cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Idiopathic hypogeusia a description of the syndrome and a single blind study with zinc sulfate

Publisher Summary This chapter describes dysgeusia as any distortion of normal taste perception and describes cacogeusia as the abhorrent, obnoxious taste produced by the introduction and/or mastication of food in the oral cavity. Phantogeusia is the intermittent or persistent salty, sweet, sour, bitter, or metallic taste perceived in the oral cavity independent of any external stimuli, while heterogeusia is an inappropriate taste quality of consistent nature associated with the presence and/or mastication of specific items of food and drink. Dysosmia may be manifested in several different ways, including cacosmia, phantosmia, and heterosmia. Cacosmia is a term used to describe the abhorrent, obnoxious smell produced by the inhalation of odorants. Phantosmia is a term used to describe the intermittent or persistent odor that is perceived when no odorant was inhaled. Heterosmia is an inappropriate smell of consistent nature associated with specific odorants.
Drill and Skill before the Kill: Thorough Training in Fundamentals is the Key to Mastery of Tennis

(1959). Drill and Skill before the Kill. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 30-31.
Right Colectomy: Hand-Assist

The hand-assisted right colectomy is a top-down approach that has many advantages over other laparoscopic approaches for conducting a right colectomy. It is a technique that is easy to learn and easy to perform, and it allows the surgeon to manage situations that can make standard laparoscopic operations difficult or impractical. The hand-assisted approach for a right colectomy has particular advantage for obese patients, for bulky tumors, for patients who have had previous right upper quadrant surgery, and for tumors located at or near the hepatic flexure where proper management of the middle colic vessels becomes very important.
Large-scale solar velocity fields

Daily observations of Doppler line shifts made with very low spatial resolution (3′) with the Stanford magnetograph have been used to study the equatorial rotation rate, limb effect on the disk, and the mean meridonial circulation. The equatorial rotation rate was found to be approximately constant over the interval May 1976–January 1977 and to have the value 2.82 μrad s−1 (1.96 km s−1). This average compares favorably with the results of Howard (1977) of 2.83 μrad s−1 for the same time period. The RMS deviation of the daily measurements about the mean value was 1% of the rate (20 m s−1), much smaller than the fluctuations reported by Howard and Harvey (1970) of several per cent. These 1% fluctuations are uncorrelated from day-to-day and may be due to instrumental problems. The limb effect on the disk was studied in equatorial scans (after suppressing solar rotation). A redshift at the center of the disk relative to a position 0.60R⊙ from the center of 30 m s−1 was found for the line Fe i λ5250 A. Central meridian scans were used (after correcting for the limb effect defined in the equatorial scans) to search for the component of mean meridonial circulation symmetric across the equator. A signal is found consistent with a polewards flow of 20 m s−1 approximately constant over the latitude range 10–50°. Models of the solar differential rotation driven by an axisymmetric meridonial circulation and an anisotropic eddy viscosity (Kippenhahn, 1963; Cocke, 1967; Kohler, 1970) predict an equatorwards flow at the surface. However, giant cell convection models (Gilman, 1972, 1976, 1977) predict a mean polewards flow (at the surface). The poleward-directed meridonial flow is created as a by-product of the giant cell convection and tends to limit the differential rotation. The observation of a poleward-directed meridonial circulation lends strong support to the giant cell models over the anisotropic eddy viscosity models.
Differences in the Morphology of Restored and Invaded Foredunes on the North Spit of Humboldt Bay, California, U.S.A.

McDonald, K.L., 2020. Differences in the morphology of restored and invaded foredunes on the North Spit of Humboldt Bay, California, U.S.A. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(5), 973–980. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Invasive plants have altered wide-ranging coastal dune vegetation communities worldwide, and the effects of nonnative vegetation and invasive plant management on dune geomorphology are of interest to many coastal land managers, researchers, and coastal communities. This study compared the slopes, elevations, and profiles of invaded and restored foredunes on the North Spit of Humboldt Bay, California, using data from a high-resolution 2010 digital elevation model. Restoration of foredunes by removing invasive European beachgrass (Ammophila arenaria [L.] Link) took place over the last three decades in approximately half of the study area, and the restored areas now primarily support American dunegrass (Elymus mollis Trin.) and other native dune species. Despite recently voiced public concerns that restoration might be permanently lowering the foredune, restored and invaded areas showed no significant difference in height. However, invaded foredunes were significantly steeper with a flatter, plateau-like top, while restored areas were more gently sloping with rounded peaks. Foredune heights increased from the southern end of the study area to the north, regardless of restoration status, suggesting that other factors control foredune height.
Wide area holographic microscopy by spatial phase scanning

