cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview of Liner Activities in Support of the International Forum for Aviation Research

This paper provides an overview of liner research being conducted by members of the International Forum for Aviation Research (IFAR). The IFAR consists of representatives from a number of national research labs and is established to enable information exchange on aviation research activities. NASA has provided three challenges that explore different aspects of acoustic liner research, and will compile the results from each of the partners into a common database when the challenges are completed. The goal of the first challenge is to compare experimental methods applied at different national labs for acoustic liner evaluation, and to compare impedance eduction methodologies for uniform liners. The second challenge is to evaluate the ability of 3D propagation codes to predict the effects of spanwise variable-impedance liners on the acoustic pressure field. The third challenge is to explore different approaches to simultaneously educe the impedances for each zone of a three-zone liner. Each challenge is intended to be conducted as a blind test. Thus, only representative results achieved by the NASA Liner Physics Team for each of the three challenges are presented herein. When the results from all participants are available, the compiled results are intended to be provided in future reports.
The usage of coercive measures in psychiatric units and its potential counter-therapeutic impact on outcome

Commentary on: Duxbury J, Baker J, Downe S, et al . Minimising the use of physical restraint in acute mental health services: the outcome of a restraint reduction programme (‘REsTrain YOURSELF’). Int J Nurs Stud 2019;95:40–8. Coercive interventions including physical and chemical restraints are universally used to prevent psychiatric patients to harm themselves or others. However, the use of coercive …
Evaluation of the first-in-class antimitochondrial metabolism agent CPI-613 in hematologic malignancies.

6524^ Background: Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, including hematologic malignancies. Most tumor cells use glycolysis even under aerobic conditions (the Warburg effect). This altered me...
Research on AVC Substation Control Strategy of Synchronous Condenser

With the voltage levels and capacity of UHVDC system increasing, synchronous condensers are installed in converter station to provide subtransient and transient voltage support, also it’s required to consider the demand of steady-state reactive power. Therefore the automatic voltage control (AVC) system plays a vital role in the operation and function of synchronous condenser. In this paper, taking a receiving-end condenser station for example, the overview of AVC substation is introduced, then the control strategy and switching logic between different working modes are analyzed using experimental data. Finally the impedance between the station bus and infinite power system is derived, and a method to calculate the maximum regulating value of bus voltage by synchronous condensers under steady state is proposed.
Proteome characterization of small extracellular vesicles from spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain

Abstract Exosomes are 30–150 nm extracellular vesicles mediating intercellular communication. Disease states can alter exosome composition affecting the message carried and thereby, its functional impact. The objective of this study was to identify proteins present in these vesicles in a mouse model of neuropathic pain induced by spared nerve injury (SNI). Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) were purified from serum four weeks after SNI surgery and the protein composition was determined using tandem mass spectrometry and cytokine array. Proteomic analysis detected 274 gene products within sEVs. Of these, 24 were unique to SNI model, 100 to sham surgery control and five to naive control samples. In addition to commonly expressed sEVs proteins, multiple members of serpin and complement family were detected in sEVs. Cytokine profiling using a membrane-based antibody array showed significant upregulation of complement component 5a (C5a) and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in sEVs from SNI model compared to sham control. We observed a differential distribution of C5a and ICAM-1 within sEVs and serum between sham and SNI, indicating changes from local or paracrine to long distance signaling under neuropathic pain. Our studies suggest critical roles for cargo sorting of vesicular proteins in mediating signaling mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain. Significance Approximately 100 million U.S. adults are burdened by chronic pain. Neuropathic pain resulting from injury or dysfunction of the nervous system is challenging to treat. Unlike acute pain that resolves over time, chronic pain persists resulting in changes in the peripheral and central nervous system. The transport of biomolecular cargo comprised of proteins and RNAs by small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) including exosomes has been proposed to be a fundamental mode of intercellular communication. To obtain insights on the role of exosome-mediated information transfer in the context of neuropathic pain, we investigated alterations in protein composition of sEVs in a mouse model of neuropathic pain induced by spared nerve injury (SNI). Our studies using mass spectrometry and cytokine array show that sEVs from SNI model harbor unique proteins. We observed an upregulation of C5a and ICAM-1 in exosomes from SNI model compared to control. There was a differential distribution of C5a and ICAM-1 within exosomes and serum, between control and SNI suggesting a switch from local to long distance signaling. Our studies suggest critical roles for cargo sorting of vesicular proteins in mediating signaling under neuropathic pain.
Data-driven analysis of resilience in airline networks

