cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary total elbow arthroplasty

Abstract In view of recently published follow-up studies, the indications for total elbow arthroplasty are expanding. Common factors that are essential for achieving optimal outcomes for all indications include the architectural characteristics of the pathologic condition, appropriate patient selection, suitable choice of prosthesis, and proper surgical technique. This article addresses these factors and presents our current surgical technique for total elbow arthroplasty.
Heteromeric and Homomeric Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptors Show Distinct Signaling and Endocytic Responses in Epithelial Cells *

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induces distinct responses dependent upon the cellular context. It is unclear whether the initial receptor interactions identified in one cell type will be operative in another. Utilizing a chimeric receptor strategy we have examined the signaling and endocytic activity of both heteromeric (type I/type II) and homomeric (type I/type I or type II/type II) TGF-βR interactions in Mv1Lu epithelial cells. In agreement with that observed in mesenchymal cells, all TGF-βR signaling in Mv1Lu cells required the formation of a heteromeric type I-type II receptor complex. However, the initial endocytic response to TGF-βR oligomerization was distinctly regulated in the two cell types. While heteromeric TGF-β receptors were internalized and down-regulated, homomeric TGF-βR interactions showed diminished endocytic activity in Mv1Lu cells. This contrasts to that observed in mesenchymal cultures where ligand bound to TGF-βR homomers was internalized, yet the receptors were not down-regulated. Moreover, while previous reports have suggested that mutations at serine 172 or threonine 176 in the type I TGF-βR separated transcriptional from proliferative responses, we found no separation of pathways or effect on initial endocytic activity when the analogous mutations were made in the chimeric receptors.
Fermionic strings on the compactified moduli space

On the compactified moduli space we consider theN=2,N=4 local supersymmetric string theories. It would be proven that theN=2,N=4 fermionic string theories might not develop any tachyon pole, which might imply theg-loop partition functions forN=2,N=4 fermionic string would be finite.
Isolation of Salem virus, a novel equine paramyxovirus, and assessment of its etiologic role in a disease outbreak.

Abstract Salem virus (SalV) is a recently identified equine virus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae. The only known isolate was obtained from a horse that was involved in a disease outbreak of undetermined nature and the circumstances of its isolation suggested an etiologic role. However, the experimental infection of a colostrum-deprived foal failed to reproduce the disease; only mild neutropenia and temperature elevation were recorded. An additional attempt to establish an etiological relationship with the disease was made by conducting a retrospective evaluation of the serological profiles of animals involved in the outbreak. Animals reported as being affected by the disease according to a comprehensive United Sates Department of Agriculture (USDA) database were found to be 48% (n=27) positive for antibodies to SalV, but the percent positive for all horses, affected and unaffected, was actually higher at 56% (n=62). For 15 affected horses for which paired acute and convalescent serum specimens were available, no unequivocal seroconversions to SalV were identified. Furthermore, the horse from which SalV was isolated was not listed as one of the animals affected by the disease. In total, the evidence suggests that SalV was not the etiological agent of the disease and that its isolation was fortuitous.
Effects of selective serotonin2 ligands on behaviors evoked by stress in the rat.

Abstract Serotonin (5-HT) has been implicated in the regulation of the stress response. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the possibility that the 5-HT 2A, 2C agonist DOI would reduce behavioral responsiveness to stress, and that selective blockade of one or both of these receptor subtypes would reverse this effect. Stressors employed were mild tail pinch and an illuminated open field. In Experiment 1 DOI (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) was found to decrease stress-evoked oral behavior directed at food and to increase rearing behavior in a dose-dependent fashion. Neither of these effects was reversed by spiperone (5-HT 2A antagonist) or SDZ SER-082 (5-HT 2C antagonist). DOI also increased the frequency of head shaking. This effect was reversed by SDZ SER-082. In Experiment 2 DOI was injected singly or in combination with ketanserin (5-HT 2A, 2C antagonist). DOI decreased tail pinch-evoked oral behavior directed at food, the amount of food eaten, and increased vocalization. In the open field DOI decreased rearing, increased the number of head shakes, and increased the incidence of flat body posture. While ketanserin alone (0.5, 2.5, 5.0 mg/kg) had no effect on any behavioral measure, coadministration of ketanserin (5.0 mg/kg) with DOI (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) significantly blocked the effects of DOI on oral behavior directed at food, eating, rearing, head shaking, and flat body posture. It is concluded that the observed effects of DOI on behaviors evoked by stress were mediated by activation of both 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C receptors.
Implications of interveinal distance for quantum yield in C4 grasses: a modeling and meta-analysis.

