cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The reliability test and evaluation program for the next generation weather radar (NEXRAD) system

A general guide to testing large-scale electronic systems to the requirements of MIL-STD-781C is outlined with particular applications to NEXRAD. This program was governed by the requirements of several reliability-oriented military standards. The major equipment used in this system is considered. The availability requirements for this program are given, as well as the availability equation which utilizes the data gathered from the NEXRAD reliability and maintainability test and evaluation program. >
"What am I supposed to do all day?": Three big ideas for the reading coach

This article addresses a critical question for reading coaches: How should they spend their instructional time in schools? Three big ideas are presented: First, effective reading coaches focus their attention on a set of primary goals—the teachers to whom they are assigned, the reading instruction taking place, and the student learning in the classroom. They should not focus on administrative tasks or meetings. Second, effective reading coaches ensure that they are in classrooms every day. They should spend most of their time in classrooms rather than in their offices. Third, effective reading coaches establish themselves as individuals who can help teachers with reading instruction. They become part of the teaching and learning community in the school—not separate from it.
POS-1 and GLD-1 repress glp-1 translation through a conserved binding-site cluster.

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) coordinate cell fate specification and differentiation in a variety of systems. RNA regulation is critical during oocyte development and early em- bryogenesis, in which RBPs control expression from maternal mRNAs encoding key cell fate determinants. The Caenorhabditis elegans Notch homologue glp-1 coordinates germline progenitor cell proliferation and anterior fate specification in embryos. A network of se - quence-specific RBPs is required to pattern GLP-1 translation. Here, we map the cis-regulato- ry elements that guide glp-1 regulation by the CCCH-type tandem zinc finger protein POS-1 and the STAR-domain protein GLD-1. Our results demonstrate that both proteins recognize the glp-1 3' untranslated region (UTR) through adjacent, overlapping binding sites and that POS-1 binding excludes GLD-1 binding. Both factors are required to repress glp-1 translation in the embryo, suggesting that they function in parallel regulatory pathways. It is intriguing that two equivalent POS-1-binding sites are present in the glp-1 3' UTR, but only one, which overlaps with a translational derepression element, is functional in vivo. We propose that POS-1 regulates glp-1 mRNA translation by blocking access of other RBPs to a key regula- tory sequence.
Correlation of Amount of Metabolite Excreted and Its Excretion Rate with Available Surface Area of Tolbutamide in Dosage Form

Tolbutamide was administered to normal human test subjects in the form of thin cylindrical disks having an initial surface area of 6.60 cm. 2 per 0.5 Gm. dose and in the form of spherical granules prepared by coating spherical inert core granules with this drug. The initial surface areas of the granules used were 36.9, 63.1, and 98.6 cm. 2 per 0.5 Gm. dose of tolbutamide. Excretion rate of carboxytolbutamide, the metabolite of tolbutamide, was determined following dose ingestion. Perfect rank-order correlation was shown between per cent of a dose as metabolite excreted in the urine in 48 hours and surface area of tolbutamide in the dosage form. Likewise, there was perfect rank-order correlation between mean maximum excretion rate of carboxytolbutamide and surface area of tolbutamide in the dosage form.
Traveler Perspectives of Greenway Quality in Northern New England

Greenways across a range of landscapes from urban to natural serve society as both transportation corridors and recreational pathways. Because of these dual functions, planning and management of greenways warrant an interdisciplinary approach that incorporates frameworks from the fields of transportation and outdoor recreation. Research was conducted to (a) investigate the relationship between transportation and recreation from a greenway user's perspective, (b) consider and integrate transportation and recreation frameworks that measure quality of greenway travel, and (c) determine the significance of settings in user perceptions of quality. On-site surveys of users (n 5 841) across three greenways in northern New England were administered to learn how travelers used and perceived the quality of these facilities. Findings showed that greenways were used primarily for recreation but often incorporated varying elements of transportation. Furthermore, traveler perceptions of quality differed across settings...
Electronic Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarette Use Among US Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study

