cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limitations of end-tidal CO2 as an early indicator of central hypovolemia in humans.

Objective. This study tested the hypothesis that pulmonary end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) tracks reductions in central blood volume in human volunteers exposed to progressive central hypovolemia. Methods. Measurements of PETCO2, systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), andmean arterial (MAP) blood pressures, heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), andrespiratory rate (RR) were obtained in 50 healthy human subjects during baseline supine rest andexposure to progressive reductions of central blood volume produced by application of lower body negative pressure (LBNP). Results. As increasing amounts of LBNP were applied, SBP, DBP, MAP, HR, SV, andPETCO2 decreased (p < 0.001). RR was not altered (p = 1.0). The decrease in PETCO2 did not begin to occur until 40% of maximal LBNP was applied. While PETCO2 decreased progressively thereafter, the range of baseline values (28.8–49.2 mmHg) varied more than the reduction in PETCO2 elicited by maximal LBNP (baseline = 40.1 ± 0.6 mmHg; maximal LBNP = 29.8 ± 1.0 mmHg). The earliest signifi...
Energy Flow Patterns and Control Implications for Integrated Distillation Networks

This paper focuses on the dynamics and control of energy-integrated distillation networks. Typical examples of networks of distillation columns, with significant energy integration, are analyzed with the help of energy flow diagrams. Common patterns (e.g., recycle loops, throughput paths) are identified, which influence the dynamic characteristics of these networks. An example of double effect distillation is considered for detailed dynamic analysis and control. A simulation case study is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed framework.
On the classification of the Grothendieck rings of non-self-dual modular categories☆

Abstract We develop a symbolic computational approach to classifying low-rank modular fusion categories, up to finite ambiguity. By a generalized form of Ocneanu rigidity due to Etingof, Ostrik and Nikshych, it is enough to classify modular fusion algebras of a given rank—that is, to determine the possible Grothendieck rings with modular realizations. We use this technique to classify modular categories of rank at most 5 that are non-self-dual, i.e. those for which some object is not isomorphic to its dual object.
Descartins, the memory molecules.

Investigation of protein translation at the synapse, using functioning synaptic particles termed synaptoneurosomes, has led to identification of Fragile X protein as a key synaptic component. In its absence, some key mRNAs are translated more diffusely in the cell, and more slowly. Recent studies have implicated ERK (extracellular receptor regulated kinase) as a central factor in regulating the kinetics of translation at the synapse. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:476–481, 2011.
FEASIBILITY OF EARLY EXTUBATION IN RDS, WITH APPLICATION OF NASAL VENTILATION, AS PREDICTED BY END-EXPIRATORY RESISTANCE: 2113

Extubation of 85 infants recovering from RDS on patient-triggered ventilation (Sechrist SAVI) was attempted once the infants were weaned to FiO2 55 torr or apnea, by applying patient-triggered nasal ventilation(Sechrist SAVI) via nose prongs or nasal cannula. RESULTS: (Seegraph) CONCLUSION: Early extubation and weaning to nasal ventilation may be achieved with a sensitivity of 87 percent and specificity of 71 percent when expiratory resistance is ≤ 225 cmH2O / L / sec.
Evaluating a positive parenting curriculum package: An analysis of the acquisition of key skills.

With the increase in survival for children with cancer, part of the focus of current research is aimed towards evaluating how these children are adapting psychosocially. Neurocognitive deficits have been well established. However, there are multiple facets encompassing quality of life, including general mental health, lifestyles and health behaviors, and academic and cognitive functioning. The relationship between neurocognitive and psychosocial functioning has yet to be thoroughly evaluated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between neurocognitive and psychosocial functioning in survivors of brain tumors and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Data was collected from existing archival database comprised of patients of the at Cook Children's Medical Center in Texas. The sample consisted of 177 patients between the ages of 3 and 12 who were at least two years post-diagnosis. Measures used included the NEPSY and the Behavioral Assessment for Children. Statistical analyses included a several one-way analysis of variances, an independent samples t-test, a univariate analysis of variance, a hierarchical multiple regression, and odds ratio analyses. Results indicated survivors treated with neurosurgery alone appear to be less at risk for developing behavior problems than other treatment modalities. Also, brain tumor survivors demonstrate more problematic behaviors than survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Visuospatial functioning, diagnosis, and type of treatment were found to be predictive variables of behavior problems. Attention, and perhaps language, deficits may predispose children to more problems in their behavior. It is concluded that there are other factors affecting behavior in this population that were not accounted for in this analysis. It is recommended for future studies to research the individual clinical scales of the Behavior Assessment System for Children, obtain information from multiple informants, study this relationship longitudinally, and research additional factors that may be influencing the relationship between neurocognitive and psychosocial functioning. This provides evidence of risk factors that should be monitored as the child returns home and to school.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for Predicting Flow of Viscous Fluids in a Large Fermentor with Hydrofoil Flow Impellers and Internal Cooling Coils

