cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the strengths of 1 ← 0 and 3 ← 0 transitions of HI using frequency modulation spectroscopy

Abstract The linestrengths for five P -branch lines in the fundamental and seven R -branch lines, including three high- J transitions, in the second overtone band of HI have been measured using frequency modulation spectroscopy. From these data, we have obtained new values for the rotationless dipole-moment matrix elements and Herman-Wallis coefficients for these bands. Combining this new information with previously measured intensity data, we have deduced a refined dipole moment function for HI.
Properties of Predictors for Autoregressive Time Series

Abstract The prediction of the (n + s)th observation of the pth order autoregressive process is investigated. The mean square of the predictor error through terms of order n —1, conditional on Yn, Y n — 1, …, Y n — p + 1, is obtained for the stationary normal process. The mean squared error expression is similar to the usual regression formula for the variance of the predictor error. The usual regression formula for the estimated variance of a predictor error and its generalization to s-period prediction is shown to provide a consistent estimator of the mean squared error of the least squares predictor for both stationary and non-stationary processes.
Anthocyanins. V. The Influence of Anthocyanins and Related Compounds on Glucose Oxidation By Bacteriaa

SUMMARY The influence of 11 anthocyanin pigments on glucose oxidation by resting cells of Escherichia coli K-12, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus casei 7469, Salmonella enteritidis, S. typhosa, Proteus vulgaris, and Aerobacter aerogenes was determined with a manometric technique. Malvidin, delphinidin, and the monoglucosides of malvidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, and delphinidin generally inhibited glucose oxidation by the test organisms, but in the absence of glucose the organisms oxidized the pigments. The action of the anthocyanins on respiration varied with PH. Apigeninidin chloride, 5.desoxy-apigeninidinchloride- 4′-methyl-ether, and 5-desoxy-3′-methoxy-apigeninidin-chloride-4′-methyl-ether inhibited glucose oxidation by S. aureus. The latter two compounds and 3′-methoxy-apigeninidin-chloride-4′-methyl-ether had a similar effect on E. coli. The depressing effect of glycosidic anthocyanins on the respiration of S. aureus was reversed by the addition of MgCl2.
Evolution of an advocate

The coverage given to advocacy in the News Focus articles “Ecologists on a mission to save the world” by Jocelyn Kaiser (18 Feb., p. [1188][1]) and “A new breed of scientist-advocate emerges” by Kathryn S. Brown (p. [1192][2]) seems to fall into the journalistic “give the two extremes” trap. Over three decades, my ideas on advocacy have evolved, and I now have a personal file of past mistakes. The idea that science should (or can) be value-free is wrong. Scientists must make value judgments all the time—at the very least in the choice of projects (what is “worthwhile” investigating), in the choice of methods (for example, what level of impact on ecosystems or on individual organisms would be justified by the information gained), and in the interpretation of results (“the most important conclusion is…”). We cannot avoid such judgments: being steeped in values is part of being human. The success of science comes not from researchers' attempts to be objective, but from its adherence to rules (honesty, disclosure of procedures, attempts to disprove hypotheses) and its adversarial nature (peer review, replication by others, rewards for shifting the paradigm), and from the fact that nature serves as a final arbiter. When predictions are not met, it often points to where a system was misunderstood. Scientists' credibility should rest on openness about uncertainties, being clear if their own views oppose the consensus, readiness to change conclusions in response to new data, and persistence in telling policy-makers what they can reasonably expect from science. In addition, scientists who wish to be effective in helping change public policy on issues must increasingly participate in interdisciplinary research. In virtually all cases, society will be faced with difficult trade-offs, and scientists must help to clarify them. Scientists should not dictate what society wants, but rather interact vigorously with other scholars and the public to achieve ends that both are feasible and make sense scientifically. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.287.5456.1188 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.287.5456.1192
The unity of hallucinations

My primary aim in this article is to provide a philosophical account of the unity of hallucinations, which can capture both perceptual hallucinations (which are subjectively indistinguishable from perceptions) and non-perceptual hallucinations (all others). Besides, I also mean to clarify further the division of labour and the nature of the collaboration between philosophy and the cognitive sciences. Assuming that the epistemic conception of hallucinations put forward by M. G. F. Martin and others is largely on the right track, I will focus on two main tasks: (a) to provide a satisfactory phenomenology of the subjective character of perceptions and perceptual hallucinations and (b) to redress the philosophers’ neglect of non-perceptual hallucinations. More specifically, I intend to apply one of the central tenets of the epistemic conception—that hallucinations can and should be positively characterised in terms of their phenomenological connections to perceptions—to non-perceptual hallucinations as well. That is, I will try to show that we can positively specify the class of non-perceptual hallucinations by reference to the distinctive ways in which we first-personally experience them and perceptions in consciousness. The task of saying more about their underlying third-personal nature may then be left to the cognitive sciences.
Changes in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in the Elderly Patient

