cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring Membrane-Bound form of the C2 Domain by HMMM Model

The membrane anchoring of several coagulation factors to the cellular membrane is mediated by the C2 domain, which binds to the anionic regions of the membrane. Upon membrane binding, the rates of enzymatic reactions of the coagulation factors are increased by several orders of magnitude. The mechanism of the rate acceleration is not clear, since the membrane-bound form of the C2 domain, and therefore the complex forms of the C2-containing factors are not yet solved at atomic resolution.We have constructed membrane-bound forms of the C2 domain of the coagulation factor V (FV-C2) and investigated specific protein-lipid interactions, using all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and the HMMM model (BJ (2012) 102, 2130). Spontaneous binding of FV-C2 to a PS membrane was observed within 2-25 ns for twelve different trials of 50-ns-long MDs. FV-C2 interacted with the membrane through three loops (termed Spikes 1, 2 and 3), achieving a stable orientation. Multiple trajectories of the successful membrane-bindings provided reliable statistics for analysis of the protein structure and protein-lipid interactions, which may be unattainable without the HMMM model. There are two crystalographically solved structures available for the FV-C2; open and closed forms, based on the distance between Spikes 1 and 3. In the HMMM trajectories, however, neither structure is well populated as membrane-bound form of the FV-C2. In the half of the HMMM trajectories, a PS headgoup is observed to interact with K23, Q48, and S78 located at the inner side of Spikes 1-3 (“PS-specificity pocket”), but the orientation of the headgroup is opposite to previously suggested. Several basic side chains around the Spikes were observed to make initial protein-lipid contacts, changing their orientations as the protein nears the membrane.
Tula: Balancing Energy for Sensing and Communication in a Perpetual Mobile System

Due to advances in low power sensors, energy harvesting, and disruption tolerant networking, we can now build mobile systems that operate perpetually, sensing and streaming data directly to scientists. However, factors such as energy harvesting variability and unpredictable network connectivity make building robust and perpetual systems difficult. In this paper, we present a system, Tula, that balances sensing with data delivery, to allow perpetual and robust operation across highly dynamic and mobile networks. This balance is especially important in unpredictable environments; sensing more data than can be delivered by the network is not useful, while gathering less underutilizes the system's potential. Tula is decentralized, fair and automatically adapts across different mobility patterns. We evaluate Tula using mobility and energy traces from TurtleNet-a mobile sensor network we deployed to study Gopher tortoises-and publicly available traces from the UMass DieselNet testbed. Our evaluations show that Tula senses and delivers data at up to 85 percent of an optimal, oracular system that perfectly replicates data and has foreknowledge of future energy harvesting. We also demonstrate that Tula can be implemented on a small microcontroller with modest code, memory, and processing requirements.
A comparison of Newton-Raphson methods and incremental procedures for geometrically nonlinear analysis

Abstract A unique relationship is found herein among four very important and related solution methods for geometrically nonlinear analysis. This relationship allows one to better understand the discrepancies between results obtained by these methods. Suggestions can then be made with respect to the most appropriate method by considering the required accuracy of the solution in conjunction with the costs of computation.
Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (LeConte) (Col., Scolytidae): aggregation by primary attraction

Five field tests utilizing bolts of Douglas-fir trees either uninfested or infested with the bark beetle Pseudohylesinus nebulosus were conducted to obtain statistically valid evidence for an aggregation pheromone. The data suggest that attraction to and colonization of Douglas-fir by P. nebulosus can be accounted for by host attractants alone and that secondary attraction by a pheromone need not be postulated. Zusammenfassung Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (LeConte) (Col., Scolytidae): Aggregation durch Wirtsanlockung In 5 Freilandversuchen, die in den nordamerikanischen Douglasienwaldern an der Pazifikkuste durchgefuhrt wurden, wurden Teile gefallter Douglasienbaume mit dem Borkenkafer Pseudohylesinus nebulosus infiziert, wobei nichtinfizierte Douglasienteile als Kontrollgruppe dienten. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, statistisch gesicherte Aussagen uber die Existenz eines Aggregationspheromons zu erhalten. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, das eine Anlockung und Kolonialisierung des P. nebulosus in Douglasienbaumen allein auf Wirtsanlockung zuruckzufuhren ist und somit eine sekundare Anlockung durch ein Pheromon nicht angenommen werden mus.
Recent Trends and Advances in Immunodiagnostics of Solid Tumors

