cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Life stories and arts in child welfare: enriching communication

AbstractAs narrative beings, we are surrounded by our own stories and other people’s stories. We are not necessarily fully conscious of these stories and they may not even be verbal; moreover, there is never a single version of a story. A negative story and stigmatised and damaged identities are easy to encounter in child welfare. To prevent exclusion and negative social inheritance are the major tasks of child welfare, but how to combat them? One remedy is enriching communication and a self-expression. In this article, we describe the theoretical literature that has guided our empirical project work in widening and deepening everyday communication in child welfare. The methods that we have developed are based on life story work and art-based activities. Improvements in narrative surroundings in residential care have guided our efforts over a 12 year period. We have studied the opportunities and possible roles that exist for art-based activities and narrative methods in supporting children’s coping, self-...
Neurological diseases in relation to the blood-brain barrier

Disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) has an important part in cellular damage in neurological diseases, including acute and chronic cerebral ischemia, brain trauma, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, and brain infections. The neurovascular unit (NVU) forms the interface between the blood and brain tissues. During an injury, the cascade of molecular events ends in the final common pathway for BBB disruption by free radicals and proteases, which attack membranes and degrade the tight junction proteins in endothelial cells. Free radicals of oxygen and nitrogen and the proteases, matrix metalloproteinases and cyclooxgyenases, are important in the early and delayed BBB disruption as the neuroinflammatory response progresses. Opening of the BBB occurs in neurodegenerative diseases and contributes to the cognitive changes. In addition to the importance of the NVU in acute injury, angiogenesis contributes to the recovery process. The challenges to treatment of the brain diseases involve not only facilitating drug entry into the brain, but also understanding the timing of the molecular cascades to block the early NVU injury without interfering with recovery. This review will describe the molecular and cellular events associated with NVU disruption and potential strategies directed toward restoring its integrity.
Expression of the calcium-binding protein, parvalbumin, in cultured cortical neurons using a HSV-1 vector system enhances NMDA neurotoxicity

Abstract Calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) are a family of proteins having a unique distribution in the brain and are thought to be important in buffering intracellular calcium. Glutamate neurotoxicity is a process by which the over-activation of glutamate receptors can cause the influx of excessive extracellular calcium and neuronal cell death. It has been proposed that neurons containing CaBP may be more resistant to glutamate neurotoxicity due to their increased ability to buffer calcium. Using a herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) vector system we packaged the CaBP gene, parvalbumin, or the marker gene, β-galactosidase (β- gal ), correctly in viron particles, which were found upon infection to express mRNA specific to these vectors. PC12 and neocortical cultures showed strong immunohistochemical staining for either β-gal or parv. The cortical cultures stained positively for endogenous glutamate decarboxylase, a marker for GABAergic neurons, but not for endogenous parvalbumin, indicating that parvalbumin was being expressed ectopically from the HSV-1 vector. Interestingly, the expression of parvalbumin increased cortical culture's susceptibility to N -methyl- d -aspartate-induced neurotoxicity. This increase in neurotoxicity was not due to the wild-type virus or the helper virus which accompanies the packaging of these vectors. We speculate that the ectopic expression of parvalbumin in cortical cultures may be increasing glutamate release which in turn increases cell death.
Transcription factor Rho does not require a free end to act as an RNA-DNA helicase on an RNA.

Escherichia coli Rho factor is a ring-shaped, homohexameric protein that terminates synthesis of RNA through interactions with the nascent RNA transcript. Because its mechanism of action may involve translocation of the RNA transcript through the hole in its ring structure, its action could depend on the availability of a free 5′ terminus. To determine whether Rho's activity is 5′-end-dependent, its ability to bind to and function on a circular derivative of λ cro mRNA was investigated. The circular derivative was made in vitro by action of RNA ligase on a derivative of λ cro RNA containing an extra 10-nucleotide sequence near the 5′-end that was complementary to a sequence located near the 3′-end. Rho bound nearly as tightly to the circular derivative RNA as to the standardcro transcript. Rho was also able to readily dissociate a DNA oligonucleotide from its helical complex with the circular RNA in an ATP-dependent reaction. Thus, the action of Rho on a transcript does not depend on the availability of a free 5′ terminus.
TRACHEARY ELEMENTS OF THE FERNS II. MORPHOLOGY OF TRACHEARY ELEMENTS; CONCLUSIONS