The use of pharmacologic agents in elderly patients is one of the most difficult aspects of patient care. An understanding of the common physiologic changes expected with aging is helpful to antici...
Mechanistic assessment of hillslope transpiration controls of diel subsurface flow: a steady‐state irrigation approach

Mechanistic assessment of how transpiration influences subsurface flow is necessary to advance understanding of catchment hydrology. We conducted a 24-day, steady-state irrigation experiment to quantify the relationships among soil moisture, transpiration and hillslope subsurface flow. Our objectives were to: (1) examine the time lag between maximum transpiration and minimum hillslope discharge with regard to soil moisture; (2) quantify the relationship between diel hillslope discharge and daily transpiration; and (3) identify the soil depth from which trees extract water for transpiration. An 8 x 20 m hillslope was irrigated at a rate of 3.6 mm h -1 . Diel fluctuations in hillslope discharge persisted throughout the experiment. Pre-irrigation time lags between maximum transpiration and minimum hillslope discharge were 6·5 h, whereas lags during steady-state and post-irrigation conditions were 4 and 2 h, respectively. The greatest correlation between transpiration and hillslope discharge occurred during the post-irrigation period, when the diel reduction in hillslope discharge totalled 90% of total measured daily transpiration. Daily transpiration of trees within the irrigated area remained relatively constant throughout the experiment. Diel fluctuations in soil moisture were greatest at a depth of 0·9-1·2 m prior to irrigation and became more uniform throughout the soil profile during and post-irrigation. This study clearly demonstrates that when soil moisture is high, hillslope trees can be an important factor in diel fluctuations in stream discharge. We advance a conceptual model for the site whereby the relationship between transpiration and hillslope discharge is a function of soil moisture status and drainable porosity.
Avian visual system configuration and behavioural response to object approach

Antipredator behaviour theory provides a framework to understand the mechanisms behind human– wildlife interactions; however, little is known about the role of visual systems in the responses to humans. We quantified responses of brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater (Boddaert), and mourning doves, Zenaida macroura (Linnaeus), to object approach (a ground-based vehicle) and vehicle lighting regimen, and we examined two visual properties (visual acuity and visual fields) that could influence antipredator behaviour. Brown-headed cowbird groups exposed to vehicle approach and constant illumination of the vehicle-mounted lamp showed alert behaviour earlier than did groups exposed to pulsating treatments or no lamp. Interestingly, light treatments interacted with ambient light; cowbird alert response occurred sooner under sunny conditions and constant illumination of the lamp. Mourning doves were not affected by light treatments. Between species, mourning dove groups had a quicker alert response (and slower flight response) than brown-headed cowbirds. Visual acuity was higher and the visual field was wider in mourning doves than in brown-headed cowbirds. We speculate that brownheaded cowbirds might flush sooner to reduce predation risk costs associated with a relatively lower ability to visually track a given object. Our findings have theoretical and applied implications, as our model species belong to families that show different antipredator responses, and provide insight as to how object lighting might be used to reduce bird–structure/vehicle collisions, an increasing source of mortality in birds. The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
From Helsinki to Istanbul: what can the transplant community learn from experience in clinical research?

