cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and the Protective Effects of Bacille Calmette-Guérin

The protective efficacies of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and Mycobacterium aviumintracellulare (MAI) were examined in guinea pigs that were infected by the respiratory route with one of three strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: two strains obtained as recent sputum isolates from an ongoing BCG trial in south India and laboratory strain H37Rv. Groups of animals were given all combinations of two treatments with BCG, MAI, or placebo and then challenged. The numbers of tubercle bacilli recovered from the primary lung lesions, primary lesion-free lung lobes, and spleens were used to estimate the relative protective effects of the various treatments. In general, BCG and MAI protected equally well against the low-virulence strain of M. tuberculosis. For the two more virulent strains the results were less clear; however, a substantial protective effect of MAI compared with BCG was noted. Infection with MAI did not significantly alter the capacity of BCG to protect against tuberculous infection. Field trials of bacille Calmette-Gu6rin (BCG) have shown protective efficacies ranging from 0 to 80%. The 7.5-year follow-up results of an ongoing field trial in a rural area in south India (SI) provide a recent example of a negligible protective ef
Availability Considerations for Mission Critical Applications in the Cloud

Cloud environments offer flexibility, elasticity, and low cost compute infrastructure. Enterprise-level workloads â?? such as SAP and Oracle workloads - require infrastructure with high availability, clustering, or physical server appliances. These features are often not part of a typical cloud offering, and as a result, businesses are forced to run enterprise workloads in their legacy environments. To enable enterprise customers to use these workloads in a cloud, we enabled a large number of SAP and Oracle workloads in the IBM Cloud Managed Services (CMS) for both virtualized and non-virtualized cloud environments. In this paper, we discuss the challenges in enabling enterprise class applications in the cloud based on our experience on providing a diverse set of platforms implemented in the IBM CMS offering.
African American Voting Rights in Alabama: The New Social Contract

The southern region of the United States has a distinct form of political engagement and disenfranchisement. Political action is achieved differently by different members of this state and most frequently those marginalized are minority members. With the recent decision of the Supreme Court to effective end pre-clearance from the Voting Rights Act, the shifting rights of black citizens is made more clear. Also highlighting the unequal distribution of rights is the operation of white supremacy and its propagation through higher education. The most powerful manifestation of this exists in the Greek system at the University of Alabama. The sororities were recently integrated and the process and nature of this integration highlights the stranglehold racism has over this campus. UA produces a certain type of citizen with certain expectations on participation and race who later goes on to implement these through political action.
Systemic adjuvant therapy in mammographically discovered invasive cancer.

Most mammographically discovered invasive breast cancers are 1 cm or smaller in diameter. These cancers have such a favorable prognosis that systemic therapy may be inappropriate. Special histologies, micrometastatic deposits in axillary lymph nodes, and lesions of borderline size all pose special problems of interpretation relative to the role of systemic therapy.
Mathematical Modeling of Connected Vehicles

Abstract This chapter presents a mathematical framework for modeling connected vehicles, an emerging transportation paradigm where vehicles are able to communicate with each other and the roadside. In this framework, highways and vehicles are perceived as a field by a subject driver whose driving strategy is to navigate through the field along its valley. With Field Theory as a basis, strategies of integrating the effects introduced by connected vehicles are discussed. Directions of applications of Field Theory are highlighted. In addition, two concrete examples are provided to further illustrate application details.
Track-monitoring from the dynamic response of an operational train

Abstract We explore a data-driven approach for monitoring rail infrastructure from the dynamic response of a train in revenue-service. Presently, track inspection is performed either visually or with dedicated track geometry cars. In this study, we examine a more economical approach where track inspection is performed by analyzing vibration data collected from an operational passenger train. The high frequency with which passenger trains travel each section of track means that faults can be detected sooner than with dedicated inspection vehicles, and the large number of passes over each section of track makes a data-driven approach statistically feasible. We have deployed a test-system on a light-rail vehicle and have been collecting data for the past two years. The collected data underscores two of the main challenges that arise in train-based track monitoring: the speed of the train at a given location varies from pass to pass and the position of the train is not known precisely. In this study, we explore which feature representations of the data best characterize the state of the tracks despite these sources of uncertainty (i.e., in the spatial domain or frequency domain), and we examine how consistently change detection approaches can identify track changes from the data. We show the accuracy of these different representations, or features, and different change detection approaches on two types of track changes, track replacement and tamping (a maintenance procedure to improve track geometry), and two types of data, simulated data and operational data from our test-system. The sensing, signal processing, and data analysis we propose in the study could facilitate safer trains and more cost-efficient maintenance in the future. Moreover, the proposed approach is quite general and could be extended to other parts of the infrastructure, including bridges.
Hans Bethe's early life

In 1937, two years after he moved to the US to escape Nazi persecution, the physicist Hans Bethe sent a letter to his mother in Germany. In it, he wrote, "I think I am about the leading theoretician in America. [Eugene] Wigner is certainly better and [Robert] Oppenheimer and [Edward] Teller probably just as good. But I do more and talk more and that counts too."
A high performance T-type single phase double grounded transformer-less photovoltaic inverter with active power decoupling