WHITE, It. A. (U. Michigan, Ann Arbor.) Tracheary elements of the ferns. II. Morphology of tracheary elements; conclusions. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(6): 514-522. Illus. 1963.-With an increase in evolutionary divergence there is an increase in the frequency of occurrence within each family of alternate and opposite pits. Although typical fern tracheids are long, slender, tapered and scalariformly pitted, those located in the roots of ferns become modified with regard to lateral pitting, presence of end plates and the occurrence of perforations. Although end plates most frequently occur in root tracheids, they occur also in the petiole and infrequently in the rhizome tracheids. The large scalariform pits on shortened, oblique end plates contrast sharply with the small alternate and opposite pits of the lateral walls. Such tracheary cells often have the aspect of true vessel members. Marsilea possesses perforate end plates, thus true vessel members, in the root. Woodsia ilvensis and Notholaena sinuata both have root tracheary elements which appear to be vessel members, but because true perforations in the end plates have not been experimentally demonstrated, they are referred to as "presumptive vessel members." The following morphological changes, (1) shortening of the tracheary elements; (2) increase in the occurrence of modified (alternate and opposite) pits on the lateral walls; (3) increase in the occurrence of end plates; and (4) a sporadic occurrence of true (Pteridiumn aquilinum, Marsilea quadrifolia) or presumptive vessel members (Woodsia ilvensis and Notholaena sinuata), all appear to be related to an increase in evolu-
Assessment of remedial measures to reduce exceedance probability of performance limit states in embankment dams

Abstract Results of a series of numerical analyses, simulating three remedial measures applied to an embankment dam, are used to investigate the extent of lessening the severity of the distress level under flood loading. Conceptually, the three remedial measures are increasing the mean effective stress, adding a low permeability curtain to limit seepage, and improving drainage to lower pore water pressure magnitudes at key locations. The results are presented in the context of exceeding predefined limit states in terms of toe deformation and hydraulic gradient. Constructing a downstream berm has a significant impact on the exceedance probabilities of the deformation limit states at the toe, but a small impact on the toe gradient values. Adding a low permeability curtain below the dam crest considerably reduces both deformation and gradient magnitudes in relation to the predefined limit states. This occurs due to an increased seepage path leading to a higher drop of pressure head and lower phreatic surface level; these two effects result in lower shear strains and less deformations at the toe. Improvement was observed by adding the toe drainage system with a hydraulic conductivity that is 4–20 times higher than the hydraulic conductivity of the embankment material. In this case, the exceedance probabilities of deformation limit states decrease and the impact is higher for a higher hydraulic conductivity of the drainage system compared to the embankment soil. Given the analyses configurations and parameters, constructing a berm at the toe leads to the lowest exceedance probabilities, in terms of deformation limit state, and thus seems to be the most effective approach among the three analyzed remedial measures.
Comparison of computerized mass detection in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) mammograms and conventional mammograms

We are developing a CAD system for mass detection on digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) mammograms. In this study, we compared the detection accuracy on DBT and conventional screen-film mammograms (SFMs). DBT mammograms were acquired with a GE prototype system at the University of Michigan. 47 cases containing the CC- and MLO-view DBT mammograms of the breast with a biopsy-proven mass and the corresponding two-view SFMs of the same breast were collected. Subjective judgment showed that the masses were much more conspicuous on DBT slices than on SFMs. The CAD system for DBT includes two parallel processes, one performs mass detection in the reconstructed DBT volume, and the other in the projection view (PV) images. The mass likelihood scores estimated for each mass candidate in the two processes are merged to differentiate masses and false positives (FPs). For detection on SFMs, we previously developed a dual system approach by fusing two single CAD systems optimized for detection of average and subtle masses, respectively. A trained neural network is used to merge the mass likelihood scores of the two single systems to reduce FPs. At the case-based sensitivities of 80% and 85%, mass detection in the DBT volume resulted in an average of 0.72 and 1.06 FPs/view, and detection in the SFMs yielded 0.94 and 1.67 FPs/view, respectively. The difference fell short of statistical significance (p=0.07) by JAFROC analysis. Study is underway to collect a larger data set and to further improve the DBT CAD system.
ERBB4 PROMOTES CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 EXPRESSION AND CELL SURVIVAL IN COLON EPITHELIAL CELLS

The ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed at high levels in human and mouse colitis, and inhibits colon epithelial cell apoptosis in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for ErbB4-induced cell survival. In cultured mouse colon epithelial cells, ErbB4 overexpression resulted in increased levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein; in contrast, ErbB4 knockdown with siRNA blocked COX-2 accumulation in response to tumor necrosis factor. Although ErbB4 is expressed as up to four isoforms in epithelial tissues, its ability to promote COX-2 expression was isoform independent. ErbB4-stimulated COX-2 induction was associated with an increase in mRNA half-life and was blocked by inhibition of Src, phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase, or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Furthermore, ErbB4 expression promoted EGFR phosphorylation in the presence of heregulin, implicating ErbB4-EGFR heterodimerization in these responses. As to the cellular responses to ErbB4 activation, increased survival of ErbB4-expressing cells in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines was sensitive to the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. Furthermore, ErbB4-overexpressing cells acquired the ability to form colonies in soft agar, indicative of cellular transformation, also in a celecoxib-sensitive manner. Together our data indicate that ErbB4 is a key regulator of COX-2 expression and cellular survival in colon epithelial cells, acting in concert with EGFR through a Src- and PI 3-kinase-dependent mechanism. These results suggest that chronic overexpression of ErbB4 in the context of inflammation could contribute to colitis-associated tumorigenesis by inhibiting colonocyte apoptosis.
New approaches to adherence issues when dosing oral aminosalicylates in ulcerative colitis.

