cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treating Substance Abuse and Trauma Symptoms in Incarcerated Women An Effectiveness Study

Incarcerated women report high rates of trauma exposure and substance use. The present study evaluated an integrated treatment program, Helping Women Recover/Beyond Trauma (HWR/BT), supplemented with additional modules on domestic violence, relapse prevention, and a 12-step program. The HWR/BT combined treatment program was compared with a matched comparison sample that did not receive the target treatment. Self-report measures were collected from 95 incarcerated women, with 56 women in the completer sample. Women in the treatment condition attended a 4-month group treatment. Results indicated statistically significant between-group differences, favoring the treatment condition, for negative posttraumatic cognitions. Pre-post, but not between-group, differences were also observed for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and substance-related self-efficacy, whereas no differences were observed for depression, dissociation, tension reduction, or anxious arousal. The present study indicates some promise for specific aspects of the treatment, although results question the overall benefit of the program over standard prison services.
Smallpox vaccination of eczema patients with a strain of attenuated live vaccinia (CVI-78).

A group of 1,009 patients suffering from eczema or other skin disorders have received elective vaccination with the CVI-78 strain of vaccinia. The vaccine is attenuated by repeated passages through chick embryos; its infectivity titer is 8.4 (TCID 50 /ml). It is free of bacteria and known viruses, including avian leukosis virus. It was administered by one of two routes (multiple pressure or subcutaneously) with a minimal dose of 1,000 TCID 50 and a maximal dose of 30,000 TCID 50 . Local and systemic reactions and temperature elevations in these eczematous patients were significantly less marked than those experienced with a standard strain of vaccinia in normal children. No virus dissemination or other complications occurred, except for two instances of mild erythema multiforme. Seroconversion was noted in all 387 patients tested to date. Multiple pressure revaccinations with a standard strain 1 to 6 months later resulted in marked modification of the vaccination reaction without systemic reactions. It would appear that the CVI-78 strain of vaccinia virus is effective and safe for elective primary vaccination of children suffering from eczema.
A predicted protein interactome identifies conserved global networks and disease resistance subnetworks in maize

Interactomes are genome-wide roadmaps of protein-protein interactions. They have been produced for humans, yeast, the fruit fly, and Arabidopsis thaliana and have become invaluable tools for generating and testing hypotheses. A predicted interactome for Zea mays (PiZeaM) is presented here as an aid to the research community for this valuable crop species. PiZeaM was built using a proven method of interologs (interacting orthologs) that were identified using both one-to-one and many-to-many orthology between genomes of maize and reference species. Where both maize orthologs occurred for an experimentally determined interaction in the reference species, we predicted a likely interaction in maize. A total of 49,026 unique interactions for 6004 maize proteins were predicted. These interactions are enriched for processes that are evolutionarily conserved, but include many otherwise poorly annotated proteins in maize. The predicted maize interactions were further analyzed by comparing annotation of interacting proteins, including different layers of ontology. A map of pairwise gene co-expression was also generated and compared to predicted interactions. Two global subnetworks were constructed for highly conserved interactions. These subnetworks showed clear clustering of proteins by function. Another subnetwork was created for disease response using a bait and prey strategy to capture interacting partners for proteins that respond to other organisms. Closer examination of this subnetwork revealed the connectivity between biotic and abiotic hormone stress pathways. We believe PiZeaM will provide a useful tool for the prediction of protein function and analysis of pathways for Z. mays researchers and is presented in this paper as a reference tool for the exploration of protein interactions in maize.
Observations on growth of fingernails in health and disease.

Using a modification of the Babcock photographic technique, it has been possible to make measurements of the day to day growth of the fingernail in human subjects. There are marked individual variations in the rate of growth at all ages, but for the same individual and the same nail the rate of growth is relatively constant and can be used to study the effect of various physiologic and pathologic disturbances. Preliminary observations indicate that nail growth is unfavorably affected in certain disease states, notably measles and nephrosis. Malnutrition and certain dietary restriction were not found to affect this parameter appreciably. Growth of the nails was followed for 10 days after death and was found to be measurable, the rate exceeding that noted during a severe attack of measles.
The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings and Essential Subtleties of the Silver Sea: The Yin‐hai jing‐wei: A Chinese Classic on Ophthalmology.

