cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE COGNITIVE MAPS OF ADOLESCENTS: CONFUSION ABOUT INTER‐TOWN DISTANCES*

Interpersonal attributes are used to explain the regional travel behavior and cognitive maps of a sample of Eastern Illinois adolescents. It is found that less-than-average travel within the local region is characteristic of adolescents who are female, who drive infrequently, and who reside in a high-order town. Further, limited travel at the regional scale correlated with highly inaccurate cognitive maps. Finally, female gender and infrequent car use correlate with confusion about inter-town distances above and beyond their association with small home range.
Applications of local linking to asymptotically linear elliptic problems at resonance

We prove the existence of nontrivial solutions for asymptotically linear elliptic problems at resonance without assuming that the linearized equations at zero and infinity are different. The proof is based on a penalization technique and Morse index estimates for critical points produced by local linking.
Stress-activated kinase pathway alteration is a frequent event in bladder cancer.

Abstract Objectives The stress-activated MAP kinases (SAPK) signaling pathways play a critical role in the cellular response to toxins and physical stress, mediate inflammation, and modulate carcinogenesis and tumor metastasis. The stress-activated MAP kinases (MAPK) c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 are activated upon phosphorylation by a widely expressed and conserved family of upstream MAP kinase kinases (MAP2K). Signaling mediated by p38 and JNK has well-established importance in cancer, yet the contribution of this pathway in urothelial bladder cancer is not understood. This study evaluated stress-activated MAP kinase pathway expression in cell lines derived from human urothelial carcinomas. Materials and methods Total protein lysates from a panel of human urothelial bladder cancer cell lines (RT4, T24, UMUC-3, J82, 5637, 253J, and 253J-BV) were analyzed by immunoblotting for the JNK and p38 MAPKs, as well as MKK3, MKK4, MKK6, and MKK7. Quantitative real time PCR was utilized to determine mRNA expression levels of the MAP2Ks. Stress stimuli (sorbitol, hydrogen peroxide, and UV irradiation) were used to active p38, which was measured by phospho-antibody. Results Although protein levels were variable, all cell lines expressed p38 and JNK. On the other hand, with the exception of the well-differentiated cell line RT4, each cell line had a reduction or absence of expression of one or more MAP2K. 253J and 253J-BV exhibited no expression of MKK6, even when an excess of protein was queried. mRNA levels indicated that both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms are involved in the regulation of MAP2Ks. Decreased MAP2K expression correlated with decreased ability to activate p38 in response to stress stimuli. Conclusions Aberrant MAP2K protein expression indicates that altered cellular signal transduction mediated via JNK and p38 may be common in bladder cancer. Down-regulation of MAP2Ks likely occurs at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Consistent with the known function of p38 and JNK in apoptosis, defects in normal pathway function caused by decreased expression of upstream MAP2Ks may provide a survival advantage to bladder cancer cells. Further investigations should focus on identifying a functional role for these pathways in bladder cancer development.
Social constructionism and ethics: Implications for counseling.

Social constructionism is set forth as an epistemological framework from which to establish an ethical base for the field of counseling. The development of the social constructionist movement in counseling is described. Implications of a social constructionist position are considered in relation to ethics. A case example is provided to illustrate implications of a social constructionist position.
Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: Studies on the mechanism of cysteamine protection

Inhibition of the cytochrome P-450-dependent formation of the acetaminophen-reactive metabolite was investigated as a possible mechanism for cysteamine protection against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Studies in isolated hamster hepatocytes indicated that cysteamine competitively inhibited the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system as represented by formation of the acetaminophen-glutathione conjugate. However, cysteamine was not a potent inhibitor of glutathione conjugate formation (Ki = 1.17 mM). Cysteamine also weakly inhibited the glucuronidation of acetaminophen (Ki = 2.44 mM). In vivo studies were in agreement with the results obtained in isolated hepatocytes; cysteamine moderately inhibited both glucuronidation and the cytochrome P-450-dependent formation of acetaminophen mercapturate. The overall elimination rate constant (beta) for acetaminophen was correspondingly decreased. Since cysteamine decreased both beta and the apparent rate constant for mercapturate formation (K'MA), the proportion of the dose of acetaminophen which is converted to the toxic metabolite (K'MA/beta) was not significantly decreased in the presence of cysteamine. Apparently, cysteamine does inhibit the cytochrome P-450-dependent formation of the acetaminophen-reactive metabolite, but this effect is not sufficient to explain antidotal protection.
Gosset’s figure in a Clifford algebra

This note describes a way to realize a “projective” version of Gosset’s 240-vertex semiregular polytope 421 using the Clifford algebra Cl(8) generated by an 8-dimensional vector space equipped with a non-degenerate quadratic form. The 120 vertices of this projective Gosset figure are also seen to coincide with a particular basis for the Lie algebra $$\mathfrak{so}(16).$$
Minimizing the Spread of a Soil‐Borne Plant Pathogen during a Large‐Scale Mining Operation

