cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
All-linear Phase Retrieval of a Single-soliton Kerr Comb

We demonstrate all-linear phase retrieval of a single-soliton Kerr comb via dual-comb electric field cross-correlation (EFXC). This approach greatly lowers the power needed for ultrafast waveform reconstruction of optical frequency combs.
Wide open spaces: Estimating the willingness to pay for adjacent preserved open space

Abstract Each year, millions of dollars are spent transitioning open space to protected status, yet we do not know the value that existing homeowners place on adjacency to these protected land parcels. Between 2000 and 2013, the Pennsylvania Game Commission acquired over 85,000 acres across the state of Pennsylvania, thereby providing a promise of future openness for adjacent homeowners. This paper exploits the timing and spatial variation of these acquisitions to identify the housing premium associated with open space preservation. Results suggest that preservation increases the average adjacent home value by between $22,326 and $31,178. I analyze various sources of this premium and conclude that it is driven by a preserved view and not new access to public land. Further, analysis comparing preservation of the land to continuing vacancy shows that preservation is tax-neutral for local governments.
Derivation of Six Degree of Freedom Shaker Inputs Using Sub-structuring Techniques

Multi-degree of freedom testing is growing in popularity and in practice. This is largely due to its inherent benefits in producing realistic stresses that the test article observes in its working environment and the efficiency of testing all axes at one time instead of individually. However, deriving and applying the “correct” inputs to a test has been a challenge. This paper explores a recently developed theory into deriving rigid body accelerations as an input to a test article through sub-structuring techniques. The theory develops a transformation matrix that separates the complete system dynamics into two sub-structures, the test article and next level assembly. The transformation does this by segregating the test article’s fixed base modal coordinates and the next level assembly’s free modal coordinates. This transformation provides insight into the damage that the test article acquires from its excited fixed base shapes and how to properly excite the test article by observing the next level assembly’s rigid body motion. This paper examines using next level assembly’s rigid body motion as a direct input in a multi-degree of freedom test to excite the test article’s fixed base shapes in the same way as the working environment.
Hematologic Disorders in the Elderly

Hematologic disorders in the elderly population have become an increasing problem as the general population ages. In the elderly, anemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The etiology of the anemia may be nutritional deficiencies, renal insufficiency, hormone insufficiency, bone marrow dysfunction. Thrombocytopenia in the elderly patient is associated with a variety of clinical disorders including myelodysplasia and bone marrow failure syndromes, nutritional deficiencies, medications, and immune disorders. Platelet dysfunction is common due to the use of anti-platelet medications, as well as disorders such as myelodysplasia. While coagulation parameters do not change in the elderly, bleeding complications due to coagulation problems are common in the elderly. Liver failure, the use of anti-coagulants, acquired factor inhibitors put elderly patients at risk for bleeding. Thrombosis is common in the elderly. The risk of venous thromboembolism increase with age but is also enhanced by a variety of clinical factors such as surgery, sepsis, hip fractures, cancer, and immobility. In this chapter we will review the epidemiology, causes, and consequences of anemia in the elderly population. We will discuss platelet disorders, coagulation and thrombotic disorders unique to the elderly.
Identifying the Gifted Student in Mathematics.

We are witnessing a surge of interest in the gifted child. This is evidenced by the increasing number of special educational programs, curriculum materials, professional articles, lectures, and research projects devoted to the subject. Four major reasons for this surge of interest are apparent. First, recent legislation has prompted the establishment of new programs for students at both ends of the special-needs spectrum, the disabled learner and the gifted. Second, mathematics education has begun to focus on the centrality of problem solving in the curriculum. Gifted children are of particular interest because of their innate problemsolving capabilities. Third, the growing demand for computing as a means for providing problem solving experience tends to come largely from the ranks of the gifted. Finally, some of the complex technologic challenges which society now faces, such as the energy crisis, have stimulated an emphasis on the identification and training of technically capable students. Given our interest in gifted children for the reasons cited, we must be able to identify these children, what characteristics set them apart from other children, and what unique needs they have.
Emotion sensitivity and self-reported symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder across the lifespan: A population-based sample approach.

Background Individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms show deficits in emotion processing, but results of prior studies have been conflicting, and little is known about developmental trajectories of emotion processing over time. We examined the association between GAD symptoms and sensitivity to recognizing emotional facial expressions (emotion sensitivity: ES) for three emotions (happiness, anger, fear) in a large, diverse, population-based sample. We hypothesized that higher anxiety scores would be associated with poorer performance, and expected that ES performance and anxiety scores would decline across the lifespan. Method Participants were 7,176 responders to a web-based ES study (age range = 10-96 years old). Results Higher GAD-7 scores were associated with poorer ES performance for all emotion categories (happiness, anger, fear). The relationship between GAD-7 and ES scores remained significant after controlling for the effects of age and sex, and there was no significant interaction, indicating that the relationship does not change across age. Age significantly predicted ES and GAD-7 scores across emotions, with older ages showing lower ES scores and lower anxiety. Conclusions In the largest study of its kind, GAD symptoms were associated with impaired ES performance across three emotion types. Future research should explore the connection between anxiety symptoms, cognitive processing, and social processing to better characterize the mechanisms of how GAD is linked with both social and non-social information processing. Future work may also look at if ES is related over time to changes in anxiety, making it a promising target for intervention.
Optimizing ventilation: Theoretical study on increasing rates in offices to maximize occupant productivity with constrained additional energy use

