cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF CATIONS UPON HYDROPHOBICITY OF YEASTS GROWN IN AMINO ACID MEDIA.

Hedrick, L. R. (Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago), and C. J. Feren. Effect of cations upon hydrophobicity of yeasts grown in amino acid media. J. Bacteriol. 86:1288–1294. 1963.—Cells of four species of Hansenula, namely, H. holstii Y2154, H. subpelliculosa Y1683 and Y1542, and H. anomala Y365, were cultured for 3 days in a glucose-salts medium with one amino acid or (NH4)2SO4 as a nitrogen source. The l-amino acids used were glutamic acid, valine, proline, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. After growth, the cells were washed three times and added to small tubes which contained varying concentrations of chlorides of the cations Cs+, K+, Na+, and Al+++. The concentration of salt in ionic strength required for sedimenting yeast cells to form a fixed pellet represents an index of hydrophobicity of the cells, i.e., the smaller the ionic strength, the greater the hydrophobicity. All species grown in (NH4)2SO4 had a high degree of hydrophobicity. Cells of H. holstii and H. subpelliculosa Y1683 were very hydrophilic when cultured in the three aromatic amino acids as a nitrogen source and in proline as a carbon and a nitrogen source; cells of the latter species were much more hydrophobic if grown with proline as a nitrogen source. Cells of H. holstii cultured in l-glutamic acid as a nitrogen source were much more hydrophobic than those grown in proline as either a nitrogen or a carbon source. Cells of all species grown in l-lysine were more hydrophobic than cells cultured in the other amino acids tested. H. subpelliculosa Y1542 cells were somewhat more hydrophilic than those of H. anomala Y365, but both were much more hydrophobic than the other two yeasts studied. The concentration of cations required to detect an identical degree of hydrophobicity of cells decreased in the order Cs, Li, K, Na, and Al. This order corresponds to the compressibility method for estimating the water of hydration of the cations.
The Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of Persistent Hyperplastic Prima Vitreous

Fifteen patients (16 eyes) with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) were followed from one to four years. All but one of the nine eyes in the nonsurgical group showed progressive deterioration. A closed intraocular microsurgical (CIOM) approach posterior to the limbus was used in seven eyes. Three intraoperative complications involving the retina occurred because the retina in these cases inserted directly into the pars plicata and due to the presence of a thick, well-formed vitreous gel. Anterior placement of incisions is recommended to avoid intraoperative complications in small eyes. Early CIOM management is suggested in selected cases of PHPV to prevent progressive deterioration leading to phthisis and to afford reasonable cosmetic improvements.
Bandwidth Expansion Shannon Mapping for Analog Error-Control Coding

Based on an initial idea of Shannon, we investigate an approach, named Shannon mapping, for transmission of analog messages, that is fundamentally different from current digital communication methods. We investigate 1:2 band width expansion Shannon mapping based on two specific mapping curves. We demonstrate that bandwidth expansion Shannon mapping using a mapping curve does not introduce any delay and its encoding and decoding processes exhibit very low complexity. More importantly, our simulations show that the distortion performance of 1:2 bandwidth expansion Shannon mapping is significantly better than the rate-distortion bound without bandwidth expansion at moderate to high SNRs, and about 3?5 dB inferior to the rate-distortion bound with the same bandwidth expansion.
Comparison of two dynamic measurement methods of odor and odorant emission rates from freshly dewatered biosolids

Odor and odorant emission rates from freshly dewatered biosolids in a dewatering building of a Water Reclamation Plant (WRP) are measured using the EPA flux chamber and wind tunnel methods. Experimental results are compared statistically to test whether the two methods result in similar emission rates when experiments are performed under field conditions. To the best of our knowledge the literature is void of studies comparing the two methods indoors. In this paper the two methods are compared indoors where the wind velocity and air exchange rate are pertinent field conditions and can be measured. The difference between emission rates of odor and hydrogen sulfide measured with the two methods is not statistically significant (P values: 0.505 for odor, 0.130 for H2S). It is concluded that both methods can be used to estimate source emissions but selection of the most effective or efficient method depends on prevailing environmental conditions. The wind tunnel is appropriate for outdoor environments where wind effects on source emissions are more pronounced than indoors. The EPA flux chamber depends on the air exchange rate of the chamber, which simulates corresponding conditions of the indoor environment under investigation and is recommended for estimation of indoor pollution sources.
Proposed Federal Recognition Regulations and Connecticut Tribes

