cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Perspectives on Incorporating Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been documented as a strong, independent predictor of non-communicable disease and mortality in both clinical and apparently healthy populations. This well-established relationship has impelled organizations, including the American Heart Association, to release scientific statements highlighting the importance of accurate quantification of CRF. Current knowledge of the relationship between CRF and mortality is predominantly based on estimated CRF obtained from varying indirect methods. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX), the gold standard method of CRF measurement, provides a more accurate and reliable quantification of CRF compared to estimated methods. This review provides support for the diagnostic and prognostic use of CRF based on the current literature and makes a case for the use of CPX when available, as well as the need for standardization of normative values defining CRF levels to increase the efficacy of the risk assessment. Further, clinical applications of CPX-derived CRF are discussed, providing clinicians with recommendations on how to use and interpret this measure in practice to guide clinical decisions and improve patient outcomes.
Maternal Impression Management in the Assessment of Childhood Depressive Symptomatology.

Background: Self-report instruments are commonly used to assess for childhood depressive symptoms. Historically, clinicians have relied heavily on parent-reports due to concerns about childrens’ cognitive abilities to understand diagnostic questions. However, parents may also be unreliable reporters due to a lack of understanding of their child's symptomatology, overshadowing by their own problems, and tendencies to promote themselves more favourably in order to achieve desired assessment goals. One such variable that can lead to unreliable reporting is impression management, which is a goal-directed response in which an individual (e.g. mother or father) attempts to represent themselves, or their child, in a socially desirable way to the observer. Aims: This study examined the relationship between mothers who engage in impression management, as measured by the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form defensive responding subscale, and parent-/child-self-reports of depressive symptomatology in 106 mother–child dyads. Methods: 106 clinic-referred children (mean child age = 10.06 years, range 7–16 years) were administered the Child Depression Inventory, and mothers (mean mother age = 40.80 years, range 27–57 years) were administered the Child-Behavior Checklist, Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Results: As predicted, mothers who engaged in impression management under-reported their child's symptomatology on the anxious/depressed and withdrawn subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist. Moreover, the relationship between maternal-reported child depressive symptoms and child-reported depressive symptoms was moderated by impression management. Conclusions: These results suggest that children may be more reliable reporters of their own depressive symptomatology when mothers are highly defensive or stressed.
Novel Method of Electrospinning; Rotating Dual Electrode Collector Design

When growing cells in an artificial scaffold, tissue engineering relies heavily on recreating the environment found in the original extracellular matrix (ECM). Since cell-to-ECM interactions occur on the nano-scale, the need has arisen for nanofibers. Electrospinning is one process used to create such nanofibers. However, due to the physical nature of the process, simultaneous control over the formed fibers’ diameter, alignment and the ability to produce large multilayered fibrous scaffolds is problematic. The research presented here describes a novel method of electrospinning onto a rotating grounded, separated, two-electrode collector. A Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) model of forces affecting the depositing nanofibers is compared to experimental results for both the static and rotating collectors. The as-formed fibers were analyzed in terms of their diameter, alignment, layering, and ease of isolation. [2017–0242]
An N40 256K×44 embedded RRAM macro with SL-precharge SA and low-voltage current limiter to improve read and write performance

RRAM is an attractive and low-cost memory structure for embedded applications due to the simplicity of the RRAM element (RE) and its compatibility with a logic process. A RRAM bit cell (Fig. 30.1.1) consists of an NMOS select transistor and a bipolar RE, which consists of a bottom electrode (BE), a transition metal-oxide file (Hi-K), a metal capping layer and a top electrode (TE). The memory cell operates as a 3-terminal device, including bit-line (BL), source-line (SL) and word-line (WL). BL is connecting to TE, SL is connecting to the source node of the select transistor and word-line (WL) is connecting to the gate of the select transistor. A common SL (CSL) architecture is adopted in this work. CSL allows two or more columns to share one source line. So that the column mux number for SL can be reduced, therefore macro area can be saved. In addition, SL can be implemented with a wider metal track due to the reduced SL count. Therefore, the SL resistance also can be reduced. However, a CSL architecture will result in a larger parasitic capacitance on SL. This paper presents an SL precharge scheme to deal this increased capacitance when reading from the CSL.
Wavelength and intensity dependence of recollision-enhanced multielectron effects in high-order harmonic generation

Using a model molecular system (${A}_{2}$) with two active electrons restricted to one dimension, we examine high-order harmonic generation (HHG) enhanced by rescattering. Our results show that even at intensities well below the single ionization saturation, harmonics generated from the cation (${A}_{2}{}^{+}$) can be significantly enhanced due to the rescattering of the electron that is initially ionized. This two-electron effect is manifested by the appearance of a secondary plateau and cutoff in the HHG spectrum, extending beyond the predicted cutoff in the single active electron approximation. We use our molecular model to investigate the wavelength dependence of rescattering enhanced HHG, which was first reported in a model atomic system [I. Tikhomirov, T. Sato, and K. L. Ishikawa, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 203202 (2017)]. We demonstrate that the HHG yield in the secondary cutoff is highly sensitive to the available electron rescattering energies as indicated by a dramatic scaling with respect to driving wavelength.
Endocardial Hippo signaling regulates myocardial growth and cardiogenesis

