cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the strain energy of laminated composite plates

Abstract A strain energy function is obtained for nonhomogeneous. laminated, composite plates for the case when each lamina exhibits monoclinic material symmetry about its middle surface. The starting point is the three-dimensional strain energy based on geometrically nonlinear elasticity theory. The variational-asymptotical method is used to decompose the nonlinear three-dimensional problem into two separate problems: (1) a linear, through-the-thickness. one-dimensional analysis to obtain appropriate plate elastic constants and relations between plate deformation variables and three-dimensional results: and (2) a nonlinear, two-dimensional analysis to analyse the plate deformation. Closed-form analytical expressions are derived for the plate elastic constants as well as the displacement and strain distributions through the thickness of the plate. Even with this generality, no more variables are involved than in Rcissner Mindlin plate theory. Also, in spite of the simple form for the plate strain energy, there are no restrictions on the magnitudes of displacement and rotation measures. Two approximations are obtained in the through-thc-thickness analysis, the tirst being equivalent to classical laminated plate theory, and the second incorporating shear deformation etfects. The first approximation is asymptotically correct for plates of the form considered. The second approximation is asymptotically correct for plates with certain additional material restrictions. In applying the method, one first solves the through-thc-thickness problem and then uses the resulting elastic constants to pose the nonlinear plate problem. After solving the nonlinear problem, one substitutes these results back into the linear three-dimensional relations for displacement and strain throughout the plate.
Wilson loops and Riemann theta functions II

In this paper we extend and simplify previous results regarding the computation of Euclidean Wilson loops in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence, or, equivalently, the problem of finding minimal area surfaces in hyperbolic space (Euclidean AdS3). If the Wilson loop is given by a boundary curve $ \overrightarrow{X} $ (s) we define, using the integrable properties of the system, a family of curves $ \overrightarrow{X} $ (λ, s) depending on a complex parameter λ known as the spectral parameter. This family has remarkable properties. As a function of λ, $ \overrightarrow{X} $ (λ, s) has cuts and therefore is appropriately defined on a hyperelliptic Riemann surface, namely it determines the spectral curve of the problem. Moreover, $ \overrightarrow{X} $ (λ, s) has an essential singularity at the origin λ = 0. The coefficients of the expansion of $ \overrightarrow{X} $ (λ, s) around λ = 0, when appropriately integrated along the curve give the area of the corresponding minimal area surface. Furthermore we show that the same construction allows the computation of certain surfaces with one or more boundaries corresponding to Wilson loop correlators. We extend the area formula for that case and give some concrete examples. As the main example we consider a surface ending on two concentric circles and show how the boundary circles can be deformed by introducing extra cuts in the spectral curve.
The Initial Mass Function of Field OB Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud

Some theories of star formation suggest massive stars may only form in clustered environments, which would create a deficit of massive stars in low-density environments. Observationally, Massey finds such a deficit in samples of the field population in the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds, with an initial mass function (IMF) slope of {Gamma}{sub IMF} {approx} 4. These IMF measurements represent some of the largest known deviations from the standard Salpeter IMF slope of {Gamma}{sub IMF} = 1.35. Here, we carry out a comprehensive investigation of the mass function above 20 M {sub Sun} for the entire field population of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), based on data from the Runaways and Isolated O Type Star Spectroscopic Survey of the SMC (RIOTS4). This is a spatially complete census of the entire field OB star population of the SMC obtained with the IMACS multi-object spectrograph and MIKE echelle spectrograph on the Magellan telescopes. Based on Monte Carlo simulations of the evolved present-day mass function, we find the slope of the field IMF above 20 M {sub Sun} is {Gamma}{sub IMF} = 2.3 {+-} 0.4. We extend our IMF measurement to lower masses using BV photometry from the OGLE II survey. We usemore » a statistical approach to generate a probability distribution for the mass of each star from the OGLE photometry, and we again find {Gamma}{sub IMF} = 2.3 {+-} 0.6 for stellar masses from 7 M {sub Sun} to 20 M {sub Sun }. The discovery and removal of ten runaways in our RIOTS4 sample steepens the field IMF slope to {Gamma}{sub IMF} = 2.8 {+-} 0.5. We discuss the possible effects of binarity and star formation history on our results, and conclude that the steep field massive star IMF is most likely a real effect.« less
Serial deployment of attention during visual search

This study examined whether objects are attended in serial or in parallel during a demanding visual search task. A component of the event-related potential waveform, the N2pc wave, was used as a continuous measure of the allocation of attention to possible targets in the search arrays. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the relative allocation of attention shifts rapidly, favoring one item and then another. In Experiment 2, a paradigm was used that made it possible to track the absolute allocation of attention to individual items. This experiment showed that attention was allocated to one object for 100–150 ms before attention began to be allocated to the next object. These findings support models of attention that posit serial processing in demanding visual search tasks.
Model uncertainty and race and gender heterogeneity in the college entry decision

