cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The differentiation of visual pigments in metamorphosing larvae of Rana catesbeiana

Abstract There have been several reports in the last fifteen years that the visual pigments of amphibian tadpoles change during metamorphosis. This phenomenon has been examined in detail in tadpoles of Rana catesbeiana . It has been shown that the retinas of bullfrog tadpoles contain 70–85% porphyropsin and 15–30% rhodopsin prior to metamorphosis. During thyroxine-induced metamorphosis in the absence of feeding, the hormone stimulates photopigment conversion; as a result the retinas of postmetamorphic animals contain solely rhodopsin. At the same time cells of the pigmented epithelium display morphological evidence of increased synthetic activity. Possible mechanisms operative in this conversion have been examined. Experiments utilizing thyroxine-induced metamorphosis prove that dietary changes cannot explain the conversion. Nor do changes in the substrate specificities of retinal alcohol dehydrogenase, isomerase, or opsin occur. Several experiments were carried out in order to determine the tissue specificity of thyroxine in this system. Unilateral local implantation of thyroxine-agar into the eye is unusually effective in hastening photopigment conversion, but no reproducible differences between the control and experimental eyes were found. No qualitative changes in the carotenoid content of eyes and liver occur during metamorphosis. The vitamin A 2 molecule is an organ-specific vitamin, being restricted to the eye. Arguments are presented which suggest but do not prove that the action of thyroxine is specifically on the eye, changing the course of vitamin A metabolism there.
Cable management arm airflow impedance study

A heavily loaded cable management arm at the rear of a server system can have the visual appearance of presenting a significant obstruction to airflow. Tests were carried out to evaluate the level of airflow impedance presented by a fully cabled arm in a relatively low profile server system. This investigation reveals that airflow pressure drop due to the presence of the cable management arm is less than 2% of the overall system impedance at typical operating conditions. This level of impedance would cause a nearly imperceptible temperature rise within the system.
Multilevel block factorizations in generalized hierarchical bases

SUMMARY This paper studies the use of a generalized hierarchical basis transformation at each level of a multilevel block factorization. The factorization may be used as a preconditioner to the conjugate gradient method, or the structure it sets up may be used to define a multigrid method. The basis transformation is performed with an averaged piecewise constant interpolant and is applicable to unstructured elliptic problems. The results show greatly improved convergence rate when the transformation is applied for solving sample diffusion and elasticity problems. The cost of the method, however, grows and can get very high with the number of of nonzeros per row. Copyright c ∞ 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation analysis of the effect of beam pipes and multi-mode competition in the standing-wave free-electron laser two-beam accelerator

In this paper, we present simulation results of an array of standing-wave free-electron lasers (SWFELs) in the standing-wave free-electron laser two-beam accelerator (SWFEL/TBA) configuration. The influence of betatron motion on the stability of rf output energy is analyzed. The effects of beam pipes and finite emittance on rf output power are examined, and an investigation is made of a possible mode competition. It is shown that for an array of SWFELs with 9 cavities and a 100.6-ns, 0.5-kA, 7.98-MeV, 2.0×10−4π m normalized-emittance electron beam, prebunched at 17.1 GHz, an averaged energy output of 12.3 J/m can be obtained with a fluctuation of less than 6.5%. It is also shown that potential competitive longitudinal modes can be suppressed by inserting irises along the electric field direction at some node points of the electric field of the operating mode.
Floc structure and growth kinetics for rapid shear coagulation of polystyrene colloids

Colloid coagulation in a flowing suspension is governed by floc structure and by the colloidal and hydrodynamic interactions between the aggregates. We have investigated both the internal structure and growth rate of rigid flocs formed by rapid coagulation in a linear shear flow, examining structure by static light scattering and measuring sizes by dynamic light scattering. Comparison of the results for sheared suspensions with Brownian coagulation data reveals a similar structure for the two modes; in both cases the flocs exhibit characteristics of a fractal with dimension d = 1.8 ± 0.1, and for both modes the average number of nearest neighbors is approximately the same. In contrast, the growth kinetics are inherently different, as expected. To model growth in a shear flow, we treat a porous floc as a body with a hydrodynamic radius which is smaller than the capture radius corresponding to floc—floc contact, and we also find it necessary to invoke a criterion for the maximum size a floc can obtain at a given shear rate. Necessary structural details are provided by the static light scattering results. We compare kinetics predicted by this model with data at several shear rates and find qualitative agreement.
Environmental postmodernism and rehabilitation of the borderline of mental retardation

