cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of postmortem temperature decay response surface plots of heat transport in the human eye to predict time of death.

Abstract A finite element heat transfer model of the human eye was previously constructed and applied to experimental postmortem temperature decay curves collected in eyeballs of ten human bodies. The model was applied in the early postmortem period of 0–24 h under conditions of natural convection–radiation. Based upon this previous model, response surfaces for postmortem temperature decay were constructed based upon variable ranges of the natural convective–radiation heat transfer coefficient from 7–13 W/m2 K, ambient temperatures of 10–33°C, and times of 0–24 h. Mathematical equations to describe these response surfaces have been developed. This response surface method is demonstrated for use by coroners/medical personnel to estimate time of death from recorded field temperature data collected over a 30-min period. Sensitivity of the model to small changes in the key variable of ambient temperature is explored. The response surface model is applied to two cases of previously collected experimental eyeball temperature data. This response surface model method is only valid for constant surrounding temperatures, conditions of natural convection, no radiation effects, and postmortem times of 0–24 h.
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Families

This article reviews new scholarship on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender families. The past decade witnessed rapid expansion of data and strong research designs. The most notable advance was in studies on variation among mostly planned lesbian comother families. Cumulative evidence suggests that although many of these families have comparatively high levels of shared labor and parental investment, they may not be as “genderless” as previously depicted. Gay men's diverse paths to family formation and planned parenthood have also been explored, but almost no research studies their children's experiences. Conceptualizations of sexual orientation expanded to include bisexuals and others, and some understanding of the experiences of transgender people has begun to emerge. Future work should explore relationships among members of the families they create.
Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) modification of SV40 DNA occurs preferentially in (G+C) rich regions: implications into the mechanism of action.

The relative distribution of bound cis- and trans-(NH3)2PtCl2 at specific sites in SV40 DNA is evaluated by monitoring the extent to which five restriction endonucleases, each of which cleave at a single, unique site, are inhibited as a result of the DNA modification. The order of cleavage inhibition is Bgl 1 ≳ Bam HI > Hpa II, Kpn I > Eco RI. Both isomers produce a comparable effect for any particular endonuclease. Inhibition correlates with the % (G+C) content within and about the recognition sequences. That modified sequences immediately adjacent to the recognition sequence influence cleavage is further supported by differential cleavage observed with the multicut Hind III endonuclease. The binding of cis-(NH3)2PtCl2 at the hyper-reactive Bgl 1 site may well be directly responsible for inhibiting SV40 replication.
Investigation of Multiple Oscillation Frequencies in Spectral Modal Noise

We have previously determined the origin of spectral modal noise (SMN) in a fiber-coupled echelle spectrograph. The Fourier transform is applied to simulated and experimental data to investigate the oscillation frequency components in SMN.
Methoxychlor Inhibits Growth of Antral Follicles by Altering Cell Cycle Regulators

Methoxychlor (MXC) reduces fertility in female rodents, decreases antral follicle numbers, and increases atresia through oxidative stress pathways. MXC also inhibits antral follicle growth in vitro. The mechanism by which MXC inhibits growth of follicles is unknown. The growth of follicles is controlled, in part, by cell cycle regulators. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that MXC inhibits follicle growth by reducing the levels of selected cell cycle regulators. Further, we tested whether co-treatment with an antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), prevents the MXC-induced reduction in cell cycle regulators. For in vivo studies, adult cycling CD-1 mice were dosed with MXC or vehicle for 20 days. Treated ovaries were subjected to immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining. For in vitro studies, antral follicles isolated from adult cycling CD-1 mouse ovaries were cultured with vehicle, MXC, and/or NAC for 48, 72 and 96 h. Levels of cyclin D2 (Ccnd2) and cyclin dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) were measured using in vivo and in vitro samples. The results indicate that MXC decreased PCNA staining, and Ccnd2 and Cdk4 levels compared to controls. NAC co-treatment restored follicle growth and expression of Ccnd2 and Cdk4. Collectively, these data indicate that MXC exposure reduces the levels of Ccnd2 and Cdk4 in follicles, and that protection from oxidative stress restores Ccnd2 and Cdk4 levels. Therefore, MXC-induced oxidative stress may decrease the levels of cell cycle regulators, which in turn, results in inhibition of the growth of antral follicles.
What is job satisfaction

Abstract Despite considerable interest in the study of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction, our understanding of these phenomena has not advanced at a pace commensurate with research efforts. It is argued that a major reason for this lack of progress is the implicit conception of causality accepted by most psychologists. It is called the policy of “correlation without explanation.” The present approach to the topic of job attitudes emphasizes a more conceptual approach to the problem. Using Rand's theory of emotions as a starting point, the concepts of satisfaction, dissatisfaction, value, emotion , and appraisal , and their interrelationships are discussed. The present theory of job satisfaction is contrasted with previous theories. Data illustrating an approach to satisfaction based on the present theory are given. Other issues discussed are: value hierarchies; the dynamic character of values; overall job satisfaction; the Herzberg two-factor theory; the measurement of satisfaction and values; and rational vs. irrational values.
Twin crystals of calcium oxalate in the seed coat of the kidney bean

