cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of organic solvents on denitrification in soil.

Although organic solvents such as methanol and ethanol have been shown to act as energy sources for denitrifying microorganisms, no studies on the influence of organic solvents on denitrification in soil have been reported. Organic solvents have been used as an aid in the application of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals to soil, in studying the effects of these chemicals on denitrification in soil. During these applications, the soil is often aerated or heated to remove the solvent while leaving the chemical in the soil. The work reported here shows that treating soils with methanol, ethanol, or acetone had a very marked effect on their denitrifying ability, even when the soils were aerated thoroughly or heated at 50°C to remove these solvents. This indicates either that it is not possible to effect complete removal of organic solvents from soils by aeration or heating or that organic solvents promote denitrification by solubilizing a fraction of soil organic matter that is not available to denitrifying microorganisms before the addition of these solvents. Experiments using phenylmercuric acetate (a herbicide and nitrification inhibitor) showed that although this compound had a marked inhibitory effect on denitrification when added to soil in methanol, ethanol, or acetone, it had no inhibitory effect on denitrification when added to soil in water. The work reported shows that the use of an organic solvent in adding an agricultural chemical to soil can lead to erroneous conclusions in studies on the effects of the chemical on soil denitrification.
THE REDUCTION OF CONTRAST BY ATMOSPHERIC BOIL

It is shown that the probability of receiving light from an object viewed through a turbulent atmosphere follows a normal Gaussian distribution. Furthermore the root-mean-square angular deflection of the points of any object will be proportional to the square root of the object-to-observer distance. From relations of the type described in the examples it is possible to predict the apparent contrast throughout a given scene, provided the inherent contrast distribution, the optical air state, and the range of the target are known. The optical air state for a given condition of atmosphere can be measured by using a telephotometer and a series of long thin black bars of varying widths.
RELIGION AND EMPIRICISM IN THE WORKS OF PETER BERGER

Abstract. Peter Berger established himself in the sociological profession in large part through his functional interpretations of religion and its ostensible demise in relation to the empirical bent of modern intellectual thought. Yet, in his ef–fort to expand the scope of empiricism such that it might address nontrivial concerns, Berger found himself attempting to understand the “substance” of religiori—that is, the conviction that there exists an “other” which confronts us unconditionally and consequently forms the basis of all issues concerning value and meaning. Berger's writings deserve critical attention in that they disclose both the problems and the promises of utilizing empirical methods for the task of rehabilitating, rather than debunking, humanity's religious propensities.
Exorcising McCulloch: The Conflict-Ridden History of American Banking Nationalism and Dodd-Frank Preemption

Conventional wisdom holds that federal law’s conferring banking powers on national banks presumptively preempts state laws seeking to control the exercise of those powers. This conventional wisdom springs from a long-standing legal tradition, originating with McCulloch v. Maryland, that nationally chartered banks are federal instrumentalities entitled to regulate themselves free from state law, even when national law fails to address the risks that state law seeks to regulate. Incorporated into National Bank Act of 1864 by 19th century precedents but then abandoned by the New Deal Court, McCulloch’s theory of preemption is being revived today by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) to preempt broad swathes of state law. This article maintains that it is time to exorcise McCulloch’s theory from our preemption jurisprudence. Far from being sanctioned by legal tradition, McCulloch’s theory that national banks are federal instrumentalities offends a deeply rooted tradition in American political culture and law that I call the “anti-banker non-delegation principle. This principle has been manifest in campaigns against national banks’ immunities from political oversight ranging from Andrew Jackson’s 1832 veto of the charter of the Second Bank of the United States message to Louis Brandeis’ 1912 campaign against the “House of Morgan” as a “financial oligarchy.” Rather than accept McCulloch’s view of banks as impartial instruments of the federal government, the American political system and, since the New Deal, the federal courts, have adopted the view that federal law should not delegate unsupervised power to private banks to determine the honesty, safety, and soundness of their own operations. Accordingly, if federal regulators set aside state laws regulating banking practices, then those federal regulators must explain how federal law addresses the risks the state law attempts to control. The most recent effort to eliminate McCulloch’s theory of preemption, according to this article, §1044(a) of the Dodd-Frank Act, which provides detailed standards governing the power of the OCC to preempt state law. This article argues that the OCC’s 2011 rules mistakenly revive McCulloch’s theory of preemption, contradicting not only §1044(a) but also the more general tradition of distrusting unsupervised delegations of immunity from state law to national banks. In particular, like McCulloch, the OCC’s rules draw irrational distinctions between states’ general common-law doctrines and states’ rules specifically directed towards banking practices, subjecting the latter to a sort of field preemption. Rather than accept such preemption, this article urges that courts ought to follow the ordinary principles of conflict preemption, barring preemption of state law unless the OCC has specifically approved the banking practice that state law forbids.
Two-Dimensional Scalar Spectra in the Deeper Layers of a Dense and Uniform Model Canopy

