cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beauty is in the in-group of the beholded: Intergroup differences in the perceived attractiveness of leaders

Abstract Physical attractiveness is most commonly presumed to be an exogenous characteristic that influences people's feelings, perceptions, and behavior across myriad types of relationships. We investigate the opposite prediction in which feelings toward other people influence the perceptions of others' attractiveness. Focusing specifically on subordinates' perceptions of leaders of in-groups and out-groups, we examine whether group membership moderates familiarity in relation to ratings of physical attractiveness. Studies 1 and 2 show that subordinates rate the leaders of their in-groups as significantly more physically attractive than comparably familiar out-group leaders. Our findings have relevance for understanding the interactive roles of physical attractiveness within contemporary organizational environments and help to account for variance in interpersonal perceptions on the basis of group membership. In contrast with research traditions that treat physical attractiveness as a static trait, our findings highlight the importance of group membership as a lens for perceiving familiar leaders' physical attractiveness.
Intrinsic polymer optical fiber sensors for high-strain applications

This paper presents intrinsic polymer fiber (POF) sensors for high-strain applications such as health monitoring of civil infrastructure systems subjected to earthquake loading or structures with large shape changes such as morphing aircraft. POFs provide a potential maximum strain range of 6-12%, are more flexible that silica optical fibers, and are more durable in harsh chemical or environmental conditions. Recent advances in the fabrication of singlemode POFs have made it possible to extend POFs to interferometric sensor capabilities. Furthermore, the interferometric nature of intrinsic sensors permits high accuracy for such measurements. However, several challenges, addressed in this paper, make the application of the POF interferometer more difficult than its silica counterpart. These include the finite deformation of the POF cross-section at high strain values, nonlinear strain optic effects in the polymer, and the attenuation with strain of the POF. In order to predict the response of the sensor a second-order (in strain) photoelastic effect is derived and combined with the second-order solution of the deformation of the optical fiber when loaded. It is determined that for the small deformation region four constants are required (two mechanical and two photoelastic properties) and for the large deformation region six additional constants are required (two mechanical and four photoelastic properties). This paper also presents initial measurements of the mechanical response of the sensor and comparison to previously reported POFs.
Brain dehydration and neurologic deterioration after rapid correction of hyponatremia

We made rats severely hyponatremic, varying the rate of onset and duration of the disturbance, and then compared rapid correction to slow correction. An acute fall in the plasma Na to 106 mEq/liter within seven hours caused seizures and coma, but these findings resolved and survival was 100% after either rapid or slow correction. A more gradual fall in plasma Na to 95 mEq/liter in three days caused neither seizures nor coma. Measurements of brain water and electrolytes showed that adaptive losses of brain Na and K (maximally depleted within seven hours) and slower losses of non-electrolyte solutes progressively reduced brain edema. After three days of hyponatremia, rapid correction to 119 mEq/liter with 1 M NaCl or to 129 mEq/liter by withdrawing DDAVP caused brain dehydration because lost brain K and non-electrolyte solutes were recovered slowly. This treatment was followed by a delayed onset of severe neurologic findings, demyelinating brain lesions and a mortality rate of over 40%. Slow correction (0.3 mEq/liter/hr) avoided these complications and permitted 100% survival. We conclude that the rat adapts quickly to hyponatremia and can survive with extremely low plasma sodium concentrations for prolonged periods. Although rapid correction is well tolerated when hyponatremia is of brief duration, it may cause brain damage in animals that have had time to more fully adapt to the disturbance.
A NUMERICAL METHOD FOR STUDYING SUPER-EDDINGTON MASS TRANSFER IN DOUBLE WHITE DWARF BINARIES

We present a numerical method for the study of double white dwarf (DWD) binary systems at the onset of super-Eddington mass transfer. We incorporate the physics of ideal inviscid hydrodynamical flow, Newtonian self-gravity, and radiation transport on a three-dimensional uniformly rotating cylindrical Eulerian grid. Care has been taken to conserve the key physical quantities such as angular momentum and energy. Our new method conserves total energy to a higher degree of accuracy than other codes that are presently being used to model mass transfer in DWD systems. We present the results of verification tests and simulate the first 20 + orbits of a binary system of mass ratio q 0.7 at the onset of dynamically unstable direct impact mass transfer. The mass transfer rate quickly exceeds the critical Eddington limit by many orders of magnitude, and thus we are unable to model a trans-Eddington phase. It appears that radiation pressure does not significantly affect the accretion flow in the highly super-Eddington regime. An optically thick common envelope forms around the binary within a few orbits. Although this envelope quickly exceeds the spatial domain of the computational grid, the fraction of the common envelope that exceeds zero gravitational binding energy ismore » extremely small, suggesting that radiation-driven mass loss is insignificant in this regime. It remains to be seen whether simulations that capture the trans-Eddington phase of such flows will lead to the same conclusion or show that substantial material gets expelled.« less
Interactional Context and Feedback in Child ESL Classrooms.