Abstract Network theory has provided key insights into the overall resilience of air transportation systems. We expand upon these insights by using Mahalanobis distance to quantify delay abnormalities, complex network metrics for high-level insights, and a hybrid method that combines data-driven and network approaches. We apply these methods to public data and discuss trends in resilience among four US airlines. We find that our data-driven methods enable more detailed insights into airline resilience than traditional network methods. We also find that simultaneously considering all three approaches provides a more comprehensive understanding of resilience than the consideration of any one in isolation.
Evaluating Writing Process Features in an Adult EFL Writing Assessment Context: A Keystroke Logging Study

Keystroke logs provide a comprehensive record of observable writing processes. Previous studies examining the keystroke logs of young L1 English writers performing experimental writing tasks have i...
Oxidative Stress and Hypoxia Modify Mitochondrial Homeostasis During Glaucoma

Aims: Cellular response to hypoxia can include transition from respiration to glycolysis via upregulation of glycolytic enzymes and transporters, as well as mitophagy induction to eliminate surplus...
Gender and Nationality Trends in Manuscripts Published in Prominent Gastroenterology Journals Between 1997 and 2017

Gender disparities remain in the field of gastroenterology (GI) despite the decreasing gender gap in the medical field overall. We sought to examine primary and last female authorship as a marker of academic opportunity and advancement to assess the proportion of women publishing in GI over 20 years (1997–2017). In this observational study, we assessed the gender and nationality of primary and last authors of original research manuscripts in three GI journals (Gastroenterology, Gut, and American Journal of Gastroenterology) across a 20-year period in 5-year intervals (in 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2012). We used a validated gender-determining algorithm, genderize.io, to classify gender. Our primary outcome was the proportion of female primary and last authors, with secondary measures assessing trends in gender and nationality. Through the Genderize.io gender database, we were able to identify the gender for 3,673 (95.9%) of primary author names and 3,504 (95.4%) of last author names in the 3,615 manuscripts evaluated. Overall, there was a significant increase in female primary authors over time, from 18.1% in 1997 to 42.6% in 2017, a 6.0% increase per 5-year period (95% CI 4.8–7.2%). A similar trend was found for female last authors, however, at a slower rate, from 8.3% in 1997 to 24.7% in 2017, a 3.5% increase per 5 years (95% CI 2.5–4.4%). These trends were noted cumulatively, and in each journal individually. Manuscripts with a female last author were more likely to demonstrate a female primary author. Female authorship in high-impact gastroenterology journals has increased over time. Last authorship has lagged primary authorship in female representation and has increased more slowly over time. Interventions to reduce gender disparity in GI research should focus on the transition from first to last authorship.
Increased efficacy of dual pro-inflammatory cytokine blockade on acute GVHD while maintaining GVT effects.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) remains a potential curative option for treating a variety of hematologic diseases, but acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remain major barriers limiting efficacy. Acute gut GVHD occurs with marked increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines (including TNF and IL-6), which we recently demonstrated was exacerbated in obesity resulting in severe gastrointestinal pathology. Given the pleiotropic and overlapping effects of these two cytokines, we assessed the impact of dual TNF and IL-6R blockade on GVHD as well as graft-versus tumor (GVT) effects in different mouse GVHD models. Early administration of combined blockade resulted in greater protection and survival from acute gut GVHD compared to single blockade regimens and even development of later chronic skin GVHD. Importantly, double cytokine blockade preserved GVT effects reinforcing that GVT and GVHD can be delineated and may result in greater efficacy in allo-HSCT.
StreamSide: A Fully-Customizable Open-Source Toolkit for Efficient Annotation of Meaning Representations.

This demonstration paper presents StreamSide, an open-source toolkit for annotating multiple kinds of meaning representations. StreamSide supports frame-based annotation schemes e.g., Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) and frameless annotation schemes e.g., Widely Interpretable Semantic Representation (WISeR). Moreover, it supports both sentence-level and document-level annotation by allowing annotators to create multi-rooted graphs for input text. It can open and automatically convert between several types of input formats including plain text, Penman notation, and its own JSON format enabling richer annotation. It features reference frames for AMR predicate argument structures, and also concept-to-text alignment. StreamSide is released under the Apache 2.0 license, and is completely open-source so that it can be customized to annotate enriched meaning representations in different languages (e.g., Uniform Meaning Representations). All StreamSide resources are publicly distributed through our open source project at: this https URL.
Perugnidiella nom. nov., a new replacement nomen for Peruana Özdikmen, 2008 (Opiliones, Cosmetidae)

Roewer (1957: 92) described the new neotropical harvestmen genus Gnidiella to accommodate the new species Gnidiella picta, now a member of the subfamily Cosmetinae (Opiliones, Laniatores, Gonyleptoidea, Cosmetidae).
Grappling with Morphine: A Local History of Painkiller Use in Kerala, India

In this article I argue that the scarcity of painkillers in the Global South is driven by a central asymmetry in which the health of developed countries is valued over that of the much poorer countries that comprise the rest of the world. To elucidate this point, I argue that by examining the history of various legal institutions and specific events, like the opioid crisis, that have shaped the global production of opium and production in India, one will be able to see the genealogy of the imbalance and inequality that has always affected care. I turn to the state of Kerala to explore instances in which these legal inflections live within the contemporary guidelines for palliative care, and thus constantly affect the supply and delivery of care. This also ties in with the much longer history of opium control for the growth of the global pharmaceutical industry, within which India has been uniquely placed.
Glycogen in human peripheral blood leukocytes. 3. Effect of female hormones.

