cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Bad Could It Be? Alcohol Dampens Stress Responses to Threat of Uncertain Intensity

Stress response dampening is an important motive for alcohol use. However, stress reduction via alcohol (alcohol SRD) is observed inconsistently in the laboratory, and this has raised questions about the precise mechanisms and boundary conditions for these effects. Emerging evidence indicates that alcohol SRD may be observed selectively during uncertain but not certain threats. In a final sample of 89 participants, we measured stress response via potentiation of defensive startle reflex in response to threat of shock in blocks with certain (low and high) and uncertain shock intensity. Our alcohol-administration procedure produced blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) across a broad range (0.00%–0.12%) across participants. Increasing BACs were associated with linearly decreasing startle potentiation and self-reported anxiety. This SRD effect was greater during uncertain than certain threat. More broadly, these results suggest that distinct mechanisms are involved in response to threats of uncertain intensity...
Magnocellular contributions to impaired motion processing in schizophrenia.

Patients with schizophrenia show impairments in motion processing, along with deficits in lower level processing primarily involving the magnocellular visual pathway. The present study investigates potential magnocellular contributions to impaired motion processing in schizophrenia using a combined neurophysiological and behavioral approach. As compared to prior motion studies in schizophrenia, thresholds were determined for both incoherent and coherent visual motion. In this study, velocity discrimination thresholds were measured for schizophrenia patients (n = 14) and age-matched normal control subjects (n = 16) using a staircase procedure. Early visual processing was evaluated using steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEP), with stimuli biased toward activation of either the magnocellular or parvocellular visual pathways through luminance contrast manipulation. Patients with schizophrenia showed poor velocity discrimination for both incoherent and coherent motion, with no significant group × task interaction. Further, when coherent motion performance was measured at individually determined incoherent motion thresholds, accuracy levels for patients were similar to controls, also indicating similarity of deficit for incoherent vs. coherent motion discrimination. Impairments in velocity discrimination correlated significantly with reduced amplitude of ssVEP elicited by magnocellular – but not parvocellular – selective stimuli. This study demonstrates that deficits in motion processing in schizophrenia are significantly related to reduced activation of the magnocellular visual system. Further, this study supports and extends prior reports of impaired motion processing in schizophrenia, and indicates significant bottom-up contributions to higher-order cognitive impairments.
Exercise therapy and recovery after SCI: evidence that shows early intervention improves recovery of function

Exercise therapy and recovery after SCI: evidence that shows early intervention improves recovery of function
Small mammal community structure and composition in the Cerrado Province of central Brazil

Community structure, macrohabitat selection, and patterns of species co-occur- rence were examined during a 14-month study of small mammals in the Cerrado Province of central Brazil. Data were collected from mark-recapture grids in brejo and gallery forest, and from live-trapping and specimen collection in all habitat types within cerrado (campo limpo, campo sujo, cerrado (s.s.), cerradao, brejo, valley-side wet campo, and gallery forest). Gallery forest supported the highest species richness, most complex vertical distribution of species, highest level of trophic diversity, and highest macroniche diversity. Degree of habitat selection varied widely. All habitat types supported both rodents and marsupials, although marsupials tended to be much less common in the grasslands (campos) than in woodlands (cerrado) and forests (cerradao, gallery forest). Some species, such as Didelphis albiventris, occurred in all habitat types, while others were much more restricted. Oryzomys bicolor, for example, ocur- red only in gallery forest. No habitat type had a completely distinct fauna: overlap in species composition always occurred with at least one other habitat type. Because of the great varia- bility of habitats, and the fact that subsets of the mammal fauna were frequently habitat specific, the overall species richness of any portion of mixed cerrado vegetation is remarkably high.
Ultrasound-array-based real-time photoacoustic microscopy of human pulsatile dynamics in vivo

With a refined ultrasound-array-based real-time photoacoustic microscopy (UA-PAM) system, we demonstrate the feasibility of noninvasive in vivo imaging of human pulsatile dynamics. The system, capable of real-time B-scan imaging at 50 Hz and high-speed 3-D imaging, is validated by imaging the subcutaneous microvasculature in rats and humans. After the validation, a human artery around the palm-wrist area is imaged, and its pulsatile dynamics, including the arterial pulsatile motion and changes in hemoglobin concentration, is monitored with 20-ms B-scan imaging temporal resolution. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of real-time photoacoustic imaging of human physiological dynamics. Our results show that UA-PAM can potentially enable many new possibilities for studying functional and physiological dynamics in both preclinical and clinical imaging settings.
Parallelizing applications into silicon

