cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symbiosis in a Rapidly Changing World

While the intensification and globalization of agriculture and commerce have provided humanity with numerous benefits, they have simultaneously escalated systemic risk to ecological systems. Global climate change, acting in negative synergy with other anthropogenic stresses, is expected to rapidly increase ongoing losses of biodiversity and profoundly redistribute enduring species. This chapter provides an overview of microbial symbiosis in a rapidly changing world. The ability of many multicellular organisms to relocate, acclimate, or adapt to these changes will depend on their microbial symbionts. But for other groups, specialized symbionts may expose acute vulnerabilities that limit climate resilience unless compensating mechanisms are engaged. We review a number of globally relevant symbioses to examine responses to elevated temperature, drought, ocean acidification, and other climate-driven challenges. While several widespread interactions, including mycorrhizal fungi associated with plants, show the clear potential to mitigate specific threats, others, such as photosymbiotic corals and the obligate nutritional symbioses of arthropods are likely to be among the first mass casualties of climate change.
The impact of Caspase-1 deletion on apoptosis and acute kidney injury in a murine transplant model.

Abstract Background Caspase-1 knockout mice (Casp1KO) are protected from Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) after warm ischemia/reperfusion injury in non-transplant models. Since Caspase-1 plays a central role as an inflammatory response initiator, we hypothesized that Casp1KO mice would be protected from AKI following transplant. Methods Renal tubular cells (RTECs) were subjected to cold storage and rewarming (CS/REW). C57Bl/6 J wild type or Casp1KO kidneys were subjected to CI for 30 min and then transplanted into wild type recipients (CI + Txp). The recipients underwent bilateral native nephrectomy at the time of transplant. Serum creatinine (sCr) was measured 24 h after native nephrectomy to assess transplant function. Results We found that RTECs subjected to CS/REW had significantly increased expression of the Caspase-1 and inflammasome protein NLRP1. Wild type kidneys subjected to CI + Txp into wild type recipients also demonstrated significantly increased Caspase-1 and NLRP1 protein expression compared to kidneys transplanted from Casp1KO donors into wild type recipients. Caspase-1 deletion results in significantly decreased RTEC apoptosis in transplanted Casp1KO vs WT kidneys. Surprisingly, however, renal function, ATN scores including brush border injury, cast formation and tubular simplification were similar in both groups and not significantly different. Conclusions Our data suggest that other triggers of inflammation and programmed necrosis may need to be inhibited in addition to attenuating Caspase-1 to fully prevent AKI after kidney transplant. Importantly, requirements may be distinct for AKI induced by transplantation as opposed to other transient models such as the clamp model of AKI.
ProMal: precise window transition graphs for Android via synergy of program analysis and machine learning

Mobile apps have been an integral part in our daily life. As these apps become more complex, it is critical to provide automated analysis techniques to ensure the correctness, security, and performance of these apps. A key component for these automated analysis techniques is to create a graphical user interface (GUI) model of an app, i.e., a window transition graph (WTG), that models windows and transitions among the windows. While existing work has provided both static and dynamic analysis to build the WTG for an app, the constructed WTG misses many transitions or contains many infeasible transitions due to the coverage issues of dynamic analysis and over-approximation of the static analysis. We propose ProMal, a "tribrid" analysis that synergistically combines static analysis, dynamic analysis, and machine learning to construct a precise WTG. Specifically, ProMal first applies static analysis to build a static WTG, and then applies dynamic analysis to verify the transitions in the static WTG. For the unverified transitions, ProMal further provides machine learning techniques that leverage runtime information (i.e., screenshots, UI layouts, and text information) to predict whether they are feasible transitions. Our evaluations on 40 real-world apps demonstrate the superiority of ProMal in building WTGs over static analysis, dynamic analysis, and machine learning techniques when they are applied separately.
A map of control for cold atmospheric plasma jets: From physical mechanisms to optimizations

The study of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) began about a decade ago. Currently, multiple applications of CAP have been discovered including biomedicine, nanomaterials, agriculture, and water purifications. At the current stage of these research fields, it is obvious that the next move will be CAP optimization for each specific application. For example, in the field of plasma-based cancer treatment, due to the different responses of cell lines, CAP can activate different biological pathways in different cells, i.e., to be selective. One of the most commonly used CAP types is the cold atmospheric plasma jet (CAPJ). However, without a full understanding of CAPJ physics, it is impossible to optimize the plasma for every application condition. Moreover, since each research team is equipped with its own CAPJ generator, the hardware behaviors vary significantly across researchers. Therefore, a complete big picture of CAPJ control and parameters is a critical milestone for future CAPJ optimization in these research fields. This Review provides a summary of how CAPJ parameters can be manipulated with the control inputs and hardware design to extend that the chemical compositions can be modified by the gas flow rate, discharge waveform, target properties, and local environment. Based on the control map summarized in this work, CAPJ users can easily optimize their device for a certain specific purpose, such as maximizing OH and H2O2 for cancer treatment or maximizing O3 and ultraviolet for sterilization. Therefore, this study sheds light on the general theory of CAPJ control and can be a basis for future optimization of low-temperature plasma devices. Consideration of the plasma control based on machine learning methods has been receiving interest recently and certainly will become a future hot topic.
Medical Diagnosis for Geoscientists