Importance Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is increasing rapidly among adolescents, and e-cigarettes are currently unregulated. Objective To examine e-cigarette use and conventional cigarette smoking. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional analyses of survey data from a representative sample of US middle and high school students in 2011 (n = 17 353) and 2012 (n = 22 529) who completed the 2011 and 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey. Exposures Ever and current e-cigarette use. Main Outcomes and Measures Experimentation with, ever, and current smoking, and smoking abstinence. Results Among cigarette experimenters (≥1 puff), ever e-cigarette use was associated with higher odds of ever smoking cigarettes (≥100 cigarettes; odds ratio [OR] = 6.31; 95% CI, 5.39-7.39) and current cigarette smoking (OR = 5.96; 95% CI, 5.67-6.27). Current e-cigarette use was positively associated with ever smoking cigarettes (OR = 7.42; 95% CI, 5.63-9.79) and current cigarette smoking (OR = 7.88; 95% CI, 6.01-10.32). In 2011, current cigarette smokers who had ever used e-cigarettes were more likely to intend to quit smoking within the next year (OR = 1.53; 95% CI, 1.03-2.28). Among experimenters with conventional cigarettes, ever use of e-cigarettes was associated with lower 30-day (OR = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.21-0.28), 6-month (OR = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.21-0.28), and 1-year (OR = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.21-0.30) abstinence from cigarettes. Current e-cigarette use was also associated with lower 30-day (OR = 0.11; 95% CI, 0.08-0.15), 6-month (OR = 0.11; 95% CI, 0.08-0.15), and 1-year (OR = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.07-0.18) abstinence. Among ever smokers of cigarettes (≥100 cigarettes), ever e-cigarette use was negatively associated with 30-day (OR = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.42-0.89), 6-month (OR = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.33-0.83), and 1-year (OR = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.18-0.56) abstinence from conventional cigarettes. Current e-cigarette use was also negatively associated with 30-day (OR = 0.35; 95% CI, 0.18-0.69), 6-month (OR = 0.30; 95% CI, 0.13-0.68), and 1-year (OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.13-0.87) abstinence. Conclusions and Relevance Use of e-cigarettes was associated with higher odds of ever or current cigarette smoking, higher odds of established smoking, higher odds of planning to quit smoking among current smokers, and, among experimenters, lower odds of abstinence from conventional cigarettes. Use of e-cigarettes does not discourage, and may encourage, conventional cigarette use among US adolescents.
Eosinophilic myocarditis mimicking acute coronary syndrome secondary to idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome: a case report

Eosinophilic myocarditis is a rare form of myocarditis. It is characterized pathologically by diffuse or focal myocardial inflammation with eosinophilic infiltration, often in association with peripheral blood eosinophilia. We report a case of eosinophilic myocarditis secondary to hypereosinophilic syndrome. A 74-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of asthma, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, stroke and coronary artery disease presented to the emergency department of our hospital with chest pain. Evaluations revealed that she had peripheral blood eosinophilia and elevated cardiac enzymes. Electrocardiographic findings were nonspecific. Her electrocardiographic finding and elevated cardiac enzymes pointed to a non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction. Echocardiogram showed a severe decrease in the left ventricular systolic function. Coronary angiogram showed nonobstructive coronary artery disease. She then underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, which showed neither infiltrative myocardial diseases nor any evidence of infarction. This was followed by an endomyocardial biopsy which was consistent with eosinophilic myocarditis. Hematologic workup regarding her eosinophilia was consistent with hypereosinophilic syndrome. After being started on steroid therapy, her peripheral eosinophilia resolved and her symptoms improved. Her left ventricular ejection fraction, however, did not improve. Eosinophilic myocarditis can present like an acute myocardial infarction and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in patients with a history of allergy, asthma or acute reduction of the left ventricular function with or without peripheral eosinophilia.
The Workplace as a Context for Cross-Cutting Political Discourse

Political dialogue among citizens offers numerous potential contributions to American politics, but attainment of these benefits hinges largely on the extent to which conversations cross lines of political difference. In what contexts are cross-cutting interactions most likely to thrive? Using data from five surveys, we find consistent evidence that the workplace is the social context best positioned to facilitate cross-cutting political discourse. Political discussion in the workplace involves a large number of discussants, and it involves greater exposure to people of dissimilar perspectives than does discussion in contexts such as the family, the neighborhood, or the voluntary association. We next consider whether workplace-based interactions are capable of producing beneficial effects. Despite the notoriously weak nature of work-based social ties, we find evidence that workplace-based exposure to differing political views increases people's knowledge of rationales for political perspectives other than...
The Usage of a Conjunctival Flap to Improve Retention of Boston Type 1 Keratoprosthesis in Severe Ocular Surface Disease

AbstractPurpose: The Boston keratoprostheses type 1 devices (KPro) are utilized in cases unfavorable to penetrating keratoplasty. The prognosis remains guarded in cases of ocular surface disease due to risk of tissue necrosis. We describe a novel surgical approach using a conjunctival flap with a delayed opening to improve retention.Methods: In three patients with advanced cicatrizing conjunctivitis, a Type 1 keratoprosthesis was stabilized using a full tarsal conjunctival flap. Three months postoperatively, an opening was created in the flap overlying the optical portion of the device.Results: All patients had no device related complications over a mean follow-up period of 17.7 months (range 15-21 months) and vision remained excellent at better than 20/200 for all patients.Conclusions: Utilization of a tarsal flap either primarily as part of a two stage modified technique or secondarily in cases of tissue necrosis and impending device extrusion might maximize retention of the type 1 KPro.
Promises and Privacy: Promissory Estoppel and Confidential Disclosure in Online Communities

