cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Editorial Comment: Promising Role of Volume Doubling Time in Patients With Sarcoma Lung Metastasis.

This Editorial Comment discusses the following AJR article: Volume Doubling Times of Pulmonary Metastases in Patients With Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Associations With Subsequent New Metastases...
A Normative Database from Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Without controversy, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging achieves exquisite approximation of gross anatomy. This has been appreciated from the onset of the se of MR technology to image the brain. However, what has been clinically lacking in the first decade of MR use is a rapid yet automated means to quantify various neuroanatomic structures. As such, much of the interpretation of MR imaging has been based primarily on a qualitative rather than quantitative analysis (see Osborn, 1994).
Matrix solid phase dispersion isolation and liquid chromatographic determination of sulfadimethoxine in catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) muscle tissue

A method for the isolation and liquid chromatographic determination of sulfadimethoxine in catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) muscle tissue is presented. Blank control and sulfadimethoxine-fortified fish muscle tissue samples (0.5 g) were blended with octadecyisilyl (C18, 40 micrograms, 18% load, endcapped) derivatized silica packing material. A column made from the C18/fish tissue blend was first washed with hexane (8 mL), following which the sulfadimethoxine was eluted with dichloromethane (8 mL). The eluant contained sulfadimethoxine analyte that was free from interfering compounds when analyzed by liquid chromatography with UV detection (photodiode array, 270 nm). Standard curves for sulfadimethoxine isolated from fortified samples were linear (0.999 +/- 0.001) with an average relative percentage recovery of 101.1 +/- 4.2% for the concentration range (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 ng/g) examined using sulfamethoxazole as the internal standard. The interassay variability was 10.7 +/- 8.2% with an intra-assay variability of 2.2%.
Debtor-creditor : creditor remedies and debtor rights under state and non-bankruptcy federal law

This unique book comprehensively reintroduces creditors' remedies and debtors' rights under state and federal, nonbankruptcy law. The coverage: includes commercial and consumer debt transactions; spans the full range of both new and traditional means of judicial and private enforcement; explores modern arrangements for structuring debt and security; focuses consistently on the core issues of defining who is liable for the debt and who has what rights in what property; and probes how debtor-creditor law applies and adapts, by public or private law, to modern transactional forms and circumstances and also to contemporary attitudes about the proper balance of debtors' and creditors' interests. The text will support almost anything the professor wants to teach. The book is designed and arranged so that its many discrete topics and materials stand alone and allow a professor to easily select and arrange its content to exactly fit courses of va
The surgical anatomy of experimental and clinical thoracic organ transplantation.

The experimental investigation of heart transplantation began almost 100 years ago, but it was not until the studies at Stanford Medical School in the late 1950s and early 1960s that clinical transplantation became a realistic possibility. Barnard performed the 1st human-to-human orthotopic heart transplantation in 1967, and followed this by introducing the technique of heterotopic heart transplantation in 1974. Reitz and colleagues at Stanford performed the 1st successful clinical transplantation of the heart and both lungs in 1981. Two years later, at the Toronto General Hospital, successful singlelung transplantation was performed, followed by bilateral lung transplantation in 1986. Aspects of the surgical techniques of these various experimental and clinical procedures are discussed.
Why Is Philosophy Regaining Popularity

Philosophy has enormous intrinsic worth; and is therefore, potentially, enormously popular. It may require a philosophical agent to catalyze the reaction that results in the actualization of the said potential. It is discussed that philosophy regaining popularity may be completely mistaken. There are sprinklings of academics in every discipline, not just in philosophy, who variously loath, abhor, and sneer at popularizations of their respective subjects matter. When some academic philosophers hear about the success of Plato Not Prozac, which (among other things) makes philosophy accessible to a very general readership, and which ah initio was designed for and aimed at the self-help market, they recoil in horror. Some academic philosophers believe that philosophy is an exclusive preserve of professors or scholars and not meant for the masses at all.
Emotion Knowledge, Loneliness, Negative Social Experiences, and Internalizing Symptoms Among Low‐income Preschoolers

Children with poor emotion knowledge (EK) skills are at risk for externalizing problems; less is known about early internalizing behavior. We examined multiple facets of EK and social-emotional experiences relevant for internalizing difficulties, including loneliness, victimization, and peer rejection, in Head Start preschoolers (N = 134; M = 60 months). Results based on multiple informants suggest that facets of EK are differentially related to negative social-emotional experiences and internalizing behavior and that sex plays a moderating role. Behavioral EK was associated with self-reported loneliness, victimization/rejection, and parent-reported internalizing symptoms. Emotion recognition and expressive emotion knowledge were related to self-reported loneliness, and emotion situation knowledge was related to parent-reported internalizing symptoms and negative peer nominations. Sex moderated many of these associations, suggesting that EK may operate differently for girls versus boys in the preschool social context. Results are discussed with regard to the role of EK for social development and intervention implications.
2,5‐Hexanedione Exposure in the Rat Results in Long‐Term Testicular Atrophy Despite the Presence of Residual Spermatogonia

