cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The phyletic position of the Parapithecidae

Abstract The Parapithecidae are a group of primitive anthropoid primates known only from the early Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation of Fayum, Egypt. Since the initial discovery of the group early in the century, their phyletic position relative to other higher primates has been ambiguous and the subject of considerable debate. Various authors have considered the parapithecids as the sister taxon of (1) Old World monkeys, (2) all other Old World anthropoids; (3) platyrrhines; or (4) all other higher primates. Although there are anatomical features that can be advanced to support each of these views, parapithecids lack a number of anatomical features that characterize all other anthropoids and are best considered the most primitive higher primates. Such a phyletic position for parapithecids involves fewer evolutionary parallelisms and reversals in anthropoid evolution than does any other phylogeny. This suggests that the origin of anthropoids from prosimians was most probably in Africa.
Influence of magnetic field structure on the conduction cooling of flare loops

A simple model facilitates calculation of the influence of magnetic field configuration on the conduction cooling rate of a hot post-flare coronal plasma. The magnetic field is taken to be that produced by a line dipole or point dipole at an arbitrary depth below the chromosphere. For the high temperatures (T greater than or equal to 10 to the 7th power K) produced by flares, the plasma may remain static and isobaric. The influence of the field is such as to increase the heat flux (per unit area) into the chromosphere, but to decrease the total conduction cooling of the flare plasma. This leads to a significant enhancement of the total energy radiated by the flare plasma.
Do humans produce the speed–accuracy trade-off that maximizes reward rate?

In this paper we investigate trade-offs between speed and accuracy that are produced by humans when confronted with a sequence of choices between two alternatives. We assume that the choice process is described by the drift diffusion model, in which the speed–accuracy trade-off is primarily controlled by the value of the decision threshold. We test the hypothesis that participants choose the decision threshold that maximizes reward rate, defined as an average number of rewards per unit of time. In particular, we test four predictions derived on the basis of this hypothesis in two behavioural experiments. The data from all participants of our experiments provide support only for some of the predictions, and on average the participants are slower and more accurate than predicted by reward rate maximization. However, when we limit our analysis to subgroups of 30–50% of participants who earned the highest overall rewards, all the predictions are satisfied by the data. This suggests that a substantial subset o...
Combining Near-Field Scanning Microwave Microscopy With Transport Measurement for Imaging Current-Obstructing Defects in HTS Films

Identification of defects that obstruct electrical current in high-temperature superconductors (HTS) is of great importance for applications. A technique that combines near-field scanning microwave microscopy (NSMM) with transport measurement was developed to obtain multiple sets of complementary maps on the same sample area. This technique takes advantage of the NSMM's unique capability to function both as an EM wave emitter that can locally heat a spot on a current-biased sample and also as a detector to map the spatial non-uniformity in electromagnetic properties of the sample including loss, dielectric constant, and surface morphology. Macroscopic defects in YBa2Cu3O7-delta (YBCO) films were clearly identified and imaged using this technique with adequate sensitivity and resolution.
Prospective study of modified condylotomy for treatment of nonreducing disk displacement.

Abstract Objective. This study was performed to provide an objective assessment of the outcome of modified condylotomy for treatment of the painful temporomandibular joint with nonreducing disk displacement (Wilkes late stage III, IV, V). Study design. A prospective study of 31 consecutive patients (43 joints) was conducted. All patients had nonreducing disk displacement verified by means of disk imaging. Independent evaluations were performed to assess pain, dysfunction, and progression of disease. The examinations were performed before modified condylotomy and at intervals up to 1 year after the operation. Eighteen patients (26 joints) completed the required examinations. Patient-based assessments were completed for pain and diet on 15 of these 18 patients (23 joints) 3 years after the operation. Results. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores (mean ± SE) for pain improved from 7.4 ± 0.4 before modified condylotomy to 2.4 ± 0.5 1 year later (P 4). Dietary restrictions improved from a mean VAS score of 5.3 ± 0.7 before the operation to 7.7 ± 0.5 1 year later (P =.02). Minor differences between mean VAS scores at 1 (2.1 ± 0.5) and 3 (2.1 ± 0.5) years for pain, and 1 (7.4 ± 0.6) and 3 (8.1 ± 0.6) years for diet, were not significant. Mean maximal interincisal opening was 36.7 ± 2.0 mm before the operation, and this improved to 40.1 ± 2.0 mm 1 year later (P .05). None of the 12 Wilkes late III joints progressed to Wilkes IV or V, and none of the 14 Wilkes IV, V joints showed evidence of further bone resorption. The rate for reoperation was 4%. Minor complications occurred in 5 patients and were resolved in all but 1 a year later. When these outcomes were judged by 7 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons assessment indices for internal derangement, the mean rate of favorable outcome was 87%. Conclusion. Modified condylotomy is a safe and effective operation for treating pain and diminished function of temporomandibular joints with nonreducing disk displacement. It also seems to be an effective treatment for slowing further progression of the internal derangement and associated pathologic conditions. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;89:147-58)
Rethinking Commercial Revitalization: A Neighborhood Small Business Perspective

