cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychotropic Medications and the Treatment of Human Prion Diseases

Prion diseases are rare, rapidly progressive, fatal neurodegenerative illnesses caused by an abnormal isoform of the native prion protein. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is the most prevalent human prion disease with three possible etiologies: sporadic, genetic, and acquired. Although acquired forms of prion disease have received the most attention, most cases are sporadic or genetic and are thus unpreventable. There is some literature on neurotransmitter system dysregulation in animal and human models of prion diseases. Several studies indicate that there is a disproportional amount of serotonin dysregulation in prion diseases and that prion-mediated cytotoxicity may be blocked by N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Prion disease therapeutic investigations have mainly consisted of basic science research, which has elucidated the importance of molecular structure in preventing prion protein conversion. Typical neuroleptics and tricyclic antidepressants have been the primary psychotropic medications studied in humans due to their heterocyclic structures. Recent studies have correlated lipid disruption to these structurally similar compounds with antiprion activity. Preliminary studies suggest that lithium mediated inhibition of glycogen synthetase kinase 3 and lithium-induced autophagy may be avenues for further research. Many studies require replication in other experimental settings. Thus far, treatment strategies have focused on aborting prion protein conversion and as such have limited therapeutic usefulness given the rapidity of disease progression and difficulty in establishing ante-mortem diagnoses of prion diseases. There is a paucity of research examining the prevention of prion diseases in at risk populations (i.e. genetic and acquired prion diseases).
Brown's syndrome secondary to sinus surgery

Abstract Brown's syndrome is characterized by limitation of elevation in adduction along with a positive forced duction test. Acquired cases can be caused by local inflammatory conditions or may be secondary to systemic problems. This report presents the clinical description and management of a patient who developed Brown's syndrome after sinus surgery. A discussion follows describing the specific clinical presentations, etiologies, differential diagnoses, and management of this disorder.
Effect of sesame oil emulsion on nitroglycerin pharmacokinetics

Abstract When nitroglycerin (3.5 mg/kg) was administered orally in a 20% sesame oil emulsion to rats, peak plasma concentrations were decreased but bioavauability was unaffected when compared to those observed using an aqueous solution vehicle. Pre-dosing with drug-free emulsion for 3 days, however, caused significant increases in nitroglycerin biovailability (2.5X) and peak plasma concentrations (5X) compared to controls. This increase appeared to be reversible when emulsion dosing was withdrawn. The apparent increase in bioavailability was not due to a change in nitroglycerin distribution or elimination kinetics from drug-free emulsion administration nor could it be attributed to the surfactant used. There was no change in in vitro liver organic nitrate reductase activity or reduced glutathione concentration with emulsion pretreatment. The results suggested that, when using emulsion as a dosage form, repeated dosing of the vehicle could have an effect on the drug absorption process that was not predicted from single dose administration.
Environmental contaminants in bald eagle eggs—1980–84—and further interpretations of relationships to productivity and shell thickness

Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) eggs were collected in 15 States in the United States in 1980–1984 and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and mercury. Data were compared and combined with data from earlier studies to examine trends and refine relationships of contaminants to shell thickness and young production. Moderate shell thinning occurred in eggs from several States. The frequency of occurrence of detectable residues of several contaminants declined during 1969–84. DDE concentrations declined significantly in Wisconsin, Maine, and the Chesapeake Bay region. Some other contaminant residues declined, but usually not significantly. During 1980–84, DDE, PCB, and mercury concentrations were highest in eggs from Maine, whereas most contaminant concentrations were lowest in eggs from Arizona. DDE was most closely related to shell thickness and young production at sampled breeding areas. Fifteen percent shell thinning was associated with 16 μg/g DDE (wet weight) for eggs collected early in incubation. Young production was normal when eggs at sampled breeding areas contained < 3.6 μg/g DDE (wet weight), was nearly halved between 3.6 to 6.3 μg/g, and halved again when concentrations exceeded 6.3 μg/g. Several other contaminants were also associated with poor reproduction and eggshell thinning; however, their impact appeared to be secondary to that of DDE and was probably related to their high correlation with DDE. Data relating contaminant concentrations to mean 5-year production are applicable only to breeding areas where eggs are collected after failure to hatch, because such breeding areas are not representative of all nesting bald eagles in a given population.
Neuronal membrane: a physical synthesis☆

Abstract The assumption that excitable membrane is energetically equivalent to a sheet of giant dipoles bathed in a controlled external electric field explains the known behavior of such a system.
Observation of thermal occupation of room-temperature J-aggregate microcavity exciton-polaritons

We present a measurement of the lower-branch exciton-polariton occupation in room-temperature J-aggregate microcavity devices under low-density steady-state excitation. The observed occupation follows a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution at T=300K, indicating efficient polariton relaxation, necessary for achieving lasing.
Probing coherence in microcavity frequency combs via optical pulse shaping

