cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimum Mass Design with Torsional Frequency and Thickness Constraints

ABSTRACT Pontryagin's principle of optimal control theory is used to derive necessary conditions for minimum mass design of a thin-walled cylinder subject to upper and lower bounds on wall thickness and to the prescription of one or more natural frequencies of torsional vibration. The solutions found for a single prescribed frequency include discontinuous thickness distributions. They generalize those of Weisshaar for lower bounds on section size and fill in the full frequency range between limits of the type found by Grinev and Filippov for abnormal problems. Multifrequency solutions are also presented, and sufficiency and uniqueness of solutions are discussed.
A Syndrome of Multiple Immune Autoreactivity: A Breakdown in Immune Regulation

• The clinical findings of pemphigus vulgaris, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome were found in a patient displaying immunological abnormalities found in pemphigus vulgaris, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Some of the antigen-antibody systems detected in this case were further identified. Our patient may be an example of severe failure in immune regulation. (Arch Dermatol116:77-79, 1980)
Gonococcal peritonitis before puberty

Abstract The local manifestations of gonorrhea as due to infection by a specific organism has been recognized since 1879. But the clinical picture of peritonitis as due to invasion of the peritoneal cavity by the gonococcus was not proved by culture of the organism until 1895. Gonococcal peritonitis in young girls before puberty is rare. The earliest cases reported were diagnosed on the basis of the clinical picture of peritonitis, with an associated vulvovaginitis. Later cases were reported in which the organism was recovered directly from the peritoneal cavity by smears, and cultures in ascitic fluid. Of the 51 cases collected from the literature by Vest, only 10 were completely proved. The clinical picture is of an acute peritonitis associated with a purulent vulvovaginitis from which the gonococcus can be recovered. The general mortality rate of gonorrheal peritonitis before puberty is 31 per cent. Of the cases in the literature the mortality without operation was 30.5 per cent and with operation 33 per cent, so exploratory laparotomy did not seem to affect the mortality rate appreciably. “If any doubt as to the diagnosis exists, the risk of exploration is far less than the danger of failing to recognize acute appendicitis.” On this basis many cases, including the author's, have been operated upon. This report brings the number of cases in the literature of gonorrheal peritonitis before puberty to 54.
Subunit conformation and catalytic function in rabbit-muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract This paper describes the functional properties of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase which has been chemically modified at the active site. Using the fact that in the tetrameric enzyme only two of the four presumably equivalent thiol groups are readily acylated by substrate, a diacylated dicarboxymethylated enzyme was prepared by reaction of acyl-enzyme with iodoacetate. The acyl groups were then catalytically completely removed. The resulting carboxymethyl-enzyme is presumably a single homogeneous species, potentially distinguishable from carboxymethyl-enzyme prepared by limited alkylation of native (non-acylated) enzyme. However, the specific enzymic activity and number of acylatable active sites were independent of the method of preparation of carboxymethyl-enzyme. Two acyl groups could be removed from diacyl-dicarboxymethyl-enzyme but only one could be re-introduced. These and other properties of the enzyme are explainable in terms of an intramolecular subunit rearrangement within the tetrameric molecule. It is concluded that those models which assume that the unmodified enzyme contains four equivalent sites are inconsistent with the acylation and alkylation results.
QUADRATIC JORDAN SUPERALGEBRAS

This paper examines Kevin McCrimmon's proposed definition for a quadratic Jordan superalgebra meaningful over an arbitrary ring of scalars. Efim Zel'manov has proposed two conditions that such a definition should satisfy: first, all the simple, finite-dimensional, linear Jordan superalgebras of characteristic 0 in Kac' classification should have simple, quadratic Jordan superalgebra analogs, and second, these should be essentially all the simple, finite-dimensional, quadratic Jordan superalgebras of characteristic 0. Here we verify the first condition. Specifically we study the quadratic superalgebra analogues of full linear superalgebras, Hermitian superalgebras, Kaplansky's superalgebras, Kac's split 10-dimensional superalgebra, and superalgebras of quadratic forms with base point.
Seed fibre colour in gossypium and its possible significance in the evolution of domesticated cottons

Two genetic systems control the pigmentation of seed fibres inGossypium. In the New World amphidiploid cottons, and probably too in many of the wild diploid species, the green colour is controlled by members of a series that includes a minimum of three alleles: Open image in new window (green lint), Open image in new window (green fuzz), Open image in new window (white). Open image in new window is only known as a mutant in Upland cottons, while Open image in new window (or a similar allele) is probably common to wild and primitive cultivars ofG. hirsutum andG. barbadens G. tomentosum, G. mustelinum, and several wild diploid species. The recessive, Open image in new window , has not been found in any wild form ofGossypium.
Multiple soliton solutions for a (2 + 1)-dimensional integrable KdV6 equation

