cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic mechanism of Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B.

Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B (AS-B) catalyzes the synthesis of asparagine from aspartate, glutamine, and ATP. A combination of kinetic, isotopic-labeling, and stoichiometry studies have been performed to define the nature of nitrogen transfer mediated by AS-B. The results of initial rate studies were consistent with initial binding and hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate plus enzyme-bound ammonia. The initial velocity results were equally consistent with initial binding of ATP and aspartate prior to glutamine binding. However, product inhibition studies were only consistent with the latter pathway. Moreover, isotope-trapping studies confirmed that the enzyme−ATP−aspartate complex was kinetically competent. Studies using 18O-labeled aspartate were consistent with formation of a β-aspartyl-AMP intermediate, and stoichiometry studies revealed that 1 equiv of this intermediate formed on the enzyme in the absence of a nitrogen source. Taken together, our results are most consistent with initial fo...
Nonlinear absorption of light: Optical saturation of electronic transitions in organic molecules with high intensity laser radiation

A review of spectroscopic properties of complex molecules is presented and used to show that a simple two-level scheme is inadequate to describe the optical bleaching of dye molecules. Experimental data are reported for the transmission of intense ruby laser radiation by several types of dyes. Rate equation analyses are carried out using steady-state solutions and iterative computer solutions; calculated bleaching curves are compared with our data for cryptocyanine. On these bases, we show that, in general, the optical bleaching process involves the removal of ground-state molecules to other states having smaller absorption cross sections at the exciting frequency, and that recovery of absorption at this frequency is characterized by a complex relaxation mechanism.
Application of virtual microscopy in consultation practice of gastrointestinal and liver pathology.

For several years now, virtual microscopy has been utilized in medical teaching, research, proficiency testing, American Board of Pathology examinations, pathology meetings and conferences, and quality assurance programs. In diagnostic practice, it is most widely and routinely used in image analysis. Some practices are beginning to use it internally (within their group) for frozen section intraoperative consultations and subspecialty consultations due to geographic and time constrains. Although diagnostic consultation for expert second opinion is a well-established practice in pathology for glass slides, similar consultation via virtual microscopy poses multiple controversial issues such as licensing, liability, security, reimbursement, and scanning quality and its validation. Regulations and standardization are not yet in place that pathologists can use to allay these fears. Nevertheless, if the virtual microscopy scans are of optimal quality, these can be simply substituted for glass slides and a microscope while maintaining all other practice guidelines for second opinion consultation. Additionally, the cost and maintenance of scanning equipment is not currently affordable to most practitioners and consultants. A practice model that offers tertiary consultation in gastrointestinal (GI) and liver pathology is presented that eliminates the cost and maintenance of scanners by the consultants and clients, minimizes the need for review of glass slides, facilitates clinicopathological and radiological correlation and serves the need of clients who need timely help with challenging liver and GI cases and to obtain expert opinion for dysplasia in Barrett’s and ulcerative colitis surveillance biopsies required by the American Gastroenterology Association (AGA). This model has been practiced for 3 years and applied to over 2000 cases by small pathology practices in the 50 United States and a single consultant GI and liver pathologist.
Methadone versus morphine for treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome: a prospective randomized clinical trial

Methadone versus morphine for treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome: A prospective randomized clinical trial
Biosynthesis of lipids from 2-14C acetate and D(-)-β -hydroxy-[1,3-14C]butyrate by mammary cells from bovine and rat.

Abstract In vitro cultures of mammary cells from lactating bovine and rats and dedifferentiated bovine mammary cells showed marked capacities to utilize substrate levels of [2-14C] acetate and d (−)-β-hydroxy[1,3-14C]butyrate for fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis. All cell preparations incorporated twice as much acetate compared to d (−)-β-hydroxybutyrate. The cells from the lactating animals incorporated greater quantities of the label and also secreted labeled lipids into the culture media. The fatty acids synthesized by the various cell preparations varied. The bovine cells from the lactating animals synthesized mostly the short chain and medium chain length fatty acids, C4 through C12; the dedifferentiated cells incorporated most of the label into stearic and oleic acids, whereas the rat mammary cells incorporated label into fatty acids ranging from C6 to C18 inclusive. The specific activity patterns of the fatty acids synthesized indicated that the rat and dedifferentiated bovine cells metabolized both acetate and d (−)-β-hydroxy-butyrate by similar pathways whereas the functional bovine cells metabolized d (−)-β-hydroxybutyrate by two separate pathways, i.e. via acetate units and as intact butyrate molecules. The lactating cells esterified the preponderance of the labeled fatty acids into triglycerides while the dedifferentiated cells synthesized mostly diglycerides and phospholipids. All of the cell preparations used small quantities of both substrates for cholesterol biosynthesis. The specific activities of the cellular and secreted triglycerides indicated that the fatty acids synthesized by the freshly dispersed bovine cells from both acetate and d (−)-β-hydroxybutyrate were preferentially esterified to form lower molecular weight triglycerides.
Enzymology of the refractory media of the eye. IV. Direct photometric determination of cholinesterase and aliesterase of corpus vitreum.

