cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does shock index provide prognostic information in acute heart failure

Acute heart failure (AHF) is currently regarded as an epidemic and is the leading cause of hospitalization in elderly [1]. Despite advances in the treatment, it remains amajor cause of mortality and yet the assessment of its prognosis remains challenging. Shock index, defined as the ratio of heart rate (HR) to systolic blood pressure (SBP), was first proposed in 1967 as a simple and valuable tool for assessing volume status and an early indicator of shock in hemorrhagic and septic shock [2]. However as an easily calculated marker, its use expanded over years to various critical settings. Shock index has been shown to carry prognostic significance over conventional vital sign measurements in various critical settings including pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction and even stroke [3–5]. Two adjustments for SI have been proposed which include diastolic blood pressure or age in the concept. Modified shock index (MSI), defined as the ratio of HR to mean arterial pressure (MAP) is developed to incorporate diastolic blood pressure in the assessment [6]. Age adjusted SI (AGESI) has recently been shown to be superior to SI/MSI in predictingmortality in an emergency department setting [7]. Admission SBP is recognized as an independent predictor of in-hospital and long-termmortality in AHF, and low SBP has been shown to correlate with worse outcomes [8,9]. The concept of SI has not yet been studied in the AHF population. We aimed to examine the sensitivity and specificity of SI, MSI and AGESI in predicting hospital and long-
Analysis on power quality of grid-connected photovoltaic generation system

Photovoltaic generation is the mainstream of solar power generation for solar power is renewable energy.Recently,with the development of photovoltaic technology,photovoltaic generation stations in Jiangxi has increased.Houtian photovoltaic generation station is the first grid-connected photovoltaic generation system.With the power quality test in the station,power quality test procedure is presented and the test result is analyzed based on power change,voltage deviation,flicker and harmonic.The analysis provide reference for grid-connected test in photovoltaic generation station.
Promises and challenges of nanomaterials for lithium-based rechargeable batteries

Tremendous progress has been made in the development of lithium-based rechargeable batteries in recent decades. Discoveries of new electrode materials as well as new storage mechanisms have substantially improved battery performance. In particular, nanomaterials design has emerged as a promising solution to tackle many fundamental problems in conventional battery materials. Here we discuss in detail several key issues in batteries, such as electrode volume change, solid–electrolyte interphase formation, electron and ion transport, and electrode atom/molecule movement, and then analyse the advantages presented by nanomaterials design. In addition, we discuss the challenges caused by using nanomaterials in batteries, including undesired parasitic reactions with electrolytes, low volumetric and areal energy density, and high costs from complex multi-step processing, and their possible solutions. Nanomaterials design may offer a solution to tackle many fundamental problems in conventional batteries. Cui et al. review both the promises and challenges of using nanomaterials in lithium-based rechargeable batteries.
Renewable hydrogen production by solar-powered methanol reforming

Abstract The present study demonstrates the possibility of generating hydrogen by methanol steam reforming at temperatures of 235–260 °C inside a non-concentrating solar collector, ideally for stationary fuel cell systems. In contrast to the current state-of-the-art, the solar collector provides all heat required for heating and evaporation of the reactants, endothermic reaction, and compensation of heat losses, without any external heat supply (such as from combustion of fuel or electric heating) and without the need for concentration of sunlight (as in conventional parabolic trough systems). Without the need for solar concentration, the system is simpler and more compact than conventional systems, and it can utilize all direct and indirect incident sunlight. The solar collector-reactor achieves hydrogen generation up to 6.62 L STP min −1 per m 2 collector area (equivalent to 1088 W m −2 LHV) under 1 sun, with solar-to-hydrogen efficiencies up to 78% and total energetic efficiencies (considering solar and fuel input) up to 43%.
Suicidal Ideation is Associated with Limited Engagement in HIV Care

PHQ-9 data from persons living with HIV (PLWH, n = 4099) being screened for depression in three clinics in the southeastern USA were used to determine the prevalence of suicidal ideation (SI). SI was reported by 352 (8.6 %); associated with 50 copies/ml (1.70, 95 %CI 1.35, 2.14). Data from PLWH enrolled in a depression treatment study were used to determine the association between moderate-to-high risk SI (severity) and SI frequency reported on PHQ-9 screening. Over forty percent of persons reporting that SI occurred on "more than half the days" (by the PHQ-9) were assessed as having a moderate-to-high risk for suicide completion during the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. SI, including moderate-to-high risk SI, remains a significant comorbid problem for PLWH who are not fully stabilized in care (as indicated by detectable HIV RNA or HIV diagnosis for less than 3 years).
Privacy, Confidentiality, and Security Challenges for Interoperable Data Platforms in Supply Chains

