cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase-distribution mechanisms in turbulent low-quality two-phase flow in a circular pipe

The radial distribution of the volumetric vapour (or void) fraction in steady, fully developed turbulent two-phase flow is described for vertical low-quality bubbly flows in a circular pipe. The analysis is based on the phasic equations of conservation of momentum in the axial and radial directions. Mixing-length theory is used to model the turbulent stresses in the continuous phase. The predicted flow structure shows three distinct regions. The ‘outer’ region, that is, the region away from the wall and the centre-line, has a uniform void distribution. For upflow, a bubble layer is predicted near the wall, while for downflow, vapour coring is predicted, with a peak in void fraction at the centre-line. These predictions are in agreement with observed void profiles.
Fundamental concepts in the analysis of wake-induced oscillation of bundled conductors

Wake-induced oscillations of bundled conductors are caused by shielding of leward conductors of a bundle by windward ones. The conductor motions take the form of traveling vibration waves moving in the bundle. Analysis is carried out in terms of normal wave propagation modes, each mode being a certain combination of wave motions in the conductors of the bundle that propagates independently of the other modes. The transfer matrix method is used to determine whether a set of propagation modes exists, for given wind conditions, that can satisfy boundary conditions at span supports and thus indicate the possibility of stable oscillation.
Connecting small ligands to generate large tubular metal-organic architectures

The new metal-organic framework materials, ZnF(Am{sub 2}TAZ).solvents and ZnF(TAZ).solvents (Am{sub 2}TAZ=3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole, TAZ=1,2,4-triazole), have been synthesized solvothermally and structurally characterized by either Rietveld refinement from powder XRD data or by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The three-dimensional structures of the compounds display open-ended, tubular channels, which are constituted of covalently bonded hexanuclear metallamacrocycles (Zn{sub 6}F{sub 6}(ligand){sub 6}). The tubular channels are subsequently covalently joined into a honeycomb-like hexagonal array to generate the three-dimensional porous framework. In the case of ZnF(Am{sub 2}TAZ).solvents, hydrophilic -NH{sub 2} groups point into the channels, effectively reducing their inner diameter relative to ZnF(TAZ).solvents. The present compounds are isostructural to one another and to the previously reported ZnF(AmTAZ).solvents (AmTAZ=3-amino-1,2,4-triazole), illustrative of the fact that the internal size and chemical properties of the framework may be altered by modification of the small, heterocyclic ligand. In addition to demonstrating the ability to modify the basic framework, ZnF(TAZ).solvents and ZnF(Am{sub 2}TAZ).solvents are two of the most thermally stable coordination frameworks known to date. - Graphical abstract: Top view of the open-ended, honeycomb tubular architecture of ZnF(Am{sub 2}TAZ)
Additive metabolic costs of thermoregulation and pathogen infection

Summary 1. Thermoregulation and pathogen resistance are two energetically demanding processes that co-occur during seasonal epidemics for many endothermic vertebrates. The ability of hosts to cope with these processes simultaneously may influence population-level disease dynamics. 2. In North American house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), outbreaks of the bacterium Mycoplasma gallisepticum occur during fall and winter, when ambient temperatures across the host’s range are often below thermoneutrality. Here, we examined how ambient temperature influences host energetics and susceptibility to this naturally occurring seasonal pathogen by experimentally infecting wild-caught house finches with M. gallisepticum at either thermoneutral or subthermoneutral temperatures in the laboratory. We quantified the metabolic costs of infection, measures of body condition, two components of the acute-phase response, disease expression and pathogen loads under both temperature regimes. 3. The metabolic costs of simultaneous infection with M. gallisepticum and thermoregulation were additive and significant (combined costs of 4AE71 kJ per night; within the range of the daily energy requirements of passerine moult). Contrary to our predictions, house finches at subthermoneutral temperatures had lower disease expression and higher circulating levels of the cytokine interleukin-6 in response to experimental infection with M. gallisepticum than finches at thermoneutral. However, pathogen loads did not differ between the two temperature treatments. Finches from both treatments expressed fever in response to infection, but the magnitude of fever did not vary with ambient temperature. 4. Despite the significant energy costs of infection and thermoregulation, house finches from both temperature treatments maintained body mass and pectoral muscle condition, suggesting that birds housed at subthermoneutral consumed more food to maintain energy balance. In the field, competition for finite resources would be expected to exacerbate the effects found here and force infected birds to spend more time at feeders where M. gallisepticum is transmitted. 5. Overall, our results indicate that moderate cold stress alters house finch immunity, energetics and disease pathology, but does not alter infectiousness as measured by pathogen load. The effects of ambient temperature on host response and energy demands could directly or indirectly contribute to seasonal and geographical variation in disease dynamics in free-living house finches. More broadly, our results suggest that even subtle changes in abiotic factors such as temperature can alter host disease expression, with broad implications for disease dynamics.
Java Treeview---extensible visualization of microarray data