Abstract On the basis of marked differences in optical density between phenol and phenyl acetate, a quasi-continuous and direct photometric method for the analysis of aliesterases and acetylcholinesterases (e-ChE) has been developed. Some properties and optimal measuring conditions of esterase of cattle corpus vitreum (c.v.), which belongs to the homologous group of acetylcholinesterases, are described.
Kinetics of trisulfide cleavage in calicheamicin-assessing the role of the ethylamino group

Abstract The rate of reaction of aminoethanethiol with calicheamicin γ 1 I is solely dependent upon the concentration of thiolate anion and is not affected by the presence of the ethylamino group present as a substituent in the former.
Needling the heart to rejuvenate: the promise of intramyocardial injection of bone marrow stem cells.

BMMC-injected group and the control group. Interestingly, regional wall thickening in the injected segments increased by similar amounts in the control group, which received vehicle injection, and in BMMC-injected patients. The major difference between the 2 groups was that myocardial scar size, as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, increased in the injected segments in the control group (median value, þ5.1%) but decreased in the BMMC-injected group (median value, –13.1%). Hence, in the traditional sense, this was a “negative” study; however, the study offers important data that are relevant to study design and to the assessment of benefit and mechanisms of BMMC therapy in ischemic heart failure. The double-blind nature of the study was ensured by performance of bone marrow aspiration in all participants and masking of the syringes used for injecting cells or vehicle. Future studies would benefit from adopting this method to ensure that the observed effects are specifi ct o BMMCs and independent of the effects of intra-myocardial injection per se and eliminate any bias in assessment of clinical and imaging end points. The initial period of optimization of heart failure therapy, during which a substantial number of participants had improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction that precluded enrollment in the study, is a strength of the study. What is not clear from the study is whether there were individuals who were on the “upward curve” of reverse remodeling who were enrolled in the study and could have influenced the results by further improvement during the study period related to recently optimized heart failure therapy. It is difficult to conclusively deduce the influence of concomitant surgical revascularization on the effect of BMMC therapy. The above-mentioned meta-analysis suggests that the effect of BMMC may have been enhanced by revascularization; however, it is also possible, as the authors contend, that the independent effects of revascularization may have limited the BMMC effect. A weakness of the study is the lack of measurement of left ventricular structure and function soon after the study
High Dispersion Spectroscopic Observation of Venus. IV: The Weak Carbon Dioxide Band at 7883 A.

The average rotational temperature of the Cytherean atmosphere above the cloud tops was found to be Trot = 244 ± 10 K based on twelve plates of the 7883-A CO2 band. If the temperatures found from the 7820-A band on the same plate are averaged with the temperatures found from the 7883-A band, we obtain a temperature of Trot = 245 ± 6 K. The observations of Venus were made between April and December of 1967. Laboratory measurements of the 7883-A band are lacking, but we infer that the band is half as strong as the 7820-A band.
Optimal fiscal policy in a dynamic multicountry world with public services

The authors construct a dynamic one-good multicountry growth model with productive government spending and perfect capital mobility to study fiscal interdependence among countries. In the case of a source-based tax, it is found that there is no strategic interaction and that the equilibrium spending/tax mix coincides with the optimal one. In the case of a residence-based tax system, however, there is strategic interaction across countries and, under noncooperation, countries tend to spend and tax over and above the optimal Pigouvian level.
Can filter cake porosity be estimated based on the Kozeny–Carman equation?

Abstract Application of the Kozeny–Carman equation for estimating the porosity of filter cakes formed in filtration is examined. It is shown that the Kozeny–Carman equation belongs to a class of relationships relating the pressure gradient and flow rate for fluid flow through porous media and is applicable to unconsolidated randomly packed media composed of spherical or nearly spherical particles. In contrast, filter cakes formed under pressure may be compressible and are not homogeneous. Furthermore, the question whether filter cakes may be considered as unconsolidated remains unresolved. These complicating factors plus the fact that the calculated porosity values based on the Kozeny–Carman equation tend to be exceedingly low as compared with those obtained from independent measurements strongly suggest that using the Kozeny–Carman equation for determining cake porosity is questionable and not appropriate.
Promoter methylation reduces C/EBPδ (CEBPD) gene expression in the SUM-52PE human breast cancer cell line and in primary breast tumors

CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Proteins (C/EBPs) are a highly conserved family of leucine zipper proteins that regulate cell growth and differentiation. C/EBPδ functions in the initiation and maintenance of mammary epithelial cell G0 growth arrest and ‘loss of function’ alterations in C/EBPδ gene expression have been reported in human breast cancer and in rodent carcinogen-induced mammary tumors. The molecular mechanism underlying reduced C/EBPδ gene expression in mammary tumorigenesis, however, is unknown. In this report we demonstrate that C/EBPδ gene expression is undetectable in the SUM-52PE human breast cancer cell line and that silencing of SUM-52PE C/EBPδ gene expression is due to epigenetic promoter hypermethylation (26/27 CpGs methylated). The hypermethylated SUM-52PE C/EBPδ gene promoter is associated with reduced levels of acetylated Histone H4, consistent with a closed, transcriptionally inactive chromatin conformation. Treatment with 5′-aza-cytidine and trichostatin A (TSA) re-activates cytokine-induced SUM-52PE C/EBPδ gene expression. C/EBPδ gene expression is reduced to virtually undetectable levels in 32% (18/57) of primary human breast tumors. Site-specific CpG methylation was observed in 33% (6/18) of the low C/EBPδ expressing primary breast tumors. CpG methylation adjacent to the C/EBPδ proximal promoter Sp1 site was associated with reduced C/EBPδ expression in a primary breast cancer sample. Electromobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated a significant reduction in binding to oligos containing the CpG methylation 5′ to the Sp1 binding site. These results demonstrate a direct link between C/EBPδ gene promoter hyper- and site specific-methylation and reduced C/EBPδ gene expression in breast cancer cell lines and primary breast tumors.
Moisture Diffusivity in Tylose Gel (Karlsruhe Test Material)

ABSTRACT: Tylose gel (the Karlsruhe test substance) is a meat analog commonly used for studying heat transfer during freezing and thawing operations. It has thermal properties similar to lean beef, which are well defined in literature; however, moisture diffusivities for Tylose gel are not available in the literature. In this article, the mass transfer properties of Tylose were investigated. This included determining a moisture isotherm for Tylose and measuring effective moisture diffusivity as a function of temperature using 2 different methods: a drying method and a concentration-distance method. The moisture isotherm was fit best using the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) equation. The resulting moisture diffusivities were fit to an Arrhenius model for temperature dependence from 2.5 °C to 12 °C. The moisture diffusivities measured for Tylose ranged from 4.00 × 10-11 to 9.75 × 10-11 m2/ s, depending on temperature. The drying method resulted in moisture diffusivities that were found to have higher dependence on temperature than when the concentration-distance method was used. The concentration-distance method gave much more variation among measurements.
Micromachined silicon nitride solid immersion lens

We present a fabrication method for silicon nitride solid immersion lenses (SILs) integrated with atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilevers. We demonstrate a scanning optical microscope based on the microfabricated SIL that operates in reflection and transmission modes at a wavelength of /spl lambda/ = 400 nm. In this microscope, light is focused to a spot in a high refractive index SIL held close to the sample. The minimum spot size of a SIL-based microscope, which determines the transverse optical resolution, is /spl lambda//(2n) where n is the refractive index of the SIL. This is smaller than the minimum spot size of /spl lambda//2 in air. The SIL, therefore, makes possible optical resolution better than the diffraction limit in air. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) spot size of the SIL-based microscope is measured to be /spl sim/133 nm in transmission mode, which is /spl sim/1.98 times better than the spot size measured without the SIL (264 nm). This improvement factor is close to the refractive index of the silicon nitride SIL (n = 1.96).
Iron and manganese release in coal mine drainage wetland microcosms

The primary mechanisms responsible for the removal and retention of iron, manganese, and sulfate in constructed wetlands receiving acidic mine drainage (AMD) include the formation of metal oxides and sulfides within the sediments. This study was initiated to determine the kinetics of metal ion liberation, under reducing conditions, from synthetic and naturally occurring iron and manganese oxides typically found in AMD precipitates. Rates of metal ion liberation were determined during time series incubations of an organic substrate (spent mushroom compost) to which five metal oxides of varying crystallinity (amorphous and crystalline oxides of iron and manganese; natural AMD oxide) were added. All experiments were carried out in silicone-sealed polycarbonate centrifuge tubes incubated at 22°C for a period of 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 or 28 days. Tubes were sacrificed after each incubation period and were analyzed for redox potential, pH, sulfide, and metals. All tubes exhibited reducing potentials within 3 days coupled with rapidly increasing concentrations of iron and manganese. Liberation of iron and manganese decreased with increasing mineral crystallinity (amorphous > natural AMD ≫ crystalline). The results suggest that metal ion liberation from oxide minerals may be an important source of iron and manganese within constructed wetlands receiving AMD.
Detection of high levels of polyadenylate-containing RNA in bacteria by the use of a single-step RNA isolation procedure

A new one-step procedure for the isolation of bacterial RNA, involving lysis by proteinase K in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, is described. Pulse-labeled RNA isolated by this procedure for Bacillus brevis, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli B has been found to contain a substantial fraction (15-40%) of polyadenylated RNA as determined by adsorption to oligo(dT)-cellulose. This contrasts with RNA isolated by procedures involving phenol extraction, a process which appears to lead to the selective loss of polyadenylated RNA. The presence of polyadenylated RNA in E. coli was confirmed by an independent method which involved hybridization with [3H]polyuridylic acid. Using the proteinase K method for RNA isolation, it was possible to demonstrate the in vitro synthesis of polyadenylated RNA by toluene-treated cells of B. brevis, B. subtilis, and E. coli.
A Review of Ptilomera (Heteroptera: Gerridae) in Thailand, with Descriptions of Three New Species

