cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation on control effect of occupational hazards in a hardware processing enterprise

[Objective]To evaluate the control effect of occupational hazards in a hardware processing enterprise.[Methods]By using the field occupational hygiene survey,occupational hazards monitoring and occupational medical examination,the evaluation was carried out on the basis of comprehensive analysis.[Results]The concentrations of dusts,carbon monoxide,nitric oxide,nitrogen dioxide,ozone,manganese and inorganic compounds,zinc oxide,ethyl benzene,toluene and xylene in workplace air of this construction project met the national occupational health standards.The qualified rate of noise,ultraviolet radiation and illuminance was 52.3%,75.0% and 48.1%,respectively.[Conclusion]The control effect of occupational hazards in this construction project is qualified,and it is necessary to improve the noise reduction measures and personal protection for ultraviolet radiation,and adjust the illumination in some workplaces.
Underreporting of notifiable communicable diseases in medical institutions in Tianjin,2004-2012

Objective To understand the underreporting of notifiable communicable diseases in Tianjin from 2004 to 2012 and provide evidence for developing measures to standardize communicable disease reporting. Methods The data about communicable disease reporting during this period in Tianjin,which were collected through the surveys conducted according the national communicable disease underreporting survey protocol,were used to evaluate the performance of communicable reporting with software SPSS 11. 5. Results According to the survey during this period,a total of 18 153 communicable disease cases occurred, but 1214 were not reported, the underreporting rate was 6. 69%. The underreporting rate decreased with year,the differences in annual underreporting rate were statistically significant( χ2= 914. 73,P = 0. 000). The underreporting rate of communicable diseases in Class C was significantly higher than that in Class B,the difference was statistically significant( χ2= 52. 54,P = 0. 000). The management of communicable disease reporting during 2004-2008 and during 2009-2012 were different,but the underreporting rates in medical institutions at grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were all in decline during these two periods, the difference had statistical significance. The higher the grade was,the more the underreporting rate declined( Mantel-Haenszel: χ2= 562. 13, P = 0. 000); Conclusion Strengthening the implementation of the "Communicable Disease Prevention and Treatment Law "and other relevant regulations,improving the supervision for communicable disease reporting can greatly reduce the underreporting of communicable diseases. The quality of communicable disease reporting varied with the medical institutions at different levels due to the different management practice and informatization level.
Oxidation of C1 compounds by Pseudomonas sp. MS

Abstract Pseudomonas sp. MS is capable of growth on a number of compounds containing only C1 groups. They include trimethylsulphonium salts, methylamine, dimethylamine and trimethylamine. Although formaldehyde and formate will not support growth they are rapidly oxidized by intact cells. Methanol neither supports growth nor is oxidized. A particulate fraction of the cell oxidizes methylamine to carbon dioxide in the absence of any external electron acceptor. Formaldehyde and formate are more slowly oxidized to carbon dioxide by the particulate fraction, although they do not appear to be free intermediates in the oxidation of methylamine. Soluble NAD-linked formaldehyde dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase are also present. The particulate methylamine oxidase is induced by growth on methylamine, dimethylamine and trimethylamine, whereas the soluble formaldehyde dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase are induced by trimethylsulphonium nitrate as well as the aforementioned amines.
Corneal ulcers and the use of topical fluoroquinolones.

Purpose: To determine whether the widespreaduse of topical fluoroquinolones has changed the spectrum of ulcerative keratitis, and to determine how it has affected practice patterns in the treatment of corneal ulcers. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 48 consecutive patients with infectious corneal ulcers from 7/1/91 to 12/31/91 and 47 consecutive patients from 7/1/94 to 12/31/94 . Patients were treated with intensive topical antibiotics (either standard fortified antibiotics or topical fluoroquinolones) at a frequency of at least every hour while awake. Some patients were admitted to the hospital, and some underwent scraping for smears and cultures. Results: Ulcers which were seen in 1994 appear to have been more severe than those seen in 1991 as judged by the presence of more ulcers associated with hypopyons, (P< 0.05) but not with regard to the size of the infiltrate or epithelial defect. More ulcers in 1994 were treated on an outpatient basis (P< 0.02) and fewer ulcers were scraped and cultured than in 1991 (P< 0.001). Culture results from the 1991 and 1994 groups were similar. The most frequently isolated organisms were coagulase-negative Staphylococus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococus aureus, and Streptococcus spp. Conclusion: The spectrum of ulcerative keratitis at a tertiary referral center may be showing a trend towards more severe ulcers, but the causative agents responsible for the infection are unchanged.
Integrated Gas Phase Microreactors

