cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The development of referential offering in the first year

The ontogeny of referential offers was examined in a longitudinal, within dyad case study of two mother–infant pairs. A combination of microanalytic and qualitative methodologies was employed in describing the functions and morphology of this gesture, as well as its temporal and sequential organization with a number of infant and maternal behaviours. Offers were found to emerge from repetitive, exploratory play routines that provide infants with alternative visual perspectives on objects, and were facilitated by mothers' support of infants' immature attentional, motoric and arousal regulation capacities. Offers were observed to co. occur with maternal behaviours that direct and maintain infants' attention to objects. Our observations suggest that offers are transformed through guided interactions into conventional communicative gestures. Offering arises as mothers become part of the infants' exploratory play routines, gradually changing the function of the behaviour of the infants. These observations are consistent with dynamic systems models of development.
Oxidative Stress-Mediated Regulation of Proteasome Complexes

Oxidative stress has been implicated in aging and many human diseases, notably neurodegenerative disorders and various cancers. The reactive oxygen species that are generated by aerobic metabolism and environmental stressors can chemically modify proteins and alter their biological functions. Cells possess protein repair pathways to rescue oxidized proteins and restore their functions. If these repair processes fail, oxidized proteins may become cytotoxic. Cell homeostasis and viability are therefore dependent on the removal of oxidatively damaged proteins. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the proteasome plays a pivotal role in the selective recognition and degradation of oxidized proteins. Despite extensive research, oxidative stress-triggered regulation of proteasome complexes remains poorly defined. Better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying proteasome function in response to oxidative stress will provide a basis for developing new strategies aimed at improving cell viability and recovery as well as attenuating oxidation-induced cytotoxicity associated with aging and disease. Here we highlight recent advances in the understanding of proteasome structure and function during oxidative stress and describe how cells cope with oxidative stress through proteasome-dependent degradation pathways.
Espiritualidad y ascetismo en la anorexia nerviosa

Resumen es: Antecedentes: La espiritualidad y el ascetismo son caracteristicas relevantes en las pacientes con anorexia nerviosa (AN). Objetivo: Describir la evidenc...
The Return to the River Basin: The Increasing Costs of “Jurisdictional Externalities”

There is a long history of recognition of the river basin as the natural unit for river development, planning and management. In the U.S. and internationally, there is also a long history of breaking up river basins among many jurisdictions, most having nothing to do with water. At present because of the failure to focus development, planning and management on the river basin “jurisdictional externalities” are rising rapidly. Can we move back toward the river basin from the current splintered framework to achieve “win-win” improvements? It is suggested that “virtual river basins” can be created using current satellite technologies and through the extension of water markets to an interstate (if not international) basis.
A group decision-making interface for conceptual design

The ARL Trade Space Visualizer (ATSV) is a multi-dimensional data visualization interface used in early conceptual design to support trade space exploration. Often, conceptual design teams consist of multiple decision-makers, where each team member has a unique set of requirements and preferences. Previously, the ATSV has been restricted to a single seat model, where decision-makers explore trade spaces without any direct interaction with other ATSV design sessions. This work is focused on extending the ATSV to support a collaborative decision-making environment which consists of multiple participants, where each participant can run a unique ATSV design session. These designs sessions are linked to each other, allowing each participant to share requirements and preference structures with all other participants. Key benefits of this research include the ability to support data exploration and concurrent communication within a design session.
Effect of storage on nonenzymatic browning of apple juice concentrates

Kinetics of nonenzymatic browning in Golden Delicious and Amasya apple juice concentrates during 4 months are investigated. Apple juice concentrates were at 65, 70, 75 � Bx of Golden Delicious variety, stored at 5, 20, 37 � C and Amasya variety, stored at 37, 50, 65 � C. Colour development was measured by browning index (A420) and the CIE-Lab colour system. Browning level of all apple juice concentrates increased according to a zero-order reaction kinetic. Activation energies for 65–75 � Bx of Golden Delicious and Amasya apple concentrates ranged from 21.4 to 21.0 kcal/mol and 33.7 to 32.5 kcal/mol, respectively. Influence of soluble solids content on browning was negligible. HMF concentration, in Golden Delicious apple juice concentrates, was between 0.52 and 963 mg/kg, and between 0.52 and 190 mg/kg in Amasya apple juice concentrates. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Drosophila melanogaster Prefers Compounds Perceived Sweet by Humans

