cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Checks on the model law for hydraulic structures

Although models of hydraulic structures have been used widely in Europe and this country,the number of quantitative checks on the general validity and limits of applicability of the model laws are not numerous. During the past year, the University of California has begun to develop its hydraulic laboratory so as to include structures as well as machinery and it was thought desirable to confine the first investigations to an attempt at defining the limits of transferability of the results of model tests.
Quantitation of dengue virus specific CD4+ T cells by intracellular cytokine staining

We developed an intracellular cytokine staining assay to quantify dengue specific memory T cells elicited by a primary dengue virus (DEN) infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of volunteers who received experimental live attenuated monovalent DEN vaccines were stimulated with glutaraldehyde-inactivated dengue-infected Vero cell culture lysates from all four DEN serotypes. CD4+ T cell frequencies to previously identified MHC class II peptides were equivalent to 40-70% of the responses using virus infected cell lysates in two donors. IFN-gamma responses to DEN were detected from 0.04% to 0.45% CD4+ T cells. The highest IFN-gamma response was elicited by antigens from the homologous serotype. We detected serotype-specific and -cross reactive CD4+ T cell cytokine responses from all donors. This assay is suitable for measuring DEN specific CD4+ T cells in human PBMC from large population studies where donor haplotype is unknown or highly variant.
Hardy spaces on some pseudoconvex domains

We consider Hardy spacesH p,p ≤ 1, of holomorphic functions in the interior of Ω. where Ω is either a strongly pseudoconvex domain inC n or a weakly pseudoconvex domain of finite type inC 2. We exhibit an atomic decomposition for the boundary values of these functions (in the sense of distributions), thus showing that they belong to the local real Hardy spacesh p(∂Ω).
Effects of central norepinephrine depletion on the initiation and maintenance of maternal behavior in the rat

Abstract The catecholaminergic neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), was used to test the hypothesis that increased transmission across selected noradrenergic synapses is involved in the initiation of maternal behavior. Specifically, 6-OHDA was infused intraventricularly either two days before parturition or four days after parturition. Control animals were infused with the vehicle alone. Among prepartum animals, NE depletion of more than 30 percent of control levels interfered with the initiation of maternal behavior. Among lactating animals, similar degrees of NE depletion had no significant effect on the maintenance of maternal behavior. Thus, NE appears to be involved in the initiation of maternal behavior, but not in the maintenance of the behavior once that behavior is established.
The Effects of Helper Intention on Gratitude and Indebtedness

Gratitude and indebtedness have often been equated in psychology. Emerging research, however, suggests that these emotions are experienced differently and occur in response to different situations (Gray, Emmons, & Morrison, 2001). The current set of experiments investigated the effects of helper intention on grateful and indebted reactions to a favor. Study 1 utilized scenario methodology to present participants with a favor that was given with benevolent or ulterior motives. Participants felt significantly more grateful when the helper had benevolent intentions. Reactions of indebtedness did not vary as a function of helper intention. In Study 2, participants recalled favors that had been done for them for either unselfish or selfish reasons. Participants reported significantly more gratitude for the favor when they were instructed to recall an unselfish favor. Levels of indebtedness were not affected by helper intention. Study 3 provided participants with an ambiguous favor scenario to better assess individuals' natural reactions to receiving help, and replicated the results of Study 1. Together, these three experiments provide support for differences between grateful and indebted emotions.
Groin dissection in malignant melanoma.

Background: There is controversy about the extent of groin dissection necessary (whether superficial or radical) and about its utility when the deep nodes are affected. Methods: A total of 198 groin dissections (1977–1991) were reviewed; 94 (48%) were superficial and 104 (52%) were radical dissections. Of 72 patients with palpable positive inguinal nodes, 31 (43%) had involvement of the deep nodes; of 39 patients with nonpalpable, histologically positive inguinal nodes, seven (18%) had or later manifested involvement of the deep nodes. Results: The mean number of positive nodes (median) in the group with clinically palpable disease was six (two), and in the group with occult disease the number was two (one). The estimated overall (disease-free) 5-year and 10-year survival rates for patients with negative nodes were 73% (67%) and 64% (58%), respectively, and for those with positive nodes they were 36% (27%) and 30% (23%), respectively. Survival was significantly poorer for patients with positive nodes (p<0.0001). The respective 5-year and 10-year survival rates for patients with positive nodes and involvement of the inguinal nodes only were 41% (33%) and 36% (29%), and for those with involvement of the inguinal and deep nodes the rates were 28% (17%) and 19% (13%). Survival was significantly poorer for patients with deep node involvement (p=0.006). Conclusions: The survival rates after therapeutic groin dissection are substantial and unattainable with any other treatment at the present time. Incontinuity dissection of the deep nodes is advisable in the presence of palpable inguinal nodes, since the incidence of deep node involvement is considerable and the survival rate appreciable after removal of involved deep nodes.
Moisture Sensitivity of Cotton Pollen

