cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two new species of Tanaidacea of the genus Kalliapseudes Stebbing, 1910 (Crustacea: Apseudomorpha: Kalliapseudidae) from Australia

Two new species of kalliapseudid tanaidacea from Australia, Kalliapseudes longisetosus and Kalliapseudes messingi , are described from marine waters off Sydney, New South Wales and the Northwest continental shelf, respectively. Kalliapseudes longisetosus is distinguished from the other congeners by the presence of a single, very long simple seta on the anterior corners of the pereonites (about as long as the first pereonite) and several very long simple setae on the basis of the second and third pereopods (about as long as the basis). This new species is the second member of the genus to be reported from New South Wales. Kalliapseudes messingi is distinguished by having two small setae medially on the dactylus of pereopods 4 and 5, by the female having a tuft of sensory setae subterminally on the dactylus of pereopod 6, and by having three plumose setae on both the cheliped and pereopod 1 exopodite and is the first member of the genus to be reported from the Northwest continental shelf of Australia. Both species have a needle-like tip on the dactylus of the second and third pereopods. A table giving the distribution data for the species of Kalliapseudes and a key to the genera and species of Kalliapseudidae now known from Australia are presented.
Natural time scales for neural encoding

Abstract We propose natural time scales for characterization of two important parameters of neural encoding: spike timing precision d T and average word length T w . These scales emerge through asymptotic limits of the mutual information between stimuli and corresponding spike trains. We used crickets ( acheta domestica ) as animal models to illustrate our definitions and test their validity. Intracellular multielectrode extracellular recordings were performed to assess neuronal activity in the crickets’ terminal ganglion. The stimuli for these experiments were random waveform air currents with various statistical characteristics. Using an information-theoretic analysis based on the abovementioned time scales, we characterize the maximal information content of spike sequences in this sensory system, independent of their temporal discretization.
Tang, Ramona. (Ed.). Academic Writing in a Second or Foreign Language: Issues and Challenges Facing ESL/EFL Academic Writers in Higher Education Contexts. London: Continuum, 2012. Pp. xii, 250. $140.00, cloth. ISBN 978–1–44111–216–3.

A review of the book "Academic Writing in a Second Foreign Language: Issues and Challenges Facing ESL/EFL Academic Writers in Higher Education Contexts," edited by Ramona Tang, is presented.
Inequalities in dementia incidence between six racial and ethnic groups over 14 years

Abstract Introduction Reducing racial/ethnic disparities is a primary objective of the National Alzheimer's Plan (NAPA), yet direct comparisons within large samples representing diversity of the United States are lacking. Methods Dementia incidence from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2013 and a 25-year cumulative risk in 274,283 health care members aged 64+ (n = 18,778 African-American, n = 4543 American Indian/Alaska Native [AIAN], n = 21,000 Latino, n = 440 Pacific Islander, n = 206,490 white, n = 23,032 Asian-Americans). Cox proportional hazard models were adjusted for age, sex, medical utilization, and comorbidities. Results Dementia incidence (n = 59,555) was highest for African-Americans (26.6/1000 person-years) and AIANs (22.2/1000 person-years); intermediate for Latinos (19.6/1000 person-years), Pacific Islanders (19.6/1000 person-years), and whites (19.3/1000 person-years) and lowest among Asian-Americans (15.2/1000 person-years). Risk was 65% greater for African-Americans (hazard ratio = 1.65; 95% confidence interval = 1.58–1.72) versus Asian-Americans. Cumulative 25-year risk at age 65 was as follows: 38% African-Americans, 35% AIANs, 32% Latino, 25% Pacific Islanders, 30% white, and 28% Asian-Americans. Discussion Dementia rates varied over 60% between groups, providing a comprehensive benchmark for the NAPA goal of reducing disparities.
Associations between Self-Reported Gastrointestinal Illness and Water System Characteristics in Community Water Supplies in Rural Alabama: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Community water supplies in underserved areas of the United States may be associated with increased microbiological contamination and risk of gastrointestinal disease. Microbial and health risks affecting such systems have not been systematically characterized outside outbreak investigations. The objective of the study was to evaluate associations between self-reported gastrointestinal illnesses (GII) and household-level water supply characteristics. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of water quality, water supply characteristics, and GII in 906 households served by 14 small and medium-sized community water supplies in Alabama’s underserved Black Belt region. Results We identified associations between respondent-reported water supply interruption and any symptoms of GII (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 3.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.65–5.49), as well as low water pressure and any symptoms of GII (aOR: 4.51, 95% CI = 2.55–7.97). We also identified associations between measured water quality such as lack of total chlorine and any symptoms of GII (aOR: 5.73, 95% CI = 1.09–30.1), and detection of E. coli in water samples and increased reports of vomiting (aOR: 5.01, 95% CI = 1.62–15.52) or diarrhea (aOR: 7.75, 95% CI = 2.06–29.15). Conclusions Increased self-reported GII was associated with key water system characteristics as measured at the point of sampling in a cross-sectional study of small and medium water systems in rural Alabama in 2012 suggesting that these water supplies can contribute to endemic gastro-intestinal disease risks. Future studies should focus on further characterizing and managing microbial risks in systems facing similar challenges.
Scalp Products and Hair Before Puberty as Culture Medium for Certain Pathogenic Fungi

