cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of slow growth and increased early-life mortality: an hypothesis on the decline of Colorado squawfish in the upstream regions of its historic range

The Colorado squawfish, Ptychocheilus lucius, the principal native piscivore of the Colorado River basin, was once widespread and abundant in large rivers and their major tributaries. It occurs today only in the upstream regions of its historic range and is threatened with extinction. Growth rate of the species there is much slower than its potential rate and the rate that might once have been typical in lower-basin rivers. We develop the hypothesis that the interaction of slow growth and increased early-life mortality is an important cause of the decline of Colorado squawfish in the upper basin. We use a growth-rate versus temperature relation for Colorado squawfish to compare temperature regimes of historic and present habitats, and we describe the strong, positive relation between our measure of temperature-regime suitability and first-year growth of Colorado squawfish in upper-basin rivers. The unusually small size of the age-0 fish going into winter might be an important factor affecting recruitment to the adult stock. Simulations showed how the effect of increased early-life mortality can be especially significant on populations of slow-growing fishes. Predation by introduced fishes, as well as other man-induced causes of increased early-life mortality, probably contributed importantly to the decline of Colorado squawfish in the remaining habitat. Management efforts that might help this endangered species to recover include water management to enhance temperatures for growth, and the control of important introduced fishes.
Negative coverant probability: an analogue study.

Abstract Homme (1965) has suggested that subjects who reinforce themselves for emitting coverants (covert operants) which are incompatible with certain personal problems (e.g., obesity, smoking, depression) will consequently modify their maladaptive behavior. Thus if one wanted to lose weight or stop smoking he might attempt to increase the frequency of specific thoughts, images, reflections, etc. which interfere with the troublesome target response. Incompatible coverants are of two types. Negative coverants deal with the aversive consequences of a given behavior disorder; positive coverants focus on the desirable features of the disorder's resolution. With regard to the problem of obesity, examples might include images of an obesity related coronary attack vs. greatly increased sexual prowess when weight is lost. Apart from the difficulties involved with the technology of coverant acceleration (cf. Danaher, 1974; Horan, et al., 1974: Horan and Johnson, 1971; Mahoney, 1970). Homme's paradigm rests on the a priori assumption that negative coverants designated as incompatible are lowly probable in the first place. It might be argued in opposition, for example, that smokers are constantly reminded of the dangers of their act and that overeaters are ever presently aware of the hazards of their condition, yet the majority of individuals afflicted by either disorder still persist in their self-defeating behavior. If such is true, then Homme's paradigm, in fact, calls for a relatively trivial increase in an already frequently occurring phenomenon. Thus. the clinical utility ofcoverant control. if any. must be traced to factors other than those which Homme has postulated. On the other hand. if Homme is correct in assuming that negative coverants are lowly probable, then individuals affected by a given behavior disorder should be relatively ‘unwilling’ to emit them without some sort of reinforcement. For example, in spite of the well known aversive consequences of smoking and overeating. smokers will simply avoid thinking about the possibility of lung cancer, and overeaters will rarely ever entertain an image of their bodies. Unfortunately no direct assessment of coverant probability can be obtained except through self report, which is inherently vulnerable to questions of validity. However, since the operant of looking at a reflected object in a mirror is analogous to the coverant of imagining the objects in one's mind, a test of Homme's negative coverant probability assumption can easily be made. In comparison to properly proportioned individuals, overweight people should be relatively intolerant of a reflected image of their bodies. A measure of coverant probability can be had by simply noting the time spent in naive self-observation.
Phase velocity studies of 34-cm E-region irregularities observed at Millstone Hill

Abstract Phase velocity observations at E -region heights made with the Millstone Hill 440 MHz radar find no evidence of an ion acoustic limiting speed for phase speeds observed near 0° magnetic aspect angle. Under most circumstances the phase speed increases steadily with increasing backscattered power amplitude. For a 34cm volume backscatter cross-section, σ v , less than ∼5 × 10 −13 m −1 , the phase speed is at or below the usual ion acoustic speed in the E -region (350m/s), and increases only slowly with the observed backscattered power amplitude (∼50 m/s per 10dB). At higher power levels, the phase speed exceeds 350 m/s, reaching values in excess of 750 m/s at times, and increases more rapidly with backscattered power (∼200 m/s per 10dB). Phase velocity/time maps observed over a 3° span of latitude suggest that many features of the phase speeds observed are directly related to changes in the ambient convection electric field in the E -region due to changing activity conditions or the effects of superimposed magnetospheric pulsations.
Early ventilation-perfusion changes in asthma.

