cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engaging Complexity: Social Science Approaches to Green Building Design

Introduction Every design discipline has its own way of seeing, evident in the range of artifacts, theories, methods, and contextual discourses each produces. Given that the practice of design is broadly understood as a reflective, inquiry-driven endeavor undertaken by a diversity of “fragmented”1 knowledge cultures, the success of designers who opt to tackle new realms of application requires a greater awareness of connections, not only between theory and practice within a discipline,2 but also between different types of relevant theories and practices across disciplines. In an era where pluralistic concerns must be balanced with ontological understanding, all designers should consider how disciplinary framings can shape their solutions. A very simple illustrative example that cuts across field boundaries is to consider “drawing,” rather than a specific discipline, as an analytic frame—one that reveals particular types of understanding and generates formal conclusions relative to, but distinct from, other modes of production. De Frietas observes that employing a multiplicity of “approaches and applications” in processes of making, not only reveals differences in “systems of logic,” but also broadens the scope of analytic opportunities available during “the early phases of discovering and evaluating ideas prior to the development of specific artifacts or systems.”3 From this perspective, this essay delves into a family of social science framing approaches that address the built environment to provide insight into increasingly complex design problems, which fall within multiple domains of knowledge and disciplinary areas of expertise. Like most of the design professions, the practice of architecture is inextricably object oriented, with its strongest affinity to the building scale and the narrative of the design architect’s intuitive relationship to it. However, as buildings continue to evolve into more complex assemblies,4 modern architects have been required to develop design and coordination competencies that differ from their professional predecessors; skills which span a wide range of building systems planning, construction, management, and visualization skills. And thus, although the need to appropriate relevant competencies of neighboring fields 1 C. M. Eckert, A. F. Blackwell, L. L. Bucciarelli, and C. F. Earl, “Shared Conversations Across Design,” Design Issues 26, no. 3 (2010): 27. 2 Richard Buchanan, “Introduction: Design and Organizational Change,” Design Issues 24, no. 1 (2008): 3-4. 3 Nancy de Frietas, “Materiality of Drawing/Thinking,” Studies in Material Thinking 4 (2010): 2. 4 Stephan Kieran and James Timberlake, Refabricating Architecture: How Manufacturing Methodologies are Poised to Transform Building Construction (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), 1-178.
Efficient unsupervised algorithms for the detection of seizures in continuous EEG recordings from rats after brain injury

Long-term EEG monitoring in chronically epileptic animals produces very large EEG data files which require efficient algorithms to differentiate interictal spikes and seizures from normal brain activity, noise, and, artifact. We compared four methods for seizure detection based on (1) EEG power as computed using amplitude squared (the power method), (2) the sum of the distances between consecutive data points (the coastline method), (3) automated spike frequency and duration detection (the spike frequency method), and (4) data range autocorrelation combined with spike frequency (the autocorrelation method). These methods were used to analyze a randomly selected test set of 13 days of continuous EEG data in which 75 seizures were imbedded. The EEG recordings were from eight different rats representing two different models of chronic epilepsy (five kainate-treated and three hypoxic-ischemic). The EEG power method had a positive predictive value (PPV, or true positives divided by the sum of true positives and false positives) of 18% and a sensitivity (true positives divided by the sum of true positives and false negatives) of 95%, the coastline method had a PPV of 78% and sensitivity of 99.59, the spike frequency method had a PPV of 78% and a sensitivity of 95%, and the autocorrelation method yielded a PPV of 96% and a sensitivity of 100%. It is possible to detect seizures automatically in a prolonged EEG recording using computationally efficient unsupervised algorithms. Both the quality of the EEG and the analysis method employed affect PPV and sensitivity.
Dual-Focus Mutual Aid for Co-Occurring Disorders: A Quasi-Experimental Outcome Evaluation Study

Previous observational research has indicated the effectiveness of a 12-step, dual-focus mutual aid group, Double Trouble in Recovery (DTR), for assisting individuals to recover from co-occurring substance use and psychiatric disorders. The current study extends this line of research by evaluating DTR with a quasi-experimental design; controlled designs are rare in studies of mutual aid. Patient outcomes in the same psychiatric day treatment program were compared for two consecutive admission cohorts characterized by high rates of co-occurring disorders. The first cohort did not have DTR available while the second cohort was exposed to DTR after it was established at the program. Both cohorts were assessed at program admission and at a six-month follow-up. Using intent to treat analysis, the Post-DTR cohort as compared with the Pre-DTR cohort had significantly fewer days of alcohol and drug use, more frequent traditional 12-step groups outside of the program and higher psychiatric medication adherence. There were no differences in psychiatric symptoms or program retention, however. This study helps demonstrate the benefits of introducing 12-step, dual-focus mutual aid into psychiatric treatment programs that serve patients with co-occurring disorders.
Reactions Involving the Transition Metals

