cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subthalamic and Cortical Local Field Potentials Associated with Pilocarpine-Induced Oral Tremor in the Rat

Tremulous jaw movements (TJMs) are rapid vertical deflections of the lower jaw that resemble chewing but are not directed at any particular stimulus. In rodents, TJMs are induced by neurochemical conditions that parallel those seen in human Parkinsonism, including neurotoxic or pharmacological depletion of striatal dopamine (DA), DA antagonism, and cholinomimetic administration. Moreover, TJMs in rodents can be attenuated by antiparkinsonian agents, including levodopa (L-DOPA), DA agonists, muscarinic antagonists, and adenosine A2A antagonists. In human Parkinsonian patients, exaggerated physiological synchrony is seen in the beta frequency band in various parts of the cortical/basal ganglia/thalamic circuitry, and activity in the tremor frequency range (3-7 Hz) also has been recorded. The present studies were undertaken to determine if tremor-related local field potential (LFP) activity could be recorded from motor cortex (M1) or subthalamic nucleus (STN) during the TJMs induced by the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine, which is a well-known tremorogenic agent. Pilocarpine induced a robust TJM response that was marked by rhythmic electromyographic (EMG) activity in the temporalis muscle. Compared to periods with no tremor activity, TJM epochs were characterized by increased LFP activity in the tremor frequency range in both neocortex and STN. Tremor activity was not associated with increased synchrony in the beta frequency band. These studies identified tremor-related LFP activity in parts of the cortical/basal ganglia circuitry that are involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinsonism. This research may ultimately lead to identification of the oscillatory neural mechanisms involved in the generation of tremulous activity, and promote development of novel treatments for tremor disorders.
Stem Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases and its Major Setback

Stem cells have inherent property to proliferate and differentiate into varieties of cells thus have significant importance in cell based therapy. However, significant number of cells die once transplanted into ischemic myocardium because of unfavourable environment inside heart. Preconditioning with pharmacological drugs or with short cycles of hypoxia/anoxia followed by reoxygenation evokes endogenous protective mechanism against ischemic stress both in vitro and in vivo models and it may be therefore a necessary step to enhance their survival and proliferation upon transplantation into the infarcted heart.
Practice characteristics of Emergency Department extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (eCPR) programs in the United States: The current state of the art of Emergency Department extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ED ECMO)

Abstract Purpose To characterize the current scope and practices of centers performing extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (eCPR) on the undifferentiated patient with cardiac arrest in the emergency department. Methods We contacted all US centers in January 2016 that had submitted adult eCPR cases to the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) registry and surveyed them, querying for programs that had performed eCPR in the Emergency Department (ED ECMO). Our objective was to characterize the following domains of ED ECMO practice: program characteristics, patient selection, devices and techniques, and personnel. Results Among 99 centers queried, 70 responded. Among these, 36 centers performed ED ECMO. Nearly 93% of programs are based at academic/teaching hospitals. 65% of programs are less than 5 years old, and 60% of programs perform ≤3 cases per year. Most programs (90%) had inpatient eCPR or salvage ECMO programs prior to starting ED ECMO programs. The majority of programs do not have formal inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most programs preferentially obtain vascular access via the percutaneous route (70%) and many (40%) use mechanical CPR during cannulation. The most commonly used console is the Maquet Rotaflow ® . Cannulation is most often performed by cardiothoracic (CT) surgery, and nearly all programs (>85%) involve CT surgeons, perfusionists, and pharmacists. Conclusions Over a third of centers that submitted adult eCPR cases to ELSO have performed ED ECMO. These programs are largely based at academic hospitals, new, and have low volumes. They do not have many formal inclusion or exclusion criteria, and devices and techniques are variable.
Electronic Role of 3-Iminophosphine Ligands in Palladium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroamination

This study of the electronic characteristics of (3-iminophosphine)allylpalladium triflate complexes has yielded catalysts with moderate to high activity for the hydroamination of monosubstituted allenes utilizing a wide range of amines. Herein, a new series of these catalysts was synthesized by varying the group on the imine moiety in order to explore the effect of the electronics of the ligand’s imine on the catalytic activity for intermolecular hydroamination reactions. Four amine substrates were examined in the catalytic hydroamination of cyclohexylallene, and apparent first-order rate constants were obtained by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Kinetic isotope effect studies were also performed in order to support a new proposed catalytic cycle in the hydroamination of cyclohexylallene with secondary amines using [(3IP)Pd(allyl)]OTf catalysts.
DeepSky: Identifying Absorption Bumps via Deep Learning