To understand the functional similarities of fly and mammalian taste receptors, we used a top–down approach that first established the fly sweetener–response profile. We employed the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, an omnivorous human commensal, and determined its sensitivity to an extended set of stimuli that humans find sweet. Flies were tested with all sweeteners in 2 assays that measured their taste reactivity (proboscis extension assay) and their ingestive preferences (free roaming ingestion choice test). A total of 21 sweeteners, comprised of 11 high-potency sweeteners, 2 amino acids, 5 sugars, 2 sugar alcohols, and a sweet salt (PbCl2), were tested in both assays. We found that wild-type Drosophila responded appetitively to most high-potency sweeteners preferred by humans, even those not considered sweet by rodents or new world monkeys. The similarities in taste preferences for sweeteners suggest that frugivorous/omnivorous apes and flies have evolved promiscuous carbohydrate taste detectors with similar affinities for myriad high-potency sweeteners. Whether these perceptual parallels are the result of convergent evolution of saccharide receptor–binding mechanisms remains to be determined.
Scatterometer measurements of ocean surface stress from aircraft and from ERS-1

Scatterometer model functions for both Ku-band and C-band, which directly estimate friction velocity, have been developed and are being tested with radar and in-situ data acquired during two major field experiments. For the SWADE experiment Ku-band measurements are being used to estimate u*. The ERS-1 Sigma-O measurements (C-band) were collected as part of the NORCSEX '91 CAL/VAL campaign in conjunction with shipboard, direct meteorological measurements of friction velocity coincident with the ERS-1 overpass.
Observations of Three-Dimensional Radiative Effects that Influence MODIS Cloud Optical Thickness Retrievals

Abstract When cloud properties are retrieved from satellite observations, current calculations apply one-dimensional (1D) theory to the three-dimensional (3D) world: they consider only vertical processes and ignore horizontal interactions. This paper proposes a novel approach that estimates 3D effects in cloud optical thickness retrievals. The proposed method combines visible and thermal infrared images to see whether 3D radiative effects make clouds appear asymmetric—that is, whether cloud surfaces tilted toward the sun are systematically brighter than surfaces tilted away from it. The observed asymmetries are then used to estimate 3D effects for 1-km-size pixels as well as 50-km-size areas. Initial results obtained for Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images reveal that 3D effects cause abundant uncertainties in the 1-km-resolution 1D retrievals. Averaging over 50 km by 50 km areas greatly reduces the errors but does not remove them completely. Conservative estimates show that the m...
Ischemic preconditioning in rats: role of mitochondrial KATP channel in preservation of mitochondrial function

We examined the role of the sarcolemmal and mitochondrial KATPchannels in a rat model of ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Infarct size was expressed as a percentage of the area at risk (IS/AAR). IPC...
Vector supercomputers

“Supercomputer” is a generic term which could apply to various machines depending on the criteria used. However, only a few computers today have the following characteristics and/or capabilities: • The machine can directly access very large amounts of memory (i.e., 10M-100M bits) and execute meaningful scalar instructions at very high speeds (i.e., 10M-100M instructions per second). • The high precision computations execute in a Floating Point Arithmetic Unit with either 60- or 64-bit data word formats. • Special hardware implementation techniques are employed to obtain better memory bandwidth and simultaneous I/O operations. • Within the CPU organization of these machines, pipelined execution and look-ahead hardware are used to achieve very fast arithmetic operation times (much less than 1 μsec for 64-bit operand multiplication). • An operational supercomputer system costs over $10 million today; the price varies depending on the peripherals and auxiliary storage devices included and on the accounting procedures used in costing the installation.
Human tumor-derived p53 proteins exhibit binding site selectivity and temperature sensitivity for transactivation in a yeast-based assay.

p53 is a sequence-specific transcriptional activator with a number of known target genes which contain p53-responsive elements. Mutations in p53 have been identified within its sequence-specific DNA binding domain in more than half of all human tumors, although a subset of tumor-derived p53 mutants have retained the ability to bind DNA and activate transcription under certain conditions. In order to broaden our understanding of this transactivating ability, we examined the efficacy by which p53 mutants bind to and activate reporters in an Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based assay. Analysis of 19 human tumor-derived p53 mutants, spanning the DNA binding domain of p53 and including the `hot-spot' class, revealed a broad array of transcriptional transactivation abilities at 24°C, 30°C and 37°C, despite the fact that each mutant had originally been identified as being inactive for transactivation in yeast against a single p53-responsive RGC site-containing reporter. One class of mutants (P177L, R267W, C277Y and R283H) retained wild-type or near wild-type activity that is binding site-selective, even at physiological temperature (37°C). Another class of mutants (V143A, M160I/A161T, H193R, Y220C and I254F), all positioned for maintaining the β-scaffold of p53, also retained selective activity, but preferentially at sub-physiological temperatures (24° and 30°C). Strikingly, however, in contrast to the other tumor derived mutants, all of the previously identified `hot-spot' mutants were completely inactive with all sites tested. Moreover, a double mutant, L22E/W23S, located within the activation region and previously shown to be transcriptionally inactive in fibroblasts, retained wild-type or near wild-type binding site-selective activity in yeast. Finally, we found that transcriptional activity in vivo does not necessarily correlate with DNA binding in vitro.
Communicating Nanoscale Science and Engineering to the General Public