Abstract In this work, a completely integrable (2 + 1)-dimensional KdV6 equation is investigated. The Cole-Hopf transformation method combined with the Hirota’s bilinear sense are used to determine two sets of solutions for this equation. Multiple soliton solutions are formally derived to emphasize its complete integrability. Moreover, multiple singular soliton solutions are also developed for this equation. The resonance relation for this equation does not exist.
Self-neutralizing in situ acid catalysis for single-pot synthesis of iodobenzene and methyl yellow in CO2-expanded methanol

Despite widespread use, homogeneous acid catalysis has the drawback of requiring downstream neutralization, resulting in salt waste. Methylcarbonic acid is a self-neutralizing acid that forms in situ in methanol/CO2 systems at mild pressures (10−47 bar) and then decomposes by depressurization. In the work presented here, methylcarbonic acid catalyzes the diazotization of aniline, which is either coupled with N,N-dimethyl aniline to form methyl yellow or reacted with iodide to form iodobenzene. The syntheses of methyl yellow and iodobenzene represent a class of industrially important reactions.
Cholangiocarcinoma: expanding the spectrum of risk factors.

Introduction Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an epithelial cancer originating from the bile ducts with features of cholangiocyte differentiation. The global incidence of this rare disease is on the rise, and it is the second most common primary hepatobiliary malignancy. We reviewed risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma development and also described potential screening strategies for this malignancy. We also report two cases in which CCA developed in patients without previously determined risk factors known for CCA.
Linking extinction-colonization dynamics to genetic structure in a salamander metapopulation.

Theory predicts that founder effects have a primary role in determining metapopulation genetic structure. However, ecological factors that affect extinction-colonization dynamics may also create spatial variation in the strength of genetic drift and migration. We tested the hypothesis that ecological factors underlying extinction-colonization dynamics influenced the genetic structure of a tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) metapopulation. We used empirical data on metapopulation dynamics to make ap rioripredictions about the effects of population age and ecological factors on genetic diversity and divergence among 41 populations. Metapopulation dynamics of A. tigrinum depended on wetland area, connectivity and presence of predatory fish. We found that newly colonized populations were more genetically differentiated than established populations, suggesting that founder effects influenced genetic structure. However, ecological drivers of metapopulation dynamics were more important than age in predicting genetic structure. Consist- ent with demographic predictions from metapopulation theory, genetic diversity and divergence depended on wetland area and connectivity. Divergence was greatest in small, isolated wetlands where genetic diversity was low. Our results show that ecological factors underlying metapopulation dynamics can be key determi- nants of spatial genetic structure, and that habitat area and isolation may mediate the contributions of drift and migration to divergence and evolution in local populations.
Fatty acid composition and dynamics of selected fungal-feeding nematodes and fungi

Fatty acid profiles of fungal-feeding nematodes, Aphelenchus avenae and Aphelenchoides composticola, and selected fungi were determined in microcosm cultures of agar, broth, or sand amended with organic matter. Fatty acids of A. avenae and A. composticola included 16:0 18:0, 18:1ω7, 18:1ω9, 18:2, 20:0, 20:1, 20:2, 20:3 and 20:4 phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and neutral lipid fatty acids (NLFAs). The nematodes differed in relative amounts of saturated and C18 fatty acids. Similar C16 and C18 PLFAs and whole-cell fatty acids were found in Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Trichoderma sp. with 18:2ω6 as the major component. The C20 fatty acids were not found in these fungi. Although only present in the nematodes, C20 PLFAs were only detected when nematode population levels were ≥22 per gram of sand, suggesting that there is a detection threshold that might limit their use as biomarkers in the soil community. After removal of nematodes from a food source, the relative amount of C20 PLFAs (structural components of nematode cell membranes) decreased more slowly than the C16 and C18 PLFAs, which may have reflected ingested fungal cytoplasm in the nematode intestine. In the early stage of organic matter decomposition, total and fungal PLFAs were lower in the presence of A. composticola then in its absence at C:N ratios ≥30:1.
An interactive dynamic model for integrating knowledge management methods and knowledge sharing technology in a traditional classroom

