cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The bidirectional paradigm of transplant immunology.

Until 1992, the conventional view of transplantation immunology was what we have referred to as the one-way paradigm (Fig. 1A and B), a conceptual framework that had been extrapolated from the neonatal tolerance model of Billingham, Brent, and Medawar.1,2 In Medawar’s defenseless recipient experiments, and in the parent to offspring F1, hybrid and recipient cytoablation models (Fig. 1A), it was learned in the 1950s that the risk of lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after splenocyte or bone marrow transplantation was directly proportional to the degree of MHC incompatibility. FIGURE 1 Transplantation immunology as seen with the conventional one-way paradigm (A for bone marrow and B for whole organ transplantation). The two-way paradigm is shown in C (whole organ) and D (bone marrow transplantation). As early as 1959, it was known that all the same rules applied when whole organs containing immunologically active cells, such as the intestine, were transplanted. Thus, any kind of hematolymphopoietic transplantation was conceived to be an essentially one-way cellular transaction, yielding either GVHD, rejection, or tolerance.
Examining the Internationalization of Counseling Psychology Scholarship: A Content Analysis of Two US Journals

This content analysis examined internationally focused scholarship published from 1997 to 2009 in two counseling journals published in the United States (US), namely The Counseling Psychologist (TCP) and the Journal of Counseling Psychology (JCP). Both demographic and content criteria, including author affiliation, participant location, topic area, cultural relevancy of construct examined, method of collaboration and research design, were examined. A positive trend for the publication of non-US-based scholarship was observed; however, a 10% representation of internationally-oriented scholarship in the past 13 years suggests the potential for further international initiatives and integration in the field. Questions and implications for future development of internationalization within US-based counseling psychology are discussed.
Elastic Inhomogeneous Inclusion and Inhomogeneity in Bimaterials

A method is presented for obtaining the elastic field due to an inhomogeneous inclusion or an inhomogeneity of any shape in two joined semi-infinite isotropic solids (bimaterials) which are either perfectly bonded or in frictionless contact at the planar interface. Eshelby's equivalent inclusion method and the Galerkin vectors for double forces and double forces with moment in bimaterials are used to obtain the solution. The expression for the equivalent eigenstrains for an inhomogeneous inclusion or an inhomogeneity of arbitrary shape is obtained in terms of a system of singular integral equations which can then be solved numerically. The elastic fields for inhomogeneous inclusions and inhomogeneities are then obtained by treating the problem as a homogeneous inclusion.
Collaboration, Conflict, and Community Building at the Regional Scale: Implications for Advocacy Planning

Some see the regional equity perspective as placing undue emphasis on intersectoral cooperation and the complementarity between growth and equity. Is regional equity a departure from an Advocacy Planning paradigm in which values are central, justice is key, and decision making is contentious? We try to reconcile the perspectives and use case studies of Fresno and San Antonio to explore when conflict yields new alliances and when it produces stalemate. We conclude with lessons for advocacy planners operating at the regional scale in which the lack of government and need for governance necessitate new skills of collaboration, (principled) conflict, and community building.
HOW CITIZENS ASSESS JUST PUNISHMENT FOR POLICE MISCONDUCT

In their dealings with citizens, police in most jurisdictions across the country are prohibited from using unnecessary force, abusing their authority, discourteous behavior, and offensive language. This study examines the factors that contribute to citizens' judgments of fair punishment for police misconduct. Using a factorial survey, citizens are asked to judge vignettes of police misconduct that describe encounters between officers and civilians in detail. The findings show that citizens do weigh the officer's behavior, particularly the unnecessary use of
Structure discovery in multi-modal data: A region-based approach

The ability of a perception system to discern what is important in a scene and what is not is an invaluable asset, with multiple applications in object recognition, people detection and SLAM, among others. In this paper, we aim to analyze all sensory data available to separate a scene into a few physically meaningful parts, which we term structure, while discarding background clutter. In particular, we consider the combination of image and range data, and base our decision in both appearance and 3D shape. Our main contribution is the development of a framework to perform scene segmentation that preserves physical objects using multi-modal data. We combine image and range data using a novel mid-level fusion technique based on the concept of regions that avoids any pixel-level correspondences between data sources. We associate groups of pixels with 3D points into multi-modal regions that we term regionlets, and measure the structure-ness of each regionlet using simple, bottom-up cues from image and range features. We show that the highest-ranked regionlets correspond to the most prominent objects in the scene. We verify the validity of our approach on 105 scenes of household environments.
Targeting MYCN: A Good BET for Improving Neuroblastoma Therapy?

