cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods to Analyze Bone Regenerative Response to Different rhBMP-2 Doses in Rabbit Craniofacial Defects

Multiple assessment methods are available to evaluate the performance of engineered scaffolds in accepted bone healing animal models. Evaluation and comparison of these methods can aid in the planning of future animal studies, as well as, inform clinical assessments as the engineered scaffolds translate into clinical studies and applications. To evaluate multiple bone assessment techniques, bone regrowth potential of tyrosine-derived polycarbonate (TyrPC) scaffolds loaded with various dosages of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) (0, 10, 25, and 50 μg) was assessed after 16 weeks in vivo in a rabbit calvarial model. Traditional X-ray radiography and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analyses were used to quantify the volume and density of regenerated bone. Histomorphometric analysis was performed as the traditional gold standard of evaluation. While these techniques are fairly standard in bone tissue engineering, we also investigated 64-slice CT, a tool more commonly used clinically, for comparison and to guide translational efforts. The 64-slice CT scans were carried out at 4 and 16 weeks to monitor temporal bone healing patterns. Study results indicated a clear dose-dependent response of increasing regenerated bone volume with rhBMP-2 loaded on the TyrPC scaffolds after 16 weeks of implantation. Significantly more bone formation was observed at the highest dose of rhBMP-2 (50 μg), which is 25-50% of the previously recommended dose (100-200 μg) for this defect. A significant difference was observed between the lowest and highest doses using radiographs (p<0.001), micro-CT (p=0.002), and CT (p<0.001) and a high correlation was found between techniques (R(2) values between 0.446 and 0.911). It was found that the number of animals required per group to detect significant dose effects ranged between 6 and 8 for the imaging methods while histomorphometric analysis would require 25 animals per group to detect similar differences (desired power=0.9, α=0.05). Radiographic analysis provided quantifiable % defect coverage and radio-opacity, micro-CT provided spatial volumetric and bone density measures, histomorphometry provided biological confirmation, and 64-slice CT allowed for establishing of clinically relevant translational guidelines. These methodologies allow for a standardized and comprehensive description of bone regeneration and provide guidelines for the planning of future preclinical and clinical studies.
Flat intraepithelial lesions of the urinary bladder.

BACKGROUND In the 1998 World Health Organization and International Society of Urologic Pathology (WHO/ISUP) classification system for bladder neoplasms, flat intraepithelial lesions of the urinary bladder were categorized as reactive atypia, atypia of unknown significance, dysplasia, and carcinoma in situ. The clinical outcomes of patients diagnosed with these atypical urothelial proliferations are uncertain. METHODS The authors studied a series of patients who were diagnosed with reactive atypia of the urinary bladder (25 patients), urothelial atypia of unknown significance (35), or urothelial dysplasia (26) between 1985 and 1993. All histologic slides were reviewed and classified according to the 1998 World Health Organization and International Society of Urologic Pathology classification system. Patients with a concomitant or prior history of carcinoma in situ or urothelial carcinoma were excluded. RESULTS Patient age at diagnosis ranged from 24 to 88 years (mean, 65 years). The male-to-female ratio was 3:1. The mean follow-up was 3.9 years (range, 0.1–13.4 years; median, 3.5 years). None of the patients with reactive atypia or atypia of unknown significance developed dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, or urothelial carcinoma. Four patients (15%) with urothelial dysplasia developed biopsy-proven cancer, including 3 patients with muscle-invasive cancer. The mean interval from the diagnosis of urothelial dysplasia to the development of cancer was 4.5 years. CONCLUSIONS Patients with a diagnosis of urothelial atypia of unknown significance or reactive atypia do not have adverse clinical outcomes, whereas patients with urothelial dysplasia of the bladder have an increased risk for the development of carcinoma in situ and urothelial carcinoma. Cancer 2000;88:625–31. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Delayed metamorphosis in Galleria mellonella: Interaction of chilling and space deprivation

Abstract A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was performed with each of 18 age classes within the last instar of Galleria mellonella . The two experimental factors applied to each age class were chilling and space deprivation; combinations of each factor were tested at two levels (present or absent). The 3-parameter Weibull function was used to calculate the proportion of animals undergoing larval-pupal ecdysis. Significant differences among time-trend statistics were related to interaction between chilling and space deprivation, as well as to age class. In general, chilling without space deprivation produced a small delay relative to the unchilled, not space-deprived condition. With space deprivation, however, chilling accelerated pupation compared to space deprivation alone. The order in which the chilled, space-deprived and space-deprived groups pupated expresses the essence of the interaction. Contrary to an additive effect, delayed development resulting from space deprivation appeared to be mitigated by chilling. Salivary gland stiffening was observed in chilled, space-deprived animals. With space deprivation, stiffening was associated with faster development compared to that of unchilled animals. These observations are discussed in the context of extant hypotheses of endocrine mechanisms responsible for the separate effects of chilling and space deprivation.
Particle agglomeration and the value of the exponent n in the richardson—zaki equation

