cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Registration of ‘Lenetah’ Spring Barley

Lenetah' (Reg. No. CV-338, PI 652440) two-rowed spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was developed by the Agricultural Research Service, Aberdeen, ID, in cooperation with the Idaho Agricultural Experimental Station and released in December 2007. Lenetah was selected from the cross 94Ab12981/91Ab3148. 94Ab12981 has the pedigree 85Ab2323/'Camas'. 85Ab2323 has the pedigree 79Ab19042/'Crystal'. 79Ab19042 is a selection from the cross 'Klages'/'Hector'. Camas is a selection from the cross ND5976/ND7159. ND5976 has the pedigree 'Maris Concord'/ Klages//ND2679-4 and ND7159 has the pedigree Klages/ND1244/3/ND2685/ND1156//Hector. 91Ab3148 has the pedigree 'Gallatin'/'Targhee'//'Bowman'. Lenetah was selected as an F 5:6 line in 2001 and given the experimental designation 01Ab11107. It was released due to its superior yield and test weight compared to 'Baronesse', the most widely grown feed barley in Idaho and Montana. The yield advantage over Baronesse is especially pronounced in northern Idaho and eastern Washington and under dryland conditions.
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation and the adhesive functions of platelets.

Abstract The intracellular signalling pathways that mediate changes in cell behavior induced by extracellular matrix and cell adhesion molecules are poorly understood. Studies on the regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation in platelets indicate that cell-to-cell aggregation mediated by fibrinogen binding to its integrin-family receptor, GP Ilb-Illa, and events regulated by the putative adhesion receptor, GP IV (CD36), involve tyrosine phosphorylation. Thus, tyrosine phosphorylation is implicated in cellular events crucial for hemostasis. It may also be involved in signaling mediated by integrin receptors in other cell types.
CALIBRATION OF MOLECULAR CLOCKS AND THE BIOGEOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF CRYPTERONIACEAE

A recent molecular clock analysis concluded that Gondwanan vicariance and out-of-India dispersal best explained the distribution of Crypteroniaceae and its allies (Conti et al. 2002). A reanalysis of their data using a different molecular dating technique and calibration point is congruent with an alternative hypothesis, namely dispersal between India, Africa, and South America long after the initial break-up of Gondwana.
Importance of acid phosphatase in response criteria for prostate cancer

The role of acid phosphatase in the definition of response to treatment for prostate cancer is unclear. To better define its predictive value, especially regarding survival rate, we reviewed the clinical course of 76 men with Stage D2 prostate cancer who were treated with combination chemotherapy.
KINETICS OF CRYSTALLIZATION AND FLOCCULATION OF CALCIUM FLUORIDE

Abstract The kinetics of growth of calcium fluoride crystals from supersaturated solutions has been investigated using the constant composition method. During the reactions, a fluoride specific ion electrode was used to control the addition of titrants containing calcium and fluoride ions in order to maintain constant supersaturation. The quadratic dependence of crystal growth rate upon the relative supersaturation suggests a spiral growth mechanism. Particle size measurement, both during the growth kinetics experiments and at equilibrium in saturated solutions of calcium fluoride, showed that considerable flocculation takes place. In the former case agglomeration rather than aggregation occurred, following the DLVO theory as developed by von Smoluchowski. The calculated Hamaker constant was 6.0·10−21 J.
Fluorescence anisotropy measurements under oxygen quenching conditions as a method to quantify the depolarizing rotations of fluorophores. Application to diphenylhexatriene in isotropic solvents and in lipid bilayers.

We have measured the fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-l,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) as its fluorescence lifetime is decreased by oxygen quenching. Such studies were done on DPH dissolved in the isotropic solvent mineral oil and for DPH embedded in phospholipid vesicles of either dimyristoyl-L-a-phosphatic'vlcholine (DMPC) or dioleovl-ra-phosphatidylcholine (D . In order to obtain adeque oxygen had to be used. nificant changes in intens were reversible. To contr the systems under study formed with nitrogen, arg Under these last-menti01 and anisotropy were insig observed with oxygen qut of the fluorophore are dl radians/seconds and its li long compared with the f parameter provides a m fluorophore's environme Oxygen quenching of flu the fluorescence lifetimc steady-state fluorescence z R and r , . For D P H in peratures u e found that quenching-anisotropy me; >PC), each a t several temperatures. e quenching increased pressures of lxygen quenching resulted in sig.y and anisotropy, and these effects 11 for possible effects of pressure on equivalent experiments were pern, or helium forming the gas phase. :d conditions, changes in intensity iificant when compared with those iching. The depolarizing rotations scribed by its rotation rate ( R ) in iiting anisotropy at times which are Jorescence lifetime, r,. This latter asure of the degree to which the t hinders its rotational diffusion. rescence 3rovides a means to vary simulta :ous observation of the iisotropy allows quantitation of both mineral oil a t two different temhe values of R obtained from this urement agreed precisely with those ibtained from steady-state anisotropy measurements and with the values obtained from differential polarized phase fluorometry (Lakowicz, J. R., et al. (1979) Biochemisfry I8 Fluorescence anisotropy measurements have been useful in the investigation of protein--ligand interactions (Anderson & Weber, 1965; Weber & Daniel, 1966), protein-protein interactions (Levison et al.. 1970; Dandliker & de Saussure, 1970). and the phase transitions of lipid bilayers (Cogan et al.. 1973; Shinitzky et al.. 1971). This usefulness derives primarily from the similarity of the rates of fluorescence emission and the rates of rotational diffusion of proteins or the rates of fluorophore rotation in lipid bilayers. Diffusional rates are generally sensitive to temperature and solvent viscosity, whereas the rate of fluorescence emission can be insensitive to these factors: consequently one must frequently
The effect of a Ga prelayer on the beginning of GaAs epitaxy on Si