Abstract This paper uses a flexible modeling strategy to examine the roles of measured ability, family characteristics and proxies for secondary schooling quality as determinants of the decision to enter college. While previous work on this topic has been careful to determine which explanatory variables to include when modeling college entry decisions, few studies have been concerned about appropriate distributional assumptions, (i.e. choice of link function ). In this paper, I extend my binary choice analysis to the class of Student- t link functions, which enables me to approximately regard the often-used probit and logit models as special cases. Unconditional estimates which average over competing models and integrate out model uncertainty are also obtained. Using NLSY data, I apply these methods and find that the link functions and estimated impacts of ability and family characteristics on the probabilities of enrolling in college are not constant across race and gender groups.
Integration of Clinical Decision Support with On-Line Encounter Documentation for Well Child Care at the Point of Care

Integration of Clinical Decision Support with On-Line Encounter Documentation for Well Child Care at the Point of Care
Limitation of Griffith Flaws in Glass-Matrix Composites

The effect of the limitation of Griffith flaws, introduced in an abraded surface of glass, on the strength of glass-tungsten composites was investigated for small sizes of Griffith flaws. Hasselman and Fulrath's proposed fracture theory for this type of system extended to small flaw sizes. The use of tungsten spheres with two particle sizes or a wide distribution about one average size as the dispersed phase in a glass matrix decreased the average mean free path in the matrix more than could be achieved with a single particle size dispersion. Average mean free paths determined experimentally by statistical techniques were in good agreement with those calculated by Fullman's equation. This technique was successfully used when the dispersed phase had two particle sizes or a wide particle size distribution. The strong effect of internal stresses caused by a mismatch of thermal expansion of the phases in reducing the strength of a composite was demonstrated.
Homology TQFT's and the Alexander-Reidemeister Invariant of 3-Manifolds via Hopf Algebras and Skein Theory

We develop an explicit skein theoretical algorithm to compute the Alexander polynomial of a 3-manifold from a surgery presentation employing the methods used in the construction of quantum invariants of 3-manifolds. As a prerequisite we establish and prove a rather unexpected equivalence between the topological quantum field theory constructed by Frohman and Nicas using the homology of U(1)- representation varieties on the one side and the combinatorially constructed Hennings-TQFT based on the quasitriangular Hopf algebra N = Z/2 ⋉ V � R 2 on the other side. We find that both TQFT's are SL(2, R)- equivariant functors and, as such, are isomorphic. The SL(2, R)-action in the Hennings construction comes from the natural action on N and in the case of the Frohman-Nicas theory from the Hard-Lefschetz decomposition of the U(1)-moduli spaces given that they are naturally Kahler. The irreducible components of this TQFT, corresponding to simple representations of SL(2, Z) and Sp(2g, Z), thus yield a large family of homological TQFT's by taking sums and products. We give several examples of TQFT's and invariants that appear to fit into this family, such as Milnor and Reidemeister Torsion, Seiberg-Witten theories, Casson type theories for homology circlesla Donaldson, higher rank gauge theories following Frohman and Nicas, and the Z/pZ reductions of Reshetikhin-Turaev theories over the cyclotomic integers Z(ζp). We also conjecture that the Hennings TQFT for quantum-sl2 is the product of the Reshetikhin-Turaev TQFT and such a homological TQFT. 1
Recent advances in electrochemical detection of toxic Cr(VI)

Large quantities of highly toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds are often discharged from waste streams into the environment from various industrial processes. As stated by the World Health Organization (WHO), a maximum limit of 50 μg L−1 hexavalent chromium in groundwater system has been set for human and environmental concerns. Therefore, reliable and convenient monitoring of Cr(VI) is significantly important and emergent. Recently, electrochemical detection of hexavalent chromium has been proven as one of the most efficient methodologies and attracted increasing interest since it offers high sensitivity and powerful information, inherent miniaturization, cost-effectiveness and compatibility with advanced microfabrication technologies. This review comments on recent achievements in the electrode materials and detection techniques for electrochemical quantification of hexavalent chromium, and outlines key challenges and opportunities in the further improvement and applications. Emphasis especially focuses on the developments of mercury, bismuth, carbon and gold based electrode materials. It is expected that these novel electrochemical detection systems will succeed in on-site Cr(VI) measurements with excellent performance, reliable and convenient measurement, low cost and environmental effectiveness.
Unusual bioactive annonaceous acetogenins from Goniothalamus giganteus

Abstract Pyranicin (1) and pyragonicin (2) are the first mono-tetrahydropyran annonaceous acetogenins, and goniotrionin (3) possesses an unusual hydroxylated-allylic moiety. 1–3 were isolated from the bark of Goniothalamus giganteus using activity-directed fractionation with the brine shrimp lethality test. Both 1 and 2 are selectively cytotoxic against the pancreatic cell line (PACA-2) in a panel of six human solid tumor cell lines with 1 showing ten times the potency of adriamycin, while 3 showed more potent selectivity against the breast cell line (MCF-7).
The cosmic gamma-ray spectrum from secondary- particle production in the metagalaxy.

