cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-similar mean dynamics in turbulent wall flows

This study investigates how and why dynamical self-similarities emerge with increasing Reynolds number within the canonical wall flows beyond the transitional regime. An overarching aim is to advance a mechanistically coherent description of turbulent wall-flow dynamics that is mathematically tractable and grounded in the mean dynamical equations. As revealed by the analysis of Fife, Klewicki & Wei (J. Discrete Continuous Dyn. Syst. A, vol. 24, 2009, pp. 781–807), the equations that respectively describe the mean dynamics of turbulent channel, pipe and boundary layer flows formally admit invariant forms. These expose an underlying self-similar structure. In all cases, two kinds of dynamical self-similarity are shown to exist on an internal domain that, for all Reynolds numbers, extends from to , where is the kinematic viscosity, is the friction velocity and is the half-channel height, pipe radius, or boundary layer thickness. The simpler of the two self-similarities is operative on a large outer portion of the relevant domain. This self-similarity leads to an explicit analytical closure of the mean momentum equation. This self-similarity also underlies the emergence of a logarithmic mean velocity profile. A more complicated kind a self-similarity emerges asymptotically over a smaller domain closer to the wall. The simpler self-similarity allows the mean dynamical equation to be written as a closed system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations that, like the similarity solution for the laminar flat-plate boundary layer, can be numerically integrated. The resulting similarity solutions are demonstrated to exhibit nearly exact agreement with direct numerical simulations over the solution domain specified by the theory. At the Reynolds numbers investigated, the outer similarity solution is shown to be operative over a domain that encompasses of the overall width of the flow. Other properties predicted by the theory are also shown to be well supported by existing data.
CONDITIONS FOR HOLDING AND PROPAGATING CRAWFISH BROOD STOCK (Procambarus clarkii)

Commercial producers of the red swamp crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) require a source of stock other than from the wild in order to supplement natural pond production, extend the growing season, and improve genetic characteristics. Thus, consideration is given to systems for holding and propagating brood stock. Physical and chemical conditions of importance for holding environments include size and shape of container, water depth, surface area, shelters, water hardness, and dissolved oxygen content. Biological influences of importance include density, cannibalism, predation, parasitism, and nutrition. Methods for spawning, hatching, and rearing of young are described.
Dynamic and Static Cross Regulation in Forward Converters

Many power supplies are described as multi-output, in which one switching power stage is used to derive several outputs. Often these power supplies are constructed with one output being fed back and while the controlled output may have excellent regulation characteristics, the other outputs are only semiregulated. A topic of interest to designers of such power supplies is the cross regulation performance which is defined as the response of the semiregulated output to a load disturbance on the regulated output. The semiregulated outputs often experience large variations due to load changes and these may make it difficult to meet the specified regulation requirements. In this paper, an analysis is presented leading to equations that can predict the cross regulation performance of converters that have coupled or uncoupled output inductors. The predicted results compare very well with measurements made on a three output converter. In addition, a model suitable for simulation is developed to simulate the cross regulation performance, and the simulation results also agree with the measurements and the predicted performance.
Partisan Realignment in a One-Party System: The Case of Mississippi

R ealignment of party identification within the electorate is so rare that little is known of the process. V. 0. Key, Jr., suggested that realignment may result from positive perceptions of the opposing party, or from social forces such as depressions which disenchant the identifiers of the party in power.1 For example, the estranged iinmigrant came to identify with the Democratic Party in the 1920s and 1930s when it promised programs that met his needs and when it recruited candidates from the newly arrived. The difficulty of the Democratic Party in the South in the last ten years reflects perhaps a realignment of party identification among the white voters.2 Data in this study of white Mississippi voters in the summer of 1967 provide insight into the extent and implications of realignment in that state and into the realignment process in general. The names of the 355 voters surveyed in the study were taken in a systematic fashion from the poll books in eleven counties. The counties were selected on the basis of their voting patterns in previous elections and their geographical location. In addition, they were selected in such a way that the means of the percentages of urbanization and Negro population within them were similar to such means within the state's population. As many as three attempts were made to locate each potential respondent before an alternate name was used.
Internal coalescence as a mechanism of instability in water-in-oil-in-water double-emulsion globules

Using capillary microscopy, internal coalescence between the internal aqueous compartments in a single water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) double-emulsion globule was investigated. Globules were prepared using either sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (ionic) or Tween 80 (nonionic) as the water-soluble surfactants and Span 80 as the oil-soluble surfactant. Concentrations of both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfactants were varied until coalescence between the internal aqueous droplets was observed. Internal coalescence was observed when the concentration of SDS or Tween 80 in the internal aqueous phase was 1−3 CMC (critical micelle concentration) or 50−100 CMC, respectively, and occurred preferentially when the concentration in the internal phase was significantly greater than in the external phase. Internal coalescence always occurred in conjunction with coalescence between the internal W1 and external W2 aqueous phases (external coalescence). When W1 and W2 were not too dissimilar in their overall surfactant ...
Patrons of the Poor

