cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Vestibular Function and Static Balance Skills in Deaf Children

The vestibular function and static balance skills of 34 children who had sensorineural deafness, ranged in age from 5 to 9 years, and attended the Western Pennsylvania School for the Deaf were compared with normative data. The purpose of the investigation was to describe the characteristics of vestibular function and static balance skill in deaf children who had no other known handicaps. We explored the relationship between these two characteristics. The Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus test and the Standing Balance subtests (eyes open and closed) of the Southern California Sensory Integration tests were used to evaluate the deaf children. Comparison of study results with norms revealed a significant difference in duration of postrotary nystagmus between hearing and deaf children. Balance skills were not significantly related to level of vestibular response. No significant sex differences were found in the vestibular or balance status of the deaf children. The differences in the characteristics of vestibular function and static balance skills in the deaf children compared with hearing children are important to therapists working with the deaf. Therapists should consider that these differences exist when they identify those deaf children with learning or other sensory-motor problems. Therapists familiar with the use of the Southern California Sensory Integration tests and Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus test must be cautious in using these tests with the deaf until they are standardized for this group.
On CO2 fluid flow and heat transfer behavior in the subsurface, following leakage from a geologic storage reservoir

Geologic storage of CO2 is expected to produce plumes of large areal extent, and some leakage may occur along fractures, fault zones, or improperly plugged pre-existing wellbores. A review of physical and chemical processes accompanying leakage suggests a potential for self-enhancement. The numerical simulations presented here confirm this expectation, but reveal self-limiting features as well. It seems unlikely that CO2 leakage could trigger a high-energy run-away discharge, a so-called “pneumatic eruption,” but present understanding is insufficient to rule out this possibility. The most promising avenue for increasing understanding of CO2 leakage behavior is the study of natural analogues.
Reliable circuits from irregular neurons: A dynamical approach to understanding central pattern generators

Central pattern generating neurons from the lobster stomatogastric ganglion were analyzed using new nonlinear methods. The LP neuron was found to have only four or five degrees of freedom in the isolated condition and displayed chaotic behavior. We show that this chaotic behavior could be regularized by periodic pulses of negative current injected into the neuron or by coupling it to another neuron via inhibitory connections. We used both a modified Hindmarsh-Rose model to simulate the neurons behavior phenomenologically and a more realistic conductance-based model so that the modeling could be linked to the experimental observations. Both models were able to capture the dynamics of the neuron behavior better than previous models. We used the Hindmarsh-Rose model as the basis for building electronic neurons which could then be integrated into the biological circuitry. Such neurons were able to rescue patterns which had been disabled by removing key biological neurons from the circuit.
Rainfall interception of three trees in Oakland, California

A rainfall interception study was conducted in Oakland, California to determine the partitioning of rainfall and the chemical composition of precipitation, throughfall, and stemflow. Rainfall interception measurements were conducted on a gingko (Ginkgo biloba) (13.5 m tall deciduous tree), sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) (8.8 m tall deciduous), and lemon tree (Citrus limon) (2.9 m tall broadleaf evergreen). The lemon, ginkgo, and sweet gum intercepted 27.0%, 25.2% and 14.3% of gross precipitation, respectively. The lemon tree was most effective because it retained its foliage year-round, storing more winter rainfall than the leafless ginkgo and sweet gum trees. Stemflow was more important for the leafless sweet gum. Because of its excurrent growth habit and smooth bark, 4.1% of annual rainfall flowed to the ground as stemflow, compared to less than 2.1% for the lemon and 1.0% for the ginkgo. Water samples were collected from throughfall, stemflow, and a nearby control site to measure concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals. Compared to the control, samples from under trees had higher concentrations of nutrients and metals (e.g., N, P, K, Zn and Cr), indicating that atmospheric deposition to tree crowns was a major source of pollutants. Nutrient and metal concentrations were highest in gingko tree’s throughfall. Its rough stem surfaces and dense branching pattern appeared to trap more pollutions than the other two trees.
Role of 20-HETE in the hypoxia-induced activation of Ca2+-activated K+ channel currents in rat cerebral arterial muscle cells

The mechanism of sensing hypoxia and hypoxia-induced activation of cerebral arterial Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channel currents and vasodilation is not known. We investigated the roles of the cytochr...
Boiling heat transfer enhancement by submerged vibration induced jets

This paper describes a new two-phase cooling cell based on channel boiling and a vibration-induced cavitation jet whose collective purpose is to delay the onset of critical heat flux by forcibly dislodging the small vapor bubbles attached to a solid surface during nucleate boiling and propelling them into the cooler bulk liquid within the cell. The submerged turbulent cavitation jet is generated by a vibrating piezoelectric diaphragm operating at resonance. The piezoelectric driver induces pressure oscillations in the liquid near the surface of the driver, resulting in the time-periodic formation and collapse of cavitation bubbles that entrain surrounding liquid and generate a strong liquid jet. The resultant jet, which is directed at a heated surface, enhances boiling heat transfer by removing attached vapor bubbles that insulate the surface while providing additional forced fluid convection on the surface. By introducing a crossflow within the cell, the heat transfer is increased even further due to the fact that the flow sweeps the bubbles downstream while keeping the temperature of the water within the cell regulated.
The effect of cholesterol feeding and estrogen adinistration on thyroid and adrenal gland function in rabbits

