cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'The Science of Liberty is Not So Simple': Teaching Democratic Thinking in Revolutionary France

This article examines education’s place in the French Revolution of 1789 and, more specifically, how ideas about education shaped the pursuit of a democratic and participatory politics in revolutionary France. Highlighting three foci of revolutionary pedagogy – skills, habits, and dispositions – as well as the ways in which ideas about education underwrote the social, political, and cultural ambitions of the Revolution, it explores education’s role in making democratic politics and a democratic society appear desirable, attainable, and sustainable. Analyzing these eighteenth century efforts to “teach democratic thinking,” this article also aims to clarify what is at stake in contemporary discussions of democratic education, offers an historically-minded approach and a genealogy to current debates about the purposes and practices of education, and suggests criteria with which to consider pedagogical, institutional, technological, and social issues regarding education and its future. Keywords: democratic education; French Revolution; political pedagogy
Reading French Psychoanalysis

edited by Dana Birksted‐Breen, Sara Flanders, Alain Gibeault Routledge , London and New York , 2010 , New Library of Psychoanalysis ; 817 pp; £39.95 Not everything is expressible in every country.(...
Comparative chemical analysis of commercial creosotes and solvent refined coal‐II materials by high resolution gas chromatography

The chemical composition of a commercially available creosote was compared to a direct coal liquefaction product, i.e., solvent refined coal-II fuel oil blend (SRC-II FOB) using high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC). In addition, hydrogenated products of these materials were studied. Samples were fractionated by chemical class on neutral alumina. Those fractions previously shown to be the most mutagenic and tumorigenic in laboratory bioassays of coal-derived materials were analyzed and compared by HRGC and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Individual components were tentatively identified and quantitated. Although similar chemical components were present in the creosote and SRC-II FOB fractions studied, the creosotes had higher concentrations of heavy molecular weight materials and a lower ratio of alkylated to parent polycyclic aromatic compounds than the coal liquefaction products. The creosote samples also had a significantly higher concentration of components which eluted in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) chemical class fraction. Amino-substituted PAH were present in both nonhydrogenated coal liquid and creosote materials. The creosote and SRC-II FOB crudes and nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compound (NPAC) chemical class fractions expressed similar microbial mutagenicity. Based on chemical analysis data, the predicted tumorigenic potency of the creosote in laboratory bioassay systems would be equivalent to or greater than the SRC-II FOB.
14-3-3 binding to Ataxin-1 (ATXN1) regulates its dephosphorylation at Ser-776 and transport to the nucleus.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a lethal neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of a polyglutamine tract in ATXN1. A prominent site of pathology in SCA1 is cerebellar Purkinje neurons where mutant ATXN1 must enter the nucleus to cause disease. In SCA1, phosphorylation of ATXN1 at Ser-776 modulates disease. Interestingly, Ser-776 is located within a region of ATXN1 that harbors several functional motifs including binding sites for 14-3-3, and splicing factors RBM17 and U2AF65. The interaction of ATXN1 with these proteins is thought to be regulated by the phosphorylation status of Ser-776. In addition, Ser-776 is adjacent to the NLS in ATXN1. Although pS776-ATXN1 is enriched in nuclear extracts of cerebellar cells, the vast majority of 14-3-3 is in the cytoplasmic fraction. We found that dephosphorylation of cytoplasmic pS776-ATXN1 is blocked by virtue of it being in a complex with 14-3-3. In addition, data suggest that binding of 14-3-3 to cytoplasmic ATXN1 impeded its transport to the nucleus, suggesting that 14-3-3 must disassociate from ATXN1 for transport of ATXN1 to the nucleus. Consistent with this hypothesis is the observation that once in the nucleus pS776 is able to be dephosphorylated. Evidence is presented that PP2A is the pS776-ATXN1 phosphatase in the mammalian cerebellum. In the nucleus, we propose that dephosphorylation of pS776-ATXN1 by PP2A regulates the interaction of ATXN1 with the splicing factors RBM17 and U2AF65.
Use of green fluorescent protein to measure tumor growth in an implanted bladder tumor model.

Purpose: Bladder cancer is a common malignancy in which local recurrence and distant failure contribute to poor patient outcome. The search for improved therapies remains a high priority in this disease. For most experimental therapies animal tumor models represent an important step between in vitro testing and clinical trials. A useful animal model of bladder cancer involves the orthotopic implantation of bladder tumor cells in sygeneic animals. This model offers the opportunity to test the efficacy of therapies administered systemically or intravesically. However, quantitation of tumor growth has been difficult.Materials and Methods: To allow the quantitative assessment of tumor mass in this model and differentiate tumor cells from normal bladder epithelium at early stages of tumor growth we transfected cells of the MBT2 murine bladder cancer cell line with a vector encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein and devised an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that enables the detection of green fluorescen...
Different Rab GTPases Associate Preferentially with α or β GDP-Dissociation Inhibitors

