cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Main and embedded clausal asymmetry in the history of English: Changes in assertive and non-assertive complements

Abstract In this paper, I sketch the CP layer in main and embedded clauses in the history of English. The Modern English main clause is not as easily expandable as the Old English one, but the reverse is true in the subordinate clause, where Modern English has a more flexible embedded CP than Old English. I focus on the developments of the embedded CP. It has been claimed that Old English lacks an embedded split CP and therefore lacks embedded V2 and a host of other embedded root phenomena. I show this to be true for complements to both assertive and non-assertive verbs. In contrast, the Modern English matrix verb has an effect on the strength of the C-position. Assertive verbs in Modern English allow main clause phenomena in subordinate clauses whereas non-assertives typically do not. The main point of the paper is to chronicle the changes that ‘stretch’ the embedded clause and the changing role of main verbs. It is descriptive rather than explanatory, e.g., in terms of changes in phase-head status.
Getting sick in the Neolithic.

Ancient Salmonella enterica genomes from humans beginning to adopt farming lifestyles reveal insight into how epidemiological pathways were affected by human cultural transitions.
Comparing adolescent positive affect and self-esteem as precursors to adult self-esteem and life satisfaction

Parents often hope for their children to be happy and to have high self-esteem, but little research has compared how these two constructs are related to long-term self-esteem and life satisfaction. Although self-esteem and positive affect are related, positive affect can be experienced independent of self-worth so it may not have the same limitations associated with self-esteem. We expected that over longer periods the benefits of self-esteem may be due to the positive affect that is a constitutive part of self-esteem. Using longitudinal data (n = 112) across 13 years, we compared age 16 self-esteem and positive affect as predictors of age 29 self-esteem and life satisfaction. Results indicated that only adolescent positive affect predicted adult self-esteem and life satisfaction; adolescent self-esteem did not predict either adult outcome. These findings suggest that positive affect may build key resources that adolescents carry into adulthood. Findings also indicate additional need for longitudinal comparisons of positive affect and self-esteem.
Epidemiological survey on paragonimiasis in Jincheng City

Objective To investigate the epidemiological factors and tendency of paragonimiasis in Jinmiaopu township in Zezhou County and within the jurisdiction of Jincheng city, thus to provide the basis for prevention and treatment of paragonimiasis. Methods The rate of crabs infected with metacercaria of Paragonimus was investigated. The dogs were infected with metacercaria of Paragonimus, and specific antigen was prepared. Some villagers were tested with ELISA and skin test. Villagers'awareness of paragonimiasis and their experience of eating crabs were surveyed on site. Results The positive rate of first intermediate host Tricula was 0.35% (6/1 688 ), while it was 22.33% (67/300) for the second intermediate host( Potamon denticulatum). The positive rate of skin test in villagers was 7.97% (321/4 030). The percentage of children at school age was 87.54%. The positive rates of skin test and ELISA were significantly higher in men than that in women (P ＜ 0.05). The resident awareness rate of paragonimiasis was zero. Conclusions Paragonimiasis does exist in Jincheng city. The incidence of paragonimiasis is closely related to dietetic habit in local residents. Key words: Jincheng; Paragonimiasis; Epidemiological studies
COVID-19 and preeclampsia with severe features at 34-weeks gestation.

The evolving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to a rapid expansion of knowledge on the disease's clinical manifestations, laboratory and radiographic abnormalities, and patient trajectories. One area of particular focus is the effect that this illness may have on pregnancy and maternal-fetal disease. As of April 24, 2020, we identified 55 English language reports in the scientific literature summarizing data for 339 women and 258 fetuses and neonates. The majority of these data have focused on maternal-fetal transmission and neonatal outcomes. One systematic review and meta-analysis including the spectrum of coronaviruses [Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19] in pregnancy noted increased rates of adverse outcomes associated with this group of infections. Here, we report the case of a COVID-19 positive woman presenting to our emergency department (ED) at 34 weeks gestation with preeclampsia. This case highlights the unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with treating patients with these concomitant diseases.
The meaning(s) of place: Identifying the structure of sense of place across a social–ecological landscape

This research was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Dynamics of Coupled Natural and Human Systems Program (no. DEB-1413900). Financial support for open-access publication was provided by the Virginia Tech Open Access Subvention Fund.
Theorizing the resilience district: Design-based decision making for coastal climate change adaptation

Today, coastal cities face mounting pressures to plan for increased exposure to chronic flooding, and ultimately significant sea level rise. The required investments in urban adaptation are inheren...
Measuring Ca2+ dynamics in pancreatic acini using confocal microscopy