In June of 1964, the World Medical Association developed the ‘Declaration of Helsinki’(available at www.wma.net) as a statement of ethical principles to provide guidance to investigators and physicians involved in human research. Over 40 years later the declaration remains ‘. . .a respected institution and one of the most influential documents in clinical research’ [1]. Though it is not binding to any local or international law, it draws its authority from the degree to which it has been codified, or influenced, as well as from national or regional legislation and regulations. Despite criticisms, the declaration is widely accredited with improving both the ethical and scientific quality of clinical research. It should be recalled however that the Helsinki Declaration was not developed and adopted in a vacuum; it was a response to horrific abuses of human rights, in the name of scientific research and medical progress, such as those perpetrated on inmates of Nazi concentration camps. In April of 2008, representatives of the international organ transplant community will be meeting in Istanbul to face a situation that bears comparison to that faced by clinical researchers in the 1960s. Documents-designed to codify the ethical treatment of living donors have been published by professional transplantation organizations but their impact is limited [2,3]. The use, by Chinese authorities, of organs from executed prisoners [4] certainly ranks as a crime against humanity and an abrogation of basic human rights, as does the exploitation of destitute or vulnerable organ ‘donors’ by traffickers in many parts of the world. All the parties in the vigorous debate that is taking place in the lay and professional press over the wisdom of commercialization of living donation abhor these abuses. The core of the debate is how best to put an end to such abuses. As we struggle to find an answer, what can we learn from
Mechanical Pre-Conditioning With Acute Circulatory Support Before Reperfusion Limits Infarct Size in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Abstract Objectives This study tested the hypothesis that first reducing myocardial work by unloading the left ventricle (LV) with a novel intracorporeal axial flow catheter while delaying coronary reperfusion activates a myocardial protection program and reduces infarct size. Background Ischemic heart disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Primary myocardial reperfusion remains the gold standard for the treatment of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI); however, ischemia–reperfusion injury contributes to residual myocardial damage and subsequent heart failure. Stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α is a chemokine that activates cardioprotective signaling via Akt, extracellular regulated kinase, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Methods AMI was induced by occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) via angioplasty for 90 min in 50-kg male Yorkshire swine (n = 5/group). In the primary reperfusion (1° Reperfusion) group, the LAD was reperfused for 120 min. In the primary unloading (1° Unloading) group, after 90 min of ischemia the axial flow pump was activated and the LAD left occluded for an additional 60 min, followed by 120 min of reperfusion. Myocardial infarct size and kinase activity were quantified. Results Compared with 1° Reperfusion, 1° Unloading reduced LV wall stress and increased myocardial levels of SDF-1α, CXCR4, and phosphorylated Akt, extracellular regulated kinase, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in the infarct zone. 1° Unloading increased antiapoptotic signaling and reduced myocardial infarct size by 43% compared with 1° Reperfusion (73 ± 13% vs. 42 ± 8%; p = 0.005). Myocardial levels of SDF-1 correlated inversely with infarct size (R = 0.89; p Conclusions Compared with the contemporary strategy of primary reperfusion, mechanically conditioning the myocardium using a novel axial flow catheter while delaying coronary reperfusion decreases LV wall stress and activates a myocardial protection program that up-regulates SDF-1α/CXCR4 expression, increases cardioprotective signaling, reduces apoptosis, and limits myocardial damage in AMI.
Temperature variation of the mobility gap in non-polar amorphous semiconductors

Abstract For a non-polar amorphous semiconductor such as a-Si, we derive an explixit formula for (ϖEg/ϖT)V, the derivative with temperature of the mobility gap Eg at constant volume V. Within the framework of second-order perturbation theory for the electron-phonon (eφ) interaction, many of our physical assumptions are fundamentally different from those that apply to the crystal phase. The principal ingredients of our model are: (1) the random-phase-model (RPM); (2) the principle of non-conservation of particle momentum in the eφ interaction; and (3) the deformation potential approximation. Narrowing of Eg is found with increasing values of the temperature T. At very low T, we have (ϖE g /ϖT) V ≌ − ¢A · c V (T) , where cV(T) is the average lattice specific heat per mode at constant volume and ¢A is a positive dimensionless quantity in the model. By contrast with low-temperature behavior of the crystal, this result implies that the mobility gap at constant volume dynamically responds to the phonomic “gas” of the disordered lattice. The high-T limit yields behavior quite similar to that of the crystal phase. We find (ϖE g /ϖT) V ≌ − x ¢A · k B , where kB is Boltzmann's constant and the parameter x, expected to be confined to the interval 1 2 ⪕ x ⪅ 1 , measures the admixture of the optical-phonon and acoustical-phonon coupling strengths.
Origins of Commercial Banking in America, 1750–1800 . By Robert E. Wright. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001. Pp. xii, 217. $24.95, paper.

Eighteenth-century America poses a puzzle: why were there no successful commercial banks before the Revolution, and why did they appear soon after? Economic historians have blamed British policy for the lack of Colonial banks. The British limited Colonial development and therefore there was little need for banks. Laws, such as the Currency Acts, may have prevented commercial banks in the Colonies. Banks emerged soon after the Revolution because British rule ended, freeing the United States to establish its own institutional framework and monetary system.
Athena lecture: distributed computing theory for wireless networks and mobile systems

Modern distributed computer systems are based on platforms that change dynamically. Many of these platforms utilize wireless communication, and many involve mobile nodes. These systems must handle complications like changing sets of participants, changing connectivity, and message collisions with resulting losses. Consequently, designing and analyzing algorithms for these systems is very hard.What I would like to see is a comprehensive theory for dynamic distributed systems, and particularly for wireless networks and mobile systems. Such a theory would start with plausible physical network models. It would allow us to design and analyze low-level communication protocols, algorithms for data-oriented and control-oriented applications, and everything in between. The theory would identify key problems and sub-problems, and would include algorithms, algorithm design principles, ways of composing algorithms to build more elaborate algorithms, abstraction layers, lower bound theorems, impossibility results, and theorems comparing the power of different platforms. And all of this should rest on a common concurrency theory foundation.Most of this talk will be devoted to a high-level overview of my research group's work in the past few years on theory for dynamic systems, especially wireless networks and mobile systems. I will first describe our work on algorithms for networks with reliable communication channels - algorithms for managing data, communicating, computing functions, and coordinating robots - and then our work on algorithms for wireless networks with channels that exhibit message collisions and losses. Although this work provides many pieces for the needed theory, a great deal of work is still needed. I will close by describing what remains to be done.
Kinetics of Dissolution of Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate Crystals