Cosmic gamma ray spectra from production and decay of neutral pi-mesons produced in metagalactic cosmic-ray proton-proton collisions
Organizational Choices for Public Service Supply

This article investigates the nature of the service production choice of local governments. The incentives and constraints embedded in different organizational forms-public, nonprofit, and for-profit organizations-have implications for both production and transaction costs of various production options. Based on a national sample of local governments providing health services, choices among internal public production, external public production, nonprofit, and for-profit production are examined. A nested logit model is utilized to examine the impact of production and transaction costs of alternatives, the number of producers of each alternative, and the characteristics of the jurisdiction that determine the importance of production and transaction costs characteristic to the jurisdiction. The empirical results indicate that the public organization choices (internal and external) have unobserved components of utility in common, as do the private organizational choices (nonprofit and forprofit). This suggests that decisionmakers recognize the public-private distinction in their supply decisions.
Early vision: from computational structure to algorithms and parallel hardware

I review a new theoretical framework that from the computational nature of early vision leads to algorithms for solving them and suggests a specific class of appropriate hardware. The common computational structure of many early vision problems is that they are mathematically ill-posed in the sense of Hadamard. Standard regularization analysis can be used to solve them in terms of variational principles that enforce constraints derived from a physical analysis of the problem, see T. Poggio and V. Torre (Artificial Intelligence Lab. Memo No. 773, MIT, Cambridge, Mass., 1984). Studies of human perception may reveal whether some principles of a similar type are exploited by biological vision. It can also be shown that the corresponding variational principles are implemented in a natural way by analog networks, see T. Poggio and C. Koch (Artificial Intelligence Lab. Memo No. 783, MIT, Cambridge, Mass., 1984). Specific electrical and chemical networks for localizing edges and computing visual motion are derived. These results suggest that local circuits of neurons may exploit this unconventional model of computation.
Distributed Security-Constrained Unit Commitment for Large-Scale Power Systems

Independent system operators (ISOs) of electricity markets solve the security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) problem to plan a secure and economic generation schedule. However, as the size of power systems increases, the current centralized SCUC algorithm could face critical challenges ranging from modeling accuracy to calculation complexity. This paper presents a distributed SCUC (D-SCUC) algorithm to accelerate the generation scheduling of large-scale power systems. In this algorithm, a power system is decomposed into several scalable zones which are interconnected through tie lines. Each zone solves its own SCUC problem and a parallel calculation method is proposed to coordinate individual D-SCUC problems. Several power systems are studied to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Characterization of raised phonation in an evoked rabbit phonation model.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Our laboratory has developed an in vivo rabbit model to investigate the effects of phonation on expression and turnover of the vocal fold extracellular matrix. As a logical outgrowth of this research to include phonotrauma in the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that an increase in airflow rate delivered to the glottis produces a change in glottal configuration and an increase in mean phonation intensity. Study Design: Prospective animal study. Methods: Six New Zealand white breeder rabbits weighing 3 to 5 kg were used in this study. A rigid endoscope and camera were used to document glottal configuration. Acoustic signals of modal and raised phonation were recorded and digitized. Two separate one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used to investigate within subject differences in phonation intensity and fundamental frequency between modal and raised phonation. Results: Phonation intensity was 54.19 dB SPL (6.21 standard deviations [SD]) during modal phonation, and 60.31 dB SPL (5.68 SD) during raised phonation. Endoscopic images revealed a convergent glottis, with greater separation of the vocal folds during raised phonation. Results of ANOVA revealed a significant within subjects effect for phonation intensity (P = .011). Pairwise comparisons revealed that phonation intensity increased significantly during raised phonation, compared to modal phonation (P = .008). No differences in mean fundamental frequency were observed between phonation conditions. Conclusions: Improved understanding of factors that control phonation output in the in vivo rabbit model will result in improved capabilities to match phonation dose across animals and provide immediate direction to future biochemical studies. Laryngoscope, 2009
Advanced-composite-material application to aircraft structures.

