cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NANOMOLAR VITAMIN E ALPHA-TOCOTRIENOL INHIBITS GLUTAMATE-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 AND CAUSES NEUROPROTECTION

Our previous works have elucidated that the 12-lipoxygenase pathway is directly implicated in glutamate-induced neural cell death, and that such that toxicity is prevented by nM concentrations of the natural vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol (TCT). In the current study we tested the hypothesis that phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity is sensitive to glutamate and mobilizes arachidonic acid (AA), a substrate for 12-lipoxygenase. Furthermore, we examined whether TCT regulates glutamate-inducible PLA(2) activity in neural cells. Glutamate challenge induced the release of [(3)H]AA from HT4 neural cells. Such response was attenuated by calcium chelators (EGTA and BAPTA), cytosolic PLA(2) (cPLA(2))-specific inhibitor (AACOCF(3)) as well as TCT at 250 nM. Glutamate also caused the elevation of free polyunsaturated fatty acid (AA and docosahexaenoic acid) levels and disappearance of phospholipid-esterified AA in neural cells. Furthermore, glutamate induced a time-dependent translocation and enhanced serine phosphorylation of cPLA(2) in the cells. These effects of glutamate on fatty acid levels and on cPLA(2) were significantly attenuated by nM TCT. The observations that AACOCF(3), transient knock-down of cPLA(2) as well as TCT significantly protected against the glutamate-induced death of neural cells implicate cPLA(2) as a TCT-sensitive mediator of glutamate induced neural cell death. This work presents first evidence recognizing glutamate-induced changes in cPLA(2) as a novel mechanism responsible for neuroprotection observed in response to nanomolar concentrations of TCT.
The genesis of rous sarcoma virus messenger RNAs

Abstract Cells infected with Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) produce three classes of virus-specific mRNAs—one that has the size of the viral genome and two that are smaller than the genome. We have explored the mechanisms by which these viral mRNAs are produced. The site for initiation of viral RNA synthesis was located by using irradiation with ultraviolet light to inactivate transcription in infected cells. The metabolism of viral RNA was elucidated by the use of glucosamine to effect satisfactory pulse-chase experiments. We conclude that transcription from the RSV provirus initiates at or near the nucleotide that encodes the 5′ terminus of the viral genome. The primary transcript is subsequently processed to generate the subgenomic mRNAs, which appear independently of each other between 15 and 45 min after the synthesis of their precursor. Viral RNA has several distinctive fates: ca. 35% remains in the cell in the form of the genomic length mRNA; 10–20% takes the form fo subgenomic mRNAs; and the remaining 50% disappears from the cell, presumably because of export as viral genome (but perhaps also as a consequence of degradation within the cell). Our data provide a functional definition for the initiation of viral RNA synthesis and conform to the results of recent structural studies that have identified a possible “promoter site” near the ends of the RSV provirus.
Unexpected Formation of a Cobalt(III) Phenoxazinylate Electron Reservoir

The redox-active ligand N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-phenylenediamine (H4L), known for supporting catalytic processes with both late and early transition metals, unexpectedly undergoes an unusual and thus far unobserved cyclization. Upon equimolar treatment of a cobalt(II) salt in the presence of Et3N under aerobic conditions, a ligand rearrangement occurs to afford an unprecedented phenoxazinyl radical moiety (L′). The resulting bisligated Co complex, thoroughly characterized structurally and electronically and analyzed by multiple experimental and computational approaches, is presented. It is shown to traverse oxidation states from 2+ to 3–, spanning a thermodynamic window of approximately 2 V.
Extravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia mimicking neoplasm after radiosurgery: case report.

Background and importance Papillary endothelial hyperplasia (PEH) is a rare form of exuberant reactive endothelial proliferation that can mimic neoplasm. We report the largest series of patients with histologically confirmed intracranial extravascular PEH developing in the field of previous treatment with stereotactic radiosurgery. Clinical presentation We collected the clinical, radiological, surgical, and pathological findings from 4 patients in whom intracranial extravascular PEH developed after treatment with stereotactic radiosurgery. In all patients, the development of an enlarging hemorrhagic mass lesion at the site of previous radiotherapy on magnetic resonance imaging was radiographically suspicious for neoplasm and prompted biopsy or resection. All 4 patients elected to undergo biopsy or surgical resection. Histological examination of the biopsy and resection specimens in all patients demonstrated the classic features of PEH. Conclusion The interval to the development of PEH ranged from 5 months to 6 years, 10 months. Clinical follow-up was available for 3 of the 4 patients. None of these 3 patients have demonstrated evidence of recurrence during a mean follow-up period of 22 months (range, 15-30 months). These patients share common radiological features, potentially allowing preoperative diagnosis and improved guidance of clinical management. These cases suggest a link between radiosurgery and the development of PEH. These findings also suggest that PEH should be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients treated with radiosurgery in whom a hemorrhagic mass lesion subsequently develops at or near the site of previous treatment. We think that complete surgical excision is the best treatment for intracranial PEH.
Effects of sodium arsenite on fetal development.