Summary Male New Zealand rabbits were fed control and 0.2 % cholesterol supplemented diets with and without estrogen for 90 days. Estrogen supplementation was given to one group of animals. Increased plasma and aorta lipids were observed in cholesterol fed rabbits. The added estrogen had no influence on these parameters of lipid metabolism. Adrenal gland hypertrophy was observed in all cholesterol fed animals in association with increased cholesterol content of the adrenal gland. Testicular weight were unaffected by cholesterol feeding. Thyroid function parameters which included plasma PBI, plasma thyroxine 131I resin uptake, thyroid radioiodine uptake, thyroid gland iodoaminoacid 131I fractionation, and iodide excretion by the kidney did not differ in control and cholesterol fed animals. Corticosterone secretion rates were also similar in control and cholesterol fed rabbits.
Advancing School and Community Engagement Now for Disease Prevention (ASCEND): A Quasi-experimental Trial of School-Based Interventions to Prevent Childhood Obesity

Abstract Purpose. To compare two intensity levels (standard vs. enhanced) of a nutrition and physical activity intervention vs. a control (usual programs) on nutrition knowledge, body mass index, fitness, academic performance, behavior, and medication use among elementary school students. Design. Quasi-experimental with three arms. Setting. Elementary schools, students' homes, and a supermarket. Subjects. A total of 1487 third-grade students. Intervention. The standard intervention (SI) provided daily physical activity in classrooms and a program on making healthful foods, using food labels. The enhanced intervention (EI) provided these plus additional components for students and their families. Measures. Body mass index (zBMI), food label literacy, physical fitness, academic performance, behavior, and medication use for asthma or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Analysis. Multivariable generalized linear model and logistic regression to assess change in outcome measures. Results. Both the...
State Tax Policy and Entrepreneurship

The interplay between tax policy and entrepreneurial activity has been a popular topic of political discourse, especially among state-level policymakers, with the promotion of small business start-ups and success being a key policy goal. The effect of state policy on entrepreneurship has also been the focus in the most recent empirical economics literature. We expand upon that literature in several important ways. First, while most of the recent studies have relied upon conventional fixed effects regression models, we argue that such an approach misses the inherent trends in both tax policies and small business outcomes within states over time. We explore dynamic specifications to capture those trends. Second, while most of the prior research has focused on extensive-margin indicators of small business activity (e.g., self-employment rates or counts of small businesses), we consider a number of intensive-margin measures of state nonfarm proprietors' success. This is based on our assumption that entrepreneurial sustainability and performance following the initial start-up are more important from a policy perspective than simple counts of small businesses. Our paper is the first to use nonfarm proprietors' income as a direct measure of entrepreneurial success at the state level. We investigate several measures of small business performance derived from nonfarm proprietors' income and employment data, including a measure of productivity (i.e. nonfarm proprietors' income per employed person). Third, we extend the earlier research by including a longer panel (1978-2009) of state data. Despite these innovations, our empirical results echo the recent studies in this area and suggest that most of the highly-visible state tax policies do not have statistically significant impacts on entrepreneurial performance.
A Self-regulated Learning Perspective on Student Engagement

Models of both self-regulated learning and student engagement have been used to help understand why some students are successful in school while others are not. The goal of this chapter is to provide greater insight into the relations between these two theoretical frameworks. The first section presents a basic model of self-regulated learning, outlining the primary phases and areas involved in that process. The next section discusses key similarities and differences between aspects of self-regulated learning and features of student engagement, drawing on both theoretical suggestions and empirical research. The final section offers ideas and avenues for additional research that would serve to better link self-regulated learning and student engagement.
Pulmonary artery counterpulsation to improve right ventricular function after heart transplantation.

The effectiveness of pulmonary artery counterpulsation in improving right ventricular function after heart transplantation was evaluated in a pig model. The balloon catheter was introduced through the anterior wall of the pulmonary artery distal to the pulmonary valve. A Millar catheter with a distal high-fidelity pressure transducer was placed in the right ventricle, where the peak rate of pressure rise, dP/dT, was measured. Pulmonary artery counter-pulsation significantly improved right ventricular function, increasing both dP/dT and systolic pressure. A diastolic dip in pulmonary artery pressure and a fall in the early portion of the right ventricular pressure curve were seen. Inflation of the balloon caused a second (suprasystolic) wave in that curve. Improved right ventricular function was also seen when normal pig hearts were counterpulsated after occlusion of the right coronary artery and following increased afterload due to occlusion of a main pulmonary artery. There were no changes in central ven...
3-[1-(4-Bromo-phen-yl)eth-oxy]-2,2,5-trimethyl-4-phenyl-3-aza-hexa-ne.

