cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific excitation of the solvent coordinate in the S3→S1 and S1→S0 radiationless decay of the betaines

Abstract Extensive new ultrafast pump-probe measurements are reported for betaine-30 including excitation of ground state molecules at 800 nm (S 0 →S 1 ) and at 400 nm (S 0 →S 3 ). This paper focuses on the variation of betaine transient pump—probe dynamics with probe wavelength. The observed behavior supports the interpretation that the S 1 →S 0 internal conversion is induced by specific energy transfer to the solvent coordinate in polar solvents. In addition, transient spectra resulting from excitation at both 400 and 800 nm are nearly indistinguishable at times longer than ≈ 200 fs. We interpret this as evidence that the S 3 →S 1 internal conversion is much more rapid and less solvent sensitive than the S 1 →S 0 internal conversion (both are formally intramolecular electron transfer). Comparison of the two charge transfer processes offers insight on electron transfer kinetics in solution.
Letter to the Editor-Signal Flow Graphs and Analog Computation in the Analysis of Finite Queues

The signal flow graph has been shown to be a useful device for displaying and analyzing discrete state, continuous time, finite Markov processes 3, 4, 5, 6. The one-to-one correspondence between the flow graph and the wiring diagram for an analog computer is discussed. These concepts are summarized and used to outline a framework for the transient analysis of finite queues. Applications are discussed, including cases with non-Poisson arrivals and nonexponential service.
Business ethics in a competitive market

Consequentialist reasoning and neoclassical assumptions about perfectly competitive markets encourage business school faculty and students to overlook the role of ethics in a market system. In a perfectly competitive economy, self-interest suffices to bring about a desirable outcome. However, discrepancies between an economist's assumptions and the realities of a market economy establish a need for business ethics. This essay, written as a lecture for MBA students, first reviews Pareto optimality as an argument in favor of market allocations. It then uses the discrepancies between actual and hypothetical markets to derive a Rawlsian duty of civility. This neoclassical case for business ethics requires individuals to avoid exploiting the defects that are inevitable in any social structure.
Peptide amphiphile nanofibers with conjugated polydiacetylene backbones in their core.

The coupling of electronic and biological functionality through self-assembly is an interesting target in supramolecular chemistry. We report here on a set of diacetylene-derivatized peptide amphiphiles (PAs) that react to form conjugated polydiacetylene backbones following self-assembly into cylindrical nanofibers. The polymerization reaction yields highly conjugated backbones when the peptidic segment of the PAs has a linear, as opposed to a branched, architecture. Given the topotactic nature of the polymerization, these results suggest that a high degree of internal order exists in the supramolecular nanofibers formed by the linear PA. On the basis of microscopy, the formation of a polydiacetylene backbone to covalently connect the β-sheets that help form the fibers does not disrupt the fiber shape. Interestingly, we observe the appearance of a polydiacetylene (PDA) circular dichroism band at 547 nm in linear PA nanofibers suggesting the conjugated backbone in the core of the nanostructures is twisted. We believe this CD signal is due to chiral induction by the β-sheets, which are normally twisted in helical fashion. Heating and cooling shows simultaneous changes in β-sheet and conjugated backbone structure, indicating they are both correlated. At the same time, poor polymerization in nanofibers formed by branched PAs indicates that less internal order exists in these nanostructures and, as expected, then a circular dichroism signal is not observed for the conjugated backbone. The general variety of materials investigated here has the obvious potential to couple electronic properties and in vitro bioactivity. Furthermore, the polymerization of monomers in peptide amphiphile assemblies by a rigid conjugated backbone also leads to mechanical robustness and insolubility, two properties that may be important for the patterning of these materials at the cellular scale.
Effects of various transport processes on the streaming ion density during the first stage of plasmaspheric refilling

Abstract The dependence of the first stage H+ plasmaspheric refilling density on various parameters is examined using a kinetic transport model. The first stage of refilling is defined as the time for the source cone to reach a quasi-steady-state level. Three influencing factors are examined in detail. The first two factors are actually studying numerical influences of physical phenomena. That is, the method of including these processes in the calculation is varied to determine the importance of calculational rigor. The two processes of interest are self-collisional feedback and the ambipolar electric field. The third influencing factor to be examined is the effect of coexistent energetic populations of the refilling rate. It is found that the results greatly depend on the method of incorporating self-collisions into the model, as the scattering and loss processes of the low-energy proton population interacting with itself has a significant influence on the early stage density. This interaction is particularly strong in the low-altitude region where the densities are high enough to substantially alter the distribution function. It is also found that the ambipolar electric field is the dominant force term, increasing the densities in the plasmasphere by accelerating the particles through the low-altitude scattering zone. The hot populations are found to have only a minor influence near the equatorial region, where they slow the H+ streams down and cause the density to slightly increase. The effects of hot ions are more pronounced in the streaming velocity and the temperature anistropy, but still confined to the equatorial region.
Perceived Urgency Mapping Across Modalities within a Driving Context