The distance between veins has the potential to affect photosynthesis in C4 grasses because photon capture and photosynthetic carbon reduction are primarily restricted to vascular bundle sheath cells (BSC). For example, BSC density should increase as interveinal distance (IVD) decreases, and thus IVD may influence photon capture and photosynthesis in C4 grasses. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential importance of IVD to the function of C4 grasses, and a literature survey is conducted to test the hypothesis that quantum yield of photosynthesis (Φ) increases with decreasing IVD. First, a meta-analysis of Φ and IVD values obtained for 12 C4 grass species supports this hypothesis as Φ and IVD are significantly negatively correlated (r=−0.61). Second, a regression of carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) versus IVD was conducted and the regression equation was used in a simple biochemical model that relates Φ to Δ and leakage of CO2 from the BSC. The modeling analysis also supports the hypothesis that Φ decreases with increasing IVD in C4 grasses. C4 grasses are virtually absent from shaded habitats, and the biochemical model is employed to examine the implications of IVD for shade-tolerance in C4 grasses. The model predicts that only those species with uncommonly small IVD values are able to tolerate prolonged shade.
James R. Wait - Remarkable scientist

James R. Wait was to the manor born in 1924. His father was the highest ranking officer in the Royal Canadian Air Force in World War II. Jim received all of his academic degrees from the University of Toronto, Canada, where he received the B.A.Sc. degree in 1948, the M.A.Sc. degree in 1949, and the Ph.D. degree in 1952, all in engineering physics. He spent three years in the Radio Physics Division, Defense Telecommunications Research Establishment (DTRE), before joining the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO, in 1955, where he remained until 1980, weathering several reorganizations. In 1980, he accepted a Professorship at the University of Arizona, Tucson, and was appointed Regents Professor in 1988, retiring in 1989. He died of a brain tumor in 1998. Jim Wait was one of our finest, as well as most prolific, electromagnetic theorists and published over 800 journal papers and eight books.
Direct evidence that an arene oxide is a metabolic intermediate of 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl

Abstract Radiolabeled arene oxide was recovered from incubations containing [3H]-2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (3H-TCB), unlabeled 2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl-3,4-oxide (TCBAO), 3,3,3-trichloropropene-1,2-oxide (TCPO), NADPH, and liver microsomes from phenobarbital-induced rats. No labeled arene oxide was generated in the absence of NADPH, nor during the metabolism of unlabeled TCB in the presence of [3H]-H2O. The recovered oxide (radiolabeled and carrier) was characterized by mobility on silica gel and by conversion to 3- and 4-hydroxy-TCB. Formation of a dihydrodiol metabolite was apparently blocked by inhibition of epoxide hydrase. These data provide the first direct evidence that arene oxides are intermediates of halogenated biphenyl metabolism.
Reforming the Global Economic Architecture: Lessons from Recent Crises

Economic theory and empirical research agree that capital market liberalization can result in greater vulnerability to crisis. Opening a country’s capital account encourages short-term capital flows and increases potential instability. In East Asia, huge short-term capital inflows after the opening of capital accounts were followed by even more rapid outflows. Other forms of financial liberalization can lead to an increase in risky lending by banks; in Thailand, investments in speculative real estate grew dramatically after liberalization.
Personality development in children with growth hormone deficiency.

Abstract Personality and social development of 14 children with hypopituitary short stature, and age- and sex-matched controls were assessed by interview, observation, and projective testing. Children with growth hormone deficiency suffer from pervasive disturbances in identity formation, distorted body image, difficulties in the expression of aggression, and feelings of incompetence. The children's depression, emotional immaturity, and general personality difficulties are related to the way in which short stature elicits behavior appropriate to younger children; the child's sense of guilt for the short stature; parental overprotectiveness; increasing disparity in size from peers; and perhaps to basic endocrinological effects on central nervous system maturation.
Women's Movements and Nonviolence

and when it is a present reality. More Than a Civil Rights Movement American women's movements have been represented by most scholars as offshoots of civil rights struggles (see, e.g., Freeman 1975; Mansbridge 1986; McGlen and O'Connor 1998). In this article I argue for adjusting that frame to portray women's rights activists as also fundamentally concerned with the advocacy of nonviolence. Although this may, at first, seem to be no more than an academic exercise, since most successful twentieth-century civil rights activists used nonviolence as a primary tactic, I assert that women incorporated calls for peace into their demands for equal rights because the desire to reduce the role of force in society lay at the core of most
Routing hazardous materials on time-dependent networks using conditional value-at-risk

Abstract We propose a new method for mitigating risk in routing hazardous materials (hazmat), based on the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) measure on time-dependent vehicular networks. The CVaR models are shown to be flexible and suitable for hazmat transportation that can be solved efficiently. This paper extends the previous research by considering CVaR for hazmat transportation in the case where accident probabilities and accident consequences are time-dependent. We provide a numerical method to determine an optimal departure time and an optimal route for a given origin–destination pair. The proposed algorithm is tested in a realistic road network in Buffalo, NY, USA and the results are discussed.
Effect of viscosity on termination rate constant in radical polymerization at low conversion

By using the expression, kt = A1Ds for the chain termination rate constant (where A1 is a constant and Ds is the diffusion constant of radical chain end), a familiar chain termination rate constant, kt = A2/ηs (where A2 is a constant and ηs is solvent viscosity) was examined with variation of conversion x. It was found that the proportionality of chain termination rate constant and solution viscosity is a valid relation at conversion 0 but is approximate at conversion xc ≥ x > 0. Here xc denotes a critical conversion under the average distance around spherical polymers formed in polymerization solution is zero. At conversions above xc, the inverse relation between chain termination rate constant and solution viscosity is not correct.
The small-caliber esophagus: an unappreciated cause of dysphagia for solids in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis.

