cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of chronic insufficiency of drinking water in white mice.

Previous dehydration studies have emphasized almost exclusively acute dehydration in white rats or larger laboratory mammals. There is little information on rodents smaller than rats, or on the effects of chronic dehydration on any sized mammal. In order to study dehydration uncomplicated by other changes, such as starvation, it may be necessary to cause water loss quickly— by forced diuresis (see Brokaw, 1949) or forced extrarenal loss by exposure to heat (Adolph, 1947). But, as pointed out by Brokaw, an animal's response to and toleration of a rapidly developing dehydration may be quite different from that of a slowly occurring water loss. There are fairly numerous reports of casual, limited observations of the general effects of water deficiency on small wild rodents (see review by Schmidt-Nielsen, 1952), but there have been few serious studies. The latter include studies of survival time on reduced water rations (Lindeborg, 1952), measurement of energy metabolism and water exchanges on extremely reduced water intakes (Chew, 1951), and measurement of water balance and kidney function in rodents on air-dry diets (Schmidt-Nielsen, 1952). Changes in the blood and in the water compartments of mice on restricted water intakes is an unexplored field. The physiological effects of inadequate water intake or excessive water loss are varied: starvation (Adolph, 1947; Brokaw, 1949), reduction in blood volume, with edema (Dicker, 1949) or without edema (Adolph, 1947), failure of renal responsiveness to water load (Dicker, 1949), concentration of body fluids (Black et al. , 1944), and cell dehydration (Winkler et al. , 1944). Death that may occur during dehydration has been attributed to circulatory collapse (Adolph, 1947; Brokaw, 1949) and cell dehydration (Black et al. , 1944; and others), but not to starvation, although starvation has been mentioned as a complication. The object of the present study has …
Relating Sick Building Symptoms to Environmental Conditions and Worker Characteristics

Abstract Recent concern has centered on “sick buildings” in which there has been an unusually high percentage of health complaints by the building's occupants. Typically, these symptoms are thought to be tied to indoor air quality characteristics, such as high levels of respirable particles or volatiles, thermal conditions, etc. In addition, recent studies have drawn connections between “sick building syndrome” (SBS) symptoms and non-environmental variables, i.e., personal and occupational factors. This paper presents a brief review of a study by Hedge et al. (1995) and additional analyses of their data. In a study of 27 air-conditioned office buildings, Hedge et al. measured nine indoor environmental conditions at various locations within each building and concurrently questioned workers on sixteen SBS symptoms and a number of other personal factors. The additional analyses presented in this paper attempt to draw formal statistical connections between SBS symptoms and both personal worker characteristics and indoor air pollutants simultaneously. The analyses were based on symptom severity response variables whic include information not only on the frequency with which an individual experienced a symptom, but also on how much the symptom disrupted the individual's work. Results from sixteen linear mixed effects models indicate that significant predictors are primarily personal and occupational in nature rather than environmental. For a number of the symptoms, additional variability attributable to buildings exists. However, any physical explanation of this variability remains unclear.
Chisholm's Internalism and Its Consequences

: Among the important themes in Roderick Chisholm's epistemology are his commitment to internalism, his defense of the independence of epistemology from empirical science, and his assumption that we do know most of what we initially think we know. In “Roderick Chisholm and the Shaping of American Epistemology” Hilary Kornblith argues that Chisholm's views lead to a radical divorce between the factors that justify beliefs and the factors that cause beliefs, that Chisholm's views have the consequence that there is no connection between justification and truth, and that Chisholm's kind of epistemology is unable to give epistemic advice. I argue that Chisholm's views do not have these consequences.
Peduncular hallucinosis: magnetic resonance imaging confirmation of mesencephalic infarction during life.

We describe a patient with peduncular hallucinosis and a mesencephalic infarct; the infarct was diagnosed during life by magnetic resonance imaging.
Dna repair, h-2, and aging in nzb and cba mice.

Current evidence suggests that a correlation exists between the capacity to perform excision repair of UV-induced DNA damage and maximum lifespan in different species. Preliminary evidence has also indicated differences of DNA repair capacities in lymphocytes of several strains of mice congenic at the H-2 locus. It is known that the H-2 system influences maximum lifespan potential in mice. In the present studies excision repair of UV-induced DNA damage, but not gamma-induced damage, was found to correlate the mean survival in the adult inbred mouse strains NZB and CBA, using PHA stimulated splenic lymphocytes. Furthermore, in (NZB X CBA)F2 hybrid with adult progeny the level of DNA repair of UV-induced damage corresponded to the H-2 allele (H-2d/2d from NZB or H-2b/2b from CBA) inherited from the parental strain. These studies suggest the possibility of a tricornered relationship between the main histocompatibility complex, one form of DNA repair, and lifespan within the species.
The Recognition Potential and Word Priming