This article reports on an empirical investigation of the role of interactional context in exchanges between teachers and learners in ESL classrooms. The teacher–learner exchanges were categorized as being primarily focused on content, communication, management, or explicit language. Results suggest that the context of the exchange affected both teachers' provision of feedback and learners' modifications to their original utterances following feedback. Teachers were most likely to provide feedback in exchanges that were focused on explicit language and content; learners were most likely to use feedback provided in explicit language-focused exchanges. Feedback was seldom used in content exchanges and never in management contexts. This study suggests that the importance of the interactional context should not be underestimated when discussing feedback in second language classroom settings.
Performance-Driven Clustering of Asynchronous Circuits

This paper proposes the method of generating asynchronous circuits from hardware description language specifications by clustering the synthesized gates into asynchronous pipeline stages while preserving liveness, meeting throughput and latency constraints, and minimizing area. This method provides a form of automatic pipelining in which the throughput of the overall design is not limited to the clock frequency or the level of pipelining in the original Register-Transfer Level (RTL) specification. The method is design-style agnostic and is thus applicable to many asynchronous design styles.
Handwritten phrase recognition as applied to street name images

A phrase recognition method for recognition of street name images is presented in this paper. Some of the challenges posed by the problem are: (i) patron errors, (ii) non-standardized way of abbreviating names, and (iii) variable number of words in a street name image. A neural network has been designed to segment words in a phrase, using distance between components and style of writing. Experiments show perfect word segmentation performance of 85%. Substring matching is attempted only between the main body of a lexicon entry and the word segments of an image. Efforts to reduce computational complexity are successfully made by the sharing of character segmentation results between the segmentation and recognition phases. 83% phrase recognition accuracy was achieved on a test set.
Porphyrinyl-nucleosides containing fluorinated nucleobases

Abstract Porphyrins were synthesized in which a meso-p-phenylene-O- bridge joins the porphine core with 5′-C of 5-flourouidine(protected), 5-CF 3 -thymidine or 2-N-trifluoroacetamidato-6-O pentafluorophenyl-2′-deoxyguanosine.
Chemistry on a Half‐Shell: Synthesis and Derivatization of Buckybowls

Buckybowls, bowl-shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons structurally related to fullerenes, represent a class of hydrocarbons with unique properties and a potential for application as novel materials. This review outlines the development of the practical preparations of buckybowls, starting with the original synthesis of corannulene achieved in 1966. A particular attention is paid to the last decade developments which include construction of large, highly nonplanar molecular networks (molecular clips and tweezers) capable of binding guest molecules of various sizes and shapes. In particular, such molecular clips were proven to form stable supramolecular complexes with fullerenes C60 and C70, both in solution and in the solid state.
Highly Asymmetric Intramolecular Cyclopropanation of Acceptor-Substituted Diazoacetates by Co(II)-Based Metalloradical Catalysis: Iterative Approach for Development of New-Generation Catalysts

3,5-Di(t)Bu-QingPhyrin, a new D(2)-symmetric chiral porphyrin derived from a chiral cyclopropanecarboxamide containing two contiguous stereocenters, has been developed using an iterative approach based on Co(II)-catalyzed asymmetric cyclopropanation of alkenes. The Co(II) complex of 3,5-Di(t)Bu-QingPhyrin, [Co(P2)], has proved to be a general and effective catalyst for asymmetric intramolecular cyclopropanation of various allylic diazoacetates (especially including those with α-acceptor substituents) in high yields with excellent stereoselectivities. The [Co(P2)]-based intramolecular metalloradical cyclopropanation provides convenient access to densely functionalized 3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one derivatives bearing three contiguous quaternary and tertiary chiral centers with high enantiomeric purity.
Relationship Between Cold And Hot Post-Flare Loops And The Impact On The Reconnection Flare Model