The challenge for Alcoa’s mining operation is simply stated but not so simple to implement; to be able to extract bauxite in large open-cut mine pits without spreading the soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. The mining operation clears about 550 ha of Jarrah forest a year and moves about 6 million m3 of soil. Phytophthora cinnamomi has a scattered distribution in the Jarrah forest that results in most mine pits having infested and uninfested portions. Also, there are generally large areas of uninfested forest adjacent to mine pits. Consequently, the potential to spread the pathogen into uninfested forest is very high. This paper describes the development of protocols to prevent spread of P. cinnamomi during mining and restoration, and tools used to assess the success of the program. Monitoring 169 km of the perimeter of mine pits for the introduction of the pathogen to uninfested forest showed very low levels of spread; 0.0006 ha for every hectare mined. The potential for further spread from the new infestation was also estimated by calculating the area of uninfested forest directly downslope from the infestation; this level of spread was 0.002 ha for every hectare mined. We believe that the findings of this study go beyond the issue of disease management during mining. We believe that it is an example of the mining industry recognizing a large threat to the environment and, through a systematic and committed approach, dramatically decreasing the size of the threat to achieve a successful outcome.
TREATMENT OF PRURITUS OF CHOLESTASIS BY PLASMA PERFUSION THROUGH USP-CHARCOAL-COATED GLASS BEADS

The accumulation of bile acids has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pruritus of cholestasis. To study the effect of bile-acid depletion on pruritus, 8 patients with chronic cholestasis and intractable pruritus which had not responded to cholestyramine and/or phenobarbitone underwent plasma perfusion through USP-charcoal-coated glass beads. DSuring twenty-two perfusions, between 957 and 6100 ml of plasma were perfused through charcoal columns, resulting in the removal of 126-795 mumol of bile acids. The mean extraction of the perfused bile acids was 81%. After the perfusions, all patients had prompt relief of their pruritus, lasting from 24 h to 5 months. Although the clinical effect may be due to the removal of unidentified pruritogens other than bile acids, charcoal plasma perfusion may improve the quality of life of incapacitated patients with servere intractable pruritus of cholestasis.
Health Behaviors and Health Care Utilization of Southern Lesbians

Purpose Lesbian women are more likely to experience negative physical and mental health outcomes compared with heterosexual women, although most research on this population has relied on small convenience samples. This study compared health behaviors and health care utilization among lesbian women living in the South to representative subsamples of women from the general population. Methods We conducted a Web-based survey of 1,141 self-identified lesbian women aged 19 and older living in the South. We compared descriptive results from our study to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We also calculated adjusted logistic regression models to further explore correlates of Southern lesbian women's physical and mental health. Main Findings Southern lesbians were less likely to be in poor physical health, but more likely to experience recent depression than women in the general population. Lesbians reported more risky health behaviors relative to other Southern and non-Southern women. Southern lesbians and other Southern women experienced similar barriers to routine health care, including lack of health insurance, not having a regular provider, and having to forgo care owing to cost. Many of these health behaviors and barriers to care were associated with poor physical and mental health among Southern lesbians. Conclusion Southern lesbians' patterns of health behaviors and utilization of care may place them at increased risk for negative health outcomes relative to the general population.
Free amino acid concentrations in cerebral cortex of guinea pigs with epileptogenic lesions.

Abstract A study is presented of thirteen guinea pigs with experimentally produced focal epileptogenic lesions. In six animals the epileptogenic discharge was slight, while seven showed strong paroxysmal potentials in the electroencephalogram. Free amino acid analysis by quantitative paper chromatography revealed the most consistent change to be a low glutamic acid concentration at the sites of strong epileptogenic discharge. Active mirror foci exhibited no amino acid change.
Stereotypy in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Relationship and Diagnostic Fidelity

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), are characterized by severe and debilitating symptoms including stereotypic behaviors. Stereotypies constitute core features of ASD and markedly impede attempts to remediate the disorder. Little previous research has examined characteristics of stereotypies in adults with ASD, or differentiated these behaviors as they present in ASD, from persons with intellectual disability (ID) only. In the present study 336 adults, those with ASD and ID versus ID alone were evaluated with respect to the nature and extent of their stereotypied behavior. A comparison of autistic to PDD-NOS participants was also conducted to offer a more fine-grained analysis specific to the ASD population. The nature and implications of these data for differential diagnosis in adults with ASD are discussed.
catena‐Poly[[silver(I)‐μ‐1,4‐di‐4‐pyridyl‐2,3‐diazabuta‐1,3‐diene] trifluoromethanesulfonate]

In the polymeric title compound, {[Ag(C12H10N4)](CF3SO3)}n, the Ag atom lies within an almost linear N2 geometry and the topology of the polymer is linear. Weak Ag⋯O inter­actions lead to supra­molecular chains that pack into layers, with connections between layers being of types Ag⋯Ag and Ag⋯O.
Educating peers about human sexuality and birth control in natural settings: A social comparison perspective