Privacy, confidentiality, and information security constitute basic requirements for the design and implementation of IT-enabled platforms for information sharing such as the I-Choose platform described in this book. In this chapter, we discuss privacy and security issues from an organizational perspective along three dimensions: ownership, access rights, and data quality. The challenge of protecting the confidentiality and privacy of data lies in developing effective and transparent security policies and protocols that govern access to and integrity of both proprietary and public information. Our findings highlight that these challenges stem from the complexity of the information chain and the heterogeneity of stakeholders and data sources in the sustainable coffee supply chain. As a result, addressing these issues will require not only technologically sophisticated solutions but also creation of governance structures and adoption of appropriate business practices. In this chapter we propose five management and policy solutions for mitigating the privacy, confidentiality, and security challenges that confront successful implementation of I-Choose platform.
Human–Environment Relationship: Prehistoric

Human–environmental relationships comprise a web of culturally imposed constraints in a complex environment, within which people adopt a variety of subsistence pursuits. These may or may not have long-term effects on that environment. During the course of Pleistocene prehistory, humans were few in numbers and constrained by their technology and social organization from unlimited spatial expansion or assuming the trophic role of a super predator. But they may have influenced megafaunal extinctions or vegetation change through manipulation of fire. By the beginning of the Holocene, greater subsistence success allowed exponential population growth, coinciding with agricultural origins in several world regions. Domesticated plants and animals became artifacts, allowing humans to achieve ecological dominance and incrementally transform their environments. But the management strategies followed and the landscapes created were constructed culturally.
Program synthesis for networks

Software is eating the world. But how will we write all the programs to control everything from sensors to data centers? Program synthesis provides an answer. It increases the productivity of programmers by enabling them to capture their insights in a variety of forms, not just in standard code. In this tutorial, we focus on some challenges in programming networks, and we show how program synthesis algorithms can help. Developing network programs is difficult, as networks are large distributed systems. In particular, implementing programs that update the configuration of a network in response to events is an intricate problem. First, even if initial and final configurations are correct, subtle bugs in update programs can lead to incorrect transient behaviors, including forwarding loops, black holes, and access control violations. Second, if the update program reacts to events occurring near simultaneously in different parts of the network, naive implementations can lead to causality violations and conflicts. We present scalable program synthesis algorithms that produce network programs that are both correct by construction and efficient.
Students as customers in higher education: The (controversial) debate needs to end

Abstract Even though marketing in higher education is well established there is a continued (controversial and at times emotional) debate about who the customer is with many still unaccepting that students should be viewed as a customer in higher education. The paper examines this debate using the framework of market orientation, customer orientation and service and relationship marketing. The paper includes recommendations about ways to resolve the dispute and concludes that students must be considered customers in the development of marketing strategy.
Introducing landscape ecology

Our new journal has been developed by SPB Academic Publishing cooperating with the International Association of Landscape Ecology (IALE), which is affiliated with the International Association for Ecology (INTECOL). IALE membership includes landscape designers, architects, and planners, as well as soil scientists, geographers, modellers, biogeographers, and those biologists who call themselves ecologists. The journal is intended to be the official voice of IALE and to represent these various disciplines' interests and research on the landscape. Landscape sets the scale and orientation of the journal. Ecology indicates its breadth and wholistic approach. A central task of the editor and editorial board is to set the boundaries of the subject matter contained in the journal. These boundaries will be fuzzy, like those in nature, and will shift with time. In this introductory comment, I want to repeat some of the ideas presented at the second meeting of the USA chapter of IALE, at Charlottesville, Virginia, USA on March 11, 1987. The comments seem as relevant at the birth of a new journal as at the close of a meeting of a newly organized landscape ecology society. My comments were divided into three parts: first, general, philosophical matters; second, space and time; and third, human interactions with the landscape.
Synthesis of polyamide thin-film nanocomposite membranes using surface modified imogolite nanotubes

Abstract Nanocomposite membranes were synthesized using unmodified and surface modified imogolite nanotubes. Membranes were through interfacial polymerization of polyamide onto polyacrylonitrile (PAN) macroporous supports. Surface modification was done using two different polymers: polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). These polymers were selected to improve nanotube dispersion in chloroform and n-hexane solvents which were used during membrane synthesis. The structural and surface-chemical properties of the nanotubes and the synthesized thin-films were characterized and correlated with membrane performance. Surface modification resulted in an increased mass loading of nanotubes into the polyamide thin-films. This corresponded to an increase in water permeability, going from 1 mg/g to 2.5 mg/g as the mass loading increased from 1.47 × 10–12 m/Pa s to 3.59 × 10–12 m/Pa s. Increases in water permeability were attributed to increases of the pore size from 3.967 to 4.357 nm within the membrane due to the interior space of the nanotubes and to changes in the cross-linking density surrounding the nanotube within the thin-film.
Introduction to asthma and phenotyping.