Hazard mapping is essential to effective driver-vehicle interface (DVI) design. Determining which modality to use for situations of different criticality requires an understanding of the relative impact of signal parameters within each modality on perceptions of urgency and annoyance. Towards this goal we obtained psychometric functions for visual, auditory and tactile interpulse interval (IPI), visual color, signal word, and auditory fundamental frequency on perceptions of urgency, annoyance, and acceptability. Results indicate that manipulation of IPI in the tactile modality, relative to visual and auditory, has greater utility (greater impact on urgency than annoyance). Manipulations of color were generally rated as less annoying and more acceptable than auditory and tactile stimuli; but they were also rated as lower in urgency relative to other modality manipulations. Manipulation of auditory fundamental frequency resulted in high ratings of both urgency and annoyance. Results of the current investigation can be used to guide DVI design and evaluation.
Design and Implementation of a Self-Directed Stereochemistry Lesson Using Embedded Virtual Three-Dimensional Images in a Portable Document Format

A novel stereochemistry lesson was prepared that incorporated both handheld molecular models and embedded virtual three-dimensional (3D) images. The images are fully interactive and eye-catching for the students; methods for preparing 3D molecular images in Adobe Acrobat are included. The lesson was designed and implemented to showcase the 3D virtual images and determine whether the use of virtual 3D images should be permanently included with the stereochemistry lesson. A group of students completed the lesson and provided positive feedback on the incorporation of the embedded virtual 3D images.
Catalytic deNOx properties of novel vanadium oxide based open-framework materials

The deNO x catalytic properties of a new class of open-framework structure materials, Li6[Mn3(H2O)12V18O42(XO4)] · 24H2O (X = V, S) (1), [Fe3(H2O)12 V18O42(XO4)] · 24H2O (X = V, S) (2), [Co3(H2O)12V18O42(XO4)] · 24H2O (X = V, S) (3), and Li6[Ni 3 II (H2O)12V 16 VI V 2 V O42(SO4)] · 24H2O (4), have been studied. The crystal structures of these novel systems consist of three-dimensional arrays of vanadium oxide clusters {V18O42(XO4)} , as building block units, interlinked by {–O–M–O–} (M = Mn, 1; M = Fe, 2; M = Co, 3; M = Ni, 4) bridges. Their open-framework structures contain cavities, similar to those observed in conventional zeolites, which are occupied by exchangeable cations and/or readily removable water of hydration. The catalysts derived from these materials were tested for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides {NO x } into N2 using a hydrocarbon, propylene, as the reducing agent. The catalysts were ineffective under lean burn conditions. However, the new catalysts, especially the one derived from the cobalt derivative (3), showed intriguing deNO x activity under rich conditions. They remove up to ~ 99% of the toxic NO x emissions in 1.5% O2 with 100% selectivity to N2. The active phase of the catalysts exhibit good stability, can be readily regenerated, and are selective to the desired product-N2. The catalytic reactions occur at moderately low temperatures (400–500 °C). The catalysts were characterized by FT-IR, temperature programmed reactions (TPR and TPO), SEM, BET surface area measurements, elemental analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Additional advanced techniques were used to further characterize the catalyst phases that showed most promising deNO x activity and increased tolerance to oxygen.
Additive functionals of several time-reversible Markov processes

I. 1. Additive functionals of Markov processes have been studied by many authors. We refer to [ 1 ] and [5] for the early history and to [ 161, I1719 [61, 181 f or more recent developments. The most complete results for the case of a time-reversible process are due to Fukushima [lo]. In this paper we study additive functionals of several independent time-reversible Markov processes. The results are useful, in particular, for investigating a certain class of Gaussian random fields which includes the free field of Euclidean quantum field theory and the so-called Brownian sheet [9]. Our approach is different from that of Fukushima. Even in the case of one Markov process his results do not imply ours. In the Introduction first, additive functionals of Brownian motions are discussed on an intuitive level. Then the general concept of standard timereversible Markov processes is outlined and the rigorous definition of additive functionals is given. On this base, the principal results of the paper are formulated. We mention also some open problems.
The impact of antenatal cocaine use on maternal characteristics and neonatal outcomes.

Objective: To determine the risk factors and evaluate maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with antenatal cocaine use.Methods: This was a retrospective case–control study of 200 cocaine-exposed maternal–neonatal pairs and 200 controls from 1991 to 2000.Results: Cocaine-using mothers tended to be older, African American, multiparous and incarcerated and they utilized less prenatal care. However, 79% of Hispanics abusing cocaine were primarily English speaking. Cocaine use correlated with syphilis (36 vs. 1%, p = 0.000) and premature rupture of membranes (23 vs. 0%, p = 0.000), fetal demise (5 vs. 0%, p = 0.004), preterm delivery (40 vs. 6%, p = 0.000). Cocaine-exposed infants delivered earlier (36 vs. 39 weeks, p = 0.000), had lower birth weights (2660 vs. 3305 g, p = 0.000), more respiratory distress syndrome (14 vs. 4%, p = 0.001), congenital syphilis (12 vs. 1%, p = 0.000) and longer hospital stays (10 vs. 3 days, p = 0.000); 75% were placed in foster care or adoption and 37.5% had neonatal withdra...
Pedagogy: Designing Digital Magazines for the iPad - Trends and Challenges of a New Medium in the Light of Established Graphic Traditions