In industrialized societies no less than in feudal landlord societies there are extreme differences in wealth. There has been no clear trend toward leveling the extremes in those Western industrialized societies in which the private sector of the economy has maintained an important controlling role. Extreme poverty is clearly a persistent accompaniment of industrialization in such societies. The current great concern in the United States with this phenomenon, in the sense of its being conceived as a problem condition to be changed, may or may not be indicative that change is incipient. Fundamental change would of course involve new ideological orientations and new social structure - in short, a different kind of social system. Symptoms of such change are perhaps to be seen in the new orientations embodied in the Economic Opportunity Act and in what has been labeled civil disorder. The legislation proposes new forms of social structure for linking people in poverty areas directly with the national politica...
Estimated costs of mechanical control of water hyacinths

This paper is a report of an application of dynamic linear programming toward achieving minimum cost of the mechanical harvesting means of controlling water hyacinths in Florida. The cost-minimizing linear programming model was developed and applied to a hypothetical lake to determine the least-cost method and seasonal pattern of removal to attain specified levels of control. For a 400-acre lake under specified conditions, the annual costs of controlling water hyacinths were estimated to be $13,500 or $33.75 per acre.
Modern image quality assessment

This book is about objective image quality assessmentwhere the aim is to provide computational models that can automatically predict perceptual image quality. The early years of the 21st century have witnessed a tremendous growth in the use of digital images as a means for representing and communicating information. A considerable percentage of this literature is devoted to methods for improving the appearance of images, or for maintaining the appearance of images that are processed. Nevertheless, the quality of digital images, processed or otherwise, is rarely perfect. Images are subject to distortions during acquisition, compression, transmission, processing, and reproduction. To maintain, control, and enhance the quality of images, it is important for image acquisition, management, communication, and processing systems to be able to identify and quantify image quality degradations. The goals of this book are as follows; a) to introduce the fundamentals of image quality assessment, and to explain the relevant engineering problems, b) to give a broad treatment of the current state-of-the-art in image quality assessment, by describing leading algorithms that address these engineering problems, and c) to provide new directions for future research, by introducing recent models and paradigms that significantly differ from those used in the past. The book is written to be accessible to university students curious about the state-of-the-art of image quality assessment, expert industrial R&D engineers seeking to implement image/video quality assessment systems for specific applications, and academic theorists interested in developing new algorithms for image quality assessment or using existing algorithms to design or optimize other image processing applications.
Human exposure, health hazards, and environmental regulations

Abstract United States environmental regulations, intended to protect human health, generally fail to address major sources of pollutants that endanger human health. These sources are surprisingly close to us and within our control, such as consumer products and building materials that we use within our homes, workplaces, schools, and other indoor environments. Even though these indoor sources account for nearly 90% of our pollutant exposure, they are virtually unregulated by existing laws. Even pollutant levels found in typical homes, if found outdoors, would often violate federal environmental standards. This article examines the importance of human exposure as a way to understand and reduce effects of pollutants on human health. Results from exposure studies challenge traditional thinking about pollutant hazards, and reveal deficiencies in our patchwork of laws. And results from epidemiological studies, showing increases in exposure-related diseases, underscore the need for new protections. Because we cannot rely solely on regulations to protect us, and because health effects from exposures can develop insidiously, greater efforts are needed to reduce and prevent significant exposures before they occur. Recommendations include the development and use of safer alternatives to common products, public education on ways to reduce exposure, systematic monitoring of human exposure to pollutants, and a precautionary approach in decision-making.
Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric quantification of structurally diverse drug mixtures using an ESI-APCI multimode ionization source

We report in this paper an ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC(R)/MS/MS) method utilizing an ESI-APCI multimode ionization source to quantify structurally diverse analytes. Eight commercial drugs were used as test compounds. Each LC injection was completed in 1 min using a UPLC system coupled with MS/MS multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) detection. Results from three separate sets of experiments are reported. In the first set of experiments, the eight test compounds were analyzed as a single mixture. The mass spectrometer was switching rapidly among four ionization modes (ESI+, ESI-, APCI-, and APCI+) during an LC run. Approximately 8-10 data points were collected across each LC peak. This was insufficient for a quantitative analysis. In the second set of experiments, four compounds were analyzed as a single mixture. The mass spectrometer was switching rapidly among four ionization modes during an LC run. Approximately 15 data points were obtained for each LC peak. Quantification results were obtained with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.01 ng/mL. For the third set of experiments, the eight test compounds were analyzed as a batch. During each LC injection, a single compound was analyzed. The mass spectrometer was detecting at a particular ionization mode during each LC injection. More than 20 data points were obtained for each LC peak. Quantification results were also obtained. This single-compound analytical method was applied to a microsomal stability test. Compared with a typical HPLC method currently used for the microsomal stability test, the injection-to-injection cycle time was reduced to 1.5 min (UPLC method) from 3.5 min (HPLC method). The microsome stability results were comparable with those obtained by traditional HPLC/MS/MS.
Recent studies on the characterization of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV); development of new methods for the diagnosis of BLV infection

