cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consistent Standards in Medication Use: The Need to Care for Patients from Research to Practice

ABSTRACT Objective To propose adoption of practice standards for pharmacists based on the principles of pharmaceutical care that are parallel to internationally accepted ethical precepts governing clinical research. Data Sources Relevant literature selected by the authors. Summary Pharmaceutical care practice standards can create a continuum of high quality care for patients from research through practice and are presented as a rational solution to managing the benefits and risks of medication use. By implementing these practice standards, patients are empowered to become active participants in the treatment process, knowledge of drug effectiveness and safety is increased, and the pharmaceutical care practitioner's responsibilities are delineated. More than a quarter century ago, the research community adopted the ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice, as outlined in the Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Under these guidelines, research subjects are considered participants, knowledge of medication efficacy and safety has increased, and investigator responsibilities have been defined. However, these guidelines only apply to the life cycle of a drug before approval by the Food and Drug Administration. Once the product is released for general use, fewer standards are applied. Pharmacy has the opportunity to establish parallel standards for the clinical use of medications in patients by establishing patient care practices in consonance with pharmaceutical care practice. Conclusion Pharmaceutical care practitioners need to apply new practice standards that allow them to contribute meaningfully to appropriate, effective, safe, and convenient drug therapy for all patients. Such pharmaceutical care practice standards could ensure consistent vigilance throughout the life cycle of the drug product and result in rational, appropriate, effective, safe, and convenient drug therapy for all patients.
Opioid peptides are substrates for the bifunctional enzyme LTA4 hydrolase/aminopeptidase.

We determined if any naturally occurring peptides could act as substrates or inhibitors of the bifunctional, Zn2+ metalloenzyme LTA4 hydrolase/aminopeptidase (E.C.3.3.2.6). Several opioid peptides including met5-enkephalin, leu5-enkephalin, dynorphin1-6, dynorphin1-7, and dynorphin1-8 competitively inhibited the hydrolysis of L-proline-p-nitroanilide by leukotriene A4 hydrolase/aminopeptidase, consistent with an interaction at its active site. The enzyme catalyzed the N-terminal hydrolysis of tyrosine from met5-enkephalin with Km = 450 +/- 58 microM and Vmax = 4.9 +/- 0.6 nmol-hr-1-ug-1 and from leu5-enkephalin with Km = 387 +/- 90 microM and Vmax = 6.2 +/- 2.5 nmol-hr-1-ug-1. Bestatin, captopril and carnosine inhibited the hydrolysis of the enkephalins. It is noteworthy that the bifunctional catalytic traits of this enzyme include generation of an hyperalgesic substance, LTB4, and inactivation of analgesic opioid peptides.
Observation of Optical Pulse Shaping by the Self-Focusing Effects

We report the observation of time distortion of intense laser pulses due to the self-focusing effect. The on-axis shape of pulses propagating in nitrobenzene was measured and compared with a computer solution of the nonlinear wave equation.
Elizabeth Bowes and John Knox: A Women and Reformation Theology

Medieval civilization was centered on theology. Theology inspired its arts, and theology shaped its research in science, law, medicine, and philosophy. The dancers at the court of the queen of sciences were mostly male, and one wonders what their female contemporaries thought or knew of the theological issues that were fundamental to the culture of the period. By the end of the Middle Ages it is probable that there was a high literacy rate among women of the middle and upper classes. Although it is unlikely that these women remained ignorant of the major debates that enlivened the conversations of educated men, evidence of their participation in theological endeavors is scant. Since women were excluded from the universities and formal training in the techniques of scholastic argument, it was virtually impossible for them to develop careers as professional thinkers.
Creating Criteria: An Ethnographic Short Story

In this work, the author introspects about the steps she takes when evaluating narrative ethnographies. Her story shows how she thinks about and reacts to alternative genres of writing. Optimally, ...
Lubricant Film Flow in Pin-Disk Testing

The spread of lubricant across the wear track of a pin-disk machine may be adequately modeled assuming axisymmetric, viscous flow with zero shear stress at the lubricant-air interface. Waves can develop according to the shape of the initial profile.
Magnetic Susceptibility of Bedded Iron-Formation

The susceptiblity of natural and artificial iron‐formation samples in the form of cylinders with length‐to‐diameter ratio less than 1.2 and susceptibility up to one cgs unit was measured in fields of the order of one gauss. Demagnetization factors calculated for the centers of the cylinders explain observed changes of apparent susceptibility with length and direction of magnetization. Layered samples made by stacking disks of magnetic and nonmagnetic material alternately show susceptibility as much as three times greater parallel to the layers than across them, with layer susceptibility as high as 0.5 cgs. This anisotropy increases with increasing layer susceptibility and is largely independent of the details of layering when less than half the volume of the sample is magnetic material. Natural layered samples show the same range of susceptibility anisotropy. The relationship between susceptibility, k, and volume percent magnetite, V, can be approximated by k=0.00116V1.39 cgs, 10<V<40, corresponding to su...
Stack-run coding for low bit rate image communication