A study of the growth of pathogenic fungi on a mixture of barber shop hair and scalp products of adults was reported.1 In this paper the results of a study of the growth of pathogenic fungi on the hair and scalp products of children under 12 years, before and after extraction with ether, are reported.The hair was divided into 2 portions and one portion was extracted with ether for 24 hours in a Soxhlet. Portions of the material were placed in test tubes, moistened with distilled water and autoclaved. Plants were made on the extracted and unextracted hair and Sabourauds'proof medium with the following pathogenic fungi and saprophytes, Lichtheimia sp. and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis; Achorion schoenleinii, Acladium castellani, Candida candida, Endodermophyton tropicale, Endomyces capsulatus, Endomyces dermatidus, Epidermophyton inguinale, Glenospora gammeli, Geotrichum bachmann, Indiella americana, Monilia albicans, Microsporon apiospermum, Microsporon audouini, Oospora humi, Trichophyton crateriforme, Trich...
Managing Nuclear Proliferation: Condemn, Strike, or Assist?

The nonproliferation regime, which denies countries access to critical materials, makes it more likely that defiant proliferators will develop unsafe arsenals. In order to manage proliferation, the U.S. could continue to uphold the regime, hoping to persuade the proliferator to return to non-nuclear status. It could attack, thereby ensuring that the proliferator is unable to join the nuclear club. Or it could concede the nonproliferation goal and render assistance to address the attendant safety concerns. Through a series of deductive models we argue that three factors are important in determining the right option: (1) U.S. preferences on proliferation, whether purist or pragmatist; (2) the proliferator's type, which can vary by size, affinity, and risk tolerance; and (3) the phase in the proliferation process to which the proliferator has advanced: preweaponization, after weaponization but before deployment, the deployment phase, and, finally, full deployment. We analyze the special case of proliferation by a small enemy of the United States such as North Korea as a signaling game wherein each side attempts to push the outcome toward its own preferred equilibrium. The North Koreans prefer the equilibrium in which the United States never attacks regardless of its type, whereas the United States prefers the equilibrium in which North Korea never deploys regardless of its type.
PyQuant: a versatile framework for analysis of quantitative mass spectrometry data

Quantitative mass spectrometry data necessitates an analytical pipeline that captures the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the experiments. Currently, data analysis is often coupled to specific software packages, which restricts the analysis to a given workflow and precludes a more thorough characterization of the data by other complementary tools. To address this, we have developed PyQuant, a cross-platform mass spectrometry data quantification application that is compatible with existing frameworks and can be used as a stand-alone quantification tool. PyQuant supports most types of quantitative mass spectrometry data including SILAC, NeuCode, (15)N, (13)C, or (18)O and chemical methods such as iTRAQ or TMT and provides the option of adding custom labeling strategies. In addition, PyQuant can perform specialized analyses such as quantifying isotopically labeled samples where the label has been metabolized into other amino acids and targeted quantification of selected ions independent of spectral assignment. PyQuant is capable of quantifying search results from popular proteomic frameworks such as MaxQuant, Proteome Discoverer, and the Trans-Proteomic Pipeline in addition to several standalone search engines. We have found that PyQuant routinely quantifies a greater proportion of spectral assignments, with increases ranging from 25-45% in this study. Finally, PyQuant is capable of complementing spectral assignments between replicates to quantify ions missed because of lack of MS/MS fragmentation or that were omitted because of issues such as spectra quality or false discovery rates. This results in an increase of biologically useful data available for interpretation. In summary, PyQuant is a flexible mass spectrometry data quantification platform that is capable of interfacing with a variety of existing formats and is highly customizable, which permits easy configuration for custom analysis.
Inhibitors of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase: effects on brain catecholamine content and blood pressure in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.