Production of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) hybrids is commonly preceded by removing anthers from recipient flowers or interrupting the functioning of the anthers before dehiscence. This study describes the development of an emasculation protocol that did not require removal of the anthers, did not result in female sterility, and maintained fruit retention. Cotton flowers were saturated with water at different times throughout the day. Water sprayed into the flower after the pollen dehisced resulted in the osmotic disruption of the pollen grains and prevented self-pollination of the cotton flowers. Morphological analysis of isolated pollen grains before and after water treatment showed the exudation of pollen cytoplasm into the surrounding water medium within seconds of the water treatment. The water treatment resulted in the loss of fruiting bodies. Hand pollination of water-emasculated flowers produced seed numbers equivalent to self-pollinated controls. To quantify the level of self-pollination following water emasculation, 'Gregg 65' cotton (glandless, recessive trait) was water-emasculated, the stigma allowed to dry, and the flower pollinated with pollen from 'Paymaster HS-26' cotton (glanded, dominant trait). Evaluation of 66 flowers revealed that 100% of the seedlings obtained from these crosses had the glanded phenotype, thereby showing that no self-pollination had occurred. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the use of water as an effective emasculation tool for hybrid cotton production that does not result in female sterility and maintains fruit retention and seed set following subsequent pollination with pollen from another flower.
The Value of Being Included: An Examination of Diversity Change Initiatives in Organizations

ABSTRACT: In recent decades, many organizations have undertaken initiatives aimed at managing a more diverse workforce. Many of these initiatives have been limited in effectiveness because they focused solely on managing or preventing human-resource-related crises, rather than reconceptualizing how the work of the business is accomplished. More effective diversity change initiatives can be implemented if change agents take an overarching perspective of the business and the workforce that considers the importance of engaging both the oppressed and priviledged members of the organization. Such a perspective necessarily requires considering the impact of oppression and privilege in the organization. Common diversity change interventions are discussed and critiqued, and suggestions for formulating optimally effective diversity change initiatives are suggested.
Global mapping of usability labs and centers

This paper will highlight the global spread of usability expertise by presenting data on the location of usability testing centers and laboratories around the world. The possibilities for future expansion of the database and global networking of usability expertise and knowledge will be discussed.
Technology and Design Considerations for a Very-High-Speed Fiber-Optic Data Bus

The techology for very-high-speed fiber-optic data transmission is reviewed, and an assessment is made of the data rate limitations for a ring bus. Maximum data rates for single-channel transmission are estimated to he in the five-ten Gbit/s range, but bus capacity can be increased to 100 Gbits/s or higher with parallel interconnections or carrier-frequency multiplexing. A recirculating fiber loop is proposed as a buffer between the high data rate bus and terminals which operate at relatively low speeds. A bus terminal design based on this concept is suggested.
Applicability of the Revised Mean Absolute Percentage Errors (MAPE) Approach to Some Popular Normal and Non-normal Independent Time Series

Commonly used Mean Absolute Percentage Errors (MAPE) and the authors’ revised Mean Absolute Percentage Errors (RMAPE) are applied to measure the forecasting accuracy from different Moving Average Methods for independent time series. Simulation results show that both MAPE and RMAPE can only provide sensitive forecasting accuracy measurements on Moving Average Methods when coefficients of variation (c.v.) are smaller than 0.4 or is much greater than 4.0 for those independent time series. For independent time series with moderate c.v.’s, the complexity from the ratios of MAPE and RMAPE will mislead researchers on distinguishing the forecasting accuracies from different Moving Average Methods. The complexity from the ratios will be released only when the c.v. is very small, or when the c.v. is very large. Therefore, when data are from independent time series, the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) reveals valid the forecasting accuracies from various Moving Average Methods, but not from MAPE or RMAPE.
Long-Term Orthophosphate Removal in a Field-Scale Storm-Water Bioinfiltration Rain Garden

AbstractUnabated runoff from impervious surfaces after rain events is considered a major source of impairment of receiving water bodies. Bioinfiltration storm-water control measures (SCM) have been shown to be effective in reducing runoff and pollutants from urban areas and thus provide a mechanism for protecting downstream sources from erosion and contamination from suspended solids, metals, and nutrients. However, less is known about the loss mechanisms responsible for contaminant removal and the long-term performance of such SCMs. Even less is known of the performance from a vadose zone perspective. The research presented herein examines the long-term (9 year) performance of a bioinfiltration rain garden with specific emphasis on the removal of orthophosphate. Field data indicated clear removal trends for orthophosphate (PO43−P), the bioavailable form of phosphorus, as the storm water infiltrated into the infiltration bed of the rain garden. The median PO43−P concentration decreased from 0.21–0.25 mg/...
FDI Theories and the Performance of Foreign Multinationals Operating in the U.S.

