cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal effects on microstructural heterogeneity of Inconel 718 materials fabricated by electron beam melting

Additive manufacturing technologies, also known as 3D printing, have demonstrated the potential to fabricate complex geometrical components, but the resulting microstructures and mechanical properties of these materials are not well understood due to unique and complex thermal cycles observed during processing. The electron beam melting (EBM) process is unique because the powder bed temperature can be elevated and maintained at temperatures over 1000 °C for the duration of the process. This results in three specific stages of microstructural phase evolution: (a) rapid cool down from the melting temperature to the process temperature, (b) extended hold at the process temperature, and (c) slow cool down to the room temperature. In this work, the mechanisms for reported microstructural differences in EBM are rationalized for Inconel 718 based on measured thermal cycles, preliminary thermal modeling, and computational thermodynamics models. The relationship between processing parameters, solidification microstructure, interdendritic segregation, and phase precipitation (δ, γ′, and γ″) are discussed.
Overview of the Leukemias

The previous chapter described malignant cells that originate in lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes and the spleen. Leukemias are also cancers of the immune system, but these neoplasms originate within hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias can arise from lymphoid cells (B cells and T cells), like lymphomas, or from cells of the myeloid lineage. Clonal expansion of one cell line results in underproduction of normal red blood cells, platelets, and other leukocytes. Cytopenias lead to requirement for blood product transfusions. Also, cytopenias result in weakening of the immune system and increased risk of infection, which is the most common cause of death in patients with leukemia. Importantly, leukemias not only occupy the bone marrow space, but can also infiltrate organs such as the liver, spleen, skin, and central nervous system (CNS). Major CNS consequences result from leptomeningeal spread of disease, parenchymal infiltration by leukemia cells, paravertebral masses leading to spinal cord or cauda equina compression, hemorrhage in the setting of disseminated intravascular coagulation, and leukostasis. These CNS complications can cause central and peripheral nerve palsies, seizures, and altered sensorium. Treatment of CNS involvement may involve leukapheresis, radiation, intrathecal chemotherapy, and systemic chemotherapy using agents capable of traversing the blood-brain barrier.
Power Management of Wideband Code Division Multiple Access RF Power Amplifiers With Antenna Mismatch

This paper focuses on a combination of adaptive power supply and adaptive impedance tuning for WCDMA RF power amplifiers (RFPA) in wireless handsets in order to improve the system efficiency under different transmit power levels and antenna mismatch. The adaptive power supply is a noninverting buck-boost power converter. It is shown that precise output voltage positioning and low output voltage ripple over a wide output voltage range, including buck, boost, and buck/boost transition modes, can be accomplished using ?-? modulation in combination with a small, low-resolution DPWM core. A two-mode digital controller is presented, in which the compensator parameters are changed upon buck/boost mode transitions in order to improve closed-loop dynamic performance. Furthermore, improvements in system efficiency are demonstrated using this adaptive power supply combined with an adaptive RF impedance tuner between the RFPA and the antenna. The results are verified on an experimental test bed that consists of a discrete RFPA, impedance tuner, a prototype 0.5 ?m CMOS power stage IC that integrates power MOSFETs, drivers and deadtime control logic, and a digital power management controller implemented on an FPGA.
Modelling of saturated AC machines including air gap flux harmonic components

A new saturation model for induction machines that can be easily extended to other types of AC machines is presented. It is shown that saturation is responsible for the generation of flux space harmonic components traveling in the air gap with the same synchronous speed as the fundamental flux component, with the third being the dominant harmonic component. Superposition of the effects of the fundamental and third harmonic components of the air gap flux is utilized in order to model the saturation of the ferromagnetic parts of the machine. The concept of winding functions is used to derive the inductance terms relating to both stator and rotor winding components. In this approach, the air gap length is assumed to be variable, being a function of the position and level of the air gap flux. Terminal and torque values for steady and transient states are obtainable from the proposed model, with experimental results showing that the model proposed predicts spatial saturation effects with good accuracy. >
Efficient harvest of near infrared light in nanocrystal-polymer hybrid photovoltaic composites

We report a photovoltaic composite where semiconductor nanocrystals were used to sensitize conjugated-polymer into the infrared. The measured quantum efficiency is the highest reported so far for the harvest of the near-infrared-light (lambdages760nm) with hybrid photovoltaic-cells.
Using Long-Term Census Data to Inform Restoration Methods for Coastal Dune Vegetation