AbstractThe effect of priming on the latency of the recognition potential (RP) was tested using rapid stream stimulation. Subjects detected five-letter words in a stream of nonword images. Lifting the right index finger signalled detection of a word. Rapid responses were rewarded and false alarms were penalized. Just before generation an image stream, a computer briefly displayed either the specific target word of a five-letter string that indicated the target was any one of ten previously studied words. Precise target specification was expected to produce more rapid detections than the provision of less definite information. Since the RP was thought to reflect the speed of perception, it was predicted that its latency would be less when the target word was shown beforehand than when less specific information was provided. The results for 10 subjects confirmed the hypothesis.
Community practice social entrepreneurship: an interdisciplinary approach to graduate education

The rapidly changing global environment for community practice social workers (CPSWs) has challenged these practitioners to devise innovative intervention strategies. Some practitioners are utilising community organising, community planning, community development and policy practice intervention strategies simultaneously to create sustainable changes and are unwittingly, or purposefully, acting as social entrepreneurs. This article delineates similarities between community practice social work and social entrepreneurship – orientation and behaviours – and introduces the concept of community practice social entrepreneurship (CPSE). The authors propose interdisciplinary venues to teach graduate students in social work and in other disciplines skills for practicing as community practice social entrepreneurs.
Cytochrome P4502E1, Oxidative Stress, JNK and Autophagy in Acute Alcohol-induced Fatty Liver

Binge alcohol drinking induces hepatic steatosis. Recent studies showed that chronic ethanol-induced fatty liver was, at least in part, CYP2E1 dependent. The mechanism of acute alcohol-induced steatosis and whether CYP2E1 plays any role are still unclear. Increasing oxidative stress by alcohol can activate the JNK MAP kinase signaling pathway, suggesting that JNK might be a target for prevention of alcohol-induced steatosis. We used CYP2E1 knockout (KO) mice, a JNK inhibitor, and JNK1 or JNK2 knockout mice to test the role of CYP2E1, JNK, and the individual role of JNK1 and JNK2 in acute alcohol-induced steatosis. In wild-type (WT) mice, acute alcohol activates CYP2E1 and increases oxidative stress, which reciprocally increases activation of the JNK signaling pathway. Acute alcohol-induced fatty liver and oxidative stress were blunted in CYP2E1 KO mice and by the JNK inhibitor in WT mice. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine decreased the acute alcohol-induced oxidative stress, the activation of JNK, and the steatosis but not the activation of CYP2E1. Acute alcohol decreased autophagy and increased expression of SREBP, effects blocked by the JNK inhibitor. Acute alcohol-induced fatty liver was the same in JNK1 and JNK2 KO mice as in WT mice; thus either JNK1 or JNK2 per se is sufficient for induction of steatosis by acute alcohol. The results show that acute alcohol elevation of CYP2E1, oxidative stress, and activation of JNK interact to lower autophagy and increase lipogenic SREBP resulting in fatty liver.
Velocity half-sphere model for multiple scattering in a semi-infinite medium

We show how the velocity half-sphere model [S. Menon, Q. Su, and R. Grobe, Phys. Rev. E 72, 041910 (2005)] recently introduced to predict the propagation of light for an infinite turbid medium can be extended to account for the emission of multiply scattered light for a geometry with a planar boundary. A comparison with exact solutions obtained from Monte Carlo simulations suggests that this approach can improve the predictions of the usual diffusion theory for both isotropic and highly forward scattering media with reflecting interfaces.
Diffusion Patterns on Domains Representing Developing Xenopus Retina

The retinotectal map of mature Xenopus frogs has linear metrics. The regions of the Xenopus retina were modeled during embryonic and early larval development with a set of standard geometrical shapes. A disk was used to model the entire early retina, rings of various thickness were used to model the ciliary margin (the growth zone of the larval retina), and portions of a sphere were used to model the entire late embryonic and larval retina. Gradients produced by several reaction-diffusion pattern-generating configurations were considered: Gierer-Meinhardt and Kauffman-type activator-inhibitor systems; an ideal Turing-like two morphogen system; a point source with diffuse sinks; and variously placed point source-point sink combinations. A few special arrangements produced linear metrics: a point source-point sink system produced linear angular metrics on a thin ring; and ideal Turing system produced linear cartesian metrics on a thin ring; and carefully configured multiple sources and sinks produced linear metrics on a disk. These cases could lead to linear map metrics, but are biologically implausible. Thus linear map metrics are probably not a direct consequence of linear positional values, and more generally, most embryonic tissues probably use non-linear gradients of positional information. Formation of linear map metrics may be functionally important for Xenopus frogs, accounting in part for the evolutionary preservation of mechanisms for interactions among neighboring retinal fibers.
In vitro culture of Ascosphaera aggregata (Ascosphaeraceae), a pathogen of the alfalfa leafcutting bee Megachile rotundata (Apidae)