Abstract GDIs (GDP-dissociation inhibitors) bind to Rab GTPases and mediate their membrane targeting and recycling. In vitro, most Rabs can bind to either of the major isoforms of GDI, leading to the assumption that the proportion of each specific Rab/GDI complex in vivo reflects the relative abundance of the α versus β forms of GDI. Here we show that when human teratocarcinoma cells (Ntera2) are induced to differentiate into postmitotic neurons (NT2N), there is a major change in the proportion of GDIα relative to GDIβ. Under these conditions, certain Rab GTPases associate preferentially with either GDIα or GDIβ, irrespective of the relative abundance of the GDI isoform. These findings suggest that heretofore unrecognized functional specificity may exist between the two major forms of GDI.
The Effect of Intraocular Irrigating Solutions on Lens Clarity in Normal and Diabetic Rabbits

We conducted a series of experiments on normal and diabetic rabbits to evaluate the effect of intraocular irrigating solutions on the lens. Lenticular clarity was studied in vivo in eyes undergoing vitreous cavity perfusions with various irrigating solutions. The clarity of isolated lenses incubated in these same solutions was also evaluated. In order to quantitate the cataractous changes observed, we measured the uptake of inulin (tagged with radioactive carbon) by isolated lenses. We found that balanced salt solution (BSS) and BSS Plus maintain excellent lens clarity in normal rabbits; that diabetic lenses are more likely to develop opacification than normal lenses, becoming cataractous when exposed to BSS Plus; and that adding supplemental glucose to BSS Plus allows this solution to maintain excellent lens clarity in diabetic rabbits.
Ceramic composite matrices from metal-organic precursors

Abstract Simple and complex multimetal-organic compounds are employed to prepare nanometre-sized high purity, highly active and homogeneous glasses, glass ceramics and polycrystalline oxide powders, sol-gels and hydroxide slurry. These precursors are conveniently used to fabricate continuous and discontinuous ceramic-fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites with excellent thermomechanical properties. The ceramic composite matrices from metal-organic precursors offers unlimited potential for production of high purity specialized glasses and glass ceramics for ceramic matrix composites for structural application in advanced aerospace systems.
Computer modeling the deposition of nanoscale thin films

Abstract The embedded atom method for simulating the deposition of thin films with nanoscale dimensions will be reviewed and this technique will be compared with some of the other methods for molecular dynamics simulation. Recent results of molecular dynamics simulations that relate to the fabrication of nanostructured materials will be presented. Simulations include the low temperature deposition of Pt and Cu onto Cu substrates with energetic incoming atoms as occurs in many deposition processes such as sputter or ion beam deposition. The effects of heat of solution, incident energy, and incident momentum on the mixing of atoms and the formation of interstitials in the substrate will be discussed.
SU‐DD‐A2‐02: Variability of Waveforms and Probability Distributions in External Respiratory‐Surrogate Marker Data

Purpose: To investigate intra‐ and inter‐fractional, inter‐subject variability in the motion patterns of external respiratory‐surrogate markers. A strong correlation between the motion of external markers and internal targets has been previously reported. Method and Materials: Varian real‐time position management (RPM) system is used clinically to monitor external marker motion. We analyzed over 450 RPM datasets (traces) from 186 4D‐CT, and 6 gated radiotherapy subjects (mean length: 235 seconds). Aperiodic (long‐term) motion components were subtracted by applying high‐pass filtering to Fourier transform of the data. Probability distribution functions (PDF) of the marker position were constructed, and variability bounds were calculated for the realized distributions. Trace‐average waveforms (TAW) were constructed from cumulative PDF, calculated separately for leading and trailing edges of motion cycles within the trace. Results: Inter‐ and intra‐fractional variability of PDF were reduced where the aperiodic motion components were subtracted from the data. The distribution of aperiodic shifts was approximately Gaussian over multiple fractions. Comparison between the data from various subjects showed that the PDF (when normalized to the mean amplitude of individual traces) was remarkably stable, indicating rather limited inter‐fractional and inter‐subject variability. While intra‐fractional variability of PDF appeared to be typically larger than either inter‐fraction or inter‐subject, as a wide variety of waveforms were realized within each trace. Conclusion: The marker position PDF and its variability bounds, constructed based on a single trace (e.g., pre‐treatment 4D‐CT), may serve as a conservative estimate of the expected variability in the PDF realized during a fractionated treatment. This information can be used in robust optimization of treatment planning for moving targets. The TAW may potentially be useful in subject classification by “respiratory personality”, and prediction of the realized PDF for a given expected uncertainty in the trace extrema positions (full exhale and inhale). Supported in part by the NCI grant 5P01‐CA21239‐25.
Agent-Based Modeling of Occupants and Their Impact on Energy Use in Commercial Buildings

