cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HOW HAVE AGRICULTURAL POLICIES INFLUENCED CALORIC CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED STATES

Many commentators have speculated that agricultural policies have contributed to increased obesity rates in the United States, yet such claims are often made without any analysis of the complex links between real-world farm commodity support programs, prices and consumption of foods, and caloric intake. This article carefully studies the effects of US agricultural policies on prices and quantities of 10 agricultural commodities and nine food categories in the United States over time. Using a detailed multimarket model, we simulate the counterfactual removal of measures of support applied to US agricultural commodities in 1992, 1997, and 2002 and quantify the effects on US food consumption and caloric intake. To parameterize the simulations, we calculate three alternative measures of consumer support (the implicit consumer subsidy from policies that support producers) for the 10 agricultural commodities using information about government expenditures on agricultural commodities from various sources. Our results indicate that-holding all other policies constant-removing US subsidies on grains and oilseeds in the three periods would have caused caloric consumption to decrease minimally whereas removal of all US agricultural policies (including barriers against imports of sugar and dairy products) would have caused total caloric intake to increase. Our results also indicate that the influence of agricultural policies on caloric intake has diminished over time.
The Andreev crossed reflection -a Majorana path integral approach

We investigate the effect of the Majorana Fermions which are formed at the boundary of a p-wave superconductor. When the Majorana overlapping energy is finite we construct the scattering matrix S by mapping the Majorana zero mode to Fermions for which coherent states are defined and a path integral is obtained. The path integral is used to compute the scattering matrix in terms of the electrons in the leads. This method is suitable for computing the conductivity. We investigate a chiral Majorana Hamiltonian and show that in the absence of vortices the conductivity vanishes. We compute the conductivity for p wave superconductor coupled to two metallic leads, and we show that when the overlapping energy between the two Majorana fermions is finite, the Andreev Crossed reflection conductance is finite.
Recent Developments in the Theory of Inflation and Unemployment

Theoretical and empirical research on the causes, costs, and cures of inflation and unemployment preoccupies a substantial portion of the economics profession. Any comprehensive survey of this body of work, while perhaps providing substantial revenue for the paper and ink industries, would be too indigestible to attract serious readers. Fortunately the restrictive word limit imposed on this paper prohibits an encyclopaedic review and requires a delimitation of scope. The paper takes a selective rather than comprehensive approach and is concerned with the causes of inflation and unemployment but not with their costs and cures; with theoretical developments but not with the results of empirical tests; and with papers written during the last decade but not those written earlier.2 The paper’s scope includes the causes of unemployment as well as inflation, because the most interesting recent papers have treated both phenomena as part of a single analytical problem, for instance, those which model the optimal adjustment by firms of employment and wage rates in response to unexpected changes in product demand.
Coupled even-parity superconducting states.

In situations involving two successive superconducting transitions or in situations in which one superconducting transition induces a secondary superconducting state, the nature of the coupling between the states is of interest. Examples of such coupling include heavy-fermion systems and possibly the recently discovered high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors. We use symmetry principles to enumerate the Ginzburg-Landau free energies associated with the coupling between $s$- and $d$- wave superconducting states in the square planar, cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, and hexagonal crystal classes.
Efficient electromagnetic modeling of microstrip structures in multilayer media

This paper presents an efficient method-of-moments solution of the mixed-potential integral equation for a general microstrip structure in multilayer media. In this method, the general forms of the spectral-domain Green's functions for multilayer media are derived first. The spatial-domain Green's functions are then obtained by the discrete complex-image method, which obviates the time-consuming numerical evaluation of the Sommerfeld integral. The Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions are employed to provide necessary flexibility to model arbitrary shapes. To expedite the computation of frequency response over a broad band, a reduced-order model is presented using asymptotic waveform evaluation. Numerical results of multilayer circuits and antennas are presented to show the efficiency and accuracy of this method.
Can liberal perfectionism justify religious toleration? Wall on promoting and respecting

Toleration is perhaps the core commitment of liberalism, but this seemingly simple feature of liberal societies creates tension for liberal perfectionists, who are committed to justifying religious toleration primarily in terms of the goods and flourishing it promotes. Perfectionists, so it seems, should recommend restricting harmful religious practices when feasible. If such restrictions would promote liberal perfectionist values like autonomy, it is unclear how the perfectionist can object. A contemporary liberal perfectionist, Steven Wall, has advanced defense of religious toleration that grounds perfectionist toleration in an innovative account of reasons of respect. He thus defends perfectionist toleration on two grounds: (i) the appropriate manner of responding to perfectionist goods like autonomy and membership is to respect the religious choices of others; (ii) citizens can acquire reasons to respect the religious choices of others through internalizing a value-promoting moral and political code. I argue that both defenses fail. The cornerstone of both arguments is the connection Wall draws between reasons to promote value and reasons to respect it. I claim that Wall’s conception of the relationship between promoting and respecting value is inadequate. I conclude that the failure of Wall’s defense of perfectionist toleration should motivate liberal perfectionists to develop more sophisticated accounts of normative reasons. The viability of a truly liberal perfectionism depends upon such developments.
A comparison between the learning styles of gifted versus average suburban junior high school students