Single intraperitoneal injections of sodium arsenite were given to albino Swiss-Webster mice on one of days 7–12 of gestation. Two dose levels were used: 10 or 12 mg/kg. Arsenite treatment resulted in high rates of fetal deaths and tended to decrease fetal weights-compared with H2O injected controls. Arsenite induced a variety of fetal malformations on gestation days 7–10; the most common were exencephaly, micrognathia, open eye, tail defects and skeletal anomalies of the ribs and vertebrae. Defects were similar to but less numerous than those caused by sodium arsenate.
Rational Approach to the Antibiotic Treatment of Pneumonia in the Elderly

The incidence of pneumonia is highest among the aged compared with other adult populations, and causes significant morbidity and mortality among this group. Most episodes of pneumonia are caused by aspiration of oropharyngeal flora into the lungs and failure of lung defence mechanisms to eliminate the aspirated bacteria.
Purification and comparison of the β-galactosidase synthesized by Escherichia coli F-lac+ and Proteus mirabilis F-lac+

Abstract β-galactosidase (β- d -galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) was purified and crystallized from Proteus mirabilis F- lac + and Escherichia coli F- lac + . The preparations were judged to be homogeneous and identical by the criteria of their sedimentation properties, electrophoretic mobilities and behavior on ion-exchange columns. In addition, the two enzyme preparations appeared to be identical in crystal morphology, molecular weight, specific activity and substrate specificity. It is concluded that the transcription and translation of the genetic code occurs by a common mechanism in these two organisms.
Cyclic hardening of tungsten monofilament-reinforced monocrystalline copper matrix composites

The cyclic hardening of fiber-reinforced metal matrix composites has been explored using tungsten monofilament-reinforced monocrystalline copper composite specimens. This composite showed the same overall hardening tendencies as monolithic copper single crystals, i.e. rapid hardening, momentary softening and saturation, but at much higher stress levels as compared to the behavior in the copper single crystals. The back stress of the composites was found both very high and much larger than the friction stress so that there was a pronounced Bauschinger effect. The high cyclic stress in the composite was predominantly due to the back stress which resulted from the interaction between the fiber and dislocations. The fiber did not have a significant effect on the friction stress.
Models of DNA C1‘ Radicals. Structural, Spectral, and Chemical Properties of the Thyminylmethyl Radical and the 2‘-Deoxyuridin-1‘-yl Radical

The thyminylmethyl radical and the 2‘-deoxyuridin-1‘-yl radical were studied. The former radical was produced in laser flash photolysis (LFP) studies from two precursors derived from thyminylacetic acid, the N-hydroxypyridine-2-thione ester (PTOC ester), and the phenylselenyl ester. The thyminylmethyl radical has an absorbance in the range 315−340 nm. The rate constant for its reaction with octadecanethiol in THF at ambient temperature determined by LFP methods is (3.1 ± 0.6) × 107 M-1 s-1. The 2‘-deoxyuridin-1‘-yl radical was produced in bulk photolyses from both diastereomers of the corresponding C1‘ tert-butyl ketone, 1‘-pivaloyl-2‘-deoxyuridine, and in LFP studies from one diastereomer. Trapping of this C1‘ radical with 2-mercaptoethanol, cysteine, or glutathione gave both anomers of 2‘-deoxyuridine; the product ratios were similar in each case and insensitive to precursor identity or thiol concentrations. Rate constants for reactions of the 2‘-deoxyuridin-1‘-yl radical with thiols and metal ions were...
Experimental mycotic encephalitis

Oidiodendron kalrai infection in mice is presented as a suitable model for the study of the pathogenesis of mycotic encephalitis. Intravenous inoculation of cortisone-treated and non-treated mice with the yeast-phase ofO. kalrai resulted in a neurologic syndrome characterized by head tilt, circling, hyperexcitability and ataxia. Signs of neurologic disease appeared earlier and were more severe in cortisone-treated animals. Grossly detectable areas of hemorrhage, necrosis and edema were apparent in over 80 percent of the cortisone-treated mice killed 4–6 days after infection. Lesions were demonstrated microscopically in the CNS of all mice infected withO. kalrai from the second to the 35th day following inoculation. Mice not treated with cortisone developed an immediate histiocytic response leading to the arrest of fungal proliferation by the 3rd day and to regression and scarring by the 7th day following infection. In cortisone-treated mice the cellular response was delayed and primarily neutrophilic and fungal growth continued through the 6th day after infection. The distribution of lesions was similar in both groups, although the lesions were more extensive in mice treated with cortisone. The mycelial-phase was the invasive form ofO. kalrai, while the arthrospore represented the form most resistant to the hosts' inflammatory response. The possible mechanisms of cellular penetration by the fungus and the role of cortisone in the altered course of the disease are discussed.
First measurements of the Twomey indirect effect using ground‐based remote sensors

