cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Development of Eschatology in the New Testament

in America, Rudolph Bultmann has again reaffirmed a position which he set forth more than a decade ago: namely, that a radical transformation of eschatology (i.e., demythologizing) is discernible within the New Testament itself.' If, as Bultmann suggests, the first-century imagery in which the eschatological message is expressed is a hindrance to understanding the underlying existential significance of the Gospel, then we would do well to follow the example of the New Testament writers and strip off the encumbrances. If, furthermore, the true import of the gospel is that the believer experiences the new creation and the powers of the age to come within himself,2 then biblical scholars today are wasting their time in the effort to discern a philosophy of history (in the usual sense of the term) within the framework of Christian eschatology. We should seek to be at least as perceptive and realistic in these matters as first-century Christians were. That there was modification of viewpoint regarding the Christian hope in the apostolic period is evident to all but the most rigid harmonist.3 The form critics have made clear that the traditional materials were edited and reapplied by the early church in the light of its changing needs and perspectives.4 Although the extent to which this change took place is disputable, the fact that it did can scarcely be contested. Our question, therefore, is not, "Did modification take place in the eschatological outlook of the early church?", but, "What was the nature of the change?" Before we can come directly to the matter of development of eschatology in the New Testament as a whole, we must strive for some acceptable formulation of the earliest Christian eschatology: that of Jesus himself. With this once established, it will be possible to move on to a consideration of the changes which took place in this outlook during the period of time covered by the New Testament writings.
Reflex responses in human jaw, lip, and tongue muscles elicited by mechanical stimulation.

Reflex responses in human jaw, lip, and tongue muscles were elicited with brief, innocuous mechanical stimuli. Stimuli were applied to the masseter (and overlying tissue), the lower lip vermilion, ...
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Eating Disorders: Rationale and Literature Review

Empirical studies using Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and its components to treat eating disorders (EDs) were reviewed. Evidence suggests that emotional avoidance is a major component in the onset and maintenance of EDs. Acceptance and commitment therapy targets emotional avoidance and control strategies with six core processes. These core processes have been applied to EDs and demonstrated improvement in subjects’ functioning and reduction in disordered eating. There are several advantages of using ACT for treating EDs: ACT fundamentally equalizes the therapeutic relationship; experiential techniques in ACT may facilitate lasting treatment gains; ACT navigates the ego-syntonic nature of EDs; the ACT conceptualization based on experiential avoidance and cognitive rigidity in EDs is consistent with current literature. The six core processes of ACT can be further modified to fit the challenges of treating EDs. Specifically, concerns about client motivation for treatment can be addressed by emphasizing creative hopelessness and a values construction process earlier in treatment.
Prevalence of Persons with Disabilities in Alcohol/Other Drug Treatment in the United States

Although prior research has indicated that rates of substance abuse by persons with disabilities (PWDs) are substantial and that barriers exist that inhibit the ability of such individuals to engage in treatment, no research to date has examined the rates of PWD treatment participation nationally. This study provides an analysis of PWD participation in substance abuse treatment in a nationally representative sample of 431 centers from across the United States. Findings indicated that only about 5% of clients served during the year prior to survey had a disability. Treatment centers in the northern United States were more likely to have provided services to select groups of PWDs than those located in other regions, as were those programs located within hospitals.
Improved methodology for the detection and quantitation of urinary metabolites of sulphur mustard using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) with selected-reaction monitoring was applied to the analysis of urinary metabolites of sulphur mustard, derived from the β-lyase pathway and from hydrolysis. In the case of β-lyase metabolites, a limit of detection of 0.1 ng/ml was obtained, compared to 2–5 ng/ml using single stage GC-MS with selected-ion monitoring. GC-MS-MS methodology was less useful when applied to the analysis of thiodiglycol bis(pentafluorobenzoate) using negative-ion chemical ionisation although selected-reaction chromatograms were cleaner than selected-ion chromatograms. The advantage of using GC-MS-MS was demonstrated by the detection of low levels of β-lyase metabolites in the urine of casualties who had been exposed to sulphur mustard.
Triangle charades: a data-collection game for recognizing actions in motion trajectories

Humans have a remarkable tendency to anthropomorphize moving objects, ascribing to them intentions and emotions as if they were human. Early social psychology research demonstrated that animated film clips depicting the movements of simple geometric shapes could elicit rich interpretations of intentional behavior from viewers. In attempting to model this reasoning process in software, we first address the problem of automatically recognizing humanlike actions in the trajectories of moving shapes. There are two main difficulties. First, there is no defined vocabulary of actions that are recognizable to people from motion trajectories. Second, in order for an automated system to learn actions from motion trajectories using machine-learning techniques, a vast amount of these action- trajectory pairs is needed as training data. This paper describes an approach to data collection that resolves both of these problems. In a web-based game, called Triangle Charades, players create motion trajectories for actions by animating a triangle to depict those actions. Other players view these animations and guess the action they depict. An action is considered recognizable if players can correctly guess it from animations. To move towards defining a controlled vocabulary and collecting a large dataset, we conducted a pilot study in which 87 users played Triangle Charades. Based on this data, we computed a simple metric for action recognizability. Scores on this metric formed a gradual linear pattern, suggesting there is no clear cutoff for determining if an action is recognizable from motion data. These initial results demonstrate the advantages of using a game to collect data for this action recognition task.
Phase Space Density Studies on Cyclotron Ion Sources

