cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of UV/VUV enhanced RTP on process variation and device performance of metal gate/high-/spl kappa/ gate stacks for the sub-90-nm CMOS regime

We show that UV/VUV-enhanced rapid thermal processing (RTP) in combination with single-wafer processing using a single tool for the fabrication of metal gate/high-/spl kappa/ dielectric gate stacks not only improves overall device performance, but also leads to a significant reduction in process variation at the front end of the CMOS process flow for the sub-90-nm technology node. The gate stacks were fabricated under various UV/VUV conditions. Gate stacks processed under UV/VUV radiation during all processing steps displayed low leakage currents of the order of 10/sup -11/ A/cm/sup 2/. It is shown that the Al-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/-Si gate stacks processed under UV/VUV conditions also display the lowest variations both in mean leakage current and mean capacitance, as compared to devices where UV/VUV was not used for all the processing steps. Therefore, it can be see that reliance on successive corrective iterations common to automatic process control or standard design simulation can be reduced significantly. As a result, UV/VUV-enhanced RTP has the potential to reduce the effect of process variations on overall device performance, thereby making the overall process more cost effective and time efficient and therefore improving yield and device reliability.
Modern above-knee fitting practice (a report on the ISPO Workshop on Above-Knee Fitting and Alignment Techniques May 15-19, 1987, Miami, USA).

Introduction During the period of May 15–19, 1987, an International Workshop on Above-Knee Fitting and Alignment Techniques was held in Miami, Florida. Conceived and organized by A. Bennett Wilson, Jr. and Mel Stills, the workshop was supported and sponsored by the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics with the support of the Rehabilitation Research and Development Service of the Veteran's Administration. Hosting the workshop was the Prosthetics and Orthotics Education Programme of the School of Health Sciences, Florida International University, and more specifically, Dr. Reba Anderson, Dean of Health Sciences and Ron Spiers, Director of Prosthetic Orthotic Education. More than 50 physicians, prosthetists, engineers and educators from the United States, England, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Israel, the Netherlands and Germany participated.
Leisure and society in colonial Brazzaville

Introduction 1. An African crossroads, a frontier post and a colonial town, c.1880-1915 2. Taking hold of the town, c.1915-1960 3. The emergence of leisure 4. Football is king 5. About the town 6. Dressing well 7. High society 8. Conclusion.
Sulfur K-edge XANES of lazurite: Toward determining the provenance of lapis lazuli

Abstract Lazurite, the blue mineral found in lapis lazuli, may be a marker for the identification of provenance. Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) of lazurite from lapis lazuli of various locations, such as Afghanistan, Russia, Chile, the USA, Iran, Tajikistan, and Myanmar, is described. The XANES spectra reveal that several different sulfur chemistries exist within lazurite, attributed to contributions from multiple sulfur species. A peak at 2482.5 eV is attributed to sulfate; an envelope of peaks between 2470 and 2475 eV is attributed to polysulfide radicals, polysulfide dianions, neutral sulfur, and/or thiosulfate; and a peak at 2469.1 eV is attributed to the trisulfur and/or disulfur radical(s). Also, a peak of unknown origin arises at 2466.3 eV in several spectra. The spectral profile for the envelope of peaks (2470 to 2475 eV) varies between samples and in some instances, within a sample. Most notably, the studied samples from Chile display two distinct peaks near 2471.7 and 2473.5 eV with a local minimum at 2472.5 eV, unlike the most commonly observed pattern—that typically observed for samples from Afghanistan—with a single maximum intensity near 2472.5 eV. Other more subtle variations in this energy range also correlate with provenance at varying degrees.
Information Presentation of Coastal Morphological Change: Potential Implications for Perceptions of Climate Change Impacts

Visual imagery of costal morphological change processes must be accompanied by supporting information to make change processes understandable. We explored the influence of supporting information (graphs and numeric values) on perceptions of coastal morphological change processes through an experiment delivered to coastal recreationists. Supporting information was presented alongside four imagery types: human perspective digital elevation models (DEMs), human perspective digital photographs, aerial views of DEMs and aerial photography. We found neither the use of graphs nor numeric values influenced respondents' perceptions of coastal environmental change. However, perceptions varied significantly across imagery type; human perspective digital photographs and aerial photographs yielded higher ratings compared to human perspective DEMs and aerial views of DEMs. The results suggest supporting information representing increasingly severe rates of beach erosion and shoreline movement does not translate into pe...
Identification of presumed pathogenic KRT3 and KRT12 gene mutations associated with Meesmann corneal dystrophy.