Geoscientists benefit from a basic understanding of the process of medical diagnosis and risk assessment because many elements and geologic compounds have known human health impacts. Medical diagnosis is the process by which physicians identify a disease based on the patient’s signs and symptoms. Risk assessment consists of four interconnected components: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. By understanding how physicians come to a medical diagnosis through the process of history-taking, physical exam, and focused testing, the geoscientist will be better prepared to assist with risk assessment. In the course of conducting field work, geospatial mapping projects, or other research, geologists may become aware of regions with elevated levels of a mineral, metal, or element. Through awareness of the possible health impacts of the geology in their area of work, geologists are well poised to assist in protection of human health.
Gene co-expression network analysis in zebrafish reveals chemical class specific modules.

Background Zebrafish is a popular animal model used for high-throughput screening of chemical hazards, however, investigations of transcriptomic mechanisms of toxicity are still needed. Here, our goal was to identify genes and biological pathways that Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor 2 (AHR2) Activators and flame retardant chemicals (FRCs) alter in developing zebrafish. Taking advantage of a compendium of phenotypically-anchored RNA sequencing data collected from 48-h post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish, we inferred a co-expression network that grouped genes based on their transcriptional response. Results Genes responding to the FRCs and AHR2 Activators localized to distinct regions of the network, with FRCs inducing a broader response related to neurobehavior. AHR2 Activators centered in one region related to chemical stress responses. We also discovered several highly co-expressed genes in this module, including cyp1a, and we subsequently show that these genes are definitively within the AHR2 signaling pathway. Systematic removal of the two chemical types from the data, and analysis of network changes identified neurogenesis associated with FRCs, and regulation of vascular development associated with both chemical classes. We also identified highly connected genes responding specifically to each class that are potential biomarkers of exposure. Conclusions Overall, we created the first zebrafish chemical-specific gene co-expression network illuminating how chemicals alter the transcriptome relative to each other. In addition to our conclusions regarding FRCs and AHR2 Activators, our network can be leveraged by other studies investigating chemical mechanisms of toxicity.
A study of fin width effect on the performance of FinFET

As short channel effect (SCE) and subthreshold leakage is demonstrated to be controlled effectively from conventional planar MOSFETs to the FinFET, we used a three-dimensional simulation of nFinFET structure to analysis fin width effect on the FinFET performance from perspectives of both on-state and off-state. In this study, the major leakage path of FinFET with varied W fin takes place at middle fin where is controlled by double-gate, in the meanwhile, on-state current density is not uniform within active fin and a higher current density is observed at fin top. FinFET with increasing W fin induces more on-state current and also I sub reduction because of impact ionization is suppressed. In order to enjoy both on-state and off-state advantages, the FinFET with wide W fin at fin top and thin W fin at middle fin/fin bottom is proposed for desired effective fin area and electrostatic control.
Living in the Law

Legal ethics is largely concerned with questions of moral permissibility. Is a lawyer morally permitted, for example, to destroy the character of an innocent witness through ruthless cross-examination or to withhold information, unknown to the authorities, regarding his client's participation in past crimes? A lawyer has a duty to advance the interests of his clients with maximum effectiveness, within the limits of the law,' and to do this must often perform actions that from a moral point of view may seem dubious or even indefensible. Whether, despite the appearance of impropriety, these actions are in fact morally allowable is generally assumed to be the central question of legal ethics.2 Most affirmative
Power Distribution and Data Acquisition for a Free-falling Oceanographic Profiling System

Abstract : The long-term goal of our research group is quantification of the interactions between small-scale biological and physical processes within the upper ocean. This project has addressed that goal by expanding our technical capabilities for vertical profiling of sub-1m scale bio-optical and physical properties. The success of high-resolution profiling observations rests on the ability to conduct routine time and/or spatial series of profiles with multi-instrument systems that possess excellent time and depth resolution of all parameters. There are three primary components to this: 1) clean power to all instruments, 2) accurately time-resolved measurements, and 3) a routinely dependable deployment and recovery system. Our on-going ONR-supported research has permitted us to make advances in the timeresolution area, but we have serious needs in the two other areas. Our DURIP objectives are to: * purchase a Power Distribution System that can replace the obsolete MODAPS+ unit that we have been using since 1997. The objective is to provide clean power to multiple instruments (see below). * accurately measure the horizontal velocity field in front of the sinking profiler. We will meet that objective through the integration of a 600 kHz ADCP onto our profiling system. * enhance our fiber optic winch and cable system for deployment and recovery system.
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

