cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
295 COMPLIANCE WITH THE AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION MONITORING GUIDELINES IN A UNIVERSITY INTERNAL MEDICINE CLINIC.

Introduction Diabetes is a chronic illness affecting 6.3% of the population in the United States. It requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent complications. American Diabetes Association is the nation9s leading nonprofit health organization providing diabetes research and education to the health care professionals regarding treatment goals and tools to evaluate the quality of care, which favorably affects the health outcomes of patients with diabetes. Aim To compare the compliance of a university internal medicine clinic with national guidelines set forth by the American Diabetes Association. Methods The medical records of all patients with diabetes treated in an outpatient university internal medicine clinic were retrospectively reviewed for the assessment of monitoring guidelines. Inclusion criteria included all diabetics ages 18 to 100 seen in the clinic within the past year. The following five parameters were monitored: hemoglobin A IC : every 3 to 6 months, with the minimum of twice yearly; LDL/triglycerides: yearly; urine microalbumin: yearly; foot examination: every visit with detailed examination yearly; dilated eye examination: yearly. These specific parameters measured were taken from “Standards of Medical Care for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus” (Diabetes Care 2003;26 Supplt 1). The chart review took place over a 6-month period. Results After data collection was completed, the results were tabulated and percent compliance was calculated. Of 728 records reviewed, 462 patients (63%) had HbA 1C , 392 patients (53%) had LDL/TG, 264 patients (36%) had urine microalbumin, 181 patients (24%) had foot examination, and 251 patients (34%) had eye examination done within the past year, in compliance with the guidelines set forth by the American Diabetes Association. Conclusion The data revealed that HbA 1C and lipid panel were the most frequently monitored parameters by internal medicine residents. Less emphasis was paid on foot examination. This study suggests that most patients at the medicine clinic did not receive full monitoring in all of the criteria laid out by the American Diabetes Association guidelines. Causes of lower compliance need to be identified and addressed with system improvements.
Fever and anemia of unknown origin.

(1982). Fever and Anemia of Unknown Origin. Hospital Practice: Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 134-139.
Tools for Testifying in Court

Delivery of assessment or treatment services to juvenile sexual offenders and their victims often requires interaction with the legal system. Therefore, professionals working in this area sometimes face the prospect of testifying in court. For many professionals, this prospect can cause considerable anxiety. Some of this anxiety may be due to the fact that testifying is a somewhat novel situation for them: mental health professionals are trained and experienced in providing therapy and assessment but generally have much less experience as participants in the American legal system. This chapter is meant to provide you with some basic tools in the form of information, advice, and strategies to help you both cope and perform well when you are testifying in court. To do this, several key topics will be covered: (1) defended a thesis/dissertation? Some of the same skills apply; (2) Legal system 101: understanding the basics; (3) tips for when you are on the stand.
Mycobacterial panniculitis caused by Mycobacterium thermoresistibile in a cat

Case summaryA domestic shorthair cat was evaluated for chronic, bilateral, ulcerative dermatitis affecting the inguinal region and lateral aspects of both pelvic limbs. Histopathologic examination ...
Omega chaos and the specification property

Abstract In this short paper we consider the connections between the specification property introduced by Bowen and ω-chaos introduced by Li. We show that if f : X → X is a continuous surjection of a compact metric space with the specification property and uniform expansion near a fixed point then the system ( X , f ) is ω-chaotic.
Pruning duplicate nodes in depth-first search

Best-first search algorithms require exponential memory, while depth-first algorithms require only linear memory. On graphs with cycles, however, depth-first searches do not detect duplicate nodes, and hence may generate asymptotically more nodes than best-first searches. We present a technique for reducing the asymptotic complexity of depth-first search by eliminating the generation of duplicate nodes. The automatic discovery and application of a finite state machine (FSM) that enforces pruning rules in a depth-first search, has significantly extended the power of search in several domains. We have implemented and tested the technique on a grid, the Fifteen Puzzle, the Twenty-Four Puzzle, and two versions of Rubik's Cube. In each case, the effective branching factor of the depth-first search is reduced, reducing the asymptotic time complexity.
Diabetes mellitus or insulin resistance resulted from intrauterine growth retardation related epigenetic transformation

Diabetes mellitus is poly-genetic inherited disease, which is influenced by both genes and environment. The environment may increase the susceptibility of diabetes mellitus via epigenetic way. While those from the same paternal and maternal imprinted genes in the role of offspring are not identical. Adverse intrauterine environment can be regarded as an integral part of the environment, therefore, intrauterine growth retardation may cause fetal epigenetic changes, which are also called imprinted genes. This paper will introduce the latest researches of the diabetes mellitus or insulin resistance-related imprinted genes,for example,GLUT4, IGF-2/H19,PGC-1 α and so on, to explore the relevant therapeutic targets of diabetes mellitus or insulin resistance at the level of epigenetics. Key words: Fetal growth retardation; Diabetes mellitus; Epigenesis,Genetic; Glucose transporter 4
Heartbeat: Coronary heart disease, obesity, smoking and long-lasting psychological distress