Author(s): Chen, Judy L; Lin, Benjamin R; Gee, Katherine M; Gee, Jessica A; Chung, Duk-Won D; Frausto, Ricardo F; Deng, Sophie X; Aldave, Anthony J | Abstract: PurposeTo report potentially pathogenic mutations in the keratin 3 (KRT3) and keratin 12 (KRT12) genes in two individuals with clinically diagnosed Meesmann corneal dystrophy (MECD).MethodsSlit-lamp examination was performed on the probands and available family members to identify characteristic features of MECD. After informed consent was obtained, saliva samples were obtained as a source of genomic DNA, and screening of KRT3 and KRT12 was performed. Potentially pathogenic variants were screened for in 200 control chromosomes. PolyPhen-2, SIFT, and PANTHER were used to predict the functional impact of identified variants. Short tandem repeat genotyping was performed to confirm paternity.ResultsSlit-lamp examination of the first proband demonstrated bilateral, diffusely distributed, clear epithelial microcysts, consistent with MECD. Screening of KRT3 revealed a heterozygous missense variant in exon 1, c.250CgT (p.(Arg84Trp)), which has a minor allele frequency of 0.0076 and was not identified in 200 control chromosomes. In silico analysis with PolyPhen-2 and PANTHER predicted the variant to be damaging to protein function; however, SIFT analysis predicted tolerance of the variant. The second proband demonstrated bilateral, diffusely distributed epithelial opacities that appeared gray-white on direct illumination and translucent on retroillumination. Neither parent demonstrated corneal opacities. Screening of KRT12 revealed a novel heterozygous insertion/deletion variant in exon 6, c.1288_1293delinsAGCCCT (p.(Arg430_Arg431delinsSerPro)). This variant was not present in either of the proband's parents or in 200 control chromosomes and was predicted to be damaging by PolyPhen-2, PANTHER, and SIFT. Haplotype analysis confirmed paternity of the second proband, indicating that the variant arose de novo.ConclusionsWe present a novel KRT12 mutation, representing the first de novo mutation and the first indel in KRT12 associated with MECD. In addition, we report a variant of uncertain significance in KRT3 in an individual with MECD. Although the potential pathogenicity of this variant is unknown, it is the first variant affecting the head domain of K3 to be reported in an individual with MECD and suggests that disease-causing variants associated with MECD may not be restricted to primary sequence alterations of either the helix-initiation or helix-termination motifs of K3 and K12.
Privacy-Preserving Mining of Sequential Association Rules from Provenance Workflows

Provenance workflows capture movement and transformation of data in complex environments, such as document management in large organizations, content generation and sharing in in social media, scientific computations, etc. Sharing and processing of provenance workflows brings numerous benefits, e.g., improving productivity in an organization, understanding social media interaction patterns, etc. However, directly sharing provenance may also disclose sensitive information such as confidential business practices, or private details about participants in a social network. We propose an algorithm that privately extracts sequential association rules from provenance workflow datasets. Finding such rules has numerous practical applications, such as capacity planning or identifying hot-spots in provenance graphs. Our approach provides good accuracy and strong privacy, by leveraging on the exponential mechanism of differential privacy. We propose an heuristic that identifies promising candidate rules and makes judicious use of the privacy budget. Experimental results show that the our approach is fast and accurate, and clearly outperforms the state-of-the-art. We also identify influential factors in improving accuracy, which helps in choosing promising directions for future improvement.
Software transparent dynamic binary translation for coarse-grain reconfigurable architectures

The end of Dennard Scaling has forced architects to focus on designing for execution efficiency. Course-grained reconfigurable architectures (CGRAs) are a class of architectures that provide a configurable grouping of functional units that aim to bridge the gap between the power and performance of custom hardware and the flexibility of software. Despite their potential benefit, CGRAs face a major adoption challenge as they do not execute a standard instruction stream. Dynamic translation for CGRAs has the potential to solve this problem, but faces non-trivial challenges. Existing attempts either do not achieve the full power and performance potential CGRAs offer or suffer from excessive translation time. In this work we propose DORA, a Dynamic Optimizer for Reconfigurable Architectures, which achieves substantial (2X) power and performance improvements while having low hardware and insertion overhead and benefiting the current execution. In addition to traditional optimizations, DORA leverages dynamic register information to perform optimizations not available to compilers and achieves performance similar to or better than CGRA-targeted compiled code.
Study on the Maximum Addition of 4 Preservatives in Termite Baits

Mildewing of baits for termite control had an impact on the control effects and limited the speed and scope of its application. In this paper 4 food preservatives were used in preparing baits for feeding Macrotermes barneyi to find its addition upper limit in the experiments focused on the bait mildewing defects. The results showed that the addition upper limit of the 4 preservatives potassium sorbate,sodium benzoate,sodium dehydroacetate and calcium propionate in baits for Macrotermes barneyi were 0.25%,0.3%,0.2%,0.2% in terms of mass fraction.
Reproductive technology: Drawing the line

An anonymous survey was administered to clinical clerks rotating through obstetrics and gynecology during weekly ethics rounds. Students were asked to judge the moral acceptability as participants and as referring physicians of 11 reproductive technology scenarios ranging from artificial insemination using a husband's sperm in a conjugal relationship to instances involving in vitro fertilization, uterine donation, surrogacy contracts, self-insemination, and single or lesbian parenthood. Positive judgments regarding personal moral acceptability ranged from 30-100% and as a referring physician from 36-99%. Though most students were consistent in their judgments about personal and professional moral acceptability, some (1-15%) could see themselves acting as referring physicians for something they personally found morally unacceptable. Those students who were opposed to contracting for children (more women than men) were more likely to find the reproductive scenarios morally unacceptable. This survey seemed to be a useful tool for discussing where students draw the line morally and why, and whether they would distance themselves from actions they found morally unacceptable. This technique for teaching applied analytic ethics is especially applicable to obstetrics and gynecology because it addresses fundamental questions involving day-to-day practice in the specialty.
Design and Construct a Type of Fluorescently Labeled Circular DNA Molecules to Study DNA Topology and Topoisomerases by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)