Based on firm-specific financial data, performance of foreign multinationals operating in the U.S. is evaluated to determine if they enjoy advantages over U.S. firms. Results of this study indicate that foreign firms operating in the U.S. are less profitable than randomly selected U.S. firms, that they spend more in research and development but less in advertising, and that they have higher debt levels combined with higher liquidity. In addition, the findings also demonstrate that the determinants of excess market value, as measured by Tobin's q, differ between foreign-owned firms and American-owned firms, and that the performance of foreign multinationals differ by country of origin. This suggests that foreign-owned firms may have different reasons for investing in the U.S. and that foreign multinationals present investment opportunities to the U.S. investors distinct from American firms.
The American system of medicine.

The core of American herbal medicine comes from the ethnobotanical traditions of Native Americans using plants indigenous to America. These traditions were drawn upon and further expanded by the observations of herbalists and physicians. Most notably, they were codified and expanded by a group of physicians known as the Eclectics. That tradition is part of the foundation for herbal medicine as it is practiced in America today. This chapter provides a brief history of the Eclectics and gives some of the specific indications for herbs for skin disorders, derived from that system. Many other influences are present in herbal medicine as it has developed in America today. German and other European herbology practices, and Chinese and other Eastern herbology practices have influenced the herbs used and the method of selecting and balancing the herbs employed in a given situation. There is a spectrum of herbal use from indigenous use of whole plants and extracts through the use of purified plant constituents. Extension of this trend eventually led to the use of isolated plant-derived pharmaceuticals as it developed into modern medicine. Many herbalists still use the whole herb or a crude extract, under the premis that it contains a combination of ingredients that is more effective than that its most active components. Some herbalists even extend this to a belief in a “vital principle” in the herb. Whether this effect is ascribed to a synergy of components or to a vital principle within, it is this preference for the less refined extract that separates the ethnobotanical herbalism from pharmacognacy and the use of more defined herbal constituents. This approach is a reflection of the background of David Winston, Herbalist, AHG, who was first trained as an herbalist by his uncle, who is a Cherokee Indian medicine man. He studied Chinese medicine and the system of energetic which that discipline entails and later incorporated the works of the Eclectics in his practice. He has one of the largest private herbal libraries in this country, consisting of over 6000 volumes and 10,000 articles. He currently spends his time teaching, consulting on the development of herbal products, and advising physicians on their use of herbal treatments. He excels in passing down and synthesizing the oral traditions of herbal medicine, and is a respected teacher among American herbalists.
Exploring the Role of Field Experience Context in Preservice Teachers' Development as Mathematics Educators

Although the importance of field experience is supported and attended to by teacher education programs across the United States, there have been numerous national reports and research findings stressing the need for major improvements in the preparation of teachers with an emphasis on more authentic experiences. Quality field experiences have the potential to advance multiple benefits for participants, and context presents an aspect that may significantly influence the quality of a field experience. Recognition of the importance of field experience in the development of preservice teachers alongside an acknowledgment of the many factors that influence field experiences led to the formulation of this study; discerning the potential influence of contextual variances within two distinct field experiences on preservice teachers' perspectives and beliefs toward mathematics teaching and on their development as mathematics educators. Findings of this qualitative study suggest that contextual variances in field-b...
Dislocation density model for the effect of grain size on the flow stress of a Ti–15.2 at.% Mo β-alloy at 4.2–650 K

Abstract Hall–Petch (H–P) plots of the effect of grain size d = 4.6–22 μm on the flow stress σ at 4.2–650 K of a β-Ti–15.2 at.% Mo alloy gave that the parameter σi increased with strain ɛ and with decrease in temperature T. In contrast, the parameter KH–P was relatively independent of ɛ and T. The corresponding dislocation density ρ increased with ɛ and with decrease in d, giving the well-known relation σ/M ≈0.5 μbρ1/2, where M is the Taylor factor. The magnitudes of σi and KH–P calculated from ρ were in reasonable agreement with those obtained from the H–P plots. The grain size dependence of σ was in accord with Li's grain boundary ledge mechanism.
Experiences with an expert systems prototyping methodology

: Although the benefits of knowledge-based expert systems (ES) and experiences with the methods, techniques and tools employed in knowledge engineering have been extensively reported, less is known about experiences with development and development methodologies. Although ES development is frequently associated with prototyping, a growing number of specific development methodologies have been proposed and are in use. Using information on four development projects at General Electric Industrial and Power Systems, this paper reports on the use of a variation of a prototyping methodology. It identifies some of the advantages, disadvantages and effects of using this approach to development. It raises a number of issues that future ES development methodologies will have to address.
Computed tomographic myelography of a foal with discospondylitis and extradural spinal cord compression due to a vertebral abscess

