cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure-rheology elucidation of human blood via SPP framework and TEVP modeling

Recent work modeling the rheological behavior of human blood indicates that it has all the hallmark features of a complex material, including shear-thinning, viscoelastic behavior, a yield stress, and thixotropy. After decades of modeling steady state blood data, and the development of simple steady state models, like the Casson and Herschel-Bulkley the advancement and evolution of blood modeling to incorporate more thixo-elasto-visco-plastic (TEVP) features to accurately capture transient flow has renewed interest. With recently collected steady state and oscillatory shear flow rheological data from a DHR-3 using human blood, we show modeling efforts with a contemporary thixo-elasto-visco-plastic (TEVP) model. Best fit rheological model parameters are used to determine values for normal, healthy blood and corroborate correlations from literature. Series of physical processes (SPP) analysis is incorporated to illustrate how mechanical properties are tied to the transient, evolving microstructure of human blood and physiological parameters. Using LAOS data predictions of the structure parameter, λ is compared, and correlated with the transient elastic modulus, G t ′ .
How to be Happy: A Virtue Ethics Account for Maximizing Enjoyment in Life

Philippa Foot’s theory of Natural Goodness provides a theoretical ethical framework that encompasses Aristotelian notions of flourishing and practical rationality. Foot’s text provides a clear path to self-fulfillment, and her argument suggests that for a human being to flourish, they must experience happiness, actively enjoy good things, encompass human goodness, and exercise practical rationality. This thesis aims to evolve Foot’s project of Natural Goodness from a theoretical model into a configuration that may be applied to everyday practical living. This project begins by detailing Philippa Foot’s theory, walking through each step of the argument Foot provides in support for her ethical framework. Following, the merits of the theory are compared to other renowned ethical theories, and the intuitive nature of Natural Goodness is highlighted. It is argued that although Foot’s ethical framework is praiseworthy, the theory is too open-ended in its discussion of happiness for individuals lacking human goodness to confidently apply the account in a practical setting. Due to this, I explore Foot’s notion of happiness, defined as the enjoyment of good things, and I focus on the subjective aspect of enjoyment. By applying research from the field of positive psychology, the definition becomes guided into a more practical form, allowing for Foot’s framework of Natural Goodness to become an applicable theory within contemporary society. Once this is achieved, and interrogatories are answered, I delve into ramifications of this new framework, and ways that individuals may increase the quality of their own lives.
Racial Differences in the Association between the U.S. Earned Income Tax Credit and Birthweight.

Objective We examined whether the largest U.S. poverty alleviation program for families, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), has different associations with birthweight among women of different racial backgrounds. Design We analyzed data from the 1985-2015 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a longitudinal cohort study of U.S. families (N = 5,230 infants born to 3,672 women). The primary outcome was a continuous measure of birthweight, with secondary outcomes including low birthweight (LBW) and very LBW. Using rich sociodemographic data available in Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we calculated the amount of EITC benefit for which women were eligible. We then examined the association of EITC benefit size with each outcome using multivariable regressions, examining the sample overall as well as racial subgroups (White, Black, or other). Results We found that larger EITC benefits were not associated with increased infant birthweight for the overall sample (18.37 g per $1,000 of EITC; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.62 to 33.36). There was an increase in birthweight for Black women (40.17 g; 95% CI: 7.32 to 73.02), but not for White women (-1.86 g; 95% CI, -33.33 to 29.60) or women of other races (-13.26 g; 95% CI, -75.90 to 49.38). There was no association between EITC benefit size and the probability of LBW or very LBW. Results were robust to alternative model specifications. Conclusions Social policies to address poverty may be effective at decreasing racial disparities in birthweight. Future work should examine potential mechanisms and the benefits of improved health outcomes for children later in life.
Applications of space technology to developing nations

The use of imagery from the Landsat spacecraft for the monitoring and management of natural resources in developing countries is discussed. The Landsat imagery can be used to make cartographic maps at scales of 1:250,000 which meet the US National Map Accuracy Standards, providing a means of map updating to correct for river meanders or changing shorelines. The Landsat data can also be used in defining and measuring agricultural areas, identifying pest breeding areas, and monitoring irrigation practices and crop performance. Total volume estimates can be obtained in many cases for surface bodies of water, and subsurface water supplies can be detected from changes in vegetation in some instances.
Chromatin and histones in mealy bug spermatogonia: In situ alteration of template availability in hetero- and euchromatin by a synthetic polyanion☆

Abstract Polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) was used to determine the relationship between histones and the transcriptional availability of facultative heterochromatin and euchromatin in mealy bug cell explants. PSS decondenses facultative heterochromatin, activates RNA synthesis in goniai cells and removes histones in a specific sequence. The removal of histone makes template available for the binding of actinomycin D (AMD). In metabolically active goniai cells, PSS (2 mg/ml) treated heterochromatin incorporated 11.3 times more 3H-AMD than controls, while PSS treated euchromatin incorporated only 1.1 times more 3H-AMD than controls. The ratio of mean grain density over euchromatin to heterochromatin decreased from a control value of 7.65 to approximate unity at PSS concentrations greater than 2 mg/ml. The same disproportionate increases in label over heterochromatin and euchromatin were seen when testis explants were incubated in unlabelled AMD before being transferred to PSS (2–5 mg/ml) and 3H-AMD, indicating that new DNA sites were being made available as histones were removed. These data suggest that the degree of condensation, and, hence, of template availability of interphase chromatin is related to the firmess of the bond between DNA and histone.
Porcine pancreatic lipase. A glycoprotein.

