cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Institutionalizing Counterterrorism: A Review of Legislating the War on Terror: An Agenda for Reform Edited by Benjamin Wittes

Late last year, Benjamin Wittes compiled a series of ten essays that offer a range of suggestions for congressional action with respect to U.S. counterterrorism policies. He means for the text not to be taken as a fluid whole, but rather as a series of independent observations and examinations of the broad, complex swath of legal and policy issues encompassing the once-called War on Terror. The authors of the various pieces range greatly in both their backgrounds and political persuasions. Contributors include noted scholars as well as practitioners, including former officials from both Democratic and Republican administrations, but, Wittes tells us, the common thread among them is the belief in the value of legislative action to help shape the contours of the continuing U.S. confrontation with terrorism. In this period of institutionalizing counterterrorism legal authorities in such a way as to recognize evolving strategies and constantly changing tactics, this text overwhelmingly favors statutory lawmaking to establish what can be done, rather than relying on jurisprudential fiat to decree what cannot. What follows will read more like a book report than a book review, but, with a modicum of commentary interspersed throughout, it offers an outline of the key points of each chapter, with the goal of piquing the reader’s interest in this interesting compilation. The ten chapters are: I. Nine Democracies and the Problems of Detention, Surveillance, and Interrogation, by Mark H. Gitenstein. II. Administrative Detention: Integrating Strategy and Institutional Design, by Matthew C. Waxman III. Long-term Terrorist Detention and a U.S. National Security Court, by Jack Goldsmith. IV. Optimizing Criminal Prosecution as a Counterterrorism Tool, by Robert M. Chesney. V. Better Rules for Terrorism Trials, by Robert S. Litt and Wells C. Bennett. VI. Refining Immigration Law's Role in Counterterrorism, by David A. Martin. VII. Modernizing FISA: Progress to Date and Work Still to Come, by David S. Kris. VIII. National Security Issues in Civil Litigation: A Blueprint for Reform, by Justin Florence and Matthew Gerke IX. Looking Forward, not Backward: Refining U.S. Interrogation Law, by Stuart Taylor Jr. and Benjamin Wittes. X. Targeted Killing in U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy and Law, by Kenneth Anderson.
A Heuristic Sketch of Lee Thayer's Systems Theory Orientation to Human Communication: Reflections on the Range of Open Systems

This paper sketches some of Lee Thayer’s General Systems Theory contributions to human communication. It reviews some of the main differences between closed and open systems and stresses how the radical “openness” of human communication systems offers both challenges and opportunities.
Effects of Simulated Rain and Dew on the Toxicity of Certain Ultra-Low-Volume Insecticidal Spray Formulations

The effects of simulated rain and dew on the toxicity of ULV sprays of certain insecticide formulations to the boll worm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, were investigated. Formulations compared were Azodrin® (3-hydroxy- N -methyl- cis -crotonamide dimethyl phosphate, 5 lb/gal water miscible), Azodrin (4.8 lb/gal low-volume concentrate), azinphosmethyl (2 lb/gal EC), azinphosmethyl (2 lb/gal ULV), methyl parathion (80% T)-methyl parathion (4 lb/gal EC), malathion (96.5% T), and Strobane® (terpene polychlorinates, 65% chlorine) + methyl parathion (4 lb + 4 lb/gal EC). Results indicate that ULV sprays of water-miscible formulations were less toxic to the boll worm and boll weevil than immiscible formulations when subjected to rain and dew. Certain additives showed promise for enhancing the resistance to rain of an Azodrin formulation.
Lighting Fundamentals for Nighttime Highway Construction

Nighttime construction is becoming common on highway construction projects. Today work on urban and high traffic volume highways is routinely scheduled for nighttime. Although the frequency of night projects is growing nationally a variety of experience levels exist from state to state. While some State Highway Agencies have been performing night construction for several years and others are just considering it as an option. The main motivation for performing highway work at night is to avoid the periods of day time high traffic volume which are common on many of our roads. Working at night when traffic levels are reduced reduces construction caused delays to motorist traveling through the construction area. Additionally, the construction process may benefit from the shift to nighttime. Material deliveries such as concrete or asphalt materials for paving operation are likely to be more efficient without the daytime congestion problems. However, constructing a project at night presents many new management challenges. Quality, safety and cost remain important concerns. Quality management procedures and safety practices that are effective for normal daytime construction may not be appropriate for the nighttime environment. Highway work zones typically are faced with a higher percentage of impaired drivers at night than in daytime. There are human factors considerations when placing workers on a night shift. Lighting of the work area is directly related to both safety and quality issues and is critical. The feasibility of nighttime highway construction projects has been well demonstrated. Many projects have been performed safely and with superior quality. Nevertheless, it is clear that managers undertaking a nighttime project must have an understanding and mastery of a completely new set of technical and management concepts. This paper summaries the results of several research initiative focusing on the lighting aspects of performing night time construction.
Curriculum assessment through a capstone course: a case study in hospitality and tourism programs

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to develop a systematic process that other educational institutions and programs could follow to establish a consistent and accurate evaluation method for a capstone course. Hospitality industry professionals and hospitality management faculty were interviewed through focus-group discussions, and a post-focus-group survey was conducted to determine a weighted percentage for each of the nine determined content domains. A test blueprint for a hospitality management capstone course was developed to measure programmatic student learning outcomes based on the weighted domains determined through this study. The results provide a usable instrument for hospitality and tourism management programs to enhance their current assessment methodology.
The concentration game: differential effects of bioactive signaling in 2D and 3D culture.

