cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ISOLATION AND CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF PROTEIN FROM CLAM WASH WATER

An appreciable amount of clam waste protein concentrate was obtained from the clam wash water by treatment with 10N H2SO4, at pH 4.0. Protein yields were about 41% by this process. Proximate analyses of the freeze-dried clam waste protein concentrate were: moisture, 2.21%; protein, 67.9%; fat, 11.22%; fiber, 0.32%; ash, 4.92% and N-free extract, 13.43%. Amino acid scores of the clam waste protein concentrate were considerably lower than those of the FAO reference pattern of amino acids. The clam waste protein concentrate was first limiting in leucine and valine, followed by the sulfur-containing amino acids (cystine and methionine) and isoleucine.
Optimum conditions for bonding of plant phenols to insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone

Abstract Maximum bonding of the principal plant phenols ofNicotiana tabacum to insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone occurred at pH 3·5 in 1–10 per cent methanol. Three successive additions of 0·5 g each of purified polyvinylpyrrolidone quantitatively bound 100 μg amounts of each phenol. The bonding was reversible; 8 M urea, 5 M guanidine hydrochloride andN-methyl-2-pyrrolidone released undegraded caffeic acid from the polyvinylpyrrolidone-caffeic acid insoluble complex. The analytical and spectral data presented in this paper indicate that the phenols were attached to the polyvinylpyrrolidone principally by hydrogen bonds.
MgADP− increases maximum tension and Ca2+ sensitivity in skinned rabbit soleus fibers

Increasing concentrations of MgADP− or MgCDP− in the millimolar range cause an increase in the maximum Ca2+-activated tension that a skinned rabbit soleus muscle fiber can develop in the presence of 2 mM MgATP2− or MgCTP2 respectively. In contrast, the maximal Ca2+-activated ATPase activity of the fiber decreases in the presence of MgADP−. As the nucleoside diphosphate (MgADP− or MgCDP−) concentration is increased, the Ca2+ concentration required for half-maximal activation of tension is reduced.MgADP− has a similar effect on the Ca2+ concentration required to half-maximally activate the fiber ATPase. The effects on tension are due to magnesium nucleoside diphosphate and not some other form of nucleoside diphosphate since the effects occur at both low (pMg 4) and control (pMg 3) Mg2+ concentrations. Cooperativity, as judged by the Hill “n” value relating isometric tension and Ca2+, is less in the presence of 5 mM MgADP− as compared to a control (no added MgADP−) “n” value. Increasing concentrations of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the millimolar range decrease maximum Ca2+-activated tension, and increase the concentration of Ca2+ required to half-maximally activate tension, effects opposite to those of MgADP. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that cooperative interactions between actin and myosin can affect the affinity of troponin for Ca2+.
Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Vascular Relaxation in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia Extends Beyond the Muscarinic Receptor

Patients with hypercholesterolemia have impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. However, previous human studies have invariably used muscarinic agents to assess endothelial function. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation of hypercholesterolemic patients is related to a specific and isolated defect of the muscarinic receptor, or to a broader abnormality of the endothelial cells. The forearm vascular responses to the endothelium-dependent agents acetylcholine (7.5, 15, and 30 micrograms/min) and substance P (1, 2, and 4 pmol/min), and to the direct smooth muscle dilator sodium nitroprusside (0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 micrograms/min) were studied in 16 hypercholesterolemic patients (8 men and 8 women; age [mean +/- SD] 50 +/- 7 years; serum cholesterol > 250 mg/dl) and 16 normal volunteers (8 men and 8 women; age 47 +/- 8 years; serum cholesterol < 200 mg/dl). Drugs were infused into the brachial artery and the response of the forearm vasculature was measured by strain-gauge plethysmography. The vasodilator response to acetylcholine was reduced in hypercholesterolemic patients compared with normal controls; at the highest dose (30 micrograms/min) the increase in forearm blood flow was 13.5 +/- 7 ml/min/100 ml in controls and 7.54 +/- 6 in patients (p < 0.05). The response to substance P was also blunted in hypercholesterolemic patients; at the highest dose (4 pmol/min), the increase in forearm blood flow was 12.1 +/- 5 ml/min/100 ml in controls and 7.6 +/- 4 in patients (p < 0.03). A significant correlation was found between the highest blood flow responses with acetylcholine and with substance P (r = 0.58; p < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lifting-Line Theory for Arbitrarily Shaped Wings