Abstract: Recent investigations of microcavity frequency combs based on cascaded four-wave mixing have revealed a link between the evolution of the optical spectrum and the observed temporal coherence. Here we study a silicon nitride microresonator for which the initial four-wave mixing sidebands are spaced by multiple free spectral ranges (FSRs) from the pump. Additional lines then fill in to yield a comb with single FSR spacing, resulting in partial coherence. By using a pulse shaper to select and manipulate the phase of various subsets of spectral lines, we are able to probe the structure of the coherence within the partially coherent comb. Our data demonstrate strong variation in the degree of mutual coherence between different groups of lines and provide support for a simple model of partially coherent comb formation.
The evolving role of endocrine therapy for early stage breast cancer

With the completion of these clinical trials evaluating the integration of AIs in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer, there are several questions that remain unanswered: (1) What constitutes the optimal endocrine therapy; (2) what is the optimal duration of therapy; (3) what is the optimal sequencing of endocrine agents? It has become obvious from these trials that five years of tamoxifen therapy alone is not optimal adjuvant treatment; the addition of an AI at some point during the course of therapy should be recommended. However, whether the AI should be given as initial treatment or sequenced with tamoxifen remains to be defined. An updated technology assessment developed by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) was made available in early 200552). The ASCO panel recommends the following general guidelines for use of aromatase inhibitors: Postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer may substitute an aromatase inhibitor for tamoxifen as initial adjuvant therapy. Alternatively, women can still begin treatment with tamoxifen and plan to switch to an aromatase inhibitor after two to five years. It is not clear at this time which strategy is superior. Postmenopausal women who are currently taking tamoxifen may consider switching to an aromatase inhibitor after two to five years of tamoxifen therapy. Women who switch to an aromatase inhibitor may continue this therapy for two to three more years but no longer than five years. Women are advised that the result of treatment with an aromatase inhibitor for longer than five years has not been studied and should only be done in the context of a clinical trial. There are no data to recommend taking tamoxifen after an aromatase inhibitor.
Radioprotection against the Formation of DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Cellular DNA but Not Native Cellular Chromatin by the Polyamine Spermine

The complexing of histones with DNA and the resulting condensation of chromatin protect mammalian cell DNA from radiation-induced strand breakage. In recent studies of SV40 DNA and minichromosomes, marked radioprotection was afforded by spermine through polyamine-induced compaction and aggregation (Newton et al., Radiat. Res. 145, 776-780, 1996). To evaluate the contribution of polyamines to the radioprotection of cellular chromatin, intact V79 cells, nuclei (native chromatin) and chromatin that was partially or completely stripped of histones were treated with spermine or putrescine and γ-irradiated while embedded in agarose plugs, and induction of double-strand breaks was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In the absence of added spermine, the order of radiosensitivity was: dehistonized chromatin (DNA loops anchored to the nuclear matrix) > chromatin depleted of histone H1 > chromatin partially depleted of histone H1 > native chromatin > intact cells. Spermine at concentrations below 1 mM w...
Commensal Microbiota Are Required for Systemic Inflammation Triggered by Necrotic Dendritic Cells

The relationship between dendritic cells (DCs) and commensal microflora in shaping systemic immune responses is not well understood. Here, we report that mice deficient for the Fas-associated death domain in DCs developed systemic inflammation associated with elevated proinflammatory cytokines and increased myeloid and B cells. These mice exhibited reduced DCs in gut-associated lymphoid tissues due to RIP3-dependent necroptosis, whereas DC functions remained intact. Induction of systemic inflammation required DC necroptosis and commensal microbiota signals that activated MyD88-dependent pathways in other cell types. Systemic inflammation was abrogated with the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics or complete, but not DC-specific, deletion of MyD88. Thus, we have identified a previously unappreciated role for commensal microbiota in priming immune cells for inflammatory responses against necrotic cells. These studies demonstrate the impact intestinal microflora have on the immune system and their role in eliciting proper immune responses to harmful stimuli.
Work Family Conflict Among Parents of Atypically Developing Children: Exploring the Impact of Worker, Work, and Child Factors

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of worker characteristics (e.g., time spent caring for others), workplace support, and child characteristics on work family conflict among parents of atypically developing children. Participants (N = 51) were employed parents of atypically developing children who completed measures of work family conflict, workplace supports (i.e., supervisory support and organizationally supportive cultures), the availability and use of family supportive workplace programs, child characteristics, and worker characteristics. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that worker and child characteristics significantly predicted work family conflict, work in family interference, and family in work interference. In addition, workplace supports significantly predicted work family conflict and family in work interference. Implications of the results for managing the work family life interface are discussed.
Optical second-harmonic generation in atomic vapors with focused beams

