cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of resistance training on regional and total bone mineral density in premenopausal women: A randomized prospective study

This study was designed to assess the effects of 18 months of resistance exercise on regional and total bone mineral density (BMD) and soft tissue lean mass (STL) in premenopausal women aged 28-39 randomly assigned to an exercise or control group. Twenty-two exercise and 34 control subjects completed the 18-month training study. All subjects were previously inactive and untrained women. Initial, 5-, 12- and 18-month assessments were made of total and regional BMD and total and regional STL using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. All subjects consumed a 500 mg/day elemental calcium supplement throughout the study. Initial Ca intake without supplement averaged 1,023 mg/day in total sample. Serum levels of bone osteocalcin and dietary assessments using 12 randomly assigned days of diet records were also completed. Muscular strength was assessed from both 1 repetition maximum (RM) testing of 10 weightlifting exercises and by peak torque for hip abduction/adduction and knee extension/flexion. Training increased strength by 58.1% based on 1 RM testing and by 33.8% based on isokinetic testing at 18 months versus baseline. BMD increased significantly above baseline at the lumbar spine for the exercise group at 5 months (2.8%), 12 months (2.3%), and 18 months (1.9%) as compared with controls. Femur trochanter BMD increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the exercise group at 12 months (1.8%) and 18 months (2.0%) but not at 5 months (0.7%) as compared with controls. No changes in total BMD, arm BMD, or leg BMD were found. There was a 20% increase in BGP in the exercise group as compared with controls at 5 months and this difference was maintained throughout the study. For STL, significant increases for total, arm, and leg were found at 5, 12, and 18 months for the exercise group versus control ranging from 1-6% over baseline. These results support the use of strength training for increasing STL and muscular strength with smaller but significant regional increases in BMD in the premenopausal population.
Organization of somatosensory cortex in the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus): Evidence for two lateral areas joined at the representation of the teeth

Lateral somatosensory areas have not been explored in detail in rats, and theories on the organization of this region are based largely on anatomical tracing experiments. We investigated the topography of this region by using microelectrode recordings, which were related to flattened cortical sections processed for cytochrome oxidase (CO). Two lateral somatosensory areas were identified, each containing a complete representation of the body. A larger, more medial representation formed a mirror image of S1 along the rostrocaudal axis of the head region corresponding to the previously identified secondary somatosensory area (S2). A smaller, more lateral representation formed a mirror image of S2 along the rostrocaudal axis of the forelimb and hindlimb regions and likely corresponds to the parietal ventral area (PV) identified in other mammals. We also investigated the representation of the dentition and identified regions of cortex responsive to tooth stimulation. The lower incisor representation was rostral to the lower lip region of S1, and the upper incisor representation was lateral to the buccal pad region of S1. The upper and lower incisors flanked the tongue representation. An additional large region of far lateral cortex responded to both incisors. Finally, five CO-dense modules were consistently identified rostral and lateral to the S1 face representation, which we refer to as OM1, OM2, OM3, FM, and HM. These modules closely correspond to the physiologically identified areas representing the lower incisor (OM1) and tongue (OM2) regions of S1 and the mixed tooth (OM3), forelimb (FM1), and hindlimb (HM) representations of S2 and PV.
A life-cycle perspective on the transition to adulthood among children receiving Supplemental Security Income payments

Youth who receive cash benefits from the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program, the largest federal program that provides cash payments to low-income youth with severe disabilities and their families, face several challenges in transitioning into adulthood. From a human capital development perspective, the disabilities and health problems during childhood and early adulthood as well as the family environment form important inputs that will likely influence long-term adult outcomes. This paper provides a review of some of the challenges these youth face in transitioning into adulthood using a life-cycle framework and presents descriptive statistics on their challenges and outcomes into early adulthood. Our summary illustrates the challenges that SSI youth face as they make the transition to adulthood and shows how the long-term employment and program outcomes of this population have changed over time. The findings provide a broader framework for the remaining five papers in this issue and underscore the need for rigorous testing of promising interventions and a carefully balanced mix of statistical and econometric analyses based on longitudinal data sources with a long time horizon.
Spectral properties of photonic crystal double heterostructure resonant cavities

Spectral properties of photonic crystal double heterostructure resonant cavities are calculated numerically using the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. Resonance frequencies and quality factors are reported for various bound states that form near stationary points in the photonic crystal dispersion diagram. The associated electric field spatial profiles are presented indicating potential for in-plane laser optimization. In addition, Fabry-Perot oscillations are observed in the spectra.
The Middle School Experience: Effects on the Math and Science Achievement of Adolescents with LD

The present study examined the relation between middle school transitions and achievement gaps in math and science between adolescents with and without learning disabilities (LD). An abundance of research indicates that motivation and achievement decline during the early adolescent years, and that this decline is often attributable to the transition from elementary to middle grade schools during early adolescence. Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study, it was found that, on average, there was a strong gap in achievement between the two groups of early adolescents. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine school effects on these achievement gaps. Results indicated that although there were achievement gaps in math and science between adolescents with LD and non-LD adolescents, this gap was greatly reduced for adolescents who did not make a school transition until at least the ninth grade. It is proposed that the policies and practices of typical middle-grade schools are particularly incompatible with the educational and psychological needs of young adolescents with LD.
Particle heterogeneity in vaccinia virus populations during passage.

