cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The response of anesthetic agent monitors to trifluoromethane warns of the presence of carbon monoxide from anesthetic breakdown.

Objective. Trifluoromethane and CO are produced simultaneously duringthe breakdown of isoflurane and desflurane by dry CO2absorbents. Trifluoromethane interferes with anesthetic agent monitoring, andthe interference can be used as a marker to indicate anesthetic breakdown withCO production. This study tests representative types of gas monitors todetermine their ability to provide a clinically useful warning of COproduction in circle breathing systems. Methods. Isoflurane anddesflurane were reacted with dry Baralyme® at 45 °C. Standardizedsamples of breakdown products were created from mixtures of reacted andunreacted gases to simulate the partial degrees of reaction which might resultduring clinical episodes of anesthetic breakdown using 1% or 2% isoflurane and 6% or 12% desflurane. These mixtures were measured by the monitors tested, andthe indication of the wrong agent or a mixture of agents due to the presenceof trifluoromethane was recorded and related to the CO concentration in thegas mixtures. Results. When presented with trifluoromethane fromanesthetic breakdown, monochromatic infrared monitors displayedinappropriately large amounts of isoflurane or desflurane. Agent identifyinginfrared and Raman scattering monitors varied in their sensitivity totrifluoromethane. Mass spectrometers measuring enflurane at mass to charge= 69 were most sensitive to trifluoromethane. Conclusions. Monochromaticinfrared monitors were unable to indicate anesthetic breakdown viainterference by trifluoromethane, but did indicate falsely elevated anestheticconcentrations. Agent identifying infrared and Raman monitors provided warningof desflurane breakdown via the interference of trifluoromethane by displayingthe wrong agent or mixed agents, but may not be sensitive enough to warn ofisoflurane breakdown. Some mass spectrometers provided the most sensitivewarnings to anesthetic breakdown via trifluoromethane, but additional dataprocessing by some patient monitor units reduced their overall effectiveness.
Hybrid function approximation based control with application to prosthetic legs

We develop a hybrid controller for an n-degree of freedom robot where one control approach is used for some joints while another control approach is used for the remaining joints. We combine Slotine and Li's regressor based control, and function approximation technique (FAT) based regressorfree control, to obtain a coupled controller. We verify the closed loop stability of the hybrid controller via Lyapunov functions and update laws to show that the tracking errors approach zero as time approaches infinity. We then apply the controller to an uncertain model of a robotic system comprised of a prosthesis which emulates the angular knee motion of a human leg, and a prosthesis test robot which emulates the vertical hip motion and the angular thigh motion of a human. Simulation results show good reference trajectory tracking in the presence of ground reaction forces while keeping the control signal magnitudes reasonably small. The minimum tracking errors were 1.57% for the hip vertical hip motion, 0.29% for the thigh angle, and 0.34% for the knee angle (relative to their respective ranges of motion). The maximum steady-state control signal magnitudes were 840 N, 456 Nm, and 253 Nm for the hip vertical hip motion, thigh angle, and knee angle respectively.
Long-Distance List Answers

In this chapter I focus on the availability of long-distance list answers in Hindi. Such answers are normally analyzed as involving scope interaction between a matrix and an embedded wh. Since LF wh movement out of finite complements is blocked in Hindi, an explanation along these lines is obviously not feasible for it. I show that there are two distinct sources for long-distance lists, neither of which require us to compromise locality in scope assignment. They can arise when the embedded wh is D-linked, in the sense of Pesetsky (1987). However, they display locality effects that cannot be captured in a treatment of D-linking as unselective Q-binding. The alternative I propose treats the finite complement as a quantificational expression that interacts scopally with the matrix wh. The selectional properties of question embedding verbs and the semantic type of the indirect question, I show, account for a number of facts that would otherwise be problematic. Long-distance answers also have a second source which is dependent on plurality. In these cases, long-distance lists represent a cumulative reading of the question and there is no issue of scope interaction. The alternatives developed for Hindi, I argue, are applicable cross-linguistically since they do not appeal to aspects of grammar that are subject to parametric variation.
Recent advances in cohesin biology

Sister chromatids are tethered together from the time they are formed in S-phase until they separate at anaphase. A protein complex called cohesin is responsible for holding the sister chromatids together and serves important roles in chromosome condensation, gene regulation, and the repair of DNA damage. Cohesin contains an open central pore and becomes topologically engaged with its DNA substrates. Entrapped DNA can be released either by the opening of a gate in the cohesin ring or by proteolytic cleavage of a component of the ring. This review summarizes recent research that provides important new insights into how DNA enters and exits the cohesin ring and how the rings behave on entrapped DNA molecules to provide functional cohesion.
Self-Determination Theory and Risk Behavior in a Collectivistic Society: Preventing Reckless Driving in Urban Nepal