Processes leading to second-harmonic generation when a single polarized beam is focused into neutral or partially ionized atomic vapor are considered, including electric-field-induced third-order mixing, and quadrupole and magnetic dipole processes. Estimates of the relative strengths of these processes are given. In addition, the polarization properties given by the tensor susceptibilities are discussed in detail.
Phase stability and EOS of orthorhombic high-pressure phase of NaI to 204 GPa

Abstract X-ray diffraction studies for the alkali halide, NaI, were performed to 204 GPa at room temperature. We observed that the TlI (B33) high-pressure phase, which has been reported to succeed the B1 phase for NaI around 30 GPa, is stable to a pressure of at least 204 GPa. The measured relative volume, V/V0, at 204 GPa is 0.366. We present data for the EOS of NaI in the B33 phase between 35 and 204 GPa. No data has been previously reported to this pressure. The EOS determined in the present study will be useful in predicting theoretically if a higher packing density B2 phase exists at still higher pressures and if an insulator–metal transition occurs in the B33 phase stability region or in some other succeeding high-pressure phase region.
Procedures for Db chemical characterization in off-line experiments

A new procedure to isolate carrier-free isotopes of Nb and Ta after a 12-MeV proton bombardment of a natural Hf foil has been considered. The cross section of the corresponding natHf(p,x)179Ta reaction has been estimated for the first time as 5.4 ± 0.5 mb. The isotopes that were produced were subsequently used for development of procedures for the chemical characterization of element 105 (Db). HF/HNO3 and HNO3/H2O2 media have been chosen and the parameters of the experiments have been optimized. Based on the results obtained in this work, off-line experimental procedures have been proposed for the evaluation of the chemical behavior of Db.
Glucose utilization in the Papez circuit: effects of oxotremorine and scopolamine.

The [14C]2-deoxy-D-glucose technique40 was used to test the effects of central muscarinic stimulation or antagonism on local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in the rat limbic system. Systemic administration of the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine (OXO, 0.05, 0.1 or 0.7 mg/kg, i.p.), increased LCGU in the pre- and postsubiculum, anterior nuclei of the thalamus, mammillary bodies, retrosplenial medial cortex, medial septum, postcommissural formix and mammillothalamic tract. Scopolamine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked these effects, and independently decreased LCGU in the pre- and postsubiculum, anterior thalamic nuclei, and retrosplenial medial cortex. The affected brain regions are components of, or are connected with, the Papez circuit.
Redox Enzymology of Shewanella Oneidensis Cytochrome C Nitrite Reductase

Shewanella oneidensis cytochrome c nitrite reductase (soNrfA), a dimeric enzyme that houses five c-type hemes per protomer, carries out the six-electron reduction of nitrite and the two-electron reduction of hydroxylamine. Protein film voltammetry (PFV) has previously been used to study the cytochrome c nitrite reductase from Escherichia coli (ecNrfA) adsorbed to a graphite electrode, revealing catalytic reduction of both nitrite and hydroxylamine substrates by ecNrfA that is characterized by ‘boosts’ and attenuations in activity depending on the applied potential. Here, we use PFV to investigate the catalytic properties of soNrfA during both nitrite and hydroxylamine turnover and compare those properties to ecNrfA. Distinct differences in both the electrochemical and kinetic characteristics of soNrfA are observed, e.g., all detected electron transfer steps are one-electron in nature, contrary to what has been observed in ecNrfA. Additionally, we find evidence of substrate inhibition during nitrite turnover and negative cooperativity during hydroxylamine turnover, neither of which have previously been observed in any cytochrome c nitrite reductase. Collectively these data provide evidence that during catalysis, potential pathways of communication exist between the individual soNrfA monomers comprising the native homodimer.
Two-Photon Electronic Pump Vibrational Probe of β-apo-8’-carotenal in solution

Results of infrared transient absorption measurements following two-photon excitation to the forbidden S1 state of the carotenoid β-apo-8’-carotenal are presented. This technique enables the study of subsequent structural dynamics without interference from higher states.
Effect of different bowel preparations on residual fluid at CT colonography

The effect of different bowel preparations on residual fluid during computed tomographic (CT) colonography was evaluated. Forty-two patients received either a polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution preparation or a phospho-soda preparation the day prior to CT colonography. The amount of residual fluid was calculated for each patient. On average, a phospho-soda preparation provided significantly less residual fluid than a polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution preparation.
Modeling the Tensile Behavior of the Cement-Bone Interface Using Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics

The tensile mechanical behavior of the cement-bone interface where there was a large process (plastic) zone at the interface was modeled using a nonlinear fracture mechanics approach. A finite element method was employed, which included a piecewise nonlinear interface, to investigate the behavior of experimental cement-bone test specimens and an idealized stem-cement-bone (SCB) structure. The interface model consisted of a linear elastic region with high stiffness until the yield strength was reached, followed by an exponential softening region, until zero stress. The yield strength and rate of exponential softening after yielding at the cement-bone interface were shown to have a marked effect on the structural stiffness of the SCB model. The results indicate that both yield strength and postyield behavior should be included to characterize the mechanics of the cement-bone interface fully.
Circadian rhythmicity of locomotor behavior and oviposition in female Teleogryllus commodus

