cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixed culture biooxidation of phenol. II. Steady state experiments in continuous culture

Experiments are reported in which a mixed population of organisms was continuous cultured on phenol in a 1- to 2-liter well-mixed vessel. Steady state phenol concentrations were measured for a range of inlet concentrations from 100 to 800 mg/liter at various dilution rates. These results were compared with those predicted from a model which incorporates the effect of wall growth. It was found that the effect of growth on the walls of the vessel was considerable and increased by a factor of up to 3 × the dilution rate at which 90% conversion of phenol could be obtained.
Tests of phenotypic and genetic concordance and their application to the conservation of Panamanian golden frogs (Anura, Bufonidae)

Evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) differ in the extent to which they capture, or even consider, adaptive variation, and most such designations are based solely on neutral genetic differences that may not capture variation relevant to species’ adaptabilities to changing environmental conditions. While concordant patterns of divergence among data sets (i.e. neutral and potentially non-neutral characters) can strengthen ESU designations, determining whether such criteria are met for highly variable taxa is especially challenging. This study tests whether previously defined ESUs for endangered Panamanian golden frogs ( Atelopus varius and Atelopus zeteki ) exhibit concordant variation among multiple phenotypic traits and mitochondrial DNA sequences, and the extent to which such divergence corresponds to environmental differences. Multivariate analyses identify phenotypic and genetic differentiation consistent with proposed ESUs and support the status of A. varius and A. zeteki as separate species. Moreover, the significant association detected between ESU co-membership and genetic similarity, which remained strong after removing the effect of geographic distance, also indicates that genetic differences are not simply due to isolation by distance. Two phenotypic characters (body size and the extent of dorsal black patterning) that differ among ESUs also co-vary with environmental differences, suggesting that to the extent that these phenotypic differences are heritable, variation may be associated with adaptive divergence. Lastly, discriminant function analyses show that the frogs can be correctly assigned to ESUs based on simultaneous analysis of multiple characters. The study confirms the merit of conserving the previously proposed golden frog ESUs as well as demonstrates the utility and feasibility of combined analyses of ecological, morphological and genetic variation in evaluating ESUs, especially for highly variable taxa.
Introgression between two cutthroat trout subspecies with substantial karyotypic, nuclear and mitochondrial genomic divergence.

ABSTRACT The authors used allozymes encoded by nuclear genes and restriction enzyme analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to study secondary contact between westslope ( Salmo clarki lewisi ) and Yellowstone cutthroat trout ( Salmo clarki bouvieri ) in Forest Lake, Montana. Eleven diagnostic allozyme loci identified this as a random-mating hybrid swarm. No parental, first-generation hybrid or backcross genotypes were detected in the sample ( N = 33), and genotype distributions at all the variable loci conform to binomial expectations. There is little linkage disequilibrium between the diagnostic loci, indicating that the nuclear genomes of the two subspecies are largely randomly associated. The allozymes and mtDNA give identical estimates of the proportional genetic contribution of each subspecies. Thus, males and females from both subspecies have contributed equally to this hybrid swarm. Although these subspecies have accumulated substantial genetic divergence between their nuclear (Nei9s D = 0.34) and mitochondrial (2% sequence divergence) genomes, this has not resulted in a genetic barrier to exchange between them.
Habitat triage for exploited fishes: Can we identify essential “Essential Fish Habitat?”

There is little doubt that estuarine habitat is important for some exploited fish species, at some times, and in some places. However, it is also clear that we do not have enough resources to conserve or restore all estuarine habitat. Consequently, a simple, quantitative and transparent approach to prioritizing estuarine habitat management is required. Here, we present a general framework for identifying critical habitats of exploited fishes. Our approach requires three basic steps: (1) develop stage-structured models and identify sensitive life history stages; (2) determine what habitats, if any, are important to these stages; and (3) identify sites in which high densities of critical life stages occur in important habitat. We will illustrate the utility of this approach using red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Results of a simulation-based sensitivity analysis of a stage-structured matrix model show that most of the variability in population growth rate (l) of red drum is explained by larval and juvenile survival rates. Thus, this approach indicates that larval/juvenile red drum habitat should be given higher priority for conservation and/or restoration than habitats used by other life history stages. To illustrate the potential importance of juvenile habitat to red drum, we modeled the growth of a hypothetical red drum population using different population matrices as manifestations of varying habitat conditions. These numerical experiments revealed that restoration of both marsh and seagrass habitats would yield a ca. 24% increase in post-settlement survival and would result in a ca. 2% increase in ldan increase sufficient to stem a long-term population decline. Our results illustrate that protection of fish habitat depends not only on protecting sites where fish occur but also on protecting the ecological processes that allow populations to expand. Quantitative and synthetic analyses of ecological data are a first step in this direction. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Rationale and Design

