cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conduction in charged PbSe nanocrystal films.

Conduction in thin films of PbSe nanocrystals doped by electrochemical gating has been studied. Charging the film, with either electrons or holes, increases the conductance by orders of magnitude. The electrons in the 1Se state of nanocrystals in these films have a mobility as high as 5.0 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1. Electrons in the 1Pe state were found to have a differential mobility up to 3−5 times greater than the electrons in the 1Se state, and a mobility minima was found corresponding to the complete filling of the 1Se state. The temperature and electric field dependence of conductance in the film, measured between 4.3 and 135 K, were both well described by a variable range hopping model.
Followup evaluation of family crisis therapy.

Six-month followup evaluations of 150 family crisis therapy cases and 150 hospital treatment cases demonstrate that those treated as outpatients do as well as the hospital cases. Social functioning is maintained equally in both groups. Patients are less likely to be rehospitalized if admission was avoided initially.
Effect of sulfur and temperature on ruthenium-catalyzed glycerol hydrogenolysis to glycols

Abstract The hydrogenolysis of glycerol to ethylene glycol and propylene glycol represents an initial system for the development of an improved mechanistic understanding of the conversion of the more complex higher polyhydric alcohols. Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated the effects that pH, product degradation, and competitive adsorption have on the reaction system. This work is an extension that studies the effects of temperature and sulfur loading. Batch reactor studies with ruthenium on carbon catalysts were performed at a temperature range of 205–240 °C and a sulfur loading range of 0–1.0 mol S/Ru. Previous Langmuir–Hinshelwood-type models were extended to include the data. Apparent activation energies for the glycerol reaction and the glycol degradation were determined. Previous studies for this system have focused on the aqueous-phase scission reactions and metal-catalyzed (de)hydrogenation reactions. Analysis of the reaction flux map with and without sulfur, however, leads to the conclusion that catalytic dehydration must also be occurring on the solid catalyst.
Transition-Metal Nanocluster Size vs Formation Time and the Catalytically Effective Nucleus Number : A Mechanism-Based Treatment

A mechanism-based equation for the size of a forming transition-metal nanocluster vs time has been derived based on the Finke−Watzky two-step mechanism for transition-metal nanocluster nucleation (A → B, rate constant k1) and autocatalytic growth (A + B → 2B, rate constant k2), where A is the nanocluster precursor and B is the growing nanocluster. The resultant equation expresses nanocluster diameter as a function of time, Dt, in terms of k1, k2, the initial concentration of the nanocluster precursor complex, [A]0, and the number of catalytically effective nuclei derived from either (i) the final nanocluster size, Df, or (ii) the number of atoms in the average catalytically effective nucleus, N*, and the induction period time, tind (N* being by definition the number of atoms present in the average size nucleus at the end of the induction period and when observable catalysis begins). By fitting experimentally determined nanocluster size vs time data using this equation, evidence for the validity of the equ...
Sequence analysis of an aphid endosymbiont DNA fragment containingrpoB (β-subunit of RNA polymerase) and portions ofrplL andrpoC

The aphidSchizaphis graminum is dependent on an association with a prokaryotic endosymbiont (Buchnera aphidicola). The nucleotide (nt) sequence of a 5040 base pair (bp) DNA fragment ofB. aphidicola, homologous to therplL-rpoB-rpoC portion of theEscherichia coli β-operon, was determined. The DNA coded for the terminal 35 amino acids of RplL (large ribosomal subunit protein L7/L12), the complete RpoB (β-subunit of RNA polymerase), and the first 209 amino acids of RpoC (β′-subunit of RNA polymerase). The deduced sequences ofB. aphidicola RplL, RpoB, and RpoC were 71, 84, and 91% identical, respectively, to the homologous proteins ofE. coli. The sequences of two portions of the intergenic region betweenrplL andrpoB were nearly identical in bothB. aphidicola andE. coli. One sequence constituted an inverted repeat that could be an RNase III-messenger RNA processing site; the other sequence preceded RpoB. A compilation of the codon usage for RpoB, RpoC, and otherB. apidicola proteins indicated a major preference for A or T in the first and third positions, a result consistent with the low guanine plus cytosine (G+C) content of the DNA of this organism.
Current Status And Trends In Long Haul Fiber Optics Networks

There have been many similar opinions expressed in recent months about there being an imminent bandwidth glut in the nation's long haul fiber optics network. These feelings are based largely on the vast magnitude of construction projects which are either in progress or completed by the major carriers, i.e., AT&T-Communications, MCI, NTN and US Sprint. Coupled with this advanced stage of construction and subsequent network operation, is the slowly developing demand for those applications which consume large amounts of bandwidth, namely those which are video-based.
Why is genetic screening for autosomal dominant disorders underused in families? The case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.

