cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cold-seep habitat mapping: High-resolution spatial characterization of the Blake Ridge Diapir seep field

Abstract Relationships among seep community biomass, diversity, and physiographic controls such as underlying geology are not well understood. Previous efforts to constrain these relationships at the Blake Ridge Diapir were limited to observations from piloted deep-submergence vehicles. In August 2012, the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Sentry collected geophysical and photographic data over a 0.131 km 2 area at the Blake Ridge Diapir seeps. A nested survey approach was used that began with a regional or reconnaissance-style survey using sub-bottom mapping systems to locate and identify seeps and underlying conduits. This survey was followed by AUV-mounted sidescan sonar and multibeam echosounder systems mapping on a mesoscale to characterize the seabed physiography. At the most detailed survey level, digital photographic imaging was used to resolve sub-meter characteristics of the biology. Four pockmarks (25–70 m diameter) were documented, each supporting chemosynthetic communities. Concentric zonation of mussels and clams suggests the influence of chemical gradients on megafaunal distribution. Data collection and analytical techniques used here yield high-resolution habitat maps that can serve as baselines to constrain temporal evolution of seafloor seeps, and to inform ecological niche modeling and resource management.
Angiographic assessment of the transverse sinus and vein of labbé to avoid complications in skull base surgery.

Advances in the field of skull base surgery have dramatically reduced the mortality and morbidity of operations on the skull base. Nevertheless, cerebral ischemic events from compromised blood supply to areas of the brain still occur. Although arterial compromise is responsible for a majority of these events, the venous side of the circulation can also play a role in producing cerebral infarctions. A key area of cerebral venous drainage is at the junction of the transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and vein of Labbe. Absence of the transverse sinus with the outflow of the vein of Labbe limited to the sigmoid sinus puts these patients at an increased risk for venous infarcts when this area is manipulated during skull base surgery. We have studied 100 consecutive carotid angiograms performed on 50 individuals for carotid artery disease or to rule out aneurysms. We have found that 16.7% of individuals have one atretic transverse sinus. We discuss our results and the implications that they have in skull base surgery. It is our hope that a better understanding of the cerebral venous drainage patterns will help skull base surgeons avoid complications in the future.
Circadian Variations in Blood Coagulation Parameters, Alpha-Antitrypsin Antigen and Platelet Aggregation and Retention in Clinically Healthy Subjects

Ten clinically healthy subjects (5 men and 5 women), 31 +/- 11 yrs of age, were studied at six timepoints (0800, 1200, 1600, 2000, 0000, 0400) distributed over a 1-week span. Circadian rhythms in platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adrenalin (A), platelet adhesiveness measured as retention in a glass bead column, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen, Factor VIII activity and alpha-1-antitrypsin antigen showed circadian rhythms. The plasma concentrations of plasminogen, alpha-2-macroglobulin, and antithrombin III (AT III) antigen, Factor V and fibrinogen degradation products showed no circadian rhythm by ANOVA or cosinor analysis. The phase relations of the rhythms of different coagulation parameters are of interest in the physiology and pathobiology of the coagulation-fibrinolytic system. The extent of the circadian rhythm (range of change) described is not of a magnitude to lead to diagnostic problems in the clinical laboratory. The timing of these rhythms, however, may determine transient risk states for thromboembolic phenomena, including myocardial infarction and stroke. Several but not all coagulation parameters suggest a transient state of hypercoagulability during the morning hours. The recognition of these rhythmic, and thus in the time of the occurrence predictable temporary risk states for thromboembolic phenomena, may lead to timed treatment and/or effective prevention.
A dynamic model for simulating movements of the elbow, forearm, and wrist

We developed a dynamic model of the upper extremity to simulate forearm and wrist movements. The model is based on the skeletal structure of the arm and is capable of elbow flexion/extension, forearm pronosupination, and wrist flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation movements. Movements are produced by activation of a Hill-type model of muscle, and limits on joint motion are imposed by passive moments modeled after experimental results. We investigated the muscle output force sensitivity, as well as wrist flexion/extension motion sensitivity to parameter variations. The tendon slack length and muscle fiber length were found to have the greatest influence on muscle output and flexion/extension wrist motion. The model captured the direction of the moment vectors at the wrist well, but predicted much higher moments than were measured by stimulating the paralyzed muscles of one tetraplegic subject.
Mercury in Caribbean dolphins (Stenella longirostris and Stenella frontalis) caught for human consumption off St. Vincent, West Indies

The island of St. Vincent in the Lesser Antilles supports an ongoing, legal cetacean hunt, which targets several species for human consumption. Little is known regarding the healthfulness and potential health risks of these foods in this setting. Following established methodologies we analyzed 39 raw muscle tissue samples and 38 raw blubber samples from two cetacean species for total mercury and methyl-mercury. We also analyzed samples of muscle tissue from an unknown cetacean species prepared for consumption. We report high concentrations of total mercury and methyl-mercury in these tissues as compared to published data for other seafood products. Further, our findings indicate that the traditional preparation method most often used locally in St. Vincent yields a finished food product with a much higher mercury concentration than the unprocessed tissue. Our results highlight the potential for negative human health effects related to the consumption of these food products in St. Vincent.
Bridged Ferrocenes, V. Moessbauer Spectra - Squeezing the Iron Atom