The influence of female sex hormones on leucocyte glycogen and leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) was studied. Leucocyte glycogen was measured with the anthrone reagent on suspensions of peripheral blood leucocytes containing chiefly neutrophiles. LAP was measured histochemically. Normal adult pre-menopausal females were shown to have significantly greater leucocyte glycogen levels and LAP score than males. Post-menopausal females had intermediate glycogen levels and no elevation of LAP. During the menstrual cycle, there was a slight rise of leucocyte glycogen and LAP in the midportion of the cycle. In pregnancy LAP rose significantly above normal in the fourth month and leucocyte glycogen in the sixth month. Both had returned to normal 6 weeks after delivery. Leucocytes from cord blood of newborns had elevated LAP scores but normal glycogen levels. In normal females on anovulatory drugs LAP was elevated while leucocyte glycogen was normal. Patients receiving estrogens therapeutically for prostatic carcinoma had significant elevations of both leucocyte glycogen and LAP while similar patients not receiving estrogens had normal values. The results show that female sex hormones, specifically estrogens, can result in elevation of both leucocyte glycogen and LAP.
Bullous Pemphigoid and Related Subepidermal Autoimmune Blistering Diseases

The pemphigoid group of autoimmune blistering diseases includes distinct entities (bullous pemphigoid, mucous membrane pemphigoid, pemphigoid gestationis, linear IgA dermatosis and lichen planus pemphigoides) that are characterized by relatively consistent clinical, histologic and immunopathologic findings. Patients with these disorders have antibasement membrane autoantibodies that often display pathogenic (blister-forming) activity following passive transfer to experimental animals. Interestingly, such autoantibodies target important structural proteins that promote adhesion of epidermis to epidermal basement membrane in human skin. Autoimmune blistering diseases are characterized by substantial morbidity (for example pruritus, pain, disfigurement) and in some instances mortality. Treatment with systemic immunosuppressives has reduced morbidity and mortality in patients with these diseases.
Autosomal lyonization of replication domains during early Mammalian development.

It has been exactly 50 years since it was discovered that duplication of the eukaryotic genome follows a defined temporal order as cells progress through S-phase. While the mechanism of this replication-timing program still remains a mystery, various correlations of this program with both static and dynamic properties of chromatin render it an attractive forum to explore previously impenetrable higher-order organization of chromosomes. Indeed, studies of DNA replication have provided a simple and straightforward approach to address physical organization of the genome, both along the length of the chromosome as well as in the context of the 3-dimensional space in the cell nucleus. In this chapter, we summarize the 50-years history of the pursuit for understanding the replication-timing program and its developmental regulation, primarily in mammalian cells. We begin with the discovery of the replication-timing program, discuss developmental regulation of this program during X-inactivation in females as well as on autosomes and then describe the recent findings from genome-wide dissection of this program, with special reference to what takes place during mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation. We make an attempt to interpret what these findings might represent and discuss their potential relevance to embryonic development. In doing so, we revive an old concept of “autosomal Lyonization” to describe “facultative heterochromatinization” and irreversible silencing of individual replication domains on autosomes reminiscent of the stable silencing of the inactive X chromosome, which takes place at a stage equivalent to the postimplantation epiblast in mice.
Permeability and porosity images based on P-wave surface seismic data: Application to a south Florida aquifer

[1] P-wave surface seismic reflection data, acquired from a carbonate aquifer in southeastern Florida, are used to delineate flow units in a proposed aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) horizon. The impedance image determined by inversion from P-wave reflection data captures most of the boundaries between hydraulic facies. The hydraulic facies properties are based on integration of the well logs and the lithology, which consists of vuggy carbonate units and sandstones. Within the proposed ASR horizon, located in the upper Floridan aquifer, low-permeability zones consist of sandstones and highly permeable zones are carbonates with interconnected vuggy porosity. High-resolution porosity, permeability, and impedance images based on cross-well reflection and well logs help us evaluate the P-wave seismic reflection results. We use well logs and cross-well seismic data to support whether two-dimensional seismic reflection measurements detect important flow units delineated by cross-well high-resolution seismic data. The data analysis demonstrates that major flow units are resolved and imaged with two-dimensional seismic reflection techniques, although not as clearly as in the high-resolution cross-well data. The results suggest that the surface seismic reflection method, integrated with well logs and geology, provides the tools to assess water resources in this south Florida carbonate aquifer. However, we recommend conducting a cross-well survey in areas where an understanding of the petrophysics is imperative to relating the seismic attributes to rock and fluid properties. This can be a critical step for planning purposes when considering a large surface-oriented seismic survey.
The Sunni and Shia Schism: Religion, Islamic Politics, and Why Americans Need to Know the Differences.

