cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Debilitated Muse: Poetry in the Face of Illness

Poetry is a supremely sensory art, both in the imagining and in the writing. What happens when the poet faces illness? How is the poetry affected by alterations of the body and mind? This paper examines the poetry of several writers afflicted by physical illness—poets of great renown and poets who might be classified as “emerging voices,” in order to explore the interplay between creativity and corporeal vulnerability.
NATURAL HISTORY OF PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

In the past century, the natural history of primary hyperparathyroidism has evolved. The current clinical presentation of the disease in the United States bears little resemblance to the disease described by Albright in the 1930s. 1,2,4,5,14,38 That disorder, now classified as "classical primary hyperparathyroidism," was characterized by nephrolithiasis, the skeletal abnormalities of osteitis fibrosa cystica, and frequent neuromuscular complications. Since the advent of the multichannel autoanalyzer in the 1970s, the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism has commonly followed the incidental finding of hypercalcemia on a laboratory examination performed for unrelated purposes. 26,40,55 Today, the vast majority of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism have no symptoms clearly referable to hypercalcemia or increased parathyroid hormone levels. The evolution of primary hyperparathyroidism into a largely asymptomatic disorder has raised many questions. First, what is the effect of the disease (if any) in these seemingly asymptomatic patients? Second, considering the change in the profile of primary hyperparathyroidism, what is appropriate therapy for the disorder? Do all patients without symptoms require surgery, which currently remains the only option for cure? The answer to this question depends, to a large extent, on the natural history of the disease in patients who do not undergo parathyroid surgery. Are these individuals at risk for the symptoms of classical primary hyperparathyroidism if not treated? The answer will also be affected by the clinical course of patients who are cured by surgery. The effects of the cure must be weighed against the effects of nonintervention in any therapeutic decision. Studies of primary hyperparathyroidism have shown that, although the disease has changed in clinical presentation, it is not without significant effects on many organ systems. This article reviews what is known about the manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism and the natural history of treated and untreated disease.
Atmospheric hydroperoxides in West Antarctica: Links to stratospheric ozone and atmospheric oxidation capacity

The troposphere above the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) was sampled for hydroperoxides at 21 locations during 2-month-long summer traverses from 2000 to 2002, as part of US ITASE (International Transantarctic Scientific Expedition). First time quantitative measurements using an HPLC method showed that methylhydroperoxide (MHP) is the only important organic hydroperoxide occurring in the Antarctic troposphere, and that it is found at levels ten times those previously predicted by photochemical models. During three field seasons, means and standard deviations for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were 321+/-158 pptv, 650+/-176 pptv and 330+/-147 pptv. While MHP was detected, but not quantified in December 2000, levels in summer 2001 and 2002 were 317+128 pptv and 304+/-172.2 pptv. Results from firn air experiments and diurnal variability of the two species showed that atmospheric H2O2 is significantly impacted by a physical snow pack source between 76 and 90degS, whereas MHP is not. We show strong evidence of a positive feedback between stratospheric ozone and H2O2 at the surface. Between November-27 and December-12 in 2001, when ozone column densities dropped below 220 DU (means in 2000 and 2001 were 318 DU and 334 DU, respectively), H2O2 was 1.7 times that observed in the same period in 2000 and 2002, while MHP was only 80% of the levels encountered in 2002. Photochemical box model runs suggest that NO and OH levels on WAIS are closer to coastal values, while Antarctic Plateau levels are higher, confirming that region to be a highly oxidizing environment. The modeled sensitivity of H2O2 and particularly MHP to NO offers the potential to use atmospheric hydroperoxides to constrain the NO background and thus estimate the past oxidation capacity of the remote atmosphere. Index Terms: 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere: composition and chemistry; 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks; 1610 Global Change: Atmosphere (03 15,0325); 0736 Cryosphere: Snow (1827, 1863); 0724 Cryosphere: Ice Cores (4932) Keywords: hydrogen peroxide, methylhydroperoxide, Antarctica, air-snow exchange, stratospheric ozone, atmospheric oxidation capacity
Fiscal Sustainability in Remittance-Dependent Economies

We investigate the impact of remittances on public debt sustainability and detail how the traditional debt-to-GDP ratio can be modified to create a more accurate representation of debt sustainability for a country that receives significant remittance inflows. The main result is that inclusion of remittances into the traditional debt sustainability analysis alters the amount of fiscal adjustment required to place debt on a sustainable path. While preliminary, these results are indicative of how a one-size-fits-all stability analysis may be inappropriate when evaluating the stance of fiscal policy for countries with different balance of payments characteristics.
Desorption of hydrophobic compounds from laboratory-spiked sediments measured by Tenax absorbent and matrix solid-phase microextraction