Abstract Regional pulmonary ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) were studied nearly simultaneously in subjects just before and after the induction of asthma. Multiple focal V/Q abnormalities appeared within minutes after asthma was invoked by pollen, methacholine, and exercise. The regional ventilatory abnormalities were greater than those of perfusion although similar in distribution. Direct correlation was obtained between the severity of arterial oxygen desaturation and this regional V/Q imbalance. Asthma in its earliest stages is characterized by disturbed pulmonary function manifested by airways obstruction, hypoxemia, and hyperventilation as a result of involvement of many small areas of both the pulmonary airways and vasculature.
Allograft use in ACL reconstruction

Abstract This paper will provide information concerning the specifics of allograft use in ACL reconstruction. A detailed discussion of the science of allografts, both technical and theoretical, along with experimental studies will be followed by information concerning graft preparation and the advantages and disadvantages of allografts, as well as a review of the clinical literature surrounding allograft use in ACL reconstruction.
How to part ways smoothly

Consider two temporally-continuous, spatially-unextended material objects that have a first and last moment of existence and that share all of their temporal parts up until their very last time-slice. Name them Three and Nine. Here's something you wouldn't have expected. After a lifetime of trav eling together, at their very last moment of existence, Three and Nine are a metre apart in distance, and yet neither ever changes in size or engages in discontinuous motion. Here's how they do it. Common is the name of their shared temporal part. As you can deduce, Common is in existence at every time Three or Nine is in existence, with the exception of their final moment. Common is restless always on the move. At To (the first moment of his existence), Common sits at the 12:00 point on a one-metre diameter wall clock. He Zeno-sprints around the perimeter of the clock from To up to but not including Tioo (the first moment of his non-existence). That is, during the first 1/2 of his life he moves from the 12:00 point to the 3:00 point, during the next 1/4 of his life he moves from 3:00 to 6:00, during the next 1/8 of his life he moves from 6:00 to 9:00, during the next 1/16 he moves from 9:00 to 12:00, during the next 1/32 of his life he moves from 12:00 to 3:00, and so on. Increasing his speed in this manner guarantees that for any distance you might choose, Common travels further than that (and you can tell exactly when, too) and he happily passes every point on the perimeter infinitely many times. Again, though, Common is not around to brag about his achievement at Tioo.
Input Admittance Characteristics of a Tuned Coupled Circuit

A steady-state analysis is given of an important double-tuned coupled circuit to determine the input admittance when the primary Q is high and the secondary Q is low. Particular emphasis is placed on the phase variation of the admittance with frequency. Dimensionless curves of magnitude and phase illustrate the effect of varying the coefficient of coupling and the secondary Q. Mathematical expressions are obtained for the points where the phase passes through zero, and are used in a discussion of bandwidth. The effect of detuning is also considered.
EFFECT OF SELECTED PESTICIDES ON GROWTH AND CITRININ PRODUCT

The potential for inhibition of citrinin production by P. citrinum NRRL 5927 was investigated using the pesticides naled, dichlorvos, malathion, pyrethrum, methoxychlor, mevinphos, ethion, diethyl toluene, allethrin, diazinon, trithion, guthion and atrazine. Citrinin was precipitated from culture media and quantitated by TLC and spectrophotometry at 640 nm. A TLC system consisting of precoated Silica-Gel-60 plates as the solid phase and ethanol-ammonia-H2 0 (80:4:16) as the liquid phase separated citrinin more satisfactorily than other TLC systems previously reported. All pesticides except methoxychlor, atrazine, guthion, diethyl toluamide and trithion inhibited growth and/or citrinin production by >40% at the 100 μg/L concentration. Naled, dichlorvos, malathion, and diazinon inhibited growth and/or citrinin production >75% at concentrations of 100 μg/L.
Human Metapneumovirus SH and G Glycoproteins Inhibit Macropinocytosis-Mediated Entry into Human Dendritic Cells and Reduce CD4+ T Cell Activation

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major etiologic agent of respiratory disease worldwide. HMPV reinfections are common in healthy adults and children, suggesting that the protective immune response to HMPV is incomplete and short-lived. We used gene-deletion viruses to evaluate the role of the attachment G and small hydrophobic SH glycoproteins on virus uptake by primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) in vitro and on subsequent MDDC maturation and activation of autologous T cells. HMPV with deletion of G and SH (ΔSHG) exhibited increased infectivity but had little effect on MDDC maturation. However, MDDC stimulated with ΔSHG induced increased proliferation of autologous Th1-polarized CD4+ T cells. This effect was independent of virus replication. Increased T cell proliferation was strictly dependent on contact between virus-stimulated MDDC and CD4+ T cells. Confocal microscopy revealed that deletion of SH and G was associated with an increased number of immunological synapses between memory CD4+ T cells and virus-stimulated MDDC. Uptake of HMPV by MDDC was found to be primarily by macropinocytosis. Uptake of wild-type (WT) virus was reduced compared to that of ΔSHG, indicative of inhibition by the SH and G glycoproteins. In addition, DC-SIGN-mediated endocytosis provided a minor alternative pathway that depended on SH and/or G and thus operated only for WT. Altogether, our results show that SH and G glycoproteins reduce the ability of HMPV to be internalized by MDDC, resulting in a reduced ability of the HMPV-stimulated MDDC to activate CD4+ T cells. This study describes a previously unknown mechanism of virus immune evasion. IMPORTANCE Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major etiologic agent of respiratory disease worldwide. HMPV reinfections are common in healthy adults and children, suggesting that the protective immune response to HMPV is incomplete and short-lived. We found that HMPV attachment G and small hydrophobic SH glycoproteins reduce the ability of HMPV to be internalized by macropinocytosis into human dendritic cells (DC). This results in a reduced ability of the HMPV-stimulated DC to activate Th1-polarized CD4+ T cells. These results contribute to a better understanding of the nature of incomplete protection against this important human respiratory virus, provide new information on the entry of HMPV into human cells, and describe a new mechanism of virus immune evasion.
The effect of masker level uncertainty on intensity discrimination.

