cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lower crustal reflectivity modeled by rheological controls on mafic intrusions

Orogenic collapse, lithospheric extension, and associated basaltic magmatism have affected many Phanerozoic regions. This has led to the hypothesis that the high lower crustal reflectivity of these areas originates from horizontal mafic dikes embedded in a more felsic ma. trix. Tectonic extension, however, favors the intrusion of unreflective vertical dikes. Stress distribution in an extending lithosphere varies over several orders of magnitude, which explains the simultaneous intrusion of vertical and horizontal dikes. Vertical dikes penetrate rheologically strong zones and transform into horizontal dikes in weak zones where stress conditions are quasi-isostatic and a subhorizontal strain fabric is likely to exist. The seismic response of a corresponding crustal model faithfully reproduces banded reflectivity patterns typical of extended provinces. Because the loci of mechanical weakness vary with temperature, composition, and fluid content, other common reflectivity patterns can be explained similarly. This combination of two prominent end-member models on the origin of lower crustal reflections (i.e., ductile flow and mafic intrusions) is compatible with pertinent features associated with postorogenic lithospheric extension, such as high heat flow, bimodal volcanism, anatectic granites, granulite-facies metamorphism, and uniform crustal thickness.
Asymptotic equations for conservation laws of mixed type

Abstract We derive canonical asymptotic equations for weakly nonlinear solutions of conservation laws of mixed type. When two real wave speeds coalesce and become complex, we obtain the transonic small disturbance equation which changes type from hyperbolic to elliptic. When the coefficient of the nonlinear term in the transonic small disturbance equation vanishes, we derive cubically nonlinear 2 × 2 asymptotic equations. These include canonical equations which are parabolic on a line in state space and strictly hyperbolic away from this line.
Inflammatory biomarkers of the patient with myocardial insufficiency.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Inflammation plays a central role in the genesis of atherosclerosis and its complications. In this regard, plasma levels of several markers of inflammation have been shown to predict risk of future cardiovascular events, including cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke. Furthermore, the predictive value of inflammatory markers is independent of traditional risk markers such as lipid levels, or cardiac troponin levels among those with acute coronary syndromes. RECENT FINDINGS: Indeed, recent data suggest that among more than 27,000 apparently healthy women, the predictive value of C-reactive protein, the most extensively studied marker of vascular inflammation, was at least as good as that of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition, hypothesis-generating data suggest that the benefits of proven interventions such as statin therapy and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade may be most effective among those with elevated markers of inflammation. SUMMARY: Combining our evolving understanding of the vascular biology of atherosclerosis with clinical studies of inflammatory markers and mediators may help refine our diagnostic and therapeutic armamentarium for cardiovascular disease.
Sleep patterns are associated with common illness in adolescents.

The role of emotion dysregulation in insomnia : longitudinal findings from a large community sample
Structural Study on Ammonia Borane for Hydrogen Storage

Ammonia borane(BH3NH3) is a promising hydrogen storage material because of its high gravimetric (19.6 wt% H2) and volumetric hydrogen density with an accompanying moderate decomposition temperature. Previously reported structures determined by using x-ray and neutron diffraction on hydrides show differences in bond lengths and atomic coordination. Here, the crystal structures of fully and half deuterated ammonia borane were investigated as a function of temperature using powder neutron diffraction. The neutron diffraction patterns show a significant difference due to large difference in the scattering length of D and H. It is evident that an order-disorder phase transition occurs around 225 K for all compounds. At low temperature, the compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic structure with space group Pnm21 and gradually transforms to a high temperature disordered tetragonal structure with space group I/4mm at about 225K. The differential scanning calorimetry studies confirm this phase transformation and also indicate that all compounds melt and decompose at above 370 K. The c cell parameter remains unchanged in the orthorhombic phase from 16 K to 200K and increases liaa nearly above 225K. As the temperature is increased, the BH3-NH3 groups start to reorient along the c axis, and the D/H atoms become disordered, leading to the tetragonal phase transition around 225K.
Programmable Solar Array Simulator

This paper discusses the operational and circuit features of a laboratory device built to simulate the dynamic electrical output characteristics of a solar array in orbital flight. Operational controls provide for adjustment of the static electrical characteristics so that solar arrays of various configurations and capacities can be simulated with a reasonably high degree of accuracy. The programming feature of the system extends the capability to cover simulation of the predictable changes in characteristics exhibited by a solar array in response to changes in environment. This includes the exponential temperature changes resulting from the solar array's passing in and out of the earth's shadow as well as the changes in illumination seen by the solar array as the satellite rotates on any chosen axis. The basic system consists of a special purpose analog computer capable of generating a reference voltage in response to electrical inputs simulating the present yalue of load current, temperature and illumination and an output unit which is essentially a DC amplifier that applies a proportional voltage across the load. In the prototype system, the output unit was sized to produce approximately 300 watts. In the programmer portion of the system, the electrical signal simulating temperature is generated in an R-C circuit having a time constant which matches the "heat up" thermal time constant of the actual array. Simulation of the pattern of illumination accompanying satellite rotation is accomplished by an optical cam system.
EFFECT OF THIOURACIL ON THE IODINE CONTENT OF THE THYROID GLAND1

