cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further Studies on “Blackhead” in Turkeys, with Special Reference to Transmission by Inoculation

Although the parasite causing the disease in* turkeys popularly known as "blackhead" was discovered many years ago, the mode of its transmission has not been satisfactorily demonstrated. Several distinct problems are involved in this question of transmission: (1) the source of the parasite; (2) the route by which it enters the body of the turkey, and (3) its pathogenic properties or virulence. Whether the parasite of blackhead, Histomonas meleagridis, occurs only in association with the disease, and is thus to be regarded as uniformly pathogenic, or is widely prevalent in the cecal contents of normal turkeys, and only invades the tissues under conditions which lower the host's resistance, has, up to the present, been regarded as a more or less open question. The possibility that this organism, while pathogenic for the turkey, may occur commonly in the intestinal tract of other species, such as the common fowl in which it may rarely produce lesions, should also be considered. The determination of any of these various points concerned in the transmission of blackhead may prove of practical importance in the rearing of turkeys. Source.?Considerable information is already available as to the sources of the infection. That the disease may be acquired by the exposure of normal turkeys to those which have shown evidence of infection, has been experimentally demonstrated by Theobald Smith,1 and Tyzzer.2 Smith3 concludes that turkeys which have passed through an attack are more dangerous as sources of infection than are those showing symptoms of active disease. Blackhead occurs chiefly in young turkeys during the summer months, and acute cases are often lacking throughout the greater portion of the year. It is obvious, therefore, that other sources of infection exist. We are not warranted, however, in assuming from Smith' s results that the acute
Symbolic development in deaf children.

An examination of research indicates that deafness in and of itself does not preclude the development of symbols in children.
Formation of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) Inclusion Compound with Urea and Unusual Crystallization Behavior of Coalesced PHB

PHB-U-IC has been prepared for the first time by the cocrystallization method. The structure and conformation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) chains encapsulated in urea (U) channels formed in the PHB-U inclusion complex (PHB-U-IC) were studied by DSC, FTIR, and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The XRD pattern and FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that PHB-U-IC takes a different crystal structure than the well-reported hexagonal and trigonal crystal structures of polymer urea inclusion compounds. PHB-U-IC takes an expanded tetragonal crystal structure. The conformation of PHB in the confined environment has been characterized by solid-state NMR spectroscopy and shown that PHB adopts a conformation similar to bulk PHB. The crystallization and thermal properties of as-received PHB and PHB coalesced from its U-IC were compared and demonstrated that the coalesced PHB crystallizes much slower than as-received PHB. Crystallinity of nonisothermally melt crystallized as-received PHB was found to be significantly highe...
Amorphous soft magnetic particles produced by spark erosion

Abstract Spark erosion is an extremely versatile method for producing particles of almost any type of material, in particle sizes ranging from a few nm to >100 μm. The general features of spark erosion, its application to the production of amorphous soft magnetic particles, and some applications of these amorphous particles are described.
Susceptibility of naïve and subsets of memory T cells to apoptosis via multiple signaling pathways.

Apoptosis is mediated via death receptor, the mitochondrial, and the endoplasmic reticulum pathway. Following activation of naive T cells with antigens, different subsets of memory T cells are generated. In this review we have discussed relative sensitivity/resistance of naive and different subsets of memory T cells to apoptosis via different signaling pathways. Molecular basis for differential sensitivity to apoptosis is discussed.
Antisense approaches for investigating mechanisms of abnormal development.

Abstract Although the use of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides in cell culture systems has been beneficial for examining functional roles of genes in biological processes, very few studies have adapted this valuable approach to developmental studies. This oversight may be due to the fact that many scientists are not familiar with the numerous in vitro approaches available for use as developmental system models. Increased knowledge concerning the mechanisms by which oligonucleotides are incorporated into the cell and how these molecules disrupt targeted gene expression has resulted in improved oligonucleotide design and better controls for these studies. The combined use of developmental in vitro approaches with improved antisense oligodeoxynucleotide strategies presents valuable experimental models for examining functions and interactions of genes in embryogenesis. This review focuses on a comprehensive description of the characterized properties of oligodeoxynucleotides, control design, and various developmental in vitro approaches for accomplishing these studies in embryonic systems.
Energy Efficient Contextual Sensing for Elderly Care

Technology assisted safe living has great potential in revolutionizing the way healthcare is provided to elderly and needy population. A wireless sensor network (WSN) based system for sensing and reporting events based on context is presented in this paper. It is demonstrated that by proper use of architectures for supporting WSNs and by exploiting very recent technological advances, it is now possible to build and deploy extremely energy efficient systems with very long and dependable battery life. The system evolves over most existing approaches by highly localizing the computations for detecting events and transmitting only positive events where care providers may need to be alerted.
Sequence-dependent conformational heterogeneity of a hybrid DNA·RNA dodecamer duplex