The turbulent flow inside dense canopies is characterized by wake production and short-circuiting of the energy cascade. How these processes affect passive scalar con- centration variability in general and their spectral properties in particular remains a vexing problem. Progress on this problem is frustrated by the shortage of high resolution spatial concentration measurements, and by the lack of simplified analytical models that connect spectral modulations in the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) cascade to scalar spectra. Here, we report the first planar two-dimensional scalar concentration spectra (φcc) inside tall cano- pies derived from flow visualization experiments. These experiments were conducted within the deeper layers of a model canopy composed of densely arrayed cylinders welded to the bottom of a large recirculating water channel. We found that in the spectral region experi- encing wake production, the φcc exhibits directional scaling power laws. In the longitudinal direction (x), or the direction experiencing the largest drag force, the φcc(kx ) was steeper than k −5/3
Spike Inference from Calcium Imaging Using Sequential Monte Carlo Methods

As recent advances in calcium sensing technologies facilitate simultaneously imaging action potentials in neuronal populations, complementary analytical tools must also be developed to maximize the utility of this experimental paradigm. Although the observations here are fluorescence movies, the signals of interest—spike trains and/or time varying intracellular calcium concentrations—are hidden. Inferring these hidden signals is often problematic due to noise, nonlinearities, slow imaging rate, and unknown biophysical parameters. We overcome these difficulties by developing sequential Monte Carlo methods (particle filters) based on biophysical models of spiking, calcium dynamics, and fluorescence. We show that even in simple cases, the particle filters outperform the optimal linear (i.e., Wiener) filter, both by obtaining better estimates and by providing error bars. We then relax a number of our model assumptions to incorporate nonlinear saturation of the fluorescence signal, as well external stimulus and spike history dependence (e.g., refractoriness) of the spike trains. Using both simulations and in vitro fluorescence observations, we demonstrate temporal superresolution by inferring when within a frame each spike occurs. Furthermore, the model parameters may be estimated using expectation maximization with only a very limited amount of data (e.g., ∼5–10 s or 5–40 spikes), without the requirement of any simultaneous electrophysiology or imaging experiments.
A Delay-bounded Multi-Channel Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks using Multiple Token Rings: Extended Summary

Wireless mesh network is a promising new direction resulting from the recent rapid progress made in wireless communication technologies. While multiple radio, multiple channel technologies have offered a great potential for increasing network throughput, they also create new research challenges. In this paper, we propose RingMesh, a token ring-based protocol for multi-channel routing. By applying delay-guaranteed rules for joining a ring and for creating new rings, the multiple-ring protocol bounds the end-to-end packet delay within the mesh network, from the source node to a gateway that connects with the wired network. The RingMesh protocol is described as a state machine; the analytical results on bounded delay are presented. We believe that both the protocol and analysis may be applied to other areas of delay-guaranteed wireless network research.
Cornus×elwinortonii and Cornus×rutgersensis (Cornaceae), new names for two artificially produced hybrids of big-bracted dogwoods.

Big-bracted dogwoods (Cornus sp.) are well-known plants in North America and eastern Asia where they occur as wild, generally spring-flowering understory trees. They are also popular ornamental landscape plants, and many economically important cultivars are propagated and sold across North America, Europe, and Asia. Starting in the late 1960s, Elwin Orton of Rutgers University in New Jersey (USA) utilized three geographically disjunct species of dogwoods, Cornus florida (eastern North America), Cornus nuttallii (western North America), and Cornus kousa (East Asia), in an extensive interspecific hybridization program. He was successful in developing the first-ever interspecific F1 hybrids of these species, several of which have become staple items in the ornamental nursery trade due to their enhanced ornamental qualities and resistance to diseases. The original F1 plants are still alive at Rutgers University. While they have been available for decades in horticultural commerce, the interspecific hybrid crosses were never formally described and their scientific hybrid names were never published. For the Cornus kousa × Cornus florida hybrids, the name Cornus ‘rutgersensis’ has been used on occasion in the horticultural trade, but without proper citation and description. Here, it is formally named Cornus × rutgersensis Mattera, T. Molnar, & Struwe, hybr. nov. For the Cornus kousa × Cornus nuttallii hybrids, no previous name has been used, and it is hereby named Cornus × elwinortonii Mattera, T. Molnar, & Struwe, hybr. nov. The need for providing scientific names for commonly used horticultural hybrids is discussed. Holotype material for both hybrid names was collected from the original F1 hybrids for full documentation, typification, and description. The comparative intermediate development of leaves, inflorescence structures, and fruit types of the hybrids and their parents is discussed and illustrated. Etymology, phenology, and cultivation aspects of these hybrids and their cultivars including backcrosses to Cornus kousa are also presented.
AROMA: automated resource allocation and configuration of mapreduce environment in the cloud

