cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of metabolic imaging in radiation therapy of prostate cancer

The goal of this study was to correlate prostatic metabolite concentrations from snap-frozen patient biopsies of recurrent cancer after failed radiation therapy with histopathological findings, including Ki-67 immunohistochemistry and pathologic grade, in order to identify quantitative metabolic biomarkers that predict for residual aggressive versus indolent cancer. A total of 124 snap-frozen transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsies were acquired from 47 men with untreated prostate cancer and from 39 men with a rising prostate-specific antigen and recurrent prostate cancer following radiation therapy. Biopsy tissues with Ki-67 labeling index ≤ 5% were classified as indolent cancer, while biopsy tissues with Ki-67 labeling index > 5% were classified as aggressive cancer. The majority (15 out of 17) of cancers classified as aggressive had a primary Gleason 4 pattern (Gleason score ≥ 4 + 3). The concentrations of choline-containing phospholipid metabolites (PC, GPC, and free Cho) and lactate were significantly elevated in recurrent cancer relative to surrounding benign tissues. There was also a significant increase in [PC] and reduction in [GPC] between untreated and irradiated prostate cancer biopsies. The concentration of the choline-containing phospholipid metabolites was significantly higher in recurrent aggressive (≈ twofold) than in recurrent indolent cancer biopsies, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of total choline to creatine ratio (tCho/Cr) demonstrated an accuracy of 95% (confidence interval = 0.88-1.00) for predicting aggressive recurrent disease. The tCho/Cr was significantly higher for identifying recurrent aggressive versus indolent cancer (tCho/Cr = 2.4 ± 0.4 versus 1.5 ± 0.2), suggesting that use of a higher threshold tCho/Cr ratio in future in vivo (1)H MRSI studies could improve the selection and therapeutic planning for patients who would benefit most from salvage focal therapy after failed radiation therapy.
Estimating a Model of Settlement Bargaining in the World Trade Organization

Small and large countries show divergent behavior in the dispute settlement process of the WTO. Disputes that involve larger economies are more likely to result in litigation. Moreover, in a dispute between a large country and a small country, litigation is more likely if the small country is the complaining party. I modify canonical models of settlement bargaining under asymmetric information (namely, Bebchuk 1984, and Reinganum and Wilde 1986) by assuming that governments are restricted to use policy adjustment, rather than cash payments, as a means of compensation in their settlement negotiations. A key theoretical prediction of the modified models is that the likelihood of settlement is more sensitive to the defendant's litigation costs than to the complainant's litigation costs. This theoretical prediction combined with the assumption that smaller countries face higher costs of litigation explains the divergent behavior of small and large countries in the dispute settlement process.
Tout-velu is a Drosophila homologue of the putative tumour suppressor EXT-1 and is needed for Hh diffusion

Hedgehog (Hh) proteins act through both short-range and long-range signalling to pattern tissues during invertebrate and vertebrate development1. The mechanisms allowing Hedgehog to diffuse over a long distance and to exert its long-range effects are not understood. Here we identify a new Drosophila gene, named tout-velu, that is required for diffusion of Hedgehog. Characterization of tout-velu shows that it encodes an integral membrane protein that belongs to the EXT gene family. Members of thisfamily are involved in the human multiple exostoses syndrome, which affects bone morphogenesis2,3,4. Our results, together with the previous characterization of the role of IndianHedgehog in bone morphogenesis5,6,7, lead us to propose that themultiple exostoses syndrome is associated with abnormal diffusion of Hedgehog proteins. These results show the existence of a new conserved mechanism required for diffusion of Hedgehog.
The Voluntary Export Restraint: Bad Medicine for a Sick Patient

When former General Motors chairman Charles "Engine Charlie" Wilson told Congress in 1952, "...what is good for the country is good for General Motors, and what is good for General Motors is good for the country" (Greenwald 45), he articulated the attitudes the American auto companies had about the economic and social relationship between the United States and its automobile industry. That was true in 1952, but since then American interests and those of its car manufacturers, have diverged significantly because of the auto makers' single minded devotion to high short run profits and their inability to change quickly enough to meet a dynamic consumer demand. Nowhere is this more evident than in an analysis of the rise of Japanese car makers in the U.S. auto market, especially with respect to the Voluntary Export Restraint (VER). This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol1/iss1/6 The Voluntary Export Restraint: Bad Medicine for a Sick Patient
A necessary and sufficient stability criterion for linear time-varying systems

In this paper a necessary and sufficient exponential stability criterion is presented for linear time-varying (LTV) systems based on a previously developed parallel D-spectrum concept. This new result is a corrected version of some previously published results, where an important condition has been overlooked. Extensions of the new result to the assessment of exponential stability using a series D-spectrum, and the assessment of asymptotic stability using a relative-mean concept for the PD- and SD-eigenvalues are also discussed.
Pressure-induced phase segregation in single-crystal La 2 − 2 x Sr 1 + 2 x Mn 2 O 7 ( x = 0.32 )