[1] We demonstrate first measurements of the aerosol indirect effect using ground-based remote sensors at a continental US site. The response of nonprecipitating, ice-free clouds to changes in aerosol loading is quantified in terms of a relative change in cloud-drop effective radius for a relative change in aerosol extinction under conditions of equivalent cloud liquid water path. This is done in a single column of air at a temporal resolution of 20 s (spatial resolution of ∼100 m). Cloud-drop effective radius is derived from a cloud radar and microwave radiometer. Aerosol extinction is measured below cloud base by a Raman lidar. Results suggest that aerosols associated with maritime or northerly air trajectories tend to have a stronger effect on clouds than aerosols associated with northwesterly trajectories that also have local influence. There is good correlation (0.67) between the cloud response and a measure of cloud turbulence.
HPAM: Hirshfeld partitioned atomic multipoles

An implementation of the Hirshfeld (HD) and Hirshfeld-Iterated (HD-I) atomic charge density partitioning schemes is described. Atomic charges and atomic multipoles are calculated from the HD and HD-I atomic charge densities for arbitrary atomic multipole rank lmax on molecules of arbitrary shape and size. The HD and HD-I atomic charges/multipoles are tested by comparing molecular multipole moments and the electrostatic potential (ESP) surrounding a molecule with their reference ab initio values. In general, the HD-I atomic charges/multipoles are found to better reproduce ab initio electrostatic properties over HD atomic charges/multipoles. A systematic increase in precision for reproducing ab initio electrostatic properties is demonstrated by increasing the atomic multipole rank from lmax = 0 (atomic charges) to lmax = 4 (atomic hexadecapoles). Both HD and HD-I atomic multipoles up to rank lmax are shown to exactly reproduce ab initio molecular multipole moments of rank L for L ≤ lmax. In addition, molecular dipole moments calculated by HD, HD-I, and ChelpG atomic charges only (lmax = 0) are compared with reference ab initio values. Significant errors in reproducing ab initio molecular dipole moments are found if only HD or HD-I atomic charges used.
Computer study of medieval german poetry: A conference report

On August 3-5, 1967, the Committee on Medieval Studies of the University of Colorado sponsoredi an informal conference on Computer Study of Medieval German Poetry. Participants were Assistant Professor Bruce A. Beatie and Mr. Rudolf Hirschmann (Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Colorado); Professor Stanley N. Werbow and Mr. Daton A. Dodson (Department of Germanic Languages, University of Texas); Associate Professor Michael S. Batts (Department of German, University of British Columbia); Assistant Professor Clifton D. Hall (Department of German, University of Iowa); Assistant Professor Harald Scholler (Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of Michigan); and Professor Roy A. Wisbey (Director of the Literary and Linguistic Computing Centre, Cambridge, England).
Modulation of Cytokine Production During Immunotherapy in Atopic Asthmatics: A Potential Role for Cytokine Antagonists. A Preliminary Study

Background The pathogenesis of asthma involves hyperreactivity and chronic inflammation of airways in which CD4+ T cells play a major role. In atopic asthmatics, Thl responses due to interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) are depressed, and Th2 responses due to interleukins (IL-4, IL-10) are predominant. It is not clear if cytokine secretion patterns change with clinical improvement during immunotherapy. Objectives Monitoring IFN-γ and IL-10 may be very useful in evaluating the effectiveness and response to allergen immunotherapy and in developing new therapeutic interventions with specific cytokine antagonists or peptides. Materials and Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from healthy nonasthmatic controls (N = 5) and from atopic asthmatic patients (N = 5) prior to immunotherapy and at 3 and 6 months after initiation of immunotherapy to monitor cytokine secretion (IFN-γ, IL-10) in unstimulated and grass and ragweed allergen-specific stimulated mononuclear cells. Changes in cytokine secretions were...
Adverse effects of medications for rhinitis

Learning objectives Reading this article will reinforce the reader's awareness of the adverse effects of medications used for the treatment of rhinitis. Data sources Articles on therapy of rhinitis and reports of associated side effects were reviewed. A MEDLINE database using subject keywords was searched from 1992 through 1997. Study selection Pertinent articles were chosen. A distinction was made in the text between controlled studies and case reports. Results Antihistamines, decongestants, anticholinergic agents, and corticosteroids, alone or in combination are used in the treatment of rhinitis. Reported side effects include sedation, psychosis, impaired learning and memory, and cardiac arrhythmias. Conclusion Rhinitis and its complications are important medical conditions. Adverse reactions are often difficult to diagnose and assess. Side effects may arise from the use of individual drugs or from drug combinations. There is insufficient cause to abandon these medications, but physicians must be mindful of the inherent risks of the drugs that they prescribe and of others that their patients may be taking without the physicians' knowledge or approval.
Factors associated with grassland bird species richness: The relative roles of grassland area, landscape structure, and prey

