cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimality of the uniform rule under single-peaked preferences

Consider the problem of distributing a fixed amount of a divisible resource among agents whose preferences are single-peaked. The uniform rule has been widely characterized under an ordinal utility approach. Instead, in a cardinal utility approach, we show that the uniform rule is the only consistent rule that maximizes the worst-case surplus among strategy-proof and ordinally efficient mechanisms.
Six principal modes of vibrotactile display via stylus

Vibrotactile display can significantly enhance the haptic fidelity of tool-mediated interaction with virtual surfaces. Although there has been significant research on this topic, there is little known about vibrotactile perception when using torque-based actuation, nor how it is perceived in comparison to force-based actuation. This study characterizes the vibrotactile detection thresholds in the frequency range of 20–250 Hz of ten human subjects holding a stylus with a precision grasp. For the first time, we consider all six principal modes of vibrotactile display rendered at the haptic interaction point of the stylus, which includes three orthogonal force directions and three orthogonal torque directions. We find that subjects are far more sensitive to torque signals about the shaft of the stylus than to torque signals orthogonal to the shaft. We find that, at low frequencies, subjects are less sensitive to force signals parallel to the shaft of the stylus than to force signals orthogonal to the shaft. We find that the thresholds for force and torque signals applied orthogonal to the shaft of the stylus can be approximately equated by considering the reaction moment felt at the grasp point, which enables all six principal modes to be quantitatively compared.
Parameters of accommodative and vergence systems and the development of late-onset myopia.

Purpose. To evaluate whether the characteristics of the oculomotor system are related to the development of late-onset myopia. Methods. Forty-four college students were followed for 2 to 3 years. When recruited, 33 of the 44 subjects had emmetropia whereas the remainder (N = 11) had late-onset myopia (LOM). For each subject, dark-focus, dark-vergence, response AC/A, and CA/C ratios, and manifest refraction were measured at 6-month intervals. Results. The mean dark-focus and AC/A ratios for the subjects (N = 6) who started with emmetropia and became myopic were higher than for the subjects (N = 25) who remained emmetropic. These higher values presented before the refractions exceeded -0.50 D. Interestingly, 7 of 11 subjects with LOM whose myopia increased displayed higher mean AC/A and dark-vergence values and lower mean dark-focus values than the subjects who remained emmetropic. Conclusion. The lower dark-focus values found among subjects with LOM seems to be a consequence of the development of myopia. However, myopia might eventually develop in a person with emmetropia with a relatively high AC/A and/or dark-focus values. Therefore, AC/A and dark-focus values may be predictors of the development of myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :1737-1742.
Transported Identities: Global Trafficking and Late-Imperial Subjectivity in Cuban Narratives on African Penal Colonies

This article studies the reformulation of Black Legend, Middle Passage and convivencia discourses in nineteenth-century narratives published by Cubans sent to Spain's de facto penal colony on Fernando Po. Contextualised with archival sources, this reading highlights how deportees condemned Spain's perpetuation of the slave trade while struggling to negotiate their own positioning within the racially-stratified practices of late-imperial space. Those negotiations often exacerbated traditional divisions between different communities within the Spanish colonial system. In some instances, however, the deportees’ encounters with citizens and colonised subjects from distant territories may have bolstered and expanded intra-imperial identification and solidarity.
Textiles as national heritage: Identities, politics and material culture

As a textile artist and researcher into Central Asian textiles with lived experience in the area, I have long been frustrated that different aspects of Central Asian studies are separated into vari...
Bernard Suits’ Response to the Question on the Meaning of Life as a Critique of Modernity

The Grasshopper: Games, Life and Utopia by Bernard Suits is one of the most influential works in the philosophy of sport. In the book, Suits investigates two fundamental issues in general philosoph...
Anger and its consequences for judgment and behavior: Recent developments in social and political psychology

Abstract In the eyes of the public—and in a substantial amount of scholarly research—anger is often framed in a negative light, given its role in driving people to act in antisocial ways. However, anger also has the potential for social good, insofar as it focuses attention on, and motivates people to fix, perceived injustices. As we discuss, the foundational link between anger and a desire to rectify injustice has profoundly important implications that are relevant to research and theory in a variety of different disciplines (e.g., experimental social psychology, neuroscience, political science, personality). We begin this chapter by considering the methodological and theoretical challenges involved in the measurement of this feeling state, along with its relevance to our line of research on revenge, as well as the ideological consequences of threat. In the course of this discussion, we introduce a neo-Gibsonian framework of threat which allows for the fact that different types of threats, via anger, can exert different types of ideological consequences. A key prediction of this model—one that distinguishes it from current models of threat—is that activation of anger following threat has the potential to shift political attitudes to the “right” or to the “left,” depending on the nature of the threat at hand. These and other findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of this emotion, its relation to (perceived and actual) injustice, and its role in shaping relevant political beliefs.
Teaching Mathematics via APL (A Programming Language).

