cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postnatal Mouse Heart and Lung Lysosome RNAase Levels in Response to Air Pollutants

For some time we have been studying the response of cell culture systems to air samples from regions of strikingly different air quality. The high air pollution site (SHU) is located in So. Orange, New Jersey about 20 km from New York City. It is within 5 km of three major highways linking the New Jersey-New York metropolitan area with the Philadelphia region. There are at least 10 million inhabitants within a 50 km radius of SHU. It is at an elevation of about 30 meters and about 30 km from the Atlantic ocean. Some higher elevation is found 100–150 km to the northwest but it is an ineffective barrier to air trajectory pollution from the industrialized regions to the west1,2. The low air pollution site (BW-LAB) is in the Adirondack mountains of northern New York State about 50 km from the nearest express highway linking New York City with Montreal. It is in a valley of about 300 m elevation surrounded by peaks ranging from 1,000–1,600 m which tend to divert western pollution plumes3. It is in Wilmington, population of 800. Since our results had shown detrimental effects on normal cells4,5 we thought it useful to include animal systems for study. The use of lysosome response in cell pathology has been thoroughly documented since the early work of Allison on carcinogen uptake by lysosomes6 and because our cell culture studies had indicated lysosome changes we decided to focus on lysosome enzyme changes in selected organs of mice born in the two regions.
THE PROPORTION OF CORE SPECIES IN A COMMUNITY VARIES WITH SPATIAL SCALE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HETEROGENEITY

Ecological communities are composed of a combination of core species that maintain local viable populations and transient species that occur infrequently due to dispersal from surrounding regions. Preliminary work indicates that while core and transient species are both commonly observed in community surveys of a wide range of taxonomic groups, their relative prevalence varies substantially from one community to another depending upon the spatial scale at which the community was characterized and its environmental context. We used a geographically extensive dataset of 968 bird community time series to quantitatively describe how the proportion of core species in a community varies with spatial scale and environmental heterogeneity. We found that the proportion of core species in an assemblage increased with spatial scale in a positive decelerating fashion with a concomitant decrease in the proportion of transient species. Variation in the shape of this scaling relationship between sites was related to regional environmental heterogeneity, with lower proportions of core species at a given scale associated with high environmental heterogeneity. Understanding this influence of scale and environmental heterogeneity on the proportion of core species may help resolve discrepancies between studies of biotic interactions, resource availability, and mass effects conducted at different scales, because the importance of these and other ecological processes are expected to differ substantially between core and transient species.
Capturing the Korean Facts

In this chapter, I examine how the decompositional split-DP analysis presented in Chap. 4 fares with Korean, a language whose N modifiers have not been much studied in a formal framework. Our examination shows that the proposed analysis captures several important aspects of N modification phenomena in Korean, yet it falls short of capturing certain adjective ordering restrictions (AORs) attested by the language. To resolve these issues, I propose an output-based filtering device within an optimality theoretic framework and show how doing so yields results that adopting a derivational approach alone cannot. In this context, I answer two outstanding questions raised in Chap. 3, namely, what governs the ordering of RCs inside the same nominal in Korean and why in Korean, occurring immediately after the distal demonstrative (DEM) ku may allow an N modifier to occur preceding a more complex N modifier in apparent violation of weight-based AORs.
Relationships between barbell squat strength and weightlifting performance

Weightlifters compete in the snatch, clean and jerk, and total (snatch + clean and jerk). Commonly used assistance exercises for training weightlifters are front barbell squats and back barbell squ...
A Natural Language Interface Supporting Complex Logic Questions for Relational Databases

Natural Language Interface to Databases (NLIDB) systems accept questions in any supported natural language (i.e English) and allow users to interrogate a database. Users can access and derive information from a relational database without requirement for knowledge of database language. In this paper we introduced an NLIDB system which not only supports simple logic questions but also attempts to understand and resolve complex logic ones. The system is also equipped with a Natural Language Generation module to generate human-like description for given queries to help users to understand how a query processed and assess the correctness of the result returned. Experiment results show that our system can handle some types of complex logic questions effectively.
Feather HSP70: a novel non-invasive molecular marker for monitoring stress induced by heat exposure in broilers

Poultry well-being and economic burden due to heat stress (HS) are of great importance to the poultry industry. Efficient design and effective evaluation of any strategies to alleviate the adverse effects of HS on poultry production require an accurate measurement of stress. However, current methods for monitoring stress in poultry are less than ideal, as they are invasive or subjective, and therefore variable. Here, we demonstrated that HSP70, the well-established intracellular stress chaperone, is expressed in chicken feather and is responsive to HS, and could therefore be used as a stress marker. Growing feathers were collected from the same bird (Cobb500, n = 9) in the morning (barn temperature 24°C) and afternoon (barn temperature 29.5°C) in the summer (2016 June 21) in Arkansas, USA. In the afternoon, the birds were panting and their core body temperatures were significantly higher compared to the morning time, as illustrated by iButton data thermo-loggers. Concomitantly, blood HSP70 mRNA and feather HSP70 expression (mRNA and protein) were significantly increased in the afternoon compared to the morning time. Similarly, HSP70 protein expression in the duodenum was also significantly higher in the afternoon compared to the morning period. Together, these finding identify feather HSP70 as a novel non-invasive molecular signature that mirrors the intracellular and systemic stress, which can be useful to monitor well-being of chickens and other avian species under different challenges.
Optical and mass spectrometric measurements of dissociation in low frequency, high density, remote source O2/Ar and NF3/Ar plasmas