Direct targeting of oncogenic MYC proteins has been an elusive goal of many cancer drug development efforts. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Stegmaier and colleagues demonstrate that pharmacologically interfering with the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) class of proteins potently depletes MYCN in neuroblastoma cells, resulting in cellular cytotoxicity and thus providing a novel approach with a potential impact on a previously undruggable major oncogene.
Nonactin, Monactin, Dinactin, Trinactin, and Tetranactin. A Raman Spectroscopic Study

Synopsis Raman spectra are reported for crystalline nonactin, monactin, dinactin, trinactin, and tetranactin and their solutions in CC14, CHCl:j, CHxOH, and 4:l (v/v) CH30H:CHCl:I. The macrotetrolide nactins selectively bind a wide variety of cations, and are important model compounds for the study of ion complexation. The conformations of nonactin, monactin, and dinactin in solution are similar. Their conformations are found to be sufficiently open to permit the ester carbonyl groups to form hydrogen bonds with CH3OH; this gives rise to characteristic changes in the vibration frequencies associated with the ester groups. Nonactin, which is the least soluble of the nactins in CH3OH, is also the least effective at forming hydrogen bonds with CH3OH. The greater ability of the higher nactins to form hydrogen bonds with CH:jOH may be due to the increased inductive effect of ethyl over methyl side chains, which may increase the dipole moment of the ester carbony1 groups. Spectra of crystalline nonactin, monactin, and tetranactin are fairly similar, while the spectra of dinactin and trinactin comprise a second, distinct family. This is consistent with X-ray crystallographic studies, which show that nonactin and tetranactin form monoclinic crystals, while trinactin is triclinic.
Maternal Child-Rearing Behavior in Three Groups: Cystic Fibrosis, Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, and Healthy Children

Compared child-rearing behaviors among mothers of children (ages 4-14) with cystic fibrosis (CF) (N = 26), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (N = 26), and mothers of physically healthy children (N = 26), on six domains, including involvement, limit setting, responsiveness, reasoning and guidance, free expression, and intimacy using the Iowa Parent Behavior Inventory. Maternal Reports of their child-rearing behavior were comparable across the three groups with one exception: Mothers of children with chronic illnesses (CF and IDDM) were significantly less likely to set limits than mothers of healthy children. The present findings are consistent with those of other studies that have identified few differences in child-rearing practices between mothers of children with chronic illnesses and mothers of healthy children. Future research should identify situation-specific parenting tasks unique to childhood chronic illness.
Political violence and the emergence of the dispute over Abyei, Sudan, 1950–1983

The question of the future status of Abyei remains a deeply contested issue between Sudan and the independent South Sudan. The connection between the political violence in Abyei and eruption of the two civil wars in Sudan is sparsely documented, but this history reveals the character of the Abyei problem. This article provides an analysis of the role of political violence in the emergence of the dispute around the status of Abyei. It charts the evolution of the problem chronologically, first situating the history of the Ngok Dinka population of Abyei, and then mapping the history of violence through the independence period, the first civil war, the early 1970s and the failure of the Addis Ababa Agreement, and finally the second civil war in the 1980s. Political violence in Abyei became central to the large-scale contestation between the south and the north in Sudan, the struggle of the Abyei people contributing towards shaping a southern Sudanese identity and in defining the character of the independent s...
Establishment of persistent avian infectious bronchitis virus infection in antibody-free and antibody-positive chickens.

Abstract Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a highly contagious and economically significant disease in chickens. Establishment of a carrier state in IBV infection and the potential for the persistent virus to undergo mutations and recombination in chicken tissues have important consequences for disease management. Nevertheless, whether chickens can maintain persistent IBV infection in the absence of reinfection from exogenous sources or the presence of antibody in the host can modulate virus persistence remains unclear. Indeed, whether or not IBV genome can undergo genetic changes during in vivo infection has not been demonstrated experimentally. In the present study, IBV shedding and tissue persistence were monitored in individual chickens maintained under strict isolation that precluded reinfection from exogenous sources. In the first of two experiments, intranasal exposure of 6-wk-old antibody-free chickens to IBV vaccine virus resulted in intermittent shedding of the virus from both trach...
Race and Its Place in the United States Legal System

The purpose of this chapter is to review how the social category of race is conceptualized within the law and how race contributes to systematic disparities in various contexts in the US legal system. The influence of Larry Wrightsman is seen in the approach to understanding the law with a view toward what constructs have been and have evolved over time in legal reasoning. The earliest use of the “race” construct occurred in the colonial experience in what would later become the USA. Consequently, as a social construction, and not a biological one, the concept of race and the boundaries of what constitutes race categories changed over time and geographical region. Race carries a psychological meaning in law and legal processes, and such meaning is evident in race bias which permeates nearly every legal process. Cultural stereotypes and biases influence the use of race in a myriad of legal contexts including eyewitness identification, profiling, arrest, jury selection, jury decision making, and sentencing decisions. Race can also impact perceptions of attorney conduct, and judges’ own race membership and racial biases influence their legal interpretations and decision making. The underlying psychological construct that drives much of race bias research is the notion of the stereotype. Within research on race-based stereotypes, both explicit and implicit measures are tools to understand and identify race prejudice and discrimination, and both explicit and implicit behaviors provide meaningful results. Current research in racial profiling, legal decision making, and sentencing is presented.
Emergence Patterns of the Seedcorn Maggot, Delia platura (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