Charles River CD rats (approximate weight, 208 g) were exposed to 1.0% 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) in drinking water for 5 weeks. Rats were killed 27, 60, and 75 weeks after exposure to evaluate the recovery potential following testicular injury. At 27 weeks, normal serum testosterone and significantly elevated serum luteinizing hormone and serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels were found in treated rats. The 2,5-HD-treated rats had low testicular and epididymal weights at all time points (28% and 72% of controls, respectively, at 75 weeks). Microscopically, there was a generalized loss of postspermatogonial germ cells at all time points, with no seminiferous tubules exhibiting normal spermatogenesis at 75 weeks. However, a relatively constant population of 3.1 to 3.7 spermatogonia/100 Sertoli cells was found in atrophic seminiferous tubules at all time points. The presence of a constant residual population of type A spermatogonia without a normal mass of more mature germ cells and the observed hormonal alterations suggest that 2,5-HD intoxication produced a lengthy disruption in local testicular homeostatic mechanisms that control spermatogenesis.
Kinetics of heterogeneous cellulose reactions. II. Reaction with propionyl chloride

A heterogeneous cellulose reaction was studied by reacting cotton fiber in pyridine medium with propionyl chloride at different initial molar concentrations and at different temperatures. It has been observed that the kinetics of reaction does not follow Sakurada's diffusion equation closely, and the deviation is more noticeable at lower initial concentrations of the reagent and at lower temperatures. A non-uniform reaction rate is also evident from the time–substitution curve. The rate of substitution changes twice during the reaction, the latter change being associated with the loss of cellulose I crystal structure. In an attempt to treat the data according to simple chemical kinetics, the order has been found to decrease continuously from the beginning, suggesting thereby an autocatalytic type of behavior. However, at the final stages of the reaction, when the cellulose I structure was completely lost, the reaction behaved as a pseudo first-order type. The x-ray diffractograms of the reacted samples indicate that cellulose I crystallinity decreases from the beginning of the reaction and that a new crystalline lattice develops gradually. The formation of this new crystal lattice is hindered in the cellulose crystalline region due to the lack of freedom of the chains. The diffusion equation has been modified by substituting a crystallinity index for the rate of diffusion of solvent in a solvent–gel system and thus extending Sakurada's equation. A new mechanism has been proposed considering the simultaneous reactions in the amorphous and crystalline regions. This mechanism can explain the deviation of Sakurada's equation. The kinetics expressions are derived, based on the proposed mechanism. The kinetics of decrystallization of cellulose I is also presented. A satisfactory theoretical explanation is given for the fact that the fall of reaction rate occurs at the conclusion of decrystallization of the cellulose I structure.
Enkephalinase: Selective inhibitors and partial characterization

There are at least two types of enzymes in brain, endopeptidases and aminopeptidases, which metabolize enkephalins. Evidence is presented to suggest that enkephalinase, an endopeptidase cleaving at the Gly-Phe bond, is specific for the endogenous enkephalinergic system. Selective inhibitors are described for each enzyme. These are parachloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid and puromycin in the case of aminopeptidases and various enkephalin fragments in the case of enkephalinase. Some characteristics of the two types of enzymes are described. Enkephalinase has many properties in common with the well-characterized brain angiotensin-converting enzyme. These two enzymes, however, behaved differently when tested for chloride dependence, for activity in several buffers and for susceptibility to specific inhibitors.
Standardized analytical methods

Abstract The International Energy Agency — Bioenergy Agreement — Biomass Conversion Annex VII — Standardized Analytical Methods Activity has been ongoing for the past three years. Participating countries are Canada, Finland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and the United States. The goal is to provide researchers and technology developers with information on reliable methods in use, or proposed, for characterizing feedstocks, process intermediates, and end products from biomass conversion to fuels, energy-intensive chemicals, and electric power. Accurate compositional analyses of biomass feedstocks and lignins are important for the commercialization of these technologies. This international activity provided and tested selected analytical methods for use in the characterization of a wide range of biomass feedstocks and lignins. Two round robins were conducted, one on the analysis of whole biomass feedstocks and the other on analysis of lignins. The biomass feedstock round robin utilized four biomass samples very carefully prepared by the National Institute of Science and Technology (KIST). This round robin tested a specified procedure aimed at providing a summative analysis of the materials. The lignin round robin utilized five commercial grade lignins, and a ball milled enzyme lignin. A very wide range of techniques were used to characterize the lignins, permitting comparison of results from different methods. The results of the two round robins were presented and discussed at the IEA Pre-symposium on Modern Methods of Analyses of Wood, Annual Plants, and Lignins, in New Orleans, USA, November 1991, attended by 110 scientists from over 20 countries.
Farm-related dermatoses in Iowa male farmers and wives of farmers: a cross-sectional analysis of the Iowa Farm Family Health and Hazard Surveillance Project