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease process that is characterized by three cardinal features: (1) chronic inflammation of the airways leading to (2) variable airflow obstruction and (3) airway hyperresponsiveness (NHLBI 2007). Over the past two decades, there has been a rise in asthma prevalence, such that about 8 % of the population in 2010 and more than 25 million Americans are affected (Akinbami et al. 2012). The clinical presentation varies in degree of severity, but common symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, and cough (NHLBI 2007). There has been a steady increase in asthma prevalence from 2001 to 2010 which is particularly marked in the pediatric population; children have required increased emergency room visits and hospitalizations (Akinbami et al. 2012). Despite the overwhelming prevalence of asthma worldwide, extensive healthcare costs and immense economic burden, a detailed understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of asthma, particularly those features leading to variable expression of disease (recognized as clinical phenotypes) remains to be developed (Bousquet and Khaltaev 2007). Asthma affects industrialized nations as well underdeveloped countries, and similar phenotypes have been recognized across these borders (Weiss et al. 1992). Recent investigations have noted distinct clinical asthma phenotypes, but the characteristics that separate these phenotypes overlap significantly, including those factors that contribute to the difficulty in clinical management of these patients (Calhoun et al. 2003).
Scriptural Spirituality as Postmodern Theology: Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s Transformational Interpretation of the Psalms

Embracing David Tracy’s prophetic and christocentric vision for postmodern theology, this article argues that Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s evolving interpretation of the Psalms forms a paradigmatic exampl...
Virtual Drive Test for Vehicle Antenna Evaluation

Drive test has been the method to evaluate the performance of the automotive antennas in urban and suburban/ rural environments. Virtual drive test (VDT) using high-frequency electromagnetic and wave-propagation simulation software can be used instead to evaluate vehicular antennas performance. This paper presents a simulation-based method for evaluating LTE automotive antenna installed on a roof of a vehicle in an urban environment with and without surrounding traffic. A full-wave method; namely, the Multi-Level Fast Multipole Method (MLFMM) is used to perform the analysis of the antenna placed on a vehicle. Whereas Ray-optical Intelligent ray tracing model (IRT) is used to evaluate the installed antenna performance, in here received power, in a non-stationary environment. The received power of the vehicle antenna with and without traffic was found to minorly disagree in a complex urban environment.
Sparse Bayesian Learning With Dynamic Filtering for Inference of Time-Varying Sparse Signals

Many signal processing applications require estimation of time-varying sparse signals, potentially with the knowledge of an imperfect dynamics model. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for dynamic filtering of time-varying sparse signals based on the sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) framework. The key idea underlying the algorithm, termed SBL-DF, is the incorporation of a signal prediction generated from a dynamics model and estimates of previous time steps into the hyperpriors of the SBL probability model. The proposed algorithm is online, robust to imperfect dynamics models (due to the propagation of dynamics information through higher-order statistics), robust to certain undesirable dictionary properties such as coherence (due to properties of the SBL framework), allows the use of arbitrary dynamics models, and requires the tuning of fewer parameters than many other dynamic filtering algorithms do. We also extend the fast marginal likelihood SBL inference procedure to the informative hyperprior setting to create a particularly efficient version of the SBL-DF algorithm. Numerical simulations show that SBL-DF converges much faster and to more accurate solutions than standard SBL and other dynamical filtering algorithms. In particular, we show that SBL-DF outperforms state of the art algorithms when the dictionary contains the challenging coherence and column scaling structure found in many practical applications.
Crime in National Forests: A Call for Research

This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Society of American Foresters and can be found at: https://www.safnet.org/publications/jof/index.cfm.
From Position to Program: A Major Change for School Guidance and Counselling in the United States:

The evolution of guidance and counselling in the United States from a position approach to the program concept is reviewed in this article. The developmental, comprehensive guidance and counselling...
Divine Revelation as Propositional

In this paper I argue that the propositional model of Divine revelation deserves renewed attention due to both (i) criticisms stemming from misunderstanding and (ii) recent arguments in favor of the propositional model. I begin by clarifying what I mean by the propositional model of Divine revelation and by pointing out misunderstandings of the implications of this model. Subsequently, I offer a few arguments in favor of the propositional model of Divine revelation based on three assumptions that I take to be basic elements of Christianity. Finally, I explain why I think the propositional model is doctrinally significant for the Christian Faith.
Examining Gender Differences in Neurocognitive Functioning Across Adulthood.

