cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Separation of Powers in the Eighteenth Century

“Justice is the end of government. It is the end of civil society.” Thus the authors of The Federalist defined the purposes of the government created by the Federal Convention. But they reached this definition as the conclusion to a discussion of the factious nature of mankind. Madison had already remarked that the causes of faction could not be removed without abolishing the liberty which is essential to political life. He believed, however, that the control of its effects was within human power. To the mind of the Virginian the vital political forces in the state should be tied up in a nice poise through the clauses of a written constitution. A government so contrived would, as Madison believed, “secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation.”The ideal which Madison envisaged was one of dynamic equilibrium. He thought that by deriving the various branches of the government from different sources all positive action to the detriment of established order and guaranteed rights would be checked from the outset. Every safeguard against “the mutability of public councils” was to be embodied in the interior structure of the government itself. It was not enough that government should have a dependence upon the people; “experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions.”The political experience to which Madison referred was fresh in the minds of all the men who assembled at Philadelphia in the summer of 1787. It was afforded by the thirteen states, in none of which did political practice square with the expressed provisions of its constitution.
Controlling the Sensing Volume of Metal Nanosphere Molecular Sensors

Noble metal nanoparticles and nanoshells support surface plasmons at optical frequencies. These resonances, known as localized surface plasmons (LSPs), are sensitive to the dielectric properties of the environment and, in particular, to the refractive index of the material close to the surface of the particle. This sensitivity can be exploited in molecular detection systems that use nanoparticles functionalized with receptors to (a) bind target molecules and (b) optically transduce the resulting change in the dielectric environment. Optimization of an optical nanoparticle sensor involves tailoring the particle to the target so as to maximize the sensitivity of spectroscopic features to the dielectric variation associated with binding of target molecules to the particle surface.
Electrical Properties of SbCl5, ICl, HNO3, and Br2 Intercalated Pitch Based Carbon Fibers

Highly graphitized pitch based carbon fibers with heat treatment temperatures (HTT) of 2500°C, and 3000°C have been intercalated with SbCl5, ICl, HNO3, and Br2. These were reacted either by themselves alone, or in double sequence (e.g. Br2 followed by SbCl5). The electrical resistivities of individual fibers were then measured in air, and as a function of temperature, to a series of temperatures, to test air and thermal stability. The lowest resistivity found in this sequence so far is 28 micro ohm cm when ICl intercalation was followed by HNO3 reaction. These conductors are sometimes air stable (depending on intercalant) at room temperature and can be heated somewhat, but begin to deintercalate at much lower temperatures than was found for CuCl2 intercalated fibers [1,2]. In comparison with the CuCl2 reaction with pitch fibers, these intercalants react easily, and the sequential intercalations appear to give lower final resistivities.
3D-printed fluidic networks as vasculature for engineered tissue

Fabrication of vascular networks within engineered tissue remains one of the greatest challenges facing the fields of biomaterials and tissue engineering. Historically, the structural complexity of vascular networks has limited their fabrication in tissues engineered in vitro. Recently, however, key advances have been made in constructing fluidic networks within biomaterials, suggesting a strategy for fabricating the architecture of the vasculature. These techniques build on emerging technologies within the microfluidics community as well as on 3D printing. The freeform fabrication capabilities of 3D printing are allowing investigators to fabricate fluidic networks with complex architecture inside biomaterial matrices. In this review, we examine the most exciting 3D printing-based techniques in this area. We also discuss opportunities for using these techniques to address open questions in vascular biology and biophysics, as well as for engineering therapeutic tissue substitutes in vitro.
Biodegradable Thermoplastic Elastomers Incorporating POSS: Synthesis, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties

A need exists for biodegradable thermoplastic elastomers with tailorable mechanical and degradation properties. Toward meeting this need, we introduce a family of biodegradable thermoplastic elastomers that feature soft segments based on caprolactone–d,l-lactide or caprolactone–glycolide copolymers of low crystallinity, combined with a POSS-based hard segment with relatively low melting transition. Molecular characterization of the polyols and polyurethanes indicates good control over the composition and molecular weights, with high molecular weights for the polyurethanes, as desired. Thermal, mechanical, and microstructural characterization enabled establishment of structure–property relationships. Incorporation of two different comonomers was effective in diminishing soft segment crystallinity, positively impacting elasticity, while increasing POSS content proved effective in establishing thermally robust elastic behavior as well as mechanically reinforcing the polyurethanes. Prestraining the new thermo...
Report of 4 cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Shandong Province

In 2008,4 patients in the City of Taian were definitively diagnosed with human granulocytic anaplasmosis,as reported here.This is also the first report of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Shandong Province.
Modification of Synthesis, Release, and Function of Catecholaminergic Systems by Phenylalanine