Traumatic injuries to the central nervous system, such as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury and stroke, have a high prevalence, enormous financial costs and lack clinical treatments that restore neurological function (Ma et al., 2014). These injuries trigger a series of secondary biochemical and cellular responses that ultimately lead to cellular death and the maintenance of an unsupportive extracellular matrix (ECM) for tissue regeneration (Silva et al., 2014). Artificial ECM or scaffolds represent a way to alter this unsupportive environment to improve the efficacy of stem cell therapies and enhance neural tissue regeneration (Figure 1). Scaffold use could lead to greater improvements in neurological function (such as improved bladder control, increased dexterity and body control, etc.) than observed with the implantation of cells alone. To date, the inclusion of basic scaffolds with stem cell therapy treatments have shown increased efficacy in rodent models (Yasuda et al., 2010). More advanced scaffolds could better mimic the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of the ECM to promote cellular survival, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. Altering the injured ECM to mitigate the barriers to axon invasion, myelination and cellular maturation further and lead to even greater gains in neurological function.
Effects of Tripterygium wilfordii total alkaloids on insecticidal activity,glutathione S-transferase of Chironomus tentans

【Objective】 This study was to evaluate insecticidal activity and effects of Tripterygium wilfordii total alkaloids on glutathione S-transferase(GST) activity and gene expression in the aquatic midge Chironomus tentans.【Method】 After treatment with T.wilfordii total alkaloids,the insecticidal activity in fourth-instar larvae of C.tentans,the GST activity and gene expression were determined.【Result】 The T.wilfordii total alkaloids showed significant insecticidal activity with the median lethal concentrations(LC50) of 33.019,19.092 and 16.760 μg/L at 24,48 and 72 h,respectively.The total alkaloids at highest sub-lethal concentration(15 μg/L) decreased the GST activities by 73.49% and 73.20% in vivo when CDNB and DCNB were used as substrates respectively.The results of gene expression study indicated that total alkaloids significantly increased the mRNA levels of two GST genes(CtGSTu3 and CtGSTu4) in a concentration-dependent manner.【Conclusion】 The T.wilfordii total alkaloids had significant insecticidal activity,and can be potentially used as a natural midge control agent.The total alkaloids at sub-lethal concentration can decrease the GST activities of the midge.However,the total alkaloids may regulate different GST genes,leading to significantly increased transcriptional levels of CtGSTu3 and CtGSTu4 in 11 GST genes examined in this study.
3. ROLE OF CARBOGEN IN THE TREATMENT OF HEAD AND NECK CANCER

Because of rapid and uncon-trolled neoplastic cell proliferation,solid tumor masses typically exhibitabnormal blood vessel networksthat fail to provide adequate andhomogeneous nutritional supportto the tumor cells. Such spatial andtemporal heterogeneity of themicrocirculation within a tumorcan result in an expansion of inter-capillary space and a decrease invessel density. These factors mayconsequently lead to increased oxy-gen-diffusion distances and oxygen-deficient or hypoxic regions intumors. Areas of low oxygen ten-sions (p
An integrated, quality by design (QbD) approach for design, development and optimization of orally disintegrating tablet formulation of carbamazepine

The objective of the present study was to design and develop a formulation for orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) of carbamazepine using quality by design principles. The target product profile (...
Genome-wide association mapping of partial resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean plant introductions from the Republic of Korea