The pervasive interstellar grains provide significant insights to help us understand the formation and evolution of stars, planetary systems, and galaxies, and could potentially lead us to the secret of the origin of life. One of the most effective ways to analyze the dusts is via their interaction and interference on some background light. The observable extinction curves and spectral features carry the information about the size and composition of the dusts. Among the features, the broad 2175 A absorption bump is one of the most significant spectroscopic interstellar extinction features. Traditionally, astronomers apply conventional statistical and signal processing techniques to detect the existence of absorption bumps. These approaches require labor-intensive preprocessing and the co-existence of some other reference features to alleviate the influence from the noises. Conventional approaches not only involve substantial labor cost in complicated workflows, but also demand well-trained expertise to make subtle and error-prone conditional decisions. In this paper, we propose to leverage deep learning to automate the detection workflow without minute feature engineering. We design and analyze deep convolutional neural networks for detecting absorption bumps. We further propose the framework of deep learning mechanisms and models (collectively called DeepSky) for scientific discovery in astronomy. The prototype of DeepSky demonstrates efficient and effective results using limited labeled data. With well-designed data augmentation, our trained model achieved about 99% accuracy in prediction using the real-world data.
Theory of avalanche breakdown in solids with space charge distortion of the field

A numerical calculation of the current-voltage characteristic of an insulator leads to an instability under certain conditions.1 The model examined in the calculation was that of an insulator having both electron and hole carriers, collision ionization by electrons and electron injection from the cathode. The distortion of the electric field was computed for various dimensionless thicknesses X = xα ο /μ n H (1) and dimensionless current densities J = jμ n /μ p e α ο H (2) where x and j are the true thickness and current density, μ n and μp the electron and hole mobilities and e the permittivity of the dielectric. The ionization rate per electron per unit time was assumed to be α = α ο exp(−H/F) (3) where α ο and H are treated as material constants and F is the electric field strength. The results for field distortion are closely approximated by the curves shown in Figure 1 which shows dimensionless cathode field strength E c = F c /H versus dimensionless mean field strength Ē = F/H for various values of the parameter JX2. In order to calculate the cur rent-voltage characteristics from these curves, one needs in addition the emission properties of the cathode, and the fraction of the total current which is electronic at the cathode.
Microstructure Imaging of Crossing (MIX) White Matter Fibers from diffusion MRI

Diffusion MRI (dMRI) reveals microstructural features of the brain white matter by quantifying the anisotropic diffusion of water molecules within axonal bundles. Yet, identifying features such as axonal orientation dispersion, density, diameter, etc., in complex white matter fiber configurations (e.g. crossings) has proved challenging. Besides optimized data acquisition and advanced biophysical models, computational procedures to fit such models to the data are critical. However, these procedures have been largely overlooked by the dMRI microstructure community and new, more versatile, approaches are needed to solve complex biophysical model fitting problems. Existing methods are limited to models assuming single fiber orientation, relevant to limited brain areas like the corpus callosum, or multiple orientations but without the ability to extract detailed microstructural features. Here, we introduce a new and versatile optimization technique (MIX), which enables microstructure imaging of crossing white matter fibers. We provide a MATLAB implementation of MIX, and demonstrate its applicability to general microstructure models in fiber crossings using synthetic as well as ex-vivo and in-vivo brain data.
Myriad roles of voltage-activated potassium channel subunit Kvβ1.1 in the heart

electrical abnormalities within the heart can often result in the development of arrhythmias that may further progress into sudden cardiac death; often the origins of these developments remain largely unknown. Atrial fibrillation, which is one of the most common type of heart arrhythmia, affects an
Tumor-Localized Secretion of Soluble PD1 Enhances Oncolytic Virotherapy

Oncolytic virotherapy represents an attractive option for the treatment of a variety of aggressive or refractory tumors. While this therapy is effective at rapidly debulking directly injected tumor masses, achieving complete eradication of established disease has proven difficult. One method to overcome this challenge is to use oncolytic viruses to induce secondary antitumor immune responses. Unfortunately, while the initial induction of these immune responses is typically robust, their subsequent efficacy is often inhibited through a variety of immunoregulatory mechanisms, including the PD1/PDL1 T-cell checkpoint pathway. To overcome this inhibition, we generated a novel recombinant myxoma virus (vPD1), which inhibits the PD1/PDL1 pathway specifically within the tumor microenvironment by secreting a soluble form of PD1 from infected cells. This virus both induced and maintained antitumor CD8+ T-cell responses within directly treated tumors and proved safer and more effective than combination therapy using unmodified myxoma and systemic αPD1 antibodies. Localized vPD1 treatment combined with systemic elimination of regulatory T cells had potent synergistic effects against metastatic disease that was already established in secondary solid organs. These results demonstrate that tumor-localized inhibition of the PD1/PDL1 pathway can significantly improve outcomes during oncolytic virotherapy. Furthermore, they establish a feasible path to translate these findings against clinically relevant disease. Cancer Res; 77(11); 2952-63. ©2017 AACR.
Dual-polarized frequency-scanning phased-array antenna based on composite right/left handed serial feed network

A dual-polarized frequency-scanning phased-array antenna based on composite right/left handed (CRLH) feed network is presented. The proposed feed network provides phase advance in addition to phase delay and allows uniform power distribution to each antenna element, thereby delivering high directivity frequency-scanning radiation beams that can scan the full-hemi-sphere. The working mechanism is presented through a broadband microstrip antenna. The orthogonally placed feed networks and coupling slots enable the dual-polarized (horizontal/vertical) operation of the proposed antenna array without compromising the high isolation between two feeding ports. Full space frequency-scanning capability for both polarization states are verified experimentally.
Atomic structure of the quasicrystal Al72Ni20Co8

