cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polarization and Exchange Effects in the Scattering of Electrons from Atoms with Application to Oxygen

A method is developed to include polarization effects in low-energy scattering of electrons from atoms, within the Hartree-Fock formalism. This description is different from the usual expansion in terms of the eigenfunctions of the atom. The method associates with each atomic orbital perturbed or polarized parts which also depend parametrically on the coordinates of the scattered particle. When the orbital function of the scattered particle is appropriately antisymmetrized with the total atomic function, augmented in this manner, a set of equations result which, in addition to the no-polarization terms, contain terms coming from the polarized orbitals. By virtue of the antisymmetry, these terms are of two kinds: direct and exchange. The direct terms lead asymptotically to the classical type of polarizability correction which was used by Bates and Massey. The exchange terms constitute a specifically quantum mechanical correction. This method is applied, in a certain approximation, to the $s$-wave scattering of electrons from oxygen. Only the most important kind of polarized orbital is taken into account. Within this approximation the exchange polarized terms make a contribution of approximately 15% to the cross section.
Survival characteristics of corn seed during storage : I. Normal distribution of seed survival

Understanding the survival characteristics of hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) seed during storage is necessary to predict seed deterioration. This investigation tested one key assumption of the Ellis and Roberts viability equation, namely, that seed survival is normally distributed. Eleven corn seed lots (six hybrids) with little mechanical injury and a wide range in initial vigor were stored in various combinations of constant temperatures (20, 30, 40, and 50°C) and seed moisture contents (100, 120, 140, and 160 g kg -1 , fresh weight basis). Seed-survival curves were constructed by conducting successive germination tests at frequent intervals during storage. The X 2 goodness-of-fit test was used to evaluate the normality of survival curves constructed from either full or truncated (germination between 95 and 5%) data sets. When the data were truncated, the majority (79%) of the 187 survival curves analyzed were classified as normal (P > 0.05) or near-normal [P < 0.05 but relatively small X 2 , heterogeneity factor (H = X 2 /df) < 10}. Only 57% of the curves from the full data set followed a normal or near-normal distribution. Seed moisture and storage temperature had no consistent effect on the shape of the survival curves. Survival of low-vigor seed lots was more likely to be normally or near-normally distributed than was survival of high vigor seed lots. The assumption that seed survival is normally distributed was generally valid for truncated data sets of hybrid corn seed in constant storage environments.
Severe umbilical cord inflammation—a predictor of periventricular leukomalacia in very low birth weight infants

Chorioamnionitis has been associated with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. We examined the association between the pathological severity of chorioamnionitis and PVL in VLBW infants. Thirty-four VLBW infants with PVL and 34 control infants matched for gestational age without a diagnosis of PVL or intraventricular hemorrhage were obtained from the Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island's Neonatal Follow-up Clinic database. Placental samples, including the amnion/chorion, chorionic plate, and umbilical cord, were examined microscopically. Statistical analysis included Mantel-Haenszel chi-square, and Student's t-test. Severe inflammation in the umbilical cord was observed in 53% of infants with PVL and 32% without PVL (p<0.05). Severe umbilical cord inflammation is one of the risk factors associated with the development of PVL in VLBW infants.
On a theorem of Weinstein

Abstract : This paper contains an existence theorem for a special class of periodic solutions of Hamiltonian systems and generalizes an earlier result of the same nature due to Weinstein. He studied a general class of mechanical systems and established the existence of special kinds of periodic solutions which he called brake orbits. Roughly speaking these solutions start at the boundary of a potential well with 0 velocity and return to the edge of the well, again with 0 velocity, a half period later. This paper contains a generalization of his results using minimax methods form the calculus of variations as the existence tool.
IODINE-129 IN MISSOURI RAIN AND MILK

A combination of neutron activation and mass spectrometry was used to measure129I and127I in local samples of rain and milk. The general distribution of values for the129I/127I ratio in these samples can be understood in terms of well established geochemical and biological cycles of iodine, but the origin of high129I/127I ratios in a few of the samples collected in 1976 is not understood. The procedures used to extract and purify iodine were tested by monitoring131I in rain and milk following the Chinese atmospheric bomb test of September 17, 1977.
Influence of islet function on typing and prognosis of new-onset diabetes after intensive insulin therapy