Abstract New Moessbauer measurements were made for an assortment of bridged ferrocenes containing one tetramethylene or pentamethylene bridge, and ferrocenes containing two bridges, one trimethylene and one tetramethylene, or both tetramethylene. The results for compounds containing four- and five-carbon bridges demonstrate that the trends reported earlier [1] for compounds with only three-carbon bridges were indeed due to strain caused by the short three-carbon bridge. Moessbauer results for four compounds for which the crystal structures had been established show a linear correlation between the change of the iron to ring distances and the change of the Moessbauer parameters. Ring tilt is important only to the extent that it causes the iron to ring distances to change.
Urea-induced dissociation and unfolding of dodecameric glutamine synthetase from escherichia coli: Calorimetric and spectral studies

Urea-induced dissociation and unfolding of manganese.glutamine synthetase (Mn.GS) have been studied at 37 degrees C (pH 7) by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods. In 0 to approximately 2 M urea, Mn.GS retains its dodecameric structure and full catalytic activity. Mn.GS is dissociated into subunits in 6 M urea, as evidenced by a 12-fold decrease in 90 degrees light scattering and a monomer molecular weight of 51,800 in sedimentation equilibrium studies. The light scattering decrease in 4 M urea parallels the time course of Trp exposure but occurs more rapidly than changes in secondary structure and Tyr exposure. Early and late kinetic steps appear to involve predominantly disruption of intra-ring and inter-ring subunit contacts, respectively, in the layered hexagonal structure of Mn.GS. The enthalpies for transferring Mn.GS into urea solutions have been measured by titration calorimetry. After correcting for the enthalpy of binding urea to the protein, the enthalpy of dissociation and unfolding of Mn.GS is 14 +/- 4 cal/g. A net proton uptake of approximately 50 H+/dodecamer accompanies unfolding reactions. The calorimetric data are consistent with urea binding to multiple, independent sites in Mn.GS and the number of binding sites increasing approximately 9-fold during the protein unfolding.
Nuclear acoustic resonance in metals and alloys: A review

After a brief summary of the theoretical bases of nuclear acoustic resonance (NAR) and of the experimental techniques used to detect NAR, a detailed review is given of results obtained in the application of NAR to the study of metals, metal hydrides, and alloys.
Drumming as a Behavioral Line of Evidence for Delineating Species in the Genera Isoperla, Pteronarcys, and Taeniopteryx (Plecoptera)

The drumming behavior of nine Isoperla species, Pteronarcys pictetii Hagen, and two Taeniopteryx species are described for the first time. A derived form of drumming in Isoperla ouachita Stark and Stewart, consisting of male calls produced by abdominal rubbing, is reported for the first time in the Perlodidae. Use of drumming behavior as a line of evidence to delineate cryptic and sibling species groups within the genera Taeniopteryx, Pteronarcys, and Isoperla is examined. Male calling of Isoperla species varies from ancestral tapping to rubbing, and there is no overlap in important signal variables between sympatric species. There is no overlap of important drumming variables in the signals of known North American Taeniopteryx and Pteronarcys species, whose signals of both male and female are of a simple, ancestral type, with none of the derived states, such as diphasy or rubbing. Drumming in all known species of the three genera is species-specific, and largely corroborates morphologically based species separations.
The application of x-ray photo-electron spectroscopy to a study of interfacial composition in corrosion-induced paint de-adhesion

Abstract Interfacial surfaces generated by corrosion-induced de-adhesion of organic coatings on bare steel have been analyzed by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS elemental analyses have been used to provide an initial overview of changes in composition relative to untested surfaces; high resolution XPS spectra have been used to provide more detailed, sometimes semi-quantitative, analyses of molecular functional group composition. The high resolution spectra of specimen surfaces have been compared with each other and with reference compounds qualitatively and, in more detail, by calculating difference spectra and binding energy differences. Curve resolution methods have been employed to estimate functional group compositions. Corrosion-induced de-adhesion is associated principally with cathodic corrosion reactions and reaction products, including hydroxide. Epoxy ester-based coating interfacial surfaces have been demonstrated to bear (in addition to undegraded resin) carboxylate moieties indicative of ester saponification. For model epoxy-urethane and epoxy-amine coatings, a substantial carbonate residue is deduced. This residue is attributed to degradation of urethane and urea moieties. In addition, the presence of polymer residues on the interfacial substrate surfaces is demonstrated. It is concluded that de-adhesion involves substantial cohesive failure of the coating resin in the interfacial region.
Potential human and economic cost-savings attributable to vision testing policies for driver license renewal, 1989-1991

