cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Design Oriented Wing Structural Analysis and Optimization

Airplane optimization has always been the goal of airplane designers. In the conceptual design phase, a designer's goal could be tradeoffs between maximum structural integrity, minimum aerodynamic drag, or maximum stability and control, many times achieved separately. Bringing all of these factors into an iterative preliminary design procedure was time consuming, tedious, and not always accurate. For example, the final weight estimate would often be based upon statistical data from past airplanes. The new design would be classified based on gross characteristics, such as number of engines, wingspan, etc., to see which airplanes of the past most closely resembled the new design. This procedure works well for conventional airplane designs, but not very well for new innovative designs. With the computing power of today, new methods are emerging for the conceptual design phase of airplanes. Using finite element methods, computational fluid dynamics, and other computer techniques, designers can make very accurate disciplinary-analyses of an airplane design. These tools are computationally intensive, and when used repeatedly, they consume a great deal of computing time. In order to reduce the time required to analyze a design and still bring together all of the disciplines (such as structures, aerodynamics, and controls) into the analysis, simplified design computer analyses are linked together into one computer program. These design codes are very efficient for conceptual design. The work in this thesis is focused on a finite element based conceptual design oriented structural synthesis capability (CDOSS) tailored to be linked into ACSYNT.
Discrepant Self-Views and Young Women's Sexual and Emotional Adjustment.

Young women in the United States receive conflicting messages about being sexually moral versus sexually desirable. Drawing from self-discrepancy theory, we hypothesized that women's internalization of messages about morality and desirability influence their ought and ideal self-guides for sexuality, respectively. Further, we expected that women who viewed their actual selves as significantly less positive/more negative than their self-guides would endorse greater sexual and emotional problems. In Study 1, never-married undergraduate women (N = 242) completed measures of sexual self-views, ought self-guides, and sexual adjustment. In Study 2, another sample (N = 170) also completed measures of ideal self-guides, depression, and anxiety. Participants were predominantly Caucasian and from upper middle-class backgrounds. Both negative actual:ought and actual:ideal discrepancies were associated with poorer sexual adjustment. Negative actual:ought discrepancies were associated with anxiety but not depression, whereas negative actual:ideal discrepancies were associated with both anxiety and depression. Self-discrepancy theory is a useful framework for understanding how self-standards for sexual morality versus desirability are associated with young women's emotional and sexual adjustment.
Characteristics of Trees According to Community Population Level and by Land use in the U.S. Midwest.

Long-term urban tree growth is crucial because of the need for tree-derived benefits and high placement costs. This study was conducted in five U.S. midwestern states to examine how tree characteristics are related to community population level and land-use type. Age, height, diameter, and average growth rates for the last decade were measured on 328 trees. When evaluated in terms of community population, trees in rural parks were older than trees in small, medium, and large towns. Adjusted mean growth rate was lower in rural parks than in small, medium, and large towns. When evaluated in terms of land use, both mean age and mean growth rate were higher for trees in city parks than in commercial sites. Trees in residential areas had intermediate age, size, and growth rate characteristics. Of the five species studied, silver maple, honeylocust, and hackberry performed well in a variety of settings.
Endogenous Fertility, Income Distribution, and Growth

This article analyzes the interaction between growth and fertility via income distribution in a model in which fertility decisions are motivated by old-age support. It provides an explanation of the demographic transition of an economy from a stage of increasing fertility and low growth to a stage of low fertility, high human capital investments, and high growth.
Comparing stochastic price regimes

Abstract Marshallian consumer's surplus can often be defended as a useful approximation to Hicksian compensating variation. Under price uncertainty, however, expected compensating variation is not a generally valid welfare measure, and expected consumer's surplus cannot be justified as an approximation to a rigorous construct.
Rice industrial processing worldwide and impact on macro- and micronutrient content, stability, and retention

Various processing methods are used in the food industry worldwide to produce numerous rice products with desirable sensory qualities based on cultural and cooking preferences and nutritional considerations. The processes result in variable degrees of macro- and micronutrient content, stability, and retention, depending on rice variety and original nutritional quality. In this article, modern and traditional premilling, milling, and postmilling processing methods of different rice types are comprehensively reviewed. The implications of industrial rice processing methods, especially milling, as well as techniques for nutrient extraction, transfer, and enhancement, such as rice parboiling, sprouting, and fortification, for macro- and micronutrient content and consumer acceptance of the products, are documented. Socioeconomic constraints facing various aspects of rice processing methods are also discussed. This article reviews up-to-date research on rice industrial processing worldwide and aims to benefit engineers dealing with food processing, nutritionists and dieticians, food companies, education and research institutions, and quality-control and safety managers.
A Neutron Star in F-sharp

Discovery of the fastest spinning pulsar gives new constraints on the size of a neutron star and matter under extreme conditions and decreases the need for gravitational waves to impose a limiting maximum spin.
Counting Strategy in X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy

Equations are presented for obtaining greatest precision from available counting time, and minimum counting time for a specified precision in quantitative x-ray spectroscopic analyses. The equations are derived for analytical situations involving determination of the net peak intensity of a line above background and the ratio of the net peak intensities of two lines above one and two backgrounds. Graphical solutions are provided for some of the equations.
Applied Visual Analytics for Exploring the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a research program to assess the health and nutritional status of the population in the United States. In this work, we present a visual analytics system designed to help researchers explore patterns and form hypotheses within the NHANES dataset. The visualization component of the environment is an extension of traditional scatter plot matrices. Since the upper portion of the scatter plot matrix is a redundant encoding, we utilize this space, to show the projected N-dimensional clustering of points. The rows and columns of the matrix are automatically ordered using information about the cluster projection in each space as a means of showing the most meaningful dimensions. A comparison module has also been included that allows the user to compare groupings of people to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. This tool enhances the analysis work by aiding discovery and hypothesis formation.
Mitochondrial protein synthesis in mouse L-cells: effect of selective nicking of mitochondrial DNA.

Polyacrylamide gel analysis of the polypeptides synthesized on mouse L-cell mitochondrial ribosomes reveals at least seven resolvable species. These proteins have apparent molecular weights ranging from ∼10,000 to 48,000 and could account for at least 40% of the genetic information in the mitochondrial DNA genome. Proteins with similar molecular weights are synthesized in a mouse L-cell line with exclusively circular dimeric mitochondrial DNA. Chloramphenicol effectively inhibits incorporation into all seven peaks while synthesis of the highest molecular weight protein continues for at least 24 hours in the presence of ethidium bromide. Emetine, a more effective inhibitor of cytoplasmic ribosome function than cycloheximide, has the additional effect of selectively inhibiting the synthesis of five of the seven mitochondrial proteins labeled in the presence of cycloheximide. Extensive substitution (>60%) of 5-bromouracil for thymine in mitochondrial DNA does not alter the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis nor the size of the proteins synthesized. Substituted DNA can be damaged extensively in vivo by exposure to light. In light-treated cells, mitochondrial RNA synthesis can be reduced by 85% without significantly reducing the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis for at least 48 hours. These results indicate that RNA transcribed from mitochondrial RNA is not rate-limiting in mitochondrial protein synthesis as measured in the presence of cycloheximide.
Effect of geometry on the effective moisture transfer diffusion coefficient

Abstract The effective moisture transfer diffusion coefficient ( D eff ) of ready-to-eat breakfast cereals (RTE) is determined either from an individual particle or a bulk of material in the literature. The D eff is assumed to be the same in both cases which can be dependent on the material thickness. In this study, the effect of bed depth of a bulk of two types of RTE cereal on D eff was investigated at several bed depths at 75% RH. Both linear and nonlinear solutions of Fick's 2nd Law were applied to determine D eff from the weight vs time data. The magnitude of D eff increased with an increase in bed depth. Since the captured air between the particles in the bulk volume contributed significantly to the moisture transfer in the system, the overall D eff of the system increased as the total volume of the captured air increased at higher bed depths. The relation was shown to have a square of the thickness dependence.
Publisher advertising: A legitimate complaint

Publisher advertising is often a source of frustration for acquisitions librarians and collection development specialists. Common complaints are that advertising does not contain enough of the necessary information, or that it excludes vital information, or that it includes misleading information. Many groups have addressed this problem, and two standards exist to help the librarian. The Federal Trade Commission’s Guides for the Law Book Industry (commonly known as the FTC guidelines) are found in the Code of Federal Regulations [l]. They were promulgated in 1975 following more than eighty years of activism by the American Bar Association (ABA), the American Association of Law Libraries (AALL) and other groups. The immediate impetus for their creation, however, came from a 1969 article by Raymond Taylor entitled Luwbook Consumers Need Protection [2]. This article helped to launch an investigation by the FTC into the practices of the law book industry. In 1970 the ABA formed a Special Committee on Lawbook Publishing Practices to study the problem, and other groups joined the act by forming committees and issuing guidelines [3]. In 1973 the FTC proposed a set of guides and received over 500 responses to the proposal [4]. The seventeen Guides for the Law Book Industry were promulgated on August 8, 1975 and became effective on April 8, 1976 [5]. Lawbook publishers thus became part of a small group of industries that the FTC had chosen to regulate through guides to fair practice. Such guides are not law but are the commission’s interpretation of the laws it administers. Another article by Raymond Taylor entitled New Protection for Lawbook Users summarizes the major provisions of the guides and includes their full text [6]. The guidelines are intended to ensure that a prospective purchaser has “accurate and truthful information readily available” so that the consumer can make an informed decision about whether to buy something or not. The guidelines include a set of definitions and a list of disclosures that are required on all advertising about industry products, including direct mail promotional materials, oral representations and catalogs. Second-hand and used law materials are specifically excluded from the guidelines. Generally such advertising must contain the name and address of the publisher, full title of the work, author, copyright date and whether
Pioneer exclusion in a one-hump discrete pioneer-climax competitive system