IT IS NOW well established that anti−thyroid drugs such as thioura−cil prevent the formation of thyroid hormone. As the mechanism of this action is still obscure it seemed likely that studies on the iodine metabolism of the thyroid gland would provide useful information. In view of the fact that the iodine content of the thyroid gland re−flects the quantity of active principle contained therein, measure−ments of the iodine concentration under various experimental condi−tions might be expected to define more exactly the changes brought about by anti−thyroid drugs in the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Abnormally low concentrations of iodine in the thyroid have been noted in the simple colloid goiters which occur in regions of iodine deficiency, in the hyperplastic glands of hyperthyroid patients, in the goiters experimentally produced by iodine deficient and goitrigenic diets, and in the hyperplastic thyroids resulting from the injection of pituitary extracts.
Decoding Information in Cell Shape

Shape is an indicator of cell health. But how is the information in shape decoded? We hypothesize that decoding occurs by modulation of signaling through changes in plasma membrane curvature. Using analytical approaches and numerical simulations, we studied how elongation of cell shape affects plasma membrane signaling. Mathematical analyses reveal transient accumulation of activated receptors at regions of higher curvature with increasing cell eccentricity. This distribution of activated receptors is periodic, following the Mathieu function, and it arises from local imbalance between reaction and diffusion of soluble ligands and receptors in the plane of the membrane. Numerical simulations show that transient microdomains of activated receptors amplify signals to downstream protein kinases. For growth factor receptor pathways, increasing cell eccentricity elevates the levels of activated cytoplasmic Src and nuclear MAPK1,2. These predictions were experimentally validated by changing cellular eccentricity, showing that shape is a locus of retrievable information storage in cells.
Fearfulness predicts self-blame and shame in shyness

Researchers and clinicians are attempting to delineate individual differences in problematic shyness in order to describe and treat it more effectively. In an effort to find empirical support for Buss's fearful vs. publicly self-conscious shy categories [Buss, A.H. (1980). Self-consciousness and social anxiety. San Francisco: Freeman], a self-blaming attribution style with accompanying shame-based emotion was predicted in a group of self-conscious shys, as compared with fearful shys and controls. Surprisingly, fearfulness and private, not public, self-consciousness predicted self-blame and shame in hypothetical interpersonal failure situations. Furthermore, trait-shame was predicted by the same combination. Results are discussed in terms of the interaction of negative emotion and inner focus on self-blame.
Large index of refraction with vanishing absorption in the two-level atomic system driven by a strong field

Abstract We study the absorption and dispersion spectra of a weak probe in a closed two-level atomic system driven by a strong field. We show that when the strong driving field is tuned within the transverse linewidth, the Rabi side bands in the homogeneously-broadened spectra are mainly of Rayleigh-wing type (with a characteristics of absorption being dispersionlike and dispersion being absorptionlike) where the index of refraction can be enhanced at vanishing absorption. We derive compact expressions for the inhomogeneously-broadened spectra involving Lorentzian and Gaussian broadenings, respectively. We observe and discuss the physical origins of the large index of refraction at vanishingly small absorption and the electromagnetically induced transparency in the inhomogeneously-broadened spectra.
The central connections of the anterior lateral line nerve of Gnathonemus petersii.

The central connections of the lateral line nerve ganglia, the eithth nerve ganglia and the fused fifth-seventh ganglion of Ganathonemus petersii have been studied with silver degeneration techniques. The anterior (NLLa) and posterior (NLLp) lateral line nerves have a topographically organised projection upon the posterior lateral line lobe. NLLa, representing the head region, distributes to the rostral half of the posterior lobe, while NLLp, representing the trunk, distributes to the caudal half of the posterior lobe. The lateral line nerves also end in the anterior nucleus of the anterior lobe. There is some overlap within the middle third of the anterior nucleus, although NLLp tends to have a more caudal distribution than NLLa. N VIII terminates within n. tangentialis and n. octavius; there appears to be little or no overlap between VIII and lateral line nerve territories. The V–VIIth ganglion projects to entirely different parts of the brainstem. Terminal areas of V–VII are the sensory nucleus of the vagus, the nucleus of the descending trigeminus, and the funicular nuclei.
Liapunov functions and boundedness and global existence of solutions

In this paper the properties of a Liapunov function and its derivatives are combined in obtaining sufficient conditions for the boundedness and global existence of solutions of the system of differential equations x=f(t,x) (1) where f: [0,∞)XRn→ Rn is continuous. The following terms are introduced: (i) a scalar function which is mildly unbounded relative to a subset of Rn,(ii) a scalar function which is radially unbounded relative to a set, (iii) a Liapunov function with mildly negative definite derivative in a set, (iv) a Liapunov function with strongly negative definite derivative in a set, and (v) a set which is unbounded-departing with respect to system (1). As a special case the autonomous system of differential equations which corresponds to (1) is considered and the semi-invariance property of the positive limiting set of a solution is used in the results
Congestion derivatives for a traffic bottleneck with heterogeneous commuters