Spatial phase scanning is introduced for wide area acquisition of quantitative phase microscopy. Both phase shifting and wide area acquisition is achieved by scaning the object across the tilted reference phase field of holographic interferometer.
New sphenodontian (Reptilia: Lepidosauria) from a novel Late Triassic paleobiota in western North America sheds light on the earliest radiation of herbivorous lepidosaurs

Herbivory is a common ecological function among extant lepidosaurs, but little is known about the origin of this feeding strategy within Lepidosauria. Here we describe a sphenodontian (Lepidosauria) from the Late Triassic of western North America, Trullidens purgatorii n. gen. n. sp., that reveals new aspects of the earliest radiation of herbivorous lepidosaurs. This taxon is represented by an isolated lower jaw with robust structure bearing transversely widened dentition and extensive wear facets, suggesting a masticatory apparatus specialized for herbivory. An unusual ‘incisor-like’ tooth is present at the anterior end of the jaw; a unique feature among lepidosaurs, this tooth is convergent with the incisors of extant rodents and lagomorphs. Phylogenetic analyses support the placement of this taxon within opisthodontian sphenodontians, a group sharing derived cranio-dental morphologies specialized for herbivory. The new taxon was recovered in a recently discovered and unnamed series of Upper Triassic strata in southeastern Colorado, USA, exposed in Canyons incised by the Purgatoire River and its tributaries. These strata comprise a dominantly red-bed sequence of conglomerates, sandstones, and siltstones deposited in a fluvio-lacustrine setting, preserving a Late Triassic biota of invertebrate and vertebrate ichnofossils, plant macrofossils, bony fish, temnospondyl amphibians, and reptiles. We use aetosaur osteoderms as biostratigraphic links to the nearby Chinle Formation of Arizona, USA, establishing a middle Norian age for these strata. The presence of an opisthodontian from western equatorial Pangaea in the Norian Stage reveals a near-global radiation of this clade across the Pangaean supercontinent during the Late Triassic. UUID: http://zoobank.org/A737c03f-863a-488e-a860-5cc914548774.
A Smart Health Tracking Ring Powered by Wireless Power Transfer

This paper presents a novel wireless power transfer design to seamlessly power a smart health tracking ring using a smartphone. The reverse wireless charging feature of smartphones allows them to transmit sufficient energy to charge the smart ring when users hold the smartphones in their hands without impacting the user. The tested system includes a transmitter generating 170.07 kHz signals from a 5 V DC supply and a receiver circuit that captures the magnetic signal and converts it into a DC output to charge a 3.7 V battery and power a heart rate sensing monitor. The experimental results demonstrate that the smart ring can receive a maximum power of 102.4 mW from a 5 V DC smartphone power supply. The maximum measured efficiency of the wireless power transfer system from the transmitting power amplifier input to the DC output of a full-bridge rectifier is 13.39%. If the smartphone is held at least 1.52 hours a day, the ring will receive sufficient power to continuously track the user's heart rate in a 24-hour period.
Pushing away from representative advice: Advice taking, anchoring, and adjustment

Abstract Five studies compare the effects of forming an independent judgment prior to receiving advice with the effects of receiving advice before forming one’s own opinion. We call these the independent-then-revise sequence and the dependent sequence, respectively. We found that dependent participants adjusted away from advice, leading to fewer estimates close to the advice compared to independent-then-revise participants (Studies 1–5). This “push-away” effect was mediated by confidence in the advice (Study 2), with dependent participants more likely to evaluate advice unfavorably and to search for additional cues than independent-then-revise participants (Study 3). Study 4 tested accuracy under different advice sequences. Study 5 found that classic anchoring paradigms also show the push-away effect for median advice. Overall, the research shows that people adjust from representative (median) advice. The paper concludes by discussing when push-away effects occur in advice taking and anchoring studies and the value of independent distributions for observing these effects.
Columbia Foreign Direct Investment Perspectives: The FDI Recession Has Begun

Since economic growth is the single most important determinant of the ability to attract foreign direct investment (FDI), the current economic slowdown, further accentuated by the financial crisis,...
A History of Modern Germany : 1871 to Present

Maps. Preface. 1. The Founders Generation, 1871-1890. 2. Wilhelminian Germany, 1890-1914. 3. The First World War, 1914-1918. 4. Revolution, Inflation, and Putsches: The Search for a New Consensus, 1918-1923. 5. Fools Gold: The Weimar Republic, 1924-1930. 6. From Authoritarianism to Totalitarianism, 1930-1938. 7. Conquest, Death, and Defeat, 1938-1945. 8. 'Condominium for the Allied Powers,' 1945-1949. 9. The Federal Republic of Germany, 1949-1990. 10. The German Democratic Republic, 1949-1990. 11. Germany Since Reunification: Euphoria and Disillusionment, 1990-Present. 12. Conclusion. Suggestions for Further Reading. Index.
Integrated Study of Reinforced Earth—II: Behavior and Design

An analytical study using the finite element method of an instrumented reinforced earth wall constructed in Southern California is described. The analytical results are compared with the field performance data to illustrate the overall behavior of the structure. It is concluded that a reinforced earth wall is a relatively rigid self-supporting unit for which under normal conditions, the stress state within the wall is approximately the K0 condition, and the backfill just behind the wall approaches the Ka condition. The boundary geometry of the backfill, the foundation, and the compressibility of the foundation material intimately affect the magnitude and distribution of the reinforcing strip forces; compression forces may develop under particular combination of these physical parameters. Design procedures based on possible failure modes for the determination of size, spacing, and length of reinforcing strips are considered. /ASCE/
A nonlinear mathematical model for the development and rupture of intracranial fusiform aneurysms.