PURPOSE: This study assessed the impact of vision-related relicensing policies on traffic fatalities in the United States. There is a limited empirical basis for state vision testing policies for relicensing. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether contemporary vision standards for driver licensing achieve their implicit goal of protecting the public's health, or inappropriately restrict the mobility of competent drivers. METHODS: The 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia were the "subjects" in this investigation. During the study period (1989 to 1991), 10 states did not require vision testing for driver license renewal. Multiple regression modeling was used to assess the impact of vision-related relicensing policies on traffic safety and to estimate the number of avoidable vehicle occupant fatalities and corresponding economic costs associated with traffic crashes involving older drivers (> or = 60 years). The primary data source for this investigation was the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) database. RESULTS: Vision-related relicensing policies were significantly associated (p
Metabolism of a sub-tropical low gradient black water river

SUMMARY. 1. Single-station diel oxygen curves were used to monitor the oxygen metabolism of the Ogeechee River, a sixth-order blackwater river in the Coastal Plain of southeastern U.S.A., over a period of 4 years. Ecosystem production (P) and respiration (R) were estimated, and P/R ratios calculated to determine the extent of autotrophy characteristic of this type of river. The potential error in oxygen metabolism caused by photo-oxidation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the water was measured and found to be minor. 2. Rates of ecosystem primary production measured were intermediate compared to other rivers, ranging from 0.49 to 13.99g O2m−2 day −1.Primary production rates were highest during the summer when water levels were low. Regression analysis indicated that water depth and light absorption by DOM were significant predictors of primary production in this river. Incident light intensities were not significantly correlated with production rate. 3. Respiration rates were unusually high, varying between 3.70 and 11.5 g O2 m−2 day − 1. System respiration also varied seasonally, but less than primary production. Rates were slightly higher in spring and summer. 4. With one exception, P/R ratios were considerably lower than l throughout the study period, indicating that the Ogeechee River was highly heterotrophic. PIR ratios ranged from 0.09 to 1.3, and averaged 0.25. 5. A carbon budget calculated for this river showed floodplain inputs were 7 times autochthonous production. Organic carbon turnover length was 690 km, considerably longer than has been reported for lower-order rivers.
MTA, Formocresol, and Ferric Sulfate Have Significantly Better Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes Than Calcium Hydroxide and Laser Therapies in Primary Molar Pulpotomies After 18-24 Months.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Primary molar pulpotomy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lin PY, Chen H-S, Wang Y-H, Tu Y-K. J Dent 2014;42(9):1060–77 Reviewer Samah Omar, BDS, DDS, MSD Purpose/Question The aim of this study is to undertake a systematic review and network meta-analysis, comparing the clinical and radiographic outcomes in primary molar pulpotomy among different dressing materials. Source of Funding This project was partly supported by a grant from the National Science Council in Taiwan (grant number: NSC 101-2314-B-002-197-MY2). Type of Study/Design Systematic review with meta-analysis of data. Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade B: Inconsistent, limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
White light supercontinuum optical tweezer

White light optical tweezer by using the supercontinuum generated from photonic crystal fiber is described. Optical scattering spectra of single 3D-trapped particle are measured which can be potentially used to simultaneously characterize the trapped particle.
1-D and 2-D Devices Performance Comparison Including Parasitic Gate Capacitance and Screening Effect

This paper studies the parasitic capacitance of 1-dimensional (1D) and 2-dimensional (2D) MOSFETs by numerical simulation and analytical models. We show that 1D devices are not necessarily the better choice over 2D devices for future technologies, especially for low channel densities and narrow gate widths. For Wgate<10Lg, the delay improvement is overestimated from the intrinsic case by at least 30%-60% from ignoring parasitics and channel screening effects, for channel density from 400/mum-25/mum. A methodology for 1D device design optimization is proposed, followed by a possible scaling path of 1D devices down to 11 nm node. The analytical model is a first step toward a compact model for 1D FETs.
Quantum-coherence-enhanced plasmonic nanostructures for near-field spectroscopy and control (presentation video)

Quantum coherence has previously been used to enhance nonlinear optical signals such as coherent Raman scattering. Near field enhancement from plasmonic nanostructures can also dramatically improve Raman signals. We investigate quantum coherence effects in plasmonic nanostructures coupled to gain media to enhance the efficiency of surface plasmon generation. We simulate the dependence of surface-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (SECARS) spectra on the position and line width of the surface plasmon resonance, and attribute small (and even negative) enhancement factors to local destructive interference. We report measurements of nanoscale phase effects in SECARS of pyridazine on gold nanoparticle aggregates, and propose strategies to increase enhancement factors towards theoretical predictions.
Ribonuclease. IV. The effect of whole body x-irradiation on the ribonuclease system of rat liver.