Inhibitors [2-cyclooctyl-2-hydroxyethylamine (CONH), 1 aminomethylcycloundecanol (CUNH), 7,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (SKF64139), 2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine (DCMB), 8,9-dichloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine(LY134046)] of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) were found to reduce blood pressure in deoxycorticosterone-salt (DOCA-salt) hypertensive rats. CONH, CUNH and DCMB, but not SKF64139 and LY134046, also lowered blood pressure in normotensive control rats. All of the PNMT inhibitors tested lowered hypothalamic epinephrine (Epi) content in both DOCA-salt hypertensive and normotensive rats. DCMB, SKF64139 and LY134046 also lowered brainstem Epi in both animal groups. From these data a good correlation could not be made between the blood pressure lowering effects of PNMT inhibitors and their effects on hypothalamic Epi content as had been observed in other animal models of hypertension (e.g. spontaneously hypertensive rats).
The Relative Importance of Calcium Phosphate Urinary Inhibitors

Crystal growth inhibitors may play an important role in the regulation of urinary stone formation. The major inhibitors of calcium phosphate precipitation in urine have been shown to consist of Mg, citrate and pyrophosphate (PPi) ions as well as at least one unknown low molecular weight component. Studies using diluted urines have suggested that PPi. and the unknown component are the most important calcium phosphate inhibitors1 whereas an investigation of inhibitory activity at physiological concentrations have shown that citrate and Mg are most important2. Each of these investigations, however, used an initial single addition of inhibitor and no attempt was made to maintain the fixed, steady-state concentrations of inhibiting species which are expected to exist in a system under biological control. In this study, the inhibition of calcium phosphate crystal growth is investigated at constant inhibitor concentrations so that a more realistic assessment of the relative importance of the three known calcium phosphate urinary inhibitors, Mg, citrate, and PPi. can be made.
Cell type and cell state specific antibodies in the analysis of early lesions of human atherosclerosis.

Studying the cell composition of lesions of human atherosclerosis can yield important information regarding the cellular interactions involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. We have used a panel of monoclonal antibodies, many developed in this laboratory, to study the cell composition of human fatty streaks. Results indicate that the predominant cell type in these lesions is the smooth muscle cell rather than the macrophage. Furthermore, using single and double labeling techniques, it was demonstrated that : (a) no expression of class II HLA antigens by smooth muscle cells could be documented;
An Introduction to Active Galactic Nuclei: Unified Models of AGNs

In the last four chapters, we have examined the individual components that constitute AGNs. At this point, it is worth briefly summarizing these as we proceed to develop a more global picture of the AGN phenomenon. Although direct proof is lacking, the evidence points towards gravitational accretion of matter by supermassive black holes as being the primary energy source in AGNs. Gravitational potential energy is converted into radiation via viscous dissipation in an accretion disk surrounding the black hole. For a luminous Seyfert galaxy, the black-hole mass is inferred to be something like ∼ 10 7 M ⊙ (i.e., R S ≲ 10 13 cm), and the UV/optical continuum-emitting region of the purported accretion disk is smaller than ∼ 10 15 cm. The corresponding X-ray-emitting region appears to be smaller still, perhaps only several times R S . Surrounding this is the BLR, which has a typical size of 10 16 cm or so, but whose specific geometry and kinematics are poorly known. It appears that most of the IR continuum emission arises on spatial scales larger than the dust sublimation radius (≳ 10 17 cm). This is also where we find the lower-density NLR, where the gas motions are dominated by gravity, but where we also see evidence for interaction with jets in the form of shock-heating and outflowing gas.
Fluorination methods for drug discovery and development.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The pivotal role that the element fluorine plays in modulating the properties of bioactive molecules is reflected by the growth of its presence in approved drugs. In 1970, approximately 2% of drugs contained fluorine with this number rising to 25% by 2011. The synthetic chemistry regarding incorporation of fluorine into organic molecules has also evolved over this time with a paradigm shift from harsh, toxic, hazardous reagents utilized primarily by specialist vendors to new deoxyfluorination reagents and metal-mediated techniques capable of the precise introduction of fluorine into complex organic substrates under relatively mild conditions.Areas covered: This review highlights the importance of fluorinated compounds in drug discovery, and provides an overview on the synthetic strategies and methodologies developed to access them both in discovery and development.Expert opinion: The development of new reagents for the safe and precise regioselective fluorination of biologically rele...
35 GHz/35 psec ECL pnp technology

The authors report how self-aligned pnp devices with basewidths close to 50 nm have been fabricated using a preamorphizing Ge implant prior to the As base implant. They investigated the sensitivity of pnp performance to collector epi thickness, base width and the energy of the base implant, culminating in the achievement of devices with f/sub T/ as high as 38 GHz. ECL (emitter coupled logic) ring oscillators built with these pnp devices have delays as small as 35 ps per stage, demonstrating that the device parasitics have been successfully minimized. Both the f/sub T/ of 38 GHz and the 35 ps ECL delay represent new records for pnp devices, showing a performance level comparable to that of current high-performance npn technologies. >
Zoos and public health: A partnership on the One Health frontier

