cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SURVIVAL OF A SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM POULTRY MARKER STRAIN ADDED AS A DRY INOCULUM TO ZINC AND SODIUM ORGANIC ACID AMENDED FEEDS

The effects of different organic acid compounds on the survival of a dry inoculum of Salmonella typhimurium marker strain added to poultry feed were determined. Organic acids were added as 1% Zn or Na salts (w/w) to poultry feeds and stored at room temperature for 9 days. Reduction of S. typhimurium populations from 0 to day 9 was not substantially different between poultry layer ration nonamended feed (96.76%) and Zn acetate (99.72%) or Zn propionate (99.60%) amended feed. However, over 90% reduction of S. typhimurium populations occurred in Zn acetate and Zn propionate amended feed by day 3 while poultry layer ration populations reached 90% reduction by day 5. S. typhimurium populations after 9 days were nearly 40% more reduced in Na propionate amended feed than Na acetate amended feed. The results of this study indicated 1% Zn compounds may have potential to reduce survival of S. typhimurium in a poultry diet during the early stages of storage.
The relationship between sodium and high-affinity taurine uptake in hypothalamic crude P2 synaptosomal preparations.

Two uptake systems for taurine transport in a rat hypothalamic crude synaptosomal preparation were identified. The true transport constants were, for the high-affinity uptake system,Km=240 μM andV (maximum velocity)=400 nmol/g protein/min, and for the low-affinity uptake system.Km=5290 μM and V=1640 nmol/g protein/min. The initial velocity of high-affinity taurine uptake by the crude synaptosomal preparation was studied as a function of sodium and taurine concentration. Hill plots were constructed from these data. The requirement of high-affinity taurine uptake on a sodium gradient was examined by utilizing monensin, and the metabolic poisons, 2,4-dinitrophenol and ouabain. The major findings are as follows: 1) One sodium ion is co-transported with each taurine molecule; 2) the high-affinity uptake process is driven by the sodium concentration gradient across the membrane; 3) sodium increases the maximal velocity rather than the affinity of the high-affinity taurine carrier for the taurine molecule; 4) one taurine molecule is transported per carrier for both the high- and low-affinity taurine uptake systems; and 5) high-affinity taurine uptake is an energy-dependent process.
Review: Lithium is associated with adverse events in patients with mood disorders

Source Citation McKnight RF, Adida M, Budge K, et al. Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012;379:721-8. 22265699
Impact of perineal Crohn’s disease on utilization of care in the absence of modifiable predictors of treatment failure

The burden of perineal Crohn’s disease (PCD) remains poorly characterized, and many patients ultimately require fecal diversion or proctectomy. Our goal was to characterize the clinical course of patients presenting with perineal Crohn’s disease, focusing on the cohort of patients ultimately requiring fecal diversion, and identify modifiable predictors for this unfortunate outcome. We performed a retrospective review of 81 consecutive patients who underwent 172 operations to address complications of PCD. Diverted patients were compared to those who did not require diversion in regard to demographics, surgical procedure, postoperative infliximab, and presence of proctitis (chi square, t tests). Logistic regression was utilized to predict the need for fecal diversion. The number of visits needed to undergo care for this condition was quantified. Eight-one patients underwent a total of 172 surgical procedures and had a total of 2713 outpatient visits (range 1–118) to address symptoms of perineal Crohn’s disease. Following first intervention, only 57.1 % healed at 3 months. These rates were highest in patients treated with fistulotomies and were not impacted by whether patients received postoperative infliximab (p = 0.703). Patients (23.5 %) underwent three or more surgical procedures to control their PCD and ultimately only 60 % healed without diversion, which was performed in 19 (23.5 %) patients. Patients undergoing more than three operations (OR = 10.9, p = 0.006) and women with rectovaginal fistula (OR = 3.88, p < 0.01) were at a high risk for diversion. Modifiable factors such as infliximab, smoking, proctitis, and surgery aimed at closing the internal anal opening did not alter outcome. In the patients with perineal Crohn's, complex fistulas healing rates appear to be independent of postoperative infliximab or procedures aimed at closing the internal anal opening. Those who do not heal require numerous specialist visits.
Studies in eupatorium (Compositae), III. Apparent wind pollination

Eupatorium is a large, chiefly American genus in which some species have deviated from the usual reproductive methods of insect pollination and outcrossing. Apomixis and autogamy are two reproductive specializations which have been reported previously. A third, anemophily, is suspected inE. solidaginifolium, E. solidaginoides, E. monanthum, and several other species. Our assumptions are based upon morphological modifications of the inflorescence, anther appendages, style branches, and pollen. Wind pollination in the Compositae has heretofore been known only in the tribe Anthemideae and the subtribe Ambrosinae of the Heliantheae; its occurrence inEupatorium is an independent evolutionary event. The occurrence of apomixis, autogamy, and anemophily in members ofEupatorium from the same geographical region probably represents (at least in part) correlated responses to the same environmental stress, a scarcity of insect pollinators.
The split-radix fast Fourier transforms with radix-4 butterfly units