The dissolution of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate has been studied by following changes in the calcium, phosphate, and hydrogen ion concentrations when undersaturated solutions are inoculated with seed crystals of the salt. The rate of dissolution follows an equation of the first order with respect to concentration; this suggests a diffusion-controlled process and changes in the rate of stirring that have a considerable effect on the observed rate. Experiments have been made at 15, 25, and 37 C and the energy of activation corresponding to the dissolution process is 3.8 kcal mol-1.
Safety of echocardiographic contrast in hospitalized patients with pulmonary hypertension: a multi-center study

Aims Echocardiographic contrast (EC) improves the diagnostic accuracy of suboptimal echocardiograms. In October 2007, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) placed a black box warning on the label of the perflutren-based agents Definity and Optison, contraindicating their use in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PHT) and unstable cardiopulmonary status, after serious cardiopulmonary reactions occurred in temporal relation to EC administration. In 2008 and 2011, the FDA revised the black box warning allowing their use in this same population. However, limited data exist regarding the safety profile of these agents in patients with PHT. Methods and results Consecutive hospitalized patients with PHT who were referred for echocardiographic evaluation, but required the use of EC, were included. All our patients received the EC agent Definity. We evaluated these patients for serious adverse events (respiratory decompensation, hypotension, syncope, convulsions, arrhythmias, anaphylactic reactions, or death) occurring within 24 h of EC administration. The study group included 1513 patients (age 69 ± 14 years, 55% males, BMI 33 ± 9 kg/m2), of which 911 (60%) had mild PHT, 515 (34%) had moderate PHT, and 87 (6%) had severe PHT. The mean pulmonary artery systolic pressures (PASP) in the groups with mild, moderate, and severe PHT were 41 ± 4 (range 35–49) mmHg, 55 ± 5 (range 50–69) mmHg, and 78 ± 9 (range 70–122) mmHg, respectively. The incidence of adverse events in all subgroups was rare (0.002%) and they were not attributed to EC because of temporal and clinical considerations. Conclusion The use of the EC agent Definity is safe in hospitalized patients with PHT.
Modeling and analysis of IEEE 802.16 PKM Protocols using CasperFDR

IEEE 802.16 is the standard for broadband wireless access. The security sublayer is provided within IEEE 802.16 MAC layer for privacy and access control, in which the Privacy and Key Management (PKM) protocols are specified. This paper models the PKM protocols using Casper and analyzes the CSP output with FDR, which are formal analysis tools based on the model checker. Later versions of PKM protocols are also modeled and analyzed. Attacks are found in each version and the results are discussed.
Efficient type inference for secure information flow

This paper describes the design, analysis, and implementation of an efficient algorithm for information flow analysis expressed using a type system. Given a program and an environment of security classes for information accessed by the program, the algorithm checks whether the program is well typed, i.e., there is no information of higher security classes flowing into places of lower security classes according to a lattice of security classes, by inferring the highest or lowest security class as appropriate for each program node. We express the analysis as a set of Datalog-like rules based on the typing and subtyping rules, and we use a systematic method to generate specialized algorithms and data structures directly from the Datalog-like rules. The generated implementation traverses the program multiple times and uses a combination of linked and indexed data structures to represent program nodes, environments, and types. The time complexity of the algorithm is linear in the size of the input program, times the height of the lattice of security classes, plus a small overhead for preprocessing the security classes. This complexity is confirmed through our prototype implementation and experimental evaluation on code generated from high-level specifications for real systems.
Neglect of Alternative Causes in Predictive but Not Diagnostic Reasoning

People are renowned for their failure to consider alternative hypotheses. We compare neglect of alternative causes when people make predictive versus diagnostic probability judgments. One study with medical professionals reasoning about psychopathology and two with undergraduates reasoning about goals and actions or about causal transmission yielded the same results: neglect of alternative causes when reasoning from cause to effect but not when reasoning from effect to cause. The findings suggest that framing a problem as a diagnostic-likelihood judgment can reduce bias.
Fast statistical analysis of rare failure events for memory circuits in high-dimensional variation space

