cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of expansion for Phragmites australis , common reed, in natural and impacted coastal marshes

The rapid spread ofPhragmites australis in the coastal marshes of the Northeastern United States has been dramatic and noteworthy in that this native species appears to have gained competitive advantage across a broad range of habitats, from tidal salt marshes to freshwater wetlands. Concomitant with the spread has been a variety of human activities associated with coastal development as well as the displacement of nativeP. australis with aggressive European genotypes. This paper reviews the impacts caused by pure stands ofP. australis on the structure and functions of tidal marshes. To assess the determinants ofP. australis expansion, the physiological tolerance and competitive abilities of this species were examined using a field experiment.P. australis was planted in open tubes paired withSpartina alterniflora, Spartina patens, Juncus gerardii, Lythrum salicaria, andTypha angustifolia in low, medium, and high elevations at mesohaline (14‰), intermediate (18‰), and salt (23‰) marsh locations. Assessment of the physiological tolerance ofP. australis to conditions in tidal brackish and salt marshes indicated this plant is well suited to colonize creek banks as well as upper marsh edges. The competitive ability ofP. australis indicated it was a robust competitor relative to typical salt marsh plants. These results were not surprising since they agreed with field observations by other researchers and fit within current competition models throught to structure plant distribution within tidal marshes. Aspects ofP. australis expansion indicate superior competitive abilities based on attributes that fall outside the typical salt marsh or plant competition models. The alignment of some attributes with human impacts to coastal marshes provides a partial explanation of how this plant competes so well. To curb the spread of this invasive genotype, careful attention needs to be paid to human activities that affect certain marsh functions. Current infestations in tidal marshes should serve as a sentinel to indicate where human actions are likely promoting the invasion (e.g., through hydrologic impacts) and improved management is needed to sustain native plant assemblages (e.g., prohibit filling along margins).
Fear-potentiated startle in posttraumatic stress disorder.

Exaggerated startle is reputed to be one of the cardinal symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, objective studies have given conflicting results as to whether or not startle is increased in PTSD. The present study investigated startle in PTSD during the threat of shock (fear-potentiated startle). The eyeblink component of the startle reflex was measured at various times preceding and following the anticipation of unpleasant electric shocks in 9 PTSD subjects and 10 age-matched, healthy controls. Startle amplitude was significantly greater during baseline and during shock anticipation in the PTSD subjects, compared to the controls. Habituation of the startle reflex was normal. Because other studies in the literature, as well as in our own laboratory, have failed to find exaggerated startle at baseline (i.e., absence of stress) in PTSD patients, it is unlikely that the present results reflect a chronic elevation of startle in this group. Instead, the higher levels of startle in the PTSD group probably resulted from a greater conditioned emotional response in this group, triggered by anticipation of electric shocks that generalized to the unfamiliar experimental context in which testing occurred. Hence, emotionally charged test procedures may be especially informative in distinguishing PTSD patients from other psychiatric diagnostic groups.
A Survey of Current Work in Microprogramming

The purpose of this article is to provide a brief survey of current work in microprogramming and to assess future developments in microprogramming in terms of probable advances in semiconductor technology. The article is primarily directed toward readers who understand that "microprogram control" refers to implementation of the control function of a digital computer by means of control sequences that are stored in a memory rather than generated by a hardware control sequencer. The reader should also realize that the "machine" instructions of microprogrammed computers provide a means for organizing microinstructions into logically convenient modules.
A variational-bound nip-element method for geometrically stiff problems; application to thermal composites and porous media

Geometrically stiff problems – problems which exhibit disparate length scales geometric in origin – arise frequently in fluid mechanics and heat transfer, perhaps most prevalently in the analysis of multicomponent media. In this paper we present a hybrid analytico-computational approach to the treatment of geometrically stiff problems for which the quantity of interest can be expressed as the extremum of a functional; more precisely, we consider, in depth, the effective conductivity of (random) thermal composites and, briefly, the permeability of (random) porous media. The approach proceeds by an inner outer decomposition, in which analytical approximations in ‘inner’ nip regions are folded into modified ‘outer’ problems defined over geometrically (more) homogeneous domains. The technique considerably mitigates the numerical difficulties associated with geometric stiffness – by reduced degrees of freedom, improved conditioning, less stringent mesh generation requirements and better parallel load balancing – while simultaneously providing rigorous upper and lower bounds for the quantity of interest. Furthermore, the method enjoys certain ‘convergence’ properties: the upper–lower bound gap can be rendered systematically smaller by decreasing the extent of the inner nip regions. We first describe a series of bound procedures and associated modified outer weak forms; we next discuss finite-element implementation of the outer problem on message-passing multicomputers (here the Intel iPSC/860 hypercube); and, finally, we present several illustrative examples.
Activation of a Calcium-Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase I Cascade in PC12 Cells

