cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conservative management of preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes in a low socioeconomic population

The management of rupture of the membranes associated with a premature gestation (PROM) is controversial. Some authors advise immediate delivery while others counsel delay in the hope of decreasing the morbidity and mortality rates associated with prematurity. A retrospective chart review of 90 pregnancies with this obstetric complication treated conservatively was performed to delineate the relative risk factors in a low socioeconomic population. All patients were placed at bed rest until either labor or amnionitis prompted delivery. Amnionitis was a significant problem, occurring in 27% of patients. The percentage of women developing amnionitis did not increase with increasing duration of PROM. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was the significant cause of neonatal illness and death. No relationship between the duration of PROM and incidence of RDS could be demonstrated, but there was a significant relationship between birth weight and RDS. The smaller the infant, the more likely it would be to develop RDS. Our data indicate that a possible course of therapy would be to accelerate fetal lung maturity medically and then deliver the infant. A randomized prospective study could answer this question.
Computing the Future: A Broader Agenda for Computer Science and Engineering

Computers are increasingly the enabling devices of the information revolution, and computing is becoming ubiquitous in every corner of society, from manufacturing to telecommunications to pharmaceuticals to entertainment. Even more importantly, the face of computing is changing rapidly, as even traditional rivals such as IBM and Apple Computer begin to cooperate and new modes of computing are developed. Computing the Future presents a timely assessment of academic computer science and engineering (CS&E), examining what should be done to ensure continuing progress in making discoveries that will carry computing into the twenty-first century. Most importantly, it advocates a broader research and educational agenda that builds on the field's impressive accomplishments. The volume outlines a framework of priorities for CS&E, along with detailed recommendations for education, funding, and leadership. A core research agenda is outlined for these areas: processors and multiple-processor systems, data communications and networking, software engineering, information storage and retrieval, reliability, and user interfaces. This highly readable volume examines * Computer science and engineering as a discipline--how computer scientists and engineers are pushing back the frontiers of their field. * How CS&E must change to meet the challenges of the future. * The influence of strategic investment by federal agencies in CS&E research. * Recent structural changes that affect the interaction of academic CS&E and the business environment. * Specific examples of interdisciplinary and applications research in four areas: earth sciences and the environment, computational biology, commercial computing, and the long-term goal of a national electronic library. The volume provides a detailed look at undergraduate CS&E education, highlighting the limitations of four-year programs, and discusses the emerging importance of a master's degree in CS&E and the prospects for broadening the scope of the Ph.D. It also includes a brief look at continuing education.
Notes on Noise Calibration of Speckle Imagery

This is intended as a practical guide to the calibration of complicated, possibly nonlinear, data obtained from real detectors. The effects treated here are often over-looked in text book treatments of speckle imaging theory. Practical procedures, validated in actual experience, are given.
Evaluating and improving Bluetooth piconet performance over Nakagami-m fading channels

Bluetooth is a promising wireless technology designed for short-range ad hoc networks. This paper addresses issues related to Bluetooth performance in Nakagami-m fading channels. This distribution can model different fading intensities through parameter m. We evaluate the throughput and the packet loss rate of Bluetooth links using asynchronous packets. Relations between packet error rate and node distances are then derived, and a new piconet scheduling algorithm based on the estimated channel state information is then proposed. This polling scheme detects fading conditions and avoids transmission in bad channel conditions. The best strategy is defined using the received signal-to-noise ratio and the Nakagami fading parameter m. Simulation results demonstrate the algorithm performance for different traffic conditions.
Nonlinear Stokes phenomena in first or second order differential equations

We study singularity formation in nonlinear differential equations of order m ≤ 2, y (m) = A(x −1, y). We assume A is analytic at (0, 0) and ∂ y A(0, 0) = λ ≠ = 0 (say, λ = (−1) m ). If m = 1 we assume A(0, ·) is meromorphic and nonlinear. If m = 2, we assume A(0, ·) is analytic except for isolated singularities, and also that ∫ s0 ∞ |Ф(s)|−1/2 d|s| a > 0, arg(z) ∈ (−α, α)}.
Human Diseases Associated with Defective DNA Repair

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the possible roles that defective or altered DNA repair may play in a number of human diseases. It is conceivable that a number of other human diseases have—as a fundamental pathogenetic mechanism—alterations in gene structure and/or function arising in somatic cells on a non-heritable basis. The statistical variations in the numerous tests used for measuring DNA repair in normal cells in culture are not yet clearly established. Such differences may arise from one laboratory to another but more importantly may be intrinsic properties of different normal cell lines or of different stages of growth of any single cell line. It is still not well established that some of the techniques that are used for examining repair defects in cells are quantitatively valid—for example, the observation of altered cell survival under conditions of very low plating efficiency can be misleading.
Mathematics of thermoacoustic and photoacoustic tomography

The paper presents a survey of mathematical problems, techniques, and challenges arising in the Thermoacoustic and Photoacoustic Tomography.
Blinded comparison of cranial CT and MR in closed head injury evaluation.