The title compound, C22H30BrNO, is an alk­oxy­amine compound, an effective initiator in nitroxide-mediated free radical polymerization. It was prepared as a mixture of two diasteromers; the crystal for the X-ray analysis showed one of these as a pair of R,S and S,R enanti­omers. The tert-butyl and isopropyl groups are in an almost anti conformation in the crystal [C—N—C—C torsion angle = −168.8 (1)°], and the methyl group of the ethoxy group is in an approximate anti relationship to the tert-butyl group. The dihedral angle between the phenyl and benzene rings is 33.12 (7)°. The Br atom is disordered over two positions, with occupancies of 0.9139 (16) and 0.0861 (16). In the crystal, weak C—H⋯Br contacts link the mol­ecules into chains along [-110].
“Mere Measurement Plus”: How Solicitation of Open-Ended Positive Feedback Influences Customer Purchase Behavior:

AbstractIn two studies (a longitudinal field experiment with an established business-to-consumer national chain, and a field experiment with a business-to-business software manufacturer), the authors demonstrate that starting a survey with an open-ended positive solicitation increases customer purchase behavior. Study 1, a longitudinal field experiment, shows that one year after the completion of a survey that began by asking customers what went well during their purchase experience, those customers spent 8.25% more than customers who had completed a survey that did not include the positive solicitation. Study 2 utlizes multiple treatment groups to assess the stepwise gains of solicitation, measurement, and solicitation frame. The results demonstrate (1) a mere solicitation effect, (2) a traditional mere measurement effect, and (3) an additional “mere measurement plus” effect of an open-ended positive solicitation; all effects increased customer spending. Specifically, starting a survey with an open-ended...
Physically Motivated, Robust, ab Initio Force Fields for CO2 and N2

We present a novel methodology for developing physically motivated, first-principles polarizable force fields and apply these techniques to the specific cases of CO2 and N2. Exchange, electrostatic, induction, and dispersion interaction parameters were fit to symmetry adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) dimer energy calculations, with explicit terms to account for each of the dominant fundamental interactions between molecules. Each term is represented by a physically appropriate functional form and fitted individually based on the results of the SAPT decomposition. The resulting CO2 and N2 force field was benchmarked against a diverse set of experimental data, including the second virial coefficient, density, scattering structure factor, heat capacity, enthalpy of vaporization, and vapor–liquid coexistence curves. In general, excellent agreement with experimental data is obtained with our model. Due to the physical nature of their construction, these force fields are robust and transferable to environment...
Race and Education in the Mountain West: Charting New Territory in America’s Racial Frontier

In this chapter, I argue there is much to learn about the future of American education from the Mountain West region based on its (a) distinctive racial history, (b) changing demography and politics, and (c) widening opportunity gaps in education. I begin with a discussion of the region’s unique racial and multicultural history and libertarian ethos followed by a description of its demographic transformation and anticipated political rise as “America’s Heartland.” I then present selected Mountain West state-level education enrollment and achievement data and focus on education reform efforts in Nevada, as a state representative of the region. The chapter concludes with a call for a political race project in education—comprised of cross-racial solidarity, strategic linkages between black, white, Latino, Asian, and indigenous communities around racial and social justice issues, and a democratic politics of practice that advances the freedom struggle for equal education in the post-Civil Rights Era.
Optimization on extraction of protein from apricot(Armeniaca sibirica) kernel via response surface analysis

The optimum extraction of apricot(Armeniaca sibirica) kernel protein were determined with the single factor and the RSA response surface analysis.First,the affecting factor and the level by single factor experiment were selected,then the optimum extraction process condition was determined based on the regression analysis on the basis of single factor experiment using a 4-factor,3level response surface methodology.The results showed that the optimum extraction condition of apricot(Armeniaca sibirica) kernel protein were: the isoelectric point(pI) of AKP was at pH 4.1;pH was 9.0,liquid-solid ratio was 14 mL/g,extraction temperature was 37℃ and extraction time was 60min.Under these optimum extraction condition,the extraction rate of the protein reached 92.35%.
Factors Affecting the Indoor Air Quality in the Carriages of Metro Trains in Shanghai