Summary: Open source software encourages innovation by allowing users to extend the functionality of existing applications. Treeview is a popular application for the visualization of microarray data, but is closed-source and platform-specific, which limits both its current utility and suitability as a platform for further development. Java Treeview is an open-source, cross-platform rewrite that handles very large datasets well, and supports extensions to the file format that allow the results of additional analysis to be visualized and compared. The combination of a general file format and open source makes Java Treeview an attractive choice for solving a class of visualization problems. An applet version is also available that can be used on any website with no special server-side setup. Availability:http://jtreeview.sourceforge.net under GPL.
Space-time is four-dimensional

The quantum state of the universe is described by Hartle and Hawking's ground state which is defined by a path integral over all compact metrics. The most probable classical evolution of the universe can be considered to come from some gravitational instanton by a quantum tunneling. These arguments have been generalized to the case of Kaluza-Klein models. It is found that in d= 11 simple supergravity, with a minisuperspace ansatz, all instantons must have a four dimensional sector. It suggests that this is the main reason why space-time is four-dimensional.
A Pilot Project on College Students' Satisfaction and Self-Concept:

This study examined correlations between measures of 137 students' self-concepts and their satisfaction with adjusting to college. The Satisfaction with College Questionnaire was designed to assess quantitatively students' satisfaction with social and academic adjustment. Analyses indicated that a number of self-concept dimensions were significantly correlated with scores on satisfaction. Researchers must focus on refining the questionnaire and examining its relation to outcome variables such as self-concept, attrition, grade point average, and motivation.
Further Development of Instrumentation for the Tevatron Beam Dump

Circuitry has been developed for remote monitoring of the Tevatron beam dump instrumentation packaoe. This package includes an x-y beam position detector, calorimeters, and temperature sensing devices. Details of the electronics design as well as expected response to beam-on conditions are presented.
Mechanism of Pyrolysis of Aluminum Alkyls

Abstract The pyrolysis of trialkyl aluminum compounds in the vapor phase has been investigated as part of a study of the ignition process. The available published data is also reviewed. The experimental findings appear to be best explained by a sequence of reactions based on molecular mechanisms rather than the classic free radical mechanism as suggested by Steacie.
ErAsSb nanoparticle growth on GaAs surface by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract ErAsSb nanoparticle (NP) growth is investigated on GaAs surface by molecular beam epitaxy. ErAsSb NP grown under Sb flux is compared to pure ErAs NP grown under As flux. It is found the incorporation of Sb is rather low in ErAsSb. However, ErAsSb NP exhibits very different structural and optical properties. ErAsSb NPs on GaAs preferentially elongates along the [1–10] direction with increasing deposition and growth temperature. The absorption peak for light polarized parallel to the long axis of the particles is found to occur at longer wavelengths than those for light polarized perpendicular to the long axis of the particles. The results can be attributed to Sb surfactant effect.
Primary Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type I in Preterm Prelabour Rupture of Membranes at 30 Weeks’ Gestation

Background. Disseminated herpes simplex virus (HSV) in the neonate is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Current guidelines recommend caesarean in third-trimester maternal primary genital HSV outbreaks to prevent transmission from mother to fetus. In the premature fetus, however, expectant management is often necessary to reduce morbidity of prematurity. The benefit of performing caesarean after 6 hrs of rupture of membranes (ROM) to reduce maternal-fetal transmission is unclear. Case. A female patient with primary genital HSV type 1 outbreak coinciding with preterm, prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) at 30 + 3 weeks' gestation. An immediate caesarean section was not performed after multidisciplinary team discussion due to the benefits of glucocorticoids on immune complications of prematurity. The patient had expectant management for 5 days with intravenous (IV) aciclovir and then delivered an infant vaginally with disseminated neonatal HSV. Conclusion. We address the rare presentation of primary HSV infection associated with PPROM and the dilemma of how to manage these patients given the limited literature. We discuss the role of intrauterine compartment monitoring with amniocentesis, the mode of delivery when ROM has occurred for 120 hours, expectant management to reduce prematurity, and the effectiveness of aciclovir to reduce viral shedding in the prevention of neonatal HSV.
Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Cows After Simultaneous Injection of Vitamin D3 with Vitamin A or Thyroxine

SUMMARY Plasma concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were determined in three groups of nine cows before and after intramuscular injections of vitamin D3 alone or with vitamin A or thyroxine, respectively. Balance measurements for the two elements were also carried out in three cows in each group. Increases in the retention and plasma concentrations of calcium and phosphorus occurred after vitamin D3 injection. It was found that vitamin A reduced the effects of vitamin D3 on phosphorus metabolism and that injection of thyroxine resulted in inappetance in some animals. Although the combination of vitamin A or thyroxine with vitamin D3 reduces the tendency of vitamin D3 to cause metastatic calcification the combinations may not be so effective in preventing milk fever.
Comparison of Areal Snow Storage Sampling Procedures for Rangeland Watersheds