Abstract Ventilation affects building energy use and indoor air quality, with minimum rates prescribed by standards. However, research has demonstrated positive outcomes associated with increasing ventilation, including occupant productivity from increased work performance and reduced absenteeism. Herein, a novel ventilation strategy was proposed and simulated for offices, which optimized day-averaged ventilation rates over an annual time horizon to provide maximal amounts of outdoor air and so maximize occupant productive work hours, within varying energy use constraints. Energy use and productivity were often influenced by ventilation oppositely, so results were Pareto optimal. This optimization methodology was simulated in three locations for an average- and high-performance small office building, considering users with varying levels of confidence in ventilation-productivity relationships. To contextualize potential optimization impacts, four annual energy budgets were first determined for a typical year at constant ventilation rates of 8.5, 10, 20, and 30 L/s/occupant, and then for those four cases, day-averaged ventilation rates were optimized over annual trajectories considering the constrained energy budgets. Among all simulated cases, lost productive hours due to lower ventilation at constant rates were halved when using the optimized higher annual rates, with a gain of ~20 h/year per occupant on average, amounting to approximately $48/m2 at standard occupant density and mean wage. Offline optimization results were used to develop heuristic rules to predict a ventilation rate for any single day based on weather forecast that would adhere to a building- and climate-specific Pareto optimization, opening avenues for future control strategies that use this framework in real buildings.
Using the theory of planned behavior to understand intentions to perform bystander CPR among college students.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) accounts for variability in intention to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) a...
Patient factors influence surgical options in gastroparesis

Abstract Background Patient selection for the diverse surgical procedures for gastroparesis remains poorly defined. Our aim was to evaluate how patient factors have determined our surgical approach to gastroparesis. Methods 95 patients undergoing 105 surgical procedures for gastroparesis were reviewed. Patient factors were compared across six surgical procedures: gastric neurostimulator, pyloroplasty, neurostimulator plus pyloroplasty, sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass and gastrectomy. Global symptom severity was determined preoperatively and at last follow up. Results There were significant differences in etiology, BMI and gastroesophageal reflux across the various operations. Patients undergoing pyloroplasty and gastrectomy; were more likely to have a postsurgical etiology. (p 35. (p Conclusion Patient factors influence choice of procedure in the surgical treatment of gastroparesis. Etiology of gastroparesis, BMI >35 and gastroesophageal reflux are important determinants.
A bibliometric analysis of the 50 most influential publications on distal biceps repair.

The purpose of this bibliometric study was to identify and analyze the most cited publications on acute distal biceps repair. Using the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science database, we searched for the top 50 most cited publications on acute distal biceps repair and analyzed them based on various metrics. The top 50 publications were cited a total of 3171 times and approximately 151 times per year. However, although the literature on the topic is quite extensive, most publications only contain low-level evidence. In fact, 74% of the 50 most cited publications on the topic contain either level IV or V evidence. This study, through bibliometric analysis, demonstrates that the most often cited studies about acute distal biceps tendon repair are low level of evidence designs. This common injury and study design are ripe for larger randomized or prospective cohort studies.
Reflections on quinine and its importance in dermatology today

Quinine and its D-isomer quinidine have been used medically in Europe since the 1600s. They were originally found within the bark of the cinchona tree in the jungle of the Andes. They were recognized to have multiple beneficial medical properties, ranging from a combined antipyretic and analgesic effect to the first effective treatment for malaria and later atrial fibrillation. With the development of other medications and the recognition of the potential life-threatening toxic reactions to these drugs, their medical use declined. Quinine is available without a prescription in many countries and is present in tonic water. Quinine has an extensive following of users who believe it is salutary and harmless, considering it a food supplement. In the past, dermatologists were frequently the first to recognize disease caused by these drugs owing to early findings of dermatitis or petechiae. Even though the medical use of these drugs has markedly decreased, drug eruptions may still be due to quinine, and patients may even be unaware they are taking this medication.
Neurofibrillary Degeneration: The Role of Aluminum

Studies on the effects of drugs and toxic agents on the cytoskeleton have their origin in experimental neuropathology. Pathologists of the nervous system have long recognized the effects of a variety of agents on the argentophilic neurofibrils and classified them under the rubric of “neurofibrillary proliferation.”
Mandates and Democracy: MANDATES AND DEMOCRATIC THEORY