Purpose. Adherence issues with the use of available aminosalicylates for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) are discussed. Summary. In the clinical setting, adherence to aminosalicylate therapy has been less than optimal. Topical formulations are associated with poor retention, abdominal bloating, and discomfort during administration. Although oral formulations are more convenient than topical formulations, many require multiple-daily-dosing regimens and have a high pill burden, which make patient adherence poor. A number of oral aminosalicylate formulations use colonic bacteria to release the active drug. Although these oral formulations are effective for the treatment of active UC, therapy is not optimal with regard to clinical outcome. Because of the short half-life, the vast majority of current therapies require multiple daily dosing. In addition, the dose strength of these formulations ranges from 250 to 500 mg, which requires patients to take several tablets at a time. Some patients may also require additional topical aminosalicylate to maintain treatment efficacy. However, many patients dislike topical formulations, and refill rates have been shown to be much lower than with oral formulations. New aminosalicylate formulations are now being designed to improve dosing schedules and increase patient adherence, potentially improving clinical and economic outcomes. High-dose, oral mesalamine formulations have been designed to reduce pill burden. Conclusion. While aminosalicylates are recommended as first-line treatment for the reduction of symptoms and the prevention of relapse in patients with mild-to-moderate UC, many available formulations require patients to take multiple tablets or capsules two to four times daily, which may affect adherence. New dosage regimens and delivery systems have been developed or are under development to improve convenience of dosing and potentially improve adherence.
DIAGNOSIS OF PEDIATRIC UROLITHIASIS: ROLE OF ULTRASOUND AND COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY

ABSTRACTPurpose: Pediatric urolithiasis is believed to be uncommon, and may present without the classic symptoms of renal colic. The objectives of this study were to describe the presenting features and radiographic evaluation of pediatric urolithiasis, and to determine the accuracy of ultrasound and unenhanced computerized tomography (CT) in detecting urolithiasis.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of children 0 to 18 years old with urolithiasis. Data collected included age, sex, race, presenting symptoms, radiographic studies performed during initial evaluation, calculus location and family history of urolithiasis.Results: A total of 75 patients had complete data for analysis. Of these patients 54 (72%) had urolithiasis symptoms (flank pain, gross hematuria or both). Patients with urolithiasis symptoms were older at diagnosis (median age 11.9 years vs 1.0 years, p <0.001) and were more likely to have a family history of urolithiasis (54% vs 14%, p = 0.002). The 39 CTs performe...
Asymptotic formulas for perturbations in the electromagnetic fields due to the presence of inhomogeneities of small diameter

We consider solutions to the time-harmonic Maxwell's Equations of a TE (transverse electric) nature. For such solutions we provide a rigorous derivation of the leading order boundary perturbations resulting from the presence of a finite number of interior inhomogeneities of small diameter. We expect that these formulas will form the basis for very effective computational identification algorithms, aimed at determining information about the inhomogeneities from electromagnetic boundary measurements.
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Massachusetts Correctional Facilities:

Mindfulness-based stress-reduction courses were offered in drug units in six Massachusetts Department of Corrections prisons. A total of 1,350 inmates completed the 113 courses. Evaluation assessments were held before and after each course, and highly significant pre- to post-course improvements were found on widely accepted self-report measures of hostility, self-esteem, and mood disturbance. Improvements for women were greater than those for men, and improvements were also greater for men in a minimum-security, pre-release facility than for those in four medium-security facilities. The results encourage further study and wider use of mindfulness-based stress reduction in correctional facilities.
Analysis of circular and rectangular apertures in a circular waveguide

An analysis is carried out to determine the discontinuity susceptibility of a circular or rectangular aperture in the transverse plane of a circular waveguide. A closed-form solution that shows good agreement with experimental results is derived. The results should have many applications in the design of circular waveguide components and cylindrical cavity-backed phased arrays. >
Sirukumab: a novel therapy for lupus nephritis?