One-hump maps as single species pioneer and climax ecological models confirm the expected pioneer exclusion in an uninterrupted two dimensional discrete pioneer-climax competition model. Other dynamic situations occur in such models. In particular a mutual exclusion principle is presented as a mathematical theorem.
Solution of the slump test using a finite deformation elasto‐plastic Drucker‐Prager model

SUMMARY Development of a finite deformation elasto-plasticity model based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient is presented and discussed in detail. The formulation presented in this paper includes the derivation of the full set of equations for the Drucker-Prager yield criterion. The equations, which are not available elsewhere, are developed within a framework using a spectral decomposition approach. Further, expressions for the consistent (algorithmic) tangent moduli in the finite strain regime are developed. Since the finite deformation framework employed to obtain the expressions presented here collapses to the classical infinitesimal plasticity framework when the finite strain assumption is no longer necessary, the finite deformation consistent tangent moduli are compared to the consistent tangent moduli valid for use with infinitesimal plasticity. Validation of the implemented finite deformation elasto-plastic Drucker-Prager model is performed through the solution of the concrete slump test. Comparisons between an existing approximate analytical solution and experimental data are presented, and results are discussed in detail.
Silsesquioxanes as Synthetic Platforms. 3. Photocurable, Liquid Epoxides as Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Precursors

Platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation of allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) with octahydridosilsesquioxane ((HSiO1.5)8, T8H) and octakis(dimethylsiloxy)silsesquioxane ((HMe2SiOSiO1.5)8, Q8M8H) provides access to tetra- and octaepoxy-functionalized cubic silsesquioxanes (cubes). The resulting epoxy cubes offer “masked” silica contents of up to 65 wt %, are soluble in common solvents, and are viscous liquids at room temperature, making them attractive for coating and nanocomposite applications. They polymerize on exposure to UV light in the presence of a cationic photoinitiator to produce insoluble, hybrid nanocomposites.
Hydrodynamics of block copolymers

In order to gain insight into the viscosity behavior of linear block copolymers, formulas have been developed for the calculation of radii of gyration of block copolymers whose blocks deviate from the theta condition by any given degree. In the course of this study the radii of gyration of sets of centrosymmetric arrays have been studied and the mean separation between the center of mass and the end of a random chain has been calculated. The results show that for AB block copolymers of fixed degree of polymerization (DP), the intrinsic viscosity varies in a monotonic, sigmoidal fashion when the composition is varied from homopolymer A to homopolymer B. The magnitude of the effect depends upon the relative stiffness of the A and B segments and upon the total DP. In ABA copolymers, on the other hand, at constant DP, varying the composition from all A to all B usually leads to a composition-intrinsic viscosity relationship containing maxima and minima. As A becomes increasingly stiff compared to B, this relationship tends towards a monotonic one. This behavior is surprising and should be checked experimentally.
On checkpointing and heavy-tails in unreliable computing environments

In this paper, we discuss checkpointing issues that should be considered whenever jobs execute in unreliable computing environments. Specifically, we show that if proper check-pointing procedures are not properly implemented, then under certain conditions, job completion time distributions exhibit properties of heavy-tail or power-tail distributions (hereafter referred to as power-tail distributions (PT), which can lead to highly-variable and long completion times.
Closed-form analytical model of the electron whistler and cyclotron maser instabilities in relativistic plasma with arbitrary energy anisotropy.

Detailed properties of the cyclotron maser and whistler instabilities in a relativistic magnetized plasma are investigated for a particular choice of anisotropic distribution function F(p/sub perpendicular//sup 2/,p/sub z/) that permits an exact analytical reduction of the dispersion relation for arbitrary energy anisotropy. The analysis assumes electromagnetic wave propagation parallel to a uniform applied magnetic field B/sub 0/e/sub z/. Moreover, the particular equilibrium distribution function considered in the present analysis assumes that all electrons move on a surface with perpendicular momentum p/sub perpendicular/ = p-circumflex/sub perpendicular/ = const and are uniformly distributed in axial momentum from p/sub z/ = -p-circumflex/sub z/ = const to p/sub z/ = +p-circumflex/sub z/ = const (so-called ''waterbag'' distribution in p/sub z/). This distribution function incorporates the effects of a finite momentum spread in the parallel direction. The resulting dispersion relation is solved numerically, and detailed properties of the cyclotron maser and whistler instabilities are determined over a wide range of energy anisotropy, normalized density ..omega../sub p//sup 2//..omega../sub c//sup 2/, and electron energy.
Inkjet printing of graphene thin films for wireless sensing applications

