cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rates of return to education in Brazil: Do labor market conditions matter?

Abstract This paper accomplishes two tasks. First, new estimates of rates of return to education for Brazil in 1989 are presented. The rate of return to an additional year of schooling is estimated to range between 12.8 and 15.1%. Less restrictive parameterizations reveal that the earnings-education profile is convex. Second, the customary Mincerian methodology used to estimate the rate of return from schooling is modified to capture the wage effects of changes in the educational structure of the labor force. This is accomplished by including labor market condition controls in earnings equations. The results suggest that workers with less than university education compete with each other (are substitutes) while workers at the upper end of the educational spectrum are complements to those with less education.
EVALUATION OF RANGE-GRAZED AND CONCENTRATE-FEDBEEF BY A TRAINED SENSORY PANEL, A HOUSEHOLD PANEL AND A LABORATORY TEST MARKET GROUP

. A trained sensory panel and a household panel evaluated leaner range-grazed and higher grading concentrate-fed beef for sensory characteristics. The findings were compared to those from a laboratory test market study designed to determine the consumer appeal of branded range-grazed beef when compared to concentrate-fed beef. Broiled steaks from concentrate-fed steers were scored more flavorful, more tender, more juicy and more desirable overall than those from range-grazed steers by the trained sensory panel and by the household panel. In the laboratory test market study steaks from range-grazed steers were nearly equal in acceptance to those from concentrate-fed steers because consumers, although accustomed to concentrate-fed beef in their marketplace, compromised palatability for meat they perceived to be leaner and more healthful.
Use of Angular Measurements in Cephalometric Analyses

Most cephalometric analyses make extensive use of angular measurements. This usage is based on the assumption that angular measurements for a particular individual tend to remain relatively constant with respect to time, ie, that they are affected minimally by growth. The tenability of this assumption is challenged in several instances on the basis of the results of a cross-sectional cephalometric study of certain angular variables.
Hierarchical and co-operative binding of OmpR to a fusion construct containing the ompC and ompF upstream regulatory sequences of Escherichia coli.

Background: OmpR is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of the porin genes ompF and ompC in Escherichia coli. The phosphorylation state of OmpR, directed by the osmosensor EnvZ, determines its ability to bind to the upstream regulatory regions of these genes, a total of 14 phospho-OmpR binding sites. While it has been possible to study the stoichiometry and hierarchy of the OmpR–DNA interaction in the upstream regions of ompF and ompC, their disunited location on the bacterial chromosome has made it difficult to compare the individual binding affinities of respective sites. Results: Using 1,10-phenanthroline-Cu+ footprinting on a fused construct containing both the ompF and ompC upstream regulatory sequences, and gel shift experiments on oligomers corresponding to individual sites, we have established a comparative hierarchy for OmpR binding, as F1, C1 > F2, F3 > C2 > C3. In addition, the binding patterns reveal an apparent co-operative relationship between OmpR molecules bound at several upstream motifs. Densitometric analyses of the footprinted regions provide support for these observations. Mutational analysis of this construct reveals that the alteration of a conserved cytidine in the F1 motif (–86) causes a loss of OmpR affinity and disrupts hierarchical OmpR-binding in the entire ompF region. Conclusions: The present results provide a unique view of the OmpR interaction with the two respective promoters, ompF and ompC, and an insight into the question of how the expression of ompF and ompC are reciprocally regulated by medium osmolarity.
METASTATIC MELANOMA PRESENTING AS AN ILEAL CONDUIT FILLING DEFECT

The patient was referred in December 2000 for evaluation of stomal stenosis of an ileal conduit. During the last 3 years the patient underwent multiple abdominal procedures as a result of complications following excision of a tubulovillous adenoma of the colon in 1995. Due to multiple abscesses and other intestinal complications cystectomy and ileal conduit were performed in 1998 and associated with stomal stenosis. Initial examination for this problem involved a loopogram in 1999 which revealed no abnormalities (part A of figure). At referral in December 2000 a repeat loopogram revealed a subtle filling defect in the ileal conduit (part B of figure). At consultation the patient was found to have multiple small lung lesions and hilar adenopathy on chest films (part C of figure). Considering his smoking history, wedge excision of 1 small lesion was done with simultaneous endoscopic evaluation of the ileal conduit. Visualization of the conduit lumen revealed a papillary lesion compatible with malignant melanoma (part D of figure). The same histology was found in the lung lesions and a thorough evaluation of the skin was performed but no primary lesion was detected. After oncological consultation the patient was started on immunotherapy.
Toys with Professions: Racialized Black Dolls, 1850-1940

Debates on the character of the old and new South in the USA developed during the late 1800s, leading to creation of restrictive Jim Crow laws and reconceptualizations of the Civil War. A shifting racial ideology included a nostalgic fiction of an antebellum period in which all were happy and accepted their places in life. Such ideological developments also entailed transference of prejudices and stereotypes from a period of slavery to a context of emancipated African Americans. Racialized toys were created and deployed as part of this social discourse. Social constructs such as class, gender, race, and nationalism were structured early in life through the use of toys. I compare an array of dolls with Black and White design themes, sold in the period 1850-1940, and the facets of racialization unfolding in the hands of children and adults. These dolls said more than just “play with me,” and radiated racial messages of social construction.
A Framework for Model-Based Inquiry through Agent-Based Programming.