Today, accredited zoos are not just places for entertainment, they are actively involved in research for conservation and health. During recent decades in which the challenges for biodiversity conservation and public health have escalated, zoos have made significant changes to address these difficulties. Zoos increasingly have four key areas of focus: education, recreation, conservation, and research. These key areas are important in addressing an interrelated global conservation (i.e. habitat and wildlife loss) and public health crisis. Zoo and public health professionals working together within a One Health framework represent a powerful alliance to address current and future conservation and public health problems around the world. For researchers, practitioners, and students, the collaboration between zoos and public health institutions offers the opportunity to both teach and operationalize this transdisciplinary approach. Using examples from our programs, we give a template for moving forward with collaborative initiatives and sustainable solutions involving partners in both zoos and public health institutions. We provide examples of cooperative programs and suggest a model for consideration in the development of further activities in this area.
Isolation and characterization of an active fragment from enzymatic degradation of encephalitogenic protein.

Abstract The encephalitogenic protein isolated from spinal cord was hydrolyzed with an acid proteinase, also of neural origin. The 5-hour digestion mixture had encephalitogenic activity, although no trace of the substrate could be detected by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. The active fragment was isolated from the enzymatic mixture by repeated gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose. It was homogeneous by the criteria of ultracentrifugation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and end group analyses. Characterization of the active fragment was carried out in comparison with the encephalitogenic protein. This included determination of the amino acid composition, minimum molecular weight, sedimentation, peptide mapping, and amino- and carboxyl-terminal group analyses. It was concluded that the active fragment is a polypeptide with approximately half the molecular size of encephalitogenic protein, derived entirely from the carboxyl terminus of the encephalitogen. It was active at the same level as the parent compound.
Race, Incarceration, and Motherhood: Spoiled Identity Among Rural White Mothers in Prison

Extant research on maternal incarceration has focused either on mothers as a whole (not disaggregated by race) or on the experiences of urban Black mothers, with relatively little focused attention on the experiences of their White counterparts. This study expands research on incarceration and its effects using qualitative interviews to explore how prison shapes identity construction among an understudied population—rural White mothers. Mothers in our sample expressed histories of family problems and drug use. Uniquely, we explore findings from a framework of “spoiled identity” for both the mothers themselves and their children as a result of their incarceration.
Contemplating Cataract Surgery

As we’ve discussed when the crystalline lens becomes cloudy (or opaque) the lens is then called a cataract. It does not matter exactly where the cloudiness appears within the lens, it is still called a cataract even if the cloudiness does not interfere with vision.
Packet Damage-Resistant Analysis Using a Data Mining Mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network supports reliable monitoring of the given network based upon the data transmitted from the sensors. However, the feasibility can be maintained only when the delivered data are fairly reliable without any damage. Since data error is not an uncommon event in wireless sensor networks, the validity of the decision making strongly depends upon the stableness of the data analysis technique with partially damaged data. In this paper, we introduce a data mining mechanism and apply it to the processing of data which are missing or inconsistent.
A streaming clustering approach using a heterogeneous system for big data analysis

Data clustering is a fundamental challenge in data analytics. It is the main task in exploratory data mining and a core technique in machine learning. As the volume, variety, velocity, and variability of data grows, we need more efficient data analysis methods that can scale towards increasingly large and high dimensional data sets. We develop a streaming clustering algorithm that is highly amenable to hardware acceleration. Our algorithm eliminates the need to store the data objects, which removes limits on the size of the data that we can analyze. Our algorithm is highly parameterizable, which allows it to fit to the characteristics of the data set, and scale towards the available hardware resources. Our streaming hardware core can handle more than 40 Msamples/s when processing 3-dimensional streaming data and up to 1.78 Msamples/s for 70-dimensional data. To validate the accuracy and performance of our algorithms we compare it with several common clustering techniques on several different applications. The experimental result shows that it outperforms other prior hardware accelerated clustering systems.
Heat Exposure and the General Public: Health Impacts, Risk Communication, and Mitigation Measures

Extreme heat is the number one cause for weather-related death and poses a serious public health problem. Sensitivity to heat, however, may vary based on sociodemographic factors such as age, health status, availability of air-conditioning, and/or one’s degree of exposure to oppressive heat. To mitigate these heat hazards, various governmental agencies such as the National Weather Service have developed heat-health warning systems to communicate the dangers of heat and inform individuals of the appropriate actions to take during extreme heat conditions. Studies of these warning systems suggest that these heat-related warnings often fail to motivate behavior change, with individual differences in risk perception and inconsistent messaging between warning systems being two prominent factors in the literature. To gain greater insight into decision-making processes and behavior change associated with heat-health warning systems, future research should utilize social and behavioral theoretical frameworks.
Theoretical open-loop model of respiratory mechanics in the extremely preterm infant

