cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accuracy and clinical effect of out-of-hospital electrocardiography in the diagnosis of acute cardiac ischemia: a meta-analysis.

Abstract Study Objective: We sought to evaluate quantitatively the evidence on the diagnostic performance of out-of-hospital ECG for the diagnosis of acute cardiac ischemia (ACI) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the clinical effect of out-of-hospital thrombolysis. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the English-language literature published between 1966 and December 1998 on the diagnostic accuracy of out-of-hospital ECG and the clinical effect of out-of-hospital thrombolysis. Both prospective and retrospective studies qualified for the assessment of diagnostic performance. For clinical effect, data from prospective nonrandomized studies were synthesized separately from data from randomized trials. Diagnostic performance was assessed by using estimates of test sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratios and was summarized by using summary receiver-operating characteristic curves. Measures of clinical effect included time savings, early ventricular function, early mortality, and long-term survival. Results: Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated in 11 studies with a total of 7,508 patients. Data were available for ACI in 5 studies and for AMI in 8 studies. For ACI, the random-effects pooled sensitivity was 76% (95% CI, 54% to 89%), the specificity was 88% (95% CI, 67% to 96%), and the diagnostic odds ratio was 23 (95% CI, 6.3 to 85). The respective figures for AMI were sensitivity of 68% (95% CI, 59% to 76%), specificity of 97% (95% CI, 89% to 92%), and diagnostic odds ratio of 104 (95% CI, 48 to 224). Both in nonrandomized (n=4, total 1,531 patients) and randomized (n=9, total 6,643 patients) studies, out-of-hospital thrombolysis shortened the time from onset of symptoms to thrombolytic treatment by 40 to 60 minutes. Data on short-term ejection fraction were sparse. Hospital mortality was reduced by 16% (95% CI, 2% to 27%) among randomized trials, and a similar estimate of effect was seen in nonrandomized studies. There was no clear effect on long-term mortality, but data were sparse. Conclusion: Out-of-hospital ECG has excellent diagnostic performance for AMI and very good performance for ACI. Out-of-hospital thrombolysis achieves time savings and improves short-term mortality, but the effect on long-term mortality is unknown. [Ioannidis JPA, Salem D, Chew PW, Lau J. Accuracy and clinical effect of out-of-hospital electrocardiography in the diagnosis of acute cardiac ischemia: a meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. May 2001;37:461-470.]
Electric breakdown in liquid nitrogen

The phenomenology of breakdown in liquid nitrogen is investigated with high-speed electrical and optical diagnostics (temporal resolution down to several 100 ps). The discharge apparatus uses a cable discharge into a coaxial system with axial discharge, and a load line to simulate a matched terminating impedance. Main experiments are done in self-breakdown mode in supercooled liquid nitrogen. Transmission line type current sensors and capacitive voltage dividers with fast amplifiers/attenuators cover an amplitude range of 0.1 mA to 1 kA with a time resolution of 300 ps, providing complete information about discharge voltage and current. The light emission is measured with fast photomultiplier tubes (risetime 800 ps), and these optical measurements will be supplemented by high-speed photography and spectroscopic investigations on a nanosecond time scale. First results on self-breakdown with a gap width of 1 mm and electrodes with 5 mm radius of curvature (breakdown voltage 42 kV) show a three-phase development: the current rises from an unknown level to several mA during 2 ns, stays approximately constant for 100 ns with superimposed ns-duration spikes, and shows a final exponential rise to the full impedance limited current amplitude during several nanoseconds. Detailed optical and spectroscopic diagnostics along with the high-speed electrical diagnostics will in particular address the physical mechanisms initiating/assisting the liquid nitrogen volume breakdown, such as bubble formation during the pre-breakdown phase.
Stem cells and lineages of the intestine: a developmental and evolutionary perspective

The intestine consists of epithelial cells that secrete digestive enzymes and mucus (gland cells), absorb food particles (enterocytes), and produce hormones (endocrine cells). Intestinal cells are rapidly turned over and need to be replaced. In cnidarians, mitosis of differentiated intestinal cells accounts for much of the replacement; in addition, migratory, multipotent stem cells (interstitial cells) contribute to the production of intestinal cells. In other phyla, intestinal cell replacement is solely the function of stem cells entering the gut from the outside (such as in case of the neoblasts of platyhelminths) or intestinal stem cells located within the midgut epithelium (as in both vertebrates or arthropods). We will attempt in the following to review important aspects of midgut stem cells in different animal groups: where are they located, what types of lineages do they produce, and how do they develop. We will start out with a comparative survey of midgut cell types found across the animal kingdom; then briefly look at the specification of these cells during embryonic development; and finally focus on the stem cells that regenerate midgut cells during adult life. In a number of model systems, including mouse, zebrafish and Drosophila, the molecular pathways controlling intestinal stem cells proliferation and the specification of intestinal cell types are under intensive investigation. We will highlight findings of the recent literature, focusing on aspects that are shared between the different models and that point at evolutionary ancient mechanisms of intestinal cell formation.
Direct linkage of thrombin to its cell surface receptors in different cell types