Communicating the underlying concepts in nanotechnology to the general public is challenging but essential as its impact on society increases over time. We have created a webzine called Nanooze and a traveling museum exhibition called Too Small to See to help communicate nanoscale science and engineering concepts. Nanooze was launched in 2006 and covers the basic concepts of nanotechnology along with the latest in scientific discoveries and interviews with scientists. Its mission is to excite, educate, and challenge kids age 6 to 10 years old and their teachers. Nanooze covers both the underlying science of nanotechnology and its applications. It has attracted a broad audience and has been one of the core resources to a number of national/international competitions, schools and after-school groups. Surveys of readers reveal that over 50% thought that Nanooze was cool with approximately 21% stating that they visit Nanooze once a month. During the 2006 FIRST Lego League competition, which Nanooze supported, 385,000 hits were recorded in one month indicating its broad reach. Too Small to See is a traveling museum exhibition that immerses visitors in a hands-on interactive experience in nanotechnology. This five thousand square foot exhibition is currently on a national tour after debuting at Epcot, Walt Disney World Resort. Too Small to See takes the visitor from the macroscale world to the nanoscale world through a series of interactive and video experiences using everyday objects as the focal point. Once there, the visitor can play with atoms and take on challenges that illustrate the difficulties of nanotechnology. Summative evaluation has revealed that 60% of the visitors were interested in knowing more about nanotechnology as a result of the exhibits. Over 80% of the visitors surveyed altered their viewpoint of the smallest thing that they could think of from a macroscopic object to a nanoscale object after using the exhibits.
Metrics Matter: How Properties and Perceptions of Data Shape Teachers’ Instructional Responses

Purpose: Supporting teachers’ use of data has become a large part of educational leaders’ instructional leadership. Drawing on sensemaking theory, we explore how features of data and teachers’ perc...
A Biomechanical Assessment of Alternate Keyboards Using Tendon Travel

The goal of this study was to assess the effect of alternate keyboard designs on the tendon travel of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP). A repeated measures experiment was conducted with 10 keyboard conditions. Independent variables were Pitch (positive vs negative pitch), Roll (zero vs positive roll) and Yaw (zero vs positive yaw). Dependent variables were tendon travel with anthropometric data collected as covariates. Subjects also adjusted the Pitch, Roll and Yaw angles on an adjustable keyboard to their preference for one condition.Fifteen experienced touch typists (8 women, 7 men) typed a standard text. Wrist and finger goniometers, developed in the Biodynamics Laboratory at Ohio State University, provided data on joint kinematics for the wrist, MP, PIP, and DIP joints. Regression equations were used to calculate tendon travel from joint angle. Tendon travel was used as an indicator of the internal biomechanical loading.The results showed that alternate key...
Chronic rubella virus infection in the ferret (Mustela putorius fero) puppy.

SummaryThe inoculation of newborn ferrets with rubella virus by various routes resulted in chronic infection. Specific complement fixing antibody and neutralizing antibody persisted for at least one year after inoculation. Of 36 puppies inoculated by the IC route, 3 showed corneal cloudiness with microblepharon at 6 weeks post-infection. The IC inoculated puppies had the highest titer of virus in most of the organs examined; these animals also showed longer virus shedding, higher CF and neutralizing antibodies. There was no death or evidence of illness which could be attributable to the inoculation of rubella virus by any route. These findings are similar in many respects to those observed in congenital rubella in human infants. The suckling ferret provides a useful model for the study of the prevention and pathogenesis of rubella.
Tissue Section Image Analysis of Breast Neoplasms: Evidence of False Aneuploidy

Two methods have emerged for measuring the DNA content of paraffin-embedded tissue using image cytometry: (1) analysis of thin sections, and (2) analysis of nuclei extracted from thick sections. These methods were evaluated using 31 breast tumors for which paraffin-embedded material was available. Cases selected represented 11 diploid, 11 tetraploid, and 9 aneuploid tumors. Results generated using image cytometry methods were compared with those obtained using flow cytometry. For thin sections, the tissue correction feature of the CAS 200 Image Cytometer was used to estimate the DNA content of whole nuclei from measurements made on sectioned nuclei. DNA histograms were generated from tissue sections cut at the same microtome setting (5 microns) before and after software corrections of 4.5 microns, 5.0 microns, 5.5 microns, 6.0 microns. 6.5 microns, 7.0 microns, and 7.5 microns. A comparison of flow cytometry and thin-section image analysis in the absence of tissue correction showed 90% concordance for diploid, 27% concordance for tetraploid, and 77% concordance for aneuploid tumors. The ploidy estimated on thin sections by at least one of the correction values was discordant in 72% of diploid, 91% of tetraploid, and 78% of aneuploid tumors. For cell nuclei extracted from paraffin, excellent agreement was found between flow and image cytometry (r = 0.933). It was concluded that in most cases, cell nuclei extracted from paraffin are preferable to tissue sections for ploidy analysis of breast tumors using image cytometry.
Ethiopia: Are the Islamists Coming?