The conversion of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), via tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; EC11416.2), is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of the catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Administration of supplemental tyrosine to normal animals under resting conditions usually fails to cause a sustained acceleration of catecholamine synthesis in the central nervous system, a notable exception being neurons within the prefrontal and cingulate cortices: these neurons, which normally fire very frequently, have been shown to be responsive to supplemental tyrosine (1).
Mixed Levels of Indestructibility

Starting from a supercompact cardinal κ, we force and construct a model in which κ is both the least strongly compact and least supercompact cardinal and κ exhibits mixed levels of indestructibility. Specifically, κ’s strong compactness, but not its supercompactness, is indestructible under any κ-directed closed forcing which also adds a Cohen subset of κ. On the other hand, in this model, κ’s supercompactness is indestructible under any κ-directed closed forcing which doesn’t add a Cohen subset of κ.
Purposes and Systems of Water Management

The scenarios of IWRM involve water handling and management of services and infrastructure, as well as the nexuses among sectors. Water supply is the highest priority service, and the lack of access to safe drinking water is the world’s most pressing water issue. Sanitation and wastewater services also involve water management, but they are mainly service categories. Sanitation is a critical social issue, with health, dignity, and convenience at stake, while wastewater management is an infrastructure sector. Irrigation is a large water-using sector that creates a water–food nexus. Stormwater and flood risk management are related water management services that involve protection and pollution control. The category of instream flows provides a focal point for assuring enough water in streams for required purposes.
The long tapered catheter.

The slight modification of an existing catheter allows torque control and selective access to tortuous brachiocephalic vessels, and avoids an additional arterial puncture when selective studies must follow a midstream injection. The catheter is easily prepared, is inexpensive, and shortens many difficult studies.
Bayesian optimization for predicting rare internal failures in manufacturing processes

Modern manufacturing processes are highly instrumented to capture data at every step along the assembly lines. Such fine-grained data can help manufacturers perform quality control by predicting which manufactured products are at risk of being defective. A predictive analytics system that identifies internal failures in products before they are shipped can result in significant savings for the manufacturer and result in better customer satisfaction. However, predicting internal failures in manufactured products is a challenging machine learning task due to two reasons: (i) the rarity of such failures in modern manufacturing processes, and (ii) the failure of traditional machine learning algorithms to optimize non-convex metrics such as Matthew's Correlation Coefficient (MCC) used to measure performance on imbalanced datasets. In this paper, we present “ImbalancedBayesOpt”, a meta-optimization algorithm that directly maximizes MCC by learning optimal weights for the positive and negative classes. We use Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) as the base classifier for our meta-optimization algorithm due to its competitive performance on machine learning prediction tasks. Our quantitative evaluation suggests that “ImbalancedBayesOpt” can significantly improve the classification performance of base classifiers on severely imbalanced high-dimensional datasets.
Cost effectiveness of regorafenib as second-line therapy for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Regorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, has demonstrated prolonged survival by 2.8 months as a second-line agent in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who progress on sorafenib therapy. The objective of the current study was to examine the cost effectiveness of regorafenib for the treatment of HCC. METHODS The authors constructed a Markov simulation model of patients with unresectable HCC and Child-Pugh A cirrhosis who received treatment with regorafenib versus best supportive care. Model inputs for regorafenib effectiveness and rates of adverse events in patients with HCC were based on published clinical trial data and literature review. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated along with the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of regorafenib therapy. One-way sensitivity analyses also were conducted simultaneously on all model parameters and on various Monte-Carlo simulation parameters, and the regorafenib cost threshold at which cost effectiveness would be achieved was determined. RESULTS Regorafenib provided an increase of 0.18 QALYs at a cost of $47,112. The ICER for regorafenib, compared with best supportive care, was $224,362. In 1-way sensitivity analyses, there were no scenarios in which regorafenib was cost effective. In cost threshold analysis, regorafenib would have to be priced at or below $67 per pill to be cost effective at an ICER of $100,000. CONCLUSIONS Regorafenib is not cost effective as a second-line agent in the treatment of HCC, with a marginal increase in QALYs at a high cost. Lowering the cost of regorafenib or improving the selection of patients who can achieve maximal survival benefit would improve its value as a second-line treatment option for patients with HCC. [See related editorial on pages 0000-0000, this issue.] Cancer 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Work Function Variations in Twisted Graphene Layers.