Two- and three-dimensional homonuclear NMR studies of a hybrid duplex RI, formed by annealing r(GCGCAAAACGCG) and d(CGCGTTTTGCGC) strands are described. NMR parameters, such as intra-and interresidue proton-proton NOEs and sugar proton coupling constants were analyzed with reference to those of the corresponding DNA·DNA duplex. Furthermore, spectral analyses were conducted on the basis of model structures of nucleic acid duplexes. Distinctive spectral patterns of the hybrid duplex reveal unique heterogeneous conformations which co-exist throughtout the sequence and are significantly different from those of model structures of either canonical A- or B-forms. Features of an intermediate conformation were observed in the DNA and RNA strands in duplex RI, the former being more B-like and the latter more A-like. Three-dimensional NOESY-NOESY spectra were analyzed and their use was demonstrated for resolving superimposed resonances and cross peaks, especially those originating from the RNA strand. The application of a useful strategy that combines the use of 2D NMR data and the known structural information for efficient 3D spectral analyses is demonstrated.
Analytical Solutions for Bikinetic Coagulation: Incorporation of a Maximum Size Class

Analytical solutions are derived for both orthokinetic and perikinetic coagulation rate mechanisms by considering bikinetic collisions of the agglomerating particles. The bikinetic behavior assumes that only equal-sized particles collide to form larger aggregates. In addition to the bikinetic assumption used to simplify the rate equations, the coagulating particles are assumed to approach a maximum size class with increasing time. Mechanisms of perikinetic, orthokinetic, differential sedimentation, and flow-induced breakup were examined in the analyses. A solution incorporating flow-induced breakup forced the equilibrium population to a maximum size class that was less than an initially assumed maximum size class, consistent with coagulation modeling. This breakup equation is shown to be beneficial to researchers seeking to develop predictive models for orthokinetic coagulation by establishing estimates for breakup constants. The new solutions are contrasted with the existing simplified models and found to be more characteristic of actual coagulation behavior. The new solutions approach a maximum particle size class and conserve mass at increasing time, rather than an asymptotic approach to zero particles or zero mass as predicted by the existing models. Applications of the new coagulation rate solutions are useful in estimating particle collision efficiency and breakup rate constants and in determining the accuracy of numerical simulations of coagulation processes.
Geochemical modeling for predicting potential solid phases controlling the dissolved molybdenum in coal overburden, Powder River Basin, WY, U.S.A.

Abstract Surface coal mining processes may increase the dissolved Mo concentrations in overburden (mine spoils) and in nearby soils. Spoil and soil samples were subjected to solubility studies for determining potential solid phases controlling the dissolved Mo. Additionally, native soil samples were included in the study for comparison. Ion activity products (IAPs) were calculated from the total elemental concentrations of aqueous extracts and compared with solubility products (Ksps) of Mo solid phases. Effects of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on metal ion complexation were also evaluated. The pH of aqueous extracts ranged from 7.14 to 8.31. DOC in aqueous extracts varied from 17.3 to 58.7 mg/l. Molybdenum concentrations in aqueous extracts ranged between 11.5 and 35.6 μg/l for spoils, 13.5 and 20.0 μg/l for soils near mine site and 14.5 and 29.6 μg/l for native soils. Initially, IAPs suggested varying degrees of supersaturation with respect to wulfenite (PbMoO4). However, when DOC-Pb2+ complexes were considered, the IAPs indicated a close approach to saturation with respect to PbMoO4. Furthermore, the IAPs suggested a high degree of undersaturation with respect to powellite (CaMoO4) and ferrimolybdite (FeMoO4). Results in this study suggest the dissolved Mo concentrations in mine spoils and soils that are near coal mine may be controlled by PbMoO4 solid phase.
Spectra of Lead Hydride and Tin Hydride in the Near Infra-Red

Revised calculations of energy constants of the PbH molecule are presented as a result of analyses of bands in the photographic infra-red. Former ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ values are raised by one unit. An isolated weak PbH band is found at 3815A. Additional SnH bands in the red produced in the high pressure arc are briefly discussed.
Cervical ripening and plasma prostaglandin levels. Comparison of endocervical and extra-amniotic PGE2.

