cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collection deficiencies of scanning electron microscopy signal contrasts measured and corrected by differential hysteresis image processing

Limitations of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image resolution and quality were measured in digital image data and their effect on image contrasts was analyzed and corrected by differential hysteresis (DH) processing. DH processing is a mathematical procedure that utilizes hysteresis properties of intensity variations in the image for a segmentation of differential contrast patterns. These patterns display contrast properties of the data as coherent full-frame images. The contrast segmentation is revertible so that the original image can be restored from the sum of the sequentially extracted DH contrast patterns. DH imaging enhances weak contrast components so that they are more easily recognizable and displays SEM image data free of signal collection efficiency contrasts. Example image data include environmental SEM (ESEM) and SEM images of low and mediumhigh magnifications where collection deficiencies included charging of the specimen surface, obstructions from specimen topography, and uneven signal collection properties of the detector. ESEM low-vacuum image data, which appear to be of high quality, contained local areas of reduced contrasts due to residual surface charging. In such areas, signal contrasts were reduced up to 80%, which suppressed most of the weak short-range contrasts. In low-magnification SEM images, up to 93% of the local high precision contrast was lost from the various adverse effects which diminished the pixel-related contrast resolution of the microscope and resulted in images with low detail. Also, at medium magnification, surface charging effects dramatically reduced the image quality because contrasts resulting from local electron beam/specimen interactions were reduced by as much as 71%. DH imaging restored the local contrast losses by elimination of the collected distorted fraction of signal contrasts and reconstitution of the collected maintained fraction. Restored DH images are of superior quality and enhance the imaging capability of the conventional SEM. DH contrast segmentation provides an improved basis for the measurement of various signal contrast components and detector performances. The DH analysis will ultimately facilitate a precise deduction of specimen properties from extracted contrast patterns.
Structural Basis for Malfunction in Complex II

Complex II couples oxidoreduction of succinate and fumarate at one active site with that of quinol/quinone at a second distinct active site over 40 A away. This process links the Krebs cycle to oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis. The pathogenic mutation or inhibition of human complex II or its assembly factors is often associated with neurodegeneration or tumor formation in tissues derived from the neural crest. This brief overview of complex II correlates the clinical presentations of a large number of symptom-associated alterations in human complex II activity and assembly with the biochemical manifestations of similar alterations in the complex II homologs from Escherichia coli. These analyses provide clues to the molecular basis for diseases associated with aberrant complex II function.
Coordination of fractionalized restorative service

\jurrent trends in the practice of dentistry must ultimately be evaluated on the basis of each individual dentist’s talents and experience. It is certain that these attributes are influencing the type and standard of dental service available to patients in all methods of practice. The effects may be observed in the approach to the diagnostic assessment, in planning treatment, and in rendering remedial services. Diagnoses may be made at any level between a cursory glance and a comprehensive procedure. However, only a thorough approach consistent with the individual oral problem will enable a dentist to discharge his professional responsibility to the health and welfare of the patient. If this hypothesis is accepted, it is not unreasonable to assume that the same diagnostic data would be assembled for a similar dental problem by any dentist. Of course, this possibility does not exist, and it is undeniable that the organization and evaluation of these data are subject to many variations. Among the many factors influencing the interpretation of the diagnostic data are clinical judgment, concepts of practice, and the attitude toward patient care.
Molecular weight and subunit structure of human serum high density lipoprotein after chemical modification by succinic anhydride

Abstract The two human serum subclasses of high density lipoproteins, HDL2 (ρ1.063–1.125) and HDL3 (ρ 1.125–1.21) and their corresponding delipidated products, apo HDL2 and apo HDL3, were analyzed in dilute solutions by the technique of sedimentation equilibrium before and after treatment with succinic anhydride. Succinylation did not significantly affect the molecular weight of either HDL2 (3.86·105 ± 2.4·104) or HDL3 (1.86·105 ± 1.1·104). Delipidated and succinylated apo HDL2 and apo HDL3 behaved as a monodisperse system of a mol. wt. of about 27 500. The value was the same whether succinylation was carried out before or after delipidation or after reduction and alkylation. The figure for the molecular weight of the subunits was supported by chemical and enzymatic N- and C-terminal amino acid analysis and by the number of arginine-positive peptides in maps of tryptic digests of either apo HDL2 or apo HDL3. The results were taken to indicate that: (1) a large percentage of the free amino groups of lysine is readily accessible to chemical modification and is probably located at the surface of the molecule; (2) apo HDL2 and apo HDL3 are made of subunits of identical or very similar molecular weight; (3) the subunits are made of single chains having either threonine or glutamine as C-terminals and aspartic acid as N-terminal. Based on circular dichroism spectra and viscosity measurements, succinylation was found to affect the properties of either apo HDL2 or apo HDL3 only after removal of lipids, suggesting a role of the latter in the conformational stability of the various peptide chains.
Qualitative evaluation of successful homeopathic treatment of individuals with chronic diseases: descriptive phenomenology of patients’ experiences

