cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Practice and Procedure of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Statute of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights

Adopted by the General Assembly of the OAS at its ninth regular session, held in La Paz, Bolivia, October 1979 (Resolution No. 448) CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1 Nature and Legal Organization The Inter-American Court of Human Rights is an autonomous judicial institution whose purpose is the application and interpretation of the American Convention on Human Rights. The Court exercises its functions in accordance with the provisions of the aforementioned Convention and the present Statute. Article 2 Jurisdiction The Court shall exercise adjudicatory and advisory jurisdiction: Its adjudicatory jurisdiction shall be governed by the provisions of Articles 61, 62 and 63 of the Convention, and Its advisory jurisdiction shall be governed by the provisions of Article 64 of the Convention. Article 3 Seat The seat of the Court shall be San Jose, Costa Rica; however, the Court may convene in any member state of the Organization of American States (OAS) when a majority of the Court considers it desirable, and with the prior consent of the State concerned. The seat of the Court may be changed by a vote of two-thirds of the States Parties to the Convention, in the OAS General Assembly. CHAPTER II COMPOSITION OF THE COURT Article 4 Composition The Court shall consist of seven judges, nationals of the member states of the OAS, elected in an individual capacity from among jurists of the highest moral authority and of recognized competence in the field of human rights, who possess the qualifications required for the exercise of the highest judicial functions under the law of the State of which they are nationals or of the State that proposes them as candidates. No two judges may be nationals of the same State.
Laboratory Tests and Astronomical Application of an Image Intensifier with a 146 mm Diameter Photocathode

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the laboratory tests and astronomical application of an image intensifier with a 146 mm diameter photocathode. An extensive program of testing and application of a large format image intensifier has been underway at Steward Observatory. This chapter describes this image intensifier, outlines the results of the evaluation of the device, and comments on some of the astronomical applications for which this tube is being used. A photograph of the tube/camera assembly indicates the major components of the system. The sub-assemblies consist of: a rectangular unit containing filter slides, a dark slide, and a test pattern projector; a cylindrical unit that houses the image tube, its solenoid, and a solenoid cooling jacket; a plate holder; and an interchangeable eyepiece unit. An application of the large format image intensifier to the problems of BL Lacertae objects is the study of underlying structure and galaxy population in the vicinity of the objects. For this purpose, deep, high resolution photographs of several BL Lacertae objects using a variety of red filters are obtained.
Thorndike, Edward Lee (1874–1949)

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 22, pp. 15681–15683, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Equatorial zonal plasma drifts measured by the C/NOFS satellite during the 2008–2011 solar minimum

[1] We use the measurements by the Vector Electric Field Investigation (VEFI) on board the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite to study the local time and seasonal- and longitudinal-dependent climatology of equatorial F region zonal plasma drifts during 2008–2011. These drifts are essentially westward during the day and eastward at night. Over Jicamarca Radio Observatory, the satellite measurements are in good agreement with incoherent scatter radar drifts. Our data show strong longitudinal variations, particularly in the South American sector during the solstices. The equinoctial data exhibit short-lived and largely enhanced westward drifts near sunrise and wave-4 structures from the early afternoon to late night equinoctial periods. The nighttime eastward drifts are largest near the western American sector at all seasons. The June solstice postmidnight eastward drifts decrease sharply at longitudes of about 310° and have much smaller values in the entire Eastern Hemisphere. We also briefly discuss the relationship between the longitude-dependent vertical and zonal plasma drifts.
Modeling dynamic receptive field changes in primary visual cortex using inhibitory learning

The position, size, and shape of the visual receptive field (RF) of some primary visual cortical neurons change dynamically, in response to artificial scotoma conditioning in cats7 and to retinal lesions in cats and monkeys.3 The “EXIN” learning rules6 are used to model dynamic RF changes. The EXIN model is compared with an adaptation model11 and the LISSOM model.9,10 To emphasize the role of the lateral inhibitory learning rules, the EXIN and the LISSOM simulations were done with only lateral inhibitory learning. During scotoma conditioning, the EXIN model without feedforward learning produces centrifugal expansion of RFs initially inside the scotoma region, accompanied by increased responsiveness, without changes in spontaneous activation. The EXIN model without feedforward learning is more consistent with the neurophysiological data than are the adaptation model and the LISSOM model. The comparison between the EXIN and the LISSOM models suggests experiments to determine the role of feedforward excitatory and lateral inhibitory learning in producing dynamic RF changes during scotoma conditioning.
Light to dark transition modulates the phase of antenna chlorophyll protein gene expression.