Purpose: Appropriate management of autosomal dominant disorders reduces morbidity and mortality but relies on identifying which family members are affected. Genetic testing may identify relatives needing follow-up but is underused. We conducted this study to identify barriers to genetic testing for one disorder, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Methods: Surveys and online discussion groups with people from hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia families. Results: Multiple barriers to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia genetic testing were identified including lack of knowledge about genetic testing, problems with access, and emotional barriers. Many participants did not understand the rationale for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia testing or benefits of early detection; believed that genetic testing is expensive and not covered by insurance; and believed that primary care providers do not know how to order genetic testing. Access to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia testing is limited by distance from a hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia center or a genetics clinic. Emotional barriers include fear of insurance discrimination; denial of having hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia or being at risk; and guilt and stigma. Conclusion: Voluntary disease organizations should develop and disseminate brief educational materials that describe the rationale for genetic testing and emphasize the benefits of early detection and treatment. In addition, laboratories offering genetic testing should provide support for primary care physicians to order and interpret genetic tests.
Response of American consumers to akara, a traditional West African food made from cowpea paste

Summary Dry cowpeas, an excellent source of protein and B-vitamins, are underutilized in the US primarily because of their inconvenience. Akara, a popular West African food made from whipped cowpea paste that is seasoned and deep-fat fried, has potential for extending use of cowpeas in US markets. Acceptance tests involving 450 respondents were conducted to assess response of US consumers to akara. Akara was most acceptable to Caucasians, older consumers, and those with no, little or some high school education. Its most appropriate use was perceived as a snack food with sauce and as a fully cooked, frozen, reheatable product.
Global Impacts of the 1600 Eruption of Peru's Huaynaputina Volcano

The human impacts of the 1815 eruption of Tambora volcano in eastern Indonesia are well known. The sulfur injected into the stratosphere by that eruption produced a veil of sunlight-reflecting sulfate aerosols. The following year, often called the “year without a summer,” was marked by significant global cooling, resulting in crop failures, famine, and social unrest as well as by a broad array of climatic impacts [Oppenheimer, 2003]. Over the past 10,000 years, there have been many other volcanic eruptions of comparable (and greater) magnitude than Tambora, and at least some of these must have had similar effects. However, Tambora is the only major eruption whose global climatic and human impacts have been comprehensively documented.
Differential effects of clonidine analogs on food intake in rabbits and monkeys

Abstract The present study examined the effect of structural analogs of clonidine on feeding in both rabbits and monkeys. In rabbits, lofexidine and tizanidine either did not influence or decreased food intake in contrast to clonidine, which stimulated food intake. Lofexidine elicited easily observed decreases in motor behavior with several of the doses used in the study. Changes in motor behavior induced by tizanidine were more subtle. Conversely, lofexidine and tizanidine significantly increased feeding behavior in Stumptail macaque monkeys, as did clonidine. The results suggest that, in contrast to rabbits, Stumptail monkeys are more useful in searching for an ‘orectic’ effect of clonidine analogs.
Cardiopulmonary effects of clenbuterol in the horse

Clenbuterol, a bronchospasmolytic agent (β2 agonist) was studied in terms of its hemodynamic and airflow response in eight, healthy horses. Four animals were instrumented to record intrapleural pressure and air flow, these were used to compute pulmonary resistance, peak flow rates, and tidal volumes. Four animals were instrumented to record pulmonary arterial pressure, carotid arterial pressure, cardiac output, and arterial gas tensions. After control values were recorded, clenbuterol (0.8 μg/kg) was intravenously administered to each horse in each experiment group. Following clenbuterol administration, non-elastic resistance of the lung or pulmonary resistance significantly decreased, 33.6% reduction at 10 min post-clenbuterol. Pulmonary resistance remained lowered during the entire procedure and showed no tendency of returning toward control values by 3 h post-clenbuterol. Within 30 sec following clenbuterol injection carotid arterial pressure decreased (mean pressure decrease 28.2%). Accompanying the change in arterial pressure, the heart rate drastically increased, 99.0%. Both changes were transient and returned to control ranges within 2 min. Clenbuterol appears to be effective in reducing non-elastic resistance of the lung, however intravenous administration to an animal with pre-existing cardiovascular or cardiopulmonary disease should be avoided.
The "Dig It!" Smithsonian soils exhibition: Lessons learned and goals for the future

The opening of "Dig It!: The Secrets of Soil," a 5000-ft 2 exhibit on soil at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC, presented an opportunity to reflect on the development process. The project generated important and new ways of thinking about soils education, and taught the SSSA much about itself and how to manage a project of this size and scope. While early struggles in organization and financing of the exhibit presented challenges never before faced by SSSA at this scale, persistence, flexibility, and some unconventional thinking won out in the end, and SSSA achieved its most significant educational success to date. Most importantly, the process taught many soil scientists that achieving greater visibility for soil science meant partnering with professionals outside of soil science, and trusting that they could convey the message delivered by the exhibit with the same enthusiasm they might have in the classroom. The lessons learned from the project, in the scope of its history, can help others further SSSA, soils education, and soil science as a respected, scientific field. We suggest six goals for the future of soil science that, if embraced with whole-heart dedication and support, can help to embed the importance of soil in world thinking and policy. Our suggested goals are unconventional, like the experiences we faced in creating the exhibit, and thus perhaps will seem beyond the capability of most soil scientists. Hence our reminder: unconventional and bold thinking are what helped create the exhibit and will be what leads SSSA forward as a society best serving the world.
Bandwidth and Charge Balancing of Partially Depleted Absorber Photodiodes