While the main-group metals, especially magnesium and lithium, were the first metals to have a prominent role in organic synthesis, several of the transition metals have also become very important. In this chapter, we will discuss the reactions of transition metal compounds and intermediates that are important in the repertoire of synthetic organic chemistry. In contrast to the reactions involving lithium and magnesium, where the reagents are used in stoichiometric quantities, many of the transition metal reactions will be found to be catalytic processes.
Efficient Experimental Designs for Hyperparameter Estimation: Learning When Effect-Sizes are Large

Research in marketing, and business in general, involves understanding when effect-sizes are expected to be large and when they are expected to be small. Understanding the contexts in which consumers are sensitive to offers, and variables such as price, is an important aspect of merchandising, selling and promotion. In this paper, we propose efficient methods of learning about contextual factors that influence consumer preference and sensitivities within the context of a hierarchical Bayes model. A design criterion is developed for hierarchical linear models, and validated in a study of the level effect in conjoint analysis using a national sample of respondents. Extensions to other model structures are discussed.
Analysis of the Causes of Ergonomics Related Injuries at a Multifaceted Public University

At present there is no evidence of a university ergonomics program in the literature. A preliminary review of 2186 accident records from a public university established a need for a university ergonomics program by revealing that ergonomics related injuries, primarily sprains/strains and joint/muscle/tendon injuries accounted for 35.92% of the lost workday injuries. Sprains/strains and joint/muscle/tendon injuries were further analyzed to determine the causes of these injuries, body areas injured, and to determine whether there were differences in the causes of back, upper, and lower extremity ergonomics related injuries. Overexertion and manual material handling of heavy objects were the causes, respectively, of 36.30% and 10.56% of employee sprains/strains and 38.75% and 12.5% of employee joint/muscle/tendon injuries. The results of the study indicated that a university ergonomics program should focus on reducing sprains/strains of the back and upper extremities caused by lifting heavy objects and overe...
Teacher Attitudes on Diversity Affecting Student Socio-Academic Responses: An Ethnographic View:

An alternative theoretical perspective underlies this ethnographic study on high school students' schooling practices. Teacher attitudes in the classroom were identified and described by the students and parents as qualitatively affecting the students academic performance. Students devise long term strategies to deal with the emotional impact of teachers' disapproving attitudes. Teacher perceptions toward social and ethnic diversity govern teacher/student interaction and the overall classroom curriculum. Family and peer groups are a fundamental part of the socialization process of the students' learning environment and their socio-academic responses to teachers' perception of them. The findings show implications in teacher education as well as community support organizations and parent training programs.
Krüppel-Like Factor 9 Loss-of-Expression in Human Endometrial Carcinoma Links Altered Expression of Growth-Regulatory Genes with Aberrant Proliferative Response to Estrogen

Endometrial cancer is the most commonly diagnosed female genital tract malignancy. Kruppel-like factor 9 (KLF9), a member of the evolutionarily conserved Sp family of transcription factors, is expressed in uterine stroma and glandular epithelium, where it affects cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Deregulated expression of a number of Sp proteins has been associated with multiple types of human tumors, but a role for KLF9 in endometrial cancer development and/or progression is unknown. Here, we evaluated KLF9 expression in endometrial tumors and adjacent uninvolved endometrium of women with endometrial carcinoma. KLF9 mRNA and protein levels were lower in endometrial tumors coincident with decreased expression of family member KLF4 and growth- regulators FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog (FOS) and myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC) and with increased expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and the chromatin-modifying enzymes DNA methyl- transferase 1 (DNMT1) and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3). Expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and the tumor- suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted in chromo- some 10 (PTEN) did not differ between tumor and normal tissue. The functional relevance of attenuated KLF9 expression in endometrial carcinogenesis was further evaluated in the human endometrial carcinoma cell line Ishikawa by siRNA targeting. KLF9 depletion resulted in loss of normal cellular response to the proliferative effects of estrogen concomitant with reductions in KLF4 and MYC and with enhancement of TERT and ESR1 gene expression. Silencing of KLF4 did not mimic the effects of silencing KLF9 in Ishikawa cells. We suggest that KLF9 loss-of- expression accompanying endometrial carcinogenesis may predispose endometrial epithelial cells to mechanisms of escape from estrogen-mediated growth regulation, leading to progres- sion of established neoplasms.
Microsatellite markers for an invasive tetraploid tree, Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera)

We present six polymorphic microsatellite loci for Chinese tallow tree ( Triadica sebifera , Euphorbiaceae), which is native to East Asia and is an aggressive, invasive species in the southeastern USA, particularly along the Coastal Plain. Microsatellite loci were tested for polymorphism across a total of 79 individuals from populations across the native range of China and in introduced populations of the southeastern USA, California, Hawaii, and Australia. Across these samples, we found a high level of polymorphism, suggesting they will be useful for deducting the introduction history of this invasive species.
The Heat Treatment of Orlon Acrylic Fiber to Render it Fireproof