Recent research identifies learning style preferences of gifted versus average junior high students.
Full-Diversity Precoding Design of Bit-Interleaved Coded Multiple Beamforming with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) techniques have been incorporated with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for broadband wireless communication systems. Bit-Interleaved Coded Multiple Beamforming (BICMB) can achieve both spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing for flat fading MIMO channels. For frequency selective fading MIMO channels, BICMB with OFDM (BICMB-OFDM) can be employed to provide both spatial diversity and multipath diversity, making it an important technique. In our previous work, the subcarrier grouping technique was applied to combat the negative effect of subcarrier correlation. It was also proved that full diversity of BICMB-OFDM with Subcarrier Grouping (BICMB-OFDM-SG) can be achieved within the condition RcSL ≤ 1, where Rc, S, and L are the code rate, the number of parallel streams at each subcarrier, and the number of channel taps, respectively. The full diversity condition implies that if S increases, Rc may have to decrease to maintain full diversity. As a result, increasing the number of parallel streams may not improve the total transmission rate. In this paper, the precoding technique is employed to overcome the full diversity restriction issue of RcSL ≤ 1 for BICMB-OFDM-SG. First, the diversity analysis of precoded BICMB-OFDM-SG is carried out. Then, the full-diversity precoding design is developed with the minimum achievable decoding complexity.
A low resolution map of Europa from four occultations by Io

Analysis of three occultations of JII (Europa) by JI (Io) has resulted in a preliminary reflectivity map of JII for the hemisphere centered on longitude 324 deg, a measurement of 1483 plus or minus 20 km for the radius of JII, estimates of the event impact parameters, determination of the midevent times, and a visual geometric albedo of 0.74, for JII. A fourth occultation light curve was used after derivation of the results to confirm their validity.
Clearing a Path through the Patent Thicket

Patents do not always promote innovation, particularly when they restrict access to fundamental scientific discoveries and the tools of basic research. However, there are legal and policy approaches that may help to ameliorate problems associated with patenting these sorts of inventions.
Stochastic Modeling in Range Management: Selected Essays

Book Review: Stochastic Modeling in Range Management: Selected Essays, Amitrajeet Batabyal. NOVA Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY (2004).
An early moment in the discourse of terrorism : Reflections on a tale from marco polo

My goal in this paper is to revisit a classic text that raises the most contemporary of issues: Marco Polo's stereotyped, highly influential, and highly prejudicial description of the “Old Man of the Mountain,” a text of virtually mythic status and power. Having invoked the category of “myth,” however, in a context where it is not commonly applied, it is useful to indicate how I use this term and why it seems appropriate. To begin, I would reject three widely accepted notions. First, myths are not sacred narratives. Although many myths claim sacred status, in this they misrecognize their own nature, for they are human stories, like any other. They simply make more exaggerated claims to a more elevated kind of authority. Second, myths are not collective narratives or the speech of any group as a whole. Rather, they are stories that are told and retold in countless variants. Often the authorship of these variants is unacknowledged, forgotten, or deliberately hidden, but in its details each variant advances the specific interests of those responsible for its production, revision, and circulation. These anonymous agents and absent authors misrepresent themselves—and those for whom they speak—as the group as a whole. Third, myths are neither false stories, nor true, but simply stories that claim to speak with authority about issues of deep importance. Sometimes these claims succeed and sometimes they fail, and the same story can change its status over time from myth to fable and back again, since such status is a function of reception.
On the Schwartz space of the basic affine space

Let G be the group of points of a split reductive algebraic group G over a local field k and let X = G / U where U is the group of k-points of a maximal unipotent subgroup of G. In this paper we construct a certain canonical G-invariant space \({\cal S}(X)\) (called the Schwartz space of X) of functions on X, which is an extension of the space of smooth compactly supported functions on X. We show that the space of all elements of \( {\cal S}(X)^I \), which are invariant under the Iwahori subgroup I of G, coincides with the space generated by the elements of the so called periodic Lusztig basis, introduced recently by G. Lusztig (cf. [10] and [11]). We also give an interpretation of this space in terms of a certain equivariant K-group (this was also done by G. Lusztig — cf. [12]). Finally we present a global analogue of \( {\cal S}(X) \), which allows us to give a somewhat non-traditional treatment of the theory of the principal Eisenstein series.
Ion time-of-flight spectroscopy: Krypton charge state spectra as a function of photon excitation energy near the K edge