The factors responsible for widespread declines of grassland birds in the United States are not well understood. This study, conducted in the short-grass prairie of eastern Wyoming, was designed to investigate the relationship between variation in habitat amount, landscape heterogeneity, prey resources, and spatial variation in grassland bird species richness. We estimated bird richness over a 5-year period (1994–1998) from 29 Breeding Bird Survey locations. Estimated bird richness was modeled as a function of landscape structure surrounding survey routes using satellite-based imagery (1996) and grasshopper density and richness, a potentially important prey of grassland birds. Model specification progressed from simple to complex explanations for spatial variation in bird richness. An information-theoretic approach was used to rank and select candidate models. Our best model included measurements of habitat amount, habitat arrangement, landscape matrix, and prey diversity. Grassland bird richness was positively associated with grassland habitat; was negatively associated with habitat dispersion; positively associated with edge habitats; negatively associated with landscape matrix attributes that may restrict movement of grassland bird; and positively related to grasshopper richness. Collectively, 62% of the spatial variation in grassland bird richness was accounted for by the model (adj-R 2 = 0.514). These results suggest that the distribution of grassland bird species is influenced by a complex mixture of factors that include habitat area affects, landscape pattern and composition, and the availability of prey.
Fluorescent techniques in thyroid imaging

Fluorescent thyroid imaging is a new technique made possible by the development of the semiconductor detector. Our experience with this instrument in scanning over 159 patients is very encouraging. The primary virtues of the technique are a low radiation dose (only 15 millirad to the gland per scan), no radioactive material injected (no "total body" dose), good-quality scans that are as helpful anatomically as are nuclide scans, a strong correlation between low iodine content and primary hypothyroidism and/or Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and the ability to scan patients who would otherwise be "unscannable," i.e., patients who recently have been given iodides or who are receiving thyroid replacement drugs. Continued improvement in semiconductor detectors will make it possible to improve the quality and further reduce scanning time in the future.
Gravitational influences on the liquid-state homogenization and solidification of aluminum antimonide

Typical commercial or laboratory-prepared samples of polycrystalline AlSb contain microstructural inhomogeneities of Al- or Sb-rich phases in addition to the primary AlSb grains. The paper reports on gravitational influences, such as density-driven convection or sedimentation, that cause microscopic phase separation and nonequilibrium conditions to exist in earth-based melts of AlSb. A triple-cavity electric furnace is used to homogenize the multiphase AlSb samples in space and on earth. A comparative characterization of identically processed low- and one-gravity samples of commercial AlSb reveals major improvements in the homogeneity of the low-gravity homogenized material.
Picosecond Photoconductors as Radiation Detectors

We have developed a new class of extremely high-speed radiation detectors. They are simple and inexpensive to fabricate, rugged, and reliable. We have demonstrated their sensitivity to gamma-rays, x-rays, soft x-rays, charged particles, and light and have obtained response speeds of <100 ps. Their current response is proportional to incident-radiation intensity. The detectors are not used for detecting single particles or measuring particle energy. Their current response is due to the modulation of the conductance of the semiconductor crystal by transientradiation events. The devices are fabricated from bulk-semiconductor crystals and achieve picosecond response by fast carrier relaxation in the crystals. Fast carrier relaxation is obtained by intentionally introducing trapping and recombination centers into the semiconductor crystal by impurity doping or radiation damage. Here we discuss the design, fabrication, and characterization of InP:Fe, GaAs, and neutron-damaged InP:Fe and GaAs photoconductive radiation detectors. We also present a model for transient response in InP:Fe photoconductors.
DELAB—a simulation laboratory

DELAB is a simulation laboratory designed to provide support to programmers who build complex simulation programs and to system analysts who use these programs. In this paper we present the structure of the laboratory and report on the current status of the effort to implement it. The laboratory has been implemented in a 'bottom up' fashion. First we have developed the DENET simulation language which is a Modula-2 based discrete event simulation language. Once the language became operational, a database management system was added to the laboratory. For each simulation study a relational database is automatically created. When a simulation terminates it stores a description of the run in the database. The system analyst can later retrieve this data by means of a relational query language. DENET has been successfully used in a number of real life simulation studies. The database management system is currently evaluated by a number of researchers in our department who employ it in their simulation studies. The requests, criticism, and encouragement provided by users of both the language and the management system have guided our iterative effort to design and implement an effective simulation laboratory.
The Manila Trench and West Luzon Trough—II. Gravity and magnetics measurements

Abstract The Manila Trench and West Luzon Trough are two long submarine features which lie on the continental side of the Philippine Island Arc, west of central Luzon. A free-air gravity anomaly of − 145 mgal is centered over the West Luzon Trough. A smaller anomaly of − 80 mgal is centered over the Manila Trench. Two crustal models of the trench and trough based on gravimetric, bathymetric, and seismic profiler measurements are presented. These two models represent the supposed extremes of many hypothetical models. Both models require an abrupt change in crustal thickness of about 15 km just shoreward of the axis of the trench. The sediments and structure of the trough as inferred from seismic profiler measurements cannot alone account for the observed gravity anomaly over the trough. Magnetic anomalies cannot be correlated over appreciable distances and the existence of any magnetic anomaly trends is questionable. An abrupt change in the character of the magnetic anomalies occurs near the trench axis. The anomalies are much smaller east of the trench than west of it. There is no magnetic expression of the ridge that serves as the seaward boundary of the West Luzon Trough and this suggests this ridge is not of basaltic composition. The Manila Trench and West Luzon Trough and their associated gravity and magnetic anomalies do not fit into any simple picture of ocean-floor spreading.
In vivo characterization of phencyclidine/σ agonist-mediated inhibition of nociception

