cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluconazole prophylaxis for prevention of invasive candidiasis in infants.

Purpose of review Invasive candidiasis is a serious infection in hospitalized infants that results in significant mortality and morbidity. Fluconazole is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for prophylaxis of invasive candidiasis in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation but is not approved for use in infants. This review will describe the history of fluconazole use for prophylaxis in infants.
Further evidence for the existence of angiotensinogen stimulating activity (ASA) after nephrectomy.

SummaryAfter nephrectomy, plasma or serum acquires the property of stimulating angiotensinogen (A) synthesis in liver slices from normal rats. The possibility that this angiotensinogen stimulating activity (ASA) may be an artifact arising from exposure of the tissue to the high levels of A in the test material has been examined. It has now been found that ASA and A can be separated by electrophoresis on starch powder and gradient elution from DEAE cellulose. The identification of ASA as a distinct component of the renal-pressor system raises new prospects for investigation of control mechanisms within the system.
American jewry: An economic perspective and research agenda

Introduction The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relationship between economics and research on American Jewry. This is particularly relevant since economists have been, by and large, conspicuous by their absence from the social science Jewish Studies field. Very few of the papers at Jewish Studies conferences or publications in Jewish Studies journals, even those limited to the social sciences, are written by economists, use the methodology of economics, or focus on the issues of particular interest to economists. Very few studies published in economics journals or books in economics have American Jews as a central interest or even model or analyze the economic behavior of American Jews in a comparative perspective.1 The absence of a large body of research on the Economics of Judaism has been unfortunate. The research that has been done suggests that rich insights can be gained regarding the American Jewish community and the practice of Judaism from applying the methodology of economics. Moreover, the study of Jews and Judaism offers rich opportunities for the further development and testing of economic models.
Discussion on Mechanism of Unit Power Oscillation Triggered by Thermal Control System and Precontrol Measures

Aiming at problems of frequent unit power oscillation triggered by thermal control system of online generator unit at resent years in domestic and low frequent power oscillation of power grid,this paper analyzes and studies mechanism of various influencing factors probably resulting in unit power oscillation.Combining some cases of power grid power oscillation for reasons of unit,it analyzes different reasons for causing power oscillation and proposes matters need attention during the period of operational maintenance and involvement in the network testing for thermal control system and precontrol measures for power oscillation.
Relationships of γ-Endorphin in Physical Dependence

There is mounting evidence that many opiate-like peptides do not always exhibit some of the classic signs of opiate action possessed by morphine and its alkaloidal agonist surrogates. The explanation offered by most investigators is that a multiplicity of opiate receptors exist with varying degrees of affinity for various opioid agonists. This variation in activity extends not only to different organs and tissues but also to different sites within the brain itself. Furthermore, there is considerable species and strain difference in this regard. This obviously means that many of the effects noted with the opiate-like peptides in experimental animals cannot always be extrapolated for accurate prediction of pharmacological effects in humans.
MAGNETISM AND THE MAGNETIC FIELD

Publisher Summary Magnetism is associated with electric charges. This chapter presents the study of the magnetic aspects of James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. It describes some 19th-century ideas that led to Maxwell's description of magnetism. The chapter discusses the analogy that exists between electric and magnetic phenomena. It introduces the concept of magnetic field as a mechanism for exerting a magnetic force on a moving charge. An operational definition of the magnetic field is expressed in terms of three measured quantities: (1) the velocity of a charged particle, (2) the electric charge, and (3) the magnetic force experienced by the particle. The chapter discusses several applications that exploit the detailed understanding of the magnetic force on moving charges and then examines the force exerted by a magnetic field on a current carrying conductor. This force is utilized in an electric motor. The chapter presents the formal relations of the torque on, and the potential energy of, a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field. Both of these relations are important in magnetic phenomena.
Higher Order Effects in Log‐Linear and Log‐Non‐Linear Models for Contingency Tables with Ordered Categories

Contingency tables with ordered categories arise often in practice. The analysis of such tables is made easier through the use of models designed to take account of the ordering, such as association or correlation models. The ordinary (first‐order) properties of these models are well understood and are based on a quadratic approximation to the likelihood. In this paper higher order properties are examined. It is shown that first‐order inference can be misleading owing to sparseness of the table and/or curvature of the model. By ‘misleading’ it is meant that goodness‐of‐f it tests can give inappropriate conclusions, and the usual (approximate) inference regions can be far from the true likelihood regions. Diagnostics are derived that can gauge how misleading the quadratic approximation is for given data set. Several examples are given to illustrate these effects.
When do consumers buy the company? Perceptions of interactivity in company-consumer interactions on social networking sites