Introduction: Lupus nephritis (LN) is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Current therapies for LN are limited by significant toxicities and high rates of relapse. A clear and present need exists for the development of effective, targeted and well-tolerated treatment strategies for LN.Areas covered: In this review, the authors examine sirukumab, a monoclonal antibody with high affinity for IL-6, as a novel agent with potential for use in the treatment of SLE and LN in particular. Their review focuses on the available data on the use of sirukumab in patients. Data from Phase I trials would indicate that sirukumab is generally safe and well tolerated. This review also reports the dose-dependent decreases in absolute neutrophil count and platelet count. To date, data for sirukumab in the treatment of SLE and LN are limited, but preliminary data suggest improvement in patient-reported outcomes, and transient improvement in clinical parameters.Expert opin...
Controlled defibrillation of rice straw cellulose and self-assembly of cellulose nanofibrils into highly crystalline fibrous materials

Coupled chemical–mechanical defibrillation and self-assembly processes have been successfully established for creating super-fine (125–497 nm wide) highly crystalline (63.2–71.5% CrI) cellulose Iβ fibrous materials from rice straw cellulose. Under the optimized TEMPO mediated oxidation with 5 mmol g−1 NaClO/cellulose followed by 30 min mechanical blending, highly uniform (2.09 nm wide, 1.52 nm thick, up to 1 μm long) cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were efficiently derived at an impressive 96.8% yield and contained 1.29 mmol surface carboxyls per g of cellulose or 0.21 COOH/anhydroglucose (AG), representing 70.9% surface C6 primary hydroxyl to carboxyl conversion. Rapid freezing of aqueous CNF suspensions in liquid nitrogen and freeze-drying induced self-assembly of these nanofibrils into white fluffy fibrous materials via ice-crystal templating. The self-assembled fiber morphologies showed a strong dependence on CNF morphologies and extent of surface carboxylation. CNFs with 37.3% conversion of surface carboxyls assembled into 125 nm wide fibers, whereas wider fibers (327 nm and 497 nm) were assembled from the smaller CNFs and more carboxylated (51.5% and 70.9%, respectively) surfaces. This robust defibrillation–assembly approach offers new versatile and scalable alternatives to fabricate super-fine cellulose fibers with a highly crystalline cellulose Iβ structure from the by-product of the largest cereal crop in the world.
An Atmospheric Visual Analysis and Exploration System

Meteorological research involves the analysis of multi-field, multi-scale, and multi-source data sets. Unfortunately, traditional atmospheric visualization systems only provide tools to view a limited number of variables and small segments of the data. These tools are often restricted to 2D contour or vector plots or 3D isosurfaces. The meteorologist must mentally synthesize the data from multiple plots to glean the information needed to produce a coherent picture of the weather phenomenon of interest. In order to provide better tools to meteorologists and reduce system limitations, we have designed an integrated atmospheric visual analysis and exploration system for interactive analysis of weather data sets. Our system allows for the integrated visualization of 1D, 2D, and 3D atmospheric data sets in common meteorological grid structures and utilizes a variety of rendering techniques. These tools provide meteorologists with new abilities to analyze their data and answer questions on regions of interest, ranging from physics-based atmospheric rendering to illustrative rendering containing particles and glyphs. In this paper, we discuss the use and performance of our visual analysis for two important meteorological applications. The first application is warm rain formation in small cumulus clouds. In this, our three-dimensional, interactive visualization of modeled drop trajectories within spatially correlated fields from a cloud simulation has provided researchers with new insight. Our second application is improving and validating severe storm models, specifically the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model. This is done through correlative visualization of WRF model and experimental Doppler storm data
Reintroduced bighorn sheep: fitness consequences of adjusting parturition to local environments

Timing (mean birth date) and synchrony (variance around that date) of births can influence survival of young and population growth in ungulates. We quantified timing and synchrony of births in 2 populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) that were acquired from different source herds and reintroduced to adjacent areas. From 2001 to 2007 we recorded 121 birth dates to test whether timing and synchrony of parturition were similar between populations. Furthermore, we calculated population-wide survival of young to their 1st winter. Females on Mount Timpanogos gave birth later than females inhabiting Rock Canyon from 2001 to 2002 and in 2004; those females gave birth earlier in 2007 than females inhabiting Rock Canyon. Timing of births was similar in 2003 and from 2005 to 2006. The relationship between differences in mean birth dates between populations and time since reintroduction was marginally nonsignificant (P 5 0.075), whereas differences in synchrony of births were negatively related to time since reintroduction (P 5 0.005). Survivorship of young was higher for females in Rock Canyon that gave birth on average 30 days earlier from 2001 to 2002 and during 2004 than for females on Mount Timpanogos during those years. Our findings provide evidence that within 5 years after reintroduction bighorn sheep adjusted timing and synchrony of parturition to environmental conditions of their release site. A slow adjustment of these life-history characteristics by females on Mount Timpanogos possibly contributed to lower survival of young to their 1st winter during 2001–2002 and 2004, which could have impeded establishment of those mammals in that study area.
Enhanced Performance in Epitaxial Graphene FETs With Optimized Channel Morphology