Considerable debate has occurred over the use of hydrofoil impellers in large-scale fermentors to improve mixing and mass transfer in highly viscous non-Newtonian systems. Using a computational fluid dynamics software package (Fluent, version 4.30) extensive calculations were performed to study the effect of impeller speed (70-130 rpm), broth rheology (value of power law flow behavior index from 0.2 to 0.6), and distance between the cooling coil bank and the fermentor wall (6-18 in.) on flow near the perimeter of a large (75-m 3 ) fermentor equipped with A315 impellers. A quadratic model utilizing the data was developed in an attempt to correlate the effect of A315 impeller speed, power law flow behavior index, and distance between the cooling coil bank and the fermentor wall on the average axial velocity in the coil bank-wall region. The results suggest that there is a potential for slow or stagnant flow in the coil bank-wall region which could result in poor oxygen and heat transfer for highly viscous fermentations. The results also indicate that there is the potential for slow or stagnant flow in the region between the top impeller and the gas headspace when flow through the coil bank-wall region is slow. Finally, a simple guideline was developed to allow fermentor design engineers to predict the degree of flow behind a bank of helical cooling coils in a large fermentor with hydrofoil flow impellers.
Thermal diffusion of alkaline chlorides in D2O

Heats of transport of 0.01m (molality) LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, and CsCl as well as the concentration dependence of the heat of transport of NaCl (up to 1.5m) and KCl (up to 2m) were studied potentiometrically from the measurement of thermoelectric powers of the silver-silver chloride thermocell at a mean temperature of 25°C. Heats of transport of alkaline chlorides were found to be smaller in D2O than in H2O. Effective diffusion coefficients were also found to be smaller. The solvent isotope effect observed is discussed, and possible rationalization is given in terms of solvent properties, structural effects, and motions of ions and solvent molecules.
Double Remedies in Non-Market Economies

Double remedies in the non-market economy (“NME”) context can be regarded as one of the most controversial issues arising from the simultaneous application of both anti-dumping and countervailing duties. In recent years, China has been the most frequent target of anti-dumping and countervailing duty investigations. This paper examines how double remedies come into being in the NME context such as China, and explores its origin, harm, and solutions.
Angiotensin as Local Modulating Factor in Ventricular Dysfunction and Failure Due to Coronary Artery Disease

Congestive heart failure is the end product of a progressive series of events resulting from acute myocardial damage. Circulatory neurohormonal systems are activated during the acute phase of left ventricular dysfunction resulting from initial myocardial damage and again in the latter phase of decompensated heart failure. However, these neurohormonal mechanisms return to normal during the compensated stage of heart failure. Recent studies have suggested that autocrine/paracrine modulators of cardiovascular function are activated in the preclinical phase preceding the development of overt heart failure. The renin-angiotensin system in particular has been shown to modulate many of the chronic processes involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders. Recent studies suggest that locally generated angiotensin II may contribute to the secondary structural changes seen in cardiovascular disorders, such as cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling, coronary artery disease, and atherosclerosis. Thus, inhibition of angiotensin formation with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, particularly at the tissue level, may provide valuable cardioprotective effects. Additional evidence points to the efficacy of ACE inhibitors in preventing the progression of asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction to overt heart failure.
Treatment outcomes among people living with HIV who are food insecure and prescribed antiretrovirals taken with food.

Background: Food insecurity is a known barrier to medication adherence among people living with HIV. Antiretroviral therapies (ART) that require food likely pose added challenges to patients who do...
What do technology shocks tell us about the New Keynesian paradigm

Abstract Researchers have used unanticipated changes to monetary policy to identify preference and technology parameters of macroeconomic models. This paper uses changes in technology to identify the same set of parameters. Estimates based on technology shocks differ substantially from those based on monetary policy shocks. In the post-World War II United States, a positive technology shock reduces inflation and increases hours worked, significantly and rapidly in both cases. Relative to policy shock identification, technology shock identification implies: (i) long duration durability in preferences instead of short duration habit, (ii) built-in inflation inertia disappears and price flexibility increases . In response to technological improvement, consumption durability increases hours worked because households temporarily increase labor supply to accumulate durables towards a new, higher steady state level. Limited nominal rigidities allow inflation to fall because firms are able to immediately cut prices when households’ labor supply increases. Finally, we consider alternative data constructions and econometric specifications; we find that (i) and/or (ii) hold in nearly every case.
Adaptive Interpolation of Multidimensional Scaling

Abstract The recent explosion of publicly available biology gene sequences and chemical compounds offers an unprece-dented opportunity for data mining. To make data analysis feasible for such vast volume and high-dimensional scientific data, we apply high performance dimension reduction algorithms. It facilitates the investigation of unknown structures in a three dimensional visualization. Among the known dimension reduction algorithms, we utilize the multidimensional scaling (MDS) algorithm to configure the given high-dimensional or abstract data into a target di-mension. However, the MDS algorithm requires large physical memory as well as computational resources. In order to reduce computational complexity and memory requirement effectively, the interpolation method of the MDS was proposed in 2010. With minor trade-off of approximation, the MDS interpolation method enables us to process mil-lions of data points with modest amounts of computation and memory requirement. In this paper, we would like to improve the mapping quality of the MDS interpolation approach by adapting the original dissimilarity based on the ratio between the original dissimilarity and the corresponding mapping distances. Our experimental results illustrate that the quality of interpolated mapping results are improved by adding the adaptation step without runtime loss com-pared to the original interpolation method. With the proposed adaptive interpolation method, we construct a better configuration of millions of out-of-sample data into a target dimension than the previous interpolation method.
Methane in permafrost : preliminary results from coring at Fairbanks, Alaska