This is a paper about the current Islamic protests in Ethiopia and attempts to examine their root causes in domestic and international politics.
Preclinical abortions and endometriosis

A single human chorionic gonadotropin determination was performed in 786 infertile women during the late luteal phase to determine the frequencies of preclinical abortions and whether the frequency was increased in women with endometriosis. Thirty-seven pregnancies (4.7% of cycles) were identified, of which six were classified as preclinical abortions (0.8%). In women with endometriosis, the frequency of preclinical abortions was 0.9% and was not statistically different from other infertile subgroups. This study suggests that preclinical abortions are not cause of infertility in either an infertile population as a whole or in the subgroup of women with endometriosis.
Simplified deployment of virtual machines using an intelligent design engine

With the advent of cloud computing and the virtualisation of computer systems, challenges exist in managing resources and Virtual Machines (VMs) effectively. Cloud computing platform services offer scalable and resilient platforms, but are still not without complexity to the end user community; this paper proposes an alternative solution for the deployment of an intelligent private or public cloud compute platform, built around a set of predefined rule based parameters with the purpose of providing a simplified process for provisioning VMs. The proposed solution incorporates an architecture and design, utilising existing utilities, tools and protocols; it provides example output from the experiment conducted to prove the overall process and concept are feasible for implementation in terms of presenting a simplified deployment mechanism. By using an Intelligent Decision Engine (IDE), it enables strict adherence to a set of standard build parameters based around expert system administration knowledge, which uniquely supports a one-click VM deployment procedure. Subsequent control and management of the system environment and VMs then continue to be managed through use of the IDE and its expert knowledge base.
Cytogenetic Evolution Associated With Disease Progression in Hematopoietic Neoplasms With t(8;22)(p11;q11)/BCR-FGFR1 Rearrangement

Hematopoietic neoplasms with FGFR1 rearrangements are rare. Clinically, patients often present with a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm with eosinophilia and an increased risk of transformation to acute leukemia. We report a patient who initially presented with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) with t(8;22)(p11.2;q11.2) and an additional derivative chromosome 22 [der(22)t(8;22)]. After induction chemotherapy, B-ALL blasts were eradicated; however, a chronic myeloproliferative process emerged showing persistent t(8;22) (p11.2;q11.2) but not der(22)t(8;22). Combined morphologic and fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that both lymphoblasts and myeloid cells harbored t(8;22)(p11.2;q11.2); but only lymphoblasts carried the additional der(22)t(8;22). This case provides direct evidence to illustrate the clonal relationship of chronic phase and blast phase in myeloid neoplasms with FGFR1 rearrangement, and demonstrates that clonal cytogenetic evolution plays an important role in disease progression.
A Model Checking Approach to Testing the Reliability of Smart Grid Protection Systems

As distributed, communication-based protection systems become more prevalent in the emerging smart grid, the task of critically assessing their reliability has become increasingly challenging due to the complexity of their underlying software designs. This paper demonstrates that the discipline of software model checking can be applied to smart grid protection software designs to rigorously assess their fault tolerance. In this paper, the SPIN model checker is applied to a published wide-area backup protection system (WABPS). The WABPS was specifically architected to be highly reliable under various kinds of common failure scenarios, including mechanical malfunctions, erroneous sensor readings, and communication failures. However, because of its built-in redundancy and decentralized peer-to-peer design, calculating its precise fault tolerance is nontrivial. This paper shows how SPIN can be applied to the WABPS's design to brute-force prove the limits of the number and types of failures that can occur while the system remains able to successfully perform its function. This same technique is applicable to a wide variety of smart grid protection software designs, and the information it provides is invaluable to protection engineers during the development of new systems, for assessing the quality of competing designs, and for risk management purposes.
Phenotype-Specific Association of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: a Genome-Wide Association Analysis of the Cardiovascular Health Study

Little is known about genetics of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in part because of the many comorbidities in this population. To identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with HFpEF, we analyzed phenotypic and genotypic data from the Cardiovascular Health Study, which profiled patients using a 50,000 SNP array. Results were explored using novel SNP- and gene-centric tools. We performed analyses to determine whether some SNPs were relevant only in certain phenotypes. Among 3804 patients, 7 clinical factors and 9 SNPs were significantly associated with HFpEF; the most notable of which was rs6996224, a SNP associated with transforming growth factor-beta receptor 3. Most SNPs were associated with HFpEF only in the absence of a clinical predictor. Significant SNPs represented genes involved in myocyte proliferation, transforming growth factor-beta/erbB signaling, and extracellular matrix formation. These findings suggest that genetic factors may be more important in some phenotypes than others.
How do I work up pretransfusion samples containing anti‐CD38?

