cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SARS-CoV-2 Infection Detection by PCR and Serologic Testing in Clinical Practice.

Patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be diagnosed by PCR during acute infection or later in their clinical course by detection of virus-specific antibodies. While in theory complementary, both PCR and serologic tests have practical shortcomings. A retrospective study was performed in order to further define these limitations in a clinical context and to determine how to best utilize these tests in a coherent fashion. A total of 3,075 patients underwent both PCR and serology tests at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), in the study period. Among these, 2,731 (89%) had no positive tests at all, 73 (2%) had a positive PCR test and only negative serology tests, 144 (5%) had a positive serology test and only negative PCR tests, and 127 (4%) had positive PCR and serology tests. Approximately half of the patients with discordant results (i.e., PCR positive and serology negative or vice versa) had mistimed tests in reference to the course of their disease. PCR-positive patients who were asymptomatic or pregnant were less likely to generate a detectable humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2. On a quantitative level, the log number of days between symptom onset and PCR test was positively correlated with cycle threshold (CT) values. However, there was no apparent relationship between PCR CT and serologic (arbitrary units per milliliter) results.
The Drosophila gene smoke alarm regulates nociceptor-epidermis interactions and thermal nociception behavior

Abstract The detection and processing of noxious sensory input depends on the proper growth and function of nociceptor sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system. In Drosophila melanogaster, the class IV (cIV) multidendritic dendritic arborization (md-da) neurons detect noxious stimuli through their highly branched dendrites that innervate the epidermis of the larval body wall. Here, we describe requirements of a previously uncharacterized gene named smoke alarm (smal), a discoidin domain receptor, in cIV md-da dendrite morphogenesis and nociception behavior. We find that smal mutant larvae exhibit thermal hyperalgesia that is fully rescued with a BAC transgene containing smal. Consistent with this phenotype, a smal reporter gene was expressed in nociceptors and other peripheral sensory neurons. Smal::GFP protein localized to punctate structures throughout the cIV md-da neurons. We further show that smal loss-of-function results in reduced nociceptor dendrite branching. Interestingly, mammalian homologues of smal act as collagen receptors, and we find that smal mutant dendrites showed an increase in epidermal cell ensheathment relative to animals that are wild type for smal. Based on this phenotype we propose that Smal protein function is required for attachment of dendrites to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the loss of this activity results in thermal hyperalgesia.
Trade-Offs of Occupational Licensing: Understanding the Costs and Potential Benefits

Occupational licensing potentially benefits consumers by screening and training workers but at the cost of lower employment. To evaluate this trade-off, I leverage a quasi-experimental setting in which Illinois required compliance training for new and existing real estate agents. Using multiple data sources on official licensee records and housing statistics, I find that the reform caused a one-time spike in agent outflows, a decrease in home sales, and lower worker flows. Whereas the reform affected worker sorting, I do not find a significant reduction in new misconduct incidents. To understand this insignificant effect, I develop a screening model with license training to highlight that licensing may fail to screen and train workers in ethics-related attributes.
Utility of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in cases of incomplete cytoreductive surgery

Introduction Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) during cytoreductive surgery (CRS) is typically reserved for a complete or optimal cytoreduction. There is the potential for therapeutic effect of HIPEC with an incomplete cytoreduction, particularly for near optimal cytoreductions. Methods Retrospective review of incomplete cytoreductions (R2b, R2c) for appendiceal and colorectal primaries. Primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Subgroup analysis for primary etiology and specific cytoreductive score. Results A total of 121 cases of incomplete CRS, 74 CRS alone, and 47 CRS-HIPEC. For the entire study group there was a survival benefit with HIPEC. OS and PFS were 2.3 versus 1.4 (p = 0.001) and 1.6 versus 0.7 (p Conclusion HIPEC has utility for incomplete cytoreductions with appendiceal neoplasms, greatest effect with low-grade appendiceal neoplasms. HIPEC is only beneficial for near optimal cytoreductions (R2b).
Idiosyncratic interactions between the ketogenic diet and valproic acid: a case series (P4.278)

Objective: To describe negative interactions between the ketogenic diet and valproic acid. Background: Approximately 30[percnt] of children with epilepsy will meet the criteria for medical intractability. Dietary therapies have been a long-standing therapy modality for patients with hard to control epilepsy syndromes. Valproic acid is a common medication used in the treatment of medically refractory epilepsy in children and often remains on medication lists at the time of initiation of the ketogenic diet. Design/Methods: In a review of individual cases of active patients enrolled in the dietary therapy program at URMC, we have identified multiple potential outcomes from interactions between valproic acid and high fat diets, not currently well described in the literature. Results: We present the cases of 6 children with unique laboratory (medication level) and clinical interactions between these two common therapies, including increasing seizures, tremor, and altered levels of consciousness. These changes occurred despite stable doses of medication and dietary ratios. Conclusions: Valproic acid has idiosyncratic interactions with high fat dietary therapies, which can lead to apparent dietary therapy treatment failures. These apparent treatment failures were partially or fully reversed with discontinuation of this common medication. Disclosure: Dr. Hughes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Russo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wang has nothing to disclose.
WS19.1 Disease-causing CFTR mutation and carriage of airway infections