Background It is difficult in clinical practice to differentiate patients with newly diagnosed diabetes and ketosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intensive insulin therapy on islet function in patients with new-onset diabetes and concomitant ketosis, and to determine the value of alternation in islet function in the typing of diabetes. Material/methods A total of 206 inpatients with new-onset diabetes and ketosis were recruited after intensive insulin therapy and followed for 36 months. Patients were divided into type 1 diabetes group (Group A) and type 2 diabetes group (Group B). Islet function was compared between the 2 groups before and after intensive insulin therapy, and the influence of islet function on the typing of diabetes and the selection of therapeutic strategies is discussed. Results In group A, the AUCI, AUCC, HOMA-â cell and HOMA-IR were significantly lower than those in Group B before and after intensive insulin therapy. The sensitivity and accuracy of antibody test were at a low level in Group A. An insulin release test was done after intensive insulin therapy. Results showed that the peaks of insulin and C peptide appeared at 0.5-1 h after glucose administration in Group A, which was earlier than that before therapy, but the maximal levels were no more than 2 times those of baseline levels. In Group B, the peaks appeared at 2 h, and the maximal levels were about 10 times those of baseline levels. Conclusions Poor islet function, incomplete recovery of islet function after intensive insulin therapy, and a short "honeymoon" period are characteristics of type 1 diabetes. Detection of diabetes-related antibodies is not reliable.
A WORKER MOTIVATION SCALE

A 70 item questionnaire was constructed using the rationale of several current value/expectancy theories of motivation and the results of two prior factor analyses of motivation items. It was completed anonymously by 240 employed adults in 35 organizations and the resulting factor analysis yielded a hierarchical structure of motivation and eight reliable subscales. Direct and indirect criterion measures also obtained via the questionnaire and covering job characteristics/components; satisfaction (need) levels for n ach, n affil, n power; the four elements of Heider's attribution theory of motivation; and salary, education and job classification were used to validate the subscales. Support for the criteria was found and promising validities were indicated. Lastly, personal, job and organizational variables were included with the motivation subscales and criteria in a subsequent factor analysis to examine moderator effects of the obtained validities. Results are discussed in terms of motivation theories, validities, moderator effects in study designs, and future use of the questionnaire by other researchers with business-industrial samples.
NEED FOR SOCIAL APPROVAL AS RELATED TO SPEECH INTERRUPTION IN DYADIC COMMUNICATION

Studies have suggested personality to be associated to initiation of simultaneous speech in dyadic communication. This investigation sought to verify an inverse relationship between an individual's...
Community settings in the lives of adolescents: A research note†

This reports a pilot study, based on Herbert Wright's work on the behavior of children in communities of different sizes, of the effects of the community environment on adolescents. First, there is an attempt to determine the activity range of youth from community ecology. Second, based on the activity range, the subsequent experiences, attitudes and competencies of the adolescents are determined. This study determined the approach to be workable and promising.
A new Mixed Radix Conversion algorithm MRC-II

In this paper, we present an efficient and simplified algorithm for the Residue Number System (RNS) conversion to weighted number system which in turn will simplify the implementation of RNS sign detection, magnitude comparison, and overflow detection. The algorithm is based on the Mixed Radix Conversion (MRC). The new algorithm simplifies the hardware implementation and improves the speed of conversion by replacing a number of multiplication operations with small look-up tables. The algorithm requires less ROM size compared to those required by existing algorithms. For a moduli set consisting of eight moduli, the new algorithm requires seven tables to do the conversion with a total table size of 519bits, while Szabo and Tanaka MRC algorithm [N.S. Szabo, R.I. Tanaka, Residue Arithmetic and its Application to Computer Technology, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967; C.H. Huang, A fully parallel mixed-radix conversion algorithm for residue number applications, IEEE Transactions on Computers c-32 (4) (1983)] requires 28 tables with a total table size of 8960bits; and Huang MRC algorithm (Huang, 1983) requires 36 tables with a total table size of 5760bits.
REMOVAL OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES FROM SOY MILK BY AN ENZYME FROM ASPERGILLUS SAITOI

SUMMARY As part of a program to reduce the flatulence-inducing tendency of soy milk, a method for the enzymatic removal of galacto-oligosaccharides by means of an enzyme preparation from Aspergillus saitoi was investigated. It was found that a partially purified preparation possessing both α-galactosidase and invertase, yet free from protease, could be obtained easily from a commercial A. saitoi acid-protease product by means of a simple molecular sieving procedure. The α-galactosidase exhibited its optimum pH between 5.0 and 5.5, and seemed to be stable between pH 4.0 and 8.0. The optimum temperature was found at about 55°C; however, the enzyme itself was inactivated by maintaining it at 70°C for 30 min. These properties appeared suitable for the enzymatic treatment of soy milk. p-Chloromercuribenzoate, N-bromosuccinimide, HgCl2, AgNO3 or CuCl2 showed strong inhibitory effects on the enzyme. The presence of 1 x 10-2M galactose caused only slight inhibition. Km value of the enzyme with melibiose as a substrate was found to be 3.11 x 10-3M and the molecular weight of the enzyme estimated to be about 290,000 on the basis of a gel filtration technique. Investigations by means of thin-layer chromatography indicated that the addition of small amounts of this enzyme preparation to soy milk resulted in complete hydrolysis of galacto-oligosaccharides. The practicability of the present method was also discussed from an economic viewpoint.
Investigating task performance of probabilistic topic models: an empirical study of PLSA and LDA

