cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Efficacy of 4 Liters of Clear Liquids for Small Bowel Preparation Prior to Video Capsule Endoscopy.

BACKGROUND/AIMS Optimal small bowel (SB) preparation for video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is controversial. Our study aimed to support the use of a specified volume of 4 liters of clear liquids for bowel preparation for VCE. METHODS A retrospective review of 284 patients who underwent SB preparation with 2 liters of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 284 patients who had 4 liters of clear liquid preparation. We analyzed image quality, endoscopic findings, completion rate, and transit times. RESULTS The 4-liter clear liquid group had significantly higher mean image quality scores when compared to the PEG group (2.908±0.77 to 2.669±0.64, p<0.0001), as well as more studies with adequate preparation (72% to 64%, p=0.0214). Although the PEG group had more endoscopic findings on VCE (40% to 23%, p<0.0001), there was a significant difference in the indications for the procedure between the groups. There was no difference in the capsule completion rate or SB transit time. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate significantly higher mean image quality scores when using a specified volume of 4 liters of clear liquid compared to 2 liters of PEG. This study supports the growing evidence of the effectiveness of a 4-liter clear liquid SB preparation as opposed to PEG for VCE.
Chapter 6 – Viscosity Measurement

Publisher Summary This chapter is deigned to discuss the measurement of viscosity. Viscosity of fluids is highly temperature dependent. In all viscosity measurements it is essential that the temperature be closely controlled. The temperature at which viscosity measurements are taken should be stated with all viscosity data because the data are meaningless unless the temperature is known. It is assumed that close temperature control is an essential feature of each system. The various types of viscometers can be classified according to the principle on which they work. Glass capillary viscometers are widely used for measuring low to medium viscosity Newtonian fluids because of their high degree of accuracy, ease of operation, and low cost. The special feature of the cone and plate viscometer is that the shear rate is uniform at all points in the fluid, provided that the angle of the cone is small. This makes the cone and plate viscometer of particular use for non-Newtonian fluids because the true rate of shear can be obtained comparatively easily. The chapter emphasizes the severe problems associated with attempts to describe a non-Newtonian fluid by means of a one-point measurement.
Complications (Early and Late) of Aortofemoral Grafting

Spinal cord ischemia manifesting as right lower extremity weakness with full recovery occurred within 6 months following aorto-bifemoral graft reconstruction for an infrarenal aortic occlusion, bilateral common iliac artery occlusions, and hypogastric artery occlusion. Patient subsequently underwent repair of right femoral anastomotic aneurysm and right femoral-popliteal in situ bypass 7 years later for critical limb ischemia.
Nursing care of a case of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome caused by child abuse combined with severe soft tissue injury

Objective To explore the nursing experience of a child with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome caused by physical abuse and severe soft tissue injury. Methods In this case, multiple soft tissue injuries and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome were caused by domestic violence abuse. Nursing included strengthening artificial airway nursing, continuous blood purification nursing, skin injury nursing, sedation and analgesia management, nutritional support nursing, psychological nursing and family education. Results After careful treatment and nursing, the child′s condition improved and was transferred to the general ward for further treatment and discharged. Conclusions The nursing of multiple soft tissue injuries and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome includes strengthening artificial airway nursing, continuous blood purification nursing, skin injury nursing, sedation and analgesia management, nutritional support nursing, psychological nursing and family education. Key words: Nursing care; Child abuse; Soft tissue injury; Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
Transcriptional Atlas of Ileal-Anal Pouch Immune Cells from Ulcerative Colitis Patients

ABSTRACT How the human intestinal immune system is distinctly organized to respond to inflammation is still poorly understood. Here, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing to examine lamina propria CD45+ hematopoietic cells from patients with inflammatory bowel disease that have undergone ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, or the colon mucosa of ulcerative colitis patients. We identified a population of IL1B+ antimicrobial macrophages and FOXP3/+BATF+ T cells that are associated and expanded in inflamed tissues, which we further validated in other scRNA-seq datasets from IBD patients. CD8+ T cells were unexpectedly more abundant in the pouch than colon. Cell type specific markers obtained from single-cell RNA-sequencing was used to infer representation from bulk RNA sequencing datasets, which further implicated antimicrobial macrophages expressing IL1B with S100A8/A9 calprotectin as being associated with inflammation, as well as Bacteroides and Escherichia bacterial species. Finally, we find that non-responsiveness to anti-integrin biologic therapies in UC patients is associated with the signature of this antimicrobial macrophage population in a subset of patients. This study identified conserved and distinct features of intestinal inflammation between parts of the small and large intestine undergoing similar inflammation conditions.
Patterning Metal Grids for GaAs Solar Cells with Cracked Film Lithography: Quantifying the Cost/Performance Tradeoff.