The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings. Dominik Wujastyk. ed. and trans. New Delhi: Penguin Classics, 1998 (paper), xvi. 389 pp. Essential Subtleties on the Silver Sea: The Yin-hai jing-wei:. Chinese Classic on Ophthalmology. Jurgen Kovacs and Paul U. Unschuld. annotators and trans. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. xii. 503 pp.
Rabbit Blastocysts Accumulate [3H]Prostaglandins in Vitro*

Rabbit blastocysts obtained on days 5, 6, and 6.8 of pregnancy were incubated in vitro in Tyrode's buffer with 3H-labeled prostaglandins (PGs). Accumulation of PGs was studied, using Whatman GF/F filters to separate bound and free ligands. The uptake and efflux of [3H]PGs were studied as a function of PG type, incubation time, temperature, and effect of metabolic inhibitors as well as age and number of blastocysts. Blastocysts of the same age accumulated approximately the same amount of [3H]PGE2 and [3H]PGF2 alpha from their environment; however, there was no apparent saturation over a PG concentration range of 1-1000 nM. Both the uptake and efflux of PG were age dependent, with older blastocysts accumulating more PGs. Approximately 90% of the [3H]PGs appear to be transported into the blastocoelic fluid, with little PG remaining in the blastomeres. PG accumulation was relatively insensitive to azide, ouabain, cyanide, or bromcresol green, but was affected by incubation at 0 C or the addition of indomethacin (10 micrograms/ml). No catabolism of the accumulated PGs was observed. The release of PGE2 in general did not differ from that of PGF2 alpha, except on day 6.8 of pregnancy when PGE2 was released more rapidly than on day 6. We conclude that rabbit blastocysts can accumulate PGs from their environment, which may imply a storage potential in the blastocyst and release before implantation.
“Albedo dome”: a method for measuring spectral flux-reflectance in a laboratory for media with long optical paths

A method is presented for accurate measurement of spectral flux-reflectance (albedo) in a laboratory, for media with long optical path lengths, such as snow and ice. The approach uses an acrylic hemispheric dome, which, when placed over the surface being studied, serves two functions: (i) it creates an overcast "sky" to illuminate the target surface from all directions within a hemisphere, and (ii) serves as a platform for measuring incident and backscattered spectral radiances, which can be integrated to obtain fluxes. The fluxes are relative measurements and because their ratio is used to determine flux-reflectance, no absolute radiometric calibrations are required. The dome and surface must meet minimum size requirements based on the scattering properties of the surface. This technique is suited for media with long photon path lengths since the backscattered illumination is collected over a large enough area to include photons that reemerge from the domain far from their point of entry because of multiple scattering and small absorption. Comparison between field and laboratory albedo of a portable test surface demonstrates the viability of this method.
Advanced Analysis of Biotin Metabolites in Body Fluids Allows a More Accurate Measurement of Biotin Bioavailability and Metabolism in Humans

In previous studies, the bioavailability of biotin in humans was estimated from the recovery of biotin in urine; urinary biotin was measured by microbial growth assays or assays of avidin-binding activity. These assays underestimate concentrations of biotin metabolites, which originate from beta-oxidation, sulfur oxidation or a combination. We have developed an HPLC/avidin-binding assay that is specific for biotin and its metabolites. With the use of the HPLC/avidin-binding assay, TLC and derivatization with p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, we have identified and quantitated biotin and metabolites in urine from six healthy adults. Of that total, biotin accounted for 32+/-12%, bisnorbiotin for 52+/-15%, bisnorbiotin methyl ketone for 7.9+/-5.8%, biotin-d,l-sulfoxide for 4.0+/-3.2% and biotin sulfone for 3.6+/-1.9%. After intravenous administration of 18.4 micromol of biotin, the urinary excretion of biotin metabolites increased 21-130 times above baseline values. Because the biliary excretion of biotin is quantitatively minor (1.9+/-0.2% of an intravenous [14C]biotin dose in rats), intravenously administered biotin is not exposed to intestinal microorganisms. Thus we conclude that biotin metabolites in human urine originate from biotin catabolism in human tissues rather than biotin catabolism by intestinal microorganisms. With the use of the HPLC/avidin-binding assay, we estimated the bioavailability of biotin in adults from the urinary excretion of biotin and metabolites after ingestion of 2.1, 8.2 and 81.9 micromol of biotin. These data provide evidence that biotin is nearly completely absorbed.
Attenuated Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: A Case Report With Mixed Features and Review of Genotype-Phenotype Correlation

Familial adenomatous polyposis represents approximately 1% of all colorectal cancers and is caused by germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Most mutations are located within the first 2000 codons, and several mutational hot spots have been identified. The relative location of the mutation may be associated with the number of polyps and partially predicts specific phenotypic expression. Mutations associated with the attenuated phenotype are found predominantly in the 5' region of the gene or in the last third. We describe a patient with a mutation in codon 161 of the APC gene, which displays a phenotype most closely resembling the attenuated form of familial adenomatous polyposis, and review the literature, the implications of this mutation, and the importance of the molecular testing in the proper and more complete characterization of these patients. Differences in the APC mutation sites alone cannot completely account for intrafamilial and interfamilial variation in the polyposis phenotypes.
TopCells: Keyword-based search of top-k aggregated documents in text cube

Previous studies on supporting keyword queries in RDBMSs provide users with a ranked list of relevant linked structures (e.g. joined tuples) or individual tuples. In this paper, we aim to support keyword search in a data cube with text-rich dimension(s) (so-called text cube). Each document is associated with structural dimensions. A cell in the text cube aggregates a set of documents with matching dimension values on a subset of dimensions. Given a keyword query, our goal is to find the top-k most relevant cells in the text cube. We propose a relevance scoring model and efficient ranking algorithms. Experiments are conducted to verify their efficiency.
Exploring Lithium-Ion Intensity and Distribution via a Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy

For high rate-capability and low cost lithium-ion batteries, the prevention of capacity loss is one of major challenges facing by lithium-ion batteries today. During electrochemical processes, lithium ions diffuse from and insert into battery electrodes accompanied with the phase transformation, where ionic diffusivity and concentration are keys to the resultant battery capacity. In the current study, we first compare voltage vs. capacity curves at different C-rates (1C, 2C, 6C, 10C). Second, lithium-ion distributions and intensity are quantified via the Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). The result shows that voltage vs. capacity relations are C-rate dependent and larger hystereses are observed in the higher C-rate samples. Detailed quantification of lithium-ion intensity for the 1C sample is conducted. It is observed that lithium-ions are distributed uniformly inside the electrode. Therefore, the current study provides a qualitative and quantitative data to better understand C-rate dependent phenomenon of LiFePO4 battery cells.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Qualities of the Participant Experience in an Object-Based Museum Outreach Program to Retirement Communities

Reminiscence programs that stimulate participants’ memories through discussion are popular as both enrichment activity and clinical treatment for older adults. Museums in multiple countries are starting to offer reminiscence opportunities on-site and through outreach. This study is an investigation of the qualities of the participant experience in a reminiscence museum outreach program using historical artifacts. The outreach program was implemented at 12 retirement communities around the Boston area. Using participant and staff interviews, audio recordings of conversations during the program, and focused observations, the study shows that the program was characterized by sensory exploration, cognitive and emotional responses, memory-sharing, and socialization. These findings support previous research showing the cognitive and emotional benefits of reminiscence in multi-session programs, and they suggest that single-visit object-based museum outreach may also elicit positive psychosocial outcomes.
Effect of nonunity lewis number on premixed flame propagation through isotropic turbulence

Abstract Direct numerical simulations of a passive premixed flame surface propagating through stationary isotropic turbulence have been performed in three dimensions on a 963 mesh with a particular emphasis on characterizing the effect of Lewis number on the rate of propagation of the flame surface and flame surface topology. The simulations were based on the flame sheet assumption that implies that the time scale for chemical reaction is short as compared with the time scales for the turbulent fluctuations (so-called flamelet regime). In this limit, the flame surface can be represented by a field equation (Sivashinsky equation) which accounts for local advection of the reaction front due to instantaneous velocity fluctuations and propagation due to reaction. The Navier Stokes equations and scalar field equation for the flame surface were updated using a pseudo-spectral method with fourth order accuracy in time. Lewis number effects were incorporated into the simulations by using a modified Sivashinsky equation for the flame surface. At zero turbulence level, the simulation yielded the familiar steady and nonsteady cellular structures seen previously by several investigators. At finite turbulence levels the flame speed was augmented above the cellular flame speed due to additional wrinkling from the hydrodynamic field. Comparisons with experimental measurements in the literature agree with the simulations to within 30% over a wide range of turbulence intensities and Lewis numbers. In addition spectral analysis of the Sivashinsky equation provides insight into the effect of varying the Lewis number and how that effect may be incorporated into a relatively simple spectral model for the flame surface.
Obtaining analytic derivatives for a popular discrete-choice dynamic programming model

Abstract We show how to recursively calculate analytic first and second derivatives of the likelihood for a popular discrete-choice, dynamic programming model. These allow for decreased computing time, and are useful for de-bugging complicated program code and accurately estimating standard errors.
Prevention of hypertension.

This review summarizes papers and reports published during the past year that contribute important knowledge or perspectives about prevention of elevated arterial blood pressure. Emphasis is on controlled intervention trials, particularly the large, multicenter Trials of Hypertension Prevention-Phas
Computer Program for Approximating System Reliability - Part II

Part I, which described the program, appeared in the May 1970 issue of this TRANSACTIONS. The complete Fortran source listing is given here along with a sample set of input cards.
Development of glasshouse pests of cucumber under different conditions, in relation to possibilities for their biological control1

Experiments were performed under controlled conditions on the development of four cucumber pests (Trialeurodes uaporariorum, Tetranychus urticae, Aphis gossypii and Thrips tabaci). The main variables were temperature, photoperiod and light intensity. The effect of these factors on the natural enemies Encarsia formosa and Amblyseius mckenziei was also assessed. Comparison of the results allows recommendations on manipulation of the glasshouse environment to favour biological control.
The effect of grinding on the flexural strength of a sialon ceramic

The effect of selected grinding parameters on the flexural strength of a sialon ceramic was studied. Support compliance was found to have no significant effect, while depth of incursion and grinding direction did. Weibull statistics and analysis of variance techniques were used to detect these effects which are explained through flaw magnitude and direction.
Ecological and genetic factors influencing evolution of pesticide resistance in tetranychid and phytoseiid mites