This paper seeks to answer the following questions in respect to the pedagogy of an experimental digital media university course: What are digital magazines? How do they involve a new design workflow? Are there certain industry trends in digital magazine production? How can this new technology be integrated into a class project?
Large-cell lymphoma presenting with a distinctive inflammatory dermatosis

Severe, progressively enlarging inflammatory plaques of the upper trunk and neck developed in a 12-year-old girl. Histologic examination revealed a unique inflammatory cell infiltrate that consisted of chronic inflammation in the dermis subtending spongiosis with a diffuse neutrophilic epidermal infiltrate. A tumor in the right axilla was found by computed tomography. Tissue obtained at open biopsy examination demonstrated a large-cell lymphoma of B-cell origin. The tumor and dermatosis responded dramatically to chemotherapy. The distinctive histologic pattern and clinical course suggest that this dermatosis may represent an unusual paraneoplastic presentation of large-cell lymphoma.
Simple Copy Number Determination with Reference Query Pyrosequencing (RQPS)

The accurate measurement of the copy number (CN) for an allele is often desired. We have developed a simple pyrosequencing-based method, reference query pyrosequencing (RQPS), to determine the CN of any allele in any genome by taking advantage of the fact that pyrosequencing can accurately measure the molar ratio of DNA fragments in a mixture that differ by a single nucleotide. The method involves the preparation of an RQPS probe, which contains two linked DNA fragments that match a reference allele with a known CN and a query allele with an unknown CN. In each fragment, a single nucleotide variation (SNV) is engineered to differentiate it from its genomic counterparts when the probe is mixed with genomic DNA. The ratios of the two pairs of fragments (probe reference vs. genomic reference and probe query vs. genomic query) in the mixture reflect the ratio between the probe and the genomic DNA in a CN-dependent manner. Pyrosequencing can be used to quantify these ratios and thus determine the CN of the query allele. This method could be used to measure the CN of any transgene, differentiate homozygotes from heterozygotes, detect the copy number variation (CNV) of endogenous genes, and screen embryonic stem (ES) cells targeted with bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors that are not compatible with standard screening methods.
Zur Darstellung von Benzoxazolo-[5′, 4′:4,5]-benzoxazolen

Es werden die Darstellungen des Grundkorpers und der 2,2′-Dialkyl-benzoxazolo-[5′, 4′:4,5]-benzoxazole sowie einige ihrer Eigenschaften, speziell des nach zwei Methoden dargestellten 2,2′-Dimethylderivates beschrieben.
Conjugated Polymers Based on Benzo(2,1-b:3,4-b')dithiophene with Low-Lying Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital Energy Levels for Organic Photovoltaics

Fusing bithiophene units with a benzo moiety, benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene (BDT), was projected by theoretical calculations to lower the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the resulting polymers compared with that of the bithiophene unit, which would enhance the open circuit voltage of bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells fabricated from BDT-based polymers blended with PCBM. The homopolymer of BDT (HMPBDT) and alternating copolymer of BDT with 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (PBDT-BT) were therefore synthesized and fully characterized. Both the homopolymer (HMPBDT) and the copolymer (PBDT-BT) were experimentally confirmed to have low HOMO energy levels (−5.70 eV for HMPBDT and −5.34 eV for PBDT-BT). Introducing the acceptor moiety (2,1,3-benzothiadiazole) successfully lowered the optical band gap of the copolymer from 2.31 eV (HMPBDT) to 1.78 eV (PBDT-BT). Bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices were fabricated from blends of these structurally related polymers with PBCM to investigate ...
Comparisons of memories for traumatic events and other experiences

In the present study, we examined the similarities and differences between memory ratings for traumatic, negative, and positive life experiences. A sample of 113 female undergraduates completed a packet of questionnaires that included memory rating scales for all three types of experiences and measures of psychological functioning. Analyses revealed that traumatic experiences and negative experiences were less well-recalled than positive experiences with regard to some sensory information and some aspects of the narrative structure of the event. In addition, there were no differences between some memory ratings for different types of life events. Additionally, no clear relationships emerged between memory ratings and measures of psychological functioning. Findings tend to support theoretical perspectives that emphasize more limited memory for traumatic experiences relative to memory for other experiences. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiac Valve Replacement with the Stabilized Glutaraldehyde Porcine Aortic Valve: Indications, Operative Results, and Followup

