cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative corrections to mass sum rules involving baryons containing heavy quarks

Quantitative corrections are estimated to three of Franklin's sum rules involving the masses of baryons containing at least one charmed quark and to three analogous sum rules for baryons containing at least one bottom quark. The corrections arise from three-body contributions to baryon interaction energies and are calculated from a semiempirical formula for the colormagnetic contributions to baryon masses.
Enhanced Immune Response After Immunosuppression by Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin

Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) was shown previously to be a potent immunosuppressant. This paper presents data documenting that immunosuppression frequently was followed by elevated antibody and plaque-forming cell levels as noted in our earlier report. The data are interpreted as a differential effect of SPE upon suppressor T cells and secreting B cells.
Congestion mitigation during placement

High post-placement congestion in complex ASICs and microprocessors may pose severe constraints on the wiring resources, thereby causing wireability, timing and noise problems. Linear wirelength-based mincut partitioning algorithms have some built-in advantages for reducing congestion. We present a mathematical model of congestion and experimentally investigate various congestion mitigation techniques used in conjunction with linear wirelength-based placement. The experimental results validate our congestion model. Our placement tool, CPlace(C), is a clustering-based mincut partitioner that optimizes a linear wirelength objective.
The Clinical Picture : A woman with ulcerating, painful skin lesions

She has previously enjoyed good health, has no personal or family history of liver, pancreatic, renal, or lung disease, and is taking no medications. What is the diagnosis?
Pericyclic reactions between iminoboranes RB≡NR' and alkynes: [4 + 2] vs [2 + 2] transition states

Computational comparison of the [2+2] and [4+2] reactions between aminoboranes R2BNR‘2 and alkenes CH2CH(R‘ ‘) shows that the latter are strongly preferred. The preference arises from the [4+2] rea...
Resonance Raman and ab Initio Studies of the Electronic Transitions of Aqueous Azide Anion

Resonance Raman spectra and absolute cross sections have been measured for the azide anion (N3-) in dilute aqueous solution at excitation wavelengths of 246, 228, 223, 218, and 208 nm, on resonance with the longest-wavelength UV absorption bands. The spectra are dominated by the fundamental of the 1343 cm-1 symmetric stretch, with much lower intensities in the first overtone of the symmetric stretch and the overtone of the bending mode at 1275 cm-1. The weak overtones and generally low resonance Raman cross sections suggest unusually small changes in the N−N bond lengths relative to those expected for valence transitions of small molecules, and/or particularly strong coupling of the electronic transitions to solvent degrees of freedom leading to rapid effective electronic dephasing. Ab initio calculations have been performed on complexes of N3- with three and four water molecules at the single CI level using the 6-311++g** basis with additional diffuse functions on the N atoms. These calculations predict ...
The use of aggregation in causal simulation

Abstract Aggregation is an abstraction technique for dynamically creating new descriptions of a system's behavior. Aggregation works by detecting repeating cycles of processes and creating a continuous process description of the cycle's behavior. Since this behavioral abstraction results in a continuous process, the powerful transition analysis technique may be applied to determine the system's final state. This paper reports on a program which uses aggregation to perform causal simulation in the domain of molecular genetics. A detailed analysis of aggregation indicates the requirements and limitations of the technique as well as problems for future research.
Evaluation of nipple discharge in benign and malignant diseases.

The evaluation of nipple discharges unrelated to gestation should proceed in an orderly fashion. Our experience, based on evaluation of 257 ducts from 182 patients, suggest that location of the lesion can be assured with or without a palpable mass by using contrast mammography. Serous and bloody discharges are the most important types of secretions. Eleven of the papillary lesions and cancers presented this fluid, except 4 papillomas which had clear secretions. Nonspontaneous discharges of all types arc followed and exploration delayed until either a mass, positive Pap smear, or contrast mammogram is evident. Even though cancer is suspect in patients after the age of 40, our series shows that papillomas are the most frequent lesion encountered in the fourth and fifth decades. However, in the sixth decade, cancer comprised 50 percent of all lesions causing nipple discharge. Needless mastectomy can be avoided in patients without a palpable mass by locating and removing the duct of discharge and basing surgical treatment on die microscopic report.
Poverty, Maternal Health, and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

Pregnancy outcomes in the United States are generally worse than those in most developed countries. Contributing to these adverse outcomes are the relatively high levels of poverty in the United States, a characteristic that is associated with decreased utilization of appropriate prenatal care and delivery services as well as having an increased number of other risk factors. Poor women tend to be more obese, to have more medical conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, to be more likely to be stressed or depressed, and to smoke cigarettes and use illicit drugs. We present some of the potential mechanisms that explain the association between these characteristics and adverse pregnancy outcomes—focusing on preterm birth.
Frame Consistency in Multi-Attribute Risk Preference Decisions