The importance of depression and psychological distress as a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), is widely recognised, particularly in post-acute myocardial infarction patients. In this issue of Heart , Virtanen and colleagues1 report an original contribution to this field studying the long-term association of CHD and cardiovascular risk factors with levels of psychological distress over the patient’s lifetime, including symptoms of depression and anxiety. Using seven assessments of psychological distress over a 21-year follow-up of 6890 participants from the Whitehall II cohort study, the authors used group-based trajectory models (GBTM) to identify clusters of individuals (trajectory groups) with a similar trajectory over time (figure 1). The participants were grouped according to their trajectories as ‘persistently low’ (69% of the participants), ‘persistently intermediate’ (13%), ‘intermediate to low’ (12%), and ‘persistently high’ (7%) psychological distress. Prevalent CHD was associated with a approximately 1.9-fold, smoking with a 1.6-fold and obesity with a 1.5-fold likelihood of a persistently high psychological distress trajectory. After discussing the mechanisms related to this association, the authors concluded that ‘clinicians should be aware of the potential long-lasting associations of CHD, obesity and smoking as risk factors for prolonged psychological distress’. In the companion editorial, Barreto and Giatti2 stated that ‘expanding the knowledge on the long-term bidirectional …
Active Interaction Mapping as a tool to elucidate hierarchical functions of biological processes

Increasingly, various 'omics data are contributing significantly to our understanding of novel biological processes, but it has not been possible to iteratively elucidate hierarchical functions in complex phenomena. We describe a general systems biology approach called Active Interaction Mapping (AI-MAP), which elucidates the hierarchy of functions for any biological process. Existing and new 'omics data sets can be iteratively added to create and improve hierarchical models which enhance our understanding of particular biological processes. The best datatypes to further improve an AI-MAP model are predicted computationally. We applied this approach to our understanding of general and selective autophagy, which are conserved in most eukaryotes, setting the stage for the broader application to other cellular processes of interest. In the particular application to autophagy-related processes, we uncovered and validated new autophagy and autophagy-related processes, expanded known autophagy processes with new components, integrated known non-autophagic processes with autophagy and predict other unexplored connections.
Communication for development in Africa - a clarion call

A major concern about African development is not so much that the war on poverty is far from being won but because the practice of development administrators lacks professionalism. Calls for involving beneficiaries in democratic project decision making, for conducting systematic social science research as the basis for external intervention, and for building the capacities of indigenous officials to reduce national dependence on expatriate expertise have gone unheeded. Development policies nowadays are sound but until these are properly carried out poverty eradication will be impossible. The paper argues that it will require development communication expertise to carry out the above policies and hence the need for development support communication experts in development programming. The paper examines the promise DSC has for making projects work better and urges donor agencies to incorporate it into their projects.
The Texas Examinations of Educator Standards: An equal opportunity test for all prospective teachers in Texas?

This study examines the relationship between the reading abilities of preservice teachers enrolled in a South Texas university and their scores on the Texas Examinations of Educator Standards (TExES) Pedagogy and Professional Responsibilities (PPR) exam. The relationship between preservice teachersâ€™ reading and certification examination scores were found to vary significantly based upon differences in ethnicity and first language. The construct validity of the TExES PPR as an equitable assessment of all preservice teachersâ€™ future teaching effectiveness appears questionable based upon the findings of this study. Implications for teacher educators in response to bilingual preservice teachers that may struggle with a biased certification examination are discussed.
It’s Quality, Not Quantity, That Matters …

Quality of health care can be difficult to define and can change over time. While there is a tendency to provide “more” care in an attempt to provide “better” care, quantity does not equate with quality. The definition of quality of care has evolved over a decade. In this chapter, we will be discussing examples and future directions of quality of care as applied to patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Plasmonic Aerogels as a Three-Dimensional Nanoscale Platform for Solar Fuel Photocatalysis

We use plasmonic Au–TiO2 aerogels as a platform in which to marry synthetically thickened particle–particle junctions in TiO2 aerogel networks to Au∥TiO2 interfaces and then investigate their cooperative influence on photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) generation under both broadband (i.e., UV + visible light) and visible-only excitation. In doing so, we elucidate the dual functions that incorporated Au can play as a water reduction cocatalyst and as a plasmonic sensitizer. We also photodeposit non-plasmonic Pt cocatalyst nanoparticles into our composite aerogels in order to leverage the catalytic water-reducing abilities of Pt. This Au–TiO2/Pt arrangement in three dimensions effectively utilizes conduction−band electrons injected into the TiO2 aerogel network upon exciting the Au SPR at the Au∥TiO2 interface. The extensive nanostructured high surface-area oxide network in the aerogel provides a matrix that spatially separates yet electrochemically connects plasmonic nanoparticle sensitizers and metal nanopartic...
In Puerto Rico, Counting Deaths And Making Deaths Count