A Method for preparing a black, fireproof textile fiber candidate (called Fiber AF) from Orlon 1 is described. Fiber AF is prepared by heat treating fibers or fabrics of Orlon, preferably the latter, in air at temperatures in excess of 160° C. The logarithm of the reaction time is inversely proportional to the heating temperature. The important variables found in the process were heating time and temperature, fabric construction, and heating atmosphere.Fiber AF is fireproof and has an unusually high resistance to destruction upon short- time thermal irradiation. Fiber AF can resist thermal irradiation over 100-fold higher than ordinary clothing fabrics. Upon continued exposure to high temperatures, Fiber AF gradually loses its tensile properties. At 900° C., it is completely consumed in 3 hr. While Fiber AF has fair tensile properties, its transverse properties are poor, excluding its possible utility in various types of fireproof garments where good abrasion resistance is required.
Routing in a New 2-Dimensional FPGA/FPIC Routing Architecture

This paper studies the routing problem for a new Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and Field-Programmable Interconnect Chip (FPIC) routing architecture which improves upon the one proposed in [9] by providing continuing switches along the horizontal and vertical wire segments. The addition of continuing switches leads to higher routability and better timing performance than that for the routing architecture in [9]. A two-phase routing algorithm for the new routing architecture is developed. Both the initial routing phase and the rip-up and reroute phase employ a dynamic programming technique. The rip-up and reroute phase can also be applied to the segmented channel routing problem for row-based FPGA routing structures. Experimental results show that routability is improved dramatically and the number of active programmable switches in connecting paths and the total number of programmable switches are reduced, when compared with the results in [9] and [3]. The running time of the algorithm is less than 7 seconds for each of five industrial circuits.
MATERNALLY INDUCED TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNITY, TOLERANCE, AND RUNT DISEASE IN RATS

A previous report that the offspring of outbred Sprague-Dawley rats, born of mothers presensitized or tolerant with respect to tissue antigens of the Lewis strain, and reinoculated with Lewis cells during their pregnancy, reject test grafts of Lewis skin in an accelerated manner has been confirmed. This "maternally induced" alteration in reactivity of the progeny has been found to be long lasting, immunologically specific, and probably not due to transfer of humoral antibody. It has been established that the reexposure of the mothers to donor cellular antigen during pregnancy augmented the influence of the prior states of tolerance or sensitivity. To obviate the complications inherent in working with the outbred Sprague-Dawley rats, the key experiments summarized above were repeated with isogenic Fischer rats as parents and Lewis rats as the tissue donors as before. With this combination it was found that a state of prior sensitization or tolerance in the mothers resulted in the apparent induction of tolerance in some of their progeny. Reinoculation of either the tolerant or sensitized mothers during pregnancy slightly increased the incidence and degree of impairment of their offsprings' capacity to reject Lewis skin grafts. A single intraperitoneal injection of 100 x 106 million Lewis lymphoid cells into normal Fischer rats in the 14th–16th day of pregnancy also weakened the reactivity of their progeny to Lewis test grafts. Further to test the premise that this weakened reactivity might be due to maternal induction of tolerance, by antenatal transmission of alien cells, the lymphohematopoietic tissue system of adult Fischer females was replaced by that from Lewis donors with the aid of cyclophosphamide. It was anticipated that when these animals were mated with Fischer males, sufficient Lewis leukocytes might cross the placentas to induce high degrees of tolerance. Although normal sized healthy litters were born, about 50% of the infants succumbed to graft- versus -host (GVH) or runt disease within 40 days, many of them giving evidence of being tolerant of Lewis grafts. The mothers, too, developed chronic GVH disease. The offspring of Fischer females made chimeric with cells from (Fischer x Lewis)F1 hybrid donors, as well as their mothers, remained healthy. Intraperitoneal injection of normal Fischer females, in the 15th–17th day of pregnancy, with 100 million lymphoid cells from specifically sensitized Lewis rats, also caused fatal runt disease to develop in about 50% of their offspring, but left the mothers unscathed. Taken together, these various findings indicate that in some genetic contexts at least the extent of the natural surreptitious transplacental cellular traffic can be considerably augmented experimentally, though how this comes about and why lymphocytic cells that are foreign to the mother can apparently gain access to fetuses more readily than her own cells remain to be determined.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of crayfish processing by-products

Ten commercial proteases (neutral and alkaline) were evaluated for hydrolysis of crayfish processing by-products (CPBs). Hydrolysis conditions were optimized for the alkaline protease OptimaseTM APL-440 by response surface methodology (RSM). Two model equations were proposed with regard to effects of pH, temperature (T), time (t), enzyme/ substrate (E/S) ratio, and substrate concentration (S) on the amount of 0.3M TCA soluble peptides (TSP) and degree of hydrolysis (DH). Interaction effects between pH and T were observed (P<0.001). Based on TSP, optimum hydrolysis conditions were determined to be pH 8–9, 65°C, 2.5 hr reaction time, 75%(w/v) substrate concentration, and 0.3% (v/w) enzyme.
THE EFFECT OF SYMPATHECTOMY AND OF VENOUS STASIS ON BONE REPAIR