Abstract Adolescents are being trained to play several important roles in educating peers about human sexuality and birth control. A social comparison perspective offers numerous advantages over a persuasive communication perspective in the design, implementation, and evaluation of such peer-education programs. In the social comparison perspective, peer educators serve as social referents, providing standards of knowledge and behavior for the contacts with respect to understanding sexuality and preventing pregnancy.
Hypochondriasis and Related Health Attitudes

Since hypochondriasis can be thought of as a complex of health attitudes, bodily concerns, and beliefs about disease, it is logical to ask what other attitudes, values, and beliefs might be related to it. By means of self-report questionnaires, the authors studied hypochondriasis, the tendency to amplify somatic sensations, and a series of health-related attitudes and concerns in a random sample of 177 outpatients at a general medicine clinic. Hypochondriasis was positively related to amplification, to fears of aging and death, to the importance placed on health, to a sense of bodily vulnerability to illness and injury, and to the importance placed on one's physical appearance. Cluster analysis disclosed three discrete clusters of patients with distinct profiles on these variables.
The Butler problem revisited

On the surface, it seems plausible that the goodness or badness of anagent’s actions should be completely irrelevant to the question of whethershe performed them intentionally, but there is growing evidence thatascriptions of intentional actions are affected by moral considerations.Joshua Knobe, for instance, has recently published a series of ground-breaking papers (2003a, 2003b, 2004) in which he suggests that people’sjudgments concerning the intentionality of an action may sometimesdepend on what they think about the action – morally speaking. One ofthe more interesting results of Knobe’s psychological experiments is thediscovery that people may have a lower threshold for judging that lucky(or unskilled) actions are intentional when these actions are
Intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability of mastoid fossa readings using a temporal artery thermometer.

Objective The temperature of the mastoid fossa region has been measured by chiropractors since the 1950s using various instruments. The reliability of the procedure is largely unknown for the various instruments used for this purpose. This study assessed the reliability of a thermal instrument designed to measure forehead temperature while having an alternate landmark as the mastoid fossa.
Expenditures for the care of HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy

Background The introduction of expensive but very effective antiviral medications has led to questions about the effects on the total use of resources for the care of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We examined expenditures for the care of HIV-infected patients since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Methods We interviewed a random sample of 2864 patients who were representative of all American adults receiving care for HIV infection in early 1996, and followed them for up to 36 months. We estimated the average expenditure per patient per month on the basis of self-reported information about care received. Results The mean expenditure was $1,792 per patient per month at base line, but it declined to $1,359 for survivors in 1997, since the increases in pharmaceutical expenditures were smaller than the reductions in hospital costs. Use of highly active antiretroviral therapy was independently associated with a reduction in expenditures. After adjustments f...
Separation of isomers by dimer formation : Isomerically pure benzene+ and toluene+ ions, and their dimers: ab initio calculations on (benzene)+2

Abstract Both C 6 H 6 + ions produced from benzene and C 7 H 8 + ions from toluene contain isomers with different abilities to form dimers. Correspondingly, the mobilities of the isomers that are coupled reactively to dimers differ from the mobilities of the unreactive isomers. This allows separating the isomers and measuring the dimer binding energies of pure isomers. Equilibrium measurements determined the thermochemistry of (toluene) 2 + and (benzene) 2 + as Δ H 0 D =17.8±0.8 and 17.6 ± 0.9 kcal/mol, and Δ S 0 D =30.4±0.9 and 27.1 ± 0.7 cal/mol K, respectively. Ab initio calculations yield two structures for the (benzene) 2 + ; a charge transfer parallel ‘sandwich’ dimer with a bonding energy of 17.6 kcal/mol, and a higher energy hydrogen bonded axial structure with a bonding energy of 15.2 kcal/mol.
Posterior basal cardiac infarction affecting a young man, followed a year later by anterior apical infarction

Abstract According to our search of the literature, 318 cases of coronary thrombosis among patients less than 41 years of age have been reported. If we were able to validate two additional cases reported in foreign journals, the total would be brought to 320. Our patient, whose case is here reported, suffered two attacks of coronary thrombosis. The first attack occurred at the age of 39 years, and resulted in infarction of the posterior basal portion of the left ventricle; the second occurred at the age of 40 years, and caused infarction of the anterior apical portion. The electrocardiograms depiet the accuracy with which this diagnostic aid may reflect the presence and the location of myocardial infarction.
Cardiac manifestations of neuromuscular disorders in children

Cardiac abnormalities occur in association with many of the neuromuscular disorders that present in childhood. Genetic defects involving the cytoskeleton, nuclear membrane, and mitochondrial function have all been described in patients with skeletal myopathy and cardiac involvement. The most common classes of neuromuscular disorders with cardiac manifestations are the muscular dystrophies- Duchenne, Becker, limb-girdle and Emery Dreifuss. Friedreich Ataxia and myotonic dystrophy also have important cardiac involvement. The type and extent of cardiac manifestations are specific to the type of neuromuscular disorder. The most common cardiac findings include dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, atrioventricular conduction defects, atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias. Screening for cardiac involvement should be performed in all children with neuromuscular disorders that have the potential for cardiac involvement. This review discusses the cardiac findings associated with specific neuromuscular disorders and outlines the indications for evaluation and treatment.
Autophagy and Autoimmunity Crosstalks