Homeopathy, an over 200-year-old major system of care within complementary and alternative medicine, is used worldwide. While homeopathy has stimulated much debate over the nature of its medicines (remedies), relatively little research has focused on its therapeutic process as experienced by patients in clinical practice. The goal of this qualitative study was to use descriptive phenomenology to assess patients’ experiences of the homeotherapeutic process. We interviewed 36 homeopathic patients with a history of at least one chronic disease who, in the provider’s global clinical impression, had exhibited a treatment-related sustained, outstanding or extremely successful outcome in their condition for at least 1-year follow-up. Two essential structures describing the lived experiences of homeopathic treatment emerged from the data. One of the structures characterizes what it is like to be “successfully healed” as a transformative process of coming home to self. The second structure describes the experience of receiving care by a homeopath as an intensive process of self-exploration and self-discovery that was facilitated by a trusted partner in care. The data are consistent with contemporary concepts within nonlinear complex systems science. The current findings offer insights into the homeopathic patient’s experience of treatment and provide a fuller clinical picture to guide future qualitative and quantitative research in homeopathy.
Patterns of equity preferences among Californians for allocating park and recreation resources

Abstract The purpose of the study was to illustrate the contribution that normative studies of equity can make to the delivery of recreation and park services. The research goal was to ascertain whether systematic patterns of equity preferences would be identifiable among a probability sample of 971 California residents. Respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with each of the eight equity guidelines as a basis for allocating park and recreation resources. The most preferred guidelines were those based on demonstrated use, fees that covered operating costs, and areas that had the fewest facilities. The compensatory and equal treatment guidelines were the most controversial. The least support was shown for allocating on the basis of level of taxes paid and cost of the facilities. Linear logit models were developed to assess the effects of nine socioeconomic variables and a level‐of‐use variable on the “agree” and “disagree” responses to the eight equity guidelines.
PHYSICAL AND NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF A FLY LINE

The planar equations of motion for a tapered fly line subjected to tension, bending, aerodynamic drag, and weight are derived. The resulting theory describes the large non-linear deformation of the line as it forms a propagating loop during fly casting. A cast is initiated by the motion of the tip of the fly rod that represents the boundary condition at one end of the fly line. At the opposite end, the boundary condition describes the equations of motion of a small attached fly (point mass with air drag). An efficient numerical algorithm is reviewed that captures the initiation and propagation of a non-linear wave that describes the loop. The algorithm is composed of three major steps. First, the non-linear initial-boundary-value problem is transformed into a two-point boundary-value problem, using finite differencing in time. The resulting non-linear boundary-value problem is linearized and then transformed into an initial-value problem in space. Example results are provided that illustrate how an overhead cast develops from initial conditions describing a perfectly laid out back cast. The numerical solutions are used to explore the influence of two sample effects in fly casting, namely, the drag created by the attached fly and the shape of the rod tip path.
Toward a reconciliation of conflicting perspectives on North-South technology transfer

Much of the controversy surrounding North-South technology transfer stems from the divergent views about the process between the sending country and the recipient country in terms of goals and objectives, the expected short-term and long-term benefits and costs, the time-frame for completion, and the basic understanding of technological innovation and its diffusion process. Some of these conflicting views have their respective theoretical foundations, others such as the causes of technological dependence cannot be explained by economics alone. To reconcile the conflicting perspectives calls for a general theoretical framework designed to examine intertemporal tradeoffs of costs and benefits, strategies of the transferer and transferee at various stages of the process, the conditions under which technology transfer is mutually beneficial, and the possible characterization of Pareto optimal arrangements.
Study of trans-2-tert-Butylcyclopropylcarbene by Laser Flash Photolysis and Chemical Analysis1

Laser flash photolysis (LFP) of trans-2-tert-butylcyclopropyldiazirine (4) produces trans-2-tert-butylcyclopropylcarbene (5). Carbene 5 can be trapped with pyridine to form ylide 6. The rate of formation of ylide 6 was resolved and found to be linearly dependent on the concentration of pyridine. The lifetime of carbene 5 was determined to be 22 ns (pentane), 18 ns (acetonitrile and CF2ClCFCl2), 15 ns (cyclohexane), and 27 ns (cyclohexane-d12) at ambient temperature. The lifetime of carbene 5 in solution, at ambient temperature, is controlled substantially by reaction with solvent and only to a minor extent by rearrangement to cyclobutene 7. Photolysis of 4 (350 nm) in Freon-113 produces 3-tert-butylcyclobutene (7) along with products derived from attack of the carbene on solvent. Photolysis of 4 in the presence of trapping agents (tetramethylethylene, cyclopentene, propylamine, trifluoroethanol) produces adducts with little or no corresponding decrease in the yield of 7. The preferred interpretation is th...
Pediatric ophthalmology in the new millennium.