The pancreatic acinar cell is the main parenchymal cell of the exocrine pancreas and plays a primary role in the secretion of pancreatic enzymes into the pancreatic duct (15). It is also the site for the initiation of pancreatitis (3, 14). Dynamic changes in cytosolic Ca are necessary for both physiological and pathological acinar cell events (11). These divergent effects of Ca are thought to result from distinct spatial and temporal patterns of Ca signaling. For example, enzyme and fluid secretion from the acinar cell are linked to Ca spikes from a restricted region of the apical pole where zymogen granules are localized (6). In contrast, a global Ca wave followed by intense non-oscillatory Ca signals is associated with pathologic intra-acinar protease activation (4, 7, 12).
Malaysia and the Rohingya: Media, Migration, and Politics

A framing analysis of Malaysian newspaper, The Star was conducted to identify narrative themes used to frame a period of escalating violence in Myanmar (2012 through 2016) that prompted the Rohingy...
Interprofessional Collaboration to Promote Culturally Engaged and Strengths-Based Practice

Purpose To effectively prepare students to engage in interprofessional practice, a number of Communication Disorders (COMD) programs are designing new courses and creating additional opportunities ...
Enabling the Exploration of Disorienting Dilemma in the Classroom

While learning involves the acquisition of skills and the development of repertoires, some educators harbor even more profound learning goals, seeking to enable learning that is transformative. The...
Characterization of Site-Directed and Hybrid psbC Mutants of Synechocystis 6803

Photosystem II (PS II) is composed of at least five integral membrane proteins (together forming the core complex), in addition to several peripheral polypeptides. CP43 is a chlorophyll-binding protein in the core complex that is involved in the transfer of excitation energy to the reaction center, and it is encoded by the gene psbC. In this study, specific mutagenesis has been applied to alter psbC in the transformable, photoheterotrophic cyanobacterium, Synechocystis 6803. By transforming psbC deletion mutants with altered psbC gene sequences, modified psbC can be directly incorporated into the organism’s genome by homologous recombination (1). PS II defective mutants can be propagated photoheterotrophically on media containing an appropriate carbon source such as glucose (2–6). In this report we compile our recent results concerning two issues that have lately been the focus of our interest in CP43: the identification of the translation start codon, and the functional dissection of the protein. We have addressed these issues using site-directed mutagenesis and chimeric gene strategies, respectively.
Emotional Experiences of Performing Prostitution

ABSTRACT Survey data obtained from 119 women who were prostituting in escort agencies and on the street in Phoenix, Arizona provide insight into women's emotional experiences of turning tricks. Results indicate that women experience a range of negative emotions while performing sex acts with customers including feelings of sadness, worth-lessness, anger, anxiety, and shame. Far less frequently, emotional experiences of turning tricks were described as involving feelings of excitement and desirability. In addition to experiencing acts of prostitution as overwhelmingly emotionally unpleasant, if not traumatic, women feel more negatively about themselves after entering prostitution and would strongly prefer to leave prostitution for a different occupation with similar earnings. Findings from this study suggest that while some women may enter prostitution to support a drug or alcohol habit, they also use these substances once in prostitution to detach emotionally and to cope with fears of being hurt in prosti...
A MethodFor Separating Iincome & Substitution Effects Of Exchange Rate Changes On Aggregate Demand

Regression estimates of exchange rate total effects on aggregate demand are broken into separate income and substitution effects. Total effects estimates can seem contrary to theory. Separating them into their two components shows this is not the case. The separation method also provides a simple test to determine if imports are normal or inferior goods. The paper finds consumer imports are normal goods, but investment imports are inferior goods. The paper shows that if import total effects exceed domestic total effects, imports are a normal good. If smaller, they are inferior goods.
Effect of a sequential oral contraceptive on plasma insulin and blood glucose levels after 6 months' treatment

Abstract Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured during an intravenous glucose tolerance test performed on 35 subjects both in a control state and during the sixth cycle of treatment with a sequential type of oral contraceptive. It was found that the blood glucose was slightly lowered in the drug-treated group, that plasma insulin levels were significantly elevated by the drug, and that this change is unrelated to the subject's weight change, family history of diabetes mellitus, or past obstetric history. The significance of these findings is discussed.
First description of a variant of E. coli lacking superoxide dismutase activity yet able to grow efficiently on minimal, oxygenated medium

E. coli contains two loci coding for proteins which catalyze superoxide dismutation $$2O_2^ - + 2{H^ + } \to {H_2}{O_2} + {O_2}$$ (1) . sodA lies near 87 min. on the chromosome and codes for a Mn-requiring enzyme; the gene has been clonedl and sequenced2. sodB lies near 37 min on the chromosome and codes for the Fe-requiring enzyme; this gene has also been cloned3,4 and sequenced5. The three dimensional structure of the Fe-protein is known at ~ 3 A resolution6, and recent work suggests that the Fe- and Mn- proteins probably have identical three dimensional structures5. Considerable work has been done on the mechanism of their superoxide dismutase activity7.
A fast algorithm for moving interface problems