There has been increased recognition in the past decades that model-based inquiry (MBI) is a promising approach for cultivating deep understandings by helping students unite phenomena and underlying mechanisms. Although multiple technology tools have been used to improve the effectiveness of MBI, there are not enough detailed examinations of how agent-based programmable modeling (ABPM) tools influence students’ MBI learning. The present collective case study sought to contribute by closely investigating ABPM-supported MBI processes for 8th grade students learning about natural selection and adaptation. Eight 8th grade students in groups of 2–3 spent 15 h during a span of 4 weeks collaboratively programming simulations of adaptation based on the natural selection model, using an ABPM tool named NetLogo. The entire programming processes of these learning groups, up to 50 h, were videotaped and then analyzed using mixed methods. Our analysis revealed that the programming task created a context that calls for nine types of MBI actions. These MBI actions were related to both phenomena and the underlying model. Results also showed that students’ programming processes took place in consecutive programming cycles and aligned with iterative MBI cycles. A framework for ABPM-supported MBI learning is proposed based upon the findings. Implications in developing MBI instruction involving ABPM tools are discussed.
Vertical distribution of organic amendment influences the rooting depth of revegetation species on barren, subgrade serpentine substrate.

Barren, subgrade serpentine substrates are difficult to revegetate due to N, P, and K deficiencies, low Ca:Mg molar ratios, potentially high levels of heavy metals including Ni, Cr, and Co, low organic matter, low CEC, and poor water holding capacity. Several large, bare roadcuts exist in the North Coast Ranges along the west coast of California, USA. Substrate was collected from a large roadcut that has remained barren for more than a decade despite conventional surface amendment with NPK fertilizer and seeding with a mix including nonserpentine grasses and herbs. Although serpentine plant communities have been studied globally in great detail, very little information exists on how to effectively restore these communities after drastic disturbance (removal of topsoil and loss of biological activity). This rhizotron study examined how surface layering and mixing yard waste compost into serpentine substrate affected biomass production, rooting distribution, and tolerance of native, as well as invasive grass species that grow on serpentine. Roots of less serpentine-tolerant species became necrotic upon contact with the serpentine substrate in the layered compost application treatment. The roots of highly serpentine-tolerant species, however, displayed a superior tolerance to the serpentine substrate and were able to grow through its entire depth. Mixing the compost into the serpentine substrate significantly improved the Ca content of the growing medium, allowing the less serpentine-tolerant species to root through the entire depth. Although the compost surface layer treatment promoted growth of the highly serpentine-tolerant species in the serpentine substrate, mixing the compost amendment into the substrate would also permit additional desirable revegetation species to become established.
Helicoverpa zea males (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) respond to the intermittent fine structure of their sex pheromone plume and an antagonist in a flight tunnel

We investigated the behavioural response of male Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) to the fine-scale structure of an odour plume experimentally modified in a wind tunnel by using an air-pulsing device. Male H. zea flew upwind to pulsed filaments of a binary pheromone blend of (Z)-11-hexadecanal (Zll-16:Ald) and (Z)-9-hexadecanal in the ratio of 20:1. Sustained ~pwind flight in experimentally altered intermittent plumes was dependent on concentration, as well as the frequency of generation of odour filaments. At a loading of 10 ~g of the major pheromone component, Zll-16:Ald, which gave an emission rate of approximately that released by a female H. zea, sustained upwind flight and source contact correlated positively with filament delivery rate, becoming significant at a minimum filament delivery rate of 2/s. Decreases in upwind progress and source location were recorded at a loading of 1 ~g of Zll-16:A1d. At this suboptimal dosage, a high filament generation rate of 10/s was necessary for significant upwind progress and source contact. When an interspecific compound: (Z)-ll-hexadecenyl acetate (Zll-16:0Ac), was added to the attractive pheromone binary aldehyde blend of H. zea at a proportion of 10% of the major pheromone component, and pulsed from the same source, there was a significant reduction in sustained upwind progress and source location by males, indicating that Zll-16:0Ac is antagonistic to the upwind progress of H. zea. However, Zll-16:0Ac was less antagonistic when its filaments were isolated and alternated with pheromone filaments, indicating a strong effect of the synchronous arrival of odour filaments on the antenna needed for antagonism of upwind flight.
Aggregate Compilation Behavior: Findings and Implications from 27,698 Users

