cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An execution-backtracking approach to debugging

Spyder, a system for selective checkpointing of computational sequences, is presented. It lets users backtrack from checkpoints without the need to reexecute the program to reach recent prior states. In contrast to more comprehensive (and storage-intensive) checkpointing schemes, backtracking in this approach is constrained to limit storage requirements. The resulting debugger offers a structured view of dynamic events, similar to lexical scope rules' effect on static visibility. The debugger also speeds backtracking to statements before loops and provides what-if capabilities. >
Implementation of the radiative transfer equation on block-structured grids for modeling fluorescence light propagation in tissue with arbitrary shape

We developed a method for solving the fluorescence equation of radiative transfer in the frequency domain on blockstructured grids. In this way fluorescence light propagation in arbitrarily shaped tissue can be modeled with high accuracy without compromising on the convergence speed of these codes. The block-structure grid generator is developed as a multi-purpose tool that can be used with many numerical schemes. We present results from numerical studies that show that it is possible to resolve curved boundaries with grids that maintain much of the intrinsic structure of Cartesian grids. The natural ordering of this grid allows for simplified algorithms. In simulation studies we found that we can reduce the error in boundary fluence by a factor of five by using a two-level block structured grid. The increase in computational cost is only two-fold. We compare benchmark solutions to results with various levels of refinement, boundary conditions, and different geometries.
High Speed Laser Schlieren Studies of Electrical Breakdown in Liquid Hydrocarbons

Although numerous theories have been proposed to explain breakdown in dielectric liquids, a unified understanding of its origin is still lacking. Measurements of such breakdowns are difficult because it is an ultrafast transient event, lasting only nanoseconds. Within that time, quantities of interest such as conduction current can change from milliamperes to tens of thousands of amperes. Moreover, even by taking extreme precautions such as using isolation transformers and well-shielded cables, the electromagnetic radiation associated with breakdown can strongly disturb electronic equipment. Such problems pose great difficulties for investigation of electrical breakdown events based on electrical measurements. In the present study, an optical method based on a laser-schlieren system was used and the spatial development of electrical breakdown in liquid hydrocarbons was recorded photographically.
Whole-exome sequencing identifies a novel somatic mutation in MMP8 associated with a t(1;22)-acute megakaryoblastic leukemia.

Whole-exome sequencing identifies a novel somatic mutation in MMP8 associated with a t(1;22)-acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
Using a Self-Learning Algorithm for Single-Station Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting in Germany

A self-learning algorithm called goal-oriented pattern detection was used to develop a set of 12 models designed to forecast 24-h precipitation amounts for eight sites in southern Germany. The forecasts of expected precipitation amound valid for the following 24-h period are issued shortly after 0000 UTC each day and are based on the available rawinsonde data from the current 0000 UTC and previous 1200 UTC observations. The period 1973-1982 was used for developing the forecast models, and the year 1983 was used for verifications purposes. The forecast models provide the probability of precipitation greater than any specified amount at each of the eight stations. The overall skill score (percentage reduction in the squared forecast error compared to climatology) for 1983 over five forecast amounts was 31%. The forecast skill for measurable precipitation was 37% and for decreased with increasing precipitation amounts to 19% for amounts greater than or equal to 0.20 in. The forecast model executes on an MS-DOS-based personal computer and provides the probability of precipitation greater than any specified amount or specifies the amount of precipitation associated with any given risk level. These values can be shown in tabular form for each station or displayed as a contour map over the region of interest
Low birthweight and the risk for mental retardation later in childhood

Data from the population-based Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Study were used in a case-control study to assess the association between low birthweight and mental retardation (intelligence quotient or = 2500 g) as the referent group. For low birthweight children as a whole, the odds ratio for mental retardation was 2.8 (95% CI 1.9-4.2). The risk was higher for very low birthweight (< 1500 g) children than for moderately low birthweight (1500-2499 g) children, and higher for severe mental retardation (intelligence quotient < 50) than for mild mental retardation (intelligence quotient 50-70). Adding gestational age to the models revealed that normal birthweight children who were born preterm also were at increased risk of having mental retardation at age 10 years.
Laser Excited Fluorescence Studies Of Black Liquor

Laser excited fluorescence of black liquor was investigated as a possible monitoring technique for pulping processes. A nitrogen pumped dye laser was used to examine the fluorescence spectrum of black liquor solutions. Various excitation wavelengths were used between 290 and 403 nm. Black liquor fluorescence spectra were found to vary with both excitation wavelength and black liquor concentration. Laser excited fluorescence was found to be a sensitive technique for measurement of black liquor with good detection limits and linear response over a large dynamic range.
Adaptive Traffic Control for Large-Scale Dynamic Traffic Assignment Applications

Dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) applications require traffic signal control data that are typically difficult to obtain and cumbersome to code in the required format. In addition, the evaluation of future scenarios requires future traffic signal settings consistent with the forecast demand. These signal settings are not known a priori and are costly to estimate. Intuitively, future signal timings need to be reasonably optimized so as to represent what the traffic management agency will do. In the literature, integration between traffic control and DTA models has been formulated as a bi-level or single-level optimization problem with system or user optimal constraints. Most existing solution procedures require certain nested structure with an inner-loop algorithm solving the problem of user-equilibrium or system-optimal assignment and the outer-loop algorithm searching for the optimal signal-timing settings. Most of these solution approaches remain only research tools without practical use because of comp...
Biases in retrospective self-reports of time use: an empirical study of computer users

Research on information systems IS use has often relied upon retrospective self-reports. One example is when the amount of time spent using a system is reported, often as an indication of user acceptance. In this study, self-assessments of computer usage are compared with computer-monitored interactive use and connect time for 401 managers and professionals. When self-assessed use was compared with logged interactive use, there was a 32% difference in the average amount of use 3.9 vs. 2.7 hours/day. When the self-assessment was compared with total connect time, the averages were similar to each other 3.9 vs. 4.0 hours. In both comparisons, though, there were considerable differences between individual self-assessments and logged time with a median absolute percentage difference of 47% when compared with logged connect time. Individual estimates of use tended to regress toward the population's mean use. Those whose use of the system was relatively light overestimated their use, while heavy users underestimated theirs. When a test of the relationship between user satisfaction and amount of use was conducted using self-assessments, the relationship was not statistically significant. When the same test was conducted using logged connect time, the relationship was significant. These results suggest that care should be exercised in operationalizing the user acceptance construct through self-reports of time use.
Molecular Mechanism of the Inhibition of Phospholipase C β3 by Protein Kinase C

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) can result from stimulation of the receptor-G protein-phospholipase C (PLCβ) pathway. In turn, phosphorylation of PLCβ by PKC may play a role in the regulation of receptor-mediated phosphatidylinositide (PI) turnover and intracellular Ca2+ release. Activation of endogenous PKC by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate inhibited both Gαq-coupled (oxytocin and M1 muscarinic) and Gαi-coupled (formyl-Met-Leu-Phe) receptor-stimulated PI turnover by 50-100% in PHM1, HeLa, COSM6, and RBL-2H3 cells expressing PLCβ3. Activation of conventional PKCs with thymeleatoxin similarly inhibited oxytocin or formyl-Met-Leu-Phe receptor-stimulated PI turnover. The PKC inhibitory effect was also observed when PLCβ3 was stimulated directly by Gαq or Gβγ in overexpression assays. PKC phosphorylated PLCβ3 at the same predominant site in vivo and in vitro. Peptide sequencing of in vitro phosphorylated recombinant PLCβ3 and site-directed mutagenesis identified Ser1105 as the predominant phosphorylation site. Ser1105 is also phosphorylated by protein kinase A (PKA; Yue, C., Dodge, K. L., Weber, G., and Sanborn, B. M. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 18023-18027). Similar to PKA, the inhibition by PKC of Gαq-stimulated PLCβ3 activity was completely abolished by mutation of Ser1105 to Ala. In contrast, mutation of Ser1105 or Ser26, another putative phosphorylation target, to Ala had no effect on inhibition of Gβγ-stimulated PLCβ 3 activity by PKC or PKA. These data indicate that PKC and PKA act similarly in that they inhibit Gαq-stimulated PLCβ3 as a result of phosphorylation of Ser1105. Moreover, PKC and PKA both inhibit Gβγ-stimulated activity by mechanisms that do not involve Ser1105.
The economic cost of a poor start to life

A primary challenge for nutrition policy in low-income settings is to position nutrition as an investment rather than simply as a form of social spending that governments grant poor people to the degree that governments prioritize equity. Various economic models have produced estimates of the economic costs of malnutrition as a combination of the impact of malnutrition on mortality, on health care costs for the survivors, including those that manifest in adult years, and on the lost productivity attributable to malnutrition. However, these estimates often center on the costs of early mortality and are sensitive to assumptions on how to place a dollar cost on mortality. This study argues that even when focusing only on the productivity impact of malnutrition - clearly a lower bound of the full costs - the economic consequences of malnutrition are substantial. Stating this somewhat differently, the economic returns to preventing malnutrition are on a par with those investments generally considered at the heart of economic development strategies. Moreover, the body of evidence that has been accumulated to indicate these productivity gains is both substantial and robust.
An IC chip of Chua's circuit

Reports a working microelectronic chip implementation of Chua's circuit. This chip has been designed and fabricated by using a 2 mu m CMOS technology, with the circuit itself occupying a silicon area of 2.5mm*2.8mm. The chip needs to be powered with a single 9V battery, is autonomous, and generates chaotic signals from the three state variables of Chua's circuit. The proper operation of this chip has been confirmed by experimental reproduction of bifurcation and chaotic phenomena. This microelectronic design of Chua's circuit can be employed as a basic component in the VLSI synthesis of complex circuits making use of chaotic signals, including a class of cellular neural networks and secure communication systems. >
Husbandry and medicine of aquatic reptiles