Inner-city neighborhood retail development often engenders vigorous popular and political debate about the scale, scope, and location of projects as well as their intended and inadvertent effects for urban landscapes, residents, and consumers. The term commercial revitalization is frequently used to characterize the resurgence of retail activity in neighborhoods previously considered moribund and perilous areas to avoid. In most instances, however, the factors animating commercial revitalization are implicitly assumed and, as such, are conceptually and empirically underdeveloped. This article elucidates commercial revitalization and focuses on the agency of neighborhood small business owners as underexplored stakeholders. Using the extended case methodology, this article examines Black business owners in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, who mounted a relatively successful campaign of retail restructuring by cultivating political clout, establishing civic alliances, participating in neighborhood planning, and promot...
77-GHz-band surface mountable ceramic package

The authors have developed a surface mount-type ceramic package for 77-GHz millimeter-wave application. The package has a new terminal structure for surface mount and a feedthrough of electromagnetic coupling. The authors have adopted a coplanar structure for the surface mount terminal. The structure for the electromagnetic coupling consists of microstrip line/slot/microstrip line (MSL/SLOT/MSL). Total transmission loss between the signal line on board and the RF input-output terminal inside the package was 1.0 dB at 77 GHz Standard deviation of the insertion loss was 0.08 dB (n = 57) The authors have confirmed that the surface mountable package shows high transmission characteristics as well as high reliability.
Competition in liver transplantation: Helpful or harmful?

Improved outcomes of liver transplantation have led to increases in the numbers of US transplant centers and candidates on the list. The resultant and ever-expanding organ shortage has created competition among centers, especially in regions with multiple liver transplant programs. Multiple reports now document that competition among the country's transplant centers has led to the listing of increasingly high-risk patients and the utilization of more marginal liver allografts. The transplant and medical communities at large should carefully re-evaluate these practices and promote innovative approaches to restoring trust in the allocation of donor organs and confirming that there is nationwide conformity in the guidelines used for evaluating and listing potential candidates for this scarce resource.
Keratosis obturans and external auditory canal cholesteatoma

Keratosis obturans and external auditory canal cholesteatoma (EACC) have previously been considered to represent the same disease process. However, review of the literature and our cases reveal these to be two different clinical and pathological processes. Keratosis obturans presents as hearing loss and usually acute, severe pain secondary to the accumulation of large plugs of desquamated keratin in the ear canal. External auditory canal cholesteatoma presents as otorrhea with a chronic, dull pain secondary to an invasion of squamous tissue into a localized area of periosteitis in the canal wall. The treatment previously recommended for both of these conditions has been conservative debridement of the external canal and application of topical medication. While this remains the treatment of choice for keratosis obturans, surgery may be required to eradicate EACC.
Thinking Globally About Religion

Global Religions 01 21May02 Thinking Globally About Religion Mark Juergensmeyer Maps can deceive. Several decades ago, cartographers were fond of providing maps that allegedly demarcated the spatial locations of world religions. A great wash of red would stretch from Tibet to Japan, engulfing China, to show where Buddhism was. The Middle East would be tinted green for the terrain of Islam, a yellow India for Hinduism, an orange for African religion, while Christianity's color--often blue, I recall--was brightly emblazoned on Europe and the Western Hemisphere. Some of the more sophisticated maps would make a distinction between the light blue of Protestant Canada and the United States, and the dark blue of Catholic Latin America, but there was no question as to clarity of the demarcation. I imagined slipping across the border from a Buddhist red zone to an Islamic green one and suddenly encountering mosques where previously there had been only stupas, temples, and chanting monks. It has never really been like that, of course. Although there are regions of the world that serve as dense centers of gravity for certain religious traditions, much of the world is less certain as to its religious identity, and always has been. Even Hindu India was a quarter Muslim before Pakistan was created, and even today fifteen percent of the Indian population reveres Islam. Indonesia--the largest Muslim country on the planet--is the home of a rich Hindu culture in Bali and contains at Borabadur one of the world's most important ancient Buddhist shrines. China has such diverse religious strata, with most of its population simultaneously accepting Confucian values, Taoist beliefs and Buddhist worship practices, that most scholars prefer to speak of a multicultural Chinese religion, rather than any of those three strands by itself. Much the same can be said about the religions of Korea and Japan. In the Western Hemisphere, Haitians are said to be ninety percent Roman Catholic and ninety percent followers of Vodou; needless to say, it is the same ninety percent. Jews, of course, are everywhere, and have been since biblical times. Today it seems that almost everyone is everywhere. The city of Los Angeles, for instance, is the second largest Filipino city in the world. It is also the second largest Iranian city, and the second largest Mexican one. In Southern California, Tibetan Buddhists do not hide in the mountains in monasteries. They drive Lexus SUVs to the studio lot for a photo shoot: some are rich, some are Caucasian, and some are among Hollywood's celebrities. In Beijing the Chinese government has to contend not only with new forms of Chinese religion, such as the Falun- Gong, but with dissident Chinese Muslims and Christians.
Aberrant Protein Expression Is Associated With Decreased Developmental Potential in Porcine Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes

Oocyte developmental competence is progressively obtained during pubertal development in females. Poor developmental potential in oocytes derived from prepubertal females suggests that essential processes required for oocyte development have not been fulfilled. The objective of this experiment was to analyze the protein profiles of porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) derived from cyclic and prepubertal females to identify alterations in protein abundance that correlate with developmental potential. COC complexes, aspirated from prepubertal and cyclic ovaries, were pooled into three replicates of 400 COCs each per treatment in approximately 100 microl SOF-HEPES medium. Protein samples were extracted and analyzed by two-dimensional differential in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Over 1,600 proteins were resolved on each of the three replicate gels. Sixteen protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry, representing 14 unique, differentially expressed proteins (volume ratio greater than 1.3). Glutathione-S-transferase and pyruvate kinase 3 were more abundant in COCs derived from cyclic females, whereas soluble epoxide hydrolase and transferrin were more abundant in prepubertal derived COCs. Abundance of several glycolytic enzymes (enolase 1, pyruvate kinase 3, and phosphoglycerate kinase) was increased in COCs derived from cyclic females, suggesting glucose metabolism is decreased in prepubertal derived COCs. We conclude that the abundance of proteins involved in metabolism and oxidative stress regulation is significantly altered in prepubertal derived COCs and may play a role in the mechanisms resulting in developmental competence.
The RNA polymerase II CTD coordinates transcription and RNA processing

The C-terminal domain (CTD) of the RNA polymerase II largest subunit consists of multiple heptad repeats (consensus Tyr1-Ser2-Pro3-Thr4-Ser5-Pro6-Ser7), varying in number from 26 in yeast to 52 in vertebrates. The CTD functions to help couple transcription and processing of the nascent RNA and also plays roles in transcription elongation and termination. The CTD is subject to extensive post-translational modification, most notably phosphorylation, during the transcription cycle, which modulates its activities in the above processes. Therefore, understanding the nature of CTD modifications, including how they function and how they are regulated, is essential to understanding the mechanisms that control gene expression. While the significance of phosphorylation of Ser2 and Ser5 residues has been studied and appreciated for some time, several additional modifications have more recently been added to the CTD repertoire, and insight into their function has begun to emerge. Here, we review findings regarding modification and function of the CTD, highlighting the important role this unique domain plays in coordinating gene activity.
Flow–orbit equivalence for minimal Cantor systems

This paper is about flow–orbit equivalence, a topological analog of even Kakutani equivalence. In addition to establishing many basic facts about this relation, we characterize the conjugacies of induced systems that can be extended to a flow–orbit equivalence. We also describe the relationship between flow–orbit equivalence and a distortion function of an orbit equivalence. We show that, if the distortion of an orbit equivalence is zero, then it is in fact a flow–orbit equivalence, and that the converse is true up to a conjugation by an element of the full group.
Urban pediatric orthopaedic surgical practice audit: implications for the future of this subspecialty

The growth and development of the physis distinguishes the child from the adult. There are historical lines of referral that direct a substantial amount of elective procedures for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and for hip and foot pathology in children and adolescents to pediatric orthopaedic surgeons. Over twenty million children are injured each year, with an incidence of one of every four children1,2. Trauma is the leading cause of death and disability in children3-6. Coincident with an ever-expanding amount of pediatric trauma, many general hospitals have terminated their pediatric trauma services7-9. These factors have resulted in increasing numbers of children presenting to pediatric orthopaedic surgical outpatient clinics and to pediatric hospitals, particularly those with active pediatric trauma programs. Trauma call responsibility has become an important quality-of-life issue for many pediatric orthopaedic surgeons8,10-15. In an attempt to better understand the status quo of pediatric orthopaedic surgical practice, we analyzed the pediatric orthopaedic surgical practice at our institution over the last decade with specific attention directed to the area of trauma surgery. Our goal was to specifically define the current surgical composition of an urban pediatric orthopaedic surgical practice and contrast it to the work done almost a decade earlier. This information should be of value to all practicing pediatric orthopaedic surgeons, residents considering a career in pediatric orthopaedics, hospital administrators, and orthopaedic training program directors designing an optimal residency training exposure. We utilized the operating-room computerized database of surgical cases at our institution to identify all pediatric orthopaedic surgical procedures done in the operating room for fiscal years 1998 and 1999 and compared them with data for fiscal years 2006 and 2007. If necessary, the operative reports were reviewed for further clarification of the …
Bactericidal action of oral ampicillin/sulbactam against Mycobacterium leprae