Microfabricated chemical reactors could be efficient experimental platforms by allowing process development on a single unit and subsequent scale-up by replication. The ability to integrate control, sensor, and reactor functionality offers advantages over the current complex, multi-unit pilot-plant environment. Assemblies of microfabricated reactors may provide point-of-use generation of hazardous chemical intermediates with storage and transportation restrictions. Fabrication, application, and materials issues in the development of microchemical reactor technology are presented. Microreactor feasibility is demonstrated with examples of partial oxidation reactions. The utility of physically-based, predictive simulation tools in guiding microreactor design is addressed as well.
Overview of Economic Reasoning and Terminology

In this chapter, we provide an overview of the many different ways that economic reasoning can be applied to the study of higher education. We begin by taking a look at the origins and evolution of the field of economics and the subfield of the economics of higher education, and follow that with an examination of how the subsequent scholarly work of economists expanded the scope of the field and established many additional areas of inquiry within this subfield. In the next section, we discuss how economists think about problems and how they do their work. This section illustrates that although economics has some similarities to other scientific fields in terms of its basic approaches to problems and its methodologies, the field also has its own terminology and unique concepts that are important to understand. The final section introduces the reader to a number of important economic concepts, primarily in the context of some of the fundamentals of basic economic models of optimal decision making often used in the analysis of the behavior of economic actors and decision makers—i.e., students, faculty, departments, institutions and governments—in the higher education context.
Environment-Wide Association Study of Blood Pressure in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2012)

Identifying environmental exposures associated with blood pressure is a priority. Recently, we proposed the environment-wide association study to search for and replicate environmental factors associated with phenotypes. We conducted the environment-wide association study (EWAS) using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1999–2012) which evaluated a total of 71,916 participants to prioritize environmental factors associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. We searched for factors on participants from survey years 1999–2006 and tentatively replicated findings in participants from years 2007–2012. Finally, we estimated the overall association and performed a second meta-analysis using all survey years (1999–2012). For systolic blood pressure, self-reported alcohol consumption emerged as our top finding (a 0.04 increase in mmHg of systolic blood pressure for 1 standard deviation increase in self-reported alcohol), though the effect size is small. For diastolic blood pressure, urinary cesium was tentatively replicated; however, this factor demonstrated high heterogeneity between populations (I2 = 51%). The lack of associations across this wide of an analysis raises the call for a broader search for environmental factors in blood pressure.
Within- and between-individual variation in energy intakes by low-income Peruvian infants.

Pueblo Joven Huascar a low-income periurban community in Lima Peru was chosen 1) to examine the components of variation in infant energy intake 2) to calculate the precision of estimates of energy intake from different sources and 3) to estimate the number of dietary studies required to estimate true energy intake. The sample consisted of 1564 observations on 124 infants who were enrolled at birth and followed monthly. Total energy intake and energy from breastmilk nonhuman milk or other liquids and solid food sources were calculated for each observation. Means standard deviations and coefficients of variation for total energy and source-specific energy intakes were calculated for infancy (1-12 months) and for the successive 4-month periods. For months 1-12 the pooled ratio for total energy was 2.91. Pooled age-specific coefficients of within-infant variation in total energy intake were 70% greater and between-infant coefficient of variation were 20-50% lower compared to a study of 48 breastfed British infants. For months 1-12 variance ratios for breastmilk and nonhuman milk were 0.75 and 1.15 compared to ratios of 3.72 and 3.69 for non-milk liquids and solid foods respectively. For total energy total energy per kg body weight and breastmilk energy the within-to-between infant variance ratios were larger during 1-4 months compared to later infancy. Ratios for energy from nonhuman milk other liquids and solid foods were somewhat greater from 9 to 12 months compared to 5-8 months. These data suggest that pooled monthly dietary studies will give estimates of infants mean total and breastmilk energy intakes that are within 20-30% of their true mean intakes during each of the 4-month age periods examined. Monthly estimates of solid food energy intake by infants from 9-12 months will also be within 20% of the truth. At least 16 dietary studies are required however to estimate infants average solid food energy intake when they are 5-8 month old and be within 30% of their true intake for this period.
Discrepancies in Women’s Presence between European National Legislatures and the European Parliament: A Contextual Explanation

This study offers a contextual explanation for discrepancies in women’s rates of election between European national legislatures and the European Parliament (EP). Many European Union (EU) member states elect more women to the EP than to their national lower legislative houses. However, the margin of difference between women’s presence in the EP and these national legislatures varies widely across member states. Using data for the EU-27, the study corroborates previous research in showing that institutional accounts offer limited leverage in explaining these varying gaps. Instead, it argues that the discrepancy between women’s descriptive representation at national and European levels in each case is the result of contextual factors: voters, parties, and upwardly mobile politicians’ valuation of the EP and EP service moderates the translation of the national pool of potential female candidates into EP officeholders.
Parallel-DFTL: A Flash Translation Layer That Exploits Internal Parallelism in Solid State Drives