We present a split radix fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm consisting of radix-4 butterflies. The major advantages of the proposed algorithm include: i). The proposed algorithm consists of mixed radix butterflies, whose structure is more regular than the conventional split radix algorithm. ii). The proposed algorithm is asymptomatically equal computation amount to the split radix algorithm, and is fewer operations than the radix-4 algorithms. iii). The proposed algorithm is in the conjugate-pair version, which requires less memory access than the conventional FFT algorithms.
Semianalytical approaches to local electroweak baryogenesis

We examine two semianalytical methods for estimating the baryon asymmetry of the Universe (BAU) generated in scenarios of ``local'' electroweak baryogenesis (in which the requisite baryon number violation and $\mathrm{CP}$ violation occur together in space and time). We work with the standard electroweak theory augmented by the addition of a $\mathrm{CP}$-violating dimension-six operator. We work in the context of a first order phase transition, but the processes we describe can also occur during the evolution of a network of topological defects. Both the approaches we explore deal with circumstances where the bubble walls which convert the high temperature phase to the low temperature phase are thin and rapidly moving. We first consider the dynamics of localized configurations with winding number one which remain in the broken phase immediately after the bubble wall has passed. Their subsequent decay can anomalously produce fermions. In a prelude to our analysis of this effect, we demonstrate how to define the $C$ and $\mathrm{CP}$ symmetries in the bosonic sector of the electroweak theory when configurations with nonzero winding are taken into account. Second, we consider the effect of the passage of the wall itself on configurations which happen to be near the crest of the ridge between vacua as the wall arrives. We find that neither of the simple approaches followed here can be pushed far enough to obtain a convincing estimate of the BAU which is produced. A large scale numerical treatment seems necessary.
Platelets intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis in hyperlipidaemias: relationship to thrombo-embolic complications.

. Platelet function, intra-vascular coagulation (IVC) and fibrinolysis were studied in 85 patients with Type II hyperlipo-proteinaemia, 36 with Type IV hypertriglyce-ridaemia and 36 normal subjects. The effects of clofibrate and nicotinic acid therapy on their plasma lipid concentrations, platelet behaviour, IVC and fibrinolysis were also evaluated. Untreated Type II patients had platelet hyperreactivity to aggregating agents and increased nucleotide release. Their platelet phospholipid content was quantitatively and qualitatively altered. The mechanism of platelet hyperreactivity appears to be related to their ability to convert AA to cyclic endoperoxides and thromboxanes. Although both groups of common hyperlipidaemias had accelerated activation of the blood coagulation systems, the Type II patients had worse blood alterations than the Type IV patients did. Furthermore, our data also suggests that in hypercholesterolaemia platelets appear to mediate these blood changes. Clofibrate treatment in Type II patients improved the platelet reactivity, reversed IVC and stimulated fibrinolysis without altering their plasma lipid levels. In contrast, in Type IV patients, clofibrate therapy significantly lowered plasma triglycerides but did not alter the blood coagulation changes nor did it stimulate fibrinolysis. Thrombo-embolic complications were common in both groups of hyperlipida etnias but more so in Type II patients. A correlation therefore appears to exist between laboratory evidence of platelet reactivity and IVC and increased incidence of thromboembolic complications. Taken together, these observations suggest that anti-platelet drugs may be useful in the prevention of thrombo-embolic complications in Type II patients. In contrast, in hypertriglyceridaemia, impairment of the fibrinolytic system is the likely mechanism by which these thrombotic events occur. Unfortunately, simple preventive treatments to stimulate fibrinolysis are not yet available.
The effective interaction between nucleons deduced from nuclear spectra

Two-body matrix elements of the residual nucleon-nucleon interaction are extracted from experimental data throughout the periodic table and are used to determine the ranges and well depths of various components of a local interaction. The $T=1$ even and odd components of the central interaction both definitely require two wells with different ranges; a shorter-range attractive well with a longer-range repulsive one. The need for a tensor interaction and a two-body spin-orbit interaction is also explored and their inclusion improves the fit slightly.
Evaluating Medical Technology

Excerpt Stross and colleagues, in this issue, report a carefully planned extension of coronary care units to small community hospitals of rural, sparsely settled northern Michigan. The installation...
Effect of pH on Ether, Ester, and Carbonate Hydrolysis in High-Temperature Water