Abstract 1. 1. Rats were subjected to 600 r. of whole body x-irradiation, and RNase assays were carried out on liver homogenates and fractions, at intervals after irradiation. 2. 2. A significant decrease was noted in the RNase activity, measured at pH 7.8, of separated mitochondria prepared from the livers of irradiated animals. 3. 3. RNase inhibitor activity in the supernatant fractions obtained from the livers of irradiated rats, was depressed by 12 and 41%, in two experiments, 1 day after irradiation, when compared to control values. Recovery to control levels was observed by the second day after exposure. 4. 4. The RNase activity of whole liver homogenate, measured at pH 5.8, showed only small changes from control values, in irradiated animals, while activity at pH 7.8 in whole homogenate or supernatant fraction from irradiated animals did not show significant changes from the control levels. 5. 5. Some implications of these results were discussed.
Electrochemical response of α-H4SiW12O40 on Ag and Au electrodes

Abstract Electrochemical measurements are presented for acidic solutions containing α-H 4 SiW 12 O 40 adsorbed on Ag(111) and Au(111) electrodes. These measurements show that this molecule passivates the Ag surface towards solution redox events. This passivation is unique to Ag, as it is not observed on Au or carbon electrodes. Depassivation can be accomplished by moving the potential of the Ag electrode into the hydrogen evolution region. These results are discussed in terms of formation of a reduced AgSiW 12 O 40 complex that is stable only at negative potentials.
Organizational configurations and performance: the role of statistical power in extant research

The relationship between organizational configurations and performance has been a frequent albeit controversial subject of research in the field of strategic management. Many studies have failed to find a link between configurations and performance, leading prominent researchers to question the value of the concept of organizational configurations. Before the concept can be discarded, however, other plausible explanations for the lack of findings should be examined. This paper examines the possible role of statistical power. Specifically, it may be that the sample sizes in many studies are too small to detect relationships between configurations and performance when such links are, in fact, present. Analysis of 24 tests of the configurations–performance link revealed that only 8 percent had samples large enough to detect all important relationships. Thus, there is reason to suspect that insufficient statistical power may help to explain extant results. Given these findings, suggestions are presented for improving the ability of configurational studies to detect relationships. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence-Based Management and The Marketplace for Ideas

In this article the author examines methods which management professionals can use to excel in their given fields. He contrasts the academic study of human resource management with the practical ap...
Spin polarized inverse photoemission studies of surface magnetism and electronic structure

Abstract Spin polarized inverse photoelectron spectroscopy (SPIPES) is shown to be a powerful new technique to study surface and near-surface electronic structure and magnetism. The process, the information obtained, and the apparatus required in a spin polarized inverse photoemission measurement are compared to the complementary spin polarized photoemission measurement. In SPIPES spectra of a clean Ni(110) surface, transitions to the minority spin 3d holes that give rise to ferromagnetism in Ni can be directly observed, as can sp states which are spin slit as an indirect consequence (via s-d hybridization) of the exchange splitting of the d bands. The adsorption of oxygen or carbon monoxide on Ni(110) causes a dramatic decrease in the number of minority 3d holes, that is, in the magnetic moment of the Ni atoms. The data allow us to severely limit the possible models of how chemisorption induces changes in surface magnetism. Other SPIPES studies, such as the temperature dependent behavior of empty bands in ferromagnetic Fe, and future directions and applications of SPIPES will be reviewed.
Land-Use Mapping Using Edge Density Texture Measures on Thematic Mapper Simulator Data

Texture analysis was performed as part of an investigation of the information content of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery. High-altitude aircraft scanner imagery from the Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) instrument was acquired over central California and used to simulate TM data. Edge density texture images were constructed by computation of proportions of edge pixels in a 31×31 moving window on a near-infrared ATM band. A training technique was employed to select computational parameters to maximize the difference between edge density measurements in urban and in rural areas. The results of classification of the texture images showed that urban and rural areas could be distinguished with texture alone, indicating that inclusion of texture in automated classification procedures could significantly improve their accuracy.
Heterogeneity of response to lipid-lowering therapy: Reply

We appreciate Dr. Bach’s interesting comments regarding our study of the changes in coronary endothelial dysfunction occurring after lipid lowering [(1)][1]. We certainly agree that the segmental heterogeneity of these changes in response to acetlycholine suggests a level of complexity that has
Reflecting, Coaching and Mentoring to Enhance Teacher-Child Interactions in Head Start Classrooms.