Abstract A substrate made of two media, one for initiation of vegetative growth, the other for induction of spore formation, was developed to culture Ascosphaera aggregata, a fungal pathogen of the alfalfa leafcutting bee Megachile rotundata. Plugs from the first medium were placed in voids made in the second medium. Components of both media included low-sodium V8 juice, sucrose, yeast extract, vegetable shortening, agar, thiamine, biotin, magnesium sulfate, and Grace's insect medium without hemolymph. Both media were buffered to pH 6 with potassium phosphate buffer. The composite substrate (referred to as the plug/base medium) supported growth and development of A. aggregata from spore to spore. Koch's postulates were verified. Larvae infected with the in vitro produced spores exhibited the typical characteristics of chalkbrood disease. There was no significant difference (P = 0.6818) in infection frequency between first instar larvae challenged with either in vitro cultured spores or inoculum from field-collected cadavers.
Resonant Raman scattering by two LO phonons in InSb at the E1 transition

Abstract We have observed resonant Raman scattering of the 2LO phonon mode in InSb in the region of the E 1 transition. The resonant enhancement peak was found to be up-shifted by 19±4 meV from that of the one-phonon mode or by ∼ 60 meV from the E 1 peak in the optical spectrum of InSb. Our experimental results are explained qualitatively by the double resonance theory.
Pulmonary Artery Intimal Sarcoma Masquerading as Pulmonary Embolism

A 33-year-old man noted increasing dyspnea over a period of 6 weeks. Initial evaluation with transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated severe right ventricular dilation and systolic contractile dysfunction along with moderately severe tricuspid valve regurgitation on color Doppler with an estimated right ventricular systolic pressure of 108 mm Hg based on continuous wave Doppler assessment of the tricuspid regurgitant jet (Figure 1 and online-only Data Supplement Movies I and II). Subsequent evaluation for the cause of pulmonary hypertension included contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the chest that demonstrated a …
COLLEGE‐LEVEL INSTRUCTION: DERIVED RELATIONS AND PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION

Recent research has demonstrated the effectiveness of programmed instruction that integrates derived relations to teach college-level academic material. This method has been demonstrated to be effective and economical in the teaching of complex mathematics and biology concepts. Although this approach may have potential applications with other domains of college learning, more studies are needed to evaluate important technological variables. Studies that employ programmed instruction are discussed in relation to future directions for research.
Immediate Changes in Stroke Lesion Volumes Post-Thrombolysis Predict Clinical Outcome

Background and Purpose—We hypothesize that reversal in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) volume at 24 hours predicts favorable clinical outcome only if accompanied by immediate reperfusion. Our aim was to quantify the immediate DWI and mean transit time changes at 2 and 24 hours after intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator to evaluate the effect of reperfusion and DWI change on outcome. Methods—Patients were selected from the Lesion Evolution in Stroke and Ischemia On Neuroimaging Project if they had an acute MRI with evaluable DWI and perfusion-weighted imaging, were treated with standard intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator, had post-thrombolysis MRI with evaluable DWI and perfusion-weighted imaging at 2 and 24 hours and had follow-up fluid attenuated inversion recovery MRI at discharge through 90 days. A reader measured the DWI, mean transit time, and fluid attenuated inversion recovery volumes using a validated technique. A vascular neurologist scored the National Institutes of Health S...
CD34, CD4, and CD8 cell doses do not influence engraftment, graft-versus-host disease, or survival following myeloablative human leukocyte antigen-identical peripheral blood allografting for hematologic malignancies.

Objectives Optimal granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cell (G-PBMC) graft compositions for myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) have not been identified. G-PBMC cell contents were analyzed for influence on outcomes. Patients and methods Human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-identical related donor AHCT was used to treat 101 patients with hematologic malignancies at a single institution between 1995 and 2002. CD34 + , CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + cell doses were enumerated by flow cytometry and evaluated by univariate analysis. Results Categorized by the median of cell doses infused, no G-PBMC cell dose significantly correlated with neutrophil and platelet engraftment. Incidence of grade II to IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was 24.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.9–33.3) and was not significantly influenced by evaluated G-PBMC cell doses. With a median follow-up time of 18 months for surviving patients, estimates for extensive chronic GVHD was 43.8% (95% CI: 31.4–56.2), for freedom from progression was 69.5% (95% CI: 58.1–80.9), and for overall survival was 46.9% (95% CI: 35.5–58.3). CD34 + , CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + cell doses were not significantly predictive of extensive chronic GVHD, freedom from progression or overall survival. Additionally, comparing patients receiving the upper versus lower 33rd percentiles of CD34 + cell dose, associations with extensive chronic GVHD remained insignificant ( p =0.21; relative risk (RR)=1.7; 95% CI: 0.7–3.9). Conclusions G-PBMC graft content does not influence outcomes after myeloablative AHCT. In particular, no significant association between extensive chronic GVHD was identified with any G-PBMC cell dose, including CD34.
The 19S proteasome subcomplex promotes the targeting of NuA4 HAT to the promoters of ribosomal protein genes to facilitate the recruitment of TFIID for transcriptional initiation in vivo

