cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2019 Year in Review: Neonatal Respiratory Support

Respiratory support of the critically ill neonate has steadily shifted from invasive to noninvasive forms of support. There have recently been a number of important advances in our understanding of the changes to neonatal resuscitation practices as they pertain to clinically important outcomes, mechanisms of gas exchange for high-flow nasal cannula, and best use of noninvasive ventilation and predicting response. Although the proportion of infants requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation has decreased, the most severely ill often still require intubation and ventilation. Recently, volume-targeted ventilation, high-frequency ventilation, and different methods of assessing weaning and extubation have been investigated. This review summarizes a number of important advances that have been made in the management of prematurity and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
Bifurcating Worlds? A Systematic Review of How Visual and Language Data Are Combined to Study Teachers and Their Teaching.

Connecting teachers’ perspectives with their practice is an enduring challenge shaping what and how we understand teaching. Researchers tend to bifurcate teachers’ work between their private and th...
Pyoderma gangrenosum: From historical perspectives to emerging investigations

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare disease of unknown aetiology, first described over a century ago. Initially thought to have an infectious cause, and now primarily considered an autoinflammatory condition, PG continues to be poorly understood, commonly misdiagnosed, and difficult to treat. In this review, we discuss the journey of our understanding of PG to date, including first descriptions, challenges with diagnosis, presumed pathogenesis, and treatments used. We highlight major historical landmarks and their importance, explain the rationale behind current investigations, note outstanding gaps in knowledge, and explore the future directions of PG research. We summarise what we have known, what we are working on knowing, and what we have yet to explore about PG, illustrating overall trends to invigorate future research.
Fat Necrosis with an Associated Lymphocytic Infiltrate Represents a Histopathologic Clue that Distinguishes Cellular Dermatofibroma from Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans.

Background Cellular dermatofibromas (CDFs) and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) can be challenging to differentiate from one another. Morphologically, both entities commonly extend into the subcutis, exhibit high cellularity with limited cytologic atypia and have a mixed fascicular-to-storiform growth pattern. We sought to evaluate the significance of fat necrosis with an associated lymphocytic infiltrate as a histopathologic clue for distinguishing CDFs from DFSP. Methods We identified cases in our pathology database with a primary diagnosis of CDF or DFSP. Punch or excisional biopsy specimens with extension into the subcutis were selected. Previously biopsied lesions and specimens that did not interact with the subcutis were excluded. Histopathologic features were evaluated in hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Results Fat necrosis with lymphocytic infiltrate was present in 20/20 cases of CDF. None of the 20 DFSP cases had fat necrosis with lymphocytic infiltrate although 4/20 had fat necrosis alone. Conclusions Fat necrosis with associated lymphocytic response can aid in the distinction between CDF and DFSP.
IgA natural antibodies are produced following T-cell independent B-cell activation following stroke.

Abstract Up to 30% of stroke patients experience cognitive decline within one year of their stroke. There are currently no FDA-approved drugs that can prevent post-stroke cognitive decline, in part due to a poor understanding of the mechanisms involved. We have previously demonstrated that a B-lymphocyte response to stroke, marked by IgA + cells, can cause delayed cognitive dysfunction in mice and that a similar adaptive immune response occurs in the brains of some human stroke patients that suffer from vascular dementia. The stimuli which trigger B-lymphocyte activation following stroke, and their target antigens, are still unknown. Therefore, to learn more about the mechanisms by which B-lymphocytes become activated following stroke we first characterized the temporal kinetics of the B-lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte, and plasma cell (PC) response to stroke in the brain by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We discovered that B-lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte, and plasma cell infiltration within the infarct progressively increases between 2 and 7 weeks after stroke. We then compared the B-lymphocyte response to stroke in WT, MHCII-/-, CD4-/-, and MyD88-/- mice to determine if B-lymphocytes mature into IgA + PCs through a T-lymphocyte and MyD88 dependent mechanism. Our data from a combination of IHC and flow cytometry indicate that following stroke, a population of IgA + PCs develops independently of CD4 + helper T-lymphocytes and MyD88 signaling. Subsequent sequencing of immunoglobulin genes of individual IgA + PCs present within the infarct identified a novel population of natural antibodies with few somatic mutations in complementarity-determining regions. These findings indicate that a population of IgA + PCs develops in the infarct following stroke by B-lymphocytes interacting with one or more thymus independent type 2 (TI-2) antigens, and that they produce IgA natural antibodies.
A Contemporary Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment of Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma

To provide updates on terminology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA). cHCC-CCAs are tumors that in the same nodule contain a variable degree of HCC and CCA components with a transition zone. cHCC-CCAs develop in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic livers like and is associated with poor outcomes. Mutations in TP53, TERT promoter, and ARID1A are the most common genetic aberrations in cHCC-CCA. Fusion gene PTMS-AP1G1 is unique for cHCC-CCA. A biopsy is required for diagnosis. Surgical resection remains treatment of choice, while liver transplantation for early cHCC-CCA is associated with favorable outcomes. Gemcitabine-based therapy shows benefits for advanced cHCC-CCA. cHCC-CCAs are a heterogeneous group of primary liver cancers with unique biological behavior. Multicenter studies are required for a molecular analysis to inform novel therapeutic approaches, and understand epidemiology and benefits of liver transplantation, liver-directed, and targeted therapies for this rare aggressive cancer.
Implications of sagittal alignment and complication profile with stand-alone anterior lumbar interbody fusion versus anterior posterior lumbar fusion