Online communities often provide significant support for those who seek it. Yet in order to take advantage of that support, users must frequently disclose sensitive information such as dating profiles, candid thoughts, or even past substance abuse. What happens when other community members fail to keep this potentially harmful information confidential? Traditional remedies will likely fail to protect people when members of an online community violate the confidentiality of other members. In this Article, I contend that promissory estoppel, an equitable doctrine designed to protect those who detrimentally rely on promises, can ensure confidentiality for members of online communities. The application of promissory estoppel via a website’s terms of use agreement as a method for protecting disclosure has substantial advantages over tort-based, technological or contractual remedies. Under the third-party beneficiary doctrine or the concept of dual agency, these agreements could create a safe place to disclose information due to mutual ability to enforce promises of confidentiality.
Stochastic-Volatility, Jump-Diffusion Optimal Portfolio Problem with Jumps in Returns and Volatility

This paper treats the risk-averse optimal portfolio problem with consumption in continuous time for a stochastic-jump-volatility, jump-diffusion (SJVJD) model of the underlying risky asset and the volatility. The new developments are the use of the SJVJD model with log-truncated-double-exponential jump-amplitude distribution in returns and exponential jump-amplitude distribution in volatility for the optimal portfolio problem. Although unlimited borrowing and short-selling play an important role in pure diffusion models, it is shown that borrowing and short-selling are unrealistically constrained for infinite-range jump-amplitudes. Finite-range jump-amplitude models can allow constraints to be very large in contrast to infinite range models which severely restrict the optimal instantaneous stock-fraction to [0,1]. The reasonable constraints in the optimal stock-fraction due to jumps in the wealth argument for stochastic dynamic programming jump integrals remove a singularity in the stock-fraction due to vanishing volatility. Main modifications for the usual constant relative risk aversion (CRRA) power utility model are for handling the partial integro-differential equation (PIDE) resulting from the additional variance independent variable, instead of the ordinary integro-differential equation (OIDE) found for the pure jump-diffusion model of the wealth process. In addition to natural constraints due to jumps when enforcing the positivity of wealth condition, other constraints are considered for all practical purposes under finite market conditions. Computational results are presented for optimal portfolio values, stock fraction and consumption policies.
Sydow, Debbie, and Richard Alfred. (2013). Re-Visioning Community Colleges: Positioning for Innovation

Re-visioning community colleges: Positioning for innovation is the third book in the American Council on Education (ACE) Series on Community Colleges. The previous books in the series are First in ...
Pathogenic IL‐23 signaling is required to initiate GM‐CSF‐driven autoimmune myocarditis in mice

Using a mouse model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), we showed for the first time that IL-23 stimulation of CD4(+) T cells is required only briefly at the initiation of GM-CFS-dependent cardiac autoimmunity. IL-23 signal, acting as a switch, turns on pathogenicity of CD4(+) T cells, and becomes dispensable once autoreactivity is established. Il23a(-/-) mice failed to mount an efficient Th17 response to immunization, and were protected from myocarditis. However, remarkably, transient IL-23 stimulation ex vivo fully restored pathogenicity in otherwise nonpathogenic CD4(+) T cells raised from Il23a(-/-) donors. Thus, IL-23 may no longer be necessary to uphold inflammation in established autoimmune diseases. In addition, we demonstrated that IL-23-induced GM-CSF mediates the pathogenicity of CD4(+) T cells in EAM. The neutralization of GM-CSF abrogated cardiac inflammation. However, sustained IL-23 signaling is required to maintain IL-17A production in CD4(+) T cells. Despite inducing inflammation in Il23a(-/-) recipients comparable to wild-type (WT), autoreactive CD4(+) T cells downregulated IL-17A production without persistent IL-23 signaling. This divergence on the controls of GM-CSF-dependent pathogenicity on one side and IL-17A production on the other side may contribute to the discrepant efficacies of anti-IL-23 therapy in different autoimmune diseases.
The Testing of Rubber and Rubber-Like Materials for Oil-Resistance

Abstract The technic of testing the oil-resistance of rubber and rubber-like materials is less accurate than that for many other qualities. It is impossible to obtain exact measurements of the most significant changes that occur during immersion in a swelling medium. The problems facing testing engineers are to develop observation and manual tests which will supplement machine tests, to develop accelerated tests that can be correlated with service conditions, and to interpret test results in values which will demonstrate the performance of these products in oil or solvent service.
Preferential reduction of conjugated bilirubin to urobilinogen by normal fecal flora.