AbstractLaplace’s law, which describes a linear relation between the tension and the radius, is often used to characterize the mechanical response of the aneurysm wall to distending pressures. However, histopathological studies have confirmed that the wall of the fully developed aneurysm consists primarily of collagen and is subject to large increases in tension for small increases in the radius, i.e., a nonlinear relationship exists between the tension within the aneurysm wall and the radius. Thus, a nonlinear version of Laplace’s law is proposed to accurately describe the development and rupture of a fusiform saccular aneurysm. The fusiform aneurysm was modelled as a thin-walled ellipsoidal shell with a major axis radius, Ra, minor axis radius, Rb, circumferential tension, S0, and meridional tension, Sϕ, with ϕ defining the angle from the surface normal. Using both linear and nonlinear models, differential expressions of the volume distensibility evaluated at 90° were used to determine the critical radi...
Invadopodia: unique methods for measurement of extracellular matrix degradation in vitro.

Publisher Summary Immunofluorescence, Nomarski illumination, and electron microscopy allow detection of invadopodia on the basis of visualization of membrane or invadopodia associated antigens. Using these methods it was observed that when invasive cells such as Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts were cultured on extracellular matrix (ECM), invadopodia extended into the matrix. The chapter develops a quantitative assay to measure invadopodia activity. First, fluorescein isothiocyanate is coupled to an ECM substrate, for example, gelatin. Then a thin coat of ftuorescently conjugated matrix is coated and crosslinked on a glass coverslip. When cells are cultured on this labeled matrix, they extend invadopodia that degrade the matrix and leave dark areas in a bright field of fluorescence. Areas of invadopodia activity can be identified using conventional immunofluorescence microscopy. The area of matrix degradation in each field of view can be quantified after digital image capture using an image analysis program. Thus, there are two aspects to the assay: first, the visual, qualitative determination of the ability of a cell line to make invadopodia and, second, the quantitative measurement of this activity.
Immigration Policy in Canada

This chapter presents a brief history of Canadian immigration policy. Like US immigration policy, Canadian immigration policy has shifted from openness at the start of the nineteenth century to a rigid ethnic quota system in the early twentieth century, and now back to a more open policy regime. The current immigration policy in Canada differs from US policy in one important way: Canadian policy is more selective but admits many more immigrants on a per capita basis than does US policy. The chapter provides possible answers to the seven questions posed in the introduction to this section for each of the distinct immigration policy regimes.
Molecular characterization of a novel urea transporter from kidney inner medullary collecting ducts.

In the terminal part of the kidney collecting duct, rapid urea reabsorption is essential to maintaining medullary hypertonicity, allowing maximal urinary concentration to occur. This process is med...
Symmetry study on 2-D complex analog and digital filter functions

The symmetry properties of 2-D complex polynomials are analyzed in this paper. The characteristics of a polynomial possessing different standard symmetries in their magnitude and phase responses are studied. The nature of constraints that are imposed by the defined symmetries on analog and digital polynomials is discussed. The various classes of complex polynomials possessing the different (quadrantal, diagonal, rotational, and octagonal) symmetries and antisymmetries in their magnitude responses and/or phase responses are tabulated.
High-power, Al-free active-region (ALFA) lasers for the 0.70-0.81 /spl mu/m wavelength range

Summary form only given. Conventional diode laser structures employing an AlGaAs active region to access wavelengths in the range 0.70</spl lambda/<0.78 /spl mu/m has proven ineffective as a result of poor reliability. The use of highly reactive aluminum compounds within the active region results in increased oxygen incorporation, leading to bulk degradation. In addition, strong nonradiative recombination at the laser facets leads to significant facet degradation, requiring the use of nonabsorbing mirror technology. As a consequence, high-power, reliable, diode lasers are not commercially available in this wavelength region. Even for wavelengths as long as 0.81 /spl mu/m, where relatively low aluminum compositions Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As (x/spl sim/0.07) are utilized, the elimination of aluminum from the active region has been shown to result in significantly enhanced performance.
Defective repair of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-induced lesions in the DNA of xeroderma pigmentosum cells.