Remote plasma sources are widely used in applications such as chamber cleaning and flowable chemical vapor deposition. In these processes, it is desirable that the dissociation rate of feed gases be as high as possible and stable. Here, the authors present results on radical densities and gas dissociation fractions for a 400 kHz toroidal transformer-coupled plasma source (MKS Instruments), operating at a power density of 5–50 W/cm3 with feed gas mixtures of O2 or NF3 in Ar and pressures of 0.4 or 2.0 Torr. Radical densities and feed gas dissociation percentages in the plasma were measured by optical emission spectroscopy combined with Ar actinometry. In the plasma, O2 was about 60% dissociated in dilute O2 mixtures (10%–20%). Dissociation decreased with the increasing addition of O2, dropping to 10% dissociation for 90% O2 in the feed gas. NF3 was >95% dissociated for all NF3/Ar mixtures. Little or no dependence on the flow rate was found. Plasma products flow into an anodized Al downstream chamber that is probed by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) absorption spectroscopy and line-of-sight molecular beam mass spectrometry. In the downstream chamber, O recombined on the walls to form O2 (detected by VUV O2 absorption). The measured downstream O/O2 ratio was a strongly increasing function of an increasing flow rate reproduced by a downstream global model with O wall recombination probability of γO between 0.001 and 0.002. NF3 does not reform in the downstream chamber, as verified by VUV absorption and mass spectrometry. No NF or NF2 was detected, and F mostly recombined to form F2 at the back of the downstream chamber, along with N2. The F2, F, and N2 product absolute number densities were consistent with the 3:1 F:N mass balance of the NF3 feed gas.
On special relativistic effects via classical physics

We present an analytic study of light propagation in a simple Michelson–Morley interferometer as observed by inertial observers to understand any connections among classical physics, optical physics, and special relativity. To that end, we develop coordinate transformations of wave propagation as observed in inertial frames (i.e., non-accelerating reference frames). We find that relativistic and other effects appear naturally as a result of finite light speed. Such effects include wavefront tilt relative to the normal of energy flow with the wavefront normal tilting relative to the Poynting vector.
Web-Based Cognitive Training to Improve Working Memory in Persons with Co-Occurring HIV Infection and Cocaine Use Disorder: Outcomes from a Randomized Controlled Trial

Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) remains a persistent complication of HIV disease that nearly half of persons with HIV experience, and rates are even higher in persons who use substances such as cocaine. Cognitive training is a promising intervention for HIV-associated NCI. In this randomized controlled trial, we examined the feasibility and effectiveness of a web-based cognitive training program to improve working memory in a sample of 58 persons with HIV and cocaine use disorder. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental working memory training arm or the attention control training arm and completed up to 48 daily sessions over 10 weeks. Overall, treatment completion (74%) and retention rates (97%) were high, and participant feedback indicated the intervention was acceptable. Our results show that the intervention successfully reduced working memory deficits in the experimental arm relative to the control arm. Our findings support both the feasibility and effectiveness of cognitive training in this population.
Solid Organ Transplantation: Donors and Recipients in 21 Grams (2003)

For several years, finding good, credible films about solid organ transplantation resulted in the “some good parts” problem. A major contender historically has been John Q (2002), a pediatric ethics film about health disparities in solid organ transplantation. However, the film derails into an improbable subplot and “thriller” by its second half, leaving it as a “clips” film in which there are some good parts.
Abstract PO-007: PRMT5 inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine in orthotopic and metastatic murine models

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) as a therapeutic target in combination with gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer in preclinical models. Procedures: In an orthotopic xenograft model, PRMT5 wild-type (WT) or knockout (KO) mPanc96 cells were injected into the pancreata of athymic nude mice. Mice were randomized to control or gemcitabine (100 mg/kg) arms. Tumor volume was measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 21, 28, and 35 days post-injection. In a liver metastasis model, PRMT5 WT or KO mPanc96 cells were injected into the spleens of athymic nude mice followed by splenectomy after 10 minutes. Mice were randomized to control or gemcitabine (100 mg/kg) arms. Metastatic tumor burden within the liver was measured with in vivo bioluminescence imaging twice weekly for 19 days post-injection. Relative bioluminescence was calculated relative to post-injection day 2. Results: In the orthotopic model, untreated PRMT5 KO tumors exhibited a 46% reduction in tumor volume compared to untreated PRMT5 WT tumors (959 mm−3 vs. 1766 mm−3, p=0.009). Furthermore, gemcitabine-treated PRMT5 KO tumors exhibited a 30% reduction in tumor volume compared to gemcitabine-treated PRMT5 WT tumors (405 mm−3 vs. 579 mm−3, p=0.046). Compared to untreated PRMT5 WT tumors, gemcitabine-treated PRMT5 KO tumors exhibited a 77% reduction in tumor volume (405 mm−3 vs. 1766 mm−3, p= Citation Format: William J. Kane, Sara J. Adair, Sarbajeet Nagdas, Denis Liu, Xiaolong Wei, Mazhar Adli, Todd W. Bauer. PRMT5 inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine in orthotopic and metastatic murine models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2020 Sep 29-30. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-007.
The comparative lyrics of Paranar, Mamoolanar and Marudan Ilanaganar are the external stories of the songs