Mathematics is a language for formal communication among scientists and engi neers and can be taught effectively via a formal language. A Programming Language (abbreviated APL) is a relatively new multipurpose programming language now available on both minicomputers and large time-sharing systems, with major appli cations in business, scientific research, and education. Originally conceived as a notation for describing algorithms (Iverson 1962), APL is a particularly appropriate language for teaching mathematics. APL provides the user with many symbols for forming concise and unambiguous mathematical expressions. Its syntax is simple, uniform, and easily learned by students. The design of APL affords even greater rewards because of its consistency, generality, and elegance?qualities that have been admired by mathematicians and teachers of mathematics alike. APL is further attractive as an interactive language implemented on computers because it provides an active learning environment?one in which the student may engage directly in problem solving and, in a sense, "do" mathematics. APL gives power to the educational process by relegating computational tedium to the machine?leaving the student free to study important concepts and leaving the teacher free to provide guidance and motivation. This is the unique contribution of the computer: not just to transmit knowledge (as in conventional computer-assisted instruction), but to allow the student to experience mathematics directly and to be creative in studying it. Because its roots are in mathematics, APL gives quick and natural access to many areas of mathematics. We will illustrate the use of APL for teaching mathematics with selected examples from the areas of logic, set theory, algebra, number theory, and calculus. But first, we will give a brief introduction to APL and a brief descrip tion of the "glass box" approach.
A Systematic Framework for Analyzing Patient-Generated Narrative Data: Protocol for a Content Analysis.

Background: Patient narrative data in online health care forums (communities) are receiving increasing attention from the scientific community for implementing patient-centered care. Natural language processing (NLP) methods are gaining more and more attention because of the enormous data volume. However, state-of-the-art NLP still cannot meet the need of high-resolution analysis of patients’ narratives. Manual qualitative analysis still plays a pivotal role in answering complicated research questions from analyzing patient narratives. Methods: Our systematic framework consists of 4 phases: (1) data collection, (2) data preparation, (3) content analysis, and (4) interpretation of the results. Data collection and data preparation phases are constructed based on text mining methods for identifying appropriate online health forums for data collection, differentiating posts of patients from other stakeholders, protecting patients’ privacy, sampling, and choosing the unit of analysis. Content analysis phase is built on the framework method, which facilitates and accelerates the identification of patterns and themes by an interdisciplinary research team. In the end, the focus of interpretation of the results phase is to measure the data quality and interpret the findings regarding the dimensions and aspects of patients’ experiences and concerns in their original contexts. Results: We demonstrated the usability of the proposed systematic framework using 2 case studies: one on determining factors affecting patients’ attitudes toward antidepressants and another on identifying the disease management strategies in patient with diabetes facing financial difficulties. The framework provides a clear step-by-step process for systematic content analysis of patient narratives and produces high-quality structured results that can be used for describing patterns or regularities in patients’ experiences, generating and testing hypotheses, and identifying areas of improvement in the health care systems. Conclusions: The systematic framework is a rigorous and standardized method for qualitative analysis of patient narratives. Findings obtained through such a process indicate authentic dimensions and aspects of patient experiences and shed light on patients’ concerns, needs, preferences, and values, which are the core of patient-centered care.
Ovary and Peritoneal Washings

This chapter addresses common questions about the cytology of ovarian lesions and technical aspects of ovarian aspiration and peritoneal washings. Aspiration of small ovarian masses and cysts is an uncommon technique used to evaluate adnexal lesions in nonsurgical candidates or grossly benign cysts in women of reproductive age. Primary ovarian lesions are more often sampled by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core biopsy in cases of detectable abdominal metastases or pelvic masses of unknown origin. Thus, attention is given to both the clinicopathologic and cytologic features of ovarian lesions. The second part of this chapter will address technical aspects of peritoneal washings, specimens that are routinely obtained in the setting of gynecologic and other abdominal malignancies to exclude occult intraperitoneal disease.
Use of Peer Comparison, Provider Education, and Electronic Medical Record Triggers to Increase Influenza Vaccination Rates in Hospitalized Children.

BACKGROUND: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends annual influenza vaccination for all children 6 months and older, yet only 59% of children nationally received the vaccine during the 2014–2016 influenza seasons. Of these, only 4% received the vaccine in a hospital setting. The goal of this quality improvement (QI) initiative was to increase influenza vaccination status at discharge at least twofold in children admitted to our hospital during the 2017–2018 influenza season compared with the 2016–2017 season. METHODS: The QI initiative was conducted in the inpatient units at a tertiary care children’s hospital. Interventions included electronic medical record triggers, provider education, and peer comparison. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of children discharged from the hospital with at least 1 dose of the influenza vaccine received either at the hospital or before admission. Queries about the influenza vaccination status of children were used as a process measure. Length of stay was used as a balancing measure. RESULTS: The percentage of hospitalized children discharged with at least 1 dose of the vaccine increased 4.7-fold during the QI initiative (46%) compared with baseline (10%). There was a fourfold increase in parental query about the influenza vaccination status of their children (68%) during the QI initiative compared with the baseline period (16%). No significant difference occurred in the median length of stay among patients admitted during the QI initiative versus the baseline period. CONCLUSIONS: We increased influenza vaccination status among children admitted to our hospital using electronic medical record triggers, provider education, and peer comparison.
Perioperative and Long-term Results of Zenith Fenestrated Aortic Repair in Women.