Objectives Quantify the association of CFTR mutations of different classes and specific identities with carriage of eight clinically relevant airway infections. Methods After obtaining IRB approval, we analyzed data from the CFFPR from 2003–2011. We examined carriage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA), Burkholderia sp., Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Aspergillus sp. and Candida sp. We used logistic regression (glm function in R), corrected by patient age, to compare carriage by F508del homozygotes and heterozygotes, classifying heterozygotes both by mutation class (I–V) and specific non-F508del mutation. Results Focusing on 18564 patients with genetic and microbiological data in 2010, we found that a mutation of class IV or V. decreases carriage of all infections: P. aeruginosa (OR 0.54, p MSSA (OR 0.92, p=0.0002), MRSA (OR 0.57, p Burkholderia (OR 0.57, p A. xylosoxidans (OR 0.63, p S. maltophilia (OR 0.70, p Aspergillus (OR 0.70, p Candida (OR 0.85, p Five specific mutations were associated with reduced carriage of P. aeruginosa at the p S. maltophilia and Aspergillus was lower in patients with the R117H mutation. Conclusion CF patients with milder mutations (class IV and V) have better survivorship. We show lower carriage of eight important airway pathogens is associated with milder mutation class and with specific disease-causing CFTR mutations.
Novel treatment strategy for refractory hemorrhagic cystitis following radiation treatment of genitourinary cancer: Use of 980-nm diode laser.

Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a potential life-threatening complication after pelvic radiation for genitourinary cancer (GUC). This devastating condition occurs when the bladder vasculature undergoes tissue remodeling resulting in obliterative endarteritis [1]. The resulting poorly vascularized tissue becomes fibrotic and prone to easy damage, causing epithelial denudation, chronic ulceration, or vascular telangiectasia. Patients with chronic refractory HC can have blood loss significant enough to require transfusion or surgical intervention. The incidence of HC varies depending on the type of radiation and the dose, and it generally increases over time after treatment. For patients with prostate cancer who received radiation therapy, the incidence is commonly estimated to be ~2–3% [2, 3], with some studies finding as high as 8% [4]. HC will continue to remain an important problem, especially as some patients survive for more than 20 years after their treatment [5]. First-line treatments for patients with mild HC include hydration with fluids and bladder irrigation. Moderate cases of HC can be treated with intravesical therapy with agents such as alum [6], silver nitrate [7] and formalin [8]. More severe cases are treated with cystoscopic fulguration and evacuation of clots. Surgical approaches include neodymium: yttrium–aluminum– garnet (Nd: YAG) [9] or potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) [10] laser ablation of hemorrhagic tissue, argon beam coagulation [11], embolization of internal iliac arteries [12], and even cystectomy with urinary diversion [13]. We report our institution’s experience using a 980-nm diode laser that was adapted to definitively manage refractory HC. The 980-nm wavelength is highly absorbed by both hemoglobin and water and therefore provides good ablation potential and concurrent hemostasis [14]. To our knowledge, this is the first original report of use of the 980-nm diode laser for management of refractory HC.
Relationships Among Mycobacteria and Nocardiae Based upon Deoxyribonucleic Acid Reassociation

The degree of renaturation between Nocardia farcinica 330 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and DNA from 17 nocardial strains and 11 mycobacterial strains, and between Mycobacterium smegmatis 405 DNA and DNA from 11 mycobacterial strains and 14 nocardial strains was determined by using the nitrocellulose membrane filter technique. These results indicated that some cultures designated N. farcinica were identical to some cultures designated N. asteroides but that other strains called N. asteroides were distinctly different. The species M. smegmatis was homogeneous and distinct from the other species examined. Data comparing the extent of nucleotide sequences shared by M. smegmatis 405 DNA and DNA from nine other mycobacterial strains, as determined by the membrane filter technique and by monitoring DNA reassociation optically, were similar. The extent of reassociation between M. tuberculosis H37Ra DNA and DNA from 14 mycobacterial strains was determined optically. DNA from M. bovis BCG was 86% homologous with M. tuberculosis H37Ra DNA. The other mycobacterial DNA preparations examined were less than 40% homologous with M. tuberculosis H37Ra DNA. The genome sizes of the mycobacteria examined ranged between 2.5 x 10(9) daltons and 4.5 x 10(9) daltons.
Structure of a B-DNA dodecamer: II. Influence of base sequence on helix structure☆