Social networking sites allow their users to view how companies interact with fellow consumers in a variety of ways. This study seeks to clarify how merely viewing company-consumer interactions can meaningfully influence viewers' impressions of a company and its products. In an online experiment, participants viewed a company Facebook page that varied in how the company responded to its consumers. The results indicate that perceptions of company responsiveness and personalization, based on existing consumer interactions, affect how participants rated the company, the quality of their own potential company interactions, and their likelihood of purchasing products from the company. The theoretical and practical implications of this study's results for online interactivity research are discussed. Online interactivity research has mostly explored actual features and engagement.Social networking sites provide a context to explore perception-based interactivity.Responsiveness and personalization are relevant to company-consumer interactions.Merely viewing specific types of interactions impact perceived interactivity.Perceptions of interactivity can meaningfully influence source impressions.
Emergency Department Query for Patient-Centered Approaches to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity : The EQUALITY Study.

Importance The Institute of Medicine and The Joint Commission recommend routine documentation of patients’ sexual orientation in health care settings. Currently, very few health care systems collect these data since patient preferences and health care professionals’ support regarding collection of data about patient sexual orientation are unknown. Objective To identify the optimal patient-centered approach to collect sexual orientation data in the emergency department (ED) in the Emergency Department Query for Patient-Centered Approaches to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity study. Design, Setting, and Participants An exploratory, sequential, mixed-methods design was used first to evaluate qualitative interviews conducted in the Baltimore, Maryland, and Washington, DC, areas. Fifty-three patients and 26 health care professionals participated in the qualitative interviews. Interviews were followed by a national online survey, in which 1516 (potential) patients (244 lesbian, 289 gay, 179 bisexual, and 804 straight) and 429 ED health care professionals (209 physicians and 220 nurses) participated. Survey participants were recruited using random digit dialing and address-based sampling techniques. Main Outcomes and Measures Qualitative interviews were used to obtain the perspectives of patients and health care professionals on sexual orientation data collection, and a quantitative survey was used to gauge patients' and health care professionals' willingness to provide or obtain sexual orientation information. Results Mean (SD) age of patient and clinician participants was 49 (16.4) and 51 (9.4) years, respectively. Qualitative interviews suggested that patients were less likely to refuse to provide sexual orientation than providers expected. Nationally, 154 patients (10.3%) reported that they would refuse to provide sexual orientation; however, 333 (77.8%) of all clinicians thought patients would refuse to provide sexual orientation. After adjustment for demographic characteristics, only bisexual patients had increased odds of refusing to provide sexual orientation compared with heterosexual patients (odds ratio, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.26-4.56). Conclusions and Relevance Patients and health care professionals have discordant views on routine collection of data on sexual orientation. A minority of patients would refuse to provide sexual orientation. Implementation of a standardized, patient-centered approach for routine collection of sexual orientation data is required on a national scale to help to identify and address health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations.
Multiple Symmetric Lipomatosis

A significant number of medicolegal deaths involve ethanol. Deaths may be related to the acute, intoxicating effects of ethanol, either in decedents or within persons responsible for causing the deaths of others. Additionally, deaths may be related to chronic alcoholism. A chronic alcoholic may display characteristic external features which allow an observer, such as a forensic pathologist or other physician, to conclude that he/she is probably an alcoholic. Herein, the authors report two decedents with a rare condition known as “multiple symmetric lipomatosis” (MSL), which has a strong correlation with chronic alcoholism. Identification of the peculiar features associated with MSL should prompt the forensic pathologist to consider chronic alcoholism as a probable diagnosis.
Effect of Coupled Long-Term Seawater Exposure and Bi-Axial Creep Loading (2:1) on Durability of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composites

Lightweight, high-strength fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites have attracted increasingly interests in their use for offshore operations. It is well known that long-term environmental attack and mechanical loading may cause microstructural damage and property degradation. The composite property degradation during long-term multi-axial loading in seawater has been a major concern because offshore structural systems are designed on the basis of either their stiffness or strength. Advanced composite systems must be capable of withstanding severe environments and still maintain their structural integrity in the designed life. In this paper, the effect of coupled long-term seawater exposure and bi-axialloading (2:1) on durability of advanced fiber composites is investigated. Accelerated bi-axial creep experiments have be, en conducted on carbon fiber/epoxy and glass fiber/epoxy composites in seawater. Critical material degradation and life prediction models are developed for the composite systems. With the aid of SEM observations, damage mechanisms and failure modes in the composites subject to combined long-term seawater exposure and bi-axial creep loading have also been identified. More general loading cases and their effects are reported elsewhere due to space limitation.
Organic Synthesis: Wherefrom and Whither? (Some Very Personal Reflections)

