cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activity of dopamine-containing substantia nigra neurons in freely moving cats.

Abstract The present series of studies examined the activity of presumed dopamine-containing neurons in the substantia nigra of freely moving cats. These neurons were found to have a slow (1–9 spikes/sec) discharge rate, unusually long duration action potentials (2–4 msec) and frequently fired in bursts with progressive decreases in the amplitude of the action potential within the burst. These neurons showed no significant change in their activity across the sleep-waking cycle, and showed no changes in activity with phasic movement. Most units were unresponsive to olfactory, noxious, tactile, auditory and visual stimulation, when unit activity was integrated over several seconds following stimulus presentation. However, phasic auditory and visual stimuli produced a period of excitation lasting approximately 120 msec after a delay of about 80 msec. The period of excitation was followed by a period of inhibition lasting approximately 60 msec. Presumed dopamine-containing substantia nigra units showed no significant circadian changes in activity. The firing rates of these units were inhibited by dopamine agonists, including the direct-acting agonist, apomorphine, the dopamine precursor, L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, a dopamine releasing agent, d-amphetamine, and a dopamine reuptake blocker, bupropion, and were excited by a dopamine receptor blocker, haloperidol. Thus, these neurons show many similarities to dopamine units recorded in anesthetized rats; however, they showed several notable differences as well. Recording the activity of these units in behaving animals allows one to examine behavioral correlates of unit activity. Furthermore, the data (sensory stimulation, pharmacological, etc.) obtained in the unanesthetized preparation are far more relevant to the physiological and pharmacological effects that may occur in humans.
Drug court implementation: An empirical assessment of court procedure on offender program completion

Drug court program implementation is accomplished according to the principles of Therapeutic Jurisprudence theory. Procedures such as the judicial monitoring of cases are designed to assist offenders by keeping them engaged in drug treatment rather than to punish them for program noncompliance or slips in treatment. This study empirically identifies the court's consensus over Therapeutic Jurisprudence implementation practices and quantitatively assesses the impact those practices have on an offender's ability to complete the drug court program. Research findings indicate that the court under review operates according to Therapeutic Jurisprudence and plays a statistically significant role in helping offenders to succeed in their one‐year drug treatment program.
Symmetry and spin density functional theory

Abstract It is proposed that density functional theory be made invariant under rotations in the spin space of all of the electrons. Such a constraint requires the fundamental variables of nonrelativistic density functional theory be altered from spin-up and spin-down densities to the total density and the scalar product of the total spin-polarization vector. The assumption that the universal density functional expression for exchange in the absence of spin polarization has all the symmetries of the exact exchange-energy functional is investigated. To possess all symmetries the expression must be linear in the square of the density and the square of the three components of the spin-polarization vector. Partial satisfaction of these symmetry requirements for the Xα expression for exchange leads to dramatically different behavior. The unique 4/3 power of the density and magnitude of the spin-polarization functional has such a strong spin dependence that it is mathematical unstable in the sense of having a multitude of solutions for fixed orbital occupations. A second rotationally invariant expression identical to that of Xα in the diamagnetic and completely ferromagnetic limits has a tendency towards spin polarization that goes to zero cubicly when the spin polarization is small. The latter is investigated for atomic lithium, nickel and the nickel dimer.
“Si tu savais”: The Gay/Transgendered Sensibility of Kate Chopin’s The Awakening

Robert Lebrun, a young and handsome but girlfriendless courtier of (usually) married women, who spends every summer vacation with his mother, and Mademoiselle Reisz, a celibate, misanthropic pianis...
Examples of transvesicular reactions

Abstract The oxidation of vesicle-entrapped Ellman's anion ( 1 ) by exovesicular o -iodosobenzoate ion ( 2 ) is a permeation-limited, transvesicular reaction; transvesicular esterolyses reactions are also illustrated.
Structure of a high temperature phase of potassium dideuteriophosphate (DKDP)

Abstract We previously determined the crystal structures of the high temperature phases of KH2PO4 [J.A. Subramony, S. Lovell, B. Kahr, Chem. Mater. 10 (1998) 2053. [6] ]. These triclinic and monoclinic phases were obtained by heating the room temperature tetragonal form until new crystal phases were identified by polarization microscopy. These samples were subsequently cooled to room temperature thereby preserving the metastable high temperature phases for analysis. KD2PO4 is distinct from KH2PO4 in that it crystallizes at room temperature in a monoclinic phase unknown for its isotopomer, therefore the question as to whether it would support the corresponding high temperature phases remained open until our report here of the transformation of monoclinic KD2PO4 to an isomorphous triclinic high temperature phase: space group P 1 ¯ with a=7.475(1) A, b=7.440(1) A, c=7.184(1) A, α=88.53(1) A, β=86.81(1)°, γ=88.09(1)°, V=398.58 A3. This is the first known high temperature phase of DKDP, a material coveted at room temperature for its optical properties.
Iron-Sulfur Cluster Biosynthesis THERMATOGA MARITIMA IscU IS A STRUCTURED IRON-SULFUR CLUSTER ASSEMBLY PROTEIN

