cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent developments in the theory of Borel reducibility

Let E_0 be the Vitali equivalence relation and E_3 the product of countably many copies of E_0. Two new dichotomy theorems for Borel equivalence relations are proved. First, for any Borel equivalence relation E that is (Borel) reducible to E_3, either E is reducible to E_0 or else E_3 is reducible to E. Second, if E is a Borel equivalence relation induced by a Borel action of a closed subgroup of the infinite symmetric group that admits an invariant metric, then either E is reducible to a countable Borel equivalence relation or else E_3 is reducible to E. We also survey a number of results and conjectures concerning the global structure of reducibility on Borel equivalence relations.
A Sensitive Skin for Robotic Companions Featuring Temperature, Force, and Electric Field Sensors

As robots become an everyday part of the complicated environment of the human world it will be important for such systems to feature a full body sense of touch capable of detecting a wide variety of tactile inputs. Such "sensitive skins" can provide much benefit in human robot interaction, specifically in the realm of robotic companions for therapeutic or service applications. In this paper we present a set of design criteria for how such "skins" should be designed. Based on this criteria, a "skin" which features temperature, force, and electric field sensing is described. Results from early experiments with this skin show how the sensors of the multi-modal skin complement each other and allow the distinction between social and affective classes of touch to be distinguished from touch with physical objects.
Laser Spectroscopy of HfO: Linkage of the Singlet and Triplet State Manifolds

Abstract The 5698-A band of HfO has been reexamined using wavelength-resolved fluorescence excitation techniques. Spectra were recorded at a resolution of 0.03 cm −1 . Previously, this band had been assigned to the B 1 Π- X 1 Σ + 0-0 transition. Analysis of the rotational structure indicated that the excited state electronic assignment for this band should be changed from B 1 Π to b 3 Π 1 . Based on this revision, accurate term energies for the triplet state manifold are reported. Ligand field theory calculations were used to suggest electronic configurations for the excited states of HfO.
Descriptive epidemiology and risk factors for head and neck cancer

Although more common in developing countries, over 11,000 deaths will occur in the United States from head and neck cancer in 2004. Squamous cell carcinomas account for the vast majority of cases in the United States and the majority of these are related to exposure to tobacco and alcohol. Newer data suggest a genetic contribution. This group is the focus of primary and secondary preventative efforts.
A simple production method for making 3 μg/cm2 craked slacked carbon accelerator stripper foils

Abstract A simple method for making thin 3 μg/cm2 carbon stripper foils for heavy ion bombardment and accelerator radiochronology is described along with a simple method for stripper foil thickness determination.
Second order effects of peers on mother-toddler interaction

The influence of adult and toddler peers on mother-toddler interaction was investigated in the natural home environment. Toddlers and mothers were observed in four circumstances on four different days: (1) at home by themselves; (2) with a toddler peer; (3) with an adult peer; and (4) with a toddler peer and an adult peer. In the presence of a toddler peer, toddlers made fewer instrumental and distal social bids to their mothers. Presence of an adult peer or mother without a toddler peer increased toddler tactile and proximal bids to mother. Maternal affect expression, both positive and negative, was intensified in the absence of the peers. Higher level reciprocal toddler peer play was more frequent in the absence of the adult peer. These findings were interpreted in terms of different types of second order effects.
Antibody-antigen interactions

Abstract Different antibodies adopt substantially different shapes in order to recognize their respective antigens. Local and more global structural rearrangements, in addition to sequence and size diversity of complementarity determining loops, result in antigen-binding sites that can vary considerably in size, shape and charge distribution, even though the antibody framework structure remains invariant. The structures of several free and bound Fabs show that induced-fit mechanisms best describe the antibody-antigen recognition process. This affects the prediction, engineering and design of antibody combining sites.
A pólya interpretation of the schur function

Abstract When the Schur function is written as a linear combination of products of symmetric power sums, it takes the form of a character-weighted cycle index polynomial. A Polya-like interpretation is given to this formula and a purely combinatorial proof is given. Some observations concerning general group actions are made.
Arctic sea ice albedo: A comparison of two satellite‐derived data sets

Spatial patterns of mean monthly surface albedo for May, June, and July, derived from DMSP Operational Line Scan (OLS) satellite imagery are compared with surface albedos derived from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program (ISCCP) monthly data set. Spatial patterns obtained by the two techniques are in general agreement, especially for June and July. Nevertheless, systematic differences in albedo of 0.05 - 0.10 are noted which are most likely related to uncertainties in the simple parameterizations used in the DMSP analyses, problems in the ISCCP cloud-clearing algorithm and other modeling simplifications. However, with respect to the eventual goal of developing a reliable automated retrieval algorithm for compiling a long-term albedo data base, these initial comparisons are very encouraging.
A multiscale approach to study the effect of chromium and nickel concentration in the hardening of iron alloys

