cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public Debt and Fiscal Policy in Developing Countries

Over the past decade the growth of public spending has generated large fiscal deficits in many countries, leading to increases in the share of public debt relative to gross domestic product (GDP). This happened in both industrial and developing countries. With the exception of a few, small countries such as Ireland and Denmark, the increase in public debt in industrial countries has been mostly domestic. In the developing countries, on the other hand, the public debt has been mostly external, although some countries, including Brazil and Mexico, have also accumulated sizeable domestic debts.
THIN-LAYER SOLUBILIZATION CHROMATOGRAPHY. I. PHENOLS.

Abstract The RF values of a series of six phenols have been determined using thin-layer chromatographic techniques on layers of ion-exchange resin. These data have been used to predict and perform the separation of various mixtures of these phenols by development with aqueous solutions of methanol. The procedure is called thin-layer solubilization chromatography, and it is compared to solubilization chromatography in column and on paper.
Computer graphics in the dynamic analysis of mechanical networks

Computer graphics is particularly appropriate for studying the time response of two-dimensional mechanical dynamic systems. This paper discusses the interactive use of a DEC-338 graphics terminal for input and display related to a generalized FORTRAN IV applications program named DAMN—Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Networks. The DEC-338 is remotely timeshared to the University of Michigan IBM System 360/67 central computer, operating under the MTS timesharing system.
Nitrogen metabolism and protein synthesis during pneumococcal sepsis in rats.

Abstract Markedly increased synthesis of α2 and β globulins and α1, α2, and β glycoglobulins occurs during pneumococcal sepsis in the rat simultaneously with decreased albumin formation, diminished tritiated leucine incorporation into muscle protein, and enhanced excretion of nitrogen. This augmented synthesis of specific serum proteins does not become evident until fever and bacteremia develop, and it appears to be a fundamental aspect of host response to a proliferating bacterial infection in that it occurs even in rats fed a protein-deficient (6% protein) diet after weaning and before exposure to Diplococcus pneumoniae. Although amino acid catabolism, in general, appears to be increased during infection, tryptophan degradation via the kynurenine pathway, as assessed by measuring diazotizable urinary metabolites, changes little or is, at times, significantly less than in control animals. Coincidentally, functional tryptophan oxygenase activity decreases at 16 hr after exposure. Total tryptophan oxygenase activity, however, is unchanged.
Dominance hierarchy formation in juvenile crayfish procambarus clarkii

The formation of social dominance hierarchies was studied in groups of five juvenile crayfish, 1.3-1.8 cm in length. Animals were grouped together in a small, featureless aquarium after having lived in isolation for more than a month. The occurrence of each of four behavior patterns (‘attack’, ‘approach’, ‘retreat’ and ‘escape’) was recorded for each animal, together with the frequency of encounters and the frequency of wins and losses. The frequencies of wins and losses were used to calculate the relative dominance value of each animal in the group. High levels of fighting developed immediately upon grouping the animals, and a positive feedback relationship between attacking and winning enabled one animal in each group to emerge quickly as the superdominant. If that animal was the largest, it remained as the superdominant; otherwise, it was replaced as superdominant within the first few days by the largest animal. This form of dominance hierarchy, with one superdominant and four subordinates, persisted throughout the duration of the grouping. Fighting declined over the first hour and by 24 h had dropped to low levels. After the first day, approaches were used together with attacks, and retreats replaced escapes. Attack and approach were the behavior patterns displayed most frequently by animals with high dominance values, whereas retreat and escape were performed by animals of low dominance. All these trends continued to develop over the next 2 weeks as the number of agonistic encounters declined to a low level.
Time-of-flight studies of positron interactions at surfaces

Abstract Moderation efficiencies ϵ for positrons on LiF and on MgO-covered copper surfaces have been measured as a function of incident positron energy in the range 500–2000 eV, using time-of-flight spectrometry. ϵ falls from 12 to 2.5% for LiF(100), but is essentially constant at 27% for MgO.
The organization of reactivated memory in infancy.

The specificity of memory retrieval by 3-month-old infants was examined in 3 experiments. All infants were trained in the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm to kick their feet to produce movement in an overhead crib mobile and were tested 2 weeks later. 24 hours prior to the test, subjects received a 3-min reminder treatment. The results of Experiment 1 demonstrated that only the moving training mobile alleviated forgetting after the 2-week retention interval; forgetting was not alleviated by exposure to the stationary training mobile or to the mobile stands and ribbon alone. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that, once retrieved, the reactivated memory was highly specific to the conditions of original training. Furthermore, the memory attributes that were the last to be forgotten (e.g., the general or global features) were the first to be retrieved following the reminder treatment. Conversely, those memory attributes that were forgotten first (e.g., the specific or local details) were the last to be retrieved. These findings have important implications for infant memory retrieval, reminiscence, and infantile amnesia.
‘The March of Time’, Time Inc. and the Berlin blockade, 1948–1949: selling Americans on the “new” Democratic Germany

