cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colocalization of γ-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine in neurons in the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei in the cat: a light and electron microscopic study

Cholinergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mechanisms in the dorsolateral pontomesencephalic tegmentum have been implicated in the control of active (REM) sleep and wakefulness. To determine the relationships between neurons that contain these neurotransmitters in this region of the brainstem in adult cats, combined light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical procedures were employed. Light microscopic analyses revealed that choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and GABA immunoreactive neurons were distributed throughout the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (LDT and PPT). Surprisingly, approximately 50% of the ChAT immunoreactive neurons in these nuclei also contained GABA. Using electron microscopic pre-embedding immunocytochemistry, GABA immunoreactivity was observed in somas, dendrites and axon terminals in both the LDT and PPT. Most of the GABA immunoreactive terminals formed symmetrical synapses with non-immunolabeled dendrites. Electron microscopic double-immunolabeling techniques revealed that ChAT and GABA were colocalized in axon terminals in the LDT/PPT. Approximately 30% of the ChAT immunoreactive terminals were also GABA immunoreactive, whereas only 6-8% of the GABA immunoreactive terminals were ChAT immunoreactive. Most of the ChAT/GABA immunoreactive terminals formed symmetrical synapses with non-immunolabeled dendrites; however, ChAT/GABA immunoreactive terminals were also observed that contacted ChAT immunoreactive dendrites. With respect to ChAT immunoreactive postsynaptic profiles, approximately 40% of the somas and 50% of the dendrites received synaptic contact from GABA immunoreactive terminals in both the LDT and PPT. These findings (a) indicate that there are fundamental interactions between cholinergic and GABAergic neurons within the LDT/PPT that play an important role in the control of active sleep and wakefulness and (b) provide an anatomical basis for the intriguing possibility that a mechanism of acetylcholine and GABA co-release from the terminals of LDT/PPT neurons is involved in the regulation of behavioral states.
Mind the gap: using lessons learned from practicing engineers to teach engineering ethics to undergraduates

Given the range and complexity of ethical dilemmas arising in professional workplaces, engineering educators attempting to bring elements of ethics instruction into their courses and majors must convince undergraduates that discussion cases used for in-class reflection represent reality in the working world. To support this teaching approach, it is often useful to pull in evidence and voices from practicing engineers to lend credibility to engineering ethics discussions. However, our NSF-funded study revealed some surprising results about the ways in which practicing engineers viewed their own perceptions of what ethics are and are not. Thus, if practicing engineers themselves are not quite clear about how to articulate ethical issues, we should wonder how to use their case studies to the best possible end in the classroom. We discovered that a slight shift in vocabulary, speaking of "quality" or "integrity" instead of "ethics" with practicing engineers triggered recognition of ethical dilemmas. Those words resonate with engineers, and we propose that similar shifts in teaching can open up new vistas of understanding and application in undergraduate engineering ethics teaching.
Integrative approach for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in 9/11 first responders: three core techniques.

We describe an integrative psychotherapy for first responders to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack, including those who continue to be psychologically impacted by these events, most of whom meet criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD. Three core techniques utilized in this treatment are described: (a) an emphasis on meaning making, particularly regarding the traumatic event; (b) focus on the most affect-laden components of the traumatic exposure; and (c) identifying and challenging the implicit strategies used by individuals to avoid discussion of components of their traumatic memories and the attendant negative affect. For each intervention, a theoretical rationale and the presumed mechanism of operation are presented. We discuss the clinical and research implications of this intervention.
Effect of the antenatal administration of celecoxib during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy on prostaglandin, cytokine, and nitric oxide levels in rabbits.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of celecoxib on prostaglandin, cytokine, and nitric oxide synthesis in the pregnant rabbit. Study design Pregnant rabbits received celecoxib from 13 to 20 days (celecoxib-A), from 13 to 28 days (celecoxib-B), or vehicle from 13 to 28 days by gavage. Blood and tissue were assayed for prostaglandin, cytokine, and nitric oxide oxidation products. Results Preterm delivery occurred in 4 of 11 controls, 0 of 9 in celecoxib-A, and 0 of 8 in celecoxib-B. Plasma prostaglandin F 2α was reduced in both treated groups at 20 days and at delivery in celecoxib-B. Plasma thromboxane B 2 was suppressed in celecoxib-B at 20 days and delivery. Cervical prostaglandin E 2 was increased; uterine and cervical plasma thromboxane B 2 declined in celecoxib-B. Celecoxib administration suppressed plasma nitric oxide oxidation products at delivery and cervical nitric oxide oxidation products in celecoxib-B. Uterine and cervical interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 were decreased, and uterine tumor necrosis factor-α increased in celecoxib-B. Conclusion Further studies are required to evaluate the therapeutic benefits of cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors in the setting of preterm parturition.
Comprehensive, Unified Framework for Analyzing Spatial Location Choice