Using the MSU source testing facility, the phase space density of a cyclotron-type ion source has been computed from axial and radial emittance-area measurements at a variety of arc conditions and for a number of source geometries. Studies to date have all employed a 1.5 × 9 mm source output slit. Arc currents have been varied from 0.5 to 5 amps. Geometrical variations have thus far been principally concerned with explorations of the focusing effects of various source face shapes. Both axial and radial emittance areas from a normal flat source are found to have a considerable admixture of coherent motion which results in inefficient use of aperture and also, in combination with non-linear fields, can lead to an effective dilution of the phase space density. Moderate recessing of the source contributes a focusing force in both r and z and makes the phase space volume much more compact. The effects of plasma boundary and space charge are evidenced in the axial measurements. The axial plasma boundary is found to be concave, with the results that ions emitted from the top and bottom of the ion source slit are focused toward the median plane. Space charge effects are clearly discernable; the axial width of the beam linearly increases as a function of total beam current.
The crystal structure of 5,6,11,12,17,18-hexadehydro-1,4,7,10,13,16- hexaethynyltribenzo[a,e,i]cyclododecene tetrahydrofuran solvate: a case of high organization enforced by chelating alkyne C–H···O hydrogen bonding

The crystal structure of the novel title dehydrobenzoannulene reveals supramolecular organization of the hydrocarbon around the occluded solvent molecules induced by novel multiple chelating alkyne C–H···O hydrogen bonds.
Neurospora, a potential fungal organism for experimental and evolutionary ecology

Abstract Neurospora has been a successful eukaryotic model organism for addressing a wide range of biological questions under laboratory conditions. This success was a result of early domestication of the organism for rigorous experimentation. As a result of concerted efforts by many excellent researchers for over a century, there has been enormous amount of genetic resources collected and generated for this organism. These genetic resources and available molecular tools provide an exciting opportunity for empirical testing of evolutionary and ecological questions in the natural environment. In this article, we examine the potential of Neurospora for ecological studies.
Interfacing for the SKED system

Four new interface modules, a new input module, a duration measuring module, an omnibus module, and a high-speed reader module, have been developed for the SKED interface to further optimize the use of the small computer in the laboratory.
Tethered Cord Syndrome

Tethered cord syndrome is a clinical phenomenon resulting from anatomic restriction of the normal movement of the spinal cord or vascular compromise leading to hypoxia of its distal structures. Tethering can be acquired (secondary) or congenital (primary). This article presents the relevant embryology, primary and secondary causes of tethering, clinical presentations, the treatment of specific entities, indications and options for Tethered cord syndrome is a clinical phenomenon resulting from anatomic restriction of the normal movement of the spinal cord or vascular compromise leading to hypoxia of its distal structures. Causes of tethering can be acquired (secondary) or congenital (primary). This article presents the relevant embryology, primary and secondary causes of tethering, clinical presentations, the treatment of specific entities, indications and options for surgical treatment, and surgical complications.
P(MeNMCH2CH2)3N: an effective catalyst for trimethylsilycyanation of aldehydes and ketones

Abstract The title non-ionic phosphazane base promotes the trimethylsilycyanation of aryl and alkyl aldehydes and ketones in moderate to high yields at room temperature. 29 Si-NMR spectral evidence for the intermediacy of a phosphazane phosphorus–silicon adduct is presented.
Serological studies of Cw1 and Cw3 expressed on the same haplotype.

A serological comparison has been made between individuals who are phenotypically Cw1 and Cw3. The first individual is Oriental and carries Cw1 and Cw3 on the same hapiotype, the other individuals are Caucasian and carry either Cw1, Cw3 or Cw1 and Cw3 on different haplotypes. No unique specificities could be found on the Oriental Cw1, Cw3 hapiotype by reciprocal absorption experiments, inhibition of complement dependent microcytotoxicity by F(ab')2 fragments prepared from Cw1 and Cw3 antisera or by lysostrip experiments. The blocking and lysostrip experiments also suggested molecular independence of Cw1 and Cw3 determinants coded for by Oriental Cw1, Cw3 hapiotype. The results suggest a recent gene duplication in Oriental populations or two loci in the C region.
Double-Drift Thin-Window Planar Ge(Li) Detectors