Abstract Background: Dysphagia for solids usually indicates a structural esophageal abnormality. This article is a description of a group of 5 young men referred with chronic dysphagia for solids. Esophagoscopy and barium esophagogram failed to show a cause. Our evaluation showed that these patients had eosinophilic esophagitis and a "small-caliber esophagus." This article describes the clinical features, diagnosis, and management of the small-caliber esophagus. Methods: Patients were evaluated by barium esophagogram with marshmallow challenge, esophageal manometry, Bernstein test, and EGD with biopsies. All patients underwent empiric esophageal dilation with wire-guided dilators. Observations: A diffusely narrow esophagus was appreciated in 3 of 5 patients radiographically, endoscopically, or both. However, the latter studies showed normal findings in 2 patients. Eosinophilic esophagitis was found in all 4 patients in whom biopsy specimens were obtained. Esophageal manometry was performed in 4 patients and showed normal findings in all. The feature that most confirmed the diagnosis of small-caliber esophagus in all patients was the unusually long rents (8 to 17 cm) in the esophageal wall after empiric dilation. Dilation relieved the symptoms in all cases. Conclusions: The small-caliber esophagus is a cause of dysphagia for solids in young men with eosinophilic esophagitis. It frequently defies detection by routine diagnostic studies. The clue to diagnosis lies in endoscopic reinspection after dilation and the finding of unusually long rents in the esophageal wall.
Numerical simulation of shock-induced combustion/detonation

A numerical study is conducted to simulate the shock-induced combustion in premixed H2-air mixtures. Two types of bodies, blunt (spherical projectile) and sharp (wedge), are considered in the study. A nine-species, 18-step finite-rate H2-air chemical reaction mechanism coupled with the Navier-Stokes equations is solved. The flow field over the blunt body is found to be unsteady, when the projectile velocity is same as the Chapman-Jouget velocity of the mixture. The unsteadiness is caused by the periodic instabilities originating in the stagnation zone. Numerical results show good qualitative agreement with the ballistic range shadowgraph. In addition, the frequency of oscillations, determined by using the Fourier power spectrum, is found to be in good agreement with the experiment. The flow field over the wedge is found to be stable for the conditions considered in this study. The oblique detonation wave structure is investigated and the important flow features are discussed.
On the Problem of Hydrogen Bonding in some calcium phosphates

The hydrogen bonding by the acidic protons of the HPO ion and by the water hydrogens was studied in the case of anhydrous dicalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and octacalcium phosphate, mainly on the basis of the analysis of the infrared spectra. The OH stretching, in-plane bending and out-of-plane bending regions, as well as the region where the librational and „translational” modes of water are expected to appear were investigated. A distribution of the acidic hydrogen between more than two O's is indicated in the structure of CaHPO4, whilst this does not seem to be so in the case of CaHPO4 · 2 H2O. It appears that several types of hydrogen bonds are present in the unit cell of CaHPO4. The water molecules in CaHPO4 · 2 H2O are apparently of two types: some are coordinated onto Ca2+ and involved in rather strong hydrogen bonding, whereas the rest are only weakly hydrogen bonded. The water molecules in octacalcium phosphate are also differently bonded. Die Wasserstoffbindung der Protonen der HPO-Ionen und des Wassers in den Verbindungen Dicalciumphosphat, Dicalciumphosphat-dihydrat und Oktacalciumphosphat wurde IR-spektroskopisch untersucht, wobei die Erwartungsbereiche sowohl der Valenz-, der ebenen und nichtebenen OH-Deformationsschwingungen als auch der Librations- und „Translations”-Eigenschwingungen des Wassers berucksichtigt wurden. Eine Bindung des Protons an mehr als zwei Sauerstoffatome ist bei CaHPO4 angezeigt, wahrend dies bei CaHPO4 · 2 H2O offenbar nicht der Fall ist. In der Elementarzelle des CaHPO4 scheinen mehrere Arten von H-Bindungen vorzuliegen. Die Wassermolekeln des CaHPO4 · 2 H2O sind einander nicht aquivalent: die einen sind an Ca2+ koordiniert und durch ziemlich starke H-Bindungen gebunden, wahrend die anderen nur schwache Wasser- stoffbindungen eingehen. Auch die Wassermolekeln des Oktacalciumphosphates sind verschiedenartig gebunden.
Using superparasitism by a stem borer parasitoid to infer a host refuge

