cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamically reducing pressure on the physical register file through simple register sharing

Using register renaming and physical registers, modern microprocessors eliminate false data dependences from reuse of the instruction set defined registers (logical registers). High performance processors that have longer pipelines and a greater capacity to exploit instruction-level parallelism have more instructions in-flight and require more physical registers. Simultaneous multithreading architectures further exacerbate this register pressure. This paper evaluates two register sharing techniques for reducing register usage. The first technique dynamically combines physical registers having the same value the second technique combines the demand of several instructions updating the same logical register and share physical register storage among them. While similar techniques have been proposed previously, an important contribution of this paper is to exploit only special cases that provide most of the benefits of more general solutions but at a very low hardware complexity. Despite the simplicity, our design reduces the required number of physical registers by more than 10% on some applications, and provides almost half of the total benefits of an aggressive (complex) scheme. More importantly, we show the simpler design to reduce register pressure has significant performance effects in a simultaneous multithreaded (SMT) architecture where register availability can be a bottleneck. Our results show an average of 25.6% performance improvement for an SMT architecture with 160 registers or, equivalently, similar performance as an SMT with 200 registers (25% more) but no register sharing.
Interaction of Bacillus subtilis CodY with GTP

Many of the adaptive mechanisms that allow Bacillus subtilis to adjust to changes in nutrient availability are controlled by CodY. Binding of CodY to its target genes is stimulated by interaction with its effectors, GTP and the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Upon nutrient limitation, intracellular pools of these effectors are depleted and CodY can no longer repress genes required for adaptation. In vitro studies reported here explored in more detail the interaction of CodY with GTP. DNase I footprinting experiments indicated that CodY has an affinity for GTP in the millimolar range. Further, CodY was shown to interact specifically with GTP and dGTP; no other naturally occurring nucleotides that were tested, including ppGpp and pppGpp, resulted in DNA protection. Two nonhydrolyzable analogs of GTP were fully able to activate CodY binding to target DNA, demonstrating that GTP hydrolysis is not necessary for CodY-dependent regulation. GTP and the BCAAs were shown to act additively to increase the affinity of CodY for DNA; increased protection was observed in DNase I footprinting experiments when both effectors were present, compared to either effector alone, and in in vitro transcription reactions, transcriptional repression by CodY was stronger in the presence of both GTP and BCAAs than of BCAAs alone. Thus, interaction of CodY with GTP is specific and results in increased affinity for its target genes. This increase in affinity is independent of GTP hydrolysis and is augmented in the presence of BCAAs.
EFFECT OF IRON OXIDE ON MELTING OF GLASS

The addition of small amounts of iron oxide (0.1 to 0.2%) to soda-lime-silica glass batches exerts a profound influence in increasing the output of glassmelting tanks as well as in favoring the production of higher quality glass. The color produced by this addition, moreover, is not objectionable for many uses of the ware. The accelerated melting rate probably is the result of a chemical effect of iron oxide in the batch and a physical property possessed by such glass to absorb radiation from the flames more efficiently. Attempts to measure these effects were made by rioting the melting rate of glasses which contain varying additions of iron oxide and by determining the temperature gradient that exists in glass when it is melted in a miniature tank. The presence of iron oxide aids melting and fining in crucible melts at 1200°C., but no effect was observed at higher temperatures. The measurement of temperature gradients in a pot holding 45 lb. of glass and heated by flames passing over the glass surface showed that the temperature gradient increases with iron oxide content.
On Three-Phase State Estimation in the Presence of GPS-Synchronized Phasor Measurements

The paper presents a comparative study among several state estimation formulations, in the presence of GPS-synchronized phasor measurements. The presented approach is based on a hybrid state estimation formulation, which uses both traditional SCADA measurements as well as phasor measurements. Three different formulations are presented that use: (a) Cartesian representation of state and measurements, (b) Cartesian representation of state and measurements with the addition of pseudomeasurements, and (c) polar representation of state and measurements. A physically-based three-phase model of a power system is utilized. The three formulations are compared in terms of error and confidence level analysis, via a simple introductory example.
SYSTEM DYNAMICS THROUGH GRAPHICAL DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

Dimensional analysis is a powerful tool used commonly to develop functional relations between variables affecting a physical system. Known for its versatility in incorporating several different energy domains, the method has allowed for dimensional manipulation of diverse parameters. However, the dimensional combinations developed have been, for the most part, strictly confined to static and time invariant systems. Expanding on the process we introduce a graphical approach to dimensionally model dynamic systems for design. Continuing this extension, we present a graphical and topological combination to illustrate the applicability of dimensional analysis as a state equation generation tool. This tool is comparable to conventional differential element analysis in system dynamics, but provides a systematic and visual approach to design modeling. Further, this exposition acts as a learning instrument where complex engineering equations are derived and interpreted through visual perception similar to a block diagram or flow chart. A dynamic system, in the form of a compressed air–water rocket, is also evaluated in this paper for elucidation.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Evaluation of dynamic image analysis for characterizing pharmaceutical excipient particles.