Among tetranychid spider mites and their phytoseiid predators, the evolution of pesticide resistance is a common event. In most cases, resistance is based on a single dominant or semidominant gene. However, polygenic, less-stable resistance often develops under laboratory selection. More rapid development of pesticide resistance in spider mites and predatory mites than among other arthropods might partly be due to their arrhenotokous reproduction. For both groups of mites, little study has been done on population genetic factors influencing pesticide resistance. A few studies have focussed on ecological factors. An important ecological factor influencing resistance evolution is the level of immigration of susceptible individuals into treated habitats. Spider mites and predatory mites both tend to reside in treated habitats at high levels and to immigrate at only modest levels from untreated habitats. This favors rapid resistance development. Another factor contributing to rapid resistance evolution in both mite groups is their rapid reproductive rate. A food-limitation factor may limit resistance evolution under field conditions more in predatory mites than spider mites. After treatment by a pesticide, spider mites have an unlimited food source, whereas predatory mites have a decimated food source (their prey), which leads to reduced reproduction, starvation, or migration. Because of the common occurrence of resistance among both mite groups, a strategy of resistance management is often feasible for them. Case histories of IPM where the population dynamics and genetics of pesticide resistance of tetranychid and phytoseiid mites have been considered are discussed. The overall conclusion is that greater understanding of the population genetics and ecology of these species will provide for improved systems of resistance management and IPM.
Results from the large-scale U.S. dark matter axion search

Abstract A collaboration of M.I.T., L.L.N.L., the University of Florida, F.N.A.L., L.B.N.L., and I.N.R., Moscow is conducting a high-sensitivity search for light axions in the galactic halo. I discuss the search method, the sensitivity of the detector, and data analysis. I then present the first results of the experiment. Assuming a local dark matter density of 0.45 GeV/cc, these results exclude at 90% confidence Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov axions of mass 2.9 × 10 −6 to 3.3 × 10 −6 eV as the halo dark matter.
Recent Improvements in Deriving Sea-Surface Temperatures from the NOAA-6 Satellite System

Sea-surface temperatures are computed operationally at the National Earth Satellite Service (NESS) of NOAA from a combination of AVHRR window channel data and HIRS-2 sounder data obtained from the NOAA-6 spacecraft. Datafrom one of the HIRS-2 water vapor channels, channel 11 centered at 7.33 ,um, is used to correct the AVHRR window channel measurement for atmospheric absorption by water vapor. Recent studies have demonstrated a considerable bias in accuracy between the winter and summer hemispheres in the mid-latitude and polar regions. It has been found that this bias is associated with a variation in the temperature lapse rate of the atmosphere between the hemispheres. An additional correction to the sea-surface temperature data based on lapse rate information obtained from the HIRS-2 instrument has resulted in a very considerable reduction of this bias.
Polarization of the C. elegans zygote proceeds via distinct establishment and maintenance phases.

Polarization of the C. elegans zygote along the anterior-posterior axis depends on cortically enriched (PAR) and cytoplasmic (MEX-5/6) proteins, which function together to localize determinants (e.g. PIE-1) in response to a polarizing cue associated with the sperm asters. Using time-lapse microscopy and GFP fusions, we have analyzed the localization dynamics of PAR-2, PAR-6, MEX-5, MEX-6 and PIE-1 in wild-type and mutant embryos. These studies reveal that polarization involves two genetically and temporally distinct phases. During the first phase (establishment), the sperm asters at one end of the embryo exclude the PAR-3/PAR-6/PKC3 complex from the nearby cortex, allowing the ring finger protein PAR-2 to accumulate in an expanding `posterior' domain. Onset of the establishment phase involves the non-muscle myosin NMY-2 and the 14-3-3 protein PAR-5. The kinase PAR-1 and the CCCH finger proteins MEX-5 and MEX-6 also function during the establishment phase in a feedback loop to regulate growth of the posterior domain. The second phase begins after pronuclear meeting, when the sperm asters begin to invade the anterior. During this phase (maintenance), PAR-2 maintains anterior-posterior polarity by excluding the PAR-3/PAR-6/PKC3 complex from the posterior. These findings provide a model for how PAR and MEX proteins convert a transient asymmetry into a stably polarized axis.
A mathematical analysis of diffusion coefficients in binary systems

Abstract Mathematical relationships are developed for binary diffusion to show: 1. (1) Fick's second law should be applied only to systems which have constant partial molal volumes, 2. (2) the equivalence of the binary diffusion coefficients in the center of moles and center of volume systems and 3. (3) Darken's equations can be derived without the restriction of constant or equal partial molal volumes. It is shown that Fick's diffusion equation can be used to obtain binary diffusion coefficients from experimental data for either the volume or mole reference frame as long as the specific volume of the mixture follows a linear law over the concentration range employed. In addition, it is pointed out that Darken's equation appears valid for solid metallic alloys, but fails to predict the correct value of the binary diffusivity in organic liquids.
The rotational wigner function