(1993). ‘The March of Time’, Time Inc. and the Berlin blockade, 1948–1949: selling Americans on the “new” Democratic Germany. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 451-468.
A note on the cracked plates reinforced by a line stiffener

The problem of a cracked plate reinforced by a line stiffener is reconsidered. The original solution of this problem was given in the literature. Also, a variation of the problem with debonding between the plate and the stiffener near the cracked region was reported in the literature. However, the special case of the problem in which the crack tip terminates at the stiffener does not appear to have been studied. In practice, the solution may be necessary in order to assess the crack arrest effectiveness of the stiffener. The problem of a stiffened plate with a crack is reformulated, the asymptotic stress state near the crack tip terminating at the stiffener is examined, and numerical results are given for various stiffness constants.
Resolution of Planar-Chiral Ferrocenylborane Lewis Acids: The Impact of Steric Effects on the Stereoselective Binding of Ephedrine Derivatives

Resolution of the planar-chiral bidentate Lewis acid Fc[B(Cl)Me][SnMe2Cl] (Fc = 1,2-ferrocenediyl) (1) by complexation with pseudoephedrine derivatives was studied. Compound 1 was first converted t...
Properties of the X(3872)

X(3872) discovery was confirmed with the CDF II detector in p collisions. We measure its mass to be 3871.3 ± 0.7 ± 0.4 MeV/c2. The source of X-mesons in the large CDF sample is resolved by studying their vertex displacement. We find 16.1 ± 4.9 ± 2.0% comes from decays of b-hadrons, and the remainder from prompt sources: either direct production or by decay of (unknown) short-lived particles. The mix of production sources is similar to that observed for the ψ(2S) charmonium state.
Self-esteem maintenance in “accepting-open” and “devaluing-closed” marital systems

Abstract The pursuit of self-esteem is considered a core motive in human life. The role of self-esteem maintenance in marital systems described as “devaluing-closed” and “accepting-open” is described. Negative distortions or misattributions of spousal behavior are considered as having value in maintaining individual self-esteem in a “devaluing-closed” marital system. Relevant empirical research and a clinical example of attempts to maintain self-esteem by attributing badness to spouse is presented. Several possible therapy interventions in “devaluing-closed” systems are also discussed.
The interpretation of ionospheric radio drift measurements—VII. Diffraction methods applied toE-region echo fading: Evidence of a focusing model

Abstract The statistical properties of the amplitude and phase-fading of pulsed radio signals reflected off the ionosphere at vertical incidence are examined and compared with the results of modern random-screen diffraction theory. Normalized second and third moments of the intensity and the observed r.m.s. phase deviation, are calculated from an extensive data sample obtained by the Kinesonde at various radio frequencies and heights (89–120 km); a consistent behavior of these parameters is found which can only occur, according to the theory, through a focusing mechanism. The geometry and available statistics of a simple rippled-reflector model are examined and judged inadequate to explain the focusing properties of the data. A model is discussed in which the scattering from weak density fluctuations is amplified very near the level of total internal reflection in the ionosphere, through an angle-of-incidence-dependent mechanism, thus tending to place the observer near the ‘focus’ of this scattering process for all distances and frequencies of observation. The resulting scattered field may bear a close resemblance to the ‘speckle pattern’ observed in the scattering of laser light from a matte surface.
The nature of white privilege in the teaching and training of adults

This chapter describes white privilege and how it impacts the learning environment. Included are actual examples of white privilege from practice and how enforcing white privilege results in racism.
Ultrasonic Attenuation in Gallium

The attenuation of longitudinal waves propagating in the three principal directions in gallium was investigated as a function of frequency, amplitude, and plastic deformation. The results show that dislocation damping does not contribute to the attenuation. The orientation dependence is in agreement with those predicted for thermoelastic, phonon-electron, and phonon-phonon interactions, but the magnitude of the attenuation cannot be accounted for by these mechanisms.
MODELING FOR OPTIMIZATION OF ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF CELLULOSE

Abstract Intrinsic kinetics of the cellulase enzyme complex as observed with hydrolysis of non-crystalline cellulose was investigated. Effect of reaction intermediates and products on intrinsic kinetics was assessed, isolating external factors such as mass transfer effects, physical properties of substrate, etc. Based on these observations a comprehensive reaction mechanism was proposed. The model predictions of cellulose, cello-oligosaccharides, cellobiose and glucose profiles, show a good agreement with experimental data. Sensitivity analysis was performed on each model parameter; this analysis provides some insights into the yield of glucose in the enzymatic hydrolysis.
Surface oxide-support interaction (SOSI) for surface redox sites

