cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Source of care and variation in long-acting reversible contraception use.

Objective To examine variation in long acting reversible contraception (LARC) use by source of birth control services. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) Sexually active women who received contraceptive services in the past 12 months, who were neither pregnant nor trying to become pregnant and who were not sterilized and nor were their partners sterilized. Intervention(s) Three multinomial logistic regression models assessed the relationship between source of services and LARC use, controlling for covariates. The odds of LARC use were compared with LARC nonuse, high-efficacy use, and low-efficacy use. Main Outcome Measure(s) Reported LARC method use. Result(s) There was no statistically significant difference in LARC use between women receiving services from community or public health clinics and women receiving services from private clinics. Women receiving care at a family-planning clinics had lower odds of LARC use versus LARC nonuse (odds ratio [OR] = 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10–0.74), versus high-efficacy method use (OR = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.11–0.88) and versus low-efficacy method use (OR = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.02–0.87) compared with those receiving services at private clinics. Conclusion(s) Women receiving care from family-planning clinics had lower odds of LARC use compared with those receiving care from a private doctor's office or health maintenance organization facility.
Polymicrobial infection alter inflammatory microRNA in rat salivary glands during periodontal disease.

Periodontal disease initiated by subgingival pathogens is linked with diminished secretion of saliva, and implies pathogenic bacteria dissemination to or affects secondary sites such as the salivary glands. MicroRNAs activated in response to bacteria may modulate immune responses against pathogens. Therefore, Sprague-Dawley rats were infected by oral lavage consisting of polymicrobial inocula, namely Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola, or sham-infected for 12 weeks (n = 6). We quantified inflammatory miRNA expression levels of miRNA-132, miR-146a, and miR-155 at secondary sites to the primary infection of the gingiva, including submandibular salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and pancreas. The presence of bacteria was detected in situ at secondary sites. Infected rat gingiva showed increased relative expression of miR-155. In contrast, miRNA-155 expression was decreased in submandibular salivary glands, along with positive identification of P. gingivalis in 2/6 and T. denticola in 1/6 rat salivary glands. Furthermore, miRNA-132 and miRNA-146a were significantly decreased in the pancreas of infected rats. This study is the first to show primary periodontal infections can alter miRNA profiles in secondary sites such as the salivary gland and pancreas. Whether these alterations contribute to pathologies of salivary glands in Sjogren's syndrome or of pancreas in diabetes warrants further investigation.
A Review of: “Encouraging Civility as a Community College Leader By Paul A. Elsner George R. Boggs (Eds.)”

Civility is a topic that is not often mentioned in meetings within the academy. A search through the minutes of meetings of presidents’ cabinets, faculty groups, unions, custodial staff, student go...
Upstream, Downstream, and in between: Navigating the Muddy Waters of Neutrals' Bias and Conflict of Interest

In this short ethics essay, the author describes a bewildering alphabet soup of federal and state statutes, and ethical rules and standards (both public and private) which utterly fails to provide clarity regarding when arbitral decisions or mediated settlements might be subject to attack based on a neutral’s alleged bias or conflict of interest.
African American Women, Mass Incarceration, and the Politics of Protection

On November 28, 2013, Marissa Alexander was freed from a Florida prison after serving three years of her twenty-year sentence. Her crime: firing a warning shot during a confrontation with her estranged abusive husband—a man against whom she had a restraining order. Even after her release, however, Alexander was not out of the woods. While Judge James H. Daniel found the original jury instructions flawed and overturned her conviction, he denied her request for a new hearing under Florida’s stand-your-ground law, which had been amended to include warning shots in its allowance of force in the face of imminent threat. On July 21, 2014, Judge Daniel found that the amended statute “could not be applied retroactively.” Alexander’s experience brings into high relief the persistent biases in American justice, particularly given her case’s stark contrast to the George Zimmerman acquittal in 2013. Whereas Zimmerman successfully used the stand-your-ground defense after taking the life of the unarmed black teenager Trayvon Martin in 2012, Alexander was unable to invoke the same protections. No one died and no one was hurt at the hands of the battered black woman, yet she received a twenty-year sentence. Alexander’s new trial was originally scheduled for December 2014, however in November of that year she accepted a plea deal that sent her to the Duval County Jail to serve an additional sixty-five days. The plea also included two years of probation for Alexander under “house detention and wearing a surveillance monitor.” She agreed to these terms rather than face the new charges filed against her—charges that could have amounted to a maximum of sixty years in prison. Alexander’s calamity is rooted in a tangled set of circumstances that ensnare black women when race, gender, violence, and criminal justice collide.1 Alexander’s case reflects the legacies of an exclusionary politics of protection whereby black women were not entitled to the law’s protection, though they could not escape its punishment. Structured by colonial and antebellum judiciaries, laws representing the priorities of enslavers effectively negated and criminalized black womanhood by subjecting
Octave Spanning Ti:Sapphire Lasers

