. Moreover, only the high energy group shows angular asymmetry with a preference for emission at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to the x-ray beam, which supports the hypothesis that these protons are emitted before the excitation energy is statistically distributed in the nucleus.The ratio of total numbers of protons to neutrons emitted by Ag under 20.8-Mev bremsstrahlung radiation is 0.023\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008.With Al protons are emitted with spherical symmetry and with a yield, for quanta above about 14 Mev, as large or larger than the ($\ensuremath{\gamma},n$) yield determined by Hirzel and W\"affler at 17.6 Mev. The shape of the spectrum and the ratio of ($\ensuremath{\gamma},p$) to ($\ensuremath{\gamma},n$) cross sections are compatible with the assumption of a constant or slowly increasing level density in the residual nucleus, as expected for a light nucleus in the energy range involved. From the maximum energy of emitted protons the proton threshold was determined to be 8.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 Mev.For use with the theoretical calculation of the proton spectra, the ($\ensuremath{\gamma},n$) cross sections as a function of x-ray quantum energy were determined for ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{107,109}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$, and also for ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$. The cross section of ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{109}$ was found to have a maximum of 0.32\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 16.5 Mev, ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$ a maximum of 0.10\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 17.5 Mev. For ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$ the cross section is still rising at 22 Mev.
An application of hierarchical linear models to longitudinal studies.

Nursing researchers are increasingly interested in studying changes in patients' outcomes, such as physiologic and psychological status across time. The most frequently used approaches, univariate repeated measures, multivariate repeated measures, and pre- and posttest differences have restrictive assumptions and unrealistic data requirement. Therefore, a more flexible approach is needed. Hierarchical linear models (HLM) can be used to solve these problems. The advantages of an HLM include that: (a) it describes each individual's growth trajectory and its relationship with initial status; (b) it is not restricted by unrealistic assumptions; (c) it solves the commonly observed problems of missing data; (d) it does not require fixed time intervals; and (e) it provides more precise estimation. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Physical and functional repetition in a bacterial ice nucleation gene

Nucleation of a physical process is distinct from catalysis, and as the function of a protein it is highly unusual. The ability to nucleate ice formation in supercooled water is a property of some members of the bacterial genera Erwinia, Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas1–3. This property is implicated in the ability of bacteria to cause frost injury to plants. Orser et al.4 have demonstrated that a single small region of DNA encodes this phenotype, and there is evidence that phosphatidylinositol is involved5. Biological ice nuclei are also found in the haemolymph of certain freeze-tolerant insects6. It is thought that an ice nucleation site must bind water molecules in an orderly array resembling an ice crystal. We have now determined the sequence of an ice nucleation gene from Pseudomonas syringae. It predicts a translation product whose structure is consistent with the role of template, containing 122 imperfect repeats of the consensus octapeptide Ala-Gly-Tyr-Gly-Ser-Thr-Leu-Thr. All the repeats are contiguous and higher-order periodicities are superimposed on the octapeptide pattern throughout. Deletion analysis showed that most regions of the repeating structure are not essential for function. Up to 68 octapeptides could be deleted without abolishing ice nucleation, but all deletions showed reduced activity. This indicates that the repeated peptides contribute individually to the nucleation process, as expected if they act as individual units of a water-binding array.
ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE AXOPLASM OF SQUID GIANT NERVE FIBERS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ITS ION PATTERN

Investigations dealing with the determination of the major chemical constituents of the axoplasm of the giant nerve fiber of the squid are described. Particular emphasis has been placed on determining the components involved in acid-base balance. It was found that 72 per cent of the total solids of axoplasm, representing 13.5 per cent of the wet material, are of relatively low molecular weight (dialyzable) and consist mainly of charged ionic or dipolar constituents. Of the 520 micromoles per gm. of total base, 72 per cent are balanced by organic acids: aspartic acid (65 micro equivalents per gm.), glutamic acid (10 micro equivalents), fumaric and succinic acids (15 micro equivalents), a new polycarboxylic acid (35 micro equivalents), and isethionic acid, a biologically novel sulfonic acid (220 micro equivalents). Besides potassium, sodium, small amounts of calcium, and magnesium there is a considerable fraction of organic (nitrogenous) base. Other features of the chemical composition of squid axoplasm include a relatively high concentration of taurine (100 micro equivalents) and an ultraviolet absorbing substance possibly identical with N-methylpicolinic acid. The distribution of the phosphates, especially the concentration of ATP, has been investigated. Specific techniques elaborated in connection with this study have been described and the biochemical implications of the analytical results are discussed.
Application of capillary electrophoresis in anion binding studies: Complexation and separation of nitrate and nitrite by an azacryptand.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was employed to study the complexation of an azacryptand with nitrate and nitrite in aqueous solution. CE separation of a mixture of nitrate and nitrite with 10 mM acetate buffer (pH 3.3) showed two peaks at the retention times of 2.8 and 3.1 min for nitrate and nitrite, respectively. However, when the ligand (2 mM) was added to the running buffer, the peaks emerged in the reverse order and at shorter retention times of 2.7 and 2.5 min for nitrate and nitrite, respectively. The longer retention time for nitrate compared with nitrite indicates a stronger complex formation between the ligand and nitrate, which reduces the migration speed of nitrate as compared with the less strongly bound nitrite. The 1H NMR titrations of L with these two anions at the pH 3.3 gave the binding constants (log K), 3.75 and 4.23, for nitrite and nitrate, respectively which were consistent with the results obtained from the CE method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exacerbation of myocardial dysfunction and autonomic imbalance contributes to the estrogen-dependent chronic hypotensive effect of ethanol in female rats