By combining optical imaging, Raman spectroscopy, kelvin probe force microscopy (KFPM), and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM), we show that graphene’s layer orientation, as well as layer thickness, measurably changes the surface potential (Φ). Detailed mapping of variable-thickness, rotationally-faulted graphene films allows us to correlate Φ with specific morphological features. Using KPFM and PEEM we measure ΔΦ up to 39 mV for layers with different twist angles, while ΔΦ ranges from 36–129 mV for different layer thicknesses. The surface potential between different twist angles or layer thicknesses is measured at the KPFM instrument resolution of ≤ 200 nm. The PEEM measured work function of 4.4 eV for graphene is consistent with doping levels on the order of 1012cm−2. We find that Φ scales linearly with Raman G-peak wavenumber shift (slope = 22.2 mV/cm−1) for all layers and twist angles, which is consistent with doping-dependent changes to graphene’s Fermi energy in the ‘high’ doping limit. Our results here emphasize that layer orientation is equally important as layer thickness when designing multilayer two-dimensional systems where surface potential is considered.
Distributed Parameter Stochastic Systems in Population Biology

Various models have been used to study changes over time in the numbers of individuals in a natural population, or in the relative frequencies of different types in a population with more than one type of individual. We shall consider in this paper populations with a geographic structure, there being continual movement of individuals within the habitat where the population is situated. We suppose that the population is continuously distributed over a habitat R, contained in r dimensional space (r = 1,2, or 3). This is a distributed parameter model in engineering terminology. An alternative, which we do not consider, is to lump the population into discrete colonies (or niches) with certain rates of exchange of individuals among the colonies.
Role of ER Stress in Dysfunction of the Nervous System

Recent clinical, genetic and experimental evidence indicates that dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric illness. Protein flux through the ER must be carefully monitored to prevent dysregulation of ER homeostasis and stress. ER stress elicits a signaling cascade known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) which functions in influencing both cellular life and death decisions. In this chapter, we address the transition from the physiological ER stress response to the pathological response and explore the mechanisms of ER stress-mediated dysfunction and death of neurons during the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric illness.
Large vocabulary conversational speech recognition with the extended maximum likelihood linear transformation (EMLLT) model.

This paper applies the recently proposed Extended Maximum Likelihood Linear Transformation (EMLLT) model in a Speaker Adaptive Training (SAT) context on the Switchboard database. Adaptation is carried out with maximum likelihood estimation of linear transforms for the means, precisions (inverse covariances) and the feature-space under the EMLLT model. This paper shows the first experimental evidence that significant word-error-rate improvements can be achieved with the EMLLT model (in both VTL and VTL+SAT training contexts) over a state-of-the-art diagonal covariance model in a difficult large-vocabulary conversational speech recognition task. The improvements were of the order of 1% absolute in multiple scenarios.
Head Start Teaching Center: Differential Training Effects for Head Start Personnel

Driven by research findings regarding the positive relationship between training and enhancement of services, as well as literature on adult learning, the New England Head Start Teaching Center (NEHSTC) was created in 1992 to test the efficacy of participatory, hands-on training. The purpose of this paper is to examine the outcome evaluation results from 4 years of training at the NEHSTC, 1 of 14 federally funded sites, as well as to discuss the implications for delivering this type of participatory training throughout Head Start. Findings suggest that the NEHSTC was successful in implementing high quality, participatory training within the context of an ongoing Head Start program. Head Start staff who participated in the NEHSTC trainings demonstrated gains in knowledge, skills, and expertise compared to similar Head Start employees who did not receive training. Results also reveal a sustained effect of training over time, with NEHSTC participants continuing to demonstrate enhanced knowledge and skills 6 months after training. Similar positive outcomes of training were found for staff with varying levels of experience and holding different Head Start positions. Thus the participatory, hands-on training implemented by the NEHSTC was found to produce positive and lasting outcomes for diverse Head Start staff. An effective and cost efficient model of training Head Start personnel is particularly relevant and timely as Head Start strives to establish universal quality and expansion of services in the 21st Century. The findings are also relevant for improving the quality of all early care and education programs.
Overview of first wall/blanket/shield technology