OBJECTIVE Previous research has shown that women have an advantage on verbal episodic memory and processing speed tasks, while men show an advantage on spatial ability measures. Previous work has also found differences in cognition across age. The current study examines gender differences in neurocognitive functioning across adulthood, whether age moderates this effect, and whether these differences remain consistent with practice across multiple testing sessions. METHOD Data from the Virginia Cognitive Aging Project were used, which included participants between the ages of 18 and 99 years (N = 5125). Participants completed measures assessing five cognitive domains: episodic memory, processing speed, reasoning, spatial visualization, and vocabulary. RESULTS Results showed that gender was significantly related to memory, speed, and spatial visualization, but not to vocabulary or reasoning. Results of invariance analyses across men and women provided evidence of configural and metric invariance, along with partial scalar invariance. Additionally, there was little evidence that age or practice influenced the gender effect on neurocognition. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with the previous research, these results suggest that there is a female advantage in episodic memory and processing speed, and a male advantage in spatial visualization. Gender was shown to influence cognition similarly across adulthood. Furthermore, the influence of gender remained the same across three sessions, which is consistent with the previous work that has shown that training does not differentially impact performance on spatial ability measures for females compared to males.
The Impact of Neurobehavior on Feeding Outcomes in Neonates with Congenital Heart Disease.

Objective To evaluate the association between neonatal neurobehavioral state and oral feeding outcomes following congenital heart disease (CHD) surgery. Study design This single center retrospective cohort study described neonates undergoing cardiac surgery evaluated perioperatively with the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS). We compared NNNS attention scores, which evaluates neonates' ability to orient and fixate on stimuli, with the feeding outcomes percentage of feeds taken orally at discharge and time to reach full oral feeds using regression analyses. Models were constructed for both preoperative and postoperative NNNS evaluations. Results Between August 2015 and October 2017, 124 neonates underwent 89 preoperative and 97 postoperative NNNS evaluations. In multivariable Cox regression, higher preoperative NNNS attention scores were associated with a shorter time to achieve full oral feeds (hazard ratio 1.4; 95% CI 1.0‒2.0; P = .047). This relationship was not seen for post-operative NNNS attention scores or percentage of oral feeds at discharge. Depending on the model, younger age at surgery, increased ventilator days, increased length of stay, and single or 2-ventricle anatomy with aortic arch obstruction were associated with lower percentage of oral feeds at discharge and/or delay in full oral feeds. Conclusions Higher neonatal attention before cardiac surgery is associated with improved feeding outcomes. Prospective assessment of neonatal neurobehavioral state may be a novel approach to predict and target interventions to improve feeding outcomes in CHD. Future studies should examine the impact of intrinsic neurodevelopmental delay vs environmental adaptation on the neurobehavioral state of neonates with CHD.
Coaching Toward Completion: Academic Coaching Factors Influencing Community College Student Success:

Aligned with the American Association of Community College’s 21st Century Initiative for community college completion, coaching has emerged in higher education as a promising practice for student s...
Clinical training and validation of the LeukoScope: a low-cost, point-of-care device to perform white blood cell and neutrophil counts

A white blood cell (WBC) count with partial differential is an important clinical laboratory test. However, current methods to perform a WBC count and differential are difficult to use at the point of care or too expensive for use in low-resource settings. To meet this need, we developed the LeukoScope: a low-cost system to measure a WBC and neutrophil count from a single drop of blood at the point of care. The LeukoScope is battery powered and has a sample-to-answer time of <5 minutes. A drop of blood from a finger stick is added to a LeukoScope sample cartridge where pre-dried acridine orange fluorescently stains WBCs. The cartridge is then inserted into the LeukoScope reader where a portable fluorescence microscope captures a color image of the sample, which is analyzed to report results to the user. The LeukoScope system was tested at the point of care using fingerprick samples collected from 105 general oncology patients in Houston, TX. Performance of the LeukoScope was compared to that of a HemoCue WBC DIFF performed using the same fingerprick sample; clinical laboratory analysis of a venous blood draw was used as the gold standard in all cases. Bland–Altman analysis showed that the LeukoScope and HemoCue WBC DIFF had similar accuracy for measurement of WBC and neutrophil counts as compared to the gold standard. Seven out of eight patients with abnormal WBC count values were correctly identified using the LeukoScope, while six out of eight were correctly identified using the HemoCue WBC DIFF. Five out of six patients with abnormal neutrophil counts were correctly identified using the LeukoScope, while six of six were correctly identified using the HemoCue WBC DIFF.
Remembrance of things practiced: Fast and slow learning in cortical and subcortical pathways

