cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antifibrotic Activity of Sorafenib in Experimental Hepatic Fibrosis: Refinement of Inhibitory Targets, Dosing, and Window of Efficacy In Vivo

Sorafenib, which is approved for treatment of HCC, has also shown promising antifibrotic activity, and therefore refinement of its dosing requirements and window of efficacy are important goals prior to antifibrotic clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to determine the minimal effective dose and optimal timing of sorafenib therapy in cultured human stellate cells and in rats with experimental hepatic fibrosis. Effects of sorafenib were assessed in a human stellate cell line (LX-2). In vivo, rats were treated for 8 weeks with TAA three times per week (150 mg/kg IP), and with either PBS or sorafenib administered daily at doses of 1.25, 5 or 7 mg/kg/day gavage either at the beginning of TAA administration for 8 weeks, during weeks 4–8, or from weeks 8–12. Sorafenib treatment significantly inhibited LX-2 proliferation by >75 % (7.5 or 15 μM). Treatment with 7.5-μM sorafenib for 12 h markedly inhibited expression of TGFβ1, TIMP-1, collagen I, and MMP2 mRNAs, but not of β-PDGFR or type I TGFβR. In vivo, sorafenib significantly inhibited liver fibrosis when started concurrently with TAA and during weeks 4–8 with TAA. In contrast, there was no significant effect of sorafenib on fibrogenic gene expression or fibrosis when begun after cirrhosis was already established. Sorafenib is anti-proliferative and antifibrotic towards human HSCs in culture, and is a potent antifibrotic agent in TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. The drug is effective at relatively low doses at the early stage of liver fibrosis, but is not effective when cirrhosis is already established.
Toward contextual sensitivity: approaches to end user instruction in the USA

The evolution of online instruction in the United States has been characterized by increasing sensitivity to the experiential contexts of end users. Two conceptual teaching models are described which recognize and extend end users' existent knowledge. The database model and the network model facilitate end users' interrogation of information retrieval (IR) systems through representation of systems' internal structures and functional outcomes. Evaluation results have shown that these instructional approaches cultivate end‐ users' development of mental models which enable them to make appropriate inferences and predictions during online decision making.
Does physical activity change over 24 months in persons with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis?

Objective There is strong evidence for prevalent physical inactivity among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). By comparison, very little is known about natural occurring change in physical activity over time. Such inquiry is important for identifying the rate, patterns, and predictors of change for the design and delivery of behavioral interventions in this population. The present study conducted latent growth modeling (LGM) and latent class growth analysis (LCGA) for understanding the rate, patterns, and predictors of change in physical activity over a 24-month period among persons with MS. Methods On three occasions each separated by 12 months, persons (n = 269) with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) completed a battery of questionnaires that included assessment of physical activity behavior. Data were analyzed using Mplus 3.0. Results The LGM indicated that a linear model provided a good fit to the data (χ2 = 3.94, p = .05, CFI = .987, SRMR = .025), but the slope (Ms = 0.8) was nonsignificant (p > .05) and indicated no change in physical activity over time. LCGA identified a 2-class solution, and, based on the Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio test, this model fit the data better than the 1-class solution. The 2-class solution consisted of low-active (∼80%) and high-active (∼20%) persons, but there was no change in physical activity over time per group. Sex and disability, but not age and disease duration, were predictors of being in the low active class. Conclusions There was prevalent physical inactivity, but little interindividual and intraindividual change over 24 months in this cohort of persons with RRMS. Such results identify the importance of behavior interventions, perhaps early in the disease process wherein physical inactivity originates.
Theory-Informed Design and Evaluation of an Advanced Search and Knowledge Mapping System in Nanotechnology

Effective search support is an important tool for helping individuals deal with the problem of information overload. This is particularly true in the field of nanotechnology, where information from patents, grants, and research papers is growing rapidly. Guided by cognitive fit and cognitive load theories, we develop an advanced Web-based system, Nano Mapper, to support users' search and analysis of nanotechnology developments. We perform controlled experiments to evaluate the functions of Nano Mapper. We examine users' search effectiveness, efficiency, and evaluations of system usefulness, ease of use, and satisfaction. Our results demonstrate that Nano Mapper enables more effective and efficient searching, and users consider it to be more useful and easier to use than the benchmark systems. Users are also more satisfied with Nano Mapper and have higher intention to use it in the future. User evaluations of the analysis functions are equally positive.
A review of the physics of electron heating at collisionless shocks