The next decade of computing will be dominated by embedded systems, information appliances and application-specific computers. In order to build these systems, designers will need high-level compilation and CAD tools that generate architectures that effectively meet the needs of each application. In this paper we present a novel compilation system that allows sequential programs, written in C or FORTRAN, to be compiled directly into custom silicon or reconfigurable architectures. This capability is also interesting because trends in computer architecture are moving towards more reconfigurable hardware-like substrates, such as FPGA based systems. Our system works by successfully combining two resource-efficient computing disciplines: Small Memories and Virtual Wires. For a given application, the compiler first analyzes the memory access patterns of pointers and arrays in the program and constructs a partitioned memory system made up of many small memories. The computation is implemented by active computing elements that are spatially distributed within the memory array. A space-time scheduler assigns instructions to the computing elements in a way that maximizes locality and minimizes physical communication distance. It also generates an efficient static schedule for the interconnect. Finally, specialized hardware for the resulting schedule of memory accesses, wires, and computation is generated as a multi-process state machine in synthesizable Verilog. With this system, implemented as a set of SUIF compiler passes, we have successfully compiled programs into hardware and achieve specialization performance enhancements by up to an order of magnitude versus a single general purpose processor. We also achieve additional parallelization speedups similar to those obtainable using a tightly-interconnected multiprocessor.
Self-Interest, Love, and Economic Justice: A Dialogue Between Classical Economic Liberalism and Catholic Social Teaching

This essay seeks to start a dialogue between two traditions that historically have interpreted the economy in opposing ways: the individualism of classic economic liberalism (CEL), represented by Adam Smith and Milton Friedman, and the communitarianism of Catholic social teaching (CST), interpreted primarily through the teachings of popes and secondarily the U.S. Catholic bishops. The present authors, an economist and a moral theologian who identify with one or the other of the two traditions, strive to clarify objectively their similarities and differences with the opposing perspective. Section one focuses on each position's perspective of love of self and love of others. We find both CEL and CST saying that self-love, rightly understood, constitutes a moral good and that the love of others serves as an important principle in the political economy. We find less agreement in section two regarding justice and rights, but even here, we discover a few surprises. Both traditions uphold justice (giving to each party what is due) as essential to the political economy, and recognize some similarity in that type of justice called commutative. We note, however, substantial differences regarding a second type of justice that we call "public justice." First, they differ over the extent to which government should be involved. Here the meaning of rights, especially that of individual freedom, arises. Secondly, the traditions diverge over whether benevolence as a motivator ought to serve as a partner for public justice. Thirdly, CEL in general opposes CST's emphasis on social justice that calls upon institutions to be proactive in helping citizens and groups to become active participants in the economy. We conclude our essay by summarizing our discoveries and by suggesting areas for further dialogue.
An Evaluation of the Community Aerosol Inlet for the NCAR C-130 Research Aircraft

Abstract Based on both in-flight measurements and a fluid dynamics model, airflow in the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Aerosol Inlet (CAI) is similar to fully developed pipe flow. Distortions of the velocity field were pronounced when suction to inlet tubes was shut off, but conditions were otherwise insensitive to all flight parameters but airspeed. The principal value of the multiuser CAI system for NCAR's C-130 is that it decelerates air with no curves until the velocity has been reduced to 10 m s−1. It then supplies uniformly modified air (after turbulent losses) to all users, enabling valid closure experiments. Chemical data from both the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-1) and the Second Community Aerosol Inlet Evaluation Program (CAINE-II) clearly indicate that while passing efficiency for submicron aerosol is acceptable, very little of the sea salt mode mass is transmitted by the CAI to instruments inside the aircraft. Comparisons between chemical samples ...
Women's Reactions to Hypothetical Male Sexual Touch as a Function of Initiator Attractiveness and Level of Coercion

This study investigated women's reactions to hypothetical male sexual advances and how these reactions are influenced by the physical attractiveness of the initiator. The 144 mostly Caucasian female participants were given vignettes asking them to imagine themselves as the recipients of an uninvited sexually coercive advance from a casual male acquaintance. The acquaintance was described as either attractive or unattractive, and the level of sexual coercion was low, medium, or high. Participants evaluated the situation in terms of how negatively or positively it would affect them, how socially acceptable it would be, and how much it would flatter them. The results indicate that for women, as has previously been shown for men, the attractiveness level of the opposite gender perpetrator redefines how the sexual advances are perceived. In addition, the results support earlier findings that women view sexual advances which use low levels of sexual coercion less negatively than those employing higher levels.
Viscoelastic materials in veterinary ophthalmology