Abstract Permafrost has been suggested as a high-latitude source of methane (a greenhouse gas) during global warming. To begin to assess the magnitude of this source, we have examined the methane content of permafrost in samples from shallow cores (maximum depth, 9.5 m) at three sites in Fairbanks, Alaska, where discontinuous permafrost is common. These cores sampled frozen loess, peat, and water (ice) below the active layer. Methane contents of permafrost range from The methane concentrations were used in a one dimensional heat conduction model to predict the amount of methane that will be released from permafrost worldwide over the next 100 years, given two climate change scenarios. Our results indicate that at least 30 years will elapse before melting permafrost releases important amounts of methane; a maximum methane release rate will be about 25 to 30 Tg/yr, assuming that methane is generally distributed in shallow permafrost as observed in our samples.
High-density static bipolar memory

A static bipolar memory approach with a 3.1-mil2cell in standard technology affording a 4k-bit chip with 50-ns access time at 0.1 μW/bit standby power will be described.
Cftr controls lumen expansion and function of Kupffer's vesicle in zebrafish

Regulated fluid secretion is crucial for the function of most organs. In vertebrates, the chloride channel cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a master regulator of fluid secretion. Although the biophysical properties of CFTR have been well characterized in vitro, little is known about its in vivo role during development. Here, we investigated the function of Cftr during zebrafish development by generating several cftr mutant alleles using TAL effector nucleases. We found that loss of cftr function leads to organ laterality defects. In zebrafish, left-right (LR) asymmetry requires cilia-driven fluid flow within the lumen of Kupffer’s vesicle (KV). Using live imaging we found that KV morphogenesis is disrupted in cftr mutants. Loss of Cftr-mediated fluid secretion impairs KV lumen expansion leading to defects in organ laterality. Using bacterial artificial chromosome recombineering, we generated transgenic fish expressing functional Cftr fusion proteins with fluorescent tags under the control of the cftr promoter. The transgenes completely rescued the cftr mutant phenotype. Live imaging of these transgenic lines showed that Cftr is localized to the apical membrane of the epithelial cells in KV during lumen formation. Pharmacological stimulation of Cftr-dependent fluid secretion led to an expansion of the KV lumen. Conversely, inhibition of ion gradient formation impaired KV lumen inflation. Interestingly, cilia formation and motility in KV were not affected, suggesting that fluid secretion and flow are independently controlled in KV. These findings uncover a new role for cftr in KV morphogenesis and function during zebrafish development.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection: a case report.

SUMMARY Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that is characterized by fever, splenomegaly, and cytopenia in 2 or more peripheral blood lineages, hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia, and hemophagocytosis. HLH may be primary or may be triggered by numerous etiologies, including infections. Identification of underlying etiology of HLH is important as proper treatment can completely resolve the disease process. We present a patient whose clinical presentation fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for HLH but whose illness was caused by infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis, emphasizing the need to explore all possible etiologies during evaluation of patients presenting with illnesses consistent with HLH.
Signal-to-noise considerations in flame/furnace infrared emission spectroscopy

A theoretical model for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance of a flame/furnace infrared emission (FIRE) radiometer using a PbSe detector has been developed. The model uses readily available, published PbSe detector parameters to predict the SNR for situations involving only detector noise as well as for situations involving detector noise in the presence of residual, uncorrelated flame noise remaining after background subtraction. The theoretical SNR values were found to be in good agreement (6%) with previously published, experimentally determined SNR values for Freon-113®, obtained with a dual-channel FIRE radiometer operating in the carbon mode. The model was used to show the effect of source modulation frequency on the SNR obtained with the FIRE radiometer. At room temperature under detector-noise-limited conditions, it was found that: 1/f noise > background photon noise > generation-recombination noise ≫ Johnson noise. The PbSe detector was found to exhibit 1/f-noise behavior out to about 1000 Hz when operated at room temperature. The model predicts that, even for a dual-channel FIRE radiometer in the presence of residual flame background noise, some SNR improvement should be possible by increasing the chopping frequency out to around 3 kHz.
ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS AS SINGLE-SOURCE PRECURSORS TO NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS : AN OVERVIEW

Abstract Molecularly doped silica xerogels are prepared by adding either main-group or transition metal organometallic compounds containing bifunctional ligands to conventional sol–gel formulations. These bifunctional ligands contain distal (alkoxy or hydroxy)silyl groups, so that the dopant molecules become covalently incorporated into the silica xerogel matrix as it is being formed. Subsequent thermal treatment under reducing or oxidizing-then-reducing conditions leads to the decomposition of molecular precursor and to the formation of a nanoparticulate material with precise stoichiometry highly dispersed throughout the xerogel matrix.
The mechanism of action of fructose diphosphate aldolase.