Porcine aortic valve xenografts stabilized with glutaraldehyde have been implanted in 91 patients with acquired and congenital valvular heart disease. The indications for use of this valve have included age, previous sensitivity to anticoagulants, or a concomitant condition contraindicating anticoagulant therapy. There were two operative deaths and three late deaths in 44 mitral, 25 aortic, 16 aortic-mitral, 5 mitral-tricuspid, and one aortic-mitral-tricuspid replacements. There were no valve failures from cusp rupture, although one valve was replaced because of annular disproportion. There was one inhospital stroke but no late emboli in a 3 to 33 month followup period, 16.5; 72 patients are functional class 1, 10 class 2, and one patient is class 3. In appropriate patients this biologic tissue valve relieves the hemodynamic abnormalities of valvular heart disease, is associated with a low embolization rate without anticoagulant therapy and, to date, has been durable.
Coupling between the California Current System and a coastal plain estuary in low riverflow conditions

[1] Willapa Bay, a partially mixed coastal plain estuary, is located on the shoreward side of a narrow, deep continental shelf whose water properties fluctuate on several day scales in response to alternating periods of upwelling and downwelling. Hydrographic surveys as well as water property and velocity time series at a number of sites both within the estuary and on the adjacent coast are used to examine water property and circulation patterns in the estuary during a low runoff period. The data demonstrate that variability is significant (up to 3 psu, ∼2°C and 10 cm s−1 at 5 km from the estuary mouth) and that this variability is determined primarily by the variability in the coastal ocean rather than by estuarine processes such as changes in riverflow or neap-spring variation in mixing. Density changes near the mouth of the estuary that result from upwelling or downwelling of coastal water are consistent with transmission to the estuary primarily through a gravity current mechanism, which modifies the along-estuary density gradient and hence the gravitational circulation within the estuary. Tidal stirring is likely also important to the modification of estuary water properties. New water moves up the estuary at a rate on the order of 10 cm s−1. Associated Eulerian residual velocity fluctuations propagate up estuary about 50% faster than water properties, indicating that up-estuary transmission of the ocean water perturbation may also have internal wave-like characteristics. The modulations in estuarine circulation and water properties lag local wind stress fluctuations (hence upwelling or downwelling) by more than a day near the estuary mouth and several days farther up the estuary.
Analytical investigation of heat or mass transfer and friction factors in a corrugated duct heat or mass exchanger

Abstract Heat and mass transfer design parameters are readily available for flow in circular and flat ducts for a variety of boundary conditions. However, the boundaries of the flow passages found in regenerators, rotary heat exchangers, rotary mass exchangers, etc. are usually, of necessity, other than circular or parallel plate. One very common exchanger made up of many flow passages looks like the end view of several layers of corrugated cardboard. The boundary of the cross-section normal to the flow of one of these passages may be represented by a sine curve from — π to π forming the upper portion of the duct and a flat plate stretched between — π and π to form the bottom portion of the boundary. This paper presents the computed friction factors and Nusselt numbers (or Sherwood numbers) of this geometry for several aspect ratios and Biot numbers (or wall reaction rates). These results agree well with the very limited experimental data reported in the literature. Since the data in the literature are limited, this analysis provides additional design information on a very important heat and mass transfer geometry. The results obtained could not be adequately estimated from the results of a circular geometry or a flat duct because the corners in the sinusoidal duct provide an inherently different geometry. The results also differ considerably from a triangular duct. An unusual result for the sinusoidal geometry is the behaviour of the Nusselt number. It decreases with decreasing Biot Number.
An improved nephelometer culture flask.

Summary. A nephelometer flask of new design is described. It consists of a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask with a dam placed across the neck and a cuvette fused to the base at an angle of 5° from the horizontal. The flask allows the use of volumes of up to 50 ml without contamination of the cotton plugs.
EKF and UKF state estimation comparison for rotating rockets

Increasing the accuracy of munitions can be accomplished in various ways. One method is to use on-board guidance systems that can steer a missile to within meters or less of its target. However, this approach is expensive. A less costly more inaccurate alternative is the spin stabilization approach. These systems lack close-loop flight control and many of the sophisticated sensor found in on-board guidance systems. The accuracy of spin stabilized rockets is affected by many factors including motor misalignments, tip-off error, and wind. With the goal of improving the flight trajectory (and thereby accuracy) of a spin stabilized ground launched ballistic missile, we evaluate the performance of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) for nonlinear state estimation. Performance is evaluated in terms of mean square error (MSE) and circular error probability (CEP). The modeled rocket is equipped only with MEMS gyroscopes for sensing and pyrotechnic thrusters for flight path correction. Due to properties of the modeled system, all state estimation and control must be performed in the early stages of flight. This allows many tasks to be performed off-line, which decreases the computational cost of the estimators.
Operation of a microchannel plate counting system in a mass spectrometer

