cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Elasticity of Elasticity of Substitution Estimates: Is Anything Robust?

We use a CES production function with no restrictions on technical bias to derive relationships between the growth in relative factor shares and (i) the capital to labor ratio and (ii) the ratio of marginal products. These relationships constitute a parsimonious specification used to identify the elasticity of substitution between labor and capital (σ). We estimate σ using (a) quarterly and annual data sets, (b) level and growth rate specifications, and (c) OLS as well 2SLS and GMM estimators utilizing (d) instruments that are tested for both relevance and exogeneity. Estimation in each of the above cases is carried out (e) both imposing and not imposing cross-equation restrictions. The most robust result is that estimation with imposed cross-equation restrictions and "demand-shifter" instrumentation yields σ estimates that are, in most cases, very close to unity.
An Information Flow Tool for Gypsy

The Gypsy language is seeing increasing use as a tool for designing, specifying, and sometimes implementing computer systems intended for certification at the A1 level by the Department of Defense Computer Security Center. One of the criteria for A1 certification is a formal proof that the information flows within the design conform to a policy defined by formal security model. Despite the fact that it is possible to state such models in Gypsy and to prove some properties of programs with respect to a model, a flow analysis tool within the Gypsy environment would appear to be useful. The Gypsy Verification Environment, GVE, contains the basis for such tool in the form of a flow analyzer used to detect unused variables during optimization. In the discussion below, we will describe a simple information flow analyzer based upon this analysis.
The Impact of Disaster on Children and Adolescents: A Gender-Informed Perspective

A sizable number of children and adolescents around the world are exposed to disaster and other mass traumas every year (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies [IFRC], World Disaster Report 2010:Focus on urban risk, 2010; Norris et al., Psychiatry 65:207–239, 2002). In 2012 alone, close to 80 million people around the world were exposed to natural disasters, in which many of them were children and adolescents (US Agency for International Development, Working in crisis and conflict, 2013). Risk of disaster exposure seems to be determined by the interactive effects of multiple factors, such as geographical location, characteristics of the child, family and social relationships, socioeconomic status (SES), cultural practices and beliefs, sociopolitical conditions, and public policies (WHO, Gender and health in disasters, http://www.who.int/gender/other_health/en/genderdisasters.pdf, 2002). Disasters have the potential of having a deleterious effect on the multiple systems in which youths are embedded and on the extent to which they have their basic needs (i.e., food, shelter, medical care, and social support) met. In the short term, a sizeable number of youths exposed to disaster may worry about their safety, experience somatic concerns (i.e., headaches, stomachaches), sleep problems, anxiety, sadness, behavioral problems, academic difficulties, and separation anxiety. In the long term, some children and adolescents experience anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and behavioral problems (Davis and Siegel, Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 3:35–154, 2000; Norris et al., Psychiatry 65:207–239, 2002; Scheeringa and Zeanah, J Trauma Stress 14:799–815, 2008; Silverman and La Greca, Helping children cope with disasters and terrorism, pp. 11–33, 2002). Importantly, the extent to which disaster exposure has short- and long-term consequences for youths depends on the dynamic interplay between multiple factors. Specifically, the nature of the event (e.g., magnitude, degree of exposure, loss of life, violence involved), characteristics of the youth (e.g., age, gender, and predisaster functioning, prior trauma exposure), and the functioning of systems prior to and post disaster (e.g., family, school) that are viewed as fundamental for human adaptation and resilience play an important role in predicting positive adaption in the aftermath of disasters (Masten and Narayan, Ann Rev Psychol 63:227–257, 2011; Scheeringa and Zeanah, J Trauma Stress 14:799–815, 2001; Silverman and La Greca, Helping children cope with disasters and terrorism, pp. 11–33, 2002).
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS ON CITIZENS

Abstract While it is no secret that environmental impact statements (EISs) are often difficult for citizens to read and comprehend, on research has examined the actual understanding citizens gain from reading an EIS. We presented the project description portion of an EIS for flood control measures on the Hickory Creek in Joliet, Illinois to 113 Joliet citizens who read the materials and answered a number of questions about the proposed project and its environmental effects. Citizens' understanding of the EIS material was atrocious; on two measures of understanding, 70% of the participants answered correctly at a level no better than chance (blind guessing). Although understanding was significantly correlated with reading ability, even the best readers understood at a level that was far from adequate. Public agencies should examine how well citizens understand the EIS documents they produce. We suggest the techniques and procedures described here may be a fruitful way of conducting such tests.
Mitral stenosis in a patient with a congenital communication between the systemic and pulmonary venous beds.