Steinhardt et al.1 reported experimental evidence in support of the coverage model2,3,4 by presenting a structure for the high-perfection decagonal quasicrystal Al72Ni20Co8. The coverage model describes the decagonal quasicrystals by a single type of tile, a decagon, the basic 2-nm cluster of which is allowed to overlap so as to cover the surface. Although their Z-contrast image (also referred to as a high-angle annular dark-field image) supports the coverage model, we find that the atomic structure they propose for the decagon has significant shortcomings which are inconsistent with our Z-contrast images.
Dialogical Self and Struggling Reader Identity

This chapter illustrates how tenets of dialogical self theory expand current understandings of struggling reader identity. Research in the field of adolescent literacy demonstrates the significant influence of reading difficulties on readers’ identities, but little research exists that explores the role of the dialogical self within the context of struggling reader identity. I-positions, their temporal nature, and the influence of internal and external positions, provide a valuable framework for understanding the complexities of reader identity.
Serum and Skin Effects of CEW Application

Because there have been some deaths temporally associated with CEW application, there has been intense effort and research to determine if the CEW has been a contributor in these cases or whether it is an item of convenience for blame. Initial theories of contribution centered around direct induction of arrhythmia or electrocution. However, numerous researchers of human subjects have demonstrated a high degree of cardiac safety in various studies [1–5]. Since the demonstration of cardiac insult has not been shown to occur, other theories of CEW contribution to death have emerged. These theories are varied and include hypotheses such as induced hyperkalemia from cellular destruction, induced acidosis from muscular contraction, induced renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis, and insidious late cardiac damage at the microcellular level leading to cardiac dysfunction at a later point in time. Human research into this area has recently grown and the findings will be discussed below. This research has greatly aided future research directions for CEWs and has allowed the end users to apply this technology in the field with a relative degree of confidence.
Isolation of plant polysomal mRNA by differential centrifugation and ribosome immunopurification methods

Polyribosomes (polysomes) form as multiple ribosomes engage in translation on a single mRNA. This process is regulated for individual mRNAs by both development and the environment. To evaluate the translation state of an mRNA, ribosomal subunits, ribosomes, and polysomes can be isolated from detergent-treated cell extracts by high-speed differential centrifugation. These ribonucleoprotein complexes can be further purified by centrifugation through sucrose density gradients. By fractionation of the gradient the amount of an individual mRNA in a sub-population of polysomes can be quantitatively determined. Here, we describe methods for the isolation and quantification of polysome complexes from plant tissues. The mRNA obtained can be further analyzed by methods that evaluate polysomal mRNA abundance at the individual transcript or global level. A modification of the conventional polysome isolation procedure is described for transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana that express an epitope-tagged version of ribosomal protein L18 (RPL18) that facilitates capture of ribosomes from crude cell extracts by a one-step immunoprecipitation method.
Antiplatelet and anticoagulation regimen in patients with mechanical valve undergoing PCI – State-of-the-art review

A common clinical dilemma regarding treatment of patients with a mechanical valve is the need for concomitant antiplatelet therapy for a variety of reasons, referred to as triple therapy. Triple therapy is when a patient is prescribed aspirin, a P2Y12 antagonist, and an oral anticoagulant. Based on the totality of the available evidence, best practice in 2017 for patients with mechanical valves undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is unclear. Furthermore, the optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after PCI is evolving. With better valve designs that are less thrombogenic, the thromboembolic risks can be reduced at a lower international normalized ratio target, thus decreasing the bleeding risk. This review will offer an in-depth survey of current guidelines, current evidence, suggested approach for PCI in this cohort, and future studies regarding mechanical valve patients undergoing PCI.
Fundamental Theorems of Ordinary Differential Equations

In this chapter, we explain the fundamental problems of the existence and uniqueness of the initial-value problem $$ \frac{{d\vec y}}{{dt}} = \vec f\left( {t,\vec y} \right), \vec y\left( {{t_0}} \right) = {\vec c_0} $$ (P) in the case when the entries of $$\frac{{d\vec{y}}}{{dt}} = f\left( {t,\vec{y}} \right),{\text{ }}\vec{y}\left( {{{t}_{0}}} \right) = {{\vec{c}}_{0}}$$ (P) are real-valued and continuous in the variable \(\left( {t,\vec{y}} \right)\),where t is a real independent variable and \(\vec{y}\) is an unknown quantity in ℝ n . Here, ℝ is the real line and ℝ n is the set of all n-column vectors with real entries. In §I-1, we treat the problem when \(\vec{f}\left( {t,\vec{y}} \right)\), satisfies the Lipschitz condition in \(\vec{y}\). The main tools are successive approximations and Gronwall’s inequality (Lemma I-1–5). In §I-2, we treat the problem without the Lipschitz condition. In this case, approximating \(\left( {t,\vec{y}} \right)\) by smooth functions, e-approximate solutions are constructed. In order to find a convergent sequence of approximate solutions, we use ArzelaAscoli’s lemma concerning a bounded and equicontinuous set of functions (Lemma I-2-3). The existence Theorem I-2-5 is due to A. L. Cauchy and G. Peano [Peal] and the existence and uniqueness Theorem I-1-4 is due to E. Picard [Pi] and E. Lindelof [Lindl, Lind2]. The extension of these local solutions to a larger interval is explained in §I-3, assuming some basic requirements for such an extension. In §I-4, using successive approximations, we explain the power series expansion of a solution in the case when \(\left( {t,\vec{y}} \right)\), is analytic in \(\left( {t,\vec{y}} \right)\), In each section, examples and remarks are given for the benefit of the reader. In particular, remarks concerning other methods of proving these fundamental theorems are given at the end of §I-2.
Probability Theory (i): One Random Variable