Transformer-less PV inverters are gaining widespread applications with lower cost, reduced footprint, and improved efficiency. This paper proposes a topology that can eliminate the common mode leakage current which is a major challenge in transformer-less PV inverters. In addition, an active power decoupling strategy is implemented in this topology instead of using large energy storage element for double line frequency power decoupling, thus achieving a smaller volume. A constant input voltage with negligible double line frequency ripple component ensuring high MPPT efficiency is achieved in this topology. Compared to the previously proposed topology, a T-type branch is added as an improvement to fully take advantage of the inherent three level structure resulting in much reduced switching loss and inductor current ripple. A 1 kW, 100 kHz single-phase prototype with 200 V DC input and 120 V/60 Hz AC output using SiC MOSFETs has been built to validate the theoretical analysis. The control strategy and modulation scheme are implemented in DSP TMS320F28335 resulting in 24% reduction in the total loss and 50% reduction in the inductor current ripple.
State Policy Activism via Direct Democracy in Response to Federal Partisan Polarization

Partisan gridlock and ideological polarization at the federal level have elicited diverse responses from state and federal officials and have led citizens and groups in some states to respond to federal action or inaction by resorting to direct democratic institutions. A review of prominent ballot initiatives from 2010 to 2016 shows the varied reasons why citizens and groups turn to the initiative process in response to federal developments. Frustrated with the disconnect between public opinion and federal law, citizens in some states have approved initiatives that enact mostly liberal new gun control regulations. Meanwhile, supporters of marijuana legalization and minimum wage increases have relied on initiatives to compensate for lags in legislatures’ responses to evolving public support for these positions. Ballot measures regarding same-sex marriage and abortion policy have also been triggered in part by federal developments. Through case studies of these areas, I also document the broader implications of initiative politics for voter turnout and mobilization, candidate evaluations, and policy agendas.
Change in Physical Activity and Sitting Time After Myocardial Infarction and Mortality Among Postmenopausal Women in the Women's Health Initiative‐Observational Study

Background How physical activity (PA) and sitting time may change after first myocardial infarction (MI) and the association with mortality in postmenopausal women is unknown. Methods and Results Participants included postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative‐Observational Study, aged 50 to 79 years who experienced a clinical MI during the study. This analysis included 856 women who had adequate data on PA exposure and 533 women for sitting time exposures. Sitting time was self‐reported at baseline, year 3, and year 6. Self‐reported PA was reported at baseline through year 8. Change in PA and sitting time were calculated as the difference between the cumulative average immediately following MI and the cumulative average immediately preceding MI. The 4 categories of change were: maintained low, decreased, increased, and maintained high. The cut points were ≥7.5 metabolic equivalent of task hours/week versus <7.5 metabolic equivalent of task hours/week for PA and ≥8 h/day versus <8 h/day for sitting time. Cox proportional hazard models estimated hazard ratios and 95% CIs for all‐cause, coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular disease mortality. Compared with women who maintained low PA (referent), the risk of all‐cause mortality was: 0.54 (0.34–0.86) for increased PA and 0.52 (0.36–0.73) for maintained high PA. Women who had pre‐MI levels of sitting time <8 h/day, every 1 h/day increase in sitting time was associated with a 9% increased risk (hazard ratio=1.09, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.19) of all‐cause mortality. Conclusions Meeting the recommended PA guidelines pre‐ and post‐MI may have a protective role against mortality in postmenopausal women.
Improved light emitting UV curable PbS quantum dots-polymer composite optical waveguides

Abstract We present for the first-time light emitting ultraviolet (UV) curable active PbS quantum dots-polymer composite optical waveguides fabricated by vacuum assisted microfluidic (VAM) soft lithography technique. PbS quantum dots were synthesized by colloidal chemistry methods with tunable sizes resulting in light emissions in near infrared wavelengths. UV curable polymer of selective refractive index were synthesized facilitating waveguide mode confinement and good PbS quantum dots solubility. Photoluminescence of the composite exhibited ∼ 30 times better brightness than PbS-SU-8 composites. Light emitting multi-mode waveguides of about 50 × 42 μ m cross-sectional dimension were successful demonstrated. Light emitting single-mode waveguides were fabricated by VAM technique with sectional flow tapers.
An Experimental Study of the Generic Conventional Model (GCM) in the NASA Ames 7-by-10-Foot Wind Tunnel