Abstract Any pet store in North America has a plethora of reptiles for sale. Most of these are terrestrial. However, there are a few available that must be maintained in aquatic or semiaquatic environments. Some species such as crocodilians and the larger aquatic chelonians, as well as the pelagic or marine reptiles, should be maintained at zoological parks and aquaria. Pet reptiles are those that can be maintained in glass aquaria in home table top environments. Aquatic reptiles, by the nature of their environment—water—are more difficult to keep in a homoeostatic environment. Maintaining pristine water quality is difficult because of rapid changes in the pH, increases in nitrogen levels, and algae production in the home aquarium. Most of the species do not consume all that they are offered to eat, and that excess food along with the feces produced can rapidly change the water quality. The species of aquatic reptiles most commonly kept in captivity are the following chelonians; red-eared slider ( Trachemys scripta elegans ), Eastern spotted turtle ( Clemmys guttata ), diamond-backed terrapin ( Malaclemmys terrapin ), Blandling's turtle ( Emydoidea blandingii ), painted turtle ( Chrysemys picta ), cooter ( Pseudemys floridana ), wood turtle ( Clemmys insculpata ), and Western pond turtle ( Clemmys marmorata ). Rarely seen anymore in a home environment are crocodilians such as caimans and alligators. These species can be aggressive, rapidly outgrow a small aquarium, and, due to the growth rate, be difficult to feed regularly. Due to these factors, crocodilians should only be kept by expert biologists at reputable zoological parks and aquaria.
A humanistic approach to the study of social media: combining social network analysis & case study research

Humanistic research into social media is presently diverse in approach, but rich in theoretical underpinnings. It is unsurprising that there is some difficulty in translating often text-based approaches to multi-media rich, rapidly-evolving social networking environments. We explore theoretical issues for studying social media with respect to one popular research methodology: case study research (CSR). Here we examine the challenges that social media pose to CSR in the humanities and then advance an approach using social network analysis (SNA) to assist in selecting case studies. This approach, we argue, improves selection of case studies by considering the network structures of social media.
The general social survey-national death index: an innovative new dataset for the social sciences

Background: Social epidemiology seeks in part to understand how social factors–ideas, beliefs, attitudes, actions, and social connections–influence health. However, national health datasets have not kept up with the evolving needs of this cutting-edge area in public health. Sociological datasets that do contain such information, in turn, provide limited health information. Findings: Our team has prospectively linked three decades of General Social Survey data to mortality information through 2008 via the National Death Index. In this paper, we describe the sample, the core elements of the dataset, and analytical considerations.
Early Development of Two Types of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Functional changes of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) channels in embryonic Xenopus myotomal muscle cells were examined during their development in culture. Single-channel currents evoked by 50 or 500 nM ACh were measured using the patch-clamp technique. In Xenopus myocytes the first emergence of AChRs takes place at about stage 20 (Nieuwkoop and Faber). Myotomes were dissociated at very early stages and plated in culture. Single-channel currents through AChRs were recorded at times ranging from a few hours (stage 21) to several days (stage 47) after the first emergence of AChRs. Two classes of AChR channel were recorded: One class had a low conductance with a long burst duration (low-conductance channel), and the other had a high conductance with a short burst duration (high-conductance channel). Both of these classes were active from the earliest time recorded (stages 21-24). One effect of development was a shift in the relative activity of the low- and high-conductance channels. Initially (stages 21-24), the low conductance channels predominated, accounting for over 95% of the observed events. After 3 d in culture, however, high- and low-conductance events occurred with roughly equal frequency. The other effect of development was a 4-fold decrease in the mean burst length of the low-conductance channel. The decrease in burst length took place rapidly, with about 60% of the change occurring within 24 hr in culture. The burst length of the high-conductance channel remained virtually constant during development, as did the unitary conductance of both channels and the voltage dependence of their mean burst lengths. The developmental change in the proportion of low- and high-conductance channels is likely due to the increased insertion of new high-conductance channels. However, the molecular mechanism of the shortening of burst length of the low-conductance channel is unknown.
Citizen Participation, Metadiscourse, and Accountability: A Public Hearing on a Zoning Change for Wal-Mart

During a contentious public hearing on a zoning change for Wal-Mart, participants at times moved to a metadiscursive level with utterances such as, ‘‘expect to be listened to,’’ ‘‘I have a question,’’ or reading quotes of Town Board members from the newspaper. Such metadiscursive references allow participants to attempt to structure or depart from the public hearing format. Metadiscursive references also work to criticize their opponents’ speech or the process. Metadiscourse has the consequence of contextualizing the participation framework of the hearing as to topic, length of presentation, and mode of interaction. From a normative perspective, metadiscourse is used to reflect on the folk assumptions about communication as expressed by participants during the public hearing.
Hardware Trojans in Wireless Cryptographic Integrated Circuits