288 Historical Notes on the 400 - Songs in Akanaguru Only 149 songs are featured. Of these, Paranar - 30 songs, Mamulanar - 27 songs, Madurai Maruthan Illanganar - 10 songs, only about near than half of the (67) songs have been sung. The other 82 songs were sung by 50 Poets (Akananur - 117 is not known by the name of the Poet). And they have all sung single-digit numbers. These are the above tips, these three poets’ high numbers of the Historical Notes sung in akapadals Why? Kurunthogai, in natrinai Than In akananuru Why is that number so high? Is there any relationship between the songs in Pattuppāṭṭu and this one? Such questions arise. The purpose of this article is to seek explanations for these questions.
The Digital Banal: New Media and American Literature and Culture: by Zara Dinnen, New York, Columbia UP, 2018. viii+223pp., $65.00/£54.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 978-0231184281

Zara Dinnen's The Digital Banal: New Media and American Literature and Culture turns on the deceptively simple paradox that digital media is at once both pervasive and invisible within contemporary...
Roles of autophagy in orthodontic tooth movement.

Introduction Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) relies on efficient remodeling of alveolar bone. While a well-controlled inflammatory response is essential during OTM, the mechanism regulating inflammation is unknown. Autophagy, a conserved catabolic pathway, has been shown to protect cells from excess inflammation in disease states. We hypothesize that autophagy plays a role in regulating inflammation during OTM. Methods A split-mouth design was used to force load molars in adult male mice, carrying a GFP-LC3 transgene for in vivo detection of autophagy. Confocal microscopy, Western blot, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses were used to evaluate autophagy activation in tissues of loaded and control molars at time points after force application. Rapamycin, a Food and Drug Administration–approved immunosuppressant, was injected to evaluate induction of autophagy. Results Autophagy activity increases shortly after loading, primarily on the compression side of the tooth, and is closely associated with inflammatory cytokine expression and osteoclast recruitment. Daily administration of rapamycin, an autophagy activator, led to reduced tooth movement and osteoclast recruitment, suggesting that autophagy downregulates the inflammatory response and bone turnover during OTM. Conclusions This is the first demonstration that shows that autophagy is induced by orthodontic loading and plays a role during OTM, likely via negative regulation of inflammatory response and bone turnover. Exploring roles of autophagy in OTM holds great promise, as aberrant autophagy is associated with periodontal disease and its related systemic inflammatory disorders.
Neonatal immunity in cattle

Neonatal mortality associated with infection by a variety of pathogens is a major problem in the cattle industry. The increased susceptibility of the newborn calf to disease is primarily associated with its immunologic status at birth. Management practices before and at the time of parturition represent major determinants in the survival capacity of the newborn ruminant. This article will review some of the main characteristics of the immune system of the newborn calf as well as possible strategies that are available for the prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Citizen Responses to Ethnic Representation

Can country leaders improve citizens’ ethnic outgroup views by changing ethnic representation in government? Years of pressure from the international community calling for leaders to make particula...
Magnetotransport patterns of collective localization near ν = 1 in a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas

We report complex magnetotransport patterns of the $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ integer quantum Hall state in a GaAs/AlGaAs sample from the newest generation with a record high electron mobility. The reentrant integer quantum Hall effect in the flanks of the $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ plateau indicates the formation of the integer quantum Hall Wigner solid, a collective insulator. Moreover, at a fixed filling factor, the longitudinal resistance versus temperature in the region of the integer quantum Hall Wigner solid exhibits a sharp peak. Such sharp peaks in the longitudinal resistance versus temperature so far were only detected for bubble phases forming in high Landau levels but were absent in the region of the Anderson insulator. We suggest that in samples of sufficiently low disorder, sharp peaks in the longitudinal resistance versus temperature traces are universal transport signatures of all isotropic electron solids that form in the flanks of integer quantum Hall plateaus. We discuss possible origins of these sharp resistance peaks and we draw a stability diagram for the insulating phases in the $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{-}T$ phase space.
Meiotic H3K9me2 distribution is influenced by the ALG-3 and ALG-4 pathway and by poly(U) polymerase activity