This paper will discuss recent advances in state-of-the-art inkjet printing of novel materials for wireless sensing applications. The work includes development of a prototype sensor based on high performance inkjet printed graphene thin films. The thin films were fabricated from direct write of environmentally friendly, water soluble graphene oxide (GO) inks, which were then reduced to obtain the final film. The resulting sensor demonstrates excellent sensitivity compared to existing thin films, along with remarkable recovery time at room temperature without the use of high temperature or UV treatments as reported in literature. In a response to ammonia gas (NH3), we observed a 6% change in normalized resistance after an exposure to 500 ppm of NH3. In addition, over 30% of material restoration is observed within five minutes in ambient conditions.
Educational change takes ages: Life, career and generational factors in teachers’ emotional responses to educational change

Abstract This paper examines the relationship of the emotions of teaching to teachers’ age and career stages based on experiences of educational change. Drawing on an analysis of interviews with 50 Canadian elementary, middle and high school teachers it analyzes how teachers respond emotionally to educational change at different ages and stages of career, and also how they attribute age and career-based responses to their colleagues.
Renin Angiotensin System and the Heart

Walmor C. De Mello, ed. 256 pp. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 2004. $167.00. ISBN 0-470-86292-0 More than a century ago, Tigerstedt and Bergman identified an extract of the rabbit kidney, renin, which when administered intravenously, produced a sustained elevation of blood pressure. Harry Goldblatt, a half-century later, rekindled interest in renin in a series of brilliant physiological experiments demonstrating that diminished renal blood flow (and pressure) generated a powerful renal pressor response. Over the next 30 years, Page, Braun-Menedez, and others delineated what has come to be called the “classic” or systemic renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In a circular feedback loop, renin, secreted by the kidney in response to volume and pressure changes, intravascularly transforms angiotensinogen, generated in the liver, to angiotensin I. This, in turn, is catalyzed to angiotensin II (AII)—the “business end” of the RAS cascade—by endothelium-bound converting enzyme (ACE). AII modulates pressure through vasoconstriction and sodium retention. This rapid response system is now recognized to be one, albeit an important one, of many competing and redundant neurohormonal systems that together maintain hemodynamic integrity. The individual components of the RAS have been successful targets for pharmacological interventions that have both confirmed the physiological role of the RAS and become mainstays of modern management of hypertension. More recently, the RAS has been shown to demonstrate a variety of cellular effects, in addition to the hemodynamic functions mentioned above. By inducing cellular hypertrophy and proliferation and stimulating protein generation, the RAS influences organ structure and function. These effects are independent of RAS-related hemodynamic changes. AII also has been implicated in endothelial dysfunction, production of reactive oxygen species, inflammation, stimulation of hemostasis, …
Changes in insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins after IGF-I injections in noninsulin-dependent diabetics

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) exerts insulin-like effects on fuel metabolism and suppresses insulin secretion in normal subjects. Unlike insulin, circulating IGF-I is bound to high affinity binding proteins (IGFBPs), which modulate IGF action. We have previously shown that IGF-I administration increases IGFBP-1 and -2 and reduces IGFBP-3 in normal subjects. To determine whether similar effects could be demonstrated in an insulin-resistant state, we administered recombinant human IGF-I for 4 days by sc injection to six obese type II diabetics and determined the effects on fasting concentrations of glucose, C-peptide, IGF-I, and IGFBPs. The changes that occurred in glucose C-peptide and IGFBP levels during oral glucose tolerance testing were also quantified. There was no significant decrease in the mean fasting serum glucose or C-peptide level despite a 7-fold increase in mean fasting IGF-I concentrations (P < 0.01). As expected, during oral glucose tolerance testing, the area under the curve of C-pe...
EXAFS investigation of aqueous Co(II) adsorbed on oxide surfaces in-situ

Abstract Co K-edge fluorescence-yield EXAFS spectroscopy was used to characterize the local structure of Co(II) sorbed from aqueous solution on wet surfaces of γ-Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 (rutile) in-situ. On both solids at the same surface coverage (≈1.5 μmoles/m 2 ), sorbed Co is coordinated by six oxygens at 2.08 A. On γ-Al 2 O 3 , each Co has an average of four second-neighbor Co (at 3.12 A), one second-neighbor Al (at 3.20 A), and one distant neighbor Co (at 6.1 A). On TiO 2 , each Co has an average second-neighbor shell consisting of about one Co (at 3.36 A), one Ti (at 3.31 A), and no detectable distant neighbors. These results indicate that Co is bonded to the oxide surfaces as inner-sphere complexes and that no significant precipitation of Co-hydroxide or diffusion of Co into the oxides has occured. Differences between the two sorption systems indicate formation of multinuclear Co complexes on γ-Al 2 O 3 and of less polymerized Co complexes on TiO 2 , suggesting that the type of oxide influences the nature of the sorption complex formed.
Biomimetic model of skeletal muscle isometric contraction: II. A phenomenological model of the skeletal muscle excitation–contraction coupling process