Anti-CD38 is used to treat relapsed or treatment-refractory multiple myeloma. CD38 monoclonal antibodies, however, can interfere with routine blood bank serologic tests. Agglutination is observed at the indirect phase of testing as the drug binds to red blood cells (RBCs). Resolving the testing interference causes delays issuing RBC units to patients with anemia. A number of devised methods to eliminate or bypass the effects of anti-CD38 on serologic tests are in use but no panacea exists. The limitations of each method require each testing site tailor an approach to best fit their needs. We present perspectives and testing practices from a hospital transfusion medicine service and an Immunohematology Reference Laboratory managing pretransfusion samples with anti-CD38.
Privacy preserving payments on computational RFID devices with application in intelligent transportation systems

Electronic cash is a suitable solution for payment systems, in which the user's identity should not be revealed during the payment. This is for example the case for public transportation payment systems. One electronic cash scheme, efficient during the spending phase, was proposed by Brands'. This scheme, as all privacy-preserving payment schemes, is based on public-key cryptography. However, payment devices used in those systems need to be cheap and low-power, which restricts their computational performance. These two points conflict with the need for payments to be executed quickly, in order to avoid delays at the entrance points of the system. In this work we demonstrate that using sophisticated implementation techniques, it is possible to realize full-size e-cash schemes even on inexpensive payment tokens. We present a full implementation of Brands' offline cash scheme for the UMass Moo, a computational RFID-token. The spending protocol, which is the time critical part in transportation payment systems can be executed in 13 ms. This meets real-world application requirements. The reloading of the card, which is less time critical, as it is conducted offline, is time consuming. We discuss solutions to this problem.
In vitro studies with human intestinal epithelial cell line monolayers for protein hazard characterization

Evaluating the safety of newly expressed proteins in genetically modified (GM) crops is conducted prior to commercialization to determine whether they could present a hazard upon consumption. A multicomponent, weight of evidence approach has been applied to individual proteins that has often included acute oral toxicology studies. Based on resources required to produce and purify the proteins, the number of animals necessary for these studies and the fact that no evidence of hazard has been observed for any of the proteins tested to date, it is questionable whether acute toxicology studies should be conducted for all proteins. This article reviews the chronology of the acute toxicology study from its origins into application for hazard assessment and classification of individual substances including proteins expressed in GM crops. It further proposes that a physiologic approach using cultured intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) line monolayers as an in vitro model of the gastrointestinal system provides results relevant to the hazard characterization of proteins when necessary. Benefits of this approach would include reduced quantities of proteins for testing and minimization or elimination of animal studies while maintaining confidence in the safety assessment process.
Isobaric Labeling of Intact Gangliosides toward Multiplexed LC–MS/MS-Based Quantitative Analysis

Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids recognized to play essential role in biological processes. Both the glycan and lipid structures influence their biological function and thus necessitate their determination as intact molecular species. To our knowledge, no multiplexed method for intact gangliosides currently exists. In this paper, we aimed to demonstrate an approach for isobaric labeling of intact gangliosides. Specifically, we carried out the rapid, chemoselective oxidation of sialic acid side chain in common ganglioside core structures using NaIO4 followed by ligation with a carbonyl-reactive isobaric tandem mass tag (TMT) reagent and subsequent RPLC–MS/MS analysis. Attachment of the isobaric label was observed to improve the ionization efficiency of complex gangliosides using electrospray ionization. Fragmentation of the resulting [M + 2H]2+ ions of TMT-labeled gangliosides provided information-rich spectra containing fragments from the glycan, lipid, and TMT reporter ions. Thi...
Fear Conditioning by Proxy: Social Transmission of Fear Between Interacting Conspecifics

We describe a method of social fear transmission to a discrete auditory cue in freely behaving rats. Extending beyond traditional observer/demonstrator paradigms, rats are allowed to physically interact and integrate cues from all sensory modalities. In the protocol described in this article, "observer" rats experience social fear conditioning through a proxy cage mate that serves as a "demonstrator" during retrieval of a cued fear memory. We find that a specific auditory cue can come to elicit fear expression in an animal with no foot shock experience simply by interacting with a conspecific expressing a conditioned response in the presence of an otherwise benign stimulus. In this "fear conditioning by proxy" paradigm, we have demonstrated that some, but not all, rats display conditioned responding (e.g., freezing) to a cue after interacting with a cage mate during fear memory retrieval. The amount of freezing exhibited by this fear conditioned "by proxy" rat 24 hr after learning critically depends on social influences, including social relationships and social interactions during learning. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preservice teachers’ preparedness to serve different family compositions

This study explored preservice teachers’ (PSTs) perceived competencies and weaknesses in regard to working with a diverse range of students’ families, as well as what contributes to their level of ...
Adaptation to Chronic Illness and Disability

Although the procedure is unusual, this chapter begins by finding fault with its own title. The practice is justified because it suggests a new way of thinking about an important matter. The phrase “adaptation to chronic illness and disability” seems harmless enough and is consistent with common usage, but it could be taken to imply that the topic of this chapter is how people alter themselves to accommodate to impersonal physical conditions. Psychologically, that implication leaves much to be desired.
Associations between gender and measures of daytime somnolence in the Sleep Heart Health Study.