This perspective represents a (highly personal) examination of the past, present and future of synthetic organic chemistry. The central thesis posits that the confluence of factors that led to the "Golden Age of Natural Product Synthesis" in the second half of the twentieth century can be traced back to the identification of the therapeutic potential of steroid hormones culminating in the introduction of oral contraceptives. The tremendous benefits of those activities to the development of organic synthesis as a vibrant discipline led to the exponential increase in strategies and methods and the ability to tackle, larger and larger molecules of greater and greater complexity. The existential challenge to the health of organic synthesis is whether a similarly dynamic future can be anticipated and if so, to what end and how. Musings on potential answers to those questions are presented.
KMgene: a unified R package for gene-based association analysis for complex traits.

Summary In this report, we introduce an R package KMgene for performing gene-based association tests for familial, multivariate or longitudinal traits using kernel machine (KM) regression under a generalized linear mixed model framework. Extensive simulations were performed to evaluate the validity of the approaches implemented in KMgene. Availability and implementation http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/KMgene. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Comparisons of the surgical outcomes and medical costs between transferred and directly admitted patients diagnosed with intestinal obstruction in an American tertiary referral center

Intestinal obstruction is a leading cause of patient mortality and the most common reason for emergent operation in colorectal surgery. The influence of inter-hospital transfer on patients’ outcomes varies greatly in different diseases. We aimed to compare the surgical outcomes and medical costs between transferred and directly admitted patients diagnosed with intestinal obstruction in an American tertiary referral center. All intestinal obstruction patients operated in Cleveland Clinic from Jan 2012 to Dec 2016 were collected from a prospectively maintained database. Preoperative characteristics; surgical outcomes, including intraoperative complication, postoperative complication, readmission, reoperation, and postoperative 30-day mortality; and medical cost were collected. All parameters were compared between two groups before and after propensity score match. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to explore risk factors of surgical outcomes. A total of 576 patients were included, with 75 in the transferred group and 501 in the directly admitted group. Before match, the transferred patients had longer waiting interval from admission to surgery (p 0.05), compared with the directly admitted group. Multivariate analysis showed that inter-hospital transfer was not an independent predictor of any surgical outcome. After matching to balance the preoperative characteristics between two groups, no significant differences were identified in all surgical outcomes and total medical cost between two groups (all p > 0.05). Compared with directly admitted patients, transferred intestinal obstruction patients are associated with similar surgical outcomes and similar medical costs.
Statistical validation for uncertainty models

Statistical model validation is treated for a class of parametric uncertainty models and also for a more general class of nonparametric uncertainty models. We show that, in many cases of interest, this problem reduces to computing relative weighted volumes of convex sets in R N (where N is the number of uncertain parameters) for parametric uncertainty models, and to computing the limit of a sequence (V k ) 1 ∞ of relative weighted volumes of convex sets in R k for nonparametric uncertainty models. We then present and discuss a randomized algorithm based on gas kinetics for probable approximate computation of these volumes. We also review the existing Hit-and-Run family of algorithms for this purpose.
Women's Ways of Leading: Navigating Gender Issues in the World of Science

I am passionate about what I do. I am a scientist and an educator. In my mind, it is not incidental that I am a woman within this context. While I think there is a widespread assumption that gender-influences on academic careers have been largely resolved, in my experience this assumption is not justified. I argue that the reluctance to acknowledge the influence of gender on individual experiences and career success restricts what we can achieve in western academic environments, and, furthermore, limits insights into our strengths and weaknesses as women scientists. Finding the resonance between who we are and what we do was described by Palmer (1998) in The Courage to Teach as “. . .subtle dimensions of the complex, demanding, and lifelong process of self-discovery” (p. 13). Part of my self-discovery involved understanding and appreciating my strengths as a woman. My process of self-discovery began in the dynamic social context of the late 20th century. I am part of the first generation of women who had it all. As a child of the baby boom generation, I benefited from emerging changes and opportunities for women and girls brought about at that time. Growing up in the midst of that social change impacted my development and self-concept as a woman. As a young woman I internalized and rebelled against lingering limitations and powerlessness of women in our society and never fully connected with the feminine. This is important to my story because so much of my development and emergence as a leader have been influenced by discovering the power of women’s connectedness. During my late teens and early twenties I worked to create an image of independence and toughness. I went far away to college, ran marathons, lifted weights, and took up rock climbing and hunting, not entirely unusual pursuits for a young woman at that time, but not entirely mainstream either. During and immediately after college I had several jobs as a research assistant working in remote backcountry locations on bird surveys and vegetation analyses. I completed my undergraduate
Decoupling of natural systems in multi-rate parallel simulations