The DNA in an organism consists of very long sequences from an alphabet of four letters (nucleotides), a,g, c, and t (for adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, respectively).1 These sequences undergo change within any population over the course of many generations, as random mutations arise and become fixed in the population. Therefore, two rather different sequences may well derive from a common ancestor. Suppose we have two small DNA sequences such as those in (1.1) below, perhaps from two different species, where the arrows indicate paired nucleotides that are the same in both sequences.
Antibiotic therapy and leukocytospermia: a prospective, randomized, controlled study

Objective To determine the efficacy of common antibiotic therapies for treatment of leukocytospermia of unknown etiology. Design Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study. Setting Fertility and Endocrinology Unit at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Patients One thousand seven hundred ten male partners in infertile couples attending the Fertility and Endocrinology Unit. Interventions Concentrations of seminal peroxidase-positive granulocytes were determined during all routine semen analyses performed over a 30-month period. Of 119 men found to have leukocytospermia (>10 6 granulocytes/mL semen) on first visit, 54 agreed to be randomized into one of three groups, and 41 patients completed the study. Group I (n = 13) and their wives received a 14-day course of oral doxycycline, 100 mg twice per day. Group II (n = 11) and their wives received a 14-day course of oral trimethoprim 160 mg-sulfamethoxazole 800 mg twice per day. Group III (n = 17) and their wives received no therapy. Four weeks after randomization, repeat semen analyses and granulocyte quantitations were done. Results Neither of the antibiotic regimens resulted in a significantly higher rate of resolution of leukocytospermia over that seen in the control group. Conclusions There is a high rate of spontaneous resolution of leukocytospermia after one positive test. Antibiotics are no more beneficial than no therapy for treatment of this condition.
Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia risk models to guide the use of myeloid stimulating factors in intermediate risk chemotherapy: A cost and practicality analysis.

10086Background: The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) have published guidelines for use of prophylactic colony stimulating factors (...
Bisphosphonate-loaded Bone Cement as a Local Adjuvant Therapy for Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: A 1 to 12-Year Follow-up Study.

Background:Historically, nontargeted adjuvant therapies such as liquid nitrogen, phenol, argon beam, and alcohol have been applied locally after curettage of giant cell tumors (GCT) in the extremities. Systemic bisphosphonates (BP) and denosumab have emerged as osteoclast-targeting therapies because
Spreading Research Uncomfortably Slow: Insight for Emerging Sport Management Scholars

Self-reflection on knowledge generation in sport management is essential for continued growth and remains a prevailing topic for recipients of the Earle F. Zeigler Award. To date, two perspectives ...
Bloqueo al intercambio de agua en un estuario generado por un pulso de agua salobre proveniente del océano

La formacion de tapones de sal, i.e., bloqueo al intercambio de agua en estuarios, suele estar atribuida a estuarios de flujo reducido cuando su tasa de evaporacion excede o es similar a la tasa de aporte de agua dulce. Datos mensuales y anuales en este estudio mostraron un tapon de sal formado por un pulso de agua dulce procedente de la plataforma oceanica hacia la entrada de una bahia somera, bahia de Barataria, localizada en el delta del rio Mississippi. Un mes de datos de corrientes mostro dos patrones predominantes: una circulacion verticalmente homogenea y una circulacion bidireccional. La circulacion bidireccional mostro generalmente una circulacion estuarina inversa con flujo entrando en superficie y saliendo por debajo. La circulacion negativa ocurrio debido a la formacion del tapon de sal observado con datos de salinidad a lo largo de la bahia para el mismo periodo de tiempo. La formacion del tapon de sal fue favorecida por vientos soplando hacia la costa. Para explorar la persistencia de dicho tapon observado en un mes, se analizaron ademas datos de salinidad en 4 sitios a lo largo de la bahia durante nueve anos. A los nueve anos de datos se aplicaron Funciones Empiricas Ortogonales para obtener sus principales modos de variabilidad espacial y temporal. El primer modo de variabilidad, modo 1, represento el 86% de la variabilidad total. La variabilidad espacial del modo 1 consistio en valores maximos de salinidad dentro de la bahia relativos a la entrada de la bahia. Este maximo dentro de la bahia es el rasgo principal que identifica un tapon de sal. La variabilidad temporal del modo 1 mostro valores maximos durante invierno y minimos en verano relacionados a la estacionalidad de la descarga del rio Mississippi. Se concluye que el tapon de sal es generado por el pulso de agua dulce proveniente de la desembocadura del rio Mississippi localizado en la plataforma oceanica fuera de la bahia. Este pulso de agua dulce se mezcla con el agua oceanica resultando en una masa de agua con salinidad diluida. La masa de agua diluida es transportada por la Corriente Costera de Luisiana hacia la parte occidental del delta, banando las bahias presentes en esta parte del delta entre ellas la bahia de Barataria. Este trabajo describe por primera vez la formacion de un tapon de sal generado principalmente por una descarga de rio afuera de un estuario.
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in the Neonate