The accuracy of photogrammetry in determining snow depth in mountainous rangeland watersheds was evaluated on a 0.41-km 2 subbasin of the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, located in the Owyhee Mountains of southwestern Idaho. Random checking of over 50 points indicated that at a photo scale of 1:6000, snow depths were determined with a standard error of ± 15 cm for a mean snow depth of 1.2 m. On the average, only 6% of the snow depths less than 15.2 cm were photogrammetrically determined to be negative, and these were generally during the late melt season. The lag time between photography and the usable result and the need for a field survey to set ground control for each flight relegates this technique to a research tool, rather than an operational forecasting tool. Preliminary evaluation of snow water content on the watershed showed the water content varied according to aspect and deep drift locations. The deep drifts usually had a 6% greater snow water content than the nondrift areas. Simple random, random stratified and two systems of square grids orientated in different directions were tested to determine the best sampling system to determine mean areal snow depth for a watershed. The grid system orientated in the direction of the predominant wind required fewer samples to produce the same accuracy for the snow cover ranging from 100 to 17%.
Optimization of self-aligned double patterning (SADP)-compliant layout designs using pattern matching for 10nm technology nodes and beyond

A pattern-based methodology for optimizing Self-Aligned Double Patterning (SADP)-compliant layout designs is developed based on detecting cut-induced hotspot patterns and replacing them with pre-characterized fixing solutions. A pattern library with predetermined fixing solutions is built. A pattern-based engine searches for matching patterns in the layout designs. When a match is found, the engine opportunistically replaces the detected pattern with a pre-characterized fixing solution, preserving only the design rule check-clean replacements. The methodology is demonstrated on a 10nm routed block. A small library of fourteen patterns reduced the number of cut-induced design rule check violations by 100% and lithography hotspots by 23%.
Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquids: Child-Resistant Packaging, Nicotine Content, and Sales to Minors.

Purpose: To determine the accuracy of the labeled quantity of the nicotine content of the e-liquids sold in unlicensed vape stores, whether the packaging of e-liquids sold within the vape stores was child-resistant, whether minors were present within vape stores, and whether sales to minors occurred. This study was conducted across North Dakota prior to implementation of a new e-cigarette state law and provided a baseline assessment before enactment of the new legal requirements. Design and Methods We tested samples of e-liquids and performed observations in 16 stores that were selling e-cigarettes but were not legally required to be licensed for tobacco retail. The e-liquids were analyzed for nicotine content using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method for nicotine analysis. Results Of the 70 collected e-liquid samples that claimed to contain nicotine, 17% contained more than the labeled quantity and 34% contained less than the labeled quantity by 10% or more, with one sample containing 172% more than the labeled quantity. Of the 94 e-liquid containers sampled, only 35% were determined to be child-resistant. Minors were present in stores, although no sales to minors occurred. Conclusions Mislabeling of nicotine in e-liquids is common and exposes the user to the harmful effects of nicotine. The lack of child-resistant packaging for this potentially toxic substance is a serious public health problem. E-cigarettes should be included in the legal definition of tobacco products, child-resistant packaging and nicotine labeling laws should be enacted and strictly enforced, and vape stores should be licensed by states.
Lipid and Myelin Abnormalities of Brain in the Crinkled Mouse

SummaryLipid composition and histology of brain samples from crinkled and non-crinkled mice fed a normal diet were studied. Sulfatides in young and cerebrosides in adults were found to be increased in brains from crinkled mice when compared to their noncrinkled controls. Cholesterol esters, not present at all in the controls, were found in all crinkled brains analyzed. Histological examination of brain showed abnormalities in myelin structures of varying degrees of severity in all brains from crinkled mice. The observation of cholesterol esters in the brains of crinkled mutants supports the view that the myelin disruption found in these mice is secondary to axonal degeneration.This work was supported in part by Grant No. HD-02355 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
Effects of Ancymidol and Gibberellic Acid on the Response of Susceptible ‘Newton’ and Resistant ‘Abe’ Winter Wheat Infested by Biotype E Hessian Flies (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Susceptible ‘Newton’ and resistant ‘Abe’ winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) were infested with larvae of biotype E Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say). Plants and crowns of infested ‘Newton’ weighed less, were shorter, had fewer tillers, and had significantly less soluble carbohydrates than the control plants. Only the plant height of infested resistant ‘Abe’ was significantly reduced. This finding was unexpected because avirulent larvae have never been shown to affect the growth of a resistant host. In ‘Newton,’ only the quantity of sucrose differed between treatments, being significantly greater in the infested than the control plants, although there was a trend for the control plants to have more fructan and less sucrose, glucose, and fructose than the treated plants. No differences were noted in soluble carbohydrates between infested and control ‘Abe.’ Ancymidol, a plant growth retardant, stunted both wheat cultivars but did not alter resistance in ‘Abe.’ Gibberellic acid (GA3) reversed ancymidol-induced growth inhibition but did not reverse Hessian fly stunting in ‘Newton.’ Therefore, stunting of wheat by the Hessian fly and ancymidol treatments appear to involve different biochemical pathways.
Production of Brachycentrus spinae Ross (Trichoptera: Brachycentridae) and its Role in Seston Dynamics of a Southern Appalachian Stream (USA)