The relationship between cold and hot post-flare loops was studied using the 7 September 1973 and 15 January 1974 flare images recorded by the Skylab S082 spectroheliograph. The images were of intense emission lines in the extreme ultraviolet region that spanned the 1 x 104 K (He I) to 3.2 x 106 K (Ni XVIII) temperature range. The images of the 15 January 1974 flare at 1240 UT are shown in the Figure. The detailed analysis of the images does not support the widely held notion that cold loops are always smaller than hot loops, lie below hot loops, and are similar in shape. It was found that the coldest and hottest loops often differ significantly in size and shape. Based on the analysis of a time sequence of Skylab images of cold and hot loops, there is no evidence that loop systems expand in a discontinuous manner, as would be the case if higher loops were sequentially formed and activated by reconnection of the magnetic field. It was found that the individual coronal loops expand in a gradual manner. These conclusions are consistent with images of post-flare loop systems in the 107 K range that were recorded by the soft x-ray telescope on the Yohkoh spacecraft. Previous observations and interpretations of post-flare loop systems, which led to the formulation of the reconnection flare model, were re-examined. In light of the recent high-quality imagery that spans the temperature range from 104 to 107 K, it is concluded that the observations do not support all aspects of the reconnection flare model as presently articulated. Elements of the reconnection flare model that are inconsistent with the modern observations should be reconsidered. A detailed description of this study of Skylab and Yohkoh post-flare loops has been accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal.
Auditor Tenure and Audit Reporting Failures

Recently, the SEC has called for research regarding the relationship between audit tenure and audit failures. In this study, we address this issue by examining prior audit reports for a sample of c...
Radiation Boundary Condition and Anisotropy Correction for Finite Difference Solutions of the Helmholtz Equation

In this paper finite-difference solutions of the Helmholtz equation in an open domain are considered. By using a second-order central difference scheme and the Bayliss-Turkel radiation boundary condition, reasonably accurate solutions can be obtained when the number of grid points per acoustic wavelength used is large. However, when a smaller number of grid points per wavelength is used excessive reflections occur which tend to overwhelm the computed solutions. Excessive reflections are due to the incompability between the governing finite difference equation and the Bayliss-Turkel radiation boundary condition. The Bayliss-Turkel radiation boundary condition was developed from the asymptotic solution of the partial differential equation. To obtain compatibility, the radiation boundary condition should be constructed from the asymptotic solution of the finite difference equation instead. Examples are provided using the improved radiation boundary condition based on the asymptotic solution of the governing finite difference equation. The computed results are free of reflections even when only five grid points per wavelength are used. The improved radiation boundary condition has also been tested for problems with complex acoustic sources and sources embedded in a uniform mean flow. The present method of developing a radiation boundary condition is also applicable to higher order finite difference schemes. In all these cases no reflected waves could be detected. The use of finite difference approximation inevitably introduces anisotropy into the governing field equation. The effect of anisotropy is to distort the directional distribution of the amplitude and phase of the computed solution. It can be quite large when the number of grid points per wavelength used in the computation is small. A way to correct this effect is proposed. The correction factor developed from the asymptotic solutions is source independent and, hence, can be determined once and for all. The effectiveness of the correction factor in providing improvements to the computed solution is demonstrated in this paper.
Ehrhart theory for Lawrence polytopes and orbifold cohomology of hypertoric varieties

We establish a connection between the orbifold cohomology of hypertoric varieties and the Ehrhart theory of Lawrence polytopes. More specifically, we show that the dimensions of the orbifold cohomology groups of a hypertoric variety are equal to the coefficients of the Ehrhart δ-polynomial of the associated Lawrence polytope. As a consequence, we deduce a formula for the Ehrhart δ-polynomial of a Lawrence polytope and use the injective part of the Hard Lefschetz Theorem for hypertoric varieties to deduce some inequalities between the coefficients of the δ-polynomial.
Isoplanicity for imaging through turbulent media

Abstract For optical imaging through turbulence, a measure which specifies how close a given imaging system is to be isoplanatic is defined. Its defendence on the spatial resolution, seeing angle, and turbulence structure is given. The result shows that for low resolution imaging, the isoplanatic condition is usually satisfied, while for diffraction-limited imaging, the isoplanatic condition does restrict the seeing angle to be small.
Perturbation expansion for particle distributions in hadron storage rings

Based on the perturbation theory with multiple scales, we have developed a technique to study the evolution of particle distribution as a function of oscillation amplitudes in a hadron storage ring. With a renormalization scheme for the zeroth-order term, a uniformly valid perturbation expansion for the distribution function is obtained. For localized nonlinear perturbations such as the beam-beam interaction at colliding points, this renormalization scheme results in a functional mapping for the particle distribution and the diffusion processes of particles in the beam can be studied numerically without resorting to the tracking of individual particles. A case involving a single nonlinear kick in the ring is presented to illustrate the method in detail.
Early-type galaxy star formation histories in different environments