Traffic road accidents are one of the leading causes of mortality in Nepal and around the world. Drivers in Nepal are not adequately educated about road safety rules. Road conditions are chaotic as traffic regulations are also not strictly enforced. Public safety campaigns may be able to alter drivers' attitudes and behaviors; however, little is known about which persuasive strategies may be most effective. Drawing on self-determination theory and the Health Belief Model, the current study used a post-only experimental design to test the impact of a short video message. The video included collective vs. individual appeals, and messages emphasizing one's ability to make the right choice (autonomy support) vs. directive language. Participants were Nepali college students (mean age 20, N = 199). Using structural equation modeling, the study found that directive messages rather than autonomy support influenced an individual seeing value in the recommended behavior (identified regulation), which in turn influenced perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and behavioral intention. The study also proposed a behavior change model by incorporating the stage of identification with the message upon exposure. This model aims to expand the model proposed by the Health Belief Model, to include a stage of value identification before cues to action influence perception of threat. Further implications are discussed.
Improving Coastal Storm Evacuation Messages

AbstractEvacuation before severe coastal storms is a critical tool for keeping coastal residents safe. Effective messaging of evacuations could help save lives, but there is little evidence-based guidance on the advantages or disadvantages of specific messaging. Ideally, evacuation messages would convince those most at risk to evacuate and those who do not need to evacuate to stay in their homes. Using an online survey of 1716 coastal residents in Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York, this study randomly assigned respondents to message conditions in each of two hypothetical storm scenarios. Results from the first scenario indicate that those who saw mandatory evacuation messages had higher evacuation intentions than those who saw advisory messages, and both of those messages resulted in slightly higher evacuation intentions than voluntary evacuation messages. However, voluntary messages resulted in lower evacuation intentions for those that did not live in evacuation zones compared to those who did live ...
CMU OAQA at TREC 2015 LiveQA: Discovering the Right Answer with Clues

Abstract : In this paper, we present CMUs automatic, web-based, real-time question answering (QA) system that was evaluated in the TREC 2015 LiveQA Challenge.This system answers real-user questions freshly submitted to the Yahoo! Answers website that have not been previously answered by humans. Given the title and body of the question, we generated multiple sets of keyword queries and retrieved a collection of web pages based on those queries. Then we extracted answer candidates from web pages in the form of answer passages and their associated clue. Finally, we combined both IR- and NLP-based relevance models to rank and select answer candidates. In the TREC 2015 LiveQA evaluations, human assessors gave our system an average score of 1.081 on a three-point scale, the highest average score achieved by a system in the competition (the second-best score was .677, and the average score was .465 for the 21 systems evaluated).
Ocular Findings at Onset of Uremia

The parallel demise of the eye and the kidney remains a serious consequence of long-standing diabetes mellitus (DM). While various studies have reported on the comorbidity of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy, few have examined the extent of ocular disease at the onset of uremia. Earlier estimates of diabetic retinopathy in 97%, and visual impairment in 50% of uremic diabetics [1] have been confirmed more recently [2].
Contemporary prevalence, in-hospital outcomes, and prognostic determinants of triple valve surgery: National database review involving 5,234 patients

Abstract Background Triple valve surgery (TVS) remains a challenging procedure with limited existing literature. We aim to evaluate the prevalence, in-hospital outcomes, and prognostic determinants of TVS in the current era. Materials and methods We reviewed the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2003 to 2012 and included all patients who underwent aortic valve replacement (AVR) combined with mitral valve replacement (MVR) or repair (MVRep) and tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) or repair (TVRep). Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of in-hospital mortality and propensity score matching was adopted to compare groups receiving different operations. Results Overall, 5234 patients were included. In-hospital mortality was 13.9%. Major adverse events occurred in 42.9% of the cases (44.9%, 40.3%, 44.4% and 74.2% in the AVR + MVR + TVR, AVR + MVR + TVRep, AVR + MVRep + TVRep and AVR + MVRep + TVR groups respectively, p Conclusions TVS is associated with significant in-hospital mortality and morbidity. The use of valve repair strategies for the mitral and tricuspid valves can positively impact postoperative outcomes.
Gas and Dust in Ultraluminous Galactic Nuclei

Millimeter-wave interferometry has clearly shown the existence of enormous masses (109 – 1010 M⨀) of molecular gas concentrated in the nuclear regions (R 104 cm-3. When viewed near the plane of the disk, the central AGNs, if they exist, will be totally obscured at optical and near infrared wavelengths. In Mrk 231, our line of sight is probably within 60° of the disk axis, but in Arp 220 the disk is closer to edge-on. In fact, recent near infrared imaging of Arp 220 with the NICMOS camera on the HST reveals totally opaque dust disks embedded within the central star clusters of both nuclei.
Mental Retardation and the Future