The development of new cancer immunodiagnostic tests measuring soluble markers can be divided along the lines of single analyte measurement versus multiplex analysis. In the measurement of single analytes, newly proposed test analytes still struggle with the same issues as their predecessors; namely, can the measurement of a single biomarker be sufficiently sensitive and specific for screening the general population? Probably the best example of this challenge is in the area of bladder cancer detection, where several newly identified markers are being clinically evaluated in multicenter trials. In order to surmount this hurdle, multiplex analysis has become an increasingly important research focus. By combining the statistical power of measuring many cancer-associated analytes, it is hoped that highly specific diagnostic tests can be developed that are suitable for screening the general population. Some of the most impressive data for multiplex cancer biomarker detection derive from a non-immunologic technique — mass spectroscopy. Multiplex analysis has also recently been applied to the measurement of serum antibodies to tumor-associated antigens. Recent data link the development of antibodies to tumor-associated antigens with the presence of solid tumors. This strategy is a departure from the more traditional assay format of measuring the antigens themselves, and is another promising emerging area of investigation for the early detection of solid tumors. Solid tumor analysis by quantitative immunohistochemical staining is another rapidly growing area of cancer immunodiagnosis. This field has become especially important in the context of pharmacodiagnostics — the coupling of cancer therapy to the outcome of a test measurement from a patient biopsy. Standardization and assay reproducibility appear to be the most significant challenges in this context. In summary, developments over the past several years give reason for excitement and optimism about the potential for cancer immunodiagnostics to meaningfully impact cancer patient survival. In this review we take a fresh look at the field of cancer immunodiagnostics, to identify these recent and emerging trends that may impact on clinical practice over the next few years.
Dynamic Extraction of Spearmint Oil Components by Using Supercritical CO2

The effects of various extraction conditions on the dynamic extraction of the essential oil components carvone and limonene from spearmint leaves using SC-CO2 were investigated. The extraction rate increased with increasing pressure or decreasing temperature. An increase of the CO2 flow rate increased the extraction rate but decreased the solvent efficiency of CO2. Ground leaf samples with a smaller particle size showed an enhanced initial extraction rate for carvone as compared to larger particle size leaf samples. The use of an ethanol modifier did not enhance the extraction rate but did cause the coextraction of pigment and waxy substances.
Multiple factors other than p53 influence colon cancer sensitivity to paclitaxel.

Purpose: To determine factors which influence the sensitivity of human colorectal carcinoma cell lines to paclitaxel. Methods: The paclitaxel sensitivity of ten human colorectal carcinoma cell lines, and a panel of RKO colon carcinoma cell lines, isogenic except for p53 status, were studied. The inhibitory concentrations causing a 50% decrease in growth (IC50) were assayed after 3, 24, and 96 h after paclitaxel exposure. The doubling time (DT) and cell cycle parameters of cells were also measured. The expression of the multidrug resistance glycoprotein-1 (MDR-1), bcl-2 and bax was quantitatively assessed by immunoblotting. Results: Mean IC50 values at 24 and 96 h drug exposure were about 1.5 logs lower than the IC50 values at 3 h, regardless of the p53 status. No difference was found between the IC50 values of wild-type and mutant p53 cells, or among the RKO panel of cells. Correlation analysis showed that: (1) resistance was associated with longer DTs, but this was generally abated by a 96-h exposure; (2) with a 3-h exposure, the combination of MDR, bcl-2 and bax parameters with DT (DT + MDR + bcl-2–bax) best correlated with IC50 values (r=0.77); (3) with a 96-h exposure, in spite of the generally decreased IC50 values, a combination of MDR-1, bcl-2 and bax parameters (MDR + bcl-2–bax) best correlated with the IC50 values (r=0.71). Conclusions: These results suggest that the exposure duration, DT, and expression of MDR-1, bcl-2 and bax each contribute to paclitaxel sensitivity of human colorectal carcinoma cells. In assessing paclitaxel drug resistance, multiple factors should always be considered. There may be a therapeutic window for taxanes in colon cancer by optimizing pharmacokinetics and modulating MDR-1 and bcl-2 resistance factors.
Trisomy 4 pter-q12 and monosomy of chromosome 13 pter-q12 in a male with deficiency of all blood lymphocyte populations.

A six-year-old male presented with multiple congenital anomalies, mental retardation, developmental delay, and an increased frequency of upper and lower respiratory infections and deficiency of all blood lymphocyte populations. Chromosome analysis showed an unbalanced translocation involving chromosomes 4 and 13, leading to partial trisomy for 4pter-q12 and partial monosomy for 13pter-q13 [karyotype, 46,XY,+der(4)t(4;13)(q12;q12),-13)]. The mother is the carrier of a balanced translocation involving chromosomes 4 and 13. The translocation is known to be segregating for three generations in this family. The child was found to have deficiency of all blood lymphocyte populations, but other hemopoietic lineages appeared to be normal. In addition, his fresh T cells were principally CD45RA+, CD62L+, and deficient in the Fas receptor. This deficiency of all blood lymphocyte populations may be due to an overdose of a gene or genes located in the region of chromosome 4 or a partial deficiency of a gene or genes in the region of chromosome 13 that regulate the development of the lymphocyte lineage. Since the mother contributed two copies of chromosomal region 4pter-q12 and no copy of 13pter-q12, the deficiency of all blood lymphocyte populations in our patient may be the result of either uniparental disomy or imprinting. A maternal granduncle with dissimilar dysmorphic features was not lymphopenic but was neutropenic. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cooperative mitogenic signaling by G protein-coupled receptors and growth factors is dependent on Gq/11