Barrier islands are exposed to the wind and wave action from storms, which often disturbs both the geomorphology and vegetation. Conservation and restoration efforts for these important habitats could be improved with knowledge of how native plants respond to storms. We analyzed 10 years of annual data of vegetation of St. George Island, Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico, to quantify how the plant community responds to major storms and to predict which dune species might be appropriate for restoration after storm damage across dune zones. This prediction was tested with six plant species that differed in their storm response—from highly negative (local extinction in response to storms) to highly positive (increased abundance in response to storms). We measured transplant survival and growth (plant height and number of shoots) over 2 years in a restoration experiment across three major dune zones. We found that different species can be useful for restoration purposes in different dune zones, depending on both short- and longer-term management strategies. Uniola paniculata is a particularly strong restoration candidate across all dune zones, whereas Muhlenbergia capillaris and Schizachyrium maritimum would be beneficial for restoration in the interdune area. Fimbristylis spp. and Sporobolus virginicus demonstrate the strongest potential for restoration in the interdune and backdune areas. Restoration of disturbed areas often involves the seeding or transplanting of species to stabilize the landscape and initiate the return of the original vegetation. We show that the performance of native species, in response to storms, especially in conjunction with information on plant life history, can be useful for identifying the best species to use for restoration.
Development of Self-images and Role Relationships

Step 6: Relationship. Describe developments of the therapist-patient relationship over time in terms of self-images and role models. Include description about the social relationship, therapeutic alliance, transference tests, transferences, and countertransferences traced in time over the therapy. Describe how the relationships effect previously warded-off memories, ideas, emotions, and controls, as well as experience, change in attitudes, and creation of situations of threat or safety. Include continuation of process after therapy if data are available, effects of new relationships or separations in the patient’s environment, and cover social, group, ideological and other help systems when relevant.
Does Accountability Vary? Institutional Effects on the Careers of State Supreme Court Justices

Do diverse selection and retention systems influence the careers of state supreme court justices? We contend a direct connection exists between risk of removal from the bench and accountability, as institutional mechanisms present varying but predictable degrees of risk to justices. Using event history modeling, we analyze the duration of judicial tenures and resultant levels of accountability provided by selection methods. We demonstrate that justices in partisan elections have the shortest tenures and greatest risk of departure. By contrast, the Missouri Plan proved the least accountable system, offering a trivial amount of risk to justices. By proffering novel insight into judicial careers, our study enhances the judicial elections literature, while our findings diverge from rhetorical assertions of judicial reform groups maintaining that the Missouri Plan affords sufficient accountability. We thus show that judicial careers and accountability are a function of the institutional design of selection and retention systems.
A standard method for economic analyses of inertial confinement fusion power plants

A standard method for calculating the total capital cost and the cost of electricity for a typical inertial confinement fusion electric power plant has been developed. A standard code of accounts at the two-digit level is given for the factors making up the total capital cost of the power plant. Equations are given for calculating the indirect capital costs, the project contingency, and the time-related costs. Expressions for calculating the fixed charge rate, which is necessary to determine the cost of electricity, are also described. Default parameters are given to define a reference case for comparative economic analyses.
The Impact of Media Agenda Setting on Local Governments: A First Look

Because the media can focus attention on an issue as well as on its solutions, public administrators and politicians need to know what role the media play in setting the public agenda. While most agenda-setting research pays close attention to the impact of the media on public opinion, this research concentrates on what aspects of the media seem to be the greatest predictors of policy change. As evident in the few papers on the examination of the relationship between local media coverage and policy outcomes, it is not clear whether local-level agenda setting works at all, much less whether it works in the same way as it does at the national level. This research looks specifically at the impact of the media on policy outcomes and examines how the media report on seemingly benign issues, everything from public safety to economic development, of local government and how that reporting influences the policy outcomes of local government officials. Specifically, this research, following in the steps of previous agenda-setting research, will determine the correlation between the amount of reporting on local issues with changes in the government budget. It is a preliminary look at the more extensive research in progress.
Sex differences in prediction of academic performance by the graduate record exam

The relationship between Graduate Record Exam (GRE) scores and graduate grade-point average (GPA) for Caucasian men and women in a Master's program in counseling was investigated. Scores on neither the Quantitative nor the Verbal scales of the GRE were correlated with GPA for men, but Quantitative scale scores were significantly correlated with GPA for women.
Physician-Controlled System For Image-Guided Bronchoscopy

We first tested the system using two MDCT-based human airway-tree phantoms with lesions as summarized below. Using the IGI system, we successfully guided the bronchoscope to all sites, with no assistance from a technician, using the precomputed bronchoscope maneuvers associated with the planned routes. Figure 4 shows final sampling sites for two of the lesions in the two phantoms. 3. Results and Discussion 1. Background
Effect of somatostatin analogs on gastric and pancreatic secretion.