The given brief for this chapter may be best expressed by referring to the statement of Henry V. Cobb, framing the expectations of the President’s Committee on Mental Retardation. In opening the dialogue between the committee’s representatives and those of use who were called upon to present our views on the future contexts of change, he stated The goal of the interaction is to clarify the possibilities and contingencies governing the realization of desired goals in the field of mental retardation as a socially conditional process. As a working framework we have used the year 2000. This, however, is only a convenient and arbitrary reference point in time. It marks a period of twenty-five years, a quarter-century, bounded by the present conventional millennium. It designates a period in which a child born today attains full adulthood. But it should be clear that we are seeking not just a picture of A.D. 2000. ... On the contrary, what we seek is a judgment based on expert analysis of the degrees of freedom that exist for the realization of our goals, of the contingencies that face us in terms of the ways in which the principal relevant determinants are likely to evolve; and, above all, the alternatives that are open to us to modify the otherwise defeating evolution of events, so that what we seek may be attainable.1 We hope that our combined presentations will help clarify this challenging task!
The emergent needs for basic research, education, and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. Problems facing the report from the American Society for Microbiology Task Force on Antibiotic Resistance.

Abstract The American Society for Microbiology (ASM) convened a task force to study the current prevelance of antibiotic resistance and the problems associated with it. The task force produced a series of recommendations centered around three key elements: (a) education of the physician and the public; (b) encouragement of more basic research directed to the development of new antimicrobials and vaccines; and (c) the setting-up of a national surveillance system to both confirm and monitor the extent of the problem. Since the publication of this report in 1995, progress has been slow. No “consortium-style” funding has been set aside and any initiatives, such as the first steps in an education program by the ASM, are still in their planning phases. The spirit of cooperation and trust needed to deal with this problem appears to be lacking.
Effects of high-soy diet on S100 gene expression in liver and intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The current study examines expression of S100 genes, a group of calcium-sensing proteins poorly characterized in fishes. In mammals, these proteins are known to play roles beyond calcium-signaling, including mediation of inflammatory processes. Some S100 proteins also serve as biomarkers for a variety of autoinflammatory conditions. It is well known that salmonids exhibit varying degrees of intestinal enteritis when exposed to alternative feed ingredients containing antinutritional factors, with soybean meal (SBM) being one of the best characterized. The etiology of soy-caused distal enteritis isn't entirely understood but displays similar histopathological alterations to the gut observed in human mucosal inflammatory bowel diseases. We sought to determine if teleost S100 genes show a concomitant response like that observed in mammals, utilizing rainbow trout fed high-soy diets as a model for intestinal inflammation. We examined expression of fourteen known salmonid S100 genes in the liver, first segment of the mid-intestine (proximal intestine), and second segment of the mid-intestine (distal intestine). After 12 weeks on a high-soy diet containing 40% SBM, we observed upregulation of several S100 genes in the distal intestine (S100I2, A10a, V1, V2, and W), no changes in the proximal intestine, and downregulation of S100V2 in the liver. Overall, our results provide further knowledge of the expression of S100 genes and provide targets for future research regarding inflammatory processes in the rainbow trout gut.
Automatic EEG Blink Detection Using Dynamic Time Warping Score Clustering

The electroencephalograph (EEG) is a powerful tool, involving multiple electrodes placed on the scalp, with the intention of measuring brain activity through the scalp. One significant application for EEG is to analyze the mental state of a subject. One of the challenges involved in using the EEG for identifying mental state in practical settings is ocular artifacts e.g. eye blinking. Eye blinks cause high amplitude noise in electroencephalograms (EEGs), the noise from these blinks can cause interference in several very important frequency bands and confuse predictive modeling e.g. introduce false positives. Prior works have employed independent component analysis (ICA) to decompose the noisy EEG signals into constituting sources and identify the eye blink sources. However, ICA requires off-line signal processing and is not suitable for online applications. More recently, time domain autoregressive features were used to model eye blink related segments in the recorded EEG data. While the autoregressive method showed high identification accuracy in isolated short trials, the goal of this work is to create a more advanced system capable of identifying and filtering blink noise in continuous trials during long and complex tasks. The proposed method detailed in this paper conducts automatic detection of eye blink noise using dynamic time warping (DTW) score clustering during wearable EEG-based cognitive workload assessment tests. The proposed eye blink detection system only uses EEG data for training and identification and does not require electrooculogram (EOG) data, which is particularly important for wearable systems. Our experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed blink detection methodology by achieving 96.42% average accuracy of blink detection in the recorded EEG dynamics during a continuous workload assessment task.
When they go low, we go high: Scholars of color, activism, and educational research in a post-truth era

