cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectrum Management Issues for the Operation of Commercial Services with UAVs

Commercial operations for Unmanned Air Vehicles (a.k.a. Drones) are envisioned to allow new services over civilian airspace and neighborhoods such as package delivery, property inspections, and event photography among others. However, a communications infrastructure that supports the control and air traffic management interactions of these devices beyond line of sight operations is required. This infrastructure will rely on wireless communication links and their associated radio frequency spectrum resources for its implementation. This paper aims to present an analysis of current and upcoming spectrum policy issues that need to be taken into account and will affect UAV operations and their air traffic management in the near future. We also analyze how traditional cellular bands and equipment that were designed for terrestrial services might not be adequate for supporting UAV operations unless adequate spectrum management techniques are taken into account as a drone-based user terminal can be in range of several base stations at the same time and cause interference in a much wider area than that of a terminal in the ground. We provide a regulatory and technical context for discussions on whether commercial UAV operations can and should be supported by the use of spectrum resources managed and operated by commercial wireless service providers (LTE, 5G) or if assigning a specific frequency band for these operations would be better. We contrast the pros and cons of each approach under current and future expected technological advances related to spectrum management in order to provide a spectrum policy based view of how commercial UAV operations via small Unmmaned Air Systems (UAS) could take place in the near future with supporting technical information for their feasibility.
DeBola: A Prisoners Dilemma Simulation-Game for NGOs

DeBola is a simulation-game constructed as a teaching-tool for the topics of conflict analysis and resolution, collaborative problem solving, negotiation and decision-making. Specifically, it does so in the context of NGOs and mission-driven organizations. DeBola involves four NGOs working on health missions in Africa. The four have been diverted to combat an outbreak of Ebola. The NGOs are tasked to administer a new, effective, Ebola vaccine called DeBola, in an attempt to turn back the tide of Ebola’s spread. However, there are operational constraints, and over multiple iterations, the NGOs mast make decisions with regards to their operative path. In the framework of a Prisoners Dilemma structure, the four NGOs must decide whether to collaborate or compete with one another, in a situation rife with uncertainty. Their decisions are made in individual and collaborative problem-solving environments. Collaboration might lead to greater joint success in conducting vaccination operations. However, given that each NGO’s funding is contingent on its own success in administering vaccines, each NGO is also pulled towards working alone. The outcome of their decisions affect them all, determining their organizational longevity and the degree to which they will achieve their mission. Often, these two factors conflict with each other – reflecting a real-life tension faced by aid organizations, non-profits, government agencies and other mission-driven organizations. DeBola: Illustrates, experientially, the complexity of generating cooperation in situations intuitively grasped, or objectively seen, as competitive; Introduces the challenges of decision-making, collaboration, and organizational survival in the specific context of NGOs and mission-driven, non-profit organizations; Enhances participants’ ability to identify key obstacles and pathways to forming collaboration, including trust, communication and relationship building. The document contains all role information necessary to conduct the simulation, as well as a comprehensive teacher’s guide.
Evidence for a Mutation at 3’hvr COL2A1 Locus—Segregation Analysis and Sequence Data

Type II collagen is the major structural protein of cartilage and its encoding locus (COL2A1, 1281.23–3.21) is the candidate gene for the heritable chondrodysplasia. Single base mutations and partial gene deletions in this sequence are possibly responsible for the clinical syndrome.
On quantile cuts and their closure for chance constrained optimization problems

A chance constrained optimization problem over a finite distribution involves a set of scenario constraints from which a small subset can be violated. We consider the setting where all scenario constraints are mixed-integer convex. Existing works typically consider a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) formulation of this problem by introducing binary variables to indicate which constraint systems are to be satisfied or violated. A variety of cutting plane approaches for this MINLP formulation have been developed. In this paper we consider a family of cuts in the original space rather than those in the extended space of the MINLP reformulation. These cuts, known as quantile cuts, can be viewed as a projection of the well known family of mixing inequalities for the MINLP reformulation onto the original problem space. We show that the closure of the infinite family of all quantile cuts has a finite description. An important corollary of this result is that for linear chance constrained problems the quantile closure is polyhedral. We further show that a recursive application of quantile closure operations recovers the convex hull of the nonconvex chance constrained set in the limit, and in the pure integer setting the convergence is finite. We show that separation of quantile cuts is in general NP-hard, develop a heuristic separation method, and demonstrate its effectiveness through a computational study. We also study an approximation of the quantile closure and propose a generalization by grouping scenarios.
Comments on Russ-Mohl

In his manifesto on the economics of journalism and the creation of infrastructures linking knowledge and practice, Professor Russ-Mohl correctly posits that media scholars and media industry professionals need greater interaction and that can lead to mutually beneficial results. While this may at first seem self-evident, it is not. Even though both parties are involved in information and knowledge exchange, albeit for different purposes, they rarely engage each other.
Reaching out to Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Families: Strategies and Challenges Reported by Parent Training and Information Center Staff

Within special education policy and practice, parents are expected to advocate for their children to receive appropriate special education and related services. However, the majority of parents rep...
Delays in Initiating Post-operative Prophylactic Biologic Therapy Are Common Among Crohn's Disease Patients.