Abstract Deterministic congestion pricing has attracted most attentions in the literature. But little attention has been given to pricing under uncertainty, especially for heterogeneous commuters. In this paper, we investigate congestion externalities by considering commuters’ risk preferences and heterogeneity. In particular, when price involves exogenous uncertainty which is independent of both central authority and individual commuters, we are able to express commuters’ departure equilibria and the total social cost in closed-form in terms of the departure time and uncertainty. Moreover, we find that uncertainty will lead heterogeneous risk-averse commuters not only to avoid traveling at the time when uncertainty level is high, but also to deviate from their optimal departure sequence. Hence, we are able to show that uncertainty can tremendously increase the total social cost. Furthermore, we also prove that both the central planner and the market-base mechanism have the potential to reduce the total social cost and alter commuters’ departure behavior. Specifically, we find out that the central planner can always find a class of financial derivatives to induce the socially optimal departure behavior, while the market-based mechanism may do so at specific cases. Finally, numerical formulation and experiments are given to assess the robustness of our results for more general forms of uncertainties and derivatives.
Velocity imaging by rapid cycle tagging.

The unique abilities of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) to provide detailed images of blood flow in the body, and without resorting to the injection of contrast agents, has provided the stimulus for the keen interest in this subject. In this paper we discuss a technique aimed at providing quantitative information on the distribution of velocity of blood flow across the lumen of a vessel. The technique is designed to reduce the signal from stationary material allowing for a much more accurate determination of the signal from moving material. A particular feature is that the physical phenomenon sensitized is time‐of‐flight displacements or ‘‘fresh spin inflow,’’ and the technique does not rely upon phase‐sensitive modulations. Further this technique produces a steady‐state spatial distribution of magnetization, and hence a signal, which reflects both the time at which material enters the selected slice and how long the material remains in the slice. In this way, a single image will provide the information necessary to extract information on the velocities of interest.
Ion-Enhanced Etching of Si(100) with Molecular Chlorine: Neutral and Ionic Product Yields as a Function of Ion Kinetic Energy and Molecular Chlorine Flux

Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) is used to measure neutral and ionic silicon etch products evolved during argon ion-enhanced etching of room temperature Si(100) with molecular chlorine. The yields of these neutral and ionic etch products are examined as a function of ion energy, ion flux, and molecular chlorine flux. For the neutral products, an Ar+ ion energy range of 275−975 eV is used, while the ionic product measurements are continued down to 60 eV. The atomic Si, SiCl, and SiCl2 neutral etch products are measured without complications due to fragmentation by using 118-nm laser single-photon TOFMS. Atomic Si and SiCl are the major observed etch products. The ionic Si+ and SiCl+ etch products are also measured using TOFMS; however, the SiCl2+ species is not observed. The similarities between neutral and ionic Si and SiCl etch products as a function of various parameters suggest a model based on direct collisional desorption. For the observed neutral SiCl2 product, the absence of SiCl2+ suggest...
Social Capital: An Interdisciplinary Concept*

This paper sets forth an interdisciplinary interpretation of social capital that will permit the concept to be used with precision in scholarly and scientific work. If the interpretation is accepted, the social capital concept cannot be regarded as a social theory, nor as a statement of normative goals. The interdisciplinary concept proposed here is applied to rural studies.
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cancer and a new potential tumor marker.

Plasma homocysteine (Hcy), a well-known independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, is also a risk factor for cancer. Results from our studies indicate that Hcy could be used as a tumor marker. We found elevated circulating total homocysteine (tHcy) in cancer patients even though they were not treated with anti-folate drugs. In serial specimens from cancer patients undergoing treatment, the change of tHcy coincided with the concentration of tumor markers. The rapid proliferation of tumor cells contributed to the much higher concentrations of circulating tHcy. Both concentrations of tHcy and tumor marker would increase in parallel during the growth of tumor cell, but only the Hcy concentration would decline in response to tumor cell death. Several biochemical changes, including folate deficiency, oxidative stress, aberrant DNA methylation, and production of homocysteine thiolactone have been identified in association with hyperhomocysteinemia, which explained why elevated homocysteine eventually led to carcinogenesis. Conceivably, tHcy may be used as a more accurate tumor marker for monitoring cancer patients during treatment, and hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for carcinogenesis.
Oxygen consumption in the prosobranch snail Viviparus contectoides (Mollusca: Gastropoda)—IV. Effects of dissolved oxygen level, starvation, density, symbiotic algae, substrate composition and osmotic pressure