The formation of GaAs islands is a major effect at the beginning of GaAs‐on‐Si epitaxy. The density of nucleation sites for the islands and the manner of their subsequent coalescence will influence the dislocation density of the final GaAs film. In this paper the effect on GaAs‐on‐Si epitaxy of a Ga‐prelayer treatment is studied with photoemission core level spectroscopy and high resolution transmission microscopy (HTEM). Experiments are carried out with GaAs film thicknesses in the range from one monolayer to around 50 nm. Core level spectroscopy results for the monolayer films give information about the bonding character at the interface and suggest methods of improving the degree of two‐dimensional growth. A particular Ga‐prelayer technique is examined with HTEM using a wedge‐shaped GaAs‐on‐Si sample. This allows side‐by‐side comparisons of areas with and without the Ga prelayer as a function of GaAs thickness. At thicknesses of around 5 nm, it is shown that the Ga prelayer yields islands with a lower ...
Classification and uncertainty visualization of dendritic spines from optical microscopy imaging

Neuronal dendrites and their spines affect the connectivity of neural networks, and play a significant role in many neurological conditions. Neuronal function is observed to be closely correlated with the appearance, disappearance and morphology of the spines. Automatic 3-D reconstruction of neurons from light microscopy images, followed by the identification, classification and visualization of dendritic spines is therefore essential for studying neuronal physiology and biophysical properties. In this paper, we present a method to reconstruct dendrites using a surface representation of the dendrite. The 1-D skeleton of the dendritic surface is then extracted by a medial geodesic function that is robust and topologically correct. This is followed by a Bayesian identification and classification of the spines. The dendrite and spines are visualized in a manner that displays the spines' types and the inherent uncertainty in identification and classification. We also describe a user study conducted to validate the accuracy of the classification and the efficacy of the visualization.
Diffusion of albumins in rat cortical slices and relevance to volume transmission.

The apparent diffusion coefficient, D*, was measured in rat cortical slices and compared to the free diffusion coefficient, D, for three negatively charged proteins, lactalbumin (mol. wt = 14,500), ovalbumin (45,000) and bovine serum albumin (66,000). The temporal evolution of the spatial distribution of albumin molecules labeled with the Texas Red fluorophore was determined using integrative optical imaging at intervals after a brief pressure injection from a micropipette in slices of adult rat cerebral cortex and dilute agarose gel. Diffusion coefficients were obtained by fitting appropriate equations to the data. In slices at 34 degrees C, the values of D* (10(-7) cm2/s, mean +/- S.E.M.) for lactalbumin, ovalbumin and bovine serum albumin were 2.37 +/- 0.10, 1.60 +/- 0.08 and 1.63 +/- 0.07, respectively. In agarose gel, values of D (10(-7) cm2/s) were 11.87 +/- 0.20, 10.02 +/- 0.25 and 8.29 +/- 0.17, respectively. From these data the tortuosity factors, (D/D*)0.5, were calculated, with 2.24 obtained for lactalbumin, 2.50 for ovalbumin and 2.26 for bovine serum albumin. Previous optical measurements using dextrans with mol. wts of 40,000 and 70,000 gave tortuosities of 2.16 and 2.25, but in contrast previous determinations with ion-selective microelectrodes using the small cation tetramethylammonium (mol. wt = 74.1) give tortuosities of about 1.6. The results show that proteins as large as bovine serum albumin diffuse through brain extracellular space but are more hindered than smaller molecules. A simple model compared the differences in diffusion properties of bovine serum albumin, dopamine and nitric oxide in brain tissue and discussed the implications for volume transmission of chemical information between cells. The results are also relevant to the behavior of diffusible factors in brain development and the delivery of therapeutic agents.
Quantitative electrophoresis of RNA nucleosides

A simple electrophoretic technic has been described for the rapid separation of the RNA nucleosides. Two quantitative systems were proposed for determining amounts of a nucleoside present in a separated spot. These included: (1) elution of the ribosides for ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and (2) electrophoresis on quartz plates followed by ultraviolet scanning using a converted quartz prism spectrophotometer as a densitometer. A qualitative identification system using difference spectra was also detailed.
A new high-performance thermoplastic polyimide and its fiber-reinforced composites

