cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 949: PathSeq: A comprehensive computational tool for pathogen discovery by deep sequencing of human cancer tissues

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL BACKGROUND: It is thought that pathogens cause a significant fraction of human cancers. However, many of these pathogens are unknown. Our project is based on the premise that if a cancer is caused by a microbial infection, the cancer tissue should contain both human and microbial DNA/RNA. High throughput sequencing, followed by computational subtraction of human reads should then yield non-human candidate sequences for further validation. METHODS: We have developed an integrated pathogen discovery process to address this need. cDNA libraries are generated from tumor tissues and subjected to high-throughput Illumina sequencing to generate 30-60 million sequence reads per sample. Quality filtered reads are analyzed using our automated pipeline, PathSeq, comprising several subtraction steps: i) aligning to human sequence databases; ii) aligning to other vertebrate sequence databases; iii) filtering for low-complexity reads; iv) aligning using BLAST to genome databases; and v) de novo assembly and searching against microbial databases. RESULTS: We have generated and analyzed both transcriptome and whole genome sequencing data across several cancers, and have identified microbial sequences in both frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. The details will be presented during the meeting. CONCLUSION: The PathSeq software package is implemented in a cloud-computing environment and is available for public use. It therefore has the potential to make pathogen discovery accessible to any researcher with access to human deep sequencing data. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 949. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-949
Opinion Consistency and Contextual Complexity

The degree of correlation of citizens' political opinions is commonly linked to individual level resources such as level of education, political engagement and other cognitive elements. In this paper, I argue that the political environment in which citizens are embedded also plays a substantial role, one that complements and mediates individuals' resources. Specifically, the political environment is expected to modify the accessibility and simplicity of available political information, and thus, the average e effort citizens have to make in order to develop opinions about political issues. Individuals' located in more complex environments are expected to develop less consistent opinions and their opinion formation process will relay, comparatively speaking, more heavily on their resources. To empirically test these hypotheses I employ a hierarchical linear item response model that ts a set of survey items that refer to welfare policy and economic equality. This procedure simultaneously constructs an individual level latent measure of opinion consistency, and estimates the influence of individual and country level predictors, as well as cross-level interactions over the measure in question. Survey data comes from forty-two democratic polities that are part of 1993-1995 and 1999-2004 waves of the World Values Survey program.
The Pathogenicity of a Pleomorphic Microorganism Isolated from Avian Laryngotracheitis

In previous publications,1 we described a pleomorphic micro-organism with coccus, rod and spirillum-like forms which was isolated from the upper part of the respiratory tract of fowls suffering from spontaneous acute and subacute laryngotracheitis. Cocci, ovoid rod forms and granular rods seen in different mediums, as well as numerous diplococci and spirillum-like forms observed in the inflammatory exudate of the respiratory tract, suggest morphologically that the organism* is of a diphtheroid character. The strains from the acute and those from the subacute disease proved indistinguishable by morphologic and cultural tests, but in the agglutination test none of the strains from the subacute disease or carrier fowls were agglutinated in as high dilutions.2 This irregularity in agglutinability, however, does not suggest a difference in type but a specific identity of the micro-organism in the acute and the subacute disease.
Rotations, Vibrations and Structure in Solid C60: Investigations by Neutron Scattering

In a series of experiments on solid C60, the low-energy rotational dynamics of the molecules, the higher-energy vibrational spectra, and aspects of disorder in the static structure, have been studied. The nearly spherical shape of the C60 molecule, and the occurrence of an orientational phase transition at Tc=256 K, make the C60 solid an excellent system for investigations of orientational dynamics. Coherent quasi-elastic neutron scattering above Tc is described quantitatively by a rotational diffusion model. Below Tc, inelastic scattering froma soft librational mode is observed between 2 and 3 meV. Models of the strong, temperaturedependent diffuse scattering due to orientational disorder are discussed. Finally, measurements of the density of states for the intramolecular ( E ≥ 33 meV) vibrational modes are also presented.
First-principles Study of Defect Control in Solar Cell Materials