Research indicates that most American citizens know little about Islam and, specifically, the major differences between Sunni Muslims and Shiite Muslims and why this matters to the United States. Although the two major Islamic factions share many common core beliefs and practices, there are some significant religious and political differences dating back to the disagreement over the succession of leadership in the Muslim community after the Prophet Muhammad died in 632. Indeed, sectarianism has played a pivotal role in the turbulent geopolitics of the Middle East for centuries. Islam must be studied for its contributions and role in world history. Therefore, it is crucial that social studies educators teach not only the core beliefs, rituals, and history of Islam but the differences between Sunni and Shiite Muslims. This knowledge is vital if Americans are to make prudent decisions regarding support for specific foreign policy positions and decisions regarding Islam and Muslim countries. This article desc...
Erythrocyte membrane: structure, function, and pathophysiology.

Erythrocytes are unique among mammalian cells. They contain no nucleus or subcellular metabolic structures, yet they survive for 3 to 7 rn~nths .~ ' During their lifetime, erythrocytes travel thousands of miles through tubes of various sizes while delivering oxygen to the tissues.2o Survival of practically all other cells in the body depends upon the proper functioning of erythrocytes. They travel as individual cells, containing a concentrated solution of hemoglobin surrounded by a membrane. In spite of their apparent simplicity, they have limited (but necessary) metabolic capability. They are exposed to a high oxygen content and come in contact with a variety of endogenous and exogenous chemicals. Their ability to survive depends on the ability of the membrane to remain intact and flexible.20 This paper focuses on the erythrocyte membrane structure and function and the pathophysiological changes that can occur when the membrane is exposed to an unfavorable environment.
Riboflavin and thiamin status and birth outcome as a function of maternal aerobic exercise

Twenty-eight healthy pregnant women taking vitamin-mineral supplements served as controls or participated in a walking program from 22 to 30 wk gestation to determine the effects of aerobic exercise on maternal riboflavin and thiamin status and birth outcome. Aerobic capacity was evaluated by heart rate (HR) and relative oxygen consumption (RVO2) during submaximal treadmill walking. HR responses at 30 wk gestation were significantly lower for walking (n = 18) than nonwalking (n = 10) groups at 2 and 4 min of exercise. RVO2 for walkers decreased significantly from 22 to 30 wk at 2, 4, and 6 min. Riboflavin and thiamin status, determined by erythrocyte glutathione reductase and transketolase activity coefficients, was adequate for 86 and 96% of the subjects, respectively. Birth-outcome measurements were similar for all subjects. Participation in the walking program slightly improved aerobic capacity without affecting riboflavin or thiamin status or birth outcome in pregnant women taking vitamin-mineral supplements.
Studies on enzymicβ-hydroxylation of phenylethyl amines

Phenylethylamin, 3-Methoxy-dopamin undp-Hydroxyamphetamin werden durch Dopamin-β-oxidase in die entsprechendeβ-Hydroxy-Verbindung umgewandelt.
Human fetal hepatocyte behavior in dynamic 3D perfusion culture bioreactors

Extracorporeal liver support has been used to bridge patients with acute liver failure to orthotopic liver transplantation. However, the limited functional sustainability of adult hepatocytes in bioreactors mandates the investigation of alternate cell sources. Owing to their plasticity, fetal hepatocytes are an attractive source for use in bioartificial liver devices. Establishing a renewable in vitro source of fetal hepatocytes would also be of interest with regard to possible hepatic cell transplantation studies. Herein, we discuss the use of single-cell suspensions of murine and human fetal liver cells in a dynamic 3D perfusion bioreactor based on artificial capillary beds which form four interwoven compartments. Histology showed neo-tissue formation in between the artificial capillaries. Further immunohistochemical characterization using proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 demonstrated ongoing cell proliferation and survival. These tissues were comprised of albumin-positive hepatocytes, while...
Why are smart people curious? Fluid intelligence, openness to experience, and interest.