Ti:sapphire lasers with ultra-broadband double-chirped mirror pairs generate 5fs-pulses with output spectra covering a full octave for direct carrier-envelope phase-locking. Current status of lasers and applications in phase-sensitive nonlinear optics and frequency metrology discussed.
Single apical membrane anion channels in primary cultures of canine tracheal epithelium

To investigate the cellular mechanism responsible for the apical membrane Cl conductance in airway epithelia, we used the patch-clamp technique to study single ion channels in primary cultures of canine tracheal epithelium. The cells contained an anion channel that had a single channel conductance of approximately 29 pS at negative voltages in symmetrical 145 mmol/l Cl solutions. In symmetrical Cl solutions the excised single-channel current-voltage relation was nonlinear, with conductance increasing at depolarizing voltages. The channel was inhibited by diphenylamine-2-carboxylate and anthracene-9-carboxylic acid at concentrations similar to those required to inhibit transepithelial Cl secretion. The channel was found in freshly isolated cells, isolated cells in culture, and in the apical membrane of confluent areas of cells. When attached to the cell the channel was activated by addition of isoproterenol in some, but not all cases. Often it was not observed to open until the patch was excised from the cell. The channel was not strongly voltage-gated, nor was it acutely regulated by internal Ca in the excised, inside-out configuration. These results suggest that this channel may be responsible for the apical Cl conductance in canine tracheal epithelium.
Practice patterns in endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy: survey of the American Rhinologic Society.

Background The introduction of advanced endoscopic techniques has facilitated significant growth in endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EnDCR). The purpose of this study is to evaluate clinical practice patterns of otolaryngologists performing EnDCR. Methods A 25-item survey was electronically disseminated to the American Rhinologic Society (ARS) membership from November 17, 2014 to December 14, 2014. The target group encompassed 1157 ARS members. Results A total of 85 (7.3%) physicians completed the survey. EnDCR was performed by 87% of respondents. The annual average number of EnDCR cases ranged from 1 to 10 in 65% of respondents, 11 to 25 in 15%, 26 to 50 in 6%, and >50 in 1%. A total of 48% of respondents had some to a lot of DCR exposure during training, and 60% had completed a rhinology fellowship. Respondents frequently perform preoperative nasal endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) imaging, but very infrequently perform ophthalmologic workup. Lacrimal stents were used often or always in 80%, with 38% keeping stents in place for 6 to 8 weeks. The mucosal flap preservation technique was used often or always in 40%. Topical antimetabolites were used often or always in only 1%. Ophthalmology was present in most cases to perform lacrimal intubation. Postoperative antibiotics, topical ophthalmic steroids, and oral steroids were prescribed often or always in 62%, 47%, and 23%, respectively. Postoperative endoscopic debridement was performed often or always in 69%. A total of 81% of respondents followed DCR patients for >2 months, with 17% following these patients for >1 year. Conclusion There is widespread integration of EnDCR procedures into rhinologic clinical practice among respondents. EnDCR practice patterns demonstrate moderate variation. In conjunction with evidence-based medicine, these trends can highlight areas of controversy and help advance patient care.
On the Archeological Restoration of the Unearthed Crockery

Crockery is one of the uppermost inventions in Neolithic Age and one of humans' major life utensils at that time.It has high historical value and artistic value and is the major material object for us to research the life of ancient society.Due to the impacts of its material quality and the buried environments,the majority of crockery that is excavated is fragmentary.To make investigations and repair for the excavated crockery,we can recover the original appearance of the crockery and can better restore the features of ancient social life.
Chapter 3: Thinking Ecosystems, Providing Water: The Water Infrastructure Imperative

Land use laws, such as comprehensive plans, site plan reviews and zoning codes, have important consequences on infrastructure necessary to provide critical services. As currently drafted, many of those laws rely largely on conventional “gray infrastructure” in which the manufactured, engineered, built environment is viewed as the primary, if not sole, means to provide essential public services. Given the age and status of the existing gray infrastructure, the added pressures to infrastructure from climate change, and the importance of core services such as transportation and the provision of potable water, this essay explores emerging systems that incorporate the greening of gray infrastructure to reduce costs and serve as adaptive models for an uncertain future.
Histology of midluteal corpus luteum and endometrium from clomiphene citrate-induced cycles.