Examination of the seed coat of the kidney beanPhaseolus vulgaris L. (var. Kentucky Wonder) in the mature dry condition revealed a layer of cells in which almost every component cell contains a calcium oxalate crystal. These crystals were isolated and studied by light and scanning electron microscopy, and we determined with powder X-ray diffraction that the crystalline substance is calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite). The crystals are chevron-shaped or straight twins found in a ratio of 1/1.4. When studiedin situ the crystals were found embedded in a multilayered mass of wall material.
A Fair-Weather Cumulus Cloud Classification Scheme for Mixed-Layer Studies

Abstract Not all cumulus clouds can vent mixed-layer air into the free atmosphere. Therefore, three subtypes of fair-weather cumulus clouds are identified based on the nature of their interaction with the mixed layer: forced, active and passive clouds. Forced clouds, the visible tracers within the tops of some mixed-layer thermals, are totally embedded within the mixed layer. Active clouds reach above their level of free convection and are responsible for inhibiting mixed-layer growth and for venting pollutants from the mixed layer. Passive clouds are the decaying remnants of formerly active clouds, and are disconnected from the mixed layer.
Dye-Sensitized Solar-Cell Performance of a Cobalt(III/II) Redox Mediator with the 2,6-Bis(8-quinolinyl)pyridine Ligand†

Optical and electrochemical properties of the homoleptic cobalt(III/II) complexes mer,mer-[Co(tpy-κ3N,N′,N″)]n+ and mer,mer-[Co(bqp-κ3N,N′,N″)]n+ (n = 3+ or 2+) are presented [tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine; bqp = 2,6-bis(8′-quinolinyl)pyridine]. Both [Co(tpy)2]3+/2+ and [Co(bqp)2]3+/2+ systems have been used to formulate redox-mediator electrolytes for application in dye-sensitized solar-cell (DSSC) devices with the MK-2 dye TiO2 sensitizer. The [Co(tpy)2]3+/2+-based electrolyte shows a slightly higher percentage power-conversion efficiency (η = 4.47 %) in a DSSC device relative to the [Co(bqp)2]3+/2+-based electrolyte (η = 3.73 %). Although the [Co(bqp)2]3+/2+ electrolyte shows a slightly higher open-circuit potential (VOC = 0.79 V), it suffers from a reduced short-circuit current (JSC = 6.21 mA cm–2) relative to that of the [Co(tpy)2]3+/2+ system (JSC = 10.84 mA cm–2). Tafel and electrochemical impedance analysis (EIS) of symmetric FTO/Pt||Pt/FTO cells, as well as EIS and chronocoulometry of the functional DSSC device are presented. Collectively, this data points toward a decreased turnover of the CoIII/II redox couple at the Pt counter electrode for the [Co(bqp)2]3+/2+ system concomitant with an increased resistance to mass-transfer diffusion.
The Mechanism of Carbon Black Reinforcement of SBR and NR Vulcanizates

Abstract Gum and black-filled vulcanizates of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber (NR) were prepared. Strengths in uniaxial tension were determined for specimens with and without edge...
Re-architecting DRAM memory systems with monolithically integrated silicon photonics

The performance of future manycore processors will only scale with the number of integrated cores if there is a corresponding increase in memory bandwidth. Projected scaling of electrical DRAM architectures appears unlikely to suffice, being constrained by processor and DRAM pin-bandwidth density and by total DRAM chip power, including off-chip signaling, cross-chip interconnect, and bank access energy. In this work, we redesign the DRAM main memory system using a proposed monolithically integrated silicon photonics technology and show that our photonically interconnected DRAM (PIDRAM) provides a promising solution to all of these issues. Photonics can provide high aggregate pin-bandwidth density through dense wavelength-division multiplexing. Photonic signaling provides energy-efficient communication, which we exploit to not only reduce chip-to-chip interconnect power but to also reduce cross-chip interconnect power by extending the photonic links deep into the actual PIDRAM chips. To complement these large improvements in interconnect bandwidth and power, we decrease the number of bits activated per bank to improve the energy efficiency of the PIDRAM banks themselves. Our most promising design point yields approximately a 10x power reduction for a single-chip PIDRAM channel with similar throughput and area as a projected future electrical-only DRAM. Finally, we propose optical power guiding as a new technique that allows a single PIDRAM chip design to be used efficiently in several multi-chip configurations that provide either increased aggregate capacity or bandwidth.
Identification of a component of Drosophila polar granules