The experience of interest is central to intrinsic motivation for learning, so it is important to understand the nature of interest and its sources. Individual differences in fluid intelligence (Gf) predict finding things more interesting, but it is possible that this effect is merely due to the overlap of Gf with openness to experience, a strong predictor of interest across many domains. The present research measured Gf, the Big Five traits, and the interestingness of contemporary poems and visual art. Latent variable models found that Gf predicted interest in both poems and pictures, even when openness and gender were included as predictors. Moreover, Gf and openness did not interact, indicating main effects rather than joint effects. The relationship between Gf and interest thus appears robust.
Long-range order in the classical kagome antiferromagnet: Effective Hamiltonian approach

Following Huse and Rutenberg [Phys. Rev. B 45, 7536 (1992)], I argue the classical Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the kagome lattice has long-range spin order of the $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ type in the limit of zero temperature. I start from the effective quartic Hamiltonian for the soft (out of plane) spin-fluctuation modes and treat as a perturbation those terms which depend on the discrete coplanar state. Soft-mode expectations become the coefficients of a discrete effective Hamiltonian, which (after a coarse graining) has the sign favoring a locking transition in the interface representation of the discrete model.
Model studies of the impact of chemical inhomogeneity on SO2 oxidation in warm stratiform clouds

A one-dimensional, time-dependent model of the physics and chemistry of a warm stratiform cloud is used to study the possible impact of chemical inhomogeneity among cloud and raindrops on the oxidation of SO2 in clouds. The effects of chemical inhomogeneity are examined using two contrasting models: In Model 1 a bulk-solution parameterization is adopted which effectively treats all cloud and raindrops as if they are chemically homogeneous; in Model 2 we allow the cloud and raindrops to have a dichotomous distribution. The dichotomous distribution in Model 2 is simulated by assuming that the two groups of cloud droplets nucleate from two chemically distinct populations of condensation nuclei; one being acidic and the other being alkaline. While the two models yield essentially identical results when the ambient levels of H2O2 are greater than the ambient levels of SO2, the rate of conversion of SO2 to sulfuric acid and the amount of sulfate removed in the precipitation can be significantly enhanced in Model 2 over that of Model 1 under conditions of oxidant limitation (i.e., H2O2 < SO2). This enhancement is critically dependent upon the fraction of alkaline nuclei assumed to be present in Model 2 and arises from the rapid increase in the aqueous-phase reaction between O3+SIV at high pH. Our results suggest that cloud models which adopt a bulk-solution parameterization for cloud droplet chemistry, may underestimate the amount of in-cloud SO2 oxidation under oxidant-limited conditions.
Chlorination of hydrogen-terminated silicon (111) surfaces

Infrared absorption spectroscopy was used to investigate the chlorination of hydrogen-terminated Si(111) surfaces by three different methods: (a) exposure to a saturated solution of phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) in chlorobenzene; (b) exposure to chlorine gas, Cl2(g), and (c) exposure to Cl2(g) under UV illumination. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and first principles model (clusters) calculations were used to explore the structure and dynamics of these surfaces. The infrared spectra exhibited sharp chlorine-related vibrations at 586 and 527 cm^–1. The narrow full width at half maximum of these vibrations for all three preparation methods indicated that all functionalization schemes produced a nearly complete monolayer of Cl with little surface roughening or introduction of step edges. The 527 cm^–1 mode was at a much higher frequency than might be expected for the bending vibration of Si monochloride. Theoretical calculations show, however, that this vibration involves the displacement of the top Si atom parallel to the surface, subject to a relatively stiff potential, shifting its frequency to a value fairly close to that of the Si–Cl stretching mode on a Si(111) surface.
Symmetry of Symbols

THE application of the theory of symmetry to decorative designs is well known to students of crystallography and to mathematicians interested in the theory of groups. Text-books on design do not discuss these simple rules for the construction and classification of patterns, most likely because the subject up to the present has been treated only in the technical language of mathematics.
Teplizumab therapy for type 1 diabetes

Importance of the field: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease with selective destruction of β cells. Immunological interventions are directed at arresting the loss...
The effect of H2O2 on colony formation and anaerobic CO2 production by yeast.

Abstract Under certain conditions of growth H 2 O 2 at concentrations of the orderof 2 to 4·10 −6 g/ml, inhibits the anaerobic CO 2 production of yeast. This inhibiton by H 2 O 2 is independent of the cell density. The fact that increasing the cell number does not confer protection against the action of H 2 O 2 suggests that H 2 O 2 may not be the only active agent inirradiated yeast suspensions. Finally, H 2 O 2 at the concentrations employed has only a small effect on colony formation.
A language-based design for portable data files

Currently data files to be accessed remotely from dissimilar systems must be transformed to the local language processors' file format and data representation; a process that has changed little since punch cards were the main form of portable data files. A standard is proposed for languages to use the data type information available to the runtime library to make these data transformations before the data is transferred to the file or the user's variables. By specifying one binary format for each basic data type (integer, real, logical, etc) and a file organization that is portable between record-oriented and stream-oriented file systems, we can standardize file formats that will be usable on practically all current systems.
Structure of the U2 strain of tobacco mosaic virus refined at 3.5 A resolution using X-ray fiber diffraction.