It has been observed that the activity of Ca2+-calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase I is enhanced up to 50-fold by its phosphorylation in vitro by a distinct CaM kinase I kinase (Lee, J. C., and Edelman, A. M. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 2158-2164). It has, however, been unclear whether this event represents an acute form of cellular regulation. We demonstrate here the phosphorylation and activation of CaM kinase I in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells in response to elevation of intracellular Ca2+. Treatment of PC12 cells with the Ca2+-ionophore, ionomycin, or with a depolarizing concentration of KCl, led to rapid, biphasic phosphorylation of CaM kinase I and to increases in CaM kinase I activity of 5.1- and 7. 3-fold, respectively. Depolarization-induced activation of CaM kinase I was reduced by approximately 80% by blockade of Ca2+ influx through L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and completely abolished by removal of extracellular Ca2+. The ability of PC12 cell CaM kinase I to be phosphorylated and activated by purified CaM kinase I kinase in vitro was markedly reduced by prior depolarization of the cells, consistent with intracellular phosphorylation and activation of CaM kinase I by CaM kinase I kinase. These results demonstrate the existence in PC12 cells of a CaM kinase I cascade, the function of which may be to sensitize cells to signal-induced elevations of intracellular Ca2+.
Machiavelli Against Republicanism: On the Cambridge School's “Guicciardinian Moments”

Scholars loosely affiliated with the “Cambridge School” (e.g., Pocock, Skinner, Viroli, and Pettit) accentuate rule of law, common good, class equilibrium, and non-domination in Machiavelli's political thought and republicanism generally but underestimate the Florentine's preference for class conflict and ignore his insistence on elite accountability. The author argues that they obscure the extent to which Machiavelli is an anti-elitist critic of the republican tradition, which they fail to disclose was predominantly oligarchic. The prescriptive lessons these scholars draw from republicanism for contemporary politics reinforce rather than reform the “senatorial,” electorally based, and socioeconomically agnostic republican model (devised by Machiavelli's aristocratic interlocutor, Guicciardini, and refined by Montesquieu and Madison) that permits common citizens to acclaim but not determine government policies. Cambridge School textual interpretations and practical proposals have little connection with Ma...
On the Future Availability of the Energy Metals

The routine availability of metals, long assumed by materials scientists to be unworthy of concern, is now a topic of wide interest but one with little clear guidance. This review discusses availability issues from the perspective of the metals utilized in the energy industry. Although the availability of metals is a dynamic characteristic, availability of the widely used base metals appears assured in the immediate future. The same cannot be said for by-product (daughter) metals, which are increasingly vital for many carbon-free energy technologies but are produced only if recovered as part of parent metal processing. Additionally, the direct substitution of one metal for another in short supply is often difficult because the best substitutes tend to have the same availability constraints as did the original metal. Gallium, indium, and neodymium are singled out as elements of particular concern from a long-term-supply standpoint.
On the evolution of the protolunar disc.

The structure and viscous evolution of a post-impact, protolunar disc is examined. The equations for a silicate disc in two-phase (vapour–liquid) equilibrium are employed to derive an analytical solution to vertical structure. Both a vertically mixed phase disc and a stratified disc, where a magma layer exists in the mid-plane surrounded by a vapour reservoir, are considered. The former largely reproduces the low gas mass fraction, x ≪1, profiles of the disc described in earlier literature that proposed that the disc would hover on the brink of gravitational instability. In the latter, the vapour layer has x ∼1 and is generally gravitationally stable, while the magma layer is vigorously unstable. The viscous evolution of the stratified model is then explored. Initially, the disc quickly settles to a quasi-steady state with a vapour reservoir containing the majority of the disc mass. The magma layer viscously spreads on a time scale of approximately 3–4 years, during which vapour continuously condenses into droplets that settle to the mid-plane, maintaining the magma surface density in spite of disc spreading. Material flowing inwards is accreted by the Earth; material flowing outwards past the Roche boundary can become incorporated into accreting moonlets. This evolution persists until the vapour reservoir is depleted in approximately 50–100 years, depending on its initial mass.
Software fault tree analysis for a requirements system model

Software that is used to control critical systems is frequently tasked to ensure the safe operation of the system under its control. The paper suggests the use of fault tree analysis with an external interaction model as part of the software requirements specification and analysis phase for the development of such systems. After a brief review of the model, the general fault tree analysis technique is described and templates for software fault tree construction directly from the model are shown.
ANKYRIN REPEAT-CONTAINING PROTEIN 2A Is an Essential Molecular Chaperone for Peroxisomal Membrane-Bound ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE3 in Arabidopsis