Recent studies of supported vanadium oxide catalysts have revealed that the vanadium oxide component is present as a two-dimensional metal oxide overlayer on oxide supports (i.e., Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, TiO{sub 2}). These surface vanadium oxide species are generally more selective and active than bulk, crystalline V{sub 2}O{sub 5} for the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons. The molecular structures of these surface vanadium oxide species have recently been characterized under in situ conditions with Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, solid-state {sup 51}V NMR spectroscopy and x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The characterization results uniformly agree that under in situ conditions the surface vanadium oxide species appears to be four coordinated. In addition, the Raman and infrared vibrational spectroscopy measurements reveal that two different surface vanadium oxide species can be present on the oxide supports. The in situ Raman spectra exhibit a sharp band at {approximately} 1,030 cm{sup {minus}1} and a broad band at {approximately} 900 cm{sup {minus}1}, and the relative intensities of these two Raman bands varies with surface vanadium oxide coverage on the oxide support. In the present investigation, the physical and chemical properties of the isolated surface vanadate species, corresponding to the Raman band at {approximately} 1,030 cm{sup {minus}1},more » are examined on different oxide supports in order to determine the extent of surface oxide-support interactions for supported vanadium oxide catalysts.« less
Serum Ferritin Is Not a Risk Factor for Extracranial Carotid Arterial Disease in Men and Women Aged ≥ 60 Years

In a prospective study of 236 men and 568 women aged > or = 60 years, 40% to 100% extracranial carotid arterial disease (ECAD) was present in 46 men (19%) and in 83 women (15%) (p = NS). The percentage of patients with increased serum ferritin levels and the mean serum ferritin levels were not significantly different between men with and without 40% to 100% ECAD, or between women with and without 40% to 100% ECAD.
Photoreduction of Methylviologen Adsorbed on Silver

Methylviologen adsorbed on a roughened silver electrode is reduced to its cation radical upon irradiation with laser light at liquid nitrogen temperature. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra were obtained with different excitation wavelengths between 406 and 752 nm and compared to those obtained at room temperature in an electrochemical cell under potential control. From two-color experiments, in which one laser frequency was used to generate the radical and a second to excite the SERS spectra, it was determined that radical formation occurs mainly with excitation in the blue spectral region. A comparison of the SERS spectra of the dication and cation radical forms of methylviologen with their solution spectra suggests that the former interacts more strongly with the surface than the latter. The cation radical appears to be stable for several hours in liquid nitrogen but has a short lifetime at room temperature. Two mechanisms for the photoreduction are discussed: plasmon-assisted electron t...
The effects of feedback source, message and receiver characteristics on intrinsic motivation

Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET) predicts that positive competence feedback will increase intrinsic motivation (IM) through increased feelings of competence and self‐determination. The present study was a test of four variables that moderate the impact of verbal feedback on IM: the Valence of the feedback (positive vs. neutral), the source of the feedback (expert vs. nonexpert), the referent of the feedback (task behavior vs. personal), and the sex of the feedback recipient. An experimental simulation indicated that 1) positive feedback increases IM more than does neutral feedback, and 2) valence, referent and expertise interact (found with one of the two dependent measures), such that positive, task‐behavior feedback administered by an expert source increases IM more than any other combination of these three variables. When sex is included in analyses, significant interactions emerge indicating higher IM for females in: 1) personal referent conditions; 2) positive valence, expert source conditions; and ...
Characterization of the Interaction between hantavirus nucleocapsid protein (N) and ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19).

Hantaviruses, members of the Bunyaviridae family, are negative-stranded emerging RNA viruses and category A pathogens that cause serious illness when transmitted to humans through aerosolized excreta of infected rodent hosts. Hantaviruses have evolved a novel translation initiation mechanism, operated by nucleocapsid protein (N), which preferentially facilitates the translation of viral mRNAs. N binds to the ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19), a structural component of the 40 S ribosomal subunit. In addition, N also binds to both the viral mRNA 5′ cap and a highly conserved triplet repeat sequence of the viral mRNA 5′ UTR. The simultaneous binding of N at both the terminal cap and the 5′ UTR favors ribosome loading on viral transcripts during translation initiation. We characterized the binding between N and RPS19 and demonstrate the role of the N-RPS19 interaction in N-mediated translation initiation mechanism. We show that N specifically binds to RPS19 with high affinity and a binding stoichiometry of 1:1. The N-RPS19 interaction is an enthalpy-driven process. RPS19 undergoes a conformational change after binding to N. Using T7 RNA polymerase, we synthesized the hantavirus S segment mRNA, which matches the transcript generated by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in cells. We show that the N-RPS19 interaction plays a critical role in the translation of this mRNA both in cells and rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Our results demonstrate that the N-mediated translation initiation mechanism, which lures the host translation machinery for the preferential translation of viral transcripts, primarily depends on the N-RPS19 interaction. We suggest that the N-RPS19 interaction is a novel target to shut down the N-mediated translation strategy and hence virus replication in cells.
Organic−Inorganic Perovskites Containing Trivalent Metal Halide Layers: The Templating Influence of the Organic Cation Layer