A multiplier detector system has been developed as part of a mass spectrometer in an ion counting mode. During its operation ions striking a microchannel plate release pulses of electrons which are accelerated to a phosphor layer. The resulting flash of light is carried by a fiber‐optic bundle to a photodiode array. The detector simultaneously counts ions throughout a mass spectrum covering more than 30 amu. It extends the mass spectrometer’s operation toward low count rates for trace gas analysis. Each mass peak can be independently measured at count rates between 0.1 and 1000 counts/s. Higher rates on a few peaks do not blind the entire detector. The detector’s capabilities have been demonstrated by measuring Kr and Xe isotopes in air at natural abundances. The mass spectrometer, detector, and readout electronics are sufficiently compact to permit use in a balloon‐borne experiment.
Air Pollutant Transport in a Coastal Environment. Part I: Two-Dimensional Simulations of Sea-Breeze and Mountain Effects

Over the southern California coastal region, observations of the vertical distributions of pollutants show that maximum concentrations can occur within temperature inversion layers well above the surface. A mesoscale model is used to study the dynamical phenomena that cause such layers, including sea breezes and mountain flows, and to study the characteristics of air pollutant transport in a coastal environment capped by a temperature inversion. The mathematical and physical structure of the model is described. Two-dimensional simulations corresponding to four configurations of coastal plains and mountains are discussed. The simulations reveal that pollutant transport over a coastal plain is strongly influenced by the topographic configuration, including the height of coastal mountains and their distance from the coastline. Sea breezes induced by land-sea thermal contrasts, as well as upslope winds induced along mountain flanks, both create vertical transport that can lead to the formation of elevated pollution layers. The sea-breeze circulation generates pollution layers by undercutting the mixed layer and lofting pollutants into the stable layer. Heating of mountain slopes acts to vent pollutants above the mountain ridge during the day; during the evening, pollutants can be injected directly into the inversion layer from the decaying upslope flows. In a land-sea configuration with mountains close to the coastline, the sea breeze and heated-mountain flow are strongly coupled. In the afternoon, this interaction can produce upslope flow from which polluted air is detrained into the inversion layer as a return circulation. When the mountains lie farther inland, however, pollutants may be trapped aloft when the mixed layer stabilizes in the late afternoon. As the nocturnal boundary layer forms over the coast in the evening, polluted mixed-layer air is effectively left behind in the inversion layer. In the Los Angeles Basin, the formation mechanism for elevated polluted layers is most similar to our cases with inland mountains.
A study of the large-scale eddies of jet turbulence producing jet noise

Noise-producing subsonic jet turbulence eddies hot-wire anemometer measurements of convection velocity as functions of frequency
Bioreductive alkylation as a trigger for toxic effects of dynemicin

Abstract The endiyne derivative, dynemicin, is postulated to undergo bioreductive cis ring opening of a benzylic epoxide and activate the endiyne unit for Bergman rearrangement to an arene-1,4-diyl.
Top Quark Pair Properties - Spin Correlation, Charge Asymmetry, and Complex Final States - at ATLAS

We present measurements of top quark pair properties performed with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of √s = 7 TeV. The latest measurements of spin correlation and charge asymmetry in events, as well as measurements of the cross section for production in association with vector bosons, are presented.
Treatment of bipolar disorder in older adults.

Background It has been reported that 10% of all patients with bipolar disorder develop their illness after the age of 50, with bipolar disorder accounting for 5–19% of mood disorder presentations in the elderly. There has been a growing awareness regarding the manifestation of bipolar disorder among older adults due to both changes in national demographics, and developing sophistication in the treatment of bipolar illness. A persistent problem in our understanding of management of late life bipolar disorder is the paucity of research and rigorous published studies on the psychopharmacology of this condition. Objective This paper reviews medication treatments, non-medication biological therapies, and psychosocial interventions for bipolar disorder in late life with a particular emphasis on age related modifiers of treatment. Methods Findings are based upon review of the current literature. Results There are multiple, significant gaps in our knowledge of bipolar disorder in late life which have important implications in the optimum treatment of elderly individuals with bipolar illness. Conclusion There are a number of areas of needed future research in late life bipolar disorder. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal Inventory Policies Under Stochastic Production and Demand Rates

We consider a single stage production-inventory system whose production and demand rates are modulated by an environment process modeled as a finite state Continuous Time Markov Chain (CTMC). When the inventory level reaches zero, an order is placed from an external supplier, and it arrives instantaneously. We derive an Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) policy that minimizes the long-run average cost if one replaces the deterministic demand rate by the expected demand – production rate in steady state. Finally, we extend the model to allow backlogging.
Shapes of grain inclusions in crystals.