Abstract The current understanding of the increase of electron temperature across fast and slow magnetosonic collisionless shocks observed in space is reviewed. The concept advanced by Goodrich and Scudder /1/ that the electron temperature increase is essentially caused by the inflation of the phase space in the presence of the DC deHoffmann-Teller (HT) /2/ electric field within the shock layer has achieved wide acceptance. This review reiterates the essential basis of that work: that with their relatively small inertia the electrons remain magnetized while the ions do not. It is this fact that makes the HT frame the relevant one for electron energetics. Subsequent discussions of the electron issues and its corollaries always come back to the same issue: m M ⪡ 1 makes collisionless shocks the way they are observed. The predicted corollaries of this understanding in terms of the diagnostic signatures in the magnetic field within the shock structure have been challenged in the intervening years, but nevertheless confirmed by independent groups. This understanding has also been transferred to the relatively rare slow shocks. These corollaries concern the geometry of magnetic tubes of force that underlie the one-fluid J × B force. This geometry clarifies that the tubes of force that pierce the shock do not lie in a single coplanarity plane, but meander in a staircase-like fashion between distinct asymptotic coplanarity planes perpendicular to the tangential electric field direction, E T . It is also developed that the relative size of the deHoffmann-Teller and Normal Incidence cross shock electrical potential is now established, with the Normal Incidence potential jump bigger (smaller) than the deHoffmann-Teller jump in observed fast (slow) shock waves. A geometrical discussion has been made in this review that these relations are consistent with the required tangential torques needed for the ion deflections required by Hugoniot, being opposite for the fast and slow shocks. Computer simulations with particle electrons have just recently been able to verify the experimental picture summarized above, including the self-consistent generation of the strong shock flat-topped electron distribution functions and the relatively unimportant role of instabilities in electron heating as opposed to assimilation or scattering . The diagnostics of this code have supported the overwhelming importance of the DC effects of the coherent forces in the electron shock heating physics.
PHENOTYPIC EFFECTS OF THERMAL MEANS AND VARIANCES ON SMOOTH SOFTSHELL TURTLE (APALONE MUTICA) EMBRYOS AND HATCHLINGS

Temperature is a crucial factor in the development of oviparous organisms. Under natural conditions, the eggs of many species are subjected to changing thermal environments, but most laboratory studies have incubated eggs at constant temperatures. To evaluate the phenotypic effects of different thermal means and variances and to separate temperature effects from maternal effects, eggs from 10 clutches of smooth softshell turtles (Apalone mutica) were equally distributed among six temperature treatments that reflect thermal conditions observed in natural nests: two eggs each at a mean of 28.5 or 32.5 C, with ranges of ± 0, 2, and 4 C. In addition to embryonic traits (change in egg mass, hatching success, and incubation length), we measured and evaluated body size, swimming performance, and righting time of the hatchlings. The interaction between mean temperature and temperature fluctuation exerted a significant influence on eight of the ten traits we measured, indicating that fluctuating temperatures do no...
Nonlinear boundary stabilization of parallelly connected Kirchoff plates

A system of nonlinearly coupled Kirchhoff plates is considered. It is shown that by applying nonlinear issipation on the boundary, the energy of the system decays to zero at a uniform rate.
Particle deposition from turbulent flow in a pipe

Abstract Diffusive particle deposition rates are predicted on the walls of a straight, smooth circular tube in which fully developed turbulent flow exist. As a pre-requisite to calculating particle wall flux, the particle mass balance equation (convective diffusion) is solved, using the method of separation of variables. A sub-layer model is used, in which a thin laminar sub-layer is considered to be imbedded within the turbulent boundary layer. In the region outside the laminar sub-layer, the time-averaged transport of particles to the wall is enhanced because of the turbulence induced eddy-diffusivity of the particles. Inside the laminar sub-layer close to the wall, the effect of turbulence is considered negligible and transport of particles to the surface is dominated by particle Brownian diffusivity. Using method of separation of variables, the problem is reduced to one of solving an ordinary differential equation which belongs to the Sturm-Liouville class of equations. We compute and report the first ten eigenvalues and associated eigenfunctions of the reduced equation along with the relevant constants needed to estimate the evolving particle number density profile and time-averaged particle wall deposition rates. Particle deposition rates have been estimated for Reynolds numbers and particle Schmidt numbers ranges of greatest practical interest. Asymptotic eigenvalues are reported and are seen to be in good agreement with the computed values. Application of the results to estimate the inertial contribution to the particle deposition rates in the eddy diffusion-impaction regime is also illustrated and generalizations of our methods have been discussed.
The Tail Sheath of Bacteriophage N4 Interacts with the Escherichia coli Receptor

Unlike other characterized phages, the lytic coliphage N4 must inject the 360-kDa virion RNA polymerase (vRNAP), in addition to its 72-kbp genome, into the host for successful infection. The process of adsorption to the host sets up and elicits the necessary conformational changes in the virion to allow genome and vRNAP injection. Infection of suppressor and nonsuppressor strains, Escherichia coli W3350 supF and E. coli W3350, with a mutant N4 isolate (N4am229) harboring an amber mutation in Orf65 yielded virions containing (N4gp65(+)) and lacking (N4gp65(-)) gp65, respectively. N4gp65(+) but not N4gp65(-) phage was able to adsorb to the host. Recombinant gp65 with a hexahistidine tag at the N terminus or hexahistidine and c-myc tags at the C terminus was able to complement N4gp65(-) virions in vivo and in vitro. Immunogold detection of gp65 in vivo complemented virions revealed its localization at the N4 tail. Finally, we show both in vitro and in vivo that gp65 interacts with the previously determined N4 outer membrane receptor, NfrA.
Eddy-current techniques for segregating nonferrous metals from waste