Tenax extraction and matrix solid-phase microextraction (matrix-SPME) were used to study desorption of hydrophobic contaminants (HOC) from sediments. 14C-labeled hexachlorobiphenyl, DDE, permethrin, chlorpyrifos, and phenanthrene were individually spiked into sediments differing in physical characteristics. Sequestration of the HOCs into sediment was observed for all compounds, and desorption was described by rapid, slow, and very slow rates. The freely dissolved HOC concentration in the sediment porewater was estimated by matrix-SPME, and serial sampling was used to ensure equilibrium was achieved among sediment, porewater and matrix-SPME fiber. Differences in partitioning of the HOCs between sediment and porewater for the different sediments were reduced by replacing the HOC concentration in sediment with the rapidly desorbing fraction. The significantly lower porewater concentration determined from matrix-SPME, than predicted from equilibrium partitioning theory (EPT), showed that only a small fraction...
Determining metal ion distributions using resonant scattering at very high-energy K-edges: Bi/Pb in Pb5Bi6Se14

Powder diffraction data collected at ∼86 keV, and just below both the Pb and the Bi K-edges, on an imaging plate detector using synchrotron radiation from the Advanced Photon Source have been used to examine the Pb/Bi distribution over the 11 crystallographically distinct sites in Pb 5 Bi 6 Se 14 [space group P2 1 /m, a = 16.0096 (2) A, b = 4.20148 (4) A, c= 21.5689 (3) A and β = 97.537 (1)°]. The scattering factors needed for the analyses were determined both by Kramers-Kronig transformation of absorption spectra and by analyses of diffraction patterns from reference compounds. Even with the relatively low scattering contrast that is available at the K-edges, it was possible to determine the Pb/Bi distribution and probe the presence of cation site vacancies in the material. The current results indicate that resonant scattering measurements at high-energy K-edges are a viable, and perhaps preferable, route to site occupancies when absorption from the sample or sample environment/container is a major barrier to the acquisition of high-quality resonant scattering data at lower-energy edges.
The nature of the voltage-dependent conductance of the hemocyanin channel.

The electrical responses of individual hemocyanin channels in oxidized cholesterol membranes demonstrate that the voltage-dependent conductance of many-channel membranes arises from two different mechanisms. These are the voltage-dependent redistribution of channels among several discrete single-channel conductance states and the continuously voltage-dependent conductance of the single-channel states themselves. The relaxation time for the discrete conductance changes is of the order of seconds and the relaxation time of the continuous conductance changes is of the order 10−4 seconds. As salt concentration in the bathing medium is increased, the single-channel conductance first increases linearly and then saturates. The characteristics of the saturation curves suggest that the continuous conductance changes occur at the edges of the channel and that the mean time an ion spends in the channel is 4 nanoseconds.
Flood geomorphology of Arthurs Rock Gulch, Colorado: paleoflood history

Abstract Episodic late Quaternary flooding is recorded by bouldery deposits and slackwater sediments along Arthurs Rock Gulch, an ephemeral stream west of Fort Collins, Colorado. Flood deposits consist of individual granodiorite and pegmatite boulders, boulder bars, and coarse overbank sediment that rest on erosional terrace segments along the channel. We identified evidence for at least five flood in the lower two thirds of the 1.84 km 2 drainage basin. Flood deposits are differentiated by their position above the active channel, weathering characteristics, degree of boulder burial by colluvium, amount of lichen cover, and position with respect to terrace and colluvial deposits. Age estimates for the flood deposits are based on radiocarbon dating, tree-ring analyses, and relative-age criteria from four sites in the basin. At least two floods occurred in the last 300 years; a third flood is at least 5000 years old, but likely younger than 10,000 yr BP; and the two oldest floods occurred at least 40,000 years BP.
Total synthesis of marine natural products without using protecting groups

The field of organic synthesis has made phenomenal advances in the past fifty years, yet chemists still struggle to design synthetic routes that will enable them to obtain sufficient quantities of complex molecules for biological and medical studies. Total synthesis is therefore increasingly focused on preparing natural products in the most efficient manner possible. Here we describe the preparative-scale, enantioselective, total syntheses of members of the hapalindole, fischerindole, welwitindolinone and ambiguine families, each constructed without the need for protecting groups—the use of such groups adds considerably to the cost and complexity of syntheses. As a consequence, molecules that have previously required twenty or more steps to synthesize racemically in milligram amounts can now be obtained as single enantiomers in significant quantities in ten steps or less. Through the extension of the general principles demonstrated here, it should be possible to access other complex molecular architectures without using protecting groups. Total synthesis, which involves the construction of complex organic molecules from simpler starting materials, has made remarkable progress in the past fifty years. Despite this, the demand for new synthetic routes capable of generating large natural products for further biological studies remains high. A team of chemists has now identified the abandonment of the routine use of 'protecting' groups in synthesis as a way of satisfying this demand. Protecting groups are often used to mask reactive parts of a molecule while chemical transformations take place elsewhere in that molecule. The potential of the 'unprotected' approach was demonstrated by the synthesis of several members of a large class of marine alkaloids without using a single protecting group. The procedure yields significant quantities of molecules that previously required 20 or more distinct chemical operations in 10 steps or fewer. Members of the hapalindole, fischerindole, welwitindolinone and ambiguine families were synthesized, each constructed without the use of a single protecting group. As a consequence, molecules that have previously required 20 or more steps to synthesize racemically in milligram amounts can now be procured as single enantiomers in significant quantities in 10 steps or less.
African Soccer and Brain Drain: Potential Developmental Impacts