Autophagy, initially viewed as a conserved bulk-degradation mechanism, has emerged as a central player in a multitude of immune functions. Autophagy is important in host defense against intracellular and extracellular pathogens, metabolic syndromes, immune cell homeostasis, antigen processing and presentation and maintenance of tolerance. The observation that the above processes are implicated in triggering or exacerbating autoimmunity raises the possibility that the autophagy pathway is involved in mediating autoimmune processes, either directly or as a consequence of innate or adaptive functions mediated by the pathway. Genome-wide association studies have shown association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in autophagy related gene 5 (Atg5), and Atg16l1 with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) and Crohn’s disease, respectively. Enhanced expression of Atg5 was also reported in blood of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), and in T cells isolated from blood or brain tissues from patients with active relapse of MS. This review explores the roles of autophagy pathway in the innate and adaptive immune systems on regulating or mediating the onset, progression or exacerbation of autoimmune processes.
Peering over the fortress walls: the metadata invasion begins

Explores the growing variance between proponents of traditional cataloging practices for Web objects, and those who advocate non‐AACR/MARC approaches to resource description. Describes changes to the Cooperative Online Resource Catalog (CORC) that have been perceived by some as counter to OCLC’s original mission. Reviews a recent issue of Library Computing devoted to library catalogs and cataloging practices. Concludes with an overview of the Delphi Study on Metadata, a project coordinated by Ingrid Hsieh‐Yee, associate professor at Catholic University of America’s School of Library and Information Science.
Interactive archives of scientific data

A focus on qualitative methods of presenting data shows that visualization provides a mechanism for browsing independent of the source of data and is an effective alternative to traditional image-based browsing of image data. To be generally applicable, such visualization methods, however, must be based upon an underlying data model with support for a broad class of data types and structures. Interactive, near-real-time browsing for data sets of interesting size today requires a browse server of considerable power. A symmetric multi-processor with very high internal and external bandwidth demonstrates the feasibility of this concept. Although this technology is likely to be available on the desktop within a few years, the increase in the size and complexity of achieved data will continue to exceed the capacity of 'worksation' systems. Hence, a higher class of performance, especially in bandwidth, will generally be required for on-demand browsing. A few experiments with differing digital compression techniques indicates that a MPEG-1 implementation within the context of a high-performance browse server (i.e., parallized) is a practical method of converting a browse product to a form suitable for network or CD-ROM distribution.
ULTRASOUND VELOCITY IN THE OS CALCIS, THUMB AND PATEHIA DURING CHILDHOOD AS INDICATOR OF BONE DENSITY

The morbidity and mortality associated with postmenopausal osteoporotic fracture is becoming increasingly recognized as a major health problem in the elderly. Maximising the accumulation of bone tissue during growth and puberty is one of the most importtant aims in the prevention of osteoporosis. For prevention studies in children it is necessary to develop methods for bone densitometry without radiation. Ultrasonic velocity (speed of sound = SOS) has been proposed as an alternative method for evaluating skeletal status. Using a new ultrasonic system (Osteoson K4, MTO, P.R.G.), we investigated reproducibility and age-dependency of SOS at several peripherial bones.
ADVANCES IN INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROMETRY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) is a widely used method of elemental analysis because of its excellent analytical figures of merit and relative freedom from interferences. This review considers recent relative reviews, fundamental studies of the inductively coupled plasma, advances in other atom cells for atomic emission, and preconcentration methods. The focus of the article is on recent applications, illustrating the versatility of the instrumentation for practical analysis.
Real-Time Image and Status Transmission from a UUV during a Ship Hull Inspection in a Port Environment using a High-Speed High-Frequency Acoustic Modem

A one-way, high-speed, high-frequency acoustic modem (HS-HFAM) operating between 260 kHz and 380 kHz has been developed to transmit compressed underwater images and status information in real-time. High data rates are made possible using a high-resolution decision feedback equalizer with parallel algorithm for tracking and compensating large Doppler. Previous experimental results have shown that this modem achieves 13298.2 information bits per Joule at 87768 information bits per second and at a range of 88 m in ports and shallow waters. More recently, the HS-HFAM has shown very promissing results during a series of under-hull inspections using a Lockeed-Martin Cetus-II vehicle and conducted at SPAWAR in San Diego, California. These tests were followed shortly thereafter with a series of demonstration during the AUV Fest 2007 event at NSWC in Panama City, Florida. During these tests, the same Cetus-II vehicle and the BlueFin HAUV-1 vehicle were equipped with the FAU HS-HFAM and conducted multiple hull inspections successfully.
Experimental Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) in the Brazilian squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus): Hematology, cardiology, cellular and humoral immune responses