We examined the hydrolysis of dibenzyl ether, benzyl t-butyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether, methylbenzoate, and diphenylcarbonate in high-temperature liquid water, both with and without added acid or base. The apparent reaction order for H+ did not exceed 0.2 for any of the compounds investigated. This result indicates that hydrolysis of these compounds in high-temperature water (HTW) does not follow the kinetics expected for specific acid catalysis (H+ reaction order = 1.0), as does the hydrolysis at ambient temperatures. Rather, the greater thermal energy in the HTW system allows protonation by water molecules to become faster than protonation by H+ at near-neutral conditions. Because the water-catalyzed path is faster, the occurrence of these acid-catalyzed reactions in HTW with no added acid is not due to the elevated value of Kw, the ion product. This finding contradicts the conventional wisdom in this field.
PET instrumentation: What are the limits?

This report has emphasized the attributes of positron emission tomography (PET) through a discussion of the historical development with attention to limitations or factors that are of importance in using and further developing this technology. As is the case for all nuclear detector developments, the factors that require consideration are spatial resolution, uniformity of resolution, sensitivity, distortions (attenuation), background noise (scatter and randoms), image volume, data acquisition capabilities (count-rate saturation), and limitations based on allowable radiation doses to the subject. Forty years ago, the fact that dual gamma-cameras could not handle the count-rates from the short half-life radionuclides that had clinical applications at that time (ie, 15O, 11C, 13N) precluded their acceptance in nuclear medicine. With the advent of 18F applications particularly with FDG in oncology, this limitations was no longer a barrier. Twenty years ago and until recently, the promise of time-of-flight PET has been stifled by the fact that the appropriately fast scintillator BaF2 had too low an efficiency (low density) to be useful in improving the signal to noise of a time-of-flight tomograph over contemporary systems. With the development of dense scintillators with high light output and high speed such as LSO30 the time-of-flight potentials are now once again worth pursuing. Twenty years ago systems that theoretically would have improved sensitivity by minimal or no septa with spherical geometric arrangements of detectors were ignored because it appeared that scatter backgrounds would lead to a signal to noise less than 1. But in the last 5 years, cylindrical systems without speta have shown that noise effective sensitivity improvements of a factor of 4 can be realized. With time-of-flight additional improvements in sensitivity will be realized. Horizons for detector development include discovery of new scintillators, new methods of registering scintillation light, deployment of larger field of view systems and methods of compensating for scatter, randoms, attenuation, and irregular sampling associated with new geometries which can encircle most of the body. The expected limit for PET is 2 mm isotropic resolution for the head and appendages including joints and breasts. Clinical realization of this resolution for the thorax and abdomen requires compensation for motion and even in this area strategies are underdevelopment which rely on the improvement in sensitivity being realized by 3D systems.
Optimal Timing of Initial Postnatal Ultrasonography in Newborns With Prenatal Hydronephrosis

ABSTRACTPurpose: Conflicting data exist concerning optimal timing for initial postnatal ultrasound in newborns with prenatal hydronephrosis. To determine whether timing significantly affects the accuracy of postnatal ultrasound, we conducted a prospective study comparing ultrasound within 48 hours of birth and at 7 to 10 days of life.Materials and Methods: A total of 21 consecutive newborns with prenatal hydronephrosis were enrolled in 14 months. Prenatal hydronephrosis was defined as a pelvic diameter 4 mm. or greater before 33 weeks and 8 mm. or greater beginning at 33 weeks of gestation. Postnatal hydronephrosis was assessed using the Society for Fetal Urology grading system. Patients were subsequently followed with serial ultrasound and adjunctive imaging studies.Results: Of the 32 evaluable renal units a majority had a change in the degree of hydronephrosis between the first and second ultrasound. An increase in hydronephrosis was found in 14 (44%) renal units with an increase of 2 or greater grades ...
Covalent Crosslinking of Tumor Antigens Stimulates an Antitumor Immune Response

In murine renal cell carcinoma and melanoma models, vaccination with crosslinked tumor antigen in the absence of other adjuvants inhibited the growth of RENCA and B16 tumors. Vaccination with crosslinked antigens (CA9 or gp100) enhanced the cellular immune response as measured by ELISPOT and cytotoxicity assays. Crosslinking antigens enhanced delivery of antigen to bone marrow derived dendritic cells, which were capable of internalizing and processing the antigens. Dendritic cells pulsed with crosslinked antigen were effective in stimulating antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation and interferon-γ secretion. Crosslinking tumor antigens is a simple and effective strategy for enhancing tumor vaccines.
Altered structure of the Mn4Ca cluster in the oxygen evolving complex of Photosystem II by a histidine ligand mutation