Locomotor activity of the Teleogryllus commodus ♀ is under circadian control, with τLL=25.3 h and τDD=23.4 h. In LD 12:12 h, running occurs either exclusively during darkness (57%), mainly in the dark phase (35%), or with substantial activity peaks in both phases (8%). For oviposition, τLL>24 h and τDD<24 h; in LD 12:12 h, 80% of the ♀♀ studied deposited their eggs mainly during the light phase and 20% primarily during darkness. In the discussion, a temporal correlation between stridulation, spermatophore formation, ♂ and ♀ locomotion, and oviposition is established, which serves to make an encounter and mating between the sexes as likely as possible.
Review of Construction Lean Research Studies in Support of Lean Transformation to the Construction Operating Platform

The purpose of this study is to foster awareness among lean researchers on the current lean research platform in construction as viewed from the Toyota Production System (TPS) framework. The study draws from the International Group of Lean Construction (IGLC) research papers with the TPS philosophy and framework as embodied in “The Toyota Way” (TTW). Content analysis was chosen as the preferred methodology in conducting the analysis. The study findings revealed that IGLC research studies did not align exclusively around the TPS framework. Of 592 research studies analyzed, 241 (40%) were classified within the TPS framework, consisting of four categories, and 351 (60%) were classified outside the TPS framework, consisting of 15 lean-related proxy research categories. This study has particular implications in knowledge, practice, and teaching as it relates to lean research in construction. This study provides the reader with a brief introduction to the origins of lean construction and a comprehensive analysi...
Clozapine inhibits isolated N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors expressed in xenopus oocytes in a subunit specific manner

Antipsychotic agents have typically been viewed as acting through dopaminergic targets, although mounting evidence suggests that drugs such as clozapine may act on glutamatergic systems. In order to explore the effects of clozapine on the NMDA class of glutamate receptors, oocytes expressing the NMDA receptor NR1 subunit, coupled with different NR2 subunits, were exposed to clozapine and NMDA induced current was measured with two electrode voltage-clamp techniques. Our results indicate that clozapine inhibits the NMDA receptor, but that this inhibition is subunit specific, being significantly greater for receptors containing NR2A and NR2B than for those containing NR2C. Interestingly, the inhibition required pretreatment with clozapine before activation of the receptor with NMDA. In addition to providing mechanistic insights, this finding may help to explain divergent results in the literature regarding the effects of antipsychotic agents on glutamate receptors.
Modulation of colon tumor oncogene expression by cancer patient‐derived lipids

In an effort to understand the role of specific fats on carcinogenesis, we have studied the effects of lipids derived from cancer patients on components associated with the regulation of proliferation. The treatment of tumor cells with patient-derived fats produced increased cell proliferation, as indicated by shorter doubling times. The effects of patient-derived lipids on the expression of ras, c-jun, c-erbB-2, and p53 gene products were examined. The cellular expression of the ras proto-oncogene product was increased in both colon tumor cell lines, following lipid treatment. However, c-jun proto-oncogene expression was elevated in HT-29 cells and appeared unchanged in SK-Co-1 cells after lipid treatment. Treatment of HT-29 tumor cells with patient-derived fats produced an enhancement of the p53 gene product, whereas fat treatment reduced p53 expression in SK-Co-1 tumor cells. Further separation of the patient-derived fats indicated that the amplification of p53 gene expression in HT-29 cells could be achieved primarily by addition of the diacylglycerides fraction. Addition of the purified fatty acids, comprising the diglyceride fraction, indicated that the fatty acids, 16:1, 18:0, and 18:1, induced the most significant increases in p53 expression by HT-29 cells. These alterations caused by cancer patient-derived fats are consistent with the loss of normal growth regulation and may explain the epidemiologic association between certain fats and carcinogenesis.
Photosynthesis/respiration ratios in aquatic microcosms under arsenic stress

The ratio of net photosynthesis (P) to total ecosystem respiration (R) usually declines when an aquatic ecosystem is subjected to various types of stress. P/R ratios were measured in 12 80-l microcosms containing water, sediment, and entire biotic communities (dominated by Elodea sp.) from a shallow pond. P and R were estimated from changes in dissolved O2 concentrations during the day and night, respectively. After 10 weeks, the microcosms were stressed by the addition of sodium arsenate at concentrations of 0, 0.066, 11.5, and 143 ppm (as As). P/R ranged from 1.0 to 1.4 in all microcosms before arsenate was added. Under stress, both P and R declined in the 11.5 and 143 ppm microcosms, with negative net photosynthesis (i.e., decreases in dissolved O2 during the day) observed on several occasions. P/R in these microcosms fell to zero or below, returning to l.0 after three weeks. P/R remained above l.0 in the 0.066 ppm and control microcosms. The P/R response could be used for screening suspected hazardous substances in microcosms, as well as for monitoring natural ecosystems.
Effect of hydrazine exposure on hepatic triacylglycerol biosynthesis

