cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Responses of cetaceans to anthropogenic noise

1 Since the last thorough review of the effects of anthropogenic noise on cetaceans in 1995, a substantial number of research reports has been published and our ability to document response(s), or the lack thereof, has improved. While rigorous measurement of responses remains important, there is an increased need to interpret observed actions in the context of population-level consequences and acceptable exposure levels. There has been little change in the sources of noise, with the notable addition of noise from wind farms and novel acoustic deterrent and harassment devices (ADDs/AHDs). Overall, the noise sources of primary concern are ships, seismic exploration, sonars of all types and some AHDs. 2 Responses to noise fall into three main categories: behavioural, acoustic and physiological. We reviewed reports of the first two exhaustively, reviewing all peer-reviewed literature since 1995 with exceptions only for emerging subjects. Furthermore, we fully review only those studies for which received sound characteristics (amplitude and frequency) are reported, because interpreting what elicits responses or lack of responses is impossible without this exposure information. Behavioural responses include changes in surfacing, diving and heading patterns. Acoustic responses include changes in type or timing of vocalizations relative to the noise source. For physiological responses we address the issues of auditory threshold shifts and ‘stress’, albeit in a more limited capacity; a thorough review of physiological consequences is beyond the scope of this paper. 3 Overall, we found significant progress in the documentation of responses of cetaceans to various noise sources. However, we are concerned about the lack of investigation into the potential effects of prevalent noise sources such as commercial sonars, depth finders and fisheries acoustics gear. Furthermore, we were surprised at the number of experiments that failed to report any information about the sound exposure experienced by their experimental subjects. Conducting experiments with cetaceans is challenging and opportunities are limited, so use of the latter should be maximized and include rigorous measurements and or modelling of exposure.
Bermuda and Appalachian-Labrador rises: Common non-hotspot processes?

Other than the Corner Rise-New England seamounts and associated White Mountains, most postbreakup intraplate igneous activity and topographic uplift in the western North Atlantic and eastern North America do not readily conform to simple hotspot models. For example, the Bermuda Rise trends normal to its predicted hotspot trace. On continental crust, Cretaceous-Eocene igneous activity is scattered along a northeast-trending belt ∼500-1000 km west of and paralleling the continent-ocean boundary. Corresponding activity in the western Atlantic generated seamounts preferentially clustered in a belt ∼1000 km east of the boundary. The Eocene volcanism on Bermuda is paired with coeval magmatism of the Shenandoah igneous province, and both magmatic belts are associated with northeast-trending topographic bulges—the Appalachian-Labrador Rise to the west and the Bermuda Rise (Eocene?) to the east. The above observations suggest the existence of paired asthenosphere upwelling, paralleling and controlled by the deep thermal contrast across the northeast-trending continental margin. Such convection geometry, apparently fixed to the North American plate rather than to hotspots, is consistent with recent convection models by B. Hager. The additional importance of plate-kinematic reorganizations (causing midplate stress enhancement) is suggested by episodic igneous activity ca. 90-100 Ma and 40-45 Ma.
Indices of parr-smolt transformation in juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) undergoing volitional release at Cole Rivers Hatchery, Oregon

Abstract Changes in common indices of parr-smolt transformation were compared with the timing of outmigration of juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) from Cole Rivers Hatchery on the Rogue River, Oregon. Migration from the raceways reached a maximum on 9 May in 1981 and 25 April in 1982. Condition factors reached minima at about these times and were lower in migrant fish than in non-migrants. Numbers of fish with silver coloration became maximal before the time of maximum migration. Nearly 80% of the migrating fish were entirely silvery (smolts) throughout the migration period, suggesting that silvering was associated with the migration process. Gill (Na+K)-ATPase activity reached a peak in non-migrant fish nearly 2 weeks before a peak in migrant fish was reached. Neither silvering nor gill (Na+K)-ATPase activity correlated well with maximum migration. Plasma thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) levels were lower in migrant fish than in non-migrant fish. Results suggested a number of physiological changes which occur in steelhead trout in the spring do not occur coincident with the onset of migration tendency.
Purification and properties of rat prolactin.

Prolactin was isolated from fresh, whole rat pituitary glands by the following procedure: 1) sequential extraction to remove other hormones, 2) extraction of prolactin with 60% ethanol at pH 9.5 and precipitation with 80% ethanol at pH 6, 3) filtration on Sephadex G-100 at pH 9, and 4) chromatography on DEAE-cellulose with gradient elution at pH 8. The yield was about 1 mg/g of glands at a potency of 28 IU/mg by the local crop assay and 11 IU by the systemic assay. The preparation was 95% homogeneous by electrofocusing in 2M urea and showed a pI =5.46. Analysis by sedimentationequilibrium gave a mol wt of 21,600. Best- analysis of the amino acid composition gave mol wt of 22,500; only 2 residues of methionine were present. Leucine constituted the amino terminus. Immunodiffusion showed that antiserum to rat prolactin cross-reacted strongly with hamster and weakly with mouse pituitary extracts, but not with extracts from pigeon, pig, or guinea pig. Complement fixation was absent when antiserum to rat prolac...
Boussinesq modeling of longshore currents

