cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigating the physics of simultaneous breakdown events in metamaterials with multi-resonant unit cells

Under high power illumination, electromagnetic metamaterials and periodic structures experience internal breakdown that alters their frequency responses. It was recently demonstrated that a breakdown discharge created at a given location within the unit cell of a metamaterial mediates the breakdown at other locations within that unit cell or at the neighboring unit cells in spite of the fact that the intensity of the incident field is not high enough to cause breakdown at these other locations under normal situations. In this paper, we investigate the physics behind this phenomenon and examine three candidate mechanisms for these simultaneous breakdown discharges. These include energetic electron transport, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. By experimentally examining the unit cell of a metamaterial composed of multiple resonators, we were able to selectively isolate the coupling influence of the candidate mechanisms. It was established that VUV radiation from the initial discharge yields simultaneous breakdown at the other locations of interest.
Concanavalin A induces a cytoskeletal association of T200 molecules in T lymphocytes

A recent report indicated that T200 molecules interact with elements of the cytoskeleton in BW5147 T lymphoma cells. We have confirmed the cytoskeletal association of T200 by examining nonionic detergent-soluble and detergent-insoluble fractions of murine T cell tumor cell lines, cloned cytotoxic T lymphocyte lines, and thymocytes. Concanavalin A (Con A)-treated and untreated cells were extracted with 0.5% Triton X-100 and the remaining insoluble material was extracted under conditions allowing actin depolymerization. In the absence of Con A treatment, little T200 could be recovered from the depolymerized insoluble fraction. However, in T cells treated with capping concentrations of Con A, a considerable amount of T200 was rendered insoluble in nonionic detergent, and T200 could be recovered from the insoluble fraction by a buffer which dissociates actin polymers. A lesser, but still significant, amount of T200 associated with the detergent-insoluble fraction of thymocytes treated with concentrations of Con A and succinyl Con A, which are mitogenic for T cells. We also found that in T cells treated with mitogenic concentrations of succinyl Con A, more T200 associated with cytoskeleton than did H-2 or LFA-1 molecules. Because T200 is such a predominant molecule on the surface of T cells, such translocations of the molecule may have a major impact on the physiology of the cell, especially if T200 functions as a protein tyrosine phosphatase as recent evidence by others suggests.
Effects of Catfish Angler Catch-Related Attitudes on Fishing Trip Preferences

Abstract To assist the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department in developing a statewide catfish management plan, we surveyed 1,078 freshwater catfish anglers to examine their catch-related attitudes and trip preferences by using a stated choice experiment. Respondents were presented with a series of paired hypothetical fishing trip scenarios for catfish and were asked to choose the trips that they most preferred. Trip scenarios varied by the relative number of catfish that were caught and harvested, relative size of catfish that were caught, water body type, level of site development, and distance traveled (i.e., representing travel costs). A conditional logit model was fitted to analyze angler preferences by determining the influence of trip attributes on angler choice. Model results indicated that anglers’ choice of fishing trips was most influenced by distance traveled, followed by the catch-related aspects of the trip, with catfish size having a greater influence than the numbers of catfish caught or har...
A Nasty but Effective Negotiation Strategy: Misrepresentation of a Common-Value Issue

Conflicts sometimes involve issues for which both parties want the same outcome, although frequently parties fail to recognize their shared interests. These common-value issues set the stage for a nasty misrepresentation strategy: feigning opposed interest on the common-value issue to gain an advantage on other issues. In a laboratory negotiation simulation, participants used misrepresentation in 28% of their negotiations. The strategy was more likely to occur when negotiators had individualistic motives and was less likely to occur when both parties realized their common interests. Use of the strategy led to favorable outcomes, and these were best predicted by negotiator aspirations, rather than perceptual accuracy. The authors discovered two forms of the strategy: misrepresentation by commission (the user actively misrepresented his or her common-value issue preferences) and misrepresentation by omission (the user concealed his or her common-value issue interests when the other person made a favorable o...
Human centered game design for bioinformatics and cyberinfrastructure learning

Engaging students in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields is critical to ensure the success of the next generation of scientists and engineers. Given that 97% of American teens play video games, there is a tremendous opportunity to facilitate interest in STEM topics through the design of engaging learning games. While a growing number of serious games have been developed for biological science and computer science learning, few address the communication and technical challenges that arise in cyberinfrastructure intensive projects, where multiple domain scientists and computer scientists collaborate. This paper describes empirical data collected during a year-long human centered game design process, in which design ideas generated by high school students were bridged with cyberinfrastructure and bioinformatics learning concepts. Our research shows that "fun" and engaging game elements are well suited for addressing the sociotechnical aspects of cyberinfrastructure projects. In this research we provide a human centered game design methodology for science educators and science game designers, as well as design implications for integrating game-based experiences into the use of large-scale shared computing resources and services.
The unlock project: A Python-based framework for practical brain-computer interface communication “app” development