Abstract Acute hydrazine exposure elevated rat liver triacylglycerol content and produced a rapid rise in triacylglycerol production from sn-[1,3-14C]glycerol 3-phosphate by liver homogenate and microsomal fractions. Hydrazine treatment also increased the incorporation of [1,3-14C]glycerol into hepatic triacylglycerol by the intact animal. Homogenates of hepatocyte monolayers exposed to hydrazine in vitro also exhibited an increased capacity to form triacylglycerol from sn-[1,3-14C]glycerol 3-phosphate. Hydrazine-dependent increases in hepatic triacylglycerol production measured in vitro correlated well with an increase in microsomal phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.4) activity. Therefore, the fatty liver associated with hydrazine exposure may be explained in part by a rise in the enzymatic capacity of hepatic triacylglycerol biosynthesis.
Evaluating the future value of educational interventions in a health care setting

Program evaluation is intended to systematically determine the merit and worth of a program. We broadly define merit and worth to include economic perspectives obtained through the analysis of the finances of a program—both the costs and the benefits. A study reported here addressed the cost and benefit of investing in an educational intervention to change and improve processes in a health care setting. The potential economic impact of a training intervention intended to improve the uptake of a new purchasing process was evaluated. The study illustrates economic evaluation that anticipates the future value of educational interventions, a prospective view.
Constructing a manuscript: Distinguishing integrative literature reviews and conceptual and theory articles

A reviewer for HRDR once asked the editors, “How do I know whether this is an integrative literature review or a conceptual paper?” When we explored the submissions we were receiving at HRDR, we realized that the majority of the manuscripts were really conceptual papers, but the authors often presented their work as an integrative literature review. Torraco (2005) wrote a most useful article that described how to write an integrative literature review. After that, many authors began framing every article submitted to HRDR in that format, even if they were not writing an integrative literature review. However, HRDR publishes several types of articles and, as Torraco (2005) noted, the editors “continue to seek well-written review [and other types of] articles that yield provocative, new perspectives on key issues in the field” (p. 356). The aims and scope of the journal (http://www.sagepub.com/journalsProdAims .nav?prodId=Journal201506) call for “submissions that provide new theoretical insights to advance our understanding of human resource development. Such papers may include syntheses of existing bodies of theory, new substantive theories, exploratory conceptual models, taxonomies and typology developed as foundations for theory, treatises in formal theory construction, papers on the history of theory, critique of theory that includes alternative research propositions, metatheory, and integrative literature reviews with strong theoretical implications. Papers addressing foundations of HRD might address philosophies of HRD, historical foundations, definitions of the field, conceptual organization of the field, and ethical foundations.” Of these, the two most common types submitted are conceptual/theoretical manuscripts and integrative literature reviews. This article will describe these two categories of manuscripts and will conclude with a call to prospective authors to consider other types of manuscripts, such as historical and methodological works, in their future submissions as well.
Molecular alterations of EGFR and PIK3CA in uterine serous carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is an aggressive endometrial cancer associated with poor prognosis despite comprehensive surgical staging and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Biologic targets have yet to be fully explored in this disease and research on such targets could lead to clinical trials utilizing a new class of therapeutics. This study sought to evaluate primary USC tumors for molecular alterations in epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) and the recently characterized oncogene PIK3CA , which encodes the catalytic p110-alpha subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and thus activates the AKT–mTOR oncogenic pathway. Methods Paraffin-embedded archival tissue of 45 primary USC tumors was utilized in this study. Immunohistochemical analysis of EGFR was performed and cases given a score of 0 to 12 calculated as the product of staining intensity (0 to 3+) and the percentage of positively stained cells (0–4), with 1=1–25%, 2=26–50%, 3=51–75%, and 4=76–100%. For mutational analysis, neoplastic tissue was microdissected and DNA was extracted with phenol–chloroform. Exons 18 through 21 of EGFR and exons 9 and 20 of PIK3CA , the most commonly mutated exons of these genes, were amplified and directly sequenced. Results When EGFR was evaluated, moderate or strong EGFR membranous staining was observed in 25/45 (56%) USC cases. Thus, a mutational analysis was performed on 35 cases, including all cases with moderate and strong EGFR staining. No mutations were identified in EGFR . In contrast, PIK3CA mutations were confirmed in 5/34 (15%) of USC cases. Four cases were mutated in exon 20 and one case was mutated in exon 9. Conclusions Since optimal treatment of uterine serous carcinoma remains unknown, novel therapeutic approaches need to be actively pursued. In the current study of primary USC tumors, oncogenic mutations of the PIK3CA gene were seen in 15% of USC cases. This represents the first report of this gene mutation in USC. In addition, EGFR stained positively in the majority of cases, suggesting a possible target protein. These findings warrant further investigation and suggest a potential role for therapeutic agents targeting the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway, such as rapamycin, as well as possible targets of EGFR in the treatment of uterine serous carcinoma.
Evidence that the dopaminergic prolactin-inhibiting factor mechanism regulates only the depletion-transformation phase and not the release phase of prolactin secretion during suckling in the rat.