This paper develops a conceptual and econometric framework of nonwork activity location choice that is comprehensive in its incorporation of spatial cognition, heterogeneity in preference behavior, and spatial interaction. The proposed framework subsumes a variety of restricted models, including the multinomial logit, first-order state-dependence logit, spatially correlated logit, and mixed spatially correlated logit models. The applicability of the framework is demonstrated through an empirical analysis with German Mobidrive data.
Investigation of preservice elementary teachers' thinking about science

It is not uncommon to find media reports on the failures of science education, nor uncommon to hear prestigious scientists publicly lament the rise of antiscience attitudes. Given the position elementary teachers have in influencing children, antiscience sentiment among them would be a significant concern. Hence, this article reports on an investigation in which preservice elementary teachers responded to the Thinking about Science survey instrument. This newly developed instrument addresses the broadrelationship of science to nine important areas of society and culture and is intended to reveal the extent of views being consistent with or disagreeing with a commonly held worldview of science portrayed in the media and in popular science and science education literature. Results indicate that elementary teachers discriminate with respect to different aspects of culture and science but they are not antiscience. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 1016–1031, 2002
Effects of transient immunosuppression on adenoassociated, virus-mediated, liver-directed gene transfer in rhesus macaques and implications for human gene therapy.

In a clinical study of recombinant adeno-associated virus-2 expressing human factor IX (AAV2-FIX), we detected 2 impediments to long-term gene transfer. First, preexisting anti-AAV neutralizing antibodies (NABs) prevent vector from reaching the target tissue, and second, CD8+ T-cell responses to hepatocyte-cell surface displayed AAV-capsid–terminated FIX expression after several weeks. Because the vector is incapable of synthesizing viral proteins, a short course of immunosuppression, until AAV capsid is cleared from the transduced cells, may mitigate the host T-cell response, allowing long-term expression of FIX. To evaluate coad-ministration of immunosuppression, we studied AAV8 vector infusion in rhesus macaques, natural hosts for AAV8. We administered AAV8-FIX in 16 macaques via the hepatic artery and assessed the effects of (1) preexisting anti-AAV8 NABs, (2) a standard T-cell immunosuppressive regimen, and (3) efficacy and safety of AAV8-FIX. We found that low titers (1:5) of preexisting NABs abrogate transduction, whereas animals with undetectable NABs are safely and effectively transduced by AAV8-FIX. Coadministration of mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus with vector does not induce toxicity and does not impair AAV transduction or FIX synthesis. These findings enable a clinical study to assess the effects of immunomodulation on long-term FIX expression in patients with hemophilia B.
Anisotropic criteria for the type of superconductivity

The classical criterion for classification of superconductors as type I or type II based on the isotropic Ginzburg-Landau theory is generalized to arbitrary temperatures for materials with anisotropic Fermi surfaces and order parameters. We argue that the relevant quantity for this classification is the ratio of the upper and thermodynamic critical fields ${H}_{c2}/{H}_{c}$, rather than the traditional ratio of the penetration depth and the coherence length $\ensuremath{\lambda}/\ensuremath{\xi}$. Even in the isotropic case, ${H}_{c2}/{H}_{c}$ coincides with $\sqrt{2}\ensuremath{\lambda}/\ensuremath{\xi}$ only at the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ and they differ as $T$ decreases, the long-known fact. Anisotropies of Fermi surfaces and order parameters may amplify this difference and render false the criterion based on the value of $\ensuremath{\kappa}=\ensuremath{\lambda}/\ensuremath{\xi}$.
Weaving the Warp and Weft of Occupational Therapy: An Art and Science for All Times

This article employs a metaphor of weaving in order to analyze, both historically and critically, the art and science of occupational therapy. To spark reflection about where occupational therapy has been, is now, and would like to progress as the new century approaches, the article is thematically organized around the profession's two most fundamental convictions. These convictions are termed the warp and weft of occupational therapy. The warp of occupational therapy is defined as our philosophical belief that engagement in occupation can favorably influence health. The weft of occupational therapy is defined as our humanistic value of respect for the person. Occupational therapy is, in turn, regarded as a powerful tapestry of human potential that unfolds when this belief and value are therapeutically applied. By analyzing selective clinical, educational, and research initiatives throughout this century, the article is dedicated to the continued adherence to, and development of, occupational therapy's core principles.
ATP stimulates release of excitatory amino acids from cultured Schwann cells.