Previously we reported that the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonist thrombin potentiated the mitogenic effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on human airway smooth muscle (ASM) by promoting sustained late-phase activation of PI3K and p70S6K via a pathway dependent on Gβγ subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. Here, we provide additional mechanistic insight and reveal the robustness of this phenomenon by demonstrating that H1 histamine and thromboxane receptors utilize the same mechanism to augment ASM growth via specific activation of the heterotrimeric G protein Gq/11. Thrombin, histamine, and U46619 all enhanced EGF-stimulated [3H]-thymidine incorporation as well as late-phase Akt and p70S6K phosphorylation in ASM cultures. Heterologous expression of Gβγ sequestrants (GRK2CT-GFP or GαiG203A), as well as GRK2NT-GFP (an RGS protein for Gq/11) but neither p115RhoGEFRGS-GFP (an RGS for G12/13) nor pertussis toxin pretreatment (inactivating Gi/o), attenuated the effects on both signaling and growth. ...
Cortical Dysfunction in Schizophrenia During Auditory Word and Tone Working Memory Demonstrated by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background Verbal learning and memory deficits are among the most severe cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia. We have demonstrated that such deficits do not extend to working memory for tones in a substantial number of patients even when verbal working memory is impaired. In this study we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the neural basis of this dissociation of auditory verbal and nonverbal working memory in individuals with schizophrenia. Methods While undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging, 12 schizophrenic patients and 12 matched control subjects performed auditory Word Serial Position Task and Tone Serial Position Task. Results Both tasks produced activation in frontal cortex and temporal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum in both groups. While robust activation was observed in the left inferior frontal gyrus (areas 6, 44, and 45) in the control group during the Word Serial Position Task, activation in the patient group was much reduced in these areas and failed to show the same task-specific activation as in controls. Reduced activation in patients was not confined to the inferior frontal gyrus, but also extended to a medial area during the Tone Serial Position Task and to premotor and anterior temporal lobe areas during both tasks. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that abnormalities in cortical hemodynamic response in the inferior frontal gyrus underlie the verbal working memory deficit in schizophrenia. The relationship of verbal working memory deficits to other cognitive functions suggests that abnormal functioning in the speech-related areas may reflect a critical substrate of a broad range of cognitive dysfunctions associated with schizophrenia.
An experimental and theoretical investigation of the constant-ratio rule and other models of visual letter confusion

Abstract The constant-ratio rule (CRR) and four interpretations of R. D. Luce's (In R. D. Luce, R. R. Bush, & E. Galanter (Eds.), Handbook of mathematical psychology (Vol. 1). New York: Wiley, 1963) similarity choice model (SCM) were tested using an alphabetic confusion paradigm. Four stimulus conditions were employed that varied in set size (three, four or five stimulus elements) and set constituency (block letters: A , E , X ; F , H , X ; A , E , F , H ; A , E , F , H , X ), and were presented to each subject in independent blocks. The four interpretations of the SCM were generated by constraining one, both, or neither of its similarity and bias parameter sets to be invariant in across-stimulus set model predictions. The strictest interpretation of the SCM (both the similarity and bias parameters constrained), shown to be a special case of the CRR, and the CRR produced nearly equivalent across-set predictions that provided a reasonable first approximation to the data. However, they proved inferior to the least strict SCM (neither the similarity nor bias parameters were constrained; the common interpretation of the SCM in visual confusion). Additionally, the least strict SCM was compared to J. T. Townsend's ( Perception and Psychophysics , 1971 , 9 , 40–50, 449–454) overlap model, the all-or-none model ( J. T. Townsend, Journal of Mathematical Psychology , 1978 , 18 , 25–38), and a modified version of L. H. Nakatani's ( Journal of Mathematical Psychology , 1972 , 9 , 104–127) confusion-choice model. Both the least strict SCM and confusion-choice models produced nearly equivalent within stimulus set predictions that were superior to the overlap and all-or-none within-set predictions. Measurement conditions related to model structure and equivalence relations among the models, many of them new, were examined and compared with the statistical fit results of the investigation.
Impact of humidity on adhesion between rough surfaces

The surface forces apparatus was used to study the variation with relative humidity of adhesion between mica and rough gold films coated with either a hydrophobic or hydrophilic self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Pull-off forces, as a function of relative humidity, were measured between mica and gold coated with either n-octadecanethiol or 1-hydroxylunicosanethiol. For the alcohol-terminated SAM, pull-off forces increase from 370 mN/m (dry conditions) to 845 mN/m (saturated conditions). For the methyl-terminated SAM, pull-off forces increase from 160 mN/m (dry conditions) to 643 mN/m (saturated conditions). A quartz crystal microbalance was used to obtain adsorption isotherms on the two different SAMs. Angstrom-level changes in adsorbed layer thickness are associated with marked changes in measured adhesion forces.
Cancellous impaction and cortical strut allografting for revision shoulder arthroplasty: a case report.

