cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for two active X chromosomes in germ cells of female before meiotic entry.

THERE is considerable evidence that, as a result of some early embryonic event, the genes of one X chromosome in each somatic cell of the human female are not expressed1. Studies of somatic tissues and cultured cells (including fibroblast clones) from human embryos, heterozygous for the common electrophoretic variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), indicate that a single active X is present in cells from various tissues, at least by 5 weeks from conception2. On the other hand, the presence of the heteropolymorphic form of the enzyme in oocytes of the heterozygous adult female3 and a 16-week-old foetus4 is compelling evidence that, in meiotic stage germ cells, there are two active X chromosomes; however, the basis for the two active chromosomes in oocytes is not clear. It is conceivable that germ cell progenitors escape inactivation because inactivation occurs when cells destined to become germ cells have already been imprinted. Alternatively, only a single X chromosome may be active in all cells of the early zygote, with the second X activated only in germ cells at some time after their differentiation. The third possibility, that germ cells are subject to inactivation, but that reactivation occurs when meiosis commences, has been suggested by Gartler et al. because they did not observe the heteropolymer in ovaries from a 12-week-old human foetus heterozygous for the G6PD variant5,6. The ovary at that developmental stage contains approximately 23% germ cells, with a preponderance of premeiotic and leptotene germ cells7. But the implication that two functional X chromosomes are required for the onset of mammalian meiosis is not supported by evidence that XO mice produce normal gametes8. Using human foetal material, we have now obtained evidence against the third possibility.
Galaxy rotation curves and dissipation

Une theorie est proposee pour expliquer la tendance des galaxies a disque a manifester des vitesses rotationnelles constantes en considerant l'hypothese suivant laquelle la dissipation d'energie est le facteur principal qui determine les formes finales des galaxies a disque. Le calcul variationnel permet de montrer que la tendance vers les courbes de rotation plates resulte de la minimisation de l'energie totale des systemes axisymetriques en equilibre. Cette tendance dans les systemes axisymetriques en rotation differentielle est due a une degenerescence partielle des equations differentielles partielles dont les solutions minimisent l'energie totale. Cette tendance persiste dans les polytropes en rotation differentielle
Cannabidiol and cannabinol in man.

Le cannabidiol administre a dose de 100 mg par os et de 30 mg par injection i.v. fut inactif dans les sujets d'etude. Le cannabinol, a dose orale de 400 mg, le fut aussi. Ces constituants du cannabis ne contribuent donc pas a l'effet pharmacologique.
Oxidation of peptidyl lysine by copper complexes of pyrroloquinoline quinone and other quinones. A model for oxidative pathochemistry.

Abstract Various o - and p -quinones were assessed as oxidants of peptidyl lysine in elastin and collagen substrates in the presence and absence of divalent copper as paradigms of protein-lysine 6-oxidase (lysyl oxidase) which contains both quinone and copper cofactors. Pyrroloquinoline quinone was among the most active in the absence and the most active of the o - and p -quinones tested in the presence of copper. The optimal rate of elastin oxidation occured at a 2:1 PQQ/CU(II) ratio while Cu(II) itself oxidized elastin relatively slightly. Elastin oxidation by 2:1 PQQ/Cu(II) required aerobic conditions consistent with oxygen-dependent turnover of this catalytic pair. Dimethylsulfoxide and catalase individually or in combination inhibited elastin oxidation by PQQ/CuA(II) by approx. 50%, suggesting that oxygen free radical species participate in the reaction. Amino-acid analysis of elastin and collagen substrates oxidized by 2:1 PQQ/Cu and then reduced with borohydride revealed that α- maminoadipic-δ-semialdehyde and lesser amounts of covalent cross-linkages were generated by this oxidant. In contrast, lysine oxidase produced aldehydes and significantly greater quantities of cross-linkage products, consistent with the known specificity of the enzyme. These data, thus, indicate the potential for free quinones, such as PQQ, particularly when stimulated by appropriate metal ions, to act as adventitious oxidants of lysine side-chains in proteins.
Effects of heterotropic allosteric effectors on the equilibrium and kinetics of the reaction of a single ligand molecule with an α or β subunit of deoxygenated HbA

Symmetrical FeZn hybrids of human HbA have been used to measure K(1)(alpha) and K(1)(beta), the dissociation constants for the binding of a single molecule of oxygen to unliganded HbA at an alpha subunit and at a beta subunit, respectively. The kinetic constants, l(1)'(alpha) and l(1)'(beta), for the combination of the first CO molecule to unliganded HbA at an alpha or a beta subunit, respectively, were also measured. Measurements were carried out between pH 6 and pH 8 in the presence and absence of inositol hexaphosphate (IHP). Both equilibrium constants exhibit a significant Bohr effect in the absence of IHP. The addition of IHP to a concentration of 0.1 mM increases both dissociation constants in a pH-dependent manner with the result that both Bohr effects are greatly reduced. These results require a negative thermodynamic linkage between the binding of a single oxygen at either an alpha or a beta subunit and the binding of IHP to the T quaternary structure of HbA. Although the beta hemes are relatively near the IHP binding site, a linkage between that site and the alpha hemes, such that the binding of a single oxygen molecule to the heme of one alpha subunit reduces the affinity of the T state for IHP, requires communication across the molecule. l(1)'(alpha) exhibits a very slight pH dependence, with a maximum variation of 20%, while l(1)'(beta) varies with pH three times as much. IHP has no effect on the pH dependence of either rate constant but reduces l(1)'(alpha) marginally, 20%, and l(1)'(beta) by 2-fold at all pH values.
Innocent, transit, and archipelagic sea lanes passage