Background Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) is commonly utilized in lumbar degenerative pathologies. Standalone ALIF (ST-ALIF) systems were developed to avoid added morbidity, surgical time, and cost of anterior and posterior fusion (APF). Controversy exists in the literature about which of these two techniques yields superior clinical and radiographic outcomes, and few studies have directly compared them. This study seeks to compare ST-ALIF and APF in terms of sagittal correction and surgical complications. Methods Ninty-two consecutive ALIF cases performed from 2013-2018 were retrospectively reviewed and separated into 2 groups. Radiographic measurements were performed on pre- and post-operative radiographs, including segmental lordosis (SL), lumbar lordosis (LL), and pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch (PI-LL). Surgical complications were determined. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test of homogeneity, Fisher's exact test, and independent sample t-test. Comparisons between groups were deemed statistically significant at the P<0.05 threshold. Results Fifty-seven ST-ALIF, 35 APF were identified. There were no differences in age, gender, BMI, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), preoperative diagnosis, or surgical level between the 2 cohorts. Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) was utilized in 24.6% of ST-ALIF versus none of APF (P=0.001). No differences were detected in SL, LL, and PI-LL mismatch. ST-ALIF cohort had significantly greater risk of subsidence and revision surgery versus APF (12.3% vs. 0%, RD 95% CI: 3.8-20.8%, P=0.042). Recurrent spondylolisthesis occurred in 5 ST-ALIF cases, 3 cases with implant failure, and 2 nonunions versus none in the APF group. Conclusions ST-ALIF was associated with significantly greater subsidence and revision surgery versus APF. Careful patient selection is paramount when considering ST-ALIF. The potential for revision surgery may offset the potential benefit in avoiding posterior fusion. Despite the greater risk of subsidence, sagittal alignment was not significantly affected.
Biomarkers for Lifetime Caries-Free Status

The purpose of this study was to address the hypothesis that extreme outcomes of dental caries, such as edentulism or prematurely losing permanent teeth are associated with genetic variation in enamel-formation genes. After scanning 6206 individuals, samples of 330 were selected for this study. Tested phenotypes included patients who were edentulous by age 30, patients with missing first molars by age 30, patients with missing second molars by age 30, and caries-free patients. Fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped by TaqMan chemistry. The analyses of each phenotype were performed using the software PLINK with an alpha of 0.05. Nominal associations were found between rs12640848 in enamelin (p = 0.05), rs1784418 in matrix metallopeptidase 20 (p = 0.02), and rs5997096 in the tuftelin interacting protein 11 and being caries-free at the age of 60. When combining patients that were missing both first mandibular molars and missing both second mandibular molars, no associations were found. Matrix metallopeptidase 20, and tuftelin interacting protein 11 also showed trends for association with being caries-free. Genetic variation in TFIP11, MMP20, and ENAM may have a protective effect increasing the chances of individuals preserving their teeth caries-free over a lifetime.
Biological soil crusts structure the subsurface microbiome in a sandy agroecosystem

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are commonly found in semi-arid ecosystems and complete biological nitrogen (N) fixation, build soil carbon (C) stocks, and increase soil moisture. Biocrusts were recently identified in Florida agroecosystems, and based on traits of semi-arid biocrusts, could contribute to crop growth and soil health. This study determined the influence of biocrusts in a Florida citrus orchard on microbial diversity and composition of surface and crop root zone soil as related to soil C, N, and moisture. Soil samples were collected from areas with biocrust and proximate bare soil (control) in a Florida, USA, citrus orchard. Cores were divided into three soil depths, and soil bacterial and fungal communities were characterized using the 16S rRNA gene and ITS region sequences, respectively. Biocrust presence and sampling depth significantly impacted microbial community composition. Cyanobacteria and heterotrophic diazotrophs had low relative abundances compared to copiotrophic bacteria in the biocrust soil. Soil below biocrusts had increased moisture, nutrient concentrations, and relative abundances of nitrifying bacteria compared to the root zone below bare soil. Copiotrophic bacteria were enriched under biocrusts, indicating potential for nutrient competition between roots and microorganisms. Biocrust subsoil had elevated relative abundances of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota which contributed to higher fungal community richness and evenness in the rooting zone. Biocrust subsoil had increased relative abundances of microbiota compared to bare soil without biocrusts, potentially influencing nutrient cycling, crop nutrient uptake and growth, and soil health.
A 19-month-old boy with decreased sleep and a distinctive electroencephalogram pattern

Citation:Baughn J, St. Louis EK. A 19-month-old boy with decreased sleep and a distinctive electroencephalogram pattern. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(7):1507–1511.
Radical flexibility: driving for Lyft and the future of work in the platform economy

Labour conditions in the first two decades of the twenty-first century in the US have become increasingly precarious and abusive. At the same time, many workers and users (no longer easily categori...
Biologic Augmentation for the Operative Treatment of Osteochondral Defects of the Knee: A Systematic Review.