Abstract Detailed examination of the structure of the B-DNA dodecamer C-G-C-G-A-A-T-T-C-G-C-G, obtained by single-crystal X-ray analysis (Drew et al., 1981), reveals that the local helix parameters, twist, tilt and roll, are much more strongly influenced by base sequence than by crystal packing or any other external forces. The central EcoRI restriction endonuclease recognition site, G-A-A-T-T-C, is a B helix with an average of 9.8 base-pairs per turn. It is flanked on either side by single-base-pair steps having aspects of an A-like helix character. The dodecamer structure suggests several general principles, whose validity must be tested by other B-DNA analyses. (1) When an external bending moment is applied to a B-DNA double helix, it bends smoothly, without kinks or breaks, and with relatively little effect on local helix parameters. (2) Purine-3′,5′-pyrimidine steps open their base planes towards the major groove, pyrimidine-purine steps open toward the minor groove, and homopolymer (Pur-Pur, Pyr-Pyr) steps resist rolling in either direction. This behavior is related to the preference of pyrimidines for more negative glycosyl torsion angles. (3) CpG steps have smaller helical twist angles than do GpC, as though in compensation for their smaller intrinsic base overlap. Data on A-T steps are insufficient for generalization. (4) G.C base-pairs have smaller propellor twist than A · T, and this arises mainly from interstrand base overlap rather than the presence of the third hydrogen bond. (5) DNAase I cuts preferentially at positions of high helical twist, perhaps because of increased exposure of the backbone to attack. The correlation of the digestion patterns in solution and helical twist in the crystal argues for the essential identity of the helix structure in the two environments. (6) In the two places where the sequence TpCpG occurs, the C slips from under T in order to stack more efficiently over G. At the paired bases of this CpG step, the G and C are tilted so the angle between base planes is splayed out to the outside of the helix. This TpC is the most favored cutting site for DNAase I by a factor of 4.5 (Lomonossoff et al., 1981). (7) The EcoRI restriction endonuclease and methylase both appear to prefer a cutting site of the type purine-purine-A-T-T-pyrimidine, involving two adjacent homopolymer triplets, and this may be a consequence of the relative stiffness of homopolymer base-stacking observed in the dodecamer.
Patronage and Market in the Creation of Opera Before the Institution of Intellectual Property

Have different methods of financing the performing arts had an effect on thequality or diversity of thestock of works to be performed? This paper contrasts experience in the HolyRoman Empire and Italyfrom the mid-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth century when copyright lawsbegan to play a major rolein the economics of composition. The period 1751–1790 strongly confirmshypotheses that patron-drivenopera would be expected to be qualitatively superior to market-driven opera. Italian experience from1810–1840, however, suggests that this result cannot be generalized.
Rotational velocity evolution on and prior to the main sequence

Nearly all of the rotational velocity data for stars less massive than the sun and younger than the Hyades has been obtained in the past six years. The new data show that low mass T Tauri stars typically have rotational velocities of order 15 km-sec−1. These stars, however, apparently arrive on the main sequence as quite rapid rotators, with rotational velocities up to 200 km-sec−1. Once on the main sequence, winds rapidly decrease the rotational velocities to of order 10 kmsec−l in only a few times 107 years for G and K dwarfs, with the spindown timescale increasing with decreasing stellar mass. A model which predicts rotational velocity evolution for young stars that roughly matches the observations has been proposed by Endal and Sofia (1981. That model, however, predicts little spindown of the radiative core of solar mass stars, in apparent contradiction to current helioseismology results. New models for the rotational spindown of low mass stars fit the solar interior rotation well, but do not, as yet, provide a satisfactory fit to the surface rotational velocities of young stars (Sofia 1987.
PII, the FTC, Car Dealers, and You

Personally identifiable information (PII) is among the most digitally delicate data and deserves maximum government protection. So why isn't it better protected? Here are some thoughts on the matter.
Precore codon 28 stop mutation in hepatitis B virus from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES Hepatitis B virus (HBV) with a stop mutation at precore codon 28 (TGG-->TAG, tryptophan-->stop) was investigated to clarify if such a mutant virus might play a role in hepatocarcinogenesis. METHODS A total of 73 patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma were included in this study. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in DNA samples extracted from 73 sera to amplify a HBV-DNA segment involving the precore and proximal core regions, and sequences of PCR products were analyzed to see the presence of the mutations at precore codon 28 by a direct sequencing method. RESULTS HBV-DNA was detectable in 64 (88%) patients by PCR. The stop mutation at precore codon 28 was identified in 50 of 58 PCR products (86%), in which direct sequencing was performed. Among patients with this mutant HBV, 21/50 (42%) patients were co-infected with wild-type HBV. The mutant virus was found in 23/28 (82%) patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and 27/30 (90%) patients without HBeAg. The mutant HBV alone was found in 10/28 (36%) patients with HBeAg and 19/30 (63%) without HBeAg. Among those patients on whom laparoscopy was performed, 22/24 (92%) with the precore codon 28 stop mutant alone had cirrhosis, compared to 12/19 (63%) co-infected by both the mutant and the wild-type (p < 0.05). The association of this mutant virus with both the presence and absence of HBeAg, and its association with cirrhosis when there is no co-infection with wild-type HBV, suggests an evolving pattern of liver pathology. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of a stop mutation at precore codon 28 in these patients with hepatocellular carcinoma suggests that HBV with this mutation may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Induction of antigen-specific CTL by recombinant HIV trans-activating fusion protein-pulsed human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