We introduce cracked film lithography (CFL) as a way to reduce the cost of III-V photovoltaics (PV). We spin-coat nanoparticle suspensions onto GaAs thin-film device stacks. The suspensions dry in ...
Maximizing Performance in Medicare's Merit Based Incentive Payment System: A Financial Model to Optimize Health Information Technology Resource Allocation.

Participation in the Medicare Quality Payment Program’s Merit Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) has forced many healthcare administrators to strategize how to achieve success under value-based ...
Chronic total occlusion and spontaneous recanalization of the internal carotid artery: Natural history and management strategy.

ObjectivesSpontaneous recanalization of a chronic total occlusion of the extra-cranial internal carotid artery is an under-reported clinical entity. This paper reviews the different etiologies of i...
Food and water insecurity as causes of social unrest: Evidence from geolocated Twitter data:

Research often fails to account for the specific pathways by which climatic factors can cause social unrest. One challenge lies in understanding the distinct effects of food insecurity and water in...
ScaffoldSQL: SQL Test Cases + Parson's Problems

This poster describes ScaffoldSQL, an in-development tool for helping students learn Structured Query Language (SQL). ScaffoldSQL combines Parson's problems with an automated test suite to help students learn SQL syntax and semantics. The tool is designed to help instructors of database classes identify struggling and advanced students early, assisting in instructional pacing. The tool also provides individualized immediate feedback for students as they are learning without direct instructor intervention. The software has been created, but not formally tested in a classroom. Future work will focus on experimental validation of the approach and integrating ScaffoldSQL into learning management systems (LMSes) for ease of adoption by interested instructors.
Bite force estimates in juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex based on simulated puncture marks.

Author(s): Peterson, Joseph E; Tseng, Z Jack; Brink, Shannon | Abstract: BackgroundBite marks attributed to adult Tyrannosaurus rex have been subject to numerous studies. However, few bite marks attributed to T. rex have been traced to juveniles, leaving considerable gaps in understanding ontogenetic changes in bite mechanics and force, and the paleoecological role of juvenile tyrannosaurs in the late Cretaceous.MethodsHere we present bite force estimates for a juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex based on mechanical tests designed to replicate bite marks previously attributed to a T. rex of approximately 13 years old. A maxillary tooth of the juvenile Tyrannosaurus specimen BMR P2002.4.1 was digitized, replicated in dental grade cobalt chromium alloy, and mounted to an electromechanical testing system. The tooth was then pressed into bovine long bones in various locations with differing cortical bone thicknesses at varying speeds for a total of 17 trials. Forces required to replicate punctures were recorded and puncture dimensions were measured.ResultsOur experimentally derived linear models suggest bite forces up to 5,641.19 N from cortical bone thickness estimated from puncture marks on an Edmontosaurus and a juvenile Tyrannosaurus. These findings are slightly higher than previously estimated bite forces for a juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex of approximately the same size as BMR P2002.4.1 but fall within the expected range when compared to estimates of adult T. rex.DiscussionThe results of this study offer further insight into the role of juvenile tyrannosaurs in late Cretaceous ecosystems. Furthermore, we discuss the implications for feeding mechanisms, feeding behaviors, and ontogenetic niche partitioning.
Time-changed markov processes in unified credit-equity modeling

This paper develops a novel class of hybrid credit-equity models with state-dependent jumps, local-stochastic volatility and default intensity based on time changes of Markov pro- cesses with killing. We model the defaultable stock price process as a time changed Markov difiusion process with state-dependent local volatility and killing rate (default intensity). When the time change is a Levy subordinator, the stock price process exhibits jumps with state-dependent Levy measure. When the time change is a time integral of an activity rate process, the stock price process has local-stochastic volatility and default intensity. When the time change process is a Levy subordinator in turn time changed with a time integral of an activity rate process, the stock price process has state-dependent jumps, local-stochastic volatility and default intensity. We develop two analytical approaches to the pricing of credit and equity derivatives in this class of models. The two approaches are based on the Laplace transform inversion and the spectral expansion approach, respectively. If the resolvent (the Laplace transform of the transition semigroup) of the Markov process and the Laplace trans- form of the time change are both available in closed form, the expectation operator of the time changed process is expressed in closed form as a single integral in the complex plane. If the payofi is square-integrable, the complex integral is further reduced to a spectral ex- pansion. To illustrate our general framework, we time change the jump-to-default extended CEV model (JDCEV) of Carr and Linetsky (2006) and obtain a rich class of analytically tractable models with jumps, local-stochastic volatility and default intensity. These models can be used to jointly price equity and credit derivatives.
It's a worm-eat-worm world: Consumption of parasite free-living stages protects hosts and benefits predators.