This paper describes a new macroscopic, phenomenological model of the skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling process, as represented by four principal and consecutive compartments (biophysical, biochemical, and biomechanical phases) characteristic of isometric excitation-contraction coupling in mammalian skeletal muscle, and coupled by a system of simultaneous, first-order linear ordinary differential equations. The model is based upon biological compartmental transport kinetics and irreversible thermodynamic energy transformation, and represents a distinct improvement over other biomimetic models. The model was derived using physiological parameter data published in the literature, and validated using MATLAB R12.
The Evolution of a Public Health Policy: Health Care Providers and the Transmission of HIV

The single known instance of transmission of HIV from a health care provider to a patient raised issues concerning the responsibility of clinicians to their patients, and sparked debate over policies to prevent the spread of HIV in health care facilities. The intensity and politicization of the debate were reflected in revision of the Centers for Disease Control guidelines to control the spread of infection at health care facilities, and in legislation proposed in Congress. The guidelines and proposed legislation provoked responses by public health and medical organizations, several of which considered the measures to be unnecessarily restrictive and too costly in terms of potential benefits. This article describes the events and responses that took place during 1991-1992 after the public was made aware of the case involving transmission from provider to patient. The author examines the situation in the context of public health efforts to control the spread of HIV.
Reinforcement of intracranial self-stimulation by licking

Parameters which made licking more probable than intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) were used. Under these conditions, ICSS served as an instrumental response and licking as the reinforcing response. When licking was made contingent on ICSS, ICSS was greatly increased relative to its base duration and frequency.
A correlation between myoglobin thermodynamic stabilities and species metabolic rates

Summary The free energy for total protein unfolding (ΔG N→D ) has been determined for myoglobins from whale, horse, cow and dog. A strong correlation between the ΔG N→D 's and the basal metabolism rates of these species has been found. This correlation is shown not to reflect differences in protein oxygen affinity. In vitro proteolytic susceptibility studies show the relative susceptibilities vary inversely with ΔG N→D . This and other considerations suggest that the correlation may reflect intrinsic (sequence determined) differences in turnover rates of homologous proteins.
Pathology and tumor incidence in aged Lewis and BN rats.

Abstract The tumor incidence and pathology in aging and aged Lewis and BN rats were recorded. The profiles of disease were dissimilar and distinct. In aged Lewis males, the most frequently encountered tumor was lymphoma; in Lewis females, it was ovarian carcinoma. In aged BN rats, the commonest neoplasm was pituitary adenoma; chromophobe adenomas in females and eosinophile adenomas in males. The disease pattern in aged BN rats was characterized by a triad of lesions: degeneration of myocardial fibers, especially in papillary muscles: hydronephrosis and pyelitis or pyelonephritis; and biliary cysts of the liver. In Lewis rats, the commonest lesion was chronic murine pneumonia. Other organs frequently affected with pathology were the heart and kidneys.
STOL Performance of Cal Poly's AMELIA

Results from Cal Poly’s recent wind tunnel test in the 40by 80-foot test section at the National Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex (NFAC) at NASA Ames Research Center are presented. AMELIA, the Advanced Model for Extreme Lift and Improved Aeroacoustics, is the first full-span cruise efficient short take-off and landing (CESTOL) model incorporating leadingand trailing-edge blowing wing circulation control and over-the-wing mounted turbine propulsion simulators (TPS) to date. Testing of the 10 foot span model proved successful and was the result of a 5-year NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Program Research Announcement. All of the results associated with Cal Poly’s effort will be available in an open-source validation database with the goal of advancing the state-of-the-art in prediction capabilities for modeling aircraft with next generation technologies, focusing on NASA’s N+2 generation goals. The model’s modular design allowed for testing of 4 major configurations. Results from all configurations are presented. Test data shows drastic improvements in performance are obtained when incorporating leading edge blowing. Wing stall can be delayed to more than 25° angle of attack at lift coefficients exceeding six. Without the introduction of leading edge blowing to increase boundary layer momentum and maintain flow attachment around the leading edge, STOL performance suffers. Similar runs for trailing edge-only blowing show a reduction in maximum lift coefficient to three with stall occurring at zero angle of attack. Testing at multiple engine pylon heights allowed for the highly coupled propulsion and flow control system to be characterized.
An effective CUDA based simulation for lightning strike protection on nanocomposite materials