Abstract This paper discusses the legal problems surrounding international straits and the law of the sea which seem to come down to three main questions: 1. Can non‐signatory, non‐ratifying states to the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea enjoy the codified and guaranteed rights of innocent, transit, and archipelagic sea lanes passage? 2. What are the legal rights of coastal/straits and archipelagic states to regulate innocent, transit, and archipelagic sea lanes passage? 3. Are the concepts of innocent, transit, and archipelagic sea lanes passage part of customary international law?
Blunt urethral trauma: a unified, anatomical mechanical classification.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We propose a simple, anatomically based classification of blunt urethral injury as a replacement for currently used classifications, which are not comprehensive, anatomically inconsistent or based on a mixed anatomical/mechanistic formula. The latter are difficult to learn and use, and have not been universally adopted.Materials and Methods: We reviewed most of the currently used general uroradiological, emergency radiological and urological textbooks to define the classification of urethral injuries that is most widely accepted. Most authors use the Colapinto and McCallum classification, modifications thereof or the older surgical classification of urethral injuries, which simply divides such injuries anatomically into anterior and posterior. However, there is little consensus about the best classification and none includes all of the blunt injuries of the urethra. To correct these difficulties we devised a comprehensive and anatomically consistent classification.Results: The proposed cl...
Pro: Glucose priming solutions should be used for cardiopulmonary bypass

Summary Current knowledge suggests that risks of glucose-containing solutions for patients undergoing CPB are hypothetical at best. Instead, patients may benefit from reduced perioperative fluid requirements bestowed by intraoperative glucose-containing solutions. This risk-benefit analysis does not apply to patients undergoing circulatory arrest. This population endures the certain risk of global CNS ischemia; furthermore, no studies address the effect of glucose on fluid requirements in this population. As the benefit of glucose during operations requiring circulatory arrest is unknown and the probable risk of exacerbating global CNS is high, deliberate hyperglycemia in this population is probably unwise. For patients undergoing CPB without circulatory arrest, the risk-benefit balance falls in favor of adding glucose. The contention that hyperglycemia worsens CNS deficits after cardiac operation is undocumented and may not be true. For their patients undergoing CPB, clinicians should seriously consider using glucose-containing priming solutions.
Genetic determinants and ethnic disparities in sepsis-associated acute lung injury.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common and devastating illness that occurs in the context of sepsis and other systemic inflammatory disorders. In systemic illnesses like sepsis, only a subset of patients develops ALI even when pathologic stimuli are apparently equivalent, suggesting that there are genetic features that may influence its onset. Considerable obstacles in defining the exact nature of the pathogenesis of ALI include substantial phenotypic variance, incomplete penetrance, complex gene–environment interactions and a strong potential for locus heterogeneity. Moreover, ALI arises in a critically ill population with diverse precipitating factors and appropriate controls that best match the reference population have not been agreed upon. The sporadic nature of ALI precludes conventional approaches such as linkage mapping for the elucidation of candidate genes, but tremendous progress has been made in combining robust, genomic tools such as high-throughput, expression profiling with case-control association studies in well characterized populations. Similar to trends observed in common, complex traits such as hypertension and diabetes, some of these studies have highlighted differences in allelic variant frequencies between European American and African American ALI patients for novel genes which may explain, in part, the complex interplay between ethnicity, sepsis and the development of ALI. In trying to understand the basis for contemporary differences in allelic frequency, which may lead to differences in susceptibility, the potential role of positive selection for genetic variants in ancestral populations is considered.
Growth in bone strength, body size, and muscle size in a juvenile longitudinal sample