Linearized moments of the Boltzmann transport equation are shown to imply a new equivalent circuit model for partially depleted absorber photodiodes. Application of the proposed model demonstrates excellent quantitative agreement with previously reported frequency-response measurement. The influences of depletion region width, placement, and field strength on modulation bandwidth and charge balancing are explored. Simulations indicate that the design goals of high bandwidth and resistance to optical saturation are mutually compatible for variations in depletion-region placement, though not depletion-region width.
Let's Grow Together

Larry Deeb, a pediatric endocrinologist, provides his perspective on the role communication can play in the successful management of diabetes. Dr. Deeb is the Director for the Diabetes Center at Tallahassee Memorial Hospital and is Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Florida and Clinical Professor in Pediatrics and Behavioral and Social Medicine at Florida State University.
Therapeutic repositioning of a Gianturco-Roubin II coronary stent after initial deployment.

Movement of coronary stents after deployment can produce complications. We report a case of stent migration that led to stent coverage of a distal dissection, obviating the need for placement of a second stent. In this case, stent movement was therapeutic. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 45:57–60, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transrenal Fixation of Aortic Endografts: Intermediate Follow-up of a Single-Center Experience

Purpose:To examine the fate of the renal ostia following transrenal fixation of endovascular aortic stent-grafts.Methods:Thirty-five patients (29 men; mean age 75 years) undergoing endovascular repair for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) had transrenal fixation of the uncovered proximal stent due to a short (<1.5 cm long) or conical neck or a periprocedural endoleak. Eighteen (51%) patients were hypertensive; 7 (20%) had renal artery stenoses (RAS). Outcome measures included blood pressure, serum creatinine, computed tomography, and renal artery duplex scans.Results:Two patients with ≥60% RAS had renal stents placed during the endograft procedure; the other 5 RAS patients were normotensive and their renal lesions were not treated. Overall technical success was 82.9% (29/35). One (2.9%) case was converted due to graft twisting. There were 5 (14.2%) early endoleaks. Transient postoperative creatinine elevations were observed in 5 (14.2%) cases.Over a median 11-month period (range 2–24), no secondary endole...
Difficulties in producing pure α-phase plutonium

Abstract Evidence is presented to show the difficulty in getting pure α-phase plutonium and that few experimentalists have made physical property measurements on it. Repeated cycling within the temperature range between 298 K and 373 K, where the diffusion controlled β → α-phase transformation takes place, appears to be one way of producing pure α-Pu.
Estimates of ocean forecast error covariance derived from Hessian Singular Vectors

Abstract Experience in numerical weather prediction suggests that singular value decomposition (SVD) of a forecast can yield useful a priori information about the growth of forecast errors. It has been shown formally that SVD using the inverse of the expected analysis error covariance matrix to define the norm at initial time yields the Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) of the forecast error covariance matrix at the final time. Because of their connection to the 2nd derivative of the cost function in 4-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation, the initial time singular vectors defined in this way are often referred to as the Hessian Singular Vectors (HSVs). In the present study, estimates of ocean forecast errors and forecast error covariance were computed using SVD applied to a baroclinically unstable temperature front in a re-entrant channel using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). An identical twin approach was used in which a truth run of the model was sampled to generate synthetic hydrographic observations that were then assimilated into the same model started from an incorrect initial condition using 4D-Var. The 4D-Var system was run sequentially, and forecasts were initialized from each ocean analysis. SVD was performed on the resulting forecasts to compute the HSVs and corresponding EOFs of the expected forecast error covariance matrix. In this study, a reduced rank approximation of the inverse expected analysis error covariance matrix was used to compute the HSVs and EOFs based on the Lanczos vectors computed during the 4D-Var minimization of the cost function. This has the advantage that the entire spectrum of HSVs and EOFs in the reduced space can be computed. The associated singular value spectrum is found to yield consistent and reliable estimates of forecast error variance in the space spanned by the EOFs. In addition, at long forecast lead times the resulting HSVs and companion EOFs are able to capture many features of the actual realized forecast error at the largest scales. Forecast error growth via the HSVs was found to be significantly influenced by the non-normal character of the underlying forecast circulation, and is accompanied by a forward energy cascade, suggesting that forecast errors could be effectively controlled by reducing the error at the largest scales in the forecast initial conditions. A predictive relation for the amplitude of the basin integrated forecast error in terms of the mean aspect ratio of the forecast error hyperellipse (quantified in terms of the mean eccentricity) was also identified which could prove useful for predicting the level of forecast error a priori. All of these findings were found to be insensitive to the configuration of the 4D-Var data assimilation system and the resolution of the observing network.
Development of a 50,000-gate programmable logic device for gate array prototyping