Information necessary for the formation of pole cells, precursors of the germ line, is provided maternally and localized to the posterior pole of the Drosophila egg. The maternal origin and posterior localization of polar granules suggest that they may be associated with pole cell determinants. We have generated an antibody (Mab46F11) against polar granules. In oocytes and early embryos, the Mab46F11 antigen is sharply localized to the posterior embryonic pole. In pole cells, it becomes associated with nuclear bodies within, and nuage around, the nucleus. Immunoreactivity remains associated with cells of the germ line throughout the life cycle of both males and females. This antibody recognizes a 72-74 X 10^(3) Mr protein and is useful both as a pole lineage marker and in biochemical studies of polar granules.
The effect of temperature on the potency of carbaryl for survival of tadpoles of the green frog (Rana clamitans)

This study assessed the effect of temperature on the potency of carbaryl using tadpoles of Rana clamitans. Temperature, chemical concentration, and the interaction of temperature and chemical significantly affected survival. Generally, increased temperature resulted in lower survival. This study suggests a range of temperatures realistic for a species should be used in toxicity tests.
Elongation and Contraction of the Western Boundary Current Extension in a Shallow-Water Model: A Bifurcation Analysis

Abstract The double-gyre circulation, formulated in terms of the quasigeostrophic equations, has a symmetry about the basin midlatitude (y → −y, ψ → −ψ), which is absent in a formulation based on the shallow-water equations. As a result, the shallow-water model does not have the pitchfork bifurcation structures that, in the case of the quasigeostrophic model, connect together multiple solution branches with elongated and contracted recirculation gyres. For the shallow-water model, solution branches with elongated recirculation gyres are disconnected, and a one-parameter bifurcation analysis is unable to detect their existence. The deeply penetrating jet solution branches do, however, continue to exist, and can be found using a bifurcation analysis couched in terms of two parameters. An effective pair of parameters is the viscosity and a parameter controlling the symmetry of the wind stress profile. A bifurcation analysis with these parameters reveals the existence of new solution branches that were not fo...
Measurement of Intracellular Ions by Flow Cytometry

Using flow cytometry, single-cell measurements of calcium can be made on isolated populations identified by one or more phenotypic characteristics. Most earlier techniques for measuring cellular activation parameters determined the mean value for a population of cells, which did not permit optimal resolution of the responses. The flow cytometer is particularly useful for this purpose because it can measure ion concentrations in large numbers of single cells and thereby allows ion concentration to be correlated with other parameters such as immunophenotype and cell cycle stage. A limitation of flow cytometry, however, is that it does not permit resolution of certain complex kinetic responses such as cellular oscillatory responses. This unit describes the preparation of cells, including labeling with antibodies and with calcium probes, and discusses the principles of data analysis and interpretation.
Biomolecular solution X-ray scattering at the National Synchrotron Light Source

In recent years there has been a growing interest in the application of X-ray scattering techniques to biomolecules in solution. At NSLS, a new undulator-based beamline, X9, has been constructed to address the oversubscribed user demand for X-ray scattering. Beamline X9 has the capability to perform small/wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) all in one single instrument. This is accomplished by utilizing a vacuum sample/detector chamber that is an integral part of the SAXS scattering flight path. This vacuum chamber allows a WAXS detector to be positioned at a close distance from the sample, while not interfering with scattered X-rays at small angles from reaching the SAXS detector. A regular training program, the X9 workbench, has also been established to allow users to become familiar with beamline X9 for solution X-ray scattering.
Mixture importance sampling and its application to the analysis of SRAM designs in the presence of rare failure events

In this paper, we propose a novel methodology for statistical SRAM design and analysis. It relies on an efficient form of importance sampling, mixture importance sampling. The method is comprehensive, computationally efficient and the results are in excellent agreement with those obtained via standard Monte Carlo techniques. All this comes at significant gains in speed and accuracy, with speedup of more than 100/spl times/ compared to regular Monte Carlo. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such a methodology is applied to the analysis of SRAM designs.
Orofacial herpes simplex virus infection in hairless mice. Latent virus in trigeminal ganglia after topical antiviral treatment.

Inoculation of herpes simplex virus on the forehead and/or snout of hairless mice resulted in a significantly lower mortality rate than inoculation of the skin in the lumbosacral area. Latent herpes simplex virus infections were detected in all forehead-inoculated and in 90% of snout-inoculated mice. Phosphonoacetic acid was highly effective in preventing the development of skin lesions, and no latent infections were detected when phosphonoacetic acid ointment was applied 3 h after infection. Neither adenine arabinoside nor adenine arabinoside monophosphate prevented the establishment of latent infections in the trigeminal ganglia, although they protected the mice from the fatal outcome of the infection. The antibody response after adenine arabinoside or adenine arabinoside monophosphate treatment was similar to that observed in untreated animals, and it was six to eight times higher than in mice treated with phosphonoacetic acid. Mice without evidence of latent infection had, in general, lower serum antibody titers than those with latent infections in the ganglia. An analysis of the pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus infection in mice treated with adenine arabinoside showed that virus penetration into the nerve endings was delayed and that the amount of free virus in ganglionic homogenates was 10 to 100 times less than that for untreated mice.
The relative impact of local and endogenous patient-related factors on implant failure up to the abutment stage.