We describe a method of decoupling networks for the purpose of running a simulation in parallel with each separate section executing with different time steps. The speed advantages are system-dependent, but a particular scenario where the method is applicable is studied, resulting in a speedup of more than 5 when running on a cluster of two computers.
Perceptions of Differential Parenting between Southern United States Mothers and Fathers

Little research has examined how parenting practices may differ in various regions of the United States, specifically the South. The current study used a Southern United States sample to replicate prior research done in Central Florida, a proximal yet distinct region. Participants included 4900 emerging adults attending a Southern United States university who were aged 18 to 25 years (M = 18.87; SD = 1.22) and identified themselves as female (66.6%), male (33.4%), Caucasian (74.8%), African American (20.2%), Asian (1.9%), Latino (1.2%), or Other (1.9%). Participants answered questionnaires regarding their perceptions of maternal and paternal parenting styles and their own internalizing and externalizing problems using an online survey. Results indicated that perceptions of parenting style across region varied as a function of parent gender, such that parents, particularly mothers, were more authoritarian in the Southern sample. Moreover, latent profile analysis produced two perceived mother–father dyad parenting profiles: (1) congruent maternal and paternal parenting style and (2) a high authoritative and authoritarian mother coupled with an extremely high authoritarian and authoritative father. Emerging adults, especially males, reported higher externalizing problems in profile 1 and internalizing problems showed the same non-significant trend. The combination of high perceived authoritative and authoritarian styles found in profile 2 along with lower associated externalizing problems strongly suggests that context plays a significant role in how parenting is associated with outcomes.
Environmentally Overburdened Gulf State Residents Lack Access to Environmental Specialty Care.

Residents in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama have experienced repeated natural and man-made environmental exposures. As frequency and intensity of exposures increase, the need for environmental...
The Other Sides of History

This article outlines an experiential learning project with international students who visited St. Louis to investigate the Ferguson protests of 2014-2015. While students demonstrated increased engagement and depth of knowledge following their visit, they did not always grasp the nuances of historical and civic thinking that the trip was intended to teach. Such pedagogical challenges exemplify many of the obstacles facing instructors grappling with projects that address contemporary racism and its history. These include: mastering interdisciplinary scholarship; engaging in personal, classroom, and community reflection; negotiating gaps between scholarly knowledge and current media coverage; and accepting the enormity and complexity of an issue like racism. Such roadblocks can prove discouraging to history and civics instructors, even ones dedicated to open and thoughtful conversation about difficult issues. As a whole, civic thinking came no more naturally than historical thinking for students, and integrating the two required more attention and more aspects of experiential learning than many instructors assume. The article concludes by addressing how, despite such challenges, student learning ultimately justified the project.
Eyes: Iris Sonification and Interactive Biometric Art

"Eyes" is an interactive biometric data art that transforms human's Iris data into musical sound and 3D animated image. The idea is to allow the audience to explore their own identities through unique visual and sound generated by their iris patterns based on iris recognition and image processing techniques. Selected iris images are printed in 3D sculptures, and it replays the sound and animated images on the sculptures. This research-based artwork has an experimental system generating distinct sounds for each different iris data using visual features such as colors, patterns, brightness and size of the iris. It has potentials to lead the new way of interpreting complicated dataset with the audiovisual output. Moreover, aesthetically beautiful, mesmerizing and uncanny valley-effected artwork can create personalized art experience and multimodal interaction. Multisensory interpretations of this data art can lead a new opportunity to reveal users' narratives and create their own "sonic signature."
Case Method and Case Study Collections

An introduction to the case method (CM) of teaching, its history, and a representative list of global case collections focused on the disciplines of public policy, public health, journalism, environment, and other social sciences. The CM, also known as discussion-based learning, is a powerful, interactive, and student-centered teaching tool in the physical or online classroom. ‘Teaching’ case studies are ready-made curricula.
What Persons Are Not: Causality, Minds, and the Brain

Discussions of causality regularly presuppose, for genuinely causal relations, the inevitability of outcomes. Then, application of that 'dazzling image' to human thoughts and feelings can seem to imply that our minds are nothing but our brains. Hence, Chap. 4 is an extended account of some philosophical difficulties that follow from treating minds and mind-states in terms of brains and brain-states. In particular, the assumption of a unique brain-architecture (share by humans) is contested: its status as an assumption, and counter-cases to its deployment, cast doubt on the project of which it is a part. Further, various difficulties with the identification of “the very same thought” undermine the uses to which this model of brains might be put. Any issues do not arise because only rough-and-ready 'folk psychology' is offered, but rather because understanding the psychology of persons and their actions—which generally works pretty well, and is intentional—is an inappropriate starting point for causal investigations of the kind neuroscience requires.
Ultrasound imaging of upper extremity spastic muscle post-stroke and the correlation with function: A pilot study.