We reported previously that an injectable form of ampicillin/sulbactam, Unasyn, was bactericidal to Mycobacterium leprae multiplying in mouse foot pads. In this study, we examined the effect of an orally active form of ampicillin/sulbactam, Sultamicillin, on the growth of M. leprae in mice. Three concentrations of the drug, mixed with the feed, were administered from the start until the mice were killed at 6 months; 0.01% of the drug inhibited bacterial growth by 54%, 0.10% by 74% and 0.20% by 93%. To test whether oral ampicillin/sulbactam was bactericidal, 0.50% of the drug, mixed with the feed, was administered to experimentally infected mice for 3 months during the logarithmic phase of bacterial growth, and then discontinued; multiplication of the bacilli was monitored monthly for the next 8 months. The results showed that orally active ampicillin/sulbactam is bactericidal to M. leprae.
The Construction and Validation of the Test of Graphing in Science (TOGS).

The objective of this project was to develop a multiple choice test of graphing skills appropriate for science students from grades seven through twelve. Skills associated with the construction and interpretation of line graphs were delineated, and nine objectives encompassing these skills were developed. Twenty-six items were then constructed to measure these objectives. To establish content validity, items and objectives were submitted to a panel of reviewers. The experts agreed over 94% of the time on assignment of items to objectives and 98% on the scoring of items. TOGS was first administered to 119 7th, 9th, and 1 lth graders. The reliability (KR-20) was 0.81. Poorly functioning items were rewritten based on the item difficulty and discrimination data. The revised version of the test was given to 377 7th through 12th grade students. Total scores ranged from 2 to 26 correct (X= 13.3, S.D. =5.3). The reliability (KR20) was 0.83 for all subjects and ranged from 0.71 for eighth graders to 0.88 for ni?th graders. Point biserial correlations showed 24 of the 26 items above 0.30 with an average value of 0.43. It was concluded from this and other data that TOGS was a valid and reliable instrument for measuring graphing abilities.
A robust rotor temperature estimator for induction machines in the face of changing cooling conditions and unbalanced supply

Thermal models are often used in motor overload protection relays to predict rotor temperature. Under impaired cooling conditions, the parameters in the thermal models need to be tuned accordingly to reflect changes in the motor cooling capability. The tuning process requires accurate rotor temperature as a reference signal. This reference signal is estimated from the rotor resistance based on the equivalent circuit of the induction machine; however, it is often corrupted by noise due to the asymmetry in the power supply. A detailed analysis of the trajectories of the voltage and current space vectors in the synchronously rotating d-q reference frame is presented in this paper. The axis misalignment due to the negative sequence space vectors is identified as the major source of noise. Based on this analysis, a robust and efficient rotor temperature estimator is proposed in this paper. A digital positive sequence waveform synthesizer is designed to help align the d-axis with the positive sequence current space vector. Then, the induction machine positive sequence equivalent circuit is used to give a reliable estimate of the rotor resistance, which in turn yields the rotor temperature. This estimated temperature is subsequently used to tune the parameters of the rotor thermal model online. The proposed rotor temperature estimator is validated by experiments. The estimated rotor temperature is demonstrated to be sufficiently accurate, and is therefore appropriate to be used as a reference signal for the online tuning of the rotor thermal model parameters. The thermal model built from this reference signal is able to track the rotor temperature accurately under impaired cooling conditions
Single integral representations of certain integer powers of the Gaussian Q-function and their application

Representations of the third and fourth powers of the Gaussian Q-function as a single integral with finite limits and an integrand that is Gaussian in the argument of the function are found. These representations are of the same form previously found for the first and second powers of the Q-function and, therefore, allow extended application of the moment-generating function approach for evaluating the performance of digital communication systems over generalized fading channels.
Adaptive trajectory tracking control of microcantilever's tip used in AFM with a general nonlinear tip-sample interaction force