Abstract Our previous studies showed that the hypotensive effect of chronic ethanol in female rats is reduced by ovariectomy (OVX) rats and was restored after estrogen replacement (OVXE2). Further, in randomly cycling rats, chronic ethanol increased cardiac parasympathetic dominance and subsequently reduced myocardial contractility and blood pressure (BP). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that alterations in myocardial contractility and sympathovagal control account for the E2 exacerbation of the hemodynamic effects of ethanol. BP, myocardial contractility (+ dP/dtmax), and spectral cardiovascular autonomic profiles were evaluated in radiotelemetered OVX, and OVXE2 rats receiving liquid diet with or without ethanol (5%, w/v) for 13 weeks. In OVX rats, ethanol caused modest hypotension along with significant increases in + dP/dtmax during weeks 2–5. The high-frequency (IBIHF, 0.75–3 Hz) and low-frequency (IBILF, 0.25–0.75 Hz) bands of interbeat intervals were briefly increased and decreased, respectively, by ethanol. Compared with its effects in OVX rats, chronic treatment of OVXE2 rats with ethanol elicited significantly greater and more sustained reductions in systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures and + dP/dtmax. Altered sympathovagal balance and parasympathetic overactivity were more evident in ethanol-treated OVXE2 rats as suggested by the sustained: (i) increases in high-frequency bands of interbeat intervals (IBIHF, 0.75–3 Hz), and (ii) decreases in low-frequency IBI bands (IBILF, 0.25–0.75 Hz), IBILF/HF ratio and + dP/dtmax. The plasma ethanol concentration was not affected by changes in the hormonal milieu. These findings suggest that estrogen exacerbates the ethanol-evoked reductions in myocardial contractility and BP and the associated parasympathetic overactivity in female rats.
Genetic evidence that the two isozymes of sucrose synthase present in developing maize endosperm are critical, one for cell wall integrity and the other for starch biosynthesis.

In maize, two paralogous genes, Sh1 and Sus1, encode two biochemically similar isozymes of sucrose synthase, SS1 and SS2, respectively. Previous studies have attributed the mild starch deficiency of the shrunken1 (sh1) endosperm to the loss of the SS1 isozyme in the mutant. Here we describe the first mutation in the sucrose synthase1 (Sus1) gene, sus1-1, and the isolation of a double recessive genotype, sh1 sus1-1. Combined data from diverse studies, including Northern and Western analyses, RT-PCR and genomic PCR, cloning and sequencing data for the 3′ region, show that the mutant sus1-1 gene has a complex pattern of expression, albeit at much reduced levels as compared to the Sus1 gene. Endosperm sucrose synthase activity in sh1 sus1-1 was barely 0.5% of the total activity in the Sh1 Sus1 genotype. Significantly, comparative analyses of Sh1 Sus1, sh1 Sus1 and sh1 sus1-1 genotypes have, for the first time, allowed us to dissect the relative contributions of each isozyme to endosperm development. Starch contents in endosperm of the three related genotypes were 100, 78 and 53%, respectively. Anatomical analyses, which confirmed the previously described early cell degeneration phenotype unique to the sh1 Sus1 endosperm, revealed no detectable difference between the two sh1 genotypes. We conclude that the SS1 isozyme plays the dominant role in providing the substrate for cellulose biosynthesis, whereas the SS2 protein is needed mainly for generating precursors for starch biosynthesis.
Design and Operation of a Real Time Interferometer Working at 3.8 µm

A digital heterodyne interferometer has been designed and constructed to operate at a wavelength of 3.8 μm. The instrument is intended for use in measuring wavefront figure error due to thickness variations in dielectric coatings applied to infrared optics. A 32 x 64 element PtSi infrared CCD detector array is used together with digital processing and graphics display on a desktop microcomputer. Preliminary results have shown a wavefront measurement repeatability of less than λ/50.
Margaret L. Lantis (1906–2006)

