cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and Removal of Program Slice Criteria for Code Size Reduction in Embedded Systems

Abstract: Code shrinking is a technique for reducing the size of a software system by detecting and eliminating unused features. It is a static approach that is limited to information known at build time. We demonstrate how to extend code shrinking to take dynamic behavior into account. Our technique, Slice Criteria Identification and REmoval (SCIRE), combines conditional compilation and code shrinking techniques with information provided by the developer about run-time behavior. This integration allows SCIRE to achieve code reduction that is close to optimal while remaining mostly automatic. Our results show that SCIRE reduces code size substantially: In many cases, removal of unused features shrinks middleware footprint to less than 5% of its original size, allowing CORBA and other large software libraries to be used in embedded systems.
Studies in partially resolved bacteriophage-host systems. V. A possible role of a polyribonucleotide in the infection of E. coli B with bacteriophage T2.

1. 1. Brief treatment of protoplasts of E. coli with RNase virtually abolishes their ability to be infected by the protoplast-infecting agent (π) from T2. 2. 2. This effect can be reversed completely by brief incubation of the RNase-treated protoplasts either in nutrient broth or in a synthetic medium containing the 4 ribonucleosides and ATP. 3. 3. The optimal concn. of all 5 components is about 0.001 M. All are required simultaneously. 4. 4. Ribonucleosides can be replaced by ribonucleoside-5′-mono; di; or tri phosphates. Of these only the monophosphates require ATP in addition. 5. 5. The restoration reaction is inhibited by 5-hydroxyuridine, 5-fluorouridine and 5,6-dichloro-ribosylbenzimidazole. These inhibitions are reversed by uridine, uridine, and adenosine, respectively. 6. 6. The result suggest the involvement of a polyribonucleotide in the infection process. This polymer is, then, destroyed by RNase and rebuilt in the restoration reaction. It may again be destroyed by a second RNase treatment. 7. 7. Evidence is presented to indicate the location of this essential polyribonucleotide receptor on the surface of the proplast. 8. 8. Protein synthesis is not necessary for the re-synthesis of this polyribonucleotide receptor. 9. 9. A tentative scheme is presented describing the involvement of RNA in the initial stages of phage replication.
Arginase Deficiency Presenting as Cerebral Palsy

Arginase catalyzes the conversion of arginine to ornithine and urea in the final step of the urea cycle. The enzyme deficiency disease, argininemia, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder which presents with progressive psychomotor retardation, growth failure, seizures, and spasticity affecting the lower extremities more than the upper.1 It does not, however, commonly have the severe hyperammonemia seen with other urea cycle disorders.1,2 We describe two unrelated patients, previously thought to have cerebral palsy, who were later found to have arginase deficiency. This suggests that the condition may be underdiagnosed because of its relatively mild symptoms. CASE REPORTS Patient 1, a 9-year-old boy, was born at term after an uncomplicated pregnancy to nonconsanguineous African-American parents.
MO-A-BRB-01: Review of TG-262 Internal Survey of Practices in EMR for External Beam Therapy

The process of converting to an electronic chart for radiation therapy can be daunting. It requires a dedicated committee to first research and choose appropriate software, to review the entire documentation policy and flow of the clinic, to convert this system to electronic form or if necessary, redesign the system to more easily conform to the electronic process. Those making the conversion and those who already use electronic charting would benefit from the shared experience of those who have been through the process in the past. Therefore TG262 was convened to provide guidance on electronic charting for external beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy. This course will present the results of an internal survey of task group members on EMR practices in External Beam Radiation Therapy as well as discuss important issues in EMR development and structure for both EBRT and brachytherapy. Learning Objectives: 1. Be familiarized with common practices and pitfalls in development and maintenance of an electronic chart in Radiation Oncology 2. Be familiarized with important issues related to electronic charting in External Beam Radiation Therapy 3. Be familiarized with important issues related to electronic charting in Brachytherapy
Formation of supported lipid bilayers containing phase-segregated domains and their interaction with gold nanoparticles

For nanoparticles that have been released into the environment, the cell membrane represents an initial site of interaction with eukaryotic cells. The encounter of nanoparticles with cellular membranes may alter membrane structure and function, lead to uptake into cells, or elicit adverse biological responses. Supported lipid bilayers have proven to be valuable ex vivo models for biological membranes, allowing investigation of their mechanisms of interaction with nanoparticles with a degree of control impossible in living cells. To date, the majority of research on nanoparticle interaction with supported lipid bilayers has employed membranes composed of single or binary mixtures of phospholipids. Cellular membranes contain a wide variety of lipids and exhibit lateral organization. Ordered membrane domains enriched in specific membrane components, also referred to as lipid rafts, have not been explored with respect to their interaction with nanoparticles. Here we develop model membranes containing segregated domains differing in fluidity that are amenable to investigation by a variety of surface-sensitive analytical techniques and demonstrate that these domains influence the extent of nanoparticle attachment to model membranes. We determined conditions that allow reliable formation of bilayers containing liquid-ordered domains enriched in sphingomyelin and cholesterol and confirmed their morphology by structured illumination and atomic force microscopies. We demonstrate that the presence of liquid-ordered domains increases attachment of cationic gold nanoparticles to model membranes relative to those lacking such domains under near physiological ionic strength conditions (0.1 M NaCl) at pH 7.4. We anticipate that these results will serve as the foundation for and motivate further study of nanoparticle interaction with phase-segregated domains.
Coping with Occupational Stress in Healthcare: A Comparison of Social Workers and Nurses

