cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensory changes in the territory of the lingual and inferior alveolar nerves following lower third molar extraction

Abstract Post-injury inflammation activates nociceptive systems and recruits normally non-nociceptive afferents into a pain processing role. During inflammation, Aβ low threshold mechanoreceptor afferents that usually mediate tactile sensation acquire properties of nociceptors, allowing them to participate in post-injury spontaneous pain and evoked abnormalities such as tenderness and pain to light touch. This study assessed the sensory consequences of post-injury inflammation following extraction of a single, lower third molar tooth. Extensive bilateral evaluations were performed in the territory of nerves assumed to be exposed to both inflammation and mechanical trauma, inflammation alone, or only the central consequences of peripheral inflammation. Testing at the distal termination of nerves assumed to be exposed to local inflammation (mental and lingual nerve territory) revealed decreased detection thresholds (P
Low Voltage Arcs in Diatomic Gases. I. Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Iodine

Low-voltage Arcs in Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Iodine Vapor.---After a general review of the previous experimental results and theoretical suggestions, (1) current-voltage curves obtained with a simple two-electrode tube are described. Precautions were taken to insure pure gases. The breaking potential was always the ionizing potential of the gas, 16.3, 16.2, and 14.6 volts, respectively, for the three gases. The striking potential was greater than the breaking one by an amount which increased with the pressure and with increasing cathode filament temperature. In dissociated hydrogen, maintained at a high temperature within a thin tungsten cylinder heated electrically, an arc was readily maintained at the ionizing potential of the atom, 13.7 volts, and under very favorable conditions, at the radiating potential, 10.0 volts. In dissociated iodine vapor, the arc was maintained at 12.1 volts and under certain conditions at the ionizing potential, 10.2 volts. Nitrogen was not appreciably dissociated in the furnace. The critical potentials given above agree with the best previous results within \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.2 volt as a rule. Those associated with the atom are experimentally distinguished from those associated with the molecule.Electric Furnace Spectra of Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Iodine to 2500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} C.---In hydrogen, the series lines flashed in when the arc was struck, even as low as 10.6 volts, but the bands did not appear. Evidently the series lines are due to the atom and the bands to the molecule. In nitrogen, a brilliant "flare" was produced at potentials which decreased from 70 to 40 volts as the temperature was increased. This "flare" shows both the positive and negative bands along with the spectrum of tungsten; it is probably due to the formation of "active" nitrogen. At 70 volts the first lines, 5006 and 5003 \AA{}., appeared, and at 90 volts only two more, 5680 and 5667 \AA{}. Reasons are given for assigning the positive bands to the neutral molecule, the negative bands to the ionized molecule and the lines to the atom. In iodine, the arc lines, particularly 4860 \AA{}., flashed in when the arc struck, the enhanced lines coming in at higher voltages. No band spectrum appeared.New negative bands of nitrogen were found at 5075, 5018 and 4961 \AA{}.
Classification of secondary alcohol-utilizing methanogens including a new thermophilic isolate

A thermophilic coccoid methanogenic bacterium, strain TCI, that grew optimally around 55° C was isolated with 2-propanol as hydrogen donor for methanogenesis from CO2. H2, formate or 2-butanol were used in addition. Each secondary alcohol was oxidized to its ketone. Growth occurred in defined freshwater as well as salt (2% NaCl, w/v) medium. Acetate was required as carbon source, and 4-aminobenzoate and biotin as growth factors. A need for molybdate or alternatively tungstate was shown.
A graph theoretic optimal algorithm for schedule compression in time-multiplexed FPGA partitioning

This paper presents an optimal algorithm to solve the schedule compression problem, which is an open problem proposed by Trimberger [1] for time-multiplexed FPGA partitioning. Time-multiplexed FPGAs have the potential to dramatically improve logic density by time-sharing logic. Schedule compression is an important step in partitioning for time-multiplexed FPGAs [1,4,9,10] and can greatly influence the quality of the partitioning solution. We exactly solve the schedule compression problem by converting it to a constrained min-max path problem. We further extend our algorithm to minimize the communication cost during schedule compression. Experiments show that our optimal algorithm outperforms the existing heuristics and runs very efficiently.
Development of a radioimmunoassay for a pseudononapeptide bombesin/GRP antagonist with antitumor activity

Bombesin-like and GRP-like peptides may act as autocrine growth factors in the proliferation of some cancers. A pseudononapeptide bombesin antagonist, [d-Tpi6,Leu13φ(CH2NH)-Le14]bombesin(6–14), and related analogs synthesized in our laboratory significantly inhibit tumor growth in various cancer models. A radioimmunoassay (RIA), suitable for determination of RC-3095 and its congeners in unextracted serum, was developed in order to facilitate further experimental and clinical evaluation of this bombesin/GKP receptor antagonist for the treatment of various tumors. Antibodies were generated against RC-3095 and Des-Tpi1-RC-3095, conjugated to bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde. Antiserum JH-631b was selected for further experiments based on the antibody characterization. At an antiserum dilution of 1:189000, this antibody bound approximately 50% of 7 fmol of added radiolabeled Tyr1-RC-3095. The antibody cross-reacted with C-terminal fragments of RC-3095. Fragments without the C-terminus and naturally existing peptides of the bombesin family or structurally unrelated peptides did not cross-react. The minimum detectable dose of RC-3095 was 0.4 pg/tube. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation ranged from 3.2 to 4.4% and from 5.6 to 12.8%, respectively. The RIA is suitable for direct determination of RC-3095 in serum. The RIA should be of value for monitoring levels of this analog in serum during long-term therapy. © Munksgaard 1995.
Linguistic theory and simultaneous interpretation : Semantic and pragmatic considerations