Time of emergence of seedcorn maggot (SCM), Delia platura (Meigen), adults that developed from eggs laid in field plots from May through October 1981, was determined during 1981, 1982, and 1983. Some SCM that developed from eggs laid as early as May 1981, overwintered, and the proportion of SCM overwintering increased when eggs were laid June to October. Adults emerged from overwintered pupae from April through October 1982, and in May and June 1983. Adults of the closely related bean seed maggot (BSM), D. florilega (Zetterstedt), also emerged in the plots, but in smaller numbers than SCM. BSM males emerged in 1981 only in plots planted during May 1981.
A General Chain Rule for Derivatives and the Change of Variables Formula for the Lebesgue Integral

(1969). A General Chain Rule for Derivatives and the Change of Variables Formula for the Lebesgue Integral. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 5, pp. 514-520.
Coarse-Grained-Particle Method for Simulation of Liquid–Solids Reacting Flows

A coarse-grained-particle method (CGPM) that tracks fewer particles and their collisions by lumping several real particles into computational parcels is developed. We demonstrate that the accuracy of CGPM can be improved by properly selecting interpolation schemes used to compute flow variables at particle and computational grid locations. The computational speed of CGPM was shown to be similar to that of a widely used and less accurate particle in cell method (PIC). Finally, a chemical reaction mechanism based on rare earth elements (REE) leaching from coal byproducts was implemented with CGPM to study the effects of several flow and design parameters on the leaching process. A counter-current reactor was studied and optimized to maximize the mass fraction of REE in the liquid solution. The CGPM can now be employed to cheaply and accurately solve industrial-scale problems containing millions of computational parcels.
Analysis of a Highly Migratory Fish Stocks Fishery: A Game Theoretic Approach

This paper develops a two period noncooperative game-theoretic model of a Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (HMFS) fishery. In each period, the fish stock migrates from the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of a coastal state into the high seas, where distant water fishing (DWF) harvesters may harvest. We show that having an EEZ improves total welfare by reducing total harvest and that the degree of the welfare improvement increases when the number of harvesters in an HMFS fishery increases. We also show that an increase in the number of DWF harvesters leads to a larger harvest and rent dissipation. With open-access in the second stage, resource rent is totally dissipated for DWF harvesters, but not for the coastal state harvesters, which still earn positive rent.
Importance of Biomass-Specific Pretreatment Methods for Effective and Sustainable Utilization of Renewable Resources

Pretreatment is the central unit operation that plays a key role for efficient bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. However, a single pretreatment method cannot be an effective choice for all types of biomass. A distinct variation in biomass composition and structure is clearly evident, which complicates further the pretreatment optimization process. Fundamental understanding of pretreatment mechanisms and composition of biomass feedstocks is vital to develop an appropriate pretreatment method for each type of feedstock. Our study showed that at same processing conditions, acid pretreatment is significantly less effective than alkali pretreatment for grasses (switchgrass, sorghum stalk, and corn stover) and hardwood (poplar). Sugar released during enzymatic hydrolysis was 38, 65, 72, and 63 % less from acid pretreated biomass compared to alkali pretreated biomass for switchgrass, sorghum stalk, corn stover, and poplar, respectively. Among the various alkaline organic solvent pretreatments, an equal mixture (by volume) of isopropanol and ethanol led to the highest sugar yield (0.50 g/g) from corn stover, while glycerol yielded the highest sugar (0.40 g/g) from poplar. None of these pretreatment methods were effective for softwood (Douglas fir); sugar release was less than 0.1 g/g biomass. Brown midrib (bmr)-12 mutation of sorghum resulted in an increased total fermentable sugar recovery by 36 and 30 % in Atlas, and Kansas Collier cultivars, respectively, while a decreased sugar recovery by 12 % was observed in Early Hegari cultivar. These results showed that decreased lignin in biomass is not necessarily beneficial to increase the pretreatment efficiency, indicating that lignin composition and inter-lignin unit linkages also have significant impact in addition to total lignin content on biomass pretreatment efficiency. Furthermore, biomass feedstocks have various amounts of non-structural sugars, and a number of high-value phytochemicals, which must be extracted prior to biomass pretreatment. Consequently, a targeted biorefining strategy is required for each type of feedstock.
Hybrid Indexing for Versioned Document Search with Cluster-based Retrieval

The previous two-phase method for searching versioned documents seeks a cost tradeoff by using non-positional information to rank document versions first. The second phase then re-ranks top document versions using positional information with fragment-based index compression. This paper proposes an alternative approach that uses cluster-based retrieval to quickly narrow the search scope guided by version representatives at Phase 1 and develops a hybrid index structure with adaptive runtime data traversal to speed up Phase 2 search. The hybrid scheme exploits the advantages of forward index and inverted index based on the term characteristics to minimize the time in extracting positional and other feature information during runtime search. This paper compares several indexing and data traversal options with different time and space tradeoffs and describes evaluation results to demonstrate their effectiveness. The experiment results show that the proposed scheme can be up-to about 4x as fast as the previous work on solid state drives while retaining good relevance.
Sequential Serum Cytokine Levels after Autologous, Related and Unrelated Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: Reflection of Immune Reactivity and Reconstitution.

