cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic phosphate groups in native and borohydride-reduced aldolase.

Abstract The number of Schiff base-forming sites in rabbit muscle aldolase has been determined by analysis of organic phosphate incorporated into the molecule on reduction of the enzyme-substrate complex with sodium borohydride. On the basis of these results there is a minimum of three Schiff base-forming sites per mole of enzyme. Native aldolase was found to contain 0.5–1.0 equivalents of endogenous organic phosphate. The quantity of covalently linked phosphate could be increased by precipitating the enzyme with acid from solutions containing dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Hydrolysis of the 14 C-labeled product, obtained by precipitation of the enzyme-dihydroxyacetone phosphate mixtures with acid, yields neither dihydroxyacetone nor N 6 -β-glyceryllysine, but instead, an unidentified radioactive amino acid derivative. The properties of the bound phosphate and the requirements for its incorporation suggest that it is derived from the Schiff base intermediate, perhaps by transfer of the activated intermediate to another group in the protein.
On the Physiology of Amoeboid Movement.--V. Anaerobic Movement

The processes involved in muscular contraction stand in peculiar relation to oxidation. They occur in two stages. The act of contraction is associated with anaerobic reactions; while oxygen is only required for a recovery process (Fletcher and Hopkins, 1917). There is evidence that such a mechanism is general, not only for divers kinds of muscle (Ritchie, 1928), but perhaps also in cilia (Gray, 1928). Hill (1926) has suggested that certain common principles underlie all forms of animal movement, and many aspects of movement in amœba support this (Pantin, 1926, a and b ). An investigation of the relation of amœboid movement to the presence of oxygen is therefore necessary. The amœbae used in the following experiments are small (100 μ X 25 μ) and cannot be obtained in large numbers free from associated organisms. It was not possible to measure their oxygen consumption or to subject them to chemical analysis. The problem had to be attacked indirectly.
Comparative antigenic potency of killed irradiated tubercle bacilli and living BCG vaccine.

SummaryLiving BCG vaccine has shown superior antigenic potency to killed irradiated tuberculosis vaccines by producing significantly greater tuberculin hypersensitiveness and specific resistance against a challenge virulent inoculation in guinea pigs.
Observations of the lunar plasma wake from the WIND spacecraft on December 27, 1994

On December 27, 1994, the WIND spacecraft crossed the lunar wake at a distance of 6.5 lunar radii ( RL ) behind the moon. The observations made were the first employing modem instruments and a high data rate. The SWE plasma instrument on WIND observed new aspects of the interaction between the solar wind and unmagnetized dielectric bodies. The plasma density decreased exponentially from the periphery of the wake towards its center as predicted by simple theory. Behind the moon two distinct cold ion beams were observed refilling the lunar cavity. The ions were accelerated along the direction of the magnetic field by an electric field of the order 2 × 10−4 volts/m. The region of plasma depletion was observed to extend beyond the light shadow, consistent with a rarefaction wave moving out from the wake into the undisturbed solar wind.
Coastal water quality impact of stormwater runoff from an urban watershed in southern California.

Field studies were conducted to assess the coastal water quality impact of stormwater runoff from the Santa Ana River, which drains a large urban watershed located in southern California. Stormwater runoff from the river leads to very poor surf zone water quality, with fecal indicator bacteria concentrations exceeding California ocean bathing water standards by up to 500%. However, cross-shore currents (e.g., rip cells) dilute contaminated surf zone water with cleaner water from offshore, such that surf zone contamination is generally confined to <5 km around the river outlet. Offshore of the surf zone, stormwater runoff ejected from the mouth of the river spreads out over a very large area, in some cases exceeding 100 km2 on the basis of satellite observations. Fecal indicator bacteria concentrations in these large stormwater plumes generally do not exceed California ocean bathing water standards, even in cases where offshore samples test positive for human pathogenic viruses (human adenoviruses and ente...
Do Clinical Practice Guidelines Define Good Medical Care? : The Need for Good Science and the Disclosure of Uncertainty When Defining `Best Practices'

Practice guidelines, although important in promoting quality, can also be harmful if they do not advocate the best options for patients. The latter can occur because of uncertainties in scientific evidence, biases in guideline development, and patient heterogeneity. Guidelines must therefore accurately describe the quality of the evidence and the degree of uncertainty that underlie recommendations. Proper methods for developing practice guidelines are reviewed.
Enzyme-based D-flip-flop memory system

The enzyme system was used to mimic the D-flip-flop memory unit. The reversible conversion of NAD+ and NADH cofactors was used to encode the states of the memory unit, while a mixture of inhibitors was used as the Clock input and the substrates were used as the Data input.
QCD in the photon structure at HERA

Abstract Studies of the structure of real and virtual photons provide an important test for QCD. At HERA the photon structure is probed via jet production in photon-photon collisions. In this article we review the status of the current measurements on photon structure at HERA.
Archaeal ApbC/Nbp35 Homologs Function as Iron-Sulfur Cluster Carrier Proteins