Resource allocation under risk and uncertainty is a complex problem, specifically when making course of action planning decisions on the battlefield. Previous research in this domain has demonstrated the performance impact of visualization aids, feedback, practice, information frame, and time pressure. However, the focus of prior research has been on how to help operators determine where to optimally place a single asset. The current research addressed the same domain, but with the multi-attribute decision of how to best allocate a suite of robotic assets across the battlefield. We explored the impact of information frame and time pressure on decision performance and situation awareness, but further manipulated whether the information frame of decision criteria were forced to a single consistent frame or allowed to vary according to which term was intuitive, regardless of frame. We found both faster response times and more accurate responses within consistently-framed displays over mixed-frame displays. In addition, response time varied less in the consistently-framed displays than the mixed-frame displays. Language: en
Wohnsitzwahl und lokale Einkommensbesteuerung.

Stadtische Agglomerationen der Schweiz bestehen aus einer Vielzahl von Gemeinden mit grossen Differenzen in der Steuerbelastung, in den Wohnpreisen und im durchschnittlichen Einkommen der Bewohner. Gemeinden mit einem hohen Anteil an reichen Einwohnern weisen dabei systematisch tiefere Einkommenssteuern, hohere Wohnpreise und ein leicht grosseres Angebot an offentlichen Gutern auf als arme Gemeinden. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt an zwei theoretischen Modellen, wie eine solche Situation als Gleichgewicht entstehen kann, wenn Haushalte ihren Wohnsitz frei wahlen und Gemeinden die lokalen offentlichen Guter durch die Besteuerung des Einkommens ihrer Einwohner finanzieren. Die Simulationen der kalibrierten Modelle konnen die beobachteten Steuer- und Einkommensunterschiede in der Metropolregion Zurich gut erklaren. Die Untersuchung der Wohnsitzwahl von Haushalten in der Metropolregion Basel zeigt, dass die tiefen Steuern in den reichen Gemeinden nicht nur eine Folge des guten Steuersubstrats sind, sondern auch eine Ursache dieser raumlichen Einkommensunterschiede.
Effect of oxygen incorporation on the structure of ion-beam-assisted LaF(3) thin films.

The percentage of oxygen in the crystalline lattice of ion-assisted-deposition Lanthanum fluorides is shown to increase with increasing ion beam current density. (AIP)
A function-based treatment for school refusal behavior using shaping and fading

A function-based behavioral treatment package was developed for an 18-year-old male with mild mental retardation admitted to a specialized inpatient unit for treatment of severe destructive behaviors associated with school refusal behavior. Teacher and school attendance reports, parent interview, and unstructured observations led to the hypothesis that the subject's school refusal behavior was maintained by positive reinforcement. The treatment goals included increasing the subject's compliance with a morning hygiene routine and attending school (shaping), increasing the involvement of the subject's parents in managing the subject's problem behaviors (fading), and generalizing treatment from the hospital to the home. All three treatment goals were achieved in a relatively brief period of time and follow-up data indicated that the treatment effects were durable. The authors concluded that function-based assessment and treatment can be successfully utilized to treat school refusal behavior in children with developmental disabilities.
Apocalyptic Traditions in the Lukan Special Material: Reading Luke 18:1–8

Contemporary New Testament scholarship gives evidence of two trends. Some scholars, particularly those interested in the historical Jesus or the source of collected logia (Q) are going backward, trying to reach Christian origins and still influenced by the romantic dream of the pure beginning. Others are pressing forward, tracing the development of early Christian traditions, both in the canonical and non-canonical texts (particularly the Nag Hammadi Codices) in an attempt to follow the several streams of Christianity. These scholars continue to be influenced by the philosophical construction of organic evolution.
Altered DNA ligase I activity in Bloom's syndrome cells

Cells from patients with Bloom's syndrome, a rare disease associated with increased cancer frequency, exhibit cytological abnormalities1–3. These include increased numbers of homologous chromatid interchange figures and sister-chromatid exchanges, together with abnormally slow replicon-fork progression4–6 and retarded rate of DNA-chain maturation7,8, and suggest that the primary defect in this recessive disorder affects S-phase DNA replication. DNA ligases and DNA polymerases have long been prime candidates for abnormality in Bloom's syndrome, but various studies of DNA polymerases in Bloom's syndrome cells have disclosed no abnormalities9–11. Evidence is presented here, as in the accompanying paper from a different laboratory12, for the existence in Bloom's syndrome of an abnormality of the DNA ligase involved in semi-conservative DNA replication.
Controlling Thread Assemblies of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Liquid Crystal Phase by Using Functionalized Nanotopography