Abstract The present study investigates the role of both occupational stress, and two coping methods, problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping, in the prediction of job satisfaction among health care professionals. Utilizing a survey questionnaire, data were collected from 168 full-time social workers and 155 nurses. Both groups differed significantly on measures of perceived job stress, job satisfaction and the use of three coping methods. Separate multiple regressions were completed for social workers and nurses to examine the relative influence of job stress and coping on job satisfaction. For both groups, perceived job stress was the greatest contributor to job satisfaction. Some methods of coping also were significantly related to job satisfaction, however, these differed between the two groups.
Creating a National Data Base on Early Intervention Services

One component of a comprehensive system of early intervention services is a data system on early intervention. This article describes the data requirements in PL 99-457 and discusses some of the issues confronting states as they set about to develop their data systems. The Congressional mandate for data collection is presented along with a description of the process by which the Department of Education requests data from states. Problems of comprehensiveness, incompatibility, and confidentiality are discussed as examples of three of the many challenges states face in data systems development. Based on the limited data currently available from states, approximately 128, 000 infants, toddlers, and their families were estimated to have received early intervention in December 1988. This estimate is very imprecise because of the many problems states are encountering in reporting data. The article concludes with a discussion of the potential usefulness of national data on early intervention for policy and progr...
Unpaired vortices and layer decoupling in quasi-two-dimensional superconductors: A model calculation.

Layer decoupling, as a consequence of interlayer phase fluctuations, is studied in Josephson-coupled, layered superconductors for the case of no external magnetic field. At temperatures slightly above the thermodynamic transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, the weakening of interlayer phase coherence is primarily due to dissociated (``free'') pancake vortices which are similar to those of the two-dimensional theory. A model is proposed to account for these fluctuations in a layered system. The model is approximately solved using a self-consistent, mean-field method to incorporate fluctuation effects into the renormalized Josephson coupling. The renormalized Josephson parameter \ensuremath{\lambda}${\mathrm{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}}_{\mathit{J}}$, which describes the ability of neighboring layers to expel the interlayer phase fluctuations between them, is found to diverge at a distinct temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}^{\mathit{c}}$g${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, signifying that the layers become decoupled. The asymmetry of the phase transition around ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, brought about by layer decoupling, is discussed. In particular, the three-dimensional region above ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is shown to be compressed.
Isolation of a retinal pigment epithelial cell-derived fraction which promotes Müller cell proliferation

Abstract Retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) secrete a factor(s) in vitro which promotes Muller cell proliferation. To begin the isolation of the active factor, medium conditioned by cultured RPE (RPE-CM) was fractionated by fast protein liquid chromatography. The fractions were tested in an assay for Muller cell proliferation and it was found that one fraction contained biological activity comparable to that of complete RPE-CM. Gel electrophoresis demonstrated that this fraction consisted of proteins with approximate molecular masses of 35–88 kDa. An affinity assay revealed that only an 88-kDa protein in the RPE-CM binds to Muller cells. This protein was also present in the active fraction; therefore, it is the most likely source of the mitogenic activity of RPE-CM.
Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula: spontaneous rupture and cardiac tamponade

Congenital coronary arteriovenous fistula is an unusual, but not rare, coronary anomaly. Management of asymptomatic fistulas is controversial because of great variability in natural history. We describe an 82-year-old female patient with spontaneous rupture of a previously undetected left main coronary artery-to-pulmonary artery coronary arteriovenous fistula, with resulting hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade. Emergent surgical exploration and repair provided successful treatment.
ACTH-(1-24) and RX 336-M induce excessive grooming in rats through different mechanisms.