2000 An Anthropologist's Life in the Twentieth Century: Theory and Practice at UC Berkeley, the Smithsonian, in Mexico, and with the World Health Organization. An oral history conducted in 1998 and 1999 by Suzanne B. Riess. Berkeley, CA: Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California. Electronic document, http://content.cdlib. org/xtf/view?docld=kt7s2005ng&brand=calisphere, accessed January 6, 2007. 2002 A Half Century of Field Research in Tzintzuntzan, Mexico: A Personal View. In Chronicling Cultures: Long-term Field Research in Anthropology. Robert V. Kemper and Anya Peterson Royce, eds. Pp. 252-283. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Structural studies of argon-sputtered amorphous carbon films by means of extended x-ray-absorption fine structure.

The temperature-dependent microscopic structure of plasma-deposited a-C:H and magnetron-sputtered a-C films, in situ sputter cleaned by argon bombardment, has been investigated by near-edge (NEXAFS) and extended (EXAFS) x-ray-absorption fine-structure studies. We find that the microscopic structure of the two films becomes indistinguishable after sputtering with a loss of hydrogen for the a-C:H sample. The structure of the sputtered films at 30 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C is characterized by a first-neighbor C-C bond length of 1.445(10) A\r{}. Upon annealing the bond length approaches that of graphite (1.421 A\r{}) with a value of 1.427(10) A\r{} at 1050 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, the highest annealing temperature used. Analysis of the EXAFS amplitude of the first-neighbor shell leads to a two-phase structural model consisting of a ``graphitelike'' network and a statically and dynamically disordered ``random matrix.'' The fraction of carbon atoms in the ``graphitelike'' network increases from 60(6)% at 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 92(9)% at 1050\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Analysis of the higher-neighbor-shell EXAFS signals leads to a model for the ``graphitelike'' regions, consisting of a network of conjugated odd- and even-membered rings, without long-range order. In contrast, the ``random matrix'' is suggested to be a mostly chainlike network of double and single bonds. Our results suggest that the ``graphitelike'' matrix is a precursor state for crystallization.
Parasitic participles in the syntax of verbal rather

In this paper, I discuss the syntax of parasitic participles in (varieties of) colloquial English, which can be found when rather is used as a verb. The syntax of verbal rather has not, to my knowledge, been studied before, and turns out to be of substantial interest, for two reasons. First, it presents a syntactic configuration that is not found elsewhere in the language, with the result that one perfect auxiliary can license two perfect participles. While rare in English, this phenomenon has been studied in a number of other Germanic languages, and has been argued to be diagnostic of restructuring. Second, its syntactic and argument structural properties in ECM contexts suggest that it may license a null variant of ECM have, providing a perhaps unique angle for studying the syntax of verbal elements dependent on the availability of various uses of ‘have’.
Flexural-torsional buckling of misaligned axially moving beams. II. Vibration and stability analysis

This paper addresses the stability and vibration characteristics of three-dimensional steady motions (equilibrium configurations) of translating beams undergoing boundary misalignment. System modeling and equilibrium solutions for bending in two planes, torsion, and extension were presented in Part I of the present work. Stability is determined by linearizing the equations of motion about a steady motion and calculating the eigenvalues using a finite difference discretization. For the case of no misalignment, the calculated eigenvalues are compared to known values. When the beam is misaligned, the system initially enters a planar configuration and the results indicate that the planar equilibria lose stability after the first bifurcation point. Eigenvalue behavior of the planar equilibria after the first bifurcation point is shown to be strongly influenced by translation speed. Eigenvalue behavior about non-planar equilibria and vibration modes about selected equilibria are also presented.
Slc26a6 regulates CFTR activity in vivo to determine pancreatic duct HCO3- secretion: relevance to cystic fibrosis.

Fluid and HCO3− secretion are vital functions of the pancreatic duct and other secretory epithelia. CFTR and Cl−/HCO3− exchange activity at the luminal membrane are required for these functions. The molecular identity of the Cl−/HCO3− exchangers and their relationship with CFTR in determining fluid and HCO3− secretion are not known. We show here that the Cl−/HCO3− exchanger slc26a6 controls CFTR activity and ductal fluid and HCO3− secretion. Unexpectedly, deletion of slc26a6 in mice and measurement of fluid and HCO3− secretion into sealed intralobular pancreatic ducts revealed that deletion of slc26a6 enhanced spontaneous and decreased stimulated secretion. Remarkably, inhibition of CFTR activity with CFTRinh-172, knock-down of CFTR by siRNA and measurement of CFTR current in WT and slc26a6−/− duct cells revealed that deletion of slc26a6 resulted in dis-regulation of CFTR activity by removal of tonic inhibition of CFTR by slc26a6. These findings reveal the intricate regulation of CFTR activity by slc26a6 in both the resting and stimulated states and the essential role of slc26a6 in pancreatic HCO3− secretion in vivo.
Osteonecrosis in patients with malignant lymphoma: A review of twenty-five cases