When 125I-thrombin was incubated with foreskin fibroblasts, cervical carcinoma cells or fibrosarcoma cells of human origin, or with secondary chick embryo cells or Chinese hamster lung cells, it became directly linked to its cell surface receptors. The thrombin-receptor complex (TH-R) was derived exclusively from a pool of 125I-thrombin that had become specifically bound to the cell surface. The linkage was probably covalent, since the complex was resistant to boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol. Raising the pH to 12 disrupted TH-R, but did not affect a similar complex between epidermal growth factor and its receptor, suggesting that the linkage of these mitogens to their receptors was different. Mild trypsin treatment removed the ability of cells to form TH-R; however, after a 24-h incubation in serum-free medium, trypsin-treated cells recovered the capacity to form TH-R, suggesting that TH-R resulted from interaction of 125I-thrombin with a cellular rather than a serum component. The mitogenic response of cells to thrombin was inversely related to the fraction of specifically bound 125I-thrombin represented by TH-R. The role of TH-R in mitogenesis may be clarified in future studies by obtaining clones of Chinese hamster lung cells that vary in their capacities to form TH-R and to respond to the mitogenic action of thrombin.
Women's participation in the labor force: the role of social networks

Network research about employment outcomes has rarely focused on women. In this paper, we use the Los . Angeles Survey of Urban Inequality LASUI to examine the role of social networks on the constraints and opportunities which women face in labor force participation. We examine the effects of a woman's general network structure on her employment status, rather than focusing on the characteristics of the specific network tie that connected her to a job. Using an innovative, yet simple, measure to capture network diversity, we test network explanations of why women are in the paid labor force, controlling for background, structural, and family composition variables. In general, we find that the greater the quality and diversity of the social resources that are available through a woman's social network, the more likely she is to be working for pay. We also find evidence that suggests disadvantaged women with children must also rely on their social support networks for childcare to enter the labor market. In addition, we explore the connection between the methods successful job searchers used to find work and the overall structure of their networks through descriptive statistics. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Connecting The Dots: Aligning Projects with Objectives in Unpredictable Times

The book review is for “Connecting the Dots: Aligning Projects With Objectives in Unpredictable Times,” by Cathleen Benko and F. Warren McFarlan.
Toward multifunctional landscapes: cross-sectional analysis of management priorities in New York's northern forest.

Globalization and shifting societal relations with nature generate change and conflicting politics in rural areas of industrialized nations. In this context, multifunctionality has emerged as an important policy logic to stabilize commodity production while encouraging amenity-based development and the production of ecological services. We argue that the concept of multifunctionality, while originally derived from agricultural trade negotiations, is applicable to integrated rural development challenges in forested landscapes. To understand and realize a progressive form of multifunctionality, information is needed on local actors' land use priorities and the factors that shape their interests. Based on data from a 2004 mail survey (183 valid responses; 61% response rate) in two northern NY communities, one amenity-oriented and the other timber-dependent, we conducted an empirical analysis of actors' forest management priorities. Factor analysis allowed us to identify four distinct orientations to management: ecological orientation, recreation orientation, large-scale timber orientation, and small-scale industry orientation. GLM regression allows us to assess how economic context, professional roles, and personal lifestyle considerations affect individuals' adherence to these distinct orientations. The commonalities and differences we observe among sets of actors engaged in forest policy and management point to constraints to realization of multifunctionality and to opportunities to develop richer conceptual tools to probe contemporary transitions.
OPTIMIZATION ALIGNMENT: THE END OF MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT IN PHYLOGENETICS?

A method is described to assess directly the number of DNA sequence transformations, evolutionary events, required by a phylogenetic topology without the use of multiple sequence alignment. This is accomplished through a generalization of existing character optimization procedures to include insertion and deletion events (indels) in addition to base substitutions. The crux of the model is the treatment of indels as processes as opposed to the patterns implied by multiple sequence alignment. The results of this procedure are directly compatible with parsimony-based tree lengths. In addition to the simplicity of the method, it appears to generate more efficient (simpler) explanations of sequence variation than does multiple alignment.
Can Eye Movements Reveal Visual Preference