Abstract Pung O. J., Hulsebos L. H. and Kuhn R. E. 1988. Experimental Chagas' disease ( Trypanosoma cruzi ) in the Brazilian squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus ): hematology, cardiology, cellular and humoral immune responses. International Journal for Parasitology 18 : 115–120. Adult, laboratory-bred squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus ) were infected with blood-form trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi (Brazil strain) and examined during the course of infection for effects on the number and reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), electrocardiographic alterations, and parasite-specific antibody responses. Infection resulted in electrocardiographic changes which included prolonged ORS intervals and ORS axis shifts, possibly indicative of mild intraventricular septal conduction defects or ventricular hypertrophy. Numbers of PBMCs increased slightly while red cell counts, peripheral neutrophil counts and hematocrits were unaltered. PBMCs from infected monkeys proliferated in vitro in response to T. cruzi , but not Leishmania spp. antigens, with peak responses occurring 15–19 weeks after infection. PBMC responses to various mitogens were not affected by infection. Elevated levels of anti- T. cruzi IgM antibodies were detected 2–31 weeks after infection. Anti- T. cruzi IgG was detected on weeks 6–31.
Roles of β‐amylase and starch breakdown during temperatures stress

A primary role of β-amylase (BMY) is to produce maltose during hydrolytic starch degradation. In photosynthetic organs, BMY activity is present in the chloroplast, where substrate starch is localized. BMY activity is also found in the vacuole and cytosol, where starch is not known to be localized suggesting additional roles in glucan degradation. Transcript levels and activity of different isoforms are regulated by different stimuli including cold, heat and drought stress. However, little is known about the functional role of BMY during environmental stresses. Recently, the functionality of one of the chloroplastic forms of Arabidopsis, ct-Bmy/BMY8/BAM3, has been shown to be needed for the protection of PSII photochemical efficiency following freezing stress by presumably catalyzing the synthesis of maltose, which acts as a cryoprotectant compound and precursor of soluble sugar metabolism. Still, there remain important questions about how the mobilization of starch through maltose and glucose can lead to the accumulation of cryoprotectant soluble carbohydrates during cold acclimation.
Guaranteed cost sliding mode control for looper–tension multivariable uncertain systems

In order to further improve the control accuracy of looper–tension uncertain systems in hot strip finishing mills, an innovation-guaranteed cost sliding mode control method is researched. First, a sliding mode surface function is obtained by linear matrix inequalities and guaranteed cost technique. The function can guarantee the system robustness with a good performance during the whole control process. Then, a novel sliding mode control law is designed to satisfy the sliding mode reaching conditions, and it gives the theoretical proof. As a result, the control method can reduce external disturbances and make the strip tension to reach a stable equilibrium state quickly. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed sliding mode control scheme compared with the traditional ones.
Three Mutations in the BIN1 N-BAR Domain Impair Membrane Curvature Generation via Different Mechanisms

Cellular signaling and membrane transport are tightly coupled to membrane curvature. Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain-containing proteins are key players in regulating membrane shapes. Particularly, BIN1, an N-BAR domain containing protein is believed to be essential in initiating and maintaining plasma membrane invaginations (T-tubules) in muscle cells. Three mutations, K35N, D151N and R154Q, have been discovered so far in the BAR domain of BIN1 in patients with centronuclear myopathy (CNM), where biogenesis of T-tubules is compromised. However, the molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that all CNM-related mutations lead to loss of membrane tubule generation in C2C12 myoblasts. We also use several in vitro assays to characterize the differences among BIN1 N-BAR variants with respect to membrane association affinities and membrane tubulation potential. We find that the mutations-D151N and R154Q in the BAR domain reduce membrane binding affinities and membrane-bound protein densities especially on highly curved liposomes, whereas the K35N mutation in the N-terminal inserting helix binds membranes similarly as the wild type protein (WT). We observe that both WT and K35N can deform vesicles into ∼ 30nm wide tubules and tubulation capacity is dependent on membrane surface charge and protein concentration. Contrarily, D151N and R154Q show limited ability to induce membrane curvature. Equilibrium tube-pulling force measurements report on mechanical effects of proteins on established membrane tethers and suggest that only WT and K35N oligomerize on membrane tethers. R154Q barely causes a tether pulling force reduction, consistent with the observation that R154Q shows the weakest membrane binding affinity. We hypothesize that the D151N mutation impairs protein oligomerization interface and is deficient in membrane-mediated protein lattice formation, thus defective curvature induction. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the membrane-involved pathophysiological mechanisms leading to human disease.
The Soft Power Differential: Network Communication and Mass Communication in Public Diplomacy