L'interpretation simultanee constitue un processus cognitif complexe que l'interprete ne menera a bien que s'il saisit la signification du message dans la langue source et l'exprime dans la langue cible. Pour s'assurer de la signification, l'interprete devra tenir compte non seulement des structures linguistiques inherentes au code (a savoir la grammaire, la syntaxe, la phonologie et la selection du terme lexicologique approprie) mais egalement des composants extralinguistiques d'une situation communicationnelle donnee (c'est-a-dire le contexte, les roles des interlocuteurs, les objectifs de l'echange, les expressions des visages, les gestes, etc.).Les interpretes excellent dans l'art de reconnaitre l'interface entre une variete de facteurs pertinents tout en accomplissant leur tâche a la vitesse de l'eclair. A ce propos, il est utile de voir dans quelle mesure plusieurs theories semantiques ainsi que les regles preferentielles et les valeurs par defaut etablies par Jackendoff, constituent un moyen valable pour mieux comprendre les mecanismes fondamentaux du processus d'interpretation.
The GOMS SIG: troubleshooting, lessons learned, novel applications, teaching techniques, & future research

GOMS is many things to many people, It is the only validated analytic usability evaluation method (UEM) in the field of human-computer interaction. It is being used by practitioners at some of the world's largest and some of the smallest software companies. It is a research agenda that is being pursued at universities the world over. It is a task analysis technique with roots in both cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence. It is a flexible tool that can be used with protocol analysis. It is a technique that makes detailed profiling possible. It is an important adjunct to usability testing. It is something that can be done at the early stages of the: design process. It is a way of intelligently playing what if games with interface possibilities. It is all of these things and more.
HPLC separation of pentazocine enantiomers in serum using an ovomucoid chiral stationary phase

A stereospecific HPLC method was developed for the analysis of (-) and (+) pentazocine in human serum. Each enantiomer and the internal standard nalophine were isolated from serum using a liquid-liquid extraction procedure. Recoveries of 99.05 +/- 5.37 and 97.42 +/- 2.78% were obtained for (-) and (+) pentazocine, respectively. Resolution of the enantiomers was obtained by using an ovomucoid chiral stationary phase with a mobile phase of methanol:acetonitrile: 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 5.8 (20:5.3:74.7 v/v/v). A resolution (Rs) value of 1.80 was obtained for the pentazocine enantiomers. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the 10-100 ng/mL range for each enantiomer in serum. The detection limit based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 was 5 ng/mL for each enantiomer in serum using fluorescence detection with excitation at 275 nm and emission set at 335 nm. The lowest quantifiable level was found to be 10 ng for each enantiomer. Precision and accuracy of the method were in the 3.8-4.8% and 1.3-4.2% ranges, respectively.
Thoracic CT performance and interpretation in the multi-detector era.

Abstract:Multi-detector CT (MDCT), in particular isotropic or nearly isotropic MDCT, changes the way in which imagers perform and interpret studies of the thorax. The speed of data acquisition enables new clinical applications of MDCT in the areas of angiography and dynamic perfusion. Cardiac gating
Comparing resident and tourist preferences for public beach access and related amenities

Abstract As coastal destinations continue to grow, due to tourism and residential expansion, the demand for public beach access and related amenities will also increase. The issue confronting management agencies responsible for providing and maintaining public beach access and related amenities is the varying needs and preferences of both residents and tourists of coastal destinations. The purpose of this paper is to provide comprehensive information about coastal recreational needs of residents and tourists with regards to public beach access and associated amenities using the stated preference choice method. Overall, the results indicate tourists were more interested in additional public beach access points and commercial development, while residents supported beach rules and regulations but opposed high levels of crowding and noise. Implications of these results for management agencies include the utilization of parking fees to subsidize additional public beach access points, identifying appropriate types and levels of commercial development that moderate the use of coastal resources by tourists and day-trip users, and implementing beach rules and regulations that reduce the potential for conflict between user groups. Providing management agencies with comprehensive information of the preferences of different beach user groups can assist in the development of more effective policies and management programs.
Tryptophan PET-defined gross tumor volume offers better coverage of initial progression than standard MRI-based planning in glioblastoma patients.

