cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thalamic mast cell activity is associated with sign-tracking behavior in rats.

Mast cells are resident immune cells in the thalamus that can degranulate and release hundreds of signaling molecules (i.e., monoamines, growth factors, and cytokines) both basally and in response to environmental stimuli. Interestingly, mast cell numbers in the brain show immense individual variation in both rodents and humans. We used a Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA) procedure to examine whether mast cells are associated with individual variation in the attribution of incentive-motivational value to reward-related cues. During the PCA procedure, a lever response-independently predicts the delivery of a food pellet into a magazine, and over training sessions three conditioned responses (CRs) develop: sign-tracking (lever-directed CRs), goal-tracking (magazine-directed CRs), and an intermediate response (both CRs). In Experiment 1, we measured thalamic mast cell number/activation using toluidine blue and demonstrated that sign-trackers have increased degranulated (activated) but not granulated (inactive) mast cells. In Experiment 2, we infused the mast cell inhibitor, cromolyn (200 µg/rat; i.c.v.), immediately before five daily PCA training sessions and demonstrated that mast cell inhibition selectively impairs the acquisition of sign-tracking behavior. Taken together, these results demonstrate that thalamic mast cells contribute to the attribution of incentive-motivational value to reward-related cues and suggest that mast cell inhibition may be a novel target for addiction treatment.
The Charlie Sheen Effect on Rapid In-home Human Immunodeficiency Virus Test Sales

One in eight of the 1.2 million Americans living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are unaware of their positive status, and untested individuals are responsible for most new infections. As a result, testing is the most cost-effective HIV prevention strategy and must be accelerated when opportunities are presented. Web searches for HIV spiked around actor Charlie Sheen’s HIV-positive disclosure. However, it is unknown whether Sheen’s disclosure impacted offline behaviors like HIV testing. The goal of this study was to determine if Sheen’s HIV disclosure was a record-setting HIV prevention event and determine if Web searches presage increases in testing allowing for rapid detection and reaction in the future. Sales of OraQuick rapid in-home HIV test kits in the USA were monitored weekly from April 12, 2014, to April 16, 2016, alongside Web searches including the terms “test,” “tests,” or “testing” and “HIV” as accessed from Google Trends. Changes in OraQuick sales around Sheen’s disclosure and prediction models using Web searches were assessed. OraQuick sales rose 95% (95% CI, 75–117; p < 0.001) of the week of Sheen’s disclosure and remained elevated for 4 more weeks (p < 0.05). In total, there were 8225 more sales than expected around Sheen’s disclosure, surpassing World AIDS Day by a factor of about 7. Moreover, Web searches mirrored OraQuick sales trends (r = 0.79), demonstrating their ability to presage increases in testing. The “Charlie Sheen effect” represents an important opportunity for a public health response, and in the future, Web searches can be used to detect and act on more opportunities to foster prevention behaviors.
α-AMINOADIPIC ACID AS A PRECURSOR TO LYSINE IN NEUROSPORA

In a recent investigation reported by Mitchell and Houlahan (1) it was shown that a mutant strain of Neurospora crassa, strain 33933, was able to utilize α-aminoadipic acid in place of lysine. Although these authors interpreted their results as showing that oc-aminoadipic acid was a precursor in the biosynthesis of lysine by Neurospora, other pathways are conceivable. During the isolation of α-aminoadipic acid from a natural protein radioactive α-aminoadipic acid was added as a marker for chromatographic analysis (2). In order to identify the isolated amino acid an aliquot was provided as a growth substance for the Neurospora mutant 33933. Thus the opportunity was available to follow the radioactivity and determine whether or not α-aminoadipic acid was a precursor to lysine.
Creating and writing effective research

AbstractA successful career as an academic researcher is generally driven by intrinsic interest, good taste in problem selection, careful execution (effort), and good communication. Different approaches have proven to be successful and different researchers are suited to different styles. Nonetheless, some general characteristics underlie much successful research. Importantly, unless a person is interested in a problem (and others are also), there is little chance the work will be completed and, if it is, it will have impact. Further, most successful research addresses a relevant problem and is analyzed and communicated in a straightforward way. Importantly, however, no single approach is best. Rather, each researcher is best off tailoring their approach to their own skills and interests.
Self-Employment or Government Work? Blacks’ and Whites’ Responses to Long-Term Joblessness during the Great Depression

Investigations of survivalist entrepreneurship often fail to adequately examine displaced workers who suffer exceptionally long unemployment spells. The present study addresses this oversight by an...
Cuphea wrightii thioesterases have unexpected broad specificities on saturated fatty acids

