cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interventions to increase physical activity among aging adults: a meta-analysis.

Objectives: This review applied meta-analytic procedures to integrate primary research findings that test interventions to increase activity among aging adults. Methods: We performed extensive literature searching strategies and located published and unpublished intervention studies that measured the activity behavior of at least five participants with a mean age of 60 years or greater. Primary study results were coded, and meta-analytic procedures were conducted. Results: The overall effect size, weighted by sample size, was dw = .26 ± .05. Effect sizes were larger when interventions targeted only activity behavior, excluded general health education, incorporated self-monitoring, used center-based exercise, recommended moderate intensity activity, were delivered in groups, used intense contact between interventionists and participants, and targeted patient populations. Effect sizes were larger for studies that measured exercise duration and studies with a time interval of less than 90 days between intervention and behavior measurement. Conclusions: These findings suggest that group-delivered interventions should encourage moderate activity, incorporate self-monitoring, target only activity, and encourage center-based activity. Findings also suggest that patient populations may be especially receptive to activity interventions. Primary research testing interventions in randomized trials to confirm causal relationships would be constructive.
In vitro antibody-dependent enhancement assays are insensitive indicators of in vivo vaccine enhancement of equine infectious anemia virus.

We have previously demonstrated a high propensity for enhancement of virus replication and disease resulting from experimental immunization of ponies with a baculovirus recombinant envelope (rgp90) vaccine from equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). The current studies were undertaken to examine the correlation between the observed in vivo vaccine enhancement and in vitro assays for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of EIAV replication. Toward this goal an optimized EIAV in vitro enhancement assay was developed using primary equine macrophage cells and used to evaluate the enhancement properties of immune serum taken from rgp90 immunized ponies that displayed various levels of vaccine enhancement after experimental challenge with EIAV. For comparison, we analyzed in parallel immune serum samples from a group of ponies immunized with a viral envelope subunit vaccine (LL-gp) that produced sterile protection from EIAV challenge. The results of these assays demonstrated that the rgp90 immune serum had a greater propensity for in vitro enhancement of EIAV replication than serum from the protected LL-gp immunized ponies; in vitro enhancement levels for the rgp90 immune sera averaged about 1.5, with a maximum enhancement value of about 2.0. While distinguishing between immune serum produced by the rgp90 and LL-gp immunizations, the in vitro enhancement assay failed to reliably correlate with the severity of in vivo enhancement observed among the rgp90 vaccine recipients. Vaccinated ponies that experienced moderate to no disease signs displayed levels of in vitro enhancement similar to those of ponies that experienced severe and fatal enhancement of disease after viral challenge. The observed in vitro enhancement was demonstrated to be dependent on serum immunoglobulin, but independent of complement. These studies demonstrate in the EIAV system that in vitro ADE assays appear to be relatively insensitive indicators of the severity of in vivo enhancement and that relatively low levels of in vitro ADE can be associated with severe to fatal enhancement of virus replication and disease in vivo. These observations suggest that relatively low levels of serum ADE observed in other lentivirus systems, including HIV-1, may have more profound effects on in vivo virus replication and disease than previously recognized.
Facing facts of face growth

Abstract 1. 1. The techniques of facial growth study are soundly based on craniometric, x-ray, and maturational methods. 2. 2. Growth in the face is in three planes: height, breadth, length. 3. 3. Incremental growth is rhythmic, with an interplay between the several components, each with its own rate of growth. 4. 4. Differential length growth in upper and lower face leads to malocclusion. 5. 5. Face growth is susceptible to the same growth impulses or retardations as is body growth. 6. 6. The concept of the normal is best understood in terms of a predictable statistical variability.
Effect of pretreatment atmosphere on the particle size and oxygen reduction activity of low-loading platinum impregnated titanium carbide powder electrocatalysts

Abstract Low-loading Pt supported on TiC powder catalysts were synthesized by an impregnation method. After the Pt(NH3)4(NO3)2 precursor was impregnated onto the TiC support, different pretreatment atmospheres were used to study the influence on Pt dispersion, surface composition, and catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Direct reduction of the Pt precursor in hydrogen led to small Pt particles with an average size of ∼2.2 nm and superior ORR activity at low overpotential compared to commercial Pt/C. However, calcination of the Pt precursor in air resulted in larger Pt particles with an average size of ∼6.7 nm and lower ORR specific activity. The decrease in ORR activity was primarily attributed to the surface oxidation of the TiC support during calcination. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that the TiC powder was oxidized when the catalyst was calcined in air. The finding reported here demonstrates the importance of pretreatment atmosphere for synthesizing Pt-modified transition metal carbides as highly active electrocatalysts.
Accelerating satellite image based large-scale settlement detection with GPU