The temperature dependence of resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ and of the thermoelectric power $\ensuremath{\alpha}(T)$ of a single crystal of the ferromagnetic Ruddlesden-Popper compound ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}2x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{1+2x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}(x=0.32)$ have been measured under different hydrostatic pressures. Pressure induces segregation into antiferromagnetic electron-rich and ferromagnetic electron-poor ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ layers. With increasing pressure, the ferromagnetic majority phase exhibits contraction of the apical (Mn-O) bond and spin reorientation from the c axis to the basal plane at a critical pressure ${P}_{c}(6l~{P}_{c}l~7\mathrm{kbar}).$ The phase segregation appears to reflect a first-order inversion of the exchange coupling between ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ layers.
Cross-section for charmonium absorption by nucleons

The cross section for $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ absorption by nucleons is studied using a gauged SU(4) hadronic Lagrangian but with empirical particle masses, which has been used previously to study the cross sections for $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ absorption by pion and $\ensuremath{\rho}$ meson. Including both two-body and three-body final states, we find that with a cutoff parameter of 1 GeV at interaction vertices involving charm hadrons, the $J/\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{-}N$ absorption cross section is at most 5 mb and is consistent with that extracted from $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ production from both photonuclear and proton-nucleus reactions.
A New Approach to Lexical Disambiguation of Arabic Text

We describe a model for the lexical analysis of Arabic text, using the lists of alternatives supplied by a broad-coverage morphological analyzer, SAMA, which include stable lemma IDs that correspond to combinations of broad word sense categories and POS tags. We break down each of the hundreds of thousands of possible lexical labels into its constituent elements, including lemma ID and part-of-speech. Features are computed for each lexical token based on its local and document-level context and used in a novel, simple, and highly efficient two-stage supervised machine learning algorithm that overcomes the extreme sparsity of label distribution in the training data. The resulting system achieves accuracy of 90.6% for its first choice, and 96.2% for its top two choices, in selecting among the alternatives provided by the SAMA lexical analyzer. We have successfully used this system in applications such as an online reading helper for intermediate learners of the Arabic language, and a tool for improving the productivity of Arabic Treebank annotators.
Impaired tissue oxygenation in cyanate-treated animals.

Carbamylation of red cells with sodium cyanate has been suggested as a potential treatment for sickle cell disease. Because carbamylation of red cells increases their oxygen affinity, the present study was done to determine whether cyanate administration caused impaired tissue oxygenation. Rats given i.p. (250 mg/kg/wk) or oral (625 mg/kg/wk) cyanate were found to have significantly reduced skin bubble oxygen tensions compared to controls. These reduced oxygen tensions were associated with significantly increased blood oxygen affinity. Treated animals developed greater red cell masses than controls, but these increases were not sufficient to compensate for increased blood oxygen affinity. These findings need to be considered when cyanate is used for treatment of sickle cell disease.
The effects of external trade, foreign resources, and domestic Policies on Domestic Savings in some developing Countries: a regression analysis

This paper examines the impacts of some external and domestic factors on two measures of domestic savings (DS) in a sample of developing countries over the period 1980-82. No strong statistical evidence is found to support the hypothesis that external resources (i.e., official aid and borrowed capital) inhibit DS by substituting for them. On the other hand, favorable trade conditions (as represented by the rate of growth of the external terms of trade) are consistently found to be positively and significantly correlated with DS. These results are suggested to support the old slogan ‘trade not aid,’ if it is interpreted to mean that aid should not be considered as an alternative to profitable trade opportunities.
A transient dynamic analysis of mechanical seals including asperity contact and face deformation

Face seals are typically designed to be in contact at standstill. However, as speed and pressure build up, the seal faces deform from their factory flat conditions because of viscous and dry friction heating, as well as mechanical and centrifugal effects. It is imperative that such deformations form a converging gap for radial flow to ensure stable operation and to promote favorable dynamic tracking between stator and rotor. A numerical simulation is presented for the transient response of a face seal that is subjected to forcing misalignments while speeds and pressures are ramped up and down. Asperity contact forces and transient face deformation caused by viscous heating are included. A new closed-form solution is obtained for the elastoplastic contact model, which allows seamless transition between contacting and noncontacting modes of operation. The model is then used to calculate face contact forces that occur predominantly during startup and shutdown. The viscous heating model shows that the time-de...
Support, Problem-Solving/Coping Ability, and Personal Burden of Younger and Older Caregivers of Adults With Mental Retardation