The learning of motor skills unfolds over multiple timescales, with rapid initial gains in performance followed by a longer period in which the behavior becomes more refined, habitual, and automatized. While recent lesion and inactivation experiments have provided hints about how various brain areas might contribute to such learning, their precise roles and the neural mechanisms underlying them are not well understood. In this work, we propose neural- and circuit-level mechanisms by which motor cortex, thalamus, and striatum support such learning. In this model, the combination of fast cortical learning and slow subcortical learning gives rise to a covert learning process through which control of behavior is gradually transferred from cortical to subcortical circuits, while protecting learned behaviors that are practiced repeatedly against overwriting by future learning. Together, these results point to a new computational role for thalamus in motor learning, and, more broadly, provide a framework for understanding the neural basis of habit formation and the automatization of behavior through practice.
Signal-Regulatory Protein-α (SIRP- α) Expression Delineates Distinct Subsets in Monocytes/Macrophages in Normal Tissue and in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Abstract BACKGROUND Monocytes and macrophages (mo/mΦ) are a key part of the composition of peripheral blood (PB) and tissues and increased numbers of mo/mΦ have been associated with patient outcome in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Because CD14 is abundantly expressed on the surface of human mo/mΦ, it is often used to identify or isolate human mo/mΦ, and immunosuppressive CD14+HLA-DRlow monocytes have been shown to be increased in the peripheral blood of NHL patients. However, we have previously shown that CD14 expression on mo/mΦ is substantially lower than CD68 expression suggesting that many CD68+ mo/mΦ are CD14 negative, especially in spleen and lymph node tissues. To characterize both CD14+ and CD14- mo/mΦ in PB and tissues, we isolated all mo/mΦ from B-cell NHL specimens and normal controls and assessed their phenotype and function. METHODS Human mo/mΦ were isolated by negative selection from PB and tissue biopsy specimens (B-cell NHL and normal tissues) using the immunomagnetic isolation (monocyte enrichment kit). Morphological and immunophenotypic characteristics of isolated mo/mΦ were determined by Giemsa stain and flow cytometry. Phagocytosis and migration assays were used to determine the function of isolated mo/mΦ. T cells were co-cultured with mo/mΦ and T cell proliferation was evaluated by CFSE staining and detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS Using a monocyte enrichment kit to isolate all mo/mΦ, the purity of isolated mo/mϕ was 85~99%, which was defined by the percentage of lineage-negative cells (i.e. cells without expression of CD3,CD19, CD20, and CD56). We found that these isolated mo/mΦ constituted 2 populations: a more frequent population of larger cells and a less common population of smaller cells. In contrast to PB, CD14 positive mo/mΦ constituted less than 40% of the tissue mo/mΦ from the isolated population. Furthermore, we found that the cell size from CD14+ mo/mΦ were larger than CD14- mo/mΦ. Using CD14 and SIRP-α, we could identify 3 populations of mo/mΦ: CD14+SIRP-αhigh, CD14-SIRP-αdim and CD14-SIRP-α- cells. CD14+SIRP-αhigh cells and CD14-SIRP-αdim cells typically constituted the population of larger cells, while CD14-SIRP-α- cells constituted the population of smaller cells. CD14-SIRP-α- cells lacked the typical phenotypic markers and had decreased phagocytic and migratory ability compared to CD14+SIRP-αhigh and CD14-SIRP-αdim cells. Furthermore, we found that these 3 populations of mo/mΦ had a differential effect on activated T-cells and that the CD14-SIRP-α- cells appeared increased number in biopsy specimens from NHL when compared to normal tissues. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a unique population of small CD68+ mo/mΦ that lack expression of CD14, SIRP-α, and other FcγR markers. This subset of mo/mΦ is more prevalent in NHL tissues and has limited phagocytic and migratory functions. This CD14-SIRP-α- mo/mΦ subpopulation may play an inhibitory role in anti-cancer and inflammatory responses. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Soil moisture data assimilation to estimate irrigation water use.

Knowledge of irrigation is essential to support food security, manage depleting water resources, and comprehensively understand the global water and energy cycles. Despite the importance of understanding irrigation, little consistent information exists on the amount of water that is applied for irrigation. In this study, we develop and evaluate a new method to predict daily to seasonal irrigation magnitude using a particle batch smoother data assimilation approach, where land surface model soil moisture is applied in different configurations to understand how characteristics of remotely sensed soil moisture may impact the performance of the method. The study employs a suite of synthetic data assimilation experiments, allowing for systematic diagnosis of known error sources. Assimilation of daily synthetic soil moisture observations with zero noise produces irrigation estimates with a seasonal bias of 0.66% and a correlation of 0.95 relative to a known truth irrigation. When synthetic observations were subjected to an irregular overpass interval and random noise similar to the Soil Moisture Active Passive satellite (0.04 cm3 cm-3), irrigation estimates produced a median seasonal bias of <1% and a correlation of 0.69. When systematic biases commensurate with those between NLDAS-2 land surface models and Soil Moisture Active Passive are imposed, irrigation estimates show larger biases. In this application, the particle batch smoother outperformed the particle filter. The presented framework has the potential to provide new information into irrigation magnitude over spatially continuous domains, yet its broad applicability is contingent upon identifying new method(s) of determining irrigation schedule and correcting biases between observed and simulated soil moisture, as these errors markedly degraded performance.
Class Action Nuisance Suits: Evidence from Frequent Filer Shareholder Plaintiffs