Solid State Drives (SSDs) using flash memory storage technology present a promising storage solution for data-intensive applications due to their low latency, high bandwidth, and low power consumption compared to traditional hard disk drives. SSDs achieve these desirable characteristics using internal parallelism - parallel access to multiple internal flash memory chips - and a Flash Translation Layer (FTL) that determines where data is stored on those chips so that they do not wear out prematurely. Unfortunately, current state-of- the-art cache-based FTLs like the Demand-based Flash Translation Layer (DFTL) do not allow IO schedulers to take full advantage of internal parallelism because they impose a tight coupling between the logical-to-physical address translation and the data access. In this work, we propose an innovative IO scheduling policy called Parallel-DFTL that works with the DFTL to break the coupled address translation operations from data accesses. Parallel-DFTL schedules address translation and data access operations separately, allowing the SSD to use its flash access channel resources concurrently and fully for both types of operations. We present a performance model of FTL schemes that predicts the benefit of Parallel-DFTL against DFTL. We implemented our approach in an SSD simulator using real SSD device parameters, and used trace-driven simulation to evaluate its efficacy. Parallel-DFTL improved overall performance by up to 32% for the real IO workloads we tested, and up to two orders of magnitude for our synthetic test workloads. It is also found that Parallel-DFTL is able to achieve reasonable performance with a very small cache size.
Satellites miss environmental priorities: Response to Loveland et al. and Kark et al.:

In response to Loveland and colleagues [1] on our article [2], we commend the job that the USGS has done to operate and manage the tremendously valuable Landsat image data streams and archives. In particular, we applaud plans to implement a 2005 Global Land Survey and to distribute historical Landsat data at no cost. Kark et al. [3] describe the increasingly important participation of additional countries outside the USA in large-scale Earth observation projects. We hope that these programmes will find the international support needed to maintain and distribute archives as cheaply as possible.
EVOLUTION OF EUROPEAN GM-FREE STANDARDS: REASONING OF CONSUMERS AND STRATEGIC ADOPTION BY COMPANIES

In this article, we discuss reasoning of consumers and strategic adoption behavior of producers and retailers with respect to genetically modified-free (GM-free) quality standards in Europe. We argue that there are three major reasons why a mandatory GM labeling scheme differs from a voluntary process-based GM-free labeling scheme regarding the effect on consumer demand: (1) while both mandatory and voluntary labels signal that products containing, or produced with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are of lower quality, experiments show that the signaling effect is stronger in the case of mandatory labels; (2) some consumers care more about the effects of consuming GMOs directly (i.e., labeled GMO) compared to consuming only products derived from GMOs (i.e., non-labeled GM-free); and (3) mandatory labeling shifts some of the labeling burden to the GM producer making the GM product relatively more expensive compared to the case of voluntary GM-free labeling. We discuss reasons why producers or retailers set or implement a voluntary GM-free production standard. To illustrate how the firm adoption theory can be extended, we use a real option game framework in a duopolistic setting and show that it can be beneficial to offer a GM-free product without labeling it. We show that this can be the case if investing without labeling works as a pre-investment or option to extend to reduce the investment cost of implementing a label in the case of an increase in demand. Finally, we provide a list of important events that have affected the evolution of the GM-free market in Europe.
Rangeland Systems: Foundation for a Conceptual Framework

This book describes the conceptual advances in scientific and management knowledge regarding global rangelands in the past 25 years. This knowledge originated from a substantial shift in underlying ecological theory and a gradual progression of natural resource management models. The progression of management models reflects a shift from humans as resource users to humans as resource stewards and it represents the backdrop against which this book has been written. The most influential scientific and sociopolitical events contributing to transformation of the rangeland profession in the past quarter century were recognition of nonlinear vegetation dynamics that solidified dissatisfaction with the traditional rangeland assessment procedure, the introduction of resilience theory and state-and-transition models that provided a conceptual framework for development of an alternative assessment procedure, and the National Research Council’s report on Rangeland Health that provided the political support to implement these changes in federal agencies. The knowledge created by this series of interrelated events challenged the traditional concepts developed decades earlier and provided the space and creativity necessary for development of alternative concepts. In retrospect, these conceptual advances originated from the ability of the rangeland profession to progress beyond the assumptions of equilibrium ecology and steady-state management that directly contributed to its inception 100 years ago. A more comprehensive framework of rangeland systems may enable management agencies and educational, research, and policy-making institutions to more effectively develop the capacity to address the challenges confronting global rangelands in the twenty-first century.
Microstructural damage of α-Al2O3 by high energy density plasma