Objective To determine the histologic development of midluteal corpus luteum (CL) and endometrium in normal fertile women after induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate (CC). Design, Patients, Interventions Twelve normally cycling women planning to undergo an elective tubal ligation were treated with 50 to 150 mg of CC daily on days 5 through 9 of the cycle. Luteectomy and endometrial biopsy were performed simultaneously 7 days after the urinary luteinizing hormone surge. Results Because polyovulation occurred in 10 of the 12 women, 22 CL and 12 endometrial biopsies were studied. Ten women had luteal and endometrial histology that were within 2 days of the ovulation to biopsy interval. The 2 remaining women had endometrial histology that lagged 3 days behind the chronological postovulatory date. In these women, out-of-phase endometrium occurred despite polyovulatory cycles in which two and three histologically normal CL lutea were present and associated with elevated progesterone concentrations. Conclusions In CC-induced ovulatory cycles: (1) midluteal CL histology is normal and (2) apparently out-of-phase preimplantation endometrium occurs in midluteal phase.
The Aims of Education: Response to Markus Seidel and Christoph Trüper

Truth to tell, I was a little surprised to learn that my writings include a philosophy of education; and then a little surprised again to learn that the paper in which my philosophy of education is to be found is “Multiculturalism and Objectivity.” Before this, I’d probably have said that—but for the thoughts expressed in “Preposterism and Its Consequences,” and “Out of Step,” about how the ways in which higher education is currently organized tend to erode academic ethics, and so to frustrate (what should be) the real purposes of a university—philosophy of education wasn’t a topic on which I’d had much to say.
Development of a diode-pumped, sharp-pulsed Nd:YAG laser for sub-meter resolution (sumr) altimetry

The laser pulse shapes of many current commercial systems are Gaussian due to Q-switch leakage and the exponential buildup of energy in tine laser cavity. This extended leading edge of the pulse leads to errors and to difficulty in processing laser altimetry and ranging returns.1 Variabilities in the return pulse shape and pulse spreading produce a " range walk’ error that is usually removed with post-processing. Correction for "range walk" in a standard Q-switched laser altimeter system requires a complex calibration data set to compensate for varying return pulse intensities and pulse widths. A timing error occurs when the output pulse width extends for tens of nanoseconds or more, which is common with Q-switched lasers. Therefore, a "sharp" laser pulse with no preceding Gaussian build-up is very desirable for simplifying altimetrie data acquisition.
B-Lymphozyten und IgE-Produktion

B-Zellen sind wesentlich an der Entwicklung allergischer Immunreaktionen vom Typ I beteiligt. Die molekularen Vorgange bei der Produktion der fur allergische Erkrankungen wichtigen Immunglobuline der Klassen IgE und IgG4 werden dargestellt, insbesondere der Antikorperklassenwechsel und die IgE-Regulation. Die Ausfuhrungen sollen Hinweise zum Verstandnis innovativer Ansatzpunkte zur Beeinflussung IgE-abhangiger Erkrankungen bieten.
Robust Duplication With Comparison Methods in Microcontrollers

Commercial microprocessors could be useful computational platforms in space systems, as long as the risk is bound. Many spacecraft are computationally constrained because all of the computation is done on a single radiation-hardened microprocessor. It is possible that a commercial microprocessor could be used for configuration, monitoring and background tasks that are not mission critical. Most commercial microprocessors are affected by radiation, including single-event effects (SEEs) that could be destructive to the component or corrupt the data. Part screening can help designers avoid components with destructive failure modes, and mitigation can suppress data corruption. We have been experimenting with a method for masking radiation-induced faults through the software executing on the microprocessor. While triple-modular redundancy (TMR) techniques are very effective at masking faults in software, the increased amount of execution time to complete the computation is not desirable. In this paper we present a technique for combining duplication with compare (DWC) with TMR that decreases observable errors by as much as 145 times with only a 2.35 time decrease in performance.
The Role of Fashion Innovativeness, Brand Image, and Lovemarks in Enhancing Loyalty towards Fashion-Related Brands

Consumers who have high innovativeness are likely the first to buy new brands and tend to switch brands (Cho & Workman, 2014; Steenkamp, ter Hofstede, & Wedel, 1999). These consumers influence the purchase of new products by later buyers (Goldsmith, Flynn, & Goldsmith, 2003), which contributes to the successful launch of a new fashion brand. Moreover, those high in fashion innovativeness are frequently opinion leaders (Cho & Workman, 2014), which supports the importance of building their brand loyalty, thus affecting loyalty of others. Yet, little research has examined factors leading to fashion brand loyalty for those with high innovativeness. Thus, the present study examines factors affecting loyalty towards fashion-related brands among those with high levels of innovativeness.
The Applicability of Market-centered Strategies and Tactics to Nonprofit Organizations in Emerging Markets: An Exploration