We describe a new wavelet image coding approach in which a 4-ary symbol set with two contexts is used to represent significant coefficient values and the lengths of zero runs between coefficients. This algorithm works by raster scanning within subbands, and therefore involves much lower addressing complexity than other algorithms such as zerotree coding that require the creation and maintenance of intersubband dependencies across different decomposition levels. Despite its simplicity, and the fact that these dependencies are not explicitly utilized, the algorithm presented here is competitive with the refinements of zerotree coding. Stack-run coding can also be applied in the absence of entropy coding, resulting in an even lower complexity coder which in many cases performs within 1 dB PSNR of the entropy coded version.
The Development of Fear of Falling Among Community-Living Older Women: Predisposing Factors and Subsequent Fall Events

Fear of falling is a common and potentially disabling problem among community-living older persons. Approximately 25% to 55% of older persons report having a fear of falling (1-7) and, among those who are fearful, between 20% and 55% report restricting their activity (4,8-10). This activity restriction may lead to reduced social interaction (2-4) and physical deconditioning (4,11,12), and is therefore a serious health threat to older persons. Although there is growing awareness of this problem among health care providers, additional research is needed about who develops fear of falling and why, so that improved preventive strategies can be developed. The factors independently associated with fear of falling in cross-sectional studies include female gender (4,9), a previous history of falls or injurious falls (2,4,9), visual impairment (2), decreased physical function or mobility (2,9), poor mental health (2), decreased social contacts (4), disability in activities of daily living (ADL) (14), and a sedentary lifestyle (7). Only two longitudinal studies have examined the predictors (or predisposing factors) of fear of falling. In the first, Vellas and colleagues investigated older persons who had experienced a recent fall and found that female gender, gait abnormalities, lack of economic resources, and poor cognitive status were associated with fear of falling (6). Because study participants were recruited after they had fallen, however, it is possible that their fear of falling actually preceded their fall event. In the second study, Friedman and colleagues found that female gender, older age, history of self-reported falls within the preceding year, use of 4 or more medications, and the presence of psychiatric disturbances were associated with the development of fear of falling (15). No study to date has examined the role of subsequent fall events on the development of fear of falling or the predisposing factors for fear of falling among women exclusively. Focusing on women is appropriate because, compared with men, they have higher rates of both fear of falling (2, 4) and serious fall injuries (16-18). The goals of the current study were twofold: first, to identify the predisposing factors for fear of falling among a sample of community-living older women and, second, to evaluate the effect of subsequent fall events on the development of fear of falling.
Preferred aspect ratios of convection in a strongly temperature and pressure dependent viscous fluid

If it is assumed that mantle convection is shallow, i.e. limited to an upper layer of ∼700 km, then the extent of surface plates must be such that aspect ratios are noticeably large, in contrast to many laboratory and numerical experiments. A rheology which depends strongly on temperature and pressure is provided as an explanation of why this may occur. The aspect ratio, it is suggested, is preferentially large because of the unwillingness of the stiff plates to subduct, which raises the problem of how subduction occurs. A hypothesis is proposed that this is caused by viscous heating in the asthenosphere, and the preferred aspect ratio is large enough such that partial melting takes place underneath the sinking slab, causing it to sink by releasing the sub-lithospheric pressure so that a transverse buckling may occur.
Quadriceps activation following knee injuries: a systematic review.

Abstract Context: Arthrogenic muscle inhibition is an important underlying factor in persistent quadriceps muscle weakness after knee injury or surgery. Objective: To determine the magnitude and pr...
Elevated CO2 increases microbial carbon substrate use and nitrogen cycling in Mojave Desert soils

Identifying soil microbial responses to anthropogenically driven environmental changes is critically important as concerns intensify over the potential degradation of ecosystem function. We assessed the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on microbial carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in Mojave Desert soils using extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs), community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs), and gross N transformation rates. Soils were collected from unvegetated interspaces between plants and under the dominant shrub (Larrea tridentata) during the 2004–2005 growing season, an above-average rainfall year. Because most measured variables responded strongly to soil water availability, all significant effects of soil water content were used as covariates to remove potential confounding effects of water availability on microbial responses to experimental treatment effects of cover type, CO2, and sampling date. Microbial C and N activities were lower in interspace soils compared with soils under Larrea, and responses to date and CO2 treatments were cover specific. Over the growing season, EEAs involved in cellulose (cellobiohydrolase) and orthophosphate (alkaline phosphatase) degradation decreased under ambient CO2, but increased under elevated CO2. Microbial C use and substrate use diversity in CLPPs decreased over time, and elevated CO2 positively affected both. Elevated CO2 also altered microbial C use patterns, suggesting changes in the quantity and/or quality of soil C inputs. In contrast, microbial biomass N was higher in interspace soils than soils under Larrea, and was lower in soils exposed to elevated CO2. Gross rates of NH4+ transformations increased over the growing season, and late-season NH4+ fluxes were negatively affected by elevated CO2. Gross NO3− fluxes decreased over time, with early season interspace soils positively affected by elevated CO2. General increases in microbial activities under elevated CO2 are likely attributable to greater microbial biomass in interspace soils, and to increased microbial turnover rates and/or metabolic levels rather than pool size in soils under Larrea. Because soil water content and plant cover type dominates microbial C and N responses to CO2, the ability of desert landscapes to mitigate or intensify the impacts of global change will ultimately depend on how changes in precipitation and increasing atmospheric CO2 shift the spatial distribution of Mojave Desert plant communities.
Growth and Patterning in the Limb: Signaling Gradients Make the Decision