Abstract The expansion data of Mogan for fine solids fluidized with gas under pressure have been re-examined. By assuming that particle aggregation had occurred, a modified Richardson-Zaki relationship was derived involving an “effective” porosity. An improved correlation of the data was obtained and the index n was reduced to the range 3.0 – 3.5 from the value 6.0 used by Mogan . It is suggested that the large values of n often reported in the literature for fine particles may be due to increased effective particle volume caused by agglomeration or irregular particle shape.
A novel technique for detecting lithographic defects

This method uses accelerated electrolytic etching of metal by photoresist developer, and therefore permits developing and etching in one solution, eliminating the need for two separate process steps. This procedure is the key to identifying strictly lithographic defects, and is applied to the verification of the voting lithography scheme. Defects were deliberately introduced on masks used in these experiments. Almost complete elimination of these defects on wafer patterns is achieved using vote-taking lithography. >
Regula Philippi Arrhidaei

FRANZ Cumont (in Isis, 1936, 26: 8–12) discussed under this title a passage which the monk Hilduin had inserted in his biography of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite. Dionysius (who probably lived in the early 6th century1) is supposed to have consulted, in connection with a solar eclipse, “regulam Philippi Aridaei.” Cumont is, of course, right in taking regula as the Latin equivalent for κανων in the technical sense of “astronomical table.” I also follow Cumont in rejecting suggestions of Fabricius and Bockh to emend the text and to ascribe the tables to Plato’s pupil Philip of Medma, or Opus, instead of to Philip Arrhidaeus. Cumont himself thought of tables dedicated to Philip Arrhidaeus, the half-witted puppet king chosen to be Alexander’s successor as a compromise in the struggle for power between Alexander’s generals.
S3 sets, an extension of the Beale-Tomlin special ordered sets

In this work an extension of the Beale-Tomlin special ordered sets is introduced that has proved to be efficient for solving certain types of open shop scheduling problems. Besides their usual characteristics, exclusivity constraints in the jobs are allowed, more general than tree-like precedence structures are considered, and semi-active schedules that cannot be labeled as non-optimal solutions may occur. The problem is formulated as a large-scale 0–1 model. Computational experience on some real-life problems is reported.
Deterministic Control of Large-scale Uncertain Dynamical Systems☆

We consider the design of control schemes for large-scale systems composed of interconnected subsystems with time-varying uncertainties. The local control, utilizing solely the state of the subsystem, and the global control, utilizing the states of the neighboring subsystems as additional information, are proposed to guarantee certain deterministic performance, including uniform boundedness and uniform ultimate boundedness. It can be shown that the local control is applicable provided a test matrix T satisfies certain requirements. The global control, on the other hand, is applicable if the interconnections between subsystems satisfy certain structural constraints. The salient features of these control schemes is that the only information required is the bounds of uncertainties.
An approach to natural 2-alkyl-6-methylpiperidines via N-acyllactam rearrangement

Abstract Application of the Mundy N-acyllactam rearrangement to 6 - methyl - 2 - piperidone has led to a synthesis of optically active dihydropinidine, confirming the absolute configuration of the pine alkaloid pinidine, and to a new synthesis of the fire ant toxin, Solenopsin A.
Using social stories for students on the autism spectrum: teacher perspectives

Stories in one form or another have been used for thousands of years to influence social behaviour. A social story is a short story created specifically for an individual with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and focuses on social skills (e.g. initiating conversations) that need to be developed for him or her or on helping the individual adjust to challenging situations (e.g. transition between activities). This qualitative study was conducted to investigate how teachers create social stories and to uncover their perspectives about the impact of these stories on students with ASDs. Teachers (n = 6) were interviewed to ascertain their understanding of social stories, and to identify the skills and resources they used as well as wished were available to them for developing stories relevant for their students. Findings from this study raise implications relevant for research, policy and practice not just in the field of autism but also in teacher education for inclusive settings.
Bringing Context Into Focus: Parallels i n tHe Psychology of Attention and the Philosophy of Science

In the experimental psychology of attention, the phenomenon of attentional context has been underappreciated, while focal attention has taken center stage. Similar problems of context are found in certain realist arguments in .the philosophy of science. Through the lens of Aron Gurwitsch's phenomenology of attention, this paper discusses and evaluates the ways in which context is or is not brought into focus in experimental psychology and the philosophy of science. It concludes that recent developments in both realms show promise. Also some ways are indicated in which phenomenology, experimental psychology, and philosophy of science can benefit from each other.
Confirmation of the catania brachydactylous type of acrofacial dysostosis: Report of a second family