Abstract A new high-performance thermoplastic polyimide has recently been synthesized from 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonecarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and 2,2′-dimethyl-1,3-(4-aminophen-oxy)propane (DMDA). It has been shown to possess good dimensional and thermal stability, as well as exhibiting excellent mechanical properties, in particular the extraordinary toughness of BTDA—DMDA with a fracture energy G 1C value of 4.28 kJ m −2 , which exceeds that of other high-performance materials by about 100%. Clearly, this material has great potential as a matrix resin for high-temperature, high-performance composites. This report focuses on the study of this polymer's structure, crystal morphology, crystal—amorphous interface and relaxation processes in order to find the origin of this unusually high toughness. In addition to this, we have also examined the matrix/fiber interfaces of BTDA—DMDA-based carbon fiber and polyimide fiber-reinforced composites via their mechanical properties, and then their crystallization and relaxation behaviors.
CUTABILITY AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF ANTELOPE

The role of game meats as a source of food has been largely ignored in modern times, but may provide the principle food source for many individuals. Twenty-two antelope were completely boned to obtain lean meat. The skinned and dressed cold carcasses yielded an average of 68.4% boneless meat tissue. The average moisture, protein and fat content was 73.9, 22.5 and 0.9%, respectively. Energy value and cholesterol content was 144.1 kcal/100 g and 121.5 mg/100 g, respectively. Antelope meat contained high levels of essential amino acids and was comparable to lean beef in amino acid content. Selected minerals in the longissimus muscle from the 22 animals revealed large amounts (mg/g) of K, Na, P and Mg and smaller amounts (μg/g) of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn.
Effective gravitational wave stress-energy tensor in alternative theories of gravity

The inspiral of binary systems in vacuum is controlled by the stress-energy of gravitational radiation and any other propagating degrees of freedom. For gravitational waves, the dominant contribution is characterized by an effective stress-energy tensor at future null infinity. We employ perturbation theory and the short-wavelength approximation to compute this stress-energy tensor in a wide class of alternative theories. We find that this tensor is generally a modification of that first computed by Isaacson, where the corrections can dominate over the general relativistic term. In a wide class of theories, however, these corrections identically vanish at asymptotically flat, future, null infinity, reducing the stress-energy tensor to Isaacson's. We exemplify this phenomenon by first considering dynamical Chern-Simons modified gravity, which corrects the action via a scalar field and the contraction of the Riemann tensor and its dual. We then consider a wide class of theories with dynamical scalar fields coupled to higher-order curvature invariants and show that the gravitational wave stress-energy tensor still reduces to Isaacson's. The calculations presented in this paper are crucial to perform systematic tests of such modified gravity theories through the orbital decay of binary pulsars or through gravitational wave observations.
Effects of cobalt on structure, microchemistry and properties of a wrought nickel-base superalloy

Cobalt in a 17 pct cobalt containing wrought nickel-base superalloy is systematically substituted for by nickel in order to determine the role of cobalt. The eventual goal is to reduce the levels of cobalt, a critical strategic element, in superalloys. It is found that the strengthening γ microstructure is highly heat treatment sensitive. Reducing cobalt did not result in a reduction of the fine γ precipitates after a coarse grain type (blading) heat treatment, but did after a fine grain type (disk) heat treatment. Representative mechanical properties were determined for each case to isolate microstructural and microchemistry effects. Ambient yield strength and tensile strength were seen to decrease by no more than 15 pct and 7 pct, respectively, even when all the cobalt was removed. The decrease in strength is quantitatively discussed and shown to be consistent with the observed microstructural results and microchemistry results obtained using STEM/EDS. Elevated temperature creep and stress rupture resistances were concluded to be affected by alloy cobalt content through its effect on strengthening γ volume fraction. Significant decreases in these properties were observed for the lower cobalt content alloys. Long term aging, precipitate coarsening, and carbide stability results are also presented and discussed.
Castration and reproductive behavior in the paradise fish, Macropodus opercularis (L.) (Osteichthyes: Belontiidae)

The effects of castration on male spawning behavior, nestbuilding and fertility were measured in a five day spawning trial with an intact female. Spawning and fertility decreased one week following castration while nestbuilding was unaffected. Sham operated males showed normal spawning and fertility. Two weeks postoperatively, fertility and spawning were increased paralleling partial regeneration of the testes. The antigonadotropin methallibure blocked testes regeneration and recovery of spawning in castrated males but it had no effect on reproductive functions of intact males. Spawning did not decrease in one-week castrated males which were administered testosterone enathanate. The results suggest that gonadal androgen facilitates sexual behavior in Macropodus.
Temporal and spatial resolution required for imaging myocardial function