In the post-truth era, research from scholars of color will serve greater utility due to their propensity to speak truth to power, counter inaccurate narratives about marginalized populations, and challenge the politics that emerge during the post-truth era. This paper will highlight how scholars of color have centered race and social justice within their research, and provide examples of how the educational research community should counter the current post-truth era. We propose that scholars of color should be more prominent in our research agendas. This includes citing more of their work, supporting research agendas that positions ‘race’ at the center, and promoting critical scholarship that moves away from deficit language. If we are going to speak truth to power in today’s post-truth climate, then educational researchers must produce critical scholarship that challenges the lies and myths that permeate in a post-truth era.
Investment Portfolio Optimization

Optimal portfolio theory, by its goal (how to invest in an optimal fashion), by its level of development, and recently also by its implications in other major areas of mathematical finance (pricing and hedging in incomplete markets), is certainly one of its most important areas of research. The essence of finance is investing, and the quantitative framework for optimal investing is optimal portfolio theory.
Accuracy of a mixed effects model interpolation technique for the estimation of pregnancy weight values

Background Interpolation of missing weight values is sometimes used in studies of gestational weight gain, but the accuracy of these methods has not been established. Our objective was to assess the accuracy of estimated weight values obtained by interpolating from the nearest observed weight values and by linear and spline regression models when compared with measured weight values. Methods The study population included participants enrolled in the LIFECODES cohort at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. We estimated weights at 28 (n=764) and 40 (n=382) weeks of gestation using participants’ two nearest observed weights and subject-specific slopes and intercepts derived from repeated measures mixed effects models. In separate models, gestational age was parameterised as a linear and restricted cubic spline variable. Mean differences, absolute error measures and correlation coefficients comparing observed and estimated weights were calculated. Results Mean differences and mean absolute error for weights derived from the 28-week linear model (0.18 lbs (SD 6.92), 2.73 lbs (SD 6.35)) and 40-week linear model (−0.40 lbs (SD 5.43) and 2.84 lbs (SD 4.65)) were low. Mean differences were somewhat greater at 28 weeks for weight values derived from the nearest two observed values (mean difference −1.97 lbs (SD 8.74)) and from spline models (mean difference −2.25 lbs (SD 7.13)). Results were similar at 40 weeks. Conclusions Overall, weight values estimated using this interpolation approach showed good agreement with observed values. When repeated measures of weight are available, mixed effects models may be used to interpolate of missing weight values with minimal error.
Progeny Varicella-Zoster Virus Capsids Exit the Nucleus but Never Undergo Secondary Envelopment during Autophagic Flux Inhibition by Bafilomycin A1

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is an alphaherpesvirus that lacks the herpesviral neurovirulence protein ICP34.5. The underlying hypothesis of this project was that inhibitors of autophagy reduce VZV infectivity. We selected the vacuolar proton ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 for analysis because of its well-known antiautophagy property of impeding acidification during the late stage of autophagic flux. We documented that bafilomycin treatment from 48 to 72 h postinfection lowered VZV titers substantially (P ≤ 0.008). Because we were unable to define the site of the block in the infectious cycle by confocal microscopy, we turned to electron microscopy. Capsids were observed in the nucleus, in the perinuclear space, and in the cytoplasm adjacent to Golgi apparatus vesicles. Many of the capsids had an aberrant appearance, as has been observed previously in infections not treated with bafilomycin. In contrast to prior untreated infections, however, secondary envelopment of capsids was not seen in the trans-Golgi network, nor were prototypical enveloped particles with capsids (virions) seen in cytoplasmic vesicles after bafilomycin treatment. Instead, multiple particles with varying diameters without capsids (light particles) were seen in large virus assembly compartments near the disorganized Golgi apparatus. Bafilomycin treatment also led to increased numbers of multivesicular bodies in the cytoplasm, some of which contained remnants of the Golgi apparatus. In summary, we have defined a previously unrecognized property of bafilomycin whereby it disrupted the site of secondary envelopment of VZV capsids by altering the pH of the trans-Golgi network and thereby preventing the correct formation of virus assembly compartments. IMPORTANCE This study of VZV assembly in the presence of bafilomycin A1 emphasizes the importance of the Golgi apparatus/trans-Golgi network as a platform in the alphaherpesvirus life cycle. We have previously shown that VZV induces levels of autophagy far above the basal levels of autophagy in human skin, a major site of VZV assembly. The current study documented that bafilomycin treatment led to impaired assembly of VZV capsids after primary envelopment/de-envelopment but before secondary reenvelopment. This VZV study also complemented prior herpes simplex virus 1 and pseudorabies virus studies investigating two other inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi apparatus function: brefeldin A and monensin. Studies with porcine herpesvirus demonstrated that primary enveloped particles accumulated in the perinuclear space in the presence of brefeldin A, while studies with herpes simplex virus 1 documented an impaired secondary assembly of enveloped viral particles in the presence of monensin.
Bedside Ultrasound in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: Newer Uses