AbstractEnergy modeling is globally used during the design phase to estimate future building energy performance. Predictions obtained from common energy estimation software typically deviate from actual energy consumption levels. This discrepancy can mainly be attributed to the misrepresentation of the role that building occupants play in the energy estimation equation. Although occupants might have different and varying energy use characteristics over time, current energy estimation tools assume they are constant. This paper proposes a new agent-based approach to commercial building energy modeling by accounting for the diverse and dynamic energy consumption patterns among occupants, in addition to the potential changes in their energy use behavior attributable to their interactions with the building environment and with each other. The impact of an active modeling of occupancy is then illustrated in a case study of an office in a university building, where more than 25% variation in the predicted energy...
Newborn visual attention to repeated exposure of redundant vs “novel” targets

This study was designed to test the proposition that habituation in the newborn human is specific to repetition of a single impinging stimulus. Using a group (3) by sex (2) by trials (8) repeated measures factorial design, 120 newborn infants were repeatedly presented with a single visual target (2 × 2 or 12 × 12 black and white checkerboard) or exposed to a series of different targets, and the infants’ visual fixation time was measured. Infants exposed to the multiple target series had a significantly greater mean visual fixation time than did infants repeatedly presented with a single target. However, all groups of infants displayed response decrement in fixation time with repeated target exposure. In addition, infants receiving the multiple target series displayed differential visual fixation to the stimuli, with, in general, targets of greater redundancy (Le., those having a higher degree of spatial repetition and duplication of elements) being most “preferred.” These results suggest that young human infants are receptive and responsive to stimulus change in the immediate visual environment.
Human-robot proxemics: physical and psychological distancing in human-robot interaction

To seamlessly integrate into the human physical and social environment, robots must display appropriate proxemic behavior - that is, follow societal norms in establishing their physical and psychological distancing with people. Social-scientific theories suggest competing models of human proxemic behavior, but all conclude that individuals' proxemic behavior is shaped by the proxemic behavior of others and the individual's psychological closeness to them. The present study explores whether these models can also explain how people physically and psychologically distance themselves from robots and suggest guidelines for future design of proxemic behaviors for robots. In a controlled laboratory experiment, participants interacted with Wakamaru to perform two tasks that examined physical and psychological distancing of the participants. We manipulated the likeability (likeable/dislikeable) and gaze behavior (mutual gaze/averted gaze) of the robot. Our results on physical distancing showed that participants who disliked the robot compensated for the increase in the robot's gaze by maintaining a greater physical distance from the robot, while participants who liked the robot did not differ in their distancing from the robot across gaze conditions. The results on psychological distancing suggest that those who disliked the robot also disclosed less to the robot. Our results offer guidelines for the design of appropriate proxemic behaviors for robots so as to facilitate effective human-robot interaction.
Scalar-wave localization in a two-component composite

Scalar-wave localization characteristics in a two-component composite are calculated as a function of frequency, relative volume fraction, and impedance contrast between the components. It is found that the occurrence of localization requires a minimum impedance contrast whose value is defined by a critical point on the localization phase diagram. Furthermore, localization is shown to be closely tied to resonant scattering, and there is a multitude of mobility edges and localization regions associated with resonance harmonics.
Photometric Calibration of Stars in the Fields of Selected BL Lacertae Objects and Quasars

We present the results of UBVRI photometry of stars in the fields of 13 BL Lacertae objects and quasars. The calibrated stars are intended to facilitate photoelectric and CCD differential photometry of these highly variable active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The magnitudes of most of the stars were measured on more than two occasions, and we provide two to five stars per field. Several stars are common to those calibrated by previous observers, although the earlier efforts do not cover all five bandpasses. Our results for these stars are typically in close agreement with previous measurements obtained using common filters. In addition, we present UBVRI magnitudes for stars in the fields of four AGNs (CTA 26, 0716+332, OV–236, and PKS 2345–167) with no previously published comparison stars.
Finding concealed high atomic numbered materials hidden in cargo containers using dual-energy high-energy x-rays from a linear accelerator with the unique signature from photofission

The Dual Energy X-ray technique employs two X-ray projection images of an object with X-ray energy spectra at a low X-ray energy and a high X-ray energy. The two energies are both high enough to penetrate all cargoes. The endpoint energies for low and high will be approximately 5-6 MeV and 8-9.5 MeV respectively. These energies are chosen such that pair production is the dominant energy loss mechanism for the high energy mode. By defining the ratio of the transmitted X-ray photon R = Thigh/Tlow it can be shown that there is a difference in the ratio that will permit the detection of materials that are significantly higher in atomic number than the low to mid atomic numbered elements that normally appear in the stream of commerce. This difference can be used to assist in the automatic detection of high atomic numbered materials. These materials might be a WMD or dirty bomb. When coupled with detectors that can observe the delayed signature of photon induced fission a confirmation of a WMD may be made. The use of the delayed photons and neutrons from Photofission can confirm the presence of Special Nuclear Materials (SNM). The energy required to induce fission in SNM by a photon is approximately 6 MeV with the maximum fission production rate from X-ray photons in the energy range of 12-15 MeV.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Flow cytometric analysis of adrenal cortical tumor DNA: Relationship between cellular DNA and histopathologic classification