Abstract The quantum mechanics of angular momentum is studied using the Wigner phase-space distribution function. To accomplish this in a way which allows one to retain the bilinear form of the distribution function originally conceived by Wigner, a new set of generalized variables is introduced, viz. the Cayley-Klein (C.K.) coordinates and momenta. The equations relating the four C.K. coordinates to the three Euler angles give rise to a constraint which is relaxed in a natural way by introducing a fourth “radial” variable ϱ whose conjugate momentum is p ϱ . Physical quantities in the classical mechanics of rotational systems are re-expressed in the C.K. representation; and the canonical transformation between the C.K. and Eulerian variables is established. In a similar manner, after introducing the basic quantum mechanical operators for the C.K. coordinates and momenta, the wavefunctions and operators for rotational systems are re-expressed in these variables. With the aid of the Weyl correspondence to link the operators of quantum mechanics with the dynamical functions of classical mechanics, the phase-space formulation is established. Rotational Wigner distribution functions are constructed, their properties investigated, and their form is explicitly given for several quantum states. Expectation values are then calculated according to the procedure identical to the one in classical statistical mechanics for calculating phase space averages. The equation of motion for the distribution function is derived. It turns out to be the sine expansion of the Poisson-bracket operator expressed in the C.K. variables and operating on the Hamiltonian and distribution function. This equation reduces to Liouville's equation in the classical limit. The Heisenberg picture of the phase-space formulation is introduced, and the equations of motion for the body-fixed components of the angular momentum are studied. In the classical limit Euler's equations of motion are recovered. Finally, the thermodynamic properties of a system in equilibrium are investigated. The temperature dependence of the ensemble Wigner function is shown to be given by a cosine expansion of the Poisson bracket operator expressed in the C.K. variables, and operating on the Hamiltonian and distribution function. An ansatz is then made on the form of the distribution function, specifically, a power series in Planck's constant with coefficients which are functions of the coordinates and momenta. Substitution of this postulated form into the phase-space Bloch equation allows an explicit determination of these functions. Integration of the Wigner function over all momenta gives the configurational distribution function. A further integration over the coordinates gives the partition function. This procedure is carried out in detail for the asymmetric top, and the first quantum corrections to both the configurational distribution function and partition function are obtained. Upon setting appropriate moments of inertia equal to each other, these quantum corrections reduce to those of the symmetrical and spherical tops.
Humoral hypercalcemia due to squamous cell carcinoma of renal pelvis

We describe an unusual and rare case of humoral hypercalcemia due to Stage D squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis in a patient with no evidence of bony metastases. The literature on humorally mediated hypercalcemia associated with epithelial tumors of the renal pelvis is reviewed.
Continuity of care for youth in foster care with serious emotional disturbances

Abstract Continuity of mental health care has long been considered an essential component to the delivery of a high-quality mental health services, particularly for children with special needs. Unfortunately, discontinuities in care are common for children in foster care due in part to placement instability, disruptions in health coverage, and the fragmented health system. This retrospective cohort study examined factors associated with continuity of care for youth (aged 5–17 years) in foster care diagnosed with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Information on individual-level (demographic and clinical characteristics) and contextual-level variables (county socio-demographic and health care resources) were abstracted from Medicaid claim files and the Area Resource File. Continuity of care was defined as regularity of care—utilization of at least one outpatient mental health visit per month during the year. Multilevel modeling was used to assess the association between individual and contextual-level variables and continuity of care. Of the 952 youth in the study sample, 439 (46.1%) received regular monthly outpatient visits over the 1 year follow-up period. The odds of receipt of regular outpatient treatment were associated with prior outpatient care (odds ratio (OR): 7.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.60–21.20), the presence of a chronic medical illness (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 0.98–2.16), comorbid anxiety (Or: 1.76, 95% CI 1.22–2.53), or conduct disorder (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.13–2.18), and the use of multiple psychotropic medications as compared to no medications (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.08–2.23). The odds of receiving regular outpatient treatment were higher for youths who resided in suburban areas as compared to metropolitan areas (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.04–3.73) and for those who resided in areas with greater supply of psychiatrists per capita (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.02–1.45). Study findings underscore the need for quality improvement initiatives that improve access to care, care coordination, and continuity of care.
Unifying multisensory signals across time and space