Thin sheetlike crystals of the metal-deficient perovskites (H2AEQT)M2/3I4 [M = Bi or Sb; AEQT = 5,5‘ ‘‘-bis(aminoethyl)-2,2‘:5‘,2‘ ‘:5‘ ‘,2‘ ‘‘-quaterthiophene] were formed from slowly cooled ethylene glycol/2-butanol solutions containing the bismuth(III) or antimony(III) iodide and AEQT·2HI salts. Each structure was refined in a monoclinic (C2/m) subcell, with the lattice parameters a = 39.712(13) A, b = 5.976(2) A, c = 6.043(2) A, β = 92.238(5)°, and Z = 2 for M = Bi and a = 39.439(7) A, b = 5.952(1) A, c = 6.031(1) A, β = 92.245(3)°, and Z = 2 for M = Sb. The trivalent metal cations locally adopt a distorted octahedral coordination, with M−I bond lengths ranging from 3.046(1) to 3.218(3) A (3.114 A average) for M = Bi and 3.012(1) to 3.153(2) A (3.073 A average) for M = Sb. The new organic−inorganic hybrids are the first members of a metal-deficient perovskite family consisting of (Mn+)2/nV(n-2)/nX42- sheets, where V represents a vacancy (generally left out of the formula) and the metal cation valence,...
Clouds' effects on daily temperature

Clouds reflect some incoming sunlight, tending to cool Earth's surface, but they also trap some heat leaving Earth's surface, causing warming. These effects, known as cloud radiative forcing, play a key role in temperature variations on Earth's surface and thus are important for climate modeling.
Asymmetric induction in Pd catalyzed enyne cycloisomerizations

Abstract Asymmetric inductions up to 71% have been observed in a Pd catalyzed version of an intramolecular Alder ene reaction.
PEMFC Cathode Catalyst Contamination Evaluation with a RRDE- Propene and Naphthalene

Abstract The effects of two unsaturated hydrocarbons, C 3 H 6 and C 10 H 8 , on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at Pt/C electrodes were investigated using the rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) method. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were performed to evaluate the electrochemical surface area losses. C 3 H 6 coverage is found to be mass transfer and potential dependent. C 10 H 8 is found to maintain high coverage across the whole potential range, independent of the mass transfer rates. The ORR kinetics is influenced by the hydrocarbon adsorption effect, and the mass activity decreases to lower values accordingly. The H 2 O 2 collected on the ring also increases greatly due to the influence of the two contaminants, and this increase corresponds to an increase in the 2-electron O 2 reduction route. The increase in H 2 O 2 production and decrease in the charge transfer number is ascribed to spatial limitations arising from the adsorption of the contaminants because the rupture of the O-O bond requires two adjacent Pt active sites. The ring current collected on the C 3 H 6 -contaminated Pt surface differs greatly for the forward and reverse scans due to the interference of C 3 H 6 reduction and the change in electrode coverage. Increases in the Tafel slopes are observed to a different extent for the different contaminants, which indicates that electron transfer for ORR at the electrode surface is manipulated by contaminant adsorption. A nearly full recovery was achieved for the C 3 H 6 -contaminated surface, indicating that C 3 H 6 can be sufficiently removed by stop injection in in situ cell tests. Only partial recovery was obtained for C 10 H 8 -contaminated electrodes, with the unrecovered performance due to the high affinity of C 10 H 8 for the Pt/C electrode, which requires high potential for oxidative removal.
A lunar solar cell production plant

Abstract A conventional solar cell manufacturing plant requires such multitudes of industrial processes that to reproduce such a system in space satellites or on the moon would not be practicable in the near future. In this paper, a solar cell structure and processing, consisting of thin film silicon solar cells deposited in vacuum, are presented. A total system of solar cell fabrication with maximum utilization of the space environment, i.e. high vacuum and intense solar energy, is proposed. The advantage of a lunar base instead of a space laboratory is suggested. The materials required in the early phase could be shipped from the earth. In an advanced development, the main part of the material could be mined from the moon and processed in situ.
Stress Responses in Families with Handicapped Children

Parents and families of handicapped children are often assumed to be in an unusually stressful situation and to exhibit negative stress Reponses. In light of the recent increased emphasis created by Public Law 99-457 on parental involvement in the design and implementation of a treatment program for their handicapped child, another variable may be emerging to influence this stress level. Most of the authors reviewed here agree that increased stress is involved in parenting a handicapped child but that this stress is influenced by a variety of factors. Family characteristics and resources available to the family which may temper the stress response of the family need to be considered by the health care professional. This review of eleven primary source article dating form 1974 to 1989 examines research concerning families of physically handicapped or chronically ill children ranging in age from one month to nineteen year. Although a large variety of handicaps were included, the majority of children were af...
Characteristics of a subcellular system from Cellvibrio gilvus for the incorporation of amino acids into protein.