Gastrointestinal endoscopy permits direct observation of the alimentary tract, acquisition of mucosal tissue for histopathologic examination, and other diagnostic and therapeutic maneuvers. Endoscopes of appropriate size for many neonates and an expanding array of compatible tools and accessories have broadened what is possible, although few neonatal data exist to guide use. Evaluation and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding, evaluation and dilation of fibromuscular congenital esophageal stenosis, and the bedside placement of gastrostomy tube have been described. Careful consideration of risks, benefits, and discussions between involved specialties permit patient-specific application of these tools and techniques to augment care of this vulnerable population.
Abstract 126: Intravenous Versus Intraosseous Epinephrine Administration for Pediatric Patients with Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest

Introduction: The 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation recommend intravenous (IV) or intraosseous (IO) epinephrine administration for pediatric patients with...
Increasing Bicycling for Transportation: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract Bicycling for transportation improves health, reduces pollution and congestion, and produces economic rewards for communities. This paper presents a targeted update and appraisal of the cu...
Altered regional homogeneity in patients with ovarian cancer treated with chemotherapy: a resting state fMRI study

Many patients treated with chemotherapy for non-central nervous system (CNS) cancers experience cognitive dysfunction. However, few studies have investigated treatment-related neurotoxicity in women with ovarian cancer. The goal of this study was to assess regional brain function in patients with ovarian cancer after first-line chemotherapy. Seventeen patients with ovarian cancer and seventeen healthy controls matched for gender, age and education participated in the study. The patients were evaluated 1–4 months after completion of first line taxane/platinum chemotherapy. All participants underwent resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) indices were calculated. The results showed that patients had significantly decreased average ReHo values in the left middle frontal gyrus, medial prefrontal cortex, and right superior parietal lobule, compared to healthy controls. This is the first rsfMRI study showing ReHo alterations in frontal and parietal regions in patients with ovarian cancer treated with first-line chemotherapy. The findings are overall congruent with prior studies in non-CNS cancer populations and provide supporting evidence for the prevailing notion that frontal areas are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of chemotherapy.
Isothermal titration calorimetric studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase. Determinants of binding energy and catalytic discrimination among acyl-CoA and peptide ligands.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (Nmt1p) is an essential, monomeric enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of myristate from CoA to the amino-terminal Gly residue of cellular proteins. Product inhibition studies indicate that Nmt1p has an ordered Bi Bi reaction mechanism with myristoyl-CoA binding to the apo-enzyme to form a high affinity binary complex followed by binding of peptide with subsequent release of CoA and then the myristoylpeptide product. We have used isothermal titration calorimetry to quantify the effects of varying acyl chain length and removing the 3'-phosphate group of CoA on the energetics of interaction between Nmt1p and acyl-CoA ligands. Myristoyl-CoA binds to apo-Nmt1p with an affinity of 15 nM, corresponding to a binding free energy of -10.9 kcal/mol. This free energy is composed of a large favorable enthalpy of -24 kcal/mol and a large unfavorable entropic term. This large negative delta H degrees is consistent with a conformational change in the enzyme upon ligation, allowing synthesis of a functional peptide binding site. Binding of palmitoyl-CoA and lauroyl-CoA is driven by an exothermic enthalpy change which is much smaller than the corresponding parameter for myristoyl-CoA binding. The large differences in binding enthalpy and entropy (delta delta H degrees and T delta delta S degrees = 8-9 kcal/mol) demonstrate that the "off-length" acyl-CoAs bind to Nmt1p in a significantly different energetic fashion from myristoyl-CoA, even though the enzyme does not have a great deal of specificity among these ligands in terms of binding free energy (delta delta G degrees < or = 1 kcal/mol). The effect of removing the CoA 3'-phosphate group from myristoyl-CoA is similar to the effect of a two-carbon change in acyl chain length: i.e. an enthalpy dominated reduction in binding affinity. However, kinetic studies reveal that removing the 3'-phosphate from myristoyl-CoA has little effect on Nmt1p's catalytic efficiency, indicating that the 3'-phosphate group contributes binding free energy but little catalytic destabilization. The greater delta delta G degrees, with smaller delta delta H degrees and delta delta S degrees components, produced by removing the 3'-phosphate compared to increasing chain length suggests that it is not primarily the interactions of the 3'-phosphate which are disrupted when palmitoyl-CoA is substituted for myristoyl-CoA. No detectable interactions were noted between apo-Nmt1p and the substrate peptide, GAAPSKIV-NH2, providing additional support for the preferred ordered reaction mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Introduction to the Modern Theory of Dynamical Systems: TRANSVERSALITY AND GENERICITY