Substance P and excitatory amino acids have been implicated as potential nociceptive neurotransmitters in several investigations. Excitatory amino acids acting at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are of particular interest because of the description of NMDA/phencyclidine (PCP) receptor complexes. PCP receptors are one of two populations of receptors resolved from a population previously referred to as 'sigma opioid' receptors. Agonists, including sigma opioid agonists, interacting with PCP receptors non-competitively inhibit NMDA-induced effects. Therefore, it has been suggested that NMDA/PCP receptor complexes in nociceptive systems may explain the antinociceptive effects of sigma opioid agonists. In the present studies, highly selective ligands for PCP and sigma receptors were coadministered with NMDA or substance P i.t. The rank order potency for inhibition of NMDA-induced behavior was (+/-)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801) greater than PCP greater than (+/-)N-allyl-normetazocine ((+/-)-SKF10,047). 1,3-Di-ortho-tolyl-guanidine (DTG) and (+)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(1-propyl)piperidine ((+/-)-3PPP) were inactive. Inhibition of NMDA-induced behavior by PCP receptor agonists was not reversed by haloperidol, a putative sigma receptor antagonist. These data support PCP, but not sigma, receptor-mediated inhibition of behavior induced by NMDA. Behavior induced by i.t. administration of substance P was similarly inhibited by PCP receptor agonists, but inhibition could be reversed by coadministration of haloperidol or (+)-butaclamol. These data suggest a dopaminergic mechanism for PCP inhibition of substance P-induced behavior. Our results confirm the existence of NMDA/PCP receptor complexes in spinal systems mediating nociception and suggest agonists may induce antinociception by interacting with spinal PCP receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lymphocyte response to mitogens in progressive systemic sclerosis.

Lymphocyte responses to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin P (PHA-P), concanavallin A (Con A), and pokeweed (PWM) were studied in 18 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). A subgroup of these patients with multisystem involvement showed a significantly decreased lymphocyte response to both Con A and PWM when compared to normal controls. However those PSS patients with myositis, although having multisystem involvement, had normal lymphocyte response to all three mitogens. PHA-P stimulation was normal in all PSS patients. Antinuclear antibodies, elevated sedimentation rates, and positive latex fixation were noted only in the multisystem disease group with abnormal lymphocyte function.
Molecular cloning of sequences from a drosophila RNA polymerase II locus by P element transposon tagging

Abstract We have identified a lethal mutation in the D. melanogaster RNA polymerase II locus, Rpll C4 , caused by insertion of a transposable element associated with the phenomenon of hybrid dysgenesis (P element). Using previously cloned P element sequences as a hybridization probe we have isolated a hybrid lambda phage clone carrying a 10 kb genomic DNA fragment containing a 1.3 kb P element insert and flanking sequences from the Rpll locus. The non-P sequences in this clone (λDmRpll-1) hybridize to polytene chromosome band region 10C, the cytogenetic location of Rpll C4 , and revertants which lose the lethal RNA polymerase II mutation also lose P element sequences from the locus. We have generated several additional P element insertions into the locus and shown that they can occur at two or more different sites. These experiments illustrate that mutagenesis by P element insertion and use of cloned P DNA to retrieve the DNA sequences into which insertion has occurred may be a general method for cloning genetically defined loci in Drosophila.
A deceptive psychoneurosis.

The case history of a patient is described whose organic physical disease (carcinoma of the pancreas) was not recognizedin vivo, while his “neurotic” reaction was emphasized by various observers with the result that the patient at one time even received a series of electric shock treatments. When the patient actually was on the threshold of death, a psychotherapeutic approach led within a short time to a remarkable change in his attitude and to complete suppression of his main symptoms, thus dramatically demonstrating the utter lack of relation between his mortal illness and his personality reaction.
A novel function block based integration approach to process planning and scheduling with execution control

In today's decentralised business environment, manufacturing enterprises are implementing advanced distributed manufacturing planning and control strategies to adapt to and win the fluctuating global market. Within the context, this paper presents a novel approach to the integration of process planning, scheduling and execution in dynamic machining shop floors. Based on the concept of distributed process planning (DPP), function blocks are adopted as information carriers to optimise and specialise the nonlinear process plans (NLPP) progressively throughout the three planning stages: supervisory planning, execution control and operation planning, with scheduling functionality integrated seamlessly. Architecture of DPP and function block based integration are proposed, followed by a system functional design using IDEF0 methodology. The advantages of adopting function block technology are demonstrated and recent research results as well as future directions are pointed out in this paper.
Extinction-sedimentation inversion technique for measuring size distribution of artificial fogs.