Several systems have been tested for introduction of Ags into human dendritic cells (DC). Most of them to date, however, are complex and possess limited efficiency. Recent advances in HIV trans -activating (TAT) fusion protein technology permit extremely high transduction efficiencies for a majority of mammalian cell types. Here we report our attempts to develop a simple, but highly efficient, protocol for loading of antigenic protein into DC using TAT fusion technology. A TAT-minigene fusion protein was generated, encoding both the HLA-A2-restricted influenza matrix protein-derived epitope (GILVFTFTL, Flu-M1) and a melanoma Ag gp100-derived modified epitope (YLEPGPVTV, G9 280 -9V). In addition, both a TAT-Her2/neu extracellular domain (ECD) fusion protein and a TAT-green fluorescence protein fusion protein were generated. Over 95% of DC stained positively for TAT-green fluorescence protein within 20 min of coculture. DC treated with TAT-minigene were efficiently recognized by both Flu-M1 and G9 280 -9V-specific T cells in cytotoxicity assays and IFN-γ ELISPOT assays. In contrast, DC pulsed with minigene fusion protein lacking TAT were either poorly recognized or not recognized by the T cells. DC pulsed with TAT-minigene also efficiently induced Flu-M1-specific T cells from naive lymphocytes. Similarly, DC treated with TAT-Her2/neu ECD stimulated patient-derived lymphocytes that specifically recognized Her2/neu + ovarian and breast cancer cell lines. The CTL induced by TAT-Her2/neu ECD-pulsed DC specifically recognized the Her2/neu ECD-derived immunogenic peptide E75 (KIFGSLAFL). Our data suggest that TAT fusion proteins efficiently transduce DC and induce Ag-specific T cells. This could prove to be a useful method for treatment of infectious diseases and cancer.
Algorithms for numerical evaluation of Stein-like and limited-translation estimators

Abstract An algorithm is developed to determine the bias, component risk and total risk for James-Stein, Stein positive-part, inequality restricted maximum likelihood, inequality restricted James-Stein and inequality restricted Stein positive-part estimators. Numerical evaluations of the bias, component risk and total risk are made between James-Stein and Efron-Morris limited translation estimators.
A Novel Resistant Maltodextrin Alters Gastrointestinal Tolerance Factors, Fecal Characteristics, and Fecal Microbiota in Healthy Adult Humans

Objective: Resistant maltodextrin has been shown to increase fecal bulk by resisting digestion and being partially fermented by colonic bacteria to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The objective of this experiment was to determine potential prebiotic effects, gastrointestinal tolerance, and fecal characteristics of free-living humans fed a novel resistant maltodextrin or a normal maltodextrin control.Methods: Subjects (n = 38) were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind study where they were assigned to one of three daily treatments: 15 g maltodextrin; 7.5 g maltodextrin plus 7.5 g resistant maltodextrin (Fibersol-2®; Matsutani Chemical Company, Hyogo, Japan); and 15 g resistant maltodextrin. The experiment lasted 7 wk and consisted of a 2 wk baseline period, a 3 wk treatment period, and a 2 wk washout period. During wk 3 to 5 (treatment period), subjects consumed their assigned treatments.Results: Resistant maltodextrin supplementation tended to increase (p = 0.12) fecal Bifidobacterium populations during...
Individual Differences in Responses to Induced Perceptual Conflict

Summary.-Examining reactions to experimentally induced perceptual conflict may be a useful method of studying percepcual/cognitive disorganization and adaptive features of personality. Changes in field-dependence (rod-andframe test) were assessed in introverted and extraverted subjects (17-19 yr.) who were exposed to inversion of the visual field. Tolerance of ambiguity was also assessed. There were no significant differences between introverts (n = 20) and extraverts (n = 16) on preinversion measures of field-dependence. However, extraverts became more field-dependent on first exposure to inversion and maintained a generally higher level of field-dependence. Introverts became more field-dependent only after walking in the inverted visual condition and after a major change in exposure conditions. No significant differences in postinversion levels of fielddependence were observed. Experimental alterations of the visual world produce a variety of dramatic experiential and behavioral effects. Inverting the visual field, for example, may induce feelings of loss of voluntary control and surrender (Cegalis & Young, 1974), fear (Kohler, 1964), and depression (Suatton, 1897). Perceptualmotor functions such as balance, eye-head and eye-hand coordination, perceived depth, and position constancy are drastically altered. Disturbed visual-motor feedback may also contribute to experiences akin to altered locus of control (Neilson, 1963). In short the profound changes induced by visual distortions appear to affect perceptual, cognitive, affective, and conative processes. Exposure to distortion over a protracted time course typically involves attempts to correct, compensate, or at least assimilate the effect of the distortion. Studies of adaptation to distortion have consistently reported large individual differences in latency, direction, and extent of adaptation. Experimentally created visual distortion can be viewed as an instance of
In vitro shoot regeneration of Populus deltoides: effect of cytokinin and genotype.