The brain integrates information from multiple sensory modalities and, through this process, generates a coherent and apparently seamless percept of the external world. Although multisensory integration typically binds information that is derived from the same event, when multisensory cues are somewhat discordant they can result in illusory percepts such as the "ventriloquism effect." These biases in stimulus localization are generally accompanied by the perceptual unification of the two stimuli. In the current study, we sought to further elucidate the relationship between localization biases, perceptual unification and measures of a participant's uncertainty in target localization (i.e., variability). Participants performed an auditory localization task in which they were also asked to report on whether they perceived the auditory and visual stimuli to be perceptually unified. The auditory and visual stimuli were delivered at a variety of spatial (0 degrees, 5 degrees, 10 degrees, 15 degrees ) and temporal (200, 500, 800 ms) disparities. Localization bias and reports of perceptual unity occurred even with substantial spatial (i.e., 15 degrees ) and temporal (i.e., 800 ms) disparities. Trial-by-trial comparison of these measures revealed a striking correlation: regardless of their disparity, whenever the auditory and visual stimuli were perceived as unified, they were localized at or very near the light. In contrast, when the stimuli were perceived as not unified, auditory localization was often biased away from the visual stimulus. Furthermore, localization variability was significantly less when the stimuli were perceived as unified. Intriguingly, on non-unity trials such variability increased with decreasing disparity. Together, these results suggest strong and potentially mechanistic links between the multiple facets of multisensory integration that contribute to our perceptual Gestalt.
Mesopotamian Mensuration: Balance Pan Weights from Nippur

Balance pan weights are used in both manufacture and trade and therefore are a correlate of economic activity. Ancient examples can provide insight into the nature and extent of ancient economies. Many ancient weights have been discovered at the site of Nippur in Iraq and most are here analyzed for the first time. Common weight forms at Nippur are those that are typical across the ancient Near East, but a single system of weight measurement is strongly indicated in statistical analysis. This is in contradiction to most analyzed sites farther north, where many weight systems are simultaneously in play. It seems to indicate Nippur's relative isolation within a socio-economic system, reflecting a general lack of incoming merchants or craftspeople from distant regions. Utilises a la fois dans la manufacture et le commerce, les poids de balance a plateaux representent un correlat de l'activite economique. Ceux datant de l'Antiquite peuvent donc nous donner un apercu de la nature et de l'etendue des economies antiques. Ils sont nombreux a avoir ete decouverts sur le site de Nippur, en Irak, et la plupart est ici analysee pour la premiere fois. Les formes de poids les plus communes a Nippur sont celles que l'on retrouve typiquement dans tout le Proche-Orient. Mais l'analyse statistique suggere fortement l'existence d'un systeme unique de mesure du poids, ce qui est en contradiction avec les analyses precedemment menees dans les sites plus au nord, ou plusieurs systemes de mesure etaient simultanement en vigueur. Ces elements semblent donc indiquer que Nippur etait relativement isole au sein d'un systeme socio-economique, ce qui montre que le nombre de marchants ou d'artisans exterieurs provenant de regions lointaine etait generalement peu eleve.
Scaling up School Restructuring in Multicultural, Multilingual Contexts: Early Observations from Sunland County

Author(s): Stringfield, Sam; Datnow, Amanda; Ross, Steven M. | Abstract: Two of the most rapidly developing fields in educational research are diversity education (e.g., Tharp a Gallimore, 1988) and school restructuring/school reform (e.g., Murphy a Hallinger, 1993; Newmann a Wehlage, 1995; Tyack a Cuban, 1995). Unfortunately, the intersection of the two fields is virtually uncultivated. None of the nationally disseminated school restructuring models was developed specifically for multilingual, multicultural contexts. With the exception of Exito para Todos, the Spanish version of Success For All (Slavin, Madden, a Wasik, 1996), there is virtually no research on the effectiveness of the programs in achieving implementation, let alone improvements in student achievement, in multilingual, multicultural contexts. In the first study of its kind, three broad policy questions will be addressed through the study "Scaling Up School Restructuring in Multicultural, Multilingual Contexts." They include the following:1. How effective are current generation school restructuring proposals in improving the achievement of students in schools serving large numbers of language minority students in a multicultural context?2. Are some of the current school restructuring models better suited to multilingual, multicultural contexts than others? Can the various reforms be successfully modified to provide high quality educational services to all students in diverse multicultural, multilingual contexts?3. What actions at the federal, state, school district, subdistrict, and school levels increase (or decrease) the probability of obtaining full benefits from any or all of the restructuring models when the models are being implemented in multicultural, multilingual contexts?This paper presents early observations of 13 culturally and linguistically diverse schools in Sunland County. 1 Each school is in the process of implementing an externally developed school restructuring design. Sunland County Public Schools provides education to students from a very richly diverse set of cultures and language groups. Sunland County has one of the largest second language populations of any district in the country, with Spanish and Haitian Creole being the most common of over 100 languages and dialects. In this paper, data from the 1st of 4 years of field work will be reported regarding early insights into the classroom, school, and district conditions and actions that are facilitating or hindering implementation of the various school reforms. Over the years 1998-2001, additional reports will be produced on issues related to institutionalization of the reforms at each school site and on the effects of the reforms on the academic progress of various groups of students at the schools.
A cell culture model for T lymphocyte clonal anergy