[Objective] To understand the levels of carbon dioxide(CO2) and particulate matter(PM) in the carriages of metro trains in Shanghai.[Methods] Levels of PM10 and CO2 were detected consecutively in two types of carriage with different passenger capacity.The PM less than 1.0,2.0,5.0 and 10.0 microns was measured respectively and their distribution was analyzed.[Results] PM10 level declined smoothly as the metro in operation,and there was a significant difference between the data measured during door open-and-close and during regular operation(P 0.05).PM2.0 was the main component of inhalable particulates in metro train carriages,and accounted for 96% and 97% in small and large carriages respectively.CO2 concentration was increased dramatically in relatively large amplitude with the passenger volume increased,and was decreased slowly in small amplitude with the passenger volume decreased.[Conclusion] The filter unit of central air conditioning system in metro lines has certain effect on air quality purification.Fresh air plays an important role in ensuring the indoor environment.
A New Look at Hopping, Trapping and Anderson Localisation

We review a new set of transformations that provide a direct route to the diffusion constant in the random hopping and trapping models for transport among a random distribution of localised electronic states. We then show how these techniques can be used to study the Anderson transition starting from a generalised master equation with a nearest neighbour memory function.
Experimental validation of a three-dimensional reduced-order continuum model of phonation

Due to the complex nature of the phonation process, a one-dimensional (1D) glottal flow description is often used in current phonation models. Although widely used in voice research, these 1D flow-based phonation models have not been rigorously validated against experiments. In this study, a 1D glottal flow model is coupled with a three-dimensional nonlinear continuum model of the vocal fold and its predictions are compared to physical model experiments. The results show that the 1D flow-based model is able to predict the phonation threshold pressure and onset frequency within reasonable accuracy and to reproduce major vibratory features observed in the experiments.
Diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lung.

Diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lung remains a perplexing problem for both pathologist and clinician. In this study of 16 cases the microscopic findings have been divided into three phases: I, early (acute); II, intermediate (subacute); and III, late (chronic). No single etiologic factor can be incriminated in all cases. Morphologic features of the late (chronic) phase as seen in “idiopathic diffuse pulmonary fibrosis” are identical to those observed in the late phase of pulmonary fibrosis seen in the collagen diseases. “Honey-combing” was present in all cases; cor pulmonale was present in ten. Collagen diseases were present in three patients and two others had rheumatoid symptoms of arthralgia. Radiologically, diffuse reticular and fibronodular infiltrates most prominent in the lower lobes of the lungs were constant findings. Pulmonary function studies demonstrated restrictive pulmonary disease and hypoxia at rest, becoming more severe after exercise.
Community- and Neighbourhood-Based Organisations in the United States

Community- and neighbourhood-based organisations are, arguably, central to the development of sustainable housing. This article focuses on community- and neighbourhood-based organisations in the United States. These organisations are subdivided into two broad categories in this article. The first concerns grassroots organisations that emerge in neighbourhood contexts. In addition to being locally based, grassroots organisations apply decision-making models that focus on enhancing participation, local control, and neighbourhood governance. This article also examines community-based organisations which, in contrast to grassroots organisations, focus on stimulating housing and economic development. These organisations are more formal in structure and are often sponsored by agencies in the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. Because community development organisations are dependent on outside institutions for resources, local control of development can be diluted. Consequently, sustainable models for community-based housing development often rely on the presence of both types of organisations. Grassroots organisations play a role in empowering residents and advocating their interests, while community development organisations sustain links to external resources and institutions.
Numerical verification of equilibrium location bounds and local stability for nonlinear systems with parameter uncertainty

This paper presents a new numerical method to bound the location of the operating equilibrium of a nonlinear system subject to bounded parameter uncertainty and assure local stability. For this, sufficient conditions which guarantee the existence of an equilibrium within a bounded subset of state space for all parameter combinations and which prove that the location of this equilibrium is a continuous function of the parameters are derived. The conditions are verified numerically with reliable computing techniques that enable the numerical evaluation of functions and their derivatives on sets, yielding conservative results. A polytopic linear system that contains the linearized system dynamics at the operating equilibrium is obtained as part of the computation, and its stability is established with standard methods.
Estrogen receptor alpha is required in GABAergic, but not glutamatergic, neurons to masculinize the brain

Masculinization of the rodent brain is driven by estrogen signaling during a perinatal critical period. Genetic deletion of estrogen receptor alpha (Esr1/ERα) results in altered hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis signaling and a dramatic reduction of male sexual and territorial behaviors. However, the requirement of ERα function in masculinizing distinct classes of neurons, and if these populations mediate components of male-typical behavior, remains unexplored. We deleted ERα in excitatory or inhibitory neurons using either a Vglut2 or Vgat driver and assessed male behaviors. We find that Vglut2-Cre;Esr1lox/lox mutant males lack ERα in the ventrolateral region of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) and posterior ventral portion of the medial amygdala (MePV). These mutants recapitulate the increased serum testosterone levels seen with constitutive ERα deletion, but have none of the behavioral deficits. In contrast, Vgat-Cre;Esr1lox/lox males with substantial ERα deletion in inhibitory neurons, including those of the principal nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTpr), posterior dorsal MeA (MePD), and medial preoptic area (MPOA) have normal testosterone levels, but display alterations in mating and territorial behaviors. These mutants also show demasculinized expression of androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor beta (Esr2). Our results demonstrate that ERα masculinizes GABAergic neurons that gate the display of male-typical behaviors.
Causal modeling, discovery & inference for software engineering

