cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of a 22 bp DNA cis element that plays a critical role in colony stimulating factor 1-dependent transcriptional activation of the SPHK1 gene

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is an anabolic clastokine. Colony Stimulating Factor 1 (CSF1) induces expression of the rate limiting enzyme required for S1P synthesis, sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) in bone in vivo, and in osteoclasts in vitro. To study the mechanism of CSF1-induced SPHK1 gene expression, a 2608 bp fragment of the murine SPHK1 gene (− 2497 to + 111 bp relative to the transcription start site) was cloned and transfected into pZen cells (murine fibroblasts engineered to express c-fms). SPHK1 promoter activity was assessed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. By analyzing a series of 5′-deletions, a CSF1-responsive region was identified in the region − 1250 to − 1016 bp. To define putative DNA binding site(s) in this fragment, two biotin-labeled fragments that completely overlapped this region were generated, one 163 bp in length (− 1301 to − 1139) and one 169 bp in length (− 1157 to − 989). EMSAs revealed the 163 bp fragment as the target for protein binding. Using EMSAs, the nuclear protein binding region was further narrowed to an 85 bp fragment, (− 1223 to − 1139). Using a series of unlabeled DNA sequences as “cold competitors” in EMSAs, a 22 bp sequence is identified as the smallest fragment that could successfully compete away protein binding. The same 22 bp sequence also competed DNA binding in EMSAs using nuclear protein isolated from primary murine osteoclasts. A full-length wild-type SPHK1 promoter and an SPHK1 promoter in which the ATGGGGG motif was mutated were subsequently expressed in pZen cells. Mutating this ATGGGGG motif nearly completely abrogated the ability of CSF1 to activate the promoter. Although two transcription factors, KLF6 and Sp1 have been reported to bind to this sequence, supershift EMSAs failed to detect either among the proteins bound to the 85 bp DNA fragment.
A woman's (unpaid) work: Global perspectives on gender, healthcare, and caregiving

Abstract Women make up most of the global unpaid labor force in healthcare, performing work worth trillions of dollars annually. However, this work often limits their personal and professional opportunities and perpetuates gender disparities. The outsized role of women caregivers is attributed to historical, cultural, and social perspectives on gender and caregiving that perpetuate the gender inequalities in unpaid care work. In this chapter, we analyze women in unpaid work considering two regions: The United States and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). We compare these regions along social, political, and historical contexts, including use of two vignettes. As a result of the comparisons, we make several key recommendations, framed by Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, which include: (1) generating awareness for US women caregivers to receive compensation, and (2) developing the job industry to embrace women caregivers in MENA countries.
Geochemical characterization of groundwater evolution south of Grand Canyon, Arizona (USA)

Better characterization of the geochemical evolution of groundwater south of Grand Canyon, Arizona (USA), is needed to understand natural conditions and assess potential effects from breccia-pipe uranium mining in the region. Geochemical signatures of groundwater at 28 sampling locations were evaluated; baseline concentrations for select trace elements (As, B, Ba, Cr, Li, Mo, Rb, Se, Sr, Th, Tl, U, V) were established, and anomalous chemistry characteristics were identified. Concentrations at some groundwater sites exceeded the USEPA drinking water standard for As of 10 μg/L (Red Canyon, Miners, JT, Havasu, and Warm Springs) and U of 30 μg/L (Salt Creek Spring). Four springs from the study area (Blue, Havasu, Fern, and Warm Springs) had unique chemistry, which may indicate a deep flow path or potential contribution of fluids from lower in the crust. Other springs in the study area were distinguished by major anion water type: sulfate, bicarbonate, and a mixture of the two. Water type distinctions were somewhat spatially segregated, with sulfate type present on the western side of the study area, bicarbonate type on the eastern side, and a mixture of the two interspersed between the endmember sites. Sulfate-type water from this study area had low strontium isotopic ratio (87Sr/86Sr) values. The location of spring discharge within single drainages of the Grand Canyon may influence chemistry, as groundwater discharging from bedrock was altered after flowing through alluvial material. Geochemical analysis of groundwater in Grand Canyon indicates the importance of continued monitoring and better understanding of short-term chemical fluctuations.
Engineered Water Repellency for Applications in Environmental Geotechnology