The effect of replacing a histidine ligand on the properties of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) and the structure of the Mn4Ca cluster in Photosystem II (PSII) is studied by x-ray absorption spectroscopy using PSII core complexes from the Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 D1 polypeptide mutant H332E. In the x-ray crystallographic structures of PSII, D1-His332 has been assigned as a direct ligand of a manganese ion, and the mutation of this histidine ligand to glutamate has been reported to prevent the advancement of the OEC beyond the S2Yz• intermediate state. The manganese K-edge (1s core electron to 4p) absorption spectrum of D1-H332E shifts to a lower energy compared with that of the native WT samples, suggesting that the electronic structure of the manganese cluster is affected by the presence of the additional negative charge on the OEC of the mutant. The extended x-ray absorption spectrum shows that the geometric structure of the cluster is altered substantially from that of the native WT state, resulting in an elongation of manganese-ligand and manganese-manganese interactions in the mutant. The strontium-H332E mutant, in which calcium is substituted by strontium, confirms that strontium (calcium) is a part of the altered cluster. The structural perturbations caused by the D1-H332E mutation are much larger than those produced by any biochemical treatment or mutation examined previously with x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The substantial structural changes provide an explanation not only for the altered properties of the D1-H332E mutant but also the importance of the histidine ligand for proper assembly of the Mn4Ca cluster.
Sinus nodal dysfunction in young patients with long QT syndrome.

Abstract Although sinus bradycardia and low heart rate with exercise have been found in some patients with long QT syndrome, systematic evaluation, including intracardiac electrophysiologic (EPS) tests of sinus node function, has not been reported. Records were reviewed of 14 children and adolescents (age 3 to 16 years) with long QT wyndrome (mean QT c 0.51 second) who underwent noninvasive testing and intracardiac EPS because of syncope or cardiac arrest. The resting electrocardiographic (ECG) sinus heart rate was low for age in only 1 of 13 patients, while the lowest Holter-monitored sinus heart rate was abnormal in 4 of 12. The maximum exercise heart rate was abnormally low in 6 of the 12 who underwent exercise testing. For the EPS tests, the corrected sinus node recovery time (CSNRT) was long in 8 of 14 and the sinoatrial conduction time (SACT) was long in six of the nine in whom it was calculable. When both noninvasive and EPS indices are considered, 13 of the 14 patients had some type of sinus node dysfunction.
Measurement of solder joint strength in freestanding chip-scale packages using a quantitative laser spallation technique

A previously developed laser spallation technique is adapted to measure in situ the tensile strengths of geometrically heterogeneous interfaces, in multilayer freestanding chip-scale packages that were baked for specific temperatures and times. The test procedure involved quantification of the stress waves inside the packages using interferometry, and subsequent stress field quantification, including that at the failed interface, using a wave mechanics simulation. The technique is generally applicable and can be used to test any type of freestanding package. In this work, it is demonstrated on freestanding 0.5 mm-pitch MicroStar BGATM packages. The ball grid array joint strengths for Pb-free solders on bare Cu pads were measured to be 942 ± 91, 703 ± 69, 666 ± 70, 441 ± 42, and 392 ± 45 MPa for samples that were thermally aged for 3, 10, 20, 40, and 80 days, respectively. An important result of our study is that the critical laser energy for causing joint failure was found to be approximately proportional...
Evidence that Xenopus laevis contains two different nonallelic insulin-like growth factor-I genes.

Abstract Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we have amplified and characterized partial nucleotide sequences of two distinct insulin-like growth factor-I genes (designated IGF-I′ and IGF-I″) from the amphibian, Xenopus laevis . The amplified fragments encoded much of the coding region of the mature peptide (exon III in mammalian IGF-I genes), and exhibited 93% similarity to each other, and 68–82% similarity to mammalian IGF-I amino acid sequences. Southern blot analysis using genomic DNA from a homozygous frog revealed that these two genes are nonallelic in a single organism, like the two nonallelic genes encoding Xenopus insulins that we have characterized previously. Furthermore, both IGF-I mRNAs are expressed in similar quantities in adult liver.
High-Volume Performance Test Framework using Big Data

The inherent issues with handling large files and complex scenarios cause the data-driven approach [1] to be rarely used for performance tests. Volume and scalability testing of enterprise solutions typically requires custom-made test frameworks because of the complexity and uniqueness of data flow. The generation, transformation and transmission of large sets of data pose a unique challenge for testing a highly transactional back-end system like the IBM Sterling Order Management (OMS). This paper describes a test framework built on document-oriented NoSQL database, a design that helps validate the functionality and scalability of the solution simultaneously. This paper also describes various phases of planning, development, and testing of the OMS solution that was executed for a large retailer in Europe to test an extremely high online sales scenario. An out-of-the-box configuration of the OMS with the feature support for database sharding was used to drive scalability. The exercise was a success, and it is the world's largest IBM Sterling Order Management benchmark in terms of sales order volume, to date.
Librarians's reflective practice in electronic reserves: An exploration of sources of copyright knowledge and professional development

