cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Looking Forward With The Right Of Privacy

Where is the right of privacy today? The uncertainty and controversy regarding the present and future of personal liberties protected by the Constitution was sharply evident in the recent advocacy and debate regarding the constitutionality of state bans against physician-assisted suicide. In a novel theory of the right of privacy, advocates before the Supreme Court sought recognition of a constitutional right to avoid suffering. This article explores four different theses of the right of privacy. It argues that both the classic "personhood" thesis and the more recent "anti-totalitarian" thesis advanced by Jed Rubenfeld fail to appreciate the ways in which state restrictions on personal liberties are experienced by individuals in immediate and concrete ways. While the "suffering" thesis suggested by the advocacy of the Supreme Court physician-assisted suicide cases does not share this weakness, it falters because it overlooks the fundamental fact that the avoidance of suffering and liberty are two separate, and at times, opposing, concepts. Rather than the avoidance of suffering, at the heart of liberty is the opportunity to find meaning in our lives. This suggests that the right of privacy should be understood under the "meaning thesis," where intrusions into personal liberties are examined for the effect they may have on an individual's pursuit of a meaningful life.
In-vitro Production of Meiosis Inducing Substance (MIS) by Isolated Amphibian (Rana pipiens) Follicle Cells*. (oocytes/meiosis/steroids/follicle cells)

Previous studies indicated that pituitary hormone induced oocyte maturation in preovulatory amphibian ovarian follicles is mediated by somatic elements of the follicle. In this study procedures were developed for isolating and culturing follicle cells and their ability to produce meiosis inducing substance (MIS) was assessed. Defolliculated oocytes surrounded by a single layer of follicle cells but not denuded oocytes matured in response to frog pituitary hormone (FPH) stimulation. Cultured follicle cells secreted MIS following stimulation with FPH. The amount of MIS activity produced was related to the number of follicle cells cultured and the dose of FPH utilized. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) analysis of medium from follicle cell cultures demonstrated that FPH stimulated steroid (progesterone) secretion from these cells. Addition of cAMP to follicle cell cultures enhanced FPH stimulated steroid production. The results indicate that follicle cells retain FPH responsiveness when uncoupled from the immature oocyte and exhibit both MIS and steroid secretory functions.
Trichotillomania: An Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorder?

Trichotillomania (pathologic hair-pulling) shares many clinical features with obsessive compulsive disorder and yet, has important differences as well. This article summarizes the available trichotillomania literature and presents phenomenologic, family, and treatment data from 60 children, adolescents, and adults with this disorder. Early-onset trichotillomania (hair-pulling that begins before the age of 5 years old) is given special attention. The question of whether or not trichotillomania should be considered an obsessive compulsive “spectrum” disorder is discussed.
Lactic acid from cheese whey permeate. Productivity and economics of a continuous membrane bioreactor

The economics of incorporating membrane modules in several steps in the conversion of whey permeate to lactic acid was studied. Membrane recycle fermenters operating at a cell concentration of 40 g l−1 resulted in a productivity of 22.5 g l−1h−1 with a lactate concentration of 89 g l−1 and a yield of 0.89. The membrane units (reverse osmosis for preconcentrating whey permeate, hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for clarification and for cell recycling) contribute about 28% of the total fixed capital costs and less than 5% of the operating cost. The two largest costs are whey transportation and yeast extract, contributing about 35% and 38% to the total product cost of US $ 0.98/kg 85% lactate. Without these two costs, unpurified lactate could be produced for $ 0.27/kg.
High molecular weight kininogen inhibition of endothelial cell function on biomaterials.

Synthetic vascular grafts implanted into humans fail to develop a complete endothelial lining. In previous studies, we have shown that high-molecular-weight kininogens (HMWK) adsorb to the surfaces of biomaterials. In addition, it has been demonstrated that these proteins modulate cellular function. In the present study, we report on the adhesion and proliferation of human umbilical-vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) on tissue culture polystyrene, glass, polyurethane, and Mylar(trade mark) surfaces coated with human HMWK, either single-chain HMWK (SC-HMWK) or double-chain HMWK (DC-HMWK). Surfaces coated with fibronectin served as a positive control for these experiments. Parallel experiments were performed in which HUVEC were allowed to migrate from crosslinked dextran microcarrier beads (Cytodex 2) onto HMWK-coated surfaces. Our results indicate that HMWK-coated surfaces inhibit endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration at 24 and 72 h, and this inhibition is concentration dependent. To determine a potential mechanism for this inhibitory phenomenon, cells were stained for cytoskeletal actin filaments using rhodamine-phalloidin. Endothelial cells on HMWK-coated surfaces displayed F-actin filament reorganization/disassembly, characterized by the absence of peripheral actin bands in focal adhesion contacts. We conclude that HMWK inhibit endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration on a variety of biomaterial surfaces. This inhibitory effect may play a role in promoting the lack of endothelialization in synthetic vascular grafts, which is thought to play a significant role in the failure of these devices.
Neuroethics and the Possible Types of Moral Enhancement