Phytophthora root and stem rot is one of the most yield-limiting diseases of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr], caused by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Partial resistance is controlled by several genes and, compared to single gene (Rps gene) resistance to P. sojae, places less selection pressure on P. sojae populations. Thus, partial resistance provides a more durable resistance against the pathogen. In previous work, plant introductions (PIs) originating from the Republic of Korea (S. Korea) have shown to be excellent sources for high levels of partial resistance against P. sojae. Resistance to two highly virulent P. sojae isolates was assessed in 1395 PIs from S. Korea via a greenhouse layer test. Lines exhibiting possible Rps gene immunity or rot due to other pathogens were removed and the remaining 800 lines were used to identify regions of quantitative resistance using genome-wide association mapping. Sixteen SNP markers on chromosomes 3, 13 and 19 were significantly associated with partial resistance to P. sojae and were grouped into seven quantitative trait loci (QTL) by linkage disequilibrium blocks. Two QTL on chromosome 3 and three QTL on chromosome 19 represent possible novel loci for partial resistance to P. sojae. While candidate genes at QTL varied in their predicted functions, the coincidence of QTLs 3-2 and 13-1 on chromosomes 3 and 13, respectively, with Rps genes and resistance gene analogs provided support for the hypothesized mechanism of partial resistance involving weak R-genes. QTL contributing to partial resistance towards P. sojae in soybean germplasm originating from S. Korea were identified. The QTL identified in this study coincide with previously reported QTL, Rps genes, as well as novel loci for partial resistance. Molecular markers associated with these QTL can be used in the marker-assisted introgression of these alleles into elite cultivars. Annotations of genes within QTL allow hypotheses on the possible mechanisms of partial resistance to P. sojae.
Dry layers in the tropical troposphere observed during CONTRAST and global behavior from GFS analyses

The Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) experiment was an aircraft-based field campaign conducted from Guam (14°N, 145°E) during January–February 2014. Aircraft measurements included over 80 vertical profiles from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere (~15 km). A large fraction of these profiles revealed layered structures with very low water vapor (relative humidity <20%) and enhanced ozone, primarily in the lower-middle troposphere (~3–9 km). Comparing CONTRAST water vapor measurements with co-located profiles from National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (GFS) analyses, we find good agreement for dry layers, including profile-by-profile comparisons and statistical behavior. We then utilize GFS data to evaluate the frequency of occurrence and 3-D structure of dry layers for the CONTRAST period to provide perspective to the campaign measurements and evaluate the global climatological behavior based on a longer record. GFS data show that dry layers occur ~50–80% of the time in the subtropical troposphere, maximizing on the equatorward side of the subtropical jets in the winter hemisphere. Subtropical dry layers occur most frequently over isentropic levels ~320–340 K, which extend into the extratropical upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (UTLS). Similar statistical behavior of dry, ozone-rich layers is found in long-term balloon measurements from Reunion Island (21°S, 56°E). The climatologically frequent occurrence of dry, ozone-rich layers, plus their vertical and spatial structures linked to the subtropical jets, all suggest that dry layers are linked to quasi-isentropic transport from the extratropical UTLS and suggest a ubiquitous UTLS influence on the subtropical middle troposphere.
Arms Control Without Nuclear Weapons

If one argues for further nuclear reductions and nuclear disarmament, then one needs to be responsible and also think seriously about conventional arms control, since it is upon conventional imbalances that any remaining system of deterrence would increasingly rely.1 Especially because, in many instances, these have remained partially hidden in the current nuclear age.2 Article VI of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) obliges states, including the USA, to work toward general and complete disarmament of conventional weaponry. Which raises important questions: to what extent should the nuclear weapons states focus on reducing their arsenals as a precondition for conventional disarmament? We have tended to think that it would first be a good idea to reduce nuclear weapons before reducing conventional forces. However, nuclear weapons are but one component of the overall military balance between states. Countries like Pakistan, for instance, have developed their nuclear arsenals not only because of advances in nuclear weaponry by their rivals, but also because of perceived conventional imbalances.3
Reducing the Discount Rate

Underregulation kills. When a sensible and effective rule is proposed but then not implemented, society loses whatever benefits the regulation would have provided. When those benefits take the form of saved lives — if, for example, the rule would have kept a carcinogen out of the workplace — failing to enact and enforce a regulation means people die. Unfortunately, federal agencies in the United States systematically undercount the benefits of rulemaking, causing regulators to forsake the implementation of lifesaving measures that would have been enacted were benefits estimated more accurately. The result is American lives lost, every year.This article presents two arguments against the “discounting” of future human lives as part of cost benefit analysis, or CBA. Our first argument is that because CBA has thus far ignored evidence of rising health care expenditures, it underestimates the “willingness to pay” for health and safety that future citizens will likely exhibit, thereby undervaluing their lives. Our second argument is that until recently CBA has ignored the trend of improved material conditions in developed countries, and most agencies continue to ignore it entirely. As time advances, residents of rich countries tend to live better and spend more, meaning that a strict economic evaluation of future lives would discount the relatively impoverished lives of present citizens compared to the projected luxurious and healthy existence of our expected descendents, just the opposite of what happens in agency practice.
The association of prenatal cocaine exposure, externalizing behavior and adolescent substance use

Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) may increase adolescent substance use through alterations of neurotransmitter systems affecting fetal brain development. The relationship between PCE and substance use at 15 and 17 years was examined. Subjects (365: 186 PCE; 179 non-cocaine exposed (NCE)) supplied biologic and self-report data using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) and Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (C-DISC 4) at ages 15 and 17. The relationship between PCE and substance use was assessed using General Estimating Equation (GEE) analyses controlling for confounding factors including violence exposure and preschool lead level. Teens with PCE vs. NCE teens were 2 times more likely to use tobacco (OR=2.1; 95% CI 1.21-3.63; p<.001) and marijuana (OR=1.85; CI 1.18-2.91; p<.001) and have a substance use disorder at age 17 (OR=2.51; CI 1.00-6.28; p<.05). Evaluation of PCE status by gender revealed an association between PCE and marijuana use that was more pronounced for boys than girls at 17 years. Violence exposure was also a significant predictor of alcohol (p<.001), tobacco (p<.05), and marijuana (p<.0006) use and substance abuse/dependence (p<.01). Externalizing behavior at age 12 fully mediated the effects of PCE on substance use disorder at age 17 and partially mediated effects of PCE on tobacco use, but did not mediate effects on marijuana use. The percentage of substance use reported increased between 15 and 17 years, with no differences between the PCE and NCE groups. Data suggest specialized drug use prevention measures for children with PCE may benefit this high risk group.
Periodic Turbulent Pipe Flow at ‘High’ Frequencies of Oscillation

The paper reports some of the results of an ongoing study of the effect of imposed unsteadiness on the time-mean behavior as well as the detailed structure of unsteady turbulent flows. First, experimental data obtained in a very simple unsteady flow namely periodic turbulent flow in a long circular pipe are presented. Secondly, a calculation procedure based on an existing one-equation steady flow turbulence model has been developed and used to predict periodic pipe flow with a view to studying the implications of such models in the calculation of rapidly varying unsteady flows. The important difference between this study and those reported in the earlier literature is that attention is now focussed on flows in which the imposed oscillation frequency is of the same order as the characteristic frequency of turbulence.
Sustained impact of a rapid microarray-based assay with antimicrobial stewardship interventions on optimizing therapy in patients with Gram-positive bacteraemia

Objectives To compare antibiotic optimization and outcomes of patients before implementation of the Verigene Gram-Positive Blood Culture (Verigene BC-GP) nucleic acid microarray assay to after implementation with antimicrobial stewardship (AS) interventions and after discontinuation of AS interventions. Methods A retrospective pre-post-post quasi-experimental study was conducted to compare the three periods. AS interventions consisted of real-time guidance to clinicians on antibiotic selection. The primary outcome was median time from Gram stain to optimal therapy. Secondary outcomes included median time to effective therapy, median duration of therapy for contaminant organisms, median length of stay after blood cultures were collected, and all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results Out of a total of 923 patients, 390 (125 baseline, 134 intervention, 131 post-intervention) who were not on optimal therapy at the time of Gram stain or had contaminated blood cultures were assessed. Compared with baseline, only the median time to optimal therapy for MSSA bacteraemia was reduced in both the intervention and post-intervention periods (17 versus 17 versus 50 h; P < 0.001), respectively. In an analysis adjusted for baseline differences among the groups using quantile regression models, use of the Verigene BC-GP assay in both periods significantly reduced time to optimal therapy by 14-22 h in patients who would achieve optimal therapy at ≥ 26 h without the assay. There were no differences in in-hospital mortality or hospital length of stay between study periods. Conclusions A real-time AS intervention implemented alongside introduction of the Verigene BC-GP assay led to improvements in antibiotic therapy for patients with bacteraemia due to Gram-positive cocci, even after the AS intervention was discontinued.
A Novel In Situ Simulation Intervention Used to Mitigate an Outbreak of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Objective To describe the successful implementation of an in situ simulation program to diagnose and correct latent safety threats in a level 4 neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to mitigate a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) outbreak. Study design An investigational report describes a simulation intervention that occurred during a 4-month MRSA outbreak in a single-center, 46-bed, newly renovated level 4 NICU. The simulation program was developed for all NICU providers in which they were exposed to a 30-minute in situ human simulation intervention that included education, evaluation, and debriefing to resolve perceived or observed latent safety threats. The primary study outcome was improved hand hygiene compliance and an enhanced estimate of the culture of safety during a 6-month period. Results A total of 99 healthcare providers including physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, and environmental service workers completed the course. Before the simulation intervention, there were 18 patients colonized or infected with a single MRSA clone; after the intervention, there were no new episodes of colonization or infection. Conclusions An in situ, simulation-based intervention can counter threats to patient safety related to workflow and lapses in infection control practices and improve patient outcomes.
Role of virtual reality in congenital heart disease.

