cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HYDROXYZINE IN THE TREATMENT OF INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS

Hydroxyzine is a piperazine, tricyclic, H1-receptor antagonist with unique properties, especially the inhibition of mast cell and neuronal secretion. Preliminary results indicate is has an unusual ability to reduce interstitial cystitis symptoms. The long history, lack of major side effects, wide availability, low cost, and apparent effectiveness of hydroxyzine compel presentation of these preliminary results.
On the Intergalactic Origin of the z ∼ 0 Absorber Detected by Chandra and Fuse

In this contribution I present evidence that the HV-O VI absorbers detected by FUSE along the majority of the lines of sight track a Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium filament in which our own Local Group is embedded. From combined Far-UV and X-ray data we conclude that this filament has a temperature of log T ⋍ 5.8, baryon volume and column densities of n b = 4–6 X 10-6 cm-3 and N b = 4.5 x 1019[O/H]0.3⊙ -1 cm-2 respectively, and so a linear size of 2–4[O/H]0.3⊙ -1 Mpc.
Effects of Proline Analogues on the Formation of Alkaline Phosphatase in Escherichia coli

Two of the four proline analogues tested for their effect on the formation and activity of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase were able to substitute for proline in protein synthesis in a proline auxotroph. One of these, 3,4-dehydroproline, effectively replaced proline and led to formation of an active enzyme under conditions where no proline was present in the polypeptides. Substitution of azetidine-2-carboxylate for proline prevented active enzyme formation, producing instead altered monomeric forms of the alkaline phosphatase. These were detected with antibodies specific to denatured forms of the enzyme, and they were also characterized, together with cellular proteins, by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Alkaline phosphatase, as well as several other proteins, is localized exterior to the bacterial cell cytoplasm in the periplasmic space. In the presence of azetidine-2-carboxylate, a substantial number of these periplasmic proteins retain their specific site of localization, and the denatured subunits of alkaline phosphatase were only detected in the periplasmic fraction of the cell. Thus, secretion of these proteins does not appear to require a high degree of specificity in the native structure of the polypeptide chain. The analogues 4-allohydroxyproline and 4-thiazolidine carboxylate were unable to substitute for proline in protein synthesis but they inhibited growth of E. coli.
Chromatographically Fractionated Complementary Strands of Bacillus subtilis Deoxyribonucleic Acid: Biological Properties

Biological, physical, and chromatographic properties of methylated albuminkieselguhr (MAK)-fractionated complementary strands, designated as light (L) and heavy (H), of Bacillus subtilis deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are presented. The pattern of transforming activity along the MAK elution profile of alkilidenatured DNA shows that the residually active molecules selectively fractionated ahead of the L strand fraction, whereas the most active self-annealed molecules fractionated preferentially at the trailing end of the H strand fraction. The restoration rate of transforming activity in the late-eluting H molecules was rapid and independent of concentration during the annealing reaction. The data suggest that the self-annealing activity in the H strand is due in part to the formation of intrastrand secondary structures. Hydroxyapatite chromatography of self-annealed L and H strands yielded a major fraction (I) of highly purified strand preparations devoid of transforming activity and hypochromicity, and a minor “nativelike” fraction (II). Sedimentation velocity measurements show that, in addition to the mutual complementary nature of the L and H fractions, they differ in molecular size and possibly configuration.
Simulation study of low-frequency outdoor noise reduction using undulating landscaping

Low-frequency outdoor noise is very common in urban environments and can propagate over long distances. Residents living in the vicinity of a military base and other noisy areas often are annoyed by this noise. Most of the theoretical and experimental work that have been done to study and reduce this type of noise involved barriers and sound proofing the residential houses. In this paper, we consider a different anti-propagation approach to suppress outdoor noise. We use finite element simulations to investigate low frequency outdoor noise reduction using corrugated surface or a sinusoidally shaped berm. Additionally, the effect of the corrugation length, amplitude and phase shift on the transmission loss are studied.
Post-challenge hyperglycemia in older adults is associated with increased cardiovascular risk profile