The error quotient (EQ) was first reported in 2006 as a behavioral measure of novice programmers. The EQ scores how well students deal with correcting syntax errors (or not) in their programs. The original studies were carried out on data collected using BlueJ, a pedagogic Java programming environment; today, newly installed instances of BlueJ capture data similar to these early studies automatically, meaning data regarding nearly 2 million programmers is captured every year by the Blackbox project. In this paper, we apply Jadud's original error quotient algorithm to this new, massive data set, and discuss our results and analysis in light of related work. Further, we consider the implications of our findings for researchers and educators in applying the EQ to 27,698 users in 10 different countries during the fall term of 2013.
Acetochlor in the Hydrologic System in the Midwestern United States, 1994

The herbicide acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide] was given conditional registration in the United States by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in March 1994. This registration provided a rare opportunity to investigate the occurrence of a pesticide during its first season of extensive use in the midwestern United States. Water samples collected and analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey during 1994 documented the distribution of acetochlor in the hydrologic system ; it was detected in 29% of the rain samples from four sites in Iowa, 17% of the stream samples from 51 sites across nine states, and 0% of the groundwater samples from 38 wells across eight states. Acetochlor exhibited concentration increases in rain and streams following its application to corn in the midwestern United States, with 75% of the rainwater and 35% of the stream samples having acetochlor detected during this time period. Acetochlor concentrations in rain decreased as the growing season progressed. Based on the limited data collected for this study, it is anticipated that acetochlor concentrations will have a seasonal pattern in rain and streams similar to those of other acetanilide herbicides examined. Possible explanations for the absence of acetochlor in groundwater for this study include the rapid degradation of acetochlor in the soil zone, insufficient time for this first extensive use of acetochlor to have reached the aquifers sampled, and the possible lack of acetochlor use in the recharge areas for the wells examined.
In vivo Effects of a SnF2 Gel on Acid-softened Enamel

The purpose of this investigation was to study the intra-oral rehardening of acid-softened enamel and fluoride uptake from SnF2 gel. Bovine enamel slabs were softened with 0.1 mol/L lactate buffer at pH 4.0 for 14 hrs and then mounted in a mandibular removable Hawley appliance. Control slabs were worn for 96 hrs by seven adult males whose teeth were brushed daily with a fluoride-free dentifrice. Test slabs were exposed once/day to 0.4% SnF2 gel. The gel was swabbed onto the slabs for one minute before being replaced in the mouth unrinsed. The natural dentition was brushed 4x/day with a fluoride-free dentifrice. Microhardness testing was performed after a intra-oral exposure (IOE) and after acid-resistance-testing (ART) following immersion in 0.01 mol/L lactate buffer for 24 hrs at pH of 4.0. Fluoride uptake was measured on separate controls, test slabs, and test slabs after ART, with 0.5 mol/L HClO4 etches of from 15 to 60 sec. The F content was measured with a F-ion-specific electrode and the phosphate c...
Stat3 Binds to mtDNA and Regulates Mitochondrial Gene Expression in Keratinocytes

The nuclear transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) has recently been reported to have a localized mitochondrial regulatory function. Current data suggest that mitochondrial Stat3 (mitoStat3) is necessary for maximal mitochondrial activity and for Ras-mediated transformation independent of Stat3 nuclear activity. We have previously shown that Stat3 has a pivotal role in epithelial carcinogenesis. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to determine the role of mitoStat3 in epidermal keratinocytes. Herein, we show that normal and neoplastic keratinocytes contain a pool of mitoStat3. EGF and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induce Stat3 mitochondrial translocation mediated through the phosphorylation of Stat3 at Ser727. In addition, we report that mitoStat3 binds mtDNA and associates with the mitochondrial transcription factor A. Furthermore, Stat3 ablation resulted in an increase of mitochondrial-encoded gene transcripts. An increase in key nuclear-encoded metabolic genes, PGC-1α and NRF-1, was also observed in Stat3-null keratinocytes; however, no changes in nuclear-encoded electron transport chain gene transcripts or mtDNA copy number were observed. Collectively, our findings suggest a heretofore-unreported function for mitoStat3 as a potential mitochondrial transcription factor in keratinocytes. This mitoStat3–mtDNA interaction may represent an alternate signaling pathway that could alter mitochondrial function and biogenesis and have a role in tumorigenesis.
Analysis of EMI scattering to support UXO discrimination: heterogeneous and multiple objects