In this chapter we study another major branch of linear algebra, very different from what we have seen so far. The problems in this area arise in many applications in physics, economics, statistics, and other fields. The main reason for this phenomenon can be explained roughly as follows.
Linear Stability Theory and the Problem of Supersonic Boundary- Layer Transition

Compressible linear stability theory is first reviewed and then used to calculate the amplitude ratio of constant-frequency disturbances as a function of Reynolds number for insulated and cooled-wall flat-plate boundary layers between Mach numbers 1.3 and 5.8. These results are used to examine the consequences of using a fixed disturbance amplitude of the most unstable frequency as a transition criterion. The effect of the freestream Mach number M1 on the transition of insulated-wall boundary layers is calculated using two different assumptions concerning the initial boundary-layer disturbance amplitude A0. It is found that the shape of the transition Reynolds number Ret vs MI curve observed in wind tunnels can be closely duplicated. As a second example, the effect of wall cooling at MI = 3.0 is calculated. A much faster increase of Re, with cooling is obtained than is observed experimentally. However, when A0 is determined from the forced response of the boundary layer to irradiated sound and from the measured freestream power spectrum, a rise in Re, similar to what is observed is obtained for a certain amplitude criterion.
Recent Advances and Future Prospects in Low Temperature Physics

Physicists are usually concerned with the study of phenomena which nature exhibits, or has exhibited in the past during the evolution of the universe. Low temperature physicists, on the other hand, investigate new phenomena which they bring about themselves by going to lower and lower temperatures. The temperature of the cosmic radiation has reached 3°K, yet it is doubtful whether somewhere in the universe He3 or He4 exist in liquid or solid form at their low temperature equilibrium, although they are produced in our low temperature laboratories as a matter of routine.
Editorial Comment— Time to Burn the TOAST

There will be a rediscovery of the worth of the now-almost-abandoned autopsy and clinical pathological conference and the realization that MRI, computed tomography, and ultrasonography cannot substitute for direct postmortem examination of the brain and blood vessels.1 — James F. Toole The observations of many 20th century stroke studies led their authors to question whether there were any significant special risk factors, like hypertension, for little strokes. By assuming the onerous and painstaking task of systematically reviewing all of the pertinent literature, Jackson and Sudlow have accomplished a unique task, the proof of a negative!2 There are no specific etiological diagnostic risk factors for small-vessel occlusion (lacune), the most common variety of stroke in the TOAST (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) tabulation.3 TOAST was the standard classification system for clinical definition of ischemic strokes. Even BT (before TOAST), the common knowledge of most experienced clinicians was that family history, age, smoking, hypertension, cardiac or systemic atherosclerosis, previous stroke, diabetes, obesity, and cachexia of any cause are pertinent to general health and probably to the incidence of stroke. And they knew that big strokes are worse than little strokes, especially for debilitated older patients. In 1993, the TOAST stroke investigators recognizing “the etiology of ischemic stroke affects prognosis, outcome, and management,” proposed a “classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke: definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial.”3 Their premise was “determining the cause of stroke does influence choices for management.” Their Table 1 illustrates the range of their causal conclusions, 5 major categories, segregated with modest hedging. For large-artery atherosclerosis, there is an (embolus/thrombosis) choice, and for cardioembolism, a choice of (high-risk/medium-risk). These, along with small-vessel occlusion (lacune) and stroke of other determined etiology, are adorned with an asterisk whose footnote indicates the …
Psychological Approaches to Suicide Treatment and Prevention

In recent decades, the sub-specialization of “clinical suicidology” emphasizing suicide risk assessment, treatment, training, and the management of suicide-related liability has grown exponentially. This line of thinking had led to the development of suicide-specific treatments that target suicide as the focus of care (vs. a primary focus on treating mental disorders). These treatments are being extensively investigated using randomized controlled clinical trials to prove their efficacy and effectiveness. This article features the three main replicated treatments for suicide: Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Therapy for Suicide Prevention, and the Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality. In addition, there is a recent surge of brief suicide-focused interventions (1–4 sessions) that include variations of stabilization planning and close examination of suicide attempts as an opportunity to learn about suicidal risk with coping-oriented guidance and support. Within a rapidly evolving contemporary mental health care reality, these suicide-related treatments and interventions hold great promise for the prospect of providing more effective (and potentially life-saving care) for suicidal patients.
Extended aortic valvuloplasty for recurrent valvular stenosis and regurgitation in children