One of the most important issues in improving solar cell efficiency and reducing the cost is to introduce the charge carriers through defect control and reduce the recombination of photo-generated carriers. For example, CdTe is one of the leading materials for low cost, high efficiency thin-film solar cell absorbers. However, CdTe solar cell currently has only achieved a efficiency of about 20%, which is relatively low compared with its theoretical limit 30%. One of the main reasons is because of the low majority carrier concentration of CdTe and low carrier life time caused by defect-induced carrier recombination. Similar issues also affects ∼ the application of other leading thin-film solar cells such as Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4, where doping difficulty has led to low open circuit voltage. Using first-principles band structure methods we systematically studied the defect properties in thin-film solar cells, including calculation of the defect formation energies and transition energy levels of intrinsic and extrinsic point defects and defect complexes, grain boundaries, defect diffusion barriers, and carrier concentration as function of atomic chemical potentials and temperature. From the calculated results, we investigate the limiting factors for p-type and n-type doping and the potential non-radiative recombination centers in thin-film solar cell materials. Possible approaches to control the doping and reduce the recombination centers, as well as passivation of grain boundary defect levels are discussed. General understanding of the chemical trends of defect properties in thin-film solar cell will also be discussed.
Optimal dosing of intravenous ketamine for procedural sedation in children in the ED—a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Objective The objective of the study is to compare need for redosing, sedation efficacy, duration, and adverse events between 3 commonly administered doses of parenteral ketamine in the emergency department (ED). Methods We conducted a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial on a convenience sample of children 3 to 18years who received intravenous ketamine for procedural sedation. Children from each age group (3-6, 7-12, and 13-18years) were assigned in equal numbers to 3 dosing groups (1, 1.5, and 2mg/kg) using random permuted blocks. The primary outcome measure was need for ketamine redosing to ensure adequate sedation. Secondary outcome measures were sedation efficacy, sedation duration, and sedation-related adverse events. Results A total of 171 children were enrolled of whom 125 (1mg/kg, 50; 1.5mg/kg, 35; 2mg/kg, 40) received the randomized dose and were analyzed. The need for ketamine redosing was higher in the 1mg/kg group (8/50; 16.0% vs 1/35; 2.9% vs 2/40; 5.0%). There was no significant difference in the median Ramsay sedation scores (5.5 [interquartile range {IQR}, 4-6] vs 6 [IQR, 4-6] vs 6 [IQR, 5-6]), FACES-R score (0 [IQR, 0-4] vs 0 [IQR, 0-0] vs 0 [IQR, 0-0]), sedation duration in minutes (23 [IQR, 19-38] vs 24.5 [IQR, 17.5-34.5] vs 23 [IQR, 19-29]), and adverse events (10.0% vs 14.3% vs 10.0%) between the 3 dosing groups. Physician satisfaction was lower in the 1mg/kg group (79.6% vs 94.1% vs 97.3%). Conclusions Adequate sedation was achieved with all 3 doses of ketamine. Higher doses did not increase the risk of adverse events or prolong sedation. Ketamine administered at 1.5 or 2.0mg/kg intravenous required less redosing and resulted in greater physician satisfaction.
Region Ranking SVM for Image Classification

The success of an image classification algorithm largely depends on how it incorporates local information in the global decision. Popular approaches such as averagepooling and max-pooling are suboptimal in many situations. In this paper we propose Region Ranking SVM (RRSVM), a novel method for pooling local information from multiple regions. RRSVM exploits the correlation of local regions in an image, and it jointly learns a region evaluation function and a scheme for integrating multiple regions. Experiments on PASCAL VOC 2007, VOC 2012, and ILSVRC2014 datasets show that RRSVM outperforms the methods that use the same feature type and extract features from the same set of local regions. RRSVM achieves similar to or better than the state-of-the-art performance on all datasets.
Intellectual Underpinnings of Kissinger’s Global Strategy

The intellectual underpinnings of Kissinger’s global strategy were best summarized in his doctoral dissertation, A World Restored (completed in 1954), where he presented his models for stable and revolutionary international systems. The models were derived from Kissinger’s analysis of European diplomatic history during the period between 1812 and 1822. Kissinger explained why he studied that particular period: The success of physical science depends on the selection of the ‘crucial’ experiment; that of political science in the field of international affairs, on the selection of the ‘crucial’ period. I have chosen for my topic the period between 1812 and 1822, partly, I am frank to say, because its problems seem to me analogous to those of our day. But I do not insist on this analogy.1 Indeed, as it is evident in Kissinger’s subsequent studies, these models did not change although Kissinger discussed some new factors — i.e., the development and deployment of nuclear weapons, and the increase in the number of new nations — which contributed to the revolutionary nature of the contemporary international system. These factors will be examined in the following pages.
Evolving Probabilistically Significant Epistatic Classification Rules for Heterogeneous Big Datasets

We develop an algorithm to evolve sets of probabilistically significant multivariate feature interactions, with co-evolved feature ranges, for classification in large, complex datasets. The datasets may include nominal, ordinal, and/or continuous features, missing data, imbalanced classes, and other complexities. Our age-layered evolutionary algorithm generates conjunctive clauses to model multivariate interactions in datasets that are too large to be analyzed using traditional methods such as logistic regression. Using a novel hypergeometric probability mass function for fitness evaluation, the algorithm automatically archives conjunctive clauses that are probabilistically significant at a given threshold, thus identifying strong complex multivariate interactions. The method is validated on two synthetic epistatic datasets and applied to a complex real-world survey dataset aimed at determining the drivers of household infestation for an insect that transmits Chagas disease. We identify a set of 178,719 predictive feature interactions that are associated with household infestation, thus dramatically reducing the size of the search space for future analysis.
Alignment Between Antecedents and Interventions: The Critical Role of Implicit Bias