Engineered water repellency offers a transformative approach to environmental geotechnology challenges. This paper reviews the use and potential for organosilanes to reduce leachability, control infiltration, increase strength, reduce erosion, reduce swell, and reduce effects of frost action. Organosilanes can be dissolved in water and mixed with soils and waste by-products using standard field compaction methodologies. Once cured, the treated material becomes hydrophobic. Treatment efficacy can be assessed in terms of contact angle and water entry head measurements. Evolving laboratory and field results will be summarized with a vision for future research and development.
Assessment of narcotic use in management of post-op pain after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Objectives Pain and analgesic requirements after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) vary widely. This study aims to quantify pain after routine FESS and determine the most commonly used pain management regimen. Methods Retrospective chart review of 100 patients who underwent FESS from Oct 2017 to May 2019. Patients prospectively completed a daily pain diary and reported pain levels that were categorized into no pain (0), mild (1-3), moderate (4-7), or severe (8-10). Patients were categorized into narcotics, non-narcotics, combination, or none based on type of analgesic used. Results Sixty-nine patients were included. Majority of patients reported either mild (39%) or no pain (28%) during the first 5 PODs. Mean POD1 pain score was 3.98, which decreased with each subsequent POD. On POD1, 37% used opioids (n = 37), 32% used non-opioids (n = 32), 22% used a combination (n = 22), and 9% used no pain meds (n = 9). Mean number of narcotic pills used within the first 5 PODs was 2 pills on any given day. Age was inversely associated with reported POD1 pain scores (P = .003) and use of preoperative steroids in patients with sinonasal polyposis was associated with lower POD1 pain scores (P = .03). Conclusions Even on POD1, majority of patients experienced either mild or no pain, and this decreases with each POD. Narcotics are grossly overprescribed and underutilized by patients postoperatively after FESS. We advocate for more judicious prescribing habits of narcotics by Otolaryngologists after FESS, and emphasize relying on non-narcotic alternatives like Acetaminophen or NSAIDS to diminish narcotic use and abuse in the postoperative period. Level of Evidence 4.
Pathogenic Tau Causes a Toxic Depletion of Nuclear Calcium Mediated by BK Channels

Synaptic activity-induced calcium ion (Ca2+) influx and subsequent propagation of Ca2+ into the nucleus is a major way in which synapses communicate with the nucleus to regulate transcriptional programs that maintain activity-dependent survival and mediate memory formation. Nuclear Ca2+ shapes the transcriptome by regulating cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-dependent transcription. Here we utilize Drosophila and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons from humans with Alzheimer’s disease to study the effects of pathogenic tau, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease and related “tauopathies,” on nuclear Ca2+. We find that pathogenic tau depletes nuclear Ca2+ and CREB to drive neuronal death. Mechanistically, we find that big potassium (BK) channels regulate depletion of nuclear Ca2+ in tauopathy, and that genetic and pharmacologic manipulation of nuclear Ca2+ and BK channels modifies tau neurotoxicity. Our studies identify the BK channel/nuclear Ca2+/CREB axis as a previously unknown mechanism contributing to tau-induced neurotoxicity, adding a new dimension to the Calcium Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease.
Deep Reinforcement Learning in Power Distribution Systems: Overview, Challenges, and Opportunities

To facilitate the integration of distributed energy resources and improve existing operational strategies, power distribution systems have seen a rapid proliferation of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based applications. DRL approach is well suited for dynamic, complex, and uncertain operational environments such as power distribution systems. This paper reviews the rapidly growing body of literature that develops applications of reinforcement learning in power distribution systems. These applications include active grid management, energy management system, retail electricity market, and demand response. This paper also summarizes the challenges of deploying DRL based solutions in distribution systems such as safety, robustness, interpretability, and sample efficiency. Finally, the research opportunities that can be pursued to address the challenges are provided.
Otolaryngology Consult Protocols in the Setting of COVID-19: The University of Pittsburgh Approach.

Objective:To analyze trends in otolaryngology consultations and provide algorithms to guide management during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods:A retrospective cohort study at a single institution tert...
Epidemiology of professional bare-knuckle fighting injuries.

Professional bare-knuckle fighting (BKF) is a variation of boxing which held its first modern legal event in 2018 in Wyoming. Since then, the sport has expanded with state-sanctioned events held in...
Improvement of sepsis identification through multi-year comparison of sepsis and early warning scores.

Abstract Background Sepsis remains a leading cause of death among inpatients. Scoring systems designed to identify inpatients with sepsis currently have limited effectiveness. This single institution, retrospective, case-control study aims to improve sepsis decision support tool performance using temporal analyses of sepsis-specific and general deterioration scoring systems. Methods Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, National Early Warning Scores (NEWS), and Modified Early Warning Scores were calculated using four years of inpatient data. Sensitivity and specificity analyses compared performance of each score, calculated as a function of both various score cut-off values and time before sepsis diagnosis using established proxies for identifying clinical suspicion for sepsis. Results NEWS had the best sensitivity-specificity performance (AUROC 82.7) when examining various score cutoffs and time intervals during which diagnosis criteria were met. Comparison of false positives/negatives with various score thresholds showed a low rate of false positives with a NEWS of 7. Score trends in the hours leading up to sepsis criteria being met showed a marked increase for the sepsis group while for the cases there was a decrease during a comparable period. Conclusions Temporal analyses of scores for patients coded as having sepsis provides novel insights into patterns of deterioration. The methods and results provide practical details demonstrating how general deterioration algorithms can be used to alert trained responders to potential cases of sepsis to improve sepsis recognition and treatment opportunities.
Ga/sub 0.51/In/sub 0.49/P channel MESFET