Chapter 2 concluded that neither a Contrastive Analysis (CA) nor a Creative Construction (CC) theory adequately explains the L2 acquisition task. Each captures the sense of an important component of this learning process but neither provides a full account of it. Thus, if one were to investigate empirically, for example, the L2 acquisition of anaphora in complex sentence formations by two groups of language learners whose L1s were varied along some structural parameter, it is unlikely that either a CA or a CC theory would fully determine the results. Each theory might account for some aspect of the findings, but neither would provide an explanation for the complete set.
Methodologic Factors Affect the Measurement of Anti-basal Ganglia Antibodies

An autoimmune etiology has been proposed for a variety of movement disorders, making the detection of autoantibodies a high investigative priority. Recognizing the existence of different methodologic approaches to identify these antibodies, we sought to investigate the effects of tissue preparation, antibody selection, and Western immunoblot detection methods on outcome. ELISA and immunoblotting studies were performed in healthy controls evaluating non-pathogenic autoantibodies. Our results indicate that enhanced data can be obtained by using fresh, rather than frozen, postmortem tissue homogenates for Western immunoblots and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and support the use of electrochemiluminescent detection for Western immunoblots. Molecular localization is significantly affected by the selected standard. Removal of lipids from homogenates does not affect anti-basal ganglia antibody (ABGA) results. Methodological variables should be taken into consideration when performing and interpreting neuroimmunological assays using sera or isolated IgG.
Static and Dynamic Optical Properties of La1–xSrxFeO3−δ: The Effects of A-Site and Oxygen Stoichiometry

Perovskite oxides are a promising material class for photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications due to their visible band gaps, nanosecond recombination lifetimes, and great chemical diversity. However, there is limited understanding of the link between composition and static and dynamic optical properties, despite the critical role these properties play in the design of light-harvesting devices. To clarify these relationships, we systemically studied the optoelectronic properties in La1–xSrxFeO3−δ epitaxial films, uncovering the effects of A-site cation substitution and oxygen stoichiometry. Variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to measure static optical properties, revealing a linear increase in absorption coefficient at 1.25 eV and a red-shifting of the optical absorption edge with increasing Sr fraction. The absorption spectra can be similarly tuned through the introduction of oxygen vacancies, indicating the critical role that nominal Fe valence plays in optical absorption. Dynamic opt...
Behaviour Modification with Children: The Generalisation Trap

In order to encourage research in generalisation, Drabman, Hammer, and Rosenbaum (1979) introduced a framework to categorise the various generalised effects of child behaviour therapy. Sixteen different potential classes of generalisation were identified. To ascertain the current status of generalisation in the child behaviour therapy literature and further encourage generalisation research, we reviewed articles that appeared in 28 journals over the past 12 years. Of 15,141 studies, only 424 involved children and presented data on generalisation. Results indicated that: (a) a small percentage of studies both involved children and presented data on generalisation (2.77%), (b) of these studies, most failed to meet our methodological criteria for demonstrating generalisation, (c) the generalisation map categories of time, maintenance, setting, and setting-time were the most frequently encountered, (d) there was a significant increase in reported instances of maintenance generalisation effects over the past 10 years when compared with data from our earlier paper, and (e) generalisation data were found concerning 15 of the 16 map classes. Implications of these data, methods of conceptualising generalisation, the generalisation trap, and antecedent strategies for promoting generalisation are discussed.
Spectroscopic Difference Tomography Using Monte Carlo Simulation

Monte Carlo simulations, using breast-shaped boundaries with simulated lesions embedded in them, were performed in order to study Spectroscopic Difference Tomography (SDT). The results suggest that SDT help to remove errors common to different wavelengths.
Making Sense of Cities Using Social Media: Requirements for Hyper-Local Data Aggregation Tools

As more people tweet, check-in and share pictures and videos of their daily experiences in the city, new opportunities arise to understand urban activity. When aggregated, these data can uncover invaluable local insights for local stakeholders such as journalists, first responders and city officials. To better understand the needs and requirements for this kind of aggregation tools, we perform an exploratory study that includes interviews with 12 domain experts that utilize local information on a daily basis. Our results shed light on current practices, existing tools and unfulfilled needs of these professionals. We use these findings to discuss the requirements for hyper-local social media data aggregation tools for the study of cities on a large scale. We outline a list of key features that can better serve the discovery of patterns and insights about both real-time activity and historical perspectives of local communities. As more people tweet, check-in and share pictures and videos of their daily experiences in the city, new opportunities arise to understand urban activity. When aggregated, these data can uncover invaluable local insights for local stakeholders such as journalists, first responders and city officials. To better understand the needs and requirements for this kind of aggregation tools, we perform an exploratory study that includes interviews with 12 domain experts that utilize local information on a daily basis. Our results shed light on current practices, existing tools and unfulfilled needs of these professionals. We use these findings to discuss the requirements for hyper-local social media data aggregation tools for the study of cities on a large scale. We outline a list of key features that can better serve the discovery of patterns and insights about both real-time activity and historical perspectives of local communities.
Teleradiology and GATS-An-800 lb Gorilla Down the Hall

