cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Development of Young Children's Metalinguistic Understanding of the Word.

AbstractDevelopmental patterns in young children’s segmentation ability within the aural and visual contexts were studied as an indication of their developing metalinguistic ability and cognitive clarity. As tested by an ANOV A, increasing proficiency in segmentation ability among students at each reading ability (nonreadiness, readiness, reader) were exhibited. The interaction effect between reading ability and aural or visual contexts was significant. Results support the conclusion that children gradually learn to adopt a metalinguistic view of language.
Strength and ductility of reinforced concrete moment frame connections strengthened with quasi-isotropic laminates

Zusammenfassung This paper introduces an innovative technique using polymer composites for repair and retrofit of reinforced concrete (RC) moment frame connections. In this pilot study, a total of six half-scale reversal cyclic tests were preformed. The tests were conducted on half-scale specimens simulating interior beam-to-column sub-assemblages of a typical RC structure. Two connection specimens were used as control specimens and were tested to failure. These two “repairable” damaged specimens were re-tested under a similar loading regime after being repaired with both epoxy injection as well as carbon–epoxy and E-glass–epoxy quasi-isotropic laminates. To investigate the performance of the composite systems as retrofit schemes, two other half-scale tests were conducted on undamaged specimens strengthened with both E-glass–epoxy and carbon–epoxy quasi-isotropic laminates. Test results indicated that the use of composite overlays has led to an appreciable increase in stiffness, strength, and ductility of these connections. The ductility and strength of the repaired specimens were increased up to 42 and 53% respectively, as compared to the control specimens. Discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of using E-glass–epoxy vs. carbon–epoxy laminates is also presented.
Structural and functional modularity of voltage‐gated potassium channels

Sequence similarity among known potassium channels indicates the voltage-gated potassium channels consist of two modules: the N-terminal portion of the channel up to and including transmembrane segment S4, called in this paper the ‘sensor’ module, and the C-terminal portion from transmembrane segment S5 onwards, called the ‘pore’ module. We investigated the functional role of these modules by constructing chimeric channels which combine the ‘sensor’ from one native voltage-gated channel, mKv1.1, with the ‘pore’ from another, Shaker H4, and vice versa. Functional studies of the wild type and chimeric channels show that these modules can operate outside their native context. Each channel has a unique conductance–voltage relation. Channels incorporating the mKv1.1 sensor module have similar rates of activation while channels having the Shaker pore module show similar rates of deactivation. This observation suggests the mKv1.1 sensor module limits activation and the Shaker pore module determines deactivation. We propose a model that explains the observed equilibrium and kinetic properties of the chimeric constructs in terms of the characteristics of the native modules and a novel type of intrasubunit cooperativity. The properties ascribed to the modules are the same whether the modules function in their native context or have been assembled into a chimera.
Production planning for closed-loop supply chains with product recovery and reuse: an analytical approach

We present an analytical approach towards production planning and control for closed-loop supply chains with product recovery and reuse. This approach consists of a mathematical programming model, RAPP (Remanufacturing Aggregate Production Planning), for aggregate production planning and control. The model is designed to aid operational decision-makers in an intermediate to long-range planning environment and also may serve as a focal point for developing formal systems for production planning, inventory control, and other tactical decision-making. Key decisions include the number of units of core type with a nominal quality level that is disassembled, disposed, remanufactured and acquired in a given time period. Other decisions pertain to the inventory of modules and cores that remain at the end of a given time period. We use data from a company that remanufactures mobile telephones to validate our mathematical programming model. Managerial implications of such a closed-loop model as well as future resea...
Heterogeneous Oxidation of Toluene in the Bed Region of a Spouted Bed Combustor; Effect of Bed Temperature and Bed Material

Abstract Toluene was used as the fuel in a heterogeneous spouted bed combustor to investigate the effect of bed material on pollutant emissions. Experimental measurements were conducted in the annulus region (preflame) and include Destruction and Removal Efficiency (DRE) of the fuel, and concentrations of three products of Incomplete combustion (PICs) of toluene; CO, benzene and benzaldehyde. Two types of bed material were used: Sand and quartz. Higher conversion of the fuel (higher DRE) and higher concentration of CO, benzene and benzaldehyde (up to one order of magnitude) were observed with sand particles. Predictions of a detailed homogeneous gas phase mechanism for the oxidation of toluene (Emdee et al., 1992), were compared to the experimental data to reveal possible influences of surface reactions on the conversion of toluene and formation of CO, benzene and benzaldehyde.
Impact of Coated Ground-Plane Edge Diffractions on Amplitude Patterns of Circular Apertures

The impact of finite dielectric-covered ground-plane edge diffractions on the amplitude patterns of circular apertures is investigated. The model is based on the Geometrical Optics (GO) and the Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD) for an impedance wedge. The circular aperture antenna is mounted on square and circular finite ground planes that are coated with a thin lossy dielectric layer. The predictions based on the GO/UTD model are validated by comparisons to experimental results and simulated data.
The unfolded protein response in glioblastomas: passing the stress test

