cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Overall and Comorbidity-Free Life Expectancy Between Insured Adults With and Without HIV Infection, 2000-2016.

Importance Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved life expectancy for individuals with HIV infection, but recent data comparing life span and comorbidity-free years by HIV status are lacking. Objective To quantify the gap in life span and comorbidity-free years by HIV status among adults with access to care. Design, Setting, and Participants This matched cohort study used data from insured adults with and without HIV infection (aged ≥21 years) matched 1:10 at medical centers of Kaiser Permanente in northern and southern California and the mid-Atlantic states of Washington DC, Maryland, and Virginia from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2016. Data were analyzed from September 1, 2019, through March 31, 2020. Exposures HIV status and, for individuals with HIV infection, ART initiation at a CD4 cell count of 500/μL or greater. Main Outcomes and Measures Overall life expectancy and expected years free of major chronic comorbidities, including chronic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic lung disease, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Results Of 39 000 individuals with HIV infection and 387 785 matched uninfected adults, 374 421 (87.7%) were male, with a mean (SD) age of 41.4 (10.8) years. Among 359 244 individuals with known race/ethnicity, 90 177 (25.1%) were non-Hispanic black and 87 191 (24.3%) were Hispanic. From 2000 to 2003, overall life expectancy at age 21 years of age was 37.6 years among individuals with HIV infection and 59.7 years among uninfected adults, (difference, 22.1 years; 95% CI, 20.2-24.0 years). From 2014 to 2016, overall life expectancy at 21 years of age among individuals with HIV infection increased to 56.0 years compared with 65.1 years among uninfected adults (difference, 9.1 years; 95% CI, 7.9-10.2 years). During 2011 to 2016, individuals with HIV infection who initiated ART with a CD4 cell count of 500/μL or greater had a life expectancy at 21 years of age of 57.4 years compared with 64.2 years among uninfected adults (difference, 6.8 years; 95% CI, 5.0-8.5 years). From 2000 to 2003, the expected number of comorbidity-free years remaining at 21 years of age was 11.3 for individuals with HIV infection and 26.6 years for uninfected adults (difference, 15.3 years; 95% CI, 13.9-16.6 years). This difference in comorbidity-free years persisted over time but decreased to 9.5 years (95% CI, 7.7-11.2 years) for individuals with HIV infection who initiated ART at a CD4 cell count of 500/μL or greater. Conclusions and Relevance The results suggest that life expectancy of adults with HIV infection may be near that of life expectancy of individuals without HIV infection, but greater attention is needed to prevention of comorbidities among individuals with HIV infection.
Laboratory demonstration of mini-MIGHTI: A prototype sensor for thermospheric red-line (630 nm) neutral wind measurements from a 6U CubeSat

Abstract The design and laboratory demonstration of a prototype sensor for measuring thermospheric red-line winds from a 6U CubeSat is described. The sensor uses the flight spare interferometer developed for the MIGHTI instrument on NASA's ICON satellite with a more limited scientific scope to enable it to fit within the limited volume of a 6U CubeSat. A performance model coupled with laboratory phase shift measurements demonstrate the capability of the sensor for thermospheric, atomic-oxygen, red-line wind measurements.
Posterior Averaging Information Criterion

We propose a new model selection method, the posterior averaging information criterion, for Bayesian model assessment from a predictive perspective. The theoretical foundation is built on the Kullback-Leibler divergence to quantify the similarity between the proposed candidate model and the underlying true model. From a Bayesian perspective, our method evaluates the candidate models over the entire posterior distribution in terms of predicting a future independent observation. Without assuming that the true distribution is contained in the candidate models, the new criterion is developed by correcting the asymptotic bias of the posterior mean of the log-likelihood against its expected log-likelihood. It can be generally applied even for Bayesian models with degenerate non-informative prior. The simulation in both normal and binomial settings demonstrates decent small sample performance.
Why Are We Like This?: The AI Architecture of a Co-Creative Storytelling Game

We present Why Are We Like This? (WAWLT), a mixed-initiative, co-creative storytelling game in which two players develop a story transcript by selecting and editing actions to perform and narrativize in an ongoing simulation. In this paper, we lay out the major technical features of WAWLT’s AI architecture—including story sifting via Datalog queries, social simulation, action suggestions, and player-specified but system-understandable author goals—and discuss how these features work together to produce a play experience that facilitates player creativity.
The challenges of measuring epistemic beliefs across cultures: evidence from Nigerian teacher candidates

Available evidence indicates that teacher candidates undergo shifts in beliefs throughout the process of learning to teach, and various contextual realities contribute to reshaping their general te...
Introduction to Dual Polarization Weather Radar: Fundamentals, Applications, and Networks