Abstract 1. 1. Oxygen consumption (OC) is directly related to dissolved oxygen levels. 2. 2. While starvation for up to 12 days has no consistent long-term effect on OC of male snails, OC of females is depressed by lack of food. 3. 3. OC is not related to density of snails either in single or mixed sex groups of up to eight individuals per 250 ml flask. 4. 4. Symbiotic algae produce amounts of oxygen sufficient to significantly depress apparent OC of snails in a closed system. 5. 5. OC over short periods is independent of substrate composition. 6. 6. Rising osmotic pressure (OP) due to NaCl is associated with decreasing OC; increasing OP due to CaCl 2 is accompanied by rising OC; and, changing OP due to evaporation or dilution of natural water has no effect on OC.
Characteristics and distribution of fluoride-sensitive tributyrinase in rat tissues.

Abstract The characteristics of a fluoride-sensitive soluble tributyrinase isolated from rat adipose tissue were investigated. The purity of the preparation was demonstrated by disc gel electrophoresis. This enzyme was shown to be similar to tributyrinase in rat heart, lung, liver and kidney. It has a pH optimum of 8.5 in Tris-phosphate buffer. Furthermore, the enzyme is inhibited by DFP, but is insensitive to eserine, Mg2+ and Ca2+. The fluoride-sensitive tributyrinase shows a specificity for short chain glycerol esters (mono-, di-, and tributyrin) and little activity on long chain glycerol esters (monolaurin, monoolein, triolein and tripalmitin).
The Role of Cytolysin in Pneumococcal Ocular Infection

A highly purified preparation of pneumococcal cytolysin was responsible for the corneal damage that ensued upon intra-corneal injection of crude cell extract into the rabbit eye. The lysin may produce this pathologic finding by effecting activation or release of corneal degradative enzymes.
Induction of contractile activity by rigor complexes in myofibrils.

The relation between ATPase rate and substrate concentration was investigated for myofibrils with varying amounts of added HMM. There was a biphasic, 3 to 5-fold increase in ATPase in the absence of Ca++. In the absence of added HMM, the peak activity occurred at ≤ 0.1 mM MgATP. With increasing concentrations of HMM, the position and magnitude of the ATPase peak shifted to larger substrate concentrations and higher rates. The cofactor activity of regulated actin in myofibrils is activated to a similar degree by Ca++ as by HMM (rigor links). SDS gel electrophoretic patterns of myofibrils mixed with HMM indicated the soluble HMM binds to myofibrils at 0.1 mM MgATP and is dissociated at higher MgATP concentrations. Thus, in well-regulated myofibrils in the absence of Ca++ actin cofactor activity can be activated by rigor complexes.
EFFECTS OF POPULATION SIZE AND SELECTION INTENSITY ON CORRELATED RESPONSES TO SELECTION FOR POSTWEANING GAIN IN MICE

The effects of population size and selection intensity on the mean response was examined after 14 generations of within full-sib family selection for postweaning gain in mice. Population sizes of 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 pair matings were each evaluated at selection intensities of 100% (control), 50% and 25% in a replicated experiment. Selection response per generation increased as selection intensity increased. Selection response and realized heritability tended to increase with increasing population size. Replicate variability in realized heritability was large at population sizes of 1, 2 and 4 pairs. Genetic drift was implicated as the primary factor causing the reduced response and lowered repeatability at the smaller population sizes. Lines with intended effective population sizes of 62 yielded larger selection responses per unit selection differential than lines with effective population sizes of 30 or less.
Surface Origin of High Conductivities in Undoped In2O3 Thin Films

The microscopic cause of conductivity in transparent conducting oxides like ZnO, In{2}O{3}, and SnO{2} is generally considered to be a point defect mechanism in the bulk, involving intrinsic lattice defects, extrinsic dopants, or unintentional impurities like hydrogen. We confirm here that the defect theory for O-vacancies can quantitatively account for the rather moderate conductivity and off-stoichiometry observed in bulk In{2}O{3} samples under high-temperature equilibrium conditions. However, nominally undoped thin-films of In{2}O{3} can exhibit surprisingly high conductivities exceeding by 4-5 orders of magnitude that of bulk samples under identical conditions (temperature and O{2} partial pressure). Employing surface calculations and thickness-dependent Hall measurements, we demonstrate that surface donors rather than bulk defects dominate the conductivity of In{2}O{3} thin films.
A note on predecessor searching in the pointer machine model

Predecessor searching is a fundamental data structuring problem and at the core of countless algorithms: given a totally ordered universe U with n elements, maintain a subset [email protected]?U such that for each element [email protected]?U its predecessor in S can be found efficiently. During the last thirty years the problem has been studied extensively and optimal algorithms in many classical models of computation are known. In 1988, Mehlhorn et al. [K. Mehlhorn, S. Naher, H. Alt, A lower bound on the complexity of the union-split-find problem, SIAM J. Comput. 17 (6) (1988) 1093-1102] showed an amortized lower bound of @W(loglogn) in the pointer machine model. We give a different proof for this bound which sheds new light on the question of how much power the adversary actually needs.
EFFECTS OF BODY FORCES ON THE STRUCTURE AND RHEOLOGY OF ER AND MR FLUIDS