Numerical simulations of a spherical shock refraction have been successfully conducted by a front tracking method. We demonstrate the efficiency of the front tracking algorithm by comparing the L1-error of spherical simulations by tracked and untracked methods. We find that the tracked algorithm is about 64 (256) times faster than the corresponding method without tracking the interface for a 2d (3d) simulation.
The Jurisprudence of Pleading: Rights, Rules, and Conley v. Gibson

In 1957, in the case of Conley v. Gibson, the Supreme Court announced a minimal standard for the contents of a complaint under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and endorsed what has come to be known as 'notice' pleading. This article, prepared for a symposium on Conley, reviews the debate over pleading requirements that preceded the case. Unlike modern discussions of pleading, which focus on the level of factual specificity required in complaints, the pre-Conley debate was about the legal content of complaints - an question largely forgotten in the years following Conley. The early twentieth century debate over pleading was at least in part a jurisprudential debate, waged between legal formalists and Legal Realists. The different interpretations the two camps gave to the pleading rules under the Field Code and, later, the Federal Rules, reflected their differing views of the role of positive law in adjudication. Formalists believed that a viable complaint must set out a theory of recovery, or 'cause of action,' based on existing rules of law. Legal Realists believed that the rules governing complaints should allow plaintiffs to present their stories to the courts and courts to do justice according to the facts that evolved at trial. The formalist view made legal claims dependent on supporting rules of substantive law, and so increased the chances that the course of litigation, and the resolution of litigated disputes, would be governed by articulable legal rules. The Legal Realist view loosened the grip of substantive law on trials, favoring instead a mode of adjudication in which judges aimed for just outcomes, case-by-case. The article sets out my interpretation of the pre-Conley pleading debate, then describes the rather haphazard way in which the debate was resolved. It concludes with some brief comments on the implications the early debate for civil rights litigation.
Un nuevo instrumento para el estudio experimental del dolor: el MECADOL-1

AS part of an academic year work directed to analize provoked pain in laboratory conditions and to answer the question whether the spectatives have their infuence on pain reaction, a pain eliciting instrument was mude: the Mecadol-1. General requests demanded to experimental pain elicitors were kept in mind and the ones additionaly demanded by our formulation are discussed. Finally, the Mecadol-1, his components and his combined functiening are described, as well as some improvements to introduce.
A knowledge-based multi-grid ML reconstruction algorithm for positron emission tomography

The problem of reconstruction in positron emission tomography (PET) is basically estimating the number of photon pairs emitted from the source. Using the concept of maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm, the problem of reconstruction is reduced to determining an estimate of the emitter density that maximizes the probability of observing the actual detector count data over all possible emitter density distributions. A solution using this type of expectation maximization (EM) algorithm with a fixed grid size is severely handicapped by the slow convergence rate, the large computation time, and the non-uniform correction efficiency of each iteration making the algorithm very sensitive to the image-pattern. An efficient knowledge-based multi-grid reconstruction algorithm based on ML approach is presented to overcome these problems. >
Subacute Pain after Traumatic Brain Injury Is Associated with Lower Insular N-Acetylaspartate Concentrations.

Abstract Persistent pain is experienced by more than 50% of persons who sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI), and more than 30% experience significant pain as early as 6 weeks after injury. Although neuropathic pain is a common consequence after CNS injuries, little attention has been given to neuropathic pain symptoms after TBI. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies in subjects with TBI show decreased brain concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), a marker of neuronal density and viability. Although decreased brain NAA has been associated with neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) and diabetes, this relationship has not been examined after TBI. The primary purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that lower NAA concentrations in brain areas involved in pain perception and modulation would be associated with greater severity of neuropathic pain symptoms. Participants with TBI underwent volumetric MRS, pain and psychosocial interviews. Cluster analysis of the Neuropa...
Among CXCR3 Chemokines, IFN-γ-Inducible Protein of 10 kDa (CXC Chemokine Ligand (CXCL) 10) but Not Monokine Induced by IFN-γ (CXCL9) Imprints a Pattern for the Subsequent Development of Autoimmune Disease

Infection of the pancreas with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus results in rapid and differential expression among CXCR3 chemokines. IFN-gamma-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10), in contrast with monokine induced by IFN-gamma and IFN-inducible T cell-alpha chemoattractant, is strongly expressed within 24 h postinfection. Blocking of IP-10, but not monokine induced by IFN-gamma, aborts severity of Ag-specific injury of pancreatic beta cells and abrogates type 1 diabetes. Mechanistically, IP-10 blockade impedes the expansion of peripheral Ag-specific T cells and hinders their migration into the pancreas. IP-10 expression was restricted to viruses infecting the pancreas and that are capable of causing diabetes. Hence, virus-induced organ-specific autoimmune diseases may be dependent on virus tropism and its ability to alter the local milieu by selectively inducing chemokines that prepare the infected tissue for the subsequent destruction by the adaptive immune response.
Transient and residual strains from large underground explosions