This paper reports an interactive dynamic model using Continuous Knowledge Management methods and Knowledge Sharing technology to integrate the acquisition of skills and relevant information (knowledge level) into diverse, individualized, concurrent learning processes in a traditional classroom setting. As opposed to a passive introduction of technology to facilitate the traditional learning processes a Web based active learning and continuous evaluation process was created which integrates objective scientific knowledge relating to course content, subjective knowledge obtained through personal interactions and empirical knowledge collected during the learning process. Knowledge Management, an emerging area of Artificial Intelligence, encompasses identifying, mapping, and managing intellectual assets to generate new knowledge for competitive advantage and for sharing of technology. The Web-based model of knowledge management discussed here allows a diverse group of learners to progressively interact and participate in the learning process, providing non-threatening self-evaluation and just-in-time individualized feedback to the learners and efficient tracking and supervision tools to the instructor. CS1003, a required general education class provides an ideal application of this model as the course draws from a diverse body of students ranging from history to math majors and from freshmen to seniors. The instructional design of this course using the interactive dynamics of Knowledge Management includes (i) provision of course archives and relevant static information as a passive repository, (ii) Web Discussion Forums, electronic chats and email communication for active learning and continuous interaction, (iii) an intelligent self-evaluation and grade reporting system for non-threatening self-testing and what-if analysis of performance, and (iv) a dynamic student feedback system including individualized supervision and anonymous feedback. Application of this instructional process enhanced the goals of the course from mere computer literacy to what the 1999 NRC Report calls Fluency in Information Technology (FIT). Three kinds of knowledge requirements are identified for FIT: (1) Contemporary skills, (2) Foundational concepts, and (3) Intellectual capabilities. This model is broadly applicable to extend the benefits of traditional classroom instruction to focus diverse intellectual abilities and interests in a collaborative learning process. Formal and informal evaluation support this claim, demonstrating that the transition from purely traditional teaching to a high degree of technology fluency can be painless, efficient and effective in preparing the students for a technology intensive information age.
BDD Based Decomposition of Logic Functions with Application to FPGA Synthesis

This paper presents a theory for (disjunctive and nondisjunctive) function decomposition using the BDD representation of Boolean functions. Incompletely specified as well as multi-output Boolean functions are addressed as part of the general theory. A novel algorithm (based on an EVBDD representation) for generating the set of all bound variables that make the function decomposable is also presented. We compared our BDD-based decomposition procedure with existing implementations of the Roth-Karp procedure and obtained significant speed-ups.
Vicinity ray tracing: an alternative to dynamic ray tracing

SUMMARY A method for computing seismic wavefields in a high-frequency approximation is proposed based on the integration of the kinematic ray tracing equations and a new set of differential equations for the dynamic properties of the wavefront, which we call the vicinity ray tracing (VRT) equations. These equations are directly obtained from the Hamiltonian in ray centred coordinates, using no paraxial approximations. This system is comparable to the standard dynamic ray tracing (DRT) system, but it is specified by fewer equations (four versus eight in 3-D) and only requires the specification of velocity and its first spatial derivative along a ray. The VRT equations describe the trajectory of a ray in the ray centred coordinates of a reference ray. Quantities obtained from vicinity ray tracing can be used to determine wavefront curvature, geometric spreading, traveltime to a receiver near the reference ray, and the KMAH index of the reference ray with greater numerical precision than is possible by differencing kinematically traced rays. Since second spatial derivatives of velocity are not required by the new technique, parametrization of the medium is simplified, and reflection and transmission of beams can be calculated by applying Snell's law to both vicinity rays and central rays. Conversion relations between VRT and DRT can be used to determine the paraxial vicinity of DRT, in which the errors of the paraxial approximations of DRT remain small. In either DRT or VRT, the width of Gaussian beams can be physically defined from the width of the Fresnel volume surrounding the central ray. Because no paraxial approximations are made, the superposition of the Gaussian beams defined from vicinity rays should exhibit a much slower breakdown in accuracy as the scale length of the medium given by ν/Δν/ approaches the beamwidth.
Security and source code access: issues and realities

This paper addresses some of the benefits and drawbacks for security of open access to source code. After a discussion of alternative models for open access to source code, the paper reviews the positive and negative implications of each for system security. The paper concludes that source code review can have real benefits for security, but that those benefits are not realized automatically, and that some source code access models introduce significant drawbacks.
Cellulose structure and biosynthesis: What is in store for the 21st century?

This article briefly summarizes historical developments in fundamental research related to the structure and biosynthesis of cellulose. Major advances concerning the structure of cellulose include the discovery of a new suballomorph of cellulose I, the lattice imaging of glucan chains showing no fringe micelle structure, parallel chain orientation in cellulose I, and the discovery of nematic ordered cellulose. Major advances in biosynthesis include the discovery of the terminal synthesizing complex, the isolation and purification of cellulose synthase, the in vitro synthesis of cellulose I, and synthetic cellulose assembly. This article focuses on recent advances in molecular biology with cellulose, including the cloning and sequencing of cellulose synthase genes from bacteria, cyanobacteria, and vascular plants; proof of the terminal synthesizing complex as the site of the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase; cellulose and callose synthase expression during growth and development; and phylogenetic aspects of cellulose synthase evolution. This article concludes with thoughts about future uses for the accumulating genetic information on cellulose biosynthesis for textiles and forest products and discusses possibilities of new global resources for cellulose production. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 487–495, 2004
Advancing the discussion about systematic classroom behavioral observation, a product review of Tenny, J. (2010). eCOVE observation software. Pacific City, OR: eCOVE Software, LLC.