The initiation of flight testing of aircraft structures utilizing advanced composite materials in January of 1967 marks a major milestone in the development of this new material concept. Specific developments in the boron fiber-reinforced plastic tape systems leading to this accomplishment will be discussed, together with design, analysis, and fabrication techniques. Composite test results emphasize the need for fiber spacing control and matrix toughness. Data through the 420°F temperature range demonstrate the advantages of this material over other materials Analytical procedures for predicting laminate stiffness and yield strength have demonstrated satisfactory results with an assumed yield surface theory. A digital program has been written to aid the designer in selecting the minimum weight laminate for a given point load or stiffness requirement. The flight test component design features and static test results will be discussed.
Dessins d'enfants and Hubbard trees

Abstract We show that the absolute Galois group acts faithfully on the set of Hubbard trees. Hubbard trees are finite planar trees, equipped with self-maps, which classify postcritically finite polynomials as holomorphic dynamical systems on the complex plane. We establish an explicit relationship between certain Hubbard trees and the trees known as “dessins d'enfants” introduced by Grothendieck.
The Effect of Information Precision and Information Reliability on Manufacturer‐Retailer Relationships

This study investigates the extent to which a retailer's willingness to share internal (sales and inventory) information with a manufacturer and the reliability of the information transmission between the retailer and the manufacturer affect the total supply‐chain profits resulting from two alternative inventory management systems. I present analytical models of a traditional system and a Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) system. The VMI system is a supply‐chain management technique in which the retailer delegates its inventory decisions to, and shares its internal accounting information with, the manufacturer. With VMI, the parties aim to reduce inventory‐related costs and increase supply‐chain profits. The theoretical analysis indicates that the system that produces higher supply‐chain profits depends on the extent to which the retailer reveals its internal accounting information to the manufacturer and the ability of the manufacturer to accurately receive and use this information in its decisions. Survey ...
Coordinated Adaptive Washout for Motion Simulators

This paper introduces a new method of providing motion cues to a moving base six-degree-of-freedom flight simulator utilizing nonlinear filters. Coordinated adaptive filters, used to coordinate translational and rotational motion, are derived based on the method of continuous steepest descent, and the basic concept of the digital controllers used for the uncoordinated heave and yaw cues is also presented. The coordinated adaptive washout method is illustrated by an application in a six-degree-of-freedom fixed-base environment.
Threshold Graph Limits and Random Threshold Graphs

We study the limit theory of large threshold graphs and apply this to a variety of models for random threshold graphs. The results give a nice set of examples for the emerging theory of graph limits.
Hypergeometric Formulas for Lattice Sums and Mahler Measures

Equation (3) is an interesting conjecture, because it relates a complicated lattice sum to the 3F2 hypergeometric function. Lattice sums have been extensively studied in physics, since they often arise when calculating electrostatic potentials of crystal lattices (for instance see [15], [25] and [14]). It is often difficult to calculate lattice sums numerically, and it is quite unusual to be able to reduce them to known special functions [6]. The problem of finding a closed form for Madelung’s constant is probably the most famous open problem in this area [10].
A century plus of Yen exchange rate behavior

Abstract Examination of over a century's worth of annual data for Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom and France reveals a marked tendency for real exchange rates to return to their (measured) equilibrium values. The hypothesis that exchange-rate-adjusted price levels in these countries are not cointegrated is almost always rejected. Similar unit-root tests much more often than not reject the hypothesis of non-stationarity (or non-trend-stationarity) of real exchange rates. Analysis of earlier periods of floating yen rates — particularly the latter decades of the nineteenth century — points to an important link between monetary conditions and real exchange rate variability.
Bisoxazolidine-catalyzed enantioselective alkynylation of aldehydes

A C2-symmetric bisoxazolidine derived from aminoindanol has been successfully applied in the asymmetric alkynylation of aldehydes. The ligand is readily available, has a wide substrate scope, and catalyzes the formation of chiral propargylic alcohols with excellent yields and enantioselectivties.
Kinematics of Interstellar Gas in Nearby UV-selected Galaxies Measured with HST STIS Spectroscopy*

We measure Doppler shifts of interstellar absorption lines in HST STIS spectra of individual star clusters in nearby UV-selected galaxies. Values for systemic velocities, which are needed to quantify outflow speeds, are taken from the literature and verified with stellar lines. We detect outflowing gas in 8 of 17 galaxies via low-ionization lines (e.g., C II, Si II, Al II), which trace cold and/or warm gas. The starbursts in our sample are intermediate in luminosity (and mass) to dwarf galaxies and luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs), and we confirm that their outflow speeds (ranging from -100 to nearly -520 km s-1, with an accuracy of ~80 km s-1) are intermediate to those previously measured in dwarf starbursts and LIRGs. We do not detect the outflow in high-ionization lines (such as C IV or Si IV); higher quality data will be needed to empirically establish how velocities vary with the ionization state of the outflow. We do verify that the low-ionization UV lines and optical Na I doublet give roughly consistent outflow velocities, solidifying an important link between studies of galactic winds at low and high redshift. To obtain a higher signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), we create a local average composite spectrum and compare it to the high-z Lyman break composite spectrum. It is surprising that the low-ionization lines show similar outflow velocities in the two samples. We attribute this to a combination of weighting toward higher luminosities in the local composite, as well as both samples being, on average, brighter than the "turnover" luminosity in the v-SFR relation.
Affine Lie algebras, string junctions and 7-branes