469 ISSN 2045-0907 10.2217/CNS.13.50 © 2013 Future Medicine Ltd CNS Oncol. (2013) 2(6), 469–472 One may think of tumors as existentially stressed; their rapid, uncontrolled proliferation in the midst of unstable blood supplies results in a hypoxic, nutrient-deprived environment, and the threat of immune system attack is almost constant (if ineffective). Tumors are also subject to our treatment schemes for them, including radiation and chemotherapeutics. To cope with these stresses, tumors upregulate expression of chaperone proteins/heat shock proteins to facilitate protein folding and stability issues, and to reduce the impact of apoptotic drivers. Brain tumors, such as highgrade gliomas/glioblastomas (GBMs), are no exception [1], and these tumors often show high levels of chaperone proteins – some displayed on the surfaces of brain tumor cells – particularly compared with normal brain [2,3]. Whether these stress proteins represent useful immunotherapy moieties [3,4] or drug targets [5] remains to be seen. However, it seems likely that the stresses imposed on tumors, rather than simply inflicting damage, may actually drive processes that allow tumors to survive and even thrive amidst the stresses. Cellular responses to stress take on a variety of forms, and sometimes those responses manifest in different organelles. Subcellularly, the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers a multipronged ‘stress management profile’ known as the unfolded protein response (UPR; for excellent reviews see [6,7]). This stress response initiates when sensors within the ER, such as the HSP 70 family member GRP78 (also known as BiP/HSPA5), detect unfolded or malfolded proteins in the ER lumen. Similar events occur in cells with high secretory outputs, where the cells experience large amounts of protein translation into the ER, such as in activated plasma cells that produce large quantities of antibodies. During ‘ordinary’ cellular stasis, one of GRP78’s roles is to bind to the ER lumenal portions of three transmembrane molecules: PERK, IRE1 and ATF6. The interaction of GRP78 with these three ER membrane proteins maintains them in a monomeric state; when GRP78 releases them in order to perform chaperone duties for the unfolded proteins present in the ER, these three proteins now act as transducers of the UPR (it is likely that IRE1 has its own unfolded protein-sensing domain [8] and may not require GRP78’s
Analytic Parameter Fitting in Stochastic Stem Cell Models

Pluripotent stem cells produce all of the body's diverse cell types though lineages of cell division and differentiation. One goal of current stem cell research is to create predictive models of cell development hierarchies to validate our understanding of these hierarchies and to guide the design of artificial lineages to produce specific cell types for medical purposes. Stochastic models have been used to study stem cell lineages for nearly 50 years, but a continuing challenge is how to fit the parameters of complex models to noisy experimental cell population data. We have developed a technique that addresses this problem by creating algorithms to automatically generate exact analytical expressions for the probability distributions of different cell types at each successive generation as a function of the model parameters. These expressions can be used with conventional optimizers to find the best-fit model parameters. Although the analytic expressions grow exponentially for complex differentiation hierarchies, the resulting equations are manageable out to the number of generations typically used in experiments. We have tested our parameter fitting strategy using, as “experimental” data, Monte Carlo simulations of a three-parameter stochastic model we have developed for T-cell formation from lymphocyte progenitor cells. We organized the Monte Carlo results to mimic two possible experimental protocols. One mimicked replicate measurements of cell differentiation starting with single stems cells, and the other mimicked measurements starting with pooled groups of cells. Our approach yielded good convergence to the stochastic model parameters, even for relatively small numbers of starting cells, showing that this should be practical for fitting models to experimental data. Additionally, our results show that data from replicate single cell experiments allow more reliable model fitting than pooled experiments using the same number of initial stem cells.
Temperature-dependent luminescence of gallium-substituted YAG:Ce

The temperature-dependent lifetime of trivalent cerium was determined in (Y1−xCex)3Al2.5Ga2.5O12 (where x = 0.1 and 0.2) over a temperature range of 20−120 °C. In both samples, the quenching temperature is significantly lower compared to (Y1−xCex)3Al5O12. The difference in quenching temperatures is explained by evaluating the changes in the lattice, which occur as a result of substituting the Al3+ for Ga3+. The information presented in this report is useful for future design of phosphors for use as non-contact temperature sensors.
Identification of p18INK4c as a Tumor Suppressor Gene in Glioblastoma Multiforme

Genomic alterations leading to aberrant activation of cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) complexes drive the pathogenesis of many common human tumor types. In the case of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), these alterations are most commonly due to homozygous deletion of p16(INK4a) and less commonly due to genomic amplifications of individual genes encoding cyclins or cdks. Here, we describe deletion of the p18(INK4c) cdk inhibitor as a novel genetic alteration driving the pathogenesis of GBM. Deletions of p18(INK4c) often occurred in tumors also harboring homozygous deletions of p16(INK4a). Expression of p18(INK4c) was completely absent in 43% of GBM primary tumors studied by immunohistochemistry. Lentiviral reconstitution of p18(INK4c) expression at physiologic levels in p18(INK4c)-deficient but not p18(INK4c)-proficient GBM cells led to senescence-like G(1) cell cycle arrest. These studies identify p18(INK4c) as a GBM tumor suppressor gene, revealing an additional mechanism leading to aberrant activation of cyclin/cdk complexes in this terrible malignancy.
Effect of metal and sampling rate on accuracy of Flock of Birds electromagnetic tracking system.