Abstract The genes coding for the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein of photosystem II (cab) in wheat are regulated by phytochrome and an endogenous circadian clock. The regulation by these factors has been shown to be at the transcriptional level. Here we show that the phase of cab gene expression is reset by light to dark transition of the previous day. The time of light to dark transition is linearly related to the time of maximal cab gene expression under free running conditions in darkness. We propose that in nature the onset of darkness resets the phase of the circadian clock, which regulates the timing of cab gene expression, so as to anticipate the time of sunrise in the following day.
Ground Plan of the Nervous System II

This chapter introduces students to the key terminology, grammar, and “syntax” that we use to describe the nervous system. We also describe the principal structures that will be our focus of attention, and the basic layout (ground plan) of the mature central nervous system (CNS). We briefly describe how the nervous system develops. A consideration of CNS morphogenesis is helpful at this point because the basic ground plan is much clearer early in development and becomes obscured as the brain develops its complex, three- dimensional form. Last, we briefly summarize the cellular organization at different levels of the CNS, focusing on the basic organization of neurons within the gray matter, and the key fiber tracts that contain ascending and descending pathways.
Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol, by Iain Gately

Most substance abuse textbooks review the historical origins of substances, including examples that illustrate the cultural relevance of these substances to diverse populations. Drink: A Cultural H...
Enterprise architecture, IT effectiveness and the mediating role of IT alignment in US hospitals

Despite the possible benefits of implementing healthcare information technologies, successful implementation of effective healthcare information technology is constrained by cultural and regulatory concerns and technical obstacles encountered when establishing or upgrading an organisation's enterprise infrastructure. In this paper, we advance Ross' four-stage model of enterprise architecture maturity as a valuable IT resource for helping healthcare organisations sustain a competitive advantage. We use partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modelling to analyse survey data from 164 US hospitals at different stages of EA maturity. Our results provide evidence that enterprise architecture maturity directly influences the effectiveness of hospitals' IT resources for achieving strategic goals. Further, enterprise architecture maturity indirectly influences the effectiveness of IT resources when IT alignment is incorporated as a mediating variable. We discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice and suggest opportunities for future research. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Precipitate phases in type 321 stainless steel after aging 17 years at ∼600°C

Long term aging of type 321 stainless steel indicates TiC, not M23C6, is the thermodynamically stable carbide phase. A theory is developed to explain appearance of M23C6 at intermediate times. The theory also indicates a means for preventing M23C6 formation and hence sensitization of the steel to intergranular corrosion. The amount of sigma found correlates well with results from shorter time studies. Two minor, still unidentified phases were seen along with Ti4C2S{i2}.
Urban and ocean ensembles for improved meteorological and dispersion modelling of the coastal zone

A high-resolution (1.67 km) ensemble transform (ET)-based meso-scale modelling system utilizing urbanization and sea surface temperature (SST) perturbations is used to examine characteristics of sea breeze/heat island interactions and atmospheric transport and dispersion for Tokyo. The ensemble displays a positive spread–skill relationship, with the addition of urban perturbations enabling the ensemble variance to distinguish a larger range of forecast error variances. Two synoptic regimes are simulated. For a pre-frontal period (stronger synoptic flow), there is less variability among ensemble members in the strength of the urban heat island and its interaction with the sea breeze front. During the post-frontal time period, the sea breeze frontal position is very sensitive to the details of the urban representation, with horizontal frontal variation covering the width of the urban centre (∼30 km) and displaying significant impacts on the development and strength of the heat island. Moreover, the dosage values of a tracer released at offshore and urban sites have considerable variability among ensemble members in response to small-scale features such as coastally upwelled water, enhanced anthropogenic heating and variations in building heights. Realistic variations in SST (i.e. warm Tokyo Bay or local upwelling) produce subtle sea breeze variations that dramatically impact tracer distributions.
1,2-Dicyano-1,2-bis(imidazolidine-2-thione)digold(I) and 2,2-dicyano-1,1-bis(dimethylthiourea)digold(I)

Gold(I) cyanide forms complexes with imidazolidine-2-thione (etu) and di­methyl­thio­urea (dmtu) with the formula [Au2(CN)2L2], i.e. the title complexes di­cyano-1κC,2κC-bis(imidazolidine-2-thione)-1κS,2κS-digold(I)(Au—Au), [Au2(CN)2(C3H6N2S)2], and di­cyano-1κ2C-bis(N,N′-di­methyl­thio­urea)-2κ2S-digold(I)(Au—Au), [Au2(CN)2(C3H8N2S)2]. In the etu complex, two approximately linear (etu)AuCN groups are held together by a weak homopolar Au—Au bond [3.117 (1) A], with a torsion angle of 61 (3)° between the two groups. In the dmtu complex, an approximately linear Au(dmtu)2 group is bound to an approximately linear Au(CN)2 group by a weak heteropolar Au—Au bond [3.091 (1) A], with a torsion angle of 83 (5)° between the two groups.
A Study of Diversion Mechanisms by Reactive Water-Diverting Agents

High water saturations in producing zones of petroleum formations cause problems during both acidizing and production. Water diverting agents are designed to prevent some of these problems by selectively plugging watered-out strata. Reactive water diverting agents are oil-based fluids that provide selective plugging because they reactor with aqueous formation fluids to form permeability reducing gels. This study used laboratory formulated diverting agents to elucidate the plugging mechanisms that result from in-situ interfacial reactions and gel placement. The authors results show the physical characteristics of the media and gels necessary to bring about effective plugging and also the conditions that typically prevent selectivity. Additionally, a simple treatment method called the injection/backflow procedure is introduced, which helps achieve a highly selective diversion treatment.
Denominators of Egyptian fractions

