cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The tumor necrosis factor family member TNFSF14 (LIGHT) is required for resolution of intestinal inflammation in mice.

Background & Aims The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with a dysregulated mucosal immune response. Expression of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily member 14 (TNFSF14, also known as LIGHT [homologous to lymphotoxins, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for HVEM, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes]) on T cells is involved in their activation; transgenic expression of LIGHT on T cells in mice promotes inflammation in multiple organs, including intestine. We investigated the roles for LIGHT in recovery from intestinal inflammation in mice. Methods We studied the role of LIGHT in intestinal inflammation using Tnfsf14 −/− and wild-type mice. Colitis was induced by transfer of CD4 + CD45RB high T cells into Rag1 −/− or Tnfsf14 −/− Rag1 −/− mice, or by administration of dextran sulfate sodium to Tnfsf14 −/− or wild-type C57BL/6J mice. Mice were weighed, colon tissues were collected and measured, and histology analyses were performed. We measured infiltrating cell populations and expression of cytokines, chemokines, and LIGHT. Results After administration of dextran sulfate sodium, Tnfsf14 −/− mice developed more severe colitis than controls, based on their reduced survival, accelerated loss of body weight, and histologic scores. LIGHT protected mice from colitis via the lymphotoxin β receptor and was expressed mainly by myeloid cells in the colon. Colons of Tnfsf14 −/− mice also had increased accumulation of innate immune cells and higher levels of cytokines than colons from control mice. LIGHT, therefore, appears to regulate inflammation in the colon. Conclusions Tnfsf14 −/− mice develop more severe colitis than control mice. LIGHT signals through the lymphotoxin β receptor in the colon to regulate the innate immune response and mediate recovery from intestinal inflammation.
Estimation in Simple Linear Regression

Let us first review the basic theory on crisp simple linear regression. Our development, throughout this chapter and the next two chapters, follows Sections 7.8 and 7.9 in [1]. We have some data (x i , y i), 1 ≤ i ≤ n, on two variables x and Y. Notice that we start with crisp data and not fuzzy data. Most papers on fuzzy regression assume fuzzy data. The values of x are known in advance and Y is a random variable. We assume that there is no uncertainty in the x data. We can not predict a future value of Y with certainty so we decide to focus on the mean of Y, E(Y). We assume that E(Y) is a linear function of x, say \(E\left( Y \right) = a + b\left( {x - \overline x } \right)\) Here \(\overline x \) is the mean of the x-values and not a fuzzy set. Our model is $$\mathop Y\nolimits_i = a + b\left( {\mathop x\nolimits_i - \overline x } \right) + \mathop \in \nolimits_i $$ (22.1) where ∈ i are independent and N(0, σ 2) with σ 2 unknown. The basic regression equation for the mean of Y is \(y = a + b\left( {x - \overline x } \right)\) and now we wish to estimate the values of a and b. Notice our basic regression line is not y = a + bx,and the expression for the estimator of a will differ between the two models.
Abstract A110: Factors affecting cervical cancer survival for patients referred to a tertiary care center in Kentucky

Objectives: The aim of this research was to identify prognostic factors influencing cervical cancer recurrence and survival in Kentucky. Methods: A cohort study was performed to assess predictive survival factors of cervical cancer patients referred to the University of Kentucky using the University of Kentucky database and the Kentucky Cancer Registry from January 2001 to May 2010. Eligibility criteria include those at least 18 years old, a history of cervical cancer, and no prior history of malignancy. Descriptive statistics were compiled for age, race, insurance status, tobacco use, Appalachian or non-Appalachian residence using the Appalachian Regional Commission classification of county, co-morbid risk factors, BMI, and pathologic characteristics. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis were performed to assess associations with cervical cancer recurrence and overall survival. Results: 380 patients met entry criteria. 91 % were Caucasian (N=346), 43% were uninsured (N=163), and 64% (N=242) lived in Appalachia. While 48% (N=184) of the population had no co-morbid risk factors, 41 % (N=156) had one or two risk factors. The following covariates were not associated with recurrence free or overall survival: race, BMI, Appalachian residence, insurance status, months between last normal cervical cytology and diagnosis, histology (squamous cell carcinoma vs. adenocarcinoma vs. other), and tumor grade. The univariable analysis revealed age [HR1.02 (95%CI 1.01,1.04)], having more than two co-morbid risk factors [HR 2.8 (95%CI 1.1, 7.2)], and diagnosis in disease stages II, III, and IV [HR 5.0 (95% 2.3,10.9); 11.0 (5.2,23.1); 43.7 (19.0,100.3)] were associated with a worse recurrence-free survival while age [HR 1.03 (95%CI 1.02,1.04)], having more than two co-morbid risk factors [HR 3.7 (95%CI 1.8, 7.9)], smoking status [HR 1.4 (95%CI 1.0,2.5)], and diagnosis in disease stages II, III, and IV [HR 4.0 (95%CI 2.2, 7.1); 7.3 (95%CI 4.1,12.9); 32.7 (16.8,63.8)] all significantly decreased overall survival. After controlling for all significant variables, Stage IV disease was a significant predictor of progression-free survival [HR 3.6 (95%CI 2.0,6.4)] while stages II, III, and IV [HR 3.0 (95%CI 1.6,5.7); 6.0 (95%CI 3.3,11.0); 38.9 (95%CI 18.0,84.0)] and having more than two co-morbid risk factors [HR 2.3 (95%CI 1.0,5.2)] remained significant adverse predictors for overall survival. Conclusions: Co-morbid risk factors and stage influence cervical cancer survival. Future cervical carcinoma research should consider medical co-morbidities as an important factor impacting survival. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):A110.
GOModeler- A tool for hypothesis-testing of functional genomics datasets