Summary and Conclusions1. A method of preparing a relatively stable concentrated adsorbate of conjugated bilirubin (glucuronide) from bile, is described. This has been used in a series of experiments in broth cultures of fecal bacteria. 2. A significant and often much greater increase of urobilinogen formation was observed after addition of the conjugated as contrasted with free bilirubin. 3. The urobilinogen group formed in the bacterial cultures consisted of varying proportions of d-Dehydrourobilin, i-Urobilin, and l-Stercobilin. Under the same conditions the fecal flora readily reduced d-DU to i-U, and i-U to l-S.
Analysis of Discrete-Time H2 Guaranteed Cost Performance

This paper presents a methodology for analyzing the H 2 guaranteed cost performance of a discrete-time LTI system with unstructured dynamic uncertainty. Using the methods of guaranteed cost control, an upper bound on H 2 guaranteed cost performance over unstructured parametric uncertainty is formulated in terms of feasibility of a linear matrix inequality. It is then shown that the feasibility of this inequality also guarantees the same level of performance also over unstructured dynamic uncertainty. This is then used to formulate the problem of finding the best upper bound on H 2 guaranteed cost performance over unstructured causal dynamic uncertainty as a semi-definite program. Finally, it is shown that this optimization problem can be solved efficiently and accurately using discrete algebraic Riccati equations.© 2009 ASME
PHYLOGENY AND THE EVOLUTION OF HOST PLANT ASSOCIATIONS IN THE LEAF BEETLE GENUS OPHRAELLA (COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE).

Species of Ophraella, a North American genus of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), feed variously on eight genera in four tribes of Asteraceae. A phylogenetic analysis, based on morphological features and allozymes, was undertaken to deduce the history of host affiliation within the genus. The two data sets are combined to arrive at a provisional phylogeny of the species, onto which host associations are parsimoniously mapped. Among and within the 12 species studied, at least two shifts are postulated to have occurred among congeneric plant species, five between genera in the same tribe, and four between different tribes of Asteraceae. The phylogeny of Ophraella appears not to be congruent with that of its hosts. This and other evidence indicates that many host shifts in Ophraella postdate the divergence of the host plants, a conclusion that may apply commonly to phytophagous insects. A phenetic analysis of the plants' secondary compounds provides modest support for the hypothesis that host shifts are facilitated by commonalities in plant chemistry. A possible trend in host shifts is evident, from chemically simpler to chemically more forbidding plants. The chemical barriers to host shifts in Ophraella appear to require adaptation in both behavior and in physiological attributes. There is no evidence that the host associations of these insects or the divergence in secondary chemistry of their hosts can be attributed to coevolution.
Comparing different models and response transformations in an information integration task

The role of response transformations was examined in an information integration task in which different models were supported for different response scales. In Experiment 1, one group of subjects made subjective estimates of cost in dollars (cost estimates) for a series of hypothetical trips described by varying levels of gasoline price, gas mileage, and distance and another group of subjects made comparative ratings of the relative expense of each trip. A multiplicative model was supported for the cost estimates and an additive model was supported for the comparative ratings. In Experiment 2, a single group of subjects made cost estimates and then were asked, in the absence of stimulus values, to convert these judgments to comparative ratings. A multiplicative model was supported for each response mode, indicating a linear response transformation. It was concluded that the different response patterns in Experiment 1 were due to different integration processes for different response requirements rather than a nonlinear response transformation.
Simulation Using Flamelet Radiation Modeling

A flamelet radiation model with optical thick radiation is proposed. The soot flamelet model from Carbonell et al is used. It is a two equation flamelet model. The flames that are studied are ethylene flames where the chemical mechanism is from Wang et al. The radiation model is the P1 gray and non–grey model from Modest 3 and are cast into the flamelet equations. A series of conical calculations are used to validate by comparing results from experiments. RANS results associated with the soot and radiation will be shown.
Environmental protection for running high-voltage transmission line

This paper expounds the environmental factor,environmental influence and the electromagnetic pollution of high-voltage transmission line,analyzes the calculation and example of electromagnetic intensity of high-voltage transmission line in different areas all over China and proposes relative measures to strengthen environmental protection and technical supervision of power network.
Renal inner medullary choline dehydrogenase activity: characterization and modulation.

Betaine belongs to the trimethylamine class of osmolytes (osmotically active substances believed to play an important role in cell volume homeostasis) and has recently been identified in the inner ...
Allograft tissue irradiation and failure rate after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review.

Allograft tissue irradiation and failure rate after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review
Reforming State Brownfield Programs to Comply with Title VI

Many states have adopted voluntary action programs to encourage developers to clean up and redevelop brownfields, former industrial or commercial facilities that have some environmental contamination. While brownfields redevelopment often has important benefits, states often allow cleanups that are less stringent than would otherwise be required and that raises the possibility that redevelopment could pose health risks to neighboring residents. Because many brownfield sites are located in areas with significant minority populastions, there is the potential for disproportionate impacts against these groups. If disparate impacts occur, states are arguably liable under Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The Article proposes several procedures to reduce the likelihood of disparate impacts. First, states should require developers to collect data about the racial demographics and relative burden of pollution in areas surrounding the proposed brownfield site. Additionally, states should require developers to mitigate any impacts and consider alternative sites that pose less risk or discriminatory potential. Even if some disparate impacts against minorities were likely, developers could attempt to justify their projects. Finally, states should encourage early and meaningful public participation in the approval of brownfield proposals.
Do Individual Differences and Aging Effects in the Estimation of Geographical Slant Reflect Cognitive or Perceptual Effects