This paper presents an adaptive trajectory tracking control of microcantilever's tip used in AFM systems with a general nanomechanical tip-sample interaction force. This controller is capable of dealing with uncertainties such as tip mass, damping coefficients and the complicated nature of the nonlinear interaction force present in the AFM systems. For this, a distributed-parameters based model for microcantilever with a tip mass is developed. On the other hand, a general interaction force between the tip and surface of the sample is assumed here which affects the microcantilever's response and due to its intrinsic nonlinearity, it adds complexity to the system. Simulation results demonstrate that proposed adaptive controller is capable of precise trajectory tracking with various applications in manipulation of and imaging systems.
Pipeline implementation of Pisarenko's method for high resolution 2-D spectrum estimation

The authors present a computationally efficient 2-D spectrum estimation method using three spectrum estimations corresponding to the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal directions under the assumption that the 2-D data arrays are represented as 2-D sinusoids in white noise. Polynomials corresponding to the z-transforms of each trigonometric identity equations represent linear-phase FIR (finite-impulse-response) filters. Using the property, the authors develop a modified Pisarenko method which achieves faster convergence with less computational complexity when compared to the original Pisarenko method. It is also shown that the modified 2-D Pisarenko method is unbiased. Finally, an asynchronous pipelined array chain architecture to increase computational throughput and parallelism is developed. >
Urban Size Differences in Incidence of Altruistic Behavior

Summary.-Two field experiments using 828 "lost letters" tested the hypothesis that altruism would be higher in small urban communities or towns than in ciucs unless che person needing help was a social deviant. The effect of deviance did alter return rates in both studies. In Study A, the effect of location and social deviance on altruistic responses from cities was generally greafer than from smaller communities, except when the person in need of help was &hated with rhe highly deviant prostitute conditions. In Study B, altruistic responses from cities were generally less than those from small towns even when the needy person was affiliated with the Communist or needle-exchange conditions. Mdgram (1970) proposed an overload theory for urban and rural differences in response to an altruistic model. He contended that city dwellers, in adapting to stimulus overload caused by increasing population densities, would curtail or lunit the depth and breadth of social contacts. Consequently, Milgram (1970) suggested that people in cities would be generally more indifferent to unimportant others and less hkely to make distinctions between unimportant others than would people in small towns. Hansson and Slade (1977) tested a Milgram-derived hypothesis regarding altruism, that is, that helping behavior will occur less frequently in urban than rural settings. Both Hansson and Slade (1977) and later Whitehead and Metzger (1981) reported that not only community size but interaction with deviant status affects altruism displayed to strangers. They addressed letters to fictitious persons, considered to ddfer in conformity to conventional social norms and, using the "Lost Letter Techniqueu (Mdgram, Mann, & Harter, 1965), attempted to measure helping behavior. Hansson and Slade's (1977) subjects were exposed to three possible experimental treatments: (a) a control addressee, M. J. Davis, P.O. Box #, Tulsa, Oklahoma, (b) a somewhat deviant addressee, Dandee Davis, care of the Pink Panther Lounge, and (c) a deviant addressee, M. J. Davis, care of the Friends of the Communist Party. These researchers concluded that there was no difference in the urban return rate of lost letters regardless of whether the addressee was deviant or nondeviant, whereas rural dwellers mailed back fewer lost letters if the addressee was deviant. Their use of deviancy-nondevianc~ was based upon whether the addressee was a "Friend(s) of the Communist Party."
The Methionine Requirement of the Laying Hen

Abstract IN AN effort to design a ration deficient in methionine, but adequate in all other nutrients, it was decided to use peanut meal as the source of protein for a study of the methionine requirement of the laying hen. In addition to methionine, the available figures on the amino acid content of peanut meal indicates that lysine and tryptophan might also be low (Lyman et al., 1947). All rations were, therefore, supplemented with both of these amino acids. In previous studies by Ingram et al. (1950), it was shown that lysine and tryptophan deficient rations did not affect the amino acid composition of the egg, while on the other hand, Csonka et al. (1947) have reported that the methionine and cystine content of the egg could be modified by the diet fed the hen. In order to determine if a methionine deficiency would affect the composition of the egg, it . . .
Member Perspectives on the Role of BDSM Communities

Bondage-discipline/Dominance-submission/sadomasochism (BDSM) is an often misunderstood and misrepresented social phenomenon warranting further discourse and study. Community-based research that engages member perspective can assist in understanding socially marginalized experiences. The current study examined the role, meaning, and function of BDSM communities from the perspective of self-identified members. Seven nominal group technique workshops were conducted representing a variety of practitioner experiences and identities. Workshops involved 48 participants and resulted in the generation of 133 unique terms describing the role of BDSM communities in their lives. Terms were coded using a five-step procedure involving both academic and community members. A total of 15 categories were identified and included domains such as acceptance, sexual expression, friendship, safety, and sharing of educational knowledge. Results underscore the multifaceted nature of the role of such communities. While results consisted of mostly positive features, participants also identified certain negative aspects, such as conflict among members. Results from the study provide a succinct, member-derived, structured inventory of the role of BDSM communities that can serve to validate and synthesize existing research, improve dissemination of community voice around BDSM, and inform future research. We conclude with a discussion of the study's implications for sex education, clinical practice, and community dissemination.
Identification of bladder cancer biomarkers by genomic approaches