This research investigates visual information preferences through a questionnaire, performance on reasoning problems and eye movement analysis. A questionnaire was administered to 140 college students. The results showed interesting differences by field, gender, and visual preference. Two extreme groups of respondents, six male and six female, were recruited from a pool of 28 respondents matching the criteria of being either more visual than verbal or more verbal than visual. Participants were tested in spatial ability and working memory capacity. They completed 10 reasoning problems while their eye movements were tracked to examine any correlation between their stated preference for verbal or visual information presentation and their actual visual navigation during the task. Visual navigation and performance on problems with and without an optional diagram were compared within-subjects. Withinsubject and between-group differences in the usage of screen elements as well as field and gender interactions were indicated.
A formula and a congruence for Ramanujan's -function

We determine formulas for Ramanujan's r-function and for the coefficients of modular forms on Γ 0 (2) in terms of finite field 3 F 2 -hypergeometric functions. Using these formulas we obtain a new congruence of r(p) (mod 11).
HIV-infected women and motivation to add children to their families

The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify how susceptible women perceived their babies to be to perinatal transmission of HIV and to examine factors that influence a woman’s motivation ...
Vertical heterojunction field-effect transistors utilizing re-grown AlGaN/GaN two-dimensional electron gas channels on GaN substrates

Vertical heterojunction field-effect transistors (VHFETs) utilizing re-grown AlGaN/GaN two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) channels on free-standing GaN substrates have been developed. The VHFETs exhibited a specific on-resistance (RonA) of 7.6 mΩcm2 at a threshold voltage (Vth) of -1.1 V and a breakdown voltage (VB) of 672 V. The breakdown voltage and the figure of merit (VB2/RonA) are the highest among those of the GaN-based vertical transistors ever reported. It was demonstrated that the threshold voltage can be controlled by the thickness of AlGaN layers and Al concentration. A normally-off operation was achieved with a 10-nm-thick Al0.2Ga0.8N layer. The possibility that VHFET with smaller current collapse phenomena than planar HEMT was revealed (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The role of positive and negative social interactions in child custody outcomes: Voices of US women with serious mental illness

In a given year, approximately 26 percent of persons in the United States 18 years and older suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder. About six percent are diagnosed with a serious mental illness and 65 percent of these are mothers. Mothers with serious mental illness are at increased risk of losing custody of their children. This report represents findings from a qualitative study of the relationship between positive and negative social interactions as three such women went through the process of experiencing threats to their children's safety, relinquishing custody, and working to regain it (or to adjust to a permanent placement). Data collection involved semi-structured interviews. A thematic analysis of data was conducted. Among three conceptual models of social interactions - additive, moderating, and domain specific, the domain-specific model was prominent. Findings are discussed as preliminary to future similar studies involving larger samples. Tentative implications for policy, practice, and research are discussed. Language: en
Sequential Solvent Extraction of Urinary Corticosteroids and its Clinical Application

A procedure which permits the measurement of corticosteroid metabolites in three solvent extracts of hydrolyzed urine is described. Carbon tetrachloride extracts the 11-desoxy, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, and the 17-OH, 21-deoxycorticosteroids. These are quantitated by the Porter-Silber reaction and the method for 17-ketogenic steroids. The difference between 17-KGS and PSC is a measure of the total 17-OH, 21-deoxycorticosteroids. Subsequent treatment of the residual urine with methylene dichloride extracts compounds of the cortisol series, i.e., cortisol and cortisone in small amounts, THF and THE in larger amounts. These compounds are quantitated by either the Porter-Silber reaction or the 17-KGS procedure. Further treatment of the urine residue with ethyl acetate (employing the "salting out" procedure) results in the extraction of polar compounds including cortol, cortolone, 6 -hydroxycortisol, and its reduction product. This procedure was employed to study several clinical disorders. Congenital virilizing adrenocortical hyperplasia is characterized by a marked increase in the 17-KGS in the carbon tetrachloride extract; in adult-onset virilizing adrenocortical hyperplasia this increase is also significant, but not as marked. In adrenal hyperactivity (e.g., Cushing's syndrome, ACTH infusion) there are increases in all solvent fractions studied. Inhibition of 11- hydroxylase activity induced by SU 4885 (Metopirone) is accompanied by an increase in the PSC in the carbon tetrachloride fraction. In hepatocellular disease and in pregnancy, the most noteworthy changes are in the increase in polar compounds extracted in the ethyl acetate fraction. The method described is attractive in its simplicity and is readily applicable in the clinical laboratory.
DIFFUSION IN ORGANIZATIONS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: From Hybrid Corn to Poison Pills

There has been rapid growth in the study of diffusion across organizations and social movements in recent years, fueled by interest in institutional arguments and in network and dynamic analysis. This research develops a sociologically grounded account of change emphasizing the channels along which practices flow. Our review focuses on characteristic lines of argument, emphasizing the structural and cultural logic of diffusion processes. We argue for closer theoretical attention to why practices diffuse at different rates and via different pathways in different settings. Three strategies for further development are proposed: broader comparative research designs, closer inspection of the content of social relations between collective actors, and more attention to diffusion industries run by the media and communities of experts.
Proteasomes are regulated by interferon gamma: implications for antigen processing

Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules present antigenic peptides of cytoplasmic origin to T cells. As the lengths of these peptides seem restricted to eight or nine amino acids, an unusual proteolytic system must play a role in antigen processing. Proteasomes, a major extralysosomal proteolytic system, are responsible for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins. We demonstrate that several proteasomal subunits, including MHC-encoded subunits, are regulated by interferon gamma. These data and the finding that MHC-encoded and other interferon gamma-regulated proteasomal subunits are uniquely associated with proteasomes strongly suggest that the immune system has recruited proteasomes for antigen processing.
A Genetic Matching Approach to Estimating Treatment Effects Using Non-Binary Interventions

I develop a new evolutionary approach to maximizing covariate balance when matching using continuous or non-binary interventions. The aim in the approach is to match units to minimize distances on covariates, while maximizing differences on the continuous treatments, so that there are 'high' and 'low' dose units in each matched pair. Balance is maximized on covariates across the high and low doses, using weights to heighten differences on some covariates over others during matching. An evolutionary algorithm is used to identify the weights that optimally minimize covariate differences over successive generations. Through simulations and empirical applications, I show that continuous genetic matching generally performs much better that alternative parametric and matching estimation approaches.
Impact of annual hospital volume of high dose interleukin-2 infusions on in-patient mortality in patients with melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.

Meeting abstracts The 2014 expert consensus on high dose interleukin-2 (HD-IL-2) states that, “Treating a minimum number of patients per year is important, as quality depends upon familiarity and repetition” [1]. The minimum annual volume of HD-IL-2 associated with relatively worse outcomes is
Diagnoses, Decisions, and Outcomes: Web Search as Decision Support for Cancer

People diagnosed with a serious illness often turn to the Web for their rising information needs, especially when decisions are required. We analyze the search and browsing behavior of searchers who show a surge of interest in prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is the most common serious cancer in men and is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Diagnoses of prostate cancer typically involve reflection and decision making about treatment based on assessments of preferences and outcomes. We annotated timelines of treatment-related queries from nearly 300 searchers with tags indicating different phases of treatment, including decision making, preparation, and recovery. Using this corpus, we present a variety of analyses toward the goal of understanding search and decision making about treatments. We characterize search queries and the content of accessed pages for different treatment phases, model search behavior during the decision-making phase, and create an aggregate alignment of treatment timelines illustrated with a variety of visualizations. The experiments provide insights about how people who are engaged in intensive searches about prostate cancer over an extended period of time pursue and access information from the Web.
Primary health care access, continuity, and cost among pediatric patients with obesity hypertension.

The purpose of this study was to determine how comorbid medical conditions, and the need for early pharmacological intervention, race, gender, and age are associated with service utilization and primary health care costs. From a statewide Medicaid database, medical and pharmacy claims for 10 calendar years (January 1995 to December 2004) were extracted to identify a cohort of children, ages 0 to 17, with (n = 552) and without (n = 2943) a diagnosis of both obesity and primary hypertension. Pediatric African American patients had more diagnosed medical conditions, significantly fewer visits during their first year of primary health care ( χ 2 , 161.16; p χ 2 , 10.35; p χ 2 , 19.38; p χ 2 , 25.88; p χ 2 , 23.92; p p
Micromachined KBand HighQ Resonators, Filters, and Low Phase Noise Oscillators

Microwave and millimeter-wave communications systems are expanding rapidly because they offer many advantages over conventional wireless links. This chapter discusses alternative methods for obtaining planar microwave and millimeter-wave high- Q resonators by using micromachining techniques to alter the geometry of a silicon substrate. The micromachined resonators are fully compatible with microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) technology and, most importantly, do not require low-loss millimeter-wave transitions, which are necessary in waveguide technology. Also, micro-machined resonators are lithographically defined and therefore do not require exact placement and manual tuning such as in dielectric resonator designs.
Thromboembolic disease: underdiagnosed, undertreated, deadly

What should you be looking for in your nonambulatory hospitalized patients? A capsulization of current concepts in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this problem.
Bond energy of IrO+: guided ion-beam and theoretical studies of the reaction of Ir+ (5F) with O2.