High bandgap materials are extremely important for high temperature and high power electronic applications. GaInP is an attractive large bandgap material becuase it can be grown lattice matched to GaAs. The authors report the first GaInP channel MESFET. The material was grown by a non-hydride MOCVD technique using TBP as the phosphorus source. A 1μm gate length device had a drain current density of 300mA/mm, an extrinsic transconductance of 70mS/mm, a gate-drain breakdown voltage of 17V, with an fT and fmax of 10 and 25GHz, respectively.
“ATRA 1”: a New Autoantigen in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

With the exception of thyroglobulin (l), autoantigens in autoimmune thyroid disease are poorly defined. Molecular cloning of some of these antigens would contribute greatly toward their characterization. We have used serum from a patient with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis to screen a human thyroid cDNA library in the expression bacteriophage vector lambda gtll (2). We report the molecular cloning and partial nucleotide sequence of part of a gene that does not have significant homology with any human gene previously described. The thyroid protein expressed by this gene therefore represents a new autoimmune thyroid disease-related antigen (ATRA).
State estimation for dynamic systems with intermittent contact

Dynamic system states estimation, such as object pose and contact states estimation, is essential for robots to perform manipulation tasks. In order to make accurate estimation, the state transition model needs to be physically correct. Complementarity formulations of the dynamics are widely used for describing rigid body physical behaviors in the simulation field, which makes it a good state transition model for dynamic system states estimation problem. However, the non-smoothness of complementarity models and the high dimensionality of the dynamic system make the estimation problem challenging. In this paper, we propose a particle filtering framework that solves the estimation problem by sampling the discrete contact states using contact graphs and collision detection algorithms, and by estimating the continuous states through a Kalman filter. This method exploits the piecewise continuous property of complementarity problems and reduces the dimension of the sampling space compared with sampling the high dimensional continuous states space. We demonstrate that this method makes stable and reliable estimation in physical experiments.
Neuropsychological effects of second language exposure in Down syndrome

Background While it has been common practice to discourage second language learning in neurodevelopmental disorders involving language impairment, little is known about the effects of second language exposure (SLE) on broader cognitive function in these children. Past studies have not found differences on language tasks in children with Down syndrome (DS) and SLE. We expand on this work to determine the effects on the broader cognitive profile, including tests tapping deficits on neuropsychological measures of prefrontal and hippocampal function. Method This study examined the specific cognitive effects of SLE in children with DS (aged 7–18 years). Children with SLE (n = 13: SLE predominantly Spanish) and children from monolingual homes (n = 28) were assessed on a standardised battery of neuropsychological tests developed for DS, the Arizona Cognitive Test Battery. The current exposure level to a language other than English in the SLE group was greater than 4 h per day on average. Results No group differences were observed for any outcome, and level of exposure was also not linearly related to neuropsychological outcomes, several of which have been shown to be impaired in past work. Conclusion There were no measurable effects of SLE on neuropsychological function in this sample of children with DS. Potential clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Dynamic Analysis of an Engine Chassis Mount Bracket Using the Finite Element Method

This paper presents an application of the finite element technique to the solution of the dynamic behavior of an engine chassis mount bracket. The method is used for prediction and evaluation of the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the engine chassis mount brackets. The influence of the C-section edges, ribs, bolt holes and boundary constraints on the modes of an engine bracket are analyzed according to the requirements for an engine mount. Some suggestions for improving the dynamic behavior of the engine bracket are presented
Neural network based material identification and part thickness estimation from two radiographic images

Radiographic inspection provides extensive information about the characteristics and conditions of parts even if they are hidden behind the walls. A dual energy method is originally proposed to estimate the thickness of parts from two radiographic images by using analytical expressions. Use of neural networks is proposed when the material properties have nonlinear characteristics. Aluminum and brass test pieces were identified and their thickness was estimated from two images obtained at different energy levels.
Synthesizing cyber-physical architectural models with real-time constraints

We present techniques that enable designers to algorithmically synthesize cyber-physical architectural models with real-time constraints. We do this by providing a meta-architectural specification language that allows designers to specify what properties their architectural models should have, not how to achieve them. This provides designers with a qualitatively new level of abstraction that enables the exploration of design spaces at the earliest stages of design, when doing so provides the most benefit. Our key technical contribution is the development of an Integer linear programming Modulo Theories (IMT) solver along with a scheduling theory solver. Our solver was used to automatically synthesize cyber-physical architectural models with hard real-time constraints from a large-scale industrial design.
Cloning and characterization of the Escherichia coli K-12 rfa-2 (rfaC) gene, a gene required for lipopolysaccharide inner core synthesis.