In this paper we present a framework for reducing the development time needed for creating applications for use in non-invasive brain-computer interfaces (BCI). Our framework is primarily focused on facilitating rapid software “app” development akin to current efforts in consumer portable computing (e.g. smart phones and tablets). This is accomplished by handling intermodule communication without direct user or developer implementation, instead relying on a core subsystem for communication of standard, internal data formats. We also provide a library of hardware interfaces for common mobile EEG platforms for immediate use in BCI applications. A use-case example is described in which a user with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis participated in an electroencephalography-based BCI protocol developed using the proposed framework. We show that our software environment is capable of running in real-time with updates occurring 50–60 times per second with limited computational overhead (5 ms system lag) while providing accurate data acquisition and signal analysis.
Molindone: higher doses needed to block pergolide-induced elevation of serum corticosterone than to elevate dopamine metabolites in brain.

Abstract Molindone at a dose of 3 mg/kg i.p. in rats prevented pergolide-induced decreases in brain DOPAC (3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) and HVA (homovanillic acid), causing instead significant increases in these dopamine metabolites when given in combination with pergolide. Molindone alone at 3 mg/kg caused two-fold or greater increases in DOPAC and HVA and at doses as low as 0.3 mg/kg caused significant increases in these metabolites. However, molindone at 3 mg/kg and lower doses was without effect on pergolide-induced elevation of serum corticosterone, though a higher dose of molindone, 10 mg/kg, significantly antagonized this increase in corticosterone. These data support earlier findings with molindone, suggesting it has greater affinity for presynaptic dopamine autoreceptors than for postsynaptic dopamine receptors.
Geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes

Abstract The amount of metabolic energy available for primary production by chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms in a submarine hydrothermal plume is evaluated using geochemical models. Oxidation of elemental sulfur and metal sulfides precipitated in the hydrothermal plume represent the largest potential sources of metabolic energy in the plume (∼600 cal/kg vent fluid from each source). Among dissolved substrates, oxidation of H 2 potentially provides the greatest amount of energy (∼160 cal/kg). Smaller, but still significant, amounts of energy are also available from sulfate reduction (54 cal/kg), methanogenesis (17 cal/kg), and methanotrophy (13 cal/kg). Only negligible amounts of energy are available from oxidation of Fe(II) or Mn(II) compounds or Fe 3+ reduction ( 2 -oxidizers entrained in the plume or colonizing the surfaces of minerals settling from the plume. The total primary productivity potential in the plume is estimated to be about 50 mg dry wt biomass/kg vent fluid. This translates to a global annual biomass production in hydrothermal plumes on the order of 10 12 g dry wt/yr, which represents only a small fraction of the total photosynthetic biomass production in the oceans (∼10 17 g dry wt/yr). Nevertheless, biomass generated in hydrothermal plumes may represent a significant fraction of the organic matter in the deep ocean as well as that deposited in sediments in ocean basins.
Groundwater controls on nutrient cycling in a Mojave desert stream

1. Groundwater fluxes of nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were investigated in Grape Vine Canyon Stream in the Mojave Desert focusing on the rate of inputs and the fate of groundwater-derived nutrients in the stream. Discharge rates from different ground waters were measured using an end-member mixing model coupled with injections of a conservative solute tracer into the stream channel. 2. In surface water, nitrate concentration averaged 1.13 mg N L–1 and DOC concentration averaged 1.82 mg C L–1. 3. Groundwater discharge into Grape Vine Canyon Stream was derived from three sources. Nitrate concentration varied among the three groundwater sources with mean concentrations of 0.56, 0.94 and 0.08 mg N L–1. DOC, in contrast, did not vary among ground water sources, with an overall average concentration of 2.96 mg C L–1. 4. In the surface stream, nitrate concentration was two-fold greater than the concentration predicted from groundwater input, indicating that in-stream processes generated nitrate. Stream DOC concentration was lower than predicted based upon groundwater input rate. The production of nitrate and loss of DOC suggest that DOC is lost through mineralisation of dissolved organic matter, possibly resulting in the mineralisation of dissolved organic nitrogen to ammonium and subsequent transformation to nitrate via nitrification. In further support of this hypothesised linkage, DOC loss explained 80–89% of the variance in nitrate production in Grape Vine Canyon Stream.
Diffractive production amplitudes for αp 1

Abstract Inelastic fully diffractive production cross sections are studied within the framework of a spin model version of RFT for α p 1. Exact results are obtained for very large α p and D = 1; a semiclassical approximation is used to probe all other α p and D = 2. Absorption corrections cause the processes to be peripheral in impact parameter and to exhibit clustering in rapidity. s -channel unitarity constraints are shown to hold and in particular the Finkelstein-Kajantie paradox is resolved for any α p1.
Correlation-coefficient optimisation in integrated-circuit design