Context: Post-challenge hyperglycemia (PCH) is common in older adults and is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and total mortality. However, PCH is rarely recognized in clinical settings, and the glycemic exposure and CVD risk profile of elderly individuals with PCH has not been defined. Objective: The aim of the study was to characterize metabolic and CVD risk profile of elderly subjects with PCH and to determine the effect of acute postprandial metabolic changes on vascular biomarkers. Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study with a standard meal challenge protocol. Participants: Older adults with normal glucose tolerance (n = 30) or PCH (fasting glucose <126 mg/dl and 2-h glucose ≥170 mg/dl; n = 28) participated in the study. Main Outcome Measures: We assessed fasting and postprandial levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and adiponectin and endothelial function using reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry. Results: Normal glucose tolerance and PCH subjects were matched for age, sex, body mass index, and ethnicity. Fasting glucose (102 ± 3 vs. 93 ± 2 mg/dl; P < 0.001) and glycosylated hemoglobin (5.7 vs. 5.4%; P = 0.01) were modestly higher in the PCH group, which was also more insulin resistant (homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, 7.0 ± 1.3 vs. 4.1 ± 0.6; P = 0.03). Fasting high sensitivity C-reactive protein was higher (2.6 ± 0.5 vs. 1.3 ± 0.2 mg/dl; P = 0.05), and adiponectin was lower (11.6 ± 1.6 vs. 14.0 ± 1.3 μg/ml; P = 0.03) in subjects with PCH. Peak and 6-h postprandial area under the curve glucose, insulin, and lipids were higher in PCH subjects, who also had higher fasting and postprandial levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry declined postprandially only in PCH. Conclusions: Older adults with PCH experience significant fasting and postprandial metabolic dysregulation, which is accompanied by a proatherosclerotic and prothrombotic vascular profile.
The delayed-neutron fraction in a pulsed spallation neutron source

The fraction of delayed neutrons β (with T12 ⪆ 0.25 s) in slow-neutron beams from a 238U pulsed spallation neutron source is 0.0053 for 300 MeV protons. This appears to be the first measurement of this quantity. The result indicates that, for most classes of measurements, the delayed-neutron background in time-of-flight instruments will be unimportant, and places constraints on the physics description of spallation targets. The measurement was performed at the prototype pulsed spallation neutron source, ZINP-P′, at Argonne National Laboratory.
Utilization of bend–twist coupling for performance enhancement of composite marine propellers

Abstract Self-twisting composite marine propellers, when subject to hydrodynamic loading, will not only automatically bend but also twist due to passive bend–twist (BT) coupling characteristics of anisotropic composites. To exploit the BT coupling effects of self-twisting propellers, a two-level (material and geometry) design methodology is proposed, formulated, and implemented. The material design is formulated as a constrained, discrete, binary optimization problem, which is tackled using an enhanced genetic algorithm equipped with numerical and analytical tools as function evaluators. The geometry design is formulated as an inverse problem to determine the unloaded geometry, which is solved using an over-relaxed, nonlinear, iterative procedure. A sample design is provided to illustrate the design methodology, and the predicted performance is compared to that of a rigid propeller. The results show that the self-twisting propeller produced the same performance as the rigid propeller at the design flow condition, and it produced better performance than the rigid propeller at off-design flow conditions, including behind a spatially varying wake.
Specific subtypes of nicotinic cholinergic receptors involved in sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiovascular responses.

Various subtypes of nicotinic cholinergic receptors are expressed in autonomic ganglia. The distinct functional roles of these receptors in autonomic ganglionic transmission to different target organs remain to be elucidated. In this study, we tested the sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiovascular responses to nicotinic agonist and antagonists in urethane-anesthetized mice. Intravenous injection with a nicotinic agonist, 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide, induced a brief but pronounced decrease in heart rate, followed by significant increases in heart rate and arterial blood pressure. The bradycardic response was blocked by atropine whereas the pressor response was blocked by prazosine, confirming those responses were parasympathetic and sympathetic activities, respectively. The sympathetic response was blocked by methyllycaconitine citrate, a selective α7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor (nAchR) antagonist. The parasympathetic response was blocked by a selective α4β2 nAchR antagonist, dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide. Moreover, injection with a selective α4β2 nAchR agonist, RJR2403 oxalate, induced a pronounced parasympathetic response with a smaller sympathetic response. Collectively, these data show that activations of α4β2 nAchRs elicits a parasympathetic cardiovascular response and activation of α7 nAchRs elicits a sympathetic cardiovascular response. These data suggest that specific subtypes of nicotinic receptors at the level of the ganglia may play distinct roles in mediating sympathetic or parasympathetic activation.
UV resonance Raman and DFT studies of arginine side chains in peptides: insights into arginine hydration.

We examined the UV resonance Raman (UVRR) spectra of four models of the Arg side chain, guanidinium (Gdn), ethylguanidinium (EG), arginine (Arg), and Ac-Arg-OMe (AAO) in H2O and D2O, in order to identify spectral markers that report on the environment of the Arg side chain. To elucidate the resonance Raman enhancement mechanism of the Arg side chain, we used density functional theory (DFT) to calculate the equilibrium geometries of the electronic ground state and the first excited state. We determined the vibrational mode frequencies of the ground state and the first derivative of the first electronic excited state potential energy with respect to each vibrational normal mode of the electronic ground state at the electronic ground state equilibrium geometry. The DFT calculations and the potential energy distributions reveal that, in addition to the Gdn group C–N stretching vibrations, the C–N bond stretching vibration of the Gdn group-methylene linkage is also strongly resonance-enhanced in EG, Arg, and A...
Structure of the Escherichia coli DNA Polymerase III ϵ-HOT Proofreading Complex