Arabidopsis thaliana ANKYRIN REPEAT-CONTAINING PROTEIN 2A (AKR2A) interacts with peroxisomal membrane-bound ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE3 (APX3). This interaction involves the C-terminal sequence of APX3 (i.e., a transmembrane domain plus a few basic amino acid residues). The specificity of the AKR2A–APX3 interaction suggests that AKR2A may function as a molecular chaperone for APX3 because binding of AKR2A to the transmembrane domain can prevent APX3 from forming aggregates after translation. Analysis of three akr2a mutants indicates that these mutant plants have reduced steady state levels of APX3. Reduced expression of AKR2A using RNA interference also leads to reduced steady state levels of APX3 and reduced targeting of APX3 to peroxisomes in plant cells. Since AKR2A also binds specifically to the chloroplast OUTER ENVELOPE PROTEIN7 (OEP7) and is required for the biogenesis of OEP7, AKR2A may serve as a molecular chaperone for OEP7 as well. The pleiotropic phenotype of akr2a mutants indicates that AKR2A plays many important roles in plant cellular metabolism and is essential for plant growth and development.
The Moderating Influence of Narrative Causality as an Untapped Pool of Variance for Narrative Persuasion

This study examines if accounting for the causal location of information within a narrative can improve the predictability of narrative persuasion. Using perceived realism as a variable of narrative persuasion and environmental communication as a context, results reveal a significant moderating influence of the location of information relative to the cause-and-effect structure of the narrative. Specifically, external realism increased the acceptance of narrative information, but only after accounting for the additional variance of location and only for the subset of information on the causal line of the narrative. Future studies should continue to explore how the variance associated with this narrative causality can be leveraged toward a more nuanced understanding of narrative persuasion.
Optimal harvesting of stochastic spatial resources

Abstract We characterize the optimal harvest of a renewable resource in a generalized stochastic spatially explicit model. Despite the complexity of the model, we are able to obtain sharp analytical results. We find that the optimal harvest rule in general depends upon dispersal patterns of the resource across space, and only in special circumstances do we find a modified golden rule of growth that is independent of dispersal patterns. We also find that the optimal harvest rule may include closure of some areas to harvest, either on a temporary or permanent basis (biological reserves). Reserves alone cannot correct open access, but may, under sufficient spatial heterogeneity and connectivity, increase profits if appropriate harvest controls are in place outside of reserves.
RECRUITMENT OF A CORAL REEF FISH: ROLES OF SETTLEMENT, HABITAT, AND POSTSETTLEMENT LOSSES

Multiple processes typically influence patterns of abundance. Despite this widely accepted view, many studies continue to approach ecological questions from a single- factor, or, at most, a two-factor perspective. Here, I evaluate the consequences of consid- ering, separately and jointly, the effects of three factors (larval settlement, reef resources, and postsettlement losses) on spatial patterns of abundance of a marine reef fish, the six bar wrasse (Thalassoma hardwicke). Using correlational methods commonly employed in single-factor studies, I show that local patterns of abundance of juvenile wrasse could be attributed entirely to either (1) patterns of abundance of settlement habitat, or (2) patterns of larval settlement. This result occurred because habitat and presumed larval delivery covaried in space. I manipulated abundance of settlement habitat in a field experiment to uncouple this covariation and found subsequent settlement to be simultaneously influenced by both factors. However, joint effects of habitat and settlement failed to account for patterns of abundance of juvenile wrasse without also considering a third factor-postsettlement losses-which were density-dependent and substantially modified patterns of settlement. These results illustrate (1) how multifactorial explanations may be falsely refuted when incomplete sets of multiple factors are considered, and (2) how single-factor explanations may misrepresent underlying multifactorial causation of ecological patterns. Uncovering the interactive role of multiple factors in determining ecological patterns of interest requires a shift from single-factor approaches to more pluralistic perspectives.
When a good fit can be bad.

How should we select among computational models of cognition? Although it is commonplace to measure how well each model fits the data, this is insufficient. Good fits can be misleading because they can result from properties of the model that have nothing to do with it being a close approximation to the cognitive process of interest (e.g. overfitting). Selection methods are introduced that factor in these properties when measuring fit. Their success in outperforming standard goodness-of-fit measures stems from a focus on measuring the generalizability of a model's data-fitting abilities, which should be the goal of model selection.
Robust detection by autoregressive spectrum analysis

The problem of detecting a signal with an unknown Doppler shift and random phase in white noise is essentially a problem in spectral analysis. This paper examines the merits of a detector based upon the autoregressive spectral estimator. Some advantages of the auto-regressive detector are that the detection performance is independent of Doppler shift and phase and the false alarm rate is independent of noise level. Also, the performance does not depend upon the exact signal form but only upon its autocorrelation function, leading to a robust detector. For the first order autoregressive model investigated, the computational and storage requirements of the autoregressive detector are less than that for a conventional bank of matched filters detector. It is shown by example that when the actual received signal departs appreciably from the signal assumed in a conventional detector, i.e., a bank of matched filters, the AR detection performance exceeds that of the conventional detector.
Using Video-recorded Laryngoscopy to Evaluate Laryngoscopic Blade Approach and Adverse Events in Children.