SummaryGH-RIH and its two analogs, D-Trp8-somatostatin and D-Cys14-somatosta-tin have been tested for their effects on gastric and pancreatic secretion in chronic gastric and pancreatic fistula dogs. All three peptides caused similar competitive inhibition of pentagastrin-induced gastric acid and secretin-induced pancreatic bicarbonate secretions. This study indicates that GH-RIH analogs, which were shown to have a dissociated action on pituitary and endocrine pancreatic secretion, are essentially as equi-potent as GH-RIH itself on gastric and pancreatic secretions.
Conceptual Development of a Payload Thermal and Pressure Control System for a Small Payload Quick Return Vehicle

NASA has a need to routinely return small pressurized and thermally controlled payloads from the International Space Station (ISS) to earth. The development of a system to support this need could prove to be invaluable in helping to maintain a fully functional national space laboratory in light of a retiring space shuttle fleet. NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) has developed a Small Payload Quick Return (SPQR) vehicle through the Sub-Orbital Aerodynamic Re-entry EXperiments (SOAREX) project. In order to optimize the functionality of the SPQR payload allotment for ISS downmass capability, it is envisioned that pressure and temperature control will be needed for this payload volume. A combination of phase change and insulating materials applied to a vessel that can provide the payload with up to one atmosphere of isolation from the environment are ideal candidates for a passive thermal and pressure control system. This solution is to be applied toward the SPQR concept payload volume. This paper shall discuss the development of a conceptual design for the SPQR payload thermal and pressure control system.
Photoluminescence from Single Quantum Dot/Organic Nanostructures: Ligand Effects on PL Dynamics

The photoluminescence dynamics and saturation profiles of quantum dot/organic composites have been studied at the single particle level. We find strong evidence for multiexcitonic character in photoexcited particles arising from ligands coordinated to the surface.
Disorders of the peripheral motor system

The principal entities in the differential diagnosis of the peripheral motor system are primary muscle and lower motor neuron disorders.Primary muscle disease is associated with wasting and weakness. Hypotonicity and diminution of deep reflexes parallel the muscle wasting, and muscle groups are involved bilaterally.Lower motor neuron disorders cause changes reflecting loss of nerve supply to the muscles. Fasciculations and denervation fibrillation are present. Trophic changes of the skin and nails often occur.
The mechanism of an osteoporosis center.

SUMMARY The cost of osteoporosis to the quality of human life and well-being are immeasurable; its costs to society are significant. Osteoporosis affects approximately 20 million Americans and has been estimated by the National Osteoporosis Foundation to equal $7 to $10 billion in health care costs and productivity annually.5 Osteoporosis represents a major health problem. Clearly, a screening and bone maintenance program can be managed by nurses in a cost-effective manner and serves as an efficient facilitator in the education and care of patients. Furthermore, an osteoporosis center can provide invaluable support for professionals in various disciplines of medicine. In our experience at The Hospital for Special Surgery most of our patients come to our center as a result of a physician referral. An average of 600 to 800 patients are seen annually and about 15 per cent of these patients are referred from the screening program to a metabolic bone treatment source. Approximately 5 per cent of patients referred for treatment are hospitalized for an extensive evaluation which includes an iliac crest-bone biopsy. As the patient population in the Osteoporosis Center has grown there has been a recognition of special patient groups who have specific needs. This has resulted in the establishment of clinics which address the problems associated with patients who are renal stone formers, anorexic, and amenor-rheic (many of this latter group are athletes or dancers). In response to the many inquiries from medical professionals who wish to emulate our center, we have developed a program that provides an opportunity for colleagues to visit and observe the various mechanisms of the metabolic bone disease service and the osteoporosis center. In addition, professional colleagues may attend metabolic bone disease lecture offerings and consult with center personnel if they need assistance in establishing a similar program. Prevention of bone loss may be significantly more effective approach than treatment of osteoporosis once fracture has occurred. Moreover, it is now clear that certain preventive measures may reduce the incidence of fractures among the aging population.3 The opportunities for furthering both public awareness and directing research studies are immense.
Estimation of Frequency and Damping of a Rotating System Using MEOT and Virtual Sensor Concept