Genetic evidence has indicated that Isc proteins play an important role in iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. In particular, IscU is believed to serve as a scaffold for the assembly of a nascent iron-sulfur cluster that is subsequently delivered to target iron-sulfur apoproteins. We report the characterization of an IscU fromThermatoga maritima, an evolutionarily ancient hyperthermophilic bacterium. The stabilizing influence of a D40A substitution allowed characterization of the holoprotein. Mossbauer (δ = 0.29 ± 0.03 mm/s, ΔEQ = 0.58 ± 0.03 mm/s), UV-visible absorption, and circular dichroism studies of the D40A protein show that T. maritima IscU coordinates a [2Fe-2S]2+ cluster. Thermal denaturation experiments demonstrate that T. maritima IscU is a thermally stable protein with a thermally unstable cluster. This is also the first IscU type domain that is demonstrated to possess a high degree of secondary and tertiary structure. CD spectra indicate 36.7% α-helix, 13.1% antiparallel β-sheet, 11.3% parallel β-sheet, 20.2% β-turn, and 19.1% other at 20 °C, with negligible spectral change observed at 70 °C. Cluster coordination also has no effect on the secondary structure of the protein. The dispersion of signals in1H-15N heteronuclear single quantum correlation NMR spectra of wild type and D40A IscU supports the presence of significant tertiary structure for the apoprotein, consistent with a scaffolding role, and is in marked contrast to other low molecular weight Fe-S proteins where cofactor coordination is found to be necessary for proper protein folding. Consistent with the observed sequence homology and proposed conservation of function for IscU-type proteins, we demonstrate T. maritimaIscU-mediated reconstitution of human apoferredoxin.
Modeling microstructural effects on Barkhausen effect signals in surface-modified magnetic materials

The relationships between the Barkhausen effect (BE) model parameters and the microstructure of a series of steel samples with various dislocation densities were examined. The steel samples were obtained from an induction-hardened steel rod at different depths. Results indicate that the BE model parameters are inversely proportional to the pinning coefficient k which characterizes the domain wall pinning strength and is dependent on dislocation density. The domain wall pinning strength was determined by simulating the measured hysteresis loops using the energetic hysteresis model.
Analysis of a Knotless Flexor Tendon Repair Using a Multifilament Stainless Steel Cable-Crimp System

Purpose To compare the biomechanical and technical properties of flexor tendon repairs using a 4-strand cruciate FiberWire (FW) repair and a 2-strand multifilament stainless steel (MFSS) single cross-lock cable-crimp system. Methods Eight tests were conducted for each type of repair using cadaver hand flexor digitorum profundus tendons. We measured the required surgical exposure, repair time, and force of flexion (friction) with a custom motor system with an inline load cell and measured ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and 2-mm gap force on a servo-hydraulic testing machine. Results Repair time averaged less than 7 minutes for the 2-strand MFSS cable crimp repairs and 12 minutes for the FW repairs. The FW repair was performed with 2 cm of exposure and removal of the C-1 and A-3 pulleys. The C-1 and A-3 pulleys were retained in each of the MFSS cable crimp repairs with less than 1 cm of exposure. Following the FW repair, the average increase in friction was 89% compared with an average of 53% for the MFSS repairs. Six of the 8 MFSS specimens achieved the UTS before any gap had occurred, whereas all of the FW repairs had more than 2 mm of gap before the UTS, indicating that the MFSS was a stiffer repair. The average UTS appeared similar for both groups. Conclusions We describe a 2-strand multifilament stainless steel single cross-lock cable crimp flexor repair system. In our studies of this cable crimp system, we found that surgical exposure, average repair times, and friction were reduced compared to the traditional 4-strand cruciate FW repair. While demonstrating these benefits, the crimp repair also produced a stiff construct and high UTS and 2-mm gap force. Clinical relevance A cable crimp flexor tendon repair may offer an attractive alternative to current repair methods. The benefits may be important especially for flexor tendon repair in zone 2 or for the repair of multiple tendons.
Transitioning from service providers to information managers and product innovators: evolving roles for professional technical communicators

Professional technical communicators are often viewed in the field as service providers, with the primary responsibility for the design, development, and production of product support manuals. With the emergence of the information society, however, business organizations are beginning to emphasize the effective management and use of abstract information and knowledge rather than directly processing, manufacturing, or delivering tangible products. To achieve increased recognition, status, and legitimacy in this new environment, practitioners must begin to be perceived as information manipulators. Both academia and industry practitioners need to combine efforts to identify educational strategies that expand the traditional boundaries of the technical communication discipline and prepare technical communicators for multidisciplinary value-added contributions.
Cyclopropanealanine and cyclopropaneglycine, inhibitory analogs of leucine and valine