A longitudinal sample of 20 subjects, measured an average of 34 to 35 times each at approximately 6-month intervals from near birth through late adolescence, was used to investigate relationships between body size, muscle size, and bone structural development. The section modulus, an index of bone strength, was calculated from humeral and femoral diaphyseal breadth measurements obtained from serial radiographs. Muscle breadths of the forearm and thigh, also measured radiographically, were used to estimate muscle cross-sectional areas. Body size was assessed as the product of body weight and bone length (humeral or femoral). Stature was also investigated as a surrogate body size measure. Growth velocity in femoral strength was strongly correlated with growth velocity in body weight · femoral length (r 2 0.65– 0.80), very poorly correlated with growth velocity in stature ( r 2 0.06), and weakly but significantly correlated with growth velocity in thigh muscle size (r 2 0.10 –.25). Growth velocity in humeral strength was moderately correlated with that for body weight · humeral length (r 2 0.40 – 0.73), very poorly correlated with that for stature ( r 2 0.05), and showed a marked sex difference with forearm muscle area velocity, with males having a stronger correlation (r 2 0.65) and females a much weaker correlation (r 2 0.15). Ages at peak adolescent growth velocity were nonsignificantly different between bone strength, body weight · bone length, and muscle area, but significantly earlier for stature. Thus, while there was an early adolescent “lag” between stature and bone strength, there was no such “lag” between a more mechanically appropriate measure of body size and bone strength. “Infancy peaks” in bone strength velocities, earlier in the humerus than in the femur and not paralleled by similar changes in body size, may be the result of the initiation of walking, when mechanical loads relative to body size are changing in both the upper and lower limbs. These results argue strongly for the importance of mechanical factors in the development of the preadult skeleton. Body size is the most important element in the weight-bearing lower limb skeleton, while both body size and muscle strength are important in the upper limb, especially in males. © 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Simulation as a tool for continuous process improvement

Simulation offers a powerful tool to support the continuous improvement process. This paper presents a description of the tools of lean manufacturing, the steps in the continuous improvement process and two case studies where simulation was used in the continuous improvement.
Live Cell Imaging of ERK and MEK SIMPLE BINDING EQUILIBRIUM EXPLAINS THE REGULATED NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC DISTRIBUTION OF ERK

In response to epidermal growth factor (EGF), the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK2 translocates into the nucleus. To probe the mechanisms regulating the subcellular localization of ERK2, we used live cell imaging to examine the interaction between MEK1 and ERK2. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies show that MEK1 and ERK2 directly interact and demonstrate that this interaction in the cytoplasm is largely responsible for cytoplasmic retention of ERK2. Stimulation with EGF caused loss of FRET as ERK separated from MEK and moved into the nucleus. FRET was recovered as ERK returned to the cytosol, indicating ERK reassociation with MEK in the cytoplasm. The EGF-induced transit of ERK through the nucleus was complete within 20 min, and there was no significant movement of MEK into the nucleus. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments was used to assess the rate of movement of MEK and ERK. The steady-state rate of ERK entry into the nucleus in resting cells was energy-independent and greater than the rate of ERK entry upon EGF stimulation. This suggests that the rate constant for ERK transport across the nuclear membrane is not limiting nuclear entry. Thus, we suggest that the movement of ERK into and out of the nucleus in response to agonist occurs primarily by diffusion and is controlled by interactions with binding partners in the cytosol and nucleus. No evidence of ERK dimerization was detected by FRET methods; the kinetics for nucleocytoplasmic transport were unaffected by mutations in the ERK putative dimerization domain.
Disability Around the World: Study Abroad in Diverse Cultural Contexts

During a short-term study abroad program undergraduates and instructors from the U.S. explored disability issues in diverse cultural contexts: Ghana, UAE, Nepal, and Thailand. Through qualitative analyses of personal narratives, student interviews, journals, and other products, student- and faculty-researchers learned that participating students developed more critical perspectives on the importance of culture in shaping disability experiences in the U.S. and abroad.
Fluorophores, environments and quantification techniques in the analysis of transmembrane helix interaction using FRET

Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) has been widely used as a spectroscopic tool in vitro to study the interactions between transmembrane (TM) helices in detergent and lipid environments. This technique has been instrumental to many studies that have greatly contributed to quantitative understanding of the physical principles that govern helix-helix interactions in the membrane. These studies have also improved our understanding of the biological role of oligomerization in membrane proteins. In this review, we focus on the combinations of fluorophores used, the membrane mimetic environments, and measurement techniques that have been applied to study model systems as well as biological oligomeric complexes in vitro. We highlight the different formalisms used to calculate FRET efficiency and the challenges associated with accurate quantification. The goal is to provide the reader with a comparative summary of the relevant literature for planning and designing FRET experiments aimed at measuring TM helix-helix associations.
Looking for an extra dimension with tomographic cosmic shear

The cosmic acceleration was discovered in one of the brane-based models. We are interested in discriminating this model from the dark energy by tomographic cosmic shear. Growth factors are different in the two models when one adjusts parameters to get nearly identical H(z). The two models could be distinguished with independent determinations of both geometrical factors and the growth factor. We introduce new parametrizations to separate the influence of geometry and the influence of growth on cosmic shear maps. We find that future observations will be able to distinguish between both models.
The Role of the MRG Gene Family in Replicative Senescence and Immortalization.