Abstract In this report data presented show that the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is infectious for cells of various species including humans. Bat monolayer cell cultures were the most permissive for replication of BLV and provided an abundant source of virus for characterization studies. A highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay was developed using the purified 125 I-labeled major internal BLV antigen. Binding experiments and competition assays demonstrated that the BLV protein is immunologically unrelated to the antigens of known oncorna-viruses as well as to the antigens of the foamy-like bovine syncytial virus and maedi-like R-29 virus. The radioimmunoassay proved to be much more sensitive than the immunofluorescence and complement fixation tests for the detection of antibodies to the internal BLV antigen. A BLV antigen, with characteristics in common with the envelope antigens of known C-type viruses, was detected in immunodiffusion experiments. BLV, as well as BLV-infected cells, induce syncytia formation in monolayer cultures of various origins. The effect was used to develop a sensitive, specific, quantitative, simple, and rapid infectivity assay for BLV. The assay is readily applicable for the direct diagnosis of BLV-infection in cattle. The infectivity assay also provides a system to detect and titrate BLV neutralizing antibodies. The virus neutralization test was found to be much more sensitive than the immunodiffusion test for the detection of antibodies to BLV envelope antigens. Because of their specificities and sensitivities, the radioimmunoassay, the virus neutralization test and the direct infectivity assay provide important tools for studies on the distribution, transmission and pathogenesis of BLV, as well as for eradication programs of bovine leukosis.
Ontogeny of American paddlefish lymphoid tissues

The temporal and spatial distribution of American paddlefish Polyodon spathula immune cell populations was determined using enzyme cytochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Monocytes and macrophages were present in the renal haematopoietic tissue, spleen, meningeal myeloid tissue, cardiac myeloid tissue and lamina propria of the spiral valve at 7 days post-hatch (dph). Immature lymphocytes were present in the renal haematopoietic tissue, spleen, meningeal myeloid tissue, cardiac myeloid tissue, thymus and lamina propria of the spiral valve at 7 dph. Type A lymphocytes (T-cell like) were demonstrated in the thymus by 21 dph. Type B immunoglobulin positive lymphocytes (B-cell like) were present in the renal haematopoietic tissue, cardiac myeloid tissue, and lamina propria of the spiral valve by 7 dph, the thymus at 21 dph, the spleen by 56 dph, and were not observed in the meningeal myeloid tissue of paddlefish aged 7-28 dph. Granulocytes were present in the renal haematopoietic tissue, thymus, spleen, meningeal myeloid tissue, cardiac myeloid tissue and lamina propria of the spiral valve by 7 dph. The spleens in 7-28 dph fish were predominately red pulp. Differentiation of leukocytic and erythrocytic compartments (white and red pulp, respectively) was not apparent in the spleen until 56 dph. Remarkable thymic cortical and medullary differentiation was not yet present at 28 dph, and the thymus was not sampled at 56, 84 or 112 dph. The cardiac myeloid tissue was not developed until 56 dph. Peyer's patches were present in the lamina propria by 56 dph. Paddlefish lympho-myeloid structures are therefore slow to develop, and vaccination procedures should be performed at 2-4 months post-hatch.
Adolescent Criminal Behavior — Is TV Violence One of the Culprits?

Recent debate in the media have reawakened society's concern regarding the possible dangerous and/or negative effects of television violence on children. The author presents an investigation into the effects, positive and negative, of television programming on young viewers in today's violent social climate. He agrees with other authors that it is not the programming per se that creates violence, but that the violent programs may influence negatively those individuals who are already violence-prone, or children during vulnerable periods of their development. He stresses that it is the responsibility of parents or parent substitutes to supervise their children's TV viewing habits.
Beetles with ‘trochantelli’: phylogeny of Cephenniini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae) focussing on Neotropical genera