Porcine pancreatic lipase has been purified to homogeneity as determined with analytical polyacrylamide gels. Both isoenzymes of lipase were shown to be glycoproteins containing 3.8 moles of mannose and 2.9 moles of N-acetylglucosamine per mole of enzyme.
Information Transfer Technology

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Information and Capacity Dependent States Basic Transmitter-Receiver Configuration Active Device Technology Problems Reference ]]>
Thyroid Hormone Action on Mitochondria III. Resolution of Iodine-Containing Mitochondria and Subfractions by Zonal Centrifugation'

Mitochondria from the livers of normal rats and l-thyroxine (LT4)-injected rats (5 μg/g, 2 hr before killing) were studied by rate zonal centrifugation to detect early changes in physical properties and in composition. LT4 treatment causes the fractions containing intact liver mitochondria (as judged by succinoxidase activity) to significantly shift their distribution to the heavier end of a linear sucrose gradient, indicating an increase in sedimentation rate. Iodine distribution follows this shift in mitochondria. Iodine concentration increases 26-fold in mitochondria from LT4-treated rats. In addition, iodine concentrates in the less dense part of the gradient in the LT4-treated group. Submitochondrial particles from the livers of injected rats were prepared by 15 min sonication and resolved by isopycnic zonal centrifugation. Distributions of iodine, cytochrome aa3, RNA and monoamine oxidase activity indicate that LT4 is associated with the inner membrane of mitochondria.
In utero and lactational exposure of male rats to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. 3. Effects on spermatogenesis and reproductive capability.

Abstract When administered in overtly toxic doses to postweanling male rats, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) produces adverse effects on the reproductive system including a decrease in spermatogenesis. Because the male reproductive system may be particularly susceptible to toxic insult during the perinatal period, the effects of in utero and lactational TCDD exposure on its development were examined. Male rats born to dams given TCDD (0.064, 0.16, 0.40, or 1.0 μg/kg, po) or vehicle on Day 15 of gestation were evaluated at various stages of development; effects on spermatogenesis and male reproductive capability are reported herein. Testis, epididymis, and cauda epididymis weights were decreased in a dose-related fashion at 32, 49, 63, and 120 days of age, that is, when males were at the juvenile, pubertal, postpubertal, and mature stages of sexual development, respectively. When measured on Days 49, 63, and 120, daily sperm production by the testis was reduced at the highest maternal TCDD dose to 57–74% of the control rate. Cauda epididymal sperm reserves in 63- and 120-day-old males were decreased to as low as 25 and 44%, respectively, of control values, although the motility and morphology of these sperm appeared to be unaffected. The magnitude of the effects described above tended to lessen with time; nevertheless, the decreases in epididymis and cauda epididymis weights, daily sperm production, and cauda epididymal sperm number were statistically significant at the lowest maternal dose tested (0.064 μg TCDD/kg) on Day 120 and at most earlier times. To determine if in utero and lactational TCDD exposure also affects male reproductive capability, rats were mated at approximately 70 and 120 days of age with control females. Little if any effect on fertility was seen, and the survival and growth of offspring was unaffected. These results are not inconsistent with the pronounced reductions in daily sperm production and cauda epididymal sperm reserves caused by perinatal TCDD exposure since rats produce and ejaculate far more sperm than are required for normal fertility. The TCDD-induced reduction in spermatogenesis cannot be accounted for by concurrent effects on plasma follicle-stimulating hormone or androgen concentrations or by undernutrition. To investigate the nature of the spermatogenic lesion, leptotene spermatocyte to Sertoli cell ratios were determined. The finding that in utero and lactational TCDD exposure did not affect these ratios in 49-, 63-, and 120-day-old rats suggests that the decrease in spermatogenesis is caused by impaired division and/or increased attrition of cells during the conversion of leptotene spermatocytes to spermatozoa and/or by a reduction in Sertoli cell number. Regardless of mechanism, results from this study show that spermatogenesis is much more susceptible to TCDD when exposure occurs perinatally than when it follows weaning. The reduction in spermatogenesis occurs at doses of TCDD that are among the lowest reported to cause toxicity in the rat.
A narrow, mid-mantle plume below southern Africa