Abstract Conditioning regimen in HSCT induces production of inflammatory, regulatory and growth-promoting cytokines. Cytokines are known to mediate alloresponses and heighten GVHD. We prospectively studied sequential cytokine levels in 38 recipients of HSCT (autologous 10, allogeneic related 10 and unrelated 18). Serum TNFα, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, G-CSF, GM-CSF, MIP1α, MIP1β levels were measured. Also, Th1 and Th2 cytokines were evaluated as a ratio: Th1/Th2 = IL-2 + IFNγ /IL-4 + IL-10 and Type 1/Type 2 = IL-2 + IFNγ / IL-4 + IL-5 + IL-10. Samples were collected at baseline prior to conditioning regimen and at 4–6 day intervals up to day 95 postHSCT. We report only the significant findings here. In autologous HSCT, IL-5 peaked 192-fold (288.5pg/mL, p=0.0005) at 7d postHSCT over preHSCT levels (1.5pg/mL). At day 15d postHSCT, IL-1α levels decreased 1.9-fold to 0.2 pg/mL under preHSCT levels of 2.3pg/mL and increased 1.9-fold at 40d postHSCT (p=0.0301). In related alloHSCT, the levels of IL-1β increased 3.1-fold to a peak of 16.2 pg/ml at 51d postHSCT (p=0.001) compared to preHSCT level of 5.2pg/mL. IL-2 levels increased 2.2-fold (p=0.001) during the 2nd month postHSCT compared to preHSCT (1.5pg/mL) levels. IL-4 decreased 8.1-fold (p=0.001) at 27d postHSCT compared to preHSCT levels (4.9 pg/mL). IFNγ levels increased 1.5-fold to a plateau after 51d postHSCT compared to preHSCT levels (5.8pg/mL, p=0.017). In unrelated alloHSCT, the levels of TNFα increased 1.7-fold at 60d and 68d postHSCT compared to preHSCT levels of (8.94 pg/mL). IL-10 levels increased 5-fold (p=0.028) to peak at 27d postHSCT compared to preHSCT levels of 2.5pg/mL and to levels after the 1st month postHSCT. The Type1/Type2 ratio decreased 2.5-fold (p=0.023) to a nadir at 27d postHSCT from baseline and returned to preHSCT values by approximately 3 months postHSCT. In unrelated HSCT, Th2 polarization increased in the first month postHSCT due to higher levels of IL-5 and IL-10. After the first month, Th2 dominance subsided, probably due to T-cell recovery and its response to histoincompatibility. The related HSCT showed marked Th1 polarization after the first month of HSCT during which high levels of IL-4 declined and levels of IL-2 and IFNγ increased (Figure 1). Increased IL-5 levels in autologous HSCT is consistent with reconstitution of humoral response in the absence of allostimulation. In summary, we demonstrate some of the dynamic cytokine interactions occurring in the clinical course of recipients undergoing autologous, allogeneic related or unrelated HSCT. The kinetics of Th1 and Th2 levels may reflect the cellular immune reconstitution that could help us design immunotherapeutic interventions. Download : Download high-res image (123KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure
Air Force Chaplains' Perceived Effectiveness on Service Member's Resilience and Satisfaction.

This study examined how 3,777 active duty male United States Air Force service members’ (SMs) rank and residence location moderated the associations between perceived chaplain effectiveness, SMs’ resilience, family coping, marital satisfaction, and satisfaction with the Air Force (AF). A multiple-sample structural equation model was conducted with four subgroups of SMs who had received chaplain support: enlisted members living on base, enlisted members living off base, officers living on base, and officers living off base. Chaplain effectiveness was significantly related, both directly and indirectly, to SM’s spirituality, resilience, family coping, marital satisfaction, and AF satisfaction. Resilience was significantly associated with increased AF satisfaction for all SMs, except for those living on base. However, living on base was found to strengthen the protective factor between family coping and relationship satisfaction. Rank was found to moderate the link between resilience and family coping. Famil...
A resource dependence perspective on natural resource scarcity

Although natural resource scarcity and uncertainty are critical issues for many organizations, management scholars have largely overlooked this topic. Drawing on the literatures on corporate sustai...
Metal Projectile Points From the Deapolis Site, North Dakota

Almost nothing is known about what kinds of metal arrowheads were European trade items and which were made bythe various native groups. A large collection of such arrowheads was made at the 19th ce...
Knowledge-Based Regional Economic Development: A Synthetic Review of Knowledge Spillovers, Entrepreneurship, and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems:

The geographical nature of knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurship has been well documented in the literature. In most regional or urban studies, these two topics are separately discussed. This r...
Studies on erythropoietin. I. Demonstration of erythropoietin in normal plasma.