Abstract A multiscale approach is presented to study the effect of chromium and nickel concentration on the deformation behavior of iron systems. A combination of molecular dynamics (MD) and dislocation dynamics (DD) simulations are employed. In this framework, the critical information is passed from the atomistic (MD) to the microscopic scale (DD) in order to study the degradation of the material under examination. In particular, information pertaining to the dislocation mobility is obtained from MD simulations. Since accurate measurements of dislocation velocity are difficult to obtain through experiment, atomistic simulations constitute an adequate alternative tool. Then this information is used by DD to simulate large systems with high dislocation and defect densities. In particular, we study the effect of nickel and chromium concentration on the strength, as well as the effect of dislocation loops concentration on the yield stress of the aforementioned systems. The results reveal, among other, defect free zones, in accordance to experimental observations, and an evolution law for the defect density.
A study of reproduction and other life cycle phenomena in planktonic protists using an acridine orange fluorescence technique

The percentage of dividing individuals and temporal reproductive patterns were determined for natural populations of several planktonic protists including five species of tintinnids, a dinoflagellate, and a diatom. To obtain these data, a method was used in which the nuclei of planktonic ciliates and phytoplankters can be fluorescently stained with acridine orange at the time of collection and fixation. The technique is simple and can be used routinely in studies of reproduction or other life cycle phenomena of natural protistan populations. For the tintinnids, often more than half of the individuals were in some recognizable stage of fission; periodicity in the division process was only observed once and apparently followed a pulse of conjugation in the population. With the diatom Ditylum brightwellii the fluorescent staining technique yielded data on the extent and timing of division which were consistent with, but more complete than, previous enumerations of paired cells.
Galactosemia: alterations in sulfate metabolism secondary to galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency

Cultures of nonmutant as well as galactokinase-deficient fibroblasts incorporate 20 percent more [35S]sulfate when galactose is substituted for glucose in the medium; galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase-deficient cells incorporate 65.5 percent less. In addition to incorporating less [35S]sulfate, the uridyltransferase-deficient cells showed significant accumulation of intracellular galactose-1-phosphate within 4 hours after galactose exposure. Under the same conditions, no difference in [3H]uridine incorporation was observed. This metabolic alteration, occurring in response to galactose exposure, may be related to the pathophysiology of classical galactosemia.
Dispatcher-assisted phone cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation

Based on both animal studies and field studies of the process and intermediate outcomes related to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), we initiated a randomized trial of dispatcher-assisted CPR, with the intervention arm receiving instructions for chest compression only and the control arm receiving standard instructions for airway maintenance, ventilation, and chest compression. Of 241 patients randomized to chest compression instructions only, 35 survived (14.6%) compared with 29 of 279 (10.4%) patients in the control arm (p = .09). These results may have implications for future guidelines and teaching CPR.
The invention of radical reactions. Part XXXVIII. Homologation of car☐ylic acids with acrylamide and synthetic studies of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-2-heptulosonic acid (DAH) and its 4-epimer

Abstract Alkyl radicals generated from O-acyl derivatives of N-hydroxy-2-thiopyridone added onto acrylamide at room temperature to form crystalline 2-(2-pyridylsulfanyl)-car☐amides. Desulfurization of the latter by nickel boride at room temperature afforded primary amides in quantitative yield. 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-2-heptulosonic acid (DAH), its 4-epimer, and their derivatives were effectively synthesized from commercial D-ribonolactone by similar radical chemistry.
Effect of non-homogenous thermal stress during sub-lethal photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy

Pathogens could be inactivated via a light source coupled with a photosensitizing agent in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT). This project studied the effect of non-homogenous substrate on cell colony. The non-homogeneity could be controlled by iron oxide nano-particles doping in porous glassy substrates such that each cell would experience tens of hot spots when illuminated with additional light source. The substrate non-homogeneity was characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy and Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure at Brookhaven Synchrotron Light Source. Microscopy images of cell motion were used to study the motility. Laboratory cell colonies on non-homogenous substrates exhibit reduced motility similar to those observed with sub-lethal PCAT treatment. Such motility reduction on non-homogenous substrate is interpreted as the presence of thermal stress. The studied pathogens included E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Non-pathogenic microbes Bacillus subtilis was also studied for comparison. The results show that sub-lethal PACT could be effective with additional non-homogenous thermal stress. The use of non-uniform illumination on a homogeneous substrate to create thermal stress in sub-micron length scale is discussed via light correlation in propagation through random medium. Extension to sub-lethal PACT application complemented with thermal stress would be an appropriate application.
Three-dimensional conformal therapy versus standard radiation therapy in localized carcinoma of prostate: an update.