Abstract Virus particle heterogeneity in unpurified populations of vaccinia virus (strain WR) was examined during passage in either permissive mouse L or restrictive rabbit kidney (RK) cells at both high and low multiplicities of inoculation (m.o.i.). Variations in the degree of heterogeneity which occurred during passage were determined by examining both the phenotype and genotype compositions of the progeny populations. Phenotypic variants were identified on the basis of host range, plaquing efficiency, or sedimentation rate, while genotypic variants were identified by their ability to complement one another when aggregated together prior to plaque analysis. The passage of a highly heterogeneous and a homogeneous vaccinia population in restrictive RK cells at either low (0.1 particle/cell) or high (100 particles/cell) m.o.i. resulted in four biologically distinct progeny populations. Low m.o.i. passage of the heterogeneous population resulted in the selection of virus adapted to growth in RK cells which had the same sucrose sedimentation properties as the parent virus but had lost most of its ability to infect mouse L cells. On the other hand, high m.o.i. passage resulted in the synthesis of defective particles which sedimented faster in sucrose than the parent virus and in the selection of virus adapted to growth in RK cells which was still fully infectious for mouse L cells. Low m.o.i. passage of the homogeneous population in RK cells was abortive. High m.o.i. passage was difficult to establish but eventually resulted in a poorly adapted progeny which contained an abundance of defective particles. These defective particles consisted of several genetic varieties which were capable of complementing one another in plaque assays. In contrast to these results, limited passage of either heterogeneous or homogeneous vaccinia populations in permissive mouse L cells resulted in only minor alterations in particle heterogeneity and did not change the biological or physical characteristics of the progeny populations.
The Case of Donnie J

Mrs J has brought her 4-1/2-year-old son Donnie to your office for a first visit. She and her son have moved recently into your community, and she heard that you were the best pediatrician in town. At present, Donnie has no complaints. He looks healthy and is comfortable with both his mother and you during the interview. You learn that Donnie has had no medical care since he was 2 years old, when he was hospitalized for a broken arm after he fell out of a tree. His mother has lost his immunization records, but thinks he has had all of his shots. Donnie was the product of a normal full-term pregnancy with no complications at the time of delivery. His mother reports that she is unmarried and has been a "dead head" (a follower of the musical group "The Grateful Dead") for 14 years. She says that she has had many sexual partners and has used a variety of drugs before, during, and after pregnancy. She is presently living only with Donnie. In reviewing the patient9s history to this point, what points should alert you to potential problems with Donnie? 1. Immunization status. 2. Previous serious accident. 3. Potential prenatal exposure to human immunodeficiency virus.
Bayesian adjusted R2 for the meta‐analytic evaluation of surrogate time‐to‐event endpoints in clinical trials

A two-stage model for evaluating both trial-level and patient-level surrogacy of correlated time-to-event endpoints has been introduced, using patient-level data when multiple clinical trials are available. However, the associated maximum likelihood approach often suffers from numerical problems when different baseline hazards among trials and imperfect estimation of treatment effects are assumed. To address this issue, we propose performing the second-stage, trial-level evaluation of potential surrogates within a Bayesian framework, where we may naturally borrow information across trials while maintaining these realistic assumptions. Posterior distributions on surrogacy measures of interest may then be used to compare measures or make decisions regarding the candidacy of a specific endpoint. We perform a simulation study to investigate differences in estimation performance between traditional maximum likelihood and new Bayesian representations of common meta-analytic surrogacy measures, while assessing sensitivity to data characteristics such as number of trials, trial size, and amount of censoring. Furthermore, we present both frequentist and Bayesian trial-level surrogacy evaluations of time to recurrence for overall survival in two meta-analyses of adjuvant therapy trials in colon cancer. With these results, we recommend Bayesian evaluation as an attractive and numerically stable alternative in the multitrial assessment of potential surrogate endpoints.
Minimization of Communication of Event Occurrences in Acyclic Discrete Event Systems

The problem of minimizing communication of event occurrences in systems modeled by finite-state automata is considered. There are n communicating agents observing the behavior of the system for purposes of control or diagnosis. A set of communication policies for the agents is said to be minimal if communications of event occurrences cannot be removed without affecting the correctness of the solution. Under an assumption on the absence of cycles (other than self-loops) in the system model, an algorithm that computes a set of minimal communication policies in polynomial time in the number of states of the system is presented.
Mathematical Modeling of Planar Cell Polarity Signaling

The Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) system polarizes cells in diverse epithelial sheets along an axis orthogonal to their apical-basal axis, and is necessary for numerous physiological functions [1–3]. In Drosophila, the most thoroughly studied planar polarized tissue is the fly wing, in which each cell produces a trichome (“hair”), that in wild type, emerges from the distal side of the cell and points distally (Fig. 1) [4]. PCP mutants cause disruption of this pattern. In vertebrates, the PCP signaling modules identified in flies are conserved, and function together with additional regulators not present in flies [1, 3, 5, 6]. Defects in PCP result in a range of developmental anomalies and diseases including open neural tube defects, polycystic kidneys (reviewed in in [3, 6–8]), conotruncal heart defects [9–12], and disruption of sensory hair cell polarity causing deafness [13–23]. PCP is also believed to underlie the directed migration of malignant cells during invasion and metastasis [24–28]. Insufficient understanding of the PCP signaling modules and their interactions limits the potentially substantial opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Design and Kinematic Optimization of a Waterproof Shape-Shifting Surface (SSS)

The first objective of this paper is to take an existing design for a shape-shifting surface (SSS) and make it waterproof, making it an effective barrier to fluid flow. The second objective is to minimize internal stresses in the device during operation, by optimizing the kinematic geometry of the SSS. The first objective was achieved by adding a waterproof membrane between the layers of the SSS, where the membrane had an origami fold pattern that enables the membrane to mimic the kinematics of the SSS. The second objective was achieved by creating a two objective optimization routine, which determined the kinematic geometry of the SSS which would minimize the internal stresses due to compression/tension of the flexure portion of the SSS during operation. The resulting SSS is easier to operate due to lower stresses, and has a membrane which prevents transverse fluid flow and mimics its motion.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Lactosylceramide contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes

Sphingolipids have been implicated as key mediators of cell-stress responses and effectors of mitochondrial function. To investigate potential mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction, an important contributor to diabetic cardiomyopathy, we examined alterations of cardiac sphingolipid metabolism in a mouse with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes. Diabetes increased expression of desaturase 1, (dihydro)ceramide synthase (CerS)2, serine palmitoyl transferase 1, and the rate of ceramide formation by mitochondria-resident CerSs, indicating an activation of ceramide biosynthesis. However, the lack of an increase in mitochondrial ceramide suggests concomitant upregulation of ceramide-metabolizing pathways. Elevated levels of lactosylceramide, one of the initial products in the formation of glycosphingolipids were accompanied with decreased respiration and calcium retention capacity (CRC) in mitochondria from diabetic heart tissue. In baseline mitochondria, lactosylceramide potently suppressed state 3 respiration and decreased CRC, suggesting lactosylceramide as the primary sphingolipid responsible for mitochondrial defects in diabetic hearts. Moreover, knocking down the neutral ceramidase (NCDase) resulted in an increase in lactosylceramide level, suggesting a crosstalk between glucosylceramide synthase- and NCDase-mediated ceramide utilization pathways. These data suggest the glycosphingolipid pathway of ceramide metabolism as a promising target to correct mitochondrial abnormalities associated with type 1 diabetes.
Case 9-2010: A 37-Year-Old Woman with Paresthesias and Ataxia

A 37-year-old right-handed woman was admitted to this hospital because of a 7-month history of intermittent paresthesias, followed by slurred speech, headaches, ataxia, and cognitive difficulties. Treatment with corticosteroids, verapamil, and azathioprine resulted in little improvement. Imaging studies showed lesions in the cerebral and cerebellar white matter. Gait imbalance, unsteadiness, and visual hallucinations developed. A diagnostic procedure was performed.
Effect of Tea Pigments on Insulin Receptor in Insulin Resistant Rats

To study the effect of theaflavins on insulin receptor in insulin-resistant rats, fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group, high fat diet group and three dosed theaflavins groups, high rats of fat diet group and three dosed theaflavins groups were fed with high lipid diet for 8 weeks and then those of theaflavins groups were fed theaflavins of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/(kg bw·d) respectively for other 8 weeks. The blood serum was collected to measure insulin receptor level of red blood cell, blood glucose, free fatty acid, blood insulin and blood leptin. As compared to control group, the blood insulin, leptin and FFA of high fat diet group were higher than those of normal control group (P0.05), but the number of insulin receptor was lower than that of control group (P0.05). As compared to high fat diet group, the blood insulin, leptin and FFA of the middle and high dose theaflavins groups were obvious lower (P0.05), the level of insulin receptor of red blood cell was higher obviously(P0.05). It is considered that theaflavins can upregulate insulin receptor in insulin-resistant rats, the mechanism may relate to its down regulating blood FFA and leptin or the influence on gene regulator unit directly of receptor.
Clinical significance of hs-CRP level in patients with coronary artery disease and the relation between hs-CRP level and the features of atherosclerotic plaques