Abstract Two modes of cervical application of a gel containing PGE2 have been compared in a total of 30 patients with indication for induction of labor and unripe cervix. Fifteen patients had gel injected endocervically; in 10 patients the gel contained 400μg PGE2, in 5 controls the gel was inactive. Fifteen subjects had a 15 ml Foley catheter passed through the cervix and placed extra-amniotically; in 10 of them 3 ml gel with 400 or 800μg PGE2 was injected, while 5 controls received inactive gel. Plasma levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (PGFM) were measured in blood samples drawn before and 1 2 , 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after gel application. Neither the Foley catheter nor the application of inactive gel caused significant changes in the cervical scores or the PGFM levels. PGE2 in the endocervix increased cervical scores without altering plasma PGFM levels. Extra-amniotic PGE2 caused a more rapid increase of the cervical scores and a progressive rise in PGFM levels. The plasma (PGFM) levels were found to be related to the degree and to the rate of cervical dilatation. The correlation with cervical dilatation was highly significant. Labor began spontaneously or after artificial rupture of the membranes in 80% of the extra-amniotic, and 50% of the endocervical PGE2-group, but in none of the controls. These data indicate that the increased uterine PGF2α production is not necessary for the early stages of cervical ripening, whereas dilatation beyond 4 cm does not proceed without such increase.
The relationship between individual differences, culture, anxiety, computer self-efficacy and user performance

The purpose of this research was to comprehensively examine the relationships between Computer Anxiety (CA), culture, Computer Self-Efficacy (CSE) and user performance in a training setting. This study sought to extend previous research by longitudinally examining the impacts of individual differences, culture, CA and CSE concurrently on actual performance in a training setting. To accomplish this, previously validated instruments were used to measure culture, CA and CSE. Actual performance was measured using a standardised, hands-on database test and the results analysed using correlation analysis. Support was found for all the four hypotheses.
Computing soil temperatures

This paper develops a method for computing temperatures at a point in a soil from surface temperatures. The method is adaptable to the irregular fluctuations in temperature ordinarily found in nature as well as to ideal cases. The temperature at a point in the soil is expressed as a weighted function of antecedent temperatures at the surface. An analogy is made with the unit hydrograph, a familiar tool in hydrologic practice.
Aspen Plus simulation of biomass integrated gasification combined cycle systems at corn ethanol plants

Abstract Biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) systems and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) systems are employed to provide heat and electricity to a 0.19 hm 3 y −1 (50 million gallon per year) corn ethanol plant using different fuels (syrup and corn stover, corn stover alone, and natural gas). Aspen Plus simulations of BIGCC/NGCC systems are performed to study effects of different fuels, gas turbine compression pressure, dryers (steam tube or superheated steam) for biomass fuels and ethanol co-products, and steam tube dryer exhaust treatment methods. The goal is to maximize electricity generation while meeting process heat needs of the plant. At fuel input rates of 110 MW, BIGCC systems with steam tube dryers provide 20–25 MW of power to the grid with system thermal efficiencies (net power generated plus process heat rate divided by fuel input rate) of 69–74%. NGCC systems with steam tube dryers provide 26–30 MW of power to the grid with system thermal efficiencies of 74–78%. BIGCC systems with superheated steam dryers provide 20–22 MW of power to the grid with system thermal efficiencies of 53–56%. The life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction for conventional corn ethanol compared to gasoline is 39% for process heat with natural gas (grid electricity), 117% for BIGCC with syrup and corn stover fuel, 124% for BIGCC with corn stover fuel, and 93% for NGCC with natural gas fuel. These GHG emission estimates do not include indirect land use change effects.
Characterization of Porous Media Properties and Leaching Capacity of Spent Oil Shales

Porous media properties of spent oil shales have been determined in order to provide fundamental data needed to identify and predict the transport of leachates through surface piles or abandoned modified insitu retorts. Using high pressure mercury porosimetry, pore size distributions were measured. Specific surface areas were measured using both the mercury intrusion technique as well as BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) nitrogen adsorption. Visual and chemical analyses were performed by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Leaching capacities of the various spent shale samples were measured using equilibrium leaching studies to determine Equilibrium Exchange Isotherms. Based on these characterization studies, fundamental modeling concepts have benn established for the transport of leachates through spent oil shales. 13 refs.
The behavioral response of female Nuttall's White-crowned Sparrows to male song of natal and alien dialects

Female Nuttall's White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli) were tested in a laboratory experiment to determine their response to stimulation by songs from their natal dialect (Clear) and by songs from three different alien dialects (Fig. 1). The greatest number of copulation solicitation displays and amount of locomotor activity were caused by songs of the subject's natal dialect (Clear); the next most potent stimulus was the contiguously adjacent dialect (Buzzy); the least effective stimuli were songs from a dialect 25 km distant (McClure), representing the same non-migratory subspecies, and a dialect 1,900 km distant (Sand Creek), representing a migratory montane subspecies of White-crowned Sparrow (Figs. 2–4).
Associations between multiscale landscape characteristics and breeding bird abundance and diversity across urban-rural gradients in Northeastern Georgia, USA