Abstract Let D(a,N) = min {n k : a N = Σ 1 k 1 n i , n 1 2 k , n i ϵ Z 0 } , where the minimum ranges over all expansions of a N , and let D(N) = max{D(a,N): 1 ≤ a D(N) N ≤ ( log N) 3 2+ϵ , where ϵ →0 as N → ∞, improving the result of M.N. Bleicher and P. Erdos.
The Effect of Stereotype Threat on Group Versus Individual Performance

Stereotype threat has been one of the most studied topics in social psychology in recent years. This research shows that subtle reminders of stereotypes about one’s social category hurt task performance—an effect replicated across several stereotypes and performance domains. Despite extensive research on individual performance, it is unknown how stereotype threat affects group performance. A question of theoretical and practical importance is whether people who face a common stereotype can overcome it by working together. To answer this question, an experiment was conducted comparing the performance of individual women and groups of women on a math/logic problem when faced with a stereotype threat. Results indicated that when facing a stereotype threat, groups outperformed the best individuals and performed just as well as non-threatened groups. This effect was due to threatened groups avoiding problem-solving errors. The implications for understanding group versus individual performance when facing stere...
Regularization of the image division approach to blind deconvolution

A problem of blind deconvolution arises when attempting to restore a short-exposure a short-exposure image that has been degraded by random atmospheric turbulence. We attack the problem by using two short-exposure images as data inputs. The Fourier transform of each is taken, an the two are divided. The unknown object spectrum cancels. What remains is the quotient of the two unknown transfer functions that formed the images. These are expressed, via the sampling theorem, as Fourier series in the corresponding PSFs, the unknowns of the problem. Cross-multiplying the division equation gives an equation that is linear in the unknowns. However, the problem is rank deficient in the absence of prior knowledge. We use the prior knowledge that the object and the PSFs have finite support extensions, and also are positive. The linear problem is least-squares solved many times over, assuming different support values and enforcing positivity. The two support values that minimize the rms image data inconsistency define the final solution. This regularizes the solution to the presence of 4-15 percent additive noise of detection.
Evidence for Role of White-Tailed Deer (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) in Epizootiology of Cattle Ticks and Southern Cattle Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Reinfestations Along the Texas/Mexico Border in South Texas: A Review and Update

From 1907 when the fever tick eradication campaign began until 1933, the tick erad- ication methods of dipping cattle in an acaricide or "pasture vacation" were enormously successful in eradicating southern cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini)), until failures began to occur in some areas of Florida. Regarding the failures in Florida, the consensus was that populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann)) infested with southern cattle ticks were responsible. After numerous deer in several counties were killed, eradication was achieved in Florida. As in Florida, in Texas increasing numbers of failures of the pasture vacation approach to tick eradication from the 1970s to the present are known to be related to the abundance of white-tailed deer and perhaps other wild ungulate species. A sizable body of evidence conÞrms the hypothesis that white-tailed deer support the dispersal and maintenance of both cattle ticks (Rhipi- cephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Say)) and southern cattle ticks (cattle fever ticks) within the permanent quarantine or buffer zone in South Texas along the Rio Grande, as well as in the so-called free ("cattle fever tick-free") area north and east of the buffer zone and extending to the east coast of the United States. As of August 2009, in addition to the permanent quarantine zone of 2,233 km 2 , three temporary preventative or blanket quarantines were established. Currently, only two meth- odologies exist to control ticks feeding on white-tailed deer: 1) a systemic treatment method involving dispersal of ivermectin-medicated corn, Zea mays L.; and 2) two topical treatment methods, O4-posterO deer treatment bait stations and O2-posterO deer treatment feeder adapters, both of which passively apply topically active acaricide to deer for the eradication of populations of cattle fever tick associated with white-tailed deer. This study presents and summarizes conÞrmational support for the role of white-tailed deer derived from historical accounts, circumstantial evidence from review of recent infestations, and cattle fever tick infestations on white-tailed deer that were live-captured and examined speciÞcally for cattle fever ticks.
Two Italian Portrait-Busts of Henry VIII

The likeness of Henry VIII that comes most readily to mind today is one resembling the imperious portraits painted by Holbein and his contemporaries towards the closing years of the King's reign.1 Of these, the best surviving example now belongs to Baron Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza in Switzerland, and was made by Holbein in 1537 (Fig. 1.) It depicts Henry just ten years before his death, as a portly, middle-aged despot with cropped hair and fair beard. Although a capable artist such as this was able to capture something of his sitter's individual personality, his decorative, linear style particularly enhances the King's exalted station. It appears to have been a natural preference in royal portraits of this period to emphasize especially the abstract concept of kingship, in deference to the theory of divine right. Where an artist did reach behind this austere majesty to concern himself directly with Henry's personality, he too often sank to a caricature-like courseness in his portrayal of a cruel and calc...
Do digestive processes leave diagnostic traces on fish bones