Electromagnetic tracking devices are used in many biomechanics applications. Previous studies have shown that metal located within the working field of direct current electromagnetic tracking devices produces significant errors. However, the effect of sampling rate on the errors produced in a metallic environment has never been studied. In this study, the accuracy of Ascension Technologies' Flock of Birds was evaluated at sampling rates of 20, 60, 100, and 140 Hz, in the presence of both aluminum and steel. Aluminum interference caused an increase in measurement error as the sampling rate increased. Conversely, steel interference caused a decrease in measurement error as the sampling rate increased. We concluded that the accuracy of the Flock of Birds tracking system can be optimized in the presence of metal by careful choice in sampling rate.
Surgical revascularization of acute evolving myocardial infarction without blood cardioplegia fails to restore postischemic function in the involved segment

Abstract This study determines the additional protection provided by multidose hypothermic potassium blood cardioplegia over cardiopulmonary bypass alone following one hour of coronary occlusion. In 19 anesthetized dogs having an open-chest procedure, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was occluded for one hour, and this resulted in loss of active shortening in the affected zone (sonomicrometry). Cardiopulmonary bypass was established, and the dogs were divided into two groups based on the mode of reperfusion. In 10 dogs, hearts were arrested for one hour with amino acid-enhanced multi-dose blood cardioplegia; the ligatures were removed prior to the second infusion. In the 9 remaining dogs, the ligatures were removed and reperfusion was initiated with unmodified blood on total vented bypass. Both groups were reperfused for one additional hour. Postischemic levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were comparable in the blood cardioplegia and bypass groups, and subendocardial levels averaged 42.8% and 45.8% of controls, respectively. Levels of creatine phosphate returned to control values. Subendocardial water content was significantly less in the blood cardioplegia hearts than the bypass hearts (79.4 ± 0.5% vs. 81.5 ± 0.5%; p
SOSA ON SKEPTICISM

: Ernest Sosa has recently articulated an insightful response to skepticism and, in particular, to the dream argument. The response relies on two independent moves. First, Sosa offers the imagination model of dreaming according to which no assertions are ever made in dreams and no beliefs are involved there. As a result, it is possible to distinguish dreaming from being awake, and the dream argument is blocked. Second, Sosa develops a virtue epistemology according to which in appropriately normal conditions our perceptual beliefs will be apt. Hence, in these conditions, we will have at least animal knowledge, and the conclusion of the dream argument is undermined. In this article, I examine various moves that the skeptic can make to resist Sosa's challenge, and I contrast the proposal to a neo-Pyrrhonian stance. In the end, there is surprisingly little disagreement about the status of ordinary perceptual beliefs in the two stances.
Evidence for an unstable Bi(II) radical from Bi-O bond homolysis. Implications in the rate-determining step of the SOHIO process.

The reaction of BiCl3 with the lithium salt of o-di-tert-butylphenol under nitrogen forms organic oxidation products rather than the expected Bi(OAr)3 complex, and bismuth disproportionation products. Likewise, the decomposition of Bi(III) aryloxides Bi(O-2,6-iPr2C6H3)3 and ClBi(O-2,4,6-tBu3C6H2)3 leads to corresponding organic oxidation products. These reactions can be explained by Bi−O bond homolysis to form unstable Bi(II) radicals, analogous to a fundamental step suggested to intervene in the SOHIO process.
Screening in a collection of crumpled manifolds.

The continuum theory of a collection of self-avoiding D-dimensional manifolds with fixed connectivity embedded in d dimensions is considered. The self-avoiding interaction between multiple points of a manifold is shown to be screened in the presence of other manifolds. The screening length and the mean-square distance between two points of a manifold are derived to decrease with the manifold density \ensuremath{\rho} according to ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}(D+2)/2(d\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}D)}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}[4D\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}(2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}D)d]/2(d\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}D)}$, respectively.
Aversive effects of repeated injections of THC in rats.

