cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative basin modeling: present state and future developments towards predictability

A critique review of the state of quantitative basin modeling is presented. Over the last 15 years, a number of models are proposed to advance our understanding of basin evolution. However, as of present, most basin models are two dimensional (2-D) and subject to significant simplifications such as depth- or effective stress-dependent porosity, no stress calculations, isotropic fracture permeability, etc. In this paper, promising areas for future development are identified. The use of extensive data sets to calibrate basin models requires a comprehensive reaction, transport, mechanical (RTM) model in order to generate the synthetic response. An automated approach to integrate comprehensive basin modeling and seismic, well-log and other type of data is suggested. The approach takes advantage of comprehensive RTM basin modeling to complete an algorithm based on information theory that places basin modeling on a rigorous foundation. Incompleteness in a model can self-consistently be compensated for by an increase in the amount of observed data used. The method can be used to calibrate the transport, mechanical, or other laws underlying the model. As the procedure is fully automated, the predictions can be continuously updated as new observed data become available. Finally, the procedure makes it possible to augment the model itself as new processes are added in a way that is dictated by the available data. In summary, the automated data/model integration places basin simulation in a novel context of informatics that allows for data to be used to minimize and assess risk in the prediction of reservoir location and characteristics.
Impedance, power, energy, and pulse performance characteristics of small commercial Li-ion cells

Abstract Electrochemical properties of cylindrical (18 650, 17 500) and prismatic (48.3×25.4×7.6 mm) Li-ion cells from different manufacturers including A&T, Panasonic, Polystor, Sanyo, and Sony were studied. Impedance and pulse characteristics of these cells were evaluated for three open circuit voltages (OCVs): 4.1 V (fully charged), 3.6 V (partially discharged), and 3.1 V (nearly completely discharged) in the temperature regime +35°C to −40°C. The cell ohmic resistance was nearly constant from +35°C to −20°C, but increased by 2–3 times at −40°C. For example, the cylindrical Sony cells showed an average bulk resistance of ∼80 mΩ between 35°C and −20°C and ∼290 mΩ at −40°C for the three OCVs studied. The cell ohmic resistance remained nearly constant with OCV. The NyQuist plot (real vs. imaginary impedance) showed, at high frequencies (2.7–65 kHz), an inductive segment characteristic of a porous electrode and/or a jelly-roll cell design. The NyQuist plots also showed two ill-defined loops, a smaller loop at higher frequencies attributed to the anode electrolyte interface and a larger loop at lower frequencies due to the cathode electrolyte interface. A smaller charge transfer resistance (Rct) at the anode is indicated and the performance of the cell may be improved by reducing the interfacial resistances, in general. Ragone plots, relating energy density and power density or specific power and specific energy, were also constructed to compare the performance characteristics of these cell types. In the current range studied (20–1000 mA), the energy/power performance of both A&T and Panasonic cells is better than the rest. For these two cells, the power (W/kg or W/l) didn't reach a plateau in the current range studied. These data should be considered, however, in the context that the A&T and Panasonic cells may be newer (later generation) than the other cells used in this study. However, at higher currents (>2 A) and at lower temperatures, for the Panasonic cells, power reaches a plateau. This behavior is also true for the A&T cells. The cells were pulsed at different temperatures both as a function of OCV and current pulse amplitude. The cell voltage drop is almost linear with pulse current at ambient and slightly subambient temperatures. However, at lower temperatures, the voltage drop is nonlinear with pulse current, suggesting that the contribution of charge transfer resistance to the overall cell impedance under load is nontrivial. In addition, the cell voltage drop for a given current pulse increases with depth of discharge. For example, for a 500 mA pulse at 4.1 V, 3.6 V, and 3.1 V, the Panasonic cells showed an average voltage drop of 94 mV, 130 mV, and 200 mV, respectively, at room temperature. A similar observation was made for the other Li-ion cells.
Effect of long-term gastric acid suppressive therapy on serum vitamin B12 levels in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Abstract Background and aims: Long-term treatment with H + -K + -adenotriphosphatase (ATPase) inhibitors, such as omeprazole or lansoprazole, for severe gastroesophageal reflux disease is now widely used. Whether such treatment will result in vitamin B 12 deficiency is controversial. We studied whether long-term treatment with omeprazole alters serum vitamin B 12 levels in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Methods: In 131 consecutive patients treated with either omeprazole (n = 111) or histamine H 2 -receptor antagonists (n = 20), serum vitamin B 12 and folate levels and complete blood counts were determined after acid secretion had been controlled for at least 6 months. These studies were repeated yearly. Serum vitamin B 12 and folate levels were correlated with the type of antisecretory drug and the extent of inhibition of acid secretion. Results: The mean duration of omeprazole treatment was 4.5 years, and for H 2 -receptor antagonists 10 years. Vitamin B 12 levels, but not serum folate levels or any hematological parameter, were significantly ( P = 0.03) lower in patients treated with omeprazole, especially those with omeprazole-induced sustained hyposecretion ( P = 0.0014) or complete achlorhydria ( P 12 levels decreased significantly (30%; P = 0.001) only in patients rendered achlorhydric. The duration of omeprazole treatment was inversely correlated with vitamin B 12 levels ( P = 0.013), but not folate levels. Eight patients (6%) developed subnormal B 12 levels during follow-up. Conclusions: Long-term omeprazole treatment leads to significant decreases in serum vitamin B 12 but not folate levels. These results suggest patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome treated with H + -K + -ATPase inhibitors should have serum vitamin B 12 levels monitored. Furthermore, these results raise the possibility that other patients treated chronically with H + -K + -ATPase inhibitors may develop B 12 deficiency.
Perceived environmental turbulence and its effect on selected entrepreneurship, marketing, and organizational characteristics in industrial firms