In measuring the size distribution of artificial fog particles, it is important that the natural state of the particles not be disturbed by the measuring device, such as occurs when samples are drawn through tubes. This paper describes a method for carrying out such a measurement by allowing the fog particles to settle in quiet air inside an enclosure through which traverses a parallel beam of light for measuring the optical depth as a function of time. An analytic function fit to the optical depth time decay curve can be directly inverted to yield the size distribution. Results of one such experiment performed on artificial fogs are shown as an example. The forwardscattering corrections to the measured extinction coefficient are also discussed with the aim of optimizing the experimental design so that the error due to forwardscattering is minimized.
Moral discourse on domestic labor: gender, power, and identity in families☆

Abstract This paper responds to a recent article by Ahlander and Bahr (1995) on moral dimensions of housework in families. The purpose of this paper is to point out important ways in which Ahlander and Bahr’s work represents an academic form of “backlash” against feminist scholarship and leaves much social science research on housework either unsynthesized in their review or misinterpreted much of the work they did cite, particularly the work of feminist scholars. A second goal of this paper is to offer a perspective in which researchers can simultaneously examine moral dimensions of housework and explore issues of gender, power, and identity in families.
Glucose-induced, calcium-mediated protein phosphorylation in intact pancreatic islets.

Abstract Conditions for studying protein phosphorylation in intact pancreatic islets were developed in order to study the effects of glucose and other effectors. Islets were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing 5 m m malate and 5 m m pyruvate (metabolic fuels that are not insulin secretagogues) for 150 min to permit incorporation of 32 P i into islet phosphate pools. Glucose or other effectors were then added, and the incubation was terminated after 10 to 30 min. Glucose increased phosphorylation of four islet peptides with molecular weights of 20,000, 33,000, 43,000 and 57,000. The calcium channel blockers, verapamil and D-600, inhibited phosphorylation of each of the four proteins, and trifluoperazine inhibited phosphorylation of the proteins with molecular weights of 20,000 and 57,000. The results indicate that glucose-induced insulin release may be mediated in part by protein phosphorylation, and that calcium may act as an intracellular messenger in coupling the glucose stimulus to the secretory process.
Tutorial on artificial intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is experiencing a resurgence of popularity as expert systems show commercial success. This tutorial will be an overview of AI theories, concepts and techniques. The major areas of problem solving and knowledge representation will be discussed. Emphasis will be placed on rule-based systems. While the majority of the time will be spent on topics dealing with the current state of AI, a portion of time will be devoted to potential interaction between AI and Simulation in such areas as Decision Support Systems, modelling uncertainty, etc.Attendees will be encouraged to participate in discussions and suggest possible approaches to problem solving issues. Each attendee will receive a set of readings on the topics discussed along with a copy of the viewgraphs used in the tutorial. The notes also include a selected bibliography on artificial intelligence and descriptions of several successful systems.
Pulmonary function in thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the lung

Pulmonary testing was carried out in 12 of 35 consecutive cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma metastatic to the lung, which were identified in a retrospective analysis covering the 22-yr period from 1962–1984. In 7 of the 12 patients, pulmonary function tests showed abnormalities. Impaired pulmonary function was associated with a poor prognosis. Four of the twelve patients died; each had impaired pulmonary function and their ages (12–65 yr) were similar to those still living (13–65 yr). Specific types of functional abnormalities were not associated with pulmonary metastases, and underlying pulmonary disease contributed to the findings in some patients. Four patterns were defined on chest radiographs: macronodular, micronodular, miliary, and normal, but these patterns did not correlate with outcome. Scintiscan patterns varied from normal to diffuse concentration of 131I. Generally, following therapy with radioiodine, fewer abnormalities on chest x-ray and less uptake of 131I in the lungs was noted. However, therapy with radioiodine did not improve pulmonary function. Pulmonary function testing appears to be a better predictor of outcome in patients with thyroid carcinoma metastatic to lung than chest x-ray appearance or scintigraphic scanning.
Acac-Promoted Rearrangement of an Alkylaluminophosphonate Tetramer to a Decamer

Reaction of MeP(O)(OH)2 with tBu3Al at low temperature and subsequent trimethylsilylation of the crude reaction product with Me3SiNMe2 yielded the cyclic dimer [tBu2AlO2P(OSiMe3)Me]2 (1). In contrast, reaction of MeP(O)(OH)2 with tBu3Al in refluxing toluene/THF yielded a mixture of [tBuAlO3PMe]4 (2), [tBuAlO3PMe]6 (3), and [tBuAlO3PMe]10 (4). Crystallization and sublimation of the crude mixture gave compound 2 in 54% yield. Small quantities of pure 3 were obtained by fractional crystallization of the remaining reaction products. Crystalline 3 was also obtained by slow diffusion of a CHCl3 solution of acetylacetone into a solution of 2 in poly(ethylene oxide)/CHCl3 gel. It was not possible to obtain reproducible yields of pure 4 by fractional crystallization of the crude mixture of 2−4. Instead, compound 4 was obtained in 86% yield by an acetylacetone-promoted rearrangement of 2. In the absence of acetylacetone, CDCl3 solutions of 4 rearrange to a mixture of 2, 3, and 4 over a period of days. The role of a...
The design of two-channel lattice-structure perfect-reconstruction filter banks using powers-of-two coefficients

An optimization technique is presented for the design of two-channel lattice-structure perfect-reconstruction filter banks with powers-of-two coefficients. The filter coefficients are represented by a canonic signed-digit (CSD) code. The proposed technique requires the original optimal infinite-precision coefficients as the starting point, and searches for the set of CSD coefficients that minimizes the peak stopband ripple. Design examples are given to show that perfect-reconstruction filter banks with good filtering performance can be obtained. >
Simulating distributed signal processing systems in modula-2