I can vividly recall a weekend in the early 1970s when I attended my first national ophthalmology meeting. I was in my residency at the University of Wisconsin and had the opportunity to go to the annual spring meeting of the Chicago Ophthalmologic Society. I remember hearing the speakers during the retinal section of the conference describing the new and exciting innovation in their subspecialty, the pars plana vitrectomy. The anterior segment authorities spoke excitedly about the intraocular lens, a radical new solution to the optical problems associated with aphakia. The first soft contact lens had been recently approved for general use, and there were glowing reports about its successful application in previously contact lens-intolerant patients. By that stage of my training, I had already decided on a career as a pediatric ophthalmologist. So it was with great anticipation that I awaited the section of the program devoted to strabismus. The moderator of those lectures began with an acknowledgment of the great advances that had been made in other areas of ophthalmology, and continued with, Actually, we are not doing anything differently in the treatment of strabismus than we were 50 years ago. In spite of (or perhaps inspired by) those remarks, I did indeed become a pediatric ophthalmologist.
Sterol carrier and lipid transfer proteins.

The discovery of the sterol carrier and lipid transfer proteins was largely a result of the findings that cells contained cytosolic factors which were required either for the microsomal synthesis of cholesterol or which could accelerate the transfer or exchange of phospholipids between membrane preparations. There are two sterol carrier proteins present in rat liver cytosol. Sterol carrier protein 1 (SCP1) (Mr 47 000) participates in the microsomal conversion of squalene to lanosterol, and sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) (Mr 13 500) participates in the microsomal conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol. In addition SCP2 also markedly stimulates the esterification of cholesterol by rat liver microsomes, as well as the conversion of cholesterol to 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol - the major regulatory step in bile acid formation. Also, SCP2 is required for the intracellular transfer of cholesterol from adrenal cytoplasmic lipid inclusion droplets to mitochondria for steroid hormone production, as well as cholesterol transfer from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane. SCP2 is identical to the non-specific phospholipid exchange protein. While SCP2 is capable of phospholipid exchange between artificial donors/acceptors, e.g. liposomes and microsomes, it does not enhance the release of lipids other than unesterified cholesterol from natural donors/acceptors, e.g. adrenal lipid inclusion droplets, and will not enhance exchange of labeled phosphatidylcholine between lipid droplets and mitochondria. Careful comparison of SCP2 and fatty acid binding protein (FABP) using six different assay procedures demonstrates separate and distinct physiological functions for each protein, with SCP2 participating in reactions involving sterols and FABP participating in reactions involving fatty acid binding and/or transport. Furthermore, there is no overlap in substrate specificities, i.e. FABP does not possess sterol carrier protein activity and SCP2 does not specifically bind or transport fatty acid. The results described in the present review support the concept that intracellular lipid transfer is a highly specific process, far more substrate-specific than suggested by the earlier studies conducted using liposomal techniques.
The effect of the diet on the implantation of caries-inducing streptococci in hamsters

Abstract The implantation of streptomycin-resistant caries-inducing streptococci in the oral cavity has been studied in hamsters fed various diets. From animals fed commercial animal food, only a few such organisms could be recovered. This was the case also when the chow was given in ground or powdered form. From animals fed the standard powdered caries test diet the resistant streptococci were recovered in large numbers. When lactose or sucrose in the experimental diet were substituted by glucose the implantation was greatly impaired.
Electrical response of mortar with different degrees of saturation and deicing salt solutions during freezing and thawing

Abstract This paper discusses a series of electrical measurements made on cementitious mortars containing water–NaCl solutions (0–23.3% concentration by mass) over temperatures in the range of 23 °C to −35 °C. Electrical impedance spectroscopy, acoustic emission, and thermal measurements were made during cooling and heating to detect phase changes and resulting damage. The influence of the degree of saturation (DOS) and NaCl solution concentrations are examined. Three phase changes were detected: (1) eutectic phase change (∼−24 °C), (2) ice/water phase change (∼−4 °C to −4 °C), and (3) chemical phase change (∼−4.5 °C to −5.5 °C). While the resistivity is highly dependent on changes in temperature, a drastic increase in resistivity is observed during freezing. Additionally, a comparison of specimens above and below the critical DOS (i.e., the DOS required for damage to occur) shows that resistivity measurements may able to be used to quantify damage.
Heat flow and brine generation following the Chesapeake Baybolide impact