Previous studies have implicated SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase) and TFIID (Transcription factor-IID)-dependent mechanisms of transcriptional activation in yeast. SAGA-dependent transcriptional activation is further regulated by the 19S proteasome subcomplex. However, the role of the 19S proteasome subcomplex in transcriptional activation of the TFIID-dependent genes has not been elucidated. Therefore, we have performed a series of chromatin immunoprecipitation, mutational and transcriptional analyses at the TFIID-dependent ribosomal protein genes such as RPS5, RPL2B and RPS11B. We find that the 19S proteasome subcomplex is recruited to the promoters of these ribosomal protein genes, and promotes the association of NuA4 (Nucleosome acetyltransferase of histone H4) co-activator, but not activator Rap1p (repressor-activator protein 1). These observations support that the 19S proteasome subcomplex enhances the targeting of co-activator at the TFIID-dependent promoter. Such an enhanced targeting of NuA4 HAT (histone acetyltransferase) promotes the recruitment of the TFIID complex for transcriptional initiation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the 19S proteasome subcomplex enhances the targeting of NuA4 HAT to activator Rap1p at the promoters of ribosomal protein genes to facilitate the recruitment of TFIID for transcriptional stimulation, hence providing a new role of the 19S proteasome subcomplex in establishing a specific regulatory network at the TFIID-dependent promoter for productive transcriptional initiation in vivo.
Low Ohm Resistor Series for Optimum Performance in High Voltage Surge Applications

The growth in digital telecom systems around the world has led to an increase in demand for surge protection components. These components often use low ohm resistor compositions in a serpentine configuration. The demands placed upon these materials during pulsing are high. Not only are the materials expected to withstand more severe pulses, they are also expected to have minimal adverse effect on the environment. To meet these increased demands, a new system of surge resistor materials has been developed. The design, manufacture and testing of these materials ensures optimum performance in high voltage surge applications. This paper describes the performance of this new surge resistor system and discusses how the performance of the resistors relates to the paste constituents, encapsulant materials and the laser trimming process.
NMR-based characterization of the acute metabolic effects of weathered crude and dispersed oil in spawning topsmelt and their embryos

Abstract Oil spill responders require information on the relative toxicity of dispersed and un-dispersed oil in order to make informed decisions regarding the use of chemical dispersants during spill events. Toxicity of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) and the chemically-enhanced WAF (CEWAF; via the dispersant Corexit 9500) of weathered Prudhoe Bay crude oil was investigated using adult and embryonic topsmelt; topsmelt are an ecologically important atherinid in California bays and estuaries and an important indicator species. Following 96-h exposures, metabolite profiles were measured using 1D 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and compared via principal component analysis. Similar metabolic profiles were obtained between WAF- and CEWAF-exposed adults and embryos. Although metabolic changes, for the adults lacked significance, significant increasing and decreasing metabolic changes were observed for embryos directly exposed. Furthermore, no mortality was observed for embryos, exposed to WAF and normal development occurred, whereas CEWAF exposed embryos lead to mortality and cardiovascular abnormalities. Observed toxicological information, specifically for developing fish, can aide resource managers in the relative risk of treating oil spills with dispersant.
Non-LTE line-blanketed model atmospheres of hot stars. 1: Hybrid complete linearization/accelerated lambda iteration method

A new munerical method for computing non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (non-LTE) model stellar atmospheres is presented. The method, called the hybird complete linearization/accelerated lambda iretation (CL/ALI) method, combines advantages of both its constituents. Its rate of convergence is virtually as high as for the standard CL method, while the computer time per iteration is almost as low as for the standard ALI method. The method is formulated as the standard complete lineariation, the only difference being that the radiation intensity at selected frequency points is not explicity linearized; instead, it is treated by means of the ALI approach. The scheme offers a wide spectrum of options, ranging from the full CL to the full ALI method. We deonstrate that the method works optimally if the majority of frequency points are treated in the ALI mode, while the radiation intensity at a few (typically two to 30) frequency points is explicity linearized. We show how this method can be applied to calculate metal line-blanketed non-LTE model atmospheres, by using the idea of 'superlevels' and 'superlines' introduced originally by Anderson (1989). We calculate several illustrative models taking into accont several tens of thosands of lines of Fe III to Fe IV and show that the hybrid CL/ALI method provides a robust method for calculating non-LTE line-blanketed model atmospheres for a wide range of stellar parameters. The results for individual stellar types will be presented in subsequent papers in this series.
Estrogen regulates galanin but not tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in the rat locus ceruleus