Nuclear DNA contents of 22 paraffin-embedded adrenal cortical tumors (16 adenomas and 6 carcinomas) were determined by flow cytometric analysis. While all of the sixteen adenomas had a diploid pattern, 83.3% (5/6) of the carcinomas were aneuploid. Three of the six patients with carcinomas (50%) developed metastases and died of their disease; all had aneuploid tumors. The three living patients with carcinoma included two children, with aneuploid tumors, and one adult, with a diploid tumor. Large tumor size correlated with aneuploidy. This study indicated that flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA content complements conventional histopathologic methods in the diagnosis of malignancy in adrenal cortical tumors. It may also prove to be a valuable tool in predicting the prognosis of patients with adrenal cortical carcinomas.
Data elements in terminological entries: an empirical study

Differing theoretical and methodological views and working-group needs have spawned a wide diversity in the content, layout and internal structure of terminological entries in database environments, which in turn complicates standardization and data interchange. Major criticisms lodged against the data element list provided in ISO 6156 (MATER) prompted the authors to conduct an empirical examination of over thirty existing databases to ascertain which data elements are truly used in practice (as opposed to those which are espoused or rejected in theory). Their results reveal that designation of data elements, like other terminological products, are subject to the vagaries of polysemy and synonymy. They conclude that, given the widespread differences in approach evidenced in existing databases, the most practical approach to data element concerns during interchange is to compile an open-ended dictionary of common data element types for use as a mapping device during the data preparation stage.
Order of patient entry influences outcome for metastatic renal cell cancer after non-myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

Summary Allogeneic transplantation for renal cell carcinoma has shown encouraging preliminary results. We reviewed the published literature to evaluate the impact of patient selection. Most studies did not include information on prognostic factors. We used patient entry rank within individual studies as a novel surrogate for patient selection, motivated by our own experience of an apparent impact of entry rank. One hundred patients were identified from nine studies. Twenty-six per cent of patients demonstrated either a partial or complete response. Median overall survival was 12·3 months. Grade 2–4 acute graft-versus-host disease correlated with an increased likelihood of response (odds ratio: 5·4, 95% confidence interval: 1·6–18·1, P = 0·006) but not survival. Earlier patient entry rank on each trial was associated with a higher probability of response (P = 0·004) and superior survival (P = 0·004). Patient entry rank served as a powerful prognostic factor, suggesting bias in patient selection that evolved over the course of the study. Further studies are warranted to determine the influence of order of patient entry in other early clinical trial settings.
A Descriptive Assessment of Higher Education Access, Participation, Equity, and Disparity in Ghana

Since independence, Ghana has comparatively distinguished itself among many Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries in its educational developments. Tertiary education in Ghana over the past decade has witnessed tremendous growth in various frontages—increased access and participation, relative expansion of academic facilities, a growing private sector, and most importantly, a transformative policy environment. Despite these overwhelming developments, there remain inequalities in the higher education system in Ghana: access has not been broadened to include all social groups. Available data suggest unequal participation among women, minorities, individuals from low socioeconomic backgrounds, and spatial-based disparities. Using enrollment data from universities, policy document from the Ministry of Education, and the National Council for Tertiary Education in Ghana, and academic research reports, the authors provide descriptive and critical analyses of the structures of inequalities and disparities in higher education in Ghana. The authors argue that in spite of the massive developments over the years, there exist accessibility and participation gap with respect to students’ socioeconomic status, gender, regions of origin, and the type and location of secondary schools attended.
Fuel property effects on the structure of spray flames

The effect of fuel properties on the structure of swirling spray flames has been investigated. Droplet size, number density and velocity measurements have been carried out in pressure-atomized spray flames using phase/Doppler interferometry. Four fuels with different physical properties were studied, namely n -heptane, methanol, 50/50 methanol/1-dodecanol mixture, and kerosene. The results indicate that droplet mean size and velocity are influenced primarily by the fuel viscosity. No detectable trend could be attributed to changes in surface tension. Fuel volatility seems to have some effect on the spray flame structure, especially in the methanol flame. Flame luminosity is found to increase with increasing C/H ratio and fuel heating value. Droplet size and velocity distributions near the nozzle are found to be quite broad, and include regions of negative velocities. Some evidence has also been found to indicate the occurrence of microexplosions in the methanol/dodecanol mixture flame.
Double lumen esophagus: Presentation of esophagogastric fistula, a rare complication of fundoplication

A double lumen of the distal esophagus, a presentation of an esophagogastric fistula, was found in a patient who previously had an esophageal ulcer following a Nissen fundoplication. Only one other patient in our endoscopic experience of 24 years and 37,808 endoscopies has had this complication. Another patient was found to have an esophagogastric fistula, but it was associated with carcinoma. By contrast, in the 490 patients who had a Nissen fundoplication performed from 1960 to 1983, 23 (4.7%) developed an endoscopically proven esophageal ulcer. Therefore, although a double-lumen esophagus is a rare complication after a Nissen fundoplication, ulceration uncomplicated by an esophagogastric fistula is more common. Presenting symptoms of an esophagogastric fistula may be variable, but our patient, as well as two previous case reports, had dysphagia. The diagnosis is suggested radiologically and established endoscopically.
Rapid Rewiring of Arcuate Nucleus Feeding Circuits by Leptin