Currently, to obtain an understanding of the frequency and damping of the modes of a rotating system, an impact test or a shaker test is done to find the frequency at which the modes of the system exist. Then, an operating test is done to obtain an understanding of the orders of the system. A Mode Enhanced Order Track (MEOT) can be used to obtain the frequency and damping of various modes directly from the operating data of a rotating system but it cannot find modes which are very close together in frequency or those that are repeated. The MEOT is a method described in Dr J.R. Blough’s PhD dissertation, which has not been tested on data obtained from an actual rotating system. This data was taken from a Toro Leaf Blower, using a laser tachometer and 7 triaxial sensors. Using Mode enhanced Order Tracking, the frequency and damping of different modes was found. These were then compared to the results obtained from an Impact Test performed on the Toro Leaf Blower. This method was also tested after using the virtual sensor concept on the data. A virtual sensor was created for each triaxial sensor. The results obtained from the impact test, MEOT and the MEOT performed on the virtual sensor data were then compared and analysed.
Embryo Transfer in IVF: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice

Since the first pregnancy using in vitro fertilization (IVF) was achieved nearly 30 years ago, many aspects of this procedure have undergone significant progress. In contrast, the technique of embryo transfer (ET) has remained relatively unchanged. A simple yet critical element in the final step of IVF, embryo transfer, has received little attention until recently. As poor implantation rates have increasingly hindered the growing success of IVF, the procedure of embryo transfer is now under great scrutiny. While poor embryo quality or suboptimal uterine receptivity may be responsible for implantation failures, the transfer technique itself is now also recognized as an important determinant of IVF success. Optimizing the technique of embryo transfer should take several factors into consideration.
Changing Health Care Professionals’ Attitudes Toward Spanking

Twenty-two pediatric residents and 31 medical students viewed the Play Nicely program. The Play Nicely program is a multimedia program that teaches health care professionals how to counsel parents to use positive parenting and disciplining strategies in response to early childhood aggression. Health care professionals completed pre- and posttraining questionnaires to assess changes in comfort with counseling, parenting knowledge, and attitudes toward spanking. Results indicated at posttraining that health care professionals were significantly more comfortable with counseling parents, had increased parenting knowledge, and decreased positive attitudes toward spanking. Findings suggest that this program holds promise for educating health care professionals on how to counsel parents on positive parenting strategies and positively change attitudes toward spanking.
THE STYLISTIC DEVELOPMENT OF PLAINS INDIAN PAINTING AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO LEDGER DRAWINGS.

This paper attempts to trace the stylistic development of Plains Indian figurative hide painting. Beginning with its possible origins in the petrographs and bark drawings of the pre-and early histo...
The grid-based identity signcryption algorithm and application in Ad Hoc network

Identity-based signcryption which guarantees the confidentiality and authentication of message is suitable for the key management of Ad Hoc network due to its low computation cost. Aiming at the deficiencies of the existing identity-based signcryption algorithms, this paper proposes an efficient grid-based identity signcryption algorithm which adopts a low overhand, high expandability and high connectivity grid as the logical structure. By using this signcryption algorithm in the key management scheme of Ad Hoc network, the communication and computation cost of key management is reduced and the safety and efficiency of the key management scheme is enhanced. The analyses show that the Ad Hoc network has a good ability of resistance to the attack when the new signcryption algorithm is used in key management.
Dynamical Structure and Definition of Energy in General Relativity

The problem of the dynamical structure and definition of energy for the classical general theory of relativity is considered on a formal level. As in a previous paper, the technique used is the Schwinger action principle. Starting with the full Einstein Lagrangian in first order Palatini form, an action integral is derived in which the algebraic constraint variables have been eliminated. This action possesses a "Hamiltonian" density which, however, vanishes due to the differential constraints. If the differential constraints are then substituted into the action, the true, nonvanishing Hamiltonian of the theory emerges. From an analysis of the equations of motion and the constraint equations, the two pairs of dynamical variables which represent the two independent degrees of freedom of the gravitational field are explicitly exhibited. Four other variables remain in theory; these may be arbitrarily specified, any such specification representing a choice of coordinate frame. It is shown that it is possible to obtain truly canonical pairs of variables in terms of the dynamical and arbitrary variables. Thus a statement of the dynamics is meaningful only after a set of coordinate conditions have been chosen. In general, the true Hamiltonian will be time dependent even for an isolated gravitational field. There thus arises the notion of a preferred coordinate frame, i.e., that frame in which the Hamiltonian is conserved. In this special frame, on physical grounds, the Hamiltonian may be taken to define the energy of the field. In these respects the situation in general relativity is analogous to the parametric form of Hamilton's principle in particle mechanics.
Individuation and Heidegger’s Ontological “Intuitionism”