Abstract A genetically defined mutation, designated rfa-2, results in altered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis. rfa-2 mutants produce a core-defective LPS that contains lipid A and a single sugar moiety, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid, in the LPS core region. Such LPS core-defective or deep-rough (R) mutant structures were previously designated chemotype Re. Phenotypically, rfa-2 mutants exhibit increased permeability to a number of hydrophilic and hydrophobic agents. By restriction analyses and complementation studies, we clearly defined the rfa-2 gene on a 1,056-bp AluI-DraI fragment. The rfa-2 gene and the flanking rfa locus regions were completely sequenced. Additionally, the location of the rfa-2 gene on the physical map of the Escherichia coli chromosome was determined. The rfa-2 gene encodes a 36,000-dalton polypeptide in an in vivo expression system. N-terminal analysis of the purified rfa-2 gene product confirmed the first 24 amino acid residues as deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the rfa-2 gene coding region. By interspecies complementation, a Salmonella typhimurium rfaC mutant (LPS chemotype Re) is transformed with the E. coli rfa-2+ gene, and the transformant is characterized by wild-type sensitivity to novobiocin (i.e., uninhibited growth at 600 micrograms of novobiocin per ml) and restoration of the ability to synthesize wild-type LPS structures. On the basis of the identity and significant similarity of the rfa-2 gene sequence and its product to the recently defined (D. M. Sirisena, K. A. Brozek, P. R. MacLachlan, K. E. Sanderson, and C. R. H. Raetz, J. Biol. Chem. 267:18874-18884, 1992), the S. typhimurium rfaC gene sequence and its product (heptosyltransferase 1), the E. coli K-12 rfa-2 locus will be designated rfaC.
Effect of ethionine on hepatic mitochondrial and microsomal calcium uptake

Ethionine, an ethyl analog of methionine, produces a variety of physiological and pathological effects in animals. These range from acute effects in the liver, kidney, pancreas, and other organs to liver carcinogenesis. Female rats when injected with ethionine exhibit a rapid decrease in hepatic adenosine triphosphate levels followed by a marked inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis and accumulation of triglycerides. Since calcium transport in mitochondria and microsomes is ATP dependent, it becomes interesting to find out if ethionine administration has any effect on subcellular calcium transport. Calcium has recently gained an increased controversy regarding its role in chemical induced lethal cell damage. Certain groups believe that influx of extracellular calcium across the damaged plasma membrane might actually mediate the irreversible damage to the cell, whereas according to other, entry of calcium into the cell is secondary to the damage. The present study was carried out to investigate the calcium (/sup 45/Ca) transport in mitochondria and microsomes following ethionine administration. The effect of carbon tetrachloride on calcium uptake in ethionine treated rats was also studied.
Isolated rat hepatocytes as a model system for screening chelators for use in cadmium intoxication

The utility of isolated rat hepatocytes as a model system for screening potential chelators in treatment of Cd intoxication was studied. The ability of the chelators diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DDC), d,1-penicillamine (PEN), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) to decrease the cellular concentration of Cd was correlated with the previously reported effectiveness of these agents in the treatment of Cd intoxication in vivo. The results of cellular studies with either control or metallothionein-induced hepatocytes were compared to the in vivo effect of the chelators administered before or after the induction of metallothionein, respectively. The effects of DTPA, EDTA, DDC, and BAL in the hepatocyte model screening system correlated well with their reported in vivo effects. The results with NTA, PEN, and DMSA were not correlated as well but were explained by the relative differences between in vivo doses versus in vitro concentrations of the respective chelators. Therefore, the proposed model for screening potential chelators for use in cadmium intoxication appears to be a system which may prove to be an economical and rapid method to facilitate the search for efficacious chelators.
Coherent population trapping and dynamical instability in coupled atom-molecule condensates

Coherent population trapping (CPT) is an important concept in many subfields of physics and chemistry. Here we analyze the collective excitation spectrum of the CPT states in a coupled atom-molecule condensate system. We find that collisions between particles can cause the CPT state to be dynamically unstable, which is a unique feature of the nonlinear system. We obtain a set of analytical criteria for determining the stability properties of the CPT state in the long-wavelength limit. We construct stability diagrams and provide a systematic classification of various instabilities according to collisional interaction strengths.
The growth of TV news, the demise of the journalism profession

In response to the dearth of critical literature on the transformation of local news ownership structure and the impacts of technological reorganization of news production on the television profession and local communities, we analyze the consolidation of local news and the paradox of expanded news hours in times of shrinking staffs and less-trusting audiences. Focused on Portland, Oregon, characterized as one of America’s most civically active cities and a top-25 market, we interviewed many key workers from among the city’s four television newsrooms. Despite having union representation, once discrete news production professionals and functions have been radically integrated, resulting in a multitasked news staff forced to provide fast-turnaround for multiple platforms, while seriously weakening investigative reporting, the quality of news production, and the utility of local news for the community.
Smith‐Magenis syndrome deletion: A case with equivocal cytogenetic findings resolved by fluorescence in situ hybridization