T lymphocytes respond to foreign antigens both by producing protein effector molecules known as lymphokines and by multiplying. Complete activation requires two signaling events, one through the antigen-specific receptor and one through the receptor for a costimulatory molecule. In the absence of the latter signal, the T cell makes only a partial response and, more importantly, enters an unresponsive state known as clonal anergy in which the T cell is incapable of producing its own growth hormone, interleukin-2, on restimulation. Our current understanding at the molecular level of this modulatory process and its relevance to T cell tolerance are reviewed.
The Economic Location and Functions of Tropical African Cities

City planning under the extremely dynamic conditions that characterize Africa must be based upon intensive and continuing studies made by representatives from many disciplines—the anthropologist, the sociologist, the historian, the political scientist, and the geographer can each make important contributions to an understanding of the forces affecting the stability and growth of African urban communities. Their perception may help to assure that African cities will not lack in personality; the residents of these cities will determine whether or not they possess a soul.
Free Lipids in Air-Classified High-Protein Fractions of Hard Winter Wheat Flours and Their Effects on Breadmaking Quality

ABSTRACT Free lipids (FL) were extracted from straight-grade flours (SF) and the air-classified high-protein fractions (ACHPF) of nine hard winter wheats. The mean values of FL contents in 10 g (db) SF and ACHPF were, respectively, 92.8 and 178.5 mg for total FL, 74.1 and 141.9 mg for nonpolar lipids (NL), 12.8 and 20.9 mg for glycolipids (GL), and 4.9 and 12.0 mg for phospholipids (PL). FL compositions of SF and ACHPF showed nonsignificant differences in NL (80.7 and 81.1% of the FL) but significant differences in GL (13.9 and 12.0% of the FL) and PL (5.4 and 6.9% of the FL). Fortification of SF with ACHPF by blending to reach 13% protein content increased gluten quantity and thereby loaf volume but decreased gluten index, loaf volume regression, and crumb grain scores. NL contents showed significant relationships with dry gluten contents (r = 0.79) and gluten index (r = -0.83) values, indicating that high NL content in ACHPF could decrease gluten quality of fortified flours. Thus, an optimum balance sho...
Recurrent femtosecond pulse collapse in air due to plasma generation: numerical results

Abstract In this report we present numerical simulations of nonlinear pulse propagation in air to elucidate the physical mechanism underlying the experimentally observed long distance propagation of filaments. Simulations of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation for the electromagnetic field coupled to the electron plasma generated via multiphoton ionization yield a very dynamic picture of long distance propagation in which pulses form, are absorbed, and subsequently are replenished by new pulses, thereby creating the illusion of one pulse, of energy much less than the input, which is self-guided. Moreover, the evolution of the field and plasma display rich spatio-temporal structures with strong gradients, eventually leading to the breakdown of the numerics. Adaptive mesh refinement methods are explored to overcome these difficulties and to address the onset and recurrence of multiple light filaments during the long distance propagation of intense femtosecond infrared pulses in air and point out the features which are common to strong turbulence in other physical systems. The space–time collapse events drive the turbulence here, and plasma defocusing, not dissipation, is the dominant mechanism regularizing the collapse.
Dynamics of three-dimensional multi-body systems with elastic components

In the mechanical assembling process, sometimes component elastic deformation is involved. To be able to effectively model general behavior of the mechanical assembling process, a more generic formulation of governing equations which includes dynamics of multi-body systems with both changing topologies and elastic deformation is necessary. Presented in this paper is the derivation of the general system governing equations, and a prototyped example to apply these equations to implement an automated computer simulation of a snap fit assembly.
An estimate of adult mortality in the United States from passive smoking

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to estimate the number of adult deaths per year in the United States from passive smoking. The epidemiological literature on passive smoking and adult mortality and cancer and heart morbidity is reviewed. Combined relative risks for lung cancer, cancers other than lung, and heart disease are calculated for each sex and disease category. These data along with estimates of nonsmoker death rates and populations exposed allow calculation of annual deaths in each category. Reduced relative risk and reduced exposure at older ages are taken into account as well as a correction for possible misclassification of smokers as nonsmokers and exposed nonsmokers as nonexposed. Altogether 46,000 deaths per year are calculated consisting of lung cancer (3000) other cancer (11,000) and heart disease (32,000). Reasons why such high estimates for other cancer and heart disease may be possible are explored. It is concluded that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke can have adverse long term health effects that are more serious than previously thought.
Acute Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibition Mimics Hemodynamic Effects of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and Potentiates B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Effects in Failing But Not Normal Canine Heart