This overview of first wall, blanket and shield technology focuses first on trends in important design issues from the 1970's to the 1980's, then on current perceptions of critical issues in first wall, blanket and shield design and related technology. The emphasis is on base technology rather than either systems engineering or materials development, on the two primary confinement systems, tokamaks and mirrors, and on production of electricity as the primary goal for development.
Sephin1, which prolongs the integrated stress response, is a promising therapeutic for multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the CNS. Immune-mediated oligodendrocyte cell loss contributes to multiple sclerosis pathogenesis, such that oligodendrocyte-protective strategies represent a promising therapeutic approach. The integrated stress response, which is an innate cellular protective signalling pathway, reduces the cytotoxic impact of inflammation on oligodendrocytes. This response is initiated by phosphorylation of eIF2α to diminish global protein translation and selectively allow for the synthesis of protective proteins. The integrated stress response is terminated by dephosphorylation of eIF2α. The small molecule Sephin1 inhibits eIF2α dephosphorylation, thereby prolonging the protective response. Herein, we tested the effectiveness of Sephin1 in shielding oligodendrocytes against inflammatory stress. We confirmed that Sephin1 prolonged eIF2α phosphorylation in stressed primary oligodendrocyte cultures. Moreover, by using a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we demonstrated that Sephin1 delayed the onset of clinical symptoms, which correlated with a prolonged integrated stress response, reduced oligodendrocyte and axon loss, as well as diminished T cell presence in the CNS. Sephin1 is reportedly a selective inhibitor of GADD34 (PPP1R15A), which is a stress-induced regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1 complex that dephosphorylates eIF2α. Consistent with this possibility, GADD34 mutant mice presented with a similar ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis phenotype as Sephin1-treated mice, and Sephin1 did not provide additional therapeutic benefit to the GADD34 mutant animals. Results presented from the adoptive transfer of encephalitogenic T cells between wild-type and GADD34 mutant mice further indicate that the beneficial effects of Sephin1 are mediated through a direct protective effect on the CNS. Of particular therapeutic relevance, Sephin1 provided additive therapeutic benefit when combined with the first line multiple sclerosis drug, interferon β. Together, our results suggest that a neuroprotective treatment based on the enhancement of the integrated stress response would likely have significant therapeutic value for multiple sclerosis patients.
Resilience among homeless college students: co-constructed explorations

The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the co-constructed resilience of homeless college students and to bring awareness to an unrecognized subpopulation that could benefit from increased in...
Comparison of Filter-based Absorption Measurements of Biomass Burning Aerosol and Background Aerosol at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory

ABSTRACT In this study we evaluate the recently upgraded aethalometer (AE33) and the newly released tricolor absorption photometer (TAP) with respect to their response to wildfire aerosol plumes during their deployment at the Mount Bachelor Observatory (MBO; 2763 m a.s.l.) in central Oregon, USA, during the summer of 2016. While both instruments use similar methodology (i.e., light extinction through an aerosol-laden filter), each has a unique set of correction schemes to address artifacts originating from filter loading, scattering from captured aerosol particles, and multiple scattering effects of the filter fibers. We also utilize a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) to determine refractory black carbon (rBC) in these air masses. In addition to comparing the AE33 filter-loading correction methodology to previously published aethalometer correction schemes, we also compare the AE33 to the correction schemes used for the TAP and evaluate the degree to which the different correction factors influence the derived absorption Angstrom exponents (AAE) and mass absorption cross sections (MACs). We find that while the different correction factors for either the AE33 or TAP do exert an influence on the derived MACs, AAEs exhibit the most sensitivity to the correction schemes. Our study finds that using the AE33 manufacturer’s recommended settings results in aerosol light absorption coefficients that are 3.4 to 4 times greater than the aerosol light absorption coefficients reported by the TAP. We calculated a correction factor (Cf) of 4.35 for the AE33 by normalizing the AE33 to match the TAP. The uncorrected AE33 also gives equivalent black carbon (eBC) values that are approximately 2 times the rBC measured by the SP2 instrument. We also find that biomass burning aerosols result in significant MAC enhancements, particularly at lower wavelengths, which is attributable to brown carbon (BrC).
Quality of life (QOL) and reproductive choices of people with Huntington’s Disease (HD)

Date Presented 04/04/19 The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to gain a deeper understanding of attitudes, beliefs, and personal experiences about reproductive decision making and its influence on QOL from the perspective of those with HD and their spouses. OTs are uniquely trained to evaluate and provide interventions based on client factors that may impact health, well-being, and participation in occupations. Implications for OT were discussed. Primary Author and Speaker: David LeVan Contributing Authors: Kathryn Fillman, Juliet Corrigan, Rachael Mack, Zoe Maslowski
The Use of Risk Assessment Evidence to Prove Increased Risk and Alternative Causation in Toxic Tort Litigation

Due to the difficulties of proving causation in most toxic tort suits, plaintiffs and defendants in toxic tort litigation have begun to develop and use scientifically sophisticated risk assessments as evidence in proving or disproving causation. This use has led to two new trends in tort liability. First, there is the trend in which risk assessment is used by plaintiffs to buttress claims for future injury or increased risk. Second, there is the trend in which risk assessment is used by defendants to establish that other factors caused, in whole or in part, plaintiffs’ injuries. This article evaluates these two recent trends by describing and evaluating the applicable traditional legal doctrine, the recent case law establishing the trend, the manner in which risk assessment is used as evidence in the recent cases, the academic commentary on the trend, and the likely future development of the trend. After this evaluation, the article concludes that although use of risk assessment by plaintiffs to establish increased risk and by defendants to prove alternative causation is relatively recent, it has already had a substantial effect on tort liability and will continue such impact in the future, and therefore are of substantial risk to all possibly parties in such toxic tort litigation.
Using In Situ TEM Helium Implantation and Annealing to Study Cavity Nucleation and Growth