The 1/8-scale Generic Conventional Model (GCM) was studied experimentally in the NASA Ames 7- b 10-Ft Wind Tunnel. The model was designed for validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for a realistic model of a conventional tractor-trailer vehicle with the engine in front of the cab. The model was simplified so that mirrors, exhaust stacks, flow through engine compartment, and other details were not defined on the model. The gap between the tractor and trailer could be varied from 40 to 80 inches full scale. The model was tested with and without wheels. Side and roof extenders were tested that enclosed the gap from 30 to 60 percent. Two trailer configurations (conventional and lowboy) were tested. Aerodynamic boattail plates were also tested on the back of the trailer for both configurations. A simplified configuration was also tested were the gap between the tractor and trailer was filled in. Experimental measurements included the body-axis forces and moments on the total vehicle, the body-axis drag and yawing moment of the tractor, surface pressures on the vehicle, unsteady pressures on the rear of the tractor and the front and rear of the trailer, oil-film interferometry to measure skin friction, and 3-D particle image velocimetry (PIV) in the gap and behind the trailer. For the basic model, a strong hysteresis effect was observed on the aerodynamic forces and moments with the drag changing over 35% in the loop at yaw angles greater than 10°. The wind-averaged drag coefficients for the model without and with side extenders were 0.594 and 0.437, respectively. Besides reducing the drag, the side extenders also eliminated the aerodynamic hysteresis. PIV measurements in the gap between the tractor and trailer indicate the strength of the vortical flow in the gap was significantly weaker with the side extenders installed. In the lowboy trailer configuration with side extenders, the wind-averaged drag coefficient was 0.376. For the conventional and lowboy trailer configurations with side extenders, the wind-averaged drag coefficients were 0.397 and 0.309, respectively. The methodology for calculation of the force and pressure coefficients is included to facilitate comparison between computation and experiment.
Safety of Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placements in High-Risk Bariatric Surgery Patients

Background: Bariatric surgery patients are at a higher risk for venous thrombotic events. Inferior vena cava filter (IVCf) placement to prevent thrombotic complications is still considered controve...
Big stream data analytics: Current & future trends

Data streams are continuous flows of data. Examples of data streams include network traffic, sensor data, call center records and so on. Data streams demonstrate several unique properties that together conform to the characteristics of big data (i.e., volume, velocity, variety and veracity) and add challenges to data stream mining. In this talk we will present an organized picture on how to handle various data mining techniques in data streams. In addition, we will present a number of stream classification applications such as adaptive website fingerprinting, and textual stream analytics (political actor identification over textual stream). This research was funded in part by NSF, NASA, Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), IBM Research and Raytheon.
Preventable Readmissions and Predictors of Readmission After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

To estimate rates of all-cause and potentially preventable readmissions up to 90 days after discharge for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and medical comorbidities associated with readmissions Readmission rate is a common metric linked to compensation and used as a proxy to quality of care. Prior studies in SAH have reported 30-day readmission rates of 7–17% with a higher readmission risk among those with the higher SAH severity, ≥ 3 comorbidities, and non-home discharge. Intermediate-term rates, up to 90-days, and the proportion of these readmissions that are potentially preventable are unknown. Furthermore, the specific medical comorbidities associated with readmissions are unknown. Index SAH admissions were identified from the 2013 Nationwide Readmissions Database. All-cause readmissions were defined as any readmission during the 30-, 60-, and 90-day post-discharge period. Potentially preventable readmissions were identified using Prevention Quality Indicators developed by the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Unadjusted and adjusted Poisson models were used to identify factors associated with increased readmission rates. Out of 9987 index admissions for SAH, 7949 (79%) survived to discharge. The percentage of 30-, 60-, and 90-day all-cause readmissions were 7.8, 16.6, and 26%, respectively. Up to 14% of readmissions in the first 30 days were considered potentially preventable and acute conditions (dehydration, bacterial pneumonia, and urinary tract infections) accounted for over half, whereas acute cerebrovascular disease was the most common cause for neurological return. In multivariable analysis, significant predictors of a higher readmission rate included diabetes (rate ratio [RR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.15), congestive heart failure (RR 1.09, 1.003–1.18), and renal impairment (RR 1.35, 1.13–1.61). Only discharge home was associated with a lower readmission rate (RR 0.89, 0.85–0.93). SAH has a 30-day readmission rate of 7.8% which continues to rise into the intermediate-term. A low but constant proportion of readmissions are potentially preventable. Several chronic medical comorbidities were associated with readmissions. Prospective studies are warranted to clarify causal relationships.
A Structural Modeling Approach to the Study of Attachment and Strange Situation Behaviors

The purpose of this chapter is to present a new methodological strategy for examining the organization of behaviors thought to reflect the attachment system. The structural modeling approach offers great promise for precise specification and evaluation of hypotheses concerning the organization and development of the parent—infant attachment bond. This approach is presented as an alternative to traditional methods of analyzing attachment behaviors, as represented by the ABC classification system (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978).
The Obama Justice Department's Merger Enforcement Record: An Armchair Reply to Baker and Shapiro

This brief comment responds to Jonathan Baker and Carl Shapiro's comment on my earlier essay, "Has the Obama Justice Department Reinvigorated Antitrust Enforcement," 65 Stan. L. Rev. Online 13 (2012).
Heparin-Binding Proteins in Purified Plasma Membranes of Bovine Granulosa Cells

