cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of socially sensitive genes: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.

Background Gene expression may be an important biological mediator in associations between social factors and health. However, previous studies were limited by small sample sizes and use of differing cell types with heterogeneous expression patterns. We use a large population-based cohort with gene expression measured solely in monocytes to investigate associations between seven social factors and expression of genes previously found to be sensitive to social factors. Methods We employ three methodological approaches: 1) omnibus test for the entire gene set (Global ANCOVA), 2) assessment of each association individually (linear regression), and 3) machine learning method that performs variable selection with correlated predictors (elastic net). Results In global analyses, significant associations with the a priori defined socially sensitive gene set were detected for major or lifetime discrimination and chronic burden (p = 0.019 and p = 0.047, respectively). Marginally significant associations were detected for loneliness and adult socioeconomic status (p = 0.066, p = 0.093, respectively). No associations were significant in linear regression analyses after accounting for multiple testing. However, a small percentage of gene expressions (up to 11%) were associated with at least one social factor using elastic net. Conclusion The Global ANCOVA and elastic net findings suggest that a small percentage of genes may be “socially sensitive,” (i.e. demonstrate differential expression by social factor), yet single gene approaches such as linear regression may be ill powered to capture this relationship. Future research should further investigate the biological mechanisms through which social factors act to influence gene expression and how systemic changes in gene expression affect overall health.
A 3D printed centrifugal microfluidic platform for spilled oil enrichment and detection based on solid phase extraction (SPE)

Abstract Portable devices for real time monitoring of oil pollution in coastal water can be very useful in environmental protections. This is particularly true after the disastrous BP oil spill in Gulf of Mexico and huge amount of residual oil drifted to the costal water system. Fluorescence detection method is one of the most popular method adopted to determine the existence and concentration of the oil in water. When polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in crude oil is excited by ultra-violet (UV) light, fluorescent light with wavelengths from 400 nm to 650 nm is emitted. To realize the detection of trace oil pollution in water, solid phase extraction (SPE) is widely used to enrich the PAHs in the sample for enhanced detection sensitivity. However, conventional methods to enrich and detect PAHs usually need to be conducted in the lab because professional equipment are required and the operations are complicated and time consuming. This paper reports a novel centrifugal microfluidic platform for automatically detecting trace oil pollution in test sample. Mechanical valves were used to control the flow of the reagents and water sample in the device. The prototype of the proposed system was fabricated using 3D printing technology and tested with 10 ppm standard oil-water mixing sample. Different stationary sorbents were tested and compared. The experimental results had proved that the detection sensitivity of the water-oil mixture sample can be significantly enhanced after it was enriched using the centrifugal microfluidic platform. The study has proved the functionality of the 3D printed centrifugal microfluidic platform and demonstrated it can potentially be used as a portable, real time, in-situ detection for oil detection device.
The Stochastic Response of Strongly Nonlinear Systems with Coulomb Damping Elements

This paper examines the nature of the response of strongly yielding systems to stochastic excitation. In particular, systems which can be modeled using a combination of linear elastic and Coulomb slip elements are considered. It is shown that the displacement response of such systems cannot, in general, be accurately predicted using linearization techniques. As an alternative, a slip or yield increment analysis approach is proposed. It is further shown that the nature of the response of strongly yielding systems is strongly dependent upon the shape of the low frequency portion of the excitation spectrum.
Abstract 159: Chemokine receptor expression profiling of lymph node invasive versus lymph node non-invasive melanomas

Regional lymph nodes are one of the first sites of melanoma metastasis during tumor progression, and lymph node invasion by tumor cells is a poor prognostic factor in melanoma patients. We have employed models of lymph node invasive and lymph node non-invasive murine melanomas to investigate the potential role of chemokine/chemokine receptor signaling pathways in the regulation of tumor cell trafficking to regional lymph nodes. PCR array analyses identified several differentially expressed chemokine and chemokine receptor genes in the lymph node invasive B16-F1 melanoma versus the lymph node non-invasive D5.1G4 melanoma. Among these differentially expressed genes, Cxcr3, Cxcr6, Cxcr7, Cx3cr1, Cxcl10, and Cx3cl1 were all significantly upregulated at the RNA level in B16-F1 melanoma. We are currently validating these differential gene expression data at the protein level, and these findings will provide key insights into the potential role of these chemokines and chemokine receptors in the metastasis of melanoma cells to regional lymph nodes. Citation Format: David Z. Bushhouse, Kristian M. Hargadon. Chemokine receptor expression profiling of lymph node invasive versus lymph node non-invasive melanomas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 159.
Upper Respiratory Infections

