cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do Investors Overrely on Old Elements of the Earnings Time Series

This paper reports an experiment demonstrating that MBA students overrely on old earnings performance when predicting future earnings performance in a laboratory setting. In the experiment, MBA students relied too heavily on old annual ROE information to predict future annual ROE. The experiment shows how a common cognitive error (overreliance on unreliable information) interacts with the structure of the earnings time series to create particular patterns of prediction errors. The results also suggest directions for research on two well-known anomalies, long-run overreactions (De Bondt and Thaler 1985, 1987) and post-earnings-announcement drift (Bernard and Thomas 1990).
Some physico-chemical properties of myosin B from the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus

Abstract 1. 1. Natural actomyosin (myosin B) is usual protein extracted from horseshoe crab muscle with methods used to extract myosin A from rabbit muscle. 2. 2. Myosin B from the crab has been obtained which is almost ultracentrifugally pure having an S 20w ( c = 0) of about 40 S changing to 5.7 S in the presence of ATP, an intrinsic viscosity of 4 to 5 changing to 1.7 with ATP, and an approximately 4-min superprecipitation time with NaATP and no divalent cations. 3. 3. Although apparently inseparable during extraction, both myosin and actin can be recovered when myosin B is dissociated with ATP in the presence of MgCl 2 4. 4. The Weber-type treatment results in a myosin with an S 20w of about 5.17S, an actin with an S 20w of about 2.36 S and a schlieren pattern for the mixture which becomes altered when ATP is introduced.
Information foraging in debugging

Programmers spend a substantial fraction of their debugging time by navigating through source code, yet little is known about how programmers navigate. With the continuing growth in size and complexity of software, this fraction of time is likely to increase, which presents challenges to those seeking both to understand and address the needs of programmers during debugging. Therefore, we investigated the applicability a theory from another domain, namely information foraging theory, to the problem of programmers’ navigation during software maintenance. The goal was to determine the theory’s ability to provide a foundational understanding that could inform future tool builders aiming to support programmer navigation. To perform this investigation, we first defined constructs and propositions for a new variant of information foraging theory for software maintenance. We then operationalized the constructs in different ways and built three executable models to allow for empirical investigation. We developed a simple information-scent-only model of navigation, a more advanced model of programmer navigation, named Programmer Flow by Information Scent (PFIS), which accounts for the topological structure of source code, and PFIS 2, a refinement of PFIS that maintains an up-to-date model of source code on the fly and models information scent even in the absence of explicit information about stated goals. We then used the models in three empirical studies to evaluate the applicability of information foraging theory to this domain. First, we conducted a lab study of 12 IBM programmers working on a bug report and feature request. Second, we conducted an analysis of issues and revisions collected from Sourceforge.net. Finally, we collected programmer navigation behavior, revisions and issues from a field study of programmers working in various groups at IBM. All three models predicted programmers’ navigation behavior, including where programmers allocated their time among patches, where programmers went, or where programmers made changes to fix defects. These results indicate that information foraging theory can predict and explain programmer navigation behavior, and imply that tools based on the principles of information foraging theory will be able to predict subsequent navigation behavior and potentially assist where programmers should go to make changes to fix bugs.
High-throughput micro-plate HCl–vanillin assay for screening tannin content in sorghum grain†

BACKGROUND The HCl–vanillin assay is a well-accepted method for determining tannin content in sorghum but is limited to small sample sets due to the time-consuming nature of the method. The objective was to develop an accurate and repeatable high-throughput 96-well plate assay for breeders to screen large sample sets of sorghum for tannin content. Validation of the high-throughput assay was tested on 25 sorghums suspected to contain tannin. RESULTS Approximately 30 measurements per day were completed using the conventional assay compared to 224 measurements using the 96-well platform. The correlation between the two tannin assays was 0.98. The coefficient of variation (CV) was 3.54% and 3.21% for the 96-well and conventional method, respectively. The 96-well assay exhibited good repeatability, with the inter-plate CV between 2.77% and 4.85%. CONCLUSION The high-throughput 96-well HCl–vanillin assay exhibited an eightfold increase in the number of measurements completed and was as accurate as the conventional HCl–vanillin assay. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Relationships between initial nutrient concentration and total growth.