Bladder cancer is one of the most frequent human cancer which develops on two tracks, papillary and non-papillary that correspond to clinically different forms of the disease. Most bladder cancers are chemically induced with tobacco smoking being the leading risk factor. Recent advances of bladder cancer research for which our laboratory has significantly contributed have enhanced the understanding of the origin of bladder cancer from urothelial progenitor cells via field effects along papillary/luminal non-papillary/basal pathways. Here we present the contribution to the development of novel , both diagnostic and therapeutic, biomarkers using genomic high throughput technologies.
Reliability Analysis for Multidisciplinary Systems Involving Stationary Stochastic Processes

The response of a component in a multidisciplinary system is affected by not only the discipline to which it belongs, but also by other disciplines of the system. If any components are subject to time-dependent uncertainties, responses of all the components and the system are also time dependent. Thus, time-dependent multidisciplinary reliability analysis is required. To extend the current time-dependent reliability analysis for a single component, this work develops a time-dependent multidisciplinary reliability method for components in a multidisciplinary system under stationary stochastic processes. The method modifies the First and Second Order Reliability Methods (FORM and SORM) so that the Multidisciplinary Analysis (MDA) is incorporated while approximating the limit-state function of the component under consideration. Then Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate the reliability without calling the original limit-state function. Two examples are used to demonstrate and evaluate the proposed method.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
‘A Little Respect’: An Inquiry-Driven Classroom Honors a Student's Right to Question:

The practice of teaching can be characterized as a calling, a duty, and a gift. It can also be an opportunity for oppression — or for liberation from habits of oppression. In his role as dissertation chair and dissertation committee member, Dr Bruce encourages doctoral candidates to read about, practice, and reflect on new approaches to the relationship between teacher and student. As a teacher, a mentor, and a friend, he embodies the values he invites others to adopt. This article describes how one doctoral student's philosophy and practice of teaching changed because of the gift that Dr Bruce was and is still.
Feasibility of using historical flight track data to nowcast unstable approaches

The approach and landing phase is one of the most complex procedures in airline operations. To mitigate the potential risks, airlines have established “stabilized approach” criteria that require the flight crew to check four conditions at 1000′ above ground level (AGL) and 500′ AGL. If any of these conditions are not satisfied, the flight crew is required to abort the approach adding operational costs to the flight.
Dynamics of Laser Ablation in Superfluid ^4{He}

Pulsed laser ablation of metal targets immersed in superfluid $$^4\hbox {He}$$ is visualized by time-resolved shadowgraph photography and the products are analyzed by post-experiment atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. The expansion dynamics of the gaseous ablation half-bubble on the target surface appears underdamped and follows the predicted behavior for the thermally induced bubble growth mechanism. An inherent instability of the ablation bubble appears near its maximum radius and no tightly focused cavity collapse or rebound events are observed. During the ablation bubble retreat phase, the presence of sharp edges in the target introduces flow patterns that lead to the creation of large classical vortex rings. Furthermore, on the nanometer scale, AFM data reveal that the metal nanoparticles created by laser ablation are trapped in spherical vortex tangles and quantized vortex rings present in the non-equilibrium liquid.
Toward approximating non-local dynamics in single-point pressure-strain correlation closures

A key hurdle in turbulence modelling is the closure for the pressure–strain correlation. Herein, the challenge stems from the fact that the non-local dynamics due to pressure cannot be comprehensively incorporated in a single-point closure expression. In this article, we analyse different aspects of the dynamics due to pressure for their amenability with the single-point modelling framework. Based on this, an approach is proposed that incorporates a set of pragmatic compromises in the form and the scope of the model to augment the degree of non-local dynamics that may be approximated by a single-point pressure strain correlation model. Thence, this framework is utilized to formulate an illustrative model. The predictions of this model are compared to numerical and experimental data and contrasted against other established closures over a range of homogeneous flows, under diverse conditions. Finally, the regions of validity in anisotropy space for this illustrative model are delineated using the process realizability criteria for different flows.
Information abundance and knowledge commons