This paper presents a new method for solving the classical lifting-line equation. The spanwise lift (or circulation) distribution is to be determined when the spanwise chord distribution and spanwise twist distribution are resolved separately and arbitrarily into their Fourier-series representations. An infinite set of equations for the resulting circulation Fourier-series coefficients is obtained in terms of the Fourier coefficients for the wing-chord shape and the twist distribution. When the equations are expressed in matrix form, the contributions of planform shape and twist are readily perceived. The set of equations can be truncated arbitrarily for the first N number of unknown coefficients, and easily solved by various software packages. Convergence properties can then be readily established by examining changes associated with changes in levels of truncation. A five-by-five (N = 5) truncation system is found to be sufficient for a wide variety of problems. Several example problems are considered, and the results are compared. The new method converges faster and is more accurate for the same level of truncation. Moreover, in comparison with other methods, it is comprehensive, rigorous, and lends itself to insight regarding the interactions of lift distribution, planform shape, and twist.
RESEARCH NEEDS IN TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES: GUIDEWAY TECHNOLOGY AND MATERIALS RESEARCH

Abstract The need to rehabilitate our national infrastructure in emerging as the dominant market situation surrounding transportation facilities today. However, current programs in, and proposals for, transportation research have not explored the issues surrounding the needed national commitment on a scale commensurate with the magnitude of the renewal market. As a result, the national research agenda in transportation facilities seems to be aimed at only an incremental advance in the state of the art. The growing requirements for infrastructure renewal are driven by both increasing demand for transportation and reduced supply due to deterioration and depletion. While current techniques and practices to rehabilitate existing facilities have been derived largely from those of new construction, the markets for the two types of activity and the types of work involved are different in some important respects, including project scale, technology, management and financing. As annual rehabilitation expenditures increase, issues of productivity and cost of rehabilitation will become increasingly important, and the need for research that recognizes the special constraints associated with rehabilitation will become more evident. A fortuitous confluence of market and technology trends currently exists for a series of technological breakthroughs in the guideway construction industry through the remainder of this century. New technologies in computers, automated systems and exotic materials have been developed to the point where they are ready to be exploited commercially in transportation construction. Recent developments in transport facility finance and management also have important implications for infrastructure renewal. At the same time, the emerging infrastructural renewal market is sufficiently large, dispersed and diverse to guarantee not only significant payoffs for private industry research and development, but also spinoffs to improve the construction industry's productivity in other markets as well. A creative response to the infrastructure problem should therefore focus on improvements in the productivity of rehabilitation activities through major advances in technology and management that result in more durable, more reliable and cheaper repairs, so that the available resources could produce the needed output. This will require major commitments to research, both to develop or adapt the novel technology to the field of interest, and to assess the implications of that technology or the resulting gains in productivity on industry operations and costs.
Praktische Anwendungen der Molekularthermodynamik zur Berechnung von Phasengleichgewichten

Die Thermodynamik von fluiden Mischungen ist im Chemieingenieurwesen von groser Bedeutung, denn in einer chemischen Anlage spielt die Trennung von Mischungen durch Destillation, Extraktion oder andere Prozesse eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Anwendbarkeit der Thermodynamik wird dadurch stark erweitert, das die Vorstellungen der molekularen Physik und der physikalischen Chemie sowohl mit der klassischen als auch mit der statistischen Thermodynamik verknupft werden. — Anwendungen der molekularen Thermodynamik werden an einigen Beispielen illustriert. Zunachst wird eine verallgemeinerte van der Waalssche Zustandssumme diskutiert, die fur kleine und grose Molekule geeignet ist. Mit ihr werden bei hohen Drucken Dampf-Flussigkeits-Gleichgewichte solcher Mischungen korreliert bzw. vorausgesagt, die Kohlenwasserstoffe, CO2, H2S und andere Fluide enthalten, die i. allg. im Petroleum, im Erdgas und in Synthesegasen gefunden werden. Dann wird eine Theorie der chemischen Assoziation erwahnt, die bei masigen Drucken zur Berechnung der Fugazitatskoeffizienten der Dampfphase von stark polaren Systemen benutzt wird. Zur Bestimmung der Aktivitatskoeffizienten der flussigen Phase dieser Systeme wird eine verallgemeinerte quasi-chemische Gittertheorie verwendet. Letztere ist dazu geeignet, Aktivitatskoeffizienten nach der Gruppenbeitragsmethode anhand der Wechselwirkungsparameter zwischen den einzelnen Gruppen abzuschatzen Diese Methode ist somit auch fur solche Mischungen anwendbar, fur die nur wenige oder keine experimentelle Daten vorhanden sind. - Eine engere Zusammenarbeit zwischen Chemieingenieur und Physikochemiker ist notwendig, um weitere Fortschritte in der Thermodynamik der Mischungen zu erzielen. Thermodynamics of fluid mixtures is important in chemical engineering because a large part of a chemical plant is concerned with separation of mixtures by distillation, extraction and other diffusional operations. The applicability of thermodynamics is much increased by combining concepts from molecular physics and physical chemistry with both classical and statistical thermodynamics. - Some examples illustrate the uses of molecular thermodynamics. First, a generalized van der Waals partition function, suitable for large and small molecules, is used to correlate and predict high-pressure vapor-liquid equilibria in systems containing hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and other common fluids found in petroleum and in natural and synthetic gases. Second, for strongly polar systems at moderate pressures, a chemical association theory is used for vapor-phase fugacity coefficients while a generalized quasi-chemical lattice theory is used to express liquid-phase activity coefficients. The latter is suitable for a group-contribution method that enables activity coefficients to be estimated from group-group interaction parameters; this method can be applied to mixtures where few or no experimental data are available. — Progress in the thermodynamics of mixtures requires closer collaboration between chemical engineers and physical chemists.
In vitro evidence for the hole of glutamate in the CNS toxicity of mercury