Thresholds were measured for detection of an increment in level of a 60-dB SPL target tone at 1kHz, either in quiet or in the presence of maskers at 0.5 and 2kHz. Interval-by-interval level rove applied independently to remote masker tones substantially elevated thresholds compared to intensity discrimination in quiet, an effect on the order of 10+dB [10log(ΔI∕I)]. Asynchronous onset and stimulus envelope mismatches across frequency reduced but did not eliminate masking. A preinterval cue to signal frequency had no effect, but cuing masker frequency reduced thresholds, whether or not masker level was also cued. About 1 to 2dB of threshold elevation in these conditions can be attributed to energetic masking. Decreasing the overall presentation level and increasing masker separation essentially eliminates energetic masking; under these conditions masker level rove elevates thresholds by approximately 7dB when the target and masker tones are gated synchronously. This masking persists even when the flanking m...
Proprionibacterium acnes infections of cerebrospinal fluid shunts

Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections with Proprionibacterium acnes are generally low-grade, indolent infections. Typical presentations include gradual shunt malfunction, nausea, headache, malaise, and infrequently, fever. In all, 489 shunt procedures performed between January 1992 and December 1995, and in 15 of these cases P. acnes was subsequently cultured from reservoir taps or an intraoperative culture which was obtained when the existing shunt components were revised. Six of these, representing 14.6% of shunt infections, were considered to be true P. acnes shunt infections, as they were associated with either CSF leukocytosis or the identification of gram-positive rods by gram stain. The others were considered to be probable contaminants. Detailed analysis of all 15 of these cases revealed that no patient had positive CSF cultures after removal of the infected shunt and the initiation of antibiotics. Given the benign characteristics of P. acnes shunt infections, the broad sensitivity to antibiotics, and the rapid sterilization of the cerebrospinal fluid, it may be possible to treat such cases with short-term perioperative antibiotics and replacement of the shunt components, in place of prolonged external ventricular drainage and antibiotics. This would have eliminated 8 operative procedures and reduced the estimated length of stay by 77 patient-days in these 15 children.
Etiology of Pediatric Fever in Western Kenya: A Case–Control Study of Falciparum Malaria, Respiratory Viruses, and Streptococcal Pharyngitis

In Kenya, more than 10 million episodes of acute febrile illness are treated annually among children under 5 years. Most are clinically managed as malaria without parasitological confirmation. There is an unmet need to describe pathogen-specific etiologies of fever. We enrolled 370 febrile children and 184 healthy controls. We report demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with Plasmodium falciparum, group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis, and respiratory viruses (influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], parainfluenza [PIV] types 1-3, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus [hMPV]), as well as those with undifferentiated fever. Of febrile children, 79.7% were treated for malaria. However, P. falciparum was detected infrequently in both cases and controls (14/268 [5.2%] versus 3/133 [2.3%], P = 0.165), whereas 41% (117/282) of febrile children had a respiratory viral infection, compared with 24.8% (29/117) of controls (P = 0.002). Only 9/515 (1.7%) children had streptococcal infection. Of febrile children, 22/269 (8.2%) were infected with > 1 pathogen, and 102/275 (37.1%) had fevers of unknown etiology. Respiratory viruses were common in both groups, but only influenza or parainfluenza was more likely to be associated with symptomatic disease (attributable fraction [AF] 67.5% and 59%, respectively). Malaria was overdiagnosed and overtreated. Few children presented to the hospital with GAS pharyngitis. An enhanced understanding of carriage of common pathogens, improved diagnostic capacity, and better-informed clinical algorithms for febrile illness are needed.
α-Fetoprotein: Relationship between maternal serum and amniotic fluid levels☆

Abstract Leveis of α-fetoprotein were determined in 297 paired samples of maternal serum and amniotic fluid from patients with normal pregnancies at 16 to 17 completed weeks of gestation. Gestational ages were determined by menstrual history and ultrasonography, and the assays for α-fetoprotein were performed by a single reference laboratory. The results of the study failed to demonstrate any statistical relationship between the concentrations of α-fetoprotein in these two fluid compartments (r = 0.006). This finding was confirmed when the results at 16 and 17 weeks were analyzed individually. These findings indicate that amniotic fluid levels of α-fetoprotein cannot be predicted by those levels determined in maternal serum, and that simple diffusion is an inadequate expianation for the transfer of α-fetoprotein from amniotic fluid to maternal serum. The lack of correlation also emphasizes that the sensitivity and specificity of maternal serum α-fetoprotein screening for neural tube defects must continue to be based upon the detection rates in large population studies and the determination of “normal” values by reference laboratories.
Microemulsion to liquid crystal transition in two anionic surfactant systems