Summary A one-month-old Quarter Horse colt presented with progressive gait abnormalities and weakness. The foal was ataxic at presentation. Radiography identified focal endplate irregularities and lysis at C6–7. Radiographic diagnosis was discospondylitis. Computed tomographic myelography was performed immediately following euthanasia and identified an extradural compressive spinal cord lesion corresponding to the site of discospondylitis. Post mortem examination findings included abscess formation at the C6–7 intervertebral space with osteomyelitis extending into the adjacent physes and subchondral bone of caudal C6 and cranial C7. The vertebral abscess extended into the ventral spinal canal at C6–7 and was identified as the cause of extradural spinal cord compression. Salmonella sp. was cultured and isolated from purulent exudate at the intervertebral space. Computed tomographic myelography has not been previously reported for assessment of discospondylitis in horses and was successful at accurately characterising spinal cord compression in addition to osteolytic changes associated with discospondylitis.
Bureaucracy that Kills: Federal Sovereign Immunity and the Discretionary Function Exception

Political scientists normally discuss sovereign immunity in the context of international law and relations. The domestic effects of sovereign immunity are almost never examined, even though those effects are profound and implicate a range of issues of interest to political scientists. The Federal Tort Claims Act (FCTA) (1946) is a main waiver of federal sovereign immunity and is designed to allow people injured by government employees to sue for money damages. The FTCA has a number of exceptions, the most prominent of which is known as the “discretionary function exception.” This exception retains sovereign immunity for the United States when a federal employee acts “based upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty:::whether or not the discretion involved be abused.” This simple exception expanded into a comprehensive tool of government that now confounds justice and federal governmental accountability.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Down-Regulator and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Differentially Regulate Lactotroph Proliferation

Background We recently reported that estrogen receptor α (ERα), even in absence of estrogen (E2), plays a critical role in lactotroph homeostasis. The anti-estrogen ICI 182780 (ICI), but not tamoxifen or raloxifene, rapidly promoted the degradation of ERα, and inhibited cell proliferation. However, all three ER antagonists suppressed PRL release, suggesting that receptor occupation is sufficient to inhibit prl gene expression whereas receptor degradation is required to suppress lactotroph proliferation. In this study our objective was to determine whether ERα degradation versus occupation, differentially modulates the biological outcome of anti-estrogens.
Anomalous light output from lightning dart leaders

About 5 percent of the multiple-stroke cloud-to-ground lightning discharges recorded at the NASA Kennedy Space Center during the summer of 1981 contained dart leaders that produced an unusually large light output. An analysis of these cases indicates that the average peak light output per unit length in the leader may be comparable to or even exceed that of the return stroke that follows.
Doing, and justifying doing, avoidance

In this paper, I treat avoidance as a locally contingent practice that is collaboratively coconstructedbyparticipantsinrealtimeasatopicofinteractionduringthecourseofnaturally occurring institutional talk. In order to develop this post-cognitive account of how participants do, and justify doing, avoidance-as-behavior, I draw on ethnomethodological conversation analysis and discursive psychology to frame and explicate a number of emerging issues in the conversation analysis-for-second language acquisition literature. These issues include: (1) How can we respecify individual notions of cognition as socially situated activity? (2) How can we use longitudinal talk to show how participants demonstrably orient in speech event 2 (SE2) to a course of action that first occurred in speechevent1 (SE1)?And(3) how canwelegitimatelyuseexogenous(that is,talk-external) cultural artifacts (here, a Power Point presentation and a self-evaluation form) as resources for analyzing language learning behavior?
Proteasomal degradation unleashes the pro-death activity of androgen receptor

Androgen receptor (AR) is able to promote stress-induced cell death independently of its transcription activity in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Yet, the underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. Here, we report that stress-induced proteasomal degradation of AR contributes to its pro-death activity. Upon exposure to ultraviolet light and staurosporine, AR underwent proteasomal degradation. Blockade of AR degradation significantly suppressed stress-induced apoptosis in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Ectopic expression of the AR N-terminal (AR-N) domain, which lacks DNA- and ligand-binding abilities, led to cell death without any additional death stimuli. Truncation analysis revealed that AR-N domain contains several sub-domains that regulate the pro-death activity of AR, specifically the first 105 amino acids, which function as a minimal pro-death domain acting upstream of caspases. The pro-apoptotic activity of AR N-terminal fragments was suppressed by ectopic expression of Bcl-2 or selected caspase inhibitors. Thus, our results reveal a novel mechanism by which AR promotes stress-induced cell death in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells.
Negative differential resistance in metallic and semiconducting clusters