(2007). African Soccer and Brain Drain: Potential Developmental Impacts. African Geographical Review: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 5-9.
Hatchability and Physiology of Turkey Embryos Incubated at Sea Level with Increased Eggshell Permeability

Abstract Turkey eggs were incubated in a commercial hatchery to test the effects of increasing eggshell permeability on hatchability and embryonic physiology Fertile eggs were distributed randomly into two groups on the farm. One group (P) was washed in a 3,500 ppm sodium hypochlorite solution to remove the eggshell cuticle and increase permeability. A control group (CON) of eggs was washed using standard egg washing procedures that left the cuticle intact The P treatment increased eggshell water vapor conductance 20.7% compared with CON but did not significantly (P≥.05) affect hatchability of eggs compared with CON. The P treatment increased (P≤.05) hemoglobin concentration during the hatching process by increasing (P≤.05) red blood cell numbers and increasing (P≤.05) mean cellular hemoglobin. The P treatment also decreased (P≤.05) mean cellular volume of erythrocytes prior to external pipping compared with intact CON eggs. Increasing permeability elevated (P≤.05) embryonic lung and liver weights in P embryos compared with CON embryos, but the P treatment also decreased (P≤.05) heart weight at hatching compared with CON. It was concluded that although the P treatment did not affect hatchability, embryos in eggs with increased eggshell permeability make different physiological adjustments to survive the hypoxia of hatching than do embryos in intact eggs.
Statistical Entropy of Near Extremal Five-branes

The Hawking Beckenstein entropy of near extremal fivebranes is calculated in terms of a gas of strings living on the fivebrane. These fivebranes can also be viewed as near extremal black holes in five dimensions.
Characterization of β-adrenergic receptors in fresh and primary cultured bovine corneal endothelium

Abstract Homogenates of fresh bovine corneal endothelium and of cells from primary cultures exhibited high affinity binding of [ 3 H]-dihydroalprenolol, a specific β-adrenergic antagonist. The binding was rapid and reversible. Specific binding of the radioligand in each preparation was saturable with half-maximal binding occurring at 0·5 n m . Homogenates of fresh tissue consistently showed a higher maximal binding capacity than did those from cell cultures. Both homogenates bound adrenergic agents in a manner consistent with the labelling of β-adrenergic receptors. The relative affinities of epinephrine and norepinephrine indicated that β-adrenergic receptors in both preparations are of the β 2 subtype. The β-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, increased the cAMP content of intact, cultured endothelial cells 27-fold over control. This effect was completely blocked by the β-adrenergic antagonist, propanolol. Bovine corneal endothelial cells in primary culture contain β-adrenergic receptors which are essentially identical to those from in vivo sources and appear to be linked functionally to cAMP synthesis in these cells.
Studies on the mechanism of the intestinal active transport of sugars.

Abstract The results of studies of intestinal active transport of sugars by hamster intestine with H218O, glucose-2-18O, and 2-C-hydroxymethyl- D -glucose exclude as intermediate steps in the transport process those reactions which involve the removal or transfer of oxygen at carbon-2 of the sugar molecule or which require the presence of carbon-bound hydrogen at the same position.
Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of Complex Aircraft Configurations via an Adjoint Formulation

This work describes the implementation of optimization techniques based on control theory for complex aircraft configurations. Here control theory is employed to derive the adjoint differential equations, the solution of which allows for a drastic reduction in computational costs over previous design methods (13, 12, 43, 38). In our earlier studies (19, 20, 22, 23, 39, 25, 40, 41, 42) it was shown that this method could be used to devise effective optimization procedures for airfoils, wings and wing-bodies subject to either analytic or arbitrary meshes. Design formulations for both potential flows and flows governed by the Euler equations have been demonstrated, showing that such methods can be devised for various governing equations (39, 25). In our most recent works (40, 42) the method was extended to treat wing-body configurations with a large number of mesh points, verifying that significant computational savings can be gained for practical design problems. In this paper the method is extended for the Euler equations to treat complete aircraft configurations via a new multiblock implementation. New elements include a multiblock-multigrid flow solver, a multiblock-multigrid adjoint solver, and a multiblock mesh perturbation scheme. Two design examples are presented in which the new method is used for the wing redesign of a transonic business jet.
Thyroid Storm in a Child Following Radioactive Iodine (RAI) Ablation: A Consequence of RAI Versus Withdrawal of Antithyroid Medication