The acrofacial dysostoses (AFD) are a heterogeneous group of disorders combining varying severities of mandibulofacial dysostosis (MFD) with pre- and/or postaxial limb abnormalities. In 1993, Opitz et al. [Am J Med Genet 47:660-678] described a new AFD with mental retardation in a Sicilian mother and her four sons characterized by intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), postnatal short stature, microcephaly, widow's peak, MFD without cleft palate, mild pre- and postaxial limb hypoplasia with brachydactyly, mild interdigital webbing, and cryptorchidism and hypospadias in males. We report a mother and daughter with this same phenotype, confirming this new type of AFD and expanding the clinical phenotype to include frequent dental caries. Analysis of cephalometric and metacarpophalangeal profiles in this family showed no distinctive diagnostic abnormalities. This family confirms the Catania brachydactylous type of AFD and supports an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, although male-to-male transmission has not been demonstrated.
Hormonal aspects of epilepsy

The relationships among hormones, epilepsy, and the medications used to treat epilepsy are complex, with tridirectional interactions that affect both men and women in various ways. Abnormalities of baseline endocrine status occur more commonly in people with epilepsy. Abnormalities are most often described for the sex steroid hormone axis, commonly presenting as sexual dysfunction in men and women with epilepsy and lower fertility. Other signs and symptoms in women with epilepsy include menstrual irregularities, premature menopause, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. The evaluation and care of adult patients with epilepsy should include considerations of the common hormonal aberrations that occur in this patient population. Questions about reproductive health disorders, sexual function, symptoms of thyroid disorders, and bone health should be part of the evaluation of all adult patients with epilepsy. Further laboratory or radiologic testing and referral to other specialists to participate in collaborative care may be warranted if underlying disorders are suspected, especially given that many of these hormone abnormalities can result in long-term health risks as well as negatively affect quality of life. AEDs and hormones have a bidirectional interaction that can impair the efficacy of contraceptive hormone treatments and of the AEDs. Endogenous hormones can influence seizure severity and frequency, resulting in catamenial patterns of epilepsy. However, this susceptibility to hormonal influences can be used to develop hormonal strategies to improve seizure control in women with epilepsy with use of cyclic PROG supplementation or alteration of the endogenous hormone release. Additionally, development of the neurosteroid analog ganaxolone provides a novel approach that can potentially be used across both genders and all age groups.
Size matters in object-based attentional selection

Stimuli We manipulated object width in a visual target discrimination task similar to that of Egly et al.1. Subjects were presented with two parallel rectangles or two trapezoids, with both objects presented vertically or horizontally. Rectangles were identical and of two possible widths ('narrow' or 'large'). Trapezoids were identical but in opposite orientations, with the 'narrow' base of one object adjacent to the 'large' base of the other. Results
Measurement of electron transport properties of molecular junctions fabricated by electrochemical and mechanical methods

We describe two methods to fabricate metal-molecule-metal junctions. The first method starts with a pair of electrodes separated with a molecular scale gap on an oxidized silicon substrate. These electrodes are fabricated by combining electron beam lithography and electrochemical deposition/etching. A molecular junction is formed when a molecule bridges the gap. This method can fabricate rather stable molecular junctions, however, the yield is low and the exact number of molecules in the junctions is uncertain. The second method forms a molecular junction by separating a scanning tunneling microscope tip from contact with a metal substrate in a solution containing sample molecules. This method, although is not device compatible, can create a large number of molecular junctions over a short period of time, which is ideal for statistical analysis.
Cultural and religious aspects of palliative care

For most clinicians and patients, the discussion of palliative care is a difficult topic. It is complicated by both the clinician's and patient's belief systems, which are frequently heavily influenced by cultural and religious upbringing. This article discusses the impact of some of those differences on attitudes toward end of life decisions. Several different religions and cultures have been evaluated for their impact on perceptions of palliative care and the authors will share some examples.
Distribution of α2-adrenergic receptor mRNAs in the rat CNS

alpha 2-Adrenergic receptors (ARs) are involved in central nervous system (CNS) control of blood pressure. It is now known that there are three human genes that encode subtypes of alpha 2-ARs, but little is known regarding the distribution of these subtypes throughout the CNS. The availability of receptor clones allows the mapping of mRNAs encoding the individual alpha 2-AR subtypes in the CNS. In this communication, we report that there are three, closely related rat alpha 2-AR genes. We have developed subtype-specific hybridization probes from each of these genes and have used these reagents to measure alpha 2-AR subtype mRNA accumulation in extracts of discrete regions of the rat CNS. We found that mRNAs encoding the alpha 2A-AR and alpha 2C-AR subtypes are distributed widely, but unevenly, throughout the rat CNS. The A subtype is prominent in the midbrain, brainstem, spinal cord, pituitary and diencephalon while the C subtype predominates in basal ganglia and cerebellum. The cortex, olfactory bulb and hippocampus contain roughly equal amounts of the alpha 2A- and alpha 2C-AR mRNAs. A third subtype's (alpha 2B-AR) mRNA is far less abundant in brain tissues, and is only found in the diencephalon.
Role of Character Strengths in Outcome After Mild Complicated to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Positive Psychology Study

