cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delocalized Lattice Plasmon Resonances Show Dispersive Quality Factors

This Letter describes how out-of-plane lattice plasmon (OLP) resonances in 2D Au nanoparticle (NP) arrays show dispersive quality factors. These quality factors can be tailored simply by controlling NP height. Numerical calculations of near-field optical properties and band diagrams were performed to understand the measured dispersion effects of the OLPs. The results revealed that delocalized OLPs are a type of surface Bloch mode composed of many Bloch harmonics. As the OLP dispersion evolves from a stationary state to a propagating state, the nonradiative loss decreases because of weak local field confinement, whereas the radiative loss increases because of strong coupling to the leaky zero-order harmonic.
Secondary ligands enhance affinity at a designed metal-binding site.

Background Specific interactions of metal ions with proteins are central to all life processes. The varied functions enabled by this cooperation are a consequence of strict control of the binding-site environment, particularly the number, type and geometry of metal-coordinating sidechains. Attempts to mimic these characteristics in the de novo design of metal-binding sites have thus far concentrated primarily on metal recruitment and not on affecting site function through systematic fine-tuning of the metal environment. Results A designed tetrahedral Zn(II)-binding site in a variant of the B1 domain of IgG-binding protein G has been expanded by introducing ‘secondary ligands'. These interactions were engineered to stabilize the positions of the metal-coordinating histidine residues while retaining the desired coordination geometry. Each mutation increased the protein's affinity for metal, and combining two secondary ligands demonstrated that these enhancements are additive. These results mimic the effects of altering similar interactions observed in the native Zn(II)-binding site of carbonic anhydrase. In the B1 system, this enhanced affinity for metal is observed despite a substantial decrease in protein secondary structure. Conclusions The intended effects of secondary ligand addition on metal affinity were observed in each mutant and demonstrated to be additive. Addition of metal also stabilized the protein's structure, partially offsetting the destabilizing effect of the mutations. These results represent a successful first attempt at designing an extended metal-binding site environment and illustrate the importance of including secondary interactions in the design of metal-binding sites.
Fighting back or fighting themselves? Community coalitions against substance abuse and their use of best practices.

Ever the optimists (if not positivists), we continue to look to research to vindicate community health strategies in relation to chronic diseases, complex lifestyle changes and social problems, as they were vindicated in earlier decades against communicable diseases. If we had vaccines to deliver against chronic diseases and substance abuse behaviors, perhaps this hopefulness would be justified. The paper by Hallfors et al. in this issue of the AJPM describes an evaluation of the “Fighting Back” substance abuse initiative supported by the Robert Wood Johnson (RWJ) Foundation. They examined the extent to which coalitions attained selected substance abuse goals in 12 “Fighting Back” communities on which they tracked a variety of indicators through much of the 1990s. They employed a prospective design with multiple comparison communities for each coalition community, quantitative and qualitative methods, and thousands of interviews and observations. Despite all these strengths, lending credibility to the authors’ conclusions, some conceptual and methodologic limitations raise the usual doubts that follow randomized and otherwise controlled community trials, especially when they attempt to isolate one component of complex interventions as a causal explanation for success or failure. Other commentaries and analyses have grappled with the methodologic limitations and pitfalls of such research for purposes of studying community-wide interventions or interventions in communities evaluated at the community level. Some have called specifically into question the limitations of “traditional scientific methodology. . .to capture the outcomes of these complex collaborative organizations” called community coalitions. Others have addressed the problem of unrealistic expectations of community strategies in the short term. Our commentary will address some of the conceptual and procedural issues in understanding community coalitions, best practices, and their evaluation in communities. These are not entirely independent of methodological issues of evaluation, but we believe that we must know what we are attempting to measure and evaluate before we can make strategic and scientific decisions on how best to do so. We will comment, then, on two aspects of the evaluation: (1) the complexity-of-interventions issue in evaluating Fighting Back and the isolation of community coalitions as the common starting point in what became widely varied programs across the communities, and (2) the inflated expectations that follow from isolating community coalitions as the independent variable.
15N{31P} REDOR NMR Studies of the Binding of Phosphonate Reaction Intermediate Analogues to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lumazine Synthase

Lumazine synthase catalyzes the reaction of 5-amino-6-d-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (1) with (S)-3,4-dihydroxybutanone 4-phosphate (2) to afford 6,7-dimethyl-8-d-ribityllumazine (3), the immediate biosynthetic precursor of riboflavin. The overall reaction implies a series of intermediates that are incompletely understood. The 15N{31P} REDOR NMR spectra of three metabolically stable phosphonate reaction intermediate analogues complexed to Saccharomyces cerevisiae lumazine synthase have been obtained at 7 and 12 T. Distances from the phosphorus atoms of the ligands to the side chain nitrogens of Lys92, His97, Arg136, and His148 have been determined. These distances were used in combination with the X-ray crystal coordinates of one of the intermediate analogues complexed with the enzyme in a series of distance-restrained molecular dynamics simulations. The resulting models indicate mobility of the Lys92 side chain, which could facilitate the exchange of inorganic phosphate eliminated from the sub...
GSTA1 expression in normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic human prostate tissue.

BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), inducible enzymes that catalyze the detoxification of reactive electrophiles and oxidants, protect against neoplastic transformation. Prostatic adenocarcinoma and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) fail to express GSTP1, a major class of GST. This failure of expression is associated with methlyation of the GSTP1 promoter, a somatic alteration proposed to be a critical step in prostatic carcinogenesis. However, simple atrophy and post-atrophic hyperplasia—proliferative lesions associated with chronic inflammation, which we have termed “proliferative inflammatory atrophy” (PIA)—express elevated levels of GSTP1. We postulated that this increase in GSTP1 expression in PIA occurs in response to increased oxidative stress. We examined the expression of another major class of GST, GSTA1, in the human prostate. METHODS We performed immunohistochemistry against GSTA1 on formalin-fixed radical prostatectomies (n = 45). A stereological grid point counting method was used to estimate the percent of cells staining positive for GSTA1 in normal prostate, PIA, HGPIN, and adenocarcinoma. RESULTS In contrast to GSTP1, normal peripheral zone epithelium was virtually devoid of GSTA1. Strikingly, though, epithelial cells in PIA demonstrated strong staining for GSTA1 (median of percent of cells staining positive = 44) as compared to those in normal peripheral zone (median = 3.0, P < .00001), HGPIN (median = 2.9, P < .00001), and adenocarcinoma (median = 3.8, P < .00001). Variations in GSTA1 were also detected between normal anatomic zones: the central zone showed an increase in the percentage of cells staining positive (median = 20.9) as compared to the transition (median = 0.47, P < .0002) and the peripheral (P < .0001) zones. CONCLUSIONS Expression of GSTA1 is increased in PIA, supporting the concept that cells within these lesions are subject to localized increases in oxidative stress. Low levels of GSTA1 and GSTP1 in HGPIN and adenocarcinoma suggest a broad lack of detoxification activity in these cells, which may be associated with carcinogenesis in the prostate. Prostate 49:30–37, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gene expression profiling of tamoxifen-associated uterine cancers: evidence for two molecular classes of endometrial carcinoma.

Abstract Objective . Endometrial cancers associated with tamoxifen exposure potentially represent a unique resource for investigating the molecular mechanisms of estrogen-induced tumorigenesis. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that tamoxifen-associated endometrial carcinomas have a distinct gene expression profile compared to matched cases not associated with this exposure. Methods . Microarray-based expression profiling was performed on a series of tamoxifen-associated ( N = 10) and matched sporadic cases ( N = 29) of endometrial carcinoma. Results . Supervised class comparison revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups ( P = 0.48). However, unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the entire sample of tumors revealed two groups with extremely diverse molecular profiles that were independent of tamoxifen exposure. Of recognized clinicopathological factors, histologic grade correlated best with these two molecular classes. Conclusions . These data suggest that the molecular profile of tamoxifen-associated endometrial cancers is not different from that of endometrial carcinomas generally, and further, that there exist two highly distinct molecular subtypes of endometrial carcinoma.
Axion dynamics in wormhole background.

When axions are coupled to gravity, it is known that wormholes exist asgravitational instantons. These wormholes break global U(1) symmetry explicitlythus giving rise to the wormhole-induced low-energy effective Lagrangian. Wederive systematically this effective Lagrangian to lower orders in thederivative expansion. The role of U(1) symmetry to the third-quantized fieldtheory of topology change and the invisible-axion phenomenology in the wormholebackground are also discussed.
Objective use of testosterone reveals androgen insensitivity in patients with proximal hypospadias.

Abstract Objective We report preoperative testosterone stimulation based on glans width measurements in patients with midshaft and proximal hypospadias, revealing androgen resistance in those with proximal hypospadias. Methods Patients had maximum glans width measured preoperatively. Those Results 5/15 midshaft patients had two to three doses of 2 mg/kg testosterone, with all increasing glans width to ≥15 mm. 29/47 proximal patients had testosterone, with 13 (57%) not reaching desired glans width. Six of these and another six patients had escalating doses from 4 to 32 mg/kg testosterone, with 11 then achieving targeted glans width. Relative androgen resistance was found in 19/29 (66%) proximal cases, including all treated patients with perineal hypospadias. Conclusions 39/62 (63%) patients met objective criteria for preoperative testosterone stimulation based on glans width
Thinking about Feeling Historical

Abstract This essay looks at the waning of melodramatic event genres in contemporary attempts to think historical experience. It telegraphs this engagement in four passages that pursue how to write the history of the present under conditions of crisis within the ordinary: in the first instance, AIDS/IRAQ are the goads, in the second, a more generalized but not apolitical atmosphere where the contemporary is encountered not as trauma but flatness.
Entropy crossover from molecular to macroscopic cavity hydration