This report deals with a congenital anomaly that developed altered significance because of acquired valvular disease. A persistent left superior vena cava communicated with the left superior pulmonary vein. Left atrial hypertension consequent to rheumatic mitral stenosis caused reversal of blood flow through this system and resulted in a left-to-right shunt. The correct diagnosis was not suspected prior to cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography.
Joint k-Coverage and Hybrid Forwarding in Duty-Cycled Three-Dimensional Wireless Sensor Networks

While coverage and geographic forwarding in two- dimensional (2D) wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been well studied, three-dimensional (3D) WSNs have gained relatively less attention in the literature although real-world applications, such as underwater WSNs, require design in 3D instead of 2D space. Most of geographic forwarding protocols for 2D WSNs, however, assume that all sensors are always awake during forwarding. Such an assumption is not realistic for real-world applications, where sensors are duty-cycled to save energy. In this paper, we propose the first solution to the problem of geographic forwarding in duty-cycled 3D k-covered WSNs, where each point in a 3D field is covered by at least k sensors. First, we analyze the k-coverage problem in 3D WSNs and show that the extension of the analysis in 2D space to 3D space is not straightforward due to the inherent characteristics of the Reuleaux tetrahedron, and propose a new model that guarantees k-coverage for a 3D field. Then, we propose a distributed k-coverage protocol for 3D WSNs. Second, we design a hybrid forwarding protocol for duty-cycled 3D k-covered WSNs, which benefits from the advantages of both deterministic and opportunistic forwarding. Third, we relax some widely used assumptions to promote the use of our joint protocol in real-world scenarios. Finally, we evaluate the performance of our joint protocol. We find a close to perfect match between theoretical and simulation results.
Towards better sonar performance predictions

Detailed computer modeling has conclusively shown that out-of-plane scattering and small-scale bathymetric roughness influence the backscattered acoustic intensity in nontrivial ways for acoustically hard surfaces such as sand, gravel, shells and rock. This paper presents a preliminary technique for including these effects statistically in sonar performance modeling by adjusting the sea floor material parameter presently used in sonar models to account for them.
Global Scale Climate-Crop Yield Relationships and the Impacts of Recent Warming

Changes in the global production of major crops are important drivers of food prices, food security and land use decisions. Average global yields for these commodities are determined by the performance of crops in millions of fields distributed across a range of management, soil and climate regimes. Despite the complexity of global food supply, here we show that simple measures of growing season temperatures and precipitation—spatial averages based on the locations of each crop—explain ∼30% or more of year-to-year variations in global average yields for the world’s six most widely grown crops. For wheat, maize and barley, there is a clearly negative response of global yields to increased temperatures. Based on these sensitivities and observed climate trends, we estimate that warming since 1981 has resulted in annual combined losses of these three crops representing roughly 40 Mt or $5 billion per year, as of 2002. While these impacts are small relative to the technological yield gains over the same period, the results demonstrate already occurring negative impacts of climate trends on crop yields at the global scale.
Assessment of Residential History Generation Using a Public-Record Database

In studies of disease with potential environmental risk factors, residential location is often used as a surrogate for unknown environmental exposures or as a basis for assigning environmental exposures. These studies most typically use the residential location at the time of diagnosis due to ease of collection. However, previous residential locations may be more useful for risk analysis because of population mobility and disease latency. When residential histories have not been collected in a study, it may be possible to generate them through public-record databases. In this study, we evaluated the ability of a public-records database from LexisNexis to provide residential histories for subjects in a geographically diverse cohort study. We calculated 11 performance metrics comparing study-collected addresses and two address retrieval services from LexisNexis. We found 77% and 90% match rates for city and state and 72% and 87% detailed address match rates with the basic and enhanced services, respectively. The enhanced LexisNexis service covered 86% of the time at residential addresses recorded in the study. The mean match rate for detailed address matches varied spatially over states. The results suggest that public record databases can be useful for reconstructing residential histories for subjects in epidemiologic studies.
Wilson revisits group selection

There are three kinds of ‘great idea’ books. There are books that proclaim themselves revolutionary; for example, A New Kind of Science (Wolfram 2002) but typically turn out to be old ideas proclaimed to be brand new. There are books that make no claim to their own importance, but are nonetheless game changing; for example, Evolution and the Theory of Games (Maynard Smith 1982). Finally, there are books that present conjecture as fact and try to persuade readers that consensus exists when in fact consensus does not exist. This third category is the one that E.O. Wilson’s The Social Conquest of Earth falls into. Wilson purports to provide an overview of several of the most important events in the history of life on Earth but instead performs an ingenious sleight of hand by presenting the field of social biology as having recently been revolutionized by himself and a small number of colleagues. The book is admirably written, but misleading in that Wilson presents recent work challenging the hypothesis of kin selection as both irrefutable and widely accepted by social biologists. In particular, Wilson claims that biologists have realized kin selection is incorrect as an explanation for the evolution of sterile helper castes in social insects. In other words, Wilson is preaching consensus that does not yet exist. First, the good news. What I found compelling about the book was Wilson’s argument that life-long social living is the innovation that eventually allowed humans to flourish. As he notes, humans and social insects have a lot in common and both are found virtually everywhere on Earth, living in and dominating diverse terrestrial ecosystems. Having argued myself that humans are a eusocial species (also see Foster and Ratnieks 2005, Hardisty and Cassill 2010), I agree with Wilson’s claim that our
Oral Microbiology: Environmental cues and gene expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Microorganisms typically adapt to environmental cues by turning on and off the expression of virulence genes which, in turn, allows for optimal growth and survival within different environmental niches. This adaptation strategy includes sensing and responding to changes in nutrients, pH, temperature, oxygen tension, redox potential, microbial flora, and osmolarity. For a bacterium to adhere to, penetrate, replicate in, and colonize host cells, it is critical that virulence genes are expressed during certain periods of the infection process. Thus, throughout the different stages of an infection, different sets of virulence factors are turned on and off in response to different environmental signals, allowing the bacterium to effectively adapt to its varying niche. In this review, we focus on the regulation of virulence gene expression in two pathogens which have been implicated as major etiological agents in adult and juvenile periodon-tal diseases: Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Understanding the mechanisms of virulence gene expression in response to the local environment of the host will provide crucial information in the development of effective treatments targeted at eradication of these periodontal disease pathogens.
The Behavioral Response of Harbor Seals to Seasonal Prey Pulses of Spawning Pacific Herring

iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES x INTRODUCTION 1 Resource pulses 1 Spawning pacific herring as a resource pulse 4 Harbor seal foraging ecology 7 Harbor seals and Pacific herring in the Salish Sea 10 METHODS 17 Study location 17 Harbor seal diet 17 Tag deployment and programming 20 Seal foraging areas 21 Seal diving behavior 23 RESULTS 26 Harbor seal diet 26 Seal foraging areas 30 Seal diving behavior 34 DISCUSSION 37 Harbor seal diet 37 Seal foraging areas 39 Seal diving behavior 40 Conclusions 42 LITERATURE CITED 45
Nanomechanical function from self-organizable dendronized helical polyphenylacetylenes.

Self-organizable dendronized helical polymers provide a suitable architecture for constructing molecular nanomachines capable of expressing their motions at macroscopic length scales. Nanomechanical function is demonstrated by a library of self-organized helical dendronized cis-transoidal polyphenylacetylenes (cis-PPAs) that possess a first-order phase transition from a hexagonal columnar lattice with internal order (ϕhio) to a hexagonal columnar liquid crystal phase (ϕh). These polymers can function as nanomechanical actuators. When extruded as fibers, the self-organizable dendronized helical cis-PPAs form oriented bundles. Such fibers have been shown capable of work by displacing objects up to 250-times their mass. The helical cis-PPA backbone undergoes reversible extension and contraction on a single molecule length scale resulting from cisoid-to-transoid conformational isomerization of the cis-PPA. Furthermore, we clarify supramolecular structural properties necessary for the observed nanomechanical f...
Why High-Poverty Neighborhoods Persist The Role of Precarious Housing

Why do we see persistence, recurrence, and new emergence of concentrated poverty in U.S. cities? In this article, we explore an understudied connection: whether an important part of the built environment—a series of attributes that constitute precarious housing—constitutes a durable substrate on which concentrated poverty predictably emerges and recurs and if so, how this might vary across the United States. Poverty grew fastest between 2000 and 2005–2009 in tracts that began the decade with high levels of rented one- to four-family housing, multifamily housing, housing between 20 and 25 years old, and households paying over 30% of their income for housing costs. In addition, poverty grew fastest in tracts with high percentages of black or Hispanic households in 2000.
Influence of Dryness of the Larval Diet and Parental Age on Diapause in the Pink Bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

A multifactorial experiment was conducted to determine the relative influence of photoperiod, temperature, water content of the diet, and parental age on the induction of diapause in an Arizona strain of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) reared on a wheat germ-casein diet. The highest level of diapause (100%) occurred when the following conditions were combined: (1) 11-h daily photoperiod; (2) 19°C; (3) low water content of the larval diet; and (4) larval progeny were derived from eggs laid by young (3-day-old) females. If larval progeny were derived from older (10-day-old) parents or the larvae were reared on diet containing a higher water content, there was a significant reduction in the incidence of diapause. Photoperiod and temperature were the predominant factors in the induction of diapause, but dryness of the larval diet and parental age significantly influenced the overall level of response.
Tumor Associated Glycoprotein-72 is Highly Expressed in Prostatic Adenocarcinomas

We examined the expression of two well-characterized oncofetal antigens, the tumor associated glycoprotein-72 (TAG-72) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), in malignant prostatic tissues. Three specific monoclonal antibodies, B72.3, CC49 and CC83, were used to examine the expression of TAG-72. Immunoreactivity was detected in 63% of the malignant specimens using B72.3. CC49 and CC83 were more sensitive than B72.3 in detecting TAG-72 expression. Immunoreactivity was detected in approximately 80% of prostatic adenocarcinomas with CC49 or CC83. The pattern and localization of TAG-72 immunoreactivity were similar for the three antibodies with most immunoreactivity observed within the cytoplasm of malignant cells and within the lumens of malignant glands. TAG-72 immunoreactivity was not detected within benign epithelium or stroma, with the exception of focal epithelial expression in areas of acute prostatitis. The COL-1 antibody to CEA did not detect CEA in benign glands, stroma, or malignant cells of prostate specimens resected for prostatic adenocarcinoma. These results demonstrate that TAG-72, but not CEA, is frequently expressed in prostatic adenocarcinomas.
Age of Alcohol Initiation Matters: Examining Gender Differences in the Recency and Frequency of Alcohol Use across Adolescence Using a Sample of Impoverished Minority Adolescents.