Abstract The structure of the U2 strain of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been determined by fiber diffraction methods at 3.5 A resolution, and refined by a combination of restrained leastsquares and molecular dynamics methods to an R-factor of 0.096. The structure is extremely similar to that of the common strain of TMV, with the largest differences being in the protein loop that makes up the inner surface of the virus, and in the C-terminal region on the outer surface. Differences in the inner loop can be correlated with differences in the properties of the two viruses.
Bilateral native nephrectomy improves renal isograft function in rats

Bilateral native nephrectomy has been suggested to improve renal allograft survival in man. This effect may be most prominent in patients experiencing acute tubular necrosis following transplantation. Thus, native kidneys may alter the course of ischemic acute tubular necrosis in the transplanted kidney. In the present studies, we utilized an experimental model of syngeneic transplantation in which rejection does not occur. We studied Lewis rat renal isografts transplanted into littermates following sham, unilateral or bilateral native nephrectomy. In a fourth group of rats, we evaluated the importance of native kidney excretory function by studying isografts transplanted into littermates with bilaterally obstructed native kidneys. Renal blood flow and excretory function were measured in vivo, eight days following transplantation. Renal excretory function of isografts transplanted into animals following bilateral native nephrectomy was similar to normal nontransplanted Lewis kidneys. The presence of either one or both functioning native kidneys significantly reduced isograft inulin clearance, PAH clearance, and blood flow. However, when isografts were transplanted into Lewis rats with bilaterally obstructed native kidneys, renal isograft inulin clearance and blood flow were not significantly impaired. Nontransplanted kidneys demonstrated "functional hypertrophy" following contralateral nephrectomy, with glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow increasing by approximately 50%. In contrast, isograft glomerular filtration rate in animals following bilateral native nephrectomy was equivalent to that of single kidneys from normal animals with both kidneys in situ. However, renal blood flow of isografts from these animals increased to the same level as nontransplanted Lewis kidneys following contralateral nephrectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A modified technique for the improved characterization of lepidopteran chromosomes from cells in culture

A chromosome preparation technique from which a colchicine treatment was omitted yielded longer and less-fragmented chromosomes from lepidopteran cells in culture than those previously depicted in the literature. Greater integrity in chromosome morphology was evident in all cultures prepared without colchicine although with 1075A cells a reduction in fixation time was necessary. Possible satellite chromosomes were evident in these preparations as well as thin, lightly stained regions along the length of some chromosomes. In addition, instances of possible somatic pairing were observed.
Clues to the Giant Dielectric Constant of CaCu3Ti4O12 in the Defect Structure of “SrCu3Ti4O12”

The high dielectric constant in “SrCu3Ti4O12” and the giant dielectric constant in CaCu3Ti4O12 are based on a barrier layer mechanism. Conductivity in the conducting regions is related to Ti on Cu sites. The insulating barriers are between crystallites in “SrCu3Ti4O12” but within the crystallites in CaCu3Ti4O12.
A computer program for the diagnosis of hematologic disorders.

A computer program has been developed to assist medical personnel in the diagnosis of hematologic disorders. The program requests information such as the patient's hematocrit, white blood-cell count, platelet count, and selected physical findings. Major problems are identified, and the program then requests further information as needed to determine whether the patient has 1 or more of 174 hematologic disorders. An evaluation note is then printed that summarizes the most important hematologic data and includes a list of selected hematologic diagnoses, a discussion of why each diagnosis is listed, a description of its pathophysiology and information concerning etiology and treatment. The printout concludes with pertinent references to the medical literature. When the program was tested with 135 patients referred for hematologic consultation, diagnoses produced by the program were in complete agreement with the hematologist in 87 cases, in partial agreement in 23 cases and not in agreement in 25 cases. The program was also tested with 34 hematologic cases from the New England Journal of Medicine's Clinical-Pathological Conferences. In 24 patients, the computer and anatomic diagnoses were in complete or partial agreement, and in 10 they disagreed. Anecdotal evidence suggests that explanations of pathophysiology contained in the evaluation notes may be useful to students. It is concluded that the program could be useful as a memory aid for the practitioner and as a teaching aid for the student.
The acrylic removable partial denture

Some aspects of acrylic partial dentures have been reviewed. The spoon denture, the Every design, and the Lam design have been discussed and suggestions made for their construction and use for patients with specific problems.
The brush for rubbing off the rust of care in America

In eighteenth‐century America adventurous solo actors occasionally performed monologues and songs. The epitomie of this genre in the 1790s was The Brush for Rubbing off the Rust of Care. Although a...
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Antiplatelet Agents Used in the Secondary Prevention of Stroke