Brachycentrus spinae Ross had a univoltine life cycle similar to other Brachycentrus spp. Larvae hatched in May, developed through five instars, and pupated in March. Larval production, excluding silk secretions, was 260.686 mg AFDW m−2 yr−1, and mean annual standing crop was 40.396 mg AFDW m−2. Annual and cohort turnover ratios (Production/Biomass) were 6.4 and 6.0, respectively. Case construction (silk + detritus) was estimated at 256.2 mg AFDW m−2 yr−1. Production attributable to five food types (animal, vascular plant detritus, amorphous detritus, filamentous algae, and diatoms) was calculated using literature derived values for assimilation and net production efficiencies. Animal food accounted for the majority of B. spinae production (61.71%), followed by amorphous detritus (25.08%). Annual food consumption by B. spinae was estimated at 2158.0 mg AFDW m−2. Seston data from Dryman Fork and B. spinae consumption estimates were used to calculate seston utilization. While larvae ingested only 0.00007% m−2 of total available summer seston, they selectively captured animal material, consuming 3.5 times the amount entering the study section. These data suggested that the animal component of the seston must be replaced every 400 m to support Brachycentrus feeding alone. While this species exerted a minor influence on seston quantity, its selective capture of high quality animal food could significantly alter seston quality.
Physical Education for the Gifted and Talented: Suggested Strategies and Program Content:

For decades academic curricula for the gifted have been marked by attempts to enrich offerings in order to accommodate to intellectual differences evidenced by this type of exceptionality. However,...
Research on Effective Video Coding Method for Video Supervisory Control System in Power Station

In order to improve video coding efficiency and meet requirements of users on HD images of video supervisory control system,this paper,through analysis on status quo of video coding techniques in the world,proposes a video coding method based on dynamic texture modeling in combination with MPEG-x series standard technique and H.26x series standard technique for the sake of interframe forecast.The simulation experiment shows that the method improves image quality by 0.06 dB higher than H.264 standard algorithm for video sequence of 176 dpi×144 dpi and the code rate is reduced by 1.05%;for video sequence of 416 dpi×240 dpi,the method improves image quality by 0.17 dB higher than H.264 standard algorithm and the code rate is reduced by 3.22%.The result of simulation experiment shows that the method can improve coding efficiency comparing with currently popular H.264 standard algorithm.
Analysis of epidemiologic characteristics and elimination measures of malaria from 2005 to 2011 in Si county

Objective To analyze the malaria epidemic tendency in Si county and the effects of control measures,and provide the scientific basis for controlling malaria effectively.Methods Data of epidemic features and control measures of malaria from 2005 to 2011 were collected,analyzed and evaluated.Results The incidence reached 1.63/10000 in 2007 and the epidemic peak appeared in July,August and September.The incidence fallen to 0.11/10000 in 2011.Conclusion Malaria incidence of Si county developed through three stages: low prevalence,high incidence and effective control.The most effective measure to control the malaria epidemics is to control the source of infection effectively.
Miniature Cooling Bath Made from Test Kit Covers

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Cot an idea for a "Creative Imagination at Work" item? LABORATORY MEDICINE will pay $25 for each such acceptable item submitted by medical technologists and technicians, plus $5 for each usable photo or drawing which illustrates the technique or device described. All submissions will be reviewed for acceptability by the LM Editorial Board. Submit "Creative Imagination at Work" items to: Creative Imagination at Work, LABORATORY MEDICINE, 2700 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612. Working in a hospital exclusively for chi ldren creates many needs for special equipment in the laboratory, especially with the ultra-micro techniques used in Oakland's Children's Hospital. One example of the need for specialized equipment is a cooling bath required for test tubes in sizes such as 10X75mm or 15X75mm.
The Return of Pell Grants for Prisoners

This essay tracks the motivating forces behind the movement to restore Pell Grant funding for prisoners and its arrival on the national stage. Advocates of restoring Pell funding to prisoners point to growing research that correlates education with reduced recidivism and reduced public spending. Their call grows louder by day, and by now has now caught the attention of federal lawmakers. If momentum continues, the Pell Grant may very well become a reality for a new generation of indigents behind bars. A successful comeback would represent a step in the right direction and for many an education that helps pave the way to a crime-free lifestyle.
Synthesis of diverse acyclic precursors to pyrroles for studies of prebiotic routes to tetrapyrrole macrocycles