Respiratory infections are the most common infectious diseases worldwide.23 My own experience is in North America, where most children acquire between seven and nine respiratory infections per year.232 In the United States this results in a total of nearly 500 million episodes and 2 million hospitalizations annually. About 8 million hospital days are utilized for treatment of respiratory infection-related disease and over 2 billion dollars are spent yearly to purchase medications for the specific and symptomatic management of these conditions.215 If you are still not convinced, talk to parents, teachers, or health care providers, or visit the general pediatric clinics or hospital wards during the winter months in temperate climates.
Temporal development of the infant gut microbiome

The majority of organisms that inhabit the human body reside in the gut. Since babies are born with an immature immune system, they depend on a highly synchronized microbial colonization process to ensure the correct microbes are present for optimal immune function and development. In a balanced microbiome, symbiotic and commensal species outcompete pathogens for resources. They also provide a protective barrier against chemical signals and toxic metabolites. In this targeted review we will describe factors that influence the temporal development of the infant microbiome, including the mode of delivery and gestational age at birth, maternal and infant perinatal antibiotic infusions, and feeding method-breastfeeding versus formula feeding. We will close by discussing wider environmental pressures and early intimate contact, particularly between mother and child, as they play a pivotal role in early microbial acquisition and community succession in the infant.
Enhancing instructor credibility and immediacy in online multimedia designs

The design of multimedia elements used in video for online courses can increase student perceptions of their instructor’s credibility and immediacy. Credibility is the learner’s perception of the subject matter expertise of the instructor, while immediacy is the learner’s perception of the instructor’s ability to communicate and reduce physiological distance. This experiment randomly assigned research participants (N = 211) into one of five independent treatment groups, each group viewed a different design based on the same subject matter, instructor video, audio narration, and presentation slides. These presentation designs included an instructor-only, slides-only, video-switching, dual-windows, and a superimposed-slides multimedia design variation. A series of 5 × 1 Analyses of variances and Tukey post hoc calculations were conducted to test for statistically significant differences between groups. The results suggest that a balance can be established between instructor credibility and immediacy by showing both the instructor and instructional content during online classes.
Comprehensive Monosaccharide Composition Analysis of Insoluble Polysaccharides by Permethylation To Produce Methyl Alditol Derivatives for Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Knowledge of the monosaccharide composition of plant and microbial cell wall polysaccharides is critical for the understanding of polysaccharide structure and function. Differences in the hydrolytic stability of the glycosidic bonds and in the susceptibility of monosaccharides to acid-catalyzed degradation cause inconsistency of signal response in the common glycosyl composition methods. In addition, many polysaccharides are insoluble, partially soluble, or form highly viscous gels in water, and this also hinders or even prevents detection by traditional methods. As a result, currently available methods for monosaccharide composition analysis lack accuracy and are limited to the soluble portions of biological samples or expose the polysaccharides to very harsh conditions, resulting in loss of less stable residues. Here we present a new approach to accomplish the monosaccharide composition analysis of polysaccharides, including those that are not or sparingly soluble, based on permethylation in DMSO as the initial derivatization step. Our key finding is that the permethylation solubilizes the polysaccharide before the hydrolysis step, so that differences in solubility are no longer a factor in the efficiency of the acid-catalyzed depolymerization. After the hydrolysis, the partially methylated monosaccharides are reduced to alditols and remethylated for GC/MS analysis. In addition to enabling composition analysis of insoluble polysaccharides, this method also has the advantages that it is comprehensive, allowing quantification of all types of sugars, including uronic acids, on the same column and gives consistent response factors for different monosaccharide classes.
A Sociocognitive Model of Attitude Structure and Function

Publisher Summary The chapter explains the way to resolve the paradox of attitude importance by reviewing research to determine whether or when the pessimism concerning the predictive power of attitudes is warranted and by using the results of this review to develop and support a sociocognitive model of attitudes. This model proposes that attitudes have a cognitive representation and that attitudes serve to relate a person to the social world—that is, serve a social function rather than a cognitive consistency function. The chapter discusses the cognitive components of the sociocognitive model and discusses its role in the prediction of attitude effects. The chapter presents the review evidence from the diverse areas of social psychology to demonstrate that attitudes frequently serve three functions: heuristic—that is, attitudes provide a simple strategy for appraising an object; schematic—that is, attitudes organize and guide complex behavior towards an object and memory for events; and self-related—that is, attitudes are used to define and maintain self-worth. These functions are used to construct a sociocognitive model of attitude. The cause for concern about the attitude concept is not warranted. Attitudes are successful predictors of a wide range of cognitive processes; they influence processing of episodic information in a predictable fashion; and they are related to important social behaviors under specifiable conditions.
Essential but Invisible: Collegiate Academic Reading Explored from the Faculty Perspective

The advancement of college reading abilities from novice to expert is not an automatic outcome of an undergraduate education. Faculty play a large role in the undergraduate academic reading experie...
DYRK2 is a ciliary kinase involved 1 in vertebrate Hedgehog signal transduction