Three new species of Ptilomera (P. jariyae, P. kra, and P. tennaserim) were collected from mountain streams in western and southern Thailand, and they are described and illustrated herein. These new species bring the number of described species of this genus in Thailand to seven. In addition, the winged form of P. fang Polhemus is described. Diagnoses for males and females are provided for all seven species occurring in Thailand, along with distributional records and maps.
Geometric realizations of Fordy–Kulish nonlinear Schrödinger systems

A method of Sym and Pohlmeyer, which produces geometric realizations of many integrable systems, is applied to the Fordy-Kulish generalized non-linear Schrodinger systems associated with Hermitian symmetric spaces. The resulting geometric equations correspond to distinguished arclength-parametrized curves evolving in a Lie algebra, generalizing the localized induction model of vortex filament motion. A natural Frenet theory for such curves is formulated, and the general correspondence between curve evolution and natural curvature evolution is analyzed by means of a geometric recursion operator. An appropriate specialization in the context of the symmetric space SO(p + 2)/SO(p) × SO(2) yields evolution equations for curves in Rp+1 and Sp, with natural curvatures satisfying a generalized mKdV system. This example is related to recent constructions of Doliwa and Santini and illuminates certain features of the latter. ∗Dept. of Mathematics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106 email: jxl6@po.cwru.edu †Dept. of Mathematics and Comp. Sci., Drexel University, Philadelphia PA 19104 email: rperline@mcs.drexel.edu Mathematics Subject Classification: 58F07, 35Q55
Electrothermal engineering in the nanometer era: from devices and interconnects to circuits and systems

Management of electrothermal (ET) issues arising due to power dissipation both at the micro- and macro- scale is central to the development of future generation microprocessors, integrated networks, and other highly integrated circuits and systems. This paper will provide a broad overview of various ET effects in nanoscale VLSI and highlight both technology and design choices that are thermally-aware. First, effects at the micro scale---in interconnects and devices and their implications for performance, reliability and design are discussed. Next, macro scale---circuit and system level issues including substrate temperature gradients as well as strong ET couplings between supply voltage, frequency, power dissipation and junction temperature in leakage dominant technologies are outlined. A recently developed system level ET analysis methodology and tool that comprehends ET couplings in a self-consistent manner and can generate accurate thermal profile of the substrate is summarized. The application of the ET-tool is demonstrated in a number of areas from power-performance-cooling cost tradeoff analysis to circuit optimization, full-chip leakage estimation, and temperature/reliability aware design space generation. Implications of chip cooling for nanometer scale bulk and SOI based CMOS technologies are also discussed. The ET analysis tool is also shown to be useful for hot-spot management. The paper ends with a brief discussion of electrothermal issues in emerging 3-D ICs and highlights the advantages of employing hybrid Carbon Nanotube-Cu interconnects in both 2-D and 3-D designs.
A Dynamic-Ecological Model of Identity Formation and Conflict among Bisexually-Behaving African-American Men

Understanding how ethnic, sexual, and masculine (ESM) identities form and possibly conflict among African-American men may be important to consider in explaining bisexual behavior in this population. It is proposed that the bisexual behavior among African-American who are primarily sexually attracted to other men may be a function of conflicting ESM identities. Comprehensively understanding the formation and conflict of ESM identities requires an examination of individuals, social contexts, and interactions between individuals and contexts. The current article presents a dynamic-ecological model of identity formation and conflict among ethnic minority men who have sex with men and uses the model to demonstrate how bisexual behavior among African-American men may be examined.
“Send Me in, Coach!” Ruminations on the Ethics of Mentoring in Teaching and Research

The author begins with an extended account of the manner in which popular accounts treat the topic of mentoring or coaching. This treatment is contrasted with the problems of coaching described in other articles in this issue, especially in connection to the National Board portfolio assessment. The distinction between “mediated” and “unmediated” mentoring is proposed to clarify why some forms of coaching are more problematic than others when judging the performance or competence of the individual. The settings of mediated mentoring include doctoral dissertations; architectural designs; published books, poems, and essays; in addition to coached portfolios. Reasons for why products of coaching and collaboration are necessary, even in high-stakes assessment, are discussed. Three principles are offered for dealing with the attendant ambiguities of mediated performances: explicitness, ethical formation, and transparency. Their application to the circumstances of both National Board assessment and doctoral ment...
Anatomical characterization of retinal ganglion cells that project to the nucleus of the basal optic root in the turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans).