. 1. Macrocentrus cingulum Reinhard (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, and the Asian corn borer, O. furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), has high fecundity but has been reported to parasitize a low proportion of host larvae. This was corroborated in field collections: in Hebei (China) and Delaware (U.S.A.), M. cingulum parasitized only 15 and 25%, respectively, of hosts collected. 2. Because M. cingulum females cannot oviposit through plant tissue, they must parasitize hosts either before they have bored into stalks or while they are near entrance holes, so that at any one time, many Ostrinia larvae may be unavailable to M. cingulum. This refuge, together with fluctuations in abundance of foraging M. cingulum females, may explain why M. cingulum parasitizes relatively few Ostrinia larvae. 3. To test this hypothesis, levels of superparasitism were measured in the field. Low parasitism resulting from a refuge for host larvae should cause high rates of superparasitism in hosts outside the refuge. 4. Because M. cingulum is polyembryonic, the number of parasitoids per host does not indicate the level of superparasitism. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were used to determine the number of different genotypes emerging from each host. The resulting frequency distributions were fitted to those expected under random oviposition to estimate the proportion of Ostrinia larvae unavailable to M. cingulum. 5. In the samples from Hebei and Delaware, the level of superparasitism was much higher than expected by chance if all hosts were available. Fitting the frequencies of genotypes per host to a Poisson distribution, the authors estimated that 74–82% and 69–74% of host larvae were unavailable to M. cingulum in these collections, respectively. This means that M. cingulum parasitized 60–84% and 82–95% of available hosts in these collections, respectively. These levels of parasitism contrast strongly with the 15–25% found when all hosts were assumed available for oviposition. 6. Genetic distances of M. cingulum within and between hosts did not differ, allowing rejection of the hypothesis that high levels of superparasitism resulted from a female laying several eggs in the same host. 7. The hypothesis that M. cingulum parasitizes few Ostrinia larvae because many larvae are in a refuge explains these data and previously published information better than other hypotheses that have been suggested.
Haldane-gapped spin chains: Exact low-temperature expansions of correlation functions

We study both the static and dynamic properties of gapped, one-dimensional, Heisenberg, antiferromagnetic, spin chains at finite temperature through an analysis of the O(3) nonlinear sigma model. Exploiting the integrability of this theory, we are able to compute an exact low-temperature expansion of the finite temperature correlators. We do so using a truncated ``form-factor'' expansion and so provide evidence that this technique can be successfully extended to finite temperature. As a direct test, we compute the static zero-field susceptibility and obtain an exact match to the susceptibility derived from the low-temperature expansion of the exact free energy. We also study transport properties, computing both the spin conductance and the NMR-relaxation rate, ${1/T}_{1}.$ We find these quantities to show ballistic behavior. In particular, the computed spin conductance exhibits a nonzero Drude weight at finite temperature and zero applied field. The physics thus described differs from the spin diffusion reported by Takigawa et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 2173 (1996)] from experiments on the Haldane gap material, ${\mathrm{AgVP}}_{2}{S}_{6}.$
Fram 2 in the eastern Arctic Ocean

In the spring of 1980, the Office of Naval Research will sponsor a multifaceted experiment, Fram 2, emphasizing marine geophysics, long-range, low-frequency acoustics, and physical oceanography in the Pole Abyssal Plain of the eastern Arctic Ocean. Personnel from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, University of Washington, Naval Underwater Systems Center, Naval Research Laboratory, Naval Oceanographic Research and Development Agency, and the Polar Research Laboratory will participate in the program. The experiment will involve three ice camps—a main camp, referred to as Fram 2, and two remote camps. Camp 1 will be located within the Pole Abyssal Plain, 300 km away from Fram 2 camp, and camp 2 will be north of Ellesmere Island, 750 km away from Fram 2.
Templating mesoporous hierarchies in silica thin films using the thermal degradation of cellulose nitrate

Abstract Materials containing a hierarchical pore structure (i.e. large pores leading to small pores) are highly desirable because they combine the advantages of high surface area with the rapid mass transport. Mesoporous SiO 2 with hierarchical pore structure was prepared by a novel dual templating approach using a combination of cellulose nitrate and surfactants as the templates. Both ionic and non-ionic surfactants, or mixtures of surfactants, in conjunction with cellulose nitrate were used as the pore templates. Low angle XRD patterns show well-defined pore structures and BET shows surface areas from 500 to over 800 m 2 /g, with tunable bimodal or trimodal pore-size distributions from 18 A to 0.3 μm. The hierarchical pore structure can be controlled by manipulating the template composition.
Incorporation of sulfate into influenza virus glycoproteins.