The vertebrate limb bud provides a unique system to investigate the coordinated regulation of growth and patterning, two key processes that govern the formation of a complex multicellular organism from a fertilized egg. Two studies have advanced our understanding of limb development by elucidating that signaling gradients from the limb ectoderm, including the apical ectoderm ridge (AER), act in concert to establish a basic pattern of tissue layers by coordinating cell proliferation and cell fate determination. These studies reveal that cell proliferation and fate determination in development can be two faces of the same coin in that they are regulated by the same signaling pathways. Alterations in the duration and range of the signaling gradients may underlie many of the morphological differences in the evolution of vertebrate limbs.
PROPERTIES OF PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS FORMED BY NEOPLASTIC HUMAN CELL CULTURES

A series of human cell lines has been examined for fibrinolysis in culture. The sera that are activating for fibrinolysis by human cells are mouse, monkey, human, horse, and bovine. Individual human sera show considerable variation in the ability to activate fibrinolysis. In common with other neoplastic or transformed mammalian and avian cell cultures, human cell lines of neoplastic origin produce substantial amounts of plasminogen activator. Several cultures of nonmalignant origin also produce plasminogen activator, whereas cultures obtained from trypsinized human embryos, or from human embryonic skin do not. The human melanoma plasminogen activators are of two kinds: a major component with a mol wt of 50,000, and a minor species with a mol wt of approximately 60,000. Both are DFP sensitive, serine proteases.
Numerical Simulation of High Power Microwave Sources

Electromagnetic fully relativistic particle-in-cell codes are a powerful tool for modeling and designing components of high power microwave sources and accelerator systems. This paper reviews the principles and properties of numerical simulation codes as applied to problems of microwave generation. The important aspects which can be treated with such codes are, improved representation of microwave circuits in complicated geometries, proper treatment of nonlinear particle wave interaction in the body of a device, inclusion of self-consistent self-field effects, and treatment of surface properties such as emission, secondary particles, and surface breakdown. Examples of application of two- and three-dimensional codes to specific devices such as gyrotrons, magnetrons, and klystrons is presented. The information obtained from large numerical simulation codes provides both detailed insight hNto source physics as well as the basis for improved design technology.
The Diurnal Cycle of Cloud-Top Height and Cloud Cover over the Southeastern Pacific as Observed by GOES-10

The diurnal cycles in cloud-top height Htop and cloud fraction (CF) in the southeastern Pacific stratocumulus region were determined for October–November 2008 by analyzing data from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-10 (GOES-10) according to a diurnal/semidiurnal harmonic fitting technique. The value of Htop was obtained by applying a formula based on a linear regression of the differences between GOES-10 cloud-top temperature and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) satellite sea surface temperature, with a common 0.25 83 0.258 spatial resolution. A satellite liquid water path (LWP) climatology complemented this dataset. Southwestward transects ofHtopandLWPanomaliesreveala coherentpropagatingsignalfrom thecoast in the afternoon, with a typical phase speed of 25ms 21 . This pattern is preceded by a subsidence wave that reaches its peak a few hours before the maximum in Htop and LWP anomalies. Coincident increases in LWP and Htop after the subsidence wave passes suggest that the boundary layer deepening promotes cloud thickening and increased LWP, which are likely maintained through a well-mixed boundary layer and sufficient moisture fluxes that can counteract the effect of dry air entrainment. The interference between the radiatively and subsidence wave–driven cycles gives rise to a semidiurnal cycle in Htop along the coast. While thesemidiurnalamplitudeisnear80m closetothecoastwithafractionofexplainedvariancegreaterthan0.4, it decreases to 30m offshore (808W). Similar to Htop, CF also exhibits contrasting zonal differences, but with a smaller semidiurnal component. The phase of the semidiurnal harmonic resembles the subsidence propagation westward, and the noticeable land–sea breeze circulation at 268S that extends 200km offshore.
Commercial Purchasing: The Chasm between the United States Government's Evolving Policy and Practice

During the 1990's, the United States government accelerated its efforts to adopt more commercial practices and buy more commercial items. In doing so, the government sought to: (1) mimic the most successful buying practices of businesses and consumers and (2) rely more heavily upon existing goods and services already produced in the marketplace (rather than demanding creation of government-unique versions). This paper introduces the government's efforts to make its purchasing regime more commercial through the introduction of new policies, vocabulary, purchasing authorities, and practices. The paper unveils a host of impediments that restrain the government from evolving into a truly commercial purchasing regime; impediments that derive from the nature of government, the specific needs of the government, and public's expectations regarding the expenditure of public funds. Ultimately, the paper suggests that the government is well served in attempting to become more commercial, but divining a happy medium - or determining just how commercial to become - is a daunting task.
Registration for 3D morphological comparison of brain aneurysm growth