Abstract Eddy-current separation techniques can play a useful role in processing and beneficiating many types of waste. The physical principles of this method are reviewed with emphasis on techniques using permanent magnets. The techniques have been applied to municipal solid waste, automobile scrap, glass cullet, polyester bottle scrap and electric-cable scrap. Test data for each of these applications are summarized.
Differential distributions of HNK-1 and tenascin immunoreactivity during innervation of myotomal muscle in Xenopus

Abstract The HNK-1 antibody labels developing neurons and their processes in Xenopus [40,43]. HNK-1 recognizes a carbohydrate bound to subsets of a number of cell and extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion molecules, including those of the tenascin/cytotactin family. Both HNK-1 and Tenascin (TN) antigens have been implicated in neural development. Here we describe and compare expression patterns of the two antigens during development of the myotomal neuromuscular system. HNK-1 marks peripheral motor axon processes, including their fine branches at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), in a pattern that persists throughout development. NMJs of myotomal muscle are located on either side of the intermyotomal spaces (IMS). From the beginning, TN-immunoreactivity (TN-IR) appears predominantly at the IMS, but not on peripheral nerves. Expression of both antigens is graded along the anteroposterior axis, with tenascin appearing first. At the ultrastructural level, HNK1-immunoreactivity appears on motor axons and at the neuromuscular junction on pre-and postsynaptic membranes. In contrast, TN-IR appears ubiquitously in the ECM of the intermyotomal junction, but not in association with axons or synaptic components. The respective distributions of the two antigens during myotomal innervation indicate that tenascin does not bear the HNK-1 antigen in Xenopus embryos and larvae, but that both antigens occupy positions consistent with roles in the establishment of NMJs at the myotomes.
Abstract 4706: Gene and protein expression of TGF-beta signaling pathway molecules in women undergoing reduction mammoplasty

Gene and protein expression of TGF-beta signaling pathway molecules in women undergoing reduction mammoplasty. Introduction: The TGF- β signaling pathway is involved in growth, differentiation, apoptotic and senescence processes; it also participates in the malignant transformation events that lead to breast cancer. Hypothesis: TGF- β expression might contribute to the risk of breast cancer. Methods: As part of an ongoing epidemiology study conducted at the Lombardi Cancer Center in Georgetown University, we collected breast tissue samples from women undergoing reduction mammoplasty without history of cancer. We obtained histological slides from 92 women and performed immunohistochesmistry staining against TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, TGF-βR1 and TGF-βR2. The Allred scoring system was used to asses the intensity and distribution of the staining in each slide (in a scale of 0 to 6). Additionally, we extracted RNA from frozen tissue samples in RNA-later solution from 75 women and assessed the gene expression of the TGF-β signaling pathway by quantitative-PCR (relative quantification against endogenous RNase-p). Results: We found the staining highly specific and confined mainly to lobular structures; TGF-β2 (median A-score 6, SD 0.9009), TGF-βR1 (median A-score 6, SD 0.6603) and TGF-βR2 (median A-score 6, SD 0.7460) scores were higher than TGF-β1 (median A-score 0, SD 1.8485) and TGF-β3 (median A-score 5, SD 0.6450), and we noticed high levels of TGF-β1 in 9 women with proliferative lesions (atypical hyperplasia), when compared against women without lesions (Fisher9s exact test P Conclusion: There is an interindividual variation in the gene expression of TGF-β signaling pathway molecules in healthy women, and TGF-β1 protein expression is increased in women with proliferative lesions in their breast tissues. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4706.
32-GHz cryogenically cooled HEMT low-noise amplifiers

The cryogenic noise temperature performances of a two-stage and a three-stage 32-GHz HEMT (high-electron-mobility transistor) amplifier were evaluated. The amplifiers utilize quarter-micrometer conventional AlGaAs/GaAs HEMT devices, hybrid matching input and output microstrip circuits, and a cryogenically stable DC biasing network. The noise temperature measurements were performed in the frequency range of 31 to 33 GHz over a physical temperature range of 300 to 12 K. Across the measurement band, the amplifiers displayed a broadband response, and the noise temperature was observed to decrease by a factor of ten in cooling from 300 to 15 K. The lowest noise temperature measured for the two-stage amplifier at 32 GHz was 35 K with an associated gain of 16.5 dB, while for the three-stage amplifier it was 39 K with an associated gain of 26 dB. It was further observed that both amplifiers were insensitive to light. >
La niña bonita: tradition and change in female allegories of the Second Spanish Republic

