cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Summary of the Chapel Hill Conference

This conference may be summarized under two main headings, classical theory of gravitation and quantization of general-relativistic theories; a third topic, the theory of measurement, forms a link between these two topics. I shall not attempt to summarize the discussion of cosmological problems by Dr. T. Gold and Dr. A. Lilley, because cosmology is a field of its own and, at least at present, not intimately connected with the other aspects of general relativity to which this conference has been devoted.
Pathologies associated with the numerical analysis of hyper‐anisotropic materials

The rise in popularity of composite materials has brought to light the necessity of analysing materials exhibiting the kinematic constraint of directional inextensibility. Numerical phenomena associated with the analysis of such hyperanisotropic materials are described herein. The phenomena include: element locking dependent on fibre orientation, spurious tension modes and difficulties associated with elements possessing large material parameter ratios. To facilitate the present description, these phenomena are compared to, and contrasted with the well-documented problems associated with the analysis of incompressible or nearly incompressible media. Based on the results of eigenvalue analyses, elements satisfying the Babuska-Brezzi condition for incompressible media are found to perform rather poorly when analysing hyperanisotropic materials. These findings are supported by the results of a simple example.
Patterns of individual differences in the development of listening and reading comprehension

Abstract The purpose of the study was to trace the development of listening and reading comprehension over the period of a year. The study entailed administering Sentence Verification Technique (SVT) tests to 151 third- and fourth-grade students on three occasions (in May at the end of the school year, in September of the next school year, and in May of the same school year). An analysis of variance revealed a significant modality of test by time of test administration interaction. The nature of this interaction was that listening comprehension performance showed relatively steady gains across the three test occasions while reading comprehension performance showed no significant gain on the second administration after a summer, but did show significant gains on the third administration, after a school year. The results are interpreted as indicating that reading and listening comprehension can be measured with SVT tests and that the two comprehension modalities develop independently with reading comprehension being more sensitive to instruction.
An investigation of definitions of the charge on an atom in a molecule

A study has been made of three different procedures used to define the charge on an atom in a molecule. It was found that none of the three is completely satisfactory, although that proposed by Lowdin seemed to give the best results. The effect of certain other factors, such as the nature of the basis set and the inclusion of the Madelung potential, was also investigated.
Structural Existential Analysis (SEA): A Phenomenological Method for Therapeutic Work

Phenomenology has inspired many forms of therapeutic practice over the past century. This paper summarizes fundamental aspects of phenomenological practice, which are often forgotten. It covers phenomenological, eidetic and transcendental reductions and briefly introduces other aspects of structural existential analysis such as four worlds model, timeline, and emotional compass. The work is brought to life with the case illustration of a client discovering how to make sense of her world by applying phenomenological principles.
Electrical spin injection and transport in semiconductor nanowires: challenges, progress and perspectives

Spintronic devices are of fundamental interest for their nonvolatility and great potential for low-power electronics applications. The implementation of those devices usually favors materials with long spin lifetime and spin diffusion length. Recent spin transport studies on semiconductor nanowires have shown much longer spin lifetimes and spin diffusion lengths than those reported in bulk/thin films. In this paper, we have reviewed recent progress in the electrical spin injection and transport in semiconductor nanowires and drawn a comparison with that in bulk/thin films. In particular, the challenges and methods of making high-quality ferromagnetic tunneling and Schottky contacts on semiconductor nanowires as well as thin films are discussed. Besides, commonly used methods for characterizing spin transport have been introduced, and their applicability in nanowire devices are discussed. Moreover, the effect of spin–orbit interaction strength and dimensionality on the spin relaxation and hence the spin lifetime are investigated. Finally, for further device applications, we have examined several proposals of spinFETs and provided a perspective of future studies on semiconductor spintronics.
Eating utensil foreign bodies of the esophagus

Large foreign bodies of the esophagus are uncommon. We report two unusual cases of eating utensil, esophageal, foreign bodies that occurred unintentionally following self-instrumentation of the oropharynx. The histories, radiographs, and clinical management of these cases are presented and discussed.
Robustness measure for an adeno-associated viral shell self-assembly is accurately predicted by configuration space atlasing using EASAL