The ϵ subunit of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III possesses 3′-exonucleolytic proofreading activity. Within the Pol III core, ϵ is tightly bound between the α subunit (DNA polymerase) and θ subunit. Here, we present the crystal structure of ϵ in complex with HOT, the bacteriophage P1-encoded homolog of θ, at 2.1 A resolution. The ϵ-HOT interface is defined by two areas of contact: an interaction of the previously unstructured N terminus of HOT with an edge of the ϵ central β-sheet as well as interactions between HOT and the catalytically important helix α1-loop-helix α2 motif of ϵ. This structure provides insight into how HOT and, by implication, θ may stabilize the ϵ subunit, thus promoting efficient proofreading during chromosomal replication.
A correlation for yield stress fluid flow through packed beds

Relatively few correlations are available for non-Newtonian fluid flows through packed beds, even though such fluids are frequently used in industry. In this paper, a correlation is presented for yield stress fluid flow through packed beds. The correlation is developed by introducing the yield stress model in place of the Newtonian model used in deriving Ergun’s equation. The resulting model has three parameters that are functions of the geometry and roughness of the particle surfaces. Two of the parameters can be deduced in the limit as the yield stress becomes negligible and the model reduces to Ergun’s equation for Newtonian fluids. The third model parameter is determined from experimental data. The correlation relates a defined friction factor to the dimensionless Reynolds and Hedstrom numbers and can be used to predict pressure drop for flow of a yield stress fluid through a packed bed of spherical particles. Conditions for flow or no-flow are also determined in the correlation. Comparison of model calculations, between a Newtonian and a yield stress fluid for flow penetration into a packed bed of spheres, shows the yield stress fluid initially performs similar to the Newtonian fluid, at large Reynolds numbers. At lower Reynolds numbers the yield stress effect becomes important and the flow rate significantly decreases when compared to the Newtonian fluid.
Strategic poverty: How social and cultural capital shapes low-income life:

We investigate how material poverty functions as a cultural space, specifically addressing when it becomes a strategy, that is, when an individual with cultural and social capital adopts a life of ...
CMOS active filter design at very high frequencies

A study of the limitations of active CMOS filters at high frequencies suggests automatic means to compensate imperfections in the filter response introduced by active devices. The effects of nonzero FET output conductance, limited frequency response and noise on the filter characteristics, and dynamic range are analyzed, particularly for filters with high Q components. These are used to demonstrate a 3- mu m CMOS realization of a fourth-order bandpass filter with a 250-kHz passband centered at 12.5 MHz. The filter demonstrates that the maximum frequency of filter operation is not as seriously limited by device f/sub T/ as was previously thought, but that automatic means may be used to tune out the imperfections introduced in the filter elements by the limited voltage gain and frequency response of transistors. >
A spatial filtering specification for the auto-Poisson model

The auto-Poisson model describes georeferenced data consisting of counts exhibiting spatial dependence. Its conventional specification is plagued by being restricted to only situations involving negative spatial autocorrelation, and an intractable normalizing constant. Work summarized here accounts for spatial autocorrelation in the mean response specification by incorporating latent map pattern components. Results are reported for seven empirical datasets available in the literature.
Identification of cytochrome P450a (P450IIA1) as the principal testosterone 7α-hydroxylase in rat liver microsomes and its regulation by thyroid hormones

In the preceding paper, evidence was presented that rat liver microsomes contain two structurally related isozymes of cytochrome P450, namely cytochromes P450a and P450m, that can both catalyze the 7 alpha-hydroxylation of testosterone. The aim of the present study was to determine the extent to which these two P450 isozymes are responsible for the 7 alpha-hydroxylation of testosterone catalyzed by rat liver microsomes. Four monoclonal antibodies against cytochrome P450a, designated A2, A4, A5, and A7, were prepared in BALB/c mice. Monoclonal antibodies A2 (an IgM), A4 (an IgG2b), and A5 (an IgG1) were determined to be distinct immunoglobulins, whereas A7 could not be distinguished from A5. All of the antibodies were highly specific for cytochrome P450a; none cross-reacted with cytochrome P450m or with 10 other P450 isozymes purified from rat liver microsomes. Competition experiments between unlabeled and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibodies revealed that each of the monoclonal antibodies recognized the same epitope on cytochrome P450a. None of the monoclonal antibodies bound to denatured cytochrome P450a, suggesting that they each bound to a spatial epitope. A monospecific, polyclonal antibody against cytochrome P450a was also prepared, as described in the preceding paper. The levels of cytochrome P450a in liver microsomes were determined by single radial immunodiffusion, Western immunoblot (with polyclonal antibody), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal antibody. The levels of cytochrome P450a declined with age in male but not female rats, and were inducible up to 10-fold by treatment of rats with various xenobiotics. The levels of cytochrome P450a (but not cytochrome P450m) were also elevated (approximately 3-fold) by thyroidectomy of mature male rats. Near normal levels of cytochrome P450a were restored by treatment of athyroid rats with triiodothyronine, whereas treatment with thyroxine was less effective in this regard. These changes in the levels of cytochrome P450a were highly correlated (r = 0.995) with changes in testosterone 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity. None of the monoclonal antibodies inhibited the catalytic activity of cytochrome P450a when reconstituted with NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and lipid. In contrast, the polyclonal antibody not only inhibited the catalytic activity of purified cytochrome P450a, but also completely inhibited (greater than 96%) the 7 alpha-hydroxylation of testosterone catalyzed by liver microsomes from immature and mature rats of both sexes and by liver microsomes from male rats treated with a variety of cytochrome P450 inducers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Syllable as a Source of Error in Multisyllable Word Recognition.