Accurately estimating the rare failure rates for nanoscale memory circuits is a challenging task, especially when the variation space is high-dimensional. In this paper, we summarize two novel techniques to address this technical challenge. First, we describe a subset simulation (SUS) technique to estimate the rare failure rates for continuous performance metrics. The key idea of SUS is to express the rare failure probability of a given circuit as the product of several large conditional probabilities by introducing a number of intermediate failure events. These conditional probabilities can be efficiently estimated with a set of Markov chain Monte Carlo samples generated by a modified Metropolis algorithm. Second, to efficiently estimate the rare failure rates for discrete performance metrics, scaled-sigma sampling (SSS) can be used. SSS aims to generate random samples from a distorted probability distribution for which the standard deviation (i.e., sigma) is scaled up. Next, the failure rate is accurately estimated from these scaled random samples by using an analytical model derived from the theorem of “soft maximum”. Our experimental results of several nanoscale circuit examples demonstrate that SUS and SSS achieve significantly improved accuracy over other traditional techniques when the dimensionality of the variation space is more than a few hundred.
Double-crested Cormorant Movements in Relation to Aquaculture in Eastern Mississippi and Western Alabama

Abstract Concomitant with increasing numbers of the Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), catfish producers in eastern Mississippi and western Alabama have reported damage caused by cormorant predation. VHF telemetry was used to document movements of 25 cormorants from all known night roosts in the aquaculture producing areas of eastern Mississippi and western Alabama, January-April 1998. A total of 193 day locations and 396 night roost locations of the cormorants were obtained. Each cormorant was found in the study area for 57 ± 4 (SE) days. Each cormorant averaged three night roosts (range: 1-8) and spent 20 (±2) days at each night roost site. Over 95% of cormorant day locations were within 19 km of their night roosts. Catfish pond use by cormorants varied between roost sites. Cormorants from five of eleven night roosts had ≥30% of subsequent daytime locations on catfish ponds and birds from five of the six remaining night roosts did not visit catfish ponds on the following day. Foraging dis...
Schooling and the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the United States

Schools are a central cultural context of child and adolescent development. Children spend more time in schools than in any other context outside their homes (Eccles & Roeser, 2010, 2011). Thus, success in this setting is critical to both current mental health and future life options (NAS, 2006; NCES, 2006). Yet not everyone in the USA either thrives in or completes formal K-12 schooling. Poor children (a disproportionately high percentage of whom are African-, Mexican-, and Native American) are much less likely to complete high school or enroll in and graduate from college (Aud, KewalRamani, & Frohlich, 2011). This leaves many young people unprepared to participate and prosper fully in the changing US economy (Duncan & Murane, 2011). In addition, many children, particularly but not only those living in poverty, come to school unprepared to deal with the demands of schooling and with unmet health and mental health needs (Adelman & Taylor, 2009; Greenberg et al., 2003). Lack of readiness and untreated problems can contribute to academic failure at school and growing social and behavioral problems across the school years.
Collecting Mortality Data to Drive Real-Time Improvement in Suicide Prevention

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the use of government mortality records compared with internally collected data to drive quality improvement in suicide prevention programs using suicide mortality data from the Perfect Depression Care initiative. METHODS: Perfect Depression Care (PDC) is a quality improvement suicide prevention initiative within the Behavioral Health Services (BHS) division of the Henry Ford Health System. Eligible subjects were all patients who received services from BHS, were members of the health maintenance organization, and had a medical group physician during the 11-year study period. Mortality data were collected internally and from government-collected death records, and were linked to treatment utilization data from the medical record. RESULTS: The mean suicide rate was 96.6 per 100,000 during the 2-year baseline period (1999- 2000) and declined to 19.1 per 100,000 during the initiative (2002-2009) using both sources of data combined. We observed a similar statistically significant (P .05). The data sources did differ in the capture of unique suicide deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Internally collected data were an effective measure of suicide deaths in the PDC initiative. A combination of internal and government-collected records may be most effective for future suicide prevention programs. Language: en
Machine Comprehension with Discourse Relations

This paper proposes a novel approach for incorporating discourse information into machine comprehension applications. Traditionally, such information is computed using off-the-shelf discourse analyzers. This design provides limited opportunities for guiding the discourse parser based on the requirements of the target task. In contrast, our model induces relations between sentences while optimizing a task-specific objective. This approach enables the model to benefit from discourse information without relying on explicit annotations of discourse structure during training. The model jointly identifies relevant sentences, establishes relations between them and predicts an answer. We implement this idea in a discriminative framework with hidden variables that capture relevant sentences and relations unobserved during training. Our experiments demonstrate that the discourse aware model outperforms state-of-the-art machine comprehension systems.1
Understanding the competitive interactions in aptamer–gold nanoparticle based colorimetric assays using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)