INTRODUCTION. Replicative senescence, the terminal loss of proliferation that normal cells undergo in vitro, is considered a model for aging at the cellular level. It is also considered a mechanism of tumor suppression because fusion of normal with immortal, tumor derived cell lines yields hybrids that regain growth control and cease division. Additional genetic analysis has revealed that a large number of immortal human cell lines assign to only four complementation groups for indefinite division (A-D) and microcell fusion studies have identified human chromosomes 1,4, and 7 as carrying the cell senescence gene loci for groups C, B and D respectively. We have cloned a gene on chromosome 4, MORF 4, that following transfection induces senescence only in immortal cell lines assigned to group B. MORF 4 is a member of a gene family MORF related genes (MRG) and the three expressed family members share interesting common motifs, including a leucine zipper region, a helix-loop-helix domain and nuclear localization signal. MRG 15 has a unique chromodomain at the amino terminus, MORF 4 has lost this region and MRG X has another unique amino terminal sequence with no known homology. We here present an update on our studies with these genes. METHODS. To identify proteins that interact with the MORF 4, MRG 15 and MRG X proteins we used the techniques of yeast two-hybrid, GST-pull down/Western, and immunoprecipitation (IP)/western analyses. Fractionation of nucleoprotein complexes was done on sucrose gradients. Transfection was performed using lipofectamine plus according to manufacturers instructions. RESULTS. We have identified a novel protein PAM (protein associated with MRG) that interacts with the MRG proteins. This identification was initially done by yeast two-hybrid analysis and confirmed by GST- pull-down and IP/Western experiments. We have also determined that MRG 15 and MRG X are in multiple nucleoprotein complexes. They cosediment on sucrose gradients with PAM and are present in the same immunoprecipitates. We are currently determining whether they are present in the same complex(es) or whether they interact with PAM in an independent complex(es), since yeast two-hybrid studies indicate they do not interact directly with each other. Both MRG X and MRG 15 can activate a promoterreporter construct of the b-myb gene and we are characterizing the region(s) of the proteins that is involved by the use of deletion mutants. We are also attempting to characterize the other components of the complex(es). DISCUSSION. Our studies with MRG X and MRG 15 indicate these proteins will be present in complexes that activate genes, and most likely be important in cell cycle progression. Since
Development and evaluation of a prototype ultrafine particle concentrator

Abstract This paper presents the development and experimental characterization of a prototype ultrafine particle concentrator. In this system, ultrafine particles pass over a pool of warm water where they become saturated with vapor, and subsequently drawn through a condenser, kept at a lower temperature, that allows the ultrafine particles to grow to super-micrometer size by vapor condensation on their surface. In order to increase particle concentration, the grown particles are drawn through a virtual impactor with an approximate 50% cutpoint at 1.5 μ m. The concentrated particles from the minor flow of the virtual impactor finally pass through a diffusion dryer that removes the excess water on the ultrafine particles and returns them back to their original size and relative humidity. In its optimum configuration, the ultrafine concentrator operates at a sampling flow rate of 106.5 or 110 l min -1 and concentrates the ultrafine particles to 3.5 or 7 l min -1 by an enrichment factor of approximately 15 and 25.5, respectively. Our experimental results identified saturation of the ultrafine aerosols at 35°C and cooling to 25°C as the optimum temperatures for operation of the ultrafine particle concentrator. Lower temperatures either do not concentrate, or concentrate less efficiently the ultrafine particles. Increasing the saturation temperature to 40°C and cooling to 31°C does not improve the concentration enrichment achieved by the optimum configuration. Our results also indicated that the concentration enrichment does not depend on the chemical composition of the ultrafine aerosol. Hygroscopic ammonium sulfate, volatile ammonium nitrate, hydrophobic polystyrene latex and actual “real-life” indoor air ultrafine particles were all concentrated by practically the same factor. More importantly, the experimental results show that particle concentration occurs without any coagulation, which would have distorted the size distribution of the original ultrafine aerosols.
Relationship of cecal and colonic motility to diet, habitat, and cecal anatomy in several avian species.

Previous studies have described several types of contactile activity in the ceca and colon of turkeys. Cecal contractions were termed major and minor; major were propulsive, and minor were presumed to be mixing contractions. Both types propagated either orad or aborad. Colonic contractions were termed long-duration and short-duration, with both types being propulsive. Long-duration contractions were directed aborad; short-duration were directed orad, i.e., antiperistaltic. The latter are believed to be responsible for filling of the ceca from colonic contents and for urinary reflux through the colon. Of eight wild species examined radiographically, there appeared to be little relationship between the cecal size, the nature of colonic antiperistalsis, the type of diet, or the availability of water in the habitat for each species.
Hyperoxia and interferon-γ-induced injury in developing lungs occur via cyclooxygenase-2 and the endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent pathway