Objective: To examine the effects of character strengths on psychosocial outcomes after mild complicated to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: Prospective study with consecutive enrollment. Setting: A Midwestern rehabilitation hospital. Participants: Persons with mild complicated to severe TBI (NZ65). Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Community Integration Measure, Disability Rating Scale, Modified Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Values in Action Inventory of Strengths, and Wechsler Test of Adult Reading. Results: Character virtues and strengths were moderately associated with subjective outcomes, such that there were fewer and less strong associations between character virtues/strengths and objective outcomes than subjective outcomes. Specifically, positive attributes were associated with greater life satisfaction and perceived community integration. Fewer and less strong associations were observed for objective well-being; however, character strengths and virtues showed unique value in predicting physical health and disability. Positive affectivity was not meaningfully related to objective outcomes, but it was significantly related to subjective outcomes. In contrast, negative affectivity was related to objective but not subjective outcomes. Conclusions: Given the strength of the associations between positive aspects of character or ways of perceiving the world and positive feelings about one’s current life situation, treatments focused on facilitating these virtues and strengths in persons who have experienced TBI may result in better perceived outcomes and potentially subsequently lower comorbidities. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2014;95:2096-102 a 2014 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine
The cleavage of 2,5-dihydro-2-furanylcarbene

Abstract Atomic carbon reacts with 2,5-dihydrofuran to effect deoxygenation and by C-H insertion to give 2,5-dihydro-2-furanylcarbene which subsequently cleaves to two molecules of acetylene and formaldehyde.
Structure determination of fibrillarin from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus.

Abstract The methyltransferase fibrillarin is the catalytic component of ribonucleoprotein complexes that direct site-specific methylation of precursor ribosomal RNA and are critical for ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes and archaea. Here we report the crystal structure of a fibrillarin ortholog from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus at 1.97 A resolution. Comparisons of the X-ray structures of fibrillarin orthologs from Methanococcus jannashii and Archaeoglobus fulgidus reveal nearly identical backbone configurations for the catalytic C-terminal domain with the exception of a unique loop conformation at the S -adenosyl- l -methionine (AdoMet) binding pocket in P. furiosus . In contrast, the N-terminal domains are divergent which may explain why some forms of fibrillarin apparently homodimerize ( M. jannashii ) while others are monomeric ( P. furiosus and A. fulgidus ). Three positively charged amino acids surround the AdoMet-binding site and sequence analysis indicates that this is a conserved feature of both eukaryotic and archaeal fibrillarins. We discuss the possibility that these basic residues of fibrillarin are important for RNA-guided rRNA methylation.
Pregnancy-Related Attrition in General Surgery

Importance Residency attrition rates remain a great challenge for general surgery training programs. Despite the increasing acceptance of pregnancy during training, 1 common perception is that women who become pregnant are at increased risk of leaving surgery programs. Objective To determine whether child rearing increases the risk of attrition from general surgery residency. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective review of all categorical general surgery residents in a single academic general surgery residency program over a 10-year period. All categorical general surgery residents matriculated from July 1, 1999, until July 1, 2009. Main Outcomes and Measures Voluntary attrition rate, involuntary attrition rate, and incidence of child rearing among residents. Results Eighty-five residents matched into categorical general surgery postgraduate year 1 spots from July 1, 1999, to July 1, 2009. Of the total residents, 49 (58%) were men while 36 (42%) were women. Attrition in the program was 18.8% (16 of 85). Seven (44%) of the residents who left the program were women; this was 19% of all female residents in the program. This was not significantly different from the proportion of men who left the program ( P = .90). A higher percentage of women (57%) left after their intern year compared with men (22%). Furthermore, men had the highest rate of attrition during research (33%) while no women left during research years. Among the 85 residents, 9 women reported a total of 10 pregnancies and 16 men reported raising 21 children (1 woman and 1 man left the program). The proportion of child rearing was higher in those who did not leave the program but this did not reach significance ( P = .10). Neither age (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.8-1.4), sex (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.2-3.6), nor incidence of child rearing during training (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.1-9.6) were associated with an increased risk of attrition. Residents with children born during training did not demonstrate fewer total case numbers (men, P = .40; women, P = .93) or board pass rates (men, P = .76; women, P = .50) compared with residents who did not have children during training. Women who had children during training were more likely to pursue fellowship (87.5%) than those who did not (66.7%)( P Conclusions and Relevance The current study demonstrated there was no association between female sex and attrition at our institution. Child rearing did not appear to be a risk factor for attrition in either men or women. Furthermore, child rearing did not negatively impact the quality of training based on case numbers and board pass rates. Despite prevalent stereotypes, child rearing did not cause women or men to leave the program.
The Transmission of Visible Light through Fog