Computer vision algorithms for image analysis are often computationally demanding. Application of such algorithms on large image databases--- such as the high-resolution satellite imagery covering the entire land surface, can easily saturate the computational capabilities of conventional CPUs. There is a great demand for vision algorithms running on high performance computing (HPC) architecture capable of processing petascale image data. We exploit the parallel processing capability of GPUs to present a GPU-friendly algorithm for robust and efficient detection of settlements from large-scale high-resolution satellite imagery. Feature descriptor generation is an expensive, but a key step in automated scene analysis. To address this challenge, we present GPU implementations for three different feature descriptors-multiscale Historgram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) Contrast and local pixel intensity statistics. We perform extensive experimental evaluations of our implementation using diverse and large image datasets. Our GPU implementation of the feature descriptor algorithms results in speedups of 220 times compared to the CPU version. We present an highly efficient settlement detection system running on a multiGPU architecture capable of extracting human settlement regions from a city-scale sub-meter spatial resolution aerial imagery spanning roughly 1200 sq. kilometers in just 56 seconds with detection accuracy close to 90%. This remarkable speedup gained by our vision algorithm maintaining high detection accuracy clearly demonstrates that such computational advancements clearly hold the solution for petascale image analysis challenges.
Adipose tissue changes in obesity and the impact on metabolic function

Obesity is associated with adverse alterations in adipose tissue that predispose to metabolic dysregulation. These adverse alterations include accumulation of inflammatory macrophages leading to the activation of inflammation pathways, reduction in lipid turnover, and deposition of fat in ectopic locations. These alterations are precursors to the development of insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction.
SECULAR CHANGES IN AGE-SPECIFIC CAUSE OF DEATH IN SANDAY, ORKNEY ISLANDS

The purpose of this study is to describe secular trends in mortality for Sanday, Orkney Islands, Scotland between 1855 and 1974. Using information from death records, standardized crude mortality rates for each 10-year period were decomposed into 12 cause specific mortality rates. Differential contribution of each cause of death to the overall decrease in crude and age specific rates has been determined by comparing rates between periods of highest and lowest mortality. Although the decrease in rates was greater for females than for males, for both sexes, decreased mortality associated with respiratory diseases made the greatest contribution to the overall mortality decline. The decrease in death rates has its greatest effect during the reproductive period. Although results differ from those reported for England and Wales in the nineteenth century, they conform to estimates based on cross-national data from the mid-nineteenth century to the present.
The PduQ enzyme is an alcohol dehydrogenase used to recycle NAD+ internally within the Pdu microcompartment of Salmonella enterica.

Salmonella enterica uses a bacterial microcompartment (MCP) for coenzyme B12-dependent 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD) utilization (Pdu). The Pdu MCP consists of a protein shell that encapsulates enzymes and cofactors required for metabolizing 1,2-PD as a carbon and energy source. Here we show that the PduQ protein of S. enterica is an iron-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase used for 1,2-PD catabolism. PduQ is also demonstrated to be a new component of the Pdu MCP. In addition, a series of in vivo and in vitro studies show that a primary function of PduQ is to recycle NADH to NAD+ internally within the Pdu MCP in order to supply propionaldehyde dehydrogenase (PduP) with its required cofactor (NAD+). Genetic tests determined that a pduQ deletion mutant grew slower than wild-type Salmonella on 1,2-PD and that this phenotype was not complemented by a non-MCP associated Adh2 from Zymomonas that catalyzes the same reaction. This suggests that PduQ has a MCP-specific function. We also found that a pduQ deletion mutant had no growth defect in a genetic background having a second mutation that prevents MCP formation which further supports a MCP-specific role for PduQ. Moreover, studies with purified Pdu MCPs demonstrated that the PduQ enzyme can convert NADH to NAD+ to supply the PduP reaction in vitro. Cumulatively, these studies show that the PduQ enzyme is used to recycle NADH to NAD+ internally within the Pdu MCP. To our knowledge, this is the first report of internal recycling as a mechanism for cofactor homeostasis within a bacterial MCP.
The effects of radiation, inclination and insulation opacity on the critical radius for radial heat transfer

THE ~~~~~~tspre~ented in the literature (l-3) on the subject of critical radius of insulation treated effects and corrections such as surface radiation and a variable heat transfer coefficient. Radiation and convection were considered to be dependent on the outside radius and the exterior surface temperature. It appears that all the work cited on the subject focuses on a horizontal slender cylinder. Hence, under such constraints, the analysis yields a value or an expression for the critical radius which is uniform along the length of the cylinder. When the orientation of the cylinder is taken into consideration, a single critical radius is no longer valid but rather a local critical radius is more significant due to the variation of the convection heat transfer coefficient along the length of the cylinder. Accordingly, coating the cylinder with a uniform layer of insulation can result in an increase in the heat transfer rate in one portion of the cylinder and a decrease in another. The aim of this communication is (i) to re-examine the effect of a variable heat transfer coefficient on the critical radius when the angle of inclination of the cylinder is included as an additional parameter, (ii) to assess the effect of the opacity of insulation on the critical radius and on the heat transfer rate when the insulation is semi-transparent with an absorption coefficient K.
Five Advantages of Using Course-Specific Email Accounts