Viral shell assembly occurs spontaneously in solution, caused by weak inter-atomic interactions between the identical coat-protein monomers that constitute the shell. A sound measure of robustness of the assembly process is therefore based on determining the weak interactions whose disruption significantly disrupts successful assembly. We used data isolated from the X-ray structure of a T=1, Adeno-Associated Virus as input to a new software suite of algorithms, EASAL, (Efficient Atlasing and Search of Assembly Landscapes, developed by 3 of the authors). Since assembly is entropically driven, we predicted and ranked the crucial interactions for assembly, purely by focusing on key changes in the geometry of the assembly configuration space when specific interactions are dropped. Using the same data for mutagenesis experiments towards assembly disruption, the 2 other authors experimentally verified these predictions successfully. This paper briefly describes the problem background for supramolecular assembly, the key features and novelty of EASAL, the geometric features of the configuration space chosen to measure robustness of assembly, the process by which the input data for EASAL is extracted from X-ray crystallography viral structure data, and a validation of EASAL's robustness predictions with mutagenesis results for the specific case of the AAV-2 virus. Extensive validation using other viruses is underway.
PHYSIOLOGY OF EGG EXTRUSION IN FEMALE XENOPUS FROG TEST FOR PREGNANCY11

IN 1930, HOGBEN (1) first showed that anterior pituitary lobe extracts could cause external deposition of ova in the hypophysectomised mature female Xenopus laevis (the South African clawed frog). Following this original observation Hog-ben, Charles and Slome (2), Shapiro and Zwarenstein (3, 4), and Bellerby (5, 6) cor-roborated Hogben's finding. Hence the use of the female Xenopus as an assay animal for gonadotropic substances came into use in South Africa. In 1934, Shapiro and Zwarenstein (7, 8) and Bellerby (9) working independently, simultaneously suggested the use of the Xenopus frog reaction as a test for gonado-tropic hormones in pregnancy urines. Many confirmatory papers on this simple test for pregnancy were soon forthcoming (10–22). This characteristic extrusion of eggs by the female Xenopus is rapidly becoming widely used as a quick test for the early diagnosis of pregnancy.
Relationship of mould count, ergosterol and ochratoxin A production

The relationship between viable mould count, ergosterol content and ochratoxin A (OA) formation was studied at different inoculum concentrations of Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL 3174 and Penicillium verrucosum NRRL 3260 grown on sterile long-grain enriched white rice as the substrate. Ergosterol was determined by extraction, saponification and quantification using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) with UV detection. Ergosterol and ochratoxin A were detected after 3 days of incubation and reached their maximum at 7-10 days of incubation. After that, a decline in the concentrations in both ergosterol and ochratoxin was observed. Ergosterol measurement by HPTLC appeared to be a useful method to detect fungal activity, which corresponded to ochratoxin production. Thus, the ergosterol assay may have a use as an early indicator of potential mycotoxin production.
SnipViz: a compact and lightweight web site widget for display and dissemination of multiple versions of gene and protein sequences

Background: As high throughput sequencing continues to grow more commonplace, the need to disseminate the resulting data via web applications continues to grow. Particularly, there is a need to disseminate multiple versions of related gene and protein sequences simultaneously—whether they represent alleles present in a single species, variations of the same gene among different strains, or homologs among separate species. Often this is accomplished by displaying all versions of the sequence at once in a manner that is not intuitive or space-efficient and does not facilitate human understanding of the data. Web-based applications needing to disseminate multiple versions of sequences would benefit from a drop-in module designed to effectively disseminate these data. Findings: SnipViz is a client-side software tool designed to disseminate multiple versions of related gene and protein sequences on web sites. SnipViz has a space-efficient, interactive, and dynamic interface for navigating, analyzing and visualizing sequence data. It is written using standard World Wide Web technologies (HTML, Javascript, and CSS) and is compatible with most web browsers. SnipViz is designed as a modular client-side web component and may be incorporated into virtually any web site and be implemented without any programming. Conclusions: SnipViz is a drop-in client-side module for web sites designed to efficiently visualize and disseminate gene and protein sequences. SnipViz is open source and is freely available at https://github.com/yeastrc/snipviz.
MR perfusion-weighted imaging may help in differentiating between nonenhancing gliomas and nonneoplastic lesions in the cervicomedullary junction.

Purpose: To evaluate the ability of dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion imaging (DSC-PWI) in distinguishing between nonenhancing gliomas and nonenhancing, nonneoplastic lesions in the cervicomedullary junction region. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study involved eight patients with nonenhancing gliomas in the medulla oblongata and eight patients with nonenhancing nonneoplastic lesions. The relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) ratios, peak heights, and percentage of signal intensity recovery derived from time-signal intensity curves of these nonenhancing lesions were compared. Results: The mean peak height of nonenhancing gliomas was significantly higher than the value of their reference regions of interest (ROIs). In contrast, mean peak height of nonneoplastic lesions was significantly lower than their reference ROIs. The mean peak height and mean maximal rCBV ratio of nonenhancing gliomas were significantly higher than those of nonenhancing, nonneoplastic lesions (P<0.05). There was no significant difference with regard to percentage of signal intensity recovery between the two groups. Conclusion: DSC-PWI could be a useful adjuvant tool to differentiate between nonenhancing gliomas and nonenhancing, nonneoplastic lesions in the cervicomedullary junction region. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Serum immunoglobulin G in the magnesium-depleted rat.