Empirical studies in software engineering frequently rely on correlation data in an effort to demonstrate that a process or tool affects an important or meaningful outcome, with the ultimate goal of improving software engineering practice. But all students of statistics know that "correlation does not imply causation," and so causal conclusions (using traditional methods) from observational studies are inevitably highly constrained. These studies thus have limited impact on real world practice. In this paper, we use methods beyond mere correlation, and apply techniques of causal discovery to software engineering data as a means of unambiguously determining cause and effect. We apply causal discovery techniques to a set of observational data on open source projects, use the results to determine some consequences of architectural flaws, and show how causal inference may be applied to software engineering data in the future.
Integration of Amygdalar Urocortin 1 and Endocannabinoid Signaling on the Modulation of Ethanol Reinstatement and Preference

Urocortin 1 (Ucn1) is a 40 amino acid peptide expressed primarily in the centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWcp) and increasing evidence suggests a neuronal circuit projecting pathways to the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) that mediate a critical role in the neural control of stress and ethanol reward. Recent neuroanatomical studies have traced efferent and afferent connections between Ucn1-immunoreactive neurons in the EWcp and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)- immunoreactive neurons in the CeA. Ethanol primarily interacts with gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), and stress activation facilitates co-expression of CRH-positive and GABAergic neurons. Similarly, endocannabinoid CB1 receptors are found on CeA neurons and this thesis hypothesizes that Ucn1 and CB1 mechanisms interact within the CeA in mediating acute and chronic ethanol reward. In order to test this hypothesis, rats were habituated to an eventual 10% ethanol concentration for 6 weeks and microinjected with Ucn1 (10 pmol), the CB1 inverse agonist AM251 (25 pmol), or a combination of these treatments following 2 ethanol deprivation days. Ethanol was reinstated to home cages after treatment injections in order to observe alcohol deprivation effects (ADE). Ethanol consumption and preference levels were measured at 6 hour, 24 hour, and 5 day measurements, in addition to testing in the light/dark chamber and open field test. Ucn1 elicited an alcohol deprivation effect that significantly increased ethanol consumption and preference compared to control conditions at 6 hours, but no ethanol effect was observed for chronic conditions. Overall, these findings provide evidence that Ucn1 interacts with endocannabinoid signaling to mediate binge ethanol reward in the CeA.
Characterization of a variant of gap junction protein α8 identified in a family with hereditary cataract

Author(s): Kuo, Debbie S; Sokol, Jared T; Minogue, Peter J; Berthoud, Viviana M; Slavotinek, Anne M; Beyer, Eric C; Gould, Douglas B | Abstract: PurposeCongenital cataracts occur in isolation in about 70% of cases or are associated with other abnormalities such as anterior segment dysgenesis and microphthalmia. We identified a three-generation family in the University of California San Francisco glaucoma clinic comprising three individuals with congenital cataracts and aphakic glaucoma, one of whom also had microphthalmia. The purpose of this study was to identify a possible causative mutation in this family and to investigate its pathogenesis.MethodsWe performed exome sequencing and identified a putative mutation in gap junction protein α8 (GJA8). We used PCR and DNA sequencing of GJA8 in affected and unaffected members of the pedigree to test segregation of the variant with the phenotype. We tested cellular distribution and function of the variant protein by immunofluorescence and intercellular transfer of Neurobiotin in transiently transfected HeLa cells.ResultsExome sequencing revealed a variant in GJA8 (c.658AgG) encoding connexin50 (Cx50) that resulted in a missense change (p.N220D) in transmembrane domain 4. The variant was present in all three affected family members, but was also present in the proband's grandfather who was reported to be unaffected. The mutant protein localized to the plasma membrane and supported intercellular Neurobiotin transfer in HeLa cells.ConclusionsWe identified a variant in transmembrane domain 4 of Cx50 in a family with autosomal dominant congenital cataracts. This variant has been previously identified in other cataract cohorts, but it is also present in unaffected individuals. Our study demonstrates that the mutant protein localized to the plasma membrane and formed functional intercellular channels. These data suggest that GJA8 c.658AgG is most likely a benign rare variant.
Counseling on Access to Lethal Means (CALM): An Evaluation of a Suicide Prevention Means Restriction Training Program for Mental Health Providers