Aptamer–gold nanoparticle (AuNP) based colorimetric assays have become increasingly popular as viable rapid detection methods, but the molecular interactions governing the mechanism and successful interpretation of color changes have not been explored well. The objective of this study was to evaluate the competitive interactions that occur in this detection assay at the molecular level by employing surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The SERS signals of molecules in close proximity to AuNPs were exploited to give information on AuNP surface coverage as well as ssDNA aptamer conformational changes during target capture. Two antibiotics, ampicillin and kanamycin, and their respective aptamers were used in this study. The results indicate that the reason for the lack of AuNP aggregation with ampicillin could be due to a stronger binding affinity of AuNPs to ampicillin than to the aptamer. Kanamycin, on the other hand, induced AuNP aggregation to produce a color change and the SERS data indicate a stronger binding affinity of kanamycin to the aptamer than to the AuNPs as well as aptamer conformational changes. The use of SERS can be a potential tool to rapidly screen and validate the aptamer and target interaction for the application of aptamer–gold nanoparticle (AuNP) based colorimetric assays.
Gender differences in work-family guilt in parents of young children.

The transition to parenthood is a watershed moment for most parents, introducing the possibility of intra-individual and interpersonal growth or decline. Given the increasing number of dual-earner couples in the United States, new parents’ attitudes towards employment (as well as the ways in which they balance employment and personal demands) may have an impact on their overall well-being. Based on anecdotal accounts, guilt about the conflict between employment and family (termed work-family guilt) appears particularly pervasive among U.S. mothers of young children; specifically, mothers, but not fathers, express high levels of a subtype of work-family guilt, that pertains to the negative impact their work has on their families (termed work-interfering-with-family guilt). However, little research within psychology has explicitly examined this phenomenon, and to our knowledge, no quantitative study has investigated gender differences in work-family guilt among U.S. parents of young children. In a cross-sectional, correlational study involving 255 parents of toddlers from the greater Southern California area, we coded parents’ narrative responses to a series of open-ended questions regarding employment and family for the presence of work-family guilt and work-interfering-with-family guilt (in the form of guilt about the negative impact of employment on children). Mothers had significantly higher work-family guilt and work-interfering-with-family guilt relative to fathers. We discuss our findings in terms of theory on gender roles, as well as the questions they generate for future areas of investigation.
Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans

A new family of anascan-grade cheilostome bryozoans, Pyrisinellidae n. fam., is introduced, together with two new gen-era, Pyrisinella n. gen. and Spinisinella n. gen. Containing species previously assigned either to the large, paraphyleticCalloporidae, or Microporidae, pyrisinellids are characterized by having small autozooids with a conspicuous pear-shapedridge formed by the mural rim and distal rim of the opesia, articulated oral spines, and hyperstomial ovicells recumbenton the distal zooid and indenting its mural rim. Five species of pyrisinellids are described, two of which are new: Spin- isinella zagorseki n. gen. et sp., from the Cenomanian or Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of the Czech Republic, and Seto- sinella perfluxa n. sp., from the Langhian (Middle Miocene) of Kalimantan, Indonesia. A Recent species, Megapora ringens (Busk), is redescribed and questionably assigned to Pyrisinellidae. Important evolutionary changes within Py-risinellidae having parallels elsewhere among anascan cheilostomes include: (1) the development of opesiules for passageof the parietal muscles which correlates with a change from a trifoliate to a semielliptical opesia; and (2) the transitionfrom an open spinose ovicell in the oldest species (Spinisinella zagorseki) to a conventional ovicell with a solid hood-like ooecium that characterizes all other species belonging to the family.
Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends: The Influence of Conjugation-Break Spacer Length in Matrix Polymers

The concept of complementary semiconducting polymer blends (c-SPBs) for efficient charge transport was recently proposed and established by our group. In this study, we aim to reveal the influence of the length of conjugation-break spacers (CBSs) on charge transport properties of the matrix polymers and their corresponding complementary polymer blends. A series of 11 DPP-based semiconducting polymers DPP-Cm (m = 2–12) that incorporate CBSs of 2–12 methylene units along the polymer backbones were prepared and characterized. The UV–vis spectra and the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) measurements show that the CBS length has marginal influence on the polymer absorption spectra, energy levels, and band gaps. It also has little impact on polymer decomposition temperatures. However, the CBS length has a profound influence on polymer phase transition and the heat of fusion. As for the melt transitions, an odd–even effect is observed from DPP-C2 to DPP-C7, in which polymers with even-numbered CBSs sh...
CD-ROM MEDLINE training: a survey of medical school libraries.