Treatment differences were observed in the in vitro adventitious shoot regeneration response from internodal explants of three genotypes of Populus deltoides cultured on media supplemented with five concentrations each of the cytokinins 6-benzyladenine, 2-isopentyladenine, and zeatin. For each of the three genotypes, the greatest number of shoots were consistently regenerated on media containing the cytokinin zeatin. Tissue necrosis resulted when explants from any of the three genotypes were cultured on media supplemented with 6-benzyladenine. A zeatin concentration by genotype interaction was also observed. Genotypic differences in shoot regeneration were observed for 16 genotypes of Populus deltoides when cultured on medium supplemented with 0.5 mgL−1 zeatin. Six genotypes were highly recalcitrant and failed to regenerate shoots. The percent of explants regenerating was greater than 50% for four genotypes.
Architectural Design Exploration of Chip-Scale Photonic Interconnection Networks through Physical-Layer Analysis

We conduct an architectural exploration of three chip-scale photonic interconnection networks in a novel simulation environment, exploring insertion loss, crosstalk, and energy. The impact of these metrics is evaluated in the context of network performance.
Making decentralization work: The view from City Hall

The success of decentralization experiments depends ironically on central government—and, in particular, on the character of City Hall initiatives, designs, and administrative organization. Urban administrators were forced to experiment “in the dark” with decentralization, and their initiatives often traced an erratic, evolutionary course marked by false steps and by serendipity. In particular, programs that looked promising from a City Hall perspective often failed because they were insensitive to street-level behavior. City Hall initiatives have also been hampered by problems of cooperation between citizens and public employees and by coordination within government. Seen in this light, successful decentralization requires a learning process in which citizens and public employees develop strategies for working together on focused neighborhood problems.
Navigation Among Movable Obstacles in unknown environments

This paper explores the Navigation Among Movable Obstacles (NAMO) problem in an unknown environment. We consider the realistic scenario in which the robot has to navigate to a goal position in an unknown environment consisting of static and movable objects. The robot may move objects if the goal can not be reached otherwise or if moving the object may significantly shorten the path to the goal. We consider real situations in which the robot only has limited sensing information and where the action selection can therefore only be based on partial knowledge learned from the environment at that point. This paper introduces an algorithm that significantly reduces the necessary calculations to accomplish this task compared to a direct approach. We present an efficient implementation for the case of planar, axis-aligned environments and report experimental results on challenging scenarios with more than 50 objects.
On Not Being Able to Aggress

An experiment was conducted with male college students in order to demonstrate the importance of cues in eliciting aggressive behaviour from angered persons. Most of the subjects were deliberately provoked by giving them an excessive number of electric shocks which supposedly were administered by a peer in a nearby room. Those subjects who had previously been led to believe they would have an opportunity to retaliate against the anger instigator but who, subsequently, were not able to do so, later displayed the greatest volume of aggression when all subjects were given an opportunity to attack the anger instigator. It is suggested that the anticipation of the first aggressive opportunity had provided symbolic cues activating an implicit aggressive response sequence which was then frustrated by the failure to attack the anger instigator. This thwarting had presumably strengthened the instigation to aggression.
Clam-killing fly larvae.

LARVAE of three species of Renocera in North America and of Knutsonia lineata (Fallen) in Europe seem to be the only insects known to kill and feed exclusively on bivalve molluscs. Apparently the only other association known between insects and clams concerns a chironomid fly larva (Glyptotendipes ? paripes Edwards) found between the shell and mantle of a large bivalve (Anodonta cygnea L.) in Yorkshire1.
Apparent molar volumes and apparent molar heat capacities of dilute aqueous solutions of ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol at temperatures from 278.15 K to 393.15 K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa

Abstract Apparent molar volumes V φ and apparent molar heat capacities C p, φ have been determined for dilute aqueous solutions of ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol at temperatures from 278.15 K to 393.15 K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa. The molalities investigated ranged from 0.05 mol · kg −1 to 1.0 mol · kg −1 . We used a vibrating tube densimeter (DMA 512P, Anton PAAR, Austria) to determine the densities and volumetric properties. Heat capacities were obtained using a twin fixed-cell, power-compensation, differential-output, temperature-scanning calorimeter (NanoDSC 6100, Calorimetry Sciences Corporation, American Fork, UT, USA). The results were fit by regression to equations that describe the surfaces ( V φ , T , m ) and ( C p, φ , T , m ). Infinite dilution partial molar volumes V 2 0 and heat capacities C 0 p,2 were obtained over the range of temperatures by extrapolation of these surfaces to m=0 mol · kg −1 .
Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in persons with and without asthma and COPD