Ecker, R. E. (Iowa State University, Ames), and W. R. Lockhart. Relationships between initial nutrient concentration and total growth. J. Bacteriol. 82:80–84. 1961.—The relationship observed between maximal attainable growth in a microbial population and initial concentration of limiting nutrient depends upon the parameter selected for measurement of growth. A linear relationship is found only when cell mass is the parameter. When population is used as the measure of growth, the relationship is: Nmax = K′C0s, where Nmax is the maximal attainable population, C0 is the initial concentration of limiting nutrient and K′ and s are constants. The use of this expression in demonstrating subtle differences between strains is shown.
Chromosome Abnormalities in Malignant Hematologic Diseases

Publisher Summary The relatively consistent chromosome changes, especially specific translocations that are closely associated with particular neoplasms, provide convincing evidence for the fundamental role of these changes in the transformation of a normal cell to a malignant cell. In some tumors, these changes are too small to be detected, and the cells appear to have a normal karyotype. However, new chromosome banding techniques have helped in the understanding of the specificity of some of the abnormalities. These techniques allow the identification of each human chromosome and of parts of chromosomes as well. When one considers the number of nonrandom changes that are seen in a cancer such as acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), it is clear that not just one gene but rather a class of genes is involved. Moreover, knowledge of the human gene map has developed concurrently with the understanding of the consistent chromosome changes in neoplasia. It is now possible to correlate the chromosomes that are affected with the genes that they carry.
Personal Selling And Transactional/Transformational Leadership

Selling and leadership both involve influence, so much of what is known about the new paradigm of transactional and transformational leadership can be suggested for enhancing the effectiveness of selling. Thus, as with transformational leadership, selling will be more effective when salespersons are both emotionally and intellectually appealing as well as considerate of their customers' needs. As with transactional leadership, salespersons will be more effective if they are clear about how the customer profits from concurrence with the salespersons' efforts and ensure that the benefits occur. Effective salespersons arrange to keep up-to-date with the customer's problems and needs. Salespersons can also exert important influence on colleagues inside and outside their firms.
I-structures: Data structures for parallel computing

It is difficult simultaneously to achieve elegance, efficiency and parallelism in functional programs that manipulate large data structures. We demonstrate this through careful analysis of program examples using three common functional data-structuring approaches—lists using Cons and arrays using Update (both fine-grained operators), and arrays using make-array (a “bulk” operator). We then present I-structures as an alternative, defining precisely the parallel operational semantics of Id, a language with I-structures. We show elegant, efficient and parallel solutions for the program examples in Id. I-structures make the language non-functional, but do not raise determinacy issues. Finally, we show that even in the context of purely functional languages, I-structures are invaluable for implementing functional data abstractions.
Linear reduction in thyroid cancer risk by oral contraceptive use: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

STUDY QUESTION: Is there an association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and thyroid cancer risk in females? SUMMARY ANSWER: OC use is inversely associated with the risk of thyroid cancer in females. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: OC use may be relevant to the risk of thyroid cancer as suggested by some epidemiological studies. However the findings are inconsistent regarding the effect direction and size. STUDY DESIGN SIZE DURATION: This systematic review and meta-analysis included a total of 1906 patients from about 1.3 million individuals who had participated in 9 prospective cohort studies. The follow-up length ranged 7.5-15.9 years. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING METHODS: PubMed (MEDLINE) was searched through to January 2015 for eligible studies. References of relevant review articles were also manually screened. Prospective cohort studies that evaluated the association between OC use and thyroid cancer risk were included. Study characteristics including patients characteristics length of the follow-up and risk estimates were extracted. The quality of the studies was also assessed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The included studies were of high methodological quality according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. After pooling risk estimates from all the studies there was a significant inverse association between the longest versus shortest duration of OC use and the risk of thyroid cancer [relative risk (RR) = 0.84 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-0.97] with no considerable heterogeneity (I(2) = 26.1%). There was no significant publication bias. The significant association persisted in the subgroup of high-quality studies (RR = 0.84 95% CI 0.72-0.97). By dose-response analysis there was a linear relationship (P = 0.0001) between the duration of OC use and thyroid cancer risk. The summary RR for an increment of 1 year of OC use was 0.96 (95% CI 0.94-0.98) with no significant heterogeneity. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION: Individual patient data were unavailable for a more accurate estimation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: These results indicate that OC use may decrease the risk of thyroid cancer in females. This may have implications for womens decisions regarding the use of OC. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: No funding was involved for this study. No conflicts of interest are declared. (c) The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Movement, home range and habitat selection of stocked juvenile muskellunge, Esox masquinongy, in Forbes Lake, Illinois: exploring the effects of latitudinal origin