4-D functional analysis of myocardial mechanics is an area of significant interest and research in cardiology and vascular/interventional radiology. Current multidimensional analysis is limited by insufficient temporal resolution of x-ray and magnetic resonance based techniques, but recent improvements in system design holds hope for faster and higher resolution scans to improve images of moving structures allowing more accurate functional studies, such as in the heart. This paper provides a basis for the requisite temporal and spatial resolution for useful imaging during individual segments of the cardiac cycle. Multiple sample rates during systole and diastole are compared to determine an adequate sample frequency to reduce regional myocardial tracking errors. Concurrently, out-of-plane resolution has to be sufficiently high to minimize partial volume effect. Temporal resolution and out-of-plane spatial resolution are related factors that must be considered together. The data used for this study is a DSR dynamic volume image dataset with high temporal and spatial resolution using implanted fiducial markers to track myocardial motion. The results of this study suggest a reduced exposure and scan time for x-ray and magnetic resonance imaging methods, since a lower sample rate during systole is sufficient, whereas the period of rapid filling during diastole requires higher sampling. This could potentially reduce the cost of these procedures and allow higher patient throughput.
Adaptive Design and Stochastic Approximation

When y= M(x) + e, where M may be nonlinear, adaptive stochastic approximation schemes for the choice of the levels x 1, x 2, ··· at which y 1, y 2, ··· are observed lead to asymptotically efficient estimates of the value θ of x for which M(θ) is equal to some desired value. More importantly, these schemes make the “cost” of the observations, defined at the nth stage to be Σ 1 n (x i - θ)2, to be of the order of log n instead of n, an obvious advantage in many applications. A general asymptotic theory is developed which includes these adaptive designs and the classical stochastic approximation schemes as special cases. Motivated by the cost considerations, some improvements are made in the pairwise sampling stochastic approximation scheme of Venter.
Space shuttle main engine failure detection

The problem of how to improve recognition of anomalous behavior in the Space Shuttle Main Engine is currently under study. The effort is planned to lead to an advanced real-time failure detection system for test stand application. This paper addresses motivation for the study, engine characteristics, failure detection problems, and the technical issues that are involved.
Heterodyne generation by electromagnetic fields in gaseous plasma

It is shown that the original work of Bailey and Martyn concerning ionospheric cross-modulation also contains the elements of the theory of heterodyne generation occurring when electromagnetic fields interact in a plasma. Mixing of fundamental frequencies in the 5-9 Mc/s region was observed in air plasma in the laboratory, at pressures ranging from 0·025 to 2 torr. Heterodynes, accompanied by harmonic generation, included those of the forms fi ± fj and 2fi ± fj. Power densities at the fundamental frequencies were less than one mw cm-3.
Risk factors for breast carcinoma in situ versus invasive breast cancer in a prospective study of pre- and post-menopausal women

Risk factors for breast carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancer were compared using data from 61,844 women (61% post-menopausal) with no prior breast cancer and at least one screening mammogram between April 1, 1996 and June 30, 2001. The women were followed until a subsequent mammogram before July 1, 2001, or a benign biopsy or breast cancer diagnosis before June 30, 2002. A total of 1,191 breast cancers (300 in situ and 891 invasive) were diagnosed during an average follow-up of 3.1 years. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to estimate the relative risks (RR) of in situ and invasive cancer associated with family history of breast cancer, age at first childbirth or nulliparity, post-menopausal hormone use, body mass index (BMI), and mammographic breast density. Separate analyses were done for pre- and post-menopausal women. BMI was unrelated to risk of in situ cancer regardless of menopausal status, but was associated with an increased risk of invasive cancer in post-menopausal women (RR = 1.9 for BMI ≥ 30 vs. BMI < 22, 95% confidence interval 1.4–2.5). Later childbearing and nulliparity were more strongly associated with in situ than invasive cancer in pre-menopausal women. Post-menopausal hormone use was more strongly associated with invasive disease. RR associated with family history and breast density were similar for in situ cancer and invasive cancer. Results indicating that BMI is related to post-menopausal invasive cancers but unrelated to in situ cancers are consistent with the hypothesis that concomitants of obesity activate proliferation.
Intravenous polyethylene glycol successfully treats severe acceleration-induced brain injury in rats as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging.

Objective Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a nontoxic molecule with known efficacy as a cell membrane sealant, improving histological and behavioral outcomes in trauma models. Diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive method of detecting in vivo diffuse axonal injury (DAI), where a decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of water reflects cytotoxic edema. We use DW-MRI to assess severe DAI in rats treated with a single acute postinjury injection of PEG. Methods Rats were divided into uninjured, injured saline-treated, and injured PEG-treated groups. Injury groups received a severe brain injury using an impact-acceleration weight-drop model. Saline or PEG was administered acutely as a single intravenous dose to injured saline-treated and injured PEG-treated groups, respectively. DW-MRI analysis was performed at postinjury day 7 with a 9.4-T magnet. ADC was calculated for cortex, corpus callosum/hippocampus, and thalamus in each group. Results An expected decrease in ADC, representing cytotoxic edema, was observed in the injured saline-treated group. The injured PEG-treated group demonstrated no decrease in ADC relative to the uninjured rats, and the difference between ADC in saline and PEG-treated groups reached significance for all 3 zones of assessed brain. Differences were seen grossly between injured saline-treated and injured PEG-treated groups on representative color-mapped ADC images. Conclusion A single intravenous dose of PEG dramatically limits sequelae of severe acceleration-induced brain injury--in this case, assessed by cytotoxic edema on DW-MRI--by intervening at the primary injury level of neuronal membrane disruption. This outcome is unprecedented, as no prior treatments for DAI have demonstrated similar efficacy. DAI treatment with intravenous PEG may have future clinical relevance and warrants further investigation.
Amperometric cerimetric titration of iron(II) with ferroin as indicator