The fat-derived hormone leptin regulates energy balance in part by modulating the activity of neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. To study the intrinsic activity of these neurons and their responses to leptin, we generated mice that express distinct green fluorescent proteins in these two neuronal types. Leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice differed from wild-type mice in the numbers of excitatory and inhibitory synapses and postsynaptic currents onto neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin neurons. When leptin was delivered systemically to ob/ob mice, the synaptic density rapidly normalized, an effect detectable within 6 hours, several hours before leptin's effect on food intake. These data suggest that leptin-mediated plasticity in the ob/ob hypothalamus may underlie some of the hormone's behavioral effects.
A modeling study of shelf circulation off northern California in the region of the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment: Response to relaxation of upwelling winds

[1] A two-part modeling study of the wind-forced flow on the continental shelf off northern California in the region (37°–40°N) of the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) is pursued. This paper involves a process-oriented study with idealized wind stress forcing. Gan and Allen [2002] involves forcing with observed winds and heat flux for April–May 1982 and comparison of model results with CODE observations. A characteristic, but previously unexplained, response observed during CODE following the weakening, or relaxation, of southward upwelling favorable winds is the time-dependent development of northward currents over the inner shelf next to the coast. The presence of northward winds is not necessary for this occurrence. The objective in this paper is to investigate the dynamics of the shelf flow response to upwelling wind relaxation events under idealized conditions. In the basic case experiment a spatially uniform upwelling favorable southward wind stress of 0.1 Pa is applied to the ocean initially at rest. The stress is held constant for 10 days and then decreased linearly to zero over 3 days. In response to the southward wind stress, southward alongshore currents develop on the shelf accompanied by upwelling of cold, dense water near the coast. Considerable spatial variability in the shelf flow, clearly related to the alongshore variations in coastline and bottom topography, is found. The alongshore currents tend to separate from the coast south of capes, and the coldest surface water is found at those locations. As the winds decrease, northward currents, similar to those observed, develop on the inner shelf next to the coast at many alongshore locations. Examination of the alongshore momentum balances shows that the northward currents are forced by a northward pressure gradient force associated with negative alongshore pressure gradients. These pressure gradients are set up by the interaction of the wind-forced flow with the alongshore variations in shelf topography. In general, negative alongshore pressure gradients, intensified off Pt. Reyes and Pt. Arena by the gradient wind balance, are found south of capes. The negative pressure gradients geostrophically balance onshore flow at depth, and upwelling is strengthened in these locations. North of capes, positive pressure gradients that are primarily in balance with nonlinear advective effects are found. After the winds cease the forced across-shelf circulation weakens, and the resulting unbalanced negative pressure gradients south of the capes accelerate the alongshore currents northward. Processes with similar dynamics are found embedded in the more complex coastal ocean response to observed time varying winds by Gan and Allen [2002].
HEAT TRANSFER IN LIQUID-METAL COOLED FAST REACTORS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the heat transfer mechanism in liquid-metal cooled fast reactors. Heat transfer problems play an important role in the development of the liquid-metal fast breeder concept. The primary design limitations for the fuel rating in a 1000 MWe LMFBR are that the fuel does not melt under steady-state overpower conditions and that the fuel cladding will maintain its integrity throughout the fuel pin lifetime. Another mechanism that normally defines the limiting value for the fuel element design and the limiting temperatures is the combination of creep and strain cycling, which results in a certain type of thermal ratcheting. This leads to failure above a certain strain limited by irradiation effects. Most design studies for large commercial LMFBRs call for single barrier units that have the advantage of simplicity and lower initial cost. Although lower initial costs may be achieved, a sacrifice of reliability leading to significant unscheduled outage could result in high operating expenses.
Adolescent girls perceptions of the timing of their sexual initiation: "too young" or "just right"?

Abstract Purpose To examine variables associated with adolescent girls' perceptions of the timing of their first consensual intercourse. Methods One hundred seventy-four primarily African-American adolescent girls, aged 12 to 15 years participated in a 3-year longitudinal study of psychosexual development. Seventy-three percent reported being sexually experienced by the end of the study. They were asked whether they believed their age of initiation was “too young,” “too old,” or “just right.” A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to evaluate predictors of perception of timing of first consensual intercourse. Results Ninety-nine (78%) said that they were “too young” and 28 (22%) said that their age had been “just right.” The results of the final GEE model indicated that variables associated with perceiving age of first consensual intercourse as “just right” included younger chronological age, an older age of first consensual intercourse, endorsement of being “in love” as a reason for first consensual intercourse, greater indirect parental monitoring (vs. “none” or “direct parental monitoring”), and a higher level of education for mothers. Conclusions Most of these adolescents thought their age of initiation was too young. Factors associated with perceiving the timing of consensual intercourse as “just right” are similar to those reported in the literature to be associated with delaying the initiation of consensual intercourse.
Statistical Thermodynamics of Two-Dimensional Fluids of Solid Nanoparticles