In this study we examined the impact of a year long model of professional development comprised of a monthly cycle of video-based self-reflection, peer coaching, and mentoring and bimonthly workshops focused on selected Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) dimensions. Education supervisors were trained and supported by project staff to lead coaching sessions with a team of teachers. Monthly changes in the quality of teacher–child interactions as measured by CLASS were examined. The intervention group (n = 38) was significantly different than a comparison group (n = 22) at the end of the year. There were significant increases in four dimensions related to behavior management, productivity, language modeling and quality of feedback. Similar patterns of change were found for teachers with and without college degrees. Effective instructional practices can be developed and implemented by teachers when they are provided multiple opportunities to engage in sustained professional development experiences based on a valid observational measure. Implications for designing cost effective CLASS-based professional development as well as limitations of this study are discussed.
Systematic displacements between gas and dust in the sunward fans of two low-activity comets

The unusual displacements between the radical emission-line gas and the scattered-light dust continuum of IRAS-Araki-Alcock (1983 VII) and P/Tempel 2 (1988 IXV) are presented. Two-dimensional spectral images were flattened by dome flats and twilight skyflats, and the actual sky subtraction was obtained by sequentially observing clear patches of sky before and after the cometary integrations. A set of slight distributions were obtained along the solar radius vector through the 'optocenter' toward the antisolar direction. Spectral-spatial cross cuts are illustrated, and the continuum and the emission-line regions in the panels are shown. The continuum of IRAS-Araki-Alcock is found to be much stronger than the cometary comae emissions near the nucleus. For the spectra of the relatively faint Comet P/Tempel 2, both dust and gas emission are weaker, and some 'derivatives' remain.
New method to detect a heavy top quark at the Fermilab Tevatron.

We present a new method to detect a heavy top quark with mass {similar to}180 GeV at the upgraded Fermilab Tevatron ({radical}{ital S} =2 TeV and integrated luminosity 100 pb{sup {minus}1}) and the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) via the {ital W}-gluon fusion process. We show that an almost perfect efficiency for the kinematic {ital b} tagging'' can be achieved due to the characteristic features of the transverse momentum {ital P}{sub {ital T}} and rapidity {ital Y} distributions of the spectator quark which emitted the virtual {ital W}. Hence, we can reconstruct the invariant mass {ital M}{sup {ital e}{nu}{ital b}} and see a sharp peak within a 5-GeV-wide bin of the {ital M}{sup {ital e}{nu}{ital b}} distribution. We conclude that more than one year of running is needed to detect a 180-GeV top quark at the upgraded Tevatron via the {ital W}-gluon fusion process. Its detection becomes easier at the SSC due to a larger event rate.
Experimental Study of Through-Flowing Pneumatic Lines

The complete linear two-port admittance parameters of a short uniform pneumatic line are experimentally determined as functions of driving frequency and the steady through-flow in the line. The measured through-flow influence (c.f. the driving point admittance increase) is found to be much greater than that predicted by known one-dimensional acoustic models (frequency dependent phase velocity and attenuation factor) with mean velocity Doppler shift correction. More satisfactory agreement is found with a model which considers the first-order effects of the through-flow velocity profile. High-frequency (up to 2500 Hz) laminar dynamic flow and pressure data is presented for lines on the order of 6 in. long and 1/8 in. ID, with Mach numbers from zero to 0.16. The experimental aspects of quantitative dynamic flow measurement with a hot-wire anemometer are discussed in detail. Details and calibration of the high-frequency line flow and pressure probes, and the low Reynolds number—high Mach number flow test setup are presented.
Duality for Lipschitz p-summing operators

Abstract Building upon the ideas of R. Arens and J. Eells (1956) [1] we introduce the concept of spaces of Banach-space-valued molecules, whose duals can be naturally identified with spaces of operators between a metric space and a Banach space. On these spaces we define analogues of the tensor norms of Chevet (1969) [3] and Saphar (1970) [14] , whose duals are spaces of Lipschitz p-summing operators. In particular, we identify the dual of the space of Lipschitz p-summing operators from a finite metric space to a Banach space — answering a question of J. Farmer and W.B. Johnson (2009) [6] — and use it to give a new characterization of the non-linear concept of Lipschitz p-summing operator between metric spaces in terms of linear operators between certain Banach spaces. More generally, we define analogues of the norms of J.T. Lapreste (1976) [11] , whose duals are analogues of A. Pietschʼs ( p , r , s ) -summing operators (A. Pietsch, 1980 [12] ). As a special case, we get a Lipschitz version of ( q , p ) -dominated operators.
Partitioning interaction turnover among alpine pollination networks: spatial, temporal, and environmental patterns