In early February 2004 President Bush’s chief economic advisor, N. Gregory Mankiw who was once Harvard’s youngest tenured professor, made a comment that attracted a firestorm of political invective. He told Congress that if a service could be rendered more cheaply by foreigners abroad than by Americans in the US we were better off importing it than producing it at home. According to an article on his testimony which appeared in The Economist magazine, to prove his point Mankiw used the example of radiologists in India analyzing studies of American patients’ images sent via the internet. This pronouncement elicited two types of responses [1]. Inasmuch as it was the beginning of the presidential election season, the remark was seized upon by populists in either party who rained abuse on Mr. Mankiw for such a statement. A common retort “how dare we talk about exporting jobs and in this case, the jobs are radiologists.” Yet professional economists on both sides of the aisle agreed with him, understanding that this was a typical consequence of globalization. In the aggregate it benefits many, even though it may dislocate a few in the beginning until those negatively affected relocate and redirect their employment. In fact the increased liberalization of service provision spanning national borders under the rubric of free trade continues to be a policy of the present government.
Physicochemical Properties and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Electrostatic Complexes Based on Cationic ε-Polylysine and Anionic Pectin

e-Polylysine (e-PL) is a food-grade cationic antimicrobial that is highly effective against a wide range of food pathogens and spoilage organisms. However, its application within foods and beverages is currently limited because of its tendency to associate with anionic substances, thereby increasing product turbidity or forming sediments. In this study, we examined a potential means of overcoming these problems by forming electrostatic complexes between cationic e-PL and anionic pectin. The nature of the complexes formed depended on the mass ratio of pectin to e-PL (RP–PL), since this determined their electrical characteristics, aggregation stability, and antimicrobial efficacy. The electrical charge on the complexes went from positive to negative with increasing RP–PL, with the point of zero charge being around RP–PL ∼ 8. Soluble complexes or stable colloidal dispersions were formed at low and high RP–PL levels, but insoluble complexes were formed at intermediate levels (i.e., 4 ≤ RP–PL ≤ 16). The comple...
Unearthed Documents and the Study of the Literary History of the 21th Century

It is of its own complicated cause that the study of literary history is,for a quite long period,tardy in progress.That's to say,it lacks renewal and replacements of the research itself to make progress.In Chinese history,a commonly-seen practic is to make use of new materials to make academic progress and innovations.In the five kinds of new discoveries in the 20th century,made by WANG Guo-wei,unearthed documents include inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells in Yinxu Dynasty,documents about Dunhang caves,containing Buddhist statues,frescoes and valuable manuscripts;wooden slips made in the periods of Han-and-Jin Dynasties,and the cultural heritage of other nationalities at home with the exception of cabinet files.Outstanding scholars in the 20th century who have made great contributions to academy unexceptionally pay much attention to the unearthed documents as they make profound researches on traditional documents.Unearthed documents and researches on them have played a vitally important role in the progress of acadomic researcher,especially in the solution to the individual acadenric problems.We shouldn't neglect the exploration of theory in the fields of researches on literary history,while we advocate to attach importance to the unearthed documents.Neither documents research nor theory exploration should be overemphasized at the expense of the ther. But documents is the basis,at the present situation in porticular.That's why document research should all the more be in the lead.
Facilitating the transformation of information technology: strategies for nurse administrators

The effects of technology on the healthcare system have been multifaceted. While the benefits clearly outweigh the negatives that come with technology, there are various challenges that arise with technological implementation. The nurse administrator's role is to ensure that technological systems are transformed effectively and that financial, ethical, and legal implications are considered.
Cutaneous mucormycosis of the head and neck with parotid gland involvement: First report of a case

Cutaneous mucormycosis is an uncommon, life-threatening, opportunistic fungal infection that is a distinctly different entity from the more frequent although still uncommon rhinocerebral form that is better known to otolaryngologists. We describe what to our knowledge is the only reported case of cutaneous mucormycosis of the face with parotid gland involvement, which occurred in a 56-year-old man. The diagnosis was established by tissue biopsy. The patient was treated with antifungal medications and wide local debridement, including a total parotidectomy with sacrifice of the inferior division of the facial nerve. At the 2-year follow-up, he remained free of disease. Familiarity with the risk factors associated with the development of cutaneous mucormycosis is critical to determining the need for early tissue biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. Generally favorable clinical outcomes are associated with prompt and aggressive medical and surgical therapy.
“The Camp”—An Apache Community of Payson, Arizona