The subculture of developmental disabilities services has embraced ideological perspectives from academia in general and from other service sectors, including, in recent years, the educational sector. Prevalent ideological and philosophical perspectives with growing influence within the professional literature and to a lesser degree, the practitioner community, include postmodernist and constructionist doctrine. These perspectives influence the depiction of utility of a wide variety of clinical and programmatic activities that typify services and, generally, impact upon decision making by policy makers, administrators, and possibly, to an important degree, by managers who influence events at the point of clinical and service contact. This article discusses the nature and character of these influences and the issues facing the field, centering on the act of classifying a person with mild mental retardation, as well as uncertainties regarding both the process and consequences of classification. Recommendations are made for an expanded but modified role for adaptive behavior assessment in this process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hidden lessons: How a focus on slope-like properties of quadratic functions encouraged unexpected generalizations ☆

Abstract This article presents secondary students’ generalizations about the connections between algebraic and graphical representations of quadratic functions, focusing specifically on the roles of the parameters a, b, and c in the general form of a quadratic function, y = ax2 + bx + c. Students’ generalizations about these connections led to a surprising finding: two-thirds of the students interviewed identified the parameter a as the “slope” of the parabola. Analysis of qualitative data from interviews and classroom observations led to the development of three focusing phenomena in the classroom environment that inadvertently supported a focus on slope-like properties of quadratic functions: (a) the use of linear analogies, (b) the rise over run method, and (c) viewing a as dynamic rather than static.
Lesser Known Aquarium Fish Tumor Models

The repeated use of particular species for experimental oncology in fish increases their future value by accumulating background information for these models and justifies the establishment of genetic stock centers. However, the wide diversity that exists within the class Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes suggests that the ideal surrogate models for studying some types of neoplasms might be found among lesser known species. To help assess cultured fish as surrogates for some other types of human neoplasia, we examined cases in the archives of the Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals and reviewed reports in the literature. Spontaneous and induced neoplasms originating from a spectrum of cell types were seen in more than 215 fish species commonly raised in aquaria or cultured for study among 69 families. Prominent families include the Poeciliidae (livebearers), Cyprinidae (carps and minnows), Cichlidae (cichlids), Cyprinodontidae (killifish), Characidae (tetras), Adrianichthyidae (medakas), Aplocheilidae (rivulins), and Salmonidae (salmon and trout). The following are examples of potential fish tumor models that have received less consideration than some others: papilloma and carcinoma of the urinary bladder in oscar (Astronotus ocellatus); osteogenic neoplasms, peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and ependymoblastoma in coho salmon fingerlings (Oncorhynchus kisutch); and nephroblastoma resembling Wilms' tumor in Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica).
Phenylalanine depletion for the management of phenylketonuria: use of enzyme reactors with immobilized enzymes

Multitubular enzyme reactors with immobilized phenylalanine ammonia lyase were tested in vitro and in vivo for depletion of phenylalanine in circulating blood. Sustained reduction of phenylalanine was achieved in less than 30 minutes. A 50% decrease of phenylalanine was obtained with a 2-hour application of enzyme reactors and was maintained for more than 2 days. Similar enzyme reactors have therapeutic potential for temporary management of phenylketonuric patients when their circulating phenylalanine becomes exceedingly high because of infection, fever, or pregnancy.
ULTRAFAST RING CLOSURE ENERGETICS AND DYNAMICS OF CYCLOPENTADIENYL MANGANESE TRICARBONYL DERIVATIVES

Ring closure following flash photolysis in alkane solvents has been detected for several complexes in the series (η5-C5H4R)Mn(CO)3 where R = COCH3 (1), COCH2SCH3 (2), CO(CH2)2SCH3 (3), COCH2OCH3 (4), (CH2)2CO2CH3 (5), and CH2CO2CH3 (6). In each case where ring closure occurs, a metal CO is ultimately substituted by the side chain functional group. Photoacoustic calorimetry studies reveal that ring closures occur with rate constants faster than 107 s-1 or between 106 and 107 s-1, or in some cases the ring closure is biphasic with rate constants in both ranges. The enthalpies of CO dissociation followed by ring closure for 2 and 3 are the same (12 kcal/mol) and more favorable than those for 4−6 (25−15 kcal/mol). Studies of 1−3 by transient picosecond to microsecond infrared spectroscopy confirm biphasic dynamics for 2 and 3: ring closure occurs immediately (k > 5 × 109 s-1) and at slower rates (k = 108−106 s-1). We propose that some ring closure occurs before solvent coordination and that the remaining rin...
Biologic activities of antibody to a peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein of Haemophilus influenzae against multiple clinical isolates of H. influenzae type b.