A retrospective study of 25 patients with malignant lymphoma who had osteonecrosis of either the femoral or humeral head(s) was undertaken. The common factor present among all patients was the administration of intermittent steroid-containing combination chemotherapy. Seventeen Hodgkin's disease patients received chemotherapy predominantly consisting of an alkylating agent, vincristine, procarbazine, and moderate amounts of prednisone. The non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients were on various moderate dosage steroid-containing protocols, except three who received prolonged high-dose steroid-containing chemotherapy regimens. Sixteen of the 17 Hodgkin's disease patients and five of the eight non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients received radiotherapy to the bones that subsequently developed osteonecrosis. Two of the three non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients who were not irradiated were treated with high-dose steroid-containing chemotherapy regimens. Symptoms developed in patients 12 months to 32 months after completion of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, respectively. Osteonecrosis was a long-term complication of treatment between 1970 and 1979 and occurred in 1.6% of the Hodgkin's disease and 0.12% of the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients treated. The authors conclude that the patients at highest risk for this complication are those who receive both radiotherapy to the affected bone(s) and intermittent steroid-containing multiple drug chemotherapy.
Quality of Life, Functional Outcome, and Complications of Coloplasty Pouch After Low Anterior Resection

The colonic J-pouch has been used to improve bowel function in patients undergoing low colorectal or coloanal anastomosis. However, a narrow pelvis, difficulties in reach, a long anal canal with prominent sphincters, or a fatty mesentery may turn this technique into a technically challenging procedure in certain patients. In these circumstances, “coloplasty” offers an alternative to a straight anastomosis. The purpose of this study was to compare the quality of life, functional outcome, and complications between patients undergoing coloplasty, colonic J-pouch, or straight anastomosis. Altogether, 162 patients who underwent coloanal or low colorectal anastomosis between 1998 and 2001 were studied. Data collected included demographics, length of follow-up, technique and type of anastomosis, complications, quality of life, and functional outcome. Results were analyzed according to use of a coloplasty (n = 69), colonic J-pouch (n = 43), or straight anastomosis (n = 50). The choice of the technique was based on the surgeon’s preference. Usually coloplasty or straight anastomosis was favored in male patients with a narrow pelvis or when a handsewn anastomosis was used. Quality of life assessment with the short form-36 questionnaire revealed better scores in coloplasty and colonic J-pouch groups. The coloplasty (1.0 ± 1.7) and colonic J-pouch (1.0 ± 1.2) groups had fewer night bowel movements than the straight anastomosis group (1.5 ± 2.0) (P < 0.05). The coloplasty group also had fewer bowel movements per day than the straight anastomosis group (3.8 ± 2.9 vs. 4.8 ± 3.6; P < 0.05); also, less clustering and less antidiarrheal medication use were observed than in the straight anastomosis group. Colonic J-pouch patients with handsewn anastomosis had a higher anastomotic leak rate (44 percent) than the patients in the coloplasty with hand-sewn anastomosis group (3.6 percent). Coloplasty seems to be a safe, effective technique for improving the outcome of low colorectal or coloanal anastomosis. It is especially applicable when a colonic J-pouch anastomosis is technically difficult.
Seascape and volcano: visualizing online discussions using timeless motion

Motion is the strongest visual appeal to attention [2], yet it is rarely used in the visualization of large-scale quantitative information. Motion is complex; it can vary across numerous dimensions, each of which is potentially an information-bearing element in the visualization. Which dimensions are used and how the data is mapped onto them are the key questions in using motion effectively. In this paper we present two interfaces that use motion as the primary visual element for representing data. These interfaces, Seascape and Volcano, use periodic animation loops to represent key social interaction features in online discussions. We propose that motion may be particularly well suited for representing data about behavior and actions, creating visualizations that intuitively depict different levels and types of activity. In this paper we describe the interfaces we have built and present the results of preliminary user studies.
Microelectromechanical systems scanning-mirror-based handheld probe for fluorescence molecular tomography

A novel handheld probe based on a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanning mirror for three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) is described. The miniaturized probe consists of a MEMS mirror for delivering an excitation light beam to multiple preselected points at the tissue surface and an optical fiber array for collecting the fluorescent emission light from the tissue. Several phantom experiments based on indocyanine green, an FDA approved near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye, were conducted to assess the imaging ability of this device. Tumor-bearing mice with systematically injected tumor-targeted NIR fluorescent probes were scanned to further demonstrate the ability of this MEMS-based FMT for imaging small animals.
Integrated Water Resources Management who Should Lead, who Should Pay?