Objectives The aim of this work was to test whether acute phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibition via sildenafil (SIL) mimics and/or potentiates cardiorenal effects of exogenous natriuretic peptide (NP) infusion. Background Heart failure (HF) is often accompanied by elevated NP secretion yet blunted responsiveness. Such NP resistance may, in part, relate to increased cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) catabolism by PDE5. Methods Dogs (n = 7) were studied before and after tachypacing-induced HF. Animals received 30-min infusion of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) (2 μg/kg bolus, 0.02 μg/kg/min), and on a separate day SIL (1 mg/kg, intravenous), followed by BNP (SIL + BNP). Phosphodiesterase 5 activity was measured in lung, vasculature, and kidney. Results At baseline (non-failing), BNP lowered central venous, pulmonary capillary wedge, diastolic, mean pulmonary artery, and mean arterial pressure. Sildenafil had no effects, and SIL + BNP was similar to BNP alone. In contrast, SIL lowered these pressures similarly to BNP in dogs with HF, and SIL + BNP was additive in further reducing pulmonary pressures over BNP alone. Plasma cGMP/plasma BNP ratio was markedly reduced with HF, indicating NP resistance. Sildenafil plus BNP increased this ratio in HF, but had no effect in non-failing animals. Sildenafil had no independent diuretic/natriuretic effects nor did it enhance BNP effects under baseline or HF conditions. In HF, PDE5 activity was significantly increased in the systemic and pulmonary vasculature and in the kidney. Conclusions The PDE5 activity in systemic and pulmonary vasculature increases in HF rendering hemodynamic responses to PDE5 inhibition identical to those from BNP infusion. Natriuretic peptide desensitization in HF relates, in part, to increased PDE5 activity, supporting a therapeutic role for PDE5 inhibition.
Advanced mask cleaning techniques for sub-100-nm technology nodes

Sub-pellicle defects and haze increase due to photon reaction with cleaning chemistry residues are especially problematic on photomasks for 193 nm and shorter exposure wavelengths. In addition to mask cleaning, these chemistries are also used for photoresist stripping from photomasks. In this paper sulfuric acid free processes are shown to be effective for mask cleaning and photoresist removal. Bulk removal of photoresist was accomplished with both oxygen based dry plasma stripping and with wet oxidizing chemistry. Surface preparation prior to the main cleaning step was necessary to render Cr surface hydrophilic and enable targeted cleaning performance. This was accomplished with an O 3 /DI pre-treatment step. Full mask megasonics improved particle removal efficiency of moderately to heavily contaminated masks.
A note on a chromogenic microorganism isolated from an orange colored deposit adhering to teeth

A PATIENT, S. E., has been visiting my office semiannually for the past few years for oral examinations. She is about 35 years of age and particularly ca,reful of her mouth hygiene. No visible calculus is observed about the necks of her teeth, and the gingiva has a healthy character in tone and appearance. However, on the mbial surface of the mandibular central and la,teral incisors in the cervical region there occurs a yellowish-orange deposit. This deposit may extend mesially and distally on the tooth, bordering the interproximal papillae. No other teeth in her mouth are involved. The deposit in contrast to that of the green stain so often found on children’s teeth is readily removed from the tooth surface with a, scaler and brush. It appears somewhat granular and is orange yellow in color. Following its remova,] it again appears within a, period of weeks to several months. When this condition was first noted I thought possibly some of the woman’s lipstick had been in contact with the tooth surface. This idea was abandoned, however, when it was noted that the discoloration could not be removed with a. pledget of cotton. Under as sterile precautions as possible, some of the mat,erial was removed on a sterile scaler and inoculated on blood agar and Sabouraud’s medium. After several days’ incubation small, round, slightly raised colonies, some yellow, others orange in color, developed on the blood medium together with some colonies of the Xtreptococcus viridans. These colonies were fished aud pure cultures obtained of organisms, one of which produced an orange pigment while the other grew with a yellow pigment. Both cultures were studied further. Morphology.-Stained by Gram’s method both microorganisms were found to be Gram negative pleomorphic bacilli which possessed neither capsules nor spores. Both bacilli were found to be motile. Cultural Characteristics.-Growth developed readily on all simple media and also at room temperature (30” C.). No growth was obtained ana,erobically. Extract Agar.-The colonies appeared round, slightly raised, and uniformly granular. They became pigmented a.fter several days. Extract Broth.-A slight cloudy growth developed within twenty-four hours, which soon was followed by the formation of a. pellicle. The pellicle was either orange or yellow dependin g on the microorganism inoculated. Litmus Milk.-Slight alkalization of the milk occurred. No clotting was evident during a. period of two weeks’ incubation. Gelatin.-Liquefaction of the gelatin occurred after a period of ten days.
Mid-infrared characterization of solution-processed As_2S_3 chalcogenide glass waveguides

An etch-free and cost-effective deposition and patterning method to fabricate mid-infrared chalcogenide glass waveguides for chemical sensing applications is introduced. As2S3 raised strip optical waveguides are produced by casting a liquid solution of As2S3 glass in capillary channel molds formed by soft lithography. Mid-IR transmission is characterized by coupling the output of a quantum cascade (QC) laser (λ = 4.8 µm) into the 40 µm wide by 10 µm thick multi-mode waveguides. Loss as low as 4.5 dB/cm is achieved using suitable substrate materials and post-processing. Optical absorption and surface roughness measurements indicate that the solution-processed films are of sufficient quality for optical devices and are promising for further development of waveguide-based mid-IR elements.