Study objectives To examine the relationship of gender to subjective measures of sleepiness, including the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), in a community-based population. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting/participants Multicenter Sleep Heart Health Study participants (N = 6.440, 52% women) recruited from ongoing cohort studies. Interventions N/A. Measurements Scores from the ESS, Sleep Heart Health Study daytime sleepiness and feeling unrested questions, polysomnography results (respiratory disturbance index at 4% desaturation), as well as data on difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep, insufficient sleep, sedative use, alcohol use, cardiovascular or respiratory disease, frequent awakening due to leg cramps. Results Women reported feeling sleepy as often as men did (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06; confidence interval [CI], 0.86-1.32), but women were less likely to have an ESS score > 10 (adjusted OR = 0.77; CI, 0.66-0.90) and more likely to report feeling unrested (adjusted OR = 1.39; CI, 1.14-1.69) than men. In men, the ESS score was more strongly correlated with reports of feeling unrested or sleepy compared to women. Conclusions Men and women answer questions on sleepiness differently. Findings indicate that using the ESS to detect subjective sleepiness is more likely to identify men with sleepiness. Since the ESS is more strongly related to other subjective measures in men, the ESS may be a more sensitive measure of subjective sleepiness in men than in women.
Movement Disorders and the Neural Basis of Motor Control

An examination of movement disorders can contribute to the understanding of processes involved in the coordination of movement because the impairment of a particular process, as seen in a movement disorder, provides convergent evidence that that process occurs in the coordination of normal movements. The distributed nature of brain structures can make inferences of function difficult; however, a number of movement disorders can be related to specific brain structures and to specific aspects of movement organization. There are sufficient data to discuss the roles of the basal ganglia and cerebellum in the coordination of movement, and there is a fast-growing neuropsychological and neurophysiological literature pertaining to the function of the basal ganglia and Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, our understanding of the cerebellum's contribution to movement still relies heavily upon clinical observations and animal experiments. Move-
Modeling the Geostrophic Adjustment and Spreading of Waters Formed by Deep Convection

Abstract The rate and the manner in which newly formed patches of dense oceanic waters may sink and spread is examined as a function of patch size and buoyancy input. The mass of dense fluid resulting from a rapid deep convective process comprises a large reservoir of potential energy, which may be carried away by two different means, broadly classed here as “radiative” (near-inertial waves) vs. “advective” (baroclinic instability). Both numerical and analytical methods are employed to investigate the relative amounts of potential energy radiated to the far field by either class of motion. We also consider the possible interactions between the radiative and advective motions for strong buoyancy forcing.
Deep Data Analytics in Structural and Functional Imaging of Nanoscale Materials

Recent advances in scanning probe microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy have opened unprecedented opportunities in probing the materials structural parameters and electronic properties in real space on a picometre-scale. At the same time, the ability of modern day microscopes to quickly produce large, high-resolution datasets has created a challenge for rapid physics-guided analysis of data that typically contain several hundreds to several thousand atomic or molecular units per image. Here it is demonstrated how the advanced statistical analysis and machine learning techniques can be used for extracting relevant physical and chemical information from microscope data on multiple functional materials. Specifically, the following three case studies are discussed (i) application of a combination of convolutional neural network and Markov model for analyzing positional and orientational order in molecular self-assembly; (ii) a combination of sliding window fast Fourier transform, Pearson correlation matrix and canonical correlation analysis methods to study the relationships between lattice distortions and electron scattering patterns in graphene; (iii) application of a non-negative matrix factorization with physics-based constraints and Moran’s analysis of spatial associations to extracting electronic responses linked to different types of structural domains from multi-modal imaging datasets on iron-based superconductors. The approaches demonstrated here are universal in nature and can be applied to a variety of microscopic measurements on different materials.
A detailed modeling study of radiative heat transfer in a heavy-duty diesel engine

Abstract In recent years, the importance of radiative heat transfer in combustion has been increasingly recognized. Detailed models have become available that accurately represent the complex spectral radiative properties of reacting gas mixtures and soot particles, and new methods have been developed to solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE). At the same time, the trends toward higher operating pressures and higher levels of exhaust-gas recirculation in compression-ignition engines, together with the demand for higher quantitative accuracy from in-cylinder CFD models, has led to renewed interest in radiative transfer in engines. Here an in-depth investigation of radiative heat transfer is performed for a heavy-duty diesel truck engine over a range of operating conditions. Results from 10 different combinations of turbulent combustion models, spectral radiation property models, and RTE solvers are compared to provide insight into the global influences of radiation on energy redistribution in the combustion chamber, heat losses, and engine-out pollutant emissions (NO and soot). Also, the relative importance of the individual contributions of molecular gas versus soot radiation, the spectral model, the RTE solver, and unresolved turbulent fluctuations in composition and temperature (turbulence–radiation interactions – TRI) are investigated. Local instantaneous temperatures change by as much as 100 K with consideration of radiation, but the global influences of radiation on heat losses and engine-out emissions are relatively small (in the 5–10% range). Molecular gas radiation dominates over soot radiation, consideration of spectral properties is essential for accurate predictions of reabsorption, a simple RTE solver (a first-order spherical harmonics – P1 – method) is sufficient for the conditions investigated, and TRI effects are small (less than 10%). While the global influences of radiation are relatively small, it is nevertheless desirable to explicitly account for radiation in in-cylinder CFD. To that end, a simplified CFD radiation model has been proposed, based on the findings reported here.
Activation of a Non‐Heme FeIII‐OOH by a Second FeIII to Hydroxylate Strong C−H Bonds: Possible Implications for Soluble Methane Monooxygenase