The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of endogenous and local factors on the occurrence of implant failure up to the abutment stage. The study comprised a group of 399 consecutive patients, which represented the total of patients who had been treated from 1995 to 1997 (with a total of 1263 Branemark Bran-system implants) at the Department of Periodontology of the University Hospital, Catholic University Leuven. For each patient, the medical history was carefully examined. Data collection and analysis were mainly focused on endogenous factors such as hypertension, osteoporosis, hypo- or hyperthyroid function, chemotherapy, diabetes type I or II, Crohn's disease, some local factors (e.g. bone quality, reason for tooth loss) and breach of sterility during surgery. The reason for tooth loss, smoking habits, radiotherapy and other local bone factors (bone quality and quantity) were also recorded. Implant failures were recorded up to the abutment connection. The present study indicated a success rate until this stage of 97.8%. General factors such as heavy smoking, chemotherapy plus poor bone quality increased implant failure rate. Radiotherapy, limited bone volume and claustrophobia, which led to breaching the strict preoperative rules of asepsis, appeared to be the most relevant local factors for early implant failures.
Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.
Smoking during pregnancy and risk of abnormal glucose tolerance: a prospective cohort study

Disturbances in glucose metabolism during pregnancy are associated with negative sequalae for both mother and infant. The association between smoking and abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) remains controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between smoking prior to and during pregnancy and risk of AGT. We utilized data from a prospective cohort of 1,006 Hispanic (predominantly Puerto Rican) prenatal care patients in Western Massachusetts. Women reported pre- and early pregnancy smoking at recruitment (mean = 15 weeks) and mid pregnancy smoking at a second interview (mean = 28 weeks). AGT was defined as > 135 mg/dL on the routine 1-hour glucose tolerance test (1-hr OGTT). We used multivariable regression to assess the effect of pre, early, and mid-pregnancy smoking on risk of AGT and screening plasma glucose value from the 1-hr OGTT. In age-adjusted models, women who smoked > 0-9 cigarettes/day in pre-pregnancy had an increased risk of AGT (OR = 1.90; 95% CI 1.02-3.55) compared to non-smokers; this was attenuated in multivariable models. Smoking in early (OR = 0.48; 95% CI 0.21-1.10) and mid pregnancy (OR = 0.38; 95% CI 0.13-1.11) were not associated with AGT in multivariable models. Smoking during early and mid pregnancy were independently associated with lower glucose screening values, while smoking in pre-pregnancy was not. In this prospective cohort of Hispanic women, we did not observe an association between smoking prior to or during pregnancy and risk of AGT. Findings from this study, although based on small numbers of cases, extend prior research to the Hispanic population.
Two-photon photovoltaic effect in silicon wavelength converters

We demonstrate the harvesting of the energy that is normally lost to two-photon absorption in silicon wavelength converters.
Asymmetrical dimethylarginine plasma clearance persists after acute total nephrectomy in rats.

Elevated plasma concentrations of symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA) and asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) are repeatedly associated with kidney failure. Both ADMA and SDMA can be excreted in u...
Contour based respiratory motion analysis for free breathing CT

We propose a method to quantify superior-inferior (SI) motion of a rigid target using the 3D contour from free-breathing CT (FBCT). The technique utilizes similarity between 2D contours (Jaccard Index) and a population based density function for probability of motion amplitude, and is applicable both when the static target shape is and is not known beforehand. Simulations and phantom measurements showed that motion reconstruction is often feasible, with decreasing accuracy as discrepancy is introduced between assumed and actual static shape. When no static shape is used the analysis is most robust for slow scanning speeds relative to the motion period.
Western Science and Educational Reform in the Thought of Shaykh Rifa a al-Tahtawi