Abstract Relations between service and support utilization, problem-solving/ coping strategies, and level of personal burden experienced by younger and older caregivers were examined. Overall, there were no differences in the number of support services received. However, younger caregivers reported significantly more unmet service needs and rated significantly more of them as a critical or an emergency need. Both groups had highly developed effective problem-solving skills. However, older caregivers were more likely to seek spiritual support and the younger caregivers more apt to mobilize their families to acquire and accept help. Older caregivers experienced significantly less personal burden. Results suggest that younger caregivers are more predisposed toward seeking outside help and have higher expectations of the service system.
Short range solvation by fluorinated alcohols of proton transfer complex formation between pentachlorophenol and triethylamine: determination of solvation constants and stoichiometries☆

Abstract Primary and secondary solvation binding constants and stoichiometries are reported for the protic solvation by pentadecafluorooctanol (PFO) and trifluoroethanol (TFE) of the non-bonding electrons on triethylamine (TEA) and on the oxygen of the proton-transfer complex formed by pentachlorophenol (PCP) and TEA. The solvation-sensitive apparent proton-transfer formation constant KPT is measured in varying low concentrations of the protic solvent S in benzene bulk solvent, and the solvation binding constants and stoichiometries are determined. A two-stage solvation model is supported, as observed in earlier studies of similar systems. The primary solvation stage involves a single solvent alcohol molecule, whereas the secondary stage involves several solvent molecules.
An integrated approach to the degradation of phytates in the corn wet milling process.

Abstract An integrated process was developed to hydrolyze the phytates in light steep water (LSW) and to simultaneously isolate inorganic phosphate (Pi) and myo-inositol products. The proposed integrated process will be helpful in resolving the environmental and nutritional concerns in the use of corn gluten feed (CGF) in the animal diets. This process comprised of partial and total hydrolysis of LSW and intermediate anion exchange separation technique. The phytates in LSW were initially degraded to negatively charged myo-inositol phosphates (InsP2–InsP5). The optimized experimental parameters for the partial hydrolysis of LSW were determined to be 2 h hydrolysis with 1 FTU Aspergillus niger/g substrate at 35 °C. The negatively charged species of the partially hydrolyzed substrate were separated on a strong base anion exchange resin. The negatively charged species, retained by the resin, were eluded with 1 M NaCl solution and were subjected to complete hydrolysis with the Escherichia coli, A. niger derived phytases and their respective combinations. The maximum amount of myo-inositol released from the anion exchange column was 3.73 ± 0.03 mg/NaCl elution which was detected after 48 h reactions catalyzed by 100 FTU E. coli, 150 FTU E. coli, and 150 FTU the combination of A. niger and E. coli. The time course of Pi released showed a similar trend to that of myo-inositol and the released Pi reached a maximum amount of 3.30 ± 0.05 mg/g NaCl elution after 48 h incubation at the enzyme loadings for which the maximum concentration of myo-inositol were reached.
A principal-component and least-squares method for allocating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment to multiple sources

A method was developed to allocate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment samples to the PAH sources from which they came. The method uses principal-component analysis to identify possible sources and a least-squares model to find the source mix that gives the best fit of 36 PAH analytes in each sample. The method identified 18 possible PAH sources in a large set of field data collected in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA, after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, including diesel oil, diesel soot, spilled crude oil in various weathering states, natural background, creosote, and combustion products from human activities and forest fires. Spill oil was generally found to be a small increment of the natural background in subtidal sediments, whereas combustion products were often the predominant sources for subtidal PAHs near sites of past or present human activity. The method appears to be applicable to other situations, including other spills.
Treatment of Laryngotracheal Stenosis With Anterior and Posterior Cartilage Grafts: A Report of 41 Children

• Forty-one tracheotomy-dependent children with moderate and severe laryngotracheal stenosis (Cotton grades III and IV) underwent laryngotracheal reconstruction with simultaneous use of costal cartilage grafts in the anterior and posterior subglottis and posterior glottis. The indications for this procedure are the presence of stenosis in the posterior part of the glottis, subglottis, or both in combination with anterior subglottic or upper tracheal narrowing. Other indications are the presence of circumferential subglottic stenosis, bilateral subglottic shelves, or total subglottic obstruction. The complications of this procedure included pneumothorax (one patient) and granulation tissue formation (five patients). There were two deaths unrelated to the reconstructive procedure. This technique offers an excellent opportunity for repair of laryngotracheal stenosis with a better than 90% tracheotomy decannulation rate after a single procedure within a short period after removal of the stent. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:82-86)
Strain Relaxation in Iv-vi Semiconductor Layers Grown on Silicon (100) Substrates