The ``equilibrium'' shape of a grain (with fixed volume) embedded in a simple-cubic crystal of the same material and rotated by a small angle with respect to the [001] axis is studied. The dislocation model of grain boundaries of Read and Schockley is used to compute the grain-boundary energy as a function of orientation. The grain shape is then found from this energy via the Wulff construction. Various aspects of the shape are analyzed for different values of both Poisson's ratio \ensuremath{\nu} and a constant characterizing the core energy. One novel feature in this zero-temperature shape is curved portions which meet facets at edges where there is a discontinuity in slope. For small \ensuremath{\nu} the shape is essentially a smoothly curved ellipsoid of revolution with four equivalent elliptical facets on the (100), (010), (1\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}00), and (01\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0) planes. For large values of \ensuremath{\nu} two smooth parts can meet at the equatorial plane with a slope discontinuity. In phase-transition language we find, besides first-order transitions, triple points and, in a narrow regime in \ensuremath{\nu}, critical points. Effects of nonzero temperature and the dependence of the core energy on the character of the dislocation are explored qualitatively.
Kinetics of reactions of methyl iodide with four-coordinated iridium(I) complexes

The rates of reactions of methyl iodide with four-coordinated iridium(I) complexes, [rL2XY with X = Cl, and Y = CO, generally increase with increasing basicity of L such as P(OPh)3<PPh3<P(p-tolyl)3<PMePh2<PEt3<PMe2Ph. Triphenylarsine iridium(I) complexes react faster with methyl iodide than the corresponding triphenylphosphine complexes. The rates for the iridium complexes with L2 and X = Cl increase as Y is CO<PPh3<N2. The rates for the complexes with Y = CO and L = PPH3, AsPh, P(p-tolyl)3, or PMe2Ph increase as X is I<Br<Cl, and reasons for the increasing rates with decreasing basicity or decreasing tendency of the iridium complex to undergo oxidative addition upon variation of X have been suggested. The rates for the complexes with X = CO and L = PPh3 and AsPh3 increase as X is NCS<NCO<NNN. The dependence of the rates on L and X are compared with data for reactions of iridium(I) complexes with oxygen and hydrogen, and mechanistic implications are discussed.
From PACS to integrated EMR

The integration of medical images as part of the patient record has always been a critical component of documentation and information supporting clinical decisions. In the past two decades the increased number of imaging procedures that allows a more accurate and more specific diagnosis has significantly increased and their role in patient management has grown rapidly. With the evolution toward digital modalities and management of medical images in a fully digital environment with the deployment of enterprise wide Picture Archiving Communication Systems (PACS) a wider and more rapid access to the images by referring physicians and clinicians has become possible. The parallel evolution of electronic medical records (EMR) supporting all other documents and clinical data in electronic format led to the necessity of integrating medial image data with the rest of the patient record. Although the marriage of medical images and patient record data in electronic format seems a very natural and necessary combination it has often been very slow in development due to the lack of standardization and clear understanding of clinical workflows and clinical requirements. Several early implementations demonstrated the added value of combining medical images with the patient record and have shown that the availability of data and images facilitates and improves the accuracy and efficiency of patient management. Recent efforts in industry and the academic community to harmonize and improve the integration of medical images with patient record, with the promotion of new standards and better definitions of clinical workflows and standard mechanism of integration of different types of data into unified data models, has facilitated the deployment of modern EMR. Also, a shift in paradigm due to recent technological revolutions such as the development of the World Wide Web and the concepts of portal servers for accessing data for multiple sources has significantly boosted the trends into open systems which allows easier and more functional integration of medical data from different sources. Furthermore, the emergence of a new strategy for software development, based on open source components, allows software programs to be shared and exchanged between different institutions leading to more rapid deployment of standardized electronic patient record.
Heterozygote detection in MLD. Allelic mutations at the ARA locus

The detection of heterozygotes for MLD based on enzyme assays of a general population is highly unreliable. Twenty-three percent of controls and ARA activities below the levels found in some obligate heterozygotes for MLD. This serious overlap problem precludes the use of ARA determinations in large screening programs to assign individuals into specific genetic categories. On the other hand, intrafamily analysis of ARA activity offers the possibility of accurately determining heterozygotes for MLD. Sixteen children of parents heterozygous for MLD had ARA activities which clearly categorized them as either homozygous affected, heterozygous, or normal. The wide range of ARA activity found in controls and heterozygotes for MLD appeared to result from the presence of multiple allelic mutations at the ARA locus. One of these mutations leads to a low ARA activity and when present in an individual who is heterozygous for MLD may lead to overlap of his total activity with that of some homozygous affected individuals. This low ARA activity mutation can be recognized by alterations in the multiple molecular forms of ARA activity separated by analytical isoelectric focusing electrophoresis.
Zero Divisor Graphs of Finite Direct Products of Finite Rings

We determine the number of edges of the finite direct product of finite rings. We apply this result to finite rings without idempotents, in particular direct products of ℤ m .
Anti-matter in the Earth's atmosphere

Abstract Calculated cross sections for interactions of an atom and an anti-atom are applied to the history of a piece of anti-matter which has entered into the earth's atmosphere. Its expected fate does not support the suggestion that the 1908 Siberian explosion can have been caused by an anti-meteorite.
Cultural Socialization as a Moderator of Friendships and Social Competence