Thyroid Storm in a Child Following Radioactive Iodine (RAI) Ablation: A Consequence of RAI Versus Withdrawal of Antithyroid Medication
Investigating the role of alexithymia on the empathic deficits found in schizotypy and autism spectrum traits

Alexithymia, the inability to identify and describe one's emotional experience, is elevated in many clinical populations, and related to poor interpersonal functioning. Alexithymia is also associated with empathic deficits in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Accordingly, a better understanding of alexithymia could elucidate the nature of social-cognitive deficits transdiagnostically. We investigated alexithymia and components of empathy in relation to schizotypal and autism spectrum traits in healthy college students. Specifically, we examined higher-order components of empathic processing that involve perspective taking and other-oriented concern, which are reduced in alexithymia. Higher-order empathic processing was inversely correlated with both schizotypal and autism spectrum traits. Bootstrapping techniques revealed that alexithymia had a significant indirect effect on the relationship between higher-order empathy and these personality traits; thus, alexithymia contributes uniquely to their relationship. These findings suggest alexithymia represents one possible mechanism for the development of empathic deficits in these populations. These results are consistent with the perspective that awareness of one's own emotional state may predicate a successful empathic response to another's. This work highlights the importance of a consideration of alexithymia in elucidating the nature of empathic deficits in various clinical populations, and points to a potential point of social intervention.
Blood plasma magnesium, potassium, glucose, and immunoreactive insulin changes in cows moved abruptly from barn feeding to early spring pasture.

Abstract Cations and immunoreactive insulin in plasma were measured in 35 lactating cows moved abruptly to early spring pasture. After change of cows from grass-clover hay to fescue-bluegrass pasture containing 22 to 31 g potassium/kg dry matter, immunoreactive insulin of 5 Holstein cows increased 30% in 5 days and averaged 45% above prepasture concentrations for 40 days. Magnesium averaged 44% below prepasture content of plasma during this period and was correlated negatively with potassium −.17 and immunoreactive insulin −.37. Thirty Hereford cows were changed from corn silage and grass-clover hay to wheat-rye pasture containing 3.06% potassium in the dry matter. Each day on pasture, 10 cows each were fed 2.3 kg cornmeal, 10 were given 30 g magnesium oxide by capsule, and 10 were given no supplement. After unsupplemented cows were moved to pasture, immunoreactive insulin rose 51% in 8 days and plasma magnesium fell 24%. Both supplements reduced immunoreactive insulin, but magnesium was maintained higher by magnesium oxide than by cornmeal. Injection of two Holstein cows with insulin (2 IU/kg body weight) reduced plasma concentrations of both potassium and magnesium 20% below that of two cows injected with only physiological saline. Whether elevated plasma insulin may accelerate development of hypomagnesemia in cattle on spring pasture with relatively high potassium content has not been established.
Parental Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Towards Health Care Utilization for Young Children † 672

Objective: To determine the influence of previous infectious illnesses and health care coverage on the utilization of health care services for young children. Study Population: Children aged 6 weeks to 5 years who received health care at a large pediatric practice in Norfolk and Chesapeake, VA enrolled between 3/96 and 11/97 into an ongoing 3-year surveillance study. Methods: At enrollment, parents completed an oral survey concerning their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding infectious illnesses and health care utilization. Parents were questioned regarding previous experience and anticipated utilizations. Results: The 517 children were 52% male and 81% white. The mean age was 22 ± 1 mo. Parents reported that children had a median of 1 visit (range 0-25) to the physician for upper respiratory symptoms in 6 mos prior to the survey. In order to visit the physician, 49% of parents would miss work. Children previously diagnosed with otitis media (OM) were more likely to visit the physician for ear pain (326/329) than children without a previous OM (173/181)(OR=5.03; 95% CI, 1.2-29.7). All 44 children previously diagnosed with Group A Streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis were more likely to visit the physician for sore throat than children without a previous GAS pharyngitis (370/433)(p=.007). Children previously diagnosed with “cold” (211/363) were less likely to visit the physician for future cold symptoms than children without a previous diagnosis of “cold” (103/152) (OR=0.66; 95% CI, 0.43-1.00). Previous diagnoses of bronchitis and pneumonia did not influence anticipated health care utilization for cough. The level of parental education did not influence anticipated health care utilization for upper respiratory symptoms. In this study, 495/517 (96%) families reported third party health care coverage. Families covered by HMO, Medicaid, and CHAMPUS tended to visit a physician more often for rhinorrhea and cold symptoms (p=.08) than PPO, private insurance, and self-pay families. Conclusions: Previous diagnoses of OM and GAS pharyngitis were the most important predictors of parental behavior for increased health care utilization in this survey. Previous experience with “cold” resulted in fewer visits to the physician. These findings will guide efforts to educate parents for appropriate health care utilization in a private practice setting.
Mainstreaming in an urban middle school: Effects of school organization and climate