Abstract In this experiment, we have recorded the charge state distribution resulting from atomic rearrangement following the creation of the inner shell vacancies in krypton atoms. Intense, highly collimated, monochromatic and tunable X-ray radiation available at the CHESS synchrotron radiation facility at Cornell was used to photionize krypton atoms in a gas jet target, and a time-of-flight spectrometer was used to record the ions in different charge states formed after photoionization. Charge state spectra were recorded below, at the “peak” in the K edge and above the edge. Below the edge, charge states +4 to +7 were observed with appreciable intensity, while at, and above the edge, the charge states ranged from +4 to +10.
The SOFIA program: astronomers return to the stratosphere

The Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) is the next generation of airborne astronomical observatories. Funded by the U.S. and German space agencies, SOFIA is scheduled for science flights beginning in late-2008. The observatory consists of a 747-SP modified to accommodate a 2.7-meter telescope with an open port design. Academic and government laboratories spanning both the U.S. and Germany are developing science instruments for SOFIA. Using state-of-the-art technologies, SOFIA will explore the emission of astronomical sources with an unprecedented level of angular resolution (θ[arc-seconds] = 0.1 x wavelength [μm]) and spectral line sensitivity at infrared and sub-millimeter wavelengths. The current status of SOFIA is available from the observatory web site at http://sofia.arc.nasa.gov/ and is updated frequently.
A Search for Hierarchical Triples using Kepler Eclipse Timing

We present the first results of a Kepler survey of 41 eclipsing binaries that we undertook to search for third star companions. Such tertiaries will periodically alter the eclipse timings through light travel time and dynamical effects. We discuss the prevalence of starspots and pulsation among these binaries and how these phenomena influence the eclipse times. There is no evidence of short-period companions (P < 700 days) among this sample, but we do find evidence for long-term timing variations in 14 targets (34%). We argue that this finding is consistent with the presence of tertiary companions among a significant fraction of the targets, especially if many have orbits measured in decades. This result supports the idea that the formation of close binaries involves the deposition of angular momentum into the orbital motion of a third star.
Unital associative pseudoalgebras and their representations

Abstract Pseudoalgebras, introduced in [B. Bakalov, A. D'Andrea, V.G. Kac, Adv. Math. 162 (2001) 1–140], are multi-dimensional analogues of conformal algebras, which provide an axiomatic description of the singular part of the operator product expansion. Our main interest in this paper is the pseudoalgebra Cendn, which is the analogue of an algebra of endomorphisms of a finite module. We study its algebraic properties. In particular, we introduce the class of unital pseudoalgebras and describe their structure and representations. Also, we classify pseudoalgebras algebraically similar to Cendn.
Deformations of strongly pseudoconvex domains

We show that two smoothly bounded, strongly pseudoconvex domains which are diffeomorphic may be smoothly deformed into each other, with all intermediate domains being strongly pseudoconvex. This result relates to Lempert’s ideas about Kobayashi extremal discs, and also has intrinsic interest.
Topological Excitations of One-Dimensional Correlated Electron Systems

Elementary, low-energy excitations are examined by bosonization in one-dimensional systems with quasi-long-range order. A new, independently measurable attribute is introduced to describe such excitations. It is defined as a number w which determines how many times the phase of the order parameter winds as an excitation is transposed from far left to far right. The winding number is zero for electrons and holes with conventional quantum numbers, but it acquires a nontrivial value w=1 for neutral spin- (1) /(2) excitations and for spinless excitations with a unit electron charge. It may even be irrational, if the charge is irrational. Thus, these excitations are topological. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society }
Nonlocal Yang-Mills

Abstract We present a very simple and explicit procedure for nonlocalizing the action of any theory which can be formulated perturbatively. When the resulting nonlocal field theory is quantized using the functional formalism — with unit measure factor — its Green functions are finite to all orders. The construction also ensures perturbative unitarity to all orders for scalars with nonderivative interactions, however, decoupling is lost at one loop when vector and tensor quanta are present. Decoupling can be restored (again, to all orders) if a suitable measure factor exists. We compute the required measure factor for pure Yang-Mills at order g 2 and then use it to evaluate the vacuum polarization at one loop. A peculiar feature of our regularization scheme is that the on-shell tree amplitudes are completely unaffected. This implies that the nonlocal field theory can be viewed as a highly noncanonical quantization of the original, local field equations.
Condensed-phase heat capacities and derived thermodynamic properties for 1,4-dimethylbenzene, 1,2-diphenylethane, and 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene☆☆☆★★★

Abstract Condensed-phase heat capacities and enthalpies were determined at temperatures from 10 to near 400 K for 1,4-dimethylbenzene, 1,2-diphenylethane, and 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene, and were used to provide values of enthalpies, entropies, and heat capacities at vapor saturation. Enthalpies and entropies for the ideal-gas state were determined at selected temperatures with available vapor pressures and enthalpies of vaporization. The enthalpies, entropies, and Gibbs energies of formation, also at selected temperatures, were derived for the ideal-gas state with available enthalpies of combustion.
MgAuGa and MgAu2Ga: first representatives of the Mg-Au-Ga system.