Studies have shown that prophylactic biologic therapy can reduce post-surgical Crohn’s disease recurrence. We aimed to identify the frequency of delay and risk factors associated with a delay in the initiation of prophylactic post-surgical biologic therapy in high-risk patients. We performed a cohort study of Crohn’s disease patients who underwent a bowel resection. We identified those at risk of recurrence and explored multiple characteristics for those with and without a delay post-operatively. A total of 84 patients were included in our analysis of which 69.0% had a greater than 4-week delay and 56.0% a greater than 8-week delay in post-surgical biologic prophylaxis. Publicly insured patients had a 100% delay in post-surgical prophylaxis initiation (p = 0.039, p = 0.003 at 4 and 8 weeks, respectively). Patients on a biologic pre-surgery were less likely to have a delay (p < 0.001) in post-operative prophylaxis. Care at an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) center was associated with timely therapy when considering a post-operative immunomodulator or biologic strategy. There are a substantial number of delays in initiating post-operative prophylactic biologic therapy in high-risk patients. Identifying susceptible patients by insurance type or absence of pre-operative therapy can focus future improvement efforts. Additionally, consultation with IBD-specialized providers should be considered in peri-surgical IBD care.
Diagonal dominance using function minimization algorithms

A new approach to the design of multivariable control systems using the inverse Nyquist array method is proposed. The technique utilizes a conjugate direction function minimization algorithm to achieve dominance over a specified frequency range by minimizing the ratio of the moduli of the off-diagonal terms to the moduli of the diagonal term of the inverse open loop transfer function matrix. The technique is easily implemented in either a batch or interactive computer mode and will yield diagonalization when previously suggested methods fail. The proposed method has been successfully applied to design a control system for a sixteenth order state model of the F-100 turbofan engine with three inputs.
Towards Edge Computing over Named Data Networking

This paper discusses leveraging the Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture and Named Function Networking (NFN) to facilitate in-network edge computing. In the NDN context, we consider a the Augmented Reality (AR) use-case–a challenging application–to discuss how NDN functionalities can be leveraged for addressing inherent edge computing challenges, such as efficient resource discovery, compute re-use, mobility management, and security. We present several options to tackle the highlighted challenges and where possible provide solutions.
Conclusions and the Road Forward

The purpose of this book was to provide a roadmap for the reader on the processes and considerations for building new computer architectures to support the emerging consumer market. Many of us believe that the advent of 5G will be a major technical development that will dramatically accelerate the way businesses and individuals use and depend on digital technologies.
Noncharitable Nonprofit Organizations and Tax Policy: Working Toward a Public Benefit Theory

Noncharitable Nonprofits in Canada are exempt from federal income tax, but are subjected to little scrutiny to qualify for this exemption. The tax policy behind this exemption is explored in this paper, trying to determine what should underpin the exemption for these types of organization.
TNF-α inhibitors

The development of anti-TNF-α therapy has resulted in the potential to radically alter the course of inflammatory diseasessuch as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Currently there arethree anti-TNF-α agents available for clinical use: infliximab, a chimeric anti-TNF-α mAb; etanercept, a soluble TNF-receptor construct; and adalimumab (formerly knowas D2E7), a humananti-TNF-α mAb. All three agents block the ability of TNF to bind to the cell and prevent TNF from stimulating the cell to produce the biochemical agents that are ultimately responsible for the clinical markers of RA: inflammation, tissue damage, pain, stiffness, swelling, tenderness, and eventual deformation of the joint and patient disability.
The (Super) Fruits of Women's Labor: Baobab as a Target of Conservation, Commodification, and Development in West Africa

In 2008, the European Union approved consumption of a new novel foodthe vitamin-rich superfruit of the baobab tree (Adansonia digitata L.), one of the most highly-valued trees among rural people in the Sahel and other semi-arid regions of Africa. Subsequently, companies and organizations have sought to develop this botanical commodity as a means of generating local incomes for women. Conservation biologists have focused on vegetative propagation techniques in order to strike a balance between the benefits of markets and the dangers of overharvesting, ensuring baobabs sustainability in both leaves for subsistence and fruit for trade. Preliminary fieldwork in West Africa in the summer of 2013 will focus on intersections between various actors in this expanding network around baobab, including rural women and children involved in harvesting, companies seeking to export baobab fruit, and scientists who hope to use local knowledges in tree domestication. Drawing on preliminary findings, this paper will address the following questions: How do market projections and scientific research incorporate rural womens knowledge and labor in baobab projects? What kinds of translocal connections have been forged through baobab conservation and development? Whose objectives and expectations have been dominant and whose have been marginalized?
Getting lost: the fungal hijacking of ant foraging behaviour in space and time