In fall of 2012—having missed a couple important emails—I began an experiment. I decided to create a new university-based Gmail account for each course I taught. It occurred to me that if I could l...
MANAGEMENT OF HEREDITARY PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA IN VON HIPPEL-LINDAU KINDREDS WITH PARTIAL ADRENALECTOMY

AbstractPurpose: In patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease multiple bilateral adrenal pheochromocytoma can develop, which has traditionally been treated with adrenalectomy. Partial adrenalectomy can preserve normal adrenal function and avoid the morbidity associated with medical adrenal replacement. We demonstrate whether adrenal function could be preserved by partial adrenalectomy in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease.Materials and Methods: From 1995 to 1998, 13 consecutive von Hippel-Lindau disease patients with pheochromocytoma underwent 14 partial and 6 complete unilateral adrenalectomies. Function of residual normal adrenal and recurrence of adrenal pheochromocytoma were determined at followup.Results: Of the patients 2 had undergone unilateral adrenalectomy and 1 had undergone complete and partial adrenalectomy previously. Following surgery residual normal adrenal tissue consisted of 1 partial adrenal in 3 patients, bilateral partial adrenal in 5, partial and complete adrenal gland in 1, 1 com...
DNA HOMOLOGY AMONG NEUROSPORA SPECIES

Deoxyribonucleic acids of four species of Neurospora, N. crassa 74A, N. intermedia 10B-A, N. sitophila 56.1a, and N. tetrasperma 85A, have been compared with respect to their GC composition and nucleotide sequence homology. Three components of DNA's have been revealed for all the species studied. Thermal elution profiles of hybrid duplexes are found to be biphasic. A phylogenetic tree based on differences in percentage hybridization has been constructed.
Industrialized Nature: Brute Force Technology and the Transformation of the Natural World

In this volume Josephson provides an examination of the ways in which science, engineering, policy, finance and hubris have come together, often with unforeseen consequences, to perpetuate what he calls "brute-force technologies" - large-scale systems created to manage water, forest and fish resources. Throughout the 20th century, nations with quite different political systems and economic orientations all pursued this same technological subjugation of nature. Josephson compares the Soviet Union's heavy-handed efforts at resource management to similar projects undertaken in the US, Norway, Brazil and China. He argues that "brute-force technologies" require brute-force politics to operate. He shows how irresponsible - or well-intentioned but misguided - large-scale manipulation of nature has resulted in resource loss and severe environmental degradation. He explores the ongoing industrialization of nature that is happening in our own backyards and around the world. Both a cautionary tale and a call for action, Josephson urges us to consider how to develop a future for succeeding generations that avoids the pitfalls of brute-force technologies.
Jackson Pollock's Post-Ritual Performance: Memories Arrested in Space

Uneasy that Jackson Pollock's paintings indicate a profound involvement with myth and that his dedication to the curative potential of psychoanalysis indicate a sustained engagement with his infantile fantasies and early family history, art historians have not agreed on how to interpret Pollock's paintings. There are two major trends: Pollock's "opticality" and the meaning of the nonrepresentational and representational marks found in them. Soussloff seeks a third way-the meaning of myth, ritual, and performance in Pollock's abstractions.
Michelle Smith: An Irish Language Hero for Celtic Tiger Ireland?

Michelle Smith remains one of the most controversial Irish athletes of the twentieth century. Her victories at the swimming events of the 1996 Atlanta Games made her a hero in the eyes of the Irish nation. By exploring her life and swimming career, this article examines how a national hero was created and the reasons why she was so readily accepted by the Irish. It also assesses Smith's fall from grace, and her controversial drug test that turned many people against her. In a short period of time she was transformed from national hero to national disgrace. The key analysis of the article is an assessment of Smith's position as a speaker and promoter of the Irish language at a time when such minority languages struggle to find heroes that can grab global headlines. It demonstrates how Smith's hero status was reinforced by her positioning as spokeswoman for a minority, and how her fall from grace impacted the language movement.
Determination of 1,3-dichloropropanol in soy and related sauces by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for 3-MCPD in foods and food ingredients was modified for the determination of 1,3-DCP in soy and related sauces. The method was validated by using a blank soy sauce. The detection limit, quantitation limit and recoveries were determined, and identities were confirmed by mass spectrometry on the basis of analyses of test portions spiked with 1,3-DCP at 10, 25, 50 and 100 ng g−1. The spiked test portions were quantitated by using an internal standard calibration curve. For the spiked test portions, the mean internal standard-corrected recovery for 1,3-DCP was 100% with a relative standard deviation of 1.32%. The limits of detection and quantitation were determined as 0.055 and 0.185 ng g−1, respectively. The method also was compared with a headspace GC/MS method recently developed by the UK's Central Science Laboratory. Results from the method comparison showed that the recoveries for the spiked test portions, as well as the amounts of 1,3-DCP found in the reta...
Part Dimensional Error and Its Propagation Modeling in Multi-Operational Machining Processes