Background With increased practice of real-time ultrasound imaging in the physical therapy profession, it is essential to evaluate the utility of its use post stroke. Objective Evaluate relationship of spastic brachialis muscle architectural parameters with clinical measures of upper extremity function and spasticity. Methods Eleven post stroke individuals with spasticity of the upper limb had their brachialis muscle pennation angle and fascicle length measured in the affected and unaffected upper arm, at rest. Involved side upper extremity Fugl-Meyer, Modified Ashworth Scale, and grip strength were collected and compared to muscle architectural parameters of affected and unaffected brachialis muscles. Results Affected side brachialis pennation angle was significantly greater than the unaffected side, and affected fascile length was significantly shorter than the unaffected side. Function levels were found to be significantly higher in those with greater fascile lengths and lower pennation angles. Higher Fugl-Meyer scores of the affected upper extremity were inversely correlated with lower Modified Ashworth Scale scores. Conclusions An objective method of quantifying spasticity can assist in determining if functional gains made post stroke are due to compensations in movement, or due to physiological changes. Ultrasound imaging may be used as an alternative to the Modified Ashworth score to quantify muscular parameters in spastic muscles post stroke.
Beryllium implosions at smaller case-to-capsule ratio on NIF

Abstract Recent experiments systematically studied subscale beryllium-capsule implosions on NIF [A.B. Zylstra et al., Phys. Plasmas 26, 052707 (2019)], finding that the performance was well explained by invoking an inline model for mix at the fuel ablator interface. This model is optimistic about the performance of full-scale beryllium implosions, motivating an exploratory study on tactics for fielding larger capsules within the current limits of power and energy available at NIF. Here we report the results of that work, finding that using a ‘picketless’ pulse would allow a 25% increase in capsule size, which is predicted to substantially improve performance.
Effects of plunge pool configuration on downstream passage survival of juvenile blueback herring

Abstract Anadromous alosines are widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Juveniles of this clade are notoriously fragile animals that are at high risk of injury and death associated with passage at hydroelectric facilities. Although turbine mortality is a common concern, conditions encountered when bypassed around these routes may also be hazardous. Downstream bypass structures typically discharge into plunge pools, which are highly turbulent and may cause mechanical injury. We subjected live, actively migrating juvenile blueback herring to a suite of realistic plunge pool conditions (3 m drop, pool depth of 60–180 cm, and discharge of 0.28–1.70 m3/s) and monitored them for ≥ 96 h. Survival was generally higher than expected (>80% in all cases). However, both plunge pool volume and total discharge affected survival with elevated discharge and shallow conditions associated with increased mortality. Mortality was often delayed: rates remained elevated throughout the monitoring period, indicating that survival studies based on shorter periods underestimate total mortality.
A Conditional Protein Degradation System To Study Essential Gene Function in Cryptosporidium parvum.

ABSTRACT Cryptosporidium spp., protozoan parasites, are a leading cause of global diarrhea-associated morbidity and mortality in young children and immunocompromised individuals. The limited efficacy of the only available drug and lack of vaccines make it challenging to treat and prevent cryptosporidiosis. Therefore, the identification of essential genes and understanding their biological functions are critical for the development of new therapies. Currently, there is no genetic tool available to investigate the function of essential genes in Cryptosporidium spp. Here, we describe the development of the first conditional system in Cryptosporidium parvum. Our system utilizes the Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase degradation domain (DDD) and the stabilizing compound trimethoprim (TMP) for conditional regulation of protein levels in the parasite. We tested our system on the calcium-dependent protein kinase-1 (CDPK1), a leading drug target in C. parvum. By direct knockout strategy, we establish that cdpk1 is refractory to gene deletion, indicating its essentiality for parasite survival. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated transgenic parasites expressing CDPK1 with an epitope tag, and localization studies indicate its expression during asexual parasite proliferation. We then genetically engineered C. parvum to express CDPK1 tagged with DDD. We demonstrate that TMP can regulate CDPK1 levels in this stable transgenic parasite line, thus revealing the critical role of this kinase in parasite proliferation. Further, these transgenic parasites show TMP-mediated regulation of CDPK1 levels in vitro and an increased sensitivity to kinase inhibitor upon conditional knockdown. Overall, this study reports the development of a powerful conditional system that can be used to study essential genes in Cryptosporidium. IMPORTANCECryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are leading pathogens responsible for diarrheal disease (cryptosporidiosis) and deaths in infants and children below 5 years of age. There are no effective treatment options and no vaccine for cryptosporidiosis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify essential gene targets and uncover their biological function to accelerate the development of new and effective anticryptosporidial drugs. Current genetic tool allows targeted disruption of gene function but leads to parasite lethality if the gene is essential for survival. In this study, we have developed a genetic tool for conditional degradation of proteins in Cryptosporidium spp., thus allowing us to study the function of essential genes. Our conditional system expands the molecular toolbox for Cryptosporidium, and it will help us to understand the biology of this important human diarrheal pathogen for the development of new drugs and vaccines.
3-D Printed Iris Waveguide Filter in W-band