Objective:To elucidate the clinical significance of the circulating level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP) in patients with coronary artery disease(CAD) and the relation between hs-CRP level and the features of atherosclerotic plaques. Method:A clinical research was accomplished in 119 patients who were diagnosed as CAD initially. Research objects were divided into four groups: 30 patients in the control group with negative result in coronary angiography (CAG),17 patients in stable angina (SA) group, 45 patients in unstable angina (UA) group and 27 patients in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) group. Concentrations of hs-CRP were measured in all of the objectswho were also recieved the examination of CAG. Seven patients with SA and 29 patients with UA underwent IVUS to analyze the coronary lesions. Result:The plasma hs-CRP level was higher in AMI group compared with that in UA group (P0.05), and was significantly higher in AMI group respectively compared with those in SA group and control group respectively (P0.01). It was also higher in UA group compared with that in SA group (P0.05), and was significantly higher in UA group compared with that in control group (P0.01). Howerver, there was no difference between SA group and control group (P0.05). The concentration of hs-CRP was significantly higher in unstable plaque group compared with stable plaque group (P0.01), while there was no difference between slight stenosis group and medium-severe stenosis group (P0.05).Conclusion:The circulating level of hs-CRP might reflect the unstable activity of CHD as well as the plaques, but has no relation to the stenosis of coronary artery segment.
Determination of Asiaticoside in Rat Plasma by HPLC/MS/MS

A HPLC/MS/MS method was established for the determination of asiaticoside in rat plasma. Saikosaponin D was used as the internal standard. A XTerra C_(18) column was used with the mobile phase of 0.1% acetic acid and acetonitrile (containing 0.1% acetic acid) by gradient elution. The electropray ionization source was used with multiple reaction monitoring mode, m/z 981.5→493 (asiaticoside) and 803→331 (saikosaponin D). The rat plasma samples were extracted by solid phase extraction. The detection limit was 0.5ng/ml.
Protein spectra-structure relationship by novel modification of 2D correlation analysis. VCD applications

Optical spectra of proteins are being widely used to characterize various aspects of protein structure. The high overlap of contributions from individual residues and their conformational parameters in optical spectra, however, usually makes the interpretation difficult. Computational resolution-enhancement methods have therefore been sought, that improve the identification of the individual component bands.
‘We’re In This Together:’ neoliberalism and the disruption of the coach/athlete hierarchy in CrossFit

AbstractCrossFit is a growing model of fitness that defines itself in opposition to conventional fitness practices. “Specializing in not specializing”, CrossFit aims to provide a General Physical Preparedness programme sustainable and scalable across an athlete’s life course. “Fitness” is achievable through “constantly varied high intensity functional movements performed across broad time and modal domains”. A differential modality of time is operational in CrossFit, which includes the “clock time” of earlier eras but is largely characterised by the “network time” that makes CrossFit omnipresent. Characterised by the neoliberal rhetoric of self-improvement and individual responsibility, CrossFit takes these ideas one step further by extending its practice and philosophy to every aspect of an athlete’s life, including their network of personal relationships. CrossFit’s lack of specialisation and articulation within network time function to shift the role of the coach from central authority to one who perfo...
Impact of sliding mode bandwidth and disturbance estimation on damping of wind turbine torsional vibration

In recent publications, a sliding mode controller has been shown to quickly mitigate wind turbine drivetrain torsional oscillations in grid tied DFIG turbines where the disturbance arises from either the wind or grid. It has also been shown that this sliding mode controller damps wind caused torsional oscillations in PMSG turbines where the power electronics essentially isolate the turbine from grid disturbances. The sliding mode controller uses the filtered generator speed as feedback. The current study examines the bandwidth of the generator speed filter on the damping ability of the controller. Also a sliding control is introduced by developing an estimation process for the disturbances giving rise to drivetrain torsional oscillations. The various torsional damping controllers are each paired with an optimal Koptωr2 speed controller which is used as the base control. The paper presents a comparison between (1) no compensation, (2) narrow band sliding mode control, (3) wide band sliding mode control, and (4) sliding control with disturbance estimation. The results show a dependence on the generator type with the narrow band sliding mode and sliding controllers providing the best performance for the DFIG and the PMSG wind turbines.
A Review of "Practical Copyright for Library and Information Professionals"

Practical Copyright for Library and Information Professionals is written for librarians and information professionals in Europe and the United Kingdom, and does an excellent job of capturing many o...
Retrospective study of neostigmine for the treatment of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction.

Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACPO) typically develops postoperatively or after severe illness. Studies suggest that pharmacologic manipulation with intravenous (i.v.) neostigmine (NSM) may be an effective and less invasive treatment modality for ACPO with minimal side effects. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively assess the efficacy and incidence of complications of an i.v. NSM bolus in patients with ACPO. Eight patients with ten episodes of ACPO were treated with a bolus dose of NSM. Rapid and effective decompression of the colon was achieved in six episodes after a single dose of NSM at a mean of 22.8 +/- 13.5 minutes. In three episodes decompression occurred after a second dose of NSM at a mean of 44.7 +/- 37.7 minutes. One patient failed NSM treatment but responded to a Cystografin enema. One patient experienced significant bradycardia. NSM is a simple, safe, and effective treatment for ACPO and based on result comparison of this study and previous studies both bolus and slow infusion dosing practices of NSM are effective. The NSM bolus dosing side effect profile has been shown to include significant bradycardia, whereas when NSM was infused over one hour significant bradycardic episodes requiring treatment have not been encountered. We propose that a prospective study evaluating NSM dosing as an i.v. bolus versus an i.v. infusion would be useful in determining whether NSM infusion can be proven safer than bolus dosing for the treatment of ACPO.
Test Methods for Robot Agility in Manufacturing.

This paper aims to define and describe test methods and metrics to assess industrial robot system agility in both simulation and in reality.,The paper describes test methods and associated quantitative and qualitative metrics for assessing robot system efficiency and effectiveness, which can then be used for the assessment of system agility.,The paper describes how the test methods were implemented in a simulation environment and real-world environment. It also shows how the metrics are measured and assessed as they would be in a future competition.,The test methods described in this paper will push forward the state of the art in software agility for manufacturing robots, allowing small and medium manufacturers to better utilize robotic systems.,The paper fulfills the identified need for standard test methods to measure and allow for improvement in software agility for manufacturing robots.
Ecosystem engineers drive creek formation in salt marshes.

Ecosystem engineers affect different organisms and processes in multiple ways at different spatial scales. Moreover, similar species may differ in their engineering effects for reasons that are not always clear. We examined the role of four species of burrowing crabs (Sesarma reticulatum, Eurytium limosum, Panopeus herbstii, Uca pugnax) in engineering tidal creek networks in salt marshes experiencing sea level rise. In the field, crab burrows were associated with heads of eroding creeks and the loss of plant (Spartina alterniflora) stems. S. reticulatum was closely associated with creek heads, but densities of the other crab species did not vary across marsh zones. In mesocosm experiments, S. reticulatum excavated the most soil and strongly reduced S. alterniflora biomass. The other three species excavated less and did not affect S. alterniflora. Creek heads with vegetation removed to simulate crab herbivory grew significantly faster than controls. Percolation rates of water into marsh sediments were 10 times faster at creek heads than on the marsh platform. Biomass decomposed two times faster at creek heads than on the marsh platform. Our results indicate that S. reticulatum increases creek growth by excavating sediments and by consuming plants, thereby increasing water flow and erosion at creek heads. Moreover, it is possible that S. reticulatum burrows also increase creek growth by increasing surface and subsurface erosion, and by increasing decomposition of organic matter at creek heads. Our results show that the interaction between crab and plant ecosystem engineers can have both positive and negative effects. At a small scale, in contrast to other marsh crabs, S. reticulatum harms rather than benefits plants, and increases erosion rather than marsh growth. At a large scale, however, S. reticulatum facilitates the drainage efficiency of the marsh through the expansion of tidal creek networks, and promotes marsh health.
Aesthetic Surgery in Patients with Lung Cancer: A Paradigm Shift.

BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and the leading cause of cancer death. With the development of targeted therapy against causative driver mutations, some patients have experienced dramatic responses that have converted their disease into a chronic, stable form. Shifting concerns away from survival and back to quality-of-life issues has led some of these patients to seek aesthetic surgery. METHODS Three patient examples are presented to illustrate current lung cancer treatment modalities, disease responses, and subsequent experiences with aesthetic surgical procedures. Two patients presented for blepharoplasty and the third for revisional breast augmentation surgery. RESULTS Two patients were treated for lung cancer with targeted therapy and a third with more traditional chemotherapy before undergoing aesthetic surgery. All 3 patients experienced a normal recovery from surgery without any untoward results. Two remain free of disease and one has chronic stable disease. All have returned to normal, active lives. CONCLUSIONS Recent developments in lung cancer treatment are transforming this entity into a less formidable diagnosis for some patients, much like breast cancer and prostate cancer. Plastic surgeons should be aware of this paradigm shift. Successfully treated patients should be considered as reasonable candidates for aesthetic surgery, particularly when they have the full support of their oncologist. Beyond the typical psychological benefits that plastic surgery can produce, it also provides affirmation in this patient population of a return to normalcy, thereby imparting hope and optimism for the future.
In Patients with a Peri-procedural Cerebral Thromboembolism, Does Neurovascular Rescue Improve Clinical Outcome?