When Heidegger insists that each of us is distinctive because “the most radical individuation” is both possible and necessary for us, he might mean: (1) it is possible and necessary to be an individual in the most radical way; or (2a) it is possible and necessary to engage in the project of becoming a distinct individual in the most radical way; or (2b) it is possible and necessary to see the distinct individual that I am, and to do so in the most radical way.
A team-based interprofessional education course for first-year health professions students

Abstract Background and purpose Interprofessional education (IPE) is required within pharmacy education, and should include classroom-based education along with experiential interprofessional collaboration. For classroom-based education, small-group learning environments may create a better platform for engaging students in the essential domain of interprofessional collaboration towards meaningful learning within IPE sub-domains (interprofessional communication, teams and teamwork, roles and responsibilities, and values and ethics). Faculty envisioned creating a small-group learning environment that was inviting, interactive, and flexible using situated learning theory. This report describes an introductory, team-based, IPE course for first-year health-professions students; it used small-group methods for health-professions students’ learning of interprofessional collaboration. Educational activity and setting The University of Toledo implemented a 14-week required course involving 554 first-year health-sciences students from eight professions. The course focused on the Interprofessional Education Collaborative's (IPEC) Core Competencies for Interprofessional Collaboration. Students were placed within interprofessional teams of 11–12 students each and engaged in simulations, standardized-patient interviews, case-based communications exercises, vital signs training, and patient safety rotations. Outcomes measured were students’ self-ratings of attaining learning objectives, perceptions of other professions (from word cloud), and satisfaction through end-of-course evaluations. Findings This introductory, team-based IPE course with 554 students improved students’ self-assessed competency in learning objectives (p Discussion and summary Through triangulation of our various assessment methods, we considered this course offering a success. This interprofessional, team-based, small-group strategy to teaching and learning IPE appeared helpful within this interactive, classroom-based course.
On the coexistence of D2D and cellular networks: An optimal distributed approach

A promising approach to cope with the increasing data demand in cellular networks is the use of device-to-device (D2D) communications over short distances. It allows to save valuable resources like energy, time and frequency, in particular when the spectrum is shared with the cellular communications. While spectrum sharing can grant a high spectrum reuse, it also requires a proper scheduling, in order to limit the resulting intra-cell interference. In contrast to several recent centralized approaches, in this paper we illustrate how context awareness, derived from the measurement of few local parameters, can be exploited to set up D2D communications in a distributed fashion. The tradeoff between the gain offered by non-orthogonal D2D communications over uplink channels and the impact of the increased interference is derived through a detailed theoretical analysis. As a result of this analysis, we state a theorem to determine the optimal transmission strategy in order to maximize the throughput in a single cell scenario. By comparing our strategy to the state-of-the art in the same network scenario, we show how the adaptivity offered by context awareness can be turned into an improved performance, in terms of sum throughput and fairness.
Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884): Textbooks and the Female Seminary

As illustrated by the life of Delvalle Lowry and others (Sect. 6.3), the influence and support of a familial mentor had the power to change lives, especially in a culture in which the scientific contributions of women were particularly underappreciated, and opportunities therefore limited. A special case is when the mentorship involves an older sister who shares a young woman’s passion for science, writing, or more generally education. This camaraderie in the trenches, metaphorically speaking, made all the difference in the life of Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps.
The Conclusion of a Driving Study About Warnings Depends upon How Response Time is Defined

Response time, a common measure of driving performance, is not defined consistently in the research literature, making it difficult to compare studies. To determine if the definition mattered, an experiment was conducted. Sixteen subjects drove on simulated expressway while following a lead vehicle and responded to forward collision warnings associated with the lead vehicle braking and cut-ins (46 total encounters, 4 potential collisions). Six response time types were defined per SAE J2944 by their start (e.g., vehicle movement, warning onset) and end points (e.g., brake pedal contact). Mean times for the warning/no warning response time combinations explored varied from 1.19 to 8.87 s. For this data set, response times that began with the warning presentation and ended with an intermediate-final response (e.g., accelerator release (option A) and maximum jerk (option B)) identified significant warning/no warning differences (p=0.044) but were insensitive to encounter differences (p=0.952), so that definit...
Uprooting Institutionalized Racism as Public Health Practice.