Several individual differences including age have been suggested to affect the perception of slant. A cross-sectional study of outdoor hill estimation (N = 106) was analyzed using individual differ...
Assessing Sexual Coercion: Survey Wording Differences and the Victimization-Perpetration Discrepancy

The current study examined the impact of item wording on self-reported sexual assault perpetration and victimization rates. The Sexual Experiences Survey (SES; Koss et al. in Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 162–170, 1987) is a self-report assessment of female sexual victimization and male sexual perpetration. Studies using the SES consistently report a marked discrepancy between victimization rates and perpetration rates. The wording of the SES items asks respondents to report whether experiences occurred in the absence of female want. It was hypothesized that modified items, which did not require an analysis of female want, would yield increased male response rates compared to the original SES, but that female rates would be equivalent across versions. Parallel male and female SES items, for coercive sexual contact and intercourse, were compared with modified items. Analyses of the data confirmed the hypothesis that modified items yielded increased reports for males in the contact and intercourse conditions. Female response rates on modified items were increased in the contact condition, but not the intercourse condition. Implications of these findings were discussed.
In ‘other’ words: Some thoughts on the transferability of collocations

In discussions of cross-linguistic influence (also known as language transfer), the focus is usually on the influence of a particular structure in a particular instance of language contact, for instance, the negative transfer of serial verbs by Vietnamese learners of English: She has managed to rise the kite fly over the tallest building (Helms-Park, 2003). Even so, as Helms-Park acknowledges, serial verb constructions can and do surface in contact situations besides the one she studied in Canada, and they can involve speakers of different languages. While serial verb constructions have unique syntactic traits, the same point about the transferability of multiword constructions in different contact settings is applicable in other instances and with collocations that can be viewed as unique in their lexical as well as syntactic characteristics. The following article considers such a case, based in part on my own teaching experience but also on transfer research from other settings as well. After a discussion of a collocation that I call the repeated other pattern found in different settings, I briefly consider other cases of transfer having lexical and syntactic peculiarities and appearing in more than one contact situation. There will also be some discussion of factors that transfer researchers and language teachers would do well to consider.
A novel predictive closed-loop power control for CDMA systems

In this letter, we present a novel predictive CDMA closed-loop power control (CLPC) method with a multi-step least squares (LS) linear predictor for time-varying fading channels. The proposed method effectively compensates multiple power control group delays and provides significant performance gains over nonpredictive CLPCs as well as conventional predictive CLPCs with one-step linear predictor.
Influence of Milk Aeration on Growth of Psychrotrophic Pseudomonads.

The psychrotrophic microflora of raw milk from a Cornell University herd was examined and the three most frequently occurring isolates ( Pseudomonas species) were subjected to oxygen concentrations of 1 to 12 ppm and temperatures of 3 to 9°C in growth studies in raw milk. At 3°C, a reduction in oxygen level from 9-12 to 1-3 ppm resulted in a 63% increase in generation time for Pseudomonas fluorescens . However, the reduction in growth temperature from 9 to 3°C at 9-12 ppm oxygen produced a 280% generation time increase for P. fluorescens . Similar observations were made for the other isolates. An analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction between the effects of oxygen and temperature on growth of the isolates.
Photonic techniques for wideband signal processing

The advantages of using the broadband and low-loss distribution attributes of photonics to enhance the sensing capabilities of microwave systems are well known(1). In this talk, we review the salient features of photonics that allow them to make unique contributions towards ultra-wideband signal processing. A key component used in the RF-photonic links of these applications is the electro-optic modulator (EOM), typically of the Mach Zehnder (MZ) design. We first present, in Section 2, an optical sideband measurement approach(2) that allows us to characterize the microwave response and RF-V of MZ EOMs at frequencies beyond those supported by current swept-frequency instrumentation. In Sections 3 and 4, we summarize, respectively, the progress made in the topical areas of wideband photonic-assisted analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) and RF-photonic filtering.
Measuring the Efficiency of Charitable Giving with Content Analysis and Crowdsourcing

In the U.S., individuals give more than 200 billion dollars to over 50 thousand charities each year, yet how people make these choices is not well understood. In this study, we use data from CharityNavigator.org and web browsing data from Bing toolbar to understand charitable giving choices. Our main goal is to use data on charities' overhead expenses to better understand efficiency in the charity marketplace. A preliminary analysis indicates that the average donor is "wasting" more than 15% of their contribution by opting for poorly run organizations as opposed to higher rated charities in the same Charity Navigator categorical group. However, charities within these groups may not represent good substitutes for each other. We use text analysis to identify substitutes for charities based on their stated missions and validate these substitutes with crowd-sourced labels. Using these similarity scores, we simulate market outcomes using web browsing and revenue data. With more realistic similarity requirements, the estimated loss drops by 75%—much of what looked like inefficient giving can be explained by crowd-validated similarity requirements that are not fulfilled by most charities within the same category. A choice experiment helps us further investigate the extent to which a recommendation system could impact the market. The results indicate that money could be redirected away from the long-tail of inefficient organizations. If widely adopted, the savings would be in the billions of dollars, highlighting the role the web could have in shaping this important market.
ON–OFF Feedback Control of Plug-Flow Crystallization: A Case of Quality-by-Control in Continuous Manufacturing