This paper reviews the accomplishments to date in the use of correlation coefficients between circuit elements as design variables in the computer-aided tolerance design of integrated circuits. Two optimisation schemes have been developed which make use of the interior-point and exterior-point penalty function methods. Each method requires a different set of constraint equations to provide a positive definite correlation-coefficient matrix. A comparison of the two approaches is given, using a practical circuit tolerance design example.
Cross-cutting memberships, integration, and the international system

Are cross-cutting memberships relevant to international organization? To an extent at least, the assumption seems to be "yes and no." The "yes" refers to the fact that directly or indirectly the concept comes in for mention in a number of discussions of organization and integration in general, not international organization alone. In other words, here seems to be one of those factors that applies to organizations as such, not just to international organizations or organization. But at the same time we encounter the "no," a general lack of direct discussion, let alone analysis of the subject. It is an assumption of this discussion, then, that the subject of crosscutting memberships is relevant. It also is an assumption of this discussion that the paucity of direct consideration of the topic by writers who are discussing international organization and integration or disintegration is in effect an unstated conclusion arising from a proposition that might be stated this way: Cross-cutting memberships are most frequent at levels least relevant to operational integration of the international system. Or it might be put another way: Crosscutting memberships tend to be resultant rather than causal in the international integrative process.
Dimethylaluminum methaneselenolate—a useful reagent for the preparation of selenoesters. A new friedel-crafts acylation procedure promoted by Cu(I)

Abstract The preparation of a new aluminum reagent, dmiethylaluminum methaneselenolate (Me2AlSeMe) is described. The reactivity of this aluminum reagent toward a variety of organic substrates has been studied. Me2AlSeMe will convert O-alkyl esters to selenoesters in high yield. These selenoesters function as extremely reactive acyl transfer agents and are converted to acids, esters, and amides on reaction with water, alcohols or amines in the presence of a selenophilic metal cation. The selenoesters will, moreover, acylate reactive arenes and heterocyclic compounds when cuprous triflate is employed as the selenophilic metal cation. This latter transformation constitutes a new transition metal promoted variant of the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction.
Temperature‐salinity correlation within the Florida Current

The observations of the Bache Expedition (1914) enabled Wust (Florida- und Antillenatrom, Veroff. Inst. Meereakunde, N.F., Reihe A, Heft 12, pp. 1–48, Berlin, 1924) to publish a curve which gives the relationship between temperature and salinity for the waters flowing through the Straits of Florida. A careful comparison of this curve with observations from the Sargasso Sea shows that for any given temperature between 15° and 6° the Florida Current Water as it leaves the Straits is from 0.05 to 0.20 parts per thousand less saline than water from the Western North Atlantic in similar latitudes. These lower salinities are especially striking in the deeper parts of the Current. For example, Wust's curve shows that 6° -water in the Straits of Florida has a salinity of about 34.84 parts per thousand, while from recent Atlantis observations we know that the same temperature in the Antilles Current or in the Sargasso Sea would give a salinity value of about 35.03 parts per thousand.
Soil microbial carbon and nitrogen transformations at a glacial foreland on Anvers Island, Antarctic Peninsula

Microbial communities can play a critical role in soil development and succession at glacial forelands through their contribution to soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. Using a combination of molecular fingerprinting techniques and metabolic rate measurements, we examined the soil microbial community composition and key transformations in the C and N cycles at a glacial foreland on Anvers Island along the Antarctic Peninsula. Soils were sampled along transects representing a chronosequence of <1 to approximately 10 years since deglaciation. The soil microbial community was active adjacent to the receding edge of the glacier, where soil had been ice-free for <1 year. A survey of the microbial community composition identified typical soil bacterial species such as Arthrobacter and Sphingomonas, as well as known Antarctic heterotrophs, cyanobacteria and fungi. The soil C cycle over this zone was dominated by phototrophic microbial activity, while the N cycle was dominated by heterotrophic N2-fixation and not cyanobacterial N2-fixation as found at other recently deglaciated forelands. Other N transformations such as ammonia oxidation and denitrification appeared to be of limited relevance.
Kinetic study and characteristic curve of the reactive noranda tailings agglomeration process

Abstract The kinetics of agglomerate growth in a batch disc pelletizer has been studied using fine reactive Noranda tailings. The effect of operating variables such as moisture content, angle of inclination and agitation (rpm) on the agglomeration process was studied. Higher moisture content, lower inclination angle and higher agitation improved the agglomeration behavior. The growth of agglomerates was observed to follow first-order kinetics. The nuclei coalescence rate constant was fitted with moisture content in a semi-logarithmic manner. The agglomerate size distributions were found to fit log-normal size distribution and followed a self-preserving growth. A Rosin-Rammler type of equation was used to quantify the characteristic curve of the Noranda tailings agglomeration process. This can be utilized to predict the complete agglomerate size distribution irrespective of the operating conditions and the size of the pelletizer if a relationship such as agglomerate median product size as a function of the operating conditions and agglomeration time is made available.
Orthogonalized linear combinations of atomic orbitals. IV. Inclusion of relativistic corrections