During follicular development, granulosa cells produce glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) as constituents which are secreted into follicular fluid (1). GAGs stimulate appearance of gonadotropin receptors on granulosa cells cultured in vitro (2). Conversely, follicular GAGs inhibit gonadotropin binding to cell surface receptors (2,3). They inhibit progesterone secretion (4,5) and may inhibit steroidogenesis indirectly by altering the binding and degradation of lipoproteins (4).
Wood Decay: A Review Including Recent Developments

Wood decay of living trees, which has been explained by the CODIT (corapartmentalization of decay in trees - Shigo and Marx, 1977) model and/or the functional compartmentalization concept (Shigo, 1984), results in substantial losses of revenue to the United States each year. This decay is caused via a succession of micro-organisms (Shigo, 1967) but, in the main, by a group of wood-rotting fungi, the Hymenomycetes (Shigo and Sharon, 1968). The latter belong to the Basidiomycetes, a fungal Division in which fruiting bodies, basidiocarps, are produced. In this connection, fungi appear to be more significant than bacteria in the biodeterioration of wood (Henningsson, 1988).
The Significance of the Racial Contract in Teachers' College Expectancies for Students of Color.

Drawing on the theories of the racial contract and whiteness as property, this one-year qualitative case study explored the ways in which 27 classroom teachers harnessed school structure and classr...
Toward Emergence Studies: A Sensemaking Symposium

From within the large and diverse literature on the conformity pressures that categories exert in organizations and markets, a growing community of researchers has begun to explore fundamental ques...
Multi-primary Displays, Future or Failure?

A final review of the progress in multi-primary displays and a final overview of the system impacting the application of multi-primary displays are provided. We look beyond the technical advantages, issues and concerns to understand some of the market forces which will likely influence the multi-primary advantage. Finally, we look back at history in an attempt to forecast the future of multi-primary displays, completing our foray into these kinds of displays.
Bearing Hamlet Like a Soldier to the Stage: Maurice Evans’s G.I. Hamlet

This article examines Maurice Evans’s 1944 production of Hamlet before a soldier-audience near Pearl Harbour, Hawaii. Evans, an army officer himself during the war, was keenly aware of the stigma a...
HectH9 hijacks glucose metabolism to fuel tumor growth.

ABSTRACTOur study uncovered that HectH9 drives glycolysis and tumor development by K63-linked ubiquitination of Hexokinase 2 (HK2). This mechanism is critical for HK2 localization to mitochondria f...
The Assessment of Child Neuropsychological Function

One of the areas in which there has been significant development and activity is in the realm of child neuropsychological assessment. In the past, the assessment of children depended upon the availability of child norms for adult instruments. This approach was always decried as being inappropriate, but there was a lack of child instruments otherwise available. The exception was, of course, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children which can be viewed as a downward extension of the Wechsler adult scales. The optimal situation would be for an instrument to be developed out of a consideration of the types of referral questions asked in child assessment cases, using age-appropriate stimuli, reflecting developmentally relevant domains and methods, and possessing adequate age-related norms. The ideal is always brighter than the real, but significant progress has been accomplished in recent years.
The polyether ionophore salinomycin targets multiple cellular pathways to block proliferative vitreoretinopathy pathology

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is characterized by membranes that form in the vitreous cavity and on both surfaces of the retina, which results in the formation of tractional membranes that can cause retinal detachment and intrinsic fibrosis of the retina, leading to retina foreshortening. Currently, there are no pharmacologic therapies that are effective in inhibiting or preventing PVR formation. One of the key aspects of PVR pathogenesis is retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here we show that the polyether ionophore compound salinomycin (SNC) effectively inhibits TGFβ-induced EMT of RPE cells. SNC blocks the activation of TGFβ-induced downstream targets alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and collagen 1 (Col1A1). Additionally, SNC inhibits TGFβ-induced RPE cell migration and contraction. We show that SNC functions to inhibit RPE EMT by targeting both the pTAK1/p38 and Smad2 signaling pathways upon TGFβ stimulation. Additionally, SNC is able to inhibit αSMA and Col1A1 expression in RPE cells that have already undergone TGFβ-induced EMT. Together, these results suggest that SNC could be an effective therapeutic compound in both the prevention and treatment of PVR.
New room temperature nematogens by cyano tail termination of alkoxy and alkylcyanobiphenyls and their anchoring behavior on metal salt-decorated surface

ABSTRACTA series of cyano tail-terminated alkoxy and alkyl cyanobiphenyl compounds and some cyano-p-terphenyl derivatives were synthesized and mesogenic properties described. Comparison with the K ...
The Financial Stability Board and Global Systemically Important Banks: Unintended Consequences?