Summary Cells from normal individuals and from individuals with xeroderma pigmentosum were treated with the carcinogen N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. Repair of the damage to DNA was estimated by incubating the cells in BrdUrd and then photolyzing the BrUra-containing repaired regions with 313-nm radiation. By this criterion normal cells repair the damage in a fashion similar to ultraviolet damage, but xeroderma pigmentosum cells (defective in ultraviolet repair) are defective in repair of the carcinogen-induced damage.
Reasoning about metamodeling with formal specifications and automatic proofs

Metamodeling is foundational to many modeling frameworks, and so it is important to formalize and reason about it. Ideally, correctness proofs and test-case generation on the metamodeling framework should be automatic. However, it has yet to be shown that extensive automated reasoning on metamodeling frameworks can be achieved. In this paper we present one approach to this problem: Metamodeling frameworks are specified modularly using algebraic data types and constraint logic programming (CLP). Proofs and test-case generation are encoded as CLP satisfiability problems and automatically solved.
Nucleation Pathways of Clathrate Hydrates: Effect of Guest Size and Solubility

Understanding the microscopic mechanism of nucleation of clathrate hydrates is important for their use in hydrogen storage, CO2 sequestration, storage and transport of natural gas, and the prevention of the formation of hydrate plugs in oil and gas pipelines. These applications involve hydrate guests of varied sizes and solubility in water that form different hydrate crystal structures. Nevertheless, molecular studies of the mechanism of nucleation of hydrates have focused on the single class of small hydrophobic guests that stabilize the sI crystal. In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations with a very efficient coarse-grained model to elucidate the mechanisms of nucleation of clathrate hydrates of four model guests that span a 2 orders of magnitude range in solubility in water and that encompass sizes which stabilize each one a different hydrate structure (sI and sII, with and without occupancy of the dodecahedral cages). We find that the overall mechanism of clathrate nucleation is similar fo...
S-adenosylmethionine synthetase in cultured normal and oncogenically-transformed human and rat cells

Abstract We have investigated the enzymatic formation of S -adenosylmethionine in extracts of a variety of normal and oncogenically-transformed human and rat cell lines which differ in their ability to grow in medium in which methionine is replaced by its immediate precursor homocysteine. We have localized the bulk of the S -adenosylmethionine synthetase activity to the post-mitochondrial supernatant. We show that in all cell lines a single kinetic species exists in a dialyzed extract with a K m for methionine of about 3–12 μM. In selected lines we have demonstrated a requirement for Mg 2+ in addition to that needed to form the Mg·ATP complex for enzyme activity and have shown that the enzyme can be regulated by product feedback inhibition. Because we detect no differences in the enzymatic ability of these cell extracts to utilize methionine for S -adenosylmethionine formation in vitro, we suggest that the failure of oncogenically-transformed cell lines to grow in homocysteine medium may result from the decreased methionine pools in these cells or from the loss of ability of these cells to properly metabolize homocysteine, adenosine, or their cellular product S -adenosylhomocysteine.
Colorimetry with a diode array spectrometer

A colorimeter in general is composed of two parts: (1) A device which records the optical data, and (2) a means of interpreting the acquired optical signal. The most basic (and one of the best) colorimeter is the eye-brain combination; however, the results depend on the observer. In 1931 the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) laid down the color matching properties of a standard observer. These properties enable an unbiased classification of an arbitrary spectral distribution and have become the basis of applied colorimetry since 1931. The colorimeter described herein consists of a spectrograph with a solid state array detector for collecting the data and a computer with software for controlling the detector and interpreting the acquired signal using the CIE standard colorimetric observer.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Observation of an induced-scattering instability driven by static field asymmetries in a pure electron plasma.

We show experimentally that the presence of static field asymmetries can affect the stability of a confined pure electron plasma. A new induced-scattering instability is observed whose threshold and growth rate depend on the amplitude of static field asymmetries. The presence of the instability is associated with a twelvefold enhancement of radial plasma transport. The qualitative features of this instability are found to be in agreement with recent theoretical work.
Absence of vasopressin expression by galanin neurons in the golden hamster: implications for species differences in extrahypothalamic vasopressin pathways.