The relativistic corrections to the band-structure calculation have been implemented in the orthogonalized linear combinations of atomic orbitals method. A two-step process is suggested such that the scalar-relativistic effects due to the spin-independent mass-velocity and Darwin terms are treated first. Spin-orbit interaction is then included on the basis of the spin-polarized band structures. All other higher-order corrections are ignored. Test calculations on scalar-relativistic corrections are demonstrated in the elemental methods Ni, Nb, and Ce with increasing atomic mass numbers. The results are in very good agreement with the established results using other band methods. The full relativistic band structure is calculated for ferromagnetic Fe. It is shown that the effect of spin-orbit interaction in Fe is of considerable importance compared with the scalar-relativistic correction.
Semiconductor physics: relativity on a chip.

The manipulation of electronic spins — 'spintronics' — might be the basis of future device technology. A subtle relativistic effect offers a way to flip spins inside a semiconducting material.
Defending your life: When women complain about sexual harassment

Women who complain about sexual harassment in a union work environment may find that they are the focal point of the union’s defense of the alleged harasser. The defense the union uses can be broadly defined as one of four: deny the event, blame management, blame society, and blame the victim. This study investigates the frequency with which these defenses are used and their relative effectiveness. Deny the event and blame the victim were used in more than 80% of the cases. Their use was not significantly changed over time. There was no significant difference in the arbitrator’s decision based on the defense used by the union. It is suggested that unions consider using the blame management defense because it is equally effective but does not have the same negative effects on the victim as denying the event or blaming the victim.
Measurement and analysis of magnetic field variation during a class 2b flare

A digital analysis of high-time-resolution videomagnetograms taken during a class 2b flare that occurred at 60 deg east is reported. The data were obtained at the Big Bear Observatory and calibrated by a Mt. Wilson magnetogram. Changes of weak magnetic fields (less than 100 G) with an amplitude of 30% to 100% have been detected over 55% of the optical flare region, apparently taking place at the initial phase of the flare. Statistical considerations suggest a real flare association with most of these changes. H-alpha observations show that large changes took place over the footpoints of heavily inclined structures like penumbral fibrils, while smaller changes took place over the plage region. An apparent polarity reversal was found at the feet of erupted fibrils. Based on force-free field calculations these changes can be reasonably explained as a transformation of the current-carrying fields to potential fields which produced large changes in the field-line inclination and rotation.
Myocardial Catecholamine Contents in Vitamin E and Sulfur-Deficient Chickens.∗:

SummaryDystrophy in chickens due to Vit. E and sulfur deficiency is associated with an elevation in myocardial catecholamines. The catecholamine content of the heart of the normal rooster is significantly greater than that of the normal hen.
Home environments and young Latino children's school readiness

Abstract This exploratory study examined the relations among characteristics of children's home environments and two school readiness skills: their oral language and social functioning. Low SES Latino mothers of 122 (65 girls; 57 boys) preschoolers (39–49 months (M = 45.00; S.D. = 5.40) completed questionnaires about their family demography, their home environments, and their perceived parenting stress. Preschool teachers rated children's social functioning, and children were administered the PPVT-R (or the TVIP). Results of path analyses showed that when controlling for children's age and factors that potentially influence children's opportunities for learning, the relation between parents’ literacy involvement and children's PPVT-R/TVIP scores and social functioning was mediated by children's interest in literacy. In addition, mothers’ perceived parenting stress was directly associated with children's PPVT-R/TVIP scores and social functioning. The findings highlight within-group variations in the home literacy environments of low SES Latino families.
The Stone-Weierstrass Theorem Revisited

(2005). The Stone-Weierstrass Theorem Revisited. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 112, No. 8, pp. 726-729.
The effect of early quantitative resuscitation on organ function in survivors of septic shock

Abstract Objective The objective of this study is to determine if early quantitative resuscitation (QR) attenuates organ dysfunction in survivors of septic shock. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a completed implementation study. Inclusion criteria are suspected infection, greater than or equal to 2 systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria and either systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg after a fluid bolus or lactate more than 4 mmol/L and survival to hospital discharge. Data were prospectively collected on eligible patients for 1 year before and 3 years after implementation of early QR. Patients in the before phase received nonprotocolized care (NPC) at physician discretion. Survivors who received QR were compared with survivors who received NPC. The primary outcome was the worst sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score during hospitalization. Results Two hundred sixty patients in the QR group and 41 patients in the NPC group were included. There were no significant differences in demographics between the 2 groups. The initial SOFA score in the QR group was 6 and in the NPC group was 6 ( P = .17). There was no significant difference in the worst SOFA score during hospitalization between the QR and NPC groups (6 vs 6, respectively; P = .16). Conclusions In survivors of septic shock, we found no difference in maximal organ dysfunction during hospitalization between patients who received QR vs NPC.
Virus infection, antiviral immunity, and autoimmunity

