cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lorazepam Attenuates the Behavioral Effects of Dizocilpine

To characterize the potential interaction between the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter systems, the effects of dizocilpine, CPP, and lorazepam on open-field behavior and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures were evaluated in mice. Dizocilpine (0.01-0.1 mg/kg), CPP (1-10 mg/kg), or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally 15 min prior to lorazepam (0.2-2 mg/kg) or vehicle. Behavioral monitoring began 25 min after the lorazepam injection. Upon completion of testing, unrestrained mice were infused intravenously with pentylenetetrazole until the onset of a full tonic-clonic seizure. The highest dose of dizocilpine by itself significantly increased the average distance traveled, the number of rears, and the number of stereotypies during the test period. Lorazepam alone dose dependently decreased activity on all behavioral parameters. Lorazepam also completely antagonized the hyperactivity produced by dizocilpine when the two compounds were coadministered. This antagonism is most likely due to an interaction in the regulation of dopaminergic tone which underlies motor activity. Lorazepam exerted a dose-dependent anticonvulsant effect. Dizocilpine alone had no effect on seizure induction and did not potentiate the anticonvulsive effect of lorazepam when coadministered with lorazepam. CPP reduced the number of rears and the number of stereotypies during the test period. CPP did not alter the pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure threshold and did not influence the anticonvulsant effect of lorazepam.
Influence of Comb Removal and Testosterone on Agnostic Behavior in Young Fowl

Abstract THE ABILITY of chickens to recognize and react to flock-mates has been established (Allee, 1942), however, the factors contributing to such recognition have not been clearly distinguished. Guhl and Ortman (1953) observed that morphological alterations on anterior portions of the anatomy were the most effective in reducing recognition between individuals. And, in this connection, Marks et al. (1960) found that adult chickens with combs and wattles removed not only established less stable dominance orders than those retaining head furnishings, but also assumed positions of subordinance in such orders. Androgenic hormones have been shown to influence aggressiveness in the female chicken (Allee et al., 1939). Hens with larger combs as a result of androgen administration tend to win a larger proportion of paired encounters (Collias, 1943). Since male chickens develop combs at an earlier age (Collias, 1950; Guhl, 1958), it would appear that the earlier development of a social order among …
High cell density alters the ratio of type III to I collagen synthesis by fibroblasts.

HUMAN fibroblasts in culture synthesise both type I and type III collagen1, with type I accounting for 70–90% of the total2. In culture, the rates at which these proteins are synthesised is constant and apparently rather rigidly controlled3. However, the proportions of these collagens differs in cells cultured with increased amounts of serum (increased type III/I)4 as well as in cells obtained from patients with certain diseases. Cells from patients with the Ehlers-Danlos type IV syndrome make little or no type III collagen5,6, whereas cells from patients with osteogenesis imperfecta have an increased type III/I (refs 7, 8). We have found that cells from some patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), have a reduced type III/I ratio. However, as previously reported, these cells grew to a lower density than control cells9. We report here that normal fibroblasts from human and guinea pig skin produce proportionally more type III collagen at high cell density, probably because of a reduction in the synthesis of type I collagen.
Observations of persistent Leonid meteor trails: 4. Buoyant rise/vortex formation as mechanism for creation of parallel meteor train pairs

[1] In this paper we present numerical computations designed to demonstrate effects associated with the buoyant rise of persistent trails produced by large Leonid meteors in cases where the meteor velocity vector has a large horizontal component. We model the meteor trail as a hot cylindrical volume in an equilibrium atmosphere. The computed results show the hot cylinder first expanding radially and then rising because of buoyancy, while evolving into a pair of counterrotating linear vortices. These line vortex phenomena are offered as an explanation for the otherwise mysterious parallel pairs of trails that are often observed. We also show some high-resolution images of double meteor trails observed during the high Leonid meteor activity of 1998–2002. For the case of the Diamond Ring event we compare computed and measured luminosity profiles for the sodium 589 nm emission and for the red–near IR O2 atmospheric band (O2(b1Σg+) – O2(X3Σg−)) emission.
Radiative decay rates of metastable Ar III and Cu II ions

Magnetic dipole ($M1$) and electric quadrupole ($E2$) lines have been observed from trapped metastable Ar III and Cu II ions. The decay of these lines following excitation has yielded the lifetimes (or total radiative decay rates) for the upper levels. The lines observed are, from Ar III, the $M1$ transition at 3109 \AA{} from $^{1}S_{0}$ to $^{3}P_{1}$ in the ground state $3{p}^{4}$ configuration, and from Cu II, the $E2$ lines at 4377 and 3807 \AA{} from $3{d}^{9}4s ^{1}D_{2}$ and $^{3}D_{2}$ to the ground state $3{d}^{10}^{1}S_{0}$. The results for the total radiative rates are $\ensuremath{\gamma}(^{1}S_{0})=9.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.3$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for Ar III and $\ensuremath{\gamma}(^{3}D_{2})=0.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.28$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}(^{1}D_{2})=1.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.24$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for Cu II. These results are compared to existing theoretical values.
Steric Stabilization of a High-Spin Chromium(II) Indenyl Complex, [1,3-(C3H7)2C9H5]2Cr