Tectonic strain readjustments associated with large underground explosions have been observed at the Nevada Test Site. The BENHAM event of December 19, 1968 produced a peak quasi-static radial strain of 1.2 × 10^(−7) at a distance of 29 km. This strain transient was followed by an exponential return to the initial state with a time constant of 13 minutes, and is interpreted as the direct elastic response of the medium to a time varying pressure in the BENHAM cavity. An upper bound on the tectonic strain release was determined to be 0.7 × 10^(−8). Using these measurements it is estimated that the permanent and quasi-static strains associated with this explosion could significantly effect local earthquake occurrences out to distances of about 15 km. The size distribution of aftershocks of this explosion resembles that seen in model experiments of brittle fracture, in which the distribution is controlled by the dimensions of inhomogeneities in the medium.
Estimation of Group Priorities and Value of Information

In this paper, we present a Bayesian approach to model uncertainty about a group's priorities in a multicriteria evaluation problem and develop a methodology to quantify amount of information provided by a sample of priorities. In so doing, we discuss how the quantification of the information content can be used to decide to elicit additional priorities from the group. We illustrate the implementation of our approach and discuss additional insights that it provides using real-life data from an academic department's priority analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alterations of the Portal Protein, gpB, of Bacteriophage λ Suppress Mutations in cosQ, the Site Required for Termination of DNA Packaging

The cosQ site of bacteriophage lambda is required for DNA packaging termination. Previous studies have shown that cosQ mutations can be suppressed in three ways: by a local suppressor within cosQ, an increase in the length of the lambda chromosome, and missense mutations affecting the prohead's portal protein, gpB. In the present work, revertants of a set of lethal cosQ mutants were screened for suppressors. Seven new cosQ suppressors affected gene B, which encodes the portal protein of the prohead. All seven were allele-nonspecific suppressors of cosQ mutations. Experiments with several phages having two cosQ suppressors showed that the suppression effects were additive. Furthermore, these double suppressors had minimal effects on the growth of cosQ(+) phages. These trans-acting suppressors affecting the portal protein are proposed to allow the mutant cosQ site to be more efficiently recognized, due to the slowing of the rate of translocation.
Association of metabolic acidosis with bovine milk-based human milk fortifiers

To compare the incidence of metabolic acidosis and feeding intolerance associated with powdered or acidified liquid human milk fortifier (HMF). This retrospective study evaluated infants ⩽32 weeks gestational age or ⩽1500 g birth weight who received human milk with either powdered or acidified liquid HMF (50 consecutively born infants per group). Primary outcomes tracked were metabolic acidosis (base excess less than −4 mmol l−1 or bicarbonate less than 18 mmol l−1), feeding intolerance (gastric residual >50% feed volume, >3 loose stools or emesis per day, abdominal tenderness or distention), necrotizing enterocolitis, late-onset infection, death, length of hospital stay and ability to remain on HMF. Demographics, feeding practices, growth parameters and laboratory data were also collected. Significantly more infants who received acidified liquid HMF developed metabolic acidosis (P<0.001). Base excess and bicarbonate were both significantly decreased after HMF addition in the liquid HMF group (base excess P=0.006, bicarbonate P<0.001). More infants were switched off liquid HMF due to metabolic acidosis or feeding intolerance than those on powdered HMF (P<0.001). Despite increased protein intake in the liquid HMF group (P=0.009), both groups had similar enteral caloric intakes with no difference in growth rates between the two groups. There was no significant difference in any of the other primary outcomes. Infants receiving acidified liquid human milk fortifier were more likely to develop metabolic acidosis and to be switched off HMF than those who received powdered HMF. Growth in the liquid HMF group was no different than the powdered group, despite higher protein intake.
Initial Development of the AGT 100 Advanced Gas Turbine

The first year of development of an advanced unique gas turbine engine has been completed. Mechanical shakedown, through 100% speed, was accomplished with minimum failure damage to hardware. Design changes corrected problems encountered. Significant numbers of ceramic components were engine tested. The value of a flexible electronic control system, a parallel regenerator rig program, and ceramic component proof testing has been demonstrated.Critical test measurements, available computer models, and the totality of the engine environment were shown to be vital ingredients of the development process.Copyright © 1984 by ASME
On the NP-Isomorphism Problem with Respect to Random Instances

This paper takes a new approach to studying the NP-isomorphism problem initiated by Berman and Hartmanis. We consider polynomial-time computable and invertible bijections among NP-complete sets that preserve the underlying natural distributions on random instances. We show that there are natural NP-complete problems which are not polynomially isomorphic when instances are chosen at random because no polynomial-time isomorphisms can preserve the underlying natural distributions on instances of these problems, On the other hand, we show that all the known average-case NP-complete problems under many-one reductions are polynomially isomorphic with respect to their distributions on random instances. Simple and accessible proofs to the known average-case NP-complete problems are presented when establishing the isomorphism result. New average-case NP-complete problems are also presented.
Characterization of the Non-Reacting Two-Phase Flow Downstream of an Aero-Engine Combustor Dome Operating at Realistic Conditions