SummaryMagnesium-depleted rats had decreased levels of serum or plasma IgG. Twenty-four hours after repletion with magnesium and feeding of control diet, serum IgG levels were increased above control values and continued to rise markedly during the following 14 days.
The retirement wealth of the baby boom generation

Abstract The paper compares the well-being of the baby boom generation (ages 40–55) in 2001 with the same age group in 1983. I find little evidence that their relative position deteriorated over the period. By some indicators, this generation has seen an improvement. In terms of income, the 40–55 age group was at about the same relative position in 2001 as in 1983. In terms of conventional wealth, there was some slippage over the period. In terms of mean augmented wealth (net worth plus pension and Social Security wealth), their relative position improved somewhat but in terms of median augmented wealth there was again some slippage.
A Weighted $H(div)$ Least-Squares Method for Second-Order Elliptic Problems

This paper presents analysis of a weighted-norm least squares finite element method for elliptic problems with boundary singularities. We use $H(div)$ conforming Raviart-Thomas elements and continuous piecewise polynomial elements. With only a rough estimate of the power of the singularity, we employ a simple, locally weighted $L^2$ norm to eliminate the pollution effect and recover better rates of convergence. Theoretical results are carried out in weighted Sobolev spaces and include ellipticity bounds of the homogeneous least-squares functional, new weighted Raviart-Thomas interpolation results, and error estimates in both weighted and nonweighted norms. Numerical tests are given to confirm the theoretical estimates and to illustrate the practicality of the method
Effects of a 12-week racquetball program on maximal oxygen consumption, body composition and blood lipoproteins

The impact of a nonsteady state, nonrhythmical exercise training program, such as racquetball, on health and fitness variables has not been adequately defined. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a 12‐week racquetball training program on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). percentage body fat, and blood lipids and lipoproteins. Eight college‐aged male volunteers participated in a 12‐week, three sessions per week, minimum of 30 minutes per session racquetball training program (EG). Eight inactive college‐aged males served as a control group (CG). VO2max, percentage body fat determined from underwater weighing, and blood lipids and lipoproteins were measured before and after the 12‐week program. Heart rate (HR) was monitored in the EG on three separate days while subjects participated in racquetball play. HR was maintained at or above 75% of the subjects’ maximum HR after the third minute of play. No differences were found between the EG and CG at the conclusion of the 12‐week training p...
Immunologic features of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome).

Abstract Objectives: To characterize immunologic function and clinical characteristics in patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and determine whether there was significant change over time. Methods: This study characterized the laboratory and clinical features of the immunodeficiency in a cohort of 195 patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and used cross-sectional and analysis of variance to compare the findings in different age groups with control patients. Changes over time were also characterized by a model effect method in a subset of patients who were studied serially. Results: Diminished T cell counts in the peripheral blood are common in patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. The pattern of changes seen with aging in normal control patients was also seen in patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, although the decline in T cells was blunted. Autoimmune disease was seen in most age groups, although the types of disorders varied according to age. Infections were also common in older patients, though they were seldom life threatening. Conclusions: Slow declines in T cell populations are seen in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Clinical manifestations of immunodeficiency, such as recurrent infection and autoimmune disease, were common in this population but had little relationship to specific immunologic laboratory features. (J Pediatr 2001;139:715–23)
Perfectionism in People who Stutter : Preliminary Findings Using a Modified Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Approach

Perfectionistic people set unrealistic goals and, when they fail to reach them, experience self-criticism and blame. Preliminary research revealed that perfectionism appears to be a characteristic of people who stutter (PWS) (Amster, 1995). The purpose of the present study was to explore perfectionism in PWS and to determine if a modified cognitive behavioral therapy approach alone and combined with Stuttering Modification could help reduce perfectionistic tendencies and stuttering behaviors. Degree of perfectionism and scores of stuttering severity were measured with eight adult PWS and compared at pre-treatment, mid-treatment, after 6-weeks of treatment, and at 15 weeks follow-up, after treatment was withdrawn. Initial open-trial testing showed promising results as perfectionism and stuttering severity were reduced and communication attitudes improved. CBT significantly reduced perfectionism by mid-point. Stuttering decreased significantly throughout all phases of the study. Possible implications are discussed.
Theories of antibody diversity: the great debate.