Millimeter-wave components are typically expensive to fabricate. This prevents small- and medium-sized enterprises from entering millimeter-wave industries. Therefore, we have developed an additive manufacturing (three-dimensional (3-D) printing) technology as a cost-effective method for the fabrication of waveguide components in the W-band. This report details how a fourth-order Chebyshev bandpass filter was fabricated based on polyamide 11 and conventional nickel electroless plating and copper electroplating technology. This filter had a bandwidth of 7.2 GHz and an insertion loss of 1.4 dB at a center frequency of 87.75 GHz. We confirmed that our proposed method facilitates cost-effective, lightweight, and easy to manufacture millimeter-wave components.
Letters of S.P. Timoshenko to V.I. Vernadsky recently discovered at Columbia University’s library, with analysis of his attitudes:

This paper reproduces the translation of letters sent by Stephen P. Timoshenko—well known specialist in elasticity, vibrations, stability, and structures, in the 20th century—to his colleague Vladi...
The Return of the State? The New Reforms and Changing Local Agency

This chapter continues the overview of national reform trajectories. It begins with a review of a new wave of social policy reforms since 2000s that were reoriented towards social justice and entitlement across all three policy domains. The outcomes of these reforms however suggest that the return of the state is incomplete and that local implementation outcomes vary. The chapter then concludes with a preliminary assessment of evolving central-local relations and new faces of local agency in the new era of policy recentralization.
Characterizing the effects of laser control in laser powder bed fusion on near-surface pore formation via combined analysis of in-situ melt pool monitoring and X-ray computed tomography

Abstract Near-surface or sub-surface pores are critical to the structural integrity of additively manufactured (AM) metal parts, especially in fatigue failure applications. However, their formation in laser powder bed fusion is not well-understood due to the complex processes happening near the surface, which are challenging to monitor. A lack of high-fidelity data hinders understanding of the process and its effects. It is not well-known that problems with laser control parameters such as galvanometer acceleration and laser power on/off delay can form near-surface pores in laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) AM processes, and we investigated the characteristics of these pores in this research. We also demonstrate the capabilities and processes of combined studies using in-situ melt pool images and ex-situ X-ray computed tomography (XCT) images. Using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Additive Manufacturing Metrology Testbed (AMMT), varying laser control schemes were implemented while in-situ coaxial melt pool images were acquired during the build of Nickel superalloy parts. A combination of time-stepped digital commands, in-situ coaxial melt pool monitoring images (≈ 8 µm/pixel), and ex-situ high-resolution XCT images (≈ 3.63 µm/voxel) were demonstrated. Advanced image analysis methods were used to characterize the pores found in terms of size and shape distribution and spatial location. XCT images, in high correspondence to melt pool images, clearly show the effects of the laser control parameters. We present the complete analysis chain of AM command, in-situ melt pool imaging, ex-situ XCT acquisition, and image analysis. Possible near-surface pore formation mechanisms are explained through the comparative image analysis. The approach of compiling combined analyses based on time-stepped digital commands, in-situ monitoring results, and ex-situ XCT measurement through image analysis enables observation and categorization of the different near-surface pore formation mechanisms stemming from laser and scan control.
The potential for targeting CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in the treatment of multiple sclerosis in humans