Abstract Intoxication with elemental mercury vapor or with methylmercury results in the accumulation of mercuric mercury (Hg2+) in the brain. Submicromolar concentrations of Hg2+ were shown previously to inhibit glutamate uptake in astrocyte cultures selectively and reversibly. This finding suggests that blockade of the inactivation of synaptically released glutamate is a potential mechanism of the CNS toxicity of Hg2+. The present study shows further that Hg2+ (⩽ 1 μM): (i) markedly inhibits the clearance of extracellular glutamate both by astrocyte cultures and by spinal cord cultures; (ii) reduces glutamine content and export in astrocyte cultures; (iii) has little effect on neuronal viability in spinal cord cultures in the absence of excitotoxic accumulations of glutamate; (iv) does not impair the sensitivity of neutrons to the excitotoxic action of glutamate. Also, it is noted that Hg2+ (⩽ 1 μM) has not been shown to impair transmitter release acutely in existing studies of presynaptic actions. Thus, the available evidence from in vitro studies is consistent with the hypothesis that low concentrations of mercuric mercury in the brain can cause neurotoxicity by selectively inhibiting the uptake of synaptically released glutamate, with consequent elevation of glutamate levels in the extracellular space.
The role of epithelial cells in immune regulation in the gut.

A variety of mechanisms contribute to the ability of the gut to either react or remain tolerant to antigens present in the intestinal lumen. Intestinal epithelial cells can control the uptake, transmission and presentation of luminal antigens through an astonishingly diverse set of pathways. Antigens can cross the epithelial barrier via non-specific pinocytotic, specific receptor mediated, or intracellular/paracellular bypass pathways. The differential processing and presentation by a variety of restriction elements may result in the activation of functionally distinct target cell populations which have the capacity to regulate the predominant trend of immune unresponsiveness within the gut.
A minister's bereavement and remarriage: Ebenezer Parkman of Westborough, Massachusetts

Historians have written extensively about widows but have paid less attention to widowers whose greater economic, legal, and social standing may have been assumed to smooth the way through mourning, courtship, and remarriage. The Rev. Ebenezer Parkman of Westborough, Massachusetts, lost his wife in early 1736 and remarried 19 months later. An examination of his experience as a widower shows that bereavement and remarriage were a complex process in which the practical considerations of his family's needs, his grief, and his loneliness, as well as the reservations of his prospective bride, all played a part in the duration of his widowerhood and the circumstances of his remarriage.
Sub-100-nanosecond thermal reconfiguration of silicon photonic devices

One of the limitations of thermal reconfiguration in silicon photonics is its slow response time. At the same time, there is a tradeoff between the reconfiguration speed and power consumption in conventional reconfiguration schemes that poses a challenge in improving the performance of microheaters. In this work, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that the high thermal conductivity of silicon can be exploited to tackle this tradeoff through direct pulsed excitation of the device silicon layer. We demonstrate 85 ns reconfiguration of 4 µm diameter microdisks, which is one order of magnitude improvement over the conventional microheaters. At the same time, 2.06 nm/mW resonance wavelength shift is achieved in these devices, which is in a par with the best microheater architectures optimized for low-power operation. We also present a system-level model that precisely describes the response of the demonstrated microheaters. A differentially addressed optical switch is also demonstrated that shows the possibility of switching in opposite directions (i.e., OFF-to-ON and ON-to-OFF) using the proposed reconfiguration scheme.
The generalized valence bond view of molecules; the BHn series☆

Abstract The low-lying states of B, BH, BH 2 , and BH 3 are analyzed in terms of the orbitals obtained from generalized valence bond (GVB) calculations. We find that the geometries, symmetries, and qualitative form of the potential surfaces can be understood in terms of simple ideas involving the atomic orbitals. These same ideas can be used in many other systems.
Combining cosmogenic, stratigraphic, and paleomagnetic information using a Bayesian approach: General results and an application to Sterkfontein

Abstract In geochronology it is increasingly common to apply several methods to a set of samples. The task then arises of combining different types of data, with perhaps qualitatively different types of uncertainty, into a coherent age estimate which makes optimum use of the available information. In this paper we discuss a method which uses Bayesian reasoning to combine radiometric, stratigraphic, and paleomagnetic information when dating sediment layers. After presenting a general formulation, we derive an analytic formula for the probability distribution of the age of a sediment layer. We then apply this methodology to refine previous cosmogenic nuclide burial dating results for the age of a sediment layer containing a hominin fossil at Sterkfontein, South Africa.
Male monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus, adjust ejaculates in response to intensity of sperm competition