New waveform tomographic evidence displays a narrow plume-like feature emitting from the top of the large African low-velocity structure in the lower mantle. A detailed SKS wavefield is assembled for a segment along the structure's southern edge by combining multiple events recorded by a seismic array in the Kaapvaal region of southern Africa. With a new processing technique that emphases multi-pathing, we locate a relatively jagged, sloping wall 1000 km high with low velocities near it's basal edge. Forward modeling indicates that the plume's diameter is less than 150 km and consistent with an iso-chemical, low-viscosity plume conduit.
Human infection and environmental contamination with Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus in Zhejiang Province, China: risk trend across the three waves of infection

The third wave of H7N9 cases in China emerged in the second half of 2014. This study was conducted to identify the risk trends of H7N9 virus in human infections and environment contamination. A surveillance program for H7N9 virus has been conducted in all 90 counties in Zhejiang since March 2013. All H7N9 cases were reported by hospitals through the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Sampling sites for environment specimens were randomly selected by a multi-stage sampling strategy. Poultry-related workers for serological surveillance were randomly selected from the sampling sites for environmental specimens in the first quarter of each year. rRT-PCR and viral isolation were performed to identify H7N9 virus. A hemagglutination inhibition assay was conducted to detect possible H7N9 infection among poultry-related workers. A total of 170 H7N9 cases were identified in Zhejiang from 20 March 2013 to 28 February 2015. The proportion of rural cases increased from 42.2 % (19/45) to 67.7 % (21/31) with progression of the three epidemics (P < 0.05). In 32 % (161/503) of towns and 16.0 % (238/1488) of surveyed premises, H7N9 virus was detected in the environment. The positive rate of environmental specimens was 6.1 % (868/14207). In addition, 912 poultry-related workers were recruited and 3.7 % (34) of them tested positive for H7N9 antibodies. Positive detection of H7N9 virus during environmental surveillance increased from the first to third wave (P < 0.05). Almost all positive rates of environmental surveillance were higher in urban than rural in the second wave (P < 0.05), however they were higher in rural area in the third wave (P < 0.05). Our study highlights that the severity of poultry-related environmental contamination by H7N9 virus is intensifying. We strongly recommend that the local government stop illegal trading immediately and close live poultry markets in the territory. Poultry operations in slaughtering plants must be supervised rigorously. Prior to the closure of live poultry markets, daily cleaning and disinfecting of areas potentially contaminated by H7N9 virus, centralized collection and disposal of trash, designating certain days as market rest days, banning overnight poultry storage and other measures should be strictly carried out in both urban and rural areas.
A Fault Simulation Methodology for VLSI

Some deficiencies of existing simulators in the context of VLSI design and testing are considered. A fault simulation approach based on CSA (connector-switch-attenuator) theory is defined which overcomes many of these deficiencies. The CSA circuit elements and logic values needed to model combinational circuits are described and applied to the analysis of various types of MOS circuits. A charge-storage element called a well is introduced to simulate sequential behavior. It is shown that many fault types, including stuck-line faults, short circuits, open circuits, and delay faults can be modeled in a uniform and efficient manner.
Emotion processing influences working memory circuits in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Objective This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examined how working memory circuits are affected by face emotion processing in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods A total of 23 patients with PBD, 14 patients with ADHD, and 19 healthy control (HC) subjects (mean age, 13.36 ± 2.55 years) underwent an affective, two-back fMRI task with blocks of happy, angry, and neutral faces. Results For angry versus neutral faces PBD patients, relative to ADHD patients, exhibited increased activation in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and orbitofrontal cortex, and reduced activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and premotor cortex. Relative to the HC group, the PBD group showed no increased activation and reduced activation at the junction of DLPFC and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC). Relative to HC, the ADHD patients exhibited greater activation in the DLPFC and reduced activation in the ventral and medial PFC, pregenual ACC, striatum, and temporo-parietal regions. For happy versus neutral faces, relative to the ADHD group, the PBD group exhibited greater activation in the bilateral caudate, and relative to the HC group the ADHD group showed increased activation in the DLPFC, striatal, and parietal regions, and no reduced activation. The ADHD group, compared with the HC group, showed no reduced activation and increased activation in regions that were underactive for the angry face condition. Conclusions Relative to the ADHD group, the PBD group exhibited greater deployment of the emotion-processing circuitry and reduced deployment of working memory circuitry. Commonalities across PBD and ADHD patients, relative to the HC individuals, entailed cortico-subcortical activity that was reduced under negative emotional challenge and increased under positive emotional challenge.
Osteosarcoma arising in osteogenesis imperfecta

We report a case of osteosarcoma arising in osteogenesis imperfecta. The characteristic radiographic and pathological findings are discussed and emphasized to warrant a biopsy.
Fluid Transport and Phase Transition Experiments in Closed Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes

Multiwall carbon nanotubes show potential for use in various micro- and nanofluidic devices, since they resemble cylindrical channels used in the macroscopic world. However, in situ experimental studies of fluid behavior in nanotubes or nanochannels have been rare. In this work, transmission electron microscopy experiments are performed on closed-end multiwall carbon nanotubes filled with an aqueous multiphase fluid. The nanotubes form an experimental apparatus that is a few orders of magnitude smaller than the smallest channels used in other fluidic experiments. These nanotubes are synthesized hydrothermally, using Ni as a catalyst, and they contain segregated aqueous liquid and gas inclusions with clearly defined interfaces. Using electron irradiation, the multiphase fluid inside individual nanotubes is excited thermally, by expanding and contracting the electron beam. The excellent wettability of the graphitic inner tube walls by the aqueous fluid and the mobility of this liquid in the nanotubes are observed in real time with nanometer-scale resolution. Interface dynamic phenomena are visualized, as driven by thermocapillary forces as well as by evaporation and condensation. The hydrothermal nanotubes examined herein offer a promising platform for studying the behavior of multicomponent, multiphase fluids in nanosize channels at high-pressure conditions. The phenomena documented in this study demonstrate the potential of implementing such tubes in future nanofluidic devices.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
No Easy Argument for Two-Dimensionalism

Some opponents of epistemic two-dimensionalism say that the view should be rejected on the grounds that it misclassifies certain a posteriori claims as a priori. Elliott, McQueen, & Weber [2013] have argued that any argument of this form must fail. I argue that this conclusion is mistaken, and defend my argument [Speaks (2010] against their criticisms.
Dual energy converting nano-phosphors: upconversion luminescence and X-ray excited scintillation from a single composition of lanthanide-doped yttrium oxide.

We report an upconverting nanomaterial composition, [Y2O3; Yb (2%), Er (1%)], that converts both X-ray and high-fluence NIR irradiation to visible light. This composition is compared to a higher Yb3+ doped composition, [Y2O3; Yb (10%), Er (1%)], that displays diminished visible X-ray scintillation, but shows enhanced red wavelength centered upconversion emission. These nanocrystals have been characterized by TEM, X-ray diffraction, power-dependent upconversion luminescence, and X-ray scintillation spectroscopy. We further demonstrate that lithium ion doping of the [Y2O3; Yb (2%), Er (1%)] nanoscale composition leads to enhanced X-ray and NIR excited emission intensities through the production of nanoparticles that feature slightly enhanced sizes and increased crystallinity.
Newton's achievements: from rumour to fact

The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton Vol.VIII, 1697–1722. Edited by D.T. Whiteside. Pp.704. ISBN 0-521-20103-9. (Cambridge University Press: 1981.) £85, $195.
Properties of surface state electrons on liquid helium

Abstract Electrons on the surface of liquid helium form a two-dimensional system that is of great interest for its own unique properties as well as being a probe of the helium surface. The spectroscopic evidence for the hydrogenic nature of the surface state is compared with predictions. Measurements of the electron mobility parallel to the surface in low and high electric fields are compared with theory. The lifetime in the surface state is discussed as well as the effect of the electron on the liquid surface. The possibility that the electrons crystallize to form a two-dimensional lattice and the properties of this lattice are also analyzed.
Biologically Derived Depression and the Dexamethasone Suppression Test

ORMAL in essentially all people who have no psychiatric or medical illness,‘.’ the dexamethasone suppression test is abnormal in about half of patients with an endogenous depressive illness. That this fraction is not li 10 or 9/10 has made its potential role in the diagnostic process less obvious. On the other hand, since the endogenous depressions which have been studied with this test were so classified with only clinical symptoms and signs, it is easy to wonder if patients with genuine biochemically derived depressions would be nearly unanimous in showing abnormal dexamethasone suppression tests. Under such a hypothesis, essentially all depressed patients with normal suppression of serum cortisol might be thought of as having a severe psychogenic depression which clinically mimics the symptoms and signs by which endogenous depression is diagnosed. It is also conceivable (but not proven) that in some psychogenic depressives abnormal results of dexamethasone suppression tests might develop from somatic stresses of poor nutrition 01 changes in the circadian pattern of activity and sleep, for example. To test the hypothesis that essentially all patients with biochemically derived depressions have abnormal dexamethasone suppression tests, the selection of suitable patients must be rigorous. Childbirth is a somatic experience which generates severe depressive psychoses which would not otherwise 0ccur.j In particular, the frequency of onset of depressive illness during the period between two days and two weeks after parturition is so much larger than the expected incidence among non-postpartum females that essentially all of the depressive illness beginning during this interval can be regarded as depression generated by parturition. In this study it will be regarded that an incapacitating postpartum depression of onset between 2 days and 2 weeks after delivery is a biochemically derived depressive illness. A study of the dexamethasone suppression test among postpartum women would probably be complicated by the effects on cortisol regulation of the many stressful somatic experiences surrounding childbirth. This hormonal test of excess cortisol secretion can be abnormal from surgery or hypoglycemia.‘.’ The stress of labor itself generates high levels of ACTH and cortisol.‘.’ The puerperium is a time of rapid large changes in levels of various hormones. such as progesterone, the estrogens, prolactin, and oxytocin; there are many possibilities of effects of hormones on each other which might interfere with
Aerial image calculation by eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of a matrix that includes source, pupil, and mask

