cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A local-global criterion for dynamics on ℙ¹

Let K be a number field or a one-dimensional function field, let φ : P → P be a rational map of degree at least two defined over K, let P ∈ P(K) be a point with infinite φ-orbit, and let Z ⊂ P be a finite set of points. We prove a local-global criterion for the intersection of the φ-orbit of P and the finite set Z. This is a special case of a dynamical Brauer-Manin criterion suggested by Hsia and Silverman.
Monte Carlo and deterministic calculation of the mutual information of the fission source in k-eigenvalue calculations

Abstract The mutual information, a quantity measuring the dependency of two random variables, is studied in the context of the fission source of neutron transport calculations. Both Monte Carlo and integral transport methods are developed to compute the mutual information in 1-D and 2-D Cartesian geometry. The mutual information of the fission source may be connected to the correlation of fission sources of different iterations within a Monte Carlo calculation and the resulting underestimation of tally uncertainties. Results suggest that a reasonable global correction of tally uncertainties may be obtained. The calculations demonstrate the Monte Carlo estimate of the mutual information has a positive bias that is proportional to the square of the number of discrete regions divided by the number of active histories, agreeing with theoretical behavior. This asymptotic form may be used to get a reasonable estimate of the mutual information of the fission source in Monte Carlo calculations.
Flow-Induced Shape Reconfiguration, Phase Separation, and Rupture of Bio-Inspired Vesicles

The structural integrity of red blood cells and drug delivery carriers through blood vessels is dependent upon their ability to adapt their shape during their transportation. Our goal is to examine the role of the composition of bio-inspired multicomponent and hairy vesicles on their shape during their transport through in a channel. Through the dissipative particle dynamics simulation technique, we apply Poiseuille flow in a cylindrical channel. We investigate the effect of flow conditions and concentration of key molecular components on the shape, phase separation, and structural integrity of the bio-inspired multicomponent and hairy vesicles. Our results show the Reynolds number and molecular composition of the vesicles impact their flow-induced deformation, phase separation on the outer monolayer due to the Marangoni effect, and rupture. The findings from this study could be used to enhance the design of drug delivery and tissue engineering systems.
Special Issue: Policing and Minority Communities

The first criminal justice topic I became interested in was police. As a high school student, I read all of Joseph Wambaugh’s novels, which invariably featured a “what it’s like on the inside” pers...
Judgments of Highly Creative Advertising: Presence of Functional Matching and the FCB Planning Model in Clio-Winning Advertisements

Highly creative advertisements are the end-products of creativity in advertising, and their creation is generally thought to be driven by strategic planning. Thus, 534 Clio-awarded advertisements f...
Some Continental and Marxist Responses to Pragmatism

Critical dialogue between different philosophical positions is as difficult to achieve as it is necessary. One must assume that the positions involved can be given a unified and consistent form of expression, and the whole enterprise presupposes a will to understand so that the discussion does not degenerate into a merely polemical exchange. A consideration of pragmatism, moreover, presents additional problems, first, because the classical representatives of the position, while sharing a core of common convictions, differ considerably in their emphasis and avenue of approach. Peirce’s logical concerns play a major role in all of his thought, whereas James had definite reservations about the primacy of logic and laid great stress on direct experience and its interpretation from a psychological standpoint. Dewey’s orientation was social and biological and, though like Peirce, he gave a central place to logic, that logic was more a structure of methodology than a formal system. The main consequence of this multiplicity in emphasis is that, although one may intend to be considering “pragmatism” as such, one may find that the focus is really on some dominant idea in one of the pragmatists. The difficulty is not, however, insuperable, especially if we are aware of its existence and are prepared to make the qualifications necessary for avoiding wholesale claims that are apt to be misleading. Secondly, until quite recently, the majority of European critics and interpreters of pragmatism have not been acquainted with more than a very small portion of the primary literature and many of their judgments have been based largely on the vivid and popular slogans of James, notably his reference to the “success” supposed to be the reward of holding certain beliefs. There existed, moreover, antecedent biases of various sorts so that Horkheimer, for example, could declare that no “philosophical pedigree” at all would be accorded to pragmatism were it not for the fact that Peirce derived his philosophy from Kant! This is a curious criterion indeed, and its consistent application might make philosophical mongrels of us all!
Expression of Pigment Epithelium–Derived Factor in Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization

PURPOSE. To investigate the expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in the rat laser-injury model of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). METHODS. Retinas were immunostained for PEDF at different times (1, 2, and 3 weeks) after laser injury. Levels of PEDF protein in the vitreous at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after laser injury were also assayed by Western blot. RESULTS. Protein levels of PEDF in the vitreous were increased during the first 7 days after CNV induction. Immunostaining for PEDF was observed throughout normal nonlasered control retinas, sham-lasered retinas, and areas remote to laser lesions, which were generally more intense in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) and less intense in the internal nuclear layer (INL). Decreased expression of PEDF was observed in flanking areas adjacent to the injury site and was confined mainly to the ONL. In the injury sites, immunostaining within the ONL was either absent or decreased for up to 3 weeks after laser injury (the duration of the study). Preadsorption of the anti-PEDF antibody with the immunizing peptide blocked specific labeling in the retina. CONCLUSIONS. These results demonstrate an inverse correlation of expression of PEDF and formation of CNV in the experimental model and suggest that decreased expression of PEDF plays a permissive role in the formation of CNV. PEDF analogues may be a reasonable treatment strategy for CNV.
The Current Endoscopic Diagnosis and Intensive Care Unit Management of Severe Ulcer and Other Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