Abstract A peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein of about 15 kilodaltons was purified from the outer membranes of Haemophilus influenzae by using nondenaturing detergents. To assess its vaccine potential, rabbit antiserum to the purified protein was obtained. The antiserum was specific for the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein in whole cell lysates of H. influenzae and was bactericidal for H. influenzae types a, b, d, e, and f and for 181 of 182 H. influenzae type b clinical strains isolated in widely dispersed geographic areas. The antibody protected infant rats from challenge with each of five clinical H. influenzae type b isolates and was additive to and did not interfere with bactericidal and protective activities of antibody against the type b capsule. These data indicate that the purified peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein is a potentially valuable vaccine candidate for H. influenzae type b disease and may enhance the effectiveness of preexisting anticapsular antibody.
Sub-1-dB Noise Figure Performance of High-Power Field-Plated GaN HEMTs

In this letter, we report the state-of-the-art micro wave noise performance of discrete 0.15-μm-gate-length field plated (FP) GaN HEMTs. The FP GaN HEMTs yielded a peak fτ/fmax of 60 GHz/150 GHz at Vds = 10 V. An fmax of 230 GHz was obtained at Vds = 20 V. At 2.5 V, the source-drain bias and dc power dissipation of 200 mW/mm, a minimum noise figure (NFmin) of 0.89 dB, and an associated gain (AG) of 11 dB were measured at 10 GHz. At 20 GHz the NFmin and AG were 1.9 and 6.2 dB, respectively. The sub-1-dB microwave noise performance at 10 GHz is the best ever reported for FP high-power GaN HEMTs, which can be attributed to their lateral scaling and deep-submicrometer gate lengths.
Management of patients with the hereditary long QT syndrome.

Long QT Syndrome. The hereditary long QT syndrome is an inherited ion channel disorder with QT prolongation, morphologic changes in the T waves, and a relatively high frequency of syncope, T wave alternans, torsades de pointes-type ventricular tachycardia, and sudden death. Monotherapy with beta blockers is the treatment of first choice. In patients with recurrent syncope despite therapy with beta blockers, pacemakers and/or ganglionectomy may be useful in selected cases, with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator used as a fail-safe approach in high-risk patients.
Markovian analysis of large finite state machines

Regarding finite state machines as Markov chains facilitates the application of probabilistic methods to very large logic synthesis and formal verification problems. In this paper we present symbolic algorithms to compute the steady-state probabilities for very large finite state machines (up to 10/sup 27/ states). These algorithms, based on Algebraic Decision Diagrams (ADD's)-an extension of BDD's that allows arbitrary values to be associated with the terminal nodes of the diagrams-determine the steady-state probabilities by regarding finite state machines as homogeneous, discrete-parameter Markov chains with finite state spaces, and by solving the corresponding Chapman-Kolmogorov equations. We first consider finite state machines with state graphs composed of a single terminal strongly connected component; for this type of system we have implemented two solution techniques: One is based on the Gauss-Jacobi iteration, the other one is based on simple matrix multiplication. Then we extend our treatment to the most general case of systems which can be modelled as finite state machines with arbitrary transition structures; here our approach exploits structural information to decompose and simplify the state graph of the machine. We report experimental results obtained for problems on which traditional methods fail.
A functional study of the skin barrier to evaporative water loss by means of repeated cellophane-tape stripping

The functional role of different layers of the horny layer in preventing evaporative water loss was studied by an adhesive cellophane-tape stripping technique. The increase in transepidermal water loss, as described by a mathematical equation based on curve-fitting analysis, was shown to be proportional to the decrease in thickness of the horny layer. In the second half of the curve the experimental data showed slightly higher transepidermal-water-loss values than would be expected on the basis of proportionality with thickness of the stratum corneum. The data suggest that the outer layers of the horny layer are also important in forming a barrier to evaporative water loss.
Advances in field-flow fractionation for the analysis of biomolecules: instrument design and hyphenation

Field-flow fractionation (FFF) separates analytes by use of an axial channel-flow and a cross-field. Its soft separation capability makes it an ideal tool for initial fractionation of complex mixtures, but large elution volumes and high flow rates have limited its applicability without significant user handling. Recent advances in instrumentation and miniaturization have successfully reduced channel size and elution speed, and thus the volume of each fraction, making it possible to conveniently couple FFF with orthogonal separation techniques for improved resolution. More detailed analysis can also be performed on the fractions generated by FFF by use of diverse analytical techniques, including MS, NMR, and even X-ray scattering. These developmental trends have given FFF more power in the analysis of different types of molecule, and will be the direction of choice for further advances in FFF technology.
DNA primase of human mitochondria is associated with structural RNA that is essential for enzymatic activity

DNA primase isolated from human mitochondria sediments in glycerol density gradients at 30S and 70S. These unusually high sedimentation coefficients are a result of association of the primase activity with RNA. Treatment of primase with nuclease not only affects its sedimentation behavior, but also inactivates the primase activity. The major RNA species that cofractionates with primase activity is shown by direct sequence analysis to be cytosolic 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Specific degradation of endogenous 5.8S rRNA using ribonuclease H and oligonucleotides complementary to 5.8S rRNA results in reduction of primase activity. Other small RNAs may play a structural role in the formation of an active DNA primase complex.
Electrochromic and Redox Electroactive Polymers Based on Ethylenedioxythiophene Derivatives