The release of excitatory amino acids from Schwann cell cultures in the rat was monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography. The basal concentration of glutamate and aspartate was 33 +/- 4 nM (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 12) and 8 +/- 1 nM (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 12), respectively. ATP (100 microM) caused a receptor-mediated increase in release of glutamate and aspartate from Schwann cell cultures. Bath application of adenosine (100 microM) was without effect on release of excitatory amino acids suggesting involvement of P2 receptors. Suramin, a competitive antagonist at P2 receptors, prevented the response to ATP. The release of excitatory amino acids evoked by ATP was not abolished in calcium-depleted saline. Pretreatment of the Schwann cultures with 50 microM 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N'N'-tetracetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA-AM) abolished the effect of ATP. ATP-evoked release of glutamate from cultured Schwann cells was significantly reduced by thapsigargin (1 microM), an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-ATPase of the Ca2+ pump of internal stores. U73122, a selective inhibitor of receptor-coupled phospholipase C-dependent processes, abolished stimulatory effect of ATP suggesting that ATP's action is mediated through an inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-sensitive calcium store. The action of ATP was not blocked by L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate, an inhibitor of the electrogenic glutamate transporter, nor was it blocked in Na(+)-free medium, and glutamate release was not stimulated by a depolarizing stimulus, suggesting that ATP-evoked release of glutamate from Schwann cells is not due to the reversal of the glutamate uptake. An anion transport blocker, furosemide, reduced ATP-induced glutamate release. These results suggest that ATP-stimulated glutamate and aspartate release from Schwann cells may be through a calcium-dependent furosemide-sensitive mechanism.
Retinal pigment epithelium tears following ranibizumab for exudative age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose To report two cases of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tears following intravitreous ranibizumab injection for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-associated serous pigment epithelium detachment (PED). Design Noncomparative case series. Methods The charts of two patients who received intravitreous ranibizumab for AMD-associated PED and developed RPE tears were reviewed. Fundus photography, fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography performed prior to injection and upon follow-up confirmed the diagnosis. Results Two patients with serous PED and occult choroidal neovascularization associated with AMD developed RPE tears within four weeks of injection with ranibizumab. Conclusions RPE tears may complicate ranibizumab intravitreous injection for the treatment of AMD-associated PEDs. Further studies need be undertaken to determine whether this complication may also occur when treating choroidal neovascular membranes not associated with PED and whether certain angiographic subtypes are more susceptible to this complication.
Clear cell sarcoma with melanogenesis

An example of clear cell sarcoma, from the great toe of a young woman having an otherwise classic history and appearance is described, and a malignant giant cell component is reported for the first time. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies clearly demonstrate melanogenesis. The controversy over tissue of origin of this uncommon neoplasm is discussed and evidence in support of neurectodermal derivation is presented.
Bootstrap Conditions in a Soluble Model

A soluble model obtained by a slight extension of the Lee model is considered in a study of the bootstrap mechanism. By examining the general solution that is obtained by using properties of the Herglotz function, it is found that the bootstrap mechanism can be achieved if and only if two further restrictions in addition to the general requirements of analyticity, unitarity, and crossing symmetry are imposed on the solution. They are that (i) the scattering amplitude satisfy the asymptotic condition $limit of\text{}{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{t}^{\ensuremath{-}1}(\ensuremath{\omega})\text{as}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}=0$ and (ii) the scattering amplitude have no Castillejo-Dalitz-Dyson (C.D.D.) zeros. It is also proved that the condition (i) is equivalent to $limit of\text{}{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}D(\ensuremath{\omega})\text{as}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}=0$ when $N(\ensuremath{\omega})=O({\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$ as $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ or ${Z}_{3}=0$ or the Levinson theorem holds, while condition (ii) is equivalent to assuming the two familiar bootstrap equations based on the $\frac{N}{D}$ method and implies in particular a nonpositive scattering length. Either of the conditions (i) and (ii) alone gives in general only an inequality between the mass and coupling constant, and it is therefore concluded that the possibility of the bootstrap mechanism depends in a very sensitive way on the low-energy behavior as well as the high-energy behavior of the scattering amplitude. It is further argued that destroying the crossing symmetry in the approximate solutions will not give any physically meaningful conditions for determining the parameters unless one introduces a subtraction or one C.D.D. zero in the Low equation.
Investigations of Low Frequency Vibrational Dynamics and Ligand Binding Kinetics of Cystathionine β-synthase

Vibrational coherence spectroscopy is used to study the low frequency dynamics of the truncated dimer of human cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). CBS is a pyridoxal-5′-phosphate-dependent heme enzyme with cysteine and histidine axial ligands that catalyzes the condensation of serine and homocysteine to form cystathionine. A strong correlation between the “detuned” coherence spectrum (which probes higher frequencies) and the Raman spectrum is demonstrated, and a rich pattern of modes below 200 cm−1 is revealed. Normal coordinate structural decomposition (NSD) of the ferric CBS crystal structure predicts the enhancement of normal modes with significant heme “doming”, “ruffling”, and “saddling” content, and they are observed in the coherence spectra near ∼40, ∼60, and ∼90 cm−1. When pH is varied, the relative intensities and frequencies of the low frequency heme modes indicate the presence of a unique protein-induced heme structural perturbation near pH 7 that differs from what is observed at higher or lower pH...
Genetics of kidney disease.