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the Counseling on Access to Lethal Means (CALM) suicide prevention program. CALM trains mental health providers how to counsel suicidal individuals and those who support them on mean restriction during times of crisis. Pre/post/3-month follow-up assessments measured knowledge of lethal means, confidence and comfort in discussing means restriction (self-efficacy), and future intentions to counsel clients on means restriction. Change in the number of clients receiving lethal means counseling was also assessed. All constructs increased significantly at posttest. Confidence and counseling intentions were sustained at follow-up and significantly more clients received means counseling in the 3 months following the CALM training. Knowledge and comfort levels decreased at follow-up but not to pre-training levels. CALM is effective at increasing mental health professionals' comfort, knowledge, and frequency of talking about means restriction with clients. an effective means restriction training program. A template to assess clients for suicidality and lethal means access and booster sessions are recommended to further sustain effects.
Scattering: 1-D

Most of what we know about the structure of matter comes from scattering experiments. When I discuss scattering in 3-D, I will review classical scattering theory, but for the time being, I want to discuss the scattering problem in one dimension. Scattering is simple in principle - send something in and see what comes out. I will give a detailed analysis of scattering in one dimension for the step potential shown in Fig. 17.1 and then give a qualitative discussion for other potentials. The step potential can be written as V (x) = V (x) = V0 Θ(x), where Θ(x) is the Heaviside step function which is zero for x < 0 and one for x ≥ 0. Open image in new window Fig. 17.1 Step potential: (a) Energy less than the barrier height. (b) Energy greater than the barrier height
Japanese Word Formation in Construction Morphology

Along with the growing number of studies taking a construction approach to phrasal and clausal phenomena, applications of Construction Grammar to morphology has highlighted its importance in analyzing human language. In this chapter, we will illustrate that the construction morphology approach is most insightful in analyzing four word formation phenomena in Japanese: innovative verbs, hypocoristic formation, intensified mimetic adverbs, and innovative prenominal noun modification. They exhibit that a set of properties jointly belong to the construction in which they appear. These properties individually or collectively do not follow from general or Japanese-specific morpho(phono)logical principles. In each case, the properties that pertain to its form, meaning, and usage are better captured holistically belonging to the construction itself. The construction morphology approach offers the conceptual framework and methodological tools for analyzing them.
Ecological Health Indicators

The search for effective ecological indicators begins with the fundamental question ‘What are we trying to indicate?’ Ideal ecological indicators are measurable variables of an ecosystem that have descriptive power, enable one to analyze change over time, and not only present scientific information but also say something about the significance of that information.
Lagrange’s Theorem for Loops

Several authors (Hausmann and Ore [87], Griffin [86], Murdoch [92], [93] and others) have discussed coset expansion for quasigroups. We shall treat only loops. The loop G is said to have a right coset expansion modulo its subloop H provided the right cosets Hx partition G. Since each x of G lies in at least one right coset, namely Hx, the condition for a right coset expansion is: If y ∈ H x, then Hy = Hx.
Fluorescent in situ hybridization : evaluation for ploidy and gene amplification.

In situ hybridization was first described in the late 1960s by Pardue and Gall (1), who hybridized mouse ribosomal DNA sequences to a mouse chromosome spread. The technique came into broader use with the description of DNA probes for various viral sequences, and in the late 1980s with the publications of Lichter and Ward (2), Pinkel et al. (3), and others (14-7) on the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes. To perform FISH, or an in situ hybridization technique, a DNA sequence is prepared with its thymidine tagged with a compound such as fluorescein (direct labeling), biotin, or digoxigenin to create a probe for a given sequence located on a specific chromosome. Both the probe and the fixed cellular DNA are denatured using a combination of heat and formamide, and allowed to renature together. The nonspecifically bound probe is removed, and the probe-cellular DNA complex is visualized directly, with a fluorochrome-labeled avidin or a fluorochrome-tagged antidigoxigenin. For general reviews of the technique, see refs. 8 -10.
We Still Demand! Redefining Resistance in Sex and Gender Struggles

