cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Movement by Rhizobium and nodulation of legumes.

Abstract Several Rhizobium spp were tested for chemotaxis using a soft agar assay. Bacteria migrated in chemotactic bands in response to substances present in the agar medium. R. japonicum S-110 formed chemotactic bands in response to l -arabinose, l -canavanine, and yeast extract but not to several other common compounds, including several amino acids and sugars. These results suggested that simple compounds present in legume root exudates may attract these bacteria and aid in their rhizosphere accumulation and, thus, in the nodulation process. A slow-migrating mutant of R. japonicum S-110 was isolated. Microscopic examination showed that mutant populations had a much lower proportion of motile cells than did wild-type populations. Greenhouse nodulation tests, in which mutant and wild-type cells were mixed and used as inoculum, indicated that the mutant had less nodulation potential.
The power of connections

The wiring ability of multilayer interconnects is examined. It is shown why the principal force driving interconnection technology has been the computer. Measuring the flexibility of a given technology by the number of ways it allows a designer to interconnect devices to realize a particular logical function is discussed. It is shown that the ability to construct very large systems with high-density wiring stems directly from digital representation and the preservation of a given digital representation through long series of operations. The future of interconnection technology is explored. >
Understanding WSIS: An Institutional Analysis of the UN World Summit on the Information Society

Understanding WSIS: An Institutional Analysis of the UN World Summit on the Information Society
The effects of gastric hyperosmotic glucose feedings on regional perfusion in the neonatal piglet

Regional blood flow and intestinal wall perfusion were studied in 13 anesthetized 1–5 day old neonatal piglets before and after gastric glucose infusion. The radionuclide labeled microsphere technique was used with 15±3 μ microspheres ( 85 Sr, 141 Ce) given in two separate left atrial injections. The 10% glucose with a patent blue dye marker did not affect CO but produced significant increases in blood flow to the adrenals bilaterally, to all layers of the proximal small intestine and to the mucosa of the distal small intestine. The glucose also caused a significant reduction in the animals' arterial pH, PaO 2 , and total CO 2 with an increase in the blood glucose level. This response to gastric glucose infusion is different from adult animals since lower glucose concentrations produced blood flow changes in all layers of the exposed small intestine and the adrenals in our neonatal animals.
A family of type III factors without propertyL

1. Introduetlon Recently Connes [5] made a significant progress in the classification of factors of type III. In particular, he proved that there exists a one-parameter family of non-isomorphic factors of type III without non-trivial central sequences, namely, the non-hyperfinite factors P~ (M2 in [10]) of Pukanszky. In another important paper [6], Connes proved that if a factor M has no non-trivial central sequence then the group Int(M) of all inner automorphisms of M is closed in the group Aut(M) of all automorphisms of M equipped with an appropriate topology (this result was obtained independently by Sakai [11] for the IIl-case ). In [3] Ching constructed a lit-factor M2.M 3, the free product of a 2 x 2 matrix algebra by a 3 x 3 matrix algebra, without non-trivial central sequence, and at present, we are not able to find an outer automorphism for it. For this factor M2.M 3 there remains the possibility that Int(M2.M3)=Aut(M2*M3). Takesaki [12] has shown, however, that a factor of type III always has an outer automorphism. Hence, it is of interest to see a type III version of the factor M2.M 3. The purpose of this paper is to construct such factors of type III, and classify them accordingly. We first generalize the crossed product ofa von Neumann algebra by a discrete group of automorphisms to the crossed product of avon Neumann algebra by a yon Neumann algebra with an ortho-unitary basis. We then construct a oneparameter family {Ma} of factors of type III using crossed products of hyperfinite factors of type III by M2*M 3. {M~} is shown to be a family of factors of type III without non-trivial central sequences. Finally, we prove that M~ is not isomorphic to M~, for 2.2'. The proof rely on a formula in Connes [51 but it is different from Conne's proof of the pairwise non-isomorphism of {Pa} as crossed products (Theorem 3.6.5 [5]) in the following respects: The "ratio set" r(G) of a transformation group introduced by Krieger [8] (based on the asymptotic ratio set of Araki and Woods) is not used here, and hence our approach is more direct in certain sense.
Nanocluster Formation Synthetic, Kinetic, and Mechanistic Studies.† The Detection of, and Then Methods To Avoid, Hydrogen Mass-Transfer Limitations in the Synthesis of Polyoxoanion- and Tetrabutylammonium-Stabilized, Near-Monodisperse 40 ± 6 Å Rh(0) Nanoclusters