While previous research has shown alcohol use to increase developmentally throughout adolescence, the age of alcohol initiation has rarely been incorporated into developmental trajectories. Simulta...
Analyzing the Level of Information Literacy Skills of Medical Undergraduate of Eastern University, Sri Lanka

The study was executed to analyze the level of Information Literacy skills of medical undergraduates of Eastern University, Sri Lanka, who are engaged in Problem Based Learning (PBL). As the information literacy (IL) skills are the core elements of independent self-directed learning, the PBL must be coupled with IL skills to achieve the maximum benefit of the PBL. The study used the cross sectional survey which used Information Literacy Quiz as an instrument. IL quiz consists of multiple choice questions related to different array of IL skills. Students’ samples were selected randomly and the sample size was 85. The results revealed that the overall average for the IL competency level of medical students is 39%, which ranges from 13.57% to 65.71%, and about 43% of students fall within the ‘Satisfactory level’ (41-60%). When considering average for each skill, analytical skill is 31.36%, locating skill is 47%, comprehension and creating skill are 26.36% and presentation skills is 51.14%. There was no statistical significance in the level of IL skills between genders and there is no association between gender and the level of different IL skills. Furthermore, the study reveals that students do not have sufficient knowledge in concept mapping, 5Wh technique, effective reading methods, note taking techniques, search strategies, use of library catalogues, evaluation of website, and structuring report, and plagiarism. They also do not know the difference between databases and search engines, and scholarly work and nonscholarly work. The study, at the end, suggests that it is essential to improve the IL skills among the students before they are engaged in PBL.
Head and Neck Cutaneous Melanoma

Melanoma is an aggressive skin malignancy whose incidence is on the rise, partly due to an increase in sun exposure and tanning practices and partly due to improved detection. Classically it presents as a pigmented lesion with many of the following features: asymmetry, border irregularity, color variegation, and diameter greater than 6 mm. The major subtypes are superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, acral-lentiginous melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma. Excisional biopsy is recommended for diagnosis and staging. Melanomas are preferably treated by surgical resection, and reconstruction of the defect is delayed until negative margins are confirmed on final pathology. Sentinel lymph node biopsy can be considered, as biopsy-based neck dissection improves disease-free survival in patients with intermediate-thickness melanomas who have nodal metastasis. It remains an open question whether micrometastasis mandates completion neck dissection. Patients with stage IIB, stage IIC, or stage III melanoma are candidates for adjuvant therapy with interferon or peginterferon. Those with distant metastases may undergo immunotherapy with interleukin-2 or with antibodies to CTLA-4 or PD-1, while stage IV patients with a BRAF mutation are candidates for BRAF inhibitors or MEK inhibitors.
The Aging U.S. Farmer: Should We Worry?

The average age of the U.S. farmer continues to increase and exceeded 58 years in 2012. This aging of farmers is not unique to the U.S. If older farmers are less productive than younger farmers then agricultural output may diminish. Although Malmquist techniques are often used to measure productivity over time, we measure the productivity of farmers of various age cohorts with DEA techniques using the 50 state-level age cohort data from the 2012 U.S. Agricultural Census. We define a global technology comprising data from all age groups and states. Productivity of an age cohort in a state is then measured relative to data from all age groups rather than between adjacent ages. The efficiency component of a state age group is measured relative to the other state observations in that age group. Technology is measured as the Malmquist productivity value divided by efficiency. We find that the productivity of the age group of 35–44 years old is 3% more productive than the youngest farmers under the age of 25, but that the productivity of farmers over the age of 65 is 10% lower than the youngest farmers. The decrease in productivity of old farmers is due to technology because on average they remain efficient.
The 'mental topography' of the Shanghai city brand: A netnographic approach to formulating city brand positioning strategies

Abstract Research has documented that social media facilitated word-of-mouth has become the most influential city brand communication channel. This online ethnography of the the Shanghai city brand experience applies a predetermined, 16-dimensional construct as the heuristic strategy for data gathering and analysis. It identifies the person-to-person encounters dimension as the most salient. Dimensions such as environmentalism, which in other studies has been identified as significant for the Shanghai city brand, appears to occupy a relatively low priority in the online discourse relating to Shanghai. These insights can be can be leveraged for the purpose of formulating a realistic brand positioning strategy for Shanghai, centered around the items constituting the encounters dimension. Further this study identifies that while the city branding associated with the World Expo in 2010 appears to be disconnected from the salience of the encounters dimensions, the Shanghai city branding campaign launched in 2015 is more congruent with the findings of this study as it draws on the historical uniqueness of Shanghai as being a space for inter-cultural encounters between East and West.
Electronic cigarette use among individuals with a self-reported eating disorder diagnosis.