We applaud the authors for tackling the important issue of policing and race from the unique perspective of industrial–organizational (I-O) psychology. Here, we propose a framework by which to examine the authors’ recommended interventions along the same implicit–explicit dimension employed in the focal article's conceptualization of racial bias. Mirroring current thinking within the diversity literature, the focal article notes that racial bias is “often very subtle” (Ruggs et al., 2016, p. 531) and can include “unconscious and implicit” aspects (p. 531). Extending this notion of implicit versus explicit bias to interventions themselves, we advocate for increased attention toward more implicitly focused interventions, as opposed to some of the more explicitly focused interventions suggested in the focal article. We conceptualize explicitly focused interventions as those that deal directly and openly with race, diversity, or demographic differences. Below, we discuss three potential advantages of implicitly focused interventions.
The 'Reasonable Investor' of Federal Securities Law: Insights from Tort Law's 'Reasonable Person' & Suggested Reforms

Federal securities law defines the materiality of corporate disclosures by reference to the views of a hypothetical “reasonable investor.” For decades the reasonable investor standard has been a flashpoint for debate — with critics complaining of the uncertainty it generates and defenders warning of the under-inclusiveness of bright-line alternatives. This Article attempts to shed fresh light on the issue by considering how the reasonable investor differs from its common law antecedent, the reasonable person of tort law. The differences identified suggest that the reasonable investor standard is more costly than tort law’s reasonable person standard — the uncertainty it generates is both greater and more pernicious. But the analysis also reveals promising ways to mitigate these costs while retaining the benefits of the flexible standard.
Persistence of Transferrin Receptors on RBCs Produced during Stress Erythropoiesis

Reticulocytes (Retics) are immature RBCs that are detected by staining of RNA in the internal organelles, mainly the ribosomes, which remain in mammalian erythroid cells following enucleation. Along with other internal organelles, ribosomes are degraded during maturation of Retics, resulting in complete loss of Retic staining in mature erythrocytes. At the same time as internal organelle degradation, plasma membranes of Retics mature with loss of specific proteins including transferrin receptors (TfR) and the alpha-4 component of several integrins (α4). Retic plasma membrane maturation involves an intrinsic mechanism, exocytosis, as well as an extrinsic mechanism that occurs, at least partially, in the spleen. TfR and α4 expressions on Retic plasma membranes and thiazole orange (TO) staining of RNA were examined by flow cytometry during murine Retic maturation under normal and stress conditions. During their 4 days of maturation in vitro, nascent reticulocytes derived from cultured erythroblasts stably expressed TfR in nearly 80% of cells and α4 in 40% of cells on their plasma membranes, while TO staining was completely lost over the 4 days. To compare in vivo and in vitro Retic maturation, mice were bled causing an anemia with reticulocytosis. Retic maturation in vitro was examined in cultures of Retic-rich blood removed from these bled mice, while Retic maturation in vivo was examined after the bled mice were hypertransfused to cease further erythroblast production. Surface TfR and α4 expressions disappeared during Retic maturation in vivo, but not in vitro. As the Retics matured in vivo, a population of erythrocytes with surface TfR expression, but without TO staining, accumulated to a maximum of 6% of the RBCs. These TfR+/TO− RBCs then disappeared gradually in vivo over several days indicating that they were developmentally between Retics and mature erythrocytes. These TfR+/TO− RBCs were not found in unbled, control mice (
Neuromorphic circuit modeling directional selectivity in the visual cortex

We have designed a neuromorphic circuit that models directional selectivity in the visual cortex, where selected neurons fire depending on the direction of object motion, along with the size and orientation of the object. The neuromorphic circuit is biomimetic. It consists of neurons and synapses, and models biological mechanisms. Neurons (including the Axon Hillock and the Dendritic Arbor) are designed with CMOS technology and synapses (both excitatory and inhibitory) are designed with Carbon Nanotube Transistors. We show example simulations of neuromorphic circuits that indicate orientation, direction of movement and size selectivity. In these circuits, the processing capability of the neural network emerges from the way the neurons are connected.
Destabilization of the Factor V B-Domain Results in Procofactor Activation.