Viscoelastic materials have applications in both human and veterinary ophthalmology and orthopedics and for humans in otorhinolaryngology, urinary incontinence, cosmetic surgery and cosmetics. In ophthalmology, viscoelasties are most commonly used in facilitating cataract and other anterior segment surgeries, but also have applications in posterior segment surgery and in the topical management of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Viscoelastics are routinely used during anterior segment surgery in filling and maintaining the anterior chamber, repositioning the iris, and to coat and protect the corneal endothelium, and expand the capsular bag prior to intraocular lens implantation. Viscoelastics can also be essential in the management of intraoperative complications such as miosis, hemorrhage, posterior capsular tears, and vitreous presentation. The most common products available for ophthalmic use include various concentrations of sodium hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. The physical properties of each viscoelastic material are dependent on chain length, and intra-and interchain interactions. The rheologic properties of viscosity, pseudoplasticity, viscoelasticity, and surface tension dictate the usefulness of each material for a specific purpose.
Psychosocial factors and cardiovascular diseases.

▪ Abstract Rapidly accruing evidence from a diversity of disciplines supports the hypothesis that psychosocial factors are related to morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. We review relevant literature on (a) negative emotional states, including depression, anger and hostility, and anxiety; (b) chronic and acute psychosocial stressors; and (c) social ties, social support, and social conflict. All three of these psychosocial domains have been significantly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We also discuss critical pathophysiological mechanisms and pathways that likely operate in a synergistic and integrative way to promote atherogenesis and related clinical manifestations. We conclude by discussing some of the important challenges and opportunities for future investigations.
A Bayesian Mixture Approach to Modeling Spatial Activation Patterns in Multisite fMRI Data

We propose a probabilistic model for analyzing spatial activation patterns in multiple functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation images such as repeated observations on an individual or images from different individuals in a clinical study. Instead of taking the traditional approach of voxel-by-voxel analysis, we directly model the shape of activation patterns by representing each activation cluster in an image as a Gaussian-shaped surface. We assume that there is an unknown true template pattern and that each observed image is a noisy realization of this template. We model an individual image using a mixture of experts model with each component representing a spatial activation cluster. Taking a nonparametric Bayesian approach, we use a hierarchical Dirichlet process to extract common activation clusters from multiple images and estimate the number of such clusters automatically. We further extend the model by adding random effects to the shape parameters to allow for image-specific variation in the activation patterns. Using a Bayesian framework, we learn the shape parameters for both image-level activation patterns and the template for the set of images by sampling from the posterior distribution of the parameters. We demonstrate our model on a dataset collected in a large multisite fMRI study.
Ethics in Science

Most of us know right from wrong. Ethical practice is basically doing what is right and avoiding the temptation to resort to shortcuts, lies, cheating, and fraud. I write this chapter in trepidation fearing that rather than providing guidelines for appropriate behavior I may be providing temptation for bad behavior. As scientists we like to believe that we have higher standards than politicians. To be able to claim a higher calling we must not only practice ethics, but we must also be vigilant in holding colleagues and organizations to the same standard.
Level set methods for optimization problems involving geometry and constraints I. Frequencies of a two-density inhomogeneous drum

Many problems in engineering design involve optimizing the geometry to maximize a certain design objective. Geometrical constraints are often imposed. In this paper, we use the level set method devised in (Osher and Sethian, J. Comput. Phys.79, 12 (1988)), the variational level set calculus presented in (Zhao et al., J. Comput. Phys.127, 179 (1996)), and the projected gradient method, as in (Rudin et al., Physica D.60, 259 (1992)), to construct a simple numerical approach for problems of this type. We apply this technique to a model problem involving a vibrating system whose resonant frequency or whose spectral gap is to be optimized subject to constraints on geometry. Our numerical results are quite promising. We expect to use this approach to deal with a wide class of optimal design problems in the future.
Affective and cognitive reactions to narrative versus statistical evidence organ donation messages.

Abstract Persuasive health messages have been examined for their effectiveness, but few studies have explored the cognitive and affective reactions to these messages. The goal of the present research was to gain insight into the cognitive and affective reactions to statistical evidence and narrative persuasive messages about organ donation in order to determine why these different types of evidence are persuasive. The influence of prior thought and intent about organ donation on these reactions also was explored. Cognitive reactions examined included total, positive, and negative thoughts about organ donation, message ratings, and assessments of causal relevance, while affective reactions examined included positive and negative emotions about organ donation and anxiety. Results indicated a main effect for evidence type such that statistical evidence messages produced greater results in terms of all the cognitive reactions, while narratives produced greater results for all of the affective reactions. A mai...
U.S. NCAA division I female student-athletes' perceptions of an empowerment and social responsibility program.