The Hippo signaling pathway has been implicated in control of cell and organ size, proliferation, and endothelial-mesenchymal transformation. This pathway impacts upon two partially redundant transcription cofactors, Yap and Taz, that interact with other factors, including members of the Tead family, to affect expression of downstream genes. Yap and Taz have been shown to regulate, in a cell-autonomous manner, myocardial proliferation, myocardial hypertrophy, regenerative potential, and overall size of the heart. Here, we show that Yap and Taz also play an instructive, non-cell-autonomous role in the endocardium of the developing heart to regulate myocardial growth through release of the paracrine factor, neuregulin. Without endocardial Yap and Taz, myocardial growth is impaired causing early post-natal lethality. Thus, the Hippo signaling pathway regulates cell size via both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. Furthermore, these data suggest that Hippo may regulate organ size via a sensing and paracrine function in endothelial cells.
Bifurcations to Dynamic States in Taylor-Couette Flow with External Rotation

Taylor-vortex flow1 (TVF) has been widely studied,2,3 and has provided numerous examples of important bifurcation and pattern-formation phenomena. Recently, it was recognized that the addition of external rotation about an axis orthogonal to the cylinder axis may generate a richness of new phenomena which are associated with the fact that the resulting Coriolis force breaks the cylindrical symmetry of the TVF system. Several experimental4–7 and theoretical8–10 investigations have been carried out. In this contribution we would like to present additional experimental results pertaining to the nature of some of the time dependent states which are encountered.
Towards an integrated science of movement: converging research on animal movement ecology and human mobility science

There is long-standing scientific interest in understanding purposeful movement by animals and humans. Traditionally, collecting data on individual moving entities was difficult and time-consuming, limiting scientific progress. The growth of location-aware and other geospatial technologies for capturing, managing and analyzing moving objects data are shattering these limitations, leading to revolutions in animal movement ecology and human mobility science. Despite parallel transitions towards massive individual-level data collected automatically via sensors, there is little scientific cross-fertilization across the animal and human divide. There are potential synergies from converging these separate domains towards an integrated science of movement. This paper discusses the data-driven revolutions in the animal movement ecology and human mobility science, their contrasting worldviews and, as examples of complementarity, transdisciplinary questions that span both fields. We also identify research challenges that should be met to develop an integrated science of movement trajectories.
The role of radiation therapy in the control of colorectal cancer

The present place of radiation therapy in colorectal cancer is reviewed. there is some evidence that a combination of radiation therapy with surgical resection improves the results of resection. It appears reasonable to continue use of this combination, particularly for patient categories in which resection is most likely to fail locally only, but optimal dosage and timing remain to be elucidated. More studies of combination therapy, carefully chosen and designed, are needed.
Insomnia Disorder and Behaviorally Induced Insufficient Sleep Syndrome: Prevalence and Relationship to Depression in College Students.

Background: College students are at increased risk for sleep disorders, including insomnia disorder and obtaining less than 6.5 hr of sleep per night by choice, or behaviorally induced insufficient...
A Molecular Dynamics Investigation of the Thermostability of Cold-Sensitive I707L KlenTaq1 DNA Polymerase and Its Wild-Type Counterpart

DNA polymerase I from Thermus aquaticus ( Taq DNA polymerase) is useful for polymerase chain reactions because of its exceptional thermostability; however, its activity at low temperatures can cause amplification of unintended products. Mutation of isoleucine 707 to leucine (I707L) slows Taq DNA polymerase at low temperatures, which decreases unwanted amplification due to mispriming. In this work, unrestrained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on I707L and wild-type (WT) Taq DNA polymerase at 341 and 298 K to determine how the mutation affects the dynamic nature of the protein. The results suggest that I707L Taq DNA polymerase remains relatively immobile at room temperature and becomes more flexible at the higher temperature, while the WT Taq DNA polymerase demonstrates less substantial differences in dynamics at high and low temperatures. These results are in agreement with previous experimental results on the I707L mutant Taq DNA polymerase that show dynamic differences at high and low temperatures. The decreased mobility of the mutant at low temperature suggests that the mutant remains longer in the blocked conformation, and this may lead to reduced activity relative to the WT at 298 K. Principal component analysis revealed that the mutation results in decoupled movements of the Q helix and fingers domain. This decoupled nature of the mutant gives way to an increasingly flexible N-terminal end of the Q helix at 341 K, a characteristic not seen for WT Taq DNA polymerase.
Embracing the Primacy of Alliance and Stability