Genetics of kidney disease. Multiple lines of evidence suggest At this time we can presume with some confidence that susceptibility to develop end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that individual risk of developing ESRD is a function of has a significant genetic component. These studies include fa- not only inheritance, that is, genetic risk, but also the milial aggregation studies, comparisons of incidence rates be- environment in which a person lives and the lifestyle tween different racial or ethnic populations, and segregation that a person leads. We envision that ESRD susceptibil- analysis. Multiple approaches have been employed in an effort to identify genes that contribute to this genetic susceptibility. ity genes are not the "yes" or "no" genes of monogenic Many studies have now been carried out assessing the contribu- disorders, but genes whose risk is modified by elements tion of specific "candidate genes," that is, genes with functions such as diet, exercise, occupation, and, especially in renal consistent with involvement in renal pathogenesis. Indepen- disease the co-existence of diabetes or hypertension. In dent evaluations of specific candidate genes have frequently provided contradictory results. This may be due, in part, to the the United States the most common co-existing medical modest contribution to genetic susceptibility that these genes conditions are Type 1 diabetes (T1DM), Type 2 diabetes impart. In contrast to the focused analysis of candidate genes, (T2DM), and hypertension. Thus, lifestyle and environ- the genome scan approach employs a comprehensive evalua- ment can contribute to increased or decreased risk for tion of inheritance throughout the genome. The great potential renal disease. advantage of the genome scan is the ability to identify chromo- somal regions harboring novel, previously unrecognized, genes that contribute to renal disease. Results from whole genome scans of family collections are now beginning to appear and give EVIDENCE FOR A GENETIC COMPONENT TO the promise that multiple comprehensive genetic evaluations of RENAL DISEASE end-stage renal disease will soon be available for evaluation. There is now extensive evidence from a wide variety of approaches that suggests renal disease in the general population has a genetic component. The most numerous The purpose of this article is to present an overview studies take the form of evaluating familial aggregation. of current thinking and ongoing research in genetic stud- In their simplest form, familial aggregation studies evalu- ies of renal disease. Emphasis has been placed on current ate the incidence of renal disease in families with index efforts to identify the genetic components of common cases with renal disease compared to the incidence of forms of renal disease. It is now widely accepted that renal disease in families with index cases without renal the genes an individual inherits from their parents con-
Evaluating a Novel Passive Integrated Transponder Tag in Largemouth Bass

Abstract Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags are used in fisheries evaluations as a means of marking individual fish because they often have high retention rates, can be passively detected, do not affect fish behavior, and typically do not increase the mortality rates of the study fish. One potential limitation of current PIT tag designs is their glass encapsulation, which could be hazardous to humans if inadvertently consumed. In response to these concerns, plastic infusion process (PIP) PIT tags that are fully encapsulated in food-grade polymers have recently been developed. We tested in experimental ponds the retention rates of two PIT tag types (i.e., glass and PIP) implanted into two anatomical locations (i.e., the intraperitoneal cavity and dorsal musculature) in two groups of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Retention of both tag types was excellent, with only one glass tag being expelled during the study. Survival was higher in control fish than in tagged fish; however, tag type and an...
On extremal sets and strong unicity constants for certain C∞ functions

Abstract For each f continuous on the interval I , let B n ( f ) denote the best uniform polynomial approximation of degree less than or equal to n . Let M n ( f ) denote the corresponding strong unicity constant. For a certain class of nonrational functions F , it is shown that there exist positive constants α and β and a natural number N such that αn ⩽ M n ( f ) ⩽ βn for n ⩾ N . The results of the present paper also provide concise estimates to the location of the extreme points of f − B n ( f ). The set F includes the functions f α ( x ) = e αx , α ≠ 0.
Chamaecrista mwangokae (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae), a New Species from the Southern Highlands of Tanzania

sion of the New World species by Irwin and Barneby (1982), Lock (1988) provided most of the remaining combinations needed for African species. The tropical African species now included in Chamaecrista (Lock, 1989) may be differentiated from Cassia and Senna by the following key, based on the key to species of Cassia sensu lato by Brenan (1967: 51-58) with additional characters from Irwin and Barneby (1982: 2-3), Polhill and Thulin (1989: 50), and Thulin (1993: 343).
Performance of Montessori and traditionally schooled nursery children on tasks of seriation, classification, and conservation

Abstract It was hypothesized that the Montessori curriculum accelerates the acquisition of a number of concrete operational skills. To test this, eighty 4-year-old children were given three Piagetian problems—seriation, classification, and conservation. Half of the subjects were from Montessori schools, and the other half were from more traditional nursery settings. Within each type of school, half of the children were first year and the other half were second year enrollees. Results showed that significantly more Montessori than traditional children seriated and classified objects like concrete thinkers but that there were no differences on the conservation problem. Year of enrollment did not influence performance on any of the tasks. It was concluded that the hypothesis was confirmed and that the failure to find acceleration of conservation performance was due to its advanced nature relative to the other problems and/or the tangential manner in which Montessori exercises deal with the critical concepts that underly it.
Braconid wasp (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) diversity in forest plots under different silvicultural methods