In golden hamsters, there is a complete absence of the small diameter vasopressin (VP) neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) and medial amygdala (Me) which have been shown to exhibit steroid dependency and sexual dimorphism in many other rodent species. In rats, VP in the BST/Me is always colocalized with the neuropeptide galanin (GAL) and the sex difference in VP cell number appears to result from a sex difference in the number of GAL neurons which coexpress VP. Likewise, we reasoned that the species difference in extrahypothalamic VP pathways present in the golden hamster could result from a reduced coexpression of VP by GAL neurons in these regions. Here, we used in situ hybridization histochemistry to determine whether GAL mRNA expressing neurons are present in the BST and Me of golden hamsters despite the absence of VP expression in these regions. In addition, we have used slice binding and receptor autoradiography to identify specific GAL binding sites in the lateral septum, a probable target region of BST/Me neurons, and in situ hybridization to confirm that some of these binding sites correspond to the GALR1 GAL receptor subtype. Our findings indicate that the absence of VP expression in the BST/Me of golden hamsters results from a failure of extrahypothalamic GAL neurons to express the VP phenotype. Because GAL is expressed in the extended amygdaloid complex and GAL receptors are present in the septum of golden hamsters, GAL may play a role in modulating functions previously attributed to BST/Me pathways.
Ultraviolet behavior of bosonic quantum membranes

We treat the action for a bosonic membrane as a sigma model, and then compute quantum corrections by integrating out higher membrane modes. As in string theory, where the equations of motion of Einstein's theory emerges by setting $\beta = 0$, we find that, with certain assumptions, we can recover the equations of motion for the background fields. Although the membrane theory is non-renormalizable on the world volume by power counting, the investigation of the ultra-violet behavior of membranes may give us insight into the supersymmetric case, where we hope to obtain higher order M-theory corrections to 11 dimensional supergravity.
Student or situation? Personality and classroom context as predictors of attitudes about business school cheating

Many business faculties may question why their students cheat. While past research shows that student characteristics predict cheating attitudes and behavior, evidence exists that attributes of classroom contexts also play a part. We investigate how three personality traits (conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience) and two context variables (classroom culture and pedagogy) affect business students’ attitudes toward cheating. Of the personality variables, only conscientiousness directly predicts cheating attitudes, while both context variables show significant relationships. Interactions indicate that conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience, in combination with context variables, affect some attitudes toward cheating. We recommend actions that might minimize cheating as well as future research directions.
Interactions between health searchers and search engines

The Web is an important resource for understanding and diagnosing medical conditions. Based on exposure to online content, people may develop undue health concerns, believ- ing that common and benign symptoms are explained by se- rious illnesses. In this paper, we investigate potential strate- gies to mine queries and searcher histories for clues that could help search engines choose the most appropriate infor- mation to present in response to exploratory medical queries. To do this, we performed a longitudinal study of health search behavior using the logs of a popular Web search en- gine. We found that query variations which might appear innocuous (e.g. "bad headache" vs "severe headache") may hold valuable information about the searcher which could be used by search engines to improve performance. Fur- thermore, we investigated how medically-concerned users re- spond differently to search engine result pages (SERPs) and find that their disposition for clicking on concerning pages is pronounced, potentially leading to a self-reinforcement of concern. Finally, we studied to which degree variations in the SERP impact future search and real-world health- seeking behavior and obtained some surprising results (e.g., viewing concerning pages may lead to a short-term reduction of in-world healthcare utilization).
Recent Advances in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Inpatient and Outpatient

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common illness, with the majority of patients treated out of the hospital, yet the greatest burden of the cost of care comes from inpatient management. In the past several years, the management of these patients has advanced, with new information about the natural history and prognosis of illness, the utility of serum markers to guide management, the use of appropriate clinical tools to guide the site-of-care decision, and the finding that guidelines can be developed in a way that improves patient outcome. The challenges to patient management include the emergence of new pathogens and the progression of antibiotic resistance in some of the common pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Few new antimicrobial treatment options are available, and the utility of some new therapies has been limited by drug-related toxicity. Ancillary care for severe pneumonia with activated protein C and corticosteroids is being studied, but recently, inpatient care has been most affected by the development of evidence-based "core measures" for management that have been promoted by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, which form the basis for the public reporting of hospital performance in CAP care.
The subunit structure of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase.

The molecular weight of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase determined by the approach to equilibrium method is 2.38 · 105 ± 0.08 · 105. In the presence of 1.5–6.0 M guanidine · hydrochloride the enzyme dissociates into subunits. In 6 M guanidine · hydrochloride the molecular weight is 5.98 · 104–6.1 · 104. The enzyme is therefore a tetramer. Dissociation of the enzyme into monomers also occurs at pH 6, pH 11, and in the absence of certain monovalent cations and multivalent anions. Results of gel filtration experiments done in the presence of the substrates of the reaction and at dilute protein concentrations show that the tetramer is the catalytically active form of the enzyme. Inactivation of the enzyme by dissociation in Tris-HCl is prevented by certain monovalent cations. The presence of 2-mercaptoethanol slows down the inactivation process. The inactivation and dissociation in Tris-HCl containing 2-mercaptoethanol could be reversed by the addition of NH4Cl. Difference spectroscopy showed that upon reactivation there is an increase in the absorption spectrum of the enzyme in the region where tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine absorb, indicating that some of these residues become buried in a hydrophobic region when the subunits reassociate. The rate of increase in A291 nm is equal to the rate of return of enzymic activity. NH4+, K+ and Rb+ stimulate the activity of the enzyme 2- to 3-fold under conditions where dissociation does not occur. A plot of the activity as a function of NH4+ concentration is sigmoidal. It is suggested that the monovalent cations and multivalent anions are necessary to maintain the protein in the most active tetrameric conformation. In the absence of the cation but in the presence of multivalent anions a tetramer of a different conformation is formed. This tetramer has a higher Km for formate. When both cations and multivalent anions are removed the tetramer dissociates into monomers.
Pancreatic Cancer-Associated Stellate Cells Promote Differentiation of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in a STAT3-Dependent Manner

Pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) are a subset of pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts. These cells provide prosurvival signals to tumors; however, little is known regarding their interactions with immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. We hypothesized that factors produced by human PSC could enhance myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) differentiation and function, which promotes an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Primary PSC cell lines (n = 7) were generated from human specimens and phenotypically confirmed via expression of vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Luminex analysis indicated that PSC but not human fetal primary pancreatic fibroblast cells (HPF; negative controls) produced MDSC-promoting cytokines [interleukin (IL-6), VEGF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) ] and chemokines (SDF-1, MCP-1). Culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells [peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), n = 3 donors] with PSC supernatants or IL-6/granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; positive control) for 7 days promoted PBMC differentiation into an MDSC (CD11b+CD33+) phenotype and a subpopulation of polymorphonuclear CD11b+CD33+CD15+ cells. The resulting CD11b+CD33+ cells functionally suppressed autologous T-lymphocyte proliferation. In contrast, supernatants from HPF did not induce an MDSC phenotype in PBMCs. Culture of normal PBMCs with PSC supernatants led to STAT3 but not STAT1 or STAT5 phosphorylation. IL-6 was an important mediator as its neutralization inhibited PSC supernatant-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation and MDSC differentiation. Finally, the FLLL32 STAT3 inhibitor abrogated PSC supernatant-mediated MDSC differentiation, PSC viability, and reduced autocrine IL-6 production indicating these processes are STAT3 dependent. These results identify a novel role for PSC in driving immune escape in pancreatic cancer and extend the evidence that STAT3 acts as a driver of stromal immunosuppression to enhance its interest as a therapeutic target.
Caries-Preventive Effects of Fluoride Tablets in Schoolchildren Four Years after Discontinuation of Treatments

Two groups of children, initially in the first and second grades, chewed, rinsed with, and swallowed an acidulated phosphate-fluoride tablet either once or twice a day for six school years. A control group followed the procedure using a placebo tablet. The effects are evaluated.
Histo-Cytometry: A Method for Highly Multiplex Quantitative Tissue Imaging Analysis Applied to Dendritic Cell Subset Microanatomy in Lymph Nodes

Flow cytometry allows highly quantitative analysis of complex dissociated populations at the cost of neglecting their tissue localization. In contrast, conventional microscopy methods provide spatial information, but visualization and quantification of cellular subsets defined by complex phenotypic marker combinations is challenging. Here, we describe an analytical microscopy method, "histo-cytometry," for visualizing and quantifying phenotypically complex cell populations directly in tissue sections. This technology is based on multiplexed antibody staining, tiled high-resolution confocal microscopy, voxel gating, volumetric cell rendering, and quantitative analysis. We have tested this technology on various innate and adaptive immune populations in murine lymph nodes (LNs) and were able to identify complex cellular subsets and phenotypes, achieving quantitatively similar results to flow cytometry, while also gathering cellular positional information. Here, we employ histo-cytometry to describe the spatial segregation of resident and migratory dendritic cell subsets into specialized microanatomical domains, suggesting an unexpected LN demarcation into discrete functional compartments.
Opinion Paper. Operations research in libraries: A critical assessment

In the past decade a multitude of operations research models have appeared in the literature, each promising to help library managers in making better plans and decisions. To date, few of these models are being employed by libraries. The major reasons which seem to be preventing operations research from achieving its potential and fulfilling the expectations of its proponents in library management are explored. Finally, a prescription is formulated to guide library managers in working more effectively with operations researchers.
Strongly enhanced 2D magnetism at surfaces and interfaces (invited)

The study of magnetism in low‐dimensional systems has entered a new phase thanks to (i) the advent of sophisticated synthesis and characterization techniques and (ii) the development of highly precise theoretical methods. We describe recent developments and applications of an all‐electron total energy local spin density approach for determining the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of surfaces, overlayers and interfaces, and sandwiches. Particular emphasis is placed, and results are given, on these structures involving transition metals (V, Cr, and Fe) on noble metals (Cu, Ag, and Au), simple metals (Al), and a nonmagnetic transition metal (W). Magnetic hyperfine fields are given for some Fe systems since conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy now permits detailed layer‐by‐layer tests of the theoretical predictions.
First-order structural phase transition in CaFe 2 As 2