Plug-flow crystallization (PFC) is a promising candidate to realizing the paradigm shift from batch-to-continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing. While PFC has been recently touted as the ideal continuous crystallizer due to its compact design, proper mixing, and flexible cooling and antisolvent control, it is prone to surface fouling or encrustation . In this letter, a model of encrustation growth and dissolution dynamics coupled with PFC is discussed and a novel method of ON–OFF feedback control of PFC with antifouling control is proposed. The study illustrates a quintessential example of quality-by-control concept, which is complementary to the quality-by-design and essential in ensuring desired control performance and product quality.
Evidence for microbial mediated nitrate cycling within floodplain sediments during groundwater fluctuations

Abstract. The capillary fringe is a subsurface terrestrial-aquatic interface which can be a significant hotspot for biogeochemical cycling of terrestrially derived organic matter and nutrients. However, pathways of nitrogen (N) cycling within this environment are poorly understood, and observations of temporally discrete changes in nitrate concentrations lack the necessary resolution to partition between biotic or abiotic mechanisms. Here we take an experimental and mechanistic modeling approach to characterize the annual decline of nitrate (NO3−) within floodplain sediments at Rifle, Colorado. At discrete sampling points during 2014 we measured NO3−, ammonia (NH4+), gaseous nitrous oxide (N2O) and the corresponding isotopic composition of NO3−. Coincident with an annual spring/summer excursion in groundwater elevation driven by snowmelt, we observed a rapid decline in NO3− concentrations at three depths (2, 2.5 and 3 m) below the ground surface. Isotopic measurements (i.e., δ15N and δ18O of NO3−) suggest an immediate onset of biological N loss at 2 m. At 2.5 and 3 m, NO3− concentrations declined initially with no observable isotopic response, indicating an initial dilution of NO3− within the well. Following extended saturation by groundwater at these depths we observed subsequent nitrate reduction. A simple Rayleigh model suggests depth-dependent variability in the importance of actively fractionating mechanisms (i.e., nitrate reduction) relative to non-fractionating mechanisms (mixing and dilution). Nitrate reduction was calculated to be responsible for 64 % of the NO3− decline at 2 m, 28 % at 2.5 and 47 % at 3 m, respectively. Furthermore, we observed the highest concentrations of N2O as groundwater saturated the 2 and 2.5 m depth, concomitant with enrichment of the δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3. A mechanistic microbial model representing the diverse physiology of nitrifiers, facultative aerobes (including denitrifiers), and anammox bacteria indicates that the bulk of biological N loss within the capillary fringe is attributable to denitrifying heterotrophs. However, this relationship is dependent on the coupling between aerobic and anaerobic microbial guilds at the oxic-anoxic interface. Modeling insights also suggest that anammox might play a more prominent role in N loss under conditions where organic matter concentrations are low and rapidly depleted by aerobic heterotrophs prior to the rise of the water table.
P135 New frequent HLA-DPB1/DPA1 haplotypes in low resolution typing

Aim The linkage between DPB1 and DPA1 was extensively studied in 5,944 European American stem cell donors (Hollenbach et al., 2012). Thirty-three DPB1 alleles and associated DPA1 were reported. In 2014, Voorter et al. reported the special association of DPB1∗105:01 with DPA1∗03:01 in contrast to DPB1∗04:02-DPA1∗01:03 association although both DPB1∗105:01 and DPB1∗04:02 belong to the same G group. Here we retrospectively reviewed 1938 renal recipients with DP typing and report new DPB1/DPA1 associations frequently seen in our cohort. Methods HLA-DPB1 and DPA1 typing was performed by rSSO (One Lambda, Thermo-Fisher). Haplotypes were inferred by Clark’s method published in 1990. Results We identified 11 DPB1 alleles whose association with DPA1 has never been reported previously (Table 1). Five DPB1 alleles, DPB1∗124:01, 126:01, 131:01, 350:01 and 352:01, are not in the 2013 CWD list. Of note, DPB1∗131:01 was detected at high frequency (2.9%) in our cohort. The association of these five DPB1s with DPA1 was the same as the most frequent allele in the same G group, e.g. DPB1∗126:01 and DPB1∗350:01 are both associated with DPA1∗01:03 the same as DPB1∗04:01. Six DPB1 CWD alleles observed in our cohort were not reported in Hollenbach’s study. In 2015, Aaron et al. reported significant variation of DPB1 frequency in four major ethnic groups. In their study, DPB1∗29:01, 39:01, 40:01, and 85:01 were much more frequent in African American than other three ethnic groups. High percentage of African American in our renal recipients (44%) may explain the detection of these alleles in our cohort. Interestingly DPB1∗106:01 was associated with DPA1∗02:01, unlike PB1∗19:01 which is in the same G group however is associated with DPA1∗02:02. Conclusions We reported 11 new DPB1/DPA1 haplotypes frequently seen in DP low resolution typing. Five non-CWD DPB1 alleles were identified frequently. The enrichment of some alleles in our cohort could be attributed to high incidence of African American in our patients. Download : Download high-res image (190KB) Download : Download full-size image
"To click or not to click is the question": Fraudulent URL identification accuracy in a community sample