This is in essence the oldest of biological problems—the classic struggle between the Lamarckians and the Darwinians on the nature of adaptation in evolution. It is a theme that has been played on in an infinity of variations over the last 100 years, and I can only hope that in the present treatment there are scattered elements of novelty, either in regard to example or approach, which will make up for the inevitable inclusion of much that is trite and familiar.
Computational creativity for culinary recipes

Computational creativity is an emerging branch of artificial intelligence that places computers in the center of the creative process. This demonstration shows a computational system that creates flavorful, novel, and perhaps healthy culinary recipes by drawing on big data techniques. It brings analytics algorithms together with disparate data sources from culinary science, chemistry, and hedonic psychophysics. In its most powerful manifestation, the system operates through a mixed-initiative approach to human-computer interaction via turns between human and computer. In particular, the sequential creation process is modeled after stages in human cognitive processes of creativity. The end result is an ingredient list, ingredient proportions, as well as a directed acyclic graph representing a partial ordering of culinary recipe steps.
Some possible phase transitions in dilute colloidal solutions

The relation between the molecular interaction of colloidal particles in solution and the formation of an anisotropic phase is examined in two special cases. It is shown that for an asymmetrical potential a continuous transition from the unordered to the nematic state is possible, while for a symmetrical interaction potential the most stable transition is discontinuous.
A new modelling approach for zooplankton behaviour

Abstract We have developed a new simulation technique to model zooplankton behaviour. The approach utilizes neither the conventional artificial intelligence nor neural network methods. We have designed an adaptive behaviour network, which is similar to Beer [(1990) Intelligence as an adaptive behaviour: an experiment in computational neuroethology, Academic Press], based on observational studies of zooplankton behaviour. The proposed method is compared with non- “intelligent” models—random walk and correlated walk models—as well as observed behaviour in a laboratory tank. Although the network is simple, the model exhibits rich behavioural patterns similar to live copepods.
Blue light Exposure And Long-Term Deficits In Visual Function

During the last 6 months of 1976, the fovea of two trained rhesus monkeys were exposed to a 10 nm bandwidth source, centered at 441 nm, at energy levels representing up to three times that required in the paramacula to cause minimal, ophthalmoscopically visible lesions to appear 48 hours postexposure (30 J/cm2 to 90 J/cm2, 1000 sec). After the acute period, a visual decrement lasting beyond 30 days postexposure occurred only for the 90 J/cm2, 1000 second fovea' exposure; the statistically significant criteria for recognition of the 20/20 (1.0 min of arc) Landolt ring target was not met, although the criteria for the 20/30 (1.5 min of arc) target was continuously met after 33 days of recovery. The animals are still regularly tested in the original protocol for visual acuity, and additionally have been examined for spectral sensitivity and changes in reaction time to the visual stimulus. During the last 6 months of 1979, only the eye originally exposed at the 90 J/cm2 level failed at any test session to meet the recognition criteria for 1.0 min targets, and all eyes met the criteria for 1.5 min targets at every session. This indicates no long-term changes in the visual acuity, ruling out physiologic repair mechanisms operating beyond the first 30 to 60 days postexposure, or long term degenerative changes accumulating after the initial recovery period. Additionally, the spectral sensitivity of the subject exposed to higher levels shows a mild red but no blue deficit for 20/50 (2.5 min) targets compared to the CIE photopic function. At 1.5 min however, the spectral sensitivity would seem to be better fit by a single photopigment curve, centered at 535 nm.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Detecting bends and fabric folds using stitched sensors

In this paper we describe a novel method for detecting bends and folds in fabric structures. Bending and folding can be used to detect human joint angles directly, or to detect possible errors in the signals of other joint-movement sensors due to fabric folding. Detection is achieved through measuring changes in the resistance of a complex stitch, formed by an industrial coverstitch machine using an un-insulated conductive yarn, on the surface of the fabric. We evaluate self-intersecting folds which cause short-circuits in the sensor, creating a quasi-binary resistance response, and non-contact bends, which deform the stitch structure and result in a more linear response. Folds and bends created by human movement were measured on the dorsal and lateral knee of both a robotic mannequin and a human. Preliminary results are promising. Both dorsal and lateral stitches showed repeatable characteristics during testing on a mechanical mannequin and a human.
Efficient constrained optimization: from the deterministic past to the stochastic future