Applied child psychologists and behavioral consultants often use systematic behavioral observations to inform the psychological assessment and intervention development process for children referred...
Early adoption of buprenorphine in substance abuse treatment centers: Data from the private and public sectors

The recent approval of buprenorphine for the treatment of opiate dependence offers an opportunity to analyze innovation adoption in community-based treatment. Using data collected from national samples of 299 privately funded and 277 publicly funded treatment centers, this research examines buprenorphine adoption using baseline data collected between 2002 and 2004 as well as follow-up data collected 12 months later. Private centers were significantly more likely than public centers to report current use of buprenorphine. The baseline data indicated that early adoption was positively associated with center accreditation, physician services, availability of detoxification services, current use of naltrexone, and the percentage of opiate-dependent clients. Multivariate analyses of follow-up data suggest that adoption was greater in accredited centers, for-profit facilities, organizations offering detoxification services, and naltrexone-using centers. Future research should continue to monitor the extent to which buprenorphine is adopted in these settings.
Supervised learning process of multi-layer perceptron neural networks using fast least squares

A new approach for the learning process of multilayer perceptron neural networks using a recursive-least-squares-(RLS) type algorithm is proposed. The weights in the network are updated recursively upon the arrival of a new training sample. To determine the desired target in the hidden layers an analog of the back-propagation strategy used in the conventional learning algorithms is developed. This permits the application of the learning procedure to all the other lower layers. Simulation results on the 4-b parity checker problem are provided. >
Visualization of wormholes in sensor networks

Several protocols have been proposed to defend against wormholes in ad hoc networks by adopting positioning devices, synchronized clocks, or directional antennas. In this paper, we propose a mechanism, MDS-VOW, to detect wormholes in a sensor network. MDS-VOW first reconstructs the layout of the sensors using multi-dimensional scaling. To compensate the distortions caused by distance measurement errors, a surface smoothing scheme is adopted. MDS-VOW then detects the wormhole by visualizing the anomalies introduced by the attack. The anomalies, which are caused by the fake connections through the wormhole, bend the reconstructed surface to pull the sensors that are faraway to each other. Through detecting the bending feature, the wormhole is located and the fake connections are identified. The contributions of MDS-VOW are: (1) it does not require the sensors to be equipped with special hardware, (2) it adopts and combines the techniques from social science, computer graphics, and scientific visualization to attack the problem in network security. We examine the accuracy of the proposed mechanism when the sensors are deployed in a circle area and one wormhole exists in the network. The results show that MDS-VOW has a low false alarm ratio when the distance measurement errors are not large.
Efficient private proximity testing with GSM location sketches

A protocol for private proximity testing allows two mobile users communicating through an untrusted third party to test whether they are in close physical proximity without revealing any additional information about their locations. At NDSS 2011, Narayanan and others introduced the use of unpredictable sets of “location tags” to secure these schemes against attacks based on guessing another user’s location. Due to the need to perform privacy-preserving threshold set intersection, their scheme was not very efficient. We provably reduce threshold set intersection on location tags to equality testing using a de-duplication technique known as shingling. Due to the simplicity of private equality testing, our resulting scheme for location tag-based private proximity testing is several orders of magnitude more efficient than previous solutions. We also explore GSM cellular networks as a new source of location tags, and demonstrate empirically that our proposed location tag scheme has strong unpredictability and reproducibility.
Different haemodynamic patterns in head-up tilt test on 400 paediatric cases with unexplained syncope.