In this chapter we present several results concerning properties that are exhibited by “most” dynamical systems in various natural classes. This requires first looking into natural notions of “large” or “small” sets in infinite-dimensional spaces. Our main conclusion, the Kupka-Smale Theorem 7.2.6, shows that in a certain rather weak sense hyperbolic behavior is typical. In Section 7.3 we give a very brief glimpse of the important notion of bifurcation which represents an attempt to understand how typical behavior breaks down and how different types of typical behavior are transformed into each other. Generic properties of dynamical systems a. Residual sets and sets of first category . When we study how various invariants (properties) of dynamical systems change with changes in the system we naturally assume some topology in the space of systems under consideration and it is most desirable to have a property not change at all, at least locally, that is, when the original system is only perturbed slightly. This is quite natural from the viewpoint of applications: If a mathematical model describes a physical system its parameters are usually only known with limited precision. If a particular property is observed for an open set of dynamical systems and hence an open set of parameters, then it is likely to reflect the true properties of the physical system. Structural stability represents a good example of such a situation, at least from the topological point of view: Any topological property of a structurally stable system is unchanged under small perturbation.
Freeze-Recovery Physiology of Nitrogenase Activity in Terrestrial Nostoc sp. Colonies.

Nostoc sp. colonies from field collections were cultured and propagated on silica sand with aqueous N-free BG-11 medium. Laboratory experiments were conducted to characterize the in vivo freeze-recovery physiology of nitrogenase activity. Nitrogenase activity was monitored by the acetylene reduction technique. Frozen Nostoc sp. colonies were thawed and warmed to 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30°C. At 25 and 30°C, nitrogenase activity was detected within 6 h after thawing. At 20°C or lower, nitrogenase activity was not detected until 12 h after thawing. Optimum thawing temperature with respect to the recovery of nitrogenase activity was 25°C. In subsequent experiments, laboratory-grown Nostoc colonies were used along with the following conditions: prefreezing treatment of 3 days of exposure to light or darkness, freezing, and then thawing to 25°C in light or darkness with or without metabolic inhibitors [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU), monofluoroacetate, or chloramphenicol]. Approximately 30% of the energy in the initial recovery of nitrogenase activity (to 12 h after thawing) appeared to be supplied via the utilization of carbon compounds stored before freezing. Photosynthetic conditions (i.e., light and without DCMU) were necessary for maximum recovery of nitrogenase activity. In the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor chloramphenicol, nitrogenase activity was still detected at 12 to 48 h after thawing. Although damage may occur to nitrogenase, some of the enzyme was capable of surviving the freeze-thaw period in vivo. However, complete recovery of nitrogenase activity (equal to prefreezing activity) may entail some de novo synthesis of nitrogenase.
Can Might Make Right? The Use of Force to Impose Democracy and the Arthurian Dilemma in the Modern Era

This article explains that under international law nations are not permitted to use force to impose democracy on other nations and that such an approach is also impracticable and undesirable from a policy perspective.
Will disruptive mood dysregulation disorder reduce false diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children

Margulies DM, Weintraub S, Basile J, Grover PJ, Carlson GA. Will disruptive mood dysregulation disorder reduce false diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children? Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 488–496. © 2012 The Authors Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objectives: The frequency of diagnosis of bipolar disorder has risen dramatically in children and adolescents. The DSM-V Work Group has suggested a new diagnosis termed disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) (formerly temper dysregulation disorder with dysphoria) to reduce the rate of false diagnosis of bipolar disorder in young people. We sought to determine if the application of the proposed diagnostic criteria for DMDD would reduce the rate of diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children. Patients and methods: Eighty-two consecutively hospitalized children, ages 5 to 12 years, on a children’s inpatient unit were rigorously diagnosed using admission interviews of the parents and the child, rating scales, and observation over the course of hospitalization. Results: Overall, 30.5% of inpatient children met criteria for DMDD by parent report, and 15.9% by inpatient unit observation. Fifty-six percent of inpatient children had parent-reported manic symptoms. Of those, 45.7% met criteria for DMDD by parent-report, though only 17.4% did when observed on the inpatient unit. Conclusion: Although DMDD does decrease the rate of diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, how much depends on whether history or observation is used.
Studies on Ehrlich ascites cell nuclei. III. Enzymatic analyses of cytoplasmic contamination of nuclei isolated from the Ehrlich ascites tumor.