Histone modifications influence gene expression and chromosome dynamics by altering chromatin structure and recruitment of nonhistone proteins. Dimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 9 (H3K9me2) is a conserved modification often found within heterochromatin. During first meiotic prophase when homologous chromosomes undergo pairing and synapsis, immunolabeling of C. elegans male germ cells detects a relatively high H3K9me2 level on the single X chromosome and a relatively low H3K9me2 level on synapsed autosomes. This H3K9me2 distribution is influenced by several components of the small RNA machinery, including: EGO-1 RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP); DRH-3 helicase; EKL-1, a Tudor domain protein; CSR-1 Argonaute; and RRF-3 RdRP. EGO-1, DRH-3, and EKL-1 function together to generate/stabilize 22G RNAs in the germ line. A subset of these 22G RNAs function together with CSR-1 to ensure correct gene expression. RRF-3 RdRP functions in biogenesis of 26G RNAs that feed into two germline regulatory mechanisms mediated by ERGO-1 Argonaute and the redundant ALG-3 and ALG-4 Argonaute proteins. Here, we report that meiotic H3K9me2 distribution is influenced by ALG-3 and ALG-4, as well as by two other factors required for 26G RNA synthesis, ERI-1 and ERI-5. Moreover, meiotic H3K9me2 distribution is influenced by activity of the poly(U) polymerases, PUP-1 (aka CDE-1, CID-1) and PUP-2.
Mapping species distributions: Ecological understanding of species distributions

Introduction Austin (2002) presented a framework for spatial prediction of species distributions (as outlined in Chapter 1) that links ecological theory to implementation (statistical modeling). This chapter discussed the ecological model portion of that framework – those ecological and biogeographical concepts and theories that are needed to frame the empirical modeling of species distributions. The ecological model is required in order to identify the characteristics of species occurrence data that are appropriate for modeling, select explanatory variables or their surrogates, specify appropriate scale(s) of analysis, hypothesize the nature or form of the species-environment relationship (the shape of the response curve), and select an effective modeling method. In this chapter, I will review the niche concept, and related to it, factors limiting species distributions, environmental gradients and species response functions. Finally, conceptual models of the environmental factors that control species distributions at hierarchical spatial and temporal scales that are particularly relevant to SDMs will be described. The species niche concept A number of ecological theories related to causes of species distributions, species diversity, and community structure may be relevant to SDM, but a lot of recent discussion has focused on the species niche concept as it relates to SDM (Austin & Smith, 1989; Austin, 2002; Guisan & Thuiller, 2005; Araujo & Guisan, 2006; Kearney, 2006; Soberon, 2007; Hirzel & Le Lay, 2008; Jimenez-Valverde et al ., 2008).
Microfabricated PLGA/PVA-based completely biodegradable passive RF pressure sensors

This paper reports a microfabricated completely biodegradable passive RF pressure sensor with rapid degradation rate. Unlike previous approaches to biodegradable sensors, this sensor utilizes a “shell-core” dielectric structure consisting of FDA-approved biodegradable polymer poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and water soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to achieve rapid degradation. Zinc (Zn) is chosen as the biodegradable electrical conductor. The fabricated sensor was characterized wirelessly in a long-term immersion test in vitro. The sensor exhibited three stages of behavior in vitro: equilibration, functional lifetime, and performance degradation. An in vitro degradation lifetime of 25 days has been demonstrated.
The indirect economic penalties in SEC investigations of underwriters

Abstract We document that an SEC investigation of an underwriter imposes indirect penalties on the underwriter and its past clients, particularly IPO clients. Targeted underwriters experience large declines in IPO market share and increased regulatory scrutiny and client risk after an SEC investigation is announced. Stock prices of clients decline significantly. We attribute these effects to a sudden deterioration in the value of the underwriter's reputation capital, suggesting that the general assumption in prior IPO research that underwriter reputation is stationary may be inappropriate. Our results also suggest that the SEC's power to institute investigations should be considered when designing optimal securities regulation.
Work in Progress &#8211; A Rapid Design Methodology for FPGA-based Processor Platform Design Education

A rapid register-transfer level (RTL) embedded processor platform design methodology that is included as an educational tool for a special topic is introduced. In the special topic, rapid digital system design from digital fundamentals to processor platforms is practiced using a top-down design methodology with both Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and VHDL. In addition, all of the RTL design and verification processes can be rapidly and systematically performed through the methodology. Furthermore, a hierarchical RTL post-simulation verification methodology and a supporting tool can provide a rapid, flexible, and affordable verification environment for the field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based embedded processor platform developed in the classroom. This methodology leads to the rapid development of embedded processor platforms for use in academia
Characterization of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 RNA Present in the Absence of De Novo Protein Synthesis