To explore recent advancements in the use of point-of-care ultrasound in the pediatric intensive care unit or during the perioperative period. Ultrasound is useful for selecting an appropriate endotracheal tube size, predicting postextubation stridor, assessing vocal cord paralysis, performing ultrasound-guided lung recruitment, assessing circulatory volume status, performing transcranial Doppler for assessment of cerebral perfusion, assessing intracranial hypertension, assessing central venous catheter tip position, and performing arterial line cannulation. There has been rapid progress in the use of point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric critical care, which can revolutionize daily clinical practice. However, further studies are required to verify that some of these areas of clinical application are translatable and scalable to widespread adoption.
Transcriptional regulation of MGE progenitor proliferation by PRDM16 controls cortical GABAergic interneuron production

SUMMARY The mammalian cortex is populated by neurons derived from neural progenitors located throughout the embryonic telencephalon. Excitatory neurons are derived from progenitors located in the dorsal telencephalon, while inhibitory interneurons are generated by ventral telencephalic progenitors. The transcriptional regulator PRDM16 is expressed by radial glia, neural progenitors present in both regions; however, its mechanisms of action are still not fully understood. It is unclear if PRDM16 functions plays a role in neurogenesis in both dorsal and ventral progenitor lineages, and if so, whether it does so by regulating common or unique networks of genes. Here, we show that Prdm16 expression in MGE progenitors is required for maintaining their proliferative capacity and for the production of proper numbers of pallial GABAergic interneurons. PRDM16 binds to cis-regulatory elements and represses the expression of region-specific neuronal differentiation genes, thereby controlling the timing of neuronal maturation. Our results highlight the importance of PRDM16 for the development of both excitatory and inhibitory cortical circuits. We demonstrate the existence of convergent developmental gene expression programs regulated by PRDM16, which utilize both common and region-specific sets of genes in the cortex and the MGE to control the proliferative capacity of neural progenitors, ensuring the generation of correct numbers of cortical neurons.
Modeling zirconia sintering trajectory for obtaining translucent submicronic ceramics for dental implant applications

Abstract Attaining high densification without grain growth is one of the main objectives of the sintering optimization in ceramic materials. For dental implant applications, achieving this objective has a decisive impact on the mechanical resistance, the duration and the translucency of the implant. To improve these sintering outcomes a long experimental explorative study is generally required. In this work, we developed a combined experimental/modeling approach allowing a rapid identification of the optimal sintering conditions. The determination of the model densification and grain growth kinetic constitutive parameters has been done experimentally. We found that the sintering/grain growth kinetics have a detrimental acceleration above a critical temperature level. The pressure-less sintering model able to predict the sintering stress, powder densification and grain growth has been used for the determination of the optimal sintering trajectory. We utilized the two step sintering method to approach the critical temperature without an undesirable grain growth. We obtained translucent sintered specimens with a very limited grain growth.
Hacking ‘the Natural’: Seduction Skills, Self-Help, and the Ethics of Crafting Heterosexual Masculine Embodiment in ‘Seduction Communities’

Close relationships between men and women have been theorized from feminist, psychoanalytic, and political economic perspectives. In seduction communities, dating coaches and pickup artists act as expert mediums in scripting norms of heterosexual courtship between men and women. Based on an ethnographic analysis of intimate labor between coaches and male clients in seduction communities based in New York City, this article suggests three things. First, that apprenticing in techniques of heterosexual seduction is about masculine self-fashioning; second, that men experience culturally-based ambivalences around norms of self-help—including ideas of freedom, dependency, and addiction—in ways that fashion their bodies, speech acts, and identities as objects of desire for women; and third, that practices of seduction complicate heteronormative masculine identities by creating intimate spheres of dependency and self-disclosure among men. This article follows men’s trajectories of learning seduction skills, and finds that men rely on competing rhetorics of authentic expression and technical self-presentation that seek to manage (in ways that also reproduce) a range of social, economic, and gender-based inequalities.
The association between state Medicaid expansion and human papillomavirus vaccination.

Abstract Increased vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) is recommended to reduce the incidence of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. This study aims to evaluate the impact of Medicaid expansion by states on HPV vaccination uptake among adolescents ages 13–17 in the United States. This study analyzed data from the National Immunization Survey (NIS) – Teen from 2011 to 2017 using a cross-sectional design. The adjusted difference-in-difference estimate of Medicaid expansion on HPV vaccine initiation was statistically significant (β = 0.031, 95% CI [0.016, 0.046]). There were significant increases in HPV vaccination after states expanded their Medicaid program. The largest increase occurred in those individuals below the federal poverty level and a modest increase occurred in those above the federal poverty level but below $75,000 of annual family income. Further research should be conducted to analyze the combined effect of multiple policies on HPV vaccination.
Estimation of chronic personal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) exposure from solid fuel burning represents an important public health issue for the majority of the global population. Yet, understanding of individual-level exposures remains limited.
Temporary intravascular shunt use improves early limb salvage after extremity vascular injury.