This study posits that advocacy NGOs are successfully creating soft power using relational, network-centric public diplomacy. The United States, on the other hand, struggles to wield its soft power and continues to apply the outdated information, media-driven approach to its public diplomacy efforts. This article suggests that a public diplomacy strategy that tailors itself to the dynamics of the international context will prove most effective in achieving its tactical goals. The first section highlights changes in the international arena since the end of the Cold War and their corresponding impact on communication dynamics. The second section delineates the critical features that define mass communication and the network communication approach. The third examines specific applications of both communication approaches, drawing on examples from the US's post-'9/11' public diplomacy in the Arab world and those from advocacy NGOs. The paper concludes with implications of the differences between wielding versus creating soft power for state actors.
Abstract LB-246: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) does not necessarily decrease the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been recently associated with metastatic competence and therapy resistance of cancer cells and the need for development of EMT-targeted therapies has been emphasized. In this report we address the differential responses of breast cancer cell lines with epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes to anticancer agents using pharmacoinformatics and experimental approaches. First, we identified breast cancer cell lines with epithelial-like and mesenchymal-like phenotypes among the National Cancer Institute (NCI) panel of 60 cell lines and analyzed their differential responses to 10,081 anticancer agents. Second, we evaluated chemotherapeutic response of a mesenchymal-like isogenic breast cancer cell line (MCF-7-Snail) stably transfected to express the EMT-inducing Snail transcription factor and its epithelial-like precursor cell line transfected with the control plasmid (MCF-7-neo). The results of both approaches are inconsistent with the claim that mesenchymal-like cancer cells are generally more resistant to anticancer agents. We found that most of the 10,081 agents examined did not display significantly different potencies between epithelial-like and mesenchymal-like cells. Of the 10,081 anti-cancer agents examined, only 78 displayed consistent differences in effect between epithelial-like and mesenchymal-like cells and all of these agents displayed a more potent effect against mesenchymal-like cell lines. MCF-7-Snail cells were found to be more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin, 5-FU and methotrexate, while MCF-7-neo cells were more sensitive to gemcitabine and docetaxel and both of these isogenic cell lines were equally responsive to mitomycin C and vincristine. The relatively lower sensitivity of MCF-Snail cells to docetaxel and gemcitabine can be explained by their overexpression of TUBB4 and RRM1, respectively, as demonstrated by gene expression analysis (U133 Plus 2.0 Affymetrix microarrays). In contrast, the higher sensitivity of MCF-7-Snail cells to 5-FU may be due to the down-regulation of the DPYD gene in these cells. Compared to isogenic epithelial cells, MCF-7-Snail cells display down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic genes XIAP, BCL2L1 and NAIP. Collectively, our results indicate that EMT per se does not generally result in a greater resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents, but it may, in some instances, result in increased sensitivity of cancer cells to specific chemotherapeutic agents. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-246. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-246
Photoelectric Properties of Oriented Bacteriorhodopsin/Polycation Multilayers by Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Assembly

Organized, heterogeneous polyelectrolyte assemblies using poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDAC) as the polycation and bacteriorhodopsin (bR) (purple membrane fragments, wild-type (WT-PM) and D96N mutant) as the polyanion have been successfully constructed using alternating electrostatic adsorption. The differential photocurrent of the PDAC/bR multilayer assemblies showed a light-on maximum photocurrent of 52 nA/cm2 for PDAC/WT-PM (eight bilayers) and 80 nA/cm2 for PDAC/D96N (six bilayers). These results indicate that the biological integrity and activity of bacteriorhodopsin are maintained after electrostatic deposition and that the photoelectric sensitivity of the D96N mutant is higher than that of the WT-PM. It was determined that the photocurrent in these assemblies increases with the adsorption of only the first few layers of bR and then declines with the increase in the number of bilayers. It was also found that the magnitude and polarity of the photocurrent are greatly dependent on the pH, w...
Retiolitid graptolites from the collection of Hermann Jaeger in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin (Germany). I. Neogothograptus and Holoretiolites

Isolated material of Ludlow (Upper Silurian) retiolitid graptolites are described from isolated material in theJaeger collection of the Museum fur Naturkunde (Humboldt Universitat Berlin, Germany). This material from glacial erratic boulders of northern Germany has never been published, even though it yields important structural information for retiolitid taxonomy. The astogeny and formation of the clathrial and reticular lists ofNeogothograptus andHoloretiolites rhabdosomes is discussed in some detail. New species includeNeogothograptus ornatus n. sp. andNeogothograptus eximinassa n. sp. Hermann Jaeger recognized both species as new and named them in his collection, but not publish the material.Neogothograptus thorsteinssoni Lenz &Kozlowska-Dawidziuk andNeogothograptus romani Kozlowska-Dawidziuk have been recognized for the first time in north German glacial erratic boulders.
The possible roles of cellular K for survival of cells at low temperature.