he research question of this study was what formal and informal sources librarians use in dealing with electronic reserves and in developing their copyright knowledge. The exploration of the sources of copyright knowledge was expected to drive issues and challenges in library practice to emerge, and to influence the design of further in-depth study. The study employs a qualitative, naturalistic data collection methodology and an inductive data analysis methodology. The study applies Schon's reflection theory as a sensitizing theoretical framework to help understand the processes of librarians' decision about electronic reserves. To date, three librarians have been interviewed. In interviews, librarians thought aloud critical incidents of electronic reserves requests and the sources of copyright knowledge they use. Qualitative analysis was carried out through in-depth analysis of interview transcripts and follow-up interviews for clarification and confirmations of the findings. The analysis aimed at formal and informal sources that librarians use and on evidence of reflection-on-action. The findings point to both formal and informal sources, and suggest that the sources represent social and institutional cues that undermine practice and decision making. Issues emerged are that librarians and stakeholders debate over copyright fair use guidelines and standards in electronic reserves, and over different meanings of fair use. To better understand library practice, it is important to explore social and institutional cues embedded in the real world.
A STUDY OF REFINEMENTS IN THE INCIDENTS OF BUSINESS OWNERSHIP FROM THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD TO THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

s of Doctoral Dissertations 59 could not freely create debtor-creditor relationships, for the presentday coincept of private business borrowing was not in existence; could not, under most circumstances, limit the liability connected with private business ownership; could not depend upon sufficient amounts of capital being available whenever and wherever needed; and could not avail themselves of a form of business organization similar to the modern corporation. Consequently, the opportunities for achieving variety in the apportionment of risk, income, and control were extremely limited. It is obvious, then, that many changes in business practice must have occurred between the early Middle Ages and the twentieth century, and that there must have been considerable thought of an economic nature concerning those changes. The procedure followed in this study has been to seek out major changes in the creation of the debtor-creditor relationship, in the concept of limited liability, in the conditions of capital markets, and in the forms of business organization; then to show how such changes improved or refined the previous methods of apportioning risk, income, and control; and finally, to present the dominant economic thought of the period regarding these changes. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.111 on Tue, 09 Aug 2016 05:40:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Biogeochemistry: Life before the rise of oxygen.

The discovery of molecular fossils in 2.7-billion-year-old rocks prompted a re-evaluation of microbial evolution, and of the advent of photosynthesis and rise of atmospheric oxygen. That discovery now comes into question.
Axotomy-induced alterations in the electrophysiological characteristics of neurons

The electrophysiological alterations provoked by axotomy have now been studied for almost half a century, in a number of different cell types. Consequently, it is now possible to detail some common mechanisms underlying these changes and to sort out certain trends in the data. The major phenomena reviewed in this section and some possible future directions are summarized below. (1) It is now possible to advance a unified hypothesis for the effects of axotomy on the conduction velocity of myelinated fibers. The key is that axon diameter, which is directly correlated with conduction velocity, is regulated, at least in part, by neurofilament protein gene expression and transport into the axon. Thus, the largest myelinated axons, with the fastest conduction velocities, have the highest neurofilament contents, and in turn, experience greater or faster declines in neurofilament content, axon caliber, and conduction speed following nerve injury. This regulation of neurofilament gene expression also appears to be target- and/or accessory cell-dependent. In fact, Hoffman and colleagues (1988) have hypothesized that neuron interactions with specific targets (via as yet unknown target-induced signals) may either specify or permit specification of the level of neurofilament gene expression in neurons. Imposed on this primary size determinant is an influence of activity, which also underlies the differential atrophy and decrement in conduction velocity exhibited by motor and sensory fibers of comparable diameters in the same lesioned nerve. Unmyelinated axons, whose structures are not dominated by neurofilament content and metabolism, react very differently to axotomy. The structural and metabolic basis of their reaction is not known. (2) Passive membrane properties, in particular neuronal input resistance, remain relatively stable in the majority of neurons after axotomy. The major exceptions, vertebrate spinal motoneurons, lamprey dorsal interneurons, and mammalian vagal motoneurons, all show an increase in input resistance after axotomy. This change in input resistance appears to be correlated with structural or geometric simplification of dendritic trees and real or apparent changes in specific membrane resistance in one case and with a reduction in cell body size in the other two; however, changes in specific membrane resistance cannot be excluded even in the latter two cases. In the spinal motoneurons, input resistance changes may be more pronounced in those neurons with the most extensive or complex dendritic geometries (i.e. F-type motoneurons). More combined electrophysiological (ideally under voltage or patch clamp conditions) and morphological investigations of single neurons need be done to resolve these questions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Relationship scripts: How young lesbian women develop and maintain same-sex romantic relationships