We employ particle-level simulations to show that body forces, such as gravity or centrifugal forces, can significantly influence the structure and rheology of ER and MR suspensions even when the magnitude of the body force acting on a particle is small compared to the field-induced force. We also report an experimental investigation of the effects of body forces on the structure of ER suspensions. Experimental results agree qualitatively with predictions.
Cladistic biogeography of the Mexican transition zone

Biogeographic relationships among nine montane areas of endemism across the transition zone between North and South America are analysed cladistically based on phylogenetic hypotheses of thirty-three resident monophyletic taxa of insects, fish, reptiles, and plants. Areas of endemism include the Arizona mountains (AZ), Sonoran Desert (SD), Sierra Madre Occidental (OCC), southern Sierra Madre Occidental (SOC), Sierra Madre Oriental (ORI), Sierra Transvolcanica (TRAN), Sierra Madre del Sur (SUR), Chiapan-Guatemalan Highlands (CGH), and Talamancan Cordillera (TC). Area relationships are summarized using Brooks Parsimony Analysis and Assumption 0, with the former resulting in more defensible biogeographic hypotheses. Areas of endemism are dividable into two monophyletic groups; a northern group including AZ, SD, OCC, and ORI, and a southern group consisting of TC, CGH, TRAN, SUR, and the isolated southern regions of the Sierra Madre Occidental (SOC). The northern set of areas are characterized by recent, probably Pleistocene, isolation and prevalent widespread species, whereas the southerly areas probably diverged after Pliocene closure of the Panamanian isthmus. The southern areas are redundantly represented on many of the taxon-area cladograms by endemic species, indicative of much higher levels of endemism in the Sierra Transvolcanica and further south. Use of a general area cladogram in such a transition zone permits explicit exploration of biogeographic patterns and establishes a predictive framework for taxonomy and conservation prioritization.
Microtubule Reconfiguration during Axonal Retraction Induced by Nitric Oxide

Axonal retraction is induced by different types of physiological cues and is responsible for the elimination of mistargeted axons. There is broad agreement that alterations in the cytoskeleton underlie axonal retraction. The prevailing view is that axonal retraction involves a wholesale depolymerization of microtubules and microfilaments. However, axons retracting physiologically display a very different morphology than axons induced to retract by experimental depolymerization of microtubules. Experimental depolymerization of microfilaments actually prevents retraction rather than causing it. We have proposed an alternative hypothesis, namely that axonal retraction involves a backward retreat of cytoskeletal elements rather than their wholesale depolymerization. In the present study, we sought to test this hypothesis with regard to microtubules. When a donor of nitric oxide was applied to cultured chick sensory neurons, the majority of axons retracted dramatically within 30-60 min. Retracting axons were characterized by an enlarged distal region, a thin trailing remnant, and sinusoidal bends along the shaft. Quantitative immunofluorescence analyses showed no detectable loss of microtubule mass during retraction, even with regard to the most labile microtubules. Instead, microtubules were reconfigured into coiling and sinusoidal bundles to accommodate the shortening of the axon. Stabilization of microtubules by taxol did not prevent the retraction, even at concentrations of the drug that actually caused microtubule levels to increase. The retractions induced by nitric oxide were remarkably similar to those observed when motor proteins are manipulated, suggesting that these retractions may result from alterations in the activities of the motors that configure microtubules.
Pathology of the Vertebral Column of Horses with Cervical Static Stenosis

Specimens of ligamentum flavum, joint capsule, and dorsal lamina were collected at surgery or necropsy from 25 horses with cervical static stenosis. All horses had myelographic evidence of dorsal compression of the spinal cord caused by soft tissue and/or bone in the caudal cervical area, primarily at C6-7. Most horses also had radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease of articular facets. Histologically 19 horses had osteosclerosis and cartilage retention in the dorsal lamina, and 24 horses had increased fibrocartilage at the ligamentum flavum attachment to dorsal lamina. The ligamentum flavum and joint capsule had fibrovascular tissue in 20 horses. Fibrocartilaginous tissue, old hemorrhage, and fat necrosis were not unusual. One horse each had a synovial cyst, eosinophilic granulomas in the joint capsule, and osteochondrosis of articular facets. These findings indicate that abnormal biomechanical forces or instability of articulations result in stretching and tearing of the ligamentum flavum and joint capsule with subsequent fibrovascular and fibrocartilaginous proliferation, osteosclerosis of the dorsal lamina, and osteophyte formation on the articular facets.
Eigenvalues of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Properties of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, a form that often arises in many-body problems, are investigated. The eigenvalues for a diffuse boson gas confined in a sphere are evaluated. The important differences from the linear case, such as the nonorthogonality of the eigenfunctions and their dramatically different variational properties are examined.
Occurrence and sequence of Sphaeroides Heme Protein and diheme cytochrome C in purple photosynthetic bacteria in the family Rhodobacteraceae.