The phase behavior of two anionic surfactant systems, one containing a commercial alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) and the other containing pure sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), was determined in the region where a transition from microemulsion to liquid-crystalline phases occurred with decreasing alcohol content and temperature. A general and rather complex pattern of phase behavior was seen that included a four-phase coexistence region of brine, microemulsion, lamellar liquid crystal, and oil, and two three-phase regions containing both microemulsion and liquid crystal. In much of the four-phase region, complete separation of the phases did not occur even after equilibration for 1 year or more at constant temperature. Instead, oil and brine were observed to coexist with stable birefringent dispersions that (for some compositions at least) apparently contained three phases: microemulsion, liquid crystal, and oil. Solubilization of brine was uniformly low in the phases making up the dispersions. The dispersions in the SDS system exhibited non-Newtonian behavior with apparent viscosities in the range of 50 to 100 mPa . s (50 to 100 cp) at a shear rate of 10 seconds/sup -1/. Microemulsion viscosities in the same system were about an order of magnitude lower. No plugging or other adverse behavior was seenmore » when such dispersions flowed at a velocity of 10/sup -5/ m/s (3 ft/D) through a model porous medium having pore sizes comparable with those in reservoirs. In preliminary experiments, selected dispersions appeared to be capable of displacing oil from the same model porous medium.« less
Nonclassical control problems and Stackelberg games

A nonclassical control problem, where the control depends on state and time, and its partial derivative with respect to the state appears in the state equation and in the cost function is analyzed. Stackelberg dynamic games which lead to such nonclassical control problems are considered and studied.
Minimum ?-equivalent Circuit Size Problem

For a Boolean function f given by its truth table (of length $$2^n$$ ) and a parameter s the problem considered is whether there is a Boolean function g $$\epsilon$$ -equivalent to f, i.e., $$Pr_{x\in {\{0,1\}}^n}\{g(x) \ne f(x)\} \le \epsilon$$ , and computed by a circuit of size at most s. In this paper we investigate the complexity of this problem and show that for specific values of $$\epsilon$$ it is unlikely to be in P/poly. Under the same assumptions we also consider the optimization variant of the problem and prove its inapproximability.
Autohydrolysis of phytic acid.

The autohydrolysis of phytic acid at 120 degrees C resulted in the formation of most of the phosphate esters of myo-inositol in varying amounts depending upon the reaction time. Eighteen of the 39 chromatographically distinct myo-inositol mono-, bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis-, and hexakisphosphates have been characterized using two different HPLC systems. These myo-inositol phosphates were partially purified by preparative anion-exchange chromatography under acidic and alkaline elution conditions. The combination of these two methods provides a two-tiered chromatographic approach to the rapid and sensitive identification of inositol phosphates in complex mixtures. Identification of the products was confirmed by 1D and 2D (1)H NMR analysis. The analytical procedure was applied to the autohydrolysis of the mixture of inositol phosphates from corn steep water.
Agnostically Learning under Permutation Invariant Distributions

We generalize algorithms from computational learning theory that are successful under the uniform distribution on the Boolean hypercube $\{0,1\}^n$ to algorithms successful on permutation invariant distributions. A permutation invariant distribution is a distribution where the probability mass remains constant upon permutations in the instances. While the tools in our generalization mimic those used for the Boolean hypercube, the fact that permutation invariant distributions are not product distributions presents a significant obstacle. Under the uniform distribution, half spaces can be agnostically learned in polynomial time for constant $\eps$. The main tools used are a theorem of Peres~\cite{Peres04} bounding the {\it noise sensitivity} of a half space, a result of~\cite{KOS04} that this theorem implies Fourier concentration, and a modification of the Low-Degree algorithm of Linial, Man sour, Nisan~\cite{LMN:93} made by Kalai et. al.~\cite{KKMS08}. These results are extended to arbitrary product distributions in~\cite{BOWi08}. We prove analogous results for permutation invariant distributions, more generally, we work in the domain of the symmetric group. We define noise sensitivity in this setting, and show that noise sensitivity has a nice combinatorial interpretation in terms of Young tableaux. The main technical innovations involve techniques from the representation theory of the symmetric group, especially the combinatorics of Young tableaux. We show that low noise sensitivity implies concentration on “simple'' components of the Fourier spectrum, and that this fact will allow us to agnostically learn half spaces under permutation invariant distributions to constant accuracy in roughly the same time as in the uniform distribution over the Boolean hypercube case.
A simple technique for testing the viability of cross-finger pedicle flaps.