We consider the realization of affine ADE Lie algebras as string junctions on mutually non-local 7-branes in Type 1113 string theory. The existence of the affine algebra is signaled by the presence of the imaginary root junction δ, which is realized as a string encircling the 7-brane configuration. The level k of an affine representation partially constrains the asymptotic (p, q) charges of string junctions departing the configuration. The junction intersection form reproduces the full affine inner product, plus terms in the asymptotic charges.
Complications of Renal Cryoablation: A Single Center Experience

Purpose: We describe perioperative complications associated with renal cryoablation and identify potential risk factors for certain complications.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients with unifocal renal masses treated with cryosurgery at a single center between 1997 and 2007. All complications associated with these procedures were documented and classified into grades 1 to 5 by the Clavien surgical complication classification. In-depth analysis was done to identify potential risk factors for the most common complications.Results: We evaluated 101 percutaneous, 52 laparoscopic and 9 open procedures. Complications were noted in 38 procedures (23.5%), including grades 1 to 4 in 19 (11.7%), 8 (4.9%), 5 (3.1%) and 6 (3.7%), respectively, as the severest complication. The most common complication was flank pain (11 procedures), followed by perinephric hematoma and cardiovascular complications (10 each). Mass size (p = 0.001), number of cryoablation probes (p <0.001)...
Vibrations of thin conical shells subjected to sudden heating.

Nomenclature A = thermal diffusivity B = parameter defined in Eq. (39) E = Young's modulus MT = nondimensional thermal moment, Eq. (10) R = radius at the smaller end T = temperature gradient h = thickness of shell ra, N = longitudinal mode number = odd integers n = number defined in Eq. (23) r, 0 = surface coordinates I = dimensional time t = nondimensional time = I/unit of time w, u, v, = dimensional displacement components of the middle
Unsteady turbulent boundary layers in adverse pressure gradients

Abstract : A number of characteristics of an unsteady turbulent boundary layer have been measured on the after part of the upper surface of an 0012 airfoil (X/ c = 0.69 and 0.94). The data is taken at chord Reynolds number of 700,000 and over a range of reduced frequencies (based upon the semichord) of 0.5 to 6.4. Mean and unsteady velocity profiles, as well as Reynolds stress profiles, are presented, as is the nonlinear coupling from the unsteady motion into the steady motion. Data is presented and discussed which shows that for this experiment the periodic unsteady turbulent velocity profile tends toward a universal shape.
Regio- and Stereoselective Direct Cross-Coupling of Aromatic Imines with Allenic Alcohols

We describe a titanium-mediated reaction for the convergent coupling of allenic alcohols with aromatic imines. Overall, the bond formation occurs at the central carbon of the allene, proceeds with net allylic transposition, and provides substituted 1,3-dienes bearing allylic amine functionality in a regio- and stereoselective fashion.
Optimal bolt preload for dynamic loading

Abstract A simple spring-mass model is developed for closure bolting systems, including the effects of bolt prestress. An analytical solution is developed for the case of an initially peaked, exponentially decaying internal pressure pulse acting on the closure. The dependence of peak bolt stresses and deflections on bolt prestress level is investigated and an optimal prestress that minimizes peak bolt stress is found in certain cases. The effects of closure bending response and the resulting bending stresses induced in bolts are not considered in the simple model. Vulnerability curves are developed for bolted closure systems to provide rapid evaluation of the dynamic capacity of designs for a range of bolt prestress.
Local rigidity of affine actions of higher rank groups and lattices

Let J be a semisimple Lie group with all simple factors of real rank at least two. Let r < J be a lattice. We prove a very general local rigidity result about actions of J or r. This shows that almost all so-called "standard actions" are locally rigid. As a special case, we see that any action of Γ by toral automorphisms is locally rigid. More generally, given a manifold M on which Γ acts isometrically and a torus T n on which it acts by automorphisms, we show that the diagonal action on T n ×M is locally rigid. This paper is the culmination of a series of papers and depends heavily on our work in two recent articles. The reader willing to accept the main results of those papers as "black boxes" should be able to read the present paper without referring to them.
Exploring the physical, chemical and thermal characteristics of a new potentially insensitive high explosive RX-55-AE-5

Current work at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) includes both understanding properties of old explosives and measuring properties of new ones. The necessity to know and understand the properties of energetic materials is driven by the need to improve performance and enhance stability to various stimuli, such as thermal, friction and impact insult.
The reaction of α,β-acetylenic ketones with dicyclohexylborane: Stereoselective synthesis of functionalized trisubstituted olefins

Abstract Allenoxyborinates, easily generated via the 1,4-addition of dicyclohexylborane to α,β-acetylenic ketones, react in situ with excess starting ketone to afford stereodefined, functionalized trisubstituted olefins in high yields.
Effect of Drawing on the Infra-red Dichroism of Nylon-66 Filaments

WE wish to report on studies made of the polarized infra-red spectra, of variously drawn nylon-66 filaments, where it has been found that the method used for specimen preparation may have an important influence on the experimental results. The optics of the 0.78 N.A. reflecting microscope used, in connexion with a Perkin–Elmer Model 12-C infra-red spectrometer, were identical with those mentioned by Quynn and Steele1. A set of silver chloride sheets was used for obtaining polarized radiation.
Sex differences in the response of several lipogenic enzymes to chronic ethanol ingestion.