Noble gases are generated within solids in nuclear environments and coalesce to form gas stabilized voids or cavities. Ion implantation has become a prevalent technique for probing how gas accumulation affects microstructural and mechanical properties. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allows measurement of cavity density, size, and spatial distributions post-implantation. While post-implantation microstructural information is valuable for determining the physical origins of mechanical property degradation in these materials, dynamic microstructural changes can only be determined by in situ experimentation techniques. We present in situ TEM experiments performed on Pd, a model face-centered cubic metal that reveals real-time cavity evolution dynamics. Observations of cavity nucleation and evolution under extreme environments are discussed.
A pixelated landscape survey in the forest: Merging space, time, and context at Monte Bonifato, Sicily

Abstract In this paper, we demonstrate a multi-layered, methodologically integrated landscape approach to site-specific survey. This approach augments systematic field survey methods with geospatial techniques for tight spatial control over data. Our methods build upon traditional ones to systematically explore challenging forested environments seldom subject to controlled surface surveys. We present a contrast between two different survey methods used in the initial year of fieldwork, the results of each, and our reasoning for choosing to continue with one approach over the other. The result of this work is what we are referring to as the “pixelated survey,” a combination of conventional methods and innovative, practical environment-specific techniques. This approach allows for relatively rapid spatial and quantitative analyses, facilitating a more holistic understanding of temporal changes to site boundaries and chronologically specific activity areas. Using the summit of Monte Bonifato, western Sicily, as a case study, we present preliminary results using this methodology in a wooded environment where surface visibility is limited, and occupation spanned from the Bronze Age to the post-medieval period.
Rheologische Eigenschaften von rekonstituierten Weizenklebern mit variierenden Anteilen an Prolaminfraktionen verschiedener Getreidearten

Gefriergetrockneter Weizenkleber wurde durch Extraktion mit 70%igem wasrigem Ethanol in Prolamine (33,9%) und Glutenine (66,1%) getrennt. Durch Zusatz wechselnder Mengen dieser Fraktionen zum Ausgangskleber wurden modifizierte Kleber mit Prolamingehalten im Bereich von 22–56% hergestellt. Zug-Dehnungs-Versuche mit diesen modifizierten Klebern ergaben mit zunehmendem Prolamingehalt einen bis zum Faktor 20 fallenden Dehnwiderstand und eine bis zum Faktor 2,5 zunehmende Dehnbarkeit. Zusatze (20–50% bezogen auf Weizenkleber) von Prolaminen anderer Getreidearten (Mais, Gerste, Hirse, Hafer, Roggen) beeinflusten die Flieseigenschaften, entsprechend ihrer mittleren, aus der Aminosaurezusammensetzung berechneten, Hydrophobitat, mit Ausnahme von Gerstenprolamin: Das relativ hydrophobe Maisprolamin verfestigte den Weizenkleber, die anderen Prolamine erweichten ihn in unterschiedlichem Ausmas. Durch Hochdruckcapillar-Viscosimetrie wurde mit steigendem Prolaminanteil im Kleber eine Abnahme des SchubmodulsG′ gemessen, die eine Abnahme der elastischen Verformbarkeit des modifizierten Klebers anzeigt. Mikrobackversuche, die mit rekombinierten Mehlen auf der Basis von Zusatzen von 50% der Prolamine aus den verschiedenen Getreidearten zum Weizenkleber durchgefuhrt wurden, sind im Einklang mit den rheologischen Eigenschaften der entsprechenden Kleber.
Premium Growth, Underwriting Return and Segment Analysis

Purpose: Many insurance companies vigorously pursue top-line growth even though it has the potential to develop unprofitably over time. The time lag (or tail) between when insurance is sold and when claims are paid generates risks unique to insurance companies. Furthermore, the insurance market is both mature and efficient (i.e., its level of competitive risk is very high), which means profitable opportunities are both rare and untenable unless protected by competitive advantage. There is currently no practical measure available (that we are aware of) at the business unit level to evaluate insurance premium growth in the face of the industry's risks, impairing executives' ability to assess segment opportunities (and hazards) thus hampering strategic decision-making. We have developed a practical measure called Underwriting Return (UWR) to help alleviate this situation. Design/methodology/approach: UWR was developed during the course and scope of our work in the insurance industry, and our research into applying value based management to that industry. Findings/Practical implications: UWR is a practical measure that P&C executives can use at the business unit level to help quantify market segments to grow, hold, harvest and abandon. Originality/Value: A variety of strategic analysis tools, such as the popular Boston Consulting Group matrix, are utilized today. In general, the application of such tools is hampered by an imprecision of measurement but each can add a level of insight to executives' resource allocation options. UWR can further aid insurance executives in strategic analysis by helping to quantify which segments to compete in, and which ones to abandon. We demonstrate the utility of the measure in an example based on an actual analysis.
Analysis of Nuclear Containment Structures; Introduction