This chapter explores class action nuisance suits by examining the plaintiffs that bring them. It focuses on merger litigation—claims brought by shareholders in the wake of corporate mergers and acquisitions transactions—and uses as evidence the litigation history of seven “frequent filer” shareholder plaintiffs. Over a five year period, from 2014 through 2018, these plaintiffs filed 281 shareholder suits nationwide. Compiling data on these filings and their outcomes, this chapter reveals a transformation in merger-related nuisance suits. Plaintiffs went from challenging mergers in fiduciary duty suits under state law to challenging merger disclosures in federal court under the federal securities laws. Just as state fiduciary duty suits were typically settled for supplemental disclosures, federal securities claims are typically resolved by mooting the claims through corrective disclosures. The common denominator between these two types of claims is that both entitle plaintiffs’ counsel to collect fees from the corporation on the basis of supplemental disclosures. The data also reveal two further nuisance suit developments: (1) the filing of disclosure-related claims under the federal securities laws not related to merger activity, and (2) the filing of individual rather than class complaints. The chapter argues that these litigation patterns have evolved in response to efforts to contain nuisance suits. Claims moved from state to federal court to evade hostile state law precedent. Once in federal court, claims changed from settlement to mootness resolutions to avoid further judicial scrutiny and to avoid possible application of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “PSLRA”). Further innovations in nuisance filings seem specifically designed to evade the PSLRA. Consistent application of the PSLRA to merger litigation would reverse the flow of claims back to state court if not eliminate them altogether. However, any hope of this depends upon a more coordinated judiciary. Courts must coordinate their approach to merger litigation generally and to the PSLRA in particular. Fortunately, coordination mechanisms do exist. Courts should use them to halt the inundation of merger-related nuisance suits.
A binder free hierarchical mixed capacitive deionization electrode based on a polyoxometalate and polypyrrole for brackish water desalination

Capacitive deionization technology is an efficient method for brackish water desalination, in which the pseudocapacitive material plays a vital role in determining the desalination performance of the electrode directly. Compared with a traditional double-layer capacitance deionization electrode, a mixed capacitive deionization electrode possesses obvious advantages, because it integrates pseudocapacitance and double-layer capacitance together. A brand-new mixed capacitive deionization electrode is fabricated by co-deposition of P2Mo18O626− and polypyrrole on a 3D exfoliated graphite matrix using an electrochemical technique. In this electrode, composite particles composed of P2Mo18O626− and polypyrrole distribute evenly on the 3D exfoliated graphite matrix. At 1 A g−1 current, the specific capacitance of this electrode is 156.2 mA h g−1. Its rate capability is also promising with more than 76.5% of the capacitance being retained when the current increases to 20 A g−1. At 1.2 V voltage, its desalination capacity and rate reach 17.8 mg g−1 and 1.12 mg g−1 min−1 in 600 mg L−1 NaCl. This satisfactory desalination performance is attributed to the unique electrochemical properties of P2Mo18O623− and polypyrrole and the binder free character of this electrode. Even after 100 cycles, its desalination ability does not decay, which confirms its excellent stability. This work confirms the prospects for polyoxometalate based electrodes in brackish water desalination.
Ambient air levels of Aspergillus fumigatus and thermophilic actinomycetes in a residential neighborhood near a yard-waste composting facility

Composting is a biological process that has thepotential to emit large quantities ofbioaerosols and, therefore, could adverselyaffect public health. Numerous previousstudies have demonstrated bioaerosol levelselevated above background adjacent tocomposting waste materials, but effects onoffsite bioaerosol levels due tocomposting-facility bioaerosol emissions havenot been extensively investigated. Of the fewsuch studies published, most have not foundelevated compost-related bioaerosols downwindfrom the composting operation. We investigatedviable Aspergillus fumigatus andthermophilic actinomycete levels upwind anddownwind of a large yard-waste compostingfacility and sought to determine whether levelsin a residential neighborhood near the facilitywere elevated above background levels due tofacility bioaerosol emissions. Mean bioaerosollevels at the composting facility weresignificantly higher than the mean backgroundlevels, exceeding the background means byroughly 20-fold. When a neighborhood samplingsite about 500 m from the facility was in thedownwind direction mean levels weresignificantly higher than for other winddirections, and excursions well abovebackground levels were significantly morefrequent than at background sites. There was asignificant temporal correlation betweenbioaerosol levels at the composting facilityand the downwind sampling site. The resultsindicate that bioaerosol emissions from a largeyard-waste composting facility cansignificantly increase bioaerosol exposurelevels at least 500 m downwind from thefacility.
Stress Relieving of Cold Drawn Cu 1.8 wt. % Be by an Aging Process

The effect of precipitation on residual stress in round cold drawn copper beryllium rods was investigated to minimize part distortion and to control mechanical properties. Aging temperature, aging time, residual stress level, and machinabi1ity were considered to optimize the stress relieving process. A boring-out technique (Sachs), improved with the use of a traveled wire electrical discharge machine and a computer controlled data acquisition system, was used to determine residual stresses. Metrology results confirmed the success of the stress relieving process.
8 – Staged Kidnapping