1. A modification of a technic wherein hypertransfused rats are used for the bioassay of erythropoietin is described, and some kinetics of iron incorporation following transfusion are presented. 2. It was possible to detect activity in normal plasma and demonstrate that plasma of animals whose erythropoiesis is depressed below normal by hypertransfusion possesses less erythropoietin than normal plasma. 3. The variation of response under standardized conditions is sufficiently small and sufficiently predictable so that within certain limits, quantitation is possible. A dose-response analysis is presented. 4. Plasma from normal rats possesses approximately 25 per cent of the activity found in rats rendered acutely anemic by a standardized blood loss.
Biaxial Microincision Cataract Surgery: Techniques and Sample Surgical Parameters

Each step in cataract surgery builds on the preceding step. The clear corneal incision should be sized correctly for instrumentation. The capsulorhexis should be centered, round and slightly smaller than the optic of the intraocular lens to be implanted. Endo lenticular nucleofractis techniques protect both the capsule and the cornea. Separation of infusion and aspiration facilitates the removal of the lens material and has advantages in difficult and complicated cases.
Interaktionen zwischen dem endokrinen, dem zentralnervösen und dem Immunsystem

In diesem Kapitel werden zunahst bedeutende Aspekte des endokrinen, des Immun-und des Nervensystems zusammengefasst, um dann die voneinander abhagige Regulation und Kreuzkommunikation zwischen den Systemen aufzuzeigen. Es soll verdeutlicht werden, dass keines der Systeme allein betrachtet werden kann, sondern dass diese immer im Kontext von multiplen Reaktionen und Systemen, die letztlich die Homostase aufrecht erhalten, betrachtet werden musen. Anhand von Experimentalstudien werden die zahlreichen Interaktionen zwischen den drei Systemen verdeutlicht: die Lymphozytose als Reaktion auf Stressoren, was insbesondere die Interaktion zwischen dem Nerven-und dem Immunsystem aufzeigt, ein Review der Literatur und eine Diskussion eines In-vivo-Modells (namentlich am Beispiel von Stress und Impfung) mit hoher klinischer Relevanz. Dieses bietet eine besonders gute Molichkeit, die Interaktion zwischen allen drei Systemen zu beobachten und zu untersuchen und die akute Stressreaktion im Zusammenhang mit Depression, wobei nicht nur die Interak tion dieser drei Systeme untersucht wird, sondern auch psychologische Interaktionen beschrieben werden.
China: Resource Assessment of Offshore Wind Potential

A bottom-up geographic information system (GIS)-based offshore model was applied to assess the technical potential of offshore wind energy under a multiple of spatial constraints and its location-specific economic costs. The total technical potential in China’s exclusive economic zone is estimated to be 1715 TWh/year under the current technical level of offshore wind farms and turbines. However, spatial constraints, including designated shipping lanes, submarine cables, and bird migratory paths, as well as visual exclusion, would eliminate approximately 8.7% of the total technical potential, having the most significant impacts on shallower waters (below 20-m sea depths). Considering only the technical potential locates in areas with sea depths less than 50 meters to be economical, the available economic potential is merely 715 TWh with an average levelized production cost ranging from 0.419 to 0.975 RMB/kWh (43–100 €/MWh). Through a set of sensitivity analyses, it has been demonstrated that the GIS model may also provide a comprehensive framework for policy makers and investors to understand and strategize for the available offshore potential under different technical, spatial, and economic scenarios now and in the future; the GIS tool and analytical results are also flexible, upgradable, and updatable as more comprehensive and accurate data sets become accessible.
Consultant Corner: Gallbladder Disease

Patients with acute biliary disease who require surgery may rapidly develop sepsis and decompensate. Optimizing them for surgery requires accurate diagnosis, adequate volume resuscitation, early appropriate antibiotic administration, use of other interventional modalities when indicated, and consideration of comorbid conditions.
Color centers in salts - Evidence for the presence of sulfates on Europa

Abstract We have conducted experiments to better understand the extent to which radiation-induced color changes observed at near-ultraviolet through near-infrared wavelengths for various salts could provide insight into the composition of the nonice material(s) on the surface of Europa's trailing hemisphere. Salts of NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, partially hydrated MgSO4, partially hydrated FeSO4, Na2CO3, and CaCO3 were irradiated with 1020 electrons/cm2 at room temperature; the electron energy was 40 keV. This is equivalent to ~100,000 years of exposure to electrons at Europa in this energy range, or to an equivalent few thousand years of exposure to electrons of at least ~100 eV, a conservative estimate for the lowest energy electrons capable of producing color centers. Each salt either browned, darkened, and/or developed color centers. Most salts also developed a probable colloidal band near 600 nm that would be expected to be much weaker or non-existent in materials at the temperature of Europa's surface. The ultraviolet through near-infrared telescopic spectra of Europa's trailing hemisphere is most consistent with a linear mixture of irradiated MgSO4·nH2O with a few percent of another salt that exhibits a color center near 600 nm (either Na2SO4·nH2O, Na2CO3, CaCO3, or KCl). Other irradiated salts exhibit spectral features that limit their abundances in the nonice material on the trailing hemisphere, with the abundance of NaCl, because of its strong color centers, limited to not more than approximately 10%.
Injury to the Rectum During Pelvic Surgery