This is the first of four chapters dedicated to the analysis of nuclear structures, or Containment Enclosure Building (CEB) more precisely. It constitutes an attempt to contextualize the complex, and seldom fully addressed, problematic of the safety of nuclear reactor enclosure buildings.
Why Japan Is Not a Migration State: A Case of Postcolonial Migration Management and Increased Side-Door Policies

In their article, James Hollifield and Michael Sharpe argue that Japan is an “emerging migration state” due to its increased efforts to liberalize the rights accorded to migrants. However, this paper argues that Japan’s exercise of “side-door immigration policies” like the Economic Partnership Agreements does not warrant such assessment of Japan. The notion of “migration state,” from Hollifield (1998, Hollifield, International Migration Review 38:885–912, 2004), requires a state to be constrained by “embedded liberalism” and “rights-based politics.” These necessary conditions of a “migration state,” however, must be understood in the context of a free-market flow of migration, which contemporary Japan does not exhibit.
Specific Problems in the US-China Trade Relationship

Intellectual property theft is a major Western grievance pertaining to trade with China. The specifics of this issue arise as a result of trade under differing institutional structures and are elaborated in this chapter. Because of institutional differences, intellectual property issues will continue to plague this trading relationship unless fundamental institutional changes are made. Because of China’s unique governmental structure, much trade and even academic collaboration with China fuels its military expansion and assertiveness, surveillance capacities, and domestic repression. This chapter’s critical role is to elaborate on the trade-related issues that are most critical for the United States and other Western countries to address and to link them to the institutional structures in both countries.
E.T.: re-thinking self-attention for transformer models on GPUs

Transformer-based deep learning models have become a ubiquitous vehicle to drive a variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) related tasks beyond their accuracy ceiling. However, these models also suffer from two pronounced challenges, that is, gigantic model size and prolonged turnaround time. To this end, we introduce ET. that rE-thinks self-attention computation for Transformer models on GPUs with the following contributions: First, we introduce a novel self-attention architecture, which encompasses two tailored self-attention operators with corresponding sequence length-aware optimizations, and operation reordering optimizations. Second, we present an attention-aware pruning design which judiciously uses various pruning algorithms to reduce more computations hence achieves significantly shorter turnaround time. For the pruning algorithms, we not only revamp the existing pruning algorithms, but also tailor new ones for transformer models. Taken together, we evaluate E.T. across a variety of benchmarks for Transformer, BERTBASE and DistilBERT, where E.T. presents superior performance over the mainstream projects, including the popular Nvidia Enterprise solutions, i.e., TensorRT and FasterTransformer.
RADAMS: Resilient and Adaptive Alert and Attention Management Strategy against Informational Denial-of-Service (IDoS) Attacks.

Attacks exploiting human attentional vulnerability have posed severe threats to cybersecurity. In this work, we identify and formally define a new type of proactive attentional attacks called Informational Denial-of-Service (IDoS) attacks that generate a large volume of feint attacks to overload human operators and hide real attacks among feints. We incorporate human factors (e.g., levels of expertise, stress, and efficiency) and empirical results (e.g., the Yerkes-Dodson law and the sunk cost fallacy) to model the operators' attention dynamics and their decision-making processes along with the real-time alert monitoring and inspection. To assist human operators in timely and accurately dismissing the feints and escalating the real attacks, we develop a Resilient and Adaptive Data-driven alert and Attention Management Strategy (RADAMS) that de-emphasizes alerts selectively based on the alerts' observable features. RADAMS uses reinforcement learning to achieve a customized and transferable design for various human operators and evolving IDoS attacks. The integrated modeling and theoretical analysis lead to the Product Principle of Attention (PPoA), fundamental limits, and the tradeoff among crucial human and economic factors. Experimental results corroborate that the proposed strategy outperforms the default strategy and can reduce the IDoS risk by as much as 20%. Besides, the strategy is resilient to large variations of costs, attack frequencies, and human attention capacities. We have recognized interesting phenomena such as attentional risk equivalency, attacker's dilemma, and the half-truth optimal attack strategy.
5 – FEEDING HARVESTED FORAGES