Abstract The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) is coexpressed by the majority of noradrenergic neurons in the rat locus ceruleus (LC) and may function as an inhibitory modulator of noradrenergic transmission. Because estrogen has been shown to induce GAL expression in other brain regions and modulate noradrenergic transmission, we used in situ hybridization histochemistry to assess the effects of chronic estrogen treatment on GAL and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene expression in the LC of ovariectomized female rats. We found that GAL mRNA levels were significantly elevated in rats implanted with a Silastic capsule containing estradiol compared to sham-implanted controls. Both the average optical density (P ≤ 0.05) and the labelling area (P ≤ 0.007) differed significantly between the groups. In contrast, TH gene expression measured in alternate brain sections did not differ between the groups. If GAL functions as an inhibitory modulator of noradrenergic transmission as postulated, these findings suggest that chronic estrogen treatment could reduce the noradrenergic tone of the brain in the absence of significant alterations in TH expression by enhancing the level of cosecreted GAL.
SnapShot: Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most prevalent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in adulthood, comprising 30%–40% of all new diagnoses. This aggressive disease can arise de novo or, less frequently, from the clinical evolution of various indolent B cell malignancies. While durable remissions can be achieved in a substantial proportion of cases by combined chemoimmunotherapy, over 30% of patients will not respond to currently available regimens or will relapse with resistant disease.One explanation for such incomplete therapeutic success is the considerable heterogeneity of this tumor. DLBCL comprises multiple molecular subgroups, which can be recognized by their gene expression profiles and reflect either the stage in B cell development from which the disease originates or the activity of different biological programs, including metabolic dysregulation. DLBCL subgroups differ in the oncogenic pathways that drive them and in their response to treatment. Thus, the recognition of dysregu-lated genes/programs that are critical to the survival of the lymphoma cells is central to the development of rationally targeted therapeutic approaches for DLBCL.
Wavelet transforms on two-dimensional images

This paper studies the two-dimensional wavelet transform applied to two-dimensional images. The classical technique oftentimes implements the Fourier transform. This paper offers a brief discussion regarding the comparison of the two transforms on a single alphabet. It provides a comparison of the global properties present in the Fourier transform technique versus a more localized analysis when the wavelet transform is applied to the same image. The wavelet selected in this study is the derivative of the Gaussian since in some sense offers a nice comparison to the Fourier method.
Molecular determinants for functional responses to the sulfidopeptide leukotrienes: metabolism and receptor subclasses.

Abstract The end-organ effects of generated leukotriene C 4 (LTC 4 ) are regulated by a number of events subsequent to LTC 4 biosynthesis. Ongoing peptide cleavage of LTC 4 to the other sulfidopeptide leukotrienes, D 4 and E 4 , would be regulatory, since LTC 4 and LTD 4 possess uniquely separate tissue receptors, as demonstrated on nonvascular smooth muscle. Further, both neutrophils and eosinophils possess a mechanism, dependent upon triggering of the respiratory burst, that modifies the structures and functional activities of the sulfidopeptide leukotrienes. This rapid inactivation process extends the previous appreciation that the sulfidopeptide leukotrienes function as local mediators of inflammation, rather than as hormones.
Microwave silicon on insulator-based design of a power management system for jet propulsion laboratory's rechargeable micro-scale batteries

In the area of power storage for aerospace applications, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, has developed an all solid-state rechargeable micro-scale lithium ion battery cell (micro-battery) rated at 4.25 V, with nano-Ampere–hour capacity. One of the advantages of this development is the ability to fabricate approximately 20 000 individual micro-battery cells adjacent to each other on the same four-inch silicon wafer. To take advantage of a pre/post-fabricated series, parallel or series/parallel connection of the cells, a power management system has been developed and sub-system circuits designed using a combination of device and circuit techniques meeting high voltage switching requirements in silicon on insulator (SOI) technology to reconfigure and control the charge/discharge operation of the cells for practical application. This study will present a detailed analysis of the power management system and its sub-circuit components. The circuit components have been simulated using 3.3 V SOI SPICE models and have been fabricated in a 0.35 µm Microwave SOI process. A description of the system and the results will also be discussed and analysed.
Dosing Schedules for Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: Considerations for Policy Makers

Since second generation pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) targeting 10 and 13 serotypes became available in 2010, the number of national policy makers considering these vaccines has steadily increased. An important consideration for a national immunization program is the timing and number of doses-the schedule-that will best prevent disease in the population. Data on disease epidemiology and the efficacy or effectiveness of PCV schedules are typically considered when choosing a schedule. Practical concerns, such as the existing vaccine schedule, and vaccine program performance are also important. In low-income countries, pneumococcal disease and deaths typically peak well before the end of the first year of life, making a schedule that provides PCV doses early in life (eg, a 6-, 10- and 14-week schedule) potentially the best option. In other settings, a schedule including a booster dose may address disease that peaks in the second year of life or may be seen to enhance a schedule already in place. A large and growing body of evidence from immunogenicity studies, as well as clinical trials and observational studies of carriage, pneumonia and invasive disease, has been systematically reviewed; these data indicate that schedules of 3 or 4 doses all work well, and that the differences between these regimens are subtle, especially in a mature program in which coverage is high and indirect (herd) effects help enhance protection provided directly by a vaccine schedule. The recent World Health Organization policy statement on PCVs endorsed a schedule of 3 primary doses without a booster or, as a new alternative, 2 primary doses with a booster dose. While 1 schedule may be preferred in a particular setting based on local epidemiology or practical considerations, achieving high coverage with 3 doses is likely more important than the specific timing of doses.
Construction and Evaluation of an Online Microbiology Course for Nonscience Majors