Objective Glioblastoma is an infiltrative malignancy that tends to extend beyond the MRI-defined tumor volume. We utilized positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the radiotracer alpha-[11C]methyl-l-tryptophan (AMT) to develop a reliable high-risk gross tumor volume (HR-GTV) method for delineation of glioblastoma. AMT can detect solid tumor mass and tumoral brain infiltration by increased tumoral tryptophan transport and metabolism via the immunosuppressive kynurenine pathway.
Nanorod near-field radiative heat exchange analysis

A theoretical method for cylinder-to-cylinder radiative heat exchange is formulated. The method utilized was a modified version of a previously published numerical method for near-field sphere-to-sphere radiative exchange. Modifications were made to the numerical procedure to make it applicable to cylindrical geometry of nanorods. Nanorods investigated had length to diameter ratios of 3:1 and 7:1. The heat exchange of nanorods is plotted vs. gap to assess the impact of near-field radiative transfer as gap decreases. Graphical results of energy vs. nanorod radii are also presented. A nanorod-to-plane configuration is estimated utilizing a nanorod asymptotic method. The nanorod-to-nanorod method approximates a nanorod-to-plane geometric configuration when one nanorod radii is held constant, and the second nanorod radii is iteratively increased until the corresponding radiative exchange converges.
Facile Triphenylborane-Based Syntheses of the Sterically Crowded Tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) Complexes (C5Me5)3UMe and (C5Me5)3UCl

An atom- and time-efficient synthetic route to sterically crowded organoactinide (C5Me5)3UX complexes involving the in situ formation of borate salts is reported. Addition of BPh3 to (C5Me5)2UMeCl followed by KC5Me5 provides a much improved synthesis of (C5Me5)3UCl that presumably proceeds through a [(C5Me5)2UCl][MeBPh3] intermediate borate salt. Attempts to make (C5Me5)3UMe, the first tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) metal alkyl complex, by reaction of BPh3 with (C5Me5)2UMe2 followed by KC5Me5 were also successful, and the product was characterized by X-ray crystallography. In this reaction system, the formation of the borate intermediate, [(C5Me5)2UMe][MeBPh3], was confirmed by variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy and by X-ray crystallography of the THF adduct.
Presence of tyrosine-hydroxylase activity in interior pituitary adenomas and ectopic anterior pituitaries in male rats

Abstract There is evidence for local regulatory effects of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) on the release of prolactin (PRL) and other hormones from the anterior pituitaries transplanted to an ectopic site. In order to further explore these suspected regulatory mechanisms and to determine if they may exist also in pituitary tumors, we have examined the activity of tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) in ectopic pituitaries and in hyperplastic pituitaries of estrogen-treated rats. Adult male rats with a pituitary graft in each kidney and sham-operated controls were examined 5 weeks after surgery. Rats implanted for 3 months with Silastic capsules containing diethyl-stilbestrol (DES) or with empty capsules were used 10 weeks after the capsules were removed. TH activity in ectopic anterior pituitaries of grafted rats was significantly higher than that measured in the eutopic anterior pituitaries of control animals. Similarly, TH activity was significantly higher in DES-induced pituitary tumors than in control pituitaries. These data support the possible existence of local catecholaminergic mechanism(s) that could be modulating PRL secretion from pituitary tumors and from ectopic pituitaries.
Jaw muscle function and wishboning of the mandible during mastication in macaques and baboons

An analysis of in vivo bone strain indicates that the mandibular symphysis of macaques experiences lateral transverse bending or "wishboning" during the power stroke of mastication, and this loading regime results in relatively intense concentrations of stress along the lingual aspect of the symphysis (Hylander 1984, 1985). It has been hypothesized that peak wishboning of the macaque mandible, which probably occurs at the very end of the power stroke, that is, after the initial occurrence of maximum intercuspation, is associated with the late peak activity of the balancing-side deep masseter muscle coupled with the rapid decline in the activity of the balancing-side medial pterygoid and superficial masseter muscles (Hylander et al., 1987). The main purpose of this study is to do a detailed analysis of the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the deep and superficial masseter and medial pterygoid muscles so as to provide a better understanding of the external forces associated with wishboning. This was done by recording and analyzing EMG activity from the superficial masseter, deep masseter, and medial pterygoid muscles in macaques and baboons. EMG activity was recorded from bipolar fine-wire electrodes, and the data were quantified and analyzed using digital techniques. The EMG data clearly support our original observation that the balancing-side posterior deep masseter exhibits peak EMG activity relatively late in the power stroke at a time when activity is rapidly decreasing in the balancing-side medial pterygoid and superficial masseter muscles. Moreover, peak activity of the balancing-side deep masseter occurs at a time when the activity of the working-side deep and superficial masseter and medial pterygoid muscles are also decreasing. Thus, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that wishboning of the mandible is influenced significantly by the late occurrence of force from the balancing-side deep masseter. The EMG data also indicate that residual force from the relaxing superficial masseter may contribute significantly to wishboning. Finally, patterns of wishboning are not fully accounted for by our EMG analysis of the deep and superficial masseter and medial pterygoid muscles. This is probably because the lateral ptergyoids, which can either counter increased wishboning or actually cause reverse wishboning, were not included in our EMG analysis. The EMG data demonstrate that jaw-closing muscle recruitment patterns for macaques and baboons differ from those of humans. Nevertheless, in spite of these differences, it appears, based on previously published EMG data, that the human symphysis may also experience wishboning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Practical Domain of Marketing: The Notion of a‘Free’Enterprise Market Economy as a Guise for Institutionalized Marketing Power