SummaryA cell-free system which was active with respect to amino acid-14C incorporation into hot TCA insoluble material was derived from Cellvibrio gilvus and characterized. This amino-acid incorporation was typical in its requirement for ribosomes, pH 5 fraction, ATP, and magnesium ions, and in its inhibition by ribonuclease and puromycin. Deoxyribonuclease and actinomycin D had little effect, whereas chloramphenicol caused 65% inhibition. The optimal condition for incorporation was 30 min incubation at 30° and at pH 8.0. The addition of an exogenous source of a polyamine (spermidine, spermine, or putrescine) had little effect on this system. Poly-U dependent phenylalanine incorporation was observed with this system and found to be stimulated by an exogenous source of tRNA, although tRNA had no stimulatory effect on leucine incorporation.
Guanidine derivatives rescue the Arg418Ala mutation of Tritrichomonas foetus IMP dehydrogenase.

IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) catalyzes the oxidation of inosine 5‘-monophosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5‘-monophosphate (XMP) and the reduction of NAD+. The reaction involves formation of an E−XMP* covalent intermediate; hydrolysis of the E−XMP* intermediate is rate-limiting and requires the enzyme to adopt a closed conformation. Arg418 appears to act as the base that activates water for the hydrolysis reaction [Guillen-Schlippe, Y. V., and Hedstrom, L. (2005) Biochemistry 44, 11700−11707]. Deprotonation of Arg418 also stabilizes the closed conformation. Here we show that guanidine derivatives rescue the activity of the Arg418Ala variant. Amines and imidazole do not rescue. The rescue reaction appears to be saturable, with the values of KR ranging from 40 to 400 mM. The value of krescue for the best rescue agents approaches the value of kcat for the reaction of the wild-type enzyme. Guanidine derivatives also rescue the activity of the Arg418Ala/Tyr419Phe variant. Multiple-inhibitor experiments suggest that th...
HCV and HIV co-infection: mechanisms and management

HCV and HIV co-infection is associated with accelerated hepatic fibrosis progression and higher rates of liver decompensation and death compared to HCV monoinfection, and liver disease is a leading cause of non-AIDS-related mortality among HIV-infected patients. New insights have revealed multiple mechanisms by which HCV and HIV lead to accelerated disease progression, specifically that HIV infection increases HCV replication, augments HCV-induced hepatic inflammation, increases hepatocyte apoptosis, increases microbial translocation from the gut and leads to an impairment of HCV-specific immune responses. Treatment of HIV with antiretroviral therapy and treatment of HCV have independently been shown to delay the progression of fibrosis and reduce complications from end-stage liver disease among co-infected patients. However, rates of sustained virologic response with PEG-IFN and ribavirin have been significantly inferior among co-infected patients compared with HCV-monoinfected patients, and treatment uptake has remained low given the limited efficacy and tolerability of current HCV regimens. With multiple direct-acting antiviral agents in development to treat HCV, a unique opportunity exists to redefine the treatment paradigm for co-infected patients, which incorporates data on fibrosis stage as well as potential drug interactions with antiretroviral therapy.
The Mu3 opiate receptor subtype

The mu 3 opiate receptor subtype has been characterized by various binding assays as opiate alkaloid selective (eg, morphine) and opioid peptide (eg, methionine enkephalin) insensitive. The binding is monophasic, saturable, and stereospecific, as well as naloxone reversible. This opiate receptor subtype has been found on human and invertebrate tissues, demonstrating that it has been conserved during evolution. Furthermore, in numerous reports, this receptor is coupled to constitutive nitric oxide release. In this regard, for example, morphine immune downregulating activities parallels those actions formerly attributed to nitric oxide. Thus, this opiate receptor represents an addition to mu receptor heterogeneity that offers an explanation for the difference in actions of opioid peptides and opiate alkaloids in physiological systems transcending analgesia.
Formation of nanoscale trenches and wires as a pathway to phase-separation in strained epitaxial Ge-Sn alloys

Abstract We report on the molecular beam epitaxial growth of Ge 0.93 Sn 0.07 alloys on Ge (100). A strained planar Ge 0.93 Sn 0.07 film forms at the initial stages, as observed and confirmed by AFM and X-ray analysis. Continued deposition leads to formation of 3D Sn islands, which initiates phase-separation in the strained GeSn thin film through a kinetic pathway that leaves behind a pattern of nanoscale trenches and wires that run along 〈100〉directions. This morphological transition only happens in a certain range of temperature, thickness and composition. The morphological features observed in Ge 0.93 Sn 0.07 films potentially offer a unique pathway for fabrication of nanostructures.
Resistance of Ostrea edulis to Bonamia ostreae infection

Preliminary studies showed that oysters from a population of Ostrea edulis infected with Bonamia ostreae since at least 1963 have a substantial degree of resistance to the infection in comparison with oysters from a population with no prior exposure history to the disease. Over a 46-week period and under identical environmental conditions, 99% of non-resistant oysters exposed to the disease died while only 26% of a population of resistant oysters died. The surviving resistant oysters had lesions which indicated a chronic infection and possible degradation of the parasite within the tissues. The resistant oysters may offer a management option for the reestablishment of Ostrea edulis culture in disease enzootic areas where the parasite has virtually eliminated non-resistant populations.
“No Danger No Delay”: Wole Soyinka and the perils of the road

This article examines the way in which the road functions in Wole Soyinka’s work as a Bakhtinian chronotope that gives shape to the paradoxical symbolism and dangerous reality of Nigerian roads. After briefly examining Soyinka’s poem “Death in the Dawn”, where Soyinka first articulates the psychological consequences of road accidents, it turns to discuss his play The Road. It highlights the ways in which various chronotopes interact dialogically to reveal the complex space‐times that the characters occupy as they attempt to cope with the death and tragedy that is part of daily life on the road.
An assessment of age and other factors influencing protocol versus alternative treatments for patients with epithelial ovarian cancer referred to member institutions: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study.