In a multi-operational machining process (MMP), the final product variation is an accumulation or stack-up of variation from all machining operations. Modeling and control of the variation propagation is essential to improve product dimensional quality This paper presents a state space model and its modeling strategies to describe the variation stack-up in MMPs. The physical relationship is explored between part variation and operational errors. By using the homogeneous transformation approach, kinematic modeling of setup and machining operations are developed. A case study with real machined parts is presented in the model validation.
Suppression of El Niño during the Mid‐Holocene by changes in the Earth's orbit

A number of recent reports have interpreted paleoproxy data to describe the state of the tropical Pacific, especially changes in the behavior of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), over the Holocene. These interpretations are often contradictory, especially for the eastern tropical Pacific and adjacent areas of South America. Here we suggest a picture of the mid-Holocene tropical Pacific region which reconciles the data. ENSO variability was present throughout the Holocene but underwent a steady increase from the mid-Holocene to the present. In the mid-Holocene, extreme warm El Nino events were smaller in amplitude and occurred less frequently about a mean climate state with a cold eastern equatorial Pacific and largely arid coastal regions as in the present climate. This picture emerges from an experiment in which a simple numerical model of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific was driven by orbital forcing. We suggest that the observed behavior of the tropical Pacific climate over the mid- to late Holocene is largely the response to orbitally driven changes in the seasonal cycle of solar radiation in the tropics, which dominates extratropical influences.
Developing Online Professional Resources in Nutrition Sciences

Abstract The Internet and World Wide Web have created enormous opportunities for nutrition professionals to develop resources useful to professionals and students. The Web Site Development Model (WSDM) was used to develop Professional Resources in Nutrition Sciences (PRINS), a web-based resource. PRINS provides online access to resources such as job web sites and search engines, nutrition related organizations; professional associations; professional preparation programs; mailing list and bulletin board services; credentialing agencies; and other resources such as online publications and the latest news of interest to nutrition professionals and students. PRINS is global in nature and not limited to USA resources. The WSDM, a process model characterizing how web sites are developed, was used to guide PRINS development stages of: Assessment, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation. During the Assessment Stage a needs assessment was conducted to establish a need for the PRINS web site. The goals, objectives, and target populations were also defined. The Planning Stage involved extensive web searching for resources and web site structuring and design. Implementation and evaluation plans were also completed during this stage. During the Implementation Stage, PRINS was placed online, and a promotion plan was initiated. The Evaluation Stage is ongoing and is currently under review.
Electrification produced by the growth of soft hail in thunderclouds

Detailed studies of the electrification associated with the growth of an artificial pellet of soft hail have been made by Reynolds, Brook & Gourley (1957), Latham & Mason (1961a) and Magono & Takahashi (1963 a , b ). The apparent contradictions between the results of these separate studies are shown to be merely the consequence of the different conditions under which they were performed and it is demonstrated that the temperature gradient theory affords a qualitative explanation for all the results obtained. Strong negative charging of the growing pellet is produced by two processes, both manifestations of the theory: (1) Collision between the pellet and supercooled droplets which freeze onto its surface and shatter to eject positively charged ice splinters. (2) Momentary contact between ice crystals and a rimed pellet of irregular surface structure; the charge transfer resulting from this process depends markedly upon the violence of the impact. Calculations show that appreciable negative charging of the growing pellet will occur in a thundercloud over ranges of droplet diameter 0 < d < 120 μ, pellet radius 0.25 < r < 2.5 mm and environmental temperature −35° < T < −4°C. The combined rate of charging inside a thunderstorm by means of these two processes is estimated to be at least 3C km −3 min −1 , which can easily account for the electrification of a moderate thunderstorm; this riming process may also be able to generate sufficient charge to explain the electrification of extremely severe thunderstorms. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1965.tb01412.x
Alcohol interacts with flavor during extinction of conditioned taste aversion

Intraperitoneal injections of ethanol (1.2 g/kg) given 30 min before taste-aversion extinction trials retarded extinction of aversion to a quinine-hydrochloride solution, did not affect extinction of aversions to sucrose or hydrochloric-acid solutions, but facilitated extinction of aversion to a sodium-chloride solution. These results do not support the general belief that ethanol retards extinction, but seem more consistent with the suggestion that IP injection of ethanol produces a taste which interacts with the tastes of orally ingested substances. Some implications of this possibility for the study of pharmacological agents on conditioned taste aversion are discussed.
The Agrarian Male: Economic and Ecological Challenges in the New Century