Abstract Objective Inferior perioperative outcomes for women receiving major vascular surgery are well-established in the literature in multiple arterial distributions. Therefore, this study was completed to determine the perioperative and durability results associated with females undergoing complex aortic reconstruction using the Zenith Fenestrated platform (ZFEN; Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN). Methods A retrospective review of a fenestrated endovascular aortic repair (FEVAR) database capturing all ZFENs performed at our institution between October 2012 and March 2019 was completed. Preoperative, intraoperative, perioperative, and follow-up outcomes were tabulated for females and compared to their male counterparts. Results Within our study period, 136 total ZFEN procedures were performed; of which, 20 devices (14.7%) were implanted in women. Intraoperatively, we observed a higher rate of estimated blood loss (660.0 mL vs 311.6 mL, p 0.99) and femoral artery cutdowns (55.0% vs 49.1%, p=0.81). Operative (295.7 mins vs 215.7 mins, p In the perioperative (30-day) period, we observed significantly longer of length of stay (5.6 days vs 3.3 days, p=0.03 and continued need for transfusion (50% vs 9.5%, p Conclusions The implantation of ZFEN in females is significantly more difficult as compared to their male counterparts and may result in increased perioperative, but not necessarily long-term, complications.
Climatology of Orographic Precipitation Gradients in the Contiguous Western United States

AbstractOrographic precipitation gradients (OPG) relating to the increase or decrease in precipitation amount with elevation are not well studied or analyzed except for case examples. A quality con...
Critical Role for Molecular Iron in Coxiella burnetii Replication and Viability.

ABSTRACT Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Query (Q) fever in humans, is a highly infectious obligate intracellular bacterium. Following uptake into a host cell, C. burnetii replicates within a phagolysosome-derived compartment referred to as the Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV). During infection, C. burnetii exhibits tropism for tissues related to iron storage and recycling (e.g., the liver and splenic red pulp), suggesting that pathogen physiology is linked to host iron metabolism. Iron has been described to have a limited role in C. burnetii virulence regulation, despite evidence that C. burnetii-infected host cells increase expression of transferrin receptors, thereby suggesting that active iron acquisition by the bacterium occurs upon infection. Through the use of host cell-free culture, C. burnetii was separated from the host cell in order to directly assess the role of different forms of iron in C. burnetii replication and viability, and therefore virulence. Results indicate that C. burnetii tolerates molecular iron over a broad concentration range (i.e., ∼0.001 to 1 mM) and undergoes gross loss of viability upon iron starvation. C. burnetii protein synthesis and energy metabolism, however, occur nearly uninhibited under iron concentrations not permissive to replication. Despite the apparent absence of genes related to acquisition of host-associated iron-containing proteins, C. burnetii replication is supported by hemoglobin, transferrin, and ferritin, likely due to release of iron from such proteins under acidic conditions. Moreover, chelation of host iron pools inhibited pathogen replication during infection of cultured cells. IMPORTANCE Host organisms restrict the availability of iron to invading pathogens in order to reduce pathogen replication. To counteract the host’s response to infection, bacteria can rely on redundant mechanisms to obtain biologically diverse forms of iron during infection. C. burnetii appears specifically dependent on molecular iron for replication and viability and exhibits a response to iron akin to bacteria that colonize iron-rich environments. Physiological adaptation of C. burnetii to the unique acidic and degradative environment of the CCV is consistent with access of this pathogen to molecular iron.
Abstract 1497: Longitudinal response and selection under neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NAST) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): Profiling results from a randomized trial (ARTEMIS; NCT02276443)