Abstract Intraspecific, seasonal and diel variation in movement behaviours of three stocks of juvenile (age-2; 399–610 mm total length) muskellunge, Esox masquinongy Mitchill, were assessed using radio telemetry in Forbes Lake (225 ha), IL, USA. Experimental populations included muskellunge from the Upper Mississippi (Leech Lake, MN, USA) and Ohio (Cave Run Lake, KY, USA) river drainages, as well as progeny from North Spring Lake, IL, a mixed-origin stock. No differences in hourly movement rates or home ranges were detected among stocks. Movement rates were greatest during spring (mean ± SE = 42 ± 4 m h−1), lowest during summer (16 ± 3 m h−1) and intermediate in autumn (28 ± 5 m h−1). Additionally, movement rates during the summer were greater at night than crepuscular periods. Home range sizes were similar during spring and autumn (mean ± SE = 17–18 ± 3–4 ha) and decreased during summer (5 ± 3 ha). Although habitat selection characteristics were generally similar among stocks, fish from the Upper Mississippi River drainage occupied deeper water more frequently and selected the pelagic zone more strongly during the spring than those from the Ohio River and mixed-origin stocks. Within the littoral zone, muskellunge selected coarse woody habitat and aquatic macrophytes. Collectively, these findings suggest little behavioural differentiation among genetically divergent stocks when evaluated in a common reservoir environment.
LOW-TEMPERATURE INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF H$_2$ IN SOLID C$_{60}$

Author Institution: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Oberlin College,; Oberlin, OH 44074
Organic Acids for Haylage in Snow-Fence Silos

Abstract Addition of .73 to 2.1% ammonium isobutyrate or propionic acid to alfalfa stored in open or plastic-enclosed snow-fence silos improved amount and quality of haylage removed. Recovery was increased 5 to 6%, and haylage of feedable quality was increased 25% by acid treatment in either type of silo. Fungal counts were reduced and pH increased by acid treatment. Acid treatment reduced total heat development during 80 days of storage to .43 and .29 that of respective controls in open and plastic-enclosed silos. Use of acids decreased acid detergent insoluble nitrogen and acid detergent fiber more in open than in plastic-enclosed silos. Correlation coefficients between average temperature or degree days above 35 and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen or acid detergent fiber were .89 to .95. Holstein heifers consumed usual amounts of these control and acid-treated haylages.
A Distributed Formation of Smallest Faulty Orthogonal Convex Polygons in 2-D Meshes

The rectangular faulty block model is the most commonly used fault model for designing fault-tolerant and deadlock-free routing algorithms in mesh-connected multicomputers. The convexity of a rectangle facilitates simple and efficient ways to route messages around fault regions using relatively few virtual channels to avoid deadlock. However, such a faulty block may include many nonfaulty nodes which are disabled, i.e., they are not involved in the routing process. Therefore, it is important to define a fault region that is convex, and at the same time, to include a minimum number of nonfaulty nodes. In this paper, we propose a simple and efficient distributed algorithm that can quickly construct a set of special convex polygons, called orthogonal convex polygons, from a given set of rectangular faulty blocks in a 2-D mesh (or 2-D torus). The formation of orthogonal convex polygons is done through a labeling scheme based on iterative message exchanges among neighboring nodes. For a given faulty block, after some nonfaulty nodes have been removed, the block is split into a set of orthogonal convex polygons, each of which is the smallest orthogonal convex polygon that contains all the faults it covers. Moreover, we show that the number of nonfaulty nodes covered in these polygons is no more than the one in the smallest orthogonal convex polygon that includes all the faulty nodes in the original faulty block. Finally, we discuss one open problem and present extensions to multidimensional meshes.
Planning and executing visually constrained robot motions

Despite progress in visual servo control of robot motions, to date the corresponding motion planning problem has not been investigated. In this paper, we present an implemented planner for the special case of a polyhedral world, extending previous preimage type planners to exploit visual constraint surfaces in a fixed-camera robotic system featuring closed-loop visual servo control. We present the mathematics of a hybrid (visual/position feedback) resolved-rate motion control strategy for executing these plans, featuring projection equations defined solely in terms of a small set of observable parameters that are directly obtained from our calibration process. We conclude with experimental results, a description of ongoing research, and the contribution of our work to date.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Slow Motion in the CAA·TTG Sequence of a DNA Decamer Duplex Studied by NMR†

In DNA duplexes, pyrimidine−purine steps are believed to be flexible or conformationally unstable. Indeed, several DNA crystal structures exhibit a multitude of conformations for CpA·TpG steps. The question arises of whether this structural flexibility is accompanied by dynamical flexibility, i.e., a question pertaining to the energy barrier between conformations. Except for TpA steps, slow motions on the microsecond-to-millisecond time scale have not been detected in duplexes until now. In the present study, such slow motion was investigated by 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR relaxation measurements on a DNA decamer d(CATTTGCATC)·d(GATGCAAATG). The DNA decamer was enriched with 15% 13C and 98% 15N isotopes for each adenosine and guanosine residue. Three lines of evidence support the notion of slow motion in the CAA·TTG moiety. Analysis of 15N relaxation showed that the order parameter, S2, of guanosine imino NH groups was about 0.8, similar to that of CH groups for this oligomer. The strong temperature dependence o...
Cellular anamnesis in earthworms