Background: Sphaeroides Heme Protein (SHP) was discovered in the purple photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, and is the only known c-type heme protein that binds oxygen. Although initially not believed to be widespread among the photosynthetic bacteria, the gene has now been found in more than 40 species of proteobacteria and generally appears to be regulated. Rb. sphaeroides is exceptional in not having regulatory genes associated with the operon. We have thus analyzed additional purple bacteria for the SHP gene and examined the genetic context to obtain new insights into the operon, its distribution, and possible function. Results: We found SHP in 9 out of 10 strains of Rb. sphaeroides and in 5 out of 10 purple photosynthetic bacterial species in the family Rhodobacteraceae. We found a remarkable similarity within the family including the lack of regulatory genes. Within the proteobacteria as a whole, SHP is part of a 3-6 gene operon that includes a membranespanning diheme cytochrome b and one or two diheme cytochromes c. Other genes in the operon include one of three distinct sensor kinase - response regulators, depending on species, that are likely to regulate SHP. Conclusions: SHP is not as rare as generally believed and has a role to play in the photosynthetic bacteria. Furthermore, the two companion cytochromes along with SHP are likely to function as an electron transfer pathway that results in the reduction of SHP by quinol and formation of the oxygen complex, which may function as an oxygenase. The three distinct sensors suggest at least as many separate functional roles for SHP. Two of the sensors are not well characterized, but the third is homologous to the QseC quorum sensor, which is present in a number of pathogens and typically appears to regulate genes involved in virulence.
Evidence for CdTe 1−x S x compound formation in CdTe solar cells from high-precision, temperature-dependent device measurements

High-precision, temperature-dependent device measurements have been made on CdTe solar cells fabricated by close-spaced sublimation on CdS-coated SnO2:F-glass substrates. In particular, the temperature dependence of Voc was measured from 110 K-310 K, taking care that the wavelengths of the incident light did not overlap the absorber band edge. The conventional deduction of the absorber bandgap Eg was clarified by taking into account its temperature dependence. Depending upon fabrication conditions, it was found that the 0 K extrapolated bandgap of the region of the absorber in which most recombination occurs was 1.33 e V, i.e. significantly less than that of CdTe. It was concluded that this region consists of the compound CdTe1-xSx.
Thoracic surgical oncology

Thoracic surgical oncology involves surgical treatment of lesions of the thoracic wall, pulmonary parenchyma, or mediastinum (also including heart, esophagus, or trachea). The most common neoplasms of the thoracic wall are osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Histopathologic type, the use of chemotherapy for osteosarcoma, and completeness of surgical margins are prognostic for survival. Relative to solitary pulmonary masses, carcinomas are most common, with histopathologic type, tumor size, tumor grade, and lymph node status prognostic for survival. Of the aforementioned variables, lymph node status is the most significant. Extensive preoperative workup, including bronchoscopy and transthoracic fine needle aspiration of solitary lung masses, is usually not recommended. Thymomas are the most common surgical mediastinal mass. patients are frequently affected with paraneoplastic syndromes including myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, and nonthymic neoplasia. Patients without megaesophagus with surgically resectable masses have an excellent prognosis for survival. Provision of analgesia after surgery in thoracotomy patients is extremely important. Carefully selected analgesic agents in thoractomy patients are far less damaging to cardiovascular status than is tachycardia from excessive pain. Given these and other guidelines, perioperative mortality in thoracotomy patients is minimal, and long-term survival in selected patients is excellent.
Underwater acoustic technology: Review of some recent developments

It is a truism to say that the relationship of science and technology is push-pull. This is illustrated regularly throughout the fields of ocean engineering and ocean science. It underlies this review for the particular case of underwater acoustics over the past decade. Developments are summarized apropos of the interests of the OES Technology Committee on Underwater Acoustics: (1) design, fabrication, and testing of acoustic instrumentation such as transducers, transducer arrays, hydrophones, sound sources, transponders, and recording systems; (2) use of acoustic instrumentation in the form of active and passive sonar systems for such applications as bottom mapping, underwater imaging, ocean measurement, observation and quantification of biological organisms, target surveillance and tracking; (3) modeling and prediction of ocean acoustic parameters, such as multipath arrival structure, scattering, reverberation, and noise, which influence sonar system performance. Related topics such as underwater acoustic communication, navigation, and positioning; sonar image processing; and inference of ocean acoustic parameters are addressed in separate, independent reviews. This review is a contribution to the 40th anniversary celebration of the OES.
Gender, the State, and Constructing the Old as Dependent: Lessons From the Economic Transition in Poland