The House of Commons has no more right to initiate legislation, especially immediately upon its first meeting, of which the constituencies were not informed, and of which the constituencies might have been informed, and as to which, if they had been so informed, there is … the very greatest doubt as to what their decision might be. Marquess of Hartington, addressing the British Parliament (1886) Power was delegated to the president, and he did what he deemed best . Guillermo O'Donnell (1994) Guillermo O'Donnell believed he had discovered in delegative democracies a new “species” of the genus democracy. But a long tradition of theorists of representative government would find much that is familiar in the Latin American scenarios he observed. The scenario – voters seem to elect a government to carry out some policies, governments don't seem to follow voters' wishes, and voters turn against them – is not at all foreign to representative governments that O'Donnell would be unlikely to call delegative democracies. In the first preceding epigraph, a British Member of Parliament railed against William Gladstone, a fellow Liberal, because of his government's immediate postelection change of course (on the question of Irish home rule.) The Marquess of Hartington's criticisms would be repeated, a century later, by critics of Latin American policy switchers. Just how important mandates are to democracy has been a topic of perpetual disagreement. The abandonment of campaign promises, many claim, is not a perversion of representative democracy but part of its normal functioning.
Reaction of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases with heterologous tRNA's.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews that the incorporation of an amino acid into a peptide chain involves, first, the reaction of the amino acid and ATP with a specific enzyme to form an enzyme complex with aminoacyl-adenylate (E. AA-AMP), and second, the reaction of this complex with a specific tRNA to form an ester of the amino acid with the 2'- or 3'-OH of the terminal nucleotide of the tRNA. These two reactions, catalyzed by the enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, are selective for a given amino acid and for the corresponding tRNA so that the correct peptide sequence is synthesized. The chapter discusses that the combination of synthetase from one organism and tRNA from another first demonstrated the existence of multiple forms of tRNA (isoacceptors). This phenomenon has also provided insight into the adaptor role of tRNA, the location of the recognition site on tRNA, the changes of tRNA that occurs in development or that result from insults to an organism, and the changes that appear to have occurred in tRNA in the course of evolution. It reviews that a heterologous combination occurs when an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase from one species is employed to charge tRNA from another species. In studying such combinations, it is important to determine how the enzyme and tRNA enter into unique reactions that result in the charging of the correct heterologous tRNA. It has also been observed that the conditions that are optimal for the synthetase to charge isologous tRNA may be entirely inappropriate or inhibitory for reaction with heterologous tRNA.
Capacitative Calcium Influx

Publisher Summary This chapter investigates the evidence bearing on the mechanism by which depleted Ca2+ stores activate Ca2+ entry and to review the recent progress made in studies of the channels mediating capacitative Ca2+ influx. Studies using various cell types and experimental approaches have addressed the problem of how capacitative Ca2+ entry is regulated. Interest in the role of TRP proteins in capacitative Ca2+ signaling has recently intensified as a result of identification of several mammalian trp homologs. Capacitative Ca2+ signaling is ubiquitous; virtually every cell type of the nonmuscle variety expresses the Ca2+ entry pathway activated by Ca2+ store depletion. A major focus of Ca2+ signaling biology is to unravel the mechanisms cells use to activate the capacitative signaling pathway, given its central role in diverse biological responses. The possible benefits in terms of identifying new therapeutic targets or strategies for maladies arising from aberrant immune responses due to T cell dysfunction or atherosclerosis and hypertension due to vascular endothelial cell dysfunction are appreciated as well.
Enteric virus survival in algal-bacterial wastewater treatment systems-I. Laboratory studies

Abstract The survival of a representative enteric virus, poliovirus type 1, in laboratory models of algal-bacterial sewage treatment systems and the interactions of poliovirus with stabilization pond water was studied. In laboratory reactors a fraction of the total poliovirus present rapidly adsorbed to stabilization pond water solids by a reversible process, conforming to a Freundlich adsorption isotherm. In laboratory cultures the growth of Scenedesmus quadricauda and Bacillus megaterium in sterile sewage had no detrimental effect on poliovirus survival, whereas the growth of heterogeneous populations of stabilization pond bacteria in the same medium resulted in substantial virus inactivation. Appreciable poliovirus inactivation occurred in laboratory cultures of mixed algal-bacterial populations obtained from stabilization ponds. Because the degree of antiviral activity in these cultures was greater than that in cultures of stabilization pond bacteria alone, additional microbial factors must contribute to this virus inactivating phenomenon. The results of this study suggest that in algal-bacterial treatment systems both virus adsorption to solids and virus inactivation due to microbial activity play a role in reducing the enteric virus concentration in wastewater.
Impact of Correlated Failures on Dependability in a VAXcluster System