i t a s c s fl P h ancellous impaction allografting with cement has beome an established technique in the revision of the emoral component in total hip arthroplasty. This echnique is indicated for total hip arthroplasty (THA) evisions involving extensive bone loss, excessively ide, patulous endosteal canals, or severe thinning of iaphyseal cortical bone. To our knowledge, only a ingle case of impaction allografting has been reported n the context of revision shoulder arthroplasty. That ase report involved an experimental humeral prosthesis nd did not demonstrate radiographic healing of the ancellous graft. This report presents a case of a failed, multiply reised, cemented shoulder hemiarthroplasty with severe one loss that was treated by humeral revision with mpaction allografting by use of hip instrumentation and standard humeral endoprosthesis; union of the imacted cancellous graft and cortical struts was demontrated by computed tomography (CT).
Lysosome recruitment and fusion are early events required for trypanosome invasion of mammalian cells

Summary Trypanosoma cruzi invades most nucleated cells by a mechanism distinct from classical phagocytosis. Although parasites enter at the lysosome-poor peripheral cell margins, lysosomal markers are immediately incorporated into the parasitophorous vacuole. No accumulation of polymerized actin was detected around recently internalized parasites, and disruption of microfilaments significantly facilitated invasion. Lysosomes were observed to aggregate at the sites of trypanosome attachment and to fuse with the vacuole at early stages of its formation. Experimentally induced, microtubule-dependent movement of lysosomes from the perinuclear area to the cell periphery enhanced entry. Conditions that deplete cells of peripheral lysosomes or interfere with lysosomal fusion capacity inhibited invasion. These observations reveal a novel mechanism for cell invasion: recruitment of lysosomes for fusion at the site of parasite internalization.
Hydrogen-bonded host frameworks of cationic metal complexes and anionic disulfonate linkers : Effects of the guest molecules and the charge of the metal complex

Synthesized and structurally characterized is a new series of soft host frameworks assembled by charge-assisted hydrogen bonds between a cationic metal complex (MC) and an anionic disulfonate, in this case [Co(en)2(ox)]+ and 4,4‘-biphenyldisulfonate (BPDS), respectively. Four compounds with neutral guest molecules of DMF, p-nitrophenol (pnp), 4-acetylpyridine (acpy), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (dmapy) have a general formula (MC)2(BPDS)·n(guest) and exhibit a “brick wall” topology of their neutral pillared-layer type frameworks. A fifth compound, (H-dmapy)2(MC)4(BPDS)3, forms at more acidic conditions that lead to protonation of dmapy and has a negatively charged pillared-layer framework. The layers in all five compounds are constructed of extensively hydrogen-bonded MC cations bonded both directly to each other and indirectly via the sulfonate groups and water while the organic residues of the latter serve as pillars. The structures of the layers and orientation of the pillars adjust to the specifics of ...
Excessive daytime sleepiness in man: multiple sleep latency measurement in narcoleptic and control subjects

Excessive daytime sleepiness is a complaint characterizing many disorders of the wakefulness--sleep cycle. This paper addresses the complaint of sleepiness objectively by an attempt to differentiate a group of control subjects from a group of patients with unambiguous narcolepsy. Fourteen control and 27 narcoleptic subjects were evaluated by one of three protocols involving nocturnal recordings, detailed interviews, and 5 or more 20-min opportunities to sleep offered at 2-h intervals beginning at 10.00 o'clock, +/- 30 min. Each 20-min opportunity to sleep was given to subjects lying in a darkened quiet room and asked to try to fall asleep. Polysomnographic variables were monitored and sleep was scored in 30-sec epochs by standard criteria. The interval from the start of each test to the first epoch of NREM (including stage 1 sleep) or REM sleep was called sleep latency. In two of the protocols, the subjects were awakened immediately after sleep onset. In the third protocol, the subjects were awakened after 10 min of sleep. Narcoleptics consistently fell asleep much more readily than did control subjects. We conclude that the Multiple Sleep latency test, in addition to providing opportunities to clinically document sleep onset REM sleep periods, can demonstrate pathological sleepiness. Based on these data, we suggest that an average sleep latency less than 5 min be set as the minimum cutoff point for pathological sleepiness.
Clinical Implications of Nonopioid Analgesia for Relief of Mild-to-Moderate Pain in Patients with or at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease

Nonopioid analgesics, which include acetaminophen, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)–specific inhibitors (coxibs), are frequently used for the relief of mild-to-moderate pain. Although all of these agents are effective at controlling pain, inhibition of prostaglandins (PGs) by NSAIDs may result in untoward cardiorenal effects, including hypertension, fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, congestive heart failure, acute renal failure, and nephrotic syndrome. Individuals with an increased risk for cardiorenal effects from NSAIDs (eg, the elderly, and those with hypertension, cardiac disease, or gouty nephropathy) should be monitored for early onset of edema, destabilization of blood pressure control, and/or onset of congestive heart failure when started on NSAID therapy. Because acetaminophen has a different mechanism of action from the conventional NSAIDs, it does not inhibit peripheral PGs at recommended dosing and therefore appears to have a more favorable cardiovascular and gastrointestinal safety profile. This review discusses the effects of acetaminophen, traditional NSAIDs, and coxibs on fluid and electrolytes, blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and renal function, as well as their consequences in patients with or at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). It also summarizes information on the mechanisms by which NSAID-induced cardiovascular adverse events develop, and it provides recommendations for the use of nonopioid analgesics for relief of mild-to-moderate pain in patients with or at risk for CVD.
Prognostic factors in prostate cancer: Analysis of 874 patients treated with radiation therapy