The ability to control the organization of molecules in different aggregates is important for the fundamental understanding of polymorphism and for engineering desired pharmaceutical properties of drug molecules such as bioavailability, stability, and non-toxicity. Here, we describe the control of the molecular assembly of two hydrated molecules in liquid crystal phases (so-called chromonic liquid crystals) uniformly over long distances. The two molecules include an antiallergy drug, disodium cromoglycate (5′DSCG), and a dye molecule, Sunset Yellow (SY dye). The surfaces consist of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of functionalized alkanethiols supported on gold films that were prepared by deposition of gold onto glass slides at an incident angle oblique from the surface normal of the glass slides. Hydrated molecular threads of 5′DSCG and SY dye aligned parallel to the surface of the SAMs and uniformly over the large surface area. The azimuthal direction of the uniform alignment was either parallel or per...
Analog, RF, and ESD device challenges and solutions for 14nm FinFET technology and beyond

Fin-based analog, passive, RF and ESD devices have serious performance challenges, such as poor ideality, higher leakage, low breakdown voltage (BV) of diodes, BJTs with poor ideality, mismatch, weak re-surf action and low drain current(I d /μm) of Laterally diffused MOS (LDMOS), degraded RF and 1/f noise of analog CMOS, etc. Innovative solutions which maintain process simplicity and low cost are described in this paper. These new device designs demonstrate excellent performance, such as near perfect-ideality(η)≈1.01 diodes, low leakage, high BV, and BJTs with excellent analog behavior. Fin-based LDMOS and ESD devices outperform conventional planar devices in terms of I d /μm and ESD human body model (HBM) performance, respectively.
A Note on Sex, Geographic Mobility, and Career Advancement

The article presents information on sex, geographic mobility and career development. Over the past four decades, major changes in the extent and nature of female labor force participation have led to increased concern about the under-representation and lower pay of women in professional and managerial positions. Social scientists have offered a number of explanations for these disparities. One such explanation asserts that, with increasing career aspirations among women and greater prevalence of dual career marriages, sex differences in geographic mobility for occupational advancement are one barrier to women's career advancement. Both human capital theory and the crowding hypothesis suggest that lesser geographic mobility among women contributes to sex stratification in the labor force, and there is evidence that geographic mobility is related to income and occupational status. In addition, willingness to move may be valued by managers as a sign of organizational commitment.
Searching for behavioral indicators of bipolar II in patients presenting with major depressive episodes: the "red sign," the "rule of three" and other biographic signs of temperamental extravagance, activation and hypomania.

Abstract Background Since 1977, the work of the author has shown the primacy of behavioral activation, flamboyance, and extravagance in detecting hypomania, the historical hallmark of cyclothymic and the broader spectrum of bipolar II (BP-II) disorders. In other words, the soft spectrum is more likely to declare itself in behavioral rather than mood disturbances. The obligatory search for elation and related mood changes a la DSM-IV (and its interview form, the SCID) during the clinical interview is often doomed to failure, thereby “condemning” the patient to a unipolar diagnosis, and hence to sequential and often tragic failures with antidepressants or combinations thereof. Methods To characterize behavioral signs of good specificity, though individually of low sensitivity for BP-II in patents presenting with major depression, the author undertook a chart review of over 1000 depressive patients he had examined extending over a period of nearly three decades. The Mood Clinic Data Questionnaire (MCDQ) used in the author's Memphis mood clinic permitted systematization of unstructured observations . BP-II had been independently confirmed by hypomania of ≥2 days and/or cyclothymia over the course of the index illness (both of which were validated by family history for bipolarity in earlier research in our clinic). Results Triads of behavior or traits in the patients' biographical history—as well as in the biologic kin—involving polyglottism, eminence, creative achievement, professional instability, multiple substance/alcohol use, multiple comorbidity (axis I and axis II), multiple marriages, a broad repertoire of sexual behavior (including brief interludes of homosexuality), impulse control disorders, as well as ornamentation and flamboyance (with red and other bright colors dominating) were specific for BP-II. Temperamentally, many of these individuals thrive on activity—they are indeed “activity junkies.” Limitation The reported findings pertain primarily to the differential diagnosis between BP-II and unipolar depression. Replication of the approach espoused herein will require quantification of the operational definitions of the observed phenomenology. Conclusion The findings, which make sense in an evolutionary model of the advantage that “dilute” bipolar traits confer to human biography and erotic life, suggest that such behavioral traits can be useful provisionally in assigning a depressive episode to the realm of the bipolar II spectrum. Overall, the perspective espoused in this paper indicates that temperamental excesses and, more generally, a biographical approach, represent a more coherent approach than hypomanic episodes in the diagnosis of BP-II patients. Finally, such a diagnostic approach underscores the importance of incorporating evolutionary considerations and principles in understanding the origin of affective disorders.
Metabolomic, behavioral, and reproductive effects of the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole hydrochloride on the unionid mussel Lampsilis fasciola