The large thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between IV–VI semiconductors and silicon results in significant tensile strain when structures are cooled down following growth at high temperatures. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of PbSe on Si (100) at 280°C on BaF2/CaF2 buffer layers results in high crack-density because of this strain. Interestingly, crack- free layers of PbSe can be grown by LPE on Si (100) by using MBE-grown PbSe/BaF2/CaF2 buffer layer structures. Unlike LPE-grown PbSe layers, however, a high crack-density was observed in Pbl-xSnxSe1-yTey layers grown by LPE on Si (100) using similar buffer layer structures. It is hypothesized that the addition of tellurium, which is known to increase IV-VI material hardness, inhibits plastic deformation and thus crack formation becomes the thermal strain relief mechanism. Ternary Pbl-xSnxSe layers grown by LPE exhibited much lower crack densities as compared to the quaternary layers and supported the conclusion that tellurium induced solid solution hardening occurs in the IV-VI materials system.
IQGAP1 is a novel phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate effector in regulation of directional cell migration

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) is a key lipid messenger for regulation of cell migration. PIP2 modulates many effectors, but the specificity of PIP2 signalling can be defined by interactions of PIP2-generating enzymes with PIP2 effectors. Here, we show that type Iγ phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIPKIγ) interacts with the cytoskeleton regulator, IQGAP1, and modulates IQGAP1 function in migration. We reveal that PIPKIγ is required for IQGAP1 recruitment to the leading edge membrane in response to integrin or growth factor receptor activation. Moreover, IQGAP1 is a PIP2 effector that directly binds PIP2 through a polybasic motif and PIP2 binding activates IQGAP1, facilitating actin polymerization. IQGAP1 mutants that lack PIPKIγ or PIP2 binding lose the ability to control directional cell migration. Collectively, these data reveal a synergy between PIPKIγ and IQGAP1 in the control of cell migration.
Augmented reality user interface for mobile ground robots with manipulator arms

Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology in which real-world visual data is combined with an overlay of computer graphics, enhancing the original feed. AR is an attractive tool for teleoperated UGV UIs as it can improve communication between robots and users via an intuitive spatial and visual dialogue, thereby increasing operator situational awareness. The successful operation of UGVs often relies upon both chassis navigation and manipulator arm control, and since existing literature usually focuses on one task or the other, there is a gap in mobile robot UIs that take advantage of AR for both applications. This work describes the development and analysis of an AR UI system for a UGV with an attached manipulator arm. The system supplements a video feed shown to an operator with information about geometric relationships within the robot task space to improve the operator's situational awareness. Previous studies on AR systems and preliminary analyses indicate that such an implementation of AR for a mobile robot with a manipulator arm is anticipated to improve operator performance. A full user-study can determine if this hypothesis is supported by performing an analysis of variance on common test metrics associated with UGV teleoperation.
Successful reconstruction of complex pediatric nasal lesions: improving outcomes using dermal regenerative templates.

Background:Dermal regenerate templates are currently widely used in both adult and pediatric burn reconstruction. Despite this, the safety and efficacy of regenerate templates combined with full-thickness skin grafts for the reconstruction of pediatric facial defects traditionally treated with local
The effect of titanium on phosphorus solubility in a Ni-Cr steel from a study of free-surface segregation

The rate of phosphorus segregation to the free surface of a low carbon Ni-Cr steel con-taining 0.06 wt pct P was found to be severely retarded at 833 K by the addition of 0.3 wt pct titanium to the alloy. The results indicate that the reported elimination of temper embrittlement in a phosphorus doped low carbon Ni-Cr steel, by a titanium addition, is due to inhibition of phosphorus segregation to grain boundaries because of removal of phosphorus from solid solution. An analysis of the segregation kinetics led to the con-clusion that the titanium addition lowered the concentration of phosphorus in solution to 0.012 ± 0.002 wt pct at 833 K. This was confirmed by experiments on a titanium-free al-loy containing 0.015 ± 0.0015 wt pct phosphorus.
Ontological Symmetry in Language: A Brief Manifesto

: In the tradition of quantified modal logic, it was assumed that significantly different linguistic systems underlie reference to individuals, to times and to ‘possible worlds’. Various results from recent research in formal semantics suggest that this is not so, and that there is in fact a pervasive symmetry between the linguistic means with which we refer to these three domains. Reference to individuals, times and worlds is uniformly effected through generalized quantifiers, definite descriptions, and pronouns, and in each domain grammatical features situate the reference of terms as near, far or ‘further’ from the actual or from a reported speech act. We outline various directions in which a program of ontological symmetry could be developed, and we offer in the Appendix a symmetric fragment developed in a logic that can be seen as a compromise between an extensional and an intensional system.
Efficacy of gold weight implants in facial nerve palsy: quantitative alterations in blinking

Deficient eyelid closure is a major visual threat to patients with unresolved facial nerve palsy. Gold weight implants assisted eyelid closure in patients with paresis of the orbicularis oculi, ameliorating patient complaints of dry eye, excessive tearing, and corneal epithelial breakdown. We used dynamic measures to assess the efficacy of upper eyelid gold weight implantation surgery for facial nerve palsy. The search coil technique was used to record spontaneous blinks bilaterally in six patients, before and after unilateral gold weight implantations into the upper eyelid in severe facial nerve palsy. In uncomplicated facial nerve palsy, the amplitude of blink down-phases for the paretic eyelid was 28.6±5.7% of the amplitude of the contralateral, normal eyelid. Following corrective surgery, closure of the paretic eyelid improved to 42.6±7.5% (P<0.05). There was not a commensurate increase in the peak velocity of blink down-phases, suggesting that gold weight effects are mediated by a passive improvement in blink dynamics.
Aortic Valve Endocarditis Caused by Salmonella Species