Federal recognition of an Indian tribe institutionalizes the government-to-government relationship between the tribe and the federal government. Criticisms of the administrative recognition process abound but the Bureau of Indian Affairs has taken the first step towards addressing these criticisms in a Preliminary Discussion Draft proposing changes to the administrative regulations governing recognition. Arguably, nowhere do these changes have the potential for more impact than in the State of Connecticut, where tribes previously denied recognition under controversial circumstances stand to gain recognition under the proposed changes. This Article examines the proposed changes and their impact in light of the past criticisms of the recognition process, the current critiques of the proposals, and their potential impact on Connecticut tribes.
Seismicity of Northern Anatolia

abstract Earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 and greater that occurred in 1930-1972 in northern Anatolia have been relocated in order to define more accurately the characteristics of recent seismicity. The revised epicenters were determined either by joint epicenter determination (JED) or singly, with travel-times modified by JED-calculated source-station adjustments. Calibration epicenters were assigned on the basis of published field studies of the earthquakes. Many characteristics of the occurrence of magnitude 5.0 and greater earthquakes on the North Anatolian fault are similar to characteristics of small-earthquake seismicity on California9s San Andreas fault. Earthquakes tend to be concentrated on or near particular sections of the North Anatolian fault, suggesting intrinsic differences in mechanical properties along the fault. The relocated epicenters support the hypothesis that fault rupture in large and great earthquakes will begin in regions of small and moderate earthquakes; the rupture of the large earthquake then propagates into sections of the fault that normally have a low level of activity. From 1939 through 1967, seven earthquakes of magnitude 6.8 or greater ruptured the North Anatolian fault from east to west for a distance of 800 km. Several sections of the fault zone were active before the occurrence of the large earthquakes of 1939-1967. Foreshock activity also extended tens of kilometers away from the fault zone. The time intervals between successive magnitude 6.0 or greater earthquakes on the fault are not consistent with a constant velocity of source migration; a model is proposed here in which these time intervals are equal to the duration of nonelastic effects precursory to the earthquakes. In western Turkey, the burst of normal-fault earthquakes in 1969-1970 was concentrated in distinctly separated source areas. The distribution of aftershocks to the earthquake of March 28, 1970 suggests that the surface fault scarps accompanying this earthquake are a distorted representation of the normal fault plane at depth.
Abstract B23: The 5 UTR of many oncogenes and transcription factors encodes a targetable dependence on the eIF4A RNA helicase

We report a mechanism of translational control that is determined by a requirement for eIF4A RNA helicase activity and underlies the anticancer effects of Silvestrol and related compounds. Briefly, activation of cap-dependent translation contributes to T-cell leukemia (T-ALL) development and maintenance. Accordingly, inhibition of translation initiation factor eIF4A with Silvestrol produces powerful therapeutic effects against T-ALL in vivo. We used transcriptome-scale ribosome footprinting on Silvestrol-treated T-ALL cells to identify Silvestrol-sensitive transcripts and the hallmark features of eIF4A-dependent translation. These include a long 5 UTR and a 12-mer sequence motif that encodes a guanine quartet (CGG)4. RNA folding algorithms as well as experimental evidences pinpoint the (CGG)4 motif as a common site of RNA G-quadruplex structures within the 5 UTR. In T-ALL these structures mark approximately eighty highly Silvestrol-sensitive transcripts that include key oncogenes and transcription factors and contribute to the drug9s anti-leukemic action. Hence, the eIF4A-dependent translation of G-quadruplex containing transcripts emerges as a gene-specific and therapeutically targetable mechanism of translational control. Citation Format: Kamini Singh, Andrew L. Wolfe, Yi Zhong, Gunnar Ratsch, Hans-Guido Wendel. The 5 UTR of many oncogenes and transcription factors encodes a targetable dependence on the eIF4A RNA helicase. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Targeting the PI3K-mTOR Network in Cancer; Sep 14-17, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(7 Suppl):Abstract nr B23.
Autonomous shallow water bathymetric measurements for environmental assessment and safe navigation using USVs

The application of unmanned surface vehicles for autonomous shallow water bathymetric measurements, for naval mine counter-measures and hydrographic charting, and as a navigation assist for high valued ships is discussed. Defence Research & Development Canada has developed a prototype unmanned surface vehicle based on a commerically available catamaran hull-form integrated with a hydrographic quality bathymetric sonar, side-scan sonar, and an echo sounder. The unmanned surface vehicle is also equipped with a WHOI underwater acoustic modem and a 2.4 GHz RF radio to facilitate above and below water communications. The vehicle is also integrated with a mission-planner that has an advanced autonomy framework to facilitate the development and implementation of more complex robotic behaviors towards capabilities for the above-mentioned applications. This autonomous system has undergone validation and testing in the Canadian Arctic and numerous local trials in Halifax Canada. The efficacy of, and lessons learned from, using unmanned surface vehicles for these applications are discussed.
Subspace Learning for Action Recognition

Recently human action recognition [4, 5, 8–10] has aroused widely attention for public surveillance system, elder service system, etc. However, the data captured by webcams are often high dimensional and usually contain noise and redundancy. So it is crucial to extract the meaning information by mitigating uncertainties for higher accuracy of recognition task. From this motivation, there are two topics we propose in this chapter: (1) select key frames from a video to remove noise and redundancy and (2) learn a subspace for dimensional reduction to reduce time complexity.
Use of the bone marrow imprint in the diagnosis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis ("hairy cell leukemia").