Abstract Solutions of a concentration greater than 5 × 10 −5 M ferrous iron can be titrated rapidly with ceric cerium with an accuracy and precision greater than 1% using ferroin as an amperometric indicator with a rotated platinum wire as indicator electrode.
The calcium‐dependent protein kinase HvCDPK1 mediates the gibberellic acid response of the barley aleurone through regulation of vacuolar function

In the aleurone cells of the cereal grain, gibberellic acid (GA) induces the secretion of hydrolases that mobilize endosperm reserves to fuel early seedling growth. GA is known to trigger a range of cellular responses, including increases in cytoplasmic calcium, vacuolar reserve mobilization, gene transcription, and the synthesis and secretion of hydrolases. To further define elements of the Ca2+-dependent GA response machinery, we have cloned a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (HvCDPK1) from these cells. Although expression of an inactivated (D140N) version of this kinase did not affect GA-induced gene expression or changes in cytosolic Ca2+, it did inhibit secretion, cell vacuolation, and vacuolar acidification, all responses linked to the GA response. Additionally, recombinant wild-type HvCDPK1 activated the V-type H(+)-ATPase present in isolated aleurone vacuoles. These results suggest HvCDPK1 may mediate Ca2+-dependent events of the GA response, such as control of vacuolar function, that lie downstream of transcriptional regulation.
Semiconductor-doped-silica saturable-absorber films for solid-state laser mode locking.

We describe a new saturable-absorber materials system for solid-state laser mode locking based on thin, nonepitaxially grown, semiconductor-doped films. We fabricated thin films of InAs semiconductor microcrystalites in silica, using rf sputtering. We could control the linear absorption by varying the film thickness, and the nonlinear absorption saturation cross section and recovery time could be adjusted by use of rapid thermal annealing. The use of 30?nm?thick InAs-doped silica films on sapphire for initiation of Kerr-lens mode locking in a Ti:Al2O3 laser was demonstrated. Pulses as short as 25 fs were generated with a wavelength tuning range from 800 to 880 nm.
DA and Xiao—two giant and composite LTR–retrotransposon-like elements identified in the human genome

We discovered two new complex elements while studying large genomic rearrangements and segmental duplications in the human genome. Both resemble bacterial composite DNA transposon Tn9, consisting of a core flanked by mobile elements, except that the flanking element is not a DNA transposon but instead is long terminal repeat retrotransposon-like with human endogenous retrovirus and satellite sequences. Based on the core size, we named them Xiao ( approximately 30 kb) and DA ( approximately 280 kb), meaning small and big, respectively, in Chinese. Xiao originated from a 19p region encoding olfactory receptor 7E members after the human/ape divergence from Old World monkeys, while DA likely evolved from a Xiao by inserting approximately 200 kb of chimeric sequence from 16p and 21q into the Xiao core, resulting in a target site duplication of 3.4 kb. DA/Xiao was identified in 30 loci on 12 chromosomes, and only DAs mediated intrachromosomal rearrangements, based on our reconstructed human-mouse-rat ancestral genome and the rhesus macaque genome.
Fulminant necrotising fasciitis by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a rare cause of necrotising fasciitis (NF), and is usually not fulminant as in group A Streptococcus (GAS), the archetypal aetiology. We report an unusually fulminant case of NF by CA-MRSA in an immunocompetent patient. A 52-year-old man presented to the emergency department with 1 week of progressive left thigh pain and swelling. The patient had ecchymoses, bullae and hypoesthesia of the involved skin, and CT scan revealed extensive fascial oedema. He was immediately started on broad spectrum antibiotics. Within 12 h of presentation, he underwent surgical debridement. Despite aggressive supportive care, the patient died less than 24 h after presentation. MRSA, with an antibiogram suggestive of a community-acquired strain, was recovered from intraoperative specimens and admission blood cultures. This case underscores that CA-MRSA, while rarely reported, can cause a fulminant presentation of NF similar to GAS in immunocompetent patients.
The radiographic differential diagnosis of juvenile chronic arthritis