The monomeric bis(indenyl) complex [1,3-(C3H7)2C9H5)]2Cr is high spin from 20 K to room temperature. The isopropyl groups block the dimerization that occurs with the unsubstituted (C9H7)2Cr complex but do not affect its spin state.
The effect of pressure on the crystalline electric field levels of superconducting La1−xTbxAl2

Abstract The pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature ( dT c / dP ) is smaller for La 1− x Tb x Al 2 than for LaAl 2 . The difference is attributed to an increase with pressure of the crystalline electric field energies experienced by the Tb ion.
High pressure polymorphism in CdS, CdSe and CdTe

Abstract The nature of high pressure polymorphic transition from a four coordinated zincblende or wurtzite structure to a six coordinated rock salt structure in CdS, CdSe and CdTe has been experimentally investigated. The rate of pressurization affects both the extent of the hysteresis commonly observed in the loading-unloading cycle and the actual value of the transition pressure. The kinetic behavior of pressure induced phase transitions in CdS, CdSe and CdTe is given. The results, along with x-ray diffraction data on the various phases before and after pressurization, have led to the formulation of a thermodynamic interpretation of the experimentally observed differences in the behavior of these chalcogenides under pressure.
Multi-constrained soft-QoS provisioning in wireless sensor networks

Due to the inexpensive cost and small size of the sensor node, sensor networks are densely deployed for most applications. In the application oriented wireless sensor networks, traffic is usually mixed with time-sensitive packets and reliability-demanding packets. Hence, routing regardless of the packet characteristics is not efficient. Our goal is to provide soft-QoS to different types of packets since accurate path information can be hardly obtained in wireless networks. In this paper, we utilize the multiple paths between the source and sink pairs for QoS provisioning. Unlike E2E QoS schemes, soft-QoS mapped into links on a path is determined based on local link state information. Through the estimation and approximation of path quality, traditional NP-complete QoS problem is split into many small problems. The idea is to formulate the problem as a probabilistic programming, then based on some approximation technique, we convert it into an integer programming, which is much easier to solve. The resulting solution is also one to the original probabilistic programming. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Linking political violence and refugee situations in the Horn of Africa: an empirical approach.

The author attempts to quantitatively investigate and explain possible relationships between patterns of political violence and refugee formations identifying political violence variables which contribute most to refugee movements in the Horn of Africa. Particular attention is given to the extent to which refugee movements were influenced by domestic and international political violence patterns; which of the violence variables was more important in explaining refugee movements; and whether there were common patterns in Ethiopia Somalia and Sudan with respect to refugee movements. Findings from the analysis of political violence variables indicate that the intervention of extra-regional powers in domestic or inter-state conflicts had a significant effect in generating refugees. The involvement of external forces either increased the actual level and intensity of violence or created a perception of uncontrolled turmoil and further bloodshed in the future. In both situations large numbers of refugees sought shelter across international boundaries.
Latino/a Depression and Smoking: An Analysis Through the Lenses of Culture, Gender, and Ethnicity

Rates of major depressive disorder (MDD) and cigarette smoking increase with Latino/a acculturation, but this varies by gender and ethnic subgroup. We investigated how lived experiences (i.e., discrimination, family conflict, family cohesion, familismo) clustered together in the everyday lives of Latina/os. We further examined associations of cluster profile and Latino/a subgroup with MDD and smoking, and tested whether gender moderated these associations. Data came from the National Latino Asian American Study, which included 2,554 Latino/as (48 % female; mean age = 38.02 years). K-means cluster analysis revealed six profiles of experience, which varied by gender and socio-cultural characteristics. Proportionately more women than men were in groups with problematic family lives. Acculturated Latino/as were disproportionately represented in profiles reporting frequent discrimination, family conflict, and a lack of shared family values and cohesion. Profiles characterized by high discrimination and family problems also predicted elevated risk for MDD and smoking. Findings suggest that Latino/a acculturation comes jointly with increased discrimination, increased family conflict, and reduced family cohesion and shared family values, exacerbating risk for MDD and smoking. This research on pathways to depression and smoking can inform the development of targeted assessment, prevention, and intervention strategies, tailored to the needs of Latino/as.
Chemical Composition and Shelf Life Study of Grayfish (Squalus acanthias)