Abstract The activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, NADP-malic dehydrogenase and ATP-citrate lyase have been measured in male and female Long-Evans rats fed both high-fat (34.2% of calories) and low-fat (4.6% of calories) liquid diets. Ethanol was incorporated into the diets by replacing 36% of the carbohydrate calories. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was decreased by ethanol only in the males. A 40 per cent decrease was observed regardless of which diet was fed. Because ethanol affected this enzyme only in males, the phosphogluconate pathway may be more important in females during chronic ethanol metabolism. Ethanol had small and variable effects on isocitrate dehydrogenase, and the high-fat diet seemed to modify the differential response of this enzyme to ethanol between males and females. The NADP-malate dehydrogenase was decreased 57 per cent in males and 53 per cent in females after ethanol ingestion with the low-fat diet. With the high-fat diet, these decreases were more pronounced (74 and 68 per cent, respectively). Changes in the activity of ATP-citrate lyase have been said to parallel those of malate dehydrogenase; however, this was not observed in the female animals. Instead of decreasing, the activity of this enzyme increased in females after feeding ethanol with the low-fat diet. A kinetic analysis of the ATP-citrate lyase showed that the apparent Vmax had beenn altered, while the Km for citrate remained unchanged. These data suggest that ethanol may have altered the content of the enzyme in both males and females. The high-fat diet enhanced the effect of ethanol on the activity of this enzyme in males and tended to reverse the effect of ethanol in females. All of the above data suggest that lipogenesis may not be decreased in females as a result of ethanol and that sex hormones may play a role in the effects of ethanol on lipid metabolism in the rat.
On global discontinuous solutions of Hamilton–Jacobi equations

Abstract The uniqueness of classical semicontinuous viscosity solutions of the Cauchy problem for Hamilton–Jacobi equations is established for globally Lipschitz continuous and convex Hamiltonian H=H(Du), provided the discontinuous initial value function ϕ(x) is continuous outside a set Γ of measure zero and satisfies (∗) ϕ(x)⩾ϕ ∗∗ (x):= lim inf y→x, y∈ R d ⧹Γ ϕ(y). We prove that the discontinuous solutions with almost everywhere continuous initial data satisfying ( ∗ ) become Lipschitz continuous after finite time for locally strictly convex Hamiltonians. The L1-accessibility of initial data and a comparison principle for discontinuous solutions are shown for a general Hamiltonian. The equivalence of semicontinuous viscosity solutions, bi-lateral solutions, L-solutions, minimax solutions, and L∞-solutions is clarified. To cite this article: G.-Q. Chen, B. Su, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 334 (2002) 113–118
Electronic services as a tool of resource sharing

This article studies the types of resource sharing made possible by various information technologies, and extrapolates into new types of resource sharing that can be implemented with new technologies, systems, and organizational architectures. Resource sharing can bean overarching design criterion for systems, organizations, and social institutions where the cost of information determines the extent of feasible sharing and the optimum design.We argue that optimum structures may need to be computed, designed and implemented explicitly, because they may not be achievable through evolutionary business and social processes. There is considerable evidence that evolutionary processes relying on incremental changes do not always lead to globally optimum structures, and explicit design may be necessary. This article details one approach to such explicit design based on resource sharing, related technologies, organizational architectures, and supporting transactions.
Coherent two-exciton dynamics measured using two-quantum rephasing two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy

We use fifth-order two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy to measure coherent four-particle dynamics in a semiconductor nanostructure. By using optical polarization control in two-quantum measurements enabled by the COLBERT spectrometer, we separate coherent signals due to bound biexcitons and unbound two-exciton correlations. The rephasing nature of the measurement allows us to separate homogeneous from inhomogeneous contributions to the two-quantum line shapes. We find that, unlike the bound biexciton state, the energy of the unbound pair and its homogeneous linewidth depend on the laser fluence. Simulations using an extended phenomenological model help determine the primary interaction mechanism that leads to the formation of the unbound exciton pair; the model also indicates that seventh-order interactions contribute to the measured spectra under high pulse fluences.
A first-principles model of Fermi resonance in the alkyl CH stretch region: application to hydronaphthalenes, indanes, and cyclohexane.