Abstract This study updates technical principles and results of 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) in localized carcinoma of the prostate. Between January 1992 and December 1999, 312 patients were treated with 3D-CRT and 135 patients were treated with bilateral arcs standard radiation therapy (SRT) alone for clinical stage T1b-c or T2 histologically confirmed prostate cancer. None of these patients received hormonal therapy. Mean follow-up for patients in the 3D-CRT group was 3.2 years (range, 2–5.9 years) and for SRT patients, 4.7 years (range, 4–7 years). For 3D-CRT, 7 intersecting fields were used (cerrobend blocking or multileaf collimation) to deliver 68–74 Gy to the prostate. Standard radiation therapy consisted of bilateral 120° rotational arcs, with portals using 2-cm margins around the prostate to deliver 68-70 Gy to the prostate. The criterion for chemical disease-free survival was a postirradiation prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value following the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology guidelines. Symptoms during treatment were quantitated weekly, and late effects were assessed every 4-6 months. Dosevolume histograms showed a two-thirds reduction with 3D-CRT in normal bladder or rectum receiving ≥ 70 Gy with 3D-CRT. Higher 5-year chemical disease-free survival was observed with 3D-CRT (75% for T1b-c and 79% for T2 tumors) compared with SRT (61% and 65%, P = 0.01 and P = 0.12, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in chemical disease-free survival in patients with Gleason score of ≥ 4 ( P = 0.85), but, with Gleason score of 5–7, the 5-year survival rates were 83% with 3D-CRT and 59% with SRT ( P ≥ 0.01). In 245 patients with pretreatment PSA of ≥ 10 ng/mL treated with 3D-CRT, the chemical disease-free rate was 80% versus 72% in 98 patients treated with SRT ( P = 0.21). In patients with PSA of 10.1–20 ng/mL, the chemical disease-free survival rate for 50 patients treated with 3D-CRT was 71% compared with 43% for 20 patients treated with SRT ( P = 0.02). The corresponding values were 59% and 16%, respectively, for patients with PSA levels > 20 ng/mL ( P = 0.09). On multivariate analysis, the most important prognostic factors for chemical failure were pretreatment PSA ( P = 0.004), nadir PSA ( P = 0.001), and 3D-CRT technique ( P = 0.012). Moderate dysuria was reported by 2%–5% of patients treated with 3D-CRT in contrast to 6%–9% of patients treated with SRT. The incidence of moderate loose stools or diarrhea, usually after the fourth week of treatment, was 3%–5% in the 3D-CRT patients and 8%–19% in the SRT group. Late intestinal grade 2 morbidity (proctitis or rectal bleeding) was 1% in the 3D-CRT group in contrast to 7% in SRT patients. The 3D-CRT spares more normal tissues, yields higher chemical disease-free survival, and results in less treatment morbidity than SRT in treatment of stage T1-T2 prostate cancer. Follow-up at ≥ 10 years is needed to confirm these observations.
A short synthesis of (±)-mesembrine

Abstract An efficient synthesis of (±)-mesembrine and (±)-desdimethoxymesembrine from N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is reported.
Interaction of elastic waves with a Griffith crack

Abstract The problem of the diffraction of normally indicent longitudinal and antiplane shear waves on a Griffith crack located in an infinite, isotropic elastic medium is considered. A Fredholm integral equation of the second kind is derived in each case for the determination of diffracted field. From the integral equation an asymptotic development of the solution is obtained which is valid for wavelength long compared to the crack length. For wavelengths comparable with the size of the crack the integral equation is solved numerically. The stress and the displacement fields in the vicinity of the crack as well as the radiation field at points far away from the crack are computed for a range of values of the frequency.
“A Troubled Godless Place”: Catholic Practice and Local Politics in the Communes of the Central Vaucluse, 1830–1905

In the final quarter of the nineteenth century, men and women in the French communes of the central Vaucluse began to defer or neglect vital Catholic rites of passage. Against a backdrop of turbulent regional politics and economic upheaval, formal adherence to church doctrine declined sharply, never again to regain its previous levels. This article assesses the religious gestures of individuals and communities through the analysis of their sacramental participation, the only recorded response of Catholics to the church's presence in their lives. The implementation of the lay republic in the community by means of both local and national secularizing policy from 1878 to 1905 was the primary precipitant of general, dramatic decreases in formal Catholic practice. It was only upon the official secularization of communal society and politics that significant numbers of central Vauclusiens began to relinquish their attachment to Catholic rites of passage surrounding birth, marriage, and death.
The risks of "Putting the numbers in context": a cautionary tale.

Despite the warnings of risk communication specialists, members of the technical community often urge that technological risks should be "put in context" by comparisons against risks that are more familiar. Little quantitative evidence is available on the actual behavioral consequences of such risk comparison efforts. In the present study, subjects were presented with two types of information about a hazardous waste incinerator--a simplified statistical summary and a comparison of incinerator risks against the risks of smoking. Statistical information led to a modest increase in the reported willingness to vote in favor of the incinerator in a community referendum, but the comparison against cigarettes led to a slight decrease in support; the difference between the two messages is statistically significant (p < .001). In combination with other results, this study's findings suggest that an implicit assumption of risk comparisons is in error: Opposition to controversial technologies may have little to do with citizens' levels of information about technology, having more to do with citizens' levels of trust in governmental and industrial actors.
Using fNIRS brain sensing to evaluate information visualization interfaces