Abstract Calculations indicate that the impact of an asteroid or comet on the Atlantic Coastal Plain 35 million years ago createdsubsequent hydrothermal activity and conditions suitable for phase separation and the creation of the brine observed in the groundwater at the site today. A calculation of groundwater velocity using Darcy's law suggests flow rates are insufficient to have moved the water out of the crater within 35 million years. A similar calculation using Fick's law demonstrates that solutes cannot have escaped by molecular diffusion since the impact. Simulations from other investigators using shock-physics codes indicate that the crust would have been vaporized or melted down to at least 2 km at the time of impact. Based on these calculations, a simulation of heat conduction was made assuming a 1000 °C initial crustal temperature. The hot crust acted as a heat source, with temperatures peaking in the overlying sediment about 10,000 years later. The pressure and temperature conditions within the sediment during that time would have been favorable for phase separation and generation of a residual brine, which may be found today in the inner crater.
150 years of kindergarten: How far have we come?

Abstract This special issue of Early Childhood Research Quarterly is devoted to research on kindergarten. The collection of articles is diverse, representing both the types of methodologies and the samples currently being used to study kindergarten. Most raise concerns about the state of kindergarten practice; few test interventions promoting change. Although kindergarten has a 154-year history, in the U.S. there are still significant issues related to the establishment and maintenance of the kinds of kindergarten like. Some of these controversies have persisted over the full century and a half of kindergarten practice. Thus, we begin this special issue with an overview of the past to set the current studies in historical context.
Electrochemical Sensing of Thiocyanate Using Gold Electrodes Modified with an Underpotentially Deposited Silver Monolayer

Gold electrodes modified by underpotential deposition to expose a layer of silver atoms on their surfaces were used to measure thiocyanate concentrations in aqueous solutions. When exposed to thiocyanate, the ion adsorbs onto the modified electrode and causes changes in the electrochemical properties of the silver adlayer. Coulometric measurement of the fraction of the silver adlayer that remains in its original state provides a means for determining thiocyanate concentrations. The adsorption of thiocyanate onto the electrode follows a first-order process with a rate constant of ca. 440 L/mol s that defines its concentration/time response.
Microdecompression for lumbar spinal canal stenosis.

Study design A description of the technique for lumbar microdecompression and a prospective study of the outcomes. Objective To describe and analyze a technique that affords an excellent decompression while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues. Summary of background data Commonly used techniques of lumbar decompression that include bilateral takedown of paraspinal musculature and aggressive bony resection can result in significant iatrogenic sequelae. A less destructive alternative is needed. Methods Unilateral limited takedown of multifidus was undertaken, and ipsilateral decompression performed. The contralateral side then was addressed under the midline structures with microscopic visualization--thereby preserving the supra-/interspinous ligament complex and the contralateral musculature. Thirty consecutive patients undergoing the procedure were analyzed prospectively and after a follow-up period by independent observers using a modified validated functional outcome score and patient satisfaction measures. Results The technique affords an excellent decompression while minimizing destruction to tissues not directly involved in the pathologic process. Functional outcome scores doubled, and 87% of patients reported high satisfaction rates. Conclusions Lumbar microdecompression is a minimally invasive technique that appears to provide excellent functional outcomes.
Dopamine regulates phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2 by engaging Src-homology-2-domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced receptor phosphorylation is the crucial step for initiating downstream signaling pathways that lead to angiogenesis or related pathophysiological outcomes. Our previous studies have shown that the neurotransmitter dopamine could inhibit VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), endothelial cell proliferation, migration, microvascular permeability, and thus, angiogenesis. In this study, we address the mechanism by which VEGFR-2 phosphorylation is regulated by dopamine. Here, we demonstrate that D2 dopamine receptor (D2DR) colocalizes with VEGFR-2 at the cell surface. Dopamine pretreatment increases the translocation and colocalization of Src-homology-2-domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-2) with D2DR at the cell surface. Dopamine administration leads to increased VEGF-induced phosphorylation of SHP-2 and this increased phosphorylation parallels the increased phosphatase activity of SHP-2. Active SHP-2 then dephosphorylates VEGFR-2 at Y951, Y996 and Y1059, but not Y1175. We also observe that SHP-2 knockdown impairs the dopamine-regulated inhibition of VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 and, subsequently, Src phosphorylation and migration. Our data establish a novel role for SHP-2 phosphatase in the dopamine-mediated regulation of VEGFR-2 phosphorylation.
S100A1 UTILIZES DIFFERENT MECHANISMS FOR INTERACTING WITH CALCIUM-DEPENDENT AND CALCIUM-INDEPENDENT TARGET PROTEINS