Abstract 1. 1. Crystalline musclel aldolase catalyzes the exchange of deuterium from solvent D 2 O with one substituent hydrogen of dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This partial reaction occurs in the absence of added glyceroaldehyde-3-phosphate. 2. 2. Aldolase does not catalyze a deuterium exchange reaction with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or 1 (+)-glycerophophate under similar conditions. 3. 3. When dihydroxyacetone phosphate labeled with deuterium by the exchange reaction is allowed to react with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the presence of aldolase, the fructose diphosphate formed contains little if any deuterium. 4. 4. The rate of the aldolase-catalyzed deuterium exchange reaction is of the same order of magnitude as the overall reaction. 5. 5. Possible mechanistic interpretations of aldolase-catalyzed reactions are discussed.
A Survey and Comparision of Fault-Tolerant Multistage Interconnection Networks

Today all branches of engineering and a multitude of other disciplines rely firmly and increasingly on computational support. However, each discipline has important problems that, to be solved feasibly, await our ability to field computers with orders of magnitude greater performance than currently available. Consequently, the need for very high performance computing is larger than ever and growing. To date, high-performance computers have owed their speed primarily to advances in circuit and packaging technology. These technologies are subject to physical limits constraining the ultimate speed of a conventional uniprocessor computer. Parallel processing computers executing problems solutions expressed as parallel algorithms translated into parallel machine programs can exceed the single processor speed limit. The means for communication among processors, memory modules, and other devices of a parallel computer is the interconnection network.
Treatments for chronic pain associated with spinal cord injuries: many are tried, few are helpful.

Objective The objective was to investigate, in two community samples of people with spinal cord injuries, the frequency of use of different pain treatments and the perceived helpfulness of these treatments. Design and setting A postal survey was conducted in the community. Participants The participants were 471 persons aged 18 years or older who had spinal cord injuries and pain. There were 2 separate samples (n = 308 and n = 163). Outcome measures The pain treatments used, the helpfulness of these treatments, and the Chronic Pain Grade questionnaire answers were assessed. Results Respondents reported multiple pain treatments (range of 0-14 and median of 4 in sample 1; range of 0-16 and median of 4 in sample 2). The most commonly reported treatments were oral medications and physical therapy. Medication types most commonly reported were nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, and opioids. The treatments rated as most helpful were opioid medications, physical therapy, and diazepam therapy, and those rated as least helpful were spinal cord stimulation, counseling or psychotherapy, administration of acetaminophen, and administration of amitriptyline. Alternative treatments reported as most helpful were massage therapy and use of marijuana. Acupuncture was tried by many but was rated as only moderately helpful. Conclusions This survey of two large samples of community-dwelling individuals with spinal cord injury-related chronic pain indicates that multiple pain treatments are tried but only a few are rated as more than somewhat helpful. Furthermore, the treatments that are most commonly reported are not always those that are rated as most helpful. The findings point to a number of potentially fruitful directions for future research.
Nonreversed saphenous vein grafts for coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract Between August 1985 and December 1988, valvotomized saphenous vein grafts were used in 365 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In this operation, the femoral end of the vein is attached to the aorta and the pedal end is attached to the coronary artery. Vein diameters measured 8 ± 2 mm at the femoral end, 4.5 ± 1.2 mm at the knee level, and 3.5 ± 1.3 mm at the ankle. Ratios between levels were as follows: knee to femoral end, 0.56, and ankle to femoral end, 0.43. The ratio of knee to femoral end was 0.42 in cases with vein midthigh bifurcation. There were 1,310 grafts implanted (3.6 per patient). In 341 patients, CABG alone was performed, and 24 patients had combined procedures: 11 had CABG with mitral valve replacement, 9 had CABG with aortic valve replacement, 2 had CABG with repair of postinfarct ventricular septal defect, and 2 had CABG with automatic defibrillator implantation. Follow-up (up to 3.5 years) was attained in 97% of patients. For various reasons, 34 patients had a second angiogram between 3 and 41 months postoperatively. Of 120 vein grafts, 108 (90%) were patent. At autopsy, 11 patients with 45 vein grafts had 43 patent and clean grafts and two thrombosed. Use of nonreversed saphenous vein for coronary bypass is recommended. It assures a large proximal anastomosis, natural vein bifurcations can be used with fewer proximal anastomoses, better vein-coronary artery size matching is obtained, and the patency rate is satisfactory.
Long-term effects of hydralazine on ventilation and blood gas values in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension

Hydralazine has been shown to increase minute ventilation, alveolar ventilation, and arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) after short-term administration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension. The effects of orally administered hydralazine on ventilation and blood gas values were evaluated after six to 18 months of treatment in 10 male patients who had demonstrated an increase in minute ventilation after 24 hours of treatment. Hydralazine was administered at a dose of 200 mg per day during the initial 24 hours and in doses ranging from 40 mg per day to 200 mg per day during long-term therapy. Following 24 hours of treatment, a statistically significant increase in minute ventilation, alveolar ventilation, and PaO2, and reduction in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) were seen both at rest and during exercise. After six to 18 months of hydralazine therapy, the increase in minute ventilation at rest persisted when compared with the pre-hydralazine value (15.3 +/- 1.3 liters/minute versus 13.1 +/- 1.1 liters/minute; p less than 0.05). The improvement in PaO2 at rest continued relative to the pre-hydralazine value (70.9 +/- 3.2 mm Hg versus 65.1 +/- 3.0 mm Hg, p less than 0.05) as did the PaO2 during exercise (60.3 +/- 3.5 mm Hg versus 53.3 +/- 2.0 mm Hg; p less than 0.05). The reduction in PaCO2 at rest persisted compared with the pre-hydralazine value (41.2 +/- 2.4 mm Hg versus 47.0 +/- 3.0 mm Hg; p less than 0.05) as did the PaCO2 during exercise (44.0 +/- 2.8 mm Hg versus 48.0 +/- 2.8 mm Hg; p less than 0.05). No significant changes in minute ventilation, PaO2, or PaCO2 were seen at rest or during exercise, when re-measured after six to 18 months in an age- and sex-matched control group of 10 patients who did not receive hydralazine. These results demonstrate that the short-term effects of hydralazine on ventilation and blood gas values persisted after six to 18 months of treatment in this sample of patients, some of whom received doses less than 200 mg per day.
Transesophageal Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Assessment of Normal and Stenosed Coronary Arteries

We describe our preliminary experience in assessing normal and stenosed coronary arteries using transesophageal three-dimensional echocardiography (3-D echo) in 27 adult patients. Multiplane transesophageal two-dimensional images of the coronary arteries (20 left, 3 right, 3 both left and right, and 1 posterior descending) were first acquired in the TomTec computer in 3 degrees sequential increments, from 0 degrees to 180 degrees, and then 3-D reconstruction was performed. The entire left main (LMC, measuring 0.5 to 1.7 cm, mean 1.0 cm) as well as variable lengths of proximal or both proximal and middle segments of the left anterior descending (LAD, measuring 0.2 to 2.5 cm, mean 0.8 cm) and circumflex (LCX, measuring 0.2 to 2.8 cm, mean 0.9 cm) coronary arteries together with some of their branches could be visualized in 3-D in 22 of 23 patients. In the remaining patient, the LMC was absent, and both LAD and LCX could be visualized in 3-D as having separate but adjacent origins from the left sinus of Valsalva (proven by angiography). In two patients, long segments of interventricular and great cardiac veins were also visualized accompanying the LAD and LCX, respectively. The right coronary artery (RCA, measuring 0.7 to 3.0 cm, mean 1.9 cm) was also successfully delineated in 3-D in all six patients in whom an attempt was made to visualize it during echo examination. Using the transgastric approach, a long (1.8 cm) segment of the posterior descending branch (PDA) of RCA was imaged in one patient. In addition, nine significantly stenotic lesions (>50% lumen diameter) were identified by 3-D in eight patients involving LMC (1), proximal LAD (1), mid LAD (1), proximal LCX (2), proximal RCA (3), and mid PDA (1). Eight of these 9 lesions were confirmed by coronary angiography. The remaining lesion (mid PDA) could not be confirmed since the patient did not undergo angiography. Our preliminary study demonstrates the usefulness of transesophageal 3-D echo not only in delineating normal coronary arteries but also diagnosing significant atherosclerotic stenosis in these vessels. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 13, September 1996)
Parallel Computation Applied to Electromagnetic Scattering and Radiation Analysis

Abstract We have been applying the computational power of parallel processing to the solution of large-scale electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems. Several analysis codes have been implemented on the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology Mark IIIfp Hypercubes. The first code to be implemented was the Numerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC-2) from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. At first we simply ported it to run in the parallel processing environment. Since that time, taking advantage of the large hypercube memory and fast computation. we have enhanced parallel NEC to permit iterative design and analysis. Three other codes, frequency domain finite elements, time domain finite difference, and frequency selective surfaces, have been largely or completely developed within this parallel processing environment. Because of the massive problem size of the typical electromagnetics problem, our work is an important influence in determining the development of hardware, syst...
Host Specificity of the Ragwort Seed FY