Abstract One limitation on plasma thruster lifetime for space propulsion is plasma erosion of ceramic insulators. The underlying plasma erosion mechanism remains scarcely understood. In this work, polycrystalline α-Al2O3 was exposed to a high energy density plasma for up to 30 min using Cu and W electrodes. The damaged structures were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopies. It was found that plasma-induced damage includes not only surface erosion but also damage down to a depth of ∼1 μm. The surface damage including cracking, formation of surface nanostructures, γ-Al2O3 and epitaxial intergrowths of α-Al2O3, is caused mainly by ion-based sputtering, rapid surface melting and quenching. Deeper damage, i.e. formation of Al nanoparticles and O2 bubbles, is caused by the electron-induced decomposition of both α- and γ-Al2O3 via electronic excitation. Electrode impurities, especially the W impurities sunken in the molten Al2O3, act as a local heat source and cause expansion of γ-Al2O3 and Al regions. Furthermore, the impurities react with Al to form Al2Cu and Al5(W,Cu) particles. The Al2Cu are formed as surface dendrites and nanoparticles within the Al matrix. The Al5(W,Cu) having Al- and W-rich nano domains is determined to be a rhombohedral structure with lattice parameters of a = 0.490(3) nm, c = 2.632(4) nm and a space group of R 3 ¯ c. This study indicates that besides surface erosion, deeper damage caused by electrons and impurities should be considered when evaluating thruster plasma damage on ceramics.
Resilience: Queer Professors from the Working Class (Introduction)

This is the Introduction to RESILIENCE a book in which thirteen professors recount their experiences growing up in poverty or working class households and the different paths that led them to become academics. The authors range in age from retirees to people still early in their careers. Some were raised in big cities while others grew up in small towns or on farms. Their religious affiliations, family situations, and sexual proclivities vary in equally interesting ways. The authors taught assorted subjects at many levels, going from English to earth science and from doctoral seminars to community college classes. There were two scholars of color in the mix while there was a roughly even split between males and females. One contributor is a higher education administrator who had done some college-level teaching and whose story was included because it adds yet another dimension to the book. All the authors are native born and except for one work at an American college or university. The exception teaches in Britain and was included for two reasons. First, her chapter adds an "overseas" perspective and, second, perhaps her essay will encourage others to produce similar anthologies, but with a strictly international flavor.
Correlation between Photoluminescence and Carrier Transport and a Simple In Situ Passivation Method for High-Bandgap Hybrid Perovskites

High-bandgap mixed-halide hybrid perovskites have higher open-circuit voltage deficits and lower carrier diffusion lengths than their lower-bandgap counterparts. We have developed a ligand-assisted crystallization (LAC) technique that introduces additives in situ during the solvent wash and developed a new method to dynamically measure the absolute intensity steady-state photoluminescence and the mean carrier diffusion length simultaneously. The measurements reveal four distinct regimes of material changes and show that photoluminescence brightening often coincides with losses in carrier transport, such as in degradation or phase segregation. Further, the measurements enabled optimization of LAC on the 1.75 eV bandgap FA0.83Cs0.17Pb(I0.66Br0.34)3, resulting in an enhancement of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of over an order of magnitude, an increase of 80 meV in the quasi-Fermi level splitting (to 1.29 eV), an increase in diffusion length by a factor of 3.5 (to over 1 μm), and enhanced open-c...
Meeting your inner super(wo)man: are power poses effective when taught?

ABSTRACTResearchers have argued that power poses are an effective way for individuals to empower themselves to achieve personal goals. However, in laboratory studies, individuals are often unaware of the function of the poses; in real-world settings, participants must know the function of the pose in order to deliberately use it. We tested whether power poses are effective when an individual knows their consequences by directly manipulating awareness of the function of power poses. We found no evidence for the overall effect of power poses or an interaction with awareness on both traditional measures of power and a more ecologically valid assessment. Our results suggest the benefits of using power poses outside laboratory settings are limited.
Adrenergic Coronary Vasoconstriction with Coronary Stenosis

Clinical studies suggest that alpha-receptor-mediated (alpha-mediated) coronary vasoconstriction may play a role in the genesis of myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery stenoses. Mudge et al. [11, 12] have demonstrated an inappropriate increase in coronary vascular resistance in response to the cold pressor test in patients with coronary artery disease. Since previous studies in dogs have shown that alpha-mediated coronary vasoconstriction competes with local metabolic vasodilation during sympathetic activation [9], the idea that a similar competition exists in the presence of coronary stenosis was tested [3].
Elucidating the Role of Host Long Non-Coding RNA during Viral Infection: Challenges and Paths Forward.