Seasonal proximate composition of grayfish (squalus acanthias) yielded 14.5% lipid, 1.3% urea, 12.6% protein, and 1% nonprotein nitrogen, which was higher than that observed in the teleosts. Mineral analysis showed that mercury was present below 1.0 ppm FDA limit. Total saturated fatty acids in the male grayfish amounted to 45.3% as opposed to 26.6% in the female fish. The total monoenes were 40% higher in the female than in the male fish. The cholesterol levels averaged 68 mg/100g tissue in both the sexes. The keeping quality of grayfish was indicative of rapid deterioration. Storage life of dressed grayfish in ice was observed to be between 6 and 8 days. The frozen storage stability of fillets pretreated with sodium tripolyphosphate and ascorbate solutions was measured by determining the TBA value, thaw drip and sensory analysis.
The (mis)concept of species recognition

To many, the concept of 'species recognition' is integral to the origin and maintenance of species. However, the heuristic value of species recognition is hampered by its reliance on the problematic concept of species. In this paper, we first discuss assumptions associated with prevailing use of the term, including the typological implications of the concept, the false dichotomy of compatibility and mate quality, and the commonly held model of species recognition in which animals determine taxonomic status before mate status. Subsequently, we propose research directions aimed to improve our understanding of the role of courtship behavior in speciation. We propose two complementary research approaches, one addressing the processes that drive the evolution of mate recognition systems and the other addressing the phenotypic architecture of behavioral isolation. Our approach emphasizes the fitness consequences and multidimensional nature of mate choice.
Genomic sequence analysis of a granulovirus isolated from the Old World bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera

The genome of a granulovirus isolated from the Old World bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, was completely sequenced. The size of the Helicoverpa armigera granulovirus (HearGV) genome is 169,794 nt containing 179 open reading frames (ORFs), making it the second largest baculovirus genome analyzed to date. The genomes of HearGV and the Xestia c-nigrum GV (XecnGV) exhibit extensive sequence similarity and co-linearity, with both genomes containing the same nine homologous regions (hrs) with conserved structure and locations and sharing 167 open reading frames (ORFs). Phylogenetic inference and pairwise analysis of Kimura-2-parameter nucleotide distances for the lef-8, lef-9, and granulin genes indicate that HearGV is part of a cluster of granuloviruses typified by XecnGV. The HearGV genome contains all 62 ORFs found in common among other fully sequenced lepidopteran baculovirus genomes, as well as seven ORFs unique to HearGV. In addition, HearGV and XecnGV genomes share 20 ORFs not found among other baculovirus genomes sequenced to date. In addition to possessing ten ORFs with sequence similarity to baculovirus repeated ORFs (bro), the HearGV genome contains members of two other gene families with homologues in ascovirus, nucleopolyhedrovirus, and entomopoxvirus genomes. Alignment of the HearGV and XecnGV genome sequences revealed that HearGV is missing approximately 16.6 kbp of XecnGV-homologous sequence and contains approximately 8.2 kbp of sequence not found in the XecnGV genome.
Writing Descriptions of Innovative Aging Programs Facilitates Undergraduate Student Presentations at Professional Conferences

Abstract This article details the use of program descriptions to facilitate undergraduate student presentations at professional conferences. Students in a Psychology of Aging class at Worcester State College write papers that detail new, innovative, or unusual programs and agencies that assist older adults. The best papers are selected for possible presentation and revised by the student author until they are suitable for submitting as presentations at a professional conference. To date, 21 students have had their work accepted for presentation at national and regional conferences. The entire process is discussed, from inception of ideas through submission of the paper to conference planners.
SU‐FF‐I‐110: Dynamic Model for Validation and Quality Assurance of Quantification of DCE Imaging

Introduction: Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MR imaging is emerging as a biomarker for assessment of cancer therapy and normal tissue toxicity. It is extremely important to standardize DCE MR imaging acquisition and evaluate software of pharmacokinetic (PK) quantification for multi‐center clinical trials. A synthesized dynamic model with known values of physiological parameters could provide a platform to evaluate PK modelingsoftware. This study aims to create and validate a synthesized model for evaluation of quantification of the general Toft's model.Methods: The synthesized DCE model has Ktrans values from 0 to 0.5 min−1, and ν p from 0.01 to 0.1, and kep from 0.0 to 3.33 min−1. The temporal sampling is 1 second. The dynamic series is 4 minutes. The Gaussian‐distributed random noise was added to the theoretic model to yield contrast‐to‐noise ratios (CNR) of 10, 20, 50, 100, and indefinite. For each parameter combination, the synthesized data were generated 2500 times for each of the CNR levels to evaluate the mean, relative SD, and relative error between the known and estimated values of the vascular parameters derived from quantification software. The relative SD and error assess the stability and accuracy (or bias) of an estimated parameter, respectively. Results and Discussions: Without noise, the estimated values of the three vascular parameters by our in‐house software are equal to the known values, suggesting the excellent quality of the dynamic model. With noise, the relative SDs and errors increase with a decrease in CNRs. For both stability and accuracy, ν p is superior compared to Ktrans and kep , suggesting the different tolerances to noise. For Ktrans values of 0 and 0.001 and vp values of 0.1, stability and accuracy were substantial worse than other conditions, suggesting that it is necessary to determine acceptable parameter ranges with given CNRs and acquisition. Supported by 3P01CA59827
An Investigation of Teachers' Growing Understandings of the Picture Book Format.