Predation on parasites is a common interaction with multiple, concurrent outcomes. Free-living stages of parasites can comprise a large portion of some predators' diets and may be important resources for population growth. Predation can also reduce the density of infectious agents in an ecosystem, with resultant decreases in infection rates. While predator-parasite interactions likely vary with parasite transmission strategy, few studies have examined how variation in transmission mode influences contact rates with predators and the associated changes in consumption risk. To understand how transmission mode mediates predator-parasite interactions, we examined associations between an oligochaete predator Chaetogaster limnaei that lives commensally on freshwater snails and nine trematode taxa that infect snails. Chaetogaster is hypothesized to consume active (i.e. mobile), free-living stages of trematodes that infect snails (miracidia), but not the passive infectious stages (eggs); it could thus differentially affect transmission and infection prevalence of parasites, including those with medical or veterinary importance. Alternatively, when infection does occur, Chaetogaster can consume and respond numerically to free-living trematode stages released from infected snails (cercariae). These two processes lead to contrasting predictions about whether Chaetogaster and trematode infection of snails correlate negatively ('protective predation') or positively ('predator augmentation'). Here, we tested how parasite transmission mode affected Chaetogaster-trematode relationships using data from 20,759 snails collected across 4 years from natural ponds in California. Based on generalized linear mixed modelling, snails with more Chaetogaster were less likely to be infected by trematodes that rely on active transmission. Conversely, infections by trematodes with passive infectious stages were positively associated with per-snail Chaetogaster abundance. Our results suggest that trematode transmission mode mediates the net outcome of predation on parasites. For trematodes with active infectious stages, predatory Chaetogaster limited the risk of snail infection and its subsequent pathology (i.e. castration). For taxa with passive infectious stages, no such protective effect was observed. Rather, infected snails were associated with higher Chaetogaster abundance, likely owing to the resource subsidy provided by cercariae. These findings highlight the ecological and epidemiological importance of predation on free-living stages while underscoring the influence of parasite life history in shaping such interactions.
John Steinbeck’s Irish Grandfather: Samuel Hamilton, East of Eden, and Post-world War II Irish American Fiction

If Ellin Berlin introduced readers to a class of Irish Americans rarely seen in literature, John Steinbeck introduced them to Irish Americans in a location rarely associated with them: California. Steinbeck, not considered an author of ethnic fiction but rather more broadly American, writes in East of Eden a character based on his own immigrant grandfather. Samuel Hamilton of County Derry moved beyond the urban ethnic enclaves of Boston, New York City, and Chicago, all the way to the west coast of the United States. There his family quickly blended into the wider American tapestry. Steinbeck characterizes the fictional Sam Hamilton almost exclusively by his Irishness, however. This chapter looks at Steinbeck’s Irish grandfather alongside other Irish grandfathers in post-World War II fiction that is more definitively Irish American. Samuel fits the trope of the generous, wise, kind grandfather, open to all walks of life and resistant to capitalism. His sons can be compared in interesting ways to other assimilating second-generation characters.
Re-examining phone counseling for smoking cessation: Does the evidence apply to low-SES smokers?

Abstract Introduction A 2019 Cochrane review concluded telephone counseling is an effective intervention for smoking cessation. However, the review did not assess the role of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators on the effectiveness of telephone counseling. Methods We reviewed 65 U.S. studies from the Cochrane review. We abstracted data on education, income, employment status and insurance status, and examined associations with targeted recruitment, intervention uptake, attrition, and cessation outcomes. Results Except for education, SES indicators were seldom reported or used in analysis: 61 studies reported education, 24 reported insurance status, 23 reported employment status, and 17 reported income. Nine studies exclusively recruited low-SES samples. Thirteen studies examined associations between SES and smoking cessation. Among these, two reported lower education predicted greater cessation and two reported higher education predicted greater cessation. Other studies found higher income (n = 2) or employment type (n = 1) predicted cessation. Conclusions Evidence supporting telephone counseling for cessation is less clear when applied to low-SES smokers. Future research should directly assess intervention effectiveness in this priority population. Practice implications Given the evidence, it may be hard to justify future studies not focusing on low-SES populations. Innovative counseling solutions from providers helping low-income smokers quit should be evaluated to inform best practice.
Comparison of Leukocyte Classes Most Likely to Cause Vascular Dysfunction in Preeclampsia

COMPARISON OF LEUKOCYTE CLASSES MOST LIKELY TO CAUSE VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION IN PREECLAMPSIA By Kristen Anne Cadden, M.S. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Major Director: Scott W. Walsh, Ph.D. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Physiology Leukocytes are activated in women with preeclampsia, but the class of leukocyte most likely to cause vascular dysfunction is not known. We hypothesized that neutrophils may be the class of leukocyte most involved in causing this dysfunction because neutrophils are the most abundant of the leukocytes and their numbers increase during pregnancy. In this study we compared vascular infiltration of neutrophils (CD66b) with monocytes/macrophages (CD 14) and lymphocytes (CD99) in normal non-pregnant women (NNP), normal pregnant women (NP), and preeclamptic women (PE). There was no xi significant difference in the infiltration of lymphocytes into the maternal vasculature in PE as compared to NNP or NP. There was significantly more neutrophil infiltration into the systemic vasculature in PE women than in NP and NNP women. Monocytes/macrophages were present in tissue but not in vessels. We speculate that neutrophils are the class of leukocyte that causes the majority of vascular cell dysfunction in preeclampsia.
Ximelagatran (Exanta): alternative to warfarin?