1. Experimental lumbar sympathectomy in dogs did not hasten bone repair; in the majority of cases bone healing was retarded. 2. Experimental venous stasis in dogs hastened bone repair.
Examining Racial Politics in Brazil: Race, Blackness, and Intellectual and Cultural flows between the United States and Brazil

Examining Racial Politics in Brazil: Race, Blackness, and Intellectual and Cultural flows between the United States and Brazil Gladys Mitchell-Walthour, Denison University The Outsider-Within: Developing an Analytical Framework for Examining Brazilian Racial Politics Lucio Oliveira, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Black Music from Rio de Janeiro and the Brazilian Dictatorship from 1976-1979 Fabricio Fialho , University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA),The role of resources on political activism.and political activism in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Jaqueline Santos , Harvard University, Youth and Hip Hop This panel examines racial politics in Brazil focusing on the local impact of race in specific locales such as Belo Horizonte and the global impact of race and blackness. There have been continuous exchanges of Diasporic notions of blackness between the United States and Brazil in music as well as constant interactions between African descendants in both countries. Gladys Mitchell-Walthour focuses on the historical and contemporary intellectual flow of knowledge between African descendants in both countries and how these exchanges impact the study of racial politics in Brazil. Lucio Oliveira examines the role of American soul and funk music, which was listened to and transformed by African-descendants in Brazil during the Brazilian military dictatorship. Jaqueline Santos examines the Hip Hop movement in the United States and Brazil and how it has impacted black youth. Fabricio Fialho examines the role of race and resources on political activism in Belo Horizonte.
Experimental study of vorticity-strain rate interaction in turbulent partially premixed jet flames using tomographic particle image velocimetry

In turbulent flows, the interaction between vorticity, ω, and strain rate, s, is considered a primary mechanism for the transfer of energy from large to small scales through vortex stretching. The ω-s coupling in turbulent jet flames is investigated using tomographic particle image velocimetry (TPIV). TPIV provides a direct measurement of the three-dimensional velocity field from which ω and s are determined. The effects of combustion and mean shear on the ω-s interaction are investigated in turbulent partially premixed methane/air jet flames with high and low probabilities of localized extinction as well as in a non-reacting isothermal air jet with Reynolds number of approximately 13 000. Results show that combustion causes structures of high vorticity and strain rate to agglomerate in highly correlated, elongated layers that span the height of the probe volume. In the non-reacting jet, these structures have a more varied morphology, greater fragmentation, and are not as well correlated. The enhanced spatiotemporal correlation of vorticity and strain rate in the stable flame results in stronger ω-s interaction characterized by increased enstrophy and strain-rate production rates via vortex stretching and straining, respectively. The probability of preferential local alignment between ω and the eigenvector of the intermediate principal strain rate, s2, which is intrinsic to the ω-s coupling in turbulent flows, is larger in the flames and increases with the flame stability. The larger mean shear in the flame imposes a preferential orientation of ω and s2 tangential to the shear layer. The extensive and compressive principal strain rates, s1 and s3, respectively, are preferentially oriented at approximately 45° with respect to the jet axis. The production rates of strain and vorticity tend to be dominated by instances in which ω is parallel to the s1¯-s2¯ plane and orthogonal to s3¯.
Enzymatic Production of Ribavirin

Criblage de 400 souches bacteriennes afin de selectionner des bacteries capables de produire du ribose (phosphate-1) a partir de l'inosine ou de la ribavirine (antiviral) a partir du ribose (phosphate-1), grâce a leur activite purine-nucleoside phosphorylase. Selection d'une souche d'Erwinia carotovora et d'une souche de Bacillus brevis
Abstract A51: Oncogenic Kras is required for pancreatic tumor maintenance through the regulation of anabolic glucose metabolism.

Tumor maintenance relies on continued activity of driver oncogenes, although their rate-limiting role is highly context-dependent. Oncogenic Kras mutation is the signature event in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), serving a critical role in tumor initiation. Here, an inducible KrasG12D-driven PDAC mouse model establishes that advanced PDAC remain strictly dependent on KrasG12D expression. Transcriptome and metabolomic analysis indicate that KrasG12D serves a vital role in controlling tumor metabolism through stimulation of glucose uptake and channeling of glucose intermediates into the hexosamine biosynthesis and pentose phosphate pathways (PPP). These studies also reveal that oncogenic Kras promotes ribose biogenesis. Unlike canonical models, we demonstrate that KrasG12D drives glycolysis intermediates into the non-oxidative PPP, thereby decoupling ribose biogenesis from NADP/NADPH-mediated redox control. Together, this work provides in vivo mechanistic insights into how oncogenic Kras promotes metabolic reprogramming in native tumors and illuminates potential metabolic targets that can be exploited for therapeutic benefit in PDAC. Citation Format: Costas Lyssiotis, Haoqiang Ying, Alec Kimmelman, Ronald DePinho, Lewis Cantley. Oncogenic Kras is required for pancreatic tumor maintenance through the regulation of anabolic glucose metabolism. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Progress and Challenges; Jun 18-21, 2012; Lake Tahoe, NV. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A51.
Accessibility and external versus intercalative binding to DNA as assessed by oxygen-induced quenching of the palladium(II)-containing cationic porphyrins Pd(T4) and Pd(tD4).