Island officials have struggled to capture Hurricane Maria’s full impact in mortality statistics.
Linkers in Mammalian Chromosomal DNA

Ever since the helical model for DNA was proposed by Watson and Crick, the possibility that it does not provide a complete description of the architecture of eukaryotic chromosomal DNA has been the subject of sporadic, but increasing, experimentation and hypothesis. The arguments have generally centered on the proposition that eukaryotic DNA is discontinuous in the Watson-Crick sense, and it is in that sense that I will consider DNA continuity for the remainder of this article. The rationale behind the questioning has been based upon criteria ranging from experimental evidence to such innate feelings as: “All that DNA just cannot be packed into the nucleus or the chromosome without folding points!” Conversely, proponents of the concept that eukaryotic chromosomal DNA is continuous have based their arguments on experimental data or on the feeling: “The DNA in the eukaryotic chromosome must be continuous, therefore experimental evidence to the contrary must be artifactual!” Unfortunately, in certain areas, the latter feeling has been elevated to the rank of religious dogma.
OTHER ESTERS: 1,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranose and Methyl 2,3,4-Tri-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside: Sugar Derivatives with a Free Primary Hydroxyl Group

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of partially acetylated sugar derivatives containing a free primary hydroxyl group. Such partially acetylated sugar derivatives are important intermediates in many synthetic reactions. Earlier, 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-β- d -glucopyranose and methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β- d -glucopyranoside were obtained in yields of 23–30% and 21% from d -glucose and methyl β- d -glucopyranoside respectively. Higher yields were difficult to obtain because of the formation of a substantial amount of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-acetyl-β- d -glucopyranoside as a byproduct. More efficient reactions are achieved by conducting the tritylation at lower temperatures for longer time periods, resulting in a more complete and selective reaction. The chapter describes the procedures for the preparation of partially acetylated sugar derivatives.
Data Parallel Programming

SIMD computers operate as data parallel computers by having the same instruction executed by different processing elements but on different data and all in a synchronous fashion. In an SIMD machine the synchronization is built into the hardware, meaning that the processing elements operate in lock-step fashion.
Automatic Orbit Selection for a Radio Interferometric Spacecraft Constellation

A constellation of radio telescope spacecraft can leverage interferometry to accurately image distant objects throughout the universe, but mission design must balance among many interrelated constr...
Sensitivity of Forward-Modeled Bending Angles to Vertical Interpolation of Refractivity for Radio Occultation Data Assimilation

AbstractAssimilation of radio occultation (RO) observations into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models has improved forecasts, where RO is typically one of the top five observational systems co...
Timing of Free Flaps for Traumatic Wounds of the Lower Extremity: Have Advances in Perioperative Care Changed the Treatment Algorithm?

Background Despite the landmark study by Godina 30 years ago, opinions still vary within the literature about the management of complex traumatic wounds in the lower extremity. We present a large series of lower extremity reconstructions with vascularized free tissue and examine the perioperative factors that influenced the success of these cases. Methods We reviewed 88 patients with free flap reconstruction of traumatic lower extremity wounds over 8 years. Primary outcomes were flap infections, flap loss, total flap-specific complications, and total recipient site complications. Independent variables specific to perioperative care including time to flap coverage, injury classification, exposed or infected hardware, prior osteomyelitis, use of wound vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy, and concurrent polytrauma were investigated to establish their influence on primary outcomes. Each independent variable was assessed using Chi-square or Fisher's exact test and was included in a logistic regression analysis to establish significance. Results Of the 88 patients, 8 had flap loss, 8 had flap infections, and a total of 23 had primary adverse outcomes. Timing of the reconstruction, VAC use, injury classification, prior hardware or wound status, or presence of polytrauma had no statistically significant impact on the primary outcomes. Injury classification/severity on total recipient site complications (p = 0.051) and flap-specific complications (p = 0.073) trended toward significance; however, subgroup analysis did not achieve significance. Logistic regression of any recipient site complication including all independent variables similarly showed no significance. Conclusion Although the original study by Godina suggests early coverage is critical to optimize outcomes, in the modern era of advanced wound care, our study adds to a growing body of evidence that supports the de-emphasis of the 72-hour reconstruction interval. Our current management is focused on more effectively coordinating efficient peritraumatic and perioperative care on an individualized basis in the often very complicated polytrauma patient.
Longitudinal assessment of abnormal Papanicolaou test rates among women with HIV.