Insofar as most farming and otherwise agrarian families are still primarily male head-of-household families, examining the challenges facing agrarian communities is necessarily to examine the challenges facing the agrarian male. Those challenges fall mainly into two categories—economic and environmental (or ecological). Men in agrarian communities are wrestling specifically with the constrictions of (1) the increasing agribusiness pressures that continue to endanger the small-scale farmer, (2) the “Wal-Martization” of the agrarian economy that not only raises ethical questions but also limits local economic options, and (3) the suburbanization of the land, as more and more farms are sacrificed to economic realities and converted into upscale housing developments for the economically privileged. This essay elucidates a number of the challenges facing agrarian men—whether full-time farmers, part-time farmers, or others embedded in local agrarian communities and their interrelated economic and ecological sys...
The effectiveness of automatic inventory replenishment in supply chain operations: antecedents and outcomes

The issue of buyer-seller relationships in supply-chain management research is becoming increasingly critical. Global competition and maturing domestic markets have driven supply-chain members to reassess their distribution techniques to remain competitive in the market. Firms need inventory replenishment systems that enhance customer service whereas at the same time reduce inventory costs. Many retailers are demanding time-phased replenishment. They want delivery made just as they need the stock for sale. High levels of anticipatory inventory are no longer acceptable. Retailers want high-volume, high-turn items delivered on a just-in-time basis. In this study, we investigate the use of automatic replenishment programs (ARPs) and the effectiveness of these ARPs in today’s markets. Through a survey of U.S. retailers and manufacturers, we examine the transaction specific, strategic, and organizational antecedents that drive automatic replenishment efforts, as well as the effects of these efforts on the firms’ strategic and economic performance.
The Case for a Conceptual Base for Minority Mentoring Programs

(1999). The Case for a Conceptual Base for Minority Mentoring Programs. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 5-14.
Time urgency and the Type A behavior pattern: Time investment as a function of cue salience

Abstract This study examined psychological entrapment and time investment by Type As and Bs as a function of objective time cue availability. Subjects were given an initial stake of $4.00 and allowed to work on an anagram task where successful completion of three sets of eight anagrams would result in the winning of an additional $2.00. However, time spent on the task resulted in a loss of money from the initial stake at a constant rate. One-third of the subjects had free access to a counter that indicated their current investment. Another third of the subjects could view the counter only at certain times during the task. A final third of the subjects could not view the counter and had to rely on subjective estimates of time investment. Results indicated that when no objective time cues were available, Type As invested more time and money than did Type Bs, with investments for Type As exceeding the worth of the jackpot. By contrast, where objective cues were available, Type As and Bs did not differ in their investments. These results indicate that Type As are more susceptible than Type Bs to psychological entrapment in a time investment situation, but only if they must rely on their own estimates of time expenditure.
Nudity and Amount of Clothing on the Figure Drawings of Normal Adults

(1971). Nudity and Amount of Clothing on the Figure Drawings of Normal Adults. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 118, No. 1, pp. 141-145.
Magnetic levitation with unlimited omnidirectional rotation range

Abstract We have realized a magnetic levitation device in which the motion of a levitated body can be stably controlled in any orientation, with no limits on its spatial rotation range. The system consists of a planar array of cylindrical coils on a fixed base, a levitated frame containing disc magnets and LED position markers, and an optical motion tracking sensor for feedback control of levitation. This system combines the capabilities of fine positioning, vibration isolation, and a spherical motor, with potential applications in omnidirectional antenna and camera pointing, user interaction, manipulation, and simulated spaceflight dynamics and control. The device design is presented including the magnet and coil configuration, analysis and control methods, and position and rotation trajectory control results. The system development process consisted of numerical analysis of electromagnetic forces and torques between coils and magnets, to find the maximum required coil currents for levitation and the condition numbers of the transformation matrices between coil currents and forces and torques generated on the levitated body, for various configurations of coils and magnets, over their full 3D translation and rotation ranges. As a result, a magnetic levitation setup consisting of an array of 27 coils and a levitated object with six disk-shaped permanent magnets was selected. The setup achieved levitation in six degrees of freedom and unlimited rotation about any axis at a fixed height of 40 mm (a 4 mm minimum height above the coil array). The performance was verified with levitated trajectory following rotation command experiments in roll, pitch, yaw, and including 360° rotations about non-principal axes.
Hemolytic anemia and G6PD deficiency