The second virial coefficient-based statistical thermodynamics of a diluted fluid of rigid particles of regular polygonal shape is discussed. Analytical expressions for the second virial coefficient, surface tension, isothermal compressibility and isothermal speed of sound are derived in this approximation. The obtained results provide analytical guidelines for numerical simulations and modeling studies of two-dimensional (2D) particulate fluids (thin films) widely used in processing of model (nano)composite materials and other technological processes.
UTILIZING THE NATURAL INTERESTS OF CHILDREN TO MOTIVATE THE STUDY OF FRENCH

ONE of the great barriers that is encountered in teaching a modern language to little Americans, is the fact that many of them see no need, and consequently no use for what they are learning. Outside the class room the majority are too far removed from any contact with a foreign language to be actively aware of its reality. Few of our children ever hear French spoken outside of school. In few homes are they ever confronted with foreign books, for though their parents before them may have studied French in school, how pathetically rare are those who ever made their school training function in any actual reading of French books either for pleasure or for the acquisition of knowledge. And so the teacher of French always faces the necessity of trying to make her subject real to American children. Years of experience have proved that with young students the learning of set lessons in a book seldom leads to anything more. The lesson of that type is learned because it has been assigned, and is part of the school routine, but there the matter ends. The information acquired ceases to function at the class room door,it has not vitality enough to carry over the threshold of the French room, and the child shuffles off the extra mental impedimenta as he rushes off to interests more vital to him. The problem is to present French in such a way that it will enter into the personal life of the child and become one of his cherished acquisitions, instead of just one of the school things that he leaves behind him at three o'clock.
Regulation of Kainate Receptor Subunit mRNA by Stress and Corticosteroids in the Rat Hippocampus

Kainate receptors are a class of ionotropic glutamate receptors that have a role in the modulation of glutamate release and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal formation. Previous studies have implicated corticosteroids in the regulation of these receptors and recent clinical work has shown that polymorphisms in kainate receptor subunit genes are associated with susceptibility to major depression and response to anti-depressant treatment. In the present study we sought to examine the effects of chronic stress and corticosteroid treatments upon the expression of the mRNA of kainate receptor subunits GluR5-7 and KA1-2. Our results show that, after 7 days, adrenalectomy results in increased expression of hippocampal KA1, GluR6 and GluR7 mRNAs, an effect which is reversed by treatment with corticosterone in the case of KA1 and GluR7 and by aldosterone treatment in the case of GluR6. 21 days of chronic restraint stress (CRS) elevated the expression of the KA1 subunit, but had no effect on the expression of the other subunits. Similarly, 21 days of treatment with a moderate dose of corticosterone also increased KA1 mRNA in the dentate gyrus, whereas a high corticosterone dose has no effect. Our results suggest an interaction between hippocampal kainate receptor composition and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and show a selective chronic stress induced modulation of the KA1 subunit in the dentate gyrus and CA3 that has implications for stress-induced adaptive structural plasticity.
Comparison of Semiclassical and Quantum-Mechanical Coulomb Excitation Integrals for Large L

Semiclassical and quantum-mechanical integrals occurring in the theory of Coulomb excitation are compared in the limit of distant collisions which corresponds to setting the usual parameter $\ensuremath{\eta}=0$. The integrals are expanded in powers of the energy of excitation and are found to agree up to and including those of second order, provided the geometric mean of the initial and final energy is used in the semiclassical calculation. The results are generalized to include an arbitrary power law for the dependence of the interaction energy on radius. The agreement remains unchanged.
Measuring Kinetics of DNA Cleavage with Single Molecule Resolution

We have developed a simple and robust assay for observing the cleavage of DNAs with single molecule sensitivity. DNAs are attached to a surface at one end using a digoxigenin-antibody link and to a magnetic micro bead at the other end via a biotin-streptavidin link. The DNAs are stretched by applying fluid drag and magnetic forces. The exact time of cleavage of individual DNAs is recorded with video microscopy by observing the time of disappearance of each bead. We have applied this technique to measure the kinetics of DNA cleavage by type II restriction enzymes.
Law of the wall for turbulent boundary layers in compressible flow.