An improved method for fabricating a thin-window planar detector was developed at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore. This detector is designed to analyze spectra of low-energy as well as high-energy gamma and x rays. The detector has a planar configuration with a relatively large gold surface barrier entry window. The main advantage of this detector is its faster drifting time coupled with minimum waste of material. This method of fabrication has significant advantages over earlier techniques.
Body Image Disturbance and The Social Norms Approach: An Integrative Review of the Literature

This article merges two existing literatures: the body image literature and the social norms literature. Body image disturbance, which is known to be related to the development of eating disorders, continues to be an important area of study, particularly among college women. Perceived norms are known to be related to the occurrence of a variety of behaviors and attitudes, including heavy drinking and body image disturbance. Not only do existing norms influence behavior, but misperceptions regarding actual norms, which occur for a variety of reasons, are known to predict behavior as well. Interventions aimed at correcting normative misperceptions and thereby reducing problematic behaviors have shown promising results. Because normative misperceptions regarding norms for attractive body image predict eating disordered behaviors, applying intervention strategies based on correcting perceptions of the norm may prove to be a fruitful endeavor.
Impact of opiate-HIV-1 interactions on neurotoxic signaling

Opiate drug abuse exacerbates the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in the central nervous system through direct actions on glia and neurons. Opiate abuse causes widespread disruption of astroglial and microglial function, and significant increases in astroglial-derived proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which likely contributes to neuronal dysfunction, death, and HIV encephalitis. Neurons are also directly affected by opiate–HIV-1 interactions. HIV-1 and the viral proteins gp120 and Tat activate multiple caspase-dependent and caspase-independent proapoptotic pathways in neurons involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase)/Akt, as well as p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and/or other mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Opiates appear to decrease the threshold for HIV-1-mediated neurotoxicity by sending convergent signals that exacerbate proapoptotic events induced by viral and cellular toxic products. The synergistic proinflammatory and neurotoxic effects of opiate drugs on glia and neurons are largely mediated through μ opioid receptors, which are expressed by subpopulations of astroglia, microglia, and neurons. Opiate abuse intrinsically modifies the host response to HIV-1. Identification of how this occurs is providing considerable insight toward understanding the mechanisms underlying HIV-1-associated dementia.
Orthostatic Heart Rate and Blood Pressure in Adolescents: Reference Ranges:

This descriptive population study of 307 public high school students, ages 15 to 17 years, was performed to establish reference ranges for orthostatic changes in heart rate and blood pressure in adolescents, and to identify influential variables. Noninvasive measurements of blood pressure and heart rate were obtained. Reference ranges for orthostatic heart rate change in this population at 2 minutes were -2 to +41 beats per minute and at 5 minutes were -1 to +48 beats per minute. Orthostatic blood pressure changes were within the adult range for 98% of adolescents tested. One-third of participants experienced orthostatic symptoms during testing. In conclusion, this study shows that orthostatic symptoms and large orthostatic heart rate changes occur in adolescents. This suggests that the current orthostatic heart rate criterion aiding the diagnosis of adult orthostatic intolerance syndromes is likely not appropriate for adolescents and should be reevaluated.
Reduction in Sample Size for Studies of Remodeling in Heart Failure by the Use of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Fast breathhold cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become a reference standard for the measurement of cardiac volumes, function, and mass. The implications of this for sample sizes for remodeling studies in heart failure (HF) have not been elucidated. We determined the reproducibility of CMR in HF and calculated the sample size requirements and compared them with published values for echocardiography. Breathhold gradient echo cines of the left ventricle were acquired in 20 patients with HF and 20 normal subjects. Sample size values were calculated from the interstudy standard deviation of the difference. The percentage variability of the measured parameters in our HF group of intraobserver (2.0-7.4%), interobserver (3.3-7.7%), and interstudy (2.5-4.8%) measurements was slightly larger than for our normal group (1.6-6.6%, 1.6-7.3%, and 2.0-7.3%, respectively) but remained comparable with previous studies in normal subjects. The calculated sample sizes in patients with HF for CMR to detect a 10-ml change in end-diastolic volume (n = 12) and end-systolic volume (n = 10), a 3% change in ejection fraction (n = 15), and a 10-g change in mass was (n = 9) were substantially smaller than recently published values for two-dimensional echocardiography (reduction of 81-97%). Breathhold CMR is a fast comprehensive technique for the assessment of cardiac volumes, function, and mass in HF that is accurate but also highly reproducible. This allows a considerable reduction in the patient numbers required to prove a hypothesis in research studies, which suggests a potential for important research cost savings.
Influence of Polyethylene Glycol on the Size of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Electropores