[1] A time domain Boussinesq model for nearshore hydrodynamics is improved to obtain the conservation of vertical vorticity correct to second order and extended for use on an open coast using longshore periodic boundary conditions. The model is utilized to simulate surface waves and longshore currents under laboratory and field conditions. Satisfactory agreement is found between numerical results and measurements, including root mean square wave height, mean water level, and longshore current. One striking result of the simulations is the prediction of the strong longshore current in the trough shoreward of the bar as observed during the Duck Experiment on Low-frequency and Incident-band Longshore and Across-shore Hydrodynamics field campaign. The model results give insight into the spatial and temporal variability of wave-driven longshore currents and the associated vertical vorticity field under the phase-resolving, random wave forcing with wave/current interaction. Numerical experiments are carried out to examine the response of the modeled longshore currents to the randomness of surface waves and the cross-shore distributions of bed shear stress coefficient. We find that both regular and irregular waves lead to very similar mean longshore currents, while the input of monochromatic, unidirectional waves results in much more energetic shear waves than does the input of random waves. The model results favor Whitford and Thornton's [1996] finding that the bed shear stress coefficient for the area offshore the bar is larger than that in the trough, as better agreement with the field data for both regular and irregular waves is found if such coefficients are used in the Boussinesq model.
The Dense Linear Ordering Principle

Let DO denote the principle: Every infinite set has a dense linear ordering. DO is compared to other ordering principles such as O, the Linear Ordering principle, KW, the Kinna-Wagner Principle, and PI, the Prime Ideal Theorem, in ZF, Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory without AC, the Axiom of Choice. The main result is: Theorem. AC ⇒ KW ⇒ DO ⇒ O, and none of the implications is reversible in ZF + PI. The first and third implications and their irreversibilities were known. The middle one is new. Along the way other results of interest are established. O, while not quite implying DO, does imply that every set differs finitely from a densely ordered set. The independence result for ZF is reduced to one for Fraenkel-Mostowski models by showing that DO falls into two of the known classes of statements automatically transferable from Fraenkel-Mostowski to ZF models. Finally, the proof of PI in the Fraenkel-Mostowski model leads naturally to versions of the Ramsey and Ehrenfeucht-Mostowski theorems involving sets that are both ordered and colored.
Using Janzen–Connell to predict the consequences of defaunation and other disturbances of tropical forests

The Janzen–Connell (J–C) model of tropical tree recruitment and diversity has come of age and can now be applied to predict the consequences of defaunation and other disturbances. J–C describes a process of recruitment at a distance that results from spatially varying rates of seed dispersal and subsequent survival. The per-capita success of seeds is low under reproductive conspecifics where propagules are killed by host restricted enemies (seed predators, herbivores and pathogens). Undispersed seeds consequently experience negligible success, whereas dispersed seeds benefit from escape from enemies. At our site in Amazonian Peru, a scant rain of dispersed seeds (<1/m2-yr for common species) gives rise to a low density of seedlings (ca. 5 m2), suggesting that intracohort interactions (density dependence, competition) are weak. Defaunation and other disturbances distort or curtail the vital processes of dispersal and propagule survival. Seed dispersal is most vulnerable to hunting and other disturbances because it is disproportionately carried out by large-bodied birds and mammals that are selectively harvested by hunters or that disappear from fragments. Reduced dispersal leads more or less directly to reduced recruitment. In contrast, compensatory adjustments to missing seed predators appear to be common. Thus the escape process of J–C is more resilient to distortions in the large vertebrate community than is seed dispersal. These principles appear to be robust and can be employed to predict the consequences of defaunation and other kinds of disturbances to tropical forests.
Lipoblastoma: better termed infantile lipoma?

Lipoblastoma is a rare adipose tumor occurring exclusively in childhood. There have been no reports of metastases, making the designation “blastoma” confusing, since this term is usually reserved for malignant tumors. Two recent cases treated at our institution confirm its benign nature. In addition, a review of the literature supports the idea that the tumor may more accurately be described as an “infantile lipoma”. Infantile lipoma better reflects many of the tumor's characteristics such as, its early occurrence, it's ability to mature into a simple lipoma, it's cellular composition of mainly mature adipocytes, and its benign course. Although lipoblastoma is an uncommonly encountered tumor, making an effort to change its name to infantile lipoma will result in a more a accurate term that will facilitate treatment.
Early growth of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) on rehabilitated bauxite minesites in south-west Australia