DNA topology is a tightly-regulated property of the DNA double helix that affects genomic stability and influences susceptibility to cancer and certain hereditary diseases, such as fragile X syndrome and autism. DNA topoisomerases that control DNA topology inside cells are important targets of anti-cancer drugs, such as camptothecin and doxorubicin, and antibacterial agents, such as ciprofloxacin. In a typical assay to study DNA supercoiling and topoisomerases, agarose gel electrophoresis is usually used to resolve DNA topoisomers produced in the reaction mixtures.
Phenomenology and Pragmatism: A Recent Encounter

Although phenomenology and pragmatism have developed as entirely independent philosophical traditions, in recent decades a philosophical encounter between these two philosophies has emerged, overcoming to some extent a longstanding mutual exclusion. The early mutual exclusion that was especially pronounced in the United States was based on misunderstandings on the part of members in each tradition. According to its typical misunderstandings, the phenomenological tradition has little to contribute to pragmatism and, similarly, pragmatism is precisely the kind of philosophy that phenomenology rejects. Pragmatists, focusing on the concepts of intuition, essence, and constitution in phenomenology, have misinterpreted these as leading to idealism, to subjectivism, or to mysticism. Misunderstandings of the nature of the pragmatic focus on science have led phenomenologists to view pragmatism as reductionistic, psychologistic, and naively realistic in its interpretation of the findings of modern physics. In this way both phenomenologists and pragmatists have alleged that the other’s framework retains elements of past traditions rejected by their own contemporary philosophy. Hence, pragmatism and phenomenology are even today still considered primarily in terms of their disparate traditions.
Grant Writing: Pearls and Lumps of Coal

First, it is worth remembering that there is a real aspect of luck to the grant application process. A terrific application will get rejected outright since one reviewer has misinterpreted a piece of preliminary data or the grant went to a group of reviewers who are not expert in your area. Inasmuch as things are actually in your control, in this chapter, I review a variety of assorted issues that I may have touched on earlier either simply to reiterate or expound on them in more detail. I’ve itemized them as dos and don’ts, in no particular order of importance.
Where Is That? The Challenges of Including Hybrid Journal Articles in the Library Research Process

AbstractThe transition from print to electronic for scholarly communications provided an opportunity to explore alternatives to the subscription-based model for academic journals. One alternative that arose in the late 1990s was the hybrid journal. The hybrid journal is one that remains subscription-based, but provides individual authors with the option to pay a fee to have their specific articles made open access (OA) and freely available to everyone. Providing access to these articles is challenging for libraries, as the tools used to facilitate access to journal articles rely on either journal-level metadata and/or are provided by commercial entities. Publishers of hybrid journals provide different and sometimes confusing mechanisms for the identification of these articles, resulting in efforts to recommend a more consistent framework for the description of open access scholarship that will benefit researchers, libraries, and funding agencies.
A simulator of the degree to which random responding leads to biases in the correlations between two individual differences

Abstract Random responding can inflate Type I and Type II error rates (Huang, Liu, & Bowling, 2015b, Journal of Applied Psychology, 100). Type II error inflation often involves certain variables having Invalid Centered Responses And Valid Uncentered Responses (ICRAVUR; pronunciation: /aikreɪvər/). Although Huang et al. (2015b) offer a set of formulas for calculating the expected bias in a correlation when such variables are present, they do not offer a way to simulate the effects. We offer two sets of Monte Carlo simulations of ICRAVUR variables. Study 1 examines the correlation between narcissism and psychopathy—thought to be a large effect. The effect was inflated (by r = 0.16), comparable to what the Huang formulas forecast. Study 2 examines the correlation between secure attachment and self-esteem—thought to be a large effect. The effect was inflated (by r = 0.26), but this time the simulation result was larger than the forecast from the Huang formulas. Thus, our simulator offers a way to test tailored hypotheses about specific variables—sometimes yielding effects more extreme than the Huang formulas. We guide the readers through software, available at the first author's website, allowing for estimating the impact of ICRAVUR variables on any Pearson correlation.
Delay Estimation using Maximum Entropy Derived Phase Information

The frequencies chosen for ultrasound reflectometry, based on attenuation and resolution constraints, often result in overlapping echo waveforms [1–3]. Phase information [4] can be used to estimate echo contributions in reflectometry using the Maximum Entropy Method [5]. The method of analysis is presented, along with experimental verification for a simple reflecting structure.
Toward Caring Assessment Systems

The notion of intelligent systems that "care" is at the center of research in areas such as Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Systems. This paper elaborates on the notion of caring assessment systems, and presents work towards achieving this vision that has potential for improving students' assessment experiences.
Small nanoparticles, surface geometry and contact forces.