The kinetic-energy dependence of the Ir+ + O2 reaction is examined using guided ion-beam mass spectrometry. The cross section for IrO+ formation from ground state Ir+(5F) is unusual, and several me...
Discriminative fusion of multiple brain networks for early mild cognitive impairment detection

In neuroimaging research, brain networks derived from different tractography methods may lead to different results and perform differently when used in classification tasks. As there is no ground truth to determine which brain network models are most accurate or most sensitive to group differences, we developed a new sparse learning method that combines information from multiple network models. We used it to learn a convex combination of brain connectivity matrices from 9 different tractography methods, to optimally distinguish people with early mild cognitive impairment from healthy control subjects, based on the structural connectivity patterns. Our fused networks outperformed the best single network model, Probtrackx (0.89 versus 0.77 cross-validated AUC), suggesting its potential for numerous connectivity analysis.
Measuring turbidity in a near-critical, liquid-liquid system : A precise, automated experiment

A ground based (1g) experiment is in progress that measures the turbidity of the density-matched, binary fluid mixture methanol–cyclohexane extremely close to its liquid–liquid critical point. By covering the range of reduced temperatures t ≡ (T−Tc)/Tc from 10−8 to 10−2, the turbidity measurements should allow the Green–Fisher critical exponent η to be determined. This paper reports measurements showing ±0.1 % precision of the transmitted and reference intensities, and ±4μK temperature control near the critical temperature of 320 K. Preliminary turbidity data show a nonzero η consistent with theoretical predictions. No experiment has precisely determined a value of the critical exponent η, yet its value is significant to theorists in critical phenomena. Relatively simple critical phenomena, as in the liquid–liquid system studied here, serve as model systems for more complex behavior near a critical point.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Weekend versus Weekday Alcohol Use: Item Response Theory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Culturally, people tend to abstain from alcohol intake during the weekdays and wait to consume in greater frequency and quantity during the weekends. The current research sought to empirically justify the days representing weekday versus weekend alcohol consumption. In study 1 (N = 419), item response theory was applied to a two-parameter (difficulty and discrimination) model that evaluated the days of drinking (frequency) during the typical 7-day week. Item characteristic curves were most similar for Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday (prototypical weekday) and for Friday and Saturday (prototypical weekend). Thursday and Sunday, however, exhibited item characteristics that bordered the properties of weekday and weekend consumption. In study 2 (N = 403), confirmatory factor analysis was applied to test six hypothesized measurement structures representing drinks per day (quantity) during the typical week. The measurement model producing the strongest fit indices was a correlated two-factor structure involving separate weekday and weekend factors that permitted Thursday and Sunday to double load on both dimensions. The proper conceptualization and accurate measurement of the days demarcating the normative boundaries of “dry” weekdays and “wet” weekends are imperative to inform research and prevention efforts targeting temporal alcohol intake patterns.
The Futurum Instans and the Translation of Two Hebrew Participles in Genesis 38.29 and 40.10

This article argues against a proposal by Theophile J. Meek that the futurum instans (the imminent future, “about to”) represents the correct verbal aspect for כמשיב in Gen 38.29 and כפרחת in Gen 40.10. The reasons for rejecting the futurum instans in these constructions include Meek’s rigid view of aspect as it applies to the participle and the existence of less ambiguous constructions to communicate the imminent future. This article concludes by recommending that כמשיב ידו be translated as “as soon as he drew back his hand” and כפרחת as “as soon as it put forth its leaves.”
Funny-Looking Cells

This chapter serves to cover various processes typified by unusual or “funny-looking” cells. Most cause this change in hepatocytes, but macrophages and stellate cells are sometimes involved. Proliferations of nonnative cells (mastocytosis and extramedullary hematopoiesis) are covered as well.
Modulation of the onset of air-breathing of the Siamese Fighting Fish and the Blue Gourami

Onset of air-breathing in larval amphibious fishes represents a distinct developmental landmark and thus an ideal process to investigate heterokairy (intraspecific plasticity in the timing of the d...
A theoretical analysis of substituent electronic effects on phosphine-borane bonds

Phosphine-borane adducts are a well-known moiety in synthetic and coordination chemistry. These complexes form a dative bond in which the Lewis basic phosphorus atom donates electron density into an empty p-orbital of the Lewis acidic boron atom. However, donation of the phosphorus lone pair is not the only stabilizing interaction, as hyperconjugation and electrostatic interaction also play important roles in bonding. This paper describes a detailed density functional theory level (B3LYP) study completed to determine the impact electron-donating and withdrawing substituents have on phosphine-borane bonds through the investigation of a series of para-substituted PAr3-BH3 and PH3-BAr3 phosphine-borane adducts. Natural bond orbital (NBO) partitioning was used to calculate the distribution of electron density between the phosphine and borane fragments. Extended transition state and natural orbitals for chemical valence (ETS-NOCV) analysis was used to isolate contributions to the overall electronic interaction of the phosphine-borane adducts. Molecular orbital composition and charge donation was calculated using AOMix. The resulting data was correlated with Hammett σ constants.
Hit ratio of caching disk buffers