An interdisciplinary and easy-to-understand introduction to the subject, covering fundamental theory and practical applications, and using numerous operational examples. This balanced text will allow you to begin from what the radar observes and move deeper through electromagnetic scattering theory and cloud microphysics to understand and interpret data as it appears on the display. It uses illustrations and figures of real radar observations to convey concepts and theory of atmospheric processes typically observed with weather radar, as well presenting a working knowledge of the radar system itself. In addition to covering fundamentals of scattering and atmospheric physics, topics include system hardware, signal processing, and radar networks. This is the perfect tool for scientists and engineers working on weather radars or using radars and their data, as well as senior undergraduate and graduate students studying weather radars.
A Two-Dimensional Model of Potassium Signaling and Oscillatory Growth in a Biofilm

Biofilms are complex communities of bacteria that exhibit a variety of collective behaviors. These behaviors improve their ability to survive in many different environments. One of these collective behaviors seen in Bacillus subtilis is the ability for starving cells to stop the growth of other cells using potassium signaling and voltage changes. This signaling produces an oscillatory growth pattern so that during periods of low growth the nutrients diffuse deeper into the biofilm and reach the nutrient-starved, interior regions of the biomass. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model to describe this oscillatory behavior, and we use this model to develop a two-dimensional simulation that reproduces many of the important features seen in the experimental data. This simulation allows us to examine the spatial patterning of the oscillatory behavior to better understand the relationships between the various regions of the biofilm. Studying the spatial components of the metabolic and voltage oscillations could allow for the development of new control techniques for biofilms with complex shapes.
Lazy Lifelong Planning for Efficient Replanning in Graphs with Expensive Edge Evaluation.

We present an incremental search algorithm, called Lifelong-GLS, which combines the vertex efficiency of Lifelong Planning A* (LPA*) and the edge efficiency of Generalized Lazy Search (GLS) for efficient replanning on dynamic graphs where edge evaluation is expensive. We use a lazily evaluated LPA* to repair the cost-to-come inconsistencies of the relevant region of the current search tree based on the previous search results, and then we restrict the expensive edge evaluations only to the current shortest subpath as in the GLS framework. The proposed algorithm is complete and correct in finding the optimal solution in the current graph, if one exists. We also show that the search returns a bounded suboptimal solution, if an inflated heuristic edge weight is used and the tree repairing propagation is truncated early for faster search. Finally, we show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm compared to the standard LPA* and the GLS algorithms over consecutive search episodes in a dynamic environment. For each search, the proposed algorithm reduces the edge evaluations by a significant amount compared to the LPA*. Both the number of vertex expansions and the number of edge evaluations are reduced substantially compared to GLS, as the proposed algorithm utilizes previous search results to facilitate the new search.
Liver in the Chest: A Case of a Large Traumatic Diaphragmatic Rupture.

Motor vehicle collisions (MVC) cause more than one million deaths annually and an estimated 20-50 million significant injuries. They can cause blunt and penetrating trauma. Blunt diaphragmatic rupture is generally associated with multiple severe injuries due to the high force needed to cause the injury. Traumatic diaphragmatic rupture (TDR) is normally identified during advance trauma life support (ATLS) secondary survey, after other more serious injuries are identified in the primary survey. We present a case of a patient who was involved in a MVC with multiple injuries, which were treated appropriately, prior to identification and treatment of a severe right-sided diaphragm injury. Imaging showed only a persistent right hemidiaphragm elevation. Intra-operative findings consisted of complete herniation of the liver with a Grade IV, 30 cm, right-sided diaphragmatic rupture. The herniated liver was repositioned and the diaphragm primarily repaired without complication. This case highlights a severe injury from a blunt MVC and rapid successful recovery of the patient once appropriately treated.
Who did what to whom, and what did we already know?: Word order and information structure in heritage and L2 Russian

Abstract This paper reports on an experimental investigation of what second language (L2) learners and heritage speakers of Russian know about the relationship between word order and information structure in Russian. The participants completed a bimodal acceptability judgment task, rating the acceptability of SVO and OVS word orders in narrow-focus contexts, under neutral prosody. Heritage speakers behaved like the control group of baseline speakers, preferring SVO order in answer to object questions, and OVS order in answer to subject questions. In contrast, L2 learners preferred SVO order regardless of the context. While the heritage speaker group was more proficient than the L2 group, proficiency alone cannot account for differences in performance: specifically, with regard to acceptance of OVS order for subject narrow focus, heritage speakers improved with proficiency, but L2 learners did not. It is proposed that heritage speakers have an advantage in this domain due to early age of acquisition (cf. Montrul, 2008 ). This finding is consistent with prior literature on narrow focus with heritage speakers of other languages, and suggests that this phenomenon is not particularly vulnerable in heritage languages.
The Impending Battle for the Soul of Online Dispute Resolution