Iron-sulfur clusters may have been the earliest catalytic cofactors on earth, and most modern organisms use them extensively. Although members of the Archaea produce numerous iron-sulfur proteins, the major cluster assembly proteins found in the Bacteria and Eukarya are not universally conserved in archaea. Free-living archaea do have homologs of the bacterial apbC and eukaryotic NBP35 genes that encode iron-sulfur cluster carrier proteins. This study exploits the genetic system of Salmonella enterica to examine the in vivo functionality of apbC/NBP35 homologs from three archaea: Methanococcus maripaludis, Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, and Sulfolobus solfataricus. All three archaeal homologs could correct the tricarballylate growth defect of an S. enterica apbC mutant. Additional genetic studies showed that the conserved Walker box serine and the Cys-X-X-Cys motif of the M. maripaludis MMP0704 protein were both required for function in vivo but that the amino-terminal ferredoxin domain was not. MMP0704 protein and an MMP0704 variant protein missing the N-terminal ferredoxin domain were purified, and the Fe-S clusters were chemically reconstituted. Both proteins bound equimolar concentrations of Fe and S and had UV-visible spectra similar to those of known [4Fe-4S] cluster-containing proteins. This family of dimeric iron-sulfur carrier proteins evolved before the archaeal and eukaryal lineages diverged, representing an ancient mode of cluster assembly.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Human STING Can Affect Innate Immune Response to Cyclic Dinucleotides

The STING (stimulator of interferon genes) protein can bind cyclic dinucleotides to activate the production of type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines. The cyclic dinucleotides can be bacterial second messengers c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP, 3’5’-3’5’ cyclic GMP-AMP (3’3’ cGAMP) produced by Vibrio cholerae and metazoan second messenger 2’5’-3’5’ Cyclic GMP-AMP (2’3’ cGAMP). Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from the 1000 Genome Project revealed that R71H-G230A-R293Q (HAQ) occurs in 20.4%, R232H in 13.7%, G230A-R293Q (AQ) in 5.2%, and R293Q in 1.5% of human population. In the absence of exogenous ligands, the R232H, R293Q and AQ SNPs had only modest effect on the stimulation of IFN-β and NF-κB promoter activities in HEK293T cells, while HAQ had significantly lower intrinsic activity. The decrease was primarily due to the R71H substitution. The SNPs also affected the response to the cyclic dinucleotides. In the presence of c-di-GMP, the R232H variant partially decreased the ability to activate IFN-βsignaling, while it was defective for the response to c-di-AMP and 3’3’ cGAMP. The R293Q dramatically decreased the stimulatory response to all bacterial ligands. Surprisingly, the AQ and HAQ variants maintained partial abilities to activate the IFN-β signaling in the presence of ligands due primarily to the G230A substitution. Biochemical analysis revealed that the recombinant G230A protein could affect the conformation of the C-terminal domain of STING and the binding to c-di-GMP. Comparison of G230A structure with that of WT revealed that the conformation of the lid region that clamps onto the c-di-GMP was significantly altered. These results suggest that hSTING variation can affect innate immune signaling and that the common HAQ haplotype expresses a STING protein with reduced intrinsic signaling activity but retained the ability to response to bacterial cyclic dinucleotides.
Is There a Tradeoff in Using Modified High Tangent Field Radiation for Treating an Undissected Node Positive Axilla

Axillary management in breast cancer patients continues to evolve. This study demonstrates that radiation may be a safe option with respect to cardiac and pulmonary side effects for a surgically undissected axilla. Introduction: Recent data are changing axillary management in patients with 1 to 2 positive sentinel nodes. The proposed omission of completion axillary node dissection calls into question the need for axillary nodal irradiation. This study evaluates the difference in dose to the lung and heart and risk of radiation pneumonitis (RP) for patients treated with standard tangent fields (STF) compared with modified high tangent fields (MHTF). Materials and Methods: Plans of 30 patients treated with STF were evaluated. A second plan (MHTF) was developed to include axillary levels I (Ax1) and II (Ax2). Ax1 and Ax2 volumes were contoured based on the RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group) Atlas guidelines. Dose-volume histograms of the 2 plans were used to compare doses received by Ax1, Ax2, lung, and heart volumes. The risk of RP was calculated using normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) modeling. Results: The D95 (dose to 95% of volume) received by Ax1 and Ax2 volumes increased from 16.38 Gy and 5.71 Gy for STF to 49.38 Gy and 48.08 Gy for MHTF, respectively. Mean lung dose increased from 5.40 Gy for STF to 9.47 Gy for MHTF. Mean ipsilateral lung V5 ,V 10, and V20 values increased from 19%, 14%, and 10%, respectively, for STF, to 32%, 24%, and 18%, respectively, for MHTF. Mean heart dose increased from 1.98 Gy for STF to 3.93 Gy for MHTF. Mean heart V25 and V30 values increased from 2% and 1%, respectively, for STF, to 4% and 3%, respectively, for MHTF. NTCP for RP increased from near 0% for STF to 1% for MHTF. Conclusion: Modified high tangent fields are necessary for definitive coverage of Ax1 and Ax2. This technique increases mean ipsilateral lung and heart doses as well as the V5 ,V 10, and V20 of ipsilateral lung and the V25 and V30 of the heart. Risk of RP remains low by use of MHTF.
Employment outcomes of foster youth: The results from the Midwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning of Foster Youth