Forage-animal systems may be defined as combined forage and animal management practices directed to meeting the nutritional needs of herbivores in specific production phases or throughout a production cycle. Nutritional requirements of the livestock should be given first consideration in planning a forage program. A priority objective is to match the nutritive value of different sources of forage with the nutrient requirements of different kinds and classes of livestock. The breeding herds and backgrounding enterprises generally require large quantities of forage. Another key principle in developing forage-livestock systems is to utilize advantageously the inherent differences among forages in their pattern of seasonal production and nutritive levels. Forage-livestock systems must be adapted to the changing nutritive requirements of animals as they move into different phases of production. A principle in the applied nutrition of growing/finishing animals is continual improvement in dietary quality once the drive toward market condition begins; this begins at birth in some systems.
High School Students of Color Talk About Accusations of “Acting White”

Fordham and Ogbu (1986) have described fear of “acting white” as a significant factor that influenced the attitudes and often undermined the achievement of African-American students at “Capital High” in Washington, D.C. The present qualitative study investigated 38 relatively high-achieving African-American and Mexican-American students in various high schools, public and private, in a midwestern city. The respondents did not report avoiding academic achievement in order to avoid accusations of acting white. Most of the students we interviewed reported no loss of ethnic identity. The students felt strong resentment toward their peers' accusations of acting white and did not seem to be intimidated by the accusations, though they were bothered by the accusations. It would be useful if future research addressed the conditions under which avoidance of acting white is most likely to occur.
Diabetic syndrome in sand rats. II. Variability and association with diet.

Compared with our previous report, a milder form of diabetic syndrome induced by diet in Egyptian sand rats is described. In sand rats fed vegetables for a prolonged period after capture, pancreatic insulin content was significantly increased. When fed chow, one-third of young animals developed hyperglycemia to a variable degree. Hyperinsulinemia was even more marked than in the previously reported group (Miki et al., 1966) and persisted even when the blood glucose returned to normal following fasting. Pancreatic insulin content was decreased in hyperglycemic sand rats. Insulin refractoriness of adipose tissue was discussed in relation to the pathogenesis.
Employing publically available biological expert knowledge from protein-protein interaction information

Genome wide association studies (GWAS) are now allowing researchers to probe the depths of common complex human diseases, yet few have identified single sequence variants that confer disease susceptibility. As hypothesized, this is due the fact that multiple interacting factors influence clinical endpoint. Given the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) combinations grows exponentially with the number of SNPs being analyzed, computational methods designed to detect these interactions in smaller datasets are thus not applicable. Providing statistical expert knowledge has exhibited an improvement in their performance, and we believe biological expert knowledge to be as capable. Since one of the strongest demonstrations of the functional relationship between genes is protein-protein interactions, we present a method that exploits this information in genetic analyses. This study provides a step towards utilizing expert knowledge derived from public biological sources to assist computational intelligence algorithms in the search for epistasis.
A NEW METHOD OF TRACKING THE GULF STREAM1

It has been found possible to map the path of the Gulf Stream rapidly over long distances by towing a temperature sensor at a depth of 200 m. The strategy is to steer the ship along the 15C-isotherm, which approximates the middle of the horizontal temperature gradient characteristic of the Gulf Stream at 200 m and represents a position close to the maximum surface current. Various positions of the stream as observed in the summer and fall of 1964 are discussed. Meanders were seen to shift toward the east with translational speeds of 5–6 cm/sec. It is suggested that the deep and bottom currents of the Gulf Stream must occasionally follow a path different from that of the surface current.
On the Homogeneous Chemistry of the Thermal Decomposition of Methyltrichlorosilane Thermodynamic Analysis and Kinetic Modeling

Equilibrium gas-phase calculations for the Si/C/Cl/H deposition system are performed over the range of conditions used to deposit silicon carbide (SiC) through the thermal decomposition of methyltrichlorosilane (MTS). The compounds that exist in significant quantities in the gas phase, and thus may influence significantly the chemistry of the process, as well as the main deposition precursors are identified. The effect of temperature, pressure, and initial composition of the reacting mixture on the equilibrium composition of the gas phase is determined, and process conditions that may lead to stoichiometric silicon carbide films are suggested. Based on the results of the equilibrium calculations, a kinetic model for the homogeneous chemistry of the decomposition of MTS is proposed. Several reaction sequences leading to the generation of carbon and silicon deposition precursors are considered and their effects on the chemistry of the system are examined. Finally, the mechanism is incorporated into the reaction and transport model of a plug flow hot-wall reactor and the overall model is used to obtain the spatial variation of the composition of the gas phase under conditions typically encountered in chemical vapor deposition reactors.
Reinvestigation of the role of the optic vesicle in embryonic lens induction