The availability of markers for the 17p11.2 region has enabled the diagnosis of Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). SMS is typically associated with a discernible deletion of band 17p11.2 upon cytogenetic analysis at a resolution of 400-550 bands. We present a case that illustrates the importance of using FISH to confirm a cytogenetic diagnosis of del(17)(p11.2). Four independent cytogenetic analyses were performed with different conclusions. Results of low resolution analyses of amniocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes were apparently normal, while high resolution analyses of peripheral blood samples in two laboratories indicated mosaicism for del(17)(p11.2). FISH clearly demonstrated a 17p deletion on one chromosome of all peripheral blood cells analyzed and ruled out mosaicism unambiguously. The deletion was undetectable by flow cytometric quantitation of chromosomal DNA content, suggesting that it is less than 2 Mb. We conclude that FISH should be used to detect the SMS deletion when routine chromosome analysis fails to detect it and to verify mosaicism. 23 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
An Empirical Evaluation of Language-Tailored PDLS

Abstract : Recent research in the area of program documentation has demonstrated a superiority for coding with a detailed design written in a Program Design language (PDL) over other formats such as flowcharts. Because PDL is more code-like than other formats, there is less translation required in mapping from the design to the code. If the amount of translation is a critical underlying factor, the optimal PDL for any given implementation will be one that is tailored toward the particular language being used. This experiment evaluated the effectiveness of using a PDL specifically designed to aid in coding the corresponding programming language. This was done by designing PDLs which reflected the syntax and features of particular programming languages and by examining the performance of programmers coding from these various PDLs in one of two implementation languages. The results showed that (a) it took longer to code programs in MACRO-11 than in FORTRAN, (b) the shortest time to code the programs occurred when the coding language of the PDL matched the actual coding language, and (c) the errors made in coding while the type of problem did. The data suggest that programmers produce code most quickly from a form of documentation that is closest to the code. This research suggests that providing detailed design information in terms of a language-specific PDL will lead to a shorter coding period than when a language-independent PDL is used.
Obesity-Related Inflammation: Implications for Older Adults

The combination of age-related increases in obesity and inflammation can lead to chronic disease, decreased strength, and physical disability. Lifestyle interventions that include moderate caloric restriction along with aerobic and resistance exercise have shown improvements in metabolic outcomes, strength, and physical function in obese older adults. Although few weight loss studies have addressed diet quality, evidence summarized in this review suggests that encouraging intake of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables, high-quality protein, low-glycemic index carbohydrates, and omega-3 fatty acids may further ameliorate obesity-related inflammation. Future controlled trials are indicated to examine the effects of incorporating these foods into multimodal weight loss interventions.
The effect of insulin on porcine adipose tissue lipogenesis.

1. 1. This laboratory and others have not been able to demonstrate consistent insulin stimulation of glucose incorporation into lipid by porcine adipose tissue in vitro. 2. 2. A multiplicity of tissue handling procedures, additions to the incubation medium, and pig size (age) did not allow the expression of a consistent and substantial insulin stimulation. 3. 3. It is suggested that the twofold or greater stimulation of glucose metabolism observed occasionally in this laboratory results from pig genetics, husbandry, or seasonal effects.
Quality‐of‐Life Six Months After CABG Surgery in Patients Randomized to ICD Versus No ICD Therapy: Findings from the CABG Patch Trial

ICDs can affect a patient's perceived quality-of-life (QOL). This article describes the QOL in patients who participated in The CABG Patch Trial. This trial evaluated the potential benefit of empiric ICD implantation in patients with an increased risk of arrhythmic cardiac death as determined by reduced ejection fraction (< 0.36) and an abnormal signal-averaged ECG. Patients were randomized to control (no ICD) or treatment (ICD) limbs. QOL was measured using the SF-36 and other measures among 490 (68%) of 719 patients available at 6-month follow-up. Analysis was performed on 228 control patients (those without ICDs) and 262 patients with ICDs. Results: Six months after having CABG surgery, patients in the ICD group had lower levels of psychological well-being than those in the control group. In addition, compared to controls, patients whose ICDs had delivered therapy reported feeling less healthy, had reduced physical and emotional role functioning, and had lower levels of psychological well-being. Conclusion: Strategies aimed at easing patients' adjustment to ICDs should be developed and tested for efficacy in the setting of ICD prophylaxis.
On the zero dynamics of linear nonstationary discrete systems with a single input and a scalar output

For a linear discrete nonstationary system with one-dimensional input and output, we find conditions for the existence of a feedback providing the existence of a subspace L t of constant nonzero dimension such that this subspace is invariant under the closed system and the output variable is zero for all motions in this subspace. Under certain assumptions, we indicate equations that describe the solutions located in L t . A criterion is established for the subspace L t to be stationary (i.e., independent of t).
Asymptotic analysis of model problems for a coupled system

On etudie le comportement asymptotique quand e→0 + des solutions du systeme d'equations couplees: u″=ν, eν″+f(u,u')ν'=0 pour f(u,u')=u ou u', qui satisfait les conditions de Dirichlet u(0,e)=u(1,e)=0 et ν(0,e)=ν 0 , ν(1,e)=ν 1
Effect of Seismic Uplift Pressure on the Behavior of Concrete Gravity Dams with a Penetrated Crack