Abstract Youth emancipated from the foster care system face challenges in securing steady employment and earning a living wage. Using data from the Midwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth, this article uses Tobit analyses to test the statistical relationship between multiple factors (demographics, human capital, and independent living services) and yearly income for former foster youth at age 21 years. The findings revealed that race, level of education, histories of drug and alcohol use, and histories of mental illness significantly impact yearly earnings within the sampled population. Equally significant, self-reported receipt of help related to employment did not impact yearly earnings. However, the limitations associated with using a non-experimental design and the challenges associated with the endogeneity of the measures of employment-related help suggest areas for future research on this topic.
Artists, Tourists, and the State: Cultural Tourism and the Flamenco Industry in Andalusia, Spain

In this article, I seek to demonstrate how research on cultural industries and tourism combined yields insights into the contemporary dynamics of cultural survival in the age of globalization. Tourism is increasingly an important economic force that facilitates cultural mobility and promotes cultural consumption, and in turn contributes to the growth of a regionally embedded cultural industry. I take the example of flamenco music and dance in southern Spain and focus on three agents that help shape this art complex — the cultural industry, the tourists and the state. I analyze how these agents interact, and show how their engagements at multiple geographic scales result in a distinctive and successful cultural tourism in Seville, Andalusia. The flamenco art complex survives and thrives today through the combination of resilient local talent closely linked to identity maintenance, domestic and foreign tourists that engage in cultural consumption, and the government subsidizing the artists through state-sponsored spectacles.
Atypical changes in chromatin structure during development in the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus.

Abstract Embryos of several sea urchin species express three distinct sets of developmental-stage-specific histone variants: cleavage stage, early and late variants. Urchins also contain sperm-specific histone variants. We have found that the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus , common in shallow coastal waters of the southeastern United States, also contains these four distinct sets of variants. The number and electrophoretic characteristics of L. variegatus variants are similar to those of the related species, Lytechinus pictus , but changes in variant populations are delayed in relation to stage in L. variegatus relative to L. pictus and other species. The cleavage-stage-like variants of H2a and perhaps H1 in L. variegatus are much more abundant in pre-blastula and blastula embryos than cleavage-stage variants in other species; and the appearance of L. variegatus late variants is delayed, relative to the program in L. pictus . Likewise the nucleosome repeat length in L. variegatus embryos increases from 191 to 210 base pairs (bp) upon gastrulation, while major increases in repeat length in other urchins occur before or during blastulation. In addition, the nucleosome repeat length in L. variegatus sperm is anomalously low, 201 ± 2 bp - lower than observed in L. variegatus gastrula to pluteus stage embryos (210 bp), and much lower than previously observed in sperm of other urchins (more than 233 bp). Direct comparisons showed that Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and L. variegatus sperm contained electrophoretically identical core histones, including two high-molecular-weight H2b variants characteristic of all urchin sperm, but nucleosome repeat lengths of 240 and 201 bp, respectively. Differences in nucelosome repeats of these species appear to be due to differences in H1 variants.
Offal trade in the United States and the European Community: Consumption patterns, valorization, hormone use, and policy projections†

The relative prices and methods of utilization of edible beef offals in the United States and the European Community (EC) are compared. The importance of the US-EC beef offal trade is then discussed. This is followed by a historical overview of the current US-EC dispute regarding hormone use. Finally, an assessment of the impact of an EC ban on edible beef offals is presented.
1.55 /spl mu/m GalnNAsSb lasers on GaAs

We present a 1.55 /spl mu/m laser grown on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy. The active layer was a single GaInNAsSb quantum well surrounded by strain-compensating GaNAs barriers. The room temperature threshold current density was 2.4 kA/cm/sup 2/, lasing at 1.553 /spl mu/m.
Intercalation of water molecules between pyrimidine bases Crystal structure of 1-methyl-5-nitrouracil monohydrate