Braconid wasps were used as an indicator group to test the hypothesis that the degree of disturbance in silvicultural treatments will change the total abundance and composition of species. Wasps were collected with Malaise traps on undisturbed (control), moderately disturbed (pine single-tree selection) and highly disturbed (pine-hardwood seed-tree) research plots of the USDA Forest Service in the Ouachita National Forest of Western Arkansas. We used 3 measures of wasp diversity: (1) numbers of individuals and numbers of species, (2) estimated total species richness and abundance, and (3) observed and estimated complementarity (proportions of species shared or not shared) among treatment types. In all, 1,300 wasps were collected, representing 23 subfamilies, 84 genera, and 251 morphospecies. Raw numbers of individuals and species suggested little difference among treatments. Total species richness estimates projected that the disturbed treatments have twice the number of species as the undisturbed. However, measures of complementarity revealed strongly different species complexes between treatments: undisturbed and highly disturbed treatments had just 24% of their species in common, whereas moderately and highly disturbed treatments shared 42%. Thus, some species in undisturbed forests are lost after disturbance, even though actual diversity appears to increase. Braconid wasps show promise as sensitive indicators of faunal changes during disturbance. These changes are best perceived through species comparisons between treatments when patterns of relative abundance and faunal complementarity are incorporated.
Housing wealth effect: Evidence from threshold estimation

Abstract This paper attempts to estimate the housing wealth effect of households in different income levels. To endogenously split the sample by income levels, we use the threshold estimation technique, developed in Hansen (1999) , for non-dynamic panels with individual-specific fixed effects. The data are drawn from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), during the waves of 2001, 2003, and 2005. We find two significant threshold income levels of $ 74 , 046 , and $ 501 , 000 . Housing wealth has a significant effect on consumption with a coefficient of 0.010602, if income is below $ 74 , 046 . It is also significant and equals 0.028224 if income is between $ 74 , 046 and $ 501 , 000 . For incomes above $ 501 , 000 , the coefficient is not statistically significant.
Computer-Controlled Electrophoresis Microscope

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on computer-controlled cell electrophoresis microscope. The physicochemical behavior of suspended particles is decisively determined by their effective surface charges. This applies to suspensions of inorganic particulates and is an important determinant for the response of biologic materials as well. The hardware control programs let the user enter a voltage and a polarity. Also, the frequency of polarity change can be specified. There are numerous options for the choice of a scanning mode. The direction of cursor scan may be specified with or against the direction of sedimentation. The scan step width and whether the entire width of the vidicon is to be scanned or whether the scanning should remain concentrated on one or several of the vertical screen segments may be specified. There is an option to scan continuously or to scan the specified area a number of times, or even only one time, and then to request new instructions from the user. The user sets a detection threshold for particles. The hardware control programs also accept the specifications for the lock-on and tracking procedures. The search scan is interrupted when a particle has been found, and the cursor is repositioned twice to confirm the detection of a valid particle. The user specifies the cursor setbacks and spacing in the hardware control program and, thus, controls the specificity of detection. The operating conditions established as most appropriate for the manual-visual procedure are not optimum for an automatic system. A single EPM measurement is less precise, and there is danger of selective cell loss as a result of sedimentation. A greater abundance of cells is available for measurement at deeper layers. All of these factors favor measurement away from the stationary layer.
Deleterious mutations in animal mitochondrial DNA

A simple neutral model predicts that the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous fixed differences between species will be the same as the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous polymorphisms within species. This prediction is tested with existing mitochondrial datasets from 25 animal species. In slightly over half of the studies, the ratio of replacement to silent polymorphisms within species is significantly greater than the ratio of replacement to silent fixed differences between species. These observations are best explained by a substantial number of mildly deleterious amino acid mutations that contribute to heterozygosity but rarely become fixed.
Report of Committee on physics of soil‐moisture, 1943–44 (The role of the pF in the dynamics of soil‐moisture)