Objectives Using recordings of endotracheal intubation attempts obtained with a video-enabled laryngoscope with Miller and Macintosh blades, the authors sought to evaluate the association between laryngoscopic approach (right-sided vs. midline) and intubation success, as well as adverse event rates in the pediatric emergency department (ED). Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of children younger than 21 years who underwent endotracheal intubation with a C-MAC video laryngoscope in a tertiary care ED between August 2009 and May 2013. The primary outcome was successful endotracheal intubation on the first attempt. The secondary outcomes included time to intubation, video-recorded adverse events (oropharyngeal mucosal injury and aspiration), and physiologic adverse events. Multivariate regression models were used to determine the relationship between laryngoscope blade position and outcome measures adjusted for patient and provider factors. Results The cohort consisted of complete video recordings for 105 of 143 (73%) patient encounters with intubations. The first-pass success rate did not significantly differ based on laryngoscopic approach (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.29 to 2.0). Among patients successfully intubated on the first attempt, the median time to intubation was longer for the right-sided approach compared to the midline approach (42 seconds vs. 31.5 seconds; p < 0.05). The odds of mucosal injury and aspiration were higher among patients intubated using a right-sided approach compared to a midline approach (aOR = 4.1, 95% CI = 1.2 to 14.5; aOR = 7.7, 95% CI = 1.5 to 39.5, respectively). Rates of physiologic adverse events did not differ based on approach. Conclusions First-pass success rate did not differ based upon laryngoscopic approach type; however, a right-sided approach was associated with a longer time to intubation, as well as higher rates of mucosal injury and aspiration among patients undergoing video-enabled intubation in a pediatric ED.
Identification of Neurones in the Female Rat Hypothalamus That Express Oestrogen Receptor‐Alpha and Vesicular Glutamate Transporter‐2

Oestrogen exerts its effects in the brain by binding to and activating two members of the nuclear receptor family, oestrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and ER-beta. Evidence suggests that oestrogen-receptive neurones participate in the generation of reproductive behaviours and that they convey the oestrogen message to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones. The aim of the present study was to identify the neurochemical phenotype of a subset of oestrogen receptor-expressing neurones. To this aim, we focused on the glutamate neuronal system, which is one of the most important stimulators of GnRH synthesis and release. We used the presence of vesicular glutamate transporter-2 (VGLUT2) mRNA as a specific marker to identify glutamate neurones and employed dual in situ hybridization to localize ERalpha mRNA-(35S-labelling) and VGLUT2 mRNA-(digoxigenin-labelling) expressing neurones within the hypothalamus. The results show that the overall distribution of VGLUT2 mRNA and ERalpha mRNA are consistent with previous data in the literature. Dual-labelled neurones were localized in the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus where 81.3 +/- 3.4% of the ERalpha mRNA containing neurones expressed VGLUT2 mRNA, in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (30% colocalization) and in the medial preoptic nucleus (19% colocalization). Only 4.4% of the ERalpha expressing neurones in the arcuate nucleus contained VGLUT2 mRNA. These findings reveal that certain subpopulations of oestrogen-receptive neurones are glutamatergic in select hypothalamic areas that are known to regulate reproductive behaviour and GnRH neurones in the female rat. Thus, the oestrogen signal could be propagated through glutamate neurones to distant sites and influence the activity of the postsynaptic neurones.
Isolating the Incentive Salience of Reward-Associated Stimuli: Value, Choice, and Persistence.

Sign- and goal-tracking are differentially associated with drug abuse-related behavior. Recently, it has been hypothesized that sign- and goal-tracking behavior are mediated by different neurobehavioral valuation systems, including differential incentive salience attribution. Herein, we used different conditioned stimuli to preferentially elicit different response types to study the different incentive valuation characteristics of stimuli associated with sign- and goal-tracking within individuals. The results demonstrate that all stimuli used were equally effective conditioned stimuli; however, only a lever stimulus associated with sign-tracking behavior served as a robust conditioned reinforcer and was preferred over a tone associated with goal-tracking. Moreover, the incentive value attributed to the lever stimulus was capable of promoting suboptimal choice, leading to a significant reduction in reinforcers (food) earned. Furthermore, sign-tracking to a lever was more persistent than goal-tracking to a tone under omission and extinction contingencies. Finally, a conditional discrimination procedure demonstrated that sign-tracking to a lever and goal-tracking to a tone were dependent on learned stimulus-reinforcer relations. Collectively, these results suggest that the different neurobehavioral valuation processes proposed to govern sign- and goal-tracking behavior are independent but parallel processes within individuals. Examining these systems within individuals will provide a better understanding of how one system comes to dominate stimulus-reward learning, thus leading to the differential role these systems play in abuse-related behavior.
The legacy of early experiences in development: Formalizing alternative models of how early experiences are carried forward over time.