The capability of the newly developed dynamic image analysis instrument QicPic equipped with the high-speed dry-powder-dispersing device was investigated systematically using various MCC particles. Instrument cross-validation was conducted by comparing the particle size distribution of spherical particles obtained with the QicPic and with a conventional laser diffraction instrument (HELOS). While good agreement was observed with spherical particles, significant differences were found when analyzing rod-shaped Ceolus™ KG-1000 particles, revealing the intrinsic difference in operating principles between these two techniques. Particle shape distributions of several spherical and rod-shaped samples obtained with the QicPic were compared to scanning electron micrographs (SEMs), and semi-quantitative agreement was obtained. The particle size and particle shape of a series of binary particulate systems composed of both spherical (CP-102) and rod-shaped (KG-1000) particles of varying mass ratios were analyzed using the QicPic. The particle size and shape distributions of these binary mixtures were also computed using the distributions of the pure components weighted by their respective mass fractions. Comparisons between the measured and computed distributions appeared to indicate that the QicPic overestimated the amount of KG-1000 particles present in all the mixtures. Further analysis revealed that the observed discrepancy might be caused by a particle porosity effect.
REM sleep behavior disorder

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia manifested by vivid, often frightening dreams associated with simple or complex motor behavior during REM sleep. The polysomnographic features of RBD include increased electromyographic tone +/- dream enactment behavior during REM sleep. Management with counseling and pharmacologic measures is usually straightforward and effective. In this review, the terminology, clinical and polysomnographic features, demographic and epidemiologic features, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, and management strategies are discussed. Recent data on the suspected pathophysiologic mechanisms of RBD are also reviewed. The literature and our institutional experience on RBD are next discussed, with an emphasis on the RBD-neurodegenerative disease association and particularly the RBD-synucleinopathy association. Several issues relating to evolving concepts, controversies, and future directions are then reviewed, with an emphasis on idiopathic RBD representing an early feature of a neurodegenerative disease and particularly an evolving synucleinopathy. Planning for future therapies that impact patients with idiopathic RBD is reviewed in detail.
Friendship, not Altruism: An Economic Theory with Cross-Cultural Applications

Friendship is both ubiquitous and economically important, but neglected in the economic literature. We provide a definition of friendship supported by anthropology research that we believe is plaus...
MORC: a manycore-oriented compressed cache

Cache compression has largely focused on improving single-stream application performance. In contrast, this work proposes utilizing cache compression to improve application throughput for manycore processors while potentially harming single-stream performance. The growing interest in throughput-oriented manycore architectures and widening disparity between on-chip resources and off-chip bandwidth motivate re-evaluation of utilizing costly compression to conserve off-chip memory bandwidth. This work proposes MORC, a Many-core ORiented Compressed Cache architecture that compresses hundreds of cache lines together to maximize compression ratio. By looking across cache lines, MORC is able to achieve compression ratios beyond compression schemes which only compress within a single cache line. MORC utilizes a novel log-based cache organization which selects cache lines that are filled into the cache close in time as candidates to compress together. The proposed design not only compresses cache data, but also cache tags together to further save storage. Future manycore processors will likely have reduced cache sizes and less bandwidth per core than current multicore processors. We evaluate MORC on such future many-core processors utilizing the SPEC2006 benchmark suite. We find that MORC offers 37% more throughput than uncompressed caches and 17% more throughput than the next best cache compression scheme, while simultaneously reducing 17% of memory system energy compared to uncompressed caches.
Thermal conduction in an orthotropic sphere with circumferentially varying convection heat transfer

Abstract Heat transfer due to fluid flow past a sphere is encountered commonly in engineering applications. In this case, the local convective heat transfer coefficient on the surface of the sphere is known to change with azimuthal and polar angles due to various flow phenomena. While surface-averaged convective heat transfer coefficient is commonly used for engineering analysis, however, not much work exists for modeling the temperature field inside the sphere while accounting for the spatially varying convective heat transfer, especially in the context of a sphere with orthotropic thermal conduction properties. This paper presents an analytical approach for a steady state solution of this problem by deriving a set of algebraic equations for coefficients of a series solution of the temperature distribution. The problem is solved using two different approaches, which are shown to lead to equivalent results. Temperature distribution based on the analytical approach is found to be in excellent agreement with finite-element simulation results. The effect of various parameters, such as thermal conduction orthotropic ratio, heat generation rate, power density, flow rate, etc. on temperature distribution in the sphere is presented. Results discussed in this paper contribute towards the fundamental understanding of an important heat transfer problem, and in the design of thermal management techniques for engineering applications involving convective cooling of spherical systems.
The Gray Fox: George Crook and the Indian Wars . By Paul Magid.