We study the problem of hardware Trojans in wireless cryptographic integrated circuits, wherein the objective is to leak secret information (i.e. the encryption key) through the wireless channel. Using a mixed-signal system-on-chip, consisting of a DES encryption core and a UWB transmitter, we demonstrate the following three key findings of this study: i) Simple malicious modifications to the digital part of a wireless cryptographic chip suffice to leak information without changing the more sensitive analog part. We demonstrate two hardware Trojan examples, which leak the encryption key by manipulating the transmission amplitude or frequency. ii) Such hardware Trojans do not change the functionality of the digital part or the performances of the analog part and their impact on the wireless transmission parameters can be hidden within the fabrication process variations. Hence, neither traditional manufacturing testing nor recently proposed hardware Trojan detection methods will expose them. iii) For the attacker to be able to discern the leaked information from the legitimate signal, effective hardware Trojans must impose some structure to the transmission parameters. While this structure is not known to the defender, advanced statistical analysis of these parameters (i.e. transmission power), may reveal its existence and, thereby, expose the hardware Trojan.
The suil suppressor locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a translation factor that functions during tRNA(iMet) recognition of the start codon.

Abstract We initiated a genetic reversion analysis at the HIS4 locus to identify components of the translation initiation complex that are important for ribosomal recognition of an initiator codon. Three unlinked suppressor loci, suil, sui2, and SUI3, that restore expression of both HIS4 and HIS4-lacZ in the absence of an AUG initiator codon were identified. In previous studies, it was demonstrated that the sui2 and SUI3 genes encode mutated forms of the alpha and beta subunits, respectively, of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2). In this report, we describe the molecular and biochemical characterizations of the sui1 suppressor locus. The DNA sequence of the SUI1+ gene shows that it encodes a protein of 108 amino acids with a calculated Mr of 12,300. The sui1 suppressor genes all contain single base pair changes that alter a single amino acid within this 108-amino-acid sequence. sui1 suppressor strains that are temperature sensitive for growth on enriched medium have altered polysome profiles at the restrictive temperature typical of those caused by alteration of a protein that functions during the translation initiation process. Gene disruption experiments showed that the SUI1+ gene encodes an essential protein, and antibodies directed against the SUI1+ coding region identified a protein with the predicted Mr in a ribosomal salt wash fraction. As observed for sui2 and SUI3 suppression events, protein sequence analysis of His4-beta-galactosidase fusion proteins produced by sui1 suppression events indicated that a UUG codon is used as the site of translation initiation in the absence of an AUG start codon in HIS4. Changing the penultimate proline codon 3' to UUG at his4 to a Phe codon (UUC) blocks aminopeptidase cleavage of the amino-terminal amino acid of the His4-beta-galactosidase protein, as noted by the appearance of Met in the first cycle of the Edman degradation reaction. The appearance of Met in the first cycle, as noted, in either a sui1 or a SUI3 suppressor strain showed that the mechanism of suppression is the same for both suppressor genes and allows the initiator tRNA to mismatch base pair with the UUG codon. This suggests that the Sui1 gene product performs a function similar to that of the beta subunit of eIF-2 as encoded by the SUI3 gene. However, the Sui1 gene product does not appear to be a required subunit of eIF-2 on the basis of purification schemes designed to identify the GTP-dependent binding activity of eIF-2 for the initiator tRNA. In addition, suppressor mutations in the sui1 gene, in contrast to suppressor mutations in the sui2 or SUI3 gene, do not alter the GTP-dependent binding activity of the eIF-2. The simplest interpretation of these studies is that the sui1 suppressor gene defines an additional factor that functions in concert with eIF-2 to enable tRNAiMet to establish ribosomal recognition of an AUG initiator codon.
Production and consumption of reactive oxygen species by fullerenes

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are one of the most important intermediates in chemical, photochemical, and biological processes. To understand the environmental exposure and toxicity of fullerenes better, the production and consumption of ROS (singlet oxygen, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals) by Buckminster fullerene (C60) and fullerenol were investigated in aqueous systems. Fullerenol exhibits higher photoproduction efficiency of singlet oxygen and superoxide than aqueous suspensions of C60 aggregates (aqu/nC60), and this higher efficiency results in higher steady-state concentrations of these two ROS. Transmission electron microscopy indicates that the C60 molecules in aqu/nC60 are much more closely packed than the C60 cages in fullerenol. These observations provide additional evidence that the lower ROS production efficiency of aqu/nC60 is attributable primarily to efficient self-quenching of C60 triplet states. Production of singlet oxygen by aqu/nC60 is accelerated by increasing oxygen concentration and in part is sensitized by fluorescent photoproducts that accumulate during irradiation. The fullerenes react slowly with singlet oxygen (second-order rate constant <4 × 105 M−1 s−1), but react rapidly with hydroxyl radicals (second-order rate constants of 5.4 × 109 and 4 × 108 M−1 s−1 for aqu/nC60 and fullerenol, respectively). These results show that environmental conditions, including light exposure and oxygen concentration, have the potential to impact the generation of toxic ROS by fullerenes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:136–143. © 2011 SETAC
Strip tillage and oat cover crops increase soil moisture and influence N mineralization patterns in cabbage