The crystal structure of 1-methyl-5-nitrouracil monohydrate exhibits a novel intercalation of water molecules between pyrimidine bases that are stacked 6.2 A apart. There is no direct hydrogen bonding along individual stacks, but a water molecule in one stack is hydrogen-bonded to three neighboring bases from adjacent stacks. These three bases are located in the same plane as the water molecule to which they are hydrogen-bonded. This mode of hydrogen bonding leads to infinite planes of parallel sheets of bases and water molecules at layers y ≈ 0 and 12 with no inter-sheet hydrogen bonding. On the basis of this intercalation and our model building studies, it is suggested that it would be stereochemically possible for a water molecule to act as a ‘spacer’ and stabilize the DNA helix, should a base be turned outside due to dynamical fluctuations of the DNA helix or non-complementary base opposition. Crystals of the title compound are monoclinic, space group C2, with cell constants a = 14.676(1), b = 6.243(1), c = 8.363(1)A, β = 100.88(2)°, Z = 4. Using 950 diffractometer data, the crystal structure of 1-methyl-5-nitrouracil monohydrate was determined by a direct inspection of the (|E|2 − 1) Patterson function and refined to an R of 0.062.
Reconstruction of Twist Torque in Main Parachute Risers

The reconstruction of twist torque in the Main Parachute Risers of the Capsule Parachute Assembly System (CPAS) has been successfully used to validate CPAS Model Memo conservative twist torque equations. Reconstruction of basic, one degree of freedom drop tests was used to create a functional process for the evaluation of more complex, rigid body simulation. The roll, pitch, and yaw of the body, the fly-out angles of the parachutes, and the relative location of the parachutes to the body are inputs to the torque simulation. The data collected by the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) was used to calculate the true torque. The simulation then used photogrammetric and IMU data as inputs into the Model Memo equations. The results were then compared to the true torque results to validate the Model Memo equations. The Model Memo parameters were based off of steel risers and the parameters will need to be re-evaluated for different materials. Photogrammetric data was found to be more accurate than the inertial data in accounting for the relative rotation between payload and cluster. The Model Memo equations were generally a good match and when not matching were generally conservative.
Ultra-high-precision mid-IR spectrometer II: system description and spectroscopic performance

The development and spectroscopic performance evaluation of an ultra-sensitive, mid-IR spectrometer is reported. The laser system is based upon difference-frequency generation (DFG) at ∼3.5 μm by mixing a DFB diode laser at 1562 nm and a DFB fiber laser at 1083 nm using a periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal. DFG radiation was coupled to a 100 m optical path length astigmatic Herriott cell. Sensitive and selective spectroscopic detection of formaldehyde was performed with second-harmonic detection using Peltier-cooled HgCdTe detectors. By applying computer lock-ins, dual-beam optical noise subtraction, focus matching, thermal stabilization, active wavelength control, and advanced signal processing a sensitivity corresponding to an absorbance ∼1.6×10-7 is achieved for 260 s of averaging.
Daily behavior ratings among child and adolescent inpatients: the abbreviated Child Behavior Rating Form.

ABSTRACT Objective Child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient facilities are in need of standardized behavior rating scales to assess continuous change in patient behaviors. This study used daily staff ratings to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of an abbreviated version of the Child Behavior Rating Form (CBRF-A). Method Three hundred eighty-seven inpatients, aged 3 to 17 years, were rated daily by unit staff. Subsamples of patients and/or their parents completed additional measures of behavior problems (Child Behavior Checklist, Functional Impairment Scale for Children and Adolescents) to assess the instrument's validity. Results Confirmatory factor analyses identified 5 behavior problem dimensions (Oppositionalism, Attention Problems, Overactivity, Withdrawal/Depression, and Anxiety), a second-order Externalizing dimension, and 2 positive behavior dimensions (Positive/Adaptive Social and Compliance/Self-Control). The scales were found to be internally consistent and showed expected age differences, and the scale factor structures were relatively stable over 1− and 2-week intervals. The scales correlated meaningfully with parent ratings of child behavior problems and functional impairment and were predictive of total hospital days. Conclusions The psychometric properties of the CBRF-A appear adequate for daily inpatient rating; additional research is needed to determine the usefulness of the CBRF-A in assessing treatment and medication effects over the hospital stay.
The phylogenetic distribution of tubulin:tyrosine ligase

The post-translational addition of tyrosine toa-tubulin, catalyzed by tubulin:tyrosine ligase, has been previously reported in mammals and birds. The present study demonstrated that significant ligase activity was present in representative organisms from several other major vertebrate classes (chondrichthyes through reptiles) and that both substrate and enzyme from all vertebrates investigated were compatible with mammalian ligase and tubulin in the tyrosination reaction. None of the invertebrate tissues examined showed incorporation of tyrosine, phenylalanine or dihydroxyphenylalanine intoa tubulin under conditions allowing significant incorporation of these compounds in vertebrate supernatant samples. The failure of invertebrate tubulin to incorporate tyrosine in vitro did not appear to be due to saturation of the carboxyl terminal position with tyrosine or the presence of a soluble inhibitor of ligase activity. Although tubulin amino acid composition has been highly conserved throughout evolution, a major evolutionary divergence is described based upon biochemical differences whereby invertebrate tubulin cannot be tyrosinated or posttranslationally modified with phenylalanine or dihydroxyphenylalanine under conditions suitable for the incorporation of these compounds by vertebratea tubulin.
Interaction representation in time-dependent quantum scattering: Elimination of finite boundary reflection