MgAuGa (magnesium gold gallium), the first ternary representative of the Mg–Au–Ga system, crystallizes in the space group P\overline{6}2m and adopts the Fe2P structure type (Pearson symbol hP9). Various phases with the general composition AB2 have been reported in the surrounding binary systems, viz. Mg2Ga (hP18), MgGa2 (hP6; CaIn2 type), AuGa2 (cF12; CaF2 type), Au2Ga (oS24; Pd2As type) and Mg2Au (oP12; Co2Si type). In principle, MgAuGa can be obtained from each of them by partial replacement of the major element with the missing element. In fact, the structure of MgAuGa closely resembles hexa­gonal Mg2Ga through a direct group–subgroup relationship. MgAu2Ga (magnesium digold gallium) also crystallizes hexa­gonally in the space group P63/mmc and is isotypic with Na3As. It adopts the structure of another binary compound, viz. Mg3Au (hP8), but shows an unexpected distribution of Mg, Au, and Ga among the atomic positions of the asymmetric unit. Both MgAuGa and MgAu2Ga can be described as formally anionic Au/Ga frameworks, with pseudo-hexa­gonal tunnels around Mg in MgAuGa or cages in MgAu2Ga.
The molecular structure and pseudorotational motion of trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane as determined by gas-phase electron diffraction

Abstract The molecular structure and conformational composition of trans -1,2-dimethylcyclopentane have been studied at nozzle temperatures of 298 K and 448 K by gas-phase electron diffraction. The molecule is found to be pseudorotating with a flat minimum at the diequatorial form. The enthalpy difference between the diaxial and the diequatorial forms is found to be about 1.9 kcal mol −1 . Least squares analysis of the pseudorotational model results in the following bond distances ( r g ) and valence angles (∠ α ): r (CH) = 1.099(6) A, r (CC) = 1.540(2) A, ∠CCC=115(1)°, ∠CCH = 114(1)°, ∠CC m H = 108(2)° and q = 0.33(3) A.
Direct Measurement of Cosmological Parameters from the Cosmic Deceleration of Extragalactic Objects

The redshift of all cosmological sources drifts by a systematic velocity of order a few meters per second over a century as a result of the deceleration of the universe. The specific functional dependence of the predicted velocity shift on the source redshift can be used to verify its cosmic origin and to measure directly the values of cosmological parameters, such as the density parameters of matter and vacuum, ΩM and ΩΛ, and the Hubble constant H0. For example, an existing spectroscopic technique, which was recently employed in planet searches, is capable of uncovering velocity shifts of this magnitude. The cosmic deceleration signal might be marginally detectable through two observations of ~102 quasars set a decade apart, with the HIRES instrument on the Keck 10 m telescope. The signal would appear as a global redshift change in the Lyα forest templates imprinted on the quasar spectra by the intergalactic medium. The deceleration amplitude should be isotropic across the sky. Contamination of the cosmic signal by peculiar accelerations or local effects is likely to be negligible.
On the energy resolution obtained with a multistep proportional counter

We present results of laboratory experiments with a standard multiwire imaging proportional counter (MWPC) modified to include a parallel grid preamplification stage. Both argon and xenon were used as the primary absorbing gas in conjunction with a number of quench gases. We find that we obtain extremely good energy resolution from the preamplification stage almost independent of the ionization potential of the quench gas and over a broad range of gains. Furthermore, regardless of absorbing gas or quench agent, we have no difficulty in transferring a portion of this preamplified charge to the MWPC section for multistep mode operation. Finally, even for overall system gains greater than 104 we find the energy resolution from the second stage significantly improved as long as the preamplification stage is operating. These results should have wide application and are of special interest for X-ray astronomy.
Structure Learning in Human Sequential Decision-Making

Studies of sequential decision-making in humans frequently find suboptimal performance relative to an ideal actor that has perfect knowledge of the model of how rewards and events are generated in the environment. Rather than being suboptimal, we argue that the learning problem humans face is more complex, in that it also involves learning the structure of reward generation in the environment. We formulate the problem of structure learning in sequential decision tasks using Bayesian reinforcement learning, and show that learning the generative model for rewards qualitatively changes the behavior of an optimal learning agent. To test whether people exhibit structure learning, we performed experiments involving a mixture of one-armed and two-armed bandit reward models, where structure learning produces many of the qualitative behaviors deemed suboptimal in previous studies. Our results demonstrate humans can perform structure learning in a near-optimal manner.
On the importance of source classification in Wyner-Ziv video coding