The membership of the Committee is as follows: Dr. L. D. Baver, North Carolina State College, Raleigh, North Carolina Dr. G. B. Bodman, University of California, Berkeley, California Dr. Richard Bradfield, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York S. J. Buchanan, United States Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi Dr. T. F. Buehrer, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Dr. I. A. Denison, National Bureau of Standards, United States Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. Dr. N. E. Edlefsen, University of California, Davis, California Dr. Willard Gardner, Utah Experiment Station, Logan, Utah Dr. Glennon Gilboy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts Dr. O. W. Israelsen, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah Dr. L. B. Olmstead, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Dr. L. A. Richards, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California E. A. Willis, Bureau of Public Roads, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Dr. F. J. Veihmeyer, University of California, Davis, California The annual report of the Committee is a discussion of the use of the term pF in soil-moisture investigations. SCHOFIELD [Trans. 3rd Internat. Cong. Soil Sci., vol. 2, pp. 37–48, 1935] defines the pF as follows: “The pF is the logarithm of BUCKINGHAM'S potential. By analogy with SORENSEN'S acidityscale the symbol p indicates its logarithmic character, while the symbol F is intended to remind us that by defining pF as the logarithm of the height in cm of the water-column needed to give the suction in question, we are really using the logarithm of a free-energy difference measured on a gravity scale. By basing our scale on free-energy rather than pressure we are not troubled in our calculations by the influence of pressure on the density of water”.
Enumeration of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef, cattle carcass, hide and faecal samples using direct plating methods.

Aim To develop and validate high throughput methods for the direct enumeration of viable and culturable Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef, carcass, hide and faecal (GCHF) samples from cattle. Methods and results The hydrophobic grid membrane filtration (HGMF) method and the spiral plate count method (SPCM) were evaluated as rapid tools for the estimation of pathogen load using GCHF samples spiked with known levels of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium. Validation studies showed that for a single determination of each sample type the low end of the detection limits were approx. 2.0 x 10(0) CFU g(-1) for ground beef, 5.0 x 10(-1) CFU (100 cm(2))(-1) for Salmonella and 8.0 x 10(-1) CFU (100 cm(2))(-1) for E. coli O157:H7 on carcasses, 4.0 x 10(1) CFU (100 cm(2))(-1) for hide and 2.0 x 10(2) CFU g(-1) for faecal samples. In addition, ground beef (n = 609), carcass (n = 1520) and hide (n = 3038) samples were collected from beef-processing plants and faecal samples (n = 3190) were collected from feed-lot cattle, and these samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 by enrichment and enumeration methods. Conclusions The direct enumeration methods described here are amenable to high throughput sample processing and were found to be cost-effective alternatives to other enumeration methods for the estimation of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7, in samples collected during cattle production and beef processing. Significance and impact of the study Use of the methods described here would allow for more routine testing and quantification data collection, providing useful information about the effectiveness of beef processing intervention strategies.
Managing for adaptive capacity: thinning improves food availability for wildlife and insect pollinators under climate change conditions

A trait-based approach was developed to assess impacts of management practices on the adaptive capacity of ecosystems using impacts of overstory density and thinning on understory vegetation compon...
Sub pJ/bit WDM silicon photonic communications for many-core computing systems

We present the design of a silicon microsystem enabled by silicon photonic interconnects. We review our recent progress in developing key building blocks toward sub pJ/bit optical links for inter/intra-chip interconnects, including ultra-low power silicon photonic transceivers and WDM components with low tuning power.
Reply to Almeida

Michael J. Almeida offers two criticisms of the argument of my 'A trilemma for divine command theory'. The first criticism is that I mistakenly assume the validity of the following inference pattern: property A is identical to property B; property B supervenes on property C; therefore, property A supervenes on property C. The second criticism is that I have misinterpreted the moral-supervenience thesis upon which I rely in making this argument. The first of Almeida's criticisms is completely untenable. The second of his criticisms casts doubt on my argument, a doubt that I can mitigate but not entirely dispel. In 'A trilemma for divine command theory', I provided an argument against property-identity divine-command theory, or PDCT: the claim that the property being morally obligatory is identical with the property being commanded by God.' The argument is that three claims first, PDCT; second, that moral properties supervene on non-moral properties; and third, that God's commands are sometimes free form a trilemma: accepting any two of them requires the rejection of the third. As the moral supervenience and free command theses are unlikely to be rejected, the upshot is that PDCT ought to be denied. Here is the main argument that these three theses form a trilemma: assume that [PDCT] is true and that the moral strongly supervenes on the non-moral. Being obligatory thus strongly2 supervenes on the non-moral. Necessarily, then, whether an act is obligatory is wholly fixed by a set of properties that does not include being obligatory. Now, if [PDCT] is true, then being obligatory just is being commanded by God. And so, by substitution, necessarily, whether an act is commanded by God is wholly fixed by a set of properties that does not include being commanded by God. It thus follows from the conjunction of [PDCT] and the supervenience of the moral on the non-moral that God's commands are wholly fixed by features of the world other than those commands themselves. But to accept this last claim is to reject God's freedom in commanding.3 I read Michael J. Almeida as offering two criticisms of this argument.4 The first criticism is that I mistakenly assume the validity of the following inference
DRIMM-Synteny