The induction of the lens by the optic vesicle in amphibians is often cited as support for the view that a single inductive event can lead to determination in a multipotent tissue. This conclusion is based on transplantation experiments whose results indicate that many regions of embryonic ectoderm which would normally form epidermis can form a lens if brought into contact with the optic vesicle. Although additional evidence argues that during normal development other tissues, acting before the optic vesicle, also contribute to lens induction, it is still widely held, on the basis of these transplantation experiments, that the optic vesicle alone can elicit lens formation in ectoderm. While testing this conclusion by transplanting optic vesicles beneath ventral ectoderm in Xenopus laevis embryos, it became apparent that contamination of optic vesicles by presumptive lens ectoderm cells can generate lenses in these experiments, illustrating the need for adequate host and donor marking procedures. Since previous studies rarely used host and donor marking, it was not clear whether they actually demonstrated that the optic vesicle can induce lenses. Using careful host and donor marking procedures with horseradish peroxidase as a lineage tracer, we show that the optic vesicle cannot stimulate lens formation in neurula- or gastrula-stage ectoderm of Xenopus laevis. Since the general conclusion that the optic vesicle is sufficient for lens induction rests on studies in many organisms, we felt it was important to begin to test this conclusion in other amphibians as well. Similar experiments were therefore performed with Rana Palustris embryos, since it was in this organism that optic vesicle transplant studies had originally argued that this tissue alone can cause lens induction. Under conditions similar to those used in the original report, but with careful controls to assess the origin of lenses in transplants, we found that the optic vesicle alone cannot elicit lens formation. Our data lead us to propose that the optic vesicle in amphibians is not generally sufficient for lens induction. Instead, we argue that lens induction occurs by a multistep process in which an essential phase in lens determination occurs as a result of inductive interactions preceding contact of ectoderm with the optic vesicle.
Conservation Voltage Reduction Potential In The Pacific Northwest

This paper summarizes a study performed by Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) indicating that the region-wide implementation of conservation voltage reduction (CVR) would provide a significant level of electric energy conservation in the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) service area. This resource was estimated by developing supply curves showing the magnitude of energy savings as a function of CVR implementation cost. Energy savings were estimated for residential, commercial, agricultural irrigation, and industrial consumer classes. Using the convention of expressing energy conservation in average megawatts (AMW), the CVR conservation resource in the Pacific Northwest was estimated to be between 170 and 268 AMW at a cost of 5 cents/kWh. Estimates were also made for the contribution of major load sectors to the total CVR resource. Approximately 55% of the total was estimated to be available in the residential sector. Contributions by the other sectors considered were as follows: commercial, 29%; industrial, 14%; and agricultural irrigation, 3%. A large portion (142 to 230 AMW) of the conservation resource would be available at less than 1 cent/kWh. a median estimate of the regional CVR resource at 1 cent/kWh (179 AMW) exceeds the conservation potential (150 AMW) expected from possible implementation of major efficiency improvements onmore » Pacific Northwest transmission and distribution systems. This paper also shows that CVR can be more effective than conventional demand-side management measures in reducing system peak load. 9 refs., 2 figs., 5 tabs.« less
The "etiome": identification and clustering of human disease etiological factors

Background Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to human diseases. Most common diseases are influenced by a large number of genetic and environmental factors, most of which individually have only a modest effect on the disease. Though genetic contributions are relatively well characterized for some monogenetic diseases, there has been no effort at curating the extensive list of environmental etiological factors.
Exact solution of the mean-field theory for a heavy-fermion alloy in one dimension

We study the effects of disorder on the formation of coherence in a heavy-fermion alloy consisting of ions with an f electron and its nonmagnetic analog, e.g., Ce and La, randomly distributed on a one-dimensional lattice. We consider a tight-binding conduction band with nearest-neighbor hopping and local hybridization to the highly correlated f states. The correlations among the f electrons are considered within the slave-boson approach in the mean-field approximation. The mean-field Hamiltonian is solved exactly using a decimation procedure, and the local density of states for the f and conduction electrons is obtained for several concentrations. A rich structure of (\ensuremath{\delta}-function-like) localized states is obtained as a consequence of the disorder in one dimension. The onset of coherence and the relation between the bare and renormalized Hamiltonian parameters are discussed.
Conformational aspect of polypeptide structure. XLIV. Conformational transitions of poly(N‐methyl‐alanines) induced by trifluoroacetic acid

The synthesis of poly(N-methyl-L-alanine) and poly (N-methyl-DL-alanine) are described. The polymers were examined by 220 MHz high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) and circular dichroism (CD). The results demonstrate that poly(N-methyl-L-alanine) exists as an ordered helical structure with all the amide bonds in the trans configuration in appropriate solvents. As trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is added to the solutions of the polymer in helix-supporting solvents, resonances corresponding to both trans and cis amide conformations of N-methyl, C-methyl, and α-CH are observed. The presence of both the trans and the cis peptide bonds in a polymer chain disrupts the ordered structures. Our conclusions from CD data are in agreement with the nmr results. Ultracentrifugation shows that degradation of the polymer chain does not occur during the TFA treatment.