This study investigated the impact of a graduate course that focused on picture books on teachers’ understandings of the picture book format and the ways in which these understandings influenced their self-reports of picture book use in the classroom. Findings of this qualitative investigation revealed that immersion in and analysis of the picture book format resulted in important changes in teachers’ understandings of and literary stance toward picture books. In addition, teachers reported changes in their instructional practices which, in turn, led to reported changes in their students’ construction of meaning as they interacted with picture books.
Long Non-Coding RNAs Control Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) possess unique gene expression programs that enforce their identity and regulate lineage commitment. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of gene expression and cell fate decisions, although their functions in HSCs are unclear. Here we profiled the transcriptome of purified HSCs by deep sequencing and identified 323 unannotated lncRNAs. Comparing their expression in differentiated lineages revealed 159 lncRNAs enriched in HSCs, some of which are likely HSC specific (LncHSCs). These lncRNA genes share epigenetic features with protein-coding genes, including regulated expression via DNA methylation, and knocking down two LncHSCs revealed distinct effects on HSC self-renewal and lineage commitment. We mapped the genomic binding sites of one of these candidates and found enrichment for key hematopoietic transcription factor binding sites, especially E2A. Together, these results demonstrate that lncRNAs play important roles in regulating HSCs, providing an additional layer to the genetic circuitry controlling HSC function.
A differential adjustment method of refining optical systems.

It is assumed that a preliminary design of an optical system has been completed and the characteristic rays traced through it to determine the aberrations which afflict it. The present article then starts with these data and offers a set of reduction formulae. These formulae are applied, surface by surface, from the image space forward until any particular parameter is reached. This is done for every parameter in the system. These results are finally substituted in differentiated aberration formulae to give a coefficient which, when multiplied by the change in the parameter, gives the change in the aberration in the final image space. When these co-efficients are calculated for all parameters and all aberrations and recorded in a table, say, with the aberrations across the top and the parameters down the side, the designer has a complete picture of the performance of that optical system. The table then enables him to quickly adjust all parameters so as to obtain the best results possible from the set-up as given.
Prospects for Mixed-Isotope Bose-Einstein Condensates in Rubidium

We calculate binary collision parameters for mixtures of ultracold gases of ${}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ and ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms. We predict a large positive triplet scattering length for mixed-isotope collisions, which implies that a stable mixed-isotope double condensate can be formed by sympathetic evaporative cooling. Moreover, collisions between ${}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ and ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms in the lowest hyperfine manifold exhibit magnetic-field-induced Feshbach resonances which should allow partial control of the interaction between condensates. These considerations make Rb an ideal system for the study of interpenetrating bosonic superfluids.
Effect of Voids on Solidification of Phase Change Materials Infiltrated in Graphite Foams

As a fundamental process during production of composite thermal energy storage systems, infiltration of phase change materials (PCM) leads to formation of voids (air pockets) inside the pores of graphite foams. The presence of voids inside graphite cells (i.e. the presence of air pockets next to the conductive walls of the porous structure) markedly affects the thermal and phase change behavior of the composite. Therefore, it is vitally important to investigate the effect of voids on phase change behavior of latent heat energy storage composites. In complementing recent work devoted to modeling of the infiltration of PCM into graphite foams, a numerical approach was employed to study the solidification of PCM infiltrated into a graphite pore in the presence of a void. For this purpose, a two-dimensional model of the porous structure was developed based on the typical geometrical features of the pores. Grid independence study was performed on different unstructured grid systems. Since more than one fluid phase is present in this problem (PCM being the liquid phase and air pocket or void as the gas phase), the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method was utilized for investigation of solidification problem and tracking the interface. Considering various forces operating at the scale of the pore (i.e. 500 microns in diameter), this problem is under the influence of surface tension, gravity, and pressure gradient. The simulation was transient and continued until the entire liquid PCM inside the pore freezes. The volume of final void space will represent a combination of infiltration and shrinkage voids. Results of the simulation indicate the presence of 9.8% void (from the infiltration process) that can greatly alter the solidification rate of the PCM inside the pore. It is concluded that formation of shrinkage void during solidification can be predicted using this multi-phase model. For verification purposes, the volume of the predicted infiltration void was compared to reported experimental measurements and the volume of shrinkage void was compared to theoretical volume change. Good agreements were found in both cases.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Small GTPase Rab11b regulates degradation of surface membrane L-type Cav1.2 channels.