Abstract Systems designers want the cost and integration benefits from custom-logic solutions, but must mange the risk and cost of design errors. Several strategies have evolved to address this problem, with the two most common being design simulation, where a software model of the design is tested with simulated test vectors in an attempt to find error conditions, and emulation, where a hardware model of the design is tested with the same vectors, to attempt to find any errors. The principle difference between the two validation methods is how quickly they can identify errors in a design.
Does intermittent “pulse” topical 5-fluorouracil therapy allow destruction of actinic keratoses without significant inflammation?

Abstract Background: Topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is effective in removing actinic keratoses but causes unsightly and painful erosions. Intermittent "pulse" 5-FU therapy has been described as being an effective and comfortable technique for destroying actinic keratoses. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and cutaneous side effects of intermittent 5-FU therapy. Methods: Efficacy of treatment was evaluated by three experienced dermatologists separately comparing randomly arranged before and after photographs. Degree of skin reaction was graded from photographs taken during treatment. Results: Of 13 patients treated with intermittent 5-FU, two had an excellent result, three a good result, but eight failed to show discernible improvement. Efficacy was linked to the degree of skin irritation. Conclusion: Pulse 5-FU failed to clear actinic keratoses in most patients. Intermittent 5-FU treatment does not dissociate its therapeutic efficacy from its undesirable erosive effects. Pulse therapy is a less intensive way of employing 5-FU and may be of value in patients unwilling to accept the erosions and discomfort that accompany the traditional course of daily 5-FU applications. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:77-80.)
Warm-Plasma Effects on Fast-Alfvén-Wave Cavity Resonances

Whereas experiments on the ST Tokamak demonstrated fast-Alfv\'en-wave cavity resonances to be sharp and resolvable and suggested highly efficient coupling could be obtained for plasma heating, warm-plasma effects appropriate to fusion plasmas suggest such resonances will not be resolvable and that the characteristic mode structure will be significantly modified through the coupling to ion-Bernstein modes unless the heating is shifted to higher harmonics of the ion-cyclotron frequency.
Mining emerging patterns by streaming feature selection

Building an accurate emerging pattern classifier with a high-dimensional dataset is a challenging issue. The problem becomes even more difficult if the whole feature space is unavailable before learning starts. This paper presents a new technique on mining emerging patterns using streaming feature selection. We model high feature dimensions with streaming features, that is, features arrive and are processed one at a time. As features flow in one by one, we online evaluate each coming feature to determine whether it is useful for mining predictive emerging patterns (EPs) by exploiting the relationship between feature relevance and EP discriminability (the predictive ability of an EP). We employ this relationship to guide an online EP mining process. This new approach can mine EPs from a high-dimensional dataset, even when its entire feature set is unavailable before learning. The experiments on a broad range of datasets validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach against other well-established methods, in terms of predictive accuracy, pattern numbers and running time.
Benzo[a]pyrene removal by Marasmiellus troyanus in soil microcosms.

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbon that enters the environment as an incomplete combustion production of fossil fuels. Several species of filamentous fungi are capable of biotransforming and/or mineralizing B[a]P in liquid cultures, however there has been less success in soil habitats. In this study, the litter rot fungus Marasmiellus troyanus was encapsulated in alginate and delivered to B[a]P-spiked soil microcosms (100 μg B[a]P/g soil) for 1, 2 and 6 weeks, with and without a fertilizer solution. After 2 weeks, 32.5% of B[a]P was recovered from soil microcosms treated with M. troyanus compared to 55–70% for controls. After 6 weeks, controls demonstrated an average percent recovery of B[a]P of 54% while M. troyanus-inoculated samples gave an average percent recovery of 11%. Similar bioaugmentation of contaminated habitats with appropriately formulated fungi has potential for practical bioremediation in soil environments. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 25, 116–119.
Piety, propriety, and perspective: An interpretation and application of key terms in Kenneth Burke's permanence and change

Pursuing Burke's conceptions of piety and appropriateness, this essay argues for propriety as the master term of rhetorical completion, assimilating style and argument to a common goal, holding discourse together as it extends that discourse into the world. A case study suggests that even a radical text might be self‐justifying by creating its own sense of decorum.
Monitoring muramic acid in air (after alditol acetate derivatization) using a gas chromatograph-ion trap tandem mass spectrometer