Because alcohol abuse and sexual violence are particularly prevalent on college campuses (Coker et al., 2011), empowering female student-athletes is a vital pursuit for intercollegiate athletics (Gill, 2008; Cattaneo & Chapman, 2010). Using consensual qualitative research (Hill et al., 1997, 2005), we interviewed eight Division I female student-athletes who participated in an empowerment program about their experiences. Five domains were revealed: (a) perception of psychological empowerment, (b) perception of social empowerment, (c) perception of physical empowerment, (d) perception of biggest “takeaways,” and (e) experience of program. Findings illustrated the importance of empowering female student-athletes to believe in themselves, to act upon those beliefs, and to build community around those beliefs.
Effectiveness of Tepa-Sterilized Mexican Fruit Flies Released in Mango Grove

Experiments conducted during 1962 and 1963 in a 10-acre mango grove in Morelos, Mexico, involved the release of Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), chemosterilized by dipping the puparia in a 5% aqueous solution of tepa. By releasing the flies in sufficient numbers to overwhelm the natural population present in the mango grove during development of the principal crop, protection of most of the crop was effected.
Observation of Open-Ended Stacking Fault Tetrahedra in Si0.85Ge0.15 Grown on V-Grooved (001) Si and Planar (111) Si Substrates

A new strain relief mechanism was observed in thin films of Si0.85Ge0.15 grown by RTCVD (rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition) on patterned (001) and planar ( % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca % aIXaGaaGymaaaacaaIXaaaaa!3838! $$\overline {11} 1$$ ) Si substrates. The (001) Si substrates were lithographically patterned and anisotropically etched to produce a line pattern of V-shaped grooves running in the [ % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca % aIXaGaaGymaaaacaaIWaaaaa!3837! $$\overline {11} 0$$ ] direction where the walls of the grooves were the {111} crystal planes lying in the [ % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca % aIXaGaaGymaaaacaaIWaaaaa!3837! $$\overline {11} 0$$ ] zone. Cross-section and plan-view TEM (transmission electron microscopy) studies revealed the presence of open ended stacking fault tetrahedra in strained-layer Si0.85Ge0.15 grown both on ( % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr % 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9 % vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x % fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca % aIXaGaaGymaaaacaaIXaaaaa!3838! $$\overline {11} 1$$ ) Si wafers and the {111} sidewalls of the patterned (001) Si wafers. No defects were observed in the (001) portions of the films grown on non-planar substrates.
PHENOMENAL TIME AS A DETERMINANT OF CFF.

Experimental manipulation of phenomenal time for 24 Ss was associated with increased sensitivity to the temporal discreteness of successive stimuli. Data were related to earlier findings from this laboratory.
Gettering of FE By Aluminum In P-Type Cz Silicon

In this study, we investigate the gettering process of Fe in p-type Cz silicon after iron has been introduced at the solubility limit at 1000°C. Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) was used to measure [FeB], a fingerprint of [Fe i ], at the center of samples. The minority carrier diffusion length and lifetime were calculated from Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC) measurements. The fact that [FeB] is proportional to the negative second power of the minority carrier diffusion length at the high [FeB] regime confirms that FeB donors are the dominant recombination centers limiting solar cell performance with high Fe contamination. By quenching after heat treatment, we can maintain and measure the kinetics and thermodynamics of gettering exclusively. The getter/silicon interface was studied by comparison of the gettering rates of molten Al at 620°C, 700°C, and 800°C, and iron silicide at 700°C. We model Fe gettering with respect to temperature, time, solubility and precipitate nuclei density. In the early stage of Fe gettering, the process is dominated by precipitate formation around oxygen precipitate nuclei. The precipitate density is estimated to be on the order of 5×10 8 cm −3 . In later stages, Fe outdiffusion contributes to the [Fe i ] reduction. The early stage precipitation limits [Fe i ] reduction after short time to the solubility at the gettering temperature.
Locating Culture in the Psychic Field: Transference and Countertransference as Cultural Products.

AbstractThe author contrasts the classical psychoanalytic perspective on the relationship between culture, especially race, and transference with interpersonal and relational models. Recent develop...
Study on drug resistance of different Mycobacterium species in Ningbo

Objective:To investigate drug resistance of different Mycobacterium species in Ningbo.Methods:One percent propotion method was used for drug susceptibility testing of isoniazid,rifampicin,streptomycin and ethambutol,according to the WHO/IUATLD "Guidelines for surveillance of tuberculosis drug resistance".And the mycobacterium species were identified by differential medium culture method.Results:1947 TB cases were enrolled.The strains of M.tuberculosis,M.bovis and M.non-tuberculosis were 1354(69.5%),261(13.4%),332(17.0%) respectively.The total frequency of drug resistance were 34.4%(466/1354),14.2%(37/261),98.4%(327/332) respectively.Conclusion:The pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Ningbo were infected mainly with M.tuberculosis(69.5%).The high resistance rate of NTM should be paid great attention.
Incorporation of Antiangiogenic Therapy Into the Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Paradigm