Background. The outcome of radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer depends on many pretreatment variables that are interrelated in complex ways. A multi-variate analysis of 874 cases of prostate cancer treated between 1966 and 1988 was conducted. The median length of the follow-up period after radiation therapy was 6.7 years. Methods. The disease outcome and rate of survival was analyzed with the proportional hazards model for patients with stage A2 (104), stage B (168), or stage C (602) prostate cancer treated with radiation therapy as the only primary treatment. Results. Local recurrence rates were 12%, 24%, and 33% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. In multivariate analysis, stage (A2 vs. B + C) and pathologic grade (1 + 2 vs 3 + 4) were independently related to local recurrence. At 10 years local control had been achieved in 79% of favorable cases (stage A2 or stage B/C, grade 1), but in only 62% of unfavorable cases (stage B/C, grade 4). Metastatic relapse rates were 25%, 38%, and 47% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Factors that independently correlated with metastasis were high pathologic grade, transurethral resection in stage C, elevated acid phosphatase levels, and being 60 years of age or younger. A favorable group of cases (stage A2/B, grade 1 or stage C, grade 1, no transurethral resection, older than 60 years of age) had a metastatic rate of only 10% after 10 years, whereas an unfavorable group (largely stage C, grades 3/4) had a metastatic rate approaching 70%. The overall survival rate was 77%, 49%, and 32% at 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively. Pathologic grade (1 vs 2 + 3 vs 4) and transurethral resection in stage C correlated with survival. A favorable group of patients (stage A2/B or stage C and grade 1) had a normal survival expectation of 15 years. An unfavorable group consisting of grade 4 tumors had a survival rate of less than 20% at 10 years. Conclusions. The complexity and long natural history of prostate cancer demand careful stratification and follow-up examination to evaluate treatment results. The study of adjuvants to improve the local effectiveness of radiation and to mitigate the high metastatic rates in unfavorable local disease are urgent priorities.
The N-terminal domain of the Caulobacter crescentus CgtA protein does not function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor

The Caulobacter crescentus GTP binding protein CgtA is a member of the Obg/GTP1 subfamily of monomeric GTP binding proteins. In vitro, CgtA displays moderate affinity for both GDP and GTP, and rapid exchange rate constants for either nucleotide. One possible explanation for the observed rapid guanine nucleotide exchange rates is that CgtA is a bimodal protein with a C-terminal GTP binding domain and an N-terminal guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain. In this study we demonstrate that although the N-terminus of CgtA is required for function in vivo, this domain plays no significant role in the guanine nucleotide binding, exchange or GTPase activity.
The association between depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception and bone mineral density in adolescent women

Although adolescent women are actively acquiring bone, there has been little study of the possible effects of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) injectable contraception use on bone density in adolescents. We conducted a cross-sectional evaluation of the association between DMPA use and bone mineral density in adolescent women, ages 14-18 years. Of 174 study participants, 81 were DMPA users (range, 1-13 injections, median = 3) and 93 were not. Mean bone density at all anatomic sites (hip, spine and whole body) was lower for DMPA users than nonusers, but differences were not statistically significant (e.g., hip, 0.940 vs. 0.970 g/cm2, p = 0.10; spine, 0.970 vs. 0.992 g/cm2, p = 0.19). Duration of DMPA use showed a trend toward lower spine bone density (p-value for trend = 0.06). This study did not find a strong association between DMPA use and bone density. Further prospective evaluation of bone density changes with DMPA use and after DMPA discontinuation are needed in this age group.
Resolutions of orthogonal and symplectic analogues of determinantal ideals

Abstract We consider orthogonal and symplectic analogues of determinantal varieties O ¯ r 1 , r 2 . Such varieties simultaneously generalize usual determinantal varieties and rank varieties of symmetric or anti-symmetric matrices. We find (non-minimal) resolutions of the coordinate rings of the varieties O ¯ r 1 , r 2 . We determine that “nearly all” such varieties are Cohen–Macaulay and for those that are Cohen–Macaulay we calculate the type. Furthermore, we provide a simple characterization for which varieties O ¯ r 1 , r 2 are Gorenstein. As an application, we present a class of ideals in k [ Hom ( E , F ) ] that are Gorenstein of codimension 4.
Using effective listening skills with international patrons