Urbanization is rapidly changing the southeastern US landscape, particularly in Georgia within and around the Atlanta metropolitan area, the fastest-growing Southeastern population center. Landscape characteristics related to human disturbance, landscape composition, and landscape configuration vary across the urban-rural gradient and are easily and inexpensively evaluated using geographic information systems (GIS). Previous studies have suggested that avian communities and populations respond in scale-dependent ways to urbanization-related landscape changes through changes in abundance and diversity. We conducted a 2-year study (2007–2008) of the response of breeding bird population abundance, community abundance, species richness, and relative diversity in young and mature single-family residential areas to 15 landscape characteristics measured at multiple spatial scales across urban-rural development intensity gradients near Athens, Georgia. We grouped birds by species, entire site assemblage, and by functional guild affiliation. Our models suggest strong relationships between the landscape and both community and population abundance of birds, as well as a somewhat weaker relationship with species richness. We detected only a weak relationship between breeding season relative diversity and landscape characteristics; we hypothesize a possible seasonal component to that relationship based on an earlier study. Our results suggest that widely available geospatial metrics of human disturbance and landscape pattern can be used to model breeding bird abundance and diversity across urban-rural gradients. This study sets the framework for a landscape scale understanding of the effects of housing developments and development intensity on breeding birds in northeastern Georgia and such a landscape-based approach to modeling species numbers represents a valuable tool in natural resources management.
On the propagation of hurricanes

The notion of steering has been much used in tropical meteorology. It is a somewhat hazy concept. It is preferable to consider the more precisely defined convective velocity. The computed convective velocity will be found to account for little more than half the observed variability in the direction of propagation of storms.
Olfactory Discrimination in the Giant Anteater

THE giant anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata), a South American edentate with a well developed olfactory system and an almost insatiable penchant for sniffing, has traditionally been called a “macrosmatic” animal. Beyond the neural development and the behavioural predilection, however, there is no evidence to indicate that the sense of smell in this animal is extraordinarily acute.
Low-complexity sequential non-parametric signal classification for wideband cognitive radios

This paper addresses the computational complexity of the Dirichlet process mixture model (DPMM)-based Bayesian non-parametric classifier in cognitive radios (CR's). The DPMM is an ideal signal classification tool for wideband CR's (W-CR's) due to its non-parametric structure. However, it can incur a high computational complexity since it usually requires a large number of Gibbs sampling iterations. To address this issue, we first propose a parameter selection policy that efficiently selects the cluster parameters at each Gibbs sampling iteration, leading to a faster convergence to the stationary distribution of the underlying Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). Next, we propose a sequential DPMM classifier based on a recursive formulation that allows real-time classification of newly detected signals. The proposed algorithms are shown to significantly reduce the computational burden of the DPMM-based classifier, making it suitable for both large-scale and real-time CR applications.
On diffusional mass transport in polycrystals containing stationary or migrating grain boundaries

Regimes of diffusional transport behavior which may exist in a polycrystaline material are classified taking into account the possibility that the grain boundaries may be either stationary or migrating. (GHT)
Preparation of an ultra-oriented polyethylene morphology

A technique for producing an ultra-drawn morphology for high-density polyethylene has been described previously. This technique has subsequently been extensively modified to produce the ultra-drawn morphologies under continuous and more versatile conditions. These changes involve using the reservoir of an lnstron rheometer to prepare a crystal morphology prior to proceeding with a solid state (crystal-crystal transformation) extrusion process in the same instrument. The new preparation conditions are described to up-date the prior procedure and to document this new method which is now being employed in several laboratories to produce transparent polyethylene morphologies of extreme orientation and chain extension which results in filaments and films of extreme tensile moduli.
Education in a Homeless Shelter to Improve the Nutrition of Young Children

ABSTRACT Objective: To improve the nutritional status of homeless children by implementing an educational program for their mothers and the cafeteria staff at a homeless shelter. Design: Program evaluation including before and after measures of mothers' nutritional knowledge and nutritional quality of foods served in the cafeteria. Sample: Fifty-six mothers with children aged 18 months to 6 years and 3 cafeteria staff. Intervention: Four nutrition classes developed by a registered nutritionist were taught to mothers by clinic nurses; 3 nutrition classes were taught to the cafeteria staff by the nutritionist. Results: Mothers scored higher on posttests than on pretests, indicating improved nutritional knowledge. Minimal differences in the nutritional quality of foods served to residents were observed after staff education. Conclusions: This project demonstrates the challenges of altering the nutritional status of children in a homeless shelter. Despite mothers showing better knowledge of nutritional requirements for children, the types of food served in the cafeteria were an obstacle to them in practicing what they had learned. The cafeteria staff's ability to demonstrate their learning was impeded by the constraints of food donations. Educational strategies may need to be augmented by policies to improve the nutritional status of children in homeless shelters.
Discovery and optimization of potent and selective imidazopyridine and imidazopyridazine mTOR inhibitors

mTOR is a critical regulator of cellular signaling downstream of multiple growth factors. The mTOR/PI3K/AKT pathway is frequently mutated in human cancers and is thus an important oncology target. Herein we report the evolution of our program to discover ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors that demonstrate improved pharmacokinetic properties and selectivity compared to our previous leads. Through targeted SAR and structure-guided design, new imidazopyridine and imidazopyridazine scaffolds were identified that demonstrated superior inhibition of mTOR in cellular assays, selectivity over the closely related PIKK family and improved in vivo clearance over our previously reported benzimidazole series.
Adaptation and evaluation of the CROPGRO-soybean model to predict regional yield and production ☆