The structure of the two-phase flow produced by a SNECMA/GEAE CFM-56 swirl cup is characterized using flow visualization and phase Doppler interferometry. Three operating conditions are examined, corresponding to 3.5, 7, and 15% power levels for the engine. Detailed measurements are obtained for the 3.5 and 7% power conditions. The results obtained are contrasted to previous results obtained in an idealized environment with the goal of assessing the relevance of such data to practical conditions. The results reveal that the increase in power has little impact upon the general structure of the flow and that even the atmospheric results provide the basic structure associated with the actual conditions. This is attributed to the similarity in pressure drop for each of the cases considered. Increasing power does lead to a systematic reduction in drop size despite exceeding crossover points for the duplex atomizer used. This difference is attributed primarily to inlet temperature changes.Copyright © 1994 by ASME
Muon capture, continuum random phase approximation, and in-medium renormalization of the axial-vector coupling constant

We use the continuum random phase approximation to describe the muon capture on 12C,16O, and 40Ca. We reproduce the experimental total capture rates on these nuclei to better than 10% using the free nucleon weak form factors and two different residual interactions. However, the calculated rates for the same residual interactions are significantly lower than the data if the in-medium quenching of the axial-vector coupling constant is employed.
Metabolic engineering of polyketide biosynthesis

Three elements came together during the past year to provide the opportunity to generate new polyketides. The first was the availability of cloned genes for several metabolic pathways; the second was a genetically defined host strain able to support the production of polyketides; and the third was the ability to modify specific genes and recombine genes from different pathways using recombinant DNA technology. These tools culminated in the rational design of new molecules and the biosynthesis of large numbers of new molecules using combinatorial biology.
Changes in Histological Differentiation of Human Tumors Transplanted to Athymic Nude Mice: A Morphometric Study

Differing conclusions have been reached regarding the phenotypic stability of human tumors transplanted to athymic nude mice. Since previous conflicting studies of tumor histology have been largely subjective, quantitative methodology was applied to an analysis of 13 human adenocarcinoma tumor lines that were originally derived directly from surgical specimens. Glandular differentiation was quantitated, both in the original human tumor (OHT) and in a minimum of 6 serial passages of the nude mouse-grown tumors (MGT), by means of point counting. A significant change in differentiation was noted in 12 lines, with 9 showing a decrease. Variance from the OHT was most commonly noted in the initial MGT, but additional changes were also noted in 8 lines during subsequent passages. Most of the lines also showed increased necrosis in the MGTs. Since histological differentiation and necrosis are related to tumor aggressiveness, it would appear that the predominant tendency was to evolve toward a more malignant phenotype. These changes may mimic those seen in human tumor metastases.
Incorporation of Tryptophan Analogues into Staphylococcal Nuclease, Its V66W Mutant, and Δ137−149 Fragment: Spectroscopic Studies†

We have biosynthetically incorporated several tryptophan analogues into three forms of Staphylococcal nuclease to investigate the spectroscopic characteristics of these “intrinsic” probes and their effect on the structure of the proteins. The set of tryptophan analogues includes 5-hydroxytryptophan, 7-azatryptophan, 4-fluorotryptophan, 5-fluorotryptophan, and 6-fluorotryptophan. 5-Hydroxytryptophan and 7-azatryptophan have red-shifted absorbance spectra, and the latter has a red-shifted fluorescence, which is very sensitive to its environment (being heavily quenched in water). The fluorotryptophans can serve as 19F NMR probes, and 4-fluorotryptophan has a very low fluorescence quantum yield, thus making it a “knock-out” fluorescence analogue. The set of proteins studied includes wild-type nuclease, which has a single tryptophan site at position 140; its V66W mutant, which has a second tryptophan at position 66; and the Δ137−149 fragment, V66W‘, which only has a tryptophan at position 66. The environments ...
LcrV, a Substrate for Yersinia enterocolitica Type III Secretion, Is Required for Toxin Targeting into the Cytosol of HeLa Cells

Pathogenic Yersinia species employ type III machines to transport virulence factors across the bacterial envelope. Some substrates for the type III machinery are secreted into the extracellular medium, whereas others are targeted into the cytosol of host cells. We found that during infection of tissue culture cells, yersiniae secrete small amounts of LcrV into the extracellular medium. Knockout mutations of lcrV abolish Yersiniatargeting and reduce expression of the lcrGVHyopBD operon. In contrast, a block in LcrV secretion does not affect targeting, but results in premature expression and secretion of Yop proteins into the extracellular medium. LcrV-mediated activation of the type III pathway is thought to occur by sequestration of the regulatory factor LcrG, presumably via the formation of LcrV·LcrG complexes. These results suggest that intrabacterial LcrV regulates the expression and targeting of Yop proteins during Yersinia infection, whereas secreted LcrV is required to ensure specificity of Yop injection into eukaryotic cells.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Nanopowders by Emulsion Technique