The lack of lightning strike protection (LSP) for the nanocomposite materials limits their use in many applications including aircrafts. As a result, there is a continuous interest in understanding the heterogeneous thermoelectric behavior of mixtures with carbon fibers/nanotubes of these materials. Currently available methodologies, including computer simulation of finite different method (FDM) with periodic boundary conditions, to assess the thermoelectric behavior of composite materials are extremely time consuming, expensive, and ineffectual. In this work, we propose a fast and effective simulation model using NVIDIA general purpose graphics processing unit (GPGPU) and compute unified device architecture (CUDA) technology which is targeted to LSP analysis on nanocomposite aircrafts. Preliminary results using FDM based steady state heat equation and Laplace's equation demonstrate that the optimized shared memory CUDA/GPGPU implementation has potential to significantly reduce the simulation execution time.
How Can a Ligand be a Positive and Negative Allosteric Effector for the Same Protein

For several transcription factors, the same ligand can act as a positive and negative allosteric effector in a context dependent manner. The structural and molecular bases of such effects are unknown. Here it is shown that modulation of conformational fluctuations within allosteric systems can be used as a mechanism to tune protein ensembles such that a given ligand can act as both a positive and negative allosteric effector. Importantly, this mechanism can be robustly encoded in the ensemble, and does not require that the interactions between the ligand and the protein differ when it is acting either as a positive or negative effector. Instead, the effect is due to the relative probabilities of states prior to the addition of the ligand and is encoded in the thermodynamic coupling architectures between protein domains. The ensemble view of allostery that is illuminated by these studies suggests that rather than being seen as switches with fixed responses to allosteric activation, ensembles can evolve to be “functionally pluripotent”, with the capacity to up or down regulate activity in response to a stimulus. This result not only helps to explain the prevalence of intrinsic disorder in transcription factors and other cell signaling proteins, it provides important insights about the energetic ground rules governing site-to-site communication in all allosteric systems.Relevant citationMotlagh HN, Hilser VJ: Agonism/antagonism switching in allosteric ensembles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2012) 109(11):4134-4139.
Adherence to ATLS primary and secondary surveys during pediatric trauma resuscitation

Abstract Study aim Adherence to Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) protocol has been associated with improved management of injured patients. The objective of this study is to determine factors associated with delayed and omitted ATLS primary and secondary survey tasks at a level 1 pediatric trauma center. Methods Video recorded resuscitations of 237 injured patients Results Primary survey findings were stated less often in patients with burn injuries compared to those with blunt injuries (RR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.26–2.35) and less often during the overnight shift [11 PM–7 AM] (RR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.02–1.46). Secondary survey findings were verbalized less often in patients with penetrating injures (RR = 2.30; 95% CI: 1.06–5.00). Time to statement of primary surveys findings was delayed in patients with burn injuries (HR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.48–0.98) and among those transferred from another hospital. Completeness and timeliness of ATLS task performance were not associated with age or injury severity score. Conclusions Mechanism of injury and hospital factors are associated with incomplete and delayed primary and secondary surveys. Interventions that address deficient ATLS adherence related to these factors may lead to a reduction in errors during this critical period of patient care.
On Extending the Inequalities of Payne, Pólya, and Weinberger Using Spherical Harmonics

Using spherical harmonics, rearrangement techniques, the Sobolev in- equality, and Chiti's reverse Holder inequality, we obtain extensions of a classical result of Payne, Polya, and Weinberger bounding the gap between consecutive eigen- values of the Dirichlet Laplacian in terms of moments of the preceding ones. The extensions yield domain-dependent inequalities.
Neuromuscular blocking action of two hemicholinium-3 analogs

Abstract Two hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) analogs (NAM-204 and NAM-224) in which the C=O moiety was reduced to −CH2 and 2- or 3-CH3 substitution on the piperidine ring were demonstrated to produce a different type of neuromuscular inhibition than that induced by HC-3. The neuromuscular blocking activity was tested in several different preparations and it was shown that these compounds are potent, short-acting, and was reversed by neostigmine but not by choline. Although these compounds possess weak anticholinesterase activity, significant alterations of blood pressure and heart rate are absent. Miniature end-plate potentials' amplitude were found to be diminished by these compounds with some alteration of frequency. In voltage-clamped frog sartorius muscle NAM-224 and NAM-204 decreased amplitude of miniature end-plate current (mepcs) and accelerated the time constant of mepc decay in a concentration-dependent manner, without altering the single exponential nature of mepc decay. NAM-204 and NAM-224 at high concentrations also produced a voltage- and concentration-dependent non-linearity in current/voltage relationships, especially at more negative membrane potentials. Hence, these pharmacological and electrophysiological studies indicate NAM-224 and NAM-204 have significant activity at both pre- and post-junctional sites and their post-junctional blocking activity results from blocking ACh receptor/ion channel complex.
Characterization of phosphonium ionic liquids through a linear solvation energy relationship and their use as GLC stationary phases