Cuphea wrightii A. Gray is an herbaceous annual that accumulates 30% caprate (10:0) and 54% laurate (12:0) in seed storage lipids. We investigated the role of acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases (TE) in acyl chain-length regulation in C. wrightii. Two embryo-derived cDNAs, encoding the TEs Cw FatB1 and Cw FatB2, were isolated. Both proteins were detected in developing embryos and mature seeds but not in other tissues, suggesting involvement in seed oil synthesis. Although expected to be 10:0/12:0-ACP-specific, these genes produced a broad range of fatty acids (12:0, 14:0, and 16:0) in transgenic Arabidopsis with the greatest accumulation at 14:0. Cw FatB2 transformants also accumulated small amounts of 10:0. Because C. wrightii accumulates only ca. 5% 14:0 and ca. 2% 16:0, we tested the possibility that gene dosage effects might significantly alter the overall kinetics of the pathway. Phenotypic comparisons of progeny segregating for the transgenes individually and in a hybrid population demonstrated that increased enzyme pools in vivo had a minor effect on diverting fatty acid production to shorter chains. We propose that Cw FatB1 and Cw FatB2 may be necessary but not sufficient determinants of the C. wrightii phenotype.
Theoretical Contributions of Complex Systems to Positive Psychology and Health: A Somewhat Complicated Affair

Health has historically eluded consistent definition and baffled people's attempts at self-improvement. This paper argues for the central role of “Somewhat complicated” nonlinear dynamical systems in modeling both positive psychology and physical health. Whether personal attributes or behaviors are salutogenic or harmful is dependent on context and intensity. In addition, people simultaneously and relatively independently seek sometimes-contradictory outcomes. This establishes the place of intrapsychic conflict in health. The paper proposes that the good life emerges from systems composed of coupled modular components, potentially capable of chaotic behavior. Positive psychology and healthy physiology derive from linked regulative systems that are relatively loosely-coupled, distributed, and that rely on heuristic processes rather than algorithms guaranteeing solution to pursue well-being. The adoption of these “Somewhat complicated” models does not require theories of health to be intricate, nor to employ mechanisms with fractal structure; complex function can emerge from simple systems. Potentially healthy systems attributes are addressed, including current interest in “healthy chaos,” and an illustrative model is developed.
The Reluctance of the United States to Ratify Treaties

In December 2009 we witnessed the failure of states at the climate conference in Copenhagen to conclude a formal treaty regulating emissions of greenhouse gasses. Instead, a non-binding Copenhagen Accord was concluded. It was a significant disappointment to many Europeans, who had wished for a binding international agreement, and for many international lawyers, who did not see the accord as a real legal instrument. Many factors contributed to the failure of the anticipated formal protocol, but one of them was the unwillingness or inability of the United States to make binding legal commitments in treaty form.
Adult Neurogenesis and Stress

Abstract The production of new neurons, or neurogenesis, has been shown in multiple mammalian species in adulthood in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Stress has been shown to alter brain plasticity and furthermore inhibit neurogenesis in the hippocampus in which changes appear to be mediated not only by glucocorticoid hormones but also by the context in which stress occurs and the valence and duration of the stressor. This chapter provides an overview of the effects of stress in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and how these stress-induced changes may alter or change behaviors associated with the hippocampus, suggesting a potential target for understanding and developing novel therapies for stress-related disorders.
South American Nothochrysinae (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae): II. Redescription of Leptochrysa prisca Adams & Penny

Leptochrysa Adams & Penny is one of four genera of Nothochrysinae recorded from the New World. Previously, this genus and its only described species, Leptochrysa prisca Adams & Penny, were known from a single female specimen that is discolored and damaged by fungal infestation. Thus, accurate information on the taxon was limited mostly to the wings and some other external features. Here, I describe a recently collected, second female specimen with the goal of providing images of the adult coloration and elucidating characters (especially the female genitalia) that were unavailable earlier. Some variation between the two known specimens is also noted and used in interpreting venation characters. Finally, comparisons are made with other extant genera pertaining to the placement of the species within Chrysopidae.
The Vietnamization of delta management: The Mekong Delta Plan and politics of translation in Vietnam

Abstract With the identification of river deltas as especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change, efforts are underway to mainstream climate change adaptation into development planning in many delta countries. Yet understanding how these processes unfold demands attention to how knowledge is translated from one context to another and across levels of governance to influence action. This paper examines the “Mekong Delta Plan” (MDP), produced in partnership between the Vietnamese and Dutch governments in 2013, as a vehicle for the translation of knowledge to shape climate change adaptation in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Drawing on ethnographic research at sites in Vietnam and the Netherlands, the findings illustrate how the MDP has come to play a key role in the governance of climate change adaptation in the Delta, driven first by Dutch advisors and then by the Vietnamese government. This study suggests that attention to the politics of translation in climate change adaptation governance can shed light on important factors shaping the socio-material evolution of both the Mekong Delta in particular and deltas more broadly.
A simulation-based comparative study on lateral characteristics of trucks with double and triple trailers