We used herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA and restriction fragments of HSV-1 DNA covalently coupled to cellulose as a reagent to isolate for further characterization the major and minor HSV-1 immediate-early mRNA species in HeLa cells infected and maintained in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. Five major and several minor immediate-early mRNA species were characterized. One major species was a 4.2-kilobase mRNA mapping in the TR(S)/IR(S) region with its 3' end distal to the U(S) region; this mRNA encoded a 170,000-dalton polypeptide in vitro. A 2.8-kilobase mRNA, encoding a 120,000-dalton polypeptide, was mapped in the TR(L)/IR(L) region with its 3' end directed toward the U(L) region. Three 1.8-kilobase mRNA species were mapped. One, mapping in the IR(S) region with its 3' end in the U(S), encoded a 68,000-dalton polypeptide. One mapped in the TR(S) region and had its 3' end in the U(S) region; the third one encoded a 64,000-dalton polypeptide and mapped in the U(L) region near the IR(L) region. One minor species 5.2 kilobases in size was clearly detectable mapping in the U(L) region. Furthermore, there were indications that one or more immediate-early mRNA species approximately 3 kilobases in size hybridized to regions near the TR(L) and in or near the TR(S)/IR(S) regions. Nuclear immediate-early RNA mapped only in those regions where polyribosomal immediate-early mRNA mapped, although minor differences were seen. Finally, we demonstrated that at least three major immediate-early mRNA's-4.2 kilobases, 2.8 kilobases, and the 1.8-kilobase one mapping in the IR(S)/U(S) region-continued to appear on polyribosomes as functional mRNA late after infection.
Morphogenesis of Cysts in Azotobacter vinelandii

Cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii were induced to encystment with β-hydroxybutyrate. The morphological events in the transition from cell to cyst were observed by electron microscopy of thin sections. Upon induction of encystment, cells became rounded and nonmotile. The exine coat developed by the continuous excretion of membranous components into the capsule surrounding the cell.
Ultraviolet-Absorption Spectra of Dry Bacterial Spores

Bailey, Glen F. (Western Regional Research Laboratory, Albany, Calif.), Saima Karp, and L. E. Sacks. Ultraviolet-absorption spectra of dry bacterial spores. J. Bacteriol. 89:984-987. 1965.-The possibility of obtaining reasonably satisfactory ultraviolet-absorption spectra of dry spores embedded in KBr has been demonstrated. Such spectra show the three peaks characteristic of calcium dipicolinate. The dipicolinate spectra are more distinct when reference pellets containing appropriate amounts of the analogous spore coats are employed. These spectra are considered evidence that some type of calcium-dipicolinic acid chelate accounts for at least part of the calcium and dipicolinic acid content of the spore.
Occurrence of Phosphonosphingolipids in Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus Strain UKi2

Abstract The major phospholipids of two strains of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus were characterized. Both strain UKi1, which is obligately saprophytic, and strain UKi2, which is facultatively parasitic, contained phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as their major glycerophosphatides. A branched, 15-carbon fatty acid is the major component of these alkali-labile lipids. Absent from UKi1 but present in UKi2 were three alkali-stable lipids (compounds 8, 9, and 11) which appear to be phosphosphingolipids. After acid hydrolysis, both compound 8 and 9 yield the identical phosphorus-containing substance that is water soluble, dipolar ionic, and ninhydrin positive. This substance appears to contain a C-P bond since Pi could not be released from this substance by treatment with alkaline phosphatase or by very harsh mineral acid treatment. Based on chromatographic comparisons, this phosphonate appears to be a novel lipid constituent. Upon degradation, compound 8 yields 1 mol of dihydroxy long-chain base and compound 9 yields 1 mol of a trihydroxy long-chain base. These bases appear to have a 17-carbon, possibly branched, structure based on gas-liquid chromatography retention times. Degradation of both sphingolipids yields a mixture of hydroxy fatty acids, the major component being a branched, 15-carbon hydroxy acid.
Does health status differ between men and women in early recovery after myocardial infarction

Background: Although much attention has been given to survival after myocardial infarction (MI), little is known about sex differences in health status (symptoms, function, and quality of life). A particularly critical moment to assess health status following an MI is early after discharge when patients have resumed routine activities and when additional treatments may be offered to those with residual angina or quality of life limitations. Methods: We used multivariable Poisson and linear regression models to examine differences in 30-day health status by sex in a cohort of 2096 MI patients enrolled in a 19-center Prospective Registry Evaluating Myocardial Infarction: Events and Recovery (PREMIER). Results: Women (32% of the cohort) were older and less likely to be white, married, or treated with coronary revascularization. They were more likely to have had a non-ST segment elevation MI, diabetes, hypertension, heart failure, chronic lung disease, and worse health status at admission. Risk-adjusted multi...
Three-year-olds obey the sample size principle of induction: the influence of evidence presentation and sample size disparity on young children's generalizations.