PURPOSE To compare CT and MR in the evaluation of acute head injury. METHODS One hundred seven consecutive patients who were referred to the emergency department and underwent both MR and CT cranial examinations within 48 hours were retrospectively reviewed. The films were interpreted by two neuroradiologists blinded to all patient information. RESULTS The sensitivity of MR was significantly higher than that of CT for the detection of contusion, shearing injury, subdural and epidural hematoma, and sinus involvement. The sensitivity of CT was significantly higher than that of MR for the evaluation of fracture. The sensitivities of MR and CT were statistically equivalent for the detection of superficial soft-tissue injury. The overall sensitivity of MR for the detection of abnormalities in acute head trauma was 96.4%, and for CT was 63.4%. CONCLUSIONS CT and MR are complementary studies in the evaluation of acute head trauma. MR is necessary to define or exclude contusions, deep shearing injury, and extraaxial fluid collections in acute head trauma.
Low-Wage Work: A Synthesis of Major Social Science Concepts

Low-wage work is a defining feature in the lives of low-income families, who are challenged to achieve self-sufficiency through employment. This article offers a synthesis of theoretical concepts at the micro (individual), mezzo (group and community) and macro (social and political) levels to aid in understanding the human behavior and social environmental dimensions of low-wage work. The article concludes with a case vignette designed to illustrate the role that theory can play in informing social work practice.
Splenic irradiation for patients with polycythemia vera

Seven patients with a diagnosis of polycythemia vera (PCV) with symptomatic splenomegaly received 10 courses of splenic irradiation. Patients received a total dose of 250–1,425 cGy to the whole spleen with twice-weekly fractionation beginning with 25 cGy per fraction, gradually escalating to no more than 100 cGy per fraction. All 10 courses resulted in palliation of the symptoms of abdominal discomfort and early satiety. Greater than 50% reduction in spleen size was observed in 7 of 10 courses. The primary toxicity was a transient decrease in circulating platelets though two patients with thrombocytopenia at presentation had improvement in their platelet counts corresponding with a decrease in spleen size. These results demonstrate that splenic irradiation with low dose, twice-weekly irradiation is an effective way to reduce spleen size and palliate symptoms in patients with PCV. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Abstract 2475: The abundance of SLC7a11 transporter in different tissues

The purpose of this study is to investigate the abundance of the SLC7A11 transporter in different tissues. The SLC7A11 is a plasma membrane transporter which mediates the transport of one cystine into the cell in exchange for one intracellular glutamate. We performed RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry to demonstrate the abundance of SLC7A11 transporter in different tissues. Tissue array slides were purchased from US Biomax Inc. The tissues were stained with or without SLC7A11 primary antibody. The images were captured using the software NIS elements connected to Nikon Eclipse series microscope. The images were then analyzed for staining intensity compared to their negative controls by using the software, Imagej. Panc-1, BxPC-3 and MIAPaCa-2 are human pancreatic cancer cell lines which were purchased from ATCC. The cells were cultured at 370C in humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 using MEM or RPMI medium with low cystine levels. RNA was extracted from all the cell lines and converted into cDNA for Real Time PCR analysis. PCR reactions were prepared using SYBR green (which acts as a nucleic acid stain), forward and reverse SLC7A11 or GAPDH primers, and diluted cDNA. The reactions were added into 96-well PCR strips and sealed to prevent evaporation of the samples. The ABI 7300 machine was run after configuring the software and finally analyzed using 7300 system SDS software. The immunohistochemistry images demonstrate that most cancers especially pancreatic cancers have a high abundance of SLC7A11 transporter compared to normal tissues. The RT-PCR results showed that PANC-1 has significantly higher SLC7A11 expression compared to BxPC-3 and MIAPaCa-2 cell lines. The results indicate that SLC7A11 transporter is highly expressed in cancer tissues. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2475. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2475
Injection Nozzle for Ultraviolet Light-Enhanced H2O2 Oxidation of Air Pollutants in Flue Gas

Injecting aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide (H\d2O\d2) into hot flue gases can split the peroxide into OH and HO\d2 radicals. These reactive radicals readily oxidize air pollutants such as CO, VOCs, NO, mercury, and others. H\d2O\d2 is thermally “activated” (split into free radicals) rapidly at temperatures of 500°C and above. At lower temperatures, such as found in boiler exhaust flue gases, ultraviolet (UV) light can be used to activate the peroxide molecules. However, placing the UV lamps directly in the flue gases can lead to operating and maintenance problems, and “dilutes” the UV energy due to absorption by other gases. A “UV nozzle” has been developed that produces H\d2O\d2 radicals and delivers them into a flowing stream of boiler flue gases. Using a previously constructed pilot scale system at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, experiments were run to prove the concept of the nozzle, measuring the oxidation of NO as an indicator of radical formation and delivery. Data were taken at three temperatures, with none, one, or two UV lamps on, and with various injection rates of peroxide. Flue gas temperatures ranged from 85 to 304°C (186 to 580°F), and the molar ratios (inlet peroxide to inlet NO\d\ix) ranged from about 1.5 to over 15. Conversions of NO varied from 0% (at the lowest temperature tested) to above 50% (at highest temperature). Although increasing temperature had a marked effect on conversion, the activation of hydrogen peroxide by UV light was demonstrated in the temperature range of final flue gas exhaust gases (290-350°F). These results indicate that radicals can be created from hydrogen peroxide at reasonable temperatures using UV light, and that the radicals can be delivered into a flue gas stream where they can oxidize pollutants.
Vagal afferent modulation of nociception.