Source classification has been widely studied in conventional coding of image and video signals. This paper explores the idea of exploiting so-called classification gain in Wyner-Ziv (WZ) video coding. We first provide theoretical analysis of how source classification can lead to improved Rate-Distortion tradeoff in WZ coding and quantify the classification gain by the ratio of weighted arithmetic mean to weighted geometric mean over subsources. Then we present a practical WZ video coding algorithm based on the source classification principle. The statistics of both spatial and temporal correlation are taken into account in our classification strategy. Specifically, the subsource with the steepest R-D slope is identified to be the class of significant wavelet coefficients of the blocks that are poorly motion-compensated in WZ frames. In such classification-based approach, rate control is performed at the decoder which can be viewed as the dual to conventional video coding where R-D optimization stays with the encoder. By combining powerful LDPC codes (for generating coded information) with advanced temporal interpolation (for generating side information), we have observed that the new Wyner-Ziv coder achieves highly encouraging performance for the test sequences used in our experiments. For example, the gap between H264 JM11.0 (I-B-I-B...) and the proposed WZ video coder is dramatically reduced for foreman and hall QCIF sequences when compared with the best reported results in the literature.
Isosynthesis reactions of CO/H2 over zirconium dioxide

Abstract The reaction of an equimolar mixture of H2 and CO was studied over ZrO2 at 350 to 450 °C, 35 atm total pressure, and varying residence times. The isosynthesis reaction mechanisms were studied by monitoring the incorporation of oxygenated compounds into the isosynthesis products. Propionaldehyde and [13C]acetone, [13C]isopropanol, and [13C]methanol were added to the CO H 2 reactant stream. Their effect on the isosynthesis product distributions and on the isotopic distribution of the products was monitored as a function of oxygenate feed rate. Propionaldehyde, acetone, and methanol were found to incorporate into the isosynthesis products. The isotopic distribution of the products was used to support an isosynthesis reaction scheme that involves CO insertion into a bound aldehyde or ketone as the major chain growth step and a second chain growth step that involves condensation between methoxide and a surface bound enolate.
Holographic algorithms: The power of dimensionality resolved

Valiant's theory of holographic algorithms is a novel methodology to achieve exponential speed-ups in computation. A fundamental parameter in holographic algorithms is the dimension of the linear basis vectors. We completely resolve the problem of the power of higher dimensional bases. We prove that 2-dimensional bases are universal for holographic algorithms.
The Dynamic Effects of Bundling as a Product Strategy

Several key questions in bundling have not been empirically examined in marketing: Is mixed bundling more effective than pure bundling or pure components? Does correlation in consumer valuations make bundling more or less effective? Does bundling serve as a complement or substitute to network effects? To address these questions, we develop a consumer-choice model from microfoundations to capture the essentials of our setting, the handheld video game market. We provide a framework to understand the dynamic, long-term effects of bundling on demand. The primary explanation for the profitability of bundling relies on homogenization of consumer valuations for the bundle, allowing the firm to extract more surplus. We find that bundling can be effective through a novel and previously unexamined mechanism of dynamic consumer segmentation, which operates independent of the homogenization effect, and can in fact be stronger when the homogenization effect is weaker. We also find that bundles are treated as separate products (distinct from component products) by consumers. Sales of both hardware and software components decrease in the absence of bundling, and consumers who had previously purchased bundles might delay purchases, resulting in lower revenues. We also find that mixed bundling dominates pure bundling and pure components in terms of both hardware and software revenues. Investigating the link between bundling and indirect network effects, we find that they act as substitute strategies, with a lower relative effectiveness for bundling when network effects are stronger.
Visual determination of hue suprathreshold color-difference tolerances using CRT-generated stimuli

Suprathreshold hue color-difference tolerances were measured at four color centers using CRT-generated stimuli. The tolerances, defined using CIELAB, were measured using two different methods of presentation. In the Absolute Experiment, the stimuli were presented at luminance levels that matched those of the previous object-color experiments, so that the CRT stimuli were nearly metameric to the originals. In the Relative Experiment, the white point of the monitor was defined as L* = 100 at a corresponding chromaticity to the object-color viewing environment, but at a lower luminance level. The results from these two experiments followed the same general trends; however, they were significantly different from each other for three of the four color centers. The same trends were seen in the object-color results, although neither CRT experimental condition produced tolerances that were conclusively more similar to the object-color results than the other. The feasibility of the use of the CRT has been demonstrated. It is likely that parametric effects of stimulus presentation are the cause of the differences in results among the different experiments, as opposed to differences in the mode of appearance. These parametric effects can be studied more quickly and economically using a computer-controlled CRT display. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 24, 164–176, 1999
A parallel implementation of the ALOPEX process