Functional genomics technologies that measure genome expression at a global scale are accelerating biological knowledge discovery. Generating these high throughput datasets is relatively easy compared to the downstream functional modelling necessary for elucidating the molecular mechanisms that govern the biology under investigation. A number of publicly available ‘discovery-based’ computational tools use the computationally amenable Gene Ontology (GO) for hypothesis generation. However, there are few tools that support hypothesis-based testing using the GO and none that support testing with user defined hypothesis terms. Here, we present GOModeler, a tool that enables researchers to conduct hypothesis-based testing of high throughput datasets using the GO. GOModeler summarizes the overall effect of a user defined gene/protein differential expression dataset on specific GO hypothesis terms selected by the user to describe a biological experiment. The design of the tool allows the user to complement the functional information in the GO with his/her domain specific expertise for comprehensive hypothesis testing. GOModeler tests the relevance of the hypothesis terms chosen by the user for the input gene dataset by providing the individual effects of the genes on the hypothesis terms and the overall effect of the entire dataset on each of the hypothesis terms. It matches the GO identifiers (ids) of the genes with the GO ids of the hypothesis terms and parses the names of those ids that match to assign effects. We demonstrate the capabilities of GOModeler with a dataset of nine differentially expressed cytokine genes and compare the results to those obtained through manual analysis of the dataset by an immunologist. The direction of overall effects on all hypothesis terms except one was consistent with the results obtained by manual analysis. The tool’s editing capability enables the user to augment the information extracted. GOModeler is available as a part of the AgBase tool suite ( http://www.agbase.msstate.edu ). GOModeler allows hypothesis driven analysis of high throughput datasets using the GO. Using this tool, researchers can quickly evaluate the overall effect of quantitative expression changes of gene set on specific biological processes of interest. The results are provided in both tabular and graphical formats.
The EEG manifestations of chronic ethanol abuse: Relation to cerebral cortical atrophy

Eleven chronic alcoholic patients without other nonneurological or traumatic disease were evaluated by a simultaneous electroencephalogram and computerized axial tomogram. The findings suggested that chronic abusers of approximately 60 years of age or less may have a normal EEG despite the presence of cerebral cortical atrophy or dementia. In alcoholics over 60 years of age, the greater the severity of cerebral cortical atrophy, the greater the slowing in background frequency of the EEG. Voltage diminution and slow-wave transients also occurred more frequently in the older patients. The incidence of EEG abnormalities was greater than the incidence of CAT scan evidence for cerebral cortical atrophy in alcoholics over 60 years of age with dementia.
Developmental Origins of Health and Disease: A Challenge for Nurses

Prevention of disease is a cornerstone of nursing care. Through our endeavors in research, teaching, and clinical care, nurses consistently seek to change the trajectory of disease development. The theoretical framework known as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) offers a new lens that shifts the current disease prevention paradigm upstream, encouraging intensified care of pregnant girls/women, neonates, and infants. This new focus parallels other emerging ecobiodevelopmental, life-course theories, which identify the long-term impact of early environments and stressors on the later risk of chronic adult diseases. Nurses have the potential to influence the health of multiple generations by incorporating DOHaD perspectives and interventions into their research and patient care.
The Dynamic and Evolving Realm of Interventional Cardiology: A Fellow-in-Training’s Perspective

![Figure][1] I will periodically invite interventional fellows to reflect on their experiences and aspirations.—Spencer B. King, III, MD, MACC, Editor-in-Chief, JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions ![Figure][1] The month of July marks the beginning of a new academic year in medical
The Significance of Family and Spirituality vis-à-vis Southeast Asian Clients: Culturally Sensitive Social Work Practice with Refugee Populations

Conscientious social workers would be remiss to exclude family and culture as essential aspects of life in social work practice. As a central part of Southeast Asian culture, family and spirituality are central components that may enhance the therapeutic potential of social work practice with Southeast Asian clients. Cultural sensitivity assumes the need to include practitioners who acknowledge and apply culturally specific principles in accordance with desired therapeutic outcomes. The ability of social workers to accurately perceive, conceptualize, and interact with Southeast Asian refugee clients is considered a necessity in a rapidly changing and complex world. This consideration must remain viable to sustain the integrity and prestige of the social work profession at-large.
Miss Polly had a dolly

The nursery rhyme by Dr Corbett1 repeats the mischievous myth that GPs are to blame for the pressures on A&E departments. She …
Heavy-metal aromatic rings: Cyclopentadienyl anion analogues Sn56- and Pb56- in the zintl phases Na8BaPb6, Na8BaSn6, and Na8EuSn6