A chemical model for the origin of tetrapyrrole macrocycles under prebiotic conditions entails the condensation of acyclic dicarbonyl compounds and α-aminoketones to form pyrroles that are equipped for subsequent self-condensation. Development and exploration of the scope of the chemical model (including combinatorial reactions, studies of the effects of structurally defective substrates, and reactions in aqueous or organic media) have relied on the availability of diverse starting materials prepared by traditional chemical synthesis methods. Here the synthesis of all acyclic dicarbonyl compounds and α-aminoketones used in the prior prebiotic model studies is described. There are five sets of acyclic dicarbonyl compounds including (i) β-ketoesters bearing diverse 4-substituents, (ii) levulinic acid derivatives bearing selected 5-substituents (i.e., analogues of δ-aminolevulinic acid, ALA), (iii) meso-substituted β-ketoesters, (iv) meso-substituted β-diketones that contain one 4-substituent, and (v) hybrid molecules that contain both the β-ketoacyl unit and the levulinic acid skeleton (or homologue thereof). A variety of α-aminoketones (homologues of ALA) also have been prepared. Altogether, the synthesis of 53 compounds is described, encompassing 28 new compounds as well as 25 known compounds that have been more fully characterized or prepared via alternative routes. The ability to convert selected acyclic compounds directly via pyrroles to porphyrinogens in a single-flask process may also prove useful in mainstream syntheses of diverse tetrapyrroles regardless of possible prebiotic relevance.
Evolutionary patterns of national disciplinary profiles in research: 1996---2015

This paper presents an empirical study of the evolutionary patterns of national disciplinary profiles in research using a dataset extracted from Scopus covering publications from 45 nations for the period 1996---2015. Measures of disciplinary specializations and statistical models are employed to examine the distribution of disciplinary specializations across nations, the patterns of structural changes in the world's disciplinary profiles, and the evolutionary patterns of research profiles in individual nations. It is found that, while there has been a continuous process of convergence in national research profiles, nations differ greatly in their evolutionary patterns. Changes in national disciplinary profiles are decomposed into the regression effect and the mobility effect and both effects are analyzed for individual nations. The G7 and the BRICs countries are used as cases for the in-depth scrutiny. Policy implications based on the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Germinal centers and their role in immune responses.

It has been suggested that germinal centers are involved in the formation of lymphocytes mediating immunological memory (115,117, 119,120,128,129,131). In this presentation we review the evidence which links the two and discuss mechanisms of cell interaction which might lead to germinal center and memory cell formation.
Sustainable polyvinyl acetals from bioaromatic aldehydes

A series of polyvinyl aromatic acetals was obtained from the condesation of commercially available polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sustainable aromatic aldehydes: 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, syringaldehyde, ethylvanillin, ortho-vanillin, isovanillin, salicylaldehyde, ortho-anisaldehyde, para-anisaldehyde, benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, cuminaldehyde, and hydroxymethylfurfural. The degree of acetalization was determined by 1H NMR and found to range from 54 to 75%, resulting in calculated number average molecular weights of 38 200 to 46 000 Da. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of PVA (75 °C) was increased to substantially excel over that of polystyrene (PS, 100 °C), with polyvinyl aromatic acetal Tg values ranging from 114 to 157 °C. Heterogeneous degradation studies of polyvinyl vanillin acetal at room temperature indicated nearly complete hydrolysis over 24 hours in acidic aqueous media. For example, at pH = 1, the initial acetalization of 54% dropped to 0.8%, generating benign aromatic small molecules and water-soluble, biodegradable PVA.
Line-Trapping of Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): A Novel Approach to Improving the Precision of Capture Numbers in Traps Monitoring Pest Density

This field study of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), response to single versus multiple monitoring traps baited with codlemone demonstrates that precision of a given capture number is alarmingly poor when the population is held constant by releasing moths. Captures as low as zero and as high as 12 males per single trap are to be expected where the catch mode is three. Here, we demonstrate that the frequency of false negatives and overestimated positives for codling moth trapping can be substantially reduced by employing the tactic of line-trapping, where five traps were deployed 4 m apart along a row of apple trees. Codling moth traps spaced closely competed only slightly. Therefore, deploying five traps closely in a line is a sampling technique nearly as good as deploying five traps spaced widely. But line trapping offers a substantial savings in time and therefore cost when servicing aggregated versus distributed traps. As the science of pest management matures by mastering the ability to translate capture numbers into estimates of absolute pest density, it will be important to employ a tactic like line-trapping so as to shrink the troublesome variability associated with capture numbers in single traps that thwarts accurate decisions about if and when to spray. Line-trapping might similarly increase the reliability and utility of density estimates derived from capture numbers in monitoring traps for various pest and beneficial insects.
Risk of Alzheimer's disease or dementia following a cancer diagnosis.