We use very high-S/N stacked spectra of $\sim$29,000 nearby quiescent early-type galaxies (ETGs) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to investigate variations in their star formation histories (SFHs) with environment at fixed position along and perpendicular to the Fundamental Plane (FP). We define three classifications of local group environment based on the `identities' of galaxies within their dark matter halos: central `Brightest Group Galaxies' (BGGs); Satellites; and Isolateds (those `most massive' in a dark matter halo with no Satellites). We find that the SFHs of quiescent ETGs are almost entirely determined by their structural parameters $\sigma$ and $\Delta I_e$. Any variation with local group environment at fixed structure is only slight: Satellites have the oldest stellar populations, 0.02 dex older than BGGs and 0.04 dex older than Isolateds; BGGs have the highest Fe-enrichments, 0.01 dex higher than Isolateds and 0.02 dex higher than Satellites; there are no differences in Mg-enhancement between BGGs, Isolateds, and Satellites. Our observation that, to zeroth-order, the SFHs of quiescent ETGs are fully captured by their structures places important qualitative constraints on the degree to which late-time evolutionary processes (those which occur after a galaxy's initial formation and main star-forming lifetime) can alter their SFHs/structures.
A counterexample to the maximality of toric varieties

We present a counterexample to the conjecture of Bihan, Franz, McCrory, and van Hamel concerning the maximality of toric varieties. There exists a six dimensional projective toric variety X with the sum of the Z 2 Betti numbers of X(R) strictly less than the sum of the Z 2 Betti numbers of X(C).
Mitigating the gateway bottleneck via transparent cooperative caching in wireless mesh networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are characterized by mesh routers connected by wireless links to each other and to a few gateway nodes. The most significant application of such networks is to provide broadband Internet access to static or mobile hosts in areas where wired infrastructure is difficult or economically infeasible to deploy. Since most WMN traffic flows through a few gateway nodes, this can cause significant congestion around the gateway.
EXE: Automatically Generating Inputs of Death

This article presents EXE, an effective bug-finding tool that automatically generates inputs that crash real code. Instead of running code on manually or randomly constructed input, EXE runs it on symbolic input initially allowed to be anything. As checked code runs, EXE tracks the constraints on each symbolic (i.e., input-derived) memory location. If a statement uses a symbolic value, EXE does not run it, but instead adds it as an input-constraint; all other statements run as usual. If code conditionally checks a symbolic expression, EXE forks execution, constraining the expression to be true on the true branch and false on the other. Because EXE reasons about all possible values on a path, it has much more power than a traditional runtime tool: (1) it can force execution down any feasible program path and (2) at dangerous operations (e.g., a pointer dereference), it detects if the current path constraints allow any value that causes a bug. When a path terminates or hits a bug, EXE automatically generates a test case by solving the current path constraints to find concrete values using its own co-designed constraint solver, STP. Because EXE’s constraints have no approximations, feeding this concrete input to an uninstrumented version of the checked code will cause it to follow the same path and hit the same bug (assuming deterministic code).EXE works well on real code, finding bugs along with inputs that trigger them in: the BSD and Linux packet filter implementations, the dhcpd DHCP server, the pcre regular expression library, and three Linux file systems.
Point defects and transport in non-stoichiometric oxides: Solved and unsolved problems

Abstract First, the basic concepts used in the area of defects and transport in non-stoichiometric oxides are reviewed. Their capabilities and shortcomings are addressed, including the problems of dealing appropriately with point defects at higher defect concentrations and with situations where more than one sublattice is available for one type of ion. As an example of where ideal solution point defect thermodynamics can be applied without much problems, the iron oxide magnetite, Fe 3 − δ O 4 , is discussed. The cation diffusion in this material is also reviewed. Then some magnetite-based solid solutions are briefly discussed with regard to their defect chemistry and the transport of cations. Finally, two largely ignored topics are addressed: (i) the influence of the valence state of an ion on its diffusivity, (ii) contributions from near-boundary regions to the variation of the oxygen content of non stoichiometric oxides.
Allosteric regulation of DegS protease subunits through a shared energy landscape

Allosteric conformations and proteolytic activities of each subunit of the trimeric E. coli DegS protease share a cooperatively coupled energy landscape that allows regulation via the binding of substrate and OMP peptides.
Simulations of Supernova Remnants in Diffuse Media. II. Three Remnants and Their X-Ray Emission