Abstract In spite of the availability of numerous crop-growth models, there has been limited experience in applying them to predict regional production and its variability. The main difficulty is a substantial mismatch between spatial and temporal scales of available data and crop simulation model input requirements. This study developed and tested an operational procedure to predict soybean ( Glycine max L. Merrill) yield and production by linking the CROPGRO-soybean model with a low resolution regional database of weather, soils, management, and varieties. Historically observed census yields were detrended to remove effects of changes in technology and then aggregated to a scale of 0.5° cell (about a 50 km grid cell) ( g ) using an area-weighting approach. Spatial yield variability within a grid cell was simulated ( ý ) using nine input combinations (3 varieties, 3 planting dates, 1 soil and 1 initial condition) which were averaged for comparison with aggregated census yield, g in each cell and year. Yield bias was estimated by minimizing the root mean squared error (RMSE) between corrected y and g . The yield correction factor needs to be site-specific to account for spatial variations in constraints and management. Yield correction factor ranged from 0.40 to 0.50 in more than 75% of grid cells. When corrected, the success rate for the goodness of fit of y and g was ∼100 and 80% for variance at the 95% confidence limit. The 17-year mean of actual yield was accurately predicted with a slope of 0.95, small intercept (−0.025) and R 2 of 0.95. When validated, the prescribed factor test error was 14%, within the 16% guideline set by the Environmental Protection Agency (1982) as an acceptable criteria for a model to qualify for management application. Median RMSE were 15, 8, 32, 7 and 85% for 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1995, respectively. Years 1993 and 1995 were dominated by high water stress. We conclude that the grid-specific yield correction approach can effectively correct bias in simulated yields and accurately predict interannual variability using readily available inputs. Future steps are needed to incorporate procedures that account dynamically for yield susceptibility to pests and diseases. Testing and improvement of the model should continue to realize its potential.
Computer-simulated electron microdiffraction patterns from MgO crystal surfaces

Abstract Dynamical diffraction calculations have been carried out for an incident 100 kV electron wavepacket (STEM case), 12 A in diameter, running parallel to a flat (100) face of a MgO crystal. The microdiffraction patterns and the electron density distributions have been obtained. A surface potential field, representing the modified image force, was added to the crystal potential to study its effect on the small electron probe. The calculation results show that electron microdiffraction patterns are very sensitive to the surface potential for crystal thickness larger than 120 A. The streakings of the central disk in the microdiffraction patterns can be accounted for as the contributions from surface channeling electrons and electrons being deflected in the surface potential field. Both contributions have their characteristic features in the streakings of the central spot. The forbidden spots, (100) and ( 1 00 ), which are experimentally observed, can be obtained only after the replacement of the vacuum potential by the modified surface image potential. With the incident beam outside the surface, the presence of the surface image potential field greatly enhances the electron surface monolayer channeling.
Simulations comparing insect species differences in response to wheat storage conditions and management practices.

Seasonal changes in the populations of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.). Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and differences in their response to pest management programs were compared using validated population-growth-simulation models. The population growth of the five pest species differed in response to temperature and grain moisture conditions during storage. and this partially explains differences among species in their response to management practices. Aerating earlier in the storage season was generally more effective in limiting population growth of C. ferrugineus and O. surinamensis than the other species. Although fumigation was equally effective against all species. S. oryzae was able to grow more rapidly than the others as temperatures decreased in the fall. The internal feeders, R. dominica and S. oryzae , were much less affected by malathion protectant than the other three external-feeding species. As indicated by these three examples. it would sometimes be advantageous to know which species are present in choosing a management program.
Hydrogen sulfide mitigates matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and neurovascular permeability in hyperhomocysteinemic mice☆