Objective We evaluated dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risks after a cancer diagnosis in a population-based prospective cohort, the Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) study. Methods We followed community-dwelling people aged ≥65 years without dementia at study entry for incident dementia and AD from 1994–2015. We linked study data with cancer registry data and categorized cancer diagnoses as prevalent (diagnosed before ACT study enrollment) or incident (diagnosed during follow-up). We used Cox regression to estimate cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dementia or AD risk comparing people with a cancer diagnosis to people without cancer. We conducted sensitivity analyses restricted to people surviving beyond age 80, and stratified by cancer stage, type, and whether the cancer was smoking-related. Results Among 4,357 people, 756 (17.4%) had prevalent cancer; 583 (13.4%) developed incident cancer, 1,091 (25.0%) developed dementia, and 877 (20.1%) developed AD over a median 6.4 years (34,482 total person-years) of follow-up. Among complete cases (no missing covariates) with at least one follow-up assessment, adjusted HRs for dementia following prevalent and incident cancer diagnoses were 0.92 (95%CI: 0.76, 1.11) and 0.87 (95%CI: 0.64, 1.04), compared to no cancer history. HRs for AD were 0.95 (95%CI: 0.77, 1.17) for prevalent cancer and 0.73 (95%CI: 0.55, 0.96) for incident cancer. In sensitivity analyses, prevalent late-stage cancers were associated with reduced risks of dementia (HR = 0.51, 95%CI: 0.30, 0.89) and AD (HR = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.27, 0.94). When limited to people who survived beyond age 80, incident cancers were still associated with reduced AD risk (HR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.51, 0.92). Conclusions Our results do not support an inverse association between prevalent cancer diagnoses, which were primarily early-stage, less aggressive cancers, and risk of dementia or AD. A reduced risk of AD following an incident cancer diagnosis is biologically plausible but may reflect selective mortality.
Universal bounds for the sampling of graph signals

Sampling is a fundamental topic in graph signal processing with applications in estimation, clustering, and video compression. In contrast to traditional signal processing, however, the irregularity of the signal domain makes the selection of the sampling points non-trivial and hard to analyze. Indeed, although graph signal reconstruction is well-understood in the noiseless case, performance bounds for the interpolation of noisy samples exist mainly for randomized sampling schemes. This paper addresses this issue by deriving a lower bound on the mean-square interpolation error for graph signals. This bound is universal in the sense that it is not restricted to a specific sampling method and holds for all sampling sets. Simulations illustrate the tightness of the bound, which is then used to evaluate the performance of greedy sampling. Finally, a solution to the complexity issues of kernel principal component analysis is proposed using graph signal sampling.
Towards optimal quantization of neural networks

Due to the unprecedented success of deep neural networks in inference tasks like speech and image recognition, there has been increasing interest in using them in mobile and in-sensor applications. As most current deep neural networks are very large in size, a major challenge lies in storing the network in devices with limited memory. Consequently there is growing interest in compressing deep networks by quantizing synaptic weights, but most prior work is heuristic and lacking theoretical foundations. Here we develop an approach to quantizing deep networks using functional high-rate quantization theory. Under certain technical conditions, this approach leads to an optimal quantizer that is computed using the celebrated backpropagation algorithm. In all other cases, a heuristic quantizer with certain regularization guarantees can be computed.
Radiation-Absorption, Geometric-Distortion, and Physical-Structure Modeling

As latter-day experimental interstellar and intergalactic astronomical data are being related to unknown forms of cosmological energies (hypothesized as dark energy and dark matter), we, in the present development, attribute radiation-absorption properties to the universe’s electromagnetic (EM) energy content (plasma energies) or to the universe’s geometric manifold itself. Therefore, for either an EM energy content or a manifold energy content (manifold curvature with radiation absorption), we advance a classical optical attenuation coefficient model to describe energy propagation throughout the universe, thereby providing an alternative analysis and cosmological explanation for the experimental radiative-astronomical data. This modeling is applicable whether one attributes radiation attenuation to the presence of additional universe-bearing EM energy sources or as an interpretation of the geometric manifold as a substantive and locally distortable entity. For the geometric manifold absorption description, the spacetime-absorption-property concept is further utilized to model a radiatively decaying blackbody as the genesis of a propagating decaying shock wave, which in turn is posited as the energy source to mimic a spatially distorted universe. The earlier derived composite coupling constant (gravitational and EM) is inherently incorporated to classify the elements of the seeded universe. Energy densities derived from a distorted-spacetime model are further assimilated in a fundamental manner to describe the ensuing features of the explosive blackbody event.
DNA methylation yields epigenetic clues into the diabetic nephropathy of Pima Indians

Environmental factors drive epigenetic programming. DNA methylation is the best studied modification transmitting epigenetic information. A study by Qiu et al. examined potential epigenetic roots for the decline of renal function in Pima Indians. A genomewide survey of blood leukocytes uncovered differentially methylated DNA sites in regulatory regions of genes associated with chronic kidney disease. This longitudinal study provides the first clues on epigenetic links between environmental factors and a high prevalence of diabetic kidney disease in Pima Indians.
The Development of Trigeminothalamic Projections

Publisher Summary Somatotropic pattern formation in the ventral posterior nucleus begins at or shortly before birth. This chapter explores the time of arrival of brainstem trigeminal afferents at medial ventral posterior nucleus (VPM). It explains two anatomical methods used to accomplish this—(1) the growth of fibers into the ventral posterior nucleus is assessed in sections stained with Ungewitter's urea silver nitrate stain; and (2) tritiated leucine is microinjected into the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus of rats at various early postnatal ages, and the resultant antero-grade transport of label is determined with standard autoradiographic techniques. To facilitate examination of the differential distribution of afferent label within ventral posterior nucleus and to make comparisons across cases of different ages, counts are made in rectangles oriented in two different ways: (1) one set of rectangles is oriented along a row of clusters and include portions of several clusters within a row and the intervening narrow zones; and (2) a second set of rectangles is oriented across adjacent rows and include portions of two rows and the narrow zone between them.
The Intellectual Formation of a Jain Monk: A Śvetāmbara Monastic Curriculum