This paper addresses the issue of correlated failures and their impact on system dependability. Measurements are made on a VAXcluster system and validated analytical models are proposed to calculate availability and reliability for simple systems with correlated failures. A correlation analysis of the VAXcluster data shows that errors are highly correlated across machines (average correlation coefficient ρ = 0.62) due to sharing of resources. The measured failure correlation coefficient, however, is not high (0.15). Based on the VAXcluster data, it is shown that models that ignore correlated failures can underestimate unavailability by orders of magnitude. Even a small correlation significantly affects system unavailability. A validated analytical model, to calculate unavailability of 1-out-of-2 systems with correlated failures, is derived. Similarly, reliability is also significantly influenced by correlated failures. The joint failure rate of the two components, λ f , is found to be the key parameter for estimating reliability of 1-out-of-2 systems with correlated failures. A validated relationship between ρ and λ f , is also derived.
Regulation of the Hedgehog and Wingless signalling pathways by the F-box/WD40-repeat protein Slimb

Members of the Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt/Wingless (Wg) families of secreted proteins control many aspects of growth and patterning during animal development1,2. Hh signal transduction leads to increased stability of a transcription factor, Cubitus interruptus (Ci)3,4, whereas Wg signal transduction causes increased stability of Armadillo (Arm/β-catenin)5, a possible co-factor for thetranscriptional regulator Lef1/TCF6. Here we describe a new gene, slimb (for supernumerary limbs), which negatively regulates both of these signal transduction pathways. Loss of function of slimb results in a cell-autonomous accumulation of high levels of both Ci and Arm, and the ectopic expression of both Hh− and Wg− responsive genes. The slimb gene encodes a conserved F-box/WD40-repeat protein related to Cdc4p, a protein in budding yeast that targets cell-cycle regulators for degradation by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway7,8,9. We propose that Slimb protein normally targets Ci and Arm for processing or degradation by the ubiquitin/proteasomepathway, and that Hh and Wg regulate gene expression at least in part by inducing changes in Ci and Arm, which protect them from Slimb-mediated proteolysis.
Concerning the Necessary Coupling of Development to Proliferation of Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells

Abstract The epithelial cells from mammary glands of mature virgin mice synthesize increasing levels of casein and α-lactalbumin when cultured in the presence of insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin. When DNA synthesis is blocked in these cultures by the addition of cytosine arabinoside or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, augmented milk-protein production does not occur. The effects of cytosine arabinoside are prevented by simultaneous addition of deoxycytidine. Neither cytosine arabinoside nor 5-fluorodeoxyuridine have a postmitotic inhibitory effect on casein or α-lactalbumin synthesis. The insulin-induced increase in the combined activities of the intracellular proteins glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is not affected by either inhibitor. Such a necessary coupling of secretory protein production to DNA synthesis or mitosis or both no longer exists in explants from midpregnant mice. Most of the epithelial cells of this tissue have already undergone their "critical mitosis" in vivo.
Development of an endoluminal intestinal attachment for a clinically applicable distraction enterogenesis device

Abstract Purpose Previous methods of distraction enterogenesis have relied upon blind-ending intestinal segments or transmural device fixation, requiring multiple operations and potential bowel injury. We hypothesized that using a novel attachment would allow reversible device coupling to the luminal bowel surface, achieving effective endoluminal distraction. Methods A telescopic hydraulic device was designed with latex balloon attachments covered with high-friction mesh and a dilating fenestrated elastic mask (DFM attachment), allowing mesh-to-mucosa contact only with inflation. Yorkshire pigs underwent jejunal Roux-en-Y limb creation and device placement via jejunostomy. Devices underwent 3cycles of balloon inflation and hydraulic extension/retraction per day for 7days and then explanted and studied for efficacy. Results DFM attachment allowed reversible, high-strength endoluminal coupling without tissue injury or reduction in bowel perfusion. After 7day implant, distracted bowel achieved a 44±2% increase in length vs. fed, nondistracted bowel, corresponding to a gain of 7.1±0.3cm. Distracted bowel demonstrated increased epithelial cell proliferation vs. control bowel. Attachment sites demonstrated villus flattening, increased crypt depth, thicker muscularis mucosa, and unchanged muscularis propria thickness vs. control. Conclusion Novel high-strength, reversible attachments enabled fully endoluminal distraction enterogenesis, achieving length gains comparable to open surgical techniques. This approach may allow development of clinically applicable technology for SBS treatment.
The irregular diaphragmatic pleural interface: a novel sonographic sign facilitating the diagnosis of pneumonia.