In this molecular dynamics study, we examine the local surface geometric effects of the normal impact force between two approximately spherical nanoparticles that collide in a vacuum. Three types of surface geometries—(i) crystal facets, (ii) sharp edges, and (iii) amorphous surfaces of small nanoparticles with radii R
Prevalence of Mathematical and Visuospatial Learning Disabilities in Patients With Posterior Cortical Atrophy

Importance Increased prevalence of language-based learning disabilities (LDs) has been previously reported in patients with primary progressive aphasia (PPA). This study hypothesized that patients with focal neurodegenerative syndromes outside the language network, such as posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), would have a higher rate of nonlanguage LDs, congruent with their mainly visuospatial presentation. Objective To investigate the prevalence and type of LD (language and/or mathematical and visuospatial) in a large cohort of patients with PCA compared with patients with logopenic variant PPA (lvPPA) and amnestic Alzheimer disease (AD). Design, Setting, and Participants This case-control study reviewed 279 medical records from a university-based clinic and research center for patients with neurodegenerative diseases for LD history, including patients with PCA (n = 95), patients with lvPPA (n = 84), and a matched cohort with amnestic AD (n = 100). No records were excluded. The study compared cognitive and neuroimaging features of patients with PCA with and without LDs. A review of the records of patients presenting from March 1, 1999, to August 31, 2014, revealed 95 PCA cases and 84 lvPPA cases. Then 100 patients with amnestic AD from this same period were chosen for comparison, matching against the groups for age, sex, and disease severity. Data analysis was performed from September 8, 2013, to November 6, 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence of total LD history and prevalence of language and mathematical or visuospatial LD history across all cohorts. Results A total of 179 atypical AD cases (95 with PCA and 84 with lvPPA) and 100 disease control cases (amnestic AD) were included in the study. The groups were not statistically different for mean (SD) age at first visit (PCA, 61.9 [7.0] years; lvPPA, 65.1 [8.7] years; amnestic AD, 64.0 [12.6] years;P = .08), mean (SD) age at first symptom (PCA, 57.5 [7.0] years; lvPPA, 61.1 [9.0] years; amnestic AD, 59.6 [13.7] years;P = .06), or sex (PCA, 66.3% female; lvPPA, 56.0% female; amnestic AD, 57.0% female;P = .30) but differed on non–right-hand preference (PCA, 18.3%; lvPPA, 20.2%; amnestic AD, 7.7%;P = .04), race/ethnicity (PCA, 88.3% white; lvPPA, 99.0% white; amnestic AD, 80.0% white;P Conclusions and Relevance Nonlanguage mathematical and visuospatial LDs were associated with focal, visuospatial predominant neurodegenerative clinical syndromes. This finding supports the hypothesis that neurodevelopmental differences in specific brain networks are associated with phenotypic manifestation of later-life neurodegenerative disease.
Insulin transport into the brain.

While there is a growing consensus that insulin has diverse and important regulatory actions on the brain, seemingly important aspects of brain insulin physiology are poorly understood. Examples in...
Assessment of bias for MRI diffusion tensor imaging using SIMEX

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is a Magnetic Resonance Imaging method for measuring water diffusion in vivo. One powerful DTI contrast is fractional anisotropy (FA). FA reflects the strength of water's diffusion directional preference and is a primary metric for neuronal fiber tracking. As with other DTI contrasts, FA measurements are obscured by the well established presence of bias. DTI bias has been challenging to assess because it is a multivariable problem including SNR, six tensor parameters, and the DTI collection and processing method used. SIMEX is a modern statistical technique that estimates bias by tracking measurement error as a function of added noise. Here, we use SIMEX to assess bias in FA measurements and show the method provides; i) accurate FA bias estimates, ii) representation of FA bias that is data set specific and accessible to non-statisticians, and iii) a first time possibility for incorporation of bias into DTI data analysis.
Maternal and Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality in Cesarean Section

Maternal mortality rates after cesarean delivery are low, but cesarean section is more hazardous than vaginal delivery by a factor of two to four. Operative complications can be minimized by careful technique and are more often seen in emergency than elective cases. Prophylactic antibiotics are of some benefit in reducing postoperative endometritis in patients with risk factors. Cesarean birth rarely causes the death of a newborn. Nevertheless, significant newborn pulmonary problems, especially respiratory distress syndrome, may follow an inappropriately timed cesarean delivery. Careful attention to clinical measures and supporting evidence of pulmonary maturity from ultrasound will avoid most instances of iatrogenic prematurity. Amniocentesis, with a higher complication rate than ultrasound, may still be required to prove pulmonary maturity in some circumstances. If concern or doubt precludes elective delivery of patients with previous low transverse uterine incisions, one can wait for the patient to go into spontaneous labor.
Intraspecific Trait Variability in Andropogon gerardii, a Dominant Grass Species in the US Great Plains