As a group of disorders, autoimmunity ranks as the third most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western World. However, the etiology of most autoimmune diseases remains unknown. Although genetic linkage studies support a critical underlying role for genetics, the geographic distribution of these disorders as well as the low concordance rates in monozygotic twins suggest that a combination of other factors including environmental ones are involved. Virus infection is a primary factor that has been implicated in the initiation of autoimmune disease. Infection triggers a robust and usually well-coordinated immune response that is critical for viral clearance. However, in some instances, immune regulatory mechanisms may falter, culminating in the breakdown of self-tolerance, resulting in immune-mediated attack directed against both viral and self-antigens. Traditionally, cross-reactive T-cell recognition, known as molecular mimicry, as well as bystander T-cell activation, culminating in epitope spreading, have been the predominant mechanisms elucidated through which infection may culminate in an T-cell-mediated autoimmune response. However, other hypotheses including virus-induced decoy of the immune system also warrant discussion in regard to their potential for triggering autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which virus infection and antiviral immunity contribute to the development of autoimmunity.
Iduronate Sulfatase Activity in Serum, Lymphocytes, and Fibroblasts—Simplified Diagnosis of the Hunter Syndrome

Extract: A previously described assay for iduronate sulfatase has been adapted for use with serum, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts. The assay also gives a rough measure of iduronidase activity. We have evaluated the procedure for the diagnosis of the Hunter syndrome, for the detection of Hunter heterozygotes, and for the diagnosis of certain other disorders (mucolipidoses II and III and mucopolysac-charidosis I). Hunter patients had 1-2% normal iduronate sulfatase activity in the three sources tested. The serum assay is undoubtedly the method of choice to establish the diagnosis of the Hunter syndrome. Less than 1 ml serum and 3-4 days are required to complete the procedure. Serum could not be used for the detection of iduronidase deficiency diseases, but these could easily be recognized in lymphocyte and fibroblast preparations. The iduronate sulfatase activity of sera from patients with mucolipidoses II and III was elevated 20-fold, but their parents had a normal level of this enzyme. In fibroblasts of patients with mucolipidoses II and III, both iduronate sulfatase and iduronidase activities were markedly decreased. Serum assays were not informative about the Hunter heterozygote status. However, the mean activity in lymphocytes from mothers of Hunter patients was about half of the mean normal activity. A number of obligate heterozygotes had iduronate sulfatase activity so low that they were identifiable as carriers; others, unfortunately, had a clearly normal level. The possibility of carrier detection by the lymphocyte assay needs further development. Speculation: The procedure described shows markedly reduced iduronate sulfatase activity in lymphocytes of half the obligate heterozygotes tested; with further refinements, it may form the basis of a carrier detection test.
Relation between Heat of Vaporization, Ion Transport, Molar Volume, and Cation−Anion Binding Energy for Ionic Liquids

A number of correlations between heat of vaporization (Hvap), cation−anion binding energy (E±), molar volume (Vm), self-diffusion coefficient (D), and ionic conductivity for 29 ionic liquids have been investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that employed accurate and validated many-body polarizable force fields. A significant correlation between D and Hvap has been found, while the best correlation was found for −log(DVm) vs Hvap + 0.28E±. A combination of enthalpy of vaporization and a fraction of the cation−anion binding energy was suggested as a measure of the effective cohesive energy for ionic liquids. A deviation of some ILs from the reported master curve is explained based upon ion packing and proposed diffusion pathways. No general correlations were found between the ion diffusion coefficient and molecular volume or the diffusion coefficient and cation/anion binding energy.
Invariant factor theorem for Prüfer domains of finite character

Abstract Steinitz's well-known Invariant Factor Theorem, which gives a simultaneous decomposition of a projective module and a submodule, is extended to the rings described in the title.
Spin and magnetic moment of the 1.094-MeV state in $sup 168$Er

