cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An interactive activation and competition model of person knowledge, suggested by proactive interference by traits spontaneously inferred from behaviours

People unconsciously and unintentionally make inferences about others’ personality traits based on their behaviours. In this study, a classic memory phenomenon – proactive interference (PI) – is for the first time used to detect spontaneous trait inferences. PI should occur when lists of behaviour descriptions, all implying the same trait, are to be remembered. Switching to a new trait should produce ‘release’ from proactive interference (or RPI). Results from two experiments supported these predictions. PI and RPI effects are consistent with an interactive activation and competition model of person perception (e.g., McNeill & Burton, 2002, J. Exp. Psychol., 55A, 1141), which predicts categorical organization of social behaviours based on personality traits. Advantages of this model are discussed.
Enhanced level shifter for multi-voltage operation

A novel level-up shifter with dual supply voltage is proposed. The proposed design significantly reduces the short circuit current in conventional cross-coupled topology, improving the transient power consumption. Compared with the bootstrapping technique, the proposed circuit consumes significantly less area, making it more practical for ICs with a large number of supply voltages. The minimum power-delay product (PDP) for each level shifter is analyzed and compared. Worst-case corner analysis is performed for transient power, delay, and leakage power. The dependence of power and delay on input supply voltage level is also investigated for each topology. Simulation results demonstrate 43% and 36% reduction in, respectively, transient power and leakage power as compared to cross-coupled level shifter, while consuming 9.5% and 79.5% less physical area than, respectively, cross-coupled and bootstrapping techniques.
Medical Student Attitudes Toward the Medically Underserved: The USU Perspective

ABSTRACT This study examined a cohort of students attending the Uniformed Services University regarding their attitudes toward medical care in underserved populations. Using the previously validated Medical Student Attitudes Toward the Underserved (MSATU), repeated measures analysis of variance showed that student attitudes toward care in underserved populations was less favorable than limited national data at entry and declined over time (Mean MSATU total score Year 1: 46.2 [SD 10.95]; Year 4: 41.7 [SD 12.3] p < 0.01). Differences in medical school debt, exposure to underserved populations, and the definition of “service” in the context of active duty military status might explain some of our findings. Providing broad service learning opportunities within the curriculum could increase student exposure to underserved populations and strengthen the social contract between community and institution.
Inhaled triamcinolone with proton pump inhibitor for treatment of vocal process granulomas: a series of 67 granulomas.

Objectives: We sought to analyze the outcomes of vocal process granulomas treated with proton pump inhibitors andinhaled triamcinolone acetonide.Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients wilh a diagnosis of contact granuloma or vocal prcKcss granulomabetween IW? and 2UU8. Data included age. gender, intubation history, reflux history, lesion location, previous treatmentmcthiKls. treatment course, and recurrence. Ali patients were treated with daily or twice-daily protein pump inhibitors andinhaled triamcinolone acetonide (300 |ig 3 times a day).Kesultii: Sixty-seven granulomas were diagnosed In 54 patients: 13 bilateral and 41 unilateral. Twenty patients, includ-ing all II women, had a recent history of intubation. Sixty-two granulomas in 50 patients were treated wilh iriamcinoloncand a proton pump inhibitor. Ofthe 57 granulomas that completed treatment. 5 (9%) did not respond (mean Inl low-up,5(1 weeks; range. 30.3 lo 78.3 weeks). 13 (22'7r) partially responded (mean fol!ovv-up, 11 weeks; range. ?> to 30 weeks),and 40 (69'ii ) completely responded (mean follow-up. 21 weeks; range. 5.9 to 84.6 weeks). Three cases had recurrence:2 nonrespondcrs and I complete responder. One patient developed oral thrush.Conclusions: In this study, vocal process granulomas occurred more frequently in men. whereas women developed gran-ulomas only after intubation. The anii-inflammalory action of inhaled triamcinolone combined with antirellux protonpump inhibitors successfully treats most vocal process granulomas with low rates of side effects and recurrence.Key Words: gasiroesophageal retlux. hyr>erfunctional voice abuse, inhaled steroid, proton pump inhibitor, speech ther-apy, vocal process granuloma.
Petrographic constraints on the diversity of chondrule reservoirs in the protoplanetary disk

Abstract– Chondrules from different chondrite groups show characteristic properties, including abundances of different chondrule textural types, chondrule sizes, oxygen isotope compositions, chondrule bulk compositions, and petrographic properties of type I and type II chondrules, including abundances of relict grains. Overall, it can be argued that each chondrite group sampled a unique chondrule reservoir, and that chondrite groups may represent fractions of larger reservoirs that are represented by chondrite classes. These observations provide constraints for models of the early solar system, in which it is necessary to establish multiple separate chondrule reservoirs and maintain them over extended time periods. Models for accretion of chondrite parent bodies must be able to account for localized accretion of chondrules that were formed in spatially or temporally separated reservoirs.
A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of NATO

This article improves and refines the joint product model so that it can better analyze nuclear war alliances. In particular, the refined models demonstrate that allies' responses to defense spillovers depend upon the consumption relationship (i.e., complementarity or substitutability) of the jointly produced defense outputs as well as the allies' income responsiveness. The stability and size of alliances are also related to the consumption relationship of the joint outputs. This article uses a generalized least-squares estimate on data for 12 NATO allies to estimate their defense expenditure functions. The statistical results conform well with our predictions.
Measuring the oxidation of heme compounds in heart homogenates from rats supplemented with dietary antioxidants.