Abstract This study examines the extent to which fish remains are affected by digestive processes and includes experimental and comparative analysis of tui chub (Cyprinidae: Gila bicolor ) fish remains from modern human feeding experiments, modern coyote scats and archaeological human coprolites. Body part representation varies across the samples, but overall, bone loss resulting from digestive process is less than that documented for fish remains in previous studies. Selected elements are examined for surface modifications (pitting, rounding, adhering tissue, staining, deformation) and degree of completeness. Results show that digestive processes often modify specimens, but that many remains are unaffected. Remains that pass through human and coyote digestive tracts are similarly modified, thus distinguishing fish remains generated by the two agents is not possible using the attributes described. A sample of fish remains from western Nevada is examined for surface modification and specimen completeness to determine whether the fish remains were modified by digestive agents. Results show that at least some of the fish fauna had been ingested by mammals.
Making It Easier

Excerpt To the Editors:Hurrah for "Making it Easier"! Your policy of clarifying generic drug names, abbreviations, and SI unit conversions at the beginnings of articles represents a long overdue ac...
Localized subspace projection

The authors explore a new data-independent rank-reduction technique, called localized subspace projection (LSP), for adaptive array processing applications. The subspace is determined solely by the desired mainbeam location and width and the a priori knowledge of the array manifold, and is therefore independent of the directional interference environment. Due to the subspace construction, the algorithm provides enhanced sidelobe control over fully adaptive patterns, while still achieving nulling performance comparable with alternative data-adaptive subspace techniques. It was found that the LSP algorithm was sensitive to array manifold errors which distort the array sidelobe pattern, and a scheme for detecting and correcting them is proposed. In addition to enhancing the robustness of the LSP technique, this detection/correction process provides a blind calibration capability (unavailable for data-adaptive subspaces) which reveals the actual (i.e. distorted) array manifold without any knowledge of the interference environment. >
A statistical review of the literature concerning the self-serving attribution bias in interpersonal influence situations

Based upon his review of the self-serving attribution bias literature, Zuckerman (1979) concluded that research employing an interpersonal influence setting was less likely than other research paradigms to produce significant differences in self-attribution for success and failure. A survey of the research reviewed by Zuckerman as well as a more current survey of the relevant literature were undertaken. Statistical combinations of these two sets of evidence revealed Zuckerman's assessment may have been too conservative, at least with respect to two of three experimental paradigms. Additionally, a general tendency of individuals to assume more personal responsibility for success than failure on interpersonal influence tasks was found in the more comprehensive survey. Finally, the evidence concerning interactions of performance outcome with either contextual variables or individual differences indicated that the self-serving bias may be stronger under certain conditions than others and for certain types of individuals. Discussion centered on the conceptual distinctions between interpersonal influence and other achievement settings.
Quality of Life in Adults With Strabismus

Purpose To assess relative quality of life in patients with strabismus. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods The 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) was performed in 42 strabismic adults over the age of 50 years at a single institution. Subscale scores were compared with those of patients with other ocular diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, cataract, cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, and low vision. Results Median visual acuity was 20/20 (range 20/12.5–20/50), and 34 patients (81%) reported diplopia. Strabismic patients performed the same or worse on nearly all vision-related subscales than did patients with diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataract, and CMV retinitis. Additionally, strabismic patients reported significantly worse ocular pain than all comparison groups before any surgery was performed. Conclusions Strabismus impacts quality of life through both functional and psychosocial factors. Physicians treating strabismic patients should recognize these quality-of-life issues and address them accordingly.
Flow patterns around heart valves: A numerical method

Abstract The subject of this paper is the flow of a viscous incompressible fluid in a region containing immersed boundaries which move with the fluid and exert forces on the fluid. An example of such a boundary is the flexible leaflet of a human heart valve. It is the main achievement of the present paper that a method for solving the Navier-Stokes equations on a rectangular domain can now be applied to a problem involving this type of immersed boundary. This is accomplished by replacing the boundary by a field of force which is defined on the mesh points of the rectangular domain and which is calculated from the configuration of the boundary. In order to link the representations of the boundary and fluid, since boundary points and mesh points need not coincide, a semi-discrete analog of the δ function is introduced. Because the boundary forces are of order h −1 , and because they are sensitive to small changes in boundary configuration, they tend to produce numerical instability. This difficulty is overcome by an implicit method for calculating the boundary forces, a method which takes into account the displacements that will be produced by the boundary forces themselves. The numerical scheme is applied to the two-dimensional simulation of flow around the natural mitral valve.
Leptin in relation to carcinoma In situ of the breast: A study of pre‐menopausal cases and controls