Abstract ACTH-(1–24) (0.03–6 μg i.c.v.) and RX 336-M (7,8-dihydrol-5′,6′-dimethylcyclohex-5′-eno-1′,2′,8′,14 codeinome) (1.5–6 mg/kg i.p.) induce dose-related excessive grooming and ‘wet-dog’ shaking in rats. In the present study, the grooming associated with these compounds was compared and analyzed pharmacologically. Grooming caused by RX 336-M and by ACTH-(1–24) was antagonized when rats were pretreated with comparable doses of morphine (0.5–4 mg/kg s.c), however, only ACTH-(1–24)-induced grooming was attenuated by naloxone (1 and 10 mg/kg s.c.). ICI 154,129 (N,N-bisallyl-Tyr-Gly-Gly-ψ(CH2S)-Phe-Leu-OH) (30 mg/kg s.c.), a selective δ-opiate receptor antagonist, was ineffective against both ACTH-(1–24) and RX 336-M. Although haloperidol is known to antagonize grooming elicited by ACTH-(1–24) (e.g., Wiegant et al., 1977, European J. Pharmacol. 41, 343), even a high dose of this neuroleptic agent (5 mg/kg s.c.) only partially attenuated grooming caused by RX 336-M. Tolerance developed to the grooming elicited by RX 336-M, and by ACTH-(1–24), but there was no cross-tolerance. Both agents were active in genetically hypotrichotic rats; and, again in such animals, even after numbing the area caudal to the shoulders with lidocaine. Given the divergent results with naloxone, and, possibly, with haloperidol, and the lack of cross-tolerance, we conclude that the excessive grooming induced in rats by ACTH-(1–24) and by RX 336-M is mediated by different mechanisms.
Extensive in vivo angiogenesis from the controlled release of endothelial cell growth factor: implications for cell transplantation and wound healing

The in vivo application of angiogenic growth factors such as endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF) is limited due to the short half-lives (minutes to hours) as well as the non-localized, nonspecific delivery by conventional methods. Previously, we studied the short-term release characteristics of ECGF immobilized within an alginate microbead release system. In the present study, we determined the long-term release profile of ECGF from the same system, and also evaluated whether physical (shape) modification of the delivery system (i.e. calcium alginate-immobilized ECGF) affected the rates of ECGF release. Finally, we examined the controlled release of ECGF in vivo. ECGF was immobilized in calcium alginate and prepared as either: (i) microbeads, (ii) a continuos long filament shape, or (iii) a 2-dimensional, flat sheet configuration. The different configurations of alginate-immobilized ECGF were separately incubated for 4 periods of 2 weeks each. ECGF release was determined spectrophotometrically. The most substantial release occurred within the first 2 weeks (64% released), with each subsequent period releasing decreasing amounts (16% at 4 weeks, 12% at 6 weeks, 6% at 8 weeks). The physical shape of the ECGF delivery systems did not produce a significant effect on the overall ECGF release profile. Viable ECGF release from the calcium alginate delivery systems occurs for approximately 8 weeks in vitro. Our preliminary in vivo studies showed enhanced angiogenesis following transplantation of alginate-immobilized ECGF versus alginate without ECGF. We conclude that calcium alginate-immobilized ECGF delivery systems protect and prolong the delivery of angiogenic growth factors and have important implications in wound healing, surgical reconstruction, and cell transplantation (tissue engineering) studies.
Antioxidants l -carnitine and d -methionine modulate neuronal activity through GABAergic inhibition

Antioxidants are well known for their neuroprotective properties against reactive oxygen species in cortical neurons and auditory cells. We recently identified L-carnitine and D-methionine to be among agents that provide such protection. Here, we investigated their neuronal modulatory actions. We used cultured neuronal networks grown on microelectrode arrays to assess the effects of L-carnitine and D-methionine on network function. Spike production and burst properties of neuronal networks were used as parameters to monitor pharmacological responses. L-Carnitine and D-methionine reduced spike activity with 100% efficacy with EC50 values of 0.22 (± 0.01) mM and 1.06 (± 0.05) mM, respectively. In the presence of 1.0-40 μM of the GABAA antagonist bicuculline, the sigmoidal concentration-response curves of both compounds exhibited stepwise shifts, without a change in efficacy. Under a maximal bicuculline concentration of 40 μM, the EC50 increased to 3.57 (± 0.26) mM for L-carnitine and to 10.52 (± 0.97) mM for D-methionine, more than a tenfold increase. The agonist-antagonist interactions with bicuculline were estimated by Lineweaver-Burk plot analyses to be competitive, corroborated by the computed dissociation constants of bicuculline. For both compounds, the effects on the network burst pattern, activity reversibility, and bicuculline antagonism resembled that elicited by the GABAA agonist muscimol. We showed that the antioxidants L-carnitine and D-methionine modulate cortical electrical spike activity primarily through GABAA receptor activation. Our findings suggest the involvement of GABAergic mechanisms that perhaps contribute to the protective actions of these compounds.
Interactions between β-lactoglobulin and dextran sulfate at near neutral pH and their effect on thermal stability