Agricultural workers are exposed to a variety of hazards that increase their risk for dermatitis. Nevertheless, the prevalence, patterns, and risk factors for dermatitis have not been well characterized among farmers in the United States. We assessed the prevalence and risk factors for dermatitis among 382 male farmers and 256 wives of farmers in Iowa using a cross-sectional study design. From 1992 to 1994, we collected data on potential risk factors and dermatitis. The results showed that 9.6% of male farmers and 14.4% of wives of farmers reported dermatitis during the previous 12-month period. In multivariable models, a history of allergy (odds ratio [OR], 8.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0 to 33.3) was strongly associated with dermatitis among male farmers. Among wives of farmers, some college education (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 9.9) and exposure to petroleum products (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.3 to 7.0) were associated with dermatitis. These results can be used to form preventive efforts in controlling farmwork-related exposures.
Solar radiometry - Spectral irradiance measurements

The present measurement accuracy of the solar spectral irradiance is insufficient to derive the real long-term solar spectral irradiance variability at all wavelengths. Possible error sources are discussed. A series of new second generation solar irradiance photometers are now under construction which should considerably improve these measurements. At the same time, efforts are made to improve the absolute UV calibration methods to derive a unified UV radiation scale.
Plasmalogen phospholipid hydrolysis during hypoxic injury of rabbit proximal tubules

We have identified and quantified the major species of arachidonate-containing phospholipids in proximal tubules by high performance liquid chromatographic and gas chromatographic analyses. Arachidonate was found to comprise 53% of the total mass of fatty acids esterified at the sn-2 position of ethanolamine phospholipids, and 51% of that amount resides in three plasmenylethanolamine species containing the vinyl ethers of palmitaldehyde, oleylaldehyde or stearylaldehyde at the sn-1 position. Choline phospholipids contained 21% arachidonylated species and 33% of that amount resides in a single plasmenylcholine species containing the vinyl ether of palmitaldehyde at the sn-1 position. Ten minutes of hypoxia did not cause a significant change in the total phospholipid mass of ethanolamine or choline phospholipids; however, phosphate analysis of the individual phospholipid molecular species containing esterified arachidonic acid in isolated proximal tubules demonstrated a 24% reduction in the mass of the plasmenylethanolamine molecular species with the vinyl ether of oleylaldehyde at the sn-1 position and a 35% reduction in the mass of plasmenylcholine species with palmitaldehyde at the sn-1 position. These studies underscore the pathophysiological importance of plasmalogen phospholipid hydrolysis and suggest that activation of PLA2s, which utilize endogenous proximal tubule plasmalogen substrates, may play an important role in the early generation of arachidonic acid and accompanying phospholipid catabolism during hypoxic cell injury.
Telephone Versus Print Delivery of an Individualized Motivationally Tailored Physical Activity Intervention: Project STRIDE

Objective: Given that only 25% of Americans meet physical activity recommendations, there is a need to develop and disseminate effective, evidence-based interventions to promote physical activity. The authors tested 2 delivery channels, telephone and print, to determine whether one was more effective in promoting physical activity. Design: The authors randomly assigned 239 healthy, sedentary adults to (a) telephone-based individualized feedback, (b) print-based individualized feedback, or (c) contact control. Both intervention arms were guided by a motivationally tailored, theoretically driven computer expert system. Main outcome measures: Physical activity as measured by the 7-day Physical Activity Recall interview. Results: At 6 months, both telephone and print arms significantly increased in minutes of moderate intensity physical activity compared with control, with no differences between the intervention arms. At 12 months, print participants reported a significantly greater number of moderate intensity minutes than both telephone and control participants, who did not differ. Conclusion: Results suggest that both telephone and print enhance the adoption of physical activity among sedentary adults; however, print interventions may be particularly effective in maintaining physical activity in the longer term.
Radionuclide Ventriculographic Study of Adaptations To Exercise in Aortic Regurgitation

Exercise-gated radionuclide ventriculography has been proposed as a method to evaluate cardiac reserve in patients with aortic regurgitation (AR). Characterization of ventricular function, however, in AR is complicated by the dynamic nature of the leak in individual patients and by variations in severity among patients. Twenty patients with isolated AR were studied to assess the effects of exercise on the regurgitant index. The regurgitant index (left ventricular ÷ right ventricular stroke counts) estimates the severity of the leak. The regurgitant index at rest was significantly higher in patients with AR than in patients without AR (3.46 ± 1.25 versus 1.08 ± 0.16, p
Where Does Holy Teaching Leave Philosophy? Questions on Milbank's Aquinas