The occurrence of respiratory viruses in persons with asthma and COPD must be viewed against the behavior of the viruses in persons without these conditions. There are multiple agents involved, and reinfections with the same virus are frequent. Infections and illnesses generally decrease in frequency with increasing age. Thus, it can be expected that infections among children, with or without asthma, will be more frequent than among adults in general. Evaluation of studies of viral activity in persons with asthma and COPD should differentiate between increased susceptibility and production of exacerbations. The latter may simply indicate the potential for greater severity, but not a higher frequency, of infections. Whatever viruses are circulating at a particular time can produce exacerbations; the studies are most conclusive for asthma in children, probably because infections in general are more common in this age group. Data also suggest increased susceptibility, although results are less clear than for exacerbations. Therefore, persons with chronic respiratory diseases should be considered a risk group for current and developmental vaccines and antiviral medications.
Optical lithography simulation considering impact of mask errors

With smaller features sizes and higher pattern densities on high-end mask for DUV lithography, pattern fidelity on mask features becomes essential for optical proximity correction (OPC) performance. But some degree of corner rounding on the mask is inevitable even using the latest writing tool. The corner rounding radius on mask is mainly determined by the resolution of writing tool, mask resist process and chrome etching process following. In this paper, we will first discuss corner rounding impact for two-dimensional pattern applied OPC. Secondly modeling mask patterning process by applying diffused aerial image model (DAIM). Thirdly we will compare mask simulation results and mask SEM image for various mask masking process. Finally, we will examine a new simulation method to enhance the accuracy of wafer patterning simulation by using not CAD layout but mask layout extracted from mask patterning simulation.
Synthesis of B/C materials from boron-containing phenyl acetylides

This paper discusses the synthesis and graphitization of three boron-containing phenyl acetylides, with B/C ratios between 118 and 18. The experimental results show that the initial rate at which the graphitic structure develops is strongly related to the molecular structure of the phenyl acetylides. The formation of non-coplanar molecular structure in the stabilization reaction slows down the graphitization reaction. However, all three precursors show effective transformation reactions to produce the boron-substitutional graphitic (B/C) materials at relatively low temperature (2200 °C), despite the significant differences in boron concentration and chemical nature of the precursors. Relatively large crystallite size and small d-spacing between interlayers of B/C products were observed by X-ray diffraction. Clearly, boron is not only substitutionally incorporated in the graphitic structure but also enhances the graphitization reaction.
Bradycardia in serotonin-deficient Pet-1-/- mice: influence of respiratory dysfunction and hyperthermia over the first 2 postnatal weeks.

Neonatal rodents deficient in medullary serotonin neurons have respiratory instability and enhanced spontaneous bradycardias. This study asks if, in Pet-1−/− mice over development: 1) the respirato...
Assessing genetic diversity of domestic populations of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in Alabama using AFLP markers

Abstract Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was used to analyze the genetic diversity of domestic stocks of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Sixteen populations within Alabama (USA) were surveyed using five primer combinations. A total of 454 reproducible, polymorphic bands were detected from 282 individuals, with an average heterozygosity of 0.135. The percentage of polymorphic loci varied greatly within distinct populations, ranging from 18.26% to 100%. Research populations tended to have a lower percentage of loci polymorphic than farm populations. The estimated average Fst value across all loci was 0.4456. However, this value dropped to 0.1763 when the Hicks Farm stock was excluded from the analysis. Cluster analysis by Jaccard's pairwise similarity coefficient indicated high similarity among individuals, with some population-specific clusters and with the Hicks Farm stock being highly distinctive. Nei's population-wise identity measures found all populations except the population from the Hick's Farm related with 96% similarity. The Hick's Farm stock was 34% similar to the other populations. The genotypic information derived from this study is consistent with the historical origins and management of catfish broodstocks. The results of this study suggest that many channel catfish farm strains in Alabama are genetically similar, but some very distinct differences exist. Such information has implications for future broodstock selection and management and for further analysis of interactions between domestic and wild populations of channel catfish.
A Route Oriented Planning and Control Concept for Efficient Flight Operations at Busy Airports

Abstract A Route Oriented Planning and Control (ROPAC) concept defines minimum time paths for aircraft; dynamically adjusts traffic flow rates to maximize airport capacity; and employs speed control to separate aircraft. Precise landing sequences and times are established using non-intersecting flight paths and pairwise aircraft separation requirements. Projections of desired aircraft positions relative to their current locations and timely speed commands are displayed to the operators to take control actions for aircraft safety. Operational analysis results show substantial reduction in delays, fuel penalties and air/ground communications with ROPAC design.
Optimization and implementation of the smart joint actuator

A new actuator system is being developed at the Cornell Laboratory of Intelligent Material Systems to address the problems of dynamic self-actuated shape change. This low profile actuator, known as the 'smart joint', is capable of maintaining rigidity in its nominal configuration, but can be actively strained to induce rotation at flexure joints. The joint is energetically efficient, only requiring power consumption during active morphing maneuvers used to move between shapes. The composite beam mechanism uses shape memory alloy (SMA) for strain actuation, with shape memory polymer (SMP) providing actively tailored rigidity due to its thermally varying properties. The first phase of the actuator development was modeling of the generic composite structure, proving analytically and computationally that the joint can produce useful work. The next phase focuses on optimization of this joint structure and usage, including ideal layering configurations and thicknesses in order to maximize various metrics specific to particular applications. Heuristic optimization using the simulated annealing algorithm is employed to best determine the structure of the joint at various scaling ratios, layering structures, and with varying external loading taken into account. The results are briefly compared to finite element models.
The genes for human alcohol dehydrogenases β1 and β2 differ by only one nucleotide