Measurements were made on the transmission of visible light through artificial fog which was produced by condensing low pressure steam in a chamber 300 cm long and about 25 cm square. Curves for several fog densities were obtained and they all indicated a definite maximum transmission at about 0.490\ensuremath{\mu}. The relation between the transmission of light through fog and the fog density was found to be practically linear. The maxima obtained are not in agreement with the results of other investigators but a comparison of the particle sizes of the fogs used in this work with those of the fogs used by others leads to the conclusion that the shape of the transmission curve is dependent on the particular particle size or sizes of the fog on which the measurements are made.
The measurement of in vivo joint angles during a squat using a single camera markerless motion capture system as compared to a marker based system.

Abstract Markerless motion capture may have the potential to make motion capture technology widely clinically practical. However, the ability of a single markerless camera system to quantify clinically relevant, lower extremity joint angles has not been studied in vivo. Therefore, the goal of this study was to compare in vivo joint angles calculated using a marker-based motion capture system and a Microsoft Kinect during a squat. Fifteen individuals participated in the study: 8 male, 7 female, height 1.702 ± 0.089 m, mass 67.9 ± 10.4 kg, age 24 ± 4 years, BMI 23.4 ± 2.2 kg/m2. Marker trajectories and Kinect depth map data of the leg were collected while each subject performed a slow squat motion. Custom code was used to export virtual marker trajectories for the Kinect data. Each set of marker trajectories was utilized to calculate Cardan knee and hip angles. The patterns of motion were similar between systems with average absolute differences of 0.9 for both systems. The peak angles calculated by the marker-based and Kinect systems were largely correlated (r > 0.55). These results suggest the data from the Kinect can be post processed in way that it may be a feasible markerless motion capture system that can be used in the clinic.
Searching for oscillations of atmospheric and accelerator neutrinos with GeNIUS

Abstract A very large (17KT) fine-grained sampling calorimeter is discussed for use in studying contained events induced by atmospheric or accelerator neutrinos for the purpose of searching for neutrino oscillations. The ratio of neutral current to charged current events can be used to rule out a large region of the currently allowed parameter space with accelerator and atmospheric neutrinos providing complimentary measurements.
The Invention of Free Labor: The Employment Relation in English and American Law and Culture, 1350-1870

Examining the emergence of the modern conception of free labor--labor that could not be legally compelled, even though voluntarily agreed upon--Steinfeld explains how English law dominated the early American colonies, making violation of al labor agreements punishable by imprisonment. By the eighteenth century, traditional legal restrictions no longer applied to many kinds of colonial workers, but it was not until the nineteenth century that indentured servitude came to be regarded as similar to slavery.
Regulation of melanogenesis by human uveal melanocytes in vitro

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate factors regulating melanogenesis in cultured human uveal melanocytes. The effects of various substances on the melanin content, tyrosinase activity and growth of cultured uveal melanocytes were tested. 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (a protein kinase C activator) and various cAMP-elevating agents, including isobutylmethylxanthine, cholera toxin, and dibutyryl-cAMP increased melanin content per culture, tyrosinase activity and cell numbers of uveal melanocytes in a dose dependent manner. Basic fibroblast growth factor (tyrosine kinase activator) stimulated growth but did not affect melanin content per culture of uveal melanocytesin vitro.These results indicate that cAMP-elevating agents and protein kinase C activator stimulate melanogenesis and growth of cultured uveal melanocytes. Tyrosine kinase activator stimulates growth but not melanogenesis of cultured uveal melanocytes.
Male Graduate Students at a “Women’s College”: Examining the Roles of Academic Motivation, Support, Connection, and Masculinity Ideology

Despite recent statistics indicating that men lag behind women in higher education enrollment and degree attainment, little research has focused on male graduate students. The current study examined 110 male graduate students at a female-concentrated university located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. This study hypothesized that university connection, perceptions of academic supports, and academic motivation related to male graduate students’ intentions to stay at and graduate from the university. The study further hypothesized that masculinity ideology would moderate the relationship between university connection, perceptions of academic supports, and academic motivation and their intentions to stay at and graduate from the university. Data from multiple regression analysis found that academic motivation and university connection were significant predictors of intentions to stay at the university. Moderation analysis indicated that traditional masculinity ideology was a positive moderator between support and intentions to stay. Implications of the findings for future research and helping male graduate students succeed are discussed.
Polymorphic expression in the CD8α chain surface receptor of African lions (Panthera leo)