While much is known and research continues to understand more about marketing in emerging economies and investigations into the NPO sector are increasing, scant research is found on the NPO sector within emerging markets. The few available studies on NPO sector activities in emerging markets tend to focus on NGO-corporate relationships or macro-level sector reports. Furthermore, most NPOs discussed in previous research are large, international organizations rather than indigenous or small-to-medium size NPOs. Thus little is known about the marketing strategies within NPOs in emerging markets. The present manuscript proposes a process through which such knowledge may be gained while posing the research question: Are market-centered strategies and tactics (e.g., market orientation, brand orientation, promotion activities) advocated for the developed market NPO sector applicable to the emerging market NPO sector?
African Immigrants in the USA: Some Reflection on Their Pre-and Post-Migration Experiences

This paper provides some preliminary insight into an ongoing study that seeks to investigate the spatial aspects of the experience of African immigrants and of their adaptation to the living environment in the U.S. We sampled and interviewed 363 African immigrants across the U.S., with emphasis on those in the greater New York, Washington, DC, and Baltimore metropolitan areas, and analyzed their migration and arrival experience to learn more about their adaptation. Among other things, the study found that many Africans arriving in the U.S. do not follow the ideal pattern of obtaining an immigrant visa and arriving with full documentation. They tend to rely on informal networks rather than governmental agencies to resolve issues pertaining to their adaptation to the country. Furthermore, most Africans are still well-connected to relatives in Africa and do remit home on a regular basis. Not only are these remittances important for the ailing economies of Africa in general, and for the survival of their rela...
Efficacy and safety in elderly patient subsets across studies investigating endocrine monotherapy versus combination therapy in patients with HR+/HER2−advanced breast cancer.

1045Background: Combination of endocrine therapy and targeted agents in 1st and 2nd-line therapy prolong progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with hormone receptor–positive (HR+), HER2− advanced breast cancer (ABC). However, a greater risk of adverse events (AEs) and a greater possibility of drug-drug interaction, associated with combination therapy, present challenges in older patients. Methods: This study reviewed PFS and safety data in age-stratified subsets from Phase II or III clinical trials comparing endocrine monotherapy vs combinations of endocrine or targeted therapy in patients with HR+, HER2−ABC. Results: Among 9 identified studies, combination therapy that included ribociclib, palbociclib, and everolimus significantly reduced risk of disease progression vs monotherapy in older and younger patient subsets (Table). For combination therapy that included ribociclib or palbociclib, frequency of discontinuations due to AEs was similar between the subsets; more frequent discontinuations due t...
The use of vitamin D3 sublingual tablets versus oral drops in the treatment of patients with COMT Val/Val genotype and major depressive disorder

Introduction Vitamin D has been shown to be crucial in the regulation of dopamine and its relationship to major depressive disorder. A five-year pre-interventional study of 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels in patients with major depressive disorder found values ranging from 17 to 32 ng/mL. COMT Val/Val genotype has been associated with a 20–40% more rapid breakdown of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex as compared to individuals with a Val/Met genotype. Methods This retrospective study gathered data concerning outcome measurements in patients who displayed a baseline 25-OH level Results Scores on the MADRS 1–3 weeks following the vitamin D3 switch showed an improvement in mood with the lowering of scores on the MADRS. Conclusions Patients with a COMT genotype of Val/Val showed clinical improvement with a switch from oral D3 sublingual tablets to oral D3 drops. Further studies are needed to draw from conclusions. Pre- and post-25-OH vitamin D levels and other dopamine synthesis variables including serum ferritin would be useful as well as prospective double-blind placebo controlled trials. The future use of genotype-specific and supportive approaches deserves serious investigation.
Developmental Hip Dysplasia

Developmental hip dysplasia is an umbrella term describing all forms of abnormal development of the hip joint starting in utero. The overall incidence is 1–2/1000 live births with ethnical and geographical variance. The absolute necessity for successful management is early diagnosis and treatment – screening is both paramount and mandatory. The natural history is uniformly unfavorable – persistence/worsening of the dysphasia with early osteoarthritis and lifelong disability.
Demand for military spending in NATO, 1968–2015: A spatial panel approach

Abstract This paper presents two-step GMM panel estimates of NATO allies' demand for defense spending during 1968–2015, 1991–2015, and 1999–2015. A novel feature of our NATO estimates is the spatial autoregressive (SAR) weighting of alliance spillovers of defense spending based on ally contiguity (augmented by US defense spending) and inverse distance between allies. The spatial models provide defense demand estimates that are amazingly consistent with those of the standard spillover model. In particular, free riding is prevalent in all three sets of estimates for the three sample periods and changing set of allies. In addition, the influences of the controls are generally robust, including the effect of the change in strategic doctrine in 1975 that augmented the importance of conventional weapons and, thus, spatial factors. We also present mutual assured destruction (MAD) era defense demand estimations dating back to 1960 and 1950 to show that spatial-based spillovers only matter in the post-MAD era after 1974.
Conclusion: Redevelopment Along the Frontier