Chemical, electrical or physiological activation of cardiopulmonary vagal (cervical, thoracic or cardiac), diaphragmatic vagal (DVAG) or subdiaphragmatic vagal (SDVAG) afferents can result in either facilitation or inhibition of nociception in some species. In the rat, these effects depend upon vagal afferent input to the NTS and subsequent CNS relays, primarily in the NRM and ventral LC/SC, although specific relay nuclei vary as a function of the vagal challenge stimulus. Spinal pathways and neurotransmitters have been identified for vagally mediated effects on nociception and consistently implicate the involvement of descending 5-HT and noradrenergic systems, as well as intrinsic spinal opioid receptors. Species differences may exist with respect to both the effects of DVAG and SDVAG afferents on nociception and the efficacy of vagal afferents to modulate nociception. However, it is also possible that such differences reflect the modality of noxious input (e.g., visceral versus cutaneous), the type of neuronal activity investigated (e.g., resting versus noxious-evoked), spinal location of recording (e.g., thoracic versus lumbosacral) and/or parameters of stimulation. It is also possible that activation of some vagal afferents is aversive, but whether this contributes to changes in nociception produced by vagal activation has not clearly been established. Finally, the vagal-nociceptive networks described in this review provide a fertile area for future study. These networks can provide an understanding of physiological and pathophysiological peripheral events that affect nociception.
Adverse Reactions with Factor VIII

Excerpt To the editor: Eyster and associates (1) have recently described their experience with adverse reactions to factor VIII infusions. They report a 19% incidence of adverse reactions after the...
The Chinese RMB: Its Value, Its Peg, and Its Future

The valuation of the Chinese renminbi (RMB) has drawn lots of attention lately and a great deal of pressure on the part of developed nations for revaluation. In addressing the issue of valuation, this paper develops a new purchasing power parity (PPP) index of China's exchange rate and finds that the while undervalued, the undervaluation is neither unusual nor bad policy. Moreover, China's overall external trade balance does not seem to be that far out of equilibrium. China's desire to join the G-7 club is likely to result in abandoning its peg, however, despite the increased risk to its economic development.
Ion gyroradius‐sized structures and artificial ion conics generated by the Arecibo ionospheric heater

A model for ionospheric density structures at the O+ ion gyroradius induced by the Arecibo heater during the recent El Coqui campaign has been developed. We find that (1) these density structures can be accounted for by the parametric decay of the high frequency high power Arecibo heater wave into a low frequency wave with frequency at or near the ion cyclotron frequency and high frequency sideband modes (2) the growth rate of this process peaks at scale sizes corresponding to the O+ ion gyroradius (3) computed density fluctuations, using a strong turbulence model, associated with the ion cyclotron modes, in the nonlinear regime, are in the range of 2–12% and (4) anisotropic ion-conic-like heating will result from this process. The results of this model are in good agreement with recent El Coqui observations.
ELEMENTAL DIETS IN INTRACTABLE DIARRHEA: COMPARISON OF A WHOLE PROTEIN ELEMENTAL DIET WITH AN AMINO ACID FORMULA

The ideal composition of an enteral formula for use in intractable diarrhea of infancy is unknown, but should address the abnormalities of digestive function attributable to malnutrition which occur in these infants. These include dietary protein hypersensitivity, di saccharidase deficiency, monosaccharide malabsorption, cholerheic enteropathy and steatorrhea. In a group of 9 infants with intractable diarrhea, we compared the use of an aminoacid, 1% fat elemental diet (Group 1), with a peptide-containing, 10% fat elemental diet (Group 2). Dilute elemental diets were hegin at 50 cc/kgm/day and advanced in volume and concentration. Data collected before and after attaining a caloric intake of 100 kcal/kgm/day were compared: The peptide containing 10% fat formula can be used successfully, avoiding the expense and osmolality of the amino acid formula.
Coping with Job Loss and Reemployment: A Two-Wave Study