Abstract The quantitative response of coelomic cells associated with first- and second-set Eisenia xenografts transplanted to Lumbricus hosts at 20 ° C was compared with autografts and nonspecific wounds. Coelomocyte numbers were significantly lower in response to first than second-set xenografts. Coelomocytes also increased in association with autografts and nonspecific wounds, but the reaction is short lived, and essential for early wound healing and repair. Such nonspecific increases are different from subsequent specific immunologic longer-lasting coelomocyte responses. First-set xenografts induced a relatively slow increase in coelomocytes, which declined after 3–4 days postgrafting. By contrast, second-set xenografts caused an accelerated rise in coelomocytes, usually 20 to 30% greater than the maximum coelomocyte response induced by first-set xenografts. The mean survival time for first-set xenografts ( non-self ) was 17 ± 1 days, but repeat second-sets were rejected in an accelerated time of 6 ± 1 days. Autografts ( self ) are never destroyed. After priming with a first-set xenograft, this heightened coelomocyte reaction, to a second-set xenograft, was interpreted as an anamnestic response. The memory response is measurable in two ways: grossly as accelerated rejection of repeat xenografts, and at the cellular level, heightened coelomocyte numbers. Specific cellular immunity is demonstrable phylogenetically at the level of annelid worms.
Polymer diffusion in a dilute theta solution: 1. Polystyrene in cyclohexane

Abstract Translational diffusion coefficients of two narrow molecular weight distributions of polystyrene in cyclohexane under theta conditions have been studied using Rayleigh linewidth spectroscopy. Experimental evaluation of the time correlation function profiles according to the histogram approximation shows that the diffusion coefficient at zero concentration (D0) and the concentration dependence of the first-order friction coefficient (kf) can be determined by making only one measurement of the time correlation function of a polymer solution of known molecular weight (such as M z , M w or M n ) at one concentration and one scattering angle. By making photon correlation measurements at two different concentrations, we are able to make a definitive comparison of our experiments with the theoretical descriptions of Yamakawa, Imai, and Pyun and Fixman. In contrast to earlier findings of King, Knox, Lee and McAdam (Polymer 1973, 14, 151), our results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction of Pyun and Fixman at the theta temperature.
Reactivity studies of 2,3,5,6-tetra(2-pyridyl) pyrazine (tppz) with first-row transition metal ions

Reactions of 2,3,5,6-tetra(2-pyridyl) pyrazine (tppz) with [ML 6 ][X] 2 (L = CH 3 CN, H 2 O; X = [BF 4 ] - , [ClO 4 ] - , [NO 3 ] - [BArF] - (BArF - B[3.5-C 6 H 3 (CF 3 ) 2 ] 4 ) lead to the high-yield formation of mononuclear [M(tppz) 2 ] 2 + , (M = Mn I I , Fe I I , Co I I , and Ni I I ) and dinuclear [Ni 2 (tppz)(CH 3 CN) 6 ] 4 + species. The new compounds were fully characterized by X-ray crystallographic, spectroscopic, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Surprisingly, the 2:1 M:tppz reactions did not lead to isolation of the dinuclear species except in the case of Ni(II). It was further noted that even in the case of the Ni reactions, the nuclearity of the product depends on the choice of anions and the reaction conditions. Magnetic measurements of the mononuclear species [Co(tppz) 2 ] 2 + revealed thermally induced spin-crossover behavior from a high-spin S = 3/2 at higher temperatures to a low-spin S = ½ complex at lower temperatures. The dinuclear compound [Ni 2 (tppz)(CH 3 CN) 6 ] 4 + exhibits a weak antiferromagnetic interaction through the bridging tppz ligand.
Machine learning for intelligent support of conflict resolution

Abstract Because negotiation and conflict resolution are complex and unstructured tasks, they need sophisticated decision support. One of the crucial characteristics of such support is systems that are capable of improving their performance, both in terms of efficiency and solution quality, by employing machine learning techniques. A framework for intelligent computer-supported conflict resolution through negotiation/ mediation is presented. The model integrates Artificial Intelligence methods (case-based reasoning) and decision theoretic techniques (multi-attribute utilities) to provide enhanced conflict resolution and negotiation support in group problem solving. This model has been implemented in the PERSUADER, a computer program which operates in the domain of resolution of labor management disputes. The PERSUADER uses case-based reasoning (CBR) to learn from its experience. In contrast to quantitative models or expert systems that solve each problem from scratch and discard the solution at the end of problem solving, CBR retains the process and results of its computational decisions so that they can be re-used to solve future related problems. CBR is a powerful learning method since it enables a system not only to exploit previous succesful decisions, thus short-cutting possibly long reasoning chains, but also to profit from previous failures by using them to recognize similar failures in advance so they can be avoided in the future. As the state of the art in DSS development advances and as DSSs support increasingly more complicated tasks, such machine learning techniques will become an indispensable part of decision support systems.
A critique of the Harvard Resource-Based Relative Value Scale.