Chicago’s Redevelopment Reality Along the Frontier reflects on, first, that there is an unrecognized, current kind of redevelopment machine in Chicago and perhaps in America: a “tyrannizing fear machine.” Its actors, I suggest, are amazingly adroit in working through two dominant things, creations of race and fear, to “terror-redevelop” along the new redevelopment frontier. These fears in current Chicago, I suggest, take the form of what David Bissell (2013) terms emotive-stinging disruptions of settled ordinariness. The chapter reflects on the issue that, second, a kind of race-class politics currently exists in these clubs which make the drive to commodify them unclear in impact. A prototypical South Side club, Beebe’s, is discussed as rife with contestation to the commodification that embeds in a “leisure as resistance social formation” further exploding the myth of simple interpreting black subjects in communities gripped by “American apartheid.”
Contingency Training Alters Neurobiological Components of Emotional Resilience in Male and Female Rats.

Abstract Prior research with a rat model of behavioral therapy [i.e., effort-based reward (EBR) contingency training] suggests that strengthened associations between physical effort and desired outcomes enhance neurobiological indices of resilience. In the current study, male and female Long-Evans rats were exposed to either six weeks of EBR training or noncontingent training prior to 10 days of exposure to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Subsequently, all animals were exposed to a problem-solving task and then trained in a spatial learning/foraging task, the Dry Land Maze (DLM). Following habituation training and test trials, rats were assessed in a probe trial that generated a prediction error (cognitive uncertainty). Results indicated that, during CUS exposure, contingency-training enhanced dehydroepiandrosterone/corticosterone ratios (consistent with healthier stress responses), especially in male rats. Additionally, contingency training increased exploratory behaviors in the probe trial as well as differentially influenced on-task problem-solving performance in males and females. Following the probe trial, brains were exposed to histological analyses to determine the effects of sex and contingency training on various neurobiological markers. Contingency training decreased BDNF-immunoreactivity (ir) in the hippocampus CA1 and lateral habenula, implicating differential neuroplasticity responses in the training groups. Further, coordinated fos-ir activation in areas associated with emotional resilience (i.e., motivation-regulation) was observed in contingent-trained animals. In sum, the current findings confirm that behavioral training is associated with neurobiological markers of emotional resilience; however, further assessments are necessary to more accurately determine the therapeutic potential for the EBR contingency training model.
Price Discrimination and Other Marketing Strategies

A perfectly competitive firm has no need for marketing. Price and firm demand are exogenously determined, making price competition impossible. Expensive advertising campaigns are unprofitable because advertising can have no effect on firm demand. The only thing the firm must decide is how much output to produce and bring to market.
Algorithmic aspects of risk management

Risk analysis has been used to manage the security of systems for several decades. However, its use has been limited to offline risk computation and manual response. In contrast, we use risk computation to drive changes in an operating system's security configuration. This allows risk management to occur in real time and reduces the window of exposure to attack. We posit that it is possible to protect a system by reducing its functionality temporarily when it is under siege. Our goal is to minimize the tension between security and usability by trading them dynamically. Instead of statically configuring a system, we aim to monitor the risk level, using it to drive the tradeoff between security and utility. The advantage of this approach is that it provides users with the maximum possible functionality for any predefined level of risk tolerance. Risk management can be framed as an exercise in managing the constraints on edge and vertex weights of a tripartite graph, with the partitions corresponding to the threats, vulnerabilities, and assets in the system. If a threat requires a specific permission and affects a particular asset, an edge is added between the threat and the permission that mediates access to the vulnerable resource. Another edge is added between the permission and the asset. The presence of a path from a threat, through a permission check, to an asset contributes an element of risk. Risk can be reduced by denying access to a resource that contains a vulnerability or activating data protection measures. We analyze some of the problems that form the algorithmic underpinnings of optimal risk management.
Conducting the Urodynamic Study

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are often overlapping and unreliable making it difficult at times to reach a correct diagnosis. Multichannel urodynamics (UDS) testing measures different dynamic aspects of the lower urinary tract and translates patients’ subjective symptoms to more objective findings that may aid in making a proper diagnosis. Multichannel UDS is part of an integrated work process that includes history and physical examination as well as directed preliminary testing. This should include appropriate history and physical examination, voiding diary, post-void residual urine, and a pad test. Physician interpretation of the study findings should complement and integrate the clinical picture. The physician must be aware of challenges in study interpretation that may circumvent these goals, while remembering that proper counseling and pretest evaluation is crucial to optimize test results.
Prevalence of False-Negative Results of Intraoperative Consultation on Surgical Margins During Resection of Gastric and Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma.