Abstract The effect of interactions between β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and dextran sulfate (DS) on thermal stability at near neutral pH was investigated. Samples containing 6% w/w β-LG and DS ( M w = 5–500 kDa) at different biopolymer weight ratios, pH (5.6–6.2), and NaCl concentrations (0–30 mM) were heated at 85 °C for 15 min. Turbidity results showed that the presence of DS at appropriate biopolymer weight ratio and pH significantly lowered the turbidity of heated β-LG. Solutions containing DS:β-LG weight ratios of 0.02 or less showed improved heat stability as indicated by decreased turbidity. Analysis of the unheated mixture by size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC–MALLS) showed an interaction between β-LG and DS. The size of the aggregates increased as pH decreased. The β-LG–DS aggregates had a greater negative charge as seen from electrophoretic mobility measurement. Addition of 30 mM NaCl inhibited complex formation and the effect of DS on reducing the turbidity of heated β-LG, suggesting that the interaction was electrostatic in nature. Other than charge property, the amount and size of native aggregates appeared to be the major factor in determining how DS altered heat-induced aggregation. The presence of DS decreased denaturation temperature of β-LG, indicating that DS did not improve thermal stability of β-LG by stabilizing its native state but rather by altering its aggregation. The results provide information that will facilitate the application of whey proteins and polysaccharides as functional ingredients in foods and beverages.
Impact of mitral valve annuloplasty combined with revascularization in patients with functional ischemic mitral regurgitation.

Objectives The aim of this work was to determine whether mitral valve (MV) annuloplasty benefits patients with moderate/severe (3+/4+) functional ischemic mitral regurgitation (MR) who undergo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Background Mitral regurgitation is a strong predictor of poor outcomes in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy; whether correcting it at the time of CABG improves outcomes is less certain. Methods From 1991 to 2003, 390 patients with 3+/4+ ischemic MR had CABG with (n = 290) or without (n = 100) MV annuloplasty. Groups were propensity-matched using demographics, extent of coronary disease, regional wall motion, and quantitative electrocardiography. Survival, echocardiographic severity of MR, and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class were compared. Results One-, 5-, and 10-year survival was 88%, 75%, and 47% after CABG alone and 92%, 74%, and 39% after CABG + MV annuloplasty (p = 0.6). Mortality was increased in patients with severe lateral wall motion abnormalities (p = 0.05), ST-segment elevation in lateral leads (p Conclusions Although CABG + MV annuloplasty reduces postoperative MR and improves early symptoms compared with CABG alone, it does not improve long-term functional status or survival in patients with severe functional ischemic MR. The MV annuloplasty in this setting, without addressing fundamental ventricular pathology, is insufficient to improve long-term clinical outcomes.
Neurogenic and Humoral Factors Controlling Vascular Resistance in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

The mechanism of sustained hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats has not been elucidated. In the present investigation, vasoconstrictor responses to a variety of neurogenic and humoral interventions were studied in the perfused hindquarters of Okamoto spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive Wistar rats. In addition, central sympathetic electrical discharge was measured. Vasoconstrictor responses in the hindquarters to lumbar sympathetic nerve stimulation were unchanged or reduced in the spontaneously hypertensive rats, but the responses to intra-arterially administered norepinephrine and epinephrine were enhanced. Vascular responses to intra-arterially administered tyramine, angiotensin, and barium chloride were also greater in the spontaneously hypertensive rats. Vascular resistance was significantly higher in the spontaneously hypertensive rats, and this difference remained following bilateral lumbar sympathectomy. Despite elevated systemic blood pressure, integrated nerve activity at rest was not different in the spontaneously hypertensive rats. The inverse relationship between arterial blood pressure and sympathetic nerve discharge was not different between spontaneously hypertensive and control rats when pressure was either raised or lowered. Changes in efferent sympathetic discharge produced by activation of chemoreceptors (asphyxia) were somewhat less in the spontaneously hypertensive rats. The contribution of low-pressure baroreceptors (45° tilt) to activation of sympathetic vasomotor tone was not different in the spontaneously hypertensive rats despite a greater decline in systemic blood pressure during the procedure. These data demonstrate that established hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat does not derive from either enhanced central adrenergic discharge or altered central integration of afferent information from peripheral sensory receptors but may result from humoral (e.g., increased reactivity to vasoconstrictors) or structural factors.
Evaluation of the role of calcitonin deficiency in ovariectomy-induced osteopenia

Studies were carried out in rats to examine the role of calcitonin deficiency in the pathogenesis of ovariectomy-induced osteopenia. The parathyroid glands of 80 female Wistar rats were autotransplanted to their thigh muscle and the animals divided into 4 groups. Group 1 rats were sham ovariectomized, and thyroidectomized to make them calcitonin deficient; Group 2 rats were thyroidectomized, and ovariectomized to make them deficient in ovarian hormones as well; Group 3 rats were sham thyroidectomized and sham ovariectomized, and Group 4 rats were sham thyroidectomized and ovariectomized. A fifth group of rats were unoperated upon and served as controls. Thyroidectomized animals were maintained on thyroxine replacement and 11 months after ovariectomy all the animals were bled, killed and their femurs dissected out. In both the thyroid intact and thyroidectomized animals, ovariectomy decreased femur density significantly (P less than 0.01). Similarly, ovariectomy resulted in a decrease in femur calcium (P less than 0.01) in both groups of animals, and in a significant decrease in serum calcitonin (P less than 0.05) in the thyroid intact animals. We conclude from these findings that ovarian hormone deficiency can cause bone loss independently of lowering circulating calcitonin levels.
THE PROCESS OF INTIMACY: SIMILARITY, UNDERSTANDING AND GENDER