ABSTRACT Primary cilia are organelles specialized for signaling. We previously defined the proteomes of sea urchin and sea anemone cilia to identify ciliary proteins that predate the origin of bilateria. This evolutionary perspective on cilia identified DYRK2, a kinase not been previously implicated in ciliary biology. We found that DYRK2 localizes to cilia and that loss of DYRK2 disrupts ciliary morphology. We also found that DYRK2 participates in ciliary Hh signal transduction, communicating between SMO and GLI transcription factors. Mutation of mouse Dyrk2 resulted in skeletal defects reminiscent of those caused by loss of Indian hedgehog (Ihh). Like Dyrk2 mutations, pharmacological inhibition of DYRK2 dysregulates ciliary length control and attenuates Hedgehog signaling. Thus, DYRK2 is required for ciliary morphology, for Hedgehog signaling in vitro, and for skeletal development. We propose that DYRK2 is part of the mechanism that transduces SMO to activate GLI transcription factors within cilia.
An Active-Site Sulfonate Group Creates a Fast Water Oxidation Electrocatalyst That Exhibits High Activity in Acid

The storage of solar energy in chemical bonds will depend on pH-universal catalysts that are not only impervious to acid, but actually thrive in it. Whereas other homogeneous water oxidation catalysts are less active in acid, we report a catalyst that maintained high electrocatalytic turnover frequency at pH values as low as 1.1 and 0.43 (kcat =1501±608 s-1 and 831±254 s-1 , respectively). Moreover, current densities, related to catalytic reaction rates, ranged from 15 to 50 mA cm-2 mM-1 comparable to those reported for state-of-the-art heterogeneous catalysts and 30 to 100 times greater than those measured for two prominent literature homogeneous catalysts at pH 1.1 and 0.43. The catalyst also exhibited excellent durability when a chemical oxidant was used (CeIV , 7400 turnovers, TOF 0.88 s-1 ). Preliminary computational studies suggest that the unusual active-site sulfonate group acts a proton relay even in strong acid, as intended.
Comparison of long-read sequencing technologies in interrogating bacteria and fly genomes

The newest generation of DNA sequencing technology is highlighted by the ability to generate sequence reads hundreds of kilobases in length. Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) have pioneered competitive long read platforms, with more recent work focused on improving sequencing throughput and per-base accuracy. We used whole-genome sequencing data produced by three PacBio protocols (Sequel II CLR, Sequel II HiFi, RS II) and two ONT protocols (Rapid Sequencing and Ligation Sequencing) to compare assemblies of the bacteria Escherichia coli and the fruit fly Drosophila ananassae. In both organisms tested, Sequel II assemblies had the highest consensus accuracy, even after accounting for differences in sequencing throughput. ONT and PacBio CLR had the longest reads sequenced compared to PacBio RS II and HiFi, and genome contiguity was highest when assembling these datasets. ONT Rapid Sequencing libraries had the fewest chimeric reads in addition to superior quantification of E. coli plasmids versus ligation-based libraries. The quality of assemblies can be enhanced by adopting hybrid approaches using Illumina libraries for bacterial genome assembly or polishing eukaryotic genome assemblies, and an ONT-Illumina hybrid approach would be more cost-effective for many users. Genome-wide DNA methylation could be detected using both technologies, however ONT libraries enabled the identification of a broader range of known E. coli methyltransferase recognition motifs in addition to undocumented D. ananassae motifs. The ideal choice of long read technology may depend on several factors including the question or hypothesis under examination. No single technology outperformed others in all metrics examined.
Perspective on fast-evolving photoacoustic tomography.

Significance: Acoustically detecting the rich optical absorption contrast in biological tissues, photoacoustic tomography (PAT) seamlessly bridges the functional and molecular sensitivity of optical excitation with the deep penetration and high scalability of ultrasound detection. As a result of continuous technological innovations and commercial development, PAT has been playing an increasingly important role in life sciences and patient care, including functional brain imaging, smart drug delivery, early cancer diagnosis, and interventional therapy guidance. Aim: Built on our 2016 tutorial article that focused on the principles and implementations of PAT, this perspective aims to provide an update on the exciting technical advances in PAT. Approach: This perspective focuses on the recent PAT innovations in volumetric deep-tissue imaging, high-speed wide-field microscopic imaging, high-sensitivity optical ultrasound detection, and machine-learning enhanced image reconstruction and data processing. Representative applications are introduced to demonstrate these enabling technical breakthroughs in biomedical research. Conclusions: We conclude the perspective by discussing the future development of PAT technologies.
Recognition and Management of Toxic Erythema of Chemotherapy for the Inpatient Dermatologist