This paper investigates the lateral stability and manoeuvrability in long combination vehicles (LCVs), namely semi-trucks with 28-ft doubles, 28-ft triples, and 33-ft doubles, using TruckSim. In particular, the likelihood of rollovers, rearward amplification, and off-tracking are analysed among those LCVs using the multi-domain dynamic models developed in TruckSim. The efforts to validate the truck dynamic model against test results are also included. The simulation results show that trucks with triple trailers exhibit a larger rearward amplification, higher likelihood of rollovers, and larger off-tracking than trucks with double trailers. Additionally, the results indicate that increasing the trailer length from 28 to 33 feet does not increase the likelihood of rollovers or the rearward amplification. In fact, the longer trailers provide a slight amount of additional roll stability due to their longer wheelbase.
A cosmic UV/X-ray background model update

We present an updated model of the cosmic ionizing background from the UV to the X-rays. Relative to our previous model (Faucher-Giguere et al. 2009), the new model provides a better match to a large number of up-to-date empirical constraints, including: 1) new galaxy and AGN luminosity functions; 2) stellar spectra including binary stars; 3) obscured and unobscured AGN; 4) a measurement of the non-ionizing UV background; 5) measurements of the intergalactic HI and HeII photoionization rates at z~0-6; 6) the local X-ray background; and 7) improved measurements of the intergalactic opacity. In this model, AGN dominate the HI ionizing background at z<~3 and star-forming galaxies dominate it at higher redshifts. Combined with the steeply declining AGN luminosity function beyond z~2, the slow evolution of the HI ionization rate inferred from the high-redshift HI Lya forest requires an escape fraction from star-forming galaxies that increases with redshift (a population-averaged escape fraction of ~1% suffices to ionize the intergalactic medium at z=3 when including the contribution from AGN). We provide effective photoionization and photoheating rates calibrated to match the Planck 2018 reionization optical depth and recent constraints from the HeII Lya forest in hydrodynamic simulations.
Chemical control of competing electron transfer pathways in iron tetracyano-polypyridyl photosensitizers.

Photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer dynamics following metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excitation of [Fe(CN)4(2,2′-bipyridine)]2− (1), [Fe(CN)4(2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine)]2− (2) and [Fe(CN)4(2,2′-bipyrimidine)]2− (3) were investigated in various solvents with static and time-resolved UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy and Fe 2p3d resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). This series of polypyridyl ligands, combined with the strong solvatochromism of the complexes, enables the 1MLCT vertical energy to be varied from 1.64 eV to 2.64 eV and the 3MLCT lifetime to range from 180 fs to 67 ps. The 3MLCT lifetimes in 1 and 2 decrease exponentially as the MLCT energy increases, consistent with electron transfer to the lowest energy triplet metal-centred (3MC) excited state, as established by the Tanabe–Sugano analysis of the Fe 2p3d RIXS data. In contrast, the 3MLCT lifetime in 3 changes non-monotonically with MLCT energy, exhibiting a maximum. This qualitatively distinct behaviour results from a competing 3MLCT → ground state (GS) electron transfer pathway that exhibits energy gap law behaviour. The 3MLCT → GS pathway involves nuclear tunnelling for the high-frequency polypyridyl breathing mode (hν = 1530 cm−1), which is most displaced for complex 3, making this pathway significantly more efficient. Our study demonstrates that the excited state relaxation mechanism of Fe polypyridyl photosensitizers can be readily tuned by ligand and solvent environment. Furthermore, our study reveals that extending charge transfer lifetimes requires control of the relative energies of the 3MLCT and the 3MC states and suppression of the intramolecular distortion of the acceptor ligand in the 3MLCT excited state.
CURE Disrupted! Takeaways from a CURE without a Wet-Lab Experience

Due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (spring 2020), universities quickly moved to remote instruction. Our research during this time frame included investigating course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) in General Chemistry, and we found ourselves in the middle of a CURE study without any laboratory component (aka “CURE-disrupted”). While the literature surrounding the importance of CUREs is extensive, based on our literature search, we posit that this is the first report of a study demonstrating student outcomes when given the CURE offering without actually implementing the wet-lab component. Consequently, we asked “is it important for students to execute the entire research project of a CURE or to simply understand scientific reasoning and rationalization of the processes?” Herein, we report student responses as “expert-like” and “non-expert-like” data using the CLASS instrument, and we describe the qualitative results from focus groups for the participating CURE and non-CURE students. Top emergent themes from the CURE participants included: Discovery (29.91%), Understanding by Doing (23.41%), and Research Skills and Techniques (20.36%). Conversely, students in the traditional lab reported top emergent themes mostly surrounding course organization, and top emergent themes included: Required More Structure (14.69%), Research Skills and Techniques (7.3%), and Understanding by Doing (6.11%). These preliminary findings demonstrate the value of a CURE, even while disrupted. While this pandemic allowed for the unique opportunity to evaluate offering a CURE without a wet-lab-based experience, we ultimately suggest that additional studies be completed surrounding this idea, in a more controlled (nonremote) learning environment to corroborate these findings.
Engineered bridge protein with dual affinity for bone morphogenetic protein-2 and collagen enhances bone regeneration for spinal fusion