Non-heme iron oxygenases contain either monoiron or diiron active sites, and the role of the second iron in the latter enzymes is a topic of particular interest, especially for soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO). Herein we report the activation of a non-heme FeIII -OOH intermediate in a synthetic monoiron system using FeIII (OTf)3 to form a high-valent oxidant capable of effecting cyclohexane and benzene hydroxylation within seconds at -40 °C. Our results show that the second iron acts as a Lewis acid to activate the iron-hydroperoxo intermediate, leading to the formation of a powerful FeV =O oxidant-a possible role for the second iron in sMMO.
MODIMA, a Method for Multivariate Omnibus Distance Mediation Analysis, Allows for Integration of Multivariate Exposure-Mediator-Response Relationships.

Many important exposure–response relationships, such as diet and weight, can be influenced by intermediates, such as the gut microbiome. Understanding the role of these intermediates, the mediators, is important in refining cause–effect theories and discovering additional medical interventions (e.g., probiotics, prebiotics). Mediation analysis has been at the heart of behavioral health research, rapidly gaining popularity with the biomedical sciences in the last decade. A specific analytic challenge is being able to incorporate an entire ’omics assay as a mediator. To address this challenge, we propose a hypothesis testing framework for multivariate omnibus distance mediation analysis (MODIMA). We use the power of energy statistics, such as partial distance correlation, to allow for analysis of multivariate exposure–mediator–response triples. Our simulation results demonstrate the favorable statistical properties of our approach relative to the available alternatives. Finally, we demonstrate the application of the proposed methods in two previously published microbiome datasets. Our framework adds a new tool to the toolbox of approaches to the integration of ‘omics big data.
Christ – A Contradiction: A Defense of Contradictory Christology

The fundamental problem of Christology (as Richard Cross famously coined it) is the apparent contradiction of Christ as recorded at Chalcedon. Christ is human (with everything entailed thereby) and Christ is divine (with everything entailed thereby). Being divine entails (among many other of God’s properties) being immutable. Being human entails (among many other of our essential properties) being mutable. Were Christ two different persons (viz., a human person, a divine person) there’d be no apparent contradiction. But Chalcedon rules as much out. Were Christ only partly human or only partly divine there’d be no apparent contradiction. But Chalcedon rules as much out. Were the very meaning of ‘mutable’ and/or ‘immutable’ (or other such predicates) other than what they are, there’d be no apparent contradiction. But the meaning is what it is, and changing the meaning of our terms to avoid the apparent contradiction of Christ is an apparent flight from reality.What, in the end, is the explanation of the apparent contradiction of Christ? Theologians and philosophers have long advanced many consistency-seeking answers, all of which increase the metaphysical or semantical complexity of the otherwise strikingly simple but radical core of Christianity’s GodMan. In this paper, I put the simplest explanation on the theological table: namely, Christ appears to be contradictory because Christ is contradictory (i.e., some predicate is both true and false of Christ, and hence some logical contradiction is true of Christ). This explanation may sound complicated to the many who are steeped in the mainstream account of logic according to which logic precludes the possibility of true contradictions. But the mainstream account of logic can and should be rejected. Ridding theology of the dogma of mainstream logic illuminates the simple though striking explanation of the apparent contradiction of Christ — namely, that Christ is a contradictory being. Just as the simplest explanation to the apparent roundness of the earth has earned due acceptance, so too should the simplest explanation of the apparent contradiction of Christ.
Warsaw Pact Countries' Involvement in Chile from Frei to Pinochet, 1964–1973

This article examines the policies of Warsaw Pact countries toward Chile from 1964, when Eduardo Frei was elected Chilean president, until 1973, when Frei's successor, Salvador Allende, was removed...
Transphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Skeletally Immature: Quadriceps Tendon Autograft Versus Hamstring Tendon Autograft:

Background:It is unclear what the optimal graft choice is for performing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in a skeletally immature patient.Purpose:To evaluate outcomes and complicati...
Crystallographic and kinetic analyses of the FdsBG subcomplex of the cytosolic formate dehydrogenase FdsABG from Cupriavidus necator