Background:Various surgical treatment options exist for repairing, replacing, or regenerating tissue to fill osteochondral defects. Biologic augmentation has been increasingly studied as an adjunct...
Traffic Network Analysis and Design

This article provides an overview of basic traffic network analysis methods, focusing on the central traffic assignment problem. Formulations of the user-optimal and system-optimal assignment problems are given and link-based, path-based, and origin-based solution methods are presented. Congestion pricing and network design are then presented as two applications of these models. Finally, a brief treatment is given to extensions of the basic model: stochastic user equilibrium, elastic demand, uncertain costs, and dynamic traffic assignment. A discussion of seminal papers in the field is provided for historical context and further reference. Keywords: traffic networks; traffic assignment; user equilibrium; system optimal
Color Atlas of Cone Beam Volumetric Imaging for Dental Applications

Colour Atlas Of Cone Beam Volumetric Imaging For Dental Applications - Libros de Medicina - Odontologia - 126,06
Molecular Structure of Graphite/Polyimide Interphases

The molecular orientation of adsorbed polyimides and model compounds with respect to highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces was determined by reflection-absorption infrared (RAIR) spectroscopy. As the thickness of the pyromellitic diimide (PMDI) films decreased, bands near 766 and 729 cm-1, which were assigned to the CNC out-of-plane bending modes, were relatively strong in the spectra, demonstrating that PMDI was adsorbed flat-down with the imide rings parallel to the HOPG surface. As the thickness of the N,N'-diphenylpyromellitic diimide (DPPMDI) films was decreased, bands near 1785 and 1722 cm-1 which were assigned to the C=O stretching modes, were relatively strong in the RAIR spectra. Moreover, bands near 869, 841, 742, and 686 cm-1 attributed to the out-of-plane bending modes of monosubstituted benzene rings became considerably stronger. It was suggested that the DPPMDI molecules nearest to the HOPG surface were adsorbed edge-on with the carbonyl groups perpendicular to the surface and w...
Medellin, the Alien Tort Statute, and the Domestic Status of International Law

While scholars have begun to debate the meaning of the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Medellin v. Texas for the domestic status of treaties, the decision’s import for other significant questions of foreign relations law has been ignored in the literature. This Article fills that void by exploring Medellin’s significance (a) for treaty and customary international law (CIL) based claims under the Alien Tort Statute, (b) for the hotly debated issue of CIL’s domestic legal status, and (c) for the recent claim that a uniform doctrine governing the domestic status of both treaties and CIL is developing in U.S. foreign relations law.
Interactions of the basolateral amygdala with the dorsal hippocampus and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex regulate drug context‐induced reinstatement of cocaine‐seeking in rats

The basolateral amygdala (BLA), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and dorsal hippocampus (DH) are critical elements of the neurocircuitry of drug context-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking; however, little is known about functional interactions between these brain regions. The present study tested the hypothesis that serial information processing by the BLA and dmPFC mediates drug context-induced cocaine-seeking, whereas the BLA and DH independently control this behaviour. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine in a distinct environment (cocaine-paired context) followed by extinction training in a different environment (extinction context). On the test days, rats received unilateral microinfusions of baclofen + muscimol or of vehicle into the BLA and either the contralateral or ipsilateral dmPFC or DH. Cocaine-seeking behaviour (i.e. nonreinforced presses on the cocaine-associated lever) was then assessed in the cocaine-paired and extinction contexts. Following vehicle pretreatment, exposure to the cocaine-paired context reinstated extinguished cocaine-seeking behaviour. BLA-dmPFC asymmetrical inactivation attenuated cocaine-seeking behaviour relative to vehicle treatment; however, this impairment equaled that produced by ipsilateral BLA-dmPFC inactivation. Furthermore, unilateral inactivation of the BLA or dmPFC did not alter this behaviour. BLA-DH asymmetrical inactivation selectively attenuated cocaine-seeking behaviour relative to vehicle treatment whereas ipsilateral or unilateral inactivation of the BLA and DH did not alter this behaviour. These findings indicate that the BLA and DH exhibit sequential information processing within the relapse circuitry. In contrast, interactions between the BLA and dmPFC are more complex and include parallel loops of information processing and/or necessary interhemispheric input from the dmPFC to the BLA, probably in addition to direct intrahemispheric interactions.
Unbiased Estimates for Certain Binomial Sampling Problems with Applications

We would like to call attention to a few problems raised by but not solved in this paper: 1) find a necessary and sufficient condition that \( \hat p\) be the unique unbiased estimate for p; 2) suggest criteria for selecting one unbiased estimate when more than one is possible; 3) evaluate the variance of \( \hat p\).
Labeled 14CO2 production by moths injected with 14C-glucose in response to light stimuli: A method and a preliminary investigation