ABSTRACT: We report a case of aortic valve endocar-ditis caused by an uncommon pathogen, Salmonellaspecies. Transthoracic echocardiography proved to beinadequate to show the valvular destruction. Trans-esophageal echocardiography was instrumental in es-tablishing the diagnosis of endocarditis by document-ing aortic vegetations with attendant tissue damageextending beyond the valve leaflets (ie, subvalvularand perivalvular damage). The findings were anatomi-cally confirmed at surgery, which also revealed anaortic root–right ventricular fistula and several aorticring abscesses. Early implementation of transesopha-geal echocardiography is strongly recommended inpatients with suspected endocarditis. © 1999 JohnWiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 27: 45–48, 1999 Keywords: endocarditis; salmonella; transesophagealechocardiography T he diagnosis and treatment of infective endo-carditis remain a major challenge facing car-diologists. 1 The single most important diagnostictool is a high index of clinical suspicion, particu-larly when a febrile patient known to have con-genital or valvular heart disease appears to be ina critical condition. Cardiac surgery and the de-velopment of effective antibiotic treatment havedramatically improved the survival rate of endo-carditis patients, but the key to reducing morbid-ity and mortality remains early diagnosis.
Assessment of endogenous and therapeutic arteriogenesis by contrast ultrasound molecular imaging of integrin expression.

Background— We hypothesized that molecular imaging with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) and microbubbles targeted to endothelial integrins could be used to noninvasively assess early angiogenic responses to ischemia and growth factor therapy. Methods and Results— Hindlimb ischemia was produced in 48 rats by ligation of an iliac artery. Half of the animals received intramuscular sustained-release fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). Immediately after ligation and at subsequent intervals from 4 to 28 days, blood flow and oxygen tension in the proximal adductor muscles were measured by CEU perfusion imaging and phosphor quenching, respectively. Targeted CEU imaging of αv- and α5β1-integrin expression was performed with microbubbles bearing the disintegrin echistatin. Iliac artery ligation produced a 65% to 70% reduction in blood flow and oxygen tension. In untreated ischemic muscle, muscle flow and oxygen tension partially recovered by days 14 to 28. In these animals, signal from integrin-targeted microbub...
Overvoltage on Transmission Systems Caused by Dropping Load Discussion of Means of Limiting Such Overvoltage with Particular Reference to the Use of Generator Voltage Regulators

In a previous article1 the author showed the manner in which under different conditions the voltage on transmission systems will rise due to the dropping of load, and described some means of limiting the voltage rise to avoid overstressing insulation. This paper describes further means of limiting the voltage under such conditions, considering first an improved type of regulator and wheatstone bridge main exciter field rheostat and second, as an alternative, a method of automatically inserting resistance in the alternator field circuit. Tests are described which show the effectiveness of these methods of limiting the voltage.
Rate Uptake of Three Common Pharmaceuticals in Celery, Apium Graveolens

Recent droughts in the southwestern United States have heightened the interest in using more reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation. Treated wastewater effluent is a source of irrigation water and contains many pharmaceutical microcontaminants. Currently, there is little knowledge on if these microconstituents will enter food crops and if so where they will be found within the plant. For this experiment, the uptake of 17α-ethynylestradiol, fluoxetine HCl (Prozac®), and ibuprofen within different sections of a celery stalk over a 24-h time period was examined. Results found that all of these pharmaceuticals were taken up into the celery stalks within 24 h. Ibuprofen was found to have reached concentrations of 1 μg/g within the leaves in just 1 h. Metabolites of the ibuprofen were also detected at all locations within the stalk for all time periods. The concentration of EE2 in the submerged section of the stalk was found to increase from 0.031 to 0.911 μg/g of celery in just 23 h. The EE2 began to rise higher within the stalk to reach a concentration of 8.94 ng/g about 6 in above the base after 24 h. Fluoxetine HCl concentrations rose to 0.832 μg/g of celery within the submerged section of the stalk during the 24 h. After 12 h, fluoxetine HCl was detected within the bottom 4 in of the stalk. EE2, fluoxetine HCl, and ibuprofen all exhibit potential for uptake within food crops. Further studies on additional food crops and pharmaceuticals would be required to assess the full risk posed to human eating food crops irrigated with treated wastewater effluent.
Leading edge vortex dynamics on a pitching delta wing