Near field ( ~ 1 m) electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensing, from 10's of Hz up to 100's of kHz, has been successful in detecting subsurface metallic targets. However, the discrimination of buried unexploded ordinance (UXO) from innocuous objects still remains a challenging problem. The EM fields radiated by both antenna and target fall off very sharply as function ~1/R3, for a combined decay rate of ~ 1/R6. Therefore EMI sensors affect different materials and sections of the target differently, and signals depend very strongly on what parts of the target are closest to the sensor. Taking into account proximity effects is particularly important for identification and discrimination of actual UXO. The classification of unseen, buried objects, which in general is an inverse problem, requires very fast and accurate representation of the target response. To address these critical issues and to enhance of UXO identification, this paper presents very fast, rigorous ways to compute EMI scattering from a composite target. The method is based on the hybrid full method of auxiliary source (MAS) and MAS-thin skin depth approximation technique (MAS-TSA), together with modal decomposition and reduced source set techniques. For general excitation, a primary field is decomposed into the fundamental spheroidal modes on a fictious spheroid surrounding a real target. Then the problem is solved for each spheroidal mode, taking advantage of axial symmetry. Finally the total response from the target is reproduced using only a few auxiliary magnetic charges. The numerical results are given and compared with experimental data.
Heterogeneity of molecular structure of Ag photo-diffused Ge30Se70 thin films

Silver photodiffusion in thin Ge 30 Se 70 films is investigated in order to understand the structure forming in the Ge-Se host after introduction of Ag in it. Optical micrographs point towards formation of homogeneous films after deposition of the Ge-Se material on glass substrate. This structure changes and occurrence of heterogeneous regions is imaged after Ag is introduced into the Ge-Se host. Raman spectroscopy provides data about the development of the structural organization in the host in depth. It confirms that while the initial non-doped films are organized in a structure corresponding to the bulk material with analogous composition, after Ag photodiffusion, the structure on the interface Ag/Ge 30 Se 70 film is identified as being amorphous Ag 8 GeSe 6 which continuously changes in depth to structure of Ge-rich material. Raman spectra testify that Ag distribution reaches the bottom of the hosting Ge 30 Se 70 films.
Energy bands in neon and argon

Abstract The dependence of the energy bands in neon and argon on the choice of an exchange—correlation potential has been studied in a calculation using the LCGO method.
The morphologic effects of chronic cadmium administration on the renal vasculature of rats given low and normal calcium diets

Abstract Male rats fed normal (0.7%) or low (0.1%) calcium diets were allowed access to drinking water containing 0, 0.2, 2, 20, or 200 ppm cadmium as cadmium chloride for 6 or 12 wk. Constriction of smaller renal arteries, mild dilation of larger arteries, and a diffuse, dose-related, scarring of peritubular capillaries were the most prominent morphologic alterations observed. Arterial constriction was most marked at 6 wk and appeared to subside by 12 wk. Deposition of peritubular connective tissue fibers was most marked in the 12-wk groups. These observations were correlated with dose-dependent renal cadmium concentrations and statistical increases in blood urea nitrogen concentrations. Kidneys of treated rats on the low calcium diet had higher content of cadmium than those on the normal calcium diet.
Crystallographic Trapping of Heme Loss Intermediates during the Nitrite-Induced Degradation of Human Hemoglobin.

Heme is an important cofactor in a large number of essential proteins and is often involved in small molecule binding and activation. Loss of heme from proteins thus negatively affects the function of these proteins but is also an important component of iron recycling. The characterization of intermediates that form during the loss of heme from proteins has been problematic, in a large part, because of the instability of such intermediates. We have characterized, by X-ray crystallography, three compounds that form during the nitrite-induced degradation of human α2β2 hemoglobin (Hb). The first is an unprecedented complex that exhibits a large β heme displacement of 4.8 A toward the protein exterior; the heme displacement is stabilized by the binding of the distal His residue to the heme Fe, which in turn allows for the unusual binding of an exogenous ligand on the proximal face of the heme. We have also structurally characterized complexes that display regiospecific nitration of the heme at the 2-vinyl pos...
Fano interference between resonant and leaky waves in 1D silicon photonic crystal microcavities

Resonant integrated optical structures with spectra exhibiting asymmetric Fano line shapes are of interest for a variety of devices, including integrated sensors, electro-optic modulators and all-optical switches. Here we observe such line shapes in the transmission spectra of waveguide-loaded 1D photonic crystal (PC) microresonators, resulting from interference between the resonant transmission of the bus WG's fundamental quasi-TE mode, and leaky nonresonant transmission of a second-order quasi-TE mode through the PC region. The continuum state transmitted through the PC microcavity itself uniquely allows for devices requiring no additional waveguides or reflecting elements. Additionally, the devices are fabricated with 193-nm immersion photolithography in a CMOS memory process at Micron Technology, and though PC structures have previously been fabricated photolithographically, these are the first high-Q PC microcavity devices fabricated subject to the constraints and dielectric environment of a full electronics-capable CMOS process.
The effect of hypnotically induced fatigue on reaction time

As part of a program investigating the effects of attention on automobile driver performance, the use of hypnosis as a research tool was studied in relation to a reaction time task. Reaction time increased 57% as a result of the hypnotically induced “fatigue” state. Some restrictions are suggested in utilizing hypnosis as a research tool.
Types of inconsistency in health-state utility judgments