We identify, measure and compare the characteristics of Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs) vis-a-vis banks not chosen by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) to be in the 2011 G-SIB group; investors’ responses to banks being classified as a G-SIB and how these responses relate to banks’ characteristics; and changes in banks’ financial performance after being named a G-SIB. The G-SIBs were larger, less profitable, more levered, and riskier. We find that the cumulative effect of the FSB announcements on G-SIBs’ stock prices was predominantly negative. In the year following designation, the G-SIBs shrank, reduced their net interest margins, and increased their leverage, market betas, and co-movement among G-SIB stock returns. The increased correlation across stock returns was associated with a reduction in the diversification benefits of holding a portfolio of G-SIB banks, providing evidence that the vulnerability of a G-SIB portfolio to a negative event rose, consistent with an increase in systemic risk. The data suggest that the FSB is not yet achieving its goals.
Consent on Campus: A Manifesto

In the preface to Consent on Campus: A Manifesto, Donna Freitas argued that a university president’s commitment to consent on campus impacts her campus’s climate and discourse on sexual assault, ha...
Fecal microbiota transplantation for treatment of patients with recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection

Recurrent Clostridiodes difficile infection (rCDI) is a growing public health burden, and is associated with poor patient outcomes. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a novel therapy with an...
A note on the effects of epidemic forecasts on epidemic dynamics

The purpose of a forecast, in making an estimate about the future, is to give people information to act on. In the case of a coupled human system, a change in human behavior caused by the forecast can alter the course of events that were the subject of the forecast. In this context, the forecast is an integral part of the coupled human system, with two-way feedback between forecast output and human behavior. However, forecasting programs generally do not examine how the forecast might affect the system in question. This study examines how such a coupled system works using a model of viral infection-the susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) model-when the model is used in a forecasting context. Human behavior is modified by making the contact rate responsive to other dynamics, including forecasts, of the SIR system. This modification creates two-way feedback between the forecast and the infection dynamics. Results show that a faster rate of response by a population to system dynamics or forecasts leads to a significant decline in peak infections. Responding to a forecast leads to a lower infection peak than responding to current infection levels. Inaccurate forecasts can lead to either higher or lower peak infections depending on whether the forecast under-or over-estimates the peak. The direction of inaccuracy in a forecast determines whether the outcome is better or worse for the population. While work is still needed to constrain model functional forms, forecast feedback can be an important component of epidemic dynamics that should be considered in response planning.
Prologue to the Forum: Literacy and Language Issues In Children With Hearing Loss

Purpose The purpose of this forum is to provide an update on reading outcomes in preschool- and school-age children with hearing loss and to provide guidance on intervention strategies to improve r...
Pioglitazone inhibits obesity-related airway hyperreactivity

Rationale: Obesity-related asthma responds poorly to current treatments, leading to an urgent need for better medications. Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and increased insulin. Vagus nerve-mediated airway hyperreactivity in obese rats is potentiated by increased insulin and inhibited by reducing insulin levels. Here we tested whether lowering insulin with a hypoglycemic drug, pioglitazone, reduces airway hyperreactivity in diet-induced obese rats. Methods: Male rats were fed a high (60%) or low (10%) fat diet for 5 weeks ± pioglitazone (3 mg/kg, gavage daily). Airway hyperreactivity was tested by measuring bronchoconstriction in response to vagus nerve stimulation in anesthetized, paralyzed, vagotomized and ventilated rats. Inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors normally limit ACh release from parasympathetic nerves, and their function was tested by measuring whether pilocarpine, a muscarinic agonist, inhibits vagus nerve-induced bronchoconstriction. M3 muscarinic receptor function on airway smooth muscle was tested by measuring bronchoconstriction induced by methacholine. Body fat, fasting glucose and insulin were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance, glucose meter and ELISA respectively. Results: Airway hyperreactivity was significantly potentiated in diet induced obese rats, and was inhibited by pioglitazone. M2 receptor function was reduced in obese rats but also restored by pioglitazone. M3 receptor function was not different across animal groups. Pioglitazone significantly reduced fasting insulin, but not body weight, body fat, or fasting glucose in obese rats. Conclusions: Pioglitazone can inhibit airway hyperreactivity in obese rats via reducing insulin and protecting M2 receptor function.
Prostate dose prediction in HDR Brachytherapy using unsupervised multi-atlas fusion

In this study, we propose a new deep learning-based method to predict radiation dose for prostate cancer patients undergoing high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy. The proposed framework consists of three major steps, which are deformable registration via registration network (Reg-Net), consolidation and needle regression. To model the global spatial relationship among multiple organs, binary masks of the target and organs at risk were transformed into distance maps which describe the distance of each local voxel to the organ surfaces. Then, Reg-Net is utilized to deformably register the distance maps and contours of multi-atlas to match those of an arrival patient. By spatial transformation and consolidation, the corresponding dose plans of top-ranked multiple atlases are registered and fused to generate a synthetic HDR dose distribution of an arrival patient. A retrospective study on 40 patients was used to evaluate the proposed method’s efficiency. Comparison of dose volume histogram metrics of predicted dose and clinical delivered dose shows that no statistically significant difference is found. These results demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of our deep learning-based method for HDR prostate dose prediction.
Enemies of the enlightened state: Francisco Clavijero on exiled Jesuits, sovereign power and the contested futures of Spanish America