For decades, the standards of antithrombotic therapy have been heparin and coumarin compounds, primarily warfarin (1). Other newer approaches include low-molecular-weight heparins, fondaparinux, lepirudin, argatroban, and melagatran (investigational). Although existing treatments are effective, they have many limitations. A safer, more convenient therapy is needed. Ximelagatran is the first oral treatment in a new World Health Organization class of direct thrombin inhibitors and is the first new oral anticoagulant since the introduction of warfarin almost 60 years ago (2). It was submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval in December 2003 (3).
Impact of acetaldehyde- and pyruvic acid-bound sulphur dioxide on wine lactic acid bacteria

Aims To investigate the impact of acetaldehyde- and pyruvic acid-bound sulphur dioxide on wine lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Methods and results Growth studies were performed where Oenococcus oeni, Pediococcus parvulus, Ped. damnosus and Lactobacillus hilgardii were inoculated into media containing various concentrations of acetaldehyde or pyruvic acid and an equimolar concentration of SO(2) at pH 3.50 and 3.70. Low concentrations of acetaldehyde- and pyruvic acid-bound SO(2) were inhibitory to the growth of all bacteria although acetaldehyde-bound SO(2) was generally more inhibitory than pyruvic acid-bound SO(2). Inhibition was greater at pH 3.50 than 3.70, and Lact. hilgardii was the most sensitive to acetaldehyde-bound SO(2), while O. oeni was the most sensitive to pyruvic acid-bound SO(2). Degradation of SO(2)-bound acetaldehyde was observed for all LAB, and aside from O. oeni, there was also complete degradation of SO(2)-bound pyruvic acid at both pH values. O. oeni only degraded pyruvic acid at pH 3.70. Degradation of SO(2)-bound acetaldehyde or pyruvic acid did not correlate with bacterial growth as inhibition was always observed in media containing bound SO(2). Conclusions Acetaldehyde- and pyruvic acid-bound SO(2) were inhibitory to wine LAB growth at concentrations as low as 5 mg l(-1). Despite this inhibition, all wine LAB degraded SO(2)-bound acetaldehyde and pyruvic acid suggesting that bound SO(2) may have a bacteriostatic rather than bacteriocidal action. Significance and impact of the study Sulphur dioxide bound to acetaldehyde or pyruvic acid is inhibitory to growth of wine LAB and must be considered when conducting the malolactic fermentation or controlling the growth of spoilage bacteria such as Pediococcus and Lactobacillus.
Electron Microscopy of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Replicative Ribonucleoproteins

The objective of this investigation was to examine by electron microscopy the replicative ribonucleoprotein (RNP) structures synthesized in vesicular stomatitis virus-infected HeLa cells. Pulse-labeled in vivo products of vesicular stomatitis virus replication and transcription can be separated by centrifugation in Renografin gradients. Transcription complexes are dissociated, allowing nascent messenger RNPs to remain at the top of the gradient, whereas RNPs biochemically consistent with replication complexes sediment to the middle of the gradient. Examination of these structures by electron microscopy revealed that all exist as coiled or helical RNPs having dimensions of ∼20 by 700 nm. These structures can be further subdivided into three major morphological classes: (i) linear forms (20 by 769 ± 158 nm), which have both ends free; (ii) circular forms (20 by 679 ± 95 nm), which appear to have both ends joined; and (iii) complex forms, which include those structures which are branched replicative complexes as well as those which are random. To distinguish random complexes and possible transcriptive complex contaminants from replicative complexes, it was necessary to uncoil the RNP structures with EDTA so that length measurements could be made relating the nascent strand length to its position on the template. After EDTA treatment, the linear RNPs uncoiled (10 by 4,035 ± 3,802 nm), and the circular morphology virtually disappeared. However, a new form appeared which was one-half the length and double the width (20 by 2,103 ± 306 nm) of full-length RNPs and contained a loop at one end and two free ends at the other (α-form RNP). The distribution and length analysis of these structures, plus and minus EDTA, suggest that the α-form RNPs arise by EDTA-induced uncoiling of circular forms held together at the ends. Close scrutiny of uncoiled complex RNPs revealed no single-strand RNP templates with single-strand nascents. However, several complexes were observed which appeared to contain α-form templates with single-strand nascent RNPs. Length measurements suggest these complexes are neither random nor transcriptive, but are replicative. These experiments suggest that replication may, in part, occur on circular coiled RNP templates. Images
The most vulnerable synapse: historic aspects of neuromuscular junction disorders.