Physician payment reform has assumed a prominent place in the national health policy debate. A key component in this debate is the Harvard Resource-Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS). The Harvard research effort relied upon several necessary methodologic assumptions and compromises that must be understood to appreciate the RBRVS's strengths and weaknesses. For example, the Harvard group surveyed too few cases to cover the range of clinical practice in a specialty, had too little input in the selection of cases that were judged to be the same or equivalent between specialties, and used an unproven extrapolation methodology to assign final values for total work to non-surveyed physician services. This methodology led to a number of anomalies in the final RBRVS, such as values for comprehensive services for some specialties that were lower for new than for established patients, and total work values for many new patient office services that were lower for Internal Medicine than for Family Practice, a finding...
Remote memory in a patient with amnesia due to hypoxia.

It has been suggested that amnesic patients suffer a selective loss of episodic memory while semantic memory remains well preserved. To assess the validity of this idea we studied remote memory in an amnesic patient, (M.R.L.), using several different measures that differ in the extent to which they engage episodic or semantic memory. On two different versions of the Albert et al. (1979) remote memory battery M.R.L. displayed severe retrograde amnesia (RA) extending backwards in time for about 15 years with excellent preservation of older memories. With standard recall instructions his overall performance on the Crovitz test of autobiographical memory was impaired and all of M.R.L.'s specific, temporally dated memories were given from the first half of his life. When asked to reconstruct his past residential history in detail, M.R.L. provide specific and generally accurate information for residences occupied from his boyhood until 1970, but thereafter his memory became quite unreliable. On a test of knowledge of terms commonly employed in the surveying profession, in which he worked for the past 20 years, M.R.L.'s performance was also impaired. The consistent pattern of RA displayed by this patient on all of the tests of remote memory indicates that both episodic and semantic memory are impaired in amnesia.
Dual Ambulatory pH Monitoring in Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Rendered Asymptomatic with Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy

Studies have suggested that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) achieves high rates of esophageal acid normalization. Our aims were to investigate the adequacy of esophageal and gastric acid suppression in reflux patients rendered asymptomatic on optimized PPI therapy. We retrospectively analyzed outcomes of dual-sensor, ambulatory 24-h pH monitoring in referred persistent reflux patients rendered asymptomatic on PPI therapy. After optimization, we analyzed esophageal and gastric pH profiles to assess acid suppression and examine differences between PPIs. In patients with repeat studies, comparisons between different PPI doses were made. Of 172 asymptomatic GERD patients, 75 (43.6 %) achieved symptomatic remission with once-daily dosing PPI, and 97 (56.4 %) patients required twice-daily dosing. Of the entire cohort, 93 (54.1 %) had abnormal and 79 (45.9 %) had normal esophageal pH profiles, with mean percent time pH < 4.0 of 14.3 and 2.4, respectively (p < 0.0001). The percent time esophageal pH was abnormal did not correlate with the percent time gastric pH was abnormal (p = 0.17). Different PPI formulations demonstrated differences in gastric—not esophageal—pH times, with esomeprazole exhibiting superior gastric pH suppression (p < 0.0001). Overall, gastric pH control remained suboptimal, with pH < 4.0 ranging between 30 and 50 %. Among patients with sequential pH studies, those with higher PPI dose had improved esophageal pH profiles (p < 0.01). In GERD patients rendered asymptomatic on PPI therapy, most continue to experience abnormal esophageal and gastric acid exposure. The efficacy of acid suppression therapy, in certain patients, may be much lower than previously thought.
Advances in Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy: Application to Reservoirs, Outcrops and Models

About 12 years ago at some oil patch city hosting the annual convention of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, I found myself three rows deep in the standing-room-only section, gazing out at approximately 2,000 additional, but seated conventioneers, all listening to every word uttered by the then gods of sequence stratigraphy addressing us at a special symposium. I wondered out loud if this session had sucked nearly everyone else out of all the concurrent sessions and imagined a convention center filled with empty rooms being addressed by single, lonely speakers who probably had to introduce themselves, as their session moderators had abandoned their posts to hear the gods speak as well. I was quickly shushed as my fellow upright (uptight?) neighbors, who were invading my body space and straining to understand the tortured details as to why parasequences were not little bitty sequences or what the exact relationship was between maximum flooding surfaces and condensed sections, and so on and so forth.
Measurement of Peak Voltages in High-Voltage Testing, with particular reference to a Modified Diode Peak Voltmeter

The paper discusses briefly the various known methods of measuring a.c. peak voltages in connection with h.v. testing, and mentions the errors and drawbacks associated with them. Results of a method of measurement, based on the principle of the diode peak voltmeter, are given whereby wave-shape and frequency errors are eliminated within wide limits. Comparisons are made with sphere-gap calibrations, 1 and also with a voltmeter of the "rectified condenser-current" type. 2 The method described, although primarily intended to apply directly to the h.v. connection, can be used in conjunction with a voltage transformer (or tertiary winding on the h.v. transformer).
Corrigendum to “Spectro-spatial wave features as detectors and classifiers of nonlinearity in periodic chains” [Wave Motion 50 (2013) 821–835]