During mating, male Lepidoptera transfer spermatophores that consist of accessory gland material, eupyrene (nucleated) sperm and apyrene sperm that is incapable of fertilizing eggs. Sexual selection theory predicts that males should allocate these materials strategically based on the risk and intensity of sperm competition. We studied the relationship between behavioural and physiological cues and material allocation by male monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus. Males that had waited longer between matings transferred larger spermatophores and more apyrene and eupyrene sperm. Eupyrene sperm number was also correlated with female mating history, with males transferring more sperm to females that had larger amounts of spermatophore material stored from previous mates, regardless of whether this came from one or three mates. This result suggests that males use stored ejaculates to assess female mating history and increase eupyrene sperm investment under increased sperm competition intensity. Male monarchs appear to be capable of independently manipulating the different components of their ejaculates. Ejaculate allocation patterns suggest that males benefit by maximizing spermatophore size and apyrene sperm number, possibly to delay future female remating. However, males allocate more eupyrene sperm to females when sperm competition is more intense, which is consistent with predictions from recent sperm competition models.
Adsorption kinetics and nanostructure development during layer by layer assembly of graphene nanoplatelets and amorphous carbon nanospheres

Abstract Nanostructure evolution and adsorption kinetics during carbon nanoparticle layer by layer (LbL) assembly are investigated for thin film coating applications that require high through-plane electrical conductivity. Two types of nanoparticles are evaluated: 5–10 nm thick stacks of graphene sheets (graphene nanoplatelets) and 20 nm diameter amorphous carbon spheres. Electrostatic interactions between the carbon nanoparticles and a cationic polyacrylamide binder are systematically altered by varying the carbon nanoparticle suspending media composition and quantified with electrophoretic mobility zeta potential ( ζ ) measurements. Suspension pH is used to control the nanoparticle surface charge density through dissociation of hydrolyzed surface groups while the addition of alcohol is used to enhance electrostatic interactions by altering the dielectric constant of the medium. Alcohol and pH are found to have opposing effects with respect to the packing density and through-plane conductivity of the polyelectrolyte–nanoparticle structures formed. Such behavior is ascribed to steric effects associated with the heterogeneous dispersion of weakly acidic functional groups on the hydrolyzed carbon nanoparticles surface; whose dissociation regulates electrostatic interaction with the cationic polyelectrolyte binder during LbL assembly. Complete dissociation of these groups in the absence of alcohol yields more densely packed polyelectrolyte–nanoparticle structures with as much as 40% reduction in through-plane conductivity.
The Locus of Racial Disadvantage in the Labor Market1

Using a pooled sample constructed from recent installments of the Displaced Workers Survey, this study examines the racial disparities in postdisplacement outcomes while controlling for the predisplacement experience and earnings of individual workers. It finds no racial difference in the reemployment wage, but there is a large racial disparity in the chances of reemployment among workers with equivalent characteristics and experience. This lower reemployment rate of displaced black workers may be due to individual differences in search behavior, but it is also consistent with contemporary accounts of hiring discrimination.
Justifying conclusions in naturalistic evaluations: A practical perspective

Abstract Naturalistic approaches to program evaluation generate multiple interpretations and possible conclusions, but lack inherent guidance on how to choose among or reconcile them. A practical frame of reference for addressing this challenge emphasizes criteria of utility and credibility, as well as an evaluation process that is participatory and openly value-pluralistic. This paper discusses the logic of justification underlying such a practical perspective.
A KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEM TO MODEL HUMAN SUPERVISORY CONTROL IN DYNAMIC PLANNING

With the increases in the levels of automation and computerization, supervisory control systems are becoming increasingly common in commercial and military applications. A supervisory control system consists of one or more human operators interacting with highly automated components such as those seen in satellite ground control, flexible manufacturing systems, or nuclear power plants. Humans typically perform cognitively intense tasks such as monitoring, planning, real-time control, and troubleshooting, and are ultimately responsible for the safe and efficient operation of the overall system. Although developments on supervisory control have led to useful applications in interface design and automation, there is a scarcity of research that empirically evaluates human decision making in supervisory control through emulation of task performance using knowledge-based systems. In the context of dynamic planning involving simulated search and rescue missions using ground based autonomous robots and uninhabited aerial vehicles, we developed a knowledge-based system that mimics supervisory control performance. This paper describes the application domain, the details of the simulation model, and the implementation and assessment of a knowledge-based system that mimics human supervisory control performance.
Intermediality, Rewriting Histories, and Identities in French Rap

In her article "Intermediality, Rewriting Histories and Identities in French Rap" Isabelle Marc Martinez analyzes aspects of French hip hop culture. As an example of resistant cultural manifestations, hip hop scenes all over the world develop strategies to subvert mainstream values and to replace them by new de-localized, contesting identities via intermedial and intertextual processes. In France during the 1990 rap was intended to reassess French national history and national selfperception. Foundational hip hop bands such as Assassin, Ministere AMER, IAM, and NTM aimed at discrediting official narratives concerning the French culture's colonial and social past. hip hop artists, who viewed themselves as poets in a romantic vein, invested themselves with a responsibility that was political, ethical and aesthetic. From this position of poetic superiority, they attempted to alter official narratives by questioning and reviewing the educational system of France. The outcome of these resistant strategies was the forging of new multicultural and multiethnic identities of French culture, which have been in fact partly appropriated by mainstream culture and politics.
Ventriculosubgaleal shunts for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in premature infants.