Recurrent significant aortic valvular stenosis or regurgitation, or both, after balloon or open valvotomy in pediatric patients often necessitates aortic valve replacement. In an attempt to preserve the aortic valve, we performed extended aortic valvuloplasty in 21 children with recurrent aortic valve stenosis or regurgitation from January 1989 to March 1993. Previous related procedures were one open aortic valvotomy or more (n =15), balloon valvotomy (n = 4), balloon valvotomy after surgical valvotomy (n =1), and repair of iatrogenic valve tear (n =1). Mean age at the time of the extended aortic valvuloplasty was 6 ± 3.4 years. Mean pressure gradient across the aortic valve was 56 ± 12 torr. Regurgitation was moderate (grade 2 to 3) in nine and severe (grade 4) in 12 patients. Extended aortic valvuloplasty techniques consisted of thinning of valve leaflets (n =15), augmentation of scarred and retracted leaflets with autologous pericardium (n =11), resuspension of the augmented leaflet (n =14), release of the rudimentary commissure from the aortic wall (n = 5), extension of the valvotomy incision into the aortic wall on both sides of the commissure (n = 20), patch repair of the sinus of Valsalva perforation (n =1), reapproximation of tears (n = 5), and narrowing of the ventriculoaortic junction (n = 2). No operative deaths occurred. The postoperative mean pressure gradient, assessed by most recent Doppler echocardiography or cardiac catheterization at a follow-up of 18 ± 6 months, was 19 ± 6 torr (p
Assessment of the remineralization in simulated enamel lesions via dehydration with near-IR reflectance imaging

Previous studies have demonstrated that near-IR imaging can be used to nondestructively monitor the severity of enamel lesions. Arrested lesions typically have a highly mineralized surface layer that reduces permeability and limits diffusion into the lesion. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the rate of water loss correlates with the degree of remineralization using near-IR reflectance imaging. Artificial bovine (n=15) enamel lesions were prepared by immersion in a demineralization solution for 24 hours and they were subsequently placed in an acidic remineralization solution for different periods. The samples were dehydrated using an air spray for 30 seconds and surfaces were imaged using an InGaAs camera at 1300-1700 nm wavelengths. Near-IR reflectance intensity differences before and after dehydration decreased with longer periods of remineralization. This study demonstrated that near-IR reflectance imaging was suitable for the detection of remineralization in simulated caries lesions and near-IR wavelengths longer than 1400 nm are well suited for the assessment of remineralization.
Sounds of silence: exploring contributions to conversations, non-responses and the impact of mediating technologies in triple space

We investigate collocated triads as they play a collaborative, problem-solving game using distributed technology on laptops. We examine how different triads attain and maintain mutual understanding in triple-space--when working on a hard problem, with communicating technologies and face-to-face interaction. We present qualitative and quantitative evidence that demonstrates the descriptive adequacy of a model of triadic interaction in triple space. We use that model to argue that the notion of good-enoughness is not a group attribute, but rather tied to each dyadic pair. This intellectual framework allows us to examine how non- response operates within these triple-space interactions when interaction is supported by different media. The results related to non-response raise the possibility that different media may result in subtle influence on the balance of participant goals.
Contact, epidemics, and the body as agents of change: a study of AIDS among the Xokléng indians in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Based on an analysis of AIDS cases among the Xokleng Indians in 1988, this article relates the illness phenomenon to socio-cultural disruptions and transformations in this indigenous group's universe, focusing on the history of their contact with Brazilian national society. The analysis and interpretation of this relationship are based on anthropological theories about the centrality of the body, corporeality, and degenerative bodily processes in Brazilian indigenous societies, according to which the body, society, and macro-situational elements are articulated by social praxis, and should thus be related in socio-anthropological studies of health-illness phenomena. The article briefly describes the history of epidemics emerging from contact and attempts to relate them to specific historical contexts. Ethnomedical categories, cosmology, and Xokleng concepts of corporeality are related to their social organization, which are thus connected to the AIDS cases. The latter are presented with a special focus on the relationship between their emergence and the changes occurring in the Xokleng world with the construction of a dam bordering on their land.
Bose–Einstein Condensation in an Ultracold Gas

Bose–Einstein condensation in a gas has now been achieved. Atoms are cooled to the point of condensation using laser cooling and trapping, followed by magnetic trapping and evaporative cooling. These techniques are explained, as well as the techniques by which we observe the cold atom samples. Three different signatures of Bose–Einstein condensation are described. A number of properties of the condensate, including collective excitations, distortions of the wave function by interactions, and the fraction of atoms in the condensate versus temperature, have also been measured.
Design and operation of a nuclear medicine picture archiving and communication system.