We show how brain sensing can lend insight to the evaluation of visual interfaces and establish a role for fNIRS in visualization. Research suggests that the evaluation of visual design benefits by going beyond performance measures or questionnaires to measurements of the user's cognitive state. Unfortunately, objectively and unobtrusively monitoring the brain is difficult. While functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has emerged as a practical brain sensing technology in HCI, visual tasks often rely on the brain's quick, massively parallel visual system, which may be inaccessible to this measurement. It is unknown whether fNIRS can distinguish differences in cognitive state that derive from visual design alone. In this paper, we use the classic comparison of bar graphs and pie charts to test the viability of fNIRS for measuring the impact of a visual design on the brain. Our results demonstrate that we can indeed measure this impact, and furthermore measurements indicate that there are not universal differences in bar graphs and pie charts.
Semiconductor surface relaxation and reconstruction evaluated using the pseudofunction method

We have studied the zine-blende (110) surfaces of eleven covalent and ionic compounds and the wurtzite (1010) surfaces of two relatively ioniccompounds. The results show that relaxation/reconstruction of these surfaces is determined by a competition between covalent forces and Coulombic (ionic) forces. A dependence on ionicity of the surface relaxation is predicted.
Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity mediates epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in human airway epithelial cells exposed to Zn2

Epidemiological studies have implicated zinc (Zn2+) in the toxicity of ambient particulate matter (PM) inhalation. We previously showed that exposure to metal-laden PM inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity in human primary bronchial epithelial cells (HAEC) and leads to Src-dependent activation of EGFR signaling in B82 and A431 cells. In order to elucidate the mechanism of Zn2+-induced EGFR activation in HAEC, we treated HAEC with 500 microM ZnSO4 for 5-20 min and measured the state of activation of EGFR, c-Src and PTPs. Western blots revealed that exposure to Zn2+ results in increased phosphorylation at both trans- and autophosphorylation sites in the EGFR. Zn2+-mediated EGFR phosphorylation did not require ligand binding and was ablated by the EGFR kinase inhibitor PD153035, but not by the Src kinase inhibitor PP2. Src activity was inhibited by Zn2+ treatment of HAEC, consistent with Src-independent EGFR transactivation in HAEC exposed to Zn2+. The rate of exogenous EGFR dephosphorylation in lysates of HAEC exposed to Zn2+ or V4+ was significantly diminished. Moreover, exposure of HAEC to Zn2+ also resulted in a significant impairment of dephosphorylation of endogenous EGFR. These data show that Zn2+-induced activation of EGFR in HAEC involves a loss of PTP activities whose function is to dephosphorylate EGFR in opposition to baseline EGFR kinase activity. These findings also suggest that there are marked cell-type-specific differences in the mechanism of EGFR activation induced by Zn2+ exposure.
Image texture classification using datagrams and characteristic views

This paper addresses the problem of image texture classification. A novel texture feature called "characteristic view", which is directly extracted from a kernel corresponding to each texture class, was developed. The K-views template method was used to classify the texture pixels based on these features. The characteristic view concept is based on the assumption that an image taken from the nature scenes, a specific texture class in this image will frequently reveal the repetitions of some certain patterns of features. Different "views" can be obtained as features from different spatial locations. The datagram concept is developed in this paper. Experimental results using datagrams are provided.
First-division restitution in hybrids of Langdon durum disomic substitution lines with rye and Aegilops squarrosa

Durum wheat ‘Langdon’(LDN) caused a high frequency of first-division restitution (FDR) and partial fertility in hybrids with rye, Secale cereale L., and Aegilops squarrosa L. In order to determine the genetic control of FDR, a complete set of 14 Langdon durum D-genome disomic substitution lines (LDNDS) was crossed with ‘Gazelle’ rye and one accession (RL5286) of A. squarrosa. The microsporogenesis and fertility of the hybrids were studied. The results showed that most of the hybrids expressed a high frequency of FDR and partial fertility. However, the hybrids of 2D(2A), 4D(4A), 5D(5B) and 6D(6B) crossed with both rye and A. squarrosa, as well as 1D(1A) with A. squarrosa, had either little or no FDR and were completely sterile. These hybrids had different types of first meiotic divisions compared with LDN control hybrids. The hybrids with 2D(2A), 4D(4A) and 6D(6B) had a high frequency of random segregation of chromosomes at the first division. The hybrids with 5D(5B), as expected, showed high homoeologous pairing. The hybrid of 1D(1A) with A. squarrosa had a high frequency of equational division at first division. These results suggest that the reduced or absent FDR in such hybrids might be related to the substitution of chromosomes with an FDR gene and poor compensation ability of the D-genome chromosomes for their homoeologous A- or B- genome chromosomes. Cytological analysis suggested that chromosome 4A in LDN most likely carries a gene for high frequency of FDR in hybrids. In addition, some monads were observed at the end of meiosis in the hybrids of 3D(3A) and 6D(6A) crossed with rye. They were formed from FDR cells that failed to divide at second division, suggesting that the LDN 3A and 6A chromosomes might carry genes for normal second division of FDR cells in the rye crosses.
Modernity: A world without eyebrows