Objective: The early management of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in premature infants is challenging and controversial. These infants need a temporary cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dive
Management of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II with plasmapheresis

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (MPGN II) is a rare kidney disease identified microscopically by electron-dense deposits surrounded by complement component C3 in glomerular basement membranes. MPGN II usually leads to renal failure, and patients with MPGN II experience a high rate of recurrence following renal transplantation. No treatment modalities have been proven successful if recurrence does occur. The sera of most patients with MPGN II contain complement C3 nephritic factor (C3NF), an IgG autoantibody directed against C3 convertase (C3bBb) that results in constitutive breakdown of C3. C3NF may be important in the pathogenesis of the disease. Since C3NF is IgG, we predicted that C3NF could be removed from the serum through plasmapheresis. We describe the use of long-term plasmapheresis to maintain good renal function in a 15-year-old girl with rapidly progressive recurrent MPGN II. After 73 plasmapheresis procedures over 63 weeks, her serum creatinine remained stable, and her creatinine clearance trended upward. Serial biopsies of the transplanted kidney demonstrated persistent MPGN II but no development of tubular atrophy. During the course of therapy, serum C3NF activity decreased; furthermore, C3NF activity was detected in the removed plasma. We have shown that plasmapheresis is a safe and effective method for delaying the onset of chronic renal failure in recurrent MPGN II. The efficacy may be due to the removal of serum C3NF.
Infusing Aging Content across the Curriculum: Innovations in Baccalaureate Social Work Education

This study examines the effort of a baccalaureate social work (BSW) program to infuse aging content throughout the foundation curriculum. The authors designed a 3-part approach to curriculum development and innovation: (1) increasing students' interest and exposure to aging contents through curriculum innovation, (2) faculty development, and (3) cultivation of an aging-rich environment. Outcomes of the curriculum infusion and integration, in terms of students' attitudes toward older adults and gerontological competency, were assessed via surveys of 3 groups of BSW students whose method of exposure to aging content differed. Respondents demonstrated improved attitudes and gerontology competence. Recommendations for an effective curriculum change and implications for gerontological social work education are discussed.
Prenatal diagnosis of fetal disorders. Part II: Issues and implications.

Some of the important issues raised by genetic diagnosis include the psychological implications of parents waiting weeks for test results, aborting a defective fetus, accidentally aborting, learning that a fetus is unaffected, and learning the sex of a fetus. Some ethical and legal controversies and social policy issues are described. (BIRTH 10:4, Winter 1983)
The development of hepatoportal sclerosis and portal hypertension due to didanosine use in HIV

Hepatoportal sclerosis (HPS) is one of several entities known to cause noncirrhotic portal hypertension. To date, its etiology is unknown. There have been increasing reports of HPS occurring in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently issued an advisory regarding the development of noncirrhotic portal hypertension in association with didanosine (ddI) use. We report on a patient with HIV who had taken ddI for 4 years and who developed portal hypertension. Histopathological review of paired liver biopsies showed an initial drug hepatotoxicity, microvascular liver injury, and the presence of HPS. Despite cessation of ddI, the latter biopsy showed resolution of the drug-induced injury, but it also showed progression of the HPS. The patient’s portal hypertension also progressed suggestive of an unremitting vascular injury. This case demonstrates the development of HPS resulting from a drug-induced microvascular injury. The paired biopsies demonstrate that the initial vascular injury may disappear but that the portal hypertension and HPS progress.
Preoperative and follow-up procedures on patients with breast cancer.

From July 1, 1975 to June 30, 1979, 194 patients were enrolled in a program under a contract from the NCI to study chemoimmunotherapy in patients with Stage II and Stage III breast cancer. Patients were treated in six-week cycles for one year and were later followed at six month intervals. Pretreatment evaluation included complete blood count, SMA-12, xerogram, chest x-ray, and bone scan. The blood count and SMA-12 were repeated every six weeks before each course of treatment, and all of the preoperative tests were repeated at the completion of one year of treatment. After the year of treatment, testing was variable depending upon the stage of the disease, the patient's symptoms, and the individual preferences of the responsible physician. Up to the present time, there have been 38 recurrences in the 194 patients entered into this protocol. Twenty-nine of the recurrences were symptomatic at the time of discovery, four were asymptomatic and detected on physical examination, and five asymptomatic recurrences were detected by routine testing. Review of 60 patients who developed recurrence during approximately the same interval but who were not on the protocol shows that 43 were symptomatic and 14 were discovered on routine physical examination; 3 patients were asymptomatic. During this time, five new breast cancers were discovered in patients included in this report. Three were discovered by xerogram and two by physical examination. Further studies need to be made to provide sound data for optimal follow-up procedures on previously treated breast cancer patients. Careful history, physical examination, and evaluation of symptoms will identify most recurrences at a relatively early stage and extensive routine testing may not be worthwhile.
Structural and transcriptional analysis of DNA sequences flanking genes that encode 19 kilodalton zeins.