Abstract Pneumonia, a disease that has been reported to be the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, has worsening mortality with delays in diagnosis. As the history and physical examination are excessively inaccurate in the diagnosis of pneumonia, we often rely on chest radiography to rule in or out disease. However, it is found to lack sufficient accuracy when computed tomography is used as the reference standard. Sonography has emerged as a viable alternative to chest radiography in the diagnosis of pneumonia. Here, we describe a novel sonographic sign that can be used to assist in the diagnosis of pneumonia.
Is Now the Time for Major Federal Sentencing Reform

Although some witnesses at the United States Sentencing Commission9s February 2012 hearing advocated legislative changes designed to make the Guidelines more binding or mandatory, other witnesses (including the author) opposed those changes and testified that the system is working reasonably well. This essay argues that the Commission9s data do not show a level of variance that should be regarded as troubling and provide no justification for legislative changes to reduce judicial discretion. The data do show an increase in below-guideline sentences and significant variation in the rate of below guideline-sentences in different federal districts and circuits. But these statistics do not demonstrate either unjustified disparity or the need for fundamental changes in the federal sentencing system. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) instructs the sentencing court to consider “the history and characteristics of the defendant,” and below-guideline sentences based on relevant offender characteristics are not unwarranted. Similarly, variations in the rate of below-guideline sentences are not presumptively unwarranted. They reflect a wide variety of factors, including significant differences in prosecutorial–not judicial–practices, to which sentencing judges may appropriately respond. The Commission also heard testimony advocating other legislative changes that would preserve judicial flexibility but lower severity levels, simplify the system, enhance the reliability of fact-finding, and insulate sentencing from Congressional micro-management. In short, there is no consensus on the kinds of change, if any, that should be made. This is not the time to invite Congress to overhaul the federal sentencing system.
Acculturation Risk and Protective Factors and Mental Health Symptoms in Immigrant Latino Adolescents

The aim of this investigation was to map factors that predicted internalizing, externalizing, social, and total behavioral problems in immigrant Latino adolescents. Interviews were conducted with 100 foreign-born Latino adolescents. Multiple regression analyses revealed two risk factors, perceived discrimination and parent-adolescent conflict, which were significant predictors of adolescent internalizing, externalizing, and total problems. Interaction terms indicated that adolescents who were highly involved in Latino culture and who experienced high parent-adolescent conflict were at risk for internalizing problems. Familism was a protective factor associated with lower levels of internalizing and total problems. However, the effect of familism was mediated by parent-adolescent conflict.
Solution structure of poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) in low and high salt: a 500 MHz 1H NMR study using one-dimensional NOE.

Abstract CD spectra of poly(dA-dT)· poly(dA-dT) in low salt (10–100 mM NaCl) and high salt (4–6 M CsF) are different i.e. 275 nm band gets inverted in going from low to high salt (Vorhickova et. al.MarJ. Mol. Biol. 166, 85, 1983). However, from CD spectra alone it is not possible to decipher any structural differences that might exist between the low and high salt forms of poly(dA-dT)• poly(dA-dT). Hence, we took recourse to high resolution NMR spectroscopy to understand the structural properties of poly(dA-dT)• poly(dA-dT) in low and high salt. A detailed analysis of shielding constants and extensive use of NOE studies under minimum spin diffusion conditions using C(8)-deuterated poly(dA-dT)• poly(dA-dT) enabled us to come up with the following conclusions (i) base-pairing is Watson-Crick under low and high salt conditions, (ii) under both the conditions of salt the experimental data can be explained in terms of an equilibrium blend of right and left-handed B-DNA duplexes with the left-handed form 70% an...
Gender Bias in the Interpretation of Ambiguous Provocation Situations

Children were read 5 stories in which a same-sex peer caused an act of instrumental aggression, but the harmdoer’s intent was unclear. Responses to follow-up questions were coded in terms of whether male or female pronouns were used to describe the harmdoer. Results suggest that there may be a gender bias in the interpretation of ambiguous provocation situations.
Application of Ab Initio Molecular Orbital and Reaction Rate Theories to Nucleation Kinetics

This paper describes the application of ab initio molecular orbital (MO) theories in conjunction with reaction rate theory to obtain thermochemistry and energetics of nucleation processes. The specific example used for the illustration of this approach is the nucleation of SiO. MO computations on the equilibrium structure have shown the polymers up to the tetramer to be planar rings and exothermic to addition of the monomer. Transition state analysis has shown that subsequent addition of the monomer (SiO) most likely proceeds without an energy barrier. Reaction rate theory analysis of the polymerization shows the rate coefficients to be very pressure dependent, with the dimer formation process rate-limiting.
Triode cathode-followers for impedance matching to tranformers and filters

The material presented in this paper gives a selection of "ready-made" triode cathode-follower circuits applicable to the problems of impedance matching to audio filters and transformers. Curves resulting from breadboard tests are given on five tube types, and illustrative examples are included.
Fracture Analysis of a Curvilinearly Stiffener Panel Subjected to Multiple Combined Loadings