Psychologists have long debated the role of early experience in social and cognitive development. However, traditional approaches to studying this issue are not well positioned to address this debate. The authors present simulations that indicate that the associations between early experiences and later outcomes should approach different asymptotic values across time, given alternative assumptions about the developmental significance of early experience. To test the predictions of alternative developmental models, the authors examine data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) on maternal sensitivity in the first 3 years of life and its association with social competence and academic skills through age 15. Across multimethod, multi-informant outcome data, results suggest that there may be enduring effects of early caregiving experiences in both of these domains.
Lipid biomarkers record fundamental changes in the microbial community structure of tropical seas during the Late Ordovician Hirnantian glaciation

The Late Ordovician mass extinction was linked to climate cooling and glaciation of Gondwana during the terminal Ordovician Hirnantian Age (444.7–443.4 Ma). Extinction patterns have been well described for many marine taxa, but much less is known about marine microbial communities through this interval. To elucidate the structure of microbial communities in tropical marine basins through the Late Ordovician, we analyzed lipid biomarkers in thermally well preserved strata from the Taconic foreland (Anticosti Island, Canada), the Cincinnati Arch (midwestern United States), and the western continental margin (Vinini Formation, Nevada, United States). Despite clear oceanographic differences, lipid biomarker profiles show similarities between these three localities. Major shifts in biomarker distributions of Anticosti Island and the Vinini Formation, mainly hopane/sterane ratios, record changes in the balance of bacterial versus algal primary production. Bacterial contributions to sedimentary organic matter were highest during warm intervals, both before and after Hirnantian cooling. In particular, 3β-methylhopanes, likely sourced from aerobic methanotrophic bacteria, occur in high relative abundance (many times the Phanerozoic average) across Laurentia throughout most of the interval studied. 3β-methylhopane abundances also reveal an overall positive relationship with paleotemperature proxies, implying increased methane cycling during warm intervals. These results suggest that enhanced methane cycling could have provided an important positive feedback on climate during extended intervals of early Paleozoic time.
Intraperitoneal amino acids: a therapy whose time has come?

In regard to the question posed in the title of this review, the answer is mixed. IPN is possible today but only on a limited basis and at high cost with uncertain benefit. A 1.1% amino acid dialys...
Integrating Human Capital with Human Development: Toward a Broader and More Human Conception of Human Capital

Economics’ concept of human capital (HC) is very important as using this term allows us to recognize the huge quantity of real resources that are in people. These resources allow people in the economy to behave better and be more productive than if they were not endowed with these capabilities. There are, however, problems with the concept of HC in mainstream economics. Notably, mainstream HC reflects the mechanistic nature of the economics discipline. And utilizing the mainstream HC concept does not help one gain an adequate understanding of how human capacities develop or fail to develop during an individual’s lifespan. Because of these problems, the purpose of this chapter is to move beyond mainstream HC by integrating the HC concept with the concept of human development (HD). Doing this will allow us to better understand how important HC resources come into existence, develop further, and sometimes fail to develop. Based on a more developmental understanding of HC, one can appreciate that there are many more kinds of opportunities to invest in HC than one could conceive of from reading the mainstream HC literature. In particular, there is a great deal of HC formation that is psychological, social, and emotional in nature, that is, noncognitive in nature. How well people develop their noncognitive HC capabilities is extremely important for the behavior and productivity of the economy.
Of Refrains, Fairy-tales and Compositional Hesitation: Act II of Wagner's Siegfried Revisited

As is well known, Wagner began creating the cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen by writing a three-act dramatic poem entitled Siegfrieds Tod, the story of a mythical hero, Siegfried, and his downfall. But Siegfrieds Tod was burdened by extended moments of static, explanatory narrative, and Wagner's dramaturgical instincts ultimately led him to write three works that would precede the tragedy of Siegfried's fall. Der junge Siegfried, ultimately retitled Siegfried, presents the rise of the hero, Die Walkure the hero's origins, and Das Rheingold serves as a one-act prologue to the Ring-trilogy. The character of Siegfried was, thus, the generative impulse behind Wagner's cycle and is central to its dramaturgy. The opera Siegfried focuses upon the upbringing and, more importantly, the coming of age of this pivotal character.
VORTICITY AND ITS TRANSPORT IN JUNCTURE FLOW