To critically examine the notion of the old as a "burden" to society, we use a political economic and gender-sensitive approach to explore the impact of the economic transition in Poland on retirement. Poland is an especially useful case for analyzing ways that divergent political economies shape the aging experiences of men and women, as differences between the two systems cannot be attributed to cultural variations. Overall, we find that old-age dependence in Poland is not inevitable; it is not created in a uniform manner for men and women; and it is not passively accepted by the old. Further, by examining economic activities in general, we show that retired men and women have been and are critical to the viability of both economic systems, albeit in different ways.
Accuracy of Kinematic Wave and Diffusion Wave Approximations for Flood Routing. I: Steady Analysis

The applicability of the kinematic wave (KW) and diffusive wave (DW) approximations was investigated for steady flow in prismatic channels by using a second-order two-step Lax-Wendroff numerical scheme coupled with the characteristic method at the boundaries. Two types of downstream boundary conditions, critical-flow depth and zero-flow depth gradient, were considered together with the condition of discharge hydrograph reaching the steady state at the upstream end. The role of inertial, pressure, friction, and gravity forces was investigated for 16 test cases defined through the kinematic wave number K and the Froude number F0 , whose range was assumed to be (3–30) and (0.1–1), respectively. Errors were computed by comparing the steady dimensionless profiles of the flow depth with those estimated by the dynamic wave solution. The accuracy of the two approximations was assessed through the mean value e of the magnitudes of errors computed for the channel region where the solution was not significantly infl...
Cancerous Growth and Malignancy

Early modern writers on cancer variously framed the disease as a humoral imbalance, a monstrous progeny or an invading worm. On one thing, however, they were universally agreed. Cancer was characterised, even defined, by malignancy. Moreover, as this definition from the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) indicates, ‘malignancy’ was in this period a term with religious, social and political significance, of which the biological phenomenon of uncontrolled growth was only one part. In this chapter, I shall examine how cancer was constructed as malignant in medical, political and cultural discourses. Early modern medical practitioners were, I argue, keenly aware of cancer’s malignancy in what we might call a clinical sense; that is, the ability of cancerous tumours to grow and metastasise. To explain this disturbing ability, some writers tried to understand cancer using existing models of poisoning and contagion, attempting to rid the disease of its mystery. In early modern parlance, however, cancer’s ability to spread was commonly viewed as a facet of its malignant nature, not the sum thereof. In the interchange between medical and politic or polemic texts, malignancy was constructed in more diffuse terms, as the cruel and evil driving force which impelled cancers to overspread both natural and politic ‘bodies’.
The effect of lateral hypothalamic lesions in weanling rats bearing lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei.

SummaryLateral hypothalamic lesions in weanling rats bearing lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei (VMN) did not eliminate the hypertriglyceridemia, hyper-insulinemia or changes in somatic parameters associated with VMN lesions. In conjunction with previous data, the present findings suggest that altered sympathetic nervous system activity, subsequent to ventromedial hypothalamic destruction, is important in the development of the syndrome of hypothalamic obesity.The authors appreciate the technical assistance of Diana Hojnicki, Maureen Mills, Betty Stone and Tom Vincent. This work was supported in part by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, NIAMD AM 14418.
HIGH-SPEED NEARFIELD OPTICAL RECORDING USING PLASMONIC FLYING HEAD

Optical lithography has been the critical process for continuous size reduction of semiconductor devices and circuits manufacturing1, 2. As the industry is continually improving the lithography feature size, conventional optical lithography becomes more difficult and costive in satisfying the ever increasing demands in nano-manufacturing because of the fundamental limit of diffraction. Many maskless processes are capable of creating feature sizes better than optical lithography, but they all suffer from their low throughput. Here we experimentally demonstrated the capability of parallel patterning with 50 nm linewidth with a high flying speed at 10 meter/second. This is a low-cost high-throughput nano-fabrication scheme which has the potential of a few orders of magnitude higher throughput than current maskless techniques. It promises a new route towards the next generation nano-manufacturing. Besides its application in nanolithography, this technique can also be used for nanoscale metrology, imaging and data storage.
Relationship Quality With Parents, Stressful Life Events, and Cortisol Production in Emerging Adulthood

The goal of this study was to examine how the quality of relationships with parents, as well as life stress, is associated with cortisol production across the day among emerging adults; an addition...
Developing an Index of Ethnic Community Participation

This paper is an attempt to construct an index of community characteristics of the Chaldean Iraqi-Americans residing in Metro? politan Detroit, Michigan, by suggesting that an ethnic occupation, a high degree of intermarriage within the ethnic group, and geo? graphical proximity, might serve to unite the Chaldean community as effectively as ethnic associations united the communities in Raymond Breton's study. These three variables are found to be intercorrelated and predictive of the general cultural behavior of the Chaldean community as well as of their values, social interaction patterns, and certain phases of general culture. This has several consequences for ethnic research.
Bryostatin-1 and 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synergistically stimulate the differentiation of NB4 acute promyelocytic leukemia cells

Bryostatin-1 and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 synergistically stimulate the differentiation of NB4 acute promyelocytic leukemia cells
One case of lip edema and vomiting caused by cyclosporine A combination with diltiazem

One 15-year-old male patient with recurrent rash and swelling was admitted in hospital, with a history of lupus nephritis for more than 2 years. Glucocorticoids and mycophenolate mofetil were given before admission, lupus nephritis was not controlled well and adverse reactions happened. Steroid was replaced by cyclosporine and diltiazem after admission. Lip edema, vomiting and fever appeared and these two drugs were discontinued. The symptom significantly improved after symptomatic treatment. Five days later, situation returned to normal. A week later, tacrolimus capsules were administrated and no similar symptoms occurred.
Is Obedience, Not Resistance, the Real Organizational Change Killer?