Summary The development of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) from direct seeding and the growth of jarrah planted as seedlings, in response to a number of rehabilitation treatments, were investigated on bauxite minesites in south-west Australia. Seedlings in these experiments grew faster than young jarrah in unmined forest. Sixty three percent of the jarrah established from seed had developed into saplings with a mean height of 3.28m after 55 months. Sixty six percent of the jarrah planted as seedlings had developed into saplings with a mean height of 3.07m after 47 months. Most of the jarrah displayed good form with 58% of seeded jarrah and 44% of planted jarrah, which were 3m or taller, having only one stem to a height of 2m. Tree heights, the proportion of plants that developed into saplings, and the proportion of trees with more than one stem increased in treatments which increased the amount of resources available to the trees or decreased competition, such as applying diammonium phosphate,...
Oxidation and reforming reactions of CH4 on a stepped Pt(5 5 7) single crystal

Abstract The oxidation and reforming kinetics of methane by O 2 , CO 2 and H 2 O were studied on a stepped Pt(5 5 7) single crystal from 623 to 1050 K under methane rich conditions. The rate of carbon deposition was followed by ex-situ Auger electron spectroscopy under non-oxidative conditions. The apparent activation energy for methane decomposition was significantly lower than the apparent barriers measured for both total oxidation, CO 2 and H 2 O reforming. Total oxidation of methane to CO 2 and H 2 O followed by combined dry and steam reforming (combined combustion-reforming) led to CO production rates which were higher than direct CO 2 or H 2 O reforming rates. The enhanced rates are most likely due to the ability of adsorbed oxygen to prevent carbon nucleation and/or scavenge carbon enabling the reforming reaction to turnover on a larger fraction of sites. Comparable amounts of carbon were found by Auger electron spectroscopy measurements after both direct dry or steam reforming, while combined oxidation-reforming had considerable less carbon. During direct dry or steam reforming, CO 2 and H 2 O serve only to scavenge adsorbed atomic carbon, while in the presence of oxygen, carbon is removed by both combustion and reforming routes.
Organismic sets: II. Some general considerations

The theory of organismic sets, developed in previous papers (Bull. Math. Biophysics,29, 139–152; 389–393; 643–647) is further generalized. To conform better with some biological and sociological facts the basic definitions are made more general. The conclusion is reached that every organismic setSo is in general the union of three disjoined subsetsSo1,So2 andSo3. Of these the subsetSo1, called the “core” is equivalent to an organismic set defined in previous publications. Its functioning is essential for the functioning ofSo. The subsetsSo2 andSo3, taken alone, are not organismic sets. The first of them is responsible for such biological or sociological functions which are not necessary for the “immediate” survival ofSo but which are important for adaptation to changing environment and are therefore essential for a “long range survival.” The second one,So3, is responsible for biological or social functions which are irrelevant for the survival ofSo. Biological and sociological examples ofSo2 andSo3 are given. In addition to the fundamental theorem established in the first of the above mentioned papers, three new conclusions are derived. One is that in organismic sets of order higher than zero not all elements are specialized. The second is that every organismic set of order higher than zero is mortal. The third is that with increasing specialization the intensities of some activities in some elements ofSo are reduced. Again the biological and sociological examples are given.
Late-gestation tracheal occlusion in the fetal lamb causes rapid lung growth with type II cell preservation.

Background. Fetal tracheal occlusion (TO) results in varying degrees of lung growth. This study examines whether gestational age influences lung growth response following TO. Materials and methods. Fetal lambs (term = 145 days) underwent TO early (108 days, n = 6) or late (122 days, n = 6) in gestation. Aspirated lung fluid volume (LFV) and intratracheal pressure (ITP) were recorded daily. Two weeks after TO, the fetuses were sacrificed. Lung growth was assessed by lung weight and stereologic volumetry. Type II cellular density was assessed by computer-assisted morphometry using antisurfactant protein B antibody. Results. After early TO, ITP remained below 2 mm Hg for all but one of the first 5 days. In late TO, ITP rose to 4.8 ± 1.7 mm Hg by Day 1 and remained elevated. LFV remained lower after early than after late TO (P < 0.05) for 8 days. Thereafter, pressure and volume reached similar levels in both TO groups; both were significantly higher than their respective controls (P < 0.05). Parenchymal fraction (1 − air-space fraction) was significantly smaller after late TO (22.8 ± 1.2%) than after early TO (31.3 ± 0.5%). Type II density was 38.0 ± 12.4 × 106/mL after early TO and 84.0 ± 24.3 × 106/mL in control (P < 0.05); the difference between late TO and control was not significant. Conclusions. Late tracheal occlusion in fetal lambs caused more rapid lung growth than earlier TO, although ultimate lung size was similar in both groups. Late TO also resulted in greater air-space fraction and better preservation of the type II cell population than early TO. Late-gestation tracheal occlusion may therefore be preferable to prolonged occlusion initiated earlier.
Sequence of the human insulin gene

The human insulin gene contains two intervening sequences, one is within the region transcribed into the 5'-untranslated segment of the mRNA and the other interrupts the C-peptide encoding region. A comparison of the human with the rat insulin genes indicates potential regulatory regions in the DNA segment preceding the gene and suggests that the ancestral form of the insulin gene had two intervening sequences.
Serum lipid changes during contraceptive administration in obese women: relation to serum insulin levels.