We Still Demand! is a collection of 13 essays that focus on the recent histories of sex and gender struggles in Canada. The title takes its name from the We Demand protest of August 28, 1971, which...
Improving patient education about tobacco withdrawal and nicotine gum use by registered nurses in inpatient psychiatry: A feasibility study.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Many psychiatric inpatients use tobacco, but most psychiatric hospital units prohibit tobacco use. Psychiatric nurses do not receive adequate education about how to teach patients to best manage tobacco withdrawal symptoms. WHAT DOES THIS PAPER ADD TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: Psychiatric nurses who receive a brief educational intervention about tobacco withdrawal symptoms and best practices for using nicotine gum may be more prepared to teach patients about these topics. In turn, patients may use nicotine gum more often during their hospitalization, leading to improved outcomes for them as well as for staff. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: A simple educational intervention aimed at psychiatric nurses can result in positive outcomes for psychiatric inpatients who use tobacco. Patients who have a positive experience with stopping tobacco use while hospitalized may be more likely to commit to lifelong tobacco cessation afterwards. The results of this feasibility study demonstrate that additional research that builds on the work presented here is warranted. ABSTRACT Introduction Tobacco use is prohibited in most psychiatric facilities in the United States, yet many psychiatric inpatients are tobacco users. Psychiatric nurses have reported inadequate education about best practices for managing tobacco dependence. Aim To explore the feasibility of an educational intervention for psychiatric nurses designed to improve their ability to educate patients about best practices for managing tobacco dependence, as well as effective use of nicotine gum. Method Fourteen nurses on a psychiatric inpatient unit at a community hospital were educated about the targeted topics. Chart reviews of nonequivalent pre-intervention and post-intervention patient groups were conducted to explore the outcomes of the intervention. Results Patients received more teaching, and used nicotine gum more often, following the intervention. However, no statistically significant differences between the pre-intervention and post-intervention patient groups were found. Discussion Educating nurses about best practices for managing tobacco withdrawal symptoms may have positive outcomes. Existing research suggests that such interventions may be most effective when support and structure are provided to ensure long-term practice changes. Implications for practice This feasibility study demonstrates that a brief nurse education intervention has the potential to improve the experience of tobacco withdrawal for psychiatric inpatients. Future research that expands upon the current project is warranted.
Kinetic simulations of breakdown and sheath formation in a dense plasma focus device

A dense plasma focus (DPF) device is a type of plasma gun that drives current through a set of gas/plasma-filled coaxiallike electrodes that JxB pushes the ambient gas downstream and causes it to implode on axis to form a Z-pinch. This implosion drives hydrodynamic and kinetic instabilities that generate strong electric fields, which produces a short intense pulse of x-rays, high-energy $( \gt;100$ keV) electrons and ions, and (in deuterium and helium gases) neutrons. Practically all simulation efforts to date ignore the breakdown stage and assume that the entire gas-filled device turns into a fully ionized plasma instantaneously. However, simulations have shown that the pinch performance can be sensitive to the structure of the plasma sheath during rundown, which, in turn, can be sensitive to breakdown physics. In this work, we present results of an effort to model the breakdown stage and sheath formation using the particle-in-cell (PIC) code LSP. Helium and deuterium gases with pressures in the 1–10Torr range and peak-applied voltages of 20–36kV are considered. Breakdown is observed to occur in the experiments over times scales on the order of 10–100ns. In these parameter regimes, field emission from the cathode, possibly aided by insulator physics, seems to be what causes the gas to break down. Using different field-emission models, the sensitivity of things such as whether or not breakdown occurs, the time scale for breakdown to occur, and the nature of the sheath formation are studied.
Nocturnal dialysis improves sleep apnea more than daytime dialysis: a meta-analysis of crossover studies.

Abstract Purpose To systematically review the literature for articles evaluating differences in polysomnography (PSG) data when patients are on primarily daytime hemodialysis (conventional hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) versus nocturnal hemodialysis (nocturnal hemodialysis or nocturnal peritoneal dialysis). Then to perform a meta-analysis on the available PSG data, specifically evaluating differences in apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and mean saturation of oxygen (SpO2) between these two groups. Methods Two authors systematically searched MEDLINE/Pubmed, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane. Searches were performed through December 6, 2018. Results A total of four adult crossover studies (91 patients, age 50.4 ± 12.4, BMI 25.1 ± 5.3) reported PSG data. The daytime hemodialysis (DHD) and nocturnal hemodialysis (NHD) AHI decreased from 24.6 ± 18.2 to 12.6 ± 11.8 (events/hour) with a mean difference of −11.9 [95% CI −13.47, −10.37], Z score of 15.07 (P Conclusion In the current literature, nocturnal hemodialysis improves AHI more than daytime hemodialysis. A trend towards improvement in mean SpO2 with nocturnal dialysis was noted, but did not reach statistical significance. Consideration can be given for transitioning patients who have end stage renal disease and sleep apnea from daytime to nocturnal hemodialysis as an adjunct to other treatment modalities.
Supporting Decision Makers with Use Cases; Case Study Results

Abstract The benefits of defining Use Cases to support systems development, particularly during the early stages of the lifecycle, is well established in both software and systems engineering. The effective implementation of Use Cases to support stakeholder decision making during system development tends to be uneven, particularly for non-technical decision makers. This paper presents three case studies where Use Cases were developed and successfully used to support a variety of stakeholders in their decision making, two of which featured simulations of the Use Cases. This paper highlights aspects of Use Case development that were most useful to decision makers, what was not as useful, and finally recommends several areas for future research. The goal is not to present a tutorial on Use Case development. Rather, it is to identify factors that developers can consider during Use Case development to better support system visualization and decision making.
Treatment of Headache Following Triptan Failure After Successful Triptan Therapy