An approach to the simulation of distributed signal processing systems using a standard, general-purpose programming language is described. The models for both the simulator and the hardware system to be simulated are discussed. It was seen that the use of a language which supports processes in conjunction with the use of the process interaction simulation model contributes to convenient and accurate simulations.
Did the Federal Drinking Age Law Save Lives

In 1984, Congress passed and President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Uniform Drinking Age Act, mandating that all states adopt a minimum legal drinking age of 21 or else they would forfeit some of their federal transportation money. Simple statistical research into the effects of the federal law appears to indicate that it helped to reduce motor vehicle fatalities. However, those studies failed to consider important dynamics on the state level that were occurring around the time of the adoption of the federal law. Our analysis does so, and when those trends are controlled for, we find no evidence that the federal law has saved lives.
National surveillance of occupational fatalities in agriculture.

Agriculture is one of the most hazardous industries in the United States. Although estimates vary, all reporting agencies show agriculture having an occupational fatality rate three to five times higher than that of the general private sector. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Division of Safety Research's National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities (NTOF) data base monitors occupational fatal injuries in all industries in the United States through death certificates. Uniform case-selection criteria are applied nationwide. NTOF shows that for the years 1980 through 1985, agriculture had a work-related fatality rate of 20.7 deaths per 100,000 workers compared with 7.9 deaths per 100,000 workers for the private sector U.S. work force. Age-specific rates indicate that the risk of fatal occupational injury increases with age for agricultural workers. Workers over 64 years old have an average annual rate of 55.7 deaths per 100,000 workers. Other uses of the surveillance system, as well as its limitations, are discussed. Language: en
LIFE HISTORIES OF COEXISTING SPECIES OF CERACLEA CADDISFLIES (TRICHOPTERA: LEPTOCERIDAE): THE OPERATION OF INDEPENDENT FUNCTIONAL UNITS IN A STREAM ECOSYSTEM

Bionomics of the stream caddisflies, Ceraclea transversa (Hagen) (= Athripsodes angustus Banks) and Ceraclea ancylus (Vorhies) (= Athripsodes ancylus (Vorhies)) were compared with generalized trichopteran life cycles. The univoltine detritus-feeding C. ancylus has five larval instars and a brief adult emergence period. C. transversa has five larval instars but two distinct cohorts, in which larvae of the first cohort feed entirely on freshwater sponge, overwinter as inactive prepupae, pupate, and emerge the following spring. The second larval cohort feeds on sponge until the onset of gemmulation in autumn, then the larvae must overwinter as active third- or fourth-instar detritus-feeders, pupating and emerging later in the summer than the first cohort. The detritus-feeding C. ancylus larvae have a diurnal feeding cycle. The sand case of C. ancylus and the silk-secreted case of C. transversa differ in shape and composition, although both species initiate case construction using egg mass matrix, silk, and detritus. Emergence, flight activity, sex ratios, and adult survival depart from reported generalizations of caddisfly biology. Neither the validity of generalizing typical life cycles in benthic studies, nor the rationale that congeneric species operate as a functional unit in stream dynamics, is substantiated.
Propionic acidemia and hyperlysinemia in a case with ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency

A female infant with episodic hyperammonemia due to a disorder of the urea cycle and who had hyperlysinemia and an unusual elevation of short chain fatty acids, mainly propionate, is described. Both occurred apparently only during attacks of hyperammonemia. Propionic acidemia was ruled out by enzyme studies. OTC deficiency was diagnosed on the basis of: 1) decreased enzyme activity in leukocytes;2) hyperammonemia in response to protein intakes in excess of 2.0 g/kg/day; 3) orotic aciduria in the patient and her asymptomatic mother; 4) suggestive evidence of x-linked dominant inheritance; and 5) exclusion of citrullinemia, argininosuccinic aciduria, argininemia, and disorders of lysine metabolism that are associated with hyperammonemia. Homocitrullinuria, presence of epsilon-N-acetyl-l-lysine in urine, and absence of saccharopine indicate deficiency of the saccharopine pathway of lysine degradation. However, alpha-ketoglutarate reductase was normal in fibroblasts. Since these metabolites were observed only in conjunction with hyperammonemia but not after a lysine load, we suggest that there was competition between ammonia and lysine for alpha-ketoglutarate. The link between disorders of the urea cycle and short chain fatty acid metabolism remains unexplained..
Downlink user selection and resource allocation for semi-elastic flows in an OFDM cell