We noted a marked increase in cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) and the activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway in newborn murine lung on exposure to hyperoxia and IFN-γ. We sought to evaluate Cox2-mediated ER stress pathway activation in hyperoxia-induced and IFN-γ–mediated injury in developing lungs. We applied in vivo genetic gain-of-function and genetic/chemical inhibition, as well as in vitro loss-of-function genetic strategies. Hyperoxia-induced and IFN-γ–mediated impaired alveolarization was rescued by Cox2 inhibition, using celecoxib. The use of small interfering RNA against the ER stress pathway mediator, the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP; also known as growth arrest and DNA damage–inducible gene 153/GADD153), alleviated cell death in alveolar epithelial cells as well as in hyperoxia-induced and IFN-γ–mediated murine models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In addition, CHOP siRNA also restored alveolarization in the in vivo models. Furthermore, as evidence of clinical relevance, we...
Professor Brand Advocacy: Do Brand Relationships Matter?:

The trend among students to advocate their professors online continues to generate interest within marketing academia. Brand advocacy in products and services has played a vital role in marketing. However, no known research to date has embraced the idea of brand advocacy in marketing education. This research builds on the recent human brand relationship literature and examines the mediating effects of attachment strength and relationship factors on professor brand advocacy. Survey data gathered from 228 marketing students and the empirical findings suggest that when professors are responsive to their students’ innate needs of relatedness and competence, students form strong attachments to the professors. Furthermore, strong students’ attachments to professors influence students’ trust and satisfaction in their professors. These trusting and satisfying relationships determine the willingness of the students to advocate the professor brands. The authors discuss the implications for marketing educators.
Hydrolagus mccoskeri sp. nov., a new species of chimaeroid fish from the Galápagos Islands (Holocephali: Chimaeriformes: Chimaeridae)

A new species of chimaeroid, Hydrolagus mccoskeri sp. nov., is described from the Galapagos Islands. This species represents the second member of the family Chimaeridae known from the eastern equatorial Pacific. It can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: small head with short, blunt snout; preopercular and oral lateral line canals branching from the same node off the infraorbital canal and sharing a short common branch; dorsum medium brown with numerous narrow, sharply delineated circular and elongate white blotches; ventrum white to tan with extremely fine brown mottling. The species is compared to Hydrolagus novaezealandiae and Hydrolagus colliei, the most similar congeners in color pattern and morphology.
Ion-molecule reactions of several ions with ethylene oxide and propenal in a selected ion flow tube

The selected ion flow tube (SIFT) technique has been used to investigate the ion-molecule reactions of several ions with the neutral molecules ethylene oxide, CH2OCH2-c, and propenal, CH2CHCHO. Both molecules have been identified in hot-core star forming regions [1, 2] and have significance to astrochemical models of the interstellar (ISM) and circumstellar medium (CSM). Moreover, the molecules contain functional groups, such as the epoxide group (ethylene oxide) and an aldehyde group, which are part of a conjugated π-electron system (propenal) whose reactivities have not been studied in detail in gas-phase ion-molecule reactions. The larger recombination energy ions, Ar+ and N2+, were reacted with the neutrals to give insight into general fragmentation tendencies. These reactions proceeded via dissociative charge-transfer yielding major fragmentation products of CH3+ and HCO+ for ethylene oxide and CH2CH+ and HCO+ for propenal. The amino acids glycine and alanine are of particular interest to astrobiology, especially if they can be synthesized in the gas phase. In an attempt to synthesize amino acid precursors, ethylene oxide and propenal were reacted with NHn+ (n=1–4) and HCNH+. As might be expected from the proton detachment energies, NH+, NH2+, and HCNH+ reacted via proton transfer. NH3+ reacted with each molecule via H-atom abstraction to produce NH4+, and NH4+ reacted via a ternary association. All binary reactions proceeded near the gas kinetic rate. Several associated molecule switching reactions were performed and implications of these reactions to the structures of the association products are discussed Ikeda et al. and Hollis et al.
Alemtuzumab Treatment of Intermediate-1 Myelodysplasia Patients Is Associated With Sustained Improvement in Blood Counts and Cytogenetic Remissions

Purpose Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and progression to leukemia. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests an immune-mediated pathophysiology in some patients, in whom immunosuppressive therapy (IST) with horse antithymocyte globulin (h-ATG) and cyclosporine (CsA) can be effective. Because of the toxicities associated with h-ATG/CsA, we investigated an alternative regimen with alemtuzumab in MDS. Patients and Methods We conducted a nonrandomized, off-label, pilot, phase I/II study of alemtuzumab monotherapy in patients with MDS who were judged likely to respond to IST based on the following criteria: HLA-DR15–negative patients whose age plus the number of months of RBC transfusion dependence (RCTD) was less than 58; and HLA-DR15–positive patients whose age plus RCTD was less than 72. In total, 121 patients with MDS were screened, of whom 32 met eligibility criteria to receive alemtuzumab 10 mg/d intravenously for 10 days. Primary end points were hematol...
A small-molecule antivirulence agent for treating Clostridium difficile infection