Many parasites have evolved strategies to exploit host behaviour for successful transmission. Ophiocordyceps manipulations of carpenter ant behaviour represent an evident example. Manipulated ants are coerced to ascend vegetation and clamp down their mandibles in a stereotypical ‘death-grip’ bite. The fungus then kills the ant, sprouts a stalk and releases infective spores. Research has focused on this final manipulation, leaving the subtler behavioural changes prebiting largely unexplored. Field and transcriptome studies found that the host circadian clock, olfaction and communication may be disrupted, which suggests that the fungus is affecting ant foraging activity and effectivity. To test this hypothesis, we investigated if the foraging behaviour of Camponotus floridanus ants is notably affected during early stage Ophiocordyceps infection. Specifically, we used a maze to quantify foraging patterns and trail optimization. Moreover, by comparing infected individuals to healthy ants and those infected with nonmanipulating Beauveria bassiana, we aimed to distinguish between nonmanipulator-specific and manipulator-specific changes. We found that Ophiocordyceps-infected ants became arrhythmic in their activity patterns, were less likely to participate in effective foraging efforts and seemed less able to communicate with their nestmates compared to healthy ants. We hypothesize that these changes in behaviours are adaptive to Ophiocordyceps transmission since they reduce the chance of aggressive interference by nestmates. Indeed, Beauveria-infected individuals remained rhythmic; however, they also seemed to lose their ability to forage optimally, suggesting that, in part, these changes in behaviour might be mere general behavioural side-effects of infection. Overall, this study informs future work on parasitic strategies underlying host manipulation, other parasite–host interactions and the behavioural ecology of infectious diseases in general.
Die arteriovenöse Nierenfistel

Zunehmende Kenntnis pathologischer Veranderungen der Nierengefase in der Pathogenese des Hochdrucks hat die Aufmerksamkeit auf arteriovenose Nierenfisteln gelenkt, ein in der Literatur bis ins letzte Jahrzehnt selten erwahntes Krankheitsbild. Diese Art von arteriovenoser Verbindung zeigt, wenn sie auf der Seite einer funktionstuchtigen Niere besteht, bei einer signifikanten Zahl der Falle ein charakteristisches Syndrom, welches die Kombination von highoutput-failure, diastolischem Hochdruck und einem kontinuierlichen Gerausch im Abdomen einschliest. Es konnte gezeigt werden, das der Hypertonus wahrscheinlich durch die sekundare Nierenischamie distal der Fistel bedingt ist. Die Bedeutung einer sorgfaltigen Auskultation uber den Nierengegenden fur die Entdeckung von Nierengefasveranderungen wird betont. Eine arteriovenose Nierenfistel kann in Gestalt eines Nierencarcinoms vorhanden sein. Die Diagnose einer Nierenfistel kann zur Beseitigung eines Hochdrucks und einer Herzinsuffizienz fuhren und moglicherweise zu einer fruhzeitigen Beseitigung eines malignen Tumors. Asymptomatische Fisteln wurden mit der sich mehr und mehr ausbreitenden Durchfuhrung angiographischer Untersuchungen in zunehmender Haufigkeit beobachtet. Andererseits wurde auch ein haufigeres Vorkommen als Folge der percutanen Nierenbiopsie gefunden. Die Behandlung der arteriovenosen Nierenfistel ist in den meisten Fallen chirurgisch.
Retrospective analysis on timing of non-infectious heart disease deaths during feeding period in US fed cattle

Non-infectious heart disease sporadically affects fed cattle and is commonly thought to cause death late in the feeding period. Data relating days on feed to heart disease deaths in US feedyards are limited. The study objective was to evaluate days on feed when heart deaths occurred during the feeding period, and potential effects of cohort demographics related to heart disease death timing.
Impact of Masks on Speech Recognition in Adult Patients with and without Hearing Loss.

INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus 2019 pandemic has altered how modern healthcare is delivered to patients. Concerns have been raised that masks may hinder effective communication, particularly in patients with hearing loss. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of masks on speech recognition in adult patients with and without self-reported hearing loss in a clinical setting. METHODS: Adult patients presenting to an otolaryngology clinic were recruited. A digital recording of 36 spondaic words was presented to each participant in a standard clinical exam room. Each word was recorded in 1 of 3 conditions: no mask, surgical mask, or N95 mask. Participants were instructed to repeat back the word. The word recognition score was determined by the percent correctly repeated. RESULTS: A total of 45 participants were included in this study. Overall, the mean word recognition score was 87% without a mask, 78% with a surgical mask, and 61% with an N95 mask. Among the 23 subjects (51.1%) with self-reported hearing loss, the average word recognition score was 46% with an N95 mask compared to 79% in patients who reported normal hearing (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that masks significantly decrease word recognition, and this effect is exacerbated with N95 masks, particularly in patients with hearing loss. As masks are essential to allow for safe patient-physician interactions, it is imperative that clinicians are aware they may create a barrier to effective communication.
Chapter 11 Methods for Handling Small Numbers of Cells for Electron Microscopy

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several methods for handling a limited amount of material for electron microscopy. The techniques of preliminary embedding in agar, of microcentrifugation, and of embedding in a capillary tube are most useful for free cells, such as protozoa; the various modifications of the flat, in situ embedding technique have been most widely used with cultured cells, grown and embedded on a flat surface. Most investigations with the electron microscope have dealt with tissues or suspensions of large numbers of free cells or cell organelles. If free cells or their parts are available in sufficient quantity, they may be centrifuged into a pellet and subsequently processed just as a piece of tissue. When, however, experiments have to deal with visually selected and/or manually manipulated cells, the electron microscopist is confronted with the task of keeping track of a microscopic amount of material through the prolonged processes of selection, fixation, dehydration, embedding, and sectioning. Single free cells, such as protozoa, may be embedded in a capillary tube. If more material is available, the use of a microcentrifuge is quick and efficient.
Acute cervical fracture or congenital spinal deformity

Background/Objective: There are few reports of developmental or congenital cervical spinal deformities. Such cases may be mistaken for traumatically induced fractures, and additional treatment may ensue.
NASA advanced communications systems analysis

The purpose of the paper is to investigate and study in-depth market and system analysis for improving satellite communications. The analyses fall into two categories: the broad, scoping efforts intended to screen potential candidates and studies to develop viable operational system configurations and identify critical technology elements. To illustrate the approach, the results of 30/20 GHz study efforts which have been under way in the past few years are reviewed in detail.
Implementation of parallel arithmetic in a cellular automaton

We describe an approach to parallel computation using particle propagation and collisions in a one-dimensional cellular automaton using a Particle model-a Particle Machine (PM). Such a machine has the parallelism, structural regularity, and local connectivity of systolic arrays, but is general and programmable. It contains no explicit multipliers, adders, or other fixed arithmetic operations; these are implemented using fine-grain interactions of logical particles which are injected into the medium of the cellular automaton, and which represent both data and processors. We give parallel, linear-time implementations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Globalist Illusion: The Past and Present of Djemma el Fna, a Film Review

Title: The Past and Present of Djemma el Fna, Director: Steve Montgomery. Released: 1995, Distributor: Filmakers Library Inc., Length: 18 minutes
Fiber Optic Communication Links

This article examines the requirements for the design of optical fiber communication networks used in telecommunication, data center communication, and analog applications. Figures of merit for different applications are discussed, including signal-to-noise ratio, bit error rate, modulation error ratio, and spurious-free dynamic range. Optical link budgets are reviewed in detail, including transmission loss, wavelength-dependent attenuation, splice loss, and connector loss. Factors affecting optical link performance are presented, including modal and chromatic dispersion, mode partition noise, relative intensity noise, and other link design parameters. Examples of a simple approach to optical ink design are also discussed. Keywords: fiber; optic; communication; network; dispersion; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); bit error rate (BER); spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR); modulation error ratio (MER); wavelength; transmission attenuation; mode partition; chromatic; relative intensity noise (RIN)
Myc-mediated apoptosis is blocked by ectopic expression of Bcl-2.

Abstract The product of the c-myc proto-oncogene is an important positive regulator of cell growth and proliferation. Recently, c-Myc has also been demonstrated to be a potent inducer of apoptosis when expressed in the absence of serum or growth factors. To further examine Myc-induced apoptosis, we coexpressed the proto-oncogene bcl2, which has been shown to block apoptosis in other systems, with c-myc in serum-deprived Rat 1a fibroblasts. Here we report that ectopic expression of bcl2 specifically blocks apoptosis induced by constitutive c-myc expression. Constitutive c-myc expression in serum-deprived Rat 1a cells caused a > 15-fold increase in the number of dead cells, accompanied by DNA fragmentation. However, coexpression of bcl2 with c-myc in these cells led to a 10-fold increase in the number of live cells and a significant decrease in DNA fragmentation. Thus, Bcl-2 effectively inhibits Myc-induced apoptosis in serum-deprived Rat 1a fibroblasts without blocking entry into the cell cycle. These results imply that apoptosis serves as a protective mechanism to prevent tumorigenicity elicited by deregulated Myc expression. This protective mechanism is abrogated, however, by Bcl-2 and therefore may explain the synergism between Myc and Bcl-2 observed in certain tumor cells.
Synapse formation is arrested in retinal photoreceptors of the zebrafish nrc mutant.