L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs) play a critical role in Ca2+-dependent signaling processes in a variety of cell types. The number of functional LTCCs at the plasma membrane strongly influences the str...
Random square-triangle tilings : a model for twelvefold-symmetric quasicrystals

Random tilings that comprise squares and equilateral triangles can model quasicrystals with twelvefold symmetry. A (phason) elastic theory for such tilings is constructed, whose order parameter is the phason field, and whose entropy density includes terms up to third order in the phason strain. Due to an unusual constraint, the phason field of any square-triangle tiling is irrotational and, as a result, the form of the entropy density is simpler than the general form that is required by twelvefold symmetry alone. Using an update move, which rearranges a closed, nonlocal, one-dimensional chain of squares and triangles, the unknown parameters of the elastic theory are estimated via Monte Carlo simulations: (i) One of the two second-order elastic constants and the third-order elastic constant are found by measuring phason fluctuations; athermal systems (maximally random ensembles) with the same background phason strain but different sizes of unit cell are simulated to distinguish the effects of a finite background phason strain from the effects of finite unit-cell size. (ii) The entropy per unit area at zero phason strain and the other second-order elastic constant are found from the entropies that thermal systems (canonical ensembles) gain between zero and infinite temperature, which are estimated using Ferrenberg and Swendsen's histogram method. A way to set up transfer-matrix calculations for random square-triangle tilings is also presented.
Experimental mass absorption coefficients of soot in spray combustorflames

Author(s): Babikian, DS; Edwards, DK; Karam, SE; Wood, CP; Samuelsen, GS | Abstract: Experimental mass absorption coefficients of soot in a laboratory-scale spray combustor flame are reported for the 0.9-2.0 μm spectral range and compared to values in the literature. A specially selected JP-5 hydrocarbon fuel was sprayed through a nominal 60-deg twin-fluid nozzle at three air-to-fuel mass ratios to obtain three different soot concentrations. The measurements depended on quantitative gravimetric determination of soot concentration, gas sampling, quantitative radiometry, and optical pyrometry. Determinations of soot and gaseous species concentrations were made by traversing a water-cooled probe radially along the line of sight of the radiometer used. Optically filtered total radiometric measurements were made with selected pairs of band-pass filters. The filter bands were chosen to indicate effective gas temperature, effective soot temperature, and optical depth of soot along the radiometric line of sight. An optical pyrometer aided in confirming the soot temperature and optical depth. © American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 1990, All rights reserved.
Activation of cAMP-responsive-element-binding protein by PI3 kinase and p38 MAPK is essential for elevated expression of transforming growth factor β2 in cancer cells.

Transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2) is highly expressed in a variety of different cancer cell lines. Using Z12 cells, a mutant of 293 cells with overexpression of TGFβ2, we found that the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-responsive element (CRE) sequence in the promoter of the TGFβ2 gene is crucial for its increased expression. Further, constitutive phosphorylation of CRE-binding protein (CREB) is increased in these cells. Treating Z12 cells with either the PI3 kinase inhibitor LY294002 or the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 significantly inhibited both the phosphorylation of CREB and expression of TGFβ2. In addition, treating Z12 or cancer cell lines with either of these 2 inhibitors significantly decreased their secretion of TGFβ2. These data suggest that activated PI3 kinase and p38 MAPK play important roles in high expression of TGFβ2 in cancer cells by stimulating the phosphorylation of CREB, which activates the CRE in the promoter of the TGFβ2 gene. We have identified an important link between PI...
Precision Experiments on Muonium. I. Determination of the Muonium Hyperfine Splitting in Low-Pressure Argon from a Field-Independent Zeeman Transition

The ground-state hyperfine interval $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ of muonium has been redetermined in argon by measuring the (1, 1) \ensuremath{\leftrightarrow} (1, 0) Zeeman frequency ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}$ at that external field value where $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}}{\ensuremath{\partial}B}=0$. The measurements were performed with good statistics at much lower pressures than heretofore, greatly reducing uncertainties in extrapolating to zero pressure. Our value, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(0)=4463.313(18)$, disagrees with the linearly extrapolated values found in higher-pressure Ar and Kr by Crane et al. However, a new interpretation, namely, a pressure extrapolation based on a quadratic function with the linear coefficient fixed at the "atomic" value (i.e., assumption of no isotope dependence in the linear pressure shift), results in consistency between all present (data published before April, 1971) determinations of $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$.
Multilayer Stretchable Conductors on Polymer Substrates for Conformal and Reconfigurable Antennas

Multilayer stretchable conductors (SCs) are demonstrated for the first time as an alternative cost-effective method for implementing conformal and reconfigurable antennas over flexible substrates. Structurally, these SCs are realized on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate via single or double copper layers deposited around a commercially available conductive rubber. The dc measurements demonstrate the stretchability of the multilayer SCs up to 25% and 22.5 times larger conductivity as compared to the standalone conductive rubber. The RF performance of these multilayer SCs is first characterized in the 1–5-GHz range by measuring the insertion loss in 50- $\Omega$ microstrip lines. As compared to a standalone conductive rubber, the triple-layer SC has shown 58% less insertion loss. To demonstrate their use in reconfigurable and flexible conformal antennas, an aperture-coupled patch antenna is designed, fabricated, and tested. Specifically, it is shown that the antenna can be tuned from 2.97 to 2.69 GHz when stretched by 9%. Additionally, the patch antenna implemented from the multilayer SC exhibits 6.18 dB realized gain. This gain is 3.71 dB better than that of a patch antenna implemented from a standalone conductive rubber layer, and only 0.4 dB lower than that of a conventional patch.
Gus' last theorem? Fast multiplication in GF (2/sup m/)