Seneca Jacobi L. is a poisonous weed that is rapidly spreading along the Pacific coast. In an effort to control this plant biologically the ragwort seed fly, Hy lemma (Pegohylemyia) Seneca ella (Meade), was selected for study from among the insects attacking ragwort. It is univoltine, and opposition in nature is very closely synchronized with the formation of the flower buds of its biennial host plant. The eggs are normally placed under the calyx bracts of the unopened buds, alongside the young florets. The larvae feed on the seeds about I month and drop to the ground to pupate when mature. In our opposition tests, no eggs were laid on the buds of 32 species or varieties of plants in the Composite, including lettuce, Lacuna saliva var. capita’s L.; safflower, Cardamoms tinctures L.; chicory, Cichorium intybus L. and 4 species of Senecio . Small numbers of eggs were laid on the buds of Senecio vulgaris L., S. cineraria DC., Cota tinctoria (L.) Gay, Chrysanthemum segetum L., Erigeron canadensis (L.) Cronq., Calendula sp., and Cichorium endivia L. These eggs either failed to hatch, or the larvae failed to complete their development, apparently because of abnormal placement of the eggs, chemical unsuitability of the host, and/or the opening of the flower head before larval development was completed. The number of eggs deposited on the Senecio species tested was in direct proportion to their phylogenetic proximity and morphological similarity to S. jacobaea . On the basis of these host specificity studies, the seed fly has now been approved for release against S. jacobaea .
The Role of Nephron Sparing Surgery for Metastatic (pM1) Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: Studies have demonstrated increased time to progression when cytoreductive nephrectomy is performed for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. We evaluated the role of nephron sparing surgery in these patients.Materials and Methods: We selected all patients with pM1 renal cell carcinoma treated with nephron sparing surgery or radical nephrectomy, and all patients with pM0 renal cell carcinoma undergoing nephron sparing surgery for solitary kidney from 1970 to 2002 from the Mayo Clinic Nephrectomy Registry.Results: We identified 16 patients who underwent nephron sparing surgery for pM1 renal cell carcinoma. Solitary kidney was present in 12, 3 had bilateral synchronous disease and 1 had elective nephron sparing surgery. Cancer specific survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were 81%, 49% and 49%, respectively. We identified 404 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for pM1 renal cell carcinoma. Cancer specific survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were 51%, 21% and 13%, respectively. The pM1 nephron spari...
Fabrication of small contact using practical pupil filtering

Fabrication of small contacts is one of the most important challenges of semiconductor lithography. The use of Bessel contact, pupil filtering or phase shift mask has been suggested by various groups, however those were not easily applicable. Currently, only an attenuated has shift mask has been demonstrated as a useful enhancement approach for contact level lithography. As a practical pupil filtering method, a pellicle plane angular transmission filter is suggested. An angular transmission filter can be realized using multiple dielectric organic or inorganic coatings on glass or membrane substrates. Filter have been designed and fabricated for high NA DUV lithography and initial filter fabrication and exposure evaluation have been carried out. Lithographic results shown up to 20 percent improvement of minimum contact size for dense contacts, and some improvement for isolated and semi-dense contacts. With further optimization of filter, it is expected to have better results with matched lithography set with filter.
Decoupled Method for Approximation of Signals by Exponentials

This noniterative method for approximating empirical signals over [O, ?) by a linear combination of exponentials yields suboptimal approximation. Notably, the dependence of the suboptimal exponents ?i? on the fractional integral square error ? is such that lim??0 ?i = ?i, the optimal exponents. The integral square error in representation is studied for a sin and a square pulse, and a useful error formula is developed.
WE‐C‐BRA‐02: Best in Physics (Joint Imaging‐Therapy) ‐ Assessment of Radiation‐Induced White Matter Injury in Sub‐Structures of Normal‐Appearing Brainstem Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Purpose: To test the hypothesis that treatment‐induced white matter injury assessed by diffusiontensorimaging (DTI) is uniform across sub‐regions of the normal appearing brainstem. Methods: We analyzed serial DTI data, acquired before radiation/chemotherapy and over 4–6 years of follow‐up, from 11 pediatric patients (age 5‐16 years) with medulloblastoma. FSL4.1 software (FMRIB, Oxford, UK) was used to calculate fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean, axial, and radial diffusivities. For a consistent identification of regions of interest (ROIs), parametric maps of each patient were transformed to a standard brain space (ICBM), on which we identified motor (corticospinal tract, CST) and sensory (medial lemiscus, ML) tracts in the pons and transverse pontine fibers (TPF) involved in coordination. Temporal changes of DTI parameters in ROIs were evaluated using a linear mixed effect model. Results: Therapy‐induced white matter injury was marked by a decline in FA at 1–3 years after treatment. The decline was often accompanied by decreased axial diffusivity and/or increased radial diffusivity. This implied axonal damage and demyelination. We observed that the magnitude of the changes was not always uniform across sub‐regions of the brainstem. Specifically, the changes in DTI parameters for TPF were more pronounced than in other regions (p 0.08 for all parameters). Conclusions: These results indicate that fiber tract sensitivity to radiation effect may be associated with the type and function of fiber tracts and support a role for tract‐based assessment in radiation treatment planning and evaluation of treatment response.
504 EARLY PUBERTY IN KLINEFELTER SYNDROME DUE TO A CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (hCG)-PRODUCING TUMO