Neotropical genera of Cephenniini characterized by an additional leg ‘segment’ (‘trochantellus’) are revised, and the following new taxa are described: Shyrigen.n., Shyri pichinchasp.n. (type species of Shyri) (Ecuador), Shyri perversussp.n. (Ecuador), Shyri quitusp.n. (Ecuador), Shyri microphthalmussp.n. (Ecuador), Monstrophenniumgen.n. (type species: Cephennium spinicolle Schaufuss), Furcodesgen.n., Furcodes apicalissp.n. (type species of Furcodes) (Mexico), Furcodes tutulesp.n. (Honduras), Paracephennium pumiliosp.n. (Costa Rica), Pseudocephennium iwokramanumsp.n. (Guyana), Pseudocephennium trilineatumsp.n. (Guyana), Pseudocephennium araguanumsp.n. (Venezuela), Pseudocephennium maximumsp.n. (Venezuela), Pseudocephennium peruvianumsp.n. (Peru), Pseudocephennium cochabambanumsp.n. (Bolivia), Pseudocephennium saramaccanumsp.n. (Suriname) and Pseudocephennium brokopondonumsp.n. (Suriname). Pseudocephennium spinicolle (Schaufuss) is transferred to Monstrophennium. Cladistic analysis of characters from adult morphology of all genera of Cephenniini and a large outgroup sample from Cyrtoscydmini, Eutheiini, Scydmaenini, Clidicini and Mastigini strongly supported the monophyly of Cephenniini. However, only the Cephennomicrus group comprising nine genera was strongly supported as a monophyletic clade, while only weak support was found for the previously suggested Cephennodes group and Cephennium group. Two alternative hypotheses concerning the phylogeny of Cephenniini are put forward and discussed: (i) the Cephennium group is sister to all remaining Cephenniini; or (ii) the Cephennomicrus group is sister to all remaining Cephenniini. The Neotropical genera with ‘trochantellus’ form a well-supported clade derived from the ancestral lineage of the Cephennodes group.
Noncryogenic preservation of mammalian tissues for DNA extraction: an assessment of storage methods.

Reliable field methods for the storage of tissues to be used for DNA extraction and amplification are critical to many studies employing molecular techniques. Protection from DNA degradation was compared among three commonly used methods of noncryogenic storage of tissues over a time scale of 2 years. All three methods prevented DNA degradation during storage for at least 6 months. DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide)-salt solution provided the best protection from DNA degradation of tissues stored for up to 2 years. High molecular weight DNA was recovered from lysis buffer in which tissue was stored for 2 years, however, moderate amounts of degraded DNA was also present. High molecular weight DNA was recovered from tissues stored in ethanol for 2 years, however, the yield was relatively small compared to the other two noncryogenic storage techniques. Much of the DNA degradation in ethanol preserved tissues appeared to occur during the extraction procedure and can be reduced by soaking the tissue in lysis buffer for a few hours prior to beginning the extraction. The yield of PCR products was greatest from DNA extracted from DMSO-salt solution preserved tissues, whereas DNA from tissues stored in either lysis buffer or ethanol produced lower yields.
Networks in the Modern Economy: Mexican Migrants in the U. S. Labor Market

This paper attempts to identify job networks among Mexican migrants in the U. S. labor market. The empirical analysis uses data on migration patterns and labor market outcomes, based on a sample of individuals belonging to multiple origin-communities in Mexico, over a long period of time. Each community's network is measured by the proportion of the sampled individuals who are located at the destination (the United States) in any year. We verify that the same individual is more likely to be employed and to hold a higher paying nonagricultural job when his network is exogenously larger, by including individual fixed effects in the employment and occupation regressions and by using rainfall in the origin-community as an instrument for the size of the network at the destination.
Liposome-Based Optochemical Nanosensors

This paper describes the optochemical pH and oxygen sensing properties of dye-encapsulating and fluorescently labeled nano-sized unilamellar liposomes. To prepare the oxygen sensitive liposomes a lipid mixture consisting of dimyristoylphospatidylcholine, cholesterol, and dihexadecyl phosphate (molar ratio 5:4:1) all dissolved in dry isopropyl alcohol is injected into a sensing dye solution. The mixture is then sonicated with a liposome maker to form dye-encapsulating liposomes. A lipid mixture consisting of dimyristoylphospatidylcholine, N-(fluorescein-5-thiocarbamoyl)-1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine triethylammonium salt (fluorescein DHPE), cholesterol, and dihexadecyl phosphate (molar ratio 20:1:16:4) is used to prepare the pH sensitive liposomes by the same sonication technique. Fluorescein labeled DHPE phospholipids are combined with DMPC phospholipids in a 1:20 ratio to incorporate the sensing dye directly into the bilayer membrane, virtually eliminating any instability due to dye leakage. Oxygen sensing liposomes are created by encapsulating the oxygen sensitive ruthenium tris(1,10)-phenanthroline complex [Ru(phen)3]. The dye is believed to exist both in free solution within the liposome, and as an adherent on the inner membrane of the liposome. High uniformity of the liposomes is realized by extruding them back and forth through a 100 nm pore-size polycarbonate membrane. TEM images of the liposomes, stained with uranyl acetate, show that the liposomes are unilamellar, spherical in shape, maintain high structural integrity, and average 70 nm in diameter. The liposomes show high stability with respect to dye leaking at room temperature for 8 days, and high photostability when exposed to the excitation light. Individual liposomes are used to monitor the pH and oxygen level in their vicinity during the enzymatic oxidation of glucose by the enzyme glucose oxidase. The newly prepared environmentally sensitive liposomes can be applied for non-invasive pH and oxygen determination in tissues and single biological cells.
Sustained Complete Remission of Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Single Agent Sorafenib