Proper consideration of the uplift pressure at the base of a concrete gravity dam is of great importance in practical engineering, since it is crucial to the safety of the dam, specifically for a cracked dam under seismic conditions. However, constant uplift pressure, which is suitable for the static case only, was adopted in almost all the seismic analyses of cracked concrete gravity dams. To adequately estimate the seismic behavior of cracked concrete gravity dams, a seismic uplift pressure model is proposed for a penetrated crack. In this model, the amount and the distribution of the uplift pressure along the assumed rigid crack walls are determined by the earthquake acceleration, the water heads, the aperture of the crack, and the opening/closing velocity. Application of the model to a typical concrete gravity dam with a penetrated crack at the base reveals that the seismic behavior of the dam is markedly affected by the seismic uplift pressure. In general, the residual downstream sliding is considerably enlarged compared to that of constant uplift pressure. Computations show that the seismic uplift pressure can be several times higher than the constant one, increasing the dynamic instability of the cracked dam. It is also revealed that the dynamic water flow plays the role of a wedge while the upper mouth of the crack is closing. When the dam rocks back to upstream, the uplift pressure increases until it is so high that the pivot at the toe is raised up and the whole dam loses its contact. Then the resultant uplift pressure remains constant until the dam is inclined to the upstream. During this period of time, the cracked dam is normally drifting towards the downstream due to the hydro pressure.
Immigration and the Changing Nature of Homicide in U.S. Cities, 1980-2010

Objectives: Previous research has neglected to consider whether trends in immigration are related to changes in the nature of homicide. This is important because there is considerable variability in the temporal trends of homicide subtypes disaggregated by circumstance. In the current study, we address this issue by investigating whether within city changes in immigration are related to temporal variations in rates of overall and circumstance-specific homicide for a sample of large US cities during the period between 1980 and 2010.Methods: Fixed-effects negative binomial and two-stage least squares (2SLS) instrumental variable regression models are used to analyze data from 156 large US cities observed during the 1980-2010 period.Results: Findings from the analyses suggest that temporal change in overall homicide and drug homicide rates are significantly related to changes in immigration. Specifically, increases in immigration are associated with declining rates for each of the preceding outcome measures. Moreover, for several of the homicide types, findings suggest that the effects of changes in immigration vary across places, with the largest negative associations appearing in cities that had relatively high initial (i.e., 1970) immigration levels.Conclusions: There is support for the thesis that changes in immigration in recent decades are related to changes in rates of lethal violence. However, it appears that the relationship is contingent and varied, not general.
Functions of calcium in the interaction of progesterone-receptor complex with nuclear components

Abstract Chick oviduct cytosol [ 3 H]progesterone-receptor complex treated with 30 m m Ca 2+ at 0 °C demonstrated a twofold greater binding to isolated chick oviduct nuclei or DNA-cellulose than such complexes activated thermally (25 °C). Divalent ions such as Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ were unable to mimic the effect of Ca 2+ under identical conditions. The capacity of the Ca 2+ -treated progesterone-receptor complex to bind to nuclei or DNA-cellulose reached a peak within 45 min of Ca 2+ treatment of the complex at 0 °C. This binding gradually declined as a function of incubation time and after 24 h at 0 °C no significant binding was observed. The Ca 2+ - and heat-treated chick oviduct [ 3 H]progesterone-receptor complex was also characterized by DEAE-cellulose and agarose gel nitration chromatography. While heat-activated receptor could be resolved into A and B subunits on DEAE-cellulose, the receptor exposed to Ca 2+ for 45 min at low temperature yielded the “A” subunit and a broad peak with poor affinity for the anion exchanger. The peak corresponding to “B” subunit was not discernible. The broad peak which eluted before the A peak was subsequently resolved by agarose gel filtration into receptor forms IV and V as described previously by Sherman et al. ( M. Sherman, S. Atienza, J. Shansky, and L. Hoffman, 1974 , J. Biol. Chem. , 249 , 5351–5363; M. Sherman, L. Pickering, F. Rollwagen and L. Miller, 1978 , Fed. Proc. , 37 , 167–173). Again DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the progesterone-receptor complex treated as long as 24 h at 0 °C with Ca 2+ revealed a poorly bound peak which on agarose gel filtration corresponded exclusively to form V. A correlation was apparent between an increase in form V and a gradual decrease in the binding capacity of the Ca 2+ -treated steroid-receptor complex to nuclei, DNA-cellulose, or DEAE-cellulose filters. Based on these findings, I postulate that Ca 2+ has a functional role in the mechanism of progesterone action in chick oviduct. Firstly, it enhances a low temperature, time dependent binding of the progesterone-receptor complex to chick oviduct nuclear components, and subsequently promotes, by possible activation of endogenous protease(s) the cleavage of the receptor subunits.
Determinants of Infant Mortality in Rural Nepal

Infant Mortality in Nepal is among the highest in the world. Since the 1950s a number of studies have examined the causes of infant mortality in Nepal. This study attempts to identify the causes of infant mortality using a comprehensive approach. In other words, this study incorporates biological, socio-economic, behavioral, psychological, environmental, and health care factors to provide a thorough understanding of the underlying causes of infant mortality. Data for the study was collected in the Fall of 1987 and were based on interviews with 621 mothers who gave birth between April 15,1984 and April 14,1986 in twenty-six randomly selected villages in Deokhari Valley, Western Nepal. The results indicate that biological factors are the intermediate or proximate variables through which all other variables operate to affect infant mortality. The study concludes by stressing the need for a comprehensive approach in health care services that emphasize both the curative as well as preventive aspects.
TrkB receptor signaling is required for establishment of GABAergic synapses in the cerebellum.