Abstract In making judgments of health-related quality of life, respondents often compare the relative magnitude of two intervals between health states, such as the interval between normal health and blindness compared to that between normal health and death. We examined two ways of comparing such intervals: person-trade-off (PTO)—in which the judgment concerns matching numbers of people so that two changes are equivalent—and direct judgment of the ratio. Both measures showed ratio inconsistency (a ratio that should be the product of two other ratios is too high) and superadditivity (two ratios that should add to 1 are too high). Some responses in both methods implied that two intervals which should have been different (because they shared a top or bottom point, but differed on the other point) were nevertheless viewed by subjects as being of equal size. These equality responses were more common when death was the bottom (worse end) of both intervals being compared (e.g., the interval between death and blindness is perceived as being the same size as the interval between death and normal health) than when any other condition was at the bottom or when the condition common to the two intervals was at the top. A second experiment indicated that subjects really do consider the intervals to be equal. Our findings argue for giving subjects a chance to reflect on such apparent inconsistencies in practical utility elicitation.
Phase II study of sunitinib in men with advanced prostate cancer

Abstract Background This study explored the efficacy and tolerability of sunitinib, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase receptors, in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Methods Men with no prior chemotherapy (group A) and men with docetaxel (Taxotere)-resistant prostate cancer (group B) were treated with sunitinib. The primary end point was confirmed 50% prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decline. Secondary end points included objective response rate and safety. Serum-soluble biomarkers were measured. Results Seventeen men were enrolled in each group. One confirmed PSA response was observed in each group, and an additional eight men and seven men had stable PSA at week 12 in groups A and B, respectively. Improvements in imaging were observed in the absence of post-treatment PSA declines. Common adverse effects included fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, myelosuppression and transaminase elevation. Significant changes following sunitinib treatment were observed in serum-soluble biomarkers including soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, platelet-derived growth factor aa, placental growth factor and leptin. Conclusions Sunitinib monotherapy resulted in few confirmed 50% post-treatment declines in PSA in men with CRPC. Serum markers of angiogenesis confirmed on-target effects of sunitinib. Assessments of radiographic disease status were often discordant with changes in PSA, indicating that alternate end points are important in future trials.
A removable speech aid obturator

Abstract A method for making and using removable speech aid obturators has been described. This method can be of value to dentists, speech therapists, research workers, students, and patients.
The solubility of hydrogen in transition metals

Correlations exist between the heat of solution of hydrogen and the difference in energy between the lowest lying energy levels of the trivalentdn-1electronic configuration and the divalentdn-22 (or the tetravalentdn) configuration of the neutral gaseous atoms. The trends observed in the transition metal series are discussed in relation to the number of valence electrons per atom in the transition elements in their metallic and neutral states.
Determination of specific cereberal impedance and cerebral current density during the application of diffuse electrical currents

Methods are presented for determining the specific cerebral impedance and current density during the application of diffuse electrical currents such as those used for electroanesthesia. In experiments with monkeys, the average cortical and thalamic specific impedances remained within 5 per cent of the control value for electroanesthesia currents equal to twice those needed for surgical intervention. The current density in these regions was linearly proportional to the applied current. Simulation experiments were conducted to obtain a suitable correction factor for the influence of subcortical matter on cortical impedance. Current densities within the cortex and thalamus were within 2 standard deviation of each other. The minimal changes in cortical specific impedance in the absence of flat electrocorticogram suggest a spreading depression is not present during electroanesthesia. Since no general trend in impedance was observed during application of the electroanesthesia currents and the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems were stable, substantial circulatory changes or anoxia do not appear to be present during electroanesthesia. Since the brain current density was linearly proportional to the applied currents, prediction of the brain current density can be made from the application of various types of currents used in this study.
Unique morphological aspects of the rat ventral prostate gland revealed by vascular corrosion casting.

BACKGROUND There is growing interest as to the potential role of the prostatic vascular system in mediating the effects of androgenic steroids on growth control of the prostate. Here we describe the use of a vascular corrosion casting technique that enables the visual characterization of the vascular system of the rat ventral prostate and the description of some unique morphological features of the mature rat prostate gland that were never previously observed. METHODS Anesthetized adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were vascularly perfused with a fixative solution and then with a catalyzed methacrylate-based casting solution that was allowed to polymerize in situ. Ventral prostate glands were dissected from these rats and the tissues were subsequently dissolved in a corrosive solution, leaving residual vascular casts. The casts were then examined by scanning electron microscopy for pertinent morphological features. RESULTS Vascular corrosion casts of individual lobes of the mature rat ventral prostate revealed a complex vascular structure that entered into the prostate near the base of the bladder. The morphological correspondence of the prostatic vasculature to the previously described ductal organization of the prostate was readily apparent. Examination of the entire vascular complex (under low-power scanning electron microscopy) revealed three differing surface features of the tissue and suggested that the glandular elements of the ventral prostate were directionally oriented towards a single surface (the anterior-lateral surface). An opposing face (posterior-medial) of the tissue demonstrated some unique spiral vessels, suggesting the need for a potential stretch-compensation mechanism at the prostate surface immediately adjacent to the bladder. CONCLUSIONS Vascular casts of the rat ventral prostate gland reveal the obvious ductal organization of the prostatic parenchyma and demonstrate that these ducts are directionally oriented so that the glands of the prostate (at the distal tips of the ducts) uniformly lie near the anterior-lateral surface of the tissue. Unusual spiral arterioles found proximal to the bladder surface suggest that the rat ventral prostate gland has acquired the means to adapt to an anatomical position adjacent to a tissue (bladder) that acutely varies in size during the micturition cycle. Prostate 39:240–245, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An atypical, painful foot ulcer.