Nanocrystalline HAp powder was synthesized using surfactant template systems. Composition of the microemulsion and synthesis parameters had significant effect on the formation of HAp nanopowder and their surface area and morphology. Powders were prepared with a surface area of 130 m2/g and particle size between 30 and 50 nm with needle shape and spherical morphology. Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp) powder was synthesized using the reverse micelle-processing route. Cyclohexane was used as the oil phase, mixed poly(oxyethylene)5 nonylphenol ether (NP-5) and poly(oxyethylene)12 nonylphenol ether (NP-12) as the surfactant phase, and a solution of Ca(NO3)2 and H3PO4 was used as the aqueous phase. The powders were characterized by BET surface area analyzer, powder X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that experimental conditions such as aqueous/organic phase volume ratio, pH, aging time, aging temperature, and metal ion concentration in the aqueous phase affected the crysta...
Relationships among dietary nutrients and subjective sleep, objective sleep, and napping in women

Objective To describe which dietary nutrient variables are related to subjective and objective habitual sleep and subjective and objective napping.
Intersubband transitions in a p-type δ-doped SiGe/Si quantum well

The absorption spectrum in a p-type Si/${\mathrm{Si}}_{0.6}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{0.4}$/Si structure with a \ensuremath{\delta}-doped quantum well grown on the Si(001) substrate is calculated. For the bound-to-bound intersubband transitions, the depolarization effect due to the complicated couplings among valence bands is included and the inclusion of this effect is found to be essential in understanding the absorption spectrum. The effects of subband multiplicity, nonparabolicity, and valence-band anisotropy are also incorporated into an implicit formula for an effective plasma frequency in order to facilitate the calculation. For the bound-to-continuum intersubband transition, the large-box model is adopted to circumvent the difficulty in normalizing the traveling wave function of the continuum state. The depolarization effect is not significant for the latter bound-to-contiuum transition because of the small overlap of the initial- and final-state wave functions. In this case, the absorption for the normal-incidence light becomes larger than that for the parallel-incidence light. The total absorption including the bound-to-bound and bound-to-continuum intersubband transitions shows a good agreement with the experimental data. The results provide a better understanding of intersubband transition in the valence band and further show that normal-incidence transitions can be significant.
Traveling Waves, Riemann Problems and Computations of a Model of the Dynamics of Liquid/Vapor Phase Transitions

Abstract A model for the liquid/vapor phase transitions in a shock tube is discussed. Computations for the one-dimensional isothermal case is carried out to show that this model exhibits one-dimensional wave patterns observed in actual experiments. The existence of traveling waves under two different scalings are studied. For the first scaling, where the diffusion of different phases is very small relative to typical reaction time for the growth of phases while the viscosity is comparable to the reaction time, complete phase diagrams of traveling waves are obtained. Many of these traveling waves are undercompressive. Some of compressive traveling waves are unstable. For the second scaling, where viscosity, typical reaction time, and diffusion of different phases are comparable, the existence of traveling wave profiles of liquefaction and evaporation shocks when shock speeds are larger than some number is proved. These shocks are undercompressive. Evaporation shocks are rarefaction shocks. The nonexistence of these undercompressive shocks when the shock speed is smaller than some number is proved. It is observed through numerical computation that most of these traveling waves are unstable while some of them are stable or metastable. Riemann problems are considered. Admissibility of shocks involving phase changes under the second scaling is discussed. Solutions of Riemann problems with wave patterns observed in actual experiments are presented. Nonuniqueness of solutions of some Riemann problems is discussed.
To Change the World: The Use of American Indian Education in the Philippines

In a Brule Sioux legend, Iktome, the trickster, warns the various Plains tribes of the coming of the white man: “You are the Ikche-Wichasha—the plain, wild, untamed people,” he tells the Lakota, “but this man will misname you and call you by all kinds of false names. He will try to tame you, try to remake you after himself.” Iktome, in essence, describes the conflict that occurred when American Indians encountered Euro-Americans, who judged the Indians in relation to themselves and found the Indians lacking. Having already misnamed the people “Indians,” Euro-Americans proceeded to label them, among other things, “savages.” By the latter half of the nineteenth-century, such terms carried scientific meaning and seemed to propose to Americans that Native Americans, having “failed to measure up” to the standards of white society, were doomed to extinction unless they changed their ways, unless they were “remade.” And that was, indeed, the aim of American endeavors at Native American education, to remake or, in the words of Carlisle president Richard H. Pratt, “Kill the Indian in him, and save the man.” These educational efforts at restructuring Native American lifestyles were more than the culmination of the battle over definitional control; they were precedents for future American imperial expansion as the United States discovered, at the turn of the century, that “Indians” also lived overseas and that, just like those at home, they needed to be properly educated in the American way of life. The United States' experience with American Indians thus provided both justification for overseas expansion, particularly into the Philippine Islands, and an educational precedent that would enable Americans to claim that their expansion was different from European imperialism based on the American use of education to transform the cultures of their subjects and prepare them for self-government rather than continued colonial control.
The irony and the exclusivity of Atlantic bluefin tuna management