Studies reveal that it is possible to design a palladium(II)-containing porphyrin to bind exclusively by intercalation to double-stranded DNA while simultaneously enhancing the ability to sensitize the formation of singlet oxygen. The comparisons revolve around the cations [5,10,15,20-tetra(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin]palladium(II), or Pd(T4), and [5,15-di(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin]palladium(II), or Pd(tD4), in conjunction with A═T and G≡C rich DNA binding sequences. Methods employed include X-ray crystallography of the ligands as well as absorbance, circular dichroism, and emission spectroscopies of the adducts and the emission from singlet oxygen in solution. In the case of the bulky Pd(T4) system, external binding is almost as effective as intercalation in slowing the rate of oxygen-induced quenching of the porphyrin’s triplet excited state. The fractional efficiency of quenching by oxygen nevertheless approaches 1 for intercalated forms of Pd(tD4), because of intrinsically long triplet l...
Virtual Device Implementation of Batch Verifying Criteria for Relay Protection

As decoupling of software and hardware is made possible by modularized relay protection software,software can be debugged with only oscillo record data but without any hardware device. A virtual device implementation is put forward based on three software layers (driver layer,common application layer,special application layer). A dynamic link library function is generated by the MATLAB compiler using the virtual driver to substitute for hardware driver,transplanting all common application and special application software. A virtual device MEX function is composed of protection calculation and criteria can be captured using the Visual C++ debugging process to realize serial time sequence execution of oscillo data input,relay protection criteria,relay protection outcome while supporting software breakpoint setting and single-step debugging in the Visual C++ process. The scheme for open loop batch verifying protection criteria and closed loop verifying protection criteria is presented,the feasibility being proved by test data. The virtual device software debugging is not subject to hardware in the early RD stage,while field fault oscillo data can be analyzed in the later stage with breakpoint settings,greatly increasing RD efficiency.
Data Analysis of Environmental Monitoring in 2004 among Industrial and Mining Enterprises of Daxing Distract

The environmental monitoring data among 180 enterprises with occupational hazards in Daxing District 2004 were analyzed. The results showed that the compliance rates in county-owned enterprises, the foreigner invested enterprises and township-owned enterprises were 84.82%, 89.26% and 71.86%, respectively. The compliance rates, based on the catalog of occupational hazards, were 62.38% for physical hazards, 53.52% for the dusts and 89.81% for the chemical hazards. These results indicated that we should pay more attention to the occupational hazard in the township-owned enterprises, particular the dusts and physical hazards in the future.
Rizhao city 2009 suspected measles cases serological analysis

Objective:To know the Rizhao city 2009 measles,rubella cases of infection situation and epidemiological characteristics for the disease prevention and provide reliable basis for clinical diagnosis.Methods:To Rizhao city 2009 suspected measles cases using enzyme-linked immunosorbent adsorption test(ELISA) capture method to test the measles,rubella IgM antibody,and according to the test results,combining epidemiological data shall be analyzed.Results:The 2009 altogether detection suspected measles cases of measles cases,including 210 IgM antibody positive rate 30.0% rubella IgM 34.3% rate of positive of antibody.Measles confirmed cases are mainly concentrated in 21～40(42.4%) and 7～10 years(23.8%);Rubella confirmed cases concentrated between 7～30 years old,immune history accounted for only 24.3%.Conclusion:Strengthens the measles prevention knowledge of education,targeted health develop measles aggrandizement immunity and emergency vaccination.
Using Whole Exome Sequencing to Identify Candidate Genes With Rare Variants In Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and Palate

Studies suggest that nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) is polygenic with variable penetrance, presenting a challenge in identifying all causal genetic variants. Despite relatively high prevalence of NSCLP among Amerindian populations, no large whole exome sequencing (WES) studies have been completed in this population. Our goal was to identify candidate genes with rare genetic variants for NSCLP in a Honduran population using WES. WES was performed on two to four members of 27 multiplex Honduran families. Genetic variants with a minor allele frequency > 1% in reference databases were removed. Heterozygous variants consistent with dominant disease with incomplete penetrance were ascertained, and variants with predicted functional consequence were prioritized for analysis. Pedigree-specific P-values were calculated as the probability of all affected members in the pedigree being carriers, given that at least one is a carrier. Preliminary results identified 3,727 heterozygous rare variants; 1,282 were predicted to be functionally consequential. Twenty-three genes had variants of interest in ≥3 families, where some genes had different variants in each family, giving a total of 50 variants. Variant validation via Sanger sequencing of the families and unrelated unaffected controls excluded variants that were sequencing errors or common variants not in databases, leaving four genes with candidate variants in ≥3 families. Of these, candidate variants in two genes consistently segregate with NSCLP as a dominant variant with incomplete penetrance: ACSS2 and PHYH. Rare variants found at the same gene in all affected individuals in several families are likely to be directly related to NSCLP.
Lincoln in the Atlantic World