Abstract Three experiments with 81 3-year-olds ( M = 3.62 years) examined the conditions that enable young children to use the sample size principle (SSP) of induction—the inductive rule that facilitates generalizations from large rather than small samples of evidence. In Experiment 1, children exhibited the SSP when exemplars were presented sequentially but not when exemplars were presented simultaneously. Results from Experiment 3 suggest that the advantage of sequential presentation is not due to the additional time to process the available input from the two samples but instead may be linked to better memory for specific individuals in the large sample. In addition, findings from Experiments 1 and 2 suggest that adherence to the SSP is mediated by the disparity between presented samples. Overall, these results reveal that the SSP appears early in development and is guided by basic cognitive processes triggered during the acquisition of input.
COMPARISON OF THE VON ZEIPEL AND MODIFIED HANSEN METHODS AS APPLIED TO ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES

Application of von zeipel and modified hansen methods to artificial satellite orbit calculations
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infected cell proteins are among the most dominant antigens of a live-attenuated HSV-2 vaccine.

Virion glycoproteins such as glycoprotein D (gD) are believed to be the dominant antigens of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). We have observed that mice immunized with a live HSV-2 ICP0- mutant virus, HSV-2 0ΔNLS, are 10 to 100 times better protected against genital herpes than mice immunized with a HSV-2 gD subunit vaccine (PLoS ONE 6:e17748). In light of these results, we sought to determine which viral proteins were the dominant antibody-generators (antigens) of the live HSV-2 0ΔNLS vaccine. Western blot analyses indicated the live HSV-2 0ΔNLS vaccine elicited an IgG antibody response against 9 or more viral proteins. Many antibodies were directed against infected-cell proteins of >100 kDa in size, and only 10 ± 5% of antibodies were directed against gD. Immunoprecipitation (IP) of total HSV-2 antigen with 0ΔNLS antiserum pulled down 19 viral proteins. Mass spectrometry suggested 44% of immunoprecipitated viral peptides were derived from two HSV-2 infected cells proteins, RR-1 and ICP8, whereas only 14% of immunoprecipitated peptides were derived from HSV-2’s thirteen glycoproteins. Collectively, the results suggest the immune response to the live HSV-2 0ΔNLS vaccine includes antibodies specific for infected cell proteins, capsid proteins, tegument proteins, and glycoproteins. This increased breadth of antibody-generating proteins may contribute to the live HSV-2 vaccine’s capacity to elicit superior protection against genital herpes relative to a gD subunit vaccine.
Central Nervous System Remyelination Clinical Application of Basic Neuroscience Principles

Studies in both humans and experimental animals have demonstrated that myelin repair in the CNS is a normal physiological response to myelin damage, similar to tissue injury elsewhere in the body. The unanswered question is why myelin repair is incomplete in multiple sclerosis patients. In this paper we review the morphological characteristics of remyelination, discuss the available animal models of CNS demyelination and their usefulness to identify the molecular, cellular, and morphological events involved in CNS myelin repair, examine the use of immunosuppression, immunoglobulins, protein growth factors, and glial cell transplantation at the primary experimental therapies designed to promote CNS remyelination, and address the potential electrophysiological and clinical benefits of myelin repair in the CNS.
Abnormalities in spinal fluid detected by gas liquid chromatography in meningitis patients

Gas liquid chromatography was performed on cerebrospinal fluid from cases of purulent meningitis, and control subject. A relatively constant pattern of peaks was obtained in all samples. Four constant peaks in the chromatogram frequently showed a significant increase in purulent meningitis but not in aseptic meningitis or control cases. There was a gradual return to normal levels during clinical improvement, usually within 5–6 days of appropriate therapy. In one case of recurrent meningitis, an increase in the peaks was noted with relapse. Identification of the compounds represented by these peaks may provide further information regarding diagnosis, prognosis and pathogenesis of meningitis.
Phosphorylase activity and glycogen utilization in the aggregate duct of orb weaving spiders

Abstract 1. 1. Glycogen phosphorylase has been observed in the aggregate ducts of orb weaving spiders. 2. 2. Its activity is increased by dopamine, acetylcholine, octopamine and dibutyryl cyclic AMP but not serotonin. 3. 3. Evidence is presented indicating that aggregate duct glycogen is consumed during construction of the orb web.
Supporting human-intensive systems

Executing critical systems often rely on humans to make important and sometimes life-critical decisions. As such systems become more complex, the potential for human error to lead to system failures also increases. In the medical domain, for example, sophisticated technology has been introduced in the last decade without adequately considering the impact and role of the medical professionals. This is just one of many domains, where human agents, hardware devices, and software systems must interact with each other, and where humans are expected to make important, and sometime life-critical, decisions. This position paper argues that human-intensive systems should be a major concern of software engineering in the future and describes some of the research issues that need to be addressed.
Improved Nerve Regeneration With Neutralization of Transforming Growth Factor-β1