Non-invasive ventilation is increasingly used for respiratory support in preterm infants, and is associated with a lower risk of chronic lung disease. However, this mode is often not successful in the extremely preterm infant in part due to their markedly increased chest wall compliance that does not provide enough structure against which the forces of inhalation can generate sufficient pressure. To address the continued challenge of studying treatments in this fragile population, we developed a nonlinear lumped-parameter respiratory system mechanics model of the extremely preterm infant that incorporates nonlinear lung and chest wall compliances and lung volume parameters tuned to this population. In particular we developed a novel empirical representation of progressive volume loss based on compensatory alveolar pressure increase resulting from collapsed alveoli. The model demonstrates increased rate of volume loss related to high chest wall compliance, and simulates laryngeal braking for elevation of end-expiratory lung volume and constant positive airway pressure (CPAP). The model predicts that low chest wall compliance (chest stiffening) in addition to laryngeal braking and CPAP enhance breathing and delay lung volume loss. These results motivate future data collection strategies and investigation into treatments for chest wall stiffening.
Characterizing Microbial Population Structures through Massively Parallel Sequencing

Rank abundance plots of microbial populations are long-tailed distributions in which a few highly abundant populations account for most of the organisms in a community, whereas lower-abundance taxa represent a large number of different phylotypes. New massively parallel DNA pyrosequencing techniques that routinely sample many hundreds of thousands of homologous genes permit the detection of lower abundance taxa even in the presence of overwhelming levels of dominant microbial populations. The technology provides estimates of both richness (diversity) and evenness (relative abundance of different kinds of microbes). When applied to studies of marine and soil microbial populations, the massively parallel sequencing of many thousands of rapidly evolving regions in ribosomal RNA genes reveals that microbial diversity is 1–2 orders greater than all previously published estimates from traditional capillary DNA sequencing methodologies. Most of the diversity is accounted for by low-abundance phylotypes that constitute the rare biosphere. These taxa might represent “seed” organisms that under shifts in ecological conditions can become more abundant, or they might be persistently rare over large temporal and spatial scales.
Motivational Determinants of Adult Personality Functioning and Aging

The present theoretical effort is an outgrowth of earlier conceptual analyses of the role of future orientation as a determinant of achievement-related motivation (Raynor, 1969, 1974a) and of the determinants of motivation for career striving (Raynor, 1974b). The earlier effort—to understand the determinants of immediate achievement-oriented activity—was primarily concerned with situations where immediate success/ failure is believed by the individual to determine the opportunity for subsequent striving to attain some future goal. Thus, immediate success/failure was conceived as “important” by the individual because immediate success earned the opportunity to continue and hence might lead on to future success, but immediate failure meant future failure through loss of the opportunity to continue. The conceptual analysis of such contingent path situations led to elaboration of the basic equations of theory of achievement motivation and provided a more general theory which now derives the earlier model as a special case of the more general one.
Fault-tolerant computing with N-version genetic programming

We applied N-version genetic programming (NVGP) to a path prediction problem, and compared the results with a single version GP. Statistics from the experiment suggest that NVGP is a viable method to increase reliability, which reduces output variance and thereby expected meantime to system failuer.
Robot self-recognition using conditional probability-based contingency

As robots become more sophisticated and pervasive, theywill be forced to operate in more dynamic and social envi-ronments. In order to develop a theory of mind to accountfor the intents, beliefs, and motivations of other individuals,a robot needs to be able to distinguish between another en-tity and itself. One proposed method of learning the differ-ence between self and other is to use contingency, the timedependence of perception and action.Watson (1994) suggested contingency as a method usedby infants when learning to detect self. He outlined fourgeneral methods for detecting contingency: contiguity, tem-poral correlation, conditional probability, and causal impli-cation.Forourexperiment,wechosetoimplementWatson’s
Classification of RNA-seq Data

Next-generation sequencing technologies have made it possible to obtain, at a relatively low cost, a detailed snapshot of the RNA transcripts present in a tissue sample. The resulting reads are usually binned by gene, exon, or other region of interest; thus the data typically amount to read counts for tens of thousands of features, on no more than dozens or hundreds of observations. It is often of interest to use these data to develop a classifier in order to assign an observation to one of several pre-defined classes. However, the high dimensionality of the data poses statistical challenges: because there are far more features than observations, many existing classification techniques cannot be directly applied. In recent years, a number of proposals have been made to extend existing classification approaches to the high-dimensional setting. In this chapter, we discuss the use of, and modifications to, logistic regression, linear discriminant analysis, principal components analysis, partial least squares, and the support vector machine in the high-dimensional setting. We illustrate these methods on two RNA-sequencing data sets.
The Developing Human Brain: Differences from Adult Brain