Abstract Objective: To assess the frequency with which patients with epithelial ovarian cancer are enrolled in prospective Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) treatment studies and to assess whether enrollment is influenced by patient age or other factors. Methods: The study was open to patients with primary, previously untreated epithelial ovarian cancer referred to member institutions. Eligible patients provided written informed consent to have demographic and medical records data submitted to the protocol database for analysis. Pathologic diagnosis was confirmed by central review. Demographic and clinical data, including coexisting medical conditions, tumor stage, grade, and histology, surgical procedures, planned postoperative therapy, and reason/s (if applicable) a patient was not treated per GOG protocol, were collected. Results: Nine hundred and forty-eight patients were initially eligible. Subsequently, 137 (15%) patients were excluded based on pathology (low malignant potential tumors), as were 10 whose invasive disease was unstaged. Among 801 eligible patients, 36% were ≥65 years of age, 52% had papillary serous tumors, and 73% had stage III/IV disease. In patients aged Conclusion: Age appears to be an important factor influencing treatment selection among patients with stage III/IV ovarian cancer. In addition to reviewing eligibility criteria, practitioners' attitudes should be monitored to assure that elderly patients are not inappropriately denied participation in GOG clinical trials.
Adverse Adolescent Reproductive Health Outcomes After Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Objective To compare longitudinal adolescent and adult reproductive outcomes after pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Design Secondary analysis of longitudinal data from the Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Evaluation and Clinical Health study. Setting A large multicenter randomized clinical trial assessing PID treatment strategies in the United States. Participants Eight hundred thirty-one female patients aged 14 to 38 years with a diagnosis of PID. Main Exposure Adverse longitudinal outcomes were compared in adolescents (≤19 years) and adults (>19 years). Outcome Measures Primary outcome measures included recurrent sexually transmitted infection at 30 days, recurrent PID, chronic abdominal pain, infertility, pregnancy, and times to recurrent PID and pregnancy. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to examine the effect of young age on times to pregnancy and recurrent PID. Results Adolescents were more likely than adults to have positive results of sexually transmitted infection testing at baseline and at 30 days. There were no significant group differences in chronic abdominal pain, infertility, and recurrent PID at 35 or 84 months, but adolescents were more likely to have a pregnancy at both time points. Adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) also demonstrated that adolescents had shorter times to pregnancy (1.48 [1.18-1.87]) and recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease (1.54 [1.03-2.30]). Conclusion Adolescents may require a different approach to clinical care and follow-up after PID to prevent recurrent sexually transmitted infections, recurrent PID, and unwanted pregnancies.
Seasonal growth of song control nuclei precedes seasonal reproductive development in wild adult song sparrows

In seasonally breeding adult songbirds, the brain regions that control song undergo dramatic seasonal morphological changes. During late winter and early spring, increasing day length triggers an increase in circulating testosterone that ultimately causes several song nuclei to grow in volume. The timing of this growth relative to the seasonal development of the reproductive system is not known. This question was investigated in two populations of wild song sparrows (Melospiza melodia morphna). Both populations live at the same latitude (46 degrees N), but breed at different altitudes. One population resides on the Pacific coast in Washington, and the other resides in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains. Both populations experienced the same photoperiodic conditions, but the timing of seasonal reproductive development differed between populations. Coastal birds initiated gonadal recrudescence approximately 2 weeks earlier than montane birds. Despite this temporal difference in reproductive development, there were no differences between these groups in the seasonal growth of two song control nuclei, HVc and RA. During late February, both groups had low circulatory levels of testosterone (mean for coastal birds was 1.01 +/- 0.37 ng/ml; mean for montane birds was 1.41 +/- 0.26 ng/ml) and fully recrudesced song nuclei (for example, mean HVc volume in coastal birds was 1.77 +/- 0.08 mm(3); mean HVc volume in montane birds was 1.76 +/- 0.09). Also at this time, both populations were in the earliest stages of seasonal reproductive development as judged by the degree of gonadal recrudescence (mean gonad volume was less than 10% of typical breeding size in both populations). It is concluded that seasonal song system growth is completed before seasonal reproductive development in response to submaximal levels of circulating testosterone.
On the Polyakov theory of open string off-shell green functions