Distributed data processing framework MapReduce is increasingly deployed in Clouds to leverage the pay-per-usage cloud computing model. Popular Hadoop MapReduce environment expects that end users determine the type and amount of Cloud resources for reservation as well as the configuration of Hadoop parameters. However, such resource reservation and job provisioning decisions require in-depth knowledge of system internals and laborious but often ineffective parameter tuning. We propose and develop AROMA, a system that automates the allocation of heterogeneous Cloud resources and configuration of Hadoop parameters for achieving quality of service goals while minimizing the incurred cost. It addresses the significant challenge of provisioning ad-hoc jobs that have performance deadlines in Clouds through a novel two-phase machine learning and optimization framework. Its technical core is a support vector machine based performance model that enables the integration of various aspects of resource provisioning and auto-configuration of Hadoop jobs. It adapts to ad-hoc jobs by robustly matching their resource utilization signature with previously executed jobs and making provisioning decisions accordingly. We implement AROMA as an automated job provisioning system for Hadoop MapReduce hosted in virtualized HP ProLiant blade servers. Experimental results show AROMA's effectiveness in providing performance guarantee of diverse Hadoop benchmark jobs while minimizing the cost of Cloud resource usage.
Pursuing a petaflop: point designs for 100 TF computers using PIM technologies

This paper is a summary of a proposal submitted to the NSF 100 Tera Flops Point Design Study. Its main thesis is that the use of Processing-In-Memory (PIM) technology can provide an extremely dense and highly efficient base on which such computing systems can be constructed the paper describes a strawman organization of one potential PIM chip, along with how multiple such chips might be organized into a real system, what the software supporting such a system might look like, and several applications which we will be attempting to place onto such a system.
Female Sexual Victimization Among College Students Assault Severity, Health Risk Behaviors, and Sexual Functioning

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between college women’s sexual victimization experiences, health risk behaviors, and sexual functioning. A sample of 309 college women at a mid-sized Midwestern university completed measures assessing sexual victimization, sexual risk taking, substance use behaviors, sexual desire, sexual functioning, prior sexual experiences, and social desirability. Severity of sexual victimization was measured using a multi-item, behaviorally specific, gender-neutral measure, which was divided into four categories based on severity (none, sexual contact, sexual coercion, rape). Within the sample, 72.8% (n = 225) of women reported at least one experience of sexual victimization since age 16. Results from MANCOVAs and a multinomial logistic regression, controlling for social desirability and prior sexual experience, revealed that sexual victimization among female students was related to increased drug use, problematic drinking behaviors, sexual risk taking, sexual dysfunction,
Integrated optical phase-locked loop

We demonstrate the first integrated optical phase-lock loop (OPLL) photonic IC, containing two SG-DBR lasers with ≫5 THz tuning range, a balanced detector pair and output modulators. A proof-of-concept homodyne OPLL demonstration has been performed.
Visible-Light-Triggered Molecular Photoswitch Based on Reversible E/Z Isomerization of a 1,2-Dicyanoethene Derivative†

A designed bis(dithienyl) dicyanoethene-based, strictly E/Z photoswitch (4TCE) operates through state-selective (E and Z isomer) photoactivation with visible light. The E and Z isomers of 4TCE exhibit remarkably different spectroscopic characteristics, including a large separation (70 nm) in their absorption maxima (λmax) and a 2.5-fold increase in molar extinction coefficient from cis to trans. The energetically stable trans form can be completely converted to the cis form within minutes when exposed to white light, whereas the reverse isomerization occurs readily upon irradiation by blue light (λ<480 nm) or completely by thermal conversion at elevated temperatures. These features together with excellent thermal stability and photostability of both isomers make this new E/Z photoswitch a promising building block for photoswitchable materials that operate without the need for UV light.
Intraoperative PTH: Effect of sample timing and vitamin D status

Objective To assess the effect of timing of intraoperative parathormone (iPTH) samples and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) status on decision-making during parathyroidectomy. Methods A total of 77 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and iPTH levels (preincision, preremoval, 5 (T5) and 10 (T10) minutes postremoval) performed during parathyroidectomy were reviewed. Results Forty-one percent of patients were 25-OHD insufficient. We noted a significant correlation between preoperative 25-OHD and preincision iPTH ( P = 0.002) but not iPTH at postremoval levels (T5, P = 0.89; T10, P = 0.42). When compared with preincision iPTH, the use of either the higher preincision or preremoval iPTH baseline significantly improves the assay sensitivity from 83% to 93% at T5 ( P = 0.01) and 87% to 97% at T10 ( P = 0.02). Surgical cure was obtained in 98% of patients. Conclusion Obtaining preremoval iPTH allowed earlier decision with respect to operative completion in 38% of cases. 25-OHD status does not appear to significantly affect interpretation of iPTH levels. Significance Obtaining both baseline levels significantly improves sensitivity in iPTH monitoring.
Lagrangian Relaxation for Integer Programming