ABSTRACTIn the late 1890's and in the early 1900's, small numbers of Tonto Apache Indians began returning to their aboriginal homeland near Tonto Creek and the East Verde River from San Carlos, Arizona, where they had been taken as military prisoners in 1875. The history of these people and their descendants from then until the present is outlined. Today they live on the Tonto National Forest in a camp immediately adjacent to the community of Pay son, Arizona.
A New Fast Slew Buffering Algorithm Without Input Slew Assumptions

As VLSI technology moves to the nanoscale regime, an ultra-fast slew buffering technique to buffer large number of nets and minimize buffering cost is highly desirable. The existing method proposed in [1] is able to efficiently perform buffer insertion with a simplified assumption on buffer input slew, however, when handling more general cases without input slew assumptions, it becomes slow despite that significant amount of buffer area savings can be obtained. In this paper, a fast buffering technique is proposed to handle this difficult general problem. Instead of building solutions from scratch, the new approach performs efficient optimizations to buffering solutions obtained with the fixed input slew assumption. Experiments on industrial netlists demonstrate that our algorithm is very effective and highly efficient. Compared to the commonly-used van Ginneken style buffering, up to 49 × speed up is obtained and often 10% buffer area is saved. Compared to the algorithm without input slew assumption proposed in [1], up to 37 × speedup can be obtained with slight sacrifice in solution quality.
Exploding debt syndrome : the politics of the Greek debt crisis

The economic roots of the Eurozoneâ€™s sovereign debt crisis are fairly well understood by scholars and analysts, but the political forces behind the crisis less so, despite the fact that the Eurozone predicament derives fundamentally from an intersection of mostly political factors, which led to the recent breakdown in European Union relations between northern and southern states. This paper fills in many of the gaps, by examining both the historical and the political forces behind the current Eurozone debt crisis with reference to Greeceâ€™s continuing debt problems.
Identification of networks of Wilson-Cowan neuronal oscillators by inverse sigmoidal transformation

Network neuroscience is an expanding interdisciplinary field at the intersection of engineering, math, physics, and neuroscience dedicated to understanding connectivity in the brain in health and disease. A critical challenge in network neuroscience is inferring brain connectivity from statistical relationships in the functional dynamics of individual brain regions. The ability to map brain connectivity and retain neurophysiologic interpretation of those connections is crucial in the study of cognition and in the diagnosis and treatment of brain network disorders. In this work, we propose a method for estimating structural brain connections from excitatory and inhibitory neuron populations using a neuronal network model of Wilson-Cowan oscillators. Our technique estimates the weights of a neuronal network comprised of Wilson-Cowan oscillators based on the observation of times series data and on the knowledge of individual oscillator parameters. Specifically, we employ a derivative estimation technique and develop an inverse nonlinear transformation, which leads to an estimation problem that is linear on the target network weights. To solve the associated large-scale optimization problem we apply a proximal-type optimization algorithm. Finally, to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, we perform computational experiments using simulations based on neuroimaging connectivity data, showing that network weights are recovered with high accuracy. Our method contributes to integrating brain connectivity with dynamical models of brain function, and may have an impact in diagnosing and understanding pathophysiology in brain disorders such as Parkinson's, epilepsy, or schizophrenia, in which imbalances in excitation and inhibition affect functional connectivity.
The written questionnaire in social dialectology: history, theory, practice

Questions of methodology have figured prominently in the scholarly conversation within dialectology and sociolinguistics, and critical consideration of various approaches has flourished. Neverthele...
Application of composition controlled nickel-alloyed iron sulfide pyrite nanocrystal thin films as the hole transport layer in cadmium telluride solar cells

Here, we report hot-injection colloidal synthesis, characterization, and control of electronic conductivity of nickel-alloyed iron sulfide (NixFe1−xS2) pyrite nanocrystals (NCs). The Ni-alloyed iron pyrite NCs were synthesized using iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) bromides as Fe and Ni sources, and elemental sulfur (S) as a sulfur source. As Ni is incorporated into the iron pyrite (FeS2) NCs, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks shift towards lower diffraction angles indicating higher lattice constants of the alloyed NCs in accord with Vegard's law. Scherrer-analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging indicate that the average particle sizes of alloyed NCs are smaller compared to pure FeS2 NCs. In UV-Vis-NIR spectra, the alloyed NCs have higher absorbance in the infrared (IR) region than pure FeS2 NCs indicating Ni-alloyed NCs have higher densities of mid-band gap defect states. Based on thermal probe and Hall-effect measurements, the majority charge carriers in these alloyed NCs depend upon the material composition. Pure iron pyrite (FeS2) and Ni0.1Fe0.9S2 NCs show p-type conductivity while Ni0.2Fe0.8S2 and higher Ni concentration alloys exhibit n-type conductivity. Application of these alloyed NC thin films as the hole transport layer for CdTe solar cells revealed that Ni0.05Fe0.95S2 NCs perform best with the average increase in efficiency of ∼5%, with the best cell performing up to 8% better than the laboratory standard copper/gold (Cu/Au) cell.
Utilizing small launch vehicles for multiple small payload missions