Previously we reported P2W15Nb3O629- polyoxoanion- and Bu4N+-stabilized, 20 ± 3 A, Ir(0)∼300 nanoclusters. These nanoscopic materials are synthesized from the reduction of [(C4H9)4N]5Na3[(1,5-COD)M·P2W15Nb3O62] (M = Ir) by H2 in acetone and are isolable, highly catalytically active, with an unprecedented catalytic lifetime in solution. However, an initial attempt to synthesize Rh(0) nanoclusters from the analogous M = Rh precursor, and under conditions otherwise identical to the M = Ir synthesis, led to polydisperse 16 to 116 A Rh(0) nanoclusters. The above results led, in turn, to the discovery that H2 gas-to-solution mass-transfer limitations (MTL) were responsible for the failure of the initial synthesis, an important finding since H2 is one of the most common reducing agents in syntheses of modern, near-monodisperse transition metal nanoclusters. The finding of a hydrogen MTL regime is fortified by stirring-rate-dependence data, kinetic data [demonstrating a catalyst nondependent (MTL) regime, and a c...
Methods for rapid quantification of brain autoradiographs

Apparatus and methods are described for rapid semiautomatic quantification of silver grain densities in brain autoradiographs. The output voltage of a photodiode used with dark-field oil microscopy reflects the amount of label in a 35 by 35 square micra area of brain tissue. Apparatus are described for monitoring the movement of a microscope stage, and a microprocessor interface is described that provides hard-copy and paper-tape output of grain densities for later processing.
Religious Activities and Attitudes of Older Adults in a Geriatric Assessment Clinic

Few studies have examined the prevalence, salience, and impact of religious beliefs, activities, and commitment among medical patients in later life. Surveys of the U.S. population aged 65 years and over reveal a high frequency of such beliefs and activities, which are reported to play a significant role in their lives. In this study, the religious beliefs, activities, and motivations of 106 consecutive patients (mean age 74.4 years) attending a geriatric outpatient clinic were examined. A high prevalence of orthodox Christian beliefs, religious community activity, private devotional activity, and intrinsic religious orientation was found. Levels of religious activity and intrinsic orientation were lower among patients with cancer, chronic anxiety, depressive symptoms, and those who smoked cigarettes or consumed moderate to large amounts of alcohol. Intrinsic religiosity was lower among men with hypertension. Patients with mild to moderate dementia tended to have higher levels of intrinsic religious orientation. The results of this study suggest that religion is a powerful cultural force in the lives of older medical patients and is integrally related to both mental and physical health.
Randomized trial of a statewide home visiting program: impact in preventing child abuse and neglect

Objectives To assess the impact of home visiting in preventing child abuse and neglect in the first 3 years of life in families identified as at-risk of child abuse through population-based screening at the child's birth. Methods This experimental study focused on Hawaii Healthy Start Program (HSP) sites operated by three community-based agencies. From 11/94 to 12/95, 643 families were enrolled and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Child abuse and neglect were measured by observed and self-reported parenting behaviors, all hospitalizations for trauma and for conditions where hospitalization might have been avoided with adequate preventive care, maternal relinquishment of her role as primary caregiver, and substantiated CPS reports. Data were collected through annual maternal interviews (88% follow-up each year of all families with baseline interviews); observation of the home environment; and review of CPS, HSP, and pediatric medical records. Results HSP records rarely noted home visitor concern about possible abuse. The HSP and control groups were similar on most measures of maltreatment. HSP group mothers were less likely to use common corporal/verbal punishment (AOR=.59, p=.01) but this was attributable to one agency's reduction in threatening to spank the child. HSP group mothers reported less neglectful behavior (AOR=.72, .02), related to a trend toward decreased maternal preoccupation with problems and to improved access to medical care for intervention families at one agency. Conclusions The program did not prevent child abuse or promote use of nonviolent discipline; it had a modest impact in preventing neglect. Possible targets for improved effectiveness include the program's implementation system and model.
Site isolation based design of selective oxidation catalysts

Abstract The paper summarizes results of using “dilution” approach for isolation of active sites in metal oxide catalysts. It is shown that the incorporation of catalytic inert elements, such as Mg, Al, Zr, Si, Hf, Ti and Nb, to the bulk of VSb and VMo oxides substantially increased their selectivity in partial oxidations of lower paraffins due to the structural isolation of V, Sb and Mo species. Herein the behavior of diluted oxides was dependent on the nature and amount of diluent material. The performance of diluted catalysts was further improved by tuning their surface properties. In particular, the selectivity of propane oxidative dehydrogenation to propylene was increased by making catalyst surface less acidic. On the contrary, the selectivity of propane ammoxidation to acrylonitrile was higher on more acidic surface built up by loading VSbAl oxide catalyst with tungsten. Phosphorus addition to the VMoNb oxide catalyst essentially improved selectivity of ethane oxidation to acetic acid also as a result of increasing surface acidity.
Climatology of Diurnal Trends and Vertical Distribution of Ozone in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer in Urban North Carolina