Partially coherent imaging is formulated using two positive semi-definite matrices that include the mask as well as the source and pupil. One matrix E is obtained by shifting the pupil function as in Hopkins transmission cross coefficient (TCC) approach while the other matrix Z is obtained by shifting the mask diffraction. Although the aerial images obtained by the matrices are identical, it is shown rank(Z) ≤ rank(E) = N, where N is the number of point sources in the illumination. Therefore, less than N FFTs are required to obtain the complete aerial image. Since the matrix Z describes the signal as partitioned into eigenfunctions orthonormal in the pupil, its eigenvalues can be used to quantify the coherence through the von Neumann entropy. The entropy shows the degree of coherence in the image, which is dependent on the source, mask and pupil but independent of aberration.
Self-consistent treatment of one-gluon exchange in the soliton bag model

In the context of the soliton bag model, the quarks, soliton field and the gluon propagator are calculated self-consistently in the mean-field, one-gluon exchange approximation. The use of a confined propagator, as compared with a free propagator, is primarily to change the effective quark-gluon coupling constant by a factor of approximately two in the case of static, spherical bags. Self-consistency leads to only a small improvement in the fit to physical data, after readjustment of model parameters. Nevertheless, use of a confined propagator is expected to have an important effect on deformed bags and in dynamical calculations.
Effect of maternal exercise and fetoplacental growth rate on serum erythropoietin concentrations.

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to test the null hypotheses that neither weight-bearing exercise nor fetoplacental growth has a short- or long-term effect on the maternal serum erythropoietin level. Study Design: Serial blood samples were obtained before and after exercise from seven women who exercised regularly and seven physically active controls before pregnancy and at 8, 16, 24, 32, and 38 weeks' gestation. Fetoplacental growth was assessed both in midpregnancy (ultrasound) and at birth (morphometry). Results: Maternal serum erythropoietin levels rose with advancing gestation in both groups. Individual patterns, however, were quite variable and not related to differences in fetoplacental growth. There were no significant between-group differences at any time point, but levels rose after exercise in mid and late pregnancy. Conclusion: The highly variable, pregnancy-associated changes in maternal serum erythropoietin were unrelated to variability in fetoplacental growth or maternal hematocrit. Absolute levels of erythropoietin are not influenced by regular exercise before or during pregnancy, but small acute elevations are seen after exercise in mid and late pregnancy. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1021-5.)
Evaluation of the incidence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with moderate renal insufficiency administered gadobenate dimeglumine for MRI

Aim To determine the incidence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in stage 3 chronic kidney disease patients following intravenous exposure to gadobenate dimeglumine. Materials and methods A prospective study was performed on 168 consecutive patients at a single institution with stage 3 chronic kidney disease who underwent clinically-indicated contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations with gadobenate dimeglumine from January 2007 to March 2008. All patients were contacted by phone by investigators 3 months after MRI to verify the presence or absence of NSF signs or symptoms. If signs or symptoms suggestive of NSF developed, dermatologic referral was made and confirmatory skin biopsy performed if indicated. Results One hundred and eighty contrast-enhanced MRI examinations with gadobenate dimeglumine were performed on the 168 patients. Twenty patients were lost to follow-up, but 160 incidents of contrast medium exposure were followed up for 3-months and 105 incidents were followed up for 6 months. The mean contrast medium dose per weight was 0.093 mmol/kg (range 0.042–0.153 mmol/kg). The mean estimated creatinine clearance was 50.4 ml/min/1.73 m2 (range from 30–59 ml/min/1.73 m2). Ten patients developed skin rashes during the 3-month follow-up period, but none were confirmed to represent NSF (0% prevalence rate). No other signs or symptoms of NSF were reported. Conclusion Based on this limited study, NSF does not appear to occur in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease exposed to intravenous gadobenate dimeglumine for MRI at standard dosing of ∼0.1 mmol/kg.
Antibiotic susceptibility in Streptococcus suis

Abstract This study was undertaken to begin characterization of naturally occurring strains of Streptococcus suis with differing plasmid and macrolide susceptibility profiles. A total of 49 strains of S suis of human and porcine origin were evaluated. The minimal inhibitory concentration values at which 90% of the strains were susceptible to a given agent demonstrated that the 49 S suis isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, seven cephalosporins, vancomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin. Moderate susceptibility to penicillin and moxalactam was seen, but the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline. Of six selected strains, four contained 6–9-kb plasmids and were erythromycin resistant, while two had no plasmids and were erythromycin susceptible.
Computational quantum chemistry for single Heisenberg spin couplings made simple: Just one spin flip required