Abstract There is little detailed information about retinal ganglion cells which project to specific central targets in the brain. The present study examined retinal ganglion cells projecting to the nucleus of the basal optic root, a major accessory retinal target in the turtle. These ganglion cells were first selectively labeled using retrograde transport of rhodamine injected stereotaxically into the nucleus of the basal optic root. The number and distribution of the retrogradely labeled cells in the retina was then determined. Some of these retrogradely labeled cells were then injected intracellularly with Lucifer Yellow, photoconverted using diaminobenzidine, and drawn in detail using a camera lucida attachment. There were approximately 1500 ganglion cells in each retina which projected to the nucleus of the basal optic root, of which 20% had cell bodies displaced to the inner nuclear layer. More than 50% of the total population was concentrated in the visual streak region. All ganglion cells projecting to the nucleus of the basal optic root, both normal and displaced, had monostratified dendritic arborizations in stratum 1 of the inner plexiform layer. About 41% of these ganglion cells had elongated dendritic arborizations with distinct orientations, which may suggest a correlation of morphology and function. There were similarities in the overall appearance, and in the type and stratification of the dendritic arborizations of all ganglion cells projecting to the nucleus of the basal optic root. These anatomical similarities are consistent with the previously demonstrated similarities in physiology and may reflect a common role for these ganglion cells in visual processing.
Urinary Incontinence in the Elderly Population

Objective To describe the causes, evaluation, and management of urinary incontinence in the elderly population. Design We reviewed pertinent articles in the medical literature and summarized the types of incontinence and contributing factors. Results Urinary incontinence is common in elderly patients and often has a major role in determining whether a person can remain independent in the community or requires nursing home placement. Urinary incontinence is not a single entity but rather several different conditions, each with specific symptoms, findings on examination, and recommended treatment. Thus, accurate classification is important for appropriate management. Because of the complexity of urinary incontinence, many physicians are uncomfortable with undertaking assessment and treatment. Hence, many patients are not asked about incontinence, and the condition remains untreated and often considered a natural consequence of the aging process. Urinary incontinence can be treated and either cured or alleviated with treatment. Conclusion Elderly patients should be asked about symptoms of urinary incontinence because appropriate assessment and treatment can usually provide relief.
Type of menopause, patterns of hormone therapy use, and hot flashes.

Objective To examine the associations between the type of menopause (natural, hysterectomy with ovarian conservation, and hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy) and the experiencing of hot flashes while accounting for different patterns of hormone therapy (HT) use among the menopausal groups. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Women who reported their history of hot flashes and HT use through a mailed survey. Patient(s) Postmenopausal women ages 40–60 years residing in the Baltimore metropolitan area. Intervention(s) No interventions were administered. Main Outcome Measure(s) Associations between type of menopause and the experiencing of hot flashes. Result(s) Among all participants, both types of surgical menopause were associated with a decreased risk of experiencing any, moderate or severe, and daily hot flashes. After taking into account HT use patterns, women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy were at increased risk of experiencing any, moderate or severe, and daily hot flashes compared with women with natural menopause, although only the results for moderate or severe hot flashes were statistically significant. Women who underwent hysterectomy with ovarian conservation remained at significantly lower odds of experiencing any hot flashes than women with natural menopause. Conclusion(s) Women who undergo bilateral oophorectomy and who are not given HT to prevent the onset of menopausal symptoms are at increased risk of experiencing hot flashes, especially those that are moderate to severe in nature, compared with women with natural menopause.
Planar Symmetry in the Unsteady Wake of a Sphere

III. Conclusion Several conclusions can be drawn from the study. 1) A periodical surface  ow control can produce a three-dimensionalperturbationthat leads to the formationof streamwisevortical  ow structuresin the separatedshear layer.Thoughsuctionwas used in this study, boundary-layercontrols in general should achieve the same effect when applied in a similar fashion. 2) The vortical structures cause a normally separated  ow to reattach. 3) The control is most effective when applied near and upstream of the natural separation. 4) The control device size, as measured in this particular case by the combinationof suction hole diameter, hole number density, and associated porosity, is small. 5) Similar results are obtained over different control patterns, indicating a broadband instability.
Oncologic outcome and patterns of recurrence after salvage radical prostatectomy.

Abstract Background Limited data on patterns of recurrence (local or metastatic) after salvage radical prostatectomy (SP) is available. Objective To examine biochemical, local and metastatic patterns of recurrence in patients undergoing SP for radiation-recurrent prostate cancer. Design, setting, and participants 146 patients with biopsy-proven local recurrence of prostate cancer after radiation therapy treated with SP were evaluated in a retrospective study at a single institution. Intervention All patients underwent SP by mainly two surgeons. Measurements Biochemical recurrence (BCR) after SP was defined as a serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of ≥0.2ng/ml or was defined by the initiation of androgen deprivation therapy. All predictors analyzed were determined after radiotherapy, before SP, and included PSA level, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason score, age at SP, and time interval from radiotherapy to SP. Results and limitations Of the 146 patients treated with SP, 65 developed BCR. The median follow-up period for recurrence-free patients was 3.8 yr; 43 patients (29%) were followed for >5 yr. Overall, the 5-yr recurrence-free probability was 54% (95% CI, 44–63%). Clinical local recurrence occurred in only one patient who also had bone metastases. Overall, there were 16 prostate cancer–specific deaths and 19 deaths from other causes. The 5-yr cumulative incidence of death from prostate cancer was 4% (95% CI, 2–11%). Pre-SP serum PSA level and biopsy Gleason score were significantly associated with death due to prostate cancer ( p p =0.002, respectively). This study is retrospective and included carefully selected patients treated over a long period by, mainly, two experienced surgeons. Conclusions SP provides excellent local cancer control; only one patient in our series experienced a clinical local recurrence. Earlier identification of patients with persistent, viable local cancer despite radiation therapy will appropriately select patients for SP.
The future of television graphics