Motivation: The rapidly increasing set of sequenced genomes highlights the importance of identifying the synteny blocks in multiple and/or highly duplicated genomes. Most synteny block reconstruction algorithms use genes shared over all genomes to construct the synteny blocks for multiple genomes. However, the number of genes shared among all genomes quickly decreases with the increase in the number of genomes. Results: We propose the Duplications and Rearrangements In Multiple Mammals (DRIMM)-Synteny algorithm to address this bottleneck and apply it to analyzing genomic architectures of yeast, plant and mammalian genomes. We further combine synteny block generation with rearrangement analysis to reconstruct the ancestral preduplicated yeast genome. Contact: kspham@cs.ucsd.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Ultrastructural localization of 5'AMP odorant receptor sites on the dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons of the spiny lobster

A unique probe--biotinylated adenosine-5′-monophosphate (5′AMP-biotin)-- was used in transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies to localize 5′AMP odorant binding sites on the dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons in the aesthetasc sensilla of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. This probe is capable of both binding to and exciting 5′AMP- sensitive olfactory receptor neurons, as revealed through biochemical and electrophysiological assays. TEM studies showed that 5′AMP-biotin binding sites are distributed along the entire dendritic region that is exposed to odorants, including the transitional zone (between the inner and outer dendritic segments, including the ciliary segment) and all of the outer dendritic segment. The density of 5′AMP binding sites per micron2 of membrane is similar along the length of the olfactory dendrite. However, the relative number of 5′AMP-biotin binding sites per micron2 of sensillar area diminishes in the distal 30% of the aesthetasc due to a decrease in the amount of dendritic membrane in that region. The distribution of these 5′AMP binding sites is therefore much more extensive than that of enzymes that inactivate 5′AMP-- 5′ectonucleotidase/phosphatase--which are restricted to the transitional zone (Gleeson et al., 1991). Taken together, these results suggest that 5′AMP-biotin is labeling 5′AMP-specific olfactory receptor sites that are located along the entire outer dendritic segment and that can be coupled to olfactory transduction. This study represents the first in situ localization of specific olfactory receptor sites using a specific, functionally defined ligand.
A new mechanism for congestion and deadlock resolution

Efficient and reliable communication is essential for achieving high performance in a networked computing environment. Limited network resources bring about unavoidable competition among in-flight packets, resulting in network congestion and possibly deadlock. Many techniques have been proposed to improve performance by efficiently handling network congestion and deadlock. However, none of them provide an efficient way of accelerating the movement of packets involved in congestion onward to their destinations. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism for the detection and resolution of network congestion and deadlocks. The proposed mechanism is based on increasing the scheduling priority of packets involved in congestion and providing necessary resources for those packets to make forward progress. Simulation results show that the proposed technique outperforms previously proposed techniques by effectively dispersing network congestion.
Real time digital harmonic modeling and simulation: an advanced tool for understanding power system harmonics mechanisms

Off-line computation and sometimes full transient time domain simulation has been the tool of choice for modeling power system harmonic phenomena in the past. Due to significant advances in real-time digital network simulation technologies, both in decreasing time step size and increased model complexity, this tool becomes more attractive for advanced harmonic analysis. This paper proposes the use of hardware-in-loop (HIL) simulations to investigate complex practical power quality problems. The principle of HIL experiments in power system simulations is explained. Taking the cycloconverter based all-electric ship propulsion system of the US coast guard icebreaker "Healy" as an example a unique HIL experiment is described. Distorted voltages measured at the "Healy's" 6.6 kV AC bus are compared with simulation results. It is concluded, that real-time simulation with HIL capability leads to better understanding of power quality problems, particularly on closed coupled systems such as ship power systems.
Novel interaction techniques for neurosurgical planning and stereotactic navigation

Neurosurgical planning and image guided neurosurgery require the visualization of multimodal data obtained from various functional and structural image modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), functional MRI, Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and so on. In the case of epilepsy neurosurgery for example, these images are used to identify brain regions to guide intracranial electrode implantation and resection. Generally, such data is visualized using 2D slices and in some cases using a 3D volume rendering along with the functional imaging results. Visualizing the activation region effectively by still preserving sufficient surrounding brain regions for context is exceedingly important to neurologists and surgeons. We present novel interaction techniques for visualization of multimodal data to facilitate improved exploration and planning for neurosurgery. We extended the line widget from VTK to allow surgeons to control the shape of the region of the brain that they can visually crop away during exploration and surgery. We allow simple spherical, cubical, ellipsoidal and cylindrical (probe aligned cuts) for exploration purposes. In addition we integrate the cropping tool with the image-guided navigation system used for epilepsy neurosurgery. We are currently investigating the use of these new tools in surgical planning and based on further feedback from our neurosurgeons we will integrate them into the setup used for image-guided neurosurgery.
Environmentally Enhanced Fracture of Gallium Arsenide