Human brain development is innately beautiful and bewildering in its complexity. To assemble its integrated parts and circuits all neurons must move from their ventricular wall origin to other locations, sometimes over considerable distances, or complicated trajectories. Once appropriately deployed, the neurons usually extend one long process (if they have not done so during migration), sometimes over great lengths, and other shorter processes usually nearby the cell. Activation of gene sets in different combinations and sequences of at least one half of our entire human genome of 20–30,000 genes is devoted to producing this most complex organ that will constitute only 2 % of our body weight. For the 9 months of intrauterine life and for a short but indeterminate postnatal period, brain growth and development is largely genetically determined. However, environmental factors begin taking a role shortly after conception and become increasingly important with advancing development.
Physical properties of gallium nitride and related III–V nitrides

Abstract A concise review of the material properties such as Crystal and band structure, impurities and transport properties of gallium nitride and other III-V nitrides are given with respect to power device application. Some discussions on the use of different substrates such as sapphire and silicon for the epitaxial growth and their advantages are presented. Challenges in growing high quality nitride films on silicon substrates are discussed. Nature and role of defects in nitrides and some methods to alleviate the effect of defects on GaN on silicon substrate are presented at the end.
Use of observational measures to predict student achievement

Abstract This study examined the incremental validity of two observational assessments of teacher practice, the Classroom Strategies Assessment System - Observer Form (CSAS-O) and the Danielson Framework for Teaching (FFT), in relation to student achievement on the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Career (PARCC) mathematics and English/Language Arts (ELA) tests. Participants included 51 teachers and 487 fourth through eighth grade students from four high-poverty charter schools. Results revealed small to medium correlations between teachers’ practices and students’ academic growth. Using a series of two-level multilevel models, results indicated that including a second observation measure can improve the model’s ability to predict students’ growth. In particular, adding FFT Total to CSAS-O Total scores significantly increased the variance explained in students’ growth in ELA. Similarly, adding the CSAS-O Total scores to the FFT Total significantly increased the variance explained in students’ growth in mathematics. Implications of the findings in relation to educational practices are discussed.
Intermediate Diabetes Outcomes in Patients Managed by Physicians, Nurse Practitioners, or Physician Assistants.

In this study, more than 368 000 patients with diabetes mellitus had most of their care provided by a physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or physician. The researchers investigated whether hem...
Exploring and supporting older women’s chemotherapy decision-making in early-stage breast cancer.

181Background: Few studies have focused on the therapeutic decision-making process in older adults with cancer. This study sought to address this gap by exploring older adult breast cancer patients...
Playing at Sevens: The Impulse Load and Movement Demands of Men’s Collegiate Rugby

Rugby sevens is a widely practiced sport that combines high-speed anaerobic activity with positional specific play and many body impacts. Despite its popularity and its intense physical demands on the body, many of these demands have not been fully explored. An investigation into the specifics of these physical demands can aid coaches and athletes in training and preparation for future matches. The purpose of this study was to quantify the Impulse Load and movement dynamics placed on American rugby players during competition. With this data, position specific information was compared to determine differences in physical demands. Fourteen male collegiate rugby sevens players were assigned a microsenor device and bioharness prior to testing. Time motion analysis data was collected using these microsenor devices. Acceleration data was used to calculate Impulse Load and GPS data was used to quantify total distance and distance in six speed zones. The devices were placed on each player, securely fastened around the chest, and worn for the duration of the warm-up and two competitive matches, for a period of 1 hour and 47 minutes. Players were monitored using 5Hz global positioning systems (GPS) and 100Hz triaxial accelerometers. Players were further analyzed and divided by playing position (forwards and backs). The contrasts in physical demands based on position can provide feedback to coaches on position-specific training. Faculty Advisor: Brandi Eveland-Sayers
Outcomes of Career Information System Utilization Among First-Year High School Students:

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Career Information System (CIS) on ninth-grade student’s vocational skills self-efficacy, outcome expectations, work hope, and career decision-ma...
Rational Design of Small Molecules to Enhance Genome Editing Efficiency by Selectively Targeting Distinct Functional States of CRISPR-Cas12a

CRISPR-Cas12a, a type-V CRISPR-Cas endonuclease, is an effective genome editing platform. To improve the gene editing efficiency of Cas12a, we rationally designed small molecule enhancers through a combined computational approach. First, we used extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the conformational landscape of Cas12a from Acidaminococcus (AsCas12a), revealing distinct conformational states that could be targeted by small molecules to modulate its genome editing function. We then identified 57 compounds that showed different binding behavior and stabilizing effects on these distinct conformational states using molecular docking. After experimental testing 6 of these 57 compounds, compound 1, quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, was found particularly promising in enhancing the AsCas12a-mediated genome editing efficiency in human cells. Compound 1 was shown to act like a molecular "glue" at the interface between AsCas12a and crRNA near the 5'-handle region, thus specifically stabilizing the enzyme-crRNA complex. These results provide a new paradigm for future design of small molecules to modulate the genome editing of the CRISPR-Cas systems.
Patellar tendon reconstruction with hamstring autograft for the treatment of chronic irreparable patellar tendon injuries.