Abstract This erratum corrects a typographical error in the paper “Spectro-spatial wave features as detectors and classifiers of nonlinearity in periodic chains” by R. Ganesh and S. Gonella.
Catalytic enantioselective cyclopropanation with bis(halomethyl)zinc reagents. II. The effect of promoter structure on selectivity

Abstract The catalytic, enantioselective cyclopropanation of cinnamyl alcohol has been accomplished with bis(iodomethyl)zinc in the presence of chiral bis(sulfonamides) derived from cyclohexanediamine. An extensive survey of diamine and sulfonamide structure has revealed a marked sensitivity to the spatial relationship of the amine groups, but only a modest dependence on the sulfonamide residue.
A Cyclotron Power-Amplifier RF System Using a 4CW50,000/8350 Tetrode

The radio frequency system of the Universit f Colorado 52" cyclotron has been described at earlier stages in its evolution. The purpos of the present report is to describe a major change in the power amplifier and other changes in the control circuits, and to report operating experienc with the system. Table 1 lists some of the parameters of the system. The change in the power amplifier resulted in an appreciable simplification. Excluding the dee resonant circuit, there is now only one circuit in the rf system requiring remote tuning. The dee voltage control circuit incorporates current limiting protection for the power amplifier tubes to prevent damage to the system by inexperienced operators. The System is particularly easy to operate. After the operator has set the system up on the operating frequency and the dee voltag ontrol is set to the desired value, the dee voltage is turned on and off by means of two push buttons, and requires no other attention. Change in frequency require from one to ten minutes, depending on the distance that the short must be moved.
CT findings of walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN): differentiation from pseudocyst and prediction of outcome after endoscopic therapy

Computed tomography (CT) findings that may differentiate walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) from pancreatic pseudocyst were investigated. CT examinations performed before endoscopic therapy of pancreatic fluid collection (PFC) in 73 patients (45 WOPN, 28 pseudocysts) were evaluated retrospectively by two radiologists. PFC was evaluated for size, extension to paracolic space, characteristics of wall and internal structure. The pancreas was evaluated for deformity or discontinuity, and pancreatic duct dilation. CT findings that were associated with WOPN or pseudocyst were identified. CT score (number of CT findings associated with WOPN minus number of findings associated with pseudocyst) was calculated for each PFC. PFC was categorized as WOPN or pseudocyst using a CT score threshold. Larger size, extension to paracolic space, irregular wall definition, presence of fat attenuation debris in PFC, pancreatic deformity or discontinuity (P < 0.05–0.0001) were findings associated with WOPN. Presence of pancreatic duct dilation was associated with pseudocyst. Using a CT score of 2 or higher as a threshold, CT differentiated WOPN from pseudocyst with an accuracy of 79.5–83.6%. Thus, CT can differentiate WOPN from pseudocysts.
Alcohol tolerance in Escherichia coli

During growth with ethanol, the proportion of 18:1 fatty acid in the lipids of E. coli increases at the expense of saturated fatty acids. The significance of these changes was investigated in terms of growth and survival in the presence of ethanol. Two approaches were used: (1) A comparison of alcohol tolerance among strains of E. coli with different fatty acid compositions; (2) A comparison of alcohol tolerance using a lipid mutant in which the fatty acid composition was controlled by exogenous supplements. An increase in unsaturated fatty acid content was beneficial for both growth and survival. We conclude that the alcohol-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of E. coli are part of an adaptive response, compensating for some of the harmful effects of this drug.
Effect of an area program using blacklight traps to control populations of tobacco hornworms and tomato hornworms in Kentucky.

An area program using 3 black light traps per square mile over 113 square miles was established in 1964 and maintained through 1966 in Shelby County, Kentucky, to evaluate its effectiveness in reducing populations of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johannson), and the tomato hornworm, M. quinquemaculata (Haworth), attacking burley tobacco. Fewer hornworm moths were caught in evaluation traps inside than outside this area in 1965 and 1966, but the difference was not so great for the female as for the male moths. The number of moths caught per evaluation trap was substantially greater in 1966 than in 1965, and there was no relative reduction of moths caught inside compared with those caught outside the area from 1965 to 1966. In 1965 and 1966 more eggs and larvae were found per plant outside than inside the 113-square-mile area. The number of eggs and larvae per plant did not increase with distance from the center of the area in 1965 but did in 1966. Economic control of tobacco and tomato hornworms was not achieved by the use of black light traps in this test in Kentucky.
Cat spatial vision.