Author(s): Massad, Leslie S; Xie, Xianhong; Minkoff, Howard; Kassaye, Seble; Karim, Roksana; Darragh, Teresa M; Golub, Elizabeth T; Adimora, Adaora; Wingood, Gina; Fischl, Margaret; Konkle-Parker, Deborah; Strickler, Howard D | Abstract: ObjectiveTo describe longitudinal changes in the prevalence of abnormal Papanicolau testing among women living with HIV.DesignProspective cohort study with sequential enrollment subcohorts.MethodsFour waves of enrollment occurred in the Women's Interagency HIV Study, the US women's HIV cohort (1994-1995, 2001-2002, 2011-2012, 2013-2015). Pap testing was done at intake, with colposcopy prescribed for any abnormality. Rates of abnormal Pap test results (atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance or worse) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2) or worse were calculated. Logistic regression models assessed changes in prevalence across cohorts after controlling for severity of HIV disease and other risk factors for abnormal Pap tests.ResultsThe unadjusted prevalence of any Pap abnormality was 679/1769 (38%) in the original cohort, 195/684 (29%) in the 2001-2002 cohort, 46/231 (20%) in the 2011-2012 cohort, and 71/449 (16%) in the 2013-2015 cohort. In multivariable analysis, compared with risk in the 1994-1995 cohort, the adjusted risk in the 2001-2002 cohort was 0.79 (95% CI 0.59-1.05), in the 2011-2012 cohort was 0.67 (95% CI 0.43-1.04), and in the 2013-2015 cohort was 0.41 (95% CI 0.27-0.62) with P for trend less than 0.0001.ConclusionRates of abnormal cytology among women with HIV have fallen during the past two decades.
Insights Into Three Frames of Creative Minds: Igniting Perspective Transformation Among First-Year University Students:

The lens of transformative learning provided a deeper understanding of students’ experiences and the process of learning within an interdisciplinary creativity course for first-year college student...
Emotion provides feedback about thinking styles to influence natural hazard likelihood and perceived response preparedness

Abstract Making judgments about whether one is prepared for a natural hazard (e.g., tornado, earthquake) involves processing information, experiencing emotions, and considering the short-term and long-term tradeoffs. However, few experimental investigations exist of momentary social cognitive factors that influence natural hazard likelihood and perceived response preparedness. Drawing on the Affect-as-Cognitive-Feedback approach, in which positive emotions (and anger) tend to validate thinking styles whereas negative emotions tend to invalidate them, the current work investigates how emotion and thinking styles interact to influence natural hazard judgments. In Study 1, participants completed a task to induce abstract or concrete thought and wrote about a happy or sad memory before making natural hazard likelihood and preparedness judgments. As expected, those under abstract thought and feeling happy judged natural hazards as more likely than those feeling sad. The opposite pattern emerged under concrete thought. Emotion and thinking styles also interacted to indirectly influence perceived preparedness via likelihood judgments. Study 2 participants under abstract or concrete thinking styles watched a happy, sad, or neutral video before completing the same judgments from Study 1 and rating their judgment confidence. High confidence individuals replicated the findings from Study 1, whereas low confidence individuals demonstrated the opposite pattern. In Study 3, a US national sample completed a global or local prime and wrote about an angry or sad memory before making the same judgments from Study 1. After controlling for age and prior natural hazard experience, emotion and thinking style interacted to influence perceived response preparedness.
A Lower Limit on Ω m -Ω Λ Using Gravitational Lensing in the Hubble Deep Field

We calculate the expected number of multiply imaged galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field (HDF), using photometric redshift information for galaxies with mI<27 that were detected in all four HDF passbands. A comparison of these expectations with the observed number of strongly lensed galaxies places a lower limit on the current value of Ωm-ΩΛ, where Ωm is the cosmological mass density of the universe and ΩΛ is the normalized cosmological constant. Based on current estimates of the HDF luminosity function and associated uncertainties in individual parameters, our 95% confidence lower limit on Ωm-ΩΛ is between -0.44, if there are no strongly lensed galaxies in the HDF, and -0.73, if there are two strongly lensed galaxies in the HDF. For a flat universe (Ωm+ΩΛ=1), ΩΛ<0.58-0.79 (95% confidence limit). If the only lensed galaxy in the HDF is the one presently viable candidate, then in a flat universe (Ωm+ΩΛ=1), ΩΛ<0.79 (95% confidence limit). These lower limits are compatible with estimates based on high-redshift supernovae and with previous limits based on gravitational lensing.
Simple view of reading among Slovenian English foreign language learners: A latent interaction modeling approach

Abstract An estimated 700 million people learn how to read in English as a foreign language (EFL). This highlights the need to better understand the components influencing EFL reading. We tested to what degree EFL decoding and linguistic comprehension influenced EFL reading comprehension within the realm of three variants of the Simple View of Reading (SVR) model – the multiplicative, the additive, and the combined variants. Moreover, we estimated the extent to which first language reading contributed to EFL reading comprehension over and above EFL components. Participants were 690 Slovenian seventh graders (Mage = 12.76 years; SD = 0.43). Utilizing a latent interaction model, results supported the SVR additive variant. EFL decoding was a stronger contributor than EFL linguistic comprehension. First language reading did not seem to influence EFL reading comprehension. Our findings suggest that EFL instruction should focus on practicing EFL decoding and linguistic comprehension independently.
Statistical Multiobjective Optimization of Thiospinel CoNi2S4 Nanocrystal Synthesis via Design of Experiments.