Objectives Recovery of injured peripheral nerves depends on a balance between Schwann cell regeneration and scar formation. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) has been implicated as a humoral stimulus in scar formation. The neutralization of TGF-beta1 has been beneficial in the reduction of fibrosis. This study was to identify the presence of TGF-beta1 in regenerating peripheral nerve and to measure motor nerve regeneration by the neutralization of TGF-beta1 in neural wounds. Study design A randomized study of rat sciatic nerve regeneration. Method Sciatic nerve axotomy was performed, followed by serial immunohistochemical staining by anti-TGF-beta1 at 12 to 216 hours (n = 5). Two groups (n = 10) with sciatic axotomy and epineural repair were treated with a 7-day perineural administration of neutralizing antibody of TGF-beta1 or saline carrier via subcutaneous silicone infusion port. A control group (n = 10) without axotomy with anti-TGF-beta1 administration was established. At 12 weeks the compound muscle action potential amplitude (CMAP) and the muscle twitch strength generated by the gastrocnemiussoleus muscle complex were measured. Results TGF-beta1 was qualitatively present with maximal concentration by 72 to 144 hours. CMAP amplitude in the anti-TGF-beta1/axotomy group was 49.6% of the control and the axotomy/saline group was 31% of the control. Muscle twitch strength was 74% and 46.5%, respectively. These differences were statistically significant, P = .05. Conclusions The presence of TGF-beta1 at regenerating nerve sites was confirmed. The benefit of neutralization of transforming growth factor on CMAP and muscle twitch strength was shown. These results suggest improved regeneration at nerve injury sites with neutralization of TGF-beta1.
An expert lidar data analysis toolset for explosive debris plumes

Open-air explosive activities are carried out by a variety of institutions, including government agencies and private organizations. These activities result in debris plumes that contain elements of the explosive package as well as substantial amounts of entrained environmental materials. While Lidar monitoring technology for these situations has been around for years we developed a unique, interactive, post-experiment Lidar Data Analysis Toolset (LIDATO) that allows the expert user to determine the location, backscatter intensity distribution, volume, and boundaries for general debris plumes at any given time. This is true with the exception of the early development and transport of the plume where the plume is typically opaque to the Lidar and only the plume edge facing the Lidar system can be mapped. For this reason we incorporated video coverage using multiple cameras. While the analysis of the video is handled separately we used the resulting plume position data and combined them with the LIDATO results. The data-fusion product refines the separately gained results and increases the data set accuracy in all aspects for the early stages of the explosion.
Obscuring Surface Anatomy in Volumetric Imaging Data

The identifying or sensitive anatomical features in MR and CT images used in research raise patient privacy concerns when such data are shared. In order to protect human subject privacy, we developed a method of anatomical surface modification and investigated the effects of such modification on image statistics and common neuroimaging processing tools. Common approaches to obscuring facial features typically remove large portions of the voxels. The approach described here focuses on blurring the anatomical surface instead, to avoid impinging on areas of interest and hard edges that can confuse processing tools. The algorithm proceeds by extracting a thin boundary layer containing surface anatomy from a region of interest. This layer is then “stretched” and “flattened” to fit into a thin “box” volume. After smoothing along a plane roughly parallel to anatomy surface, this volume is transformed back onto the boundary layer of the original data. The above method, named normalized anterior filtering, was coded in MATLAB and applied on a number of high resolution MR and CT scans. To test its effect on automated tools, we compared the output of selected common skull stripping and MR gain field correction methods used on unmodified and obscured data. With this paper, we hope to improve the understanding of the effect of surface deformation approaches on the quality of de-identified data and to provide a useful de-identification tool for MR and CT acquisitions.
BODY COMPOSITION AT MENARCHE (M) IN SELECTED DISORDERS OF GROWTH

To further evaluate the Frisch-Revelle hypothesis that M is triggered by the achievement of a critical body weight or composition (fat:water:solids), heights and weights were assembled and body compositions derived for groups of girls with selected disorders of growth. 34 with unusually tall stature had M at weights in excess of the “critical” figure of 47.8 kg, but had the typical menarchal body composition. 18 girls under 10 years of age with central idiopathic precocity had M far below the critical weight; their body composition differed from that of age and height controls but was similar to that of normal girls at M. 18 with gonadal dysgenesis were studied at the age of M in a normal population, and 15 of these at the age when normal girls would be beginning their growth spurts. Body composition changed as in normal girls between these times. 11 first decade girls with hypothyroidism but no clinical evidence of puberty had pre-pubertal body compositions; 7 with precocious M had as much fat/kg as normal menarchal girls. 14 girls under 10 years with simple obesity had pre-pubertal phenotypes but even more fat/kg than normals at M. Thus, except in gonadal dysgenesis and simple obesity, M was highly correlated with a characteristic body composition; girls with Turner's syndrome indicate its achievement is not entirely estrogen dependent while those with obesity suggest its attainment does not directly “trigger” M.
Hayek's attack on social justice