Probabilistic topic models have recently attracted much attention because of their successful applications in many text mining tasks such as retrieval, summarization, categorization, and clustering. Although many existing studies have reported promising performance of these topic models, none of the work has systematically investigated the task performance of topic models; as a result, some critical questions that may affect the performance of all applications of topic models are mostly unanswered, particularly how to choose between competing models, how multiple local maxima affect task performance, and how to set parameters in topic models. In this paper, we address these questions by conducting a systematic investigation of two representative probabilistic topic models, probabilistic latent semantic analysis (PLSA) and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), using three representative text mining tasks, including document clustering, text categorization, and ad-hoc retrieval. The analysis of our experimental results provides deeper understanding of topic models and many useful insights about how to optimize the performance of topic models for these typical tasks. The task-based evaluation framework is generalizable to other topic models in the family of either PLSA or LDA.
Protein expression levels of the Src activating protein AFAP are developmentally regulated in brain.

The Src family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases plays an important role in modulating signals that affect growth cone extension, neuronal differentiation, and brain development. Recent reports indicate that the Src SH2/SH3 binding partner AFAP-110 has the capacity to modulate actin filament integrity as a cSrc activating protein and as an actin filament bundling protein. Both AFAP-110 and a brain specific isoform called AFAP-120 (collectively referred to as AFAP) exist at high levels in chick embryo brain. We sought to identify the localization of AFAP in mouse brain in order to identify its expression pattern and potential role as a cellular modulator of Src family kinase activity and actin filament integrity in the brain. In E16 mouse embryos, AFAP expression levels were very high and concentrated in the olfactory bulb, cortex, forebrain, cerebellum, and various peripheral sensory structures. In P3 mouse pups, overall expression was reduced compared to E16 embryos, and AFAP was found primarily in olfactory bulb, cortex, and cerebellum. AFAP expression levels were significantly reduced in adult mice, with high expression levels only detected in the olfactory bulb. Western blot analysis indicated that concentrated expression of AFAP correlates well with the AFAP-120 isoform, which appears to be a splice variant of AFAP-110. As the expression pattern of AFAP overlaps with the reported expression patterns of cSrc and Fyn, we hypothesize that AFAP is positioned to modulate signal transduction cascades that direct activation of these nonreceptor tyrosine kinases and concomitant cellular changes that occur in actin filaments during brain development. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 54: 473–485, 2003
Foldamers as reactive sieves: reactivity as a probe of conformational flexibility.

A series of m-phenyleneethynylene (mPE) oligomers modified with a dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) unit were treated with methyl sulfonates of varying sizes and shapes, and the relative reactivities were measured by UV spectrophotometry. Using a small-molecule DMAP analogue as a reference, each of the methyl sulfonates was shown to react at nearly identical rate. In great contrast, oligomers that are long enough to fold, and hence capable of binding the methyl sulfonate, experience rate enhancements of 18−1600-fold relative to that of the small-molecule analogue, depending on the type of alkyl chain attached to the guest. Three different oligomer lengths were studied, with the longest oligomers exhibiting the fastest rate and greatest substrate specificity. Even large, bulky guests show slightly enhanced methylation rates compared to that with the reference DMAP, which suggests a dynamic nature to the oligomer's binding cavity. Several mechanistic models to describe this behavior are discussed.
Integración fonética y morfológica de los préstamos: datos del léxico dominicano del béisbol

En este articulo se estudia el proceso de adaptacion fonetica y de integracion morfologica de que son objeto los prestamos del ingles en el campo lexico del beisbol en el espanol de la Republica Dominicana. Los datos proceden de tres fuentes de informacion: transmisiones radiales y televisivas; un test asociativo que recoge el lexico disponible en ese centro de interes; un cuestionario dirigido. El analisis conduce a la conclusion de que la entrada de nuevos elementos lexicos procedentes del ingles no implica ningun peligro de alteracion del espanol porque el sistema tiene la capacidad de asimilarlos e integrarlos de acuerdo con su propia estructura. En este sentido, la llegada de los prestamos puede verse como un fenomeno natural mediante el cual la lengua amplia y enriquece su caudal lexico, sin que al hacerlo se trastornen sus estructuras fonologica y morfologica
A Finite Element Computational Method for Gas Hydrate. Part II: Application

A finite element model has been applied to the dissociation of gas hydrates in porous media by hot water injection. In the first step, it was applied to calculate the temperature and saturation profiles for a two-phase convective heat transfer case. The second step involved hydrate thawing calculations with release of water and gas. Realistic results were obtained in predicting the temperature, pressure, and water saturation profiles in the hydrate medium with respect to time, when subjected to hot water injection at high pressure in a wellbore. Furthermore, the thaw front progression calculated by this scheme exhibits stable and satisfactory behavior with respect to time.
The Arabidopsis TAG1 Transposase Has an N-Terminal Zinc Finger DNA Binding Domain That Recognizes Distinct Subterminal Motifs