A family of electrically conductive polymers based on 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and its derivatives will be discussed as electrochromic and redox electroactive materials. Poly(alkylethylenedioxythiophenes), derivatized with octyl and tetradecyl pendant chains, exhibit significantly faster redox switching characteristics than the unsubstituted parent polymer. Bis(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thienyl)arylene (BEDOT-Ar) and vinylene monomers electropolymerize at low potentials avoiding degradative side reactions. We outline the properties of EDOT polymers which exhibit low band gaps allowing for the formation of conductive complexes with a high degree of visible light transmission and show their electrochromic properties. The BEDOT-vinylene polymer, for example, has a band gap of 1.4 eV. A relatively high degree of electrochromic contrast is found at 600 nm as the polymers switch between insulating deep purple absorptive and conductive light blue states. Solid-state dual polymer electrochromic devices have been constructed using a combination of complementary anodically and cathodically coloring polymers based on the EDOT core.
The Path Restoration Version of the Spare Capacity Allocation Problem with Modularity Restrictions: Models, Algorithms, and an Empirical Analysis

This investigation presents a strategy to construct a compact mathematical model of the path-restoration version of the spare capacity allocation problem. The strategy uses a node-arc formulation and combines constraints whenever multiple working paths affected by an edge failure have identical origins or destinations. Another unique feature of this model is the inclusion of modularity restrictions corresponding to the discrete capacities of the equipment used in telecommunication networks.The new model can be solved using a classical branch-and-bound algorithm with a linear-programming relaxation. A preprocessing module is developed, which generates a set of cuts that strengthens this linear programming relaxation. The overhead associated with the cuts is offset by the improved bounds produced. A new branch-and-bound algorithm is developed that exploits the modularity restrictions. In an extensive empirical analysis, a software implementation of this algorithm was found to be substantially faster than CPLEX 6.5.3. For a test suite of 50 problems, each having 50 nodes and 200 demands from a uniform distribution with a small variance, our new software obtained solutions guaranteed to be within 4% of optimality in five minutes of CPU time on a DEC AlphaStation.
Essential yet limited role for CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes during Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T cell priming

Defense against infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is mediated by CD4 T cells. CCR2(+) inflammatory monocytes (IMs) have been implicated in Mtb-specific CD4 T cell responses but their in vivo contribution remains unresolved. Herein, we show that transient ablation of IMs during infection prevents Mtb delivery to pulmonary lymph nodes, reducing CD4 T cell responses. Transfer of MHC class II-expressing IMs to MHC class II-deficient, monocyte-depleted recipients, while restoring Mtb transport to mLNs, does not enable Mtb-specific CD4 T cell priming. On the other hand, transfer of MHC class II-deficient IMs corrects CD4 T cell priming in monocyte-depleted, MHC class II-expressing mice. Specific depletion of classical DCs does not reduce Mtb delivery to pulmonary lymph nodes but markedly reduces CD4 T cell priming. Thus, although IMs acquire characteristics of DCs while delivering Mtb to lymph nodes, cDCs but not moDCs induce proliferation of Mtb-specific CD4 T cells. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01086.001.
Determination of Normal Human Fetal Immunoglobulin M Levels

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were measured in 198 cord blood samples from 192 apparently normal pregnancies from 24 weeks of gestation to term. Simple linear regression analysis yielded a standard curve for IgM development during pregnancy showing a 0.5 mg/dl increase in IgM per week of gestation. This curve allows the comparison of fetal IgM levels from pregnancies considered to be at risk for intrauterine infection.
A Small Air Velocity-Controlled Test Chamber for Emission Studies

This paper describes an air velocity-controlled test chamber that is designed for experimental study of surface air flow effects on material emissions. The small test chamber can generate a uniform flow field for a wide range of air velocity, turbulence fluctuation, and relative humidity and temperature variation. The mean air velocity and the turbulent fluctuation inside the chamber can be adjusted independently. The air velocity can be changed from 0.05 to 0.114 m/s, and the turbulence fluctuation can be varied from 0.5 to 1%. The chamber is 65 by 35 by 5 cm in size and is made of stainless steel. The air movement is controlled with two power adjustable fans, and the uniform air velocity and turbulence fluctuation distribution over the material surface is generated by installing stainless steel meshes. A height-adjustable loading area is also designed to avoid a disturbance on the flow pattern caused by the thickness of the testing materials and to prevent emissions from the edge of the testing materials. Some tests were conducted by using the small test chamber, and the results confirmed that both air velocity and turbulence fluctuation have an effect on material emission rates.
Evaluation of the software e 3 -portfolio in the context of the study program Problem-solving competencies

This paper presents the evaluation of an e-portfolio system which has been developed at the University of Augsburg in the context of a study program supporting the acquisition of key competencies. After describing the object of the evaluation and the design-based research approach of the study program's development the results of the evaluation will be presented. It is shown how the software facilitates the students' cooperation and collaboration in self-organized project-groups, in what ways the reflection of the project work can be guided and how the software tool should be enhanced in future.
Fast-converging maximum-likelihood interference cancellation