Although molecular targeted agents have improved the treatment of lung cancer, their use has largely been restricted to limited subsets of the overall population that carry specific mutations. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from existing networks, is an attractive, more general process for the development of targeted anticancer therapies, because it is critical for the growth of solid tumors, including non-small-cell lung cancer. Growing tissues require a vascular supply within a few millimeters. Therefore, solid tumors create a proangiogenic microenvironment to facilitate the development of new tumor-associated blood vessels, thus providing an adequate vascular supply for continued tumor growth. Antiangiogenic agents can specifically target the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathways, broadly inhibit multiple tyrosine kinases, or interfere with other angiogenic processes, such as disruption of existing tumor vasculature. The present report provides an overview of antiangiogenic therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer, including both currently approved antiangiogenic therapies (bevacizumab [anti-VEGF] and ramucirumab [anti-VEGF receptor 2] monoclonal antibodies), and a variety of promising novel agents in development. Although recent data have demonstrated promising efficacy for some novel agents, the overall development of antiangiogenic therapy has been hampered by redundancy in signaling pathways and the highly heterogeneous nature of tumors. An improved understanding of the molecular basis of angiogenesis will guide the development of new antiangiogenic therapies and the identification of biomarkers to predict which patients with lung cancer are most likely to benefit from antiangiogenic therapy.
The Role of Fluid Dynamics in Distributing Ankle Stresses in Anatomic and Injured States.

Background:In 1976, Ramsey and Hamilton published a landmark cadaveric study demonstrating a dramatic 42% decrease in tibiotalar contact area with only 1 mm of lateral talar shift. An increase in m...
Direct measurements of free surface smoothness in turbulent liquid sheets

The High-Yield Lithium-Injection Fusion Energy (HYLIFE)-II conceptual reactor design uses stationary and oscillating slab jets, or liquid sheets, of molten Flibe (Li 2 BeF 4 ) to shield the chamber first walls from damaging neutrons, ions, and target debris. A lattice of stationary liquid sheets with the beams propagating through the lattice openings is used to protect chamber front and back walls. Extremely smooth sheets are required to effectively shield the chamber first walls without clipping the driver beams, Surface ripple and its growth are therefore a major concern in liquid protection design. In this study, a non-intrusive technique for directly visualizing and measuring the instantaneous free-surface geometry has been developed. Mean free-surface geometry and surface geometry fluctuation results for turbulent water sheets issuing vertically downwards into atmospheric pressure air are presented at Reynolds numbers based upon the nozzle thickness of 34000, at distances up to 25 nozzle thicknesses (25δ) downstream of the nozzle exit.
How beliefs can impact judgments of learning: Evaluating analytic processing theory with beliefs about fluency

Abstract According to analytic-processing theory, when people are asked to judge their future memory performance, they search for cues that will help them reduce their uncertainty for how well they will remember each item. For instance, many people believe that more fluently performing a task is related to better task performance. Thus, when studying items for an upcoming test, items that are believed to be more easily processed are expected to be judged as more memorable. To test this prediction, we had participants judge their learning of words presented for study in two colors (blue or green), because these colors were not expected to differentially impact processing fluency or memory. During the task instructions, some participants were led to believe that one color was easier to process than another, but nothing was mentioned about whether color was related to memory. Across multiple experiments, color did not consistently influence final test performance, whereas people’s judgments were significantly higher for words printed in the color that had been associated with more fluent processing. In a final experiment, a different instruction was used in which one color was associated with being more calming when read. For participant’s who believed that calming was associated with better memory, JOLs were higher for the words presented in the allegedly calming color. This evidence supports analytic-processing theory and further highlights the central (and sometimes subtle) role of people’s beliefs as they judge their learning.
Chastity Beliefs, Female Neglect, Academic Achievement, and Psychological Well-Being of Adolescent Girls in Tamilnadu, India

In this study, we examined the relationship between chastity beliefs and psychological well-being among adolescent girls with a specific focus on culturally valued beliefs about gender in communiti...
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Musculoskeletal Biology