Neurotrophins are essential to the normal development and maintenance of the nervous system. Neurotrophin signaling is mediated by Trk family tyrosine kinases such as TrkA, TrkB and TrkC, as well as by the pan-neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. Here we have deleted the trkB gene in cerebellar precursors by Wnt1-driven Cre–mediated recombination to study the function of the TrkB in the cerebellum. Despite the absence of TrkB, the mature cerebellum of mutant mice appears similar to that of wild type, with all types of cell present in normal numbers and positions. Granule and Purkinje cell dendrites appear normal and the former have typical numbers of excitatory synapses. By contrast, inhibitory interneurons are strongly affected: although present in normal numbers, they express reduced amounts of GABAergic markers and develop reduced numbers of GABAergic boutons and synaptic specializations. Thus, TrkB is essential to the development of GABAergic neurons and regulates synapse formation in addition to its role in the development of axon terminals.
Predicting survival of victims of motor vehicle crashes in New York State

This study assesses the relative ability of three different models to predict in-hospital mortality for victims of motor vehicle crashes. The first two models, the trauma and injury severity score (TRISS) and a severity characterization of trauma (ASCOT), are models that have been used in many earlier studies and have been quoted extensively in the literature. The third model, which is developed in this study, uses essentially the same risk factors as the other two studies, but employs them in a different manner. In order to provide a fair comparison, new (logistic regression) model coefficients are fit to the first two models using the study data. The models are compared with respect to typical criteria for assessing the fit of logistic regression models as well as their ability to predict mortality for various subsets of seriously injured patients. The study concludes that the new model provides a substantially more accurate prediction of mortality, and that it may be wise for regions attempting to assess relative outcomes in their subregions to develop statistical models that are tailored to their own patients.
Raman study of the temperature and pressure effects on the Fermi resonance and hydrogen bonding in liquid ammonia

Abstract The Raman bands of ammonia, v 1 and 2 v 4 vibrations coupled by Fermi resonance, have been studied at pressures varied from vapour pressure up to 2 kbar and over a temperature range from 0 to 100°C. The Fermi parameters of the uncoupled frequencies Ω a and Ω b , the intensity ratios of the bands in resonance, R , and the anharmonic force constant, f 144 , have been obtained by using standard procedures and also by fitting the isotropic spectra to the coupled oscillator functions. The internally consistent results have been compared to the previously published data and discussed in terms of the hydrogen bonding interactions. The spectroscopic results indicate that no additional band due to hydrogen bonding is present in the Raman spectrum.
Minimal experience required for immediate-early gene induction in zebra finch neostriatum.

We show that a single presentation of a zebra finch song, 2 s in duration, will induce an “immediate-early gene” response in the caudomedial neostriatum of zebra finches (Poephila guttata). Repetition of this stimulus 10 times is sufficient to induce a maximal increase in RNA and protein, detected 30 and 90 min later respectively. Thus very brief stimuli can set in motion a slow genomic process in the brain which takes hours to resolve. Immediate-early gene function is often considered in the context of a “feedback” model (i.e., to consolidate memories of the inducing event). However, based on the long lag observed here between initiation and full expression of the molecular response, we suggest an alternative, ethologically based, “feed-forward” model in which exposure to a novel or significant context triggers an increase in the efficiency of memory capture processes for subsequent experiences.
Voices of the Land: Identity and Ecology in the Margins

Voices of the Land: Identity and Ecology in the Margins. Ali Hornborg and Mikael Kurkiala, eds. Lund, Sweden: Lund University Press, 1998. 361 pp., maps.
Computational study of the Curtius-like rearrangements of phosphoryl, phosphinyl, and phosphinoyl azides and their corresponding nitrenes.

The free energies of reaction (ΔG) and activation (ΔG⧧) were determined for the Curtius-like rearrangement of dimethylphosphinoyl, dimethylphosphinyl, and dimethylphosphoryl azides as well as the corresponding singlet and triplet nitrenes by CBS-QB3 and B3LYP computational methods. From CASSCF calculations, it was established that the closed-shell configuration was the lower energy singlet state for each of these nitrenes. The triplet states of dimethylphosphinyl- and dimethylphosphorylnitrene are the preferred ground states. However, the closed-shell singlet state is the ground state for dimethylphosphinoylnitrene. The CBS-QB3 ΔG⧧ values for the Curtius-like rearrangements of dimethylphosphinyl and dimethylphosphoryl azides were 45.4 and 47.0 kcal mol-1, respectively. For the closed-shell singlet dimethylphosphinyl- and dimethylphosphorylnitrene, the CBS-QB3 ΔG⧧ values for the rate-limiting step of the Curtius-like rearrangement were 22.9 and 18.0 kcal mol-1, respectively. It is unlikely that the nitrene...
The relationship of age, gender, handedness, and sidedness to the size of the corpus callosum