OBJECTIVE New platforms for patient imaging present opportunities for improved surgical planning in complex congenital heart disease (CHD). Virtual reality (VR) allows for interactive manipulation of high-resolution representations of patient-specific imaging data, as a supplement to traditional 2D visualizations and 3D printed heart models. DESIGN We present the novel use of VR for the presurgical planning of cardiac surgery in two infants with complex CHD to demonstrate interactive real-time views of complex intra and extracardiac anatomy. RESULTS The use of VR for cardiac presurgical planning is feasible using existing imaging data. The software was evaluated by both pediatric cardiac surgeons and pediatric cardiologists, and felt to be reliable and operated with a very short learning curve. CONCLUSIONS VR with controller-based interactive capability allows for interactive viewing of 3D models with complex intra and extracardiac anatomy. This serves as a useful complement to traditional preoperative planning methods in terms of its potential for group based collaborative discussion, user defined illustrative views, cost-effectiveness, and facility of use.
Accuracy of 3-dimensional computer-aided manufactured single-tooth implant definitive casts.

Abstract Statement of problem The integration of the digital workflow into routine prosthodontic practice for single-tooth implant surgery and fixed prosthesis fabrication has occurred at a remarkable pace in the last 5 years. With the greater demands of esthetics and precision, the definitive implant analog cast must ensure accurate implant positioning as well as an accurate relationship to adjacent teeth. Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of the 3-dimensional (3D) implant position of definitive casts produced by 3D printing and analog technology. Material and methods A master patient model was created from a dentate typodont. The maxillary left central incisor was removed, and a Straumann RC implant was positioned for a screw-retained prosthesis. A laboratory scanner with an accuracy of 5 μm was used for all scanning. A scanbody was connected to the master model implant and scanned to create a master patient file, which served as the control master patient for all comparisons. The two 3D printing systems used for this study were the Statasys Objet500 (group OBJ), an industrial Polyjet production system, and the Formlabs Formlab 2 (group FORM), a budget SLA Vat system. In addition, a conventional gypsum cast (group GYP) with an implant analog was made with elastomeric impression material. With a sample size of 10 per group, each gypsum cast and 2 printed group casts were scanned with the D2000 laboratory scanner 5 times per cast. Convince software (3Shape) was used for 3D analysis to calculate accuracy. The following variables were measured: implant analog vertical displacement, horizontal displacement of implant platform and apex, degree of tilting in the vertical axis, and rotational position change around the vertical axis. Means and standard deviations were calculated for trueness. One-way ANOVA and the post hoc t test with Bonferroni correction were used to investigate any significant differences among the experimental groups (α=.05). Results For vertical displacement of the implant body, group OBJ had the lowest value of –30 ±24 μm. The values obtained for OBJ and FORM were significantly different from that obtained for GYP (P .05). However, the implant orientation of group OBJ was significantly different from the orientation of groups GYP and FORM (P Conclusions This study showed statistically significant differences in accuracy among the implant analog cast fabrication systems; however; the level of clinical acceptable discrepancy is still undefined. Although further research is needed, this study supports the conclusion that the Polyjet industrial printing system was more accurate than the conventional implant analog gypsum cast.
Learning with Latent Factors in Time Series

This paper considers the problem of learning, from samples, the depen- dency structure of a system of linear stochastic differential equations, when some of the variables are latent. In particular, we observe the time evolution of some variables, and never observe other variables; from this, we would like to find the dependency structure between the observed vari- ables – separating out the spurious interactions caused by the (marginal- izing out of the) latent variables’ time series. We develop a new method, based on convex optimization, to do so in the case when the number of latent variables is smaller than the number of observed ones. For the case when the dependency structure between the observed variables is sparse, we theoretically establish a high-dimensional scaling result for structure re- covery. We verify our theoretical result with both synthetic and real data (from the stock market).
The Scientist as a Practical Reasoner: Introduction to a Constructivist and Contextual Theory of Knowledge

My lord, facts are like cows. If you look them in the face hard enough, they generally run away.
Code Switching and Mixing

Code switching/code mixing is the systematic alternation of two or more languages during a conversation and is part of virtually every bilingual community. This article presents an overview of the terms and the structural and social facets of code-switching as well as its significance during bilingual language acquisition. Research into language contact and its various manifestations has been vibrant and fruitful, bringing together linguists from all subfields of linguistics. The last three decades have seen a shift in code switching research, moving from descriptive studies of the social dynamics of bilingualism and code switching to looking at the structure of mixed code discourse and its implications for theories of syntax and language acquisition.
Influence of the wearable posture correction sensor on head and neck posture: Sitting and standing workstations

Background Flexed head and neck postures are associated with the development of neck pain in the office environment. There is little evidence regarding whether a wearable posture sensor would improve the head and neck postures of office workers. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the wearable posture sensor on the posture and physical demands on the head and neck during office work. Methods Nineteen participants performed a typing task with and without the wearable sensor in the sitting and standing positions. They were allowed to adjust their workstation during the experiment based on a psychophysical method. The flexion angles of the head and neck, the gravitational moment on the neck, and the positions of the workstation components were measured. Results On average, participants with the wearable sensor had 8% lower neck flexion angles and 14% lower gravitational moments on the neck than those of participants without the wearable sensor. The effect of the wearable sensor on reducing postural stress of the neck was more significant when using the standing workstation compared to the sitting workstation. Conclusions The wearable posture sensor could be an effective tool to alleviate the postural stress of the neck in the office setting.
A Few of Louis Nirenberg’s Many Contributions to the Theory of Partial Differential Equations