Legal professionals and disputants are increasingly recognizing the value of online dispute resolution. While the coronavirus pandemic forced many to resolve disputes exclusively online, potentially resulting in long-term changed preferences for different stakeholders, the pre-pandemic trend has involved a dramatic increase in technological tools that can be used for resolving disputes, particularly with facilitative technologies, artificial intelligence, and blockchains. Though this has the added benefit of increasing optionality in the dispute resolution process, these novel technologies come with their own limitations and also raise challenging ethical considerations for how ODR should be designed and implemented. In considering whether the pandemic’s tectonic shifts will have a permanent impact, this piece has important implications for the future of the legal profession, as greater reliance on ODR technologies may change what it means to be a judge, lawyer, and disputant. The impending battle for the soul of ODR raises important considerations for fairness, access to justice, and effective dispute resolution — principles that will continue to be ever-present in the field.
Enhanced Armored Vehicle Fire Control System Design Modifications

This paper discusses a technique which promises to significantly enhance the capability of many existing armored vehicle fire control systems to better service maneuvering targets. The basic technique described in this paper allows for the transformation of existing driven reticle systems to emulate a gun director system by relatively simple signal flow changes which do not require any additional hardware. The net effect of decoupling the reticle servo from the weapon turret stabilization drive is to achieve the cumulative advantages of both systems.
Marine Scorpaenidae Envenomation in Travelers: Epidemiology, Management, and Prevention

BACKGROUND: The Scorpaenidae are a large family of venomous marine fish that include scorpionfish, lionfish, and stonefish. Although most stonefish are confined to the Indo-Pacific, scorpionfish are distributed in the tropics worldwide, and two species of Indo-Pacific lionfish were inadvertently introduced into the Eastern Atlantic in the 1990s. Since then, lionfish have invaded shallow reef systems in the Eastern Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea. All of these regions are popular travel destinations for beachcombing, fishing, swimming, and scuba diving-recreational activities that increase risks of Scorpaenidae envenomation. METHODS: To meet the objectives of describing species-specific presenting clinical manifestations, diagnostic and treatment strategies, and outcomes of Scorpaenidae envenomation in travelers, Internet search engines were queried with the key words. RESULTS: Well-conducted, retrospective epidemiological investigations of Scorpaenidae envenomation case series concluded: (1) most cases occurred in young adult male vacationers visiting endemic regions; (2) victims sought medical attention for pain control within 2 hours of injury and presented with intense pain, edema, and erythema in affected extremities; (3) systemic manifestations and surgical interventions were relatively uncommon following initial management with hot water soaks and parenteral analgesics; (4) all cases required tetanus prophylaxis; deeply penetrating, lacerated, and necrotic wounds required antibiotic prophylaxis; and (5) equine Fab stonefish antivenom does have antigen-neutralizing cross-reactivities with both Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Scorpaenidae species and is indicated in severe scorpionfish and stonefish envenomation worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: Travel medicine practitioners should counsel their patients about Scorpaenidae envenomation risks in endemic regions and maintain a high index of suspicion regarding Scorpaenidae envenomation in all travelers returning from tropical beach and ocean holidays and reporting painful fish sting injuries. Language: en
Chapter 18 The origins of functional brain imaging in humans

Functional brain imaging in humans as we presently know it began when the experimental strategies of cognitive psychology were combined with modern brain imaging techniques, first positron emission tomography (PET) and then functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to examine how brain function supports mental activities. This marriage of disciplines and techniques galvanized the field of cognitive neuroscience, which has rapidly expanded to include a broad range of the social sciences as well as basic scientists interested in the neurophysiology, cell biology and genetics of the imaging signals. While much of this work has transpired over the past couple of decades, its roots can be traced back more than a century.
The future of software processes

In response to increasing demands being put onto software-intensive systems, software processes will evolve significantly over the next two decades. This paper identifies seven relatively surprise-free trends – increased emphasis on users and end value; increasing software criticality and need for dependability; increasingly rapid change; increasingly complex systems of systems; increasing needs for COTS, reuse, and legacy software integration; and computational plenty – and two “wild card” trends: increasing software autonomy and combinations of biology and computing; and discusses their likely influences on software processes between now and 2025. It also discusses limitations to software process improvement, and areas of significant software process research and education needs.
Recent progress in the synthesis of piperidine and indolizidine alkaloids

Publisher Summary There are many piperidine containing compounds, which possess interesting biological and medicinal properties, a few of which are presented in this chapter. The majority of piperidine based alkaloids have been isolated from plant sources. Palustrine, a macrocyclic spemidine built around a tetrahydropyridine ring, which is an isolate of the plant, Equisetum palustre, causes disease in livestock when ingested. Piclavine A is recently isolated from the Caribbean tunicate Clavela picta, and shows excellent antifungal and antibacterial activity. Solenopsin A exhibits hemolytic, insecticidal, and antibiotic activity. The secondary metabolites found in the skin secretions of the dendrobatid family of central American frogs is the subject of much interest. Among some of the important piperidine based alkaloids from this source are pumiliotoxin C, gephyrotoxin, and the histrionicotoxins. The biological activity of these alkaloids stems from their ability to effect movement of potassium and sodium ions through ion channels in nerve and muscle cells.
Pollen removal and deposition by honeybee and bumblebee visitors to apple and almond flowers