Two-syllable words were presented singly for followed by a two-alternative, forced-choice recognition test. Half of the new words on the test (I words) were constructed by combining two syllables taken from two different study words, and half were neutral words (C words). If, as a consequence of study, the memory for a word carries frequency information about each syllable of multisyllable words, the number of errors produced by choosing I words should be greater than the number produced by choosing C words. The results supported this expectation. Furthermore, differences which occurred during the test suggested that syllabic frequency was further increased during testing. Frequency induction to elements of larger units was proposed as the mechanism by which formal similarity influences recognition.
A Screening Pipeline for Antiparasitic Agents Targeting Cryptosporidium Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase

Background The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is responsible for significant disease burden among children in developing countries. In addition Cryptosporidiosis can result in chronic and life-threatening enteritis in AIDS patients, and the currently available drugs lack efficacy in treating these severe conditions. The discovery and development of novel anti-cryptosporidial therapeutics has been hampered by the poor experimental tractability of this pathogen. While the genome sequencing effort has identified several intriguing new targets including a unique inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), pursuing these targets and testing inhibitors has been frustratingly difficult.
PENS: a machine-aided english writing system for Chinese users

Writing English is a big barrier for most Chinese users. To build a computer-aided system that helps Chinese users not only on spelling checking and grammar checking but also on writing in the way of native-English is a challenging task. Although machine translation is widely used for this purpose, how to find an efficient way in which human collaborates with computers remains an open issue. In this paper, based on the comprehensive study of Chinese users requirements, we propose an approach to machine aided English writing system, which consists of two components: 1) a statistical approach to word spelling help, and 2) an information retrieval based approach to intelligent recommendation by providing suggestive example sentences. Both components work together in a unified way, and highly improve the productivity of English writing. We also developed a pilot system, namely PENS (Perfect ENglish System). Preliminary experiments show very promising results.
The state of nationalism

Abstract John Breuilly's Nationalism and the State provides an indispensable guide to the history of nationalist doctrines and practices since 1800. Yet it misses a crucial dynamic. Top‐down nationalizing efforts by European rulers generated bottom‐up demands for autonomy or independence by political entrepreneurs claiming to represent distinct nations. Those demands gained credibility and strength when third parties such as great powers and international organizations validated them. This process established an evolving international procedure and an incentive structure that promote top‐down suppression of minorities, bottom‐up bids for recognition, and violent struggles among the parties.
Exploring perceptions of cancer care delivery among older Mexican American adults.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To investigate older Mexican Americans' perceptions of cancer care delivery, specifically regarding perceived discrimination. RESEARCH APPROACH Qualitative. SETTING Senior centers and participants' homes. PARTICIPANTS 5 older Mexican American cancer survivors. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH The sample included five Spanish-speaking Mexican Americans with low incomes who were previously diagnosed with cancer. Ages ranged from 68-86 years (X = 76.4). Participants were recruited through several community-based agencies and resources. Interviews were conducted and recorded on audiotape in participants' homes or at a senior center. A demographic questionnaire and the Mini Mental State Exam were administered in English or Spanish. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Perceptions of healthcare delivery. FINDINGS Three themes emerged from the interview data: (a) emotional responses to cancer diagnosis, (b) relationship with healthcare providers, and (c) use of spiritual resources in coping with cancer. Participants denied experiencing any discrimination in health care related to race, ethnicity, income, or language spoken. Perceptions of good and poor-quality health care are described. CONCLUSIONS Participants were satisfied with the cancer care they received, with a few exceptions. The role of age and education level in perceived discrimination needs further exploration. INTERPRETATION Replication of this study with larger, culturally diverse samples is needed to increase understanding of the role of perceived discrimination in cancer care and to develop culturally responsive, evidence-based healthcare interventions for patients and families coping with cancer.
Conjugates of catecholamines. III. Synthesis and characterization of monodisperse oligopeptides conjugates related to isoproterenol