At the cultural heart of the intellectual awakening, or al-Nahḍa, that arose with Egypt's modernization movement in the 19th century was the endeavor to legitimize the innovations which came in the train of military, scientific, technical, and educational imports from the West. The vanguard of this movement, unlike that of the one taking place at the same time in Istanbul, came from leading religious shaykhs in the government's employ. It may seem remarkable that graduates and teachers of such a conservative religious institution as al-Azhar took the lead as spokesmen for change, particularly when models of this change came from the Christian West, the traditional antagonist of Islamdom for more than a millennium. It becomes less remarkable when we realize that there was no other possible source of intellectual leadership in Egypt. Egypt had no imperial state service with its own traditions of education as did the Ottomans. Thus, conservatively reared shaykhs and Azhar graduates were obliged to play the role that was filled in the Ottoman Empire by reforming grand viziers and their ambassadors to European capitals, who were often assisted by converts from the West seeking employment in the sultan's service—“secular” Muslims who were identified with the state and not the educated ulema. In Egypt, the reasoned voice advocating change came from the very custodians of conservative tradition. Accordingly, that voice would speak throughout the century with great caution, often tentatively and sometimes in contradictory ways.
Ensuring building performance through simulation

This presentation highlights multi-faceted decision-making concepts for facility design and construction and identifies opportunities for the use of a building information model (BIM) for simulating the facility lifecycle, from design, through construction and after handoff to the owner and occupant. Whether it is the architect, engineer or other team member on the project, having the authoritative source provide design and functional information into a BIM allows the facility owner to better understand how the facility will function prior to construction and ensure optimum functionality after occupancy. With a BIM, owners will be able to understand the cost of design decisions on operations on an annual basis for the life of the facility. A BIM life-cycle-based simulation of facilities provides the predictive information necessary to profoundly improve the way a facility is built and operated because everyone involved in the process can work according to a plan defined prior to construction.
Spallation Behavior of Thermally Grown Nickel Oxide on Nickel

Thermally grown oxide scales are often under compressive residual stresses, especially upon cooling, which can lead to spontaneous spallation and a loss of their protectiveness. This study uses nickel oxide formed on different purity of nickel as an example to investigate the spallation process. Samples oxidized after different times between 800 and 1100 °C were observed during cooling. The oxide scale buckled and spalled after reaching a critical thickness that depended on oxidation temperatures, substrate thickness, and metal purity. The observed buckling was only a secondary process that followed scale delamination under local tensile stresses at sample edges or corners. When the delamination eventually extended over a large enough area on the face of the specimen, the scale above it buckled, driven by the residual compressive stress in the oxide. Growth of the buckles took place by crack extension along regions of high pore densities in the oxide scale. The development of pores in the oxide layer, which depended strongly on substrate impurity levels, was found to be the most important factor controlling failures of the NiO scales. Sulfur segregated on pore surfaces, whereas TEM studies showed no S at NiO/Ni interfaces.
Photochemical type II reaction of atropchiral benzoylformamides to point chiral oxazolidin-4-ones. Axial chiral memory leading to enantiomeric resolution of photoproducts.

Atropisomeric benzoylformamides 1 undergo Type II reaction leading to cis-2 and trans-2 oxazolidin-4-one photoproducts. The N–C(Aryl) chiral axis is maintained during the course of the phototransformation in spite the reaction proceeding through a near planar intermediate(s). As the rotational barrier of the N–C(Aryl) chiral axis in the cis-2 and trans-2 photoproducts is lowered when compared with the reactant 1, the isolated optically pure trans-2 isomer is converted to the ent-cis-2 isomer without affecting the C-5 stereogenic center, resulting in resolution of the cis-2 enantiomers.
Integrating Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Economics in a Risk-Based Life-Cycle Analysis: A Case Study of Residential Insulation

ABSTRACT One of the ways in which risk assessment can inform life-cycle analysis (LCA) is by providing a mechanism to translate midpoint categories into common endpoints. Although this analytical step is complex and often highly uncertain, it can allow for prioritization among disparate midpoints and subsequent analytical refinements focused on the endpoints that dominate policy decisions. In this article, we present an approach to address three widely differing impact categories—particulate matter air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and personal income. We use the case of increased residential insulation as a measure to reduce energy consumption, which implies economic and public health tradeoffs across all three categories. We apply previously developed models that combined input-output LCA and risk assessment to address public health impacts from particulate matter, and extend the framework to address greenhouse gases and the public health consequences of changes in income. For a hypothetical loan...
Evaluation of the Tubal Factor

When the physician understands the functions of the fallopian tubes, he or she is better able to evaluate the tubal factor in infertiliy.
The Body Force Equivalent to an Earthquake: A Tutorial