Publisher Summary The site where a motor nerve meets a skeletal muscle fiber is termed either the neuromuscular or the myoneural junction. This chapter focuses on botulism and describes the history of myasthenia gravis (MG) and its relatives, major representatives of endogenous neuromuscular disorders. The eventful histories of botulism and MG began before it was realized that the neuromuscular junction, the most vulnerable synapse known, was involved. Botulism is a type of food poisoning, caused by the ingestion of spoiled sausages. Investigations indicated that botulinum toxins consisted of heavy and light chain polypeptides. The chapter summarizes the pathogenesis of MG and related conditions and history of treatments for MG. MG is unique in responding to adrenocorticosteroids by sometimes worsening initially, especially at higher doses, before improvement, if any, occurs. A hypothetical protein distinct from enzymes is an allosteric receptor that could recognize acetylcholine and change configuration.
Chapter 6: Prosocial Television for Community Problems: Framework, Effective Methods, and Regulatory Barriers

Summary Prevention professionals have often steered away from using media because of the mistaken notion that media cannot be effective for behavior change. This chapter presents one integrative framework, “behavioral systems,” useful for conceptualizing, designing, implementing, and evaluating media-based, particularly televised, preventive efforts. Effective elements and variables for such behavior change efforts are gleaned from the framework and related literatures and are shown to be operative in a number of successful prosocial and health promotion television spots and programs, as well as being applicable to various “news media” efforts. However, a major problem is gaining access to the media. Typically, in the U.S., extensive resources are required to deliver televised messages, even at a local level. This central problem is discussed in relationship to regulatory policy and ways to work within the current broadcast system, as well as ways to bypass the system, so as to deliver specialized content...
Characterizing the longitudinal patterns of substance use among individuals diagnosed with serious mental illness after psychiatric hospitalization.

Aim To characterize longitudinal patterns of substance use across a large sample of psychiatric patients discharged from inpatient admission, followed for 1-year post-hospitalization. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Kansas City, MO, USA; Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Worcester, MA, USA. Participants Eight hundred and one schizophrenia-spectrum (n = 204), bipolar (n = 137) and depressive disorder (n = 460) patients from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study. Measurements Symptoms, functioning, drug/alcohol use assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Global Assessment of Functioning, and substance use interviews. Findings Patients used alcohol (67.0%; n = 540) and cannabis (30.0%; n = 237) more frequently than other substances up to 30 days before admission, and those with depressive and schizophrenia-spectrum used heroin more than individuals with bipolar (P = 0.023). Post-hospitalization, patients using alcohol (B = −0.15, P < 0.001) and cannabis (B = −0.27, P < 0.001) decreased, but patterns varied across diagnosis and genders. Patients using cannabis decreased at greater rates in depressive and schizophrenia-spectrum compared with bipolar (all P < 0.05), and more men used alcohol (B = 0.76, P < 0.001) and cannabis (B = 1.56, P < 0.001) than women. Cannabis (B = 1.65, P < 0.001) and alcohol (B = 1.04, P = 0.002) were associated with higher symptomatology; cannabis (B = −2.33, P < 0.001) and alcohol (B = −1.45, P = 0.012) were associated with lower functioning. Conclusions Substance use is frequent and associated with poor recovery in patients with serious mental illness recently discharged from psychiatric hospitalization. Addiction treatments personalized by diagnosis and gender may be effective for improving outcomes in people with serious mental illness.
Management of Crashing Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension

Critically ill patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) often seem well, but they can decompensate dramatically in a short time. PH has several causes, classes, and complications; but the natural progression eventually leads to right ventricular failure, which can be extraordinarily difficult to manage. The purpose of this review is to discuss the causes, signs, and symptoms of PH as well as its management strategies and emergent complications. Treatment options are often limited, so it is imperative that the emergency department physician can recognize and manage these patients in a timely fashion.
On the statistical analysis of non‐homogeneous traffic streams

The statistical analysis of counting processes obtained from extensive sets of traffic data is often complicated by the presence of long‐term fluctuations in the rate of traffic flow. This paper describes a technique which corrects for the effects of a non‐homogeneous rate function by transforming the observed process to a time scale in which the traffic rate is approximately constant. The transformation is based on properties of the non‐homogeneous Poisson process, but it is useful in estimation and testing of a much broader class of point process models. In determining the appropriate transformation for a sequence of aircraft arrivals, both kernel estimators and exponential polynomial models for the rate function are employed. The effect of the transformation on the estimated coefficient of variation for the headway distribution and on tests for serial dependence is demonstrated. The transformation allows stationary parametric models to be constructed for traffic indices in periods of fluctuating flow r...
Towards a semantics for XML markup