The use of adaptive linear techniques to solve signal processing problems is needed particularly when the environment external to the radar is not known a priori. Due to the lack of knowledge of the external environment, adaptive techniques require a certain amount of data to cancel the interference external to the radar or communication system. The amount of data required so that the performance of the adaptive processor is close (nominally within 3 dB) to the optimum is called the convergence time of the processor. The minimization of the convergence time is important since in many environments the external interference changes with time. Although there are heuristic techniques such as the loaded sample matrix inversion (LSMI) in the literature that provide fast convergence for particular problems, there is currently not a general solution for arbitrary interference that is derived via classical theory. In this paper, the authors derive a maximum-likelihood (ML) solution for a structured covariance matrix. The only structure assumed is that the thermal noise variance is known. Using this ML estimate, simulations show that the convergence is on the order of twice the number of narrow-band interference sources.
Shear bond strength of a composite resin to an etched glass ionomer

Abstract The shear bond strength of a composite resin bonded to an etched glass ionomer was examined. Results indicate that shear bond strength between the two materials is greater than the cohesive strength of the glass ionomer itself. This property combined with other beneficial properties of glass ionomer materials may lead to their use as bases for composite resin restorations.
High-Content Image-Based Screening for Small-Molecule Chaperone Amplifiers in Heat Shock

Heat shock proteins represent the major elements of the cellular stress response that protects cells from diseases caused by protein misfolding. Small-molecule amplifiers of heat shock proteins have shown promising results in several animal models, demonstrating the potential importance of such compounds for therapeutics. The expression of many heat shock proteins is controlled by HSF1, which forms stress granules in the nucleus when transcriptionally activated. Activation of the cellular stress also correlates with the translocation of HSP70 into nucleoli. The authors have developed an image-based, multiparametric assay to simultaneously monitor the effects of compounds on HSF1/HSP70 stress granule formation in heat-shocked Hela cells. High
Effects of a psychosocial intervention on breast self-examination attitudes and behaviors

An educational intervention to promote breast self-examinations (BSEs) among young women was tested. In a group (intervention versus control) x time (Session 1 versus Session 2) mixed design, 172 college females were randomly assigned to either an intervention or control condition. Both groups attended two sessions; the second session was 48 hours after the first. The intervention consisted of an essay, lecture, video portraying young survivors of breast cancer, group discussions, self-test and instructions on performing BSEs. The control group had the same format; however, the information was focused on nutrition and exercise. Participants in the intervention group scored higher on rational problem solving and behavioral intentions, suggesting that the intervention increased adaptive responses to breast cancer threat. Conversely, control participants scored significantly higher on maladaptive reactions (e.g. hopelessness, avoidance and fatalistic religiosity) to breast cancer threat. For intervention participants, the initial decline in maladaptive reactions remained stable at 3-month follow-up, but adaptive reactions decreased. Intervention participants had greater confidence in performing BSEs compared with controls but performed them on an irregular basis. Results were interpreted in terms of protection motivation theory, a model that applies the social psychology of persuasion to preventive health.
Antiviral Actions of Interferons

Tremendous progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of the antiviral actions of interferons (IFNs), as well as strategies evolved by viruses to antagonize the actions of IFNs. Furthermore, advances made while elucidating the IFN system have contributed significantly to our understanding in multiple areas of virology and molecular cell biology, ranging from pathways of signal transduction to the biochemical mechanisms of transcriptional and translational control to the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis. IFNs are approved therapeutics and have moved from the basic research laboratory to the clinic. Among the IFN-induced proteins important in the antiviral actions of IFNs are the RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) and RNase L, and the Mx protein GTPases. Double-stranded RNA plays a central role in modulating protein phosphorylation and RNA degradation catalyzed by the IFN-inducible PKR kinase and the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate-dependent RNase L, respectively, and also in RNA editing by the IFN-inducible RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR1). IFN also induces a form of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS2) and the major histocompatibility complex class I and II proteins, all of which play important roles in immune response to infections. Several additional genes whose expression profiles are altered in response to IFN treatment and virus infection have been identified by microarray analyses. The availability of cDNA and genomic clones for many of the components of the IFN system, including IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-gamma, their receptors, Jak and Stat and IRF signal transduction components, and proteins such as PKR, 2',5'-OAS, Mx, and ADAR, whose expression is regulated by IFNs, has permitted the generation of mutant proteins, cells that overexpress different forms of the proteins, and animals in which their expression has been disrupted by targeted gene disruption. The use of these IFN system reagents, both in cell culture and in whole animals, continues to provide important contributions to our understanding of the virus-host interaction and cellular antiviral response.
The Canary in the Coal Mine Tweets: Social Media Reveals Public Perceptions of Non-Medical Use of Opioids.