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a worldwide health threat that is typically triggered by the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which disrupt the natural gut microbiota and allow this Gram-positive anaerobic pathogen to thrive. The increased incidence and severity of disease coupled with decreased response, high recurrence rates, and emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant strains have created an urgent need for new therapies. We describe pharmacological targeting of the cysteine protease domain (CPD) within the C. difficile major virulence factor toxin B (TcdB). Through a targeted screen with an activity-based probe for this protease domain, we identified a number of potent CPD inhibitors, including one bioactive compound, ebselen, which is currently in human clinical trials for a clinically unrelated indication. This drug showed activity against both major virulence factors, TcdA and TcdB, in biochemical and cell-based studies. Treatment in a mouse model of CDI that closely resembles the human infection confirmed a therapeutic benefit in the form of reduced disease pathology in host tissues that correlated with inhibition of the release of the toxic glucosyltransferase domain (GTD). Our results show that this non-antibiotic drug can modulate the pathology of disease and therefore could potentially be developed as a therapeutic for the treatment of CDI.
Copyright and 'Market Power' in the Marketplace of Ideas

Antitrust and intellectual property law increasing fall within the common rubric of innovation policy. Yet in fundamental respects, patent law fits more comfortably under that umbrella than copyright. A primary reason is that copyright does not merely spur innovation. It also regulates speech. In building upon that observation, this Chapter addresses a number of points at the intersection of antitrust, media concentration, copyright, and free speech. First, it surveys the conflict between copyright and free speech, as recognized in both United States and European jurisprudence. Second, it focuses on media industry incumbents' repeated use of copyright to bar entry to new speakers and speech distributors, and the very limited efficacy of current U.S. antitrust doctrine in constraining that practice. Third, it considers a number of ways in which the marketplace of ideas differs from markets for goods and services, including (1) the contrast between expressive diversity and media product differentiation, (2) the tendency of demand for expression to follow a winner-take-all power law curve, and (3) the context-dependent nature of market power. Fourth, the Chapter asks whether copyright ever confers market power, relying on an average cost, normal profits metric rather than the commonly used marginal cost baseline. The Chapter concludes by demonstrating that what begins as economic analysis of copyright's optimal scope must, by its very terms, ultimately turn on broad social policies regarding the desired shape and contours of our system of freedom of expression. Accordingly, to determine copyright's scope and limitations, we must look to free speech law and policy, not just the law and policy that underlie antitrust.
The effect of shoulder immobilization on balance in community-dwelling older adults

The results indicate that immobilizing the shoulder may have a negative effect on balance as measured by the BBS. If shoulder immobilization places an individual at greater risk for falls, early balance screening by a physical therapist to determine the appropriateness of a fall prevention program may be indicated. Language: en
Anaerobic prostatic abscess with bacteremia.

A case of anaerobic prostatic abscess with bacteremia is described. Sphaerophorus gonidiaformans, a pleomorphic anaerobic Gram-negative rod, was isolated from prostatic discharge and blood. Although anaerobic organisms are the etiologic agents in a variety of urinary tract infections, almost all previous reports of prostatic abscesses have implicated only aerobic bacteria. Clues to the presence of anaerobic organisms included proximity to a mucosal surface, foul drainage, unique appearance of the organisms on Gram stain, and failure to obtain growth aerobically.
The Efficiency of Sawdust Bait in the Control of Grasshoppers

The content of this paper is a brief summary of the practical application of the sawdust bait in the control of grasshoppers. The results of the campaign carried on last year in four cooperative townships are better observed this year as contrasted with the infestation in neighboring townships. The adjacent areas apparently received the benefit of increased parasitism. The sawdust sodium arsenite bait gave excellent control of the pest under different ecological conditions in two widely separated sections of the state, infested with different species of grasshoppers. The use of molasses is not essential. The large area poisoned with the sawdust bait without molasses gave equally good results. The chemical analysis of poisoned grasshoppers indicates the presence of a relatively small amount of arsenic for effective poisoning of the pest. In spite of the very prolonged dry season, the yield of crops this year was invariably higher in all areas participating in the grasshopper campaign.
Understanding Teachers’ Instruction from Broader Perspectives

In this chapter, I synthesize the seven case studies in the previous chapters by using the method of cross-case analysis. I particularly focus on the possible factors that might influence the successful or unsuccessful implementation of the teachers’ practice from global and multicultural perspectives. I discuss these factors from broader social and political perspectives. Before I discuss the potential factors, I briefly introduce my position about the cases to the reader.
Global Effect and Prevention of Emerging and Epidemic Pathogens: Cholera and Citrus Greening as Examples

Emerging and epidemic infectious diseases have had a major effect on human history. We are just now coming to appreciate the mechanisms by which new strains emerge and the factors that permit their rapid spread within human populations. Cholera is a classic epidemic disease that causes periodic pandemics (possibly reflecting genetic changes in surface antigens of the microorganism) and seasonal epidemics that appear to be triggered by environmental factors. Citrus greening is a plant disease that kills citrus trees; a vector-borne bacterial disease, it is currently spreading rapidly across Florida. Control of these and other epidemic and emerging diseases may be difficult, particularly if the infection is already widespread in target populations. Any chance of successful control requires a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and transmission pathways of the microorganism.
Role of β7 Integrin in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Trafficking.