Focusing on two essays in John Milbank's The Word Made Strange, Lash argues that Milbank's claim that, for Aquinas, ‘the domain of metaphysics is not simply subordinate to, but completely evacuated by theology’ is unwarranted. First, Milbank's notion of metaphysics often lacks historical specificity. Second, Lash defends recent studies of Aquinas on analogy against Milbank's critique, and questions his construal of ens commune. Concluding sections challenge Milbank's reading of the Prologue to Aquinas's commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics, suggesting a more nuanced reading of the relations between philosophy (and, by implication, the whole sweep of the physical, moral and social sciences) and ‘holy teaching’.
Evaluation of passive planar microfluidic devices for mixing of particle flows

In this paper, the design, modeling, fabrication and characterization of a planar passive microfluidic mixer capable of mixing particulate laden flows at low Reynolds numbers (Re) is reported. Particle-based flow modeling was performed using CFD-ACE+ software to simulate micromixer designs for efficient particle dispersion across microchannel cross-section. The micromixer design developed herein incorporates rectangular shaped obstructions within the microchannel to propel both the particles within the flow and the flow itself into the other half of the channel, thereby achieving mixing. A simple technique to analyze and quantify particle mixing is also proposed. The developed particle micromixer has a simple planar structure, thereby resulting in easy realization and integration with on-chip microfluidic systems, such as micro total analysis systems or lab-on-a-chip.
A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL TO COMPUTE LAND SUBSIDENCE

ABSTRACT An attempt is made to improve the existing analytical three-dimensional models to predict land subsidence due to the extraction of fluids from natural reservoirs. The elastic model proposed by McCann and Wilts (1951) and the poro-elastic one introduced by Geertsma (1957, 1966) are presented first. The general equations of recent poro-elastic theory are mentioned. Then follows a new, more generalized, three-dimensional approach from which the previous models can be derived as particular cases. The contribution to the land subsidence of the depressurized oil or water bearing strata is separated from that of the surrounding strata. It is possible in this way to take into account the different physical properties of the reservoir and of the remaining medium. It is finally shown that the elastic model can be considered as a limit poro-elastic one and therefore its application appears more strictly correlated with the real condition of the sub-soil. In particular, the model by McCann and Wilts (1951) p...
EUS-guided FNA for the diagnosis of GI stromal cell tumors: sensitivity and cytologic yield.

Background EUS-guided FNA has been well documented to aid in the diagnosis of subepithelial lesions by providing cytologic material. Studies to date evaluating the sensitivity of EUS-FNA for the diagnosis of GI stromal cell tumors (GIST) have been small, and few have relied on surgical histologic diagnosis as the reference standard. Objective Our purpose was to determine the diagnostic yield and sensitivity of EUS-FNA for the diagnosis of GIST and to identify EUS features of GIST that are predictive of the ability to obtain adequate tissue by EUS-FNA. Design All patients with histologically confirmed, c-kit –positive GIST who underwent EUS-FNA from 1998 to 2006 were reviewed. EUS images were examined for mass size, shape, location, wall layer, heterogeneity, echogenicity, cystic spaces, lobulation, ulceration, and central umbilication. Needle gauge, number of needle passes, and presence of a cytologist during the EUS-FNA were recorded. Results A total of 37 patients (29 with diagnostic FNA cytology; 8 with nondiagnostic cytology) met the inclusion criteria. The diagnostic yield and sensitivity of EUS-FNA cytology for the diagnosis of GIST was 78.4% (29/37). The sensitivity was 84.4% (27/32) for GISTs located in the stomach, but poor for lesions located in the duodenum because none of these tumors yielded diagnostic cytology (n = 3). An increase in size up to 10 cm, round/oval shape, and identification of the origin of GIST within a specific sonographic wall layer were statistically significant in their ability to predict adequate tissue yield. Conclusions The sensitivity of EUS-FNA cytology for the diagnosis of GIST is 78.4% and is influenced by size, location, shape, and layer of origin.
The Role of Women in the People's Republic of China: Legacy and Change

After 25 years of communist rule, women in China have made significant progress toward emancipation. However, some aspects of traditional sex role differentiation still persist in the family. Furthermore, in work outside the home, women still experience discrimination in pay and important jobs. In the political area, women are still discriminated against on the national level. Most of the important government positions are held by men. Although the magnitude of sex inequality in the past can explain some of these legacies, a more complete explanation must take into account the survival of the concept of Yin-Yang, the patrilineal kinship system; the Ancestral Cult in China; and the inadequacy of the socialist revolution. The misery that Chinese Women have suffered for thousands of years has now reached a limit. The trammels of a patriarchal social system and oppression by imperialism and its tools-the warlords, compradors, gangster politicians, corrupt officials, local tyrants and evil gentry-have kept women from achieving political and economic independence and have literally made them into commodities, playthings, parasites (Institute of the People's Movement, 1902?:2). The foregoing declaration appeared in the opening chapter of a Communist publication in the 20's. It gives evidence to the Chinese Communist Party's long interest in the emancipation of women (China Reconstruct, 1975:40-41). In 1950, one year after the party's triumph over the Nationalists, the new government immediately kept its promise by issuing a new Marriage Law, designed to eradicate all social inequalities between the sexes. However, in spite of the government's earnest effort in the last twenty-five years, some important aspects of social inequality between the sexes still persist in China today, albeit some significant progress has been made. The present paper is an attempt to describe some of the legacies and changes, and to offer an explanation for the stamina of male supremacy in China. Since outsiders are not able to conduct scientific social surveys in China at this time, the present study must rely on other approaches. The material presented here comes from published articles and reports, and from interviews with a number of emigrants and Chinese who have recently visited their relatives in China. The author has interviewed ten female emigrants who have spent at least their entire childhood and adolescence in Communist China, and eight Hong Kong Chinese who recently visited their relatives on the mainland. The interviews were informally conducted over a period of time. The data obtained from * The author wishes to thank Professors Marion Dearman and William Darrough for their comments and suggestions. I am especially indebted to Professor Lillian Rubin for sharing many of her ideas with me. Without her generosity, encouragement, and patience, this paper would not have been possible.
Subpolar ocean bottom pressure oscillation and its links to the tropical ENSO