Importance Intraoperative consultation (IOC) on surgical margins during curative intent resection of gastric and gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma presents sampling and interpretive challenges. A false-negative (FN) IOC result can affect clinical care. Many factors may be associated with higher risk for an FN result of IOC on surgical margins. Objective To assess the prevalence and clinical implications of FN results of IOC on surgical margins during resection of gastric and gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective study assessed the results of IOC on surgical margins to determine the prevalence of FN results and the accuracy and clinical implications of the results for patients undergoing curative intent resection for gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. The study examined patients with gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma who underwent resection with curative intent at a single-institution referral center from January 1, 1992, to December 31, 2015. Interventions Curative intent gastric and/or esophageal resection. Main Outcomes and Measures False-negative results of IOC on surgical margins, accuracy of the results, factors associated with decreased accuracy of the results, and clinical implications of FN results. Results This study included 2002 patients (median age, 65 years; 1343 [67.1%] male; 1638 [81.8%] white) who received 3171 IOCs on surgical margins. Of the 3171 IOCs, the prevalence of FN results was 1.7%, with an accuracy of 98.1%. The prevalence of an FN IOC result was 1.2% for esophageal margins, 2.0% for gastric margins, and 2.5% for duodenal margins (P = .04). The prevalence of an FN IOC result was higher for patients with diffuse or signet ring disease compared with those without (2.6% vs 1.2%,P = .002) and for those not receiving neoadjuvant radiotherapy compared with those receiving neoadjuvant radiotherapy (1.4% vs 0.7%,P Conclusions and Relevance This study found that IOC on surgical margins was accurate at a specialty center. Signet ring or diffuse disease, duodenal margins, and not receiving neoadjuvant radiotherapy were challenging scenarios for IOC on surgical margins. The use of IOC on surgical margins may be optimal when it will affect intraoperative decision making framed by the stage of disease, tumor location, and surgical fitness of the patient.
Searching for the singularity

Seth Fletcher9s Einstein9s Shadow is the story of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT)—an astrophysical endeavor on an extraordinary scale that knits radio telescopes at far-flung locations across the globe into what is, in effect, a single telescope the size of Earth.
Defining the Role of Novel β-Lactam Agents That Target Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Organisms

With the current carbapenem-resistant organism crisis, conventional approaches to optimizing pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters are frequently inadequate, and traditional salvage agents (eg, colistin, tigecycline, etc) confer high toxicity and/or have low efficacy. However, several β-lactam agents with activity against carbapenem-resistant organisms were approved recently by the US Food and Drug Administration, and more are anticipated to be approved in the near future. The primary goal of this review is to assist infectious disease practitioners with preferentially selecting 1 agent over another when treating patients infected with a carbapenem-resistant organism. However, resistance to some of these antibiotics has already developed. Antibiotic stewardship programs can ensure that they are reserved for situations in which other options are lacking and are paramount for the survival of these agents.
Farming the Sea: The Only Way to Meet Humanity's Future Food Needs

A major change began 10,000-12,000 years ago when humans began to practice agriculture. A series of "green revolutions" enabled the human population to explode, but these advancements have dramatically changed the planet. The United Nations predicts that we will need to produce 50% more food by 2050 to feed another 2.5 billion people, but this will be challenging with tighter land and water resources and a changing climate. Responsible marine aquaculture can complement responsible land-based agriculture and aquaculture and well-managed fisheries to increase the global supply of nutritious food.
Cavitation in soft matter.

Cavitation is the sudden, unstable expansion of a void or bubble within a liquid or solid subjected to a negative hydrostatic stress. Cavitation rheology is a field emerging from the development of a suite of materials characterization, damage quantification, and therapeutic techniques that exploit the physical principles of cavitation. Cavitation rheology is inherently complex and broad in scope with wide-ranging applications in the biology, chemistry, materials, and mechanics communities. This perspective aims to drive collaboration among these communities and guide discussion by defining a common core of high-priority goals while highlighting emerging opportunities in the field of cavitation rheology. A brief overview of the mechanics and dynamics of cavitation in soft matter is presented. This overview is followed by a discussion of the overarching goals of cavitation rheology and an overview of common experimental techniques. The larger unmet needs and challenges of cavitation in soft matter are then presented alongside specific opportunities for researchers from different disciplines to contribute to the field.
Is Visiting the Pharmacy Like Voting at the Poll? Behavioral Asymmetry in Pharmaceutical Freedom.