We highlight a simple strategy for computing the magnetic coupling constants, J, for a complex containing two multiradical centers. On the assumption that the system follows Heisenberg Hamiltonian physics, J is obtained from a spin-flip electronic structure calculation where only a single electron is excited (and spin-flipped), from the single reference with maximum Sz, M, to the M − 1 manifold, regardless of the number of unpaired electrons, 2M, on the radical centers. In an active space picture involving 2M orbitals, only one β electron is required, together with only one α hole. While this observation is extremely simple, the reduction in the number of essential configurations from exponential in M to only linear provides dramatic computational benefits. This (M, M − 1) strategy for evaluating J is an unambiguous, spin-pure, wave function theory counterpart of the various projected broken symmetry density functional theory schemes, and likewise gives explicit energies for each possible spin-state that...
Automatic Class-A pan-filling system

Abstract Recent advances in integrated circuit technology have made it possible to develop a low-cost battery-operated system to automatically fill Class-A evaporation pans from stored water. The system can be used in remote locations because the circuitry draws very little quiescent current. Thus, the system can operate for six months on a 20-A-hr., low self-discharge battery.
The Claisen rearrangement in synthesis: Acceleration of the Johnson orthoester protocol en route to bicyclic lactones

Abstract Catalysis of the Claisen orthoester rearrangement of triethyl orthoacetate and a number of 2-cycloalken-1-ols has been achieved using acidic catalysis and brief microwave thermolysis in DMF. Unlike conventional methods of thermolysis, very high yields of rearranged products are typically obtained in less than ten minutes, and the Claisen products themselves require no further purification. The synthetic utility of the products so obtained is demonstrated in a general synthesis of functionalized bicyclic lactones.
Glycogen content in Heliothis virescens parasitized by Microplitis croceipes

Abstract 1. 1. Parasitized larvae grow at a reduced rate, gaining approximately 126 mg compared with 346 mg for controls. 2. 2. Although the host continued to undergo larval-larval moults subsequent to parasitization, its maximum weight and glycogen content never exceeded that of day 3 control larvae. 3. 3. Approximately 2 days prior to parasitoid emergence, the host initiated physiological and behavioural processes which appeared similar to the wandering stage of control larvae but the host never pupated. 4. 4. Glycogen contents of total larval extracts and specific tissues of parasitized larvae were much less than controls. 5. 5. Total larval fat body glycogen increased 70-fold in controls but only 7-fold in parasitized larvae. 6. 6. The host was essentially depleted of its glycogen stores by the time of parasitoid emergence, even though its tissue had not been consumed by the parasitoid.
New developments in laser resonators

This paper gives brief descriptions of three recent developments not so much in laser resonators themselves as in the tools for analyzing and measuring the quality of laser beams and resonators. These tools include personal computer programs for analyzing laser beams and resonators; a new method for characterizing and measuring the "beam quality" of a laser output beam; and a new "ray-pulse" method of analysis for describing beams and resonators which involve any combination of ultrashort optical pulses, broadband optical signals, and dispersive optical elements.
Endophytic Fungal Strains of Soybean for Lipid Production

Lipids created via microbial biosynthesis are a potential raw material to replace plant-based oil for biodiesel production. Oleaginous microbial species currently available are capable of accumulating high amount of lipids in their cell biomass, but rarely can directly utilize lignocellulosic biomass as substrates. Thus this research focused on the screening and selection of new fungal strains that generate both lipids and hydrolytic enzymes. To search for oleaginous fungal strains in the soybean plant, endophytic fungi and fungi close to the plant roots were studied as a microbial source. Among 33 endophytic fungal isolates screened from the soybean plant, 13 have high lipid content (>20 % dry biomass weight); among 38 fungal isolates screened from the soil surrounding the soybean roots, 14 have high lipid content. Also, five fungal isolates with both high lipid content and promising biomass production were selected for further studies on their cell growth, oil accumulation, lipid content and profile, utilization of various carbon sources, and cellulase production. The results indicate that most strains could utilize different types of carbon sources and some strains accumulated >40 % of the lipids based on the dry cell biomass weight. Among these promising strains, some Fusarium strains specifically showed considerable production of cellulase, which offers great potential for biodiesel production by directly utilizing inexpensive lignocellulosic material as feedstock.
Nosocomial methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus primary bacteremia: at what costs?

Objective: To determine the attributable hospital stay and costs for nosocomial methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) primary bloodstream infections (BSIs). Design: Pairwise-matched (1:1) nested case-control study. Setting: University-based tertiary-care medical center. Patients: Patients admitted between December 1993 and March 1995 were eligible. Cases were defined as patients with a primary nosocomial S aureus BSI; controls were selected according to a priori matching criteria. Measurements: Length of hospital stay and total and variable direct costs of hospitalization. Results: The median hospital stay attributable to primary nosocomial MSSA BSI was 4 days, compared with 12 days for MRSA (P=.023). Attributable median total cost for MSSA primary nosocomial BSIs was 27,083 for MRSA nosocomial infections (P=.043). Conclusion: Nosocomial primary BSI due to S aureus significantly prolongs the hospital stay. Primary nosocomial BSIs due to MRSA result in an approximate threefold increase in direct cost, compared with those due to MSSA.
Measuring the quality of Patients’ goals and action plans: development and validation of a novel tool