The title compounds were prepared by direct reactions of the corresponding elements at high temperature. They are isostructural with each other (monoclinic, P21/m, Z = 2; Na8BaPb6, a = 13.116(4), b = 5.351(1), and c = 16.166(5) A, β = 108.07(2)°; Na8BaSn6, a = 12.897(4), b = 5.362(1), and c = 16.826(5) A, β = 108.19(2)°; Na8EuSn6, a = 12.912(2), b = 5.220(1), and c = 15.721(2) A, β = 108.09(1)°) and contain isolated, flat, and aromatic pentagonal rings of Sn56- and Pb56- as well as isolated anions of Sn4- and Pb4-. According to four-probe conductivity measurements, the tin compounds, Na8BaSn6 and Na8EuSn6, are semiconducting with band gaps of 0.11 and 0.09 eV, respectively, and are therefore electronically balanced. Magnetic measurements show that Na8BaSn6 is diamagnetic while Na8EuSn6 is paramagnetic and undergoes two transitions at low temperatures.
ELECTROGRAM CHARACTERISTICS OF ABLATED AND NON-ABLATED MYOCARDIUM IN HUMANS WITH MINIATURIZED EMBEDDED ELECTRODES COMPARED TO CONVENTIONAL ELECTRODES

Intracardiac electrogram voltage remains an important metric for the monitoring and assessment of radiofrequency lesion application. Embedded micro-electrodes within ablation catheters are now approved for use in humans (Mifi, Boston Scientific). This study examined electrogram characteristics of
Photo-enhanced hydrolysis of bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate using Cu(II) bipyridine-capped plasmonic nanoparticles

We show that the hydrolysis of bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate by a Cu(II) bipyridine complex was enhanced by 1000-fold when covalently attached to 10 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and irradiated with a 120 mW green laser at 532 nm when compared to an unsupported vinyl-substituted Cu bipyridine analog. The catalytic reaction was monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy in 20 mM MOPS buffer at pH 8 and at room temperature by observing the growth of the product, 4-nitrophenolate, at 405 nm. Initial rate data was analyzed using a Michaelis–Menten formalism. Control experiments suggested that the photo-enhanced hydrolysis reaction required that the Cu metal center be attached to the AuNPs via a thiolated bpy ligand. At higher laser power, the initial rate data deviated from the Michaelis–Menten formalism. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Effects of nanoscale embedded Schottky barriers on carrier dynamics in ErAs:GaAs composite systems

Semiconducting GaAs is widely used in microwave and millimeter integrated circuits, infrared LEDs, lasers, and solar cells. Introducing semimetallic ErAs nanoparticles provides a way to controllably tune the optical and electronic properties of GaAs. We show that for high volume fractions $(0.5%--10%)$ of ErAs nanoparticles embedded in GaAs, the relaxation dynamics indicates that ErAs forms discrete states in the GaAs band gap. For specific carrier momentum conditions, the localized Schottky states may be occupied, exhibit carrier trapping, or inject carriers into the GaAs conduction band. Carrier occupation and scattering from the Schottky states has not previously been reported in optical studies of this system. The scattering mechanism is observed to be active above an occupation threshold where the excited carrier density exceeds the trap density. The array of nanoparticle densities and the characterization of the relaxation pathways at multiple carrier excitation energies represents the most complete fundamental investigation of these systems to date.
The fermentation product 2,3-butanediol alters P. aeruginosa clearance, cytokine response and the lung microbiome

Diseases that favor colonization of the respiratory tract with Pseudomonas aeruginosa are characterized by an altered airway microbiome. Virulence of P. aeruginosa respiratory tract infection is likely influenced by interactions with other lung microbiota or their products. The bacterial fermentation product 2,3-butanediol enhances virulence and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa in vitro. This study assessed the effects of 2,3-butanediol on P. aeruginosa persistence, inflammatory response, and the lung microbiome in vivo. Here, P. aeruginosa grown in the presence of 2,3-butanediol and encapsulated in agar beads persisted longer in the murine respiratory tract, induced enhanced TNF-α and IL-6 responses and resulted in increased colonization in the lung tissue by environmental microbes. These results led to the following hypothesis that now needs to be tested with a larger study: fermentation products from the lung microbiota not only have a role in P. aeruginosa virulence and abundance, but also on the increased colonization of the respiratory tract with environmental microbes, resulting in dynamic shifts in microbiota diversity and disease susceptibility.
Power spectral analysis imperfectly informs changes in sympathetic traffic during acute simulated microgravity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of frequency-domain analysis of autonomic rhythms as a simple, non-invasive technique for the study of immediate neural adjustments to simulated microgravity. We continuously recorded the electrocardiogram, non-invasive beat-by-beat arterial pressure, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) during 5-min periods of controlled frequency breathing (15 breaths.min-1) with subjects (n = 10) in supine, and 10 degrees head-down tilt positions. We estimated changes in fluid volume with lower leg circumference measurements. We analyzed data in the frequency domain with fast Fourier-based power spectral analysis, and calculated the ratio of normalized low-to-respiratory frequency RR-interval spectral power as an index of sympathetic activity. Head-down tilt significantly reduced lower leg volume, MSNA, and MSNA oscillations at the respiratory frequency (p 0.05). We conclude that non-invasive frequency-domain estimates do not adequately reveal subtle changes in sympathetic traffic during acute, simulated microgravity.
‘But we can’t call 911’: undocumented immigrant farmworkers and access to social protection in New York