The growing number of dedicated small launch vehicles will lower the cost of space access in the coming years but many challenges remain in utilizing these for small payloads particularly Cubesat missions. Cubesats still have a similar number of concerns and obstacles as a secondary payload on a larger rocket as they do on a small rocket such as desired orbital location. Constellation phasing creates another challenge without using on-board propulsion or time consuming differential drag strategies. All of these create additional challenges for the mass/cost constrained Cubesat developer. Many of these challenges can be met through the use of a propulsive rideshare adapter or Small Launch Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle (SL-OMV). The SL-OMV is a low mass and low cost propulsive adapter that can be used to distribute Cubesat payloads (1U, 3U, and 6U) with different orbital parameters than the primary payload. The SL-OMV can remain on orbit for a longer duration allowing for constellation phasing for payloads without propulsion. The SL-OMV can provide an insertion stage capability for the small launchers (both new and existing) as well increasing the capability of the vehicles using a “bolt on” stage. The SL-OMV is designed with the future small launch vehicle systems in mind including using low cost platform avionics and composites, composites for low mass structures, and green propellant for spaceport operations. The SL-OMV can reduce costs for space access using rideshare and enable low cost missions that previously could only be achieved through the expense of a dedicated launch vehicle and propulsive spacecraft. The SL-OMV platform provides mission augmentation as well and can provide many of the services of a spacecraft bus reducing the cost and complexity of the payload.
Ophthalmological Evaluation of Pituitary Adenomas

When pituitary adenomas present as mass lesions, visual involvement is the rule. Decreased acuity and field loss occur less regularly when the tumor presents with endocrinological manifestations such as acromegaly, galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and Cushing’s syndrome. Because of their secretory activity, these tumors become manifest while they are still small. A tumor arising in the sella must be quite large and have significant extrasellar extension before impinging on the visual pathways; consequently, visual-field testing is not a sensitive screening method for small pituitary tumors. When adenomas causing field defects are approached intracranially, the usual finding is a grossly distorted chiasm stretched over a large tumor (see Chapter 16, Fig. 2).
P38 Evaluation of response shift in those with chronic ankle instability following a 4-week comprehensive intervention

Study Design Interrupted time-series. Objective To examine if individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) experience a response shift (RS) in self-reported function following a 4 week rehabilitation program. Background Evaluation of self-reported function is important during the rehabilitation process. RS may confound the assessment of self-reported function. Methods and Measures Twenty adults (15 females; age=24.4±7.0 years; height=169.29±10.1 cm; weight=70.6±12.9 kg) with self-reported CAI participated. Inclusion criteria included ≥1 previous ankle sprain,≥2 episodes of giving way in the previous three months, and ≤24 on the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool. Subjects participated in 12 intervention sessions that included balance training, ankle strengthening, and talocrural joint mobilizations over 4 weeks. Subjects also completed daily home ankle strengthening and gastroc-soleus complex stretching. Patient-reported outcomes (PRO) were assessed before the intervention (pre-intervention), 24–48 hours following intervention cessation (post-intervention), and 2 weeks following intervention cessation (follow-up). At post-intervention and follow-up, participants completed retrospective evaluations of their baseline function (then-test-post-intervention, then-test-follow-up) to assess RS. PROs included the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) ADL, FAAM-Sport, modified Disablement of the Physically Active scale (mDPA), and Fear-Avoidance Belief Questionnaire (FABQ). One-way ANOVAs evaluated the presence of RS (pre-intervention, then-test-post-intervention, then-test-follow-up). Two-way ANOVAs examined differences in RS adjusted change (then-test-post-intervention – post-intervention; then-test-follow-up – follow-up) and traditional change (pre-intervention – post-intervention; pre-intervention – follow-up). Alpha was set a-priori at p≤0.05. Results RS was not identified for any PRO, p>0.124 (FAAM-ADL: pre-intervention=88.63%±8.07%, then-test-post-intervention=86.79%±9.66%, then-test-follow-up=86.37%±9.90%; FAAM-Sport: pre-intervention=80.16%±10.20%, then-test-post-intervention=77.97%±13.47%, then-test-follow-up=76.41%±12.88%; mDPA-Physical: pre-intervention=13.25±7.75, then-test-post-intervention=14.80±8.63, then-test-follow-up=16.45±8.44; FABQ-Physical: pre-intervention=12.6±4.22, then-test-post-intervention=11.5±5.22, then-test-follow-up=10.80±5.31). Greater RS adjusted change was only identified for the FAAM-ADL (p=0.032). A significant time main effect for the mDPA-Physical (p=0.032) indicated greater change at follow-up regardless of change type. No other significant results were identified (p>0.070). Conclusion RS did not occur in individuals with CAI following conservative rehabilitation. Traditional assessment of self-reported function is accurate for evaluating the short-term effects of rehabilitation.
Analysis of population-level determinants of legionellosis: spatial and geovisual methods for enhancing classification of high-risk areas