Previous reports agree that estrogen and estrogen-containing contraceptives increase serum triglyceride levels of normal women, but disagree on their effect on serum cholesterol levels. Since obesity is often accompanied by hyperinsulinemia and since hyperinsulinemia may participate in the production of hypertriglyceridemia, we investigated the effect of oral contraceptives onthe serum lipids of obese women. Serum triglycerides and cholesterol were measured before and after 3 months administration of the contraceptives. The mean triglyceride level increased 23%in the obese and 21% in the normal women. The mean cholesterol level increased 6% (P < 0.05) in the obese and did not change in the normal women. The increase in cholesterol occurred mostly in those with initial levels less than 225 mg/100 ml; in those with initial levels above 250 mg/100 ml the level usually decreased with treatment. The serum lipid changes were not related to the serum insulin levels.
Discrete Green’s Function Measurements in Internal Flows

The discrete Green's function (DGF) for convective heat transfer was measured in a fully developed, turbulent pipe flow to test a new technique for simple heat transfer measurement. The 10×10 inverse DGF, G -1 , was measured with an element length of approximately one pipe diameter and Reynolds numbers from 30,000 to 100,000 and compared to numerical predictions using a parabolic flow solver called STANTUBE. The advantages of using the DGF method over traditional heat transfer coefficients in predicting the thermal response for flows with nonuniform thermal boundary conditions are also demonstrated.
Optical coherence tomography: advanced technology for the endoscopic imaging of Barrett's esophagus.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging medical technology capable of generating high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of tissue microstructure in situ and in real time. We assess the use and feasibility of OCT for real-time screening and diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus, and also review state-of-the-art OCT technology for endoscopic imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS OCT imaging was performed as an adjunct to endoscopic imaging of the human esophagus. Real-time OCT (13-microm resolution) was used to perform image-guided evaluation of normal esophagus and Barrett's esophagus. Beam delivery was accomplished with a 1-mm diameter OCT catheter-probe that can be introduced into the accessory channel of a standard endoscope. Different catheter-probe imaging designs which performed linear and radial scanning were assessed. Novel ultrahigh-resolution (1.1-microm resolution) and spectroscopic OCT techniques were used to image in vitro specimens of Barrett's esophagus. RESULTS Endoscopic OCT images revealed distinct layers of normal human esophagus extending from the epithelium to the muscularis propria. In contrast, the presence of gland- and crypt-like morphologies and the absence of layered structures were observed in Barrett's esophagus. All OCT images showed strong correlations with architectural morphology in histological findings. Ultrahigh-resolution OCT techniques achieved 1.1-microm image resolution in in vitro specimens and showed enhanced resolution of architectural features. Spectroscopic OCT identified localized regions of wavelength-dependent optical scattering, enhancing the differentiation of Barrett's esophagus. CONCLUSIONS OCT technology with compact fiberoptic imaging probes can be used as an adjunct to endoscopy for real-time image-guided evaluation of Barrett's esophagus. Linear and radial scan patterns have different advantages and limitations depending upon the application. Ultrahigh-resolution and spectroscopic OCT techniques improve structural tissue recognition and suggest future potential for resolution and contrast enhancements in clinical studies. A new balloon catheter-probe delivery device is proposed for systematic imaging and screening of the esophagus.
Preparation of 2,4‐diarylquinolines and substituted dihydrobenz‐[c]acridines by the condensation of certain c(α),o‐dilithiooximes with 2‐aminobenzophenones

C(α),O-Dilithiooximes were prepared in an excess of lithium diisopropylamide and condensed with several 2-aminobenzophenones, followed by acid hydrolysis of the oximes to the ketones, which then underwent cyclodehydration and linear dehydration to give substituted quinolines or dihydrobenz[c]acridines.
The Clouding of an Anionic Surfactant in Acid Solution: Mechanistic and Analytical Implications

The clouding of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in strongly acidic solutions has seen analytical use, but its mechanism has generally been misinterpreted. In the present work it was found that as SDS slowly hydrolyzes to form dodecanol, the solution passes through a series of compositions at which the aggregation of surfactant is promoted by nucleation onto traces of insoluble dodecanol. This occurred at concentrations well below the critical micelle concentration of SDS and resulted in mixed aggregates that grew to macroscopic size, giving the solution a cloudy appearance. The increasing dodecanol content eventually caused coalescence into a coacervate phase which evolved into a solid layer of dehydrated dodecanol. The process, which continued over an extended period, depended on the temperature and the concentration and type of acid used. The early stages of SDS aggregation were monitored through the I1/I3 ratio of pyrene fluorescence, which confirmed the existence of micelle-like aggregates at low surfactant concentration. The mixed SDS/dodecanol systems formed in acid hydrolysis were mimicked in neutral solution by combining the appropriate amounts of SDS, dodecanol, and NaCl. Clouding and the formation of a coacervate phase generally proceeded in a similar manner in these solutions.
Photopatterned materials in bioanalytical microfluidic technology.