Abstract The glycoproteins of the influenza virion are labeled with [35S]O4, whereas the nonglycosylated virion polypeptides are unlabeled. Virions grown in the absence of serum contain sulfate label incorporated into both the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) polypeptides; in the presence of serum, the HA1 and HA2 cleavage products also both contain sulfate label, with HA, containing three to five times more label than HA2. In addition to the glycoproteins of the virion, sulfate is incorporated into a component with an electrophoretic mobility lower than that of any of the virion proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Unlike the virion glycoproteins, this component is also labeled when virions are grown in cells preincubated with [35S]O4 prior to infection, and it appears to be a host cell-derived sulfated mucopolysaccharide. Labeling of the glycoproteins and the mucopolysaccharide with [35S]O4 was observed in virions grown in both MDBK and BHK21-F cells. It was estimated that at least ∼0.5 mole of sulfate is incorporated per mole of HA polypeptide in virions grown in MDBK cells. Treatment of purified virions with Triton X-100, which solubilizes the glycoproteins, does not solubilize the sulfated polysaccharide or the nonglycosylated polypeptides. After acid hydrolysis of the isolated glycoproteins, the sulfate label is precipitable with BaCl2, indicating that it is incorporated as sulfate per se rather than a metabolic product. Treatment with the protease bromelain, which produces spikeless particles lacking the glycoproteins, also removes the polysaccharide, indicating that it is located on the external surface of the viral envelope. The polysaccharide is also removed by mild trypsin treatment, under conditions where HA1 and HA2 remain intact.
Determining if disease management saves money: an introduction to meta-analysis

Disease management (DM) programmes have long been promoted as a major medical cost-saving mechanism, even though the scant research that exists on the topic has provided conflicting results. In a 2004 literature review, the Congressional Budget Office stated that 'there is insufficient evidence to conclude that disease management programs can generally reduce the overall cost of health care services'. To address this question more accurately, a meta-analysis was warranted. Meta-analysis is the quantitative technique used to pool the results of many studies on the same topic and summarize them statistically. This method is also quite suitable for individual DM firms to assess whether their programmes are effective at the aggregate level. This paper describes the elements of a rigorous meta-analytic process and discusses potential biases. A hypothetical DM organization is then evaluated with a specific emphasis on medical cost-savings, simulating a case in which different populations are served, evaluation methodologies are employed, and diseases are managed.
Deliberation Rules and Opinion Assignment Procedures in State Supreme Courts: A Replication

Conference discussion, voting, and opinion assignment affect court collegiality and policy output. We examine these institutional mechanisms at the state supreme courts and update decades-old research regarding these practices. We find significant differences between previous findings and our own. We note recent developments in deliberative rules and opinion assignment procedures at these courts and offer a preliminary analysis regarding their likely impact on court collegiality and doctrinal development. We conclude with suggestions for further research in light of our findings regarding strategic behavior and policy output at the state courts of last resort.
A study of obsidian exchange networks in Calabria

Abstract Recent survey work in Calabria which has revealed the extensive use of obsidian at Neolithic sites raises questions about models of exchange systems that have been previously advanced. Rather than being tied to a land‐based route through northern Sicily, obsidian appears to have moved in a radial pattern by boat from the island of Lipari to various points along the west coast of Calabria. The percentage of obsidian observed at a site does not follow a simple pattern of monotonic fall‐off with the increasing distance of the site from Lipari. The analysis of lithic material from Neolithic sites in the Acconia area of Calabria indicates that certain sites played a more active role in obsidian reduction and probably also exchange networks than others. These results imply a need for developing more adequate and complex models of Neolithic exchange systems.
LINEAR AIR/WATER TEMPERATURE CORRELATIONS FOR STREAMS DURING OPEN WATER PERIODS

The linear correlation of air temperatures and stream temperatures was investigated in this paper. Time lag, time scale, and mesoscale air temperature variability influence the magnitude of the regression coefficients of the linear model, as well as the strength of correlation. Monthly and weekly time scales were found to produce the best correlations. Streams affected by impoundments, reservoirs, and/or artificial heat inputs generally limit the air/stream interaction and produce poor correlations. Ground-water inflows, stream shading, and wind sheltering limit the influence of air temperature on stream temperature thereby reducing the slope of the relationship, but do not typically affect the strength of correlation. Air/stream temperature correlations from Minnesota remained linear throughout the extent of air temperatures experienced, whereas air/stream temperature correlations from Oklahoma departed from linearity as air temperatures exceeded approximately 25°C due to evaporative cooling. Linear air/stream temperature correlations will overestimate stream temperatures at extreme air temperatures.
Chemokine-induced recruitment of genetically modified bone marrow cells into the CNS of GM1-gangliosidosis mice corrects neuronal pathology.

Bone marrow cells (BMCs) could correct some pathologic conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) if these cells would effectively repopulate the brain. One such condition is GM1-gangliosidosis, a neurodegenerative glycosphingolipidosis due to deficiency of lysosomal β-galactosidase (β-gal). In this disease, abnormal build up of GM1-ganglioside in the endoplasmic reticulum of brain cells results in calcium imbalance, induction of an unfolded protein response (UPR), and neuronal apoptosis. These processes are accompanied by the activation/proliferation of microglia and the production of inflammatory cytokines. Here we demonstrate that local neuroinflammation promotes the selective activation of chemokines, such as stromal-cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α (MIP-1α), and MIP-1β, which chemoattract genetically modified BMCs into the CNS. Mice that underwent bone marrow transplantation showed increased β-gal activity in different brain regions and reduced lysosomal storage. Decreased production of chemokines and effectors of the UPR as well as restoration of neurologic functions accompanied this phenotypic reversion. Our results suggest that β-gal-expressing bone marrow (BM)-derived cells selectively migrate to the CNS under a gradient of chemokines and become a source of correcting enzyme to deficient neurons. Thus, a disease condition such as GM1-gangliosidosis, which is characterized by neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, may influence the response of the CNS to ex vivo gene therapy.
Water effect on the OH + HCl reaction.