A series of monodisperse oligopeptide conjugates related to the catecholamine, isoproterenol, has been synthesized. The peptide carrier molecules used were synthesized by stepwise and fragment condensation techniques and ranged in size from a single, blocked amino acid derivative to isomeric pentapeptides. The amino acid compositions and sequences of the carriers were chosen so as to provide specific information concerning the effects of molecular weight, hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance, charge, etc., on the biological activity of the final conjugates. The common point of attachment for the drug in all carriers was a p -aminophenylalanine residue. The peptide-catecholamine conjugates were prepared via the attachment of carboxyl-containing catecholamine congeners, to the peptide carriers by techniques described previously. The conjugates were purified rigorously by chromatographic techniques and characterized by high-field n.m.r. spectroscopy.
The Inhibition of Binding of Iodinated Human Chorionic Gonadotropin to Mouse Ovary in Vivo1

An in vivo system to study the uptake of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) by mouse ovaries has been developed. At various times following the injection of biologically active, radioiodinated HCG, the specific activity of various tissue specimens was measured and found to be significantly greater in ovaries than in blood, liver, or kidney. In contrast, 125I-albumin was not specifically concentrated by the ovary. The ovarian uptake of 125I-HCG has also been measured after the administration of 125I-HCG in combination with gonadotropin molecules or their derivatives. Increasing amounts of biologically active, unlabeled HCG injected with iodinated HCG progressively inhibited the uptake of 125I-HCG. Human luteinizing hormone (HLH) was also a potent competitor of 125I-HCG uptake. Asialo- HCG was less effective than native HCG in blocking the uptake of 125I-HCG. The beta subunit of HCG possessed some inhibitory effect on 125IHCG binding, but the alpha subunit had little if any effect. It is probable that some ...
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate attenuated macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression through induction of iκb

Abstract The receptor-mediated mechanism of Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) has been thoroughly investigated. However, only limited information is available on the signal transduction of M-CSF expression. We have observed that IL-1α can induce human M-CSF expression and this inducibility is attributed to the NF-κB activation. Treatment of human pancreatic cancer cell MIA PaCa-2 with forskolin or cAMP attenuated the NF-κB activation as well as M-CSF expression. In this study, we further investigate the mechanism of cAMP attenuation. MIA PaCa-2 cells were incubated with forskolin or dibutyryl-cAMP and then stimulated with IL-1 for 1 hour. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated by anti-IκB kinase (IKKβ) antibody and assayed the immune complex for kinase activity using IκBα as substrate. The total cellular protein levels of IKK were measured by respective western blot. The results showed that the level of IKK protein remained constant in the presence of either cAMP and/or IL-1, while IKK kinase activity is greatly stimulated by IL-1. Nonetheless, the activity is not affected by forskolin. These results suggest that cAMP had no effect at all on IKK activity that induced by IL-1 treatment. We then proceed to examine the IκB level in cAMP treated cells by western blot analysis. IκB level decreased markedly in IL-1 treated cells comparing to the untreated. By contrast, cells treated with cAMP possessed higher IκB level. The results have shown clearly that cAMP indeed increase the IκB level even in the presence of IL-1. We conclude that the attenuation by cAMP in the IL-1 stimulated M-CSF expression is not by the inhibition of IKK, but rather by inducing the higher expression of IκB which prevents the NF-κB release from the cytosolic NF-κBB/IκB complex and attenuates M-CSF expression.
The role of cortical inhibitory circuits in target selection with saccadic eye movements

In work reported last year at this meeting we had shown that subthreshold microstimulation in V1, V2, LIP, FEF and MEF of monkeys can variously produce facilitation, interference, and delays in saccade initiation, thereby identifying some of the essential neural computations carried out in the process of target selection with saccadic eye movements. We now report the effects of local administration of the GABA antagonist bicuculline and the GABA agonist muscimol on this process. Following fixation, monkeys had the free choice of selecting one of two identical targets presented with various temporal asynchronies, with one placed into the receptive or motor field of the neurons treated with the pharmacological agents. Also tested were the brightness, color and shape discrimination abilities at intact and affected sites. Bicuculline produced a high level of facilitation in the choice of the target appearing in the receptive and motor fields of the neurons in the FEF but yielded major interference in V1. Bicuculline also produced deficits in brightness, color and shape discrimination at the injected sites in V1 but not in LIP and the FEF. Muscimol in V1 produced dramatic interference in target selection as well as in visual discrimination whereas in the FEF it produced only moderate interference. Our results suggest that (1) GABAergic inhibitory circuits in V1 play a central role in the analysis of visual stimuli, (2) Signals for the generation of eye movements in V1 appear to be produced not by disinhibition but predominantly by excitation, (3) in the FEF disinhibition is a central process for initiating eye movements and (4) inhibitory circuits in the FEF do not appear to be central for visual analysis.  Received October 16, 2002.
Translation products of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected baby hamster kidney cells.