Entrepreneurship and marketing are approached as proactive corporate responses to an increasingly dynamic, threatening, and complex external environment. Both represent organizational orientations built around creativity, innovativeness, flexibility, and risk-taking. A conceptual model is proposed relating the levels of entrepreneurship, marketing activity, and marketing-related structure of a firm to the degree of perceived environmental turbulence confronting the firm. Results of a survey involving personal interviews with managers in 93 firms representing six industries are reported. Turbulence is found to have a significant causal impact on both the levels of entrepreneurship and the marketing orientation of the firm, but not on structural variables.
Substrate specificity of cerebral amino acid exit in vitro

Abstract The substrate specificity of the exit of four amino acids, α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), leucine, lysine, and d -glutamate, was studied in mouse brain slices. Exit rate depended on the intracellular concentration and (with the exception of AIB) on the time period in which it was measured. The exit of AIB behaved as a first-order reaction; that of the other amino acids studied did not, probably because of a compartmentation of amino acid exit. With increasing amino acid concentrations a tendency to saturation was observed with AIB, lysine, and d -glutamate. In contrast, the exit of leucine and phenylalanine was increased with increasing concentrations. This was interpreted as showing that leucine and phenylalanine may act as activators of a membrane carrier site. The intracellular presence of amino acid analogs (see footnote 2 in text) affected the exit of AIB, leucine, lysine, and d -glutamate. Exit could be inhibited or increased. The substrate specificity pattern of amino acid exit was, in many ways but not always, similar to that, of initial and steady-state accumulation. The large basic amino acids inhibited only lysine exit; the acidics inhibited mainly d -glutamate; the small neutrals inhibited mainly AIB and d -glutamate; the small basics inhibited strongly all four amino acids; and the neutrals with large nonpolar side chain increased the exit of all four amino acids. Stimulation of AIB exit was the greatest. The substrate specificity of exit and exchange resolved the apparent inconsistencies observed in comparing the specificities of initial and steady-state amino acid accumulation, and an approximate prediction of the effect of analogs on amino acid exit could be made. It is concluded that amino acid exit, as well as uptake, is mainly a carrier-mediated process; also, it appears that more than one carrier is involved.
Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on the Activation of Cardiac Thin Filaments by Calcium and Strong-Binding Crossbridges

Cardiac muscle is activated via the single Ca2+-binding site (site II) in the N-domain of cardiac troponin C (cTnC). However, the discovery of cardiomyopathy-associated mutations in the C-domain of cTnC has called attention to the possible role of this domain in contractile regulation. Our previous work suggested that the C-domain Ca2+/Mg2+ binding sites (III and IV) can modulate myosin-mediated activation of the thin filament (Biochem Biophys Res Comm 408:697, 2011). Additional evidence for a regulatory role for the C-domain has come from the discovery of pharmacological agents which specifically bind to the C-domain and modulate Ca2+ activation. The green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCg) binds to the C-domain and reduces myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. This study compared the effects of EGCg on Ca2+ activation and myosin-mediated activation of rat cardiac myofibrils. To assay for effects on Ca2+ activation the myofibrillar ATPase activity was measured at pCa 5.0 in the presence of 0-100μM EGCg. Myosin-mediated activation was assayed by measuring the change in ATPase activity at pCa 8.0 following the addition of strong-binding S-1 heads generated by treatment with N-ethylmaleimide (NEMS-1). The Ca2+-activated ATPase activity was inhibited by ∼30% in the presence of 50μM EGCg and ∼60% with 75–100 μM EGCg. However, in the absence of Ca2+ (pCa 8.0) 50μM EGCg had no significant effect on the increase in ATPase activity induced by the addition of 1 μM NEMS-1. Thus EGCg inhibits the Ca2+-dependent component of thin filament activation, with no apparent effect on the strong-binding myosin S-1 component of activation. EGCg may be a useful reagent for dissecting the roles of Ca2+ and S-1 in cardiac thin filament activation.
Efficacy of Anti-Reflux Surgery on Refractory Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease in Professional Voice Users: A Pilot Study