Techniques for achieving moral enhancement will modify brain processes to produce what is alleged to be more moral conduct. Neurophilosophy and neuroethics must ponder what “moral enhancement” could possibly be, if possible at all. Objections to the very possibility of moral enhancement, raised from various philosophical and neuroscientific standpoints, fail to justify skepticism, but they do place serious constraints on the kinds of efficacious moral enhancers. While there won't be a “morality pill,” and hopes for global moral enlightenment will remain hopes, there will be a large variety of behavioral modifiers described as enhancers of some aspect of morality or another according to prevailing social norms. The most likely moral enhancers that will be designed, tested, and marketed in the near future will attempt to alleviate seriously immoral and illegal behavior. Some enhancers diminishing antisocial conduct and a few designed to elevate moral conduct above normal levels will also become available, a...
Interleukin-10 Gene Expression and Adult T-Cell Leukemia

Numerous studies have shown spontaneous IL-10 gene expression and synthesis in a variety of peripheral blood or bone marrow-derived leukemic cells. These include B-cells derived from various lymphoproliferative disorders. Since little is known regarding IL-10 expression in leukemic T-cells, we examined clinical specimens of patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) for IL-10 expression. Sera from ATL patients show increased levels of IL-10 when compared with sera from healthy donors. IL-10 is constitutively produced by ATL cells and also by human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected cell lines. It is thought that HTLV-I infection induces gene expression for IL-10. In this review, a transcriptional regulation of IL-10 gene expression by HTLV-I Tax and the possible role of the NF-kappaB pathway are described.
Political learning during the 2000 U.S. presidential election: The impact of the campaign on the gender gap in political knowledge

We examine how political campaigns influence individuals’ levels of correct, incorrect, and don’t know responses and the gender gap in political knowledge during the 2000 American presidential campaign. Using data from the 2000 National Annenberg Election Survey (NAES), we demonstrate that as the campaign progresses the electorate provides more correct answers and fewer incorrect answers. Moreover, the political campaign significantly reduces (and possibly eliminates) the direct effect of sex on political knowledge. While the political campaign decreases the number of incorrect answers provided by both men and women, the number of correct answers provided by women increases. Our findings highlight the importance of the political campaign in determining relative levels of political knowledge for men and women.
Inhibitory effect of 4-methylpyrazole on antipyrine clearance in rats.

Abstract Pyrazole and 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) are potent, effective inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenase. Pyrazole and its derivatives also have been shown to affect the cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase system. This study was performed to investigate the effect of 4-MP on the disposition kinetics of antipyrine (AP). Groups of male Fisher 344 rats were given an ip injection of 4-MP (100 mg/kg) or 4-MP HCl (equivalent to 4-MP 100 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of saline. AP (20 mg/kg) was injected intravenously via the jugular vein catheter 30 minutes later. Blood samples were collected upto 24 hours and assayed by HPLC. 4-MP pretreatment significantly decreased AP clearance from 0.490 ± 0.032 to 0.095 ± 0.014 (4-MP HCl) and 0.076 ± 0.008 (4-MP) L/hr kg (p
Comparison of surface properties and thermodynamic behavior of lyso- and diacylphosphatidylcholines

Abstract Critical micelle concentrations as a function of temperature have been determined by surface tension for a series of diacylphosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholines with the same total number of fatty acyl carbons. From these studies, thermodynamic functions (ΔGmic, ΔGads) and various interfacial parameters (surface areas and pressures) are derived and used to compare the double- and single-chain species. Key conclusions are that (i) micellization is more dependent on hydrophobic interactions than adsorption, (ii) four carbons contribute to the micellization process but do not contribute to adsorption and this can be related to hydration of the lipids, and (iii) chain length limits can be set on which lipids no longer form micelles or adsorb to the air/water interface.
Bivariate Distributions with Exponential Conditionals

Abstract It is frequently easier to visualize conditional distributions of experimental variables rather than joint distributions. In this article we consider the most general class of bivariate distributions such that both sets of conditional densities are exponential. The class proves to be remarkably simple to describe: The joint density must be proportional to exp(- λx - μy - νxy), where the constant of proportionality depends on the classical exponential integral. The joint distribution has marginals that are not exponential and a negative correlation coefficient, except in the special case of independence. After deriving some distributional results, we develop methods for parameter estimation and simulation. A simple method-of-moments estimator appears to give reasonable results. We also briefly discuss generalizations to higher dimensions and to distributions with conditionals in a general exponential family.
An analytical approach for making management decisions concerning corporate restructuring

Internal corporate restructuring activities, such as downsizing, sale or termination of a business line, facility closure, consolidation, or relocation, often occur as part of managerial strategies intended to improve efficiency, control costs, and adapt to an ever-changing business environment. Such actions frequently result in fundamental changes in a business's organization, its strategies, its systems, and its operations. They can unsettle a business and often significantly affect current and future earnings and cash flows. In this paper we propose a novel decision-making model through the use of the dynamic programming technique to illustrate how management can determine the optimal timing and appropriate restructuring actions that maximize the benefits of a restructuring program. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Avoidance of responsibility in conduct disordered adolescents