During pelvic operations, the rectum can be injured. This chapter reviews how to address a rectal injury.
Pelvic organ prolapse recurrence in young women undergoing vaginal and abdominal colpopexy

While pelvic organ prolapse (POP) recurrence is believed to increase over time, outcomes of young women who undergo POP surgery are unclear. We hypothesized POP recurrence incidence among women <49 years would be higher after vaginal versus abdominal colpopexy. This is a retrospective cohort study with a cross-sectional survey of women 18–49 years who underwent primary POP surgery from January 2003 to September 2013. Patients were identified by CPT codes for vaginal and abdominal colpopexy. POP recurrence was defined as vaginal bulge symptoms, POP retreatment (pessary or surgery) or both. Validated questionnaires were used to assess pelvic floor symptoms, patient satisfaction and improvement. Three hundred thirty-three women met the criteria. Mean age was 43 (+ 5.3) years; 29.1% (97) had an abdominal colpopexy and 70.9% (236) had a vaginal colpopexy. The recurrence incidence overall was 32.0% (31) in the abdominal group and 24.2% (57) in the vaginal group (p = 0.15), with a 10.3% (10) retreatment incidence in the abdominal group and 5.9% (14) in the vaginal group (p = 0.16). Forty-five percent (149) responded to the survey at a median time of 7.9 (3.1–15.2) years since surgery. The overall recurrence incidence in respondents was 13.7% (7) in the abdominal group and 15.3% (15) in the vaginal group (p = 0.80), with a retreatment incidence of 5.9% (3) in the abdominal and 5.2% (5) in the vaginal group (p = 0.85). One in four young women experienced subjective POP recurrence and/or retreatment, but only 5–10% underwent retreatment. There does not appear to be a difference in the incidence of recurrence between vaginal and abdominal colpopexy.
Material Selection for the Joint between Adjacent Box Beams

AbstractBridges constructed with adjacent precast concrete box beams have been in service for many years. A recurring problem with this type of bridge is cracking in the longitudinal joints between...
The Word that Cannot be Spoken: Notes from the Jurisprudential Underground

American Law Journals have banished a word: "postmodern." In rendering this word taboo, legal scholars delegitimize a useful interpretive tool and, in failing to address useful criticism, undermine their own arguments. This article examines postmodernism in interpretive contexts, the endurance of postmodernist thought in all but name, and some reasons why postmodernism has become taboo.
Excess pregnancy weight gain in latinas: Impact on infant's adiposity and growth hormones at birth.

Abstract Excess maternal weight gain during pregnancy has been associated with childhood overweight and obesity both in mothers with and without obesity. Latinx children are at higher risk for earlier obesity compared with other population groups. A cohort of 82 self-identified pregnant Latina women were recruited at the prenatal clinics of Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (ZSFG) prior to delivery during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy in 2011 and 2012. Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and weight prior to delivery were collected by self-report to calculate maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and weight gain in pregnancy. At delivery, anthropometric measurements of infants were obtained and cord blood and maternal finger stick blood samples were collected for hormonal assays. Fifty-three point seven percent of women had excessive weight gain in pregnancy. A high percentage of the cohort was overweight and obese prior to pregnancy (67.1%) with mean pre-pregnancy BMI 27.4 ± 4.5 kg/m2 and greater pre-pregnancy weight was independently associated with weight gain during pregnancy (OR 1.05, 95%CI 1.002–1.09). Mean infant birthweight was 3377.2 ± 481.5 g and excessive weight gain in pregnancy was independently associated with birthweight percentile (OR 13.46, 95%CI 2.43–34.50). Excessive gestational gain was positively associated with cord blood insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and negatively with Peptide YY (PYY) levels. Latina women with pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity have a high rate of excessive gestational gain in pregnancy and could benefit from early counseling about appropriate gain in pregnancy. Excessive gestational weight impacts the intrauterine environment in high-risk infants impacting fetal growth and development.
Opportunity for All? The Differential Impacts of North Carolina's Revised Comprehensive Articulation Agreement by Race/Ethnicity.