This article is an obituary for Gustave Solomon (1930-1996) that first appeared in IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter, June 1996. It give a brief account of his life and career, followed by a list of his publications.
Postoperative Imaging of the Shoulder

The management of the postoperative shoulder has improved, in part because of advances in imaging techniques. As disability and pain may occur or persist after shoulder surgery, it is imperative that clinicians have a detailed anatomic delineation before further treatment. Variations in surgical techniques, surgical distortion of native anatomy, and metallic artifacts decrease the accuracy of postoperative imaging. Pitfalls may be avoided with knowledge of postoperative alterations of the rotator cuff, labrum and capsule.
A method for the specific proteolytic cleavage of protein chains.

Abstract Oxidized ribonuclease was reacted with carbobenzoxychloride, the carbobenzoxylated protein obtained was digested with trypsin, and the carbobenzoxy groups were removed from the tryptic digest by means of anhydrous hydrogen bromide. The analysis of the tryptic digest before and after decarbobenzoxylation showed that four new end groups were liberated during trypsin digestion, in accordance with the presence in ribonuclease of four arginine residues. The peptide fragments formed were separated by high-voltage paper electrophoresis. The experiments described suggest that this method may be of general use as a preliminary step in the determination of the sequential arrangement of amino acid residues in peptidic chains.
Magnetoelastic coupling in bulk and nanoscale MnO

Phonons are exquisitely sensitive to finite length scale effects because they are intimately connected to charge, structure, and magnetism, and a quantitative analysis of their behavior can reveal microscopic aspects of spin-lattice interaction. To investigate these effects in a model correlated oxide, we measured the infrared vibrational properties of nanoscale MnO and compared the results to those of a single crystal. A charge and bonding analysis reveals that Born effective charge, local effective charge, total polarizability, and the force constant are overall lower in the nanoparticles compared to the bulk. Several of these quantities split through the N\'eel transition due to magnetoelastic interactions. We find that the spin-lattice coupling drops from $~$7 cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the single crystal to $l$1 cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the nanoparticles. These results are important for understanding finite length scale effects in simple binary oxides and the more complicated functional oxides that emanate from this parent compound.
Replacing fish meal with increasing levels of meat and bone meal, soybean meal and corn gluten meal, in diets of juvenile bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus

A 60-day study was conducted to determine the response of juvenile bluegill Lepomis macrochirus to seven experimental diets, formulated using a blend of alternative protein sources as a replacement for fish meal. Adequate levels (digestible basis) of energy, protein and amino acids were maintained in diets 1–6, whereas slightly lower protein and energy levels were provided in diet 7. Feed cost per tonne ranged from $ 798.9 (diet 1, 550 g Kg−1 fish meal) to $ 515.8 (diet 6, 0 g kg−1 fish meal), or to $ 507.2 (diet 7, 0 g Kg−1 fish meal). Three commercial diets were included in the study as reference diets: a high-energy and a low-energy trout diet, as well as a catfish diet. Quintuplicate bluegill groups (~22 g, n = 10 fish group−1) were fed the experimental diets twice daily to apparent satiation. No major differences in feed consumption, feed efficiency and growth rates were detected among the bluegill groups fed the experimental diets. Trout diets generally produced higher fish fat deposition, whereas the catfish diet produced a poorer fish growth rate relative to the experimental diets. Under the reported conditions, results indicate diet 6, comprising predominantly soybean meal and porcine meat and bone meal, to be the most economical diet for juvenile bluegill.
An analytic framework for specifying and analyzing imprecise requirements

There are at least three challenges with requirements analysis. First, it needs to bridge informal requirements, which are often vague and imprecise, to formal specification methods. Second, requirements often conflict with each other. Third, existing formal requirement specification methodologies are limited in supporting trade-off analysis between conflicting requirements and identifying the impact of a requirement change to the rest of the system. In this paper, an analytic framework is developed for the specification and analysis of imprecise requirements. In this framework, the elasticity of imprecise requirements is captured using fuzzy logic and the relationships between requirements are formally classified into four categories: conflicting, cooperative, mutually exclusive and irrelevant. This formal foundation facilitates the inference of relationships between requirements for detecting implicit conflicts, to assess the relative priorities of requirements for resolving conflicts, and to assess the effect of a requirement change.
THE EFFECT OF POST‐HIGH SCHOOL SOCIAL CONTEXT ON SELF‐ESTEEM