Abstract A Polyakov theory of oriented open-bosonic-string off-shell Green functions is illustrated. It is shown that the relevant world sheets are manifolds with corners. The structure of the gauge group in relation to the corners is investigated. In particular, it is shown that the mapping-class group factorizes into the semidirect product of the subgroup of all mapping-classes which leave the corners fixed with a finite group whose definition and properties are explicitly given. The gauge volume of the latter is divided out, leading to a simplified starting expression. Further, it is shown that the final expression is an integral over an extended moduli space, defined as the quotient of the space of all admissible metrics by the semidirect product of the Weyl group with the subgroup of all diffeomorphisms which leave the corners fixed.
WHY AND HOW TO READ THE FEDERAL RESERVE STATEMENT

One of the prime purposes in examining the weekly statements released by the Federal Reserve is to discover trends in the economy. Such data as are supplied by the weekly reporting member-bank series are useful, for example, in signaling movements in inventories (commercial and industrial loans), in the money supply (demand deposits), and in consumer behavior ("other" loans and time deposits). But it takes considerable skill to ferret out the meaning of the movements, and even then the meaning is frequently obscure.1 Without this skill or the time to exercise it and without a research staff to assemble and analyze supplementary data, the part-time observer of the economic scene or the businessman or the bond officer of a bank may be "looking through a glass, darkly." One way of short-cutting this process would be to study Federal Reserve statements in order to discern the outlines of Federal Reserve credit policy. If caught early enough, the shape of credit policy would enable the observer to act upon his knowledge with the assurance that the best estimate of the economic situation is probably going to be made by the credit authorities and that credit policy will be framed accordingly. Of course, the credit authorities have been known to misjudge the economic situation. For example, there are those who contend
Recovery and utilization of tree extractives

Tree species vary in properties because of the chemical nature of their respective extractive components. So it is that some species yield sufficient quantities of extractives to warrant their recovery for commercial uses. A number of such products, the most diversified of the forest products industries, is discussed here.
Single-subject designs and action research in the K-12 setting

Inasmuch as educational research is concerned with individual student assessment and development, it is surprising that single-subject designs are not more readily utilized in classroom-based action research. The purpose of this article is to emphasize benefits of single-subject research in the K-12 setting, given that teachers teach and assess individual students, the availability of individual student data, the uniqueness of all students' needs, and the ease with which data can be summarized and analyzed. A basic framework for conducting single-subject research is provided with the use of examples and discussion.
Good behavior game: effects of individual contingencies for group consequences on disruptive behavior in a classroom.

Out-of-seat and talking-out behaviors were studied in a regular fourth-grade class that included several “problem children”. After baseline rates of the inappropriate behaviors were obtained, the class was divided into two teams “to play a game”. Each out-of-seat and talking-out response by an individual child resulted in a mark being placed on the chalkboard, which meant a possible loss of privileges by all members of the student's team. In this manner a contingency was arranged for the inappropriate behavior of each child while the consequence (possible loss of privileges) of the child's behavior was shared by all members of this team as a group. The privileges were events which are available in almost every classroom, such as extra recess, first to line up for lunch, time for special projects, stars and name tags, as well as winning the game. The individual contingencies for the group consequences were successfully applied first during math period and then during reading period. The experimental analysis involved elements of both reversal and multiple baseline designs.
Different half-lives of messenger RNA corresponding to different segments of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli.

Abstract In genetically derepressed strains ( trpR − ) of Escherichia coli which are growing exponentially, messenger RNA regions corresponding to different segments of the trp operon are labeled with different kinetics, suggesting that operator-proximal and distal regions of trp -mRNA have different half-lives. This conclusion was confirmed by direct measurement of trp -mRNA decay; the half-lives for different mRNA regions at 30 °C were found to be 60 seconds for trpE -mRNA, 75 seconds for trpDC -mRNA, and 95 to 115 seconds for trpBA -mRNA. Deletions of genetic segments within the operator-proximal region of the operon reduce the half-life of trp BA -mRNA. Large deletions which place the BA region near the operator reduce the half-life of trpBA -mRNA to values similar to that of trpE -mRNA in the parental strain. Therefore location in the message rather than primary structure appears to determine the half-life of each mRNA region. Several of the internal deletions have a polar effect on the synthesis of the trpB and trpA polypeptides. However, the reduction in trpBA -mRNA half-life does not appear to be due to polarity because trpBA -mRNA half-life is reduced to the same value in three deletion mutants in which there is a sevenfold difference in polarity. These results are compatible with a model of trp -mRNA degradation in which the initial degradative event occurs near the 5′ end of the mRNA molecule and is followed by over-all degradation in the 3′ direction, with random or non-random delays causing an increase in half-life of about 10% per 1000 nucleotides mRNA. Our findings are not compatible with a model of normal degradation in which the entire mRNA molecule is the target for the initial degradative event.
Validation of a biases model in strategic security decision making