Staged Kidnappings are designed to conceal events or other crimes. Chapter 8 explores the victimology, offender characteristics, abductions sites, modus operandi, and outcomes typically associated with this crime. The Chapter also explores dynamics that are correlated with the prevention, investigation and prosecution of Staged Kidnappings, including identifying crime scene inconsistencies and detecting malingering.
Imaging findings of a twin male neonate with megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome

Abstract Megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) is a rare congenital defect of the bowel and bladder that is especially rare in males. We present a case of MMIHS in a male nonidentical twin neonate who presented with abdominal distention, urinary retention, and hypoplastic bowel. The voiding cystourethrogram included in this report displays rare image of MMIHS in a male urogenital system. The constellation of clinical and imaging findings presented in this case are characteristic of MMIHS and may aid the early diagnosis of male neonates affected by this disease.
El cuerpo de las mujeres en la ciencia griega clásica

This article analyses the different opinions of the Hippocratic Corpus and Aristotle about feminine bodies. Particularly, it studies the Greek sources approach to menstruation and compares it to opinions from other cultures. Thus, menstruation is connected with the social structure of a society and the attitudes in front of it are related to the effective masculine domination upon women.
Participation of S and Se in hydrogen and chalcogen bonds

This article reviews the history and the current state of knowledge concerning the ability of the heavy chalcogen atoms S and Se, and to some extent Te, to participate in a H-bond as either proton donor or acceptor. These atoms are nearly as effective proton acceptors as O, and only slightly weaker as donor. They can also participate in chalcogen bonds where they act as electron acceptors from a nucleophile. These bonds rapidly strengthen as the chalcogen atom becomes larger: S < Se < Te, or if they are surrounded by electron-withdrawing substituents, and can exceed that of many types of H-bonds. Experimental and computational evidence indicates that both H-bonds and chalcogen bonds involving S and Se occur widely in chemical and biological systems, and play an active role in structure and function.
Chapter 2 – Intake Regulation

Intake regulation and appetite are influenced by many factors, including sensory input, enteral input, individual macronutrients and micronutrients, and physical exercise. The neural and hormonal regulators, including but not limited to ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), melanocortin, and agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons, leptin, insulin, and PYY3-36 are all discussed, as well as neurotransmitters, other central mediators, and cannabinoids. The sensation perceived as thirst results from the integration of stimulatory and inhibitory signals from peripheral sensors and from within the brain itself. The physiological state that is sensed is predominantly volume depletion and increased concentration of osmotically active plasma constituents (osmolality). Sodium is the main solute in blood, with a concentration of about 140 mmol/l. An increase in sodium concentration is known to elicit thirst. The second section of this chapter discusses the specifics surrounding the sensation perceived as thirst.
The Zero Dispersion Limit for the KdV Equation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the zero dispersion limits for the KdV equation. The chapter gives an explicit formula for the limit ū. For simplicity, the chapter presents the case when u(x) has a single minimum. The formula for ū is obtained from Gardner, Greene, Kruskal, and Miura's solution of the KdV equation by scattering transform.
Chapter 5 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Defects in Semiconductors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses scanning tunneling microscopy in semiconductors. The identification of lattice defects in semiconductors is a difficult task, as it relies on the interpretation of complex and indirect spectroscopic methods, such as electron paramagnetic resonance or localized vibrational mode spectroscopy. Scanning probe methods (SPM), especially scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), offer the required atomic resolution, but only for the sample surface, and not for defects embedded in the bulk of the material. The surface preparation, typically involving a high-temperature heat treatment to prepare an atomically clear surface, prevents the extrapolation of conclusions from frequently observed surface point-like defects, such as missing atoms—vacancies—to their bulk counterparts. Cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy (XSTM) is a tool that extends STMs unique power, the atomic scale study of the geometric, and the electronic structure of surfaces in real space, to the probing of bulk related features, such as bulk defects.
Infinite finitely generated fields are biinterpretable with ${\mathbb N}$

Using the work of several other mathematicians, principally the results of Poonen refining the work of Pop that algebraic independence is definable within the class of finitely generated fields and of Rumely that the ring of rational integers is uniformly interpreted in global fields, and a theorem on the definability of valuations on function fields of curves, we show that each infinite finitely generated field considered in the ring language is parametrically biinterpretable with . As a consequence, for any finitely generated field there is a first-order sentence in the language of rings which is true in that field but false in every other finitely generated field and, hence, Pop's conjecture that elementarily equivalent finitely generated fields are isomorphic is true
Does lineage determine the dopamine phenotype in the tadpole hypothalamus?: A quantitative analysis