1. 1. A radiorespirometric method was developed to examine the metabolism and subsequent 14CO2 excretion of 14C-labeled materials injected into insects. 2. 2. The apparatus and methodology allows for continuous or cumulative monitoring of 14CO2 excretion from insects encaged individually within replicates maintained at ambient atmospheric pressures. 3. 3. Excretion of 14CO2 from 14C-glucose-injected Tricoplusia ni (Hubner) exposed to various light regimes was examined. 4. 4. After an initial large release of 14CO2 occurring immediately following glucose injection a low, gradually declining rate of CO2 release is assumed. 5. 5. This low rate of release may be altered by exposure of moths to a “normal” sunset which results in the initiation of preflight fluttering and flight activities and the release of large amounts of 14CO2. 6. 6. Placement of moths in total darkness after exposure to artificial lighting also resulted in elevated rates of 14CO2 release. 7. 7. However, moths exposed to continuous light apparently do not exhibit detectable increased levels of 14CO2 excretion.
A 300-mm wafer-level three-dimensional integration scheme using tungsten through-silicon via and hybrid Cu-adhesive bonding

A 300-mm wafer-level three-dimensional integration (3DI) process using tungsten (W) through-silicon vias (TSVs) and hybrid Cu/adhesive wafer bonding is demonstrated. The W TSVs have fine pitch (5 mum), small critical dimension (1.5 mum), and high aspect ratio (17:1). A hybrid Cu/adhesive bonding approach, also called transfer-join (TJ) method, is used to interconnect the TSVs to a Cu BEOL in a bottom wafer. The process also features thinning of the top wafer to 20 mum and a Cu backside BEOL on the thinned top wafer. The electrical and physical properties of the TSVs and bonded interconnect are presented and show RLC values that satisfy both the power delivery and high-speed signaling requirements for high-performance 3D systems.
Frequency of BCL-2/J H Translocations in Peripheral Blood of Follicular Lymphoma Patients

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been developed for follicular lymphoma-associated BCL-2/JH translocations. Few data are available on the quantitation by PCR of these translocations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) of follicular lymphoma (FL) patients. We report that only one of five studied FL patients had a high level of these translocations in the circulation, namely, about 35,000 translocations per 5 × 106 PBM. This patient was stable with an excellent performance status at the time of this assay; however, he died of leukemia 1 month later. Am. J. Hematol. 55:205–207, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lead and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in RBC's of urban mothers and fetuses.

Abstract Environmental lead pollution may pose a health hazard to the mother and her fetus, but limited information concerning this problem is available. In this study, we examined erythrocyte δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity and erythrocyte lead levels in urban pregnant women and fetuses. The data show that the ratio of activated/nonactivated ALAD activity and erythrocyte lead are positively correlated in both the mothers and fetuses. The mean level of ALAD inhibition was found to be 28% in the mothers and 12% in the fetuses. The data also show that fetal erythrocytes have significantly higher levels of activated ALAD activity than maternal erythrocytes, and that a positive correlation exists between maternal and fetal erythrocyte lead levels. These results indicate that “normal” urban blood lead levels inhibit erythrocyte ALAD activity in the pregnant woman and fetus.
The decomposition numbers of Hecke algebras of typeF 4 with unequal parameters

The purpose of this paper is to calculate the decomposition numbers for Hecke algebras of typeF4 (andC3) with unequal parameters. The problem is reduced to specifying decomposition maps of the generic Hecke algebras. The concept of Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials and left cells serves to determine their irreducible representations. We also prove a result about the minimal ring over which the irreducible representations of the generic algebras can be realized.
Social Approach and Repetitive Behavior in Eleven Inbred Mouse Strains

Core symptoms of autism include deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and restricted, repetitive behaviors. The repetitive behavior domain encompasses abnormal motoric stereotypy, an inflexible insistence on sameness, and resistance to change. In recent years, many genetic mouse models of autism and related disorders have been developed, based on candidate genes for disease susceptibility. The present studies are part of an ongoing initiative to develop appropriate behavioral tasks for the evaluation of mouse models relevant to autism. We have previously reported profiles for sociability, preference for social novelty, and resistance to changes in a learned pattern of behavior, as well as other functional domains, for 10 inbred mouse strains of divergent genetic backgrounds. The present studies extend this multi-component behavioral characterization to several additional strains: C58/J, NOD/LtJ, NZB/B1NJ, PL/J, SJL/J, SWR/J, and the wild-derived PERA/EiJ. C58/J, NOD/LtJ, NZB/B1NJ, SJL/J, and PERA/EiJ demonstrated low sociability, measured by time spent in proximity to an unfamiliar conspecific, with 30-60% of mice from these strains showing social avoidance. In the Morris water maze, NZB/B1NJ had a persistent bias for the quadrant where the hidden platform was located during acquisition, even after 9 days of reversal training. A particularly interesting profile was found for C58/J, which had low social preference, poor performance in the T-maze, and overt motoric stereotypy. Overall, this set of tasks and observational methods provides a strategy for evaluating novel mouse models in behavioral domains relevant to the autism phenotype.
Su1541 Correlation of Degree of Dysphagia With Endoscopic Ultrasound T-Stage of Esophageal Cancer