Hit ratio is the primary measure of disk cache buffer efficiency, and may be contrasted against cache overhead. A technique to calculate the lower bound of hit ratio based on cache overhead is presented. A method to calculate average hit ratio based on I/O tracing is also developed. Finally, an example is cited showing that a hit ratio as low as 14% will offer a performance improvement over similar disk drives equipped with noncaching buffers. >
MOF-74 and UTSA-16 film growth on monolithic structures and their CO2 adsorption performance

Abstract Monolithic structures offer a cost-effective and practical platform for scaling up gas separation processes in comparison to traditional packing systems. In this study, the immobilization of several metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) namely, MOF-74(Ni) and UTSA-16(Co) on commercial cordierite monolith (600 cpsi) was investigated and their corresponding adsorptive performance in CO2 capture was assessed systematically. To gain control over crystal nucleation and growth, various bottom-up growth techniques were employed and optimized with respect to loading, thickness, and adsorption characteristics of the MOFs films. Our results indicated that the choice of suitable coating procedure depends primarily on the type of the MOF material used. It was shown that layer-by-layer technique followed by a secondary growth is a suitable method for MOF-74(Ni) film growth on the monolith walls which gives rise to ∼52 wt% MOF loading, whereas for UTSA-16(Co), in-situ dip coating was found to be a promising coating method which results in ∼55 wt% MOF weight gain. Moreover, the MOF-coated monoliths displayed relatively moderate CO2 adsorption capacity with fast kinetics.
Endovascular Management of Central Retinal Arterial Occlusion

Background and Importance:Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmologic emergency due to the sudden cessation of circulation to the inner retinal layer. Without immediate treatment, ...
A Review of Color Science in Dentistry: Colorimetry and Color Space

This article is the second in a series of review articles discussing the applications of color science in the clinical practice of dentistry. This installment discusses the colorimetry, which is the science and technology used to quantify and describe physically the human color perception. Theories of color space and clinically portable colorimetric devices developed for determining tooth shade in the dental practice is discussed.
Assessment of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Lignin from Corn Stover Residue Pretreated with Low-Moisture Anhydrous Ammonia and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Process.

Lignin accounts for 15–35% of dry biomass materials. Therefore, developing value-added co-products from lignin residues is increasingly important to improve the economic viability of biofuel production from biomass resources. The main objective of this work was to study the lignin extracts from corn stover residue obtained from a new and improved process for bioethanol production. Extraction conditions that favored high lignin yield were optimized, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the resulting lignin were investigated. Potential estrogenic toxicity of lignin extracts was also evaluated. The corn stover was pretreated by low-moisture anhydrous ammonia (LMAA) and then subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase and hemicellulase. The residues were then added with sodium hydroxide and extracted for different temperatures and times for enhancing lignin yield and the bioactivities. The optimal extraction conditions using 4% (w/v) sodium hydroxide were determined to be 50 °C, 120 min, and 1:8 (w:v), the ratio between corn stover solids and extracting liquid. Under the optimal condition, 33.92 g of lignin yield per 100 g of corn stover residue was obtained. Furthermore, the extracts produced using these conditions showed the highest antioxidant activity by the hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. The extracts also displayed significant antimicrobial activities against Listeria innocua. Minimal estrogenic impacts were observed for all lignin extracts when tested using the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay. Thus, the lignin extracts could be used for antioxidant and antimicrobial applications, and improve the value of the co-products from the biomass-based biorefinery.
El observador de segundo orden como obstaculizador de la intervención social en jóvenes infractores de ley

La presente investigacion propone una aproximacion desde el constructivismo al fenomeno del observador de segundo orden como obstaculizador de la intervencion social, particularmente en el caso de los profesionales que trabajan con jovenes infractores de ley en Chile. Para ello, el estudio transita por diferentes conceptos de orden epistemologico que permiten analizar los problemas en la relacion entre profesional y adolescente, ademas de reconocer los componentes socioculturales presentes en la construccion personal del profesional, con el fin de generar una reflexion sobre las dificultades del proceso de intervencion en jovenes que cumplen condena bajo la ley de responsabilidad penal adolescente
Hormonal actions of vitamin D.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the hormonal actions of Vitamin D. Vitamin D exerts its biological effects after metabolism to more polar daughter metabolites that generate their biological responses by interaction with the genome to induce the biosynthesis of specific proteins essential for the biological response. The secosteroid structure of vitamin D emphasizes the similarity with that of the classical steroid hormones. Recognition of the metabolism of vitamin D3to biologically active daughter metabolites was an important step forward in understanding the mode of action of vitamin D. The most biologically active form of vitamin D3is 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(l, 25(OH)2D3). After entering the body as a vitamin or as a hormone, vitamin D3undergoes a series of metabolic transformations before interaction with specific receptors and induction of the genome in the target tissues to generate its biological responses. Vitamin D3functions as a prohormone to its most active metabolite, l, 25(OH)2D3. The kidney acts as an endocrine gland for the site of production and secretion of l, 25(OH)2D3. This metabolite/hormone is then transported through the bloodstream to its target tissues, particularly intestine and bone, where it interacts with the genome to produce its characteristic biological responses of increasing intestinal-calcium absorption and bone -calcium mobilization.
Impact of Trauma Hospital Ransomware Attack on Surgical Residency Training.