While previous studies have identified target proteins that interact with S100A1 in a calcium-dependent manner as well as target proteins that interact in a calcium-independent manner, the molecular mechanisms of S100A1-target protein interaction have not been elucidated. In this study, point and deletion mutants of S100A1 were used to investigate the contribution of carboxyl terminal amino acids to S100A1 interaction with calcium-dependent and calcium-independent target proteins. First, a recombinant rat S100A1 protein (recS100A1) expressed in bacteria exhibited physical and chemical properties indistinguishable from native S100A1. Next, proteins lacking the carboxyl-terminal nine residues of recS100A1 (Delta85-93), or containing alanine substitutions at Phe 88 (F88A), Phe 89 (F89A), or Trp 90 (W90A), both Phe 88 and Phe 89 (F88/89A), or all three aromatic residues (F88/89A-W90A) were recombinantly expressed. Like recS100A1, F88A, F89A, and W90A proteins interacted with phenyl-Sepharose in a calcium-dependent manner. However, the Delta85-93 protein did not interact with phenyl-Sepharose, indicating that a phenyl-Sepharose-binding region (PSBR) of recS100A1 had been disrupted. The F88/89A and F88/89A-W90A proteins exhibited reduced calcium-dependent interaction with phenyl-Sepharose when compared with recS100A1, demonstrating that the carboxyl-terminal aromatic residues Phe 88, Phe 89, and Trp 90 comprise the PSBR of S100A1. Fluorescence studies showed that the Delta85-93 protein exhibited reduced calcium-dependent interaction with the dodecyl CapZ peptide, TRTK, while W90A bound TRTK with a Kd of 5.55 microM. These results demonstrate that the calcium-dependent target protein-binding site and the PSBR are indistinguishable. In contrast to the calcium-dependent target TRTK, activation of the calcium-independent target protein aldolase A by the point and deletion mutant S100A1s was indistinguishable from native S100A1. These results demonstrate that carboxyl-terminal residues are not required for S100A1 modulation of calcium-independent target protein aldolase A. Alltogether, these results indicate that S100A1 utilizes distinct mechanisms for interaction with calcium-independent and calcium-dependent target proteins.
Mass media as a population-level intervention tool for Chlamydia trachomatis screening: report of a pilot study.

Abstract Purpose: To determine the feasibility and affect of mass media use in a population-level intervention for chlamydia screening promotion. Methods: A population-level chlamydia intervention protocol was field tested. The intervention, targeting 15–25-year-old individuals, was designed to: (a) increase awareness of personal risk for chlamydial infection; (b) facilitate dissemination of chlamydia knowledge by use of a telephone hot line; and (c) promote care-seeking behavior (report for a chlamydia screening program). The intervention activities included: (a) mail outreach, (b) a television and radio campaign, (c) a prerecorded Check-It-Out chlamydia hot line, (d) a staffed chlamydia Options information line, and (e) a free confidential urine ligase chain reaction (LCR) test for chlamydia. Mass mailings were scheduled at intervals, starting two-weeks before the beginning of the television advertisement. The 30-second television advertisement was aired on local television stations 130 times in a 6-week period. The outcome measures were quantity and characteristics of incoming calls to the automated hot line and staffed chlamydia information phone line in response to the chlamydia campaign, and response to the urine screening program. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were used to evaluate the outcomes. Results: The hot line was called 642 times during the monitoring period (November 1, 1999 to March 8, 2000), the majority (92%) during the 6 weeks of television advertisement, with an average of 99 calls per week, compared with an average of 9 calls per week after the commercial ended. Each bulk mailing was accompanied by a boost in the incoming hot line calls. The research staff triaged 133 calls to the “Options” phone line, 81% in the 6 weeks of the TV ad. The mean age of the 133 callers was 23.9 ± 7.7 years (range 14–49 years). A majority called for screening information; 67% of callers were females and 84% of female callers were under age 26 years. Five percent of callers identified themselves as a parent of a teenager. The majority credited the TV ad as their source of the hot line number. Thirty-one individuals reported for a confidential chlamydia screening, 27 of 31 (87%) during the 6 weeks of TV advertising. No negative responses regarding the chlamydia campaign were encountered. Conclusion: This report describes strategies used to implement and measure the effectiveness of a mass media campaign and demonstrates evidence that mass media is effective in delivering STD intervention messages to young people.
A rare and unique case of aggressive IgE-λ plasma cell myeloma in a 28-year-old woman presented initially as an orbital mass