Krause, John R., Srodes, Carl, and Lee, Robert E.: Use of the bone marrow imprint in the diagnosis of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (“hairy cell leukemia”). Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis is a distinct entity, often misdiagnosed as chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma. The neoplastic cells have a specific tartrateresistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme by which the diagnosis may be secured. Most individuals are leukopenic, and when, as in our case, rare or no circulating cells with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity are found in the peripheral blood, an alternate site must be sought. Bone marrow aspirations often result in “dry taps,” however, and cryostat sections of the bone marrow biopsy necessary to demonstrate tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity are involved and impractical to obtain for most laboratories. This report illustrates and recommends the simple technic of imprinting the core biopsy, which yields a satisfactory sample with which the specific cytochemical activity can be demonstrated.
MYOCARDIAL SEGMENTAL THICKNESS VARIABILITY ON ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IS A HIGHLY SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC MARKER TO DISTINGUISH ISCHEMIC AND NON-ISCHEMIC DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY IN NEW ONSET CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

Distinction of ischemic dilated (ICM) from non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NICM) in new onset heart failure (HF) patients can be challenging. Our aim was to determine diagnostic markers that distinguish the two. We retrospectively identified 68 consecutive new HF patients with dilated
Altered States of Consciousness during an Extreme Ritual.

Extreme rituals (body-piercing, fire-walking, etc.) are anecdotally associated with altered states of consciousness—subjective alterations of ordinary mental functioning (Ward, 1984)—but empirical evidence of altered states using both direct and indirect measures during extreme rituals in naturalistic settings is limited. Participants in the “Dance of Souls”, a 3.5-hour event during which participants received temporary piercings with hooks or weights attached to the piercings and danced to music provided by drummers, responded to measures of two altered states of consciousness. Participants also completed measures of positive and negative affect, salivary cortisol (a hormone associated with stress), self-reported stress, sexual arousal, and intimacy. Both pierced participants (pierced dancers) and non-pierced participants (piercers, piercing assistants, observers, drummers, and event leaders) showed evidence of altered states aligned with transient hypofrontality (Dietrich, 2003; measured with a Stroop test) and flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Csikszentmihalyi & Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; measured with the Flow State Scale). Both pierced and non-pierced participants also reported decreases in negative affect and psychological stress and increases in intimacy from before to after the ritual. Pierced and non-pierced participants showed different physiological reactions, however, with pierced participants showing increases in cortisol and non-pierced participants showing decreases from before to during the ritual. Overall, the ritual appeared to induce different physiological effects but similar psychological effects in focal ritual participants (i.e., pierced dancers) and in participants adopting other roles.
Inverse polarizer on immersion lithography mask

The inverse polarizing effect of Sub-Wavelength Metallic Gratings (SWMGs) is employed to improve the lithography performance by controlling the polarization. The SWMGs are intentionally created on the top surface of mask. Its polarization selectivity is deliberately designed according to the bottom mask patterns. A series of simulations and optimizations on SWMG structures were done in order to achieve better image quality. We demonstrate that the contrast of aerial image can be improved by designing the inverse polarizer on mask (iPOM) for some specific layout patterns. We also reveal that the double diffraction inevitably occurring in-between the iPOM and layout pattern may damage the image quality in most situations. This leads to narrow usage of iPOM. An alternative to overcome the double diffraction is proposed by optimizing the refractive index and thickness of layout absorber to make the polarization selection feasible without iPOM.
Who Protests in America: An Analysis of Three Political Alternatives-Inaction, Institutionalized Politics, or Protest

Theories of social movements and collective action typically present social protest as one of three alternatives available to the individual: inaction, institutionalized political action, or protest. These political alternatives are rarely considered simultaneously nor are they modeled explicitly. In this paper we make use of survey data from a representative sample of the United States population. We employ multinomial logistic regression to determine what differentiates those who protest from those who engage only in institutionalized politics and from those who engage in no political action. We find that those who engage in social protest are similar in many respects to those who engage actively in institutionalized politics, yet education on social and political issues, participation in community organizations, and frequent church attendance increases the likelihood that individuals will engage in protest relative to institutionalized politics.
Human Microbiome Inspired Antibiotics with Improved β-Lactam Synergy against MDR Staphylococcus aureus

The flippase MurJ is responsible for transporting the cell wall intermediate lipid II from the cytoplasm to the outside of the cell. While essential for the survival of bacteria, it remains an underexploited target for antibacterial therapy. The humimycin antibiotics are lipid II flippase (MurJ) inhibitors that were synthesized on the basis of bioinformatic predictions derived from secondary metabolite gene clusters found in the human microbiome. Here, we describe an SAR campaign around humimycin A that produced humimycin 17S. Compared to humimycin A, 17S is a more potent β-lactam potentiator, has a broader spectrum of activity, which now includes both methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE), and did not lead to any detectable resistance when used in combination with a β-lactam. Combinations of β-lactam and humimycin 17S provide a potentially useful long-term MRSA regimen.
Accounting for the role of hematocrit in between-subject variations of MRI-derived baseline cerebral hemodynamic parameters and functional BOLD responses.