Mathematics is the language of science, and partial differential equations are a crucial component: they provide the language we use to describe—and the tools we use to understand—phenomena in many areas including geometry, engineering, and physics.
Abstract 013: Racial Disparities in Maternal Hypertension and Pregnancy Outcomes a Population-Based Study

Objective: Maternal pre-pregnancy hypertension is an established risk factor for preterm births and infant deaths. We sought to investigate the effects of maternal pre-pregnancy hypertension and to...
Changes in labor force activities and income of the elderly before and after retirement: a longitudinal analysis

Cet article analyse les changements dans le nombre d'heures de travail et le profil econommique des personnes âgees pour une periode de onze ans avant et apres la retraite. Les travailleurs de tous statuts ont reduit leur nombre d'heures de travail progressivement a l'approche de la retraite. L'A. compare les revenus selon les statuts economiques d'origine et tient compte des revenus du capital ainsi que des aides eventuelles. Il formule des recommandations quant a l'assistance des retraites a bas revenus
Moving Toward an Ecologically Valid Data Collection Protocol for 2D Gestures In Video Games

Those who design gesture recognizers and user interfaces often use data collection applications that enable users to comfortably produce gesture training samples. In contrast, games present unique contexts that impact cognitive load and have the potential to elicit rapid gesticulations as players react to dynamic conditions, which can result in high gesture form variability. However, the extent to which these gestures differ is presently unknown. To this end, we developed two games with unique mechanics, Follow the Leader (FTL) and Sleepy Town, as well as a standard data collection application. We collected gesture samples from 18 participants across all conditions for gestures of varying complexity, and through an analysis using relative, global, and distribution coverage measures, we confirm significant differences between conditions. We discuss the implications of our findings, and show that our FTL design is closer to being an ecologically valid data collection protocol with low implementation complexity.
Pediatric Acute Toxic Leukoencephalopathy: Prediction of the Clinical Outcome by FLAIR and DWI for Various Etiologies.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pediatric acute toxic leukoencephalopathy is a clinicoradiologic entity comprising various etiologies. This study aimed to identify the MR imaging appearance of pediatric acute toxic leukoencephalopathy from various etiologies and determine whether the etiology correlates with clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic records of patients with pediatric acute toxic leukoencephalopathy younger than 19 years of age who had MR imaging within RESULTS: Of 22 children, 3 were excluded due to a nontoxic cause or incomplete examination. Regarding the included 19 children (mean age, 13 years), the etiologies of pediatric acute toxic leukoencephalopathy were the following: methotrexate (n = 6), bone marrow transplantation (n = 4), fludarabine (n = 3), cytarabine (n = 1), carboplatin (n = 1), vincristine (n = 1), cyclosporine (n = 1), uremia (n = 1), and bevacizumab (n = 1). Three subgroups were analyzed (chemotherapy, n = 12; immunosuppression, n = 5; others, n = 2). There was a strong correlation of FLAIR (r = 0.773, P CONCLUSIONS: The DWI and FLAIR severity scores appear highly prognostic, whereas percentage ADC reduction is moderately prognostic for clinical outcomes in pediatric acute toxic leukoencephalopathy. Immunosuppressive pediatric acute toxic leukoencephalopathy tends toward favorable outcomes, and fludarabine tends toward worse outcomes.
Investigating the Attitudes of Adolescents and Young Adults Towards JUUL: Computational Study Using Twitter Data

Background: Increases in electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use among high school students from 2017 to 2019 appear to be associated with the increasing popularity of the ENDS device JUUL. Objective: We employed a content analysis approach in conjunction with natural language processing methods using Twitter data to understand salient themes regarding JUUL use on Twitter, sentiment towards JUUL, and underage JUUL use. Methods: Between July 2018 and August 2019, 11,556 unique tweets containing a JUUL-related keyword were collected. We manually annotated 4000 tweets for JUUL-related themes of use and sentiment. We used 3 machine learning algorithms to classify positive and negative JUUL sentiments as well as underage JUUL mentions. Results: Of the annotated tweets, 78.80% (3152/4000) contained a specific mention of JUUL. Only 1.43% (45/3152) of tweets mentioned using JUUL as a method of smoking cessation, and only 6.85% (216/3152) of tweets mentioned the potential health effects of JUUL use. Of the machine learning methods used, the random forest classifier was the best performing algorithm among all 3 classification tasks (ie, positive sentiment, negative sentiment, and underage JUUL mentions). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a vast majority of Twitter users are not using JUUL to aid in smoking cessation nor do they mention the potential health benefits or detriments of JUUL use. Using machine learning algorithms to identify tweets containing underage JUUL mentions can support the timely surveillance of JUUL habits and opinions, further assisting youth-targeted public health intervention strategies.
Antiparasitic Drugs in the United States—Two Roads to High Prices