Abstract Background A recent ransomware attack led to the shutdown of the electronic health information system (HIS) at our trauma center for 2 mo. We investigated its impact on residency training during the downtime. Material and methods General and orthopedic surgical residents who rotated at the hospital were invited to participate in a survey regarding their patient care and residency training experiences during the downtime. Attending surgeons from both the specialties were invited to participate in a semistructured interview regarding their attitude toward residency training during the downtime. Results Twenty-nine residents responded to the survey with a response rate of 78.4%. Residents acknowledged significant increases in face-to-face communication and decreases in use of online educational resources during the downtime (P Conclusions Our study demonstrated that an unexpected shutdown of the hospital HIS imposed significant stress upon surgical residents providing trauma patient care and made attending surgeons take greater efforts to be more effective teachers. Residents who are digital natives lack adaptability to handle a paper-based workflow. With cyber security threats increasing in health care, preparedness should be included in the graduate medical education curriculum.
Reversible Morphology Switching of Colloidal Particles

A facile method has been discovered that enables switching of non-cross-linked poly(styrene) (Nx-PS) colloidal particle morphologies, including spherical and anisotropic convex–convex, plano–convex, and concave–convex. The anisotropic morphologies can be achieved readily from spherical Nx-PS particles through control of annealing time at elevated temperatures or surfactant concentration. These anisotropic morphologies can be reversed to spherical at lower temperatures, and reversible morphology switching between any pair of anisotropic morphologies also can be attained. This approach to particle morphology switching establishes a straightforward method for the synthesis of designer anisotropic particles using commercially available spherical particles as starting materials.
To What Extent Has the Sovereign Wealth Fund Assisted Qatar’s Security and Foreign Policy in Resisting the Blockade?

The blockade of Qatar by its neighbors since June 2017 has divided the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), with Qatar, Kuwait, and Oman on one side, and Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates on the other.
Spiking Noise and Information Density of Neurons in Visual Area V2 of Infant Monkeys

Encoding of visual information requires precisely timed spiking activity in the network of cortical neurons; irregular spiking can interfere with information processing especially for low-contrast images. The vision of newborn infants is impoverished. An infant's contrast sensitivity is low and the ability to discriminate complex stimuli is poor. The neural mechanisms that limit the visual capacities of infants are a matter of debate. Here we asked whether noisy spiking and/or crude information processing in visual cortex limit infant vision. Since neurons beyond the primary visual cortex (V1) have rarely been studied in neonates or infants, we focused on the firing pattern of neurons in visual area V2, the earliest extrastriate visual area of both male and female macaque monkeys (Maccaca mulatta). For eight stimulus contrasts ranging from 0% to 80%, we analyzed spiking irregularity by calculating the square of the coefficient of variation (CV2) in interspike intervals, the trial-to-trial fluctuation in spiking (Fano factor), and the amount of information on contrast conveyed by each spiking (information density). While the contrast sensitivity of infant neurons was reduced as expected, spiking noise, both the magnitude of spiking irregularity and the trial-to-trial fluctuations, was much lower in the spike trains of infant V2 neurons compared with those of adults. However, information density for V2 neurons was significantly lower in infants. Our results suggest that poor contrast sensitivity combined with lower information density of extrastriate neurons, despite their lower spiking noise, may limit behaviorally determined contrast sensitivity soon after birth.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite >50 years of investigations on the postnatal development of the primary visual cortex (V1), cortical mechanisms that may limit infant vision are still unclear. We investigated the quality and strength of neuronal firing in primate visual area V2 by analyzing contrast sensitivity, spiking variability, and the amount of information on contrast conveyed by each action potential (information density). Here we demonstrate that the firing rate, contrast sensitivity, and dynamic range of V2 neurons were depressed in infants compared with adults. Although spiking noise was less, information density was lower in infant V2. Impoverished neuronal drive and lower information density in extrastriate visual areas, despite lower spiking noise, largely explain the impoverished visual sensitivity of primates near birth.
SELECTED REMARKS ABOUT TASTE CELL TRANSDUCTION

ABSTRACT Knowledge concerning the transduction process of vertebrate taste receptors is very dependent upon available research techniques. The relative ease of electrophysiological study has resulted in much information concerning the voltage and impedance changes associated with taste cell excitation. Biochemical studies have been to date rather disappointing due to the difficulty in obtaining taste cell plasma membrane fractions and to the lack of high specificity of binding. Research on chemoreception of insects and bacteria suggest new ideas for consideration.
Rebels on the Border: Civil War, Emancipation, and the Reconstruction of Kentucky and Missouri & The Loyal West: Civil War and Reunion in Middle America