The in vitro DNA binding activity of the Arabidopsis Tag1 transposase (TAG1) was characterized to determine the mechanism of DNA recognition. In addition to terminal inverted repeats, the Tag1 element contains four different subterminal repeats that flank a transcribed region encoding a 729–amino acid protein. A single site-specific DNA binding domain is located near the N terminus of TAG1, between residues 21 and 133. This domain binds specifically to the AAACCC and TGACCC subterminal repeats, found near the 5′ and 3′ ends of the element, respectively. The ACCC sequence within these repeats is critical for recognition because mutations at positions 3, 5, and 6 abolished binding, yet the first two bases also are important because substitutions at these positions decreased binding by up to 90%. Weak interaction also occurs with the terminal inverted repeats, but no binding was observed to the other two 3′ subterminal repeat regions. Sequence analysis of the TAG1 DNA binding domain revealed a C2HC zinc finger motif. Tests for metal dependence showed that DNA binding activity was inhibited by divalent metal chelators and greatly enhanced by zinc. Furthermore, mutation of each cysteine residue predicted to be a metal ligand in the C2HC motif abolished DNA binding. Together, these data show that the DNA binding domain of TAG1 specifically binds to distinct subterminal repeats and contains a zinc finger.
Maternal antibody blocks humoral but not T cell responses to BVDV.

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) contributes significantly to health-related economic losses in the beef and dairy industry. Antibodies of maternal origin can be protective against BVDV infection, however, calves with low titres of maternal antibody or that do not receive colostrum may be at risk for acute BVDV infection. Interference by high titres of maternal antibodies prevents the development of an antibody response following vaccination with either a killed or attenuated BVDV vaccine. However, the T cell mediated immune response to BVDV may be generated in the absence of a detectable serum neutralizing antibody response. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the potential to elicit T cell mediated immune responses to BVDV in calves with circulating maternal antibody to BVDV. In the first trial, calves with high levels of circulating maternal antibody to BVDV 1 and BVDV 2 were experimentally infected with BVDV 2 (strain 1373) at two to five weeks of age. The T-cell mediated immune responses of the experimentally infected calves and non-infected calves were monitored monthly until circulating maternal antibody was no longer detectable in either treatment group. Calves experimentally infected with BVDV developed BVDV specific CD4 + , CD8 + , and T cell responses while high levels of maternal antibody were circulating. A second challenge with BVDV 2 (strain 1373) was performed in the experimentally infected and control calves once maternal antibody could no longer be detected. Previous exposure to BVDV in the presence of maternal antibody protected calves from clinical signs of acute BVDV infection compared to the control calves. In the second trial, three groups of calves with circulating maternal antibody to BVDV were given either a modified live vaccine (MLV) containing BVDV 1 and BVDV 2, a killed vaccine containing BVDV 1 and BVDV 2, or no vaccine, at seven weeks of age. Serum neutralizing antibody levels and antigen specific T cell responses were monitored for 14 weeks following vaccination. Calves vaccinated with MLV BVDV developed BVDV 1 and BVDV 2 specific CD4 + T cell responses, and BVDV 2 specific T cell responses, in the presence of maternal antibody. Vaccination with killed BVDV did not result in the generation of measurable antigen specific T cell immune responses. In this trial, a second vaccination was performed at 14 weeks to determine whether an anamnestic antibody response could be generated when calves were vaccinated in the presence of maternal antibody. Calves vaccinated with either a MLV or killed BVDV vaccine while they had maternal antibody developed an anamnestic antibody response to BVDV 2 upon subsequent vaccination. The results of these trials indicate that vaccinating young calves against BVD while maternal antibody is present may generate BVDV specific memory T and B cells. The data also demonstrated that seronegative calves with memory T and B cells specific for BVDV may be immune to challenge with virulent BVDV. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The International Association for Biologicals.
Cybersecurity Management in the States: The Emerging Role of Chief Information Security Officers

Forward by John Bruel and John Lainhart: On behalf of the IBM Center for The Business of Government, we are pleased to present this report, 'Cybersecurity Management in the States: The Emerging Role of Chief Information Security Officers,' by Marilu Goodyear, Holly T. Goerdel, Shannon Portillo, and Linda Williams. The importance of safeguarding information created and shared on computers and the internet has increased significantly in recent years, as society has become increasingly dependent on information technology in government, business, and in their personal lives. Both corporations and government have responded by creating a new role in their organizations to lead the safeguarding efforts - chief information security officers. The role of these officers is still under development. Do they safeguard best by using law enforcement techniques and technological tools? Or are they more effective if they serve as educators and try to influence the behaviors of technology users? This report is a significant contribution to the discussion of the roles and responsibilities of chief information security officers (CISOs) in state governments across the United States. It identifies both strategies and activities used by successful state CISOs, and thereby provides a good road map to success for all state CISOs.The report cites the Multi-State Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MS-ISAC), which has been championed since its inception by the New York state chief cybersecurity officer as one key cybersecurity collaboration success. The MS-ISAC initiative has yielded measurable results and provided a means of consistent communication across sectors in society. The report also emphasizes that while a technical education remains important for CISOs, state cybersecurity officials need to be proficient in nontechnical skills as well, including collaboration, communication, managerial, organizational, policy alignment, and political skills. Finally, the report emphasizes the need for state cybersecurity officials to devote increased attention to data management as the defined system/network perimeter has dissolved and the future success of cybersecurity relies on the CISOs, chief information officers, data owners, records managers and archivists to jointly focus on data management to achieve effective business processes. This report also emphasizes the importance of effective IT governance - We hope that you find this report both timely and informative. We believe its insights and recommendations are relevant to CISOs at all levels of government.
Drag kings: characterizing large-scale flows in cycling aerodynamics