The Gray Fox: George Crook and the Indian Wars . By Paul Magid. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015. xv + 495 pp. Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index. $29.95.) Paul Magid has set out an ambitious literary plan with George Crook—viz., a three-volume series. The first volume, George Crook: From the Redwoods to Appomattox (2011), covered Crook’s years from his youth through the Civil War. Although the Indian Wars took place in the years following the Civil War to 1890, Magid has divided them into two volumes. The Gray Fox follows Crook’s assignments from 1866 to the 1877 surrender of the Lakota involved with Custer’s defeat at the Little Bighorn. Volume 3 will cover Crook from the … jjeffersonbroome{at}comcast.net
Van Hove Analysis of the Reactions π − p → π − π − π + p and π + p → π + π + π − p at 16 GeV/ c

Data from the reactions ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ have been obtained at 16 GeV/c in approximately equal samples from the BNL 80-in. hydrogen bubble chamber. We have studied both reactions for resonance production and compared our results with predictions of the one-pion-exchange model (OPEM) calculated by Wolf. The four-body longitudinal phase-space (LPS) plot suggested by Van Hove was used to analyze the data from both reactions. The events were separated according to distinct regions of the LPS plot in order to study the following classes of quasi-two-body final states: (1) diffractively produced three-pion states, (2) diffractively produced $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}p$ states, (3) double-resonance production such as ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$, (4) single-resonance production such as ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$. The Van Hove analysis provided a much cleaner separation of resonances from background effects than the usual techniques. We observe production of the ${A}_{1}$ and ${A}_{2}$ mesons as well as the ${N}^{*}(1470)$ and ${N}^{*}(1700)$ isobars in the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ system for both reactions. There is strong formation of the doubly resonant states ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$ and ${f}^{0}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$ and the general features of the nondiffractive events are all in good agreement with one-pion exchange. Detailed comparisons between the data and the OPEM in each LPS plot region show that Van Hove analysis provides a sensitive test for the OPE model.
Review and perspective on waste biomass liquefaction for bio-fuel

There is a growing attention on the environmental pollution and loss of potential regeneration of resources associated to the poor disposal of waste biomass.Biomass liquefaction technology emerges as a promising option for both wastes treatment and converting waste biomass into a liquid fuel.Liquefaction mechanisms of biomass macromolecule polymers,such as polysaccharide,lignin,protein and lipid,are fully reviewed,and several key parameters of liquefaction technique,including reaction temperature,heating rate,particle size,pressure,resident time and solvent density,are discussed.Issues on catalyst,reducing gas and hydrogen donor are particularly addressed for improving efficiency and bio-oil quality.Finally,a brief evaluation on bio-oil quality is illustrated and perspectives on future research in waste biomass liquefaction are also highlighted.
Ink and LED

This edition of Microbe magazine marks a new experiment with digital publishing. It is our first online-only edition. It has become common for people to do more and more reading on digital devices, whether reading scientific articles at our desk or catching up with the latest news on our mobile devices.
Structure and Function of the ThermoTRP Channel Pore

Temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are structurally similar to other tetrameric cation channels, but can be potently activated by heat. Recent studies suggest that the pore-forming region directly participates in activation gating. In this chapter, we summarize major findings from both structural and functional studies concerning the gating role of the pore region, focusing in particular on TRPV1. The emerging picture is that the peripheral S1–S4 region of TRPV1 is rigid and plays a supporting role for the pore to undergo conformational rearrangements. This places the pore region in the center of activation gating.
Tight approximations of degeneracy in large graphs

Given an n-node m-edge graph G, the degeneracy of graph G and the associated node ordering can be computed in linear time in the RAM model by a greedy algorithm that iteratively removes the node of min-degree [28]. In the semi-streaming model for large graphs, where memory is limited to \(\mathcal {O}(n \,\mathrm{polylog}\,n)\) and edges can only be accessed in sequential passes, the greedy algorithm requires too many passes, so another approach is needed.
Fatigue Crack Thresholds of a Nickel-Iron Alloy for Superconductor Sheaths at 4 K

Short crack simulation (SCS) tests were used to characterize the fatigue crack growth rates da/dN and thresholds ΔKTh of a Ni-Fe superalloy proposed for conduit sheath applications in superconducting magnets at 4 K. Experiments described demonstrate the reproducibility of the SCS data and confirm that this alloy has a relatively high fatigue crack growth rate threshold at 4 K. The effects of plate thickness and thermal treatment (650°C, 180 h) on near-threshold fatigue properties are minor compared with a strong cryogenic temperature effect that increases the fatigue threshold from about 2 MPa·m1/2 at room temperature to 9 or 10 MPa·m1/2 at 4 K.
How the Interaction of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Gender Relates to HIV Risk Practices among Urban-Dwelling African Americans.