Abstract In a recently proposed method, the time-dependent Schrodinger equation is integrated in the interaction representation rather than in the usual Schrodinger representation. This approach is superior to the conventional one for carrying out quantum scattering calculations due to a large reduction in the number of grid points and the use of large time increments for the numerical integration. This paper presents a method that combines the use of FFT and quadrature schemes to eliminate the finite boundary reflection resulting from the discrete Fourier transform. As a result, the method is free of finite boundary reflection and therefore achieves a further reduction in the number of grid points.
A Flexible Genetic Algorithm System for Multi-UAV Surveillance: Algorithm and Flight Testing

This paper discusses the development and testing of a flexible genetic algorithm (GA)-based system used for tasking a team of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to complete a coordinated surveillance mission. The GA development, laboratory testing of the GA to ensure convergence to a "good" solution, integration testing with two ground stations, and the field testing of the algorithms are explained. The algorithm was found to be robust and flexible enough to work in various settings with different UAV types and ground stations.
Effect of the purified blood group A substance on permeability of the capillaries.

SummaryWith the aid of a new method it was found that the purified blood group A substance considerably increases capillary permeability. Similar results were obtained with the “inactive” substance purified by Kabat et at. from hog stomach, and probably closely related to the group O substance.
Optimal spatial distribution of photodetector array using information theory

Information theory is used to predict an optimal spatial distribution of a given number of photodetectors. We compare our results with the known distribution in the human eye. The optimization takes into account eye movement which leads to different optimal arrays depending on the time scales of the visual information. When the visual data contains mixed time scales, maximum information flow is achieved by an array distribution consisting of both a large uniform low resolution region, and a smaller high resolution region, as in the human retina. Optimal ratios of areas and densities of these two regions are calculated as a function of the number of eye movements. The results lend support to the hypothesis that the retina is an information theoretically optimal processor.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cellular catabolism in apoptosis: DNA degradation and endonuclease activation

Recent research has focused on identifying the biochemical events associated with the apoptotic process. These include specific degradation of the chromatin which was described by Wyllie in 1980 [1], with the report of the appearance of discretely sized DNA fragments from apoptotic rat thymocytes. The fragments corresponded in size to strands of DNA that were cleaved at internucleosomal regions and create a ‘ladder patterns’ when electrophoresed on an agarose gel. Because of its near universality, internucleosomal DNA degradation is considered a diagnostic hallmark of cells undergoing apoptosis. It is of great interest to identify the enzymes involved, and some of the candidates will be discussed.
The politics of matter: Newtonian science and Priestleyan metaphysics in Coleridge’s “Preternatural Agency”

Coleridge’s “Preternatural Agency,” a three hundred and sixty‐one line verse contribution to Robert Southey’s Jacobin epic Joan of Arc (1796), represents his earliest attempt at a poetics of the supernatural. This essay links “Preternatural Agency” with Coleridge’s early Unitarian theology, metaphysics, and radical politics, which he was concerned to distinguish from atheistic expressions of political radicalism. The poem’s argument for the existence of spirit agents that guide human affairs is particularly indebted to the Unitarian Joseph Priestley whose metaphysical treatise Disquisitions Relating to Matter and Spirit (1777) blurred conventional distinctions between materiality and immateriality, corporeal and spirit agency. Priestley’s work in turn participated in a debate reaching back to the Interregnum regarding the nature of matter and the ontological connection between physical motion and political action. “Preternatural Agency” thus enters this debate as well and reveals that Coleridge’s early in...
Intranuclear annulate lamellae in giant cells of the mouse chorioallantoic placenta.

Intranuclear annulate lamellae were initially observed on day 9 of gestation. They increased in frequency until day 12, after which a decline in frequency was noted. Numerous IAL were in close association with nucleoli on days 11 and 12 and numerous large dilatations of the intermembranous space were present. IAL were also associated with cytoplasmic invaginations and inclusions of the nucleus. The frequency of invaginations and inclusions also increased from day 9 to 12 and brought increased amounts of cytoplasm into contact with the nucleus. Continuity of the intermembranous space of the IAL with the perinuclear space and the latter with the cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum suggested a possible route for nuclear-cytoplasmic exchange in either direction.
Co-Story-ing: Collaborative Story Writing with Children Who Fear.