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and debilitation. Several million stroke survivors are alive throughout the world today. Prevention of recurrent stroke is of major importance to stroke survivors. Several pharmacological agents are currently available for use in secondary stroke prevention.
Motor Vehicle Crash-Related Subdural Hematoma from Real-World Head Impact Data

Abstract Approximately 1,700,000 people sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) each year and motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are a leading cause of hospitalization from TBI. Acute subdural hematoma (SDH) is a common intracranial injury that occurs in MVCs associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. In this study, SDH volume and midline shift have been analyzed in order to better understand occupant injury by correlating them to crash and occupant parameters. Fifty-seven head computed tomography (CT) scans were selected from the Crash Injury Research Engineering Network (CIREN) with Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) level 3+ SDH. Semi-automated methods were used to isolate the intracranial volume. SDH and additional occupant intracranial injuries were segmented across axial CT images, providing a total SDH injury volume. SDH volume was correlated to crash parameters and occupant characteristics. Results show a positive correlation between SDH volume and crash severity in near-side and frontal crashes. Ad...
An analysis of programming DRL schedules in educational settings

Abstract Three methods for programming the differential reinforcement of low rate were explained, labeled, illustrated by research studies, and analyzed, but not compared. Spaced Responding DRL, the first and most common method in laboratory studies, was illustrated through the reduction of the inappropriate questioning by three behaviorally disturbed children. Full Session DRL, the most common method in applied studies, was illustrated through the reduction of talk-outs by an EMR male. Interval DRL, not previously presented in either applied or laboratory literature, was illustrated through the reduction of talk-outs by a 6-yr-old first grade girl. All methods proved effective, and an analysis of their differences and similarities was discussed.
Looming Vulnerability: Incremental Validity of a Fearful Cognitive Distortion in Contamination Fears

Looming vulnerability is a cognitive vulnerability for anxiety syndromes that pertains to a tendency to construct dynamic expectations (i.e., mental scenarios) of negative events as progressively increasing in danger and rapidly escalating in risk. The present study tested the hypothesis that looming vulnerability to contamination (i.e., looming of contamination) and generalized looming vulnerability would be positively related to contamination fears commonly observed in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) even when controlling for other vulnerabilities such as negative affectivity, anxiety sensitivity, and appraisals of potential for harm. The results support the predictions that both generalized looming vulnerability and looming of contamination are independently associated with contamination fears. Examination of the specificity of the ‘growing’ and ‘spreading’ aspects of contamination looming revealed that these components did not independently predict contamination fears beyond the additional vulnerabilities, supporting the consideration of a total looming of contamination construct rather than independent examination of its components. The implications of these findings for the conceptualization and treatment of contamination-based OCD are discussed.
Charge collection in silicon for ions of different energy but same linear energy transfer (LET)

Charge collection measurements in thin silicon structures have indicated that more charge is collected for higher energy ions than for the lower energy ions for incident ions with the same LET. The observed differences are larger than can be explained by uncertainties in energy-loss calculations. A possible explanation is in differences in initial track structure. The higher energy track is more diffuse and might yield more charge to be collected because there is less initial electron-hole pair recombination. >
The Rhizosphere: An Ecological Perspective

The rhizosphere, the boundary layer of soil surrounding and influenced by the plant root, is multiphase, heterogeneous, and biologically diverse. Recognized as playing a central role in plant nutrition, soil formation, and global biogeochemical cycles, the rhizosphere is being intensively studied.
BONE GROWTH IN THE LONG-TERM CASTRATE ALBINO RAT

IN 1939, MOORE (1) POINTED out that consistent modifications in body growth had not been demonstrated for mammals as an effect of castration. This is particularly evident in studies concerned with skeletal changes following ablation of the testis. Hatai (2) found that in rats killed 120 to 170 days after castration the femur, tibio-fibula, humerus and radiO-ulna tended to be very slightly longer than in corresponding controls. Lawless (3) castrated young rats and killed them after intervals of 65 to 86 days. He reports that in the castrates the femur had grown slightly less, while the growth of the humerus was not significantly altered. Rubinstein and his collaborators (4) found that the skeleton of rats killed 58 days after castration not only failed to become larger but was actually significantly inhibited in its growth.
Use of ultrasound in antenatal diagnosis of large-for-gestational infants in diabetic gravid patients

Near-term ultrasonograms of 44 diabetic gravid patients and 47 nondiabetic gravid patients were retrospectively analyzed. The mean values of abdominal diameter to femur length ratios and abdominal diameter to biparietal diameter ratios in diabetic gravid patients with large-for-gestational age fetuses were significantly different from those values in diabetic patients with appropriate-for-gestational age fetuses and in nondiabetic patients. Glycosylated hemoglobin values were above 7.4% (mean ± 2 SD) in 79% of diabetic patients with large-for-gestational age infants and abdominal diameter to femur length ratio exceeding 1.385. Glycosylated hemoglobin values were ⩽7.4% in 69% of diabetic gravid patients with appropriate-for-gestational age fetuses and abdominal diameter to femur length ratio less than 1.385. These findings suggest that large-for-gestational age infants have a different growth characteristic with a disproportionate enlargement of the abdomen. This possibly results from a long period of elevated levels of maternal plasma glucose (as shown by elevated values of glycosylated hemoglobin).
Rapid and simultaneous determination of zidovudine and its glucuronide metabolite in plasma and urine. Application to the pharmacokinetic interaction of zidovudine and probenecid in the monkey.