Purpose Previous research has demonstrated that HIV risk practices often differ based on gender and on whether or not people experienced sexual abuse during their formative (i.e., childhood and adolescence) years. The interaction of these two factors, which is the focus of this paper, has received limited attention. Methods Based on a model derived from Social Disorganization Theory and Syndemics Theory, interviews were conducted between 2009 and 2012 with 1,864 African American adults residing in Atlanta, Georgia in 80 strategically-chosen consensus block groups. Results Based on multiple regression and structural equation analyses, the interaction of sexual abuse and gender was found to be a significant predictor of involvement in (un)protected sex. The interaction of sexual abuse and gender also was related to condom use self-efficacy, which was one of the strongest factors underlying (un)protected sex. Conclusion The relationship of sexual abuse history and gender is relevant in the understanding of HIV risk practices. The interaction of these factors with one another and with other relevant influences that shape people's HIV risk profiles is complex. The Syndemics Theory approach used to conceptualize the relationships among relevant variables in this study is an effective way of trying to understand and address HIV risk practices.
The thiirane-based selective MT1-MMP/MMP2 inhibitor ND-322 reduces melanoma tumor growth and delays metastatic dissemination

MT1-MMP and MMP2 have been implicated as pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic factors in a wide variety of cancers including melanoma. We have previously demonstrated that MT1-MMP is highly expressed in melanoma where it promotes melanoma cell invasion and metastasis in part through the activation of its target MMP2. Given the accessibility of MMPs, as they are either secreted (e.g. MMP2) or membrane-tethered (e.g. MT1-MMP), they represent ideal targets for specific inhibition via small molecules. Here we show that the novel small-molecule inhibitor ND-322 with high selectivity for MT1-MMP and MMP2, effectively inhibits MT1-MMP and MMP2 activity resulting in reduced in vitro melanoma cell growth, migration and invasion. Importantly, these inhibitory effects lead to significant reduction of melanoma tumor growth and metastasis. We further show that while cell migration and invasion could be similarly hampered by specific inhibition of either MT1-MMP or MMP2 via shRNAs, the growth inhibitory activity of ND-322 could only be mirrored by specific inhibition of MT1-MMP. These data support ND-322 as a novel effective inhibitor capable of counteracting both MT1-MMP and MMP2, two key proteases involved in melanoma growth and metastasis. ND-322 may therefore represent a new inhibitor in the repertoire of treatments against melanoma.
X-ray lasers achieve saturation

Lasers operating at optical and infrared wavelengths have been around since the early 1960s, but lasing in the soft X-ray regime (below 300 A) was not demonstrated until 1984. Now two groups in Europe and the US have achieved saturated X-ray laser operation at 236 A and 206 A. Saturation is a significant milestone for soft X-ray lasers as it means they are now powerful enough to produce photographic images with a single laser shot in applications such as biological microscopy and holography. Another use is as a diagnostic of very high-density plasmas.
Individual and Collective Responsibility

Building on Peter French’s important work, this chapter draws three distinctions that arise in the context of attributions of moral responsibility, understood as the extent to which an agent is blameworthy or praiseworthy. First, the subject of an attribution of responsibility may be an individual agent or a collective agent. Second, the object of the responsibility attribution may be an individual action (or consequence) or a collective action (or consequence). The third distinction concerns the temporal dimension of the responsibility attribution. Sometimes responsibility for an action is attributed to an agent at the time of the action. At other times responsibility for an action is attributed to an agent sometime after the action has taken place. Taken together, these three binary distinctions yield eight types of responsibility attribution. It is argued that a collective agent’s responsibility for a past collective act is properly understood on the same theoretical model as is an individual’s responsibility for a past individual act. While most assume that responsibility over time is a straightforward matter of identity over time, it is argued that instead this is a matter of psychological or attitudinal connectedness. The possibility is considered that this relation also grounds attributions involving an asymmetry between subject and object, such as individual responsibility for past collective action, but a skeptical worry is raised that such attributions entail an unpalatable form of moral luck and should therefore be rejected.
In Vitro Activity of the Humanized Anti-HLA-DR Antibodies KRN848 and Apolizumab in Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma Cell Lines.