Abstract 2992 β7 integrin (β7), a well studied integrin chain, associates with either the α4 or αE chains to form a heterodimer on the cell surface. While it plays a key role in the migratory activities of hematopoietic progenitors and mature effector cells in the periphery, the overall importance of β7 in adult hematopoiesis remains controversial. We have recently identified a small subpopulation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow (BM) that express β7 integrin at steady state. These β7 + HSCs are capable of long-term reconstitution of both the lymphoid and myeloid compartments, ruling out the possibility that β7 expression on HSCs constitutes a marker for a homogeneous lineage-restricted progenitor population. We also found that these β7 + HSCs have an inherent advantage over β7 − HSCs in competitive reconstitution assays. Loss of β7 results in the retention of HSCs in the BM and reduced HSC reconstitution potential. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that β7 deficient HSCs downregulated the chemokine receptor Cxcr4. Furthermore, blockade of the α4β7 integrin ligand, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1), exhibits a similar phenotype in HSC retention and competitive reconstitution. Interestingly, we discovered that β7 deficient mice have enhanced survival and faster hematopoietic recovery after 5-fluorouracil-induced myeloablative stress, indicating that the decreased engraftment of β7 deficient HSCs may not due to a functional defect, but rather is more likely caused by impaired homing capabilities. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that β7 integrin is essential for HSC homing during the transplantation process. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Design of the polarization filter based on photonic crystal fiber with Au-coated air holes

The scheme of polarization filter based on photonic crystal fiber with Au-coated air holes is proposed by using the finite element method. The air holes of the PCF are arranged in hexagonal lattice. The properties of the filter can be optimized by changing the parameters of air holes and the thickness of gold layer. Numerical simulation results show that the resonance strength of y-polarization can be up to $$823.7\,\hbox {dB\,cm}^{-1}$$ which is stronger than that of x-polarization at the communication wavelength of $$1.55\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$ .
Ethics and Enjoyment in Late Medieval Poetry: Introduction: love after Aristotle

The story of the impact of the late medieval Latin translation of Aristotle has been told and retold for the fields of medieval philosophy and theology. This book tells the story for the medieval English literature of love. The existence of such a narrative might seem unlikely, given the distance between the discourses of a highly specialized, university-centered, Latinate medieval philosophy and an entertainment-oriented, court-centered, vernacular poetry, but it is the late medieval configuration of ethics that brings these two worlds together. Medieval commentators considered poetry to be an ethical genre, typically referring to poetry's interest in human behavior and moral choices to justify this classification. As the field of philosophy constituted by both practical and abstract considerations of virtuous action, desire, and relationships, it is even now not terribly controversial to claim that moral philosophy is involved with the same kinds of human experience as poetry. Yet the medieval emphasis on love as a central ethical concern meant that – from the moment of the “birth” of the vernacular literature of love – philosophy and poetry were yoked together in often surprising ways by a shared language of longing, despair, pleasure, and union. Vernacular poetry constituted a site for thinking through ethical problems such as conflicting loyalties, conflicting emotions, and the necessity for self-sacrifice within the larger context of the pursuit of erotic enjoyment; clerkly ethical concerns with spiritual culpability and love of God were transformed and given voice in a context of pursuits of human justice, love, and happiness.
Mechanism of kinetic energy transfer in homogeneous bidisperse gas-solid flow and its implications for segregation

Most gas–solid flows encountered in nature and industrial applications are polydisperse, and the segregation or mixing of particle classes in polydisperse gas–solid flows is a phenomenon of great practical importance. A statistically homogeneous gas–solid flow with a bidisperse distribution (in size or density) of particles is a canonical representation of polydisperse flows. A key feature that distinguishes the bidisperse flow from its monodisperse counterpart is the exchange of momentum and kinetic energy between the particle classes due to collisions, which are important for applications outside the very dilute regime. The average exchange of linear momentum between particle classes due to collisions occurs through the particle–particle drag term. The conservation equations for average momentum corresponding to each particle class can be used to deduce the average slip velocity between the particle size and density classes, which is the signature of particle segregation. In this canonical problem, the ...
Caregivers’ Heart Failure Knowledge Is Necessary but Not Sufficient to Ensure Engagement With Patients in Self-care Maintenance