GaAs has been found to undergo environmentally enhanced crack growth in water, formamide, acetonitrile, and methanol. In contrast, no crack extension whatsoever was observed in ammonia gas, N2 gas at 50% relative humidity, or heptane. These results are consistent with a model of electrostatic, rather then chemical, interaction between the environment and the crack-tip bonds, governing the rate of crack growth. The lack of any water-impurity-controlled crack growth further suggests that it is the dielectric constant of the liquid medium rather than the polarizability of an individual molecule that is important.
Effect of Ibuprofen or Aspirin on Probenecid-Induced Uricosuria

We dosed eight normal volunteers with single doses of probenecid alone and with aspirin or ibuprofen. Urinary urate clearance was increased by probenecid. This increase was partially inhibited by aspirin but not by ibuprofen.
A Direct Stereoselective Synthesis of (±)-14-Deoxyisoamijiol☆

Abstract A 16-step total synthesis of (±)-14-deoxyisoamijiol is reported featuring an intramolecular Sakurai reaction to stereospecifically construct the dolastane skeleton.
The “cloud in cell” technique applied to the roll up of vortex sheets

The problem of the roll up of a two dimensional vortex sheet generated by a wing in an ideal fluid is phrased in terms of the streamfunction and the vortex sheet strength. A numerical method is used to calculate the time evolution of the vortex sheet by adapting the ''Cloud In Cell'' technique introduced in solving many particle simulations in plasma physics (see J. P. Christiansen, J. Computational Physics 13 (1973)). Two cases are considered for the initial distribution of circulation, one corresponding to an elliptically loaded wing and the other simulating the wing with a flap deployed. Results indicate that small scale behaviour plays an important part in the roll up. Typically, small scale perturbations result in small structures which evolve into ever increasing larger structures by vortex amalgamation. Conclusions are given from a number of tests exploring the validity of the method. Briefly, small scale perturbations are introduced artificially by the grid; but once the process of vortex amalgamation is well underway, the emerging large scale behaviour is relatively insensitive to the precise details of the initial perturbations. Since clearly defined structures result from the application of this method, it promises to aid considerably in understanding the behaviourmore » of vortex wakes.« less
A Corrugated Mirror-Cyclotron Frequency Direct Conversion System (COMI-CYFER)

In this scheme the plasma escaping from a mirror machine is split into an array of long narrow beams by means of a grid of iron slabs. For proper shaping of the slabs, the increased mirror ratio at the iron causes acceptably low beam interception. After spherical expansion of the magnetic field containing the escaping plasma, the electrons are repelled by non-intercepting grids. A spatially alternating electric and/or magnetic field which follows is converted to an alternating or rotating force by the motion of the ions. At sufficiently low velocity, this force resonates with the cyclotron frequency and sweeps the ions to collector plates. With average ion energies of 293 keV an efficiency of 85% can be obtained in a system whose size is much smaller than other proposed direct conversion systems. For a 74% efficienicy, only 186 keV ions are required and the system becomes extraordinarily compact.
Nonparental Child Care (Daycare)

This article summarizes the research to date on the effects of nonparental child care (daycare) on children's development. After a brief historical review and a discussion of the obstacles facing researchers in this field, the article presents emerging findings from the central areas of study within the daycare literature, including the importance of home and daycare quality and the effects of daycare on children's socioemotional and cognitive development as well as their physical health.
Clinician perception of the impact of deployed physical therapists as physician extenders in a combat environment.

ABSTRACTPhysical therapists (PTs) serve as physician extenders performing direct access evaluations for musculoskeletal conditions. The previous war-time mission of PTs was limited to level III medical care. Recently PTs began providing care at levels I/II with brigade combat teams (BCTs). Purpose: Determine the sentiment of battlefield providers at levels I/II regarding the operational impact of PTs. Methods: Surveys were provided to BCT medical providers. Results: There were 107 responses (response rate of 51%). According to the responses, PTs made a significant impact on overall mission accomplishment (97%) and patient prognosis (83%) and were considered local experts in musculoskeletal pathology (92%), including the ordering of radiographs (79%). Their presence was thought to significantly decrease medical evacuations within theater (68%) and out of theater (73%). Conclusion: There was a positive sentiment toward PTs in the BCT, suggesting they are highly valued. Future studies need to clarify further...
Cover Your Cough! Quantifying the Benefits of a Localized Healthy Behavior Intervention on Flu Epidemics in Washington DC

We use a synthetic population model of Washington DC, including residents and transients such as tourists and business travelers, to simulate epidemics of influenza-like illnesses. Assuming that the population is vaccinated at the compliance levels reported by the CDC, we show that additionally implementing a policy that encourages healthy behaviors (such as covering your cough and using hand sanitizers) at four major museum locations around the National Mall can lead to very significant reductions in the epidemic. These locations are chosen because there is a high level of mixing between residents and transients. We show that this localized healthy behavior intervention is approximately equivalent to a 46.14% increase in vaccination compliance levels.