Utilizing a qualitative approach applying phenomenological methods, this study examines factors that contribute to how young women develop and form same-sex romantic relationships. Data were gathered using qualitative face-to-face interviews with 8 women ranging in age from 20 to 27 years old who resided in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Three categories emerged as contributing to the development and maintenance of young women's same-sex romantic relationships: impact of defining gender interactions, relationship progression, and learning about relationships. Within the categories, 10 themes and 4 subthemes emerged to help further contribute to the current research on young women's same-sex romantic relationships. The article concludes by discussing the essence of the development and maintenance of same-sex romantic relationships as well as clinical implications, training implications, and future research.
From Tree to Map: Using Cognitive Learning Theory to Suggest Alternative Ways to Visualize Macroevolution

Diagrams can be important tools for communicating about evolution. One of the most common visual metaphors that unites a variety of diagrams that describe macroevolution is a tree. Tree-based diagrams are designed to provide a phylogenetic framework for thinking about evolutionary pattern. As is the case with any other metaphor, however, misunderstandings about evolution may either arise from or be perpetuated by how we depict the tree of life. Researchers have tried various approaches to create tree-based diagrams that communicate evolution more accurately. This paper addresses the conceptual limitations of the tree as a visual metaphor for evolution and explores the ways we can use digital tools to extend our visual metaphors for evolution communication. The theory of distributed cognition provides a framework to aid in the analysis of the conceptual affordances and constraints of tree-based diagrams, and develop new ways to visualize evolution. By combining a new map-based visual metaphor for macroevolution with the interactive properties of digital technology, a new method of visualizing evolution called the dynamic evolutionary map is proposed. This paper concludes by comparing the metaphoric affordances and constraints of tree diagrams and the dynamic evolutionary map, and discussing the potential applications of the latter as an educational tool.
Speech Acquisition in a Nonverbal Isolate Child.

Abstract The present study attempted to evaluate experimentally the relationship between two response classes: cooperative play and speech. One child was observed in a preschool free-play setting. Base rates of speech and play with peers indicated that the child never spoke to or played with peers during free-play periods. Base rates of teacher attention were observed to fluctuate directly with the child's isolate play. When differential attention and extinction operations were presented, removed and presented again, the frequency of cooperative play with peers increased, decreased and increased accordingly. Moderate fluctuations in verbal behavior also correlated with the presence and absence of the differential attention and extinction operations, even though the operations were applied only to cooperative play. The results suggest that some nonverbal isolate children may begin producing speech when play behaviors with peers are reinforced by teachers.
The changing metropolitan designation process and rural America.

: In June 2003, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) released new county-based designations of Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs), replacing Metropolitan Statistical Area designations that were last revised in 1990. In this article, the new designations are briefly described, and counties that have changed classifications are identified. The new designations identify 2 categories of counties or county clusters within CBSAs: Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Micropolitan Statistical Areas. Counties designated as neither are simply referred to as “outside Core Based Statistical Areas.” Among counties classified as metropolitan in 1999, 94% are still classified as such, 5% are now micropolitan, and 0.7% are outside CBSAs. The majority of counties that were nonmetropolitan in 1999 remain outside CBSAs (60%), while 28% are now classified as micropolitan and 12% have become metropolitan. The percentage of counties classified as metropolitan has increased from 27.2% to 34.7%, and the population identified as residing in these areas increased from 81% of the total US population to 83%. Some interpretation difficulties may arise in the future, as the naming system lends itself to lumping metropolitan and micropolitan together because of their common designation as CBSAs. The central problem to this classification scheme is that it tracks the urban growth of the nation and its tendency toward agglomeration of markets but pays little attention to the places that are outside CBSAs altogether.
Computerized simulation of generation, meshing and contact of double circular-arc helical gears

The authors have investigated the generation, geometry, meshing and contact of double circular-arc helical gears. Such gears have been proposed in extension of the idea of single-arc Wildhaber-Novikov gears with the purpose: (i) to obtain two zones of meshing and reduce the bending stresses, and (ii) keep the advantage of reduced contact stresses of W.-N. gears. The proposed methods and developed computer programs cover the solution to the following problems: 1.Determination of the paths of contact on the gear tooth surfaces. 2.Determination of the bearing contact as the set of instantaneous contact ellipses. 3.Determination of transmission errors caused by gear misalignment. The investigation is illustrated with numerical examples.
Communication Costs and Trade of Differentiated Goods