The role of the endoscopist in the diagnosis and intensive care unit management of severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding is discussed. Emphasis is placed on resuscitation and detection of further bleeding. A detailed discussion of preparation for and techniques of endoscopy in severely bleeding patients follows. The approach to specific diagnoses, particularly peptic ulcers, and the definition and significance of stigmata of recent hemorrhage concludes the article.
Transitions (1980s): Spirituality and Crime

The 1980s were an accelerated time for change. For many academics, it was somewhat a baffling time in understanding Richard’s direction. Richard had turned to spirituality that he insisted was necessary in any materialistic critique of political economy and the nature of social order and social control. His formal writing in criminology had taken drastically new directions often counter to even mainstream critical criminology. But Richard was undeterred by the criticism and pushed on. His quest was for discovery, and spirituality was a key.
Signal Recovery and Detection of Certain Wideband Signals Using Multiple Low-Rate ADCs

The focus of this paper is to develop an innovative approach to receiver design for wideband signals with resonant frequency components. It is known that there are certain wideband signals that occupy quite large bandwidths but may have dominant amplitudes in certain frequency bands. Many studies have applied signal processing techniques to high bandwidth signals to lower the sampling rate. Compressive sensing (CS) is one such method and has been shown to succeed but only in a special case. The CS approach requires the signal to be sparse in some domain. In this work, we focus on signal classes where previously developed reconstruction and detection techniques may fail. In other words, we focus on signals that have large bandwidths with dominant frequency components, but are not necessarily sparse in time. We show that these signals can be effectively sampled by a lower sampling rate compared to what is required by the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem. In our design resonant frequency components are channelized into separate receiver paths (subchains) and sampled at a lower sampling rate than is required for the entire wideband signal. Both the signal and noise energy are reduced, although not equally, by the receiver. Noise energy outside of the selected bands is greatly attenuated while these dominant bands are filtered into subchains for processing. It is shown that the signal's sum squared error (SSE) improves and the probability of detection performance experiences little or no degradation as the effective noise power is attenuated by the proposed method.
Survival disparities among racial/ethnic groups of women with ovarian cancer: An update on data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry.

Abstract Objective Update information on racial disparities in ovarian cancer survival from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Methods Data on women with epithelial ovarian cancer from the SEER Program between 1995–2015 were collected including; patient ID, age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, insurance status, region of registry, tumor grade, tumor histology, tumor summary stage, survival months, race/ethnicity, and vital status. Multivariable analyses were performed to examine overall survival, differences in survival by age at diagnosis, by year of diagnosis, risk of not receiving surgery, and risk of 12-month death across racial/ethnic groups. Results Non-Hispanic black women (n = 4261) had an increased risk of overall mortality (HR = 1.28, CI: 1.23–1.33) when compared to non-Hispanic white women (n = 47,475), which appears more pronounced among women diagnosed under age 50. Hispanic women (n = 7052) had no difference in survival when compared to non-Hispanic white women (HR = 1.03, CI: 0.99–1.07). Non-Hispanic Asian/PI women (n = 5008) exhibited slightly reduced risk (HR = 0.95, CI: 0.91–0.99) when compared to non-Hispanic white women. Risk of not receiving surgical intervention remains high among non-Hispanic black women and Hispanic women, when compared to non-Hispanic white women. Non-Hispanic black women, non-Hispanic Asian/PI women, and Hispanic women were all at significantly greater risk of dying within the first 12 months of cancer diagnosis when compared to non-Hispanic white women. Conclusion Disparities in survival remain across various racial/ethnic groups, when compared to non-Hispanic white women with ovarian cancer. These disparities should continue to be examined in an effort to decrease such gaps.
Necrotizing Fasciitis: Flesh Eating Follies

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is an uncommon but not rare diagnosis. It develops along a spectrum often initially looking like cellulitis. The ability to correctly make the diagnosis depends on when the patient presents. Early on it may look like cellulitis, but as it progresses, pain out of proportion to exam findings and a sick-looking patient with rapidly progressing disease should lead the practitioner to strongly consider NF. It is usually a polymicrobial infection; however, monomicrobial (usually Streptococcus pyogenes) infection can happen in healthy, otherwise normal individuals. Treatment is, first and foremost, surgical debridement. Antibiotics, while important, are not effective without timely and aggressive surgical intervention. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may play an adjunctive role.
A 53-Year-Old Woman With Dyspnea, Wheezing, and Irreversible Airway Obstruction

Case Presentation A previously healthy 53-year-old woman with 4 months of dyspnea and subjective wheezing presented to pulmonary clinic for a second opinion. Her medical history included hypertension, obesity, and OSA. She had been hospitalized 3 months prior at an outside hospital for evaluation of these symptoms. She had never smoked. She was a retired teacher and previously served as a pet nanny to dogs and cats. She denied antecedent respiratory infection or environmental exposure before the onset of her symptoms. Current medications included budesonide-formoterol, tiotropium, loratadine, and montelukast. She did not experience significant change in symptoms with bronchodilators or corticosteroid treatment.
Management of unexplained: poly-consultation and hyperfrequency on Primary Health Chilean Attention. A qualitative and exploratory study.