A renewed focus on the circulation and exchange of ideas in peripheral spaces in eighteenth-century studies has generated new lines of inquiry, overturning previous assumptions about the Enlightenm...
Interpretation of Streaks from the Wide-Field Imager for Parker Solar Probe (WISPR)

The Wide-Field Imager for Parker Solar Probe (WISPR/PSP) has recorded intermittent bright streaks radiating across its field of view during close encounters with the Sun. As part of a broader effort to ensure PSP safety in the near Sun dust environment, we explore the hypothesis that some observed “streaks” are images of solar-illuminated particulate ejecta following dust hypervelocity impacts on the spacecraft thermal protection system (TPS) or radiative cooling system. We present a geometrical model for illuminated grains moving across the WISPR field of view, enabling the inference of source size, distance, and spatial origin. A software framework is developed and used for tracing streaks in calibrated L3 images and analyzing the streaks' individual and statistical properties. Evidence is consistent with some “conical” populations of streaks originating from well-defined point-like regions on the PSP radiator or TPS, implying that a hypervelocity impact may have generated the observed particles from those locations.
Advances in Error Estimation and Uncertainty Quantification for Numerical Methods in CEM

We summarize the application of duality-based techniques for error estimation and error control along with uncertainty quantification. The approach yields quality discretizations for estimating uncertain effects in a target quantity of interest (QoI) and naturally extends to the treatment of multiple quantities of interest. By adopting the adjoint approach in both error estimation and uncertainty quantification, expensive computations may be reused. The dual solution enables us to tie changes in the QoI to changes in the discretization, resulting in a significant enhancement of efficiency. We demonstrate examples of the proposed approaches to illustrate the application to scattered quantities of interest.
Medicine, Sociology of

“Sociology in medicine” is a label first used by Robert Straus in 1957 to distinguish the work of the medical sociologist, which is based on goals, setting, and disciplinary context. Sociology in medicine is applied work motivated by the goals of the medical establishment rather than by those of sociological inquiry. The sociologist in medicine typically works within the medical system with other health practitioners, using a foundation of sociological knowledge to study health and illness or medical issues. Sociology in medicine has been criticized for straying too far from the parent discipline. Keywords: health; medical sociology; sociology of health, aging, and medicine; sociology of health and illness
The Juxtaposition of Population Science and Individual Treatment Recommendations for Intermittent Androgen Deprivation Therapy

Ever since it was discovered in the 1940s that androgens promoteprostatecancergrowth, testosteronesuppressionhasbeen the mainstay of therapy for metastatic prostate cancer.1 Initially, this was achieved by surgical removal of the testicles and later by medical therapy with blocking luteinizing hormonal–releasing hormonal therapy.Theadventofmedical therapyallowedtheability to suppress testosterone and then hold dosing to allow recoveryoftestosteronelevels,andpatientscouldthenberedosed whenthecancer recurredwithtestosteronerecovery.Therewas an initial thought that this “intermittent” dosing might prolong theefficacyof this therapy2 aswell as lead toabetterquality of life. Improved life quality is especially relevant given the myriad adverse effects of testosterone suppression, including hot flashes,weight gain,mooddisturbance, and fatigue over a longdurationof therapy formanymen—especiallyafter theadvent of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and treatment of patients with only biochemical evidence of disease recurrence after prostatectomy or radiation therapy. Themeta-analysis conducted byMagnan et al3 is exhaustive, and the team is to be commended for the extensivework and appropriate use of the establishedmethodological guidelines assessing studies comparing intermittent androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)withcontinuousADTforprostate cancer.Oneclearoutput fromthismeta-analysis isdocumentation of the vast variability of both the quality of the trials and the patientpopulationsstudied.Theauthorshaveanalyzedthedata anddrawnconclusionsbasedonstatistical findingsusingpopulation science. In other words, they use statistical techniques to assess a population (rather than individuals) and arrive at a conclusion that they suggest is relevant to all patients. However, I propose that there is clinical uncertainty in the data. The fact that one of the largest andmost robust phase 3 studies, S9346, begins the “Conclusion” section of its abstract with“Our findingswere statistically inconclusive”4(p1314) could be construed as emblematic of this fact. It is with this uncertainty inmind that Ipropose the followingquestion:Canpopulation science guide well-informed individual treatment recommendations forwho should, andwho should not, undergo intermittentADT?Myanswer to this question is “No.”The following 2 case scenarios best illustrate this conundrum.
Localized and inducible expression of Xenopus-posterior (Xpo), a novel gene active in early frog embryos, encoding a protein with a ‘CCHC’ finger domain