As noted in the Introduction to the classic paper by Burridge and Knopoff (1964) (this issue), this paper played a critical role in the development of the theory of the earthquake source. Because the mathematical development presupposes a level of knowledge beyond that of the seismologist or seismology student not actively engaged in theoretical studies, I will discuss a number of basic results that will help understand the paper as well as to put it into a broader perspective. I hope this tutorial will entice those untheoretically oriented to read the Burridge and Knopoff paper, so that they can appreciate the essential elegance (as opposed to a brute-force approach) of the arguments used to derive the expression for the body force equivalent. To make the tutorial self-contained a few excerpts from the Introduction are repeated here. For a homogeneous isotropic elastic medium the equation that governs the propagation of seismic waves can be written as \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[\ {\rho}{\ddot{u}}(\mathbf{x},t)=({\lambda}+2{\mu})\mathrm{grad\ div}{\ }\mathbf{u}(\mathbf{x},t)-{\mu}{\ }\mathrm{curl\ curl}{\ }\mathbf{u}(\mathbf{x},t)+\mathbf{f}(\mathbf{x},t)\] \end{document}(1) where u is the vector that describes the displacement of the particles in the medium, x = ( x 1, x 2, x 3) denotes the observation point, such as a seismic station, the double dots indicate second derivative with respect to time, λ and μ are the Lame's parameters, ρ is density, and f is the body force per unit volume that is the source of the waves ( e.g. , Aki and Richards, 1980). Although solving Equation 1 for a given f is a difficult problem, solutions for simple forces have been known since 1849. The problem that seismologists faced when they began to study the generation of waves by an earthquake was to find the body force to be used in Equation 1. As noted below, the relation between faults and earthquakes was well established before a model for …
Women with bipolar illness: clinical and research issues.

Objective: The purpose ofthis article is to review the literature concerninggender differences In the course ofbipolar illness and discuss issues relevant to the treatment ofwomen with the illness. Method: The literature concerning the following topics is reviewed: gender differences in the course ofbipolar illness; effects ofthe female reproductive cycle on the course of bipolar illness; special considerations in the treatment of bipolar women (focusing on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axes); and hypotheses to explain the greater prevalence of rapid cycling among bipolar women than among bipolar men. �yj(�: Data clearly indicate that rapid cycling is more common among bipolar women. Data also suggest that bipolar women may have more depressive episodes (and fewer manic episodes) and may be more likely to suffer from mixed (as opposed to pure) mania than bipolar men. While it is clear that bipolar women are at high risk for postpartum episodes, the effects ofother reproductive system events (i.e., puberty, menstrual cycle, pregnancy, menopause, use oforal contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy) on the course or treatment of bipolar illness have received little systematic study. It is unclear whether women are at higher risk than men for developing lithium-induced hypothyroidism. Higher rates ofhypothyroidism, greater use of antidepressants, and gonadal steroid effects are possible explanations for the greater prevalence ofrapid cycling among bipolar women. Conclusions: Gender differences in bipolar illness and the effects of the female reproductive system on the course and treatment of the illness deserve more study. The importance of a longitudinal approach to these questions is emphasized. (AmJ Psychiatry 1996; 153:163-173)
Epidemiologic survey of metabolic syndrome and its related risk factors in Jinan community population

Objective To explore the prevalence and risk factors of metabolic syndrome(MS) in Jinan community population,to estimate the risk of MS in community people and identify high-risk groups in order to establish related prevention strategy.Methods In this study based on residents older than 18 years in three communities including Shizhong,Huaiyin and Zhangqiu of Jinan by cluster random sampling survey,we interview ed general demographic characteristics and lifestyle characteristics.MS risk was assessed using a Logistic regression model.Results The total response rate was 91.50% with 9 185 valid questionnaires and the total prevalence of MS was 9.99%.MS was associated with age,BMI,heavy taste and others.The high degree of education and moderate taste were the protective factors of MS.Conclusion MS detection rates and the strength of risk factors are different between urban and rural groups.Prevention strategies for MS in community people should be based on the otherness of different groups.
The changing spectrum of pericardiectomy for chronic pericarditis: occult constrictive pericarditis.

During the past 24 years 71 patients have had a total pericardiectomy at our institution. Fifty-nine patients had the classic findings of constrictive pericarditis as the reason for operation, and the operative mortality rate was 5 percent in this group. During the past few years a new indication for total pericardiectomy has been found in 12 patients. These patients have fatigue, dyspnea, and chronic chest pain without any of the other classic findings of chronic constriction. Coronary angiograms have been normal. Cardiac catheterization following administration of a fluid load of 1,000 c.c. of warm normal saline during 6 to 8 minutes resulted in diastolic equilibration of pressures, constrictive pulse pressure contours, and loss of the normal right atrial response to inspiration in all of these patients with occult constrictive pericarditis but in none of the six normal control subjects. Total pericardiectomy has been done with ease in this group with no morbidity or deaths. Relief of the symptoms has been dramatic. Repeat cardiac catheterization following total pericardiectomy revealed normal hemodynamics prior to and following fluid load. Tissue examination of the removed pericardium revealed gross and / or microscopic changes of inflammatory disease without calcification. Occult constrictive pericarditis appears to be a new indication for total pericardiectomy and can be defined only by the hemodynamic response to a rapid saline load.
The treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by cone biopsy.