Abstract The cat has contributed greatly to our understanding of the neural events underlying spatial vision. Behavioral experiments make it possible to determine the extent to which the cat's abilities to detect and discriminate spatial patterns can be related to the sampling distribution and the receptive field properties of neurons within the early stages of the cat's visual system. In addition, comparisons of cat and human spatial vision provide justification for theories of human spatial vision based on cat neurophysiology.
Optimizing Evaluation Quality and Utility under Resource Constraints.

Abstract Evaluation is again achieving prominence in the accountability-oriented environment of the late twentieth century. However, consistent with an emphasis on cost-saving, the evaluation enterprise itself will confront resource constraints. This article presents a framework to describe typical constraints which program evaluators face. The framework encompasses the ‘usual’ evaluation costs, such as the time, effort and money needed to do an evaluation, as well as other factors which impede data collection and/or the implementation of strong evaluation designs. These are characterized as internal/substantive (relating to the nature of the evaluand) or external/political, such as maintenance of documentation, program/policy changes, etc. The framework is applied in a case study of constraints experienced in a demonstration/evaluation project focused on supported education for adults with psychiatric disabilities. The case study then presents data collection, measurement, analysis and management/communication strategies employed to address these constraints. The discussion focuses on the overall challenges and successes of these strategies. Implications for evaluation practice are presented.
Removal of a Günther Tulip filter after 3,006 days.

Patients may be denied the opportunity to have their inferior vena cava (IVC) filters removed because of a perception that retrievable filters that have been in place for a long period of time may be more technically difficult or hazardous to remove. A case report on the removal of a Gunther Tulip filter that was implanted for a total of 3,006 days is presented. This case report adds to the literature that suggests that no time limits may exist after which many retrievable IVC filters can no longer be safely removed.
Helicase–Contrahelicase Interaction and the Mechanism of Termination of DNA Replication

Abstract Termination of DNA replication at a sequence-specific replication terminus is potentiated by the binding of the replication terminator protein (RTP) to the terminus sequence, causing polar arrest of the replicative helicase (contrahelicase activity). Two alternative models have been proposed to explain the mechanism of replication fork arrest. In the first model, the RTP–terminus DNA interaction simply imposes a polar barrier to helicase movement without involving any specific interaction between the helicase and the terminator proteins. The second model proposes that there is a specific interaction between the two proteins, and that the DNA–protein interaction both restricts the fork arrest to the replication terminus and determines the polarity of the process. The evidence presented in this paper strongly supports the second model.
Thermodynamics of aqueous calcium chloride

Various published measurements of the osmotic coefficient and the apparent molal enthalpy of aqueous CaCl2 are examined and correlated. It is found that CaCl2 shows an anomalous behavior near 5 molal. Below that molality the various properties are well represented by the usual ion-interaction equation with simple temperature dependent expressions for the second and third virial parameters. Information from neutron diffraction and crystal structure is considered in discussing the anomalous behavior at high molality.
A Vulnerable Period for Ventricular Tachycardia Following Myocardial Infarction

Following ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery in dogs, low energy shocks delivered in the ventricular vulnerable period result in ventricular tachycardia—VT(υp). These disorders degenerate to ventricular fibrillation. VT(υp) can be reverted to sinus rhythm with transthoracic shocks of less than 1 Wsec. Within 7 days after infarction, VT(υp) can no longer be evoked. Similar arrhythmias have been noted in men with acute myocardial infarction.
Tennessee Williams' Ravenous Women: Fat Behavior Onstage

This article explores the text of three plays by Tennessee Williams that construct female characters and shape their personalities through a myriad of negative stereotypes and pathologies associated with the fat (white) woman. Dramaturgically speaking, the strong female characters portrayed in these texts disrupt the stasis of the play with their immoderate behavior and therefore drive the plot forward. Although the plays do not all explicitly call for fat actresses, within the texts there are subtle semiotics that connect the excessive behavior of the character with her body type. These examples suggest that Williams capitalizes on cultural fears and prejudices concerning the (fat) female body and use associations explicitly linked to fat/consuming women to create characters who embody “fat behavior,” and thus contribute to dramatic conflict within the play.
Ultraviolet radiation enhances both the nodular and ulcerative forms of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in a Crl:IAF(HA)-hrBR hairless guinea pig model of Buruli ulcer disease.

Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UV) pre-exposure enhances intracellular mycobacterial infections, however, its effect upon the pathogenesis of the extracellular Mycobacterium ulcerans parasite had not been previously examined. The hypothesis tested was that UV pre-exposure enhances both the nodular and ulcerative forms of M. ulcerans infection in the Crl:IAF(HA)-hrBR hairless guinea pig. Methods: Groups of five animals were exposed to total cumulative UV doses of 0 (control), 3 or 30 kJ/m2 followed 3 days later by subcutaneous infection with 3 × 104 CFU of M. ulcerans in order to induce the nodular form of the disease. The resultant nodules were then measured for the next 22 days. The experiment was then repeated using intradermal infection with 2 × 106 CFU in order to induce the ulcerative form of the disease. The resultant ulcers were measured for the next 30 days. In both experiments, the animals were tested for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactivity to Burulin-S as a marker of the onset of the reactive phase of the disease. Results: Following low inoculum subcutaneous infection, distinct, well-demarcated, subcutaneously situated skin nodules were present at infected skin sites between 7 and 22 days post-infection. Between days 14 and 21, the mean nodule diameters of the UV irradiated groups were significantly (P < 0.03) greater than that of the control group. UV pre-exposure resulted in significant (P < 0.035) suppression of DTH responses to Burulin-S challenge. High inoculum intradermal infection resulted in the development of ulcerative lesions. Between 10 and 30 days post-infection, the mean lesion diameters and mean ulcer development times of UV irradiated groups were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than those of the controls. However, UV irradiation did not affect DTH responses to Burulins in the high inoculum experiment. In both experiments, the lesions were histologically consistent with human Buruli ulcer disease. These results demonstrate that UV pre-exposure results in enhanced M. ulcerans infection in the hairless guinea pig model of Buruli ulcer disease and suggest that UV exposure may be a relevant factor in the pathogenesis of human forms of the disease.
Assessing Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, and Pb Sorption on montmorillonite using surface complexation models

Abstract Cadmium, Co, Cu, Ni and Pb adsorption is measured on montmorillonite as a function of pH (3–11), ionic strength (0.001–0.1 M NaNO 3 ), and sorbate concentration (0.1–10 μM metal on 0.5 g/L solid). Sorption of all metals shows strong dependence on ionic strength and sorbate concentration, as well as a break in the slope of the edge, indicative of a 2-site interaction with montmorillonite. The resulting adsorption edges are used to parameterize diffuse layer surface complexation models (DLMs) for each metal. A 2-site DLM with a bidentate variable charge surface hydroxyl site and a bidentate permanent charge exchange site produced good fits for the individual experiments, but lacked the robustness to accurately predict adsorption across the entire experimental range. Other models, such as CCM, TLM, or CD-MUSIC may be required for more accurate predictions across broad ranges of solution conditions.
Prevention of diabetic kidney disease: negative clinical trials with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors.

The onset of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is typically marked by development of increased urinary albumin excretion. Microalbuminuria, the earliest detectable increase in urinary albumin, is defined by an albumin-to-creatinine ratio in the range of 30–300 mg/g [1]. Although there is currently a debate about whether albuminuria is an adequate biomarker of DKD, it remains the test most commonly used by clinicians and researchers alike to screen for DKD. Since angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are proven therapies for DKD characterized by macroalbuminuria (albumin-to-creatinine ratio >300 mg/g), by logical extension these agents might also prevent the development of microalbuminuria. Two recent publications test this hypothesis [2, 3].
Stochastic System Identification of Skin Properties: Linear and Wiener Static Nonlinear Methods

Wiener static nonlinear system identification was used to study the linear dynamics and static nonlinearities in the response of skin and underlying tissue under indentation in vivo. A device capable of measuring the dynamic mechanical properties of bulk skin tissue was developed and it incorporates a custom-built Lorentz force actuator that measures the dynamic compliance between the input force (<12 N) and the output displacement (<20 mm). A simple linear stochastic system identification technique produced a variance accounted for (VAF) of 75–81% and Wiener static nonlinear techniques increased the VAF by 5%. Localized linear techniques increased the VAF to 85–95% with longer tests. Indentation experiments were conducted on 16 test subjects to determine device sensitivity and repeatability. Using the device, the coefficient of variation of test metrics was found to be as low as 2% for a single test location. The measured tissue stiffness was 300 N/m near the surface and 4.5 kN/m for high compression. The damping ranged from 5 to 23 N s/m. The bulk skin properties were also shown to vary significantly with gender and body mass index. The device and techniques used in this research can be applied to consumer product analysis, medical diagnosis and tissue research.
Enzymes of chitin metabolism in the decapod, Hemigrapsus nudus

Abstract 1. 1. Maximal enzyme activity profiles for glycogen phosphorylase, glycogen synthetase and chitin synthetase have been obtained from tissue extracts of Hemigrapsus nudus and correlated with the molt cycle. 2. 2. Glycogen phosphorylase activity was maximum in early intermolt (C1) in the muscle and integument and in early postmolt in the hepatopancreas. Peak glycogen synthetase occurred in late intermolt (C4) in muscle. 3. 3. Chitin synthetase activity increased in early premolt (D1) and early post-molt (A). An apparent K m value of 1.7 × 10−4 M was determined. 4. 4. These data support a correlation between glycogen and chitin metabolism and relate metabolic events to molting in H. nudus.