The infrared (IR) spectroscopy of the alkyl CH stretch region (2750–3000 cm–1) of a series of bicyclic hydrocarbons and free radicals has been studied under supersonic expansion cooling in the gas phase, and compared with a theoretical model that describes the local mode stretch–bend Fermi resonance interactions. The double resonance method of fluorescence-dip infrared (FDIR) spectroscopy was used on the stable molecules 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 1,4-dihydronaphthalene, tetralin, indene, and indane using the S0–S1 origin transition as a monitor of transitions. Resonant ion-dip infrared (RIDIR) spectra were recorded for the trihydronaphthyl (THN) and inden-2-yl methyl (I2M) radicals. The previously developed model Hamiltonian (J. Chem. Phys. 2013, 138, 064308) incorporates cubic stretch–bend coupling with parameters obtained from density functional theory methods. Full dimensional calculations are compared to reduced dimensional Hamiltonian results in which anharmonic CH stretches and CH2 scissor modes are F...
Field theory on the world sheet: improvements and generalizations

This article is the continuation of a project of investigating planar ϕ3 model in various dimensions. The idea is to reformulate them on the world sheet, and then to apply the classical (meanfield) approximation, with two goals: to show that the ground state of the model is a solitonic configuration on the world sheet, and the quantum fluctuations around the soliton lead to the formation of a transverse string. After a review of some of the earlier work, we introduce and discuss several generalizations and new results. In 1 + 2 dimensions, a rigorous upper bound on the solitonic energy is established. A ϕ4 interaction is added to stabilize the original ϕ3 model. In 1 + 3 and 1 + 5 dimensions, an improved treatment of the ultraviolet divergences is given. And significantly, we show that our approximation scheme can be imbedded into a systematic strong coupling expansion. Finally, the spectrum of quantum fluctuations around the soliton confirms earlier results: in 1 + 2and 1 + 3dimensions,a transverse string is formed on the world sheet.
Understanding the Memory Effects in Pulsing Advertising

Extant models assume that awareness decline commences instantly. In contrast, we incorporate the possibility that awareness declines with a delay due to the memory for advertisements. To this end, we use delay differential equations to understand the evolution of awareness in the presence of ad memorability. This extended model generates optimal advertising policies that include the even spending policy, blitz policy, and various cyclic pulsing policies, depending on whether ad memorability exceeds a critical threshold. The extended model not only unifies the various patterns of advertising spending over time, but also augments the prior research by furnishing the optimality of pulsing advertising. Thus ad memorability could drive pulsing. We discuss the implications for practicing managers and identify avenues for future researchers.
Non-extremal geometries and holographic phase transitions

Using the low energy limit of type IIB superstring theory, we obtain the non-extremal limit of deformed conifold geometry which is dual to the IR limit of large N thermal QCD. At low temperatures, the extremal geometry without black hole is favored while at high temperatures, the field theory is described by non-extremal black hole geometry. We compute the ten dimensional on shell action for extremal and non-extremal geometries and demonstrate that at a critical temperature T c there is a first order confinement to deconfinement phase transition. We compute T c as a function of ’tHooft coupling and study the thermodynamics of the dual gauge theory by evaluating the free energy and entropy of the ten dimensional geometry. We find agreement with the conformal limit while thermodynamics of non-conformal strongly coupled gauge theories is explored using the black hole geometries in non-AdS space.
Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reactions with Chiral Acetylenic Carbene Complexes as Dienophiles

A new synthetic method is developed for the asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions of acetylenic dienophiles. Acetylenic Fischer carbene complexes with chiral pyrrolidines as the heteroatom stabilizing substituent were anticipated to block three of the four possible approaches of a diene and lead to selective asymmetric cycloadditions. A series of complexes of the type (CO)5MvC((C4H7N)CR2OMe)- CuCH (MaCr, W; RaH, Me, Ph) were prepared by aminolysis of the corresponding methoxy complexes that have the terminal acetylene protected as a silane. Michael addition is completely suppressed if the alkyne is protected as a triisopropylsilyl group and after aminolylsis by 1,2-addition of a pyrrolidine the terminal alkynyl carbene complexes can be obtained predominately as E-isomers upon protodesilylation. The cycloadditions of the E-isomers (but not Z-isomers) of these complexes occur with significant asymmetric induction with 2-tri- isopropylsiloxy-1,3-pentadiene (66-73% de) but not with cyclopentadiene and a-triisopropylsiloxyvinyl cyclohexene. A model is presented to account for the observed stereoselectivities. q 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Futures markets and commodity options: Hedging and optimality in incomplete markets

Abstract This paper examines the allocational roles of futures markets and commodity options in multi-good and multi-period economies. In a continuous-time model with time-additive utilities and homogeneous beliefs, trading in “unconditional” futures contracts, the market portfolio and a riskless asset gives any Pareto-optimal allocation. Individuals' optimal holdings of futures contracts in the continuous-time model are related to their consumption bundles and to their risk tolerances. It is shown that both hedging and “reverse hedging” behavior are possible. In the general model with discrete trading, options on portfolios of commodity options are shown to permit any unconstrained Pareto-optimal allocation.
Interferon beta in multiple sclerosis.