Between 1968 and 1976, 175 patients with severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ were treated at the University of California, San Francisco. One hundred fourteen underwent therapeutic conization while 61 were treated definitively by hysterectomy. Bleeding was the main complication of cone biopsy. It occurred in 9.9% of all conizations, but only 2% of patients required transfusion. Although follow-up has been relatively short, two patients treated by therapeutic conization, who were lost to follow-up, subsequently developed recurrent invasive cancer and four have developed recurrent carcinoma in situ or severe dysplasia. One patient treated by hysterectomy has developed metastatic cancer and one has had a recurrence of severe dysplasia at the vaginal vault. There have been 32 pregnancies following cone biopsy with no increase in abortion or prematurity.
Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis Associated with Estrogen Therapy for Treatment of Prostatic Carcinoma

AbstractWe report 2 eases of mesenteric venous thrombosis in men taking estrogen therapy for carcinoma of the prostate. The possible relationship between the estrogen therapy and mesenteric venous thromboses is stressed, as well as the potential danger of resumption of estrogen therapy without anticoagulation postoperatively.
The Implications of Contamination for Educational Experiments With Two Levels of Nesting

ABSTRACTExperimental evaluations that involve the educational system usually involve a hierarchical structure (students are nested within classrooms that are nested within schools, etc.). Concerns about contamination, where research subjects receive certain features of an intervention intended for subjects in a different experimental group, have often led researchers to randomize units at a higher level of the educational hierarchy. Existing work on two-level designs suggests that situations where contamination should lead to randomization at a higher level are likely to be rare. This article extends these results to the case of three-level designs. In order to understand the implications of mathematical results, existing information about the size of intracluster correlation coefficients (ICCs) in educational studies with three levels and about the extent of treatment effect heterogeneity across schools is discussed. Better empirical estimates of ICCs, treatment effect heterogeneity, and plausible contam...
Near-number state from semiconductor lasers

A near-number state features strongly sub-Poissonian photon-number fluctuation and, unlike a quadrature squeezed state, the photonnumber noise can approach zero, with a finite average photon number. It is now well established that a beam with a sub-Poissonian photon-number fluctuation can be generated directly from a semiconductor laser,l,2 The basic physical processes are a) quantum mechanical interference between the transmitted internal field and the reflected vacuum field at the output coupler and b) high impedance suppression of the pump noise.
Quantitative Approaches to Risk Assessment in Neurotoxicology

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the quantitative approaches to risk assessment in neurotoxicology. The shortcomings of the reference dose (RfD) approach have led to the development of different approaches to apply dose-effect data to risk assessments. These approaches circumvent many of the problems associated with the RfD and low-dose extrapolation approaches, and provide quantitative estimates of risk. The dose tolerance models focus on differences in population sensitivity to an effect, as assessed by exposure to a range of toxicant doses, whereas effect tolerance models focus on the variability in the effect of a fixed dose and/or in comparison with background control variability. At least two variants of each basic approach exist, providing risk assessors with a range of options to the more traditional approaches. This chapter assesses the risks of behavioral impairment following exposure to a selected neurotoxicant. In order to accomplish this, the effects of the carbamate insecticide carbaryl were assessed on motor activity. This agent was selected because it produces clear neurotoxic effects. Motor activity was selected because of its widespread use in the assessment of neurotoxicant effects. Data were obtained for acute exposures and then used to estimate risks by each method.
High-frequency instabilities of stationary crossflow vortices in a hypersonic boundary layer

Complex interrelated mechanisms mediate the stability of hypersonic boundary layers. Simulations are used to investigate key mechanisms of primary and secondary instabilities, including nonparallel effects and intermode phase synchronization.
Decompositions of Large-Scale Systems

From the standpoint of control theory, it is usually convenient to represent a large-scale system as a collection of interconnected subsystems. In certain cases such a decomposition can be derived directly from the physical description of the problem, which suggests a “natural” grouping of the state variables. More often than not, however, the only information that we have about the system dynamics comes from a mathematical model whose properties provide little or no insight into how the subsystems should be chosen. In order to deal with such problems in a systematic manner, one obviously needs to develop decomposition algorithms that are based exclusively on the structure of the underlying equations.
Antenna arrays and propagation models for advanced communications systems

Summary form only given. It is understood that the realization of the next generation wireless technology will require an integrative approach and multidisciplinary research that may span across the entire communication (physical to the application) layers. Innovative antenna solutions and advanced propagation modeling techniques; however, have recently received considerable attention as an integral part of the realization of future and advanced systems. This presentation focuses on reviewing recent developments in the antenna and spatial channel modeling technologies.
Spin glasses enter the quantum regime