Jessica Flanigan argues that individuals have the right to self-medicate. Flanigan presents two arguments in defense of this right. The first she calls the epistemic argument and the second she calls the rights-based argument. I argue that the right to self-medicate hangs and falls on the rights-based argument. This is because for the epistemic argument to be sound agents must be assumed to be epistemically competent. But, Flanigan’s argument for a constitutionally mandated right to self-medicate models agents as epistemically incompetent. For Flanigan, agents are different at the pharmacy than they are at the polls. I identify this behavioral asymmetry and advocate a symmetric and realistic behavioral postulate for both arguments. The result, however, is that the success of the epistemic argument becomes contingent which fails to justify a constitutionally mandated right. I proceed to raise skepticism about the rights-based argument as well. I conclude that there is reason to be skeptical that these arguments can justify a constitutionally mandated right to self-medicate. Ultimately, a bottom-up approach to pharmaceutical ethics is preferable.
Mechanical Circulatory Support for Biventricular Failure: Patient Selection and Management Options

Nearly half of all individuals with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction have biventricular dysfunction. By unloading the left ventricle and decreasing left atrial pressures, there is a reasonable chance for right ventricular recovery after left ventricular assist device. Unfortunately, the opposite is also true where right ventricular failure can be unmasked, develop, or worsen. This chapter will focus on the patient selection and management of individuals with pre-existing biventricular failure either from chronic left ventricular failure or dilated cardiomyopathies, as well as those who develop right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist devices have been placed. We will discuss methods for risk stratifying individuals with biventricular dysfunction and pre-, peri-, and postoperative management strategies for improving right ventricular recovery and survival to transplant in these patients.
The Black Skyscraper [Book Review]

A definition of perception as used in the above subtitle might be, “an awareness of the environment through physical sensation.” One becomes aware of something through all five senses. Yet it is “seeing” that is the most compelling when analyzing the relationship between architecture and race, especially, for example, when reexamined in literary works such as F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. The author, Adrienne Brown, is a professor who specializes in American and African American cultural production at the University of Chicago. In her book, Brown takes her readers on a journey that recounts seeing racial characteristics in the early period of American skyscraper construction. This begins at the end of the nineteenth century, and essentially ends with the erection of the Empire State Building, circa 1931. The book is worthwhile, if mostly for the wealth of literary references — too many to list properly here — and rereading of classic texts. Interdisciplinary is the best way to describe Brown’s approach: She uses architectural treatises, well-known literary novels, and short stories to mark how urbanites visually contended with their changing environment. Although at times her thesis loses its coherency within the style of writing, Brown’s book is a welcome addition to a time in which scholars are examining how everyday objects have been historically written. In addition, Brown’s close readings of these texts are grounded in sociology, history, and legal precedents, providing the reader with context for why a certain author may have perceived skyscrapers in a certain way. This reading highlights the pervasiveness of our visual senses when coping with modern technology and a rapidly changing environment.
Regulating reproductive cycles for captive spawning

Abstract The ultimate goal of broodstock management, to provide sufficient high-quality, genetically improved larvae for reliable production on grow-out farms, is currently achievable only for relatively few fish species. This is primarily because (a) broodstock, except in the case of mature industries, are typically acquired from the wild, or a few generations removed from the wild, (b) insufficient information is available about the environmental and social cues regulating spawning, (c) inadvertant hatchery stressors negatively impact gametogenesis and (d) inadequate, species-specific hormone-induction regimes and reliable markers for gamete quality are currently available. The purpose of this chapter is to review the physiological mechanisms that regulate gonadal development and spawning in fishes and how these processes can be manipulated to ensure successful reproduction in captivity, through volitional spawning or the collection of gametes for in vitro fertilization. As excellent, thorough, reviews are available, we will only briefly review the reproductive processes involved in broodstock development and reproduction (sexual differentiation, puberty, gametogenesis and gamete release), and instead identify control points important for broodstock management in the aquaculture industry.
Considerations in Designing Digital Peer Support for Mental Health: Interview Study Among Users of a Digital Support System (Buddy Project).