Electrophoretic analysis of the polypeptides present in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infected cells indicates that the viral ribonucleic acid (RNA), as with other picornaviruses is translated to produce large polypeptide products which are subsequently cleaved into the smaller stable virus proteins (VP) and non-capsid virus proteins (NCVP). The stable genome products and their estimated molecular weights are: NCVP5 (57,000 daltons), NCVP9 (37,500 daltons), NCVP11. (15,500 daltons), VP0 (40,000 daltons), and VP1–3 (each, 28,300 daltons). The similarities of these products compared to poliovirus and encephalomyocarditis virus genome products are discussed.
Diet Quality of Selected Samples of Women and Socio‐Demographic and Social‐Psychological Correlates

The daily nutrient intakes of 473 women from seven states were examined and evaluated on the basis of the percentage of women below 66.9 percent of the 1974 Recommended Dietary Allowances. Also the association between the diet quality of the women (based on their nutrient intakes) and several socio-demographic and social-psychological variables was ex amined. Analysis of the data reveals the following results: 1) Twenty-one percent of the respondents were below 66.9 percent RDA for calcium and 37 percent were below 66.9 percent RDA for iron. These were the only serious nutrition deficiences found. 2) Age of the main food preparer, total family income, education of the women, occupation of the head of the household, value orientations, and family goal orientations resulted in correlations with dietary adequacy that distinguished older and younger respondents from middle-aged respondents.
Multi-Tap RF Transversal Filter using AOTF Double Diffraction

A programmable, broadband radio frequency transversal filter architecture is proposed and implemented using an acousto-optic tunable filter and a chirped fiber Bragg grating for continuous control and selection of RF filter time delays and weights.
Analysis of the brain bioavailability of peripherally administered magnesium sulfate: A study in humans with acute brain injury undergoing prolonged induced hypermagnesemia.

Objective:Based on preclinical investigations, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has gained interest as a neuroprotective agent. However, the ability of peripherally administered MgSO4 to penetrate the blood-brain barrier is limited in normal brain. The current study measured the passage of intravenously ad
Secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy an unusual cause of arthritis in childhood

Although an uncommon occurrence in childhood, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy secondary to tumorsmost commonly to osteogenic sarcoma with pulmonary metastasis-may cause severe joint pain and swelling. The syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute arthritis in childhood.
The costs of commercial medicine.

The purpose of this paper is to review the rising influence of commercialism in American medicine and to examine some of the consequences of this trend. Increased competition subverts physician collegiality, draws hospitals into for-profit ownership and behavior, and leads clinical investigators into secrecy and possibly into bias and abuse. Medicine faces a deprofessionalization evidenced in loss of control over the clinical setting and over self-regulation. Health care becomes a commodity relying on cultivation of desires instead of satisfaction of needs, even as many basic needs go unmet. Patients become consumers empowered with lawsuits and the connection of medicine to the relief of suffering is attenuated. Medical encounters are increasingly impersonal, dominated by specialization, technology, and bureaucracy. Patients are losing their physician-advocates to new conflicts of interests, physicians are losing their impulse to charity, and trust in the doctor-patient relationship and in medicine generally is eroding.
Multiple-locus heterozygosity, mortality, and growth in a cohort of Mytilus edulis

A positive correlation between the degree of individual heterozygosity (H) at five polymorphic enzyme loci and shell length was reported for a cohort of Mytilus edulis L. sampled in September, 1983, two months after settlement (Koehn and Gaffney, 1984). In the present study, the same cohort was resampled four and eight months after settlement in November, 1983, and April, 1984, respectively. Among individuals four months of age, there was a small, but statistically significant, negative correlation between H and shell length. In this sample, heterozygote deficiency in the cohort was less than that of any size group in the September sample. The reversal of the H-size relationship between September and November suggests that differential mortality, particularly among small, homozygous individuals, occurred in this period. For individuals eight months of age, there was no correlation between H and shell length, there was no heterozygote deficiency in the cohort and the average heterozygosity was the same as that of the largest individuals in September. At the youngest age, there was a positive relationship, between H and growth rate; as aging occurred, differential mortality altered the relationship between H and growth rate. viability differences among heterozygosity classes obscured the original effect of H on growth rate. If there is a positive relationship between heterozygosity and size, it can most likely be detected from sampling a large outbreeding population before differential mortality occurs and before energy is allocated to reproduction.
Ecology: Production in pristine lakes

An investigation of lakes in Sweden has delivered results that run counter to the idea that primary production is generally limited by the availability of nutrients. There are lessons for limnologists in this.
Fighting malaria with engineered symbiotic bacteria from vector mosquitoes