Summary Objectives Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a pervasive disorder that may cause hoarseness, throat clearing, and other symptoms. These symptoms are particularly problematic in professional voice users. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the mainstay of current medical management for LPR but may be insufficient in managing some patients' symptoms. Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) is well established for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease with a high success rate, but its role in the treatment of LPR remains uncertain. This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of anti-reflux surgery in managing disease refractory to medical reflux therapy (twice of more per day PPIs). Study Design Retrospective medical record review. Methods This study examined 25 professional voice users, age ranging from 14 to 75 years, diagnosed with refractory LPR treated twice daily or more with PPIs. Reflux finding scores (RFS) were graded by blinded raters and compared for initial, preoperative, postoperative, and final visits. Twenty-four-hour pH-impedance study scores were obtained pre- and postoperatively. Results Sixty percent of patients were on no-reflux medications postoperatively and an additional 24% were on less medication. RFS was not significantly different between pre- and postoperative evaluations with good inter- and intrarater reliability; postoperative examinations occurred on less or no pharmaceutical reflux treatment. Twenty-four-hour pH-impedance testing revealed significant reductions in reflux and a nearly significant reduction in total acid. Ninety percent of positive symptom indices preoperatively were negative postoperatively. Seventy-six percent of patients on BID dosing of PPIs and 86% of those receiving super-high-dose PPI administration who underwent LNF were satisfied with the results for their LPR disease. Conclusion LNF should be considered as a treatment option for professional voice users with LPR with symptoms refractory to standard or super-high-dose medical management. LNF may decrease or eliminate the need for postoperative PPI usage. The RFS may not be sensitive enough to monitor changes in LPR severity. Patients, especially those on super-high-dose medication administration, are satisfied with the improvement in LPR symptoms after anti-reflux surgery.
Electrodeposition of alloys: Present state of the art

Abstract Recent literature on the electrodeposition of alloys is critically reviewed. The discussion emphasizes binary alloys deposited from aqueous media and their practical applications, but dispersion-strengthened alloys and composite electrochemical materials, ternary alloys and alloys plated from fused salt electrolytes also are mentioned. Alloy plates continue their applications as decorative and protective coatings, but have found additional usefulness in magnetic alloy films for the computer industry, in electroforming, in the electronics industry and for the plating of plastics.
Helium trapping in carbide precipitates in a tempered F82H ferritic–martensitic steel

Abstract The microstructural changes of a tempered F82H ferritic–martensitic steel following He implantation at 60 and 500 °C have been examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT). After irradiation at 500 °C, numerous He bubbles were formed throughout the matrix, whereas after irradiation at 60 °C, no bubbles were seen to form in the matrix. In both irradiations, He bubbles were observed to have formed within large carbide precipitates, determined by APT compositional analysis to be M23C6. The observed preferential He bubble formation in carbides during low temperature He irradiation occurs as a result of the diffusing He being trapped in the carbide due to the strong He–C bond. As the He concentration increases in the carbide due to trapping, He bubbles are formed.
Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia increases glucose 1,6-bisphosphate in human skeletal muscle

1. 1. The effects of physiologic concentrations of insulin on the contents of glucose 1,6-bisphosphate (glucose 1,6-P2) and regulators of glucose 1,6-P2 synthase in intact human skeletal muscle have been investigated. 2. 2. Insulin increased glucose 1,6-P2 from a basal value of 70 ± 6 to 135 ± 12 μmol/kg dry wt (P < 0.001). 3. 3. Activation of synthase could not be associated with changes in its inhibitors (fructose 1,6-P2,Pi citrate) or its substrate glucose 6-P.
KINETICS OF WATER VAPOR DESORPTION FROM APPLES

Water is desorbed from apples in two stages. The initial stage is characterized by a very fast release of water. The second stage corresponds to low moisture contents and a low rate of desorption. The process can be mathematically modeled in different ways depending on whether or not the true tissue structure is taken into account. These alternative ways are reviewed, compared and used to analyze the mechanisms involved.
The fallacy of using in-basket based measures for the validation of leadership dimensions

Harold M. Schroder was professor of psychology at Princeton University when he conducted most of the basic research on the High Performance Leadership Competencies. Their validation across public and private organisations was carried out by Schroder and his colleagues while he was Professor of Management at the University of South Florida. He is currently involved in organisational consultancy and research: No 10 Kings Gardens, London, NW6, 4PU, UK.
Convection in a two-layer fluid system

Experimental results are presented, and preliminary computations are performed on a system of two immiscible liquid layers with a temperature gradient applied parallel to the interface. The experiments reflect the combined contribution of buoyancy and surface-tension-induced (Marangoni) convection. It is concluded that buoyancy effects appear to be dominant and mask any surface-tension-induced convection present. Numerical computations show significant modification of pure buoyant convection by surface-tension gradients. The results are of interest in connection with the liquid encapsulation of GaAs melts in a microgravity environment.
Temporal Changes of Shallow Seismic Velocity Around the Karadere-Düzce Branch of the North Anatolian Fault and Strong Ground Motion