Toxic erythema of chemotherapy is an umbrella term for several non-allergic cutaneous reactions to chemotherapeutic agents. Given the heterogenous range of presentations, we will review the differential diagnoses and treatment approaches, particularly for hospitalized patients. Early recognition, holding chemotherapy, or dose reduction and monitoring fluid balance for severely ill patients is the mainstay of treatment. Supportive care with topical steroids, emollients, and wound care have shown benefit. Toxic erythema of chemotherapy can mimic several common eruptions seen in oncologic patients. The recognition of both clinical and pathological features by inpatient dermatologists allows for appropriate management, and dose reduction if necessary, in order for patients to continue oncologic treatment.
Crime, War, and Global Trafficking: Designing International Cooperation

Globalization creates lucrative opportunities for traffickers of drugs, dirty money, blood diamonds, weapons, and other contraband. Effective countermeasures require international collaboration, but what if some countries suffer while others profit from illicit trade? Only international institutions with strong compliance mechanisms can ensure that profiteers will not dodge their law enforcement responsibilities. However, the effectiveness of these institutions may also depend on their ability to flexibly adjust to fast-changing environments. Combining international legal theory and transaction cost economics, this book develops a novel, comprehensive framework which reveals the factors that determine the optimal balance between institutional credibility and flexibility. The author tests this rational design paradigm on four recent anti-trafficking efforts: narcotics, money laundering, conflict diamonds, and small arms. She sheds light on the reasons why policymakers sometimes adopt suboptimal design solutions and unearths a nascent trend toward innovative forms of international cooperation which transcend the limitations of national sovereignty.
The Common Defense And The World Market

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY HAS WITNESSED THE Culmination of the tension between national security and the global econ omy. In the first half of the century, two world wars wonder fully concentrated the minds of governments on the primacy of national security. In the second half of the century, one government after another was persuaded to accept the primacy of the global economy. The collapse of the Warsaw Pact marked the decisive retreat of the last great power that had been resisting the spread of the global economy. As we enter the last decade of our century, it seems that the epic struggle between national security and the global economy may be coming to an end, with the decisive submission of the former to the latter.
The Action as Conclusion

On the question of the conclusion of a piece of practical reasoning, few have been willing to follow Aristotle's lead. He said the conclusion was an action. These days, the conclusion is usually described either as a proposition about what one ought to do, or as a psychological state or event, such as a decision to do something, an intention to do something, or a belief about what one ought to do. Why favor these options over the action-as-conclusion view? By far the most oft-repeated answer is that these views, unlike Aristotle's, can accommodate the case in which a conclusion is drawn but not acted upon. The conclusion cannot be an action, it is said, because it is possible to reach a conclusion about what to do without doing the action. My thesis is that this objection fails, and that as a consequence no radical departure from Aristotle's proposal is warranted.
The Gilded Wage: Profit-Sharing Institutions and the Political Economy of Trade

Scholars of international political economy often argue that workers automatically share the same trade policy preferences as their employers. However, this approach assumes that trade policies that increase profits necessarily lead to increases in wages. In contrast, I argue that capital and labor are more likely to share the same trade policy preference when “profit-sharing institutions” permit capital to credibly commit that an increase in profits will lead to an increase in wages. In support of my argument, I present a structured, focused comparison of the American textile and steel workers' unions during the late nineteenth century. Both unions supported the high tariffs that protected their industries when credible profit-sharing institutions were in place, but did not support high tariffs when such institutions were absent.
Reflection and Refraction of Anti-Plane Shear Waves from a Moving Phase Boundary

The reflection and refraction of anti-plane shear waves from an interface separating half-spaces with different moduli is well understood in the linear theory of elasticity. Namely, an oblique incident wave gives rise to a reflected wave that departs at the same angle and to a refracted wave that, after transmission through the interface, departs at a possibly different angle. Here we study similar issues for a material that admits mobile elastic phase boundaries in anti-plane shear. We consider an energy minimal equilibrium state in anti-plane shear involving a planar phase boundary that is perturbed due to an incident wave of small magnitude. The phase boundary is allowed to move under this perturbation. As in the linear theory, the perturbation gives rise to a reflected and a refracted wave. The orientation of these waves is independent of the phase boundary motion and determined as in the linear theory. However, the phase boundary motion affects the amplitudes of the departing waves. Perturbation analysis gives these amplitudes for general small phase boundary motion, and also permits the specification of the phase boundary motion on the basis of additional criteria such as a kinetic relation. A standard kinetic relation is studied to quantify the subsequent energy partitioning and dissipation on the basis of the properties of the incident wave.
Social undermining, support satisfaction, and affect : A domain-specific lagged effects model

Using a latent variable structural equation modeling approach, relations among social undermining, support satisfaction, and affect were studied in a sample of 330 college students. Longitudinal analyses revealed lagged reciprocal relations over a 1-week interval between (1) social undermining and negative affect and (2) support satisfaction and positive affect. Cross-domain associations, by comparison, were nonsignificant; social undermining was unrelated to positive affect and social support was uncorrelated with negative affect. These results provide support for a domain-specific model of social relations and affect.
How reliable and consistent are subjective measures of welfare in Europe and Central Asia

This paper analyses the reliability and consistency of subjective well-being measures, using the Life in Transition Survey. Drawing on two life satisfaction questions with alternative scales, our results do not reveal substantial biases in accounts of life satisfaction due to framing. Subjective individual assessments of household relative income position, on the other hand, do not appear to be reliable predictors of objective poverty or wealth. We find that subjective relative income position is only weakly correlated with objective welfare measures. There are differences in evaluations of the household's relative standing across different household members, and these differences are correlated with respondent characteristics.
Job Turnover among University Presidents in the United States of America.