The purpose of this study is to develop and test reliability, validity, and utility of the Goal-Setting Evaluation Tool for Diabetes (GET-D). The effectiveness of diabetes self-management is predicated on goal-setting and action planning strategies. Evaluation of self-management interventions is hampered by the absence of tools to assess quality of goals and action plans. To address this gap, we developed the GET-D, a criteria-based, observer rating scale that measures the quality of patients’ diabetes goals and action plans. We conducted 3-stage development of GET-D, including identification of criteria for observer ratings of goals and action plans, rater training and pilot testing; and then performed psychometric testing of the GET-D. Trained raters could effectively rate the quality of patient-generated goals and action plans using the GET-D. Ratings performed by trained evaluators demonstrated good raw agreement (94.4%) and inter-rater reliability (Kappa = 0.66). Scores on the GET-D correlated well with measures theoretically associated with goal-setting, including patient activation (r=.252, P<.05), diabetes specific self-efficacy (r=.376, P<.001) and inverse relationship with depression (r= −.376, P<.01). Significant between group differences (P<.01) in GET-D scores between goal-setting intervention (mean = 7.33, standard deviation = 4.4) and education groups (mean = 4.93, standard deviation = 3.9) confirmed construct validity of the GET-D. The GET-D can reliably and validly rate the quality of goals and action plans. It holds promise as a measure of intervention fidelity for clinical interventions that promote diabetes self-management behaviors to improve clinical outcomes. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00481286
The Effect of Feeding a Low-Protein Developer to Dwarf White Leghorn Pullets

Abstract One thousand forty-four dwarf W. L. pullets were fed a 20.9% crude protein diet from 0 to 8 weeks of age. From 8 to 18 weeks of age the pullets were fed rations containing 10.4 or 14.7% crude protein. Pullets fed the lower protein level weighed significantly less at 12, 16, 18, 28, and 64 weeks of age and consumed significantly less feed from 0 to 18 weeks of age. Feeding the lower protein level during the developing period had no significant effect on subsequent egg production, egg weight, feed consumption, mortality, or egg size distribution.
Studying Nature's Jigsaw Puzzle

Hanski, Ilkka. 2005. The shrinking world: ecological consequences of habitat loss. Excellence in Ecology. Number 14. International Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany. xxvii + 307 p. €47.00, ISSN: 0932-2205 (acid-free paper).
Asymptotically optimum recovery of smooth contours by Bézier curve

Abstract In some problem domains, it is important to minimize the visually perceived distance between a given curve and a Bezier curve approximating it. This paper provides an algorithm for constructing a parabolic Bezier curve approximation which deviates the least (asymptotically) from the given curve, according to the Hausdorff metric, which corresponds to minimal deviation as perceived by the human eye.
Physics and chemistry of nanometer-scale materials: Symposium summary, looking outward and beyond

Abstract The symposium summary focuses on looking outward, at the impact of fullerenes and other nanometer-scale materials on various fields of science and technology, and looking beyond the 4th NEC Symposium and into the future to new research opportunities awaiting attention.
Steady potential shifts and facilitated learning of delayed response in monkeys.

Abstract Monkeys with implanted nonpolarizable cortical and eye electrodes were trained on a delayed response task, in which the presentation of each trial was contingent upon on-line computer detection of specified events for each of three groups: SP—surface-negative steady potential (SP) shifts from left prefrontal cortex; LEM—eye movements to the right of approximately 40°; and YC—controls tested with intertrial intervals yoked to those generated by experimental monkeys under the on-line condition. The mean number of sessions and total errors to 90% correct performance, through successively longer delays, indicated significantly faster learning and greater transfer of performance levels by SP monkeys compared to the other two groups (P = 0.018). During on-line testing on 12-s delayed response trials containing brief cues of 100, 200, and 500 ms, only the SP monkeys were capable of maintaining near-criterion performance. Electrocorticograms, recorded during on-line training, show no systematic relation of steady potential shifts with eye movements but indicate hemispheric asymmetry of prefrontal cortical processes related to attention. The results provide evidence that steady potential shifts, used as independent variables in the present situation, reflect increased neural excitability of prefrontal cortex mediating higher attentive states.
Copolymerization of terephthalaldehyde with pyrrole, indole and carbazole gives microporous POFs functionalized with unpaired electrons

A new family of paramagnetic microporous polymeric organic frameworks (POFs) has been developed through the co-polymerization of terephthalaldehyde and pyrrole, indole, and carbazole, respectively. These POFs are functionalized with stable unpaired electrons and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and pulsed ENDOR spectroscopy confirms their existence. The free radicals are produced in the early steps of polymerization and are responsible for their optical properties and the chemical adsorption properties of the POFs. The optical band gap of these materials ranges from 0.8 to 1.6 eV. The new POFs have spherical morphology and exhibit surface areas up to 777 m2 g−1 (Pyr-POF-1). Furthermore, Pyr-POF-1 displays the uptake of CO2 14% wt and C2H6 9% wt at 273 K/1 bar and H2 1.2% wt at 77 K/1 bar. The pyrrole based material (Pyr-POF-2) shows high capacity for CO2, 10% wt, under ambient conditions (298 K/1 bar) and the isosteric heat of CO2 adsorption of ∼34 kJ mol−1. The preparation of this new POF family is based on a very simple synthetic pathway and highlights the significance of terephthalaldehyde as a precursor for the synthesis of low cost functional porous polymers.
Personal communication systems using multiple hierarchical cellular overlays