This letter reports the impact of surface morphology on the carrier transport and radio-frequency performance of graphene FETs formed on epitaxial graphene synthesized on SiC substrates. Such graphene exhibits long terrace structures with widths between 3-5 μm and steps of 10 ± 2 nm in height. While a carrier mobility value above 3000 cm2/V·s at a carrier density of 1012 cmx2 is obtained in a single graphene terrace, the step edges can result in a step resistance of ~21 kΩ·μm. By orienting the transistor layout so that the entire channel lies within a single graphene terrace and by reducing the access resistance associated with the ungated part of the channel, a cutoff frequency above 200 GHz is achieved for graphene FETs with channel lengths of 210 nm, i.e., the highest value reported on epitaxial graphene thus far.
The Advocacy Experiences of Parents of Elementary Age, Twice-Exceptional Children:

For many parents, successfully advocating for their twice-exceptional child can be intimidating and overwhelming. Using grounded theory, we conducted a study with parents (n = 8) of elementary age, twice-exceptional children to learn about their advocacy experiences. Findings revealed that parents simultaneously advocated for their child’s disability and protected their child’s giftedness. This overarching theme influenced parents’ expectations of their local school system, while highlighting their lack of professional knowledge. All participants wanted their child to maximize her or his potential and not be limited by her or his disability. Data gathered from individual interviews and focus group sessions revealed that all parents struggled with developing advocacy strategies to manage their child’s dual diagnosis. Only after parents acquired professional knowledge about educational terminology and official policies, were they able to become successful advocates. The lack of readily available resources f...
Unipolarity, State Behavior, and Systemic Consequences

The United States emerged from the 1990s as an unrivaled global power to become a “unipolar” state. This extraordinary imbalance has triggered global debate. Governments and peoples around the world are struggling to understand to how an American-centered unipolar system operates—and to respond to it. What is the character of domination in a unipolar distribution? To what extent can a unipolar state translate its formidable capabilities into meaningful influence? Will a unipolar world be built around rules and institutions or be based more on the unilateral exercise of unipolar power? Scholars too are asking these basic questions about unipolarity and international relations theory. The individual contributions develop hypotheses and explore the impact of unipolarity on the behavior of the dominant state, on the reactions of other states, and on the properties of the international system. Collectively, they find that unipolarity does have a profound impact on international politics. international relations under conditions of unipolarity force a rethinking of conventional and received understandings about the operation of the balance of power, the meaning of alliance partnerships, the logic of international economic cooperation, the relationship between power and legitimacy, and the behavior of satisfied and revisionist states.
Reply to "Comments on 'The Foster Reactance Theorem for Antennas and Radiation Q'"

Presents a reply to the comment by Andersen and Berntsen (IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.55, no.3, pt.II, p.1013-14, March 2007) on the original paper by Geyi et al. (IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.48, p.401-8, 2000)
Neural networks in manufacturing: possible impacts on cutting stock problems

The potential of neural networks is examined, and the effect of parallel processing on the solution of the stock-cutting problem is assessed. The conceptual model proposed integrates a feature-recognition network and a simulated annealing approach. The model uses a neocognitron neural network paradigm to generate data for assessing the degree of match between two irregular patterns. The information generated through the feature recognition network is passed to an energy function, and the optimal configuration of patterns is computed using a simulated annealing algorithm. Basics of the approach are demonstrated with an example. >
From Garden Suburb to Olde City Ward: A Longitudinal Study of Social Process and Incremental Architecture in Jaipur, India

In post-Independence India, new colonies of garden suburbs served an educated citizenry to integrate science and nature into their daily life. However, one such colony of bungalows (kothi) and gardens, begun in Jaipur in the 1950s, after two generations of incremental construction, has become in the 1990s similar to an old city ward with towering courtyard houses (haveli) abutting the property lines. This longitudinal study compares the middle class occupants’ initial aspirations with real outcomes as documented in the materiality of built form. The biography of these buildings reflects not only a quest for a life style of class, but the adapting of site and building to make secure one’s livelihood and heritage for one’s descendants, and to manage relations with one’s neighbors. The built environment is not simply an outcome of regulation, design, and willful intent. The levels of agency and the variety of actors are multiple and complex, demanding an analysis of social interaction and an assessment of ag...
The beamline for the second axis of the Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility

During normal DARHT II operation, the beam exiting the accelerator will be well characterized by its nominal design parameters of 20-MeV, 2000-Amperes, 2-/spl mu/sec-pulse length, and 3 cm-mr unnormalized emittance. Normal operation will have the beam delivered to a beam dump via several DC magnets. A 2-way kicker magnet is used to deflect portions of the beam into the straight ahead beamline leading to either a diagnostic beamline or to the converter target beamline. During start up and or beam development periods, the beam exiting the accelerator may have parameters outside the acceptable range of values for normal operation. The Enge beamline must accommodate this range of unacceptable beam parameters, delivering the entire 80 KiloJoule of beam to the dump even though the energy, emittance, and/or match is outside the nominal design range.
Combinatorial principles weaker than Ramsey's Theorem for pairs