Abstract Cyclopropanealanine is an effective inhibitor of growth of Escherichia coli and is competitive with leucine. Either α-ketoisocaproate or α-hydroxyisocaproate raises the inhibition index; other reversing agents do not. In the presence of added leucine, α-ketoisocaproate is the most potent reversing agent in the study, being more effective, even than an equal increment of l -leucine. Cyclopropanealanine can participate in the ATP-P 32 P i exchange catalyzed by leucyl-RNA synthetase. The inhibition of growth by cyclopropaneglycine is noncompetitively reversed by valine alone or in mixtures with other reversing agents. This analog can participate in the ATP-P 32 P i exchange catalyzed by either valyl-RNA synthetase or leucyl-RNA synthetase.
Tunable narrow-band filters using chirped fiber Bragg gratings placed in loop mirror configuration

A novel simple passive narrow-band tunable filter using chirped fiber Bragg gratings in loop mirror is proposed. The filters have 3-dB bandwidth of approximately 7% of the grating bandwidth. Bandpass and notch filter characteristics are available at the device output terminals.
Research note: Measuring the globalization of knowledge: The case of community informatics

Freely accessible online, with a wide set of authors and a wider readership, First Monday can be seen as striving for global knowledge on the social aspects of the Internet. In a meta-analysis now underway, we found First Monday to be the third most prolific journal on a particular subject: local communities’ uses of information technology. Our study also sheds some light on what constitutes global knowledge. The data suggests that a synthesis of English-language published knowledge is a first step. It points to a bigger agenda: reaching into the world’s local settings in a proportionate and representative way. That would mean publishers outside the U.S. and U.K.; scholars in other countries; and studies in other languages. This is what it would take to learn from all our cultures and countries.
First demonstration of a GaInP/GaAs HBT microwave oscillator

A GaInP/GaAs HBT YIG oscillator tunable from 6 to 9 GHz is presented. The HBT used in this circuit has an f/sub T/ and f/sub max/ of 42 and 33 GHz respectively. At 7.8 GHz, the phase noise of the oscillator was -85 dBc/Hz when offset from the carrier by 10 kHz. The phase noise of the present oscillator compares well with the phase noise results of other AlGaAs/GaAs HBT oscillators. >
Effects of Unsymmetrical Stability Derivative Characteristics on Re-Entry Vehicle Trim Angle Behavior

A quasi-steady analytical theory is developed to investigate the effects that unsymmetrical stability derivative characteristics can have on the trim angle behavior of slender rolling re-entry vehicles. For mass, aerodynamic, and inertia asymmetries, the predicted trim angle behavior patterns are more unstable near resonance than are the well-known patterns displayed by vehicles with symmetrical stability derivative characteristics. Near the resonances, small asymmetries in the static moment slope characteristics are shown to cause large, sometimes unbounded increases in trim magnification and jump discontinuities in windward meridian position. The analytically predicted trends are verified by six-degree-of-freedom numerical simulations.
Classical-logic analogue of a fuzzy "paradox"

One of the main reasons why classical logic is not always the most adequate tool for describing human knowledge is that in many real-life situations, we have some arguments in favor of a certain statement A and some arguments in favor of its negation -A. As a result, we want to consider both A and -A to be (to some extent) true. Classical logic does not allow us to do that, while in fuzzy logic, if the degree of belief in A is different from 0 and 1, then we have a positive degree of belief in a statement A&-A. In classical logic, A&-A is always false, so, when we get both A and -A in classical logic (a paradox), this means that something was wrong. In view of that, the fact that A&-A is possible in fuzzy logic, is viewed by some logicians as a "paradox" of fuzzy logic. In this paper, we show that in classical logic, although we cannot directly have A&-A, we can, in some sense, have confidence in both A and -A. In other words, we show that what classical logicians consider a fuzzy paradox has a direct analogue in classical logic.
A MONTE CARLO STUDY OF CARBON MONOXIDE LAYERS ADSORBED ON IONIC SUBSTRATES: STRUCTURES AND PHASE TRANSITIONS

The adsorption of CO on NaCl(100) at monolayer, submonolayer and multilayer coverages, and on LiF(100) at monolayer coverage were studied. The Metropolis Monte Carlo method was used to study the structures of the overlayers and to characterize the phase transitions. The simulations were performed in the temperature range from 1K to 75K. At low temperature and monolayer coverage, both of these systems form ordered phases that become disordered as the temperature is increased. For the CO/NaCl system the estimated transition temperature is between 32K and 35K whereas for CO/LiF a temperature between 40K to 45K is estimated. Below the transition temperatures, both systems have an ordered p(2x1) type structure due to correlated azimuthal orientations. The ordered phases have two molecules per unit cell connected by a glide plane. In the CO/NaCl case the projections of the molecular axes upon the surface are antiparallel. We find that in monolayer of CO/NaCl the molecules are tilted by about 27A whereas larger tilt angle (k V 44A) is observed in a monolayer CO/LiF. At high temperatures, both systems undergo a phase transition to an azimuthally disordered p(1x1) phase, i.e. one with no preferred orientation in the surface plane. Yet on average, the molecular axes remain tilted with the surface normal. Evidence for a continuous order-disorder phase transition is found in the form of a characteristic divergence of the heat capacity and susceptibility within the estimated transition temperature range. Coverages of less than a monolayer of the CO/NaCl system have also been studied. The CO molecules are found to aggregate and form islands with an ordered structure in the middle of the islands. Apparently, these islands also undergo an order-disorder transition but at lower temperatures. At high temperatures, gas-solid coexistence in two dimensions is also observed. Simulations of adsorption of multilayer systems are found to destabilize the p(2x1) phase of the bottom layer in favour of a p(1x1) structure with the upper layers adopting the correct orientational ordering of the bulk solid I-CO. Nonetheless, the molecules fail to form a correct head-to-tail ordering as in the bulk structure. Preliminary results show that the ability to adopt the correct bulk structure depends upon the number of the layers present in the system. The more layers the system has the better chance the system has to adopt the correct head-to-tail ordering.
Investigation of the effects of a compliant surface on boundary-layer stability