The leading edge flow structure was investigated on a 70 deg flat plate delta wing which was pitched about its 1/2 chord position, to increase understanding of the high angle of attack aerodynamics on an unsteady delta wing. The wing was sinusoidally pitched at reduced frequencies ranging from k being identical with 2pi fc/u = 0.05 to 0.30 at chord Reynolds numbers between 90,000 and 350,000, for angle of attack ranges of alpha = 29 to 39 deg and alpha = 0 to 45 deg. The wing was also impulsively pitched at an approximate rate of 0.7 rad/s. During these dynamic motions, visualization of the leading edge vorticies was obtained by entraining titanium tetrachloride into the flow at the model apex. The location of vortex breakdown was recorded using 16mm high speed motion picture photography. When the wing was sinusoidally pitched, a hysteresis was observed in the location of breakdown position. This hysteresis increased with reduced frequency. The velocity of breakdown propagation along the wing, and the phase lag between model motion and breakdown location were also determined. When the wing was impulsively pitched, several convective times were required for the vortex flow to reach a steady state. Detailed information was also obtained on the oscillation of breakdown position in both static and dynamic cases.
Vignettes in osteoporosis: a road map to successful therapeutics.

The diagnosis and management of osteoporosis have become increasingly more complex as new drugs enter the marketplace and meta-analyses of randomized trials with “other” agents become more prolific. We describe five common clinical scenarios encountered in the practice of osteoporosis medicine and various road maps that could lead to successful therapy. Introduction: The diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis have changed dramatically in the last decade. Advances in diagnostic technologies and a range of newer treatment options have provided the clinician with a wide array of choices for treating this chronic disease. Despite the issuance of several “guidelines” and practice recommendations, there still remains confusion among clinicians about basic approaches to the management of osteoporosis. This paper should be used as a case-based approach to define optimal therapeutic choices. Materials and Methods: Five representative cases were selected from two very large clinical practices (Bangor, ME; Pittsburgh, PA). Diagnostic modalities and treatment options used in these cases were selected on an evidence-based analysis of respective clinical trials. Subsequent to narrative choices by two metabolic bone disease specialists (SG and CR), calculation of future fracture risk and selection of potential alternative therapeutic regimens were reviewed and critiqued by an epidemiologist (DB). Results: A narrative about each case and possible management choices for each of the five cases are presented with references to justify selection of the various therapeutic options. Alternatives are considered and discussed based on literature and references through July 2003. The disposition of the individual patient is noted at the end of each case. Conclusions: A case-based approach to the management of osteoporosis provides a useful interface between guidelines, evidence-based meta-analyses, and clinical practice dilemmas.
A New dimension to quantum chemistry: Theoretical methods for the analytic evaluation of first, second, and third derivatives of the molecular electronic energy with respect to nuclear coordinates

Abstract Perhaps even more important to quantum chemistry than enhancements in computer technology has been the theoretical development of analytical derivative methods. It may be realistically stated that such analytic derivative methods provide a new dimension to molecular electronic structure theory. The combination of the two effects (computational advances and theoretical progress) has led to explosive growth in the field. This account primarily describes theoretical developments at Berkeley over the past five years. Analytic first, second and third derivative methods have been developed for single-configuration self-consistent-field (SCF) wavefunctions. Analytic first and second derivative techniques now exist for multiconfiguration (MC) SCF and configuration interaction (CI) wavefunctions. These methods have been used to address a variety of chemical problems, some of which are described here.
Unusual Hair Changes with Minoxidil Therapy

: A 28-year-old, black man with end-stage renal disease developed alopecia over both temples while taking minoxidil. Red hair grew over these areas after several months.
The relationship of thought suppression and recent rape to disordered eating in emerging adulthood

This study utilizes a prospective design to examine the interaction of recent rape/attempted rape with individual differences in thought suppression on increases in disordered eating symptoms during late adolescence/emerging adulthood. Thought suppression is the attempt to suppress unwanted thoughts. We propose that emerging adult women who have experienced recent rape/attempted rape and tend to use thought suppression as a coping mechanism are at risk for increases in disordered eating. 319 women completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, the Sexual Experiences Survey, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the White Bear Thought Suppression Inventory in their first month of college and three months later. The experience of recent rape/attempted rape in the three months prior to the assessment accounted for unique variance in disordered eating at Time 2. Levels of thought suppression assessed at Time 1 significantly moderated the influence of recent rape/attempted rape on disordered eating at Time 2.
Vertebrate preservation in fluvial channels