Using a national sample, this study investigated the effects of unemployed workers’ coping resources and coping strategy use on reemployment after a three-month period. Based on previous research, it was expected that (1) three types of coping resources (self-esteem, social support, and financial resources) would be positively related to problem-focused coping with job loss, (2) coping resources would be negatively related to emotion-focused coping with job loss, (3) problem-focused coping would be positively related to reemployment, (4) problem-focused coping would be more strongly related to reemployment than emotion-focused coping, and (5) coping strategies would mediate the relationship between the availability of coping resources and obtaining reemployment. Results provided support for the direct effects of coping resources (self-esteem, social support, and, to some extent, financial resources) on coping strategies, and a direct effect of problem-focused coping on reemployment 3 months later. Self-esteem and social support were each indirectly related to subsequent employment status, mediated by problem-focused coping. In other words, individuals with higher levels of self-esteem and social support were not only more likely to engage in problem-focused coping, but having a higher level of self-esteem and social support was also associated with a higher likelihood of being reemployed three months later. Findings are pertinent for the design of more effective interventions that mitigate adverse effects of unemployment and facilitate a successful return to the workforce.
Civil society in South Africa: Learning from gender themes

The article relies on gender concepts and women's perspectives to inform and challenge established understandings of civil society. Based on interviews with women in South Africa, it reaffirms the interconnectedness of the public and private domains and of women's strategic and practical interests. It also demonstrates women's distinct contribution to civil society and the relevance of violence to an evaluation of civil society. The findings also suggest how a gendered approach may contribute to assessments of civil society in ways that go beyond gender concerns; for example, narrow state focused definitions of civil society exclude not only women's but most non-elite associational life.
A comparison study of psychiatric and behavior disorders and cognitive ability among homeless and housed children

This study examined the association of homelessness and related factors with child psychiatric and behavior disorders (diagnosed with structured diagnostic interviews) and child cognitive ability (on the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test) in a randomly selected sample of 157 homeless children and their mothers and a comparison of 61 housed children and their mothers. Homeless children had more disruptive behavior disorders and lower cognitive scores than housed children. In multivariate analyses, maternal verbal scores and child nonverbal scores were associated with child verbal ability; maternal education, homelessness, and child nonverbal scores were related to child behavior disorders.
Local GABA Circuit Control of Experience-Dependent Plasticity in Developing Visual Cortex

Sensory experience in early life shapes the mammalian brain. An impairment in the activity-dependent refinement of functional connections within developing visual cortex was identified here in a mouse model. Gene-targeted disruption of one isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase prevented the competitive loss of responsiveness to an eye briefly deprived of vision, without affecting cooperative mechanisms of synapse modification in vitro. Selective, use-dependent enhancement of fast intracortical inhibitory transmission with benzodiazepines restored plasticity in vivo, rescuing the genetic defect. Specific networks of inhibitory interneurons intrinsic to visual cortex may detect perturbations in sensory input to drive experience-dependent plasticity during development.
Biologically Based Pharmacokinetics and Cancer Risk Assessment

Pharmacokinetics is the study of the absorption, distribution, elimination, and metabolism of chemicals and their metabolites in animals and people. The prime motivation for developing biologically-based pharmacokinetic (BB-PK) models is the desire to understand the physiological determinants of tissue dosimetry of biologically active chemicals under conditions which lead to beneficial (therapeutic) or deleterious (toxic) effects in tissues. In biologically based pharmacokinetic (BB-PK) models compartments are generally either specific organs or grouping of organs (Fig. 1). These biologically realistic compartments are defined accurately with respect to their volume, blood flow, storage capacity for the test chemical, and the biochemical constants for specific binding proteins and biotransformation reactions of the chemical in the particular organ (Gerlowski and Jain 1983; Riggs 1963).
Mathematical modeling and experimental analysis of multiple channel orbital angular momentum in spatial domain multiplexing

A novel multiplexing technique known as Spatial Domain multiplexing (SDM) has been developed in recent years and offers many advantages over its counterparts. With multiple channel transmission of the same wavelength over a single multimode carrier fiber, SDM increases the data capacity by multiple folds. Input channels are launched at appropriate input angles to produce skew ray propagation. The output of the system when projected on a screen is observed as concentric rings. These SDM beams carry orbital angular momentum. Experiments show that two input sources with the same launch conditions, but opposite topological charge take different helical paths inside the transmission fiber. Consequently the shadow of a straight wire does not remain straight. Instead, it is displaced by a specific distance. This endeavor presents a model of such a system by analyzing the shadow distortion, using principles of geometric optics. Experimentally obtained shadow displacement results are quantified and then compared to the model. We also show that when two channels with opposite topological charges are transmitted with same launch conditions, their orbital angular momenta are equal and opposite. As a result orbital Angular momentum based multiplexing can be used to add another degree of freedom to photons.
Post‐cold war security in East Asia

As one of the two primary regions of East-West competition throughout the cold war, the winds of strategic change now sweeping through the Asia-Pacific region are nothing short of extraordinary. The international balance of power has shifted from one of strategic bipolarity dominated by superpower competition to a more diffuse and complex multipolarity. President Bush has recognized this geopolitical transformation with his call for a ‘new international order’. Yet little consensus has been reached thus far on what specific policies will need to be incorporated to achieve this vision. Western and Asian policy planners need to focus on how a more stable and enduring regional security order can be structured. Locally, ethnic strife, succession crises and insurgency movements must be addressed and mitigated. Regionally, hegemonic competition in power vacuums created by superpower retrenchment must be minimized while resource and sea lane access are preserved. Globally, Asia-Pacific national sovereignties and Asia-Pacific economic growth in an increasingly interdependent world must be maintained.
A Frisch-Newton Algorithm for Sparse Quantile Regression