The revolutionizing efficacy of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2) for clinical spinal fusion is hindered by safety issues associated with the high dose required. However, it continues to be widely used, for example, in InFUSE Bone Graft (Medtronic). Here, we developed a translational protein engineering-based approach to reduce the dose and thereby improve the safety of rhBMP-2 delivered in a collagen sponge, as in InFUSE Bone Graft. We engineered a bridge protein with high affinity for rhBMP-2 and collagen that can be simply added to the product's formulation, demonstrating improved efficacy at low dose of rhBMP-2 in two mouse models of bone regeneration, including a newly developed spinal fusion model. Moreover, the bridge protein can control the retention of rhBMP-2 from endogenous collagenous extracellular matrix of tissue. Our approach may be generalizable to other growth factors and collagen-based materials, for use in many other applications in regenerative medicine.
Norepinephrine May Oppose Other Neuromodulators to Impact Alzheimer's Disease.

While much of biomedical research since the middle of the twentieth century has focused on molecular pathways inside the cell, there is increasing evidence that extracellular signaling pathways are also critically important in health and disease. The neuromodulators norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT), dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (ACH), and melatonin (MT) are extracellular signaling molecules that are distributed throughout the brain and modulate many disease processes. The effects of these five neuromodulators on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are briefly examined in this paper, and it is hypothesized that each of the five molecules has a u-shaped (or Janus-faced) dose-response curve, wherein too little or too much signaling is pathological in AD and possibly other diseases. In particular it is suggested that NE is largely functionally opposed to 5HT, ACH, MT, and possibly DA in AD. In this scenario, physiological “balance” between the noradrenergic tone and that of the other three or four modulators is most healthy. If NE is largely functionally opposed to other prominent neuromodulators in AD, this may suggest novel combinations of pharmacological agents to counteract this disease. It is also suggested that the majority of cases of AD and possibly other diseases involve an excess of noradrenergic tone and a collective deficit of the other four modulators.
The arc of transformation in youth participatory action research: creative expression to creative resistance

In this introduction to the special issue, Youth Participatory Action Research on Puerto Rican Students’ Experiences with Hurricane Maria: Shifting from Resilience to Resistance, we outline the the...
Anne Cooke Bacon

Contents: Introductory note Anne Cooke Bacon, trans.: Fouretene sermons of Barnardine Ochyne Anne Cooke Bacon, trans.: Sermons vii-xi, Certayne Sermons of the ryghte famous and excellente clerk master Barnardine Ochine Anne Cooke Bacon, trans.: Bishop John Jewel, An Apologie or answere in defence of the Churche of Englande.
An enhanced centrifuge-based approach to powder characterization: Particle size and Hamaker constant determination

Abstract Many types of manufacturing processes involve powders and are affected by powder behavior. During the development of new powder processes, it is common that only very small quantities of powder are available. It is highly desirable to implement tools that allow the behavior of bulk powder to be predicted based on the behavior of these small quantities. If the powder can be well-characterized, it is possible to improve the processing performance. In this work, an enhancement of the centrifuge technique was proposed as a means of powder characterization by using specially designed substrates with hemispherical indentations within the centrifuge. Simulations of the centrifuge technique were performed to test the viability of applying this enhancement experimentally. These simulations predicted the percentage of particles remaining as a function of centrifuge rotational speed, indentation size, and particle size, for spherical silica particles against indented substrates made from silicon. Particles that are smaller than an indentation complement that indentation, leading to an increase in the adhesion force. In comparison, particles that are larger than an indentation have a smaller relative adhesion force. These two types of particle–indentation interactions generate a unique set of residual adhering percentage (RAP) curves that can be used to determine the particle size distribution and Hamaker constant of the system. These simulation results for the specifically-designed substrates demonstrate the capability of the enhanced centrifuge technique for advanced powder characterization.
Use of Subject Field Codes from a Machine-Readable Dictionary for Automatic Classification of Documents

We are currently eveloping a system whose goal is to emulate a human classifier who peruses a large set of documents and sons them into richly defined classes based solely on the subject content of the documents. To accomplish this task, our system tags each word in a document with the appropriate Subject Field Code (SFC) from a machine-readable dictionary. The within- document SFCs are then summed and normalized and each document is represented as a vector of the SFCs occurring in that document. These vectors are clustered using Ward's agglomerative clustering algorithm (Ward, 1963) to form classes in a document database. For retrieval, queries are likewise represented as SFC vectors and then matched to the prototype SFC vector of each cluster in the database. Clusters whose prototype SFC vectors exhibit a predetermined criterion of similarity to the query SFC vector are passed on to other system components for more computationally expensive representation and matching.
Why We Cooperate