Abstract A hallmark of hemostasis is that proteins involved in the formation of a blood clot remain in a quiescent state and are only activated following an appropriate stimulus. Blood coagulation factor V (FV), which is structurally homologous to FVIII, cannot function in the prothrombinase complex and is thus considered a procofactor. Thrombin catalyzes the conversion of FV to FVa following three cleavages (Arg709, Arg1018, and Arg1545) releasing a large heavily glycosylated central B-domain (836 amino acids). Explanations as to how bond cleavage or B-domain release facilitates the transition to the active species are incomplete. Recent studies using a partial B-domainless form of FV (FV-810 des811–1491) support a model in which removal of B-domain sequences from FV rather than specific proteolysis underlies the mechanism by which cofactor function is realized. This single-chain derivative is functionally equivalent to FVa suggesting that the deleted B-domain sequences somehow suppress cofactor activity. To investigate this further, we have expressed and purified several single-chain derivatives of FV that vary in B-domain length from 155 to 497 residues. Functional activity assays as well as direct binding fluorescent measurements revealed that elimination of most of the C-terminal half of the B-domain (residues 1034–1491; 458 out of 836 a.a. deleted) had no influence on maintaining the procofactor state. However, deletion of sequences from the N-terminal half of the B-domain resulted in derivatives with cofactor-like properties. Using progressively finer deletion variants we were able to demonstrate that either a B-domain length of at least 378 amino acids or specific sequences contained within residues 902–1033 is sufficient to suppress cofactor activity. To examine these possibilities, we constructed additional FV variants in which a B-domain length of 378 amino acids was maintained, but specific portions of 902–1033 were exchanged with FVIII B-domain. Using the FV-1033 derivative (residues 1034–1491 of B-domain deleted) as a scaffold, three constructs were prepared, s-131, s-104, and s-46, representing 131, 104, and 46 amino acids from the FV B-domain exchanged with FVIII B-domain. In activity assays and direct binding measurements, each of these variants had properties consistent with the cofactor-like form indicating that a length of ~375 residues is not sufficient to maintain the procofactor state. These findings demonstrate for the first time that there are indeed specific FV-B domain sequences between 902–1033 that directly or indirectly stabilize the procofactor state. Remarkably, simply replacing these sequences in FV-1033 resulted in activation of the proteins in the absence of proteolysis. These observations change existing ideas about FV activation and provide insight into specific regions of the B-domain that assist in preserving the procofactor state.
A prototype DC triboelectric generator for harvesting energy from natural environment

Abstract A prototype direct current Triboelectric Generator (DC-TEG) has been demonstrated to generate dc voltages by converting rotational mechanical energy into electrical energy. The generator primarily consists of four rotating wheels (two copper electrodes and two triboelectric wheels) utilizing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tape and nylon fabric as the triboelectric materials in its design. Once subjected to mechanical rotation, the interaction between the two triboelectric materials generates equal, but opposite charges and deposits them on the copper electrodes resulting in a dc voltage across an external load resistor. The power performance of the generator, with changes in angular frequency, has been measured. The DC-TEG can generate a dc voltage of about 1.5 mV across an external load of 15.14 kΩ at a rotational speed of 10 rev/sec. The dependences of current and power on the angular frequency have also been measured. Preliminary results suggest that the relationship between the dc voltage and angular frequency of rotation is quadratic, however further measurements at relatively higher angular frequencies are needed before a proper mathematical model may be established. The work here presents a new, cost-effective DC-TEG design for power scavenging from any naturally or artificially occurring rotational mechanical motion facilitated by either wind or flowing water for self-powered systems.
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis in Children: A Report of Two Fatal Cases and Review of the Literature

Abstract Background Primary amebic meningoencephalitis is a rare, almost uniformly fatal disease of cerebral invasion by Naegleria fowleri , occurring most commonly after swimming in warm fresh water in summer months. Treatment using the experimental medication miltefosine demonstrated improved survival and favorable neurocognitive outcome in a 2013 North American patient. There is little information about the electroencephalographic findings of such patients, and our understanding of factors predicting survival is limited. Methods and Results We describe two children, aged four and 14 years, who both presented with seizures and altered mental status after recent fresh water swimming exposures. With evidence of pyogenic meningitis and examination of cerebrospinal fluid demonstrating motile trophozoites on wet mount, N. fowleri meningoencephalitis was diagnosed. Amebicidal antibiotic regimens with miltefosine were administered. Continuous electroencephalography monitoring demonstrated evolution from diffuse slowing to seizures, status epilepticus, and eventually global attenuation and absence of activity. Both patients ultimately died after complications of progressive increasing intracranial pressure and hemodynamic compromise. Conclusions Primary amebic meningoencephalitis is a serious, sporadic infection. We describe two fatal pediatric patients, the evolution of their electroencephalography findings, and compare their findings with the 13 reported pediatric survivors.
Synchrotron radiation: a probe for biomedical research.