Abstract The nuclei isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by 3 methods previously described and which had their cytoplasmic contaminations assessed microscopically, have been more critically characterized. Chemical assays of homogenates and their fractions were performed for RNA, DNA and protein and enzymatic evaluations of mitochondrial, microsomal and soluble protein contaminations of the nuclei prepared from the homogenates were made. Values have been given for percentages of contaminations of the nuclei isolated by the 3 methods. Theoretical values for the contaminations have been derived, based on a theoretical 100 per cent yield of nuclei. For method I, no differentiation between mitochondria and microsomes was made; only DPNH cytochrome c reductase was assayed and an average contamination value of 2.7 per cent was observed, with a theoretical value of 6.1 per cent calculated. On the assumption that 60 per cent of the DPNH cytochrome c reductase is associated with microsomes and 40 per cent with mitochondria, 2.7 per cent observed DPNH cytochrome c reductase converts to the average value for observed mitochondrial contamination, by method I, of 6.8 per cent. The maximum observed microsomal contamination by method I converts to 4.6 per cent. For method II, the average mitochondrial contamination was 9.7 per cent, the theoretical 15.9 per cent, microsomal observed 18.1 per cent, theoretical 32.3 per cent and soluble 0.04 per cent observed and 0.06 per cent theoretical. For method III, observed mitochondrial contamination 3.8 per cent, theoretical 8.5 per cent, microsomal observed 8.8 per cent, theoretical 18.8 per cent, soluble, observed 2.9 per cent, and theoretical 5.6 per cent. DPNH cytochrome c reductase demonstrated the highest contamination elicitable in all samples. For the 3 methods the contamination shown by this assay were 2.7 per cent, 15 per cent and 7.4 per cent (av.), observed, and 6.1 per cent, 26 per cent and 16 per cent (av.), theoretical, for methods I, II, and III, respectively. Thus, method I was shown to be superior to II and III in achieving lower contamination. For this reason, and because the RNA/DNA was higher for method I than III (although of equal protein/DNA index), method I has been preferred for use in this laboratory. The impression is gained that microscopic examination (conventional light and phase) serves well as a rough control of the homogenization procedure. However, the microscopic appearance of fresh nuclear preparations of the Ehrlich ascites cell may not necessarily exhibit the same extent of cytoplasmic contamination as is demonstrable by enzymatic analyses.
An optimal control theory for systems defined over finite rings

A fundamental problem of coding theory is the efficient decoding of certain classes of convolutional codes. It would be highly desirable to develop efficient algorithms which are capable of decoding classes of convolutional codes with particular algebraic properties. In this article we do formulate the problem in terms of linear systems theory and we show that the posed question is connected to some classical problems of systems theory.
Target costing for new product development

Summary form only given. To ensure that new products generate acceptable financial returns, it is important that an engineering team have clear cost targets throughout the design effort. These targets should be set as an integral part of the new product development process. Setting targets and monitoring progress against them is a multidisciplinary process involving marketing, engineering, and finance. As a new product concept is developed, a selling price is projected and a target margin is identified which covers marketing, R and D, and administrative expense, and yields an acceptable profit margin. The sales prices minus the target margin becomes the cost target. This simple target, when used in the product development process, can be the basis for focusing the design effort and making tradeoffs on product features, part tolerances, and other design parameters. Included in the overall product management process, it is an important measure of the financial return on a proposed product. >
Wide-area routing dynamics of malicious networks

This paper studies the routing dynamics of malicious networks. We characterize the routing behavior of malicious networks on both short and long timescales. We find that malicious networks more consistently advertise prefixes with short durations and long inter- arrival times; over longer timescales, we find that malicious ASes connect with more upstream providers than legitimate ASes, and they also change upstream providers more frequently.
Simulation of the impact of faults on CO2 injection into sandstone reservoirs

Numerical simulations of multiphase CO2 behavior within faulted sandstone reservoirs examine the impact of fractures and faults on CO2 migration in potential subsurface injection systems. In southeastern Utah, some natural CO2 reservoirs are breached and CO2-charged water flows to the surface along permeable damage zones adjacent to faults; in other sites, faulted sandstones form barriers to flow and large CO2-filled reservoirs result. These endmembers serve as the guides for our modeling, both at sites where nature offers ‘successful’ storage and at sites where leakage has occurred. We consider two end-member fault types: low-permeability faults dominated by deformation-band networks and high-permeability faults dominated by fracture networks in damage zones adjacent to clay-rich gouge. Equivalent permeability (k) values for the fault zones can range from 10 � 12 m 2 for fracture-dominated faults regardless of the permeability of unfaulted sandstone. Water–CO2 fluid-flow simulations model the injection of CO2 into high-k sandstone (5 9 10 � 13 m 2 ) with low-k (5 9 10 � 17 m 2 ) or high-k (5 9 10 � 12 m 2 ) fault zones that correspond to deformation-band- or fracture-dominated faults, respectively. After 500 days, CO2 rises to produce an inverted cone of free and dissolved CO2 that spreads laterally away from the injection well. Free CO2 fills no more than 41% of the pore space behind the advancing CO2 front, where dissolved CO2 is at or near geochemical saturation. The low-k fault zone exerts the greatest impact on the shape of the advancing CO2 front and restricts the bulk of the dissolved and free CO2 to the region upstream of the fault barrier. In the high-k aquifer, the high-k fault zone exerts a small influence on the shape of the advancing CO2 front. We also model stacked reservoir seal pairs, and the fracture-dominated fault acts as a vertical bypass, allowing upward movement of CO2 into overlying strata. High-permeability fault zones are important pathways for CO2 to bypass unfaulted sandstone, which leads to reduce sequestration efficiency. Aquifer compartmentalization by low-permeability fault barriers leads to improved storativity because the barriers restrict lateral CO2 migration and maximize the volume and pressure of CO2 that might be emplaced in each fault-bound compartment. As much as a 3.5-MPa pressure increase may develop in the injected reservoir in this model domain, which under certain conditions may lead to pressures close to the fracture pressure of the top seal.
Temperature and magnetic field dependence of the conductivity of EuO