The use of platelet-rich plasma and mesenchymal stem cells has garnered much attention in orthopedic medicine, focusing on the biological aspects of cell function. However, shortly after systemic delivery, or even a local injection, few of the transplanted stem cells or platelets remain at the target site. Improvement in delivery, and the ability to track and monitor injected cells, would greatly improve clinical translation. Nanoparticles can effectively and quickly label most cells in vitro, and evidence to date suggests such labeling does not compromise the proliferation or differentiation of cells. A specific type of nanoparticle, the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION), is already employed as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent. SPIONs can be coupled with cells or bioactive molecules (antibodies, proteins, drugs, etc.) to form an injectable complex for in vivo use. The biocompatibility, magnetic properties, small size, and custom-made surface coatings also enable SPIONs to be used for delivering and monitoring of small molecules, drugs, and cells, specifically to muscle, bone, or cartilage. Because SPIONs consist of cores made of iron oxides, targeting of SPIONs to a specific muscle, bone, or joint in the body can be enhanced with the help of applied gradient magnetic fields. Moreover, MRI has a high sensitivity to SPIONs and can be used for noninvasive determination of successful delivery and monitoring distribution in vivo. Gaps remain in understanding how the physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials affect biological systems. Nonetheless, SPIONs hold great promise for regenerative medicine, and progress is being made rapidly toward clinical applications in orthopedic medicine.
7.5 Understanding How Dividing Cells Change Shape

Cytokinesis is an essential cellular process with significant developmental and medical implications. Fundamentally mechanical, this geometrically simple cell shape change encompasses nearly all cellular processes. Particularly featured are cytoskeletal mechanics, molecular motor mechanochemistry, fluid dynamics, and cellular physiology, all of which are carried out by genetically encoded biomolecules. This chapter presents the current understanding of how these processes and features contribute to the physical aspects of cytokinesis. The chapter is rounded out with a synthesis of the processes into what is emerging as an integrated control system characterized by mechanical and biochemical feedback loops.
Markov inequality rule for switching among time optimal controllers in a multiple vehicle intercept problem

Abstract In this paper, a Markov inequality based switching rule is proposed to switch among numerically computed, time optimal controllers in a multiple vehicle intercept problem. Each controller is optimal for the intercept of a single vehicle, i.e., for the segment of the complete time varying multiple vehicle target set. The switching rule guarantees that after every switch the time to the target set is shorter with a certain predefined probability. Furthermore, the rule guarantees that the target set is reached after a finite number of switches and the rule scales well with the number of vehicles, i.e., the segments covering the target set. The problem and results are illustrated by a numerical example.
Convergent roles of de novo mutations and common variants in schizophrenia in tissue-specific and spatiotemporal co-expression network.

Genetic components susceptible to complex disease such as schizophrenia include a wide spectrum of variants, including common variants (CVs) and de novo mutations (DNMs). Although CVs and DNMs differ by origin, it remains elusive whether and how they interact at the gene, pathway, and network levels that leads to the disease. In this work, we characterized the genes harboring schizophrenia-associated CVs (CVgenes) and the genes harboring DNMs (DNMgenes) using measures from network, tissue-specific expression profile, and spatiotemporal brain expression profile. We developed an algorithm to link the DNMgenes and CVgenes in spatiotemporal brain co-expression networks. DNMgenes tended to have central roles in the human protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, evidenced in their high degree and high betweenness values. DNMgenes and CVgenes connected with each other significantly more often than with other genes in the networks. However, only CVgenes remained significantly connected after adjusting for their degree. In our gene co-expression PPI network, we found DNMgenes and CVgenes connected in a tissue-specific fashion, and such a pattern was similar to that in GTEx brain but not in other GTEx tissues. Importantly, DNMgene–CVgene subnetworks were enriched with pathways of chromatin remodeling, MHC protein complex binding, and neurotransmitter activities. In summary, our results unveiled that both DNMgenes and CVgenes contributed to a core set of biologically important pathways and networks, and their interactions may attribute to the risk for schizophrenia. Our results also suggested a stronger biological effect of DNMgenes than CVgenes in schizophrenia.
Eine erste Begegnung mit APL

APL heist: A Programming Language. Das bedeutet aber nicht, das APL nur eine weitere Programmiersprache im Reigen der vielen Sprachen ist, die in den vergangenen Jahren entwickelt wurden, um den Problemlosungsprozes von der Notwendigkeit zu befreien, sich an den internen Strukturen einer DV-Anlage zu orientieren.
A preventive context for enuresis.

Very little scientific or clinical literature is devoted to prevention of enuresis or its attendant problems. The literature devoted to other aspects of enuresis, however, is extensive. The other aspects include diagnosis, incidence, etiology, and treatment. Interventions derived from these other literatures would help prevent many problems associated with enuresis and even some cases of enuresis itself.
Local Inversion Heterozygosity Alters Recombination throughout the Genome