A simple test to determine the viability of cross-finger pedicle flaps is described. This test can be performed in the office or operating theatre to help determine the optimal timing for division of the flap pedicle.
A Contemporary Concept of the Blood-Aqueous Barrier

Abstract This review traces the evolution of the concept of the blood–aqueous barrier (BAB) during the past 20 years. The Classical model simply stipulated that the tight junctions of the iris vasculature and ciliary epithelium excluded plasma proteins from the aqueous humor (AH). It failed to reconcile the presence of AH protein levels equal to 1% of that found in plasma. Moreover, models of barrier kinetics assumed that the processes of AH secretion and plasma protein entry were directly linked. Thus, elevations of AH protein levels could only be explained by a pathological breakdown of the BAB. Over the last 20 years it has been shown that the plasma proteins in normal AH by-pass the posterior chamber entirely. Instead, these proteins diffuse from the capillaries of ciliary body stroma, into the iris stroma and then into the anterior chamber. This creates a reservoir of plasma-proteins in the iris stroma that is not derived from the iris vessels. This reservoir is prevented from diffusing posteriorly by tight junctions in the posterior iris epithelium. The one-way valve created by the pupil resting on the anterior lens capsule, combined with the continuous, forward flow of AH through the pupil, prevents protein reflux into the posterior chamber. Importantly, in the new paradigm, secretion of AH and the entry of plasma proteins into AH, are semi-independent events. This opens the possibility that AH protein levels could increase in the absence of breakdown of the BAB. Clinical consequences of this new paradigm of the BAB are discussed.
Metabolism of human gliomas: assessment with H-1 MR spectroscopy and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET.

Localized hydrogen-1 magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) were employed to obtain metabolic information from intracranial gliomas. Advantages and difficulties associated with comparison of results from the two modalities were realized. Forty patients were studied with H-1 MR spectroscopy. MR signal intensities from lactate, N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline, and creatine from a volume of interest containing the tumor and a contralateral volume were obtained and evaluated. NAA signal intensities were generally decreased in the tumor spectra, and choline signal intensities were elevated. H-1 MR spectroscopy was unsuccessful in eight patients, and FDG PET scans were not obtained in four of the patients with successful MR spectroscopic examinations. Lactate signal intensity was detected in 10 of the 28 patients who had successful H-1 MR spectroscopic and FDG PET studies. Lactate signal intensities were observed in lesions shown at FDG ...
Electrochemistry of iodine and iodide in chloroaluminate melts

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of iodine and iodide has been studied in AlCl3+NaCl mixtures with compositions ranging from NaCl saturated melts to AlCl3+NaCl (63+37 mol %) at platinum and tungsten electrodes. Iodide is oxidized in two steps to iodine and I(I); a reduction wave to iodide and an oxidation wave to I(I) are obtained in iodine solutions. The equilibrium constant for the reaction, I−+I(I)=I2, is 6×108 l mol−1 in molten chloroaluminate melts at 175°C.
Monoclonal Anti Thy 1.2 Antibodies from Hybridoma Ho13-4 do not React with Mouse Natural Killer Cells

The susceptibility of NK cells and immune cytotoxic T-cells to treatment with (a) monoclonal anti thy 1.2 antibodies from hybridoma HO13-4, (b) rabbit anti-mouse T-cell antiserum and (c) gamma globulins prepared from AKR/J anti C3H/HeJ antiserum was studied in the presence of rabbit complement. Monoclonal anti thy 1.2 antibody treatment completely abolished the cytotoxic activity of immune T-cells derived from C57BL/6J mice (H-2b) immunized with (C57BL/6J x DBA/2)F1spleen cells (H-2bd) against P815 (H-2b) target cells. The same treatment had no significant effect on the NK activity of spleen cells from unimmunized mice against YAC target cells. Rabbit anti-mouse T-cell and mouse anti theta antisera also abrogated completely the immune T cell activity of spleen cells. This treatment however also resulted in a partial loss of NK activity. These results indicate that conventional anti theta antisera contain antibodies which recognize antigenic specificities on T-cells as well as on a population of NK cells. ...
Modification of lung tumor growth by hyperoxia

The effects of hyperoxia on lung tumor development were examined in mice and rats. In mice, exposure to 70% O2 prevented the development of urethan- or 3-methylcholanthrene-induced lung tumors. Dietary antioxidants [butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)] were unable to prevent the inhibition of tumor development by oxygen, although BHT retained its capability to enhance tumor development in mouse lung. In visible-size tumors, oxygen did not depress DNA synthesis. Oxygen also reduced the number of pulmonary metastatic nodules after i.v. injection of mammary gland-derived carcinoma cells, but failed to inhibit growth of murine lung carcinoma or murine melanoma-derived cell lines. Rats treated with one single intratracheal instillation of 3-methylcholanthrene developed multiple lung lesions; their growth could be prevented by exposure of the animals to 40 or 70% O2. It is concluded that hyperoxia prevents development of transformed cells in vivo in the lung and may affect adversely the growth of selected cell lines metastatic to the lung.
On the decomposition of the beta phase in titanium alloys