Although XML Document Type Definitions provide a mechanism for specifying, in machine-readable form, the syntax of an XML markup language, there is no comparable mechanism for specifying the semantics of an XML vocabulary. That is, there is no way to characterize the meaning of XML markup so that the facts and relationships represented by the occurrence of XML constructs can be explicitly, comprehensively, and mechanically identified. This has serious practical and theoretical consequences. On the positive side, XML constructs can be assigned arbitrary semantics and used in application areas not foreseen by the original designers. On the less positive side, both content developers and application engineers must rely upon prose documentation, or, worse, conjectures about the intention of the markup language designer --- a process that is time-consuming, error-prone, incomplete, and unverifiable, even when the language designer properly documents the language. In addition, the lack of a substantial body of research in markup semantics means that digital document processing is undertheorized as an engineering application area. Although there are some related projects underway (XML Schema, RDF, the Semantic Web) which provide relevant results, none of these projects directly and comprehensively address the core problems of XML markup semantics. This paper (i) summarizes the history of the concept of markup meaning, (ii) characterizes the specific problems that motivate the need for a formal semantics for XML and (iii) describes an ongoing research project --- the BECHAMEL Markup Semantics Project --- that is attempting to develop such a semantics.
R.M.S. Titanic: Underwater Cultural Heritage's Sacrifice

In 1912 the RMS Titanic (Titanic) sank; in 1985 Dr. Robert Ballard and the Institute of France for Research and Exploration of the Sea discovered the Titanic, and in 1994 the legal battles began. The stories of the Titanic sinking are just the tip of the iceberg — this article presents the rest of the story. This article studies the legal efforts to preserve the Titanic, evaluates the issues surrounding shipwrecks in international water, and analyzes what can be learned from this effort to help preserve other shipwrecks. There have been legislation, treaties and guidelines enacted to protect the Titanic. International treaties and US statutes and guidelines recognise the historical importance of the Titanic and seek to preserve the Titanic and her artifacts, to keep the artifacts together as a collection, to exhibit the collection to the public and to disseminate the information to the public. Much litigation has consumed the issue of which court has jurisdiction to adjudicate rights to the Titanic and who has those rights, however, as the Titanic is in international waters. One complicating factor is the different attitudes and law of states involved towards underwater cultural heritage. In the United States, the Fourth Circuit had declared that it has in rem jurisdiction over the Titanic in the United States and that R.M.S. Titanic, Inc (RMST), had salvor-in-possessor status in the United States. After RMST’s status was fully litigated, the district court in the Eastern District of Virginia crafted a salvage award for RMST. The court determined that RMST was entitled to 100 per cent of the fair market value of the salvaged objects and gave title of the artifacts to RMST. Since then, RMST has announced its intentions to sell the salvaged Titanic artifacts — leaving the Titanic and her artifacts in peril once again. If the most famous shipwreck in the world has encountered these obstacles to preservation, then what hope do the lesser known shipwrecks have?
Wave transmission characteristics and anisotropy of canine carotid arteries.

A method was developed to generate and record three types of small amplitude waves (pressure, torsion and axial) in the exposed carotid artery of anesthetized dogs. The pressure waves were studied with the aid of miniature pressure transducers; electro-optical tracking units monitored the axial and circumferential surface displacements. Results from 6 dogs are presented in the form of the phase velocities and attenuation of three types of waves. The data demonstrate incompatibility with an isotropic elastic model for the mechanical behavior of the artery. The measured damping appears to be primarily due to the viscoelastic properties of the vessel wall material.
Sing Unto God: Debbie Friedman and the Changing Sound of Jewish Liturgical Music

My essay offers a close look into what can be considered the first major moment of singer/songwriter/liturgist Debbie Friedman’s career: her 1972 service Sing Unto God. This key moment has long been obscured from view. By the time Friedman reached a consistent level of national popularity, the narratives created around her tended to draw a scrim over her early years. Reconstructing her early creative life, therefore, provides insight into her philosophical and musical trajectory, while underlining the scholarly discomfort of doing so. It also opens up new conversations about the changing state of music and liturgy in American Jewish life during the early 1970s.
The Lost Art of Declaring War

Historically, it has been assumed that war is violence and declarations of war are simply public announcements that serve to initiate combat. Brien Hallett denies both assumptions and claims that war is policy, not violence.The Lost Art of Declaring War analyzes the crucial differences between combat and war and convincingly argues that the power to declare war is in actuality the power to compose a text, draft a document, write a denunciation. Once written, the declaration then serves three functions: to articulate the political purposes of the war, to guide and direct military operations, and to establish the boundary between justified combat and unjustified devastation.Hallett sounds a clarion call urging the people and their representatives to take up the challenge and write fully reasoned declarations of war. Then, and only then, can a civilized nation like the United States lay claim to being fully democratic, not only in peacetime, but in wartime as well.
Maxillary speech prostheses for mandibular surgical defects

Abstract Speech distortion is one of the debilitating consequences of radical surgery of the tongue, floor of the mouth, and mandible. The major cause of this speech impairment is restricted motion of the tongue and lack of lingual-palatal contact. Since contact between the tongue and the posterior part of the palate is anatomically impossible, a prosthesis is functionally formed to lower the palatal vault. The sounds “k” and “g” require this palatal contact. A series of test words beginning with these consonants was, therefore, used to evaluate possible speech improvement. The results indicated significant improvement in speech intelligibility for those patients with severely restricted tongues with the use of the prosthesis.
Enhanced cellular activation with single walled carbon nanotube bundles presenting antibody stimuli.