Thiospinels, such as CoNi2S4, are showing promise for numerous applications, including as catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction, hydrodesulfurization, and oxygen evolution and reduction reactions; however, CoNi2S4 has not been synthesized as small, colloidal nanocrystals with high surface-area-to-volume ratios. Traditional optimization methods to control nanocrystal attributes such as size typically rely upon one variable at a time (OVAT) methods that are not only time and labor intensive but also lack the ability to identify higher-order interactions between experimental variables that affect target outcomes. Herein, we demonstrate that a statistical design of experiments (DoE) approach can optimize the synthesis of CoNi2S4 nanocrystals, allowing for control over the responses of nanocrystal size, size distribution, and isolated yield. After implementing a 25-2 fractional factorial design, the statistical screening of five different experimental variables identified temperature, Co:Ni precursor ratio, Co:thiol ratio, and their higher-order interactions as the most critical factors in influencing the aforementioned responses. Second-order design with a Doehlert matrix yielded polynomial functions used to predict the reaction parameters needed to individually optimize all three responses. A multiobjective optimization, allowing for the simultaneous optimization of size, size distribution, and isolated yield, predicted the synthetic conditions needed to achieve a minimum nanocrystal size of 6.1 nm, a minimum polydispersity (σ/d) of 10%, and a maximum isolated yield of 99%, with a desirability of 96%. The resulting model was experimentally verified by performing reactions under the specified conditions. Our work illustrates the advantage of multivariate experimental design as a powerful tool for accelerating control and optimization in nanocrystal syntheses.
Tissue engineering of the lymphoid organs

Abstract The lymphoid system protects the body from pathogens through organs that produce immune cells and facilitate immune surveillance. The study and treatment of a variety of pathologies affecting or interacting with the immune system can benefit from tissue engineering strategies. These designs can be implemented in vitro and in vivo through a variety of fabrication methods. Here we describe structure, cell types, and signaling found in the bone marrow niche, thymus, peripheral lymphoid organs, and lymphatic vasculature. We then summarize lymphoid tissue engineering studies from recent reports, and choice of design components including scaffolds, stromal cells, and chemical or physical signals. Finally, we discuss the current limitations and future of this field.
Frontal lobe hypometabolism associated with Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) risk: An objective PET study.

Abstract Objective Abnormalities of brain structures and neuronal networks have been identified in MRI studies of patients with Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) as well as in those at elevated risk. The goal of this study was to identify common patterns of objectively detected brain glucose metabolic abnormalities associated with SUDEP patients and those at high SUDEP risk. Methods Patients with refractory epilepsy (n = 78, age: 16–61 years, 44 females), who underwent comprehensive presurgical evaluation, were assessed for their risk of SUDEP using the revised SUDEP-7 inventory. From the 57 patients with low SUDEP risk, 35 were selected to match their demographic and clinical characteristics to those with high SUDEP risk (n = 21). [18F]fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) abnormalities were evaluated in the high- and low-SUDEP risk subgroups compared to FDG-PET scans of a healthy adult control group using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Individual FDG-PET scans of 4 additional patients, who died from SUDEP, were also analyzed by SPM. Results Mean SUDEP-7 score was 6.1 in the high and 2.7 in the low SUDEP risk group. MRI showed no lesion in 36 patients (64%). Statistical parametric mapping analysis of the high SUDEP risk subgroup showed bilateral medial frontal and inferior frontal hypometabolism as a common pattern. The low-risk group showed no specific common metabolic abnormalities on SPM group analysis. Individual PET scans of all 4 patients who died from SUDEP also showed bilateral frontal lobe hypometabolism. Conclusions These data show that bilateral frontal lobe involvement on FDG-PET, especially the medial and inferior frontal cortex, may be a common metabolic pattern associated with high SUDEP risk and SUDEP itself, in patients with refractory focal epilepsy.
Prosocial Incentives Change Willingness to Compete in Work Tasks: The Role of Gender and Performance

This study examines the effects of prosocial incentives, where charities benefit from an individual’s efforts, on workers’ willingness to compete in a work task in an experimental setting. Counter to expectations and prior literature, prosocial incentives reduce a worker’s willingness to compete. Women across all levels of performance are largely driving this result, though lower performing men also appear to opt out of competition more often to take guaranteed wages for charity. With so many low performers opting out of competitions that they would lose to take guaranteed payment, I observe that performance-based earnings increased under the prosocial incentives scheme. Qualitative evidence suggest an underlying mechanism, the fear of getting zero for charity, is the main reason for the change and that women were more likely to report this fear. A second experiment finds that eliminating the possibility of getting zero —with lower payout variance and increased expected returns to competition, results in top performing women become as likely as men to enter competition in work tasks with prosocial incentives. I discuss how these insights could inform the design of incentives in the field.
Population downscaling using high-resolution, temporally-rich U.S. property data

Multi-temporal and spatially explicit population data are vital in many fields, such as demography, urban planning, disaster prevention, economics, and environmental modeling. Population data used ...
8-Hydroxyguanine, an abundant form of oxidative DNA damage, causes G----T and A----C substitutions.