Recent analysis of ocean bottom pressure (OBP) data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites reveals strong El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like oscillating phenomena in the subpolar gyre of the North Pacific. The oscillation is further enhanced by subtracting the OBP values in the subtropical gyre, indicating a mass imbalance between these two northern gyres in these time-scales. Such OBP oscillating features have not been reported before. Motivated by the satellite observations, a non-Boussinesq ocean model that conserves mass rather than volume was used to diagnose the long-term prospect of the oscillating features. Model simulations from the years 1948 to 2006 demonstrate that the subpolar OBP oscillation correlates closely with the tropical ENSO events. Further analysis of the wind stress curl (WSC) from National Center for Environmental Protection/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) products and sea surface height (SSH) data from altimeters suggests that the tropical ENSO can affect the OBP anomaly of the subpolar gyre through an atmospheric bridge by altering and deepening the Aleutian Low and/or through oceanic waves by enhancing the water mass anomaly in the semi-closed northern Pacific basin.
MEASUREMENT AND COMPUTATION OF THE DIPOLE MOMENT OF GLOBULAR PROTEINS III : CHYMOTRYPSIN

Abstract The dipole moments of α- and γ-chymotrypsin are determined experimentally using the dielectric constant measuring method. The values thus obtained are compared with the results of the electric dichroism measurements for α-chymotrypsins by other investigators. The agreement is reasonably good, if not satisfactory. The cause of difference appears to be due to the difficulty of finding the correct internal field. The interaction between two neighboring dipoles is found to be a minor component of the local fields. Secondly, the dipole moment of α-chymotrypsin was computed using Protein Data Bases. The dipole moment of proteins consists of two major components, the moment due to fixed surface charges and the core moment due to polar chemical bonds. The method of calculation was described in detail in previous papers. The p K shifts of polar side chains were calculated using the methods of Tanford et al. and its modification by Warshel et al. The agreement between measured and calculated dipole moments is satisfactory.
Calculation of the inbreeding coefficient

Wright's rule for calculating the inbreeding coefficient for an arbitrary pedigree is proven for both autosomal and X-linked loci.
Metolachlor and Its Metabolites in Tile Drain and Stream Runoff in the Canajoharie Creek Watershed

Water samples collected during April−November 1997 from tile drains beneath cultivated fields in central New York indicate that two metabolites of the herbicide metolachlormetolachlor ESA (ethanesulfonic acid) and OA (oxanilic acid)can persist in agricultural soils for 4 or more years after application and that fine-grained soils favor the transport of metolachlor ESA over metolachlor and metolachlor OA. Concentrations of metolachlor ESA from the tile drains ranged from 3.27 to 23.4 μg/L (200−1800 times higher than those of metolachlor), metolachlor OA concentrations ranged from 1.14 to 13.5 μg/L, and metolachlor concentrations ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.1 μg/L. In the receiving stream, concentrations of metolachlor ESA were always below 0.6 μg/L except during a November storm, when concentrations reached 0.85 μg/L. Concentrations of metolachlor ESA in the stream were 2−45 times higher than those of metolachlor, reflecting the greater relative concentrations of metolachlor in surface water runoff tha...
Externalization of tropomyosin isoform 5 in colon epithelial cells

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is associated with autoantibody response to a cytoskeletal protein, human tropomyosin (hTM) isoform-5 (hTM5). Because hTM5 is an intracellular protein, it may remain inaccessible to the autoantibodies. Therefore, we have investigated the possibility of externalization of hTM5 in colon epithelial cells. Freshly isolated colonic and small intestinal epithelial cells and LS-180 colon cancer cell line were examined for surface expression of hTM5 by flow cytometric analysis using hTM isoform-specific MoAbs. The extracellular release of hTM5 was determined by Western blot and radioimmunoprecipitation analyses. Physical association of hTM5 with a membrane-associated colon epithelial protein (CEP) was examined by co-immunoprecipitation of hTM5 with anti-CEP MoAb, and CEP with anti-hTM5 MoAb. Cell surface expression of hTM5 was observed in colonic epithelial and LS-180 cells but not in small intestinal epithelial cells. LS-180 cells spontaneously released hTM5 as well as CEP into the culture medium that was significantly stimulated by a calcium ionophore, A23187, but inhibited by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, monensin and methylamine. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that hTM5 forms a complex with CEP. We conclude that hTM5 is externalized in colon but not in small intestinal epithelial cells. The physical association of hTM5 with CEP suggests a possible chaperone function of CEP in the transport of hTM5, a putative target autoantigen in UC.
Polarization of radiation from distant stars by the interstellar medium.