It is an exciting time to be in television. The advances in digital television, computers, and all the peripherals related to them open the creative gate for television graphic designers. Television is undergoing some growing pains and is about to transform into an entirely new format.
Orthographic cues to lexical stress: Effects on naming and lexical decision

Words whose spellings represent regular phonemic patterns, such asmint, show advantages in naming and lexical decision tasks over words, such aspint, that have exceptional relations between orthographic and phonemic patterns. We have extended such phenomena to the domain of lexical stress, by showing that disyllabic words whose spellings are consistent with their stress are easier to process than words whose spellings are misleading about stress. Such words are named more quickly and are pronounced with incorrect stress less often (Experiment 1). They are also classified more quickly and accurately in lexical decision tasks (Experiments 2 and 3). These results indicate that literate speakers have learned orthographic correlates to lexical stress in English. In addition, the similarities between results in the phonemic and prosodic domains indicate that models of reading developed for the former could be extended to the latter area.
Closed-system marine burial diagenesis: isotopic data from the Austin Chalk and its components

The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of the Austin Chalk was examined in cores representing a range of depths from surface to 3000 m in order to document the effects of burial diagenesis on carbon and oxygen isotopic composition. Low magnesium calcite oysters were separated (from 500 pm wide areas) and analysed to estimate the starting composition of Cretaceous marine sediment. These gave an average value of -2.5':,,, 6"O; + 2.0"& 6I3C (PDB). The compositions of micrite, intergranular cement, and fracture cement were analysed, and their deviation from this original marine composition was evaluated to document the progression of chalk diagenesis. Interestingly, micrite exhibits only minor variation in composition from marine values despite present burial depth ranges in excess of 3000 m. The average deviation from 6' *O marine is less than 1.5~o,. Furthermore, intergranular cement and particularly fracture cements, which occur only in the deepest cores and which clearly post-date micrite lithification, are generally indistinguishable from micrite in composition. Isotopic compositions exhibit no correlation with depth of burial despite abundant petrographic ev-idence of deep burial diagenesis. This uniformity in composition is interpreted as reflecting a closed, rock-dominated diagenetic system in which the compositionsof precipitated carbonate cements were controlled by the composition of dissolving carbonates during lithification. As such, the composition of burial cement is not representative of the rock-water temperatures during precipitation. Thus, in the context of isotopic analyses from other carbonate systems, unless the degree of openness of the diagenetic system is known, oxygen isotopic signatures of cements cannot directly be converted to the rock-water temperatures at which they were precipitated unless the composition of the ambient porefluid is also known.
Multilingual Word Sense Discrimination: A Comparative Cross-Linguistic Study

We describe a study that evaluates an approach to Word Sense Discrimination on three languages with different linguistic structures, English, Hebrew, and Russian. The goal of the study is to determine whether there are significant performance differences for the languages and to identify language-specific problems. The algorithm is tested on semantically ambiguous words using data from Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia. We evaluate the induced clusters against sense clusters created manually. The results suggest a correlation between the algorithm's performance and morphological complexity of the language. In particular, we obtain FScores of 0.68, 0.66 and 0.61 for English, Hebrew, and Russian, respectively. Moreover, we perform an experiment on Russian, in which the context terms are lemmatized. The lemma-based approach significantly improves the results over the word-based approach, by increasing the FScore by 16%. This result demonstrates the importance of morphological analysis for the task for morphologically rich languages like Russian.
Absence of human herpes virus-8 (HHV8) in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.