504 EARLY PUBERTY IN KLINEFELTER SYNDROME DUE TO A CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (hCG)-PRODUCING TUMO
The air force research laboratory information directorate's STEM activities

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) is an interdisciplinary approach to education. This has also come to be an educational awareness program to encourage young students to study these disciplines. The Department of Defense's National Defense Education Program is an answer to the pressing need for more personnel to study in the STEM disciplines. This paper describes the Department of Defense's STEM initiatives and the Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate's approach to STEM educational outreach which is done through hands-on learning and interactive discussions.
Inverse Boundary Design Combining Radiation and Convection Heat Transfer

We investigate inverse boundary design for radiation, convection and conduction combined-mode heat transfer. The problem consists of finding the heat flux distribution on a heater that satisfies both the temperature and the heat flux prescribed on a design surface of an enclosure formed by two finite parallel plates. A gray participating medium flows in laminar regime between the walls, which are gray, diffuse emitters arid absorbers. All the thermal properties are uniform. This problem is described by an ill-conditioned system of non-linear equations. The solution is obtained by regularizing the system of equations by means of truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD)
The Policy Implications of Power Parity

Noting that important discoveries linger in the classrooms despite effective specification and empirical support, a bridge from theory to policy is advocated. Policy prescriptions should be made cautiously, but they must be made when failure to disclose scientific findings has serious downside implications. The power transition research project pioneered by AFK Organski is used as an illustration because this perspective systematically and accurately accounts for changes in world politics both before and after the collapse of the Soviet Union*. The unorthodox policy prescription is that to assure a peaceful transition, the United States must be proactive in setting the status quo conditions prior to the anticipated overtaking by China. Once this obstacle is passed, a long period of global peace should ensue. The specific policies that advance peace include (1) Expand NATO to include Eastern Europe, then Russia to postpone an overtaking by China, or more boldly expand NATO to include China to remove incent...
Inhibition of pancreatic lipase by poloxamer 407 may provide an adjunct treatment strategy for weight loss.

This investigation was conducted to evaluate whether poloxamer 407 (P-407), a nonionic surface-active-agent that functions as a lipase inhibitor, could aid in weight loss by inactivating pancreatic lipase (PL) following oral administration to mice. Using a pH-titrimetric method, P-407 was evaluated for its ability to inhibit PL activity in-vitro. The palatability of drinking water containing P-407 (50 μM) was assessed in mice to determine whether inclusion of P-407 altered either the volume of water ingested, or the volume of urine produced, per day. P-407 at the same concentration was next evaluated for its potential to mediate weight loss over a one-month period in mice fed a high-fat diet. Faecal fat determinations and the potential for P-407 to lower plasma triacylglycerol concentrations following oral administration of a standard lipid emulsion were also conducted. P-407 was determined to have an IC50 of 15.9 μM in-vitro. Inclusion of P-407 in drinking water neither perturbed the daily volume of water ingested, nor the volume of urine produced. Over the course of one month, adult mice, which were fed the high-fat diet and treated with P-407, lost approximately 12.4±1.7% of their initial body weight, whereas, control mice fed the identical diet continued to slowly gain weight (7.3±0.5% of their initial body weight). The amount of total lipids excreted in the faeces of high-fat-fed, P-407-treated mice was approximately 45% greater than that observed for control mice eating the same diet. Lastly, plasma triacylglycerol concentrations following oral administration of the standard lipid emulsion containing P-407 were significantly lower than corresponding plasma triacylglycerol concentrations observed in mice administered the lipid emulsion alone. While not as potent as orlistat, P-407 may potentially represent an additional treatment strategy for weight loss, especially when combined with caloric restriction, regular exercise, and anti-obesity medications of other drug classes.
Aztec Medicine, Health, and Nutrition

Aztec Medicine, Health, and Nutrition. BERNARD R.ORTIZ DE MONTELLANO. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1990. 308 pp. $40.00 (cloth), $15.00(paper). ISBN 0-8135-1563-7, ISBN 0-8135-1562-9.
Understanding non‐work relationships in developmental networks

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the different contributions of work and non‐work relationships that comprise individuals' developmental networks to career success.Design/methodology/approach – A multi‐method approach provides a rich understanding of how work and non‐work developmental relationships combine to support individuals' careers. Survey data were analyzed from 254 working adults who were also part‐time MBA students. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 37 participants.Findings – Quantitative results indicate that non‐work developers provide more overall support than work developers. Support from non‐work developers is positively associated with career satisfaction and life satisfaction. In contrast, support from work developers is positively associated with salary level and career satisfaction. Qualitative data indicate differences in the sub‐functions and quality of support offered by work versus non‐work relationships, particularly in terms of role modeling.Research ...
IDENTIFICATION OF A POTENTIAL PHYSIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATE FOR ONCOGENIC RAS-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES IN ACTIVATED XENOPUS EGG EXTRACTS : CORRELATION WITH ONCOGENIC RAS-INDUCED CELL CYCLE ARREST