Abstract Objective The use of temporary intravascular shunts (TIVSs) allow for restoration of distal perfusion and reduce ischemic time in the setting of arterial injury. As a damage control method, adjunct shunts restore perfusion during treatment of life-threatening injuries, or when patients require evacuation to a higher level of care. Single-center reports and case series have demonstrate that TIVS use can extend the opportunity for limb salvage. However, few multi-institutional studies on the topic have been reported. The objective of the present study was to characterize TIVS use through a multi-institutional registry and define its effects on early limb salvage. Methods Data from the Prospective Observation Vascular Injury Treatment registry was analyzed. Civilian patients aged ≥18 years who had sustained an extremity vascular injury from September 2012 to November 2018 were included. Patients who had a TIVS used in the management of vascular injury were included in the TIVS group and those who had received treatment without a TIVS served as the control group. An unadjusted comparison of the groups was conducted to evaluate the differences in the baseline and outcome characteristics. Double robust estimation combining logistic regression with propensity score matching was used to evaluate the effect of TIVS usage on the primary end point of limb salvage. Results TIVS use was identified in 78 patients from 24 trauma centers. The control group included 613 patients. Unmatched analysis demonstrated that the TIVS group was more severely injured (mean ± standard deviation injury severity score, 18.83 ± 11.76 for TIVS vs 14.93 ± 10.46 for control; P = .002) and had more severely mangled extremities (mean ± standard deviation abbreviated injury scale, extremity, score 3.23 ± 0.80 for TIVS vs 2.95 ± 0.87 for control; P = .008). Logistic regression demonstrated that propensity-matched control patients had a three times greater likelihood of amputation compared with the TIVS patients (odds ratio, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-11.1; P = .026). Concomitant nerve injury and orthopedic fracture were associated with a greater risk of amputation. The median follow-up for the TIVS group was 12 days (interquartile range, 4-25 days) compared with 9 days (interquartile range, 4-18 days) for the control group. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first multicenter, matched-cohort study to characterize early limb salvage as a function of TIVS use in the setting of extremity vascular injury. Shunts expedite limb perfusion and resulted in lower rates of amputation during the early phase of care. The use of TIVS should be one part of a more aggressive approach to restore perfusion in the most injured patients and ischemic limbs.
Was Bowen Correct? The Relationship Between Differentiation and Triangulation

This study examined the processes of triangulation and differentiation as theorized in Bowen family systems theory. Bowen family systems theory suggests that those who are more differentiated are less likely to triangulate children. Triangulation, which is the process by which a couple involves a child in their dyadic conflict, has been found to be associated with poor outcomes for children. In addition, Bowen postulated that anxiety serves a mediating role in the relationship between differentiation and triangulation. These theoretical propositions were tested using a sample of 332 married couples studied over a 5-year period of time. Results from an actor-partner interdependence model indicated that husbands’ differentiation predicted subsequent triangulation, but the relationship was not significant among wives. Results also failed to support the mediating role of anxiety. These findings point to the need for additional research to explore gender differences and the role of anxiety in Bowen Theory.
Management of Perioperative Nausea and Intractable Pain in Outpatient Surgery: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Clinical Considerations

Outpatient surgery centers are used instead of hospitals to schedule procedures more conveniently. Patients are able to make appointments more quickly and return to the comfort of their home on the day of surgery. Intractable pain and perioperative nausea are two challenges that outpatient surgery centers face. Patients can feel extreme discomfort which can lead to unnecessary emergency room visits. In this chapter we discuss the benefits of the outpatient surgery center and challenges associated with postoperative nausea and intractable pain. The paper will also address the pivotal role that anesthesia plays in the success of an outpatient surgery and preventing perioperative nausea and intractable pain.
Predictors of Caregiver Burden in Huntington's Disease.

Objective Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative condition that is characterized by cognitive, motor, and psychiatric dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to explore which disease characteristics influence caregiver burden in HD. Methods Fifty participants with HD and 50 of their caregivers participated in the study at the University of South Florida. Participants were administered a neuropsychological battery, the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) motor exam, and the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe) self-report. Caregivers completed the Caregiving Appraisal Scale and the FrSBe family-report. Results There were significant correlations between caregiver burden and caregiver age and sex, UHDRS motor scores, cognitive functioning, and self and caregiver-reported FrSBe scores. The significant variables were entered into a regression model and explained 63.1% of the variance in caregiver burden scores. Caregiver age, cognitive functioning, and caregiver-reported FrSBe scores continued to be significant predictors of caregiver burden, whereas the other variables were no longer significant. Conclusions There were significant relationships between caregiver burden, cognitive functioning, and frontally mediated behaviors, but not motor scores. The results suggest that possible interventions for caregivers may include education to caregivers on how to cope with apathy/executive dysfunction and cognitive decline. Caregiver age was associated with burden, with younger age being associated with increased burden when controlling for symptom severity. This has implications for this population in that HD typically has a younger age of onset than other neurodegenerative diseases and therefore, these caregivers may be particularly at risk for caregiver burden.
Abstract P719: Diet Counseling in Post-Stroke Patients in the United States