Neurovascular rescue can be defined as the active neurointerventional procedure using either mechanical or chemical thrombolysis or both for peri-procedural thromboembolic stroke. Both open and endovascular surgeries on the heart, aortic arch and/or great vessels as well as craniofacial arteries can cause peri-procedural stroke. Although, the true incidence of peri-procedural thromboembolism from percutaneous procedures is difficult to measure, it appears to be not uncommon. Through prompt recognition and adopting appropriate neurovascular rescue strategy, it is highly likely to improve the clinical outcome of periprocedural thromboembolic stroke.
1954 Life History Phenomena

Life history trait evolution has predictable behavioral consequences. Life history traits include the number of offspring per litter or clutch, age at first reproduction, and number of litters or clutches during a life span. Life history traits help in understanding why and how much animals invest in choosing mates. They also help to explain investments in caring for offspring. Life history properties also correlate with the degree of sociality expressed by a species.
Electron Transfer Mechanism for Cocaine Action

Although much progress has been made, there are many unanswered questions concerning the chemistry of the brain, including mechanistic features of central nervous system (CNS) drugs. It is reasonable to invoke the involvement of electrochemical phenomena in some cases, as was done in the pioneering investigations of Szent-Gyorgyi and co-workers1. The principal categories of electron transfer (ET) agents consist of quinones, metal complexes, ArNO2, and iminium ions2. In our prior work in the CNS area, iminium participation via ET was suggested for the action of benzodiazepines3, phencyclidine (PCP)4, nicotine4, mesoionics5, and 1-methyl- 4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)6.
Japanese Reverse Compasses: Grounding Cognition in History and Society

ArgumentAn unusual compass, on which east and west are reversed, provides insight into the dynamics guiding our understanding of artifacts. By examining how such compasses were used in Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868), the benefits they brought, and how users knew how to read them, this article uncovers the cognitive factors that shape our interaction with technology. Building on the methodological approach of the distributed cognition theory, the article claims that reverse compasses allowed the user to conserve cognitive effort, which was particularly advantageous to Tokugawa-period mariners. Moreover, the article shows that even non-professional Tokugawa Japanese had a relatively easy time reading reverse compasses due to similarity between the compasses' orientation and Tokugawa timekeeping practices. Building on the bodily and cognitive habits they had developed through the practices of keeping time, users could identify and interpret cultural cues embedded in the structure of reverse compasses.
Analysis of the Influence of Electronic Word-of-Mouth on University Choice by Slovakian Grammar School Students

Globalisation in higher education directly influences competition among universities. Every institution is continually motivated to improve its quality in order to survive and to achieve further success. The evolution of Internet technology has expanded word-of-mouth (WoM) communication into a form of electronic word of mouth (eWoM). eWoM has become a phenomenon that is improving the image of every organisation in our society. This study is aimed at identifying and analysing the transformation of WoM into eWoM, finding the differences between them and examining the perceived influence of electronic word of mouth on choice of university by potential students in Slovakia. The purpose of this study is to show how the eWoM method works in university choice compared with traditional WoM. Data were collected by email questionnaires from five grammar schools in the Trencin district. The results show that students are highly influenced by eWoM compared with WoM and depend on online reviews/comments posted on review/forum type websites instead of on social media when making decisions regarding choice of university. Thus, the overall image of the university significantly and positively influences the student's choice of foreign university.
Effect of Nucleosome Assembly on Alkylation by a Dynamic Electrophile.

Quinone methides are reactive electrophiles that are generated during metabolism of various drugs, natural products, and food additives. Their chemical properties and cellular effects have been described previously, and now their response to packaging DNA in a nucleosome core is described. A model bisquinone methide precursor (bisQMP) was selected based on its ability to form reversible adducts with guanine N7 that allow for their redistribution and transfer after quinone methide regeneration. Assembly of Widom’s 601 DNA with the histone octamer of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 from Xenopus laevis significantly suppressed alkylation of the DNA. This result is a function of DNA packaging since addition of the octamer without nucleosome reconstitution only mildly protected DNA from alkylation. The lack of competition between nucleophiles of DNA and the histones was consistent with the limited number of adducts formed by the histones as detected by tryptic digestion and ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spe...
CRISPR-Cas immunity repressed by a biofilm-activating pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