Leptin reflects the amount of energy stores, regulates energy balance and is associated with circulating levels of reproductive hormones and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Breast cancer has also been associated with obesity, reproductive hormones and circulating IGF-I levels. To determine whether leptin is involved in the etiology of breast cancer, we compared serum leptin levels in 83 cases of pre-menopausal carcinoma in situ of the breast and 69 healthy controls recruited in Massachusetts. Serum leptin levels were 13.69 + 1.3 ng/ml in cases and 16.03 + 1.7 ng/ml in controls. Data were also analyzed using multiple logistic regression with adjustment for known risk factors for the development of breast cancer as well as anthropometric, demographic and hormonal variables, including estradiol, prolactin, IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3. Odds ratios were 1.75 (95% CI, 0.73–4.21) for the second control-defined tertile and 1.54 (0.46–5.16 ) for the third control-defined tertile relative to the first. Thus, leptin does not appear to increase the risk of pre-menopausal breast cancer in situ substantially. Int. J. Cancer 80:523–526, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists cause status epilepticus- like activity in the hippocampal neuronal culture model of acquired epilepsy

Abstract Status epilepticus (SE) is a major medical emergency associated with a significant morbidity and mortality. Little is known about the mechanisms that terminate seizure activity and prevent the development of status epilepticus. Cannabinoids possess anticonvulsant properties and the endocannabinoid system has been implicated in regulating seizure duration and frequency. Endocannabinoids regulate synaptic transmission and dampen seizure activity via activation of the presynaptic cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1). This study was initiated to evaluate the role of CB1 receptor-dependent endocannabinoid synaptic transmission towards preventing the development of status epilepticus-like activity in the well-characterized hippocampal neuronal culture model of acquired epilepsy using patch clamp electrophysiology. Application of the CB1 receptor antagonists SR141716A (1 μM) or AM251 (1 μM) to “epileptic” neurons caused the development of continuous epileptiform activity, resembling electrographic status epilepticus. The induction of status epilepticus-like activity by CB1 receptor antagonists was reversible and could be overcome by maximal concentrations of CB1 agonists. Similar treatment of control neurons with CB1 receptor antagonists did not produce status epilepticus or hyperexcitability. These findings suggest that CB1 receptor-dependent endocannabinoid endogenous tone plays an important role in modulating seizure frequency and duration and preventing the development of status epilepticus-like activity in populations of epileptic neurons. The regulation of seizure activity and prevention of status epilepticus by the endocannabinoid system offers an important insight into understanding the basic mechanisms that control the development of continuous epileptiform discharges.
Biological effects of 252Gf neutrons

Abstract -The biological effects of 252 Cf neutrons have been studied with cultured cells, and with intact tissues. Measurements available to date, of the relative biological effect (RBE) and of the oxygen enhancement ratio (OER), are summarized and discussed.
Energy analysis of open regions of turbulent flows — mean eddy energetics of a numerical ocean circulation experiment

Abstract The concepts involved in the interpretation of energy budgets in subregions of a turbulent flow are examined in order to determine the processes responsible for the production, transport, and dissipation of energy throughout a dynamically inhomogeneous circulation. An interpretation of the effects of Reynolds stress—mean flow interaction work for open regions is presented in terms of the change in the total mean kinetic energy. In an arbitrary volume of fluid the changes in kinetic energy of the mean flow and the mean kinetic energy of the eddy flow are not generally equal and opposite, so this process is not generally responsible for a conversion of energy between the two forms. These ideas are then applied to a regional kinetic energy analysis of the mesoscale resolution general ocean circulation numerical experiment of Robinson et al. (1977). The spatial structure of the various terms in the equation for the mean eddy kinetic energy is examined. The issues involved in selection of a set of analysis regions are discussed and explored via examination of budgets over different subregions of this flow. Thereby a relatively simple picture of the regional energetics emerges. Mean eddy kinetic energy is produced by conversion of kinetic energy of the mean flow in the net over the recirculation and near field of the northern boundary current system and roughly half of this energy is lost to each of mean eddy pressure work transport and diffusion work. Budgets over subregions of this net source region are much more complex. The interior eddy field is driven by pressure work influx, while the southwestern region has eddy buoyancy work conversion of mean potential energy as its energy source. At every depth level the eddy field draws its kinetic energy from the mean flow, when averaged over the horizontal extent of the basin or over the recirculation and near field.
Protons from the Deuteron Bombardment of Separated Neon Isotopes

With neon gas enriched either to 93 percent ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{22}$ or to 99 percent ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$ we confirm the observations with less well-concentrated isotopes by Elder, Motz, and Davison on the ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}(d,p){\mathrm{Ne}}^{21}$ and ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{22}(d,p){\mathrm{Ne}}^{23}$ reactions. Aided by the enrichment factor of 3 for ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{21}$ in the "heavy" neon, we find a long-range proton group from ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{21}(d,p){\mathrm{Ne}}^{22}$ with a $Q$ of 6.79\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10 Mev for the reaction. Consideration of these and other reactions involving neon isotopes show that the mass of ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{21}$ is 21.00062\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00010 and that this new proton group indicates an excited state at 1.37 Mev in the ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{22}$ nucleus.
Piezoelectric materials for high frequency medical imaging applications: A review