A key element of human morality is prosocial behavior. Humans are unique among animals in their willingness to pay costs to benefit unrelated friends and strangers. This cooperation is a critical part of our identity as moral beings. Here, we ask why humans cooperate, and what can explain variation in cooperative behavior across social groups, individuals, and situations. We begin by defining cooperation, and discussing economic games as laboratory models for studying cooperative behavior. Next we provide an overview of several mechanisms that can make cooperation advantageous in the long run: direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, and institutions. We then turn to cooperative behavior that occurs beyond the reach of such mechanisms and thus is truly costly. We discuss the Social Heuristics Hypothesis, which contends that when individuals learn that cooperative strategies are generally advantageous, they become internalized as intuitive defaults. These defaults can spill over to produce “irrational” cooperative behavior even when externally imposed incentives are absent. Thus, we suggest that daily experience plays an important role in shaping culturally varying conceptions of cooperation as a virtuous behavior. Finally, we close by discussing open questions for future research on cooperation.
Mechanistic insights into the hydrolysis of organophosphorus compounds by paraoxonase-1: exploring the limits of substrate tolerance in a promiscuous enzyme

We designed, synthesized and screened a library of analogs of the organophosphate pesticide metabolite paraoxon against a recombinant variant of human serum paraoxonase-1. Alterations of both the aryloxy leaving group and the retained alkyl chains of paraoxon analogs resulted in substantial changes to binding and hydrolysis, as measured directly by spectrophotometric methods or in competition experiments with paraoxon. Increases or decreases in the steric bulk of the retained groups generally reduced the rate of hydrolysis, while modifications of the leaving group modulated both binding and turnover. Studies on the hydrolysis of phosphoryl azide analogs as well as amino-modified paraoxon analogs, the former being developed as photo-affinity labels, found enhanced tolerance of structural modifications, when compared with O-alkyl substituted molecules. Results from computational modeling predict a predominant active site binding mode for these molecules which is consistent with several proposed catalytic mechanisms in the literature, and from which a molecular-level explanation of the experimental trends is attempted. Overall, the results of this study suggest that while paraoxonase-1 is a promiscuous enzyme, there are substantial constraints in the active site pocket, which may relate to both the leaving group and the retained portion of paraoxon analogs.
Sulfur Bacteria in Drinking Water

Sulfur Cycle Potable Water Systems Control of Sulfur Bacteria Keywords: drinking water, sulfur bacteria in; groundwater, sulfur bacteria in; photosynthetic bacteria; sulfate reducing bacteria; sulfur oxidizing bacteria
HCI Remixed: Reflections on Works That Have Influenced the HCI Community by Thomas Erickson and David W. McDonald

Thomas Erikson and David McDonald offer 51 essays that focus on human–computer interaction (HCI). Stressing the never-ending importance and power of ideas and technologies at the inception and thro...
Mercury in organic chemistry : II. A fast reaction of secondary organoboranes with mercury(II) alkoxides☆

Abstract Tri-sec-alkylboranes, readily available from internal olefins via hydroboration, undergo a rapid reaction at room temperature with mercuric methoxide in tetrahydrofuran to give the corresponding alkylmercuric salts. Although two of the three alkyl groups of the organoborane will react, excellent yields of only one group are feasible. Due to the rapid decompostion of mercuric methoxide in tetrahydrofuran, a considerable excess of the reagent must be used. A free radical chain reaction, initiated by the decomposition of the mercuric methoxide, is proposed. The reagent is much more thermally stable in methanol, but the mercuration of tri-sec-alkylboranes under these conditions often exhibits a considerable induction period prior to reaction. However, excellent yields in methanol can be obtained after a brief refulux period. The mercuration of tiri- exo -norbornylborane gives an 85 15 mixture of exo/endo -norbornylmercuric chloride, lending support to a free radical chain mechanism.
CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF ABORTUSES FOLLOWING MATERNAL RUBELLA.

Abstract During an epidemic of rubella, the chromosomal complement of the conceptus was analyzed in 7 cases of therapeutic abortion. Tissues from fetal parts and/or placenta were studied. No significant chromosomal aberrations were observed.
Coded Communication over Fading Channels

In studying the performance of coded communications over memoryless channels (with or without fading), the results are given as upper bounds on the average bit error probability (BEP). In principle, there are three different approaches to arriving at these bounds, all of which employ obtaining the so-called pairwise error probability , or the probability of choosing one symbol sequence over another for a given pair of possible transmitted symbol sequences, followed by a weighted summation over all pairwise events. In this chapter, we will focus on the results obtained from the third approach since these provide the tightest upper bounds on the true performance. The first emphasis will be placed on evaluating the pairwise error probability with and without CSI, following which we shall discuss how the results of these evaluations can be used via the transfer bound approach to evaluate average BEP of coded modulation transmitted over the fading channel.
Range-efficient computation of F/sub 0/ over massive data streams