Vertical measurements of ozone were made on a 610-m-tall tower located about 15 km southeast of Raleigh, NC, as part of an effort by the state of North Carolina to develop a state implementation plan (SIP) for ozone control in the Raleigh Metropolitan Statistical Area. During summer 1993, 1994, and 1995, ozone was monitored at ground level, 250 m, and 433 m. Boundary layer wind, temperature, and other meteorological variable profiles were determined from balloon soundings. During summer 1996 and 1997, ozone was monitored at ground level, 76 m, 128 m, and 433 m. This paper presents the analysis and discussion of the five-year data. The evolutions of the convective boundary layer during daytime and the stable nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) were found to have marked impacts on ozone concentrations. A strong diurnal pattern, with an afternoon maximum and an early morning minimum, was dominant at ground level, but it was much weaker at elevated levels and insignificant above the NBL at night. Ozone deposition velocities at night during the measurement periods were estimated to range from 0.09 to 0.64 cm/sec. We found evidence of regional transport of ozone and/or its precursors from northwest and north of the site, which may play a role in high ozone events in the Raleigh-Durham area. Ozone concentrations between the various elevated levels were well correlated, while correlations between the ground and upper levels were much weaker. However, a strong correlation was found between the nighttime and early morning ozone concentrations (CR) in the residual layer above the NBL and the maximum ground level concentration (Co max) the following afternoon. Based on this correlation, the latter may be predicted by an observational model Co max = 27.76e 0.016 CR.
K-factor image factorization

A new computational paradigm is introduced. Other image representation such as Fourier transforms and wavelet decompositions depend on linear superposition of basis functions. The k-factor image factorization reduces an image into a finite or infinite set of contrast-ordered images whose joint product reproduces the original image. It is experimentally found that shadows and noise often fall into factors disjoint from the 'pure' image. The analytical foundations of the k-factor method are given, followed by full factorizations and reconstructions, and future research directions are described that include shadow removal, speckle reduction, medical and military image analysis, and commercial applications.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transport and reaction of estrogens in the placenta

Abstract The effect of chemical reaction in the placental membrane on the transport and distribution of estrogens In the maternal and fetal blood pools is determined by developing an improved model for mass transfer across reactive membranes. Conservation equations written for the circulating estrogens in the placenta indicate that synthesis also occurs in the fetus, which is contrary to current consensus. The model describes mass transfer between two co-current laminar streams of different solubility separated by a reactive membrane. As has been previously shown, resistance to mass transfer for biological values of the relative Sherword number resides primarily in the fluid streams. The effect of both first-order and pseudo-zeroth order reactions of the diffusing species in the membrane on the transfer rate is determined, and it is shown that the effect of the zero-order reaction is more marked. Steady-state data obtained from pregnant sheep are used to determine the ratio of estradiol to estrone in both fetal and maternal blood. The chemical reaction model is then used to elucidate the relative roles of mass transfer and reaction, and to negate the necessity of active transport as an effect in the system. This work represents an application of classical chemical reaction engineering concepts in the interpretation of the function of a living system.
Ligand-dependent redox chemistry of Glycera dibranchiata hemoglobin

The trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetatoferrate(III)/(II) couple was used as a redox buffer-mediator to determine that the redox potential of the monomeric hemoglobin of Glycera dibranchiata is +0.153 ± 0.008 V at 27°C in 0.1 M (pH 7.8) phosphate. The value is similar to that for Aplysia myoglobin, which also lacks distal histidine. Correlation of E0′ with log p12(O2) is discussed. Hexacyanoferrate(II) binds to the protein, resulting in an unusual enhancement of oxygen affinity. The binding of azide anion to the aquomet-protein has been studied by a spectropotentiostatic method and by the conventional spectrophotometric technique, and the results are interpreted in terms of an ionic dependence.
Feature extraction in pattern recognition

Abstract Sensing, feature extraction, optimum decision, parameter estimation, adaptation and learning are the major problems in the design of pattern recognition systems. This paper discusses the selection of mathematical features on the basis of entropy minimization and introduces the concept of extracting statistical features by the method of kernel approximation.
A new way of managing: Studies comparing U.S. companies with others suggest that U.S. management has failed to grasp that traditional incentives will not motivate an educated work force

Technology is changing the entire work place, particularly those parts most subject to international competition and to demands for greater productivity and better products an d services. Industrialized countries are shifting from what I call the bureaucratic-industrial system t o a new ?technoservice? system.
Prenatal exposure to alcohol enhances thymocyte mitogenic responses postnatally.