An elevated level of homocysteine (Hcy), known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), was associated with neurovascular diseases. At physiological levels, hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) protected the neurovascular system. Because Hcy was also a precursor of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), we sought to test whether the H(2)S protected the brain during HHcy. Cystathionine-beta-synthase heterozygous (CBS+/-) and wild type (WT) mice were supplemented with or without NaHS (30 microM/L, H(2)S donor) in drinking water. Blood flow and cerebral microvascular permeability in pial vessels were measured by intravital microscopy in WT, WT+NaHS, CBS-/+ and (CBS-/+)+NaHS-treated mice. The brain tissues were analyzed for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) by Western blot and RT-PCR. The mRNA levels of CBS and cystathionine gamma lyase (CSE, enzyme responsible for conversion of Hcy to H(2)S) genes were measured by RT-PCR. The results showed a significant increase in MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-3 protein and mRNA in CBS (-/+) mice, while H(2)S treatment mitigated this increase. Interstitial localization of MMPs was also apparent through immunohistochemistry. A decrease in protein and mRNA expression of TIMP-4 was observed in CBS (-/+) mice. Microscopy data revealed increase in permeability in CBS (-/+) mice. These effects were ameliorated by H(2)S and suggested that physiological levels of H(2)S supplementation may have therapeutic potential against HHcy-induced microvascular permeability, in part, by normalizing the MMP/TIMP ratio in the brain.
Biotin reagents for antibody pretargeting. 4. Selection of biotin conjugates for in vivo application based on their dissociation rate from avidin and streptavidin.

An investigation was conducted to determine the affect of structural variation of biotin conjugates on their dissociation rates from Av and SAv. This information was sought to help identify optimal biotin derivatives for in vivo applications. Fifteen biotin derivatives were conjugated with a cyanocobalamin (CN−Cbl) derivative for evaluation of their “relative” dissociation rates by size exclusion HPLC analysis. Two biotin-CN−Cbl conjugates, one containing unaltered biotin and the other containing iminobiotin, were prepared as reference compounds for comparison purposes. The first structural variations studied involved modification of the biotinamide bond with a N-methyl moiety (i.e., sarcosine conjugate), lengthening the valeric acid side chain by a methylene unit (i.e., homobiotin), and replacing the biotinamide bond with thiourea bonds in two conjugates. The rate of dissociation of the biotin-CN−Cbl derivative from Av and SAv was significantly increased for biotin derivatives containing those structural...
Quality of Depression Care for People with Coincident Chronic Medical Conditions

Abstract Objective Depression is common and associated with poor outcomes for people with chronic medical conditions (CMCs). The goals of this study were (1) to determine the effect of CMCs on the use and quality of depression care and (2) to understand whether the patient–provider relationship mediates the relationship between CMCs and depression care quality. Method With the use of data from the 1997–1998 National Survey of Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Health Problems (Healthcare for Communities), the relationships between CMCs, depression recognition, receipt of minimally adequate depression care and the patient–provider relationship were assessed with multivariate linear and logistic regression models for 1309 adults who met criteria for major depressive disorder. Results Depressed patients with a CMC were more likely to have their depression recognized by a provider (OR=2.10; 95% CI=1.32–3.35) and to take antidepressant medications (32% vs. 19%, P=.02) than those without a CMC. However, having a CMC was not associated with receiving minimally adequate depression care or patient satisfaction. Depression recognition was associated with number of medical visits (OR=1.12; 95% CI=1.09–1.15), having a usual source of care (OR=3.57; 95% CI=2.26–5.63), and provider trust (OR=1.07; 95% CI=1.04–1.11). Conclusion Depressed people with a comorbid CMC are more likely to have their depression recognized than those without a CMC, though were no more likely to receive minimally adequate depression care. Aspects of the patient–provider relationship, including trust and continuity of care, may help to explain the increased rate of depression recognition among patients with severe CMCs.
Cuerpos desplazados. Género, deporte, y protagonismo cultural en la plaza vasca

Este articulo reflexiona acerca de la identificacion metonimica que se produce entre el cuerpo masculino y la comunidad vasca y como dicha identificacion genera una exclusion sistematica de las mujeres de los espacios de protagonismo cultural. Para ello, va a analizar como se escenifica dicho protagonismo en el deporte de la pelota, un deporte que ha contribuido a conformar el imaginario vasco y cuya modalidad mas popular es exclusivamente masculina. La pelota ha configurado las plazas de muchas villas y pueblos del Pais Vasco, asi como fisica y moralmente los cuerpos emplazados en ellas. El lugar para el juego de pelota, el fronton, es el espacio que la comunidad vasca utiliza para ubicar sus eventos mas significativos. La pelota es el juego prototipico de dicho espacio. Desvelando la cadena de significantes que genera su escenificacion, es posible desvelar el imaginario que impide que las mujeres devengan protagonistas en el contexto de representacion cultural vasca. El articulo incopora la historia de vida de una de ellas, la pelotari navarra Maite Ruiz de Larramendi, quien fue obligada a abandonar la pelota cuando era una nina, e intenta ofrecer algunas claves para interpretar otros casos que trascienden sus limites etnograficos, como el de la atleta surafricana Caster Semenya.
Phosphatidyl-Serine-Positive Cells with High Sensitivity to the Alzheimer's Disease Aβ Peptides Display Distinctive Mitochondrial Characteristics