Recent experience has shown that interior-point methods using a log barrier approach are far superior to classical simplex methods for computing solutions to large parametric quantile regression problems. In many large empirical applications, the design matrix has a very sparse structure. A typical example is the classical fixed-effect model for panel data where the parametric dimension of the model can be quite large, but the number of non-zero elements is quite small. Adopting recent developments in sparse linear algebra we introduce a modified version of the Frisch-Newton algorithm for quantile regression described in Portnoy and Koenker[28]. The new algorithm substantially reduces the storage (memory) requirements and increases computational speed. The modified algorithm also facilitates the development of nonparametric quantile regression methods. The pseudo design matrices employed in nonparametric quantile regression smoothing are inherently sparse in both the fidelity and roughness penalty components. Exploiting the sparse structure of these problems opens up a whole range of new possibilities for multivariate smoothing on large data sets via ANOVA-type decomposition and partial linear models.
Structure-reactivity effects in the picosecond dynamics of isolated clusters

The link between gas-phase and condensed-phase chemical dynamics is being sought by the study of reactivity in small molecular clusters. We present measurements of reaction rates as a function of cluster size and composition to elucidate the role of solvent on a single-molecule basis. In previous work we showed that reactivity in clusters is strongly correlated to the stepwise binding energies of individual solvent molecules. Here, we show that solvent structure also plays a large role in determining chemical reactivity. This paper focuses on the excited state proton transfer reaction of phenol (PhOH) in a cluster of solvent-like molecules (i.e., NH3 and CH3OH). Three cases of structure-reactivity effects are reported: (1) rate inhibition by the addition of a CH3OH molecule to an (NH3) solvent cluster (60 ps vs 500 ps), (2) very different reaction rates for the inequivalent phenol molecules in phenol dimer solvated by (NH3) (50 ps vs 500 ps), and (3) solvent reorganization following proton transfer that occurs on the time scale of 0.3 ns.
Comparative Evaluation of Two Superior Stopping Rules for Hierarchical Cluster Analysis.

A split-sample replication stopping rule for hierarchical cluster analysis is compared with the internal criterion previously found superior by Milligan and Cooper (1985) in their comparison of 30 different procedures. The number and extent of overlap of the latent population distributions was systematically varied in the present evaluation of stopping-rule validity. Equal and unequal population base rates were also considered. Both stopping rules correctly identified the actual number of populations when there was essentially no overlap and clusters occupied visually distinct regions of the measurement space. The replication criterion, which is evaluated by clustering of cluster means from preliminary analyses that are accomplished on random partitions of an original data set, was superior as the degree of overlap in population distributions increased. Neither method performed adequately when overlap obliterated visually discernible density nodes.
Effect of arsenite and cadmium ions on xanthine oxidase.

Abstract The inhibition of xanthine oxidase by arsenite is not reversed by monosulfhydryl compounds. 2,3-Dimercaptopropanol inhibits the activity strongly while cadmium ion is inert at levels which inhibit other known dithiol enzymes. The results are inconclusive regarding the involvement of dithiol groups in xanthine oxidase.
Automated detection of sleep EEG slow waves based on matching pursuit using a restricted dictionary

In this paper, an original method to detect sleep slow waves (SSW) in electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings is proposed. This method takes advantage of a Matching Pursuit algorithm using a dictionary reduced to Gabor functions reproducing the main targeted waveform characteristics. By describing the EEG signals in terms of SSW properties, the corresponding algorithm is able to identify waveforms based on the largest matching coefficients. The implemented algorithm was tested on a database of whole night sleep EEG recordings collected in 9 young healthy subjects where SSW have been visually scored by an expert. Besides being fully automated and much faster than visual scoring analysis, the results obtained to the proposed method were in excellent agreement with the expert with 98% of correct detections and a 77% concordance in event time position and duration. These results were superior from those of the classical method both in terms of sensibility and precision.
The photochemical formation and gas-particle partitioning of oxidation products of decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane and decamethyl tetrasiloxane in the atmosphere

Abstract Decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane (D 5 ) and decamethyl tetrasiloxane (MD 2 M) were injected into a smog chamber containing fine Arizona road dust particles (95% surface area 5 and MD 2 M. This scheme incorporated the reactions of D 5 and MD 2 M into an existing urban smog chemical mechanism carbon bond IV and partitioned the products between gas and particle phase by treating gas–particle partitioning as a kinetic process and specifying an uptake and off-gassing rate. A photochemical model PKSS was used to simulate this set of reactions. A Langmuirian partitioning model was used to convert the measured and estimated mass-based partitioning coefficients ( K P ) to a molar or volume-based form. The model simulations indicated that >99% of all product silanol formed in the gas-phase partition immediately to particle phase and the experimental data agreed with model predictions. One product, D 4 TOH was observed and confirmed for the D 5 reaction and this system was modeled successfully. Experimental data was inadequate for MD 2 M reaction products and it is likely that more than one product formed. The model set up a framework into which more reaction and partitioning steps can be easily added.
Elevated Cyclin G2 Expression Intersects with DNA Damage Checkpoint Signaling and Is Required for a Potent G2/M Checkpoint Arrest Response to Doxorubicin