Correlation of Degree of Dysphagia With Endoscopic Ultrasound T-Stage of Esophageal Cancer Tom C. Fang*, Ling Mei, Kulwinder S. Dua Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI Background and Objective: After radiographic imaging (CT/PET), patients with non-metastatic esophageal cancer are referred for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for local-regional staging to identify those who will need neoadjuvant therapy ( T3 disease). While EUS has been shown to be the most accurate method for assessing depth of tumor invasion, it is not universally available and is not without risks especially if dilatation is required to pass the endoscope. Since over 50% of the esophageal circumference needs to be involved or esophageal lumen narrowed down to 12 mm to develop symptoms of dysphagia, we propose that dysphagia grade 3 can reliably correlate with the degree of invasion ( T3 score), and thus bypass the need for EUS. This will allow for expedited treatment, decrease in medical expenditure, decrease procedural risks, and provide information in areas without EUS expertise. Methods: Retrospective review of prospectively collected data from 2009 to 2012 on consecutive esophageal cancer cases at a single tertiary center was conducted using ICD-9 code for esophageal cancer and CPT code for EUS. Dysphagia was scored according to standard criteria: 0 no dysphagia, 1 able to swallow some solids, 2 able to swallow only semi solids, 3 able to swallow liquids only, and 4 total dysphagia. Result: Sixty-nine patients met criteria (57 males, mean age: 60 11; adenocarcinoma 56, squamous cell carcinoma 12, adenosquamous carcinoma 1; lower esophagus 56, mid esophagus 13). Average wait time from diagnosis to EUS was 8 days (range 1-27). Analysis with Mantel-Haenszel ChiSquare test showed statistically significant correlation between degree of dysphagia and EUS stage (p 0.0001) with Spearman Correlation Coefficient (r) 0.5161, p 0.0001. Subgroup analysis showed statistically significant correlation between degree of dysphagia and EUS stage for distal esophageal lesions (p 0.0001) with r 0.5295, p 0.0001 and adenocarcinoma and EUS stage (p 0.0001) with r 0.5488, p 0.0001. Statistical significance were not reached for cancer in the mid esophagus (p 0.0816) with r 0.553 (p 0.629) and squamous cancer p 0.07, r 0.5717, (p 0.0597), likely attributed to small sample size. Conclusion: There is a statistical significant, positive correlation between the dysphagia score and the EUS T-stage. Larger prospective studies may be able determine if the dysphagia score can predict EUS T-stage and hence off-set the need for EUS in those with dysphagia scores of grade 3 (correlated to T3) who can then directly proceed for neoadjuvant therapy without EUS. Table 1. Degree of Dysphagia with EUS Stages
Sensitivity in Bayesian Statistics: The Prior and the Likelihood

Abstract One paradigm for sensitivity analyses in Bayesian statistics is to specify Γ, a reasonable class of priors, and to compute the corresponding class of posterior inferences. The class Γ is chosen to represent uncertainty about the prior. There is often additional uncertainty, however, about the family of sampling distributions. This article introduces a method for computing ranges of posterior expectations over reasonable classes of sampling distributions that lie “close to” a given parametric family. By treating the prior as a probability measure on the space of sampling distributions this article also gives a unified treatment to what are usually considered two separate problems—sensitivity to the prior and sensitivity to the sampling model. First the notion of “close to” is made explicit. Then, an algorithm is given for turning ratio-linear problems into sequences of linear problems. In addition to solving the problem at hand, the algorithm simplifies many other robust Bayesian computational pro...
Electrochemical and corrosion behavior of Ti–xAl–yFe alloys prepared by direct metal deposition method

Abstract The electrochemical and corrosion behavior of Ti-based alloys was investigated. The direct metal deposition technique was used to fabricate 21 alloys with different ratio of metals (0 ≤ Al ≤ 27 wt.%, 0 ≤ Fe ≤ 25 wt.%). Corrosion resistance of each alloy was evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively by voltammetric measurements in the simulated human body fluid conditions (Hank's solution). The corrosion rates of the materials were compared in Hank's solution using Tafel extrapolation method. Among the Ti–xAl–yFe alloys the Ti–7Al–4Fe alloy exhibited the slowest corrosion rate of 7.7 × 10−4 mm/year and the least value of passive current density (6.3 × 10−3 A/m2). The alloy is resistant to pitting corrosion as well.
Kaon-Nucleus Interactions

Most of the emphasis at this meeting has been on the elementary interaction of kaons (K±, K°L) with nucleons. I would like to shift the emphasis for a moment to a discussion of possibilities for the study of nuclear and hypernuclear structure physics with kaon beams (1–4). With the availability of K+ and K− beams (3, 4) at CERN, Brookhaven, and KEK in Japan, there has been increased interest in the last few years in kaon-nucleus physics, particularly in hypernucleus formation. I propose to review briefly the recent progress in hypernuclear physics, in particular the studies of ∧ and ∑ states via the strangeness-exchange (K−, π−) reaction. Prospects for future investigations with (proposed) intense kaon beams are also evaluated, for instance the production of high spin hypernuclei via the (π+, K+) reaction, and the formation of strangeness S = −2 hypernuclei (∧∧ or ≡−) by means of the (K−, K+) process. We close with a very brief resume of elastic, inelastic and charge exchange reactions induced by the interaction of K+ mesons with nuclei (5).
Expectations and motivations of Hondurans migrating to the United States