Introduction: Research demonstrates dietary modifications in post-stroke patients facilitated by nutrition consultations improve post stroke recovery and reduce risk of recurrent stroke. Racial/eth...
Economic Analysis of Manure Utilization and Management Practices in Dairy Farms: The Case of Burdur Province

Bu calismanin amaci Burdur ilinde sut sigirciligi ile birlikte bitkisel uretim yapan isletmelerin, gubre olarak ahir gubresi kullanimlarinin farkli isletme buyuklukleri duzeyinde ekonomik analizini yapmaktir. Arastirmanin verileri sut sigirciligi ile birlikte bitkisel uretim yapan 102 isletmeden anket yontemi ile elde edilmistir. Analiz sonuclarina gore; isletme buyuklugu arttikca isletmelerin bitkisel uretimlerinde ihtiyaclari olan bitki besin maddesini, hayvan gubresinden karsilama oranlarinin arttigi belirlenmistir. Ahir gubresinden besin maddesi ihtiyacinin karsilanma orani Grup I, II ve isletmeler ortalamasi icin sirasiyla; %29,9, %58,9 ve %45,2 olarak hesaplanmistir. Ciftcilerin gubre olarak ahir gubresi kullandiklarinda, Grup I, II ve isletmeler ortalamasi icin sirasiyla 51,8, 107,1 ve 80,6 TL/dekar tasarruf sagladiklari hesaplanmistir. Bu sonuclar ahir gubresi kullaniminin ciftciler icin ekonomik olabilecegini gostermektedir. Bununla birlikte, isletmelerde fazla kimyasal gubre kullanimi ile iliskili olarak besin maddesi kayiplarinin oldugu saptanmistir. Ihtiyac fazlasi kimyasal gubre kullanimindan dolayi ortaya cikan besin maddesi kayiplari (fazlaliklari) Grup I, II ve isletmeler ortalamasi icin sirasiyla 7,1, 15,9 ve 11,8 kg olarak belirlenmistir. Fazla bitki besin maddesi kullanimindan dolayi ortaya cikan ekonomik kayip Grup I, II ve isletmeler ortalamasi icin sirasiyla 65,1, 152,6 ve 110,6 TL olarak hesaplanmistir. Arastirma bolgesinde ahir gubresi ve kimyasal gubre kullaniminda ve yonetiminde ciftcilerin bilgi duzeylerinin yetersiz oldugunu soylemek mumkundur. Ahir gubresi kullanimindan once cozulmesi gereken onemli bir sorun, ciftcileri toprak analizinin onemi hakkinda bilgilendirmektir.
Differential mobility spectrometry improves uranium isotope ratio measurements on an ion trap mass spectrometer

Abstract The characterization of uranium and other radionuclides is important to programs in nuclear forensics. Commonly, isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is employed as a laboratory-based system for quantification of isotope ratios (IR) to shed light on the degree of processing. Transporting nuclear material from the field to the laboratory is problematic while laborious sample processing and long analysis times make IRMS less amenable to real-time measurement. Because size, weight, and power (SWaP) requirements make conventional IRMS difficult to implement for on-site applications, it is attractive to develop IR analysis on an ion trap mass spectrometer which is amenable to field portability. A hindrance to in situ analysis includesmatrix interferences which are best handled by some separation method. Notably, ion mobility instruments have been commonly demonstrated in field use, and, in particular, differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) is a promising companion separation technique to ion traps. DMS enables tunable filtration prior to ion trap MS analysis, removing chemical interferences to address the heterogeneous nature of radionuclides and fission products. DMS may be particularly useful for removing molecular isobaric interferences and, as such, pairing DMS with ion trap MS has potential for fieldable IR analysis. Herein, DMS was coupled to a linear ion trap (LIT) for pre-filtration of uranyl ion (UO2+) from chemical background produced from nano electrospray ionization. Subsequently, isotopic analysis was conducted on the uranyl ion. The 235U/238U ratio measured with the DMS-MS system showed improved signal-to-background, compared to MS alone. Pairing DMS to LITMS improves the accuracy of the MS, while precision of the MS appears to be limited by the precision of the LIT. After DMS filtration, the isotope ratio measurement of 235U/238U decreased from 0.00913 to 0.00713, with the standardized uncertainty improving from 26.58% to 7.21%. Such results indicate that DMS may generally impart greater confidence of nuclear IRMS measurements.
Parents, Educators, & Caregivers Cybersecurity & Privacy Concerns for Remote Learning During COVID-19