Construction of a new Veterans Administration Medical Center provided a unique opportunity to design and implement a state-of-the-art nuclear medicine department in a large teaching and research hospital. The new medical center allowed the acquisition of all new gamma cameras and computer systems without any historical need to patch together a system of old and new equipment. The picture archiving and communication system (PACS) was designed to link five gamma cameras to four image viewing areas, followed by digital archive on an optical disc. The gamma cameras' computers and viewing areas' computers are linked to a central networking computer in a manner that provides nine independent but digitally communicating image computers. Each nuclear medicine computer is capable of acquiring gamma camera data while possibly also performing up to three other simultaneous tasks: analysis of image data, transfer of image data from node to node, and patient database manipulation. The nine image computers each appear to the user as a digital file cabinet, containing various folders, which in turn contain patient studies. To transfer a patient study from one location to another, the user simply queues a transfer request by selecting a file drawer-folder combination for the source and destination locations. It takes only a few seconds to queue a transfer request, and the transfer is complete about a minute later without any further user intervention. A computer genie awakens during the early morning off-hours and performs housekeeping tasks, including movement of patient studies (based on date of acquisition) from active viewing folders to inactive archive folders. All scheduling, workload data, patient image reports, ect, are handled by a patient textual information database system. Patient reports and scheduling information are transmitted to the medical center's central computer where they are made readily available throughout the medical center. The PACS, in clinical use since the spring of 1988, is practical and well-received by technologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and more importantly, our consumer, the referring physicians.
Effects of Tillage and Prior Crop on the Incidence of Five Key Pests on Ohio Corn

Pest management records representing a decade of field scouting observations of field corn in two Ohio counties were analyzed to determine the relative incidence of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), stalk borer, Papaipema nebris (Guenee), armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth), slugs, and European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) in relation to tillage practices and prior crop. The incidence of black cutworm, stalk borer, armyworm, and slug infestations exceeding a potential action threshold increased as tillage was reduced, especially in no-tillage corn. The incidence of first-brood European corn borer infestations was less in no-tillage compared with that of either conventional or reduced tillage corn. Prior crop history did not significantly influence the relative incidence of black cutworm, stalk borer, or slugs on corn, including that planted no-till. Armyworm infestations exceeding the potential action threshold were primarily limited to corn sites planted no-tillage into a grassy prior crop. The incidence of European corn borer was greater in continuous corn than in corn following other crops.
Enhanced Bioavailability of Triazolam Following Sublingual Versus Oral Administration

The rate and extent of the absorption of triazolam following sublingual and oral administration were evaluated in this study. Eight healthy volunteers received triazolam 0.5 mg in a commercially available tablet, by sublingual and oral routes on two occasions in random sequence. Plasma triazolam concentrations during 24 hours after each dose were measured by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. The mean total area under the curve for sublingual administration was significantly larger than that following oral dosage (28.9 vs 22.6 ng-hr/mL, P less than .025). The peak plasma concentration after sublingual dosage was also higher than after oral administration (4.7 vs 3.9 ng/mL, P less than .1). No significant differences between sublingual and oral administration were found for the elimination half-life of triazolam (4.1 vs 3.7 hr) and the time of peak concentration (1.22 vs 1.25 hr) after dose. Thus, the bioavailability of triazolam after sublingual administration is increased by an average of 28% compared with oral administration of the same dose, possibly because first-pass extraction is bypassed. Clinical effects of triazolam may likewise be enhanced by sublingual dosage.
Exercise and brain catecholamine relationships with brown adipose tissue and whole-body oxygen consumption in rats

Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) is thought to maintain caloric homeostasis by increasing its metabolic rate during periods of energy surfeit or low environmental temperatures and decreasing it during periods of deprivation or high environmental temperatures. The present study investigated the relationship of BAT and whole-body metabolic rate with negative energy balance induced by a minimally stressful exercise regimen. Twenty-four rats exercised in a running wheel for 2 hours per day for 8 weeks for food reinforcement either under a variable ratio or variable time schedule. Whole-body oxygen consumption and the thermic effect of a test meal were then measured, the rats sacrificed, BAT weight and oxygen consumption measured, and the brains assayed for catecholamines. Food intake was found to be positively correlated with expenditure either in the form of exercise, overnight weight loss, or BAT metabolic rate. Brain dopamine concentrations were found to be related to BAT metabolic rate which was in turn related to the amount of weight lost overnight and the amount of food intake. Running was positively correlated with BAT metabolic rate, suggesting that brown adipose tissue is not simply an organ of caloric homeostasis or thermoregulation. BAT, then, appears to be a multi-purpose tool used by a number of systems which regulate body temperature and energy metabolism.
Sebaceous carcinoma of the vulva : A case report and review of the literature

Although sebaceous glands are prominent on the vulva, sebaceous carcinomas of the vulva rarely occur. In fact, there have been only two cases of sebaceous carcinomas of the vulva reported in the literature. Eighty percent of vulvar cancers are squamous in origin with human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA detected in approximately 60% of these cancers. We present a third patient with sebaceous carcinoma of the vulva and the first to our knowledge that has been analyzed for HPV DNA. The case report and a review of the literature are presented.
Aqueous Tube Shunt to a Pre-existing Episcleral Encircling Element in the Treatment of Complicated Glaucomas