Transfer articulation agreements are employed by institutions of higher education and state legislatures alike to improve transfer efficiency between two-year and four-year institutions. These agreements often aim both to increase transfer rates and baccalaureate degree completion and to decrease time to degree. Studies exploring the efficacy of articulation agreements find that, despite being successful at decreasing the number of excess credits students earned at graduation and at increasing baccalaureate degree completion, these policies often increase time to degree. While there is considerable research on articulation agreements, few studies have examined the differential impact of these policies on students of Color who, prior literature has shown, experience barriers to realizing their baccalaureate degree aspirations. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the impact of North Carolina’s statewide articulation agreement varied by a student’s racial/ethnic identity when examining two-year post-transfer baccalaureate degree completion, time-to-degree completion, and excess credit accumulation.
Mesoscopic models for electrohydrodynamic interactions of polyelectrolytes

Two mean-field models for polyelectrolytes in simultaneous electric field and pressure-driven flow field were developed and compared. The models predict migration perpendicular to the anti-parallel or parallel fields, where the migration is caused by electrohydrodynamic interactions calculated using either a short- or long-range approximation. Inputs for the mean-field models were determined from Brownian dynamics simulations in a simple shear flow. Both models qualitatively reproduce experimental observations of DNA focusing as reported in previous publications. Specifically, it is observed that combination of the shear and electric fields leads to polyelectrolyte motion in the direction transverse to the flow and electric field direction, which in turn leads to concentration of the polyelectrolyte in the centre of a microfluidic channel. Furthermore, both models predict that there is an optimal strength of electric field that leads to the narrowest distribution profile of the polyelectrolyte in the centre of the channel. The analysis suggests that this is due to dispersion induced by the electrohydrodynamic interactions. However, quantitative disagreement between the model predictions and the experimental data indicates that further progress in the model development is needed.
Supplementing Trace Minerals to Beef Cows during Gestation to Enhance Productive and Health Responses of the Offspring

Nutritional management during gestation is critical to optimize the efficiency and profitability of beef production systems. Given the essentiality of trace minerals to fetal developmental processes, their supplementation represents one approach to optimize offspring productivity. Our research group investigated the impacts of supplementing gestating beef cows with organic-complexed (AAC) or inorganic sources (INR) of Co, Cu, Mn, or Zn on productive and health responses of the progeny. Calves born to AAC supplemented cows had reduced incidence of bovine respiratory disease and were >20 kg heavier from weaning until slaughter compared to unsupplemented cohorts. Complementing these findings, heifer progeny born to AAC supplemented cows had accelerated puberty attainment. Collectively, research demonstrates supplementing trace minerals to gestating beef cows may be a strategy to enhance offspring productivity in beef production systems.
A rare case of primary paratesticular adenocarcinoma presenting as cough

Abstract Primary paratesticular adenocarcinoma is an extremely rare form of non-germ cell cancer. There are very few reports documented in the medical literature. It is notoriously challenging to diagnose and no treatment guidelines currently exist. Herein we present a case of a 45-year old male presenting with a chronic cough resulting from an underlying primary paratesticular adenocarcinoma. The patient was enrolled in a clinical trial for rare genitourinary cancers, known as the Iconic Trial. The following case report explores the immunopathologic characterization of this malignancy and describes the outcome from treatment for a single patient. In addition, a detailed review of the current medical literature is included.
Channel reach morphology and landscape properties are linked across a large heterogeneous region

Author(s): Lane, Belize; Guillon, Herve; Byrne, Colin; Pasternack, Gregory B; Kasprak, Alan; Sandoval, Samuel
Thermoelastisches Verhalten von Laminaten

Das thermoelastische Verhalten der allgemeinen Laminate kann sehr komplex sein. Fur den besonderen Fall von unsymmetrischen Laminaten fuhrt die Biegung/Ausdehnungs-Kopplung (Gl. (2.25), (2.26)) zu nicht ebenen Verschiebungen eines Laminats, das einer Temperaturanderung ausgesetzt ist. (z.B. [HYE 81]). Fur symmetrische und ausgewogene Laminate jedoch, verschwindet die Biegung/ Ausdehnungs- sowie Scher-Kopplung und das Laminat verhalt sich wie ein homogenes ortotropes Material.
Loss analysis during dead time and thermal study of gallium nitride devices

By virtue of the advantages in breakdown field strength and saturated electron speed, gallium nitride field-effect transistors (GaN FETs) have been attracting attentions as next generation power devices in recent years. Compared with silicon-based metal-oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), GaN FETs have no intrinsic anti-parallel body diodes and exhibit poor reverse conduction characteristics. Thus it is necessary to optimize the dead time to not only avoid shoot-through current during the transient period in the single phase leg structure, but also to minimize reverse conduction power losses. Another characteristic of GaN FETs is their relatively low thermal conductivity. To satisfy the demands of higher power density, the thermal performance and cooling requirements of GaN FETs should be evaluated. In this paper, loss analysis during dead time and the thermal study of GaN FETs are presented. As a case study, a 200W GaN FETs based resonant converter is considered. The simulation and experimental results verify the validity of the theoretical analysis.
Analysis of the Photoneutron Yield and Thermal Neutron Flux in an Unreflected Electron Accelerator-Driven Neutron Source