Abstract The association between conduct disorder (CD) and the construct of avoidance of responsibility was investigated in a sample of junior and senior high school-aged adolescents. Each adolescents CD symptomatology was determined using a self-report checklist keyed to DSM-IV symptoms. In addition, participants completed an avoidance of responsibility measure which assessed strategies adolescents utilize to avoid responsibility for their inappropriate behaviors. Participants also completed the Nowicki–Strickland Locus of Control Scale. Based on analysis of the avoidance of responsibility measure the Powell Avoidance of Responsibility Scale (PARS) was constructed. The results indicated that adolescents identified as CD endorsed significantly more avoidance of responsibility strategies and significantly more external locus of control responses compared to non-CD participants. The PARS accounted for 32% of the variance in the number of CD symptoms. Implications for the treatment and prevention of CD are discussed.
Protein expression in platelets from six species that differ in their open canalicular system.

Platelets contain an invaginated, tubular membranous structure called the surface-connected open canalicular system (SCCS or OCS), which is contiguous with the plasma membrane and serves as a site for granule fusion and as a reservoir of membrane for platelet spreading. According to ultrastructural studies, platelets from some species lack OCS. In an attempt to correlate biochemical and functional attributes with the presence of an OCS, platelets from human, mouse and dog (OCS+), and from cow, camel and horse (OCS−) were analysed for differential protein expression and aggregation in response to thrombin. Among the 18 different cytoskeletal and regulatory proteins examined, five (Rac1, RhoA, Ras, calmodulin and Src) were expressed at higher levels in OCS+ platelets (p < 0.05). Given the role of Arf6 in the formation of tubular invaginations in nucleated cells, the levels of Arf6-GTP were analysed in OCS+ and OCS− platelets. There was no significant correlation between the presence of OCS and total Arf6 or...
Sodium chondrotin sulfate-protein complexes of cartilage III. Preparation from shark

Abstract Cartilage of shark contains complexes of a chondroitin sulfate C-type polysaccharide and a non-collagenous protein. In the polysaccharide the molar ratio of ester sulfate to galactosamine is in excess of unity and may vary from 1.0–1.3 in different fractions. For this reason, the designation “sulfated chondroitin sulfate C” has been applied. The polymer is a linear, flexible-chain polyelectrolyte, with molecular weights ranging from 25 000–45 000. Unlike chondrotin sulfate A, it is stable in dilute NaOH. Light-scattering and viscosity data of complexes are very close to data obtained with comparable complexes from bovine cartilage and indicate the existence of a similar basic rod-like molecular unit of 4.0·10 6 molecular weight with a length near 3500 A. Aggregates of basic units are found to have molecular weights near 25·10 6 . These aggregates are dissociated in 2 M KSCN but, unlike the corresponding aggregates of bovine complexes, are stable in 8 M urea and to mild heating in buffer. This superior stability may reflect adaptation to the high urea content of shark tissues. The differences between shark and bovine complexes are considered to be only minor variations in a nearly identical structural plan of basic macromolecular units and their aggregates. This remarkable similarity of macromolecular structure of complexes from cartilage of phylogenetically distant vertebrates suggests similar physiological functions and the existence of a common plan of molecular evolution of chondroitin sulfate-protein complexes. A new acidic mucopolysaccharide, sulfated keratosulfate, has been identified in shark cartilage.
From career information to career knowledge: Self, search, and synthesis

To say “we are living in the information age” is now a cliche, yet phrases often become cliches because they encapsulate a complex idea in an easily understood and remembered manner. Certainly, counselors have more information for their clients than ever before. Computer-based systems, video recorders, videodiscs, and fax machines greatly increase the power of the counselor to inform. However, the role of the counselor goes beyond informing to facilitating the growth of attitudes and behaviors associated with healthy, productive, autonomous lives. A crucial aspect of this facilitation is helping people use information so that for each individual it becomes the knowledge he or she needs in life.
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD): new insights from the identification of the ARPKD gene, PKHD1.

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD): New Insights from the Identification of the ARPKD Gene, PKHD1
Study of haze in artificially grown single crystal CaF2

The artificially grown calcium fluoride is used as materials of the optics such as the lenses of the illumination optical system and the projection optical system of the lithography equipment that use the sources of light such as excimer lasers. Such calcium fluoride is required high transmittance. However, there are very small scatterers and absorbers inside the crystal and they cause degradation of transmittance. In this study, we examined these defects and clarified the process how they occur. Haze is characteristic optical defect in the artificially grown calcium fluoride. It is thought that haze is an aggregation of very small scatterers and this scatterer is void or calcium oxide crystal. When we irradiate the light into a crystal with much haze, the path of the light looks white. However, we were not able to clarify neither the structure nor components of haze. First, we examined how the scatterers were distributed by an infrared tomography method. The result pointed out that the scatterers were located along sub-grain boundary and dislocation network. We prepared a surface sample for TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) with FIB (Focused Ion Beam) from the point where it seemed that the scatterers were located in the dislocation network, and observed it with TEM and analyzed grain boundary region and the grain inside with EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy). From the EDS spectrum of the grain boundary region, a very small amount of oxygen was detected, but no oxygen was detected from the grain inside. This suggests that oxygen is located in the grain boundary. From these results, it is suggested that scatterers of haze are made of oxygen voids or calcium oxides crystals.
Chapters round-up