Striptillage (ST)isaform of conservationtillage in which disturbance islimited tothecroprowswhiletherestofthesoilremainsundisturbed.Comparedwithconventional, full-width tillage (CT), ST may reduce tillage costs, protect soil from erosion, and benefit cool-season crops including cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. 'capitata') by improving water retention, reducing soil temperatures, and improving the synchrony of inorganic nitrogen (IN) supply with crop demand.Field experiments wereconducted in 2010 and 2011 in central Michigan to assess the effects of tillage (CT vs. ST) and a preceding cover crop (none vs. oats, Avena sativa L. var. 'Ida') on soil temperature, moisture, N dynamics, and yields in transplanted cabbage. Oats were sown in April and terminated 2 to 3 weeks before cabbage transplanting in early July. In-row (IR) soil moisture, temperature, and IN content wereassessedfromtransplantinguntilcabbageharvestinOctober.In2010,IRsoilmoisture was higher season-long in ST compared with CT and in oat compared with non-oat treatments, but these effects were not detected in 2011. Tillage and oat residue had little or no effect on IR soil temperature. Shortly after tillage in both years, soil IN availability was greater in CT treatments without oats compared with both ST treatments and CTwith oats. However, these differences dissipated after 3 to 4 weeks, and hypothesized improvements in N release patterns under ST were not observed. No differences in cabbage marketable yield were detected in either year, although the proportion of plants that produced a marketable head was lower in cover-cropped plots in 2010. Thesefindings suggest that soil conservation and input savings potentially associated with ST production systems may be attained without a yield penalty. More research is needed to understand and optimize cover crop management in ST systems to realize potential benefits in N use efficiency, moisture retention, and soil temperature moderation.
Relaying Power Allocation with User-Cooperation for OFDM-Based MISO Broadcast Channels

This paper addresses the power allocation problem on relaying channels with user-cooperation for multi-user orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The proposed problem is based on dual-mode mobile stations (MSs), where one interface is used to receive signals from a base station (BS) and the other is used to forward the signals to nearby MSs through out-of-band relaying. This dual-mode operation enables MSs to cooperate with one another without consuming the capacity of a broadcast channel. Theoretically, the cooperation among MSs over orthogonal relaying channels has already been defined as conferencing. The proposed scheme uses conferencing to consider a broadcast channel with user-cooperation, where mobile power is distributed among subcarriers. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves improved performance over the equal-power-allocation scheme on relay channels and the conventional broadcast scheme. These results are shown by considering the average throughput and the outage throughput.
Action Windows for Optimum Control of Rangeland Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Different assemblages of primary and secondary pest grasshopper species were found in 5 different rangeland plant communities in western North Dakota. The action window for their control (i.e., the interval when control is likely to be efficacious) with short-lived insecticides can be visualized in terms of time, grasshopper phenology, or plant phenology. Action windows ranged from 14 d duration in habitats dominated by western wheatgrass to 38 d duration in habitats dominated by needle-and-thread or by crested wheatgrass. Action windows opened 11–15 d later in rhizominous grass habitats than in bunchgrass habitats because of increased presence of late-hatching secondary pest species. In all habitat types, action windows closed primarily in response to imminent oviposition by a ubiquitous primary pest species, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.). In all habitat types, action windows tended to open during seed development of 2 common and conspicuous grasses, needle-and-thread and green needlegrass. No such consistent indicator for closure of action windows was detected.
Direct Marketing by Farmers

Direct marketing is a departure from the vertically integrated and private sector driven marketing that is fast becoming a feature in today’s agriculture, but it has marked advantages worth consideration.
The Ala54Thr Polymorphism of the Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 Gene Modulates HDL Cholesterol in Mexican-Americans with Type 2 Diabetes