There are several potential uses for a high-flux thermal neutron source in both industrial and clinical applications. The viable commercial implementation of these applications requires a low-cost, high-flux thermal neutron generator suitable for installation in industrial and clinical environments. This paper describes the Monte Carlo for N-Particle modeling results of a high-flux thermal neutron source driven with an electron accelerator. An electron linear accelerator (linac), fitted with a standard X-ray converter, can produce high neutron yields in materials with low photonuclear threshold energies, such as D and {sup 9}Be. Results indicate that a 10-MeV, 10-kW electron linac can produce on the order of 10{sup 12} n/s in a heavy water photoneutron target. The thermal neutron flux in an unreflected heavy water target is calculated to be on the order of 10{sup 10} n.cm{sup -2}.s. The sensitivity of these answers to heavy water purity is also investigated, specifically the dilution of heavy water with light water. It is shown that the peak thermal neutron flux is not adversely effected by dilution up to a light water weight fraction of 35%.
Chemical physiology of blood flow regulation by red blood cells: the role of nitric oxide and S-nitrosohemoglobin.

▪ Abstract Blood flow in the microcirculation is regulated by physiological oxygen (O2) gradients that are coupled to vasoconstriction or vasodilation, the domain of nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity. The mechanism by which the O2 content of blood elicits NO signaling to regulate blood flow, however, is a major unanswered question in vascular biology. While the hemoglobin in red blood cells (RBCs) would appear to be an ideal sensor, conventional wisdom about its chemistry with NO poses a problem for understanding how it could elicit vasodilation. Experiments from several laboratories have, nevertheless, very recently established that RBCs provide a novel NO vasodilator activity in which hemoglobin acts as an O2 sensor and O2-responsive NO signal transducer, thereby regulating both peripheral and pulmonary vascular tone. This article reviews these studies, together with biochemical studies, that illuminate the complexity and adaptive responsiveness of NO reactions with hemoglobin. Evidence for the pivotal role...
Google apps for education: Valparaiso University's migration experience

Many campuses are investigating cloud-based or hosted email solutions. This paper will cover Valparaiso University's decision to move to the Google Apps for Education platform and our campus migration strategy. Google Apps offers significant savings in both cost of service and cost of support / maintenance while simultaneously offering functionality improvements to the campus experience over our previous system. Valparaiso University was using the GroupWise email and calendaring system and began the process of migrating all of campus to the Google Apps for Education platform in early 2011. Our process began with a student led evaluation team to select the new platform and started rolling out to new students beginning summer of 2011 with migration of existing students conducted from July 2011 through October 2011. Faculty / Staff migration began in December 2011 and were rolled out on a department by department basis throughout the spring 2012 Semester. Heavy promotion and utilization of multiple "Meet Google Apps" presentations greatly enhanced communication about the process and reduced migration anxiety. Apps were limited during migration process to those that reproduced existing system functionality to avoid over-taxing IT support resources. Valparaiso University's migration process has been refined several times and overall feedback from students, faculty, and staff has been very positive throughout the process.
Osteochondritis dissecans and subchondral cystic lesions and their relationship to osteochondrosis in the horse

Summary Osteochondritis dissecans and subchondral cystic lesions are well recognized clinical entities in the horse. The etiology and pathogenesis, however, are incompletely understood. Recently, good evidence has been provided that both the conditions are manifestations of defective cartilage differentiation (osteochondrosis). Various etilogic factors have been associated with osteochondrosis but have not been well defined in horses. In addition, consistently successful treatment regimes are not yet defined in all joints. This paper reviews 66 cases of osteochondritis dissecans and subchondral cystic lesions diagnosed at Colorado State University during an 8 year period and reviews current knowledge on pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.
Abstract B33: Differential responses of Caucasian and African American breast cancer cell lines after EGCG and sulforaphane treatment

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among American women. African American (AA) women are more likely to die from breast cancer than their Caucasian (CAU), Hispanic, Asian and Native American counterparts revealing a clear disparity between AA women and women of other races and ethnicities. Data collected by The American Cancer Society and others reveal that although AA women have a lower incidence of breast cancer than CAU women, AA women tend to have larger, more aggressive tumors, and have a lower 5-year survival rate. Importantly, AA women are more likely to die from breast cancer than any other ethnic group. While socio-economic, cultural and environmental factors are thought to contribute to these disparities, little is known as to whether biological differences exist between CAU and AA women with breast cancer. To determine the effects of bioactive dietary compounds, (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), found in green tea, and sulforaphane (SFN), found in broccoli, were administered to breast cancer cells derived from AA and CAU women. Our results reveal that the AA breast cancer cells showed dissimilarities in response to ECGG and SFN treatments when compared to CAU cell lines. Additionally, differential expression of several cancer related genes, including the human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (hTERT), was seen in AA cells when compared to CAU cells. These data support the hypothesis that biological differences may contribute to the disparity among AA and CAU women with breast cancer and that these variations may be influenced by diet. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):B33.