The Alzheimer's Aβ peptides exhibit cell-selective toxic effects in cultured cells and in neurons of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. As we previously showed ex vivo neuronal cells and cell lines consisted of subpopulations of cells characterized by differential levels of a common surface membrane target for the phosphatidyl-serine (PtdSer) specific binder annexin V and for the Alzheimer's Aβ peptidesbinding. These findings enable us to efficiently separate by flow cytometry sorting PtdSer positive cells on a variety of neuronal cell lines and ex vivo neurons and analyze their Aβ-binding affinity. We collected compelling data confirming the involvement of PtdSer as one of the surface membrane signal molecules for Aβ. This investigation used the persistent presence of PtdSer on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of PC12 cells to identify, sort and further culture the subpopulation of cells that are PtdSer positive (PtdSer+) and have high affinity to bind Aβ, and consequently are more likely to be harmed by Aβ. Various viability tests showed that the group of cells sorted as PtdSer+ was the most sensitive to Aβ toxic effects. The caspase3/7 activation level of the PtdSer+ subpopulation of cells was similar to one of the PtdSer negative (PtdSer-) subpopulation and the control cells. Therefore we assume, PtdSer+ cells are not undergoing apoptosis. Additionally, PtdSer+ cells have persistent higher levels of PtdSer on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, significantly lower levels of cytosolic ATP, lower mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial membrane potential, and slightly higher production of reactive oxidative species compared to PtdSer- and control cells. We hypothesize that all of these distinctive cellular and mitochondrial conditions are the basis for the high sensitivity to Aβ displayed by some selective cell lines and neurons.
Percent of agreement among raters and rater reliability of the copying subtest of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the interrater reliability of the visual-motor portion of the Copying subtest of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition. Eight raters independently scored 11 protocols completed by children aged 5 through 10 years, using the scoring criteria and guidelines in the manual. The raters marked each of 10 items pass or fail and computed a total raw score for each protocol. Interrater reliability coefficients were obtained for each child's protocol, and the Kappa coefficient was computed for each item. Significant raters' reliability coefficients ranged from .82 to .91, which were low in comparison to test-retest reliability and Kuder-Richardson-20 coefficients for this and other subtests of the Stanford-Binet in the technical manual. Percent agreement among 8 raters also indicated weak reliability. Although the obtained results suggested some interrater reliability coefficients within acceptable levels, questions were raised about the scoring criteria for individual items. Caution is warranted in the use of cognitive measures which include subjective judgement of the examiner in applying scoring criteria.
Promoting Community in Early Childhood Programs: A Comparison of Two Programs

Every interaction within an early childhood program either promotes community or disrupts it. Therefore, excellent early childhood programs have in place a process that pulls the energies and abilities of all the members of the school community together so that everyone—children, educators, parents, and community members—develop well. In particular, healthy interactions between educators and families create the necessary conditions for the early childhood programs: (1) to impact the lifepaths of the families; and, in turn, (2) to engage the families in the work of improving the early childhood programs. In this article, research on the Jewish Early Childhood Education Initiative (JECEI) is presented. JECEI was selected for study because JECEI early childhood programs are characterized by healthy relationships, the capacity to successfully promote children’s learning and development, and the engagement of families in the work of school improvement.
Lipoprotein lipase activity and cellularity in brown and white adipose tissue in Zucker obese rats

The genetically obese adult Zucker rat (fafa) exhibits reduced thermogenesis when stimulated by physiological agents (cold, catecholamines). Recent evidence suggests that this thermogenic defect may be important in the manifestation of the animal's obesity and that it reflects a reduced thermogenic contribution from brown adipose tissue, the major nonshivering thermogenic site in many mammals. The present study describes the effects of the obese genotype on brown (and white) adipocyte size, number, and lipid content and tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. In the obese rats, brown fat depots were increased in mass. This increase could be accounted for by brown fat hypertrophy (due primarily to an increase in the amount of triglyceride present in each cell) rather than hyperplasia (there being no increase in the number of brown fat cells). In addition, unlike the situation in white fat, the brown fat from the obese rats did not exhibit higher LPL activity than did the brown fat from their lean littermates. This absence of an increased capacity for triglyceride uptake, coupled with the greater amount of triglyceride per brown adipocyte, is consistent with a reduction of triglyceride oxidation (and, thus, heat production) in the cells from the obese (v the lean) rats.
Tobacco Use in a Fifth-Grade Southwestern Sample

As a preliminary step to designing a health education curriculum for Anglo-American, Hispanic, and Native American children from rural areas of New Mexico, a self-report questionnaire designed to measure tobacco use, exposure and attitudes was administered to 204 boys and girls in fifth-grade classes in six schools. Substantial differences in smoking and smokeless tobacco use were found for children who differed in age, ethnicity, and gender. This suggests a possible need to design tobacco use curricula tailored to the specific groups being taught.
Antecedents and Consequences of Research Planning in a University Setting