Summary 1 To help evaluate the worth of alternative pollinators in agriculture, we present a theoretical framework for comparing the effectiveness of two or more pollinators by measuring pollen removal and deposition. 2 We report pollen removal and deposition data by Apis mellifera and Bombus spp. during single visits to four cultivars of apples (Golden Delicious, Starkrimson Delicious, Empire/MacIntosh and Rome) and Mission almond. 3 Apis and Bombus removed similar amounts of pollen from apple flowers but Bombus deposited more pollen on stigmas. Pollen-collecting bees removed more pollen from apple anthers than nectar-collecting bees. Apis that approached nectaries laterally deposited substantially less pollen than other visitors. 4 Apis and Bombus removed and deposited similar amounts of pollen on almond flowers. Apis tended to remove more during pollen-collecting visits than nectar-collecting visits. The type of resource sought did not significantly influence deposition. 5 Based on removal and deposition data, additions of Bombus may increase pollen delivery in apple orchards but reduce pollen delivery in almond orchards if Apis already serve as primary pollinators. Additional data on inter-tree and inter-row flights would be necessary to know how much these changes in pollen transfer might affect fertilization. 6 Measures of pollen-transfer effectiveness do not provide a complete assessment of pollination value, but can serve as a general, inexpensive tool for pre-screening possible alternative pollinators.
Yes, Raise My Taxes: Property Tax Cap Override Elections

Objectives Although public opinion generally is opposed to tax increases, voters frequently choose to raise their own taxes in property tax cap override elections. This study sought to uncover the factors that are associated with successful attempts to increase local property taxes. Methods This phenomenon was studied in Massachusetts towns, where over 1,200 overrides were successful from 1990 to 2007. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the relative importance of variables related to two theoretical perspectives: voting as utility maximization and voting as symbolic action. Results The results show that override support reflects the fiscal condition of the town, the context of the particular override request, and, most importantly, the socioeconomics of the community. Overrides were more successful in communities that had higher levels of education, lower levels of affluence, and smaller nonwhite populations. In addition, overrides were more successful in towns with lower existing tax rates and where the particular override was less salient and narrower in scope. Conclusions On balance, the results are supportive of a symbolic theory of override voting in which voters are expressing their general views about government, rather than choosing in a way reflective of individual utility maximization.
Advancements in somatic cell nuclear transfer and future perspectives

Since the birth of the cloned sheep, Dolly, the technology of SCNT has been used to clone various species (reviewed by Niemann and LucasHahn, 2012). Application of SCNT is not confined to producing clones but has a variety of applications (Figure 1). For example, SCNT can be used to preserve valuable genetic backgrounds that may face extinction. It can be also used to produce embryo-derived stem cells from a somatic cell by reprogramming somatic DNA. This can be a resource for regenerative medicine as patients with degenerative diseases could potentially generate stem cells to cure their diseases. In addition, SCNT can be used to produce genetically engineered animals by using donor cells that have been modified. Because there is no evidence of authentic embryonic stem cells in non-rodent species, the use of SCNT has been the only way to produce animals with specific genetic modifications. It has been over a decade since the first production of cloned pigs from adult cells using SCNT (Polejaeva et al., 2000), and SCNT is routinely used to produce cloned pigs for various uses. However, even with routine use, the efficiency of SCNT is still poor. Here we will summarize advancements in SCNT technology, especially in pigs, and discuss its future. Reprogramming of Somatic Donor Nuclei
Solidification Structure of Incoloy800 Superalloy with Electromagnetic Field

The evolution of solidification structure in Incoloy800 with and without electromagnetic stirring (EMS) are studied to investigate its influence on the morphology of solidifying crystals and element segregation. The samples examination and EDX analysis show that some broken dendrite in the subsurface of the ingot were brought into the internal part of the ingot, it is proves the shear mechanism of EMS to dendrite or column crystal in the initial solidifying period, and the equiaxed grain region is formed in the internal part of ingots owing to the stirring effect of EMS. Both of them are helpful to reduce the element segregation in Incoly800 ingots.
A BAC end view of the Musa acuminata genome