PHOTOMETRIC observations for the detection of partially polarized radiation from eclipsing binary stars have been in progress at Yerkes Observatory, of the University of Chicago, for several years with the view of establishing observationally the effect pointed out by Chandrasekhar that the continuous radiation of early-type stars should be polarized1,2. On the assumption that the opacity of early-type stars is due to scattering by electrons, the continuous radiation emerging from a star should be polarized with a maximum of polarization of 11 per cent at the limb. Since the presence of this polarization can be detected only when the early-type star is partially eclipsed by a larger late-type companion of the system, the effect is masked by radiation from this companion, so that the expected maximum observable effect is only of the order of 1·2 per cent in the one case investigated (RY Persei).
Myocardial revascularization with the lateral costal artery

The lateral costal artery is a branch of the internal mammary artery that occurs in 27% of cadaver series. The similarities to the internal mammary artery and its easy accessibility would suggest its use as a bypass conduit for coronary revascularization. We describe the harvesting and utilization of this artery as an in situ coronary bypass graft, and we have initiated a study examining the exact frequency of this anomalous vessel. The availability of the lateral costal artery either unilaterally or bilaterally adds another dimension to the concept of complete arterial conduit myocardial revascularization.
Seven-year follow-up of coronary artery bypasses performed with and without cardiopulmonary bypass☆☆☆★

Abstract Background: There has been resurgent interest in coronary revascularization performed on the beating heart. Heretofore, there has been no long-term comparison of this technique to traditional coronary artery bypass with cardioplegia. Objective: The purpose of this study was to provide a comparison of long-term survival and intervention-free outcome between patient groups subjected to coronary bypass accomplished with or without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Method: From June 1989 to July 1990, all patients treated for coronary revascularization by three surgeons were considered for coronary revascularization with the heart beating: 107 patients underwent coronary bypass on the beating heart, and 112 patients underwent revascularization with the aid of bypass with cardioplegia. Mean ages (65 ± 10 years) and risk factors were identical. Patients operated on with the heart beating had 2.4 ± 0.9 grafts versus 3.2 ± 1.1 grafts for patients having cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegia. Results: At 7-year follow-up, 86 of 107 (80%) patients operated on with the heart beating were alive versus 88 of 112 (79%) patients in whom cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegia was used. Cardiac deaths occurred in 13 of 107 (12%) patients in the former group versus 10 of 112 (9%) patients in the latter group. However, 32 of 107 patients operated on with the heart beating (30%) needed catheterization for their symptoms versus 18 of 112 (16%) patients in the bypass with cardioplegia group ( p = 0.01). This results in 21 of 107 (20%) patients in the beating heart group needing angioplasty or a second coronary bypass versus only 8 of 112 (7%) patients in the bypass with cardioplegia group. No patient in the bypass with cardioplegia group required reoperation. Most of the reinterventions for the beating heart group were percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (15 of 21 [71%] patients). Conclusion: Despite one less graft per patient, survival and cardiac death rates were similar for the two groups. However, twice as many patients in the beating heart group required recatheterization (30% versus 16%), and 20% needed a second intervention. Only 7% of the bypass with cardioplegia group required reintervention. Limited revascularization of the beating heart provides long-term results comparable to full revascularization with cardiopulmonary bypass, but at the cost of a threefold increase in reinterventions. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:1273-8)
Does Power Help or Hurt? The Moderating Role of Self–Other Focus on Power and Perspective-Taking in Romantic Relationships

Reconciling competing viewpoints suggesting that power helps and hurts perspective-taking in close relationships, in two experiments and two daily experience studies we tested the hypothesis that power's effect on perspective-taking depends on the extent to which people are relatively self-versus other-focused. In Study 1, recalling a time of high (vs. low) power over a romantic partner reduced inclinations to take the partner's perspective for relatively self-focused but not other-focused individuals. Studies 2 and 3 replicated Study 1 using daily variations in power and perspective-taking. In Study 4, being the "in-charge" partner during a conflict conversation reduced empathic accuracy for more self-focused individuals. Self-other focus was assessed with measures of gratitude, relational self-construal, and social value orientation. The current findings provide evidence that, particularly for the more self-focused, relationship power influences people's inclinations to take their romantic partner's perspective in daily life as well as their empathic accuracy during conflict.
The effectiveness of commitment to change statements on improving practice behaviors following continuing pharmacy education.