Research over the past decade has clearly shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are functional. Many lncRNAs can be related to immunity and the host response to viral infection, but their specific functions remain largely elusive. The vast majority of lncRNAs are annotated with extremely limited knowledge and tend to be expressed at low levels, making ad hoc experimentation difficult. Changes to lncRNA expression during infection can be systematically profiled using deep sequencing; however, this often produces an intractable number of candidate lncRNAs, leaving no clear path forward. For these reasons, it is especially important to prioritize lncRNAs into high-confidence “hits” by utilizing multiple methodologies. Large scale perturbation studies may be used to screen lncRNAs involved in phenotypes of interest, such as resistance to viral infection. Single cell transcriptome sequencing quantifies cell-type specific lncRNAs that are less abundant in a mixture. When coupled with iterative experimental validations, new computational strategies for efficiently integrating orthogonal high-throughput data will likely be the driver for elucidating the functional role of lncRNAs during viral infection. This review highlights new high-throughput technologies and discusses the potential for integrative computational analysis to streamline the identification of infection-related lncRNAs and unveil novel targets for antiviral therapeutics.
SEPIA Project: Providing Access to Digital Image Content for the Blind and Visually Impaired

Created with the Blind and Visually Impaired as the designated community, this project embodies methodology and a use case scenario for utilizing new data model to enhance and optimize metadata for compatibility with screen readers. This paper presents an introduction to the SEPIA project (SEmantic Photographic Image Annotation). The following details reconceptualizing metadata and HTML tags to provide the ability to create a new platform for access.
A comparison of open and laparoscopic techniques in elective resection for diverticular disease.

INTRODUCTION: This study examines the outcomes of patients who underwent elective sigmoid resection for diverticular disease during the transition period from open to laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: The medical records of patients who underwent elective sigmoid resection from July 1, 1993 to June 30, 2005 at a community-based teaching hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Data collected included age, sex, duration of surgery, estimated blood loss (EBL), postoperative day of diet, length of stay (LOS), postoperative complication rate, and readmission rate. Data were compared using Wilcoxon rank sum and chi-square tests. Recurrence rates were evaluated. RESULTS: The medical records of 246 patients who had elective sigmoid resections were reviewed. One hundred sixty-six of the procedures were planned open operations, and 80 were initiated with laparoscopy. Of these 80 procedures, 10 were converted to open surgery. Overall, laparoscopic surgery was associated with shorter LOS (median: 4 days versus 8 days, P < 0.001; mean: 4.8 days versus 9.3 days), less EBL (median: 100 cc versus 200 cc, P < 0.001; mean: 167 cc versus 255 cc), and longer operative time (median: 185 minutes versus 153 minutes, P < 0.001; mean: 201.4 minutes versus 157.1 minutes). No mortalities occurred in either group. Readmission and recurrence rates were similar in the open and laparoscopic groups. Subset analyses to adjust for changes in practices over time did not account for improved LOS, EBL, or recurrence rate. CONCLUSION: Compared with open surgery, laparoscopic surgery for elective sigmoid resection is associated with a significantly shorter hospitalization and similar safety and recurrence rates.
Defining 'Sufficiently Serious' in Claims of Cruel and Unusual Punishment

When analyzing inmate claims brought under Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual punishment that arise from conditions of confinement, the courts employ a two-prong approach, asking: 1) whether the injury was “objectively, sufficiently serious,” and 2) whether the prison official was “deliberately indifferent” to the inmate’s needs. Although wide-ranging examples of deprivations of adequate food, clothing, shelter, medical care and safety can be found that do or do not satisfy the “objectively, sufficiently serious” standard, no consistent definition or articulated factors have been universally adopted in such cases. While a sodomy allegation meets the “objectively, sufficiently serious,” standard, a denial of food due to an inmate’s failure to comply with prison policy may not. Where a particular inmate claim of deprivation falls on the resulting spectrum is any court’s guess. This article reviews “evolving standards of decency” by studying state correctional standards in three areas: nutritional adequacy, hygiene, and exercise. Then, after ascertaining the “constitutional minimum,” three objective factors are examined from case-law and jury verdicts: duration, severity, and loss of dignity. When applied to a deviation from the constitutional minimum, these factors will best assist courts, practitioners, and juries in determining whether a claim arising out of conditions of confinement is “sufficiently serious”.
Angle Estimation Using Wideband Frequency Modulation and an Active Distributed Array