Free-ranging African lion (Panthera leo) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were examined using flow cytometry and antibodies developed for use in the domestic cat to determine if phenotypic changes occurred in lion lymphocytes as a result of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. The percentage of CD8 cells from lion peripheral blood was considerably lower than in the domestic cat. Lions with elevated levels of CD8+ cells were typically infected with FIV, similar to observations in the domestic cat. Antibodies against the alpha chain of the CD8 receptor (monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3.357) did not react consistently in all lions examined. Flow cytometric analysis determined that approximately 82 and 80% of the animals from Kruger and Hluhluwe-Umfolozi National Parks in South Africa reacted with the monoclonal antibody against the alpha chain of CD8 receptor, while only 17% of the lions in Etosha National Park in Namibia cross-reacted with the CD8alpha chain. There was no apparent correlation between FIV status and CD8alpha chain reactivity. The relative isolation of Etosha from the other two parks could explain the marked difference in CD8alpha chain expression and suggests that lions similar to other mammalian species demonstrate polymorphic expression of the CD8alpha chain (197).
Violence. Prevention in the home health setting

Home care workers face an increasing risk for workplace violence. A proactive preventive approach is presented that suggests strategies to use during the previsit phase, the visit experience, and on an ongoing basis. Language: en
Strontium-calcium discrimination during placental transfer and fetal uptake in rats: effect of gestation duration.

SummaryThe purposes of this study were: (a) to quantitate longitudinally the uptake of 89Sr and 45Ca and the strontium–calcium discrimination of placental structures and fetuses during the final third of the rat gestation period. And, (b) to determine whether dietary protein percentage affects these responses. Twenty-eight female rats, receiving 10 or 22% casein diets, were given iv doses of 89Sr and 45Ca proportional to body weight on either day 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21 of gestation. One day after dosing 89Sr and 45Ca content of fetuses, placentas, maternal carcass and GI tract contents were determined along with 24-hr urine and feces content. Dietary protein percentages had no significant effect on any experimental criterion. Pooled data for both diets showed uptake by placental structures of 0.36 and 0.27% of the 89Sr dose and 0.41 and 0.23% of the 45Ca dose at 13 and 21 days gestation, respectively. Parallel values for fetal uptake were 0.11 and 12.91% of the 89Sr dose and 0.14 and 20.20% of t...
Inequalities in inverse scattering theory

We consider the scattering of time harmonic electromagnetic plane waves by a bounded, inhomogeneous dielectric medium that is partially coated by a thin metallic layer in R 2 . We use far field pattern of the scattered waves at a fixed frequency as dat a to determine the support D of the inhomogeneous obstacle, the surface conductivity that characterizes the coating and the relative per- mittivity. No a prior information on the material propertie s of the scatterer is needed. The support D is determined by the linear sampling method which is based on the approximate solution of the far field equation. This solution is also used to obtain lower bou nds for the surface conductivity and relative permittivity. The techniques for solving this inv erse scattering problem rely on the analysis of a non standard boundary value problem known as the interior transmission problem.
Responses of an old-field plant community to interacting factors of elevated [CO2], warming, and soil moisture

Aims The direct effects of atmospheric and climatic change factors— atmospheric [CO2], air temperature and changes in precipitation— can shape plant community composition and alter ecosystem function. It is essential to understand how these factors interact to make better predictions about how ecosystems may respond to change. We investigated the direct and interactive effects of [CO2], warming and altered soil moisture in open-top chambers (OTCs) enclosing a constructed old-field community to test how these factors shape plant communities. Materials and methods The experimental facility in Oak Ridge, TN, USA, made use of 4-m diameter OTCs and rain shelters to manipulate [CO2] (ambient, ambient + 300 ppm), air temperature (ambient, ambient + 3.5C) and soil moisture (wet, dry). The plant communities within the chambers comprised seven common old-field species, including grasses, forbs and legumes. We tracked foliar cover for each species and calculated community richness, evenness and diversity from 2003 to 2005. Important findings This work resulted in three main findings: (1) warming had speciesspecific effects on foliar cover that varied through time and were altered by soil moisture treatments; (2) [CO2] had little effect on individual species or the community; (3) diversity, evenness and richness were influenced most by soil moisture, primarily reflecting the response of one dominant species. We conclude that individualistic species responses to atmospheric and climatic change can alter community composition and that plant populations and communities should be considered as part of analyses of terrestrial ecosystem response to climate change. However, prediction of plant community responses may be difficult given interactions between factors and changes in response through time.
Phytochemical engineering: Combining chemical reaction engineering with plant science