This study examined gender and three aspects of marital intimacy using a method to establish both objective and subjective indices of intimacy. Fifty couples answered the Personal Assessment of Intimate Relationships (Schaefer & Olson, 1981) twice: once as a self-report and once to respond as they predicted their spouses would answer. Couples who were less accurate in predicting each other's responses also diverged in their experience of intimacy and reported lower intimacy. Results suggest that high intimacy is based on both understanding and similarity of intimate experience. Women reported significantly higher levels of intimacy and were also better than men in predicting their partners' feelings. These findings suggest that women may be more attuned to intimacy or that definitions and assessment of intimacy are gender biased or both.
Influence of an applied strain field on microstructural evolution during the α2 → O-phase transformation in Ti–Al–Nb system

Abstract We investigate the influence of an applied homogeneous strain on the coherent α2 (DO19) to O-phase transformation in Ti–Al–Nb alloys using a phase-field approach. The emphasis is on the effect of the applied strain on the two-phase morphology, as well as the equilibrium volume fractions of different orientation domains of the O-phase. It is found that the applied homogeneous strain field does not change the essential features of the morphological patterns, but does alter the relative amount of each orientation domain and the equilibrium volume fraction of the O-phase. When the applied strain is of the same order of magnitude as the stress-free transformation strain, the initial two-phase mixture becomes unstable and transforms into a single O-phase.
Experimental Investigation of Tire Torsional Dynamics on the Performance of an Anti-Lock Braking System

The designs of commercial Anti-Lock Braking Systems often rely on assumptions of torsionally rigid tire-wheel assemblies. However, some recent tire/wheel technologies often involve lower torsional stiffnesses that cannot be captured well using these rigid wheel assumptions. This paper presents both simulation and experimental analysis of the interaction between a typical ABS controller and tire torsional dynamics. The simulation work includes a comprehensive model that incorporated sidewall flexibility, transient and hysteretic tread-ground friction effects, and the dominant dynamics of a hydraulic braking system. The experimental tests were conducted on a quarter-vehicle ABS test fixture built around a chassis dynamometer. Sensitivity studies are completed through changes in the tire/wheel properties such as wheel inertia, torsional stiffness and ABS controller properties such as the controller’s filter cutoff frequency applied to the wheel speed signals. The results showed strong interactions between the tire’s torsional natural frequency and the filter cutoff frequency of the controller.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Different sex phenotypes of Cucumis sativus L. and C. melo L. and their endogenous gibberellin activity

Gibberellins were extracted from seeds and green plants of different sex types of the closely related species Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber) and C. melo L. (muskmelon). Both seeds and green plants of monoecious and andromonoecious lines of C. sativus contained significantly higher gibberellin levels at all growth stages tested than did a gynoecious line. Gibberellin activity in the monoecious and andromonoecious C. sativus line reached a maximum at the growth stage corresponding to flower differentiation at cotyledonary and first leaf axils. Vernalization of seeds of gynoecious plants resulted in increased male tendency correlated with increased gibberellin activity. In contrast, monoecious and andromonoecious lines of C. melo were gibberellin deficient relative to hermaphroditic and gynoecious lines.
The dependence of viscoelastic flow properties on the structure for styrene-butadiene copolymers

Abstract The flow properties for 300 kg/m3 solutions of four-arm, star-branched random and block styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymers in n-butylbenzene are presented. The viscosity, η, first and second normal stress differences, N1 and N2, and the steady sher compliance, J, were determined as a function of the shear rate from cone-plate shearing data obtained with a stiffened Model R17 Weissenberg Rheogoniometer. The normal stress differences were determined from total normal force and plate pressure distribution data. Four sensitive, miniature, variable-capacitance pressure transducers mounted in the 7.4-cm plate with their approximately 2.4 mm in diameter pressure-sensing diaphragms flush with the plate surface provided data for the pressure distribution on the plate. In general, the data extend from the zero shear-rate viscosity region somewhat into the shear thinning region. Based on limited data, the zero shear viscosities for the random copolymers increased with (M3)3.2, whereas those for the 28% block and 38% block polymers increased with (Mw)⪢;6, respectively. The latter high exponents are believed to be a consequence of a network with junctions formed by dispersed phase polystyrene block domains. The sign for N2 was opposite that of N1 and the ratio N2/M1 for all of the star copolymers averaged –0.214 with a standard deviation of 1.5%. This value is within ±1% of the ratios for tetrachain polybutadienes and polystyrenes and is significantly lower than the –0.29 for linear polybutadiene and polystyrene solutions in normal butylbenzene. The N2/N1 ratio did not vary significantly over the shear-rate range investigated.
Predictors of Substance Abuse Treatment Entry Among Rural Illicit Stimulant Users in Ohio, Arkansas, and Kentucky