Abstract Protection by antioxidant nutrients against oxidative damage in rat heart homogenates was studied. Following spontaneous oxidation of heart homogenates from rats fed vitamin E, selenium, or β-carotene, oxidized heme proteins (OHP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured. The absorbance spectra of oxidized and reduced heme proteins were analyzed with a heme spectral analysis program (HSAP) developed in this laboratory. HSAP is a multicomponent analysis program that uses successive approximations and computer spreadsheet solver functions to deconvolute a complex absorbance spectrum into individual heme protein spectra. Vitamin E markedly decreased formation of OHP, and vitamin E, selenium, or β-carotene significantly lowered the production of TBARS during spontaneous oxidation of heart homogenates compared with homogenates from rats fed antioxidant-deficient diets. Pyridine hemochrome analysis showed that the total amounts of heme proteins present in the homogenates decreased during the oxidative incubation period. The formation of OHP correlated significantly with the amount of TBARS produced and could be simulated as a function of the oxidative and protective reactions involved in the oxidation of rat heart homogenates. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Inc.
Some Effects of Industrialization

B OTH Mr. Hays, a historian at the State University of Iowa, and Mr. Bendix, a sociologist at Berkeley, have addressed themselves to the problem of the impact of industrialization upon men and ideas, and both deal with the United States of the period before World War I. Beyond this, resemblances between the two volumes cease. One elementary difference is that Mr. Bendix also deals with three other societies. Another is that Mr. Hays writes simply and well, in contrast to Mr. Bendix, whose sometimes tortuous and always prolix style cries for editing and pruning. A third distinction is that Mr. Bendix operates at a considerably more sophisticated level of analysis, and his book merits those overworked cliches of blurb writers-"challenging" and "original." This is not to derogate the other volume. Far from it, for a fourth difference is that Mr. Hays's book is much the sounder work. He has turned out a careful and judicious essay on a critical era in our history. His pages reflect the change in recent years in the views of many historians about that period, but he has not gone overboard in revisionism. Thus, he does not castigate the entrepreneurs who used to be called "robber barons," nor does he interpret the era as a struggle between the forces of light (the "people") and of darkness (the "interests"). But neither does he glide over or try to explain away the social injustices and maladjustments that marred those decades. His book should be useful for students and for others who want a trustworthy brief survey of our social and economic history in the years from i885 to I9I4. II
Upstream influence in conically symmetric flow

References Nixon, D., "Perturbation of a Discontinuous Transonic Flow," AIAA Journal, Vol. 16, Jan. 1978, pp. 47-52. Nixon, D., "Perturbations in Two and Three Dimensional Transonic Flows," AIAA Journal, Vol. 16, July 1978, pp. 699-709. Nixon, D. and Kerlick, G. D., "Pertubations of a Transonic Flow with Vanishing Shock Waves," Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc., Mountain View, Calif., Paper 153, 1982. Nixon, D., "Calculations of Transonic Flow Using the Integral Equation Method," Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, England, 1976. Ballhaus, W. F. and Goorjian, P.M., "Implicit Finite-Difference Computations of Unsteady Transonic Flows About Airfoils Including the Effect of Irregular Shock Motions," AIAA Journal, Vol. 15, 1977. pp. 1728-1735.
Epidemiological Assessment of Hypospadias by Degree of Severity

Purpose: Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital malformations, with reportedly increasing rates of prevalence but poorly defined etiological factors for the disease and the varying degrees of manifestation. We characterize the prevalence of hypospadias in Arkansas with consideration of the degree of hypospadias.Materials and Methods: Data from the Arkansas State Birth Defects Surveillance Program of the Arkansas Reproductive Health Monitoring System were used to identify hypospadias cases and all male births by women residing in Arkansas between 1998 and 2007. Categorization of hypospadias severity into first, second or third degree was determined by a common 6-digit birth defect coding system used by surveillance programs across the country. Prevalence rates were computed for maternal and infant characteristics, birth year and birth residence.Results: The prevalence of hypospadias in Arkansas for births between 1998 and 2007 was 74.2 cases per 10,000 live births. Degrees of hypospadias were gra...
Time course of the tri-o-cresyl phosphate-induced testicular lesion in F-344 rats: enzymatic, hormonal, and sperm parameter studies.