We describe the effects of a recessive mutation on visual behavior, the electroretinogram (ERG), and photoreceptor structure in zebrafish. At 6 d post-fertilization (dpf), no optokinetic reflex could be elicited in no optokinetic response c(nrc) mutant animals under any test condition. The animals exhibited ERG responses at 5–7 dpf that were markedly abnormal and could be categorized into two groups. The first showed an initial negative a-wave followed by a delayed positive b-wave of small amplitude. Often a second ERG-like response was recorded after the initial b-wave. The second group showed only a large negative a-wave; an initial b-wave was not evident. In most recordings additional oscillatory waves varying in number, amplitude, and time course were observed. Multiple responses at the cessation of long-duration flashes were also observed. Light and electron microscopy revealed that the cone photoreceptor pedicles of nrcfish were highly abnormal. Although the appropriate number of synaptic ribbons formed in these terminals, they “floated” in the terminal, unassociated with postsynaptic processes or arciform densities. The few processes invaginating the nrc pedicles resembled those of horizontal cells. Invaginating bipolar cell processes were rare, but basal contacts were observed on pedicle surfaces. The severity of the mutation did not change between 6 and 8 dpf, showing that there is neither a delay in development nor a degeneration of the terminals; rather, nrc pedicle development appears arrested. Bipolar cell terminals in the inner plexiform layer made normal ribbon synapses; thus, the mutation appears to affect only the outer retina.
Application of the transmission line theory of left-handed (LH) materials to the realization of a microstrip "LH line"

Left-handed (LH) materials, first introduced theoretically in Veselago (1968), have spurred considerable excitement since the demonstration of their practical realizability. The unique properties of these metamaterials, verified by full-wave analysis in Caloz et al. (2001), are promising for a diversity of optical/microwave applications, such as new types of beam steerers, modulators, band-pass filters, superlenses, microwave couplers and antenna radomes. However, the LH structures presented so far are impractical for microwave applications, because of their too narrow bandwidth and too lossy characteristics, and alternative theories are desirable to gain a deeper insight into their behavior. We introduce here a transmission line (TL) approach of LH materials (Caloz et al. 2002), provide a method to realize an artificial lumped-element LH-TL and propose a microstrip implementation of this line.
The role of school nursing in the United States

Changes in the health care needs of American children over the past two centuries have engendered school health programs. Issues related to the role and responsibilities of school nurses within these programs have existed from the beginning. Current societal pressure for schools to assume even greater responsibility for providing health care has necessitated a precise definition of these roles and responsibilities. The purpose of this article is to review existing literature related to school nursing in this country and to describe the results of a study documenting state mandates for health education programs and the role of nurses within these programs.
Way-load balancing scheme for mobile cache LRU replacement

Reconfigurable soft-IPs are widely used in SoC design. LRU replacement policy is one of the reconfigurable techniques within a cache, in which biased way utilizations can be observed in some applications. Due to the increasing effect of the temperature on on-chip cache operation, especially in mobile processors, the biased way utilization with LRU replacement needs to be balanced in order to spread its potential heating problem. In this paper, we propose a way-load balancing scheme for the LRU replacement in mobile processors' data caches to avoid potential heating congestion. Based on our simulation, the proposed mechanism shows well-balanced way utilization while maintaining the performance of LRU replacement. Even for the applications which have non-biased way utilization, more balanced way utilizations can be obtained without deteriorating the distributed patterns.
Crawling Out of the RNA World

Comparison of phylogenetically diverse ribonucleoprotein (RNP) enzymes and information about their biochemistry have stimulated hypotheses about their evolution. Instead of the canonical view, in which catalysis proceeds from ribozyme to RNP enzyme to protein enzyme, RNP enzymes and proteins are seen to share contemporary catalysis. Furthermore, the RNA components of RNP enzymes show no evidence of fading out but instead, in some cases, have elaborated new functions.
Optimism and the Boundaryless Career: The Role of Developmental Relationships