Since the effective dose of THC in man is in the 0.1 to 0.25 mg/kg range when inhaled (Weil, et a/., 1968), Elsmore and Fletcher ( 1972 ) pointed out that most studies of the effects of THC on rats may be studies of the toxic effects of the drug. Elsmore and Fletcher used a conditioned taste-aversion paradigm to demonstrate that THC is aversive over a range of dosages. Rats on a 23-hr. water deprivation schedule were given intraperitoneal injections of 0, .25, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 32.0 mg/kg of THC immediately after 1 hr. exposure to .1% saccharin solution, a novel substance. Subsequently, the rats were given simultaneous exposure to water and the saccharin solution in a preference test. There was a profound decrease in preference for saccharin as the dosage increased. Corcoran ( 1973) replicated these results using single pairings of THC with saccharin, sodium chloride, and vanilla extract. The present study was ,intended to replicate the design of Elsmore and Fletcher for a lower range of dosages and to extend the design to include repeated daily pairings of saccharin with injections of the drug. The conditions with repeated injections were included so that the results could be applied to experiments with multiple injections of THC. METHOD
Conductivity in phthalocyanines and mixed phthalocyanine/lipid monolayers at the air-water interface

The effects of molecular organization in spread monolayers on AC conductivity at the air-water interface have been examined in systems of Al and Zn phthalocyanines mixed with dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol. While it is observed that conductivity decreases with increasing surface concentration under all conditions, it may be seen that certain phthalocyanine-lipid ratios produce marked enhancement of this effect. These results are interpreted in terms of changing orientation of the macrocycle ring which effects ring-water surface interactions and demonstrates the sensitivity of surface conductivity to molecular organization.
Technology and Indian industry: what is liberalization changing?

Abstract This paper examines the process of liberalization in India, focusing on the implications for technology and industrial competitiveness. India's industrial and technology policy regime in the sixties and seventies was among the most inward-looking and protectionist anywhere outside the socialist bloc. Dilution of this restrictive policy regime began in the eighties but change has been relatively dramatic since 1991. The paper argues that firms have responded to liberalization by improving efficiency, importing technology and by increasing in-house R&D. However, viewed in comparison with other countries rather than its own past, India still has a long reform agenda pending.
A framework for sustainable whole systems design

A whole systems approach, considering the interrelatedness of both problems and solutions, can help create more sustainable designs. Still, designers often apply exclusively reductionist approaches to generate designs. One way to address this issue is to reduce ambiguity in the whole systems approach. This paper describes research to define and unify elements of whole systems design. Elements were identified through a methodical review of sources describing theories, perspectives, and practices from multiple design disciplines. These elements were coded and then organized using concept mapping. The resulting framework has 20 elements categorized as processes, principles, and methods. This framework is meant to help enable more widespread application of whole systems design in practice.
Carbon cluster ion drift mobilities. The importance of geometry and vibrational effects

Abstract Research groups have identified the structures of carbon cluster ions by matching drift mobilities of these species observed in ion chromatography experiments to calculated mobilities of proposed structures. We examine the validity of two central approximations used to calculate mobilities of these carbon cluster ions through inert gases. The approximations are that calculated mobilities are not strongly dependent on the quality of the optimized cluster geometry used to calculate the mobilities, and that the amount of internal energy present in the clusters under experimental conditions does not significantly distort them from their equilibrium geometries. The theoretical results reported here are consistent with the experimental assumptions.
Using a simulation environment for teaching and researching networking topics

ITGuru is a powerful simulation environment developed by OpNET Corporation. ITGuru is unique because of its ability to model the entire network, including its routers, switches, protocols, servers, and the individual applications they support. ITGuru improves network designers' ability to identify and solve problems throughout the network. ITGuru assesses application impact, automates diagnostic testing, expedites server capacity planning and consolidation, analyzes failure impact, and enables network growth planningITGuru's Application Characterization Environment (ACE) module enables network designers to identify the root-cause of end-to-end application performance problems, and solve them cost-effectively by understanding the impact of changes.ITGuru's also contains the NetDoctor and Flow Analysis modules. The NetDoctor module provides a customizable environment that enables network professionals and instructors the ability to automate tasks such as validation of routing protocol configurations, verification of network security policies, and performing rules-based network assessments. The Flow Analysis module enables design of fault-tolerant networks, capacity planning, traffic engineering, and routing protocol studies. The OpNET Corporation provides a FREE academic copy of their simulation environment to universities for both teaching and research.
Cell attachment on silicon nanostructures

Advances in neural probe technology are currently hindered by a lack of understanding of the cues and mechanisms responsible for rejection and isolation of probes implanted in the central nervous system. To gain additional insight into this topic, the attachment of astrocytes on nanoscale textured silicon surfaces was investigated. Silicon surfaces were textured using a reactive ion etch process designed to produce nanometer-scale columnar structures in silicon (“silicon grass”). Standard photolithographic techniques were used to pattern the surface thereby allowing selective modification of the surface texture by a wet chemical etch for silicon. The resulting surface allowed a side-by-side presentation of different surface textures to cells grown in culture. The silicon surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning Auger electron microscopy. The cell attachment and morphology were observed with laser scanning confocal microscopy and SEM. Transformed astrocytes from a cont...
From Traders to Teachers: A History of Elite Women in Onitsha, Nigeria, 1928–1940