The alanine to threonine amino acid substitution at codon 54 (Ala54Thr) of the intestinal fatty acid binding protein (FABP2) has been associated with elevated levels of insulin and blood glucose as well as with dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of this FABP2 polymorphism in Mexican-Americans with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the context of a three-month intervention to determine if the polymorphism differentially modulates selected clinical outcomes. For this study, we genotyped 43 participant samples and performed post-hoc outcome analysis of the profile changes in fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin, lipid panel and body composition, stratified by the Ala54Thr polymorphism. Our results show that the Thr54 allele carriers (those who were heterozygous or homozygous for the threonine-encoding allele) had lower HDL cholesterol and higher triglyceride levels at baseline compared to the Ala54 homozygotes (those who were homozygous for the alanine-encoding allele). Both groups made clinically important improvements in lipid profiles and glycemic control as a response to the intervention. Whereas the Ala54 homozygotes decreased HDL cholesterol in the context of an overall total cholesterol decrease, Thr54 allele carriers increased HDL cholesterol as part of an overall total cholesterol decrease. We conclude that the Ala54Thr polymorphism of FABP2 modulates HDL cholesterol in Mexican-Americans with T2D and that Thr54 allele carriers may be responsive in interventions that include dietary changes.
Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis: Basic and Clinical Aspects

Of the kidney-stone-forming population, 8–10 % are comprised of uric acid nephrolithiasis. The major pathophysiologic mechanism for uric acid stone formation is unduly acidic urine. At a urinary pH below 5.0, the concentration of sparingly soluble uric acid increases and promotes uric acid precipitation. Unduly acidic urine is likely due to decreased ammonium excretion and/or increased endogenous acid production. The underlying mechanism of these abnormalities has been linked to the metabolic syndrome but may also be associated with renal fat accumulation in the kidney (lipotoxicity). Although low urinary pH is necessary, it alone may not be sufficient to cause uric acid crystallization. Therefore, it is plausible that the lack of aninhibitoror the presence of apromoterof stone formation may play a role in uric acid nephrolithiasis.
The R-completion of a space

In this chapter we define, for every space X and (commutative) ring R, a functorial R-completion of X and prove some of its basic properties. We also show that there is a corresponding notion of fibre-wise R-completion.
Smoothened determines β-arrestin–mediated removal of the G protein–coupled receptor Gpr161 from the primary cilium

Dynamic changes in membrane protein composition of the primary cilium are central to development and homeostasis, but we know little about mechanisms regulating membrane protein flux. Stimulation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway in vertebrates results in accumulation and activation of the effector Smoothened within cilia and concomitant disappearance of a negative regulator, the orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), Gpr161. Here, we describe a two-step process determining removal of Gpr161 from cilia. The first step involves β-arrestin recruitment by the signaling competent receptor, which is facilitated by the GPCR kinase Grk2. An essential factor here is the ciliary trafficking and activation of Smoothened, which by increasing Gpr161-β-arrestin binding promotes Gpr161 removal, both during resting conditions and upon Shh pathway activation. The second step involves clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which functions outside of the ciliary compartment in coordinating Gpr161 removal. Mechanisms determining dynamic compartmentalization of Gpr161 in cilia define a new paradigm for down-regulation of GPCRs during developmental signaling from a specialized subcellular compartment.
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCE VARIATION AMONG NATURAL POPULATIONS OF THE TRINIDAD GUPPY, POECILIA RETICULATA

Guppies were sampled from eight populations representing four river drainage basins in northern Trinidad, and from one population on the nearby island of Tobago. For each individual, a 465 base pair (bp) segment of the control region of the mitochondrial genome was sequenced. The resulting DNA sequences were subjected to sequence divergence calculations and the popu- lations were linked by maximum parsimony analysis to determine their phylogenetic relation- ships. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation was found both within and between river drainages, correlated with the geographic features of northern Trinidad. The variation observed exists primarily between drainages, particularly between the Oropuche drainage and all other Trinidad drainages examined. Estimates of time of divergence between guppy populations of different drainages, based on mtDNA sequence variation, ranged from 100,000 to 200,000 for the most recently separated populations and from 600,000 to 1.2 million years between the Oropuche populations and all others examined. Examination of fish from northeastern South America will be required to determine whether these populations differentiated in their present locations or were the result of separate invasions of Trinidad from different Venezuelan sources. However, genetic isolation of these populations appears to predate the current physical separation of the island of Trinidad from the Venezuelan mainland.
133. Relationships between hair cortisol and marital status in female veterans

Hair cortisol is thought to represent long-term activation of the HPA axis. An increasing body of research has used hair cortisol in research on disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder, and depression, as well as in individuals who are unemployed or working night shift. This research examined a sample of 52 female veterans, collecting demographic information such as marital and employment status, as well as psychosocial factors such as PTSD, depression, anxiety, and pain. The mean hair cortisol level was 27.46 pg/mg. Results include a significantly lower hair cortisol in single women veterans compared to veterans who were married currently or at some point in time (t = −2.734, p = .009). In addition, married women had lower plasma IFN-gamma levels (t = 2.61 p = .013). Finally, single women were shown to drink less alcohol than married veterans (t = 2.01, p = .05). Current analysis suggests a trend in lower hair cortisol in women with higher PTSD scores. In the military, there is a high incidence of divorce and marriage difficulties. With these difficulties there may be an increase in chronic stress and alterations in the HPA axis and immunity.
Assumption of Internet of Things Applied in Electric Vehicle Charging Facilities