It's a pleasure to begin this latest column with news of new Chapter formations in Toronto, Canada, Central Ukraine (Kiev), France, and San Diego CA, bringing the total number of SSCS Chapters to 35. My congratulations and welcome to the respective Chairs Raymond Chik, Yuri Poplavko, Laurent Fesquet, and Upkarjit S. Dhaliwal.
Beat Generation Literary Criticism

_T -he Beat generation of writers sought literary achievement, but contemporary fashion, entertainment, and opinion columnists granted them much more notice than did literary critics. When Jack Kerouac, author of On the Road (1957) and the unwitting Daddy of the Beatniks, died in 1969 with only one of his twenty-some books in print, the Beat generation seemed destined to fade away, maybe to be remembered primarily as precursors to the politically engaged hippie movement. Time has proven otherwise. In the thirty years following Kerouac's death, more than a dozen biographers have covered his life, replacing the popular press's snapshots with deeply researched tomes that depict a serious and dedicated writer at work. The other major Beat writers-Allen Ginsberg, Gregory Corso, and William Burroughs, who all died in the past decade-have likewise had their lives recorded by biographers. References to the Beat writers in popular songs, movies, and television shows constitute a further tribute to their cultural relevance and to the popularity they maintain with the public at large. As distance from the 1950s increased and the 1960s counterculture bore fruit with solid social developments in the 1970s and beyond, many social critics overhauled earlier dismissals of the Beats' significance. It is now clear that the Beats
Diaprepes abbreviatus: Laboratory and Field Behavioral and Attractancy Studies

In laboratory olfactometer tests conducted in a dark room, male and female Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) were shown to be significantly attracted to the frass of the opposite sex, though some response to the same sex was obtained. Response was also obtained from males and females to volatiles of tender. succulent Citrus foliage. Electroantennagram studies of extracts of frass and foliage indicated that the adult weevils were stimulated by these materials. In field tests, traps baited with a combination of males and females were significantly more attractive than were traps baited with males or females only, or unbaited traps.
Nanosecond frame cameras

The advent of CCD cameras and computerized data recording has spurred the development of several new cameras and techniques for recording nanosecond images. We have made a side by side comparison of three nanosecond frame cameras, examining them for both performance and operational characteristics. The cameras include; Micro-Channel Plate/CCD. Image Diode/CCD and Image Diode/Film; combinations of gating/data recording. The advantages and disadvantages of each device will be discussed.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Lichenoid histopathologic changes in patients with clinical diagnoses of exfoliative dermatitis

Among 30 patients who received a clinical diagnosis of exfoliative dermatitis and were biopsied between 1982 and 1990, nine showed microscopic features of lichenoid dermatitis. Clinical information was available in eight of these cases. Possible etiologic factors included lymphoma, herpes simplex infection, connective tissue disease, and (in five cases) reactions to drugs. In each instance, microscopic features included a superficial perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate involving the dermal-epidermal interface, vacuolar alteration of the basilar layer, and individually necrotic keratinocytes at all levels of the epidermis. Such microscopic changes are not usually described in connection with exfoliative dermatitis, with the possible exception of those cases related to lichen planus or lupus erythematosus. Disseminated lichenoid drug eruption is one possible interpretation of the drug-induced cases. Erythema multiforme is another condition that has similar microscopic features and has been associated with drugs (many of which also cause exfoliative dermatitis), infectious agents, neoplasms, and connective tissue diseases. Lichenoid dermatitis can become generalized and clinically mimic and exfoliative dermatitis. Many, but not all, of these eruptions may be triggered by drugs.
Verdant vehicles via viscoelasticity

The combustion of hydrocarbon (HC) fuels in internal combustion (IC) engines is modified by the presence of a few parts per million of megadalton molecular weight elastomers. The viscoelasticity imparted provides: reduced fuel vaporization, lesser back pressure, larger average droplet sizes, and lower combustion chamber temperatures. These effects result in: a reduction of emissions of HC, CO and NOx of more than 70%, a substantial decrease in the number of particulates from diesel engines, a drop in combustion temperatures of more than 30 °C, increases in engine power of more than 10%, an improved fuel octane rating, and economies of fuel consumption of more than 20%. The results are magnified during transitions, especially in the lower gears, used more often in urban traffic, where normal fuels emit more pollutants. These effects have a positive public health impact due to reductions in ozone, acid rain, particulates and partially oxidized HC.
Towards Sub-Wavelength Plasmonic Laser Devices