We analyze temporal variations of seismic velocity along the Karadere-Duzce branch of the north Anatolian fault using seismograms generated by repeating earthquake clusters in the aftershock zones of the 1999 Mw7.4 Izmit and Mw7.1 Duzce earthquakes. The analysis employs 36 sets of highly repeating earthquakes, each containing 4–18 events. The events in each cluster are relocated by detailed multi-step analysis and are likely to rupture approximately the same fault patch at different times. The decay rates of the repeating events in individual clusters are compatible with the Omori's law for the decay rate of regional aftershocks. A sliding window waveform cross-correlation technique is used to measure travel time differences and evolving decorrelation in waveforms generated by each set of the repeating events. We find clear step-like delays in the direct S and early S-coda waves (sharp seismic velocity reduction) immediately after the Duzce main shock, followed by gradual logarithmic-type recoveries. A gradual increase of seismic velocities is also observed before the Duzce main shock, probably reflecting post-seismic recovery from the earlier Izmit main shock. The temporal behavior is similar at each station for clusters at various source locations, indicating that the temporal changes of material properties occur in the top most portion of the crust. The effects are most prominent at stations situated in the immediate vicinity of the recently ruptured fault zones, and generally decrease with normal distance from the fault. A strong correlation between the co-seismic delays and intensities of the strong ground motion generated by the Duzce main shock implies that the radiated seismic waves produced the velocity reductions in the shallow material.
FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUBLE SALTS IN ENAMEL MILL LIQUORS

This paper is a summary of the present basic information concerning the individual chemical, physical, and pyrochemical characteristics of the possible, more common soluble constituents present in porcelain enamel slips. The data were chosen with particular regard to their importance in the study of the nature and effect of the various soluble salts on properties of enamel slips and on their drying behavior.
Assessing Pain in Persons with Dementia: Relationships Among the Non-communicative Patient’s Pain Assessment Instrument, Self-report, and Behavioral Observations

Pain is a common problem for many older adults, with up to 50% of community-dwelling and 70% to 80% of nursing home residents experiencing pain regularly. Effective pain management requires thorough assessment, appropriate intervention, and systematic reassessment. Pain assessment, however, is complicated by dementia, which impairs memory, reasoning, recognition, and communication, and affects elders' ability to verbally report pain. As such, observational measures are needed to assess pain in this vulnerable population. The Non-communicative Patient's Pain Assessment Instrument (NOPPAIN) was developed for this purpose, but more validation of this measure is needed. Thus, the purpose of this study was to (1) evaluate reliability of the NOPPAIN tool when used by nurses and to (2) compare NOPPAIN ratings with self-report and other well-established behavioral rating procedures. Forty participants (20 cognitively intact and 20 impaired) were randomly selected for this study from a larger sample. In the parent study, participants were asked to perform everyday activities (i.e., sit, stand, walk in place, transfer in and out of bed) while being videotaped. The tapes, all previously scored using microanalytic observational coding, were rated again by naive raters using the NOPPAIN measure. Results indicated (1) high inter- and intrarater reliability of the NOPPAIN and (2) significant correlations of the NOPPAIN with self-reported pain and detailed behavioral coding. Findings support the reliability and validity of the NOPPAIN measurement tool and suggest this easy-to-use tool may be adequate for measuring pain indicators in older adults.
Hormone interactions confer specific proliferative and histomorphogenic responses in the porcine mammary gland

Mammary gland growth and morphogenesis are regulated by interactions between hormones as much as by their individual actions. The effect of these interactions on the mammary gland phenotype in species other than rodents is relatively undefined. We investigated the individual and combined effects of estrogen (E), progestin (P), and prolactin (PRL) on mammary gland development in gilts. Pigs were shown to have a ductal-lobular parenchyma that underwent hormone-stimulated progression of terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU) morphogenesis similar to that in the human breast. Ovariectomy plus hypoprolactinemia abolished mammary gland growth. Estrogen alone stimulated mammary epithelial cell proliferation, terminal bud formation, and the progression of TDLU1 structures to a TDLU2 morphotype. Maximal epithelial cell proliferation, DNA content, parenchymal area, and morphological development of the porcine mammary gland were realized following treatment with E+PRL or E+P+PRL. In contrast, P alone did not promote epithelial cell proliferation, TDLU type progression, mammary gland growth, or morphogenesis. These data indicate that interactions between E and PRL are the main determinants of growth and morphogenesis in the porcine mammary gland.
The Fishery of a Missouri Ozark Stream, Big Piney River, and the Effects of Stocking Fingerling Smallmouth Bass

Abstract Over 92,000 marked fingerling smallmouth bass were stocked in Big Piney River, 1952-1955. An estimated 63,600 smallmouth bass were caught between 1953, when the first stocked fish entered the creel, and 1958 when no more marked fish were caught. Of that number, not more than 2,100 were stocked fish. This is a little more than 3% of all the bass caught and a little more than 2% return of stocked fish. Seventy species of fish were collected between 1951 and 1958 with electric shockers, hoopnets, and seines. Golden redhorse, rock bass, black redhorse, northern hog sucker, smallmouth bass and longear sunfish made up 80% of the total weight. The Ozark minnow, bleeding shiner, northern studfish, stoneroller, and bluntnose minnow were the most important forage species. This species composition is representative of Ozark headwater streams. Mean annual catch rates ranged from 35.2 to 134.9 kg/10 shocker hr of which 2.3 to 13.6 kg/10 shocker hr was bass. Big Piney River is subject to flash floods with cres...
The Effects of Ribonuclease on Rat Liver Dexamethasone Receptor: Increased Affinity for Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Altered Sedimentation Profile*