Some of the effects of a passive, single-layer, viscoelastic compliant surface on the stability of a Blasius boundary layer were investigated in a low-turbulence wind tunnel. Measurements of the wavelength and growth rates of vibrating-ribbon-excited harmonic waves were made by hot-wire anemometry. The data for three compliant surfaces with different shear moduli, material damping coefficients, and thicknesses were compared to rigid-surface data. The flow-induced surface displacements were measured using an electro-optic displacement transducer. The results show that the growth rates of unstable Tollmien-Schlichting waves, and the extent of the unstable region in the (F, R δ* )-plane are reduced over the compliant surfaces relative to those over a rigid surface with the absence of flow-induced surface instabilities. The suppression of the Tollmien-Schlichting waves is accompanied by a surface motion driven by the flow field at the excitation frequency. The experimental results suggest that a delay of the onset to turbulence is possible in air by using appropriately tuned surface characteristics. Further experiments are needed to study the three-dimensional disturbance mode, the flow-induced surface instabilities and the breakdown process
A simple thermal-mechanical model for mid-ocean ridge topographic variation

Summary. A simple dynamic model, based on the geometry of mantle divergence and thermal parameters controlling equilibrium size of the axial magma chamber, explains the variation in topography along mid-ocean ridges. Among morphological characters accounted for are: (1) the change from axial-valley to axial-high type ridge crests with increasing spreading rate, (2) the localized occurrence of deeps at ridge-transform intersections, and (3) the correlation of average transform spacing with spreading rate. The model also yields an explanation for anomalous ridge topography associated with oceanic hot spots. Incorporation of smaller-scale bathymetric and ophiolite data into this scheme permits construction of a comprehensive model of ocean crust accretion.
Using a neural/fuzzy system to extract heuristic knowledge of incipient faults in induction motors. Part I-Methodology

The use of electric motors in industry is extensive. These motors are exposed to a wide variety of environments and conditions which age the motor and make it subject to incipient faults. These incipient faults, if left undetected, contribute to the degradation and eventual failure of the motors. Artificial neural networks have been proposed and have demonstrated the capability of solving the motor monitoring and fault detection problem using an inexpensive, reliable, and noninvasive procedure. However, the major drawback of conventional artificial neural network fault detection is the inherent black box approach that can provide the correct solution, but does not provide heuristic interpretation of the solution. Engineers prefer accurate fault detection as well as the heuristic knowledge behind the fault detection process. Fuzzy logic is a technology that can easily provide heuristic reasoning while being difficult to provide exact solutions. The authors introduce the methodology behind a novel hybrid neural/fuzzy system which merges the neural network and fuzzy logic technologies to solve fault detection problems. They also discuss a training procedure for this neural/fuzzy fault detection system. This procedure is used to determine the correct solutions while providing qualitative, heuristic knowledge about the solutions. >
Selective Janus Particle Assembly at Tipping Points of Thermally‐Switched Wetting

Thermal wetting can simply, selectively and reversibly join patchy particles into clusters (2D and 3D) and also colloidal crystals over the narrow temperature range of 1–2 °C. This is demonstrated with Janus particles (gold half-coated silica spheres) immersed in a binary mixture of water/2,6-lutidine, such that the relative strength of gold–gold bonding through hydrophobic interaction and silica–silica bonding through the wetting-induced attraction is reversibly switched according to temperature.
The Contribution of Thermally-pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch and Red Supergiant Stars to the Luminosities of the Magellanic Clouds at 1-24 μm