ABSTRACT Illicit drug use in the rural United States is increasingly common, yet little is known about drug users' treatment-seeking behaviors. This study identifies predictors of substance abuse treatment entry over 24 months among 710 illicit stimulant users in rural areas of Ohio, Arkansas, and Kentucky. Active users of powdered cocaine, crack cocaine, and/or methamphetamine (MA) were recruited using respondent-driven sampling. Participants completed structured interviews at baseline and follow-up questionnaires every 6 months for 24 months. Data were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. The paper is informed by the Anderson-Newman Model. Overall, 18.7% of the sample entered treatment. Ohio or Kentucky residence, perceived need for substance abuse treatment, higher Addiction Severity Index (ASI) legal problem composite scores, prior substance abuse treatment, and tranquilizer use were positively associated with treatment entry. Nondaily crack cocaine users and marijuana users were less li...
Cytochemical demonstration of oxidative damage in Alzheimer disease by immunochemical enhancement of the carbonyl reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine

Formation of carbonyls derived from lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids is common during oxidative stress. For example, metal-catalyzed, "site-specific" oxidation of several amino acid side-chains produces aldehydes or ketones, and peroxidation of lipids generates reactive aldehydes such as malondialdehyde and hydroxynonenal. Here, using in situ 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine labeling linked to an antibody system, we describe a highly sensitive and specific cytochemical technique to specifically localize biomacromolecule-bound carbonyl reactivity. When this technique was applied to tissues from cases of Alzheimer disease, in which oxidative events including lipoperoxidative, glycoxidative, and other oxidative protein modifications have been reported, we detected free carbonyls not only in the disease-related intraneuronal lesions but also in other neurons. In marked contrast, free carbonyls were not found in neurons or glia in age-matched control cases. Importantly, this assay was highly specific for detecting disease-related oxidative damage because the site of oxidative damage can be assessed in the midst of concurrent age-related increases in free carbonyls in vascular basement membrane that would contaminate biochemical samples subjected to bulk analysis. These findings demonstrate that oxidative imbalance and stress are key elements in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.
Traveling Screens as Sampling Gear for Vertical Distribution Studies

A sampling technique has been developed for increasing the information gathered during routine monitoring of impingement at water intake structures. Samples from impingement catches on traveling screens were taken from the sluiceway of the Brunswick Steam Electric Plant near Southport, North Carolina during the screen wash process so as to divide the catch into vertical catch components. Each component represented 1.2 m of the water column. Results showed differences in day and night vertical distributions of impinged organisms according to the spatial preferences of each species. Impingement during daytime was lower than during night. Impingement of surface-oriented species during daytime occurred at mid-depth, midwater species near the bottom, and bottom species were seldom impinged. During the night surface-oriented species were impinged at the surface, midwater species at mid-depth, and bottom species near the bottom. Residue (animals and debris) which remained within the screen wash system from collection of the previous sample, and those organisms which became impinged on the screens during retrieval of the sample, were used to calculate the rate of “continuous impingement” on the traveling screens. These rates were compared to the impingement catch in order to determine biases in the vertical catch components. Comparison of these rates indicated that impingement estimates determined by routine monitoring methods may under-estimate true impingement rates for certain species. We have concluded that this sampling technique for monitoring impingement at intake structures will increase knowledge of the local biologic system while minimizing the cost of obtaining the information. The technique will also aid in pinpointing specific impingement problems which may be corrected through modifications to the design of the intake structure.
Laser Emission Lines and Materials

This paper contains data on many of the laser materials reported in the literature up to May 1964. The first section contains a list of laser emission lines arranged according to increasing wavelength along with the corresponding active ion and host material. The second section contains information on parameters pertinent to laser performance. In both sections each line is referenced. No attempt has been made to include the wavelengths generated by second harmonics or the Raman effect. In this tabulation the total number of laser lines considered is 357. These lines originate from 65 laser systems. It is hoped that this catalog will be of special use to research workers in the life sciences who may not be familiar with the range of laser frequencies now available.
The bilingual family

view of the process of investigation: What occurs in a classroom is enormously complex, yet some of the examples consist essentially of observing a situation, keeping a record, discussing the results with a colleague, and perhaps deciding to introduce a change, after which the procedure may be repeated. This might imply that one can be relatively sure that the change introduced caused the result seen-which could be an inappropriate conclusion, given the number of uncontrolled variables. However, getting teachers involved in investigating their own classrooms is a valuable goal, and the specificity of the examples in this section should promote that goal. A glossary of terms and a list of suggestions for further reading conclude the book. Overall, the book is an excellent addition to the field of teacher training. Existing texts seem to focus on "how to" and to draw most heavily on educational insights. This text, however, draws on social psychology and second language research as well as the field of education. It focuses on the participants in a classroom as complex individuals with personal, social, psychological, and cultural characteristics.
The Key Technology Research on Integration between Electric Vehicles and Smart Grid