: Improving water management to meet future global needs will certainly require technical advances, but the main challenge is to integrate the viewpoints of diverse societal interests into decisions about allocation of water resources. The integration cannot be done solely by the market because it requires a balancing among interests which do not respond well to market forces, nor by the state alone because of institutional problems. The concept of “integrated water resources management” has been developed to provide the framework for the required balancing of interests, and, like similar concepts in industries other than water, it has a dual purpose - to link stakeholders and apply best practices to management actions. To clarify the process of integrated water management, the paper focuses on two questions: who should lead integrated water resources management and who should pay for it? Several examples are given to illustrate a range of situations. The paper concludes with a call to improve paradigms of integrated water management, a proposition that water organizations should accept and budget for their external responsibilities as well as their direct missions, affirmation of the need for state and federal agencies to be involved with local interests, a call for better scientific and public information, and identification of the need for continued work to improve the process of integrated water management.
Single amino acid changes in the mumps virus haemagglutinin–neuraminidase and polymerase proteins are associated with neuroattenuation

It has previously been shown that three amino acid changes, one each in the fusion (F; Ala/Thr-91→Thr), haemagglutinin–neuraminidase (HN; Ser-466→Asn) and polymerase (L; Ile-736→Val) proteins, are associated with attenuation of a neurovirulent clinical isolate of mumps virus (88-1961) following serial passage in vitro. Here, using full-length cDNA plasmid clones and site-directed mutagenesis, it was shown that the single amino acid change in the HN protein and to a lesser extent, the change in the L protein, resulted in neuroattenuation, as assessed in rats. The combination of both amino acid changes caused neuroattenuation of the virus to levels previously reported for the clinical isolate following attenuation in vitro. The amino acid change in the F protein, despite having a dramatic effect on protein function in vitro, was previously shown to not be involved in the observed neuroattenuation, highlighting the importance of conducting confirmatory in vivo studies. This report provides additional supporting evidence for the role of the HN protein as a virulence factor and, as far as is known, is the first report to associate an amino acid change in the L protein with mumps virus neuroattenuation.
A compositional analysis of pottery vessels associated with the Inca ritual of capacocha

One of the most momentous of Inca state ceremonies was known as the capacocha. Through the sacrifice of both precious objects and select children, the capacocha served to link the capital of Cuzco to its far-flung hinterlands and the empire itself to the deities that sanctioned it. While ethnohistoric sources offer some insight into the capacocha ritual, the information is sketchy. The present study furthers our understanding of the capacocha ritual through the use of archaeological data. The compositional analysis of a sample of ceramic vessels recovered from several different capacocha burial sites around the Inca empire was conducted using instrumental neutron activation. These data are compared to results of paste analysis performed on Inca pottery from Cuzco and other parts of the empire. The results of this comparative study offer insights into the origins, movement, and connections of the children who were sacrificed in this key state ceremony. These data, in turn, help us more clearly understand the role of this important state ritual as it figured in strategies of imperial Inca statecraft.
Historical Self‐understanding in the Social Sciences: The Use of Thomas Kuhn in Psychology

Thomas Kuhn's (1962, 1970c) thesis concerning the structure of scientific change was critically examined in relation to the historical problems of social science. The use and interpretation of Kuhn's ideas by psychologists was reviewed and found to center around the proliferation of theoretical views as paradigms, the viewing of theoretical differences as paradigm clashes, and efforts to affirm particular conceptions of psychology's past or future. Such use was seen as curbing discussion of fundamental issues, and to reflect a continuing neglect of the foundational problems peculiar to social science. The relevance of Kuhn's work was seen to rest on a more critical view of his idea of “mature” science, better understanding of the type of social psychology upon which his thesis rests, and greater appreciation of his hermeneutic approach to social-historical analysis.
Spin Trapping of Radicals Produced by Thermal Homolysis of L2Mn2(CO)8

Abstract The reaction of L 2 Mn 2 (CO) 8 (L = PPh 3 , P(OMe) 2 Ph, PEt 3 , PMePh 2 , P(p-CH 3 C 6 H 4 ) 3 , P(m-CH 3 C 6 H 4 ) 3 , P(OEt) 3 , PEt 2 Ph) with nitroso-t-butane at 23°C in a variety of solvents (dichloromethane, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, acetone) in the dark produces stable nitroxide radicals which have been detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The radicals are identified as the spin adducts L(OC) 4 MnN(O)C(CH 3 ) 3 . In pyridine solution substitution of the phosphine ligands of the radicals rapidly occurs so that the species trapped from L 2 Mn 2 (CO) 8 (L = PPh 3 , PEt 3 , PPh(OMe) 2 , AsPh 3 ) is (C 5 H 5 N)(OC) 4 MnN(O)C(CH 3 ) 3 .
Sources of expert advice: A comparison of peer-reviewed advice from the literature with that from an automated performance support system