The ability of the dexamethasone (9 alpha-fluoro-11 beta, 17,21-trihydroxy-16 alpha-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione)-receptor complex to bind to DNA-cellulose is stimulated by RNase treatment of the activated receptor. Both RNase A and RNase T1 can induce the stimulation. The enhancement of the DNA binding ability occurs concomitantly with an alteration of the sedimentation profile of the dexamethasone-receptor complex from the 7-8S form to the 3-4S form in low salt sucrose gradients. If RNase treatment occurs in the presence of sodium molybdate, both the increase in DNA binding ability and the alteration in sedimentation profile fail to occur. Treatment of the receptor with high salt suggests that the 3-4S form can reversibly combine with a factor in a salt-sensitive association. These experiments indicate that the 7-8S form of the dexamethasone-receptor complex is associated with a RNA molecule(s) that can be removed by RNase treatment or salt dissociation, and that this RNA inhibits the binding of the receptor to DNA.
Physical Geography in the Training of the Geographer

In a discussion of the r6le of physical geography in the training of the geographer, it is first necessary to be sure that the statement is understood. What geographer do we discuss? Obviously we might consider the ideal geographer who, perfectly trained by the combined efforts of the best in this generation, will go boldly, unhesitatingly forward to solve the problems that will arise in the next generation. Or we would perhaps be wiser to consider the superior young man who, enthused by the modern type of geography, will by diligence and good sense qualify himself for one of the major posts in geography. His interests like those of the present leaders will lie in the relation of man to his environment. He will be a "systematic" or "regional" geographer or a combination of the two as are most of the present leaders. We must now consider what is included in physical geography. Obviously all the factors of environment except those induced by the presence of animal and plant life are "physical." As, however, life has been present on the earth since far back in the Pre-Cambrian or for a period of more than a thousand million years, the influence of plants and animals on the "physical" processes current during earth history cannot be wholly disregarded. In fact the biologic influence cannot be successfully differentiated except by arbitrary assumptions in analysis. By custom and historical precedent our existing divisions of physical geography include many processes in part biologic in character. The distinctions between zoogeography and plant geography on the one hand and physical geography are arbitrary. The distinction is similar in all respects to that between physical geography and "human" geography. Yet these categories, difficult as they may be to defend in theory, have their advantages in practice. In the discussion of educational problems such distinctions have their greatest usefulness. The "wholeness" of knowledge and the "oneness" of geography impress themselves on the mature. To the beginner and the immature the categories of knowledge are a necessary scaffolding for the building which is eventually to contain his realization of geography as a single entity.
Coprime fraction of 2-D rational matrices

This paper presents a numerical method of computing a coprime fraction of a two-dimensional (2-D) rational matrix, not necessarily proper. It is achieved by searching the primary linearly dependent rows, in order from top to bottom, of the two generalized resultants. Although the procedure is an extension of the 2-D scalar and 1-D matrix cases, the extension is highly nontrivial and the ideas involved is drastically different. The result can also be used to compute greatest common divisor (GCD) of 2-D polynomial matrices without employing primitive factorizations. Since the primitive factorization does not exist in three or higher dimensional case, it may not be possible to extend the existing methods of computing GCD, which rely heavyly on the primitive factorization, to three or higher dimensional case. The procedure presented in this paper however can be so extended.
Physical Activity Measurement Device Agreement: Pedometer Steps/Minute and Physical Activity Time

The purpose of this study was to examine agreement between the Walk4Life DUO pedometer (W4L; Walk4Life, Plainfield, Illinois, USA) and two criterion instruments in the measurement of physical activity. Participants (N = 189, M = 16.74 years, SD = .99) in high school physical education concurrently wore the DUO (i.e., comparison instrument) and Yamax SW651 pedometers (Yamax Corp., Japan; i.e., criterion instrument), and were video recorded for off-site systematic behavioral observation (i.e., criterion instrument). Physical activity measures were steps/minute (i.e., DUO and SW651) and physical activity time (minutes; i.e., DUO and behavioral observation). Relative agreement between physical activity measures was strong (r ≥ .97, p ≤ .05). However, overall absolute agreement suggests that the DUO pedometer underestimates steps/minute (mean difference score [Mdiff ] = 3.13, SD = 4.73, t = 9.07, p = .0001), overestimates physical activity time (Mdiff = −10.76, SD = 6.46, t = −17.22, p = .0001), and does not p...
Characterization of the separation properties of the Beckman elutriator system.