This chapter argues that as soon as Reagan won the presidential elections in 1980, the president-elect was compelled to face a potentially explosive Korean crisis. Kim Dae Jung, a leading political dissident, was about to be executed in South Korea. Unlike Carter, Reagan played a significant role in saving Kim’s life by means of quiet diplomacy. In February 1981, Reagan welcomed Chun Doo Hwan to the White House, smoothly practiced alliance politics, and reaffirmed America’s treaty commitment to the defense of South Korea. Yet Lee examines confidential diplomatic documents which chronicle a heated debate between both sides behind the scenes. In view of his “legitimacy deficit,” Chun asked for Reagan’s public endorsement, but Reagan steadfastly refused to do so.
Np4A alarmones function in bacteria as precursors to RNA caps

Stresses that increase the cellular concentration of dinucleoside tetraphosphates (Np4Ns) have recently been shown to impact RNA degradation by inducing nucleoside tetraphosphate (Np4) capping of bacterial transcripts. However, neither the mechanism by which such caps are acquired nor the function of Np4Ns in bacteria is known. Here we report that promoter sequence changes upstream of the site of transcription initiation similarly affect both the efficiency with which Escherichia coli RNA polymerase incorporates dinucleoside polyphosphates at the 5' end of nascent transcripts in vitro and the percentage of transcripts that are Np4-capped in E. coli, clear evidence for Np4 cap acquisition by Np4N incorporation during transcription initiation in bacterial cells. E. coli RNA polymerase initiates transcription more efficiently with Np4As than with ATP, particularly when the coding strand nucleotide that immediately precedes the initiation site is a purine. Together, these findings indicate that Np4Ns function in bacteria as precursors to Np4 caps and that RNA polymerase has evolved a predilection for synthesizing capped RNA whenever such precursors are abundant.
Spatially resolved and multiplexed MicroRNA quantification from tissue using nanoliter well arrays.

Spatially resolved gene expression patterns are emerging as a key component of medical studies, including companion diagnostics, but technologies for quantification and multiplexing are limited. We present a method to perform spatially resolved and multiplexed microRNA (miRNA) measurements from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. Using nanoliter well arrays to pixelate the tissue section and photopatterned hydrogels to quantify miRNA, we identified differentially expressed miRNAs in tumors from a genetically engineered mouse model for non-small cell lung cancer (K-rasLSL-G12D/+; p53fl/fl). This technology could be used to quantify heterogeneities in tissue samples and lead to informed, biomarker-based diagnostics. MicroRNA is a short, noncoding RNA molecule that regulates many biological processes and is emerging as a biomarker; a method has been developed to perform spatially resolved, measurements of multiple microRNA directly from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. Spatially resolved gene expression patterns are becoming a key area in medical studies, including diagnostics, but technologies for quantification and multiplexing in this area have been limited. Using a mouse model, a team headed by Patrick S. Doyle at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA has succeeded in developing a method based on nanoliter well arrays for microRNA quantification. The team demonstrated that its technology allows greater multiplexing and better special resolution than can be achieved with existing methods. The authors consider that their technology has excellent potential for quantifying heterogeneities in FFPE tissue for next-generation biomarkers.
Could a blood 'observatory' stop pandemics?

A newly proposed effort dubbed the Global Immunological Observatory (GIO) would monitor for signs of pathogens spreading through the population. Instead of a telescope, it will rely on technology that can measure hundreds of thousands of distinct antibodies in 1 microliter of blood. If the GIO can overcome technical and logistical hurdles and find sustained funding, it could provide a powerful tool for monitoring and responding to disease outbreaks. A pilot project, funded by a foundation and a blood plasma collection company, has been started to monitor the spread of COVID-19.
Cardiac catheterization in pediatric pulmonary hypertension: a systematic and practical approach

Significant progress in the understanding of the etiology, epidemiology, pathobiology and prognosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been made over the last years. Especially in the pediatric patient population the etiology of PH is very heterogeneous. Nevertheless, the most recent change of the definition of PH to a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) >20 mmHg has been accepted by pediatricians for uniformity and concordance with adult physicians. Based on the diverse underlying medical conditions leading to PH, a comprehensive and systematic approach for diagnosis and treatment is mandatory. Cardiac catheterization remains the gold standard for invasive assessment and acute vasoreactivity testing (AVT) additionally providing detailed information about nature of PH. In most patients repeat cardiac catheterization may be helpful for evaluation of response to targeted PH treatment, risk stratification and indication for lung transplantation. However, the information and results taken from cardiac catheterization should be interpreted by experienced investigators only who are familiar with confounding factors that may influence the results. Here we provide an overview of current recommendations for invasive hemodynamic evaluation in pediatric PH. We point out different patient scenarios and provide a structured approach for AVT and response interpretation.
Correlation, Association, Regression, Likelihood, and Prediction