In conclusion, this short communication has emphasized that the well known radiographic features of juvenile chronic arthritis are by no means pathognomonic of this entity. A large differential diagnosis must be considered, including haemophilia, idiopathic multicentric osteolysis, the mucopolysaccharidoses, a variety of skeletal dysplasias, infection, and synovial haemangioma. Correlation of radiographic observations with clinical findings will permit the establishment of an accurate and specific diagnosis in most instances, underscoring the need for close communication between the paediatric radiologist and practising paediatrician.
Discrepancies between water potential isotherm measurements on Pinus ponderosa seedling shoots: xylem hysteresis and apoplasmic osmotic potentials *

Abstract. Sap expression, air drying and a combined technique were used to measure the water potential isotherm of Pinus ponderosa Laws, seedling shoots with the pressure chamber. Discrepancies between water relations parameters derived from these techniques can be partially explained by air entry into air drying tissues, hysteresis in the xylem water potential isotherm and dilution of apoplasmic solutes during sap expression.
Transient flows in queueing systems via closure approximations

We present a method for obtaining approximations to the distribution of flow times of customers in arbitrary queueing systems. We first propose approximations for uni-variate and multi-variate distributions of non-negative random variables. Then using a closure approximation, we show that the distribution of flow time can be calculated recursively. Computational results for the single server, multi-server and tandem queues are encouraging, with less than 5%average error in the mean flow time in most cases. The average error in the variance of flow times is found to be less than 10% for the more regular distributions.
Treatment eligibility in Alaska Native and American Indian persons with hepatitis C virus infection

Objectives. Treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin may prevent progression of liver disease among patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection (HCV). Treatment initiation is based on published clinical eligibility criteria, patients’ willingness to undergo treatment and likelihood of success. We examined treatment eligibility in a cohort of Alaska Native and American Indian persons with chronic HCV infection. Study design. Retrospective cohort study. Methods. Medical records of all treatment naive HCV RNA positive patients given an appointment by hepatology specialty clinic staff in 2003 and 2007 were evaluated by a hepatology provider to investigate documented reasons for treatment deferral. Results. Treatment was initiated in 4 of 94 patients (4%) in 2003 and 14 of 146 patients (10%) in 2007. Major reasons for treatment deferral in 2003 versus 2007 included inconsistent appointment attendance (36% of deferrals vs. 18%), active substance abuse (17% vs. 22%), patient decision (17% vs. 27%), liver biopsy without fibrosis or normal ALT (8% vs. 3%), uncontrolled psychiatric condition (7% vs. 7%) and concurrent medical condition (6% vs. 9%). There was significant improvement in proportion of appointments attended in 2007 versus 2003 (76% vs. 67%, p=0.04) and the percentage of patients attending at least 1 appointment (84% vs. 66%, p=0.002). Conclusions. Multiple reasons for treatment deferral were documented. Despite a significant improvement in hepatology clinic attendance and an increase in the number of patients started on treatment in 2007 compared to 2003, the overall percentage of those treated remained low. Keywords: hepatitis C treatment; hepatology clinics; treatment eligibility (Published: 24 April 2012) Citation: Int J Circumpolar Health 2012, 71 : 18445 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v71i0.18445
In utero exposure to a maternal high-fat diet alters the epigenetic histone code in a murine model.

OBJECTIVE:Datafrom animalmodels show thatin uteroexposureto a maternal high-fat diet (HFD) renders susceptibility of these offspring to the adult onset of metabolic syndrome. We and others havepreviouslyshownthatepigeneticmodificationstohistonesmay serve as amolecularmemoryofthein uteroexposure,rendering the risk of adult disease. Because mice heterozygous for theGlut4gene (insulin sensitive glucose transporter) born to wild-type (WT) mothers demonstrate exacterbated metabolic syndrome when exposed to an HFD in utero, we sought to analyze the genome-wide epigenetic changes that occur in the fetal liver in susceptible offspring. STUDY DESIGN: WT and Glut4 þ/� (G4 þ/� ) offspring of WT mothers that were exposed either to a control or an HFD in utero were studied. Immunoblotting was used to measure hepatic histone modifications of fetal and 5-week animals. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by hybridization to chip arrays (ChIP-on-chip) was used to detect genome-wide changes of histone modifications with HFD exposure. RESULTS: We found that levels of hepatic H3K14ac and H3K9me3 significantly increased with HFD exposure in WT and G4 þ/� fetal and 5-week offspring. Pathway analysis of our ChIP-on-chip data revealed differential H3K14ac and H3K9me3 enrichment along pathways that regulate lipid metabolism, specifically in the promoter regions of Pparg, Ppara, Rxra, and Rora. CONCLUSION: We conclude that HFD exposure in utero is associated with functional alterations to fetal hepatic histone modificationsin both WT and G4 þ/� offspring, some of which persist up to 5 weeks of age.
R69-26 Further Experimental Data on the Behavior of Programs in a Paging Environment

The experiment reported in this paper is a study directed at environment. The experiment involved interpretative execution of selected programs to obtain a time sequence of page references for various page sizes, and subsequent simulation based on these statistics to determine the variation in the programs' paging behavior with the amount of real memory allocated under the discipline of two separate replacement algorithms. Although the authors state that the experiment involved four different programs, only the results for one of these, the SNOBOL compiler, are discussed at length in the paper. One other program is covered in a single paragraph and the other two are not included at all because, the authors explain, the results obtained were similar to the SNOBOL case.
Adultery and the Immigrant Narrative