Recent advancements in 3D imaging technology have helped the early detection of brain aneurysms before aneurysm rupture. Developing management strategies for aneurysms has been an active research area. Because some unruptured aneurysms are followed up with medical images over years, there is an immediate need for methods to quantitatively compare aneurysm morphology to study the growth. We present a novel registration method which utilized the volumetric elastic model specifically for this medical application. Validations to test the accuracy of the algorithm using phantom models were performed to determine the robustness of the method. Examples of the medical application using aneurysm images are shown and compared with their clinical presentation.
Walmart: The New 'Go-To' Bank?

In October 2014, Walmart announced that it was teaming with GoBank to provide banking services to its customers. This follows earlier attempts by Walmart to enter banking more directly through a wholly-owned subsidiary. Many banks opposed Walmart’s entry into the banking market, fearing that the behemoth would use the ILC to establish branches in all its stores throughout the country and eventually offer a full line of competitive banking services. Now Walmart has changed its tactics with respect to entering the banking industry. We assess to what extent Walmart will be offering banking services that are new and different, or current services on better terms, from those offered by some of the biggest banks in the country.
Effect of O2 and CO Exposure on the Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Size-Selected Pdn Clusters Supported on TiO2(110)

Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of size-selected Pdn clusters supported on TiO2 shows a decrease in density of states in the TiO2 gap after the absorption of CO, while O2 does not result in a decrease in density. Oxygen is more electron withdrawing than CO, so the Pd clusters should become more positively charged when exposed to O2 than CO. More positively charged clusters are expected to have larger electron binding energies; thus, the observed shifts in the UPS spectra are at odds with conventional wisdom. We have performed a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the UPS spectra of Pdn clusters with adsorbed O2 and CO. Bonding of both CO molecules and O atoms to the Pd clusters results in a decrease in the density of states in the TiO2 gap; however, O atom binding on top of the clusters also results in significant final state stabilization, restoring the density of states in the TiO2 gap. We also find that 4d–5s hybridization plays a critical role in the initial state energies in...
The Polish Transition in a Comparative Perspective (Polska transformacja ustrojowa w perspektywie porównawczej)

English Abstract: In 1989, Poland stood out as a country in chronic political and economic crisis. It had been ravaged by strikes, economic decline and default since 1976. A popular view both in Poland and abroad was that Poland was incurable. Germans talked about the polnische Wirtschaft (Polish economy), meaning dysfunctional economy, while the Swedes used the term polsk riksdag (Polish Parliament) for political disorder. Norman Davies, the great historian of Poland, called his monumental history of Poland God’s Playground because of all the disasters it has faced. He said these words “can be aptly used as an epithet for a country where fate has frequently played mischievous tricks”. Today, Poland stands out as possibly the greatest economic success among the thirty post-communist countries.Polish Abstract: W 1989 r. Polska postrzegana byla jako panstwo znajdujące sie w chronicznym kryzysie politycznym i ekonomicznym. Od 1976 r. kraj ten nieustannie zmagal sie ze strajkami oraz stagnacją gospodarczą. Za granicą o Polsce zwyklo sie mowic, ze jest nieuleczalna. Niemcy, chcąc opisac dysfunkcyjną gospodarke, mowili o polskim gospodarzeniu (polnische Wirtschaft), Szwedzi zaś chaos polityczny określali mianem polskiego parlamentu (polsk riksdag). Uznany historyk zajmujący sie Polską, Norman Davies, napisal ksiązke "Boze Igrzysko", opisująca historie tego kraju. Jak mowil, tytul symbolizuje wszystkie katastrofy, ktore spadly na polski narod. Określenie to moze "z powodzeniem zostac uzyte wobec kraju, ktoremu los czesto platal zlośliwe figle" (Davies 1982, xvi). Dziś Polska wyroznia sie praktycznie najwiekszym sukcesem ekonomicznym spośrod trzydziestu krajow postkomunistycznych.
Contextual aspects of sexual communication in marriage.