This study examines the effect of post-high school social context on self-concept development by assessing changes in positive self-esteem (i.e., self-confidence) in a national longitudinal sample ...
An Integrative, Empowerment Model for Helping Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth Negotiate the Coming-Out Process

Many lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth find the coming-out process challenging in a predominantly heterosexual and heterosexist society. The authors introduce a new integrative, empowerment model to help counselors assist their clients navigate this sometimes difficult process. LGB adolescents may be faced with rejection from family, peers, religious leaders, doctrines, and even themselves. If counselors are aware of factors that impede as well as contribute to making coming out a positive and empowering experience, they are better prepared to counsel, warn, and discuss with their clients the liabilities and benefits of coming out to those around them.
An effective computational algorithm for rate-independent crystal plasticity based on a single crystal yield surface with an application to tube hydroforming

Up to now, several computational methods have been proposed for crystal plasticity models. The main objective of these computational methods has been to overcome the problem with the non-uniqueness of active slip systems during the plastic deformation of a single crystal. Crystal plasticity models based on a single crystal yield function have been proposed as alternative algorithms to overcome this problem. But the problem with these models is that they use a highly non-linear yield function for the crystal, which makes them computationally expensive. In this paper, a computational method is proposed that would modify a single crystal yield function in order to make it computationally efficient. Also to better capture experimental data, a new parameter is introduced into the single crystal yield function to make it more flexible. For verification, this crystal plasticity model was directly applied for the simulation of hydroforming of an extruded aluminum tube under complex strain paths. It was found that the current model is considerably faster than the previous crystal plasticity model based on a power-law type single crystal yield surface. Due to its computational efficiency, the current crystal plasticity model can also be used to calculate the anisotropy coefficients of phenomenological yield functions.
Reply to Comments on Byravan and Ramanaiah's 1995 Study of the Structure of the 16Pf Fifth Edition from the Perspective of the Five-Factor Model

Su~?~map -This article provides a reply to Cattell's 1995 comments on some mech~dolo~~c~l issues related to Byravan and Ramanaiah's 1995 study and shows that their study \VJS methodologically sound. It was concluded that the results of Byravan and Ramanaiah's study were different from those of Cattell's 1995 factor analyses mainly due to the fact chat the former involved the Factor analysis of l6PF primary scales from the perspective of the five-factor model using Revised NEO Personality Inventory domain scales and Goldberg's 1992 scales as markers for the five major factors whereas the latter investigated the structure of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory facet scales From the perspective of the l6PF global scales. Cattell (1995) made two major criticisms of Byravan and Ramanaiah's (1995) study of the structure of the l6PF Fifth Edition from the perspective of the five-factor model of personahty. These criticisms along with our replies are presented below: 1. Cattell (1995) made a strong case for the use of oblique rotation in the factor analysis of the l6PF primary scales and criticized Byravan and Ramanaiah (1995) for using orthogonal rotation in their factor analysis of the l6PF scales. Strangely enough, orthogonal rotation was used in two factor analyses of the 16PF scales reported by Cattell (1995) so we wonder why oblique rotation was not used in those analyses. In our factor analyses of the 16PF scales, however, we used both varirnax and oblunin rotations and found essentially the same results as we stated in our original article. In fact, the correlations among the oblunin factors ranged from -.19 to +.I2 with a medan of -.04, indicating the factors were essentially orthogonal. Comparison of rotated factor-loading matrices obtained from the varirnax and the oblirnin rotations led us to the same conclusion. 2. Another criticism was that the results of Byravan and Ramanaiah (1995) might have been dstorted due to the use of two sets of markers for the five-factor model and the use of factor scales instead of the original marker scales in factor analysis. We used two sets of markers for the fivefactor model, namely, Goldberg's (1992) marker scales based on the taxon
WE-A-330A-01: Breast CAD in the Digital Era

Use of output from a computerized analysis of a breast image by radiologists may help them in the tasks of detection or diagnostic, and potentially improve the overall interpretation of breast images and the subsequent patient care. Many factors motivate the attempts to aid or automate radiological diagnosis. Inadequacies in interpretation performance may be due to the presence of imagenoise or normal anatomical structure as well as to known limitations in the human search and perception process. Developments in breast CAD have led to clinically‐used detection systems in screening mammography and preclinical classification systems for diagnostic breast imaging.Diagnostic breast CADsystems provide output for the characterization of lesions on special‐view mammography, breast sonography, and breast MRI in order to aid in patient management decisions, such as biopsy decisions. As imaging continues to expand in the digital era, computer‐aided diagnosis(CAD) may become an integrated tool in the online diagnostic workup of suspect breast lesions using multi‐modality images and advanced PACS. This presentation reviews research in computerized analysis of mammographic, sonographic, and magnetic resonance breast images for detection and diagnosis. It will include the characterization of lesions and the estimation of the probability of malignancy for use in the diagnostic workup of suspect lesions. CADsystems in diagnostic workup usually involve having the computer extract the margin of the lesion from the surrounding parenchyma, extract characteristics (features) of the lesions, merge these computer‐extracted features into an estimate of the probability of malignancy, and as an option, retrieve automatically similar lesions from an online reference library. The aim of CAD in diagnostic workup is to increase classification sensitivity and specificity as well as to reduce intra‐and inter‐observer variability. While the breadth and depth of CAD is increasing, continued and expanded efforts are needed for collecting and confirming databases, establishing methods for evaluation, integrating effectively and efficiently with PACS and RIS systems, and providing means for clinical evaluation. Learning objectives: 1. To appreciate the development of CAD in multi‐modality imaging for detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. 2. To understand the benefits and challenges as CAD moves into the digital era and is integrated with PACS and HIS. 3. To recognize the necessary steps for advancing and integrating CAD clinically. COI: Maryellen Giger is a shareholder and consultant, and receives research funding from R2 Technology, Inc.
Calculation of band alignments and quantum confinement effects in zero- and one-dimensional pseudomorphic structures