The authors discuss the issue of institutionalized racist beliefs regarding the health of African Americans. They mention the belief in genetic or behavioral causes for African American health and mortality, the health disparities caused by these beliefs, and the frame shifted needed to look at the policies that cause these problems.
Turkish Adaptation of the Juhnke–Balkin Life Balance Inventory

This study investigated the factor structure of the Juhnke–Balkin Life Balance Inventory (JBLI) with a sample of 429 Turkish participants. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the validated ...
How the Aging Process Affects Our Immune System: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Perspectives for Intervention

The aging of the immune system involves a complex set of changes that is collectively referred to as immune senescence. Clinically, immune senescence has been associated with decreased protection following vaccinations, increased morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, increased risk of cancer, and increased incidence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Although our understanding of the mechanisms that drive immune senescence has improved during the past decades, we are still far away from therapies that would be able to delay or even prevent the development of immune senescence in humans. This book chapter will illustrate our current knowledge of how the aging process affects our immune system, which key factors are responsible for the aging of immune cells, how environmental factors such as certain life-long viral infections may affect immunological aging, and what challenges the scientific community has to overcome to successfully implement strategies that delay or prevent immunosenescence and thereby increase the human health span.
Cultural Disparities of SAT Scores and the Influence on Higher Education Opportunities for African American and Latino Students

Inequalities in the distribution of education resources and cultural identification can lead to lower SAT scores for African American and Latino students. By using SAT scores as one of the primary sources to determine admission to institutions of higher education, educators may be denying minority students admission to a variety of colleges and universities, depriving the student of his or her best choice and the college of an engaged and diverse student body, and contributing to the perpetuation of inequalities in the system. The evidence contained in this literature review shows that, given the current system, those students' SAT scores do not show a lower aptitude for school, nor do they predict a less successful college career. They merely show that, in addition to negotiating a complex and unfamiliar process, African American and Latino students must also contend with subtle and varied barriers to academic preparation. It follows logically that this added burden results in lower scores. Educators can correct the inherent unfairness in the system by becoming aware of the reasons for those lower scores, and by seeking out better ways to measure past academic success and predict college behavior.
Exploratory metabolomic study to identify blood-based biomarkers as a potential screen for colorectal cancer.

Introduction: colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be difficult to diagnose due to the lack of reliable and predictive biomarkers. Objective: to identify blood-based biomarkers that can be used to distinguish CRC cases from controls. Methods: a workflow for untargeted followed by targeted metabolic profiling was conducted on the plasma samples of 26 CRC cases and ten healthy volunteers (controls) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS). The data acquired in the untargeted scan was processed and analyzed using MarkerView™ software. The significantly different ions that distinguish CRC cases from the controls were identified using a mass-based human metabolome search. The result was further used to inform the targeted scan workflow. Results: the untargeted scan yielded putative biomarkers some of which were related to the folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism (FOCM). Analysis of the targeted scan found the plasma levels of nine FOCM metabolites to be significantly different between cases and controls. The classification models of the cases and controls, in both the targeted and untargeted approaches, each yielded a 97.2% success rate after cross-validation. Conclusion: we have identified plasma metabolites with screening potential to discriminate between CRC cases and controls.
Invariant analysis of the Reynolds stress tensor for a nuclear fuel assembly with spacer grid and split type vanes

Abstract Invariant analysis of the Reynolds stress tensor anisotropy can give an accurate and deep intuitive understanding of the turbulent structure of a turbulent flow. Lumley's triangle has proven to be a powerful representation of the invariant analysis of the second-order statistics collection provided by the Reynolds stress tensor. In the present work the spectral element code Nek5000 has been used to investigate the turbulent structure of the flow across a pressurized water reactor spacer grid with split type mixing vanes. Wall-resolved large eddy simulation of the flow in a prototypical rod bundle geometry at Re = 14,000 and P/D = 1.32 are performed and validated against particle image velocimetry data. The results are then used to perform an in-depth invariant analysis. The results show a reorganization of the Reynolds stresses components in the downstream region of the spacer grid. The mixing vanes orientation produces a symmetric behavior between sub-channels. The turbulent structure in the fully developed region has the typical behavior of fully-developed channel flow turbulence. When averaging the state across regions of the sub-channels, we observed a transition from disk-like turbulence in the mixing vanes region to rod-like turbulence in the fully developed region.
Enhancing Power System Transient Stability by Virtual Synchronous Generator Control Using Wide-Area Measurements

Virtual synchronous generator control provides a potential solution to connect power electronics interfaced sources to the power system. With its flexible control, the emulated inertia may be adaptively changed to enhance system small-signal stability. However, previously proposed methods may have adverse impact to system transient stability. This paper proposes to improve the methods by using wide-area measurements, namely center of inertia frequency. Experimental results are presented to both demonstrate the limitations of previous control schemes, and the effectiveness of the proposed one. The practical implementation of this method is discussed.
Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Magnetic Mirrors on Plasma Transport in the Prototype Material Plasma Exposure Experiment