This study part of a larger family research project examines the effects of a series of environmental factors on the sexual functioning of family heads. A new element presented is the use of the operationalized concepts of family functioning and sexual communication. Data is from research done in 1976 on the social functioning of 228 randomly selected families of immigrants and "Old Australians" (natives) in 2 Melbourne (Australia) neighborhoods (Geismar and Geismar 1979). The sample was further subdivided into 1) young families (mother under 30 whose 1st child was born in the year preceding the study) and 2) mid-career families (at least 1 child in 6th grade). Abstracted from the total set were data on 1) the sexual behavior of family heads 2) sexual communication 3) verbal 4) social and 5) task communication. The findings counter the notion of a 4 dimensional concept in family communication in which sex predominates. Sexual communication was closely linked only to verbal communication. Communication which is activity or task centered little effects parental sex life. Only the familys overall social functioning and its egalitarian versus traditional ethic significantly affect couples sex communication patterns. Ethnicity has little impact on sexual communication. Sex values and practices are not only a response to the universal sex drive but are also controlled by wider cultural norms of probably Australians and non-English speaking immigrants. Another less convincing explanation would be that even partial acculturation to Australia reduced any original differences in sexual communication patterns between the 2 ethnic groups. The results show there is a strong boundary around the family system and suggest that external cultural and social forces have minor influence on parents sexual behavior while internal family factors have a significant impact. Family life especially parental beliefs about sex equality obviously affects parents sexual relations. Research and intervention programs for sexual behavior whether remedical or preventive should take into account family values and functioning.
Identifying the Capacities of Regional Councils of Government

ing the of quality of life in a metropolitan area. Consequently, local, state, and federal govern ments do not have an effective organizational means by which to address regional-level is sues such as the environment, transportation, health, and housing, among others. The dominant organizational model em ployed by local governments in the United States to address regional issues is the volun tary regional council of government (COG). Today, there are more than 500 voluntary re gional councils in the United States. These regional bodies also include associations of
Temperature dependent C-V characteristics of YBCO/YSZ/Si MIS capacitors

Metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors are fabricated from a YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCOVYttria-Stabilized Zirconia(YSZ)/Si structure. Current-voltage(I-V) measurements reveal that thicker YBCO films(≥150A) tend to result in more stable capacitors. Results of capacitance-voltage(C-V) measurements during bias-temperature cycling suggest the presence of a thermally activated process in the YSZ and/or YSZ/Si interface. This process is probably related to trapping/detrapping mechanisms in the SiOx, layer formed between YSZ and Si. It is shown that the distribution of mobile ions in YSZ can be "set" with biases at room temperature and then "frozen" by lowering the temperature, giving rise to adjustable threshold voltages at 80K.
The Female Genitalia of the Wyeomyia of North America (Diptera: Culicidae)

The difficulty in separating the females of our three species of Wyeomyia is well known to taxonomists who have studied this genus. Matheson (1944) points out the fact that the female of W. vanduzeei Dyar and Knab is very similar to W. smithii (Coquillett) the only diagnostic difference being the presence of white scales on the bases of the segments of the hind tarsi of vanduzeei . Matheson further states that the adults of W. mitchellii (Theobald) and W. vanduzeei are practically identical and that these two species can be distinguished with certainty only in the larval stage and by male genitalia. The larval and male genitalia characters are diagnostic for all three species of Wyeomyia .
A Scholar-Practitioner Case Approach: Implications for Advancing Theory and Research Through Informed Practice

The ProblemThough there is growing interest in the nature of scholarly practice in Human Resource Development (HRD) there is little understanding of how the everyday activities of HRD practitioners...
Speculative Markets: Drug Circuits and Derivative Life in Nigeria, by Kristin Peterson

In the late 1970s economist Douglas North, who would go on to win the Nobel Prize, quipped, ‘It is a peculiar fact that the literature in economics [ … ] contains so little discussion of the centra...
Lithium Silicide Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Chemical Stability, Thermal Stability, and Carbon Encapsulation

Lithium silicide (LixSi) is the lithiated form of silicon, one of the most promising anode materials for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In contrast to silicon, LixSi has not been well studied. Herein we report a facile high-energy ball-milling-based synthesis of four phase-pure LixSi (x = 4.4, 3.75, 3.25, and 2.33), using hexane as the lubricant. Surprisingly, the obtained Li3.75Si phase shows significant downward shifts in all X-ray diffraction peak positions, compared with the standard. Our interpretation is that the high-energy ball-mill-synthesized Li3.75Si presents smaller internal pressures and larger lattice constants. The chemical-stability study reveals that only surface reactions occur after Li4.4Si and Li3.75Si are immersed in several battery-assembly-related chemicals. The thermal-stability study shows that Li4.4Si is stable up to 350 °C and Li3.75Si is stable up to 200 °C. This remarkable thermal stability of Li3.75Si is in stark contrast to the long-observed metastabili...
Nuclear Motion in the σ-Bound Regime of Metal–H2 Complexes: [Mg(H2)n=1–6]2+

The dynamic, quantum structure of [Mg(H2)n=1–6]2+complexes is investigated via ab initio path integral molecular dynamics simulations. These complexes represent the strong, σ-complex regime of meta...
Determination of barium in aquatic products by wet digestion-precipitation enrichment and flame atomic absorption spectrometry