Mainstreaming in an urban middle school was examined for three years by a participant observer. It was hypothesized that the school's organization and culture would affect mainstreaming. Findings confirmed this hypothesis. Homogeneity of academic classes and the requirement that students fit into academic groups limited access for special education students to classes where they could function academically as the students did in general education. Criteria for selecting students were not delineated; special and general education teachers communicated informally and irregularly about their students' functioning in mainstream classes; and students received little help with their academic mainstream responsibilities. Students from special education were added to regular classes that were already very large and teacher permission was necessary to include a mainstream student in a general education class. Some school factors facilitated mainstreaming. The principal advocated it and supported its implementation. Special education teachers initiated mainstreaming through their social networks in the school. Heterogeneous groups in minor subjects offered classes with a wider range of ability within which special education students could function, and low track homogeneous classes provided environments that were more like special education classes.
Outcome from spontaneous CP violation for B decays.

In the aspon model solution of the strong CP problem, there is a gauged U(1) symmetry, spontaneously broken by the same vacuum expectation value which breaks CP, whose massive gauge boson provides an additional mechanism of weak CP violation. We calculate the CP asymmetries in B decays for the aspon model and show that they are typically smaller than those predicted from the standard model. A linear relation between the CP asymmetries of different decay processes is obtained.
Argot: a wearable one-handed keyboard glove

The Argot glove is a one-handed, wearable input device that allows a user to type all English letters, numbers, and symbols without use of a traditional keyboard. The device design considers variables and constraints such as dexterity, feedback, mobility, learnability, speed of input, errors and false inputs, permanence, and comfort, as well as previous user knowledge. The glove design was informed by experimental investigations aimed at balancing tradeoffs between physical variables (reach, dexterity, haptics) and cognitive variables (learnability, text-entry method). It uses weak magnetic interactions during "key" presses to provide passive haptic feedback and reduce the need for precision in proprioceptive hand positioning.
Sagittal profiles of the spine in scoliosis associated with an Arnold-Chiari malformation with or without syringomyelia.

The sagittal spine of children with Arnold-Chiari I malformation with or without syringomyelia and associated scoliosis (ACS) has been poorly studied. A retrospective review of scoliosis secondary to ACS from three centers was undertaken. Sagittal and coronal plane variables were measured from standing radiographs. There were 30 ACS children (19 girls, 11 boys) with an average curve of 50 +/- 20 degrees and age of 11.2 +/- 3.2 years. Syringomyelia was present in 26 (87%). The scoliosis was thoracic in 25, thoracolumbar in 3 and lumbar in 2; 18 curves were right and 12 were left. A positive correlation was noted between cervical lordosis (CL) and thoracic kyphosis (TK). The 30 children with ACS scoliosis were compared with 26 children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AID). The ACS group had more left curves (40% vs. 0%, P = 0.0002), more boys (37% vs. 8%, P = 0.01), and was younger (11.3 +/- 3.7 years vs. 14.2 +/- 1.8 years, P = 0.004). TK and CL were increased in ACS (TK: 40 +/- 13 degrees vs. 30 +/- 13 degrees, P = 0.005; CL: 16 +/- 21 degrees vs. -5 +/- 12 degrees, P 0 degrees and 0 degrees or thoracic kyphosis is >40 degrees (Cobb method), the clinician should strongly suspect the presence of an Arnold-Chiari I malformation with or without syringomyelia.
Independent Projection Streams from Macaque Striate Cortex to the Second Visual Area and Middle Temporal Area

The interareal wiring of the neocortex is usually depicted as a network of single point-to-point connections, often side-stepping the possibility that some neurons may project to multiple cortical areas. The prevalence of such neurons is unknown; if they are abundant, cortical circuits are more likely to be connectionally diffuse. We used a dual-tracer approach to determine whether single neurons in the macaque primary visual cortex (V1) project to two extrastriate areas, the second visual area (V2) and the middle temporal area (MT). We found two large intermingled groups of single-labeled neurons in layer 4B of V1 projecting independently to either V2 or MT. A third, sparser group of double-labeled neurons projected to both areas; we termed these manifold neurons. We also found that MT-projecting cells were distributed indiscriminately with respect to cytochrome oxidase compartment in layer 4B, revealing a subpopulation that provides a potential source of patch input from V1 to MT. The results demonstrate that primary sensory cortices can use multiple projection strategies to distribute signals to higher areas, and suggest that feedforward projections may route signals with more specificity than feedback pathways.
Mitosis, microtubules, and the matrix

The mechanical events of mitosis depend on the action of microtubules and mitotic motors, but whether these spindle components act alone or in concert with a spindle matrix is an important question.
Anxious Children in Adulthood: A Prospective Study of Adjustment