This paper investigates how the decline of communication costs affects the pattern of trade in differentiated goods. It is found that the development of information technology (IT) has significantly increased US imports of differentiated goods after the 1970s. In addition, the modern communication technology has assisted small economies from exporting homogeneous goods to exporting more and more differentiated goods in recent years.
Dirichlet's principle on multiclass multihop wireless networks: minimum cost routing subject to stability

Minimum cost routing is considered on multiclass multihop wireless networks influenced by stochastic arrivals, inter-channel interference, and time-varying topology. Endowing each air link with a cost factor, possibly time-varying and different for different classes, we define the Dirichlet routing cost as the square of the link packet transmissions weighted by the link cost-factors. Our recently-proposed Heat-Diffusion (HD) routing protocol [3] is extended to minimize this cost, while ensuring queue stability for all stabilizable traffic demands, and without requiring any information about network topology or packet arrivals. This is the first time in literature that such a multiclass routing penalty can be minimized at network layer subject to queue stability. Further, when all links are of unit cost factor, our protocol here reduces to the one in our recent paper [4], leading to minimum average network delay among all routing protocols that act based only on current queue congestion and current channel states. Our approach is based on mapping a communication network into an electrical network by showing that the fluid limit of wireless network under our routing protocol follows Ohm's law on a nonlinear resistive network.
Effect of switching on trapping centers in polycrystalline niobium dioxide

Abstract Trapping centers in polycrystalline niobium dioxide with different electrode materials have been investigated using the admittance spectroscopy technique. Samples with evaporated gold, sputtered gold and with multi-layered AuCrBi contacts were studied before and after switching from the “off” to the “on” resistance state. In samples with gold contacts, two trapping levels were detected one of which vanished upon the sample switching. Samples with multi-layered contacts exhibited only one trapping level which was unaffected by switching. Numerical values for the characteristic trapping centers parameters are presented.
Signaling and sensory adaptation in Escherichia coli chemoreceptors: 2015 update

Motile Escherichia coli cells track gradients of attractant and repellent chemicals in their environment with transmembrane chemoreceptor proteins. These receptors operate in cooperative arrays to produce large changes in the activity of a signaling kinase, CheA, in response to small changes in chemoeffector concentration. Recent research has provided a much deeper understanding of the structure and function of core receptor signaling complexes and the architecture of higher-order receptor arrays, which, in turn, has led to new insights into the molecular signaling mechanisms of chemoreceptor networks. Current evidence supports a new view of receptor signaling in which stimulus information travels within receptor molecules through shifts in the dynamic properties of adjoining structural elements rather than through a few discrete conformational states.
Function-to-Form Mapping in Design Synthesis Taking Sustainable Manufacturing Issues Into Consideration

The function-to-form (F-T-F) mapping methodology provides a generic reasoning mechanism used in early design synthesis process to help designer map functional requirements of a product to a physical form (product) by optimally composing a set of pre-defined artifacts to satisfy the given physical constraints and design goals. The objective of this paper is to develop an integrated function-to-form technique that incorporates environmental constraints and other sustainable manufacturing issues into a previous function-to-form mapping framework. Since sustainability is considered as a global constraint for any product, a top-down design strategy and an assembly-centric product representation are needed for the product’s global evaluation and optimization. In this paper, it is proposed to integrate the Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) techniques into the function-to-form mapping framework for considering the assemblability, manufacturability and other issues related to the product’s environmental impacts in its early design stage. A case study has been presented as a proof-of-concept of the proposed methodology.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
CAG repeat number governs the development rate of pathology in Huntington's disease

We compared the number of CAG repeats, the age at death, and the severity of neuropathology in 89 Huntington's disease brains. We found a linear correlation between the CAG repeat number and the quotient of the degree of atrophy in the striatum (the brain region most severely affected in Huntington's disease) divided by age at death, with an intercept at 35.5 repeats. The largest CAG repeat length, therefore, at which no pathology is expected to develop is 35.5. These results imply that striatal damage in Huntington's disease is almost entirely a lineaar function of the length of the polyglutamine stretch beyond 35.5 glutamines multiplied by the age of the patient. Thus, it is predicted that the pathological process develops linearly from birth. Analysis of other measures of striatal function could test this hypothesis and might determine when treatment for CAG repeat diseases should start.
Selection, evaluation, and identification of improved Russet Norkotah strains