CRISPR-Cas systems are adaptive immune systems that protect bacteria from bacteriophage (phage) infection. To provide immunity, RNA-guided protein surveillance complexes recognize foreign nucleic acids, triggering their destruction by Cas nucleases. While the essential requirements for immune activity are well understood, the physiological cues that regulate CRISPR-Cas expression are not. Here, a forward genetic screen identifies a two-component system (KinB/AlgB), previously characterized in regulating Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence and biofilm establishment, as a regulator of the biogenesis of the Type I-F CRISPR-Cas surveillance complex. Downstream of the KinB/AlgB system, activators of biofilm production AlgU (a σE orthologue) and AlgR, act as repressors of CRISPR-Cas surveillance complex expression during planktonic and surface-associated growth. AmrZ, another biofilm activator, functions as a surface-specific repressor of CRISPR-Cas activity. Pseudomonas phages and plasmids have taken advantage of this regulatory scheme, and carry hijacked homologs of AmrZ, which are functional CRISPR-Cas repressors. This suggests that while CRISPR-Cas regulation may be important to limit self-toxicity, endogenous repressive pathways represent a vulnerability for parasite manipulation.
Use of Doppler and Doppler Rate for RF Geolocation Using a Single LEO Satellite

A passive radio frequency (RF) geolocation solution is provided that uses a single low earth orbit (LEO) satellite to find an uncooperative earth-bound emitter. For the first time, an unambiguous solution is available for real-time, single-pass, and time-constrained acquisition scenarios where single transmissions are expected. The geolocation algorithm rapidly maps Doppler and Doppler rate measurements to an RF emitter location. Corresponding theoretic performance bounds are provided for mission analysis and optimality comparison. The proposed algorithm is a variant of the constrained Unscented Kalman Filter (cUKF), chosen for computational efficiency, modeling abilities, and ease of constraint incorporation. A novel, low-computation method of sigma point projection upon the surface of the earth is derived that drastically improves search area capabilities and convergence rates. The theoretical performance bound is in the form of the recursive constrained Posterior Cramer-Rao Bound (rcPCRB), which is uniquely suited to gauge the mean squared error optimality of iterative nonlinear estimation algorithms. Numerical analysis over measurement noise, center frequency, slant angle, and initialization error exhibit the algorithm’s robustness over various mission types. The performance of the cUKF is demonstrated on raw IQ data acquired from the TDS-1 satellite operated by Surrey Satellites.
2019 ACM SIGMOBILE Rockstar Award

The recipient of the 2019 SIGMOBILE RockStar Award is Xia Zhou, an associate professor of computer science at Dartmouth College. With this award, the awards committee recognizes the depth, impact and novelty of Zhou's outstanding early-career contributions and impact to the field of mobile computing and wireless networks.
Testing of the Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Survey

BACKGROUND Clinicians' knowledge and skills for evidence-based practice (EBP) and organizational climate are important for science-based care. There is scant literature regarding aligning organizational culture with EBP implementation and even less for unit and organizational culture. The Nursing EBP Survey examines individual, unit, and organizational factors to better understand registered nurses' (RN) self-reported EBP. AIMS Establish and confirm factor loading, reliability, and discriminant validity for the untested Nursing EBP Survey. METHODS The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional survey design and was targeted for RNs. The setting included 14 hospitals and 680 medical offices in Southern California. The 1999 instrument consisted of 22 items; 7 items were added in 2005 for 29 items. The questionnaire used a 5 point, Likert-type scale. The survey website opened in November 2016 and closed after 23 weeks. Psychometric testing and factor determination used parallel analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and ANOVA post hoc comparisons. RESULTS One thousand one hundred and eighty-one RNs completed the survey. All factor loadings in the CFA model were positive and significant (p < .001). All standardized loadings ranged from .70 to .94. The covariance estimate between Factor 1 and Factor 2 was marginally significant (p = .07). All other covariances and error variances were significant (p < .001). Final factor names were Practice Climate (Factor 1), Data Collection (Factor 2), Evidence Appraisal (Factor 3), Implementation (Factor 4), and Access to Evidence (Factor 5). Four of 5 factors showed significant differences between education levels (p < .05 level). All factors showed significant differences (p < .05) between inpatient and ambulatory staff, with higher scores for inpatient settings. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION Nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and skills for EBP vary. The 2019 Nursing EBP survey offers RNs direction to plan and support improvement in evidence-based outcomes and tailors future EBP initiatives.
Effect of Oral Flunixin Meglumine on Heart Rate, Physical Activity, and Salivary Cortisol Concentration following Cautery Disbudding of Dairy Calves

US dairy calves are often disbudded at an early age without analgesics, whereas several other countries require analgesics. Administration of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in milk replacer would be a simple, stress-free method to deliver analgesics for disbudding if shown to improve well-being. Most studies of NSAID efficacy involve older animals, NSAIDs not labeled for use in US cattle, or NSAIDs administered by injection. Our objective was to determine the effects of administering an NSAID labeled for use in US cattle (flunixin meglumine; FM) in milk replacer on heart rate (HR), physical activity (PA), and salivary cortisol concentration (SCC) in young dairy calves disbudded by cautery.
Medical comorbidities and orbital implant exposure.