Spin glasses are among the most interesting and complicated forms of condensed matter. The study of these magnetic systems, which lack any conventional long-range order, has justifiably engrossed many experimental and theoretical physicists over the last two decades. With rare exceptions, this work has been in a regime where the quantum-mechanical nature of the microscopic constituents could be ignored and the collective properties of the sample were essentially classical. Understanding the experimental properties of spin glasses then became a problem – albeit a difficult one – in classical statistical mechanics.
Other Efforts to Secure Data in Computer Networks and Beyond

The rapid advances in computer technology, the plummeting prices of information processing and indexing devices, and the development of sprawling global networks have all made the generation, collection, processing, indexing, and storage of information easy. Massive information is created, processed, and moved around on a daily basis. The value of information has skyrocketed, and information has all of a sudden become a valuable asset for individuals, businesses, and nations. The security of nations has come to depend on computer networks that very few can defend effectively. Our own individual privacy and security have come to depend on the whims of the kid next door.
Assessment of atherosclerotic luminal narrowing of coronary arteries based on morphometrically generated visual guides.

Abstract Background and aims Determination of the degree of stenosis of atherosclerotic coronary arteries is an important part of postmortem examination of the heart, but, unfortunately, estimation of the degree of luminal narrowing can be imprecise and tends to be approximations. Visual guides can be useful to assess this, but earlier attempts to develop such guides did not employ digital technology. Using this approach, we have developed two computer-generated morphometric guides to estimate the degree of luminal narrowing of atherosclerotic coronary arteries. The first is based on symmetric or eccentric circular or crescentic narrowing of the vessel lumen and the second on either slit-like or irregularly shaped narrowing of the vessel lumens. Methods Using the Aperio ScanScope XT at a magnification of 20× we created digital whole-slide images of 20 representative microscopic cross sections of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, stained with either hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or Movat's pentachrome stain. These cross sections illustrated a variety of luminal profiles and degrees of stenosis. Three representative types of images were selected and a visual guide was constructed with Adobe Photoshop CS5. Using the “Scale” and “Measurement” tools, we created a series of representations of stenosis with luminal cross sections depicting 20%, 40%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90% occlusion of the LAD branch. Four pathologists independently reviewed and scored the degree of atherosclerotic luminal narrowing based on our visual guides. In addition, digital technology was employed to determine the degree of narrowing by measuring the cross-sectional area of the 20 microscopic sections of the vessels, first assuming no narrowing and then comparing this to the percent of narrowing determined by precise measurement. Results Two of the observers were very experienced general autopsy pathologists, one was a first-year pathology resident on his first rotation on the autopsy service, and the fourth observer was a highly experienced cardiovascular pathologist. Interobserver reliability was assessed by determination of the intraclass correlation coefficient. The degrees of agreement for two H&E- and Movat-stained sections of the LADs from each of 10 decedents were 0.874 and 0.899, respectively, indicating strong interobserver agreement. On the average, the mean visual scores were ~8% less than the morphometric assessment (52.7 vs. 60.2), respectively. Conclusions The visual guides that we have generated for scoring atherosclerotic luminal narrowing of coronary arteries should be helpful for a broad group of pathologists, from beginning pathology residents to experienced cardiovascular pathologists.
Imaging for Epilepsy Surgery.

Successful epilepsy surgery requires accurate localization of the zone of seizure onset and its complete removal without causing any permanent neurological deficits. While clinical semiology, ictal EEG recordings, and neuropsychological testing are all useful in defining the seizure focus, advanced neuroimaging has emerged as the most important localizing tool. Structural and metabolic imaging can now identify subtle cortical abnormalities that if consistent with other presurgical evaluation investigations, can improve surgical outcomes. Functional imaging can also be helpful in defining eloquent cortex and its relationship to planned surgical resection sites to reduce the risk of neurological impairment. This article explores several advanced neuroimaging techniques and their role in the surgical treatment of epilepsy.
A Method for Manufacturing Membranes with Ultrathin Hydrogel Selective Layers for Protein Purification: Interfacially Initiated Free Radical Polymerization (IIFRP)

Hydrogels are promising materials as membrane selective layers due to their fouling-resistant nature, tunable mesh size, and functionalizability. These features are especially critical for protein purification applications. However, the fabrication of thin, uniform hydrogel membrane selective layers using a simple, scalable process is an unmet challenge. We demonstrate a new method, interfacially initiated free radical polymerization (IIFRP), for fabrication of ultrathin hydrogel selective layers on porous supports in a simple and reproducible process. This method utilizes segregation of the monomer and the photoinitiator into two separate, immiscible phases to form a very thin, uniform, and defect-free hydrogel layer at the interface upon photopolymerization. The resulting hydrogel-coated membranes have selective layers as thin as <100 nm, and can separate the proteins based on their size with a sharp molecular weight cutoff. The method is readily tunable for a broader range of separations simply by alte...