We investigate the complexity of various combinatorial theorems about linear and partial orders, from the points of view of computability theory and reverse mathematics. We focus in particular on the principles ADS (Ascending or Descending Sequence), which states that every infinite linear order has either an infinite descending sequence or an infinite ascending sequence, and CAC (Chain-AntiChain), which states that every infinite partial order has either an infinite chain or an infinite antichain. It is wellknown that Ramsey's Theorem for pairs () splits into a stable version () and a cohesive principle (COH). We show that the same is true of ADS and CAC, and that in their cases the stable versions are strictly weaker than the full ones (which is not known to be the case for and ). We also analyze the relationships between these principles and other systems and principles previously studied by reverse mathematics, such as WKL0, DNR, and BΣ2. We show, for instance, that WKL0 is incomparable with all of the systems we study. We also prove computability-theoretic and conservation results for them. Among these results are a strengthening of the fact, proved by Cholak, Jockusch, and Slaman, that COH is -conservative over the base system RCA0. We also prove that CAC does not imply DNR which, combined with a recent result of Hirschfeldt, Jockusch. Kjos-Hanssen, Lempp, and Slaman, shows that CAC does not imply (and so does not imply ). This answers a question of Cholak, Jockusch, and Slaman.Our proofs suggest that the essential distinction between ADS and CAC on the one hand and on the other is that the colorings needed for our analysis are in some way transitive. We formalize this intuition as the notions of transitive and semitransitive colorings and show that the existence of homogeneous sets for such colorings is equivalent to ADS and CAC, respectively. We finish with several open questions.
Quaternion-Based Color Image Smoothing Using a Spatially Varying Kernel

Addressing the issue of feature/detail preserving color image smoothing, we propose a novel unified approach based on a quaternion framework. The main idea is to holistically extract the local orientation information at each lattice point, and then to incorporate it into the smoothing process. We introduce a new Quaternion Gabor Filter to derive the local orientation information in color images. This derived orientation information is modeled using a continuous mixture of appropriate exponential basis functions. We solve the continuous mixture integral in analytic form, and develop a spatially varying kernel which respects to the local geometry at each lattice point in a color image. Superior performance of our smoothing framework is demonstrated via comparison to competing state-of-the-art algorithms in literature.
RULE SPACE: AN APPROACH FOR DEALING WITH MISCONCEPTIONS BASED ON ITEM RESPONSE THEORY

Several authors from various disciplines such as cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, and psychometrics have developed rule assessment methods for diagnosing students' misconceptions. Siegler's (1976, 1978) binary decision tree method was illustrated in the context of the problem of balance scales and Anderson's (1974, 1981) functional method was developed for diagnosing errors occurring during the operation of integrating functional rules. A group of artificial intelligence researchers (Brown & Burton, 1978; Brown & VanLehn, 1980; VanLehn, 1981) developed a computer program "DEBUGGY" that can diagnose a number of erroneous rules resulting from misconceptions ("bugs") in whole number subtraction problems. These investigations were motivated by an interest in the basic foundations of knowledge structure and development in human cognition. Tatsuoka and her associates (Tatsuoka, Baillie, & Yamamoto, 1982; Tatsuoka, Birenbaum, Tatsuoka, & Baillie, 1980) also developed a computer program that can diagnose a number of erroneous rules in signed-number addition and subtraction problems, but they were motivated primarily by the exploration of psychometric properties of bugs such as changes in error types or the stability of misconceptions committed by a student throughout a test (Birenbaum & Tatsuoka, 1980; Tatsuoka, 1981; Tatsuoka & Tatsuoka, 1983). Analysis of misconceptions can provide useful information in evaluating instruction or instructional materials as well as specific prescriptions for planning remediation for a student. For example, the source of many of the misconceptions committed by students is often the ambiguity of explanations or the lack of precise, accurate instructions in teaching material. It is useful to have such computer programs in educational practice. However, constructing a DEBUGGY-type system for domains more general than arithmetic is extremely difficult and time consuming. On the other hand, personal indices that are designed to summarize response patterns can be used for detecting anomalous patterns (Drasgow, 1982; Harnisch & Linn, 1981; Levine & Rubin, 1979; Sato, 1975; Tatsuoka & Tatsuoka, 1982; Wright & Stone, 1979) which may result from applications of some erroneous rules, but they have only limited power. For instance, these indices cannot diagnose sources of misconceptions or provide prescriptive information for remediating them. Nevertheless, the use of personal indices is economical and applicable to general areas because such indices can first be used to spot candidates among students who may possibly possess misconceptions and may hence need personal attention from teachers. This procedure seems to be widely used in Japan (Sato, 1982). This study develops a model to fill the gap between the rule-assessing methods and the personal-index approach. The number of different erroneous rules already discovered in
Association of Simian Virus 40 Vp1 with 70-Kilodalton Heat Shock Proteins and Viral Tumor Antigens