A systematic analysis is made of the possible free energy diagrams for a binary titanium alloy consisting of a metastable beta phase, which tends to form either the alpha or the omega phase, or both. The predictions based on each of the possible free energy diagram configurations are compared with the available experimental data. Arguments are developed to show that it should be possible to nucleate an omega phase having an initial solute content less than the metastable equilibrium value and not necessarily a higher solute concentration, as suggested by other investigators. It is further shown that the observed precipitation of a solute-lean beta phase in certain binary and ternary beta alloys cannot be explained in terms of an ordinary miscibility gap resulting from a preference for bonds between like atoms rather than bonds between unlike atoms. An explanation is suggested on the basis of an early model proposed by M. K. McQuillan in which the electronic structure of the titanium atom can change with temperature leading to two possible types of bonding behaviour.
Mode conversion in periodically disturbed thin‐film waveguides

Mode conversion in a periodically perturbed thin‐film optical waveguide is studied in detail. Three different types of perturbations are considered: periodic index of refraction of the film, periodic index of refraction of the substrate, and periodic boundary. The applications in filters, mode converters, and distributed feedback lasers are discussed.
Ba ii fluorescence from barium atoms resonantly photoionized by 584-Å radiation

The first reported study of a fluorescence spectrum of a metal vapor resonantly excited by vacuum-ultraviolet radiation has been made in Ba ii. Seven Ba ii fluorescent transitions have been identified for Ba vapor excited by 584-A radiation. The intensities of these transitions are consistent with the population distribution of excited Ba ii observed by using photoelectron spectroscopy. No detectable Ba ii fluorescence was observed when 736–742-A excitation was used.
TSH-like Actions of Dibutyryl-cAMP on Isolated Bovine Thyroid Cells

Isolated thyroid cells, prepared by tryptic dispersion of bovine thyroid glands, were incubated with TSH or with dibutyrylcyclic-3′,5′-AMP (DBC). Both these agents altered I--trapping in a biphasic manner; i.e., I--accumulation was depressed during the first hour, and then gradually augmented to abovenormal levels during the succeeding 6 hr. 131I-incorporation into thyroglobulin and into T4 was stimulated in essentially identical fashion by the TSH and DBC. Furthermore, stimulation of the incorporation of leucine-14C into protein and of the intracellular accumulation of 14C-αaminoisobutyrate was also demonstrated. The present findings in isolated thyroid cells, together with those showing that DBC and TSH both stimulate glucose oxidation and 32P-incorporation into phospholipid in thyroid slices, provide further indication of a role for the adenyl cyclasecAMP system in the mediation of TSH action. (Endocrinology 83: 877, 1968)
Resilience of corals to hurricanes: a simulation model

This study tested how the frequency and intensity of hurricanes, and the size and growth rate of coral colonies influence the resilience of coral populations to disturbance by severe storms. A simulation modelling approach was used to examine the resilience of four coral species with differing life history characteristics: Agaricia agaricites, A. lamarcki, Helioseris cucullata, and Porites astreoides. Resilience, defined as the rate of area (coral cover) gain, was greater for three of the species when storms were less frequent or more intense. Resilience for all species increased with colony growth rates and with increasing proportion of small and medium-sized colonies. We conclude that (1) coral populations composed of intermediate-size, fast-growing colonies the most resilient following one or more storm disturbances, and (2) that resilience of anthropogenically stressed corals depends, in part, on population size structure.
Neutrophil-mediated accumulation of 2-ClHDA during myocardial infarction: 2-ClHDA-mediated myocardial injury.

The pathophysiological sequelae of myocardial infarction include neutrophil infiltration into the infarct zone that contributes to additional damage to viable tissue and removal of cellular debris ...
Differential effects of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the growth and morphology of an established human lymphocyte line.

RPMI 1788 lymphocytes growtn in semi-suspension culture proliferate as separate cells and in clumps. The addition of 10−3 m dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Bu2cAMP) to the culture resulted in the attachment of the cells to the substratum and a subsequent conversion of a portion of the adherent cells to a fibroblast-like morphology. Growth of the adherent cells proceeded at nearly the same rate as that of the control cells. When the cells cultured in the presence of Bu2cAMP were periodically disturbed, they remained in suspension and under this condition a distinct inhibition of growth by Bu2cAMP was observed. Cortisol at 10−5 m, a concentration having no effect on the proliferation of RPMI 1788 cells, when added to cells cultured in the presence of Bu2cAMP, prevented cell attachment, caused detachment of already adherent cells and thereby brought about the Bu2cAMP-mediated inhibition of growth in suspension. At a higher concentration (10−4 m), cortisol alone reduced the growth rate of RPMI 1788 lymphocytes. Under the combined effects of 10−4 m cortisol and 10−3 m Bu2cAMP, the proliferation and viability of cells in suspension were significantly lower than in the presence of either agent alone.
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update A Report From the American Heart Association

Author(s): Go, Alan S; Mozaffarian, Dariush; Roger, Veronique L; Benjamin, Emelia J; Berry, Jarett D; Borden, William B; Bravata, Dawn M; Dai, Shifan; Ford, Earl S; Fox, Caroline S; Franco, Sheila; Fullerton, Heather J; Gillespie, Cathleen; Hailpern, Susan M; Heit, John A; Howard, Virginia J; Huffman, Mark D; Kissela, Brett M; Kittner, Steven J; Lackland, Daniel T; Lichtman, Judith H; Lisabeth, Lynda D; Magid, David; Marcus, Gregory M; Marelli, Ariane; Matchar, David B; McGuire, Darren K; Mohler, Emile R; Moy, Claudia S; Mussolino, Michael E; Nichol, Graham; Paynter, Nina P; Schreiner, Pamela J; Sorlie, Paul D; Stein, Joel; Turan, Tanya N; Virani, Salim S; Wong, Nathan D; Woo, Daniel; Turner, Melanie B; American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee
Levodopa: past, present, and future.