Abstract The eastern stock of Atlantic bluefin tuna ( thunnus thynnus ) was recently nominated for protection under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES). That nomination failed, which leaves management of the heavily overfished stock in the hands of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT). This paper reviews the history of ICCAT management of Atlantic bluefin tuna to show that (1) early elimination of competitive forces prevented agreement on management in keeping with scientific advice, resulting in the steep decline of the stock, (2) even just the threat of a CITES listing can provide temporary impetus for marked improvement in ICCAT management, and (3) long-term sustainable management by ICCAT will require continued economic and political pressure.
Clinical update of smooth muscle tumors of the uterus

Smooth muscle tumors of the uterus represent a spectrum of diseases that range from benign leiomyoma to malignant leiomyosarcoma. The leiomyoma is the most common of these neoplasms. Clinically, it is important to fully understand the differences in clinical presentation, biologic behavior, and management for patients with benign leiomyoma, smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential, and leiomyosarcoma. The goal of this review is to present the most recent information about common smooth muscle tumors of the uterus including their etiology, histopathology, radiographic and clinical presentations, and available treatment options.
Expression of Human H-type α1,2-Fucosyltransferase Encoding for Blood Group H(O) Antigen in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells EVIDENCE FOR PREFERENTIAL FUCOSYLATION AND TRUNCATION OF POLYLACTOSAMINE SEQUENCES

Abstract The human H(O) blood group is specified by the structure Fucα1-2Galβ1-R, but the factors regulating expression of this determinant on cell surface glycoconjugates are not well understood. To learn more about the regulation of H blood group expression, cDNA encoding the human H-type GDPFuc:β-D-galactoside α1,2-fucosyltransferase (α1,2FT) was stably transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The new cell line, designated CHO(α1,2)FT, expressed surface neoglycans containing the H antigen. The structures of the fucosylated neoglycans in CHO(α1,2)FT cells and the distribution of these glycans on glycoproteins were characterized. Seventeen percent of the [3H]Gal-labeled glycopeptides from CHO(α1,2)FT cells bound to the immobilized H blood group-specific lectin Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I (UEA-I), whereas none from parental CHO cells bound to the lectin. The glycopeptides from CHO(α1,2)FT cells binding to UEA-I contained polylactosamine [3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-]n with the terminal sequence Fucα1-2Galβ1- 4GlcNAc-R. Fucosylation of the polylactosamine sequences on complex-type N-glycans in CHO(α1,2)FT cells caused a decrease in both sialylation and length of polylactosamine. Unexpectedly, only small amounts of terminal fucosylation was found in diantennary complex-type N-glycans. The O-glycans and glycolipids were not fucosylated by the H-type α1,2FT. Two major high molecular weight glycoproteins, one of which was shown to be the lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein LAMP-1, preferentially contained the H-type structure and were bound by immobilized UEA-I. These results demonstrate that in CHO cells the expressed H-type α1,2FT does not indiscriminately fucosylate terminal galactosyl residues in complex-type N-glycans, but it favors glycans containing polylactosamine and dramatically alters their length and sialylation.
Bromate in chlorinated drinking waters: Occurrence and implications for future regulation

Bromate is a contaminant of commercially produced solutions of sodium hypochlorite used for disinfection of drinking water. However, no methodical approach has been carried out in U.S. drinking waters to determine the impact of such contamination on drinking water quality. This study utilized a recently developed method for quantitation of bromate down to 0.05 microg/L to determine the concentration of bromate present in finished waters that had been chlorinated using hypochlorite. Forty treatment plants throughout the United States using hypochlorite in the disinfection step were selected and the levels of bromate in the water both prior to and following the addition of hypochlorite were measured. The levels of bromate in the hypochlorite feedstock were also measured and together with the dosage information provided by the plants and the amount of free chlorine in the feedstock, it was possible to calculate the theoretical level of bromate that would be imparted to the water. A mass balance was performed to compare the level of bromate in finished drinking water samples to that found in the corresponding hypochlorite solution used for treatment. Additional confirmation of the source of elevated bromate levels was provided by monitoring for an increase in the level of chlorate, a co-contaminant of hypochlorite, atthe same point in the treatment plant where bromate was elevated. This study showed that bromate in hypochlorite-treated finished waters varies across the United States based on the source of the chemical feedstock, which can add as much as 3 microg/L bromate into drinking water. Although this is within the current negotiated industry standard that allows up to 50% of the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for bromate in drinking water to be contributed by hypochlorite, it would be a challenge to meet a tighter standard. Given that distribution costs encourage utilities to purchase chemical feedstocks from local suppliers, utilities in certain regions of the United States may be put at a distinct disadvantage if future lower regulations on bromate levels in finished drinking water are put into place. Moreover, with these contaminant levels it would be almost impossible to lower the maximum permissible contribution to bromate in finished water from hypochlorite to 10% of the MCL, which is the norm for other treatment chemicals. Until this issue is resolved, it will be difficult to justify a lowering of the bromate MCL from its current level of 10 to 5 microg/L or lower.
Energy Scales for Noise Processes in Metals