Optimization techniques have found many applications in science, engineering, and industry. In all applications, the best value of a “cost function” is sought in a well-defined domain; this cost function in general depends on many parameters. An iterative optimization technique has been developed (ALOPEX) that uses feedback in order to optimize the response of a system. The cost function for this process is problem dependent and therefore quite flexible. The method has been applied successfully to different optimization problems such as pattern recognition, receptive field studies in the visual system of animals, curve fitting, etc. We present two special purpose hardware implementations for ALOPEX. The first method takes time O(logN + logm) and uses O(mN2) processing elements. The second method takes O(logN + m) time and uses O(N2) processing elements. Our basic architecture is a binary tree with N2 leaves (equal to the length of the vectors) and therefore had depth O(logN). Different implications of the two approaches will be discussed including similarities with the biological visual process.
The Impact of Endowment Heterogeneity and Origin on Public Good Contributions: Evidence From the Lab

Recent experimental research suggests that unpredicted behavior in the lab may result from endowment distribution and origin. We design an experiment to explore the impact of heterogeneous endowments and earned endowments on observed contributions in a linear public good game. Our results suggest that contribution levels were significantly lower when groups had heterogeneous rather than homogeneous endowments, with this finding being independent of the origin of endowment. We did not find, however, that the lack of free-riding in public goods experiments was an artifact of endowment origin. Group members contributed about the same to the public good whether their endowments were earned or not.
Comparative hematology: Studies on class aves, domestic turkey (meleagris gallopavo)

Abstract 1. 1. The mean clotting time (C.T.) for turkey blood was 71.0 min in glass and 83.0 min in siliconized tubes. Accelerated C.T.s with rabbit brain or partial reagent were over 60 sec but with turkey brain or RVV they were less than 20 sec. 2. 2. Fibrinogen averaged 450 mg/dl. Coagulation factors, assayed in human systems, were very low with the exception of XIII and VIII (0.57 U/ml). 3. 3. Thrombocytes aggregated during clotting and with collagen but not with ADP. Thrombocytes contained microtubules, an open canalicular system, a large nucleus but no α granules or dense bodies. 4. 4. Hemostasis appeared dependent on an extrinsic pathway.
Keyboard acoustic emanations revisited

We examine the problem of keyboard acoustic emanations. We present a novel attack taking as input a 10-minute sound recording of a user typing English text using a keyboard and recovering up to 96p of typed characters. There is no need for training recordings labeled with the corresponding clear text. A recognizer bootstrapped from a 10-minute sound recording can even recognize random text such as passwords: In our experiments, 90p of 5-character random passwords using only letters can be generated in fewer than 20 attempts by an adversary; 80p of 10-character passwords can be generated in fewer than 75 attempts by an adversary. In the attack, we use the statistical constraints of the underlying content, English language, to reconstruct text from sound recordings without knowing the corresponding clear text. The attack incorporates a combination of standard machine learning and speech recognition techniques, including cepstrum features, Hidden Markov Models, linear classification, and feedback-based incremental learning.
Locus on human X chromosome for dihydrotestosterone receptor and androgen insensitivity

Abstract We have studied androgen binding characteristics of cells for androgen insensitivity from an obligate heterozygote, who is the mother of three male pseudohermaphrodites with dihydrotestosterone (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one) receptor deficiency. Specific dihydrotestosterone binding by skin fibroblasts from her wrist and pubis is within the normal range and indicates that androgen insensitivity is X-linked in man and is therefore homologous to the tfm locus in the mouse. A significant population of clones from the heterozygote has deficient receptor activity, and this finding is compatible with inactivation of one X-linked allele at this locus. Our results indicate the presence of a gene on the human X chromosome that is essential for normal male sexual differentiation and provide further evidence for homology between X chromosomes of all mammals.
Open string decoupling and tachyon condensation.

The amplitudes in perturbative open string theory are examined as functions of the tachyon condensate parameter. The boundary state formalism demonstrates the decoupling of the open string modes at the non-perturbative minima of the tachyon potential via a degeneration of open world-sheets and identifies an independence of the coupling constants gs and gYM at general values of the tachyon condensate. The closed string sector is generated at the quantum level; it is also generated at the classical level perturbatively through the condensation of propagating open string modes on the D-brane degrees of freedom.
The Effect of a Low Viscosity Layer on Convection in the Mantle