In recent years, room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have proven to be of great interest to analytical chemists. One important development is the use of RTILs as highly thermally stable GLC stationary phases. To date, nearly all of the RTIL stationary phases have been nitrogen-based (ammonium, pyrrolidinium, imidazolium, etc.). In this work, eight new monocationic and three new dicationic phosphonium-based RTILs are used as gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) stationary phases. Inverse gas chromatography (GC) analyses are used to study the solvation properties of the phosphonium RTILs through a linear solvation energy model. This model describes the multiple solvation interactions that the phosphonium RTILs can undergo and is useful in understanding their properties. In addition, the phosphonium-based stationary phases are used to separate complex analyte mixtures by GLC. Results show that the small differences in the solvent properties of the phosphonium ILs compared with ammonium-based ILs will allow for different and unique separation selectivities. Also, the phosphonium-based stationary phases tend to be more thermally stable than nitrogen-based ILs, which is an advantage in many GC applications.
Growth and thermal annealing of Cu on HfSiO4

Abstract The interface between Cu and HfSiO 4 films synthesized using physical vapor deposition (PVD) at 300 K has been examined with in situ low-energy ion scattering (LEIS), in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). Cu deposited on HfSiO 4 at 300 K is adequately described by a two stage model in which a single layer forms up to ∼85% of completion, at which point 3D clusters form in a process involving partial de-wetting of previously deposited, as well as added, Cu. XPS simulations, based on cluster structures consistent with LEIS data, are used to determine optimum structural models. During annealing at 573 K, there is compelling evidence for Cu restructuring but no evidence for chemical changes. During 20 min at 573 K, a Cu film with an ensemble average thickness of 0.56 nm comprising small clusters undergoes extensive restructuring to larger clusters with average diameter and height of 26 (±3) and 2.3 nm, respectively. The relatively narrow diameter distribution may be attributed, in part, to a self-limiting growth originating in the as-deposited strain fields at Cu–HfSiO 4 interface.
Physical Functioning, Perceived Disability, and Depressive Symptoms in Adults with Arthritis

This study investigated how physical functioning and perceived disability are related to depressive symptoms in adults with arthritis (). Participants self-reported depressive symptoms and disability. Objective measures of physical functioning included the 30-second chair stand test, 6-minute walk test, gait speed, balance, grip strength, and the seated reach test. Separate quantile regression models tested associations between each functional measure and depressive symptoms, controlling for age, gender, race, BMI, self-reported health status, and arthritis medication use. The association between perceived disability and depressive symptoms was also tested. Participants averaged years; 85.8&#x25; were women; 64.3&#x25; were white. Lower distance in the 6-minute walk test, fewer chair stands, slower gait speed, and greater perceived disability were associated with greater depressive symptoms in unadjusted models (). Fewer chair stands and greater perceived disability were associated with more depressive symptoms in adjusted models (). Balance, grip strength, and seated reach were not related to depressive symptoms. The perception of being disabled was more strongly associated with depressive symptoms than reduced physical functioning. To reduce the risk of depression in arthritic populations, it may be critical to not only address physical symptoms but also to emphasize coping skills and arthritis self-efficacy.
Aftershock locations and rupture characteristics of the 1995 Mariana Deep Earthquake

The August 23, 1995 (Mw=7.0, depth 586 km) Mariana event produced one of the strongest deep earthquake aftershock sequences known. We combined teleseismic arrival times with arrival times picked from a local network operating directly above the event in the Mariana Islands, and relocated the main shock and aftershocks. We derived the source characteristics from teleseismic body waves by inverting waveform data of the Global Seismograph Network. The main shock ruptured downward across the entire width of the active slab along a plane dipping southwestward. Most of the 17 well-located aftershocks occurred along or very near the rupture plane. The different focal mechanisms of the main shock and aftershocks indicate that the stress field varies across the width of the Mariana slab at the area of the August 1995 sequence.
Simple theory of the reverse ac Josephson effect.

An analytic study of the reverse ac Josephson effect, i.e., the use of an ac current to induce a dc voltage across a superconductor-insulator-superconductor tunnel junction, has been made for both small and large junctions. The possible values of the induced voltage are found to depend on the junction parameters and can be qualitatively different for small and large junctions as well as for small junctions with large or small resistance.
Autonomic Dysreflexia: Evaluation and Management

Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a medical emergency characterized by an acute, imbalanced autonomic response to specific stimuli in patients with a spinal cord injury (SCI) above T5 to T6. AD requires an early recognition and prompt treatment to prevent any devastating complications or even death. Patients with SCI are frequently encountered in clinical practice, but a significant number of physicians are not knowledgeable about AD or the relatively basic set of guidelines recommended for its management. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology as well as the diagnosis and management of AD.
A MAXIMUM PRINCIPLE FOR SOLUTIONS OF A CLASS OF QUASILINEAR ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS ON UNBOUNDED DOMAINS