Objective To assess haemodynamic patterns in head-up tilt testing on 400 paediatric cases with unexplained syncope. Methods Medical records of 520 children who underwent head-up tilt testing in the preceding year were retrospectively evaluated, and 400 children, 264 (66%) girls and 136 (34%) boys, aged 12.6±2.6 years (median 13; range 5-18), with unexplained syncope were enrolled in the study. Age, sex, baseline heart rate, baseline blood pressure, frequency of symptoms, and/or fainting attacks were recorded. The test protocol consisted of 25 minutes of supine resting followed by 20 minutes of 70° upright positioning. Subjects were divided into nine groups according to their differing haemodynamic patterns. Results There were no statistically significant differences between the groups with regard to age, gender, baseline blood pressure, and frequency of syncope (p>0.05). The response was compatible with orthostatic intolerance in 28 cases (7.0%), postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in 24 cases (6.0%), asymptomatic postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in 26 cases (6.5%), orthostatic hypotension in seven cases (1.7%), vasovagal syncope in 38 cases (9.5%), and negative in 274 cases (69.2%). Vasovagal syncope response patterns were of type 3 in nine cases (2.2%), type 2A in 10 cases (2.5%), type 2B in two cases (0.5%), and type 1 (mixed) in 17 cases (4.25%). Conclusions In the 400 paediatric cases with unexplained syncope, nine different haemodynamic response patterns to head-up tilt testing were discerned. Children with orthostatic intolerance syndromes are increasingly referred to hospitals because of difficulty in daily activities. Therefore, there is need for further clinical trials in these patient groups.
Vanishing Str M2 in the presence of anomalous UA(1)

Abstract We show that the presence of an anomalous U A (1) factor in the gauge group of string-derived models may have the new and important phenomenological consequence of allowing the vanishing of Str M 2 in the “shifted” vacuum that results in the process of cancelling the anomalous U A (1). The feasibility of this effect seems to be enhanced by a vanishing vacuum energy, and by a “small” value of Str M 2 in the original vacuum. In the class of free-fermionic models with vanishing vacuum energy that we focus on, a necessary condition for this mechanism to be effective is that Str M 2 > 0 in the original vacuum. A vanishing Str M 2 ameliorates the cosmological constant problem and is a necessary element in the stability of the no-scale mechanism.
Very high speed micromachining of electrical materials

The advent of micro electro mechanical systems has created a demand for high precision functional products at the microscale. Machining processes must be scaled down accordingly. This paper explains the mechanics of micromachining and how it can be applied to machining electrical engineering materials.
Flow-Metabolism Mismatch and Severe Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

A69-year-old man presented to his local physician with progressive dyspnea on exertion and a chest radiograph showing pulmonary edema. He denied any anginal symptoms, but on coronary angiography, he had severe obstructive coronary artery disease involving all 3 major arteries. The left ventricular ejection fraction by multigated angiogram (MUGA) was 22%, with global hypokinesis. A subsequent PET scan showed a large “flow-metabolism” mismatch involving the anterior and …
Performing on Cue? The Formation of Public Opinion Toward War

The public’s inability to gain direct personal experience or information about American military operations means that individuals must rely on cues to form opinions about war. But in an environment filled will potential cues, which ones do Americans tend to rely on when deciding whether to support an ongoing military operation? This experimental study uses two distinct cues within the context of a newspaper story about the Iraq War to test four theoretical models of the American public’s reliance on cues. The results provide fairly consistent support for the “surprising events” model of opinion formation, which suggests that individuals will attend to news events that conflict with their expectations in an effort to update their attitudes toward the war. These results also provide support for the cost/benefit perspective on the formation of public opinion toward war that underpins much of the literature on casualty tolerance during military conflicts.
On a subgroup of order 215 ¦GL (5,2) ¦in E8 (C), the Dempwolff group and aut (D8 o D8 o D8)

Abstract We analyze a subgroup constructed by Thompson inside E 8 (fx271-2) and give a new proof that it has a subgroup D which is a nonsplit extension of GL (5, 2) by F 2 5 . We also obtain a proof that Auf( D 8 o D 8 o D 8 )′ splits over Inn( D 8 o D 8 o D 8 ), which corrects an earlier claim of the author.
Differentiation for aggregation in the cellular slime moulds: the emergence of autonomously signalling cells in Dictyostelium discoideum

The results of experiments on small populations of Dictyostelium discoideum, directed towards the measurement of the development in time of the competence of the cells to signal autonomously, are reported. This competence is quantified by X3, the intrinsic probability that a given cell may turn autonomous. The data show an early exponential growth in time of X3, followed by saturation. The saturation value depends on the population size suggesting that the differentiation is a co-operative phenomenon. The differentiation of autonomous cells starts roughly 7 h after the removal of food and saturates within 21 h.
MONITORING BOTTOM SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS IN SHALLOW COASTAL WATERS