AbstractThe republican movements in Spain from at least 1792 shortly after the French Revolution until 1939 when the Spanish Civil War ended employed female allegories to represent a potential or realized Spanish republic. The present article focuses on the images of women that represented the Second Spanish Republic from 1931 to 1939, although it refers to female allegories of the First Spanish Republic, which provided inspiration for some of the symbols and designs adopted in the Second Republic. We particularly note the transformation in meaning of some of the icons such as the Phrygian bonnet, the turreted crown, the lion, and Christian and Masonic symbols. While the potential for progress and modernization under the Second Republic was an important theme of the female allegories, these are often rooted in familiar images that derive from classical dress, monarchical traditions, and Christianity. These eclectic allegories attempted to appeal to the heterogeneous population that could potentially suppo...
Tidal currents and Acartia distribution in Newport Bay, California

Abstract Tidal current patterns in Upper Newport Bay were strongly influenced by bottom topography and channel physiography. Mixing and recirculation processes associated with gyre formation tended to prevent a complete exchange of waters over a tidal cycle. Zooplankton biomass was consistently high in the area of the gyres, decreasing downchannel toward the Lower Bay. The abundance of Acartia (Acanthacartia) n. sp., the dominant zooplankton species in Upper Newport Bay, also declined downchannel. Conservation of the population could be partly explained by a behavioral tendency to congregate in the depths during ebb tide, thus becoming entrained in the gyre system.
P300 and response time from a manual Stroop task

Abstract Objectives : Manual response time (RT) and P300 event-related potential (ERP) measures were recorded in a Stroop color naming task to determine if previous results with vocal responses would be obtained using an arbitrary stimulus-response (S-R) mapping. Methods : Subjects ( n =32) were instructed to respond to the display color of a word but to ignore its meaning. Display color was congruent, neutral, or incongruent with word meaning. Results : Stroop facilitation and interference effects were observed, as RT was shortest in the congruent condition, intermediate in the neutral condition, and longest in the incongruent condition. In contrast, P300 latency did not vary across color/word congruence conditions, suggesting that the RT difference between congruence conditions originated after stimulus evaluation. Conclusions : These manual RT/P300 findings support the view that Stroop interference and facilitation originate from response competition between the relevant and irrelevant stimulus attributes. By employing an arbitrary mapping of color words onto buttons, the present results indicate that the disparate effects of Stroop stimuli on RT and P300 latency do not depend on the nature of the S-R translation.
Boundary completion in illusory contours: interpolation or extrapolation?

Most computational and neural-style models of contour completion (ie illusory and occluded contours) are based on interpolation: the filling in of an edge between two visible edges. The results of three experiments suggest an alternative conception, that units are formed as a result of extrapolation from visible edges. In three experiments, subjects reported illusory contours between standard illusory-contour inducing elements and forms that do not, by themselves, induce illusory contours. We suggest that these forms are not a special case of inducing elements but that they represent a different class—receiving elements. Receiving elements are forms that can receive an illusory contour but cannot generate one, and they can alter contour formation. In experiment 1, receiving elements increased the judged clarity of illusory contours. In experiment 2, illusory edges were seen to connect to corners, line ends, and even the edges of circles. Boundary formation in motion displays also appears to be based on ex...
High Rayleigh Number Laminar Convection in Low Aspect Ratio Enclosures With Adiabatic Horizontal Walls and Differentially Heated Vertical Walls

Laminar flow in shallow horizontal cavities (aspect ratio a 10/sup 6/) is investigated using an approximate analysis based on first principles, and also with numerical solutions to the full equations. A Prandtl number of approximately one is assumed. It is found that the flow regime at such high values of Ra is characterized by boundary layers lining both vertical as well as horizontal walls of the enclosure, and is qualitatively different from the flow regimes at lower Rayleigh numbers. The internal region of the core (near to the horizontal centerline) exhibits linear velocity and temperature profiles. Typical isotherms and streamlines characteristic of this flow regime are presented, based on the numerical solutions. The velocity and temperature profiles predicted from the approximate analysis are found to compare well with those obtained from the numerically obtained solutions. The Nusselt numbers predicted from the analysis are also in good agreement with the numerical solutions, and with the limited experimental data in the literature. The various physical processes in this type of flow are discussed based on the findings of the analytical and numerical studies.
The influence of living along the U.S.-Mexico border on unintentional drug overdose death, New Mexico (USA), 2005–2009

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to characterize unintentional drug overdose death patterns among Hispanic ethnicity/sex strata by residence in New Mexico counties that border Mexico and non-border counties. Methods We analyzed medical examiner data for all unintentional drug overdose death in New Mexico during 2005–2009. Logistic and Poisson regression was used to examine the relationship of unintentional drug overdose death with border residence and demographics. Risk of overdose death was examined by the interactions of ethnicity, sex and border residence. Results During 2005–2009, the statewide drug overdose death rate was 17.6 per 100,000 (n = 1812). Border decedents were more likely to have died from overdose of prescription opioids other than methadone (Schedule II, Adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 1.98; Schedule III/IV, aOR = 1.56) but less likely to have died from heroin overdose (aOR = 0.35), compared to non-border decedents. In population-based analyses, people living in border counties had lowest rates of overall overdose death and from illicit drugs, particularly heroin and cocaine. Hispanic males (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aRR] = 2.41), Hispanic females (aRR = 1.77) and non-Hispanic males (aRR = 1.37) from non-border counties had higher risk of drug overdose death than their counterparts from border counties. Border residence had no effect on risk of drug overdose death among non-Hispanic females. Conclusions Residents in border counties incurred a protective effect for drug overdose death, most pronounced among Hispanics. There is a component of overdose death risk for which border residence is a proxy, likely an array of cultural and healthcare-related factors.
Labyrinth Packer Lowers the Costs for Steam Injections Wells: Theoretical and Experimental Results