Efficient one-pass computation of F/sub 0/, the number of distinct elements in a data stream, is a fundamental problem arising in various contexts in databases and networking. We consider the problem of efficiently estimating F/sub 0/ of a data stream where each element of the stream is an interval of integers. We present a randomized algorithm which gives an (/spl epsiv/, /spl delta/) approximation of F/sub 0/, with the following time complexity (n is the size of the universe of the items): (1) the amortized processing time per interval is O(log1//spl delta/ log n//spl epsiv/). (2) The time to answer a query for F/sub 0/ is O(log1//spl delta/). The workspace used is O(1//spl epsiv//sup 2/log1//spl delta/logn) bits. Our algorithm improves upon a previous algorithm by Bar-Yossef Kumar and Sivakumar (2002), which requires O(1//spl epsiv//sup 5/log1//spl delta/log/sup 5/n) processing time per item. Our algorithm can be used to compute the max-dominance norm of a stream of multiple signals, and significantly improves upon the current best bounds due to Cormode and Muthukrishnan (2003). This also provides efficient and novel solutions for data aggregation problems in sensor networks studied by Nath and Gibbons (2004) and Considine et. al. (2004).
Attachment Security: The Role of Infant, Maternal, and Contextual Factors

Infant temperament, parenting factors, and aspects of mother-infant interactions have all been demonstrated to influence the early attachment relationship. It has been suggested since attachment is multiply determined, these factors should be evaluated cumulatively as predictors of attachment security. This study examined contributions of child and parent characteristics to infant attachment security. We hypothesized that infant Negative Emotionality (NE) would be linked with attachment security, and that this relationship would be mediated by maternal parenting efficacy and sensitivity in mother-infant interactions. Associations between Positive Affectivity/Surgency (PAS), Orienting/Regulatory Capacity (ORC), and attachment security were also explored. Study design: Longitudinal study including laboratory observation of mother-infant dyads and parent completion of questionnaires. Subjects: 47 mother-infant dyads (26 female infants, 21 male infants) participated in laboratory assessment and questionnaires when the infants were 4 months of age, then provided attachment information at 12 months of age. Attachment security, measured with the abbreviated Attachment Q-Set (AQS). Significant correlations emerged for associations between attachment security, maternal parenting efficacy and sensitivity, but not infant NE. Higher levels of maternal sensitivity and fewer problems with maternal efficacy were associated with more secure attachment. PAS and ORC were both significantly correlated with attachment security at 12 months of age, with higher levels of these infant attributes leading to more secure attachment. Although the proposed mediational model was not supported, these findings suggest the importance of infant temperament and parenting/contextual factors in explaining attachment security, as well as need for their simultaneous consideration.
Maternal experiences of racism and violence as predictors of preterm birth: rationale and study design

Chronic psychological stress may raise the risk of preterm delivery by raising levels of placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Women who have been the targets of racism or personal violence may be at particularly high risk of preterm delivery. The aims of this study are to examine the extent to which: (1) maternal experiences of racism or violence in childhood, adulthood, or pregnancy are associated with the risk of preterm birth; (2) CRH levels are prospectively associated with risk of preterm birth; and (3) CRH levels are associated with past and current maternal experiences of racism or violence. We have begun to examine these questions among women enrolled in Project Viva, a Boston-based longitudinal study of 6000 pregnant women and their children.
Competitive Approximation of a Cournot Market

It is a longstanding intuitive notion that a market with small Cournot firms and free entry is well approximated as a perfectly competitive market. Not until Novshek's recent paper (1980), however, was this "folk theorem" turned into a real theorem. The basic ingredients of Novshek's model are a downward sloping demand curve for the market and a U-shaped average cost curve common to all firms. Let y * denote the smallest firm output which achieves minimum average cost; and let Y* denote the market output which would prevail under a perfectly competitive approximation (the market demand when price equals minimum average cost). A small value for the ratio y */ Y* indicates that the market can accommodate a sizeable number of firms. Roughly speaking, Novshek's main result is this. If y*/Y* is sufficiently close to zero, then there exists one or more Cournot equilibria (with free entry), each of which has market output Y in the interval Y* - ' Y_ Y*. Given a small y */ Y*, this interval is tight; hence Novshek's result supports the use of the competitive approximation Y = Y*. This paper presents an alternative model of the same issue, based on the same demand and cost curve ingredients. Novshek's model is static and (to me at least) technically demanding. The model below, in contrast, is dynamic and simple. The train of thought which led me to the alternative model may be of interest.
Beyond Picky Eating: Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

Disorders related to ingesting adequate variety and amounts of food, often dichotomized into feeding or eating disorders, depending on the need for affected individuals to be fed or to eat on their own respectively, include a wide variety of conditions. This paper focuses on disorders that are not also associated with behaviors related to weight-control or self-concept strongly influenced by body weight or shape, as seen in anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. In contrast to eating disorders, there is a relatively sparse body of literature, inconsistent and confusing set of terms and definitions, and conflicting classification schemes applied to feeding/eating disturbances. A new scheme is proposed to improve clinical utility and include individuals who experience morbidities that could benefit from diagnosis and treatment, but are presently excluded from classification. Key research findings are highlighted, and core clinical features regarding diagnosis and treatment are detailed. Two illustrative cases frame the clinical aspects of these conditions.
Prostate-Derived ETS Factor Is a Mediator of Metastatic Potential through the Inhibition of Migration and Invasion in Breast Cancer