Efficient immunotherapy can be accomplished by expanding T cells outside the body using single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) bundles presenting antibody stimuli. Owing to the large surface area of these bundles, which can reach 1560 m2/g, T cell stimulating antibodies such as anti-CD3, can be presented at high local concentrations inducing potent activation of T cells. We show that anti-CD3 adsorbed onto SWNT bundles stimulate cells more effectively than equivalent concentrations of soluble anti-CD3. Stimulation by antibody adsorbed onto SWNT is significantly higher than other high surface area materials (activated carbon, polystyrene, and C60 nanoparticles), suggesting unique properties of SWNT bundles for stimuli presentation. We demonstrate the surface area tunability of these bundles by chemical treatment and its effect on antibody adsorption and subsequent T cell activation. In addition, the T cell response varied with the concentration of SWNT in a concentration dependent manner. Antibody stimuli ad...
650 TOXICITY IN THE INTERGROUP RHABDOMYOSARCOMA STUDY(IRS): A PRELIMINARY REPORT

To date a total of 640 patients have been registered in the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study. Twelve early deaths have been reported. All occurred within 34 days of the start of therapy. Five had pharyngeal primaries and 2 had primaries in the maxillary sinus - all seven had Group III disease (gross residual disease). Most fatalities were associated with granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. Four fatalities were associated with membranous colitis at autopsy. Forty-seven of 417 evaluable patients (11%) developed hematuria. The hematuria was moderate or severe in 80% of cases. It occurred with equal frequency throughout treatment and occurred for the first time in some patients after therapy was stopped. Severe neutropenia (<500/mm3) was observed in 67% of patients in Regimen E and 72% of patients in Regimen F (Clinical Groups III and IV). Adriamycin cardiomyopathy has not been observed in this study. Since most early deaths occurred in patients with head and neck primaries, the use of less intensive initial chemotherapeutic regimens may be advisable for these patients.
5'-nucleotidase localization in the brains and spinal cords of adult normal and dysmyelinating mutant (shiverer) mice.

Abstract Immunocytochemical staining with the antibody against mouse liver 5′-nucleotidase revealed 5′-nucleotidase antigenicity in myelinated fibers in the brains and in myelinated fibers and some interfascicular oligodendroglia in the spinal cords of normal adult mice. Although the 5′-nucleotidase specific activity in adult shiverer mouse CNS tissue homogenates had been shown to be normal, immunocytochemical staining with anti-mouse-5′-nucleotidase could be demonstrated in CNS tissue sections from only 2 out of 10 of the mutant animals. In tissue from these animals the staining, which was relatively faint, was localized specifically to cell-bodies, usually arranged in rows, and to material oriented parallel to nerve fibers. This pattern of immunostaining with anti-5′-nucleotidase resembled the immunostaining with anti-carbonic anhydrase but not with anti-glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein. This suggested that the rows of cells were oligodendrocytes, not astrocytes, and that the material parallel to nerve fibers might consist of oligodendrocyte processes wrapped loosely around axons. The antibody against rat 5′-nucleotidase, as distinguished from mouse, immunostained only the blood vessels in the shiverer mouse CNS, a finding similar to a previous observation in the normal mouse CNS. From these findings it was inferred that the primary loci of 5′-nucleotidase in the shiverer mouse CNS were interfascicular oligodendrocytes, their processes, and blood vessels, and in the normal mouse CNS, the myelin in some tracts, the blood vessels, and some interfascicular oligodendrocytes.
Computational identification of cellular networks and pathways

In this article we highlight recent developments in computational functional genomics to identify networks of functionally related genes and proteins based on diverse sources of genomic data. Our specific focus is on statistical methods to identify genetic networks. We discuss integrated analysis of microarray datasets, methods to combine heterogeneous data sources, the analysis of high-dimensional phenotyping screens and describe efforts to establish a reliable and unbiased gold standard for method comparison and evaluation.
Physical activity behavior and related characteristics of highly active eighth-grade girls.