This paper describes a low-cost completion technique that uses conventional tubing and replaces the expensive thermal packer with a new low-cost design. The new design allows free tubing expansion and protects casing through continuous gas circulation in the annulus. It also makes possible simultaneous injection of combustion gases from steam generators, when conventional systems are used, or small amounts of nitrogen, when the generators are not available.
A World of Strong Privacy: Promises and Perils of Encryption

A major theme in discussions of the influence of technology on society has been the computer as a threat to privacy. It now appears that the truth is precisely the opposite. Three technologies associated with computers—public-key encryption, networking, and virtual reality—are in the process of giving us a level of privacy never known before. The U.S. government is currently intervening in an attempt, not to protect privacy, but to prevent it.
Classification of endoscopie images using support vector machines

This paper presents an application of support vector machines (SVMs) to mu I ti class problem in endoscopie image classification. Many studies have reported that SVMs have met with success in the texture classification problem. As an endoscopie image poses rich information expressed by texture features, we therefore investigate the potential of SVMs in this task. Strategy for multiclass problem based on an ensemble of binary classifiers is also implemented since the traditional SVMs algorithm deals with single label classification problems. The proposed scheme demonstrated an excellent classification result for multiclass problem in endoscopie image classification. We also show how a distortion correction helps further improve the results.
Adding Accessories for Hypertension: α2δ-1 Subunits Upregulate CaV1.2 Channels in Arterial Myocytes in a Model of Genetic Hypertension

See related article, pp 1006–1015 Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and renal disease.1 Although the principal cause of hypertension is likely renal, vascular dysfunction is critical,2 and the increased arterial tone associated with hypertension contributes to the development of the pathology. This is highlighted by recent studies indicating that the endogenous vasoconstrictor angiotensin II is a likely contributor to vascular dysfunction in human3 and hypertension models.4 In the current issue of Hypertension , a study from Bannister et al5 addressed an important and yet unresolved question in vascular physiology: what are the molecular mechanisms underlying changes in the function of dihydropyridine-sensitive, voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels in arterial myocytes during hypertension? Through a series of elegant experiments they provide an interesting and unexpected answer to this difficult conundrum. Below, we describe the context and implications of their findings. In arterial smooth muscle, L-type Ca2+ currents are produced by channels composed of pore-forming CaV1.2 α1 subunits and accessory β and α2δ-1 subunits. …
Redundancy in model representation: a blessing or a curse?

With the intent of dispelling the prevailing negative connotations associated with redundancy, we argue that redundancy can effect benefits in model specification as opposed to model execution. Sources of redundancy are classified as accidental or intentional, and several examples are given for each. The comparative benefits and detriments are discussed briefly, and for the most interesting source of redundancy that induced by a modeling methodology, we demonstrate that automated elimination of redundancy can actually improve the execution time. Although the set of models investigated is small, these results are encouraging for researchers in modeling methodologies using automated model diagnosis.
Can tests identify creative people

It is always a popular pursuit by academic administrators to assess the creativity or innovative qualities of scientists in order to evaluate their research capabilities. Of course, traditionally such evaluations have been fraught with subjectivity (i.e., innovative scientists are commonly thought to be weird, under 40 years old, independent, risk-taking, etc.), and thus such evaluations have not been highly valued. In recent years, through testing, the American Chemical Society (ACS) has attempted to give respectability to the art of predicting the creativity of a scientist. ACS, which draws its members from both industrial and academic laboratories, held a symposium on the subject of evaluating the creativity of scientists. The proceedings were published by ACS as ‘Innovation and U.S. Research: Problems and Recommendations’ (W. N. Smith and C.F. Larson, eds., 1980). In the proceedings, as reported in the July 1982 Chemtec (all quotes here are from the Chemtec article), A. Nisson was able to identify only the following two-part characteristic of an innovative person: (1) a low threshold to ‘a state of discomfort with some aspect of the order of things, the status quo,’ and (2) ‘an extraordinarily high level of mental stamina enabling him or her to persist until the state of discomfort is removed.’
What Is an “Addiction Memory”?