The strain field distributions and band lineups of zero-dimensional and one-dimensional strained pseudomorphic semiconductor particles inside a three-dimensional matrix of another semiconductor have been studied. The resulting strain in the particle and the matrix leads to band alignments considerably different from that in the conventional two-dimensional (2D) pseudomorphic growth case. The models are first applied to an ideal spherical and cylindrical ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}$ particle in a large Si matrix. In contrast to the 2D case, the band alignments for both structures are predicted to be strongly type II, where the conduction-band edge and the valence-band edge of the Si matrix are both significantly lower than those in the ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}$ inclusion, respectively. Band lineups and the lowest electron--heavy-hole transition energies of a pseudomorphic V-groove ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}$ quantum wire inside a large Si matrix have been calculated numerically for different size structures. The photoluminescence energies of a large ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}$ V-groove structure on Si will be lower than those of conventional 2D strained ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}$ for similar Ge contents.
INTERACTION OF SORBIC ACID WITH AN INSOLUBLE POLYAMIDE.

Specially treated nylon 66 strips were exposed to sorbic acid solutions at a number of different concentrations and at several temperatures and the quantity of drug sorbed determined by suitable means. Thermodynamic and kinetic treatment of the data permitted the evaluation of a number of constants such as ( a ) saturation value of drug in the plastic, ( b ) affinity of drug toward the plastic, ( c ) standard heat of sorption, ( d ) apparent diffusion coefficient, and ( e ) activation energy of diffusion. Changes in concentration of solution influenced both the apparent diffusion coefficient and the activation energy of diffusion. A nearly linear relationship was noted between the concentration of the solution and the diffusion coefficient, the diffusion coefficient decreasing with an increase in concentration of solution. The standard heat of sorption suggested that the interaction between the sorbic acid and the nylon might be due to a double hydrogen bond formation.
Catalytic versatility of trehalase: Synthesis of α-d-glucopyranosyl α-d-xylopyranoside from β-d-glucosyl fluoride and α-d-xylose

Abstract Trehalase was previously shown (see ref. 5) to hydrolyze α- d -glucosyl fluoride, forming β- d -glucose, and to synthesize α,α-trehalose from β- d -glucosyl fluoride plus α- d -glucose. Present observations further define the enzyme's separate cosubstrate requirements in utilizing these nonglycosidic substrates. α- d -Glucopyranose and α- d -xylopyranose were found to be uniquely effective in enabling Trichoderma reesei trehalase to catalyze reactions with β- d -glucosyl fluoride. As little as 0.2m m added α- d -glucose (0.4m m α- d -xylose) substantially increased the rate of enzymically catalyzed release of fluoride from 25m m β- d -glucosyl fluoride at 0°. Digest of β- d -glucosyl fluoride plus α- d -xylose yielded the α,α-trehalose analog, α- d -glucopyranosyl α- d -xylopyranoside, as a transient (i.e., subsequently hydrolyzed) transfer-product. The need for an aldopyranose acceptor having an axial 1-OH group when β- d -glucosyl fluoride is the donor, and for water when α- d -glucosyl fluoride is the substrate, indicates that the catalytic groups of trehalose have the flexibility to catalyze different stereochemical reactions.
A Schwarz splitting variant of cubic spline collocation methods for elliptic PDEs

We consider the formulation of the Schwarz alternating method for a new class of elliptic cubic spline collocation discretization schemes. The convergence of the method is studied using Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel iterative methods for implementing the interaction among subdomains. The Schwarz Cubic Spline Collocation (SCSC) method is formulated for hypercube architectures and implemented on the NCUBE (128 processors) machine. The performance and convergence of the hypercube SCSC algorithm is studied with respect to domain partition and subdomain overlapping area. The numerical results indicate that the partition and mapping of the SCSC on the NCUBE is almost optimal while the speedup obtained is similar to other domain decomposition techniques.