In peer-reviewed organizational change literature, most scholars have examined resistance to change (R2C) and commitment to change (C2C) as separate, distinct constructs. Industry research often cites employee R2C as one of the top reasons for organizational change initiative failure. Industry and scholarly researchers, alike, have studied many facets of R2C, often making the value judgment that R2C is negative or an inhibitor of successful organizational change. Most practitioners, and a handful of scholarly theorists, view R2C and C2C as opposite ends of the same spectrum. This group also views reactions to organizational change in a value frame. The purpose of this paper is to examine the behavioral reactions to change through a value free lens. Building upon the work of several different scholars, this theoretical paper presents a new framework that includes R2C and C2C types of behaviors, but from a non-evaluative point of view.
The Sociology of Theology Revisited and Applied Social Origins of Main Calvinist Theological Doctrines

This paper reconsiders and restates the sociology of theology as an investigation of the social origins of theological doctrines. It treats the sociology of theology as an integral part of the sociology of religion and links it with the sociology of ideology (or knowledge). In particular, it applies the sociology of theology to the emergence and diffusion of Calvinism as a theological system. The paper posits and identifies essential social origins of the main Calvinist sociological doctrines, such as those of an absolute, omnipotent God and Divine predestination. It specifically identifies their social origins in a definite political system for the first doctrine and a ruling class of society for the second. It shows that these doctrines are theological and ideological projections and rationalizations of Calvinists pursuing or attaining power and domination since Calvin and his collaborators, and through their descendants. The paper aims to make a contribution to the sociology of theology as a relatively...
Structure and function of class I diterpene synthase

98 Introduction 99 Terpene synthases 100 Basic catalytic mechanism 100 Substrate folding – the template enzyme model 101 Kinetic rather than thermodynamic control 101 A role for the pyrophosphate anion co-product 103 A single residue switch for diterpene synthase product outcome 104 Labdane-related diterpene synthases 105 Discovery 105 Extension 108 Application 109 Stereospecificity 111 Conclusions 112 References 113 Figures 117 Chapter VII: A secondary position involved in catalytic specificity of labdane-related diterpene synthase 121 Abstract 12
Abstract 238: Aortic Intima-Media Thickness by M-mode or 2-Dimensional Semi-Automated Imaging: Do These Methods Provide Equivalent Results?

Background Aortic (Ao) atherosclerosis is best defined by manual quantitation of intima-media thickness (IMT) using M-mode. However, M-mode imaging is time consuming and requires experience. Thus, we aimed to determine if Ao IMT assessed by M-mode and 2-dimensional (2-D) semi-automated imaging provide similar results. Methods 57 volunteer subjects (51 women, age 36±12 years) underwent multiplane transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) using a 7 MHz phased array transducer with a 0.1 mm axial resolution. At low depth (3-4cm) and with a narrow sector scan to improve image resolution, 2-D guided M-mode images were obtained to assess IMT of the anterior wall of the proximal, mid, and distal descending thoracic Ao. At each Ao level, 3 IMT measurements were performed from Ao long axis views during end-diastole. Studies were measured off-line using electronic calipers by an experienced observer. A second observer unaware of M-mode results and using 2-D semi-automated imaging performed Ao IMT measurements from long axis images at each Ao level and same site where M-mode measurements were obtained. Results IMT of proximal, mid, and distal Ao by M-mode was similar to that obtained by 2-D semi-automated imaging (p≥0.19) ( Table ). Less variability of IMT values occurred by 2-D than by M-mode imaging (coefficient of variation 17% vs 38%). Both imaging methods were highly correlated (overall r=0.69, p Conclusion Assessment of Ao IMT by TEE M-mode and 2-D semi-automated imaging provide equivalent results.
Integrated Laboratory Experience for Controls Education

Abstract in this paper, development of a laboratory that supports a cross-departmental controls systems engineering curriculum is described. The laboratory is designed to provide hardware-in-the-loop experience for undergraduate as well as graduate students in Aeronautics and Astronautics, lilectrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering. This function is integrated with on-going research activities concurrently carried out in the laboratory. The existing experimental stations are briefly described as well as stations currently under development. To illustrate how the laboratory achieves the pedagogical goals, one experimental station - the inverted pendulum station - is described in detail.