This paper provides detailed descriptions of the X-ray emission from supernova remnants (SNRs) evolving in warm, low-density, nonthermal pressure-dominated regions (T0 = 104 K, n = 0.001 cm-3, Pnt = 1800 or 7200 K cm-3). Nonequilibrium ionization hydrocode simulations are used to predict the high-resolution spectra, 1/4 and 3/4 keV ROSAT PSPC count rates, spatial appearance, color temperatures, and ratios of O VII to O VIII emission-line fluxes as a function of time. If undisturbed, the remnants are quite long lived, surviving for ~1.2 × 107 to ~1.6 × 107 yr. During their brief energy-conserving phases, the hot, highly pressurized gas behind their shock fronts copiously emits X-rays. Thus, their 1/4 keV surface brightnesses are thousands of ROSAT PSPC counts s-1 arcmin-2 and the remnants appear strongly edge brightened. The onset of the radiative phase heralds the end of the extreme X-ray luminosities but not the end of the X-ray emission. After the cool shell forms behind the shock front, the hot SNR bubble slowly radiates away the remaining energy, with a diminutive fraction released in the form of X-rays. Thus, the 1/4 keV surface brightnesses are tens to hundreds of ROSAT PSPC counts s-1 arcmin-2 and the remnants appear "centrally filled." The hot plasma within the remnant bubbles is always out of collisional ionizational equilibrium. Early on, the ionization states are much lower than expected for such hot gas. Later on, the ionization states are higher. This paper also applies the standard observational analyses for determining the color temperature, electron density, and thermal pressure to ROSAT "observations" of one of the simulated remnants, thus providing a map between observational results and physical conditions. The paper reports the O+5, N+4, and C+3 column densities for the simulated remnants. The simulations may be of interest and are applied to studies of the Galactic halo and Local Bubble. They may also be of interest to studies of external galaxies and interarm regions of the Milky Way.
Cryogenic spectroscopy of ultra-low density colloidal lead chalcogenide quantum dots on chip-scale optical cavities towards single quantum dot near-infrared cavity QED

We present evidence of cavity quantum electrodynamics from a sparse density of strongly quantum-confined Pb-chalcogenide nanocrystals (between 1 and 10) approaching single-dot levels on moderately high-Q mesoscopic silicon optical cavities. Operating at important near-infrared (1500-nm) wavelengths, large enhancements are observed from devices and strong modifications of the QD emission are achieved. Saturation spectroscopy of coupled QDs is observed at 77K, highlighting the modified nanocrystal dynamics for quantum information processing.
Rules of origin and gains from trade

Free trade areas (FTAs) involve unharmonized tariffs and rules of origin that have prevented proving the formal general equilibrium existence of a welfare-enhancing FTA. This paper identifies the most restrictive limit that rules of origin can enforce and still continue to guarantee gains from trade for FTA formation. We note that many commonly used rules of origin exceed this condition in practice. We apply the identified welfare-supporting rules of origin and prove the existence of a FTA general equilibrium involving only within-FTA transfers that is at least as satisfactory for every consumer as an arbitrary original world trade allocation. The analysis also helps to explain why hub-and-spoke extensions of FTAs cannot be expected to guarantee gains from trade for all participants in general.
Modeling and Prediction of the Effects of Moisture on the Unconfined Compressive and Tensile Strength of Soils

AbstractUnconfined compressive strength (UCS) and tensile strength are important geomaterial parameters that are used for performance prediction and mix design. Both UCS and tensile strength are af...
Risk Aversion, Foreign Exchange Speculation and Gambler’s Ruin

The apparent persistence of unexploited opportunities for expected profits in foreign exchange markets suggests highly risk-averse market participants. Financial institutions put tight limits on the foreign-exchange positions they may have at risk at any time, despite beliefs that the odds are favourable that the positions will be profitable. This ‘safety-first’ practice is consistent with keeping the probability of ruin low enough to be of no practical concern. The setting of a very low probability of ruin for prudential reasons provides a rationale for traders behaving as if they have a degree of risk aversion that might otherwise seem implausibly high.
Grandparents in Law: Investigating the Institutionalization of Extended Family Roles

Previous research on grandparents has focused on the individual and familial level and has characterized grandparent roles as ambiguous and contingent. Emphasizing instead structural phenomena, this theoretical paper argues that grandmother and grandfather roles are being institutionalized through state and federal legislation. This phenomenon provides an opportunity to investigate the process of institutionalization as it happens. Grandparenthood is evaluated as a potential site for institutionalization and law as a source of institutionalization is discussed. Preliminary evidence of the legal institutionalization of grandparenthood is presented and implications and directions for further research are suggested.
Quality of life: erosions and opportunities under managed care.

In recent years a number of commentators have discussed the importance of measuring quality of life (QL) in health care. We want to know whether an intervention will help people to live better, not just longer, and whether some treatments cause more trouble than they are worth. New technologies promise wondrous benefits. But when millions of people have no insured access to health care, and when many others face increasingly stringent limits on care, technologies’ high costs require us to choose what we should do from the broader universe of what we can do. The challenges to measuring QL are formidable. Researchers debate whether to measure general QL or disease-specific QL; whether to focus on functional status such as the patient's ability to walk and dress himself, or on the value people ascribe to that functional status; whether to seek the values of the general public, or to concentrate on people actually affected by a given disease or disability.
Use of annotated schemes for developing prototype programs