We have compared the effectiveness of stalkmedian eminence (SME) extracts, dopamine, and bromocriptine (CB-154) in inhibiting the release of PRL into the plasma during suckling when injected before depletion with that when the injections were given after the pituitary stores of PRL had been depleted and transformed by 10 min of suckling. We found that a single injection of either neutralized acidic extracts of SME at a dose of one or two SME equivalents per rat or 625 ng dopamine effectively prevented both the depletion of PRL within the pituitary and the subsequent rise in plasma PRL when given 1–3 min before the onset of suckling. Likewise, a single injection of bromocriptine (0.5 mg) given 20–30 min before the onset of suckling totally blocked pituitary depletion and the subsequent release of PRL into the circulation. However, the PRL concentration rose normally in the plasma in response to suckling when either SME extract or bromocriptine was given after PRL depletion had first been effected by prior ...
Mechanics of Incremental Deformation

This book embodies an approach to non-linear elasticity which marks a fundamental departure from classical and current trends. The basic theory was first published between the years 1934 and 1940 in seven papers listed at the end of this Preface. In addition to a systematic treatment of the general theory and extensions to viscoelasticity, the book includes comprehensive new developments and applications, many of which are presented here for the first time. The work is characterized by the use of cartesian concepts and of elementary mathematical methods that do not require a knowledge of the tensor calculus or other more specialized techniques. The explicit introduction of a local rotation field in the three-dimensional equations leads to a theory which separates the physics from the geometry and is equally valid for elastic and non-elastic materials, using either rectangular or curvilinear coordinates. As this book demonstrates, the scope of problems solved by these new methods goes far beyond the results which it has been possible to obtain by the more elaborate and less general traditional approach. New insights, leading to many discoveries and a unified outlook have been brought into such widely diversified areas as rubber elasticity, internal gravity waves in a fluid and tectonic folding in geodynamics. The theory provides rigorous and completely general equations governing the dynamics and stability of solids and fluids under initial stress in the context of small perturbations. It does not require that the medium be elastic or isotropic but is applicable to anisotropic, viscoelastic, or plastic media. No assumptions are introduced regarding the physical process by which the initial stress has been generated. The treatment of viscoelasticity, which constitutes a substantial portion of the book, incorporates some of the results established in my previous work on non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Non-linear theories of deformation and applications to problems of finite strain are obtained by extension ofthe concept of incremental deformation in a medium under initial stress. In contrast to the presentation in the papers listed at the end of this Preface, the concepts and methods are developed primarily in the context of the linearized mechanics of continuous media under initial stress as an independent theory.
Controllability and Observability of a Large Scale Thermodynamical System via Connectability Approach

This study presents a new approach to determine the controllability and observability of a large scale nonlinear dynamic thermal system using graph-theory. The novelty of this method is in adapting graph theory for nonlinear class and establishing a graphic condition that describes the necessary and sufficient terms for a nonlinear class system to be controllable and observable, which equivalents to the analytical method of Lie algebra rank condition. The directed graph (digraph) is utilized to model the system, and the rule of its adaptation in nonlinear class is defined. Subsequently, necessary and sufficient terms to achieve controllability and observability condition are investigated through the structural property of a digraph called connectability. It will be shown that the connectability condition between input and states, as well as output and states of a nonlinear system are equivalent to Lie-algebra rank condition (LARC). This approach has been proven to be easier from a computational point of view and is thus found to be useful when dealing with a large system.© 2010 ASME
Multibody Dynamics Model for Predicting the Vibration Response and Transient Tooth Loads for Planetary Gear Systems

A high-fidelity multibody dynamics model for predicting the transient response of planetary gear trains is presented. The model supports an arbitrary number of gears, stages and arms. The model accurately accounts for the effects of gear tooth stiffness/damping/friction and tooth backlash. The multibody system representing the system is modeled using rigid bodies, revolute joints and rotational actuators. A penalty model is used to impose the joint and normal contact constraints. The normal contact penalty stiffness and damping are used to model the tooth stiffness and damping. The contact model detects contact between discrete points on the surface of a gear tooth (master contact surface) and a polygonal surface representation of the mating gear tooth (slave contact surface). A recursive bounding box/bounding sphere contact search algorithm is used to allow fast contact detection. An asperity friction model or an elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication model can be used for the contact friction forces. The governing equations of motion are solved along with joint/constraint equations using a time-accurate explicit solution procedure. The model is partially validated by comparing its predictions of the resonant frequencies of a planetary gear train to those of a previously published steady-state dynamic model. The model can help improve the design of planetary gear boxes including increasing the range of operating speeds, torque capacity and durability.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A multi-band approach to arterial traffic signal optimization