. The development of certain key concepts in marketing is explained from an anthropological frame of reference. Marketing thought, it is argued, emerged as a conceptual domain to fill the gap left by the economists' abandonment of the real world. But it had to do so in such a way that a practical description of the emerging real world was presented as consistent with the economists’account of the atomistic market economy. Certain key concepts in marketing evolved or were invented to suggest that consistency and functioned as bridges over which a sense of profound meaning and purpose would transfer from economic theory to marketing thought. These same marketing concepts function as covers for the power that marketing institutions have come to exercise and thereby serve not the understanding or improvement of the economic system but the goals of those who have power in the system.
A microprocessor-based implantable telemetry system

The design methodology of an intelligent system for implantable biotelemetry instruments based on a modular set of CMOS chips connected by a specialized serial bus is described. General system requirements are discussed, and an overview of the system is given. The design of the serial buses, custom microprocessor, bidirectional telemetry chip, and sensor interface is described. Clock requirements are considered. >
Voluntary Muscle Weakness and Co-Activation After Chronic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

ABSTRACT Muscle strength was assessed from the maximum force that could be exerted voluntarily by triceps brachii muscles of 72 people with chronic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) at or above C7,...
Soot superaggregates from flaming wildfires and their direct radiative forcing

Wildfires contribute significantly to global soot emissions, yet their aerosol formation mechanisms and resulting particle properties are poorly understood and parameterized in climate models. The conventional view holds that soot is formed via the cluster-dilute aggregation mechanism in wildfires and emitted as aggregates with fractal dimension D(sub f) approximately equals 1.8 mobility diameter D(sub m) (is) less than or equal to 1 micron, and aerodynamic diameter D(sub a) (is) less than or equal to 300 nm. Here we report the ubiquitous presence of soot superaggregates (SAs) in the outflow from a major wildfire in India. SAs are porous, low-density aggregates of cluster-dilute aggregates with characteristic D(sub f) approximately equals 2.6,D(sub m) (is) greater than 1 micron, and D(sub a) is less than or equal to 300 nm that form via the cluster-dense aggregation mechanism.We present additional observations of soot SAs in wildfire smoke-laden air masses over Northern California, New Mexico, and Mexico City. We estimate that SAs contribute, per unit optical depth, up to 35% less atmospheric warming than freshly-emitted (D(sub f) approximately equals 1.8) aggregates, and approximately equals 90% more warming than the volume-equivalent spherical soot particles simulated in climate models.
Mechanisms of epileptogenesis: a convergence on neural circuit dysfunction

Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disorder associated with significant morbidity and mortality, but the only available drug therapies target its symptoms rather than the underlying cause. The process that links brain injury or other predisposing factors to the subsequent emergence of epilepsy is termed epileptogenesis. Substantial research has focused on elucidating the mechanisms of epileptogenesis so as to identify more specific targets for intervention, with the hope of preventing epilepsy before seizures emerge. Recent work has yielded important conceptual advances in this field. We suggest that such insights into the mechanisms of epileptogenesis converge at the level of cortical circuit dysfunction.
Trophoblast-specific regulation of endocrine-related genes

Summary In order to increase our understanding of trophoblast-specific transcriptional controls we need to address two important concerns. First, we need to extend the number of genes investigated and the depth of the investigation on each gene. Next, we need to expand the model systems available for studying trophoblast-specific transcriptional controls. Human choriocarcinoma cell lines have been the most commonly used in vitro models. These cell populations have been valuable but are clearly limited in their applicability to all trophoblast cell lineages, especially those from nonprimate species. The Rcho-1 trophoblast cell line has proven to be a valuable model for the rodent trophoblast giant cell lineage (Soares et al., 1996). The further implementation of primary trophoblast culture models is paramount, as is the refinement of in vivo strategies for studying trophoblast-specific gene regulation.
172: The risk for adverse neonatal outcomes for growth restricted extremely low gestational age newborns with absent or reverse Doppler flow in the umbilical artery