Abstract Previous studies have shown altered cell-mediated immune responses in animals prenatally exposed to ethanol. The present study was designed to determine the ontogeny of proliferative responses of thymocytes postnatally following prenatal exposure to ethanol. Thymocytes obtained from 44-day old Sprague-Dawley male rats exposed to 5% (w/v) ethanol during the last two weeks of gestation had a significantly greater response to mitogenic stimulation by concanavalin A (Con A, 5.0 μg/ml) than controls. A similar trend was observed in rats at postnatal days 30 and 72, but not at day 16. Con A-conditioned thymoblasts from day-44 fetal alcohol-exposed animals were less responsive to further activation by a crude Con A supernatant than controls, but this response normalized by day 72. These findings reveal that the effects of ethanol exposure in utero in male rats include alterations in the development of thymoproliferative responses to mitogen which persist through the peripubertal period and normalize in part by young adulthood.
Red-to-Blue/Cyan/Green Upconverting Microcapsules for Aqueous- and Dry-Phase Color Tuning and Magnetic Sorting

Microcapsules that achieve multicolor triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA)-based upconversion (UC) in both aqueous and dry phases without deoxygenation are presented for the first time. Platinum(II) tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin (PtTPBP) was used as a sensitizer and perylene, 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA), and a boron dipyrromethene derivative (BD-2) were employed as acceptors for red to blue, cyan, and green UC, respectively. Additional color tuning was introduced into microcapsules by embedding rose bengal onto the microcapsule shell, resulting in UC-mediated excitation of a distal fluorophore through a trivial process. Microcapsules were further modified to host superparamagnetic nanoparticles for magnetic-induced collection, which permitted sorting and color separation potentially instrumental for various photonics-based applications.
Novel anionic photoacid generator (PAGs) and photoresist for sub-50-nm patterning by EUVL and EBL

A new series of anionic photoacid generators (PAGs), and corresponding polymers were prepared. The thermostability of PAG bound polymers was superior to PAG blend polymers. PAG incorporated into the polymer main chain showed improved resolution when compared with the PAG blend polymers. This was demonstrated by Extreme Ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) results: the fluorine PAG bound polymer resist gave 45 nm (1:1), 35 nm (1:2), 30 nm (1:3) and 20 nm (1:4) Line/Space as well as the 50 nm (1:1),30 nm (1:2) elbow patterns.
Electrolyte effects on bilayer tubule formation by a diacetylenic phospholipid.

A general effect by dissolved electrolytes to destabilize the curvature of bilayer tubules prepared from the diacetylenic phospholipid, 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is not found. This observation discounts the role of an electrostatic interaction between polarization charges on the edges of a ferroelectric bilayer as a means by which the cylindrical curvature may be stabilized in these structures (de Gennes, P. G. 1987. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris. 304:259–263). The solution-mediated ionic interactions of electrolytes with this phospholipid appear not to influence significantly the relative stability of the crystalline state of the tubule, but at high levels of a few salts, may affect the nucleation and growth of the crystalline bilayer. Curvature of the bilayer in these tubular structures apparently derives from an interaction that is not very sensitive to the presence of electrolytes. Cylindrical curvature may alternatively arise from a bending force within the bilayer that is intrinsic to the anisotropic packing of the lipid molecules (Helfrich, W., and J. Prost. 1988. Phys. Rev. A38:3065–3068; Chappell, J. S., and P. Yager. 1991. Chem. Phys. Lipids. In press), and may therefore be largely determined by the packing interactions within the hydrophobic region of the tubular bilayer.
Seasonal Changes in the Chemical Composition of Commingled Goat Milk

Abstract Production of goat milk cheese in North America has been growing rapidly during the past several years. However, information on chemical composition and its seasonal variation of year-round bulk-collected goat milk is limited. The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of commercial goat milk shipments for an entire year to provide fundamental information for cheese making and milk cheese yielding potential and pricing. Samples were collected weekly from bulk milk shipments to a commercial cheese company over 12 mo, beginning in April, 1996, and analyzed for contents (%) of total solids (TS), fat (F), lactose, crude protein, casein, nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), ash, minerals, and specific gravity (G). Chemical composition of the goat milk varied widely during the year. The contents of fat and TS decreased over the first 20 wk from 3.6 and 12.7% to 3.0 and 11.3%, respectively, and then increased to peak values of 13.4 and 4.4% in January. Crude protein and casein contents also decreased over the first 20 wk, from 3.5 and 2.7% to 3.2 and 2.3%, respectively, before increasing gradually to 3.8 and 2.9% in February. The concentration of lactose seemed to decrease below mean levels during August and January. Ash content declined during the first 20 wk from 0.82 to 0.78%, and then increased sharply to 0.90% by wk 36 before decreasing sharply again toward the end of the study. Calcium content decreased steadily from about 0.16 to 0.14% by wk 20, before increasing to 0.16% by around wk 40. It was found that TS content could be estimated using the equation: TS=0.13 G+1.41 F+4.28 (r 2 =0.94, P
Relationship between caregiver knowledge and socioeconomic factors on glycemic outcomes of young children with diabetes.