One of the main goals of the multidisciplinary field of nanotechnology is to scale down electronic devices to the range of nanometers (nm) from the present feature size of ∼50 nm in standard semiconductor integrated circuits. This challenge requires the use of small molecules or clusters to perform as electronic devices. Because a multitude of small organic molecules and clusters can be tailored to precise configurations emulating feature sizes equivalent to fractions of angstroms (10 - 1 0 m), they are potential electronic device candidates. Although it is not yet well established how these small systems can be addressed, they could be used as electronic devices if they present switching behavior. However, switching alone may not be enough; more complex nonlinear current-voltage (I-V) characteristics such as negative differential resistance (NDR) already reported in several experiments may be needed to compensate for the lack of direct addressing. It is demonstrated theoretically in this work that switching and NDR can be achieved because of electronic and electromechanical effects yielding cluster formation; therefore, electronic devices can be made not only from organic molecules but also from small clusters.
Chemoselective conversion of biologically sourced polyols into chiral synthons

Biorenewable carbohydrate feedstocks can be efficiently converted into a diverse set of oxygen-functionalized chiral synthons using a combination of a tertiary silane and the catalyst B(C6F5)3. The deoxygenation mechanism involves cyclic intermediates, which provide a means of controlling chemo- and diastereoselectivity.
A Markov Model of the Term Structure

Introduction, 60. â€” A Markov expectations model, 61. â€” Markov forecasts of the future interest rates, 66. â€” Observed yield curves, 69.
Enhancement of potency and efficacy of NADA by PKC-mediated phosphorylation of vanilloid receptor.

The search for an endogenous ligand for the vanilloid receptor (VR or TRPV1) has led to the identification of N-arachidonyl dopamine (NADA). This study investigates the role of protein kinase C (PK...
Excitation of coupled slotline mode in finite-ground CPW with unequal ground-plane widths

The coupling between the desired coplanar-waveguide (CPW) mode and the unwanted coupled slotline mode is presented for finite-ground CPWs with unequal ground-plane widths. Measurements, quasi-static conformal mapping, and finite-difference time-domain analysis are performed to determine the dependence of the slotline-mode excitation on the physical dimensions of the finite-ground coplanar line and on the frequency range of operation. It is shown that the ratio of the slotline mode to the CPW mode can be as high as 10 dB. Air-bridges are shown to reduce the slotline mode by 15 dB immediately after the air-bridge, but the slotline mode fully reestablishes itself within 2000 mum of the air-bridge. Furthermore, these results are independent of frequency
Temporal response of desmin and dystrophin proteins to progressive resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle

We have investigated the adaptations of the cytoskeletal proteins desmin and dystrophin in relationship to known muscular adaptations of resistance exercise. We measured desmin, dystrophin, and act...
Target organ-specific covalent DNA damage preceding diethylstilbestrol-induced carcinogenesis

The synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES), a known human carcinogen, induces renal carcinoma in male Syrian hamsters within 6 months after s.c. implantation. Tumor formation could be evoked by its hormonal properties or by a reactive genotoxic metabolite binding to DNA, but previous attempts to detect adducts have failed. In the present study, kidney DNA of male Syrian hamsters, treated with s.c. DES implants to induce renal carcinoma, was analyzed for the presence of DES-induced adducts using 32P-postlabeling assay. Covalently-modified DNA nucleotides were detected in the kidneys after chronic DES treatment, but not in kidneys of untreated hamsters, or in liver or tumor tissue of DES-treated animals. This report demonstrates for the first time the ability of an estrogen to give rise to covalent DNA modification in vivo specifically in the target organ of carcinogenesis. DES-induced covalent DNA adducts are taken as evidence for tumor initiation by DES via damage to cellular macromolecules, in addition to tumor-promotional effects described previously.
Cutting Edge: Crohn’s Disease-Associated Nod2 Mutation Limits Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines To Protect the Host from Enterococcus faecalis-Induced Lethality

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (Nod2) mutations including L1007fsinsC are associated with the development of Crohn's disease (CD). These CD-associated Nod2 mutations are common in healthy white populations, suggesting that they may confer some protective function, but experimental evidence is lacking. Using a mouse strain that expresses Nod2(2939iCstop), the equivalent of the L1007fsinsC mutation, we found that macrophages homozygous for Nod2(2939iCstop) are impaired in the recognition of muramyl dipeptide and Enterococcus faecalis, a commensal bacterium that is a common cause of sepsis-associated lethality in humans. Notably, Nod2 deficiency and homozygocity for Nod2(2939iCstop) were associated with reduced production of TNF-α and IL-6 and lethality after systemic infection with E. faecalis despite normal bacteria loads. Consistently, inhibition of TNF-α signaling protected wild-type mice from E. faecalis-induced lethality. These results suggest that the same Nod2 mutation can increase the susceptibility to CD, but also protect the host from systemic infection by a common enteric bacterium.
Recreational Physical Activity and Leisure-Time Sitting in Relation to Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk

Epidemiologic evidence supports an inverse association between physical activity and postmenopausal breast cancer. Whether associations exist for moderate activities, such as walking, and whether associations differ by estrogen receptor (ER) status, body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)), adult weight gain, or use of postmenopausal hormones (PMH) is unclear. The relation between time spent sitting and breast cancer also is unclear. Among 73,615 postmenopausal women in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, 4,760 women were diagnosed with breast cancer between 1992 and 2009. Extended Cox regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RR) of breast cancer in relation to total recreational physical activity, walking, and leisure-time sitting. Differences in associations by ER status, BMI, weight gain, and PMH use were also evaluated. The most active women (those reporting >42 MET-hours/week physical activity) experienced 25% lower risk of breast cancer than the least active [0-<7 MET-hours/week; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.63-0.89; Ptrend = 0.01]. Forty-seven percent of women reported walking as their only recreational activity; among these women, a 14% lower risk was observed for ≥7 hours/week relative to ≤3 hours/week of walking (95% CI, 0.75-0.98). Associations did not differ by ER status, BMI, weight gain, or PMH use. Sitting time was not associated with risk. These results support an inverse association between physical activity and postmenopausal breast cancer that does not differ by ER status, BMI, weight gain, or PMH use. The finding of a lower risk associated with ≥7 hours/week of walking may be of public health interest.
Supraoptic nuclei of rodents adapted for mesic and xeric environments: numbers of cells, multiple nucleoli, and their distributions.

Quantitative comparisons were made between the supraoptic nuclei (SON) of rodents from mesic and xeric habitats. Laboratory rats, Rattus norvegicus, mesically adapted, were compared with xerically adapted gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus, and kangaroo rats, Dipodomys merriami and Dipodomys spectabilis. As a close genetic control, California deer mice, Peromyscus californicus (mesic), were compared with cactus mice, Peromyscus eremicus (xeric), of the same subgenus. Measures were obtained separately for anterior (Soa) and tuberal (Sot) subdivisions of SON in each species; these measurements included numbers of cells, cell size and, following the discovery of multiple nucleoli in many cells, the proportion of cells showing 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more nucleoli. In mesic species, Sot had fewer cells than Soa; in all but one (D. spectabilis) of the xeric species, the two subdivisions had equal numbers of cells. Cell size was related to body size rather than adaptation. All xeric species showed higher proportions (20 to 60%) of cells with multiple nucleoli than did corresponding mesic species (0 to 20%). Adaptation to environments requiring conservation of body water is correlated with larger numbers of SON cells with multiple nucleoli; relatively larger numbers of cells in Sot but not in Soa; and there are no notable differences in size of cells between mesic- and xeric-adapted species. The suggestion that number of nucleoli is realated to a SON cell's production of antidiuretic hormone is supported by other cytological studies.
Listing Effects and the Private Company Discount in Bank Acquisitions

We examine acquirer gains in bids for listed and unlisted targets in a large sample of bank acquisitions. Consistent with findings for the non-financial sector, we report that acquiring firm abnormal returns are significantly larger when the target is unlisted compared to bids for listed targets. Using pre-bid financial data for acquirer and targets in regressions, we estimate the magnitude of the acquisition discount for unlisted firms. We find that the multiple of deal value to target equity is 13.75% lower for unlisted targets, on average, and it is influenced by the method of payment and whether the bid is across state lines.
The normative role of public opinion in the republican experience of Renaissance Venice

Challenging the traditional view that credits the emergence of public opinion to the Enlightenment era, this article claims that the modern Western roots of the concept can be already identified in...
Corporatism in Comparative Perspective: The Impact of the First World War on American and British Labor Relations

Historians and social scientists have often described modern America as a uniquely pluralist society in which a collective bargaining model of industrial relations won an early triumph over other conceptions of labor relations. Professor Gerber challenges this traditional view. Comparing American and British thinking and policies relating to labor relations during and just after the First World War, Professor Gerber concludes that, in large part because of the war's impact, corporatist conceptions of political economy had by 1920 achieved a wide appeal in both Britain and America. Though a pluralist conception of collective bargaining may later have become dominant in the United States, at least as of 1920 many parallels existed between the emerging “corporatist bias” of British thinking about labor relations and American thinking about this issue.
Elevated levels of PA IgG in thrombocytopenic patients are not related to the presence of microthrombocytes or megathrombocytes

Platelet-associated (PA) IgG levels were measured on peripheral blood samples from 63 thrombocytopenic patients with the use of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated anti-IgG antibody. Test specificity was investigated by examining the influence of variables such as the platelet count in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet loss after the assay procedure, and platelet size distribution (including the percentage of microthrombocytes and megathrombocytes) on the PA IgG levels. Additionally, PA IgG levels were compared with PA albumin levels and with levels of nonspecific adherence of FITC anti-IgG by the platelets to ascertain if elevated levels were specific. Elevated PA IgG levels showed only significant correlations (P less than 0.05) with a mean platelet size below normal range and to increased PA albumin levels but not to PRP count, platelet loss after assay procedure, the percentage of microthrombocytes and megathrombocytes, and nonspecific adherence of FITC anti-IgG.
Analysis and suggestions on an excitation system fault