In Europe, Latin-America, and Asia, poly-consultation has become a complex problem for managing different healthcare systems. However, in the current literature, little attention has been paid to exploring territorial and critical analysis perspectives to manage unexplained symptoms. The purpose of this study is to analyze the socio-structural elements that underlie the users’ phenomenon of poly-consultation or hyperfrequency in the Chilean primary healthcare system (PHCS). This paper represents qualitative data collected as part of an exploratory study that used mixed methods across three metropolitan areas of Santiago, Valparaiso, and Concepcion, Chile. The study involved a sample of 24 subjects from administrative and management positions in PHC who were recruited from Family Health Care Centers, considering urban municipalities from the low, medium, and high stratum. The study collected data using one set of semi-standardized interviews during a year—data analysis using qualitative content analysis. This article shows that poly-consultant patients provide a critical clinic category to management that cannot be cover by current biomedical models. Data showed the strain of a somatoform category, especially in the clinic and epistemological exercise. Precisely, the relevance of Chile’s case, a mixed health system, and their effects: the naturalization of collective problems managed as individual problems. The study results can inform healthcare professionals and managers of developing practical and territorially based. We conclude that hyperfrequency and poly-consultation in Chile reveal relevant stratification in the territory. Those particularities open an opportunity to study quantitative methods, including current analysis categories, to develop new research.
A phase-field model for low-cycle fatigue of brittle materials

Abstract A phenomenological phase-field model for the formation and growth of fatigue macro-cracks in brittle materials is proposed. Additionally to the classical elastic stiffness degradation in the phase-field approach to overload fracture, a fracture toughness degradation is further introduced. The model can reproduce both total life approaches, such as the Basquin empirical relation, and the Paris law, which lies at the core of most of the defect-tolerant approaches, with exponents characteristic of brittle fatigue crack growth. The numerical implementation of the model in an efficient scheme is described and its ability to handle complex geometries and loading conditions demonstrated.
'Drip-and-ship' intravenous thrombolysis and outcomes for large vessel occlusion thrombectomy candidates in a hub-and-spoke telestroke model

Background Randomized trials have not demonstrated benefit from intravenous thrombolysis among patients undergoing endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). However, these trials included primarily patients presenting directly to an EVT capable hub center. We sought to study outcomes for EVT candidates who presented to spoke hospitals and were subsequently transferred for EVT consideration, comparing those administered alteplase at spokes (i.e., ‘drip-and-ship’ model) versus those not. Methods Consecutive EVT candidates presenting to 25 spokes from 2018 to 2020 with pre-transfer CT angiography defined emergent large vessel occlusion and Alberta Stroke Program CT score ≥6 were identified from a prospectively maintained Telestroke database. Outcomes of interest included adequate reperfusion (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 2b–3), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), discharge functional independence (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤2), and 90 day functional independence. Results Among 258 patients, median age was 70 years (IQR 60–81), median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 13 (6-19), and 50% were women. Ninety-eight (38%) were treated with alteplase at spokes and 113 (44%) underwent EVT at the hub. Spoke alteplase use independently increased the odds of discharge mRS ≤2 (adjusted OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.08 to 5.46, p=0.03) and 90 day mRS ≤2 (adjusted OR 3.45, 95% CI 1.65 to 7.22, p=0.001), even when controlling for last known well, NIHSS, and EVT; it was not associated with an increased risk of ICH (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.39 to 2.78, p=0.94), and there was a trend toward association with greater TICI 2b–3 (OR 3.59, 95% CI 0.94 to 13.70, p=0.06). Conclusions Intravenous alteplase at spoke hospitals may improve discharge and 90 day mRS and should not be withheld from EVT eligible patients who first present at alteplase capable spoke hospitals that do not perform EVT. Additional studies are warranted to confirm and further explore these benefits.
Hybrid Analog-Spiking Long Short-Term Memory for Energy Efficient Computing on Edge Devices