Objective The primary study aim was to examine whether rates of using e-cigarettes (“vaping”) to lose weight are elevated among American adults who self-report having an eating disorder (ED). Method Adult vapers who reported either currently having an ED (n = 178; 72.5% women, 83.7% White, mean age 33.26 [SD = 8.35] years) or no ED history (n = 433; 54.7% women, 83.4% White, 35.98 [SD = 11.71] years) completed an anonymous survey. Results Relative to participants reporting no ED history, participants who reported currently having an ED were more likely to report vaping to lose/control weight, because it can be concealed from others, and due to the availability of sweet flavors. Participants reporting a current ED also were more likely to vape daily, to use higher nicotine concentrations, and to vape to relieve negative affect than were individuals without EDs. Discussion Individuals who self-reported currently having an ED endorsed vaping motives that are consistent with eating pathology (e.g., substance-induced weight loss, hiding compensatory behaviors from others). They also were more likely to vape daily and to use higher nicotine concentrations, raising health concerns. The findings suggest that treatment providers should screen for e-cigarette use in clients seeking ED treatment.
PLZF-expressing CD4 T cells show the characteristics of terminally differentiated effector memory CD4 T cells in humans.

We show the presence of lymphoid tissue-resident PLZF+ CD45RA+ RO+ CD4 T cells in humans. They express HLA-DR, granzyme B, and perforin and are low on CCR7 like terminally differentiated effector memory (Temra) cells and are likely generated from effector T cells (Te) or from central (Tcm) or effector (Tem) memory T (Tcm) cells during immune responses. Tn, Naive T cells.
Acute Kidney Injury in Term Neonates

The epidemiology of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the term/near-term newborn has not been previously thoroughly addressed. Therefore, we have focused our attention on the epidemiology of AKI in term/near-term neonates, including its prevention and management. AKI occurs in a significant percentage of term/near-term babies presenting with perinatal asphyxia or undergoing cardiac surgery or extracorporeal membrane life support. Other important risk factors include neonatal sepsis and drug nephrotoxicity. This review summarizes what is known about AKI in the term/near-term neonate and highlights applicability of current knowledge. New technologies (-omics) will provide important tools that may improve diagnosis and management of neonatal AKI.
Low Heat Rejection Diesel Engines

When compared with conventional diesel engines, Low Heat Rejection (LHR) engines have the following features. Fuel economy is improved by 5 to 10 percent in turbocharged engines, or 9 to 15 percent with turbocompounding. Power is reduced by up to 25 percent in naturally-aspirated engines, but this loss can be recovered by pressure boosting. NOx emissions data vary widely, but it is concluded that they will be increased by an average value of 15 percent. However, HC and CO emissions will be reduced by up to 50 percent. Smoke levels should be reduced and particulates will be reduced by up to 80 percent. Noise levels should be reduced and there should be improved capability for operation with low cetane fuels.
PWB compatible high value integral capacitors by MOCVD

The 1998 National Electronics Manufacturing Technology Roadmap indicates that a capacitance density of ∼50 nF cm−2 will be required in 2001 for successful implementation of integral passive technology in the microelectronics packaging industries. Higher permittivity polymer/ceramic nanocomposites have been proven to be a viable option for integral capacitors on printed wiring boards (PWB). Although the nanocomposite materials are in their developmental stage, it is unlikely that this materials system could meet such high capacitance needs and still utilize a large area manufacturable process. In this study, an alternative metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique has been implemented to deposit TiO2 thin film dielectrics at temperatures below 180 °C with higher capacitance densities. Two different metal-dielectric-metal type parallel plate capacitor structures have been fabricated on silicon and PWB substrates for relatively high frequency (45 MHz–1 GHz) and low frequency (100 Hz–1 MHz) characterization. Copper was used as the ground and upper electrodes with a 10 nm Cr adhesion layer between the dielectric and the electrodes. Capacitance was measured using a Keithley LCZ meter and a HP4194 impedance gain-phase analzer at the lower frequency range. Specific capacitance as high as 200 nF cm−2 was achieved at 1 MHz from devices built on silicon substrates and at 100 kHz from devices on PWB substrates. For the first time, thin film TiO2 on PWB substrates is reported at temperatures below 180 °C using MOCVD.
The Discovery of Acid Rain at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: A Story of Collaboration and Long-term Research