We show that a hybrid of semiconductor nanowire and metallic surface modes produces an efficient laser device with lambda2/100 mode area and discuss the broader impact of plasmon-based light sources and integrated optical components.
Dynamical mean-field study of the ferromagnetic transition temperature of a two-band model for colossal magnetoresistance materials

The ferromagnetic transition temperature $({T}_{\mathrm{C}})$ of a two-band double-exchange (DE) model for colossal magnetoresistance materials is studied using dynamical mean-field theory in wide ranges of coupling constants, hopping parameters, and carrier densities. The results are shown to be in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations. When the bands overlap, the value of ${T}_{\mathrm{C}}$ is found to be much larger than in the one-band case, for all values of the chemical potential within the energy overlap interval. A nonzero off-diagonal hopping produces an additional boost of ${T}_{\mathrm{C}}$, showing the importance of these terms, as well as the concomitant use of multiband models, to increase the critical temperatures in DE-based theories.
A guide to therapeutic decision-making in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.

Abstract Recent clinical trial evidence supports an inflammatory etiology in acute ischemic heart disease. When a segment of coronary artery becomes inflamed, important cytokines, such as tissue factor, are released, facilitating thrombosis. Serum inflammatory markers are elevated in most acute coronary syndrome patients at presentation. Mortality risk has been shown to be associated with increased levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6, and serum vascular cell adhesion molecule. Platelets, which are rich in inflammatory mediators (CD40 and its ligand thrombospondin, and phospholipase A2), also supply important triggers for the inflammatory cascade. In addition, more than 35 platelet-associated messenger ribonucleic acid mediators involved in arterial injury and inflammation have been found. The use of biomarkers of inflammation, such as CRP, and of the sequelae of embolization, such as troponin, provide a window into the underlying pathophysiology of acute ischemic heart disease. New agents from three distinct drug classes have recently flooded the therapeutic armamentarium. Decision-making is further complicated by the choice of an invasive (aggressive) or a medical (conservative) strategy of management with respect to coronary revascularization. For patients at highest risk, aspirin, beta-blockers, nitrates, and a statin should be given, and clopidogrel, enoxaparin, a glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitor, plus an invasive strategy should be considered. For intermediate- and low-risk patients, a “sliding-scale” approach may be best. Decisions about the three classes of antithrombotics—low-molecular-weight heparins, GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and thienopyridines—along with whether to adopt an early invasive strategy, should be made on an individual basis.
Reoperations after repair of partial atrioventricular septal defect: a 45-year single-center experience.

Background Patients undergoing repair of partial atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), are reportedly more likely to require reoperation for subaortic obstruction and left atrioventricular valve abnormalities when compared with repair of complete AVSD. Our objective was to examine reoperations after initial repair of partial AVSD, and determine late outcome. Methods Between 1962 and 2006, 96 patients (63 female) underwent reoperation at our institution after prior repair of partial AVSD (median interval, 10 years; range, 8 days to 48 years). Median age at first reoperation was 26 years (range, 10 months to 71 years). Indications for the first reoperation included left atrioventricular valve (LAVV) regurgitation in 64 patients (67%), subaortic stenosis in 24 (25%), right atrioventricular valve regurgitation in 21 (22%), residual ASD in 11 (11%), and other in 6 (6%). Results The first reoperation included LAVV repair in 38 patients, LAVV replacement in 35, subaortic fibrous resection-myectomy in 22, right atrioventricular valve regurgitation surgery in 19, and other in 14. There were five early deaths (5.2%) after first reoperation; three were prior to 1983. There was no significant difference in 20-year survival after LAVV repair or replacement (69% vs 55%, p = 0.20). At last follow-up (median, 5.2 years; max, 34 years), 81 of 89 late survivors were in New York Heart Association functional class I or II. Conclusions The most common indication for reoperation after initial repair of partial AVSD is LAVV pathology, followed by recurrent left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. The need for further reoperation and late survival is similar between patients undergoing valve repair or replacement. When reoperation is required overall late survival is significantly reduced.
Image compression using multiresolution morphological decomposition

Multiresolution image decomposition based on nonlinear filtering has received a lot of attention recently. In this research, we investigate the coding issue for one class of nonlinear multiresolution image decomposition based on mathematical morphology. We consider the use of opening and closing operations with a flat structure element to achieve image decomposition. The entropy and histogram of the difference images in the image pyramid are then examined. We give a numerical example to demonstrate potential advantages of the morphological filtering approach over the conventional linear filtering approach in the context of image coding. However, we also point out difficulties encountered in our study that have to be overcome before the method can be practically used.
Investigating spontaneous capillarity‐controlled events via the level set method