The development of web-based technologies provides a new method for course delivery. As with any new technique, evaluation is a necessary tool to determine if the method is consistent with expectations. This study describes the conversion of a nonscience majors’ microbiology lecture course to online delivery and evaluates the hypothesis that the online course can be as effective as the traditional course. Course examination scores are compared between the face-to-face and online sections over a 3-year period. On all but one of the course examinations, no significant difference is found for those students in these two distinctly different course types. The success rate, as defined by those students earning grades of C or better, is high for both course types, although the traditional course success rate is slightly higher. Student evaluations of the courses are also positive, though some differences are noted. Overall, student performance in the online course is equivalent to that in the traditional course.
Recent advances in CSF biomarkers for Parkinson's disease.

Summary Though the search for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Parkinson's disease (PD) began more than 40 years ago, the most promising results are relatively recent. Disease-specific indicators have been sought among the hundreds of proteins and other biochemicals found in CSF (which is contiguous with the extracellular fluid compartment of the brain). Initially, research focused on the selective neurotransmitter disturbance in PD. While investigations of dopamine metabolism (as reflected by its major metabolite, homovanillic acid [HVA]) have been relatively uninformative, we found that indexing HVA concentration to that of the purine metabolite xanthine permits differentiation of PD specimens from healthy controls (p
Mineralogy of western fly ash

Twenty-six fly ash specimens from North Dakota, Wyoming and Montana lignite and sub-bituminous source coals have been studied in detail by X-ray diffraction. Chemically, these western fly ashes are characterized by higher CaO+MgO+SO3 contents and lower Al2O3+SiO2 contents than eastern bituminous fly ashes. These western fly ashes have greater proportions of crystalline material. The characteristic phases are quartz, lime, periclase, anhydrite, ferrite spinel, tricalcium aluminate, merwinite and melilite. Alkali sulfates, a sodalite structure phase and hematite also occur in some fly ashes.
Effect of Alfalfa Meal, Alfalfa Leaves, Alfalfa Stems and Fresh Alfalfa on Chick Growth

Abstract Studies by various investigators, Cooney et al. (1948); Draper et al. (1948); Lepkovsky et al. (1949); and Kodras et al. (1951), have shown that there is a relation between the depression of chick growth and the level of alfalfa meal in the rations. Data obtained by Cooney et al. with chicks fed rations containing alfalfa meal and equivalent levels of fiber in the form of cellu flour indicated that the chick growth depressing effect of alfalfa meal could not be entirely attributed to fiber. As an additional step in the solution of the problem an experiment was conducted to test and compare the growth depressing effect of alfalfa meal, alfalfa leaves, alfalfa stems and fresh alfalfa. The products were prepared from alfalfa cut in the bud stage and full bloom stage. Each product except the fresh alfalfa was dehydrated at a temperature between 104° and 122°F. The leaves and stems . . .
Evidence for a central representation of instrument timbre.

An information processing account of perception seeks to delineate the stages of processing through which a stimulus passes and determine the properties of the representation at each stage. Research in phonetic perception has identified two stages, the second of which is thought to encode abstract acoustic attributes of sounds. The present study provided a further test of this proposal by assessing whether nonphonetic stimuli could yield results similar to those obtained with phonetic stimuli. Five selective adaptation experiments were carried out with a trumpet—piano timbre continuum. Two manipulations were used to measure abstract encoding: cross-ear presentation of adaptor and test series, and the use of adaptors that were acoustically different from the continuum endpoints. The results provide evidence for an abstract representation of timbre. The similarity of the findings to those in the phonetic adaptation literature is discussed.
Inhibition of Tau Polymerization with a Cyanine Dye in Two Distinct Model Systems