Background: The heterogeneity of TNBC results in a spectrum of responses to NAST: 30-40% of patients (pts) have a pathologic complete response (pCR) with an excellent prognosis. Several methods have been used to measure and evaluate residual disease, including ultrasound, MRI scans, histo-pathology. In addition to these, we hypothesize that comprehensive molecular profiling of longitudinal biopsies, with an integrative evaluation of sub-clonal selection and changes in molecular pathways, will serve as a critical biomarker for chemotherapy, and subsequent targeted therapy trials. Methods: Pts with stage I-III TNBC began a planned 4 cycles of Adriamycin-based chemo (AC). Biopsies were performed pre (mandatory) and post (optional) AC. Volumetric change by ultrasound (VUS) at completion of AC (or progression) was calculated. Pts with sensitive disease received subsequent taxane-based (T) therapy. Pts with insensitive disease were offered phase II trials. Pathologic response was assessed at surgical resection in 85 pts (Training N=55, Validation N=30). Matched samples, pre and post AC (N = 85 pts) underwent transcriptomic and genomic profiling. Samples were classified into six previously identified ARTEMIS subtypes of TNBC (ART-Type) and immune deconvolution and estimation were performed using RNA-Seq profiles. Multiplex IHC using the Vectra platform is being used to validate results from bulk RNASeq experiments. Somatic mutations and copy-number changes were evaluated using, Mutect2, Sequenza (and FACETs), and PhyloWGS (and PyClone). Results: Predominately, tumors reacted to AC in 4 different patterns with variation in immune and EMT related pathways. Enrichment of EMT (Group 4) was associated with poor prognosis and higher RCB (10.3% vs 42% pCR rates, p Conclusions: Molecular profiling of longitudinal TNBC samples reveals distinct response patterns in tumors and their micro-environments upon treatment with AC. Integrative analysis of genomic and transcriptomic changes can lead to better stratification of response to NAST. These patterns were indicative of pathologic response in the initial cohort (N=55). Analysis of the second cohort (N=30) will be presented as a validation cohort. Citation Format: Sahil Seth, Lei Huo, Gaiane M. Rauch, Beatriz Adrada, Helen Piwnica-Worms, Bora Lim, Alastair M. Thompson, Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, Timothy Heffernan, Jennifer K. Litton, William F. Symmans, Giulio F. Draetta, Andrew P. Futreal, Jeffrey T. Chang, Stacy L. Moulder. Longitudinal response and selection under neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NAST) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): Profiling results from a randomized trial (ARTEMIS; NCT02276443) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1497.
Exploring Elementary Students' Debugging Behaviors in Puzzle-based Programming: A Learning Trajectory Approach

Debugging has been an expanding topic in K-12 computer science (CS) education research. However, few studies have focused on in-depth analysis of elementary students' debugging in block-based visual programming environments. Thus, using the video analysis technique, this basic interpretive qualitative study aimed to explore what debugging behaviors students exhibited and how these debugging behaviors mapped with an existing K-8 debugging learning trajectory (LT). Findings revealed five types of debugging behaviors and four primary challenges. These debugging behaviors mapped to five consensus goals in the K-8 debugging learning trajectory. Future research will focus on students' efficiency in using debugging strategies and understanding of debugging.
Association of Serum Levels of Adipokines and Insulin With Risk of Barrett's Esophagus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background & Aims Metabolically active visceral fat may be associated with esophageal inflammation, metaplasia, and neoplasia. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the association of serum adipokines and insulin with Barrett's esophagus (BE). Methods We performed a systematic search of multiple electronic databases, through April 2015, to identify all studies reporting associations between leptin, adiponectin, insulin, insulin resistance, and risk of BE in adults. Comparing the highest study-specific category with the reference category for each hormone, we estimated the summary adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), using a random effects model. Results We identified 9 observational studies (10 independent cohorts; 1432 patients with BE total, and 3550 control subjects). Meta-analysis revealed that high serum level of leptin was associated with 2-fold higher risk of BE (BE cases vs population control subjects in 5 studies: aOR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.31–3.78; I 2 , 59%). Total serum level of adiponectin was not associated with BE (BE cases vs population control subjects in 5 studies: aOR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.46–1.34; I 2 , 65%), although 1 study observed decreased risk of BE with increased level of low-molecular-weight adiponectin. High serum level of insulin was associated with increased risk of BE (BE cases vs population control subjects in 3 studies: aOR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.14–2.65; I 2 , 0), whereas insulin resistance was not associated with increased risk of BE (BE cases vs gastroesophageal reflux disease control subjects in 2 studies: aOR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.42–2.30; I 2 , 64%). Conclusions Increased serum levels of leptin and insulin are associated with increased risk of BE, compared with population control subjects. In contrast, increased total serum levels of adiponectin and insulin do not seem to modify BE risk. Well-designed longitudinal studies of incident BE are needed to clarify existing associations of serum adipokines and insulin with BE.
Fundamentals of Seed Production

Successful seed production requires the application of good farming practices along with careful management of the crop. Although this book focuses on the production and use of the crops for seed, it must be assumed that good farming practices are followed. This chapter describes how agronomic practices relate to seed production in general and the special practices necessary for seed production in particular.
Chapter 2.4 Dopamine–acetylcholine interactions in the brain studied by in vivo microdialysis