Androgen-induced masculinization of female aquatic biota poses concerns for natural population stability. This research evaluated the effects of a twelve day exposure of fadrozole hydrochloride on the metabolism and reproductive status of the unionid mussel Lampsilis fasciola. Although this compound is not considered to be widespread in the aquatic environment, it was selected as a model aromatase (enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol) inhibitor. Adult mussels were exposed to a control and 3 concentrations of fadrozole (2 lg/L, 20lg/L, and 50 lg/L), and samples of gill tissue were taken on days 4 and 12 for metabolomics analysis. Gills were used because of the variety of critical processes they mediate, such as feeding, ion exchange, and siphoning. Daily observed mussel behavior included female mantle display, foot protrusion, siphoning, and larval (glochidia) releases. Glochidia mortality was significantly higher in the 20 lg/L treatment. Fewer conglutinate (packets of glochidia) releases were observed in the 50 lg/L treatment, and mortality was highly correlated to release numbers. Foot protrusion was significantly higher in females in nearly all treatments, including the control, during the first 4 days of observations. However, this sex difference was observed only in the 50 lg/L treatment during the last 8 days. Generally, metabolites were significantly altered in female gill tissue in the 2 lg/L treatment whereas males were mostly affected only at the highest (50 lg/L) treatment. Both sexes also revealed significant reductions in fadrozole-induced metabolic effects in gill tissue sampled after 12 days compared to tissue sampled after 4 days, indicating time-dependent mechanisms of disruptions in metabolic pathways and homeostatic processes to compensate for such disruptions.
Expansion and Contraction of the Sahara Desert from 1980 to 1990

Data from polar-orbiting meteorological satellites have been used to determine the extent of the Sahara Desert and to document its interannual variation from 1980 to 1990. The Sahara Desert ranged from 8,633,000 square kilometers in 1980 to 9,982,000 square kilometers in 1984. The greatest annual north-south latitudinal movement of the southern Saharan boundary was 110 kilometers from 1984 to 1985 and resulted in a decrease in desert area of 724,000 square kilometers.
Simulating effects of climate change and ecological restoration on fire behaviour in a south-western USA ponderosa pine forest

Global climate change has the potential to affect future wildfire activity, particularly in south-western USA ponderosa pine forests that have been substantially altered by land-use practices and aggressive fire suppression. Using two regional general circulation models for the A1B greenhouse gas emission scenario, Australia’s CSIRO:MK3 and Germany’s MPIM:ECHAM5, we predicted fire behaviour under the 80th, 90th and 97th percentiles of future fire-weather conditions at a study site on the Kaibab National Forest, Arizona. We then altered the fuel structure by simulating alternative ecological restoration treatments: a full treatment (FULL), a full treatment with a 40.6-cm-diameter restriction on tree removal (16″ CAP) and a full treatment with a 25.4-cm-diameter restriction on tree removal (10″ CAP). Model results show that differences in fire weather (temperature and fuel moistures) expected by the end of the 21st century were not influential enough to alter fire behaviour significantly, but treatments did significantly reduce severe burning. Alteration of fuel structure through the 16″ CAP and FULL ecological restoration treatments caused significant declines in fire behaviour and crown fire activity under all climate scenarios. The 10″ CAP substantially reduced treatment effectiveness.
Coherent interactions between phase qubits, cavities, and TLS defects

We describe recent experiments developed for investigating the interactions between superconducting phase quantum bits (qubits) and resonant cavities. Two-level system (TLS) defects within the junction barrier also couple to the qubits, adding more degrees of freedom, creating a rich multi-particle system for study.
The basal subtype of breast carcinomas may represent the group of breast tumors that could benefit from EGFR-targeted therapies.

Summary The recent understanding of the molecular basis of breast cancer growth and progression led to the identification of tumor subtypes with potentially different biologic behavior. In addition, targeted therapies are increasingly successful in cancer treatment. We recently reported that most of the ER-negative/PR-negative/HER2-negative patients, a group that presents a therapeutic challenge for the oncologist, express EGFR. We now report that the majority of these patients express cytokeratin CK5/6 and therefore belong to the basal subtype of breast carcinomas. These basal subtype lesions are usually high-grade tumors of ductal histology with a high proliferation rate. We propose that the majority of the “triple negative” patients have basal subtype tumors with high EGFR expression and that these tumors may be the subgroup of breast carcinomas that could potentially benefit the most from novel EGFR-targeted therapeutic strategies.
Sickle cell disease, anesthesia, and sammy sickler