Comparative analyses of surface-marker expression and in vitro assays of function indicate that significant differences exist in the state of activation of the lymphoid cells in both the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy controls. Of specific interest is the finding that T cells recognizing central-nervous-system (CNS)-derived antigens are found at slightly higher frequencies and in a higher activation state in the circulation of patients with MS as compared to healthy controls [1–3]. This implicates that the autoreactive T cell and the loss of immune regulatory mechanisms are critical in the etiology of MS. Various therapeutic interventions have focused on reducing either the general state of activation of the entire immune system (such as high-dose steroids during acute episodes) or the specific activation of CNS-responsive T cells. The goals of T-celldirected therapies have been to induce T-cell anergy, to alter the T-cell response in the patient from Th1 (inflammatory) to Th2 (anti-inflammatory), or induce the peripheral deletion of autoreactive T cells. The recently identified population of T cells known as CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (TR cells) that appears to have an increased propensity for recognition of self-antigens and act to down-modulate the immune response was found to be functionally deficient in patients with MS as compared to those isolated from healthy subjects [4]. Thus the CD4+CD25+ TR population may be an ideal target for the design of future therapies focused on augmenting their inhibitory activity in patients with MS. In this chapter we will discuss what is known about the state of the immune system in patients with MS, and how the various current and future therapies may affect the interaction between inflammatory and regulatory T-cell subsets and thus regulate the disease.
Lecture III: Philosophy

Lecture III – PHILOSOPHY suggests that dual aspect monism is superior to dualism in that it regards mind and brain to be mutually dependent upon and causal of each other rather than merely parallel or somehow independent qualities. This integrative philosophy is used as the conceptual basis for a new theory of consciousness which holds that consciousness is the subjective awareness of a virtual reality model of the world operating in both waking and sleep. In REM sleep dreaming, that model is revealed to be intrinsic, disinhibited and automatic; in waking (when it is inhibited but not extinguished) it serves as a predictor of experience. In waking, experience is encoded as memory which then updates the intrinsic, virtual reality model revealed in REM. The harmonious echoes of Immanuel Kant and Herrmann von Helmholtz are heard in this theory as well as its discord with Rene Descartes, John Locke, and Sigmund Freud.
Cathode Catalyst Utilization for the ORR in a PEMFC Analytical Model and Experimental Validation

The following model/experiment comparisons aid in predicting the maximum performance of a H 2 /oxygen proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) for a cathode catalyst with known oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics in the absence of gas transport resistances. Specific focus was on modeling the voltage loss within the cathode catalyst layer, which results from a balance between slow ORR kinetics and resistance to proton transport. A unique plot of proton resistance correction vs the ratio of ohmic (expressed by the proton conduction sheet resistance, R sheet ) to charge transfer resistance (expressed by the ratio of the Tafel slope of the ORR over the current density, b/i) in a PEMFC cathode (iR sheet /b) was developed, based on an analytical solution to effective proton resistance in the porous cathode electrode of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Additionally, a plot of catalyst utilization (u) vs iR sheet /b was developed to serve as a guideline of experimental design parameters such that catalyst utilization is kept above 90%, which is a prerequisite for measuring the ORR kinetics. The model is applicable as long as the ORR follow simple Tafel kinetics.
ImpactMap: Designing Sustainable Supply Chains by Incorporating Data Uncertainty

Incorporating uncertainty is critical to developing robust decision support tools for sustainable design. Currently, designers an d consumers have few tools that compare the ranges of environmental and social impacts among potential supply chain options. Methodologies such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) often provide point estimates of the impacts of materials and manufacturing operations on unit bases, but they are not as well suited to express uncertainty associated with many supply chain choices. This work presents a decision support tool that assesses the sustainability of supply chains while incorporating uncertainty. The core contribution is a methodology for assimilating uncertain impact data such that designers or consumers can compare the impacts of a product's possible supply chains. This is possible even if data are missing, through the use of a form of Uncertainty Propagation that factors in data from similar supply chains. A web-based decision support tool combines impact information from disparate sources and visualizes the resulting uncertainty in an intuitive way. We discuss several application areas, as well as techniques for determining when our methodology might be limited. Introduction. Where and how a product is made has significant impacts on its triple bottom line, or economic, environmental, and social impacts. Much of the world's manufacturing is moving from developed to dev eloping countries where rules on occupational health and environmental emissions are less stringent. Upfront design decisions determine the complexity of assembly and material selection, affecting where and how something will be made. Despite this importance, there are a limited number of tools that can help designers make informed decisions regarding their product s upply chain amidst uncertain information. A case study of a laptop computer recycling supply chain demonstrates how the methodology handles and presents real, imperfect data to help the user make optimal supply chain choices. This methodology enables several applications 1) improving LCA estimates by better utilizing crowd-sourced data, 2) reducing LCA estimate uncertainty with targeted data gathering, and 3) robustly computing low-impact supply chain choices using uncertain LCA data. verall, this combined approach merges LCAs from various sources to create initial estimates, despite potential missing data a task none of the comprising estimates could do by itself.
How do we make the best choice in assays used to monitor HLA antibodies in renal recipients awaiting transplant? A comparison of flowpra beads with luminex single-antigen beads