Baseline hematocrit fraction (Hct) is a determinant for baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF) and between-subject variation of Hct thus causes variation in task-based BOLD fMRI signal changes. We first verified in healthy volunteers (n = 12) that Hct values can be derived reliably from venous blood T1 values by comparison with the conventional lab test. Together with CBF measured using phase-contrast MRI, this noninvasive estimation of Hct, instead of using a population-averaged Hct value, enabled more individual determination of oxygen delivery (DO2), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2). The inverse correlation of CBF and Hct explained about 80% of between-subject variation of CBF in this relatively uniform cohort of subjects, as expected based on the regulation of DO2 to maintain constant CMRO2. Furthermore, we compared the relationships of visual task-evoked BOLD response with Hct and CBF. We showed that Hct and CBF contributed 22%–33% of variance in BOLD signal and removing the positive correlation with Hct and negative correlation with CBF allowed normalization of BOLD signal with 16%–22% lower variability. The results of this study suggest that adjustment for Hct effects is useful for studies of MRI perfusion and BOLD fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Some Linear Random Functionals Characterized by L p - Symmetries

Consider a linear random functional ξ on some real or complex linear space L, along with a linear operator A from L into a space L p (S, μ). Under suitable regularity conditions, it is shown that if P(ξf) −1 depends only on ∥Af ∥ P , then ξ must be of the form σ ∫ Af dX, where X denotes symmetric p-stable noise on S with control measure μ, while σ ≥ 0 is an independent r.v. The result generalizes Schoenberg’s classical theorem and has many interesting applications.
Waiting Time Distribution Response to Traffic Surges Via the Laguerre Transform

The Laguerre transform, described in detail elsewhere [A] [B], is a novel tool for mechanizing numerically the operations of convolution, differentiation, integration and polynomial multiplication required for applied probability evaluation.
Benthic Foraminifera from the Carnarvon Ramp Reveal Variability in Leeuwin Current Activity (Western Australia) since the Pliocene

Abstract Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from a ~300 m deep core from an outer carbonate-ramp site off Western Australia (International Ocean Discovery Program Core U1460A) were examined to reconstruct the paleoceanographic evolution of the Carnarvon Ramp and the warm surficial Leeuwin Current (LC) for the last 3.54 Ma. Of the identified 179 benthic foraminiferal species, occurrences of the 15 most abundant taxa were assessed using Q-mode Cluster Analysis and Non-Metric Dimensional Scaling. Diversity, equitability, planktonic/benthic index, microhabitat preference, and sedimentary parameters such as lithology and sponge spicule content were analyzed to gather information about past intermediate- and surface-water circulation. Relative abundances of infaunal and epifaunal species were applied to indicate changes in organic-matter supply and oxygenation at the sea floor. Influence of upwelling was recognized by a high infaunal species ratio, with dominance by Uvigerina peregrina, Lagena annellatrachia and Trifarina bradyi. Epifaunal species such as Hanzawaia nipponica and Hyalinea florenceae gradually became more abundant around 1.14 Ma, indicating increased ventilation and establishment of the paleo-LC. A more substantial change was initiated by 0.91 Ma as marked by key species Spirorutilus carinatus and Rotorbinella sp., together with increased faunal diversity, benthic foraminiferal accumulation rates, and evidence for suspension feeding sponges. With the LC flow suppressing upwelling, and better ventilated waters entering the shelf, the environment favored epifaunal agglutinates, rotalids, and miliolids, while buliminids decreased. Under high-flow conditions of the LC, sponge spicules and skeletal carbonate production reached an optimum at ~0.6 Ma before returning to modern conditions. Supported by these observations, we propose the following paleoceanographic evolution of the Carnarvon Ramp: During the late Pliocene to mid Pleistocene (3.54–0.91 Ma) conditions of deep-water upwelling from the Western Australian Current and Indian Ocean Gyre indicate the absence of the capping LC on the outer carbonate ramp. A transitional phase started in the mid Pleistocene (1.14–0.61 Ma). The paleo-LC triggered gradual oxygenation at the sediment-water interface, which coincided with an increase in carbonate sedimentation rates, and waning sea-surface productivity. During a third phase, mid Pleistocene to present (0.91–0 Ma), the LC's intensity and flow rates peaked at ~0.6 Ma. Benthic foraminiferal accumulation rates reached a high, then decreased to present-day rates. For short periods, sea-surface productivity was moderately enhanced, likely due to fluctuating LC persistence or landward shift during glacial maxima.
Complete Genome Sequence of Celeribacter baekdonensis Strain LH4, a Thiosulfate-Oxidizing Alphaproteobacterial Isolate from Gulf of Mexico Continental Slope Sediments