A genome is like a book: each is a long list of letters. One can begin to understand this list when one puts the letters into words that represent codons, each specifying an amino acid. The words can be organized into sentences to give folding units: alpha-helices or strands of beta sheets. The sentences ultimately can be formed into that unit of organized thought in both language and protein structure, the paragraph, representing a protein molecule. We can carry the simile further and talk about the chapters being tissues or combined enzyme systems. The book, of course, represents the entire organism. The plan of this essay is to discuss biological structure at the paragraph and chapter level.
Nonlinear Dynamic Response and System Stochasticity

This study deals with the stochastic finite element analysis of nonlinear structural dynamic problems, consisting of a linearly elastic plate lying on a nonlinear foundation and loaded with a deterministic uniform transverse dynamic load. The plate can be either simply-supported or fixed all around. The stochasticity of the problem arises from the spatial randomness of the elastic modulus of the plate and/or from the spatial randomness of a coefficient controlling the degree of nonlinearity of the foundation. Monte Carlo simulation techniques along with a finite element formulation of the problem are used in order to analyze the system. The reasons for choosing Monte Carlo simulation techniques in this work are: (1) the dynamic and nonlinear nature of the stochastic problem to which no other method appears to be applicable and (2) the nature of the stochasticity describing the stiffness, rather than flexibility, as stochastic fields. The method used here can be useful in earthquake engineering applications, for example, in soil-structure interaction analysis where spatial stochasticity of soil properties may have to be considered.
Implementation of an Integrated Approach to the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for Improving Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care for Youths.

Importance Youths aged 13 to 24 years old living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are less likely than adults to receive the health and prevention benefits of HIV treatments, with only a small proportion having achieved sustained viral suppression. These age-related disparities in HIV continuum of care are owing in part to the unique developmental issues of adolescents and young adults as well as the complexity and fragmentation of HIV care and related services. This article summarizes a national, multiagency, and multilevel approach to HIV care for newly diagnosed youths designed to bridge some of these fragmentations by addressing National HIV/AIDS Strategy goals for people living with HIV. Design, Setting, and Participants Three federal agencies developed memoranda of understanding to sequentially implement 3 protocols addressing key National HIV/AIDS Strategy goals. The goals were addressed in the Adolescent Trials Network, with protocols implemented in 12 to 15 sites across the United States. Outcome data were collected from recently diagnosed youth referred to the program. Main Outcomes and Measures Cross-agency collaboration, youth-friendly linkage to care services, community mobilization to address structural barriers to care, cooperation among services, proportion of all men who have sex with men who tested, and rates of linkage to prevention services. Results The program addressed National HIV/AIDS Strategy goals 2 through 4 including steps within each goal. A total of 3986 HIV-positive youths were referred for care, with more than 75% linked to care within 6 weeks of referral, with almost 90% of those youths engaged in subsequent HIV care. Community mobilization efforts implemented and completed structural change objectives to address local barriers to care. Age and racial/ethnic group disparities were addressed through targeted training for culturally competent, youth-friendly care, and intensive motivational interviewing training. Conclusions and Relevance A national program to address the National HIV/AIDS Strategy specifically for youths can improve coordination of federal resources as well as implement best-practice models that are adapted to decrease service fragmentation and systemic barriers at local jurisdictions.
Process and Production Control Package

Summary When a computer control system reaches a certain size it is no longer enough that the system is possible to work with. In order to be effective the work also must be convenient. Thus one of the basic concepts in the joint Billerud/IBM efforts has been that a computer control system should conveniently be used by - process operators - production managers - system engineers and programmers. For the communication between process operators and the process control system, carefully designed process operators consoles were developed. These consoles are designed in such a way that they are convenient and effective to work with for process operators as well as for process engineers. In order to ensure a good communication between production managers and control systems the process computers have been located adjacent to production managers' offices. During the first process computer project at Billerud, the 1710-project, it was found that programming took far longer than expected. When installing a second computer, an IBM 1800, controlling not only paper-machines but also a Kamyr digester and chemical recovery processes, an effective way of programming was necessary. Thus a programming package for the basic functions of process control and production follow-up was developed. The process and production control programs (PPCP) enables the system engineer or programmer to program the entire periodic part (read, check, filter, convert, control, etc.) of the control system by filling in forms. After punching, special conversion programs select the proper data acquisition and control algorithms based on these forms. Included in the system are routines for “cold start” standard messages, contract change handling, data acquisition and data reduction (as a base for the reporting system) etc. Also, the package includes routines for the communication with process operators and process engineers. Although the system is general and applicable to any process industry there are also a few routines available, which have been developed for pulp and paper applications, e. g. programs treating the signls from a travelling basis weight and moisture meter. The PPCP package has been used extensively for the IBM 1800 process computer installed at Gruvon in 1968. The package has proved to be as effective and convenient as expected, both computerwise and in handling. Thus an improved version, compatible with a modern operating system, is now in use in two IBM 1800 process control computers at the Gruvon mill.
Colonic Adenocarcinoma Metastasizing as a Germ Cell Neoplasm

Abstract Mixed tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, including both adenocarcinoma and germ cell neoplasm, have been reported infrequently. In the colon, only 9 cases, to our knowledge, have been described in the English-language literature. This is the case of a 29-year-old man with an unsuspected mixed colonic neoplasm that metastasized as the germ cell component.
High resolution tip-tilt positioning system for a next generation MLL-based x-ray microscope