Microfluidic technologies are playing an increasingly important role in biological inquiry. Sophisticated approaches to the microanalysis of biological specimens rely on the fine fluid and material control offered by microtechnology, as well as a sufficient capacity for systems integration. A suite of techniques that utilizes photopatterning of polymers on fluidic surfaces, within fluidic volumes and as primary device structures underpins recent technological innovation in bioanalysis. Well-characterized photopatterning approaches enable previously fabricated or commercially fabricated devices to be customized by the user in a straightforward manner, hence making the tools accessible to laboratories that do not focus on microfabrication technology innovation. In this review of recent advances, we summarize reported microfluidic devices with photopatterned structures and regions as platforms for a diverse set of biological measurements and assays.
Sex differences and genomics in autoimmune diseases

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are believed to be multifactorial diseases that commonly involve multiple organ systems. About three fourth of the patients afflicted with AIDs are women suggesting that sex differences impact the incidence of AID. However, the proportion of females to males suffering from AID varies depending on the disease. The response to some AID therapeutics also differs in females versus males, suggesting that enrollment of adequate numbers of women and men is important in clinical trials for development of AID drugs. It is known for a long time that genetic factors are important contributors to AID susceptibility. Currently available information suggests that multiple genes with modest association to AID contribute to susceptibility to AID. Also, the associations may differ for the various ethnicities. The major histocompatibility (MHC) locus appears to be a major genetic factor that confers susceptibility to multiple AIDs, even though the locus is complex and has the highest density of genes in the human genome. Thus, the association of different AIDs could be with different genes in the MHC locus. Among the non-MHC genes, some of the risk alleles are shared between different AIDs, but may not be common to all AIDs. For example, genetic polymorphisms in the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-22 (PTPN22) gene have reproducibly shown to have association with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Graves' disease (GD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS), but not with psoriasis. Identification of factors responsible for risk for developing AID and the of the pathways underlying these diseases are likely to help understand subsets of disease, identify responders to a specific treatment and develop better therapeutics for AID.
Knee dislocations with vascular injury: Outcomes in the Lower Extremity Assessment Project (LEAP) study

Objectives:The purpose of this study is to report the clinical and functional results of a cohort of patients with knee dislocations associated with vascular injury.Methods:Patients with knee dislocation and associated vascular injury were prospectively assessed for outcome of severe lower extremity
Black-White differences on IQ and grades : The mediating role of elementary cognitive tasks

Abstract The relationship between IQ scores and elementary cognitive task (ECT) performance is well established, with variance on each largely reflecting the general factor of intelligence, or g. Also ubiquitous are Black–White mean differences on IQ and measures of academic success, like grade point average (GPA). Given C. Spearman's (Spearman, C. (1927). The Abilities of Man. New York: Macmillan) hypothesis that group differences vary directly with a test's g loading, we explored whether ECT performance could mediate Black–White IQ and GPA differences. Undergraduates (139 White and 40 Black) completed the Wonderlic Personnel Test, followed by inspection time and choice reaction time ECTs. Despite restriction of range, ECT performance completely mediated Black–White differences on IQ (d = .45). Group differences on GPA (d = .73), however, were larger and ECT performance did not mediate them. We discuss findings in light of Spearman's hypothesis.
Regularization of hypersingular boundary integral equations: a new approach for axisymmetric elasticity

Abstract A hypersingular boundary integral equation (HBIE) formulation, for axisymmetric linear elasticity, has been recently presented by de Lacerda and Wrobel [Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 52 (2001) 1337]. The strongly singular and hypersingular equations in this formulation are regularized by de Lacerda and Wrobel by employing the singularity subtraction technique. The present paper revisits the same problem. The axisymmetric HBIE formulation for linear elasticity is interpreted here in a ‘finite part’ sense and is then regularized by employing a ‘complete exclusion zone’. The resulting regularized equations are shown to be simpler than those by de Lacerda and Wrobel.
A more accurate finite difference approach to the pricing of contingent claims

Numerical approximations of contingent claim partial differential equations (PDEs) are quickly becoming one of the most accepted techniques used in derivative security valuation. The most common methodology is the finite difference method (FDM). This procedure can be used as long as a well-posed PDE can be derived and therefore lends itself to contingent claims. The FDM requires prescribed conditions at the boundary. These boundary conditions are not readily available (at all boundaries) for most contingent claim PDEs. This study presents an accurate and computationally inexpensive method for providing these boundary conditions. These absorbing and adjusting boundary conditions when applied to the contingent claim PDEs presented in this study increased the accuracy of the FDM solution at relatively little cost.
Experimental Validation of Fluid Dynamic Numerical Models in Blood Pump Simulation