A personal communication system with multiple hierarchical cellular overlays is considered. The system can include a terrestrial segment and a space segment. The terrestrial trail segment, consisting of microcells and macrocells, provides high channel capacity by covering service areas with microcells. Overlaying macrocells cover spots that are difficult in radio propagation for microcells and provide overflow groups of channels for clusters of microcells. At the highest hierarchical level, communications satellites comprise a space segment. The satellite beams overlay clusters of terrestrial macrocells and provide primary access for satellite-only subscribers. Call attempts from cellular/satellite dual subscribers are first directed to the terrestrial cellular network, with satellites providing necessary overlay. At each level of the hierarchy, hand-off calls are given priority access to the channels. The mathematical structure is that of a multilayer hierarchical overflow system. An analytical model for teletraffic performance (including hand-off) is developed. Theoretical performance measures are calculated for users having different mobility characteristics. These show the carried traffic, traffic distribution, blocking, and forced termination probabilities. >
Phage T4 expression vector: protection from proteolysis

We have developed an efficient method for the expression of heterologous genes during infection by T4, a bacteriophage known to inhibit the proteolytic systems of Escherichia coli. This system enables us to clone genes in a plasmid expression vector and move them readily into T4. We have used lacZ as a reporter gene to show that both plasmid and phage exhibit low basal expression or high-level expression under the control of a T7 promoter. This system promises a possible solution to the problem of degradation and/or toxicity of overproduced proteins.
Tools and Methods in Product Development to Reduce the Environmental Impact

Abstract In this paper, various tools and methods are proposed to optimize the use of material, reduce waste and make products more sustainable within the product development process. Autodesk is represented as vendor for 3D CAD, simulation and analysis software tools. Starting with the challenges in the product development process, the paper focuses on the design of plastic products and how mold fill simulation can impact the environmental quality. The topic of optimization for material reduction by using FEA analysis and simulation of energy loss is also discussed in this paper. The paper concludes with the potential business benefits that potentially can be achieved.
VIGOR, an annotation program for small viral genomes.

The decrease in cost for sequencing and improvement in technologies has made it easier and more common for the re-sequencing of large genomes as well as parallel sequencing of small genomes. It is possible to completely sequence a small genome within days and this increases the number of publicly available genomes. Among the types of genomes being rapidly sequenced are those of microbial and viral genomes responsible for infectious diseases. However, accurate gene prediction is a challenge that persists for decoding a newly sequenced genome. Therefore, accurate and efficient gene prediction programs are highly desired for rapid and cost effective surveillance of RNA viruses through full genome sequencing. We have developed VIGOR (Viral Genome ORF Reader), a web application tool for gene prediction in influenza virus, rotavirus, rhinovirus and coronavirus subtypes. VIGOR detects protein coding regions based on sequence similarity searches and can accurately detect genome specific features such as frame shifts, overlapping genes, embedded genes, and can predict mature peptides within the context of a single polypeptide open reading frame. Genotyping capability for influenza and rotavirus is built into the program. We compared VIGOR to previously described gene prediction programs, ZCURVE_V, GeneMarkS and FLAN. The specificity and sensitivity of VIGOR are greater than 99% for the RNA viral genomes tested. VIGOR is a user friendly web-based genome annotation program for five different viral agents, influenza, rotavirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus and SARS coronavirus. This is the first gene prediction program for rotavirus and rhinovirus for public access. VIGOR is able to accurately predict protein coding genes for the above five viral types and has the capability to assign function to the predicted open reading frames and genotype influenza virus. The prediction software was designed for performing high throughput annotation and closure validation in a post-sequencing production pipeline.
The legislative consequences of Mexico’s mixed-member electoral system, 2000–2009

The emergence of mixed-member electoral systems across the globe has been an attempt to balance local representation through single-member districts (SMD) with programmatic representation through proportional representation lists (PR). However, there are several competing theoretical interpretations for the consequences of mixed systems on legislative bodies. Through a study of the Mexican Chamber of Deputies, I test several empirical implications of these competing theories by examining the impact of the electoral system on party discipline, participation, and legislative organization. I find little convincing evidence of differences between legislators elected through PR and those elected through SMD in their levels of party discipline, but I do find that PR legislators participate in a manner theoretically consistent with their mode of election. I also find that PR legislators have disproportionate control over key leadership positions. I suggest the primary reasons for these findings is due to differing methods of candidate selection and restricted use of dual candidacy.