Abstract Tri- o -cresyl phosphate (TOCP), a known neurotoxic compound, causes testicular toxicity in both leghorn roosters and Fischer 344 rats. The present study was initiated to follow the onset of the testicular lesion through possible changes in sperm numbers and production, serum hormones, and various enzyme activities. Rats were administered TOCP daily (150 mg/kg) for periods of 3, 7, 10, 14, or 21 days. Vehicle-treated animals served as controls. Sperm motility and sperm number per milligram cauda epididymis were both lower in treated animals by Day 10. Testicular weight to body weight ratio was significantly decreased only in the longest treatment duration animals (21 days). Testicular neurotoxic esterase and nonspecific esterase activities were also inhibited, while β-glucuronidase activity was not affected. Luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone levels were normal, as were both serum and interstitial fluid testosterone concentrations. Sertoli cell fluid secretion, as measured by testis weight increase after efferent duct ligation, showed no significant changes. Other organs (spleen, liver, kidney, pancreas, small intestine, adrenal and pituitary glands) had no overt signs of pathology as observed by light microscopy in animals treated for 21 days. A separate group of animals was treated for 21 days and subsequently examined after 98 days of observation (two cycles of the rat seminiferous epithelium). No recovery of spermatogenesis was seen, indicating that the toxicity was irreversible at the dose used. The effects noted in these studies further define the testicular lesion produced by TOCP and show that 150 mg/kg/day for 21 days produced irreversible testicular toxicity.
Enzyme reaction rates determined by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry

Fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry has been used to measure the reaction rate of trypsin with the synthetic substrate p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME). Rates were measured by FAB mass spectrometry both in real time by monitoring the reaction as it proceeded on the probe inside the mass spectrometer, and also by individual analysis of a series of aliquots removed with time from a batch reaction. The results were then compared to the rates measured using the usual spectrophotometric (UV) assay run with the same reaction mixture. The results showed that the initial rates of trypsin cleavage were the same for these three methods at approximately 0.15 μmol product produced min−1 μg−1 enzyme. After 5 min, the rates determined by FAB mass spectrometry using timed aliquots and the UV assay remained about the same, whereas the real-time measurement decreased substantially to approximately 0.002 μmol product min−1 μg−1 enzyme. The results are discussed with respect to the particular advantages and disadvantages of these methods for following enzyme reactions.
SU-E-T-90: Concrete Forward-Scatter Fractions for Radiotherapy Shielding Applications

Purpose: There is little instruction within the primary shielding guidance document NCRP 151 for vault designs where the primary beam intercepts the maze. We have conducted a Monte-Carlo study to characterize forward-scattered radiation from concrete barriers with the intent of quantifying what amount of additional shielding outside the primary beam is needed in this situation. Methods: We reproduced our vault in MCNP 5 and simulated spectra obtained from the literature and from our treatment planning system for 10 and 18 MV beams. Neutron and gamma-capture contributions were not simulated. Energy deposited was scored at isocenter in a water phantom, within various cells that comprised the maze, and within cells that comprised the vault door. Tracks were flagged that scattered from within the maze to the door and their contributions were tallied separately. Three different concrete mixtures found in the literature were simulated. An empirically derived analytic equation was used for comparison, utilizing patient scatter fractions to approximate the scatter from concrete. Results: Our simulated data confirms that maze-scattered radiation is a significant contribution to total photon dose at the door. It contributes between 20-35% of the photon shielding workload. Forward-scatter fractions for concrete were somewhat dependent on concrete composition and the relative abundance of higher-Z elements. Scatter fractions were relatively insensitive to changes in the primary photon spectrum. Analytic results were of the same magnitude as simulated results. Conclusions: Forward-scattered radiation from the maze barrier needs to be included in the photon workload for shielding calculations in non-standard vault designs. Scatter fractions will vary with concrete composition, but should be insensitive to spectral changes between machine manufacturers. Further plans for investigation include refined scatter fractions for various concrete compositions, scatter fraction measurement, and simulation of photo-nuclear interaction within the maze barrier for high-energy beams.
Kinetics of pressure-induced phase separation (PIPS) from polymer solutions by time-resolved light scattering. Polyethylene + n-pentane

Abstract Kinetics of pressure-induced phase separation (PIPS) in solutions of polyethylene + n -pentane at high pressures have been investigated using a novel experimental system which permits imposing controlled, multiple rapid (and repetitive) pressure quenches of different penetration depths into the region of immiscibility of the system. The evolution of new phase formation is monitored by time-resolved light scattering using a fibre optic scattering cell as a function of the depth of penetration into the two-phase regions. It is shown that the rate of change in the scattered light intensities increases with quench depth, becoming very fast and eventually reaches an apparent limiting value for quenches below a characteristic penetration depth. Determination of these quench pressures below which phase separation is extremely rapid identifies a kinetic phase separation boundary below the binodal pressures which is of practical significance. This is because pressure-induced phase separation by rapid expansion is an important step in processing of materials such as polymers with near- and supercritical fluids. The results are shown for liquid-liquid phase separation for polyethylene solutions of two different molecular weights (108 000 and 16 400) in n -pentane subjected to pressure quenches as deep as 10 MPa.
Sonographers' Complex Communication during the Obstetric Sonogram Exam: An Interview Study:

A study of the oral communication experiences and training of obstetric sonographers can provide insight into the complex expectations these medical professionals face as they complete their techni...
Effects of Gap Anisotropy in Superconductors Containing Paramagnetic Impurities

The effect of the gap anisotropy on the transition temperature of a superconductor containing paramagnetic impurities is calculated by an extension of the theory of Markowitz and Kadanoff. Deviations from the linear decrease of transition temperature with impurity concentration as predicted by Abrikosov and Gorkov will depend on the relative magnitudes of the spin-flip and the no-spin-flip parts of the impurity scattering potential. It is shown that such a deviation should be observable and provide a test of the Abrikosov-Gorkov theory.
The Clinical Importance of the Rh Blood Type

Rh Incompatibility in Pregnancy In contrast to the type of mild or only moderate transfusion reactions described above in men and in nongravid women, it has been recognized for several years that d...
A program for the computation of helical parameters from internal coordinates

A method for the calculation of helical parameters from internal coordinates of an arbitrary repeat unit, has been implemented in a FORTRAN IV program. The coordinates of all atoms in a cylindrical coordinate system are also obtained. An application of the program for a systematic approach to the problem of protein-DNA recognition is introduced.
Characteristics of a low affinity passive Ca2+ influx component in rat parotid gland basolateral plasma membrane vesicles.

We have previously reported the presence of two Ca2+ influx components with relatively high (KCa= 152 ± 79 μm) and low (KCa= 2.4 ± 0.9 mm) affinities for Ca2+ in internal Ca2+ pool-depleted rat parotid acinar cells [Chauthaiwale et al. (1996) Pfluegers Arch. 432:105–111]. We have also reported the presence of a high affinity Ca2+ influx component with KCa= 279 ± 43 μm in rat parotid gland basolateral plasma membrane vesicles (BLMV). [Lockwich, Kim & Ambudkar (1994) J. Membrane Biol. 141:289–296]. The present studies show that a low affinity Ca2+ influx component is also present in BLMV with KCa= 2.3 ± 0.41 mm (Vmax= 16.36 ± 4.11 nmoles of Ca2+/mg protein/min). Our data demonstrate that this low affinity component is similar to the low affinity Ca2+ influx component that is activated by internal Ca2+ store depletion in dispersed parotid gland acini by the following criteria: (i) similar KCa for calcium flux, (ii) similar IC50 for inhibition by Ni2+ and Zn2+; (iii) increase in KCa at high external K+, (iv) similar effects of external pH. The high affinity Ca2+ influx in cells is different from the low affinity Ca2+ influx component cells in its sensitivity to pH, KCl, Zn2+ and Ni2+. The low and high affinity Ca2+ influx components in BLMV can also be distinguished from each other based on the effects of Zn2+, Ni2+, KCl, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. In aggregate, these data demonstrate the presence of a low affinity passive Ca2+ influx pathway in BLMV which displays characteristics similar to the low affinity Ca2+ influx component detected in parotid acinar cells following internal Ca2+ store depletion.
The polarographic reduction of Bi(III) in the presence of chloride ion

The reduction of Bi(III) to Bi(Hg) at the dropping mercury electrode in 0·5 M perchloric acid solution containing 0-0·3 M chloride ion becomes increasingly reversible, generally speaking, as the [Cl−]/ [Bi(III)] ratio increases, as evidenced by changes in various criteria used for determining the “reversibility” of a polarographic electrode process, e.g., the magnitude of the heterogeneous rate constant of the electrochemical reaction (ke), the slope of the d.c. polarogram log plot, and the magnitude of ϱ, the a.c. polarographic efficiency (ratio of the observed and theoretical magnitudes of the faradaic alternating current). The concentration ratio is not, however, the sole determining factor; the absolute concentrations also have an effect. The log plot is apparently a quite inadequate measure of reversibility; ke, which is a determining factor in the d.c. polarographic reversibility, is probably not functionally related to the thermodynamic reversibility of the electrode process; ϱ could be a measure of the thermodynamic reversibility of the electrochemicaI process.
Policing Sex: Explaining Demons in the Cognitive Economies of Religion

This article offers a cognitive theory of religious postulations of demonic beings in religious systems. I suggest a significant tension between a biological inheritance of moderate sexual promiscuity and the culturally imposed ideal of exclusive monogamy generates the salience of libidinous supernatural agents to human minds. I review sexual selection theory as applied to humans, the sexual proclivities of demonic cultural constructs, and survey the literature on demonic beings in religious systems. I offer statistical evidence of groupings of demon beliefs around the chief tension points suggested by sexual selection theory. I end with suggestions for further empirical testing of the theory.
New light on William Maclure

Summary The recent publication of twenty European travel journals originally written in the nineteenth century by William Maclure, the sometime ‘father of American geology’, has entailed major revisions in our understanding of their author. In the present essay I review geological portions of all twenty journals, integrating their contents with Maclure's already known but never before comprehensively discussed publications, which now appear in a new perspective. I then suggest a more adequate evaluation of Maclure's significance within a considerably revised schematization of the history of early American geology.
A Core Complex of CPSF73, CPSF100, and Symplekin May Form Two Different Cleavage Factors for Processing of Poly(A) and Histone mRNAs