The 3,519-ha Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) was established in 1955 as the primary hydrological research facility in the northeastern USA. In 1963, FH Bormann, GE Likens, NM Johnson, and RS Pierce initiated the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES) to assess mass balance water and chemical budgets using gauged watersheds. From the study’s inception, rain and snow inputs to the HBEF were unusually acid. Using back trajectories for air masses, HBES long-term data showed clearly that sulfate deposition at HBEF was strongly related to SO2 emissions hundreds or thousands of kilometers distant. Other research showed that acid rain started in eastern North America in the 1950s. Reductions in emissions since 1970, primarily of SO2 due to federal regulations, caused ~ 60 % decline in acidity at HBEF since 1963. It required 18 years of continuous measurement to fit a significant linear regression to these data, showing the value of long-term measurements. HBEF data showed calcium depletion as a major impact of acid deposition. Other results showed slowed forest growth. In 1999, wollastonite (a calcium silicate mineral) was added experimentally to an entire watershed in an amount roughly equivalent to the amount estimated to have leached in the previous 50 years. Early results suggest positive survival and growth responses in sugar maple. The long-term data from the HBES suggest that changes in federal regulations to reduce emissions have reduced sulfate in both precipitation and stream water, demonstrating a positive link between high quality long-term research and public policy.
Solution Branching and Dive Plane Reversal of Submarines at Low Speeds

The problem of multiple steady-state solutions in the dive plane of submarines under depth control at low speeds is analyzed. This phenomenon occurs regardless of the particular means used for depth control, manual or automatic, and linear or nonlinear. It is shown that the primary bifurcation parameter is a Froude-like number based on the vehicle speed and metacentric height. Generic solution branching is shown to occur below a critical Froude number. Singularity theory techniques are employed to quantify the effects that various vehicle geometric properties and hydrodynamic characteristics have on steady-state motion. It is demonstrated that a comprehensive bifurcation study provides a systematic and effective way of predicting the phenomenon of dive plane reversal at low speeds. A complete characterization of the parameters in the problem, both in deep water and at periscope depth, is achieved through the organizing centre of the pitchfork singularity.
‘The evolving metropolis after three decades: a study of community, neighbourhood and street form at the urban edge’ by Mahbub Rashid: Michael Southworth reflects on The Evolving Metropolis after three decades

I began research on the morphology of the urban edge in the late 1980s to help counter urban design’s almost exclusive focus at that time on the urban centre, when the form of the vast metropolitan...
“THERE IS A PLACE WHERE TERROR IS GOOD”: aeschylus’ oresteian myth of law and lacan’s theory of the four discourses

AbstractThis article performs an analysis of Aeschylus’ tragedy the Oresteia within the Lacanian model of the Four Discourses. The author contends that the myth, which dramatizes the transition fro...
Relative skeletal distribution of proliferating marrow in the adult dog determined using 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]fluorothymidine

3'-deoxy-3'-[18 F]fluorothymidine (18 FLT) is a radiopharmaceutical tracer used with positron emission tomography (PET), often in combination with computed tomography (CT), to image DNA synthesis, and thus, cellular proliferation. Characteristic accumulation of the tracer within haematopoietic bone marrow provides a noninvasive means to assess marrow activity and distribution throughout the living animal. The present study utilizes three-dimensional analysis of 18 FLT-PET/CT scans to quantify the relative skeletal distribution of active marrow by anatomic site in the dog. Scans were performed on six healthy, adult (3-6 years of age), mixed-breed dogs using a commercially available PET/CT scanner consisting of a 64-slice helical CT scanner combined with an integrated four ring, high-resolution LSO PET scanner. Regions of interest encompassing 11 separate skeletal regions (skull, cervical vertebral column, thoracic vertebral column, lumbar vertebral column, sacrum, ribs, sternum, scapulae, proximal humeri, ossa coxarum, and proximal femora) were manually drawn based on CT images and thresholded by standardized uptake value to delineate bone marrow activity. Activity within each skeletal region was then divided by the total skeletal activity to derive the per cent of overall marrow activity within an individual site. The majority of proliferative marrow was located within the vertebral column. Of the sites traditionally accessed clinically for marrow sampling, the proximal humerus contained the largest percentage, followed by the ossa coxarum, proximal femur, and sternum, respectively. This information may be used to guide selection of traditional marrow sampling sites as well as inform efforts to spare important sites of haematopoiesis in radiation therapy planning.
A learned embedding for efficient joint analysis of millions of mass spectra

Despite an explosion of data in public repositories, peptide mass spectra are usually analyzed by each laboratory in isolation, treating each experiment as if it has no relationship to any others. This approach fails to exploit the wealth of existing, previously analyzed mass spectrometry data. Others have jointly analyzed many mass spectra, often using clustering. However, mass spectra are not necessarily best summarized as clusters, and although new spectra can be added to existing clusters, clustering methods previously applied to mass spectra do not allow new clusters to be defined without completely re-clustering. As an alternative, we propose to train a deep neural network, called "GLEAMS," to learn an embedding of spectra into a low-dimensional space in which spectra generated by the same peptide are close to one another. We demonstrate empirically the utility of this learned embedding by propagating annotations from labeled to unlabeled spectra. We further use GLEAMS to detect groups of unidentified, proximal spectra representing the same peptide, and we show how to use these spectral communities to reveal misidentified spectra and to characterize frequently observed but consistently unidentified molecular species. We provide a software implementation of our approach, along with a tool to quickly embed additional spectra using a pre-trained model, to facilitate large-scale analyses.
Enhanced Anticancer Activity of 5'-DFUR-PCL-MPEG Polymeric Prodrug Micelles Encapsulating Chemotherapeutic Drugs.