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third highest cause of cancer-related death, with 626,000 deaths worldwide annually [1]. Additionally, the incidence rate in the developed world is increasing, with an estimated incidence of 81,000 new cases per year [1]. The standard treatment regimen for HCC is dependent on whether the patient has local or metastatic disease. Local disease is treated with radio-ablation, resection, trans-arterial chemo-embolization, and/or orthotopic liver transplant. These treatments can produce 5-year survival rates up to 60–70 % [2]. However, the average survival for patients with metastatic disease is 7.9 months [3]. Sorafenib is a small molecule serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase inhibitor that, in the 2008 landmark Sorafenib Hepatocellular Carcinoma Assessment Randomized Protocol (SHARP) trial, demonstrated an approximately 3-month increase in survival rate in the setting of metastatic HCC [3]. To date, only three published studies have demonstrated complete remission in the setting of advanced or metastatic HCC [4, 5, 6].We present a case of a patient with metastatic HCC who achieved sustained, complete biochemical remission and near-complete radiological remission for 42 months while on sorafenib.
A fuzzy expert organizer for control of robotic part assembly

A fuzzy intelligent organizing control strategy, based on a fuzzy rule-base and derived from measured force/moment data, for a robotic device performing quasi-static assembly tasks is presented. Fuzzy set theory is implemented as an expert system to constitute the organizer of a robotic system for micro tasking (part mating) purposes. A distance metric is employed to measure the uncertainty (fuzziness) as it is related to specific control actions. A learning algorithm based on the probability of a fuzzy event and a distance metric is introduced. The top organizing level determines the most appropriate n-tuple control values with minimum fuzziness and downlinks them to the lower level of the system which carries out the specified task. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. >
Impact of Collector-Base Space Charge Region on RF Noise in Bipolar Transistors

This paper examines the impact of collector-base space charge region (CB SCR) on RF noise in scaled bipolar transistors by solving the Langevin equation of electron noise transport. The van Vliet model, which was derived for intrinsic base only, was evaluated for scaled bipolar transistors in which CB SCR transit time is most significant. An improved noise model accounting for CB SCR effects is derived.
Differences in Procrastination and Motivation between Undergraduate and Graduate Students.

Procrastination became increasingly prevalent among students in recent years. However, little research was found that directly compares academic procrastination across different academic grade levels. The present study used a self-regulated learning perspective to compare procrastination types and associated motivation between undergraduate and graduate students. Sixty-six undergraduate and sixty-eight graduate students responded to a packet of questionnaires concerning their experience in an educational psychology class. The results show that students’ beliefs about the usefulness of procrastination were a better predictor of academic procrastination than self-efficacy beliefs and achievement goal orientations. Student age was related to procrastination types. Among the undergraduate procrastinators, the younger students were more likely to engage in active procrastination while the older students tended to engage in passive procrastination. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
The mechanism of device damage during bump process for flip-chip package

Ring-type yield loss at wafer edge has been observed during flip-chip packaging process. The failure mechanism is attributed to the scrubber clean process step which generates a lot of charges. This in turn behaves like an electrostatic discharge (ESD) event and damages gate oxide of internal circuits. An equivalent circuit is proposed to analyze such a kind of ESD event and proves the importance of the parasitic capacitance of the interconnect metal.
Effects on Experimental Animals of Long-Term Continuous Inhalation of Nitrogen Dioxide'

Abstract One preliminary acute 8-hour study at a concentration of 123 mg/m3 of nitrogen dioxide, and one 30-day repeated study at a level of 67 mg/m3 were conducted. Both exposures produced marked lung irritation and high mortality in all species. The gross pathologic findings in the lungs of surviving animals indicated hemorrhagic pulmonary edema in the 123 mg/m3 study, and vascular congestion and focal hemorrhage in the 67 mg/m3 study. Five 90-day continuous studies were run at 0.9, 1.0, 9.2, 21.3, and 21.6 mg/m3 of nitrogen dioxide. Except for a possible slight weight loss, there were no effects noted at 0.9 and 1.0 mg/m3. At 9.2 mg/m3 there was a significant increase of mortality in guinea pigs and rabbits, and at the 21.3 and 21.6 mg/m3 levels there was a significant increase in mortality in all species except the dog. Minimal pathologic lung changes were seen at the highest concentrations. Cumulative 30−, 60−, and 90-day mortality data for the continuous exposure studies indicate that one cannot safely extrapolate from the 30-day results to anticipate the effects which may occur after 90 days. Care should also be taken in extrapolating continuous-exposure guidelines from data obtained in repeated-exposure studies. It is believed that the submarine guideline of 0.5 ppm (0.9 mg/m3) will not cause any untoward effects in personnel exposed continuously for 60 days. The choice of analytical procedure is critical in measuring the concentration to which animals are exposed. Absorption of samples in 0.1 N NaOH is not satisfactory. Absorption directly into the nitriting reagent is the method of choice.
Dust–dust lower hybrid waves in a collisional dusty plasma

Abstract The excitation of dust lower hybrid waves is considered in collisional plasmas with opposite polarity grains. Typical frequencies are on the order of ω c+ ω c− , where ωc+ and ωc− are the gyrofrequencies of the positive and negative dust grains. The mode growth rates are calculated, for laboratory-type plasmas, as functions of the zero-order electric field, E 0 , applied along the magnetic field, B , permeating the plasma.
Molecular evolution, systematics, and zoogeography of the rockfish subgenus Sebastomus (Sebastes, Scorpaenidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and control region sequences.