The entropies of hydrating molecular and macroscopic non-polar surfaces differ in sign at room temperature, suggesting a size scale at which hydration transitions between these behaviors. Following a curvature expansion for the surface tension, we derive an expression for the radius of a cavity-like solute at which the solvation entropy is zero. This expression accurately predicts the crossover radii observed in a simulation/scaled-particle theory analysis of cavity solvation in water and n-hexane along their saturation curves. Our results indicate differences between water and organic solvents are encoded in the temperature dependence of the surface tension and its leading curvature correction.
Remarks on the FKG inequalities

The FKG inequalities are generalized to two probability distributions. A theorem is proved which shows how one distribution dominates the other and makes it clear why expectation values of increasing functions with respect to one distribution are larger than with respect to the other.
Young Children's Understanding of Changes in Their Mental States.

3-year-old children have difficulty reporting their past false beliefs. We investigated their ability to remember and report other types of past mental state, in particular, pretenses, images, perceptions, desires, and intentions. In a series of tasks, children were placed in one mental state, that state was changed, and they were asked to report the initial state. 4-year-olds were generally able to report all their past mental states, including beliefs. 3-year-olds were able to report past pretenses, images, and perceptions extremely well. They had great difficulty reporting past beliefs. Reporting past desires and intentions was more difficult than reporting pretenses, images, and perceptions, but slightly less difficult than reporting beliefs. The evidence suggests that 3-year-olds have difficulty understanding the nature of representation.
The effect of racial threat on interracial and intraracial crimes

Abstract Efforts to apply racial threat theory to explain interracial violence in America are restricted to historically dated events such as lynchings or to relatively infrequently occurring events such as race riots, hate crimes or interracial homicides. The present study extends extant research by using county-level data, drawn from South Carolina's National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), race-specific voting data, and demographic data to investigate the relationship between racial threat and interracial and intraracial violent crimes. Results from a pooled cross-sectional time-series analysis show that one dimension of racial threat, economic competition, has a modest substantive effect on interracial crimes involving white perpetrators and black victims—as economic competition increases between whites and blacks, whites commit more violent crimes against blacks. Political threat has no statistically discernable effect on the white-on-black crime rate. Further, neither measure of racial threat, economic competition nor political threat is associated with the black-on-white crime rate, the white-on-white crime rate or with the black-on-black crime rate. The implications of these findings for racial threat theory are discussed.
Inelastic quasiparticle scattering in normal metal/superconductor point contacts

Abstract Charge transport measurements, as a function of temperature, for normal metal/superconductor point contacts of silver on annealed niobium, on work hardened niobium and on niobium containing interstitial hydrogen, are compared to detailed predictions of the BTK theory, modified to include inelastic scattering. An analysis procedure for independently extracting the elastic scattering parameter, Z , and the inelastic scattering parameter, Γ , from transport data, is demonstrated. Results indicate that, to a good approximation, both Z and Γ are temperature independent and uncorrelated.
Drinking water quality in the Mount Kasigau region of Kenya: a source to point-of-use assessment

Drinking water quality was investigated in seven rural villages surrounding Mount Kasigau in southeastern Kenya, where water is piped from unprotected dammed streams and springs in the Kasigau cloud forest down to taps, kiosks, and tanks in the villages. Analyses were conducted for nutrients, trace metals, and pathogen indicators in water from community taps, water stored in homes, and collection points along the pipelines up to catchment dams on the mountain. Water was relatively free from nutrient and trace-metal contamination; however, all samples were contaminated with total coliforms and nearly all were contaminated with Escherichia coli. There was no discernable pattern in the extent of contamination from the catchment dams to the villages. In each of three villages chosen for further study, six residents were selected for a more in-depth investigation. Water quality was generally worse in water stored in those homes compared to water collected at the village taps. The quality of drinking water in homes where treatment was applied was no better than in homes with no water treatment. The Kasigau villages, as many other areas in the developing world, need inexpensive and effective water treatment, as well as an assessment of the effectiveness of sanitary and hygienic practices.
Enzyme kinetics of a highly purified mitochondrial creatine kinase in comparison with cytosolic forms.

Mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK) purified from canine myocardium showed a single protein band on SDS-PAGE and was free of MMCK. Its amino acid composition was different than MMCK or BBCK and did not react to antiserum to MMCK or BBCK. Using purified mitochondrial, MM and BBCK, the velocity of reaction (V) was estimated for creatine phosphate (CP), creatine (C), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) over a wide range of concentrations including those at Vmax. The values for Km (mM/L) derived from Lineweaver-Burke plots are shown: The affinity of mitochondrial CK for C is much greater than MMCK which is compatible with the energy shuttle hypothesis, namely ATP is converted by mitochondrial CK to CP, and then diffuses to the myofibril for conversion to ATP for utilization.
R&D ACTIVITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Why do some countries grow faster than others? This question, one of the most fundamental in the economics of development, has received renewed attention in recent years. The theoretical literature...
Sites of river-derived sedimentation in the ocean

Most of the world9s rivers have discharged sediment on wide continental shelves and in estuaries since the last rise in sea level. In most cases, sediments are thus trapped on these areas and are not deposited on the now-relict submarine fans oceanward of these rivers. The conclusions are based on remote sensing, on data in the literature on present sedimentation rates on the shelves and the submarine fans, and on river sediment discharges for the 22 rivers studied. These submarine fans will remain cut off from their fluvial sources until the shelves and estuaries are filled and sediments can bypass these areas. The time required to fill these shelves and estuaries ranges from 2,600 to 3,400 yr for the Ganges-Brahmaputra to 1 to 1.2 m.y. for the Yenisei-Ob. For most river systems, sea level will change before shelves and estuaries are filled with sediments.
Finding Alpha via Covered Index Writing

Covered S&P 500 Index call strategies have, on average, outperformed the S&P 500 Index over the past 15+ years while realizing lower standard deviations of returns. This analysis dissects the strategy underlying the BuyWrite Monthly Index on the S&P 500. The BXM is the most broadly quoted benchmark for index call–selling strategies. Also discussed are alternative structured S&P 500 option–overwriting strategies, which have even more attractive risk–return trade-offs than the BXM because they take advantage of the implicit positive risk premium of equities and potentially adjust the strike price of the call sold on the basis of the volatility environment.
Metabolic responses of sand fiddler crabs, Uca pugilator, in northwest Florida to seasonal temperature change

Abstract Metabolic responses of sand fiddler crab, Uca pugilator , populations in northwest Florida are greatly influenced by seasonal temperature fluctuations. Crabs acclimated at 20 °C and immediately transferred to either 14 or 26 °C produced an acute metabolic response with respective temperature quotient ( Q 10 ) values of 3.46 and 3.91. Crabs acclimated at 10 and 20 °C exhibited a Q 10 of 2.62 indicating a partial compensation response. A brumation (reverse) response ( Q 10 value of 20.11) was observed for acclimated crabs between 5 and 10 °C. Brumation is advantageous during winter when food supplies are scarce and crabs must survive extensive periods of inactivity.
Active cooling of a metal hydride system for hydrogen storage

Abstract Reversible high-pressure metal hydrides offer excellent cold start capability and potentially increased hydrogen storage capacity. However, efficient thermal management is a critical issue in this kind of systems. In the present work, hydriding and dehydriding tests have been conducted with 100 g of Ti 1.1 MnCr metal hydride at pressures up to 330 bar. Thermal characteristics of the Ti 1.1 MnCr system have been quantified from the experimental data and simulated using a basic numerical model. By varying the coolant flow rates, a hydrogen filling time of 12 min has been achieved.
TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF SATELLITE DNA FUNCTION IN CRUSTACEA

A G+C-rich satellite DNA (stDNA) in Gecarcinus lateralis with a repeat unit of 2.1 kbp makes up approximately 3% (16,000 copies/nucleus) of the land crab genome. We used sequences from conserved domains of the repeat unit to construct probes for exploring the possibility of the repeat units being transcribed into RNA, their distribution in genomic DNA, and their methylation status. A transcription product hybridizing with TRU-EXON, a region of the satellite bordered by possible exon splice junctions, was found 3′END, a 368 bp fragment at the 3′-end of the satellite, were also found in several other crustaceans. Transcription products that hybridized to AMPL-3, a probe from an amplified segment of the satellite, were not found in land crabs but were found in lobsters. In land crabs, several poly(A)+RNA transcripts that hybridized to 3′END were specific for DNA strand, tissue, and intermolt stage. The diversity of transcripts suggests that transcription of the satellite is related to the organization of the repeated DNA in the crab genome, and that some satellite domains may be transcribed because of their position relative to functional genes. This observation is supported by the additional observation that the satellite is differentially methylated. Repeats organized in tandem in the satellite are methylated, whereas those interspersed in main component DNA (mcDNA) are not. Because DNA methylation is a means of silencing transcription, our results suggest that satellite sequences that are transcribed are those interpersed in mcDNA. DNA methylation patterns are also tissue-specific; of the seven tissues examined (gill, claw muscle, body muscle, limb buds, midgut gland, testis, and ovary), gill stDNA is the least methylated. The observed differences inmethylation levels are not attributable to stage in the intermolt cycle or to sex. This is the first report indicating the presence of 5-methylcytosine (m5C) in a crustacean.
Giant E0 resonances and their effects on the lifetime of excited 0+ states

Abstract The renormalization effects on low-energy E0 transitions due to excitation of giant E0 resonances are investigated. The introduction of a state-dependent monopole effective charge improves greatly agreement with experiment in the cases where comparison with two-particle shell-model calculations are possible.
A proposal for a uniform nomenclature for the genetics of bacterial protein synthesis