Levodopa has been the mainstay of treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) for more than 40 years. During this time, researchers have strived to optimize levodopa formulations to minimize side effects,
Fluctuation microscopy – a tool for examining medium-range order in noncrystalline systems

Abstract Fluctuation microscopy examines the spatial variations in coherent microdiffraction from an ensemble of small volumes in noncrystalline systems. The variance of scattered intensity into regions of reciprocal space can be used to give insight into three-body and four-body correlation functions, which are sensitive to medium-range order. The technique was originally developed for transmission electron microscopy and was successfully used to understand medium-range order in amorphous silicon and germanium. Applying this method to X-rays, we have developed a new approach: fluctuation X-ray microscopy (FXM). The approach offers quantitative insight into medium-range correlations in materials at nanometer and larger length scales. The FXM technique can be used to explore medium-range order and subtle structural changes in a wide range of disordered materials from soft matter to nanocomposites, nanowire and quantum dot arrays. We have demonstrated this new technique by studying films of polystyrene latex spheres.
Permeation of a malathion formulation through butyl gloves

Abstract The factors that determined the permeation kinetics of a commercial malathion formulation (Prent) and its reconstituted cocktail of malathion and its xylene-range fraction inert ingredients at Prent concentrations (Recon) were investigated for an unlined unsupported butyl industrial type glove in an ASTM-type permeation cell with liquid 2-propanol collection and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. For both Prent and Recon, the steady-state permeation rate P s correlated inversely with the logarithm of the breakthrough time t b , as did log P s with log t b . P s , log P s , P s / t l and log P s / t l (where t l is the lag time) versus the logarithm of the weight percentage of component divided by the total weight were linear too. After accounting for mixture composition, the second strongest linear regression term was liquid molar volume, and the strongest third term was octanol–water partition coefficient (log K ow ). Retention volumes, V R ( t l ) at t l and V R ( t s1 ) at the first observed time in the steady-state t s1 of each chemical in Prent and Recon, were also similarly correlated to the weight percentage and log K ow or Snyder elution strength ( E o ). At least three independent variables are necessary to account for the permeation of this complex mixture. One factor accounts for composition, another for molecular size, and the third for partitioning behavior.
Project Management in Practice: Implementing a Process to Ensure Accountability and Success

ABSTRACT This article describes how the University of Arizona (UA) Libraries implemented a project management process to address the increasing need to be more efficient and effective in initiating and completing projects, and to manage the changing and complex nature of the Libraries’ work. The Libraries identified the Brigham Young University (BYU) Project Planning and Management process as a method that would help the organization define, plan, execute, and complete its projects effectively and efficiently. An overview of the BYU project management method, as adapted and implemented by the UA Libraries, and a description of portfolio management, project management, product management, and roadmaps, are provided.
Recognition memory and the recall of spatial location.

It is argued that memory for events should depend on the ability to recall their attributes. Two experiments suggest that this is so for the attribute of spatial location. When words presented in spatial arrays were later re-presented in a joint test of recognition memory and location recall, it was found that the surer one’s recognition, the greater the accuracy of location recall. Instructions to attend to a word’s location resulted in poorer recognition memory and marginally poorer location recall than were obtained when location was “incidentally” learned. Finally, when words were presented in color as well as in space, recognition memory was best when both attributes were recalled, was better when only location, was recalled than when only color was recalled, and was poorest when neither attribute was recalled.
Further comparison of ubiquinol and cytochrome c terminal oxidases