Summary The patient with a sickle hemoglobinopathy who presents for emergency surgery represents a challenge in the perioperative period to the anesthesia team. Many questions have to be answered: What is the correct diagnosis? Is this merely a crisis? Is there time to evaluate the laboratory values in order to make a decision regarding exchange or simple transfusion? Is the obstetrical patient in labor also having a crisis? Is the trauma patient anemic because of bleeding or a crisis? The anesthesiologist who provides care in this setting must have an adequate knowledge of the pathophysiology of the sickle hemoglobinopathies. A thorough and detailed history and physical examination will provide clues to the diagnosis. Time, laboratory information, and the patient's clinical condition will help in decision making. A team approach is mandatory for adequate management of the patient, and should include the anesthesiologist, surgeon, hematologist, pediatrician, obstetrician, and internist. The choice of the anesthetic also will be dictated by the patient's clinical condition. Finally, administration of a safe anesthetic in a warm environment with the caveat to avoid acidosis, hypoxia, and dehydration in the perioperative period will reduce morbidity and mortality.
Cough: Citric acid and nerves

Cough is often associated with inflammatory airway disease and is an unmet clinical need. To provide successful future therapies, good disease models are required. Citric acid has been used to provoke cough in humans and to induce cough in guinea pigs and the responses in guinea pig are similar to those in human. Citric acid-induced cough provides a reliable disease model with which to study the mechanisms involved in cough and to evaluate novel therapies.
Observations Concerning the Binding of L-Triiodothyronine in the Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte

To examine the subcellular locus of L-triiodothyronine (T3) binding in the human polymorphonuclear leukocyte, intact leukocytes (>90% polymorphonuclear) were incubated with small tracer concentrations of [125I]T3 with or without an excess of non-radioactive T3. Measurement of the [125I]T3 content of several subcellular fractions revealed that the non-radioactive T3 had led to significant displacement of [125I]T3 from the nuclear fraction alone. After correction for degradation and non-specific binding of the added T3 in intact leukocytes from hypothyroid patients in which the endogenous T3 concentration would be minimal, the T3-nuclear binding interaction was found to have an equilibrium dissociation constant of 1.1 × 10-I0M and a binding capacity of 4.3 fmol/1 × 107 cells. Pre-incubation of intact cells with non-radioactive T3 did not increase the subsequent specific binding of [125I]T3 by the nuclei isolated therefrom. The data indicate that: 1) the human polymorphonuclear leukocyte possesses saturable ...
Uptake of Exogenous Glutamate and Aspartate by Circumventricular Organs but Not Other Regions of Brain

Glutamate (Glu) and aspartate (Asp) concentrations in blood and selected regions of brain were measured at sequential intervals over a 3-h period following subcutaneous administration of Glu, Asp, or Glu plus Asp (2 mg/g body wt) to 4-day old mouse or rat pups. Marked serum elevations of the administered amino acids (peak values exceeding 200 times control levels) were detected within 1 h. In circumventricular organ (CVO) regions of brain, which are thought to have no blood-brain barriers, a sharp and steady increase times higher than control levels) occurred during a 15-120 min interval, whereas no appreciable increase were detected in other brain regions. When 2 mg/g Glu plus 2 mg/g Asp were administered, CVO tissue concentrations of each amino acid rose to approximately the same level obtained when the individual amino acids were given. It is concluded that blood-brain barriers preventing net entry of Glu or Asp into brain proper are relatively well established by the 4th postnatal day in rodents, but that CVO brain regions lack such barriers; selective access of blood-borne Glu or Asp to CVO neurons explains why these neurons are selectively destroyed by systemic administration of these neurotoxic amino acids.
Characterization of the CaMKKβ–AMPK signaling complex

Abstract The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis, and is a potential target for treatment of metabolic diseases as well as cancer. AMPK can be phosphorylated and activated by the tumor suppressor LKB1 or the Ca 2+ /CaM-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ). We previously identified a physical complex between CaMKKβ and AMPK (Anderson, K. A., Ribar, T. J., Lin, F., Noeldner, P. K., Green, M. F., Muehlbauer, M. J., Witters, L. A., Kemp, B. E., and Means, A. R. (2008) Cell Metabolism 7, 377–388). Here we expand our analysis of the CaMKKβ–AMPK signaling complex and show that whereas CaMKKβ can form a complex with and activate AMPK, CaMKKα cannot. In addition, we show that CaMKKβ and AMPK associate through their kinase domains, and CaMKKβ must be in an active conformation in order to bind AMPK but not to associate with an alternative substrate, Ca 2+ /Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV). Our results demonstrate that CaMKKβ and AMPK form a unique signaling complex. This raises the possibility that the CaMKKβ–AMPK complex can be specifically targeted by small molecule drugs to treat disease.
A flocking-based model for DoS-resilient communication routing in smart grid