A similarity law is proposed for the wall region of turbulent boundary layers in compressible flow along adiabatic walls. The proposed law of the wall is rather closely related to the law of the wall resulting from Coles' transformation theory of turbulent boundary layers in compressible flow. The present analysis deviates from the one given by Coles in that no use is made of Howarth-Dorodnitsyn variables. A specific aspect of the similarity analysis is illustrated through the derivation of a hypersonic law of the wall.
Library technology centers and community building: Yale University library electronic text center

This article discusses the various communities that have contributed to the evolution of the Yale University Library Electronic Text Center (ETC). University groups currently benefiting from the ETC‘s services are discussed, as are those who potentially may benefit from ETC services in the future. Also considered are departments and organizations contributing to or influencing the center‘s services. A central theme of the article is the evolution of the ETC from a center for the support of electronic texts in the humanities, to an electronic resource center providing support in the creation of Web resources.
An explorer and surveyor

Hermann Weyl made prescient contributions to both mathematics and physics, but also strove to understand reality as a whole.
An evaluation of pore structure by mercury penetration

Abstract The pore structure of graded series of controlled pore glasses and Nuclepore membranes—both materials having pores with right-cylinder characteristics—were assessed by electron microscopy and mercury penetration. From comparisons of results, parameters in mercury penetration theory were evaluated, the correction for compressibility was examined, the cause of hysteresis was explored, and the general accuracy of the technique was appraised.
Single-parameter characterization of the thermal equilibrium density profile for intense non-neutral charged particle beams

The present analysis considers an intense non-neutral ion beam with characteristic axial velocity ${V}_{b}={\ensuremath{\beta}}_{b}c$ and directed kinetic energy $({\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{b}\ensuremath{-}1){m}_{b}{c}^{2}$ propagating in the $z$ direction through an applied focusing field which produces a transverse focusing force ${\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{foc}}=\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{b}{m}_{b}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\beta}b}^{2}(x{\stackrel{^}{\mathbf{e}}}_{x}+y{\stackrel{^}{\mathbf{e}}}_{y})$ on a beam ion (smooth focusing approximation). For a thermal equilibrium distribution function ${F}_{b}({H}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{0})\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\mathrm{const}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}{H}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{0}/{T}_{b})$, it is shown that the normalized radial density profile $\ensuremath{\pi}{r}_{b}^{2}{n}_{b}^{0}(r)/{N}_{b}$, plotted as a function of $r/{r}_{b}$, depends on a single dimensionless parameter, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{b}={N}_{b}{Z}_{b}^{2}{e}^{2}/2{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{b}^{2}{T}_{b}$, which is a measure of the normalized beam intensity. Here, ${N}_{b}\ensuremath{\equiv}\ensuremath{\int}\mathrm{dxdy}{n}_{b}^{0}(r)$ is the number of beam ions per unit axial length and ${r}_{b}^{2}\ensuremath{\equiv}{N}_{b}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\int}\mathrm{dxdy}{r}^{2}{n}_{b}^{0}(r)$ is the mean-square beam radius. ``Universal'' profiles for the beam density are presented for a wide range of system parameters. The present results are readily extended to the case of a cylindrical non-neutral plasma column confined by a uniform axial magnetic field ${B}_{0}{\stackrel{^}{\mathbf{e}}}_{z}$.
Regulation and dysregulation of vitellogenin mRNA accumulation in daphnids (Daphnia magna)

The induction of vitellogenin in oviparous vertebrates has become the gold standard biomarker of exposure to estrogenic chemicals in the environment. This biomarker of estrogen exposure also has been used in arthropods, however, little is known of the factors that regulate the expression of vitellogenin in these organisms. We investigated changes in accumulation of mRNA products of the vitellogenin gene Vtg2 in daphnids (Daphnia magna) exposed to a diverse array of chemicals. We further evaluated the involvement of hormonal factors in the regulation of vitellogenin expression that may be targets of xenobiotic chemicals. Expression of the Vtg2 gene was highly responsive to exposure to various chemicals with an expression range spanning approximately four orders of magnitude. Chemicals causing the greatest induction were piperonyl butoxide, chlordane, 4-nonylphenol, cadmium, and chloroform. Among these, only 4-nonylphenol is recognized to be estrogenic. Exposure to several chemicals also suppressed Vtg2 mRNA levels, as much as 100-fold. Suppressive chemicals included cyproterone acetate, acetone, triclosan, and atrazine. Exposure to the estrogens diethylstilbestrol and bisphenol A had little effect on vitellogenin mRNA levels further substantiating that these genes are not induced by estrogen exposure. Exposure to the potent ecdysteroids 20-hydroxyecdysone and ponasterone A revealed that Vtg2 was subject to strong suppressive control by these hormones. Vtg2 mRNA levels were not significantly affected from exposure to several juvenoid hormones. Results indicate that ecdysteroids are suppressors of vitellogenin gene expression and that vitellogenin mRNA levels can be elevated or suppressed in daphnids by xenobiotics that elicit antiecdysteroidal or ecdysteroidal activity, respectively. Importantly, daphnid Vtg2 is not elevated in response to estrogenic activity.
Interpolation by Radial Basis Functions on Sobolev Space