The purpose of this lesson on correlation, association, regression, likelihood, and prediction is to provide guidance on how R can be used to first determine the association between two variables and to then use this degree of association, if any, to predict future outcomes. Past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior. This concept applies in the biological sciences, physical sciences, social sciences, and also in economics. Often, by knowing past relationships between and among variables it is then possible to build a prediction equation to make a reasonable estimate of future values for selected variables. This lesson will focus on Pearson’s Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation (Pearson’s r, perhaps the most common test for determining if there is an association between phenomena that display normal distribution), Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient (Spearman’s rho, perhaps the most common test for determining if there is an association between phenomena that do not display normal distribution), different types of regression analyses for prediction, as well as concepts such as probability, likelihood, odds, and odds ratio.
Conceptualizing death: How do suicidal adolescents view the end of their lives?

OBJECTIVE Adolescence marks an important time to detect suicide risk, as suicidal ideation often emerges during this developmental period. Death-themed cognitions represent a promising domain of risk factors for suicidal ideation, but they have been understudied among adolescents. To address this knowledge gap, the present study examines the association between adolescents' attitudes and beliefs about death, hereafter referred to as death conceptualizations, and suicidal ideation. METHODS Seventy-four adolescents (12-19 years) completed a self-report measure assessing three types of death conceptualizations: Death Avoidance (i.e., suppression of death-related thoughts), Neutral Acceptance (i.e., belief that death is a natural part of life), and Escape Acceptance (i.e., belief that death is a viable escape from pain). Suicidal ideation was assessed at baseline, as well as 3 and 6 months later. RESULTS At baseline, suicidal adolescents endorsed higher Escape Acceptance and lower Death Avoidance. Suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents did not differ in their degree of Neutral Acceptance. Death conceptualizations, especially Escape Acceptance, also predicted future suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS Initial findings suggest that suicidal adolescents are more likely to believe that death is a viable escape from pain and that this death-related cognition is a risk factor for suicidal ideation.
“Fue de Américo suelo lo ingenioso”. Una visión femenina del laudes civitatum: María de Estrada Medinilla.

Maria de Estrada Medinilla escribio la Relacion… (1640) referida a la entrada del Marques de Vilena, nuevo virrey de la Nueva Espana, a la ciudad de Mexico. En los cuatrocientos versos que componen su texto, alaba a la ciudad, sus habitantes, costumbres y modas, pero “olvida” el objetivo de su larga carta poetica. Maria de Estrada prefiere centrar su atencion en la ciudad en vez de en el marques, y, como testigo, narra eventos que podemos considerar inconsecuentes (tiene que caminar, siente la incomodidad de sus vestidos, una subita lluvia), en vez que lo que seria esencial a su laudes civitatum. La poeta usa la entrada del virrey no solo para narrar la ciudad, sino para narrarse a si misma. Al seguir su propia vision de la celebracion, nos encontramos en una posicion privilegiada, la de su mirada femenina, resaltando aspectos ausentes de una aproximacion mas tradicional o masculina de la entrada del virrey.
Extending XML database to support open XML

XML is a widely accepted standard for exchanging business data. To optimize the management of XML and help companies build up their business partner networks over the Internet, database servers have introduced new XML storage and query features. However, each enterprise defines its own data elements in XML and modifies the XML documents to handle the evolving business needs. This makes XML data conform to heterogeneous schemas or schemas that evolve over time, which is not suitable for XML database storage. We provide an overview of the current XML database strategies and presents a streaming metadata-processing approach, enabling databases to handle multiple XML formats seamlessly.
On the physiological roles of PIP2 at cardiac Na+–Ca2+ exchangers and KATP channels: a long journey from membrane biophysics into cell biology

Over the last 10 years we have tried to understand the roles of PIP2 in regulating cardiac Na+–Ca2+ exchangers and KATP K+ channels, both of which are directly activated by PIP2. Up to now, the idea that hormones might physiologically regulate these mechanisms by causing changes of PIP2 concentrations in the cardiac sarcolemma, either locally or globally, is not well supported. In intact myocardium, but not excised patches, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) activity appears to be Ca2+ activated and dependent on cardiac activity. Potentially therefore the primary second messenger of the heart, cytoplasmic Ca2+, may regulate PIP2 and therewith numerous cardiac membrane processes. In general, however, PIP2 may simply serve to strongly activate various cardiac channels and transporters when they are inserted in the sarcolemma, while a lack of PIP2 on internal membranes maintains transporters and channels inactive during trafficking and processing. As in most, if not all, strong regulatory systems of cells, the activating effects of PIP2 can apparently be countered by strong inactivation mechanisms. In this context, our recent work suggests that internalization of cardiac Na+–Ca2+ exchangers is promoted by increased PIP2 synthesis, especially in combination with other cell signals. Assuming that multiple adapter–PIP2 interactions are necessary to initiate the budding of individual membrane vesicles, the dependence of endocytosis on PIP2 in the surface membrane can potentially be a very steep function. Thus, a better understanding of the regulation of cardiac lipid kinases may be key to understanding when and how cardiac ion transporters and channels are internalized.
The first Mile Down Internet 1: development, training, and reference issues in the use of an X windows interface for Internet access