The time-differential directional-correlation function of the the half- life of the 1.094-MeV state in /sup 168/ is found to be 107.3 plus or minus 2.2 nsec. The time-differential behavior of A/sub 22/(t) shows a possible time- dependent interaction with a decay constant lambda /sub 2/ = (1.0 plus or minus 0.5) x 10/sup 7/ nsec/su p -1/. Extrapolation of A/sub 22/(t) to zero time- delay gives A/sub 22/(0) = 0.007 plus or minus 0.004, which is compatible with spin 4 for the 1.094-MeV state and multipolarity M1 + < 8% E2 for the 448-keV transition. The g factor of the 1.094-MeV state has been measured, by use of the consant-angle-differential-delay method, and is found to be g = + 0.45 plus or minus 0.02. The time-dependent perturbation is interpreted in terms of rapidly fluctuating 4f electron magnetic hyperfine fields with a time-averaged value of 0.9 MG in Er/sup 3/ at room temperature. (auth)
Chain relaxation capability and service life of polymeric materials

Behavior of polymers in creep, stress relaxation, stress-strain curve determination, impact tests and under dynamic periodic loads are analyzed. Rapid crack propagation and slow crack propagation are considered in relation to service performance and life time. All essential aspects of mechanical behavior of polymeric materials and components have a common denominator: competition between chain relaxation capability (CRC) and destructive processes. For a given force (magnitude, rate, direction, duration) the outcome of this competition depends largely on the amount of free volume.
Radial and tangential dispersion patterns in the mouse retina are cell-class specific.

Abstract The retina is derived from a pseudostratified germinal zone in which the relative position of a progenitor cell is believed to determine the position of the progeny aligned in the radial axis. Such a developmental mechanism would ensure that radial arrays of cells which comprise functional units in the mature central nervous system are also clonally related. The present study has tested this hypothesis by using X chromosome-inactivation transgenic mosaic mice. We report that the retina shows a conspicuous distinction for clonally related neuroblasts of different laminar and functional fates: the rod photoreceptor, Muller, and bipolar cells are aligned in the radial axis, whereas the cone photoreceptor, horizontal, amacrine, and ganglion cells are tangentially displaced with respect to them. These results indicate that the dispersion of cell classes across the retinal surface is differentially constrained. Some classes of retinal neuroblast exhibit a significant tangential, as well as radial, component in their dispersion from the germinal zone, whereas others disperse only in the radial dimension. Consequently, the majority of radial columns within the mature retina must be derived from multiple progenitors. Because the cone photoreceptor, horizontal, amacrine, and ganglion cells establish nonrandom matrices in their cellular distributions within the respective retinal layers, tangential dispersion may be the means by which these matrices are constructed.
Directional solidification with heat losses

The upward directional solidification of a dilute binary alloy in a tall, thin, two-dimensional slot is considered. Heat losses from the sidewalls produce curved isotherms, interface deformations, and melt convection. An asymptotic approach is used which relates the small heat loss to the thinness of the solidification cell, and solutions are obtained for the resulting melt convection, interface deflection, and the distribution of heat and solute. The model is compared to the numerical results of Chang and Brown (1983) which exclude the effects of solute buoyancy and thermodynamic equilibrium at the interface. The radial segregation at the interface (consistent with both interface shapes and temperature fields) is computed, and it is found that the radial segregation is independent of interfacial shapes; the radial segregation cannot be calculated from only a knowledge of the interface shape.
What's Good About Being Gay? Perspectives from Youth

This article explores gay and bisexual male adolescents' positive perceptions of their sexual orientation identity. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with an ethnically diverse sample of 63 gay/bisexual male adolescents in Chicago (N=42) and Miami (N=21). Data revealed two major conceptual categories: 1) positive personal conceptualizations of being gay/bisexual, and 2) resiliency in the face of gay-related oppression. Additional primary themes and sub-themes were identified within each category that further illustrate how gay/bisexual youth were able to develop positive conceptualizations of their sexual orientation despite experiencing negative societal messages about being gay/bisexual. Implications for the development of interventions to promote the health and well-being of gay/bisexual male youth are discussed.
Quantization in Task-Driven Sensing and Distributed Processing

Quantization is the mapping of continuous quantities into discrete quantities, an operation far more general and flexible than the ubiquitous example of analog-to-digital conversion of scalar amplitude values. By appropriate choice of distortion measures and transmission constraints, quantization can incorporate signal processing such as statistical classification, estimation, and modeling. We here survey several approaches to incorporating such tasks into the quantization and possible extensions to distributed signal processing.
Analysis of Aspirin-Associated Risks in Healthy Individuals:

BACKGROUND:Aspirin therapy is widely accepted for patients with documented cardiovascular disease, but there is a growing trend among healthy individuals to use aspirin as primary prevention for both cardiovascular disease and cancer.OBJECTIVE:To determine the impact of the complications of aspirin therapy on quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) in healthy individuals.METHODS:A computer-based decision-analytic model was constructed. In this model, healthy individuals taking aspirin were assumed to receive no advantages from the aspirin, but were at risk of developing its associated complications. Individuals took 325 mg of enteric-coated aspirin every day until death, discontinuing therapy only if an aspirin-induced complication occurred. The analysis was performed from a societal perspective, starting at age 50 years. Extensive sensitivity analyses were performed.RESULTS:In the absence of any beneficial effect, aspirin reduced QALYs by 0.03 per individual. Unadjusted life expectancy was decreased by 0.04 ...
Testing the social involvement model in an energy conservation context