Objectives. To determine the effectiveness of commitment to change (CTC) statements on behavior or practice change after a continuing pharmacy education (CPE) program, and to assess the percentage of CTC statements that are linked to program objectives. Methods. Following a CPE program, 33 participants were asked to complete a CTC statement and describe changes that they planned on making in their behavior as preceptors. Six months later participants were asked to return the CTC statement and note the status of the change. Results. Twenty-eight participants completed the CTC. Twenty-one (75%) participants returned the CTC statement 6 months later with a status report. Seventy percent of the 56 changes described by the 21 participants had been fully implemented. The majority of the changes (88%) matched program objectives. Conclusion. Writing a CTC statement following completion of a CPE program may positively affect behavior change.
Idiopathic Granulomatous Interstitial Nephritis Responsive to Mycophenolate Mofetil Therapy

Granulomatous interstitial nephritis (GIN) is a rare histologic disease. Various causes have been reported in the literature, including drugs, sarcoidosis, and infections. Other incidents have no discernible cause and are identified as idiopathic. We report a 68-year-old white man who presented with acute kidney injury and was given a diagnosis of idiopathic GIN. Mycophenolate mofetil treatment was elected because of steroid toxicity. He responded well to mycophenolate mofetil and has been in remission for more than 3 years. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful treatment with mycophenolate mofetil of an adult patient with idiopathic GIN.
Colitis is associated with a loss of intestinofugal neurons

Intestinofugal neurons sense and receive information regarding mechanical distension of the bowel and transmit this information to postganglionic sympathetic neurons in the prevertebral ganglia. Pr...
Yohimbine administration and cue-reactivity in cocaine-dependent individuals.

Rationale Preclinical studies suggest that stress potentiates cue-induced cocaine seeking and that this effect is more pronounced in females. These findings have not been characterized in clinical populations.
An ultrastructural study of histochemical staining of complex carbohydrates in the mouse posterior vitreous body.

The vitreous body contains complex carbohydrates that can be demonstrated morphologically. Vitreous hyaluronic acid is very soluble but it can be precipitated by cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) while being cross-linked by glutaraldehyde. Oligosaccharide chains of vitreous glycoproteins are fixed with glutaraldehyde alone. Mouse eyes were fixed with glutaraldehyde or glutaraldehyde and CPC and the complex carbohydrates of the posterior vitreous cortex were studied by electron microscopy. Cationic dyes were used in the fixative or for block-staining on most fixed tissue blocks to allow detailed observations of complex carbohydrates. Most blocks were postfixed with OsO4. The hyaluronic-acid domain on vitreous collagen fibrils sequentially contracted and expanded in size with various histochemical manipulations. Contraction of the domain of hyaluronic acid generally indicates an increased charge density. OsO4 contributes considerable charge density upon forming osmate esters, but tissue postfixed with OsO4 contained large globular forms of hyaluronic acid rather than the small globules observed in non-osmicated preparations. A model is proposed to explain the seemingly paradoxical findings by reference to suggested mechanisms of polysasaccharideligand-OsO4 interactions.
The Energetic Significance of Cooking

While cooking has long been argued to improve the diet, the nature of the improvement has not been well defined. As a result, the evolutionary significance of cooking has variously been proposed as being substantial or relatively trivial. In this paper, we evaluate the hypothesis that an important and consistent effect of cooking food is a rise in its net energy value. The pathways by which cooking influences net energy value differ for starch, protein, and lipid, and we therefore consider plant and animal foods separately. Evidence of compromised physiological performance among individuals on raw diets supports the hypothesis that cooked diets tend to provide energy. Mechanisms contributing to energy being gained from cooking include increased digestibility of starch and protein, reduced costs of digestion for cooked versus raw meat, and reduced energetic costs of detoxification and defence against pathogens. If cooking consistently improves the energetic value of foods through such mechanisms, its evolutionary impact depends partly on the relative energetic benefits of non-thermal processing methods used prior to cooking. We suggest that if non-thermal processing methods such as pounding were used by Lower Palaeolithic Homo, they likely provided an important increase in energy gain over unprocessed raw diets. However, cooking has critical effects not easily achievable by non-thermal processing, including the relatively complete gelatinisation of starch, efficient denaturing of proteins, and killing of food borne pathogens. This means that however sophisticated the non-thermal processing methods were, cooking would have conferred incremental energetic benefits. While much remains to be discovered, we conclude that the adoption of cooking would have led to an important rise in energy availability. For this reason, we predict that cooking had substantial evolutionary significance.
Border identities: Intersections of ethnicity and sexual orientation in the U.S.–Mexico borderland