The role of fluid flow in the elutriation process was visualized by pumping dye solution through the Beckman JE-6 elutriator rotor. Three major fluid flow disturbances were observed in the separation chambers, namely; jet-streaming, ripple flow, and whirl flow. In order to evaluate the effects of these non-ideal fluid flow patterns on the separation of homogeneous populations of particles or cells, 12–35 μm diameter latex spheres and 9L rat brain tumor cells were fractionated with the Beckman elutriator system. The elutriator system was evaluated on the basis of: (1) recovery, (2) elution loss during loading, (3) homogeneity of the size distributions, and (4) the relationship of the median volume of eluted particles or cells to the rotor speed and the collection fluid velocity. Both a conventional collection method (two 40-mL fractions at each collection rotor speed) and a long collection method (10–15 40-mL fractions at several collection rotor speeds) were compared to determine if collection procedures could compensate for some of the difficulties caused by the non-ideal fluid flow patterns. Although more than 90% of the particles or cells were always recovered, about 5% eluted during the loading procedure. Neither collection method altered this phenomenon. The collected populations, but this was accompanied by a reduction in cell yield. The median particle or cell volume of each fraction agreed with that expected under ideal fluid flow conditions except at high and low rotor speeds when the conventional collection method was used.
Coronary Microembolization: the Role of TNF- α in Contractile Dysfunction

Coronary microembolization is a frequent complication of atherosclerotic plaque rupture in acute coronary syndromes and during coronary interventions. Experimental coronary microembolization results in progressive contractile dysfunction associated with a local inflammation. We studied the causal role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the progressive contractile dysfunction resulting from coronary microembolization. Anesthetized dogs were subjected to either coronary microembolization with infusion of 3.000 microspheres (42 microm diameter) per ml coronary inflow into the left circumflex coronary artery (n=9), or to intracoronary infusion of recombinant human TNF-alpha without microembolization (n=4), or to treatment with anti-murine TNF-alpha sheep antibodies prior to microembolization (n=4). Posterior systolic wall thickening (PWT; sonomicrometry) decreased from 21.1+/-5.3% (s.d.) at baseline to 5.5+/-2.2% (P<0.05) at 8 h after microembolization. Infarct size (1.8+/-1.9%; TTC and histology) and the amount of apoptosis (<0.1%; TUNEL and DNA-laddering) were small. TNF-alpha at the protein level (WEHI cytolytic assay) was increased and localized to leukocytes (immunostaining), which were increased in number (quantitative histology). In situ hybridization for TNF-alpha mRNA identified viable cardiomyocytes surrounding the microinfarcts as the major source of TNF-alpha. Supporting the role of TNF-alpha, infusion of TNF-alpha without microembolization decreased PWT from 27.3+/-6.9% at baseline to 10.1+/-4.9% after 8 h (P<0.05); in contrast, in the presence of TNF-alpha antibodies, microembolization no longer reduced PWT (19.3+/-7.0% at baseline v 16.9+/-5.0% at 8 h). In conclusion, TNF-alpha is the mediator responsible for the profound contractile dysfunction following coronary microembolization.
Emergence of the Western and Northern Corn Rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Four Tillage Systems

Emergence of the western corn root worm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, and northern corn root worm (NCR), D. barberi Smith and Lawrence, was evaluated in four tillage systems near Ames, Iowa, from 1983 through 1985. Linear regression equations ( y = a + bx ) and coefficients of determination (R2) are presented that describe cumulative emergence (y) (probit scale) on Julian date (x) for both species in each tillage system. Initial emergence generally was delayed in conservation tillage treatments for the WCR. The rate of WCR emergence in these tillage systems was greater, however, than in more conventional practices. Because of increased rates of WCR emergence from conservation tillage practices, cumulative beetle emergence by mid-August through early September is comparable among tillage treatments despite delayed emergence associated with conservation practices. Emergence of NCR was less affected by tillage.
The effect of the rehydration temperature and rehydration medium on the viability of freeze-dried spirillum atlanticum*

Summary Recovery of freeze-dried cultures of S. atlanticum Williams and Rittenberg, ATCC 12753, suspended in Seven Seas sucrose protective medium, were greatly influenced by varying the conditions of rehydration. Effects of the rehydration medium were determined using different concentrations of sucrose in water and Seven Seas medium. Higher recovery was obtained as the concentration of sucrose was increased up to 24%. Rehydration carried out by adding the medium to freeze-dried cultures held at −196°C and then thawing rapidly resulted in better recovery than rehydration carried out at room temperature.
Veneers and plywood—their manufacture and use

Two closely related industries that depend, to a major degree, upon domestic sources of red gum, Douglasfir, black walnut, red and white oaks, sugar maple, Sitka spruce, Ponderosa pine and Port Orford cedar; and upon foreign sources of mahogany, rosewood, zebrawood, avodire, bosse, ebony and other exotic species.
Improved Shock-Capturing Methods for Multicomponent and Reacting Flows

Existing shock-capturing schemes have difficulties with multispecies computations, creating nonphysical glitches at species interfaces. We attribute these glitches to inconsistencies in the equation of state in cells containing several species. Our remedy is to define mixtures within a grid cell as a collection of species which can possess distinct temperatures. This formulation requires solving an additional set of species energy equations. Computational results show that the glitches have been eliminated. For chemically reacting flow simulations, existing splitting methods often generate nonphysical waves at stiff reaction fronts. We show that this numerical phenomenon is due to the mixture model that overestimates the reaction temperature. This is avoided by introducing an enforcement on the reaction temperature that depends on the temperatures of each species. We demonstrate that the method computes detonation waves with time steps and grid sizes much larger than would be allowed to resolve reaction zones.
FAILURE OF MONO-CHLOROACETONE TO INFLUENCE 3,4-BENZPYRENE MOUSE SKIN TUMORIGENESIS.