The influence of wing sweep on vorticily and its transport has been investigated in the juncture region of wing-body configurations. Three component LDV measurements of mean velocities were differentiated numerically to compute vorticity and subsequently its advection. Vortical structures tot visible in the mean velocity maps were observable in the vorticity and transport maps. Vortical structures were observed to be limited to less than 30% of the boundary layer in plane of symmetry and the transverse plane at the maximum wing thickness location, diffusing into the upper layers as the flow progressed further stream-wise. In general, vorticity diffused to about 40% in the maximum thickness plane and by an order of magnitude as it reached the trailing edge. Wing sweep reduced the vertical influence of vorticity with forward sweep having higher influence. Swept wing configuration had slightly higher vorticity in the plane of symmetry. Wing sweep also reduced the diffusion of vorticity into the upper regions of the boundary layer. Transverse diffusion of vorticity was observed to be an order of magnitude higher than the vertical transport for swept cases. The vorticity transport was observed closer to the wing centerline with increasing sweep. Forward sweep influenced vertical transport in the plane of symmetry. Increased organized vorticity transport due to wing sweep was observed in the wing corner region.
Drugs and Thyroid Function

Testing of thyroid function is common in clinical practice. Many patients who are tested, including those who have or are receiving treatment for thyroid disease, take medications that may affect thyroid function. Therefore, the possible effect of these drugs both on the results of thyroid-function tests and on the effectiveness of treatment must always be considered in decisions regarding patient care. The pathways of thyroid hormone synthesis, secretion, transport in the circulation, and metabolism offer numerous targets for drug interaction (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Normal thyroid secretion depends on thyrotropin (TSH). Secretion of TSH is, in turn, inhibited by thyroid hormones . . .
The application of surgery and biopsy of the breast neoplasm with Mammotome minimally invasive rotary cutting technics

Objective To discuss the use of Mammotome minimally invasive rotary cutting operation for diagnosis and treatment of mammary gland disease, and to evaluate its value of clinical application. Methods 281 patients with breast neplasm had been diagnosed and treated by Mammotome operation from May 2011 to May 2012 in Ningbo Women Children′s Hospital, whose clinical curative effects were observed. Results The total 281 cases were excised completely, among which 3 cases were diagnosed as breast cancers and the rest of 278 cases were benign lesions. Among 3 cases of breast cancers, 2 cases of breast cancers were undergoing breast cancer modified radical and another 1 case was of mastectomy plus sentinel lymph node biopsy. Cancer cells were not found in postoperative pathological tissues. The follow-up mean time for 278 benign patients was nine months(6-12 months). 5 cases patients' masses with hematoma was bigger, which had been completely absorbed within 3 months. 14 cases of subcutaneous blood stasis were absorbed in two weeks. 3 cases patients′nipples spilled blood and disappeared after two weeks. None of recurrence was revealed by ultrasound examination. Conclusion Mammotome minimally invasive surgery has a better effect on treating patients with benign breast neoplasm. It is a simple operation for the purpose of biopsy confirming the earlier breast cancer with small trauma, fewer complications, safety and beautiful clinical treatments. This kind of operation can better serve the treatment of benign lesions and biopsy of malignant lesions of breast neoplasm.
Phonologically based assessment and intervention in Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A case analysis

The articulation errors of one adult subject demonstrating a spastic variety of congenital cerebral palsy were evaluated via a phonological process analysis. This analysis indicated that a stopping process (replacement of fricatives with homorganic stops) was the most detrimental to the subject's, intelligibility. Subsequent to this analysis a phonemic contrasting programme was initiated toward the goal of minimizing the influence of the stopping process. Results of spontaneous speech sample analyses indicated that this approach was successful in increasing the percentage of correctly produced fricative patterns. Success in this case suggests the applicability of a linguistically based intervention approach in structural/functional disturbances of speech articulation.
Personalizing Medicine in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The Rationale for Combination Therapies.

AbstractPersonalized medicine, in which individual tumor genetics drive the selection of targeted therapies and treatment plans for each patient, has recently emerged as the next generation of cancer therapy. Unfortunately, personalized medicine trials have had limited success in tumors that have complex combinations of disruptive genomic events, which drive differential responses to targeted therapies. Here, we will use head and neck squamous cell carcinoma as a model for genetically complex disease and discuss novel approaches to enhance personalized medicine trials for these complicated cases.
Protest on the Page: Essays on Print and the Culture of Dissent since 1865 James L. Baughman, Jennifer Ratner‐Rosenhagen, and James P. Danky, Editors. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 2015.