Heart disease affects millions of people each year. However, only a limited number of people benefit from a heart transplant due to the scarce supply of donor hearts. Ventricular assist devices (VADs) provide an alternative way to augment or replace the function of one or more chambers of a failing heart. Fluid dynamics in these devices plays a key role in their function and blood biocompatibility. Although current devices are more biocompatible than their forerunners, they still cause blood damage, such as hemolysis, platelet activation, thrombosis and embolization, which may result in serious clinical events and are directly related to fluid dynamics and artificial materials of these devices. Significant research efforts have been devoted to studying the device-blood interactions and minimizing these non-physiological fluid dynamic conditions to improve the functional characteristics and bio/hemo-compatibility of these medical devices.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Developmental Changes in Rabbit Juxtamedullary Proximal Convoluted Tubule Acidification

ABSTRACT: The transporters responsible for apical proton secretion were examined in neonatal and adult proximal convoluted tubules (PCT). Transporter activity was assayed from the rate of recovery of cell pH after cell acidification following exposure to NH4Cl. Cell pH was monitored in in vitro perfused tubules using the pH sensitive dye 2‘,7’-bis(carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein. Recovery from an acid load in adult PCT occurred at 0.52 ± 0.09 pH units/min in the presence of sodium and 0.25 ± 0.05 in the absence of sodium (p < 0.05). One mmol/L N-ethylmaleimide, an inhibitor of the H+-ATPase, inhibited the sodium-independent pH recovery from an acid load consistent with a H+-ATPase on the apical membrane. In neonatal PCT, recovery from an acid load was 0.39 ± 0.08 pH units/min in the presence of sodium and only 0.08 pH units/min in the absence of sodium (p < 0.05). Studies using 4 mmol/L luminal amiloride, an inhibitor of the Na+/H+ antiporter, were consistent with a larger fraction of pH recovery from an acid load in neonatal PCT being due to the Na+/H+ antiporter compared with adult PCT. Thus, maturation of the PCT involves an increase in activity of a sodium-independent proton secretory mechanism, presumably the H+-ATPase.
Genomic Organization and the 5′ Flanking Region of the γ Subunit of the Human Amiloride-sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channel *

The amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) complex is made up of at least three different subunits α, β, and γ, which are developmentally regulated, selectively expressed, and variously up-regulated by steroid hormones. To understand mechanisms involved in regulation of the γ subunit, we have determined the structure of the human γENaC gene. By 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends, primer extension analysis, and nuclease protection assay, we identified transcription start sites in human brain, kidney, and lung. A human genomic library was screened and overlapping cosmid clones that span ~50 kilobases and contain the hγENaC gene were identified. The 5′-untranslated region is 141 bases long, and the translation start codon is contained within the second exon. The human gene spans at least 35 kilobases. The 5′ end of the gene including portions of 5′ flanking genomic DNA and the first intron are G + C rich and contain several CpG dinucleotides, consistent with a CpG island. The 5′ flanking region contains no CCAAT or TATA-like elements but does contain two GC boxes as well as several putative transcription factor binding sites including AP-2, Sp1, CRE, PEA-3, and NF-IL6. This is the first description of the structural organization and the 5′ flanking region of a member of the epithelial sodium channel complex.
The nuts and bolts of physical synthesis

As technology scaling advances to the 45 and 32 nanometer nodes, more devices can fit onto a chip, which impliescontinued rapid design size growth. Naturally, it becomes increasingly challenging to achieve design closure on these enormous chips with tight performance and power constraints. Physical synthesis has emerged as a critical and powerful component of modern design methodologies to conquer such challenges. Starting from logic-level net list, physical synthesis creates a legally placed design while attempting to satisfy timing, power, and electrical constraints simultaneously. This paper briefly outlines the core components of physical synthesis timing closure and discusses some recent techniques that improve the solution quality and throughput of the physical synthesis process.
Drug binding and nucleotide hydrolyzability are essential requirements in the vanadate-induced inhibition of the human P-glycoprotein ATPase.

P-glycoprotein (Pgp) mediates drug transport utilizing the energy released from ATP hydrolysis. However, the mechanism by which Pgp couples these two reactions remains unclear. The present work is undertaken to describe kinetically the first step, which is the interdependence of nucleotide and drug binding to the Pgp by the use of vanadate. Preincubation of human Pgp expressed in Sf9 insect cells with vanadate in the presence of Mg2+, ATP, and verapamil resulted in nearly complete and stable inhibition of the drug-stimulated ATPase function. In contrast, the Pgp ATPase function was nearly unaffected when Mg2+, ATP, or verapamil was omitted. Inhibition was highly specific for divalent cations that support ATP hydrolysis, for nucleotides that serve as substrates of hydrolysis, and for those drugs/compounds that interact with the drug-binding/transport sites of the Pgp. Kinetic analysis indicated that vanadate inhibition was MgATP concentration-dependent with an apparent Ki value similar to the apparent Km, ...
Frank-Read sources within a continuum simulation

A continuum level simulation of dislocation dynamics has been developed and used to study the evolution of Frank-Read sources. The model is based on isotropic elasticity theory and includes the self-stress of the dislocations, as well as the dislocation-dislocation interactions. The critical stress of a Frank-Read source is calculated as a function of the source length. The simulations are used to study the strain produced by a Frank-Read source as a function of time. It is noted that the total area swept out by the source as a function of time t scales as t3. This scaling appears to hold for a linear dependence of the dislocation velocity on stress, as well as for a stress cubed dependence. It is noted that under some conditions, a subcritically stressed Frank-Read source may produce strain for a significant length of time before complete exhaustion of its motion.
A politeness analysis of Catullus’ polymetric poems: Can Leech's GSP cross the ancient–modern divide?