Most medical school libraries are attempting to provide some form of training for the CD-ROM MEDLINE user, according to this survey conducted in 1989. User guides and vendor produced tutorials are helpful but are not usually a major aspect of the training. The training sessions vary considerably in length as well as number of attendees, with individualized training being the most widespread. Few facilities offer advanced classes. A core list of training topics has been identified. Evaluation of the training has been done in only a small percentage of the libraries.
Maternal and cord blood vitamin D status and childhood infection and allergic disease: a systematic review

Context : It is unclear how in utero vitamin D deficiency affects the extraskeletal health of children, despite the known risks for adverse pregnancy/birth outcomes. Objective : This systematic review seeks to assess the effect of in utero vitamin D exposure on childhood allergy and infection outcomes using the PRISMA guidelines. Data Sources: MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched. Study Selection : Literature published through April 2015 was searched for studies reporting on the association between maternal pregnancy or cord blood vitamin D status and childhood allergy and infection. Data Extraction : Of 4175 articles identified, 43 studies met the inclusion criteria. They examined a wide variety of outcomes, using many different vitamin D cutoff values in their analyses. Data Synthesis: For most outcomes, results were inconsistent, although there appeared to be a protective effect between higher in utero vitamin D status and childhood lower respiratory tract infection (5 of 10 studies). Conclusions : More research is needed on childhood allergy and infection outcomes, and future studies should standardize outcome reporting, especially with regard to cutoff values for vitamin D concentrations. Evidence of a protective association between in utero vitamin D exposure and lower respiratory tract infection was found, while the other outcomes were either understudied or showed inconsistent results. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42013006156.
Study on the first-egg laying date choice and clutch size adjustment of Great Tit

This papers studied the relationship between first-egg laying date and clutch size using artificial nest boxes to attract Great Tits,in secondary-forest of Zuojia nature protection area in Jilin Province in 2004—2012.The results show that the duration of the Great Tit populations egg laying period of about 90d;some of the Great Tit have 2nests in a breeding season,the first-egg laying date April 27(±0.38d)(n=336)in the first broods,first-egg laying date May 29(±1.17d)(n=78)in the second broods.there were significant differences of the first-egg laying date between different years,the first-egg laying date daly as years goes on in the first broods,the first-egg laying date ahead of schedule as years goes on in the second broods.The average clutch size for the first broods were 11.3,the range of variation 5～15,The average clutch size for the second broods were 8.9,the range of variation 5～14.the hatching rate and egg success rate there no difference of the different clutch size in the first broods and second broods.the correlating analyzing between the clutch size and the number of hatch and fledge suggest that it is notability positive correlation..
Clinical observation of smecta and yunnan baiyao in the treatment of neonates with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of smecta and yunnan baiyao in the treatment of neonates with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Methods:156 cases of neonates with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage were randomly divided into two groups: 72 cases in control group,84 cases in treatment group.In addition to the normal treatment, smecta and yunnan baiyao were given in treatment group. Result: The total effective rate of treatment group (96.4%) is significantly better than the control group's (66.3%), 0.01.There is significant difference between the two groups.Conclusion: Smecta and yunnan baiyao were effective in treatment of neonates with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Challenges and Opportunities to Conduct Global Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Trials

Globalization is increasingly common as a means of more rapidly recruiting patients, shortening clinical trials, abbreviating clinical development cycle times, and preparing for marketing in non-US markets. Globalization refers to the inclusion of trial sites in three or more international regions. Globalization is common and most drug development programs include both US and non-US sites. There has been limited evaluation of the transnational performance of clinical trial instrumentation used in drug development programs. The performance across nations, languages and cultures of the ADAS-Cog, Clinical Dementia Rating, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, quality of life measures, pharmacoeconomic measures, and activities of daily living tools has been inadequately researched. The creation of a library of well-tested and shared instruments would be of value in globalized trials. The approach to diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease may vary across trial sites and create undesirable heterogeneity within clinical trials. Biological factors such as differences in liver metabolism enzymes, diet, education and head size may all create differences in treatment response in different ethnic settings. Sites across the globe may differ in terms of experience, and institutional review boards may also perform variably with regard to informed consent and human safety. These require vigilance by sponsors performing globalized trials. International efforts such as the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative provide data that will help reduce the variance and improve clinical trial quality. Improved understanding of the effects of globalization will enhance clinical trials and speed the development of new medications for patients with AD.
CHAPTER 217 – Regulation of G Proteins by Covalent Modification

G proteins are subject to a number of covalent modifications that affect their subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions, and regulation. . Two themes have emerged concerning the role of lipid modifications in G-protein signaling. First, by conferring membrane affinity, they have a role in properly positioning G proteins at the plasma membrane, where they must reside in order to interact with receptors and effectors. Once the G protein is in place, lipids further affect G-protein signaling by modulating protein-protein interactions. Lipid modifications found on Gɑ and G βɣ modulate interactions with membranes and other proteins, playing an essential role in signal transduction. There is evidence for prenyl-binding sites on receptors and the effector PLC β , and a direct role for myristate in binding of G- iɑ to AC. How these modifications mediate these protein interactions awaits additional structural studies with lipidated proteins. Novel roles for lipid modifications in protein interactions will surely be revealed in the future.
Upper Antero-Medial Thigh as an Alternative Site for Implantation of Intrathecal Pumps: A Case Series.