The climatic conditions in the North American Great Plains are highly variable, characteristic of an inter-continental climate. Antecedent climate history has impacted the flora of Great Plains grasslands, resulting in high species richness as well as dominance by only a few grass species, such as Andropogon gerardii. While the productivity of A. gerardii is well described, the individual physiological and morphological characteristics that confer species dominance over wide spatial gradients are not clearly understood. We performed a literature search to assess intra-specific trait variability of A. gerardii from as many locations as possible. Ultimately, only 13 locations in the Great Plains have reported common plant functional traits (PFTs) for this species. To best represent site-specific climate conditions, plant functional trait data (8 PFTs) were collected from literature reporting ambient growing conditions, and excluded experimental manipulations. For most PFTs, we found insufficient data to fully quantify the range of variation across the geographical extent of A. gerardii dominance. This is surprising given that we focused on the most abundant grass in one of the most well-studied regions globally. Furthermore, trait data collected from our literature search showed a high degree of variability, but no strong relationships were observed between mean trait values and climate predictors. Our review of the literature on A. gerardii suggests a role for trait variability as a mechanism enabling the dominance of this species across large regions such as the Great Plains of North America.
A Case of Tacrolimus-Induced Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Initially Presenting as a Bilateral Optic Neuropathy.

Purpose To report a case of asymmetric bilateral optic neuropathy in a patient receiving tacrolimus for immunosuppression after kidney transplantation with subsequent stroke-like symptoms of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Method Case report. In a 54-year-old Hispanic male receiving tacrolimus after orthotropic kidney transplantation, serial ophthalmologic examinations, laboratory studies, and imaging were performed. Results The patient had deterioration of vision in the left eye with subclinical optic neuropathy in the right eye, with clinical features resembling ischemic optic neuropathy. Additionally, he developed a change in mental state with weakness of extremities. After the cessation of tacrolimus, the visual loss remained but the other neurologic symptoms resolved. Conclusion Tacrolimus may be associated with optic neuropathy and PRES at the initial presentation to an ophthalmologist.
Management of Insomnia and Anxiety in Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia gravis is a neuroimmunological disorder leading to skeletal muscle weakness. Common symptoms of the disease, such as anxiety, depression, and insomnia, can cause significant distress in ...
Multiplicity in root components via Geometric Satake

In this note we explicitly construct top-dimensional components of the cyclic convolution varieties. These components correspond (via the geometric Satake equivalence) to irreducible summands $V(\lambda+\mu-N\beta) \subset V(\lambda) \otimes V(\mu)$ for $G^\vee=SL_{n+1}$, where $N\ge 1$ and $\beta$ is a positive root. Furthermore, we deduce from these constructions a nontrivial lower bound on the multiplicity of these subrepresentations when $\beta$ is not a simple root. Finally, we demonstrate that not all such top-dimensional components can be realized as closures of orbits.
1981 Testing density-dependent naural selection

Abstract Once Roughgarden (1971 ; Chapter 34 ) had properly identified density-dependent rates of population growth as the appropriate target of natural selection then experimental tests became possible. Such a test would require an organism that could be raised under different density conditions and one which is amenable to measurements of population growth. Additionally, a species with a short generation time would be preferable. Mueller and Ayala (1981) did such a test with Drosophila melanogaster. They found that populations adapted to extreme densities reflected this adaptation in their population growth rates. Most interestingly there was a trade-off. The populations adapted to low density had lower growth rates under crowded conditions than the populations adapted to high density, and vice versa.
Teaching emerging technology: challenges, outcomes, and options

Incorporating an emerging technology into information systems curriculums is a task embraced by information systems educators, attempting to keep curriculums abreast of the constantly changing technology horizon. The four challenges to be faced and addressed are (1) restrictions of current curriculums to allow for previously unspecified content, (2) ability and opportunities available to the educator to become competent with the technology, (3) identification of student materials to enhance the learning, and (4) potentially transient acceptance of the topic by the mainstream professional community as a significant technology. Each of these challenges is not insurmountable but can be alleviated by a clear statement of learning outcomes relative to the technology and by a plan to incrementally present aspects of the technology as a part of a larger, ever-changing spectrum of related, integrated options. The emerging technology topic of service-oriented architecture (SOA) as an implementation focus was incorporated into a required course. The four challenges are portrayed in the context of including SOA into the course.
Allgemeine Didaktik und praxeologische Unterrichtsforschung

Um bei der empirischen Fundierung didaktischen Denkens der Komplexitat des reflexiv zu durchdringenden Unterrichtsalltages entsprechen zu konnen, bedarf es eines ethnographischen, „praxeologischen“ Typus von Unterrichtsforschung, der sich auf die Analyse sozialer Praktiken richtet. Zunachst werden einige Probleme der didaktischen Tradition aus Sicht der Unterrichtsforschung skizziert. Dann werden verschiedene Ansatze ethnographischer Unterrichtsforschung vorgestellt, um fur eine Fundierung der Unterrichtsbeobachtung in einer „Theorie sozialer Praktiken“ zu pladieren. Die eth- nographische Unterrichtsforschung ist demnach als „praxeologische Forschung“ zu konturieren, die die spe- zifischen sozialen Praktiken identifiziert und in ihrer Eigenlogik analysiert, die das alltagliche Unterrichtsgeschehen konstituieren. Die praxeologische Unterrichtsforschung orientiert sich weder am „Input“ des Unterrichts, den Einstellungen, Absichten und Zielen von Lehrpersonen, noch am „Output“, den Sehulerleistungen im Sinne der padagogisch-psychologischen Schulleistungsmessung, sondern an der „Performanz“ des Lehrens und Lernens, an dem praktischen Vollzug von Unterricht. Der Beitrag prasentiert zur Veranschaulichung zwei empirische Beispiele und diskutiert abschliesend das Verhaltnis von praxeo logischer Unter richtsforschung und Allgemeiner Didaktik, das als ein doppeltes Spannungsverhaltnis zwischen Praskription und Deskription und zwischen rationalen Akteuren und selbstlaufigen Praktiken konzipiert werden muss.
Trends in treatment of cT1 penile cancer: Analysis of the National Cancer Database.