ABSTRACT We report here the closed genome sequences of Celeribacter baekdonensis strain LH4 and five unnamed plasmids obtained through PacBio sequencing with 99.99% consensus concordance. The genomes contained several distinctive features not found in other published Celeribacter genomes, including the potential to aerobically degrade styrene and other phenolic compounds.
The Role of Risk Assessment in Regulatory Decisions in the United States

Risk assessment is an art that attempts to produce estimates of the probability of adverse effects for a particular exposure. Thus, a risk assessment may develop a series of probabilities for illness or death which could be associated with varying degrees of exposure to a substance such as an air pollutant, coffee, or the use of an automobile. The regulation of environmental toxicants is a difficult and complex procedure, burdened by scientific uncertainties that permit wide differences in the interpretation of scientific evidence. Two major components of a federal regulatory strategy for carcinogens involve the assessment of health risks from suspected carcinogens, and the regulatory processes that convert such estimates of risk into appropriate regulatory action. There are at least ten Public Laws in the United States that provide for the use of risk assessment. In some cases, risk assessment may be used to set Federal Standards; in others, state- and situation-specific regulations prevail. The probability of adverse health effects in relation to the extent of exposure is considered here, involving the analysis and f combination of epidemiological and other human data with animal effects data. Specific problems considered include the choice of data, combination of data, translation of data from experimental to actual settings, conversion of the results from animal experiments to human response, and the extrapolation of experimental results from high doses to estimated responses at low-ambient concentrations. The various methods used to consider such data in developing a risk assessment are considered. Frequently, there is disagreement about the best method to use for particular circumstances. Thus, there exists a great deal of uncertainty about risk assessments. Some knowledge of the extent of the uncertainty is important in interpreting risk assessment results.
Solvent production from xylose

Xylose is the second most abundant sugar derived from lignocellulose; it is considered less desirable than glucose for fermentation, and strategies that specifically increase xylose utilization in wild type or engineered cells are goals for biofuel production. Issues arise with xylose utilization because of carbohydrate catabolite repression, which is the preferential utilization of glucose relative to xylose in fermentations with both pure and mixed cultures. Taken together the low substrate utilization rates and solvent yields with xylose compared to glucose, many industrial fermentations ignore the xylolytic portion of the reaction in lieu of methods to maintain high glucose. This is shortsighted given the massive potential for xylose generation from a number of sustainable biomass feedstocks, based on utilization of the hemicellulose fraction(s) that enter pretreatment. A number of strategies have been developed in recent years to address xylose utilization and solvent production from xylose in systems with just xylose, or in systems with mixtures of glucose plus xylose, which are more typical of pretreated lignocellulose. The approaches vary in terms of complexity, stability, and ease of introduction to existing fermentation infrastructure (i.e., so-called drop-in fermentation strategies). Some approaches can be considered traditional engineering approaches (e.g., change the reaction conditions), while others are more subtle cellular approaches to eliminate the impacts of catabolite repression. Finally, genetic engineering has been used to increase xylose utilization, although this can be considered a relatively nascent approach compared to manipulations completed to date for glucose utilization.
Estrogen receptor-α signaling maintains immunometabolic function in males and is obligatory for exercise-induced amelioration of nonalcoholic fatty liver

The role of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) signaling in immunometabolic function is established in females. However, its necessity in males, while appreciated, requires further study. Accordingly, we first determined whether lower metabolic function in male mice compared with females is related to reduced ERα expression. ERα protein expression in metabolically active tissues was lower in males than in females, and this lower expression was associated with worse glucose tolerance. Second, we determined whether ERα is required for optimal immunometabolic function in male mice consuming a chow diet. Despite lower expression of ERα in males, its genetic ablation (KO) caused an insulin-resistant phenotype characterized by enhanced adiposity, glucose intolerance, hepatic steatosis, and metaflammation in adipose tissue and liver. Last, we determined whether ERα is essential for exercise-induced metabolic adaptations. Twelve-week-old wild-type (WT) and ERα KO mice either remained sedentary (SED) or were given access to running wheels (WR) for 10 wk while fed an obesogenic diet. Body weight and fat mass were lower in WR mice regardless of genotype. Daily exercise obliterated immune cell infiltration and inflammatory gene transcripts in adipose tissue in both genotypes. In the liver, however, wheel running suppressed hepatic steatosis and inflammatory gene transcripts in WT but not in KO mice. In conclusion, the present findings indicate that ERα is required for optimal immunometabolic function in male mice despite their reduced ERα protein expression in metabolically active tissues. Furthermore, for the first time, we show that ERα signaling appears to be obligatory for exercise-induced prevention of hepatic steatosis.
The undergraduate economics coursework of elementary and secondary school teachers

AbstractIn this study, the authors analyze the undergraduate economics coursework of U.S. college graduates who became pre-college classroom teachers. The results show that teachers successfully co...
The environmental attributes of wood fiber composites with bio-based or petroleum-based plastics.