Xenopus-posterior (Xpo) is a gene that is activated at or shortly after the midblastula transition (MBT). The RNA accumulates to a relatively low level, which remains constant until gastrulation, then rapidly and transiently increases in posterior ectoderm and mesoderm. A single copy of a putative finger motif, of the ‘CCHC’ type, is located near the carboxyl terminus. One or two copies of similar sequence motifs are found in the nucleocapsid protein of retroviruses where they are involved in protein-RNA interactions, and in cellular nucleic acid binding protein (CNBP), a protein that binds to the sterol regulatory element. Xpo expression is induced in ectodermal explants by treatment with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and with polypeptide growth factors found in medium conditioned by the Xenopus XTC cell line (XTC-CM). Taken together, these properties suggest a possible role for Xpo in the organization of the anteroposterior axis during development.
Partially-ordered (branching) generalized quantifiers : A general definition

Following Henkin’s discovery of partially-ordered (branching) quantification (POQ) with standard quantifiers in 1959, philosophers of language have attempted to extend his definition to POQ with generalized quantifiers. In this paper I propose a general definition of POQ with 1-place generalized quantifiers of the simplest kind: namely, predicative, or “cardinality” quantifiers, e.g., “most”, “few”, “finitely many”, “exactly α ”, where α is any cardinal, etc. The definition is obtained in a series of generalizations, extending the original, Henkin definition first to a general definition of monotone-increasing (M↑) POQ and then to a general definition of generalized POQ, regardless of monotonicity. The extension is based on (i) Barwise’s 1979 analysis of the basic case of M↑ POQ and (ii) my 1990 analysis of the basic case of generalized POQ. POQ is a non-compositional 1st-order structure, hence the problem of extending the definition of the basic case to a general definition is not trivial. The paper concludes with a sample of applications to natural and mathematical languages.
Self- and Mutual Impedances of Parallel Identical Antennas

A method is described for obtaining approximate second-order self- and mutual impedances of parallel identical antennas. Extensive groups of curves of the newly determined impedances are provided. Since they lead to the second-order King-Middleton impedances for isolated antennas at infinite separation, and these are known to be in excellent agreement with experimental measurements, they are necessarily more accurate than the first-order or zeroth-order values thus far available, which do not lead to experimentally verifiable impedances at infinite separation except for extremely thin antennas.
High-order determinantal equation-of-motion coupled-cluster calculations for electronic excited states

Abstract A general-order equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOM-CC) method, which is capable of computing the excitation energies of molecules at any given pair of orders ( m and n ) of the cluster operator and the linear excitation operator, is developed by employing a determinantal algorithm. The EOM-CC( m , n ) results of the vertical excitation energies are presented for CH + with m and n varied independently in the range of 1⩽ m , n ⩽4 and for CH 2 with 1⩽ m = n ⩽6. EOM-CCSDT [EOM-CC(3,3)] provides the excitation energies that are within 0.1 eV of the full configuration interaction results for dominant double replacement transitions.
The role of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the action of aldosterone on sodium transport

Abstract 1. 1.|The effects of several substrates and inhibitors were studied in the isolated toad bladder system in an attempt to determine the metabolic reactions involved in mineralocorticoid regulation of Na + transport. 2. 2.|Of the substrates studied glucose, pyruvate, β-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and oxaloacetate were synergistic with aldosterone in regulating Na + transport, while acetate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, and aspartate were relatively ineffective in the both presence and absence of exogenous steroid. Propionate, on the other hand, supported Na + transport in the absence of aldosterone but did not elicit a further effect in the presence of aldosterone. 3. 3.|Anoxia almost completely inhibited Na + transport both in steroid-free and in aldosterone-treated hemibladders. This inhibition was completely reversed by reaeration. 4. 4.|As oxythiamine or phenylpyruvate inhibition of steroid-dependent Na + transport was reversed by the addition of β-hydroxybutyrate or β-hydroxybutyrate and oxaloacetate, respectively, aldosterone does not regulate Na + transport by specific induction of pyruvate dehydrogenase or pyruvate carboxylase. 5. 5.|Aldosterone seems to act by stimulating a step or steps in the tricarboxylic acid cycle at a point between condensing enzyme and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
A developmental study of language behavior in retarded children

Abstract The purpose of this study was to achieve a slow motion perspective of normal language development by studying retarded children of different mental ages. Results from a variety of language tasks were used to develop transformational grammars which described the language behavior of each child as a self-contained system. Developmental trends were noted by comparing grammars of different complexity. The grammars of the retarded children are subsets of an adult grammar. They are very general, non-specific, and lack context sensitivity at the phrase-structure as well as the transformational level. The grammars of the retardates with higher mental ages begin to take on the specificity and wide range of applicability so characteristic of the adult grammar.
Competitive Inhibition of Human Brain Hexokinase by Metrizamide and Related Compounds