We present the near-through mid-infrared flux contribution of thermally-pulsing asymptotic giant branch (TP-AGB) and massive red supergiant (RSG) stars to the luminosities of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (LMC and SMC, respectively). Combined, the peak contribution from these cool evolved stars occurs at ~3-4 μm, where they produce 32% of the SMC light, and 25% of the LMC flux. The TP-AGB star contribution also peaks at ~3-4 μm and amounts to 21% in both galaxies. The contribution from RSG stars peaks at shorter wavelengths, 2.2 μm, where they provide 11% of the SMC flux, and 7% for the LMC. Both TP-AGB and RSG stars are short lived, and thus potentially impose a large stochastic scatter on the near-IR derived mass-to-light (M/L) ratios of galaxies at rest-frame 1-4 μm. To minimize their impact on stellar mass estimates, one can use the M/L ratio at shorter wavelengths (e.g., at 0.8-1 μm). At longer wavelengths (≥8 μm), emission from dust in the interstellar medium dominates the flux. In the LMC, which shows strong polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission at 8 μm, TP-AGB and RSG contribute less than 4% of the 8 μm flux. However, 19% of the SMC 8 μm flux is from evolved stars, nearly half of which is produced by the rarest, dustiest, carbon-rich TP-AGB stars. Thus, star formation rates of galaxies, based on an 8 μm flux (e.g., observed-frame 24 μm at z = 2), may be biased modestly high, especially for galaxies with little PAH emission.
Virulence-transmission trade-offs and population divergence in virulence in a naturally occurring butterfly parasite

Why do parasites harm their hosts? Conventional wisdom holds that because parasites depend on their hosts for survival and transmission, they should evolve to become benign, yet many parasites cause harm. Theory predicts that parasites could evolve virulence (i.e., parasite-induced reductions in host fitness) by balancing the transmission benefits of parasite replication with the costs of host death. This idea has led researchers to predict how human interventions—such as vaccines—may alter virulence evolution, yet empirical support is critically lacking. We studied a protozoan parasite of monarch butterflies and found that higher levels of within-host replication resulted in both higher virulence and greater transmission, thus lending support to the idea that selection for parasite transmission can favor parasite genotypes that cause substantial harm. Parasite fitness was maximized at an intermediate level of parasite replication, beyond which the cost of increased host mortality outweighed the benefit of increased transmission. A separate experiment confirmed genetic relationships between parasite replication and virulence, and showed that parasite genotypes from two monarch populations caused different virulence. These results show that selection on parasite transmission can explain why parasites harm their hosts, and suggest that constraints imposed by host ecology can lead to population divergence in parasite virulence.
Transcribing and Digitizing Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Letters for a Historical Digital Repository

In fall 2011, the Scott Memorial Library purchased 53 letters belonging to an 1841 graduate of Jefferson Medical College, John Plimpton Green. The library staff transcribed and digitized the letters, creating an online collection in the university's institutional repository, Jefferson Digital Commons. This article will detail the process of transcribing and digitizing the collection along with sharing statistics and the benefits of this project to global researchers.
Boundary conditions and fast algorithms for surface reconstructions from synthetic aperture radar data

Most attempts to determine surface height from noiseless synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data involve approximating the surface by solving a related standard shape from shading (SFS) problem. Through analysis of the underlying partial differential equations for both the original SAR problem and the approximating standard SFS problem, the authors demonstrate significant differences between them. For example, if it is known that the surface is smooth, the standard SPS problem can generally be uniquely solved from knowledge of the height and concavity at one surface point, whereas for SAR, multiple valid solutions will generally exist unless height information is specified along entire curves on the surface (i.e., boundary conditions). Unlike the standard SFS approximation, the underlying SAR equation can be reexpressed as a time-dependent Hamilton-Jacobi equation. This transformation allows the authors to compute the correct surface topography from noiseless SAR data with boundary conditions extremely quickly. Finally, they consider the effect of radar noise on the computed surface reconstruction and discuss the ability of the presented PDE method to quickly compute an initial surface that will significantly cut the computational time needed by cost minimization algorithms to approximate surfaces from noisy radar data.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act Of 2002 And Its Impact On The Attorney-Client Privilege And Legal Ethics

Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley to restore confidence in publicly traded corporations. The Act changed legal ethics and decades old attorney-client privilege. This paper explores its impact on business.
The Interplanetary Internet Implemented on the GENI Testbed

Interplanetary Internet or Interplanetary Networking is envisaged as a space network which interconnects spacecrafts, satellites, rovers and orbiters of different planets and comets for efficient exchange of scientific data such as telemetry and images. In this paper, we implement a layout of the Interplanetary Internet (IPN) with the Interplanetary Overlay Network (ION) software module that uses Contact Graph Routing (CGR). The experiments are then implemented on the Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI) testbed. Along with realistic contact plans (CP) of the nodes, this network implementation was used to run experiments testing the performance of Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) with and without cross links between Mars orbiters. The experiments showed that in an Earth-Mars communication network using two Mars orbiters, allowing cross links between the orbiters results in increasing the amount of data transferred by roughly 9.2%. Data sent from Mars Rover to the Earth stations also increases by 35.7% when a third satellite (Mars Express) was added to the network without cross links. Finally, when cross links are allowed across all satellites orbiting Mars and serving as relay nodes between the Earth stations and Mars rover, the communication was enhanced by almost 46%. We conclude that by adding cross links, the performance of the network is enhanced for a better transmission of data from Mars to the Earth, which is very pertinent for the scalability of the network.
Toxicity of 3,3-Methylenebis (4-hydroxycoumarin)