Introduction Neuraxial drug delivery via intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS) is becoming an increasingly common mode of treating intractable cancer-related pain, chronic pain, or severe spasticity. An implanted infusion pump delivers medication into the intrathecal (subarachnoid) space via a thin catheter. These pumps are commonly placed in the anterior abdominal wall. Certain conditions may render it difficult or unsafe for an IDDS to be implanted at the traditional site; thus, alternative sites have been explored. We report on the use of the upper antero-medial thigh as a safe alternative site for this purpose. Methods and materials Nine patients between 22 and 69 years of age underwent placement of an IDDS infusion pump in the upper antero-medial aspect of one thigh. In each patient, the anterior abdominal wall was precluded for implantation due to various reasons, such as extensive abdominal scar tissue from previous surgeries, placement of feeding tubes and ostomies, large ventral hernia or metastatic masses protruding from the abdomen. Results Nine patients, with ages ranging from 22 to 69 years old, had IDDS implantation in the upper thigh. The first patient experienced wound dehiscence (antero-lateral location) and after explantation, another pump was placed successfully in the opposite thigh (antero-medial location). One patient has had pump replacement due to end-of-battery life. She also needed an unrelated catheter revision. Seven patients have expired from their disease progression after living for an average of 142.7 days (range 50 days to 354 days) while two patients continue to experience relief from pain and spasticity years later (see Table 1). No neurovascular damage, infections, or other complications occurred in our series. Conclusion The upper antero-medial thigh is a safe alternative to the anterior abdominal wall for implantation of an IDDS.
Geschlechterdifferenzierung bei Jungen

Freuds Theorie der Geschlechtsentwicklung des Madchens stand seit ihrer ersten Publikation immer wieder im Mittelpunkt der Kritik. Seine Theorie der mannlichen Entwicklung wurde demgegenuber nie vergleichbar intensiv und kritisch hinterfragt. Eine Uberprufung dieser Theorie zeigt jedoch, das sie nicht weniger problematisch ist und uns vor die gleichen Schwierigkeiten stellt. Die Schwierigkeit liegt insbesondere in der Entwicklung einer theoretischen Perspektive, unter der sich das Zusammenspiel von Mannlichkeit und Weiblichkeit in der heranreifenden Personlichkeit begreifen last.
The Role of Biaryl Reactions in PAH and Soot Formation

The pyrolysis of anthracene and pyrene for a residence time of about 0.7 seconds over a temperature range of 1200 to 1500 K has been studied in order to obtain insight on the contribution of aryl aryl reactions in the molecular weight growth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The sequence of reactions observed are the formation of biaryls, cyclodehydrogenation of the biaryls to form fused PAH, the isomerization of the cyclodehydrogenation products, and their thermal decomposition. Soot is formed in amounts that increase progressively with increasing temperature. The concentrations of the biaryls, cyclodehydrogenation and thermal decomposition products however pass through maxima as the temperature is increased, as a consequence of the competition between the formation and destruction reactions. The relative concentration of the biaryls are found to be in the ratios expected from the probability of the reaction at the different sites, with deviations consistent with the effects of steric hindrance, and are not governed by the relative reactivity of the different sites on the aryl radicals. The aryl-aryl reactions are thought to be an overlooked path to PAH and soot formation that acts in parallel with the paths involving acetylene and its derivatives. The path involving the aryl radicals is believed to be particularly important in diffusion flames, where PAH and soot formation are favored on the fuel rich side of the flame front. Such reactions are difficult to identify at the lower temperatures for wood and coal pyrolysis because of the large number of compounds present. At high temperatures, however, only a few of the thermal decomposition products survive and these are found to be common for the pyrolysis of wood, coal, and model aromatic compounds.
A Crosswalk Between UCLA and Lower Extremity Activity Scales.

Background The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) activity scale and the Lower Extremity Activity Scale (LEAS) are the two most-widely used and rigorously developed scales for assessing activity level in patients having joint replacement. However, the two scales are not convertible, and the level of correlation between the two is not clear. Creating a crosswalk between these scales; that is, a concordance table to convert scores from one scale to the other and vice versa, will help compare results from existing studies using either scale, and pool those results for meta-analyses. It also will facilitate pooling data from multiple registries and data sources.