While bio-based composites (bio-based plastics reinforced with natural fibers) have been discussed as potential sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based plastic composites, there are few quantitative environmental impact assessments of these materials. This work presents comparisons of petroleum-based and bio-based plastics as well as their composites to (1) assess environmental impacts from plastics and composite production and (2) determine which environmental impacts can be mitigated through production of bio-based composites, based on current manufacturing methods. Environmental impact assessments were performed to determine the burdens associated with cradle-to-gate production of bio-based and petroleum-based plastics and their composites with wood flour (i.e., sawdust) filler. The scope of this work incorporated emissions from thermoplastic and wood flour production as well as pelletization, molding, and transportation processes. Environmental impacts were assessed for several impact categories using the US Environmental Protection Agency’s TRACI method. Using impacts quantified, as well as material property data from 36 sources in the literature, comparisons were drawn between composite types. Multiple functional units were used including a constant mass of material produced and two comparison methods normalizing environmental impacts by material properties. Uncertainty assessments were performed to determine environmental impact distributions for each plastic and wood fiber composite type. The production of bio-based plastics and their composites led to lower environmental impacts than petroleum-based plastics and composites in several impact categories: global warming potential, fossil fuel depletion, and certain human health impacts. However, the production of bio-based plastics and their composites also resulted in some higher environmental impacts, such as eutrophication. Bio-based composites are capable of possessing similar or improved mechanical properties to their petroleum-based counterparts. As such, normalized environmental impacts to material properties indicated that bio-based composites could lead to desirable combined mechanical and environmental attributes for certain applications. Considering the differences between environmental impact categories and uncertainties in environmental impact assessments, selection of constituents cannot be based solely on material feedstock to mitigate environmental impacts in wood fiber composites. Findings indicate that both environmental impact assessments and mechanical properties should be considered concurrently to effectively distinguish the benefits of selecting petroleum-based or bio-based plastics. This work shows that depending on the intended application, the selection of a bio-based feedstock could either be beneficial for mitigating certain environmental impacts, have little effect on impacts, or increase environmental impacts. These findings reveal the importance of considering property alteration and multiple effects of utilizing these resources.
Faith Integration in Marriage and Family Therapy Education: A Delphi Study of the Learning Experiences of Students Enrolled in Christian Faith-Based MFT Graduate Programs:

This study explored how students in Christian faith-based marriage and family therapy (MFT) graduate training programs are taught and learn to integrate their faith with the discipline of MFT. A De...
Primary Progressive Apraxia of Speech: From Recognition to Diagnosis and Care.

Apraxia of speech (AOS) can be caused by neurodegenerative disease and sometimes is its presenting sign (i.e., primary progressive apraxia of speech, PPAOS). During the last several decades, our un...
Characterizing Limits of Vision-Based Force Feedback in Simulated Surgical Tool-Tissue Interaction

Haptic feedback can render real-time force interactions with computer simulated objects. In several telerobotic applications, it is desired that a haptic simulation reflects a physical task space or interaction accurately. This is particularly true when excessive applied force can result in disastrous consequences, as with the case of robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery (RMIS) and tissue damage. Since force cannot be directly measured in RMIS, non-contact methods are desired. A promising direction of non-contact force estimation involves the primary use of vision sensors to estimate deformation. However, the required fidelity of non-contact force rendering of deformable interaction to maintain surgical operator performance is not well established. This work attempts to empirically evaluate the degree to which haptic feedback may deviate from ground truth yet result in acceptable teleoperated performance in a simulated RMIS-based palpation task. A preliminary user-study is conducted to verify the utility of the simulation platform, and the results of this work have implications in haptic feedback for RMIS and inform guidelines for vision-based tool-tissue force estimation. An adaptive thresholding method is used to collect the minimum and maximum tolerable errors in force orientation and magnitude of presented haptic feedback to maintain sufficient performance.
Localization and Force-Feedback with Soft Magnetic Stickers for Precise Robot Manipulation

Tactile sensors are used in robot manipulation to reduce uncertainty regarding hand-object pose estimation. However, existing sensor technologies tend to be bulky and provide signals that are difficult to interpret into actionable changes. Here, we achieve wireless tactile sensing with soft and conformable magnetic stickers that can be easily placed on objects within the robot’s workspace. We embed a small magnetometer within the robot’s fingertip that can localize to a magnetic sticker with sub-mm accuracy and enable the robot to pick up objects in the same place, in the same way, every time. In addition, we utilize the soft magnets’ ability to exhibit magnetic field changes upon contact forces. We demonstrate the localization and force-feedback features with a 7-DOF Franka arm on deformable tool use and a key insertion task for applications in home, medical, and food robotics. By increasing the reliability of interaction with common tools, this approach to object localization and force sensing can improve robot manipulation performance for delicate, high-precision tasks.
Study of tobacco-derived proteins in paper coatings