The severity of enzyme deficiency often does not correlate well with the clinical severity of genetic diseases. Thus, some G6PD variants associated with severe enzyme deficiency, such as Union and Markham, cause no hemolytic problem, while some variants associated with less severe deficiency, such as Manchester, Alhambra, and Tripler, cause chronic hemolytic anemia. The kinetic characteristics of these variant enzymes have not explained the discrepancy. However, examination of the normal and variant enzymes under simulated physiologic conditions, with the effects of various intermediate metabolites and co-enzymes in red cells being taken into consideration, reveal that the G6PD's from hemolytic variant subjects are strongly inhibited by a physiologic concentration of NADPH because of their high Michaelis constant for NADP or low inhibition constant for NADPH, and they are more sensitive to inhibition by ATP. These variant enzymes cannot generate enough NADPH in red cells to maintain an adequate concentration of reduced glutathione. The nonhemolytic variant enzymes are far less sensitive to the inhibition by NADPH because of their low Michaelis constant for NADP and high inhibition constant for NADPH. The physiologic activity of these nonhemolytic variant enzymes is estimated to be more than 30 percent of the activity of the normal G6PD, and this activity is adequate to maintain the red cells unhemolyzed.
Strain Analysis in the Scapula After a Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

A reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is strongly suggested for patients who suffer from rotator cuff (RTC) arthropathy, where RTC deficiency causes abnormal loading leading to articular cartilage damage. Studies show that 47% of RTSA patients have rotator cuff arthropathy and 27% have some form of osteoarthritis (OA) [1].Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Insights from studying human sleep disorders

Problems with sleep are one of the commonest reasons for seeking medical attention. Knowledge gained from basic research into sleep in animals has led to marked advances in the understanding of human sleep, with important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. At the same time, research guided by human sleep disorders is leading to important basic sleep concepts. For example, sleep may not be a global, but rather a local, brain phenomenon. Furthermore, contrary to common assumptions, wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep are not mutually exclusive states. This striking realization explains a fascinating range of clinical phenomena.
Active noise cancellation algorithms for impulsive noise

Impulsive noise is an important challenge for the practical implementation of active noise control (ANC) systems. The advantages and disadvantages of popular filtered-X least mean square (FXLMS) ANC algorithm and nonlinear filtered-X least mean M-estimate (FXLMM) algorithm are discussed in this paper. A new modified FXLMM algorithm is also proposed to achieve better performance in controlling impulsive noise. Computer simulations and experiments are carried out for all three algorithms and the results are presented and analyzed. The results show that the FXLMM and modified FXLMM algorithms are more robust in suppressing the adverse effect of sudden large amplitude impulses than FXLMS algorithm, and in particular, the proposed modified FXLMM algorithm can achieve better stability without sacrificing the performance of residual noise when encountering impulses.
Universal equivalence of mean first-passage time and Kramers rate

We prove that for an arbitrary time-homogeneous stochastic process, Kramers's flux-over-population rate is identical to the inverse of the associated mean first-passage time. In this way the mean first-passage time problem can be treated without making use of the adjoint equation in conjunction with cumbersome boundary conditions.
Molecular genetic analysis of circadian rhythms in vertebrates and invertebrates

In recent years, there has been a flurry of activity directed towards identifying the molecular basis of circadian (approximately 24 h) rhythms. The past year has seen the isolation of the first clock mutations in a number of organisms (mice, Arabidopsis, cyanobacteria), the identification of a new circadian rhythm gene in Drosophila that interacts with the well known period gene, and considerable progress in the analysis of the 'clock genes', period and frequency. A combination of genetic, molecular and biochemical approaches is leading to an emerging picture of how molecular events enable organisms to keep time.
Vibrational properties of hierarchical systems

The vibrational properties of one-dimensional hierarchical systems are investigated and results are obtained for both their eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Two cases are considered, the first one with a hierarchy of spring constants and the latter with a hierarchy in the masses. In both cases the eigenspectrum is found to be a zero-measure, two-scale Cantor set with a fractal dimension between 0 and 1. The scaling properties of the spectra are calculated using renormalization group techniques and are verified by extensive numerical work. The low-frequency density of states and low-temperature specific heat are calculated and a singularity is found in the scaling behavior. The eigenvectors are found to be either extended or critical and self-similar. A transfer matrix formalism is introduced to calculate the scaling properties of the envelope of the critical eigenvectors. Furthermore, a connection is established between the hierarchical vibration and diffusion problems, as well as to the same problems in random systems, thus showing the universality of the observed features.
High-temperature equilibrium between uranium dicarbide, uranium dioxide, carbon, and carbon monoxide☆

Measurements of CO(g) pressure in the range 4.5 × 10−3 to 103 Pa over the univariant phase region containing UC1.91(c), UO2(c), and C(c) were made between 1201 and 1774 K and exhibited excellent agreement with most previous measurements. Modeling the dicarbide as an ideal solid solution of UC1.91(c) and UO2(c), values for ΔHfo(UC1.91, c, 298.15 K) of −(87.1 ± 3.9) kJ·mol−1, So(UC1.91, c, 298.15 K) of (64.1 ± 2.7) J·K−1·mol−1, and ΔHfo(UC1.91, c, 298.15 K) of −(81.1 ± 2.2) kJ·mol−1, by second-law and third-law treatments, respectively, were determined. These exhibit excellent internal consistency and agree well with assessed values. Attempts to determine the oxygen content of UC1.91(c) failed, although changes in lattice parameter with presumed oxygen content were observed.
Audacious Nuns: Institutionalizing the Franciscan Order of Saint Clare