In our deterministic past is a complete, efficient theory to solve very general constrained problems in the calculus of variations/optimal control theory, given by the first author. This is done in two major steps. The first step involves numerical methods for calculus of variation problems which are efficient to apply and have a guaranteed, maximal, pointwise, a priori error of O(h2), where h is the step size between node points. The second step is to properly reformulate/recast general constrained problems in the calculus of variations/optimal control theory as calculus of variations problems with the right boundary conditions. This theory includes inequality constraints and allows for the analytic solution of simpler problems and the numerical solution of more complex problems. For our stochastic future, we introduce a new stochastic theory of the calculus of variations/optimal control theory by using a restricted class of variations motivated by classical, deterministic methods. We consider boundary value problems for objective functionals, without averaging, and obtain necessary conditions in the form of stochastic differential systems with given boundary conditions. We emphasize that, as in the deterministic past, these stochastic systems come from critical point conditions, but unlike current stochastic methods, they yield random objective values. In general, these systems admit anticipating solutions but they can often also be reformulated as coupled forward–backward systems with non-anticipating solutions. Thus, when we, then, average the functionals as is done in the initial formulation of current stochastic control theory, our methods with anticipating solutions sometimes yield a smaller minimum for expected cost than classical stochastic methods while duplicating the classical results for the associated non-anticipatory problem. We conjecture that (at least) in the case of linear trajectories and quadratic cost, coupled forward–backward systems with non-anticipating solutions will always yield the classical stochastic averaged solution. Finally, we note that a major benefit of our variational approach is that we expect to duplicate the complete theory of solutions obtained by the first author for the deterministic case. In particular, we will obtain efficient methods for closed form solution for simpler problems and/or a new, efficient theory of numerical solutions, with a maximal, pointwise, a priori error estimate of O(h3/2), for more difficult stochastic optimization problems. This includes a theory of constraint optimization with general equality and inequality constraints. An additional benefit of our approach is that major problems in the deterministic calculus of variations/optimal control theory can be compared to their associated stochastic problems since each can be efficiently solved by our methods.
Growing perfect teeth

Announcer, Dr. Harry E. Kelsey.-We take pleasure in presenting Dr. L. M. Waugh, Professor and Director of the Orthodontic Clinic, School of Dental and Oral Surgery, Columbia University, who will talk to you upon the subject: “Growing Perfect Teeth.” Dr. Waugh has made many adventurous voyages to visit the Eskimos in northern Labrador and Arctic Alaska. He has made these cruises in small boats and has brought back valuable information about the relation of food to the general health of the Eskimos and, particularly, to the health of their teeth. He could tell us, if time permitted, many interesting stories of his experiences among these far-away people. Dr. Waugh.-If you were to stand a primitive Eskimo boy 10 years old before a group of our boys of the same age, they would think he was nothing but a little savage, and he would be afraid of them, for he would have come from so far up in the frozen north that he had seldom, if ever, seen a white man. He would never have seen an automobile, or a football, or a baseball, or a moving picture, or have heard a radio. He would never have had a piece of candy, a nice thick slice of bread well covered with jam, or pancakes and syrup. And yet, that little Eskimo would have some things that our boys and girls wish they didn’t have. In the first place, he would have the most excellent teeth that you have ever seen, regular, strong, and without a single cavity. He would never have known about toothache, and though he came from a country where it is sometimes 70 degrees below zero, he would be self-reliant and laughingly happy back home. And when that boy grew to be a man, he wouldn’t have any decayed teeth or suffer toothache. He would never have heard of a dentist and would really not need one. Announcer.-Are you telling us, Dr. Waugh, that these people, who live lives of great hardship and are entirely without the things that make us comfortable and give us pleasure, have practically perfect teeth and no need for dentists? Dr. Wuugh.-I am telling you that and a great deal more. These people have practically none of the diseases from which we suffer. Physicians are unknown there, and I was the first dentist that the Eskimos of northern Labrador and Arctic Alaska had ever seen. Announoer.You began by saying that these people have perfect teeth, and, I suppose, healthy gums. You went on to say that they are free from the diseases that kill us before we grow old. Is there any relation between their excellent teeth and their excellent health? Dr. Waugh.-Yes, indeed, there is such an intimate and important relationship that if we all understood it fully, not one of us would allow our teeth to become unclean and decay. Decay of the teeth is a disease which may, eventudly, affect the whole body, but is seen and felt more plainly in the teeth than
Perceptual variables in the transpostion behavior of children

Abstract Two experiments on transposition behavior in first-grade children are reported. In the first, perceptual pretraining with either 3 stimulus values appearing on the dimension in pretraining or with continuous variation of the dimension was found to significantly facilitate transposition. But identical perceptual pretraining with only 2 stimulus values on the dimension had no effect on transposition, regardless of whether these values were relatively close or distant on the continuum. The second experiment compared 3 modes of stimulus presentation during the transposition test phase: (1) Simultaneous presentation of training and test pairs; (2) alternating presentation of training and test pairs; (3) presentation of the test pair only, as in the customary transposition test procedure. Transposition was maximal in (1), minimal in (3), and intermediate in (2).
Conceptualizing and Exemplifying Science Teachers' Assessment Expertise