Interpolation by translates of suitable radial basis functions is an important approach towards solving the scattered data problem. However, for a large class of smooth basis functions (including multiquadrics @f(x)=(|x|^2+@l^2)^m^-^d^/^2, m>d/2, 2m-d@?2Z), the existing theories guarantee the interpolant to approximate well only for a very small class of very smooth approximands. The approximands f need to be extremely smooth. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to study the behavior of interpolation by smooth radial basis functions on larger spaces, especially on the homogeneous Sobolev spaces.
Retinal Oxygen Saturation and Metabolism: How does it Pertain to Glaucoma? An Update on the Application of Retinal Oximetry in Glaucoma:

PurposeTo discuss the techniques and mechanisms of retinal oximetry with a focus on utilization of retinal oximetry in the assessment of retinal oxygen saturation in glaucoma.MethodsWe reviewed rec...
BESTDOSE and RANGES: Two Computer Programs for Determining the Optimal Dose in Diagnostic Dose Tests

Two computer programs were assembled from the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) library to calculate conditions under which diagnostic dose tests would be likely to detect resistance. The first, BESTDOSE, generates the value of power and the dose at which the highest power of the statistical test for resistance can be expected. The second version, RANGES, provides the values of power over a range of doses. Together, these two programs can be used to decide whether use of the diagnostic dose approach has a reasonable chance of detecting insecticide resistance in a field population.
Vibration-rotation theory and isotopic substitution in nonlinear triatomic molecules

Abstract In the interpretation of high-resolution data it is helpful to be able to relate the experimentally determined molecular constants, such as rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants, and vibration-rotation interaction constants of a given molecule to those of its isotopically substituted variants. Results concerning the symmetric nonlinear triatomic molecule (XYX) have been given through the second order of approximation by previous workers. In this paper, extensions of the work to the fourth order of approximation and to the nonsymmetric nonlinear triatomic molecule (XYZ) are considered. These extensions are found to increase the algebraic complexity of the problem considerably, and results can generally be given in implicit form only. The approach used is one that emphasizes the isotopic invariants of the problem, i.e., those expressions which remain unchanged when applied to the various isotopic modifications of a given molecule under the assumption that the molecular force field and the molecular geometry remain unchanged under isotopic substitution.
The role of deprotonation of the ligand on the structures of metal phosphonates: synthesis, characterization and crystal structures of two new metal diphosphonates with a 1D double chain and a 2D layer structure

Reactions of N-methyl-iminobis(methylenephosphonic acid), CH3N(CH2PO3H2)2, (H4L) with divalent metal nitrates in aqueous solution afforded two new metal diphosphonates with different structures. Zn(H2L)(H2O) (1) features a 1D double chain built from ZnO4 tetrahedra cross-linked by bridging phosphonate groups and ligands. Each zinc cation is tetrahedrally coordinated by three phosphonate oxygen atoms from three ligands and an aqua ligand. These double chains are interconnected into a layer through N–H⋯O and O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In Cd(H3L)2·2H2O (2) the Cd(II) ion is octahedrally coordinated by six phosphonate oxygen atoms from four ligands, two of them in a bidentate and two in a unidentate fashion. Each CdO6 octahedron is further linked to four neighboring CdO6 octahedra through four bridging phosphonate groups, resulting in a two-dimensional metal phosphonate (002) layer. These layers are held together by strong hydrogen bonds between uncoordinated phosphonate oxygen atoms. The effect of the extent of deprotonation of phosphonic acids on the type of complex formed is discussed.
Stem cells: Keeping BMP signaling local

In stem cell niches, the spatial extent of growth factor signaling needs to be tightly controlled. A new study on the Drosophila testicular germline stem cell niche has revealed that BMP signaling is locally activated through linkage to adherens junctions.
Phase Separation and Surfactant Stratification in Styrene/n-Butyl Acrylate Copolymer and Latex Blend Films. 17. A Spectroscopic Study†

These studies focus on behavior of sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (SDOSS) surfactant molecules in styrerie/n-butyl acrylate (Sty/n-BA) copolymers and blended latexes. Using a combination of IR and Raman spectroscopic and microanalytical techniques, not only stratification of SDOSS surfactant molecules across latex film thickness can be assessed, but also the effect of latex composition on coalescence can be analyzed. For Sty/n-BA latex copolymers, SDOSS···H20, SDOSS···COOH associations, and free SDOSS are formed at the film−air (F−A) interface and exhibit nonuniform distributions across the film thickness. However, for p-Sty/p-nBA latex polymer blends, SDOSS is distributed uniformly at the F−A interface, and its concentration levels are significantly lower when compared to Sty/n-BA copolymer latexes. These studies show that, while step-scan photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared (SS-PAS FT-IR) and attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FT-IR are effective depth profiling methods for latex. films, FT-IR and FT...
Micron-Scale Patterning of Conjugated Polymers on Microcontact Printed Patterns of Self-Assembled Monolayers

Self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols on gold inhibit the electrooxidative deposition of polypyrrole and polyaniline. Oxidation of aniline at an electrode modified with μm-scale regions of ethanethiol and 12-aminododecanethiol results in selective deposition of polyaniline on the hydrophobic short chain alkanethiol.