This original and wide-ranging work reveals how Abraham Lincoln responded to prompts from around the globe to shape his personal appearance, political appeal, and presidential policies. Throughout his life, he learned lessons about slavery, American politics, and international relations from sources centered in Africa, Britain, and the European continent. Answering questions that previous scholars have not thought to ask, the book opens the vision of Lincoln as a global republican. Thanks to its new stories and compelling analyses, this book provides a provocative and stimulating read that will generate debate at both high and popular levels.
CONTROLLED EXERCISE EFFECTS ON CHROMIUM, COPPER AND ZINC IN THE URINE OF TRAINED AND UNTRAINED RUNNERS CONSUMING A CONSTANT DIET

Aerobic exercise is a popular pastime often leading to improved physical fitness, weight control and an overall general feeling of improved health. However, strenuous acute aerobic exercise, especially for poorly trained individuals, may be a form of stress leading to acute changes in blood parameters and an overall loss of the trace elements chromium and zinc as well as altered copper metabolism. The present study was designed to determine the effects of acute controlled exercise on trace element metabolism of trained runners and sedentary controls.
Psychosocial Factors Associated with Alcohol Use Among Hispanic Youth.

This study examined whether authoritarian parenting, school experiences, depression, legal involvement and social norms predicted recent alcohol use and binge drinking among a national sample of Hispanic youth. A secondary data analysis of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health was performed (N = 3457). Unadjusted odds ratios were computed via univariate logistic regression analyses and significant variables were retained and included in the multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results indicated that in the past 30 days, 13.8 % of Hispanic youth drank alcohol and 8.0 % binge drank. Hispanic youth at highest risk for alcohol use were 16–17 years of age, experienced authoritarian parenting, lacked positive school experiences, had legal problems, and felt that most students at their school drank alcohol. Results should be considered when developing and implementing alcohol prevention efforts for Hispanic youth. Multiple approaches integrating family, school, and peers are needed to reduce use.
The Emergence of the Dose–Response Concept in Biology and Medicine

A historical assessment of the origin of the dose-response in modern toxicology and its integration as a central concept in biology and medicine is presented. This article provides an overview of how the threshold, linear and biphasic (i.e., hormetic) dose-response models emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and competed for acceptance and dominance. Particular attention is directed to the hormetic model for which a general description and evaluation is provided, including its historical basis, and how it was marginalized by the medical and pharmacology communities in the early decades of the 20th century.
Fine-scale genetic structure due to adaptive divergence among microhabitats.

It has been suggested that adaptive evolution on ecological timescales shapes communities. However, adaptation among environments relies on isolation or large selection coefficients that exceed migration effects. This reliance is tempered if adaptation is polygenic-does not depend on one allele completely replacing another but instead requires small allele frequency changes at many loci. Thus, whether individuals can evolve adaptation to fine-scale habitat variation (for example, microhabitats) is not resolved. Here we analyze the genetic divergence of the teleost fish, Fundulus heteroclitus, among microhabitats that are <200 m apart in three separate saltmarshes using 4741 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Among these SNPs, 1.3-2.3% have large and highly significant differences among microhabitats (mean FST=0.15; false discovery rate ⩽1%). The divergence among microhabitats for these outlier SNPs is larger than that among populations, exceeds neutral expectation and indicates surprising population structure among microhabitats. Thus, we suggest that polygenic selection is surprisingly effective in altering allele frequencies among many different SNPs that share similar biological functions in response to environmental and ecological differences over very small geographic distances. We acknowledge the evolutionary difficulty of large genetic divergence among well-connected habitats. Therefore, these studies are only the first step to discern whether natural selection is responsible and capable of effecting genetic divergence on such a fine scale.
W∞ currents in three-dimensional Toda theory

Abstract Chiral densities obeying a w ∞ Poisson-bracket algebra are constructed for the 2+1 A ∞ Toda field theory, using its alternative w ∞ Toda representation. They are obtained from formal traces of powers of the Lax operator. The spin 2 and 3 currents are derived explicity, and the consistency of their Poisson algebra is checked.
PTSD Symptom Trajectories among Mothers Reporting Interpersonal Trauma: Protective Factors and Parenting Outcomes