, water fromany source, and light as reactants and produces chemicals andmaterials for the 6 F’s sectors in our economy: food forhumans, feed for animals, ﬁber, fuel, pharmaceuticals, andfeedstocks for the chemical industry. Now, at the same time,visualize that this same chemical reactor can provide O
Integrating supply chain management concept in a goods movement microsimulation

Freight transportation systems are usually modeled in a framework, primarily designed for passenger transportation. The objective of the study presented in this paper is to introduce a behavioral freight modeling framework, in which the role of firms as the decision making agents is emphasized. This framework simulates the goods movement through the supply chains in five modules: Firm Generation, Supply Chain Replication, Shipment Forecasting, Logistics Planning, and Network Analysis. Second and forth modules are the essence of this behavioral model, but are usually ignored in almost all the current frameworks. To have the framework running, the data requirements are also discussed. Some useful and publicly available datasets in the US are explained along with a proposition for an additional online survey. Primary objective of this survey is to gather needed information on the commodities shipping process, which is missing in the available datasets. Pilot survey's results and some descriptive statistics are also provided.
Speech coding methods, standards, and applications

Voice is the preferred method of human communication. Although there have been times when it seemed that the voice communications problem was solved, such as when the PSTN was our primary network or later when digital cellular networks reached maturity, such is not the case today. This paper addresses the challenges and opportunities starting from the basic issues in speech coder design, developing the important speech coding techniques and standards, discussing current and future applications, outlining techniques for evaluating speech coder performance, and identifying research directions. The most prominent speech coding standards are presented and their properties, such as performance, complexity, and coding delay, analyzed. Particular networks and applications for each standard are included. Further, reflecting upon the issues and developments highlighted in this paper, it becomes evident that there is a diverse set of challenges and opportunities for research and innovation in speech coding and voice communications.
FeSiN films for a narrow track head

FeSiN films for a narrow track head have been studied, utilizing the ion beam reactive sputtering method. By controlling both nitrogen flow ratio and substrate temperature, the low-Si-content FeSiN films with (112) orientation were obtained. The magnetostriction was reduced by this orientation, and good soft magnetic properties appeared. The saturation magnetic flux density of the films was 1.7 T. The 7.5 /spl mu/m trackwidth FeSiN heads showed good recording and reproducing characteristics. >
Risky Behaviors Associated With Interpersonal Victimization Comparisons Based on Type, Number, and Characteristics of Assault Incidents

This study investigated the association of recent risk-taking behaviors (i.e., substance use and risky sexual behaviors) and lifetime interpersonal victimization in a sample of 310 female university students. Specifically, type of victimization (sexual or physical), number of experiences (single vs. multiple), and characteristics of assault (e.g., relationship to the perpetrator) were examined. Univariate analyses indicated that experiencing single and multiple incidents of sexual assault, multiple incidents of physical assault, and both sexual and physical assaults were associated with greater involvement in risk-taking behaviors. In addition, regression analyses revealed that younger age and experiencing sexual assault were uniquely associated with involvement in risky behaviors. Examination of specific characteristics associated with risk taking among victims of sexual assault revealed that experiencing sexual assault in both childhood and adulthood, assault by a friend or acquaintance, and assault by multiple perpetrators were associated with increased involvement in risky behaviors. Implications for future research endeavors are discussed.
The marriage of nutrigenomics with the microbiome: the case of infant-associated bifidobacteria and milk

Broadly, nutrigenomics examines the association of exogenous nutrients and molecular responses to maintain homeostasis in an individual. Phenotypic expression profiling, often transcriptomics, has been applied to identify markers and metabolic consequences of suboptimal diet, lifestyle, or both. The decade after the Human Genome Project has been marked with advances in high-throughput analysis of biological polymers and metabolites, prompting a rapid increase in characterization of the profound nature by which our symbiotic microbiota influences human physiology. Although the technology is widely accessible to assess microbiome composition, genetic potential, and global function, nutrigenomics studies often exclude the microbial contribution to host responses to ingested nutritive molecules. Perhaps a hallmark of coevolution, milk provides a dramatic example of a diet that promotes a particular microbial community structure, because the lower infant gastrointestinal tract is often dominated by bifidobacteria that flourish on milk glycans. Systems-level approaches should continue to be applied to examine the microbial communities in the context of their host's dietary habits and metabolic status. In addition, studies of isolated microbiota species should be encouraged to inform clinical studies and interventions as well as community studies. Whereas nutrigenomics research is beginning to account for resident microbiota, the need remains to consistently consider our microscopic partners in the human holobiont.
An Examination of the Relationships Between Workers and Agencies Characteristics and Three Outcome Variables: Burnout, Role Stress, and Intent to Quit