Abstract The literature has been reviewed with respect to the effects of cellular K and Na on cell volume regulation, organic moelcule transport, mitochondrial respiration and phosphorylation, calcium ion transport and protein synthesis. While it is apparent that loss of K could or, indeed, would interfere with any of these, often in a multiplicity of ways, there is very little information about how permanent any debilitating effect would be. The question is important because cells do lose K and gain Na during cold storage and in hypothermia. Since kidneys of hibernators retain K at low temperature to a greater extent than those of nonhibernating mammals, a comparison was made of the survival of various cellular functions in slices of kidneys from hamsters and from guinea pig after storage for 4 days at 5 °C. By several criteria (Q O2 , loss of protein) the hamster tissue showed no better survival than the guinea pig tissue. But with respect to protein synthesis and accumulation of K, function was better preserved in the hamster cells. When however the K content of hamster kidneys was lowered with ouabain during storage the ability to accumulate K and incorporate amino acid into protein was diminished as in the stored kidney slices from guinea pigs. Lowered K does therefore reduce the performance of the stored cell in these two respects, and the mechanisms of the effects warrant further study.
Comparison of Diesel Fuel Oxygenate Additives to the Composition-Explicit Distillation Curve Method. Part 1: Linear Compounds with One to Three Oxygens

There is a great deal of interest in formulating oxygenated diesel fuels that produce low particulate emissions. The most common oxygenate additives for diesel fuels include the glycol ethers, glycol esters, alcohols, ethers, and ketones. It is important to characterize the mixture properties of diesel fuel with oxygenate additives, to assess the degree of departure of the oxygenated fuels from the base fuel. One of the most important properties to use for this purpose is the volatility, as expressed by the distillation curve. We have recently introduced several important improvements in the measurement of distillation curves of complex fluids. The modifications to the classical measurement provide (1) a composition-explicit data channel for each distillate fraction (for both qualitative, quantitative, and trace analysis), (2) temperature measurements that are true thermodynamic state points that can be modeled with an equation of state, (3) temperature, volume, and pressure measurements of low uncertaint...
A Mass Formula for Steiner Triple Systems STS(2 n -1) of 2-Rank 2 n -n

A formula is found for the total number of distinct Steiner triple systems on 2n?1 points whose 2-rank is one higher than the possible minimum 2n?n?1. The formula can be used for deriving bounds on the number of pairwise nonisomorphic systems for large n, and for the classification of all nonisomorphic systems of small orders. It is proved that the number of nonisomorphic Steiner triple systems on 2n?1 points of 2-rank 2n?n grows exponentially.
A mathematical model for decompression

Abstract A mathematical model for decompression is presented. It includes a first-order linear differential equation, which models the diffusion of gases within the body, as well as initial conditions and a nonlinear constraint inequality which insures safety from decompression sickness. The model is solved (numerically and/or analytically) under various hypotheses, and the results are compared with the U.S. Navy Dive Table.
Isolation and characterization of an extracellular thermoalkanophilic P(3HB-co-3HV) depolymerase from Streptomyces sp. IN1

Abstract Here, we report on the biodegradation of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB-co-3HV)] by a novel thermoalkanophilic extracellular esterase from the soil isolate Streptomyces sp. IN1. Preliminary screening and isolation of the bacterium was done using polyhydroxyalkanoate latex medium (PHALM). The isolate was cultured with P(3HB-co-3HV) as the only carbon source and by-products of degradation were derivatized with [N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluroacetamide] (BSTFA). These products were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) as silylated hydroxybutyric acid (3HB) and hydroxyvaleric acid, suggesting extracellular depolymerase activity by the isolate. The depolymerase was isolated by (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fractionation, dialyzed and purified using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), and confirmed using P(3HB-co-3HV) as a sole source of carbon. The molecular mass of the FPLC purified enzyme occurred between 45 and 66 kDa (SDS–PAGE), but was confirmed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF MS) to be 62 kDa. Enzyme activity was significantly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), dithiothreitol (DTT), and Tween 80, but induced by azide (N 3− ). Sensitivity to PMSF, DTT, and Tween 80 suggests the involvement of serine as an active site amino acid with disulphide bonds contributing to the catalytic activity, as well as the presence of hydrophobic regions in the enzyme. Non-inhibition of activity by azide indicates that metal ions may not be required as cofactors for activity. This observation was further corroborated by the decrease in enzyme activity in the presence of metal ions such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , and K + . The kinetic parameters, V max and K m , in the presence of p -nitrophenylbutyrate as substrate, were determined to be 5.06 × 10 −1 μmol min −1 and 6.73 × 10 −1 mM, respectively.
Analysis of an energy-conserving time integration algorithm

Abstract An energy-conserving time integration algorithm is shown to be stable, which contradicts certain statements in an article by Ortiz ( Comput, Struct. 24 167–168, 1986). In particular, for a time increment h , it is shown that the accuracy of the algorithm is O ( h 2 ) for one degree of freedom, but typically is only O ( h ) for two or more degrees of freedom.
ON Subspaces OF NON-Reflexive Orlicz Spaces