Formate oxidation to carbon dioxide is a key reaction in one-carbon compound metabolism, and its reverse reaction represents the first step in carbon assimilation in the acetogenic and methanogenic branches of many anaerobic organisms. The molybdenum-containing dehydrogenase FdsABG is a soluble NAD+-dependent formate dehydrogenase and a member of the NADH dehydrogenase superfamily. Here, we present the first structure of the FdsBG subcomplex of the cytosolic FdsABG formate dehydrogenase from the hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium Cupriavidus necator H16 both with and without bound NADH. The structures revealed that the two iron-sulfur clusters, Fe4S4 in FdsB and Fe2S2 in FdsG, are closer to the FMN than they are in other NADH dehydrogenases. Rapid kinetic studies and EPR measurements of rapid freeze-quenched samples of the NADH reduction of FdsBG identified a neutral flavin semiquinone, FMNH•, not previously observed to participate in NADH-mediated reduction of the FdsABG holoenzyme. We found that this semiquinone forms through the transfer of one electron from the fully reduced FMNH−, initially formed via NADH-mediated reduction, to the Fe2S2 cluster. This Fe2S2 cluster is not part of the on-path chain of iron-sulfur clusters connecting the FMN of FdsB with the active-site molybdenum center of FdsA. According to the NADH-bound structure, the nicotinamide ring stacks onto the re-face of the FMN. However, NADH binding significantly reduced the electron density for the isoalloxazine ring of FMN and induced a conformational change in residues of the FMN-binding pocket that display peptide-bond flipping upon NAD+ binding in proper NADH dehydrogenases.
CBD Suppression of EAE Is Correlated with Early Inhibition of Splenic IFN-γ + CD8+ T Cells and Modest Inhibition of Neuroinflammation

In this study cannabidiol (CBD) was administered orally to determine its effects and mechanisms in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We hypothesized that 75 mg/kg of oral CBD given for 5 days after initiation of disease would reduce EAE severity through suppression of either the early peripheral immune or late neuroimmune response. EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice at two different magnitudes, and peripheral inflammatory and neuroinflammatory responses were measured at days 3, 10, and 18. Th1, Th17, Tc1, Tc17, Tregs, and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) were identified from the lymph nodes and spleens of each mouse to determine if CBD altered the suppressor cell or inflammatory cell populations in secondary lymphoid tissues. Additionally, neuroinflammation was identified in brain and spinal cord tissues using various immunohistochemical techniques and flow cytometry. Early treatment of EAE with oral CBD reduced clinical disease at the day 18 timepoint which correlated with a significant decrease in the percentage of MOG35–55 specific IFN-γ producing CD8+ T cells in the spleen at day 10. Analysis of both T cell infiltration and lesion size within the spinal cord also showed a moderate reduction in neuroinflammation within the central nervous system (CNS). These results provide evidence that oral CBD suppressed the peripheral immune response that precedes neuroinflammation; however, analysis of the neuroinflammatory endpoints also suggest that the modest reduction in neuroinflammation was only partially responsible for CBD’s neuroprotective capability.
An Adaptive Tree Algorithm to Approach Collision-Free Transmission in Slotted ALOHA

A new reinforcement-learning approach is introduced to improve the performance of the slotted ALOHA protocol. Nodes use known periodic schedules as base policies with which they can collaboratively learn how to transmit periodically in different time slots to limit packet collisions. The Adaptive Tree (AT) algorithm is introduced for this purpose, which results in AT-ALOHA. It is shown that nodes using AT-ALOHA quickly converge to transmission schedules that are virtually collision-free, and that the throughput of AT-ALOHA resembles that of TDMA, but without the need to define transmission frames with a given number of time slots. AT-ALOHA is shown to attain better throughput and fairness than slotted ALOHA with exponential back offs and ALOHA-Q (framed slotted ALOHA with Q learning).
mRNA Processing: An Emerging Frontier in the Regulation of Pancreatic β Cell Function

Robust endocrine cell function, particularly β cell function, is required to maintain blood glucose homeostasis. Diabetes can result from the loss or dysfunction of β cells. Despite decades of clinical and basic research, the precise regulation of β cell function and pathogenesis in diabetes remains incompletely understood. In this review, we highlight RNA processing of mRNAs as a rapidly emerging mechanism regulating β cell function and survival. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and RNA modifications are primed to be the next frontier to explain many of the poorly understood molecular processes that regulate β cell formation and function, and provide an exciting potential for the development of novel therapeutics. Here we outline the current understanding of β cell specific functions of several characterized RBPs, alternative splicing events, and transcriptome wide changes in RNA methylation. We also highlight several RBPs that are dysregulated in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, and discuss remaining knowledge gaps in the field.
Descriptive cross-sectional analysis of lung cancer screening in inner city resident run clinic.

e18668Background: Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. The 5-year survival rate is 19% but goes up to 57% if diagnosed at early stage. The recommendat...