A new genetic nomenclature for the macromolecules involved in bacterial protein synthesis is proposed and explained. Genes for ribosomal proteins are designated rsp, rpl and rpm while genes for ribosomal RNAs are rrs and rrl. Protein synthesis factors and ribosome assembly and modification activities are also consistantly named.
Nanogenetic learning analytics: illuminating student learning pathways in an online fraction game

A working understanding of fractions is critical to student success in high school and college math. Therefore, an understanding of the learning pathways that lead students to this working understanding is important for educators to provide optimal learning environments for their students. We propose the use of microgenetic analysis techniques including data mining and visualizations to inform our understanding of the process by which students learn fractions in an online game environment. These techniques help identify important variables and classification algorithms to group students by their learning trajectories.
Teaching note: Zobele chemical industries: the evolution of a family company from flypaper to globalization (1919–2001)

Abstract The case study of the Zobele family and Zobele Chemical Industries, their past history, and present status was published in J. Bus. Venturing doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00062-4 . This teaching note centers on the challenges they face in ensuring global leadership in their served market niches, while maintaining the continuity of family ownership and control. This case presents the practical implications for family enterprises in their attempts to meet the challenges of a globalized marketplace. The Zobele, located in Trento, Northern Italy, was founded in 1919 by Enrico Zobele Sr., who became famous when he invented his first “killer product” in 1930—flypaper. After the Second World War, the bombed-out factory was rebuilt by his sons, Luigi and Fulvio, who introduced new products for home hygiene and home care. The company globalized under the joint leaderships of Chief Executive Enrico Jr., son of Luigi, and Franco and Giovanni, sons of Fulvio. In 2001, Zobele Chemical Industries reported sales of US$75 million with profits of US$5.1 million. The company had 700 employees, factories in Italy, Spain, Brazil, Paraguay, India, Hong Kong, Mexico, and Malaysia with continuing expansions in Italy and China.
Neutron-diffraction observations on the palladium-hydrogen and palladium-deuterium systems

Abstract Neutron-diffraction investigations on powdered samples have shown that both hydrogen and deuterium atoms in β-phase Pd-H and Pd-D are located in the octahedral positions of the palladium lattice. Results obtained for samples with low gas concentration are inconclusive in determining the atomic positions in the α-phase, since at room temperature only a small amount of gas enters this phase. Although the vibrational amplitudes of hydrogen and deuterium are similar to those observed in other compounds, the total neutron-scattering cross-section for hydrogen in this system is abnormally low, indicating that the protons are more nearly free than in the other hydrogen compounds.
Extinction: complexity of assessing risk.

In discussing the extinction risk of naive prey species confronted by reintroduced predators ( Science 's Compass, 9 Feb., p. [997][1]), J. L. Gittleman and M. E. Gompper say that, apparently because of diverse anthropogenic impacts, “a markedly higher proportion of ungulate species compared with
PONDEROMOTIVE HAMILTONIAN AND LYAPUNOV STABILITY FOR MAGNETICALLY CONFINED PLASMA IN THE PRESENCE OF rf FIELD

Abstract The self-consistent interaction of high-frequency antenna-generated field with low-frequency plasma motion is derived for multifluid dynamics and magnetohydrodynamics. Field hamiltonians and Poisson brackets are obtained, for the low-frequency evolution of plasma, low-frequency field, and high-frequency amplitude. Casimir functionals are combined with the hamiltonians to form Lyapunov functionals, yielding stability criteria. Application to ponderomotive stabilization of unstable equilibria is discussed.
Effect of low-density lipoprotein apheresis on inflammatory and noninflammatory high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis, a treatment for familial hypercholesterolemia, significantly decreases LDL cholesterol and inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, CD40 ligand, and tissue factor. LDL apheresis also decreases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, which might be considered therapeutically counterproductive because HDL is known to be anti-inflammatory. However, recent studies have shown that HDL also possesses proinflammatory properties, as seen in its ability to alter LDL-induced monocyte chemotactic activity. We examined the acute effects of LDL apheresis on inflammatory HDL activity in 13 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease who had been receiving bi-weekly LDL apheresis treatments. Immediately before and immediately after treatment, each patient’s plasma was collected for analysis of inflammatory HDL and full lipid profile. LDL apheresis reduced LDL by 52% (from 208 89 to 99 48 mg/dl, p <0.002), and HDL decreased by 16% (49 15 to 41 13 mg/dl, p <0.003). At the same time, inflammatory HDL activity (in migrated monocytes per high-power field) decreased from 22 4t o 14 2, a 37% acute reduction (p <0.003). Moreover, inflammatory HDL before HDL apheresis was highly correlated with its acute reduction (rs 0.85, p <0.001). In conclusion, our findings indicate that, in addition to decreasing LDL, LDL apheresis also decreases inflammatory HDL. The clinical significance of reducing inflammatory HDL is currently unknown, and further research is needed to examine its potential benefit for cardiovascular disease. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. (Am J Cardiol 2007;100:1416‐1418) In familial hypercholesterolemia, patients have an inherited disorder of lipoprotein metabolism involving mutations in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. Heterozygotes and homozygotes alike are prone to marked increases in LDL cholesterol and are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Aggressive lipid-lowering is usually achieved with LDL apheresis, which significantly lowers LDL (by 50% to 80%) and inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (65%), CD40 ligand (15%), and tissue factor (25%). 1‐3 LDL apheresis also decreases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 10% to 15%, which might be considered therapeutically counterproductive. However, a concomitant lowering of inflammatory HDL could negate this effect and possibly further reduce inflammatory damage on the vessel wall and decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease. Although several studies have examined the acute-phase response and the role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory HDL in cellular and humoral responses to inflammation, to our knowledge no studies have shown the effect of LDL apheresis on levels of inflammatory HDL. This study attempts to observe the potential acute effects of LDL apheresis on inflammatory and noninflammatory HDL. Methods
Treatment selection for stage IIIA Hodgkin's disease patients.