Abstract Over the past 20 years, in vivo microdialysis methodologies have provided invaluable information on interactions between the dopaminergic and the cholinergic systems in the brain. Such knowledge has helped us to configure the dynamic interrelationship of these two major neurotransmitter systems, in the whole animal, under physiological and simulated disease states and promote the discovery and development of therapeutic agents. Changes in dopaminergic neurotransmission through dopamine (DA) D1- and D2-like receptors affect acetylcholine (ACh) efflux, and changes in cholinergic neurotransmission through muscarinic and nicotinic receptors influence DA efflux in the brain. Thus, dopaminergic or cholinergic neurotransmission dysfunctions associated with neuropsychiatric disease states modeled in experimental animals should influence ACh and DA concentrations, respectively, in the interstitial/extracellular fluid that is sampled by microdialysis. In turn, pharmacological treatments that restore dopaminergic/cholinergic neurotransmission should affect ACh/DA efflux in a predictable, traceable manner. Consequently, in vivo microdialysis sampling and related analyses offer a rational, experimental approach in evaluating the pathophysiology and treatment of diseases in neuropsychiatry by providing markers of neurobiological homeostatic mechanisms and relevant drug actions.
An Application Of Turbulence Data To The California Undercurrent

Persistent and large rates of the dissipation of kinetic energy were observed in the intrusive region of the California Undercurrent. Viscous dissipation can extract the total mechanical energy (potential plus kinetic) of the undercurrent in 6 months and its kinetic energy in only 11 days, suggesting the occurrence of geostrophic adjustments on similar time scales. A simple mechanical energy budget does not show a balance between dissipation and the work done by the pressure field contrary to findings for the Equatorial Undercurrent.
Phylogeography of the dark kangaroo mouse, Microdipodops megacephalus: cryptic lineages and dispersal routes in North America's Great Basin.

Aim The rodent genus Microdipodops (kangaroo mice) includes two sand-obligate endemics of the Great Basin Desert: M. megacephalus and M. pallidus. The dark kangaroo mouse, M. megacephalus, is distributed throughout the Great Basin and our principal aims were to formulate phylogenetic hypotheses for this taxon and make phylogeographical comparisons with its congener. Location The Great Basin Desert of western North America. Methods DNA sequence data from three mitochondrial genes were examined from 186 individuals of M. megacephalus, representing 47 general localities. Phylogenetic inference was used to analyse the sequence data. Directional analysis of phylogeographical patterns was used to examine haplotype sharing patterns and recover routes of gene exchange. Haplotype–area curves were constructed to evaluate the relationship between genetic variation and distributional island size for M. megacephalus and M. pallidus. Results Microdipodops megacephalus is a rare desert rodent (trapping success was 2.67%). Temporal comparison of trapping data shows that kangaroo mice are becoming less abundant in the study area. The distribution has changed slightly since the 1930s but many northern populations now appear to be small, fragmented, or locally extinct. Four principal phylogroups (the Idaho isolate and the western, central and eastern clades) are evident; mean sequence divergence between phylogroups for cytochrome b is c. 8%. Data from haplotype sharing show two trends: a north–south trend and a web-shaped trend. Analyses of haplotype–area curves reveal significant positive relationships. Main conclusions The four phylogroups of M. megacephalus appear to represent morphologically cryptic species; in comparison, a companion study revealed two cryptic lineages in M. pallidus. Estimated divergence times of the principal clades of M. megacephalus (c. 2–4 Ma) indicate that these kangaroo mice were Pleistocene invaders into the Great Basin coincident with the formation of sandy habitats. The north–south and web patterns from directional analyses reveal past routes of gene flow and provide evidence for source–sink population regulation. The web pattern was not seen in the companion study of M. pallidus. Significant haplotype–area curves indicate that the distributional islands are now in approximate genetic equilibrium. The patterns described here are potentially useful to conservation biologists and wildlife managers and may serve as a model for other sand-obligate organisms of the Great Basin.
An attempt to replicate interaction between coffee and CYP1A2 gene in connection to Parkinson's disease.

Popat et al. [1] recently reported evidence for interaction between Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) genotype and coffee on the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease (PD). This finding is particularly intriguing because caffeine consumption is inversely associated with risk of developing PD, and CYP1A2 is involved in metabolism of caffeine. Popat et al also suggested that the coffee–PD association was strongest among homozygous carriers of the slow-metabolizer CYP1A2_ rs762551_CC genotype. In an accompanying editorial [2] Mellick and Ross point out that caffeine-metabolism genes have not been found to associate with PD in genome-wide studies. Were the genes missed because coffee and interaction were not in the analytical model? Considering the high potential significance of this observation, we attempted to replicate it using 1458 persons with PD and 931 controls from the NeuroGenetics Research Consortium (NGRC), all Caucasian of European Origin, with detailed life-time coffee consumption data [3] and genotyped using Illumina HumanOmni1-Quad_v1-0_B genotyping array [4]. rs2472304 was genotyped, rs762551 and rs2470890 were imputed with high accuracy (imputation-information-score>0.98) [5]. The study was approved by Institutional Review Boards. We first tested interaction under the same model as Popat et al. adjusting for age and sex while stratifying coffee-consumption as ever/never (Table 1). In addition, we reanalyzed the data with coffee stratified as high/low (defined at median), which is a more sensitive measure for NGRC due to high coffee-consumption and few non-coffee-drinkers in NGRC. We also tried models where principal components and smoking were added as covariates. As noted by Mellick and Ross [3] both population structure (genetic mixtures) and smoking could confound these results. Inclusion of principal components corrects for population structure in European-Americans due to Jewish/non-Jewish ancestry and European country-of-origin [4]. Inclusion of smoking as a covariate helps assess if results are affected by the correlation between smoking and coffee-drinking, and the inverse association of smoking with PD [3]. Unfortunately, we did not replicate the reported interactions under any of the models, nor did we find a stronger PD-coffee association among slow-metabolizers (Table 1). Table 1 Test results for SNPxCoffee interaction and genotype-specific PD-coffee association
Cosmic gamma rays