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review literature from the linguistics and language teaching fields on the listener's role in accent perception, and applies the findings towards recommendations for improving listening skills for library faculty and staff who interact with international patrons.Design/methodology/approach – Detailed empirically‐based evidence on listening and accented speech can be gathered from the linguistics and language teaching fields, in which researchers have studied extensively the effects of foreign accent on listeners. This paper reviews literature on the role of listener attitude, experience and prior knowledge in the communication process, and outlines a training program for library staff based on evidence from the literature.Findings – The listener's attitudes, experience, and knowledge affect his or her perception of accented speech. Comprehension of accented speech can be improved both through increasing awareness of issues related to accent, and through listening ...
Throwing Out the Baby with the Bathwater? Implications of the Euro Crisis for Asian Monetary Integration

Proponents of Asian monetary integration have always looked to Europe for inspiration. This paper reconsiders the cas in light of the eurozone crisis. I ask what aspects of the earlier consensus remain intact in the wake of the crisis and what aspects must now be rethought. Is there a danger of “throwing out the baby with the bathwater” – a danger, in other words, that Europe’s negative experience since 2009 will cause Asia to turn away too quickly and completely from monetary integration? Or is it in fact appropriate to “throw out the baby” – to conclude in light of Europe’s example that Asian monetary integration is not an appropriate and desirable goal?
Successful treatment of T‐γ lymphoproliferative disease with human‐recombinant granulocyte colony stimulating factor

A trial of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) was attempted in a male with agranulocytosis, infection, and T-gamma lymphoproliferative disease (T-gamma-LPD). During five days of rhG-CSF (960 micrograms/day), the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) increased from 0.0 to 4.5 K/microliters. There were no changes in eosinophil or lymphocyte counts. In addition, there was no toxicity. Bone marrow cytotoxic/suppressor cells (CD57+/CD8+) were elevated (21.9%) before and decreased to 10.6% (normal less than 12%) following rhG-CSF. By contrast, there was no change in activated T cells (CD3+DR+) or T cell gene rearrangements. These findings suggest rhG-CSF can improve granulopoiesis in T-gamma-LPD, possibly by altering T-cell mediated marrow suppression.
Some comments on therapy analogue research with small animal “phobias”

Abstract Although laboratory analogues may play an important role in the development of behavior modification techniques, their utility is limited by the degree to which the variables studied in the laboratory share certain essential characteristics of the variables in the clinical context. The recent popularity of small animal “phobia” analogue studies has been accompanied by a geometric increase in analogue research errors involving: subjects and selection procedures; target behaviors and assessment procedures; treatment techniques and parametric variations; and therapist characteristics and treatment environments. With a few notable exceptions, the majority of these “snake, rat and spider” studies involve sufficient analogue research errors to limit severely the cogency of their findings to the circumstances in which data were collected, without making significant contributions to clinical practice, or to knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the operation or treatment of anxiety. Common analogue research errors are described, along with suggestions for identifying and overcoming the major errors of this type.
The APL IL Interpreter Generator

The objective of the APL IL Interpreter Generator is to solve the problem of creating APL interpreters for different machines at a minimum cost. The objective has been accomplished by writing an APL interpreter in a specially designed programming language (IL) that has very low semantics but high-level syntax. The interpreter is translated to each target machine language by easily built compilers that produce high-performance code. The paper describes IL, the APL interpreters written in IL, and the final systems generated for seven different target machines and operating systems. Some of these systems have been generated in an extremely short time.
One Translation Per Discourse

We revisit the one sense per discourse hypothesis of Gale et al. in the context of machine translation. Since a given sense can be lexicalized differently in translation, do we observe one translation per discourse? Analysis of manual translations reveals that the hypothesis still holds when using translations in parallel text as sense annotation, thus confirming that translational differences represent useful sense distinctions. Analysis of Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) output showed that despite ignoring document structure, the one translation per discourse hypothesis is strongly supported in part because of the low variability in SMT lexical choice. More interestingly, cases where the hypothesis does not hold can reveal lexical choice errors. A preliminary study showed that enforcing the one translation per discourse constraint in SMT can potentially improve translation quality, and that SMT systems might benefit from translating sentences within their entire document context.
Information retrieval from hypertext: update on the dynamic medical handbook project

This paper attempts to provide a perspective from which to develop a more complete theory of information retrieval from hypertext documents. Viewing hypertexts as large information spaces, we compare two general classes of navigation methods, classes we call local and global. We argue that global methods necessitate some form of “index space” conceptually separate from the hypertext “document space”. We note that the architectures of both spaces effect the ease with which one can apply various information retrieval algorithms. We identify a number of different index space and document space architectures and we discuss some of the associated trade-offs between hypertext functionality and computational complexity. We show how some index space architectures can be exploited for enhanced information retrieval, query refinement, and automated reasoning. Through analysis of a number of prototype systems, we discuss current limitations and future potentials for various hypertext information retrieval structures.
Knowledge discovery about scientific papers or proceedings referenced NASA/DAAC data with a rule-based classifier