ABSTRACT Objective To prospectively examine psychosocial functioning in young adulthood for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Method This 8-year prospective study compared psychosocial functioning in young adults (mean age 22 years) who had histories of early-onset anxiety disorders, comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders, or no history of psychiatric illness (NPI). Follow-up interviews assessed subjects' residential, educational, occupational, and marital status; utilization of mental health services; and psychological status. Results Anxious subjects without histories of depression were less likely than NPI controls to be living independently. Anxious-depressed subjects were less likely than controls to be working or in school; more likely than purely anxious subjects to utilize mental health services; and more likely than both anxious and control subjects to report psychological problems, most frequently depression. Conclusions Overall, results suggest that children with anxiety disorders are relatively well adjusted in young adulthood. However, a history of comorbid depression is prognostic of a more negative outcome. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1997, 36(5):645–652.
A continuum finite element for single-set jointed media

In response to the need for an advanced computational model for wave propagation in jointed-rock media a new finite element for jointed media with a single set of regularly spaced joints is developed. The element is a numerical implementation of the higher-order homogenization model recently proposed by Murakami and Hegemier. Due to the dispersive effects induced by regularly spaced joints, wave phenomena in jointed media are altered significantly. Therefore, in order to improve the interpretation of seismograms for accurate source identification, it is necessary to develop a higher-order continuum element. The accuracy and efficiency of the new element is investigated by applying it to wave-guide and wave-normal problems of a jointed half-space and by comparing the wave response with that of DYNA2D. The analyses by DYNA2D discretize explicitly the details of the joint microstructure, and are adopted as numerically exact measures for the assessment of the proposed finite element; good correlations were obtained. The validation study also confirmed the importance of wave dispersion for non-linear as well as linear joint responses. Finally, as a more practical application of the proposed element, the problem of a jointed full-space with a cylindrical cavity pressurized by step and pulse loadings was solved. Velocities at several observation points were compared with the numerically exact results of DYNA2D. Similar analyses carried out for elastic isotropic media predicted totally different velocity responses and confirmed the need for the proposed element.
Patient transport and brain oxygen in comatose patients.

OBJECTIVE: Transport of critically ill intensive care unit patients may be hazardous. We examined whether brain oxygen (brain tissue oxygen partial pressure [PbtO2]) is influenced by transport to and from a follow-up head computed tomography (transport head computed tomography [tHCT]) scan. METHODS: Forty-five patients (24 men, 21 women; Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤8; mean age, 47.3 ± 19.0 years) who had a traumatic brain injury (n = 26) or subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 19) were retrospectively identified from a prospective observational cohort of PbtO2 monitoring in a neurosurgical intensive care unit at a university-based level I trauma center. PbtO2, intracranial pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure were monitored continuously and compared during the 3 hours before and after 100 tHCT scans. RESULTS: The mean PbtO2 before and after the tHCT scans for all 100 scans was 37.9 ± 19.8 mm Hg and 33.9 ± 17.2 mm Hg, respectively (P = .0001). A decrease in PbtO2 (>5%) occurred after 54 tHCTs (54%) and in 36 patients (80%). In instances in which a decrease occurred, the average decrease in mean, minimum, and maximum PbtO2 was 23.6%, 29%, and 18.1%, respectively. This decrease was greater when PbtO2 was compromised (<25 mm Hg) before tHCT. An episode of brain hypoxia (<15 mm Hg) was identified in the 3 hours before tHCT in 9 and after tHCT in 19 instances. On average, an episode of brain hypoxia was 46.6 ± 16.0 (standard error) minutes longer after tHCT than before tHCT (P = .008). Multivariate analysis suggests that changes in lung function (PaO2/fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] ratio) may account for the reduced PbtO2 after tHCT (parameter estimate 0.45, 95% confidence interval: 0.024-0.871; P = .04). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that transport to and from the intensive care unit may adversely affect PbtO2. This deleterious effect is greater when PbtO2 is already compromised and may be associated with lung function.
Deforming composite grids for solving fluid structure problems

We describe a mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian approach for solving fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems. The technique, which uses deforming composite grids (DCG), is applied to FSI problems that couple high speed compressible flow with elastic solids. The fluid and solid domains are discretized with composite overlapping grids. Curvilinear grids are aligned with each interface and these grids deform as the interface evolves. The majority of grid points in the fluid domain generally belong to background Cartesian grids which do not move during a simulation. The FSI-DCG approach allows large displacements of the interfaces while retaining high quality grids. Efficiency is obtained through the use of structured grids and Cartesian grids. The governing equations in the fluid and solid domains are evolved in a partitioned approach. We solve the compressible Euler equations in the fluid domains using a high-order Godunov finite-volume scheme. We solve the linear elastodynamic equations in the solid domains using a second-order upwind scheme. We develop interface approximations based on the solution of a fluid-solid Riemann problem that results in a stable scheme even for the difficult case of light solids coupled to heavy fluids. The FSI-DCG approach is verified for three problems with known solutions, an elastic-piston problem, the superseismic shock problem and a deforming diffuser. In addition, a self convergence study is performed for an elastic shock hitting a fluid filled cavity. The overall FSI-DCG scheme is shown to be second-order accurate in the max-norm for smooth solutions, and robust and stable for problems with discontinuous solutions for a wide range of constitutive parameters.
National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: Follow-Up Testing for Metabolic Disease Identified by Expanded Newborn Screening Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Executive Summary