For solutions on unbounded domains of boundary value problems for a class of quasilinear elliptic equations which are not uniformly elliptic, we prove that the solutions have the same bounds as tho...
Fluid therapy for children: facts, fashions and questions

Fluid therapy restores circulation by expanding extracellular fluid. However, a dispute has arisen regarding the nature of intravenous therapy for acutely ill children following the development of acute hyponatraemia from overuse of hypotonic saline. The foundation on which correct maintenance fluid therapy is built is examined and the difference between maintenance fluid therapy and restoration or replenishment fluid therapy for reduction in extracellular fluid volume is delineated. Changing practices and the basic physiology of extracellular fluid are discussed. Some propose changing the definition of "maintenance therapy" and recommend isotonic saline be used as maintenance and restoration therapy in undefined amounts leading to excess intravenous sodium chloride intake. Intravenous fluid therapy for children with volume depletion should first restore extracellular volume with measured infusions of isotonic saline followed by defined, appropriate maintenance therapy to replace physiological losses according to principles established 50 years ago.
Nonspecific elements in therapy with stutterers

Abstract Currently, many different strategies are employed by respected professionals working in the area of therapy for persons who stutter. This phenomenon serves as a point of departure for reflections on the nonspecific elements involved in therapy. Drawing on the literature of holistic medicine and psychotherapy these elements are identified as follows: (1) active participation of the client in the therapy process; (2) role of self-management skills; (3) influence of client's expectations regarding treatment; (4) suggestion as a factor in therapy; and (5) the therapeutic relationship.
Conditions that influence the response to Fgf during otic placode induction

Despite the vital importance of Fgf for otic induction, previous attempts to study otic induction through Fgf misexpression have yielded widely varying and contradictory results. There are also discrepancies regarding the ability of Fgf to induce otic tissue in ectopic locations, raising questions about the sufficiency of Fgf and the degree to which other local factors enhance or restrict otic potential. Using heat shock-inducible transgenes to misexpress Fgf3 or Fgf8 in zebrafish, we found that the stage, distribution and level of misexpression strongly influence the response to Fgf. Fgf misexpression during gastrulation can inhibit or promote otic development, depending on context, whereas misexpression after gastrulation leads to expansion of otic markers throughout preplacodal ectoderm surrounding the head. Elevated Fgf also expands expression of the putative competence factor Foxi1, which is required for Fgf to expand other otic markers. Misexpression of downstream factors Pax2a or Pax8 also expands otic markers but cannot bypass the requirement for Fgf or Foxi1. Co-misexpression of Pax2/8 with Fgf8 potentiates formation of ectopic otic vesicles expressing a full range of otic markers. These findings document the variables critically affecting the response to Fgf and clarify the roles of foxi1 and pax2/8 in the otic response.
A STUDY ON THE ANTIGENICITY OF A HUMAN CELL LINE PROPAGATED IN A HETEROLOGOUS MEDIUM.

Des cellules HeLa cultivees dans un milieu qui contient du serum de cheval, ont ete transferees dans un milieu contenant du serum humain. On a essaye, a differents moments, de detecter la presence de proteines de cheval dans les cellules transferees. Seules les cellules, qui ont ete retirees du milieu heterologue avant 48 h, donnent des reactions serologiques positives.
An analysis of historical trends in classical biological control of arthropods suggests need for a new centralized database in the USA.

The documentation of biological control agents targeting arthropods in the United States has historically been subject to less regulation relative to weed biological control releases. This study reviews publicly available databases to track environmental releases of biological control agents targeting arthropods in the United States. It then presents available data for the states with the most releases between 1962 and 2005: Hawaii, California and Florida. These data indicate a clear decline in rates of introduction since 1982 or 1994, depending on the source. Existing record-keeping systems offer incomplete or inconsistent data for evaluation because they were designed with limited goals, attempt to capture excessive detail and are thus impractical, or are insufficiently resourced. Existing databases cannot be used to answer meaningful questions regarding non-target effects of introduced control agents. Current databases are inappropriately designed and insufficiently resourced to meet today's r...
A Whisper Toward Peace: A Theoretical Analysis of the Council for a Parliament of the World Religions

The Council for a Parliament of the World Religions has been meeting since 1993 to foster a global religious ethic toward world peace, based on the premise that major world religions share this ethic in common. Roland Robertson's multidimensional model of globalization is utilized to analyze the Parliament's foundational Declaration, and explore why the Parliament's message is not receiving wider attention. Excerpts from anti-Parliament sources are included. Based on this analysis, the Parliament appears to have a limited conception of globalization, and so offers but a partial knowledge claim on how religion can resolve global problems. Seen in this light, it is not surprising that some oppose the Parliament's agenda, feel alienated by it, or—given its limitations—are not aware of it.