Although research in science education has led to new assessment forms and functions, the reality is that little work has been done to unpack and capture what it means for a teacher to develop expertise at assessing science. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, I suggest a conceptualization of assessment expertise that is organized around three dimensions: (a) designing aligned and theoretically cohesive assessment (Design), (b) using assessment to support students' science learning (Use), and (c) equitably assessing language minorities (Equity). The second purpose is to suggest and exemplify various levels of teaching expertise across the three conceptual dimensions using written assessment plans gathered from a study on secondary science pre-service teachers' assessment growth. The contribution of this paper lies in its further conceptual development of assessment expertise, instantiated in a rubric, which can spark discussion about how to capture the range of assessment practices that might be...
Fast batched data transfer with flush channels: A performance analysis

A flush channel offers the implementor of a distributed application the flexibility of specifying a message delivery order apropos of the demands of the application. This stands in marked contrast to the rigid FIFO (first-in-first-out) delivery order of communication with a FIFO channel. The more restrictive the delivery order, the less concurrency possible to exploit in message transmissions over a multi-path system. This paper investigates the possible gain in effective network bandwidth when a large amount of information, such as the transmission of image data, is transmitted over a multi-path flush channel as compared to a multi-path FIFO channel. Analytical and simulation results illustrate that the relaxed delivery order restrictions of the flush channel may reduce the mean message response time by a factor of the number of message fragments. This difference may be critical in meeting real-time requirements of an application.
Childhood and adolescent antecedents of social skills and leadership potential in adulthood: Temperamental approach/withdrawal and extraversion☆

Abstract This is the first study examining the developmental roots of leadership potential in a longitudinal framework from age 2 to 29 years. Data are derived from the Fullerton Longitudinal Study. Using structural equation modeling (N = 106), the direct and indirect effects of adolescent personality (extraversion) and intelligence (IQ) on adult social skills and leadership potential were investigated. In addition, we examined their joint effect on leadership potential using both a variable and a pattern approach. The relation between adolescent extraversion and adult leadership potential was completely mediated by adult social skills. Adolescent IQ had neither a direct nor an indirect relationship with adult leadership potential, nor did it interact with extraversion in predicting adult leadership potential. Utilizing longitudinal data from early childhood through adulthood, we delineated a specific developmental pathway to adult leadership potential spanning the first three decades of life. A pathway beginning in early childhood with temperamental approach/withdrawal shows stability throughout childhood and leads to extraversion in adolescence, which in turn relates to leadership potential in adulthood via adult social skills.
Nesiritide Acutely Increases Pulmonary and Systemic Levels of Nitric Oxide in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension

Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by decreased pulmonary vascular expression of nitric oxide (NOx), a vasodilator that increases levels of smooth muscle cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). This study investigated mechanisms by which the vasodilator B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) affects the systemic and pulmonary vasculature in PH patients. Methods and Results Twenty PH patients with mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure >25 mm Hg were enrolled. Ten had precapillary (pulmonary capillary wedge pressure [PCWP] ≤15 mm Hg) and 10 had postcapillary (PCWP >15 mm Hg) PH. Right heart catheterization was performed before and 30 minutes after intravenous nesiritide infusion. NOx and cGMP levels from the PA and systemic (AO) arteries were obtained before and after nesiritide infusion. The postcapillary PH patients demonstrated significantly reduced pulmonary vascular resistance after nesiritide; there was no change in the precapillary PH cohort. NOx levels increased significantly in both AO (P < .0001) and PA (P = .0093), as did cGMP levels (P < .0001). There was a higher increase in NOx levels from the pulmonary arteries in precapillary PH patients compared to postcapillary PH patients (P = .020). Conclusion In PH patients, nesiritide infusion significantly increases NOx levels, suggesting a novel mechanism for its vasodilatory effects. These responses may differ between pre- and postcapillary PH patients.
Blowoff dynamics of V-shaped bluff body stabilized, turbulent premixed flames in a practical scale rig