Standard accounts of IP law describe systems of legal exclusion intended to prompt the production and distribution of intellectual resources, or information and knowledge, by making those things artificially scarce. The argument presented here frames IP law instead as one of several possible institutional responses to the need to coordinate the use of intellectual resources given their natural abundance, and not necessarily useful or effective responses at that. The chapter aims to shift analytic and empirical frameworks from those grounded in law to those grounded in governance, and from IP law in isolation to IP law as part of resource management. Knowledge commons is proposed as a framework for examining and understanding governance of shared knowledge resources. Examples and illustrations are drawn from several domains of information and knowledge governance.
Review of computer-based assessment for learning in elementary and secondary education

In this paper, we review computer-based assessment for learning (CBAfL), in elementary and secondary education, as a viable way to merge instruction and assessment of students' developing proficiencies. We begin by contextualizing our topic relative to summative and formative assessment before presenting the current literature, which we categorized into the following: (a) supplementary use in classrooms, (b) web-based, and (c) data-driven, continuous CBAfL. Examples of research studies per category are provided. Findings show that using CBAfL in the classroom, via the Internet, or embedded in a game, generally enhances learning and other outcomes across a range of content areas (e.g. biology, math, and programming). One conclusion is that feedback, to be most beneficial to learning, should not be overly complex and must be used to be effective. Findings also showed that the quality of the assessment (i.e. validity, reliability, and efficiency) is unimpaired by the inclusion of feedback. The possibilities created by advances in the learning sciences, measurement, and technology have paved the way toward new assessment approaches that will support personalized learning and that can accurately measure and support complex competencies. The next steps involve evaluating the new assessments regarding their psychometric properties and support of learning. Lay Description What is currently known about computer-based assessment for learning (CBAfL)? Early CBAfL systems were divided into linear and branching programs with no diagnostics and evolved into systems possessing more personalized/adaptive remediation with AI. Current CBAfL can support a range of competencies in various digital environments. Advanced learning analytic methods include learning analytics and stealth assessment. What our paper adds to what is already known about CBA for learning? Trends in our review suggest CBAs will improve in personalizing learning in a variety of contexts. Innovative CBAfL techniques will move beyond the laboratory and into the mainstream. Boundaries between instruction, learning and assessment will eventually become blurred, thus removing the need for high-stake tests of learning. What are the implications of our topic for practitioners? With CBAfL advances, teachers will have more time to provide targeted support to learners. Students would not need to worry about taking exams if CBAfL is continuous and formative. Educators will be able to provide personalized learning experiences for diverse students. Students will be equipped with the knowledge and skills needed to succeed in the 21st century.
Evolution of meiotic recombination genes in maize and teosinte

Meiotic recombination is a major source of genetic variation in eukaryotes. The role of recombination in evolution is recognized but little is known about how evolutionary forces affect the recombination pathway itself. Although the recombination pathway is fundamentally conserved across different species, genetic variation in recombination components and outcomes has been observed. Theoretical predictions and empirical studies suggest that changes in the recombination pathway are likely to provide adaptive abilities to populations experiencing directional or strong selection pressures, such as those occurring during species domestication. We hypothesized that adaptive changes in recombination may be associated with adaptive evolution patterns of genes involved in meiotic recombination. To examine how maize evolution and domestication affected meiotic recombination genes, we studied patterns of sequence polymorphism and divergence in eleven genes controlling key steps in the meiotic recombination pathway in a diverse set of maize inbred lines and several accessions of teosinte, the wild ancestor of maize. We discovered that, even though the recombination genes generally exhibited high sequence conservation expected in a pathway controlling a key cellular process, they showed substantial levels and diverse patterns of sequence polymorphism. Among others, we found differences in sequence polymorphism patterns between tropical and temperate maize germplasms. Several recombination genes displayed patterns of polymorphism indicative of adaptive evolution. Despite their ancient origin and overall sequence conservation, meiotic recombination genes can exhibit extensive and complex patterns of molecular evolution. Changes in these genes could affect the functioning of the recombination pathway, and may have contributed to the successful domestication of maize and its expansion to new cultivation areas.
Imaging of Flaws in Solids by Velocity Inversion

We describe the application of a method for ultrasonic imaging of flaws in solids. These methods greatly extend earlier work along these lines at Rockwell and the Langenberg group in Germany, see [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. The new inversion methods allow reflector imaging and parameter estimation in progressively more complex media with progressively more realistic source/receiver configurations. This research has been carried out in the context of seismic exploration. However, the problems are sufficiently similar that these more realistic models have direct counterparts in nondestructive testing [11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. In particular, both problems are high frequency inverse scattering problems. High frequency means that the wavelengths are much smaller (by a factor of three or more) than the other length scales of the problem.
The Effects of Gamification on Corporate Compliance Training: A Partial Replication and Field Study of True Office Anti-Corruption Training Programs