This research explores an important psychological capacity in the current boundaryless career environment—optimism. Optimism is associated with flexibility and adaptability amid stressful situations, which, we argue here may be particularly useful in the current unpredictable career environment. We explore the relationship between optimism and the structure and quality of individuals' developmental networks in a sample of young adults. Analyses are based on a 10-year longitudinal study (1996–2006) of a cohort of 136 individuals who graduated from business school in 1996. Cross-sectional analyses show that the amount of psychosocial support, but not career support, received by individuals is positively associated with optimism. Then, considering the long-term nature of help-giving, longitudinal relational data suggest that the greater one's early-career psychosocial and career support, the greater one's optimism many years hence. In addition, we examined how the rate of change in developmental network support over time is associated with optimism. Findings show that increasing amounts of career and psychosocial support over time were associated with greater optimism later in career. Implications for future research on the boundaryless career, optimism, and developmental relationships are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speech analysis with the strong uncorrelating transform

The strong uncorrelating transform (SUT) provides estimates of independent components from linear mixtures using only second-order information, provided that the components have unique circularity coefficients. We propose a processing framework for generating complex-valued subbands from real-valued mixtures of speech and noise where the objective is to control the likely values of the sample circularity coefficients of the underlying speech and noise components in each subband. We show how several processing parameters affect the noncircularity of speech-like and noise components in the subband, ultimately informing parameter choices that allow for estimation of each of the components in a subband using the SUT. Additionally, because the speech and noise components will have unique sample circularity coefficients, this statistic can be used to identify time–frequency regions that contain voiced speech. We give an example of the recovery of the circularity coefficients of a real speech signal from a two-channel noisy mixture at $-{\hbox {25}}~\hbox{dB}$ SNR, which demonstrates how the estimates of noncircularity can reveal the time-frequency structure of a speech signal in very high levels of noise. Finally, we present the results of a voice activity detection (VAD) experiment showing that two new circularity-based statistics, one of which is derived from the SUT processing, can achieve improved performance over state-of-the-art VADs in real-world recordings of noise.
Beginning Readers' Motivation for Reading in Relation to Parental Beliefs and Home Reading Experiences.

Sixty-five 6-year-olds (first graders) from different sociocultural backgrounds and their mothers participated in a study examining children's motivation for reading in relation to parental beliefs and home literacy experiences. Each child completed an individually administered Motivations for Reading Scale that assessed several theoretical dimensions of reading motivation, including enjoyment/interest in reading, perceived competence as a reader, and sense of the value of reading. Parents were interviewed regarding their beliefs about reasons for reading, their beliefs about their child's interest in learning to read, and their ratings of the frequency of their child's experiences with printed materials. Results revealed that the beginning readers had generally positive views about reading and that no differences in motivation were associated with income level, ethnicity, or gender. Empirical support was provided for the distinctness of the dimensions of value, enjoyment, and perceived competence. Parent...
Cutaneous water loss and the epidermal shedding cycle in the tokay (Gekko gecko) (Lacertilia, reptilia)

Abstract 1. 1. The relationship between cutaneous water loss (CWL) and the squamate shedding cycle has not been investigated previously. 2. 2. We measured CWL in the tokay by compartmentalized chamber and capsule techniques throughout the shedding cycle and related the values to changes in epidermal morphology. 3. 3. CWL is high during shedding, decreases thereafter, and reaches lowest levels during the resting stage and the early renewal phase. CWL increases thereafter until the shed occurs. 4. 4. Analysis of this pattern shows that it supports the thesis that the alpha layer of the tokay epidermis is the main permeability barrier.
Sequential prediction bounds for identifying differentially expressed genes in replicated microarray experiments

Abstract Microarrays are new biotechnological devices that permit the simultaneous evaluation of expression levels of thousands of genes in one or more tissue samples. We develop a new method for identifying differentially expressed genes in replicated cDNA and oligonucleotide microarray experiments. The method is based on a nonparametric prediction interval which is computed as an order statistic of n control measurements and is applied sequentially to a series of p replicate sets of experimental measurements, each of size n i . We illustrate how reasonable experiment-wise false positive and false negative rates can be attained for any practical number of genes based on manipulating the order statistics, n, p and n i . The method is used to identify gene expression levels that are associated with a pathological condition beyond chance expectations given the large number of genes tested. We illustrate use of the method on replicated gene expression data in tumor and normal colon tissues, and compare it to an alternative approach based on permutation tests.
Crystal growth by vapor transport of GeSe, GeSe2, and GeTe and transport mechanism and morphology of GeTe.