Shallow coastal waters, especially bays and estuaries, are often characterized by high turbidity generated by the resuspension of bottom sediments. Here, we define sediment as comprising both organic and inorganic materials. Bottom sediment resuspension may be caused by natural (e.g., wind or tides) or human-induced (e.g., dredging) events. The corresponding high concentration of total suspended matter (TSM) directly influences water quality, benthic (Miller and Cruise, 1995; Morton, 1996; Pilskaln et al., 1998) and phytoplankton productivity (Cloern, 1987; Wienieski, 1993; Millie et al., 2003; May et al., 2003; Schallenberg and Burns, 2004), and the redistribution and transport of pollutants and materials (Olsen et al., 1982; Simpson et al., 1998). As a result, there is considerable interest from a broad range of investigators in determining the occurrence and intensity of bottom resuspension events as well as monitoring the transport and fate of suspended sediments and associated materials. The use of remote sensing technology to map suspended sediment concentration is well documented. Numerous investigators have established an empirical relationship between reflected solar radiance measured by airborne and satellite-based instruments with suspended sediments in a wide range of inland and coastal waters. For example, Miller and Cruise (1995) described the use of the Calibrated Airborne Multispectral Scanner (CAMS) to determine regional scale effects of suspended sediments on coral growth in Mayaguez Bay, PR USA; Carder et al. (1993) provide evidence that the Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) could be used to measure water quality parameters including suspended sediments in Tampa Bay, FL USA; and high resolution (1.3 m) Compact Airborne Spectrophotographic Imager (CASI) images were used to map suspended sediment concentrations correlated to construction activities of the Oresund Link, a tunnel and bridge connecting Denmark and Sweden. Similar examples exist for the use of satellite-based instruments. Numerous investigators have successfully mapped suspended sediments in a wide range of coastal waters using the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHHR) (Stumpf, 1987; Stumpf and Pennock, 1998; Froidefond et al., 1993, Yan and Jing, 2000), the LandSat Thematic Mapper (TM) (Mertes, 1993; Tassan, 1993; Bilge et al., 2004) and 259
Fluorinated Compounds as Chemical Reagents

Several fluorinated compounds react only transiently with organic substrates and do not participate in forming the final products. One of the most useful reagents of this kind is trifluoroacetic anhydride. It is commonly used for esterifications of alcohols that are too acidic or of sterically hindered acids. It converts organic acids to mixed anhydrides which are readily cleaved to an acyl carbonium and a trifluoroacetate ion [603,604].
New Araripesuchus Remains from the Early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) of Patagonia

Abstract Two new crocodyliform specimens found in a recently discovered locality from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina) are described herein. One of them comprises an almost complete skull found in articulation with the lower jaws, while the other consists of the anterior region of the lower jaws and fragmentary remains of the palate. These two specimens differ in the morphology of their lower jaws (e.g., height of mandibular symphysis, pattern of ornamentation on ventral surface of mandibular ramus, concavity of medial surface of splenials, shape of splenial-dentary suture on ventral surface of mandibular symphysis) and probably belong to different taxa. The more complete specimen is considered to be a new taxon, Araripesuchus buitreraensis, diagnosed by the combination of the following characters (autapomorphic characters are indicated with an asterisk): long and acute anterior process of frontals extending anteriorly between the nasals; frontals extending into supratemporal fenestra; narrow ...
A limitation in the use of office records for health care evaluation.

A potential limitation of physician office records for ambulatory health care evaluation is their completeness. Criteria used to evaluate care of a specific problem not only should be of major importance in its diagnosis and treatment but should also be likely to be recorded in the physician9s records. It is possible that a physician may not record certain kinds of observations and actions even though he performs them. Further, whether or not the physician enters information in his record may not be related to his opinion about its importance for patient care. The specific questions asked in this study were whether practices deemed desirable by practitioners for diagnosis and management of sore throat of possible streptococcal origin were actually performed and, if so, whether the performance was recorded.
Roots as a site of hydrogen sulfide uptake in the hydrocarbon seep vestimentiferan Lamellibrachia sp.

Vestimentiferan tubeworms have no mouth or gut, and the majority of their nutritional requirements are provided by endosymbiotic bacteria that utilize hydrogen sulfide oxidation to fix CO(2) into organic molecules. It has been assumed that all vestimentiferans obtain the sulfide, O(2) and CO(2) needed by the bacteria across the plume (gill) surface, but some live in locations where very little sulfide is available in the sea water surrounding the plume. We propose that at least some of these vestimentiferans can grow a posterior extension of their body and tube down into the sea-floor sediment, and that they can use this extension, which we call the ‘root’, to take up sulfide directly from the interstitial water. In this study of the vestimentiferan Lamellibrachia sp., found at hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico at depths of approximately 700 m, we measured seawater and interstitial sulfide concentrations in the hydrocarbon seep habitat, determined the structural characteristics of the root tube using transmission electron microscopy, characterized the biochemical composition of the tube wall, and measured the sulfide permeability of the root tube. We found that, while the sulfide concentration is less than 1 (μ)mol l(−)(1) in the sea water surrounding the gills, it can be over 1.5 mmol l(−)(1) at a depth of 10–25 cm in sediment beneath tubeworm bushes. The root tube is composed primarily of giant (β)-chitin crystallites (12–30 % of total mass) embedded in a protein matrix (50 % of total mass). Root tubes have a mean diameter of 1.4 mm, a mean wall thickness of 70 (μ)m and can be over 20 cm long. The tubeworm itself typically extends its body to the distal tip of the root tube. The root tube wall was quite permeable to sulfide, having a permeability coefficient at 20 degrees C of 0. 41×10(−)(3)cm s(−)(1), with root tube being 2.5 times more permeable to sulfide than trunk tube of the same diameter. The characteristics of the root suggest that it reaches down to the higher sulfide levels present in the deeper sediment and that it functions to increase the surface area available for sulfide uptake in a manner analogous to a respiratory organ.
Policy-Based Financial Planning as Decision Architecture