We ascribe the excess noise in metals to random fluctuations with thermally activated characteristic times. From the known temperature dependence of the magnitude of the noise in Ag we infer a narrow distribution of activation energies that peaks in the vicinity of 1 eV. Frequency power laws close to ${f}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ are deduced and the small variations with temperature are consistent with observations. The predicted spectrum, like the observed one, has an apparent power-law nature throughout the frequency region accessible to experiment.
Linking Theory to Practice: A Theory of Change Model of the Natural Resources Leadership Institute

The Natural Resources Leadership Institute (NRLI), a leadership development program for capacity building in environmental decision making, cultivates a cadre of leaders who address environmental problems collaboratively and creatively. Describing our theory of change model, this article introduces why and how the NRLI works, the theoretical perspectives that support the NRLI, and the outcomes that result when these theories are put into practice in North Carolina and Virginia.
Late Holocene lake-level and lake development signals in Lower Herring Lake, Michigan

Paleolimnological investigations of a marginal lake in the Lake Michigan basin revealed signals of long-term lake-level changes primarily controlled by climatic forces. Multiple analyses identified concurrent signals in sediment chemistry, grain size, and the microfossil record. Coarse-grained sediments, benthic diatoms, and nutrient response species increased as lake levels rose or fell. Finer sediments and higher percentages of taxa associated with stable thermocline conditions occurred during high-lake periods. Sedimentary evidence revealed corresponding strong high-lake signals c. 2500–2200, 1800–1500, 1170–730, and 500–280 BP. Low-lake periods occurred c. 1500–1170 and 700–500 B.P. An additional signal of lake-level decline was apparent beginning c. 280 BP but was interrupted by anthropogenic effects. Evidence of extreme low-lake levels (c. 1400–1300 BP), and signals for a medieval warming period (1030–910 BP) and the Maunder minimum (370–325 BP) indicate occurrence of short-lived dry climatic conditions.
Purification and Characterization of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

A purification method has been developed that provides for the removal of metal catalysts and impurity carbon from laser-oven-grown single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) material. The oxidation rate of SWNTs in air at elevated temperatures is correlated to the metal content of the sample. Sample purity is documented with SEM, TEM, electron microprobe analysis, Raman, and UV−vis−near-IR. We also note that the relative intensity of the electronic transitions in the near-infrared to the continuum absorption at 400 nm in the UV serves as a useful monitor of the perturbation of the sidewall π-electron density of SWNTs due to sidewall substitution and/or oxidation.
Global Change and Mercury

More than 140 nations recently agreed to a legally binding treaty on reductions in human uses and releases of mercury that will be signed in October of this year. This follows the 2011 rule in the United States that for the first time regulates mercury emissions from electricity-generating utilities. Several decades of scientific research preceded these important regulations. However, the impacts of global change on environmental mercury concentrations and human exposures remain a major uncertainty affecting the potential effectiveness of regulatory activities.
Self-Organizing Maps and the US Urban Spatial Structure:

In this paper we consider urban spatial structure in US cities using a multidimensional approach. We select six key variables (commuting costs, density, employment dispersion and concentration, land-use mix, polycentricity, and size) from the urban literature and define measures to quantify them. We then apply these measures to 359 metropolitan areas from the 2000 US Census. The adopted methodological strategy combines two novel techniques for the social sciences to explore the existence of relevant patterns in such multidimensional datasets. Geodesic self-organizing maps (SOM) are used to visualize the whole set of information in a meaningful way, while the recently developed clustering algorithm of the max-p is applied to draw boundaries within the SOM and analyze which cities fall into each of them.
Random path averaging in multiple scattering theory

A new method of path averaging for waves propagating in a random dilute system of identical scatterers is developed. The scattering matrix of such a system is calculated. The method systematically takes into account repeating scatterings on the same scatterer and effects of correlations. Results obtained show the significant influence of new effects on the extinction of a coherent field and are valid in both the diffusive and localized regimes.