In Onitsha, an important commercial center in Nigeria, success as a merchant was the usual route for women who aspired to elite status in the period before the 1930s. In 1928, a school for girls was opened by the Holy Rosary Sisters, a Catholic order created especially by the bishop in charge of Onitsha Diocese. The opening of this convent school in Onitsha heralded a major transformation in the lives of Onitsha women, marking the transition between two epochs with regard to how women achieved elite status. From the mid-1930s a new class of elite women began to appear in Onitsha, all products of mission education; this transition from traders to teachers marks a major shift in the lives and roles of elite women. The colonial government contributed to this transformation with policies that undermined women’s ascendancy in the market by placing men in leadership positions there.
Design consideration of relativistic klystron two-beam accelerator for suppression of beam break-up

It is demonstrated in this simulation study that by using the scheme of operating rf extraction structures on the betatron nodes of electron drive beam in conjunction with adequate de-Q-ing, appropriate choice of geometries for the rf structures (reducing transverse impedence), and/or staggered tuning we can suppress the overall growth of transverse instabilities in a relativistic klystron two-beam accelerator to 4 e-fold.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fabrication of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles by Highly Exothermic Reactions

The development of two methods using highly exothermic oxidation reactions to synthesize nanostructured oxide particles is described. The first method uses solution combustion to produce a high temperature front that moves through the sample and produces the nanoparticles. For example, Bi 2 O 3 nanoparticles are produced using a solution of molten metal nitrates and glycine. The glycine (fuel) is completely combusted during the thermal decomposition of the (oxidizer) nitrates and generates a temperature front that propagates through the sample. The second method produces nanoparticles by a self-propagating high-temperature reaction from stoichiometric powder mixtures of metal oxides (or carbonates) and carbon. The exothermic oxidation of the carbon generates a propagating high-temperature front at a velocity in the range of 0.1-2.5 mm/s that converts the reactants to products. In both cases, the synthesis was completed within a few seconds. In both methods, a higher maximum combustion temperature and larger oxide particle size were obtained following an increase in the fuel concentration. The main advantages of these synthesis methods technologies are simplicity, short reaction time, low reactant costs, and no external energy consumption. The methods can be used to synthesize nanoparticles for various applications including nanoenergetic materials, catalysts and electronic components.
Outside the Margins: Youth Who Are Different and Their Special Health Care Needs

Some adolescents have differences, not of their own choosing, that require different approaches to clinical assessment and care. These adolescents are often marginalized from their peer group, and of-ten isolated in general. Awareness of the differences in health risks that these youth face, and their challenges in the successful mastery of developmental tasks is important to the clinician who serves them. Health care professionals must avoid three things in their efforts to help these groups of young people: judging, preaching, or becoming an agent of social control, even though such efforts maybe well meaning. This article addresses some of the unique needs of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth; homeless adolescents; foster care youth; and youth who have disabilities.
The review process used by U.S. health care plans to evaluate new medical technology for coverage

OBJECTIVE: To examine the process and information used by medical directors (MDs) of private health plans to make medical coverage determinations for new medical technologies, and to assess the influence of plan characteristics on the process. DESIGN: Cross-sectional national survey. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred thirty-one MDs at private health plans representing 66% and 72% of the U.S. population covered by HMOs and indemnity plans, respectively. MEASUREMENTS: Actual and optimal review process, final decision authority, sources, and evidence used for technology coverage decisions. RESULTS: In 96% of plans, MDs take part in the medical policy review process for new technology. However, MDs have final authority over coverage decisions in only 27% of plans. Indemnity plans are more likely to assert that MDs should be responsible for final decisions, odds ratio (OR)=3.3 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.4, 10). Optimal sources of information on new technology were journals, medical society statements or practice guidelines, and opinions of national experts. Actual sources of information used differed from optimal ones; local experts were used more often than is considered optimal (p<.001). For-profit plans were more likely than nonprofit plans to use national experts, OR 2.5 (95% CI 1.3, 5.0), and practice guidelines, OR 5.0 (95% CI 2.5, 10). Randomized trials (94% of MDs) meta-analyses (61%), and reviews (42%) were considered the best evidence for making coverage decisions. Barriers to making optimal decisions were lack of timely evidence on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, not legal or regulatory issues; HMO, small, and nonprofit plans were two to three times more likely to list lack of cost-effectiveness data than their counterparts (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although MDs are nearly always involved in the technology evaluation process, a minority of MDs retain final authority over coverage decisions. Evidence from strong scientific research designs is the most frequently cited basis for decisions, but there is need for more timely, rigorous scientific evidence on medical interventions. How a health plan evaluates a new medical technology for coverage varies with identifiable plan characteristics.
Phase Function Of Spatial Coherence From Multiple Intensity Correlations