PURPOSE. To describe the relationship between caregiver diabetes knowledge and socioeconomic factors on glycemic outcomes of young children with type 1 diabetes. DESIGN AND METHODS. Seventy-three caregivers of children less than 9 years of age were conveniently sampled and completed the Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center Diabetes Knowledge Test and a demographic questionnaire. RESULTS. Higher caregiver knowledge was associated with lower hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, higher income levels, and being married. Thirty-three (44%) children had HbA1c levels within the target range. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Perform ongoing knowledge assessments and educational interventions related to deficits, with a special focus on families in lower socioeconomic situations.
Toward an analytic framework for understanding and fostering peer-support communities in using and evolving software products

The fundamental challenge for social computing is to contribute to fostering communities in which humans can transcend the limitation of the unaided,individual human mind by helping each other.Going beyond antidotal examples requires an analytical framework in which to interpret data in order to understand the context- and application-specific nature of these collaborations. We have studied peer-support communities (PSCs) in the context of the SAP Community Network (SCN), which relies on forums and conferences to support their collaboration.This research attempts to create a deeper understanding of the effectiveness of social support provided by peers in software development communities from the following perspectives: Responsiveness--how responsive are communities to the needs of its members?Engagement Intensity--how timely is the peer support?Role Distribution--how wide is the participation of users and in what kind of roles do they participate?Reward System--what is the impact of explicit reward (point) systems on community behavior?The data gained from analyzing these perspectives (and their comparison with open source software peer-support communities) has provided insights and led to an increased understanding of what works in PSCs. Here we articulate some initial design guidelines to further improve the potential benefits gained from these communities.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF LOCAL NUSSELT NUMBER FOR TURBULENT FLOW IN A SQUARE DUCT WITH A 180° BEND

Numerical predictions of the local Nusselt number for the curved three-dimensional incompressible turbulent flow of air with heat transfer in a square-sectioned duct with a 180° bend are presented and compared with experiment. The results are obtained using a finite-volume discretization of the Reynolds and energy equations employed in a semielliptic algorithm that marches repeatedly through the computational domain until convergence is reached. Results for each of three wall treatments that model the flow and heat trasnsfer in the thermally important near-wall region are compared. The first treatment uses Prandtl's mixing length hypothesis with van Driest's damping function in a fine near-wall grid approach. The other treatments are “two-layer” approaches in which near-wall effects are integrated for a relatively coarse near-wall mesh. The two two-layer models are constructed to allow diffusion of turbulent kinetic energy in near-wall regions and are therefore more general than “local-equilibrium” treatm...
Radiation from Bending Waves in the Presence of a Flow Boundary Layer

The effect of refraction by flow boundary layer is investigated. Based on the relative velocities of the bending wave and the flow, four qualitatively different regimes are identified and results of numerical studies of radiation impedance and power emission are presented. For comparison, the role of a visco thermal boundary layer is included with a correction of a numerical error in a previous paper
Physical Activity and Risk of Small-for-Gestational-Age Birth Among Predominantly Puerto Rican Women

To estimate the association between multiple domains of physical activity and risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth. We utilized data from 1,040 participants in the Latina Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Study, a prospective cohort of predominantly Puerto Rican prenatal care patients in Massachusetts. Physical activity was assessed by bilingual interviewers using a modified version of the Kaiser physical activity survey in early (mean = 15 weeks) and mid pregnancy (mean = 28 weeks). Physical activity (i.e., sports/exercise, household, occupational, and active living) in pre, early and mid pregnancy was categorized in quartiles. SGA was classified as <10th percentile of birth weight for gestational age. Pre- and early-pregnancy physical activity were not associated with SGA. In multivariable analyses, women with high total activity in mid-pregnancy had a decreased risk of SGA [risk ratio (RR) = 0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21-0.82; p(trend) = 0.003] as compared to those with low total activity. Findings were similar for high household activity (RR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.34-1.40; p(trend) = 0.26), active living (RR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.35-1.13; p(trend) = 0.04), and occupational activity (RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.47-1.34; p(trend) = 0.26). High levels of sports/exercise were associated with an increased SGA risk without a significant dose-response association (RR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.04-4.39; p(trend) = 0.33). Results extend prior studies of physical activity and SGA to the Hispanic population.
Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of dolomite types and the origin of ferroan dolomite in the Trenton Formation, Ordovician, Michigan Basin, U.S.A.