Abstract Kadec and Pelczýnski have shown that every non-reflexive subspace of L 1 (μ) contains a copy of l 1 complemented in L 1(μ). On the other hand Rosenthal investigated the structure of reflexive subspaces of L 1(μ) and proved that such sub-spaces have non-trivial type. We show the same facts to hold true for a special class of non-reflexive Orlicz spaces. In particular we show that if F is an N-function in δ2 with its complement G satisfying limt→∞ G(ct)/G(t) = ∞, then every non-reflexive subspace of L*F contains a copy of l 1 complemented in L*F. Furthermore we establish the fact that if F is an N-function in δ2 with its complement G satisfying limt→∞ G(ct)/G(t) = ∞, then every reflexive subspace of L*F has non-trivial type.
Playing in the New Media Game or Riding the Virtual Bench: Confirming and Disconfirming Membership in the Community of Sport

This essay explores a set of new media user trends that are (re)shaping fan–athlete interaction through (para)social connections. Acting as bonding agents, the trends considered either contribute to or detract from membership in the community of sport. Accordingly, social leveling practices, invitational uses, and bridging functions serve to connect people within the community of sport, whereas policing, maladaptive parasocial interaction, and hypermasculinity function to disconnect people from the community of sport. The essay looks at these trends in detail and provides examples of each in practice. It concludes with a discussion of the digital literacy implications that fan–athlete interaction via new media introduces.
Modern Computational Techniques for the HMMER Sequence Analysis

This paper focuses on the latest research and critical reviews on modern computing architectures, software and hardware accelerated algorithms for bioinformatics data analysis with an emphasis on one of the most important sequence analysis applications—hidden Markov models (HMM). We show the detailed performance comparison of sequence analysis tools on various computing platforms recently developed in the bioinformatics society. The characteristics of the sequence analysis, such as data and compute-intensive natures, make it very attractive to optimize and parallelize by using both traditional software approach and innovated hardware acceleration technologies.
Maximum superheating and undercooling: Systematics, molecular dynamics simulations, and dynamic experiments

The maximum superheating and undercooling achievable at various heating ~or cooling! rates were investigated based on classical nucleation theory and undercooling experiments, molecular dynamics ~MD! simulations, and dynamic experiments. The highest ~or lowest! temperature Tc achievable in a superheated solid ~or an undercooled liquid! depends on a dimensionless nucleation barrier parameter b and the heating ~or cooling! rate Q. b depends on the material: b[16pg sl /(3kTmDHm ) where g sl is the solid-liquid interfacial energy, DHm the heat of fusion, Tm the melting temperature, and k Boltzmann’s constant. The systematics of maximum superheating and undercooling were established phenomenologically as b5(A02b log10Q)u c(12u c) 2 where u c5Tc /Tm , A0559.4, b52.33, and Q is normalized by 1 K/s. For a number of elements and compounds, b varies in the range 0.2‐ 8.2, corresponding to maximum superheating u c of 1.06 ‐1.35 and 1.08 ‐1.43 at Q ;1 and 10 12 K/s, respectively. Such systematics predict that a liquid with certain b cannot crystallize at cooling rates higher than a critical value and that the smallest u c achievable is 1/3. MD simulations (Q ;10 12 K/s) at ambient and high pressures were conducted on close-packed bulk metals with Sutton-Chen many-body potentials. The maximum superheating and undercooling resolved from single- and two-phase simulations are consistent with the u c-b-Q systematics for the maximum superheating and undercooling. The systematics are also in accord with previous MD melting simulations on other materials ~e.g., silica, Ta and e-Fe! described by different force fields such as Morse-stretch charge equilibrium and embedded-atom-method potentials. Thus, the u c-b-Q systematics are supported by simulations at the level of interatomic interactions. The heating rate is crucial to achieving significant superheating experimentally. We demonstrate that the amount of superheating achieved in dynamic experiments (Q;10 12 K/s), such as planar shock-wave loading and intense laser irradiation, agrees with the superheating systematics.
An in vitro study of phase shift nano-emulsion in focused ultrasound surgery: Its potential for enhancing ultrasound-mediated hyperthermia

Focused ultrasound surgery (FUS) is a noninvasive medical treatment for solid tumors by using ultrasound-mediated hyperthermia. The objectives of this study are to develop and characterize a submicron agent to yield higher thermal doses and eventual lead to a more efficient FUS protocol. The submicron agent, named as phase shift nano-emulsion (PSNE) in our study, consists of dodecafluoropentane liquid core enclosed with albumin shell. The liquid droplets have a diameter around 200nm. In our study, we presented that PSNE could be vaporized using microsecond acoustic pulses in tissue-mimicking gel phantoms with a high degree of spatial and temporal control. During FUS, the resulting bubbles were driven by ultrasound and effectively increased the heat deposition. A needle thermocouple was used to measure this enhancement and a significant temperature rise was recorded after triggering the vaporization. The results from our in vitro study show a promising potential of PSNE for enhancing ultrasound-mediated hyperthermia during FUS treatment.