Metazoan histone mRNAs are unique: their pre-mRNAs contain no introns, and the mRNAs are not polyadenylated, ending instead in a conserved stem-loop structure. In Drosophila, canonical poly(A) signals are located downstream of the normal cleavage site of each histone gene and are utilized when histone 3' end formation is inhibited. Here we define a subcomplex of poly(A) factors that are required for histone pre-mRNA processing. We demonstrate that Symplekin, CPSF73, and CPSF100 are present in a stable complex and interact with histone-specific processing factors. We use chromatin immunoprecipitation to show that Symplekin and CPSF73, but not CstF50, cotranscriptionally associate with histone genes. Depletion of SLBP recruits CstF50 to histone genes. Knockdown of CPSF160 or CstF64 downregulates Symplekin but does not affect histone pre-mRNA processing or association of Symplekin with the histone locus. These results suggest that a common core cleavage factor is required for processing of histone and polyadenylated pre-mRNAs.
The use of the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) with cardiac patients receiving home health care.

PURPOSE. To identify Nursing Interventions Classification interventions (NICs) commonly provided to cardiac home care patients and to explore differences among patients with coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and patients with other cardiac disorders. METHODS. The NICs provided to cardiac home care patients were recorded and analyzed to determine differences in frequencies across cardiac diagnoses. FINDINGS. Frequent NICs provided in cardiac home care are similar across diagnoses, and include tissue perfusion management and patient education NICs. Variations can be detected and involve fluid monitoring/management, exercise promotion/teaching, and cardiac care NICs. CONCLUSIONS. Differences in nursing care among patients with similar medical diagnoses can be detected using NIC. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE. Relevant knowledge of nursing care can be gleaned from analyzing NIC data generated in practice and can be used to plan, evaluate, and determine the effectiveness of nursing care.
Semicontinuous silver films as an ultra-sensitive Raman biosensor for recognition of insulin variants

Protein analysis is playing an important role in various biomedical applications. Performing such analysis at the molecular level is critical for further advancements in diagnostics. New instruments for measuring protein primary and secondary structures are in great demand for synthesis, purification, and recognition of proteins. Human insulin (humulin) and its artificial substitute humalog used for people with diabetes, are among particularly important proteins. There is a tiny difference in structures of these two proteins: the humalog structure can be obtained from humulin by interchanging lysine and proline amino acids at the B28 and B29 positions. These two proteins have the same mass, but because of the small structural difference, rather different properties, including their medical activity. Raman spectroscopy is known to have a high sensitivity in detecting bond structures of molecules, and thus it can be a powerful means for detection even smallest differences. Furthermore, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), providing a dramatic increase for Raman signals, makes possible analysis even at very minute protein quantities. In our experiments, we demonstrated that SERS substrates based on semicontinuous silver films [1] can be successfully used as highly sensitive substrates for distinguishing Humalog and Humulin at the sub-monolayer density, 80 fmol/mm2.
Period doubling cascade in diffusion flames

Here it is shown that chaotic oscillations can appear after a series of period doublings in radiating diffusion flames when the activation temperature is high enough. It is also shown that period doubling cascades appear typically in very small regions and that they may not be observable if one starts with small perturbations of a steady flame.
The Emergence of a Paradigm in the Curriculum Field: A Reply to Jickling

It is indeed unusual to find that a thesis presented in a curriculum textbook should generate the intense reaction explicated by Jickling and some other scholars in the curriculum field. In the annals of that field one would be hard pressed to find any comparable level of intense disputation having been generated from a single thesis in a curriculum textbook. For this we are grateful to Jickling and others. When Ian Winchester, editor of Interchange, asked us to respond to JickJing's manuscript, our initial impulse was to let the record stand. However, we know that unless the reader takes pains to check Jickling's arguments and interpretations against what we actually wrote in Curriculum Development: Theory Into Practice (1975, 1980), his article would serve only to throw more heat than light on the matter. Our response to Jickling is not intended as a counter-attack or a mere defence of our thesis, but as a hopeful effort to clarify the issues and to set the record straight. Some of the inaccuracies in Jickling's interpretations of our thesis might be attributed to our failure to explicate it more clearly. However, Jickling's essay is wracked with contradictions and distortions. At one point he cites Kuhn and Masterman on the significance of paradigms for identifying problems and seeking problem solutions in a field. At another point, he argues that a paradigm delineates boundaries and therefore restricts options for investigation and progress. Nowhere in the writing of Kuhn does one find any indication that paradigms restrict options for inquiry in a field. In fact, it is held by Kuhn both that the sense of community for any group of practitioners derives from a paradigm or set of paradigms that governs their work by accounting for the relative fullness of their professional communication and consensus of judgment and that paradigms serve to guide us in the use of concrete problem solutions as models for solving other problems (pp. 175-180). Hence paradigms serve to reveal the possibilities, not the limitations, for systematic inquiry in a field. In Curriculum Development: Theory Into Practice (1980, p. 75), we state clearly that "the paradigm or set of paradigms does not eliminate debate or disagreement in a
Bifunctional Carbon Nanotubes by Sidewall Protection