restricted extremely low gestational age newborns with absent or reverse Doppler flow in the umbilical artery Jill Lee, Andrew Wilt, Reese Clark, Amy Picklesimer Greenville Hospital System University Medical Center, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Greenville, SC, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia, SC, Greenville Hospital System University Medical Center, Neonatology, Greenville, SC OBJECTIVE: Gestational age and birth weight are the primary determinants of neonatal outcomes, and are widely used in the counseling of parents expecting a preterm infant. Fetal Doppler parameters are not widely incorporated into this counseling. Our objective was to determine if absent or reverse Doppler flow in the umbilical artery (A/ REDF) was associated with an increased risk of morbidity or mortality in extremely premature growth restricted infants. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review identified all neonates born between 23 0/7 and 29 6/7 weeks gestational age at a single institution between January 2008 and June 2011. Those with ultrasound estimate of fetal weight 15% percentile and Doppler evaluation within the 7 days prior to delivery were included for evaluation. Neonatal outcomes for fetuses with forward flow in the umbilical artery (FF) during diastole were compared with fetuses demonstrating A/REDF using Fishers exact test and Students T-test. RESULTS: During the study period, 38 infants met enrollment criteria; 21 had FF, 17 had A/REDF. There was no difference in average gestational age or incidence of major morbities between the groups, but those with A/REDF were smaller and had longer neonatal admissions (Table). CONCLUSION: In the setting of fetal growth restriction at early gestational ages, the finding of A/REDF confers an increased risk for significant growth restriction and prolonged neonatal admission. This is important to include in prenatal counseling of expectant parents.
Neutron scattering from elemental indium: Optical model and bound-state potential

Neutron elastic-scattering cross sections of indium are measured from 4.5 to 10 MeV at intervals of \ensuremath{\approxeq}500 keV. Seventy or more differential values are obtained at each incident energy, distributed between \ensuremath{\approxeq}18\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. These are combined with lower-energy data previously obtained at this laboratory, and with 11- and 14-MeV results from the literature, to form a comprehensive elastic-scattering database extending from \ensuremath{\approxeq}1.5 to 14 MeV. These data are interpreted in terms of a conventional spherical optical model. The resulting potential is extrapolated to the bound-state regime. It is shown that in the middle of the 50--82 neutron shell, the potential derived from the scattering results adequately describes the binding energies of particle states, but does not do well for hole states. The latter shortcoming is attributed to hole states having occupational probabilities sufficiently different from unity so that the exclusion principle becomes a factor, to rearrangement of the neutron core, and to the fact that the shell-model potential was assumed to have an energy-independent geometry. The systematic behavior of the real optical potential is discussed, and it is shown that the isovector strength deduced from neutron scattering is consistent with the nucleon-nucleon scattering data when a mass dependence of the radius is used.
Population distributions in Li vapor excited by a photoionization electron source

A detailed theoretical and experimental investigation is presented of the excited-level population distribution in a Li-Ne vapor under excitation by a photoionization electron source. This source produces a subnanosecond burst of hot (${T}_{e}$\ensuremath{\sim}20 eV) electrons with a peak density in excess of 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$. The electrons are generated as a result of photoionization of Ne atoms by x rays emitted from a plasma produced by a 100-mJ laser pulse of 600 ps duration. Measurements of Li(1${s}^{2}$2p)-atom density, and of electron density, have been performed with subnanosecond time resolution under various conditions of excitation. A comprehensive rate-equation model is described and its predictions are seen to be in good agreement with experiment. It is shown that the population distribution in the Li-Ne vapor is strongly influenced by recombination. Under the conditions of these experiments, rates for this process as high as 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{9}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ were observed.
Lower Extremity Revascularization without Preoperative Contrast Arteriography: Experience with Duplex Ultrasound Arterial Mapping in 485 Cases

This study reviews our experience with duplex ultrasound arterial mapping (DUAM) for preoperative evaluation in 466 patients (262 men) who underwent 485 lower extremity revascularization procedures from January 1, 1998 to May 30, 2001. Preoperative imaging consisted of DUAM alone in 449 procedures and DUAM and contrast angiography (CA) in 36. An attempt to image from the distal aorta to the pedal arteries was made in all the patients. The selection of optimal inflow and outflow bypasses anastomotic sites was based on a schematic drawing following DUAM examination. Inflow disease was also assessed by intraoperative pressure gradient (IPG) between the distal anastomosis and radial arteries, and completion arteriography of the runoff vessels was obtained, which was correlated with the preoperative findings. Indications for surgery were severe claudication in 91 (19%) limbs, tissue loss in 197 (40%), rest pain in 113 (23%), acute ischemia in 46 (10%), popliteal aneurysm in 18 (4%), superficial femoral artery aneurysm in 1, abdominal aortic aneurysm with claudication in 1, and failing graft in 18 (4%). Age ranged from 30 to 97 years (mean 72 +/- 12 (SD) years) and risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, use of tobacco, coronary artery disease, and end-stage renal disease were present in 45%, 45%, 44%, 44%, and 13% of the patients, respectively. One hundred twenty-one (25%) limbs had at least 1 previous ipsilateral revascularization. The mean DUAM time was 66 +/- 20 (SD) min (30-150 min). Additional preoperative imaging was deemed necessary in 36 cases due to extensive ulcers, edema, severe arterial wall calcification, and very poor runoff. The distal anastomosis was to the popliteal artery in 173 cases and to the tibial and pedal arteries in 255. Inflow procedures to the femoral arteries, embolectomy, thrombectomy, balloon angioplasty, and patch angioplasty accounted for the remaining 57 cases. Overall, 6-, 12-, and -24- month secondary patency rates were 86%, 80%, and 66%, respectively. This early experience shows that high-quality arterial ultrasonography performed by a highly skilled vascular technologist may represent an alternative to conventional arteriography for patients in need of lower extremity revascularization. Because of limitations inherent to the technique and very poor runoff observed on ultrasonographic examination, additional preoperative imaging procedure's are needed for certain patients.
MPEG-4 video communication processor architecture