ABSTRACT: This study extends Baxter, Holderness, and Wood's (2016) study on the effectiveness of gamified training in an information security compliance setting. Our study uses similar methods and gamification style to assess how gamified training can help employees comply with anti-corruption regulations, specifically the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act. We perform a field study with 158 employees of a large, multinational bank to examine the effectiveness of gamified anti-corruption training. Similar to Baxter et al. (2016), we find that employees strongly prefer gamified training to traditional, non-gamified training and that gamified training modestly increases employees' knowledge of the bank's anti-corruption policies. We extend the prior study by providing marginally statistically significant evidence that employees with less work experience outperform those with greater work experience on the post-training knowledge assessment. Our results suggest that gamification is a...
Reared-Apart Chinese Twins: Chance Discovery/Twin-Based Research: Twin Study of Media Use; Twin Relations Over the Life Span; Breast-Feeding Opposite-Sex Twins/Print and Online Media: Twins in Fashion; Second Twin Pair Born to Tennis Star; Twin Primes; Twin Pandas

A January 2017 reunion of 10-year-old reared-apart Chinese twin girls was captured live on ABC's morning talk show Good Morning America, and rebroadcast on their evening news program Nightline. The twins’ similarities and differences, and their participation in ongoing research will be described. This story is followed by reviews of twin research concerning genetic and environmental influences on media use, twin relations across the lifespan and the breast-feeding of opposite-sex twins. Popular interest items include twins in fashion, the second twin pair born to an internationally renowned tennis star, twin primes and twin pandas.
Analytical‐Based Methodologies for Examining the In Vitro Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Elimination (ADME) of Silver Nanoparticles

The clinical applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) remain limited due to the lack of well-established methodologies for studying their nanokinetics. Hereby, the primary goal is to adapt a suite of analytical-based methodologies for examining the in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of AgNPs. Vero 76 and HEK 293 cells are exposed to ≈10-nm spherical AgNPs+ and AgNPs- at relevant concentrations (0-300 µg mL-1 ) and times (4-48 h). Absorption: Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) demonstrates that the two AgNP formulations are not bioequivalent. For example, different bioavailabilities (Cmaximum 48 and ≈24 h), and absorption rate laws (first- and zeroth-order at 300 µg mL-1 ) are determined in Vero 76 for AgNPs+ and AgNPs- , respectively. Distribution: Raman and CytoViva hyperspectral imaging show different cellular localizations for AgNPs+ and AgNPs- . Metabolism: Cloud point extraction (CPE)-tangential flow filtration (TFF) reveal that ≤ 11% ± 4% of the administered, sublethal AgNPs release Ag+ and contribute to the observed cytotoxicity. Elimination: ICP-OES-CPE suggests that AgNPs are cleared via exocytosis.
From coseismic offsets to fault-block mountains

In the Basin and Range extensional province of the western United States, coseismic offsets, under the influence of gravity, display predominantly subsidence of the basin side (fault hanging wall), with comparatively little or no uplift of the mountainside (fault footwall). A few decades later, geodetic measurements [GPS and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)] show broad (∼100 km) aseismic uplift symmetrically spanning the fault zone. Finally, after millions of years and hundreds of fault offsets, the mountain blocks display large uplift and tilting over a breadth of only about 10 km. These sparse but robust observations pose a problem in that the coesismic uplifts of the footwall are small and inadequate to raise the mountain blocks. To address this paradox we develop finite-element models subjected to extensional and gravitational forces to study time-varying deformation associated with normal faulting. Stretching the model under gravity demonstrates that asymmetric slip via collapse of the hanging wall is a natural consequence of coseismic deformation. Focused flow in the upper mantle imposed by deformation of the lower crust localizes uplift, which is predicted to take place within one to two decades after each large earthquake. Thus, the best-preserved topographic signature of earthquakes is expected to occur early in the postseismic period.
Firm Location Choice Versus Job Location Choice in Microscopic Simulation Models

Traditionally, land-use models simulate employment at the aggregate level. More recently, some models microsimulate single employees. Such models allow capturing the interaction between location decisions of different employees, such as a new agglomeration of office employment may attract additional restaurant or office supply employment. Within the last decade, a few models were developed that simulate location choice of firms rather than single employees. These models acknowledge that location decisions are not made at the level of individual employees, but rather the firm as a whole is the entity that relocates. From an academic point of view, the progress in simulating location choice of economic activity has been remarkable. However, stochastic variability between different model runs has questioned the validity of such models, at least at a detailed geographic scale. This chapter provides a brief history of employment modelling and describes the ILUMASS approach, which microsimulates firms, in more detail. Following, a synthetic city is described and two models are implemented and contrasted: One that simulates businesses and one that simulates employees as the decision-making unit. Recommendations are given for a reasonable level of disaggregation.