An accurate description of the mechanics of pore level displacement of immiscible fluids could significantly improve the macroscopic parameter predictions in real porous media. Assuming quasi-static displacement, we describe a simple but robust model based on the level set method for determining flu id interface position for both drainage and imbibition. The method arrives at geometrically correct interfaces while r obustly handling topology changes and is independent of the pore space complexity. Copyright line will be provided by the publisher Knowledge of the geometrical distribution of immiscible flu ids during displacement in porous media could significantly improve predictions of capillary pressure - saturation cur ves, interfacial areas and relative permeability. Slow displacement can be modeled as a quasi-static, capillarity-controlled process. At constant pressure and interfa cial tension, pore scale fluid-fluid interfaces are modeled as con stant mean curvature surfaces, which are not easy to calculate. Further, tracking the topological changes of the interface , such as splitting or merging, is nontrivial specifically du e to the irregular pore spaces in natural porous media.
Detection of trojans using a combined ring oscillator network and off-chip transient power analysis

Verifying the trustworthiness of Integrated Circuits (ICs) is of utmost importance, as hardware Trojans may destroy ICs bound for critical applications. A novel methodology combining on-chip structure with external current measurements is proposed to verify whether or not an IC is Trojan free. This method considers Trojans' impact on neighboring cells and on the entire IC's power consumption, and effectively localizes the measurement of dynamic power. To achieve this, we develop a new on-chip ring oscillator network structure distributed across the entire chip and place each ring oscillator's components in different rows of a standard-cell design. By developing novel statistical data analysis, the effect of process variations on the ICs' transient power will be separated from the effect of Trojans. Simulation results using 90nm technology and experimental results on Xilinx Spartan-6 FPGAs demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed method.
Handling boundary constraints for particle swarm optimization in high-dimensional search space

Despite the fact that the popular particle swarm optimizer (PSO) is currently being extensively applied to many real-world problems that often have high-dimensional and complex fitness landscapes, the effects of boundary constraints on PSO have not attracted adequate attention in the literature. However, in accordance with the theoretical analysis in [11], our numerical experiments show that particles tend to fly outside of the boundary in the first few iterations at a very high probability in high-dimensional search spaces. Consequently, the method used to handle boundary violations is critical to the performance of PSO. In this study, we reveal that the widely used random and absorbing bound-handling schemes may paralyze PSO for high-dimensional and complex problems. We also explore in detail the distinct mechanisms responsible for the failures of these two bound-handling schemes. Finally, we suggest that using high-dimensional and complex benchmark functions, such as the composition functions in [19], is a prerequisite to identifying the potential problems in applying PSO to many real-world applications because certain properties of standard benchmark functions make problems inexplicit.
Breastfeeding and Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative: more important and with more evidence than ever.

9. Koupil I, Mann V, Leon DA, Lundberg U, Byberg L, Vagero D.Morningcortisoldoesnotmediatetheassociationofsizeatbirthwithbloodpressureinchildrenbornfromfull-termpregnancies.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;62:661-6.10. Jones A, Godfrey KM, Wood P, Osmond C, Goulden P, Phillips DI.Fetal growth and the adrenocortical response to psychologicalstress. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1868-71.11. Schmidt NA. Salivary cortisol testing in children. Issues ComprPediatr Nurs. 1998;20:183-90.12. Hanrahan K, McCarthy AM, Kleiber C, Lutgendorf S, Tsalikian E.Strategiesforsalivarycortisolcollectionandanalysisinresearchwith children. Appl Nurs Res. 2006;19:95-101.13. Dressendorfer RA, Strasburger CJ, Bidlingmaier F, Klug I,Kistner A, Siebler T, et al. Development of a highly sensitivenonisotopic immunoassay for the determination of salivary17-hydroxy-progesterone: reference ranges throughoutchildhood and adolescence. Pediatr Res. 1998;44:650-5.
Long duration-mild whole body hyperthermia of up to 12 hours in rats: Feasibility, and efficacy on primary tumour and axillary lymph node metastases of a mammary adenocarcinoma: implications for adjuvant therapy

The feasibility and efficacy of low temperature (40°C) long duration whole body hyperthermia (LL-WBH) was investigated in rats bearing a highly metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma (MTLn3). We compared the treatment effects of various durations of LL-WBH (40°C for 2–12 h) to that of conventional short duration-high temperature WBH (SH-WBH, 41.5°C for 2h). SH-WBH, 2h LL-WBH, and 4h LL-WBH resulted in only modest primary tumour growth delays (TGDs) of 0.9, 1.1 and 1.8 d (days) respectively. In contrast, significantly increased TGDs of 2.8, 3.2, 2.6, and 3.1 d were achieved with 6, 8, 10 and 12h LL-WBH, respectively (p < 0.05 compared to SH-WBH, 2h-LL-WBH, and 4h-LL-WBH). Notably, LL-WBH reduced the incidence of axillary lymph node metastasis at 14 days post-treatment, from 100% in normothermic controls and 92% after SH-WBH, to 33, 40, 50, and 60% following 4, 6, 8 and 10h LL-WBH respectively. When the duration of LL-WBH was extended to 12 h, no reduction in axillary lymph node metastasis was observed. Normal t...
The collinear collision of two diatomic molecules. An application of the adiabatic approximation and the t- and k-matrix methods