The role of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the transformation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe by electroporation is investigated by fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran uptake and transformation studies. It is shown that when S. pombe cells are electroporated in the presence of PEG, the permeability state created is sustained until removal of PEG. In addition, the permeability of electroporated S. pombe envelopes is further increased with longer incubation times in PEG. The increased permeability is apparently a result of enlarged pores (electropores) due to the presence of PEG. Comparison of a heat pulse transformation protocol with electroporation suggests a second role for PEG in the uptake of macromolecules. Since pores are not thought to be created during a heat pulse, the PEG may be facilitating the uptake of plasmid DNA. This facilitation of uptake would also be expected to affect DNA uptake by electroporated cells.
Symbolic integration of expressions involving unspecified functions

The problem of determining an expression whose derivative is a specified expression when that expression involves unspecified functions is analyzed. An algorithm is presented which reduces this problems to that of integration of specified functions.
The Decentralization of Manufacturing Employment and the Role of Race: The Case of the Lakeside Press

This article presents an in-depth case study of an inner city manufacturing facility, known as the Lakeside Press, which closed in 1993. It seeks to understand the relationship between the decentralization of jobs in the post-industrial era and race through the consideration of one firm's experience as told by the company's workers. The basic question this article attempts to answer is what caused the outmigration of manufacturing facilities and jobs from inner city neighborhoods? What emerges from the experiences of this one firm is that the commercial arts printing industry had been undergoing technological innovation since the 1930s, and increased global competition since the Second World War. As southern blacks migrated north in search of jobs, this firm began to experience changes in the racial and ethnic composition of its workforce, as well as changes in the racial and ethnic composition of the firm's neighborhood. However, workforce integration in this central city manufacturing firm accompanied a de-facto separation of races within the workplace. Typically, blacks and other non-whites were relegated to unskilled positions within the firm where the chances for promotion were virtually non-existent. This system of racial subordination was not challenged formally until the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s. The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, combined with the assassination of Rev. Martin Luther King and the race riots of the late-1960s, acted to undermine the informal organization of racial subordination within the Lakeside Press. The real and perceived costs of managing this transition in race relations, within the context of rapid technological change and global competition, appear to be linked to corporate decision making that would prompt the gradual decline of this inner city facility and the eventual elimination of over 7,000 jobs.
A Novel Class of meso-Tetrakis-Porphyrin Derivatives Exhibits Potent Activities against Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1b Replicons In Vitro

Recent years have seen the rapid advancement of new therapeutic agents against hepatitis C virus (HCV) in response to the need for treatment that is unmet by interferon (IFN)-based therapies. Most antiviral drugs discovered to date are small molecules that modulate viral enzyme activities. In the search for highly selective protein-binding molecules capable of disrupting the viral life cycle, we have identified a class of anionic tetraphenylporphyrins as potent and specific inhibitors of the HCV replicons. Based on the structure-activity relationship studies reported herein, meso-tetrakis-(3,5-dicarboxy-4,4'-biphenyl) porphyrin was found to be the most potent inhibitor of HCV genotype 1b (Con1) replicon systems but was less effective against the genotype 2a (JFH-1) replicon. This compound induced a reduction of viral RNA and protein levels when acting in the low nanomolar range. Moreover, the compound could suppress replicon rebound in drug-treated cells and exhibited additive to synergistic effects when combined with protease inhibitor BILN 2061 or with IFN-alpha-2a. Our results demonstrate the potential use of tetracarboxyphenylporphyrins as potent anti-HCV agents.
Exploring Topic Coherence over Many Models and Many Topics

We apply two new automated semantic evaluations to three distinct latent topic models. Both metrics have been shown to align with human evaluations and provide a balance between internal measures of information gain and comparisons to human ratings of coherent topics. We improve upon the measures by introducing new aggregate measures that allows for comparing complete topic models. We further compare the automated measures to other metrics for topic models, comparison to manually crafted semantic tests and document classification. Our experiments reveal that LDA and LSA each have different strengths; LDA best learns descriptive topics while LSA is best at creating a compact semantic representation of documents and words in a corpus.
Planning for visitors at Florentine palaces

‘In the house of a rich man numerous guests should be received and they should be treated in a sumptuous manner; if one did otherwise the great house would be a dishonor to the owner.’*
Detection of quantitative trait loci influencing dairy traits using a model for longitudinal data.