Acceptable video quality in standards-based video communication requires the use of hardware acceleration. Traditional approaches to this in recent years have been a hardwired approach, in which video compression algorithms cannot be changed, and a fully programmable approach, in which a single VLIW processor is programmed in a high-level language (such as `C') or assembly. The drawback of the hardwired approach has been inflexibility and difficulty of adding performance enhancements since new silicon is needed to make improvements. The drawback of the fully programmable approach is the difficulty in developing software and tools for the processor. This has the new result of lengthening the overall design cycle time. A new approach, described in this paper, uses multiple VLIW processing elements, some of which are pipelined, that have reprogrammable microcode. This allows particular algorithm classes, such as DCT/IDCT, motion compensation or motion estimation, to be reprogrammed to improve performance without changing the silicon. First, overviews of a new MPEG4 Video Communication system architecture and its hardware synthesis process are given. Then, two methods for reprogramming the microcode for the motion estimator are discussed and compared. Finally, comparisons of our system architecture to the traditional hardwired architecture and the fully programmable architecture are given.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The study of Epstein-Barr virus induction by cocultivation of EBV-transformed cells with a mammary carcinoma cell line MCF-7☆

Abstract EBV was found to be activated by cocultivation of EBV transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines and a mammary carcinoma cell line, MCF- 7 . Both non-EBV producer and producer cell lines are susceptible to this activation. However not every EBV-transformed cell line can be activated. Although the mechanism of activation was investigated in a number of ways, it is still unknown whether the process requires cell to cell contact, if the inducing agent is secreted in the medium and where in the host cell or the virus cycle it acts.
Ab initio study of the ground and excited states of LiNe

The intermolecular potentials for the X2Σ and A2Π states of Li … Ne were studied by a variety of multiconfiguration, single configuration and perturbation methods (CASPT2). The A2Π excited state was calculated to have a well depth of 214 cm−1 at an internuclear spearation of 2.26 A (ACPF) in excellent agreement with the 224 cm−1 derived from experimental data. A smaller well of 15.8 cm−1 was found for the X2Σ ground state at an intermolecular separation of 5.28 A (ACPF). These results are in better agreement with experimental results than the previously reported pseudopotential calculations. The comparison of CI calculations with CASPT2 results shows that the latter is able to give good results for interacting systems. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1-(1′Oxido-4′-pyridyl)-2-piperidinoethyl-4-nitrobenzoate: A Reagent to Selectively Remove Oxidizing Dianions

Abstract Three compounds were prepared and compared to 1-phenyl-2-diethylaminoethyl-4-nitrobenzoate (PDAN) to determine their ability to selectively precipitate groups of an ions. They were tested with 47 common anions and it was found that 1-(l-oxido-4′-pyridyl)-2-piperidinoethyl-4-nitrobenzoate (OPPDAN) selectively precipitated dianions that are easily reducible. 1-phenyl-2-piperidinoethyl-4-nitrobenzoate (PPDAN) reacted similarly to PDAN but formed crystalline precipitates with more anions. 1-(1′-oxido-4′-pyridyl)-2-diethylaminoethyl-4-nitrobenzoate (OPDAN) reacted similarly to OPPDAN but was too unstable to be considered as a practical analytical reagent. The solubilities of the anions precipitated by each compound were determined. Ksp values were calculated for comparison purposes.
Explainers: Expert Explorations with Crafted Projections

This paper introduces an approach to exploration and discovery in high-dimensional data that incorporates a user's knowledge and questions to craft sets of projection functions meaningful to them. Unlike most prior work that defines projections based on their statistical properties, our approach creates projection functions that align with user-specified annotations. Therefore, the resulting derived dimensions represent concepts defined by the user's examples. These especially crafted projection functions, or explainers, can help find and explain relationships between the data variables and user-designated concepts. They can organize the data according to these concepts. Sets of explainers can provide multiple perspectives on the data. Our approach considers tradeoffs in choosing these projection functions, including their simplicity, expressive power, alignment with prior knowledge, and diversity. We provide techniques for creating collections of explainers. The methods, based on machine learning optimization frameworks, allow exploring the tradeoffs. We demonstrate our approach on model problems and applications in text analysis.
Upper bounds for domination numbers of the queen's graph

Abstract The queen's graph Qn has the squares of the n×n chessboard as its vertices; two squares are adjacent if they are in the same row, column, or diagonal. Let γ(Qn) and i(Qn) be the minimum sizes of a dominating set and an independent dominating set of Qn, respectively. We show that if n≡1 ( mod 4) and D is a d-element dominating set of Qn of a particular, commonly used kind, then for all k, γ(Q k )⩽(d+3)k/(n+2)+ O (1) . If also D is independent, then for all k, i(Q k )⩽(d+6)k/(n+2)+ O (1) . Other similar bounds are derived.
Cardiovascular and renal effects of eel and rat atrial natriuretic peptide in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri.