Abstract Muramic acid is a chemical marker for bacterial peptidoglycan. Air monitoring was performed in a stable and a dairy. Airborne dust was collected for 68–95 h on Teflon filters for muramic acid analysis. Filters were cut in two and the replicates analyzed separately. The filters and associated dust were heated in sulfuric acid to release muramic acid. Muramic acid was converted to muramicitol pentaacetate lactam and analyzed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a non-polar GC column (DB-5MS). An ion trap tandem mass spectrometer was used for detection. The precursor mass spectrum of muramic acid was dominated by one major high mass ion m z 403 (loss of ketene, m z 42, from the molecule, MW 445) and m z 198 was the most abundant ion in daughter spectra. Both ions retained the unique lactam ring structure. Using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), the transition m z 403 to m z 198 was used in quantitation. 13C-labeled muramic acid was used as an internal standard (monitoring the corresponding ion transition m z 412 to m z 205). MRM chromatograms were free of extraneous background peaks. Excellent sensitivity was also observed with daughter spectra for m z 403 allowing absolute identification of muramic acid in airborne dust.
A new oxidation method for the determination of saturated fatty acids

A method for the quantitative determination of the saturated acids in fats has been developed. This method is based upon the non-disruptive oxidation of the unsaturated acids by performie acid, extraction of the oxidized mixture with petroleum ether and, finally, chromatographie purification of the saturated acids. The final residue contains a small quantity of non-acid material, usually 0.1 to 0.7%, based on the total mixed fatty acids. The unsaturation of these saturated acids is equivalent to about 0.1%, as oleic acid, so that a total absolute correction of about 0.4% must be applied. The method is fairly simple and rapid, requiring about six hours for one determination and can be applied to a wide variety of fats.
An introduction to phosphorus: History, production, and application

When it was discovered in 1669, phosphorus became a wonder of the European courts and fairs, with the chemiluminescent combination of phosphorus and atmospheric oxygen producing a light show no one had ever seen before or even thought possible. Within ten years of its discovery, a new curiosity emerged when Robert Boyle improved the production method by adding SiO2 to the mix, then coating paper with the resulting phosphorus. When he drew a wood splinter through the paper, it lit on fire. From that essential function of providing instant fire, phosphorus eventually found other uses, including fertilizer and detergents. Today, very few smelters of any capacity remain, with the greatest production volume coming from China.
Pseudosteady-state natural convection heat transfer inside spheres

Abstract A finite difference numerical method is used to study pseudosteady-state natural convection inside a closed spherical container. Stream functions, temperature contours, velocity profiles and Nusselt number relationships are presented. The results are compared with experimental data in the literature. It is found that the Nusselt number (for Pr > 0.7) correlates to the Rayleigh number by the following relation: Nu = 1.19 Ra 0.2215 , 10 5 Ra 8 . The pseudosteady-state analysis is extended to obtain the Nusselt number for a fluid having constant, uniformly distributed, internal heat sources. It is found that the Nusselt number (for Pr > 0.7) correlates to a modified Rayleigh number by the following relation: Nu = 0.934(Ra ∗ ) 0.177 , 7.2 × 10 6 ∗ 10 .
Coupling between unmyelinated peripheral nerve fibers does not involve sympathetic efferent fibers

Bidirectional coupling of action potential activity between unmyelinated fibers in the normal peripheral nerve of monkey has recently been reported. Often typical C-fiber nociceptors are identified with the coupled fibers. In this study, sympathetic stimulation and sympathetic ablation experiments demonstrated that the sympathetic nervous system is not involved in this coupling.
Conjugacy invariants of möbius transformations

We define conjugacy invariants of Clifford matrices, which have been introduced by Ahlfors to generalize the Mobius transformation groups PSL (2,R) and PSL (2, C) to higher dimensions. Our conjugacy invariants are a generalization of the trace square functions. We also show explicitly how these invariants determine the conjugacy class of a Mobius transformation.
Alkali diffusion in plagioclase feldspar

Tracer diffusion kinetics at 1 atm pressure under ‘dry’ conditions using 6Li, 41K, and 87Rb in four plagioclase feldspars have been determined. Diffusion profiles were measured using an ion microprobe (SIMS). The Arrhenius parameters and ± 2σ uncertainties for Li, K, and Rb, respectively, in albite, are: pre-exponential factor (log Do) = - 3.8 ± 1.0; −3.4 ± 1.4; and −5.8 ± 3.8 (in m2/s) and activation energies = 146 ± 14; 296 ± 30; and 283 ± 85 kJ/mol. The diffusion rate of K in albite at 700°C and 100 MPa water pressure equals that at 1 atm ‘dry’, suggesting that diffusion of K is not dependent on water fugacity between ∼ 0.004 and 100 MPa. The K diffusion rate depends on plagioclase anorthite content and is approximately 20 times slower in labradorite than albite. Li diffusion rates in albite and anorthite are identical. A linear relation between log D for the alkalis measured and their ionic radius squared, permits an estimate of Cs diffusion kinetics. Diffusion rates are isotropic or nearly so in albite.
An engineering study of the rotary drum crystallizer