The nucleotide sequence of gz19ab11, a clone that corresponds to the coding and flanking sequences of an Mr 19000 alpha zein, was determined. Comparison of the DNA sequences flanking this gene with those of other members of the gene subfamily showed that sequence conservation extends 820 nucleotides into the 5′ flanking region and 130 nucleotides into the 3′ flanking region. Southern blot analysis of maize DNA indicated that highly repetitive sequences are located within 950 bp 5′ and 300 bp 3′ to the protein coding region of these genes. The coding region of gz19ab11 is similar to but not identical with cDNA clones corresponding to Mr 19000 zeins, and analysis of zein transcripts indicated that this gene is expressed exclusively in endosperm tissue. RNAs which correspond to transcripts originating 60 nucleotides, and more than 800 nucleotides, upstream of the initiation codon were detected for this and a related gene. However, the concentration of the large RNA species was several orders of magnitude less than that of the shorter RNAs. The functional significance of these large RNA transcripts in zein gene expression is unclear.
The evolving role of nonvolatile memory toward rapid-configurable electronics for space

Summary form only given. The Air Force Research Laboratory has initiated a focused technology area called responsive space. The goal is rapid configuration and deployment of space capabilities to meet specific mission needs around the world. This places a new set of parameters on the "brains" of such systems - the electronics. Flexibility, scalability, rapid interconnectivity replace high performance, low power, and radiation hardness. The challenges of such a capability will be described as will the role of non-volatile memory as the new mission area evolves toward the "Six-day Satellite"
Human aspects of interdisciplinary research

Purpose – Based upon the argument that the primary characteristic of successful interdisciplinary research lies in human behavior and action (Brun et al., 2007 as cited in Buller, 2008), the purpose of this paper is to offer a view on human aspects of interdisciplinary research. Findings – The paper presents interdisciplinary research as an overlapping process of collective human interactions, consisting of group composition, conceptualization, integration and contribution. Conceptualization and integration processes are particularly important for knowledge exchange and creation as individuals learn to translate, articulate, relate and relocate their original disciplinary positions (Buller, 2008). Further, the paper argues that interdisciplinarity can be enhanced through appropriate group mechanisms and practices; and successful interdisciplinary research also translates into individual (and group) learning and capability development, in addition to knowledge creation. Research limitations/implications – ...
Effective Policy Evaluation: Refining Design Processes for Coastal Ecosystem Condition Indicators

To achieve the desired outcomes of ecosystem-based or integrated coastal management, paradigm shifts must occur in all stages of the policy process. This article focuses on the evaluative stage following policy implementation, specifically on the use of coastal ecosystem condition indicators. A review of the recent literature suggests that coastal ecosystem condition indicators with too broad a scale or too narrow a scope lose utility and applicability. An analysis of these problems of scale and scope reveals that the process through which an index is designed and selected can hinder or heighten its validity. Local and diverse stakeholder input can help to ameliorate weaknesses, increasing the evaluative validity of coastal ecosystem condition indicators.
Step polymerization via reductive coupling of dicarbonyl compounds a fundamental study

Abstract A mechanistic and synthetic study of a new condensation type, step polymerization chemistry is being undertaken, wherein organometallic assisted reduction (McMurry Chemistry) may lead to essentially quantitative coupling of carbonyl functional groups. Initial studies dealt with the coupling of heterocyclic aldehydes in an attempt to elucidate the coupling mechanism. After formation of the intermediate using TiCl4 and Zn in THF, the pinacol is obtained in high yield with hydrolysis in a 2:1 ratio of diastereomers. Separation and characterization reveals that the dl pair is formed predominantly over the meso isomer. Using 18O labeling experiments, the hydrolysis mechanism was determined not to proceed through a SN2 pathway. If the intermediate is exposed to reflux conditions, olefins are obtained in high yield. X-ray studies reveal valuable information concerning torsional ring angles. Coupling of the dicarbonyl compounds leads to both polypinacol and polyolefin formation. The polypinacol work to date has been most successful due to the high solubility of the existing hydroxyl groups. In contrast the low solubility of the polyolefins has made isolation and characterization difficult.
Short-term hormone therapy suspension and mammography recall: a randomized trial.