Recurrent neural networks such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) have been used in many sequential learning tasks such as speech recognition and language translation. Running large-scale LSTMs for real-world applications is known to be compute-intensive and often relies on cloud execution. To enable LSTM operations on edge devices that receive inputs in realtime, there is a need to improve LSTM execution efficiency following the limited energy constraint of the mobile platforms. We propose a hybrid analog-spiking LSTM that combines the energy efficiency of spiking neural network (SNN) with the performance efficiency of analog (non-spiking) neural network (ANN). SNN, which processes and represents information as a sequence of sparse binary spikes or events, uses integrate and fire activation, hence consuming low power and energy for realtime inference (batch size of 1). The proposed Analog-Spiking LSTM is derived from a trained LSTM using a novel conversion method that transforms the fully-connected layers and the nonlinearity function compatible for SNNs. We show that the default LSTM non-linearities are sources of output mismatch between the ANN and the SNN. We propose a set of replacement functions that lead to a minimal impact on the output quality of sequential learning problems. Our analyses on sequential image classification on MNIST dataset and sequence-to-sequence translation on the IWSLT14 dataset indicate <1% drop in average accuracy for rowwise and pixel-wise sequential image recognition and <1.5 drop in average BLEU score for the translation task. Implementation of the recognition system with the hybrid analog-spiking LSTM on Intel's spiking processor, Loihi, shows 55.9× improvement in active energy per inference over the baseline system on Intel i7-6700. Based on our analysis, we estimate this benefit to be 3.38× reduction in active energy per inference for the translation task.
Sequential Periodic Motions in a Vibration-Assisted, Regenerative, Nonlinear Turning-Tool System

This paper studies the dynamics and bifurcations of a vibration-assisted, regenerative, nonlinear turning-tool system using an implicit mapping method. Machine vibration has been studied for a cent...
Approach to the Patient with Prolonged Granulocytopenia

The optimal management of the neutropenic cancer patient should include a prompt evaluation and the initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy when fever occurs. However, the survival of the patient depends not only on the infectious agent(s) responsible for the initial fever and the antibiotics chosen for the primary empiric therapy, but also on the duration of the neutropenia, the secondary infections that arise, and the adjustments or modifications employed to treat them.
AFA‐I, a cloned afimbrial X‐type adhesin from a human pyelonephritic Escherichia coli strain

AFA-I, a mannose-resistant, P-independent, X-binding afimbrial Escherichia coli adhesin was purified from a recombinant strain and chemically, functionally and serologically characterized. AFA-I exists on the bacterial surface and free as a macromolecular aggregate in the supernatant of spent culture medium. It is composed of a single, repeating 16-kDa polypeptide subunit. The AFA-I protein amino acid composition is remarkable for the presence of 22% non-polar hydrophobic residues and 2.5-3.0 cysteines per subunit. Since AFA-I travels as a monomer in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions, no disulfide bonds exist between subunits and at least one free sulfhydryl per subunit is available. The AFA-I N-terminal amino acid sequence residues 1-24 was unrelated to E. coli fimbrial sequences; however, the N-terminus of AFA-I and GV-12, another E. coli afimbrial protein, was asparagine. HB101 (pIL 14), the AFA-I recombinant strain, agglutinated only human and gorilla erythrocytes, indicating a preference for receptor molecules on the red cells of man and the anthropoid apes. AFA-I did not bind glycophorin A or sialyl glycosides and is therefore distinct from the E. coli X-binding adhesins with M and S specificity. The AFA-I receptor was found to be abundant and diffusely distributed on HeLa tissue culture monolayer cell surfaces by indirect fluorescent microscopy. Anti-AFA-I sera bound AFA-I in Western blots of 4 out of 16 X-binding E. coli urine isolates. They did not bind MS or P pili. AFA-I may be exemplary of an adhesin class significant for the pathogenesis of human urinary tract infections.
Steroid Receptors and the Mechanism of the Specificity of Glucocorticoid Responsiveness of Somatic Cell Hybrids between Hepatoma Tissue Culture Cells and Mouse Fibroblasts

Abstract Hybrid cells prepared from hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) and mouse L cells were studied to gain more information concerning glucocorticoid-induced functions. The hybrid cells contain phenotypic and chromosomal markers of both parents but fail to show HTC type responses. We now show them to respond to glucocorticoids in a manner characteristic of the L cell parent. HTC, L, and hybrid cells all contain high affinity saturable cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors. Studies of these cytoplasmic receptors in the hybrid suggest that receptors from both parents are present and capable of binding steroid inducers. In vitro studies reveal saturable high affinity binding of hybrid receptors from cytosol to homologous nuclei. Mixing experiments with various parental and hybrid cytosols and nuclei suggest that hybrid cells contain both parental cytoplasmic receptors and two classes of nuclear binding sites which can distinguish between the glucocorticoid receptors of the two parental cells. Results obtained in new hybrids derived from HTC cells and steroid-resistant L cells suggest that failure to express HTC type responses to glucocorticoids is not a result of the dominance of steroid-provoked inhibitory effects derived from the L cell parent. In this cross between a receptor (-) L cell parent and a receptor (+) HTC cell parent the hybrid, which was receptor (+), did not show glucocorticoid response.
Endolithic Microorganisms in Arid Regions