The Prototype Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment (Proto-MPEX) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is developing a helicon radio frequency (RF) source for plasma production along with microwave electron heating and RF ion heating. Proto-MPEX has several magnetic mirrors that affect plasma transport. The magnetic field near the helicon source is ~ 0.05 T, and the peak magnetic field in Proto-MPEX is ~ 1.8 T, which results in a large magnetic well for particles sourced at the helicon transporting toward the target region. Keeping the helicon source field and the target field constant, experiments have been conducted by methodically changing the magnetic field, at a local axial location, within the source and the target. Plasma flow measurements using Mach probes have shown a decrease in the flow as a function of the magnetic mirror ratio. Plasma flows were further investigated with ion cyclotron resonant heating (ICH). Results with the addition of ICH measured upstream of the antenna have shown a decrease in Mach number as a function of mirror ratio when compared to helicon discharges. Such flow behavior demonstrated slowing down of the plasma due to the increased reverse plasma flow toward the helicon plasma source. However, in high magnetic fields, when the resonant magnetic field moved away from the ICH antenna, no effects on the plasma flow due to ICH were observed.
Recovering Theism: Three Biographical Case Studies in Alcoholics Anonymous

Recent studies in the sociology of religion have shown that religion and spirituality are related yet distinct concepts which impact social life in a variety of ways. Since its founding in 1935, the popular program known as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) has offered an approach to addiction recovery that manifestly adopts spirituality as a means to sobriety while at the same time eschewing certain organized religious beliefs. This paper seeks to understand how participants perceive spirituality to be integral to addiction recovery as featured through three biographical case studies of unrelated AA members living in different cities in the United States. While the particularities of these three case studies should not be taken as representative of the AA population since they are tied to specific contexts, the similarities of their stories and the emphasis each respondent places on spirituality should prompt researchers to consider the evident connection between spirituality and recovery through AA participation. Suggestions for future research studies and the implications of these results will be discussed.
Opportunistic physiology: inserting physiology and pathophysiology content into virtually delivered clinical rotations

It is important to reinforce physiology and pathophysiology concepts during clinical rotations, which traditionally occur after the foundational sciences in the US medical school system. We took an opportunistic approach when the COVID-19 pandemic forced our content into virtual delivery mode, as clinical medical education required a shift to nonpatient contact. We describe our experience in building a 2-wk course that consisted of online small groups during week 1 and panels and cases during week 2. The physiology content involved faculty-vetted resources, along with both discrete and open-ended focus questions for each learning objective. The course also included mechanical ventilation, and the physiologist utilized discussion points and developed a formative quiz to emphasize the physiology correlates, in addition to the very clinical aspects of mechanical ventilation. There were pathophysiology opportunities with pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and multiple-organ system dysfunction among the clinical correlates. Review and recall of the foundational sciences occurred, allowing links between the pre-clerkship and clerkship years that were previously undiscovered in our institution. This virtually delivered medical curriculum related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and COVID-19 is timely, carries high student interest, and can benefit medical students and the communities they serve.
Option Prices and the Probability of Success of Cash Mergers

When a cash merger is announced but not yet completed, there are two key unobserved variables involved in the target company stock price: the probability of success, and the fallback price, i.e., the price conditional on merger failure. We propose an arbitrage-free model involving these two sources of uncertainty which prices European options on the target company. We empirically test our formula in a study of all cash mergers between 1996 and 2008. The formula matches well the observed volatility smile. Furthermore, as predicted by the model, we show empirically that the volatility smile displays a kink, and that the kink is proportional to the risk-neutral probability of deal success.
Design Parameters for Stacked-Ribbon Shape-Memory Alloy Bending Actuators *

Soft robots continue to suffer from a lack of powerful actuator options that do not rely upon bulky external power supplies or fluid pumps. This is especially true of bending-type actuators that often require immersion in an ionic or aqueous fluid, or fail to provide adequate forces for more than trivial tasks. Shape memory alloys (SMA) have recently seen use as a bending actuator that occupies little space, provides large forces, and can be powered from a small on-board battery. In this work, we investigate design parameters of bending SMA actuators made from flattened Nitinol wires—referred to as SMA ribbons—which possess a geometry favorable to repeatable bending actuation. We then present a novel "stacked" SMA ribbon actuator that provides increased bending forces while reducing overall system stiffness, compared to a single thick SMA ribbon.
Bioinformatics and Intellectual Property Protection