Objective:To set up a method for determination of barium in aquatic products by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.Methods:Barium in samples was precipitated with sulfuric acid after wet digestion,then barium sulfate was dissolved in boiled alkaline ammonia EDTA solution.The level of barium in aquatic products was detected at wavelength of 553.6 nm by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.Results:With this method,the concentration of barium showed good linearity with absorbance in the range of 0 mg/ml～200 mg/ml(r = 0.99923).The limit of detection was 5.2 mg/kg,RSD was between 2.0%～3.5%,and the recovery was 92.2%～101.4%.Conclusion:This method can be used for quantitative detection of barium in aquatic products with the advantages of easy operation,wide linearity range,little interference,good precision and accuracy.
Advance in Carbon Dioxide Flux of Wetlands in Winter

Carbon dioxide emission takes a large proportion in total annual carbon release of wetlands during wintertime. The daily carbon dioxide emission amount drastically influenced the relationship of carbon sources and sinks of wetlands. From low-latitude to high-latitude areas, the daily carbon dioxide emission amount was about 0.069-6.048 g/(m2·d). Accurately calculating the proportion of carbon dioxide flux of wetlands was the foundation to estimating global annual carbon balance. In this paper, the latest studies in carbon dioxide flux of wetlands in winter were overviewed and influence factors on carbon dioxide flux were analyzed, especially focused on the importance of carbon dioxide flux of wetlands, how to measure carbon dioxide flux in winter, the definition of wintertime, and the importance of accurate results, etc. At the end, the future challenges in this area of research were identified.
No Benefit From Platelet Transfusion for Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients Taking Antiplatelet Agents.

Background & Aims Antiplatelet agents decrease cardiovascular events but increase gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). Guidelines propose platelet transfusion for patients who take antiplatelet agents and have serious GIB. We investigated whether such patients are at decreased risk for rebleeding or increased risk for cardiovascular events after platelet transfusion. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with GIB admitted to Yale-New Haven Hospital from 2008 to 2013 who were taking antiplatelet agents and had platelet counts higher than 100 × 10 9 /L. Cases (patients who received platelet transfusion, n = 204) were matched with controls (no platelet transfusions, n = 204) for sex, age, and GIB location. The primary outcome was recurrent GIB. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to adjust for differences in baseline characteristics. Results Cases and controls had similar proportions of GIB due to non-variceal upper GIB (117 of 204, 57% vs 115 of 204, 56%) and colonic GIB (80 of 204, 39% vs 81 of 204, 40%). Cases had more severe GIB than controls, which was based on lower blood pressure and hemoglobin levels and higher heart rates and the proportion admitted to intensive care. Univariate analyses showed that higher proportions of cases had major cardiovascular events (23% vs 13% for controls), died (7% vs 1% for controls), or had hospital stay longer than 4 days (47% vs 33% for controls). However, multivariable analyses showed a significant difference between cases and controls in only risk of death (odds ratio, 5.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.52–27.1). The adjusted odds ratio for recurrent bleeding was 1.47 (95% confidence interval, 0.73–3.05) for cases vs controls. Conclusions The use of platelet transfusions in patients with GIB who are taking antiplatelet agents without thrombocytopenia did not reduce rebleeding but was associated with higher mortality. At least some of the increase in mortality could be due to the residual bias of an observational study, but because of the lack of benefit, we do not support the use of platelet transfusions in patients with GIB who are taking antiplatelet agents.
Elective or Emergency Use of Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

Objective Evaluate the use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices in high-risk patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Background The use of MCS devices in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities undergoing TAVR is underexplored. Methods All patients undergoing TAVR at a single tertiary academic center who required MCS during index procedure between 2008 and 2015 were included in a prospective database. Results MCS was used in 9.4% (54/577) of all TAVRs (n = 52 Edwards Sapien and n = 2 CoreValves) of which 68.5% (n = 37) were used as part of a planned strategy, and 31.5% (n = 17) were used in emergency "bail-out" situations. IABP was the most commonly used device (87%) followed by Impella and ECMO (6% each). Among the MCS group, 22% required cardiopulmonary resuscitation during the procedure (n = 4 elective [11%] vs. n = 8 emergent [47%]) and 15% upgrade to a second device (Impella or CPB after IABP; n = 5 elective [14%] vs. n = 3 emergent [18%]). Median duration of support was 1-day. Device related complications were low (4%). In-hospital mortality in this extremely high-risk population was 24% (13/54) (11% [4/37] for elective cases and 53% [9/17] for emergency cases). Cardiogenic shock (50%) was the most common cause of in-hospital death. Cumulative all-cause 1-year mortality was 35% (19/54) (19% 97/370 for elective and 71% [12/17] for emergency cases). Conclusion Emergent use of MCS during TAVR in extremely high-risk population is associated with high short and long-term mortality rates. Early identification of patients at risk for hemodynamic compromise may rationalize elective utilization of MCS during TAVR.
FIBRINOLYSIS | Plasminogen Activator and Plasmin