Women screened for breast cancer are often recalled for additional testing when mammography findings are unclear. This randomized trial in middle-age and older women found that briefly stopping hor...
The anemias of early infancy

Summary The diagnosis of those anemias of early infancy which occur during the first four to six weeks of life was considered. This embraces the newborn period when adjustment to extrauterine life takes place. During this time profound alterations occur in various systems, including that of hematopoiesis. A satisfactory evaluation of the blood picture may be obscured by these changes as well as by the changes incident to growth and development. The evidence presented in this paper points to the remarkable adaptation and integration of physiologic processes by which sudden and drastic shifts in blood levels are kept in check in the early newborn period. Recent studies reveal, for instance, that the hemoglobin level is usually sustained or shows only a gradual decline during this period. Similarly, the type of nutritional anemia which depends on maternal iron deficiency is of infrequent occurrence during the first days of life. Adjustments in hematopoiesis may take place at varying rates of speed, and protective mechanisms may be upset. To facilitate the interpretation of the blood disorders of this period, normal blood formation and the forces which control hematopoietic equilibrium during fetal life and in the newborn period have been reviewed. In the light of accumulating information, it is possible to relate some of the manifestations of the anemias of this period to deficiencies of one or more hematopoietic factors. Some of the features of erythroblastosis fetalis and of hemorrhagic disease may be explained on this basis. Retarded elaboration of essential hematopoietic principles by the young infant probably contributes to the pathogenesis of a blood disorder. In addition to its other functions, transfusion may serve as an accelerating influence in the production of these elements by newborn infants. Since erythroblastic or Cooley's anemia, familial hemolytic jaundice and hypoplastic anemia may make their initial appearance during the latter part of the newborn period, it is important to look for certain hematologic features by which these conditions may be recognized.
Unsupervised classification via convex absolute value inequalities

We consider the problem of classifying completely unlabelled data using convex inequalities that contain absolute values of the data. This allows each data point to belong to either one of two classes by entering the inequality with a plus or minus value. Using such absolute value inequalities in support vector machine classifiers, unlabelled data can be successfully partitioned into two classes that capture most of the correct labels dropped from the data. Inclusion of partially labelled data leads to a semisupervised classifier. Computational results include unsupervised and semisupervised classification of the Wisconsin Breast Cancer Wisconsin (Diagnostic) Data Set.
Interferon-gamma modulates lung macrophage production of PDGF-BB and fibroblast growth.

Abstract Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent mediator of fibroblast proliferation and chemotaxis. We have studied here the cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ) which is known to prime macrophages for increased PDGF production. Thus, we postulated that IFN-γ would act as a positive regulator of PDGF-BB secretion by rat alveolar macrophages, and in addition we asked whether or not the IFN-γ (a known anti-mitogenic cytokine) would block the growth response of primary lung fibroblasts to the PDGF-BB. Macrophages incubated with IFN-γ or iron spheres alone for 24 h secreted 2.5-fold more PDGF-BB than control macrophages incubated in serum-free medium. Preincubation of macrophages with IFN-γ prior to the addition of iron spheres synergistically increased PDGF-BB production 2–10-fold after 24 h. In contrast, when IFN-γ was added to quiescent rat lung fibroblasts (RLFs) in the presence of PDGF-BB, the cytokine induced a concentration-dependent decrease in cell growth, while IFN-γ alone did not affect proliferation. [ 125 I]PDGF-BB receptor assays showed that neither preincubation nor coincubation of RLF with IFN-γ affected PDGF-BB binding to its receptors.
An adaptive method for the numerical solution of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. I. regular kernels

An adaptive method based on the trapezoidal rule for the numerical solution of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind is developed. The choice of mesh points is made automatically so as to equidistribute both the change in the discrete solution and its gradient. Some numerical experiments with this method are presented.
The influence of gravitational force on gas absorption in a packed column

Carbon dioxide was desorbed from water in a packed column mounted on a large centrifuge. By varying the centrifuge rotational speed, the total body force acting upon the liquid was varied from 1 to 6.4 times the normal gravitational force. The results, obtained for ¾ in. Rasching ring packing, showed kLa varying with the body force to a power between 0.41 and 0.48, the exponent being larger at lower liquid flow rates. This effect of gravity is compared with penetration theory predictions and with those inferred from dimensional analysis and the effect of packing size.
Initial Insight on the Determinants of Podocyte Polarity