A longitudinal-linkage analysis approach was developed and applied to an outbred population. Nonlinear mixed-effects models were used to describe the lactation patterns and were extended to include marker information following single-marker and interval mapping models. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting the shape and scale of lactation curves for production and health traits in dairy cattle were mapped in three U.S. Holstein families (Dairy Bull DNA Repository families one, four, and five) using the granddaughter design. Information on 81 informative markers on six Bos taurus autosomes (BTA) was combined with milk yield, fat, and protein percentage and somatic cell score (SCS) test-day records. Six percent of the single-marker tests surpassed the experiment-wise significance threshold. Marker BL41 on BTA3 was associated with decrease in milk yield during mid-lactation in family one. The scale and shape of the protein percentage lactation curve in family four varied with BMC4203 (BTA6) allele that the son received from the grandsire. Some map locations were associated with variation in the lactation pattern of multiple traits. In family four, the marker HUJI177 (BTA3) was associated with changes in the milk yield and protein percentage curves suggesting a QTL with pleiotropic effects or multiple QTL in the region. The interval mapping model uncovered a QTL on BTA7 associated with variation in milk-yield pattern in family four and a QTL on BTA21 affecting SCS in family five. The developed approach can be extended to random regressions, covariance functions, spline, gametic and variance component models. The results from the longitudinal-QTL approach will help to understand the genetic factors acting at different stages of lactation and will assist in positional candidate gene research. Identified positions can be incorporated into marker-assisted selection decisions to alter the persistency and peak production or the fluctuation of SCS during a lactation.
Inhibitory effects of actinomycin D and cycloheximide on neuronal death in adult Manduca sexta

A decline in circulating 20-hydroxyecdysone permits the emergence of the adult Manduca sexta moth; this endocrine signal also triggers the death of approximately half of the neurons in the unfused abdominal ganglia of the moth central nervous system. This programmed death of neurons was markedly reduced by treatment with either actinomycin D (an RNA synthesis inhibitor) or cycloheximide (a protein synthesis inhibitor). Similar results were found after addition of these agents to ventral nerve cord cultures. The effectiveness of these treatments in delaying or blocking neuronal death depended upon their time of administration relative to the normal time of post-emergence death in the particular motoneuron under study: late-dying neurons, for example, could still be saved by these treatments even after early-dying neurons had already initiated degeneration. In both intact moths and cultured ventral nerve cords, the ability of actinomycin D to prevent neuronal death waned at the same time at which replacement of the steroid hormone could no longer block neuronal death. This suggests that the steroid commitment point represents the time at which the genes that mediate cell death are transcribed. Cycloheximide remained effective in delaying or blocking neuronal death until shortly before the onset of degeneration, suggesting that ongoing protein synthesis is essential for the initiation of the degeneration response.
Bilious Pleural Effusion following Liver Biopsy

Pleural effusions in patients with chronic liver disease are common and usually are of little consequence. Bilious pleural effusion can occur following percutaneous biopsy or cholangiography procedures if the pleura is traversed. This report emphasizes the role of biliary tract obstruction in the development of a bilious effusion and the importance of biliary tract decompression in treatment. We discuss the laboratory evidence supporting the diagnosis of bilious effusion and review the reported experience with this complication.
Service migration in distributed virtual machines for adaptive grid computing

Computational grids can integrate geographically distributed resources into a seamless environment. To facilitate managing these heterogeneous resources, the virtual machine technology provides a powerful layer of abstraction and allows multiple applications to multiplex the resources of a grid computer. On the other hand, the grid dynamics requires the virtual machine system be distributed and reconfigurable. However, the existing migration approaches only move the execution entities, such as processes, threads, and mobile agents, among servers and leave the runtime services behind. They are not potent to achieve service reconfiguration in face of server overload or failures. In this paper, we propose a service migration mechanism, which moves the computational services of a virtual server, for instance a shared array runtime support system, to available servers for adaptive grid computing. In this way, parallel jobs can resume computation on a remote server without requiring service preinstallation. As an illustration of the service migration mechanism, we incorporated it into a Java-compliant distributed virtual machine, DSA, and formed a Mobile DSA (M-DSA) to accommodate adaptive parallel applications in grids. We measured the performance of M-DSA in the execution of applications from the SPLASH-2 benchmark suite on a campus grid. Experimental results show that service migration can achieve system adaptivity effectively.
Buffer constrained rate control for low bitrate dual-frame video coding

In dual-frame video coding, one long-term reference (LTR) and one short-term reference (STR) frames are used for motion estimation and compensation. In previous work, it was shown that the performance of video coding can be improved by pulsing the quality of LTR frames in dual-frame video coding, but this increases the encoder delay buffer size. Also, buffer constrained real-time video transmission requires an efficient rate control algorithm to meet the delay requirement. In this paper, we propose a rate control algorithm for dual- frame video coding under a delay buffer constraint. With the proposed rate control algorithm and motion activity detection for determining the LTR quality, simulation results using H.264/AVC show a significant PSNR improvement over H.264 rate control and other rate control algorithms for dual- frame video coding.
THE GEOMETRY OF A POPULATION CYCLE: A MECHANISTIC MODEL OF SNOWSHOE HARE DEMOGRAPHY