Replacing synthetic polymers with renewable alternatives is a critical challenge for the packaging industry. This research investigated the use of leaf-based proteins as a sustainable co-binder in the coating formulations for paper-based packaging and other applications. Protein isolates from tobacco leaf and alfalfa concentrates were characterized using the Pierce protein assay, Kjeldahl nitrogen, and gel electrophoresis. The proteins were tested as co-binders in a typical latex-based paper coating formulation. The rheology and water retention properties of the wet coating and the surface, optical, structural, and strength properties of coated papers were measured. The coating performance was affected by the purity, solubility, and molecular weight of the tobacco protein and exhibited a shear-thinning behavior with lower water retention than soy protein. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy and time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy on the dried coating layer containing tobacco protein showed enhanced porosity (advantageous for package glueability) relative to the control latex coating. The tobacco protein offers adequate coverage and coating pigment distribution, indicating that this protein can be a suitable option in coatings for packaging applications.
JUE insight: Firms and industry agglomeration

Abstract Industry agglomeration can be indicative of agglomeration forces and is correlated with firm outcomes. Because multi-plant firms tend cluster their establishments in space, industry agglomeration could in part be driven by forces internal to the firm rather than across-firm spillovers. We propose and implement a decomposition of the industry agglomeration measures into within and across-firm components using U.S. census microdata. The within-firm component makes a small contribution to observed industry agglomeration for most industries and spatial scales, but accounts for 20% or more of observed agglomeration at short spatial scales for a subset of industries.
Structured Illumination Microscopy Using Coupled Nanoridge Arrays

Structured illumination microscopy using arrays of nanoridges is investigated. A resolution of ~50 nm (λ 0 = 458 nm) is demonstrated. Compared to approaches leveraging surface-plasmon-polaritons, the coupled nanoridges improve the super-resolution by more than 10%.
Recombination in bacteriophage T4.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that study on genetic recombination in phage T4 shows the participating DNA molecules are broken and rejoined during the process. It appears, likely, that breakage and rejoining may account for all recombination, as the extent of breakage, as measured by physical methods, is in rather good agreement with the extent of exchange, as measured by genetic methods. In genetic crosses, there are on the average 20 exchanges per genome and these are apparently clustered to some extent. Isotope transfer experiments indicate that there is a bimodal distribution of parental DNA; progeny particles, which receive any parental label, receive on the average 5–10%, or less than 1% of a chromosomal equivalent. The chapter explores that the joining of parental fragments occurs in several steps, which are mediated by specific enzymes. In intermediate structures, complementary sections of different parental origin are held together by hydrogen bonds involved in base pairing. Subsequently, the parental fragments become covalently linked. Physically hybrid regions in base-paired structures may be genetically heterozygous. They become homozygous only after the hybrid DNA is replicated or repaired. Average recombination frequencies per unit length DNA are higher in T4 crosses than in most other systems. One map unit corresponds to 100–200 nucleotide pairs, both according to physical and genetic measurements. However, the average recombination frequency per unit length DNA is not equal over the entire T4 genome.
Imaging and Spectroscopy of Galaxies Associated with Two z ~ 0.7 Damped Lyα Absorption Systems

We have identified galaxies near two quasars that are at the redshift of damped Lyα (DLA) systems in the UV spectra of the quasars. Both galaxies are actively forming stars. One galaxy has a luminosity close to the break in the local galaxy luminosity function, L*; the other is significantly fainter than L* and appears to be interacting with a nearby companion. Despite the strong selection effects favoring spectroscopic identification of the most luminous DLA galaxies, many of the spectroscopically identified DLA galaxies in the literature are sub-L*, suggesting that the majority of the DLA population is probably sub-L*, in contrast to Mg II absorbers at similar redshifts, whose mean luminosity is close to L*.
Commentary by B. Persaud

This is a very useful survey of developments in world agriculture in relation to man’s capacity to feed himself. In view of this theme and that of the book, the chapter inevi tab ly focuses on developments and prospects for food production in the developing countries.
A Comparison of Three Pointing Devices: Mouse, Cursor Keys, and a Keyboard-Integrated Pushbutton

The IBM Design Center in Boca Raton studied an integrated pointing device for a personal computer keyboard. The device, a pushbutton, is a flat, round button that tilts and moves the cursor in the direction of tilt. We wanted to know if this device would be acceptable to computer users. Twelve participants used the pushbutton, a mouse, and the cursor movement keys to select targets and edit text. Participants without previous mouse experience hit significantly more targets with the pushbutton than with the mouse. Participants with previous mouse experience performed significantly better on both tasks with the mouse, and preferred the mouse over the pushbutton and the cursor keys. Several participants said that the pushbutton was too sensitive and difficult to control. The results suggest: 1. The pushbutton tested in this study would not be acceptable to users; 2. The pushbutton operation could be more accurate if the force-to-motion mapping were improved.
Effect of dietary fiber on the metabolizable energy of human diets.