In a host of neurodegenerative diseases Tau, a microtubule-associated protein, aggregates into insoluble lesions within neurons. Previous studies have utilized cyanine dyes as Tau aggregation inhibitors in vitro. Herein we utilize cyanine dye 3,3′-diethyl-9-methyl-thiacarbocyanine iodide (C11) to modulate Tau polymerization in two model systems, an organotypic slice culture model derived from Tau transgenic mice and a split green fluorescent protein complementation assay in Tau-expressing cells. In slice cultures, submicromolar concentrations (0.001 μm) of C11 produced a significant reduction of aggregated Tau and a corresponding increase in unpolymerized Tau. In contrast, treatment with a 1 μm dose promoted aggregation of Tau. These results were recapitulated in the complementation assay where administration of 1 μm C11 produced a significant increase in polymerized Tau relative to control, whereas treatment of cells with 0.01 μm C11 resulted in a marked reduction of aggregated Tau. In the organotypic slice cultures, modulation of Tau aggregation was independent of changes in phosphorylation at disease and microtubule binding relevant epitopes for both dosing regimes. Furthermore, treatment with 0.001 μm C11 resulted in a decrease in both total filament mass and number. There was no evidence of apoptosis or loss of synaptic integrity at either dose, however, whereas submicromolar concentrations of C11 did not interfere with microtubule binding, higher doses resulted in a decrease in the levels of microtubule-bound Tau. Overall, a cyanine dye can dissociate aggregated Tau in an ex vivo model of tauopathy with little toxicity and exploration of the use of these type of dyes as therapeutic agents is warranted.
High-pressure deuterium solid-state NMR study of the dynamics of pyridine intercalated CdPS3

Abstract High-pressure deuterium solid state NMR techniques have been used to study pyridine-d5 intercalated CdPS3. The effect of host compression on the dynamics of the intercalated molecule was observed. Deuterium powder pattern lineshapes were collected at four isotherms (270 K, 300 K, 330 K, 360 K) and at pressures up to 4500 kbar. The application of pressure to the intercalated lamellar host material caused a suppression of the large-amplitude reorientational motion seen for the pyridine molecule at room temperature. As expected, with increasing isothermal temperatures higher pressures were required to freeze out the rotational diffusion of the pyridine. Our results show that an increase in pressure acts much like a decrease in temperature for the motional dynamics of an intercalated molecule.
Morning-evening differences in response to exhaustive severe-intensity exercise.

The aim was to investigate the effect of time of day on 4 variables that are related to sport performance. Twenty healthy young men (mean ± SD: 22 ± 3 years, 1.78 ± 0.08 m, 72.0 ± 7.0 kg) performed...
Directed asymmetric synthesis with boronic esters

Abstract Our recent work on asymmetric synthesis is reviewed. Boronic esters with (dichloromethyl)lithium at −100°C form borate complexes which rearrange at 0–25°C, preferably in the presence of zinc chloride, to form α-chloro boronic esters. (+)-Pinanediol boronic esters routinely yield (αS)-α-chloro boronic esters which are > 99% this single diastereomer, and which readily undergo displacement of the chloride by nucleophilic reagents such as Grignard reagents or alkoxides to yield chiral boronic esters. The sequence may be repeated to install adjacent chiral centers. Since (−)-pinanediol is also readily available, this process provides a useful method for absolute control of stereochemistry. An alternative chiral directing group, (R,R)2,3-butanediol, yields 95% (αS)-α-chloro boronic esters and is useful for several practical purposes. Our ultimate products have been chiral alcohols formed from peroxidic cleavage of the boronic ester group, including examples of insect pheromones containing paired chiral centers. We have also prepared several α-acetamido boronic esters, which are inhibitors of serine protease enzymes.
Translating the Diabetes Prevention Program Into American Indian and Alaska Native Communities: Results from the Special Diabetes Program for Indians Diabetes Prevention demonstration project

OBJECTIVE The landmark Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) showed that lifestyle intervention can prevent or delay the onset of diabetes for those at risk. We evaluated a translational implementation of this intervention in a diverse set of American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Special Diabetes Program for Indians Diabetes Prevention (SDPI-DP) demonstration project implemented the DPP lifestyle intervention among 36 health care programs serving 80 tribes. A total of 2,553 participants with prediabetes were recruited and started intervention by 31 July 2008. They were offered the 16-session Lifestyle Balance Curriculum and underwent a thorough clinical assessment for evaluation of their diabetes status and risk at baseline, soon after completing the curriculum (postcurriculum), and annually for up to 3 years. Diabetes incidence was estimated. Weight loss, changes in blood pressure and lipid levels, and lifestyle changes after intervention were also evaluated. RESULTS The completion rates of SDPI-DP were 74, 59, 42, and 33% for the postcurriculum and year 1, 2, and 3 assessments, respectively. The crude incidence of diabetes among SDPI-DP participants was 4.0% per year. Significant improvements in weight, blood pressure, and lipid levels were observed immediately after the intervention and annually thereafter for 3 years. Class attendance strongly correlated with diabetes incidence rate, weight loss, and change in systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the feasibility and potential of translating the lifestyle intervention in diverse AI/AN communities. They have important implications for future dissemination and institutionalization of the intervention throughout the Native American health system.
Rapid and long-lasting increase in sites for synapse assembly during late-phase potentiation in rat hippocampal neurons