Musa species contain the fourth most important crop in developing countries. Here, we report the analysis of 6,252 BAC end-sequences, in order to view the sequence composition of the Musa acuminata genome in a cost effective and efficient manner. BAC end sequencing generated 6,252 reads representing 4,420,944 bp, including 2,979 clone pairs with an average read length after cleaning and filtering of 707 bp. All sequences have been submitted to GenBank, with the accession numbers DX451975 – DX458350. The BAC end-sequences, were searched against several databases and significant homology was found to mitochondria and chloroplast (2.6%), transposons and repetitive sequences (36%) and proteins (11%). Functional interpretation of the protein matches was carried out by Gene Ontology assignments from matches to Arabidopsis and was shown to cover a broad range of categories. From protein matching regions of Musa BAC end-sequences, it was determined that the GC content of coding regions was 47%. Where protein matches encompassed a start codon, GC content as a function of position (5' to 3') across 129 bp sliding windows generates a "rice-like" gradient. A total of 352 potential SSR markers were discovered. The most abundant simple sequence repeats in four size categories were AT-rich. After filtering mitochondria and chloroplast matches, thousands of BAC end-sequences had a significant BLASTN match to the Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis genome sequence. Of these, a small number of BAC end-sequence pairs were shown to map to neighboring regions of the Oryza sativa genome representing regions of potential microsynteny. Database searches with the BAC end-sequences and ab initio analysis identified those reads likely to contain transposons, repeat sequences, proteins and simple sequence repeats. Approximately 600 BAC end-sequences contained protein sequences that were not found in the existing available Musa expressed sequence tags, repeat or transposon databases. In addition, gene statistics, GC content and profile could also be estimated based on the region matching the top protein hit. A small number of BAC end pair sequences can be mapped to neighboring regions of the Oryza sativa representing regions of potential microsynteny. These results suggest that a large-scale BAC end sequencing strategy has the potential to anchor a small proportion of the genome of Musa acuminata to the genomes of Oryza sativa and possibly Arabidopsis.
Estradiol Stimulates Rat Renopapillary Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), but not PGF2α Biosynthesis*

The effects of estrogen on renal prostaglandin (PG) and renin–angiotensin were investigated in rats in relation to sodium metabolism and blood pressure regulation. Regardless of estrous cycle phase, PGE2 urinary excretion in females was 2–3 times higher than that in males and was associated with higher sodium excretion. A positive correlation was observed between urinary PGE2 and free estradiol concentrations. Renopapillary PGE2 synthesis in vitro after slice incubation was higher in estrous females than in males. Ovariectomy resulted in a marked decrease in PGE2 renal synthesis and excretion, and estradiol administration (50 μg, im) restored these to levels comparable to those in cycling females. This estradiol treatment also was associated with a 3-fold rise in PRA without alteration in blood pressure. In estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats, infusion of the angiotensin antagonist Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II at a rate of 30 μg//l·h resulted in a further rise in PRA as well as a significant decrease in renal...
New Standardization and Calibration Procedures for Nirs Analytical Systems

An important objective of a near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) analytical system is to have consistent predictions across instruments. Standardized instruments produce very similar spectra, but the standardization procedure is expensive and requires trained personnel. In addition, calibrations need to be insensitive to modest changes in sample and room temperature during routine analysis
A LONGITUDINAL TEST OF THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING AND THE STABILITY OF SELF-CONTROL: NEGATIVE EVIDENCE FOR THE GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME*

This study investigates two core propositions of Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) general theory of crime. Using longitudinal data collected on approximately 750 African American children and their primary caregivers, we first examine whether self-control fully mediates the effect of parenting on delinquency. Consistent with the general theory, we find that low self-control is positively associated with involvement in delinquency. Counter to Gottfredson and Hirschi's proposition, we find that self-control only partially attenuates the negative effect of parental efficacy on delinquency. Next, we assess the theory's hypothesis that between-individual levels of self-control are stable. Finding substantial instability in self-control across the two waves, we explore whether social factors can explicate these changes in self-control. The four social relationships we incorporate (improvements in parenting, attachment to teachers, association with pro-social peers, and association with deviant peers) explain a substantial portion of the changes in self-control. We then discuss the implications of these findings for the general theory of crime.
DEVELOPING POM FACULTIES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY

Having added total quality management (tqm), operations strategy, new product development, and many other topics to its repertoire over the past two decades, operations management is being pushed-by practitioners and students alike-to extend its reach both horizontally (to encompass the whole supply chain and the interface with other functions) and internationally. Moreover, the increasing sophistication of computer technology and the growth of the intemet are expanding the teaching and research methodologies that can be used to address these complex issues. Meeting the challenges posed by this ever-broadening conceptualization of our mission and the new tools available to us will require more than simply new knowledge and new courses. It also will require an influx of new people having very different backgrounds than in the past. We have to learn how to attract such people, how to prepare them to be effective teachers and researchers in production and operations management (pom), and how to work effectively with them. The locations of faculty, students, and potential partners in the learning experience also will be transformed, forcing us to reconsider how we organize to do our work and when and where we do it.
Tuberculosis vaccines: current progress.