Abstract Two treatment policies for the therapy of patients with Stage IIIA Hodgkin's disease are compared. From 1969–1976, 49 newly diagnosed and pathologically staged IIIA patients received total nodal irradiation (TNI) alone (no liver irradiation). Although actuarial survival was 80% at 5 years and 68% at 10 years, actuarial freedom from relapse was only 38% at 5 years. Accordingly, a new treatment policy was instituted in 1976. Patients with either CS IIIA disease, multiple splenic nodules, IIIA with a large mediastinal mass or III 2 received combined modality therapy (combination chemotherapy and irradiation). All others received TNI. Thirty-six patients have been treated under the new program. The actuarial survival is 90% at 5 years and the relapse-free survival is 87%, suggesting the superiority of this approach.
Shrinking window operations for expanding display space

Recent research and technology advances indicate that multiple monitor systems are likely to become commonplace in the near future. An important property of such systems is that the physical separation of the display prompts users to place windows entirely within monitors, and thus does not fully alleviate the problem of managing windows on smaller monitors. Another finding about multiple monitor systems is that an additional monitor often holds windows that help the user maintain awareness rather than support interaction with information, but that multiple monitor users tend not to have many more windows visible than their single-monitor counterparts. We therefore present a window shrinking operation that specifically intends to help users display a window's relevant information. The operation should help to create smaller windows to manage, helping the "small monitor management" problem and targeting use of awareness windows on multiple monitor systems.
Molecular Recognition of Cargo by the COPII Complex: A Most Accommodating Coat

Abstract The molecular mechanism by which diverse cargo proteins are recognized and exported from the ER has been unclear. Two papers in this issue of Cell (Mossessova et al., 2003; Miller et al., 2003) add clarity by mapping multiple cargo recognition sites in the Sec24 subunit of the COPII coat complex and demonstrating roles for these sites in export of specific protein cargos from the ER.
Computer-aided model construction

Abstract We examine ways in which the construction of mathematical models may be supported, and review several approaches for computer-aided model construction. The construction of complex models can be a challenging task even for expert modelers. The aim of computer-aided model construction systems is to simplify this task. We view model construction as a state transformation process, and suggest that the process can be facilitated by supporting the creation of certain representations or by transforming an existing representation to another. For example, declarative modeling languages facilitate the specification of an executable statement of the mathematical model, while knowledge-based model construction systems assist the creation of the mathematical formulation. Knowledge-based model construction systems are the focus of our review of existing systems. To facilitate a comparison of several such systems, we characterize them in terms of their cognitive bases, the representations developed in them, and the methods for transformation of these representations.
Effects of long-term phosphorus fertilization and winter cover cropping on soil phosphorus transformations in less weathered soil

Information concerning sources and sinks of available P in soil is needed to improve soil P management and protect water quality. This study, conducted from 1989 to 1998 on a Sultan silt loam soil (Aquantic Xerochrept), determined the annual P removal rate by corn (Zea mays L.) and P transformation as affected by P rate and winter cover cropping. Treatments included two P rates (0 and 44 kg P ha−1) applied to corn at planting each year. All cover crops received 19.6 kg P ha−1 at seeding each fall. Also included was a control without any cover crop and with no P addition. Corn yield and P uptake were affected by P fertilizer additions, but not by cover crops. A fairly constant amount of P was supplied from indigenous soil P when no external P was added. When the amount of P added exceeded that removed by corn, the excess P was converted mainly to NaOH-extractable inorganic P (NaOH-Pi). When the amount of P applied was below that removed by corn, indigenous soil NaOH-Pi acted as a source of available P for the plant. With no reduction of organic P (Po) extractable by NaOH or NaHCO3, the contribution from Po to the available P pool appeared limited. The role of NaOH-Pi in P availability in the soil was substantiated by its significant correlation with labile NH4Cl-extractable P (NH4Cl-P; r2 =0.60, P <0.001) or NaHCO3-Pi (r2 =0.81, P <0.001) pools. The NaOH-Pi for the soil reflected the changes in soil P resulting from past fertilizer P input and P removal by the crops.
Symptom Experience of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Patients