In the rotary drum crystallizer, solids are deposited from a molten liquid mixture on the cooled surface of a drum. Rotation of the drum carries the solids from the melt to a scraper blade which removes the crystal deposit in a liquid free, convenient form. The object of this investigation was to obtain data on the separation of binary mixtures over a range of melt temperature, drum coolant temperature, drum rotational rate, concentration of impurity in the liquid, and agitation of the liquid. Four systems were studied: naphthalene-benzoic acid, beta-naphthol-naphthalene, p-xylene-m-xylene, water-sodium chloride. The experimental results show that separation improved with increasing agitation, increasing coolant temperature, decreasing drum speed, and decreasing liquid impurity. For the naphthalene-benzoic acid system, the major system studied, the maximum stage efficiency was 96%. The results indicate that the vigor of agitation and the drum coolant temperature are the two most important variables which affect the separation. It was possible to calculate the rate of solid deposition with heat transfer data. The rotary drum crystallizer appears to be an effective device for industrial separation of organic chemicals.
Purification and characterization of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes from lung tissue.

Many of the pathways of biotransformation of xenobiotic compounds that have been demonstrated in liver and other tissues are probably also operative in the lung, even though not yet demonstrated. The scope of this review will include only the xenobiotic-processing enzymes that have been purified or well-characterized through indirect methods
A randomized, prospective, pharmacoeconomic trial of neoral 2-hour postdose concentration monitoring versus tacrolimus trough concentration monitoring in de novo liver transplant recipients.

Two-hour postdose cyclosporine (C2) monitoring is becoming an accepted method of therapeutic drug monitoring, although it is not known whether C2 monitoring is superior to tacrolimus (FK)-based immunosuppression. The purpose of this trial was to compare the safety, efficacy, and pharmacoeconomics of cyclosporine A (CsA) monitored by C2 levels versus FK monitored by trough levels in de novo liver transplant recipients. After informed consent, 60 de novo liver transplant recipients were randomized in a 1:1 fashion to receive either FK (trough, 6-10 ng/mL) or CsA (C2, 600-1200 ng/mL) and corticosteroids. The 2 groups were similar for gender, race, indication for liver disease, and age. At 1 year, patient survival was similar (93% for FK versus 90% for C2). One patient in the FK arm was retransplanted because of recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV). Early acute rejection occurred in 27% of FK-treated patients and 23% of CsA-treated recipients [P = not significant (NS)]. Recurrent HCV occurred in 21% of FK-treated patients and 61% of CsA-treated patient (P = 0.04). The incidence of other infections, new onset diabetes mellitus, requirement for antihypertensives, and requirement for cholesterol medications were similar between the groups. Annual calcineurin inhibitor costs were lower in the C2 arm ($5432 ± 2091 for C2 versus $8291 ± 3948 for FK, P = 0.001). Annual pretransplant drug costs ($2292 ± 2331 for C2 versus $2831 ± 2358 for FK, P = NS) and 1-year posttransplant drug costs ($17,214 ± 16,600 for C2 versus $15,151 ± 11,699 for FK, P = NS) were similar. In conclusion, immunosuppression with CsA, monitored by C2 levels, is safe, effective, and economical in liver transplant recipients and provides immunosuppression at least equivalent to that of FK. Liver Transpl 14:173–180, 2008. © 2008 AASLD.
Use of the family genogram technique with spinal cord injured patients

Previous studies have investigated the relationship between premorbid and postinjury copying styles of the spinal cord injured person. Although it is common to find reference to the family genogram in family therapy literature, a review of the literature dealing with spinal cord injury does not show that the genogram has been used. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the family genogram technique may be used in the rehabilitation setting. Through the illustration of three family genograms, this paper will show how the genogram technique may be a useful adjunctive psychological technique to demonstrate how postinjury coping styles are linked to preinjury styles. Psychological interventions used with each family situation will be briefly discussed to illustrate how the team may work with the family coping styles to facilitate current coping in the rehabilitation process.
GLP-1 reduces intestinal lymph flow, triglyceride absorption, and apolipoprotein production in rats.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a gastrointestinal hormone secreted in response to meal ingestion by enteroendocrine L cells located predominantly in the lower small intestine and large intestin...
Primary Melanoma of the Bladder: A Case Report and Review

A case of primary melanoma of the bladder is presented along with a review of the 3 previously reported cases. The criteria for classification of the bladder lesion as the primary site are discussed. Symptomatology and patient presentation are described.
Code stroke. An attempt to shorten inhospital therapeutic delays.