This study explores the expectations and decision-making processes of potential migrants at a community in Honduras. Hondurans have become one of the fastest growing populations in New York. Yet, although approximately 80 000 Hondurans try to reach the US annually, only 25 per cent succeed. To reach the United States they must undergo a dangerous journey across Guatemala and Mexico, a process to date under-researched by social sciences. As new undocumented migrant streams continue to expand within the global economies, scholars and practitioners who work on their behalf should understand the pre-migration values and expectations because they shape the way migrants adjust to and develop new cultural patterns in the receiving countries. Drawing on immigration and narrative theory, I hypothesize that narratives of migration from media, prior migrants, coyotes and community practices play an important role in the construction of potential migrant expectations. To represent narratives across several individual and community domains, the research design includes individual interviews, analysis of local newspapers, participant observations and teaching English classes. Analysis across these data reveals complex dilemmas potential migrants face as they weigh the costs and benefits of migration. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aging and Inhibition of Unconsciously Processed Information: No Apparent Deficit

Young and older adults were compared on a cued recall task designed to show effects of activation and inhibition of unconsciously processed information. The number of associates related to the target words by prior experience was varied, and the targets were studied either in the absence or the presence of meaningfully related context cues. The number of associates of the target had an effect on recall when context cues were absent during study, suggesting that the associates had been activated and encoded during study. In contrast, when context cues were present during study, no effect of the number of target associates was observed, suggesting that the associates had been inhibited during study. Comparable activation and inhibition effects were obtained for younger and older subjects. The results suggested little or no age-related deficit in inhibition when the to-be-inhibited information was unconsciously processed and not brought to conscious awareness.
Quantitative corrosion monitoring and detection using ultrasonic Lamb waves

Corrosion is a major problem for airframe operators. For the aircraft industry in general, the direct costs of corrosion are estimated at $2.2 billion. As part of their strategy to control corrosion, airframe operators constantly seek to improve their ability to anticipate, manage and identify corrosion activity. Motivated by the need for an on-line real-time corrosion-monitoring tool for industry and aircraft a prototype system and analysis approach is presented. The tool employs ultrasonic Lamb waves along with a dispersion compensated synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) to detect emerging pitting damage. In order to develop an automated detection approach the noise sources of the SAFT processed defect maps were examined and modeled. The random noise was found to be neither stationary nor normally distributed. Locally varying Weibull distribution parameters are used to characterize the image noise. An algorithm is developed to quantify the uncertainty in the corrosion detection and to allow assignment of a constant false alarm probability to any region of the monitored area.
SU‐E‐J‐132: Quantitative Assessment of CT Number Variation Induced by Respiratory Motion Artifacts in CT and Cone‐Beam CT

Purpose:CT number variations due to image artifacts induced by respiratory motion in CT and cone‐beam CT(CBCT)imaging were investigated. A model was developed to predict CT number variations observed in CT and CBCTimages. Method and Materials: Three target volumes of differing sizes were constructed of tissue‐equivalent gel material and embedded into an artificial lung phantom. This mobile phantom mimicked respiratory motion with eight different amplitudes of respiratory motion in the range 0–20 mm at a frequency of 15 cycles/min. A model was developed allowing for simulation of the observed CT number variation as a function of the target volume, phantom motion frequency and amplitude and speed of CT scanning. The simulation results were compared quantitatively with CT profiles that were obtained from CT and CBCTimaging.Results: The size and distribution of CT numbers of well‐defined homogenous targets varied with respiratory motion. In CBCT,CT number variations depends mainly on the target size and motion amplitude. Targets with a dimension smaller than the motion amplitude show highest CTnumber densities at the edges of the elongated volume. Conversely, targets larger than motion amplitude showed greatest CTnumber densities in the middle of the target. In CTimaging,CT number variations were more complicated and further depends on the speed of CT scanning where some targets were elongated or shrunk with varying CT number gradients depending on the above parameters. Conclusion: The sizes and CT number distributions varied with motion for the homogenous targets. The CT number variations were modeled and simulation provided comparable distributions to those observed in CT and CBCTimages based on target size, amplitude, frequency, and scanning speed. The results here might provide useful tools to correct image artifacts and consider CT number variation due to motion in treatment planning and dose delivery.
Plesiomonas shigelloides - An Aquatic Food Borne Pathogen: A Review of its Characteristics, Pathogenicity, Ecology, and Molecular Detection