The phenomenology and causes of snowshoe hare cycles are addressed via construction of a three-trophic-level population dynamics model in which hare populations are limited by the availability of winter browse from below and by predation from above. In the absence of predators, the model predicts annual oscillations, the magnitude of which depends on habitat quality. With predators in the system, a wide range of additional dynamics are possible: multi-annual cycles of various periods, quasiperiodicity, and chaos. Parameterizing the model from the literature leads to the conclusion that the model is compatible with the principal features of the cycle in nature: its regularity, mean period, and the observed range of peak-to-trough amplitudes. The model also points to circumstances that can result in the cycle's abolition as observed, for example, at the southern edge of the hare's range. The model predicts that the increase phase of the cycle is brought to a halt by food limitation, while the decline from p...
The E-Customer: Customer Relationship And Retention

E-commerce is currently being used by organizations to increase their market share while retaining customer loyalty. This paper discusses ways that organizations can use to attract new customers and retain existing customers to attain sustained profit growth. Data warehousing, data mining, and customer relationship and retention approaches that can be used for assisting organizations achieve these goals are discussed.
Sample Cases Demonstrating Basic Patterns of Exercise Limitation

In this section of the primer you will find examples of cardiopulmonary exercise tests that demonstrate each of the four most common patterns of results that you may see over the course of your work in the cardiopulmonary exercise testing laboratory. These four patterns include:
Using Digital Badges to Enhance Research Instruction in Academic Libraries

This chapter discusses using digital badges as an incentive for and documentation of research competency.
The Effect of Membership in the GATT/WTO on Trade: Where Do We Stand?

Around four years ago I began to work on the effects of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).1 I was interested in quantifying the effects of membership in these multilateral trade organizations on international trade. I fully expected to find a large positive effect and was primarily interested in comparing this to the effects of other things that enhanced trade (particularly the effects of currency unions). However, I was astonished to find that a naive look at the data yielded little evidence that membership of GATT/the WTO had an effect on trade that was either economically or statistically substantive. In this chapter, I review the small literature that has developed around this issue.
Downward Trend Continues for Academic Reputation Scores: Addendum to 2013 Longitudinal Study

This brief essay summarizes the results of the most recent 2014 U.S. News & World Report (“U.S. News”) law school rankings in the context of the longitudinal study I published last year regarding the academic reputation scores that constitute 25% of the U.S. News methodology.
Abstract 1234: GRK2 negatively regulates IGF-1R signaling pathway and cyclins in HepG2 cells

G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) plays a central role in the regulation of a variety of signaling pathways associated with many important cellular processes. Alternation of GRK2 expression has profound effects on cell physiological functions and induces diseases such as heart failure, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. In this study, we investigated the role of GRK2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HepG2 cells. We created a GRK2 knockdown cell line using a lentivirus containing GRK2 specific shRNA. Under IGF-1 (50 ng/ml) stimulation, HepG2 cells with reduced GRK2 expression showed increased tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS1 at the residue 612 and increased phosphorylation of Akt. We then treated the cells with gefitinib, an EGFR inhibitor. We found HepG2 cells displayed gefitinib sensitiveness with the increase of drug concentration. Moreover, gefitinib treated cells with reduced expression of GRK2 showed decreased phosphorylation of Akt in a dose dependent manner, but had relatively more IGF-1R expression. However, HepG2 cells with reduced expression of GRK2 did not display any growth difference in culture as compared with the scramble control cells. We further detected that reduced expression of GRK2 induced a small G2/M phase arrest by overexpressing cyclin A, B1, and E. DNA microarray analysis showed decreased transcription levels of IGF binding protein 1 and 4, which were confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis. Our results demonstrated that GRK2 has a role in the regulation of IGF-1R signaling pathway and involves in cell cycle progression in HCC HepG2 cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1234. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1234
"Doing What You’ve Done: Prevention Focus Motivates Repeating Decisions, Even When Unethical"

Because prevention focus concerns are associated with a tendency to maintain the status quo, we predicted that individuals with a prevention focus, either as a chronic predisposition or situationally induced, would treat their decision of how to behave on a first task as the status quo and be motivated to repeat that decision on a subsequent task, even when the first decision is less ethical. Results from five studies supported this prediction: individuals with a stronger prevention focus were more likely to make an unethical decision following a less ethical decision than an ethical one. Alternative explanations were ruled out, and there was no prevention focus effect on generally being ethical or unethical on either task. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Radiative lifetimes of the S and D Rydberg levels of Na

We have determined the radiative lifetimes of the $n=5\ensuremath{-}13$, $s$ and $d$ states of Na by pumping the desired level with two resonant photons derived from two dye lasers excited by the same ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ laser. The lifetimes increase approximately as the cube of the effective quantum number, and are in good agreement with a Coulomb-approximation calculation.
Influence of dietary protein and carbohydrate on antipyrine and theophylline metabolism in man