AbstractThis paper analyzes access to healthcare for undocumented Mexican and Central American immigrant farmworkers who live and work in New York dairies. It assesses the regulatory framework – the conjuncture of immigration, employment, and occupational safety and health laws – which results in workers’ exposure to workplace safety and health risks. It also analyzes their healthcare resource environments, meaning whether and how they gain access to medical services from actors in the public, private, third-party, and informal sectors. The paper finds that there exist significant gaps and contingencies in undocumented dairy farmworkers’ resource environments, and that informal networks largely shape their access to the limited available public and third-party healthcare services available. Findings are based on 43 semi-structured interviews with undocumented dairy farmworkers and participant observation on farms.
A Light-Sensitive Photoregulatory Mutant in Maize Deficient in LHCI and the ‘Mobile’ Chlorophyll a/b LHCII

Optimal photosynthetic electron transport in a variable light environment requires a dynamic regulatory mechanism that can modify the distribution of light energy between PSII and PSI in such a way as to achieve balanced turnover of the photosystems. These regulatory adjustments are commonly called State I/ State II transitions [1]. The physical basis for this redistribution of excitation energy involves the phosphorylation-dependent, reversible, lateral migration of the chlorophyll a/b LHCII [2]. A key feature of these transitions is the photoregulation of kinase activity in response to the redox state of the plastoquinone pool which, in turn, reflects the relative rates of PSII and PSI turnover. Upon phosphorylation, the additional repulsive force created between LHCII complexes in adjacent membranes is thought to cause migration of the phosphorylated complexes into unstacked regions. Due to the role of LHCII in membrane adhesion, these events also affect thylakoidal ultrastructure. The dual nature of LHCII functions-- i.e., the mediation of energy distribution and the capture and delivery of light energy- has led investigators to speculate on the existence of distinct populations of “mobile” and “bound” antennae [3]. The proposed heterogeneity is based upon the participation of mobile LHCII in migratory and regulative events, whereas bound LHCII complexes are utilized for the funneling of captured light energy exclusively to P680.
Co-targeting androgen receptor (AR) and DNA repair: A randomized ETS gene fusion-stratified trial of abiraterone + prednisone (Abi) +/- the PARP1 inhibitor veliparib for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients (pts) (NCI9012)—A University of Chicago phase II consortium trial.

5010Background: In preclinical CRPC models, PARP1 inhibition synergizes with AR targeted therapy and induces DNA damage, especially in ETS fusion-positive tumors. We hypothesized: co-targeting PARP...
Structural features and inhibitors of bromodomains

Bromodomains are conserved structural modules responsible for recognizing acetylated-lysine residues on histone tails and other transcription-associated proteins, such as transcription factors and co-factors. Owing to their important functions in the regulation of ordered gene transcription in chromatin, bromodomains of the BET family proteins have recently been shown as druggable targets for a wide array of human diseases, including cancer and inflammation. Here we review the structural and functional features of the bromodomains and their small-molecule inhibitors. Additional new insights provided herein highlight the landscape of the ligand binding sites in the bromodomains that will hopefully facilitate further development of new inhibitors with optimal affinity and selectivity.
Leukocyte response is regulated by microRNA let7i in patients with acute ischemic stroke

Objective: To evaluate microRNA let7i in ischemic stroke and its regulation of leukocytes. Methods: A total of 212 patients were studied: 106 with acute ischemic stroke and 106 controls matched for risk factors. RNA from circulating leukocytes was isolated from blood collected in PAXgene tubes. Let7i microRNA expression was assessed using TaqMan quantitative reverse transcription PCR. To assess let7i regulation of gene expression in stroke, messenger RNA (mRNA) from leukocytes was measured by whole-genome Human Transcriptome Array Affymetrix microarray. Given microRNAs act to destabilize and degrade their target mRNA, mRNAs that inversely correlated with let7i were identified. To demonstrate let7i posttranscriptional regulation of target genes, a 3′ untranslated region luciferase assay was performed. Target protein expression was assessed using ELISA. Results: Let7i was decreased in patients with acute ischemic stroke (fold change −1.70, p r = −0.32, p = 0.02), infarct volume ( r = −0.21, p = 0.04), and plasma MMP9 ( r = −0.46, p = 0.01) was identified. The decrease in let7i was associated with increased expression of several of its mRNA targets, including CD86 , CXCL8 , and HMGB1 . In vitro studies confirm let7i posttranscriptional regulation of target genes CD86 , CXCL8 , and HMGB1 . Functional analysis predicted let7i regulates pathways involved in leukocyte activation, recruitment, and proliferation including canonical pathways of CD86 signaling in T helper cells, HMGB1 signaling, and CXCL8 signaling. Conclusions: Let7i is decreased in circulating leukocytes of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Mechanisms by which let7i regulates inflammatory response post stroke include targeting CD86 , CXCL8 , and HMGB1 .
Crystal Structure of a Low CO2-Inducible Protein, LCI1 in Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii

The assimilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) by microalgae and plants for photosynthesis has not been fully understood. Gaining insight into the intricate structural details of the CO2 scavenging mechanism by the photosynthetic green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can pave the way for utilizing abundant CO2 as a valuable alternative fuel resource. Here, we present a crystal structure of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii LCI1 channel, which is involved in the CO2-concentrating mechanism (CCM) to assimilate inorganic carbon resources. Combined with X-ray crystallography, mass spectrometry and computational simulation, our data indicate that the LCI1 membrane protein forms a trimeric assembly, in which each protomer conducts uncharged CO2 and shuttles this inorganic carbon species across the cell membrane.
Nonlinear Wavepackets and Nonlinear Schroedinger Equation

Wave packets in the narrow meaning of the word denotes pulses that are the product of a “carrier wave” (with the three-dimensional structure of an infinitesimal amplitude sine wave) multiplied by an “envelope” or “modulation” function that slowly varies in both space and time and satisfies the cubically-Nonlinear Schroedinger (NLS) equation. The coefficient of the nonlinear terms, the “Landau constant”, has many discrete singularities at various carrier wave wavenumbers k; each pole is the mark of a resonance. Long wave/short wave resonance, second harmonic resonance and resonant triad interactions are all discussed. To illustrate the connections between different PDEs, the KdV equation for a given weakly dispersive mode is derived from the NLS equation. Lastly, selected numerical studies of idealized nonlinear wave dynamics, not restricted to small amplitude, are reviewed.
Abstract P047: Epigenetic Mechanisms of Sodium Butyrate- and Retinoic Acid-dependent Attenuation of Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation in Npr1 Gene-targeted Mice

The objective of the present study was to determine the combined effect of sodium butyrate (NaBu), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on attenuation of renal fibrosis and inflammation in Npr1 (coding for natriuretic peptide receptor-A) gene-disrupted mutant mice. Adult (18-20 week old) male Npr1 gene-disrupted heterozygous (1-copy; Npr1+/-) wild-type (2-copy; Npr1+/+), and gene-duplicated (3-copy; Npr1++/+) mice were treated by injecting ATRA-NaBu hybrid drug (1.0 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for 2-weeks. A marked attenuation in tubulo-interstitial fibrosis was observed in Npr1+/- mice after treatment with ATRA-NaBu (50%, p
Guest Editorial Low-Dose CT: What Has Been Done, and What Challenges Remain?

The introduction of computed tomography (CT) in 1972 was among the most significant development in medical imaging since the discovery of X-rays in 1895. In addition, the innovation of computationally reconstructing tomographic images from projection data significantly influenced the development of other medical imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging and single photon and positron emission tomography. With the advent of helical and multi-detector-row CT (MDCT) scanners in the 1990s and 2000s along with innovations in cone-beam CT (CBCT) in many forms, CT gained unmatched speed and adaptability for volumetric imaging, leading to widespread use for diagnostic imaging, emergency examination, image-guided interventions, treatment planning, and monitoring of therapeutic response.
Physical heterogeneity control on effective mineral dissolution rates

Abstract Hydrologic heterogeneity may be an important factor contributing to the discrepancy in laboratory and field measured dissolution rates, but the governing factors influencing mineral dissolution rates among various representations of physical heterogeneity remain poorly understood. Here, we present multiple reactive transport simulations of anorthite dissolution in 2D latticed random permeability fields and link the information from local grid scale (1 cm or 4 m) dissolution rates to domain-scale (1m or 400 m) effective dissolution rates measured by the flux-weighted average of an ensemble of flow paths. We compare results of homogeneous models to heterogeneous models with different structure and layered permeability distributions within the model domain. Chemistry is simplified to a single dissolving primary mineral (anorthite) distributed homogeneously throughout the domain and a single secondary mineral (kaolinite) that is allowed to dissolve or precipitate. Results show that increasing size in correlation structure (i.e. long integral scales) and high variance in permeability distribution are two important factors inducing a reduction in effective mineral dissolution rates compared to homogeneous permeability domains. Larger correlation structures produce larger zones of low permeability where diffusion is an important transport mechanism. Due to the increased residence time under slow diffusive transport, the saturation state of a solute with respect to a reacting mineral approaches equilibrium and reduces the reaction rate. High variance in permeability distribution favorably develops large low permeability zones that intensifies the reduction in mixing and effective dissolution rate. However, the degree of reduction in effective dissolution rate observed in 1 m × 1 m domains is too small (
The Graphics Tablet – A Valuable Tool for the Digital STEM Teacher