Near blowoff dynamics and blowoff characteristics of premixed flames stabilized by a triangular flame holder in the midspan of a rectangular duct were studied using high speed imaging at 500 fps and simultaneous PIV and OH PLIF. Near blowoff dynamics manifested by the onset of asymmetric vortex shedding and local extinction in the form of flame holes were observed. Observations are presented describing the final blowoff event and its precursor: asymmetric sinuous modes of flame motion. It has been hypothesized that partial or total extinction of flame in the shear layers is the major factor that determines the evolution of the asymmetric mode and the final blowoff event. This phenomenon is further evidenced by an observation of the presence of flame kernels within the recirculation zone which under stable conditions contain only combution products. Whether a flame can survive an almost total extinction is governed by the ability of a reacting wake during these times to reignite the extinguished shear layers. I. Introduction Ground-based and aero gas turbine engine applications routinely incorporate bluff body-stabilized flame holders for primary or secondary combustion in high speed flows. The bluff body is placed in the mid flow of a high-speed duct and produces a recirculating wake structure that allows combustion to stabilize and then propagate into the free stream. In stable conditions, the recirculating wake structure steadily entrains hot combustion products from the adjacent shear layers and carries them upstream to ignite cool reactants as they are mixed in the wake shear layers [1]. The difficulty in design and implementation of bluff-body combustors is a result of the small range of fuel/oxidizer mixing conditions that yield stable combustion for given airflow. Temporal or spatial changes in airflow or fuel flow frequently produce changes in the flame structure that can cause extinction or combustion instabilities. Therefore, for a particular design, the stability of these flames needs to be carefully characterized over the intended operating envelope to optimize the coordination of the subsystems that control air and fuel flow with the purposes of maximizing combustion efficiency, minimizing the need for relights during times of critical operation, and minimizing thermo-acoustic instabilities. In order to predict blow off early in the design stage of any combustor, the fundamental phenomena of blow off needs to be captured conceptually and analytically and used to optimize the hardware design. Investigations have been conducted for close to sixty years with the objectives of understanding the underlying
Patient satisfaction after uneventful cataract surgery with implantation of a silicone or acrylic foldable intraocular lens. Comparative study.

Abstract Purpose: To compare patient satisfaction with vision 12 months after implantation of a silicone or acrylic foldable intraocular lens (IOL). Setting: John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Methods: Selection criteria included patients who had uneventful cataract extraction by phacoemulsification with a temporal clear corneal incision or superior scleral tunnel incision, a curvilinear capsulorhexis, and in-the-bag IOL placement. One hundred sixty-two patients surveyed had a mean follow-up of approximately 15 months (range 12 to 18 months). Patients were divided into 3 groups of 54 each based on IOL type: AMO SI-30/40, Alcon MA30BA, and Alcon MA60BA. All patients were surveyed over the telephone using a standardized questionnaire protocol. They were questioned about their perception of vision with best optical correction in relation to visual blurring symptoms, glare symptoms, night vision, near vision, and overall vision. Results: There were no significant differences in patient satisfaction among the 3 IOL groups in visual blurring or night vision. Patients in the SI-30/40 and MA60BA groups reported significantly higher satisfaction with glare symptoms, near vision, and overall satisfaction than patients in the MA30BA group. Conclusion: The SI-30/SI-40 and the MA60BA IOLs received significantly higher patient satisfaction scores than the MA30BA IOL in glare symptoms, near vision, and overall satisfaction.
The Development of Adaptive Expertise in Biotransport.

This chapter describes a model for continuous development of adaptive expertise, including growth along the dimensions of innovation and knowledge, examined in the context of a biotransport course in biomedical engineering. Students improved on both knowledge and innovation, moving along a continuum toward adaptive expertise.
Divergent postnatal development of the carotid body in DBA/2J and A/J strains of mice

We have previously shown that the adult DBA/2J and A/J strains of mice differ in carotid body volume and morphology. The question has arisen whether these differences develop during the prenatal or postnatal period. Investigating morphological development of the carotid body and contributing genes in these mice can provide further understanding of the appropriate formation of the carotid body. We examined the carotid body of these mice from 1 day to 4 wk old for differences in volume, morphology, and gene expression of Gdnf family, Dlx2, Msx2, and Phox2b. The two strains showed divergent morphology starting at 1 wk old. The volume of the carotid body increased from 1 wk up to 2 wk old to the level of 4 wk old in the DBA/2J mice but not in the A/J mice. This corresponds with immunoreactivity of LC3, an autophagy marker, in A/J tissues at 10 days and 2 wk. The differences in gene expression were examined at 1 wk, 10 days, and 2 wk old, because divergent growth occurred during this period. The DBA/2J's carotid body at 1 wk old showed a greater expression of Msx2 than the A/J's carotid body. No other candidate genes showed consistent differences between the ages and strains. The difference was not seen in sympathetic cervical ganglia of 1 wk old, suggesting that the difference is carotid body specific. The current study indicates the critical postnatal period for developing distinctive morphology of the carotid body in these mice. Further studies are required to further elucidate a role of Msx2 and other uninvestigated genes.
Bacteria Also Vote