A new method of target angle estimation, which leverages wideband waveforms and a distributed array receiver, is presented. The distributed array receiver generates a grating lobe pattern, the spatially distributed phase of which changes as a function of frequency. By implementing a wideband linear frequency modulated waveform, a phase response manifests in the distributed array receiver output, whose instantaneous frequency is proportional to the angle of the object. The receiver frequency response is derived, and the angle estimation approach is experimentally demonstrated. A 4.8-GHz distributed array radar was implemented with a receiver baseline of $19.36\lambda $ using a waveform modulated over 2 GHz of bandwidth. Measurements with a single-point target were conducted, and the measured frequency responses show the expected correspondence to the angle of the target with an average error of 2.8° (0.049 rad) and a standard deviation of 1.8° (0.031 rad).
Employing GRIN PC-Inspired Approach for Building Invisibility Cloak Media from Photonic Crystals

Employing photonic crystals in transformation media requires realizing prescribed anisotropic spatial dispersions of refractive index components. We show that in invisibility cloaks, anisotropy can be provided by using crystals with rectangular lattices, while inspired by GRIN PCs approach can be employed to decrease scattering cross-section.
The Use of the Adjective Intensifier well in British English: A Case Study of The Inbetweeners

In some present-day varieties of British English the adverbial well can function as an adjective intensifier, as in utterances such as it’s well good and it’s well weird. The present study explores...
Buried Ice and Sand Caps at the North Pole of Mars: Revealing a Record of Climate Change in the Cavi Unit With SHARAD

NASA Mars Data Analysis Program [NNX15AM52G]; Landmark Software and Services, a Halliburton Company
Differential toxicity of ataxin-3 isoforms in Drosophila models of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3

Abstract The most commonly inherited dominant ataxia, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3), is caused by a CAG repeat expansion that encodes an abnormally long polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat in the disease protein ataxin-3, a deubiquitinase. Two major full-length isoforms of ataxin-3 exist, both of which contain the same N-terminal portion and polyQ repeat, but differ in their C-termini; one (denoted here as isoform 1) contains a motif that binds ataxin-3's substrate, ubiquitin, whereas the other (denoted here as isoform 2) has a hydrophobic tail. Most SCA3 studies have focused on isoform 1, the predominant version in mammalian brain, yet both isoforms are present in brain and a better understanding of their relative pathogenicity in vivo is needed. We took advantage of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster to model SCA3 and to examine the toxicity of each ataxin-3 isoform. Our assays reveal isoform 1 to be markedly more toxic than isoform 2 in all fly tissues. Reduced toxicity from isoform 2 is due to much lower protein levels as a result of its expedited degradation. Additional studies indicate that isoform 1 is more aggregation-prone than isoform 2 and that the C-terminus of isoform 2 is critical for its enhanced proteasomal degradation. According to our results, although both full-length, pathogenic ataxin-3 isoforms are toxic, isoform 1 is likely the primary contributor to SCA3 due to its presence at higher levels. Isoform 2, as a result of rapid degradation that is dictated by its tail, is unlikely to be a key player in this disease. Our findings provide new insight into the biology of this ataxia and the cellular processing of the underlying disease protein.
Implications of Emerging Educational Reforms for Individuals with Severe Disabilities.

We summarize three changes in education that have direct relevance for the education of students with severe disabilities: (a) adoption of multi-tiered system of supports as a framework for interve...
Chemistry outreach as a community of practice: investigating the relationship between student-facilitators’ experiences and boundary processes in a student-run organization

Previous work on chemistry outreach has mainly focused on designing and implementing demonstrations for outreach. Recent studies indicate student organizations are at the forefront of chemistry outreach and described their outreach practices and conceptual understanding of demonstrations. However, more research is needed regarding the experiences of facilitators leading outreach events to understand their motivation, what they are gaining from participating, how they are contributing to the community, etc. By providing this information, we can give more structure to outreach initiatives as an informal learning environment. This work is part of a larger study that explores the relationship between leadership in student organizations and chemistry outreach events. Here, we present how diversity plays a role in chemistry outreach, as informed by interviews involving nine graduate students who actively participated in outreach. Communities of practice (CoP) has been used as a framework to describe learning environments and student organizations participating in outreach can be thought of as a CoP. The findings suggest diversity and inclusion influence boundary processes of the student organization as a CoP. Specifically, students’ prior experiences related to gender, race/ethnicity, education and other outreach events play a role in their purpose for doing chemistry outreach, how they contribute to planning of events and how they interact with the audience of outreach events.
Impact of evidence-based flipped or active-engagement non-flipped courses on student performance in introductory physics1