This study examined the direct and moderating role of cultural socialization in relation to same-race and cross-race friendships and social competence among Asian American late-adolescents (N = 146). We hypothesized that same-race and cross-race friendships would be uniquely associated with social competence, but that these associations would be moderated by cultural socialization practices targeting enculturation and preparation for bias. Using Pearson correlations, cross-race friendships were significantly correlated with social competence, whereas same-race friendships had a marginally significant relation. In moderator analyses, only preparation for bias was a significant moderator of cross-race friendships in relation to social competence. Specifically, for late-adolescents who reported a high level of preparation for bias, there was a positive relation between cross-race friendships and social competence. There were no significant interactions between same-race friendships and any dimension of cultural socialization in relation to social competence. The findings support the relevance of cultural socialization in Asian American late-adolescent social development.
Visible light generation by self-frequency doubling in Nd:YCOB

We report on an alternate approach to generate high-power, visible laser light by incorporating the harmonic conversion element into the gain medium. We describe the first results of self-frequency doubling in one of a new class of laser hosts, the oxoborates. This new laser material, 2% Nd:YCa/sub 4/O(BO/sub 3/)/sub 3/ (Nd:YCOB) was grown by the Czochralski method. Single crystals can be grown exceeding 40 mm in diameter and 150 mm in length from a congruent melt. The crystals are nonhygroscopic with good optical and mechanical properties, permitting easy fabrication of laser samples. Preliminary absorption spectroscopy indicates several strong absorption peaks near 808 nm, making this material amenable to laser diode pumping. Initial experiments were performed to investigate the potential of this material as a laser medium.
Hydrodynamic approach to coherent nuclear spin transport

We develop a linear response formalism for nuclear-spin diffusion in a dipolar-coupled solid. The theory applies to the high-temperature, long-wavelength regime studied in the recent experiments of Boutis et al. [Phys Rev. Lett. 92, 137201 (2004)], which provided direct measurement of interspin energy diffusion in such a system. A systematic expansion of Kubo's formula in the flip-flop term of the Hamiltonian is used to calculate the diffusion coefficients. We show that this approach is equivalent to the method of Lowe and Gade [Phys. Rev. 156, 817 (1967)] and Kaplan [Phys. Rev. B 2, 4578 (1970)], but has several calculational and conceptual advantages. Although the lowest orders in this expansion agree with the experimental results for magnetization diffusion, this is not the case for energy diffusion. Possible reasons for this disparity are suggested.
Saffman-Taylor – type instability in a lattice gas

We show how a Saffman-Taylor-type fingering instability emerges in lattice-gas hydrodynamics. We discuss linear stability and the effect of noise which is intrinsic to the algorithm. Noise leads to a tip-splitting instability of the evolving finger.
Recall of spatial patterns stored in a hippocampal slice by long-term potentiation

Nervous systems are thought to encode information as patterns of electrical activity distributed sparsely through networks of neurons. These networks then process information by transforming one pattern of electrical activity into another. To store information as a pattern, a neural network must strengthen synapses between designated neurons so that activation of some of these neurons corresponding to some features of an object can spread to activate the larger group representing the complete object. This operation of pattern completion endows a neural network with autoassociative memory. Pattern completion by neural networks has been modeled extensively with computers and invoked in behavioral studies, but experiments have yet to demonstrate pattern completion in an intact neural circuit. In the present study, imaging with voltage-sensitive dye in the CA3 region of a hippocampal slice revealed different spatial patterns of activity elicited by electrical stimulation of different sites. Stimulation of two separate sites individually, or both sites simultaneously, evoked “partial” or “complete” patterns, respectively. A complete pattern was then stored by applying theta burst stimulation to both sites simultaneously to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) of synapses between CA3 pyramidal cells. Subsequent stimulation of only one site then activated an extended pattern. Quantitative comparisons between response maps showed that the post-LTP single-site patterns more closely resembled the complete dual-site pattern. Thus, LTP induction enabled the CA3 region to complete a dual-site pattern upon stimulation of only one site. This experiment demonstrated that LTP induction can store information in the CA3 region of the hippocampus for subsequent retrieval.
Role of the pineal gland in circadian organization of diurnal ground squirrels.

Abstract Golden-mantled ground squirrels, Spermophilus lateralis , pinealectomized (pinx) or sham-pinx at 70 days of age, were maintained in a LD 10:14 photoperiod; phase angles of activity onset were 1.6±0.3 and 1.9±0.3 hr in advance of light onset, respectively, and did not differ significantly between the groups. Rates of phase shifting of the activity rhythm after a 6 hr phase advance in the LD cycle also were comparable for the two groups and stable re-entrainment was achieved in 11 days. The period of the free-running activity rhythm in constant light did not differ between the groups. As demonstrated previously in nocturnal rodents, the pineal gland exerts little if any influence on generation or entrainment of the ground squirrel diurnal circadian activity rhythm. The rodent pineal is neither a master circadian oscillator nor a significant component of the transduction process by which light entrains the circadian activity rhythm.
Did the United States Need More Forces in Iraq? Evidence from Al Anbar