Introduces the process and the detail analysis of an excitation system fault,accroding to the fault cause puts forward the improvement suggestions,tries to avoid the same fault occurring.
Analysis of HIV infection among STD clinic from 2006 to 2009 in Nantong

Objective:To have a brief survey on the status and characteristics of HIV infection among clients at Nantong STD clinic in recent years.Methods:5063 clients who came to Nantong STD clinic from 2006 to 2009 were tested for HIV antibody.The principle adopted is to conduct the primary HIV screening,using ELISA.Those who have positive reactions should be further confirmed by WB.Results:11 cases were confirmed,who were infected through sexual contact.The prevalence was 0.22% among the clients.Conclusion:HIV-positives have already appeared in the STD population,and the number is on the rise.From now on,comprehensive measures should be taken to control the future of AIDS in the spread of the STD population,which is of great significance to AIDS prevention and control work.
Problems in Tourism Lawmaking in China

Considering the status of tourism lawmaking in China, the article analyses the problems in tourism lawmaking for the purpose of benefiting the legislature value in tourism lawmaking,and further improving the legislation of tourism in China.
Acoustic properties of shared vowels in bilingual Mandarin-English children

This study investigates L1-L2 interactions in relatively young Mandarin (L1) - English (L2) bilingual children through comparing their static and dynamic vowel acoustic features with those of age-matched corresponding monolingual children. Two groups of sequential bilingual children aged 5-6 years (one with low proficiency in English and the other with high proficiency in English) were recorded producing a set of words containing the shared vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ in both languages. Age-matched monolingual children only produced the words in their native language. F1 and F2 values were measured at 5 equidistant time locations. It is found that both groups of bilingual children showed distinctive vowel dispersion patterns and dynamic spectral change patterns from those of monolingual children. Low proficiency bilingual children showed an assimilatory process of L1 on L2 and high proficiency bilingual children showed an assimilatory process of L2 on L1. Index Terms: acoustic characteristics, shared vowels, Mandarin-English bilingual children
Partial Purification and Identification of a Reversible Decapacitation Factor from Rabbit Seminal Plasma

Efforts have been directed toward partial purification and identification of a reversible decapacitation factor from rabbit seminal plasma. Five fractions were consistently obtained following fractionation of rabbit seminal plasma on a Sephadex G-200 column. Only the first two fractions had decapacitation factor (DF) activity. On SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, several carbohydrate-and protein-containing components were found in each fraction from the Sephadex column. Further, DF activity could be obtained in the precipitate resulting from cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) treatment of the active fractions from the Sephadex G-200 column. In the comparison of the components observed with SDS gel electrophoresis throughout these fractionation procedures, the reversible decapacitation activity appeared to be associated with a component containing protein and carbohydrate. From these studies, then, reversible decapacitation activity of rabbit seminal plasma appears to be associated with a glycoprotein of an approximate molecular weight of 115,000.
Pulse shape analysis of RBC micropore flow via new software for the cell transit analyser (CTA)

The Cell Transit Analyser (CTA) provides a means to rapidly measure the deformability of large numbers of individual cells. It combines many of the advantages of micropipette studies with the simplicity and speed of filtrometry methods by measuring the duration of each resistive pulse generated as a cell passes through one of 30 identical micropores in a membrane. However, in our opinion, the potential of the system is limited by the microcomputer and software supplied for data analysis. We have therefore written new software for a more-powerful microcomputer to examine the shape of each resistive pulse rather than just the duration. Seven new parameters are derived, which provide additional information regarding the passage of cells through the pores. In particular, the contribution of the entry and exit phases of the cell transit are evident in the rise time and fall time of the pulses. The software is user-friendly and allows the analysis of each pulse to be reviewed, which aids understanding of the system and helps to avoid errors in interpreting the data.
Diurnal patterns in lightning activity in northern tropical Africa

The study analyzes summertime lightning incidence data across northern tropical Africa from the TRMM satellite sensor during 1998–2011. It uses harmonic analyses to detect the spatial patterns in diurnal variations of lightning activity across the study area. The results are in conformity with previous studies examining diurnal patterns of convective weather processes in this region, with most lightning activity concentrated over land areas. The peak time of lightning activity over most of the study area was during late afternoon hours, from around 1700 to 1900 local standard time. The peak time of lightning activity was observed during early morning hours in some coastal areas, such as Cameroon, which can be a result of local-level convergence between the land and sea breeze. A general progression in the time of lightning activity from late afternoon to early evening hours was observed throughout the interior of the study area, which may be attributed to land-surface heating and associated mesoscale conv...
Smart building: a private cyber-physical system approach