Abstract We present a ‘partial decoupling“ scheme by which the collinear collision of two diatomics is reduced to an atom-diatomic collinear collision with new definitions for the parameters E , m , and a . The pseudo atom-diatomic problem is studied using the adiabatic approximation of Thiele and Katz and the first order distorted wave T - and K -matrix methods. We compare our results to the numerical results of Riley and Kuppermann and conclude that their results are reliable only for the transitions 00 → 01 and 01 → 10. We prepare a set of ‘corrected“ adiabatic transition probabilities and compare the approximate T - and K -matrix results to this set The accuracies of these approximate methods are then seen to be consistent with earlier conclusions concerning the application of the first order distorted wave approximation to atom-diatomic collinear collisions.
Chromium Augite ‐ A New Microprobe Reference Sample

A microprobe reference sample was made from a portion of a large and homogeneous single crystal of augite which contains 0.85% of Cr2O3. The relatively high chromium content of this augite increases its usefulness as a microprobe reference sample.
Erythrocyte Sodium and Potassium in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis

Intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations were determined on erythrocytes obtained, before and after treatment, from patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing 48-hour intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Erythrocyte sodium increased from 7.5 ± 0.3 to 8.6 ± 0.4 mmol/L cells with a mean of 1.1 ± 0.1 mmol/L cells (P
Radial accretion of H-rich material onto a He white dwarf

The nova outburst is modeled by spherically accreting H-rich material onto a 1 solar mass He white dwarf at a rate of 10 to the -8th solar mass/yr. The star accretes for 5848 years, when the nuclear reactions run away near the base of the accreted envelope. The nuclear-energy generation rate rises to 4.6(8) solar luminosities, and the envelope expands in response to it. However, nova-like mass ejection does not occur because the envelope is of insufficient mass, the base of the envelope is only mildly electron degenerate, and there is no enrichment of the CNO abundance. To overcome these limiting conditions, it is suggested that the H-rich material be accreted either more slowly than 10 to the -10th solar mass/yr or with angular momentum. Outbursts resulting in the former case should be similar to the nova models computed by Starrfield, Truran, and Sparks. Outbursts in the latter case should be strengthened, and novae might result because the H-rich material will be mixed into the surface layers of the white dwarf, as first suggested by Kippenhahn and Thomas (1978).
A Disaster of Unspeakable Proportions

A group of forensic nurses were deployed to the Gulf region in September and October 2005 after the area was hit by two major hurricanes. They describe their life-changing experience
Abstract P4-12-20: Clinical outcomes of patients with recurrent HER2-positive breast cancer after exposure to adjuvant trastuzumab

Background: Trastuzumab has become the cornerstone of adjuvant therapy for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer, as it has significantly impacted on overall survival for these patients. Unfortunately, not all patients are cured, and recurrences occur in up to 13% of patients. In the post-trastuzumab era, long-term outcomes for HER2-positive breast cancer patients who develop recurrent disease after exposure to adjuvant trastuzumab is unknown. Methods: We retrospectively identified patients with stage I-III HER2-positive breast cancer treated at The Ohio State University Medical Center from 1995-2011. Patients were divided into two groups: those exposed to adjuvant trastuzumab, and those who never received adjuvant trastuzumab. Medical records were reviewed to obtain demographic data, disease status at diagnosis, adjuvant and metastatic therapeutic regimens, date and location of recurrent disease, date of last follow-up and vital status. Time-dependent analyses were carried out using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Results: Six hundred and sixty-two patients were initially identified and included in the analysis. Of the 374 patients who did not receive adjuvant trastuzumab, 96 patients had recurrence (26%). There were 288 patients who received adjuvant trastuzumab, with 33 patients developing relapse (11%). In the patients who received adjuvant trastuzumab and subsequently recurred, there was a higher incidence of CNS recurrence (n = 8; 24%) than those who did not receive adjuvant trastuzumab (n = 10; 10%). Those that received adjuvant trastuzumab also had fewer bone metastases (n = 3; 9%) than the patients who did not receive adjuvant trastuzumab (n = 29; 30%). There was no difference in overall survival in patients with metastatic progression after exposure to adjuvant trastuzumab compared to patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer without prior adjuvant trastuzumab (p = 0.41). Of the 33 patients who relapsed after adjuvant trastuzumab, the majority received HER2-targeted therapy in the form of trastuzumab or lapatinib (n = 22; 67%). Eleven patients received trastuzumab-based therapy and 9 received lapatinib-based therapy. Two patients received the combination of trastuzumab and lapatinib. The remainder received cytotoxic therapy alone (n = 3; 9%), endocrine therapy (n = 1; 3%) or local therapy (surgery or radiation) (n = 4; 12%). Three patients received no therapy. Conclusion: There was no difference in overall survival for HER2-positive breast cancer patients who recur after adjuvant trastuzumab compared to metastatic patients without exposure to adjuvant trastuzumab. CNS disease as the first site of recurrence occured more frequently in patients who had received adjuvant trastuzumab than in those who were not previously exposed to trastuzumab. Continued HER2-targeted therapy after relapse on adjuvant trastuzumab was the regimen of choice in the first-line metastatic setting. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P4-12-20.
Polymer‐polymer composites fabricated by the in situ release and coalescence of polymer chains from their inclusion compounds with urea into a carrier polymer phase