Expounded China's electric vehicle (EV) scale trends and energy supply technology status. Research on smart AC charging pile orderly charge control strategy execution method, having a guide control function and on-board charger monitoring function of the charging pile intelligent controller, communication method and communication protocol between AC charging piles and vehicle terminal; Research on AC/ DC combined charging interface, AC/ DC combined charging equipment, communication method, communication protocol and working mode between AC/ DC combined charging device and EV; Research on non-contact power transmission scheme and principle, non-contact power transmission circuit topology and the control method; Research on the running characteristics and charging characteristics of EVs, EV charging demand model and the key influence factor and its interaction mechanism; Research on the operation coordinated control scheme between virtual charging stations and grid, research on the optimization control strategy of virtual charging station. Finally, analysis of key technologies research significance.
Increased Na/H antiport activity in the renal brush border membrane of SHR

Increased Na + /H + antiport activity in the renal brush border membrane of SHR. Defect in renal salt excretion may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. We examined sodium (Na + ) uptake by brush border membrane (BBM) vesicles of young (6 week old) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) of the same age. SHR had lower urinary Na + excretion (223.1 ± 9.3 vs. 266.3 ± 3.7 µEq/day/lOO g, N=8, P + uptake, measured by rapid filtration technique, was higher in SHR when compared to WKY (1.44 ± 0.03 vs. 1.01 ± 0.06 nmol/mg/5 sec, N=4, N + influx was apparent only in the present of an outward-directed proton (H + ) gradient and was abolished by 1mM amiloride. BBM permeability to H + as assessed by acridine orange quenching was not different between SHR and WKY. Kinetic analyses of the amiloride-sensitive BBM Na + uptake revealed a higher V max (2.13 ± 0.27 vs. 0.70 ± 0.30 nmol/mg/5 sec, N=4, P + (3.55 ± 0.32 vs. 1.23 ± 0.14mM, N=4, P + transport in young SHR which is characterized by increased Na + /H + antiport activity. This alteration in antiport activity is not attributable to changes in membrane permeability to H + , and is characterized by higher V max and km. Similar reports of increased Na + /H + antiport activity in other tissues of SHR suggest that a generalized membrane transport disorder may exist in this model of genetic hypertension.
THE GEOCHEMICAL CONTROLS ON VENT FLUIDS FROM THE LUCKY STRIKE VENT FIELD, MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE

Abstract Hydrothermal vent fluids were collected from the Lucky Strike site at 37°17′N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in both 1993 and 1996. Seven vents were sampled with the DSV Alvin in 1993 and six vents were sampled in 1996 using the ROV Jason during the LUSTRE '96 Cruise. As three of the vents were sampled in both 1993 and in 1996, a time series of vent fluid chemistry is also reported. Measured temperatures ranged from 202 to 333°C at the 1618–1726 m depth of the vent field, which is located on Lucky Strike Seamount. These fluids are either equal to or less than the local bottom seawater in chlorinity. While the range in fluid compositions at Lucky Strike is generally within that observed elsewhere, the unusual aspects of the fluid chemistries are the relatively high pH and low Fe, Mn, Li and Zn. We attribute this, as well as an usually low Sr/Ca ratio, to reaction with a highly altered substrate. The high Si and Cu contents suggest a deep, as well as hot, source for these fluids. The fluid compositions therefore suggest formation by super-critical phase separation at a depth not less than 1300 m below the seafloor, and reaction with a relatively oxic, and previously altered, substrate. There is temporal variability in some of the vent fluid compositions as Li, K, Ca and Fe concentrations have increased in some of the vents, as has the Fe/Mn (molar) ratio, although the chlorinities have remained essentially constant from 1993 to 1996. While there is not a simple relationship between vent fluid compositions (or temperatures) and distance from the lava lake at the summit of the seamount, the vent fluids from many of the vents can be shown to be related to others, often at distances >200 m. The most southeasterly vents (Eiffel Tower and the Marker/Mounds vents) are distinct in chlorinity and other chemical parameters from the rest of the vents, although closely related to each other within the southeastern area. Similarly all of the vents not in this one area, appear closely related to each other. This suggests one or two source fluids for many of the vents, as is also inferred to be the case at TAG, but which is in contrast to observations on faster spreading ridges. This may suggest inherently different plumbing for hydrothermal systems at slower versus faster spreading ridges.
The metabolism and disposition of 14C-indolidan, a potent and orally active cardiotonic agent, in four species of laboratory animals.