The most vulnerable stages of Plasmodium development occur in the lumen of the mosquito midgut, a compartment shared with symbiotic bacteria. Here, we describe a strategy that uses symbiotic bacteria to deliver antimalaria effector molecules to the midgut lumen, thus rendering host mosquitoes refractory to malaria infection. The Escherichia coli hemolysin A secretion system was used to promote the secretion of a variety of anti-Plasmodium effector proteins by Pantoea agglomerans, a common mosquito symbiotic bacterium. These engineered P. agglomerans strains inhibited development of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei by up to 98%. Significantly, the proportion of mosquitoes carrying parasites (prevalence) decreased by up to 84% for two of the effector molecules, scorpine, a potent antiplasmodial peptide and (EPIP)4, four copies of Plasmodium enolase–plasminogen interaction peptide that prevents plasminogen binding to the ookinete surface. We demonstrate the use of an engineered symbiotic bacterium to interfere with the development of P. falciparum in the mosquito. These findings provide the foundation for the use of genetically modified symbiotic bacteria as a powerful tool to combat malaria.
Smad7 inhibits mesoderm formation and promotes neural cell fate in Xenopus embryos.

Abstract We report the isolation and characterization of a new inhibitory Smad inXenopus,which we have designated asXenopusSmad7. Smad7 is present at fairly constant levels throughout early development and at blastula stages enriched in the ventral side of the animal hemisphere. The induction of mesoderm by TGF-β-like signals is mediated by receptor ALK-4 and we show that Smad7 blocks signaling of ALK-4 in a graded fashion: lower levels of Smad7 block activation of dorsal mesoderm genes and higher levels block all mesoderm genes expression. Smad7 is able to directly activate neural markers in explants in the absence of mesoderm or endoderm. This neural-inducing activity of Smad7 may be due to inhibition of BMP-4 signaling because Smad7 can also block BMP-4-mediated mesoderm induction. Thus, Smad7 acts as a potent inhibitor of mesoderm formation and also activates the default neural induction pathway.
A truth maintenance system for supporting constraint-based reasoning

Abstract Many types of choice problems that arise in design, be it architectural/engineering design or the design of economic models, can be formulated as constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs). In general, TMSs are a useful computational mechanism for maintaining consistent beliefs or assumptions in problems characterized by a set of constraints. They also enable a problem solver to explore a search space more efficiently by recording the causes of failed partial solutions, and provide a limited explanation capability since reasons for beliefs are recorded explicitly. In this paper we describe a Truth Maintenance System (TMS) whose architecture has been motivated by the structure of a commonly occurring type of CSP. We show that by exploiting structural features of dependency constraints involved in CSPs and adopting a certain delineation of responsibilities between the TMS and a problem solver, considerable simplicity in the TMS architecture and efficiency in its status assignment algorithms is achieved. We also compare how reasoning systems designed for solving constraint satisfaction problems using our specialized TMS differ from those using other truth maintenance models such as McAllester's RUP and de Kleer's ATMS.
Cytomorphology of small-cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma on ThinPrep cytology as compared to conventional smears.

Small-cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the female genital tract is an uncommon, aggressive neoplasm that occurs most commonly in the cervix and rarely in the vagina. Although the cytologic findings have been reported on conventional smears, the cytologic diagnosis of primary vaginal small-cell carcinoma on ThinPrep® material has not been previously reported. We present a case of a 46-yr-old woman who underwent cervical/vaginal biopsies as a result of abnormal cells seen on the ThinPrep® Pap Test™. Small to medium-sized cells with scant cytoplasm were present singly and in loose, cohesive clusters. Nuclear molding was noted in a few cellular groups. The differential diagnosis included a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, small-cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma, endometrial adenocarcinoma, and lymphoma. Subsequent tissue biopsies with immunohistochemical staining confirmed a diagnosis of small-cell carcinoma of the vagina. The cytologic features of small-cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma on slides prepared by the ThinPrep® Pap Test™ are discussed and compared to those on conventional cervicovaginal smears. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2001;24:46–52. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Who will pay for medical education in our teaching hospitals

Although most medical educators believe that education, research, and patient care are inseparable and essential to their academic mission, the educational component of this triad has never been given adequate, earmarked support. To fund educational programs, medical centers first relied on research grants and later on third-party payments intended for patient care. However, research money has long since ceased to be available for other purposes and recent federal cost containment measures have started to reduce payments for patient care. Teaching hospitals are threatened with loss of support not only for education, but for their capital improvements and care of the poor. Many institutions are now hoping to generate new income through business deals with for-profit health care corporations, but this effort probably will also fail and may compromise professional traditions. Teaching hospitals serve the public interest and will have to depend, at least in part, on public subsidy of their unavoidable extra costs.
Searching for an invisible dark photon with DarkLight

The DarkLight experiment at Jefferson Lab is designed to search for a new U(1) vector boson A' in the mass range 10-100 MeV through its decay A′→e{sup +}e{sup −}. We will show that DarkLight is also sensitive to an A' decaying to invisible final states, but because of QED backgrounds, such a search is only feasible with photon detection. Surprisingly, pileup can be mitigated with a cut on the sign of the missing invariant mass-squared. We give the DarkLight reach for the invisible search assuming a nominal two-month running time, and compare to constraints from anomalous magnetic moments and rare kaon decays.
Parallel performance and accuracy of lattice Boltzmann and traditional finite difference methods for solving the unsteady two-dimensional Burger's equation