Ecologists have taken two distinct approaches in studying the distribution and diversity of communities: a species-centric focus and an interaction-network based approach. A current frontier in community-level studies is the integration of these perspectives by investigating both simultaneously; one method for achieving this is evaluating the relative contributions of species turnover and host switching towards interaction turnover (i.e., the dissimilarity in interactions between two networks). We performed observations of plant-pollinator interactions to investigate (1) patterns in interaction turnover across spatial, temporal, and environmental gradients and (2) the relative contribution of pollinator species turnover, floral turnover, simultaneous pollinator & floral turnover, and host switching towards interaction turnover. Field work was conducted on the Beartooth Plateau, an alpine ecosystem in Montana and Wyoming, with weekly observations of plant-pollinator interactions across one growing season. Interaction turnover increased through time, with magnitudes consistently greater than 80%, even at time intervals as short as one week. Floral species turnover (41%) and simultaneous floral and pollinator species turnover (36%) accounted for almost all interaction turnover while host switching accounted for only 5%. Interaction turnover also significantly increased with spatial and elevational distance, albeit with lesser magnitudes than with temporal distance. The marginal spatial pattern was present for only some taxa (Bombus spp. and solitary bee species), potentially indicating variable habitat use by pollinators across the landscape. Weak environmental trends may be a consequence of unmeasured environmental variables, yet our finding that environmental gradients structure plant-pollinator interaction partitions had not previously been tested with empirical data. Our observations suggest that host switching does not readily occur at the scales of alpine flowering phenology (i.e., ∼1 week); however, whether lack of host switching is indicative of inflexible pollinator foraging, or, more likely, a lack of opportunity or necessity to switch hosts, requires further investigation.
Uranium and Coexisting Element Behaviour in Surface Waters and Associated Sediments with Varied Sampling Techniques Used for Uranium Exploration

Abstract Optimum sampling methods in surface water and associated sediments for use in uranium exploration are being studied at thirty sites in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and Utah. For water samples, filtering is recommended to increase sample homogeneity and reproducibility because for most elements studied water samples which were allowed to remain unfiltered until time of analysis contained higher concentrations than field-filtered samples of the same waters. Acidification of unfiltered samples resulted in still higher concentrations. This is predominantly because of leaching of the elements from the suspended fraction. U in water correlates directly with Ca, Mg, Na, K, Ba, B, Li and As. In stream sediments, U and other trace elements are concentrated in the finer size fractions. Accordingly, in prospecting, grain size fractions less than 90 μm (170 mesh) should be analyzed for U. A greater number of elements (21) show a significant positive correlation with U in stream sediments than in water. Results have revealed that anomalous concentrations of U found in water may not be detected in associated sediments and vice versa. Hence, sampling of both surface water and coexisting sediment is strongly recommended.
Challenges students identified with a learning disability and as high-achieving experience when using diagrams as a visualization tool to solve mathematics word problems

This article addresses a much understudied topic and concern regarding how students of varying ability levels employ visualization as a strategy in mathematics learning. The importance of this topic can be found in its connection to students’ ability to solve mathematical word problems. Many students, particularly students with learning disabilities, often struggle to use visualization as a strategy and this impacts their mathematics performance. The purpose of this article is to present findings from a study that examined the challenges that students—those identified as learning disabled and high-achieving—displayed when using one visualization form, a diagram, to solve mathematics problems. Overall, nine challenges related to the use of diagram proficiency to solve problems were identified. Further, students with learning disabilities were found to be more likely than their high achieving peers to experience these challenges. Implications for practice are provided.
Hormonal Regulation of Intestinal Nutrient Absorption in Vertebrates

The patterns of adaptive changes in intestinal glucose and amino acid absorption often parallel those in digestive enzymes during ontogeny, growth, and reproduction. Unlike the endocrine control of digestive enzymes, that for nutrient absorption is not well understood. Hence, the regulation of enzyme activity during development is first presented as a model for understanding how the related process of nutrienttransport may be coordinated by hormones. In particular, the effects of thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids are best known and illustrate how these mediators act independently in some cases and synergistically in others to produce the observed patterns of intestinal adaptation. Because there is information about these two classes of hormones and their actions in diverse vertebrate groups, I trace their known and suspected effects on nutrient uptake in mammals, birds, amphibians, and fishes.
A-Actinin2 and Filamin a Cytoskeletal Interacting Proteins Facilitate SK2 Channels Recycling from Endosomes to the Surface Membrane

The normal function of ion channels depends critically on the precise subcellular localization and the number of channel proteins on the cell surface membrane. Small-conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SK) are unique in that they are gated solely by changes in intracellular Ca2+. The channels are expressed in atrial cardiomyocytes and responsible for shaping atrial action potentials. Understanding the mechanisms of SK channel trafficking may provide new insights into the regulation controlling the repolarization of atrial myocytes.Surface membrane localization of SK2 channels were evaluated using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy. SK2 channels were tagged with Tomato fluorescent protein and expressed in HEK 293 cells. We have previously demonstrated that the C and N termini of SK2 channels interact with actin-binding proteins, α-actinin2 and filamin A, respectively. When SK2 channels were co-expressed with filamin A, the membrane fluorescence intensity of SK2 channels increased significantly. Similar findings were observed with the putative interacting cytoskeletal protein, α-actinin2. These observations supported our notion that filamin A and α-actinin2, facilitate the forward trafficking or decrease the retrograde trafficking. We next tested the effects of primaquine and dynasore. Primaquine has been shown to block the recycling pathway from endosomes while dynasore is known to be a specific inhibitor of dynamin which is responsible for endocytosis. Treatment with primaquine significantly reduced the membrane expression of SK2 channels. While treatment with dynasore failed to alter the surface membrane expression of SK2 channels. Further investigations using constitutively-active or dominant-negative forms of Rab GTPases provide additional insights into the distinct roles of the two putative cytoskeletal proteins on the recycling processes of SK2 channels from endosomes. α-actinin2 and filamin A facilitates SK2 channels recycling to the surface membrane through different endosomal pathways.
Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency: a benign variant with normal development.