Apolizumab (Hu1D10) and KRN848 are humanized IgG1 anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Apolizumab binds a polymorphic determinant on the HLA-DR-β chain, whereas KRN848 is a pan-HLA-DR mAb. We undertook preclinical studies to assess the properties of these two mAbs with regard to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and their direct effects on target cells. HLA-DR (+) Raji and Daudi lymphoblastic cell lines served as target cells. KRN848 is reactive with HLA-DR expressed on both cell lines, while apolizumab is reactive only with Raji. ADCC assays were performed using 51Cr-labeled target cells and normal donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as effector cells. At an E:T ratio of 40:1 and a mAb concentration of 2 μg/ml, all mAbs mediated ADCC. Apolizumab mediated greater specific lysis of Raji cells (37%) than did KRN848 (15%) or rituximab (14%). When Daudi cells were used as targets, apolizumab induced Evidence for direct killing mediated by mAbs varied based on the assay used. When 51Cr-labeled Raji cells were incubated with KRN848 or apolizumab for 4–17 hours, and 51Cr in the supernatant used as a measure of cell death, there was minimal evidence ( We conclude the anti-HLA-DR mAbs apolizumab and KRN848 can induce ADCC and CMC based on expression of target antigen. Anti-HLA-DR mAbs can directly alter the annexin-V/PI positivity of target lymphoma cells but do not induce 51Cr release, suggesting anti-HLA-DR mAbs alter cell membrane polarization and permeability but may not induce apoptosis directly.
Cyclosporine: A Historical Perspective on Its Role in the Treatment of Noninfectious Uveitis

The history of cyclosporine and uveitis is intertwined with the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) animal models and the understanding that T lymphocytes play a major role in the pathogenesis of uveitis. The early studies of CsA in uveitis also demonstrated the power of collaborative efforts in translational research. Dr. Robert Nussenblatt and his colleagues were the first to show that CsA can inhibit EAU. Over many years after the initial CsA experiments, Dr. Nussenblatt's group as well as others continued to study CsA under experimental conditions as well as in clinical trials with human patients. The data and observations from these studies significantly advanced our knowledge of uveitis pathophysiology and demonstrated the value of well-designed masked, controlled treatment trials in uveitis. Dr. Nussenblatt and his collaborators delved into the most significant adverse effect of CsA, renal toxicity, and helped elucidate the pathophysiology of renal injury. They explored adjunctive treatments to improve the efficacy and decrease the toxicity of CsA and also studied other members of the cyclosporine family. Among the immunosuppressives used to treat ocular inflammation, CsA was the first, and remains the only medication comprehensively studied under both experimental and clinical conditions.
Robustness analysis in the time domain and output space

The results of efforts to extend the Direct Principle of Lyapunov to stability analysis in controlled output space are described. The motivation is to apply the DPL in the space of the actual variables of concern in the system performance, thus avoiding conservatism and in some cases gaining other advantages. The details of the application of the procedure are developed, and an example is presented.
Applying biomimicry to design building envelopes that lower energy consumption in a hot-humid climate

Design thinking in architecture has shifted due to warming climate, and the role it plays in energy consumption. The building envelope is a key design element, as it mediates the maintenance of com...
A neurobiologically-inspired intelligent trajectory tracking control for unmanned aircraft systems with uncertain system dynamics and disturbance:

In this paper, a novel neurobiologically-inspired intelligent tracking controller is developed and implemented for unmanned aircraft systems in the presence of uncertain system dynamics and disturb...
What We Need to Learn if We Want to Do and Not Just Talk

In task-oriented dialog, agents need to generate both fluent natural language responses and correct external actions like database queries and updates. Our paper makes the first attempt at evaluating state of the art models on a large real world task with human users. We show that methods that achieve state of the art performance on synthetic datasets, perform poorly in real world dialog tasks. We propose a hybrid model, where nearest neighbor is used to generate fluent responses and Seq2Seq type models ensure dialogue coherency and generate accurate external actions. The hybrid model on the customer support data achieves a 78% relative improvement in fluency, and a 200% improvement in accuracy of external calls.
THE EFFECT OF GLYCOSYLATION ON THE UPTAKE OF AN ENKEPHALIN ANALOGUE INTO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

In contrast to unglycosylated controls, glycosylated [D-Cys2,5]enkephalin-ser-gly (glycosylated DCDCE-ser-gly) elicits analgesia after intraperitoneal administration. This was postulated to be due to the presence of the glucose moiety allowing the analogue to cross the BBB via the glucose carrier. To test this hypothesis, the present study investigated the biological stability and the CNS uptake ofunglycosylated and glycosylated DCDCE-ser-gly. Interestingly, the metabolic half-lives and ability to cross the in vitro BBB was found to be similar for both analogues. In situ brain perfusion indicated that the brain uptake of glycosylated DCDCE-ser-gly was greater than that for the vascular marker, [14C]sucrose, but similar to the CSF uptake of the peptide. CNS uptake of glycosylated DCDCE-ser-gly was not affected by replacing D- with L- glucose, nor with the addition of 10 µM unlabelled glycosylated DCDCE-ser-gly. In summary, the difference in analgesic response of glycosylated compared to unglycosylated DCDCE-ser-gly, is not related to either differing metabolic profiles, nor the ability of the glycosylated analogue to use the glucose carrier to enter the CNS. However, this study does not eliminate the involvement of a different low affinity, saturable uptake system taking the glycosylated, but not the unglycosylated form.
The reluctant resident.