Many policy‐makers, military officers, and scholars have stated that the United States dedicated inadequate forces to occupy and secure Iraq. They base this argument largely on an assessment that s...
Polarity and Bypass of DNA Heterology during Branch Migration of Holliday Junctions by Human RAD54, BLM, and RECQ1 Proteins

Several proteins have been shown to catalyze branch migration (BM) of the Holliday junction, a key intermediate in DNA repair and recombination. Here, using joint molecules made by human RAD51 or Escherichia coli RecA, we find that the polarity of the displaced ssDNA strand of the joint molecules defines the polarity of BM of RAD54, BLM, RECQ1, and RuvAB. Our results demonstrate that RAD54, BLM, and RECQ1 promote BM preferentially in the 3′→5′ direction, whereas RuvAB drives it in the 5′→3′ direction relative to the displaced ssDNA strand. Our data indicate that the helicase activity of BM proteins does not play a role in the heterology bypass. Thus, RAD54 that lacks helicase activity is more efficient in DNA heterology bypass than BLM or REQ1 helicases. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the BLM helicase and BM activities require different protein stoichiometries, indicating that different complexes, monomers and multimers, respectively, are responsible for these two activities. These results define BM as a mechanistically distinct activity of DNA translocating proteins, which may serve an important function in DNA repair and recombination.
Flow Induced by Bacterial Carpets and Transport of Microscale Loads

In this paper we utilize the method of regularized Stokeslets to explore flow fields induced by ‘carpets’ of rotating flagella. We model each flagellum as a rigid, rotating helix attached to a wall, and study flows around both a single helix and a small patch of multiple helices. To test our numerical method and gain intuition about flows induced by a single rotating helix, we first perform a numerical time-reversibility experiment. Next, we investigate the hypothesis put forth in (Darnton et al., Biophys J 86, 1863–1870, 2004) that a small number of rotating flagella could produce “whirlpools” and “rivers” a small distance above them. Using our model system, we are able to produce “whirlpools” and “rivers” when the helices are rotating out of phase. Finally, to better understand the transport of microscale loads by flagellated microorganisms, we model a fully coupled helix-vesicle system by placing a finite-sized vesicle held together by elastic springs in fluid near one or two rotating helices. We compare the trajectories of the vesicle and a tracer particle initially placed at the centroid of vesicle and find that the two trajectories can diverge significantly within a short amount of time. Interestingly, the divergent behavior is extremely sensitive to the initial position within the fluid.
A Political and Economic Case for the Democratic Enterprise

We consider two reasons why firms should be owned and run democratically by their workers. The first concerns accountability: Because the employment relationship involves the exercise of power, its governance should on democratic grounds be accountable to those most directly affected. The second concerns efficiency: The democratic firm uses a lower level of inputs per unit of output than the analogous capitalist firm.
Acute Inflammatory Lung Injury: Mechanisms and Interventions

Acute inflammatory responses involving the lung occur rather commonly during adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), during intrapulmonary presence of infectious agents (bacteria, viruses), after ischemia reperfiision events, and in a variety of other situations. The key issues to be addressed are: identifying the triggers for these inflammatory responses, defining the role of complement and the participation of leukocytes, and determining the requirements for cytokines and the role of adhesion molecules in these events. Experimental rat models have provided important insights into mechanisms of acute lung injury. The first model is produced by systemic activation of complement following intravenous infusion of purified cobra venom factor (CVF). Infusion of CVF results in intravascular activation of neutrophils and upregulation of neutrophil CDllb/CD18, resulting in intrapulmonary sequestration and oxidant-mediated damage of vascular endothelial and alveolar epithelial cells. In this model the morphological features in rat lungs are similar to those found in human ARDS. Injury in this lung model is neutrophil- and complement-dependent, cytokine-independent, and requires β2 integrins (LFA-1, Mac-1), ICAM-1 and L- and P-selectins. Blocking of any of the relevant adhesion molecules reduces neutrophil accumulation and tissue injury. In the second model, injury follows intrapulmonary deposition of IgG immune complexes and extensive intra-alveolar accumulation of neutrophils. The morphological features of this inflammatory reaction would be akin to inflammatory responses to infectious bacterial agents in lung. In this model complement and neutrophils are both required for induction of injury. Neutrophil recruitment requires β2 integrins (CD1la/CD 18), ICAM-1, E- and L-selectins, and cytokines (IL-1, TNFα). Injury is due to combined release of oxidants and proteases from lung macrophages and recruited neutrophils. The third model of acute lung injury follows in vivo ischemia, (followed by reperfiision) of distal extremities. Pulmonary vascular damage occurs, is complement- and neutrophil-dependent, and requires participation of cytokines (TNFα and IL-1) and adhesion molecules (CD11 a/CD 18, CD11b/CD18, L- and E-selectin). Thus, inflammatory lung injury varies with respect to the causes of injury, the cytokines involved, and the requirement for adhesion molecules. In all cases lung injury can be reduced by appropriate blocking of adhesion molecules and cytokines.