Abstract The author applies Geoffrey Leech's Grand Strategy of Politeness (GSP) to the Latin poetry of Catullus, with a view to determine whether Leech's theory is applicable across the chronological divide between Antiquity and Modernity. The language assessed is limited to “directive/impositive” speech acts and “commissives”, and the poetic volume is limited to the most salient and representative examples of (im)politeness found in Catullus’ polymetric poems (1–60). With Catullus being viewed in terms of the “implied author”, these examples are then assessed according to Leech's five scales for measuring appropriate degrees of politeness—vertical distance, horizontal distance, weight/value, strength of socially defined rights/obligations, and self-territory/other-territory—in order to isolate the variants of these scales, as they are found in Catullus, and the pragmalinguistic forms used to encode these variants. No one scale is found to be more determinative for politeness than another, but the importance of social class for informing politeness appears as a prominent variant in four out of the five scales. Although impoliteness manifests itself far more often than politeness, in almost all instances of impoliteness the motivation can be connected with the implied author's aim to entertain his literary audience. The article tentatively confirms the basic suitability of Leech's theory for assessing politeness usage in ancient literature.
Automatic discovery of similarity relationships through Web mining

This work demonstrates how the World Wide Web can be mined in a fully automated manner for discovering the semantic similarity relationships among the concepts surfaced during an electronic brainstorming session, and thus improving the accuracy of automated clustering meeting messages. Our novel Context Sensitive Similarity Discovery (CSSD) method takes advantage of the meeting context when selecting a subset of Web pages for data mining, and then conducts regular concept co-occurrence analysis within that subset. Our results have implications on reducing information overload in applications of text technologies such as email filtering, document retrieval, text summarization, and knowledge management.
Use of the Borrmann Effect to Produce Nearly Monoenergetic X Rays

The use of the Borrmann effect to produce nearly monoenergetic x rays is described. Both theoretical and experimental results are presented for the energy range from 15 to 55 keV. Peak shape, full-widths at half-maximum, and intensities are discussed. In addition, a brief description of a computer code for calculating the theoretical results is given.
Abstract B51: Tumor ER stress transmission to infiltrating myeloid cells in vivo require IRE1alpha and TLR4

The unfolded protein response (UPR) facilitates tumor outgrowth through evoking a variety of cell intrinsic processes that promote cancer survival, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. The UPR can be transmitted from stressed cancer cells to receiver myeloid cells in vitro through a process termed transmissible endoplasmic reticulum stress (TERS) in which receiver cells undergo a UPR and acquire tumor promoting pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-23) and immune-suppressive (Arg1) characteristics. Here, we confirmed that CD11b+ myeloid cells isolated from subcutaneous murine melanoma tumors in C57BL/6 mice display the TERS signature. In light of the fact that TERS signaling in myeloid receiver cells is partly TLR4-dependent, we interrogated subcutaneous tumors in TLR4 mice. We found that these tumors had delayed onset, reduced growth kinetics, and improved survival over tumors growing in wildtype mice. Most significantly, isolated CD11b+ cells from TLR4-/- tumors did not undergo a UPR nor upregulate inflammatory genes when compared to splenic controls, though, interestingly, still upregulated Arg1. Next, we probed individual signaling arms of the UPR in relation to TERS production. We utilized a panel of novel transgenic cell lines in which specific arms of the UPR can be conditionally activated and found that activated inositol requiring enzyme-1alpha (IRE1alpha) transmitted stress to myeloid cells. The remaining two UPR arms (PERK and ATF6) had little transmitting potential, if any. Bone marrow derived myeloid cells treated with TERS generated from IRE1alpha KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) had a markedly reduced UPR than those treated to wildtype MEF TERS. Subcutaneous tumors consisting of IRE1alpha KO TERS-conditioned myeloid dendritic cells and melanoma cancer cells had delayed onset and grew at reduced rate compared to tumor mixtures in which wildtype MEF TERS was used. Based on these data, we probed a patient melanoma for its co-localization of stress, myeloid infiltrate, and inflammation. Together, these data identify a novel signaling mechanism dependent on IRE1alpha and TLR4 used by stressed tumor cells to co-opt infiltrating myeloid cells to become tumor promoting. Citation Format: Jeffrey J. Rodvold, Nobuhiko Hiramatsu, Kevin T. Chiu, Navin R. Mahadevan, Jonathan Lin, Maurizio Zanetti. Tumor ER stress transmission to infiltrating myeloid cells in vivo require IRE1alpha and TLR4. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B51.
Problems encountered from the use (or misuse) of Rayleigh damping