Glomerular disease manifest by proteinuria is associated with changes in the architecture of podocyte foot processes and the structure of podocyte intercellular junctions. For this reason, there is great interest in defining the cellular mechanisms that determine and maintain normal podocyte morphology in health, that results in changes in podocyte morphology in disease, and might affect recovery of normal podocyte structure after disease. Much research in this area has focused on protein complexes localized to the podocyte intercellular junction. This work has been propelled by identification of several genes that encode proteins targeted to the intercellular junction, which when mutated in human congenital disease result either in failure of podocyte development or in an inability of the podocyte to maintain its normal architecture. Among these disease genes is Nphs1 , which encodes Nephrin, a transmembrane protein of the cell adhesion family targeted to the intercellular junction of the mature podocyte foot process.1 With structurally similar Neph1 protein, Nephrin-Neph1 forms a complex in the plane of the cell membrane that recruits proteins of the actin polymerization complex regulating foot process actin cytoskeletal dynamics.2–4 In doing so, these proteins coordinate foot process intercellular junction formation and maintenance with development and homeostasis of podocyte morphology. Given the complexity of these cellular processes, our knowledge of the precise mechanisms by which nephrin operates remain rudimentary. Polarity, or the asymmetric distribution of cellular constituents, is a fundamental property of polarized cells that defines cellular architecture and tissue organization essential for cellular function.5 Renal tubular epithelial cells are polarized along the apical-basal axis that extends from the tubular basement membrane to the apical luminal surface. In this example, epithelial polarity is defined by the asymmetric distribution …
Hormonal control of gastrointestinal motility

The objective of these studies was to assess the role of gastrointestinal hormones in controlling gastrointestinal motility. In the proximal stomach, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, and secretin inhibit contractions, thereby decreasing intragastric pressure and slowing gastric emptying of liquids. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) may also slow gastric emptying, since they also inhibit proximal gastric contractions, but this was not tested. In contrast, motilin augments proximal gastric contractions and speeds gastric emptying of liquids. The contractions of the distal stomach are stimulated by gastrin, CCK, and motilin and inhibited by secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and VIP. The modulation of distal gastric contractions by these hormones may influence gastric trituration and emptying of solids, but this is unknown. Pyloric contractions are enhanced by CCK and secretin, an effect blocked by gastrin. Such enhancement ought to decrease duodenal-gastric reflux, but again, this is untested. In the small bowel, CCK, gastrin, motilin, VIP, and glucagon stimulate contractions, while secretin inhibits contractions. CCK and motilin speed small bowel transit, but VIP and glucagon slow transit. The cyclical bursts of gastroduodenal contractions that occur during fasting are associated with increased concentrations of motilin in the plasma, whereas the contractions characteristic of the fed state are copied by exogenous administration of gastrin and CCK. Of all these actions, only those of CCK on the proximal stomach, and gastrin on the distal stomach, have been shown to be physiologic so far.
Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, and patterns of research collaboration in nanoscience and nanotechnology

This paper first describes the recent development that scientists and engineers of many disciplines, countries, and institutions increasingly engage in nanoscale research at breathtaking speed. By co-author analysis of over 600 papers published in “nano journals” in 2002 and 2003, I investigate if this apparent concurrence is accompanied by new forms and degrees of multi- and interdisciplinarity as well as of institutional and geographic research collaboration. Based on a new visualization method, patterns of research collaboration are analyzed and compared with those of classical disciplinary research. I argue that current nanoscale research reveals no particular patterns and degrees of interdisciplinarity and that its apparent multidisciplinarity consists of different largely mono-disciplinary fields which are rather unrelated to each other and which hardly share more than the prefix “nano”.
Optimization of the MPS rectifier via variation of Schottky region area

The authors discuss the optimization of the switching characteristics of the MPS (merged PIN/Schottky) rectifier by varying the relative area of the P-N junction and Schottky regions. Extensive two-dimensional numerical simulations have been performed of the forward condition and reverse recovery switching characteristics. It has been found that a trade-off curve between the forward voltage drop and the reverse recovery time can be obtained by varying the area of the Schottky region, while maintaining a constant minority carrier lifetime. This trade-off curve is superior to that obtained for the PIN rectifier using lifetime control. Experimental data that corroborate this theoretical prediction have been obtained by fabrication of 700 V devices. This method of performing the trade-off between the forward drop and the turn-off time has the advantage that it can be done by device design without the problems and additional processing cost associated with lifetime control. >
Tunable negative refractive index metamaterial phase shifter

A tunable compact phase shifter utilising negative refractive index metamaterial is demonstrated. The negative index metamaterial is composed of a periodic copper wire pattern sandwiched between two slabs of high quality yttrium iron garnet films. Near ferrimagnetic resonance, a phase shift tuning of 160°/kOe is achieved at 24 GHz. The insertion loss varies from 4 to 7 dB for a 1 cm-long composite.
Recent results from the Paul Trap Simulator Experiment

The Paul Trap Simulator Experiment (PTSX) is a compact laboratory facility whose purpose is to simulate the nonlinear dynamics of intense charged particle beam propagation over large distances through an alternating-gradient transport system. The simulation is possible because the quadrupole electric fields of the cylindrical Paul trap exert radial forces on the charged particles that are analogous to the radial forces that a periodic focusing quadrupole magnetic field exert on the beam particles in the beam frame. Initial experiments clearly demonstrate the loss of confinement when the vacuum phase advance /spl sigma//sub v/ of the system exceeds 90/spl deg/. Recent experiments show that PTSX is able to successfully trap plasmas of moderate intensity for thousands of equivalent lattice periods.