We are concerned with user selection and resource allocation in wireless networks for semi-elastic applications such as video conferencing. While many packet scheduling algorithms have been proposed for elastic applications, and many user selection algorithms have been proposed for inelastic applications, little is known about optimal user selection and resource allocation for semi-elastic applications in wireless networks. We consider user selection and allocation of downlink transmission power and subcarriers in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing cellular system. We pose a utility maximization problem, but find that direct solution is computationally intractable. We first propose a method that makes joint decisions about user selection and resource allocation by transforming the utility function into a concave function so that convex optimization techniques can be used, resulting in a complexity polynomial in the number of users with a bounded duality gap. This method can be implemented if the network communicates a shadow price for power to power allocation modules, which in turn communicate shadow prices for rate to individual users. We then propose a method that makes separate decisions about user selection and resource allocation, resulting in a complexity linear in the number of users.
The regulation of mesodermal progenitor cell commitment to somitogenesis subdivides the zebrafish body musculature into distinct domains

The vertebrate musculature is produced from a visually uniform population of mesodermal progenitor cells (MPCs) that progressively bud off somites populating the trunk and tail. How the MPCs are regulated to continuously release cells into the presomitic mesoderm throughout somitogenesis is not understood. Using a genetic approach to study the MPCs, we show that a subset of MPCs are set aside very early in zebrafish development, and programmed to cell-autonomously enter the tail domain beginning with the 16th somite. Moreover, we show that the trunk is subdivided into two domains, and that entry into the anterior trunk, posterior trunk, and tail is regulated by interactions between the Nodal and bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) pathways. Finally, we show that the tail MPCs are held in a state we previously called the Maturation Zone as they wait for the signal to begin entering somitogenesis.
TASTE PERCEPTION, FOOD QUALITY AND CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE

Consumer acceptance is a more measurable parameter than the ill defined concept of quality. Thus, it is better to consider how the taste, and indeed all the sensory characteristics, of foods can be manipulated to improve consumer acceptance. If tastes are to be manipulated, it is necessary to understand something about taste mechanisms so that the researcher can avoid the all too common artifacts and biases involved in gustatory measurement. Discussed here are some aspects of sensory information processing in the brain, the problems of crosssensory confusion, sensory adaptation and taste categorization.
Effect of an inhibitor of DNA methylation on T cells. II. 5-azacytidine induces self-reactivity in antigen-specific T4+ cells

During T-cell maturation, thymocytes interact with thymic stromal major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determinants and thymic hormones, and proliferate, apparently in response to MHC gene products, in the absence of antigen. The maturing thymocytes also express a series of cell surface molecules, at one stage coexpressing T4, T6, and T8. Mature T cells express either T4 or T8, lack T6, bear the T3-Ti receptor complex on the cell surface, and require antigen in addition to MHC determinants to proliferate. To study whether DNA methylation may be involved in regulating phenotypic and functional changes observed during thymocyte maturation, cloned, T4+ Interleukin-2 dependent, antigen-specific T cells were treated with an inhibitor of DNA methylation, 5-azacytidine (5-azaC). The 5-azaC treated cells lost the requirement for antigen and could be activated by autologous macrophages alone. Anti-class II and anti-T3, but not anti-class I monoclonal antibodies, inhibited activation of 5-azaC treated T4+ cells by macrophages, implying that the T3-Ti receptor complex may be recognizing class II MHC molecules without antigen. No changes in T3 and T4 expression were noted, and neither T8 nor T6 was induced.
Meiotic recombination hot spots and cold spots

Meiotic recombination events are distributed unevenly throughout eukaryotic genomes. This inhomogeneity leads to distortions of genetic maps that can hinder the ability of geneticists to identify genes by map-based techniques. Various lines of evidence, particularly from studies of yeast, indicate that the distribution of recombination events might reflect, at least in part, global features of chromosome structure, such as the distribution of modified nucleosomes.
An atypical 0.73 MB microduplication of 22q11.21 and a novel SALL4 missense mutation associated with thumb agenesis and radioulnar synostosis

We describe a 0.73 Mb duplication of chromosome 22q11.21 between LCR-B and LCR-D and a missense mutation in a conserved C2H2 zinc finger domain of SALL4 in a cognitively normal patient with multiple skeletal anomalies including radioulnar synostosis, thumb aplasia, butterfly vertebrae, rib abnormalities, and hypoplasia of the humeral and femoral epiphyses. 22q11.21 is a common site for microdeletions and their reciprocal microduplications as a result of non-allelic homologous recombination between its multiple low copy repeat regions (LCR). DiGeorge /Velocardiofacial syndrome (DG/VCFS) is classically caused by a 3 Mb deletion between LCR-A and LCR-D or a 1.5 Mb deletion between LCR-A and LCR-B. The reciprocal syndrome to DG/VCFS is the recently described 22q11.2 microduplication, which usually presents with the typical 3 Mb or 1.5 Mb duplication. Numerous atypical deletions and duplications have been reported between other LCRs. Typically, SALL4-related Duane-radial ray syndrome is caused by deletions or nonsense mutations; the only missense SALL4 mutation described prior was thought to result in gain of function and produced cranial midline defects. The skeletal anomalies presented in this report have not been previously described in association with 22q11.2 microduplication nor SALL4 mutations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multi-peptide immunotherapeutic vaccine for renal cell carcinoma: getting the troops all worked up.

These are exciting times in the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies for cancer therapy. In particular, synthetic peptide-based vaccines, aiming at the induction of T-cell mediated anti-tumor immunity, hold immense promise for prevention and therapy of malignant diseases.