Inclusion compounds (ICs) can be formed between small-molecule hosts and guest polymers, where the crystalline host lattice confines the guest polymers to occupy narrow cylindrical channels. The included polymers are highly extended by the narrow channel diameters and are separated from neighboring polymer chains by the walls of the small-molecule host lattice. It is possible to coalesce the polymer chains from their ICs by exposure to a solvent for the small-molecule host which is not a solvent for the included polymer chains. When crystallizable polymers are coalesced from their ICs by solvent treatment, they are observed to crystallize in an extended-chain morphology accompanied by much less chain-folding than occurs when crystallization of the same polymers take place from their disordered melt or solution environments. In this report we outline our initial efforts to create polymer-polymer molecular composites based on the coalescence of polymer chains from their IC crystals with urea, which were previously embedded in a carrier polymer phase. Both film and fiber composites made with chemically identical or distinct IC-included and carrier polymers are described. Water vapor permeation, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and microscopic observations are used to probe these composites; and several applications are suggested. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 281–287, 1997
Intrafamilial Conflict among Felons under Community Supervision: An Examination of the Co-habitants of Electronically Monitored Offenders.

This paper examines the perceptions of intrafamilial conflict among those who reside (co-habitants) with electronically monitored felony probationers and parolees. The purpose of this study is to provide a rudimentary empirical exploration into levels of intrafamilial conflict among felons under community supervision, in relation to socio-demographic and other variables associated with problematic levels of conflict. The Beck Depression Inventory, and specially designed questions are used as independent variables in statistical anylyses that attempt to identify family environmental variables in relationship to each other and to demographic and other variables as predictors of intrafamilial conflict within this population. Data pertinent to these were collected on probationer and parolee co-habitants from two county probation departments and two offices of a state parole department. All departments and offices were located in large metropolitan areas in a Southwestern state. An analysis of the findings is ...
Risk factors associated with persistence of Salmonella shedding in finishing pigs.

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify risk factors associated with persistence of Salmonella shedding in finishing swine. A longitudinal study was conducted in 18 cohorts of pigs from three finishing sites of one swine production company. Among the 446 Salmonella isolates (isolated from 187 pigs), there were 18 distinct serovars. The six most common serovars were S. enterica serovar Derby (47.3%), S. Agona (27.4%), S. Johannesburg (10.5%), S. Schwarzengrund (2.7%), S. Litchfield (2.5%) and S. Mbandaka (2.2%). Survival analysis techniques, Kaplan–Meier methods and Log-rank test were used to estimate the duration of Salmonella shedding in days and to evaluate differences in shedding associated with risk factors at different organizational levels: isolate (serovar), pig, cohort and site. The risk factors at the pig-level were: sex, age and individual health status; and the risk factors at the cohort-level were: health risk, treatment and “at risk pigs” proportions, nursery and barn environment Salmonella status and prior exposure to the same serovar in the nursery or barn environment. Survival analysis using acceleration failure time models, with a log-normal distribution, was applied to investigate risk factors associated with Salmonella persistence (175 pigs) and serovar-specific persistence (151 pigs) during the study period. Pigs detected Salmonella positive for the first time at 10 weeks of age had a longer duration of shedding, than pigs first detected at an older age. The duration of shedding was shorter among pigs infected with S. Derby, S. Johannesburg and other serovars as compared to pigs infected with S. Agona. A significant difference was observed among sites. Cohorts with pig treatment proportions greater than the median were more likely to have a shorter duration of Salmonella shedding. Pigs from cohorts with nursery positive pools greater than the overall mean had a longer duration of Salmonella shedding as compared to pigs from cohorts with nursery pools less than or equal to the mean. These results suggest that the duration of Salmonella shedding may depend on Salmonella serovar, pig age at the time of infection, farm site and cohort-level risk factors. Identification of risk factors associated with the duration of shedding may allow more targeted interventions for the control Salmonella by evaluation of control measures not only for prevalence reduction, but also to decrease the duration of shedding. Such measures may decrease the risk of contamination of pork and subsequent risk of foodborne illness.
QCD corrections to QED and isospin breaking in the baryon spectrum and vector-meson mixing.

We reexamine baryon isomultiplet mass splittings and {rho}-{omega} mixing including, in addition to the usual one-photon-exchange terms and the light-quark mass difference {Delta}{ital m} (={ital m}{sub {ital d}}{minus}{ital m}{sub {ital u}}), effective charge-symmetry-breaking operators due to the interference of QED and QCD. We find that these interference terms play a significant role in determining the isomultiplet splittings and that including them in the analysis reduces the extracted value of {Delta}{ital m}.