This study was undertaken to examine the influence of changes in dietary carbohydrate and protein content on the oxidation of antipyrine and theophylline in man. When the diets of 6 normal volunteers were changed from their usual home diets to low carbohydrate-high protein diets, the plasma half-life of antipyrine decreased from 16.2 hr to 9.5 hr, and the half-life of theophylline decreased from 8.1 hr to 5.2 hr. When the subjects' diets were changed from low carbohydrate-high protein diets to a high carbohydrate-low protein diets, the mean antipyrine half-life increased from 9.5 hr to 15.6 hr and the mean theophylline half-life increased from 5.2 hr to 7.6 hr. These changes in half-lives were accompanied by changes in metabolic clearance rates but not in the apparent volumes of distribution of the drugs tested. Qualitatively similar results were obtained when the subjects were placed on standard diets followed by the standard diets supplemented with carbohydrate or protein. Supplementing the standard diets with carbohydrate caused an increase in drug half-lives, whereas a protein supplement caused a decrease in the drug half-lives. These data demonstrate marked influences of nutritional factors on oxidative biotransformation of drugs in man.
Transitions: Major Events, Honorees, and Obituaries

This chapter provides a listing of major events in the North American Jewish Communities from May 2014 to May 2015, a list of persons honored by the Jewish and general communities from May 2014 to June 2015, and a list of obituaries of North American Jews from June 2014 to May 2015.
Blind Injustice: Theorizing Anonymity and Accountability in Modern Democracies

Anonymity is one of the great enigmas in the history of Western philosophy. The possibility of acting anonymously – without fear of repercussions or accountability – can appear either as liberating or destabilizing, depending on the circumstances. Whereas anonymity is often lauded as a symbol of solidarity among activists, a source of protection for hackers and whistleblowers, and a small price to pay for genuinely free speech, other observers regard it with trepidation as encouraging rashness and abuses of power. Our goals in this article are two-fold. First, we aim to elucidate several dimensions of anonymity, including the variety of forms it takes as well as its potential uses and abuses. Second, we seek to develop a normative framework through which to evaluate contemporary cases in which anonymity plays a central role. Drawing upon several episodes from the history of political thought, we identify three factors relevant to assessing any particular claim to anonymity; we conclude with a discussion of anonymity’s role in campaign finance reform in the United States and anti-masking law in Canada.
Law and Society in Vietnam: Donors, law and social justice in Vietnam: The uncertain promise

Since the early 1990s foreign assistance amounting to tens of millions of dollars has poured into Vietnam's legal sector to support legal reform. There can be little doubt of the well-meaning nature of this support: donors, both official and nongovernmental, have welcomed Vietnam's commitment to strengthening its legal system with enthusiastic and generous support aimed at enhancing the authority and capacity of law and legal institutions. There can be little doubt of the successes in that assistance, while there is also growing skepticism in many parts of the world about the utility and effects of legal assistance (Nang 1994; Bergling 1997; Rose 1998; Pedersen 2001; Salemink 2003). This chapter seeks to outline the scope and direction of foreign assistance to Vietnam's legal reforms in the era of doi moi , and to analyze the initial results and prioritization of those activities and directions for the future. These issues are of particular concern in socialist transitional states such as Vietnam and China, where legal reform has received significant donor support. Two vignettes from this volume may serve to illustrate some of the issues in this donor support – assistance that has ostensibly improved and “modernized” Vietnamese law, and strengthened and professionalized courts, prosecutors, police and justice officials.
Investigating Nonlinear Modal Energy Transfer in a Random Load Environment

When a structure is subjected to an extreme environment, its linear normal modes, which are uncoupled under small loads, begin to influence each other and exchange energy. This is easily explained when the nonlinear normal modes of the structure are computed, since they show internal resonances where the underlying linear modes combine to produce the NNM solution at each excitation level. This paper examines the degree to which nonlinear modal coupling can serve as an energy transfer mechanism in order to reduce the vibration levels of a structure subjected to a broadband, random forcing. The structure in question is a beam with an intermediate support that is adjusted in order to vary the frequency ratios between modes. To explore the significance of modal coupling, two types of reduced order models are examined: A customary model including all of the coupling terms between the linear modes, and an uncoupled reduced order model which contains nonlinear stiffness terms in single modes only. The differences in response between the two models are used to quantify the effect of nonlinear modal coupling in the structure.
The role of CHFR expression in ovarian cancer and response to taxane therapy.