A global–local finite element analysis was performed to study the damage tolerance of curvilinearly stiffened panels, fabricated using the modern additive-manufacturing process that can create so-called unitized structures. In the first step, a buckling analysis of panels was performed to determine whether the panels satisfied the buckling constraint in an undamaged state. In the second step, stress distributions in the panel were analyzed to determine the location of the critical stress under combined shear and compression loadings. Then, a fracture analysis of the curvilinearly stiffened panel with a crack designed at the earlier-obtained location of the critical stress, which was the common location with the maximum magnitude of the principal stresses and von Mises stress, was performed under combined shear and tensile loadings. A mesh-sensitivity analysis was performed to validate the choice of the mesh density near the crack tip. All analyses were performed using the global–local finite element metho...
Low heat resistance of Bacillus sphaericus spores correlated with high protoplast water content

Abstract The low heat resistance ( D 100 = 0.554 min, z = 13.4°C) of dormant lysozyme-sensitized spores of Bacillus sphaericus 9602 was correlated with a low protoplast wet density (1.305 g/ml) equivalent to a high protoplast water content (61.0%, wet weight basis). These values for these unusual spores were consistent with those correlated previously in 28 spore types of seven other species.
Fine structural features of light and dark cells in the trigeminal ganglion of the rat.

Prolonged fixation times and handling procedures designed to minimize the introduction of post mortem artifact were used in preparation of rat trigeminal ganglia for fine structural study. Larger, more numerous, light neurons and smaller, less numerous, dark neurons were observed. Major fine structural differences included a more discrete clumping of Nissl substance and more neurofilaments in the light compared with the dark cell. The results suggest that these differences are not artifacts of preparation.
Application of Microstructure Sensitive Design to FCC Polycrystals

Microstructure Sensitive Design (MSD) offers a rigorous mathematical framework for representing the relevant statistical details of the material microstructure for a given design problem, and for developing quantitative invertible relationships between these microstructure representations and the macroscale properties of interest. The methodology makes extensive use of Fourier representations of the distribution functions representing the material internal structure and existing homogenization theories. In this paper, we describe the application of the MSD framework to fcc polycrystals with a specific focus on the crystallographic texture as the microstructure design variable. The advantages of the MSD approach are demonstrated through a number of elastic-plastic property closures for cubic metals.
Adsorption mechanism in RPLC. Effect of the nature of the organic modifier.

The adsorption isotherms of phenol and caffeine were acquired by frontal analysis on two different adsorbents, Kromasil-C18 and Discovery-C18, with two different mobile phases, aqueous solutions of methanol (MeOH/H2O = 40/60 and 30/70, v/v) and aqueous solutions of acetonitrile (MeCN/H2O = 30/70 and 20/80, v/v). The adsorption isotherms are always strictly convex upward in methanol/water solutions. The calculations of the adsorption energy distribution confirm that the adsorption data for phenol are best modeled with the bi-Langmuir and the tri-Langmuir isotherm models for Kromasil-C18 and Discovery-C18, respectively. Because its molecule is larger and excluded from the deepest sites buried in the bonded layer, the adsorption data of caffeine follow bi-Langmuir isotherm model behavior on both adsorbents. In contrast, with acetonitrile/water solutions, the adsorption data of both phenol and caffeine deviate far less from linear behavior. They were best modeled by the sum of a Langmuir and a BET isotherm mo...
Bromodeoxyuridine specifically labels the regenerative stem cells of planarians

The singular regenerative abilities of planarians require a population of stem cells known as neoblasts. In response to wounding, or during the course of cell turnover, neoblasts are signaled to divide and/or differentiate, thereby replacing lost cell types. The study of these pluripotent stem cells and their role in planarian regeneration has been severely hampered by the reported inability of planarians to incorporate exogenous DNA precursors; thus, very little is known about the mechanisms that control proliferation and differentiation of this stem cell population within the planarian. Here we show that planarians are, in fact, capable of incorporating the thymidine analogue bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), allowing neoblasts to be labeled specifically during the S phase of the cell cycle. We have used BrdU labeling to study the distribution of neoblasts in the intact animal, as well as to directly demonstrate the migration and differentiation of neoblasts. We have examined the proposal that a subset of neoblasts is arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle by double-labeling with BrdU and a mitosis-specific marker; we find that the median length of G2 (;6 h) is sufficient to account for the initial mitotic burst observed after feeding or amputation. Continuous BrdU-labeling experiments also suggest that there is not a large, slow-cycling population of neoblasts in the intact animal. The ability to label specifically the regenerative stem cells, combined with the recently described use of double-stranded RNA to inhibit gene expression in the planarian, should serve to reignite interest in the flatworm as an experimental model for studying the problems of metazoan regeneration and the control of stem cell proliferation. © 2000 Academic Press
Standardized project management may increase development projects success