: We have compared the competitive inhibitory effects of 2-deoxyglucose, glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, N-benzoylglucosamine, and the commonly used radiographic and density gradient agent metrizamide (2-[3 - acetamido - 2,4,6 - triiodo -5-(N- methylacetamido) benzamido]-2-deoxyglucose) on the mitochondrial and soluble forms of human brain hexokinase. Metrizamide produces a classical competitive inhibition with glucose for human brain hexokinase, with Kis of 2.8 and 2.5 mM, respectively, for the mitochondrial and soluble forms. Glucosamine exhibited Kis of 0.58 and 0.29 mM, while 2-deoxyglucose exhibited Kis of 0.074 and 0.15 mM and N-acetylglucosamine 0.098 and 0.092 mM for these two forms, respectively. N-Benzoylglucosamine was by far the most effective inhibitor tested, with Ki values of 0.0086 and 0.022 mM, respectively. In order of increasing potency as a competitive inhibitor for mitochondrial hexokinase are metrizamide, glucosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, 2-deoxyglucose, and N-benzoylglucosamine. For the soluble form of the enzyme in increasing potency are metrizamide, glucosamine, 2-deoxyglucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and N-benzoylglucosamine. Since N-benzoylglucosamine was over 100 times more potent than metrizamide, some of the effects of metrizamide could be due to contamination by N-benzoylglucosamine. However, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of metrizamide did not indicate the presence of N-benzoylglucosamine. In addition, column chromatographic separation of commercially available metrizamide and reconstitution of freeze-dried eluate fractions localized the inhibitory effect to the metrizamide peak.
Hurricane Irene Evacuation Traffic Patterns in New Jersey

During an impending hurricane, it’s critical that public officials fully understand evacuation traffic characteristics when deciding upon an emergency management strategy. This case study analyzes the temporal and spatial Hurricane Irene evacuation traffic patterns in New Jersey based on real-world traffic data. The analysis shows that the most significant evacuation movements were located in the southern region of the state, closest to the shore area. The vast majority of the evacuation traffic moved westward, instead of traveling northbound along the area made vulnerable by the storm. Moreover, the evacuees responded very quickly to the mandatory emergency order issued by the governor of New Jersey. The evacuation traffic patterns are similar to the typical outbound traffic seen in the shore area at the end of a summer weekend but with departure times that were three to four hours earlier than usual. Finally, in examining the evacuation traffic patterns and collected travel time data, the authors also identified traffic bottlenecks, which were generally at merge areas in the vicinity of on/off ramps or interchanges. The empirical findings in this study may benefit emergency planning and management in areas with circumstances similar to New Jersey.
Spectroelectrochemical detector for flow-injection systems and liquid chromatography

Abstract Flow-through spectroelectrochemical detectors for flow-injection systems and liquid chromatography are described. The detectors have a rectangular flow channel with a reticulated vitreous carbon working electrode followed by an open optical window. The dead volumes of the cells are 27 μl (liquid chromatography) and 80 μl (flow injection). In situ spectral monitoring of reaction products and intermediates for compounds that are both weakly and highly absorbing is demonstrated by using o -tolidine and N,N,N′,N′ -tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine. As a detector for flow-injection systems, components in two-component mixtures can be quantified. As a detector for liquid chromatography, simultaneous absorbance and electrochemical chromatograms allow more eluting compounds to be identified and quantified. Mixtures of nitro- and chloro-phenols are used to illustrate the simultaneous profiling of spectral and redox properties.
Reaction of trichloracetic acid and of chloral hydrate with carotene.

ConclusionTrichloracetic acid and chloral hydrate are reagents that serve in the detection of ergosterol and of carotene. Ergosterol with the 2 reagents yields an initial red and a final blue color, while carotene gives only the blue color.
Detecting man-made objects in aerial reconnaissance images

The use of model-based approaches in the detection and identification of man-made objects is encountered frequently in the literature today. These approaches generally depend on very high resolution imagery, and must first be cued to an approximate location of these objects. The approaches are also highly computationally intensive and, therefore, cannot be relied upon to perform broad sweeps in either a real time scenario or during training stages. It is therefore necessary to preprocess imagery with techniques that are less expensive in computer processing and more general in their approach to detection. With these requirements in mind we examine a modified form of the chord transform in the detection of man-made objects in an image. In addition, since the chord transform is an O(N4) algorithm, we explore the possibility of a parallel implementation of this approach in a SIMD architecture. The resulting mechanism is capable of quickly identifying straight lines, right angles, parallel lines, and arcs in an image. These primitives are indicative of man-made objects in an image.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Barium Potassium Bismuth Oxide Synthesis and Physical Properties

A series of compounds Ba1−xKxBiO3 have been prepared and characterized over the range of compositions ranging from x = 0.3 to 0.5. A neutron powder diffraction analysis has been carried out for the composition x = 0.4 at room temperature and at 10 K. Examination of the superconducting properties as a function of x indicates superconductivity occurs over a narrow range of compositions close to x = 0.4, with Tc of 29 K. Specific heat measurements indicate conventional electron-phonon interactions may play a role in promoting superconductivity in Ba.6K.4BiO3. Magnetization loops and examination of the time dependent magnetization indicate that Ba.6K.4BiO3 has a low value of Jc due to very weak pinning.