Abstract This article offers a guide for using collaborative story writing (co-story-ing), an assessment technique as well as a therapeutic intervention for children who demonstrate fears, extreme shyness and difficulty in establishing relationships. Co-story-ing draws from Gardner's Mutual Story Telling Technique. Co-story-ing guides clients as they develop a wider repertoire of strategies and explore the consequences of employing new strategies in a safe context, the story.
Relations between twisted derivations and twisted cyclic homology

For a given endomorphism on a unitary k-algebra, A, with k in the center of A, there are definitions of twisted cyclic and Hochschild homology. This paper will show that the method used to define them can be used to define twisted de Rham homology. The main result is that twisted de Rham homology can be thought of as the kernel of the Connes map from twisted cyclic homology to twisted Hochschild homology. For a noncommutative algebra A, Connes [1] and Karoubi [4] define the module of n-forms by taking the iterated tensor product of the bimodule of 1-forms. Karoubi in [4, Chapter 2] defines noncommutative de Rham homology. For the case where A is an associative unitary algebra over a commutative ring, k, containing Q, he shows that the reduced noncommutative de Rham homology is isomorphic to the kernel of the Connes map B from HCn(A), reduced cyclic homology, to HHn+1(A), reduced Hochschild homology. The bimodule of 1-forms used comes from the derivation d : A → A⊗kA, with d(a) = 1⊗a−a⊗1. In this paper we will generalize that result to the case of twisted cyclic homology based on a given k-algebra endomorphism, h : A → A. Here the bimodule of 1-forms will come from the twisted derivation, d : A → A ⊗k A, with d(a) = 1 ⊗ a − h(a)⊗ 1. If h = id, then we have d = d. A twisted derivation is any k-linear map, d, from A to an A-bimodule such that d(ab) = d(a) · b + h(a) · d(b). The definitions for twisted Hochschild homology and twisted cyclic homology are given in [3]. As pointed out there, in the twisted case C∗(A) itself is a paracyclic object, and we need to take an appropiate quotient of C∗(A) to obtain a cyclic object. It is quite interesting that even though the intrinsic definitions of the h-twisted theories differ considerably from the classical nontwisted theories, still there is an appropriate extension of de Rahm homology to the twisted case and an extension of the maps between all the twisted theories that give us a generalization of [4, Theorem 2.15]. Theorem. Suppose A is a unitary k-algebra with Q ⊂ k. If h is a k-algebra endomorphism then the reduced twisted de Rham homology and the reduced twisted cyclic homology are related by the exact sequence 0 → HDR n(A) → HC n (A) → HH n+1(A). HH ∗ (A) is the reduced twisted Hochschild homology and HC h,λ ∗ (A) is the reduced twisted cyclic homology based on the Connes complex {C n (A), b}. Details of the Connes complex together with the definition of HDR n(A) will be given Received by the editors March 11, 2009 and, in revised form, March 15, 2011. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 16E40; Secondary 16T20. c ©2011 American Mathematical Society Reverts to public domain 28 years from publication
Scaling metabolism from organisms to ecosystems

Understanding energy and material fluxes through ecosystems is central to many questions in global change biology and ecology1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11. Ecosystem respiration is a critical component of the carbon cycle1,5,6,7 and might be important in regulating biosphere response to global climate change1,2,3. Here we derive a general model of ecosystem respiration based on the kinetics of metabolic reactions11,12,13 and the scaling of resource use by individual organisms14,15. The model predicts that fluxes of CO2 and energy are invariant of ecosystem biomass, but are strongly influenced by temperature, variation in cellular metabolism and rates of supply of limiting resources (water and/or nutrients). Variation in ecosystem respiration within sites, as calculated from a network of CO2 flux towers5,7, provides robust support for the model's predictions. However, data indicate that variation in annual flux between sites is not strongly dependent on average site temperature or latitude. This presents an interesting paradox with regard to the expected temperature dependence. Nevertheless, our model provides a basis for quantitatively understanding energy and material flux between the atmosphere and biosphere.
A platelet-activating factor antagonist inhibits interleukin 1-induced inflammation

Treatment with a platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist, SRI 63-441, inhibited interleukin 1-induced increases in vascular permeability and leukocyte infiltration in the rabbit eye following the intravitreal injection of human interleukin 1-alpha. Treatment with the prostaglandin-synthetase inhibitor, flurbiprofen, or the corticosteroid, prednisolone, resulted in comparable attenuation of the increase in vascular permeability. In contrast to the effect of flurbiprofen, SRI 63-441 did not reduce interleukin 1-induced increases in prostaglandin E2 levels. Combined treatment with the platelet-activating factor antagonist and inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis nearly prevented interleukin 1-induced increases in vascular permeability or cellular infiltration. These findings suggest a role for platelet-activating factor in interleukin 1-induced inflammation. Platelet-activating factor and prostaglandins may act synergistically as mediators of interleukin 1-induced vascular permeability.
Variola virus immune evasion proteins

Variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, encodes approximately 200 proteins. Over 80 of these proteins are located in the terminal regions of the genome, where proteins associated with host immune evasion are encoded. To date, only two variola proteins have been characterized. Both are located in the terminal regions and demonstrate immunoregulatory functions. One protein, the smallpox inhibitor of complement enzymes (SPICE), is homologous to a vaccinia virus virulence factor, the vaccinia virus complement-control protein (VCP), which has been found experimentally to be expressed early in the course of vaccinia infection. Both SPICE and VCP are similar in structure and function to the family of mammalian complement regulatory proteins, which function to prevent inadvertent injury to adjacent cells and tissues during complement activation. The second variola protein is the variola virus high-affinity secreted chemokine-binding protein type II (CKBP-II, CBP-II, vCCI), which binds CC-chemokine receptors. The vaccinia homologue of CKBP-II is secreted both early and late in infection. CKBP-II proteins are highly conserved among orthopoxviruses, sharing approximately 85% homology, but are absent in eukaryotes. This characteristic sets it apart from other known virulence factors in orthopoxviruses, which share sequence homology with known mammalian immune regulatory gene products. Future studies of additional variola proteins may help illuminate factors associated with its virulence, pathogenesis and strict human tropism. In addition, these studies may also assist in the development of targeted therapies for the treatment of both smallpox and human immune-related diseases.
Effects of solution processing on the photovoltaic response of poly(n-vinyl carbazole) films

The effects of solution processing on the photovoltaic response of poly(n-vinyl carbazole) (PVK) films were investigated. PVK films were formed by spincasting onto glass coated with indium tin oxide (ITO) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)–polystyrenesulfonate (PSS). Some of the PVK films were redissolved in chlorobenzene and redried in the absence or presence of an electric field. Illuminated current–voltage characteristics were measured for an ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PVK/Ca:Al device. Films spincast from a 50 mg/mL solution, redissolved, and dried in the absence of the electric field exhibited a 26% higher charge collection efficiency than films dried in the presence of the electric field. The increased charge collection efficiency was attributed to changes in the molecular configuration of the PVK films. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Fever is not responsible for the elevated glucose kinetics in sepsis.

Previous studies have suggested that alterations in the classical neuroendocrine system may not be responsible for the increased glucose metabolism observed during hypermetabolic sepsis. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether inhibition of the cyclooxygenase pathway with indomethacin, which prevents the production of arachidonic acid metabolites by this pathway and the sepsis-induced increase in body temperature, would abolish the increases in glucose appearance (Ra), recycling, and hyperlactacidemia. Sepsis was induced in chronically catheterized conscious rats by multiple injections of live Escherichia coli via a subcutaneous catheter. Septic animals received iv injections of indomethacin (5 mg/kg) every 6-8 hr to block the cyclooxygenase pathway. Glucose kinetics were assessed in 24-hr fasted rats using a constant iv infusion of (6-3H)- and (U-'4C)glucose. Treatment with indomethacin prevented the 1-2°C increase in body temperature observed in septic animals. Septic rats exhibited an elevated plasma lactate concentration and increased rates of glucose appearance and recycling. The sepsis-induced alterations in these variables were not attenuated by indomethacin. These results suggest that neither elevated body temperature nor the generation of arachidonic acid metabolites of the cyclooxygenase pathway is responsible for increasing glucose production in hypermetabolic septic rats. 0 1987 Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism and fever are hallmarks of gram-negative septi- cemia ( 1,2). Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated increased rates of glucose production, recycling, and metabolic clear- ance, as well as hyperlactacidemia, during the hypermetabolic phase of sepsis (3-5). The mechanism for this increased glucose metab- olism and its relationship to the febrile re- sponse, however, have not been elucidated. In the past several years evidence has been presented supporting the view that prosta- glandins may be responsible for many of the manifestations seen during sepsis and endo- toxemia (6). It is well documented that the blood concentrations of various products of the cyclooxygenase pathway are elevated dur- ing these conditions (6-8). In addition to their cardiovascular effects the prostanoids also produce a wide range of metabolic alterations when administered to control animals. It ap- pears that prostaglandins of the E series have the most pronounced affect on carbohydrate metabolism and that many of these alterations
The safety of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most important bacterial pathogens of young children. Currently, there are several conjugate vaccines against S. pneumoniae in various stages of laboratory development, clinical evaluation or currently licensed. Heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Wyeth Lederle; PCV-7) is the only currently approved pneumococcal conjugate vaccine indicated against invasive pneumococcal disease for children younger than two years of age. Safety studies have shown that the PCV-7 is acceptably safe when administered alone, simultaneously with other childhood vaccines or in combination with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. In addition, PCV-7 vaccine was generally safe and immunogenic among infants infected with HIV and those with sickle cell disease. Surveillance studies to monitor the serotype distribution in invasive pneumococcal disease is important to determine that PCV-7 continues to be the optimal vaccination for prevention of pneumococcal invasive disease.
Long-term changes of serum chemokine levels in vaccinated military personnel

Background: Members of the United States Armed Forces receive a series of vaccinations during their course of service. To investigate the influence of multiple vaccinations on innate immunity, we measured concentrations of a panel of immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum samples from a group of such individuals. Results: Significantly increased levels of macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), MIP-1β and interleukin 8 (IL-8) were detected. Since these cytokines are known to have anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity, we tested the effect of serum from these individuals on HIV1 infectivity and susceptibility of their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to HIV-1 infection in vitro. Sera from vaccinated military personnel inhibited, and their PBMCs were partially resistant to, infection by HIV-1 strains tropic to CCR5 (R5), but not to CXCR4 (X4), chemokine receptor. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that increased anti-HIV chemokines can be detected in vaccine recipients up to 68 weeks following immunization.
Three decades of research at Flakaliden advancing whole-tree physiology, forest ecosystem and global change research.