A report by More et al . ([p. 1655][1]) describes the biosynthesis of an autoinducer from Agrobacterium tumefaciens , a molecule that signals bacterial density of a culture (a quorum sensor). The Perspective by Kaiser reviews what is known about autoinducers from a number of microorganisms and speculates about their identity as predecessors of hormone-hormone receptor systems of eukaryotes. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.272.5268.1655
A relation between the auscultatory gap and the pulse upstroke

Abstract Auscultatory gaps noted in patients with systolic hypertension and in patients with aortic stenosis were studied by recording the arterial sounds during measurement of blood pressure, with electrocardiograms being recorded simultaneously as reference tracings. These records provided an indirect means for plotting a synthetic pulse wave contour. The results indicate that an auscultatory gap may occur when a shoulder on the upstroke of the pulse wave is associated with a reduced flow of blood to the extremity.
Vallecular cysts: a differential diagnosis to consider for neonatal stridor and failure to thrive

Vallecular cysts are an important differential diagnosis in neonates and infants who present with stridor, respiratory distress and failure to thrive.
Parents' responses to their child's diagnosis of neurofibromatosis 1.

Eighteen unaffected families with an affected child were interviewed in their homes to chronicle the experiences of parents in receiving their child's diagnosis of neurofibromatosis (NF) 1. Families were recruited through NF support groups and the Genetics Departments of two metropolitan hospitals in Northern California. Characteristics of disclosures were often at variance with suggestions made in recent years for the giving of "bad news." Disclosures typically were made "helter-skelter" during regular examinations. Parents in 16 of the families described shock, upset, and subsequent depression as their responses to the diagnosis. The overriding issues, which dominated in the disclosure, were the uncertainty of the condition, the possibility of many diverse symptoms, and its historic misdiagnosis as "The Elephant Man's Disease." However, physicians' attention to the setting and style of disclosure, imparting appropriate and positive information, allowance of additional time for careful explanation, and rescheduling a follow-up appointment, may be able to more effectively assist parents in receiving and more positively adapting to their child's diagnosis.
Ac voltammetry studies of electron transfer kinetics for a redox couple attached via short alkanethiols to a gold electrode

Abstract Ac voltammetry (ACV) is used to determine the chain length dependence of electron transfer kinetics between gold bead electrodes and ruthenium redox centers attached to the electrode surface via short alkanethiols. The pentaamminepyridine ruthenium redox centers are attached to pre-assembled monolayers of mercaptoalkanecarboxylic acids (HS(CH 2 ) m COOH, m =5, 7, 10). Equations for faradaic admittance of strongly adsorbed, non-interacting electroactive species are fitted to the experimental faradaic admittance data. Kinetic heterogeneity is suggested to be a probable reason for the apparent increase in the standard rate constant ( k s ) and decrease in the total coverage of redox centers ( θ total ) as the perturbation frequency increases. Because of the frequency dependence of k s and because of limitations in the correction for uncompensated resistance, faradaic admittance at a fixed phase angle of 70° is chosen to compare k s for different chain lengths. The plot of ln( k s ) versus m (the number of methylene units) is linear with a slope of −1.2±0.1 per CH 2 .
Plasminogen structural domains exhibit different functions when associated with cell surface GRP78 or the voltage-dependent anion channel.

Both the voltage-dependent anion channel and the glucose-regulated protein 78 have been identified as plasminogen kringle 5 receptors on endothelial cells. In this study, we demonstrate that kringle 5 binds to a region localized in the N-terminal domain of the glucose-regulated protein 78, whereas microplasminogen does so through the C-terminal domain of the glucose-regulated protein 78. Both plasminogen fragments induce Ca2+ signaling cascades; however, kringle 5 acts through voltage-dependent anion channel and microplasminogen does so via the glucose-regulated protein 78. Because trafficking of voltage-dependent anion channel to the cell surface is associated with heat shock proteins, we investigated a possible association between voltage-dependent anion channel and glucose-regulated protein 78 on the surface of 1-LN human prostate tumor cells. We demonstrate that these proteins co-localize, and changes in the expression of the glucoseregulated protein 78 affect the expression of voltage-dependent anion channel. To differentiate the functions of these receptor proteins, either when acting singly or as a complex, we employed human hexokinase I as a specific ligand for voltage-dependent anion channel, in addition to kringle 5. We show that kringle 5 inhibits 1-LN cell proliferation and promotes caspase-7 activity by a mechanism that requires binding to cell surface voltage-dependent anion channel and is inhibited by human hexokinase I.
Minimum amount of inflation to solve the flatness and horizon problems.

In this note we show that for natural initial conditions at the Planck time the horizon problem requires only twice as much inflation for its solution as does the flatness problem. We further argue that with these initial conditions the Universe is open rather than closed, and was dominated by gravitational curvature at the onset of inflation.