© 2015 Chan et al.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Obj
Indonesia's Slow Recovery After Meltdown

Although signs have emerged that some of the forces that caused the 1997–98 Asian financial crisis have begun to diminish and progress has been made in macroeconomic affairs, 10 years after the meltdown Indonesia’s recovery is still among the slowest in Asian crisis countries. During the last few years, the relatively rapid growth of the financial sector (inadequately restructured) reflects the presence of excess liquidity and the sector’s vulnerability. The slow growth of investment explains the economy-wide effects on the real sector and the stagnancy or deterioration of some social indicators. This paper focuses on two issues related to the slow recovery: the financial structure of lenders and borrowers that dampened credit, and the dismal performance of regional growth following the 2001 decentralization policy. There is some evidence indicating that agency costs have slowed credit and investment growth (credit channel), and that institutional constraints produced a lack of growth incentives among local governments. Efforts to raise the sub-national welfare post-decentralization have also been constrained by national policies such as a tight budget and the relatively conservative monetary policy despite the fact that they are not too effective at controlling inflation. The decomposition analysis also shows that an aggregate demand expansion would have been effective to stimulate growth.
What limits evaporation from Mediterranean oak woodlands The supply of moisture in the soil, physiological control by plants or the demand by the atmosphere?

Abstract The prediction of evaporation from Mediterranean woodland ecosystems is complicated by an array of climate, soil and plant factors. To provide a mechanistic and process-oriented understanding, we evaluate theoretical and experimental information on water loss of Mediterranean oaks at three scales, the leaf, tree and woodland. We use this knowledge to address: what limits evaporation from Mediterranean oak woodlands – the supply of moisture in the soil, physiological control by plants or the demand by the atmosphere? The Mediterranean climate is highly seasonal with wet winters and hot, dry summers. Consequently, available sunlight is in surplus, causing potential evaporation to far exceed available rainfall on an annual basis. Because the amount of precipitation to support woody plants is marginal, Mediterranean oaks must meet their limited water supply by a variety of means. They do so by: (1) constraining the leaf area index of the landscape by establishing a canopy with widely spaced trees; (2) reducing the size of individual leaves; (3) by adopting physiological characteristics that meter the use of water (e.g. regulating stomatal, leaf nitrogen/photosynthetic capacity and/or hydraulic conductance); (4), by tapping deep supplies of water in the soil; (5) and/or by adopting a deciduous life form, which reduces the time interval that the vegetation transpires.
RECENT ADVANCES IN IMAGING OF CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE

The recent advances made in CT and MR imaging have led to increased accuracy in making a number of diagnoses in the emergency room setting. Increasingly, radiologists are asked to perform these studies and accurately interpret the findings, which often have a dramatic impact on triaging and treatment of the patient. Future trials need to address further the relative merits of each of the techniques outlined previously in specific settings. In addition, given the increasing number of means of obtaining diagnostic information, cost effectiveness studies are needed to better formulate an appropriate algorithm for each diagnosis.
Functional Genomic Analysis of Fluconazole Susceptibility in the Pathogenic Yeast Candida glabrata: Roles of Calcium Signaling and Mitochondria

The pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata exhibits innate resistance to fluconazole, the most commonly used antifungal agent. By screening a library of 9,216 random insertion mutants, we identified a set of 27 genes which upon mutation, confer altered fluconazole susceptibility in C. glabrata. Homologues of three of these genes have been implicated in azole and/or drug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: two of these belong to the family of ABC transporters (PDR5 and PDR16), and one is involved in retrograde signaling from mitochondria to nucleus (RTG2). The remaining 24 genes are involved in diverse cellular functions, including ribosomal biogenesis and mitochondrial function, activation of RNA polymerase II transcription, nuclear ubiquitin ligase function, cell wall biosynthesis, and calcium homeostasis. We characterized two sets of mutants in more detail. Strains defective in a putative plasma membrane calcium channel (Cch1-Mid1) were modestly more susceptible to fluconazole but showed a significant loss of viability upon prolonged fluconazole exposure, suggesting that calcium signaling is required for survival of azole stress in C. glabrata. These mutants were defective in calcium uptake in response to fluconazole exposure. The combined results suggest that, in the absence of Ca(2+) signaling, fluconazole has a fungicidal rather than a fungistatic effect on C. glabrata. The second set of mutants characterized in detail were defective in mitochondrial assembly and organization, and these exhibited very high levels of fluconazole resistance. Further analysis of these mutants indicated that in C. glabrata a mechanism exists for reversible loss of mitochondrial function that does not involve loss of mitochondrial genome and that C. glabrata can switch between states of mitochondrial competence and incompetence in response to fluconazole exposure.
From Molecular Dynamics to Kinetic Rate Theory: A Simple Example of Multiscale Modeling