In this paper, we address the problem of designing a wireless sensor network to ensure that a dynamical cyber-physical system can be structurally identifiable, stabilizable and private. In particular, we provide a deployment scheme of sensors, and set the communication protocol among these, such that a building model can be identified to permit the implementation of control laws that enforce a specified temperature profile in the rooms. Meanwhile, we aim to identify the model while not allowing the information related with the rooms' temperature to be retrievable from any special location. Towards this goal, we design a wireless sensor network performing linear updates, instead of the usual multi-hop routing of packages carrying information about the system, known to be suitable to stabilize the linear time-invariant system. Hereafter, the main contribution is to show that some special structures allow structural identifiability, stabilizability and privacy. Finally, the main results of the paper are used to ensure all the above properties in the Intelligent Workplace (IW-North) at Carnegie Mellon University.
Unusual Stem Branching in a Caulescent Andean Rosette

Summary A rare case of stem branching was observed in a tall caulescent rosette plant ( Coespeletia timotensis C uatr . forma lutescens ) in the Paramo de Piedras Blancas (Venezuelan Andes). This species is normally monocaulic, but in this plant two branches had been produced from a single stem after the apical meristem was mutilated by an unknown agent. In addition, the water-storing pith tissue found at the center of the trunk had been consumed near the branching point, suggesting that the plant went through a period of intense stress following the damaging event.
Potential Pollen Vectors of Striga hermonthica (Scrophulariaceae) in West Africa

Sir/gtf is a palaeotropical genus of about 25 species of root parasites. Commonly known as witchweed, S/r/ga reaches its greatest diversity in the semi-arid grasslands of Africa where three wide-ranging species, S. asiatica (L.) Kuntze, S. gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke and S. hermonthica (Benth.) Del. are serious agronomic pests. Except for bird predation, S. hermonthica may be the single most important yield loss factor in the subsistence crops sorghum and millet. All witchweeds spread exclusively by means of dust-like seeds, yet little attention has been paid to factors involved in seed production. Seed set is very high in S. asiatica and S. gesnerioides both of which are autogamous (Musselman, Parker and Dixon, 1982). In these species pollen is mature before the flower opens and the style picks up the sticky pollen as it elongates. By the time the corolla is open, pollination is complete. Striga hermonthica is also protandrous but strongly allogamous (Musselman et al. , 1982). Thus, a pollen vector is obviously necessary to effect pollination in this parasitic weed. Insect visitors of witchweeds are poorly known and to our knowledge the only report is that of Bowden (1964) who noted bee-flies visiting what were presumably 5. hermonthica flowers. This paper records observations on floral visitors to S. hermonthica and documents pollen vectors for this species in Upper Volta, West Africa.
Locating co-presence in media messages about global warming

ABSTRACTThis paper responds to recent calls for alternative approaches to the analysis of environmental communication that uncover overlooked voices in the discussion of environmental issues. Borrowing core principles from critical rhetoric, it suggests a way to categorize media messages according to how human–nature relationships are constructed in media discourse. The paper illustrates how, in presenting contrasting and often oppositional constructions of human–nature relationships, the media messages examined articulate three recurrent (but not equal) discourses on global warming. These discourses include (1) nature-as-out-of-reach discourse, (2) nature-as-antagonist discourse, and (3) nature-as-co-present discourse. By juxtaposing these discourses, the paper shows how environmental communication scholars can engage in critical realism and political advocacy to illuminate latent public discourse that holds the potential to champion marginalized voices of nature and accentuate the interconnectedness of ...
Against (White) Redemption: James Cone and the Christological Disruption of Racial Discourse and White Solidarity

In the early 1970s, James Cone delivered a profound Christological critique of whiteness as a project of redemption. This critique has often been missed because of the confusion regarding Cone's theological account of race. Drawing especially on the recent work of Nahum Chandler, this article develops the way African diasporic identity becomes “a problem for theological thought.” By way of conversation with Chandler, the article shows how Cone's deliberately ambiguous use of racial language effectively disrupts standard discourses on race and theology, which come to be seen as projects to regulate and control human life. White efforts at solidarity – asking how to help, seeking to a good ally or destroying their own whiteness – often become subtle quests to regain control over white identity and thereby contain or incorporate this disruption, this freedom as “revolt” (Cone). Against these projects of white redemption, James Cone offers a deeply Christological critique, pointing to the way they refuse to l...
A Bayesian analysis of binary misclassification

We consider Bayesian inference about the mean of a binary variable that is subject to misclassification error. If the error probabilities are not known, or cannot be estimated, the parameter is only partially identified. For several reasonable and intuitive prior distributions of the misclassification probabilities, we derive new analytical expressions for the posterior distribution. Our results circumvent the need for Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. The priors we use lead to regions in the identified set that are a posteriori more likely than others.