Purpose: The treatment of glaucoma after scleral buckling surgery is often problematic. The authors investigated a series of patients in whom a silicone tube was implanted to shunt aqueous from the anterior segment to the fibrous capsule surrounding a previously placed silicone episcleral encircling element. Methods: Thirteen patients were retrospectively reviewed. In each patient, a silicone tube was inserted through a small incision into the fibrous capsule overlying the scleral explant. In most patients, no attempt was made to secure the distal end of the tube to the silicone band. The proximal end of the tube was inserted into the eye via a needle track. Results: Successful control of intraocular pressure (IOP) (6 mmHg ≤ final IOP ≤ 21 mmHg with or without medication) was ultimately achieved in 11(85%) of 13 patients (3 of the successful patients underwent one or more surgical revisions to relieve obstruction of the proximal and/or distal tube opening). Follow-up in these patients ranged from 8 to 49 months (mean ± standard deviation, 21.7 ± 14.1 months). The final postoperative visual acuities were within one line of the preoperative visual acuities or had improved in 11 (85%) patients. Complications included serous choroidal detachment (3 patients; 23%), conjunctival wound leak (2 patients; 15%), hyphema (1 patient; 8%), and tube obstruction by lens, iris, vitreous, or episcleral fibrous tissue (4 patients; 31 %). Conclusion: Aqueous tube shunt to a pre-existing episcleral encircling element is useful in treating complicated glaucomas after scleral buckling surgery. Fibrous obstruction of the external tube opening is a frequent complication in the early postoperative period, but it may be relieved by surgical revision.
M-Estimators Converging to a Stable Limit

We discuss the asymptotic linearization of multivariate M-estimators, when the limit distribution is stable. We consider two different types of kernels: VC and bracketing. When applied to the case of normal limits, our work improves the known results to obtain the limit distribution of M-estimators. We give weak conditions for the asymptotic normality of M-estimators over differentiable kernels. To obtain these results, we present an inequality on empirical processes satisfying a bracketing condition with respect to a norm smaller than the L2 norm.
The Dilemma of Access to Care: Symptom of a Systemic Condition

The standard ethical arguments that prescribe dentistry's involvement in improving access to oral health care are based on the ethical principle of social justice. The authors underwrite this principle but argue that, as with other ethical principles, this principle alone will fail to have a practical impact. The authors show that the issue of access is a symptom of a more systemic problem in dentistry, namely the lack of connectedness that dentists feel between themselves and their profession, their community, and society at large. The second half of the article develops a plan for boosting "connectedness." Successful implementation should help resolve many of the systemic problems that dentistry currently faces, including the issue of disparities in oral health.
Study of the Specific-Heat Singularity of He 3 near Its Critical Point

We present measurements of the specific heat ${C}_{v}$ of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ with an impurity of 250-ppm ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ near its critical point, characterized by its density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}$ and temperature ${T}_{c}$. The sample cell had a vertical height of 0.5 mm to reduce the effect of gravity on the singularity. Data were taken along five isochores within the density range $\ensuremath{-}0.17l\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}l+0.11$, where $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}=\frac{(\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c})}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}}$, and in the temperature range $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}l|t|l{10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where $t=\frac{(T\ensuremath{-}{T}_{c})}{{T}_{c}}$. The data are compared with previous $P\ensuremath{-}V\ensuremath{-}T$ measurements on this system and good consistency is shown between the two sets of data. An adequate description of the data along the critical isochore is found to be given by the extended scaling formulation of Green, Cooper, and Sengers, based on a generalized parametric equation of state. Within experimental error, the critical exponent describing the divergence of ${C}_{v}$ is the same for $tg0$ and $tl0$ and its value is $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.105\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$. Scaled behavior of the specific heat as a function of temperature and density is exhibited by the data. This scaling is then related to the linear model of Schofield, Litster, and Ho. Good agreement is found between the calculated and the experimentally measured parameters for the linear model. Small systematic deviations will be discussed. We also present an account of the calorimeter relaxation times encountered in the vicinity of ${T}_{c}$. In the two-phase region, these relaxation times are much longer than in the one-phase region and diverge as the transition temperature is approached. This behavior is empirically described and tentatively attributed to processes at the boundary between the phases.
IIV3 reduced flu in HIV− pregnant women and infants, and in HIV+ pregnant women but not their infants

Source Citation Madhi SA, Cutland CL, Kuwanda L, et al; Maternal Flu Trial (Matflu) Team. Influenza vaccination of pregnant women and protection of their infants. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:918-31. 251...
APL function variants and system labels

While APL extensions are adding power to the language by generalizing and adding operators, the necessity of defining additional attributes of functions is becoming increasingly visible and no longer ignorable. This paper describes the function variant problem, and proposes a solution by introducing the concept of system labels. Three system labels are described: (
Renal replacement therapy in the treatment of confirmed or suspected inborn errors of metabolism.