Abstract Hayek assailed the idea of social justice by arguing that any effort to realize it would transform society into an oppressive organization, stising liberty. Hayek's view is marred by two omissions. First, he fails to consider that the goal of social justice, like the goal of wealth generation, might be promoted by strategies of indirection that do not entail oppressive organization. Second, he underestimates the tendency of the market order itself to generate oppressive organization, and consequently sees advantages in the market order that it may not possess.
Chromosomal mobilization from a recA mutant of Pseudomonas putida

A methyl methane sulfonate sensitive mutant of P. putida strain PpG1 is also extremely sensitive to UV-rays, compared to parent wild type cells. This mutant behaves typically as recombination less (recA) mutants of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, since as a recipient, it exhibits extremely low frequency of recombination following conjugational, transductional, and transformational gene transfer. Sex factor plasmids such as K-XYL or TOL can mobilize chromosomal genes equally well both from recA+ and recA801 donor cells, suggesting that host recombination functions are not necessary for mobilization of chromosomal genes by such plasmids.
Positron emission tomography in diagnosis and management of invasive breast cancer: current status and future perspectives.

Abstract [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is a metabolic imaging modality that has increasing applications in oncology, neurology, and cardiology. Among the oncology applications, breast cancer is one of the most extensively studied diseases. FDG-PET has been performed for diagnosis, staging, and restaging of invasive breast cancer and for monitoring responsiveness to therapies. At the present time, the results of FDG-PET in detection of primary breast cancer and axillary staging are mixed and inconclusive. However, results demonstrating the superiority of FDG-PET over anatomic imaging modalities in detection of distant metastasis, recurrence, and monitoring therapies are relatively well documented. These applications have been accepted by medical professionals and the public, as evidenced by a recent decision by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (formerly Health Care Financing Agency) to provide coverage for the procedure. Future trends in this exciting area include development of novel breast cancer—specific PET radiopharmaceuticals and use of dedicated breast PET technologies for scans of breast/axillary lesions. PET/computed tomography technology, which combines anatomic and molecular/biochemical information, is also rapidly proliferating and should help to further improve the management of patients with breast cancer. The role of FDG-PET in breast cancer is increasing and evolving, and this metabolic imaging modality, in conjunction with newer tracers and other anatomic imaging methods, should improve diagnosis and management of patients with breast cancer.
Properties of the Photodissociated Gas in NGC 6334

To investigate the properties of photodissociated gas in strong radiation fields, the massive star formation region NGC 6334 has been mapped with the Far-Infrared Imaging Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FIFI) instrument in the far-infrared fine-structure transitions [C II] 158 μm, [O I] 146 μm, and [O I] 63 μm. Bright [C II] 158 μm emission is found throughout the cloud, whereas the [O I] 146 μm emission is associated only with the star-forming ridge. Comparison of the relative intensities of the lines with single-component photodissociation region models suggests densities of nH ~ 104 cm-3. The models imply unphysically large radiation fields for three sources, particularly for NGC 6334A, which is probably caused by self-absorption in the [O I] 63 μm line. An alternative method for estimating physical conditions, based on the correlation between [C II] 158 μm and CO line intensities, is explored. This method implies hydrogen column densities of NH 1022-23 cm-2, which agree well with those from molecular excitation models. The relative distribution of the [C II] 158 μm and [O I] 146 μm emission supports clumpy photodissociation region models that suggest the [C II] 158 μm emission arises from interclump gas and thus should be more extended than the [O I] 146 μm emission that arises from the denser clumps. The spatial coincidence of [C II] 158 μm emission peaks with minima in the molecular gas emission indicates that at least some of the molecular holes contain photodissociated gas. The relative pressures of the ionized, photodissociated, and molecular gas are compared: the photodissociated and molecular gas are in approximate pressure equilibrium, but the ionized gas is overpressurized by at least an order of magnitude at the continuum sources.
Interaction of an oblique shock wave with a turbulent boundary layer.

C success has been achieved in developing analytical models for an oblique shock wave impinging on a boundary layer that is initially laminar and remains laminar throughout the interaction.' It is generally recognized that a more important type of interaction is one in which the boundary layer entering the interaction is turbulent. Understanding the interactions between turbulent boundary layers arid shock waves is particularly important in the design of hypersonic inlets for airbreathing propulsion systems. For this application, the interaction details of interest include the boundary-layer profiles entering and leaving an interaction, and the description of the shock-wave structure through the interaction. Neither the profiles nor the shockwave structure in the immediate vicinity of the interaction is obtainable from standard boundary-layer theory. This condition led to the development of the analytical model described herein.
Modification of the cataractous phenotype by somatic cell hybridization.

Characterized mouse lens epithelial cell cultures and their clonal isolates obtained from normal and cataractous mice display a finite lifespan. The cells of cataractous origin have a decreased number of population doubling levels compared to the capacity of the normal cells to replicate in vitro. Hybrid cells derived from individual cell fusions of normal (CD-1, DBA/2) and cataractous (Catfr) lens epithelial cells have a mode of replication similar to that of normal cells. These results demonstrate that the abnormal in vitro replicative state of the cataractous cells has been modified by the addition of normal lens epithelial cell components.