Multilayer Laue lenses (MLLs) are x-ray focusing optics with the potential to focus hard x-rays down to a single nanometer level. In order to achieve point focus, an MLL microscope needs to have the capability to perform tip-tilt motion of MLL optics and to hold the angular position for an extended period of time. In this work, we present a 2D tip-tilt system that can achieve an angular resolution of over 100 microdegree with a working range of 4°, by utilizing a combination of laser interferometer and mini retroreflector. The linear dimensions of the developed system are about 30 mm in all directions, and the thermal dissipation of the system during operation is negligible. Compact design and high angular resolution make the developed system suitable for MLL optics alignment in the next generation of MLL-based x-ray microscopes.
Accessing physical activity among young adults attending a university: the role of sex, race/ethnicity, technology use, and sleep

Identifying factors associated with recommended physical activity (PA) levels are critical in efforts to combat the obesity epidemic and related comorbidities. We conducted cross-sectional analyses of college students (n = 490) enrolled in a large southern state university in October of 2014. Our aim was to identify sociodemographic characteristics, technology use, and sleep patterns among college students and their independent relationship to recommended PA. An online survey was sent to all enrolled students. Logistic regression predicted achieving recommended ≥150 min per week of moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) versus not (≤149 min MVPA). Approximately 69% of study participants were males, 18% were Hispanic, and more than half (60%) were within the normal body mass index (12% were obese). The average age of students was 21 years. On a daily average, individuals used smartphones most often (nearly 4.4 h), followed by laptops at 4.0 h, desktops at 1.2 h, and tablets at 0.6 h. The mean number of hours individuals reported sleeping was 6.7. Sociodemographic factors associated with reporting ≥150 min of MVPA included being male (OR = 4.0, 95% CI 2.2–7.1) versus female, being non-Hispanic White (OR = 1.8, CI 1.1–3.2) versus being a member of minority race group. Behavioral factors associated with reporting ≥150 min of MVPA included technology use (being moderate-heavy (OR = 2.3, CI 1.1–4.8) or heavy (OR = 3.4, CI 1.6–7.5) users of technology), and receiving low-moderate (OR = 1.9, 1.01–3.7) levels of sleep versus the lowest level of sleep. In the current study, minority status and being female were the strongest sociodemographic factors associated with inadequate PA levels, while high technology use (primarily driven by smartphone use) were associated with recommended PA levels. Identifying factors associated with being physically active will allow for targeted interventions to improve the health of young adults.
Tuning Cross-Coupling Approaches to C3 Modification of 3-Deazapurines

A general approach to C3 modification of purine scaffold through various types of cross-coupling reactions has been established. Tuning substrate electronics and reaction conditions resulted in the development of highly efficient sp2–sp, sp2–sp2, and sp2–sp3 cross-coupling conditions for modification of 3-deazaadenine to access C3-modified adenine and hypoxanthine scaffolds. The optimized methodologies to access the corresponding 3-deazaadenosine phosphoramidites for solid-phase DNA synthesis have been demonstrated.
The Great Emancipators Oppose the “Slave Power”: The Lincolnian—and Aristotelian—Dimensions of Trump’s Rhetoric

As a candidate and as President, Donald Trump’s rhetoric of “Make America Great Again” echoed policies of the Whig Party, including tariffs, internal improvements, immigration, and war. He adopts the Whig championing of striving Americans. Without overt references, Trump reflects Lincoln in his emphasis on patriotism and duty of Americans toward each other. Trump’s nationalism is not one of race but of a common good in one country. Both the 16th and 45th presidents identified conspiracies against the people’s liberties (“the slave power” and “rigged system”), a majority faction. Both promoted patriotism in a multiracial, multicultural nation. Trump’s inaugural address, among his principal speeches, synopsizes his contrarian policies on borders, trade, war, and political correctness. As Harry Jaffa has shown with Lincoln, classical political philosophy, especially Aristotle’s teaching on the best regime and friendship of virtue, illuminates the intentions of both presidents and provides the standards of their success and failure.
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Retrospective Study on Clinico-Radiological Data, CSF Dynamics and CSF Pulse Waveform Morphology

Many pathogenetic factors have been reported to be involved in the genesis and development of so-called normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Among these, the most current are a defect in CSF absorptive capacity (Borgesen 1984) and an increase in the intraventricular CSF pulse amplitude (Di Rocco et al. 1976). However no recent paper has clarified the relationships between the disturbances in CSF and ICP dynamics, often observed in this pathology, with the severity of the clinical picture and/or the brain damage demonstrated by the ventricular enlargement.
Kerr Effects of Flexible Macromolecules

Detailed calculations of the effects of different conformations on the Kerr constant have become available only recently. These calculations can be utilized to evaluate the usefulness of Kerr constant measurements in characterizing configurations of macromolecules. Experimental scientists would like to know, in particular, if Kerr measurements are more sensitive to changes in conformation than other methods and for what types of molecules. These sensitivities must be judged against the results for more common characterization methods.
From Whence My DNA