Since the 1970s, psychologists and economists have discussed the heuristics that typify people’s “automatic system” of thinking, including the cognitive biases that can arise from these mental shortcuts. In more recent years, researchers in behavioral finance have also proposed ways to harness heuristics and biases in order to “nudge” individuals in the direction of better decision-making. Financial planners must often work to overcome the heuristics and cognitive biases that can lead clients to make poor financial decisions or fail to act on good ones. Policy-based financial planning, first proposed by Hallman and Rosenbloom (1975) and later developed by Yeske and Buie (2006), involves the formulation of compact decision rules that can support rapid decision-making in the face of changing external conditions. Policy-based financial planning can also be conceptualized as a form of “choice-architecture” as proposed by Thaler and Sunstein (2008). A six-step process for developing financial planning policies is offered, along with several examples of policies covering different areas of financial planning. A set of safe-withdrawal policies is also analyzed in terms of the elements of good choice architecture.
Visual backward masking and the area-detection relation

Contrary to expectations based on the well-documented positive relation between target area and detectability, half-black and half-white target disks were considerably more difficult to mask (easier to detect) with black rings than was a homogeneous black disk. The results, obtained by a forced-choice indicator response, can probably be attributed to the contour effects generated by the black-white disks. These findings indicate that the area-detection relation (and possibly other well-known psychophysical relations) may not generalize to masking situations.
Probing complex reflection coefficients in one-dimensional surface plasmon polariton waveguides and cavities using STEM EELS.

The resonant properties of a plasmonic cavity are determined by the size of the cavity, the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) dispersion relationship, and the complex reflection coefficients of the c...
Redox-controlled polymerization of lactide catalyzed by bis(imino)pyridine iron bis(alkoxide) complexes.

Bis(imino)pyridine iron bis(alkoxide) complexes have been synthesized and utilized in the polymerization of (rac)-lactide. The activities of the catalysts were particularly sensitive to the identity of the initiating alkoxide with more electron-donating alkoxides resulting in faster polymerization rates. The reaction displayed characteristics of a living polymerization with production of polymers that exhibited low molecular weight distributions, linear relationships between molecular weight and conversion, and polymer growth observed for up to fifteen sequential additions of lactide monomer to the polymerization reaction. Mechanistic experiments revealed that iron bis(aryloxide) catalysts initiate polymerization with one alkoxide ligand, while iron bis(alkylalkoxide) catalysts initiate polymerization with both alkoxide ligands. Oxidation of an iron(II) catalyst precursor lead to a cationic iron(III) bis-alkoxide complex that was completely inactive toward lactide polymerization. When redox reactions were...
Uncertainties in Prediction of Wind Turbine Blade Flutter.

The blades of a modern wind turbine are critical components central to capturing and transmitting most of the loads experienced by the system. Blades are complex structural items composed of many layers of fiber and resin composite material and typically, one or more shear webs. Simplification of the blade structure into equivalent beams is an important step prior to aeroelastic simulation of the turbine structure. There are a variety of approaches that can be used to reduce the three-dimensional continuum blade structure to a simpler beam representation: two-dimensional cross section analysis, extraction of equivalent properties from three-dimensional blade finite element models and variational asymptotical beam sectional analysis. This investigation provides insight into discrepancies observed in outputs from these three approaches for a real blade geometry. Wind turbine blades of the future will be longer and more flexible as weight is optimized. Innovative large blade designs may present challenges with respect to aeroelastic flutter instabilities. Sensitivity of computed flutter speed with respect to variations in computed beam properties is demonstrated at the end of this paper.
Eleventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health Research

This special issue of the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is dedicated to the publication of selected papers presented at the Eleventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health Research.[...]
The Ecology of Party–Organized Interest Relationships