Purpose – Funding agencies such as the Office of Naval Research, Department of Homeland Security, and others, have reduced funding for non‐tactical operations. Simultaneously, organizations are squeezing their overhead budgets (where security initiatives fall) and are focusing more on revenue generation given current economic climates. Thus, in both governmental sectors and in commercial settings, there are reasons to believe that strategic security initiatives are being sacrificed, and those that survive must be compelling. To assist organizational leaders with these difficult choices, it is critical to understand biases that affect decisions about strategic security initiatives. The purpose of this paper is to validate and empirically test the predictability of a theoretical model, from which implications can be made for research and practice.Design/methodology/approach – Using behavioral decision theory, a randomized longitudinal study was conducted over three years with a multinational corporation wit...
Raman spectroscopic monitoring of carbon deposition on hydrocarbon-fed solid oxide fuel cell anodes

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution for the utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen. One of the chief obstacles to true fuel flexibility lies in anode deactivation by coking as well as a limited mechanistic understanding of coking and its prevention. Here we report Raman spectroscopic mapping and monitoring of carbon deposition on SOFC anode surfaces under both ex situ and in situ conditions. Carbon mapping was successfully demonstrated with a model Ni–YSZ electrode exposed to a CH4-containing atmosphere at high temperature (625 °C), while carbon deposition over time in a wet C3H8 atmosphere was directly monitored on a similar anode system as well as a BaO-modified system. This spectroscopic technique provides valuable insight into the mechanism of carbon deposition, which is vital in achieving rational design of carbon-tolerant anode materials.
Effects of weathering on biological marker and aromatic hydrocarbon composition of organic matter in Phosphoria shale outcrop

GC-MS analyses were performed on core samples collected from a shale outcrop of the Permian Phosphoria Formation in Utah, U.S.A., to study effects of weathering on selected biological marker and aromatic (phenanthrene) hydrocarbon compounds. Among the biological markers, the most important weathering effects are a decrease in 20S/20R diastereomer ratio of the C/sub 29/ steranes and loss of low molecular weight triaromatic steroids. A decrease in the C/sub 19/ through C/sub 22/ tricylcic terpanes occurs relative to the total C/sub 19/-C/sub 26/ tricyclic fraction. Pronounced loss of methyl-substituted phenanthrenes occurs relative to phenanthrene. No major effect on the overall distribution of pentacyclic terpanes is evident.
Histopathologic comparison between human oral squamous cell carcinomas and their xenografts in nude mice

Tumor portions were obtained from 11 oral squamous cell carcinomas and used to produce tumors in a xenogeneic gnotobiotic nude mouse model system. The tumors that developed were examined histologically. The cellular features and tumor growth patterns were compared between the original oral squamous cell carcinoma (T0) and the tumor that developed in the xenogeneic host (T1). The T1 tumors were more highly differentiated in comparison with the T0 tumors. The T1 tumors exhibited less cellular pleomorphism and a more uniform pattern of stratification. The cells in the T1 tumors exhibited an increased mitotic index but did not contain abnormal mitoses. The T1 tumors usually exhibited nodular growth patterns rather than the infiltrating pattern exhibited by the parenchyma of the T0 tumors. The desmoplastic reaction was markedly reduced in the T1 tumors. The results indicated that the gnotobiotic nude mouse model system either selects for or induces a more differentiated pattern of tumor growth than that found in the original human oral squamous cell carcinomas.
N-Acetyl-β-hexosaminidase: Role in the Degradation of Glycosaminoglycans

Extracts of cultured normal human skin fibroblasts released radioactivity from a (14)C-labeled heptasaccharide prepared by addition of [(14)C]N-acetylgalactosamine to the nonreducing terminus of a hexasaccharide derived from chondroitin 4-sulfate whereas fibroblast extracts from patients with Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff-Jatzkewitz diseases did not. The results suggest that N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase A is responsible for degradation of the oligosaccharide substrate.
A coexistence model for 18F

Abstract Three intrinsic four-particle-two-hole core-deformed states, labelled by the K -quantum number of the holes, are introduced to aid in describing the low-lying T = 0 even-parity levels in 18 F. Since states of good angular momentum projected from only two of these three states can admix with the even- J two-particle states, the paucity of the even- J relative to the odd- J states can be explained in this fashion. The emphasis is on the reproduction of the empirical spectra using realistic potentials. However, calculations of the E2 transition probabilities and comparison of results with particle transfer data serve as tests of the model. A notable feature is that the T = 0 matrix elements between the 2p and 4p2h states are found to be considerably smaller than the T = 1 ones.
Bouncing on a huge inflatable Stonehenge: Considering Sacrilege by Jeremy Deller

Sacrilege, a life-size inflatable Stonehenge by Jeremy Deller, toured Britain from 21 June to 9 September as part of the London 2012 Cultural Olympiad. Bouncing on the artwork-cum-plaything provided an immediate, sensory and visceral experience which was meaningful in relation to the real Stonehenge. This paper addresses how playing with a hyperreal Stonehenge comments seriously on heritage management and ‘the visitor experience’ at the World Heritage Site of Stonehenge, and the importance of play vis-a-vis the project of social inclusion in contemporary art. Interweaving experience and analysis, I assess Sacrilege and Stonehenge at the interface of archaeology and art, in terms of play, participation, sacredness, freedom and re-enchantment