In the preceeding commentary, Haltia reflects on our view presented in [l] that the ubiquinol and cytochrome c terminal oxidases are likely to utilize different electron transfer and proton translocation mechanisms. We would like to take this opportunity to clarify our position on some of the issues that he discusses. Haltia compares the structure and function of subunit II of the two families of terminal oxidases, the ubiquinol oxidases and the cytochrome c oxidases. While structure prediction in general is hardly a mature field, hydrophobicity calculations are relatively accurate for predicting the number and approximate location of transmembrane helices in a membrane protein. However, such predictions are inaccurate at times [2,3] and, moreover, say virtually nothing about the extramembraneous domains. To predict that two polypeptides have a similar structure on the basis of hydrophobicity calculations is pushing the technique beyond the limits of its capabilities. As pointed out in our minireview [l], the Cu, site and part or all of the residues responsible for the binding of cytochrome c are thought to be located in the extra-membraneous domain of subunit II of the cytochrome c oxidases. In contrast, due to the extreme hydrophobic nature of the physiological substrate ubiquinol-8, the ubiquinol binding site(s) is (are) expected to exist in the transmembrane region of the ubiquinol oxidase complexes as is analogously observed in the structures of bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers. If a ubiquinol binding domain exists on subunit II of the cytochrome bo, complex, as has been suggested by a number of studies [4,5], the substrate oxidizing domains of the two families of terminal oxidases would exist in different three-dimensional locations and protein environments of subunit II. Thus, the subunit II’s of the two families of oxidases could have either very different folding patterns to accommodate the different substrates or they could have very similar overall folding patterns for evolutionary reasons. We note that the 10% sequence identity of subunit II of the Escherichia coli cytochrome bo, complex and the Paracoccus denitrz@ans cytochrome au, complex is well below what Doolittle terms the ‘twilight zone’ (15-25% sequence identity), and accordingly, these polypeptides are unlikely to be evolutionarily related based on sequence comparison alone [6].
Microcalorimetric Study of the Influence of Surface Chemistry on the Adsorption of Water by High Surface Area Carbons

Microcalorimetric techniques have been employed to investigate the adsorption of water on chemically modified, high surface area carbons. A matrix of treatments and carbons were selected to test some hypotheses. Heats of adsorption of water indicate that adsorption is a strong function of surface chemistry. Three mechanisms of water adsorption are delineated according to measured differential heats of adsorption (Hads): (i) chemical adsorption with Hads > 12 kcal/mol, (ii) condensation with Hads approximately 10 kcal/mol, and (iii) physical adsorption with Hads < 10 kcal/mol. The absolute and relative amounts of water adsorption arising from each mechanism are a function of surface chemistry. Adsorption of water on carbons dried at 175 °C in N2 generates typical Type V adsorption isotherms. Heat of adsorption data for water adsorbed on dried carbon indicates that condensation accounts for the sharp rise in adsorption at a relative humidity of approximately 0.5. Treating carbons with N2 at 950 °C generate...
Molecular dynamics based cohesive zone law for describing Al–SiC interface mechanics

Molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to parameterize and obtain a traction–separation law for a ductile–brittle interface in tensile and shear loadings at high temperatures. Traditionally the interface is characterized by a cohesive zone model (CZM) with the traction–separation law assumed or parameterized through experiments. The experimental determination of the shape of the CZM has proved to be difficult. In this study a traction–separation law is thus obtained for an aluminum–silicon carbide composite system by conducting molecular dynamics simulations. The generated parameterized traction–separation law is then input into a finite element model to predict the stress–strain response of the metal matrix composite under high strain rate loading and compared with experimental results.
Comparative Activity of Isomers of Zeatin and Ribosyl-Zeatin on Funaria hygrometrica

The activities of isomers of zeatin, ribosyl-zeatin, and 6-(gamma,gamma-dimethylallylamino) purine (i(6)Ade) on the moss Funaria hygrometrica are compared by measuring the ability of the cytokinins to induce callus or gametophores. The cis- and trans-ribosyl-zeatins were inactive, and therefore this kind of bioassay cannot be used as evidence for the presence or absence of a cytokinin in tests on natural products.
Scaffolding Solutions to Business Problems: Trust Development as a Learning Process

Teams whose interactions are mediated entirely via internet-based communication, virtual teams, are becoming commonplace in businesses. Although trust has been identified as key for virtual teams to work effectively, researchers have not developed scalable methods that consistently promote trust. This study examines the formation of trust perceptions, which is inherently a learning process. Strategies employed to promote more traditional definitions of learning can be used to promote trust development. In this paper, the authors investigate how a strategy of modifying the design of the communication system for virtual teams can be use to promote perceptions related to trust. The authors conduct an experiment to examine the impact of a template-driven messaging system to scaffold the development of the three antecedents of trust-integrity, benevolence, and ability-within a virtual team environment and communication activity. The study shows that participants who used the template-driven messaging system perceived their team members as having a higher level of ability than those who used the regular system. Moreover, users of the template-driven environment authored more messages and read a greater percentage of the messages, suggesting that messaging scaffolds were successful in improving the flow of information and fostering an environment favorable to trust development.
The Illusion of Welfare ‘Regimes’

The concept of welfare regimes has become a centerpiece of comparative welfare research. Most criticism of the concept thus far has focused on whether this or that country fits a particular regime type or deserves its own regime category. This article offers a more radical critique of this concept. It argues that most countries practice a disjointed set of welfare policies due to the following typical features of welfare policymaking: (1) the cumulative nature of welfare policies, (2) the diverse histories of policies in different welfare fields, (3) the involvement of different sets of policy actors, (4) variations in the policymaking process, and (5) the influence of foreign models. It concludes that few national welfare systems are likely to exhibit the internal consistency necessary to validate the regime concept, and that policy-specific comparisons may be a more promising avenue for comparative research.