A vertically aligned array of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) impregnated with polystyrene is utilized to independently functionalize each end of the MWCNTs. The presence of the polystyrene matrix prevents sidewall oxidation of the CNTs, resulting in carboxylate derivatization at the CNT tips during processing via plasma oxidation. The membrane is subsequently dissolved in toluene, resulting in a suspension of CNTs with carboxylate-derivatized tips. The CNT tips are further functionalized using carbodiimide-mediated linking of carboxylate at the CNT tips with an amine of 2-aminoethanethiol. This treatment results in thiol functionality and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) studies confirm amide-bond formation. Gold nanoparticles that are readily observed using transmisison electron microscopy (TEM) are then covalently linked to the thiol functional groups. Estimates of the average nanoparticle density are observed to decrease from ∼526 particles μm - 1 near the CNT tips to negligible values (< 7 particles μm - 1 ) at locations beyond 700 nm from the CNT tips. This is consistent with a membrane geometry where CNTs tips are above the polystyrene surface owing to differing oxidation rates. Bifunctional CNTs (with different chemical functionality at either end of each CNT) is achieved by thiol functionalization on only one side of the oxidized CNT membnme floating on top of a 2-aminoethanethiol functionalization reaction solution. After dissolution of the polystyrene matrix, TEM analysis shows gold-nanopaiticle decoration at the thiol-functionalized end of the CNT.
A vaporization model for discrete multi-component fuel sprays

Abstract A vaporization model for multi-component fuel sprays is described. The discrete multi-component (DMC) fuel approach was used to model the properties and composition of gasoline and diesel model fuels. Unsteady vaporization of single and multi-component fuel droplets and sprays was considered for both normal and flash-boiling evaporation conditions. An unsteady internal heat flux model and a model for the determination of the droplet surface temperature were formulated. An approximate solution to the quasi-steady energy equation was used to derive an explicit expression for the heat flux from the surrounding gas to the droplet–gas interface, with inter-diffusion of fuel vapor and the surrounding gas taken into account. The density change of the drop as a function of temperature was also considered. In order to treat phase change under trans-critical conditions, a characteristic length was defined to determine the amount of vaporized fuel as a function of time. The present vaporization models were implemented into a multi-dimensional CFD code and applied to calculate evaporation processes of single and multi-component fuel droplets and sprays for various ambient temperatures and droplet temperatures. Differences between representing model fuels using the single and multi-component fuel descriptions are discussed.
A planar silacyclobutane, 1,1-(rac-1,1′-bi-2-naphthoxy)-1-silacyclobutane and its unusual reaction with bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum(0)

Abstract The synthesis, characterization and X-ray crystal structure of 1,1-(rac-1,1′-bi-2-naphthoxy)-1-silacyclobutane (1) are reported and reveal an unusual planar conformation with a Si-βC distance of 2.302 (5) A. Reaction of 1 with either stoichiometric or catalytic amounts of bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum(0) {Pt(cod)2} gave 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL), rather than the expected insertion products or polymer. A mechanism is proposed based on insertion of the Pt(cod) into 1 followed by hydride transfers via the Pt center to the 1,1′-bi-2-naphthoxy group. Anionic ring-opening polymerization of 1 is also reported and gave the poly(carbosilane) (4).
Michigan and Ohio K-12 Educational Financing Systems: Equality and Efficiency

We consider issues of equality and efficiency in two different school funding systems—a state-level system in Michigan and a foundation system in Ohio. Unlike Ohio, the Michigan system restricts districts from generatingpropertyorincometaxrevenuetofundoperating expenditures.Inbothstates,districtsfundcapitalexpenditures with local tax revenue. Our results indicate that although average revenue and expenditures per pupil in Michigan and Ohio are almost identical, the distributions of the various revenue sources are quite different. Ohio’s funding system has greater equality in terms of total revenue, largely due to Ohio redistributing state funds to the least wealthy districts while Michigan does not. We find relatively wealthy Michigan districts spend moreoncapitalexpenditures,whereasrelativelywealthy Ohio districts spend more on labor and materials. This suggests that constraints on raising local revenue to fund operating expenditures in Michigan could create efficiency issues.
Cytologic methods for the detection of endometrial cancer.