In the first chapter of Louis Chu's novel Eat a Bowl of Tea (1961), Ben Loy, a Chinese immigrant living on Manhattan's Lower East Side in the 1940s, kisses his new bride ardently in their marital bed. The narrator implies, however, that Ben Loy is incapable of making love to his wife; he is unable to perform sexually before the doorbell to their apartment rings, announcing the presence of a Caucasian prostitute whom he once patronized (9-14). This reminder of his bachelor life that interrupts the opening scene of conjugal bliss has later implications in the novel; when Ben Loy's impotence continues to be a problem, his frustrated wife takes an older Chinese immigrant lover. Chu seems interested in how immigration - a large-scale event that involves movement across national borders - can influence the smallest and most intimate of human interactions such as the kiss shared between a man and wife. He makes an explicit link between the risks and upheavals of immigration and the complexities of marriage and intimacy. The changes wrought by migration are represented through the trope of marriages and intimate relationships that unravel in America in five literary works I examine: Abraham Cahan's novella Yekl (1896), Chu's Eat a Bowl of Tea, Junot Diaz's short story "Fiesta, 1980" (1996), Lara Vapnyar's short story "Mistress" (2003) and Gish Jen's novel The Love Wife (2004). In these works, the unraveling of intimate relationships stands in for other representative acts of immigrant struggle in novels and stories, such as language acquisition and economic hardship. Adultery, especially, becomes an imaginary space in which authors explore what happens when national and ethnic identity is destabilized, thereby shaking up notions of family life, patriarchal hierarchies, and fidelity. Whether this freedom to choose one's lover or spouse is a fantasy or reality, the options America seems to offer can result in a shift in thought regarding intimacy and marriage. Indeed, Laura Kipnis writes, "Fidelity pledges, whether to nations or marriages, do hold particular property relations in place: break these vows and anything might happen. . . . Let's not forget that nations too organize property relations, and citizenship signifies our fidelity to them" (184). Once fidelity to a national identity is broken, it follows that marital and familial obligations might be destabilized as well - and vice versa. The authors of these works use adultery or the merest hint of marital
Neurogenic and Myopathic Deformities of the Cervical Spine

Neurologic and myopathic deformities of the cervical spine present a unique management challenge to spine surgeons. The clinical presentations of these deformities can be quite similar; however, the spectrum of etiologies ranges from common systemic conditions with reversible symptoms to localized and progressive conditions without effective treatment. Given the success of systemic treatments for certain known etiologies, it is essential to screen symptomatic patients early for common causes to either stop or reverse progression of the deformity. Unfortunately, such evaluations can be challenging and the generalizability of treatment strategies is difficult. However, when reversible causes cannot be identified, management of these patients should focus upon symptomatic control with medications and bracing. Surgical intervention has generally led to improvement in patients with kyphosis causing spinal cord compression/neurologic deficit. However, surgical intervention aimed at specifically addressing kyphotic deformity in this clinical scenario has been associated with mixed results.
The effects of carbon tetrachloride and ethionine on RNA synthesis in vivo and in isolated rat liver nuclei.

Abstract Carbon tetrachloride and ethionine were administered to male and female rats. The effects of CCl4 were measured on RNA formation in vivo and on the capacity of isolated rat liver nuclei to incorporate UTP and ATP into RNA in vitro. During the first 3 hr after CCl4 administration no differences were found when orotate incorporation into liver RNA was studied. Nuclei isolated from CCl4-treated animals had the same composition as controls, and incorporated UTP and ATP as well as controls. RNase activity was unchanged. Chromatin and DNA, isolated from nuclei, assayed with E. coli RNA polymerase were identical. At later times, 12 hr, RNA formation measured with isolated nuclei was increased. Similar studies with ethionine revealed that nuclei from both male and female rat livers were less active than controls, and could not be restored by cofactor addition. There were no differences in nuclear composition, nuclear RNase, or in the capacity of chromatin or DNA to act as template when incubated with E. coli RNA polymerase. Microsomes from ethionine-treated female rats showed decreased endogenous amino acid incorporation concomitantly with decreased RNA formation. Ethionine-treated male rats showed no differences from control even though RNA formation was depressed. Addition of synthetic messenger, Poly U, stimulated microsomes from treated animals to greater specific activity than controls, and cell sap from treated animals was more active than controls. It is concluded that CCl4 intoxication does not alter RNA formation early in the course of the intoxication and stimulates RNA formation 12 hr after administration. Ethionine treatment decreases RNA formation.
Prevention of mental retardation: Four decades of research