The performance of transducers operating at high frequencies is greatly influenced by the properties of the piezoelectric materials used in their fabrication. Selection of an appropriate material for a transducer is based upon many factors, including material properties, transducer area, and frequency of operation. This review article outlines the major developments in the field of piezoelectrics with emphasis on materials suitable for the design of high frequency medical imaging ultrasonic transducers. Recent developments in the areas of fine grain and thin film ceramics, piezo-polymers, single crystal relaxor piezoelectrics, as well as lead-free and composite materials are discussed.
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INVASIVE H. INFLUENZAE (Hi) INFECTION IMMEDIATELY AFTER IMMUNIZATION WITH THE CAPSULAR VACCINE

To understand the immunologic mechanism underlying early (<7 day) “vaccine failure” after administration of the Hi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (HiPV), we used the infant rat model to evaluate whether HiPV might, for a short period, decrease the protection afforded by anticapsular antibody (ACA). 74 five day old infant rats were passively protected with bacterial polysaccharide immune globulin (BPIG) prepared from adults immunized with HiPV. One day later, the mean ACA concentration was 173 ± 85 ng/ml. The pups were immunized 24 hours after BPIG with either 75 or 7500 ng HiPV. The lower HiPV dose was extrapolated from that currently recommended for infants. Controls were given BPIG alone or HiPV alone. All animals were challenged ip with 5×103 cfu Hi type b one day after immunization. Detectable bacteremia and meningitis were more frequent in HiPV immunized BPIG recipients than in unimmunized BPIG recipients (100* vs 18%, p<.00001 for bacteremia and 100% vs 18%, p<.00001 for meningitis). Also, in bacteremic animals, the magnitude of bacteremia in the BPIG/HiPV recipients exceeded that in BPIG protected, non-HiPV recipients (104.6 vs 102.1, p=.0005). HiPV administration did not deplete complement. However, animals given BPIG followed by HiPV had lower mean ACA concentrations than animals receiving BPIG alone (29 vs 151 ng/ml, p < .01). Moreover, ACA was undetectable (< 25 ng/ml) in 18/20 BPIG/HiPV recipients. We conclude that immunization with HiPV may decrease the ACA concentration and produce a ‘window’ of susceptibility to Hi disease in the early post-vaccination period.
Leptin deficiency induced by fasting impairs the satiety response to cholecystokinin.

Leptin administration potentiates the satiety response to signals such as cholecystokinin (CCK), that are released from the gut during a meal. To investigate the physiological relevance of this observation, we hypothesized that leptin deficiency, induced by fasting, attenuates the satiety response to CCK. To test this hypothesis, 48-h-fasted or fed rats were injected with i.p. saline or CCK. Fasting blunted the satiety response to 3.0 microg/kg CCK, such that 30-min food intake was suppressed by 65.1% (relative to saline-treated controls) in fasted rats vs. 85.9% in the fed state (P < 0.05). In a subsequent experiment, rats were divided into three groups: 1) vehicle/fed; 2) vehicle/fasted; and 3) leptin-replaced/fasted; and each group received 3.0 microg/kg i.p. CCK. As expected, the satiety response to CCK was attenuated by fasting in vehicle-treated rats (30-min food intake: vehicle/fed, 0.3 +/- 0.1 g; vehicle/fasted, 1.7 +/- 0.4 g; P < 0.01), and this effect was prevented by leptin replacement (0.7 +/- 0.2 g, P < 0.05 vs. vehicle/fasted; P = not significant vs. vehicle/fed). To investigate whether elevated neuropeptide Y (NPY) signaling plays a role in the effect of leptin deficiency to impair the response to CCK, we measured the response to 3.0 microg/kg i.p. CCK after treatment with 7.5 microg intracerebroventricular NPY. We found that both CCK-induced satiety and its ability to increase c-Fos-like-immunoreactivity in key brainstem-feeding centers were attenuated by NPY pretreatment. We conclude that an attenuated response to meal-related satiety signals is triggered by leptin deficiency and may contribute to increased food intake.
Growth of highly ordered colloidal photonic crystals using a modeling approach

Colloidal photonic crystals were grown using a vertical deposition method. The effect of colloidal concentration and deposition rate on crystalline quality and domain size was studied by means of response surface design. The crystalline quality was assessed using the optical reflectance. The results show that a strong negative correlation exists between the reflectance and the full width at half-maximum (FWHM), as illustrated by the close optimal region between maximizing reflectance and minimizing FWHM. For reflectance and FWHM, the quadratic effect of colloidal concentration is highly significant. For domain size, the colloidal concentration-lifting speed interaction effect was found to be significant. The observed colloidal concentration-lifting speed interaction effect explains the controversy that a low deposition rate is desirable at low colloidal concentrations, whereas a high deposition rate is favorable at high colloidal concentrations. Predictive models relating the important factors to the reflectance, FWHM, and domain size are proposed in the paper. The resulting optimal recipe shows a well-ordered structure with good optical reflectance, consistent with the prediction from modeling.
Sorption of trace metals to an aluminum precipitate in a stream receiving acid rock-drainage; Snake River, Summit County, Colorado