Proper folding of newly synthesized viral proteins in the cytoplasm is a prerequisite for the formation of infectious virions. The major capsid protein Vp1 of simian virus 40 forms a series of disulfide-linked intermediates during folding and capsid formation. In addition, we report here that Vp1 is associated with cellular chaperones (HSP70) and a cochaperone (Hsp40) which can be coimmunoprecipitated with Vp1. Studies in vitro demonstrated the ATP-dependent interaction of Vp1 and cellular chaperones. Interestingly, viral cochaperones LT and ST were essential for stable interaction of HSP70 with the core Vp1 pentamer Vp1 (22-303). LT and ST also coimmunoprecipitated with Vp1 in vivo. In addition to these identified (co)chaperones, stable, covalently modified forms of Vp1 were identified for a folding-defective double mutant, C49A-C87A, and may represent a “trapped” assembly intermediate. By a truncation of the carboxyl arm of Vp1 to prevent the Vp1 folding from proceeding beyond pentamers, we detected several apparently modified Vp1 species, some of which were absent in cells transfected with the folding-defective mutant DNA. These results suggest that transient covalent interactions with known or unknown cellular and viral proteins are important in the assembly process.
Characterization and isolation of novel microsatellites from the Drosophila dunni subgroup

We have isolated and characterized 77 novel microsatellites from two species, Drosophila dunni and Drosophila nigrodunni, which are closely related Caribbean-island endemics from the Drosophila cardini species group. These species are very distantly related to all other Drosophila from which microsatellites have previously been characterized. We find that the average length of microsatellites isolated in these species is quite small, with an overall mean length of 9-8 repeat units for dinucleotide microsatellites in the two study species. The nucleotide composition of dinucleotides differs between the two species: D. nigrodunni has a predominance of (AC/GT) n repeats, whereas D. dunni has equal numbers of (AC/GT) n and (AG/CT) n repeats. Tri- and tetranucleotide repeats are not abundant in either species. We assayed the variability of eight microsatellites in a closely related third species, Drosophila arawakana, using wild-caught individuals from the island of Guadeloupe. We found the microsatellites to be extremely variable in this population, with observed heterozygosities ranging from 0.541 to 0.889. DNA amplification trials suggest that these eight microsatellites are widely conserved across the D. cardini group, with five of the eight producing amplification products in every species tested. However, the loci are very poorly conserved over greater phylogenetic distances. DNA amplification of the microsatellite loci was unreliable in members of the closely related Drosophila quinaria, Drosophila calloptera, Drosophila guarani and Drosophila tripunctata species groups. Furthermore, these microsatellites could not be detected in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster, despite the conservation of microsatellite flanking regions at some loci. These data indicate that Drosophila microsatellite loci are quite short lived over evolutionary timescales relative to many other taxa.
Computer-aided Diagnosis in Chest Radiography: Results of Large-Scale Observer Tests at the 1996-2001 RSNA Scientific Assemblies

Since 1996, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) schemes have been presented as interactive demonstrations on computer workstations at each scientific assembly of the Radiological Society of North America. The schemes involved (a) detection of pulmonary nodules, (b) temporal subtraction, (c) detection of interstitial lung disease, (d) differential diagnosis of interstitial lung disease, and (e) distinction between benign and malignant pulmonary nodules on chest radiographs. Large-scale observer tests were carried out to examine how radiologists can benefit from CAD systems. Observer performance was evaluated by analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The statistical significance of the difference between the areas under the ROC curves without and with CAD was analyzed with the Student t test. In all of the tests, the diagnostic accuracy of the radiologists in total improved significantly when CAD was used. This result provides additional evidence that CAD has the potential to improve the performance of radiologists in their decision-making process in interpreting chest radiographs.
Modern Hard Disk Media Issues

For those of us who enjoyed the introduction of personal computers in the early 1980’s the inclusion of a state of the art 5-megabyte hard disk drive represented a stunning improvement in computer performance. Only 20 years later, today’s 10-gigabyte drives, which occupy only 1/100pth the volume and sell for 1/4pth the price of these original drives, are commonly found in notebook computers. Since the first viable commercialization of magnetic recording tape in the 1930’s and hard disk drives in the 1950’s the annual areal density growth rate remained reasonably constant at about 25 to 30% per year. However, with the introduction of thin-film hard-disk media and magnetoresistive transducers in the early 1990’s this growth rate increased to about 60% per year, equaling the pace of the growth of computational power of integrated circuits. However, for the past few years the annual growth rate of hard disk recording density has accelerated to over 100 percent per year. Hence, during 2000 we have observed product introductions utilizing 15 gigabits/inp2 and multiple laboratory demonstrations in the 30–50 gigabits/inp2 range. By the end of 2000 products will be available utilizing over 20 gigabit/inp2. The technology, which has enabled this apparent revolution in data storage areal density, is based upon both a comprehensive body of accumulated knowledge and significant discoveries concerning materials, signal processing and device-processing technology. And yet, by both simple and extensive modeling, fundamental physical limits to the maximum achievable areal density have been predicted to be nearly at hand. These predicted limits are based upon basic energy and signal-to-noise arguments associated with the recording media and can only be circumvented if one understands the underlying assumptions and then designs around these issues. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of some of these issues, of the state of the art hard disk media technology and to propose methods of extending recording densities beyond these limits.
SPIN EFFECTS IN QUANTUM HALL DROPLETS