This paper examines job turnover among US university presidents from 2001–2006. Using data from the American Council of Education's Survey of American College Presidents, this analysis finds that p...
Comparisons of Smoke Components in the Semivolatile Phase from Lamina and Midrib Cigarettes of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves†

Dichloromethane extracts of lamina and midrib cigarette smoke condensates were subjected to glass capillary column gas chromatography. Most peaks in the gas chromatogram were identified and the major components were quantitatively determined. The compositional differences between the two types of smoke were then compared. In midrib cigarette smoke the major components appear to be derived from cell wall substances by pyrolysis while lamina cigarette smoke consists of many sugar degradation products and essential oil components which would be directly transferred from tobacco.
A case study of an implementation of the ‘new literacy’ paradigm

Within this article, the authors discuss a research project which entailed using teacher journals as a source of program development, assessment and change. Over the course of one year, teachers from the West Deptford school system voluntarily participated in a professional development program entitled the PENN Literacy Network. This training program was led by a member of the West Deptford school district, and its aim was to promote new ways of integrating reading, writing and talking into language arts classrooms and across the curriculum. During the course of this training year, teachers were asked to keep journals detailing their experiences and understanding of the critical experiences which they were presented with, and these journals were responded to by the facilitator of the course and were read by researchers associated with the PENN Literacy Network in order to answer questions and identify emergent themes. This paper addresses some findings, analysis and interpretation of the qualitative evaluation research project which grew out of a university/school district collaboration. It describes the Pennsylvania Framework and the critical learning experiences associated with this Framework and details, using journal citations, teachers’ reactions to the changes taking place within their classrooms and their teaching philosophies as they adapt such critical experiences to their own daily practice. The changes which occur in the program due to teacher feedback and concerns are discussed. Throughout this case study, the authors seek to answer the following questions:‘In what ways have teachers who participated in the professional development program utilized the concepts and practices of the new literacy effort in their classrooms?’ and ‘How do these teachers feel about these changes?’ They believe that using such questions to analyze the journals helps to provide validation data supporting the assumption that the PENN Literacy Network does facilitate change and this data helps the facilitator of the course, the organizers of the Network and the university researchers to integrate teacher voices into the program itself. In addition, teachers are able to use the journals to experiment and learn while sharing their thoughts and feelings with their colleagues as a form of teacher research.
Clinical factors used to support prophylactic mastectomy for a male BRCA2 mutation carrier

Male breast cancer accounts for less than 1% of male cancers and of all diagnosed breast cancers in the United States. Male breast cancer is treated with mastectomy and, more recently, mastectomy combined with sentinel node surgery. For female BRCA gene mutation carriers requiring mastectomy, the use of prophylactic mastectomy for the contralateral breast is well supported. Whether this should be done for male BRCA mutation carriers has not yet been established. This case report describes the treatment of a male with a known BRCA2 mutation who was found to have breast cancer and had an opposite side prophylactic mastectomy at the time of his breast cancer surgery. His tumor was strongly estrogen receptor positive and moderately progesterone receptor positive, and his estradiol level was elevated. Increased estrogen exposure is a probable risk factor for breast cancer in men and women. Examples of conditions leading to hyperestrogenism in males include cirrhosis of the liver and genetic syndromes such as Klinefelter Syndrome. Some studies support the use of a single measurement of bioavailable estradiol to stratify women into risk categories for breast cancer, although not all re-
Public policy and management issues in budgeting for defense

(1992). Public policy and management issues in budgeting for defense. Defense Analysis: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 29-43.
Model for the Hadrons

A particle spectrum in the low-mass region is obtained from the spin structure of the dominant Regge exchange. Since we work in the low-energy region, diffraction is negligible and resonances dominate the scattering.(1) Our calculational procedure exploits the fact that the dominant Regge exchange forces certain helicity amplitudes to vanish in the forward or backward directions.
The meaning of crystallinity when judged by x‐rays