Abstract Companies frequently opt to implement standardized project management (SPM), which can be defined as a standardized set of project management practices. These companies expect that such an approach will carry significant potential for improving project performance. To investigate this potential, we undertook an exploratory study into the impact of SPM on project performance in development projects in high-velocity industries. Our research started with the qualitative method using case study research to identify the major factors in SPM efforts on the organizational project management level (as opposed to the individual project level). Then, we developed hypotheses based on these factors and performed hypothesis testing to identify factors that impact project success. In addition, we conducted the follow-up interviews to enrich and refine our findings. Three major findings came out of this study. First, the variables of SPM tools, leadership skills, and process showed themselves to be of higher interest to standardization than the other independent variables because they may impact project success; second, these variables of higher interest are typically customized to fit the strategic purpose of the company; and third, companies tend to standardize project management practices only to a certain level.
Time and Financial Transfers Within and Beyond the Family

Research on time and financial transfers is often conducted along two distinct lines—transfers within the family and transfers beyond the family—without considering the fact that these transfers are actually interrelated. Using longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), this article investigates the links between the two groups of transfers. Transfers within and beyond the family were found to be complements. Income and wealth are strong predictors of financial transfers. Black and Hispanic families lag systematically in the generosity to help the people both within and beyond their families.
Cost-effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy in reducing obstructive sleep apnea, cerebrovascular ischemia, vaso-occlusive pain, and ACS episodes in pediatric sickle cell disease

In children with sickle cell disease (SCD), adenotonsillar hypertrophy or recurrent tonsillitis are frequently linked with an increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea, cerebrovascular ischemia, or frequent pain episodes and often require an adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy. Interventions designed to prevent these complications, control vaso-occlusive pain episodes, and avoid hospitalizations may reduce the significant personal and economic burden of SCD. This study compares episode recurrence and treatment costs for cerebrovascular ischemia, vaso-occlusive pain, acute chest syndrome (ACS), and obstructive sleep apnea in children who had an adenotonsillectomy (A/T surgery, N = 256; 11.7%) and a matched cohort of those who did not (N = 512; 23.3%) from a cohort of 2,194 children and adolescents with SCD from South Carolina’s Medicaid system. A/T surgery was associated with a significantly reduced rate of visits over time for obstructive sleep apnea and cerebrovascular ischemia (e.g., stroke, transient ischemic attacks), but not with any change in the rate of visits for vaso-occlusive pain or ACS/pneumonia visits. The rate of mean acute (emergency and inpatient) service costs was significantly decreasing over time after an increase about the time the A/T surgery was performed. The cost-effectiveness of adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy for treating obstructive sleep apnea and preventing cerebrovascular ischemia without increasing vaso-occlusive pain episodes or long-term acute service costs in routine clinical practice settings was demonstrated. The matched control group of SCD patients without A/T surgery contained more patients with severe vaso-occlusive pain episodes, ACS visits, and higher mean total costs over time and appears to represent a different phenotype of children with SCD.
BOUNDARY CONTROL FOR A GENERAL CLASS OF NON-LINEAR STRING–ACTUATOR SYSTEMS

Abstract This paper introduces boundary controllers for a general class of non-linear string–actuator systems. The non-linear distributed-parameter model accounts for large amplitude displacement and the associated varying tension according to a general class of non-linear stress–strain relationships. A non-linear, model-based controller asymptotically drives the system energy to zero. Redesign of the controller using adaptation laws allows compensation for parametric uncertainty while asymptotically driving the system energy to zero. Experimental results verify the feasibility of implementing the proposed controllers and compare the performance with damper and linear controllers.
Increased levels of pisatin and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in Pisum sativum treated with antihistaminic, antiviral, antimalarial, tranquilizing, or other drugs.

Abstract The de novo synthesis of the phytoalexin pisatin can be initiated in excised pea pod tissue by the drugs tilorone, chloroquine, imipramine, quinacrine, and other structurally analogous compounds. Some such drugs can enhance the level of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity up to 17 times that in control tissue. The enhancement of both responses is accompanied by differential incorporations of leucine into soluble proteins.
Turbulent auxiliary functions for symmetric three-dimensional boundary layers

Der allgemeine Charakter der dreidimensionalen Grenzschichtstromung in einem Rotationskorper wird mit Hilfe einer verallgemeinerten Impuls-Integral-Methode untersucht. Die notwendigen Hilfsfunktionen und der Ablosungspunkt der turbulenten Grenzschicht werden durch Einfuhrung geeigneter Formfaktoren bestimmt. Die zweidimensionalen Beziehungen werden dabei unter Berucksichtigung neuerer Versuchsergebnisse umgestaltet und so auf den dreidimensionalen Fall ubertragen.
Eradication versus control for poliomyelitis – Authors' reply