Intensity interferometry measures the square of the absolute value of the normalized coherence function. The phase of the coherence function is lost. The possibility of deriving the phase function by using higher-order intensity correlations from the signal collected by a large array of mirrors is discussed. The array is not phased, and each mirror is considered to be of the intensity interferometer type, i.e., it only concentrates light onto a detector without regard to the imaging quality. Knowledge of the coherence function yields the two-dimensional intensity distribution of self-luminous or intrinsically luminous objects.
The relationship between clearcoat permeability and adhesion promoter penetration to the gasoline resistance of painted TPO substrates

Adhesion of topcoats to a variety of painted thermoplastic olefin (TPO) substrates, varying in the ratio of poly(propylene) to elastomer components, was determined in the presence of gasoline. Adhesion to TPO substrates was achieved through the use of chlorinated polyolefin (CPO) adhesion promoters. The adhesion promoter utilized in this study was a solventborne thermoplastic CPO, the penetration of which into the TPO substrate was monitored through the use of fluorescent tagging and subsequent optical microscopy. The topcoats utilized consisted of both one-component (1K) melamine crosslinked systems as well as two-component (2K) isocyanate crosslinked systems. Ultimate adhesion of the coatings in the presence of gasoline was found to be directly proportional to the depth of the CPO adhesion promoter diffusion into the substrate as well as the resistance of the clearcoat to gasoline permeation. Methods of analysis and supporting data are presented.
Regulating connection: Implicit self-esteem predicts positive non-verbal behavior during romantic relationship-threat

Abstract In the current research we suggest that in response to relationship-threat implicit self-esteem regulates connection, and this process is moderated by perceptions of a partner's commitment. We used experimental and observational methodologies to explore this possibility. Study 1 indicated that, in the relationship-threat condition, participants high (vs. low) in implicit self-esteem reported engaging in more positive nonverbal behaviors when they perceived their partner as more committed. Participants high and low in implicit self-esteem did not differ in behavior when partner commitment was low. This pattern was not evident in the control condition. Study 2 similarly revealed that participants high (vs. low) in implicit self-esteem were observed engaging in more positive nonverbal behavior during a conflict interaction when they perceived their partner as more committed. Participants high and low in implicit self-esteem did not differ in behavior when partner commitment was low. The results suggest that implicit self-esteem predicts connection and may be particularly sensitive to evidence of a partner's availability.
THE ECONOMICS OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS: THE CASE OF MUNICIPAL ZONING*

SUMMARY This paper studies the problem of achieving an optimal allocation of land resources in an urban area. In particular, the study is focused on the extent to which decentralized decision-making via a price regime can be relied upon to produce optimal solutions in both simple situations and those characterized by externalities, indivisibilities, and non-convexities. Linear and non-linear programming and non-zerosum gam theory are used in an effort to determine proper institutional arrangements for acceptable solutions and to rationalize a type of zoning constraints. One of the conclusions is that the more complex the situation and the greater the characteristic value of various coalitions, the less the desirability of complete decentralization of decisions and the greater the desirability of a pricing device which operates under certain constraints.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN WAIS-R AGE-CORRECTED SCALED SCORES

Analyses of variance were conducted on WAIS–R age-corrected scaled scores and global intelligence standard scores with gender as the independent variable. Significant differences between men and women were found on three subtests, Information, Arithmetic, and Block Design. For all three significant differences, the 115 men scored higher than the 115 women (M age = 34.8; Range 16 to 71 years). The implications of these findings are discussed.
Delineation of species-specific binding properties of the CspZ protein (BBH06) of Lyme disease spirochetes: evidence for new contributions to the pathogenesis of Borrelia spp.

Borrelia burgdorferi CspZ (TIGR open reading frame designation, BBH06) is part of a functionally related group of proteins that bind one or more members of the factor H (FH) protein family. In this report we assess the conservation, distribution, properties, and ligand binding abilities of CspZ from the three main Borrelia species associated with Lyme disease infections in humans. CspZ (also referred to as BbCRASP-2 in the literature) was found to be highly conserved at the intraspecies level but divergent at the interspecies level. All CspZ orthologs that originated from B. burgdorferi isolates bound FH from a diverse group of mammals. In contrast, CspZ derived from B. garinii and B. afzelii did not. Regardless of the Borrelia species of origin, all CspZ proteins tested bound to unknown ∼60-kDa serum proteins produced by different mammals. To further define the molecular basis for the differential binding of CspZ orthologs to host proteins, DNA sequence, truncation, and site-directed mutagenesis analyses were performed. DNA sequence analyses revealed that B. garinii and B. afzelii CspZ orthologs possess a 64-amino-acid N-terminal domain that is absent from B. burgdorferi CspZ. However, binding analyses of recombinant proteins revealed that this domain does not in and of itself influence ligand binding properties. Truncation and mutagenesis analyses further revealed that the key determinants required for ligand binding are discontinuous and that the presentation of the ligand binding pocket is dependent on alpha helices with high coiled-coil formation probability. The data presented here provide insight into the molecular basis of CspZ-ligand interactions and suggest that CspZ orthologs from diverse Borrelia species can contribute to the host-pathogen interaction through their interaction with serum proteins.
Poll Workers and the Vitality of Democracy: An Early Assessment