Significant delays often occur during the treatment of patients with acute stroke. Some of those delays occur in the hospital. We attempted to shorten inhospital treatment intervals by creating a rapid-response system, similar to that available for cardiac arrest, that would allow the stroke team to be available within a few minutes to care for stroke victims. We connected all beepers (pocket pagers) of stroke team members to a common access number and instructed the emergency staff to activate that number immediately upon arrival of a stroke victim. We monitored the response time and treatment interval for patients who were treated after this system was activated (Code Stroke patients) during the first 3 months of its availability and compared the results to those of patients seen for similar reasons during the study period but without the use of Code Stroke (control patients). A total of 12 Code Stroke patients were available for analysis, representing 12% of all patients (n = 98) seen in the emergency department for ischemic stroke during the study period. The remaining 86 patients constituted the control group. The mean time to evaluation of a Code Stroke patient by a stroke team member was 4.8 minutes (range, 2 to 7 minutes), and the mean time to treatment institution was 30 minutes (range, 10 to 120 minutes). There were significant differences between the consultation intervals in the two groups (P < .05). There was only a trend of a difference between treatment institution intervals (P = .06). It is possible to shorten inhospital treatment delays by instituting rapid-response systems within individual institutions.
Ocular complications of HIV/AIDS in the era of HAART

Mortality associated with AIDS has declined after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with fewer patients progressing to severe infections. This has affected the incidence and management of HIV complications to a great extent. The natural history, incidence, management and sequelae of a wide range of HIV-associated retinopathies, especially cytomegalovirus retinitis, have also drastically changed. The reduction in the incidence of ocular opportunistic infections due to HAART has been accompanied by a rise in the number of new HAART-associated syndromes such as immune recovery uveitis. Immune recovery uveitis is a HAART-dependent inflammatory response that may occur in patients with regressed cytomegalovirus retinitis and elevated CD4 count and has emerged as an important cause of ocular and visual morbidity.
Cell Cycle-dependent Degradation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spindle Motor Cin8p Requires APCCdh1 and a Bipartite Destruction Sequence

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cin8p belongs to the BimC family of kinesin-related motor proteins that are essential for spindle assembly. Cin8p levels were found to oscillate in the cell cycle due in part to a high rate of degradation imposed from the end of mitosis through the G1 phase. Cin8p degradation required the anaphase-promoting complex ubiquitin ligase and its late mitosis regulator Cdh1p but not the early mitosis regulator Cdc20p. Cin8p lacks a functional destruction box sequence that is found in the majority of anaphase-promoting complex substrates. We carried out an extensive mutagenesis study to define the cis-acting sequence required for Cin8p degradation in vivo. The C terminus of Cin8p contains two elements required for its degradation: 1) a bipartite destruction sequence composed of a KEN-box plus essential residues within the downstream 22 amino acids and 2) a nuclear localization signal. The bipartite destruction sequence appears in other BimC kinesins as well. Expression of nondegradable Cin8p showed very mild phenotypic effects, with an increase in the fraction of mitotic cells with broken spindles.
When a Modern Hero Tramples the Epic World: Ahmadou Kourouma and the Ideological Manipulation of Epic in En attendant le vote des bêtes sauvages

This article explores the use of the epic Sundiata in Ahmadou Kourouma's novel En attendant le vote des betes sauvages . The Sundiata epic was initially harnessed by Negritude to indicate a sense of possibility for a positive post-independence political situation. However, when that forecast did not come to pass, use of the Sundiata epic changed, as this novel demonstrates. I assert that Kourouma's parodic use of the epic indicates a disillusionment with the political situation of the postcolony. As Kourouma compares his corrupt big-man politician protagonist parodically to the epic's eponymous hero, a new usage of the epic genre emerges, one which strikingly goes against the grain of previous uses of the genre.
Rapid acute onset of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in a lung transplant recipient after respiratory syncytial virus infection.

Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) can have either an acute or chronic onset with an abrupt or insidious course. The diagnosis is typically achieved by physiological criteria with development of a sustained decline in expiratory flow rates for at least 3 weeks. We review the rapid development of acute BOS and bronchiectasis after respiratory syncytial virus infection in a lung transplant recipient, who had been doing well with normal pulmonary function for 3 years after lung transplantation.
Pruning Noisy Bases in Discriminant Analysis

The success of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is due in part to the simplicity of its formulation, which reduces to a simultaneous diagonalization of two symmetric matrices A and B. However, a fundamental drawback of this approach is that it cannot be efficiently applied wherever the matrix A is singular or when some of the smallest variances in are due to noise. In this paper, we present a factorization A-1B of and a correlation-based criterion that can be readily employed to solve these problems. We provide detailed derivations for the linear and nonlinear classification problems. The usefulness of the proposed approach is demonstrated thoroughly using a large variety of databases.
Lipins: multifunctional lipid metabolism proteins

The lipin proteins are evolutionarily conserved proteins with roles in lipid metabolism and disease. There are three lipin protein family members in mammals and one or two orthologs in plants, invertebrates, and single-celled eukaryotes. Studies in yeast and mouse led to the identification of two distinct molecular functions of lipin proteins. Lipin proteins have phosphatidate phosphatase activity and catalyze the formation of diacylglycerol in the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway, implicating them in the regulation of triglyceride and phospholipid biosynthesis. Mammalian lipin proteins also possess transcriptional coactivator activity and have been implicated in the regulation of metabolic gene expression. Here we review key findings in the field that demonstrate roles for lipin family members in metabolic homeostasis and in rare human diseases, and we examine evidence implicating genetic variations in lipin genes in common metabolic dysregulation such as obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes.
Wireless communication device with near field control