Abstract Vapor transport experiments with iodine were performed on the systems GeSe, GeSe 2 and GeTe to define optimum growth conditions in terms of crystal size and surface perfection. Mass transport rate studies on the GeTe-iodine system were carried out in the temperature gradients 560 → 445 °C and 420 → 350 °C with iodine pressures ranging from 0 to about 2 atm (based on diatomic iodine and assuming a perfect gas). Evaluation of experimental data in terms of flux (moles/cm 2 sec) as a function of iodine pressure revealed the predominant transport mode in different pressure ranges. Comparison of experimental results with calculated material fluxes based on a diffusion model was used to substantiate the transport mechanism given by the reaction Diffusion controlled transport yields predominantly octahedral type crystals and convective flow causes mainly platelet type crystals. The as-grown surfaces of the platelets are (111) planes. Surface imperfections increase with increasing predominance of the convectional contribution to the transport.
Gender Identification Moderates Stereotype Threat Effects on Women's Math Performance ☆ ☆☆ ★

This research applies a social identity perspective to situations of stereotype threat. It was hypothesized that individuals would be more susceptible to the performance-inhibiting effects of stereotype threat to the extent that they are highly identified with the group to which a negative stereotype applies. A quasi-experimental study with male and female college students revealed that individual differences in gender identification (i.e., importance placed on gender identity) moderated the effects of gender identity relevance on women's (but not men's) math performance. When their gender identity was linked to their performance on a math test, women with higher levels of gender identification performed worse than men, but women with lower levels of gender identification performed equally to men. When gender identity was not linked to test performance, women performed equally to men regardless of the importance they placed on gender identity.
Tailored capacity: Speculative and reactive fabrication of fashion goods

Abstract Consider a fashion goods retailer choosing a strategy for contracting production of its products. It can (1) speculate by contracting for a certain quantity to be produced well ahead of uncertain demand at relatively low unit cost, (2) react by waiting until demand is known, and only then contracting for just the right quantity at a higher unit cost, or (3) hedge its bets by speculating on a portion of the total quantity, and reacting to demand for the rest. Using a two-product two-stage model, we identify the conditions under which each strategy is preferred, and determine capacity requirements. We find that fashion retailing often benefits from the dual strategy due to relatively higher obsolescence costs. But the use of the dual strategy is sensitive to the cost premium for reactive capacity and to the makeup of reactive production costs as either largely variable or fixed.
Spermatophore formation and regulation of egg maturation and oviposition in female Heliothis virescens by the male

Abstract This study was undertaken, using various surgical manipulations, to examine the role and functions of accessory sex glands and testes in Heliothis virescens in spermatophore formation and stimulation of egg maturation in mated females. Normal females mated to accessory sex glandectomized (−ASG) males produced fewer eggs and retained most of their eggs in ovarioles compared with females mated to sham-operated (+ASG) or normal males. The ASG are the source of the components for spermatophore formation in H. virescens . Females mated to castrated (−Testes) males showed similar pattern of egg production as did females mated to −ASG males. Females mated to −Testes males and those mated to sham-operated (+Testes) or normal males were found to have spermatophore in the bursa after uncoupling. Normal females mated to allatectomized (−CA) males developed similar numbers of total eggs as did females mated to sham-operated (+CA) males and normal males.
A facile route for 3D aerogels from nanostructured 1D and 2D materials

Aerogels have numerous applications due to their high surface area and low densities. However, creating aerogels from a large variety of materials has remained an outstanding challenge. Here, we report a new methodology to enable aerogel production with a wide range of materials. The method is based on the assembly of anisotropic nano-objects (one-dimensional (1D) nanotubes, nanowires, or two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets) into a cross-linking network from their colloidal suspensions at the transition from the semi-dilute to the isotropic concentrated regime. The resultant aerogels have highly porous and ultrafine three-dimensional (3D) networks consisting of 1D (Ag, Si, MnO2, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)) and 2D materials (MoS2, graphene, h-BN) with high surface areas, low densities, and high electrical conductivities. This method opens up a facile route for aerogel production with a wide variety of materials and tremendous opportunities for bio-scaffold, energy storage, thermoelectric, catalysis, and hydrogen storage applications.
Effects of selected pharmaceutically active compounds on treatment performance in sequencing batch reactors mimicking wastewater treatment plants operations

The impact of four pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) introduced both individually and in mixtures was ascertained on the performance of laboratory-scale wastewater treatment sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). When introduced individually at concentrations of 0.1, 1 and 10 μM, no significant differences were observed with respect to chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia removal. Microbial community analyses reveal that although similarity index values generally decreased over time with an increase in PhAC concentrations as compared to the controls, no major microbial community shifts were observed for total bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) communities. However, when some PhACs were introduced in mixtures, they were found to both inhibit nitrification and alter AOB community structure. Ammonia removal decreased by up to 45% in the presence of 0.25 μM gemfibrozil and 0.75 μM naproxen. PhAC mixtures did not however affect COD removal performance suggesting that heterotrophic bacteria are more robust to PhACs than AOB. These results highlight that the joint action of PhACs in mixtures may have significantly different effects on nitrification than the individual PhACs. This phenomenon should be further investigated with a wider range of PhACs so that toxicity effects can more accurately be predicted.
Radioactive Screening of Synthetic Peptide Libraries