The principle and three-level system architecture of internet of things are introduced,focusing on the description of radio frequency identification(RFID)technology which plays an important role in internet of things.Specific application of the internet of things in electric vehicle charging facilities is discussed.Assumptions of internet of things applied in electric vehicle about charging facilities scheduling,monitoring,metering and billing,charging equipment asset management are given. Finally,the key issues of the internet of things applied in charging facilities are discussed and the solutions are proposed.
Cardiovascular MRI with ferumoxytol

The practice of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CEMRA) has changed significantly in the span of a decade. Concerns regarding gadolinium (Gd)-associated nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in those with severely impaired renal function spurred developments in low-dose CEMRA and non-contrast MRA as well as efforts to seek alternative MR contrast agents. Originally developed for MR imaging use, ferumoxytol (an ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle), is currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in adults with renal disease. Since its clinical availability in 2009, there has been rising interest in the scientific and clinical use of ferumoxytol as an MR contrast agent. The unique physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of ferumoxytol, including its long intravascular half-life and high r1 relaxivity, support a spectrum of MRI applications beyond the scope of Gd-based contrast agents. Moreover, whereas Gd is not found in biological systems, iron is essential for normal metabolism, and nutritional iron deficiency poses major public health challenges worldwide. Once the carbohydrate shell of ferumoxytol is degraded, the elemental iron at its core is incorporated into the reticuloendothelial system. These considerations position ferumoxytol as a potential game changer in the field of CEMRA and MRI. In this paper, we aim to summarise our experience with the cardiovascular applications of ferumoxytol and provide a brief synopsis of ongoing investigations on ferumoxytol-enhanced MR applications.
Eliminating Zero Tolerance Policies in Schools: Miami-Dade Public School's Approach

The United States has the highest prison population rate in the world. As a result, taxpayers spend over several billion dollars a year on prison costs. At a time where the United States has the highest incarceration rate and the highest amount of debt in history, saving money by reducing the prison population should be one of the highest priorities of U.S. citizens. More importantly, despite the fact that the U.S. Criminal Justice System is “race neutral,” racial minorities represent a disproportionately higher rate of the United States prison population despite the fact that they represent only a small fraction of the U.S.Many prison systems as well as schools use zero-tolerance policies. Zero-tolerance policies are a popular feature of the United States Criminal Justice System and school discipline. Zero-tolerance policies in schools result in high suspension rates and expulsion rates among students in general, but disproportionately affect minority students, especially African-Americans because students who have been suspended or expelled are more likely than not to end up in the Criminal Justice System. As a result, zero-tolerance policies have created a pipeline from school to prison. To save money by decreasing the prison population and to stop the disparate impact of minorities, school systems should eliminate zero-tolerance policies from school discipline.Adopting Critical Race Theory, this Article offers insight into the causes of racial inequality in America in general and in schools specifically. Adopting Restorative Justice Theory, this Article also argues that alternatives to zero-tolerance policies are more sufficient disciplinary policies than zero-tolerance policies. In this Article, I will examine the alternative disciplinary policies that the Miami-Dade County Public School District (MDCPS) has adopted as a potential model for other school districts. After adopting alternatives to school discipline, Miami-Dade County reduced school-related arrests, expulsions, and suspensions. Schools can not only play their part in reducing discrimination, but schools can also play their part in reducing U.S. debt by eliminating zero-tolerance policies, which will shut off the School-to-Prison Pipeline.
The Case of Osama bin Laden

The book now turns to the details of the Osama bin Laden case itself. His life and relevant background details are reviewed, particularly his role in the formation in, and, at the time of his death, his on-going leadership of al-Qaeda. After establishing his background culpability for unjust threats, the raid undertaken by the United States to kill bin Laden is carefully reviewed in detail. The various discrepancies about the raid from among the competing accounts are canvassed and discussed. The resulting picture of the event that we can have the most confidence in is presented, with the aim of including all morally relevant details that could pertain to the possibility of bin Laden’s liability.
Versetzungsanordnungen in α-Messing

Die bekannte Beobachtung, das sich Fremdatome an Versetzungen anlagern, wurde benutzt, um Versetzungsanordnungen in gedehntem α-Messing sichtbar zu machen. Einkristalle der Zusammensetzung 69,4% Cu, 30% Zn und 0,6% Cd wurden zwischen 0,5% und 5% gedehnt, fur zwei Stunden auf eine Temperatur von 200° C gebracht und anschliesend in einem verdunnten Phosphorsaurebad elektrolytisch geatzt. Negative Siliciummonoxyd-Abdrucke ermoglichten die Untersuchung von Versetzungsanordnungen uber relativ grose Bereiche hinweg. Besonders auffallig waren Versetzungsgruppen, in denen Versetzungen gegen Hindernisse aufgestaut worden waren. Ein Vergleich zwischen experimentellen und theoretisch berechneten gegenseitigen Abstanden von Versetzungen ergab gute Ubereinstimmung fur isolierte Gruppen, wahrend Gruppen in Gleitbundeln erheblich kompliziertere Anordnungen zeigten, was auf die Wechselwirkungen zwischen benachbarten Versetzungsgruppen zuruckgefuhrt werden konnte.
The ‘Sadlerian School’: a Defence of Protectionist, Paternalist Ideals