Objective Analysis of mortality and risk factors for mortality in the use of renal replacement therapy to correct metabolic disturbances associated with confirmed or suspected inborn errors of metabolism. Study design A retrospective review of an institutional review board–approved pediatric acute renal failure data base at the University of Michigan. Eighteen patients underwent 21 renal replacement therapy treatments for metabolic disturbances caused by urea cycle defects (n = 14), organic acidemias (n = 5), idiopathic hyperammonemia (n = 1), and Reye syndrome (n = 1). Results There were 14 boys (74%) and 4 girls (26%), with a mean age and weight of 56.2 ± 71.0 months and 18.5 ± 19.2 kg, respectively, at the initiation of renal replacement therapy. Overall treatment mortality rate was 57.2% (12 of 21 treatments), with 11 of the 18 patients (61.1%) dying before hospital discharge. Two-year follow-up on those patients demonstrated that 5 patients (71.4%) remained alive. Initial therapy with hemodialysis was associated with improved survival. Ten treatments (47.6%) required transition to another form of renal replacement therapy to maintain ongoing metabolic control, with a mean duration of 6.1 ± 9.8 days. Time to renal replacement therapy >24 hours was associated with an increased risk of mortality, whereas a blood pressure >5 th percentile for age at the initiation of therapy and the use of anticoagulation were associated with a decreased risk of mortality. Conclusions Renal replacement therapy can correct the metabolic disturbances that accompany suspected or confirmed inborn errors of metabolism. Our experience demonstrates an approximately 60% mortality rate associated with renal replacement treatment, with more than 70% of survivors living longer than 2 years.
Contours, contrasts, and contradictions of the Arctic internet

Abstract Roughly 104 million people in Arctic states used the internet in 2010. The analysis offered here summarizes the changing geographies of the Arctic internet from several perspectives. It begins with a summary of the fiber optic and satellite infrastructure that underpin Arctic cyberspace. Second, it explores the geographies of users in North America, Scandinavia, and Russia, including their numerical growth and digital divides. The third part explicates regional variations in Arctic cyber-political economy as a means of demonstrating how local political, cultural, and economic circumstances shape how the internet is deployed, leading to uneven impacts. The next section highlights the fundamentals of Arctic electronic commerce and e-government, which are rapidly transforming how business and governance are conducted there.
Numerical Study of Hypervelocity Flows Through a Scramjet Combustor

Results are reported from a numerical investigation of mixing and combustion of hydrogen injected into an airstream at high enthalpy (e ight Mach number 17 ). Numerical computations performed using the general aerodynamic simulation program code are compared with experimental data obtained with a rectangular combustor model in the free-piston driven, ree ected-shock tunnel facility T5, at the Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories at the California Institute of Technology. Computed results show good agreement with the measured static wall pressures. Mixing performance with the injection of hot hydrogen is shown to be in line with established correlations for scramjet design. Also, the issue of spatial uniformity of the hydrogen ‐ air mixture has been explored.
The Impact of Bacteraemia on HIV Infection. Nine Years Experience in a Large Italian University Hospital

The object of this case control study was to evaluate the frequency, the risk factors, the microbiological spectrum and the outcome of 249 episodes of bacteraemia observed in 209 HIV-infected patients, most of them affected by AIDS. The rate of bacteraemia in the total yearly HIV-related admissions increased from 4% in 1985 to 13% in 1993. The more common aetiological agents of bacteraemia were: Staphylococcus aureus (29.7%), non-typhoidal species of Salmonella (14.1%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (10.9%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (8.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.6%). A mixed flora was found in 14% of the episodes. Multivariate analysis of predisposing factors indicated that a low CD4 + T-cell count ( 9 /l) ( P = 0.01), use of central venous catheters (CVC) ( P = 0.01) and a neutropenia (polymorphonuclear neutrophils 9 /l) ( P = 0.04) were independent risk factors for the development of bacteraemia. Logistic regression did not reveal any association of bacteraemia with intravenous drug abuse (on univariate analysis P = 0.04). The response (31.8%). Recurrences to specific therapy was favourable in 170 episodes (68.2%); death occurred in 79 (31.8%). Recurrences arose in 40 patients, 17 (42.5%) of them died. The outcome of bacteraemia was influenced by a low number of CD4 + T-cells cells ( P
Safety of hepatic resection in metastatic disease to the liver after yttrium-90 therapy.