In their recent publication Crouch et al. (J. Fluid Mech., this issue, vol. 748, 2014, pp. 5–35) use wind tunnel experiments to quantify the large-scale vortical structures that develop as a cyclist progresses through a full rotation of the pedals. The authors identify asymmetries in the trailing vortex wake, which intensify as one leg straightens, as the primary source of drag variation over one pedal cycle. These new data suggest that targeted approaches to mitigate asymmetries in the trailing wake present an intriguing opportunity to reduce drag in cycling strategies and technologies.
Speculations on Propellers for Stratosphere Airplanes

O of the many difficulties that must be overcome before airplanes can take advantage of the stratosphere is presented by the propeller. First attempts to design a propeller lead to excessive diameter and weight, and to a form hardly satisfactory for climbing to the operational altitude. The object of this note is to show how serious this difficulty is when the altitude is really high. A simple scheme for selection of propeller diameters is included. The power output of the engine may be maintained at sea level value by supercharging, but no such scheme is available for the propeller. The propeller must operate in the atmosphere as it finds it. Properties of the atmosphere which affect the operation of the propeller are the density (thrust and power vary directly as the density), the kinematic viscosity (this determines the Reynolds Number), and the temperature (this fixes the speed of sound hence the compressibility effect). The variation of these properties with altitude is given in Table 1, based on the N.A.C.A. standard atmosphere and extended to higher altitudes on the assumption that the temperature throughout the stratosphere is — 67°F. In Table 1 only the two highest altitudes are in the stratosphere, though flight at about 25,000 ft. is often loosely called "stratosphere" flying. While flight at 75,000 ft. is beyond the realm of practicability at present, the data there are included to show how little air is available for the propeller and airplane to use. The design of a propeller for an airplane flying at 50,000 ft. will first be considered. The air density here is less than one-sixth that at sea level and the tip speed must be restricted to seven-eighths that allowable at sea level in order to avoid loss in efficiency due to compressibility. The Reynolds Number will be less than one-fifth that at sea level causing an appreciable but not too serious increase of profile drag coefficients of the blade sections. The limiting factor for the operation of an airplane propeller, except for engines of very moderate power
Novel MEMS microshell transducer arrays for high-resolution underwater acoustic imaging applications

Presents the design, fabrication process and experimental acoustic test data for a novel MEMS-based 2-D ferroelectric ultrasound microshell transducer array. A new 3-D-micromachining technique is used to fabricate a MEMS microshell structure that acts as an ultrasound transducer in the 1-5 MHz range. A rounded sacrificial carbon structure generated by a two-step photo-resist reflow and pyrolysis process provides the shape for the microshell. The variation of process parameters and their affect on the microshell shape are. discussed The piezoelectric monomorph layer is composed of a sol-gel PZT as the active ferroelectric layer deposited on insulating layers of ZrO/sub 2/ and SiN or SiO/sub 2/. A novel in-plane polarization of the PZT is used to maximize sensitivity, while trading off output capacitance to match the CMOS buffer electronics that are required for an arrayed imaging device. Polyimide layers are used to electrically isolate the device from the fluid test environment. Finite element analysis was used to generate expressions describing resonant frequency, volume compliance and receive sensitivity.
Lightweight extraction of object models from bytecode

A program's object model captures the essence of its design. For some programs, no object model was developed during design; for others, an object model exists but may be out-of-sync with the code. This paper describes a tool that automatically extracts an object model from the class-files of a Java program. Unlike existing tools, it handles container classes by inferring the types of elements stored in a container and eliding the container itself. This feature is crucial for obtaining models that show the structure of the abstract state and bear some relation to conceptual models. Although the tool performs only a simple, heuristic analysis that is almost entirely local, the resulting object model is surprisingly accurate. The paper explains what object models are and why they are useful; describes the analysis, its assumptions, and limitations; evaluates the tool for accuracy, and illustrates its use on a suite of sample programs.
Butterfly Assemblages Associated with Invasive Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) Sites: Comparisons with Tamarisk Control and Native Vegetation Reference Sites