Summary(1) The median lethal doses of Dicumarol have been determined intravenously or by mouth in mice, rats, and guinea pigs. (2) Death uniformly occurs in rabbits with intravenous injection of daily doses of 1-2 mg per kg; in dogs with oral administration of daily doses of 5-50 mg per kg; and in mice and rats with the feeding of 0.01-1% Dicumarol in food. The majority of rabbits can tolerate daily doses of 0.1-0.5 mg per kg by vein for 6 weeks, and a few mice and rats can survive 30 days on a diet containing 0.005% Dicumarol. (3) Most animals dying from Dicumarol develop hemorrhage into various tissues and organs, and pulmonary edema. Central necrosis of the liver has been observed in about one-half of the rats examined, and occasionally in rabbits, mice, and dogs.
Lead Contamination in Flint — An Abject Failure to Protect Public Health

The recent episode in Flint, Michigan, has brought the issue of lead in water into the public eye. But the dangers of lead exposure have been recognized for millennia, and we have the knowledge required to redress this social crime — if only we had the political will.
The roles of entropy and enthalpy in stabilizing ion-pairs at transition states in zeolite acid catalysis.

Acidic zeolites are indispensable catalysts in the petrochemical industry because they select reactants and their chemical pathways based on size and shape. Voids of molecular dimensions confine reactive intermediates and transition states that mediate chemical reactions, stabilizing them by van der Waals interactions. This behavior is reminiscent of the solvation effects prevalent within enzyme pockets and has analogous consequences for catalytic specificity. Voids provide the “right fit” for certain transition states, reflected in their lower free energies, thus extending the catalytic diversity of zeolites well beyond simple size discrimination. This catalytic diversity is even more remarkable because acid strength is essentially unaffected by confinement among known crystalline aluminosilicates. In this Account, we discuss factors that determine the “right fit” for a specific chemical reaction, exploring predictive criteria that extend the prevailing discourse based on size and shape. We link the stru...
Oxidation resistance and abrasive wear resistance of vitamin E stabilized radiation crosslinked ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene

The effect of gamma radiation on the oxidation and wear resistance of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been extensively studied since these properties are critical for the longevity of UHMWPE components of total joint replacement prostheses. While gamma radiation increases wear resistance of UHMWPE, the free radical generated in the lamellar regions by radiation must be stabilized before oxidative degradation occurs as the polymer ages. Initially, post-radiation melting conducted to quench free radicals but this treatment also decreases its mechanical properties. Recently, it has been replaced by incorporation of Vitamin E into UHMWPE to combat oxidative degradation. In this study, we assessed wear resistance of Vitamin E stabilized UHMWPE under abrasive wear conditions and oxidation resistance by shelf-aging irradiated components for 2 years. Equilibrium swelling experiments showed that Vitamin E decreased crosslink density, which affected wear resistance, but oxidation resistance was better preserved with increasing concentration of Vitamin E. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44125.
Changes in the Plasticity of HIV-1 Nef RNA during the Evolution of the North American Epidemic.

Because of a high mutation rate, HIV exists as a viral swarm of many sequence variants evolving under various selective pressures from the human immune system. Although the Nef gene codes for the most immunogenic of HIV accessory proteins, which alone makes it of great interest to HIV research, it also encodes an RNA structure, whose contribution to HIV virulence has been largely unexplored. Nef RNA helps HIV escape RNA interference (RNAi) through nucleotide changes and alternative folding. This study examines Historic and Modern Datasets of patient HIV-1 Nef sequences during the evolution of the North American epidemic for local changes in RNA plasticity. By definition, RNA plasticity refers to an RNA molecule’s ability to take alternative folds (i.e., alternative conformations). Our most important finding is that an evolutionarily conserved region of the HIV-1 Nef gene, which we denote by R2, recently underwent a statistically significant increase in its RNA plasticity. Thus, our results indicate that Modern Nef R2 typically accommodates an alternative fold more readily than Historic Nef R2. Moreover, the increase in RNA plasticity resides mostly in synonymous nucleotide changes, which cannot be a response to selective pressures on the Nef protein. R2 may therefore be of interest in the development of antiviral RNAi therapies.
Multi-Level Memory Policies: What You Add Is More Important Than What You Take Out

Multi-Level Memory (MLM) will be an increasingly common organization for main memory. Hybrid main memories that combine conventional DDR and "fast" memory will allow higher peak bandwidth at an attainable cost. However, the chief hurdle for MLM systems is the management of data placement. While user-directed placement may work for some applications, it imposes a heavy burden on the programmer. To avoid this burden while still benefiting from MLM, we propose a number of automated management policies. Our results show that several possible policies offer performance and implementation trade offs. Also, unlike conventional cache or paged memory policies, the addition policy is much more important than the replacement policy.
Pharmacology in Drug Discovery