The treatment of aggression, self-injury, and property destruction is difficult for clinicians. To ease their burden, clinicians may receive help in developing treatments from the scientific literature or from the new automated performance support systems. This study compares the treatment suggestions offered by these two sources of expert advice across 30 clients. Four clinicians obtained consultations from the Mental Retardation-Expert (MR-E), an automated performance support system, for client descriptions abstracted from the literature. The results indicated that MR-E, when compared with the literature, offered more positive proactive treatment suggestions, relied more on accelerative rather than decelerative approaches, and offered more treatments from which the clinician could choose.
Searching behavior of female Orius tristicolor.

On individual leaves before contacting prey, starved adult female O. tristicolor (Hem.: Anthocoridae) searched moderately rapidly (8.2 cm/min) with a low turning rate (0.9 turns/cm). After contacting prey, searching speed decreased (3.5 cm/min) and turning rate increased (1.7 turns/cm). When observed for a 3 h period on a fruiting cotton plant, starved adult female O. tristicolor spent the 1st h mostly searching the 2 leaf surfaces and petiole, the 2nd h inactive, and the 3rd h evenly distributing its search time throughout most of the plant.
Kleine-Levin syndrome: a case report and review of literature.

Abstract Background Kleine-Levin syndrome presents with recurrent hypersomnia along with a number of other neuropsychiatric features, of which hyperorality has not been described frequently. Method We report a male adolescent who presented with recurrent hypersomnia, hypersexuality, and hyperorality. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and overnight polysomnography followed by a multiple sleep latency tests were ordered. Excessive daytime sleepiness was assessed with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Results Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain did not reveal any abnormality. Overnight video-synchronized polysomnography and multiple sleep latency tests ruled out narcolepsy. Epworth Sleepiness Scale score at baseline was 22. He was prescribed lithium carbonate 300 mg twice a day. The symptoms improved within a week after starting lithium carbonate therapy. Conclusion Kleine-Levin syndrome may present with hyperorality, and our patient responded well to lithium carbonate therapy.
Resection of thymoma should include nodal sampling

Objective Thymoma is best treated by surgical resection; however, no clear guidelines have been created regarding lymph node sampling at the time of resection. Additionally, the prognostic implications of nodal metastases are unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the prognostic implications of nodal metastases in thymoma. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for patients who underwent surgical resection of thymoma with documented pathologic examination of lymph nodes. The impact of nodal status on survival and thymoma staging was examined. Results We identified 442 patients who underwent thymoma resection with pathologic evaluation of 1 or more lymph nodes. A median of 2 nodes were sampled per patient. Fifty-nine patients (59 of 442, 13.3%) had ≥1 positive node. Patients with positive nodes were younger and had smaller tumors than node-negative patients. Median survival in the node-positive patients was 98 months, compared with 144 months in node-negative patients ( P = .013). In multivariable analysis, the presence of positive nodes had a significant, independent, adverse impact on survival (hazard ratio 1.945, 95% confidence interval 1.296-2.919, P = .001). The presence of nodal metastases resulted in a change in classification to a higher stage in 80% of patients, the majority from Masaoka-Koga stage III to stage IV. Conclusions Nodal status seems to be an important prognostic factor in patients with thymoma. Until the prognostic significance of nodal metastases is better understood, surgical therapy for thymoma should include sampling of regional lymph nodes.
Role of hydrocarbons in pore expansion and contraction of a flexible metal–organic framework

A metal–organic framework obtained from a flexible organic linker shows a breathing phenomenon upon adsorption of saturated hydrocarbons.
Action of desoxycorticosterone acetate on glycogen. I. Relationship of liver glycogen formation to potassium metabolism.

Summary1. Daily administration of DOCA for short periods caused an increased glycogenic response in liver of rats following intraperitoneal injection of glucose. Daily administration of DOCA for longer periods resulted in decreased glycogenic response. 2. DOCA induced inhibition of glycogen formation was accompanied by decrease in potassium content of both liver and blood serum. 3. By forcing an increase in potassium intake, the potassium content of both liver and blood serum was maintained at essentially normal levels and liver glycogen production was not significantly inhibited in rats that received DOCA. 4. These data indicated that DOCA induced inhibition of glycogen formation was secondary to potassium depletion.
Atoms in carbon cages: the structure and properties of endohedral fullerenes