Mutations caused by oxidative DNA damage may contribute to human disease. A major product of that damage is 8-hydroxyguanine (oh8Gua). Because of differences in experimental design, the base pairing specificity of oh8G in vivo is not completely resolved. Here, oh8dGTP and DNA polymerase were used in two complementary bacteriophage plaque color assays to examine the mutagenic specificity of oh8Gua in vivo. The first is a reversion assay that detects all three single-base substitutions caused by misreading of guanine analogues inserted at a specific site. oh8Gua at that site gave a mutation frequency of 0.7%. Twenty-two of the 23 mutations were G→T substitutions. The second assay, a forward mutation assay, tests the mispairing potential of any altered nucleotide 1) during incorporation as substrate nucleotide, and 2) after multiple incorporations into a single-stranded DNA gap region of M13mp2. Substituting oh8dGTP for dGTP during polymerization produced 16% mutants; two classes of mutations were observed, both caused by pairing of oh8Gua with A. Seventy-six of 78 mutations were A→C substitutions, and two were G→T substitutions. These assays thus illustrate mutagenic replication of oh8Gua as template causing G→T substitutions and misincorporation of oh8Gua as substrate causing A→C substitutions, both caused by oh8Gua.A mispairs.
Loop Transmission Bounds for Multivariable Diagonal Control in Quantitative Feedback Theory

In this paper, an improved loop transmission bound is derived analytically for MIMO quantitative feedback theory. It can also be used in conjunction with some existing techniques to further reduce overdesign for the whole system. A design example is used to illustrate its feasibility.
The Survival of Internet-Based B2B Exchanges: The Critical Role of Relationships

Researchers have suggested that businesses are undergoing a paradigm shift due to the emergence of the Internet. In the business-to-business arena, fundamental process changes are taking place due to the emergence of Internet-based B2B exchanges. Three types of B2B exchanges have emerged-independent or third party industry specific B2B exchanges, buyer or supplier coalition-based B2B exchanges, and corporate B2B exchanges. While the costs savings associated with Internet-based B2B exchanges are well understood, this paper highlights the critical role that relationships will play in the success or failure of B2B exchanges. Using transactional cost framework, we analyze the various types of Internet-based B2B exchanges and conclude that corporate exchanges have a comparative advantage over open market exchanges, as well as over buyer or supplier coalition-based exchanges. It is our expectation that this paper will serve as a catalyst for future research in this area.
Towards an Understanding of Mindful Practices with Children and Adolescents in Residential Treatment.

SUMMARY The author discusses mindful practices with children and adolescents in the residential treatment milieu. The article presents the current literature as well as three case studies informing theoretical and practical viewpoints of these practices as interventions and philosophies towards healing and growth.
Sinus Arrest Associated With Continuous-Infusion Cimetidine

The administration of intermittent intravenous infusions of cimetidine is infrequently associated with the development of bradyarrhythmias. A 40-year-old man with leukemia and no history of cardiac disease developed recurrent, brief episodes of apparent sinus arrest while receiving continuous-infusion cimetidine 50 mg/hour. The arrhythmias were temporally related to cimetidine administration, disappeared after dechallenge, and did not recur during ranitidine treatment. This is the first reported case of sinus arrest associated with continuous-infusion cimetidine.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTENSITY AND BREADTH OF AFTER-SCHOOL PROGRAM PARTICIPATION AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM A SHORT-TERM LONGITUDINAL STUDY

We explored the extent to which intensity and breadth of participation in an after-school program (ASP) predicted academic achievement, as measured by changes in grades and attendance. The sample comprised 719 2nd-grade through 8th-grade Boys and Girls Clubs of Greater Dallas members during the 2009–2010 academic year. With respect to intensity, extent of club participation was positively related to increases in GPA from the first-week to the last 6-week grading period. This relationship was stronger for elementary students. In addition, intensity was negatively related to changes in school absences from the first week to the last 6 weeks for both grade levels. With respect to breadth, participation in greater numbers of programs was related to greater improvement in GPA, but only among elementary students, and only when program participation was substantial. Overall, the results suggest that participation in structured ASPs like Boys and Girls Clubs positively affects academic achievement.
Effect of 4-methylthiobenzoic acid on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in the rat.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of 4-methylthiobenzoic acid (MTBA) as a protection agent against cisplatin (CDDP)-induced changes in organ of Corti surface structure, compared to electrophysiological changes. Electrophysiological change was assessed using auditory brainstem response (ABR) and morphological changes were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Male Wistar rats underwent pre-treatment ABRs in response to clicks, and tone bursts at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 kHz. The three groups of rats were injected as follows: (1) MTBA (250 mg/kg, i.p.), (2) CDDP (16 mg/kg, i.p.), (3) CDDP+MTBA (16 mg/kg, i.p.+250 mg/kg, i.p.). Post-treatment ABRs were performed 3 days after drug administration and rats were sacrificed. Their cochleae were harvested and SEM was used to examine the surface of the organ of Corti, specifically the number of inner hair cells (IHCs) and outer hair cells (OHCs) in the apical, middle and basal turns of the cochlea. Animal weight was measured on the first and final days. There was a good correlation between ABR threshold changes and hair cell loss in the high frequency region of the cochlea (basal turn), while threshold changes in the lower test frequencies (middle turn) appeared to be the result of more subtle changes in the cochlea. MTBA provided effective protection against cisplatin-induced ABR threshold changes at all test frequencies as well as hair cell loss. MTBA also protected against body weight loss.
Thermal Transport Properties of Optical Thin Films