Background: Almost all newborns in the US are screened at birth for multiple inborn errors of metabolism using tandem mass spectrometry. Screening tests are designed to be sufficiently sensitive so that cases are not missed. The NACB recognized a need for standard guidelines for laboratory confirmation of a positive newborn screen such that all babies would benefit from equal and optimal follow-up by confirmatory testing. Methods: A committee was formed to review available data pertaining to confirmatory testing. The committee evaluated previously published guidelines, published methodological and clinical studies, clinical case reports, and expert opinion to support optimal confirmatory testing. Grading was based on guidelines adopted from criteria derived from the US Preventive Services Task Force and on the strength of recommendations and the quality of the evidence. Three primary methods of analyte measurement were evaluated for confirmatory testing including measurement of amino acids, organic acids, and carnitine esters. The committee graded the evidence for diagnostic utility of each test for the screened conditions. Results: Ample data and experience were available to make strong recommendations for the practice of analyzing amino acids, organic acids, and acylcarnitines. Likewise, strong recommendations were made for the follow-up test menu for many disorders, particularly those with highest prevalence. Fewer data exist to determine the impact of newborn screening on patient outcomes in all but a few disorders. The guidelines also provide an assessment of developing technology that will fuel a refinement of current practice and ultimate expansion of the diseases detectable by tandem mass spectrometry. Conclusions: Guidelines are provided for optimal follow-up testing for positive newborn screens using tandem mass spectrometry. The committee regards these tests as reliable and currently optimal for follow-up testing. .
Separation of azeotropic organic liquid mixtures by pervaporation

We have shown that ionomeric membranes of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer allow selective pervaporation of polar organic compounds from their azeotropic mixtures with less polar compounds. A composite membrane of a thin PFSA polymer film, cast on a porous Teflon support, provided desirable permeant fluxes with good selectivity. Model binary azeotropes, composed of alcohols and hydrocarbons, were separated with total pervaporation fluxes of up to 9.5 kg/h·m2 using a stirred membrane permeation cell, the product side of which was exposed to vacuum. Fluxes increased with increasing alcohol content of the feed and with temperature. But the selectivity of the more permeating component remained reasonably constant around the azeotropic point and also over the range of temperature used in the study (25–55°C). Total pervaporation fluxes depended little on downstream pressure up to 6.66 kPa (50 torr). These separation data were explained by a mathematical model based on a solution-diffusion mechanism.
Cytologic features of clear cell sarcoma (malignant melanoma) of soft parts: a study of fine-needle aspirates and exfoliative specimens.

We describe the cytologic features of clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue (CCS) in 11 fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) specimens and 6 exfoliative specimens from 11 patients. In 3 patients, FNAB was the initial method of tumor evaluation. In 6 of 11 cases, immunostaining with S-100 or HMB-45 was evaluated. Electron microscopic evaluation was performed in 1 case. Both the FNAB and exfoliative specimens varied in overall cellularity, although reproducible cytologic features were identified. A significant diagnostic pitfall, namely the potential of CCS to form microacinar structures mimicking adenocarcinoma, is described with particular reference to CCS metastatic to regional lymph nodes. A rare case of the granular cell variant of CCS is illustrated as well. Owing to the rarity of CCS, the diagnosis on cytologic smears is extremely difficult and is aided substantially by pertinent clinical data. The diagnosis can be made conclusively by FNAB in conjunction with immunocytochemical confirmation of HMB-45 or S-100 protein expression, cytogenetic
Label-Free Optical Biosensor using Silicon Two- Dimensional Photonic Crystal

We report the design, fabrication and testing of a label-free optical biosensor consisting of a two-dimensional photonic crystal microcavity. The sensitivity of this device is better than 50 pg/mm2, with an extremely small internal surface of <100 mum2
Salmonella enterica biofilm-mediated dispersal by nitric oxide donors in association with cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels

Protected by extracellular polymers, microbes within biofilms are significantly more resistant to disinfectants. Current research has been instrumental in identifying nitric oxide donors and hydrogels as potential disinfectant additives. Nitric oxide (NO) donors are considered a very promising molecule as biofilm dispersal agents and hydrogels have recently attracted a lot of interest due to their biocompatible properties and ability to form stable thin films. When the NO donor MAHMA NONOate was dissolved in phosphate saline buffer, it was able to reduce the biomass of well-established biofilms up to 15% for at least 24 h of contact time. Encapsulation of MAHMA NONOate and molsidomine within a hydrogel composed of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) has shown a synergistic effect in dispersing well-established biofilms: after 2 h of exposure, moderate but significant dispersion was measured. After 6 h of exposure, the number of cells transitioning from the biofilm to the planktonic state was up to 0.6 log higher when compared with non-treated biofilms. To further explore the transport processes of NO donors within hydrogels, we measured the nitric oxide flux from gels, at 25°C for a composite of 0.1 µM MAHMA NONOate–CNC. Nitric oxide diffuses up to 500 µm from the hydrogel surface, with flux decreasing according to Fick’s law. 60% of NO was released from the hydrogel composite during the first 23 min. These data suggest that the combined treatments with nitric oxide donor and hydrogels may allow for new sustainable cleaning strategies.
Frequency Distributions for Simulated Spatially Autocorrelated Random Variables