Abstract Progression schemes are widely used for traffic signal control in arterial streets. Under such a scheme a continuous green band of uniform width is provided in each direction along the artery at the desired speed of travel. A basic limitation of existing bandwidth-based programs is that they do not consider the actual traffic volumes and flow capacities on each link in their optimization criterion. Consequently they cannot guarantee the most suitable progression scheme for different traffic flow patterns. In this paper we present a new optimization approach for arterial progression that incorporates a systematic traffic-dependent criterion. The method generates a variable bandwidth progression in which each directional road section can obtain an individually weighted bandwidth (hence, the term multi-band). Mixed-integer linear programming is used for the optimization. Simulation results indicate that this method can produce considerable gains in performance when compared with traditional progression methods. It also lends itself to a natural extension for the optimization of grid networks.
Scarcity and the sustainable entrepreneurship system: A multi-level perspective

In this article, we develop theory to argue that whereas sustainable entrepreneurship (SE) is typically thought to be a singular social phenomenon it is really a multifaceted system that includes e...
A Subsynoptic Study of Winter Cold Fronts in Florida

Abstract Kinematic aspects of winter cold fronts in Florida are examined for a subsynoptic scale representing the frontal wind shift at the earth's surface. Fifteen selected cold fronts are studied by using time series of surface wind observations for Miami, Fla. With the aid of frontal movements estimated from six-hourly synoptic charts, the spatial wind distribution near the frontal wind shift is obtained by transforming time series observations into space series. The study of steady wind regimes ahead and behind the front indicates that the major wind change across the front occurs only in the v-component. As measured along a direction perpendicular to the front (136°T), this major change occurs over a distance of about 140 km, corresponding to a time scale of about 4.5 h. Divergence and vorticity estimates are based upon the subsynoptic wind distribution. These estimates are similar to those found previously for non-frontal subsynoptic studies on moist convection in Florida. It is found that our estim...
Implications of the DSM's emphasis on sadness and anhedonia in major depressive disorder

At least five symptoms must occur for a DSM diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD), one of which must be sadness or anhedonia. The present study is the first known investigation of the implications of the presence or absence of these prioritized symptoms on symptom expression and clinical characteristics among 564 young adults with MDD. Differences in symptom expression and clinical characteristics occurred among MDD participants with sadness relative to those without sadness as well as among MDD participants with anhedonia relative to those without anhedonia. Differential symptom expression could have important implications for the etiology, prevention, and treatment of MDD.
Effect of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in a patient with the "fertile eunuch" syndrome.

A patient with isolated LH deficiency (“fertile eunuch” syndrome) was given synthetic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) by a single intravenous injection and serum levels of folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were measured. A significant rise in both gonadctropins was found after GnRH and the increase was similar to that reported for normal men. No significant change was noted in the serum androgen levels. The patient was re-tested with another single intravenous injection after a 6-h infusion of GnRH two days later. The rise in serum FSH and LH levels during the infusion was greater than with the initial bolus. A further increase in LH but not FSH concentration was noted when a 150 μg bolus was given at the end of the infusion. Acute (4 day) treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) resulted in an increase in the serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels to those observed in normal adult males. The “fertile eunuch” syndrom...
The Use and Abuse of Chocolate in 17th Century Medical Theory

Cacao and chocolate were first introduced to Europe both as food and medicine. However, physicians had difficulty classifying them within the dominant system of humoral physiology and their arguments eventually undermined the authority of this system, especially as new scientific methods of analysis gained popularity. Authors in the late 16th and early 17th centuries attempted to restrict the use of chocolate to specific pathological states, but later, particularly in Northern Europe, and in competition with other purveyors, the therapeutic applications of chocolate were extended so broadly as to ultimately make any real medical use seem obsolete. This aided the transformation of chocolate from a medicinal food to a purely recreational drink in subsequent centuries. The case of chocolate provides an excellent example of how products once considered medicinal gain popular appeal with the aid of medical controversy.
Calibration of a root water uptake model in spatially variable soils

Abstract A procedure is discussed to calibrate a root water uptake model in unsaturated water flow modeling, thereby taking into consideration the variability of soil hydraulic properties. The Monte-Carlo analysis employed, in combination with a trial-and-error procedure to optimize the parameters of the Feddes reduction function, resulted in improved values for the actual transpiration in the Hupsel watershed as compared with a single site calibration. It is shown that the site originally chosen for the calibration of the reduction function behaved quite differently than most other naturally occurring soils in the watershed. The hydraulic functions of this calibration site very much limited transpiration and, therefore, cannot be regarded as representative.
Positive Tone, Polynorbornene Dielectric Crosslinking