In 2020, there was a sudden and internationally widespread shift towards remote learning, primarily stemming from a need to facilitate learning while also maintaining the physical safety of students and community members. While there are benefits to remote learning, increased integration and use of Internet Communication Technology (ICT) has the potential to create opportunities for cyber threats that exist within the digital environment. These threats can range from unauthorized use of webcam, an increased risk for phishing, to increased time spent online and risk of cyberbullying as well. To this aid, our goal is to seek to understand the users’ privacy concerns and security risks related to the remote learning process. For this, we conducted a survey-based study with 520 participants. Through thematic analysis we obtained an understanding of the perceptions of parents, teachers, and caregivers of children attending online educational institutions. We found that most participants have experienced a cybersecurity or privacy-related incident pertaining to remote learning. We conclude by providing suggestions based on our findings to create a more secure and privacy-preserving online education experience for the users.
Mr. Justice Brandeis

W HILE engaged in the preparation of a comprehensive legal treatise, international in scope and dealing with problems of the comparative civil law, I was honored by the receipt of an invitation to contribute an article to the Harvard Law Review in honor of Mr. Justice Louis D. Brandeis. In view of the outstanding accomplishments of the man whose anniversary we are celebrating, I consider it a pleasure to contribute my share.' Mr. JusticeBrandeis is well known on the Continent and is held in the same high respect there as in his own country. His international fame is primarily, but not solely, founded on the social and legal memoranda and opinions in reference to complex problems of public law and social legislation which he has submitted to his government at various times. The jurists of the world are equally aware of another rare and outstanding qualification of Mr. Justice Brandeis. They pay him their respects as the profoundly practical and farseeing judge. His thoughtful, profound and convincing judicial opinions, which, though always guided by the purest spirit of justice are tempered so far as possible by equitable considerations, portray him as an ideal and gifted jurist. They show a rare analytical talent together with a most constructive spirit, a clever ability at arguing, and a prudent art of presentation. These qualities evidence a vision, broad yet precise, a great and practical intellect, a
PRIMING THE PUMP: DEMAND-SIDE DRIVERS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY

This paper employs qualitative historical artifacts and a cliometric model to analyze data spanning 97 years – from the launch of Popular Science Monthly magazine (1872) to the moon landing (1969) – in order to assess the ways in which society signals demand-side preferences for a greater quantity and diversity of entrepreneurship. In one of the first expansive empirical analyses highlighting societal demand for entrepreneurship, I identify demand-side signaling mechanisms that fuel increased entrepreneurial activity. Through this, my study provides compelling evidence that latent demand-side forces serve as a generative mechanism of innovation and entrepreneurship, not simply a selective mechanism.
Valuing hypothetical wildfire impacts with a Kuhn–Tucker model of recreation demand ☆

This study uses a nonmarket valuation method to investigate the recreation values of the San Jacinto Wilderness in southern California. The analysis utilizes survey data from a stated-choice experiment involving backcountry visitors who responded to questions about hypothetical wildfire burn scenarios. Benefits of landscape preservation are derived using a Kuhn–Tucker (KT) demand system. Model results suggest that recreationists are attracted to sites with recent wildfires that can be viewed up-close. For example, recreational welfare estimates increased for sites that were partially affected by different types of wildfires, with the greatest gains being observed for the most recent wildfires. Per person mean seasonal willingness-to-pay varied from a low of $10 to a high of $48, for total gains ranging from $62,223 to $635,286. However, wildfires that cause trail closures create welfare losses. Seasonal losses per person for complete closure of particular sites range from $3 to $221, for total losses ranging from $29,600 to $2.9 million.
Using the Internet to Gather Evidence in Formative Intervention Research

Abstract With widespread adoption of the Internet, focus groups can now be conducted using Internet-mediated (IM) “chat” group technology. However, the methodology used for face-to-face groups must be adapted to this new communication medium. This paper presents a case study that describes feasibility issues of the IM “chat” focus groups, which arose when they were used to collect formative data for the NC STRIDES (STRategies for Improving Diet, Exercise, and Screening) project. This population-based study used the focus group to develop tailored and interactive health communication strategies to reduce the risk of recurrence of colon cancer. In this paper, we describe: (a) the characteristics of IM chat communication, (b) technical implementation of the NC STRIDES “chat” focus groups, (c) methodological considerations, (d) chat focus group formation and management, and (e) participants' satisfaction with their chat focus group experiences. Finally, we offer suggestions for best practice in the use of cha...