Two diets consisting of natural foods that differed in fiber content were fed to 12 men for 6 wk each in a crossover design. Diet 1 contained 37 g total dietary fiber (TDF) from fruits and vegetables and diet 2 contained 16 g TDF from fruit and vegetable juices in a 2800-kcal menu. Seven-day food, urine and fecal composites were made and analyzed for their gross energy, fat, protein and carbohydrate content during the fourth and fifth weeks of each dietary consumption period. The metabolizable energy (ME) of these diets was determined (gross energy of the diet - gross energy of urine and feces) and calculated by Atwater's general energy conversion factors (4, 9, 4), by specific energy conversion factors used in a U.S. food table and by formulas derived by various researchers. The coefficients of availability of energy and the energy-containing nutrients, fat, protein and carbohydrate, were lower while subjects were consuming the higher fiber diet. The specific energy conversion factors of the U.S. food table gave better estimates of the true ME of the lower fiber diet than the higher fiber diet, overestimating the ME of these diets by only 6% (diet 1) and 4.6% (diet 2).
The Rainbow of Fluorescent Proteins

Publisher Summary Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are a class of proteins that exhibit fluorescence as a consequence of fluorophore formation by an intramolecular reaction of the amino acid side chains contained within these proteins. The FPs can be modified to access specific cellular locations and specific physiological processes, and to act as specific ligands. The chapter discusses the evolutionary aspects and commercial availability of fluorescent proteins. A prerequisite to flow analysis is the ability to express sufficient quantities of FPs within the cell type of interest for the cells to be detectable using standard flow instrumentation. Flow analysis of (1) FPs–expressing cells, (2) fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and (3) FPs–accumulating organelles are the methods existing for transgenic expression in eukaryotic organisms. The emergence of novel flow-based assays for different cellular functions and components will continue, and improved sensitivity of end-point measurements permit lowering the total numbers of cells or subcellular organelles required to be purified by flow sorting. Further integration of these techniques is anticipated with established and emerging high-throughput methods, including genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics.
Diagnosis and Classification

\s=b\Roentgenographic techniques in the evaluation of the patient with a cervical spine injury entail several considerations that should be respected in defining and classifying the lesion according to the mechanism of injury. Unilateral or bilateral facet dislocation with separation of posterior elements usually implies disruptive flexion injury. Anterior wedging of a vertebral body indicates flexion with some degree of compression. Comminution of the vertebral body indicates a predominant compressive element to the injury. An anterior-inferior marginal fracture indicates extension injury. Impaction of the inferior articulating processes or fracture of the pedicle producing a more horizontal appearance of the facet indicates disruption of interspinous ligaments and the probability that significant instability exists. Studies should not be terminated until complete visualization of all cervical segments has been obtained, including the cervicothoracic junction. (Arch Surg 111:646-651, 1976) Injuries to the cervical spine are not common, but their consequences may be devastating. The treatment of these injuries, particularly those with significant neuro¬ logic involvement, is so complex that most physicians recommend definitive treatment in a spinal injury center. However, the physician who first sees the patient has the demanding task of recognizing the existence of a lesion as well as providing for initial management. Those experi¬ enced in treating patients with spinal injuries are well aware that many, if not the majority, of spinal cord injuries are incomplete at the moment of injury and have great potential for recovery of neurologic function. The potential for recovery may be lost, however, if improper handling of the patient occurs either at the site of injury or in the initial evaluation in the hospital. The purpose of this review is to describe techniques of roentgenographic evaluation, with comments on position¬ ing, interpretation of cervical roentgenograms, and special techniques. A simple classification of cervical injuries is presented, with comments on stability with each type of injury.
An investigation of throughput performance for STANAG 5066 when utilizing STANAG 4539 high data rate HF waveforms

The use of automatic repeat and request (ARQ) systems have become widespread in the HF community because they can provide "error-free" data delivery over unreliable links. STANAG 5066 (S /spl I.bar/5066) is an ARQ protocol which was adopted as the official NATO interoperable ARQ protocol for use on HF by NATO Allied forces. S/spl I.bar/5066 is an adaptive ARQ system and one of its goals is to maximize throughput. In order to accomplish this, algorithms that select on-air data rate and interleaver size for a given channel condition are required. This paper investigates the throughput performance of S/spl I.bar/5066 when utilizing STANAG 4539 (S/spl I.bar/4539) high data rate (HDR) HF waveforms. Several HF channels are considered in order to determine which data rate and interleaver size provides the best performance for the particular channel condition. A set of recommendations is also provided to assist S/spl I.bar/5066 ARQ designers in developing algorithms to select the appropriate data rate and interleaver size.