The ancestry of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the Xenopus laevis hypothalamus was investigated by combining intracellular lineage dye injections of 16- and 32-cell blastomeres with the immunofluorescent detection of tyrosine hydroxylase at tadpole stages. At these stages, DA neurons in the hypothalamus comprise a discrete nucleus that contains from 22 to 45 cells on each side [mean = 32.6 +/- 6.6 (SD)]. The DA nucleus descends from only four of the 16-cell blastomeres. The two dorsal midline blastomeres (D1.1) are the major progenitors, and in all embryos studied they contributed to the DA nucleus. The two dorsal lateral blastomeres (D1.2) contribute to the DA nucleus in only about half of the embryos. Thus, the DA nucleus descends only from a discrete group of progenitors, and the participation of some of the progenitors in the DA lineage is only probabilistic. The number of DA neurons generated by the same blastomere varied greatly in different animals. This variation in cell number correlated with the degree of coherence and the density of the clone in the hypothalamus, rather than with clonal ancestry. Bilateral deletion of the major 32-cell progenitor (D1.1.1) resulted in a nearly complete restitution of the DA nucleus in 74% of the embryos that successfully completed gastrulation and neurulation. In the rest, the hypothalamus was smaller than normal or missing, and the DA nucleus was significantly reduced in size or absent. These results show that the DA nucleus can be restored after its normal lineage is deleted, but complete regulation is not always accomplished. Several blastomere progenitors dramatically altered their contribution to the DA nucleus after D1.1.1 ablation, including two blastomeres that normally do not contribute to the DA lineage. Thus, the fate to produce DA neurons is not determined at cleavage stages.
An Investigation of Organizational and Regulatory Discourses of Workplace Bullying

Organizations use policies to set standards for employee behaviors. Although many organizations have policies that address workplace bullying, previous studies have found that these policies affect neither workplace bullying for targets who are seeking assistance in ending the behaviors nor managers who must address incidents of bullying. This article presents the findings of a study that used critical discourse analysis to examine the language used in policies written by health care organizations and regulatory agencies to regulate workplace bullying. The findings suggest that the discussion of workplace bullying overlaps with discussions of disruptive behaviors and harassment. This lack of conceptual clarity can create difficulty for managers in identifying, naming, and disciplining incidents of workplace bullying. The documents also primarily discussed workplace bullying as a patient safety concern. This language is in conflict with organizations attending to worker well-being with regard to workplace bullying.
Neuropsychological Profiles Differ among the Three Variants of Primary Progressive Aphasia

The objective of this study was to describe the neuropsychological profiles of the three variants of primary progressive aphasia (PPA). Based on a comprehensive speech and language evaluation, 91 subjects were classified as logopenic (lvPPA=51), semantic (svPPA=13), or agrammatic (agPPA=27). All subjects completed a separate neuropsychological evaluation assessing verbal and visual memory, processing speed, executive function, and visuospatial function. The groups did not differ on demographic variables or on measures of disease duration or aphasia severity. There were group differences on aspects of learning and memory, as well as aspects of executive and visuospatial functions, primarily with the lvPPA group performing lower than the agPPA and svPPA groups. The agPPA group showed subtle deficits consistent with frontal lobe impairment, whereas neurocognitive weaknesses in the svPPA group were restricted to temporal lobe functions. The pattern of neurocognitive dysfunction in lvPPA suggests disease involvement of frontal lobe functions in addition to temporoparietal functions. These neurocognitive findings emphasize the value of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation of individuals who present with primary language disturbance, given the pattern of cognitive deficits may provide additive information for differentiating these clinical syndromes.
Families Without Paradigms: Child Poverty and Out-of-Home Placement in Historical Perspective

In this Article, Prof. Ross argues that no single paradigm of family relationships adequately serves the emotional needs of children who enter the foster care system due to the poverty of their parents. According to Prof. Ross, the needs of such children are increasingly at issue because of the likely effect on poor families of interactions between the Personal Responsibility Act (PRA) and the Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA). Reliable data is not yet available on children who are moved into foster care as their families lose welfare benefits or on those who are placed in adoptive homes in compliance with ASFA’s emphasis on permanency planning.In order to illuminate how these legal changes are likely to affect children, Prof. Ross examines the placing-out programs of the late nineteenth century, which sent indigent urban children to live on farms in western states. Placing out, a precursor of the current foster care system, led to a wide variety of treatment; some children were little more than farm laborers, while others became family members. Participants were unclear about what norms governed the child’s relationships with both the new family and the family of origin, including biological parents, siblings and other relatives. Although the current law provides a clear taxonomy of family types which did not exist a century ago (i.e., biological, foster, and adoptive families) such categories do not always reflect the complexity of human relationships. Prof. Ross argues for a more flexible approach to defining the families created or rearranged by the state, so that these varied families can better serve each child’s needs.