It is a pleasure to write this commentary because it offers an opportunity to express my gratitude to several people who helped me in ways that turned out to be essential to the birth of [8]. They also had a good deal to do with shaping my early career and, consequently, much of what followed.
How to prove the completeness of a set of register level design transformations

The VLSI design transformations used in the kernel of any interactive design exploration tool should be correct and should, preferably, form a complete set. Completeness guarantees that any correct design for the given specification can be produced using the tool. A method of proving completeness of register level design transformations is discussed. Using this method, it is shown that a set of transformations is complete for a class of register level designs, called the single architectural register transfer (SART) designs. >
Kinetics of the xanthan fermentation

Xanthan gum, a heteropolysaccharide with unusual and useful properties, is now produced commercially by fermentation with Xanthomonas compestris NRRL B–1459 in a medium containing glucose, minerals, and a complex nitrogen source—distillers' dried solubles (DDS). Understanding the kinetics of the fermentation should contribute to process improvements and increase the market potential for the gum. Earlier studies showed that although DDS determined initial growth rate, growth was stopped by some mechanism other than substrate exhaustion, probably an effect related to product formation. Product formation did not require active growth, but its rate increased with cell concentration. Specific product formation rate declined at high viscosities. Varying glucose concentration from 0.5 to 5.0% and dissolved O2 tension between 20 and 90% air saturated had no effect on the rates, but pH had to be maintained near 7 and temperature near 28°C to permit continued product formation. Xanthan yield could be explained by the energy required for growth and polymerization, that energy coming from dissimilation of the part of the carbohydrate substrate not converted to polymer.
Nonlinear viscoelastic diffusion in concentrated polystyrene/ethylbenzene solutions

Nonlinear gradient-driven diffusion was studied in concentrated polystyrene (PS)/ethylbenzene (EB) solutions using vapor sorptions with a finite driving force. The nonlinear sorptions were carried out on thin films (≅2.05, 3.50 μ thick) at conditions where non-Fickian, “viscoelastic” effects appear. These data were modeled with the nonlinear diffusion equation studied by Tang. Four dimensionless material parameters in the model were determined from a limited amount of linear-response, differential sorption data on PS/EB mixtures measured in the same range of experimental conditions as for the nonlinear sorptions. The nonlinear model successfully predicts the observed nonlinear response either above or below the glass transition (Tg). In order to simultaneously capture the nonlinear response both above and below Tg, the abrupt change in the concentration dependence of physical properties at Tg must be accounted for. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2103–2119, 1997
The Psychological Aesthetics of Narrative Forms

The study of aesthetic experience may be approached from a number of viewpoints. A work of art is composed of a myriad of elements, any one of which may be examined with respect to its impact on aesthetic preference. A painting may be analyzed in terms of color, form, or subject matter: a story or novel in terms of style, plot, theme, or point of view; a song in terms of melody, rhythm, or harmonal structure, and so forth. The multiplicity of elements in a work of art, as well as the diversity among different art forms, would seem to make it difficult to identify general principles underlying all aesthetic experience. Berlyne (1971, 1974), however, has constructed a general theory of psychological aesthetics which conceptualizes all aesthetic experience, whether in response to visual art, literature, or music, as a unitary phenomenon. This theory is based not on the kinds of elements in a work, but on the degree of interdependence among these elements.
Predicting repeat protein folding kinetics from an experimentally determined folding energy landscape.

The Notch ankyrin domain is a repeat protein whose folding has been characterized through equilibrium and kinetic measurements. In previous work, equilibrium folding free energies of truncated constructs were used to generate an experimentally determined folding energy landscape (Mello and Barrick, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:14102–14107). Here, this folding energy landscape is used to parameterize a kinetic model in which local transition probabilities between partly folded states are based on energy values from the landscape. The landscape-based model correctly predicts highly diverse experimentally determined folding kinetics of the Notch ankyrin domain and sequence variants. These predictions include monophasic folding and biphasic unfolding, curvature in the unfolding limb of the chevron plot, population of a transient unfolding intermediate, relative folding rates of 19 variants spanning three orders of magnitude, and a change in the folding pathway that results from C-terminal stabilization. These findings indicate that the folding pathway(s) of the Notch ankyrin domain are thermodynamically selected: the primary determinants of kinetic behavior can be simply deduced from the local stability of individual repeats.
Satisfiability-based test generation for nonseparable RTL controller-datapath circuits