A 27-year-old woman presented with a 2-year history of a progressively enlarging, painful ulcer on her right foot. Two years earlier, she had noticed an apparent wart on her right foot. The lesion had been treated with liquid nitrogen. An ulcer developed at the site of treatment and enlarged progressively, becoming so painful that she had difficulty walking. Extensive surgical debridement and closure were unsuccessful in healing the ulcer; the ulcer grew larger and more painful. After an amputation was recommended by her local doctors, the patient sought another opinion. At physical examination, the patient had a painful, 9.5 cm × 5 cm ulcer on the plantar aspect of the right foot (Fig. 1). Exuberant, rolled borders were present, and a yellow exudate covered the base of the lesion. The right inguinal lymph nodes were enlarged and firm. A punch biopsy specimen from the ulcer border was examined. Figure 1. A 27-year-old woman presented with a 2-year history of a progressively enlarging, painful ulcer on the right foot. At physical examination, she had a painful, 9.5 cm × 5 cm ulcer on the plantar aspect of the right foot Download figure to PowerPoint Microscopic examination of a hematoxylin and eosin preparation of the punch biopsy specimen showed a reasonably well-demarcated neoplasm within the deep reticular dermis down to the dermal-pannicular junction (Fig. 2). This proliferation was composed of a population of round cells and spindle cells. The round cells were arranged in nests separated by delicate, fibrous septa, and the spindle cell proliferation was intercalated between collagen bundles. The nuclei of both cell types were uniform and vesicular with prominent nucleoli. No typical or atypical mitotic figures were identified within this proliferation. Staining with S-100 protein was strongly positive. These findings were consistent with a clear cell sarcoma. Figure 2. Microscopic examination of the punch biopsy specimen from the edge of the ulcer in Fig. 1 showed a neoplasm composed of round cells and spindle cells in the deep reticular dermis (hematoxylin and eosin; A, × 100; B, × 400) Download figure to PowerPoint A biopsy specimen from the right inguinal lymph node was positive for metastatic clear cell sarcoma. Chest radiography and computed tomography showed multiple nodules throughout both lungs. The patient received five cycles of therapy with cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine, and interferon-α, and is alive 2 years later.
Helping him see: guiding a visually impaired student through the computer science curriculum

In this paper, we describe some of the challenges of teaching computer science to a visually impaired student along with suggested solutions for these challenges. We include perspectives of both professors and a severely visually impaired student.
Deep-tissue light delivery via optrode arrays.

We establish performance characteristics of needle-type waveguides in three-dimensional array architectures as light delivery interfaces into deep tissue for applications, such as optogenetic and infrared (IR) neural stimulation. A single optrode waveguide achieves as high as 90% transmission efficiency, even at tissue depths >1 mm . Throughout the visible and near-IR spectrum, the effective light attenuation through the waveguide is ∼3 orders of magnitude smaller than attenuation in tissue/water, as confirmed by both simulation and experimental results. Light emission profiles from the optrode tips into tissue were also measured. Beam widths of 70 to 150 μm and full-angle divergence ranging from 13 to 40 deg in tissue can be achieved. These beam characteristics satisfy a wide range of requirements for targeted illumination in neural stimulation.
Hearing shapes: auditory recognition of two-dimensional spatial patterns

In the many years that pattern recognition has been of interest, there have ben many clever advances. One recent advance is the pulse-coupled neural network (PCNN). Due to recent developments in PCNNs, it is becoming increasingly possible to recognize images in space regardless of scale, rotation, translation. A continuation of this has been investigated which will allow images to be recognized audibly. In this paper, a general method for converting 2D spatial patterns into pattern-specific sound patterns will be discussed, along with some background information on PCNNs, and projections for his image-to-sound conversion.
The culmination phenomenon and frequency pattern of thermic nystagmus.