Tuberculosis continues to be a major cause of disease and death throughout the developing world. Chemotherapy is the current method of control but with the continuing emergence of drug resistance, coupled with the reticence of major drug companies to invest in drug discovery, the identification of new vaccines to combat tuberculosis is a pressing need. Rational vaccine design requires knowledge of the protective immune response and, while this is not fully understood, it is clear that induction of a T-helper-1 type of immunity is critical to host resistance. A variety of animal models, but especially the mouse and guinea pig, can be used to determine the protective efficacy of new vaccines. These mostly consist of relatively short-term prophylactic models in which animals are vaccinated and then challenged by the aerosol infection route to determine their capacity to reduce the lung bacterial load. Several promising vaccine types have emerged, including subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines and vaccines based upon living vectors, such as recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccines and auxotrophic or gene disrupted mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A few of these have already entered early stage clinical trials.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PECTINASE PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF RHIZOPUS

Investigations (i) have shown that the following species of Rhizopus with the exception of the last two are parasitic on the sweet potato: nigricans Ehrnb., reflexus Bainier, tritici Saito, artocarpi Racib., delemar (Boid.) Wehmer and Hanzawa, maydis Bruderl., nodosus Namysl., oryzae Went and Pr. Geerligs, arrhizus Fischer, microsporus v. Tieg., and chinensis Saito. These fungi produce an enzym which dissolves out the middle lamellae so that the cells lose their coherence, thereby transforming the potatoes into a soft, watery mass. The cells themselves, however, are not penetrated, at least in the early stages of decay. It was likewise shown (2) that the two nonparasitic as well as the parasitic species produce an enzym, a part of which is exuded into the substrate which macerates raw sweetpotato disks in from two to four hours. The nonparasitic species actually produce more enzym than some of those which cause decay of sweet potatoes. Furthermore, it was found that the maximum strength of the macerating enzym both in the solution and in the mycelium is reached after a two or three days' growth of the organisms in sweet-potato decoction. Harter, Weimer, and Lauritzen (i) showed that these species of Rhizopus could be roughly grouped into high-, medium-, and low-temperature forms. The results demonstrated that a low temperature is not so much a limiting factor to infection and decay as a high temperature, since intermediate forms produced decay under laboratory conditions at relatively low temperatures, while the low-temperature forms did not infect sweet potatoes at a temperature of 30? C. or above. In view of the relationship found to exist between the different species with respect to the temperature at which they will infect and decay sweet potatoes, the writers proposed to determine (i) if pectinase is produced at any temperature at which the fungus will grow, and (2) if the amount produced is greatest at the optimum temperature for infection and decay.
A State Approximation-Based Mesh Refinement Algorithm for Solving Optimal Control Problems Using Pseudospectral Methods

A state approximation-mesh refinement algorithm is presented for determining solutions to optimal control problems using pseudospectral methods. In the method presented in this paper the polynomial approximation of the state is used to assess the difference between consecutive selections of the number of segments and the number of collocation point within each segment to determine better combinations of segments and collocation points on the subsequent grid. This process of computing the difference between polynomial approximations is continued until the difference lies below a user-specified threshold. Because the method developed in this paper combines dividing the problem into segments and determining the best number of collocation points within each segment, the approach conceived here is termed a hybrid global/local collocation method. The user-specified parameters of the method are provided and the approach is demonstrated successfully on four optimal control problems of varying complexity. It is found that the hybrid approach developed in this paper leads to a greater accuracy with lower overall computational time as compared to using a purely global approach.
Compensatory periplasmic nitrate reductase activity supports anaerobic growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in the absence of membrane nitrate reductase

Nitrate serves as a terminal electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Reduction of nitrate to nitrite generates a transmembrane proton motive force allowing ATP synthesis and anaerobic growth. The inner membrane-bound nitrate reductase NarGHI is encoded within the narK1K2GHJI operon, and the periplasmic nitrate reductase NapAB is encoded within the napEFDABC operon. The roles of the 2 dissimilatory nitrate reductases in anaerobic growth, and the regulation of their expressions, were examined by use of a set of deletion mutants in P. aeruginosa PAO1. NarGHI mutants were unable to grow anaerobically, but plate cultures remained viable up to 120 h. In contrast, the nitrate sensor-response regulator mutant ΔnarXL displayed growth arrest initially, but resumed growth after 72 h and reached the early stationary phase in liquid culture after 120 h. Genetic, transcriptional, and biochemical studies demonstrated that anaerobic growth recovery by the NarXL mutant was the result of Nap...
Multiple machine JIT scheduling: A tabu search approach