I am inspired to write this article after coming across some publications in The Physics Teacher that all hit on topics of personal interest and experience. Similarly to Christensen my goal in writing this is to encourage other physics educators to take advantage of modern technology in delivering content to students and to feel comfortable doing so. There are numerous ways in which to create screencasts and lecture videos, some of which have been addressed in other articles. I invite those interested in learning how to create these videos to contact their educational technology staff or perform some internet searches on the topic. I will focus this article on the technology that enhanced the content I was delivering to my students. I will share a bit of my journey towards creating video materials and introduce a vital piece of technology, the graphics tablet, which changed the way I communicate with my students.
No Laughing Matter: Post-Soviet Cuba in the Orbit of Postmodern Parody

Sklodowska analyzes postmodern parody in Margarita Mateo Palmer’s 1995 experimental book Ella escribia poscritica [She Wrote Post-Criticism]. Uniquely steeped in the most radical (self-)parody, Ella escribia poscritica both merits and resists critical scrutiny. Sklodowska situates the text within a broader context of post-Soviet Cuba and, more specifically, against the backdrop of the profound socio-economic and ideological crisis of the 1990s known as the “Special Period in Time of Peace.” She demonstrates how Mateo Palmer’s book, produced amid the everyday drudgery of the struggle for survival, uses gendered performance to challenge the fundamental tenets of “western” postmodernism by means of irreverent (re)production of its metadiscourse and a dizzying amalgamation of fiction and academic criticism, testimony and (pseudo)autobiography, letters and interviews, footnotes and lecture notes.
In Vitro Explant Culture and Related Protocols for the Study of Mouse Retinal Development

The mouse retina is composed of many cell types and subtypes with distinct morphology and function; how these cells are differentiated from the multipotent progenitors is still largely unknown. Retinal in vitro explant culture has proven to be a useful tool to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying retinal development. Here, we provide detailed descriptions about how to prepare retroviruses, dissect retinal cups, perform in vitro explant culture, and collect explant samples.
Ecology and Control

Ecology and control of plant viruses should be stressed together, for it is through understanding the ecology and epidemiology of plant viruses and their vectors that we have been able to control successfully a number of important plant virus diseases. It will be seen that some of the ground covered here has been detailed from a different viewpoint in Chapter 7. However, we feel that some overlap is inevitable in putting control measures and their ecological basis in context.
Effect of Replacing Helium with a Liquid Metal in the Fuel-Cladding Gap on Fission Gas Release

In light water reactors, a helium-filled gap between the fuel and the cladding accommodates fuel swelling and cladding creepdown. However, the low thermal conductivity of helium results in a large {delta}T over the gap before closure occurs. To remedy this situation, Wright et al. proposed the use of a liquid metal (LM) bond in the fuel-cladding gap. The LM (33 wt% each of lead, tin, and bismuth) was chosen for its low melting point ({approx}120 deg. C), its lack of chemical reactivity with UO{sub 2} and water, and its high thermal conductivity ({approx}100 times that of He). The thermal resistance of the LM-bonded gap is nil.Prior to closure of a helium-bonded gap, the centerline fuel temperature can be hundreds of degrees hotter than that with an LM-bonded gap at the same linear heat rating. Since the diffusion of fission gas atoms depends strongly upon temperature, it is expected that with the high thermal conductivity pellet-cladding gap, the incubation time to fission gas release should be considerably delayed. A modified Booth Sphere model, which takes into account re-solution, is adopted. The amount of fission gas atoms collected at the grain boundary is calculated using realistic time-temperature histories taken from a recentmore » U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission review. The saturation value of gas at the grain boundary proposed by Dowling to fission gas release is adopted. The results show that although the temperature in the LM-bonded case is substantially lower than the He-filled case when the gap is open, the temperatures in the two cases equalize when the gap vanishes. Correspondingly, the two cases exhibit a comparable amount of fission gas at the grain boundary. Calculated differences between the times to saturation with LM and He in the gap are as high as {approx}1 yr and as low as 1 to 2 days.« less
The effect of obesity on lung function.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: There is a major epidemic of obesity, and many obese patients suffer with respiratory symptoms and disease. The overall impact of obesity on lung function is multifactorial, r...
Diamond, scales and GCH down to $$\aleph _{\omega ^2}$$ ℵ ω 2

Gitik and Rinot (Trans Am Math Soc 364(4):1771–1795, 2012) proved assuming the existence of a supercompact that it is consistent to have a strong limit cardinal $$\kappa $$ of countable cofinality such that $$2^\kappa =\kappa ^+$$ , there is a very good scale at $$\kappa $$ , and $$\diamond $$ fails along some reflecting stationary subset of $$\kappa ^+\cap \text {cof}(\omega )$$ . In this paper, we force over Gitik and Rinot’s model but with a modification of Gitik–Sharon (Proc Am Math Soc 136(1):311, 2008) diagonal Prikry forcing to get this result for $$\kappa =\aleph _{\omega ^2}$$ .
Organizational Culture and Performance: The Effects of Culture Content and Strength

Although organizational researchers have debated the meaning and consequences of organizational culture, the relationship between culture and firm performance is still not well understood. Conventi...
“I Hope to Remain the Same”: Continuity and Change in College Students' Sexual Possible Selves across the First Semester

This study replicates and extends research on college students’ sexual possible selves by longitudinally examining their sexual expectations, fears, and behavioral strategies at the beginning and e...
The microRNA and the perspectives of miR-302