Long-term potentiation in hippocampal neurons has stages that correspond to the stages of learning and memory. Early-phase (10–30 min) potentiation is accompanied by rapid increases in clusters or puncta of presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins, which depend on actin polymerization but not on protein synthesis. We have now examined changes in pre- and postsynaptic puncta and structures during glutamate-induced late-phase (3 hr) potentiation in cultured hippocampal neurons. We find that (1) the potentiation is accompanied by long-lasting maintenance of the increases in puncta, which depends on protein synthesis, (2) most of the puncta and synaptic structures are very dynamic, continually assembling and disassembling at sites that are more stable than the puncta or structures themselves, (3) the increase in presynaptic puncta appears to be due to both rapid and more gradual increases in the number of sites where the puncta may form, and also to the stabilization of existing puncta, (4) under control conditions, puncta of postsynaptic proteins behave similarly to puncta of presynaptic proteins and share sites with them, and (5) the increase in presynaptic puncta is accompanied by a similar increase in presumably presynaptic structures, which may form at distinct as well as shared sites. The new sites could contribute to the transition between the early and late phase mechanisms of plasticity by serving as seeds for the formation and maintenance of new synapses, thus acting as local “tags” for protein synthesis-dependent synaptic growth during late-phase plasticity.
Quantitative Literacy and Affective Reactivity in Processing Statistical Information and Case Histories in the News

After exposure to statistical information and/or samplings of exemplifying cases in a news report on health risks, quantitative impressions and associated affective dispositions were examined in persons differing in arithmetic competence. Whereas the variation of such competence was without appreciable effect on incidence estimates, it markedly influenced affect-mediated assessments of empathy with victims, safety risks, and protective concerns. Specifically, exposure to sets of pertinent exemplars fostered higher assessments by persons of lower numeric ability than by persons of higher numeric ability. In addition, all presentations involving exemplars fostered stronger affective assessments than did the presentation of statistical data alone. The findings suggest that variation in numeric competence is associated with distinct differences in information processing that serves the formation of affect-mediated risk-related assessments. Implications for cognitive processing styles are considered and applie...
Application of a supersonic Euler code (SWINT) to wing-body-tail geometries

Pressure and force calculations from the SWINT Euler code are presented and analyzed for a variety of configurations ranging from simple axisymmetric bodies to complex bodies with wings, tails, and inlets at speeds from low supersonic to low hypersonic Mach numbers. The SWINT results are compared with both experimental data and with results from simpler computational methods to assess the increased accuracy from the Euler solution. It is shown that SWINT gives excellent results on axisymnietric bodies for attached flow; however, a better method of simulating the separation process on such bodies is needed for increased leeside accuracy. Good leeside accuracy, however, is found on a 3 to 1 elliptical body. It is shown that SWINT gives realistic downstream interference effects, resulting in good predictions of the overall aerodynamics for complex wingbody-tail geometries. The QUICK-geometry system has been coupled with the SWINT code to provide a simplified geometry definition procedure for complex bodies. The QUICK method is shown to be a preferable alternative to the current method of inserting the body description directly into the code by FORTRAN statements.
On the Theory of Optimal Regional Development Based on an Exhaustible Resource

Extensive literatures exist on both regional development and the optimum use of nonrenewable resources over time, but the two have not been melded to consider the effect of combining the optimization of resource exploitation with optimization of population growth and infrastructure investment. A model incorporating these dimensions of regional growth is analyzed using control theory to characterize the optimal time paths of the source-related investment, resource use, and infrastructure investment. An example of nonrenewable groundwater use in the Colorado High Plains region is analyzed to show the shortcomings of existing regulatory schemes.
Impact of Coordinated Response to Intimate Partner Violence on Offender Accountability

This report presents findings on the impact of a coordinated community response effort on offender accountability. A quantitative analysis approach was applied to dispositional data from all intimate partner violence arrests (1,079) occurring between August 1, 1999 and July 31, 2000. Results of the quantitative statistical analyses support that the community coordinated response under investigation resulted in perpetrators of intimate partner violence being held more accountable. Police officers in the specialized Domestic Violence Unit (DVU) made 35.1% of all intimate partner violence arrests while comprising about 1.6% of the total force. Arrests by the DVU were more likely to be felonies and remain so at disposition; and DVU average jail sentences, probation, and time conditionally discharged were longer.
Risk and Resiliency of Incarcerated Mothers

Using a mixed method of inquiry of 49 women at a halfway house in New Jersey, this exploratory study evaluated factors of risk and resilience that impact incarcerated mothers. A quantitative analys...
It Is Not Just About Location: Infants Perseverate to Container Shape During Object Search

In searching for a toy hidden at a new location, infants will err by searching at the previously correct location. This study investigated the possibility that 8.5-month-old infants would perseverate on the basis of other visual features by which covers could be individuated. Infants saw a toy hidden under 1 of 2 distinctly shaped covers. Following successful retrievals from the Shape A cover, infants saw the toy hidden under the Shape B cover. On this B trial, the covers were at locations that had not been baited on the preceding trials, precluding location perseveration. The infants erred by choosing the unbaited Shape A cover more often than control infants presented with 1 type of cover throughout. The findings suggest that infants perseverate to cover shape and are form biases biased toward cover shape even when location information is sufficient to support retrieval.