In 1263 Bonaventure of Bagnoreggio, Minister General of the Franciscan order, complained about recent turmoil between the Friars Minor and Franciscan nuns in a letter addressed to the Provincial Minister of Aragon: “You are undoubtedly aware, dear Brother, just how much our Order has been plagued up to now with threats, troubles, and litigation occasioned by the monasteries of the Order of Saint Clare. This has come to the point where they have petitioned the court of the Supreme Pontiff alleging, among other charges against us, that the customary services provided for them by our brothers are in fact prescribed by law; thus our brothers have proposed to have nothing more to do with them unless they first recognize our complete freedom by public written documents sent to the Holy Father.”
Lateral motion of image-state electrons for metal-adsorbate regions on stepped metal substrates

We investigate the lateral motion of image-state electrons on two different bimetallic surfaces by using angle-resolved two-photon photoemission. To provide a clear, benchmarked system, measurements are first made on flat Ag/Pt(111) and Ag/Ni(111). Two stepped metallic surfaces Ag/Pt(997) and Ag/Ni(977) are then studied; a comparison of the results on the two surfaces allows a study of the behavior of image electrons on the Ag regions in the presence of different degrees of step regularity. In both systems a measurement of energy dispersion for image electrons moving in a direction perpendicular to steps shows that the energy shifts down and the effective mass decreases as the Ag coverage is increased. These results are compared to that expected using a Kronig-Penney-like surface potential.
Apical constriction and invagination downstream of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway require Rho1 and Myosin II

The tumor suppressor Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a negative regulator of Wnt signaling and functions in cytoskeletal organization. Disruption of human APC in colonic epithelia initiates benign polyps that progress to carcinoma following additional mutations. The early events of polyposis are poorly understood, as is the role of canonical Wnt signaling in normal epithelial architecture and morphogenesis. To determine the consequences of complete loss of APC in a model epithelium, we generated APC2 APC1 double null clones in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. APC loss leads to segregation, apical constriction, and invagination that result from transcriptional activation of canonical Wnt signaling. Further, we show that Wnt-dependent changes in cell fate can be decoupled from Wnt-dependent changes in cell shape. Wnt activation is reported to upregulate DE-cadherin in wing discs, and elevated DE-cadherin is thought to promote apical constriction. We find that apical constriction and invagination of APC null tissue are independent of DE-cadherin elevation, but are dependent on Myosin II activity. Further, we show that disruption of Rho1 suppresses apical constriction and invagination in APC null cells. Our data suggest a novel link between canonical Wnt signaling and epithelial structure that requires activation of the Rho1 pathway and Myosin II.
Seven Cognitive Concepts for Successful Sustainable Design

For the past forty years, social science researchers have studied how to encourage pro-environmental behaviors such as the adoption of recycling programs, water conservation strategies, and purchase of sustainable products. This article presents a synthesis of these research findings as they relate to the design of sustainable products and technologies. Research from environmental psychology, consumer studies, economics, decision sciences, public policy, and behavioral psychology are organized into cognitive concepts that are crucial to the successful purchase and use of sustainable products. The cognitive concepts reviewed are: responsibility, complex decision-making skills, decision heuristics, the altruism-sacrifice link, trust, cognitive dissonance/guilt, and motivation. Product examples are provided to highlight the role of these cognitive concepts in sustainable design. Design recommendations and relevant design methods are discussed. The recommendations require dynamic and on-going coordination between designers, manufacturers, marketers, and government policy-makers to achieve positive changes in individuals’ behaviors. The success of sustainable products depends on the success of this coordination.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Temperature effects on the nonlinear absorption of radiation by optical mixing in a plasma

An analysis of the heating of plasma with arbitrary temperature and density inhomogeneity by parallel or antiparallel laser beams is presented. The average power density absorbed by a warm plasma due to the excitation of electron plasma waves at the beat frequency is determined as a function of the frequency mismatch. Formulas for the absorption efficiency of a plasma with both temperature and density variation along the beams are derived. Linear and parabolic temperature distributions are considered explicitly.
First-principles microscopic model of exchange- driven magnetoelectric response with application to Cr 2 O 3