A 28-year-old African-American woman presented with new onset of left exophthalmos and diplopia. Computed tomography of the head showed a solitary mass in the left orbit. Excisional biopsy revealed a diffuse infiltrate composed of exclusively λ-restricted monotypic plasma cells based on morphology and immunohistochemistry, consistent with a plasma cell neoplasia. A subsequent staging bone marrow biopsy showed involvement of the bone marrow by λ-restricted monotypic plasma cells, consistent with a plasma cell myeloma. Serum protein electrophoresis and immunofixation studies on the peripheral blood showed a monoclonal band of IgE-λ; thus, an IgE-λ plasma cell myeloma was established. Additional clinical and radiologic workups showed multiple lytic bone lesions, diffuse lymphadenopathy, a pelvic mass, multiple mesenteric soft tissue nodules, and multiple pulmonary nodules, although none of the aforementioned sites was biopsied. The patient was treated with a combination of multiple chemotherapeutic agents and localized radiation due to the aggressive nature of the disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of an IgE plasma cell myeloma in a patient under the age of 30 years old presenting as a mass in an extramedullary site.
Determining the Relationship between Drivers' Level of Education, Training, Working Conditions, and Job Performance in Kenya.

One major issue in human resource development (HRD) is to determine factors that predict the performance of employees. The primary purpose of this study was to determine how level of education, training, and the working conditions of matatu (public service vehicle) drivers determined their job performance in terms of reduced road traffic accidents. Proportionate and simple random sampling techniques were employed to select 143 drivers who completed and returned the questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses stated. The findings indicate that the variables of driver experience and hours worked had a significant relationship with the dependent variable rates of traffic accidents per driver as hypothesized. The variables of education level, training, salary earned, and average speed traveled did not have a significant relationship with the dependent variable.
On Risk Assessment for Determination of in-Situ Data Requirements

The use of formal risk assessment techniques to determine in-situ data needed for nuclear waste disposal sites is discussed. Considerations of accident sequences, transport pathways to the biosphere, and dose factors lead to identification of the radionuclides which contribute to potential public radiation exposure as a function of time. Generic risk assessments have identified 14C, 90Sr, 99Tc, 129I, 137Cs, 226Ra (from 238u), 237Np, 238pU, 239pu, 240pu, 241pu, and 241Am as nuclides of interest. Site-specific studies can establish the relative importance of each and thus the precision needed for measurement of nuclide inventory and distribution. Instrumentation needs can then be established for measurement of these nuclides. The presence of low-energy beta emitters and several actinides on the list offers considerable challenge for instrument developers.
Quasiparticle Hall effect in superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract Coherent time-domain spectroscopy was used to measure the complex transmission tensor of three YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ thin films in magnetic fields up to 6 T at temperatures from 10 to 200 K. The complex conductivity tensor was determined from transmission measurements in the frequency range 100–800 GHz without the need for Kramers-Kronig analysis. Both the real and imaginary parts of σ xy were found to peak near 40 K, exceeding their normal state values by more than a factor of ten. This behavior is ascribed to the Hall effect of quasiparticles in the superconducting state.
Physical Activity Among Breast Cancer Survivors: Regular Exercisers vs Participants in a Physical Activity Intervention

Background: Secondary prevention is of great importance in the cancer survivor population, given the substantial medical risks survivors face. Consequently, researchers have begun developing interventions that target behavioral risk factors, such as sedentary lifestyle, among survivors. This study represents a novel approach for evaluating the efficacy of a physical activity intervention for breast cancer survivors. Methods: Repeated measures analyses were used to compare a group of previously sedentary breast cancer survivors offered a physical activity intervention (n=43) with a group of regularly active survivors (n=40). These two groups were compared on select behavioral and psychosocial measures associated with physical activity. Results: Results indicated significant time × group effects on the following: behavioral processes of change, minutes of moderate-intensity activity/week, and time to complete the one-mile walk test (a measure of fitness). There was also a borderline significant interaction for self-efficacy. Contrasts indicated that, for each interaction, previously sedentary and regularly active survivors differed at baseline, but were not significantly different postintervention. Conclusions: Thus, after completing a 12-week physical activity intervention, previously sedentary breast cancer survivors became similar to regularly active survivors on select behavioral and psychosocial measures associated with physical activity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the possible observation of the triangle graph through interference with pole graphs