Knowledge discovery from online journals, abstracts and citation indices, cross-referenced with the NASA Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) user/order database to close the data-knowledge loop. Knowledge discovery in database (KDD) has been defined as the nontrivial process of discovering valid, novel, potentially useful, and ultimately understandable patterns from data. The core step of the KDD process is data mining. Data mining is all about extracting patterns from an organization's stored or warehoused data. These patterns can be used to gain insight into aspects of the organization's operations and predict outcomes for future situations. Patterns often concern the categories to which situations belong. For example, here is the situation, to decide if a journal paper used the NASA DAAC data or not, starting from the Goddard DAAC user/order database record, a rule-based classifier was developed and rules were found firstly with training samples, then these rules were applied to recognize new patterns.
Inhibition of the Fe4S4-Cluster-Containing Protein IspH (LytB): Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Metallacycles, and Mechanisms

We report the inhibition of the Aquifex aeolicus IspH enzyme (LytB, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2enyl diphosphate reductase, EC 1.17.1.2) by a series of diphosphates and bisphosphonates. The most active species was an alkynyl diphosphate having an IC50 = 0.45 μM (Ki ~ 60 nM), which generated a very large change in the 9 GHz EPR spectrum of the reduced protein. Based on previous work on organometallic complexes, together with computational docking and quantum chemical calculations, we propose a model for alkyne inhibition involving π (or π/σ) “metallacycle” complex formation with the unique 4 th Fe in the Fe4S4 cluster. Aromatic species had less activity and for these, we propose an inhibition model based on an electrostatic interaction with the active site E126. Overall, the results are of broad general interest since not only do they represent the first potent IspH inhibitors, they suggest a conceptually new approach to targeting other Fe4S4-cluster containing proteins that are of interest as drug and herbicide targets.
Identifying features to improve real time clustering and domain blacklisting

Feature analysis is an important task in the area of information extraction. Appropriate features give improved performance for any classification or clustering algorithm. In this paper we try to analyze different features that can be used to cluster spam emails at real time and thus improve IP blacklisting. Domain blacklisting becomes easy when these features are used because masses of IP address get grouped easily. We have explored several features in this paper like sender and subject of the email; email attachments, stylistic and semantic features. These features ensure appropriate clustering of spam originating from dominant hosts. We compute the effectiveness of these features in terms of how well they group emails, gather domain/IP information and thus improve domain blacklisting.
Regulation of B lymphocyte and macrophage development by graded expression of PU.1

The ets family transcription factor PU.1 is required for the development of multiple lineages of the immune system. Using retroviral transduction of PU.1 complementary DNA into mutant hematopoietic progenitors, we demonstrate that differing concentrations of the protein regulate the development of B lymphocytes as compared with macrophages. A low concentration of PU. 1 protein induces the B cell fate, whereas a high concentration promotes macrophage differentiation and blocks B cell development. Conversely, a transcriptionally weakened mutant protein preferentially induces B cell generation. Our results suggest that graded expression of a transcription factor can be used to specify distinct cell fates in the hematopoietic system.
Proton movement and photointermediate kinetics in rhodopsin mutants.

The role of ionizable amino acid side chains in the bovine rhodopsin activation mechanism was studied in mutants E134Q, E134R/R135E, H211F, and E122Q. All mutants exhibited bathorhodopsin stability...
Toward an HIV preventive vaccine: problems and prospects

The special challenge for a successful HIV vaccine is due to HIV DNA integration, HIV variation, and its early harm to the immune system. Though easy to describe, the challenge is uniquely difficult compared to past successful vaccines. However, most if not all current and past vaccine candidates have not taken these features of HIV into account. What is needed and has been needed for over two decades are: (1) far more availability of primates and to a broader number of scientists; (2) an immune response which is sustained; (3) an immune response which is broad and results in sterilizing immunity or close to sterilizing immunity. The key, of course, is finding the right immunogen. At IHV we (with G. Lewis, A. DeVico) and our collaborator at Profectus BioSciences, Inc. (T. Fouts and J. Eldridge) and at Advanced BioScience Laboratories (R. Pal) have focused our attention on a complex of gp120 and the region of CD4 (DID2) binding to gp120. Chiefly, this has been by expression of a full length single chain (FLSC) of gp120 (Bal) and human or rhesus DID2 separated by a run of sequences encoding 20 neutral amino acids. The goal was to make a fixed transitional state form of gp120 which exposes surface portions that interact with CCR5. These CCR5 binding regions are originally hidden both by their interior location in gp120 and by carbohydrate. These regions are conserved and functionally required for CCR5 binding. Consequently, the hypothesis is that epitopes derived from this region, referred to as CD4 induced epitopes (CD4i) may stimulate broad neutralizing antibodies. In vitro studies of antibodies induced in uninfected small animals supported this concept. This was followed by three challenge studies in rhesus macaques using a SHIV162p3 challenge and vaccinating with protein derived from FLSC expressed in 293 human cells and with rhesus CD4 sequences. The results showed no sterilizing immunity but ultimate protection against this heterologous challenge. Protection correlated with CD4i antibodies but not with antibodies to gp120 (alone), soluble CD4, or conventional neutralizing antibody activity. We propose that these antibodies may have acted by ADCC activity rather than by interfering with HIV cell entry. Other studies showed that protein derived from FLSC expressed in CHO cells did not provide protection suggesting that different glycosylation forms of gp120 may yield gp120/CD4 complexes with different forms. Further studies are in progress to verify ADCC activity, to increase the titer and sustainability of these CD4i antibodies and to verify their role in this candidate vaccine by using monoclonal CD4i antibodies in passive immunization.
The association of the 174G > C polymorphism of interleukin 6 gene with diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Aims To evaluate the association of 174G > C polymorphism on interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene with diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods A total of 393 Greek subjects with type 2 diabetes (mean age 66.5 ± 10.0 years, men n = 203, women n = 190) were examined. Diabetic nephropathy was defined as presence of microalbuminuria and/or proteinuria. The IL-6 174G > C polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction and appropriate restriction enzyme digestion. High sensitivity C-reactive protein was assayed by particle-enhanced immunonephelometry. Results The genotype distribution (%) was GG: 49.1, GC: 26.8 and CC: 24.1, with no gender difference. The CC homozygotes had lower albumin excretion (mg/24 h) in comparison with the GC genotype [CC: 8.9 (4.0–20.9) vs GC: 21.95 (9.1–53.35), P = 0.004]. Participants with the GC genotype tended to have more frequently nephropathy than those with the GG or the CC genotype [GC: 44.55% vs GG: 35.1% and CC: 28.3%, P = 0.07)]. The CC homozygotes in comparison with GC heterozygotes had lower odds to have nephropathy (odds ratio: 0.51, 95% confidence intervals = 0.28–0.91, P = 0.02), even after adjustment for sex, age, duration of diabetes, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, lipids and glycated hemoglobin, ( P = 0.01). Conclusion In type 2 diabetes states, CC homozygotes have lower albumin excretion and are protected from nephropathy in comparison with GC genotypes.
Atmospheric CO2 Variations at Barrow, Alaska, 1973–1982