Radiation damage formation in iron has been investigated using the method of molecular dynamics simulation. The MD simulations have been used to determine primary defect production parameters for cascade energies up to 50 keV at temperatures from 100 to 900K. The energy dependence of these parameters has been used to determine appropriate neutron-energy-spectrum averaged damage production cross sections for various irradiation environments. Two applications of these effective cross sections are discussed. The first is an evaluation of neutron energy spectrum effects in commercial fission reactor pressure vessels. The second example deals with the use of these cross sections in the source term of a kinetic model used to predict void swelling and microstructural evolution. The simulation of the primary damage event by MD involves times less than 100 ps and a size scale of a few tens of nm, while the kinetic simulation encompasses several years and macroscopic sizes. This use of the MD results to develop an improved source term for rate theory modeling provides a simple example of multiscale modeling.
Cancer Models and Their Mathematical Analysis

The role of a mathematical model is to explain a set of experiments, and to make predictions which can then be tested by further experiments. In setting up a mathematical model of a biological process, by a set of differential equations, it is very important to determine the numerical value of the parameters. For biological processes are typically valid only within a limited range of parameters.
Pituitary Hormones and the Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis

Pituitary hormones orchestrate the structure and function of various organ systems in the body. A specific, limited function is ascribed to each pituitary hormone. We have come to appreciate that pituitary hormones have profound effects on bone, so much so that the “pituitary-bone axis” is now understood to be integral to skeletal biology. All pituitary hormones play a part in bone regulation, including growth hormone (GH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin and oxytocin. In mice, reduction in hormone levels due to haploinsufficiency for any one of several pituitary hormones or their receptors alters bone dynamics, while the “primary” target organ remains unaffected. This finding indicates that bone is the more sensitive organ. An in-depth insight into the mechanism of action of each hormone gives us a better understanding of bone pathophysiology and opens up new avenues for treatment of osteoporosis. In this chapter, we discuss the interaction of each pituitary hormone with bone and the potential that targeting these interactions holds in management of osteoporosis.
Comparison of a Medication Inventory and a Dietary Supplement Interview in Assessing Dietary Supplement Use in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos:

Although dietary supplement use is common, its assessment is challenging, especially among ethnic minority populations such as Hispanics/Latinos. Using the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) (n = 16,415), this report compares two strategies for capturing dietary supplement use over a 30-day period: a medication-based inventory and a nutrition-based dietary supplement interview. Age-standardized prevalence was calculated across multiple dietary supplement definitions, adjusted with survey/nonresponse weights. The prevalence of dietary supplement use was substantially higher as measured in the dietary supplement interview, compared to the medication inventory: for total dietary supplements (39% vs 26%, respectively), for nonvitamin, nonmineral supplements (24% vs 12%), and for botanicals (9.2% vs 4.5%). Concordance between the two assessments was fair to moderate (Cohen's kappa: 0.31–0.52). Among women, inclusion of botanical teas increased the prevalence of botanical supplement use from 7% to 15%. Supplement assessment that includes queries about botanical teas yields more information about patient supplement use.
Environmental Inspections and the EU: Securing an Effective Role for a Supranational Union Legal Framework

Over several years, the European Union (EU) has gradually developed its legal framework to assist in the proper application of EU environmental protection rules, both at Member State as well as at EU institutional levels. This article focuses on one particular and relatively recent emerging element of that supranational framework, namely the range of EU secondary legislative measures and provisions concerning the management of environmental inspections. In addition to appraising the extent of EU legislative engagement in relation to environmental inspections, this article reflects on certain challenges of a constitutional nature that the EU will need to address in the future if its intervention in this particular policy field is to continue to develop.
Effects of Interparticle Interactions upon the Magnetic Properties of CoFe2O4 and MnFe2O4 Nanocrystals

The interparticle distance has been systematically varied by controlling the concentration of 8-nm CoFe2O4 or MnFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanocrystals dispersed in eicosane. For both nanoparticulate systems, the blocking temperature decreased with increasing interparticle distance through dilution of nanocrystals, which suggests a decrease in the anisotropy energy barrier EA. The blocking temperature for MnFe2O4 nanoparticles decreased continuously with decreasing nanocrystal concentration in eicosane. However, the blocking temperature for CoFe2O4 remained constant until ∼15% (wt %) concentration, below which the blocking temperature decreased sharply. The reduced remanence (MR/MS) decreased with decreasing interparticle distance for MnFe2O4, while it increased for CoFe2O4. The differences in magnetic response upon varying interparticle distance between the two systems are attributed to the strength of the dipole interactions. The behavior of the CoFe2O4 nanoparticulate system is consistent with the notion of ...
The Agaricaceae of the Pacific Coast—I