The interference of rescattering graphs with pole graphs as it modulates the excitation function of a resonance is considered. Estimates of the size of the rescattering singularities are presented. Several reactions are considered as possible candidates for the observation of the triangle-graph contribution in the measurement of the excitation function.
Acephate toxicity, metabolism, and anticholinesterase activity in Heliothis virescens (F.) and Anthonomus grandis grandis (Boheman)

Abstract The toxicity (72 hr) of acephate and methamidophos to fourth-instar larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), was nearly equivalent. In contrast, toxicity (72 hr) of methamidophos to adult boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis (Boheman), was substantially greater than that of acephate. The internal accumulation of acephate was greater for A. grandis grandis than for H. virescens at 24 and 48 hr post-treatment, as was excretion. Acephate was metabolized to methamidophos both in vivo and in vitro by H. virescens but not by A. grandis grandis. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition by methamidophos was greater than that of acephate, but less than that of paraoxon for H. virescens, A. grandis grandis , and the electric eel. Treatment of H. virescens larvae with acephate resulted in increased in vivo acetylcholinesterase inhibition between 24 and 72 hr post-treatment, which was associated with a large increase in mortality. H. virescens treated with methamidophos showed greater mortality and greater acetylcholinesterase inhibition at earlier time periods than those treated with acephate. However, by 72 hr post-treatment, in vivo acetylcholinesterase inhibition by LD 50 doses of acephate and methamidophos were approximately equivalent. These results indicate that, for H. virescens , toxicity of acephate is directly related to its metabolism to methamidophos and subsequent acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Likewise, the differential toxicity of acephate and methamidophos to A. grandis grandis adults appears to be due to their inability to metabolize acephate to methamidophos.
Conceptual Framework and a Critical Review for Privacy Preservation in Context Aware Systems

Advent of 4 G networks, IPv6 and increasing number of subscribers to these indicate that each mobile device will have its own IP address and virtually become a hotspot. In the coming years, systems that track and record our movements will indispensably be integrated in our everyday life. Location-based systems: dashboard navigation systems, Internet enabled smart phones with GPS features, and electronic tags that help us at various locations are extensively in use. In near future, location-aware/ context aware tools will become more common and sophisticated. Increasing number of services (apps)/devices that will track not only the location, but also the context / environment of the user will enter the market. The perils of exposure on Internet and subsequent exploitation have been widely recorded in literature. Some of the services provided do necessitate the knowledge of exact location, context and some personal details, like in case of assistance during accidents, but generally, applications like finding the restaurants or movies playing in an area do not require the exact location and context of the user. When a user's movement in public spaces is tracked and systematically recorded along with the context of his actions, his contextual privacy is under threat. This paper surveys current state of research in this area and analyses the effect of threat on the privacy of context aware system users. Based on the insight, we propose a novel framework to tackle the privacy preservation issue comprehensively: from user perspective as well as service provider perspective.
Security for cyber-physical systems: case studies with medical devices, robots, and automobiles

Today's and tomorrow's emerging technologies and cyber-physical systems have the potential to greatly improve the quality of our lives. Without the appropriate checks and balances, however, these emerging technologies also have the potential to compromise our digital and physical security and privacy. This talk will explore three case studies in the design and analysis of secure cyber-physical systems: wireless medical devices, robots, and automobiles. We will discuss the discovery of vulnerabilities in leading examples of these technologies, the challenges to securing these technologies and the ecosystem leading to their vulnerabilities, and new directions for security.
Four synchronous malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract : Management of an unusual case

The chronic irritation of the upper aerodigestive tract by carcinogen, usually resulting from the heavy usage of betel nuts, tobacco, and alcohol, leads to dysplastic mucosal changes and eventually, multiple primary carcinomas. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract are at higher risk of developing a second tumor in this area. The prevalence of synchronous second primaries ranges from 10% to 19% in the patients with squamous cell carcinoma in this region. The incidence of multiple primary carcinomas is increasing as better control of the index tumor is achieved. Greater awareness of the concept of field cancerization has resulted in more aggressive screening procedures. Today’s head and neck surgeons should be well prepared to manage multiple primary malignancies. This case reports on a patient who developed 4 primary malignancies within 6 months, all located in the head and neck region. Some strategies in management will also be discussed.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL LOCATION CODING: PLACE LEARNING AND DEAD RECKONING IN THE SECOND AND THIRD YEARS

Abstract There are two possible ways to code spatial location: viewer-referenced and externally referenced systems. The mature form of each system makes use of metric information (in forms of coding termed dead reckoning and place learning, respectively). Each system also exists in a simpler form not using metric information (termed response learning and cue learning, respectively). We report an experiment designed to examine the development of the two mature forms of spatial coding. Children aged 16 to 36 months were asked to search for objects hidden in a long rectangular sandbox, after they moved to the opposite side of the box, either with visual landmarks available or in a curtained environment. When moving in a curtained environment, and hence needing to rely primarily on dead reckoning, children across this age range performed at levels above chance but reliably less accurate than when they did not move. The size of the decrement due to movement did not decrease with age. Thus, the dead reckoning system may become available before 16 months but undergo no further improvement through 3 years. On the other hand, comparisons between children who moved in the curtained environment and children who moved with visual landmarks available showed that only children older than 21 months did better when external landmarks could be seen. This finding suggests a relatively late emergence of place learning.
Preventable hospitalizations: Does rurality or non-physician clinician supply matter?