We studied butterfly assemblages at six types of riparian landscapes in five different watersheds in the southwestern United States ( sites). Sites included exotic-invasive Tamarix ramosissima (tamarisk) dominated sites; sites where tamarisk was controlled, but not actively revegetated; sites revegetated with upland plants; sites where control was followed with riparian plant revegetation; native riparian vegetation sites; and sites that were a mixture of native and tamarisk vegetations. Local butterfly species were linked regionally by identifying species consisting of more sensitive butterflies that are less resilient to vegetation changes and environmental perturbations and then identifying a subgroup that was reported from all watersheds. This allowed for a regional assessment relevant to all watersheds. Significant differences were found between the abundance of these in-common disturbance sensitive species at different landscapes. Sites where tamarisk was removed without restoration had butterfly metrics similar to the low values at tamarisk sites. The assumption that tamarisk removal is sufficient to recover sensitive species was not true in cases we examined. Soil moisture and riparian condition were identified as important variables associated with abundance of more sensitive butterfly species. Results support the importance of reinstating stream-flow regimes and suggest active restoration of sites if sensitive riparian wildlife species are desired.
Evaluation of character recognition systems

Eleven different Census Optical Character Recognition Systems systems are evaluated using correlations between the answers of different systems, comparing the decrease in error rate as a function of confidence of recognition, and comparing the writer dependence of recognition. This comparison shows that methods that use different algorithms for feature extraction and recognition perform with very high levels of correlation. >
Television Violence and Its Effects on Young Children

This article examines research on television violence and links violence to specific programs commonly watched by young children. Although there are some who try to disprove any connection between television and aggresive behavior, there is evidence to suggest that such linkages do exist.
Variations in astrocyte and fibroblast response due to biomaterial particulates in vitro

The possible involvement of orthopedic biomaterial particles such as cobalt-chrome alloy (Co-Cr), ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in the formation of glial and meningeal scars was investigated using an in vitro system. Cell lines were used as models for astrocytes and meningeal fibroblasts. They were incubated with varying concentrations of particle suspensions, after which proliferative and cytotoxic responses were quantified using MTT assay and Live/Dead microscopy. It was determined that relative particulate toxicity (arranged in decreasing order) to astrocytes is Co-Cr > Ti-6Al-4V > PMMA > UHMWPE, and toxicity to fibroblasts is PMMA > Co-Cr > Ti-6Al-4V > UHMWPE. Cell death caused by PMMA was mainly due to necrosis, while the rest of the particles induced apoptosis. Low quantities of Co-Cr and Ti-6Al-4V stimulate increased astrocyte proliferation rate. However, only the cells treated with titanium alloy caused upregulated transcription of reactive astrocyte markers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, nestin, and type IV collagen, suggesting the potential of titanium alloy alone to trigger glial scarring. None of the biomaterials tested promoted proliferation in fibroblasts implying that biomaterial particles are not directly involved in meningeal scar development.
Solid-state dewetting-mediated aggregation of nanoparticles

The deposition of Au onto thin Xe films at a low temperature leads to cluster formation. The subsequent Xe sublimation results in cluster aggregation and delivery to the substrate in a process known as buffer-layerassisted growth. Previously, this process was described in terms of a diffusion-limited cluster-cluster aggregation process during layer-by-layer desorption of the buffer. Instead, significant diffusion, restructuring, and dewetting of the Xe occur prior to desorption, and this leads to cluster aggregation. Cluster motion and aggregation are driven by capillary forces as the dewetting film retreats and sublimes. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations reproduce the experimentally observed particle shapes and size distributions, and they provide additional insight into the interaction of the particles with the dewetting front. The presence of nanoscale particles on the film inhibits dewetting and significantly alters the shape of the front.
Eight routes to improve the tensile ductility of bulk nanostructured metals and alloys

Nanostructured metals and alloys are under intensive research worldwide and being developed into bulk forms for application. While these new materials offer record-high strength, their ductility is often inadequat. This article reviews recent progress in tailoring the nanostructure to achieve coexisting high strength and high ductility at room temperature. The focus is on a summary of the strategies currently being pursued as well as the outstanding issues that await future research.
A flexible-input, desired-output motor controller for engineering design classes

The flexible-input, desired-output (FIDO) motor controller is a robust wireless motor controller specifically designed for engineering design classes where students design and build radio-controlled devices that are typically featured in an end-of-semester celebration or competition. The controller receives bidirectional control signals from a standard 72-MHz band hobby radio transmitter and proportionally drives four motors with up to 3 A of current in each. The controller is designed to accommodate changes to the battery voltage as well as motors with different voltage ratings. It is also designed to be built easily by teaching assistants and can be reused year after year. These capabilities are designed to lower the cost of running this type of class and reduce the organizational work load required of the instructors. Specifically, this motor controller enables the use of commercial cordless drill batteries as inexpensive, portable sources to power motors at a wide range of voltage ratings. The drills are also used during the class as construction tools and can be used by the student after the class. The FIDO motor controller has been successfully tested in the 2.007-Design and Manufacturing classes at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, and its utility and acceptance are confirmed by a class survey. Detailed circuit schematics are provided in the Appendix.
The US Organization, Maulana Karenga, and Conflict with the Black Panther Party: A Critique of Sectarian Influences on Historical Discourse:

The BPP [Black Panther Party] and Us, two Black extremist groups, are currently feuding… It is important that Black extremist groups be kept divided so that their strength is not increased through united action.
Cluster structure of disoriented chiral condensate in rapidity distribution.