Three major types of dolomite occur in the Trenton Formation (Mid-Ordovician) of the Michigan Basin. These are: (1) ‘regional dolomite’ which is confined to the extreme western edge of the basin; (2) ‘cap dolomite’ which occurs in the upper portion of the Trenton and is confined to the basin's southern margin; and (3) ‘fracture-related’ dolomite which occurs in association with both large- and small-scale faults and fractures. These three dolomite types can be distinguished from one another by their major element chemistry, oxygen isotope ratios and rock texture. The regional dolomite is fine-grained, has <0.34 mol% FeCO3, and mean δ18O of −6·8‰OPBD. The cap dolomite is texturally similar to regional dolomite but contains 3–13·0 mol% FeCO3 and has a mean δ18O of −7·7‰. Fracture-related dolomites are coarse-grained, low in iron, and have the most depleted δ18O ratios (x=–9·0%PDB). Petrographic relationships imply that the regional dolomite, formed prior to the cap dolomite probably during early diagenesis. The cap dolomite formed at relatively shallow depths as a result of the interaction of the overlying Utica Shale and the Trenton Limestone. Fracture-related dolomites post-date the cap dolomite and formed during deeper burial. A temperature of precipitation of approximately 80°C was calculated for fracture-related dolomites using oxygen isotope data. The distribution of the cap dolomite was controlled by the availability of Fe2− which was in turn controlled by the availability of S2−. In the centre of the basin Trenton-Utica deposition was continuous. The upper Trenton contained relatively high concentrations of organic matter which was used by sulphate reducing bacteria to produce H2S from seawater sulphate. The precipitation of iron sulphides (pyrite + iron monosulphide) followed and used up most of the available Fe2−. As a result only small amounts of ferroan dolomite formed. On the periphery of the basin, subaerial exposure resulted in the oxidation of most of the available organic matter. Sulphate reducing bacteria were therefore limited and produced limited amounts of H2S. As a result only a minor amount of iron sulphide (iron monosulphide) formed. The remaining Fe2- was then available for the formation of the ferroan cap dolomite. This model is supported by the following: (1) In the southern margin of the basin, the contact between Trenton cap dolomite and the overlying Utica Shale is sharp and probably unconformable. In the centre of the basin the contact is gradational. (2) In the centre of the basin, the total organic carbon content in the upper Trenton is an order of magnitude higher than in the cap dolomite. (3) The whole-rock concentration of iron is high in both the cap dolomite and in slightly dolomitized equivalent beds in the basin centre. (4) Iron sulphides are abundant in the centre of the basin and mostly in the form of pyrite. In the cap dolomite, iron sulphide is minor and primarily in the form of iron monosulphide.
From a traditional behavioral management program to an m-health app: lessons learned in developing m-health apps for existing health care programs

M-health applications provide a unique new way to deliver healthcare. Developing m-health applications involves new challenges different from those encountered when developing traditional healthcare programs and e-health applications. This paper describes the development of an m-health application for behavioral migraine management, and presents lessons learned during the development process from software engineers' perspective.
A study of Shope papilloma virus DNA

The DNA of Shope rabbit papilloma virus has been shown to exist in two forms with the same molecular weight but different sedimentation coefficients, 21 s and 28 s. It is suggested that the 28 s component has the form of a double-stranded ring and that the 21 s component is a linear molecule formed by opening the ring at some specific point.
Assimilation of the dual‐polarization Doppler radar data for a convective storm with a warm‐rain radar forward operator

[1] In this paper, a data assimilation scheme is built to utilize the dual-polarization Doppler radar observations collected by the C band Advanced Radar for Meteorological and Operational Research and is tested with a case study for a mesoscale convective system (MCS) over northern Alabama in the afternoon of 15 March 2008. Three variables, horizontal reflectivity, differential reflectivity, and radial velocity are assimilated into the advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model. A warm rain radar operator is constructed to assimilate the horizontal reflectivity and differential reflectivity data with the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system. The main goals of this paper are to, first, demonstrate the improvements in short-term forecasts of the moist convection when fields unique to the dual-polarization radar are assimilated into a regional model and, second, to understand how these fields may best be integrated in a data assimilation system like 3DVAR to improve short-term storm forecast. The results show that the horizontal reflectivity, differential reflectivity, and radial velocity data can be successfully assimilated using our data assimilation scheme. The assimilation of the horizontal reflectivity and radial velocity data has a significant positive impact on the reflectivity distribution of the MCS. An additional improvement (10%–20%) in the initial condition is found when the differential reflectivity data are further assimilated. Moreover, the improved initial condition leads to apparent improvement in short-term forecast of the MCS. The best forecast is produced when both horizontal and differential reflectivity and radial velocity data are assimilated. This improvement can be attributed to the improved estimate of liquid water content by using the radar operator with combined information of both horizontal reflectivity and differential reflectivity. This study demonstrates the benefit of utilizing the observations from single dual-polarization radar. With the forthcoming upgrade of the current U. S. “NEXRAD” radar system (set to begin in ∼2010), a dual-polarization radar network will be available. Assimilating observations from the dual-polarization Doppler radar network could be a potential technique to further improve the short-term numerical forecasts of convective storms.
Equilibrium Calculation of Gaseous Reactive Systems with Simultaneous Species Adsorption