This discussion of the variability of polymer x-ray diffraction patterns tries to show that there is no simple definition of crystallinity when judged by x-ray diffraction, and that x-ray crystallinity may differ sharply from judgments of order by other techniques. It is recommended that a clear distinction be made between a measurement obtained from a diffraction pattern and the model which is used to interpret that measurement. Many precise and valuable measurements can be made of the varying aspects of the pattern. These measurements are perfectly valid and, if done in a consistent and verifiable manner, allow one to compare and relate samples having different treatment histories or different physical properties. These relationships are useful and meaningful as such. Difficulties arise from the interpretation of these measurements. The interpretation involves an unfortunate combination of semantics, morphology, and mental models. It is shown that there is no unequivocable interpretation that completely satisfies everyone in this fast-changing area of study. The cause of this dissatisfaction stems from the simple fact that we do not really know the exact arrangement of the polymer chain from one of its ends to the other. Thus, all models and all interpretations have no meaning beyond being useful concepts. Difficulty comes when we make the mistake of assuming that our models are true pictures of the solid state of polymers. It is hoped that, in time, enough detailed measurements will be obtained so that generalities can be drawn and so that some of the dilemmas of interpretation can be resolved.
Failure of alkylated HEp.2 cells to replicate newly synthesized DNA.

Abstract Both semiconservative and non-semiconservative DNa synthesis occurred immediately after treatment of HEp.2 cells with the monofunctional alkylating agents, methyl methanesulphonate. A portion of the newly synthesized DNA, including a large fraction made by semiconservative synthesis, was unable to replicate and was degraded to larg fragments. On the other hand, all of the DNA synthesized some hours after alkylation by treated cells replicated normally. We conclude therefore, that there is a repair process which must occur before the initial replication in order for the DNA which is formed to continue to replicate.
Vortexes of Involvement Social Systems as Turbulent Flow

How does social organization persist? How does social organization transform? This article proposes that social scientists can begin to answer these questions by considering social organization as the intermittent construction and decay of patterned action, and social actors as centers of organization with the capacity to exert force within some social scene. From this perspective, contexts that shape the dynamics of both actors and scenes could be imagined as turbulent flows that push and pull action into temporary patterns. By viewing social organization as temporary vortexes of involvement within turbulent flows of action, social scientists can focus their attention on the processes at play in the creation, stabilization, and collapse of social organization. Such a perspective corrects some of the limitations in network and field approaches for investigating the fluidity of social organization.
Characterization of Extra-Framework Cation Positions in Zeolites NaX and NaY with Very Fast 23Na MAS and Multiple Quantum MAS NMR Spectroscopy

23Na MAS and two-dimensional multiple quantum MAS (MQMAS) NMR techniques have been used to identify the sodium cations in zeolites NaX and NaY, and to investigate changes in the distribution of the sodium cations on adsorption of hydrofluorocarbon-134 (HFC-134, CF2HCF2H), -134a (CF3CFH2), -125 (CF3CF2H), and -143 (CF2HCFH2). 23Na NMR parameters determined from the MQMAS NMR spectra (acquired with high 23Na radio frequency power) were used for quantitative analysis of the 23Na MAS NMR spectra, obtained at very fast spinning frequencies (21 kHz). At room temperature, four (I, II, I‘, and hydrated sodium cations) and five (I, two III‘, II, and I‘) sodium sites were identified in NaY and NaX, respectively. Cation occupancies for the different sites were also obtained following sorption of HFC-134, again from the MQMAS and fast MAS spectra. For zeolite NaY, the distribution of the extra-framework cations changed significantly, the SI‘ cations migrating into the SI site and into the supercages (resulting in occ...
Transition from a microcavity exciton polariton to a photon laser

In a previous paper [Phys. Rev. A 54, R1789 (1996)], we reported the observation of a laserlike transition in a single GaAs quantum well microcavity and gave the interpretation as spontaneous buildup of coherent exciton-polariton population via stimulated polariton-phonon emission. In this Brief Report, we present new experimental data and correct our previous interpretation for the microcavity polariton system at high density. We observe a continuous transition from a microcavity polariton emission to a bare photon laser. This conclusion is based on the measurements of the angular resolved photoluminescence, linewidth, and intensity of the lasing line as well as the reflection spectrum under cw pumping.
Destruction of human retinoblastoma after treatment by the E variant of encephalomyocarditis virus.

The oncolytic effects of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus were examined in human retinoblastoma cell (Y79) cultures which were infected with 104 tissue culture infectious doses (TCIDs) of the E variant of EMC (EMC-E) virus. The TCIDs were used to titer the maximum effect of EMC virus on L-929 cells. In-vitro studies showed 90% cytopathic effect (CPE) at 24 h and 100% CPE at 52 h. The CPE was used to observe pathologic effects of the cells. In-vivo studies employing human retinoblastoma grown as a tumor in nude mice, revealed degeneration of 80% of the tumor cells at 3 days and total destruction at 4 days following inoculation with the EMC-E virus. The virus is highly neurotropic in mice, but is usually not pathogenic in man. These studies suggest a possible new direction in the treatment of retinoblastoma and other malignant tumors using the viral technology.
The neurobiology of sleep: genetics, cellular physiology and subcortical networks.