Abstract Sebastomusis one of the most species-rich subgenera ofSebastes,whose monophyly is well supported by morphological and molecular data. We present the first description of the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial cytochromebgene and the partial sequence of the control region of the 14 species ofSebastomus.We used these data in phylogenetic analyses to investigate their evolutionary relationships. Extremely low levels of sequence divergence indicated a recent ancestry of these species, suggesting a very rapid radiation within the last million years. The molecular data revealed two main clades withinSebastomus,each with species of different affinities that invaded new habitats from the subgeneric center of distribution. The rapid speciation in this lineage was manifested in the poor resolution of some nodes in the phylogeny. Internal fertilization and viviparity inSebastesmay have played an important role in the sudden acquisition of reproductive barriers during its radiation. The mitochondrial DNA data suggest that prolific speciation inSebastomusmay have been associated with rapid lineage sorting punctuated by allopatric reproductive isolation subsequent to dispersal events and, perhaps, by sympatric reproductive isolation associated with internal fertilization.
Prediction of Lateral Load Response for a Pile Group

A full-scale lateral load test of a pile group consisting of 16 (4 by 4) prestressed 76-cm-square concrete piles was conducted at Roosevelt Bridge, Stuart, Florida, during the summer of 1996. Presented are (a) in situ test results, (b) various p-y curves from these tests, and (c) comparisons of various computer predictions (FLPIER, GROUP, and PIGR3D) using p-y curves tempered with results from a single-pile load test. From these comparisons, the best Class A prediction is made for the 16-pile group using FLPIER with nonlinear pile properties; p-y multipliers of 0.8, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.3 for the leading, middle, and trailing two rows, respectively; and dilatometer test-pressuremeter test p-y curves. This prediction suggests that an average load per pile of 280 kN will produce a deflection of 0.1 m (63 kips/pile at a deflection of 3.9 in.) for the test group.
Role Expectations as Antecedents of Citizenship and the Moderating Effects of Work Context

In this field study of 198 incumbents, we examine how facets of work context affect the relationship between employees’ role expectations and supervisor ratings of their citizenship. Building on an emerging focus in the citizenship literature, we expand the scope of role perceptions to capture employees’ beliefs about the importance of various work activities and worker attributes needed for successful role performance (i.e., role expectations). Results support the role theory framework that we develop and suggest that aspects of both the social and task context moderate the relationship between employees’ role expectations for prosocial role requirements and citizenship. Implications of these results for both theory and practice in the citizenship area are discussed, as are directions for further research.
The Federal Reserve Banking System in Operation

Necessarily slow development of the system, 628. — Organization, number and location of banks, 630. — Opening of reserve banks and reduction of required reserve of member banks, 637. — Rediscounting operations, 641. — Open market operations, 645. — United States bonds and municipal notes, 646. — Trade and bank acceptances, 647. — The nation-wide check collection system, 653. — State banks and the reserve system, 662.
Remote sensing of soil moisture in the Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment

The Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment was designed to address several important issues in the remote sensing of soil moisture. An exceptionally wide range of microwave instrumentation was used in the experiment. All data collected in SGP97 are being assembled as a part of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). A review of the SGP97 field campaign, selected research highlights, and a description of the data bases are presented.
Documenting progress in home care

The home is an ideal environment for the practice of occupational therapy. However, the tumultuous health care environment of the late 1990s requires practitioners to take special care not only in delivering effective services, but also in documenting the delivery of skilled care. Documentation is the bridge between the delivery of occupational therapy services in the home and the approval for reimbursement of services by third-party payers. This article presents principles for writing reimbursable progress notes for home care that are based on Medicare documents related to occupational therapy. Application of these principles can improve efficiency and excellence in practitioners' documentation skills.
Invariant quadratic forms on finite dimensional lie algebras

Trace forms have been well studied as invariant quadratic forms on finite dimensional Lie algebras; the best known of these forms in the Cartan-Killing form. All those forms, however, have the ideal [ L, L ] ∩ R (with the radical R ) in the orthogonal L ⊥ and thus are frequently degenerate. In this note we discuss a general construction of Lie algebras equipped with non-degenerate quadratic forms which cannot be obtained by trace forms, and we propose a general structure theorem for Lie algebras supporting a non-degenerate invariant quadratic form. These results complement and extend recent developments of the theory of invariant quadratic forms on Lie algebras by Hilgert and Hofmann [2], keith [4], and Medina and Revoy [7].
Electrocardiographic damage scores and cardiovascular mortality