${\text{CaFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ has been synthesized and found to form in the tetragonal ${\text{ThCr}}_{2}{\text{Si}}_{2}$ structure with lattice parameters $a=3.912(68)\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$ and $c=11.667(45)\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$. Upon cooling through 170 K, ${\text{CaFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ undergoes a first-order structural phase transition to a low-temperature orthorhombic phase with a 2--3 K range of hysteresis and coexistence. This transition is clearly evident in microscopic, thermodynamic, and transport measurements. ${\text{CaFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ is the third member of the ${\text{AFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ $(A=\text{Ba},\text{Sr},\text{Ca})$ family to exhibit such a dramatic phase transition and is a promising candidate for studies of doping induced superconductivity.
Outside Points of View in the Construction of Balinese Ethnicity and Religion

The ‘outside points of view’ of Muslims, Indian Hindus, tourists and other non-Balinese towards Balinese culture and religion are often invoked by Balinese religious leaders and urban intelligentsia. This has been described in the literature as ‘defensiveness’ related to the process of gaining state acceptance for Balinese religion as Hinduism. I argue for a more subtle reading of the importance of assumed outside points of view to transformations of Balinese practices and to the construction of Balinese identities, by analysing examples from fieldwork (2001–2003) and from Balinese media relating to current debates over cockfighting, the Balinese language, and Balinese religion. One must differentiate the importance of outside points of view to differently positioned Balinese, determine what specific practices are called into question by such assumed points of view, and clearly distinguish between the flow of cultural categories and concepts in a globalised world and the phenomenon of perceived interactions between religions and cultures. Furthermore, a wider cross-cultural perspective reveals the limitations of understanding these processes as uniquely postcolonial or postmodern.
Preliminary characterization of catalysts tested in the H-Coal bench unit☆

Abstract Elemental analyses by emission spectroscopy were collected on five catalysts evaluated in the H-Coal catalyst-testing programme. The major metal-contaminants identified were titanium, iron, boron, calcium, magnesium, and silicon. The contaminant-metals content varied from 2–5 wt% and was greatest for the American Cyanamid CoMo 1442A catalyst, least for two NiMo catalysts, and intermediate for two Amocat catalysts. The weight loss upon ignition showed an inverse relation with metals content. Surface areas of the used catalysts ranged from 20–50% of the fresh catalysts. Distribution of the metals in the used American Cyanamid 1442A catalyst was determined by electron microprobe analysis. Calcium, magnesium and silicon were restricted to the outer 50 μ m of the catalyst, whereas titanium and iron concentrations reached baseline at approximately 300 μ m into the catalyst. Optical and scanning electron microscopies were used to evaluate the topology and physical characteristics of the catalyst. Near-surface regions of high optical reflectivity and lower porosity were observed for each of the catalysts. These regions extend 10–20% into the catalysts. Molybdenum sulphide crystallites, as confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis, were identified in these regions. The growth of these crystallites is indicative of loss of surface area of this known hydrodesulphurization catalyst.
Community college supervisors and their subordinates: A quantitative investigation of personality temperament and leader‐member exchange

Community college leadership is facing a crisis fueled by leaders retiring and student enrollment that outpaces budget growth. The purpose of this study was to better understand the leadership dynamics of community college supervisors and direct subordinates by examining the relationship bgetween leader-member exchange (LMX) and personality temperament. Data from the Supervisor Leader-Member Exchange Multidimensional Model (SLMX-MDM) survey was used to determine LMX total within four subscales: affect, loyalty, contribution, and professional respect. Participants' temperaments were determined by the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II (KTS-II). Research questions focused on whether differences in LMX existed among groups of supervisor–subordinate dyads that were categorized according to temperament similarity: 1) identical temperament (e.g., both supervisor and subordinate are SJ), 2) one letter (e.g., SP and SJ), or 3) no letters in common (e.g., NF and SP). The 50 participating dyads were selected through proportionate stratified sampling. Results from one-way ANOVAs showed significant differences among groups with respect to total LMX, contribution, and professional respect.
Cotton Dust Control Studies: Effects of Engineering Controls, Washing Cotton, and Additives

This paper reviews some of the cotton dust control technology studies carried out a North Carolina State University since 1973. The purpose of the investigations has been to examine means for reducing respirable dust emission during carding, as well as to evaluate the relative merits of various dust-sampling devices. Typically the results indicate that introducing lint cleaners at the gin reduces dust emission, while the use of two types of feeder/cleaners examined does not. Steaming of ginned cotton reduces the dust emission, while storage of ginned cotton (steamed or unsteamed) beyond three months increases it. Air-cleaning devices such as properly-designed electrostatic precipitators can be quite effective in diminishing the dust concentration in the card room. Similarly, washing of cotton, the use of cleaning devices such as COTTONMASTER®, or the addition of dust suppressants to cotton reduces the emission during subsequent carding. While some of the studies are complete, others are in progress.
The effects of conjugate and light dose on photo-immunotherapy induced cytotoxicity

Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is a highly cell-selective cancer therapy, which employs monoclonal antibodies conjugated to a potent photosensitizer (mAb-IR700). Once the conjugate has bound to the target cell, exposure to near infrared (NIR) light induces necrosis only in targeted cells with minimal damage to adjacent normal cells in vivo. Herein, we report on the effect of altering mAb-IR700 and light power and dose on effectiveness of PIT. For evaluating cytotoxicity, we employed ATP-dependent bioluminescence imaging using a luciferase-transfected MDA-MB-468luc cell line, which expresses EGFR and luciferase. In in vitro experiments, panitumumab-IR700 (Pan-IR700) concentration was varied in combination with varying NIR light doses administered by an LED at one of three power settings, 100 mA and 400 mA continuous wave and 1733 mA intermittent wave. For in vivo experiments, the MDA-MB-468luc orthotopic breast cancer was treated with varying doses of Pan-IR700 and light. The in vitro cell study demonstrated that PIT induced cytotoxicity depended on light dose, when the conjugate concentration was kept constant. Increasing the dose of Pan-IR700 allowed lowering of the light dose to achieve equal effects thus indicating that for a given level of efficacy, the conjugate concentration multiplied by the light dose was a constant. A similar relationship between conjugate and light dose was observed in vivo. The efficacy of PIT is defined by the product of the number of bound antibody conjugates and the dose of NIR light and can be achieve equally with continuous and pulse wave LED light using different power densities.
Higher-Order Godunov Methods for Reducing Numerical Dispersion in Reservoir Simulation

Standard finite difference methods used in reservoir simulation employ large amounts of numerical dispersion. This inherent numerical dispersion causes sharp fronts to be smeared over many grid blocks, and can cause their shapes to be wildly distorted. In this paper we discuss a new method that substantially reduces the effects of numerical dispersion. The new method significantly improves the resolution of fronts, and is specifically constructed to be essentially free of grid orientation effects.
Trajectories of Ash Particles Through a Coal-Burning Gas Turbine

A three-dimensional algorithm was previously developed to compute more accurate particle trajectories through turbomachinery blade rows. The capabilities of this algorithm are demonstrated in this paper with trajectory analyses through a coal-burning gas turbine developed by the Bureau of Mines. This five-stage axial turbine contains three-dimensional variations in both the geometry and the gas flow field that have a significant effect upon the trajectories of small (10 micron) coal ash particles. The trajectory analyses performed through the first three blade rows describe particle motion similar to that implied by the erosion patterns observed after testing. Particle impacts are predicted in the regions of the blade surfaces that experienced erosion. Particle impact characteristics of angle and velocity correlate qualitatively with the relative amounts of erosion observed among different regions of the blade surfaces.Copyright © 1984 by ASME
High-performance liquid chromatography of C60, C70, and higher fullerenes on tetraphenylporphyrin-silica stationary phases using strong mobile phase solvents

Abstract The HPLC separation of C 60 , C 70 , and higher fullerenes on a tetraphenylporphyrin-silica stationary phase is investigated using pure carbon disulfide, chlorobenzene, p -xylene, and toluene as mobile phases. Selectivity factors (α) for C 70 /C 60 separations using these solvents are determined to be 1.8, 3.2, 3.8, and 4.3, respectively. Thermodynamic studies reveal that an exothermic interaction takes place between the fullerene and porphyrin stationary phase in the presence of such solvents. Higher fullerenes (up to C 94 ) can be separated quickly at 90°C using CS 2 -toluene (45:55, v/v) as the mobile phase. The high solubility of fullerenes in these solvents dramatically increases the overal potential with regard to preparative fullerene purification. The inability of an alternative protoporphyrin-silica phase to separate C 60 /C 70 using the same mobile phases supports a retention mechanism based on simultaneous face-to-face and face-to-edge π-π interactions between the immobilized tetraphenylporphyrin and the fullerenes.
A REVIEW OF LIMESTONE ADDITIONS TO PORTLAND CEMENT AND CONCRETE

Abstract Whether or not to add limestone to Portland cement clinker and gypsum is currently being debated in many countries. Upon addition of the calcium carbonate a reaction occurs between it and the tricalcium aluminate that is present in the clinker to form calcium carboaluminates. Their ability to control set characteristics of the cement and their effects upon physical properties are discussed. It appears that in cements with higher levels of the tricalcium aluminate, positive or no effects on cement quality are noted. In cements with lower amounts of tricalcium aluminate, deleterious effects upon physical properties have been noted in some instances. It may be possible to control other properties of the cement to allow limestone additions even in cements with lower levels of tricalcium aluminate.