The compound 5’-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5’-DFUR) is a prodrug of the anti-tumor drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is an enzyme that can convert 5’-DFUR to its active form 5-FU and the expression of TP is upregulated in various cancer cells. In this study, 5’-DFUR associated with amphiphilic copolymer poly(e-caprolactone)-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (5’-DFUR-PCL-MPEG) was synthesized, characterized, and self-assembled into functional polymeric micelles. To demonstrate that the prodrug 5’-DFUR could convert into cytotoxic 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) by endogenous TP, HT-29 colorectal cancer cells were treated with 5’-DFUR-PCL-MPEG polymeric micelles for various time periods. Chemotherapeutic drugs doxorubicin (DOX) and 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) were also encapsulated separately into 5’-DFUR-PCL-MPEG polymeric micelles to create a dual drug-loaded system. HT-29 cells were treated with DOX or SN-38 encapsulated 5’-DFUR-PCL-MPEG polymeric micelles to examine the efficacy of dual drug-loaded micelles. As a result, HT-29 cells treated with 5’-DFUR-PCL-MPEG polymeric micelles showed up to 40% cell death rate after a 72-h treatment. In contrast, HT-29 cells challenged with DOX or SN-38 encapsulated 5’-DFUR-incorporated polymeric micelles showed 36% and 31% in cell viability after a 72-h treatment, respectively.
Sarcasm Detection of Online Comments Using Emotion Detection

Sarcasm is a sophisticated form of sentiment expression where speaker express their opinions opposite of what they mean. Sarcasm detection and Emotion detection from social net-working sites has been a great field of study. With the growth of e-services such as e-commerce, e-tourism and e-business, the companies are very keen on exploiting emotion and sarcasm analysis for their marketing strategies in order to evaluate the public attitudes towards their brand. Thus efficient emotion and sarcasm modeling system can be a good solution to the above problem. This work aims at developing a system that groups posts based on emotions, sentiment and find sarcastic posts, if present. The proposed system is to develop a prototype that help to come to an inference about the emotions of the posts namely anger, surprise, happy, fear, sorrow, trust, anticipation and disgust with three sentic levels in each. This helps in better understanding of the posts when compared to the approaches which senses the polarity of the posts and gives just their sentiments i.e., positive, negative or neutral. The posts handling these emotions might be sarcastic too. The Sentiment & emotion identification module identifies the sentiment or emotion of the post by evaluating score of each word in the comment which is used by different sarcasm detection methods to detect sarcasm. The emotion identification module uses the lexical databases WordNet, SentiWordNet to find the right sentiment scores for the words with respect to each emotion. It also uses Sarcasm detection algorithms like Emoticon sarcasm detection, Hybrid sarcasm detection, Hashtag Processing, Interjection Word Start (IWT).
The phenology of migration in an unpredictable world.

In Focus: Freshwater, C., Trudel, M., Beacham, T. D., Gauthier, S., Johnson, S. C., Neville, C. & Juanes, F. (2016) Individual variation, population-specific migration behaviours and stochastic processes shape marine migration phenologies. Journal of Animal Ecology, 88, 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12852 Pacific salmon undertake arduous and risky migrations from their freshwater nursery grounds to the coastal ocean, northwards to their feeding grounds, and then back to their freshwater natal habitats to spawn. Understanding the phenology of such migrations has largely been viewed through the lens of microevolution producing optimal strategies that reflect local selection pressures; less emphasis has been placed on quantifying how variation in migration patterns can spread the risks associated with life in variable and unpredictable ecosystems. In this issue, Freshwater et al. use the information contained in ear stones (otoliths) and DNA of migrating juvenile sockeye salmon from the Fraser River of western Canada to quantify variation in the timing of their marine migrations. Not only were there population-specific differences in migration phenology of fish from the same river, but there was substantial variation among individuals from specific populations. These patterns also varied from year to year. Data like these emphasize the risks involved in such migrations and suggest that variation in key migration traits are maintained because of the inherent unpredictability of ecosystems. Management and conservation efforts would be well-served to consider actions that maintain such ecological variation to facilitate meta-population persistence in a rapidly changing world.
A case of esophagogastroduodenoscopy induced Takotsubo cardiomyopathy with complete heart block

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) describes a reversible left ventricular dysfunction characterized by apical ballooning and basal hyperkinesis, commonly triggered by emotional or physical distress. TC associated with an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) has rarely been reported. We report a case of TC with complete heart block (CHB) in a patient receiving an EGD, who had no underlying cardiac disease, had previously tolerated both local and general anesthesia, and who had previously undergone similar endoscopic procedures without complications. The concurrence of both TC and CHB is unique in this case pertaining to a patient with no significant risk factors. The incidence, mechanism and prognosis of TC-associated arrhythmias are also reviewed.
Serum Free Light Chain Responses after High-Dose Intravenous Melphalan and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for AL (Primary) Amyloidosis.