To maintain genomic integrity DNA damage response (DDR), signaling pathways have evolved that restrict cellular replication and allow time for DNA repair. CCNG2 encodes an unconventional cyclin homolog, cyclin G2 (CycG2), linked to growth inhibition. Its expression is repressed by mitogens but up-regulated during cell cycle arrest responses to anti-proliferative signals. Here we investigate the potential link between elevated CycG2 expression and DDR signaling pathways. Expanding our previous finding that CycG2 overexpression induces a p53-dependent G1/S phase cell cycle arrest in HCT116 cells, we now demonstrate that this arrest response also requires the DDR checkpoint protein kinase Chk2. In accord with this finding we establish that ectopic CycG2 expression increases phosphorylation of Chk2 on threonine 68. We show that DNA double strand break-inducing chemotherapeutics stimulate CycG2 expression and correlate its up-regulation with checkpoint-induced cell cycle arrest and phospho-modification of proteins in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) signaling pathways. Using pharmacological inhibitors and ATM-deficient cell lines, we delineate the DDR kinase pathway promoting CycG2 up-regulation in response to doxorubicin. Importantly, RNAi-mediated blunting of CycG2 attenuates doxorubicin-induced cell cycle checkpoint responses in multiple cell lines. Employing stable clones, we test the effect that CycG2 depletion has on DDR proteins and signals that enforce cell cycle checkpoint arrest. Our results suggest that CycG2 contributes to DNA damage-induced G2/M checkpoint by enforcing checkpoint inhibition of CycB1-Cdc2 complexes. Background: DNA damage triggers cell cycle checkpoints to halt cell division ahead of DNA repair. Results: Ectopic cyclin G2 (CycG2) induces a Chk2-dependent cell cycle arrest, and depletion of endogenous CycG2 attenuates doxorubicin-induced G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest. Conclusion: CycG2 influences checkpoint signaling and is required for G2/M arrest responses to genotoxic stress. Significance: Proper checkpoint function is important for genomic integrity and tumor suppression.
Improved real-time blood flow velocity quantification via application of the Karhunen-Loeve transform for increased signal-to-noise ratio.

Background Real-time blood flow velocity quantification requires fast acquisition time and both high spatial and temporal resolution in order to capture clinically relevant features. Multi-coil parallel imaging techniques trade fast realtime cine acquisition with high temporal resolution for lower signal quality. Methods for increasing signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) will allow higher acceleration rates in parallel imaging, leading to faster acquisition times in the context of exercise stress while maintaining signal quality. Increased SNR via the Karhunen-Loeve Transform [1] (KLT) is achieved by decomposing a temporal cine sequence into a series of eigenmodes where the signal of interest is localized in a subset of eigenmodes and eliminating noise-only eigenmodes.
Mentorship of Black student-athletes at a predominately White American university: critical race theory perspective on student-athlete development

Mentoring programs are evolving as common practice in athletic departments across national collegiate athletic association member institutions in the USA as means to address sociocultural issues faced by their student-athletes and to enhance their holistic development. There is a dearth of research exploring mentoring in the contexts of intercollegiate student-athlete development with consideration of the role of race and racism. Drawing upon the framework and analytical lens of critical race theory, this qualitative case study investigates a student-athlete mentoring program at an American institution of higher education to illuminate how black student-athletes (N = 15) make sense of the role of race and racism in their lived experiences. Data analysis revealed two emergent themes identified as (1) navigating privilege and property interests and (2) advocacy. The findings suggest the case of student-athletes was challenged and encouraged by their mentors as well as through discussion with others in the m...
Abstract 2570: Combination studies of EC145 with approved anti-cancer drugs for ovarian cancer

EC145, a potent folate-targeted Vinca alkaloid conjugate, is currently being evaluated in a phase 2 study of EC145 + DOXIL® compared with DOXIL® alone, in women with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Since EC1459s toxicity profile is appearing to be non-overlapping with many of the existing approved drugs for ovarian cancer, we tested the effects of combining EC145 with some of these drugs. Thus, EC145 was evaluated in combination with cisplatin, carboplatin, docetaxel, topotecan or DOXIL® against folate receptor (FR)-positive human tumor xenograft models in vivo. In these studies, EC145 was purposely administered at a non-curative dose level while the non-targeted combination drugs were given at ∼50-75% of their MTD values. When tested as single agents against the FR-positive KB tumor model, partial anti-tumor responses were typically observed. In contrast, significantly greater anti-tumor activity with no detectable increase in toxicity was observed when EC145 was tested in combination. For example, 100% cures resulted when EC145 was combined with cisplatin or docetaxel, 80% cures with carboplatin or DOXIL®, and 40% cures with topotecan. Overall, these data provide support for the evaluation of EC145 in combination with numerous agents with different mechanisms of action for the treatment of cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2570. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2570
Digestion of prey in foraminifera is not anomalous: A correlation of light microscopic, cytochemical, and hvem technics to study phagotrophy in two allogromiids