In this paper, we present a satisfiability (SAT)-based algorithm for automatically generating test sequences that target gate-level stuck-at faults in a circuit by using its register-transfer level (RTL) description. Our methodology uses a unified RTL circuit representation, called assignment-decision diagrams (ADDs), for test analysis. Test generation proceeds by abstracting the components in this unified representation using input/output propagation rules, so that any justification/propagation event can be captured as a Boolean implication. Consequently, we reduce RTL test generation to an SAT instance that has a significantly lower complexity than the equivalent problem at the gate level. Our algorithm is tailored to overcome the disadvantages of several existing RTL precomputed test-set-based approaches, such as the need for an explicit controller/datapath separation, the use of all test vectors or none from the precomputed test set for any given module, a dependence on symbolic justification (observability) paths from (to) circuit inputs (outputs) for a module, and a lack of applicability to mixed gate-level/RTL designs. Using the state-of-the-art SAT solver Zchaff, we show that our RTL test generator can outperform gate-level sequential automatic test-pattern generation (ATPG), in terms of both fault coverage and test-generation time (two-to-three orders of magnitude speedup), in comparable test-application times. Furthermore, we show that in a bilevel testing scenario, in which RTL ATPG is followed by gate-level sequential ATPG on the remaining faults, we improve the fault coverage even further, while maintaining a high speedup in test-generation time (nearly 32/spl times/) over pure gate-level sequential ATPG, at comparable test-application times.
Anion transport in red blood cells. II. Kinetics of reversible inhibition by nitroaromatic sulfonic acids.

The anion exchange system of human red blood cells is highly inhibited and specifically labeled by isothiocyano derivatives of benzene sulfonate (BS) or stilbene disulfonate (DS). To learn about the site of action of these irreversibly binding probes we studied the mechanism of inhibition of anion exchange by the reversibly binding analogs p-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid (pNBS) and 4,4′-dinitrostilbene-disulfonic acid (DNDS). In the absence of inhibitor, the self-exchange flux of sulfate (pH 7.4, 25°C) at high substrate concentration displayed self-inhibitory properties, indicating the existence of two anion binding sites: one a high-affinity transport site and the other a low-affinity modifier site whose occupancy by anions results in a noncompetitive inhibition of transport. The maximal sulfate exchange flux per unit area was JA = (0.69 ± 0.11) × 10-10 moles · min-1 · cm-2 and the Michaelis-Menten constants were for the transport site KS = 41 ± 14 mM and for the modifier site KS' = 653 ± 242 mM. The additi...
Contaminants in a Gas Turbine Fuel System and Thermal Shock

Thermal shock has emerged as a probable cause of random cracking in gas turbine hot gas path parts fueled by sweet gas from Eastern Province gas plants in Saudi Arabia. Fuel is distributed to combustion gas turbines in a central Ghawar water injection plant approximately 50 km away through a series of pipelines above grade. To combat the damaging effects of condensates in fuel gas, two stage particle/demister filters were installed on the gas turbines at this plant. Inspections of the filters that protect five WIP drivers, model MS-5002B/AT, have been carried out after 13,000 to 17,000 operating hours. An analytical evaluation of solids recovered from the filters revealed evidence of condensates in the fuel gas including water soluble salts, iron hydroxides and heavy hydrocarbons. There was damage to four out of five particulate filter elements, elemental sulfur found in filter catches, erosion of a stop valve stem, and cracks in the turbine nozzles with no cracks in the buckets’ coating. All of these problems could be attributed to the presence of solid and liquid contaminants in the fuel gas. HYSIM calculations on upstream fuel gas samples support the potential for condensate and gas hydrates, particularly in cooler weather. The results of this study have led to the recommendation to install coalescing filters on gas turbines operating on this sweet gas fuel system. Suspected sources of moisture and heavy hydrocarbons resulting in sudden changes in fuel gas composition and the potential for damage due to thermal shock will be presented.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Interactive Large Classes: The Dynamics Of Teacher/Student Interaction

The purpose of this paper is to show that there are many techniques and methods to use in stimulating interest and effective learning outcomes in large classes. The paper addresses several alternative teaching formats such as: active learning, collaborative learning, interactive learning which encourage student interaction in the traditional lecture environment. The paper discusses how the web can be used as an instructional tool in large classes to motivate students to find resources, conduct webquests, complete time certain email assignments, and engage in active in-class discussions .
UNDERSTORY COMMUNITIES OF WARM-DRY, MIXED-CONIFER FORESTS IN SOUTHWESTERN COLORADO

Abstract Mixed conifer of southwestern Colorado is poorly understood in comparison to other common forests in this area, in part due to its compositional complexity. We identified four stand types in warm-dry, mixed-conifer forests; Abies concolor (white fir), Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), and Populus tremuloides (aspen). We examined how composition and abundance of understory varied across these four types, and assessed the correlation between biotic and abiotic variables and understory vegetation. Composition of understory community differed significantly among stand types, with aspen plots having the most distinct understory plant community. Total plant cover was significantly higher in aspen, and shrub richness was significantly higher in the Douglas-fir stand type. On average, for all stand types combined, shrubs dominated the understory cover (11.35%), followed by forbs (7.89%), and graminoids (4.34%). Multivariate multiple regression showed that several topo...
Leadership skills: Conclusions and future directions