This work focuses on the calculation of chemical equilibrium in a gaseous reactive system with simultaneous single or multiple species adsorption under isothermal and isobaric conditions. Two different algorithms are developed, following the minimization of Gibbs free energy and the concept of equilibrium constant, respectively. In either case, the problem formulation is converted to a set of nonlinear algebraic equations that are solved using the Newton−Raphson scheme. An example of steam reforming of ethanol with simultaneous CO2 adsorption is used to illustrate the proposed approaches. It is shown that at T = 500 °C and P = 5 bar, the CO2 removal ratio should exceed 40% to achieve a decent enhancement in hydrogen production and purity. An integrated process that combines the endothermic reforming and the exothermic combustion of CH4 from the off-gas supplemented with simultaneous CO2 adsorption in the reforming process yields a theoretical maximum overall conversion rate of 86.3% (the corresponding H2 ...
Testing for order-restricted hypotheses in longitudinal data

an inherent ordering. We propose a quadratic score test (QST) based on a quadratic inference function for detecting an order in treatment effects for correlated data. The quadratic inference function is similar to the negative of a log-likelihood, and it provides test statistics in the spirit of a x2-test for testing nested hypotheses as well as for assessing the goodness of fit of model assumptions. Under the null hypothesis of no order restriction, it is shown that the QST statistic has a Wald-type asymptotic representation and that the asymptotic distribution of the QST statistic is a weighted X2-distribution. Furthermore, an asymptotic distribution of the QST statistic under an arbitrary convex cone alternative is provided. The performance of the QST is investigated through Monte Carlo simulation experiments. Analysis of the polyposis data demonstrates that the QST outperforms the Wald test when data are highly correlated with a small sample size and there is a significant amount of missing data with a small number of clusters. The proposed test statistic accommodates both time-dependent and time-independent covariates in a model.
Announcement effects of new equity issues and the use of intraday price data

This paper examines the intraday market response to announcements of new equity issues. For fifteen minutes following the announcement, there is abnormally high volume and a -1.3% average return. There is also a small, but significant, negative average return in the hour before the announcement. Issue size, intended use of proceeds, and estimated profitability of new investment are uncorrelated with the announcement effect. After the issuance of new shares, there is a significant price recovery of 1.5%. This evidence is inconsistent with many theoretical rationales for the negative market reaction to new equity issue announcements.
Patient reluctance toward tamoxifen use for breast cancer primary prevention.

Background: The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) P-1 trial demonstrated that tamoxifen reduces the incidence of new breast cancers by 49% in women at increased risk for breast cancer development. Tamoxifen does have side effects, however, including marginally increased risks of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events. In this study, women at increased risk for breast cancer development were offered tamoxifen. Their knowledge of tamoxifen as a chemopreventive agent was assessed, and factors influencing their acceptance of tamoxifen and willingness to take it were determined.
Uptake of75Se in cataractous rat lens proteins

The purpose of the present study was to measure the pattern of uptake of75Se into proteins in normal rat lenses and into the proteins of lenses with selenite-induced cataract. Ten-day-old suckling rats received a single injection of75Se with or without a cataractous dose of cold carrier sodium selenite. Four days after injection, the proteins from excised lenses were counted for75Se radioactivity and subjected to gel permeation chromatography, amino acid analyses, and mass spectrometry. All three soluble crystallin lens proteins took up75Se in both normal and cataractous lenses. However, cataractous lenses did not take up75Se into a soluble protein in which major quantities of75Se were taken up in normal rats. Futhermore,75Se in the gamma-crystallins was associated with an unusual acidic amino acid. It was concluded that selenium metabolism by lens proteins may be unusual compared to other soft tissues.
Sentido e impacto de la participación negra en la guerra de independencia de Cuba

Blacks joined en masse the struggle for Cuba's independence from its beginning. In the process, many increased their expectations regarding their position in an igualitarian future. This article explores some dimensions of Afro-Cubans' war experiences and discusses the concerns their massive participation raised among certain white separatist leaders who did not hesitate to jeopardize Cuba Libre's most decisive victory against Spain and to lobby for U.S. intervention in order to limit the revolutionary potential of the war.
Capacitation acrosome reaction, and egg penetration by canine spermatozoa in a simple defined medium.

A defined medium (CCM) is described in which washed ejaculated canine spermatozoa can be induced to undergo capacitation and the acrosome reaction, and to penetrate corona-free eggs in vitro. The composition of the medium is similar to other Krebs-Ringer's bicarbonate buffered media except for the absence of magnesium and adjustments in the concentration of NaHCO3, glucose, and albumin. The concentration of NaCI is adjusted to maintain the osmolality at approximately 300 mOsm, and the pH is 7.8 under 5% CO2 in air. This pH was found more favorable for the occurrence of the acrosome reaction than the lower pH (7.4) of media with more usual bicarbonate concentrations. Calcium ions are essential not only for the occurrence of the acrosome reaction of canine spermatozoa, but also for their motility. Potassium ions are apparently necessary for the process of sperm-egg fusion following zona penetration. When CCM was compared with two other media, it allowed the best combination of good rates for acrosome reaction (46%), motility (83%), and zona penetration (71%). Sperm-egg fusion also occurred. The requirements for capacitation of canine spermatozoa are compared with those of some other species.
Co-occurrence of Parkinson's disease with progressive supranuclear palsy.