Imagine a heroin addict. This young man started heroin when he was 18, and took drugs for the next 10 years. He was caught by the police, arrested, convicted, and spent half a year in prison. While there, he went through withdrawal. Afterward, he began to feel better, gained weight, and felt like a new man. He decided he was through with drugs. When he was released from prison, he went back home. While approaching the same subway stop where he’d previously experienced heroin withdrawal symptoms (while trying to score more heroin), he began to sweat and gag. After getting off the subway, he vomited on the tracks. He alleviated these symptoms by injecting heroin. The next day, he experienced intense craving and withdrawal symptoms, and again relieved them by injecting heroin. This cycle repeated itself over the next days, and he was soon re-addicted (O’Brien, 1976). So, why did this person experience withdrawal symptoms at the subway stop when he had been clean and sober for 6 months? The answer lies in the complex interactions of glutamate in the brain. Glutamate is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter …
Protestant Press Relations in the United States, 1900–1930

Le debut du XX e siecle voit la presse protestante des Etats-Unis amorcer un changement. En effet, la plupart des magazines protestants deviennent soit les organes d'une confession, soit des publications specialisees dont le lectorat ne comprend plus que tres peu d'ecclesiastiques. La marginalisation de cette presse continue pendant les annees 1900-1930. A partir de ce moment, les ministres du culte ont compris que le meilleur moyen de ramener leurs paroissiens a l'Eglise serait d'entrer eux-memes dans le monde de la presse
Multimedia and technology based electromagnetic education

For years students and educators alike expressed frustration with the teaching and learning of the subject of electromagnetics. Microwave application areas, high frequency electronics, fast computers, and wireless-based technologies continued to grow and expand, yet concepts of electromagnetics, so familiar to practitioners, continued to be mysterious and challenging to learn for beginners. The Antennas and Propagation Society (AP-S) played a key leadership role in using computers and software tools to stimulate and support the teaching and learning of electromagnetics. Through a grant from the National Science Foundation in late 1980s that AP-S was able to unify much of the ongoing individualized efforts and further motivate the use of innovative multimedia modules, virtual laboratories, and software tools in electromagnetic education. During this period, the Computer Applications for Electromagnetic Education (CAEME) Center was established and through the remarkable vision of the AP-S leadership including Dr. Iren Peden, Dr. David Chang, and late Professor Robert E. Collin, CAEME developed software books in electromagnetics, and produced CD ROMs for teaching and learning electromagnetics. Available CD ROMs include video clips, and extensive assets of innovative multimedia modules including virtual labs and instruments, simulation software, and virtual participation in practical applications. Several IEEE and non-IEEE societies participated in this effort including the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society, Electromagnetic Compatibility Society and the Applied Electromagnetic Society (ACES). The program continued for several years even after the NSF funding, thanks to corporate support and the income from the distribution of the CAEME publications.
Laminar Forced Convection at Zero Gravity to Water near the Critical Region

Numerical modeling is carried out to analyze the heat transfer and fluid flow for water in the critical region in laminar tube flow under zero-gravity conditions. The model considers variable density, specific heat, viscosity, and conductivity. The effect of proximity to the critical point is also considered. To accurately predict property distributions, the numerical grid is clustered in the region where property variation is severe. The results of the modeling provide heat transfer and flow characteristics including profiles of temperature and velocity, the heat transfer coefficient, and the friction factor in the developing region of the tube. Constant wall temperature and constant wall heat flux are considered, and pressure, inlet fluid temperature, and Reynolds number are used as parameters. The calculation results show differences compared from results based on constant properties, and provide insight into the effects of the large property variations on heat transfer.
Pipetting: A Practical Guide

In many fields of science, including cell biology, microbiology, biotechnology, biochemistry and quantitative chemistry, pipetting is an essential skill that must be mastered. Despite this, I was surprised to find few resources, especially in the life sciences, available to the student and teacher that explain the theory and practice of pipetting in a clear and accurate manner. This motivated me to create a guide for the identification and use of pipets to accomplish three purposes. The first purpose is to clarify the identification of pipets. Many sources provide information that is inaccurate or confusing because of insufficient explanation. For example, etched rings are sometimes described as a means of identifying a blowout pipet. But do colored rings on a pipet indicate it is a blowout pipet? (The answer is no.) The second purpose is to familiarize students with the basic terminology that applies to pipets. The third purpose is to describe how to use various types of pipets. Even a single pipet is sometimes used in more than one manner. For example, push button pipets can be used in the standard or the reverse mode. This guide should help both teachers and students understand that these are both acceptable, but optional, methods of using this type of pipet. Although we can provide students with a series of steps to follow when using each type of pipet, understanding the terms and why pipets are used in certain ways will simplify the use of a variety of pipets for different purposes. The guide is divided into several sections with tables provided for easier reference. The guide is written in this manner so it can be used directly or can be easily adapted for use in the classroom. Although the information provided is not new, the guide brings together many pieces of information to answer many questions that may arise about pipets. Because of the general nature of the information, references are not indicated in the text, but several general resources are provided at the end.
Paget's disease of the bone: observations after cessation of long-term synthetic salmon calcitonin treatment.