Abstract Two taphonomic modes for attritional vertebrate assemblages in channels are proposed, based on the sedimentary context of the vertebrate remains and taphonomic features of the bones themselves. The channel-lag mode includes bones that are buried with coarse lithologies near the bases of active channels. The channel-fill mode occurs in fine-grained to mixed fills of abandoned channels. The extreme for a channel-lag assemblage would be a cluster of allochthonous, abraded, unidentifiable fragments, and the extreme for a channel-fill assemblage would be a cluster of autochthonous, unbraded, complete skeletons. Between these extremes there is a broad spectrum of possible taphonomic histories for bones in channels, but distinct channel-lag vs. channel-fill modes can be recognized in fluvial deposits in different tectonic and climatic settings throughout the Phanerozoic. Physical and biological processes that affect the different modes produce different samples of vertebrate paleocommunities, with bones in the channel-lag mode representing transported remains from a variety of habitats, whereas channel-fill assemblages are more autochthonous and habitat-specific. Channel facies, channel pattern, and alluvial architecture are used to develop hypotheses concerning how the taphonomic modes relate to different scales of fluvial processes. Fluvial systems with numerous abandoned channels provide more sites for preservation of relatively complete fossil vertebrates in channel-fills, while systems that continually rework sediments by lateral migration preserve more vertebrate remains as channel-lags. Large-scale physical controls on channel pattern and fluvial architecture probably have had significant effects on the quality and quantity of the vertebrate record throughout the history of land vertebrates. Taphonomic modes provide a basis for comparing faunas with similar preservational histories throughout the geologic record, and they can help to minimize biases in important paleobiological parameters such as diversity estimates and the timing of appearance and extinction events.
Thermally activated escape over time-modulated fluctuating barriers

Exact numerical and approximation analytical solutions are obtained for the escape of diffusing particles from a one-dimensional, finite box in which the absorbing boundary has time-modulated gating properties; that is, it has a time-dependent reactivity proportional to a square wave, a saw-toothed wave, or a sine-squared wave. The results may have applications to intramolecular fluorescence quenching, movement of electrons in semiconductors through a time-varying insulating layer, and localization of components on a membrane surface.
Nursing assessment for risk of homicide with battered women.

The Danger Assessment is a clinical and research instrument that has been designed to help battered women assess their danger of homicide. Completing the Danger Assessment with a nurse is conceptualized as a means of increasing the self-care agency of battered women, according to Orem's nursing conceptual framework. The instrument was used in a study of 79 battered women. Results of this study, which give initial support for the reliability and validity of the Danger Assessment, are reported. The instrument is available from the author on request. Language: en
The impact of perceived customer delight on the frontline employee

Abstract A plethora of research has investigated the impact of the frontline employee on the customer, with the consensus that employees can have a tremendous impact on the customer. What remains to be discovered is the extent to which this relationship exists in the reverse. Utilizing broaden-and-build and emotional contagion theories, this study suggests that employee perceptions of a specific customer emotion (delight) have an impact on the frontline employee. Specifically, results from a structural equations model reveal that employee perceptions of customer delight lead to employee positive affect, which in turn positively influences commitment and job satisfaction as well as creates stronger external representation behaviors, internal influence behaviors, and service delivery behaviors from the employee. These findings contribute new evidence to the debate of the viability of providing customer delight and extend our knowledge beyond emotional contagion in explaining how positive customer emotions manifest in employees.
Obstacles and advances in SARS vaccine development

The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) that resulted in a pandemic in 2003 spurred a flurry of interest in the development of vaccines to prevent and treat the potentially deadly viral infection. Researchers around the world pooled their scientific resources and shared early data in an unprecedented manner in light of the impending public health crisis. There are still large gaps in knowledge about the pathogenesis of this virus. While significant advances have been made in the development of animal models, the practicality of their use may be hampered by a lack of pathological similarity with human disease. Described here are issues related to progress in vaccine development and the obstacles that lie ahead for both researchers and regulatory agencies.
Cytokine modulation of adhesion molecules in the regulation of immunologic cytotoxicity of epidermal targets.

Immunologic cytotoxicity is an important endpoint of the immune response to tumors, viral infected cells, grafted tissues, and exogenous microorganisms, and is also an important mechanism of disease, especially in autoimmunity. There are multiple mechanisms of immunologic cytotoxicity, but each has three major stages: leukocyte/target attachment, specific recognition, and target lysis following effector activation. Adhesion molecules present on leukocytes and potential targets appear to be involved in all three stages of cytotoxicity. A major factor in all types of cellular cytotoxicity is the interaction of LFA-1 on leukocytes and ICAM-1 on targets. Modulation of ICAM-1 levels on target by the cytokines IFN-g, IL-1, and TNF-a is a major point of control of the susceptibility of targets to cytotoxicity by many different cytotoxic mechanisms. It also appears that modulation of the avidity of LFA/ICAM-1 binding is another important control point in modulating immunologic cytotoxicity. Cytokines also have important effects on immunologic cytotoxicity in ways other than adhesion molecule induction: effector priming to better respond to specific recognition signals, effector mobilization into tissue, and expansion of cytotoxic effector populations. ICAM-1 on the surface of epidermal keratinocytes and melanocytes is likely to greatly influence cytotoxic damage of these cells in diseases such as photosensitive lupus erythematosus, lichen planus, erythema multiforme, and vitiligo. It has been found that the epidermal staining pattern for ICAM-1 in each of these diseases is distinctive and different in each disease. It is proposed that disease-specific induction of ICAM-1 by factors such as UVR and herpes-virus is an important determinant in triggering these skin diseases and in determining the pattern of disease.
Leadership for the New Century