Although the incidence of legionellosis throughout North America and Europe continues to increase, public health investigations have not been able to identify a common exposure in most cases. Over 80% of cases are sporadic with no known source. To better understand the role of the macro-environment in legionellosis risk, a retrospective ecological study assessed associations between population-level measures of demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors and high-risk areas. Geographic variability and clustering of legionellosis was explored in our study setting using the following methods: unadjusted and standardized incidence rate and SaTScan™ cluster detection methods using default scanning window of 1 and 50% as well as a reliability score methodology. Methods for classification of “high-risk” census tracts (areas roughly equivalent to a neighborhood with average population of 4000) for each of the spatial methods are presented. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to estimate associations with sociodemographic factors: population ≥ 65 years of age, non-white race, Hispanic ethnicity, poverty, less than or some high school education; housing factors: housing vacant, renter-occupied, and built pre-1950 and pre-1970; and whether drinking water is groundwater or surface water source. Census tracts with high percentages of poverty, Hispanic population, and non-white population were more likely to be classified as high-risk for legionellosis versus a low-risk census tract. Vacant housing, renter-occupied housing, and homes built pre-1970 were also important positively associated risk factors. Drinking water source was not found to be associated with legionellosis incidence. Census tract level demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental characteristics are important risk factors of legionellosis and add to our understanding of the macro-environment for legionellosis occurrence. Our findings can be used by public health professionals to target disease prevention communication to vulnerable populations. Future studies are needed to explore the exact mechanisms by which these risk factors may influence legionellosis clustering.
Opciones para las relaciones entre Cuba y Estados Unidos durante la presidencia de Donald Trump

La politica hacia Cuba posee baja prioridad en la Administracion Trump. Su elemento mas importante ha sido la continuacion de una alianza entre Cuba y Estados Unidos en materia de seguridad y migracion, que ya data de dos decadas, ampliada durante la Administracion Obama. Las principales innovaciones en la relacion Cuba-EEUU bajo la Administracion Obama produjeron ventajas compartidas entre los dos paises, o ventajas que desproporcionalmente favorecian a EEUU. Una innovacion bajo la Administracion Trump sera un nuevo hincapie ideologizado del tema de derechos humanos, aplicado a Cuba precisamente porque carece de importancia para EEUU en el ambito mundial. Se examinan opciones para la evolucion de las relaciones bilaterales, que combinan el pragmatismo de cooperacion practica y el retorno a una confrontacion ideologica que puede conllevar a la ruptura de relaciones diplomaticas.
Quarterly Radiology Case

(1997). Quarterly Radiology Case. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 139-140.
An exploration of victimization in the older lesbian population

Research on lesbian, gay bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) victimization typically focuses on bias crime and intimate partner violence, with little focus on the experience of victimization more gener...
Rigorous Analysis of Some Commutator Identities for Physical Observables

This chapter serves as the primary “applications” sequel to Part III. Here, we connect the general “graph-density” sufficient condition for rigorous commutation theory with several equivalent conditions introduced by Kato [Kt 1] in his discussion of the canonical commutation relations. We indicate that generalizations of Kato’s conditions can be applied to a number of other commutation-theoretic matters that play an important role in mathematical physics: strong commutativity, dynamics of the harmonic oscillator, Cartan subalgebra methods (alias “raising and lowering operators”) in the study of the rotation group and Lorentz groups for two and three space dimensions, etc.
Identification of Plasma Waves at Saturn Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Cassini has recently completed its 13-year mission at Saturn leaving a vast data set. A large interest among the scientific community is to investigate plasma waves and instabilities at Saturn. It is no longer feasible to manually search through Cassini’s vast data set to identify all such waves of interest. Thus, the feasibility of using artificial neural networks (ANNs) to identify plasma waves at Saturn is demonstrated using Cassini data. A convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained to identify low-frequency plasma waves that occur in the upstream region of Saturn using images constructed from the Cassini magnetometer time series data. By systematically varying the network architecture during training and validation, a CNN was obtained that can identify upstream waves with an accuracy of 94% ± 2%. The CNN’s high accuracy for wave identification demonstrates that it is, in fact, feasible to use ANNs to identify plasma waves at Saturn and by extension in other planetary and lunar plasma environments using spacecraft data.
Output Feedback Optimal Tracking Control Using Reinforcement Q-Learning