The quality of water in streams that are contaminated by acid drainage from mines and from the weathering of mineralized rocks improves as the water flows downstream. The purpose of this study was to investigate the geochemical processes that occur in one such stream and to determine the fate of the trace metals that are removed from the water. The stream chosen for this purpose was the Snake River, Summit County, Colorado, which is affected by natural acid rock-drainage (ARD) containing SO4, Al, Fe, and various trace elements such as Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, and others. Most of the Fe in the Snake River is removed from solution by the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and the subsequent precipitation of Fe-oxyhydroxides that form a massive ferricrete deposit near the springs that feed the river. Further downstream, the Snake River (pH=3.0) mixes with water from Deer Creek (pH= 7.0) thereby increasing its pH to 6.3 and causing SO4-rich precipitates of Al-oxyhydroxide to form. The precipitates and associated organic C complexes sorb trace metals from the water and thus have high concentrations of certain elements, including Zn (540–11,400 ppm), Cu (34–221 ppm), Pb (90–340 ppm), and Ni (11–197 ppm). The concentrations of these elements in the precipitates that coat the streambed rise steeply in the zone of mixing and then decline downstream. The trace element concentrations of the water in the mixing zone at the confluence with Deer Creek decrease by 75% or more and are up to 3 orders of magnitude lower than those of the precipitates. Sorption curves for Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, and SO4 were derived by stepwise neutralization of a sample of Snake River water (collected above the confluence with Deer Creek) and indicate that the trace metals are sorbed preferentially with increasing pH in the general order Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ni. Sulfate is removed between pH 4 and 5 to form an Al-hydroxysulfate and/or by sorption to microcrystalline gibbsite. The sorption data determined from the neutralization experiment were used to account for the downstream decrease of trace-metal concentrations in the precipitates. The results of this study demonstrate that the partitioning of trace metals in the Snake River is not only a function of pH, but also depends on the progressive removal of trace metals as the water of the Snake River flows through its confluence with Deer Creek. The chemical composition of the water also determines what compounds precipitate with increasing pH.
Conformations of Signal Peptides Induced by Lipids Suggest Initial Steps in Protein Export

Despite the requirement for a functional signal sequence in protein export, little is known of the conformational properties and membrane interactions of these highly hydrophobic amino terminal extensions on nearly all exported proteins. The Escherichia coli lambda phage receptor signal sequence was studied in phospholipid monolayers by circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; the signal peptide was shown to prefer an alpha-helical conformation when inserted into the lipid phase. However, interaction with the lipid surface without insertion induced the signal sequence, which is unstructured in bulk aqueous solution, to adopt a beta structure. These observations are combined in a model for the initial steps in signal sequence-membrane interaction in vivo.
Introduction to porcine red blood cells: implications for xenotransfusion.

Advances in the field of xenotransplantation raise the intriguing possibility of using porcine red blood cells (pRBCs) as an alternative source for blood transfusion. The domestic pig is considered the most likely donor species for xenotransplantation. However, identification of xenoantigens on porcine erythrocytes and elucidation of their possible roles in antibody-mediated RBC destruction are necessary for developing clinical strategies to circumvent immunological incompatibility between humans and pigs. Although the alphaGal epitope (Galalpha1,3Galbeta1,4GIcNAc-R) is the major xenoantigen on porcine erythrocytes and is responsible for the binding of the majority of human natural antibodies, other non-alphaGal xenoantigens have been identified. The importance of these non-alphaGal xenoantigens in binding human natural antibodies and subsequently triggering immunological responses cannot be underestimated. Our data suggest that non-alphaGal xenoantigen(s) identified on the porcine erythrocyte membrane are not only recognized by xenoreactive human natural antibodies but are also involved in complement-mediated hemolysis.
THE CANDIDA GENOME DATABASE INCORPORATES MULTIPLE CANDIDA SPECIES: MULTISPECIES SEARCH AND ANALYSIS TOOLS WITH CURATED GENE AND PROTEIN INFORMATION FOR CANDIDA ALBICANS AND CANDIDA GLABRATA