Abstract A method is described for the identification of specific acceptor molecule-binding sequences from a chemically synthesized peptide library. The peptide resin beads, each bead carrying one peptide sequence, are incubated with radiolabeled acceptor molecule and subsequently immobilized in a thin layer of agarose. Resin beads that carry acceptor molecule-specific sequences are identified by autoradiography and subjected to automated gas-phase sequencing.
An alternative to quantum theory

Abstract In a recent paper we have shown that continuous sets of resonances (as expressed by the nonvanishing of the kinetic collision operator) result in divergences in the traditional unitary transformation theory in addition to the usual ultraviolet divergences. Therefore, relaxation processes and lifetimes cannot be eliminated by unitary transformations diagonalizing the Hamiltonian. For this reason, we introduce a more general transformation theory based on nonfactorizable superoperators which “block diagonalize” the Hamiltonian superoperator and eliminate the divergence of the unitary transformation. This leads to a new concept of “observables” which are represented in general by operators which are both noncommuting and nondistributive . For example, to a single energy level we now associate a set of numbers corresponding to a probability distribution whose width is determined by the lifetime of the state. This new approach incorporates dissipation into the frame of quantum mechanics. It leads directly to a number of predictions such as the existence of a new anomalous Lamb shift dependent on lifetime as well as the appearance of a broken “time symmetry” in the structure of the energy spectrum. As this symmetry breaking depends on the arrow of time (thermodynamic equilibrium is approached in our future and not in our past) which is a property of our universe as a whole, we may call this new effect the “cosmological” Lamb shift. Of course subsequent experiments will have to explore the existence of this effect. Other consequences of this approach are briefly mentioned and will be developed in subsequent papers.
Sinking funds as credible commitments: Two centuries of US national-debt experience

Abstract For much of US history, the federal government employed sinking funds as devices to support the market for its debt. The policy was inaugurated by Hamilton in 1790 as a method of enhancing public credit by committing the government to redeem its debt. We interpret the commitment, as others have interpreted the gold standard, as a way of achieving time consistency of government policy. Although steeped in controversies about the utility of sinking funds, subsequent US history did reflect that commitment – until the 1930s. Since the 1930s, the view of Hamilton's opponents, namely Jefferson and Madison, that the government's hands should not be tied by commitments such as sinking funds have prevailed, just as the gold standard itself was abandoned.
Leukodepleted‐ABO‐identical blood components in the treatment of hematologic malignancies: A cost analysis

To assess the effect of ABO-identical, filtration leukodepleted transfusions on resource consumption and costs of care we performed a cohort study in consecutive adult patients admitted for induction therapy of acute myeloid or lymphoid leukemia during 1985-92 (n = 120) and consecutive adult patients admitted for autologous bone marrow transplantation for Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma during 1989-1991 in our university hospital. Patients with acute leukemia received either ABO unmatched, unfiltered transfusions (1985-89), ABO identical, unfiltered transfusions (1987-90), or ABO identical, filtered transfusions (1990-92). Patients with lymphoma received either ABO unmatched, unfiltered transfusions (1989-90) or ABO identical, filtered transfusions (1990-91). Mean platelet transfusion requirements per patient decreased with ABO identical platelets and filtered transfusions: from 143 to 71 units in the transplant setting; from 146 to 83 in acute leukemia (P < 0.05). Mean hospital ancillary service charges in 1992 dollars decreased with ABO identical platelets and filtered transfusions approximately $14,000 per patient for acute leukemia and $26,000 for for lymphoma. Per patient actual costs for filters ($643 in transplantation for lymphoma and $875 in leukemia) were offset by savings in actual blood component purchase costs alone ($4,127 in lymphoma and $3,283 in leukemia). In our setting, introduction of ABO identical platelets and filtration leukodepletion were implemented with substantial decreases in costs.
Dentition of the northern elephant seal.

The milk and permanent dentitions from 61 northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris ) were analyzed to reveal tooth morphology, postcanine formulae, and eruption sequence of the permanent teeth. By studying large numbers of pups, morphology of the milk teeth was elucidated and three morphological types of permanent postcanines were distinguished. The first permanent lower premolar is frequently deleted, corresponding to exaggerated permanent canine development. Asymmetry in the permanent postcanine formula is common (63 per cent of individuals exhibit asymmetry) with the most frequent anomalies being deletion of lower premolar 1 and presence of a second molar in the lower jaw. There are suggestions that the dentition of northern elephant seals ( M. angustirostris ) differs from that of southern elephant seals ( M. leonina ) in several aspects, including frequencies of occurrences of the first upper molar and lower premolar 1, eruption sequence of permanent teeth, and degree of confluence of the alveoli of fourth premolars and first molars.