Review of "Rebels on the Border: Civil War, Emancipation, and the Reconstruction of Kentucky and Missouri" by Aaron Astor & "The Loyal West: Civil War and Reunion in Middle America" by Matthew E. Stanley
Office-Based Microsurgery Under Local Anesthesia for Male Infertility

Male infertility procedures are commonly performed under general and monitored anesthesia. Despite many advantages such as convenience, reduced costs, faster recovery, and avoiding risks of general/monitored anesthesia, limited information is available to providers on key logistics and techniques relating to office-based male infertility procedures. Therefore, this chapter is intended to provide a detailed description of these procedures with a specific focus on clinical setup, administration of local anesthesia, and tips and tricks on overcoming the learning curve.
Diagnosis and treatment of 64 children with viral encephalitis complicated with respiratory failure

Objective To summarize the clinical features of children with viral encephalitis accompanied with respiratory failure, and to improve the early diagnosis and treatment. Methods The clinical data of 64 cases with viral encephalitis combined with respiratory failure in our unit from May 2005 to May 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. Results All children were characterized by sudden onset.Among them, 60 cases(93.7%) had fever, 50 cases(78.1%) had convulsion onset, 46 cases(71.8%) had consciousness disorders, 30 cases(46.8%) had positive pathological signs.Most of them developed respiratory failure in acute stage.Total 56 cases occurred central respiratory failure, 6 cases occurred central respiratory failure with peripheral respiratory failure, 2 cases occurred respiratory and circulatory failure.Total 46 cases underwent cerebrospinal fluid examination.Routine biochemical test found 32 abnormal cases, of which 10 cases had intracranial hypertension and 19 cases had leukocytosis, and 17 cases had increased protein content.Ten cases were positive in cerebrospinal fluid etiology examination, including herpes simplex virus positive in 8 cases, EB virus positive in 1 case, and coxsackie virus positive in 1 case.There were 6 of 64 cases with abnormal CT scans and 29 of 34 cases with abnormal MRI.The results of EEG examination were abnormal in all patients for the first time.The EEG of 48 cases showed diffuse slow waves-δ activity.EEG examination showed generalized discharges or focal discharges during treatment in 22 cases.Five cases of electrophysiological examination showed cervical spinal cord anterior horn injury.Total 24 cases were complicated with stress ulcer, 4 cases with liver damage, 6 cases with heart damage, 4 cases with renal damage, 1 case with lung damage.All cases underwent mechanical ventilation for 2-50 days.Total 33 cases(51.5%) improved and discharged, 14 cases died during hospitalization, 17 cases were given up treatment.Total 25 cases had variety of neurological dysfunctions left.Total 14 cases with epilepsy were followed up for 3 months to 6 years in our department, of which 8 cases were medically intractable epilepsies. Conclusion The children with viral encephalitis complicated with respiratory failure have acute onset, rapid progress, high disability and mortality.Early diagnosis and evaluation, effective mechanical ventilation in time, and protecting organ function, help to improve the prognosis. Key words: Viral encephalitis; Respiratory failure; Mechanical ventilation; Children
The untapped potential of mining news media events for understanding environmental change

Climate change affects the lives of millions of people. While much attention has been paid to the biophysical impacts of climate change, researchers have little empirical information on the impacts on human society. Climate related social challenges are difficult to accurately measure. One recent data source, the Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone (GDELT) Project, could close that gap. It monitors the world’s broadcast, print, and web news in over 100 languages and identifies the people, locations, organizations, themes, and events driving our global society. Increasingly, big data sources like GDELT are being used to understand how changing actors, events and sentiment in the news media can help understand social change. By analyzing GDELT’s data, applications, and methods, this review identifies the potential of this new data source for the increasingly important role that computational social science can play alongside established biophysical data in monitoring largescale environmental change.
Turbulence-free interference induced by the turbulence itself

When a laser beam is incident on a double-slit interferometer without turbulence, the classic Young’s double-slit interference is present in the first-order measurement of the mean photon number (or intensity), while the second-order measurement of photon number fluctuation correlation (or intensity fluctuation correlation) yields a trivial constant. When optical turbulence is introduced, it destroys the classic interference present in the measurement of the photon number; however, two-photon interference appears in the measurement of photon number fluctuation correlation. This interesting observation means that the observed two-photon interference is not only observable through turbulence, i.e., turbulence-free, but also induced by the turbulence itself. Turbulence-free two-photon interference induced by the turbulence itself allows for interferometric sensing through strong turbulence when coherent radiation, such as a laser, is applied.