Abstract Mumford, Zaccaro, Harding, Jacobs, and Fleishman have argued that leadership can be understood in terms of knowledge, problem-solving skills, solution construction skills, and social judgment needed to solve organizational problems. In this article, we review the results obtained in a series of investigations intended to examine this proposition. We begin by reviewing the central implications of this skills-based model of leader performance. The strengths and limitations of the available evidence bearing on this model are discussed along with some potential directions for future research. Research directions are considered with respect to model development and refinement, linkages to other models of leadership, and potential practical applications. It is argued that this kind of skills-based model may provide a viable new perspective for understanding leader performance—one particularly appropriate for the dynamic, knowledge-based industries of the twenty-first century.
Conditional Logistic Regression Analysis on Risk Factors of Ischemic Stroke

Objective To evaluate the risk factors of ischemic stroke using conditional logistic regression,and to provide scientific evidence for prevention and intervention of ischemic stroke.Method A 1∶1 matched case-control study was conducted.309 patients with ischemic stroke were selected from two general hospitals in Shenzhen.Sex,age,and ethnic groups matched subjects were selected as control.The relationship between study factors and ischemic stroke were analyzed by conditional univariate and multivariate logistic regression.Result Hypertension,smoking,family tension and high blood sugar were the major independent risk factors of ischemic stroke.The OR value of hypertension,smoking,family tension and high blood sugar was 3.507,5.420,3.990 and 1.183,respectively.Tea-drinking and exercise were the protective factors for ischemic stoke,and their OR values were 0.250 and 0.100,respectively.Conclusion It is a proper measure to prevent and control ischemic stroke in a community population,and to propose healthy life style including proper exercise,control of high blood pressure and weight.
Etiology Survey of Hand Foot and Mouth Disease in Yuxi in 2010

Objective To investigate the the etiology of hand foot and mouth disease in children from January to December of 2010 in Yuxi,and to learn the epidemics of enterovirus infections.Method Fluorescence RT-PCR was used to detect the RNA of EV71 and CoxA16 in 238 specimens of throat swabs from patients with HFMD.Results 73 patients were identified as positive by the rate of 30.67%.32 patients were infected by EV71,41 patients were infected by CoxA16.Conclusions The major causes of HFMD in this epidemic are CoxA16 and EV71.EV71 causes the severe cases.On the parallel CoxA16 causes the general cases.
Influences of different seedling-raising ways on seedling quality and yield character of Luliangyou996

A comparative experiment on wetland seedlings raised on beds(WSB), dryland seedlings raised on beds(DSB)and dryland seedlings on plastic trays(DSPT) was conducted to study the influences of different seedling-raising ways on seedling quality and yield character of variety ,Luliangyou996 ,with itself used as experimental material.The results showed that the seedling quality of WSB came in the first with a more vigorous growth,a higher speed of leaf growth,a higher height of seedlings,a wider base stem,a higher dry matter weight and a higher chlorophyll content and root activity,DSB and DSPT were lower in order;the theroretical yield of WSB was the highest, 10.7% higher than DSB,11.6% higher than DSPT respectively.Based on seedling quality and yield character, the most suitable seedling-raising ways for Luliangyou996 was WSB,due to its higher seedling quality and yield.
Detection of HIV Infection Among 1,090 Counselees to HIV Voluntary Counseling & Testing Clinics in Hengyang

Objective To analyze the testing results of HIV VCTs from 2004 to 2005,and to provide technical support for controlling HIV/AIDS spread in high risk behavior population in Hengyang City.Methods Each counselee was interviewed and required to fill out the questionnaire about HIV/AIDS high risk behavior.Voluntary counseling testing(VCT)counselees were tested HIV antibody for free.All the data were statistically analyzed.Results In the 1,090 counselees,188 were found to be HIV carrier,among them,178 HIV carriers were the high risk behavior individuals,which accounted for 94.68%(178/188).Conclusions HIV/AIDS spreads wide among the high risk behavior population in Hengyang.It is of great value to conducting effective intervention among the high risk behavior population for preventing HIV/AIDS transmission.
Investigation of Regeneration and Transformation Frequencies Generated from Different Genotypes in Rice( Oryza sativa L. )

In this study,a total of 21 elite rice varieties,16 indica and 5 japonica,were selected and investigated for the regeneration and transformation frequencies generated from tissue culture experiments. The results showed that i) the callus induction rate in the 21 cultivars were between 30. 37% and 72. 46% when cultured on the NBm callus induction medium; ii) regeneration ability of 21 varieties was associated with genotypes,the age of calli and medium composition.To974 callus of age 15 days had the highest number of plant regeneration rate( RR)( 84. 0%) and the mean number of regenerated shoots( NRS)( 2. 96) among all tested cultivars on NBm differentiation medium; and both To974 callus of age 15 days and Yuetai B callus of age 15 days showed the highest number of RR( 73. 33%) and NRS( 3. 55),respectively,on DL3differentiation medium. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Bt gene was then performed on 12varieties and transgenic plants were obtained from 7 varieties after PCR identification of the target gene. Different frequencies of transformation in different rice varieties were ranged from 0 to 25% and corresponded with different regeneration frequencies of the varieties.
Who Plans to Be Tested for HIV or Would Get Tested if No One Could Find Out the Results