This study tests Webster’s Social Involvement Model in the realm of energy conservation. An energy conservation index (ECI) is developed and serves as the dependent variable, while sociopsychological, attitudinal and demographic measures comprise the independent variables. Rather than being upscale and socially responsible, those scoring high on the ECI are socioeconomically down-scale.
What Can We Learn from Null Randomized Controlled Trials

Cardiovascular disease is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with CKD. Elevated serum phosphorus concentration is associated with an increased cardiovascular event rate. Recent data suggest that even in the normal range, serum phosphorus concentration is associated with an
Household Food Insecurity and Overweight Status in Young School Children: Results From the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study

OBJECTIVE. Recent work on the determinants of obesity has shown a positive association between household food insecurity and overweight status in adult women, yet research exploring this issue in children has been inconclusive. In this study we examine the association between food insecurity and overweight status in young school children by using a large, nationally representative sample. METHODS. Data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) were analyzed. Replicate heights and weights were measured on kindergarten children (N = 16889) in the spring of 1999. Children with a body mass index ≥95th percentile of their gender-specific BMI-for-age chart were considered overweight. Food-insecurity status was assessed by using the full 18-question US Department of Agriculture Household Food Security Scale. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between overweight and food-insecurity status while controlling for potential demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral confounders. RESULTS. Overall, 11.2% of the girls and 11.8% of the boys were overweight. Children from food-insecure households were 20% less likely to be overweight than their food-secure counterparts. Similar results on the food-insecurity/overweight link were found across a range of different models and expressions for key variables. Positive predictors of overweight status included low physical activity, television watching for >2 hours/day, high birth weight, black or Latino ethnicity, and low income. CONCLUSIONS. There are strong arguments for reducing food insecurity among households with young children. This research suggests that these arguments would be based on reasons other than a potential link to obesity. Low activity levels and excessive television watching, however, were strongly related to overweight status, a finding that supports continued efforts to intervene in these areas.
Effect of a multifactorial fall-and-fracture risk assessment and management program on gait and balance performances and disability in hospitalized older adults: a controlled study.

Summary This controlled intervention study in hospitalized oldest old adults showed that a multifactorial fall-and-fracture risk assessment and management program, applied in a dedicated geriatric hospital unit, was effective in improving fall-related physical and functional performances and the level of independence in activities of daily living in high-risk patients.
Remote observations of ion temperatures in the quiet time magnetosphere

Ion temperature analysis of the first energetic neutral atom images of the quiet -time, extended magnetosphere provides evidence of multiple regions of ion heating. This study confirms the existence of a dawn -dusk asymmetry in ion temperature predicted for quiescent magnetospheric conditions by Spence and Kivelson (1993) and demonstrates that it is an inherent magnetospheric feature.
Product rule for vector fractional derivatives

This paper establishes a product rule for fractional derivatives of a realvalued function defined on a finite dimensional Euclidean vector space. The proof uses Fourier transforms.
The Musharraf Paradox: The Failure of an Economic Success Story

Despite some of the more rapid rates of economic growth seen in Pakistan in years, the government of Paki- stan's Pervez Musharraf was soundly rejected by voters in early 2008. To the surprise of many observers, it was the econ- omy, rather than increased violence, the war on terrorism, or the authoritarian nature of the regime that was the prime concern of electorate. It appears that much of the macro-economic successes did not trickle down very far - increased in- come inequalities and regional disparities, rising inflation only added to the electorate's frustrations. After examining the country's pattern of growth and the results of Musharraf's economic programs, a more fundamental criticism can be made - the economic development model adopted over the last eight years is unlikely to have laid a solid foundation for further growth.
Patent Pools, Competition, and Innovation - Evidence from 20 U.S. Industries under the New Deal

Patent pools have become a prominent mechanism to reduce litigation risks and facilitate the commercialization of new technologies. This paper takes advantage of a window of regulatory tolerance under the New Deal to investigate the effects of pools that would form in the absence of effective antitrust. Difference-in-differences regressions of patents and patent citations across 20 industries imply a 14 percent decline in patenting for each additional patent that is included in a pool. An analysis of the mechanism by which pools discourage innovation indicates that this decline is driven by technologies for which the creation of a pool weakened competition.
Antimanic drugs stabilize hamster circadian rhythms