Endolithic Microbial Communities in the Ross Desert of Antarctica Endolithic Communities in the Coastal Region of Antarctica Endolithic Communities in Hot Arid Regions Comparison of Endolithic Communities in Hot and Cold Arid Regions Keywords: arid regions, endolithic microorganisms in; desert environments; endolithic microorganisms; extreme environments
TODOS UNIDOS POR COLOMBIA. ENTREVISTA A LA PRESIDENTE Y FUNDADORA DE UNITED FOR COLOMBIA - Everyone United for Colombia. Interview to Gabriela Febres Cordero: founder and president of United for Colombia Foundation

Tras conocer la historia del soldado John Riascos (Revista Ing Biomed 7(1):XX-XX, 2010) quisimos invitar a la presidente y fundadora de la fundacion United for Colombia , Gabriela Febres-Cordero, para que nos respondiera a lgunas preguntas sobre la fundacion y compatiera su trabajo y objetivos, asi como hacer eco del acompanamiento que como sociedad civil debemos darle a estas iniciativas.
On Software Regulation

This Article develops a novel analytic framework for the evaluation of regulatory policy in cyberspace, flowing from a reconceptualization of cyberlaw's central premise: software code as complementary to law rather than its substitute. This approach emphasizes the linkage between law and software; for every quantum of legal-regulatory impact, there is a corresponding equilibria of regulation-by-software. The absence of a legal right will stimulate a technological response - and such incentives will moderate with increased rights. Rather than code is law, this is code meets law. The implications of this methodological shift are explored in the context of the emerging (and intensely controversial) cyberproperty right - defined as the right to exclude others from one's network resources. The debate over whether (and how, and why) concepts of property rights can be extended to bits stored on web servers, email systems and the like is both deeply intertwined with technology and fundamentally comparative in nature, bringing the importance of understanding the regulatory costs and benefits of software (as compared to law) into sharp relief. The analysis that emerges suggests that, contrary to much of the relevant scholarly literature (and perhaps counterintuitively), the availability of technological mechanisms to replace legal rights likely strengthens, rather than weakens, the case for legal regulation in the form of property rights. At least in this context, a software-centric regulatory approach is dominated by regimes premised on property-backed contractual relationships. Considering the regulatory environment of cyberspace from this perspective may have profound effects on the way we think about the form and function of law online. The nature of cyberspace as particularly sensitive to emerging concerns about the tyranny of software suggests that the online environment might be more suited for a broad property rights regime than has been recognized to date.
A Unified Statistical and Information Theoretic Framework for Multi-modal Image Registration

We formulate and interpret several registration methods in the context of a unified statistical and information theoretic framework. A unified interpretation clarifies the implicit assumptions of each method yielding a better understanding of their relative strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, we discuss a generative statistical model from which we derive a novel analysis tool, the auto-information function, as a means of assessing and exploiting the common spatial dependencies inherent in multi-modal imagery. We analytically derive useful properties of the auto-information as well as verify them empirically on multi-modal imagery. Among the useful aspects of the auto-information function is that it can be computed from imaging modalities independently and it allows one to decompose the search space of registration problems.
Deepening Understanding of Science and Mathematics Education Reform Principles: Novice Teachers Design Web-based Units Using Project 2061's Curriculum Analysis

(2003). Deepening Understanding of Science and Mathematics Education Reform Principles: Novice Teachers Design Web-based Units Using Project 2061's Curriculum Analysis. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 193-216.
High-level hot carrier reliability-driven synthesis using macro-models

We present a systematic method to incorporate hot carrier reliability issues in high-level design automation. This method attempts to iteratively redesign the given high-level circuit to achieve better long-term reliability using macro-models of standard circuit elements. A reliability simulation tool, ILLIADS-R, is used to develop those macro-models. The method has been applied to various high-level sequential circuits. The results show the iterative reliability improvement using our capacitance reduction method.
Spherical nilpotent orbits and the Kostant-Sekiguchi correspondence

Let G be a connected, linear semisimple Lie group with Lie algebra g, and let K c → Aut(p C ) be the complexified isotropy representation at the identity coset of the corresponding symmetric space. The Kostant-Sekiguchi correspondence is a bijection between the nilpotent K C -orbits in p C and the nilpotent G-orbits in g. We show that this correspondence associates each spherical nilpotent K C -orbit to a nilpotent G-orbit that is multiplicity free as a Hamiltonian K-space. The converse also holds.
The Globalization of Clinical Trials for New Medicines: Where are the Trials Going and Why?