The conductivity of EuO has been measured as a function of temperature from 30 to 300°K in magnetic fields up to 50 kG. The zero-field resistivity exhibits a sharp elbow at about 50°K, and increases as much as 108 between 50 and 70°K to a broad maximum between 75 and 80°K. In an applied magnetic field, the broad maximum is rapidly decreased and "the elbow is shifted to higher temperatures. These data are interpreted in terms of a transfer of electrons between a conduction band and an electron trap. In the model the energy separation between the band and trap level depends on the magnetic energy of the crystal and is thus a strong function of temperature and magnetic field. At low temperatures the trap level is assumed to be above the conduction band edge such that the electrons lie in the band. As the temperature is increased the energy of the band edge increases such that it crosses the trap level at about 50°K. The large increase in resistivity with increasing temperature and the effects due to the magnetic field are explained by the transfer of electrons from the energy band into the trap states.
Characterization and allelic polymorphisms of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) IgG Fc receptor genes.

Macaque models are invaluable for AIDS research. Indeed, initial development of HIV-1 vaccines relies heavily on simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques. Neutralizing antibodies, a major component of anti-HIV protective responses, ultimately interact with Fc receptors on phagocytic and natural killer cells to eliminate the pathogen. Despite the major role that Fc receptors play in protective responses, there is very limited information available on these molecules in rhesus macaques. Therefore, in this study, rhesus macaque CD32 (FcγRII) and CD64 (FcγRI) homologues were genetically characterized. In addition, presence of CD16 (FcγRIII), CD32, and CD64 allelic polymorphisms were determined in a group of nine animals. Results from this study show that the predicted structures of macaque CD32 and CD64 are highly similar to their human counterparts. Macaque and human CD32 and CD64 extracellular domains are 88–90% and 94–95% homologous, respectively. Although all cysteines are conserved between the two species, macaque CD32 exhibits two additional N-linked glycosylation sites, whereas CD64 lacks three of them when compared to humans. Five CD32, three CD64, and three CD16 distinct allelic sequences were indentified in the nine animals examined, indicating a relatively high level of polymorphism in macaque Fcγ receptors. Together, these results validate rhesus macaques as models for vaccine development and antibody responses, while at the same time, underscoring the need to take into account the high degree of genetic heterogeneity present in this species when designing experimental protocols.
Effects of Dependency Arousal on Learning

The present study investigated the effects of dependency arousal on learning. To justify the assumption of a dependency-related drive that operates to energize, and perhaps direct, human behavior, it was necessary to establish conditions that produce dependency arousal and to demonstrate a systematic relation between arousal and behavior. This was done by defining arousal in terms of Ss predisposition (high-dependent or low-dependent) and the experimental stimulus conditions (nature of S-E interactions). Ss' behavior on specific learning tasks was predicted from Hullian-Spence theory as this theoretical system deals with the effect of drive on performance. Dependency arousal was specifically differentiated from anxiey arousal.
Projective representations of symmetric groups via Sergeev duality

In this article, we determine the irreducible projective representations of the symmetric group Sd and the alternating group Ad over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p 6= 2. These matters are well understood in the case p = 0, thanks to the fundamental work of Schur [24] in 1911, as well as the much more recent work of Nazarov [19, 20], Sergeev [25, 26] and others. So the focus here is primarily on the case of positive characteristic, where surprisingly little is known as yet. In particular, we obtain a natural combinatorial labelling of the irreducibles in terms of a certain set RPp(d) of restricted p-strict partitions of d. Such partitions arose recently in work of Kashiwara, Miwa, Peterson and Yung [11] and Leclerc and Thibon [14] on the q-deformed Fock space of the affine Kac-Moody algebra of type A p−1. Leclerc and Thibon proposed that RPp(d) should label the irreducible projective representations in some natural way, and we show here how this can be done. Note that for p = 3, 5, the labelling problem was solved in [1, 3], while if p = 2 all projective representations of Sd and Ad are linear so do not need to be considered further here. To be more precise, recall that λ is a partition of d if λ = (λ1, λ2, . . . ) is a non-increasing sequence of non-negative integers summing to d. Call λ p-strict if in addition