Hydrochloric acid is a major reservoir for chlorine radicals in the atmosphere. Chlorine radicals are chemically reactivated by the relatively slow attack of OH radical on HCl. Through the formation of hydrogen-bonded complexes, water has a dramatic effect on the rate of this reaction. The introduction of water opens several new reaction pathways with rate coefficients that are faster than the “bare” reaction. Accounting for the low fraction of hydrogen bonded water complexes in the atmosphere, the present results suggest that these new mechanisms involving water can contribute, although modestly, to the total chemical reactivation of chlorine from HCl in the lower troposphere. The first reported value for the equilibrium constant for the formation of H2O·HCl complex, which is important in understanding the removal of HCl from the atmosphere by deposition, is presented.
Using in situ X-ray reflectivity to study protein adsorption on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces: benefits and limitations.

We have employed in situ X-ray reflectivity (IXRR) to study the adsorption of a variety of proteins (lysozyme, cytochrome c, myoglobin, hemoglobin, serum albumin, and immunoglobulin G) on model hydrophilic (silicon oxide) and hydrophobic surfaces (octadecyltrichlorosilane self-assembled monolayers), evaluating this recently developed technique for its applicability in the area of biomolecular studies. We report herein the highest resolution depiction of adsorbed protein films, greatly improving on the precision of previous neutron reflectivity (NR) results and previous IXRR studies. We were able to perform complete scans in 5 min or less with the maximum momentum transfer of at least 0.52 A(-1), allowing for some time-resolved information about the evolution of the protein film structure. The three smallest proteins (lysozyme, cytochrome c, and myoglobin) were seen to deposit as fully hydrated, nondenatured molecules onto hydrophilic surfaces, with indications of particular preferential orientations. Time evolution was observed for both lysozyme and myoglobin films. The larger proteins were not observed to deposit on the hydrophilic substrates, perhaps because of contrast limitations. On hydrophobic surfaces, all proteins were seen to denature extensively in a qualitatively similar way but with a rough trend that the larger proteins resulted in lower coverage. We have generated high-resolution electron density profiles of these denatured films, including capturing the growth of a lysozyme film. Because the solution interface of these denatured films is diffuse, IXRR cannot unambiguously determine the film extent and coverage, a drawback compared to NR. X-ray radiation damage was systematically evaluated, including the controlled exposure of protein films to high-intensity X-rays and exposure of the hydrophobic surface to X-rays before adsorption. Our analysis showed that standard measuring procedures used for XRR studies may lead to altered protein films; therefore, we used modified procedures to limit the influence of X-ray damage.
Radical reactivity of radical ions in solution. Radical-radical and radical-substrate coupling mechanisms.

The linear sweep voltammetry response to competitive radical ion-substrate coupling and radical ion dimerization mechanisms was determined by digital simulation. The simulations were carried out to mimic the conditions under which experimental studies had previously shown that the radical ion-substrate coupling mechanism is the preferred reaction pathway. It was observed that in order for the dependence of the peak potential on substrate concentration (delta Ep/delta log CA) to be in the experimentally observed range (36-40 mV/decade) that the relative rate constants for radical ion substrate coupling and radical ion dimerization (ki/kii) must be greater than about 10. It is pointed out that since the reactants, the transition states and the products differ by only a single electron that these competitive reactions represent an ideal test case for the configuration mixing (CM) model. The CM model predicts an electronic reaction barrier for reaction (i) but not for reaction (ii). The difference in standard free energy changes for reactions (i) and (ii) were estimated to be of the order of 7 kcal mol-1 or greater with (ii) being energetically more favorable than (i). It is concluded that the experimental data for the relative rates of reactions (i) and (ii) do not conform to the CM model predictions in the cases discussed. ArH(.+) + ArH-->+ ArH-ArH.(i) ArH(.+) + APH .+ --> + ArH-ArH+(ii).
Quantitative Assessment of Core/Penumbra Mismatch in Acute Stroke CT and MR Perfusion Imaging Are Strongly Correlated When Sufficient Brain Volume Is Imaged

Background and Purpose— Our purpose was to determine (1) the correlation between quantitative CT and MR measurements of infarct core, penumbra, and mismatch; and (2) whether the difference between these measurements would alter patient selection for stroke clinical trials. Methods— We studied 45 patients with acute middle cerebral artery stroke imaged a mean of 3.8 hours after onset (range, 0.48 to 8.35 hours) who underwent CT perfusion and MR diffusion (DWI)/perfusion imaging within 3 hours of each other. The DWI and MR-mean transit time (MTT) abnormalities were visually segmented using a semiautomated commercial analysis program. The CT-cerebral blood volume) and CT-MTT lesions were automatically segmented using a relative cerebral blood volume threshold of 0.56 and a relative MTT threshold of 1.50 on commercially available software. Percent mismatch was defined as [(MTT−DWI)/DWI volume]×100. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. Results— There were significant correlations for DWI versus CT...
Experimental and theoretical performance analysis for a CMOS-based high resolution image detector.