Simpler, faster access to networked information resources is in high demand in today's academic libraries by both librarians and endusers. Generic X Windows technolongy which allows multiple sessions on a workstation, is one answer to this need. Binghamtcm University Libraries Systems staff and public services librkans have develobd Internet 1, an X Windows -based interface that uses onscreen menus, interactive help, and remote session scripting to provide seamless access to the vast multitude of Internet sources (including client-server applications such as Xgopher). This system runs on SUN workstations with NCD X terminals for user access. This article discusses how librarians have adjusted to this change in their technological environmental, how they have been trained in its use, and how Internet 1 has changed the nature of Bingharnton University Libraries' reference service.
Parliamentary Oversight of WTO Rule-Making: The Political and Normative Context

This article makes four primary points regarding the issue of parliamentary oversight of WTO rule-making. First, we need a conceptual framework to assess the tradeoffs between different mechanisms for ensuring oversight, including parliamentary oversight, of the WTO. No institutional mechanism is perfect. All proposed mechanisms should be assessed in terms of how well they permit parties to participate in decision-making that affects them in a relatively unbiased manner compared to other realistic, non-idealized institutional alternatives. This analytical framework can be termed "comparative institutional analysis."
Chapter 31 Prevention

Abstract Prevention ranges from medical decisions such as vaccinations and clinical preventive services delivered during periodic health examinations to private health lifestyle decisions such as regular exercise and non-smoking. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of economic issues that cut across a variety of prevention decisions. After discussing what prevention means, the chapter reviews some basic theoretical insights about prevention from human capital models and insurance models. Consumer or household behavior receives most of the attention, partly because there is not an identifiable industry that produces prevention viewed broadly. The chapter next explores market failures that might lead to too little prevention from a societal perspective: ex ante moral hazard from health insurance, externalities from vaccinations, lack of consumer information, and the public good aspects of prevention-related research and development. Health economics provides some conceptual and empirical arguments for policies to encourage prevention. However, the economic perspective often remains quite different from the perspective of many public health professionals who are strong advocates of prevention. With that distinction in mind, the chapter then turns to policy-relevant questions of whether prevention can reduce total medical expenditures, and the effectiveness of policy interventions to encourage prevention. The chapter concludes with some reflections on what economics has offered and can offer to prevention research.
The isolation and properties of a rabbit liver binding protein specific for asialoglycoproteins.

The ability of hepatic plasma membranes to bind desialylated glycoproteins as a prelude to transport and catabolism has been reported earlier. The present study describes the purification, by affinity chromatography, of an hepatic protein which retains the characteristic binding properties associated with the membranes. The isolated material, which is watersoluble and free from lipids, has been identified as a glycoprotein in which 10 % of the dry weight consists of sialic acid, galactose, mannose, and glucosamine in a molar ratio of 1:1:2:2. The integrity of the terminal sialic acid residues and the presence of calcium were shown to be absolute requirements for binding. Physical chemical studies indicated a high degree of aggregation in the final, water-soluble preparation.
Coronary artery disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Abstract Frequently, patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) have chest pain suggestive of angina pectoris, with the electrocardiogram resembling that of myocardial infarction. 1–3 Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) causing angina pectoris and myocardial infarction in HC is being reported with increasing frequency. 4 Myocardial infarction also has been noted to occur with normal coronary arteries. 5 We present our results on the incidence and importance of CAD in 85 consecutive patients with HC who also underwent coronary arteriography.
M100,907, a selective 5-HT2A antagonist, attenuates dopamine release in the rat medial prefrontal cortex

Previous research has suggested that serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors modulate the functioning of the mesocortical dopamine (DA) pathway. However, the specific role of 5-HT(2A) receptors localized within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is not known. The present study employed in vivo microdialysis to examine the role of this receptor in the modulation of basal and K(+)-stimulated (Ca(2+)-dependent) DA release. The selective 5-HT(2A) antagonist M100,907 was infused directly into the mPFC of conscious rats. This resulted in a concentration-dependent blockade of K(+)-stimulated DA release. Intracortical application of M100,907 also blocked increases in DA release produced by the systemic administration of the 5-HT(2A/2C) agonist, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI). These findings demonstrate that local 5-HT(2A) antagonism has an inhibitory effect on stimulated, Ca(2+)-dependent DA release. They suggest that cortical 5-HT(2A) receptors potentiate the phasic release of mesocortical DA.
Yield effects on 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine concentration in cabernet sauvignon using a solid phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method.