We review here our recent work on spin effects in quantum Hall droplets. The formation, stability, and total spin of quantum Hall droplets with filling factor v ≤ 2 is discussed in detail.
Cargo Bikes as a Growth Area for Bicycle vs. Auto Trips: Exploring the Potential for Mode Substitution Behavior

Abstract Cargo bikes are increasing in availability in the United States. While a large body of research continues to investigate traditional bike transportation, cargo bikes offer the potential to capture trips for those that might otherwise be made by car. Data from a survey of cargo bike users queried use and travel dynamics with the hypothesis that cargo and e-cargo bike ownership has the potential to contribute to mode substitution behavior. From a descriptive standpoint, 68.9% of those surveyed changed their travel behavior after purchasing a cargo bike and the number of auto trips appeared to decline by 1–2 trips per day, half of the auto travel prior to ownership. Two key reasons cited for this change include the ability to get around with children and more gear. Regression models that underscore this trend toward increased active transport confirm this. Based on these results, further research could include focus on overcoming weather-related/elemental barriers, which continue to be an obstacle to every day cycling, and further investigation into families modeling healthy behaviors to children with cargo bikes.
Double plate fixation for the management of proximal interphalangeal joint instability in 30 horses (1987-2015).

Reasons for performing study Double plate fixation has been reported in a small number of horses with comminuted fractures of the middle phalanx. There are no published reports using this technique in the management of other injuries that destabilise the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIJ), including biaxial palmar/plantar eminence fractures and disruption of the palmar/plantar soft tissue support structures of the PIJ. Furthermore, there is a paucity of information on the long-term prognosis for horses undergoing double plate fixation to manage destabilising injuries of the PIJ. Objectives To document further the clinical use of double plate fixation for management of injuries to the PIJ resulting in palmar/plantar instability and compare these results with other methods of management. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods The case records and radiographs of 30 horses with destabilising injuries to the PIJ treated by double plate fixation at Texas A&M University between 1987 and 2013 were analysed. Long-term follow-up information was obtained by telephone interview with the client or referring veterinarian. Results Thirty-one disruptive PIJ injuries were double plated in 30 cases. Twenty-nine of 30 horses were discharged from the hospital. The medial time for post operative external coaptation was 41 days. Long-term follow-up (>2 years) was available for 25 horses, of which 15 (60%) returned to useful function. Radiographic evidence of fracture healing and arthrodesis of the PIJ was evident in 28 (90%) repairs at 6 months following repair. Conclusions The use of 2 abaxially placed dorsal plates for management of destabilising injuries to the PIJ results in a very good prognosis for survival and a reasonable prognosis for return to functional use.
Improvement of EUV mix-match overlay for production implementation

The improvement of overlay control in extreme ultra-violet (EUV) lithography is one of critical issues for successful mass production by using it. Especially it is important to improve the mix and match overlay or matched machine overlay (MMO) between EUV and ArF immersion tool, because EUV process will be applied to specific layers that have more competitive cost edge against ArF immersion multiple patterning with the early mass productivity of EUVL. Therefore it is necessary to consider the EUV overlay target with comparing the overlay specification of double patterning technology (DPT) and spacer patterning technology (SPT). This paper will discuss about required overlay controllability and current performance of EUV, and challenges for future improvement.
Capillary Gas Chromatographic Characterization of Fischer-Tropsch Liquefaction Product Oils

Caracterisation quantitative des huiles a point d'ebullition de 50 a 250°C obtenues dans des etudes de catalyseurs de reaction Fischer-Tropsch en utilisation d'un systeme de chromatographie en phase gazeuse a double colonne capillaire. Comparaison avec les resultats obtenus par spectrometrie IR
Thermodynamic Driving Forces for Dye Molecule Position and Orientation in Nanoconfined Solvents

The results of replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of a coumarin 153 (C153) dye molecule dissolved in ethanol confined within a 2.4 nm hydrophilic amorphous silica pore are presented. The C153 dye position and orientation distributions provide insight into time-dependent fluorescence measurements in nanoconfined solvents as well as general features of chemistry in mesoporous materials. In addition to the distributions themselves, the free energy, internal energy, and entropic contributions have been calculated to explore the factors determining the distributions. The most likely location of C153 is found to be near the pore surface, but two possible hydrogen-bonding structures lead to differing orientations. Internal energy and entropy are found to be competing forces within the pore, with entropy playing a significant role with unexpected consequences. These results represent a crucial step in determining how the nanoconfining framework can affect measurements of solvation dynamics.