Increasing complexity of endovascular interventional procedures requires superior x-ray imaging quality. Present stateof- the-art x-ray imaging detectors may not be adequate due to their inherent noise and resolution limitations. With recent developments, CMOS based detectors are presenting an option to fulfill the need for better image quality. For this work, a new CMOS detector has been analyzed experimentally and theoretically in terms of sensitivity, MTF and DQE. The detector (Dexela Model 1207, Perkin-Elmer Co., London, UK) features 14-bit image acquisition, a CsI phosphor, 75 μm pixels and an active area of 12 cm x 7 cm with over 30 fps frame rate. This detector has two modes of operations with two different full-well capacities: high and low sensitivity. The sensitivity and instrumentation noise equivalent exposure (INEE) were calculated for both modes. The detector modulation-transfer function (MTF), noise-power spectra (NPS) and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were measured using an RQA5 spectrum. For the theoretical performance evaluation, a linear cascade model with an added aliasing stage was used. The detector showed excellent linearity in both modes. The sensitivity and the INEE of the detector were found to be 31.55 DN/μR and 0.55 μR in high sensitivity mode, while they were 9.87 DN/μR and 2.77 μR in low sensitivity mode. The theoretical and experimental values for the MTF and DQE showed close agreement with good DQE even at fluoroscopic exposure levels. In summary, the Dexela detector’s imaging performance in terms of sensitivity, linear system metrics, and INEE demonstrates that it can overcome the noise and resolution limitations of present state-of-the-art x-ray detectors.
The effects of rumination and distraction on over-general autobiographical memory retrieval during social problem solving

Objectives . We examined the effects of rumination and distraction on over-general autobiographical memory (AM) retrieval during social problem solving (SPS), as well as SPS performance in terms of means and effectiveness. Design and Methods . After undergoing a rumination or distraction manipulation, dysphoric and non-dysphoric participants performed a SPS task and reported the memories retrieved during SPS. Results . The dysphoric ruminators performed significantly less effectively on the SPS task than the other groups. However, the dysphoric ruminators did not differ from the dysphoric distracters on the numbers of categoric memories retrieved during SPS although they retrieved significantly more categoric memories than the non-dysphoric distracters and non-dysphoric ruminators. For all groups, the effectiveness score was significantly negatively correlated with categoric memories retrieved during SPS. Conclusion . The results demonstrated that in a dysphoric sample, rumination impaired SPS performance but did not influence categoric AM retrieval during SPS. The results suggested that in a dysphoric sample, rumination might affect SPS performance by affecting processes like initiation and motivation rather than AM retrieval during SPS.
Condylar position with rigid fixation versus wire osteosynthesis of a sagittal split advancement.

Abstract Purpose: In this randomized clinical study, two groups of patients who underwent a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy and either wire osteosynthesis or rigid fixation were compared. Patients and Methods: Cephalometric radiographs obtained before surgery, immediately after surgery, and at 8 weeks, 6 months, and 1 and 2 years after surgery were available for 125 of these patients, 63 with wire fixation and 62 with rigid fixation. All were traced by an independent examiner, and vertical and horizontal changes in condylar position were recorded for each period. Results: Condylar movement was slightly different with the two fixation techniques beyond 8 weeks postsurgery, but the ultimate position of the condyle was not different. The condyles in both groups moved posterior and superior. There initially was a correlation between the amount of advancement and the amount the condyle moved inferior in both groups, but this diminished with time. In addition, there was a weak but significant positive relationship between forward rotation of the proximal segment and superior condylar position immediately after surgery, which did not exist at later periods. Conclusions: Whether wire osteosynthesis or rigid fixation was used, the ultimate condylar position was posterior and superior after a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy to advance the mandible. No single factor could be identified to account for this change. It is suggested that change in mechanical load may have resulted in remodeling and adaptation of the condyles.
Laser behavior and photostability characteristics of organic dye doped silicate gel materials.

The solgel process is a solution synthesis technique which provides a low temperature chemical route for the preparation of rigid transparent matrix materials. Luminescent organic dye molecules have been incorporated via the solgel method into organically modified silicate (ORMOSIL) polymer host matrices. Optical gain, laser oscillation, and photostability of rhodamine and coumarin dyes doped into ORMOSIL gels are reported. The gel laser materials exhibit peak gain values of 40 cm−1 and show improved photostability with respect to comparable polymeric host materials.
Nonisothermal Microwave Processing of Reaction‐Bonded Silicon Nitride