Abstract Lattice Boltzmann methods are gaining recognition in the field of computational fluid dynamics due to their computational efficiency. In order to quantify the computational efficiency and accuracy of the lattice Boltzmann method, it is compared with efficient traditional finite difference methods such as the alternating direction implicit scheme. The lattice Boltzmann algorithm implemented in previous studies does not approach peak performance for simulations where the data involved in computation per time step is more than the cache size. Due to this, data is obtained from the main memory and this access is much slower than access to cache memory. Using a cache-optimized lattice Boltzmann algorithm, this paper takes into account the full computational strength of the lattice Boltzmann method. The com parison is performed on both a single processor and multiple processors.
An Interview with Norman Shapiro

(1986). An Interview with Norman Shapiro. Translation Review: Vol. 19, Medieval Literature, pp. 27-28.
Crystallization history of lunar picritic basalt sample 12002 - Phase-equilibria and cooling-rate studies

Experimental crystallization of a lunar picrite composition (sample 12002) at controlled linear cooling rates produces systematic changes in the temperature at which crystalline phases appear, in the texture, and in crystal morphology as a function of cooling rate. Phases crystallize in the order olivine, chromium spinel, pyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite during equilibrium crystallization, but ilmenite and plagioclase reverse their order of appearance and silica crystallizes in the groundmass during controlled cooling experiments. The partition of iron and magnesium between olivine and liquid is independent of cooling rate, temperature, and pressure. Comparison of the olivine nucleation densities in the lunar sample and in the experiments indicates that the sample began cooling at about 1 deg C/hr. Pyroxene size, chemistry, and growth instability spacings, as well as groundmass coarseness, all suggest that the cooling rate subsequently decreased by as much as a factor of 10 or more. The porphyritic texture of this sample, then, is produced at a decreasing, rather than a discontinuously increasing, cooling rate.
Hfir irradiation facilities improvements — the HIFI project

Abstract The High-Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) has outstanding neutronics characteristics for materials irradiation, but some relatively minor aspects of its mechanical design severely limit its usefulness for that purpose. In particular, though the flux trap region in the center of the annular fuel elements has a very high neutron flux, it has no provision for instrumentation access to irradiation capsules. The irradiation positions in the beryllium reflector outside the fuel elements also have a high flux; however, although instrumented, they are too small and too few to replace the facilities of a materials testing reactor. To address these drawbacks the HFIR Irradiation Facilities Improvement (HIFI) Project, now under way and scheduled for completion in mid-1987, consists of modifications to the reactor vessel cover, internal structure, and reflector. Instrumentation access will be provided to the flux trap region, and the number of materials irradiation positions in the removable beryllium will be increased from four to eight, each with almost twice the available experimental space of the present ones.
An Elastoplasticity Model for Antiplane Shearing with a Non-associative Flow Rule: Genuine Nonlinearity of Plastic Waves

In elastoplasticity models, there is a stress threshold or yield condition that plays a role in determining whether the material is deforming elastically or plastically. If the stress is below the threshold, then the deformation is elastic, and is typically modeled by linear elasticity. If the stress reaches the threshold, it is said to be at yield, and the deformation is considered to be plastic. In models of plastic deformation in which the material hardens with increasing stress, the stress-strain constitutive law is Ž typically nonlinear. Since the equations are hyperbolic at least up to some . maximum stress , nonlinearities can in principle lead to the formation of
Development and simulation of broadband switch by ATM with buffers

Future networks are expected to handle a wide variety of traffic categories including voice, low-speed data, high-speed data, band-compressed video for teleconference, and full-motion video for video signal transmission. It is hoped that ATM technology can provide integrally wide varieties of network services including LAN. The prototype design of our ATM switching system using the Banyan network with input buffers has been completed and some evaluation of the system has been performed. Furthermore, the characteristics of the Banyan network with a sorting network and a large ATM switching system has been simulated to implement a cross-connect system. The performance of the ATM switching system was estimated by computer simulations.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bounds on causal effects in three-arm trials with non-compliance

Summary. The paper considers the analysis of three-arm randomized trials with non-compliance. In these trials, the average causal effects of treatments within principal strata of compliance behaviour are of interest for better understanding the effect of the treatment. Unfortunately, even with the usual assumptions, the average causal effects of treatments within principal strata are not point identified. However, the observable data do provide useful information on the bounds of the identification regions of the parameters of interest. Under two sets of assumptions, we derive sharp bounds for the causal effects within principal strata for binary outcomes and construct confidence intervals to cover the identification regions. The methods are illustrated by an analysis of data from a randomized study of treatments for alcohol dependence.