A list of the pileate polypores and boletes collected by the writer on the Pacific coast in I9II appeared in MYCOLOGIA for March, 1912, together with a descriptive list of the localities visited at that time. The present series of articles is more comprehensive in scope, including all the gill-fungi known to exist in California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska, as represented in the collections of McClatchie, Dudley, Trelease, Baker, Abrams, Harper, McMurphy, M. E. Peck, Lake, Zeller, and others. Naturally, the extensive collections and field studies made by the writer in I9II will be used as the basis of these articles.
DETERMINATION OF METHYLMERCURY AND ETHYLMERCURY IN SOIL OR SEDIMENT USING ACID LEACHING-HPLC-ICP-MS

A coupled system for determination of methylmercury and ethylmercury in soil or sediment by HPLC-ICP-MS using acid leaching as an extraction method has been set up. Acidic KBr-CuSO4 was chosen as the extrac-tant.In optimized conditions, the detection limits for methylmercury and ethylmercury were 0.9 ng·ml-1 and 3.5 ng·ml-1, respectively. By analyzing the CRM(IAEA-405)and the spiked experiment, the method was validated. Four soil and sediment samples were analyzed using this method.
Counting Matters: Lessons from the Root Cause Analysis of a Retained Surgical Item

Article-at-a-Glance Background Retained surgical items (RSIs), such as a sponge, instrument, or needle, after a surgery or invasive procedure is an uncommon but potentially serious event associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A 27-year-old woman was discovered to have a retained vaginal sponge a week after she underwent the repair of a vaginal tear following normal vaginal delivery. The retained sponge was removed with no further complications. Root Cause Analysis The fundamental error involved the obstetric team's failure to perform the standard protocol of counting sponges before, as well as after, the procedure. This was attributed to a lack of reminders to perform the count, relatively recent implementation of the sponge-count policy, and a breakdown in teamwork and communication between physicians and nurses. Corrective Actions The corrective actions focused on systems improvement, as opposed to the human error of the memory lapse. The sponge-counting process was reinforced by incorporating a sign-out at the end of obstetric procedures to ensure that the counts have been done and any discrepancies addressed. A specialized delivery note with mandatory field to document sponge count was implemented in the electronic health record as an additional reminder. All staff participated in a teamwork and communication training program. Tracking Compliance Since the incident's occurrence in 2010, the staff has demonstrated 100% compliance with the corrective actions, and a retained surgical item complication has not recurred. Conclusion Individual accountability must be balanced with systems improvement, given that most medical errors are a result of fallible humans working in chaotic, unpredictable, and complex clinical environment.
SPERM PREFERENCE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

A mating is described in which the females appear actively to discriminate against one of the genotypes of sperm. The males in the mating carry T(1;4)BS, and the sperm type selected against is the BS+4-bearing segregant. Prior exposure of the reproductive tract of the females to BS+4-bearing sperm seems to enhance the ability of the females to subsequently discriminate against BS+4-bearing sperm. Thus it appears that at least some females of Drosophila melanogaster do possess a mechanism whereby different types of sperm can be distinguished—the sperm preference observed in this system appears to be independent of the meiotic drive in the T(1;4)BS males.
Remarks on Selectional Restrictions and Presuppositions

McCawley disputes the syntactic treatment of selectional restrictions Chomsky expounded in Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (cf. McCawley (1968a) and (1968b)). He instead claims that phenomena of selectional restrictions are nothing but aspects of more general semantic phenomena of presupposition, the idea previously introduced by Fillmore. In particular, it is claimed that inherent and selectional features that are introduced in the base component in the Chomskian scheme do not exist as syntactic features.
EBR Parish Study Counts and Calculations

This paper is a spreadsheet of the counts and calculations underlying the East Baton Rouge (LA) Parish Study on Race, Homicides, and Prosecutions, 1990-2008. The article this report refers to can be found here: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2096254
Conformation-specific spectroscopy of alkyl benzyl radicals: Effects of a radical center on the CH stretch infrared spectrum of an alkyl chain.

An important initial step in the combustion of gasoline and diesel fuels is the abstraction of hydrogen from alkylbenzenes to form resonance-stabilized alkyl benzyl radicals. This work uses, for the first time, double resonance spectroscopy methods to explore the conformation-specific vibronic and infrared spectroscopy of the α-ethylbenzyl (αEtBz) and α-propylbenzyl (αPrBz) radicals. Local mode Hamiltonian modeling enables assignment of the alkyl CH stretch IR spectra, accounting for Fermi resonance that complicates aliphatic alkyl CH stretch IR spectroscopy. The ground state conformational preferences of the ethyl and propyl chains are changed from those in the alkylbenzenes themselves, with global minima occurring for an in-plane orientation of the alkyl chain (trans) about its first dihedral angle (ϕf123, numbers are alkyl C atoms. C1 is CH radical site). This in-plane structure is the only observed conformer for the α-EtBz radical, while two conformers, tt and tg′ share this orientation at the first d...