Triptans should remain the first choice in migraine abortive treatment. They are not always effective or adequate for specific patients. Before declaring a triptan in appropriate for a given patient, the provider ought to be analytical about the rationale and especially the use of objective efficacy outcome measures and ensure that treatment is prescribed and used appropriately. Other ergot derivatives, especially dihydroergotamine, may on one hand share common contraindications of triptans but on the other hand can be quite effective where triptans failed. Non-steroids are simple, readily available, and overall safe, and evidence for their efficacy in migraine is plentiful. Opioid analgesics are blatantly overprescribed especially in non-complicated migraine patients. These should be used with great care and restraint and closely monitored. Frequent opioid usage often leads to tolerance, dependence, and medication overuse headache. Neurostimulation is gaining momentum in the armamentarium of migraine management but at the present time remains primarily focused on prophylaxis, yet abortive use is expected to grow.
Electronic consultations (E-consults) and their outcomes: a systematic review

Objective Electronic consultations (e-consults) are clinician-to-clinician communications that may obviate face-to-face specialist visits. E-consult programs have spread within the US and internationally despite limited data on outcomes. We conducted a systematic review of the recent peer-reviewed literature on the effect of e-consults on access, cost, quality, and patient and clinician experience and identified the gaps in existing research on these outcomes. Materials and methods We searched 4 databases for empirical studies published between 1/1/2015 and 2/28/2019 that reported on one or more outcomes of interest. Two investigators reviewed titles and abstracts. One investigator abstracted information from each relevant article, and another confirmed the abstraction. We applied the GRADE criteria for the strength of evidence for each outcome. Results We found only modest empirical evidence for effectiveness of e-consults on important outcomes. Most studies are observational and within a single health care system, and comprehensive assessments are lacking. For those outcomes that have been reported, findings are generally positive, with mixed results for clinician experience. These findings reassure but also raise concern for publication bias. Conclusion Despite stakeholder enthusiasm and encouraging results in the literature to date, more rigorous study designs applied across all outcomes are needed. Policy makers need to know what benefits may be expected in what contexts, so they can define appropriate measures of success and determine how to achieve them.
Diagnosis and Management of Colonic Volvulus.

CASE SUMMARY An 88-year-old man with no significant medical history, and in a good state of health, presented to the emergency department with 4 days of obstipation, progressive abdominal pain, and bloating. Examination revealed abdominal distension and generalized tenderness without signs of peritonitis. Laboratory values, including lactate and complete blood count, were within normal limits. Computed tomography imaging of the abdomen and pelvis revealed radiological signs of sigmoid volvulus and no evidence of bowel perforation (Fig. 1). Flexible sigmoidoscopic examination revealed no evidence of mucosal ischemia and enabled detorsion of the colon. The patient's symptoms resolved after the detorsion. He was seen in consultation by a surgeon who advised surgical treatment only if the volvulus recurred. After hospital discharge, the patient self-educated about sigmoid volvulus and sought a second surgical opinion. Five weeks after his initial presentation and 1 week after complete colonoscopy, he underwent laparoscopic sigmoidectomy with colorectal anastomosis. His postoperative course was uneventful. At 6-month follow-up, he remained well with no bowel-related concerns.
Infrared and visible image fusion algorithm for substation equipment based on NSCT and Siamese network

In order to accurately obtain the status information of substation equipment, a large number of infrared and visible images will be used in the process of equipment maintenance. Traditional image fusion methods often lose the temperature information of the image, resulting in low brightness and contrast in the fusion image; while deep learning fusion algorithm will lose some details. Therefore, this paper proposes an infrared and visible light fusion algorithm based on NSCT and Siamese network to improve the quality of fusion image. Firstly, the infrared and visible images are decomposed by NSCT; the high-frequency part and low-frequency part are fused by the fusion rule of guided filtering, and the new high-frequency subband coefficient FH and the new low-frequency subband FL are obtained; then the first fusion image is obtained by NSCT reconstruction of FH and FL; after that, the weight mapping image of the first fusion image and the infrared image is obtained by convolution network, and at the same time Laplacian pyramid is used to decompose the primary fusion image and infrared image, and Gaussian pyramid is used to decompose the weight map; finally, the primary fusion image subband, infrared image subband and weight map image subband are fused according to the local window energy fusion method, and the final image is reconstructed by Laplacian pyramid. Experiments show that the subjective and objective indicators of the fusion picture are all improved.
АНАЛИЗ СТРАТЕГИЙ РАЗВИТИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ БАНКОВСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ (Analysis of the Development Strategies of the Russian Banking System at the Present Stage)

Russian Abstract: Объектом исследования являлась банковская система Российской Федерации. Основной целью исследования являлся анализ возможных стратегий развития российской банковскойсистемы для обеспечения экономического роста English Abstract: The object of the research was the banking system of the Russian Federation. The main purpose of the study was to analyze possible strategies for the development of the Russian banking system to ensure economic growth.