In this paper, we present an output feedback Q-learning scheme to solve the discrete-time optimal tracking problem for linear systems. The problem consists of finding the optimal feedback and feedforward control gains to achieve asymptotic tracking without the knowledge of system dynamics. Both policy iteration and value iteration algorithms, of which the later does not require an initially stabilizing policy, are developed for learning the optimal feedback gain. The learning of the optimal feedforward control gain is achieved by an adaptive algorithm that guarantees convergence to zero of the tracking error. Only the information of the system relative degree and the sign of the system gain is needed for adaptive tracking. The proposed technique is not affected by excitation noise and does not require a discounting factor, which has been a bottleneck in the past in achieving stability guarantee. The learned control parameters are optimal and match exactly the solution of the Riccati equation. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the scheme.
Autophagy Ablation in Adipocytes Induces Insulin Resistance and Reveals Roles for Lipid Peroxide and Nrf2 Signaling in Adipose-Liver Crosstalk

Autophagy is a homeostatic cellular process involved in the degradation of long-lived or damaged cellular components. The role of autophagy in adipogenesis is well recognized, but its role in mature adipocyte function is largely unknown. We show that the autophagy proteins Atg3 and Atg16L1 are required for proper mitochondrial function in mature adipocytes. In contrast to previous studies, we found that post-developmental ablation of autophagy causes peripheral insulin resistance independently of diet or adiposity. Finally, lack of adipocyte autophagy reveals cross talk between fat and liver, mediated by lipid peroxide-induced Nrf2 signaling. Our data reveal a role for autophagy in preventing lipid peroxide formation and its transfer in insulin-sensitive peripheral tissues.
Surface Area Enhancement of Nanomechanical Disk Resonators Using MWCNT for Mass-Sensing Applications

This work presents fabrication of thermal-piezoresistive nanoelectromechanical silicon disk resonators and their characterization as highly sensitive mass sensors. Forest of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been grown on the top surface of the fabricated devices, increasing the resonator effective surface area, which, in turn, increases the adsorption capacity and, therefore, the frequency shift of the sensor in molecular or particulate detection applications. To investigate the effect of the enhanced surface area on frequency shift, devices with and without MWCNTs were exposed to an aqueous solution of manganese sulfate for different deposition times and the resonance frequency shift was recorded accordingly. The measured frequency shift for the devices covered with MWCNTs was $14\times $ higher than similar bare silicon devices. Furthermore, mass loading experiments were performed using gold nanoparticles as the loading mass. A novel way to attach gold nanoparticles on the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) wall was developed here. Oxygen plasma treatment introduced dangling bonds on the MWCNTs walls to facilitate the bonding between them and trimethoxysilane aldehyde molecules, forming the self-assembled monolayer (SAM). After functionalization of the device with SAM and antiinfluenza H1N1 viruses (AB), the device was exposed to a solution of Antimouse IgG (whole molecule)–gold antibody produced in goat products. The results showed more than three times response enhancement for the resonators with MWCNTs.
Practitioner Views of Comparative Advertising: How Practices Have Changed in Two Decades

A replication of a 1989 survey of senior advertising agency creative practitioners shows that their views remain quite favorable toward comparative advertising that explicitly identifies competitors. Although significant differences between the two studies show that today's top creative people express somewhat less confidence in the relative effectiveness of comparative advertising, the findings also show that they are significantly more confident that they understand under what conditions it will be effective. Differences between the original survey and its replication suggest important directions for future research on comparative advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Recent evidence that attention is necessary, but not sufficient, for conscious perception

Early descriptions of attention in the psychological literature highlighted its interdependence with conscious awareness. As the study of attention developed, consciousness and attention began to be considered separable phenomena, experimentally and theoretically. In recent years, an energetic debate has developed concerning the extent to which the two phenomena are related. One school of thought considers the two to be doubly dissociable, whereas the other considers them to be necessarily linked. In this review, we highlight experimental findings from the last 5 years that contribute to the leading consensus view: attention is necessary, but not sufficient, for conscious perception. We review studies that show attention operating in conjunction with unconscious information, and other evidence linking attention necessarily to conscious perception. By drawing upon evidence that attention comprises many cognitive and neural processes, we argue that by studying how different forms of attention are related to conscious perception, it is possible to gain new insights about the neural states or processes that are necessary for conscious perception to occur.
The Colonial Politics of Global Health: France and the United Nations in Postwar Africa. By Jessica Lynne Pearson. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018. Pp. x, 260. $49.95.)

Noted historian Joseph T. Glatthaar succeeds admirably in this concise history of America's military forces from colonial times to the twenty‐first century. In such a short survey the author must, ...
Welfare Rights in the Liberal Tradition.