The relationship between political parties and organized interests is critical to understanding democratic politics, yet few scholars have systematically studied this topic in recent decades. In the following essay, I review the American politics literature examining the interactions between parties and organized interests and assess the current state of our knowledge. I then argue that we should make more explicit and systematic use of the understanding of symbiotic relationships from the field of ecology, which is already either explicitly or implicitly used in many studies, to improve our understanding of interactions between parties and organized interests. By applying these ideas, we can better understand the formation and internal dynamics of symbiotic relationships between political parties and organized interests, as well as the larger questions of how party–organized interest interactions help to shape broader outcomes, which I discuss in the conclusion.
An Intelligent Sequential Operation Scheme Based on Script Language

Based on the script language of intelligent sequential operation,the solution scheme of smart substation sequential operation is proposed.The issues of intelligent recognition and mal-operation prevention when the bus is replaced or stopped are discussed.It introduces online check method of five-prevention system and solves errors prevention for sequential operation in smart substation.It also implements duality method of redundancy check for substation operation.The engineering application shows that the intelligent sequential operation scheme could improve the level of intelligent performance and reduce the risk of sequential mal-operation.
Focal extracellular potential: A means to monitor electrical activity in single cardiac myocytes

The focal extracellular potential (FEP) described in this study is an electrophysiological signal related to the transmembrane potential (V m) of cardiac myocytes that avoids the mechanical fragili...
Listening to patients and responding with care: a model for teaching communication skills.

Article-at-a-Glance Background Listening to patients and responding with care requires answering two simple but not so obvious questions: Does the clinician know how to listen? and Does the clinician know how to show patients that he or she cares? The initial task for the clinician is to learn to use listening skills to identify the way in which a patient is most comfortable interacting. Once this is accomplished, the clinician uses this information to move closer to where the patient is comfortable communicating. Model framework The framework for this model is the continuum of two intersecting axes. The horizontal axis poles are inquisitive and assertive . The vertical axis poles are objective and subjective . People who are most comfortable communicating in an inquisitive way and tend to be objective are called investigators . Those who are most comfortable communicating in an inquisitive way but are subjective in nature are called unifiers . People who are most comfortable communicating in an assertive way and favor subjectivity are called energizers . Those who are most comfortable communicating in an assertive way and tend to be objective are called enterprisers . Putting the model to work The progression of the typical medical interview, which involves gathering information, making decisions, addressing patient concerns, and discussing long-term outcomes, requires the clinician to communicate in all four communication modes. Learning to identify how he or she is most comfortable communicating may help the clinician make a smooth transition from one mode to another.
Iraq: International Religious Freedom and Women's Experiences on the Extremist Battlefield

From parts of Europe to Nigeria to Myanmar to Iraq, women and girls often experience religious freedom violations in ways that are similar to as well as distinct from male co-religionists. Still, while protecting international religious freedom and advancing women’s rights globally represent core US foreign policy objectives, respectively, their inter-relationship remains a generally under-explored area of inquiry meriting attention. This article glimpses that intersection in the Iraqi context, where freedom of religion or belief and women’s human rights are in peril.
Epidemiology and mapping of serious and fatal road traffic injuries in Guyana: results from a cross-sectional study.

Objective To describe the epidemiology of Guyana9s road traffic injuries and perform the first geocoding of road traffic injuries in this setting. Methods This was a registry-based retrospective cross-sectional study investigating collisions resulting in serious and fatal injuries. Police reports from two police divisions were used to identify victim, second party (ie, non-victim) and collision characteristics of all serious and fatal collisions between January 2012 and June 2015. Collisions with available location data were geocoded using Geographic Information Systems. Distributions of characteristics were compared for urban and rural areas. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess variables associated with fatal collisions. Results The study included 751 collisions, resulting in 1002 seriously or fatally injured victims. Fatally injured victims tended to be older, male and either pedestrians or cyclists. Fatal collisions tended to take place in rural areas, occur on weekends and involve speeding. Fifty-three per cent of fatalities occurred due to non-motorised road users being struck by motorised road users, and the most common fatal collision type was between pedestrians and motor vehicles (35%). The distribution of collisions was similar for urban (43.8%) and rural (56.2%) areas. Fatal collisions were more likely to occur in rural settings. Conclusions Road traffic injuries pose a considerable public health burden in Guyana. These results suggest a pattern of high mortality in rural collisions and a disproportionate burden of injuries on vulnerable road users. The spatial distribution of collisions should be considered in order to target interventions and improve road traffic safety.
Machine Learning Predictions of Runtime and IO Traffic on High-End Clusters

We use supervised machine learning algorithms (i.e., Decision Trees, Random Forest, and K-nearest Neighbors) to predict performance characteristics such as runtime and IO traffic of batch jobs on high-end clusters, using only user job scripts as input. We show that decision trees outperform other algorithms and accurately predict the runtime of 73% of jobs within a error tolerance of 10 minutes, which is a 51% improvement over the user requested runtime.