We analyzed the characteristics of individuals at risk for HIV who have not been tested but who (1) planned to be tested, or (2) would get tested "if no one other than you (the respondent) could find out your results." Data were from the 1991 National AIDS Behavioral Surveys, a probability sample of the U.S. population. Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlates of testing behavior among the 41% of individuals in high-prevalence cities who had HIV risk factors (n = 3,175). Of this group, 7% planned to be tested and 30% would get tested "if no one other than you could find out the results." Minorities and individuals with less education and without insurance were more likely to plan to be tested (versus previously tested), and individuals with less education and lower incomes were more likely to be willing to be tested "if no one other than you could find out the results" (versus previously tested). We conclude that a variety of options to increase testing rates should be explored, including accessible testing services, policies and procedures to increase perceptions of testing privacy, and home testing.
Abstract 1833: Transcriptome characterization of high grade serous and endometrioid epithelial ovarian cancer tumors

Background: Little transcriptomic research has compared epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) histological subtypes. We set out to characterize the transcriptomes of high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSC) and endometrioid carcinomas (EC), which make up around 70% and 20% of EOC tumors, respectively, and have some histopathological similarities. Methods: Fresh frozen tumors from EOC patients seen at the Mayo Clinic (30 EC and 62 HGSC) were used. 1ug RNA riboZero was used for library preparation using the Illumina TruSeq kit and sequenced on a HiSeq 2000 machine. Reads were aligned using TopHat2 followed by quantification of abundances using RSEM and differential expression analysis with edgeR. We analyzed transcriptomes, conducted pathway analyses, and summarized key candidate gene sets. Expressed SNVs (eSNVs) from the RNA-seq data were determined using GATK and RVboost. Results: The analysis found 699 genes with FDR Discussion: Using one of the largest sets of identically processed fresh-frozen EOC tumors, some patterns emerged among the numerous EC v HGSC transcriptomic differences. TPH1, up-expressed in EC, is regulated by SOX4 which was also up-regulated in EC. Two sets of genes related to Kallikreins serine proteases were differentially expressed, including KLK2 which is known to regulate EGFR and pro-inflammatory cytokines and is regulated by MYC. Lastly, TRAF3IP2 encodes for a protein involved in regulating cytokines through members of the NFKB pathway. Conclusions: These findings suggest important biological insights into one of the rarer EOC histologies and may aid in the development of targeted treatment options. Research is on-going to incorporate additional features (e.g., DNA methylation, copy number) into a “systems biology” framework to better understand the molecular differences between EOC histologies. Citation Format: Brooke L. Fridley, Junqiang Dai, Rama Raghavan, Chen Wang, Pengcheng Lu, Stacey Winham, Madalene Earp, Kate Lawrenson, Simon A. Gayther, Kimberly R. Kalli, Ellen L. Goode. Transcriptome characterization of high grade serous and endometrioid epithelial ovarian cancer tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1833.
Role of maternal occupational physical activity and psychosocial stressors on adverse birth outcomes.

Objectives We examined the association of an array of estimated maternal occupational physical activities and psychosocial stressors during pregnancy with odds for preterm birth (PTB) and small-for-gestational age (SGA). Methods Data for infants born without major birth defects delivered from 1997 to 2009 whose mothers reported working at least 1 month during pregnancy were obtained from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. We linked occupational codes to the US Department of Labor9s Occupational Information Network, which provides estimates of exposure for multiple domains of physical activity and psychosocial stressors by occupational categories. We conducted factor analysis using principal components extraction with 17 occupational activities and calculated factor scores. ORs for PTB and SGA across quartiles of factor scores in each trimester were computed using logistic regression. Results Factor analysis grouped occupational domains into 4 groups based on factor loadings. These groups were ‘occupational physical activity’, ‘interpersonal stressor’, ‘automated work’ and ‘job responsibility’. High levels of ‘occupational physical activity’ were significantly associated with SGA (adjusted OR (AOR) for highest quartile compared with lowest quartile of factor score: 1.36; 95% CIs 1.02 to 1.82; p for trend=0.001) and were also positively associated with PTB (AOR: 1.24; 95% CI 0.93 to 1.64; p for trend=0.01). No clear results were observed across domains of psychosocial stressors. Conclusions Our findings expand understanding of associations between occupational physical activity and psychosocial stressors and PTB and SGA and suggest that additional research is needed to further examine these relationships.
Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cardiovascular Disease

Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants and they include polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs). Most humans accumulate these chemicals over a lifetime via a diet of fish, meat, poultry, and dairy products. A large number of human epidemiology studies have been conducted in an effort to elucidate the degree to which exposure to PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs may increase the morbidity and/or mortality from cardiovascular disease. Additionally, numerous laboratory-based cell culture and experimental animal studies have investigated the cardiovascular toxicity of HAH exposure and provide evidence for the biological plausibility and potential mechanism of action of HAH-induced cardiovascular disease. This chapter will review both the human epidemiology data and laboratory-based experimental studies that have been conducted. Cardiovascular disease etiology is multifactorial and heterogeneous, and gene–environment interactions are important risk factors for disease pathogenesis. The data from both human epidemiology and laboratory animal studies strongly suggest that sustained activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) by exposure to HAHs represents an important gene–environment interaction that has the potential to contribute to the burden of human cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality.
Challenges in Ocular Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery

The ideal ophthalmic drug delivery system must be able to deliver the effective therapeutic concentrations in the target tissues for the intended duration with minimal adverse effects. Successful tissue-targeted delivery of ocular drugs is a challenging task for pharmaceutical scientists. The principal reasons are inherent and unique anatomical and physiological differences among ocular tissues. Ocular drug delivery is restricted by the barriers protecting the eye. The chief ocular membrane barriers are located in the cornea and conjunctiva of the eye which can significantly affect drug entry into the eye.
A Review of Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions for Children and Adolescents with Behavioral Disorders.

In an effort to extend a previous review by Gresham (1985) 20 studies using cognitive-behavioral interventions to influence social behavior were critically reviewed. These studies were classified u...
An Evolutionary Game model for threat revocation in ephemeral networks

We consider a wireless network of M nodes connected together in a decentralized way (for example as an ad hoc network), and according to pre-specified rules. There are other malicious node(s) which can be either inserted or infected which are trying to disturb the operation of the network. The nodes are cooperating to defend the network (and eventually themselves) by isolating the misbehaved node(s). We approach this problem using Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT), and characterize the robust equilibrium point(s) for this game. The game is formulated such that all the nodes take part in the decision process to avoid problems caused by unsuccessful revocation or over reacted revocation decisions. Each node in the network (interchangeably called benign node to distinguish it from the malicious node or the intruder) has three decisions to make: (a) abstain or do nothing; (b) self-sacrifice by disconnecting the intruder and itself; and (c) voting to isolate the intruding node. Each decision has its advantages and disadvantages and the Replicator Dynamics (RD) is used to show the dynamics of the nodes' decisions. By simulating the RD equation, two different cases emerge as Evolutionary Stable Strategies (ESS) where one of them is the desired ESS, and the other is not. Phase portrait diagrams are used to characterize the fraction of the M nodes needed to choose each one of these ESS's, the rate of convergence, and the effect of increasing the cooperation rewards.
Compassion Fatigue Among Palliative Care Clinicians: Findings on Personality Factors and Years of Service:

Objectives:Palliative medicine is a rewarding field, but providers encounter patient trauma on a routine basis. Compassion fatigue, marked by burnout, secondary traumatic stress, and low satisfacti...
Dermatopathologic emergencies part ii: Dermatopathologic and situational

In dermatopathology, there are several conditions which must be addressed emergently. While some conditions necessitate emergent intervention because of the pathology of the cutaneous manifestations, others require recognition of the underlying serious systemic conditions represented by the cutaneous signs and symptoms. In this part, we address rickettsial infections and eczema herpeticum as diseases which should be addressed immediately on presentation because of the seriousness and rapidity of progression of their pathology. Moreover, porphyria cutanea tarda, Birt–Hogg–Dube syndrome, Muir–Torre syndrome, and acquired ochronosis may exemplify conditions where the cutaneous signs serve as warnings for severe systemic disease that may not be emergencies in isolation but can indicate rapid occult development of destructive and sometimes deadly noncutaneous pathology. The literature review was conducted using searches in PubMed and references to textbooks on the subjects.
Book review: Telecommunications and Networking by Udo W. Pooch, Denis Machuel and John McCahn (CRC Press, 1991)

This book is intended is an introduction to telecommunications. In the preface the authors mention that one of their goals is to present an overview of the interaction and relationship between telecommunications and data processing. Thus the text is divided into three parts - basics of telecommunications, transmission systems, and networking.
A Boussinesq Breaking Wave Model with Vorticity

The paper describes a breaking wave model based on the classical assumptions for long, moderately nonlinear Boussinesq waves. It is shown that wave breaking can be described by accounting for the effect of vorticity generated by the breaking process. This leads to two additional terms in the momentum equation, both of which represent the enhancement of the momentum flux associated with the extra particle velocities found at and around the turbulent front of the breaking waves. In addition to the wave height decay and profile deformation predicted by earlier breaker models, the present model also provides information about particle velocity profiles including the undertow. Comparisons are made to measurements for these quantities. The similarities and differences between various breaker models are also examined and explained.
Varus and Valgus

They are relationships between a distal part of an extremity to an adjoining proximal part.