Summary In this paper we attempt to find a solution of the following problem. It appears reasonable to expect that if thermal convection occurs in the Earth’s mantle, it may also occur within the Moon and Mars. The dimensions of these latter two bodies are comparable to the thickness of the Earth’s mantle. Presumably the amount of radioactive heat generated per unit mass is similar in all three bodies. Yet the surface morphology of the Earth, which many scientists believe arises ultimately from mantle convection, differs markedly from that of the Moon or Mars. The explanation advanced here for this difference is based on the effect produced on convection in the mantle by the presence of a low ‘viscosity ’ or low creep strength layer. It is assumed that the low velocity layer of the mantle is such a low creep strength layer. A low viscosity layer changes the amount of ‘coupling’ between the outer crust and mantle convection. (The crust is ‘coupled’ if mantle convection produces stresses in the crust which are large enough to deform it plastically. The crust is ‘decoupled’ from the mantle if these stresses are insufficient to produce plastic deformation.) The theory assumes that the viscosity or creep strength is essentially zero in the low viscosity layer. The analysis is similar to that developed earlier for the calculation of stresses within the mantle. We find that the deeper within the mantle lies the low viscosity layer the greater is the coupling of the outer crust to the mantle convection currents. If the low creep strength layer lies close to the surface the outer crust is decoupled from the interior. According to the literature the depth of the low velocity layer is determined by the temperature and pressure profiles within the mantle. If the temperature profile were kept constant but the pressure reduced by changing g, the gravitational acceleration, the low velocity zone would be moved to a level closer to the surface. It is proposed that because of this interdependence between temperature, pressure and depth of the low velocity layer, the low velocity layers in Mars and the Moon (if such layers exist in these bodies) lie much closer to the surface than does the corresponding layer in the Earth. Hence the outer crusts of Mars and the Moon are more nearly decoupled from the interior than is the Earth’s crust.
QSPR correlation of the melting point for pyridinium bromides, potential ionic liquids.

In an attempt to develop predictive tools for the determination of new ionic liquid solvents, QSPR models for the melting points of 126 structurally diverse pyridinium bromides in the temperature r...
Computing educated guesses

To distinguish himself from the poor benighted man-in-the-street, the computer sophisticate is apt to refer to the beasts as "so-called giant brains" or as "lightning-fast idiots." He knows, as do we, the great gulf which separates the human brain from the general-purpose digital computer. Still, the exact dimensions of that gulf are quite unknown, and the desire to show that the hiatus between man and machine is smaller than many suspect impels both the adventuresome and the iconoclastic. The attempt, the successful attempt, to automate one area hitherto considered an exclusively human domain constitutes my topic today.
Vibrational analysis of 1-butyne and 1-pentyne

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra have been obtained for 1-pentyne and normal coordinate calculations are made for 1-butyne and 1-pentyne. Comparison of the observed and calculated frequencies of 1-pentyne shows the presence of two conformations. The energy difference between conformers is approximately zero. Vibrational assignments are made for the three molecules.
A Comparison of the Chemical Evolutionary Histories of the Galactic Thin Disk and Thick Disk Stellar Populations

We have studied 23 long-lived G dwarfs that belong to the thin disk and thick disk stellar populations. The stellar data and analyses are identical, reducing the chances for systematic errors in the comparisons of the chemical abundance patterns in the two populations. Abundances have been derived for 24 elements: O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Y, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, and Eu. We find that the behavior of [α/Fe] and [Eu/Fe] versus [Fe/H] are quite different for the two populations. As has long been known, the thin disk O, Mg, Si, Ca, and Ti ratios are enhanced relative to iron at the lowest metallicities and decline toward solar values as [Fe/H] rises above -1.0. For the thick disk, the decline in [α/Fe] and [Eu/Fe] does not begin at [Fe/H] = -1.0, but at -0.4. Other elements share this same behavior, including Sc, Co, and Zn, suggesting that at least in the chemical enrichment history of the thick disk, these elements were manufactured in similar-mass stars. The heavy s-process elements Ba, La, Ce, and Nd are overabundant in the thin disk stars relative to the thick disk stars. On the other hand, the constancy of the [Ba/Y] ratio suggests that only one s-process site was manufacturing these elements or, possibly, that the r-process was responsible for the bulk of the nucleosynthesis of these elements. We combine our results with other studies (Edvardsson et al., Prochaska et al., Bensby et al., and Reddy et al.), who had already found very similar trends, in order to further explore the origin of the thick disk. The signs for an independent (parent galaxy) evolution of the thick disk are clear, in terms of the different metallicities at which the [α/Fe] ratios begin to decline, as well as the "step function" behavior of some elements, including [Eu/Y], [Ba/Fe], and possibly [Cu/Fe], at [Fe/H] ≈ -0.2.
New U(1) gauge symmetry of quarks and leptons

Instead of anchoring the seesaw mechanism with the conventional heavy right-handed neutrino singlet, a small Majorana neutrino mass may be obtained just as well with the addition of a heavy triplet of leptons per family to the minimal standard model of particle interactions. The resulting model is shown to have the remarkable property of accommodating a new U(1) symmetry which is anomaly-free and may thus be gauged. There are many possible phenomenological consequences of this proposal which may already be relevant in explaining one or two recent potential experimental discrepancies.
Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance of highly-charged atomic ions