It was hardly surprising that John Rawls' argument that a liberal political theory had to include a commitment to welfare rights was quickly countered by Robert Nozick's contention that welfare rights were incompatible with liberalism's devotion to freedom and private property. This controversy over the relationship between state funded welfare and liberty, especially the liberty to acquire property, has been and is still part of the politics of all advanced industrial nations, including America. As a matter of political fact, however, the welfare interpretation of liberalism has been triumphant. Government programs to alleviate suffering, to increase economic opportunities available to the poor, and to redistribute wealth go hand in hand with representation and civil liberties in virtually all of the advanced industrial nations of the West. That this has occurred, I want to argue here, is entirely consistent with the mainstream of the liberal tradition and ought to be presented that way to students. The distinction between classical or libertarian liberalism and welfare or the new liberalism emerged at the end of the nineteenth century in England. From the start this distinction was politically charged, meant to imply that the welfare measures enacted particularly during the second Gladstone administration represented a treasonous repudiation of the liberal tradition. Herbert Spencer's The Man Versus the State (1884), little read now but enormously influential then, was most important to spreading this view.
The Morphology of an Interpersonal Influence Measure

The present study examines the morphology of an interpersonal influence manifestation scale that has been cited in consumer behavior textbooks and in several major studies (e.g., Bearden and Etzel 1982; Childers and Rao 1992) of consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence. The results indicate that further refinement of the dimensions is needed to improve the scale’s validity as a measure of an individual’s susceptibility to interpersonal influence in decision making.
Biomarker Application for Precision Medicine in Stroke

Stroke remains one of the leading causes of long-term disability and mortality despite recent advances in acute thrombolytic therapies. In fact, the global lifetime risk of stroke in adults over the age of 25 is approximately 25%, with 24.9 million cases of ischemic stroke and 18.7 million cases of hemorrhagic stroke reported in 2015. One of the main challenges in developing effective new acute therapeutics and enhanced long-term interventions for stroke recovery is the heterogeneity of stroke, including etiology, comorbidities, and lifestyle factors that uniquely affect each individual stroke survivor. In this comprehensive review, we propose that future biomarker studies can be designed to support precision medicine therapeutic interventions after stroke. The current challenges in defining ideal biomarkers for stroke are highlighted, including consideration of disease course, age, lifestyle factors, and subtypes of stroke. This overview of current clinical trials includes biomarker collection, and concludes with an example of biomarker design for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. With the advent of “-omics” studies, neuroimaging, big data, and precision medicine, well-designed stroke biomarker trials will greatly advance the treatment of a disease that affects millions globally every year.
Understand the overheads of storage data structures on persistent memory

The byte-addressable persistent memory (PMEM) devices have opened new opportunities for building high-performance storage systems. With both DRAM and PMEM in the system, it is important to choose the correct storage data structures on each of them to achieve the best overall performance and the needed data persistence. However, this is non-trivial. One reason is the limited understanding of the actual performance characteristic of different data structures on PMEM. In this study, we develop storeds-bench to help developers better understand the overhead they will encounter when using a certain data structure on PMEM. Specifically, storeds-bench is designed as a benchmark suite that leverages YCSB and has various commonly used storage data structures implemented using PMDK (persistent memory develop kit) under different persistent and consistency requirements.
Detoxifying Metabolism: Detoxification Enzymes

Detoxification enzyme-catalyzed metabolism forms more hydrophilic and less reactive foreign compounds, thus facilitating their excretion from the body. Detoxification enzymes consist of conjugation and non-conjugation enzymes. Conjugation enzymes include uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase, glutathione S-transferases, sulfotransferase, N-acetyltransferase, methyltransferase, and acyltransferase, while non-conjugation detoxification enzymes are such as quinone reductase and epoxide hydrolases. A variety of functional groups or atoms of foreign compounds that are targets of detoxification enzyme-catalyzed reactions include phenol, sulfhydryl, polyphenol, carboxylic acid, amino acid, and epoxide.
Gender X Culture: A Pilot Project Exploring the Study Abroad Experiences of Trans and Gender Expansive Students.

As gender is socially constructed, gender a ttitudes, expressions, expectations and identities may differ based on their sociocultural contexts. This project sought to understand interactions between gender and culture through the experiences of three undergraduate study abroad students who are tra ns and/or gender expansive. Utilizing the thematic analysis method, data from a focus group and individual follow up interviews were analyzed ; seven themes emerged from the data collected. As study abroad has become an increasingly normalized aspect of the American undergraduate experience, institutions must consider the ways study abroad may uniquely affect certain student populations. This project explored some of the unique joys (community building, self exploration, cultural insights) and hardships (ge nder policing, isolation, sexual violence) of study abroad for trans and gender expansive students, identified areas for further research and suggested specific methods through which institutions can provide support to these students.
CHAPTER 3 – Induced Norms

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a matrix norm 'induced' by the vector norm. If n(x) is a vector norm satisfying the vector norm axioms, then for any matrix where the supremum is over all nonzero vectors x, it satisfies the matrix norm axioms and is called the norm induced by n(x). The chapter also discusses the Chebyshev case, the Manhattan case, the Euclidean case, the matrix norm induced by the p-norm.