ABSTRACT: The devastating nature of a pyruvate carboxylase deficiency is underscored by the uniformly fatal outcome of the neonatal (French) type and the severely disabling and ultimately fatal outcome of the infantile (North American) type. We report a γ-y-old girl with metabolic and biochemical features of the North American phenotype. Remarkably, the clinical course has been benign with preservations of motor and mental abilities. The residual enzyme activity in cultured skin fibroblast homogenates was 1.8% and cross-reacting material was present in normal abundance and electrophoretic mobility. She has had several episodes of metabolic acidosis with elevated lactate, pyruvate, alanine, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, lysine, and proline values, and undetectably low aspartate concentrations. These crises have been managed by rehydration and bicarbonate therapy. We are unable to provide a satisfactory explanation for the uniquely benign clinical course that has been experienced by this patient.
Increased Competition for Scarce State Dollars.

This chapter describes the dramatically changed external landscape in which community college leaders pursue state dollars and details how other spending priorities in health care, K–12 education, and corrections negatively affect the states' ability to fund community colleges.
Virtual edges, viewing faces, and boundary traversal in line drawing representation of objects with curved surfaces

Abstract Virtual edges and viewing faces are viewing-direction-dependent features of 3D objects with curved surfaces. The appearance of virtual edges causes ambiguity in relating and interpreting the 2D line segments to the 3D attributes of the objects. Explicit identification of the virtual edges and the viewing faces helps to represent and manipulate the projections of these 3D objects in 2D line drawings. Concepts about real edges and virtual edges, real faces and viewing faces, real vertices and virtual vertices, are discussed. Properties of virtual edges and viewing faces from various 3D curved surfaces are illustrated. A projection-dependent viewing face data structure serves as a bridge to interconnect the representation of 3D objects to their 2D line drawings under certain viewing projection. A boundary traversal method takes advantage of the data representation and is applied for generating visible-line-only display of the objects.
Adrenergic receptors in premenstrual dysphoric disorder: I. Platelet α2 receptors: Gi protein coupling, phase of menstrual cycle, and prediction of luteal phase symptom severity

Abstract Background: Abnormal α 2 -adrenergic receptor (AR) function is implicated in anxiety and depressive disorders. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is characterized by anxiety and depressive symptoms, which may be associated with changes in α 2 AR function. Previous studies on α 2 AR function during phases of the menstrual cycle in controls and PMDD patients are inconsistent. Methods: α 2 AR function was examined in 16 PMDD patients and 15 controls during the follicular phase, and in 10 PMDD patients during late luteal phase. Antagonist-measured maximum binding capacity, agonist-measured receptor density in high- and low-conformational states, and agonist affinity to both states were measured. Coupling efficiency to G i protein was estimated. Results: There were no significant differences in coupling efficiency. PMDD patients had significantly low antagonist affinity; there were no differences in other binding parameters. There were no changes in α 2 AR binding parameters between phases of menstrual cycle in PMDD women. α 2 AR density and symptom severity were inversely related during the follicular phase in controls and patients. During luteal phase, α 2 AR density correlated positively with symptom severity in patients. High follicular α 2 AR density predicted more severe luteal symptoms in PMDD patients. Conclusions: These findings are discussed in view of the molecular biology of α 2 AR, and their role in PMDD, anxiety, and depressive disorders.
On-Board Road Condition Monitoring System Using Slip-Based Tire-Road Friction Estimation and Wheel Speed Signal Analysis

This paper presents an on-board road condition monitoring system developed for the safety application in Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII) project. The system equipped on the so-called probe vehicle is able to continuously evaluate road surface in terms of slipperiness and coarseness. Road surface is classified into four grades using stock mobile sensors and GPS speed-based measurements. The task of distinguishing slippery extents of road surfaces was treated as a "pattern-recognition" problem based on experimental results such that road surfaces can be classified into three slip levels, normal (μmax ≥0.5), slippery (0.3≥μmax <0.5), and very slippery (μmax <0.3) provided enough excitation. To distinguish rough road surfaces like gravel roads from normal asphalt roads, a separate classifier making use of a filterbank for analyzing wheel speed signal was implemented. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of this road condition monitoring system for detecting slippery and rough road surfaces in close to real-time. Once a slippery road condition is detected by the probe vehicle, a warning message with accurate GPS position can be transmitted from the probe vehicle to road side equipment (RSE) and further be relayed to following vehicles as well as traffic management center (TMC) via Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC); hence the safety of road users can be improved with the aid of this cooperative or VII active safety system.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Analytic Atomic Wave Functions