La tradition monastique du jinisme s'est longtemps consacree quasi-exclusivement au renoncement au monde. La branche Śvetāmbara du jinisme, et particulierement la communaute Mūrtipūjaka, s'est cependant recemment (au XXe siecle) preoccupee de la formation intellectuelle des moines. Un cursus des etudes a ete alors defini, precisant les textes a etudier et les methodes a employer. Au cours des sept etapes definies, l'etudiant memorisera les textes essentiels, etudiera leurs commentaires, apprendra le sanskrit et le prakrit, la cosmologie, l'ontologie et la logique.
PIPESHOP 2000 - A SHOPFLOOR REPORT ON EXPLOITING AUTOMATED GAS METAL ARC ROLL WELDING TECHNOLOGY IN PIPE SPOOL PREFABRICATION

Three recent advances in arc welding have reduced the weld cycle time and weld variability when welding rotatable carbon and austenitic stainless steel pipe spool subassemblies. Weld pool vision-based adaptive control of single vee open root pass welding, controlled dip transfer GMAW and computer controlled spray transfer fill pass welding are the three advances discussed. The speed of butt joint welding can be increased by five to ten times over that of manual or mixed manual/machine welding. It was also found that the more mechanised and automated welding technology created challenges for the weldery, such as demands for different joint designs, better fitting and more consistent tacking of joints.
Motion planning in three dimensions using cyclides

We describe a novel technique for generating collision-free volumes in three dimensions for navigating a spherical object amidst obstacles. The volumetric path is composed of smoothly joined pieces of a low degree algebraic primitive called cyclide. The cyclide is a torus like primitive that incorporates a variable radius. In computer aided geometric design, it has been used as a blending surface and in freeform surface modeling. The present paper extends the use of cyclides into a new domain that of motion planning in 3D. The method is conceptually simple and stems from the original definition of a cyclide. We also provide two implemented examples.
I “Pitty” Thee

A 74-year-old man is admitted to hospital for workup of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding; he is scheduled for colonoscopy the following day. An ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulant sample is submitted to the blood bank for type and screen.
Passion, Tensions and Quality in Research Questions

Identifying questions is an essential step in a successful and rewarding research endeavor. Methodological pluralism will naturally emerge when researchers identify questions rooted in genuine curiosity and passion. However, as many experienced researchers know, identifying questions can be the most simple, or the most arduous, task in the research process. In this essay, I explore three areas of consideration that can support or hinder the task of identifying questions for research.
Single-cell murine genetic fate mapping reveals bipotential hepatoblasts and novel multi-organ endoderm progenitors.

The definitive endoderm (DE) is the embryonic germ layer that forms the gut tube and associated organs, including thymus, lungs, liver and pancreas. To understand how individual DE cells furnish gut organs, genetic fate mapping was performed using the Rosa26lacZ Cre-reporter paired with a tamoxifen-inducible DE-specific Cre-expressing transgene. We established a low tamoxifen dose that infrequently induced heritable lacZ expression in a single cell of individual E8.5 mouse embryos and identified clonal cell descendants at E16.5. As expected, only a fraction of the E16.5 embryos contained lacZ-positive clonal descendants and a subset of these contained descendants in multiple organs, revealing novel ontogeny. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis was used to identify lacZ-positive hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells, which are the cholangiocyte precursors, in each clonally populated liver. Together, these data not only uncover novel and suspected lineage relationships between DE-derived organs, but also illustrate the bipotential nature of individual hepatoblasts by demonstrating that single hepatoblasts contribute to both the hepatocyte and the cholangiocyte lineage in vivo.
Soil stabilization by using coarse grain crush sand and pavement design for same

Soils possess high plasticity characteristics, less strength properties and highly swell-shrink property. The frequently swell-shrink seasons causes distress to the structures and the pavements constructed on them. Maintenance and repair costs of the distressed structures and pavements are very high. It is therefore necessary either to provide suitable soils from far off borrow areas or to improve locally available soils by stabilizing. In the current work laboratory studies are carried out on black cotton soil, stabilized it with coarse grain crush sand. Sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, modified compaction and California bearing ratio test were carried out on black cotton soil and 10%, 20% and 30% coarse grain crush sand blended soils. It is found that in sieve analysis sand content has increased by increasing the percentage of coarse grain crush sand when compared to native soils. It is also seen from compaction test by increasing the percentage of coarse grain crush sand the dry density has increased and moisture content has reduced marginally when compared with native soil. From California bearing ratio test it is seen that the strength increase with the percentage coarse grain crush sand. The design of pavement with stabilized soil is found to be economical.
Interrogation of Antigen Display on Individual Vaccine Nanoparticles for Achieving Neutralizing Antibody Responses against Hepatitis C Virus.