Introduction Solid-phase HLA antibody assays are sensitive and specific to identify antigen and allele-level specificities. Protocol changes to test frequency and the addition of FlowPRA bead (FPB) screening to monitor HLA antibodies in renal patients required post-implementation monitoring. This study correlated Luminex single-antigen bead (SAB) and FPB test results to monitor the effectiveness of these changes. Methods SAB for antibody ID and FPB for screening are performed quarterly on actively-waitlisted renal recipients. This study evaluated agreement based on current SAB positive cutoff MFI values: 3000 for HLA-A and -B, 5000 for HLA-C and 1000 for all Class II specificities. Class II results with cutoff ⩾3000 were included to gauge sensitivity. The current FPB positive cutoff is ⩾5% over the negative control. Results 615 serum samples from 261 patients tested within a 15-month window after FPB implementation were evaluated for agreement by patient number and number of samples tested. Patient Numbers : SAB and FPB Class I results did not agree in 84 patients (32.2%); 63.1% of patients had false positive (FP) and 36.9% had false negative (FN) results. With a MFI ⩾1000 cutoff, Class II results did not agree in 119 patients (45.6%); 0.8% of patients had FP and 99.2% had FN results. With a MFI ⩾3000, Class II results did not agree in 49 patients (18.8%); 18.4% of patients had FP and 81.6% had FN results. Sample Numbers : SAB and FPB Class I results did not agree in 162 serum samples (26.3%); 60.5% of samples had FP and 39.5% had FN results. With a MFI ⩾1000 cutoff, Class II results did not agree in 312 samples (50.7%); 11.9% of samples had FP and 88.1% had FN results. With a MFI ⩾ 3000 cutoff, Class II results did not agree in 128 samples (20.8%); 33.6% of samples had FP and 66.4% had FN results. Conclusion HLA antibody monitoring is important to anticipate donor-specific reactivity in renal transplant recipients. If ID and screening assays are used to monitor these levels, an acceptable degree of correlation between methods is important. The FPB assay is not as sensitive or specific as SAB, especially in detecting weak, clinically-significant specificities. This study identified weakness in our protocol, leading us to evaluate other HLA antibody assay options.
A unifying framework for systolic designs

A systematic methodology to synthesize systolic designs is described and used to derive a new design for dynamic programming. This latter design uses fewer processing elements than previously considered ones. The synthesis method consists of two parts: 1) deriving from the high-level problem specification a form more suitable to VLSI implementation; 2) mapping the new specification into physical hardware. The method also provides a unifying framework for existing systolic algorithms.
A Defect in Mismatch Repair in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Stimulates Ectopic Recombination between Homeologous Genes by an Excision Repair Dependent Process

Null mutations in three recombination and DNA repair genes were studied to determine their effects on mitotic recombination between the duplicate AdoMet (S-adenosylmethionine) synthetase genes (SAM1 and SAM2) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. SAM1 and SAM2, located on chromosomes XII and IV, respectively, encode functionally equivalent although differentially regulated AdoMet synthetases. These similar but not identical (homeologous) genes are 83% homologous at the nucleotide level and this identity is limited solely to the coding regions of the genes. Single frameshift mutations were introduced into the 5' end of SAM1 and the 3' end of SAM2 by restriction site ablation. The sequences surrounding these mutations differ significantly in their degree of homology to the corresponding area of the other gene. Mitotic ectopic recombination between the mutant sam genes occurs at a rate of 8.4 X 10(-9) in a wild-type genetic background. Gene conversion of the marker within the region of greater sequence homology occurs 20-fold more frequently than conversion of the marker within the region of relative sequence diversity. The relative orientation of the two genes prevents the recovery of translocations. Mitotic recombination between the sam genes is completely dependent on the DNA repair and recombination gene RAD52. A mutation in PMS1, a mismatch repair gene, causes a 4.5-fold increase in the rate of ectopic recombination. RAD1, an excision repair gene, is required to observe this increased rate of ectopic conversion. In addition, RAD1 is involved in modulating the pattern of coconversion during recombination between the homeologous sam genes. These results suggest that interactions between mismatch repair, excision repair and recombinational repair functions are involved in determining the ectopic gene conversion frequency between the sam genes.
Framing the Bride: Globalizing Beauty and Romance in Taiwan's Bridal Industry

Framing the Bride: Globalizing Beauty and Romance in Taiwan's Bridal Industry. Bonnie Adrian. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2003.