The plasminogen activation system involves several components, including two plasminogen activators, urokinase-type (uPA) and tissue-type (tPA), a plasma membrane-associated receptor (uPAR), and two specific inhibitors, plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 and 2 (PAI-1 and PAI-2). The plasminogen activator/plasmin system plays an important role in both physiological and pathophysiological processes involving degradation of intravascular thrombi and extracellular matrices that may contribute to wound healing in the setting of tissue inflammation and repair and desmoplasia in the setting of neoplasia. Recent studies have revealed that the plasminogen activation system, through interaction with integrins and other components of the extracellular matrix, is also involved in the regulation of cellular signaling, proliferation, adhesion, and migration in a manner that is independent of plasminogen activator-mediated proteolytic activity. Overexpression of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 is commonly associated with acute or chronic lung injury and lung carcinomas. The expression of components of the plasminogen activation system is regulated both at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level by a variety of proinflammatory cytokines or other proinflammatory mediators through interactions of specific transcription factors or mRNA binding proteins with plasminogen activation system component DNAs or mRNAs, respectively. Most recently, it has been found that uPA itself can stimulate its own expression as well as that of uPAR and PAI-1. The induction of components of the plasminogen activation system by uPA could likewise contribute to the alteration in fibrin turnover that may occur in the injured lung and in lung neoplasia.
Wideband HF monopole antennas with tapered resistivity loading

Theoretical and experimental investigations on a HF monopole antenna in which continuously tapered resistivity loading along the length of the antenna has been used to achieve wideband performance are described. The measured antenna input impedance and efficiency, and the calculated antenna radiation pattern are presented. Impedance tuning networks for this antenna are discussed briefly. >
Investigation on Closed-loop Fiber Optic Gyroscope Structure and Operation

In this paper, I reviewed comprehensively the structure and operation of closed-loop IFOGs, Feedback Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EFDA) FOGs, called FE-FOG. The procedure of finding the Sagnac shift for closed-loop IFOG has been studied. The signal processing in the closed-loop IFOG was simulated using PSCAD software. In the closed-loop IFOG, the phase shift was derived through frequent use of Sagnac loop. The output signal is injected in the input again as feedback. The shift phase between clockwise and counterclockwise waves in each complete route, including primary and feedback route, is identified as Sagnac shift phase. According to Sagnac shift phase we could determine angular rotation rate.
Optimizing Sensitivity-Resolution Trade-off Using Generalized Detection/Discrimination Task and Three-Class ROC Analysis

The goal of this work is to address the problem of quantifying sensitivity/resolution trade-off in emission imaging system optimization. We propose a task and a figure of merit (FOM) based on 3-class ROC analysis. The task combines detection of a lesion on a variable background with discrimination of a lesion from an adjacent structure, modeled by Rayleigh task. Recently developed practical framework for conducting 3-class ROC analysis is utilized to evaluate the performance of channelized hotelling observer. A primitive imaging system model is used to investigate effects of resolution, sensitivity and imaging time. Volume under ROC surface (VUS) is used as the primary FOM in assessment of the task performance. The FOM is optimal according to several decision strategies. We present results of initial tests of the model properties in a simplified planar imaging setting. We observe that system resolution requirements are critical for observer performance in the proposed task. Initial experience shows that the new approach provides useful insight into factors affecting observer performance in realistic experimental designs.
Study of Fluid Structure Interaction Using Sharp Interface Immersed Boundary Method

In this work, we present an approach for solving fluid structure interaction problems by combining a non-linear structure solver with an incompressible fluid solver using immersed boundary method. The implementation of the sharp-interface immersed boundary method with the fluid solver is described. A structure solver with the ability to handle geometric nonlinearly is developed and tested with benchmark cases. The partitioned fluid-structure coupling algorithm with the strategy of enforcing boundary conditions at the fluid/structure interaction is given in detail. The fully coupled FSI approach is tested with the Turek and Hron fluid-structure interaction benchmark case. Both strong coupling and weak coupling algorithms are examined. Predictions from the current approach show good agreement with the results reported by other researchers.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Li-Ion Localization and Energetics as a Function of Anode Structure

In this work, we study the effect of carbon composite anode structure on the localization and energetics of Li-ions. A computational molecular dynamics study is combined with experimental results from neutron scattering experiments to understand the effect of composite density, crystallite size, volume fraction of crystalline carbon, and ion loading on the nature of ion storage in novel, lignin-derived composite materials. In a recent work, we demonstrated that these carbon composites display a fundamentally different mechanism for Li-ion storage than traditional graphitic anodes. The edges of the crystalline and amorphous fragments of aromatic carbon that exist in these composites are terminated by hydrogen atoms, which play a crucial role in adsorption. In this work, we demonstrate how differences in composite structure due to changes in the processing conditions alter the type and extent of the interface between the amorphous and crystalline domains, thus impacting the nature of Li-ion storage. The eff...
Calmodulin Lobes Facilitate Dimerization and Activation of Estrogen Receptor-α