A rapid and automated solid phase microextraction (SPME) stable isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine (MIBP) quantification in red wine was developed. Wines with 30% (w/v) NaCl and 2-methoxy-2H3-3-isobutylpyrazine internal standard were sampled with a 2 cm divinylbenzene/carboxen/poly(dimethylsiloxane) SPME fiber for 30 min at 40 °C and analyzed by GC-MS. The method was used to measure MIBP concentrations in Cabernet Sauvignon wines that were produced from six winter pruning treatments over two vintages. MIBP concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with buds per vine. In addition, the MIBP concentration was directly related to sensory vegetal intensity ratings obtained by descriptive analysis. Keywords: 2-Methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine; headspace solid phase microextraction; sensory evaluation; canopy management
Discovery of the distant lunar sodium tail and its enhancement following the Leonid Meteor Shower of 1998

Night-time measurements using a bare CCD all-sky imaging system have detected the presence of an extensive region of neutral sodium emission (589.1 nm) in the direction of the anti-solar/lunar points. The emission was observed to occur during the nights of 21–22 August and 18–20 November, 1998 UT, centered on the new Moon period. The Moon is the most likely source of the neutral sodium, making this the first detection of the lunar sodium tail out to a distance of hundreds of lunar radii. The greater brightness of the emission feature on 19 November is attributed to the Leonid meteor shower which peaked on 17 November, 1998, less than two days before new Moon.
Measurement and analysis of unsteady flow structures in rotor blade wakes

Time-variant data are obtained to investigate the exit flow field from a rotor in a research compressor. In the free-stream region, the instantaneous data are analogous to one another and to the ensemble averaged free-stream results. However, in the wake region, some of the instantaneous signals are similar to one another and to the ensemble averaged wake, but others differ significantly. These variations in the instantaneous data are interpreted and shown to be due to a vortex street structure in the wake. This is accomplished by: (1) developing a mathematical model of the rotor blade exit flow field based on a wake vortex street structure analogous to the unsteady flow field behind bluff bodies due to classical von Karman vortex shedding; and (2) correlating predictions of both the ensemble averaged and instantaneous rotor blade exit flow fields as well as the velocity probability density distributions from this vortex wake flow field model with the corresponding data. The correlation of the ensemble averaged rotor blade exit flow fields is very good and the flow angle distribution correlation excellent. The predicted instantaneous rotor blade exit flow field exhibits many of the flow features found in the data. Also, the probability density distributions for the data and the vortex wake flow field model are analogous to one another.
Scientific eminence historical and contemporary: A measurement assessment

In some studies of scientific creativity it has proved useful to assess the differential eminence of scientists according to their presence in historical record (as registered by scholarly works). To determine the research utility of such indicators, a sample of 2026 scientists spanning several centuries and nationalities was taken from three biographical dictionaires of science. The eminence of each scientist was gauged 23 distinct ways using a diversity of reference works (e.g., histories, biographical dictionaires, encyclopedias, etc.) and variable operationalizations (e.g., space measures, ratings, rankings, etc.). Despite minor discrepancies due mainly to the degree of timewise bias and reference work type, a factor analysis demonstrated the existence of a pervasive concensus. A linear composite of these measures had an α reliability of 0.78. Further, it was shown that (a) the reliability of assessed eminence somewhat declines as it is applied to more recently born scientists, (b) the reliability remains high within separate disciplines and nationalities, and (c) assessed eminence, once complex time trends are controlled, correlates positively with the more commonly used citation counts, especially the number of cited publications. Hence, archival indicators of scientific eminence are both reliable and consistent with other scientometric procedures.
MULTIPLE MEANINGS OF TRUST IN NEGOTIATION THEORY AND RESEARCH: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND INTEGRATIVE MODEL

The present paper reviews the research literature on trust in bargaining and mediation. Several models of trust within the bargaining process are also described. It is concluded that trust means different things, depending upon the relationship under investigation. Trust among negotiators can refer to a personality trail (how trusting a negotiator is of others) or to a temporary state. Within the state perspective, trust often refers to one of three orientations: (1) cooperative motivational orientation (MO), (2) patterns of predictable behavior, (3) a problem‐solving orientation. Trust between a negotiator and constituents usually refers to a cooperative MO (i.e., shared loyalty) between these two groups. The addition of a mediator can impact both the opposing negotiators' relationship and each negotiator‐constituent relationship; the mediator also has direct and indirect relationships with the parties and their constituents. Future directions for research on trust are identified.
Navigating the waters of uncertainty: surrogate decision-making at the end of life

(2001). Navigating the waters of uncertainty: surrogate decision-making at the end of life. Clinical Intensive Care: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 101-104.
Corrector design with active vase mirrors that allows a fixed telescope to access a large region of the sky