The aftermath of the 2000 election has been a time of constant learning in regards to election administration in the United States. Both scholars and policy makers initially focused primarily on voting technology and on which voting technologies were best at capturing votes. In early 2001, the Caltech/MIT Voting Technology Project developed the “residual vote” metric; numerous studies have since examined residual vote rates across different voting platforms. Congressional reform of elections—exemplified in the “Help America Vote Act (HAVA) of 2002” (P.L. 107-252)—also focused largely on voting technology, with HAVA imposing new standards for voting equipment and providing states with one-shot funding to aid in its purchase.Authors are listed alphabetically. The data collection in Cuyahoga County, Ohio was funded by the Election Science Institute (ESI) through a contract with the Cuyahoga County Commission. We are grateful to Steven Hertzberg of ESI for his assistance in the data collection. The Utah poll-worker survey was funded by the Institute of Public and International Affairs (IPIA) at the University of Utah. Steven Snell of the Center for the Study of Elections and Democracy (CSED) at Brigham Young University provided valuable research assistance for this project.
Assessment of Ocular Exposure to Ultraviolet-B for Population Studies

— We have developed an empirical model with which to estimate the ocular exposure in the UVB wavelength band. This model incorporates aspects of personal behavior, geographic location, season and wavelength that have been developed from population-based data. This model, in conjunction with job history interviews, allows the estimate of cumulative exposures from age 30 in our population-based study. We present data on average annual exposure by age, gender, race, education and reported photophobia. The exposures in the general population are considerably lower than exposures reported in previous works based on occupational groups. There is a statistically significant difference between males and females, with females having lower exposures. African-Americans have median exposures similar to whites. Exposures decrease with education and with reported photophobia. These data provide the basis for characterizing lifetime exposure for the general population. The variability of exposure is much greater than found in occupational groups and includes numbers in the lowest exposure. The model should permit determination of a dose response relationship with eye disease, even to the lower dose ranges.
Immunomodulating Activities of Sodium-dodecyl-sulphate-extracted Antigens from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Serotype b

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (serotype b) whole lysates, LPS-free cell wall polymers (CWP) and CWP fractions obtained by immunoblot were assayed for immunomodulating activity. Whole cell lysates and purified CWP stimulated mouse splenocytes to proliferate in vitro . Five CWP fractions, ranging from 15 to 209 kDa, suppressed in vitro splenocyte proliferation. Fraction-induced inhibition of proliferation was not due to cytotoxicity. Purified A. actinomycetemcomitans CWP stimulated murine splenocyte interleukin-1 release during 72 h of in vitro culture. Two CWP fractions preferentially stimulated splenocyte interleukin-4 release during in vitro culture. This mixed response of CWP-induced splenocyte stimulation and suppression, and IL-l/IL-4 release, is dependent on fragment size. Therefore, A. actinomycetemcomitans CWP may play a role in the inflammatory process of periodontal disease as large bacterial fragments stimulate inflammation and smaller, degraded fragments promote anti-inflammatory activities. Keywords - Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , Cell wall polymers, Periodontal disease, Cytokines.
Disrupted Effective Connectivity Between the Medial Frontal Cortex and the Caudate in Adolescent Boys With Externalizing Behavior Disorders

Studies addressing the neural correlates of criminal behavior have focused primarily on the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. However, few studies have examined dopaminergic inputs to these or other brain regions, despite the fact that central dopamine (DA) dysfunction is associated with both trait impulsivity and novelty seeking. Given long-standing associations between both of these personality traits and externalizing psychopathology, the authors examined effective connectivity between the caudate nucleus and the anterior cingulate cortex, two areas that rely on DA input to facilitate associative learning and goal directed behavior. Dysfunction in top-down and bottom-up processing within this dopaminergically mediated frontostriatal circuit may be an important biological vulnerability that increases one’s likelihood of engaging in delinquent and criminal behavior. When compared with controls, reduced effective connectivity between these regions among adolescents with externalizing psychopathology was found, suggesting deficiencies in frontostriatal circuitry.
Recovering and extending classical and Marshallian foundations for post-Keynesian environmental economics