(1957). The Culmination Phenomenon and Frequency Pattern of Thermic Nystagmus. Acta Oto-Laryngologica: Vol. 48, No. 5-6, pp. 530-535.
Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Desmopressin in Haemostatic Disorders

The pharmacokinetics of desmopressin (1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin) have been well studied in terms of the drug itself and its effects on factor VIII/von Willebrand factor, plasminogen activator and the bleeding time. Dosage, preparation, and the route of administration affect not only the maximum concentration of desmopressin in the recipient, but also the maximum concentration of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor and plasminogen activator and bleeding time response. Bioavailability of desmopressin given by the subcutaneous route compares reasonably well with desmopressin administered via the intravenous route. The bioavailability of the drug given by concentrated intranasal spray is approximately 10%. The dosage of desmopressin for haemostatic purposes is approximately 15 times that used for antidiuretic effects. Maximum response in factor VIII/von Willebrand factor and plasminogen activator release is obtained with a dosage of 0.3 μg/kg intravenously, while the response to 300μg given by concentrated intranasal spray is as effective as 0.2 μg/kg intravenously. While there is considerable inter-individual variation in maximal factor VIII/von Willebrand factor response, it appears to be reasonably consistent in individual subjects. Many, but not all, individuals exhibit tachyphylaxis i.e. diminishing response with repetitive doses.
The formation of omega phase in titanium and zirconium alloys: A review

The omega phase is a metastable phase which forms in alloys of titanium and zirconium with most transition metals. In this paper the available data from both alloy systems on the occurrence, the structure, the mechanism of formation, and the morphology of the phase are reviewed and compared. The effect of omega phase on the mechanical behaviour and on the superconducting properties is then discussed. It is concluded that uncertainties still exist on the mechanism of the omega transformation during quenching and on the mechanism of the effect of omega on the mechanical properties.
Proline-rich transcript of the brain (prtb) is a serum-responsive gene in osteoblasts and upregulated during adhesion.

To characterize the temporal expression of genes that play a functional role during the process of osteoblast adhesion, we used differential display (DD-PCR) on mRNA isolated from attached vs. suspended osteoblasts. A 200-bp fragment displaying upregulated expression after 30 and 60 min adhesion was isolated, sequenced, and showed 97% homology to prtb, previously showed to be expressed in mouse brain. Northern analysis confirmed a two-fold increase in prtb message during adhesion to tissue culture polystyrene, both in the presence or absence of surface-adsorbed serum proteins. Serum stimulation alone was also able to induce prtb expression, although to a lesser extent, in suspension cells. Strong prtb expression was also detected in both brain and bone of adult rats. Furthermore, prtb expression analysis during MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation revealed high expression levels independent of proliferation (day 0–7), matrix maturation (day 7–14), and mineralization (day 14–31). Time course analysis of prtb expression during adhesion of sensitized osteoblasts to serum-protein coated surfaces showed robust mRNA expression at 5 min post-plating and a peak at 10 min. The two known serum-inducible immediate early genes c-fos and c-jun showed similar expression kinetics, with c-jun mRNA levels peaking at 15 min and c-fos at 20 min. Based on these data, we hypothesize that prtb may function as an immediate early, serum-responsive, and adhesion-inducible gene with possible involvement in processes such as cell cycle control, adhesion, and proliferation. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 301–308, 2002. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Isolated Fascial Compression of the Recurrent Motor Branch of the Median Nerve: A Case Report

Isolated compression of the recurrent motor branch (RMB) of the median nerve is not commonly reported. This report deals with a case of fascial band compression of the RMB of the median nerve with sparing of the sensory portion of the nerve in a single patient. The episode was precipitated by the subject was clearing fallen trees after an ice storm. Symptoms occurred only in the left, nondominant hand of the patient, a 43-year-old invasive cardiologist. He presented within weeks of symptom onset, but marked clinical and electrodiagnostic abnormalities of the branch were already present. Timely decompression after evaluation led to a successful clinical outcome, with restoration of full strength on manual muscle testing by 6 months postoperatively and marked electrodiagnostic improvements as well by 11 months after operation. Final clinical examination 16 months after operation showed thenar muscle bulk and strength well maintained.
Etiological and Epizootological Factors Associated with Outbreaks of Proliferative Gill Disease in Channel Catfish

Abstract Water, sediment, and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were sampled from seven farms experiencing proliferative gill disease (PGD) outbreaks in spring 1992. At each farm, samples were collected from the pond that experienced the outbreak (PGD-positive pond) and from another pond where no PGD was observed (control pond). Seven species of Actinosporea were detected in the oligochaete populations of the ponds examined The only actinosporean species significantly (P ≤ 0.05) correlated with clinical PGD outbreaks was Aurantiactinomyxon sp. (type 1). Population densities of aquatic oligochaetes in the pond sediments, including Dero digitata, the host of Aurantiactinomyxon sp., were surveyed during the PGD outbreaks and over the following year. Population densities of all oligochaetes, densities of D. digitata, and proportions of the total oligochaete population represented by D. digitata were all significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in ponds experiencing clinical outbreaks of PGD than in control ponds. Af...
Positional determination of supernumerary blast cell death in the leech embryo.