Activated Xenopus egg extracts are capable of undergoing cell-free cell cycling. Using these activated extracts, we previously showed that purified, bacterially expressed oncogenic human RasH protein arrests cell cycle progression. Because oncogenic Ras activates many serine/threonine protein kinases in Xenopus oocytes and egg extracts, it is possible that induction of cell cycle arrest involves the action of oncogenic Ras-activated kinases. Thus, the identification of the physiological substrates for oncogenic Ras-activated kinases is important for elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying oncogenic Ras-induced cell cycle arrest. We used 32P-orthophosphate as a label to identify the potential substrates. Our results demonstrated that the 32P-labeling of both a 32 and a 33 kDa protein were greatly enhanced by oncogenic Ras during the incubation of activated Xenopus egg extracts. The enhanced labeling correlated with the induced cell cycle arrest and was contributed by serine phosphorylation. Moreover, the 33 kDa protein was detected only in the presence of oncogenic Ras and was a serine-hyperphosphorylated form of the 32 kDa protein. Furthermore, new protein synthesis was not required for the enhanced labeling, consistent with the concept that the enhanced serine phosphorylation of the 32 kDa protein is by oncogenic Ras-activated protein kinases. In addition to serine phosphorylation, our results also suggested that an as yet unidentified modification of the 32 kDa protein might also be induced by oncogenic Ras. Our results suggest that the 32 kDa protein is a potential physiological substrate for oncogenic Ras-activated protein kinases. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Copolymerizability of vinylpyridines

The copolymerizations of 2-vinylpyridine (2-VP), 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP), and 5-ethyl-2-vinylpridine (5-Et-2-VP) with styrene (St), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and methyl acrylate (MA) have been investigated. The copolymer compositions have been determined by visual titration with crystal violet indicator of the copolymers in the 20:80 glacial acetic acid-acetonitrile mixture with N/10-perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid. It has been proved that this titration method is consistently successful. The monomer reactivity ratios, r1 and r2, were calculated for the systems St-2-VP (0.56 ± 0.02 and 0.9 ± 0.2, respectively), MMA–2-VP (0.439 ± 0.002 and 0.77 ± 0.02, respectively), MA–2-VP (0.168 ± 0.003 and 1.58 ± 0.05, respectively), St–4-VP (0.54 ± 0.03 and 0.7 ± 0.1, respectively), MMA–4-VP (0.574 ± 0.004 and 0.79 ± 0.05, respectively), MA-4–VP (0.22 ± 0.01 and 1.7 ± 0.2, respectively), St–5-Et-2-VP (0.79 ± 0.03 and 1.2 ± 0.2, respectively), MMA–5-Et-2-VP (0.395 ± 0.003 and 0.69 ± 0.03, respectively), and MA–5-Et-2-VP (0.179 ± 0.006 and 1.16 ± 0.08, respectively). The alternating tendencies of the pyridines with the comonomers measured by the reactivity ratio products have been discussed in connection with styrene and, further, the Q-e values have been calculated. On the basis of these data, it has been concluded that the pyridyl groups of these monomers act as electron donors to the double bond, as does the phenyl group in the styrene molecule; these groups show comparable resonance stabilization to styrene, and thus the copolymerizabilities of these vinylpyridines are analogous to that of styrene.
Suppression of gyroscope noise effects in pointing and tracking systems

A primary cause of degraded performance in pointing and tracking systems is the jitter in its line-of-sight. This jitter is caused by the residual angular motion of the stabilized platform within the system. A major contributor to this residual motion if the gyroscope noise. Thus, to further reduce angular jitter, lower noise gyroscopes need to be selected, generally at a premium cost. Another approach is to electronically enhance the accuracy of the gyroscopes (by suppressing measurement noise) before their outputs are fed into the stabilized platform control system. Optimal filtering techniques can be used for this purpose. The goal is to estimate the platform motion so that the calculated value is closer to the actual value than the measurement is. Enhanced performance is obtained at the expense of added complexity, but in many cases this approach may prove to be more economical than resorting to more precise and costly lower-noise gyroscopes. This paper presents a novel Kalman filtering method that provides more accurate angular motion estimates than the measured values. The effectiveness of this method is evaluated through a computer simulation case study. The simulation demonstrates that the new approach yields excellent 3D angular velocity estimates, very small mean-square-estimation errors, and over a 5 to 1 improvement (in the mean-square sense) over angular velocity measurements obtained from 3 orthogonal gyroscopes. The enhanced 3D angular velocity estimates can be fed into the platform stabilization control system, rather than feeding raw gyroscope measurements, significantly reducing the contribution of gyroscope noise toward the overall jitter in a stabilized platform. This would permit a relaxation on gyroscope noise specifications, which could lead to substantial savings, while maintaining the same error budget.
The effect of chloramphenicol treatment on ferrochelatase activity in dogs

Abstract Chloramphenicol fed to dogs at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day resulted in a decrease in bone marrow ferrochelatase activity to 5–35% of control levels. Chloramphenicol in concentrations of 25 and 50 μg/ml had no effect on ferrochelatase activity in vitro .