We study the modeling of communication routing strategies in wide area monitoring systems based on flocking theory. We assert that analogies exist between the flocking principles of behavioral transitions, collision avoidance and obstacle avoidance and the routing goals of adaptability, buffer overflow management and re-routing in the presence of changing network conditions. Our model is dynamic and can easily be incorporated in existing flocking-based models of power system operation to provide an overall hierarchical cyber-physical model for a smart grid. Through simulations we show how our model can provide insight on effective routing strategies to promote the transient stabilization of faulted power systems in the presence of denial-of-service attacks on communications infrastructure.
Sediments from the Lower Columbia River and Origin of Graywacke

The mineral and chemical composition of sediments deposited in the three lowermost reservoirs of the Columbia River is remarkably similar to the composition of many graywackes. Lithic fragments are abundant. In comparison with an "average" sandstone, the sediments have low concentrations of silica and high concentrations of all other major constituents, except calcium. Sodium is more abundant than potassium. The sediments are generally better sorted than graywackes. If graywacke texture is post-depositional in origin, Columbia River-type sediments could be expected to form graywackes upon deep burial without any significant addition or removal of material.
Contribution of the renin-angiotensin system to the control of intrarenal hemodynamics

Intensive investigative efforts probing the many characteristics and potential functions of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have resulted in an exponentially expanding literature. In this editorial, we focus on the renal hemodynamic influences exerted by the RAS as a local regulatory mechanism. Indeed, local control was one initial function ascribed to the RAS by early investigators in this area. Because of its unique structure, the juxtaglomerular apparatus, now known to be the major site of renin formation, intrigued morphologists. It was postulated that the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus could control blood flow through the glomerulus by swelling and shrinking the afferent arteriolar lumen [1]. The unique juxtaposition of the macula densa cells of the early distal tubule to the glomerular arterioles also suggested mechanisms linking the function of the tubules with that of the arterioles [2–4]. Goormaghtigh [5] proposed an endocrine function for the juxtaglomerular apparatus and demonstrated uncanny insight in postulating the release of an agent by this structure that could activate or form a vasoactive substance which, in turn, influenced local vascular tone. Although some investigators continued to support the notion that local control was a major function of the RAS [6–8], the major areas of investigation in this field were oriented toward non-renal functions of the system such as in the control of aldosterone release, the regulation of systemic cardiovascular function, and the pathophysiology of hypertension [9]. Recent investigations, however, have renewed enthusiasm regarding the possibility that locally formed angiotensin II (All) may participate as an important modulator of renal vascular tone.
Developmental and Sex Differences in Workers' Functions of Occupational Aspirations of a Longitudinal Sample of Elementary School Children

Szimmary.-Workers' functions, as represented by the middle 3 digits of each Dirttonary of Cmipational Tides code, indicate complexity of involvement with Data, People, 2nd Things on he job. In this study, a longitudinal sample of elementary school students was interviewed in Grades 2, 4, and 6 to assess their occupational aspirations The workers' functions of their occupational aspirations were examined for developmenc~l and sex ddFerences. Boys' occupational aspirations required more cornplex Things €unctions at all 3 grades while girls' occupational aspirations were more complex than boys' for People functions at all 3 grades and for Data functions at Grades 4 and 6. Grade 2 through 6, there mere significant changes in workers' functions for the encire sample to more complex People and Things jobs. This movement supports Gordredson's career development theory which suggests children choose more socially valued occupations as they mature. Such choice associated with higher education would reflect selection of jobs requiring more complex workers' functions. Children's occupational aspirations have been the topic of research for
Cellular interactions and stimulated biological functions mediated by nanostructured carbon for tissue reconstruction and tracheal tubes and sutures.

Nylon 6,6 is used for biological applications including gastrointestinal segments, tracheal tubes and sutures, vascular graft, and for hard tissue reconstruction. While it is a relatively inexpensive polymer, it is not widely acceptable as a preferred biomaterial because of bioactivity. To this end, we have discovered the exciting evidence that introduction of a novel nanostructured carbon, graphene, in the void space between the nylon chains and processing at elevated pressure favorably stimulates cellular functions and provides high degree of cytocompatibility. The cell–substrate interactions on stand alone Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6,6-graphene oxide hybrid system were investigated in terms of cell attachment, viability, proliferation, and assessment of proteins, actin, vinculin, and fibronectin. The enhanced biological functions in the nanostructured hybrid system are attributed to relatively superior hydrophilicity of the surface and to the presence of graphene. Furthermore, it is proposed that the negatively charged graphene interacts with the polar nature of cells and the culture medium, such that the interaction is promoted through polar forces. This is accomplished by investigating cell attachment, proliferation, and morphology, including cytomorphometry evaluation, and quantitative assessment of prominent proteins, actin, vinculin, and fibronectin that are sensitive to cell–substrate interactions. Osteoblasts were studied to establish the practical viability of the hybrid nanostructured biomaterial. The study strengthens the foundation for utilizing nano- or quantum-size effects of nanostructured biomaterials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Abrupt category shifts during real-time person perception