The processing and properties of a positive-tone, aqueous develop, epoxy crosslinked permanent dielectric based on a polynorbornene (PNB) backbone and bis(diazonaphthoquinone) (DNQ) photosensitive compound were investigated. The developing and cure properties of the films were studied as a function of cure temperature, epoxy crosslinker loading and DNQ loading. Reduced modulus measurements showed that crosslinking of the polymer film occurred via reaction of the polymer with DNQ. The final modulus of the DNQ-crosslinked film was 4.0 GPa. Swelling measurements for a UV exposed film showed material leaching from the film. Residual solvent from swelling measurements was analysed by gel permeation chromatography which showed the indene carboxylic acid form of DNQ leached out of the polymer film. The unexposed film did not exhibit material loss through leaching. When developed, films showed a decline in modulus to 2.6 GPa, likely due to the reaction of DNQ with the aqueous base developer forming nonreactive byproducts that did not contribute to crosslinking. An epoxy crosslinker was added to the formulation which helped crosslink the polymer film by inhibiting uptake of the aqueous base during developing. The epoxy inhibition of the base uptake was confirmed by quartz crystal microbalance, where an increase in epoxy loading led to a decrease in base uptake of the film during developing. 19F-NMR results support the DNQ-PNB crosslinking through esterification. Electrical characterization of the cured PNB films showed a relative dielectric constant of 3.65 for a DNQ and epoxy containing film after curing at 220◦C. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0021501jss] All rights reserved.
Optimal Models for Meal-Break and Start-Time Flexibility in Continuous Tour Scheduling

This paper presents a compact integer-programming model for large-scale continuous tour scheduling problems that incorporate meal-break window, start-time band, and start-time interval policies. For practical scheduling environments, generalized set-covering formulations (GSCFs) of such problems often contain hundreds of millions of integer decision variables, usually precluding identification of optimal solutions. As an alternative, we present an implicit integer-programming model that frequently has fewer than 1,500 variables and can be formulated and solved using PC-based hardware and software platforms. An empirical study using labor-requirement distributions for customer service representatives at a Motorola, Inc. call center was used to demonstrate the importance of having a model that can evaluate tradeoffs among the various scheduling policies.
The Relative and Incremental Valuation Effects of Embedded Value Disclosure by Life Insurers: Evidence from Cross-Listed Firms in the U.S.

SYNOPSIS: European life insurers began disclosing embedded value information (EV) over a decade ago due to concerns with traditional local accounting standards. EV is an estimate of the present value of future net cash flows from in-force life insurance business. However, U.S.-based life insurers have yet to adopt this disclosure, although several surveys and empirical studies suggest that EV disclosure provides valuable information in assessing life insurers' performance. This paper examines the incremental valuation effects of EV disclosure in the presence of U.S. GAAP. We utilize a sample of cross-listed life insurers as surrogates to assess the valuation effects of EV disclosures for U.S. life insurers. Our empirical results show a higher association between EV and stock market prices than those of traditional accounting metrics such as earnings or book value. The results also show that EV has incremental explanatory power beyond those of traditional U.S. GAAP accounting measures. Our findings provide...
Fragility and indestructibility of the tree property

We prove various theorems about the preservation and destruction of the tree property at ? 2. Working in a model of Mitchell [9] where the tree property holds at ? 2, we prove that ? 2 still has the tree property after ccc forcing of size $${\aleph_1}$$ or adding an arbitrary number of Cohen reals. We show that there is a relatively mild forcing in this same model which destroys the tree property. Finally we prove from a supercompact cardinal that the tree property at ? 2 can be indestructible under ? 2-directed closed forcing.
Property and efficiency of the maximum likelihood method for molecular phylogeny

The maximum likelihood (ML) method for constructing phylogenetic trees (both rooted and unrooted trees) from DNA sequence data was studied. Although there is some theoretical problem in the comparison of ML values conditional for each topology, it is possible to make a heuristic argument to justify the method. Based on this argument, a new algorithm for estimating the ML tree is presented. It is shown that under the assumption of a constant rate of evolution, the ML method and UPGMA always give the same rooted tree for the case of three operational taxonomic units (OTUs). This also seems to hold approximately for the case with four OTUs. When we consider unrooted trees with the assumption of a varying rate of nucleotide substitution, the efficiency of the ML method in obtaining the correct tree is similar to those of the maximum parsimony method and distance methods. The ML method was applied to Brown et al.'s data, and the tree topology obtained was the same as that found by the maximum parsimony method, but it was different from those obtained by distance methods.