Quantitation of zidovudine (3’-azido-3’-deoxythymidine, AZT) in biological medium is required for determination of its pharmacokinetics, and as a means to evaluate clinical dosage regimens. Analytical methods have been reported to measure AZT, and in some cases its 5’-O-glucuronide (AZTG) metabolite in plasma or serum and urine samples of man and experimental animals [l-8]. Most of these procedures are able to quantitate AZT in serum utilizing liquid chromatography (LC) [l-7]. These techniques are suitable when therapeutic drug monitoring or pharmacokinetic analyses of AZT are desired. Characterization of the metabolism of AZT also requires quantitation of AZTG in plasma and urine. Information on the combined disposition of AZT and AZTG is critical to the evaluation and interpretation of the pharmacokinetic basis of drug interactions with AZT. Of the methods reported, Good et al. [l] and Lacroix et al. [7] have developed procedures to quantitate AZT and AZTG simultaneously in human serum. The latter method [7] has also been applied to AZT and AZTG in urine. The method of Good et al. [l] cannot be used for the analysis of AZT and AZTG in urine because of interferences from endogeneous substances. Measurement of AZT and AZTG in urine according to Blum et al. [5], required gradient elution with analysis times of 30 min. Simultaneous measurement of AZT and AZTG in human serum or urine by the method of Lacroix et al. [7] required column switching. The monkey has been shown to exhibit pharmacokinetics of AZT most similar to man [8], and should serve as an appropriate animal model to characterize drug interactions of AZT. Because AIDS patients are exposed to multiple and variable drug combinations, monkeys permit controlled and comprehensive, intravenous and oral dosing, pharmacokinetic investigations to be conducted. The purpose of this investigation was to develop an LC method to quantitate AZT and AZTG simultaneously in monkey plasma and urine. The method would have to utilize a small plasma volume, and provide a level of quantitation necessary to investigate the pharmacokinetic basis of drug interactions with AZT.
Six views of embodied cognition.

The emerging viewpoint of embodied cognition holds that cognitive processes are deeply rooted in the body’s interactions with the world. This position actually houses a number of distinct claims, some of which are more controversial than others. This paper distinguishes and evaluates the following six claims: (1) cognition is situated; (2) cognition is time-pressured; (3) we off-load cognitive work onto the environment; (4) the environment is part of the cognitive system; (5) cognition is for action; (6) offline cognition is body based. Of these, the first three and the fifth appear to be at least partially true, and their usefulness is best evaluated in terms of the range of their applicability. The fourth claim, I argue, is deeply problematic. The sixth claim has received the least attention in the literature on embodied cognition, but it may in fact be the best documented and most powerful of the six claims.
Respiratory glycerol metabolism of Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z for succinate production.

Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z naturally produces among the highest levels of succinate from a variety of inexpensive carbon substrates. A few studies have demonstrated that A. succinogenes can anaerobically metabolize glycerol, a waste product of biodiesel manufacture and an inexpensive feedstock, to produce high yields of succinate. However, all these studies were performed in the presence of yeast extract, which largely removes the redox constraints associated with fermenting glycerol, a highly reduced molecule. We demonstrated that A. succinogenes cannot ferment glycerol in minimal medium, but that it can metabolize glycerol by aerobic or anaerobic respiration. These results were expected based on the A. succinogenes genome, which encodes respiratory enzymes, but no pathway for 1,3-propanediol production. We investigated A. succinogenes’s glycerol metabolism in minimal medium in a variety of respiratory conditions by comparing growth, metabolite production, and in vitro activity of terminal oxidoreductases. Nitrate inhibited succinate production by inhibiting fumarate reductase expression. In contrast, growth in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide and in microaerobic conditions allowed high succinate yields. The highest succinate yield was 0.75 mol/mol glycerol (75 % of the maximum theoretical yield) in continuous microaerobic cultures. A. succinogenes could also grow and produce succinate on partially refined glycerols obtained directly from biodiesel manufacture. Finally, by expressing a heterologous 1,3-propanediol synthesis pathway in A. succinogenes, we provide the first proof of concept that A. succinogenes can be engineered to grow fermentatively on glycerol.