Technology is in a constant state of evolution, which allows for new and cunning cyber-attacks and tactics. Out of all these tactics, the exploitation of human cognitive biases in response to phishing attacks is challenging to defend against. The purpose of this study was to determine if humans could discriminate fraudulent Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) or links from legitimate URLs without the aid of specific hardware or software. We also explored whether simple textual manipulations were easier to detect compared to complex manipulations. Participants (N = 1044) completed the following: (1) A demographic questionnaire including their internet and email usage, (2) a role-playing exercise where participants were shown a series of emails from an inbox and had to select the action(s) that they would take, and (3) a series of questions related to technology and security to assess their prior knowledge and awareness of phishing. Results indicated that it was difficult for participants to correctly identify URLs when checking email. Results also revealed that difficulty in detecting simple textual manipulations versus complex manipulations was category dependent.
Informational incentives for congestion games

We investigate the problems of designing public and private information disclosure mechanisms by a principal in a transportation network so as to improve the overall congestion. We show that perfect disclosure of information about the routes' conditions is not optimal. The principal can improve the congestion (i.e. social welfare) by providing coordinated routing recommendation to drivers based on the routes' conditions. When the uncertainty about the routes' conditions is high relative to the ex-ante difference in the routes' conditions (the value of information is high), we show that the socially efficient routing outcome is achievable using a private information disclosure mechanism. Furthermore, we study the problem of optimal dynamic private information disclosure mechanism design in a dynamic two-time step setting. We consider different pieces of information that drivers may observe and learn from at t = 1 and investigate qualitative properties of an optimal dynamic information disclosure mechanisms using numerical simulations.
Retiring Land to Save Water: Participation in Colorado’s Republican River Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program

Agricultural land retirement is increasingly used to manage water resources. This study uses well-level enrollment data to explore the factors that influence landowner participation in the Colorado Republican River Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program. An empirical model of enrollment is informed by a theoretical model of participation that incorporates aquifer and soil characteristics in addition to financial incentives. Our results reveal that enrollment is predicted to increase by 0.087 percentage points with a $10 increase in the incentives offered. The probability of enrollment is also influenced by the aquifers saturated thickness and the soil characteristics that impact land productivity.
Arctic Ocean-Sea Ice Interactions

This animation visualizes simulation results from research at The University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Computational and Engineering Sciences. Shown is the daily average temperature field of warm sub-surface water of subtropical origin carried with the Norwegian Atlantic boundary current into the Arctic Ocean, northwestward along the West Spitsbergen current and northeastward through the Barents Sea opening. High performance computing is required to capture mesoscale eddies of length-scale less than 15 km shedding off and transporting heat and freshwater toward the ocean interior.Understanding how these currents transport heat into the high Arctic and its surrounding seas will enable the quantification of the impact of recent observed changes in the atmosphere and ocean heat content on Arctic sea ice and ecosystems, as well as Greenland's marine margins.This animation will be included in an exhibition at the University of Texas Visual Arts Center fall 2018 in Austin[Exploring-2018], as a public outreach component in a National Science Foundation funded project[NSF-outreach].
A look at the components and effectiveness of sports drinks.

Abstract The confusion about sports drinks is lessened if the types are understood. Types include: fluid replacers, carbohydrate loaders, and nutrient supplements. The athletic activity and the timing of the consumption of the drink need to complement the type of drink. Fluid replacement is a must before, during, and after activity to maintain heart rate and body temperature. Whether water or a sports drink is consumed is the athlete's choice. The carbohydrate concentration of a fluid-replacing drink should not exceed 10%, which is comparable to the gastric emptying characteristics of water. Glucose, sucrose, and glucose polymers are all well tolerated by athletes during activity, although fructose in high concentrations may not be. Electrolytes are present in drinks to enhance absorption; high levels usually are not needed, except in certain populations.
Big Data in Social Sciences

We are in the era of big data. Big data provides unprecedented opportunities to study human behaviour. Although large datasets alone are not suﬃcient for solving the most pressing of human problems, they can reveal patterns of human behaviour that are hard to observe in the laboratory. Social scientists have been lagging behind their peers in the physical and medical sciences in embracing big data. This paper briefly presents how social science research and teaching are evolving to meet the challenges and opportunities of big data.
Common Themes in Tetrapod Appendage Regeneration: A Cellular Perspective