Abstract The use of a small-diameter, flexible endometrial cannula for aspirating endometrial cells is the most simple, safe, inexpensive, and reliable method for physicians to use in their offices to routinely screen asymptomatic women at high risk for endometrial cancer. Earlier detection of endometrial cancer will improve patient survival and the direct endometrial aspiration cytologic smear will enhance that goal.
COPPER(II) MACROCYCLES CLEAVE SINGLE-STRANDED AND DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA UNDER BOTH AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS

The mechanism of copper(II) 1,4,7-triazacyclononane dichloride [Cu([9]aneN3)Cl2]-catalyzed hydrolysis of activated phosphodiesters has been established. We now report that Cu([9]aneN3)Cl2 is also capable of cleaving both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA at near-physiological pH and temperature. Degradation of both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA was revealed by gel electrophoresis and quantitated via fluorimaging of ethidium bromide-stained gels. Single-stranded M13 DNA incubated with Cu([9]aneN3)Cl2 is efficiently and nonspecifically degraded. Supercoiled plasmid DNA (form I) incubated with Cu([9]aneN3)Cl2 is nicked to relaxed circular DNA (form II) and then more slowly degraded to form III (linear). A related complex, [Cu(i-Pr3[9]aneN3)(OH2)(CF3SO3)]CF3SO3, displays a marked increase in DNA cleavage activity relative to the parent Cu([9]aneN3)Cl2. Interestingly, there appear to be at least two different mechanisms of DNA degradation: an O2-dependent pathway and an O2-independent pathway....
The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on State Suicide Rates: A Methodological Note

This note examines the purported impact of conventional socioeconomic and social environment factors on annual, state-level suicide rates. Results from an inductive fixed-effects (covariance) analysis, of state-level time-series/cross-section data for the period 1985-95, do little to support Durkheim's social causes hypothesis that aggregate socioeconomic factors matter in explaining state suicide rates. A possible source of heterogeneity-aggregation bias is identified raising questions surrounding past inferences made in aggregate suicide research. The data and empirical method support a mounting sentiment of an abiding ecological fallacy in the suicide literature. Implications of this investigation call for a shift in research focus and method to a smaller unit of analysis (for example, individual-level, controlling for key social processes).
Ocean Energy Conversion and Storage Prototypes for Wave, Current and Tidal Energy Generators

Ocean energy is a well-invested renewable energy resource. Although proven technologies for energy generation from the ocean exist, most of the developed systems are yet to be combined with storage devices for later use. In this paper, three different energy conversion projects are described with prototypes for generating electricity from the ocean waves, currents and tides. Each project builds on the lessons learned from the previous, and involves incremental improvements towards the goal to store the generated electricity to be used afterwards. The small-scale prototypes reveal both promises and challenges of sustainable energy conversion devices and necessary storage technologies to be useful at large scale.
Opening a New Can of Worms: A Large-Scale RNAi Screen in Planarians

In this issue of Developmental Cell, Reddien et al. describe the first large-scale RNAi screen in freshwater planarians, classic models for regeneration studies. Their work paves the way for a detailed understanding of regeneration and tissue maintenance in these fascinating animals.
Electronic structure of chiral graphene tubules

The electronic structure for graphenemonolayer tubules is predicted as a function of the diameter and helicity of the constituent graphene tubules. The calculated results show that approximately 1/3 of these tubules are a one‐dimensional metal which is stable against a Peierls distortion, and the other 2/3 are one‐dimensional semiconductors. The implications of these results are discussed.
Length scales for coherent π-bonding interactions in complex high-k oxide dielectrics and their interfaces

This paper uses X-ray absorption and vacuum ultra-violet spectroscopic ellipsometry to distinguish between non-crystallinity, and the suppression of Jahn-Teller splittings that identify a scale of order metric, @l"s, of ~3 nm for distinguishing between i) nanocrystalline-order that can be detected by x-ray diffraction for @l"s>3-4 nm, and ii) reduced nanocrystalline order that can be detected by atomic-scale imaging and extended X-ray absorption spectroscopy for @l"s<~2.5 nm. This approach is first applied to elemental transition metal oxides, and then to complex oxides and complex oxide alloys.
The acid‐catalyzed reaction of acetic anhydride with some oxocanes

Three cyclic polymers of formaldehyde, namely, trioxane, 1,3,5,7-tetraoxocane, and 1,3,5,7,9-pentaoxocane, were reacted with acetic anhydride containing a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid. The progress of each reaction was followed by GLC. The cyclic compounds increased in reactivity with increasing molecular weight. The first step in each reaction was a ring opening, which produced a poly(oxymethylene diacetate) containing the same number of formaldehyde units as in the original cyclic compound. The poly(oxymethylene diacetate) then reacted with additional acetic anhydride to produce diacetates containing a smaller number of formaldehyde units. By controlling the time of reaction, the higher or lower molecular weight diacetates were made to predominate in the reaction mixture. Zine chloride can be used in place of sulfuric acid as the catalyst for the conversion of oxocanes to poly(oxymethylene diacetates). The reaction with ZnCl2 at room temperature is less vigorous and easier to control, yielding as the main product poly(oxymethylene diacetate) containing the same number of formaldehyde units as in the starting oxocane.
Elucidating two-phase transport in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, Part 1: Characterizing flow regimes with a dimensionless group