Previous studies have suggested that real-time person perception relies on continuous competition, in which partially active categories smoothly compete over time. Here, two studies demonstrated the involvement of a different kind of competition. In Study 1, before participants selected the correct sex category for morphed faces, their mouse trajectories often exhibited a continuous attraction toward the incorrect category that increased with sex-category ambiguity, indicating continuous competition. On other trials, however, trajectories initially pursued the incorrect category and then abruptly redirected toward the correct category, suggesting early incorrect category activation that was rapidly reversed later in processing. These abrupt category reversals also increased with ambiguity. In Study 2, participants were presented with faces containing a sex-typical or sex-atypical hair cue, in a context in which the norm was either sex-typical targets (normative context) or sex-atypical targets (counternormative context). Sex-atypical targets induced greater competition in the normative context, but sex-typical targets induced greater competition in the counternormative context. Together, these results demonstrate that categorizing others involves both smooth competition and abrupt category shifts, and that these flexibly adapt to the social context.
Civil Wars in the Sudan

This article spans the fifty years of the independent Sudan (1956–2006) during which the country was torn by five civil wars made manifest by the historic marginalization of the Sudanese on the periphery by the powerful riverine Sudanese living in the heartland along the Nile, the awlad al-bahr (people of the river) and the deep cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences between those of the center and the periphery that have produced four of the five civil wars. The longest, most violent, and destructive were the two civil wars between the northern and southern Sudanese, the Anya-Nya civil war, 1963–1972 and the second southern civil war, 1983–2006. Moreover, the second southern civil war experienced from 1991 to 1996 its own internal civil war between the Dinka and Nuer that caused enormous casualties and suffering before the Sudan People's Liberation Army could establish its supremacy. After the military coup detat (June 30, 1989) and the subsequent Islamist revolution, insurgencies erupted both in the East led by the Beja Congress in 1994 and in the West in Darfur by the Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement in 2003. The Beja insurgency was settled in 2006 but the disaster in Darfur continues after great loss of life. This article summarizes each of these insurgencies, interprets their ideology, and analyzes the deep tensions which produced them.
Superexchange pathway calculation of long-distance electronic coupling in H2C(CH2)m−2CH2 chains☆

Abstract In a recent communication (C.A. Naleway, L.A. Curtiss and J.R. Miller, J. Phys. Chem. 95 (1991) 8434) we outlined a method for calculation and analysis of long-distance couplings in electron transfer reactions making use of McConnell's superexchange formalism with matrix elements from ab initio molecular orbital wave functions transformed to localized bond orbitals using Weinhold's natural bond orbital method. In this paper we present a detailed investigation into several aspects of the superexchange (SE) pathways method for calculation of anion and cation π couplings in H2C(CH2)m−2CH2, m=4–8, trans alkyls. The convergence of the couplings calculated from this method is examined as a function of energy threshold. Good convergence is found for wave functions (neutral triplet β, dication) for which paths through unoccupied orbitals dominate paths through occupied orbitals; convergence is not as good for wave functions (neutral triplet α, anion) for which occupied paths are dominant. Reasons for these results are explored. The couplings calculated from the SE method are in reasonable agreement with Koopman's theorem when convergence of the couplings with threshold is attained and the 3–21 G basis set did well compared to larger basis sets. In agreement with previous studies, pathways with hops over bonds make up the bulk of the interaction and most of these involve CC bonds or CC* antibonds. The SE pathways calculations, some of which included more than 10 million different paths, indicate that contributions from long paths tend to cancel so that the shorter paths (2–5 jumps) are largely responsible for determining the magnitude of the coupling.
A Review of Family Engagement Measures for Adolescent Substance Use Services

The engagement of family members in adolescent substance use treatment is vital for adolescent treatment completion and positive outcomes. Providers and researchers need quality measures of family engagement to identify early engagement problems, to determine the effectiveness of engagement interventions, and to test theories of family treatment engagement. The purpose of this study is to review existing measures of family engagement, and to assess their conceptual coverage and utility for adolescent substance use providers. Our initial search of measures published in peer-reviewed, English-language journals between 1998 and 2013 yielded 58 articles. Of these, eight articles described measures of family engagement in substance use and mental health treatment. Measures were compared across numerous categories including instrument format and administration procedures; measurement of behavioral, attitudinal, and affective domains; measurement reliability and validity; and the populations and treatment settings in which the measures were used. Of the eight measures, four contained items assessing attitudinal engagement, five assessed affective engagement, and six measures assessed behavioral engagement. Two measures had items that assessed all three domains. Half of the measures were clinician-rated and half were self-report. None of the measures included normative data or clinical cut-off scores. All of the measures were relatively brief (2–24 items), though only two measures were administered in substance use treatment settings. The results of this review highlight the paucity of family engagement measures that assess the multi-dimensional conceptualization of the construct. Implications for the continued conceptualization and measurement of family treatment engagement in adolescent substance-use treatment settings are discussed.
Assessing the impact of casino gambling on crime in Mississippi