A method is suggested for setting up analytic atomic wave functions which form good approximations to Hartree's functions. These functions are of the form $\ensuremath{\Sigma}c{r}^{n}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}ar}$, where the exponent $a$ as well as $c$ and $n$ vary from one term to another. The constants are determined for 1, 2, and 3-quantum electrons by fitting Hartree's values numerically for five selected atoms, and interpolation methods are presented for dealing with the intermediate atoms. A method is suggested for setting up exactly orthogonal functions, with no loss of accuracy. It is shown that the analytic wave functions are the solutions of central field problems in which the field is slightly different for different quantum numbers, on account of the inaccuracy in the function, but a table shows that the discrepancy between this and the correct field is small over the region where the wave function is large. Suggestions are made for future work, on the one hand in extending the tables, on the other in using the wave functions in investigating atomic energies, exchange integrals, etc.
Transport and pinning in high quality TlCaBaCuO films

Abstract TlCaBaCuO High temperature superconductors, especially Tl 2 Ca 2 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 10 with a T c of 120K, are of considerable interest for practical applications. Thin films in this system have demonstrated high T c ′s, compositional tolerance, and a lack of weak links at the grain boundaries. Flux pinning in the system is appreciably weaker than the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 materials as evidenced by large magnetic relaxation and the decrease in critical current density at high magnetic field. Recent work has evaluated the effect of improving film quality on the pinning and explored methods of increasing the pinning. We have made substantial improvements in the film quality that resulted in “decreased” pinning; ion irradiation slightly enhances the pinning.
Platinum(II) mediated oxidation of remote CH bonds in functionalized organic molecules

Abstract The oxidation of remote CH bonds of aliphatic alcohols, carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids and phosphonic acids by the Pt II ion in water was examined. The reactions were very specific with respect to the degree of oxidation: only hydroxylation (or its equivalent) was observed and further oxidation to the corresponding aldehyde or carboxylic acid functionally did not occur. The order of reactivity was σ -CH ⪡ β -CH γ -CH δ -CH for alcohols and σ -CH ⪡ β -CH γ -CH ⪖ δ -CH for the acids. The reactions are thought to proceed by the initial coordination of the functional group followed up the formation of an intermediate platinacylce upon CH activation. The observed regioselectivity arises from the tendency to form the metallacycle with the least ring strain. It was possible to make the oxidations catalytic in Pt II by the addition of a reoxidant, such as K 2 PtCl 6 .
Crystal Structure of a Nitrate/Nitrite Exchanger

Mineral nitrogen in nature is often found in the form of nitrate (NO3(-)). Numerous microorganisms evolved to assimilate nitrate and use it as a major source of mineral nitrogen uptake. Nitrate, which is central in nitrogen metabolism, is first reduced to nitrite (NO2(-)) through a two-electron reduction reaction. The accumulation of cellular nitrite can be harmful because nitrite can be reduced to the cytotoxic nitric oxide. Instead, nitrite is rapidly removed from the cell by channels and transporters, or reduced to ammonium or dinitrogen through the action of assimilatory enzymes. Despite decades of effort no structure is currently available for any nitrate transport protein and the mechanism by which nitrate is transported remains largely unknown. Here we report the structure of a bacterial nitrate/nitrite transport protein, NarK, from Escherichia coli, with and without substrate. The structures reveal a positively charged substrate-translocation pathway lacking protonatable residues, suggesting that NarK functions as a nitrate/nitrite exchanger and that protons are unlikely to be co-transported. Conserved arginine residues comprise the substrate-binding pocket, which is formed by association of helices from the two halves of NarK. Key residues that are important for substrate recognition and transport are identified and related to extensive mutagenesis and functional studies. We propose that NarK exchanges nitrate for nitrite by a rocker switch mechanism facilitated by inter-domain hydrogen bond networks.
Land use/land cover mapping and change detection in part of eastern ghats of tamil nadu using remote sensing and GIS

In the present study an attempt has been made to map land use/land cover and change detection analysis in Kolli hill, part of Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu, using remote sensing and GIS. About 467 ha increase has been observed in single crop category and about 434 ha decrease has been observed in land with or without scrub category. Majority of the area (13639 ha) is under scrubland. Lesser changes could be noticed in double crop, plantation and barren/rocky categories. Necessary measures should be taken to utilize the scrubland and to prevent the conversion of cropland into scrubland. The identified wastelands, which are suitable for agriculture, have to be utilized optimally to improve the economy of the people.
Using Duality Theory for Identification of Primal Efficient Points and for Sensitivity Analysis in Multiple Objective Linear Programming

The dual of the multiple objective linear programming problem is defined as a multiparametric LP problem for the right-hand sides. The resulting dual variables are multidimensional and are related to the indifference regions in the primal problem. The formulation of the dual is shown to be preferable to the vector minimization formulation in terms of (a) identifying primal efficient points and indifference regions, and (b) sensitivity analysis.