Summary Crossovers (COs) are formed during meiosis by the repair of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and are required for the proper segregation of chromosomes. More DSBs are made than COs, and the remaining DSBs are repaired as noncrossovers (NCOs). The distribution of recombination events along a chromosome occurs in a stereotyped pattern that is shaped by CO-promoting and CO-suppressing forces, collectively referred to as crossover patterning mechanisms. Chromosome inversions are structural aberrations that, when heterozygous, disrupt the recombination landscape by suppressing crossing over. In Drosophila species, the local suppression of COs by heterozygous inversions triggers an increase in crossing over on freely recombining chromosomes termed the interchromosomal (IC) effect [ 1 , 2 ]. The molecular mechanism(s) by which heterozygous inversions suppress COs, whether noncrossover gene conversions (NCOGCs) are similarly affected, and what mediates the increase in COs in the rest of the genome remain open questions. By sequencing whole genomes of individual offspring from mothers containing heterozygous inversions, we show that, although COs are suppressed by inversions, NCOGCs occur throughout inversions at higher than wild-type frequencies. We confirm that CO frequency increases on the freely recombining chromosomes, yet CO interference remains intact. Intriguingly, NCOGCs do not increase in frequency on the freely recombining chromosomes and the total number of DSBs is approximately the same per genome. Together, our data show that heterozygous inversions change the recombination landscape by altering the relative proportions of COs and NCOGCs and suggest that DSB fate may be plastic until a CO assurance checkpoint has been satisfied.
Modeling Sequential Storage and Registers

In this chapter, we will look at modeling sequential storage devices. We begin by looking at modeling scalar storage devices such as D-latches and D-flip-flops and then move into multiple-bit storage models known as registers.
Right colonic arterial anatomy. Implications for laparoscopic surgery.

PURPOSE: Hemorrhagic complications can be a major cause of conversion and/or morbidity during laparoscopic intestinal surgery. The limited exposure currently provided in laparoscopic intestinal resection demands a precise knowledge of mesenteric vascular anatomy to avoid such complications and to expedite the procedure. Most surgical texts depict a “normal pattern” of arterial supply to the right colon consisting of three arterial branches (ileocolic artery, right colic artery, and middle colic artery) arising independently from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Based on previous reports and clinical observations, we hypothesized that the right colic artery arises infrequently from the SMA, and most commonly, there are only two colonic arteries arising independently from the SMA. METHODS: We performed detailed dissections of the SMA in 56 human cadavers. RESULTS: We found the ileocolic artery in all of our cases and the middle colic artery in 55 of 56 cadavers but only six cases of a right colic artery emanating directly from SMA. CONCLUSIONS: Our data, combined with review of published anatomic studies, lead us to conclude that in the vast majority of cases there are only two independent branches arising from SMA that supply the large intestine, the ileocolic and the middle colic arteries. The right colic artery directly arising from SMA is unusual (10.7 percent). This knowledge may help lower the risk of vascular complications during laparoscopic intestinal surgery.
Mass spectrometric analysis of the volatiles released by heating or crushing rocks

Vacuum extraction with subsequent mass spectrometric analysis of evolved volatiles was selected as the analytical procedure. The high-vacuum gas-handling system was constructed of stainless steel. The system was completely free from mercury, grease, or volatile organic materials. The furnace for heating the samples is discussed together with the high-vacuum crusher, the mass spectrometer, and approaches for water determination. The analytical procedure is considered, giving attention to the extraction of volatiles, adsorption studies, and the analysis of volatiles.
If you hear hoofbeats, sometimes it is actually a zebra: tumor characteristics and presentation, rather than age, should dictate assessment of esophageal neoplasms.

Esophageal sarcomatoid carcinoma (ESC), first described by Virchow in 1864, is a rare neoplasm which contains both a carcinomatous epithelial and sarcomatous stromal component. Comprising 0.3–2.8% of esophageal malignancies, its description in the literature is predominantly composed of individual patient reports and small case series spanning large time intervals (1-6).
Exploring treatment of medial tibial stress syndrome via posture and the MyoKinesthetic system.

Abstract Introduction A standard treatment protocol for medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) has not been identified. Clinical practice focuses on local evaluation and treatment neglecting a global approach. The MyoKinesthetic™ (MYK) System includes a full-body postural assessment to identify compensatory patterns that may lead to MTSS. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the MYK System in treating patients diagnosed with MTSS. Method A multi-site exploratory study was used to assess the effects of the MYK System on perceived pain and disability in patients diagnosed with MTSS. Eighteen physically active patients (6 female, 12 male), ages 18–25 years (19.89 ± 1.32) were treated with the MYK System. Results Paired T-tests were utilized to assess change. The change in patient reported pain was statistically significant (t(17) = 10.48, p Discussion Participants treated with the MYK System experienced significant improvements and appear to surpass traditional interventions without the need of rest. Conclusion Implementation of the MYK System to treat MTSS led to significant decreases in patient reported pain and dysfunction. A full-scale clinical investigation of the MYK System is warranted to determine its effects compared to traditional treatment options.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Deep Vein Thrombosis after Radiofrequency and Laser Ablation of the Lower Extremity Veins.