The chronic illness literature suggests that patient–informal caregiver dyads who are relationally oriented (share decisions and activities) are more efficient and effective than those who are not. But this is currently unknown in heart failure (HF). Our aim was to examine differences between individually and relationally oriented HF dyads relative to patient symptom management scores. This was a cross-sectional study of 55 dyads (spousal/adult child/relative) analyzed using Actor-Partner Interdependence Model techniques. Dyad orientation was measured by the Dyadic Symptom Management Type scale, and symptom management by Self-care of HF Index. On average, patients were older, white males with younger, female caregivers. Whether the dyads were individually oriented or relationally oriented did not make a difference. However, dyads’ agreement on that orientation and the caregivers’ HF-related knowledge impacted caregiver engagement in self-care maintenance or adherence and monitoring behaviors. It is assumed that caregivers will engage in HF care. Our study suggests that caregivers will engage if they agree with the patient on who is providing that care and are knowledgeable. The Dyadic Symptom Management Type scale is a 1-item question that can be administered in the clinical setting by a palliative care nurse in less than 2 minutes to assess agreement and target teaching.
Validating a Diabetic Glucose Meter to Assess Walleye Glucose Concentrations

AbstractFisheries biologists have long been interested in monitoring stress in fish by observing changes in glucose concentrations. However, measuring glucose in the field is difficult, time consuming, and expensive. Diabetic glucose meters may provide a rapid, cost-effective monitoring tool that can be used in the field or laboratory, but they need to be evaluated for a particular species before they can be integrated into monitoring programs. Our objective was to evaluate the FreeStyle Lite diabetic glucose meter across a broad range of glucose concentrations exhibited by advanced fingerling Walleyes Sander vitreus (197 ± 20 mm [mean ± SD]; 73.5 ± 18.8 g). Eleven groups of five advanced fingerling Walleyes were chased for up to 10 min with a dip net, sequentially removed at 5-min intervals, and blood samples were collected. Glucose concentrations were determined using both the FreeStyle Lite diabetic glucose meter and the traditional colorimetric laboratory method for individual samples. The percent dif...
Time lag in measuring pore humidity in concrete by a gage in finite cavity

Measurements of the relative humidity of water vapor in concrete are important for understanding, predicting and controlling the shrinkage and creep of concrete, as well as other processes such as the ASR. A sufficient time is required for the pore water to diffuse into (or out of) the gage cavity. To determine this time, the nonlinear partial differential equation of diffusion of moisture through concrete is solved numerically. The cavity is simplified as spherical and its volume is considered to be far smaller than the volume of surrounding concrete, which permits assuming spherical symmetry of the pore humidity field. The body of the surrounding concrete is assumed to be so large that the water escape into (or intake from) the cavity does not change the pore humidity in concrete appreciably. For the current measurement practice, the humidity difference between the concrete pores and the cavity is found to drop below the inevitable error of the gage after the lapse of about 24 h, and an acceptable error of about 1% is achieved in about 10 h. It is shown that extrapolation by a decaying power function of time can shorten this time to 2 h. A further shortening could be achieved by reducing the volume of the cavity, although any contact of the gage with the concrete must be avoided.
Inflection points in longitudinal models: Tracking recovery and return to play following concussion

The return to play (RTP) process may occur during longitudinal studies tracking recovery after concussion. This factor, which is often omitted within statistical designs, could affect the fit and overall interpretation of the statistical model. This article demonstrates the difference in results and interpretation between 2 linear mixed-model designs: (1) a between-group longitudinal (GROUP) analysis and (2) a between-group longitudinal model that used an inflection point to account for changes around the time of RTP (RTP analysis). These analyses were conducted on instrumented balance data collected on 23 concussed athletes and 25 controls over 8 weeks following concussion. Total sway area and the range of mediolateral acceleration were used as outcome measures. No significant findings were found in the GROUP design for either outcome measure. In contrast, the RTP analysis revealed significant effects of time (P = .007) and RTP change (P = .007), and group*time (P = .028) and group*RTP change (P = .022) interactions for total sway area, and effects of group (P = .011), time (P = .010), and RTP change (P = .014), and group*time (P = .013) and group*RTP change interactions (P = .013) for range of mediolateral acceleration. For both outcomes, the RTP model fit the data significantly better on comparison of likelihood ratios (P ≤ .027). These results suggest that allowing for an inflection point in the statistical design may assist understanding of what happens around clinically meaningful time points. The choice of statistical model had a considerable effect on the interpretation of findings, and provokes discussion around the best method for analyzing longitudinal datasets when important clinical time points like RTP exist.
Singularity Expansion Method, Symmetry and Target Identification

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses singularity expansion method (SEM) and symmetry, as they apply to target identification, particularly as it applies to bury targets such as mines and UXO. The SEM techniques are divided into two important areas: EMSI for metal and dielectric targets with frequencies in the range 100 MHz to a few gigahertz for typical mines, and the MSI for the magnetic-polarisability dyadic of metal targets with much lower frequencies. This includes the basic concepts and equations with references where the reader can find more details and many more references. The kind of identification considered here is signature-based. These are associated with parameters in a scattering model. By a model mean some mathematical expression with a nottoo- large set of parameters that represents the scattering over some region of time, frequency, etc. At the current state of the art, there is already experimental data obtained as part of the effort to realize the identification concepts as practical techniques.