1. The metabolism and disposition of 14C-indolidan, a potent, orally-active positive inotrope with vasodilator properties, has been studied after single dose oral administration to rats, mice, dogs and monkeys.2. Excretion of 14C in all 4 species was mostly via the urine, largely as parent drug together with two other major metabolites.3. The two metabolites have been isolated and identified, by mass spectroscopy and 1H-n.m.r., as a dehydro-compound, with a double bond in the pyridazanone ring, and a hydroxylated derivative of the parent drug.4. Plasma t1/2 values, based on 14C, were 14 h in dog, 5 h in mouse and 8 h in monkey. Plasma t1/2 of parent drug, by h.p.l.c. was 10 h in dog, approx. 5h in rodents, and 8h in monkeys.5. Tissue distribution in rats showed no accumulation in any tissue; 14C concn. in all tissues were indistinguishable from background 48 h after dosage. 14C peaked at 6–8 h for most tissues but in blood and plasma, 14C was maximal 1 h after dosing.
Impedance cardiograms reliably estimate beat-by-beat changes of left ventricular stroke volume in humans

Linear regression was used to compare stroke volumes calculated from tetrapolar impedance cardiograms and simultaneous left ventriculograms in 14 patients undergoing diagnostic left heart catheterisation. We calculated three to five consecutive stroke volumes from each ventriculogram. Left ventricular stroke volumes estimated by the two methods correlated closely: the correlation coefficients from pairs of data obtained from individual patients ranged between 0.77 and 1.00 (average=0.91), and the correlation coefficient for pooled data (all pairs from all subjects) was 0.79 (p<0.001). Changes in left ventricular stroke volume measured with the two methods also correlated well (r=0.89 for pooled data, p<0.001). The results suggest that impedance cardiograms provide reliable estimates of changes of beat-by-beat left ventricular stroke volumes and reasonable estimates of absolute levels of beat-by-beat stroke volumes in humans.
Tridactyl dinosaur footprints from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of northeast Wyoming

Discovery of a second footprint locality in the Morrison Formation of the Black Hills provides evidence for the presence of relatively small theropod and/or ornithopod dinosaurs. The footprints occur at the top of a channel sandstone overlain by bone‐rich siltstones. The footprints are notably smaller than those previously reported from the Black Hills by O. C. Marsh and appear to be different from any reported hitherto from the Morrison Formation. The relatively common occurrence of small tridactyl footprints in the Morrison Formation indicates that small bipedal dinosaurs may have been more common in North America during the Late Jurassic than is apparent from the skeletal record.
Role of molecular beam epitaxy in the field of optoelectronics

Abstract This article reviews the role of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) in the field of optoelectronics. In the past 25 years, this crystal growth technology has helped researchers to investigate important physical phenomena related to materials properties. In particular, success in engineering the band structure and refractive index was a key to the exploration and development of carrier transport devices such as high-mobility, bipolar and tunnel transistors, as well as optoelectronic elements such as LEDs, lasers, modulators and photodetectors. Because of its relatively simple growth process, excellent growth control and ability to characterize growth-related phenomena in situ , MBE initiated many important research fields such as GaAs on silicon, fast optical switches and detectors, and vertical cavity and edge-emitting quantum well lasers, particularly in the GaAs/AlGaAs materials system. In addition, relatively unexplored systems such as II/VI materials, nitrides or even Si/Ge heterostructures, are currently hot topics among MBE crystal growers. Over the years, the division of the roles of MBE as a research and prototyping tool and metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) as a production tool has become well established. However, for certain production processes, specifically compact disc and 980 nm Er-fiber pump lasers, MBE has been proved to be as good or better than MOVPE, even when high throughput is a necessity. New fields, such as devices based on very precise vertical Fabry-Perot cavity designs and low-temperature GaAs, are emerging in which the uniform thickness control, in situ monitoring capability and low-temperature growth ability of MBE offer clear superiority over MOVPE for eventual production.
Chinese Grandparents’ Involvement in Their Adult Children’s Parenting Practices in the United States

This intergenerational study investigated Chinese grandparents’ involvement in their adult children’s parenting practices in the United States. The involvement was family defined and included different kinds of services, conversations, and interactions between family members (regarding adult children’s parenting). Attention was given to the cultural, familial, and individual beliefs as well as the contextual factors that influenced this involvement. We adopted tenets of ethnography as methodology and used semi-structured interviews and observations for data collection. Nine families originally from Mainland China and Taiwan were interviewed. The findings revealed the families’ life stories and indicated a positive relationship between grandparents’ involvement and their family-defined wellbeing. Further implications included culturally sensitive interventions for clinicians and researchers working with Chinese multi-generational households.