The exchange-driven contribution to the magnetoelectric susceptibility $\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ is formulated using a microscopic model Hamiltonian coupling the spin degrees of freedom to lattice displacements and electric field, which may be constructed from first-principles data. Electronic and ionic contributions are sorted out, and the latter is resolved into a sum of contributions from different normal modes. If intrasublattice spin correlations can be neglected, the longitudinal component ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ becomes proportional to the product of magnetic susceptibility and sublattice magnetization in accordance with Rado's phenomenological model. As an illustration, the method is applied to analyze the temperature dependence of the longitudinal magnetoelectric susceptibility of ${\text{Cr}}_{2}$${\text{O}}_{3}$ using first-principles calculations and the quantum pair cluster approximation for magnetic thermodynamics. A substantial electronic contribution is found, which is opposite to the ionic part. The sensitivity of the results to the Hubbard $U$ parameter and the sources of error are studied. It is also found that non-Heisenberg interactions are too weak to account for the sign change of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ in ${\text{Cr}}_{2}$${\text{O}}_{3}$.
Clinical and radiological correlation of retroperitoneal metastasis from nonseminomatous testicular cancer treated with chemotherapy.

Abstract Forty patients with retroperitoneal metastasis from nonseminomatous testicular cancer treated with chemotherapy were retrospectively studied to ( 1 ) evaluate the predictive value of mass size as detected by computerized tomography (CT) as an indicator for postchemotherapy surgery and ( 2 ) determine the factors that influence relapse. Patients received two further courses of chemotherapy after their serum biomarkers became normal and computed tomography indicated a complete response or presence of a residual but stable mass. We found that patients with initial metastases less than 2 cm had a low frequency ( 14% ) of residual masses after chemotherapy, vs. 59% for those with masses of 2–5 cm and 75% for those with masses of greater than 5 cm ( P = 0.03). Of 22 patients with primary embryonal carcinoma, three of seven (43%) with residual masses after chemotherapy had mature teratoma at surgery. Six patients had small ( 1–2 cm ) residual abnormalities that were not removed, and three of these patients relapsed. In conclusion, increasing size of retroperitoneal metastasis by CT scan predicts for increased likelihood of a residual mass after chemotherapy; patients who have a residual mass greater than or equal to 1 cm require retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy after chemotherapy, whether the tumor histology is embryonal carcinoma or teratoma. The role of surgery for patients who have residual retroperitoneal masses less than 1 cm after chemotherapy could not be determined from our study.
Overview of the Immune Response

The immune system has evolved to protect the host from a universe of pathogenic microbes that are themselves constantly evolving. The immune system also helps the host eliminate toxic or allergenic substances that enter through mucosal surfaces. Central to the immune system's ability to mobilize a response to an invading pathogen, toxin, or allergen is its ability to distinguish self from nonself. The host uses both innate and adaptive mechanisms to detect and eliminate pathogenic microbes, and both of these mechanisms include self-nonself discrimination. This overview identifies key mechanisms used by the immune system to respond to invading microbes and other exogenous threats and identifies settings in which disturbed immune function exacerbates tissue injury.
MeD-Lights: a usable metaphor for patient controlled access to electronic health records

Electronic health records (EHR) are poised to replace paper- based medical health records--EHRs show the promise of improving medical care by providing immediate access to a patient's records without having to worry about human-introduced delays. At the same time, mobile devices such as smartphones enable users to maintain their own medical information such as personal health records (PHR) as well as control the dissemination and sharing of their EHRs with medical personnel. Deciding what records to share with which medical personnel, however, is complicated by the many different types of records and users' varying privacy preferences. Thus, a usable model is needed to allow users to control the sharing of EHRs. In this paper we describe and evaluate MeD-Lights, a model that leverages the metaphor of traffic light colors (red, yellow, and green) to portray sensitivity levels of records, and how they should be shared with medical personnel. We implemented a MeD-Lights application on the Android platform and performed a user study using smartphones and show that the semantics of sharing we attach to these colors are indeed intuitive to users and users can use them effectively to manage access to their EHRs.
The Costs and Benefits of Foreign Students in United States Higher Education

This paper makes a two-fold contribution to the practical application of cost-benefit analysis and to our understanding of the costs and benefits to the host country of foreign students in higher education. First, within the technical constraints it develops a model for assessing costs and benefits; this model is potentially applicable to all countries with foreign students. The model includes educational and political as well as economic inputs, and the paper discusses qualitative as well as quantitative costs and benefits. Secondly, the model is applied to the particular case of the United States. The significance of different perspectives for assessing net benefit is recognized, and costs and benefits are assessed from the perspectives of higher education institutions, state residents and all US citizens. The paper finds positive net benefits, subject to a number of assumptions. However, the policies of both state governments and the US government do not appear to be consistent with the goal of maximizing this net benefit.
Deconstructing Heterosexism: Becoming an Lgb Affirmative Heterosexual Couple and Family Therapist

The purpose of this article is to propose a three-step model to help heterosexual therapists become more aware of the influence of their own heteronormative assumptions, heterosexual privileges, and heterosexual identities on the therapy process. This article also provides definitions of concepts central to the practice of affirmative therapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients and strategies that therapists and clients can use to deconstruct heterosexism in the context of therapy.