Background Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a fibrosing disorder that exhibits CD34 expression in the majority of lesional spindle cells. Several features of NSF bear similarity to Kaposi sarcoma.
Isotopic Tracer Studies of Reaction Pathways for Propane Oxidative Dehydrogenation on Molybdenum Oxide Catalysts

Kinetic analysis and isotopic tracer studies were used to identify the elementary steps and their reversibility in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane over ZrO2-supported MoOx catalysts. Competitive reactions of C3H6 and CH313CH2CH3 showed that propene is the most abundant primary product, and that CO and CO2 are formed via either secondary combustion of propene, or by direct combustion of propane. A mixture of C3H8 and C3D8 undergoes oxidative dehydrogenation without forming C3H8-xDx mixed isotopomers, suggesting that steps involving C−H bond activation are irreversible. Normal kinetic isotopic effects (kC-H/kC-D) were measured for propane dehydrogenation (2.3), propane combustion (1.6) and propene combustion (2.1). These data indicate that the kinetically relevant steps in propane dehydrogenation and propene combustion involve the dissociation of C−H bonds in the respective reactant. H−D exchange occurs readily between C3H6 and D2O or C3D6 and H2O, suggesting that OH recombination steps are reversi...
Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of signal transducers

The nuclear translocation of signal-transduction proteins is an essential step in the control of gene expression by numerous extracellular signals. Recent studies have shown that some signal transducers are imported into the nucleus by nuclear-localization-signal- and importin-independent processes. Such a mechanism could allow bidirectional movement across the nuclear envelope. Extracellular signals modify the affinity between signal transducers and anchoring factors, thereby regulating the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of signalling molecules.
Epidemiology of Toxic Shock Syndrome in the United States: Overview

Studies were undertaken to detect a possible reporting or diagnostic bias that might have affected the results of previous epidemiologic investigations of toxic shock syndrome (TSS). The methods used in this reassessment of initial findings regarding TSS epidemiology (which were obtained through passive- and active-surveillance systems) included record review and analysis of discharge diagnoses. Results obtained with both the latter methods confirmed the broad outlines of the descriptive epidemiology of TSS. Some recent studies have focused on nonmenstrual cases of TSS and on risk factors for the development of TSS. Key findings include the more frequent isolation from nonmenstrual TSS cases of Staphylococcus aureus strains not producing TSS toxin 1 and a higher case-fatality rate for cases in men and for "non-vaginal" cases in women than for vaginal cases (defined as menstrual, postpartum, vaginal nonmenstrual, and contraceptive cases). Studies of the relation between tampon use and TSS suggest that both the degree of absorbency and the chemical composition of the tampon are involved; however, the mechanism by which tampons increase the risk of TSS remains unknown. Contraceptive sponges and diaphragms may be linked to an increased risk of nonmenstrual TSS, whereas oral contraceptives may play a protective role; these possibilities require further study.
Recombinant polyclonal antibodies for cancer therapy

Although monoclonal antibodies are increasingly used for cancer therapy, remissions are only temporary due to emergence of tumor cell escape variants that are no longer affected by the antibody. The emergence of escape variants could be minimized by multi-targeting of tumor cells with polyclonal antibodies, which would also be more efficient than monoclonal antibodies at mediating effector functions for target destruction. A technology for generating recombinant polyclonal antibodies for cancer therapy has been developed based on the construction and selection of tumor-reactive Fab phage display libraries. The selected Fabs are mass-converted to full-length polyclonal antibody libraries (PCALs) of any isotype and any species. Prototypic PCALs generated against human colorectal cancer cell lines showed that libraries of diverse recombinant antibodies, enriched for reactivity to the cancer cells compared to normal human cells, can be obtained. The success of recombinant polyclonal antibodies as cancer therapeutics will depend on the ability to generate, characterize, and mass-produce PCALs with high ratios of cancer-to-normal reactivities that cross-react with many cancers of the same type.
Optimizing Methylation Conditions for Gas Liquid Chromatography Assay of Lactic and Succinic Acid in Biological Samples

Aqueous standard solutions of lactic and succinic acids were methylated for assay by gas-liquid chromatography. The efficiency of methylation using boron trifluoridemethanol reagent was compared to methylation using a sulfuric acid-methanol mixture; the ratio of sulfuric acid and methanol was also varied. Reactions were done at 100°C/5 min and at room temperature/20 hours. We found the sulfuric acid-methanol was most efficient for a rapid assay; however, the ratio of sulfuric acid and methanol used is critical in the assay of lactic acid and would be especially important in the clinical laboratory using gas-liquid chromatography for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from suspect meningitis patients or other body fluids.
Zooplankton distributions and transport across the northeastern tidal front of Georges Bank

Tidal fronts are important sites of contact and mixing between zooplankton populations on and off Georges Bank in the northwest Atlantic. This study, a component of the US GLOBEC program, examined crossfrontal distributions of zooplankton, especially the copepod Calanus finmarchicus, across the northeastern tidal front of Georges Bank relative to the tidal cycle, frontal structure, flow field, and day/night cycle. A unique feature was a precisely executed sampling strategy designed to isolate spatial, tidal, and day/night effects. Vertically stratified zooplankton sampling was done along tidally coordinated crossfrontal transects and during time series studies at specific locations. Zooplankton taxa differed in their spatial and vertical distributions relative to the front and the hydrographic structure of the water column. There were significant associations between zooplankton assemblages and spatial location, depth, and water mass. Zooplankton distributions generally tracked water masses but usually showed crossbank abundance gradients. Consistent differences between day and night distributions were not apparent for most taxa. Meroplankton (larvae of benthic animals) were derived primarily from onbank populations. The zooplankton community was advected with the tidal flow. Crossfrontal distributions characteristic of onbank and offbank flow regimes clearly differentiated tidal phases and interacted with the flow field and topography. Salinity (a proxy for water mass) and depth interacted in controlling vertical distributions. As tidal forcing sloshed water masses up and down the bank slope, some taxa followed isohalines through depth changes while other taxa maintained themselves within a relatively limited depth or salinity regime. Surface convergence and downwelling, tidal upwelling of bottom water, and mid-depth tidal pumping influenced crossfrontal exchange.
Serotonin-induced increases in platelet cytosolic calcium concentration in depressed, schizophrenic, and substance abuse patients.