This chapter discusses the application of pharmacological assays and concepts to the practical endeavor of drug discovery. The various aspects of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety testing come together in this process which begins with drug screening, progresses to lead optimization through medicinal chemistry and ends with clinical testing.
The Sand Rat (Psammomys obesus obesus) Model of Spontaneous, Age-Related Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

With its associated low back pain, disc degeneration is a major health-care concern causing disability. It plays a major role in the US medical, social, and economic structure. Low back pain is devastating and influences the quality of life for millions. The lifetime prevalence of low back pain approximates 80 % with an estimated direct cost burden of $86 billion per year. Patients with back pain incur higher health-care costs and utilization and greater work loss than do patients without back pain. These health-care statistics point to the need for appropriate animal models for translational research efforts directed towards a greater understanding of disc degeneration and models to test potential new therapies.
Establishing vehicular ground truth

One of the most challenging problems faced by developers and engineers is the ability to hypothesize human behaviour. The study of user behaviour has always been an integral part of security analysis and threat detection. However, it takes on more incentive in the context of autonomous vehicles. Given such a dynamic context, quick intuitions may prove to be very misleading; resulting in misconceptions about the technology, its impact, and the nature of innovation. Considering the potential magnitude of the ramification from this technology, it is advisable to maintain caution and design a solution which accounts for all possible vulnerabilities. This works presents a novel architecture towards securing intelligent vehicles from physical roadside compromise. It has been designed with the purpose of questioning everything the vehicle is seeing, and verifying whether there is any legitimacy involved in what it's registering as being observed. With this work, an evaluation of a classification system is presented for scenarios where a vehicle maybe susceptible to physical damage. In the present study, we experimentally investigate the possibility of masquerading fake road side units (such as road signs) to override typical driving behaviour. Driving data was logged for participants who drove a vehicle in a fixed loop measuring approximately ∼1.4 miles in the city of Cincinnati. The collected data was then split into testing and training samples; wherein classifiers were trained and the model evaluated against the same. Our results indicate that by using a 80–20 split, 96% of masquerading attacks could be identified accurately.
Efficient ammonia removal in recirculating vertical flow constructed wetlands: Complementary roles of anammox and denitrification in simultaneous nitritation, anammox and denitrification process

Abstract Simultaneous nitritation, anammox, and denitrification (SNAD) is an emerging alternative to the conventional nitrification-denitrification process for complete removal of ammonia. Innovative designs are needed to develop SNAD in constructed wetlands that are designed as ecologically engineered treatment systems. This study investigated the enhancement of SNAD by varying unsaturated layer depth, vegetation, and pH adjustment with furnace slag in recirculating vertical flow wetlands. Eight wetlands were set up in four configurations, i.e., two vegetated wetlands having a 5-cm unsaturated layer (W 5cm, plants ), two non-vegetated wetlands having a 5-cm unsaturated layer and a furnace slag bed in a recirculation line (W 5cm, slag ), two vegetated wetlands having a 20-cm unsaturated layer (W 20cm, plants ), and two non-vegetated wetlands having a 20-cm unsaturated layer and a furnace slag bed (W 20cm, slag ). Dissolved oxygen concentration was increased more by recirculation through a 20-cm than a 5-cm unsaturated layer. Recirculation through furnace slag maintained pH levels favorable for SNAD, but could result in ammonia inhibition. Active plant growth promoted denitrification due to supply of organic substrate and suppressed anammox in the vegetated wetlands with a 5-cm unsaturated layer. Anammox and denitrification played complementary roles for efficient ammonia removal via SNAD, depending on the naturally varying conditions. W 20cm,plants and W 20cm,slag with balanced anammox and denitrification removed nitrogen as much as W 5cm,plants with denitrification-dominated SNAD. The significantly lower nitrogen removal rates of W 5cm, slag were attributed to inhibition of free ammonia (7.1–21.3 mg N/L) to anammox and nitritation at pH 7.7–8.0.
Trends in Use of the US Medicare Annual Wellness Visit, 2011-2014.

This study uses Medicare claims data to describe the use of annual wellness visits among Medicare beneficiaries in the United States from 2011 through 2014.
Post-Independence Science Policy and Science Funding in India

The present article traces the course of science policy formulation and science funding in India. While in the pre-independence period the private trusts and endowments played a pioneering role in encouraging higher studies and research in science, it is the Government which has been the major fund provider since independence. The article further highlights the thrust areas in various science and technology policy resolutions adopted since independence. While underlining the mechanism of state funding of science research in our country, it has drawn an analogy with the same in the United States.
Topologically protected frequency combs in PT-symmetric structures

By combining gain and loss with topological order in PT-symmetric chains we achieve amplified protected modes with a spectrum of regurarly spaced frequencies whose offset and line spacing can be tuned through the structure parameters.
A novel patient-centered "intention-to-treat" metric of U.S. lung transplant center performance.