The renal and in vitro vascular effects of atrial natriuretic peptides have been examined in seveal species of fish. However, comparatively few investigations have described the effects of these peptides on the cardiovascular system in vivo. In the present experiments the dorsal aorta and urinary bladder were cannulated and the effects of atrial natriuretic peptides from rat and eel were monitored in conscious trout during bolus injection or continuous atrial natriuretic peptide infusion. The results show that the initial pressor effect of atrial natriuretic peptides is independent of environmental salinity adaptation (fresh or seawater) and the chemical form of atrial natriuretic peptide injected, but it is affected by the rate of atrial natriuretic peptide administration. This pressor response, and the accompanying diuresis, are mediated through α-adrenergic activation. Continuous infusion of either rat or eel atrial natriuretic peptide produces a steady fall in mean arterial blood pressure, which is temporally preceded by an increase in heart rate and a decrease in pulse pressure. Diuresis induced by atrial natriuretic peptides is only partially sustained during continuous infusion. Propranolol partially blocks the increase induced in heart rate by atrial natriuretic peptides, but does not affect either pulse pressure or mean arterial pressure. Propranolol significantly increases urine flow in saline-infused animals but has no apparent effect on animals subjected to infusions of atrial natriuretic peptides. These results indicate that there are multiple foci for the action of atrial natriuretic peptides in trout and that in many instances the effects of atrial natriuretic peptides are mediated through secondary effector systems.
Romeike v. Holder: When Violation of a Human Right Is Not Grounds for Asylum

Does a foreign country's prosecution of a family under a law that would be unconstitutional in the United States necessarily provide grounds for a claim of asylum upon arrival in the United States?...
Dissociation of pulsatile cortisol and adrenocorticotropin secretion in fetal sheep during late gestation.

In the fetal sheep, plasma cortisol concentrations gradually increase in the last weeks of gestation and abruptly rise during the final 48-72 h preceding birth. To determine if these changes in mean circulating cortisol concentrations result from increased pulsatile secretion and are driven by changes in ACTH pulses, blood samples from five chronically catheterized fetuses were collected every 5 min for 2 h at 133 days gestation and every 4 days thereafter until delivery at 146 +/- 2 days. Volume was replaced after each blood sample and erythrocytes were returned every 20 min. Plasma cortisol and ACTH secretion were pulsatile in fetuses at all ages. Cortisol pulse frequency increased significantly with gestation from a mean of 2.2 pulses/2 h at 133 days to 4.8 pulses/2 h at 146 days. The interpulse interval (mean +/- SE) decreased between 133 and 146 days from 54 +/- 11 min to 23 +/- 3 min, respectively. Cortisol pulse amplitude increased significantly from 10 +/- 2 ng/ml at 133 days to 44 +/- 13 ng/ml at...
Numerical simulation of crystal fractionation in shergottite meteorites

Cumulus clinopyroxenes in the Shergotty and Zagami meteorites suggest crystal fractionation occurred, possibly by gravitative settling. Numerical models of this process in a nonconvecting environment argue that the small phenocrysts can segregate only under extreme conditions of cooling time or gravitational field strength. Since textures indicate that cooling time was not excessive, a large (planetary) g is required by these models, in agreement with other suggestions that the shergottite parent body may be Mars. Other calculations indicate that it is extremely difficult to produce the observed textures in a convecting environment, unless crystal setting occurred in a quiescent zone at the bottom of the magma chamber.
Discordant identification in critical incident stress

Conversations with a witness to a violent episode of hostage-taking lead the author to reflect on the importance of understanding the role of unconscious identifications in conducting group debriefings with trauma survivors. Individuals with discordant identifications, identifications which run counter to the usual experience, present special challenges to leaders of critical-incident stress debriefings. Such identifications reveal much about the dynamics of calling to the helping professions and caring within them, and may serve a parabolic function, revealing aspects of God and community otherwise hidden.
Design and performance of nanostructure-based luminescent solar concentrators

A number of methods to reduce the cost of solar power generation have been developed over the last few decades. Recently, research and development in the area of Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs) have shown that these devices are capable of significantly reducing the price of solar energy. We propose using near infra-red (NIR) quantum dots (QDs) as luminescent media in the LSC. Our results demonstrate that LSCs designed with NIR QDs can generate over twice the energy as the ones using their visible counterparts.
Dynamical networks in tRNA:protein complexes