5546 Background: CHFR, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates Aurora A and Pololike Kinase 1, plays a critical role in the cellular response to mitotic stress. In particular, cells containing CHFR a...
Unliganded estrogen receptor alpha regulates vascular cell function and gene expression

The unliganded form of the estrogen receptor is generally thought to be inactive. Our prior studies, however, suggested that unliganded estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) exacerbates adverse vascular injury responses in mice. Here, we show that the presence of unliganded ERα decreases vascular endothelial cell (EC) migration and proliferation, increases smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, and increases inflammatory responses in cultured ECs and SMCs. Unliganded ERα also regulates many genes in vascular ECs and mouse aorta. Activation of ERα by E2 reverses the cell physiological effects of unliganded ERα, and promotes gene regulatory effects that are predicted to counter the effects of unliganded ERα. These results reveal that the unliganded form of ERα is not inert, but significantly impacts gene expression and physiology of vascular cells. Furthermore, they indicate that the cardiovascular protective effects of estrogen may be connected to its ability to counteract these effects of unliganded ERα.
Unfractionated and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin and the Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors, IBMX and Cilostazol, Block Ex Vivo Equid Herpesvirus Type-1-Induced Platelet Activation.

Equid herpes virus type-1 (EHV-1) is a major pathogen of horses, causing abortion storms and outbreaks of herpes virus myeloencephalopathy. These clinical syndromes are partly attributed to ischemic injury from thrombosis in placental and spinal vessels. The mechanism of thrombosis in affected horses is unknown. We have previously shown that EHV-1 activates platelets through virus-associated tissue factor-initiated thrombin generation. Activated platelets participate in thrombus formation by providing a surface to localize coagulation factor complexes that amplify and propagate thrombin generation. We hypothesized that coagulation inhibitors that suppress thrombin generation (heparins) or platelet inhibitors that impede post-receptor thrombin signaling (phosphodiesterase [PDE] antagonists) would inhibit EHV-1-induced platelet activation ex vivo. We exposed platelet-rich plasma collected from healthy horses to the RacL11 abortigenic and Ab4 neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 at 1 plaque forming unit/cell in the presence or absence of unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight (LMWH) heparin or the PDE inhibitors, 3-isobutyl-1methylxanthine (IBMX) and cilostazol. We assessed platelet activation status in flow cytometric assays by measuring P-selectin expression. We found that all of the inhibitors blocked EHV-1- and thrombin-induced platelet activation in a dose-dependent manner. Platelet activation in PRP was maximally inhibited at concentrations of 0.05 U/mL UFH and 2.5 μg/mL LMWH. These concentrations represented 0.1 to 0.2 U/mL anti-Factor Xa activity measured in chromogenic assays. Both IBMX and cilostazol showed maximal inhibition of platelet activation at the highest tested concentration of 50 μM but inhibition was lower than that seen with UFH and LMWH. Our results indicate that heparin anticoagulants and strong non-selective (IBMX) or isoenzyme-3 selective (cilostazol) PDE antagonists inhibit ex vivo EHV-1-induced platelet activation. These drugs have potential as adjunctive therapy to reduce the serious complications associated with EHV-1-induced thrombosis. Treatment trials are warranted to determine whether these drugs yield clinical benefit when administered to horses infected with EHV-1.
On Emerging Clinical Dental Specialties and Recognition

C l i n M e d International Library Citation: Brown RS (2015) On Emerging Clinical Dental Specialties and Recognition. Int J Pathol Clin Res 1:006 Received: June 16, 2015: Accepted: July 20, 2015: Published: July 24, 2015 Copyright: © 2015 Brown RS. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Brown. Int J Pathol Clin Res 2015, 1:1
Development of a Student-Led Ambulatory Medication Reconciliation Program at an Academic Institution.

Objectives:To integrate fourth-year student pharmacists on advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) rotations within several different ambulatory clinics to perform medication reconciliations a...
Transitions of Care: The Presence of Written Interfacility Transfer Guidelines and Agreements for Pediatric Patients.

Objective Every year, emergency medical services agencies transport approximately 150,000 pediatric patients between hospitals. During these transitions of care, patient safety may be affected and contribute to adverse events when important clinical information is missing, incomplete, or inaccurate. Written interfacility transfer policies are one way to standardize procedures and facilitate communication between the hospitals leading to improved patient safety and satisfaction for children and families. Methods We assessed the presence and components of written interfacility transfer guidelines and agreements for pediatric patients via a survey sent to US hospital emergency department (ED) nurse managers during 2010 and 2013. Results Although there was an increase in the presence of written interfacility transfer guidelines and agreements, a third of hospitals did not have either by 2013, and only 50% had guidelines with all recommended pediatric components. Hospitals with medium and low ED pediatric patient volumes were less likely to have written guidelines or agreements compared with hospitals with high volume. Hospitals with advanced pediatric resources, such as a pediatric emergency care coordinator or EDs designated approved for pediatrics, were more likely to have guidelines or agreements than less resourced hospitals. Conclusions Although there was improvement over time, opportunities exist for increasing the presence of written interfacility transfer guidelines as well as agreements for pediatric patients. Further studies are needed to demonstrate whether improved delivery of patient care is associated with the presence of written interfacility transfer guidelines and agreements and to identify other elements in the process to ensure optimal pediatric patient care.