Surgery residents should always answered truthfully when asked by patients about their experience with surgical procedures. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
TANF and EITC Use: A Study

What is the frequency and duration of Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) use? How do frequency and duration of EITC use vary by sociodemographic characteristics; such as, education, ethnicity/race, gender, family size, income, marital status, and work effort? What is the relationship between EITC use and participation in other social welfare programs; such as, TANF, Food Stamps, and Supplemental Security Income (SSI)? What are good or robust predictors of EITC eligibility and use? What effects on economic well-being does EITC use have compared to EITC-eligible nonusers?
Clinical introduction into population health management using a peer mentoring strategy

Background/objective: Baccalaureate nursing clinical experiences must prepare graduates to assess and support the health of vulnerable populations within communities. Clinical experiences need to align with theoretical coursework throughout the entire curriculum. This pilot project evaluated an innovative method to introduce second-semester Accelerated Baccalaureate Students (ABS) into a service-learning community experience using a peer-mentoring strategy. Methods: Eleven second-semester and twelve fourth-semester ABS students were paired in learning dyads in a low-income, ethnically diverse urban housing development, along with community health workers and social workers. Second-semester students were peer-mentored by fourth-semester students. Second-semester students performed health screenings, health promotion education, and medication reconciliation guided by fourth-semester students. Learning objectives and changes in knowledge were evaluated before and after the experience in a retrospective pretest/posttest format for all students. Additionally, second-semester students reported their perception of the mentoring experience on self-confidence, satisfaction, and helpfulness. Results: The learning objective rated highest related to the role of social determinants of health in the overall health of the residents (M = 4.38). Paired t -test analysis revealed significant positive increases in levels of knowledge about social determinants of health, role of culture, and importance of the interprofessional team. On a scale of one to five, second-semester students reported increased self-confidence (M = 4.2), satisfaction with the learning experience (M = 4), and help providing health promotion strategies (M = 4.4) due to mentorship by the fourth semester students. Conclusions: Students’ comments reflected an appreciation of the complexity of healthcare issues affecting vulnerable members of the community. Second-semester students reported more confidence and perceived themselves to be more effective due to the mentorship of the fourth semester students when providing education to residents with complex health needs.
Revisiting the Asian second-generation advantage

ABSTRACTAsian Americans comprise 6.4% of the US population, but account for over 20% of the country’s elite Ivy League students. While researchers have studied mechanisms that promote an “Asian sec...
Advances in UAS Ground-Based Detect and Avoid Capability

As a national UAS Test Site designated by the Federal Aviation Administration in 2013, the New York Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Test Site has developed an instrumented UAS test range, initially for ground-based collection and analysis of air traffic surveillance data in northern New York State airspace, and ultimately as a proving ground for operational UAS detect-and-avoid (DAA) systems. The test range instrumentation system employs multiple sensor types, including wide area multilateration, ADS-B, and networked 3-D primary radars, to track both cooperative and noncooperative air traffic. In addition to live air traffic surveillance, New York UAS test range capability is being upgraded to incorporate simulated and virtual air traffic – as part of the NASA Live, Virtual, Constructive, Distributed Environment (LVC-DE). This represents an extension of the original test range concept of operations, which was data collection to support verification and validation of UAS detect-and-avoid performance standards for RTCA Special Committee 228. In 2018 and 2019 New York is supporting development of RTCA minimum operational performance standards (MOPS) for ground-based radar systems. Through this effort, the test range has become a proof-of-concept for a future ground-based detect and avoid (GBDAA) system capable of supporting extended UAS beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS) operations in the airport terminal area and in transition to en-route airspace. In enabling DAA, the system is designed to operate in combination with other air traffic surveillance sensors, including airborne sensors. In addition to data collection, a 3-D air traffic visualization system supports the test range. In 2018, research maneuver algorithms were incorporated in a visualization to provide guidance for UAS remote pilots to "remain well clear" of other air traffic. The paper describes a current 2019 test objective aimed at regulatory authorization to operate large UAS BVLOS operations in VFR-like airspace, as well as small UAS operations in very low level (VLL) airspace.
Chlorinated Organic Compound Removal by Gas Phase Pulsed Streamer Corona Electrical Discharge with Reticulated Vitreous Carbon Electrodes