This paper reports on some of the results of a study on research administration at the University of Missouri, Columbia. The subjects were 248 professors with research grants. The paper first examines some characteristics that are likely to lead to research planning. Some of the characteristics examined include size of research grant, number of subordinates in the research project, and preferences for type of research problems investigated. The consequences of planning, the satisfaction of the research professor, his rewards and productivity are also examined. In general, planning did not lead to greater researcher satisfaction, but it did lead to greater productivity for the researcher.
Who Searches the Searchers? Community Privacy in the Age of Monolithic Search Engines

Privacy has largely been equated with every individual's right to privacy. Accordingly, current efforts to protect privacy on the Internet have sought anonymity by breaking, where possible, links with personally identifiable information (PII)-all uses of aggregated data stripped of PII are considered legitimate. This article argues that we need to use a broader concept, general or group identifying information (GII), because even aggregated data stripped of PII violate privacy at the community level. The search engine companies, or anyone else with access to their log files, can use these data to generate a moment-by-moment view of what is on the collective mind. Such a view can be used in a variety of ways, some with deep economic and even political impact. In order to frame this discussion, it is necessary to examine some of the realities of the search engine-mediated associative interface to the World Wide Web. While this interface has enormous benefits for the networked world, it also fundamentally changes a number of issues underlying various current debates about Internet governance.
On the performance potential of different types of speculative thread-level parallelism: The DL version of this paper includes corrections that were not made available in the printed proceedings

Recent research in thread-level speculation (TLS) has proposed several mechanisms for optimistic execution of difficult-to-analyze serial codes in parallel. Though it has been shown that TLS helps to achieve higher levels of parallelism, evaluation of the unique performance potential of TLS, i.e., performance gain that be achieved only through speculation, has not received much attention. In this paper, we evaluate this aspect, by separating the speedup achievable via true TLP (thread-level parallelism) and TLS, for the SPEC CPU2000 benchmark. Further, we dissect the performance potential of each type of speculation --- control speculation, data dependence speculation and data value speculation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dissection study of its kind. Assuming an oracle TLS mechanism --- which corresponds to perfect speculation and zero threading overhead --- whereby the execution time of a candidate program region (for speculative execution) can be reduced to zero, our study shows that, at the loop-level, the upper bound on the arithmetic mean and geometric mean speedup achievable via TLS across SPEC CPU2000 is 39.16% (standard deviation = 31.23) and 18.18% respectively.
Spectroscopic insights into axial ligation and active-site H-bonding in substrate-bound human heme oxygenase-2

Heme oxygenases (HOs) are monooxygenases that catalyze the first step in heme degradation, converting heme to biliverdin with concomitant release of Fe(II) and CO from the porphyrin macrocycle. Two heme oxygenase isoforms, HO-1 and HO-2, exist that differ in several ways, including a complete lack of Cys residues in HO-1 and the presence of three Cys residues as part of heme-regulatory motifs (HRMs) in HO-2. HRMs in other heme proteins are thought to directly bind heme, or to otherwise regulate protein stability or activity; however, it is not currently known how the HRMs exert these effects on HO-2 function. To better understand the properties of this vital enzyme and to elucidate possible roles of its HRMs, various forms of HO-2 possessing distinct alterations to the HRMs were prepared. In this study, variants with Cys265 in a thiol form are compared with those with this residue in an oxidized (part of a disulfide bond or existing as a sulfenate moiety) form. Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopic data of these HO-2 variants clearly demonstrate that a new low-spin Fe(III) heme species characteristic of thiolate ligation is formed when Cys265 is reduced. Additionally, absorption, magnetic circular dichroism, and resonance Raman data collected at different temperatures reveal an intriguing temperature dependence of the iron spin state in the heme–HO-2 complex. These findings are consistent with the presence of a hydrogen-bonding network at the heme’s distal side within the active site of HO-2 with potentially significant differences from that observed in HO-1.
Symptoms and signs in pulmonary medicine: old observations and new interpretations.

Abstract Andre Gide wrote, “Everything has been said before, but since nobody listens we have to keep going back and beginning all over again.” To a certain extent, that statement applies to the importance of accurate and systematic history taking and physical examination in clinical practice. Although we are trained in habits of comprehension and accuracy in history taking and examination of patients, periodic reminders are required to develop a diagnostic framework based on observation (inspection), palpation, percussion, and auscultation. This monograph reemphasizes the method to be pursued in the treatment of a patient with pulmonary symptoms. It consists of three parts: (1) questioning the patient about his or her medical history; (2) performing the physical examination of the respiratory system; and (3) examining the extrapulmonary signs and symptoms. Once a strong clinical framework has been constructed, its further development and refinement depend on the clinician's experience, power of observation, and systematic reading of the medical literature. Good physicians must continue to learn throughout their careers; this is the most essential element of a physician's development. Be patient, however; as Cowper said, “Knowledge, to become wisdom, needs experience.”