Rayleigh damping is commonly used to provide a source of energy dissipation in analyses of structures responding to dynamic loads such as earthquake ground motions. In a finite element model, the Rayleigh damping matrix consists of a mass-proportional part and a stiffness-proportional part; the latter typically uses the initial linear stiffness matrix of the structure. Under certain conditions, for example, a non-linear analysis with softening non-linearity, the damping forces generated by such a matrix can become unrealistically large compared to the restoring forces, resulting in an analysis being unconservative. Potential problems are demonstrated in this paper through a series of examples. A remedy to these problems is proposed in which bounds are imposed on the damping forces. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Doubled Multiplexing in Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy

The use of a Chevron filter for the rejection of light at the 1064-nm excitation wavelength permits the simultaneous detection of Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman lines (doubled multiplexing). This enhances spectrometric and photometric accuracy and permits a measurement of the true vibrational temperature of the sample. Down to Raman shifts as low as 40 cm−1, near-IR Raman spectra recorded on an optimized Nicolet SXR 60 instrument are distinctly superior to previously reported spectra of similar samples recorded on FT or, more slowly, on dispersive instruments.
WARPlab: a flexible framework for rapid physical layer design

In this paper, we present WARPLab, a framework for the rapid prototyping and implementation of physical layer algorithms for wireless LANs. WARPLab is based on WARP, an FPGA-based, wireless experimental platform. We first give an overview of WARPLab and then present an example of a physical layer algorithm that we implemented on the framework for our work. We then discuss the features, limitations, and future modifications as they pertain to our research.
Causalgia, pathological pain, and adrenergic receptors.

Control of expression of molecular receptors for chemical messengers and modulation of these receptors’ activity are now established as ways to alter cellular reaction. This paper extends these mechanisms to the arena of pathological pain by presenting the hypothesis that increased expression of α-adrenergic receptors in primary afferent neurons is part of the etiology of pain in classical causalgia. It is argued that partial denervation by lesion of peripheral nerve or by tissue destruction induces a change in peripheral nociceptors, making them excitable by sympathetic activity and adrenergic substances. This excitation is mediated by α-adrenergic receptors and has a time course reminiscent of experimental denervation supersensitivity. The change in neuronal phenotype is demonstrable after lesions of mixed nerves or of the sympathetic postganglionic supply. Similar partial denervations also produce a substantial increase in the number of dorsal root ganglion neurons evidencing the presence of α-adrenergic receptors. The hypothesis proposes the increased presence of α-adrenergic receptors in primary afferent neurons to result from an altered gene expression triggered by cytokines/growth factors produced by disconnection of peripheral nerve fibers from their cell bodies. These additional adrenergic receptors are suggested to make nociceptors and other primary afferent neurons excitable by local or circulating norepinephrine and epinephrine. For central pathways, the adrenergic excitation would be equivalent to that produced by noxious events and would consequently evoke pain. In support, evidence is cited for a form of denervation supersensitivity in causalgia and for increased expression of human α-adrenergic receptors after loss of sympathetic activity.
Examining the evidence for exotic hadrons

I discuss the status of some of the newly discovered anomalies in the light hadron spectrum.
Intrinsically mixed states: an appreciation

Abstract An “intrinsically mixed” state is a mixed state of a system that is (in a sense to be elaborated) ‘orthogonal’ to every pure state of that system. Although the presence of such states in the quantum theories of infinite systems is well known to those who work with such theories, intrinsically mixed states are virtually unheralded in the philosophical literature. Rob Clifton was thoroughly familiar with intrinsically mixed states. I aim here to introduce them to a wider audience—and to encourage that audience to cultivate their acquaintance by suggesting that intrinsically mixed states undermine assumptions framing standard discussions of the quantum measurement problem.
Pullout and Direct Shear Testing of Geosynthetic Reinforcement: State-of-the-Art Report:

The frictional characteristics of a soil-geosynthetic interface can be determined by direct shear and pullout tests. The direct shear test is commonly conducted according to ASTM standard D5321. However, at present there is no ASTM method for pullout testing of geosynthetics. During the past 10 years different researchers have obtained a wealth of information from direct shear and pullout tests of geosynthetics. A critical analysis of direct shear and pullout tests and an evaluation of the effects of fundamental material and testing parameters on test results are presented.
Precipitating factor for aggregated gamma-globulins in normal human sera.

SERA of patients with rheumatoid arthritis often form a precipitate when mixed with aggregated γ-globulins1. The precipitate consists of a 19 S γ-globulin (‘rheumatoid factor’), variable amounts of 7 S γ-globulin and more rapidly sedimenting aggregates of γ-globulin2. The latter are known to be anti-complementary3. While studying a test for rheumatoid arthritis4, it was found that normal human sera also form a precipitate with aggregated γ-globulins, although more slowly and less abundantly.