The childbearing years are further complicated when experiences of interpersonal trauma from childhood and/or adulthood lead to symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Maternal symptoms of PTSD over time were examined in relation to supportive adult relationships and parenting experiences. Ninety-five primarily economically disadvantaged mothers reporting exposure to childhood maltreatment and/or intimate partner violence were assessed from pregnancy through 2-years postpartum. Latent class growth analysis of PTSD symptoms indicated a 2-group model: stable low (82%) and moderate dysfunction (18%). The stable low group reported higher levels of support from romantic partners and family members, but not friends, and lower levels of parenting distress compared to the moderate dysfunction group. Results highlight individual variability in adaptation after violence exposure; current support from romantic partners and family members may have helped maintain lower PTSD symptoms for some trauma-exposed mothers. Psychological interventions aimed at reducing the impact of trauma exposure on parenting should consider promoting ongoing social support.
Making use of semiconductor manufacturing process variations: FinFET-based physical unclonable functions for efficient security integration in the IoT

In a typical design environment, semiconductor manufacturing variations are considered as challenges for nanoelectronic circuit design engineers. This has led to multi-front research on process variations analysis and its mitigations. As a paradigm shift of that trend the present article explores the use of semiconductor manufacturing variations for enhancing security of systems using FinFET technology as an example. FinFETs were introduced to replace high-$$\kappa $$ź transistors in nanoelectronic applications. From microprocessors to graphic processing units, FinFETs are being used commercially today. Along with the technological advancements in computing and networking, the number of cyber attacks has also increased. Simultaneously, numerous implementations of the Internet of Things are already present. In this environment, one small security flaw is enough to place the entire network in danger. Encrypting communications in such an environment is vital. Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) can be used to encrypt device to device communications and are the main focus of this paper. PUFs are hardware primitives which rely on semiconductor manufacturing variations to generate characteristics which are used for this purpose. Two different designs of a ring oscillator PUF are introduced, one with low power consumption trading off device performance and one high-performance trading off device power consumption. There is an 11% decrease in power consumption with the low power model along with a simple design and fabrication. Performance of the device can be increased with almost no increase in power consumption.
Cultural learning and the Clovis colonization of North America

The timing of the earliest colonization of North America is debatable, but what is not at issue is the point of origin of the early colonists: Humans entered the continent from Beringia and then made their way south along or near the Pacific Coast and/or through a corridor that ran between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets in western North America. At some point, they abandoned their Arctic-based tool complex for one more adapted to an entirely different environment. That new techno-complex is termed "Clovis"; its dispersal allows us to examine, at a fine scale, how colonization processes played out across a vast continent that at the time had, at best, a very small resident population. Clovis has figured prominently in American archeology since the first Clovis points were identified in eastern New Mexico in the 1930s. However, the successful marriage of learning models grounded in evolutionary theory and modern analytical methods that began roughly a decade ago has begun to pay significant dividends in terms of what we know about the rapid spread of human groups across the last sizable landmass to witness human occupation.
Can Ethiopia Finance the Continued Development of Its Primary Health Care System If External Resources Decline

AbstractEthiopia's recent improvements in health outcomes benefited from the large increase in development assistance for health received in recent years, most of which supported its primary care s...
Surveying Cystic Fibrosis Care Centers to Assess Adoption of Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations.

OBJECTIVEIn 2013, the Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Foundation developed an updated guideline for infection prevention and control (IPC pediatric and larger centers were more likely to do so. Overall, 70% have adopted ≥75% of the selected recommendations. As recommended, almost all provided education to CF center staff (98%) and patients and families (97%); fewer developed educational materials in collaboration with local IPC of the 138 centers with in-person meetings, 45% allowed 1 individual with CF to attend, and 51% allowed no individuals with CF to attend. Most centers (93%) held outdoor events, and 84% allowed >1 individual with CF to attend. Audits of exam-room cleaning were performed by 49% of CF centers.CONCLUSIONSCystic fibrosis centers in the United States have adopted many of the recommendations addressed in this survey. Nonetheless, these findings suggest opportunities for improvement. More CF centers should provide education to non-English-speaking patients and families, and CF centers should perform audits of room cleaning.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2018;39:647-651.
Synchrotron and Conventional Photoemission Studies of Oxides and N20 Oxynitrides

One of the most critical materials in developing deep submicron integrated circuits is high-quality ultrathin (~ a few nm) gate dielectric film. In such a thin film, the microscopic structure is expected to play a critical role in many aspects of the film’s properties, device performance and reliability. The importance of the dielectric-silicon interface has been recognized for many years as one of the primary issues in the semiconductor industry. In fact, it is such a unique interface that it makes the silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistors possible and the Si industry such a phenomenal success. Thus there has been a tremendous amount of research conducted into its electrical properties over the last few decades [1]. The microscopic structure of the interface, however, has not been studied in great detail partly because advanced probing techniques such as synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy (PES) were not available until recent years, and partly because the importance of microstructural information became apparent only in recent years when the Si industry began pushing for a deep submicron ULSI device with the gate dielectric approaching several atomic layers. Between a crystalline Si substrate and an amorphous oxide overlayer, the interface transition region consists of a mixture of Si in various oxidation states denoted as Si+1, Si+2, and Si+3 where the Si atom has one, two, and three firstnearest-neighbor oxygen atoms, respectively.
A 0.23mW Heterogeneous Deep-Learning Processor Supporting Dynamic Execution of Conditional Neural Networks