Abstract AL amyloidosis is caused by a clonal plasma cell dyscrasia and characterized by widespread, progressive deposition of amyloid fibrils derived from monoclonal Ig light chains, leading to multisystem organ failure and death. Aggressive treatment of AL amyloidosis with high-dose melphalan followed by autologous stem cell transplant (HDM/SCT) can induce hematologic and clinical remissions and extend survival. Several approaches have been used to define hematologic responses of plasma cell dyscrasias underlying AL amyloidosis following HDM/SCT and other forms of treatment. The definition of a hematologic complete response (CR) that we have used requires that there be no evidence of a persistent monoclonal gammopathy by immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) of serum and urine proteins, or of persistent plasmacytosis or plasma cell clonality in a bone marrow biopsy by immunohistochemistry. Others have defined hematologic response as a ≥ 50% reduction in free light chain (FLC) measurements. Hematologic responses by both criteria correlate with survival and clinical improvement following HDM/SCT. We have carried out a retrospective analysis of HDM/SCT treatment outcomes for patients with AL amyloidosis to determine the extent to which hematologic CR, by our standard criteria, correlates with FLC response. Serum free light chain concentrations (FLC) were measured by a sensitive nephelometric immunoassay in 67 patients with AL amyloidosis before and after treatment with HDM/SCT. After treatment with HDM/SCT, 27 patients (40%) achieved a CR by standard criteria. Of these 27 patients, 63% (n=17) demonstrated normalization of FLC levels and an improvement of ≥50% in FLC occurred in 100%. Of the 40 patients who did not achieve a CR, 25% (n=10) experienced normalization of FLC levels, and an improvement of ≥50% occurred in 78% (n=31), while only 5 patients (13%) experienced no significant change in FLC. The average improvement in FLC was 94% for patients who achieved a CR by standard criteria and 72% for those who did not (p=0.0001, t-test). Thus, HDM/SCT was found to induce improvements in FLC levels of ≥50% in the vast majority of AL amyloidosis patients treated with HDM/SCT (87%, or 58/67). These data indicate that a decrease in FLC of ≥50% is a substantially less stringent indicator of hematologic response than is CR, as defined by standard criteria. Nonetheless, these measures of hematologic response are complementary, since decreases in FLC can be detected earlier following treatment than changes in IFE and marrow studies required to determine CR.
Effect of Crystallographic Orientation and Nanoscale Surface Morphology on Poly-Si/SiOx Contacts for Silicon Solar Cells

High-efficiency crystalline silicon (Si) solar cells require textured surfaces for efficient light trapping. However, passivation of a textured surface to reduce carrier recombination is difficult....
Object categorization by wild-ranging birds in nest defence.

Despite object categorization being an important ability for the survival of wild animals, the principles behind this ability have been only scarcely studied using wild-ranging, untrained animals. Reiterating our previous study undertaken with wild-ranging titmice on winter feeders (Novakova et al. Behav Process 143:7-12, 2017), we aimed to test two hypotheses of object recognition proposed by animal psychology studies: the particulate feature theory and recognition by components in the methodological paradigm of nest defence. We tested whether the parents of the red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio) recognize the dummies of the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), which is a potential predator of large chicks or fledglings, as a threat in case when their body parts are scrambled. The kestrel dummy was presented with the head at the top, in the middle, and at the bottom of the body. We showed that the shrikes did not consider dummies of a kestrel with an inappropriately placed head as a threat to the nest and attacked it equally scarcely as the harmless control. These results support the theory of recognition by components, presuming that the mutual position of body parts is essential for appropriate recognition of the object. When the body parts were scrambled, most of shrikes were not able to identify the kestrel in such an object despite all local features (eye, beak, colouration, and claws) being present. Nevertheless, shrikes did not consider the scrambled dummies as completely harmless, because they fed their chicks in their presence significantly less often than in the presence of harmless control.
Path Loss Prediction in Relay Station Environment

Relays play important role in deployment of Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced systems. This chapter addresses prediction of the propagation path loss on the link between eNodeB and relay stations. The path loss models are derived on a basis of an extensive measurement campaign conducted in 1,900 MHz frequency band. An effect of the relay station antenna height is studied and included in the path loss modeling. An antenna height correction factor is derived and included in the modeling. Finally, a relationship between the intercept, slope of the model and the relay antenna height is derived.