Abstract Objective To characterize the treatment trends and outcomes in clinical stage T1 penile cancer using the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for all men with cT1 penile cancer from 2004 to 2015. Patients were categorized as cT1a or cT1b. Treatment was categorized as no treatment, local therapy (including penile sparing therapies), partial penectomy, or radical penectomy. Trends in treatment were analyzed over time and in correlation with stage and demographic variables. Stage and treatment type were evaluated in respect to pathological outcomes and survival. Results A total of 2,484 men were identified with cT1 penile cancer, 90.1% of which had cT1a disease. The most common treatments were local therapy for cT1a and partial penectomy for cT1b. Over the time period studied, use of local therapy decreased while use of partial or radical penectomy increased. Patients treated at low volume facilities were more likely to undergo no treatment (8.0% vs. 6.5% in high volume) or local therapy (49.9% vs. 41.5% in high volume, P Conclusions In the past decade, there has been decreased use of local therapy and increased use of partial or radical penectomy in cT1 penile cancer. Men treated at low volume facilities are more likely to be treated with local therapy which is associated with increased rates of positive margins and may also be associated with a trend toward decreased overall survival. Centralization of care in T1 penile cancer may lead to improved outcomes.
Value-based healthcare analysis of shoulder surgery for patients with symptomatic rotator cuff tears – Calculating the impact of arthroscopic cuff repair:

BackgroundSurgical repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears in symptomatic patients is known to offer significant benefits. Despite this there remains a lack of universal appreciation that such ...
Confined to Obscurity: Health Challenges of Pregnant Women in Jail

Research about pregnant women in jail is scant. This exploratory study begins to fill this gap by examining the demographics; background characteristics; and self-reported physical health, mental health, and substance use challenges reported by 27 pregnant women incarcerated in a large midwestern county jail. It further reports on the prenatal care before and during their incarceration, plans of these pregnant women for delivery of their child, caring for their infant after their release from jail, and their expectations of paternal or family support post-release. Among the sample, 66.7 percent reported a physical health care problem, 48.2 percent had received mental health treatment, and 18.5 percent had substance use treatment in the previous year, but only 51.9 percent had seen a health care professional before their incarceration. All women expected the father of their child to provide financial support, but only 76.9 percent expected the father to be involved with the child. The authors also discuss implications of the findings for jail health care services and reintegration policy and practice for pregnant women.
A Tale of Two Bigamists: Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Lady Audley’s Secret and Aphra Behn’s The History of the Nun

Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s novel of sensation, Lady Audley’s Secret (1862), adapts the earlier novella by Aphra Behn, The History of the Nun, or the Fair Vow-Breaker (1689). Both narratives consider ...
A Laparoscopic Approach to Parastomal Hernia Repair With Re-Siting of Urinary Stoma

Background Parastomal and ventral hernias are common complications in patients with continent catheterizable channels or incontinent urinary diversions. Patients with neurogenic bladder are at particularly high risk due to weak abdominal wall musculature, and hernia repair often requires resiting of their stoma. While parastomal hernia repair with urinary stoma resiting has acceptable long-term success rates, it often necessitates a laparotomy which is associated with significant morbidity. Objective To describe a novel approach to combined laparoscopic parastomal hernia repair with resiting of the urinary stoma in patients with neurogenic bladder. The video will outline the surgical steps and pitfalls. Materials and Methods The case begins laparoscopically or robotically with adhesiolysis to dissect out the subfascial portion of the channel and the parastomal hernia. The subfascial portion of the channel is dissected out to the anterior abdominal wall, ensuring to preserve its mesentery. The abdomen is then desufflated and the suprafascial portion of the channel is dissected and the channel dropped into the abdomen. The hernia is then repaired laparoscopically using mesh and the channel is brought out through one of the laparoscopic port sites and matured to the skin. Results In our series of 4 patients, this technique was performed for 2 continent catheterizable channels and 2 incontinent diversions. One patient developed a hernia recurrence 7 months later which was repaired laparoscopically. In another, the stoma was successfully resited but the hernia was unable to be repaired laparoscopically due to dense adhesions. Continent and patency outcomes of the urinary stomas were 100% at a mean follow-up of 2 years. Conclusion Laparoscopic parastomal hernia repair with resiting of the urinary stoma has similar long-term success rates compared to that of an open repair and avoids the morbidity of a laparotomy. This repair can be performed for catheterizable channels or incontinent diversions.
Recent developments towards performance-enhancing lignin-based polymers