Strain (sub-clonal, line, or intraclonal) selection for certain characteristics within some potato varieties has been very successful e.g. improved skin type (Russet Burbank from Burbank), improved skin color (Red LaSoda from LaSoda; Red Norland and Dark Red Norland from Norland), and improved vine vigor and yield (Norgold Russet M from Norgold Russet). In 1989, strain selection with Russet Norkotah was initiated by the Texas Potato Variety Development Program. Some 192 giant hill and/or tall type plants were selected from seedsmen and/or commercial Russet Norkotah fields in Colorado, while 183 were selected from commercial fields in Texas. Replicated yield trials with the final 13 of the original strain selections and Russet Norkotah were conducted in 1992, 1993, and 1994 in both Colorado and Texas. A mixed model analysis of variance was performed followed by disjoint cluster analysis in order to group strains into high, medium, and low yielding classes or clusters. Canonical discriminant analysis was performed to confirm the three clusters and to determine the extent to which various yield attributes are related and can be used to separate the three clusters. Several strains including TXNS (Texas Norkotah Strain) 112, TXNS 134, and TXNS 278 were identified as superior in Colorado, while TXNS 223, TXNS 249, and TXNS 296 were similarly identified for Texas growing conditions. These strains usually outyielded Russet Norkotah by 20–30%.
NMR studies of localized interstitial hydrogen motion in the h.c.p. metals Sc, Y and Lu

Abstract The hexagonal close packed (h.c.p.) solid solution (α) phases of the Sc-H, Y-H and Lu-H systems have been investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods over the temperature range 10–300 K in which hydrogen pairs are known to form. At low temperatures (10–120 K), localized motion of hydrogen between closely spaced (about 1.35 A) tetrahedral (T) interstitial sites gives rise to a peak in the proton spin-lattice relaxation rate R1 in α-ScHx and α-LuHx. This peak may be interpreted in terms of classical over-barrier hopping or tunnelling through the barrier between the close sites. The temperature and resonance frequency dependence of the R1 peak in α-ScHx exhibit characteristics typically found in amorphous and disordered systems, and which have been interpreted in terms of two-level systems (TLS). This leads to the suggestion that pair formation results effectively in a “proton glass”. At a resonance frequency of 24 MHz, the proton R1 maximum at about 40 K in α-ScH0.11 corresponds to a hydrogen hopping frequency of v ∼- 1.5 × 108 s−1. This value is approximately two orders of magnitude slower than the minimum rate (about 1.6 × 1010 s−1) found at about 100 K in recent quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) measurements on single-crystal α-ScH0.16. A hopping rate of the latter magnitude would not be detected by NMR measurements, so that the NMR and QENS measurements see different fast localized hydrogen motions. An interpretation based on recent theoretical work is presented.
Relation of cell type and cell density to the degree of post-transcriptional modification of tRNALys and tRNAPhe.

Abstract An examination of the reversed-phase chromatographic profiles of tRNA Lys and tRNA Phe from SV40-transformed BALB/3rmT3 cells grown to different cell densities, untransformed BALB/3T3 cells grown to confluency and BALB/c mouse liver indicates that with increasing cell density in culture the degrees of the peroxy-Y modification in tRNA Phe and an undetermined modification in tRNA Lys become more like that of differentiated tissue (liver). Because precursor/product relationships appear to exist among the unmodified and modified forms of the isoaccepting species for each of these tRNAs, the present findings support the view that the often reported differences in tRNA isoaccepting spectra result primarily from differences in post-transcriptional modifications, rather than from different tRNA transcripts.
Meron-Cluster Solution of Fermion Sign Problems

We present a general strategy to solve the notorious fermion sign problem using cluster algorithms. The method applies to various systems in the Hubbard model family as well as to relativistic fermions. Here it is illustrated for nonrelativistic lattice fermions. A configuration of fermion world lines is decomposed into clusters that contribute independently to the fermion permutation sign. A cluster whose flip changes the sign is referred to as a meron. Configurations containing meron clusters contribute 0 to the path integral, while all other configurations contribute 1 . The cluster representation describes the partition function as a gas of clusters in the zero-meron sector. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Stocks and losses, items and interference: A reply to Oberauer and Süß (2000)

Results of a recent study of spatial working memory are presented in support of the claim by Jenkins and her colleagues (Jenkins, Myerson, Hale, & Fry, 1999) that secondary tasks produce larger interference effects in individuals with higher simple spans than in individuals with lower simple spans. Because spans and interference effects were assessed independently, this study refutes the claim by Oberauer and Sus (2000) that the relation between span and interference effect size is merely an artifact of regression to the mean. In contrast with the present findings, Oberauer and Sus did not find evidence of larger interference effects in higher span individuals, but the reason for this may be straightforward: The secondary tasks that they used did not produce significant interference. Recent findings by Logie and his colleagues indicate that phonological similarity and word length effects are larger in individuals with higher word spans (Logie, Della Sala, Laiacona, Chalmers, & Wynn, 1996). These results, those of Jenkins, Myerson, et al. (1999), and the results reported here suggest that, across individuals, the absolute effect size for many manipulations that decrease memory span is an increasing function of simple span.