Parkinson's disease (PD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are distinct neurodegenerative disorders. We describe an 81-year-old woman with 3 years of progressive gait unsteadiness, frequent falls, and mild cognitive dysfunction, all considered clinically to be an early fronto-temporal neurodegenerative disorder. She died of an acute myocardial infarction. Examination of her brain revealed α-synuclein- and tau-positive inclusions diagnostic of PD and PSP. Immunoelectron microscopy and Western blot analysis confirmed combined PD/PSP. This case provides strategies for the reliable molecular validation of concomitant PD and PSP, and demonstrates the utility of these techniques in patients with atypical clinical presentations.
On product versioning for hypertexts

Versioned hypermedia has shown its success in promoting better understanding and management of evolving document collections in many domains. However, providing versioning capability for a hypermedia system raises several important structural and cognitive issues. Our research has produced Molhado, the first hypermedia infrastructure that applies the product versioning model to versioned hypermedia. Molhado not only supports configuration management for hypermedia structures in a fine-grained manner, but also provides version control for individual hyperlinks and document nodes. This paper explains how the product versioning model in Molhado addresses serious issues identified by earlier research on versioned hypermedia. We will also discuss the new issues raised by using this versioning model.
Review of the Mealybug Genus Heterococcus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) with a Description of a New Species

The diagnostic features of the mealybug genus Hetero-coccus are reevaluated and related genera are discussed. Previously described species are reviewed and a new species, Heterococcus tuttlei , is described. The latter is of economic significance to the bermudagrass seed production areas of southern California and Arizona.
Accuracies of the synthesized monochromatic CT numbers and effective atomic numbers obtained with a rapid kVp switching dual energy CT scanner

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the accuracies of the synthesized monochromatic images and effective atomic number maps obtained with the new GE Discovery CT750 HD CT scanner. Methods: A Gammex-RMI model 467 tissue characterization phantom and the CT number linearity section of a Phantom Laboratory Catphan 600 phantom were scanned using the dual energy (DE) feature on the GE CT750 HD scanner. Synthesized monochromatic images at various energies between 40 and 120 keV and effective atomic number (Z{sub eff}) maps were generated. Regions of interest were placed within these images/maps to measure the average monochromatic CT numbers and average Z{sub eff} of the materials within these phantoms. The true Z{sub eff} values were either supplied by the phantom manufacturer or computed using Mayneord's equation. The linear attenuation coefficients for the true CT numbers were computed using the NIST XCOM program with the input of manufacturer supplied elemental compositions and densities. The effects of small variations in the assumed true densities of the materials were also investigated. Finally, the effect of body size on the accuracies of the synthesized monochromatic CT numbers was investigated using a custom lumbar section phantom with and without an external fat-mimicking ring. Results: Othermore » than the Z{sub eff} of the simulated lung inserts in the tissue characterization phantom, which could not be measured by DECT, the Z{sub eff} values of all of the other materials in the tissue characterization and Catphan phantoms were accurate to 15%. The accuracies of the synthesized monochromatic CT numbers of the materials in both phantoms varied with energy and material. For the 40-120 keV range, RMS errors between the measured and true CT numbers in the Catphan are 8-25 HU when the true CT numbers were computed using the nominal plastic densities. These RMS errors improve to 3-12 HU for assumed true densities within the nominal density {+-}0.02 g/cc range. The RMS errors between the measured and true CT numbers of the tissue mimicking materials in the tissue characterization phantom over the 40-120 keV range varied from about 6 HU-248 HU and did not improve as dramatically with small changes in assumed true density. Conclusions: Initial tests indicate that the Z{sub eff} values computed with DECT on this scanner are reasonably accurate; however, the synthesized monochromatic CT numbers can be very inaccurate, especially for dense tissue mimicking materials at low energies. Furthermore, the synthesized monochromatic CT numbers of materials still depend on the amount of the surrounding tissues especially at low keV, demonstrating that the numbers are not truly monochromatic. Further research is needed to develop DE methods that produce more accurate synthesized monochromatic CT numbers.« less
Characterizing copper surfaces using a polysulfide reagent

Abstract Copper immersed in a 0.025 M Na2S4 solution at pH 11 turns black at a characteristic time that is controlled by the presence of films or contaminants on the copper surface. The color change occurs coincident with an abrupt change in the corrosion potential. It is hypothesized that the rate-controlling step is the conversion of elemental copper and/or copper (I) to the copper(II) valence state. The rate of this reaction is controlled by the chemical nature of the copper surface. The procedure shows promise for characterizing the cleanliness of copper surfaces.