High prescription drug prices contribute significantly to healthcare spending in the United States and compromise patients' access to quality medical care. A number of factors allow drug manufacturers to set much higher prices in the US than in other comparable high-income nations. Price-control depends primarily on the entry and persistence of generic products following the expiration of the market exclusivity period granted to the manufacturer of the brand name drug. Unfortunately, barriers to generic entry are common, allowing off-patent drugs like albendazole to remain relatively expensive despite having been marketed in the US for decades. By contrast, miltefosine became FDA approved more recently and has maintained a high price tag by way of a novel incentive program-the neglected tropical disease (NTD) priority review voucher (PRV) program. The voucher has a high market value and can be sold or transferred well before the drug for which it was awarded becomes available on the market. While both drugs are used to treat parasitic infections that are uncommon in the US, they differ by market and regulatory conditions-each telling an interesting pricing story.
Shared Decision-Making for Lung Cancer Screening: How Well Are We "Sharing"?

Background Lung cancer screening (LCS) reduces lung cancer mortality, but it also carries a range of risks. Shared decision-making (SDM) is a process of engaging patients in their health care decisions and is a vital component of LCS. Research Question What is the quality of SDM among patients recently assessed for LCS? Study Design and Methods Cross-sectional study of screened patients recruited from two academic tertiary care centers in the South Central Region of the United States. Self-reported surveys assessed patient demographics, values related to outcomes of LCS, knowledge, SDM components including receipt of educational materials, and decisional conflict. Results Recently screened patients (n = 266) possessed varied LCS knowledge, answering an average of 41.4% of questions correctly. Patients valued finding cancer early over concerns about harms. Patients indicated that LCS benefits were presented to them by a health care provider far more often than harms (68.3% vs 20.8%, respectively), and 30.7% reported they received educational materials about LCS during the screening process. One-third of patients had some decisional conflict (33.6%) related to their screening decisions, whereas most patients (86.6%) noted that they were involved in the screening decision as much as they wanted. In multivariate models, non-White race and having less education were related to lower knowledge scores. Non-White patients and former smokers were more likely to be conflicted about the screening decision. Most patients (n = 227 [85.3%]) indicated that a health care provider had discussed smoking cessation or abstinence with them. Interpretation Among recently screened patients, the quality of decision-making about LCS is highly variable. The low use of educational materials including decision aids and imbalance of conveying benefit vs risk information to patients is concerning. A structured approach using decision aids may assist with providing a balanced presentation of information and may improve the quality of SDM.
Mapping human brain function with massively parallel high-speed three-dimensional photoacoustic computed tomography

Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) has been extensively explored in animal brains but never in the human brain due to its limited field of view (FOV), imaging speed, penetration depth, and sensitivity. Here, we present the first application of PACT in functional human brain imaging. Motor and language functional tasks were employed and performed by post-hemicraniectomy patients. The brain activities were recorded at a 10-cm–diameter FOV, 350-μm/2-s spatiotemporal resolution, and ~2-cm penetration depth using a newly developed massively parallel three-dimensional PACT system. Quantitative validation of the PACT results against 7 Tesla MRI revealed comparable angiographic structures and functional activation in the same FOV. The obtained results represent a critical step toward broader-scope human brain imaging applications using PACT technology.
Employees’ Negative Megaphoning in Response to Organizational Injustice: The Mediating Role of Employee–Organization Relationship and Negative Affect

This study aims to examine how employees engage in different types of negative information sharing behaviors about their organization, namely, negative megaphoning, in response to perceived organizational injustice. The role of employees’ negative affect and employee–organization relationship (EOR) are also examined. Results of an online survey with 403 full-time employees in the U.S. across industry sectors showed that perceptions of organizational injustice increase employee’s negative affect, thereby increasing their internal, external, and anonymous website negative megaphoning behaviors. Injustice perception also decreased EOR quality, which in turn, increases employees’ negative megaphoning behaviors on anonymous websites. Theoretical and practical implications are suggested.
Percutaneous catheter decompression in a neonate with multiple small bowel atresias

Abstract The management of infants with multiple intestinal atresia and complex gastroschisis can represent a challenge to the paediatric surgeon. This case report presents a neonate with multiple jejunal atresias in which a percutaneous foley catheter tube inserted to just beyond the duodenojejunal flexure was used effectively for bowel decompression, instead of the formation of a proximal stoma. By utilising this technique, the well documented complications associated with proximal stomas were avoided, bowel length was preserved and the need for further surgery in the infant was prevented. The infant remained well at six months with no complications at follow-up.
REM System Implementation