Complete and perfect regeneration of appendages is a process that has fascinated and perplexed biologists for centuries. Some tetrapods possess amazing regenerative abilities, but the regenerative abilities of others are exceedingly limited. The reasons underlying these differences have largely remained mysterious. A great deal has been learned about the morphological events that accompany successful appendage regeneration, and a handful of experimental manipulations can be reliably applied to block the process. However, only in the last decade has the goal of attaining a thorough molecular and cellular biological understanding of appendage regeneration in tetrapods become within reach. Advances in molecular and genetic tools for interrogating these remarkable events are now allowing for unprecedented access to the fundamental biology at work in appendage regeneration in a variety of species. This information will be critical for integrating the large body of detailed observations from previous centuries with a modern understanding of how cells sense and respond to severe injury and loss of body parts. Understanding commonalities between regenerative modes across diverse species is likely to illuminate the most important aspects of complex tissue regeneration.
Experimental Results of Stress Wave Investigations

Experimental work plays two distinct roles in the study of stress wave propagation in solids. The first of these is to verify conclusions which have been reached as a result of the mathematical analysis of a dynamic elastic type of loading, or to find the wave pattern in situations where mathematically the problem is a perfectly well-posed one with well-defined initial or boundary conditions, but where the complexity of the mathematical analysis is such that it is impossible to obtain a solution in analytic form. In either of these situations the stress wave experiments are acting as analog computers solving known partial differential equations with well-defined boundary conditions. This type of experiment is a dynamic counterpart of the use of stress analysis techniques to the static elastic loading of engineering structures, where by the use of photoelastic models or of electrical strain gages on elastic models, the strains are measured under conditions of quasi-static loading. The geometry of these structures is generally too complicated to be treated analytically, and although the constitutive relations between the stress and strain tensors is well-established, (the material is assumed to obey Hooke’s Law), and the boundary conditions are perfectly well-defined, an analytic solution cannot in general be obtained, and experiments have to be carried out to determine the form of the elastic solution.
Growth mindsets and psychological distress: A meta-analysis.

Abstract We investigated if growth mindsets—the belief in the malleable nature of human attributes—are negatively related to psychological distress and if they are positively related to treatment value and active coping. In the meta-analysis, we included articles published between 1988 and 2019, written in English, that reported on mindsets as well as a qualifying dependent variable and included information required to calculate an effect size. With a random effects approach, meta-analytic results (k = 72 samples, N = 17,692) demonstrated that mindsets relate, albeit with minimal effects, to distress, treatment and coping. Specifically, there is a negative relation between growth mindsets and psychological distress (r = −0.220), a positive relation between growth mindsets and treatment value (r = 0.137) and a positive relation between growth mindsets and active coping (r = 0.207). Differences in mindset domain, assessment method of mindsets and timing of assessments moderated effects. There were not differences based on operationalization of psychological distress outcome or sample characteristics (i.e., developmental stage, diagnostic status, ethnicity). We discuss theoretical and practical applications of the findings.
86 – Brain Prolactin

Publisher Summary This chapter reveals that prolactin (PRL) is a multifunctional hormone that defies easy classification. PRL exists in all vertebrates from reptiles to man, and fulfills adaptive, rather than survival, roles. Transgenic mice deficient for PRL receptors or PRL are viable, but exhibit numerous disturbances in both reproductive and nonreproductive functions. However, given that the functions of PRL vary greatly across species, generalization from transgenic mice to other species, including humans, should be made with caution. In addition to being a classic hormone, PRL is considered a cytokine, as it shares many properties with such compounds. These include similar structural motifs, multiple sites of synthesis, ubiquitous receptor distribution, homologous receptor structure, and similar signal transduction pathways. The brain is intimately involved in the control of pituitary PRL homeostasis. At any given time, circulating PRL levels represent a balance between an inhibitory dopaminergic input and multiple opposing secretagogues that act either directly on the lactotrophs or indirectly by disinhibiting dopamine.
At what age should we attempt to retrieve sperm from males with Klinefelter syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a common disorder and almost every clinician in almost every sub-specialty of medicine will knowingly or unwittingly treat boys or men with a 47,XXY chromosomal constitution. Although there are numerous aspects of KS worthy of discussion, this contribution will focus specifically on the controversial, and as yet unresolved, issue of whether it is advantageous to harvest testis tissue from peri-pubertal or adolescent boys with KS in a heroic effort to preserve that child's chances of reproduction in his future adult life. What would be the rationale for that, how does the biology of spermatogenesis in the Klinefelter testis impact that decision, and what does the data show? The answer, assembled from a selection of seemingly disparate sources and directions, appears to be "No". We do not have to advocate for an aggressive approach, we do not have to preemptively preserve future fertility. We can justifiably wait until adulthood with equivalent chances of success.