The introduction of legalized gambling into a community has generated a great deal of hubris regarding concomitant criminality. While Las Vegas has long been synonymous with organized crime, the recent focus has been on the connection between traditional crime and legalized gambling. The conventional wisdom among opponents of this new source of revenue is that casinos attract many undesirables to the community, thereby increasing crime and social disorganization. Routine activities theory would suggest that with increased numbers of tourists, more opportunities for crime will exist. To test this proposition, the frequency of crime before and after the introduction of legalized gambling in Biloxi, Mississippi was examined. Larcey-theft and motor vehicle theft were the only categories of crime to show statistically significant change. Robbery and aggravated assault increased, while murder and rape declined, although the change was not statistically significant for any category of violent crime.
Past Present: Discordant Gay Male Couples, HIV Infection History, and Relationship Dynamics

Discordant couples are unique because partners do not share the same serostatus. Yet research overlooks how they became discordant, mistakenly assuming that they have always been that way and, by extension, that being discordant impacts the relationship in a similar manner. This study examines HIV infection history and its impact on relationship dynamics using qualitative data from 35 discordant gay male couples. Most couples were discordant when they met (69%); however, many were not (31%). Those couples that met discordant felt being discordant had a lesser impact on their sexual and relational satisfaction, while those that did not meet discordant felt it had a greater impact, reporting sexual frustration and anxiety over seroconverting. This suggests that relationship dynamics may differ for discordant couples depending on HIV infection history. HIV prevention and counseling services for discordant couples can be better tailored and more effective when differences in HIV infection history are recognized.
Definition of a consensus binding site for p53.

Recent experiments have suggested that p53 action may be mediated through its inter action with DNA. We have now identified 18 human genomic clones that bind to p53 in vitro. Precise mapping of the binding sequences within these clones revealed a consensus binding site with a striking internal symmetry, consisting of two copies of the 10 base pair motif 5′-PuPuPuC(A/T)(T/A)GPyPyPy-3′ separated by 0-13 base pairs. One copy of the motif was insufficient for binding, and subtle alterations of the motif, even when present in multiple copies, resulted in loss of affinity for p53. Mutants of p53, representing each of the four “hot spots” frequently altered in human cancers, failed to bind to the consensus dimer. These results define the DNA sequence elements with which p53 interacts in vitro and which may be important for p53 action in vivo.
ESR Study of the Kinetics of the Reaction of H Atoms with Methane

A wide‐temperature‐range study using ESR atom detection has been employed to measure the rate of the reaction H + CH4→H2 + CH3. Over the temperature range 426°–747°K, we obtain a specific rate constant for the above reaction of k1 = 6.9 ± 0.6 × 1013exp[(−11 800 ± 200) / RT] expressed in units of cubic centimeters per mole per second. The value obtained in the present work is compared to a number of other results obtained by various workers. The activation energy we observe is considerably higher than previous values obtained in this temperature range. However, our results coupled with the heat of the reaction predict an activation energy for the reverse reaction which agrees well with experimental values. In addition, the pre‐exponential factor we obtain agrees with absolute rate theory predictions as well as with entropy considerations. We do not agree with literature results which give very low pre‐exponential factors suggesting steric factors of the order of 10−3–10−5 for this reaction.
Effect of particulate bioactive glass on human synoviocyte cultures

Bioglass® is a resorbable glass material that has been shown to induce osteoblast proliferation as well as bone matrix production in vitro. Its physico–chemical properties have been reported to be suitable for use as an implant coating for arthroplasty. However, Bioglass® is a ceramic material that can fragment into particulate debris in vivo. The effect of particulate Bioglass® on tissue cells has not been defined. In order to determine the biologic response to particulate Bioglass®, we tested its effect on human synoviocytes in a cell culture model. At the concentrations of 1.0 and 10, μg/mL, particulate Bioglass® (sizes ranging from approximately 0.5 to 80 μm) had a low cytotoxic effect. However, these concentrations induced secretion of TNFα. The observation that particulate Bioglass® elicits release of inflammatory cytokines suggests that the development of this bioceramic implant coating should address techniques that would minimize the generation of particulates. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 41, 392–397, 1998.
Capital-skill complementarity and the interregional distribution of human capital in US manufacturing

(1989). Capital-skill complementarity and the interregional distribution of human capital in US manufacturing. Applied Economics: Vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 1087-1098.