Allelic differences at the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase loci may have an important role in an individual's alcohol sensitivity. We have cloned and sequenced all nine exons of an ADH2(2) allele which codes for an 'atypical' ADH, ADH beta 2. Our sequence data shows that the histidine at residue 47 of ADH beta 2 is encoded by CAC. Surprisingly, no silent substitution was found between the coding regions of ADH2(1) [Duester, G., Smith, M., Bilanchone, V. & Hatfield, G. W. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 2027-2033.] and ADH2(2) alleles over the 1122 nucleotide sites.
Retaining ethnic minority parents in a preventive intervention: the quality of group process.

This study examined relations between group process variables and retention of ethnic minority (African American and Hispanic) caregivers in a family-focused preventive intervention. Data from the Familias Unidas/SEPI project (Coatsworth, Pantin, & Szapocznik, 2002), a randomized, controlled intervention trial, were used to cluster participants according to their patterns of retention over 30 intervention sessions. These person-centered analyses identified three broad patterns: (a) dropouts; (b) variable-attenders; and (c) consistent-high-attenders. Two subgroups of the variable-attender group were also identified: (a) intermittent-attenders, and (b) continual-attenders. Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) with follow-up Analysis of Variance tested for differences among the three main retention groups on facilitator ratings of participants’ general level of participation, leadership, positive alliance with the group, and negative alliance with the group during the first half of the intervention. Leadership and positive alliance significantly discriminated the broad retention patterns. Mean level of participation was not significantly different across retention groups. Results of DFA and ANOVA analyses using leadership, alliance, and participation variables from the first and second halves of the intervention indicated only leadership and positive alliance during the second half of the intervention discriminated continual-attenders from intermittent-attenders. Editors’ Strategic Implications: The authors describe a promising approach to studying facilitators’ assessments of client involvement in a family-focused preventive intervention. The quality of the participants’ behavior during sessions, rather than their absolute levels of participation, predicted their pattern of retention in the program. Future comparisons of facilitator and parent views may prove helpful.
Theoretical calculation of the height of the barrier for OH rotation in hydroquinone

Abstract Many-body perturbation theory and quadratic configuration interaction methods have been used to calculate the energies of the minimum-energy and transition state structures of hydroquinone. These calculations lead to the predictions that the trans isomer is about 40 cm −1 more stable than the cis isomer and that the height of the barrier for OH rotation is about 790 cm −1 .
Preservation of fertility in patients with testicular carcinoma

Testicular carcinoma is routinely cured, and patients enjoy a long life expectancy. However, to attain this dramatic improvement in survival, a combination of surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiotherapeutic strategies are employed. These treatments may be deleterious to the future fertility potential of the individual receiving them. We will review the mechanisms whereby each of the above may impair fertility and also discuss the means either to overcome or to prevent those effects. By preserving or restoring the ability to conceive, the lives of these young men are made more complete. It is incumbent upon the treating physician to understand the devastating effects therapy may have and to try as best possible to minimize them while maintaining a high level of treatment efficacy.
Special Education Planning in Jails

This paper describes the types of jail education services available and the way special education services may realistically be provided. Following a brief overview of jails and service provisions, a plan is offered to initiate comprehensive prerelease prescriptions for "handicapped" (e.g., emotionally disturbed, learning disable) jailed offenders similar to those routinely provided in correctional institutions for improsined offenders nearing release.
Drinking device for rhesus monkeys

Abstract A drinking device for rhesus monkeys is described which is simple, reliable, and permits intermittent scheduling of liquid availability. The device may be of particular use in oral drug self-administration experiments since the amount of fluid dispensed may be calibrated and spillage is minimal. The system has been successfully used for over 3 years with 9 unrestrained rhesus monkeys.
Type I Collagen-Based Fibrous Capsule Enhances Integration of Tissue-Engineered Cartilage with Native Articular Cartilage

Successful integration of engineered constructs with host tissues is crucial for cartilage repair, yet achieving it remains challenging. A collagen I-based fibrous capsule characterized by increased cell density and decreased glycosaminoglycan deposition usually forms at the periphery of tissue-engineered cartilage. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of a solid fibrous capsule on construct integration with native articular cartilage. To this end, capsule-containing (CC) and capsule-free (CF) constructs were grown by culturing chondrocyte-seeded scaffolds with insulin-like growth factor-1 and transforming growth factor-β1, respectively, in a wavy-walled bioreactor that imparts hydrodynamic forces for 4 weeks. The ability of harvested constructs to integrate with native cartilage was determined using a cartilage explant model. Our results revealed that adhesive stress between native cartilage and the CC constructs was 57% higher than that in the CF group, potentially due to the absence of glycosaminoglycans and increased cell density in the capsule region and deposition of denser and thicker collagen fibrils at the integration site. The present work demonstrates that the fibrous capsule can effectively enhance early integration of engineered and native cartilage tissues and thus suggests the need to include the capsule as a variable in the development of cartilage tissue engineering strategies.
The theory of intelligence and its measurement