Abstract Purpose Although girls are generally less physically active than boys, some girls regularly engage in high levels of physical activity (PA); however, very little is known about these girls and how they differ from those who are less physically active. This study examined the PA behavior and related characteristics of highly active adolescent girls and compared them with those who are less active. Methods Data from 1,866 eighth-grade girls from six field centers across the United States participating in the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG) were included in the present analysis. Mixed-model analysis of variance examined differences in sociodemographic, anthropometric, psychosocial, and physical activity (accelerometry and self-report) variables between high- and low-active girls; effect sizes were calculated for the differences. Results High-active girls were taller, had lower body mass indices and body fat, and were less sedentary. High-active girls scored higher on self-efficacy, enjoyment of PA, self-management strategies, outcome-expectancy value, and support from family and friends than low-active girls. Low-active girls participated in more leisure time and educational sedentary activities than high-active girls. High-active girls participated in more PA classes/lessons outside of school, team sports, and individual sports. They were also more likely to participate in sports in an organized setting in the community or at school than low-active girls. Conclusions Health promotion efforts should focus on decreasing the amount of time girls spend in sedentary activities and replacing that time with organized PA opportunities; such efforts should seek to minimize perceived barriers and increase self-efficacy and support for PA.
Measurement and digital compensation of cross talk and photoleakage in high-resolution TFT LCDs

Capacitance crosstalk and TFT photoleakage affect the transmission-voltage array characteristics in high- resolution TFTLCDs. These effects depend upon the drive inversion scheme use, and are image-dependent. Photoleakage can also be a cause of flicker in TFTLCDs at low frame rates. One characterization method utilizes comparison of front-of-screen measurements with either measured test cells or theoretical cell characteristics. A second method utilizes digital crosstalk compensation, in which the image data provided to the panel is modified to offset the effects of crosstalk in various test image patterns.
Dependency of Contact Angle Hysteresis on Crystallinity for n-Alkane Substrates

Changes in dynamic contact angle for the wetting of heat-treated paraffin wax surfaces were reported. It was observed that the advancing angle remains relatively stable while the receding angle dec...
Public Speaking in the Presidential Primaries Through Media Eyes

Speech making by candidates in the 1992 presidential primaries was mediated by television journalists more than ever before. The result of this virtual replacement of campaign oratory with the very different rhetoric of the electronic press is a thorough devaluation of oratory for television viewers, for whom these speeches perform none of their classical functions. The candidate's verbal expression becomes irrelevant, despite the fact that it conveys many important things, from detailed proposals to facets of personality that later prove their value to indications of speech context. This study examines these manifestations in evening news campaign coverage by ABC, CBS, and NBC, with brief comparisons to C-SPAN, during the 1992 primary season.
Attendees' perceptions of commercial influence in noncommercially funded CME programs.

Introduction: The controversy surrounding commercial support for continuing medical education (CME) programs has led to policy changes, but data show no significant difference in perceived bias between commercial and noncommercial CME. Indeed, what attendees perceive as commercial influence is not fully understood. We sought to clarify what sources contribute to attendees' perceptions of commercial influence in non-industry-supported CME programs, and how attendees perceive that this influence manifests itself on both speaker and program levels. Methods: Evaluation forms were received from 1 544 attendees at 14 live noncommercially supported CME programs in 2006, 2007, and 2010. Attendees rated perceived commercial influence for each lecture and the entire program. Using open-ended and “check all that apply'' questions, participants specified perceived sources and manifestations of commercial influence. Results: Attendees rating individual lectures but not the entire program as commercially influenced accounted for 59.9% of those who identified bias. The most frequently endorsed source of commercial influence was individual speakers' funding, and the most listed manifestations were speakers' mentions of pharmaceuticals and expressions of personal opinions. Rating the entire program commercially influenced correlated with whether attendees considered the funding of referenced research a source of influence. Discussion: CME attendees consider a broad spectrum of factors when reporting commercial influence. Evaluation forms should include bias questions per lecture as well as items to clarify perceived sources and manifestations of commercial influence.
Reconstructing the cross–sectional area of an axially vibrating non–uniform rod from one of its mode shapes

It is shown that the cross–sectional area of a non–uniform axially vibrating rod can be reconstructed from one of its mode shapes, and that the solution, up to a scale factor, is unique. The conditions, which allow construction of a physical rod with positive smooth cross–sectional area, are given. The problem is addressed for the discrete and the continuous models of the rod. Examples demonstrate the various results.
Effect of Age upon the Cellular Phases of Skeletal Muscle

SummaryDeterminations have been made of the concentration of chloride, fat and water in the gastrocnemius muscles and serum from 7 groups of rats ranging from 15 to 365 days of age. From these data calculations have been made concerning the relative masses of connective tissue and muscle cell phases present in the muscles at the various ages. Values characteristic of adult tissue are found at 90 days of age. Thereafter approximately a constant composition was observed. The calculated values for the connective tissue phase show a range of 40% of the total mass at 15 days to 15% at 90 days of age. The calculated percent of water in muscle cells decreases during the growth period.
Gendered Bodies: Negotiating Normalcy and Support

Research on gender and negotiation typically focuses on formal bargaining about salary and compensation. This work needs to be expanded to everyday negotiations in the workplace, especially negotiations on organizational issues deemed germane to women. Drawing from research on work-life issues, this study focuses on how women frame problems about menopause at work in ways that make them open to negotiation. Specifically, it examines message board posts on an online discussion board to see how issues are named, blamed, and claimed and how this framing situates them as interests, rights, or power concerns that foster or hinder opportunities for negotiation.