To appreciate the neural underpinnings of sleep, it is important to view this universal mammalian behaviour at multiple levels of its biological organization. Molecularly, the circadian rhythm of sleep involves interlocking positive- and negative-feedback mechanisms of circadian genes and their protein products in cells of the suprachiasmatic nucleus that are entrained to ambient conditions by light. Circadian information is integrated with information on homeostatic sleep need in nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus. These nuclei interact with arousal systems in the posterior hypothalamus, basal forebrain and brainstem to control sleep onset. During sleep, an ultradian oscillator in the mesopontine junction controls the regular alternation of rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. Sleep cycles are accompanied by neuromodulatory influences on forebrain structures that influence behaviour, consciousness and cognition.
On the Significance of Stroke Size and Position for Online Handwritten Devanagari Word Recognition: An Empirical Study

Stroke size and position are considered as important information for online recognition of handwritten characters and words in oriental and Indic family of scripts especially because of their multi-stroke and two-dimensional nature. In an Indic script such as Devanagari, the vowel diacritics (matras) can occur at any position around the base consonant and there are even pairs of matras which have similar shapes and differ only in their position with respect to the base consonant. In this paper, we study the relevance of stroke size and position information for the recognition of online handwritten Devanagari words by comparing three different preprocessing schemes. Our experimental results indicate that the word recognition accuracy achieved using a preprocessing scheme that completely disregards the original sizes and positions of the strokes (and symbols) is comparable with the scheme that retains them, when the input is in discrete style, and contextual knowledge in the form of a lexicon is available.
Mutational analysis of the CTNNB1 and APC genes in uterine endometrioid carcinoma.

Despite recent studies, the molecular genetic events responsible for the development of uterine endometrioid carcinoma (UEC) remain incompletely characterized. Mutations in the β-catenin (CTNNB1) gene have been recently reported in a small percentage of UECs and in the endometrioid variant of ovarian carcinoma suggesting that the Wnt signal transduction pathway is involved in the development of female genital tract tumors with endometrioid morphology. The Wnt pathway is a critical pathway in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) with mutations occurring in the β-catenin (CTNNB1) or adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) genes in 10 to 15% and 85% of cases, respectively. Because UEC and CRC share other molecular genetic alterations and histologic features and previous studies of UEC have not reported an analysis of the APC gene, we chose to further elucidate the role of the Wnt pathway in UEC. To this end, we analyzed 32 cases of UEC for mutations of the CTNNB1 and APC genes. Mutations of CTNNB1 were present in six of 32 (18%) cases: four grade 1 carcinomas, one grade 2, and one grade 3 carcinoma. Five missense mutations were identified, three involving Ser/Thr phosphorylation sites and two adjacent to a Ser phosphorylation site. One case contained a deletion encompassing codons 34 to 37, which includes a Ser phosphorylation site. No mutations resulting in truncation of the APC protein were found. Our results support a role for the Wnt signaling pathway via mutation of CTNNB1, but not APC, in the development of a subset of UECs.
Autonomy and Idealism in and after Kant

Regardless of one's particular philosophical interests and convictions, it is evident that the notion of autonomy is an important one. However, agreement about the nature of autonomy and about what it requires has proven elusive in contemporary discussions. In Kant and the Fate of Autonomy Karl Ameriks addresses this impasse by going back to the historical roots of this notion in Kant and arguing that many contemporary conceptions of autonomy are based on misunderstandings of Kant's position, misunderstandings that first arose in his immediate successors, Reinhold, Fichte, and Hegel.1 However, Ameriks does not aim merely to set the historical record straight; he wants to suggest that Kant's actual position on autonomy is much more attractive philosophically than either what he refers to as "pure Kantian" conceptions (such as those developed by Rawls and his students, who have "purified" Kant's position by extracting what they take to be its essential core from extraneous historical details that contaminate it) or positions that are similar in basic respects to those of Rorty, Taylor, Larmore, and other postKantians.2 That Ameriks is able to combine remarkable sensitivity toward an extremely broad range of obscure texts with striking clarity and philosophical sophistication in evaluating the positions and arguments laid bare by his exegetical analyses makes his book an extraordinarily rich contribution to our contemporary philosophical landscape. I begin my discussion by presenting Ameriks's interpretation of Kant as it contrasts with other familiar interpretations. I then portray his interpretation of how Reinhold, Fichte, and Hegel reacted to Kant as well as his critical evaluation of these reactions. Finally, I discuss three controversial issues that
Wild-type huntingtin plays a role in brain development and neuronal survival