Encapsulating atoms or molecules inside fullerene cages could give rise to a myriad of novel molecules and materials. The existence of such species is now strongly supported by a growing body of experimental evidence. Fullerene& ndash;metal complexes generally thought to be endohedral are being produced and purified in milligram quantities, and their structure and properties are beginning to be explored
Production Of High Temperature Superconductor Thin Film Microstructures And Transmission Lines

The discovery of high temperature (T>90 K) superconductivity in the rare-earth copper oxides has opened up the possibility of the use of this material for very high speed, low loss interconnects in electronic systems. The realization of this possibility depends on the development of successful techniques for the growth and processing of high quality, high Tc thin films. Due to the highly anisotropic nature of the R.E.-Ba -Cu- oxide superconductor the film must be well oriented, preferably with the copper oxide planes parallel to the plane of the substrate, in order to obtain the necessary high critical current density. The substrate must also be properly chosen to avoid unacceptably high dielectric dispersion and loss. Since the high Tc superconductor is highly reactive achieving compatibility with suitable substrates can be difficult. We have developed a high pressure reactive evaporation (HPRE) process for the in-situ formation of high Tc thin films at a comparably low growth temperature (T = 625C - 700C). Films grown by this technique on yttria-stabilized zirconium oxide and Mg0 crystalline substrates tend to be highly oriented and have yielded quite high critical current densities. These films can be readily patterned to micrometer dimensions by photolithography and ion etching. In this paper we report on the characterization and processing of high Tc thin films, and characteristics of thin film microstructures. Film properties important for high speed device applications will be discussed.
Socially-interactive dressing room: an iterative evaluation on interface design

This paper explores the formative user interface design of a socially-interactive dressing room. The socially-interactive dressing room allows shoppers to talk to their friends in real time for opinions on their garment purchasing decisions. Our work is motivated by the observation that shoppers who lack fashion sense often rely on their friends' opinions when making garment purchasing decisions. Using the iterative user interface design methodology, we conducted a mini focus group and interviews among male and female shoppers to refine the user interface design. Our findings suggest that an iterative approach proves to be useful in uncovering and addressing usability, aesthetics, and trust issues that arise from incorporating a socially-interactive system within a dressing room context.
Multivariate Regression of Dummy Variates under Normality Assumptions

Abstract The most frequently used practical regression model is that in which it is supposed that the dependent variate is normal for given values of the independent variate. In this paper it is pointed out that another regression model of wide applicability may be furnished by the contrary assumption—that the independent variate is normal for given values of the dependent variate. The particular case where the dependent variate is a vector of dummy variables is explored in detail.
A central Ohio consortium for retraining in computer science

A Consortium of eight Central Ohio colleges and universities is described. The purpose of the Consortium is to provide opportunities for faculty at the participating institutions to be retrained in the field of computer science. These faculty will then be able to return to their home institutions to develop and teach computer science curricula. The program provides flexibility of scheduling the retraining, in terms of the time of year and nature of the retraining undertaken by the individual participants.
Clinical Application of PET in Pediatric Brain Tumors

While rare in adults, central nervous system tumor is the most common solid tumor in childhood and is the leading cause of cancer death in children. Childhood brain tumors are different from those in adults in epidemiology, histologic features, and responses to treatment. Gliomas make up over one-half of all childhood brain tumors. Clinical application of PET imaging in brain tumors has demonstrated that it is helpful in tumor grading, establishing prognosis, defining targets for biopsy, and planning resection. This article emphasizes PET applications in childhood brain tumors, focusing on mainly gliomas with regard to tumor-grading and prognosis, distinguishing tumor recurrence from radiation necrosis, and PET guided diagnosis and treatment.
20 kHz main inverter unit

A proof-of-concept main inverter unit has demonstrated the operation of a pulse-width-modulated parallel resonant power stage topology as a 20 kHz AC space power source driver, showing simple output regulation, parallel operation, power sharing and short-circuit operation. The use of a two-stage DC input filter controls the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) characteristics of the DC power bus, and the use of an AC harmonic trap controls the EMC characteristics of the 20 kHz AC power bus. >
Wideband receiver design in the presence of strong narrowband interference

In the presence of narrowband interference (NBI), detection of weak wideband signals faces foremost challenges in analog-to-digital conversion (ADC), due to the dynamic range problem encountered when the weak signal cannot be amplified adequately to achieve sufficient quantization accuracy. Building on a parallel frequency-domain sampling structure for ADCs, this letter derives a new quantization bit allocation scheme that effectively removes strong NBI. Frequency bins hosting NBIs are allocated with no quantization bits. Optimal rules for symbol detection and quantization bit allocation are derived by jointly minimizing the mean square error of the decoding output.
Sonet: A Guide to Synchronous Optical Network