Background Unresectable hepatic metastases from aerodigestive cancers are common and in most cases herald a poor prognosis. A small percentage of patients maybe amenable to surgical resection or ablation once the biology of the disease and the burden of hepatic disease are better understood. The use of hepatic arterial resin microspheres containing the β emitter, yttrium-90, has been reported in the treatment of unresectable hepatic metastases. The goal of this review was to evaluate the use of yttrium-90 hepatic arterial therapy in the management of hepatic metastases and surgical downstaging. Methods We reviewed our prospective hepatic arterial therapy registry and found 44 patients who had received Sir Sphere treatment for unresectable hepatic malignancies from 11/06 to 7/08. Response was assessed by using CT-imaging and characterized using modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST). All patients were managed in a multidisciplinary tertiary referral center specializing in hepatic malignancies. Results A total of 44 patients, 34 men and 10 women, with a median age of 60 y (range 44–8), received 67 treatments. The disease types treated were one adenosquamous tongue, one adrenal, nine carcinoid, three cholangiocarcinoma, four esophageal, one gastric, one gastrinoma, one GIST, four HCC, 15 colorectal, one melanoma, one non-small-cell lung, one occular, and one sarcoma. Four patients treated proceeded to resection because of downstaging of disease or no evidence of extrahepatic progression. The median age in these patients was 61 y (range 49–62). All of the patients had less than 25% tumor burden in the liver. Surgical therapy consisted of two patients undergoing right hepatic lobectomy, one patient who also underwent two wedge resections of segment 3, and one patient who had a left lateral hepatectomy with right lobe microwave ablation. The median length of postoperative stay was 7 d. There was no evidence of liver dysfunction following resection in any of the patients. None of the patients show evidence of recurrence in the liver following resection. One patient has had progression of disease in the lungs following resection, histologically confirmed as metastatic rectal carcinoma. All of the patients are currently alive with a median survival of 2 y. Conclusion Hepatic directed yttrium-90 is a minimally invasive, highly effective therapy that can be utilized to downstage the hepatic burden and/or assess the biology of the disease to allow for appropriate treatment. The use of yttrium-90 microspheres for radio-embolization of metastases in the liver can successfully downstage the lesions to allow for surgical resection in patients with amenable predictors, and can provide a significantly better prognosis in these patients. This form of therapy for the purposes of downstaging tumors for resection merits more extensive study in order to provide the best possible outcomes for patients with metastatic liver disease.
Computer modeling of atomic scale crystal growth processes

The wide availability of extremely powerful computers has ushered in a new era in which simulation is the preferred method for the modeling of physical processes. The development of our understanding of the atomic scale processes involved in crystal growth, where computer simulations have played a central role, is an example of the power of these methods. It has now become apparent that computer simulations have not only been useful, but were essential for this development. Crystallization processes will be discussed in the context of the role of computer modeling in the development of our current understanding, and to illustrate how it is continuing to play a central role.
The subcellular distribution of lysosomal hydrolases in the Harding-Passey melanoma.

Differential centrifugation of homogenates of Harding-Passey melanoma demonstrated that aryl sulfatase A and β-glucuronidase sediment with particles (i.e., lysosomes) distinct from those particles bearing tyrosinase (i.e., melanosomes). The sedimentation curves for the lysosomal enzymes and tyrosinase, however, demonstrated that an adequate separation of these particle types could not be obtained by differential centrifugation. Isopycnic density gradient centrifugation was used to obtain the necessary resolution. The results of the density gradient studies demonstrated that lysosomes and melanosomes could be separated by this technique, as judged by enzyme distribution among the fractions recovered from the gradients and from electron microscopic examination of the melanosome fractions. It was further evident that the purified and washed melanosomes contained significant amounts of both acid hydrolase activities. Indeed 24% to 27% of the total acid hydrolase activities recovered from the density gradients were associated with the melanosome fractions. The acid hydrolases associated with the melanosomes could not be solubilized by treatment with 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100, nor by exposure to hypo-osmotic shock. The melanoma lysosomes, however, did release most of both their hydrolase activities into soluble form after treatment with the same percentage of detergent. The lysosomes were, however, very resistant to rupture by exposure to hypo-osmotic conditions.
Debating definitions of information literacy : enough is enough!

Purpose – To demonstrate existing definitional consensus on information literacy, and outline the main and unique areas of concern resulting from that consensus for libraries desiring to contribute to information literacy education.Design/methodology/approach – Leading attempts at defining information literacy are examined to demonstrate their lack of substantive definitional differences, and to establish parameters for the library’s participation in information literacy education.Findings – Examines the leading definitional contributions since the American Library Association’s 1989 seminal work on information literacy. Demonstrates the lack of substantive definitional differences between those and the ALA definition. Suggests librarians concentrate on the expectations deriving from such unanimity, and outlines those expectations.Practical implications – Clarity of definitions provides more stable atmosphere for practical initiatives, while controversies over definitions distract from action. By pointing...