Abstract Correlative light, high-voltage electron and conventional electron microscopic methods were used to investigate digestion in two allogromiid foraminiferans. Allogromia sp., strain NF, and A. laticollaris Arnold. Microscopic observations showed that bacterial prey are phagocytosed by reticulopodia and are transported to the allogromiid cell body within blister like phagosomes. Larger prey (algae, diatoms) are transported along the reticulopodiul surface and are either stored extrathalamously or phagocytosed at the oral opening (peduncle). Studies of allogromiids optimally fixed and labeled with an extracellular-space label (colloidal thorium) showed that phagocytosed prey are completely enclosed by a plasma membrane envelope; this finding was corroborated by a serial-section three-dimensional reconstruction of the oral zone of one allogromiid. Cytochemical staining for acid phosphatase showed that lysosomes are absent from reticulopods but abundant in the cell body, particularly in the oral zone cytoplasm. We conclude that digestion in allogromiid foraminiferans is accomplished by a vacuole-based digestive apparatus and not by extracellular digestion within a lacunary system, as has been suggested in earlier studies.
Observation and analysis of epitaxial growth with reflectance-difference spectroscopy

Abstract Reflectance-difference (RD) (-anisotropy) spectroscopy has developed into an established diagnostic tool for semiconductor epitaxy. Major advantages include the simplicity of the approach and the capability of performing measurements in real time during growth. Studies to date have emphasized understanding the origin of RD spectra, relating them to electronic and atomic structure of growth surfaces, and using them to obtain information about fundamental mechanisms of epitaxy. The observation of RD oscillations during organometallic chemical vapor deposition, oscillations that are analogous to those seen in reflection high energy electron diffraction intensities during molecular beam epitaxy, is providing new opportunities for growth control. Using (001) GaAs as an example, principles, representative results, and current critical issues are discussed.
Bacillus cereus causing fulminant sepsis and hemolysis in two patients with acute leukemia.

Purpose Hemolysis is so rarely associated with Bacillus cereus sepsis that only two very well documented cases have been reported. This article reports two unusual cases of Bacillus cereus sepsis with massive intravascular hemolysis in patients who had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Patients and methods A 20-year-old woman who was 9 weeks pregnant experienced a relapse of ALL. A therapeutic abortion was performed. During week 4 of reinduction the patient had abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, with severe neutropenia but no fever. Her condition deteriorated rapidly with cardiovascular collapse, acute massive intravascular hemolysis, and death within hours of the onset of symptoms. Blood cultures were positive for Bacillus cereus. Postmortem histologic examination and cultures revealed Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans in multiple organs. The second patient, a 10-year-old girl, presented with relapsed T-cell ALL. In the second week of reinduction, she had abdominal pain followed by hypotension. Again, no fever was noted. Laboratory studies showed intravascular hemolysis 12 hours after admission. Aggressive support was promptly initiated. Despite disseminated intravascular coagulation; cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal failure; and multiple intracerebral hypodense lesions believed to be infarcts, the patient recovered fully and resumed reinduction therapy. Conclusions Bacillus cereus infection can have a fulminant clinical course that may be complicated by massive intravascular hemolysis. This pathogen should be suspected in immunosuppressed patients who experience gastrointestinal symptoms and should not be precluded by the absence of fever, especially if steroids such as dexamethasone are being given. Exchange transfusion may be lifesaving in Bacillus cereus septicemia associated with massive hemolysis.
Radiation damage studies of cerium-doped radiation-resistant lead glass detectors☆

Abstract Optical absorption measurements have been made on unirradiated and irradiated samples of cerium oxide doped lead silicate particle detector glasses. The addition of CeO2 introduces one prominent and one weak absorption band near the ultraviolet transmission limit. However the CeO2 greatly reduces the rate of formation of the radiation induced absorption. Detector size blocks of lead glass with 0.0, 0.25, and 1.2 weight percent CeO2 were used to determine the energy resolution for 5 GeV electrons. The resolution deteriorates from 12 to 33% as the CeO2 changes from 0.0 to 1.2%. At these CeO2 levels, calculations indicate the yield of doped glass becomes superior to that of undoped glass for doses greater than 500 rad.
Purification and Partial Characterization of Cardiac Plasma Membranes Rich in Beta-Adrenoreceptors