Exaggerated intracellular calcium responses to challenges with serotonin (5-HT) have been reported in depression. In our studies, consistent with previous reports, patients with depression exhibited an exaggerated increase in 5-HT-stimulated intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca++] i ). Basal cytosolic calcium was elevated in both calcium-free and 1 mM calcium media in depressed patients. The increased responsiveness to 5-HT was seen in both conditions. Patients with schizophrenia and substance abuse did not differ from normal controls. The 5-HT response was correlated with diastolic blood pressure ( r = 0.33, p = 0.02): however, this association did not fully account for the exaggerated [Ca++] i responses in the depressed group. These findings suggest that exaggerated increases in [Ca++] i in response to serotonin are a characteristic of depressed patients not shared with schizophrenic and substance abuse patients. The relationship of depression to hypertension, two conditions that share abnormalities of calcium homeostasis, warrants further study.
Directed dialogue protocols: verbal data for user interface design

The development of an interface design tool called “directed dialogue protocols” is discussed. The tool is based upon Kato's (1986) method of verbal data collection, “question-asking protocols.” Three extensions to the question-asking method are detailed: 1) an experimental procedure of atomic tasks which facilitate the quantization of verbal data; 2) interventions by the experimenter that probe the subject's expectations and prompt verbalizations; and 3) a technique for answering subject queries called sequential disclosure. Also discussed are applications of the directed dialogue that have identified design choices which build learnability and usability into a product's user-interface.
Phagocytosis of Bordetella pertussis Incubated with Convalescent Serum

Convalescent serum samples were examined for the ability to promote phagocytosis of Bordetella pertussis by human neutrophils. One sample promoted phagocytosis, and 11 of the 51 samples caused a statistically significant reduction in phagocytosis, compared with that of bacteria not incubated with serum. Phagocytosis was influenced by interactions between antibodies that promoted phagocytosis and antibodies that inhibited phagocytosis. Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) has been shown to block phagocytosis by neutrophils. Antibodies to ACT were removed from the sample that promoted phagocytosis, by incubation with ACT-coated paramagnetic beads, and the depleted serum no longer enhanced phagocytosis. The adhesin filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) has been shown to mediate attachment of B. pertussis to neutrophils in a way that promotes phagocytosis. Depletion of antibodies to FHA from samples that blocked phagocytosis improved phagocytosis, compared with the no-antibody control. These results suggest that antibodies to ACT can promote phagocytosis, whereas antibodies to FHA can counteract beneficial opsonins.
Endovascular Techniques in Adult Aortic Coarctation: The Use of Stents for Native and Recurrent Coarctation Repair

Purpose:To report initial experiences with stent implantation in the treatment of native and recurrent aortic coarctation in adults.Methods:Two adult patients were diagnosed with aortic coarctation: in one, the native aorta was involved, and in the other, the stenosis involved a prior coarctation repair. Both patients were offered and selected angioplasty with possible stent implantation as an alternative to surgery.Results:In the patient with recurrent narrowing, thrombolysis and balloon dilation preceded the successful deployment of three Palmaz stents along the grafted segment. In the case of native disease, one Palmaz stent was implanted primarily at the site of a critical, focal stenosis. No complications were encountered, and recovery was uneventful. Follow-up at 12 and 6 months, respectively, showed sustained clinical improvement with resolution of symptoms and excellent hemodynamic values.Conclusion:The positive outcome in these early cases supports further evaluation of the efficacy of adjunctive...
Path planning for deformable linear objects

We present a new approach to path planning for deformable linear (one-dimensional) objects such as flexible wires. We introduce a method for efficiently computing stable configurations of a wire subject to manipulation constraints. These configurations correspond to minimal-energy curves. By restricting the planner to minimal-energy curves, the execution of a path becomes easier. Our curve representation is adaptive in the sense that the number of parameters automatically varies with the complexity of the underlying curve. We introduce a planner that computes paths from one minimal-energy curve to another such that all intermediate curves are also minimal-energy curves. This planner can be used as a powerful local planner in a sampling-based roadmap method. This makes it possible to compute a roadmap of the entire "shape space," which is not possible with previous approaches. Using a simplified model for obstacles, we can find minimal-energy curves of fixed length that pass through specified tangents at given control points. Our work has applications in cable routing, and motion planning for surgical suturing and snake-like robots