This study examines the relationship between rurality as well as the proportion of non-physician clinicians and county rates of ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations (ACSHs) for pediatric, adult and elderly populations in Nebraska. The study design was a cross-sectional observational study of county level factors that affect the county level rates of ACSHs using Poisson regression models. Rural (non-metro) counties have significantly higher ACSHs for both pediatric and adult population, but not for the elderly. Frontier counties have significantly higher adult ACSHs. The proportion of primary care providers who are non-physician clinicians does not have a significant association with ACSHs for any of the age groups. The results indicate that rurality may have a greater impact on pediatric and adult ACSHs and the proportion of NPCs in the primary care provider workforce does not significantly impact ACSH rates.
A Monte Carlo calculation of the analyzing efficiency of gamma-ray circular polarimeters

Abstract The efficiency for analyzing circular polarization of gamma rays with a forward scattering Compton polarimeter has been calculated using Monte Carlo techniques and a density matrix formalism. Effects of multiple scattering and linear polarization have been included. Emphasis has been placed on integral detection methods, which lack energy resolution. It is shown that multiple scattering has a considerable influence on the intensity and polarization efficiency functions.
Analysis of very-high resistance grounding in high-voltage longwall power systems

The application of very sensitive ground-fault protection in underground coal mines was demonstrated in the early 1980s for low- and medium-voltage utilization circuits (less than 1 kV), but its commercial application did not occur until the advent of high-voltage utilization circuits on longwalls in the late 1980s. With these high-voltage systems (greater than 1000 V), the Mine Safety and Health Administration initially required a maximum ground-fault resistor current limit of 3.75 A for 4160 V systems and 6.5 A for 2400 V systems in 101-c Petitions for Modification. However, more recent Petitions for Modification have been required to limit maximum ground-fault resistor currents to 1.0 A, or even 0.5 A. Standard practice in other industries generally requires high-resistance grounding to be designed so that the capacitive charging current of the system is less than or equal to the resistor current under a ground-fault condition. The intent of this practice is to prevent the system from developing some of the undesirable characteristics of an ungrounded system, such as overvoltages from inductive-capacitive resonance effects and intermittent ground faults. Shielded cables, which have significantly more capacitance than their unshielded counterparts, are required for high-voltage applications in the mining industry. Thus, with the long cable runs of a high-voltage longwall system, capacitive charging currents may exceed grounding-resistor currents under ground-fault conditions. An analysis of a typical 4160 V longwall power system that utilizes very-high-resistance grounding (grounding-resistor-current limit of 0.5 A) is performed to determine whether or not potential problems exist.
Antitrust, Multi-Dimensional Competition, and Innovation: Do We Have an Antitrust-Relevant Theory of Competition Now?

Harold Demsetz once claimed that 'economics has no antitrust relevant theory of competition.' Demsetz offered this provocative statement as an introduction to an economic concept with critical implications for the antitrust enterprise: the multi-dimensional nature of competition. Competition does not take place upon a single margin, such as price competition, but several dimensions that are often inversely correlated such that a liability rule deterring one form of competition will result in more of another. This insight has important implications for the current policy debate concerning how to design antitrust liability standards for conduct involving both static product market competition and dynamic innovative activity. The primary purpose of this essay is to revisit Demsetz’s broader challenge to antitrust regulation in the context of the frequently discussed tradeoffs between innovation and price competition. I summarize recent developments in our knowledge of the relationship between competition and innovation, highlighting the deficiencies that significantly constrain antitrust enforcers’ abilities to confidently calculate inevitable welfare tradeoffs. I conclude by discussing policy implications that follow from these limitations.
Accomplishments and research challenges in meta-programming

In the last ten years the study of meta-programming systems, as formal systems worthy of study in their own right, has vastly accelerated. In that time a lot has been accomplished, yet much remains to be done. In this invited talk I wish to review recent accomplishments and future research challenges in hopes that this will spur interest in meta-programming in general and lead to new and better meta-programming systems.