Interferon beta 1B (IFNβ1b) lessens multiple sclerosis (MS) attack frequency and accumulating disease burden as assessed by MRI. The agent is an immune system modulator. The immune response in MS is thought to involve a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response mediated by Th1 type T cells. IFNβ1blessens expression of MHC-class II proteins on blood monocytes but only after a delay. This action could impede antigen presentation. Expression of the B7-1 costimulatory molecule on B cells is also reduced in MS patients receiving IFNβ1b. Downregulation of B7-1 expression could inhibit Th1 cell activation. IFNβ1bexerts an antiproliferative effect on T cells, an action which could lessen the magnitude of Th1 cell responses. Several cytokines are secreted by Th1 cells or by the monocytes/macrophages that they activate. IL-2, IFNγ, lymphotoxin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are made by activated Th1 type T cells, IL-1, and TNF by activated macrophages. IFNβ1bincreases IL-2 productionin vitrobut decreases production of IFNγ, LT, and TNF. If these same effects occurin vivo,a substantial attenuation of the effector arm of DTH response would be anticipated. IFNβ1bhas no known effect on Th2 type T cells. It increases CD8 cell function including that of CD8 suppressor cells, the function of which is known to be deficient when MS is active. Production of the suppressive cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor β-1 is increasedin vitroby IFNβ1b. Taken in sum, the immunomodulatory actions of IFNβ1bacting in concert would be expected to attenuate DTH responses and exert a beneficial effect in MS, as is found.
Airborne Recording and Its Future with the Airlines

In recent years, airborne recording systems for commercial airlines have become a reality. These systems now offer accuracy, reliability, recording capacity, and versatility. A wide range of building blocks are available to meet the particular needs of any airline. Inftial investment is discouraging, but the potential gain will force airlines to face up to the application of airborne automated data recording. When complexity of the present and next generation of commercial airplanes or space shuttle vehicles is considered, there is good reason to believe this new system will offer the most effective solution to a number of problems faced by aviation. ,
Parameter selection for Wyner-Ziv coding of Laplacian sources

A large number of practical coding scenarios deal with sources such as transform coefficients that can be well modeled as Laplacians. For regular coding of such sources, samples are often quantized by a family of uniform quantizers possibly with a deadzone, and then entropy coded. For the Wyner-Ziv coding problem when correlated side-information is available at the decoder, the side-information can be modeled as obtained by additive Laplacian or Gaussian noise on the source. This paper deals with optimal choice of parameters for practical Wyner-Ziv coding in such scenarios, using the same quantizer family as in the regular codec to cover a range of rate-distortion trade-offs, given the variances of the source and additive noise. We propose and analyze a general encoding model that combines source coding and channel coding and show that at practical block lengths and code complexities, not pure channel coding but a hybrid combination of source coding and channel coding with right parameters provide optimal rate-distortion performance. Further, for the channel coded bit-planes we observe that only high-rate codes are useful. We also provide a framework for on-the-fly parameter choice based on non-parametric representation of a set of seed functions, for use in scenarios where variances are estimated during encoding. A good understanding of the optimal parameter selection mechanism is essential for building practical distributed codecs.
Gender ethnicity and labor force instability.

Abstract We analyze the 1986 and 1987 Panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to examine the extent and magnitude of employment instability among black, Hispanic, and white men and women to address two questions about the character and correlates of labor force instability. First, what is the frequency of employment transitions during an annual observation period and how are transitions distributed among race, ethnic, and gender groups? Second, what are the social and demographic correlates of labor force instability? SIPP permits greater precision in the measurement of labor force dynamics because transitions among employment states are recorded on a weekly basis. Consistent with several recent studies, our results show that labor force instability is more prevalent than previously believed, that it is higher among women than among men, and that it is higher among black and Hispanic workers than among non-Hispanic whites. Because the distribution of labor force transitions is characterized by “overdispersion,” we use a negative binomial model to evaluate the correlates of instability. These results confirm the existence of race and ethnic differences in levels of instability depending on whether respondents ever visited employment during the observation period or transited among jobless states (employment and unemployment). The conclusion discusses implications for the study of labor market inequality.
On the nature of dielectric elastomer actuators and its implications for their design

Dielectric Elastomer (DE) actuators have been studied extensively under laboratory conditions where they have shown promising performance. However, in practical applications, they have not achieved their full potential. Here, the results of detailed analytical and experimental studies of the failure modes and performance boundaries of DE actuators are presented. The objective is to establish fundamental design principles for DE actuators. Analytical models suggest that DE actuators made with highly viscoelastic films are capable of reliably achieving large extensions when used at high speeds (high stretch rates). Experiments show that DE actuators used in low speed applications, such as slow continuous actuation, are subject to failure at substantially lower extensions and also have lower efficiencies. This creates an important reliability/performance trade-off because, due to their viscoelastic nature, highest DE actuators forces are obtained at low speeds. Hence, DE actuator design requires careful reliability/performance trade-offs because actuator speeds and extensions for optimal performance can significantly reduce actuator life.