This paper presents results of a successful four year effort funded by the Air Force to develop a measurement system for the study of optical-thin-film thermal transport properties. Data are presented on several coated samples. Characteristic features of the data are interpreted in terms of behavior expected on the basis of solutions of the heat diffusion equation. Comparisons are made between observed coating data and model predictions based on handbook data on coating materials in bulk format These comparisons show close agreement for nasurable properties in the special cases studied. The thta are found to be free of unexpected strncture. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Treatment planning and image guidance for radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors

Radiofrequency ablation is becoming an increasingly attractive option for minimally invasive treatment of liver tumors. In this procedure, the tumor and its margin are ablated using radiofrequency ablation probes that cover a region from 2cm to 7cm in diameter. For a large or irregularly shaped tumor, multiple ablations with overlapping probe placements are required. In this paper, we propose a treatment planning system to optimize these placements. A general optimization framework based on inverse planning methods is designed to generate the treatment plan. An objective function is defined to describe the coverage of the ablation volumes. Powell's method and simulated annealing algorithms are used to find the solution. Pre-computed mask volumes and an initial placement based on a Euclidean Distance Transform are used to speed up the computation, which can generally take a few seconds to several minutes. To ensure accurate placement of the ablation probe, we also propose a system architecture for integrating the treatment planning system with our previously developed image-guided surgery system, which uses an electromagnetic tracking device. We present some preliminary results from synthetic data to validate our treatment planning algorithm and system concept.
Effects of copper on the latency of lysosomal hexosaminidase in the digestive cells of Mytilus edulis

Mytilus edulis collected from Tomales Bay, California, USA, during mid-winter 1979 were exposed to increased concentrations of dissolved copper under controlled laboratory conditions. A dose-dependent reduction in the latency of lysosomal hexosaminidase activity in digestive cells was induced after a 30 d exposure to copper. The half-time of the hexosaminidase staining reaction in sections of digestive gland from control mussels was 15.5 min; for mussels exposed to 25, 50, and 75 μg Cu l-1 it was 11.8, 8.5 and 5.5 min, respectively. In addition, the dyecoupled reaction product was seen earlier in sections from individuals exposed to 50 and 75 μg Cu l-1 (after 30 s) and 25 μg Cu l-1 (1 min) than in sections from control individuals (2.5 min). Copper accumulations were demonstrated histochemically to have the same distribution as the hexosaminidase reaction product, indicating that copper is sequestered in lysosomes. Copper concentrations in digestive gland tissue, were related to the concentrations of copper in the water to which the mussels were exposed.
Reported Speech in Talking Race on Campus

In talking race, university students sometimes report the speech of others, or themselves, to recreate what happened during an incident. Reported speech is used within narratives to vividly convey what was said, purportedly through the actor's own words or as evidence to support general claims. The speaker is not merely reporting speech but also assessing the problematic character of the actions performed through others' words. Reported speech is relevantly tied to assessment. Assessment reveals the reporting speaker's positioning toward the reported speech. The reported speech used in talking race presents the other as ignorant, biased, racist, ridiculous, or honest. African Americans discursively portray Whites as unwilling to admit racism, as stereotyping, or as duplicitous in intergroup relations. Whites, on the other hand, frame African Americans as exaggerating racism or as overemphasizing their ethnicity. Representing others' actions through invoking their words is a way of criticizing, challenging, or resisting such troublesome racialized events
Diffraction Method Detection of Local Lattice Distortion in AIN Ceramics by Convergent Beam Electron

Lattice distortions in polycrystalline aluminum nitride (A1N) were observed by convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED). CBED patterns show that the A1N crystal lattice is distorted near the grain-boundary phase. This is a result of sintering aids, possibly due to the difference in the thermal expansion between the AlN crystal and the grain-boundary phase.
Self-Medication: An Only Child Syndrome?