Background A number of electrocardiogram (ECG) classification systems have been developed to estimate cardiac injury, infarct size, and left ventricular function. Although many studies have documented an association between clinical, imaging, and autopsy data, few have evaluated their prognostic value. Methods and Results ECGs from 46 933 patients were analyzed using computerized measurements and algorithms. The Simplified Selvester Score, the Cardiac Infarction Injury Score (CIIS), and a Q-wave score were calculated. Other ECG characteristics such as left ventricular hypertrophy and bundle-branch blocks were also evaluated. The main outcome was cardiovascular (CV) mortality. During a mean follow-up of 6 years, the CIIS outperformed all other ECG classifications in determining prognosis. Going from lowest to highest tertile of CIIS, each step had a hazard ratio of 1.39 (CI 1.32-1.45) or a 39% increase in risk per tertile. Using clinically based thresholds, the annual mortality for high-risk CIIS was 4.5% (CI 4.0-4.6) versus 0.3% (CI 0.0-1.3) for those in the low-risk group. Conclusions A low-risk damage score was associated with a 4%. A damage score should be calculated as part of all computerized ECG interpretations.
Yaw-Roll Coupled Oscillations of a Slender Delta Wing

Reported are the results of experiments conducted on a slender delta wing designed to undergo ro ll and yaw oscillations simultaneously. Wind tunnel results indicate that the yaw oscillations always preceded roll oscillations. Time histories show coupli ng between roll and yaw motions. A significant drop in lift coefficie nt was observed during these m otions . There exists a bifurcation angle of attack at which coupled yaw and roll oscillations force the moment coefficients to switch sign. Pertinent results of the ongoing research work are presented . 1-3 . Furthermore, the vortex asymmetry also manifests itself in the form of wing rock. Since this phenomenon is due to the imbalance of lift on the wing, roll divergence sets in with subsequent nose slicing and uncontrolled spin. It is evident that in actual free flights there exists a strong coupling between the roll oscillations and yawing motion. A large body of previous work on delta wing s has focused on roll oscillations and control with the wing constrained in yaw 4-5 . Only limited studies have modeled yaw effects , but only as static sideslips 6-7 and the dynamics of yaw -roll coupling is still missing because of the complexity of the wind tunnel model and the measurements involved. Additional problems arise due to model mounting . As the angle of attack of the model changes, the location of the center of pressure relative to the central pivot point change s which in turn significantly alters the response of the model once the motion set s in. The objective of the present work therefore w as to experimentally investigate the effects of yaw and roll coupled motions on the aerodynamics of a delta wing pivoted at its center of gravity.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Akt Signaling in Pulmonary Carcinoid Cells

Background In several types of cancer, upregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling facilitates tumor cell growth and inhibits apoptosis. Previous reports demonstrated that this pathway promotes growth, survival, and chemotherapy resistance in non-small cell and small cell lung cancer cells. But the importance of PI3K-Akt signaling has not been explored in pulmonary carcinoids. In this study, our objective was to establish the role of the PI3K-Akt signal transduction pathway in pulmonary carcinoid cells. Study Design Human pulmonary carcinoid NCI-H727 cells were treated with LY294002 (0 to 100 μM), a well-known PI3K inhibitor, or transfected with Akt1 small interfering RNA (75 nM). Cellular proliferation was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for up to 8 days. Western blot analysis was performed for expression of active, phosphorylated Akt (pAkt), total Akt, Akt1, and the neuroendocrine markers chromogranin A and achaete-scute complex-like1. Results Treatment of NCI-H727 cells with LY294002 significantly reduced tumor cell growth (85.3%). Similarly, Akt1 small interfering RNA transfection led to diminished tumor cell proliferation (31.3%). A dose-dependent decrease in chromogranin A and achaete-scute complex-like1 production was observed with both PI3K inhibition and Akt1 RNA interference. Expression of Akt1 was reduced at all time points by transient Akt1 small interfering RNA transfection. Conclusions The PI3K-Akt pathway plays a role in both tumor cell growth and neuroendocrine hormone secretion in human pulmonary carcinoid cells. Inhibition of Akt1, PI3K-Akt signaling, or a downstream mediator of this pathway may provide therapeutic approaches for patients with pulmonary carcinoid tumors.
Attaching UI enhancements to websites with end users

We present reform, a step toward write-once apply-anywhere user interface enhancements. The reform system envisions roles for both programmers and end users in enhancing existing websites to support new goals. First, a programmer authors a traditional mashup or browser extension, but they do not write a web scraper. Instead they use reform, which allows novice end users to attach the enhancement to their favorite sites with a scraping by-example interface. reform makes enhancements easier to program while also carrying the benefit that end users can apply the enhancements to any number of new websites. We present reform's architecture, user interface, interactive by-example extraction algorithm for novices, and evaluation, along with five example reform enabled enhancements.
Coagulopathy in liver disease: a balancing act