Dans un memoire paru en 1941,Crabtree a decrit un cas unique de carcinogenese chimique experimentale dans lequel selon le degre de concentration ou selon l'ordre adopte pour le badigeonnage, le chloroacetone accelere ou inhibe l'apparition des tumeurs provoquees par le 3,4-benzpyrene (a 0,3%) sur la peau de la souris. Pour le confirmer, des experiences utilisant dix groupes de 30 souris femelles chacuns et huit concentrations croissantes de chloroacetone de 0,1 a 4,0%, n'ont pas montre de differences statistiquement significatives entre les groupes experimentaux et celui du controle.
VERBAL CONDITIONING: MEDIATOR OF EXPERIMENTER EXPECTANCY EFFECTS

Three experiments in E outcome-bias were analyzed to test the hypotheses that verbal conditioning (1) is a necessary condition for, and (2) serves to augment, the mediation of the E outcome-bias ph...
Regulation of peroxisome dynamics

Peroxisomes are single-membraned organelles ubiquitous to eukaryotic cells that house metabolic reactions that generate and destroy harmful oxidative intermediates. They are dynamic structures whose morphology, abundance, composition, and function depend on the cell type and environment. Perhaps due to the potentially damaging and protective metabolic roles of peroxisomes and their dynamic presence in the cell, peroxisome biogenesis is emerging as a process that involves complex underlying mechanisms of regulated formation and maintenance. There are roughly 30 known peroxins, proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis, many of which have been conserved from yeast to mammals. This review focuses on the biogenesis of peroxisomes with an emphasis on the regulation of peroxisome formation and the import of peroxisomal matrix proteins in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
When Fringe Goes Mainstream Again: A Comparative Textual Analysis of the Tea Party Movement's Contract from America and the Republican Party Platform

AbstractSuccessful social movements gain an inside voice and reshape the larger system from within. Knowing the extent to which the Tea Party movement has gained a voice within the Republican Party is vital to understanding the current state of party politics in America. This study analyzes the presence of the goals contained within the Tea Party movement's Contract from America in the Republican platform, finding that each plank of the contract was represented in the 2012 Republican national platform. Increased emphasis on the constitution and fiscal responsibility did not come at the expense of the inclusion of social conservatism or religion. Placing fiscal conservatism within a context of morality and responsibility to God, the 2012 platform reveals a move toward the fusionism popularized by Reagan. The incorporation of Contract from America goals indicates assimilation of Tea Party ideology within the GOP, potentially precipitating the movement's decline. By adopting Tea Party movement compatible ide...
Moments of Some Stopping Rules

Let X n for n [ges ]1 be independent random variables with EX n =0 and EX 2 n =1. Set S k,n = [sum ] i 1 i k [les ] n X i 1 … X i k . Define T k,c,m = inf{ n [ges ] m [ratio ][mid ] k ! S k,n [mid ] > cn k /2 }. We study critical values c k,p for k [ges ]2 and p >0, such that ET p k,c,m <∞ for c c k,p and all m , and ET p k,c,m =∞ for c > c k,p and all sufficiently large m . In particular, c 1,1 = c 2,1 =1, c 3,1 =2 and c 4,1 =3 under certain moment conditions on X 1 , when X n are identically distributed. We also investigate perturbed stopping rules of the form T h,m =inf{ n [ges ] m [ratio ] h ( S 1, n / n 1/2 ) n or >ζ n } for continuous functions h and random variables ζ n ∼ a and ζ n ∼ b with a b . Related stopping rules of the Wiener process are also considered via the Uhlenbeck process.
A Process for the Simultaneous Production of Radiation Hardened Complementary Linear Bipolar and Linear Metal Gate CMOS Devices

A process has been developed for the manufacture of radiation hardened linear metal gate CMOS devices and complementary linear bipolar devices on the same silicon chip. The devices are fabricated into dielectrically isolated single crystal silicon tubs in a polysilicon substrate. A pyrogenic oxidation process was used to form the CMOS gate oxides, and total dose hardness to 1 Mrad(Si) has been demonstrated for both CMOS and bipolar devices. The pyrogenic oxidation process has been applied to a radiation hardened digital CMOS fabrication process, and a significant decrease in radiation effects has been observed in devices fabricated with the pyrogenic process.
Nitrogen recovery by orchardgrass from dairy manure applied with or without fertilizer nitrogen