PURPOSE To investigate medical conditions and systemic therapies associated with orbital implant exposure in patients with anophthalmic sockets. METHODS Retrospective review of patients who underwent enucleation or evisceration at a single centre between January 1, 2008 and March 1, 2018. Medical comorbidities, including peripheral or coronary artery disease, rheumatologic conditions, diabetes, malignancy and history of smoking were recorded. Use of immunomodulatory and anticoagulation therapy at the time of eye removal was noted. Patients were divided into two groups-those with implant exposure and those without. Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to compare groups. RESULTS Two hundred and twenty-nine patients underwent eye removal surgery over a ten-year period. Implant exposure was seen in 20 (8.7%) patients. Univariate analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between groups in rates of smoking, malignancy, and immunomodulatory therapy at the time of surgery. A history of smoking (HR = 11.72; 95% CI: 2.95, 46.53; p = 0.0001) and immunomodulatory therapy (HR = 8.02; 95% CI: 1.96, 32.87; p = 0.004) were independent predictors of exposure. The probability of exposure was 81.2% when all three risk factors were present versus 4.4% when none were present (c-index = 0.737, 95% CI: 0.608, 0.865; p < 0.001). The model was a good fit to the data (Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test p = 0.475). CONCLUSIONS Smoking and immunomodulatory therapy were associated with orbital implant exposure in patients with anophthalmic sockets. This is the first report examining medical comorbidities in patients with orbital implant exposure. Understanding the pathophysiology of implant exposure is crucial to preoperative planning and postoperative care.
CircSOD2: A Novel Regulator for Smooth Muscle Proliferation and Neointima Formation

Objective: Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation contributes to neointima formation following vascular injury. Circular RNA—a novel type of noncoding RNA with closed-loop structure—exhibi...
Studies on the epidemiology and control of rabies

Three chemotherapeutlc drugs were tested for activity to control and/or inhibit rabies virus (CVS) infection and/or replication in cell cultures. The rapid focus fluorescent inhibition test (KFTIT) was used to detect the level of viral infection of the cells. Against 10-20 TCID^q of CVS, Amantadine HCL (Am) at 0.03-0.06 mg/ml had more than 70% effectivity in inhibition of CVS when added within the first 8 hours post infection (PI); complete virus inhibition was attained when a concentration of 0.12-0.5 mg/ml was added. After 8-10 hours. Am required progressively higher levels to produce inhibition. At 24 hours PI, only 10-20% inhibition was produced at 0.03-0.06 mg/ml, but more than 95% inhibition was maintained at 0.5-1.0 mg/ml. Rifampin (Rf) produced 70% inhibition at 0.03 mg/ml, more than 85% at 0.06 mg/ml and 95% to 100% at 0.12-0.5 mg/ml when used within the first 8 hours PI. After 8-10 hours PI, Rf showed similar activity to Am. Ribavirine (Rb) completely inhibited viral replication when used within 8 hours PI at concentrations of 0.03 mg/ml or higher. At lower concentrations of 0.002, 0.004, 0.008, and 0.016 mg/ml, Rb produced inhibition levels of 40%, 60%, 90%, and 95%, respectively when used within 4-8 hours PI. AM and Rf at 0.5-1.0 mg/ml showed inhibitory activity against cell division which was reversible when the drugs were removed. Rb did not show any cellular inhibition even when used at 4.0 mg/ml. No synergistic action existed between Am and Rb or Rf and Rb or Am and Rf. The three drugs were found in this study not to inhibit rabies virus adsorption or penetration. The mechanism of their action, as
Core curriculum illustration: pediatric traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis

This is the 16th installment of a series that will highlight one case per publication issue from the bank of cases available online as part of the American Society of Emergency Radiology (ASER) educational resources. Our goal is to generate more interest in and use of our online materials. To view more cases online, please visit the ASER Core Curriculum and Recommendations for Study online at http://www.aseronline.org/curriculum/toc.htm
AAVant-garde gene therapy

Using a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector to deliver the factor IX gene, two groups achieve long-term partial correction of hemophilia B in a canine model of the disease (pages 56–70).
On the ADI method for the Sylvester equation and the optimal-H2 points

The ADI iteration is closely related to the rational Krylov projection methods for constructing low rank approximations to the solution of Sylvester equations. In this paper we show that the ADI and rational Krylov approximations are in fact equivalent when a special choice of shifts are employed in both methods. We will call these shifts pseudo H"2-optimal shifts. These shifts are also optimal in the sense that for the Lyapunov equation, they yield a residual which is orthogonal to the rational Krylov projection subspace. Via several examples, we show that the pseudo H"2-optimal shifts consistently yield nearly optimal low rank approximations to the solutions of the Lyapunov equations.