Fossil fuels are a cheap and abundant feedstock for polymeric materials that have enabled innumerable quality-of-life improvements. Yet, their declining supply and non-renewable nature have driven the pursuit of bio-based alternatives. Lignin represents the largest natural source of aromatic carbon on the planet, and thus, lignin-derived products have emerged as critical elements in the next generation of polymers. The relative abundance, large concentration of functional handles, and thermal stability of lignin make it an attractive target for bio-based polymers. However, the valorization of lignin to high-performance and cost-competitive materials remains a challenge. In this review, developments in the translation of lignin into value-added macromolecular components are discussed. Strategies to incorporate bulk lignin in polymer blends and composites are introduced with a focus on applications. Furthermore, recent advances in the preparation of higher-value thermoplastics, thermosets, and vitrimers from deconstructed lignin products are highlighted from a synthetic perspective. Finally, key hurdles and future opportunities in lignin valorization are explored.
Preterm birth among women with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.

INTRODUCTION: Studies directly comparing preterm birth rates in women with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are limited. Our objective was to determine whether preterm birth was affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection within a large integrated health system in New York with a universal testing protocol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study evaluated data from seven hospitals in New York City and Long Island between March 2020 and June 2021, incorporating both the first and second waves of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the USA. All patients with live singleton gestations who had SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing at delivery were included. Deliveries before 20 weeks of gestation were excluded. The rate of preterm birth (before 37 weeks) was compared between patients with positive and negative SARS-CoV-2 test results. This analysis was performed separately for resolved prenatal infections and infections at delivery, with the latter group subdivided by symptom status. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and preterm birth, adjusting for maternal age, race-ethnicity, parity, history of preterm birth, body mass index, marital status, insurance type, medical co-morbidities, month of delivery, and wave of pandemic. RESULTS: A total of 31 550 patients were included and 2473 (7.8%) had laboratory-confirmed infection. Patients with symptomatic COVID-19 at delivery were more likely to deliver preterm (19.0%; adjusted odds ratio 2.76, 95% CI 1.92-3.88) compared with women with asymptomatic infection (8.8%) or without infection (7.1%). Among preterm births associated with symptomatic infection, 72.5% were medically indicated compared with 44.1% among women without infection (p < 0.001). Risk of preterm birth in patients with resolved prenatal infection was unchanged when compared with women without infection. Among women with infection at delivery, preterm birth occurred more frequently during the second wave compared with the first wave (13.6% vs. 8.7%, respectively; p < 0.006). However, this was not significant on multiple regression analysis after adjusting for other explanatory variables. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women with symptomatic COVID-19 are more than twice as likely to have a preterm delivery than patients without infection. Asymptomatic infection and resolved prenatal infection are not associated with increased risk.
Redescription of ‘Amyzon’ brevipinne and remarks on North American Eocene catostomids (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae)

The Eocene catostomid fish (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) from the Allenby Formation, British Columbia, Canada, is reviewed and revised based on recently collected specimens. The fish was originally...
Mathematical Methods for Analysis of a Complex Disease

Complex diseases involve most aspects of population biology, including genetics, demographics, epidemiology, and ecology. Mathematical methods, including differential, difference, and integral equations, numerical analysis, and random processes, have been used effectively in all of these areas. The aim of this book is to provide sufficient background in such mathematical and computational methods to enable the reader to better understand complex systems in biology, medicine, and the life sciences. It introduces concepts in mathematics to study population phenomena with the goal of describing complicated aspects of a disease, such as malaria, involving several species. The book is based on a graduate course in computational biology and applied mathematics taught at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences in fall 2010. The mathematical level is kept to essentially advanced undergraduate mathematics, and the results in the book are intended to provide readers with tools for performing more in-depth analysis of population phenomena.
Canonical Equation K57, the Cubic Law, the Invariance Principle and Related Topics in the Theory of Analytic Functions of Random Matrices