This article describes the nature of bioinformatics and how the various components of bioinformatics relate to intellectual property law. The article begins by "decomposing" bioinformatics into three categories: (A) biological sequences such as DNA, RNA, and protein sequences; (B) databases in which these sequences are organized; and (C) software and hardware designed to access, organize, and analyze information contained within these sequences and databases. Next, the article analyzes how each of these components relates to patent law, copyright law, and trade secret law. In particular, the article analyzes whether the various components qualify as protectable subject matter under these areas of law. Where protection may be available, the article discusses whether such protection is practical. The article concludes with a policy discussion of whether intellectual property protection should be available for bioinformatics, where bioinformatic inventions may promote advances in
Hybrid Approximations via Second Order Combined Dynamic Derivatives on Time Scales

This article focuses on the approximation of conventional second order deriva- tive via the combined (diamond-�) dynamic derivative on time scales with necessary smoothness conditions embedded. We will show the constraints under which the second order dynamic derivative provides a consistent approximation to the conventional second derivative; the cases where the dynamic derivative approximates the derivative only via a proper modification of the existing formula; and the situations in which the dynamic derivative can never approximate consistently even with the help of available structure correction methods. Constructive error analysis will be given via asymptotic expansions for practical hybrid modeling and computational applications.
Arch Dam Design: State of the Art

Shapes, which take advantage of inherent structural qualities of arch dams, are being adapted to sites which were previously not considered for such structures. Modern design methods permit rapid, reliable evaluation of many alternative solutions for each site, subjected to all anticipated loading conditions. Good comparisons of computed with measured prototype behavior have substantiated design analyses. Better understanding of foundation requirements and rock mechanics have contributed greater safety and efficiency to arch dam design. Prominent current trends include thinner, doubly curved arch dams, shaped in plan to most effectively meet site conditions.
Bhartia Receives 2012 Yoram J. Kaufman Unselfish Cooperation in Research Award: Response

It was an honor and pleasure to receive the 2012 Yoram J. Kaufman Unselfish Cooperation in Research Award from the Atmospheric Sciences Section of the American Geophysical Union. Yoram and I joined NASA around the same time and were colleagues at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center until his tragic death in 2006 in a bicycle accident inside the GSFC campus. The award named after him not only honors Yoram's life and work, but it is also one of the rare scientific awards given for collaboration and teamwork, in which Yoram excelled.
Transcranial Doppler as a Routine in the Treatment of Vasospasm Following Subarachanoid Hemorrhage (SAH)

Background: Vasospasm is an important complication observed after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and is a frequent cause of mortality and morbidity. We present our routine management of vasospasm after SAH and emphasize the importance of transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography in this management.
Producing and Consuming “Unspoilt” Tobago: Paradise Discourse and Cultural Tourism in the Caribbean

RESUMEN Este articulo examina la manera en que las imagenes tradicionales del Caribe, como un paraiso tropical, se relacionan con las nuevas formas del consumo turistico. Las tipicas representaciones de los paisajes, pueblos, y culturas de la region del Caribe han sido orientadas a su explotacion y consumo por un publico global del Norte. La tendencia de este modelo de representacion ha sido a oscurecer los procesos sociales y las relaciones de poder que estan inmersos en la produccion de la idea de “paraiso.” Con frecuencia, Tobago es presentado a los turistas internacionales como un destino “intacto,” una imagen que situa a la isla como la antitesis del turismo de masas en el Caribe y que incorpora el lenguaje y la estetica del turismo cultural. Dentro de la logica del “Tobago intacto,” la cultura toma la forma de un recurso en riesgo de desaparicion y las diferencias culturales se construyen y exhiben como una transformacion facil y ajena a la politica, el conflicto y el trabajo.
Heat losses in the conductors 1 of alternating-current machines

WITH the increase in the capacity of alternating-current generators, it has become more and more important to determine the exact relation between the heat developed in any conductor and the currents that it and other neighboring conductors carry. Solutions for the distribution of alternating current within conductors that are embedded in open rectangular slots have been obtained for a number of cases. The methods of attack and the results obtained have heretofore involved trigonometric and hyperbolic functions of real angles. For this reason the work has been unnecessarily complicated, and its scope considerably cramped. Had the investigators used hyperbolic functions of complex angles, they would have accomplished more with much less effort. These hyperbolic functions of complex angles are such a powerful tool in the solution of this current distribution problem that the author feels fully justified in presenting this discussion of their application, even though many of the results have been obtained before.
Bile pigments in humans and in nonhuman primates during the perinatal period: composition of meconium and gallbladder bile of newborns and adults.

Bile Pigments in Humans and in Nonhuman Primates during the Perinatal Period: Composition of Meconium and Gallbladder Bile of Newborns and Adults