A deep-learning processor is presented for achieving ultra-low-power operation in mobile applications. Using a heterogeneous architecture that includes a low-power always-on front-end and a selectively-enabled high-performance backend, the processor dynamically adjusts computational resources at runtime to support conditional execution in neural networks and meet performance targets with increased energy efficiency. Featuring a reconfigurable datapath and a memory architecture optimized for energy efficiency, the processor supports multilevel dynamic activation of neural network segments, performing object detection tasks with 5.3×lower energy consumption in comparison with a static baseline design. Fabricated in 40nm CMOS, the processor test-chip dissipates 0.23m W at 5.3 fps. It demonstrates energy scalability up to 28.6 TOPS/W and can be configured to run a variety of workloads, including severely-power-constrained ones such as always-on monitoring in mobile applications.
Low Literacy Level Instructions and Reminder Calls Improve Patient Handling of Fecal Immunochemical Test Samples.

Background & Aims The fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is an alternative to colonoscopy and can increase overall screening for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, little is known about the frequency of and reasons for mishandled FIT samples. Methods We performed a prospective study, nested within a randomized controlled trial of patients, recruited from December 2015 through August 2017, who were not up to date with colorectal cancer screening (50–75 years old). The patients were randomly assigned to usual care or outreach groups that received a mailed FIT with low literacy level instructions or a reminder call, or both. We examined frequency of and reasons for mishandled FIT samples, including absence of collection date; time from collection to laboratory receipt of more than 14 days; or mishandling of stool, buffer, or cap. The outcomes were the frequency of mishandled FIT samples, effects of outreach on mishandling, and positive results from the FIT among proper and mishandled samples. Results FIT samples were returned from 1871 patients assigned to usual care and 3045 who received the low literacy level instructions and a reminder call. In total, 19.8% of samples were mishandled; most of these (93.7%) had not labeled the date of stool collection but were still processed. Of the received samples, 1.2% of were not processed because the time from patient collection to laboratory receipt was more than 14 days. Outreach was associated with a lower proportion of mishandled samples (16.5% vs 25.0% for usual care; P Conclusion In a prospective study of patients who were not up to date with colorectal cancer screening, we found that almost 20% of FIT samples were mishandled, with most patients missing the stool collection date. Patient outreach was associated with a lower proportion of mishandled samples, but there was no difference in proportions of positive results between properly and improperly handled samples. Our findings indicate that routine processing of undated FIT samples is associated with similar rates of positive results. There are limited data on test characteristics for FIT samples beyond the 14 days of stool acquisition. The inclusion of low literacy level instructions with reminder calls was associated with improved patient handling of the FIT sample. ClincialTrials.gov no: NCT02613260
An Improved Method to Shorten Physiological Dormancy of Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Seed

Timely results from whole-plant, herbicide-resistant weed screenings are crucial to heighten grower awareness. However, the high degree of physiological dormancy of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) seed exacerbates this process. The most effective methods for alleviating dormancy, to date, are either labor-intensive (embryo excision) or require several weeks (soil stratification). This research describes a conditioning process involving clipping and aeration of seed in water that is highly effective at alleviating dormancy and requires less skill and time compared with previous techniques. Ambrosia trifida seeds were collected over 2 yr at two different collection timings (September 25, “early”; October 25, “late”), subjected to various treatments intended to release dormancy, and evaluated for emergence over 18 d in the greenhouse. The use of germination-promoting chemicals (ethephon, gibberellic acid, and thiourea) generally provided no increase in emergence compared with water and occasionally produced seedlings with abnormal growth unsuitable for further experimentation. Conditioning yielded between 30% and 33% emergence for both early and late collections of seeds with no afterripening period compared with 0% emergence for seeds imbibed in water. Following an 8-wk period of dry storage at 4 C, conditioning yielded nearly 80% emergence for both collection timings, while emergence of seeds imbibed in water was 10% and 27% for early and late collections, respectively. Soil stratification in moist soil for 8 wk at 4 C was the second most effective treatment, yielding 46% to 49% emergence across both collections. Parameters of the Weibull function further indicated the conditioning treatment had the fastest rate of emergence and shortest lag phase between planting and first emergence. Methods to germinate A. trifida without an afterripening period have previously been unsuccessful. Therefore, the seed-conditioning method outlined in this work will be useful in expediting the confirmation of herbicide-resistant A. trifida incidences.