Abstract Background Patellar tendon injuries not amenable to primary repair present a challenging problem for surgeons and patients alike. No standard surgical technique exists for these injuries and few studies report outcomes after surgical treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted for patients undergoing surgical treatment for irreparable patellar tendon tears. Patients were treated with an indirect tendon reconstruction technique using high-strength suture to set initial patellar height and hamstring autograft for biologic augmentation. Patients who underwent this procedure between 2012 and 2018 and met minimum two-year follow-up with completion of all outcome measurements including KOOS, PROMIS, VAS pain and satisfaction scores were included. Results Eleven patients met inclusion criteria. Ten of eleven patients (91%) had intact repairs and final patient outcomes were collected at a mean of 54.9 ± 23.1 months after surgery. Only one patient experienced extensor lag at final follow-up (p Conclusions Patellar tendon reconstruction with autologous hamstring tendon graft and suture augmentation allows for acceptable outcomes in the setting of patellar tendon disruption with segmental defects when direct repair is not possible.
Peeking inside the black-box: Explainable machine learning applied to household transportation energy consumption

Abstract Sustainability policies to mitigate transportation energy impacts on the urban environment are urgently needed. Energy prediction models provide critical information to decision-makers who develop sustainability policies to reduce energy use and emissions. We present a transportation energy model (TEM) that uses Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods to predict household transportation energy consumption in this study. The TEM model uses data-driven approaches for household transportation energy prediction. Machine learning techniques in artificial intelligence (AI) predictive modeling have become popular due to their ability to capture nonlinear and complex relationships. On the other hand, developing comprehensive understanding the inference mechanisms in AI models and ensuring trust in their predictions is challenging. This is because AI models are mostly of high complexity and low interpretability; in other words, they are black-box models. This study presents a case study of how model transparency and explanation can be generated using the Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanation (LIME) to support advanced machine learning techniques in the transportation energy field. The methodology has been implemented based on the Household Travel Survey (HTS) data, which is used to train the artificial neural network with a relatively high degree of accuracy. The importance and effect (local explanation) of HTS inputs (such as household travel, demographics, and neighborhood data) on transportation energy consumption for specific traffic analysis zones (TAZs) are analyzed. The results are valuable to promote intelligent and user-friendly transportation energy planning models in urban regions across the world.
Longitudinal bidirectional associations of physical activity and depressive symptoms: The CARDIA study.

Depression affects many aspects of health and may be attenuated through increases in physical activity. While bidirectional associations between physical activity (PA) and depressive symptoms have been examined, few studies have examined these associations using both self-reported and accelerometer-estimated measures. Using data from Years 20 (2005-06, age 38-50) and 30 of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (N = 2,871), the bidirectional associations between moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and depressive symptoms were examined using a cross-lagged panel model. Differences in the observed associations by physical activity assessment method were also examined. An inverse bidirectional association between self-reported MVPA and depressive symptoms was found. In subsequent analyses stratified by intensity category, higher levels of vigorous intensity physical activity at baseline, but not moderate intensity physical activity were associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms at the 10-year follow-up (ϕ = -0.04, p < 0.01; ϕ = -0.03, p = 0.15, respectively). A 10-year increase in self-reported MVPA was associated with a 10-year decrease in depressive symptoms. No associations were observed between accelerometer MVPA estimates and depressive symptoms. These findings may support the notion that each assessment method captures related, but also unique, aspects of physical activity behavior. When possible, future studies should explore measures of association by each physical activity assessment method to gain a better understanding of the complex relationship between physical activity and health.
Compound-specific stable carbon and hydrogen isotope analyses of late-Holocene vegetation and precipitation change at Laguna Los Mangos, Costa Rica