Cosmic gamma ray production processes, galactic and extragalactic gamma rays, and cosmology
A Clinical Algorithm for Early Identification and Intervention of Cervical Muscular Torticollis

Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is a common newborn pediatric muscular deformity of the neck. The purpose of this article is to suggest a clinical algorithm for pediatric clinicians to promote prompt identification and intervention for infants with CMT. Early intervention for a child with CMT at less than 1 month of age yields a 98% success rate by 2.5 months of age, with the infant achieving near normal range of motion. Intervention initiated at 6 months of age or later can require 9 to 10 months of therapy with less success in achieving full range of motion of the cervical musculature. The clinical algorithm proposed here incorporates the American Physical Therapy Association guideline for CMT to optimize outcomes for the child and reduce health care expenditures. Current evidence and guidelines demonstrate that primary care providers are the primary diagnostic clinicians, while physical therapists are the preferred provider for the treatment of CMT.
Risks of Herpes Zoster in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis According to Biologic Disease‐Modifying Therapy

Objective To evaluate whether the risks of herpes zoster (HZ) differed by biologic agents with different mechanisms of action (MOAs) in older rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methods Using Medicare data from 2006–2011, among RA patients with prior biologic agent use and no history of cancer or other autoimmune diseases, this retrospective cohort study identified new treatment episodes of abatacept, adalimumab, certolizumab, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, rituximab, and tocilizumab. Followup started on initiation of the new biologic agent and ended at any of the following: first incidence of HZ, a 30-day gap in current exposure, death, a diagnosis of other autoimmune disease or cancer, loss of insurance coverage, or December 31, 2011. We calculated the proportion of RA patients vaccinated for HZ in each calendar year prior to biologic agent initiation and HZ incidence rate for each biologic agent. We compared HZ risks among therapies using Cox regression adjusted for potential confounders. Results Of 29,129 new biologic treatment episodes, 28.7% used abatacept, 15.9% adalimumab, 14.8% rituximab, 12.4% infliximab, 12.2% etanercept, 6.1% tocilizumab, 5.8% certolizumab, and 4.4% golimumab. The proportion of RA patients vaccinated for HZ prior to biologic agent initiation ranged from 0.4% in 2007 to 4.1% in 2011. We identified 423 HZ diagnoses with the highest HZ incidence rate for certolizumab (2.45 per 100 person-years) and the lowest for golimumab (1.61 per 100 person-years). Neither the crude incidence rate nor the adjusted hazard ratio differed significantly among biologic agents. Glucocorticoid use had a significant association with HZ. Conclusion Among older patients with RA, the HZ risk was similar across biologic agents, including those with different MOAs.
Prisoner's Dilemma on Graphs with Large Girth

We study the evolution of cooperation in populations where individuals play prisoner's dilemma on a network. Every node of the network corresponds on an individual choosing whether to cooperate or defect in a repeated game. The players revise their actions by imitating those neighbors who have higher payoffs. We show that when the interactions take place on graphs with large girth, cooperation is more likely to emerge. On the flip side, in graphs with many cycles of length 3 and 4, defection spreads more rapidly. One of the key ideas of our analysis is that our dynamics can be seen as a perturbation of the voter model. We write the transition kernel of the corresponding Markov chain in terms of the pairwise correlations in the voter model. We analyze the pairwise correlation and show that in graphs with relatively large girth, cooperators cluster and help each other.
Cross Sections for K-Shell Ionization by 2-MeV-Electron Impact

A systematic study of the cross sections for $K$-shell ionization by 2.0-MeV-electron impact has been made as a function of atomic number. The cross sections for 32 elements from V ($Z=23$) to Bi ($Z=83$) were first measured relative to each other, and then were normalized to 43 b at Sn ($Z=50$). Thus systematic errors usually associated with absolute measurements were minimized and did not obscure minor variations in the $Z$ dependence of the cross sections. The measured values drop from 353 b at V to 9.9 b at Bi. The general trend of the $Z$ dependence of the data is in agreement with theoretical predictions of Kolbenstvedt. However, variations in cross sections by as much as 30% from one element to the next are not accounted for by the theory.
Deposition of loosely bound organic D–A–π–A′ dyes on sensitized TiO2 film: a possible strategy to suppress charge recombination and enhance power conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells

A D–A–π–A′ dye (coded as AR-II-13) – composed of a triarylamine donor, a difluorobenzothiadiazole internal acceptor and a cyanoacrylic acid anchoring acceptor – has been successfully synthesized via sequential C–H direct arylation, and used as sensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The butoxy group at the donor side and the hexyl group on di-substituted cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b′]dithiophene (CPDT) bridge are incorporated to decrease dye aggregation and offer physical insulation between electrolyte oxidant and TiO2 films. It is demonstrated that the open circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit current (JSC) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) are remarkably enhanced relative to a conventionally fabricated cell by deposition of additional dye on the sensitized TiO2 films. The impact of dye bath solvent on dye aggregation was observed to be minimal and the enhancement of solar cell performance was exclusively ascribed to the loosely bound dye moieties providing physical insulation on TiO2 films from I3− and retarding charge recombination between electrons in the TiO2 film and the electrolyte, as confirmed by electrochemical impedance measurements. Furthermore, the dipole interaction between the TiO2 surface and loosely bound dye may play a synergetic role in enhancing the photovoltaic performance of the resulting devices.
‘First wave’ feminism in France: New work and resources

Karen Oflen is a historian of France and an affiliated scholar at the Center for Research on Women, Stanford University. She coordinated a special issue of Third Republic/ Troisieme Republique (1977), containing articles on the woman question in France and is currently working on her book dealing with the 1870-1940 period. She is co-editor with Susan Groag Bell, of Women, the Family and Freedom: The Debate in Documents, 1750-1950. 2 Vols, forthcoming from Stanford University Press in 1983.
Are Moral Reasons Morally Overriding

In this paper, I argue that those moral theorists who wish to accommodate agent-centered options and supererogatory acts must accept both that the reason an agent has to promote her own interests is a nonmoral reason and that this nonmoral reason can prevent the moral reason she has to sacrifice those interests for the sake of doing more to promote the interests of others from generating a moral requirement to do so. These theorists must, then, deny that moral reasons morally override nonmoral reasons, such that even the weakest moral reason trumps the strongest nonmoral reason in the determination of an act’s moral status (e.g., morally permissible or impermissible). If this is right, then it seems that these theorists have their work cut out for them. It will not be enough for them to provide a criterion of rightness that accommodates agent-centered options and supererogatory acts, for, in doing so, they incur a debt. As I will show, in accommodating agent-centered options, they commit themselves to the view that moral reasons are not morally overriding, and so they owe us an account of how both moral reasons and nonmoral reasons come together to determine an act’s moral status.
A Comparison of Timolol Maleate and Levobunolol: Length of Use per 5-ml Bottle

Purpose: The authors analyzed the actual length of use of commercially available 5-ml bottles of 0.5% timolol maleate (Timoptic) and 0.5% levobunolol (Betagan) among patients who routinely use topical beta-blockers (1 drop twice daily in both eyes) for glaucoma treatment. Methods: Patients were randomized to receive two 5-ml bottles of either timolol or levobunolol in a double-blind fashion. The patients used the drops independently and the bottles in sequence. The dates were recorded when each of the two 5-ml bottles were used. Sixty patients were enrolled, 15 were excluded from the study, and the data from the remaining 45 were analyzed. Results: There was a 21% greater length of use per 5-ml bottle among patients who were randomized to 0.5% timolol maleate (36.6 ± 10.4 days) compared with 0.5% levobunolol (28.9 ± 8.1 days) ( P = 0.009). The length of use of the first bottle versus the second bottle was compared and was found not to be significantly different in either group. There was no statistical difference in intraocular pressure control among patients before and after the study. Conclusion: There is a markedly greater length of use of the 5-ml bottle of timolol compared with the 5-ml bottle of levobunolol. The difference is believed to be due to the configuration of the levobunolol's bottle tip and the vehicle used to deliver the drug. The data may be extrapolated to a substantial patient savings and should be considered in prescription recommendations.
Hyperkalemia and severe rhabdomyolysis

A47-year-old homeless man with a history of bipolar disorder and polysubstance abuse was found under a bridge with altered mental status and severe left calf pain. Evaluation in the emergency department revealed a cachectic, pale man with a blood pressure of 132/84, pulse 74, and respirations 18. He was afebrile. Oxygen saturation was 98% on room air. Examination revealed marked swelling of the left leg, which was also pulseless. A compartment syndrome was diagnosed. Urgent fasciotomy was performed, and the patient was treated in the critical care unit. After a long hospital course he was discharged after 22 days. (Published: 17 October 2011) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2011, 1 : 8707 - DOI: 10.3402/jchimp.v1i3.8707
LIX. Relativity theory: The equipartition law in a system of particles

(1914). LIX. Relativity theory: The equipartition law in a system of particles. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 28, No. 166, pp. 583-600.
Vascularization and tissue infiltration of a biodegradable polyurethane matrix.