In spite of a well developed theory of random Gram matrices, it is unclear how to describe the limit normalized spectral functions (n.s.f.) of the analytic function of random matrices. For example, how to find the limit of the n.s.f. \( {\mu _n}\left\{ {\left. {x,{\rm{ }}\Xi _{n\;{\rm{x }}n}^2\left( {\left. {\Xi _{n\;{\rm{x }}n}^2} \right)*} \right.} \right\}} \right. \) of so-called double GRAM matrices [Ξ n x n Ξ n x n ] [Ξ n x n Ξ n x n ]*, where Ξ n x n is a random matrix. We show here some nonlinear equations for the Stieltjes transform of the n.s.f. this matrix and establish connections of this assertion with simple results for the maximal eigenvalue of the matrix [Ξ n x n Ξ n x n ] [Ξ n x n Ξ n x n ]*. In particular, a so-called Cubic Law is proved: If the entries \( \xi _{ij}^{(n)},\;i, j = 1, \ldots , n \) of random matrix \( {\Xi _{n\;{\rm{x }}n}} = \{ \xi _{ij}^{(n)}\} _{i,j = 1}^n \) are independent for every n, \( E\;\xi _{ij}^{(n)} = \;{\rm{0, }}E\;{\left[ {\xi _{ij}^{(n)}} \right]^2} = {n^{ - 1}}, \) and, for a certain δ > 0, $$ \mathop {\sup }\limits_n \;\mathop {{\rm{max}}}\limits_{i,j = 1, \ldots ,n} \;E{\left| {\xi _{ij}^{(n)}\sqrt n } \right|^{4 + \delta }} < \infty , $$ then, with probability one, for almost all x, $$ \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \;{\mu _n}\{ x,\;\Xi _{n\;{\rm{x }}n}^2[\Xi _{n\;{\rm{x }}n}^2]*\} = \;F\left( x \right), $$ where F(x) is the distribution function whose probability cubic density is equal to $$ p(x) = \frac{{\sqrt 3 }}{{2\pi {{\left( {2{x^2}} \right)}^{1/3}}}}\left\{ {{{[1 + \sqrt {1 - \frac{{4x}}{{27}}} ]}^{1/3}}} \right.\mathop - \limits_{0,} \;\;{[1 - \sqrt {1 - \frac{{4x}}{{27}}} ]^{1/3}},\;\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {0\; < \;x < \frac{{27}}{4},}\\ {x\; \notin {\rm{ (0, }}\frac{{27}}{4}{\rm{)}}{\rm{.}}} \end{array} $$
Development of visual memory in infants.

Publisher Summary Preverbal infants encode and retain some information about their visual world from the first hours of life. Even neonates demonstrate recognition memory. This chapter reviews and interprets infant visual recognition memory literature in terms of the particular methodologies used in each study. This literature is related to work on memory of older children and adults, highlighting many consistencies that appear in the memory systems of infants and more mature subjects. Although clear conclusions about specific aspects of infant recognition memory are not possible at this time, some generalizations have emerged. These may perhaps best be summarized by a set of hypotheses. As with all hypotheses, they remain to be scrutinized by further empirical evidence.
Effects of caffeine and stress on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in healthy men and women with a family history of hypertension.

The connection between caffeine and its potentially detrimental effects on blood markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are controversial. Most studies have focused on cholesterol as a putative mediator of the caffeine–CVD relationship. Other blood markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen have been understudied. We examined the effects of caffeine and psychological stress on these CVD markers in healthy, young men and women with a confirmed family history of hypertension. A total of 52 normotensive, healthy adults (26 men and 26 women) aged 18–29 years (21.4 ± 0.3) participated in a laboratory session to examine stress reactivity following caffeine consumption. All participants had normal cholesterol levels. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate, serum cortisol and CRP and plasma fibrinogen were collected. Men and women administered caffeine displayed an additional increase in systolic BP and cortisol response to the stressor (p < 0.05). Stress interacted with caffeine and sex to alter cortisol, fibrinogen and systolic BP but not CRP levels. These results may shed light on sex-specific pathways that associate caffeine with CVD. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Presupernova H II Region around SN 1987A

The slow expansion of the bright ring around SN 1987A and the large size estimated for the radio source at an age of ~1500 days suggest a low mass-loss rate, , from the blue supergiant progenitor star; we adopt = 7.5 × 10-8 M☉ yr-1 and a wind velocity vw = 450 km s-1 as standard values. This wind density would not give substantial radio free-free absorption during the first few days when low-frequency absorption was observed, but the turnover can be attributed to synchrotron self-absorption. The X-ray and radio emission observed since 1990 require that the supernova shock be interacting with denser gas than that in the free wind. We propose that it is interacting with an H II region created by the B3 Ia progenitor star in the swept-up red supergiant wind. The H II region extends from a radius rII ≈ 3 × 1017 cm to the ring radius R = 6 × 1017 cm in the equatorial plane and has a hydrogen density ~102 cm-3. The shock front will not reach the dense ring until the year 2005 ± 3. The X-ray luminosity should slowly increase until that time. The equatorial ionization front is trapped in the swept-up gas; the dense ring and its associated bipolar nebula are the initially neutral part of the shell. In the polar direction, the ionization front broke out of the swept-up gas, and there is no dense neutral shell, consistent with the observed lack of a thin shell in that direction.
VFD Application in a Manufacturing Plant

ABSTRACT In order to save on operating costs when production was reduced, a manufacturing plant cut the operation of seven of its 28 single zone constant air volume (CAV) units. In accordance with existing operation strategies, plant operators scheduled all the remaining units to operate together under higher loads, with half of the units alternately shutting down under lower load conditions. While the manufacturing plant managed to cut costs, this method created indoor thermal comfort issues. This article thus proposes a more efficient operating strategy that involves the installation of a variable frequency drive (VFD) for each supply fan and optimization of the operational control of the whole system. First, new control strategies are introduced. Then, theoretical models for the two scenarios are established to compare the fan power and cooling consumption under differing load ratios. Finally, the operating data are presented and compared. The resulting calculations reveal a 73% savings in annual fan p...