Abstract New compound-specific isotope analyses of a sediment core from Laguna Los Mangos in southern Pacific Costa Rica improves understanding of late-Holocene precipitation change in a region with limited paleoprecipitation records that is vulnerable to future climate change. We established paleoprecipitation and paleovegetation records from compound-specific stable hydrogen and carbon isotopic compositions of terrestrially-derived n-alkanes (δ2Halkane and δ13Calkane) to assess paleohydrologic variability and potential linkages to paleoecological change and human activity as revealed by prior analyses of the Los Mangos core. The δ2Halkane values were corrected for isotopic fractionation using pollen counts from the same core. The Los Mangos record extends to 4200 cal yr BP and small increases in δ13C values of C29, +0.6‰, and C31 alkanes, +0.3‰, (δ13CC29, 31) indicate a slight increase in C4 vegetation after initial introduction of maize agriculture to the watershed at ca. 3360 cal yr BP. This slight increase in C4 vegetation is followed by the largest positive carbon isotope excursions in the record, as compared to record averages (δ13CC29 = +3.2‰, δ13CC31 = +5.0‰). Paleohydrologic variability likely influenced vegetation and human activity at Los Mangos. Lake desiccation during the late-Terminal Classic Drought (TCD) resulted in a sedimentary hiatus in the Los Mangos record from ca. 950 to 450 cal yr BP. Positive excursions in comparison to record averages occur for both δ2HC29 and δ2HC31 proxies (δ2HC29 = +25.3 to +13.4‰ and δ2HC31 = +6.5‰) during the middle Little Ice Age (LIA) and indicate drier than average conditions, but there is no evidence of desiccation during this period. Thus, drought conditions during the LIA were apparently not as severe at Los Mangos as during the TCD, possibly because of differing forcing mechanisms for LIA climate that originated, or were more clearly expressed, in the Atlantic basin.
Immobilization-induced hypercalcemia in a patient with renal failure.

Summary Immobilization-induced hypercalcemia is an uncommon cause of elevated calcium which is usually diagnosed following extensive systemic workup and exclusion of more common etiologies. Previously reported cases have largely described this phenomenon in adolescents and young adults a few weeks to months after the initial onset of immobilization. Metabolic workup tends to demonstrate hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and eventual osteoporosis. While the exact mechanism remains largely unclear, a dysregulation between bone resorption and formation is central to the pathogenesis of this disease. Decreased mechanical loading from prolonged bedrest tends to increase osteoclast induced bone resorption while promoting osteocytes to secrete proteins such as sclerostin to reduce osteoblast mediated bone formation. We describe the case of an 18-year-old male who was admitted following intraabdominal trauma. He underwent extensive abdominal surgery including nephrectomy resulting in initiation of dialysis. After 6 months of hospitalization, the patient gradually began developing uptrending calcium levels. Imaging and laboratory workup were unremarkable for any PTH-mediated process, malignancy, thyroid disorder, adrenal disorder, or infection. Workup did reveal significant elevated bone turnover markers which in combination with the clinical history led the physicians to arrive at the diagnosis of immobilization induced hypercalcemia. In order to prevent decreased rates of bone loss, the patient was administered denosumab for treatment. Hypocalcemia followed treatment expectedly and was repleted with supplementation via the patient's total parenteral nutrition. Learning points Immobilization-induced hypercalcemia should remain as a differential diagnosis of patients with prolonged hospitalizations with hypercalcemia. Extensive workup of common etiologies of hypercalcemia should be considered prior to arriving at this diagnosis. Denosumab, while off-label for this usage, offers an effective treatment option for immobilization-induced hypercalcemia though it carries a risk of hypocalcemia especially among patients with renal disease.
Editorial for Minds and Machines Special Issue on Philosophy of Colour

This special issue of Minds and Machines presents new work in the philosophy of colour. While this research is informed by recent findings in the colour sciences, it grapples with one of the perennial disputes in metaphysics: what kinds of properties are the colours and where, if anywhere, are they instantiated? The dispute typically takes the form of a weighing of the costs and benefits of one of the core theories in colour ontology. In this editorial I will give a brief overview of background debates, summarise the main points of the articles assembled here, and comment on some of their interconnected themes. Let’s first look back on the recent history of the colour debate. Hardin (1988) marshalled results from colour psychophysics to argue that chromatic properties are in fact never instantiated and should be eliminated from our ontological inventory. Almost simultaneously Hilbert (1987) proposed that colours are actually spectral surface reflectances (SSR’s)—physical properties as real as any other (cf. Matthen 1988; Byrne and Hilbert 2003). Much of the literature of that time was taken up with the dialectic between these two views. In comparison with the debate of 20 years ago the papers showcased here reflect the centrality of colour relationism to current discussions. Relationism, can be thought of as a middle path between Hardin’s eliminativism and Hilbert’s physicalism. It is the idea that colours are real (instantiated) properties but unlike ordinary physical properties they are in some sense perceiver-related (Thompson 1995; Cohen 2004, 2009). Why should one be a relationist about colour? A standard argument comes from phenomena of perceptual variation. An extreme example of colour visual variation gripped the world’s attention back in February this year. As Gegenfurtner et al.
Identification of the Target Protein

This chapter consists of three related sections. The first part presents methods that are used to compare proteins based on their composition and structure. Some of these techniques can also be used in the middle section where the target protein is isolated and analyzed. The final section is an introduction to bioinformatics, and how the expanding discipline of “in silico” science is playing a major role in biomedical research.
A Society without Fathers or Husbands: The Na of China

Society without Fathers or Husbands: The Na of China. Cai Hua. Translated by Asti Hustvedt. New York: Zone Books, 2002. 506 pp.