Plesiomonas shigelloides is a unique Gram-negative polarly flagellated pathogenic bacterium native to aquatic animals and environments. The genus Plesiomonas consists of a single homogeneous species. Its metabolism is similar to that of the genus Vibrio in that sugars are fermented with acid production but no gas. 5S rDNA sequencing has indicated the organism to be closely related to the genus Proteus. Diarrhea is the major symptom although extra intestinal infections, including septicemia, are known to occur with predisposed individuals. Oysters are the major food incriminated in outbreaks in the United States. A temperature of 42–44°C is recommended for isolation to eliminate aeromonads. The utilization of inositol with acid production is a unique characteristic of the organism that is exploited with several agar media developed for its selective and differential isolation. The organism is β-hemolytic and produces a cholera-like (CL) enterotoxin in addition to a thermostabile (TS) and a thermolabile lab...
Dispersion cancellation and nonclassical noise reduction for large-photon-number states

Nonlocal dispersion cancellation is generalized to frequency-entangled states with large photon number N. We show that the same entangled states can simultaneously exhibit a factor of 1/√N reduction in noise below the classical shot noise limit in precise timing applications, as was previously suggested by Giovannetti, Lloyd, and Maccone [Nature (London) 412, 417 (2001)]. The quantum-mechanical noise reduction can be destroyed by a relatively small amount of uncompensated dispersion and entangled states of this kind have larger timing uncertainties than the corresponding classical states in that case. Similar results were obtained for correlated states, anticorrelated states, and frequency-entangled coherent states, which shows that these effects are a fundamental result of entanglement.
'Un país casi extranjero': nación, civilización y frontera en las crónicas de viaje de Manuel Payno

A pesar del creciente interes en la literatura de viajes sobre Mexico, son muy pocos los estudios que exploran el modo en que los propios autores mexicanos se sirven de este genero para crear y definir la nacion tras la independencia. Este articulo analiza ‘El Rio Bravo del Norte’, una serie de cronicas publicadas por Manuel Payno sobre sus viajes por las entonces llamadas ‘Provincias Orientales’ en los anos inmediatamente anteriores a la guerra con los EE.UU. Haciendose eco de la vision del norte como territorio deser­tico y salvaje que caracterizo el imaginario cultural colonial, Payno presenta la frontera como un espacio que debe ser domesticado con el objetivo de asegurar la prosperidad e integridad territorial de la joven republica. Payno convierte la frontera en escenario de una renovada mision civilizadora que erige la capital y sus elites en paradigma de la modernidad. El modo en que esta utopia de modernizacion determina la representacion de la historia, el paisaje y las gentes del norte en las c...
Neurobiologic effects of bright artificial light

Bright light is an effective treatment of winter depression. Study of the effects of this treatment on mechanisms thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders is reviewed. Measurement of a physiological parameter, namely the change in core temperature using an intraperitoneally implanted radio transmitter sensitive to temperature in freely moving rats, indicates that treatment with bright light under various experimental conditions tends to powerfully subsensitize muscarinic and nicotinic mechanisms. Pulses of bright light during the phase delay portions of the PRC blunt sensitivity to clonidine. Our studies with bright light are consistent with those indicating that heterocyclic antidepressants and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor produce subsensitivity to the thermic effects of nicotine. Reports of the influences of full-spectrum bright light and its impact on targeted neurotransmitter mechanisms call attention to the anatomical substratum mediating its effects. Possible receptor changes are measurable using receptor binding techniques and quantitative autoradiography. The physiological effects of this interesting treatment raises questions of its impact on coupling mechanisms and second messengers.
Chlorpromazine: cardiac arrhythmogenicity in the cat.

To determine the effect of chlorpromazine on ouabain-induced arrhythmia and death, dial-urethane anesthetized cats were pretreated with chlorpromazine (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 60 mg/kg, i.v.) and then administered ouabain (2 microgram/kg/min, i.v.). Blood pressure, heart rate and lead II electrocardiogram (ECG) were monitored. The dosages of ouabain necessary to induce premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia and death were determined. No significant correlation between the dose of chlorpromazine given and the dose of ouabain required to produce arrhythmia or death was found. These doses of chlorpromazine could, therefore, be considered neither arrhythmogenic nor antiarrhythmic in the ouabain model. To determine whether chlorpromazine produced arrhythmia in the dial-urethane anesthetized cat model, the drug was infused at a rate of 1 mg/kg/min, i.v. Chlorpromazine produced arrhythmia at 185 +/- 4.3 minutes and death via cardiovascular collapse at 128 +/- 4.7 minutes. Bilateral adrenal vein ligation, employed to eliminate the influence of adrenal catecholamines, decreased the dosage of chlorpromazine necessary to produce arrhythmia and death to 67.8 +/- 17.7 and 84.7 +/- 15.7 mg/kg, respectively. Thus, adrenal catecholamines did not appear to contribute to chlorpromazine-induced arrhythmia, although the procedure of bilateral adrenal vein ligation appeared to be deleterious in combination with chlorpromazine. In all experiments, chlorpromazine depressed blood pressure without producing the reflex tachycardia normally seen with hypotension. This suggests that the drug may be interfering with the baroreceptor reflex arc. As chlorpromazine modifies the autonomic parameters of blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac electrophysiology, sudden unexplained death in patients managed with this agent may be due to drug-induced arrhythmia.
The influence of neighborhood characteristics on the relationship between discrimination and increased drug-using social ties among illicit drug users