Thirteen patients with Paget's disease of the bone were treated with subcutaneous injections of synthetic salmon calcitonin (SCT) for a mean period of 22 months at doses of 50–100 MRC units daily or 3 times a week. They manifested symptomatic improvement and significant reductions in serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline excretion during SCT administration. Following discontinuation of SCT, symptomatic improvement was maintained in 10 patients for up to one year, whereas a recurrence of symptoms was seen in only 3 patients. The serum alkaline phosphatase generally showed a return toward pretreatment values 6 months after discontinuation of SCT, whereas urinary hydroxyproline remained depressed for up to a year.
Diets improving pupal yield of the olive fruit fly at high larval densities

New diets for rearing the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae (Gmel.) under high larval densities were formulated and their effect upon larval survival, larval growth, pupal yield and adult emergence was studied. Diets PS33, PS67 and PS100 were obtained from a basal control diet PS by increasing its food ingredients by 33, 67 and 100%, respectively, per ml of dietary water. These diets were tested under three egg densities with satisfactory hatchability. It was found that the proportional increase of food ingredients improved pupal yield and adult emergence compared to the control. Diets PS, PS33 and PS67 gave weight equal to 2.9, 4.4 and 5.4 mg/pupa and adult emergence 41.5, 67.5 and 89.7%, respectively at density of 40 eggs/g diet. The same figures were 3.9, 5.2 and 5.6 mg/pupa and 56.3, 79.8 and 83.2%, respectively, for density of 20 eggs/g diet. Larval survival was equivalent. On the contrary, diet PS100 improved pupal weight but it depressed larval survival, at both densities. All diets gave equivalent results to the control when 10 eggs/g diet were used. The possible effect of consistency, and nutritional content of these diets upon larval performance is discussed. Zusammenfassung Diaten zur Gewinnung von Puppen der Olivenfliege bei hoher Larvendichte Neue Diaten, geeignet fur die Zucht der Olivenfliege Dacus oleae (Gmel.) unter hoher Larvendichte, wurden formuliert und ihre Wirkung auf die Mortalitat und das Wachstum der Larven, auf den Puppenertrag sowie auf die Schlupfrate der Adulten untersucht. Die Diaten PS33, PS67 und PS100 entstanden aus einer Grund-Diat „PS” (Kontrolle) durch Anreicherung der Nahrungsbestandteile um 33, 67 bzw. 100 % je ml Futterwasser. Diese Diaten wurden bei 3 verschiedenen Eidichten getestet. Dabei ergab sich, das die proportionale Zunahme der Nahrungsbestandteile den Puppenertrag und die Schlupfrate der Adulten gegenuber der Kontrolle verbesserte. Die Diaten PS, PS33 und PS67 mit jeweils 40 Eiern pro g Futter gaben Puppengewichte von 2,9; 4,4 und 5,4 mg sowie Schlupfraten der Adulten von 41,5; 67,5 und 89,7 %. Die gleichen Diaten mit 20 Eiern pro g Futter erzeugten Puppengewichte von 3,9, 5,2 und 5,6 mg sowie Schlupfraten der Adulten von 56,3; 79,8 bzw. 83,2%. Das Uberleben der Larven war in allen Diaten gleich. Dagegen verbesserte die Diat PS100 bei beiden Eierdichten nur das Gewicht der Puppen, wahrend sie das Uberleben der Larven verminderte. Alle Diaten fuhrten zu gleichen Ergebnissen, wenn sie mit 10 Eiern pro g Futter versehen wurden. Der mogliche Einflus der Futterbestandteile und der Konsistenz der Diaten auf die Leistung der Larven wird erortert.
Novel chemical filter using PET film support

Main required performances for a chemical filter are high removal efficiency, long life, low pressure drop and low out gas. We prepared the chemical filter composed of activated carbon or cation-exchange beads which were bound with polyurethane foam by adhesive. We examined two activated carbons whose shapes were bead-shaped and granular, respectively, and the cation-exchange beads whose average diameter was varied from 0.6 to 0.3 mm. The performance of the bead-shaped activated carbon is, however, similar to that of the granular one. We replaced the support material from polyurethane foam to polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) film because polyurethane foam is not pure to cause out gas. Using PET film, we had to design the different structure of chemical filter from traditional one. The performances of novel chemical filter using PET were better than those of the former one.
The Discrete Fourier Transform, Part 6: Cross-Correlation

This paper is part 6 in a series of papers about the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and the Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT). The focus of this paper is on correlation. The correlation is performed in the time domain (slow correlation) and in the frequency domain using a Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT). When the Fourier transform is an FFT, the correlation is said to be a “fast” correlation. The approach requires that each time segment be transformed into the frequency domain after it is windowed. Overlapping windows temporally isolate the signal by amplitude modulation with an apodizing function. The selection of overlap parameters is done on an ad-hoc basis, as is the apodizing function selection. This report is a part of project Fenestratus, from the skunk-works of DocJava, Inc. Fenestratus comes from the Latin and means, “to furnish with windows”.
p-Tau immunotherapy reduces soluble and insoluble tau in aged 3xTg-AD mice