We investigate a family of two-mirror correctors to compensate for the aberrations of a parabolic mirror observing at a large angle from the zenith. We constrain our designs to optical elements that can be built with currently available technology. The secondary and the tertiary mirrors are warped by Zernike polynomials, which we know can be generated with active vase mirrors. The performances of these corrector designs are usable for imagery.
Theory of ultrafast time-resolved absorption spectroscopy

In this paper, the density matrix formalism has been applied to treat ultrafast time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. We have shown that in the femto-second (fs) pump-probe experiments, the observed time-resolved absorption spectra consist of the contributions from the population (i.e., incoherent contribution) and the coherence (i.e., the phase of the system). The adiabatic approximation has been used to derive the expressions for ultrafast time-resolved spectra. We have also shown that the dynamics of the coherence will result in quantum beat. Numerical calculations have been performed to demonstrate the theoretical results.
Accelerated transport of 90Sr following a release of high ionic strength solution in vadose zone sediments

Abstract Numerical simulation of cation exchange and mineral precipitation/dissolution reactions using the multiphase reactive geochemical transport code TOUGHREACT has provided important insight into the distribution of 90 Sr among layers of geologic strata in a complex vadose zone at the U. S. Department of Energy's Idaho National Laboratory. During a transfer operation in November 1972, 70.4 m 3 of acidic, high ionic strength liquid containing 15,900 Ci of 90 Sr was released over five days into alluvial gravels 137 m above the Snake River Plain Aquifer. Sampling data from perched water zones 33 m below the release contain very high levels of 90 Sr as do soil samples obtained nearer the point of release. Use of traditional simulation approaches using laboratory-measured constant partitioning coefficients ( K d ) cannot simultaneously explain perched water and soil concentrations. To address the discrepancy, a reactive transport approach was adopted to include competitive cation exchange, dissolution/precipitation of calcite, carbon dioxide gas production and transport, and gibbsite precipitation. Simulation results using this model suggest that some of the 90 Sr could have been transported very rapidly immediately after the release with the acceleration facilitated by competition for cation exchange sites with high sodium concentrations in the released liquid and calcium dissolved from calcite, and to a lesser extent by formation of aqueous complexes with nitrate. Once the leading edge of the liquid assemblage was flushed from the alluvium, the mobility of the remaining 90 Sr decreased significantly in the absence of the competing cations. Calculations indicate that there should be a net increase in calcite, suggesting that 90 Sr could be entrained in the mineral lattice, but insufficient field data exist for confirmation. Sensitivity studies show that the cation exchange selectivity coefficients were the most sensitive individual parameters determining the 90 Sr distribution. However, the most sensitive overall quantity was the total ion exchange capacity which is a function of the moles of exchange sites per volume of pore water, the cation exchange capacity, and the total volume wetted by the infiltrating solution. In contrast, the future mobility of 90 Sr was found to be relatively insensitive to the normal range in the composition of influxing precipitation and anthropogenic waters.
Effect of Citric Acid, Copper Sulfate Concentration, and Temperature on a Pond Shoreline Treatment for Control of the Marsh Rams‐Horn Snail Planorbella trivolvis and the Potential Toxicity of the Treatment to Channel Catfish

Abstract Tests were run to determine whether any refinements were warranted in an established copper sulfate–citric acid pond shoreline treatment (Environmental Protection Agency registration number 1278–8) for aquatic marsh rams-horn snails Planorbella trivolvis. The treatments applied in these studies consisted of two levels (full and half) of copper sulfate (CuSO4; 589 and 294.5 g) with and without citric acid (CA; 58.9 and 0 g) that were delivered in a 2-m swath 10-m length of shoreline. In research ponds, shoreline treatments without CA were significantly more effective against the snails than the treatments with CA. The full CuSO4 treatment without CA was significantly more effective than the half treatment without CA at all temperatures tested below 35°C. There was a significant reduction in the effectiveness of the full treatment without CA at 17 ± 0.5°C (40% snail survival), while snail survival (average, 3.2%) in the trials run at 21.5, 23, 26, and 35°C was not significantly different from each ...
Defect printability and specification of ArF mask in repeating feature

As ArF process will be substituted for KrF process at below 0.13 um node, it is time to study CD budget of mask error in ArF lithography. The purpose of this study is to investigate printability of ArF mask defects and corresponding effective specification in repeating cell. Mask defects in regularly repeated pattern were classified as point defect, line defect, and are defect, for convenience's sake, according to their sizes and lithographic explanations. Based on such classification, test reticle (ArF attenuated PSM) was manufactured in our captive mask shop. After exposed at a nominal dose and e-beam cured, each defects was inspected to extract effective specification for ArF process. MNPD (maximum non-printable defect) sizes of various duty patterns were manifested in point defect. In line defect and area defect, as the base pattern CD and duty ratio changed, the slope (MEF) of linear fitting was obtained. Maximum CD deviation from mean CD could be calculated from it. Mask CD budget was considered as 50% of total wafer CD error (10% of target) for mask spec generation. Experimental result was compared with DAIM (diffused aerial image model)-based simulation result because experiment had the error that arose from e-beam curing.
Developmental Characteristics of Home-Based Counselors: A Key to Serving At-Risk Families:

Home-based counseling is an incredibly demanding intervention, yet little is known about the counselors providing this important service. This study sought to profile ego development, conceptual co...
Fourth-order Bragg interaction in a periodic medium

Abstract For a spatially periodic medium, the characteristics of the fourth-order Bragg interaction are deduced by singular expansions of the results of the Floquet mode theory and are compared with the corresponding results of the extended coupled-wave theory.
Diagnostic Value of the First and Second Derivatives of the Arterial Pressure Pulse in Aortic Valve Disease and in Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis

The brachial arterial dp/dt was continuously computed by means of an electronic differentiating circuit in 117 patients and 23 normal subjects. The peak dp/dt averaged 1092±372 (S.D.) mm. Hg/sec. in 32 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, 547±94 mm. Hg/sec. in six patients with discrete subvalvular subaortic stenosis, 811±185 mm. Hg/sec. in 23 normal subjects, 358±85 mm. Hg/sec. in 29 patients with valvular aortic stenosis, 724±212 mm. Hg/sec. in 25 patients with combined aortic stenosis and regurgitation, and 1736±530 mm. Hg/sec. in 24 patients with pure aortic regurgitation. It is suggested that the elevated peak dp/dt seen in patients with hypertrophic stenosis is due to the absence of obstruction to ejection early in systole. In contrast, patients with valvular and discrete subvalvular stenosis, who exhibit fixed obstruction to outflow throughout ventricular systole, had a peak dp/dt that tended to be lower than normal. Calculation of the second derivative (d2p/dt2) of the arterial pressure pulse provided even better separation of the various groups of patients studied. The analyses of the dp/dt and of the d2p/dt2 of the brachial artery pressure pulse afford a simple and reliable assessment of the nature and location of left ventricular outflow obstruction and are helpful in the differentiation of valvular aortic stenosis, combined stenosis and regurgitation, and pure aortic regurgitation.
The fractal nature of membranes

Abstract The fractal dimensions of several synthetic membranes having pore radii in the 1 to 50 nm range were obtained from a relationship between their cumulative pore volume and pore radius. A modified power law relationship was proposed to characterize membrane morphology. The fractal nature of membranes was explained as a direct consequence of their formation mechanism and the polymer solution structure used in their manufacture.
Dynamic analysis of a hemispherical dome levitated by an air jet

Abstract The dynamics of a hemispherical dome levitated above a table by a vertical jet of air are analyzed. Three different physical regimes are postulated, in each of which the vertical force on the dome is due to a different dominating factor: a lubrication assumption is made for small separations, an inviscid assumption for intermediate distances, and air jet levitation when the dome is far above the table. Estimations of the aerodynamic forces thus obtained are combined into a mathematical model of the system, the static and dynamic characteristics of which are then studied. Periodic perturbation of this dynamical system can result in a response that is either periodic for small perturbations or aperiodic for large ones.
An Examination of Support or Non-Support for Affirmative Action, Race-Targeted and Income-Targeted Policies

Abstract Many quantitative studies attempt to identify the causes of public support in America for race-targeted, income-targeted, and affirmative action programs. But results are mixed and the theorized predictors of income-targeting support in particular are rather anemic in their predictive power. We identify several possible conceptual and methodological shortcomings in the literature, and provide an alternative examination based on quantitative and qualitative analysis of data drawn from a convenience sample. The results are revealing and suggest directions for future research.
Ozone measurements over McMurdo Station, Antarctica during spring 1994 and 1995

Ozone and temperature profiles were measured with balloon-borne instruments from McMurdo Station, Antarctica (77.85°S, 166.67°E) from late August to late October, on 39 occasions in 1994 and on 35 occasions in 1995. Minimum column ozone values of 138 DU and 139 DU were measured in 1994 and 1995, reduced from initial measurements in late August of 272 DU and 256 DU, respectively. These minima are higher than the record low measurement from McMurdo taken in October 1993 (130 DU), but lower than all other years since 1986 when ozone measurements were initiated at McMurdo. In 1994 and 1995, as in previous years, the onset of ozone recovery began mid-to-late October above 20 km. Below 14 km ozone concentrations have returned to pre-Pinatubo levels. Between 16–22 km they are near, and in 1995 often lower than, the record low levels set in 1993. In late August of 1995, the total and 12–20 km column ozone were also often observed to be near or lower than that for the same period of all previous years since 1986. By early October 1995, almost complete ozone depletion was experienced uniformly over the altitude region 14.5–19.5 km.
Corrigendum: Scene analysis in the natural environment

In the original article, the caption of Figure 5 contained an error of acknowledgment for the figure source. It should be: (redrawn from von der Emde, 1999).