The feasibility of applying Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT/ICR) to highly-charged atomic ions is discussed based on present achievements. In particular two features have to be addressed: the high charge states and the high cyclotron frequencies of highly-charged atomic ions. FT/ICR has recently been applied to highly-charged molecular, i.e. heavy ions. It has also been applied to singly-charged light ions, which have cyclotron frequencies comparable to those of highly-charged atomic ions. Therefore FT/ICR should be easily applicable to the expanding field of investigation of highly-charged atomic ions. Prominent features of the technique are the broadband capability, the high sensitivity/low detection limit, relativistic frequency shifts, and high kinetic energies. New experiments making use of these features are proposed.
Effective Thermal Conductivity for Heat Transfer Through Semitransparent Solids

The steady-state effective thermal conductivity of fused quartz was examined analytically and experimentally for two classes of boundary conditions. These results are compared with several effective conductivity models which have been suggested for semitransparent solids. Mean effective conductivity results illustrate the effect of sample thickness, temperature, and boundary conditions as well as serving to evaluate the
Intracluster medium through three years of WMAP

Abstract Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe (WMAP) has provided us with the highest resolution all-sky maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). As a result of thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect, clusters of galaxies are imprinted as tiny, poorly resolved dips on top of primary CMB anisotropies in these maps. Here, I describe different efforts to extract the physics of intracluster medium (ICM) from the sea of primary CMB, through combining WMAP with low-redshift galaxy or X-ray cluster surveys. This finally culminates at a mean (universal) ICM pressure profile, which is for the first time directly constrained from WMAP 3 year maps, and leads to interesting constraints on the ICM baryonic budget.
On the arithmetic of twists of superelliptic curves

In this paper, we consider a family of twists of a superellipt ic curve over a global field, and obtain results on the distribution of the Mordell-Weil rank of these twists. Our results have applications to the distribution of the number of rational points. rank-0 quadratic twists of certain elliptic curves. In this paper, we consider a family of twists of superellipti c curves over a global field, and prove that for these twists, the problem of finding infinitely many twists wi th bounded Mordell-Weil rank has a positive answer and, hence, there are infinitely many twists with boun ded number of rational points if the genus > 1. Some Thue equations can be mapped down to superelliptic curves considered in this paper and, hence, for these Thue equations, this problem has a positive answer. For the case of superelliptic curves over a constant field and the case of hyperelliptic curves over Q, finer results are obtained. Especially, using superellipt ic curves over a constant field, we show that there are (infinitel y many twists of) curves of arbitrarily large genus over a function field with Mordell-Weil rank 0. Over a nu mber field, examples of such curves are not known. In this section, we also introduce the application of our result to cubic twists of some elliptic curves. Let n > 2 be a positive integer, and let R be an integral domain of characteristic not dividing n, with field of fractions K. Let f (x) be a monic polynomial in R(x) such that n is coprime to deg( f ), and f (x) has distinct roots. In this paper, a superelliptic curve is the projective K-model of the affine plane curve y n = f (x).
A simple one-pot 2-step N-1-alkylation of indoles with α-iminoketones toward the expeditious 3-step synthesis of N-1-quinoxaline-indoles

A straightforward procedure for the preparation of N-quinoxaline-indoles is presented. A base-catalyzed one-pot addition of indoles to a preformed α-iminoketone proceeds on the N-1 indole and the subsequent adduct undergoes an acid-mediated deprotection of an internal amino nucleophile, intramolecular cyclization and final oxidation generating N-1-quinoxaline-indoles in good yield.
Resampling model of the complement component functional assay: Are we measuring what we think we are measuring?

Abstract Introduction Complement component functional assay employs mix of the patient serum and serum depleted by the component of interest. To verify that such assay does actually measure functional activity of that component, authors introduced the simple resampling model of the functional test. Methods Virtual experiment of the functional test model consists of random sampling of component concentrations for depleted and patient sera. It was assumed that all complement components have Gaussian distribution, and the lowest component concentration determines the outcome of the assay. This outcome was compared with the chosen concentration of the target component. The goal was to evaluate how often and under which conditions our virtual experiment results were not determined by the component of interest. Results We could only underestimate functional activity of the complement component of interest. Underestimation could happen only when functional activity of the component of interest is above the population average multiplied by the ratio of depleted to patient serum volumes. Conclusions The chance to underestimate functional activity of the component is low for the real-life component distribution for the assay volume ratio 2:1, and practically absent for higher assay ratios.
INTANGIBLE ASSETS, BOOK-TO-MARKET, AND COMMON STOCK RETURNS

I examine two anomalies where the Fama and French three-factor model fails to adequately explain monthly industry and index returns. Both anomalies are consistent with a bad model problem where the book-to-market factor introduces a negative bias in the intercepts. I propose the intangibles model as an alternative where the three-factor model is known to have difficulty. This alternative model, which replaces the book-to-market factor with zero investment portfolio returns based on prior investments in intangible assets, is well specified in random samples, has comparable power, and fully explains both anomalies.