Purpose: To describe symptoms experienced by pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients and the impact these symptoms have had on their lives. Method: Qualitative descriptive methodology was chosen incorporating semistructured interviews to investigate the symptom experience of ten patients with PAH. Results: All patients were diagnosed with WHO Group 1 PAH and 70% were WHO functional Class III. Two overarching themes emerged: holding back and redefining life. Holding back was represented by three sub-themes: fear, anticipation of worsening symptoms, and treatment effects. Redefining life was characterized by uncertainty, activity restrictions, and making the best of it. Conclusion: This study revealed specific concerns related to the symptom experience of PAH patients and how they redefined their lives to accommodate these symptoms. These findings provide a basis for larger, quantitative studies to examine the extent of symptom impact as well as a framework for development of self management interven...
A gradient computational procedure for the solution of large problems arising from the finite element discretization method

A computational procedure based on gradient iterative techniques is proposed for the solution of large problems to which the finite element method is applicable. In linear problems the procedure can be used either for solving the set of algebraic equations or for the complete inversion of the matrix of coefficients. Special attention is focused on the practical aspects of the procedure concerning its realization on the digital computer.
Sensitivity Analysis of Calibration Standards for SOLT and LRRM

We investigate the sensitivity of SOLT and LRRM on wafer calibrations to probe positioning. Calibration comparison derived error-bounds were calculated for data sets differing only by a single change in probe/standard overlap. The SOLT calibration was found to be significantly more sensitive to probe placement variations, consistent with theoretical predictions.
Hysteresis Effect Implicates Calcium Cycling as a Mechanism of Repolarization Alternans

Background— T-wave alternans is due to alternation of membrane repolarization at the cellular level and is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death. Recently, a hysteresis effect has been reported in patients whereby T-wave alternans, once induced by rapid heart rate, persists even when heart rate is subsequently slowed. We hypothesized that alternans hysteresis is an intrinsic property of cardiac myocytes, directly related to an underlying mechanism for repolarization alternans that involves intracellular calcium cycling. Methods and Results— Stepwise pacing was used to induce alternans in Langendorff-perfused guinea pig hearts from which optical action potentials were recorded simultaneously at 256 ventricular sites with voltage-sensitive dyes and in whole-cell patch-clamped cardiac myocytes treated with or without BAPTA-AM (1,2-bis[2-aminophenoxy]ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetrakis [acetoxymethyl ester]). Alternans hysteresis was observed in every isolated heart: threshold heart rate for alternans...
WHAT IF FAMILY THERAPY WERE A KIND OF PSYCHOTHERAPY? A READING OF THE HANDBOOK OF PSYCHOTHERAPY AND BEHAVIOR CHANGE

Editor's Note. This piece by Grunebaum is not an “original article,” although his approach to presenting Garfield and Bergin's Handbook to a family therapy audience is certainly original; it does not meet the usual requirements as apiece for the “Connections” section of the Journal, although it certainly does forge such connections with the mental health world beyond family therapy; and it is not a typical “book review,” and thus, is appropriately described in its subtitle as a “reading,” rather than a review. It is a most creative demonstration of the fact that family therapists can learn a good deal of practical value from their colleagues who are “outside” our field.
Detecting image region duplication using SIFT features

Region duplication is a common form of image manipulation where part of an image is pasted to another location to conceal undesirable contents. Most existing methods to detect region duplication are based on finding exact copies of pixel blocks, which cannot handle cases when a region is scaled or rotated before pasted to a new location. In this work, we describe a new detection method based on matching image SIFT features [6]. The robustness of the SIFT features with regards to local transforms renders this method able to detect general region duplications with efficient computation. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated with experimental results, both qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of the detection accuracy and the false positive rate.
Microstructural effects of martensitic transformation cycling of a Cu-Zn-Al alloy: Vestigial structures in the parent phase

Martensitic transformation kinetics and microstructural effects are correlated in a study of transformation cycling in a Cu-Zn-AI alloy. During the first few cycles of martensitic transformation and reversion, vestigial features develop in the parent phase. During these same cycles, the parent-to-martensite transformation temperature range shifts upward by several degrees and the martensite-to-parent reversion temperature range shifts down by about a degree, in effect reducing the transformation hysteresis. The vestigial ridge features are associated particularly with burst martensite phenomena, and this and other manifestations of imperfect thermoelastic martensite behavior during initial cycling lead to the kinetics changes. These changes virtually stabilize after 20 to 25 transformation cycles as the martensitic transformation achieves a completely reproducible pattern, both in terms of microstructure and kinetics.
Dynamic Techniques for Clinical Assessment of the Athlete