Social discrimination may isolate drug users into higher risk relationships, particularly in disadvantaged neighborhood environments where drug trade occurs. We used negative binomial regression accounting for clustering of individuals within their recruitment neighborhood to investigate the relationship between high-risk drug ties with various forms of social discrimination, neighborhood minority composition, poverty and education. Results show that experiencing discrimination due to drug use is significantly associated with more drug ties in neighborhoods with fewer blacks. Future social network and discrimination research should assess the role of neighborhood social cohesion.
Virginiamycin and Broiler Performance

Two experiments were conducted with broilers to determine the effect of Virginiamycin supplementation on performance and shank pigmentation. Virginiamycin supplementation at 10 ppm resulted in significantly increased body weights in both experiments. Feed efficiency was significantly improved in Experiment 1 by the supplementation of 5 and 10 ppm Virginiamycin. In Experiment 2, 20 ppm Virginiamycin was included and resulted in no greater response than that observed at 10 ppm. Pigmentation values as measured by a reflectance colorimeter and Roche color fan favored (P less than or equal to .05) Virginiamycin supplementation in both experiments. Data indicated that when the diet was supplemented with Virginiamycin an increase in the utilization of xanthophyll resulted. Mortality was not influenced by dietary treatment.
Lithium-Ion Capacitor Energy Storage Integrated With Variable Speed Wind Turbines for Power Smoothing

Utilization of wind energy in modern power systems creates many technical and economical challenges that need to be addressed for successful large scale wind energy integration. Variations in wind velocity result in variations of output power produced by wind turbines. Variable power output becomes a challenge as the share of wind energy in power systems increases. Large power variations cause voltage and frequency deviations from nominal values that may lead to activation of protective relay equipment, which may result in disconnection of the wind turbines from the grid. Particularly community wind power systems, where only one or few wind turbines supply loads through a weak grid such as distribution network, are sensitive to supply disturbances. Energy storage integrated with wind turbines can address this challenge. In this paper, Li-ion capacitors are investigated as a potential solution for filtering power variations at the scale of tens of seconds. A novel topology and control technique has been introduced to integrate capacitors and power conversion circuitry. Modeling and scaled-down experimental results are provided to verify the theoretical analyses.
Application of Malathion to the Laying Hen

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE increased use of pesticides in and around the poultry house has paralleled the increase in other areas of animal and plant agriculture in the United States. Still, the use of pesticides is not equally viewed by everyone. Questions arise regarding the use, not to mention the improper use, of pesticides on the user, the animal, accumulation in the environment (Woodwell et al., 1967) and accumulation in the food product. Bearse (1966) reviewed pertinent literature on the use of pesticides on poultry. More recently, Frazer (1967) discussed pesticides with regard to their mode of action, metabolism, residue problems, analytical methods and toxicological aspects. Finally, a series of reports on a continuing study of pesticide residues in the total diet of humans has led those authors to conclude that “there is no significant difference in the dietary intake among the three reporting periods” (Duggan et al., 1967; Duggan and Weatherwax, . . .
A New Species of Peromyscus from Guatemala

A new species of the genus Peromyscus is described from Guatemala. The new species is assigned to the subgenus Peromyscus. The species is about the size of P. mexicanas and is characterized by robust, complex molars, elongated and attenuated rostrum, hourglass-shaped interorbital region, and long phallus.
Osteítis de pubis posparto: una complicación poco frecuente

Resumen La osteitis pubica posparto es un trastorno obstetrico autolimitado poco comun. Se presenta el caso de una paciente primigesta que a los 15 dias tras un parto vaginal espontaneo, presento dolor abdomino-pelvico persistente con irradiacion inguinocrural bilateral. Tras descartar un proceso septico, la clinica y las pruebas complementarias de imagen fueron compatibles con una osteitis de pubis. Un tratamiento sintomatico mejoro los sintomas y resolvio la afeccion a las 3 semanas del inicio de la clinica. El tratamiento de la ostetitis de pubis consiste en reposo y antiinflamatorios convencionales, con una resolucion completa de la sintomatologia a las 2-3 semanas del inicio del tratamiento.
Physiological differences between the trained and untrained speaking and singing voice

Summary This study concerns the premier singing voice and its relationship to physiological aptitude. Research literature is reviewed that indicates that during singing the trained singer uses different physiological strategies in comparison with the untrained singer, and that the noted physiological differences (respiratory, laryngeal, articulatory) occur during singing only and not during speech. Further, a study was conducted that compared the ability of trained singers versus untrained individuals to (a) discriminate differences in self-generated air pressures and (b) produce and maintain a constant level of air pressure. No significant differences were found between the trained and untrained groups in their ability to discriminate and/or control breath pressure. Combined results of previous studies and present findings lead to the tentative conclusion that the excelled singer is not physiologically endowed and/or “gifted,” but rather has benefited from technical voice training