(1972). Self-Medication: An Only Child Syndrome? Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 5, Drug Abuse 1972, pp. 62-66.
Single microtubules from squid axoplasm support bidirectional movement of organelles

Abstract Single filaments, dissociated from the extruded axoplasm of the squid giant axon and visualized by videoenhanced differential interference contrast microscopy, transport organelles bidirectionally. Organelles moving in the same or opposite directions along the same filament can pass each other without colliding, indicating that each transport filament has several tracks for organelle movement. In order to characterize transport filaments, organelle movements were first examined by video microscopy, and then the same filaments were examined by electron microscopy after rapid-freezing, freeze-drying, and rotaryshadowing. Transport filaments that supported bidirectional movement of organelles are 22 nm to 27 nm in diameter and have a substructure indicative of a single microtubule. Immunofluorescence showed that virtually all transport filaments contain tubulin. These results show that single microtubules can serve as a substratum for organelle movement, and suggest that an interaction between organelles and microtubules is the basis of fast axonal transport.
On the foundations of the stochastic immersed boundary method

We explore the theoretical foundations for the inclusion of thermal fluctuations in the immersed boundary method for simulating microscale fluid systems with immersed flexible structures, as in cellular and subcellular biology. We investigate in particular the physical validity of the thermal forcing scheme with respect to the coupling of fluid and immersed structural degrees of freedom and non-equilibrium conditions. We discuss also the shortcomings of a natural alternative scheme in which the thermal fluctuations are applied directly to the structural degrees of freedom through Langevin-type dynamics.
Planning India's long-term energy shipment infrastructures for electricity and coal

Abstract The Purdue Long-Term Electricity Trading and Capacity Expansion Planning Model simultaneously optimizes both transmission and generation capacity expansions. Most commercial electricity system planning software is limited to only transmission planning. An application of the model to India's national power grid, for 2008–2028, indicates substantial transmission expansion is the cost-effective means of meeting the needs of the nation's growing economy. An electricity demand growth rate of 4% over the 20-year planning horizon requires more than a 50% increase in the Government's forecasted transmission capacity expansion, and 8% demand growth requires more than a six-fold increase in the planned transmission capacity expansion. The model minimizes the long-term expansion costs (operational and capital) for the nation's five existing regional power grids and suggests the need for large increases in load-carrying capability between them. Changes in coal policy affect both the location of new thermal power plants and the optimal pattern inter-regional transmission expansions.
The substituent effect of the methyl group. Carbon 1s ionization energies, proton affinities, and reactivities of the methylbenzenes.

High-resolution carbon 1s photoelectron spectra have been measured for methyl-substituted benzenes. By using these data together with molecular structure calculations to predict the vibrational profiles expected in the spectra, it has been possible for the first time to assign 1s ionization energies to each of the inequivalent carbon atoms in these molecules. There exist linear correlations between the ionization energies and the energy changes for other chemical processes, such as enthalpies of protonation and activation energies for hydrogen exchange and protodesilylation. There are deviations from these correlations for sites in which hyperconjugation plays a role in the process. These can be understood by recognizing that the core-ionization energies reflect primarily the Hammett parameter σ whereas the other energies reflect σ+. The ionization and reaction energies can be summarized compactly with a linear model in which the total effect of the substituents is equal to the sum of the effects of the i...
Low-Flow Ground Water Sampling — Is It a Cure-All?

Several advantages are generally presented in favor of low-flow sampling. With less pump-induced turbidity, there is less need for filtration. The smaller volume of water purged reduces disposal costs. Drawdown is also minimized, especially in low-permeability formations. Overall, sample consistency is improved, especially with dedicated samplers. If low-flow sampling could be shown to yield representative ground water samples, it would indeed be an improvement over traditional methods. However, the validity of the basic assumption in the method is of concern. Therefore, the question remaining before adopting the low-flow method is whether the water obtained is from the wellbore, the filter pack, or the aquifer. Few of the papers on low-flow sampling give both sides of the issues they raise. Thus, the purposes of this paper are to (1) examine evidence offered for and against the assumption that flow is horizontal and samples obtained are representative of water in the aquifer; and (2) suggest some possible ways to resolve concerns about the method.
Generalization of [DAla2]-enkephalinamide but not of substance P to the morphine cue

Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate morphine (7.5 mg/kg, IP) from saline in a two bar positively reinforced lever pressing paradigm on a FR4 schedule. Morphine (IP) showed a naloxone reversible dose-related generalization to the training dose. [DAla 2 ]-Methionine enkephalinamide (DAE) at 1 mg/kg and Substance P (SP) at 0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg showed vehicle appropriate responding after IP injection. DAE (5 mg/kg) disrupted responding completely; SP (0.5 and 0.1 mg/kg) disrupted responding in 50% of the rats. The disruption caused by IP injection of DAE was not naloxone reversible. Intraventricular injection of morphine (5 μg/rat) and DAE (5 μ/rat) produced generalization to the opiate cue. The effect of DAE was reversed by naloxone (1 mg/kg, SC). SP (500 and 750 ng/rat, IVT) produced saline-like responding; 1 μg/rat disrupted responding completely. These data demonstrate that morphine and enkephalin, but not Substance P, share similar discriminative properties.