In the absence of curative therapy, and with treatment difficult and only partially successful, prevention plays a particularly important role in mental retardation. Research conducted during the past 40 years has identified new causes of mental retardation, new means of early diagnosis, and new ways of prevention. Prenatal diagnosis, newborn screening, dietary supplementation or restriction, hormone replacement, vaccination, and immunotherapy are just some of the techniques that have been applied to prevent mental retardation. Together, these interventions have slightly reduced the overall prevalence of mental retardation, and in some instances have nearly eliminated specific causes. Much remains to be done, including developing better means of early intervention for sociocultural mental retardation and convincing society of the value of investment in such approaches. In addition to these approaches, the research frontiers today are neurobiology, earlier prenatal diagnosis, fetal therapy, gene therapy, and reducing premature birth. The potential of these investigations makes the frontier of prevention research in mental retardation an exciting place to be. MRDD Research Reviews 1998;4:50–58. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The degradation of human γ-globulin by trypsin☆

Abstract The 3.5 S fragments produced from normal human 7 S γ-globulin by the action of trypsin were isolated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration through Sephadex G-75 and were subsequently characterized by ultracentrifugation, immunoelectrophoresis, and double gel diffusion analysis. The degradation of the γ-globulin by trypsin resulted in the production of fragments which closely resembled those produced by cysteine-activated papain. Corresponding fragments split from the same γ-globulin by the two enzymes were indistinguishable by the methods employed with respect to antigenic determinants, sedimentation characteristics, and chromatographic behavior on DEAE-cellulose. Corresponding fragments also appeared identical by immunoelectrophoresis, except for a minor difference in the electrophoretic mobility of one of the fragment types. Two major subfractions of the γ-globulin obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography were each similar to the unfractionated γ-globulin with respect to the products obtained by enzymic degradation.
Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Regimens for Hematologic Malignancies: What Have We Learned over the Last 10 Years?

Reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens have been investigated for more than 10 years as an alternative to traditional myeloablative conditioning regimens. RIC regimens are being commonly used in older patients as well as in disorders in which traditional myeloablative conditioning regimens are associated with high rates of non-relapse mortality. Hodgkin disease, myeloma, and low-grade lymphoid malignancies have been the diseases most impacted by RIC regimens. RIC regimens have also been shown to be safe and effective in older patients as well as patients with co-morbidities, although patients with chemorefractory disease still have high relapse rates and poor outcomes. Patients with chemosensitive disease have outcomes similar to those obtained with conventional ablative therapies, and thus comparative trials are warranted. RIC regimens are associated with lower rates of severe toxicity and non-relapse mortality; however, infections, graft-versus-host disease, and relapse of primary disease remain the most common obstacles to a successful outcome. The impact on survival and the relative benefits of RIC allografting compared with traditional conditioning regimens or alternative therapy remain to be defined. Incorporating targeted therapies as part of the conditioning regimens or as maintenance therapies is currently being explored to reduce relapse rates without increasing toxicity.
Work-Family Conflict, Part II: Job and Life Satisfaction in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I-A Certified Athletic Trainers

Abstract Context: Previous researchers have shown that work-family conflict (WFC) affects the level of a person's job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and job burnout and intentions to leave the pr...
Discovery and Preclinical Validation of Drug Indications Using Compendia of Public Gene Expression Data

The application of established drug compounds to novel therapeutic indications, known as drug repositioning, offers several advantages over traditional drug development, including reduced development costs and shorter paths to approval. Recent approaches to drug repositioning employ high-throughput experimental approaches to assess a compound’s potential therapeutic qualities. Here we present a systematic computational approach to predict novel therapeutic indications based on comprehensive testing of molecular signatures in drug-disease pairs. We integrated gene expression measurements from 100 diseases and gene expression measurements on 164 drug compounds yielding predicted therapeutic potentials for these drugs. We demonstrate the ability to recover many known drug and disease relationships using computationally derived therapeutic potentials, and also predict many new indications for these drugs. We experimentally validated a prediction for the anti-ulcer drug cimetidine as a candidate therapeutic in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma, and demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo using mouse xenograft models. This novel computational method provides a novel and systematic approach to reposition established drugs to treat a wide range of human diseases.
Thermal considerations in cooling large scale high compute density data centers

A high compute density data center of today is characterized as one consisting of thousands of racks each with multiple computing units. The computing units include multiple microprocessors, each dissipating approximately 250 W of power. The heat dissipation from a rack containing such computing units exceeds 10 KW. Today's data center, with 1000 racks, over 30,000 square feet, requires 10 MW of power for the computing infrastructure. A 100,000 square foot data center of tomorrow will require 50 MW of power for the computing infrastructure. Energy required to dissipate this heat will be an additional 20 MW. A hundred thousand square foot planetary scale data center, with five thousand 10 KW racks, would cost /spl sim/$44 million per year (@ $100/MWh) just to power the servers & $18 million per year to power the cooling infrastructure for the data center. Cooling design considerations by virtue of proper layout of racks can yield substantial savings in energy. This paper shows an overview of a data center cooling design and presents the results of a case study where layout change was made by virtue of numerical modeling to avail efficient use of air conditioning resources.