A procedure was developed to purify plasma membranes from cardiac tissue. Canine ventricular tissue was homogenized relatively gently in hypotonic buffer, extracted briefly with 0.15 M sodium perchlorate at 4 degrees C, and membranes were collected in an intermediate pellet by centrifugation at 27,500 X gmax. At this stage, most contractile proteins were removed (although Z-band structures were apparent), and the recoveries of Na+, K+-ATPase, beta-adrenoreceptors and 5'-nucleotidase were 40--50%. Treatment of these particles with 0.5% dextran sulfate and continuous density gradient centrifugation resulted in the separation of membranes having 111 and 3.6 pmol/mg protein specific binding sites for [3H] ouabain and [3H] dihydroalprenolol, respectively. Electron micrographs showed medium-sized vesicles. 5'-Nucleotidase was also markedly purified but could be partially separated from the other plasma membrane markers in continuous sucrose gradients. Enzymes associated with mitochondria, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum were efficiently removed. SDS-polyacrylamide gels showed six major and many minor bands. Adenylate cyclase remained responsive to hormones and Gpp(NH)p, but little purification was apparent. The membrane preparation has proved useful for studies of a nucleotide-binding protein associated with cyclase activation.
Biochemical and biophysical comparison of cleaved and uncleaved soluble, trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry into host cells is mediated by the trimeric envelope glycoprotein complex (Env). Accordingly, the Env proteins are the targets for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and are the focus of vaccines intended to induce NAbs. Because the Env complex is labile, soluble recombinant Env (gp140) trimers require engineering to stabilize them sufficiently for use as immunogens. Trimeric forms of gp140 trimers can be created that are either cleavage-competent or cleavage-defective at the junction between the gp120 and gp41 subunits. As functional trimers are cleaved at this site, the question arises as to whether cleavage affects the antigenic structure of the Env complex in a way that is relevant to vaccine design. Here, we present a comparative analysis of the antigenicity profiles of cleaved and uncleaved gp140 trimers derived from the KNH1144 (subtype A) virus that are otherwise closely sequence-matched. While cleavage did not affect the exposure of NAb epitopes on the gp140 trimers, non-neutralizing antibodies to gp41 epitopes bound much more strongly to uncleaved trimers. Hence cleavage does alter the structure of the HIV-1 Env complex.
Prevalence of large endoparasites at necropsy in horses infected with Population B small strongyles in a herd established in Kentucky in 1966

Two closed horse herds (Old Lot 4 and Field 24), infected since 1966 with Population B small strongyles resistant to thiabendazole (TBZ) and phenothiazine (PTZ), were terminated in February, March, and May, 2005. At necropsy, only the large endoparasites were identified and counted. The number of horses on pasture was 14 (239 days of age to 23 years old) for Old Lot 4 and two (3 to 20 years old) for Field 24. The time of the last antiparasitic treatment, relative to the year (2005) of necropsy, was 26 years for Old Lot 4 and 9 years for Field 24 horses. Gasterophilus intestinalis third instars (three to 113 specimens/horse) were found in all 16 horses and second instars (one to two) in two horses. Gasterophilus nasalis third instars (one to three) were recovered from five horses. Parascaris equorum infections (23 to 144) were in four horses (239 days to 4 years old). Strongylus vulgaris were present in the large intestine (one to 155) of 13 horses from 239 days to 23 years old and in the cranial mesenteric artery (two to 79) in 10 horses from 239 days to 23 years old. Strongylus edentatus were in the large intestine (two to 101) of 12 horses, ranging in age from 2.5 to 23 years old and in the ventral abdominal wall (one to 53) of six horses from 239 days to 21 years old. Specimens (seven to 872) of Anoplocephala perfoliata were in all horses. Oxyuris equi (one to 129) were recovered from seven horses (330 days to 23 years old). Thelazia lacrymalis (one to 85) infected the eyes of five horses (317 days to 11 years old).
Activation and transmission in rats of infection with Pneumocystis.

SummaryCorticosteroid-treated rats develop an overt infection with Pneumocystis and provide a ready source of organisms for study. A system of cortisonizing animals by the oral route was developed, utilizing daily provision of 200 ml of water containing 0.2 mg of dexamethasone and 100 mg of tetracycline to pairs of 200-g rats. The intensity of infection with Pneumocystis was related to length of time on treatment. Overt infection with Pneumocystis did not develop in a strain of pathogen-free rats in barrier cages while on the corticosteroid treatment schedule. However, transmission of the organism to pathogen-free treated animals was accomplished on contact exposure to infected rats.
The Irregularly Irregular Pattern of Respiratory Dyskinesia

The respiratory pattern during wakefulness and sleep was characterized in a 70-year-old woman with respiratory dyskinesia. During wakefulness, both respiratory frequency and tidal volume exhibited an irregularly irregular pattern. In addition, wide fluctuations occurred in the position of the rib cage and abdomen at end expiration. A normal respiratory pattern appeared during non-REM and REM sleep.
Multinational Corporations in Political Environments

The article reviews the book “Multinational Corporations in Political Environments,” by Usha C. V. Haley.