Elicitation of neutralizing antibody responses against hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been a challenging goal. While the E2 subunit of the HCV envelope glycoprotein complex is a promising target for generating cross-genotype neutralizing antibodies, vaccinations with soluble E2 immunogens generally induce weak neutralizing antibody responses. Here, E2 immunogens (i.e., E2.661 and E2c.661) were loaded into lipid-based nanovaccines and examined for induction of neutralizing antibody responses. Compared with soluble E2 immunogens, E2 nanoparticles elicited 6- to 20-fold higher E2-specific serum IgG titers in mice. Importantly, E2 vaccine nanoparticles analyzed at a single particle level with a flow cytometry-based method revealed interesting dynamics between epitope display on the surfaces of nanoparticles in vitro and induction of neutralizing antibody responses in vivo. E2c.661 nanoparticles that are preferentially bound by a broadly neutralizing antibody, HCV1, in vitro elicit neutralizing antibody responses...
Cardiac Dysfunction in Adult Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND There are limited data regarding the development of myocardial dysfunction after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). We investigated incidence, risk factors, and prognostic importance of cardiac dysfunction in adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after a moderate to severe TBI. METHODS Prospective observational study of consecutive patients admitted to neuro-trauma ICU with moderate to severe TBI from August 2014 to June 2015. RESULTS A total of 46 patients were included. Patients' mean (±SD) age was 44.7 (±20.7) years and mean Glasgow Coma Scale value was 5.6 (±3). Motor vehicle accident was the most common mechanism of TBI, with subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhages as the most common pathologies. Cardiac dysfunction developed in 6 of 46 (13%) patients. Patients with cardiac dysfunction had higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (50% vs. 10%, P = 0.03) and higher proportion of electrocardiogram abnormalities (83% vs. 27%, P = 0.02) compared to the patients without cardiac dysfunction. Mean Glasgow Coma Scale scores were not significantly different between patients who developed cardiac dysfunction from those who did not (5.5 vs. 5.6, P = 0.95). Requirement for vasopressor support (33.3% vs. 40%, P = 1.0) and median ventilator days (5.2 vs. 4.7, P = 0.9) were similar between patients with and without cardiac dysfunction. There were no significant differences in hospital lengths of stay (12.3 vs. 13.8 days, P = 0.34) and hospital mortality (33% vs. 17.5%, P = 0.58) between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac dysfunction occurs in patients after moderate to severe TBI, with mild to moderate reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction. Patients who developed cardiac dysfunction after TBI had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus and higher proportion of abnormalities in electrocardiograms. Development of cardiac dysfunction was not associated with adverse clinical outcomes.
Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2, Varicella Zoster Virus, and Human Herpes Viruses 6, 7, and 8 in Transplant Recipients

Human herpes viruses are a family of double-stranded DNA viruses that cause opportunistic infections in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Alpha-herpesviruses cause localized ulcerative mucosal and vesicular cutaneous lesions, with the tendency to disseminate if not treated early and aggressively. Beta-herpes viruses, discussed in this chapter such as human herpes viruses 6 and 7, may rarely cause a febrile illness and a skin rash; however, HHV6 in recipients of allogeneic HSCT is well recognized to cause serious illness including viral hepatitis, encephalitis, and myelosuppression including loss of stem cell graft. The gamma-herpesvirus, HHV-8, causes Kaposi’s sarcoma and body cavity lymphoma, among other rare diseases mostly seen in patients with HIV/AIDS. This chapter will review the epidemiology, clinical diseases, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of six of the eight members of the human herpesvirus family, including HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, HHV-6A and HHV-6B, HHV-7, and HHV-8.
The Consequences of Regionalization in the Treaty and Customary Law of the Sea

This essay, presented at the 1977 Annual Conference of the Law of the Sea Institute in Hawaii, discusses the consequences of regionalization on the treaty and customary law of the sea. The essay addresses five questions: (1) What are the prospects for regionalization in the law of the sea? (2) What are likely to be the “pros” and “cons” of any further development of regionalism? (3) Does regionalism pose any problems of international law? (4)What are likely to be the broader consequences of any development of regionalism? (5) What, if anything, might we do to increase the likelihood that regionalism will have desirable rather than undesirable consequences for a global system of ocean management? While this paper was delivered at a time prior to the conclusion of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, its discussion of the broader and persistent issues of regionalization concerning the law of the sea may be of continuing relevance.
Parallel Algorithms for Reducible Flow Graphs

We present parallel NC algorithms for recognizing a reducible flow graph (rfg) and for finding dominators, minimum feedback vertex sets, and a depth first search tree in an rfg. On ann-node rfg, all of these algorithms run inpolylog(n) time usingM(n) processors, whereM(n) is the number of processors needed to multiply twon×nmatrices in polylog time. We show that finding a minimum feedback vertex set in vertex-weighted rfg's or finding a minimum feedback arc set in arc-weighted rfg's is P-complete. For arc or vertex weights in unary, we present RNC algorithms for these problems and show that the problems are in NC if and only if the problem of finding a minimum cut in a flow network is in NC.