Abstract Mental chronometry (MC) studies cognitive processes measured by time. It provides an absolute, ratio scale. The limitations of instrumentation and statistical analysis caused the early studies in MC to be eclipsed by the ‘paper-and-pencil’ psychometric tests started by Binet. However, they use an age-normed, rather than a ratio scale, which severely limits the ability of IQ tests to probe the physical basis of differences in cognition. For this reason, Arthur Jensen reinitiated mental chronometry in the 1970s. He designed an apparatus that measures reaction time to a task known as the Hick paradigm that requires the testee to respond to a display of 1 to 8 lights. Faster decision times were related to psychometric g, with theoretically important consequences. He was able to do this, where many other studies had failed, mainly because his apparatus clearly separated movement (MT) from reaction time (RT, also called ‘decision time’.) Interestingly, while RT is clearly related to IQ, MT is not. Principal components analysis reveals RT to be a cognitive variable and MT a motor variable. Failure to distinguish between them drastically obscures the correlation between composite RT (i.e., RT + MT) and cognitive variables. When Jensen (2006) reviewed the literature on MC he found there was a shocking lack of standardization in the administration, recording, and analysis. Consequently, the results of a study conducted in one lab, even though measured in absolute time, could not be compared directly against those from another. Termed “method variance,” this is a major obstacle to the advancement of MC. For that reason, Jensen's Institute of Mental Chronometry commissioned a leading electronics firm to construct a state-of-the-art apparatus to administer, record, and analyze MC experiments.
Simultaneous reconstruction of approximate profiles of an inhomogeneous lossy medium through a collocation method

In this paper a one-dimensional inverse-scattering problem is considered. Two approximate inversion formulae are derived. Using these formulae, approximate permittivity and conductivity profiles of an inhomogeneous lossy medium are simultaneously generated from the partial knowledge of the reflection coefficient in the frequency domain. These formulae are deduced through the application of linear transformations to two nonlinear differential equations for the reflection coefficient in the frequency domain. Discrete versions of the inversion formulae are also developed. The transformed equations for the reflection coefficient in the frequency domain are applicable irrespective of whether the derivative of the unknown permittivity profile exists. An example to demonstrate these approximate inversion formulae is given.
Substrate oxidation during acute exercise and with exercise training in lean and obese women

The purpose of this study was to examine the rates of substrate oxidation in lean and obese women during short-duration, high-intensity exercise and to examine the effects of a 16-week exercise training program on substrate oxidation during 30 min of exercise in lean and obese individuals. Fat and carbohydrate oxidation were measured in 8 non-obese (Non-Ob), 11 lower-body obese (LBO) and 12 upper-body obese (UBO) women at rest and during 30 min of treadmill exercise at 70% of peak oxygen uptake. The obese women participated in 16 weeks of aerobic training (3 times per week at 70% of maximum oxygen uptake). Total fat and carbohydrate oxidation were measured using indirect calorimetry. The respiratory exchange ratio (R) was similar between groups at rest and was found to decrease throughout the exercise session (P<0.01). Fat oxidation was greater at 15 min of exercise than at rest (P<0.01) but did not increase significantly more at 30 min of exercise. Obese women had significantly greater fat oxidation (both absolute concentrations and when expressed per kg of fat free mass, FFM) at 30 min of exercise than the Non-Ob women [Non-Ob 23.5 (3.7) µmol·kg FFM–1·min–1, LBO 35.2 (3.1) µmol·kg FFM–1·min–1, UBO 33.2 (2.6) µmol·kg FFM–1·min–1; P<0.01]. Carbohydrate oxidation also increased (P<0.01) in response to exercise, but no group differences were found. The pattern of fat distribution (LBO vs UBO) did not affect the resting or exercise fat oxidation (P=NS). Sixteen weeks of aerobic exercise did not result in significant changes in resting or exercise fat oxidation in the obese women (n=10; P=NS), but did significantly increase carbohydrate oxidation [pre-training 8.6 (1.4) µmol·kg FFM–1, post-training 13.6 (2.1) µmol·kg FFM–1·min–1; P<0.01]. Unlike earlier studies, this shorter-duration, higher-intensity exercise resulted in a greater whole-body fat oxidation in the obese women than in the Non-Ob women, and exercise training did not result in any changes in fat oxidation, but did increase exercise carbohydrate oxidation.
Pulsed Chemical Laser With Variable Pulse-Length E-Beam Initiation And Magnetic Confinement

Performance of a pulsed HF/DF chain laser was investigated for the case of transverse initiation by a magnetically confined electron beam. Laser energy and beam quality are presented as functions of electron-gun, magnetic field, gas mixture, and optical resonator parameters; results include 65 J/liter HF laser output.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.