The problems facing humanity seem almost overwhelming. To solve them a new way of thinking and behaving has to be found. Past understandings of leadership have been locked into the industrial paradigm with the focus on the individual and the hierarchical model. Those understandings are no longer suitable. This article considers a way of thinking about leadership that places the emphasis on the group as the locus of the leadership dynamic. Such an understanding holds out hope for a shared future where everyone has a responsibility to enter into the leadership dynamic and devise ways to change.
Managing forests infested by spruce beetles in south-central Alaska: Effects on nitrogen availability, understory biomass, and spruce regeneration

Abstract In Alaska, an outbreak of spruce beetles ( Dendroctonus rufipennis ) recently infested over one million hectares of spruce ( Picea spp.) forest. As a result, land management agencies have applied different treatments to infested forests to minimize fire hazard and economic loss and facilitate forest regeneration. In this study we investigated the effects of high-intensity burning, whole-tree harvest, whole-tree harvest with nitrogen (N) fertilization, and conventional harvest of beetle-killed stands 4 years after treatment, as well as clear-cut salvage harvest 6 years after treatment. We measured available soil ammonium and nitrate and estimated N loss from leaching using in situ cation and anion resin exchange capsules. We also assessed spruce regeneration and responses of understory plant species. Availability and losses of N did not differ among any of the management treatments. Even a substantial application of N fertilizer had no effect on N availability. Spruce regeneration significantly increased after high-intensity prescribed burning, with the number of seedlings averaging 8.9 m −2 in burn plots, as compared to 0.1 m −2 in plots that did not receive treatment. Biomass of the pervasive grass bluejoint ( Calamagrostis canadensis ) was significantly reduced by burning, with burn plots having 9.5% of the C. canadensis biomass of plots that did not receive treatment. N fertilization doubled C. canadensis biomass, suggesting that N fertilization without accompanying measures to control C. canadensis is the least viable method for promoting rapid spruce regeneration.
Ada in concert

In a concert, it is truly marvelous how a diverse group of musicians playing an assortment of musical instruments come together to produce beautiful music. A point that is frequently made by those familiar with the new Ada standard, referred to here as Ada(95), is how the features in Ada(95) come together to enhance the software development process. This paper contains several examples that illustrate how the new features in Ada(95) dramatically improve the correlation between the design of a solution and its eventual implementation at the source code level when compared to Ada(83).The example, binary tree packaging, illustrates the design and implementation of recursive data structures. A data structure is recursive if the structure contains one or more substructures of the type being defined. As a result, recursive data structures lend themselves to processing with recursive algorithms. Lists, binary trees, and n-ary trees are examples of data structures that may be defined recursively. The example presented here is a package that implements binary trees using a recursive paradigm. The paper compares an Ada 83 solution with a solution using Ada 95. The paper focuses on how Ada 95 allows us to create a solution that more closely mirrors the specifications for the recursive data structure with improved time, space, and coding efficiency over an Ada 83 implementation. In a sense, this paper provides one illustration of how the '95 standard improves Ada.
Defeasible reasoning with variable degrees of justification

The question addressed in this paper is how the degree of justification of a belief is determined. A conclusion may be supported by several different arguments, the arguments typically being defeasible, and there may also be arguments of varying strengths for defeaters for some of the supporting arguments. What is sought is a way of computing the "on sum" degree of justification of a conclusion in terms of the degrees of justification of all relevant premises and the strengths of all relevant reasons. I have in the past defended various principles pertaining to this problem. In this paper I reaffirm some of those principles but propose a significantly different final analysis. Specifically, I endorse the weakest link principle for the computation of argument strengths. According to this principle the degree of justification an argument confers on its conclusion in the absence of other relevant arguments is the minimum of the degrees of justification of its premises and the strengths of the reasons employed in the argument. I reaffirm my earlier rejection of the accrual of reasons, according to which two arguments for a conclusion can result in a higher degree of justification than either argument by itself. This paper diverges from my earlier theory mainly in its treatment of defeaters. First, it argues that defeaters that are too weak to defeat an inference outright may still diminish the strength of the conclusion. Second, in the past I have also denied that multiple defeaters can result in the defeat of an argument that is not defeated by any of the defeaters individually. In this paper I urge that there are compelling examples that support a limited version of this "collaborative" defeat. The need to accommodate diminishers and collaborative defeat has important consequences for the computation of degrees of justification. The paper proposes a characterization of degrees of justification that captures the various principles endorsed and constructs an algorithm for computing them.