Nutrient supply often limits growth in forest ecosystems and may limit the response of growth to an increase in other resources, or to more favorable environmental factors such as temperature and soil water. To explore the consequences and mechanisms of optimum nutrient supply for forest growth, the Flakaliden research site was established in 1986 on a young Norway spruce site with nutrient-poor soil. This special section on research at Flakaliden presents five papers that explore different facets of nutrition, atmospheric CO2 concentration, [CO2], and increased temperature treatments, using the original experiment as a base. Research at Flakaliden shows the dominant role of nutrition in controlling the response of growth to the increased photosynthesis promoted by elevated [CO2] and temperature. Experiments with whole-tree chambers showed that all treatments (air temperature warming, elevated [CO2] and optimum nutrition) increased shoot photosynthesis by 30–50%, but growth only increased with [CO2] when combined with the optimum nutrition treatment. Elevated [CO2] and temperature increased shoot photosynthesis by increasing the slope between light-saturated photosynthesis and foliar nitrogen by 122%, the initial slope of the light response curve by 52% and apparent quantum yield by 10%. Optimum nutrition also decreased photosynthetic capacity by 17%, but increased it by 62% in elevated [CO2], as estimated from wood δ 13 C. Elevated air temperature advanced spring recovery of photosynthesis by 37%, but spring frost events remained the controlling factor for photosynthetic recovery, and elevated [CO2] did not affect this. Increased nutrient availability increased wood growth primarily through a 50% increase in tracheid formation, mostly during the peak growth season. Other notable contributions of research at Flakaliden include exploring the role of optimal nutrition in large-scale field trials with foliar analysis, using an ecosystem approach for multifactor experiments, development of whole-tree chambers allowing inexpensive environmental manipulations, long-term deployment of shoot chambers for continuous measurements of gas exchange and exploring the ecosystem response to soil and aboveground tree warming. The enduring legacy of Flakaliden will be the rich data set of long-term, multifactor experiments that has been and will continue to be used in many modeling and cross-site comparison studies.
Relation between Residence in the Southeast Region of the United States and Stroke Incidence The NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study

For at least 50 years, stroke death rates have been higher in the southeast region of the United States than in other US regions. To test the hypotheses that stroke incidence is higher in the Southeast than in other regions and that higher levels of known stroke risk factors in the Southeast explain the difference in incidence, data were analyzed from a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study of a sample drawn from the US population, the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) Epidemiologic Followup Study (1971-1987). In white men and women aged 45-74 years, the risk of stroke was significantly higher in the Southeast than the Northeast or the West in men and the Midwest in women. In white men, this excess risk could not be explained by regional differences in multiple stroke risk factors (Northeast vs. Southeast risk-adjusted relative risk = 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.52-0.98). In white women, some of the excess risk associated with residence in the Southeast compared with the Midwest could be explained by the regional differences in risk factors measured in NHANES I (Midwest vs. Southeast risk-adjusted relative risk = 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.53-1.00). In blacks, regional differences that were statistically significant could not be demonstrated. However, a strong association of increased stroke risk with nonmetropolitan residence in blacks was demonstrated that was independent of region or other stroke risk factors. Higher stroke incidence rates in the Southeast contribute to the higher stroke mortality rates in that US region.
Tag Spotting at the interference range

Many of the challenges encountered in the design of wireless networks with multiple transmission and reception points stem from the quirks of wireless signal propagation. Using currently prevailing transmission techniques, wireless signals cannot be focused exclusively towards their intended recipient, making wireless an inherently shared medium. Wireless transmissions are local in their coverage, and, in general, no sender or receiver will have access to complete channel state information. Because of these characteristics, a wireless network is commonly modeled as a set of links among which interference may occur depending on the particular choice of senders transmitting at the same time. The effects of wireless interference are far reaching, affecting all network layers, from physical layer and medium access to flow control and user satisfaction. They extend beyond the space of a single host or a single link, as flows that do not share any hosts or links in their paths might in fact find themselves competing for resources. Its direct consequence is unfairness leading to flow starvation and underutilization of available resources. A study of the exact mechanisms through which interference leads to unfairness reveals problems at multiple network layers. The most general statements of these problems frequently preclude finding a decentralized and optimal solution. However, interference is a local disruption, and therefore leaves hope that a local, if imperfect, solution may be found. Distributed algorithms often make use of local exchanges of information. This creates a need for a communication backplane capable of connecting each host to the set of hosts affected by its transmissions. This requirement is more cumbersome than it might seem at first sight, for successful data transmission at common data rates requires rather large signal to noise ratios. The capacity of links is however affected even by interferers reaching them at far lower signal levels. Connecting the recipients of interference with transmitters requires thus a