Community network analysis derived from molecular dynamics simulations is used to identify and compare the signaling pathways in a bacterial glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS):tRNAGlu and an archaeal leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS):tRNALeu complex. Although the 2 class I synthetases have remarkably different interactions with their cognate tRNAs, the allosteric networks for charging tRNA with the correct amino acid display considerable similarities. A dynamic contact map defines the edges connecting nodes (amino acids and nucleotides) in the physical network whose overall topology is presented as a network of communities, local substructures that are highly intraconnected, but loosely interconnected. Whereas nodes within a single community can communicate through many alternate pathways, the communication between monomers in different communities has to take place through a smaller number of critical edges or interactions. Consistent with this analysis, there are a large number of suboptimal paths that can be used for communication between the identity elements on the tRNAs and the catalytic site in the aaRS:tRNA complexes. Residues and nucleotides in the majority of pathways for intercommunity signal transmission are evolutionarily conserved and are predicted to be important for allosteric signaling. The same monomers are also found in a majority of the suboptimal paths. Modifying these residues or nucleotides has a large effect on the communication pathways in the protein:RNA complex consistent with kinetic data.
Agroecology: the science of natural resource management for poor farmers in marginal environments

Throughout the developing world, resource-poor farmers (about 1.4 billion people) located in risk-prone, marginal environments, remain untouched by modern agricultural technology. A new approach to natural resource management must be developed so that new management systems can be tailored and adapted in a site-specific way to highly variable and diverse farm conditions typical of resource-poor farmers. Agroecology provides the scientific basis to address the production by a biodiverse agroecosystem able to sponsor its own functioning. The latest advances in agroecological research are reviewed in order to better define elements of a research agenda in natural resource management that is compatible with the needs and aspirations of peasants. Obviously, a relevant research agenda setting should involve the full participation of farmers with other institutions serving a facilitating role. The implementation of the agenda will also imply major institutional and policy changes.
Tests of investor cognizance using earnings forecasts of North American analysts

Abstract We test the implications of Merton's [J. Finance 42 (1987) 483.] theory on market information segmentation at the international level. We examine the determinants and market impact of the breadth and depth of investor cognizance using proxy measures of security-specific information production and distribution by analysts. Both proxy measures of investor cognizance are significantly related to various information environment- and industry-specific effects, and country-specific effects (for depth only). We find that changes in investor demand (security-specific pricing revisions due to unexpected volume changes) are significantly and positively related to changes in the number of analysts following each stock for both U.S. and Canadian firms (Canadian firms only).
Comparison of Munsell Soil Color Charts and the GLOBE Soil Color Book

Color is a commonly measured morphological property determined during field investigations of soils. Consequently, a soil color book is among the equipment carried by almost every field soil scientist. Our objective was to determine if there was a significant difference between the color representations of two color references: the Munsell Soil Color Charts and the GLOBE Soil Color Book. Using 10 new copies of each brand of book, Munsell hue, value, and chroma were measured for all color chips. Standard thresholds for soil color contrast (faint, distinct, prominent) were used to assess if the measured color differed from the reported color of each chip. Of 4020 measurements, only 28 had a non-faint contrast. Statistically, there was mild evidence to suggest a difference between color representations of the two brands, but this was attributable to discrepancies for a single chip. For all other chips, there was no significant difference between the brands.
Analysis of Stress and Strain Distribution in a Vehicle Wheel: Finite Element Analysis Versus the Experimental Method:

An extensive finite element analysis of a vehicle wheel subject to the conjoint influence of inflation pressure and radial load (vehicle load) is reported in this paper. The commonly used design co...
Global Climate Simulation with the University of Wisconsin Global Hybrid Isentropic Coordinate Model

Abstract The purpose of this study is to briefly describe the global atmospheric University of Wisconsin (UW) hybrid isentropic–eta coordinate (UW θ–η) model and document results from a 14-yr climate simulation. The model, developed through modification of the UW hybrid isentropic–sigma (θ–σ) coordinate model, employs a vertical coordinate that smoothly varies from terrain following at the earth's surface to isentropic coordinates in the middle to upper troposphere. The UW θ–η model eliminates the discrete interface in the UW θ–σ model between the PBL expressed in sigma coordinates and the free atmosphere expressed in isentropic coordinates. The smooth transition of the modified model retains the excellent transport characteristics of the UW θ–σ model while providing for straightforward application of data assimilation techniques, use of higher-order finite-difference schemes, and implementation on massively parallel computing platforms. This study sets forth the governing equations and describes the vert...
Energy dependence of amorphization of Ge by Kr ions

Thin Ge specimens have been irradiated with Kr ions of different energies, and the dose required for complete amorphization determined by in situ transmission electron microscopy. Because Ge is directly amorphized by a single energetic Kr ion, onset of amorphization was detected after the lowesi ion doses. The Kr dose required for complete amorphization was found to increase linearly with ion energy over the range 0.5 MeV to 3.5 MeV. With the assumption that the defect density required for amorphization is independent of ion energy, the number of defects produced in a thin specimen by each ion decreases with increasing energy as the reciprocal of the incident ion energy. TRIM calculations indicate that there is a slight decrease in the amount of damage required with increasingion energy.