In his new book Meaning and Modernity: Social Theory in the Pragmatic Attitude, Rochberg-Halton uses Fritz Janschka's painting of 1948 Wohin gehst Du? as a central illustration of his thesis. Janschka's painting depicts a 'bombed-out Boschian/Flemish village' in which isolated people stand, each clutching an 'icon' of the Western tradition. Rochberg-Halton finds the 'catastrophic situation' the painting depicts to reflect the modern condition a condition dominated by 'cultural nominalism.' Cultural nominalism has helped to create a world of individuals whose actions are motivated no longer by sympathy or a sense of community but by empty labels and slogans. It is a world governed by 'generic generals.' Where are we? Apparently nowhere we want to be. Where are we going? If nothing changes, nowhere we want to go. Where, then, should we be going? Rochberg-Halton argues that, confronted as we are with the failures of cultural nominalism, we should consider pragmatism especially as articulated by C.S. Peirce as a serious mode of understanding and trans? forming the world.
Should Angiographically Disease-Free Saphenous Vein Grafts Be Replaced at the Time of Redo Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting?

Abstract Background . Controversy exists regarding the management of angiographically disease-free saphenous vein grafts at the time of redo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Some authorities favor replacement of these disease-free grafts, arguing that occlusion is likely in the near future. Others believe that these grafts are "biologically privileged" and should not be replaced. Methods . One hundred thirty-two consecutive patients (113 men, 19 women, aged 46 to 88 years, mean 67 years) underwent redo revascularization with one or more angiographically disease-free saphenous vein grafts at the time of redo CABG. Thirty-six patients had the disease-free grafts replaced (R) and 96 did not (NR). The mean interval from the first CABG was 9.25 years. Results . Surgical mortality was comparable in the NR and R groups (5 of 96 or 5.2% versus 3 of 36 or 8.3%, respectively; p p p p p p Conclusions . With a conservative approach that does not replace nondiseased saphenous vein grafts at redo CABG (1) there is no increase in operative mortality, (2) good late survival is obtained, (3) clinical ischemia related to the NR saphenous vein grafts is uncommon, and (4) NR grafts continue to be patent. We conclude that disease-free vein grafts may not require routine replacement at redo CABG. A randomized study is required for definitive resolution.
Three-dimensional vortex tube reconnection: morphology for orthogonally-offset tubes

Load sharing has been the focus of a great deal of research as a means of enhancing the performance of distributed systems. In this paper we evaluate the potential benefits of load sharing in hierarchical distributed systems. A hierarchical system consists of sub-systems, each of which is a distributed system in its own right. Our goal is to determine the level(s) at which load sharing may be exercised to improve the system performance at minimum overhead. Our simulation results indicate that most of the potential benefits can be achieved by employing load sharing locally. The additional benefit gained from global load sharing is minimal and does not justify the cost associated with it.
A stereoselective synthesis of (2S,4R)-δ-hydroxyleucine methyl ester: a component of cyclomarin A

Abstract (2 S ,4 R )-δ-Hydroxyleucine methyl ester, the N -demethyl analogue of an amino acid contained within the macrocycle of cyclomarin A, was successfully synthesized using Davis’ asymmetric Strecker reaction.
Diversifying selection of the tumor-growth promoter angiogenin in primate evolution

Diversifying selection drives the rapid differentiation of gene sequences and is one of the main forces behind adaptive evolution. Most genes known to be shaped by diversifying selection are those involved in host-pathogen or male-female interactions characterized as molecular "arms races." Here we report the unexpected detection of diversifying selection in the evolution of a tumor-growth promoter, angiogenin (ANG). A comparison among 11 1 primate species demonstrates that ANG has a significantly higher rate of nucleotide substitution at nonsynonymous sites than at synonymous sites, a hallmark of positive selection acting at the molecular level. Furthermore, we observed significant charge diversity at the molecular surface, suggesting the presence of selective pressures in the microenvironment of ANG, including its binding molecules. A population survey of ANG in chimpanzees, however, reveals no polymorphism, which may have resulted from a recent selective sweep of a charge-altering substitution in chimpanzee evolution. Functional assays of recombinant ANGs from the human and owl monkey indicate that primate ANGs retain angiogenic activity despite rapid evolution. Our study, together with findings of similar selection in the primate breast cancer suppressor gene, BRCA1, reveals an intriguing phenomenon of unusual selective pressures on, and adaptive evolution of, cancer-related genes in primate evolution.
Emission Spectroscopy as a Probe into Photoinduced Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Polyazine Bridged Ru(II),Rh(III) Supramolecular Complexes

Steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopy are valuable tools to probe photochemical processes of metal-ligand, coordination complexes. Ru(II) polyazine light absorbers are efficient light harvesters absorbing in the UV and visible with emissive ³MLCT excited states known to undergo excited state energy and electron transfer. Changes in emission intensity, energy or band-shape, as well as excited state lifetime, provide insight into excited state dynamics. Photophysical processes such as intramolecular electron transfer between electron donor and electron acceptor sub-units may be investigated using these methods. This review investigates the use of steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopy to measure excited state intramolecular electron transfer in polyazine bridged Ru(II),Rh(III) supramolecular complexes. Intramolecular electron transfer in these systems provides for conversion of the emissive ³MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) excited state to a non-emissive, but potentially photoreactive, ³MMCT (metal-to-metal charge transfer) excited state. The details of the photophysics of Ru(II),Rh(III) and Ru(II),Rh(III),Ru(II) systems as probed by steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopy will be highlighted.
β-Escin inhibits NNK-induced lung adenocarcinoma and ALDH1A1 and RhoA/Rock expression in A/J mice and growth of H460 human lung cancer cells

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. β-Escin, a triterpene saponin isolated from horse chestnut seeds, was tested for inhibition of lung adenoma and adenocarcinoma induced by the tobacco carcinogen 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in female A/J mice; and its possible mode of action was evaluated using the H460 human lung cancer cell line. At 6 weeks of age, 35 mice were fed AIN-76A-modified diet, and one week later, lung tumors were induced with a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 10 μmol NNK/mouse. Three weeks after the NNK treatment, groups of mice were fed either control or experimental diets containing 500 ppm for 20 weeks (10 control, 5 β-escin) or 36 weeks (15 control, 5 β-escin) and evaluated for lung tumor via histopathologic methods. Administration of 500 ppm β-escin significantly suppressed lung tumor (adenoma + adenocarcinoma) formation by more than 40% (P < 0.0015) at 20 weeks and by 53.3% (P < 0.0001) at 37 weeks. β-Escin inhibited NNK-induced lung adenocarcinoma formation by 65% (P < 0.001) at 20 weeks and by 53% (P < 0.0001) at 37 weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that lung tumors from mice exposed to β-escin showed significantly reduced aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)1A1 and phospho-Akt (p-Akt) expression when compared with those in mice fed control diet. Aldefluor assay for ALDH revealed that among H460 lung cancer cells treated with different concentrations of β-escin (0-40 μmol/L), the subpopulation of cells with elevated ALDH activity was inhibited significantly. Our findings suggest that β-escin inhibits tobacco carcinogen-induced lung tumor formation by modulating ALDH1A1-positive cells and RhoA/Rock signaling.
Clinical research: Protection of the “vulnerable”?

In this age of evidence-based medicine, clinical research is critical for developing new therapeutics and determining the best way to use these therapies. To perform appropriate clinical research, researchers must adhere to ethical standards. These standards have developed in large part as a response to egregious violations of ethically appropriate behavior. In this respect certain populations have been identified as at risk of being treated inappropriately in medical research. Current ethical guidelines prohibit or severely limit what types of research can be performed involving these "vulnerable" populations. Although this might protect these populations, the lack of research on them might actually do harm in limiting their access to life-saving therapies. We explore the historical underpinnings of protecting the vulnerable populations and whether a newer ethical paradigm that would allow for protected research on these populations should be adopted by society.
Fibromyalgia: the role of sleep in affect and in negative event reactivity and recovery.

Objective: Fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome is a chronic pain condition characterized by diffuse muscle pain, increased negative mood, and sleep disturbance. Until recently, sleep disturbance in persons with FM has been modeled as the result of the disease process or its associated pain. The current study examined sleep disturbance (i.e., sleep duration and sleep quality) as a predictor of daily affect, stress reactivity, and stress recovery. Design and Measures: A hybrid of daily diary and ecological momentary assessment methodology was used to evaluate the psychosocial functioning of 89 women with FM. Participants recorded numeric ratings of pain, fatigue, and positive and negative affect 3 times throughout the day for 30 consecutive days. At the end of each day, participants completed daily diary records of positive and negative life events. In addition, participants reported on their sleep duration and sleep quality each morning. Results: After accounting for the effects of positive events, negative events, and pain on daily affect scores, it was found that sleep duration and quality were prospectively related to affect and fatigue. Furthermore, the effects of inadequate sleep on negative affect were cumulative. In addition, an inadequate amount of sleep prevented affective recovery from days with a high number of negative events. Conclusions: These results lend support to the hypothesis that sleep is a component of allostatic load and has an upstream role in daily functioning.
The Effectiveness of Hearing Protection Among Construction Workers

Effective hearing conservation programs in the construction industry are rare. Where programs are present, they often rely on workers' use of hearing protection devices (HPDs) rather than on exposure controls to reduce noise exposure levels. Dependence on HPDs for protection from high noise is problematic, as the protection provided by the HPD depends on both the HPD's attenuation level and the time the HPD is used. This article presents an analysis of data on noise exposure and hearing protection among construction workers drawn from several large datasets covering nine construction trades. A unique combination of 1-min dosimetry noise exposure levels and simultaneous self-reported use of HPDs was evaluated, as were occupational and nonoccupational HPD use data collected by questionnaire as part of a longitudinal study of noise exposure and hearing loss among apprentices. Direct measurements of HPD attenuation were also made on workers at their work site. The workers assessed in this study were found to ...
Coping Resources and Athlete Burnout: An Examination of Stress Mediated and Moderation Hypotheses