Despite the importance of pre-transplant outcomes, one-year post-transplant survival is typically considered the primary metric of lung transplant center performance in the U.S.. We designed a novel lung transplant center performance metric that incorporates both pre- and post-transplant survival time. We performed an ecologic study of 12,187 lung transplant candidates listed at 56 U.S. lung transplant centers between 2006 and 2012. We calculated an “intention-to-treat” survival (ITTS) metric as the percentage of waiting list candidates surviving at least one year after transplantation. The median center-level 1-year post-transplant survival rate was 84.1%, and the median center-level ITTS was 66.9% (mean absolute difference 19.6%, 95% limits of agreement 4.3 to 35.1%). All but 10 centers had ITTS values that were significantly lower than 1-year post-transplant survival rates. Observed ITTS was significantly lower than expected ITTS for 7 centers. These data show that one-third of lung transplant candidates do not survive one year after transplantation, and that 12% of centers have lower than expected ITTS. An “intention-to-treat survival” metric may provide a more realistic expectation of patient outcomes at transplant centers and may be of value to transplant centers and policymakers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Investigating Groundwater Vulnerability of a Karst Aquifer in Tampa Bay, Florida

The Floridan aquifer system (FAS) is known to be one of the most productive aquifer systems in the USA. With the FAS being a karst aquifer, it presents unique challenges to land-use planners because of inherent vulnerabilities to contamination through direct connections between the aquifer and the surface. In this study, a new geographic information systems (GISs)-based index, the Karst Aquifer Vulnerability Index (KAVI), incorporates geologic layers used in intrinsic groundwater vulnerability models (GVMs) plus an epikarst layer specific to karst, with land-use coverages to create a specific groundwater vulnerability model. The KAVI model was compared to another specific vulnerability model, the Susceptibility Index (SI). Tabulation of the percentage areas of vulnerability classes reveals major differences between the two models with SI suggesting greater vulnerability for the study area than KAVI. Validation of these two models found that KAVI vulnerability levels best reproduced spatially varying concentrations of nitrate, orthophosphate, and arsenic in the aquifer. Sensitivity analysis, the application of a variation index, and measuring the effective weights for each parameter included in KAVI confirmed the importance of epikarst but also aquifer hydraulic conductivity. The inclusion of land use was justified; however, effective weight analysis determined its assigned weight was too high as used in the initial calculation of KAVI.
Hunger as a Context: Food Seeking That Is Inhibited During Hunger Can Renew in the Context of Satiety

At the end of a diet, even a successful one, people often return to overeating. One potential reason is that the behavioral inhibition that people learn while dieting might not readily transfer outside the context in which it is learned: Basic research indicates that after a behavior is inhibited, a return to the conditioning context or simple removal from the treatment context can cause the behavior to return (i.e., to renew). Can states of hunger and satiety play the role of context? In two experiments, rats learned a food-seeking response that earned sucrose or sweet, fatty food pellets while they were satiated. Responding was then inhibited (i.e., extinguished) while the rats were hungry. On the rats' return to the satiated state, their food seeking was renewed. Additional results suggest that associations with hunger or satiety stimuli were learned more readily than associations with other potentially useful exteroceptive stimuli. The findings have implications for understanding the role of interoceptive contexts in controlling the inhibition of motivated behavior.
Comment on “Determination and Thermodynamic Modeling of Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibrium for Esomeprazole Sodium in Monosolvents and in the (Ethanol + Ethyl Acetate) Binary Solvent Mixtures”

Errors are found in several of the mathematical representations in the published paper by Zhao and co-workers. Published curve-fit parameters for several of the modified Apelblat model representations yield back-calculated mole fraction solubilities of esomeprazole sodium that exceed unity. Mole fraction concentrations cannot exceed unity. Back-calculated mole fraction solubilities for a mathematical representation, presumably based on the Jouyban–Acree model, were also found to exceed unity.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ALCOHOLIC NEUROPATHY

ABSTRACT An experimental model of chronic alcoholic neuropathy in the rat was produced by schedule-induced polydipsia. A mild distal axonal neuropathy in the ventral caudal nerve was found after 16 weeks exposure to about 12g of absolute alcohol per Kg body weight per day. The rats appeared not to be deficient in thiamine, suggesting that the axonal degeneration was due to the direct toxic effect of alcohol. Axonal transport studies indicated a significant increase in the amount of acetylcholinesterase transported in an orthograde direction in the sciatic nerves of alcoholic rats.
The Contemporary Plagiarist: The Roles of Technology and Moral Development

This research examines a chronic problem in academic settings – inappropriate copying or misuse of source materials–i.e., plagiarism. We conduct a computer-based writing experiment to examine the effects of psychological and situational characteristics on subjects’ propensity to misappropriate text. Specifically, we examine to what extent such misappropriations may be explained by available technological support and an individual’s level of cognitive moral development (CMD). We hypothesize that more technological support will be positively associated with misuse while advanced CMD will be negatively associated with misuse. Lastly, we explore the interaction of technology and CMD on our measure of misuse. We find that both CMD and technology play a significant role in explaining such misappropriations. Subjects in the high technological support condition demonstrate a level of misuse that is significantly higher than those in the control condition. While higher levels of CMD are associated with a significant decrease in misuse.