We study the creation of disoriented chiral condensates with some initial boundary conditions that may be expected in high energy collisions. The equations of motion in the linear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model are solved numerically with and without a Lorentz-boost invariance. We suggest that a distinct cluster structure of coherent pion production in the rapidity distribution may emerge due to a quench and may be observed in experiments.
Trace Amine/Catecholamine Relationships: Urinary Rate of Excretion Patterns of Human Subjects Responding to Acute Stress

Trace amines and catecholamines along with their respective metabolites have been implicated in stress as well as in other specific behavioral paradigms. Further, trace amines have been found to release and potentiate the effect of catecholamines (Jones 1984), to possess a neuromodulatory role, and to interact with selected catecholamines neurotransmitters (Jones 1982, Langer et al. 1985).
Multi-task consensus clustering of genome-wide transcriptomes from related biological conditions

MOTIVATION Identifying the shared and pathogen-specific components of host transcriptional regulatory programs is important for understanding the principles of regulation of immune response. Recent efforts in systems biology studies of infectious diseases have resulted in a large collection of datasets measuring host transcriptional response to various pathogens. Computational methods to identify and compare gene expression modules across different infections offer a powerful way to identify strain-specific and shared components of the regulatory program. An important challenge is to identify statistically robust gene expression modules as well as to reliably detect genes that change their module memberships between infections. RESULTS We present MULCCH (MULti-task spectral Consensus Clustering for Hierarchically related tasks), a consensus extension of a multi-task clustering algorithm to infer high-confidence strain-specific host response modules under infections from multiple virus strains. On simulated data, MULCCH more accurately identifies genes exhibiting pathogen-specific patterns compared to non-consensus and nonmulti-task clustering approaches. Application of MULCCH to mammalian transcriptional response to a panel of influenza viruses showed that our method identifies clusters with greater coherence compared to non-consensus methods. Further, MULCCH derived clusters are enriched for several immune system-related processes and regulators. In summary, MULCCH provides a reliable module-based approach to identify molecular pathways and gene sets characterizing commonality and specificity of host response to viruses of different pathogenicities. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The source code is available at https://bitbucket.org/roygroup/mulcch CONTACT sroy@biostat.wisc.edu SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Conformal coating for high impedance etched circuit board operating in a moisture laden environment

As a result of the incorporation of very high impedance devices and components such as operational amplifiers and field effect transistors on etched circuits, the insulation resistance of the reinforced laminate substrate begins to approach those of electronic components. All of the factors which reduce this insulation resistance, such as increasing temperature, high humidity and contamination, become increasingly more important to control.
Monitoring nitrogen deposition in throughfall using ion exchange resin columns: a field test in the San Bernardino Mountains.

Conventional throughfall collection methods are labor intensive and analytically expensive to implement at broad scales. This study was conducted to test an alternative approach requiring infrequent sample collection and a greatly reduced number of chemical analyses. The major objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of using ion exchange resin (IER) to measure N deposition in throughfall with field deployment periods of 3 to 12 mo. Nitrogen deposition measurements in bulk throughfall collected under pine (Pinus sp.) canopies and in forest clearings were compared between co-located conventional throughfall solution collectors and IER throughfall collectors using mixed bed IER columns. Deposition data were collected for 1 yr at a high deposition site (Camp Paivika, CP) and a relatively low one (Barton Flats, BF) in the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California: Annual throughfall deposition values (kg ha -1 of NH 4 -N + NO 3 -N) under large ponderosa pine trees (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) were 145.8 and 143.9 at CP and 17.0 and 15.0 at BF according to the IER and conventional methods, respectively. Analogous values for bulk deposition in forest clearings were 15.6 and 12.3 at CP and 4.0 and 3.3 at BF. It was concluded that the IER collectors can be used for routine monitoring of deposition in throughfall and bulk deposition, provided that field blanks are used to account for background levels of N in the IER columns, which at times are slightly elevated, possibly from slow release of amine groups from the anion exchange resin during field exposures.
Using Autonomous Agent-Based Systems to Counter Asymmetric Threats from Non-State Sponsored Terror Organizations

In this paper, we will explore the use of autonomous agent- based systems to counter asymmetric threats from non- state sponsored terror organizations.
CD301b+ Macrophages Are Essential for Effective Skin Wound Healing.