We begin by documenting trends in the changing geographical location of clinical trials for new medicines since 2002, away from Western Europe and Canada, and towards Eastern Europe, Latin America and Asia. We then develop a framework for modeling the factors affecting the globalization of clinical trials, particularly into emerging economies. Factors we investigate include country-specific measures of medical infrastructure, costs per patient in the trial, intellectual property protection, size of potential host country market for pharmaceuticals, and measures of e-readiness. We find that factors affecting the globalization process are relative costs per patient, changing intellectual property protection, size of the host country's potential market size, and human capital capabilities.
Subjective Estimates of Consonant Phoneme Frequencies

Subjective magnitude estimates of the frequencies of 24 consonant phonemes were obtained from 65 university students, some with training in linguistics, by a method that had been used by Attneave (1953) for judgments of letter frequencies. Reliabilities of averaged judgments for comparably sized groups of 30 judges were estimated as in the neighbourhood of .95. Averages of logarithmically transformed judgments were correlated with log frequencies from objective counts with coefficients in the range .736 to .876 (or .764 to .907 when corrected for attenuation). Despite the high reliabilities and predictive validities, there was evidence that the judgments were strongly influenced by experienced frequencies of letters of the alphabet.
Life in a Fishbowl: Accountability and Integrity in Pharmacy Leadership:

The Director’s Forum is designed to guide pharmacy leaders in establishing patient-centered services in hospitals and health systems by providing practical information on various leadership topics. Pharmacists are bound to practice in the best interest of the patient and are obligated to act with integrity and in an ethical manner. Pharmacy directors and their leadership staff are additionally bound to manage their department with integrity. Staff often scrutinize the pharmacy director’s actions, giving the director a feeling of “life in a fishbowl.” Every action of the leader is judged in the context of personal integrity or their individual commitment to moral, spiritual, and ethical values. The objective of this article is to describe how a pharmacy leader manages this responsibility. This article addresses the pharmacy leader’s obligations to act with integrity, reviews key integrity concerns in pharmacy leadership, and provides guidance for leading and managing in the context of ethics and integrity. Pharmacy directors must always be aware that they are open to both department and public scrutiny if they do not conduct themselves in a professional manner. Being accountable for their actions and maintaining a high standard of integrity, leaders can keep the focus of their departments on the goal of patient-centered pharmacy services.
The spectrophotometric determination of uranium by the 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate method

A spectrophotometric method for the determination of uranyl ion is proposed which is based on the use of ammonium 1-pyrrolidinecarbodithioate as the chromogenic reagent. Conformity to Beer's law was observed for the range between 0 to 50 ppm of uranium when spectrophotometric measurements are made at 385 nm.
A flow microsphere inhibition immunoassay (FMII) for detecting paratope binding anti-idiotypic antibodies.

A simple, rapid and reproducible flow microsphere inhibition immunoassay (FMII) has been developed to detect the ability of paratope specific anti-idiotypic antibody (anti-Id or AB2) to inhibit antigen binding to the corresponding paratope of the Id (AB1). To evaluate the FMII as a measurement of paratope binding anti-Id, an avian model was used to produce Id and anti-Id antibodies for the study. Both antibody to bovine serum albumin (BSA Id) and anti-BSA Id were produced in white leghorn chickens and affinity isolated from egg yolks. The anti-BSA Id samples were incubated with BSA Id coated microspheres, then without rinsing, fluoresceinated BSA (BSA-FITC) was added for a short incubation period and the resulting decrease in fluorescent intensity was used to calculate the extent of inhibition. For validation, statistical comparisons of the line equations generated by BSA dilution curves and anti-BSA Id dilution curves were performed. Replications within each ligand were not significantly different which ...
Isolation of Guanosine Diphosphate Uronic Acids from a Marine Brown Alga, Fucus gardneri Silva

Abstract Guanosine diphosphate D-mannuronic acid and guanosine diphosphate L-guluronic acid were isolated from the marine brown alga, Fucus gardneri Silva. These uronic acid nucleotides, reported to occur for the first tune in living cells, are considered to be the precursors for the biosynthesis of alginic acid which constitutes about 18% of this alga. A mixture of 3 µmoles of the two uronic acid nucleotides was isolated from 14 kg of the plant. About 80% of the mixture was identified as GDP-D-mannuronic acid by the following criteria: (a) spectral properties and quantitative chemical analyses of the components, (b) examination of products formed by enzymic and mild acid hydrolysis, (c) chromatographic and electrophoretic mobilities, and (d) characterization of D-mannitol derived from the uronic acid residue by borate electrophoresis, by gas chromatography as the hexaacetate, and by oxidation with D-mannitol dehydrogenase. The minor uronic acid nucleotide component was characterized as GDP-L-guluronic acid by (a) detection of gulurone and glucitol hexaacetate, respectively, in the preparations of uronolactone and hexitol hexaacetate derived from the nucleotide mixture, and (b) detection of gluconate in the borohydride-reduced uronic acid residue of the nucleotide by the combining action of D-gluconokinase and phosphoglucono-dehydrogenase, or with gluconic dehydrogenase. Other nucleotides detected in the algal extract include: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, cytidine 5'-phosphate, NADP+, uridine 5'-phosphate, adenosine 5'-phosphate, a mixture of UDP-D-glucose and UDP-L-arabinose, ADP, GMP, GDP, a mixture of GDP sugars, and an unidentified adenine nucleotide fraction which produced glucose and arabinose upon hydrolysis.
Regulation of macrophage and neutrophil cell fates by the PU.1:C/EBPalpha ratio and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Hematopoietic transcription factors are essential for specifying cell fates; however, the function of cytokines in such developmental decisions is unresolved. We demonstrate here that haploinsufficiency for the gene encoding the transcription factor PU.1 partially suppresses the neutropenia of mice deficient in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. This suppression was due to an increase in granulocytic progenitors and a diminution of monocytic progenitors. With (PU.1+/-) ES cells as well as (PU.1-/-) hematopoietic progenitors, we show that higher expression of PU.1 is needed for macrophage than for neutrophil development. In a (PU.1-/-) progenitor cell line, in which graded activity of PU.1 regulates neutrophil versus macrophage development, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor signaling supported the neutrophil cell fate by increasing expression of the neutrophil transcription factor C/EBPalpha in relation to expression of PU.1. Collectively, these results indicate that cytokines can promote cell fate decisions by altering the relative concentrations of lineage-determining transcriptional regulators.
Degenerate four-wave mixing diagnostics on OH and NH radicals in flames

Degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM) is applied as a diagnostic to study OH and NH radicals in flames. DFWM is a coherent technique which offers the advantages of a highly collimated signal beam permitting efficient rejection of interfering radiation and requiring minimal optical access. Rotational temperatures have been determined from the DFWM spectra and are in close agreement with the temperatures measured using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering of nitrogen.
The use of accelerators for arhaeological dating

Abstract A description is given of the tandem accelerator mass spectrometer which has recently been installed at the University of Arizona. This system is the primary instrument of a National Science Foundation Regional Instrumentation Facility. Results of tests of its operation are presented. Several experiments on archaeological and other types of samples are described.
Monte Carlo analysis of the NEO Beam electron beam facility

MCNPX Monte Carlo electron transport analyses are used to characterize the electron beam facility at NEO Beam.
The cancer-associated Sm-like oncogene : A novel target for the gene therapy of pancreatic cancer

Background: The prognosis for pancreatic cancer (PC) remains dismal, providing a clear need for the development of novel therapies. We have previously shown that the cancer-associated Sm-like (CaSm) oncogene is overexpressed in the great majority of pancreatic tumors and is required to maintain the transformed phenotype. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the application of CaSm antisense gene therapy would generate a significant antitumor effect against PC. Methods: An adenoviral vector (Ad-αCaSm) expressing a 900–base pair antisense RNA to CaSm was created. The PC cell lines AsPC-1 and Capan-1 were infected with this vector and examined for changes in in vitro proliferation by using methyl thiazol tetrazolium and soft agar assays. SCID-Bg mice bearing subcutaneous AsPC-1 tumors were treated with Ad-αCaSm (1 × 109 plaque-forming units) as a single intratumor injection with tumor growth and survival monitored. Results: AsPC-1 and Capan-1 cells showed decreased in vitro proliferation (93%, P =.0041, and 70%, P =.0038, respectively) and anchorage independent growth (55%, P =.02, and 45%, P =.03, respectively) after treatment. Ad-αCaSm reduced in vivo AsPC-1 tumor growth by 40% (n = 10), extending median survival time from 35 to 60 days. Conclusions: Ad-αCaSm demonstrates a significant antitumor effect against pancreatic cancer both in vitro and in vivo. These results support the role of CaSm as a significant gene involved in the neoplastic transformation of pancreatic tumors. Thus CaSm represents a novel gene target in PC and holds potential as a new treatment approach either alone or in combination with existing therapies. (Surgery 2000;128:353-60.)
The Pygmy Whitefish, Coregonus Coulteri, in Lake Superior

Abstract Bottom trawling by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service motor vessel Cisco in Lake Superior in 1952–1953 revealed a large population of a tiny whitefish, Coregonus (Prosopium) coulteri, which has been reported previously only from northwestern North America. The hiatus in range, from Lake Superior to the Columbia River basin, is the greatest known for a North American freshwater fish. Although minor structural differences characterize the disjunct populations of the pygmy whitefish, these are not deemed worthy of nomenclatorial recognition. Comparisons with related species indicate that the pygmy whitefish is distinctive in the small size, large scales, few vertebrae, few pyloric caeca, and in other characters. The pygmy whitefish is widely distributed in Lake Superior, especially in semi-protected bays, such as Keweenaw Bay which yielded about 68 percent of the 1,623 specimens caught. The bathymetric range was 10 to 49 fathoms, with maximum abundance at the 25- to 39-fathom interval. Average leng...
Interference between the macroalga Caulerpa prolifera and the seagrass Halodule wrightii

A field experiment was conducted to examine interactions between the seagrass Halodule wrightii and the macroalga Caulerpa prolifera in the Indian River Lagoon, FL, USA, and further if the outcome of the interactions between the two species was influenced by water depth. The experiment involved the manipulation of neighbor presence in plots established at the shallowest (50 cm) and deepest (80 cm) depths at which the two species co-existed at adequate densities to perform removal experiments. Shoot and frond densities were measured at the beginning (April), middle (July) and end (October) of the 6-month growing season, and above- and below-ground biomass values were determined at the end of the experiment (October). In the middle of the growing season H. wrightii had higher shoot densities and greater biomass in plots where C. prolifera had been removed at both water depths. This same pattern in shoot density and biomass for H. wrightii also occurred at the end of the growing season at the 80 cm depth. C. prolifera occurred at higher densities and greater biomass in the 80 cm depth range, but was generally unaffected by the presence of H. wrightii at either depth.
More implications of reactivity characteristics to methacholine and histamine in asthmatic patients