This paper presents an approach to solving the multiple machine, non-preemptive, earliness-tardiness scheduling problem with unequal due dates in a flow shop with machine tiers (FMT). In this variant of the flow shop problem, machines are arranged in tiers or groups, and the jobs must visit one machine in each tier. The processing times, machine assignments, and due dates are deterministic and known in advance. The objective is to find a permutation schedule that minimizes the total deviation of each job from its due date. A tabu search (TS) meta-heuristic combined with an LP evaluation function is applied to solve this problem and results are compared to optimal permutation solutions for small problems and the earliest due date schedule for large problems. Several neighborhood generation methods and two diversification strategies are examined to determine their effect on solution quality. Results show that the TS method works well for this problem. TS found the optimal solution in all but one of the smal...
Structural Properties of Calcium Silicate Pastes: II, Effect of Curing Temperature

The chemical and physical properties of C3S pastes cured at 4°, 25°, and 65°C were investigated. The 65°C paste had lower H2O surface area and larger capillary pore volume than the 25°C paste. The structure of the gel in the 4°C paste changes markedly with increased hydration. These changes were reflected in an increase in H2O surface area, decrease in C/S ratio, and decrease in the diameter of the mesopores. The degree of silicate polymerization increased with time and temperature of curing. In addition, the 4°C paste had a significant amount of monomer in the gel, which polymerizes with time.
Compile-time copy elimination

Single-assignment and functional languages have value semantics that do not permit side-effects. This lack of side-effects makes automatic detection of parallelism and optimization for data locality in programs much easier. However, the same property poses a challenge in implementing these languages efficiently. This paper describes an optimizing compiler system that solves the key problem of aggregate copy elimination. The methods developed rely exclusively on compile-time algorithms, including interprocedural analysis, that are applied to an intermediate data flow representation. By dividing the problem into update-in-place and build-in-place analysis, a small set of relatively simple techniques—edge substitution, graph pattern matching, substructure sharing and substructure targeting—was found to be very powerful. If combined properly and implemented carefully, the algorithms eliminate unnecessary copy operations to a very high degree. No run-time overhead is imposed on the compiled programs.
Effects of Cardiac Glycosides on Sodium Pump Expression and Function in LLC-PK1 and MDCK Cells

Effects of cardiac glycosides on sodium pump expression and function in LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells. Background The decreases in proximal tubule sodium reabsorption seen with chronic renal failure and volume expansion have been ascribed to circulating digitalis-like substances (DLS). However, the circulating concentrations of DLS do not acutely inhibit the sodium pump to a degree consistent with the observed changes in proximal tubule sodium reabsorption. Methods We examined how cell lines that simulated proximal (LLC-PK1) and distal tubule (MDCK) cells responded to acute (30 min) and long-term (up to 12 hours) Na + ,K + -ATPase inhibition with DLS. Results In LLC-PK1, but not MDCK cells, low concentrations of ouabain decreased 86 Rb uptake profoundly in a time and dose dependent manner. In LLC-PK1 cells grown to confluence, transcellular 22 Na flux was markedly reduced in concert with the decreases in 86 Rb uptake. Similar findings were observed with marinobufagenin (MBG) and deproteinated extract of serum derived from patients with chronic renal failure. However, inhibition of the Na + ,K + -ATPase with low extracellular potassium concentrations did not produce any of these effects. Western and Northern blots detected no change in alpha1 Na + ,K + -ATPase protein and message RNA, respectively, in LLC-PK1 cells treated with ouabain for 12 hours. However, the decrease in enzymatic activity of Na + ,K + -ATPase of these cells was comparable to observed decreases in 86 Rb uptake. Differential centrifugation as well as biotinylation experiments demonstrated a shift of the Na + ,K + -ATPase from the plasmalemma with prolonged ouabain treatment. Conclusions The results show that binding of cardiac glycosides by proximal (but not distal) tubular cells results in internalization of Na + ,K + -ATPase with the net effect to amplify inhibition of the Na + ,K + -ATPase. As the circulating concentrations of DLS increase with chronic renal failure and volume expansion, we suggest that this phenomenon explains some of the decreased sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule seen in these conditions.
STUDIES ON THE EOSINOPHILIC RESPONSE OF PARABIOTIC RATS INFECTED WITH TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS.

Abstract Infection of one member of a pair of parabiotic rats with Trichinella spiralis larvae initiated a peripheral eosinophilia which was manifest in the tail blood of both twins. This eosinophilia could also be demonstrated in the tail blood of “uninfected” twins following surgical separation from their infected mates prior to larviposition and was usually characterized by at least two peaks, the latter often occurring weeks after inoculation. The data indicate that the rats' eosinophilic response to infection with Trichinella is initiated by the intestinal stage of the parasite .
Enzymatic radioiodination of gonadotropins.