Urethanes are frequently used in biomedical applications because of their excellent biocompatibility. However, their use has been limited to bioresistant polyurethanes. The aim of this study was to develop a nontoxic biodegradable polyurethane and to test its potential for tissue compatibility. A matrix was synthesized with pentane diisocyanate (PDI) as a hard segment and sucrose as a hydroxyl group donor to obtain a microtextured spongy urethane matrix. The matrix was biodegradable in an aqueous solution at 37°C in vitro as well as in vivo. The polymer was mechanically stable at body temperatures and exhibited a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 67°C. The porosity of the polymer network was between 10 and 2000 μm, with the majority of pores between 100 and 300 μm in diameter. This porosity was found to be adequate to support the adherence and proliferation of bone-marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and chondrocytes in vitro. The degradation products of the polymer were nontoxic to cells in vitro. Subdermal implants of the PDI–sucrose matrix did not exhibit toxicity in vivo and did not induce an acute inflammatory response in the host. However, some foreign-body giant cells did accumulate around the polymer and in its pores, suggesting its degradation is facilitated by hydrolysis as well as by giant cells. More important, subdermal implants of the polymer allowed marked infiltration of vascular and connective tissue, suggesting the free flow of fluids and nutrients in the implants. Because of the flexibility of the mechanical strength that can be obtained in urethanes and because of the ease with which a porous microtexture can be achieved, this matrix may be useful in many tissue-engineering applications. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 64A: 242–248, 2003
“We Are Not Free”: The Meaning of in American Indian Resistance to President Johnson's War on Poverty

This essay examines how the ideograph was crafted through dialectical struggles between Euro-Americans and American Indians over federal Indian policy between 1964 and 1968. For policymakers, was historically sutured to the belief that assimilation was the only pathway to American Indian liberation. I explore the American Indian youth movement's response to President Johnson's War on Poverty to demonstrate how activists rhetorically realigned in Indian policy with the Great Society's rhetoric of “community empowerment.” I illustrate how American Indians orchestrated counterhegemonic resistance by reframing the “Great Society” as an argument for a “Greater Indian American.” This analysis evinces the rhetorical significance of ideographic transformation in affecting policy change.
Drug and alcohol use by young people attending a psychiatric emergency service.

Summary One hundred young people aged 15 to 25 years were seen in the walk-in psychiatric emergency stroke of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Eighty-three had used alcohol and 58 had used drugs on at least six separate occasions. In most cases the use of these substances seemed incidental to the clinical presentation. However, serious abuse of drugs or alcohol was linked with a history of other behavioral disturbances such as delinquent acts, school drop-out and work instability. These behavioral abnormalities were usually apparent from an early age. This study indicates that certain individuals run a substantially higher risk than others of becoming heavily involved with drugs and alcohol. Established drug and alcohol dependence present formidable treatment problems. An emphasis on early prevention—by reaching these high risk individuals while they art still at school—may help to reduce the incidence of these disorders among the young.
Investigation of the thermal curing chemistry of the phenylethynyl group using a model aryl ether imide

Abstract The high temperature curing reactions of oligomers bearing two phenylethynyl groups have previously been utilized to produce attractive new materials, but are not well understood. A model aryl ether imide compound with one such moiety was used to elucidate some of the chemistry occurring during these processes. It was demonstrated that oligomeric molecular weight soluble products were formed by thermal initiation at 375°C under nitrogen during these reactions, along with low molecular weight fragments derived from the model compound. These fragments were demonstrated to contain aliphatic protons in place of the phenylethynyl group and constitute about 5% of the overall material. Reactions of the model compound with deuterated biphenyl indicated that the reactive intermediates formed from the phenylethynyl moiety are able to abstract aromatic deuterium atoms in the presence of aromatic protons. However, these fragments appear to be side products not directly involved with the main curing reactions that occur after most of the carbon–carbon triple bonds have been reacted.
Enhancement of UDPgalactose: glycoprotein galactosyltransferase in cultured human skin fibroblasts by cationic polypeptides.

UDPgalactose : glycoprotein galactosyltransferase in normal human skin fibroblast homogenates has been assayed using ovalbumin as an acceptor. The activity in the homogenate fraction sedimenting between 51 300 X g and 105 000 X g was enhanced by the addition of a number of catonic polypeptides of L-configuration but not by those of D-configuration. In contrast to the enhancing effect of poly(L-lysine), poly(L-glutamic acid) inhibited the activity. Poly(D-glutamic acid) had no effect. Cationic or anionic amino acid derivatives, spermine or spermidine had no effect on activity. The enhancement of transferase activity by poly(L-arginine) is probably due to an increase in V for UDPgalactose and ovalbumin. The implication of these results for the regulation of glycoprotein synthesis in cultivated skin fibroblasts and for the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis is discussed.
Adolescent Autoerotic Deaths

Abstract There is a subgroup of all adolescents who die by hanging that is not related to suicide. Thirty-one percent of all adolescent hanging deaths in a 10-year period were from autoerotic asphyxia. The characteristics of the deaths from sexual asphyxia showed a distinct syndrome that can, in most instances, be separated from suicide by hanging. This syndrome is most likely a variant of the paraphilias.