In a recent review of the epidemiology and natural history of asthma, Reed’ sites 2 observations made by McNickol and William?. x in his pediatric studies which, at first glance, did not seem to apply to our clinical experience with adult patients, yet with further scrutiny, made some sense. 1. Early onset of asthma carries a risk of increased severity. Thus, in a third of the 14-yr-old asthmatic patients with very frequent or unremitting symptoms, the disease began before 6 mo of age, while only 3% of lCyr-old subjects with mild asthma had their symptoms before age 3 yr. 2. Children with severe asthma more often have hay fever and eczema, have more numerous positive skin tests, and have higher levels of IgE than children with mild asthma. Keeping these 2 observations in mind, we recently related histamine and methacholine reactivity to other observations that reflect on severity of asthma, age of patient at onset, and reagin mediation.
Hormonal regulation of the annual reproductive cycle of golden hamsters.

Abstract The seasonally breeding golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus , is a photoperiodic species. Reproduction is confined to the spring and summer months and is curtailed by the short days of fall and winter. The photoperiodic response is dependent on an endogenous circadian sensitivity to light. Reacquisition of reproductive activity occurs spontaneously, even in the complete absence of light. These animals are refractory to the inhibitory effects of short days. Refractoriness is terminated by exposure to long days for a period of 11 or more weeks, after which the animals are once again sensitive to short days. The short-day response in the male is characterized by testicular regression induced by a decline in pituitary and circulating titers of LH, FSH, and PRL. These animals demonstrate an increased sensitivity to negative-feedback effects of exogenous (and, presumably, endogenous) testosterone that is associated with a decreased castration response. The reproductively inactive female fails to ovulate. Estrous cycles are absent, supplanted by a daily surge of LH and FSH. Spontaneous recovery of testicular function is associated with an increase in circulating titers of LH, FSH, PRL, and testosterone, and a resumption of spermatogenic activity. In the female the daily surge of LH and FSH is replaced by the 4-day estrous cycle. The pineal gland is essential for the occurrence of photoperiodically induced changes in the hamster's reproductive cycle. The pineal produces the indole, melatonin, with peak synthesis and release occurring during the subjective night. Administration of melatonin, by injection, at the appropriate time of day, will induce gonadal regression in both intact and pinealectomized hamsters maintained on normally stimulatory photoperiods. Subcutaneous melatonin implants, however, prevent gonadal regression induced by short photoperiods or melatonin injections. Melatonin implants also prevent photoinduced gonadal recrudescence. Constant release melatonin implants may function by interfering with target tissue sensitivity to endogenous melatonin. The target tissue for melatonin and the mechanism by which the pineal is involved in the photoperiodic response remain unknown.
Evaluation of an algorithm for highly automated measurements of QT interval.

Abstract Introduction Noise, artifact, and labile morphology of ECGs collected from freely moving animals in safety pharmacology studies render accurate measurements of QT interval challenging. Consequently, a high percentage of beats are uninterpretable and results provided by currently available analysis algorithms often require extensive manual review to correct errors. Performance of a novel algorithm, Multi-Domain Signal Processing™ (MDSP), is evaluated as a means of removing noise (denoising) without distorting morphology and for obtaining accurate beat-to-beat QT measurements. Methods Performance was evaluated using controlled experiments and an observational evaluation as follows: a) a clean ECG strip was intentionally corrupted with varying levels of noise to provide recordings of known signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). SNR and fidelity were compared pre- and post-MDSP denoising, b) beat-to-beat QT of a noisy ECG was measured manually pre- and post-MDSP denoising and automatically by MDSP, c) beat-to-beat QT of a clean ECG was measured manually and automatically using MDSP, and d) beat-to-beat QT was computed for 3 freely moving non-human primates (NHP) pre- and post-torsadogen administration and the impact of averaging on QTSD, QT/RR dynamics and relationship was evaluated. Results MDSP reduced noise amplitude by up to 85% while preserving signal morphology. Mean QTs for manual and automatic measurements on a noisy ECG were within 2 ± 15 ms. MDSP-denoising prior to manual QT measurements resulted in a 22% decrease in QTSD compared to measurements obtained without denoising. Average QT standard deviation of the mean (QTSD) for automatic MDSP-derived measurements for 3 freely moving subjects was 7 ms with 2.5% of beats automatically excluded due to noise. Discussion This work demonstrates that the MDSP algorithm shows promise as a tool for providing accurate automatic beat-to-beat measurements of QT interval from NHP in safety pharmacology studies. A methodology is presented for characterizing the impact of noise on algorithm performance.