A method is described for the enzymatic radioiodination of HCG, human follicle stimulating hormone (HFSH) and human luteinizing hormone (HLH) by a system consisting of lactoperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide and Na 125I. The hormones differed in their susceptibility to iodination. HCG was easily iodinated but HFSH and HLH required slightly higher concentrations of the enzyme and hydrogen peroxide. These hormones were labeled at specific activities satisfactory for radioimmunoassay. Biologic activities of these preparations were retained (HCG 108%, HFSH >62% and HLH 99%). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of these tracers was consistent with their radiopurity. This lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination is a gentle, simple and rapid method, and the radioiodinated preparations are suitable for radioimmunoassay.
Patterns and Variability of Projected Bioclimatic Habitat for Pinus albicaulis in the Greater Yellowstone Area

Projected climate change at a regional level is expected to shift vegetation habitat distributions over the next century. For the sub-alpine species whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), warming temperatures may indirectly result in loss of suitable bioclimatic habitat, reducing its distribution within its historic range. This research focuses on understanding the patterns of spatiotemporal variability for future projected P.albicaulis suitable habitat in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) through a bioclimatic envelope approach. Since intermodel variability from General Circulation Models (GCMs) lead to differing predictions regarding the magnitude and direction of modeled suitable habitat area, nine bias-corrected statistically down-scaled GCMs were utilized to understand the uncertainty associated with modeled projections. P.albicaulis was modeled using a Random Forests algorithm for the 1980–2010 climate period and showed strong presence/absence separations by summer maximum temperatures and springtime snowpack. Patterns of projected habitat change by the end of the century suggested a constant decrease in suitable climate area from the 2010 baseline for both Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 8.5 and 4.5 climate forcing scenarios. Percent suitable climate area estimates ranged from 2–29% and 0.04–10% by 2099 for RCP 8.5 and 4.5 respectively. Habitat projections between GCMs displayed a decrease of variability over the 2010–2099 time period related to consistent warming above the 1910–2010 temperature normal after 2070 for all GCMs. A decreasing pattern of projected P.albicaulis suitable habitat area change was consistent across GCMs, despite strong differences in magnitude. Future ecological research in species distribution modeling should consider a full suite of GCM projections in the analysis to reduce extreme range contractions/expansions predictions. The results suggest that restoration strageties such as planting of seedlings and controlling competing vegetation may be necessary to maintain P.albicaulis in the GYA under the more extreme future climate scenarios.
Automated modified composite pattern single image depth acquisition

The use of structured light illumination techniques for three-dimensional data acquisition is, in many cases, limited to stationary subjects due to the multiple pattern projections needed for depth analysis. Traditional Composite Pattern (CP) multiplexing utilizes sinusoidal modulation of individual projection patterns to allow numerous patterns to be combined into a single image. However, due to demodulation artifacts, it is often difficult to accurately recover the subject surface contour information. On the other hand, if one were to project an image consisting of many thin, identical stripes onto the surface, one could, by isolating each stripe center, recreate a very accurate representation of surface contour. But in this case, recovery of depth information via triangulation would be quite difficult. The method described herein, Modified Composite Pattern (MCP), is a conjunction of these two concepts. Combining a traditional Composite Pattern multiplexed projection image with a pattern of thin stripes allows for accurate surface representation combined with nonambiguous identification of projection pattern elements. In this way, it is possible to recover surface depth characteristics using only a single structured light projection. The technique described utilizes a binary structured light projection sequence (consisting of four unique images) modulated according to Composite Pattern methodology. A stripe pattern overlay is then applied to the pattern. Upon projection and imaging of the subject surface, the stripe pattern is isolated, and the composite pattern information demodulated and recovered, allowing for 3D surface representation. Additionally, we introduce techniques which, when implemented, allow fully automated processing of the Modified Composite Pattern image.
Learning-Set Formation by Mink, Ferrets, Skunks, and Cats

The ability of mink, fer rets, skunks, and cats to learn to dis criminate between objects was com pared. Performance of mink and fer rets was similar to that reported for primates. This observation suggests that there is considerable overlap among mammals in ability to form learning sets.
Scattering of sound waves by a turbulent wake

Abstract In this investigation, the Doppler shifted power spectrum of the scattering cross-section is obtained for plane acoustic waves scattered by fluid flow fluctuations appropriate to a turbulent wake. The wake considered in this paper is assumed almost homogeneous and isotropic and of low Reynolds number. It is shown that the evaluation of the Doppler scattering cross-section essentially reduces to the calculation of the wave number converted and frequency shifted energy spectrum function of the turbulent flow fluctuations. In prescribing the low Reynolds number turbulence spectrum, inertial forces are assumed negligible. Convective effects of the macro-eddies, which cause a Doppler shift in the scattered waves, are considered using a Lagrangian-type of space-time velocity correlation. After finding the spectrum of turbulent fluctuations, the Doppler shifted power spectrum of the scattering cross-section, which characterizes the scattered waves, is obtained explicitly for the far field approximation.