Reusable components or patterns of programming are used here as a means of generating prototypes. The challenge in identifying existing patterns was in striking a balance between a few patterns that are too flexible to really save programmer effort, and numerous patterns that are too narrowly applicable. A further challenge was to find a way of tuning a pattern to reflect the details of a specific application.A pattern is defined to have a) an I/O specification, b) control structure, c) and a generic problem/solution description. The domain dependent generic problem/solution description serves to communicate general semantic information to the prototype developer familiar with the domain. The patterns presented here were culled from case studies involving over 200 programs in the file processing domain. These patterns have been demonstrated to be useful.
Number portability in Central America

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to identify policy strategies for the implementation of number portability in Central America. It attempts to determine why carriers have generally been opposed to the implementation of this service and what regulators in the region can do to allow for the provision of this service.Design/methodology/approach – Using secondary data this paper provides an analysis of the economic and regulatory circumstances prevailing in Central America that will affect their number portability decisions.Findings – The conceptual piece of this paper identifies the negative economic incentives such as scale economies and revenue losses that will motivate carriers to delay implementation or increase switching costs for users through fees, long‐term contracts, and quality deterioration of telecommunication services.Research limitations/implications – Given the economic circumstances of the telecommunications sector in Central America, it is recommended that the region begin with national...
High power pulsed accelerators with potential industrial applications

Abstract Radiation processing sources fall into two categories, electron beams and nuclear decay products (gamma rays). Applications requiring high average power ( > 100 kW), high dose rate, or limited deposition depth are performed with electrons. Typically, the electron sources that are used for radiation processing are either DC accelerators or linacs with peak powers in the 50 to 200 kW regime. Recent advances have made the development of pulsed electron sources in this parameter range attractive as well. Pulsed sources operate with space charge limited “cold cathode” emission on the microsecond or submicrosecond time scale. As a result, the dose rates are much higher than currently available. This paper will describe a design for a 10 MV, 100 kW or greater accelerator for large area electron beam irradiation or for bremsstrahlung conversion. The design is based on pulse transformers to generate megavolt, microsecond pulses, saturable magnetic core switching to compress to shorter pulse lengths, pulse-forming line adder techniques to transform to 10 MV, and a magnetically insulated cold cathode diode for electron beam formation. The status of these various technologies is reviewed.
Lehmann family of ROC curves.

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves evaluate the discriminatory power of a continuous marker to predict a binary outcome. The most popular parametric model for an ROC curve is the binormal model, which assumes that the marker, after a monotone transformation, is normally distributed conditional on the outcome. Here, the authors present an alternative to the binormal model based on the Lehmann family, also known as the proportional hazards specification. The resulting ROC curve and its functionals (such as the area under the curve and the sensitivity at a given level of specificity) have simple analytic forms. Closed-form expressions for the functional estimates and their corresponding asymptotic variances are derived. This family accommodates the comparison of multiple markers, covariate adjustments, and clustered data through a regression formulation. Evaluation of the underlying assumptions, model fitting, and model selection can be performed using any off-the-shelf proportional hazards stati...
Investigation of Voltage Stresses Inside Adjustable-Speed Drives

This paper investigates the effect of voltage stress on the voltage insulation components inside a regenerative active-front-end adjustable speed drive (ASD). It shows that a high potential voltage insulation issue may exist on various components inside the ASD and cause earlier failures. A simplified system model to describe this phenomenon is described, and the voltage stresses of different components inside the ASD under different grounded conditions are analyzed. It is concluded that a much higher voltage stress may exist in different locations of the drive under different grounding systems. Appropriately designing the insulation components is critical to protect the drive.
Comportment, not cognition: Contributions to a phenomenology of judgment

Current theoretical account of judgment has a difficult time saying anything positive about the experience of judging and, when they do offer positive accounts, they seem to overlook much that we know about the capacity already in our daily lives. Following the work of Martin Heidegger and Hubert Dreyfus, this article provides a phenomenological consideration of the structure of judging that considers judgment not as an intellectual act, but as a comportment. The article proceeds in two parts. The first offers a brief consideration of the assumptions of intellectualist accounts and shows why, ultimately, they may be unable to bring judging into focus. The second section offers a phenomenological account of judging. The argument of section two is that deliberate judgment (the subject of intellectualist accounts) is a continuation of the structure of judgment understood as comportment and, in turn, that intellectualist accounts come onto the scene too late.
Continuous fields of C*-algebras over finite dimensional spaces