Protest on the Page: Essays on Print and the Culture of Dissent since 1865 James L. Baughman, Jennifer Ratner-Rosenhagen, and James P. Danky, Editors. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 2015.This collection of essays, drawn from a conference in 2012 at the Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture, spans around a century of print in the United States. The scholarship on the history of print is voluminous, and no one collection could hope to encompass the entire field. This collection carves out a niche for itself by turning to the margins and examining the ways that different types of printed material contributed to and shaped a variety of protest movements, especially those that have been forgotten. While the essays span a broad range of print media, the emphasis is on the press, especially on subversive discourses and forgotten papers. In the Preface, James P. Danky argues that print, originally valued for its speed in the dissemination of dissent, is still valuable, noting that "Today, the digital makes a mockery of any notion of speed in other media, whether used for protest or not; but print remains essential for many protests in the United States and globally. In both cases, when ideas are formalized on the page, they possess a power that the purely auditory does not" (x). James L. Baughman echoes this sentiment in his Introduction in which he rebuts Alexis de Tocqueville's argument that the American press was ineffective and apolitical, filled with nothing but advertisements and anecdotes. For Baughman, the medium of print and the rhetoric of protest are inevitably necessary to each other.The collection is arranged thematically and roughly chronologically into three sections. The first, "Revolt and Reaction," broadly addresses the theme of rebellion beginning with Adam Thomas's discussion of Southern reactions to Reconstruction and to carpetbaggers, making clear that protests are not always progressive or radical. In an interesting departure from the rest of the collection's emphasis on words, Andrew Hoyt's essay looks at Carlo Abate's newspaper woodcuts and his attempts to assert his artistic subjectivity against mechanism as part of the political discourse of anarchism. Other essays include Nicolas Kanellos's study of a trove of Spanish language anarchist and protest papers, revealing a political and ethnic community, and Trevor Joy Sangrey's paper making the connection between communism and Black Nationalism through communist pamphlets. …
Attachment as a predictor of driving performance

Abstract The current study focuses on the value of attachment style—a personality trait most commonly associated with close relationships and affect regulation, but also with cognitive performance—as a predictor of both reported real-world driving and driving in a simulator. Participants completed a battery of self-report measures, including driving experience and violations (e.g., traffic violations, crashes), a cognitive task, and four driving scenarios where speeding, collisions, and lane violations were monitored. Attachment style, as well as driving style and performance on the cognitive task, were found to predict driving performance. The findings highlight the complex associations between personality, attention, and driving performance. Specifically, the results support the inclusion of personality variables such as attachment style in the study of driving performance or when planning interventions to improve driving.
CHAPTER 13 – Inhibition of Platelet Function by the Endothelium

Platelets circulate in a quiescent state as long as the endothelium remains biochemically and physically intact. Injury of a diseased or healthy vessel wall causes platelet adhesion initiated by the exposure of subendothelial components including von Willebrand factor (VWF), collagen, and fibronectin. Platelets bind to the exposed VWF via the glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V receptor complex (see Chapter 7) that not only anchors the platelets to the injured vessel site but also leads to platelet activation via signaling events that involve the GPIIb-IIIa receptor (integrin αIIbβ3) (see Chapter 8). In addition, several collagen-binding proteins expressed on the platelet surface, such as GPVI, integrin α2β1, and CD36 (see Chapter 6), regulate collagen-induced platelet adhesion, specifi cally under flow conditions (see Chapter 18). These receptors interact in a synergistic way dependent on flow conditions, the extent of damage, and relative exposure of distinct types of collagen or extracellular matrix proteins. Subsequent platelet activation causes secretion of additional agonists such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thromboxane A2 (TXA2), and serotonin (see Chapter 15), which then leads to further platelet aggregation by recruitment of additional platelets to the growing thrombus. The formation of thrombin induces contraction and the formation of fi brin leads to the consolidation of the platelet plug.1-3
Multi-physics analysis of hybrid graphene/semiconductor plasmonic terahertz sources (Conference Presentation)

Wireless data rates have doubled every eighteen months for the last three decades. Following this trend, Terabit-per-second links will become a reality within the next five years. In this context, Terahertz (THz) band (0.1-10 THz) communication is envisioned as a key technology of the next decade. Despite major progress towards developing THz sources, compact signal generators above 1 THz able to efficiently work at room temperature are still missing. Recently, the use of hybrid graphene/semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMT) has been proposed as a way to generate Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) waves at THz frequencies. Compact size, room-temperature operation and tunability of the graphene layer, in addition to possibility for large scale integration, motivate the exploration of this approach. In this paper, a simulation model of hybrid graphene/semiconductor HEMT-based THz sources is developed. More specifically, first, the necessary conditions for the so-called Dyakonov-Shur instability to arise within the HEMT channel are derived, and the impact of imperfect boundary conditions is analyzed. Second, the required conditions for coupling between a confined plasma wave in the HEMT channel and a SPP wave in graphene are derived, by starting from the coupling analysis between two 2DEG. Multi-physics simulation are conducted by integrating the hydrodynamic equations for the description of the HEMT device with Maxwell’s equations for SPP modeling. Extensive results are provided to analyze the impact of different design elements on the THz signal source. This work will guide the experimental fabrication and characterization of the devices.
Delays in Treatment-Seeking Decisions among Women with Myocardial Infarction