In prewar days, it was apparently not unusual for a midwife to be the go between in introducing marriage prospects. No doubt this was because she was familiar with the families she served and had a good network of information. My parents were introduced to each other in this way and married. My father had graduated from the Faculty of Economics at University of Tokyo and worked at Mitsui Bussan trading company; and my mother was the eldest daughter of a small-scale businessman. The midwife thought that “this is a good match between a poor but educated man and a somewhat wealthy household,” and most likely brought this prospect to my father’s mother and my mother’s father. (My father’s father had already passed away.) My mother agreed, thinking that marrying someone who worked for a trading company may give her the chance to go abroad. But that hope soon evaporated with the outbreak of the Pacific War.
Posterior Tibial Nerve

The posterior tibial nerve innervates the skin of the postero-lateral side of the leg, the lateral aspect of the foot, and the sole of the foot. The cutaneous innervation of the posterior leg is shared between the nerves of the saphenous, superficial fibular, sural, and medial calcaneal branches; the tibial nerve contributes to the latter two. Posterior tibial nerve blocks are primarily used as regional anesthesia for procedures and manipulation, but are also utilized for management of conditions such as tarsal tunnel syndrome. This chapter will discuss the anatomy of the posterior tibial nerve as well as nerve block techniques including indications, contraindications, and complications.
Diffusion behaviors between metallic fuel alloys with Pd addition and Fe

Abstract Fission product lanthanides in metallic fuels are known to cause adverse fuel-cladding chemical interaction (FCCI). Palladium (Pd) is being explored as a potential additive to reduce or mitigate FCCI by forming stable Pd-Ln compounds. The current study is an investigation of diffusion behaviors between UZrPd, UZrPdLn, UPuZrPd, and UPuZrPdLn alloys (Ln = 53Nd-25Ce-16Pr-6La wt. %) and iron (Fe). Diffusion couple tests were performed followed by microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is found that the diffusion of Fe into the fuel is reduced by PdZr2 precipitates randomly dispersed throughout the fuel matrix. Ln-Pd compounds form in UZrPdLn alloys, and (Ln,Pu)Pd forms in the UPuZrPdLn alloy. In both diffusion couples with Ln, small amounts of lanthanides are diffusing into the Fe. This could be due to small amounts of dissolved lanthanides in the precipitates, or could be due to the Ln-Pd compounds decomposing. In either case, diffusion caused by lanthanides is greatly reduced as compared to alloys without Pd.
Adam Smith and Dying Peacefully

Commerce brings about material wellbeing, a new set of values, and also a new way to die peacefully. For Adam Smith, “savages” may die calmly, in the midst of torture, without expressing any fear or pain. They are able to achieve this calm death through a life-time of forced-training in life-threatening conditions. In commercial societies, one can also die peacefully, but without having to experience the life-long suffering of a “savage”. In a commercial society, the comfort of luxury allows for a freer expression and exchange of emotions. One can die peacefully amidst the comfort and affections of friendship.
Negative Virtual Capacitance to Eliminate Resonance Oscillations in a Three-Phase Inverter with LCL Filter

This paper proposes a strategy to improve the performance of a three-phase grid-connected inverter with an LCL filter. Oscillations that are typically induced by the interaction between the inductors and capacitor are eliminated with a negative virtual capacitor that nullifies the real capacitor’s effect. Parameter estimation is needed because the filter parameters change during operation, due to temperature, current, and aging effects. Thus, an estimator is incorporated to ensure accurate compensation. The proposed method is integrated with a Lyapunov-function-based indirect grid current controller, to demonstrate the new method’s compatibility with existing control approaches. The proposed method provides better attenuation of the oscillations with minimal impact on the grid side current controller. Extensive simulations verify the efficacy of the approach.
A dual-modal PET/near infrared fluorescent nanotag for long-term immune cell tracking

Adoptive cell transfer of targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has emerged as a highly promising cancer therapy. The pharmacodynamic action or CAR T cells is closely related to their pharmacokinetic profile; because of this as well as the risk of non-specific action, it is important to monitor their biodistribution and fate following infusion. To this end, we developed a dual-modal PET/near infrared fluorescent (NIRF) nanoparticle-based imaging agent for non-genomic labeling of human CAR T cells. Since the PET/NIRF nanoparticles did not affect cell viability or cytotoxic functionality and enabled long-term whole-body CAR T cell tracking using PET and NIRF in an ovarian peritoneal carcinomatosis model, this platform is a viable imaging technology to be applied in other cancer models.
How Distributed Leadership Facilitates Technology Integration: A Case Study of Pilot Teachers""

Background/ContextSchools and teachers are under immense pressure to adopt technology as a mechanism of educational equity. As such, it is important to understand what school-level practices can su...
Meningiomas