Abstract MiRNAs are naturally occurring, small, non-coding RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of a large number of genes involved in various biological processes, either through mRNA degradation or through translation inhibition. MiRNAs play important roles in many aspects of physiology and pathology throughout the body, particularly in cancer, which have made miRNAs attractive tools and targets for translational research. The types of non-coding RNAs, biogenesis of miRNAs, circulating miRNAs, and direct delivery of miRNA were briefly reviewed. As a case of point, the role and perspective of miR-302, a family of ES-specific miRNA, on cancer, iPSCs, heart disease were presented.
New Synthetic Route for the Incorporation of Manganese Species into the Pores of MCM-48

The present work describes a new way to synthesize manganese species within the channels of mesoporous MCM-48 silica using permanganate as manganese precursor agent. For the first time permanganate ions were incorporated within the as-synthesized mesoporous host by ion-exchange process. The resulting materials were characterized by XRD, N2 sorption, transmission electron microscopy, EPR, XPS, Raman, and elemental analysis methods. The structure of the MCM-48 host material is maintained as indicated by XRD and HRTEM, and the surface areas of the MnMCM-48 materials are in the 670−930 m2/g range compared to 1090 m2/g for the host. The characterization results also indicate the presence of manganese species inside the silica pores, as well as a good dispersion of the manganese particles within the pores of the host material. Controlled manganese loading was possible to a maximum of 13 wt %. No bulk manganese was detected outside the MCM-48 mesoporous silica particles.
Experiences of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)–Related Stigma among Black MSM PrEP Users in Los Angeles

Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV infection in the USA. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a proven efficacious biomedical prevention strategy with the potential to alter significantly the course of the epidemic in this population. However, the social stigma attached to PrEP and those who use it may act as a barrier to the uptake and continuation of PrEP among high-risk BMSM. In-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 26 BMSM PrEP users to explore their experiences of stigma related to their PrEP use. BMSM reported multiple experiences or manifestations of PrEP-related stigma, which included (1) perception that PrEP users engage in elevated sexual risk behaviors; (2) conflicts in relationships attributed to PrEP; (3) experiences of discomfort or judgment from medical providers; (4) assumption that PrEP users are HIV-positive; and (5) gay stigma in families limiting PrEP disclosure. The experiences of stigma typically occur within the context of PrEP disclosure and have significant personal and social consequences for PrEP users. Efforts to address PrEP and other social-stigmas within the Black community may help facilitate PrEP uptake and continuation with BMSM.
Phase 1 study of veliparib (ABT-888), a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor, with carboplatin and paclitaxel in advanced solid malignancies

Veliparib is an oral inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 and -2. PARP-1 expression may be increased in cancer, and this increase confers resistance to cytotoxic agents. We aimed to determine the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), and pharmacokinetics (PK) of veliparib combined with paclitaxel and carboplatin. Eligibility criteria included patients with advanced solid tumors treated with ≤ 3 prior regimens. Paclitaxel and carboplatin were administered on day 3 of a 21-day cycle. Veliparib was given PO BID days 1–7, except for cycle 1 in the first 46 patients to serve as control for toxicity and PK. A standard “3 + 3” design started veliparib at 10 mg BID, paclitaxel at 150 mg/m2, and carboplatin AUC 6. The pharmacokinetic (PK) disposition of veliparib, paclitaxel, and carboplatin was determined by LC–MS/MS and AAS during cycles 1 and 2. Seventy-three patients were enrolled. Toxicities were as expected with carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy, including neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and peripheral neuropathy. DLTs were seen in two of seven evaluable patients at the maximum administered dose (MAD): veliparib 120 mg BID, paclitaxel 200 mg/m2, and carboplatin AUC 6 (febrile neutropenia, hyponatremia). The MTD and RP2D were determined to be veliparib 100 mg BID, paclitaxel 200 mg/m2, and carboplatin AUC 6. Median number of cycles of the three-agent combination was 4 (1–16). We observed 22 partial and 5 complete responses. Veliparib did not affect paclitaxel or carboplatin PK disposition. Veliparib, paclitaxel, and carboplatin were well tolerated and demonstrated promising antitumor activity.
Resampling methods combined with Rao-Blackwellized Monte Carlo Data Association algorithm

Abstract Multiple target tracking (MTT) is the process of computing the number of targets present in a surveillance area. MTT requires estimation of state variables and data association. New measurements are associated with existing tracks, clutter, or new tracks. MTT generally involves unknown number of targets. Mostly because of computational complexity faced by MTT algorithms, it is a difficult and challenging problem. Computational load, underlying assumptions of known number of targets, and high cluttered environment are the main reasons, which available methods cannot address properly. Rao-Blackwellized has been used for MTT. Our objective is to extend Rao-Blackwellized Monte Carlo Data Association (RBMCDA) that estimates number of targets and maintains track continuity enabling persistent tracking of targets. RBMCDA has been combined with seven different resampling methods to obtain the best resampling method. The modified RBMCDAs are applied to three-dimensional case study for its performance evaluation.
Comments on the contributions by Pierrehumbert and Nearey