The first 10 years (1973–1982) of atmospheric CO2 measurements at Barrow, Alaska, by the NOAA/GMCC program are described. The paper updates and extends the Barrow CO2 record presented in Tellus (1982). The data are given in final form, based on recent calibrations of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, with selected values identified as representative of large, spacescale conditions. Analyses of the data show: (1) a long-term CO2 average increase of 1.3 ppm per year, but with large year-to-year variations in that growth rate; (2) a suggestion, not statistically significant, of a secular increase in the amplitude of the annual cycle, presumably a reflection of global-scale biospheric variability; and (3) good absolute agreement between the Barrow results and those from four neighboring high latitude sites between 50 and 82°N.
The NADPH quinone reductase MdaB confers oxidative stress resistance to Helicobacter hepaticus

An mdaB mutant strain in a quinone reductase (MdaB) of Helicobacter hepaticus type strain ATCC51449 was constructed by insertional mutagenesis, and the MdaB protein was purified and compared to the Helicobacter pylori enzyme. While wild type H. hepaticus cells could tolerate 6% O2 for growth, the mdaB strain was clearly inhibited at this oxygen level. Disruption of the gene downstream of mdaB (HH1473) did not affect the oxidative stress phenotype of the strain. The mdaB mutant was also more sensitive to oxidative stress reagents such as H2O2, cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, and paraquat. All H. hepaticus mdaB strains isolated constitutively up-expressed another oxidative stress combating enzyme, superoxide dismutase; this is in contrast to H. pylori mdaB strains. H. hepaticus MdaB is a flavoprotein catalyzing quinone reduction using a two-electron transfer mechanism from NAD(P)H to quinone. The H. hepaticus enzyme specific activity was far less than for the H. pylori enzyme purified in the same manner.
Renormalization Group Therapy

We point out a general problem with the procedures commonly used to obtain improved actions from MCRG decimated configurations. Straightforward measurement of the couplings from the decimated configurations, by one of the known methods, can result into actions that do not correctly reproduce the physics on the undecimated lattice. This is because the decimated configurations are generally not representative of the equilibrium configurations of the assumed form of the effective action at the measured couplings. Curing this involves fine-tuning of the chosen MCRG decimation procedure, which is also dependent on the form assumed for the effective action. We illustrate this in decimation studies of the SU(2) LGT using Swendsen and Double Smeared Blocking decimation procedures. A single-plaquette improved action involving five group representations and free of this pathology is given.
Effects of rehearsal duration and level of processing on memory for words

Type I rehearsal was studied in three experiments. Craik and Watkins (1973, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 599–607) found that Type I rehearsal had no effect on long-term recall whereas Darley and Glass (1975, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1, 454–458) found that Type I rehearsal increased long-term recall. In Experiments 1 and 2, tasks similar to those earlier used tasks both produced increases in free recall with increases in rehearsal duration. In Experiments 2 and 3, both level of processing and rehearsal duration were manipulated. In both experiments, recall increased with deeper levels of processing and with longer rehearsal intervals. However, the influence of these two variables was independent, that is, the interaction between level of processing and rehearsal duration was not significant. Level of processing and rehearsal duration might affect memory independently by strengthening different attributes.