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a proteinopathy characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau. To date, clinical trials indicate that Aβ immunotherapy does not improve cognition. Consequently, it is critical to modulate other aspects of AD pathology. As such, tau represents an excellent target, as its accumulation better correlates with cognitive impairment. To determine the effectiveness of targeting pathological tau, with Aβ pathology present, we administered a single injection of AT8, or control antibody, into the hippocampus of aged 3xTg-AD mice. Extensive data indicates that phosphorylated Ser202 and Thr205 sites of tau (corresponding to the AT8 epitope) represent a pathologically relevant target for AD. We report that immunization with AT8 reduced somatodendritic tau load, p-tau immunoreactivity, and silver stained positive neurons, without affecting Aβ pathology. We also discovered that tau pathology soon reemerges post-injection, possibly due to persistent Aβ pathology. These studies provide evidence that targeting p-tau may represent an effective treatment strategy: potentially in conjunction with Aβ immunotherapy.
An automated method for identification and ranking of hyperspectral target detections

In this paper we present a new methodology for automated target detection and identification in hyperspectral imagery. The standard paradigm for target detection in hyperspectral imagery is to run a detection algorithm, typically statistical in nature, and visually inspect each high-scoring pixel to decide whether it is a true detection or a false alarm. Detection filters have constant false alarm rates (CFARs) approaching 10 -5 , but these can still result in a large number of false alarms given multiple images and a large number of target materials. Here we introduce a new methodology for target detection and identification in hyperspectral imagery that shows promise for hard targets. The result is a greatly reduced false alarm rate and a practical methodology for aiding an analyst in quantitatively evaluating detected pixels. We demonstrate the utility of the method with results on data from the HyMap sensor over the Cooke City, MT.
Outcomes of Isolated Tibial Endovascular Interventions for Tissue Loss in CLI Patients on Hemodialysis.

Purpose: To compare the objective performance goals (OPGs) and patient-centered outcomes of isolated tibial interventions in patients with tissue loss who were on hemodialysis (HD) to patients with tissue loss who were not on HD. Methods: Interrogation of a prospectively maintained database identified 242 critical limb ischemia (CLI) patients who underwent isolated tibial interventions for tissue loss in a single limb between 2007 and 2012. The 78 patients (mean age 66±12 years; 44 men) on HD were compared with 164 patients (mean age 50±13 years; 82 men) who were not on HD. There was an equal distribution of the tibial vessels treated; 152 (63%) patients had more than one treated tibial vessel. Patient-centered outcomes of clinical efficacy (absence of recurrent symptoms, maintenance of ambulation, and no major amputation), amputation-free survival (AFS), and freedom from major adverse limb events (MALE) were evaluated. The Society for Vascular Surgery OPGs were defined at 30 days and 1 year. Results: The...
Position tracking of underactuated vehicles

This paper addresses the problem of position tracking for underactuated autonomous vehicles moving in either two or three-dimensional space. A nonlinear tracking controller is proposed for a general class of vehicles that yields global stability and exponential convergence of the position tracking error to a neighborhood of the origin that can be made arbitrarily small. The desired trajectory does not need to be of a particular type (e.g., trimming trajectories) and in fact can be any sufficiently smooth bounded curve parameterized by time. The control algorithm proposed builds upon Lyapunov techniques. To illustrate its potential, we describe two vehicle control applications: an hovercraft (moving on a planar surface) and an underwater vehicle (moving in three-dimensional space). Simulation results are presented and discussed.
First-order sensitivity analysis of quartz crystal resonator model parameters

A first-order measurement sensitivity analysis of a single mode, quartz resonator device model was conducted. This analysis predicts the variations in the motional arm resistance versus the resonance S-parameter as a function of measurement errors. The accuracy of this first-order sensitivity analysis is verified by computer simulation and experimentally. The model parameters were extracted following the recommended EIA-512 standard. The theoretical first-order sensitivity analysis, the computer simulation results, and the experimental measurements are found to be in good agreement. >
Depletion mechanism of antioxidants in MDPE-clay nanocomposites under thermal aging

The depletion behavior of two types of hindered phenolic antioxidants (AO), Irganox 1010 (I-1010) and Irganox1076 (I-1076), in medium density polyethylene (MDPE)/nanoclay composite was evaluated by incubating samples in a forced air oven at 85 � C. The presence of 4 wt% nanoclay accelerated the depletion of both types of AO, particularly at the surface region of the sample. However, the depletion mechanism in the interior of sample was governed by the AO molecular structure. For samples containing the bulky Irganox1010, OIT decreased exponentially with aging time consistent with a first order reaction. In contrast, an increase of OIT was detected in first 60 days of heat aging for sample containing I-1076 and afterward the OIT decreased slowly with aging time. The hypothesis for the initial increase of OIT is that the relatively small and linear structure of I-1076 may enable it to be trapped inside the nanoclay galleries and then subsequently released into the polymer matrix during heat aging. Published by Elsevier Ltd.