Background: Peer support is an approach to cope with mental illness, and technology provides a way to facilitate peer support. However, there are barriers to seeking support in offline and technology-mediated contexts. Objective: This study aims to uncover potential ways to design digital mental health peer support systems and to outline a set of principles for future designers to consider as they embark on designing these systems. By learning how existing systems are used by people in daily life and by centering their experiences, we can better understand how to design mental health peer support technologies that foreground people’s needs. One existing digital peer support system is Buddy Project, the case study in this paper. Methods: This paper reports on an interview study with Buddy Project users (N=13). Data were analyzed using the constant comparative approach. Results: Individuals matched through Buddy Project developed supportive friendships with one another, leading them to become each other’s peer supporters in their respective journeys. It was not only the mental health peer support that was important to participants but also being able to connect over other parts of their lives and identities. The design of Buddy Project provided a sense of anonymity and separation from pre-existing ties, making it easier for participants to disclose struggles; moreover, the pairs appreciated being able to browse each other’s social media pages before connecting. Buddy Project has an explicit mission to prevent suicide and demonstrates this mission across its online platforms, which helps reduce the stigma around mental health within the peer support space. Pairs were matched based on shared interests and identities. This choice aided the pairs in developing meaningful, compatible, and supportive relationships with each other, where they felt seen and understood. However, the pairs were concerned that matching based on a shared mental health diagnosis may lead to sharing unhealthy coping mechanisms or comparing themselves and the severity of their experiences with their peers. Conclusions: The results of this study shed light on desirable features of a digital mental health peer support system: matching peers based on interests and identities that they self-identify with; having an explicit mental health–related mission coupled with social media and other web-based presences to signal that discussing mental health is safe within the peer support ecosystem; and not matching peers based on a broad mental health diagnosis. However, if the diagnosis is important, this matching should account for illness severity and educate peers on how to provide support while avoiding suggesting unhelpful coping mechanisms; allowing for some degree of anonymity and control over how peers present themselves to each other; and providing relevant information and tools to potential peers to help them decide if they would like to embark on a relationship with their matched peer before connecting with them. Trial Registration:
Study the effects of different size of Al2O3 nanoparticles on 6066AA and 7005AA composites on mechanical properties

Abstract Nanotechnology is dispersion massively in the many difficult fields of medicines and other areas like aviation, vehicles and energy. Strengthening of nano-sized particles with aluminium’s matrix produces grander properties. 6066AA and 7005AA and Al2O3 were used to produce Al-2.0%Al2O3 nano-composites. The size of nano particles are (20, 40 and 100) nm. An experimental result shows noticeable improvement in tensile strength, yield strength and hardness. UTS of metallic nano-composite were improved to classify 6066AA and 7005AA to an alloy of 25.65% and 34.75%, respectively the maximum enhancement accord with 20 nm particle size. The ductility has been greatly reduced for each of the base alloys.
Synthesis of Computer Generated Holograms Using Layer-Based Method and Perspective Projection Images

From its Nobel prize winning discovery by Denis Gabor over half a century ago, Holography has been alternately put in the spotlight as a promising technique for its capacity of displaying 3D scenes, to be later forgotten regarding the complexity of performing holographic recording outside from optical laboratories. The later development of high resolution microdis-plays, high capacity CPU and GPU units raised the interest of using Holography as a mean to reproduce dynamic 3D scenes through the computation of holograms and the display of the associated interference pattern on a Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs). The computation process can for example be performed from a layered Computer Generated (CG) scene, using well-known convolution methods or other transfer function models from Fourier optics. The simplicity and speed of this technique is unfortunately compensated by its limitation to small object and scenes. We here want to demonstrate the possibility to use similar techniques to compute holograms of larger field of view, using perspective-projection layered scene and well-known Fourier optics tools.
Societal return on investment may greatly exceed financial return on investment in neurotechnology-based therapies: A case study in epilepsy therapy development.

Background This research study is an economic analysis of a neurotechnology-based translational research and development venture focused on the development of a therapy for patients with epilepsy. In the conceptualization, planning, financing, and execution of neurotechnology ventures, many factors come into play in determining value and ability to secure financing at each stage of the venture. Conventionally, these have included factors that determine the return on investment for the stakeholders of the venture, most notably the investors and the team members, the former investing hard earned capital, and the latter investing significant portions of their professional careers. For a variety of reasons, the positive impact on society is often not quantified and taken into consideration. Methods To address this, a new term is defined and assessed at a first approximation level using an index technology. The metric is termed the societal return on investment (sROI). Results Among chronic conditions, neurological disease is virtually unique in the magnitude of economic devastation that it can inflict on a person and a family. Because the device costs do not reflect this value that is lost and subject to restoration, these are missing from this important calculation. The index project is the development of a seizure advisory system, which cost $71.2 million to develop and conduct a First-In-Man (FIM) study (NCT01043406) and which was estimated to require $50 million to complete a pivotal study. Conclusion Despite the immense costs required to develop, test, and commercialize such a system, the direct and indirect economic costs imposed by uncontrolled seizures are sufficiently staggering that a sROI becomes positive after only 400 patients have been successfully treated and returned to work.