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) removal by gas phase pulsed corona discharge was investigated with attention to energy efficiency and byproduct identification. Approximately 50–95% removal of TCE and vinyl chloride was observed, depending on the energy density applied to the gas. Water vapor reduced TCE removal in some experiments. Evidence was found for post-corona reactions leading to removal of vinyl chloride downstream of the plasma discharge, while significant post-corona removal of TCE was not observed. Removal efficiencies of 100–900 g/kW-hr in the case of 1000 ppm feed of TCE, and of 2–24 g/kW-hr for a 100 ppm feed of vinyl chloride were found. In the TCE experiments, the formation of dichloroacetyl chloride was observed, while an unknown byproduct was found with vinyl chloride. The addition of a platinum-rhodium coated electrode was found to reduce the post-corona removal of vinyl chloride at low energy density.
Trust in Software: Attributes of Computer Code and the Human Factors that Influence Utilization Metrics

The proliferation of technology has led to increased reliance on software. In software development, efficiencies can be gained by developers who reuse previously written code rather than starting from scratch. Although this practice has advantages, it can lead to security vulnerabilities. As such, it is important to understand the antecedents to software reuse. The present study explored how personality affects the decision to reuse software. Fourteen participants were recruited to evaluate 18 code artifacts. Results indicated that those participants higher in agreeableness were more likely to reuse the computer code than those lower in agreeableness. However, we found no evidence that the trustworthiness–reuse relationship was strengthened for those higher in agreeableness. In addition, there was no relationship between openness and reuse, nor did the interaction between openness and trustworthiness predict reuse. Post hoc exploratory analyses revealed agreeableness, but not openness, weakened the relationship between perceptions of code trustworthiness and time spent reviewing code.
Convolutional Neural Network for Automated FLAIR Lesion Segmentation on Clinical Brain MR Imaging.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Most brain lesions are characterized by hyperintense signal on FLAIR. We sought to develop an automated deep learning–based method for segmentation of abnormalities on FLAIR and volumetric quantification on clinical brain MRIs across many pathologic entities and scanning parameters. We evaluated the performance of the algorithm compared with manual segmentation and existing automated methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We adapted a U-Net convolutional neural network architecture for brain MRIs using 3D volumes. This network was retrospectively trained on 295 brain MRIs to perform automated FLAIR lesion segmentation. Performance was evaluated on 92 validation cases using Dice scores and voxelwise sensitivity and specificity, compared with radiologists9 manual segmentations. The algorithm was also evaluated on measuring total lesion volume. RESULTS: Our model demonstrated accurate FLAIR lesion segmentation performance (median Dice score, 0.79) on the validation dataset across a large range of lesion characteristics. Across 19 neurologic diseases, performance was significantly higher than existing methods (Dice, 0.56 and 0.41) and approached human performance (Dice, 0.81). There was a strong correlation between the predictions of lesion volume of the algorithm compared with true lesion volume (ρ = 0.99). Lesion segmentations were accurate across a large range of image-acquisition parameters on >30 different MR imaging scanners. CONCLUSIONS: A 3D convolutional neural network adapted from a U-Net architecture can achieve high automated FLAIR segmentation performance on clinical brain MR imaging across a variety of underlying pathologies and image acquisition parameters. The method provides accurate volumetric lesion data that can be incorporated into assessments of disease burden or into radiologic reports.
The molecular architecture of photoreceptor phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6) with activated G protein elucidates the mechanism of visual excitation

Photoreceptor phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6) is the central effector of the visual excitation pathway in both rod and cone photoreceptors, and PDE6 mutations that alter PDE6 structure or regulation can result in several human retinal diseases. The rod PDE6 holoenzyme consists of two catalytic subunits (Pαβ) whose activity is suppressed in the dark by binding of two inhibitory γ-subunits (Pγ). Upon photoactivation of rhodopsin, the heterotrimeric G protein (transducin) is activated, resulting in binding of the activated transducin α-subunit (Gtα) to PDE6, displacement of Pγ from the PDE6 active site, and enzyme activation. Although the biochemistry of this pathway is understood, a lack of detailed structural information about the PDE6 activation mechanism hampers efforts to develop therapeutic interventions for managing PDE6-associated retinal diseases. To address this gap, here we used a cross-linking MS-based approach to create a model of the entire interaction surface of Pγ with the regulatory and catalytic domains of Pαβ in its nonactivated state. Following reconstitution of PDE6 and activated Gtα with liposomes and identification of cross-links between Gtα and PDE6 subunits, we determined that the PDE6–Gtα protein complex consists of two Gtα-binding sites per holoenzyme. Each Gtα interacts with the catalytic domains of both catalytic subunits and induces major changes in the interaction sites of the Pγ subunit with the catalytic subunits. These results provide the first structural model for the activated state of the transducin–PDE6 complex during visual excitation, enhancing our understanding of the molecular etiology of inherited retinal diseases.
Visualization Design for Human-Collective Teams:

Robotic collectives (i.e., colonies and swarms) are applicable to a wide range of applications, including environmental monitoring, search and rescue, as well as infrastructure monitoring. The pres...
The effect of Gamma Knife radiosurgery on large posterior fossa metastases and the associated mass effect from peritumoral edema

OBJECTIVE Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) as monotherapy is an option for the treatment of large (≥ 2 cm) posterior fossa brain metastases (LPFMs). However, there is concern regarding possible posttreatment increase in peritumoral edema (PTE) and associated compression of the fourth ventricle. This study evaluated the effects and safety of GKRS on tumor and PTE control in LPFM. METHODS The authors performed a single-center retrospective review of 49 patients with 51 LPFMs treated with GKRS. Patients with at least 1 clinical and radiological follow-up visit were included. Tumor, PTE, and fourth ventricle volumetric measurements were used to assess efficacy and safety. Overall survival was a secondary outcome. RESULTS Fifty-one lesions in 49 consecutive patients were identified; 57.1% of patients were male. At the time of GKRS, the median age was 61.5 years, and the median Karnofsky Performance Status score was 90. The median number of LPFMs and overall brain metastases were 1 and 2, respectively. The median overall tumor, PTE, and fourth ventricle volumes at diagnosis were 4.96 cm3 (range 1.4-21.1 cm3), 14.98 cm3 (range 0.6-71.8 cm3), and 1.23 cm3 (range 0.3-3.2 cm3), respectively, and the median lesion diameter was 2.6 cm (range 2.0-5.07 cm). The median follow-up time was 7.3 months (range 1.6-57.2 months). At the first follow-up, 2 months posttreatment, the median tumor volume decreased by 58.66% (range -96.95% to +48.69%, p < 0.001), median PTE decreased by 78.10% (range -99.92% to +198.35%, p < 0.001), and the fourth ventricle increased by 24.97% (range -37.96% to +545.6%, p < 0.001). The local control rate at first follow-up was 98.1%. The median OS was 8.36 months. No patient required surgical intervention, external ventricular drainage, or shunting between treatment and first follow-up. However, 1 patient required a ventriculoperitoneal shunt at 23 months from treatment. Posttreatment, 65.30% received our general steroid taper, 6.12% received no steroids, and 28.58% required prolonged steroid treatment. CONCLUSIONS In this retrospective analysis, patients with LPFMs treated with GKRS had a statistically significant posttreatment reduction in tumor size and PTE and marked opening of the fourth ventricle (all p < 0.001). This study demonstrates that GKRS is well tolerated and can be considered in the management of select cases of LPFMs, especially in patients who are poor surgical candidates.
Black Site: The Cold War and the Shaping of Thailand’s Politics

The Cold War alliance between the USA and Thailand is well-known and well-documented. Rather than recounting the details of that alliance, this article examines some important political legacies as...
Causal factors for pesticide trends in streams of the United States: Atrazine and deethylatrazine

Pesticides are important for agriculture in the United States, and atrazine is one of the most widely used and widely detected pesticides in surface water. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which atrazine and its degradation product, deethylatrazine, increase and decrease in surface waters can help inform future decisions for water quality improvement. This study considers causal factors for trends in pesticide concentration in U.S. streams and models the causal factors, other than use, in structural equation models. The structural equation models use a concomitant trend in corn (Zea mays L.) and a latent variable model, indicating moisture supply and management. The moisture supply and management latent variable model incorporates long-term moisture conditions in the individual watersheds by using the Palmer hydrologic drought index, human influence on the hydrologic cycle through the percentage of the watershed drained by tile drains in 2012, and the base-flow contribution to streamflow, using the base-flow index. The structural equation models explain 77 and 38% of the variability in atrazine and deethylatrazine trends, respectively, across the conterminous United States. The models highlight future water quality challenges, particularly in tile-drained settings where fall precipitation and heavy precipitation are increasing.
Making sense of resistance in an afterschool tutoring program: Learning from volunteer writing tutors

The term resistance has been an evolving concept in literacy and composition studies. While much has been studied in terms of student resistance in high schools, first-year composition classrooms, and in university writing centers, little is known about how resistance occurs in afterschool tutoring programs between volunteer writing tutors and their tutees. Using an ethnographic case study approach, this paper examines how three adult volunteer writing tutors made sense of resistance in working with their adolescent tutees in an urban tutoring program. The findings showed that tutor attitudes, values, and reactions shaped their experience of resistance in a variety of ways including a) misreading tutee signals of engagement; b) masking expectations of cultural and linguistic compliance within a discourse of resistance; and c) embracing resistance as a bridge to tutor growth. The author uses these findings to inform current conceptions of student resistance and compliance and to provide implication for volunteer tutor training.