Objectives . We correlated the area and size of the corpus callosum, as measured by MR imaging, with the individual's handedness, sidedness, age, and gender. Materials and Methods . A total of 117 patients (59 male, 58 female) aged 15–75 years were selected for this study. This included 12 persons who were either left-handed or ambidextrous. Each patient was tested extensively to determine handedness and sidedness. Callosal areas and thickness were measured and correlated with brain size. Results . The body of the corpus callosum decreases in size with age and is larger in right-handed persons. The cross-sectional areas of the genu, splenium, and corpus callosum, overall, do not vary significantly with respect to age, gender, sidedness, or handedness. Conclusions . The size of the corpus callosum consistently decreases with age. Otherwise, few statistical differences in callosal size relate to gender, sidedness, or handedness.
Induction of spores of lysogenic Bacillus megatherium by X-rays

Abstract Induction of phage synthesis by x-irradiation of spores of lysogenic bacilli is reported. Comparisons between induction in the vegetative state and spore state, inducible and noninducible lysogenic systems, and effect of medium on induction are reported and discussed.
Evidence for Oxidative Stress and Defective Antioxidant Response in Guinea Pigs with Tuberculosis

The development of granulomatous inflammation with caseous necrosis is an important but poorly understood manifestation of tuberculosis in humans and some animal models. In this study we measured the byproducts of oxidative stress in granulomatous lesions as well as the systemic antioxidant capacity of BCG vaccinated and non-vaccinated guinea pigs experimentally infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In non-vaccinated guinea pigs, oxidative stress was evident within 2 weeks of infection as measured by a decrease in the serum total antioxidant capacity and blood glutathione levels accompanied by an increase in malondialdehyde, a byproduct of lipid peroxidation, within lesions. Despite a decrease in total and reduced blood glutathione concentrations, there was an increase in lesion glutathione by immunohistochemistry in response to localized oxidative stress. In addition there was an increase in the expression of the host transcription factor nuclear erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates several protein and non-proteins antioxidants, including glutathione. Despite the increase in cytoplasmic expression of Nrf2, immunohistochemical staining revealed a defect in Nrf2 nuclear translocation within granulomatous lesions as well as a decrease in the expression of the Nrf2-regulated antioxidant protein NQO1. Treating M. tuberculosis–infected guinea pigs with the antioxidant drug N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) partially restored blood glutathione concentrations and the serum total antioxidant capacity. Treatment with NAC also decreased spleen bacterial counts, as well as decreased the lung and spleen lesion burden and the severity of lesion necrosis. These data suggest that the progressive oxidative stress during experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs is due in part to a defect in host antioxidant defenses, which, we show here, can be partially restored with antioxidant treatment. These data suggest that the therapeutic strategies that reduce oxidant-mediated tissue damage may be beneficial as an adjunct therapy in the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis in humans.
Reverse mentoring at work: Fostering cross‐generational learning and developing millennial leaders

Reverse mentoring is an innovative way to encourage learning and facilitate cross-generational relationships. It involves the pairing of a younger, junior employee acting as mentor to share expertise with an older, senior colleague as mentee. The purpose is knowledge sharing, with the mentee focused on learning from the mentor's updated subject or technological expertise and generational perspective. In addition, there is an emphasis on the leadership development of the mentors. Reverse mentoring is situated in the mentoring literature as an alternative form of mentoring, with unique characteristics and support functions exchanged that distinguish it from other developmental relationships. A model is developed that focuses on key variables to consider and how reverse mentoring may benefit individuals and organizations. Generational differences are also presented, and the ways in which reverse mentoring capitalizes on millennial capabilities and preferences are highlighted throughout. Finally, theoretical and practical contributions are discussed, including essential components for creating a reverse mentoring program. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
House-Hunting Without Second Moments

Abstract In the house-hunting problem, i.i.d. random variables, X 1, X 2,… are observed sequentially at a cost of c > 0 per observation. The problem is to choose a stopping rule, N, to maximize E(X N − Nc). If the X's have a finite second moment, the optimal stopping rule is N* = min {n ≥ 1: X n > V*}, where V* satisfies E(X − V*)+ = c. The statement of the problem and its solution requires only the first moment of the X n to be finite. Is a finite second moment really needed? In 1970, Herbert Robbins showed, assuming only a finite first moment, that the rule N* is optimal within the class of stopping rules, N, such that E(X N − Nc)− > −∞, but it is not clear that this restriction of the class of stopping rules is really required. In this article it is shown that this restriction is needed, but that if the expectation is replaced by a generalized expectation, N* is optimal out of all stopping rules assuming only first moments.