Background Minimizing the time from myocardial infarction (MI) symptom onset to the implementation of lifesaving interventions decreases morbidity and mortality of women who experience an MI. However, not all women seek timely evaluation and treatment for their MI symptoms. Objectives The aim of this article is to describe reasons for decision treatment delays among women who experience an initial MI. Method A secondary analysis of narrative data collected as part of a qualitative study examining the triage experiences of women (N = 14) who presented to the emergency department with symptoms of acute MI. The data were analyzed using the Krueger method. Results Women with severe symptoms sought immediate evaluation. However, 9 of the 14 participants reported delays in seeking immediate evaluation and treatment for MI. Four of the participants who delayed were health care professionals (3 nurses, 1 respiratory therapist). Content analysis revealed 3 themes accounting for the delay: lack of association of symptoms with MI, personal/professional obligations, and refusal to arrive via ambulance. Discussion Some women who experience MI continue to delay despite symptoms of nausea, indigestion, and fatigue as well as a family history of heart disease and recommendations to the contrary. Reducing delays will improve survival and minimize morbidity and mortality for women who suffer an acute MI.
Disentangling the Role of Domain-Specific Knowledge in Student Modeling

This study explores the role of domain-specific knowledge in students’ modeling practice and how this knowledge interacts with two domain-general modeling strategies: use of evidence and developing a causal mechanism. We analyzed models made by middle school students who had a year of intensive model-based instruction. These models were made to explain a familiar but unstudied biological phenomenon: late onset muscle pain. Students were provided with three pieces of evidence related to this phenomenon and asked to construct a model to account for this evidence. Findings indicate that domain-specific resources play a significant role in the extent to which the models accounted for provided evidence. On the other hand, familiarity with the situation appeared to contribute to the mechanistic character of models. Our results indicate that modeling strategies alone are insufficient for the development of a mechanistic model that accounts for provided evidence and that, while learners can develop a tentative model with a basic familiarity of the situation, scaffolding certain domain-specific knowledge is necessary to assist students with incorporating evidence in modeling tasks.
Viral factors for HBV mother-to-child transmission

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Because chronic hepatitis B infection is rarely eradicated, preventing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the most effective strategy to eliminate HBV globally. Although immunoprophylaxis strategy is widely available and effective for infants born to mothers with chronic hepatitis B infection, postnatal immunoprophylaxis fails in approximately 5–10 % of infants, and this failure rate goes up to 30 % in infants born to highly viremic mothers. Mothers with HBV DNA levels above 200,000 IU/mL should be managed aggressively with antiviral therapy because viral load is the strongest independent risk factor for immunoprophylaxis failure. Emerging data suggest that initiation of antiviral therapy in late pregnancy in highly viremic mothers can prevent immunoprophylaxis failure in their infants. Reducing viral load to target levels below 200,000 IU/mL at delivery is a practical approach to control MTCT. This review focuses on viral factors in mothers associated with MTCT.
Toward a Theory of the Megatext: Speculative Criticism and Richard Grossman’s “Breeze Avenue Working Paper”

This chapter proposes that the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries have seen the emergence of a new transmedia form: the megatext. Megatexts are unreadably large yet concrete aesthetic and rhetorical objects, produced and conceived as singular works, and depend upon digital technology and collaborative authorship for their production. Using the working paper for Richard Grossman’s forthcoming three million page “novel” Breeze Avenue as a case study, this chapter offers a theory of speculative criticism for approaching these massive cultural artifacts. Drawing upon Timothy Morton’s concept of the hyperobject and suggesting that megatexts have roots in literary postmodernism, Fest argues that megatexts respond to the conditions of the Anthropocene and open up new spaces for imaginative reading, creation, and understanding in contemporaneity.
Relationship between cancer‐related traumatic stress and family milestone achievement in adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer

Late physical and emotional effects of cancer treatment pose a burden for adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer, including family milestone achievement. This brief report examined links between ongoing cancer-related post-traumatic stress symptoms (CR-PTSS) and family milestone achievement. Survivors (n = 51; Mage = 24.73, SD = 8.20) completed CR-PTSS and family formation questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, univariate parameter-constraints, and correlation analyses examined relations among study variables. Ongoing intrusive thoughts and hyperarousal were negatively linked to family identity development and family achievement. Findings from the present study provide support that ongoing CR-PTSS may be a barrier to family formation.