Clinical diagnostic tests objectively evaluate lower extremity ailments of the athlete. The positive squeeze test is found to be reproducible for ankle syndesmotic injury but is a poor prognosticator. The anterior drawer and talar tilt tests assess lateral ankle sprains. These have limitations secondary to positioning and guarding by the athlete, so comparison with the asymptomatic extremity is recommended. The Ottawa ankle rules assess possible fractures of the ankle and midfoot. The Thompson test evaluates Achilles tendon tears, whereas the windlass technique and the modified Lachman test examine the integrity of the plantar fascia and metatarsophalangeal joint capsule.
The multipurpose instrument used for computation of thermophysical properties and production of self-consistent tables and Mollier charts

Abstract Measurements on a test sample in gaseous and liquid state to observe p-V-T , dialelectric constant, thermal conductivity, vapor pressure, saturation densities, thermal-expansion coefficient, compressibility and specific heats are briefly described. A computer program is developed to utilize p-V-T , dielectric and conductivity data to determine virial coefficients and values of intermolecular force parameters. From these and the measured data many other properties may be computed by general thermodynamic relationships.
APPLICATION OF ATTRITION-MILLED SOY FLOUR IN A BEVERAGE APPLICATION

A soy beverage mix was created using thermally treated, attrition-milled soy powder, anticaking agent (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) and adjunct ingredients (salt, sugar, carrageenan, calcium phosphate) commonly found in a soy beverage. Thermal processing of defatted soy flake at specific moisture levels (30, 35 and 40%) from two different sources was evaluated for effective denaturation of the soy trypsin inhibitor complexes. Identification of an optimal thermal treatment was then used to produce a soy flake milled in a cyclone-assisted attrition mill. Soy beverage mixes were homogenized with a handheld blender at solution temperatures of 4, 30, and 70C. Separation rates were highest at all treatment levels consisting of the 70C solution temperature (1.67 mL/min) and were lowest for all treatment levels at 4C (0.55 mL/min). Thermal treatment of defatted soy flake resulted in solutions with lower viscosities (87.32 and 151.90 cP for Archer Daniels Midland Co. and L-Star, respectively). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This article establishes the milling conditions to create an instant soy beverage system. The soy drink mix can be easily used by consumers to make soy beverage or soymilk and is stable for up to 10 min.
Enhanced Cycleability of LiMn2O4 Cathodes by Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3 Coatings

Surface modification by coating oxides onto LiMn2O4 is commonly employed to improve cycling stability of LiMn2O4 cathode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Current fabrications of surface coatings mostly rely on wet chemistry approaches, which lack sufficient flexibility and controllability. The coatings prepared via wet chemistry methods are usually non-uniform and incomplete. This report is the first effort to use atomic layer deposition method for deposition of ultra-thin and highly-conformal Al2O3 coatings onto LiMn2O4 cathodes with precise thickness-control at atomic scale. SEM image of ALD coated cathode shows that the coated particles preserve the original shape of bare particles, indicating that the ALD coating is highly-conformal. XPS technique detects Al on the surface of coated cathodes and thus confirms formation of Al2O3 ALD films on the cathodes. All bare and coated cathodes are cycled at a current density of 240 mA/g in a potential range of -0.3~0.8 V (vs. Ag/Ag+) for electrochemical measurements. The coated cathodes exhibit significantly enhanced capacity retention than bare cathodes over 100 cycles, as the dense and high-quality Al2O3 ALD film separates active material and electrolyte, and retards dissolution of manganese ions from LiMn2O4 particles. In addition, cycling performances of coated cathodes can be optimized by manipulating coating thicknesses which can be easily controlled via varying ALD growth cycles.
Measurement of Input Power of DC Motors Operated Using Rectifier Power Supplies and Choppers

The significance of measurements of the ac and dc components of input power of shunt-and series-wound dc motors operated from rectifiers is presented. Suggestions are given to check and improve the degree of accuracy of power measurements using conventional moving-coil wattmeters. A newly developed electronic wattmeter is described which has been found to provide improved accuracy in rectifier applications. Test results are presented.
Shape mensuration and recognition by DDS approach

A systematic approach for shape/profile mensuration and recognition is presented in this paper. Object shape and profile, represented by data sampled from its boundary, are coded into autoregressive (AR) models and then analyzed by the data dependent systems (DDS) methodology. The geometric features of a shape/profile, such as sharp corners, are extracted together with the frequency domain characteristics. Periodic feature of a profile can be measured in the image plane and converted to the world plane by means of the optical mensuration. New descriptors, composed of the characteristic roots, are used for recognition purposes. The results show that the descriptors together with the feature-weighted algorithm significantly improve robustness of recognition which is essential in a typical noisy environment on the shop floor. The approach has been implemented on an applicable PC-based package with currently available optical devices and computers.