Segmented animals are divided into a longitudinal array of developmentally homologous subunits known as metameres. The embryonic origin of the segmental body plan has been studied in a variety of organisms, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms underlying the delineation of the individual metameres1–3 and their secondary diversification4. I have examined the embryonic events which determine the total number of segments in the glossiphoniid leech Helobdella triserialis. The germinal band of the leech consists of chains of segmental founder cells, called blast cells, and is normally reduced to 32 segments by the degeneration of supernumerary blast cells located at its caudal end5,6. By using a novel technique for selective cell ablation, the segmental register of the four ectodermal cell lines can be altered so that lineally identifiable blast cells take part in the formation of ectopic segments. I show here that the survival or death of ectodermal blast cells is determined by position independent of their cell lineage identities, implying that the final number of segments is imposed on the ectoderm by interactions with the other embryonic tissues.
Ohio Memory Online Scrapbook: creating a statewide digital library

Purpose – To provide a model for statewide collaborative digitization projects, based on the development of the Ohio Memory Online Scrapbook.Design/methodology/approach – Using Ohio Memory as a model, this paper establishes a three‐pronged approach to creation of a digital library. Creation of content, development of tools and a focus on outreach were critical to the success of Ohio Memory, a statewide digitization project involving 330 historical societies, libraries and museums throughout Ohio.Findings – This paper establishes a three‐pronged approach to digitization. Creation of content, development of tools and a focus on outreach were critical to the success of Ohio Memory. The collaborative nature of the project is an underlying aspect of Ohio Memory, it led to the creation of a standardized, central point of access for digitized primary source materials relating to Ohio's history.Practical implications – This paper provides helpful advice to organizations considering digitizing their collections an...
Interim Analyses: An FDA Reviewer's Experience and Perspective*

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clinical and statistical guidelines request that sponsors document considerations which will govern the conduct of interim analyses in clinical trials. These cons...
Privately detecting bursts in streaming, distributed time series data

Surprisingly, privacy preservation in the context of streaming data has received limited attention from computer scientists. In this paper, we consider privacy preservation in the context of independently owned, distributed data streams. Specifically, we want to protect the privacy of each individual participant's data stream while identifying bursts that exist across participant streams. We define two types of privacy breaches, data breaches and envelope breaches. In order to protect individual data, each participant transforms large subsets of the stream into small vectors that approximate the stream. These small vectors are calculated by summing coefficients of wavelet transforms at different resolutions. The participants share their vectors using bursty, self-eliminating noise. The combined participant vectors can then be used to detect bursts. We find that our approach leads to accurate burst detection results with reduced communication costs. We demonstrate these findings using both real and synthetic data.
Spin Effects on Triangle Graphs

It is shown that the triangle amplitude can be written as the scalar graph multiplied by a factor which contains only the characteristics of the external particles. In the case where the spins of the external particles are summed, their angles averaged, and only one partial-wave set (that is, a set of relative orbital angular momenta among the final-state particles) retained, this multiplicative factor is just a product of appropriate 3-momenta. The case ${K}^{+}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}p$ at 3 $\frac{\mathrm{BeV}}{c}$ is considered; and it is demonstrated that the correct inclusion of threshold factors does not diminish the effect calculated in our earlier work, where the shape of the "$\ensuremath{\kappa}$ enhancement" was successfully described by a triangle graph.
Courtship and Continued Progress: Julian Huxley's Studies on Bird Behavior

Huxley (J.) a etudie le comportement sexuel des oiseaux, et demontre l'egalite sexuelle chez les grebes. Il compare cette etude a l'espece humaine, et prone ainsi l'egalite des sexes
Nontradables and the valuation of RMB—An evaluation of the Big Mac index

Abstract The Big Mac index has been used to support the claim that the Chinese currency (Renminbi, or RMB) is undervalued. This paper intends to evaluate the Big Mac index as a guide for currency valuation and to analyze the value of the RMB. Because the Big Mac index fails to account for the nontradable components in its pricing, it is a misleading measure for currency valuation for countries whose income levels are different from the benchmark currency countries. The RMB is being overvalued by the index, as China's per capita income is significantly lower than that of the United States.
Cytotoxicity of nanostructured vanadium oxide on human cells in vitro.

Abstract Vanadium oxide nanostructures have potential uses for electrochemistry and catalysis, yet little is known about their toxicology. In this study, cultured human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2) were exposed to vanadium oxide and their viability assessed with the neutral red assay. Cells exposed to either vanadium oxide (powdered form) or ethylene diamine intercalated vanadium oxide (enH2)V7O16 demonstrated no significant reduction in viability after twenty-four hours, yet cells exposed to vanadium oxide nanotubes demonstrated a significant loss in viability after four hours. The physical size and structure of the nanotubes may play an important role in their cytotoxic effects, and the safety of using such nanomaterials must be considered.