The chapter which follows provides a complete description of the REM program, which was implemented to serve as a demonstration of the concepts described in Chapter 3. Not everything discussed in Chapters 2 and 3 has been implemented, but enough has been to serve as a ‘proof of principle’ of the ideas presented there.
A Novel Computational Method for Deriving Protein Secondary Structure Topologies Using Cryo-EM Density Maps and Multiple Secondary Structure Predictions

A key idea in de novo secondary structure topology determination methods is to calculate an optimal mapping between the observed secondary structure traces in a Cryo-EM density image and the predicted secondary structures on the protein sequence. The problem becomes much more complicated in presence of multiple secondary structure predictions for the protein sequence (for example those predicted by different prediction methods). We present a novel computational method that elegantly and efficiently solves the problem of dealing with multiple secondary structure predictions and calculating the optimal mapping. The proposed method uses a two-step approach – it first uses the consensus positions of the secondary structures to produce top K topologies, and then it uses a dynamic programming method to find the optimal placement for the secondary structure traces of the density image. The method was tested using twelve proteins of three types. We observed that the rank of the true topologies is consistently improved with the use of multiple secondary structure predictions over single prediction. The results show that the algorithm is robust and works well even in presence of errors/misses in predicted secondary structures from the image or the sequence. The results also show that the algorithm is efficient and is able to handle proteins with as many as thirty-three helices.
Addressing Business Impact Analysis and Business Continuity

Consider a pharmacy with a failed centralized computer system. A person needs a critical prescription refilled immediately. His 24-hour pharmacy’s computer system is down within the centralized network, which means that other stores in the chain also lack prescription information. Other pharmacies don’t have his prescription information, and the doctor’s office is closed. This person’s choice is visiting a hospital, hoping computer service resumes, or (at best) being miserable all night. This IT failure impacts organization sales and reputation, and may affect human life. This chapter is about Availability, or the lack of it: what happens to a business when the computer systems fail or cannot operate? This topic usually has a direct impact on profitability, since loss of IT often leads to additional expenses and/or loss of business profit.
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Full-thickness Burn Wounds After Treatment with Cultured Epithelial Autografts.

In vitro expansion of cells using cultured epithelial autografts (CEAs) is a useful technique to provide skin coverage in extensive burn injury patients with limited donor site availability.1,2 However, preparation time of over 2 weeks and lack of a dermal component increase the risk of invasive infection and make the skin susceptible to shearing trauma. Besides, there have been reports of graft site malignancy after treatment of full-thickness burn with CEAs.3,4 We had earlier described a patient with reports of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) at multiple full-thickness wound sites treated with CEAs.3,4 The patient was involved in a gas explosion, which resulted in full-thickness burns to 95% of total body surface area. Given the lack of donor sites, most of his body, including bilateral lower extremities, was grafted with CEAs. The lower extremities had to be grafted up to 3 times because of limited “take” of the CEAs. In our previous communications, we had described the development of SCCs in 6 different locations of the left lower extremity of the patient, which manifested about 14 years after the initial treatment with CEAs.3,4 We are now reporting 8 additional SCCs in the patient’s lower extremities over the past 9 years (October 2005–April 2015).
Diagnosis and treatment: some syndromes, diseases, and conditions associated with abnormal coloration of the urine or diaper. A clinician's viewpoint.

This Abbreviated Quotation from the writings of Hippocrates is evidence that he shared with the modern physician an awareness of and concern for the color of the urine. Parents often seek professional advice because of their anxiety about the color of their child9s urine or diaper. The physician often finds himself wondering whether the parents9 description of what they believe is an abnormally colored urine represents either an inconsequential finding or one manifestation of a serious illness. Uroscopy by both parents and physicians has led to the discovery of a number of commonly, as well as rarely, encountered diseases of childhood. It was Sir Archibald Garrod9s2 interest in the color changes in the urine of patients with alcaptonuria that led him to develop his whole concept of inheritable metabolic diseases. More recenfly, the finding of a bluish discoloration of the diapers in two male siblings led to the description of a new and rare familial disease known as thee "blue diaper syndrome."3 Before discussing syndromes associated with abnormally colored urine, a brief description of the normal color of children9s urine seems appropriate. Normal Color of Urine and Causes for it Being Unduly Pale or Dark The normal amber color of urine is due to the pigment urochrome, the excretion of which is roughly correlated with basal metabolism.1 The normal amber or yellow color may be diminished, increased, or altered in character. Unduly Pale Urine Urine may he unduly pale due to a temporary diuresis resulting from (1) a large fluid intake or or (2) a sudden absorption of edema fluid (e.g., children receiving treatment for nephrosis, congestive heart failure, acute glornerulonephritis, or chronic nephritis), or to either (3) diabetes insipidus or (4) mellitus.