Post-Keynesians emphasise the critical roles of institutional structures and production in economic life. An assumption of the plasticity of production has led to the neglect of the underlying physical and ecological requirements of production and the dependence of human economies on nature's resources and production. The task of developing an environmental economics cannot be separated from the development of a production theory grounded in the physical and ecological connections and constraints of natural systems. Post-Keynesian theories of production must be extended to include the material and energy resources and contributions of natural systems to economic activity. Fortunately, these ideas were given a considerable development in the pre-classical and classical period. Early economic production theories can provide critically important ideas for the development of the critical links between resources, economy, and environment. Post-Keynesians should work together with the new discipline of Ecological Economics to develop a unified approach to resources and environment.
Comparison of Clot-Based vs Chromogenic Factor Xa Procoagulant Phospholipid Activity Assays

We compared 2 commercial plasma procoagulant phospholipid activity (PPA) assays, chromogenic, using bound annexin V to capture phosphatidylserinecontaining microparticles, and clot-based. In both, anionic phospholipids accelerated activation of prothrombin by factor Xa. PPA levels were lower in the chromogenic vs the clot-based assay, with poor correlation between methods: normal samples, mean ± SD, 27 ± 17 vs 590 ± 414 nmol/L (n = 24; r 2 = 0.29) and patient samples, mean ± SD, 45 ± 44 vs 401 ± 330 nmol/L (n = 51; r 2 = 0.26). Recovery of phosphatidylserine added to normal, heparinized, and warfarin plasma samples averaged 109% ± 39% using the chromogenic assay but was higher and more varied (mean ± SD, 176% ± 59%) in the clot-based assay. Lupus anticoagulants caused low recovery in both assays. Removal of microparticles by 0.22-μm filtration reduced PPA by 91% in the clot-based and 65% in the chromogenic assay. The clot-based assay showed higher correlation (r 2 = 0.82 vs 0.23) with flow cytometric platelet microparticle counts. The 2 assays measure different aspects of PPA in plasma, with the chromogenic assay primarily measuring smaller microparticles.
School management and contingency theory: an emerging perspective.

In an article written for educational administrators, Hanson explains the assumptions, framework, and application of contingency theory. The author sees contingency theory as a way for organizations to adapt to uncertainty by developing a strategic plan with alternative scenarios. He urges school administrators to join businessmen and public managers in using a technique described as "the most powerful current sweeping over the organizational field." The theory assumes that: (1) a maze of goals govern the development of events; (2) different management approaches may be appropriate within the same organization; and (3) different leadership styles suit different situations. Contingency planning helps the organization to respond to uncertainty in the external environment by identifying possible events that may occur and by preparing alternative stratgies to deal with them. Hanson describes the purpose of this process as providing "a more effective match between an organization and its environment." He explains that contingency theory analyzes the internal adjustments of the organization (e.g., decision making process, structure, technology, instructional techniques) as it seeks to meet the shifting demands of its external or internal environments. According to the author, the intent of contingency theory is to establish an optimal "match" between environmental demands (and support) and the response capabilities of the organization including its structure, planning process, and leadership style.
Interactive and cumulative effects of multiple human stressors in marine systems

Humans impact natural systems in a multitude of ways, yet the cumulative effect of multiple stressors on ecological communities remains largely unknown. Here we synthesized 171 studies that manipulated two or more stressors in marine and coastal systems and found that cumulative effects in individual studies were additive (26%), synergistic (36%), and antagonistic (38%). The overall interaction effect across all studies was synergistic, but interaction type varied by response level (community: antagonistic, population: synergistic), trophic level (autotrophs: antagonistic, heterotrophs: synergistic), and specific stressor pair (seven pairs additive, three pairs each synergistic and antagonistic). Addition of a third stressor changed interaction effects significantly in two-thirds of all cases and doubled the number of synergistic interactions. Given that most studies were performed in laboratories where stressor effects can be carefully isolated, these three-stressor results suggest that synergies may be quite common in nature where more than two stressors almost always coexist. While significant gaps exist in multiple stressor research, our results suggest an immediate need to account for stressor interactions in ecological studies and conservation planning.
3D MHD free surface fluid flow simulation based on magnetic-field induction equations

The purpose of this paper is to present our recent efforts on 3D MHD model development and our results based on the technique derived from induced-magnetic-field equations. Two important features are utilized in our numerical method to obtain convergent solutions. First, a penalty factor is introduced in order to force the local divergence free condition of the magnetic fields. The second is that we extend the insulating wall thickness to ensure that the induced magnetic field at its boundaries is null. These simulation results for lithium film free surface flows under NSTX outboard mid-plane magnetic field configurations have shown that 3D MHD effects from a surface normal field gradient cause return currents to interact with surface normal fields and produce unfavorable MHD forces. This leads to a substantial change in flow pattern and a reduction in flow velocity, with most of the flow spilling over one side of the chute. These critical phenomena can not be revealed by 2D models. Additionally, a design which overcomes these undesired flow characteristics is obtained.