Abstract With increasing manure production per unit cropland available for its disposal, greater recovery and recycling of manure nitrogen (N) through crop uptake is needed on dairy farms to minimize environmental problems. This study was conducted in 1990 and 1991 on a sandy loam soil with the objective of quantifyin forage yield and N recovery by orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) in response to dairy manure applied in spring with or without fertilizer N. Manure N, either as liquid or as solid with bedding, was surface applied annually to supply 150 kg total N/ha/yr with four rates of fertilizer N (0, 75, 150, and 300 kg N/ha in 1990 and 0, 150, 300, and 600 kg N/ha in 1991) factorially superimposed over the manure treatments. Averaged over years, orchardgrass recovered 40% of the liquid manure N and 26% of the solid manure N applied each year. On an annual basis, the crop recovered 430 kg soil N/ha/yr from plots receiving liquid manure in combination with 600 kg fertilizer N/ha. This study demonstrat...
Camptothecins and topoisomerase I: a foot in the door. Targeting the genome beyond topoisomerase I with camptothecins and novel anticancer drugs: importance of DNA replication, repair and cell cycle checkpoints.

Abstract Camptothecins selectively target topoisomerase I (Top1) by trapping the catalytic intermediate of the Top1-DNA reaction, the cleavage complex. Hence, camptothecins represent a paradigm for targeting macromolecular interactions. Instead of preventing the binding of the two macromolecules they target (Top1 and DNA), camptothecins slow down the dissociation of these macromolecules. The activity of camptothecins underlines the usefulness of screening for drugs that inhibit the dissociation of macromolecules. Camptothecins and non-CPT Top1 inhibitors are being developed to improve the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology of camptothecins, and it is likely that drugs with improved anticancer activity will be discovered. Although Top1 is the only primary target of camptothecins, the mechanisms of camptothecins' anticancer activity rest beyond the formation of cleavage complexes. Indeed, Top1 cleavage complexes lead to replication- (and transcription-) mediated DNA damage. It is likely that DNA damage can be repaired more efficiently in normal than in cancer cells that are intrinsically deficient for DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoints. Evaluating such deficiencies in clinical samples is becoming possible. If specific deficiencies are associated with clinical responses, their detection should guide therapeutic decisions. Furthermore, targeting DNA repair (Tdp1) and checkpoints (ATM, Chk1 and Chk2) might increase the selectivity of Top1 inhibitors for tumors, thereby increasing the antitumor activity while reducing the side effects of Top1 inhibitors.
Kinetics of Ig VH region gene expression: Allotypic and idiotypic specificities of anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies produced by al-suppressed a1a3 rabbits

The amount of anti-p-azophenylarsonate (anti-Ars‡) antibodies produced by al-suppressed a1a3 heterozygous rabbits was similar to the amount produced by nonsuppressed a1a3 rabbits. However, when the al allotype emerged from suppression, the previously observed preferential expression of the al allotype for these antibodies was not restored: the al anti-Ars Ab produced in these rabbits remained very low. These observations suggest that the establishment of clones of the nonsuppressed-a3 allotype early in the immune response prevented the preferential expression of al anti-Ars Ab later on. By radioimmunoprecipitation, the kinetics of the idiotypic specificities of the anti-Ars antibodies were studied, along with the VHa locus allotypic specificities, from two rabbits. The idiotype of the al anti-Ars Ab produced, after the emergence of the al allotype from suppression, appeared to be different from the a3 anti-Ars Ab produced in the same rabbit, rabbit R2-3. In a second rabbit, R3, producing exclusively anti-Ars Ab of the a3 allotype, however, two transitions in idiotype expression were observed; the first idiotype disappeared for a period of about 30 weeks, and then reappeared. This transition in idiotypes may reflect a mechanism of autoregulation, that requires further investigation.
Gradient-based microstructure reconstructions from distributions using fast Fourier transforms

Reconstructions are an important step in analyzing the statistics of local state distributions in the internal structure of heterogeneous material systems and in estimating their effective properties using deterministic models. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) and gradient-based algorithms for the reconstruction of microstructure realizations from 2-point statistics. The FFT method greatly improves the computational efficiency of the algorithm, facilitating use of the full set of 2-point statistics in the reconstruction. This approach introduces periodic boundary conditions naturally into the model. The reconstruction of several two-phase 2D structures is demonstrated, resulting in exact replicas of the original microstructures. The limitations of the technique, especially for more complex structures, are also discussed.
Bile, pancreatic cancer, and the activation of pancreatic juice

Abstract Bile and pancreatic juice vary in their trypsin inhibitor content. Activation of bile-pancreatic juice mixtures (1:1) occurred when the combined trypsin inhibitory capacity was low. No activation was seen with bile having a high trypsin inhibitor content. Pancreatic juice activated faster where more trypsin inhibitor complex was present. With calcium (25 mM), pancreatic secretions activated in a similar order as with the trypsin-inhibitor-free bile. We propose that activation occurs more readily where large amounts of the trypsin-inhibitor complex are present in pancreatic juice as a result of carcinoma or other etiologies.