We describe the impact of physics education research-based pedagogical techniques in flipped and active-engagement non-flipped courses on student performance on validated conceptual surveys. We compare student performance in courses that make significant use of evidence-based active engagement (EBAE) strategies with courses that primarily use lecture-based (LB) instruction. All courses had large enrollment and often had 100–200 students. The analysis of data for validated conceptual surveys presented here includes data from large numbers of students from two-semester sequences of introductory algebra-based and calculus-based introductory physics courses. The conceptual surveys used to assess student learning in the first and second semester courses were the Force Concept Inventory and the Conceptual Survey of Electricity and Magnetism, respectively. In the research discussed here, the performance of students in EBAE courses at a particular level is compared with LB courses in two situations: (i) the same ...
High Temporal Resolution Satellite Observations of Fire Radiative Power Reveal Link Between Fire Behavior and Aerosol and Gas Emissions

Wildfire smoke influences on air quality and atmospheric chemistry have been underscored by the increasing fire prevalence in recent years, and yet, the connection between fire, smoke emissions, an...
Photoactive electron donor–acceptor complex platform for Ni-mediated C(sp3)–C(sp2) bond formation

A dual photochemical/nickel-mediated decarboxylative strategy for the assembly of C(sp3)–C(sp2) linkages is disclosed. Under light irradiation at 390 nm, commercially available and inexpensive Hantzsch ester (HE) functions as a potent organic photoreductant to deliver catalytically active Ni(0) species through single-electron transfer (SET) manifolds. As part of its dual role, the Hantzsch ester effects a decarboxylative-based radical generation through electron donor–acceptor (EDA) complex activation. This homogeneous, net-reductive platform bypasses the need for exogenous photocatalysts, stoichiometric metal reductants, and additives. Under this cross-electrophile paradigm, the coupling of diverse C(sp3)-centered radical architectures (including primary, secondary, stabilized benzylic, α-oxy, and α-amino systems) with (hetero)aryl bromides has been accomplished. The protocol proceeds under mild reaction conditions in the presence of sensitive functional groups and pharmaceutically relevant cores.
Emergency Department Length of Stay and Mortality in Critically Injured Patients.

Objective:Multicenter data from 2 decades ago demonstrated that critically ill and injured patients spending more than 6 hours in the emergency department (ED) before transfer to the intensive care...
Two-loop Electroweak Corrections to the Top-Quark Contribution to $\epsilon_K$

The parameter $\epsilon_K$ measures $CP$ violation in the neutral kaon system. It is a sensitive probe of new physics and plays a prominent role in the global fit of the Cabibbo-Kobabyashi-Maskawa matrix. The perturbative theory uncertainty is currently dominated by the top-quark contribution. Here, we present the calculation of the full two-loop electroweak corrections to the top-quark contribution to $\epsilon_K$, including the resummation of QED-QCD logarithms. We discuss different renormalization prescriptions for the electroweak input parameters. In the traditional normalization of the weak Hamiltonian with two powers of the Fermi constant $G_F$, the top-quark contribution is shifted by $-1\%$.
A world without words

I appear in (and outside) the text of A World Without Words in several guises: as one of Goode's mentors at UCLA; as the co-author of an article (Pollner and Wickler, 1985) explicitly critiqued by Goode for using clinical assessments of families as a nonproblematic analytic resource; and as Goode's co-author of a subsequent article (Pollner and Goode, 1990) that considers our divergent treatment of the families of children bereft of conventional communicational competencies. My valuation of A World Without Words should be considered in light of this history, of course, but in reading the research in its current form I was taken anew by its breadth, depth, and significance. It delivers a penetrating, poignant, and reflexively sensitive study of the sightless and soundless worlds of children born with Rubella syndrome; the custodial, clinical, and familial response to these children; and the embodied foundations of intersubjectivity. Because of the panoply of concerns and the originality with which they are explored, the words of A World Without Words will (or should) be read by several audiences: families of children with Rubella and similar disorders; professionals treating children; practitioners of the human sciences; and, would that it were possible, the children themselves. For the human sciences, especially the family of perspectives concerned with meaning, interaction, and experience,^ World Without Words has special value. On the one hand, it realizes and exemplifies key initiatives underlying these approaches. On the other hand, it unsettles their conceptual and method? ological boundaries. In attempting to understand the worlds of children whose sensorium is so different from the subjects typically the focus of qualitative and ethnographic research, A World Without Words contributes to the rethink? ing and perhaps the revising of assumptions, concepts, and methods grounded in the world with words. I should like to indicate several boundary points of the latter that ,4 World Without Words variously transgresses and transforms.
Chapter 22. Tyrosine-Specific Protein Kinases