Antenna architecture is proposed that uses an active FE shield and proximity sensors to provide a mechanism to control the near field energy distribution of a wireless device based on the proximity to the operator. This system has advantages over passive shields in that the antenna system is responsive to its environment, adjusting the near field energy distribution to minimize energy deposition into the operator and increasing the device's efficiency. This system solves the problem of optimizing the radiated performance of wireless devices for the numerous user modes of operation that is common with today's wireless devices.
Thermolysis of polyarylate model compounds

Thermal decompositions and pyrolyses of p-tert-butylphenol, 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol (BPA), and their acetate and pivalate esters as model compounds for the polyarylate synthesis have been performed. Acetate esters decompose chiefly into phenols and ketene. Pivalate esters, unable to form ketene, are more stable. Acetates and pivalates undergo homolytic cleavage both at ester and alkyl groups. Styrene derivatives stabilize acetate esters, considerably reducing the amount of phenol formed during the decomposition. No intensely colored aromatic compounds were found, although this result is probably an artifact of the methods used. From this study we conclude that ketene is one source of colored materials during polyarylate synthesis. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characteristics of stripped and testicular Northern pike (Esox lucius) sperm: spermatozoa motility and velocity

The effects of osmolality and accidental urine contamination on spermatozoa velocity and motility were studied, combined with an examination of the biological characteristics of stripped and testicular sperm. Analysis of Northern pike sperm showed higher ionic concentrations of Na + (123 ± 9m M), Cl − (127 ± 7m M), and K + (35 ± 5m M) in the seminal fluid of testicular sperm (TS), than in that of stripped sperm (SS): Na + (116 ± 9m M), Cl − (116 ± 7m M) and K + (25 ± 4 mM). Highest osmolality of seminal fluid was observed in TS with a value of 358 ± 77 mOsmol kg −1 compared with 273 ± 21 mOsmol kg −1 for SS and 68 ± 36 mOsmol kg −1 for urine. A significantly higher spermatozoa concentration was observed in TS (34 ± 5 × 10 9 ml −1 ) than in SS (23 ± 4 × 10 9 ml −1 ). Spermatozoa concentration per male and per kg body weight was 22 ± 17 × 10 9 for TS and 18 ± 2 × 10 9 for SS, respectively. Both TS and SS showed significantly higher spermatozoa velocities and motilities after dilution in urine than after dillusion in distilled water during the activity period. In conclusion, the results obtained from the present study provide information on northern pike sperm physiology that be used to improve sperm management efficiency for this species.
Adaptive spatiotemporal node selection in dynamic networks

Dynamic networks - spontaneous, self-organizing groups of devices - are a promising new computing platform. Writing applications for such networks is a daunting task, however, due to their extreme variability and unpredictability, with many devices having significant resource limitations. Intelligent, automated distribution of work across network nodes is needed to get the most out of limited resource budgets.We propose a novel framework for distributing computations across a dynamic network, in which applications specify their spatiotemporal properties at a very high level. The underlying system makes node selection decisions to exploit these properties, producing high quality results within a fixed resource budget. A distributed computation is expressed as a semantically parallel loop over a geographic area and time period. Feedback from the application about the quality of node selection decisions is used to guide future decisions, even while the loop is still in progress. This simplifies the process of writing dynamic network applications by allowing programmers to focus on the goals of their applications, rather than on the topology and environment of the network.Our framework implementation consists of extensions to the Java language, a compiler for this extended language, and a run-time system that work together to provide a simple, powerful architecture for dynamic network programming. We evaluate our system using 11 Nokia N810 tablet PC devices and 14 Neo FreeRunner (Openmoko) smartphones, as well as a simulation environment that models the behavior of up to 500 devices. For three representative applications, we obtain significant improvements in the number of useful results obtained when compared with baseline node selection algorithms: up to 745% (measured), 117% (simulated) for an Amber Alert application; 38% (measured), 142% (simulated) for a Bird Tracking application; and 86% (measured), 209% (simulated) for a Crowd Estimation application.
Phase-modulation scatterometry

Phase-modulation scatterometry is a metrology technique for determining, by means of a phase modulator as a key device, the parameters of gratings. The main source of error to be dealt with are the fluctuations of the phase-modulation amplitude. The grating zeroth-order reflectance modulated by the phase modulator is converted into a signal by the photodetector. The measurables are the direct term and the first two harmonics of the signal. For experimental data fitting, we used the ratio of the harmonics over the direct term because it significantly improves the accuracy. A sensitivity analysis was performed for two samples, one real and one theoretical, to find the measurement configuration that insures optimum determination precision for the grating parameters. For the real sample, comparison of the theoretical predictions for sensitivity with the actual values showed a good agreement. For both samples the sensitivity analysis indicated subnanometric precision for the critical dimension (grating linewidth).