Regeneration of skin’s barrier function after injury requires temporally coordinated cellular interactions between multiple cell types. Macrophages are essential inflammatory cells in skin wound regeneration. These cells switch their phenotype from inflammatory in the early regenerative stages to anti-inflammatory in the midstages of healing to coordinate skin repair. However, little is known about how different subsets of anti-inflammatory macrophages contribute to skin wound healing. Here, we characterize midstage macrophages (CD45 + /CD11b + /F4-80 + ) and identify two major populations: CD206 + /CD301b + and CD206 + /CD301b – . The numbers of CD206 + /CD301b + macrophages increased concomitantly with repair, when the anti-inflammatory phenotype switch occurs in midstage healing. Using diphtheria toxin–mediated depletion models in mice, we show that selective depletion of midstage CD301b-expressing macrophages phenocopied wound healing defects observed in mice where multiple myeloid lineages are depleted. Additionally, when FACS-isolated subpopulations of myeloid cells were transplanted into 3-day wounds of syngeneic mice, only CD206 + /CD301b + macrophages significantly increased proliferation and fibroblast repopulation. These data show that the CD301b-expressing subpopulation of macrophages is critical for activation of reparative processes during the midstage of cutaneous repair.
Cyniclomyces van der Walt & D.B. Scott

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on Cyniclomyces genus and its constituent species. The cells of this genus are long-ovoidal to cylindrical. In liquid media they occur in branched chains and in solid media, they are mainly singles or pairs. Vegetative reproduction occurs through budding at the poles or on broad shoulders, and in liquid media a layer of sediment is formed. Ascospores in this genus are ovoidal to cylindrical, one to four per ascus. No conjugation of cells occur prior to sporulation, and upon germination, an exosporium is evident. Fermentation of sugars is weak and growth occurs only between 30 and 40°C. Amino acids, B-vitamins, and an increased level of CO2 in the gas atmosphere are required for growth. The only member species of this genus is Cyniclomyces guttulatus. When a plate of yeast autolyzate-Proteose-peptone-glucose agar (pH4.5) is inoculated with cells of C. guttulatus, smooth, semiglossy colonies appear after 24 hours, provided the plates are incubated in an atmosphere high in CO2 content. No conjugation immediately precedes ascospore formation and the vegetative cells are presumed to be diploid. Asci contain one to four (rarely more) ovoidal to cylindrical ascospores, which lie free in the ascus. Thisarrangement is quite different from the tightly fitting spores in asci of species of Saccharomyces.
Thinking and Its Development in Childhood

Today we will address the issue of thinking and its development. Once again, we will begin our analysis with a schematic outline of the theoretical conceptions that currently have some significance for psychological perspectives on this problem.
Simulated Effects of Soil Texture on Nitrous Oxide Emission Factors from Corn and Soybean Agroecosystems in Wisconsin

Soil texture is known to have an influence on the physical and biological processes that produce NO emissions in agricultural fields, yet comparisons across soil textural types are limited by considerations of time and practicality. We used the DayCent biogeochemical model to assess the effects of soil texture on NO emissions from agriculturally productive soils from four counties in Wisconsin. We validated the DayCent model using field data from 2 yr of a long-term (approximately 20-yr) cropping systems trial and then simulated yield and NO emissions from continuous corn ( L.) and corn-soybean ( L.) cropping systems across 35 Wisconsin soil series classified as either silt loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand. Silt loam soils had the highest NO emissions of all soil types, exhibiting 80 to 158% greater mean emissions and 100 to 282% greater emission factors compared with loamy sand and sandy loam soils, respectively. The model predicts that for these soils under these cropping systems, denitrification constituted the majority of the NO flux only in the silt loam soils. However, across all soil textures, locations, and years, denitrification explained the most variation (74-98%) in total NO emissions. Our results suggest that soil texture is an important factor in determining a range of NO emission characteristics and is critical for estimating future NO emissions from agricultural fields.
Toward a brain interface for tracking attended auditory sources

Auditory-evoked noninvasive electroencephalography (EEG) based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) could be useful for improved hearing aids in the future. This manuscript investigates the role of frequency and spatial features of audio signal in EEG activities in an auditory BCI system with the purpose of detecting the attended auditory source in a cocktail party setting. A cross correlation based feature between EEG and speech envelope is shown to be useful to discriminate attention in the case of two different speakers. Results indicate that, on average, for speaker and direction (of arrival) of audio signals classification, the presented approach yields 91% and 86% accuracy, respectively.
Using Television-Viewing Hours and Total Hours Sitting as Interchangeable Measures of Sedentary Behavior.

Sedentary behaviors, activities spent sitting, or lying down during waking hours, are of significant public health importance. Television-viewing (TV-viewing) hours and total hours sitting are comm...