Often quantitative data analysis begins with an inspection of attribute variable histograms. Ratio scale demographic variables, such as population density (which has a natural, meaningful absolute 0 value), are expected to conform, at least approximately, to a normal probability distribution. Frequently this conformity requires that these variables be subjected to a symmetricizing, variance stabilizing transformation, such as the Box-Cox class of power functions or the Manley exponential function. Counts (i.e., aggregated nominal measurement scale) data used to construct ratios, such as the crude fertility rate (i.e., number of births per number of women in the child bearing age cohort), are expected to conform to a Poisson probability distribution. And, counts data that constitute some subset of a total, such as the percentage of people at least 100 years of age or the percentage of a population that is the women in the child bearing age cohort, are expected to conform to a binomial probability distribution.
Characterization of resistive transmission lines by short-pulse propagation

A method for completely characterizing resistive transmission lines by short-pulse propagation is described. Using the loss and dispersion of pulses propagated on two different lengths of line, together with the measured low-frequency capacitance, the frequency-dependent propagation constant, attenuation, and the complex impedance are determined. The basic method is demonstrated with results from low-loss cables and a well-controlled coplanar waveguide sample. >
When do interfaces become important for failure

Previous experimental research has shown that microstructural features such as interfaces, inclusions, vacancies and heterogeneities can all act as void nucleation sites. However, it is not well understood how important these interfaces are to the damage evolution as a function of the surrounding parent materials. In this work, we present results on three different materials: 1) Cu, 2) Cu-10 wt%Ag, and 3) Cu-15 wt%Nb examined to probe the influence of bi-metal interfaces on void nucleation and evolution. These materials were chosen due to the differences in the stacking fault energy between the two phases. The initial results suggest that when there are significant differences between the bulk properties (for example: stacking fault energy and melting temperature etc) the type of interface between the two parent materials does not influence the damage process. Rather, it is the “weaker” material that dictates the dynamic spall strength of the material.
Community Democracy Online: A Preliminary Report from East Palo Alto

This paper reports on the first year of a research collaboration between Stanford University's Symbolic Systems Program and the East Palo Alto Community Network. We are exploring whether and how the Internet can enhance the participation of East Palo Alto residents in community decision making. We aim to apply knowledge of the political and social environment in East Palo Alto, as well as results from community network and electronic democracy projects elsewhere, to the development of an online environment for expanding community democracy. We report on our experiences and study of East Palo Alto, and their implications for future design and intervention using Internet tools.
Operational Calculus

Operational claculus is useful in both the formulation and solution of the differential equations involved in engineering problems, and because of its power and directness it is finding increasing favor in engineering analysis. It is especially helpful to the electrical engineer because many of his problems involve transients, the analysis of which requires the solution of differential equations. In this article is presented not a popular treatment of operational calculus (several of which already have been published), but rather a brief survey of the historical development, an introduction to the background, and a summary of the threads of rigorous analysis that bind the many processes into a rational and systematic whole. This is the tenth in a series of special articles developed under the sponsorship of the A.I.E.E. committee on education.
CRT-122 Pretreatment of Synthetic Vascular Grafts With Heparin Before Implantation, A Simple Technique To Reduce The Risk of Thrombosis

Synthetic grafts are being widely used to bypass occluded vessels or to supply blood flow. Thrombosis of these grafts is a major complication. The clots are often formed during the first exposure of blood to the graft surface which later become a nidus for larger clots. We examined whether
Media, Protest Diffusion, and Authoritarian Resilience

Do authoritarian governments always censor news about protest to prevent unrest from spreading? Existing research on authoritarian politics stresses the danger that information spread within the society poses for a regime. In particular, media and Internet reports of social unrest are deemed to threaten authoritarian rule since such reports may incite more protests and thus spread instability. We show that such reasoning is incomplete if social protests are targeted at local officials. Allowing media the freedom to report local protests may indeed lead to protest diffusion, but the increased probability of citizen protest also has two potential benefits for the regime: 1) identifying and addressing more social grievances, thus releasing potential revolutionary pressure on the regime; 2) forcing local officials to reduce misbehavior, thus reducing underlying social grievances. For authoritarian governments whose survival is vulnerable to citizen grievances, allowing the media to report social protests aimed at local governments can therefore enhance regime stability and protect its interests under many circumstances. We construct a game-theoretic model to analyze the problem and illustrate the argument with examples from China.