While the role of the mutated Huntington’s disease (HD) protein in the pathogenesis of HD has been the focus of intensive investigation, the normal protein has received less attention. Nonetheless, the wild-type HD protein appears to be essential for embryogenesis, since deletion of the HD gene in mice results in early embryonic lethality. This early lethality is due to a critical role the HD protein, called huntingtin (Htt), plays in extraembryonic membrane function, presumably in vesicular transport of nutrients. Studies of mutant mice expressing low levels of Htt and of chimeric mice generated by blastocyst injection of Hdh-/- embryonic stem cells show that wild-type Htt plays an important role later in development as well, specifically in forebrain formation. Moreover, various lines of study suggest that normal Htt is also critical for survival of neurons in the adult forebrain.
Dislocation—like Defects in an Amorphous Lennard—jones Solid

ABSTRACT Computer simulation techniques with conjugate gradient minimization were used to study line defects in an amorphous Lennard-Jones solid. It was found that both edge and screw dislocations can be introduced into the amorphous solid. By applying shear strain, the introduced dislocation will propagate through the solid and form a “diffused” step. The onset shear stress to move screw dislocation was found to be about 2–6% of the shear modulus of the solid, which agrees with experimental results. In addition, shear localization (resembling dislocation propagation) can be initiated at a stress concentrator such as crack tip, surface irregularity, or interface.
NUTRITIONAL EDEMA IN THE DOG I. DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOPROTEINEMIA ON A DIET DEFICIENT IN PROTEIN

1. The concentration of protein in the serum and plasma of normal dogs is given. Analyses of serum from 38 animals yielded the following averages and standard deviations, (a) for albumin: 3.26 ± 0.48 gm. per cent, (b) for globulin: 2.72 ± 0.76 gm. per cent, and (c) for total protein: 5.98 ± 0.67 gm. per cent. Analyses of plasma from 19 animals showed, (a) for albumin: 3.38 ± 0.38 gm. per cent, (b) for globulin: 2.98 ± 0.55 gm. per cent, and (c) for total protein: 6.36 ± 0.71 gm. per cent. 2. A diet for dogs is described, the feeding of which results in a progressive decline in the concentration of protein in the serum. A composite curve constructed from the findings with 21 animals discloses a rapid initial fall and a slower subsequent decrease in albumin and total protein and an approximately constant level for globulin. The course of the globulin curve was subject to wide variation in separate experiments, both increases and decreases being recorded. 3. With five dogs the nitrogen balance was followed through a total of 42 metabolism periods of approximately 7 days each. The average daily loss of nitrogen was 1.15 gm. Approximate calculations disclose that only 3 or 4 per cent of the nitrogen eliminated is accounted for by the decline in circulating protein, the remainder being represented by loss from the tissues. 4. An episode is described with one dog when, during a period of self-imposed fasting, the serum albumin regenerated to a normal level, apparently at the expense of catabolized tissue protein. 5. The course of serum proteins is described during the recovery which follows interruption of the low protein diet and return to a regime of adequate feeding. 6. A discussion is given of the relationship between tissue proteins and plasma proteins. The data permit one to entertain the hope that a way will be found for stimulating an internal readjustment to provide temporary relief from hypoproteinemia, a way which will depend upon the potential ability of the tissues to provide sufficient protein for the needs of the plasma.
Isolation of DNA, RNA and protein from the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis

Among marine invertebrates, the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis has emerged as an important laboratory model system. One advantage of working with this species relative to many other marine invertebrates is the ease of isolating relatively pure DNA, RNA and protein. Nematostella can be raised at high densities, under clean culture conditions, and it lacks integumentary or skeletal structures that can impede the recovery of DNA, RNA or protein. Here we describe methods used in our lab to isolate DNA, RNA and protein from Nematostella embryos, larvae and adults. The methods described here are less expensive than commercial kits and are more easily scalable to larger tissue amounts. Preparation of DNA can be completed in ∼7 h, RNA preparation in ∼1.5 h and protein preparation in ∼1 h.
Service Life of Appliances: Variations by Selected Characteristics of Owner Households

The objective of this study was to develop estimates of the service life under one owner of selected major appliances according to selected characteristics of owner households. Data from a national sample of approximately 12,000 households on ownership and discard of five selected appliances were standardized and pooled. Actuarial tables were constructed using the pooled data, and esti mates of service life were computed for households classified by income, age of head, and whether the household had moved in the 18 months prior to the survey. Differences among subgroups in the pooled service-life estimates for appliances were generally not significant except for appliances acquired in a used condition by households classified by age of head and whether or not they had recently moved. The estimates of service life of appliances owned by younger families, and by families with higher incomes, were consistently shorter than estimated service life of appliances owned by all households surveyed or those owned by older families or those with lower incomes. The estimated service life of appliances owned by families that had moved within 18 months prior to the survey was considerably shorter than for all families or for families that had not moved.