Estrogen receptor α (ER-α) is a nuclear hormone receptor that controls selected genes, thereby regulating proliferation and differentiation of target tissues, such as breast. Gene expression controlled by ER-α is modulated by Ca2+ via calmodulin (CaM). Here we present the NMR structure of Ca2+-CaM bound to two molecules of ER-α (residues 287-305). The two lobes of CaM bind to the same site on two separate ER-α molecules (residues 292, 296, 299, 302, and 303), which explains why CaM binds two molecules of ER-α in a 1:2 complex and stabilizes ER-α dimerization. Exposed glutamate residues in CaM (Glu-11, Glu-14, Glu-84, and Glu-87) form salt bridges with key lysine residues in ER-α (Lys-299, Lys-302, and Lys-303), which is likely to prevent ubiquitination at these sites and inhibit degradation of ER-α. Transfection of cells with full-length CaM slightly increased the ability of estrogen to enhance transcriptional activation by ER-α of endogenous estrogen-responsive genes. By contrast, expression of either the N- or C-lobe of CaM abrogated estrogen-stimulated transcription of the estrogen responsive genes pS2 and progesterone receptor. These data suggest that CaM-induced dimerization of ER-α is required for estrogen-stimulated transcriptional activation by the receptor. In light of the critical role of ER-α in breast carcinoma, our data suggest that small molecules that selectively disrupt the interaction of ER-α with CaM may be useful in the therapy of breast carcinoma.
A 4-Megapixel Cooled CCD Division of Focal Plane Polarimeter for Celestial Imaging

The field of astronomy relies on spectral and polarization imagery recorded across a wide range of spectra to make inferences about imaged objects from nearby and distant galaxies. One of the challenges in recording celestial polarization information is recording multiple images filtered with various polarization optics, such as linear polarization filters or retarders, and with low-noise, low-dark-current sensors. In this paper, we present a division of focal plane polarimeter that can operate at room temperature down to −20 °C. When the imaging sensor operates at −20 °C, the dark currents is reduced by two orders of magnitude, which improves the polarization extinction ratio by ~5-fold. Comprehensive optoelectronic tests are presented with data recorded with the polarimeter.
The Question of “Allusiveness” and Canto 39

My title cites a phrase in William K. Wimsatt Jr. and Monroe C. Beardsley’s “The Intentional Fallacy,” and my excuse for returning to an article published seventy years ago is that the question the...
The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders Compared With Diagnosis-Specific Protocols for Anxiety Disorders: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Transdiagnostic interventions have been developed to address barriers to the dissemination of evidence-based psychological treatments, but only a few preliminary studies have compared these approaches with existing evidence-based psychological treatments. Objective To determine whether the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) is at least as efficacious as single-disorder protocols (SDPs) in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Design, Setting, and Participants From June 23, 2011, to March 5, 2015, a total of 223 patients at an outpatient treatment center with a principal diagnosis of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or social anxiety disorder were randomly assigned by principal diagnosis to the UP, an SDP, or a waitlist control condition. Patients received up to 16 sessions of the UP or an SDP for 16 to 21 weeks. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, after treatment, and at 6-month follow-up. Analysis in this equivalence trial was based on intention to treat. Interventions The UP or SDPs. Main Outcomes and Measures Blinded evaluations of principal diagnosis clinical severity rating were used to evaluate an a priori hypothesis of equivalence between the UP and SDPs. Results Among the 223 patients (124 women and 99 men; mean [SD] age, 31.1 [11.0] years), 88 were randomized to receive the UP, 91 to receive an SDP, and 44 to the waitlist control condition. Patients were more likely to complete treatment with the UP than with SDPs (odds ratio, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.44-6.74). Both the UP (Cohen d , −0.93; 95% CI, −1.29 to −0.57) and SDPs (Cohen d , −1.08; 95% CI, −1.43 to −0.73) were superior to the waitlist control condition at acute outcome. Reductions in clinical severity rating from baseline to the end of treatment (β, 0.25; 95% CI, −0.26 to 0.75) and from baseline to the 6-month follow-up (β, 0.16; 95% CI, −0.39 to 0.70) indicated statistical equivalence between the UP and SDPs. Conclusions and Relevance The UP produces symptom reduction equivalent to criterion standard evidence-based psychological treatments for anxiety disorders with less attrition. Thus, it may be possible to use 1 protocol instead of multiple SDPs to more efficiently treat the most commonly occurring anxiety and depressive disorders. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01243606
Synthesis and Solution-Phase Characterization of Sulfonated Oligothioetheramides

Nature has long demonstrated the importance of chemical sequence to induce structure and tune physical interactions. Investigating macromolecular structure and dynamics is paramount to understand macromolecular binding and target recognition. To that end, we have synthesized and characterized flexible sulfonated oligothioetheramides (oligoTEAs) by variable temperature pulse field gradient (PFG) NMR, double electron–electron resonance (DEER), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to capture their room temperature structure and dynamics in water. We have examined the contributions of synthetic length (2–12mer), pendant group charge, and backbone hydrophobicity. We observe significant entropic collapse, driven in part by backbone hydrophobicity. Analysis of individual monomer contributions revealed larger changes due to the backbone compared to pendant groups. We also observe screening of intramolecular electrostatic repulsions. Finally, we comment on the combination of DEER and PFG NMR measurements via St...