Cell migration and invasion are critical events during the progression to metastasis. Without motile function, cancer cells are unable to leave the primary tumor site, invade through the basement membrane, and form secondary tumors. Expression of the epithelial-specific ETS factor prostate-derived ETS factor (PDEF) is reduced in human invasive breast tissue and lost in invasive breast cancer cell lines. Gain-of-function studies that examine different aspects of cell migration show that constitutive or inducible PDEF reexpression inhibits migration and invasion in multiple breast cancer cell lines, and loss-of-function studies show a stimulation of migration in noninvasive breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the introduction of PDEF into invasive breast cancer cells led to a remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and altered focal adhesion localization and adherence levels. Cells expressing PDEF no longer form the defined morphologic polarity required for efficient, directional migration. Collectively, these data indicate that PDEF down-regulation in invasive breast cancer may promote actin-mediated cell migration through the extracellular matrix.
Protoelastic bodies with large deformation

The ability to obtain exact solutions of the equations of equilibrium of isotropically elastic bodies with arbitrary strain energy functions can be largely credited with the interest and drive that nonlinear continuum theories have exhibited since the middle fifties. Since this ability stems largely from the fact that the stress tensor admits a potential that is a function of the strain tensor, it is reasonable to look for extensions of such potential-like representations. Now, a potential representation for the stress tensor in terms of the strain tensor may be looked upon as the Euler-Lagrange derivative* if we view the strain energy function as the Lagrangian function and the displacement gradients as the field variables. With this in mind, it is a simple extension to consider strain energy functions that contain functionals of the strain as arguments in addition to the usual arguments of a strain energy function. In this way we arrive at a theory for a class of materials that we term protoelastic. The essential aspects of such materials is that the stress tensor at a given point of the body will depend on the displacement gradients at all points within the body; the stress becomes a nonlocal quantity. The essential aspects of the calculus of variations for Lagrangian functions that have functionals as arguments is given in Section 2. After a development of the variational statements that are equivalent to the law of balance of linear momentum for a deformable body in Section 3, a protoelastic body is defined in Section 4 in terms of a protopotential function and the associated variational forms for such bodies are examined. The implications of the laws of balance of moment of momentum and of energy for protoelastic bodies are given in Section 5, where it is shown that the protopotential function can depend on the displacement gradients only through a dependence on the material Cauchy-Green deformation tensor. Section 6 briefly examines the types of structure that are included under the general heading of protoelastic bodies; elastic bodies, bodies with rate effects, bodies with dependence on gradients of the deformation tensor, and bodies that exhibit intrinsically nonlocal properties. Suitable extensions of RIVLIN'S inverse method of obtaining exact solutions are shown to be possible for protoelastic bodies. Exact solutions for the biaxial shear of a rectangular protoelastic body and for the torsion of a protoelastic cylinder are given; both problems giving rise to nonlocal effects.
A note on harmonic functions and harmonic conjugates

An. algebraic method, which eliminates the need for integration, for determining the general analytic function, given its real or imaginary part (or suitable combination of real and imaginary part) is presented. Good examples illustrating the techniques are then given.
Identification of Impact Force and Location Using Distributed Sensors

An impact load identification method using distributed built-in sensors for detecting foreign object impact is proposed. The identification system consists of a system model and a response comparator. The system model characterizes the dynamic response of the structure subject to a known impact force. The comparator compares the measured sensor outputs with the estimated measurements from the model and predicts the location and force history of the impact. The method has been developed for beams containing distributed piezoelectric sensors. The identification system was tested using simulated conditions. For all of the cases considered, the estimation errors fell well within the prespecified limit.
Inhibitory Function of Two NFAT Family Members in Lymphoid Homeostasis and Th2 Development

Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is a critical regulator of early gene transcription in response to TCR-mediated signals. Here, we show that mice lacking both NFATp and NFAT4 develop a profound lymphoproliferative disorder likely due to a lowered threshold for TCR signaling coupled with increased resistance to apoptosis secondary to defective FasL expression. NFAT mutant mice also have allergic blepharitis, interstitial pneumonitis, and a 10(3) to 10(4) fold increase in serum IgG1 and IgE levels, secondary to a dramatic and selective increase in Th2 cytokines. This phenotype may be ascribed to unopposed occupancy of the IL-4 promoter by NFATc. Our data demonstrate that lymphoid homeostasis and Th2 activation require a critical balance among NFAT family members.
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF MICROCIRCULATION IN THE RAT DENTAL PULP IN RESPONSE TO ALPHA- AND BETA-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