Abstract Let X be a finite dimensional compact metrizable space. We study a technique which employs semiprojectivity as a tool to produce approximations of C ( X ) -algebras by C ( X ) -subalgebras with controlled complexity. The following applications are given. All unital separable continuous fields of C*-algebras over X with fibers isomorphic to a fixed Cuntz algebra O n , n ∈ { 2 , 3 , … , ∞ } , are locally trivial. They are trivial if n = 2 or n = ∞ . For n ⩾ 3 finite, such a field is trivial if and only if ( n − 1 ) [ 1 A ] = 0 in K 0 ( A ) , where A is the C*-algebra of continuous sections of the field. We give a complete list of the Kirchberg algebras D satisfying the UCT and having finitely generated K-theory groups for which every unital separable continuous field over X with fibers isomorphic to D is automatically locally trivial or trivial. In a more general context, we show that a separable unital continuous field over X with fibers isomorphic to a KK-semiprojective Kirchberg C*-algebra is trivial if and only if it satisfies a K-theoretical Fell type condition.
Considerations on the insularity of performance evaluation

It is argued that systems performance evaluation, in the first 20 years of its existence, has developed in substantial isolation from such disciplines as computer architecture, system organization, operating systems, and software engineering. The possible causes for this phenomenon, which seems to be unique in the history of engineering, are explored. Its positive and negative effects on computer science and technology, as well as on performance evaluation itself, are discussed. The drawbacks of isolated development outweigh its advantages. Thus, instructional and research initiatives to foster the rapid integration of the performance evaluation viewpoint into the mainstream of computer science and engineering are proposed.
Valve-Sparing Options in Tetralogy of Fallot Surgery

Given late outcomes of patients with tetralogy of Fallot repaired in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as a better understanding of the late deleterious effects of pulmonary regurgitation, there is a tendency toward preservation of the pulmonary valve function during primary repair of tetralogy of Fallot. The bar keeps moving downward, to include smaller and more dysmorphic pulmonary valves. This article reviews some useful indications and techniques for valve-sparing options, including intraoperative balloon dilation and cusp reconstruction using a patch. Just like other valve repair techniques, no one technique can be applied uniformly, and surgeons must master a wide armamentarium of techniques.
Cyber Security without Cyber War

Which government agency should have primary responsibility for the Internet? The USA seems to have decided this question in favour of the military—the US military today has the largest concentration of expertise and legal authority with respect to cyberspace. Those in the legal community who support this develop- ment are divided as to the appropriate legal rules to guide the military in its oversight of the Internet. Specialists on the international law on the use of force argue that with analogy and interpretation, current international law can be applied in a way that allows great freedom without sending the message that the USA is acting lawlessly when it comes to the Internet. Others reject this argument as unnecessary and potentially too restrictive. The USA need not ob- serve international law rules, especially not with respect to the Internet. The way forward is to follow the Cold War strategy of threatening enemies with over- whelming force and preparing to act on these threats. This article also questions the application of international law on the use of force to the Internet. Rather than rejecting international law in general, however, the thesis here is that inter- national law rules governing economic activity and communications are the rele- vant ones for activity on the Internet. Moving away from military analogy in general and Cold War deterrence in particular, will result in the identification and application of rules with a far better chance of keeping the Internet open and safer for all.
Disappearance of entanglement: a topological point of view

We give a topological classification of the evolution of entanglement, particularly the different ways the entanglement can disappear as a function of time. Four categories exhaust all possibilities given the initial quantum state is entangled and the final one is not. Exponential decay of entanglement, entanglement sudden death and sudden birth can all be understood and visualized in the associated geometrical picture - the polarization vector representation. The entanglement evolution categories of any model are determined by the topology of the state space and the dynamical subspace, the limiting state and the memory effect of the environment. Transitions between these types of behaviors as a function of physical parameters are also possible. These transitions are thus of topological nature. The symmetry of the system is also important, since it determines the dimension of the dynamical subspace. We illustrate the general concepts with a visualizable model for two qubits, and give results for extensions to N-qubit GHZ states and W states.
An Experimental and Computational Study of a Swirl-Stabilized Premixed Flame

An unconfined strongly swirled flow is investigated for different Reynolds numbers using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and large eddy simulation (LES) with a thickened-flame (TF) model. Both reacting and nonreacting flow results are presented. In the LES-TF approach, the flame front is resolved on the computational grid through artificial thickening and the individual species transport equations are directly solved with the reaction rates specified using Arrhenius chemistry. Good agreement is found when comparing predictions with the experimental data. Also the predicted root mean square (rms) fluctuations exhibit a double-peak profile with one peak in the burnt and the other in the unburnt region. The measured and predicted heat release distributions are in qualitative agreement with each other and exhibit the highest values along the inner edge of the shear layer. The precessing vortex core (PVC) is clearly observed in both the nonreacting and reacting cases. However, it appears more axially elongated for the reacting cases and the oscillations in the PVC are damped with reactions.
Conservation of biodiversity and economic development: The concept of transferable development rights