Sadler’s parliamentary career began in 1829 and ended with the passing of the first Reform Act in 1832. Under the patronage of the ultra-Tory Duke of Newcastle, he was elected to Newark in 1829 and 1830 and to Aldborough in 1831. In that short period of time, he rapidly emerged as one of the leading (and for some the leading) high-Tory paternalist in the House of Commons. By 1830, his brand of Tory paternalism was distinct enough for contemporaries to speak of ‘the Sadlerian School’, and to identify protectionism and state interventionism as key characteristics. The notion of state responsibility became increasingly important to Sadler’s paternal social outlook after he entered parliament. Three phases can be discerned in the evolution of his thinking during that period, which advanced from a vague, intuitive and essentially old–fashioned belief in the value of hierarchical responsibility and protection when he first entered parliament, to a growing awareness of the responsibilities of government in his advocacy of compulsory relief for Ireland and state assistance for agricultural labourers, and culminated in a positively interventionist idea of the state in his campaign for a regulated factory system.
Using Appellate Decisions to Evaluate the Impact of Judicial Elections

We investigate judicial election's impact on criminal case handling. Data from appeals of felony convictions in New York state are used to measure the accuracy of lower court outcomes. We also account for judicial election pressures and career paths. A theoretical model is developed where to guide the empirical analysis judges face a trade-off between exerting time and effort in criminal and civil cases. We show that during a re-election campaign, when the importance of good decision making in both types of cases is heightened, if the civil case outcomes are sufficiently more important, then error rates in criminal cases can increase. This effect is reversed for those who have a greater intrinsic interest in criminal justice. Results from the empirical analysis conform to the hypotheses derived from the theoretical model. Convictions that occur during the judge's re-election campaign are less likely to be upheld if appealed. The effect is concentrated in those who did not previously work in a prosecutor's office. In fact, judges who are former prosecutors experience higher affirmation rates with an additional escalation in success when up for re-election. We also differentiate judges who handle more civil cases and show that re-election distortions are greater. Finally, we also consider those who receive greater campaign support from special interest groups. Those who receive financial support have reduced accuracy. These additional results are consistent with the theory that it is the trade-off between criminal and civil cases that is driving decision making. Our results suggest that the criminal justice system is impacted by the interaction between a judge's characteristics and re-election incentives.
Comparative evaluation of phosphorus accumulation and partitioning in seeds of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

There is an increasing attention towards common bean due to its health benefits, prevention to human diseases and as ingredient for functional or fortified foods. Phosphorus, an essential element for plant growth, is mainly stored in seeds as phytic acid (Phy). Phy is negatively associated with mineral bioavailability, but, at the same time, is a natural antioxidant. Accumulation and partitioning of phosphorus were analysed in seeds of ten Italian common bean landraces for three subsequent growing seasons. Some important seed quality traits were also evaluated. For comparative purposes, the landrace harvests of two growing locations were analysed. A wide variation of total and phytic phosphorus contents was recorded among the landraces. Moreover, P accumulation and partitioning between Phy and inorganic P, as well as seed quality traits, resulted strongly affected by growing location. Statistically significant increases of Phy levels were recorded for harvests obtained outside the traditional area of cultivation. These results highlight how the cultivation of a landrace outside of its traditional area will appreciably affect harvest quality.
Common sense principles governing potable water recycling in the southwestern US: Examining subjectivity of water stewards using Q methodology

Abstract The potential to supplement potable water supplies with highly treated municipal wastewater, or sewage, is of increasing interest to water planners in many parts of the world. Most of the current social science focuses on public acceptance, however there is a relative lack of research that explores the subjectivity of people who are involved with water recycling or water planning. This study draws on Gramscian theories of governance and Q Methodology to analyze common sense principles that are held by water stewards who currently govern potable water reuse in the southwestern United States. Two competing perspectives emerged from the analyses, which I label neosanitarian and ecosanitarian. Drawing upon tenets established in the Progressive Era, neosanitarians believe that use of recycled water is an appropriate way to expand urban drinking water supplies. Drawing upon tenets established in ecology, ecosanitarians are not opposed to potable water recycling, however they are also interested in radical alternatives to the sanitary status quo. For example, neosanitarians favor advanced wastewater treatment, while ecosanitarians prefer composting toilets and preventative actions. Differences between the common sense views pivot on ideas about the most appropriate technology but also reflect contested visions of ideal society.