The circadian wheel-running rhythm of golden hamsters was monitored during chronic oral treatment with four mood-stabilizing drugs in doses relevant for treatment of manic-depressive disorder. Carbamazepine and verapamil shortened the duration of locomotor activity and improved the stability of the pattern of running activity. At comparable doses, valproate had no clear effect on any rhythm variable tested. None of these drugs consistently altered the phase of light-synchronized running rhythms or the period of the rhythm in constant darkness. The results are compared to data showing that lithium, which delays entrained phase and lengthens circadian period in hamsters, also shortens activity duration and increases the stability of wheel-running rhythms. Stabilization of circadian rhythms may be a key action of clinically effective mood-stabilizing drugs.
Miniature antenna for RF telemetry through ocular tissue

In this study, we experiment with the feasibility of wireless telemetry using a miniature wireless system fully implanted within the eye. Of significant importance is the ability to transmit signals from miniature packaged systems without undue absorption of signals. Theoretical calculations found the attenuation through the eye to be −4.5 dB in the far field region, indicating that low power transmission systems can be implemented. Through the use of multilayer integrated Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC) packages, telemetry data through the eye was collected and compared to transmission in free space. In animal studies done using porcine eyes, we were able to successfully transmit and receive from the implanted device in the near field and far field regions measuring 2 dB and 6 dB of power reduction respectively.
Site-specific backbone amide 15N chemical shift anisotropy tensors in a small protein from liquid crystal and cross-correlated relaxation measurements

Site-specific 15N chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) tensors have been derived for the well-ordered backbone amide 15N nuclei in the B3 domain of protein G (GB3) from residual chemical shift anisotropy (RCSA) measured in six different mutants that retain the native structure but align differently relative to the static magnetic field when dissolved in a liquid crystalline Pf1 suspension. This information is complemented by measurement of cross-correlated relaxation rates between the 15N CSA tensor and either the 15N−1H or 15N−13C′ dipolar interaction. In agreement with recent solid state NMR measurements, the 15N CSA tensors exhibit only a moderate degree of variation from averaged values, but have larger magnitudes in α-helical (−173 ± 7 ppm) than in β-sheet (−162 ± 6 ppm) residues, a finding also confirmed by quantum computations. The orientations of the least shielded tensor component cluster tightly around an in-peptide-plane vector that makes an angle of 19.6 ± 2.5° with the N−H bond, with the asymmetry...
Museums: Ethics of exhibition

David Hurst Thomas explores the controversies over collections of human remains and plundered artefacts.
Cascade Cyclization, Dipolar Cycloaddition to Bridged Tricyclic Amines Related to the Daphniphyllum Alkaloids

A tandem one-pot reaction of an aldehyde with a primary amine involving condensation and then cyclization (N-alkylation), followed by intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition of the resulting nitrone or azomethine ylide, provides a synthesis of bridged tricyclic amines. The reaction was most successful using hydroxylamine, and when the dipolarophile was an unsaturated ester, subsequent reduction of the N−O bond and cyclization to the lactam provided the core ring system of the yuzurimine, daphnilactone B, and bukittinggine type Daphniphyllum alkaloids.
The Effect of the Venom of Some Supposedly Poisonous Arthropods of the Canal Zone

This is a brief account of observations on the effect of the venom of one species of centipede, two species of scorpions, and two species of tarantulas occurring in the Canal Zone. Although with the appearance of Animaux Venimeux et Venins by Marie Phisalix, there is available rather extensive literature on the various poisonous animals; the species that are discussed in this paper have, so far as I know, not been studied with regard to the effect of the poison.
OSCILLATORY BEDLOAD TRANSPORT STUDIES BY IMAGING OF TRACERS

Full scale laboratory flows producing vigorous bed load transport are conducted at varying periods but constant maximum velocities. The time-varying sediment transport in the first half cycle is measured using video imaging of dyed natural sand. The acceleration of the fluid (proportional to the frequency of the oscillation in these experiments) is found to significantly affect the velocity of the sediment response (bedload transport), and the phase and the absolute magnitude of fluid velocity associated with the initiation of sediment motion.
Generic Rigidity for Circle Diffeomorphisms with Breaks

We prove that \({C^r}\)-smooth (\({r > 2}\)) circle diffeomorphisms with a break, i.e., circle diffeomorphisms with a single singular point where the derivative has a jump discontinuity, are generically, i.e., for almost all irrational rotation numbers, not \({C^{1+\varepsilon}}\)-rigid, for any \({\varepsilon > 0}\). This result complements our recent proof, joint with Khanin (Geom Funct Anal 24:2002–2028, 2014), that such maps are generically \({C^1}\)-rigid. It stands in remarkable contrast to the result of Yoccoz (Ann Sci Ec Norm Sup 17:333–361, 1984) that \({C^r}\)-smooth circle diffeomorphisms are generically \({C^{r-1-\varkappa}}\)-rigid, for any \({\varkappa > 0}\).