Abstract Responses to intra-arterial injections of the α-agonist, norepinephrine, the β-agonist, isoproterenol, and to selected blockers were investigated in vivo by intravital microscopy. Luminal diameters ( D ) of pulpal microvessels and red cell velocities ( V rbc ) were measured simultaneously to facilitate calculation of volumetric blood flow ( Q ). Norepinephrine caused a decrease in D , mean red cell velocity ( V m ) and Q within individual microvessels. These responses were blocked by the α-antagonist, phenoxybenzamine. In response to the arteriolar D increase and venular D and Q decrease with isoproterenol, a transient increase in arteriolar Q was followed by a decrease within the first 60 s. No such effects were observed when the β-antagonist, propranolol, was administered before the isoproterenol injection. The biphasic response in Q in response to isoproterenol is most likely related to the low compliance of the pulp. In the low-compliance environment a passive compression of venules could result from an active dilation of arterioles with an attendant rise in extravascular tissue pressure.
Nitric oxide. A macrophage product responsible for cytostasis and respiratory inhibition in tumor target cells

A metabolic pathway of activated macrophages (M phi) involving oxidation of the guanido nitrogens of L-arginine is required for inhibition of growth and respiration of some target cells. The goal of this study was to identify the M phi metabolite(s) that induce these injuries. The stable products of the L-arginine pathway, NO2- and NO3-, were incapable of causing cytostasis under coculture conditions. However, NO2- became cytostatic upon mild acidification, which favors its transformation into nitrogen oxides of greater reactivity. This suggested that NO. (and/or NO2), recently identified as an M phi metabolite of L-arginine, could be a mediator. Authentic NO. caused cytostasis and respiratory inhibition in L1210 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The mitochondrial lesions caused by NO. were confined to complex 1 and 2, a pattern of injury identical to that seen after coculture with activated M phi. Inclusion of NO. scavenger systems prevented cytostasis from developing in M phi-L1210 cocultures. Thus, M phi-generated NO. can account for L-arginine-dependent cytostasis and respiratory inhibition.
The absence of tetrahydrocannabinol from hops

Abstract A combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer was used in the selected-ion monitoring mode to assay for the presence of tetrahydrocannabinol in seventeen different samples of Humulus lupulus . the hop commonly used in brewing. This psychotropic compound could not be detected in any of the hop plants.
A Review of Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind

(2005). A Review of Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 149-152.
An inexpensive sampler for obtaining bulk sediment cores

A large-volume core sampler for sediment—muck substrates is described. The sampler can acquire a discrete sediment core of 10 cm in diameter and up to 1.5 m long. Such samplers are needed to collect the volume necessary for analysis of sediments for contaminants, bulk density, or radioactive dating. The sampler consists of a 1- to 2-m length of PVC pipe mounted below a threaded metal pipe air exhaust—intake assembly. This assembly is quick-connected to standard threaded lengths (300 cm) of water pipe (2 cm diam) or electrical conduit so that bottom sediments in water depths of up to 10 m can be sampled. The core sampler is hand-operated and pushed into bottom sediments from a boat. It does not have to be triggered remotely because of the one-way modified check valve in the air exhaust—intake assembly. After the sampler is extracted from the sediment, the extension handle can be quickly removed for ease of sampler handling, and the core can be extruded from the PVC tube by air pressure.
How men can shape their future

A ‘wagon-train model’ of pioneers moving into unknown country helps to illuminate the collective cybernetics of social goal-seeking and social change. The future is divided into an inertia period (of 2–10 years?), TI, followed by a choice-and-control period (of 10–20 years?), TC, followed by the uncertain future, TU. In the historical process of leadership and collective decision for the TC period, maps of alternatives with costs and benefits (‘contour maps’) are seen as important power sources and conflict reducers.
Stick-slip in the thin film peel test—I. the 90° peel test

Abstract An analysis of the process of stick-slip in the 90° peel test is carried out using a slender- elastic-beam theory which considers both stretching and bending of the film. Using an energy-based crack propagation criterion, it is shown that the intersection between the energy release rate curve and the interface toughness curve delineates the limit cycle on the interface toughness versus crack-growth rate plane for stick-slip 90° peeling. As a result of this analysis, it has been found that the effects of bending are significant and cannot be neglected in the general case. In addition, the stick-slip period and frequency have been found to depend on Young's modulus, and the thickness and length of the free film, and the dependence differs for the bending-dominant and stretching-dominant peel tests.
Independent segregation of fundus albipunctatus and the transthyretin (prealbumin) gene

A defect in the visual cycle has been suspected in patients with fundus albipunctatus (FALB), rendering genes encoding visual cycle components etiologic candidates. One such component is the retinoid and thyroxine transport protein transthyretin (TTR, prealbumin) which in the eye is synthesized only in the retinal pigment epithelium and is believed to play a role in retinal retinoid transport. The authors established polymerase chain reaction conditions that allow rapid assay of TTR alleles as defined by MspI and Fnu4HI restriction fragment length polymorphisms. In a candidate gene analysis of an affected family, they demonstrate independent segregation of the TTR and FALB disease loci. These results exclude the possibility that a TTR gene defect causes FALB in this family.