The size and density of reaction-bonded silicon nitride (RBSN) specimens are limited by the reduction in pore size and pore volume associated with the nitridation reaction. In particular, under conventional heating, pores at the surface of dense compacts close before the center has reacted fully. Microwave heating offers a unique advantage over conventional heating for the processing of RBSN. A temperature gradient can be maintained within the compact, which causes the reaction to occur preferentially in the interior. This increases the amount of silicon converted to Si3N4 because the center of compacts with a high green density finishes reacting before the porosity near the surface closes. This study follows the reaction process and shows that partially nitrided silicon compacts have composition gradients in the radial direction. Microwave processing also facilitates control of the reaction rate.
Nonfatal myocardial infarction in medically treated patients with coronary artery disease

The purpose of this study was to identify patient characteristics associated with nonfatal myocardial infarction as the first event after cardiac catheterization in medically treated patients with coronary artery disease. Multiple logistic risk analysis of 81 baseline characteristics in 354 patients who died or had nonfatal infarction identified 10 characteristics (5 clinical and 5 cardiac catheterization variables) as independently discriminating between the two events. Left ventricular function, specific coronary anatomy, previous myocardial infarction and age were the most important discriminators. Poor left ventricular function and left main coronary stenosis were associated with death. Subtotal left anterior descending and right coronary arterial stenosis, normal hemodynamics, absence of previous infarction and young age were associated with nonfatal infarction. Thus, in any subset of patients who have a uniform risk of ischemic events (nonfatal infarction or death), nonfatal infarction is most likely to occur in those who are young, have had no previous infarction, have subtotal left anterior descending and right coronary arterial stenosis and normal hemodynamics.
Struggling with the Impotence Impasse: Absurdity and Acting-In.

Psychotherapists are forced to face the troubling fact of their ineffectiveness. Part of the sense of uselessness arises out of going face-to- face with family systems. Another part is based in the therapist's theoretical orientation. Two methods for breaking out of this double paralysis are described. Both methods are illustrated with clinical examples.
Development of mouse embryos in vivo after cultivation from two-cell ova to blastocysts in vitro.

THE purpose of this communication is to describe the successful development of mouse embryos within recipient foster mothers after previous cultivation in vitro from the two-cell to the blastocyst stage. Prior to this, three reports have been made of successful foetal development of embryos cultured longer than 24 h, but these were done under more restrictive conditions. McLaren and Biggers1 cultivated embryos from the 8- to 16-cell stage to blastocysts in vitro and transferred them to pregnant foster mothers. Twenty per cent of the transferred blastocysts developed into foetuses and two animals were successfully reared to adults. Tarkowski2, in his work on mouse chimeras, cultured the fused 8-celled embryos to blastocysts and obtained living young after development in recipient foster mothers. Biggers, Gwatkin and Brinster3 cultured mouse zygotes to blastocysts in organ cultures of Fallopian tubes and obtained foetal development after transfer to foster mothers.
Does volume help predict outcome in surgical disease

Despite intense investigation over the past decade, the relationship between volume and outcome in health care delivery continues to be questionable, particularly in light of recent initiatives that are attempting to set volume as a standard for quality in the care of certain surgical diseases. This article addresses the question, “Does volume help predict outcome in surgical disease?” by first reviewing the experience in the Veterans Health Administration (VA), the largest single provider of health care in the United States, and second, by reviewing the results of major related studies published in the past 2 decades. The questionwill be addressed not only in terms of whether or not a correlation exists between volume and outcome of surgery, but also in the context of the impact of this relationship on health care policy. Considering that outcome is the preferred health care dimension for the measurement of the quality of
Computer-aided diagnosis in radiology: potential and pitfalls

Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) may be defined as a diagnosis made by a physician who takes into account the computer output as a second opinion. The purpose of CAD is to improve the diagnostic accuracy and the consistency of the radiologists' image interpretation. This article is to provide a brief overview of some of CAD schemes for detection and differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules and interstitial opacities in chest radiographs as well as clustered micro-calcifications and masses in mammograms. ROC analysis clearly indicated that the radiologists' performances were significantly improved when the computer output was available. An intelligent CAD workstation was developed for detection of breast lesions in mammograms. Results obtained from the first 10,000 cases indicated the potential of CAD in detecting approximately one-half of 'missed' breast cancer.
Photochemical products of a cysteine/D-glucose browning model system

Identification des 22 produits formes lors de l'irradiation UV d'un melange L-cysteine/D-glucose, habituellement utilise comme systeme modele dans les etudes sur les reactions de brunissement, notamment la reaction de Maillard. La longueur d'onde, la temperature et la duree sont les facteurs primordiaux quant a la nature et la quantite de produits formes
Henry Shue on Basic Rights: A Defense

In light of the many recent criticisms of Henry Shue's philosophy, this article provides a defense of Shue's philosophical argument for basic rights. The author demonstrates that the latest criticisms made by Thomas Pogge, Michael Payne, and Andrew Cohen misconstrue Shue's position, and therefore fail to overturn the soundness of Shue's argument. Against those who contend that basic rights demand too much, both logically and morally, the author argues that basic rights serve as the minimal threshold for human dignity and the foundation for all other rights. Consequentially, the overall moral landscape is skewed if basic rights are absent.