Meningiomas are extra-axial brain tumors of middle-to-late adult life and show a predominance in women. Overall, 90% of meningiomas are benign, 6% atypical, and 2% are malignant [1,2]. Most patients diagnosed with a meningioma decide to have it removed surgically, and are advised to do so based on their neurologic symptoms [2,3•,4,5]. Complete surgical resection is usually curative. For incompletely resected or recurrent tumors not previously irradiated, radiotherapy is administered [2,6-9]. Radiotherapy may be administered as either conventional external beam irradiation or stereotactically. Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) either as LINAC or gamma knife radiosurgery is increasingly utilized. Advocates of SRT have suggested this therapy as an alternative to surgery particularly in poor surgical risk patients, patients with meningiomas in eloquent or surgically inaccessible locations, and in those patients of advanced age [7,9•]. When the meningioma is unresectable or all other treatments (surgery, radiotherapy) have failed, immunochemotherapy may be considered [10]. Hydroxyurea, alpha interferon, tamoxifen, and mifepristone (RU-486) have been modestly successful in pateints with recurrent meningiomas whereas cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin (Pharmacia and Upjohn, Bridgewater, NJ) and vincristine (CAV), ifosfamide/Mesna (Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Princeton, NJ) or Adriamycin/dacarbazine (DTIC) have been administered to patients with aggressive or malignant meningiomas [10,11•,12–16•].
Interspezies-Ethik: Der modus vivendi inter-organismischer semiotischer Milieus

Die Biosemiotik postuliert, dass die Signalgebung zwischen Organismen einen komplexen Prozess darstellt, der sich oft gleichzeitig auf vielfaltigen Kanalen abspielt. So vermitteln beispielsweise olfaktorische pheromonische Hinweise, auditive Vokalisationen sowie visuelle Bewegungen und Muster allesamt wichtige Einzelelemente einer beabsichtigten oder tatsachlich uberbrachten Nachricht. Ebenso ist bekannt, dass die Kommunikation zwischen Artgenossen mancher Spezies von anderen Spezies „abgehort“ wird (so reagieren etwa Primaten auf Vogel, die plotzlich auffliegen und damit das potentielle Annahern eines gemeinsamen Fressfeindes signalisieren), selbst wenn das ursprungliche Signal nicht eigentlich an sie gerichtet war. Absichtsvolles interspezifisches Signalisieren ist ebenfalls verbreitet, so signalisieren etwa Hasen Fuchsen ihre Anwesenheit, wenn sie sich sicher genug fuhlen, um ihnen die Energieverschwendung einer unnutzen Jagd zu ersparen. Durch die Absonderung fluchtiger organischer Verbindungen weisen Pflanzen auf einen Insektenbefall hin, wodurch andere Insektenarten herbeigerufen werden, die die Pflanze vom Befall befreien. Absichtliche und unabsichtliche symbiotische Semiosen sind das Ergebnis von Interaktion zwischen beteiligten Spezies uber viele Generationen hinweg, wodurch sich Spuren in der Semiosphare bilden, in denen sich uberschneidende Umwelten von Organismen die Moglichkeit fur ethisches Handeln eroffnen. Aufgrund der eher eingeschrankten semiotischen Bandbreite, welche die Interspezies-Kommunikation beruhrt, postuliere ich, dass Interspezies-Semiose starker von generationenubergreifenden Bedeutungsfestlegungen gepragt und weniger improvisiert ist als Signale unter Artgenossen. Wahrend westliche Ethiken traditionellerweise die Wertschatzung ethischer Geschehnisse an den Grad ihrer Freiwilligkeit knupfen, verlangt eine nicht-menschliche Interspezies-Ethik die Berucksichtigung pluraler ethischer Kontexte, die auf speziesspezifischen und interspezifischen semiotischen Konzepten beruhen. Dass die Signalgebung vieler Organismen uberwiegend genetischen Ursprungs ist, heist nicht zwangslaufig, dass ihrem Zusammenleben ein geringerer ethischer Wert beizumessen ist, als sich aus flexibleren semiotischen Interaktionen ergeben wurde.
Tau reduction affects excitatory and inhibitory neurons differently, reduces excitation/inhibition ratios, and counteracts network hypersynchrony.

Summary The protein tau has been implicated in many brain disorders. In animal models, tau reduction suppresses epileptogenesis of diverse causes and ameliorates synaptic and behavioral abnormalities in various conditions associated with excessive excitation-inhibition (E/I) ratios. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Global genetic ablation of tau in mice reduces the action potential (AP) firing and E/I ratio of pyramidal cells in acute cortical slices without affecting the excitability of these cells. Tau ablation reduces the excitatory inputs to inhibitory neurons, increases the excitability of these cells, and structurally alters their axon initial segments (AISs). In primary neuronal cultures subjected to prolonged overstimulation, tau ablation diminishes the homeostatic response of AISs in inhibitory neurons, promotes inhibition, and suppresses hypersynchrony. Together, these differential alterations in excitatory and inhibitory neurons help explain how tau reduction prevents network hypersynchrony and counteracts brain disorders causing abnormally increased E/I ratios.