Abstract The U.S. census data reveal high concentrations of same-sex unmarried partners in areas along the U.S.–Mexico border. In this article, I consider whether the above-average prevalence rates of same-sex unmarried partners along the U.S.–Mexico border can be attributed to measurement error, whether they provide evidence of enclave-like areas for Hispanic same-sex partners, or some combination thereof. Drawing on descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses, I examine data validity issues, as well as possible explanations for the high presence of gay men and lesbians in these particular residential locations. In doing so, I pay particular attention to the role of ethnicity, language, and household size in creating potential measurement error, as well as in generating attractive enclave characteristics. These findings provide insight into both the validity of the U.S. census data on same-sex unmarried partners, as well as the role of the intersection of sexual orientation and Hispanic ethnicity in determining residential choice. Although undoubtedly measurement error is a contributing factor, findings nonetheless support the existence of actual gay and lesbian enclaves and further suggest that immigration could play a role in generating these high concentration areas.
Spatial and temporal variation in the effects of fish and crayfish on benthic communities during stream drying

AbstractOmnivorous central stonerollers (Campostoma anomalum) and crayfish (Orconectes meeki meeki) inhabit streams in the Boston Mountain ecoregion of Arkansas, USA, and can have substantial effects on stream ecosystem structure and function through foraging and ecosystem engineering activities. Seasonal summer drying is extensive in these systems and might alter interactions between these consumers and stream benthic communities. Electrical exclusion of consumers was used to examine changes in the effects of fish and crayfish on algal abundance, sediment deposition, sediment organic matter content (as ash-free dry mass [AFDM]), and invertebrate density on tiles during stream drying. Replicate paired exclusion/exposed treatments were placed in 8 pools for two 30-d periods in June and August 2006 during an extended period of stream drying. Consumer exclusion increased algal chlorophyll a 1.5×, sediment organic matter content 2.3×, sediment dry mass 3.4×, and chironomid density 21× relative to levels on ex...
Chlordane residues in Great Lakes lake trout: Acute toxicity and interaction at the GABA receptor of rat and lake trout brain

Abstract The assemblage of chlordane-related compounds present in Great Lakes lake trout is substantially different from the technical grade mixture. To investigate the toxicological consequences of this alteration, we isolated a mixture of chlordane related compounds from tissues of lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) sampled from the southern end of Lake Michigan and from Siskiwit Lake on Isle Royale in Lake Superior. The toxicity of the residue was evaluated using an acute bioassay and a neuroreceptor binding affinity assay. We compared the toxicity of the isolated residue with the technical mixture and various combinations of pure components and found that residues were three to five times more toxic than the technical mixture. Our tests suggest that the increased toxicity is due to the presence of the stable metabolites, heptachlor epoxide and oxychlordane, and show a close correlation between variation in toxicity and the relative abundance of heptachlor epoxide. The substantial increase in the toxicity of the chlordane residue over the technical mixture suggests that caution should be excercised when making human or environmental health judgements regarding chlordane residues.
Detection of dopamine overflow and diffusion with voltammetry in slices of rat brain

Voltammetric electrodes have been used to monitor extracellular dopamine in rat brain slices. The electrode tips are small enough to be immersed inside the slice. Specificity for dopamine is increased through the use of voltammetry and a cation exchange membrane at the electrode tip. Dopamine overflow is observed in the caudate nucleus following electrical stimulation (60 Hz, 1 s, 3 V) with an adjacent bipolar electrode. The amount of overflow observed is increased when the tissue is perfused with 10 microM cocaine or nomifensine, both recognized inhibitors of dopamine uptake. The ability of dopamine in the perfusion buffer to permeate the slice was monitored with two voltammetric electrodes, one in the cerebral cortex and the other in the caudate nucleus. At a high concentration (100 microM), dopamine rapidly appeared (2.7 +/- 0.4 min) in the interior of the cortex, but dopamine was not observed in the caudate until a significantly later time (8.9 +/- 1.0 min). To examine whether this difference is a reflection of the presence of different uptake systems in the two regions, pressure ejection was employed. In this experiment a double-barrelled pipette was used to eject dopamine or DOPAC at a fixed distance (approximately 70 micron) from the voltammetric electrode. Ejection of small amounts of both substances could be detected in the cortex. When the ejector-detector assembly was moved to the caudate, dopamine could only be observed following pressure ejection after perfusion of the slice with 10 microM nomifensine. Detection of DOPAC was unaffected. All of these experiments indicate that uptake systems in the caudate keep dopamine concentrations very low in the extracellular fluid of the slice.
Learning to Encode Timing: Mechanisms of Plasticity in the Auditory Brainstem

Mechanisms of plasticity have traditionally been ascribed to higher-order sensory processing areas such as the cortex, whereas early sensory processing centers have been considered largely hard-wired. In agreement with this view, the auditory brainstem has been viewed as a nonplastic site, important for preserving temporal information and minimizing transmission delays. However, recent groundbreaking results from animal models and human studies have revealed remarkable evidence for cellular and behavioral mechanisms for learning and memory in the auditory brainstem.