Although it is widely accepted that coping resources theoretically influence the stress-burnout relationship, it is unclear whether key internal (i.e., coping behaviors) and external (i.e., social support satisfaction) coping resources have stress-mediated or moderating influences on athlete burnout. Therefore we examined whether coping behaviors and social support satisfaction (a) had indirect stress-mediated relationships with burnout or (b) disjunctively (independently) or conjunctively (in combination) moderated the relationship between perceived stress and burnout. Senior level age-group swimmers (N = 244; ages 14–19 years) completed a questionnaire assessing burnout, perceived stress, general coping behaviors, and social support satisfaction. The results revealed that perceived stress, general coping behaviors, and social support satisfaction were related to burnout. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that general coping behaviors and social support satisfaction had stress-mediated relationsh...
FOG-1-mediated recruitment of NuRD is required for cell lineage re-enforcement during haematopoiesis.

The transcriptional co‐factor Friend of GATA1 (FOG‐1) has been shown to interact with subunits of the nucleosome remodelling and histone deacetylase (NuRD) complex through a specific motif located at its N‐terminus. To test the importance of FOG‐1/NuRD interaction for haematopoiesis in vivo , we generated mice with a mutation that specifically disrupts FOG‐1/NuRD interaction (FOG‐1 R3K5A ). Homozygous FOG‐1 R3K5A mice were found to have splenomegaly, extramedullary erythropoiesis, granulocytosis and thrombocytopaenia secondary to a block in megakaryocyte maturation. FOG‐1 R3K5A/R3K5A megakaryocytes and erythroid progenitors expressed increased levels of GATA2, showing that FOG‐1/NuRD interaction is required for the earlier described ‘GATA Switch’. In addition, ablation of FOG‐1/NuRD interaction led to inappropriate expression of mast cell and eosinophil‐specific genes in the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the NuRD complex was not properly recruited to a mast cell gene promoter in FOG‐1 R3K5A/R3K5A megakaryocytes, suggesting that FOG‐1/NuRD interaction is required for the direct suppression of mast cell gene expression. Taken together, these results underscore the importance of the FOG‐1/NuRD interaction for the re‐enforcement of lineage commitment during erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis in vivo .
Beyond the Bright Side: Dark Personality at Work

Despite the long history of the psychological study of dark personality characteristics and the recent surge of interest in the topic, much work remains to fully understand the breadth and depth of the impact of dark personality in the workplace. This commentary briefly covers the history of dark personality, discusses the place of this special issue within that history, and then proposes a number of avenues for future research in terms of defining, measuring, and providing a more comprehensive theoretical framework for the study of dark personality.
Vertrauen schaffen durch Transparenz und Aufklärung

Unsere Chancen, in Deutschland das Image der Chemie in der Bevolkerung weiter zu verbessern, stehen nicht schlecht: 62 Prozent der Deutschen schatzten in einer Umfrage die Chemie positiv ein. Gleichzeitig wollen aber etwa ebenso viele mehr Reglementierung und Kontrolle durch Verordnungen und Gesetze.
Examining Applicant Reactions to the Use of Social Networking Websites in Pre-Employment Screening

Purpose – Social networking websites such as Facebook allow employers to gain information about applicants which job seekers may not otherwise share during the hiring process. This multi-study investigation examined how job seekers react to this screening practice. Design/methodology – Study 1 (N=175) employed a realistic selection scenario examining applicant reactions to prospective employers reviewing their social networking website. Study 2 (N=208) employed a simulated selection scenario where participants rated their experience with a proposed selection process. Findings – In Study 1, social networking website screening caused applicants to feel their privacy had been invaded which ultimately resulted in lower organizational attraction. Applicants low in agreeableness had the most adverse reactions to social networking website screening. In Study 2, screening again caused applicants to feel their privacy had been invaded, resulting in lower organizational attraction and increased intentions to litigate. The organization’s positive/negative hiring decision did not moderate the relationship between screening and justice. Implications – The results suggest organizations should consider the costs and benefits of social media screening which could reduce the attractiveness of the organization. Additionally, applicants may need to change their conceptualization of social networking websites, viewing them through the eyes of a prospective employer. Originality/value – This investigation proposed and tested an explanatory model of the effects of screening practices on organizational outcomes demonstrating how electronic monitoring, privacy, and applicant reactions can be integrated to better understand responses to technological innovations in the workplace.
Transient response of a cylindrical shell containing an orthotropic core

A long, circular, cylindrical shell containing an annular, orthotropic, elastic core is subjected to an axisymmetric pressure pulse. The analysis considers the propagation and reflection of stress waves in the core, and the inner core boundary is taken as a rigid reflector or a free surface. Exact formulas in terms of elementary functions for the shell response are obtained for core materials which have specified relationships between the elastic constants. Graphical results from these special cases form closely spaced families of curves and results for an arbitrary orthotropic core can easily be obtained by interpolation.
Spatial and temporal controls on watershed ecohydrology in the northern Rocky Mountains