This paper explores the through-/in-plane characteristics of water transport in the cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). Theoretical analysis is performed on the non-isothermal two-phase flow under flow channels. A dimensionless group Da (Damkohler number for PEFC operation), defined as the ratio of water generation rate to water vapor-phase removal rate, is formulated to characterize the flow regimes in a PEFC. This group, lumping geometrical parameters and physical properties, compares the water vapor-phase removal capability (via water diffusion and holding capacity) with the rate of water production by the oxygen reduction reaction. We find that this dimensionless group can be used to characterize the non-isothermal, two-phase phenomena: when Da→0, the fuel cell is subjected to single-phase operation; while as Da→∞ we have full two-phase operation. A more precise expression is explored for the dimensionless group at the channel central line, i.e. Da0: when Da0>1 the entire cathode GDL–CL (catalyst layer) interface is in two-phase region, whereas part of the interface is free of liquid water for Da0<1. The latter scenario is the concept that this paper proposes for improving fuel cell water management: the consequent co-occurrence of single- and two-phase flows in the in-plane direction at Da0<1 is beneficial to avoid severe dryout and flooding. A two-phase transport model, describing the water and heat transport on the PEFC cathode side, is employed to perform a two-dimensional numerical study. Detailed liquid and temperature distributions are displayed. Simulation predictions are in reasonably good agreement with the dimensionless-group analysis.
The Role Of Mannitol in Alleviating Renal Injury During Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

ABSTRACTPurpose: We determined the role of mannitol in preventing or alleviating renal injury during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL, Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Marietta, Georgia).Materials and Methods: Patients undergoing ESWL were randomized to receive mannitol or control. Change in the levels of urinary enzymes, β2-microglobulin and microalbumin were compared in the groups before and after the procedure.Results: Mannitol treated patients had a statistically significant decrease in β2-microglobulin excretion after ESWL compared with the control group.Conclusions: Mannitol may serve a protective function by decreasing the amount of renal injury caused by ESWL for renal calculous disease.
Bounded Risk Estimation of the Exponential Parameter in a Two-Stage Sampling

Abstract The present article studies the two-stage sampling procedure for estimating the exponential parameters proposed by Mukhopadhyay and Pepe (2006). We provide explicit formulas for the distribution of the total sample size, N, and of the expected value and risk of the estimator of the exponential parameters, β. We provide an explicit formula for the asymptotic risk, when β → ∞. With this we propose how to determine the parameter B of the stopping variable so that the risk is uniformly bounded by a preassigned value ω, but is as close as possible to ω.
Credibility of analogue therapy rationales

Abstract Four hundred and fifty college students rated the credibility of the rationales and procedural descriptions of two therapy, three placebo, and one component-control procedure frequently used in analogue outcome research. The rating scale was designed to assess both the credibility and the expectancy for improvement generated by the rationales. The results indicated that the control conditions were, in general, less credible than the therapy conditions. Implications for outcome research are briefly discussed.
Structural Determinants Required for the Interaction between Rho GTPase and the GTPase-activating Domain of p190 *

The Rho family small GTP-binding proteins are subjected to regulation by Rho GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) in the course of transmitting diverse intracellular signals. To understand the mechanism of GAP-catalyzed GTP hydrolysis of Rho GTPases, we have studied the interaction between RhoA and p190, the RasGAP binding phosphoprotein which has been implicated as a Rho-specific GAP, by delineating the structural determinants of RhoA and p190 GAP domain (p190GD) that are involved in their functional coupling. Besides the conserved residues Tyr34, Thr37, and Phe39 in the switch I region of RhoA which are required for p190GD interaction, chimeras made between RhoA and Cdc42, a close relative of RhoA with which p190GD interacts 50-fold less efficiently, revealed that residues outside the switch I and neighboring regions of RhoA, residues 85–122 in particular, contain the major p190GD-specifying determinant(s). Mutation of the unique Asp90 of RhoA in this region mostly abolished p190GD stimulation, whereas the corresponding reverse mutation of Cdc42 (S88D) was able to respond to p190GD-catalysis similarly as RhoA. Further kinetic analysis of these mutants provided evidence that Asp90 of RhoA contributes primarily to the specific binding interaction with p190GD. On the other hand, two charged residues of p190GD, Arg1283 and Lys1321, which are located in the putative G-protein binding helix pocket of GAP domain, were found to be involved in different aspects of interaction with RhoA. The R1283L mutant of p190GD lost GAP activity but retained the ability to bind to RhoA, while K1321A failed to stimulate and to bind to RhoA. These results indicate that residue Asp90 constitutes the second GAP-interactive site in RhoA which is mostly responsible for conferring p190GD-specificity, and suggest that the role of p190GD in the GTPase reaction of RhoA is in part to supply active site residue Arg1283 for efficient catalysis.
PULMONARY VASODILATION BY NITRIC OXIDE AND TOLAZOLINE IN PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, WITH AND WITHOUT LUNG DISEASE, IN PIGLETS † 1513

PULMONARY VASODILATION BY NITRIC OXIDE AND TOLAZOLINE IN PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, WITH AND WITHOUT LUNG DISEASE, IN PIGLETS † 1513