There is a tendency in the developed countries to view tropical biodiversity as a global resource, and the host country as both a beneficiary and a custodian of this resource on behalf of humanity. The implication of this view is that the host country has a responsibility (as well as self-interest) to conserve the biodiversity within its borders regardless of opportunity costs. This misconception derives in part from exaggeration of the biodiversity conservation benefits to the host country, and in part from insufficient appreciation of the opportunity costs in terms of forgone development benefits in the complex ecology of the tropics and the resource-based developing economy of the host country. The exaggeration of the conservation benefits to the host country arise from failure to recognise differences in technology, preferences, and discount rates at different levels of development.
The great newspaper caper: backlash in the digital age

Richard Cox responds to the attacks by Nicolson Baker against the library community. Deals with each of Baker’s main points: that a lie was foisted on the public about the care of newspapers, the insidious destruction of original newspapers, the resultant loss of trust by the public in libraries and archives and a set of wrong priorities leading to the misguided microfilming and destruction of newspapers.
Impact of dissolved organic matter on colloid transport in the vadose zone: Deterministic approximation of transport deposition coefficients from polymeric coating characteristics

Abstract Although numerous studies have been conducted to discern colloid transport and stability processes, the mechanistic understanding of how dissolved organic matter (DOM) affects colloid fate in unsaturated soils (i.e., the vadose zone) remains unclear. This study aims to bridge the gap between the physicochemical responses of colloid complexes and porous media interfaces to solution chemistry, and the effect these changes have on colloid transport and fate. Measurements of adsorbed layer thickness, density, and charge of DOM-colloid complexes and transport experiments with tandem internal process visualization were conducted for key constituents of DOM, humic (HA) and fulvic acids (FA), at acidic, neutral and basic pH and two CaCl 2 concentrations. Polymeric characteristics reveal that, of the two tested DOM constituents, only HA electrosterically stabilizes colloids. This stabilization is highly dependent on solution pH which controls DOM polymer adsorption affinity, and on the presence of Ca +2 which promotes charge neutralization and inter-particle bridging. Transport experiments indicate that HA improved colloid transport significantly, while FA only marginally affected transport despite having a large effect on particle charge. A transport model with deposition and pore-exclusion parameters fit experimental breakthrough curves well. Trends in deposition coefficients are correlated to the changes in colloid surface potential for bare colloids, but must include adsorbed layer thickness and density for sterically stabilized colloids. Additionally, internal process observations with bright field microscopy reveal that, under optimal conditions for retention, experiments with FA or no DOM promoted colloid retention at solid-water interfaces, while experiments with HA enhanced colloid retention at air-water interfaces, presumably due to partitioning of HA at the air-water interface and/or increased hydrophobic characteristics of HA-colloid complexes.
A surface chemistry approach to studying cell adhesion

Model substrates that present peptide and carbohydrate ligands are becoming important mechanistic tools in cell biology. This review surveys the development of self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold as a model substrate for studies of cell adhesion. The review begins with a background that illustrates the opportunity for using tailored substrates in biology and then addresses the characteristics that make monolayers well-suited for these studies. The review concludes with a discussion of recent work that is developing dynamic substrates wherein the activity of immobilized ligands can be modulated in real time.
Summary of the interaction of a rotor wake with a circular cylinder

To compute the aerodynamics of a rotorcraft in low-speed flight, the interaction of the strong vortices in the rotor wake with the airframe must be modeled. Using a hemisphere-cylinder airframe and a two-bladed rotor for reference, the various phenomena encountered during such interactions are summarized, combining previous results on various configurations with recent experimental results. Differences between the interaction at the front and aft portions of the wake are discussed. The precollision phase conforms to expectations from potential flow, and includes distortion of the vortex trajectory determined by the sense of rotation of the vortex. The collision phase involves complex boundary-layer interactions. The axial velocity in the vortex core causes substantial asymmetry and influences the surface pressure distribution on the airframe side under the advancing rotor blade, where the axial flow stagnates. The postinteraction vortex is much weaker, but still contains some swirl energy. Where flow separation occurs due to airframe shapes, the interaction is not modified significantly, because the vortex dominates the interaction with separated shear layers for parameter values of practical interest. Areas of remaining uncertainty are discussed.
Functional inversion for potentials in quantum mechanics

Abstract Let E=F(v) be the ground-state eigenvalue of the Schrodinger Hamiltonian H=−Δ+vf(x), where the potential shape f(x) is symmetric and monotone increasing for x>0, and the coupling parameter v is positive. If the kinetic potential f (s) associated with f(x) is defined by the transformation f (s)=F′(v), s=F(v)−vF′(v) , then f can be reconstructed from F by the sequence f [n+1] = f ∘ f [n] −1 ∘f [n] . Convergence is proved for special classes of potential shape; for other test cases it is demonstrated numerically. The seed potential shape f[0] need not be `close' to the limit f.