Publisher Summary The enzymes that comprise tyrosine kinases can be distinguished from other protein kinases by a number of criteria, most notably, their specificity for phosphorylation of tyrosine residues. The importance of these phosphotransferases is not merely a consequence of their tyrosine-specificity, but the evidence that all of the enzymes in this class appear to be associated with the regulation of cellular morphology and growth control. At first, tyrosine phosphorylation is identified in association with the transforming proteins of several oncogenic viruses. “Transforming” proteins are those polypeptides that are responsible for the initiation and maintenance of the transformed phenotype. A second group of tyrosine-specific protein kinases has been identified in normal cells. This group contains the membrane receptors for many cellular growth factors, including epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). Interaction of each of these factors with their respective cellular receptor results in activation of tyrosine-specific kinase activity associated with the receptor molecule. The precise mechanism, whereby these tyrosine kinases interact with other cellular proteins to exert their biological effects, is presently unknown. This review discusses the current state of knowledge on these two groups of tyrosine kinases.
Globalisation: Effects on Biodiversity, Environment and Society

The march of globalisation seems inexorable, with effects felt throughout the world. These effects include, but are not limited to, reduced genetic diversity in agriculture (loss of crop varieties and livestock breeds), loss of wild species, spread of exotic species, pollution of air, water and soil, accelerated climatic change, exhaustion of resources, and social and spiritual disruption. The market cannot be relied on to control the environmental and other costs of globalisation. Although its present dominance creates an impression of permanence, a conjunction of formidable limiting factors is even now acting to curb the process of globalisation-possibly to end it altogether. Technological fixes cannot overcome these limiting factors. The architects of globalisation have ignored the social, biological and physical constraints on their created system. Critics of globalisation have noted that global free trade promotes the social and economic conditions most likely to undermine its own existence. The same can be said of the biological and physical limiting factors-especially, in the short term, the dwindling supplies of cheap energy. The necessary opposition that has formed to counter the worst features of globalisation must keep its dangerous side-effects in the public eye, and develop alternative, workable socio-economic systems that have a strong regional element and are not dependent on centralised, complex technologies.
Mid‐twenty‐first‐century projected trends in North American heating and cooling degree days

Heating degree days and cooling degree days are overall measures of the demand for heating and cooling services. These measures serve as indices for financial products known as temperature derivatives (and more generally, weather derivatives), which allow utility companies and other businesses to hedge against weather risks. Weather derivatives are traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, and as of 2011, the size of the weather risk market was estimated to be $11.8bn. Questions linking climate change to weather derivatives naturally arise. In this paper, we estimate trends in the annual projected number of heating degree days and cooling degree days over North America using regional climate model output for years 2038–2068. The regional climate model data are obtained from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program. Two methods are demonstrated, one empirical and data driven, and the other taking advantage of spatial statistical models. Both methods incorporate regional climate model ensemble variability and produce trend estimates across North America. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
La crisis Colombiana y Perú

Este articulo contextualiza las politicas del Peru frente al conflicto colombiano en el marco de los discursos securitizadores emergidos en la region desde finales del siglo pasado. Especificamente...
Amniotic fluid antibody titers and other prognostic parameters in erythroblastosis.

Abstract A number of methods of determining the status of the infant in utero in erythroblastosis have been studied and compared to the outcome. The ratio of the per cent transmission at 520 mμ to that at 490 mμ, the Δ O . D . 450 , and the amniotic fluid antibody titer were found to be the most effective prognostic methods, in that order of significance. These is an improvement over the effectiveness of any single factor in prognostic ability when these factors are combined in a formula derived from multiple stepwise regression analyses of all possible combinations of factors studied. A discussion of possible reasons for the lack of significance of maternal antibody titer, and the significance of amniotic fluid antibody titer is undertaken.
Views of mixed-mode computing and network evaluation

Trade-offs between the SIMD and MIMD models of architecture for parallelism are presented. Mixed-mode parallelism, where a machine can switch between the SIMD and MIMD modes of parallelism at instruction-level granularity with generally negligible overhead, is discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of mixed-mode parallelism and an example of a mixed-mode parallel algorithm are given. The relationship of mixed-mode processing to high-performance heterogeneous computing is overviewed. Difficulties involved with evaluating interconnection networks for parallel machines are then considered. There are a myriad of metrics that have been used in the literature. The problems involved with choosing the most appropriate metric or weighted set of metrics, and performing "fair" comparisons, are explored. >
Brave New World? Ruminations on Race in the Twenty‐first Century

What if we “renovated” race as a concept to reflect new configurations, possibilities and disruptions? In this essay, I consider how we might “do” race differently in our theorizing and praxis by interrogating the framings and the language we use to understand and engage race in all its permutations. I encourage us to see “informal moments of intervention” in the public sphere as resilience central to informing our theory. By engaging multiple sites of production and placing our intellectual and creative selves at the center of those relationships, we can potentially uncover/discover/recover race as an emergent concept that more accurately depicts and articulates where and who we are in the present.