The Candida Genome Database (CGD, http://www.candidagenome.org/) is an internet-based resource that provides centralized access to genomic sequence data and manually curated functional information about genes and proteins of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans and other Candida species. As the scope of Candida research, and the number of sequenced strains and related species, has grown in recent years, the need for expanded genomic resources has also grown. To answer this need, CGD has expanded beyond storing data solely for C. albicans, now integrating data from multiple species. Herein we describe the incorporation of this multispecies information, which includes curated gene information and the reference sequence for C. glabrata, as well as orthology relationships that interconnect Locus Summary pages, allowing easy navigation between genes of C. albicans and C. glabrata. These orthology relationships are also used to predict GO annotations of their products. We have also added protein information pages that display domains, structural information and physicochemical properties; bibliographic pages highlighting important topic areas in Candida biology; and a laboratory strain lineage page that describes the lineage of commonly used laboratory strains. All of these data are freely available at http://www.candidagenome.org/. We welcome feedback from the research community at candida-curator@lists.stanford.edu.
Pliocene–Pleistocene Boundary in a South Pacific Deep-Sea Core

THE purpose of this letter is to describe the biostratigraphy of a deep-sea core of late Pliocene to early Pleistocene age from a middle latitude area. This core contains a succession of Globorotalia tosaensis Takayanagi and Saito and Globorotalia truncatulinoides (d'Orbigny) distinctly different from that reported from tropical deep-sea sediments where it has been used to delineate the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary. Banner and Blow1,2 use the appearance of Globorotalia truncatulinoides in the definition of their zone N22 and state that this zone occurs in the lower part of the stratotype Calabrian. Bayliss3, however, found G. truncatulinoides to be rather rare in the type section, occurring for the first time 135 m above the base of the exposed section and 30 m above the marker designated as the base of the Calabrian by Gignoux4. Based on the assumption that G. truncatulinoides does in fact appear for the first time within the Calabrian, its first appearance in tropical deep-sea sediments has been taken to represent the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary5–7. This conclusion received support in the discovery by Berggren7 of a possible phylogenetic transition between Globorotalia tosaensis and G. truncatulinoides in a tropical Atlantic deep-sea core. Magnetic stratigraphy in this core indicated the age of a stratigraphically defined Pleistocene to be close to 2 million years.
Universal influenza vaccination: the time to act is now.

Annual influenza epidemics create a significant public health burden each year in the United States. That influenza continues to pose a public health threat despite being largely preventable through vaccination is indicative of continuing weaknesses in the U.S.'s public health system. Moreover, the burden of annual influenza epidemics and the fragility and instability of the capacity to respond to them underscore the U.S.'s ongoing vulnerability to pandemic influenza and highlights gaps in bioterrorism preparedness and response efforts. This article examines the burden of annual influenza epidemics in the U.S., efforts to combat that burden with vaccination, shortcomings of influenza vaccination efforts, and how those shortcomings exemplify weaknesses in pandemic influenza and bioterrorism preparedness efforts. We make the case for establishing an annual universal influenza vaccination program to assure access to influenza vaccination to anyone who can safely receive vaccination and desires it. Such a pro...
Dispersal, survivorship, and host selection of Culex erythrothorax (Diptera: Culicidae) associated with a constructed wetland in southern California.

Three mark-recapture studies were carried out at a constructed wetlands facility in San Jacinto, CA, to examine the dispersal and population ecology of the most abundant host-seeking mosquito, Culex erythrothorax Dyar, collected in carbon dioxide-baited traps. Recapture rates were 0.3, 7.4, and 13.9% for August, September, and October, respectively. The mean distance traveled per night was ≈0.5 km, and females were not recaptured farther than 2 km from the release site. Most marked individuals (≥99.5%) were recaptured within 0.5 km of the release point. Marked individuals were recaptured for 33 d after release. Horizontal estimates of survival calculated using recapture data were 0.89, 0.87, and 0.84/d for August, September, and October, respectively. Temporal differences in the recapture rate were attributed to the effects of blood meal acquisition on host-seeking activity versus effects of mortality and strong developmental site fidelity on weekly recapture rates. Partially engorged females collected by CO2-baited traps at the wetland fed predominantly on cattle indicating that host-seeking females were using hosts at dairies surrounding the wetland and were returning to the wetland for resting before seeking an additional blood meal. Estimates of the gonotrophic cycle length and survivorship (vertical estimates) were problematical because of the low parity rates for females collected by CO2-baited traps. Limited dispersal and long survival of Cx. erythrothorax are important factors in the development of large populations at constructed wetlands.
Osteomyelitis in the foot and ankle associated with diabetes mellitus

Osteomyelitis in a foot or ankle is a common complication in patients with diabetes mellitus. Although acute osteomyelitis can be a surgical emergency, this presentation is uncommon. Chronic bone infection in most patients is associated with either vascular impairment or neuropathic skin breakdown or both. Neuropathic joints and stress fractures have to be differentiated from radiographic abnormalities caused by infection.
Research on the automated handling of garments for pressing

A three year research program on the automated handling of garments for pressing is presented. To bound the research problem environment, the automatic pressing of trousers has been chosen, and only the initial pressing of the crease into the legs is considered. The functional requirements for this problem are identified. In the first year the most important steps have been independently demonstrated. The second year focuses on the integration of these steps into a completely automated system for pressing trouser legs. The third year provides the transfer of the technology to the vendor community through the active involvement of the researchers in the adaptation of these techniques to the realizations chosen by the vendors. >