A main comment addressed to Pierrehumbert’s contribution is that the relation between phonology and phonetics is closer than she supposes; it is, I claim, the relation of a coarser-grained level of description of a talker’s vocal tract actions during speech to a finer-grained level. A main comment addressed to Nearey’s contribution is to dispute that any of his models can handle perception of coarticulatory influences by humans, on grounds both that the effects that do influence perception span domains wider than the diphone and on grounds that the nature of the influences on perception cannot all be handled by the “ bias” term in the model. I enjoyed reading all of the manuscripts submitted for this special issue. My comments are addressed to just two of the contributors to whom I thought I had something useful and possibly new to say.
Editorial Perspective: Adolescents' fragile sleep-shining light on a time of risk to mental health

As many other facets of life-biological, behavioral, psychological, cognitive, and social-undergo change during adolescence, so too does sleep. The context of sleep behavior is modified by alterations to underlying bioregulatory processes that challenge sleep's timing, regularity, and quantity. The buildup of sleep pressure during the day gets slower, opening the door for youth to stay awake later; however, the amount of sleep required does not diminish. Further, the circadian timing system delays, again providing the biological impetus for later sleep. When these changes meet societal demands for early wake, most teens cannot find a way to get enough sleep at a consistent time from night to night. Insufficient and irregular sleep provides a fragile foundation to support mental health.
The Dorsal Raphe Regulates the Duration of Attack through the Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex and Medial Amygdala.

The dorsal raphe (DR) is an evolutionarily conserved brain structure that is involved in aggressive behavior. It projects onto numerous cortical and limbic areas underlying attack behavior. The specific neurocircuit through which the DR regulates aggression, however, is largely unclear. In this study we show that DR neurons expressing CaMKIIα are activated by attack behavior in mice. These neurons project to the medial aspect of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; MeOC) and the medial amygdala (MeA), two key regions within the neural circuit known to control aggressive behavior. Using an in vivo optogenetic approach, we show that attack bouts are shortened by inhibiting CaMKIIα+ neurons in the DR and their axons at the MeOC and prolonged by stimulating the DR-MeOC axons during an attack. By contrast, stimulating the axons of CaMKIIα+ DR neurons at the MeA shortens attack. Notably, neither the DR-MeOC or DR-MeA pathway initiates attack when stimulated. These results indicate that the DR-MeOC and DR-MeA pathways regulate the duration of attack behavior in opposite directions, revealing a circuit mechanism for the control of attack by the DR. Significance Statement The dorsal raphe (DR) is a major node in the brain circuit regulating multiple attack behaviors. The underlying neurocircuitry through which the DR acts on aggression, however, remains elusive. Here, we show that the DR regulates the duration of attack through the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; MeOC) and the medial amygdala (MeA), areas known to play a key role in aggression. While neither pathway is sufficient to initiate an attack, silencing the DR-MeOC pathway or activating the DR-MeA pathway shortens an attack, and stimulation of the DR-MeOC circuit prolongs an already occurring attack. These findings identify two DR-mediated neural circuits that regulate attack behavior.
Flow speed has little impact on propulsive characteristics of oscillating foils

Experiments show that swimming speed has little impact on the forces or wake produced by a fishlike propulsor. Both continuous and intermittent swimming styles are explored. The results indicate that there may be no need to mimic a free-swimming (self-propelled) condition in laboratory studies.
Surfactants and cloud droplet activation: A systematic extension of Köhler theory based on analysis of droplet stability.

The activation of aerosol particles to form cloud droplets, a necessary first step in cloud formation, controls much of the impact that aerosols have on clouds and climate. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in extending the Kohler theory of cloud droplet activation to include surface active (typically organic) as well as water-soluble (typically inorganic) aerosol components, but a systematic framework for doing this has yet to be developed. Here, we apply a droplet stability analysis to this end. Ideal and Szyszkowski-Langmuir surfactant models are analyzed to demonstrate the new approach, but the underlying theoretical framework is fundamental and model free. A key finding is that superficial densities at the cloud activation threshold (Kohler maximum) are significantly sub-monolayer, with fractional coverage ranging from 69% to 85% for the organic compounds and mixtures studied. The result, significant for model inventories of cloud condensation nuclei, is a weakening of the surfactant effect relative to expectations based on bulk sample measurements. Analytical results are obtained for the loci of Kohler maxima and applied to aerosol mixtures containing an arbitrary number of water-soluble and surfactant components.
The utility of augmented reality in lateral skull base surgery: A preliminary report.

Abstract Objective To discuss the utility of augmented reality in lateral skull base surgery. Patients Those undergoing lateral skull base surgery at our institution. Intervention(s) Cerebellopontine angle tumor resection using an augmented reality interface. Main outcome measure(s) Ease of use, utility of, and future directions of augmented reality in lateral skull base surgery. Results Anecdotally we have found an augmented reality interface helpful in simulating cerebellopontine angle tumor resection as well as assisting in planning the incision and craniotomy. Conclusions Augmented reality has the potential to be a useful adjunct in lateral skull base surgery, but more study is needed with large series.