B-ISDN, ATM, SONET fibre-optic tutorial the digital hierarchy the evolution of SONET SONET architecture and protocols SONET synchronization and timing SONET networks SONET equipment SONET services SONET and ATM carrier SONET services SONET and SDH the future of SONET.
Identification and molecular characterization of a complement C3 molecule in a lophotrochozoan, the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes

Examination of the EST database of the light organ of the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes revealed a sequence with similarity to complement C3. RACE yielded the full open reading frame of this protein. Analysis of the resultant sequence revealed that Es-C3 (E. scolopes-C3) has conserved residues and domains known to be critical for C3 function. The gene encoding C3 was expressed in all tissues tested, indicating that its expression is widely distributed throughout the animal’s body. Immunocytochemistry using an antibody against Es-C3 revealed that the protein is produced principally in the apical surfaces of epithelial cells. The finding of the gene encoding C3 in this mollusk extends the occurrence of this molecule to the lophotrochozoans, demonstrating that complement genes occur in all major branches of the animal kingdom.
Generalized rate-distortion optimization for motion-compensated video coders

This paper addresses jointly rate-distortion optimal selection of coding parameters in a general motion-compensated video coder. The general coder uses variable-block-size motion estimation and multimode residual coding. This is essentially the optimal bit-allocation problem for an individual frame at a given rate constraint. This paper not only gives the general formulation and solution using the Lagrange multiplier method and dynamic programming, but also demonstrates how the general theory can he adapted and applied to both an MPEG-like coder and a motion-compensated wavelet coder. Simulations demonstrate that both proposed coders outperform MPEG (TM5) by 0.7-1.3 dB at a variety of bit rates, with the gain provided by both better motion estimation and the joint-parameter optimization. The technique is applicable to MPEG-compliant coders with fixed block-size motion estimation and provides a gain of 0.5-0.7 dB over TM5. The optimization approach can also be applied to distortion-constrained coding, and therefore allows a fine tuning of either the rate or distortion to follow any desired profile.
Notes on Pragmatism and Scientific Realism

Research" (1991) is informative for the overview it provides of scientific realism. At the outset House tells the reader that he will forgo comparisons between scientific realism and interpretivism, pragmatism, and critical theory in order to focus on "its [scientific realism's] introduction and explication" (p. 2). At the end he poses the question: "How does scientific realism compare with perspectives such as interpretivism, pragmatism, and critical theory?" (p. 9). A note of response is not the place to pursue such comparisons in detail, but a few comments, perhaps, may provide the basis for beginning such comparisons, in this case between pragmatism and scientific realism. Pragmatism and scientific realism share a number of assumptions about science, language, and the world. Both are also opposed to positivism/empiricism. Given their areas of agreement as well as some common opponents, it is surprising that these two schools of thought end up so far apart. The following comments profile a few of their affinities as well as a few dramatic differences that divide them.
Who are the culinary tourists? An observation at a food and wine festival

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide psychographic and demographic profiles of people interested in culinary tourism.Design/methodology/approach – The study was conducted in the First Lubbock Wine Festival in Texas, incorporating Values and Lifestyles (VALS‐2). A questionnaire was designed to investigate the classification of culinary tourists' lifestyles and values in terms of three primary motivations such as ideals, achievement, and self‐expression including culinary tourists' activities and demographic characteristics. Factor and reliability analyses were used.Findings – A five‐factor solution resulted in idealist, achiever, explorer, belonger and innovator. Ideals‐motivated groups were identified by idealist and belonger. Self‐expression‐motivated groups were identified by explorer and innovator. Achievement‐motivated group was identified by achiever.Research limitations/implications – The study offers new insights and conceptualizations relevant to the analysis of culinary tourism marke...
Developing architectural lighting representations

This paper reports on the development of a visualization system for architectural lighting designers. It starts by motivating the problem as both complex in its physics and social organization. Three iterations of prototypes for displaying time and space varying phenomena are discussed. Fieldwork is presented to identify where in practice they will be most effective. A set of user studies, one of which is analyzed in fine-grained detail, show how building designers incorporate visualization on hypothetical design problems. This has positive implications for both energy efficiency and lighting quality in buildings.
Chemical and Structural Evolution of Sol-Gel-Derived Hydroxyapatite Thin Films under Rapid Thermal Processing

Chemical and structural evolution of hydroxyapatite thin films produced by sol-gel synthesis is characterized by ion beam analysis, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Formation of the hydroxyapatite structure began at 500°C ; no other phases were observed at higher temperatures. Elimination of residual organics was observed in the form of the disappearance of excess oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. Crystal size increases with increasing anneal temperature ; spectroscopy indicates the formation of highly crystalline films. The analytical methods chosen provide insight into subtle chemical and structural changes which occur in films produced by this synthetic route.