Liver disease results in complex alterations of all 3 phases of hemostasis. It is now recognized that hemostasis is rebalanced in chronic liver disease. The fall in clotting factor levels is accompanied by a parallel fall in anticoagulant proteins. High von Willebrand factor levels counteract defects in primary hemostasis. Conventional coagulation tests do not fully reflect the derangement in hemostasis and do not accurately predict the risk of bleeding. Global coagulation assays (thrombin generation, thromboelastography) reflect the interaction between procoagulant factors, anticoagulant factors, platelets, and the fibrinolytic system and show promise for assessing bleeding risk and guiding therapy. These assays are not yet commercially approved or validated. Prevention of bleeding should not be aimed at correcting conventional coagulation tests. Thrombopoietin receptor agonists were shown to increase the platelet count in cirrhotic patients undergoing invasive procedures but may increase the risk of thrombosis. Rebalanced hemostasis in liver disease is precarious and may be tipped toward hemorrhage or thrombosis depending on coexisting circumstantial risk factors. Bacterial infection may impair hemostasis in cirrhosis by triggering the release of endogenous heparinoids. There are no evidence-based guidelines for hemostatic therapy of acute hemorrhage in liver disease. There is currently inadequate evidence to support the use of recombinant FVIIa, prothrombin complex concentrates, or tranexamic acid in acute variceal or other hemorrhage.
The modulation of adiponectin by STAT5-activating hormones

Adiponectin is a hormone secreted from adipocytes that plays an important role in insulin sensitivity and protects against metabolic syndrome. Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) are potent STAT5 activators that regulate the expression of several genes in adipocytes. Studies have shown that the secretion of adiponectin from adipose tissue is decreased by treatment with PRL and GH. In this study, we demonstrate that 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with GH or PRL exhibit a reduction in adiponectin protein levels. Furthermore, we identified three putative STAT5 binding sites in the murine adiponectin promoter and show that only one of these, located at -3,809, binds nuclear protein in a GH- or PRL-dependent manner. Mutation of the STAT5 binding site reduced PRL-dependent protein binding, and supershift analysis revealed that STAT5A and -5B, but not STAT1 and -3, bind to this site in response to PRL. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (IP) analysis demonstrated that only STAT5A, and not STAT1 and -3, bind to the murine adiponectin promoter in a GH-dependent manner in vivo. Adiponectin promoter/reporter constructs were responsive to GH, and chromatin IP analysis reveals that STAT5 binds the adiponectin promoter in vivo following GH stimulation. Overall, these data strongly suggest that STAT5 activators regulate adiponectin transcription through the binding of STAT5 to the -3,809 site that leads to decreased adiponectin expression and secretion. These mechanistic observations are highly consistent with studies in mice and humans that have high GH or PRL levels that are accompanied by lower circulating levels of adiponectin.
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection Prevention: Standardizing Practice Focused on Evidence-Based Guidelines.

Central venous access devices (CVADs) are integral to the treatment and provision of supportive care for many patients with cancer. Central venous catheters are the most frequent cause of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections. Healthcare-associated bloodstream infections can be prevented when evidence-based practices are followed consistently over time. Establishing nursing best practice with CVADs in the ambulatory setting presents additional challenges because of multiple providers, caregivers, and policies. This article identifies evidence-based practice strategies implemented at a comprehensive ambulatory cancer center to standardize best nursing practice for central lines. .
Passive Array Processing: From Conventional to High Resolution Concepts

Array processing is one of the main functions of passive sonars. Its function is to give a best as possible image of the noise field by using the noise which are radiated by the ships, as an optical telescope uses the light radiated by the stars to give an image of the sky. But unlike the optical telescope, passive sonars do not use lenses or mirrors, but arrays which are composed of discrete sensors which sample the wavefronts received from the sources.
Residual Effects of Methomyl, Permethrin, and Fenvalerate on Pteromalus puparum (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Adult Parasites

Effects of methomyl, permethrin, and fenvalerate residues were tested in the laboratory on adult Pteromalus puparum (L.), a gregarious pupal parasite of the imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.). Survival of adult female parasites exposed to the insecticides did not differ from that of untreated controls. However, significantly more males died compared with controls following exposure to methomyl for 12 h and for 6 days.
Rapid Monitoring of Hydrocarbon Blending Stocks in Modified Aviation Turbine Fuels

On a utilise la chromatographie en phase gazeuse sur colonne capillaire de silice pour determiner les concentrations de trois hydrocarbures dans le carbureacteur JP4
Some Erythroneura of the Obliqua Group (Homoptera, CicadellidÆ).

The writer has been interested in this genus of insects since 1924 when Wm. Robinson worked out the classification with the male genitalia as a basis. Among the several hundred specimens in the Snow Entomological Collection called Erythroneura obliqua (Say) great variation was found. Not only was there considerable variation in dorsal color pattern but some had very dark abdomens, others very light, some were very small and still others were quite large. Could all this variation of external appearance be accounted for by variation within the species? The work of Robinson had given a good foundation upon which to work.