[1] Vegetation water stress plays an important role in the movement of water through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. However, the effects of water stress on evapotranspiration (ET) and other hydrological processes at the watershed scale remain poorly understood due in part to spatially and temporally heterogeneous conditions within the watershed, especially in areas of mountainous terrain. We used a spatially distributed model to understand and evaluate the relationship between water stress and ET in a forested mountain watershed during the snow-free growing season. Vegetation water stress increased as the growing season progressed, due to continued drying of soils, and persisted late into the growing season, even as vapor pressure deficit decreased with lower temperatures. As a result, ET became decoupled from vapor pressure deficit and became increasingly dependent on soil moisture later in the growing season, shifting from demand limitation to supply limitation. We found water stress and total growing season ET to be distributed nonuniformly across the watershed due to interactions between topography and vegetation. Areas having tall vegetation and low topographic index experienced the greatest water stress, yet they had some of the highest evapotranspiration rates in the watershed.
Clinical experience with chronomodulated infusional 5-fluorouracil chemoradiotherapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Purpose: To evaluate retrospectively the efficacy and chronic toxicities of concurrent radiotherapy and chronomodulated infusion 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Methods and Materials: Twenty-eight patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were treated between January 1997 and May 2000 with 5-FU chronomodulated chemoradiotherapy. Chronomodulated delivery of chemotherapy was chosen on the basis of a lower toxicity profile in the treatment of GI malignancies. The median age was 64 years. Of the 28 patients, 12 were men and 16 were women. Eight patients had unresectable disease and 20 were treated after pancreatic resection. The median radiation dose was 50.4 Gy given in 28 fractions. The median field length and width was 10.6 cm and 10.9 cm, respectively. Concurrent chemotherapy with 5-FU was administered 5 d/wk, with a median total dose of 8.4 g/m 2 (300 mg/m 2 /d). Chronomodulated 5-FU delivery consisted of a low basal infusion for 16 h followed by an 8-h escalating-deescalating infusion peaking at 10 pm. Survival and recurrence data were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier actuarial analysis. Toxicities were recorded using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grading system. Results: The median follow-up for all patients was 26 months (range, 4–68 months). The median overall survival for the 20 patients treated postoperatively was 34 months, with a 3- and 5-year actuarial survival rate of 40% and 21%, respectively. If the 3 patients with carcinoma of the ampulla were removed from the data set, the mean overall survival in the resected patients was 34 months, with a 3-year and 5-year actuarial survival rate of 40% and 17%, respectively. The 8 unresectable patients had a median overall survival of 14 months, and none lived past 2 years. No patient experienced Grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicity or weight loss. Five patients had nausea and dehydration requiring i.v. fluids; only one (4%) was hospitalized. Four patients required a dose reduction of 5-FU, one for nausea, one for a transient ischemic attack, one for an infection, and one because of myocardial infarction. Seven resected patients, four of whom had no evidence of disease, developed diabetes mellitus 1–2 years after radiotherapy. Conclusion: Chronomodulated 5-FU administration, based on the concept of chronotolerance, has relatively low acute toxicity. Our median survival rate was greater than that after most chemoradiotherapy programs that result in more acute toxicity. Additional study is warranted to evaluate chronomodulated radiosensitizing chemotherapy schedules in prospective trials and with attention to late effects after radiotherapy, including diabetes mellitus.
On‐line optimization of constrained multivariable chemical processes

A two-phase approach to the control and operation of complex chemical processes at their optimum operating conditions is presented. The first phase consists of on-line parameter identification and state estimation of approximate nonlinear dynamic process models using on-line and off-line measurements. In the second phase, the optimum operating strategy is determined by integrating and optimizing this identified process model over a selected time horizon into the future. The method is particularly suited to those processes that exhibit slow dynamic responses and are subject to disturbances that have a significant economic impact. Examples include batch chemical reactors, large distillation towers, and processes with significant holdup times such as large fluidized-bed reactors.
Gravity of higher dimensional global defects

Solutions of Einstein's equations are found for global defects in a higher-dimensional spacetime with a nonzero cosmological constant $\ensuremath{\Lambda}.$ The defect has a $(p\ensuremath{-}1)$-dimensional core (brane) and a ``hedgehog'' scalar field configuration in the n extra dimensions. For $\ensuremath{\Lambda}=0$ and $ng2,$ the solutions are characterized by a flat brane worldsheet and a solid angle deficit in the extra dimensions. For $\ensuremath{\Lambda}g0,$ one class of solutions describes spherical branes in an inflating higher-dimensional universe. Instantons obtained by a Euclidean continuation of such solutions describe quantum nucleation of the entire inflating brane-world, or of a spherical brane in an inflating higher-dimensional universe. For $\ensuremath{\Lambda}l0,$ one class of solutions exhibits an exponential warp factor. It is similar to spacetimes previously discussed by Randall and Sundrum for $n=1$ and by Gregory for $n=2.$