This study examined the impact of workers' sociodemographic variables and agencies' variables on outcome variables including burnout, role stress, and intent to quit. A sample of 460 mental health service providers completed a questionnaire that included sociodemographic questions, items related to agencies' characteristics, and measures of burnout, role stress, and intent to quit. Multiple regression analyses produced important associations between workers' sociodemographic characteristics and two of the burnout dimensions including depersonalization and personal accomplishment, and between agency characteristics and emotional exhaustion. This study succeeded to fill the gaps in existing knowledge and address the inconsistencies of previous findings regarding these relationships. The author discusses the potential implications for increasing workers' quality of work, and their ability to cope better with job stress.
Power and energy profiling of scientific applications on distributed systems

Power consumption is a troublesome design constraint for emergent systems such as IBM's BlueGene /L. If current trends continue, future petaflop systems will require 100 megawatts of power to maintain high-performance. To address this problem the power and energy characteristics of high-performance systems must be characterized. To date, power-performance profiles for distributed systems have been limited to interactive commercial workloads. However, scientific workloads are typically non-interactive (batched) processes riddled with interprocess dependences and communication. We present a framework for direct, automatic profiling of power consumption for non-interactive, parallel scientific applications on high-performance distributed systems. Though our approach is general, we use our framework to study the power-performance efficiency of the NAS parallel benchmarks on a 32-node Beowulf cluster. We provide profiles by component (CPU, memory, disk, and NIC), by node (for each of 32 nodes), and by system scale (2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 nodes). Our results indicate power profiles are often regular corresponding to application characteristics and for fixed problem size increasing the number of nodes always increases energy consumption but does not always improve performance. This finding suggests smart schedulers could be used to optimize for energy while maintaining performance.
Visual sensitivity in the squirrel monkey.

Several indices of visual sensitivity have been obtained from behavioral experiments conducted on the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). In this species, the photopic spectral sensitivity functions determined by increment-threshold and flicker discrimination procedures are substantially different; the involvement of two different neural processes in the two tasks is suggested. When tested similarly, the thresholds for rod and cone-based vision are not substantially different for squirrel monkeys and humans; however, above cone threshold, for a 500 nm test light, increment threshold is some 0.3 to 0.4 log10 units higher for the squirrel monkey. Rod saturation has also been demonstrated to occur in the squirrel monkey.
Strategies for Coping with Cultural Diversity

Coping with cultural diversity is one of the major challenges facing individuals who seek counseling services as well as those who provide those services. This article describes six strategies, (a) assimilation or monoculturation, (b) acculturation, (c) alternation, (d) integration, (e) separation, andf) fusion that individuals may use to cope with cultural diversity. The relationship between these strategies, an ecosystemic model of culture, and a social cognitive theory of behavior is presented. The article discusses how these strategies may affect the process and outcome of counseling as well as the implications these strategies have for research.
Changes in high frequency QRS energy in the signal-averaged electrocardiogram after acute experimental infarction

Background: The effect of Ml on the high frequency content of the QRS complex in the SAECG remains a matter of controversy. The purpose of this study was (1) to characterize the changes in the high frequency QRS energy that occur after experimental Ml in dogs, (2) to evaluate the change in QRS energy in a number of frequency bandwidths, and (3) to evaluate the relationship between the change in QRS energy and infarct size and location, as well as the inducibility of VT. Methods: MIs were created in 21 dogs by balloon occlusion of the left circumflex (n = 10) or left anterior descending (n = 11) coronary arteries. SAECGs, using three orthogonal leads (X, Y, Z), were obtained before and 4–6 days after the Ml. The vector magnitude was calculated. Using a spectral filter, we calculated the energy in u Vs) of the entire QRS as the integrated area of the signal voltage within a low frequency bandwidth (15–40Hz) and two high frequency bandwidths (40–80 Hz, 80–300 Hz). QRS energy was log transformed to achieve a normal distribution. Results: There was a significant decrease in QRS energy after Ml in the low and high frequency bandwidths in the 21 dogs that was primarily detected in the Y lead. This decrease in high frequency energy after Ml occurred primarily in the dogs with anterior infarction where there was a 13–21% drop in QRS energy in all three bandwidths in the vector magnitude as well as the Y and Z leads (all P > 0.05). This drop in QRS energy after anterior wall Ml was moderately correlated with increasing infarct size in all three bandwidths. There were no consistent changes in QRS energy in the dogs with posterior infarction. The drop in QRS energy after Ml was not associated with inducible VT. The change in QRS energy after Ml in all three bandwidths were highly correlated. Conclusions: The process of Ml produced a decrease in QRS energy, in both low and high frequency bandwidths, that was most consistent in dogs with anterior wall Ml. The decrease in QRS energy after Ml was not associated with inducible VT. Ml produced similar changes in QRS energy in low and high frequency bandwidths. A.N.E. 1999;4(1):72–82