We agree with Anita Kar that cost-benefit studies related to eradication versus control should examine the larger picture and we believe that our study represents the most extensive effort to date to do so. We focused part of our study on Uttar Pradesh and Bihar because they present large challenges. Our results suggest that in the absence of targeted eradication activities (ie under a policy of control relying only on routine vaccination through the weak health services in these two states) cases of paralytic poliomyelitis could rapidly resurge to large numbers in those areas and beyond. We suggest that the solution to the weak health system in areas of poverty is not acceptance but greater investment to achieve significant and cost-effective improvements. Nishith Singh and colleagues raise important issues related to rethinking strategies for poliomyelitis. Al though they suggest that polio represents a "sanitation problem" (by pointing to an Albanian outbreak that resulted from importation) environmental dormancy and non-human reservoirs are not issues. Our study emphasises that eradication requires simultaneous elimination of wild polioviruses everywhere which would prevent future wild poliovirus importation outbreaks that might otherwise be (mis)perceived as environmental. (excerpt)
High Temperature Magnetic Properties of Sr-Doped Lanthanum Cobalt Oxide (La1−xSrxCoO3−δ)

A high-temperature, controlled atmosphere Faraday magnetometer has been used to measure the magnetic susceptibility of La1−xSrxCoO3−δ (LSC) as a function of temperature, Sr content (x), and oxygen ...
Conformation of the trypanocidal pharmaceutical suramin in its free and bound forms: transferred nuclear overhauser studies.

Suramin is a lead compound for treatment of cancer, HIV, and trypanosomiasis. The conformations of suramin in its free form and bound to phosphoglycerate kinases from T. brucei and S. cerevisae, have been studied in aqueous solutions using nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) and transferred NOE NMR spectroscopies. The NOE data of the free drug can be accommodated by a model in which many of the single bonds of suramin are unrestricted at room temperature, consistent with molecular mechanics calculations. The angle between the naphthalene ring and the adjoining amide is essentially locked by a strong amide−sulfonate hydrogen bond into one preferred conformation. Another degree of freedom near the termini of the molecule has a rather pronounced preference, and a third exhibits a nearly perpendicular arrangement between the amide and adjacent aromatic ring. The other two degrees of freedom have weaker preferences. Molecular mechanics calculations using AMBER force field and charges on amides and sulfonates obtai...
A study on Q-factor of CCBG sensors by coupled mode theory

The innovative coaxial cable Bragg grating (CCBG) sensor not only achieves the attractive attributes of high resolution, remote operation and multiplexing capability, but also has the advantages of large strain capability and robustness to survive harsh conditions, suitable for structural health monitoring (SHM). The Q-factor of the resonances in CCBG is studied in this paper by coupled mode theory (CMT), to obtain a better understanding of the device physics. The relationships between geometrical parameters and the Q-factor are investigated quantitatively and closed-from expressions are obtained. Design guidelines are developed to improve the Q-factor and consequently improve the senor sensitivity and accuracy.
Neuroinflammation Alters the Hippocampal Pattern of Behaviorally Induced Arc Expression

Neuroinflammation is associated with a variety of neurological and pathological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and is reliably detected by the presence of activated microglia. In early AD, the highest degree of activated microglia is observed in brain regions involved in learning and memory. To investigate whether neuroinflammation alters the pattern of rapid de novo gene expression associated with learning and memory, we studied the expression of the activity-induced immediate early gene Arc in the hippocampus of rats with experimental neuroinflammation. Rats were chronically infused with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.25 μg/h) into the fourth ventricle for 28 d. On day 29, the rats explored twice a novel environment for 5 min, separated by 45 or 90 min. In the dentate gyrus and CA3 regions of LPS-infused rats, Arc and OX-6 (specific for major histocompatibility complex class II antigens) immunolabeling and Arc fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed both activated microglia (OX-6 immunoreactivity) and elevated exploration-induced Arc expression compared with control-infused rats. In contrast, in the CA1 of LPS-infused rats, where there was no OX-6 immunostaining, exploration-induced Arc mRNA and protein remained similar in both LPS- and control-infused rats. LPS-induced neuroinflammation did not affect basal levels of Arc expression. Behaviorally induced Arc expression was altered only within the regions showing activated microglia (OX-6 immunoreactivity), suggesting that neuroinflammation may alter the coupling of neural activity with macromolecular synthesis implicated in learning and plasticity. This activity-related alteration in Arc expression induced by neuroinflammation may contribute to the cognitive deficits found in diseases associated with inflammation, such as AD.
The 1939 Major League Baseball centennial celebration: how Steve Hannagan & Associates helped tie business to Americana

Abstract This article examined a facet of public relations agency head Steve Hannagan’s career–his campaign for the Major League Baseball (MLB) centennial celebration in 1939–to illuminate the social and economic factors embedded in public relations practice during the Great Depression. The analysis of Hannagan’s work for baseball suggested that during the economic crisis public relations practitioners explored a variety of techniques to link business enterprise with democracy and community needs.