Background The rates of thromboembolic complications such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after venous ablation procedures for symptomatic superficial venous insufficiency are controversial. We sought to describe the risk factors for and incidence of DVT after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and laser ablation (LA). Methods We queried the Truven Health Marketscan Database from 2007–16 for patients who underwent RFA or LA and had a follow-up duplex ultrasound within 30 days of the ablation procedure. The primary outcome was DVT at 7 and 30 days identified by International Classification of Diseases-9 and International Classification of Diseases-10 codes. Multivariable regression was used to evaluate the patient and procedural variables associated with a DVT at 30 days, expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Patients and procedures with a previous DVT diagnosis were excluded. Results A total of 256,999 patients underwent 433,286 ablation procedures: 192,195 (44.4%) RFA and 241,091 LA. Of these, 8,203 (1.9%) had a newly diagnosed DVT within 7 days and 13,347 (3.1%) within 30 days of the procedure. The incidence of DVT decreased over the study period. LA (2.8%) demonstrated a lower incidence of DVT at 30 days compared with RFA (3.4%), P Conclusions The incidence of newly diagnosed DVT within 30 days of an ablation procedure was 3.2%. The risk for DVT decreased in recent years, and LA was associated with an 18% decreased risk compared with RFA.
Whole transcriptome analysis of smoker palatal mucosa identifies multiple downregulated innate immunity genes.

BACKGROUND Smoking has significant negative impact on periodontal health and treatment outcomes. The molecular effects of smoking on oral immune homeostasis have not been fully elucidated. The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of smoking-associated gene expression changes in healthy palatal mucosa and to identify potentially implicated immunologic pathways. METHODS Palatal biopsies, in the form of connective tissue grafts, were obtained from periodontally healthy smokers and non-smokers. Smoking status was biochemically verified (exhaled air CO and serum cotinine). Tissue samples were processed for next generation sequencing, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and immunohistochemistry. Gene set enrichment/pathway analysis and correlation analysis between gene expression and serum cotinine levels were also performed. RESULTS Analysis of palatal tissues from 12 non-smokers and 10 smokers identified 830 significantly (P 2. Most increased in expression (≥5-FC) were CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and USP17L9P; most decreased (≥6-FC) were IL36A, DEFB4A, DEFB4B, SPRR2F, CCL20, KLK6, and ADH4. 203 DEGs (FC >2) were significantly correlated with serum cotinine levels. Significant enrichment pathways for cotinine-associated genes include antimicrobial humoral response, regulation of humoral response and various metabolic processes. qPCR and immunohistochemistry confirmed gene and protein expression of selected DEGs. CONCLUSIONS Smoking has a significant effect on the transcriptome of normal human palatal mucosa and seems to target genes important for innate immune defenses, which may prove to be one of the key mechanisms by which tobacco smoking leads to increased periodontitis susceptibility.
Finite Deformations of Quantum Mechanics

We investigate modifications of quantum mechanics (QM) that replace the unitary group in a finite dimensional Hilbert space with a finite group and determine the minimal sequence of subgroups necessary to approximate QM arbitrarily closely for general choices of Hamiltonian. This mathematical study reveals novel insights about 't Hooft's Ontological Quantum Mechanics, and the derivation of statistical mechanics from quantum mechanics. We show that Kornyak's proposal to understand QM as classical dynamics on a Hilbert space of one dimension higher than that describing the universe, supplemented by a choice of the value of a naturally conserved quantum operator in that classical evolution can probably be a model of the world we observe.
Beyond the Standard Model effective field theory: The singlet extended Standard Model

One of the assumptions of simplified models is that there are a few new particles and interactions accessible at the LHC and all other new particles are heavy and decoupled. The effective field theory (EFT) method provides a consistent method to test this assumption. Simplified models can be augmented with higher order operators involving the new particles accessible at the LHC. Any UV completion of the simplified model will be able to match onto these beyond the Standard Model EFTs (BSM-EFT). In this paper, we study the simplest simplified model: the Standard Model extended by a real gauge singlet scalar. In addition to the usual renormalizable interactions, we include dimension-5 interactions of the singlet scalar with Standard Model particles. As we will show, even when the cutoff scale is 3 TeV, these new effective interactions can drastically change the interpretation of Higgs precision measurements and scalar searches. In addition, we discuss how power counting in a BSM-EFT depends strongly on the processes and parameter space under consideration. Finally, we propose a ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}$ method to consistently combine the limits from new particle searches with measurements of the Standard Model. Unlike imposing a hard cutoff on heavy resonance rates, our method allows fluctuations in individual channels that are consistent with global fits.