cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microstructural stability and phase transformations in electrodeposited cobalt-phosphorus coatings

Abstract Electrodeposited Co-P coatings are a potential replacement for electrolytic hard chrome coatings in critical engineering applications. The superior performance of the Co-P coatings is derived from as-deposited microstructures consisting of metastable crystalline and amorphous phases. These microstructures depend upon the deposition conditions and, in particular, on the P content. In this study, Co-P coatings with P contents of 6.4–28.4 at.% were produced by DC electrodeposition onto low alloy steel coupons. The coatings were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The initial deposit microstructures are either crystalline ( 12.1 at.% P). The thermal signatures within each microstructural class were determined by DSC to identify the temperatures at which transformations occur in these metastable microstructures. The transformation products were then identified by XRD and TEM on samples of the deposits annealed isothermally in the DSC. These data show that: the crystalline deposits transform to an equilibrium mixture of HCP-Co and Co 2 P by precipitation of the phosphide from the initially supersaturated HCP-Co; the amorphous deposits crystallize to form a mixture of metastable FCC-Co and Co 2 P; and the hybrid deposits transform to a mixture of the products observed for the crystalline and amorphous deposits. The activation energies of the processes involved were obtained by Kissinger analysis on the scan-rate dependence of the peak temperatures in the DSC curves. The transformation mechanisms were then deduced by comparing these values with published values for such systems in the literature.
Melatonin and Human Sleep

The major hormone of the circadian system, melatonin, plays an important role in human sleep regulation, acting via both circadian and homeostatic mechanisms. Melatonin treatment can be used to treat chronic insomnias of different origin and circadian sleep disorders. However, if administered in high doses or at inappropriate times, melatonin might induce the circadian rhythm disorders or sleep abnormalities, rather than cure them.
Transparency: An Incremental Theory of Presupposition Projection

The analysis of presupposition projection led researchers to propose in the early 1980s that the meaning of a clause should be viewed as its Context Change Potential rather than as its truth conditions (Heim, 1983; Stalnaker, 1974). We argue that this ‘dynamic turn’ was misguided, and that it leads straight into a dilemma: either one follows Stalnaker in his pragmatic analysis, in which case one obtains a beautiful analysis of presupposition projection in conjunctions, but not of much else; or one follows Heim in her semantic analysis, which yields broader empirical coverage but little explanatory depth (no predictions are made about connectives whose Context Change Potential was not stipulated to begin with). We sketch an alternative account, entirely developed within classical logic. We argue that in some cases a complex meaning m is conceptualized as involving a precondition p, with m=pp′ (Division). In this case a pragmatic principle, Be Articulate!, requires that if possible m should be expressed as a conjunction p and pp′ rather than as pp′ (in order to make explicit the special status of the pre-condition p). If so, why can pp′ ever be pronounced on its own? Because a principle of Minimization sometimes rules out the full conjunction p and pp′, leaving pp′ as the sole contender.
The Decline of Adaptive Homeostasis & Adaptive Proteostasis in Ageing

Homeostasis classically considers a range of capacities, extending above and below a mean value, but cells, simple organisms, and even mammals, can temporarily expand the homeostatic range by undergoing transient adaptation. Such adaptive responses depend on altered gene expression, orchestrated by signal transduction pathways, such as Nrf2-Keap1 that allow us to cope with transient changes in environments, or stressors. Thus, in addition to the ‘normal’ range of homeostatic capabilities, there is an additional range of adaptive capacity that I propose should be called, ‘Adaptive Homeostasis’ (Davies, K.J.A. Adaptive Homeostasis. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 49: 1–7, 2016). Important features of adaptive homeostasis include its mediation by discrete signal transduction pathways, as a result of small changes in signaling molecules/events, rather than in response to overt damage. Adaptive increases in oxidative stress-resistance through induction of the Proteasome and the mitochondrial Lon protease are examples of the plasticity of proteostasis (‘adaptive proteostasis’) and adaptive homeostasis in young mice, young flies, and young worms. However, adaptive proteostasis and homeostasis decline with age which may make older people more susceptible to stress and disease.
Achieving balance between implementing effective infection prevention and control practices and maintaining a home-like setting in U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs nursing homes.

Nursing homes present a unique challenge for implementing infection prevention and control practices while striving to maintain a home-like environment. Medical devices such as urinary catheters and central venous catheters have become a part of nursing home care but can predispose residents to associated infections. Because evidence-based prevention bundles were implemented, catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) and central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) were monitored in all U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) nursing homes, and outcomes were evaluated. Bundle components for CLABSIs focused on insertion technique, site selection, and routine assessment of central line necessity, while the CAUTI bundle focused on insertion technique, appropriate indication, and routine assessment of urinary catheter necessity. From October 2010 through September 2016, VA nursing homes reported nationwide reductions of CAUTIs (51.2%; P P = .0009).
Psychotherapy, Brief Psychodynamic

Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy (BPP) comprises a group of psychotherapeutic interventions characterized by their short-term adaptations of psychoanalytically inspired psychotherapy. The following criteria represent the constituents of a prototypic definition of BPP: the theory of psychopathology explaining the disorder and treatment techniques employed are psychoanalytic in origin (clarification, interpretation and confrontations), patients are selected for their ability to withstand intensive psychotherapy, treatment is time-limited with brevity maintained by maintaining treatment focused on a specific issue or conflict, and the intent of treatment is to provide limited personality or character change. Historically, there has always been a subgroup of psychoanalysts who have attempted to keep psychoanalysis brief, and their efforts have led to the development of BPP. In contrast to psychoanalysts and long-term dynamic therapists, therapists who conduct BPP see patients once or twice a week, sitting up, for a limited number of sessions. Recent proponents of BPP have developed treatment manuals detailing their specific therapeutic techniques. In addition to aiding clinicians, many of these manuals have been implemented in efficacy studies of BPP to ensure that therapists followed treatment guidelines. Although a meta-analytic review of several studies indicates that BPP is an effective treatment, well conducted research for specific psychological problems remains scarce.
Recent Studies in the Neuroendocrinology of Major Depressive Disorders

The several neuroendocrine abnormalities in major depressive disorders support the concept of significant hypothalamic dysfunction in this condition, and offer clues about underlying neurotransmitter disturbances. Cortisol hypersection, TSH response to TRH, and growth hormone responses in depressives are discussed.
Reconstruction of traumatic lumbar hernias: A case report

Abstract Backround Traumatic lumbar hernias are not common hernias that are encountered by general or plastic surgery teams, however it is important to understand the anatomy of the hernia in order to be able to correct the flank defect. In our patient, the oblique muscles were sheared off the iliac crest periosteum, however the attachments to the ribs and spine were maintained. We were able to successfully place a pre-peritoneal polypropylene mesh which was secured to the musculature, and re-approximate the oblique muscles to the iliac crest using Mitek QUICKANCHOR® sutures. Our case study has been reported in line with the SCARE criteria ([ 8 ] Agha et al., 2016). Case Report The subject in our case was a 47-year-old gentleman who was involved in a motor vehicle accident, and sustained a traumatic lumbar hernia due to the 3-point seatbelt he was wearing. He was transported via ambulance to our trauma center. Conclusion Understanding the anatomy and mechanism of injury is the key to reconstructing traumatic lumber hernias. Although not required, mesh reinforcement has significantly reduced the recurrence of all hernias. This is the simplest and most effective way, in our opinion, to return the flank muscles to their native position while providing mesh reinforcement.
Motor Control: On the Way to Physics of Living Systems

We accept two axioms: (1) the central nervous system is a physical/physiological object, not a computational one, and (2) the neural control of natural voluntary movements is organized in a hierarchical way. At the top level of the hierarchy, referent values for a few salient, task-specific variables are reflected in a set of neural signals (possibly, subthreshold depolarization levels of neuronal pools). Further, as a result of a sequence of few-to-many mappings, these signals result in sets of activation thresholds of the alpha-motoneuronal pools for the many muscles involved in the planned movement. This scheme naturally results in synergies stabilizing the values (time profiles) of task-specific, salient variables. In this context, “synergies” are defined as covaried across repetitive trials adjustments within a redundant set of elemental variables that ensure stability of a performance variable to which they all contribute. Several consequences of this scheme have received experimental support in recent studies. In particular, a novel phenomenon of feed-forward motor control, anticipatory synergy adjustments, has been discovered. Another nontrivial prediction of this scheme is that transient perturbations are expected to lead to equifinality at the level of task–relevant variables, but not necessarily at the level of elemental variables. Results of two recent experiments have confirmed this prediction for multi-joint positional tasks and multi-digit force production tasks. These results provide direct support for the ideas of control with referent configurations organized into a hierarchical system.
A systematic review of reviews of neurocognitive functioning in eating disorders: The state-of-the-literature and future directions.

Objective In recent years there has been increasing clinical and empirical interest in neurocognitive functioning in eating disorders (EDs), which has resulted in numerous quantitative and qualitative reviews. However, there has yet to be a comprehensive synthesis or critical review of this literature to identify future directions to advance the field in this area. Therefore the aim of this systematic review of systematic reviews was to (a) characterize the existing literature on neurocognitive functioning in EDs based on recent reviews (i.e., published since 2010), (b) describe related limitations, and (c) suggest avenues for future research to address gaps in the current literature. Method Electronic databases were queried for reviews of neurocognitive domains (i.e., inhibitory control, decision-making, central coherence, set-shifting, working memory, and attention bias) in EDs, which identified 28 systematic and meta-analytic reviews. Results Broadly, the literature indicates deficits across these neurocognitive domains in EDs, though heterogeneity was noted in the magnitude of these effects, which varied to some extent across ED subtypes, sample characteristics, and methodological approaches. Discussion While these reviews have generally suggested varying patterns of neurocognitive deficits across EDs, there remain critical limitations regarding the methodological quality of these studies (e.g., the lack of prospective designs, consideration of confounding influences, or examination of interrelationships between neurocognitive domains and relationships between neurocognition and other relevant behavioral constructs). Specifically, we outline 10 key areas that are imperative to address in future research in this area in order to move our field forward.
Coordinated Control and Energy Management Strategies for Hundred Megawatt-level Battery Energy Storage Stations Based on Multi-agent Theory

This paper puts forward an energy management strategy to control the output of the hundred megawatt-level battery energy storage stations (BESS), thus to increase the ability of the large scale BESS for autonomous distribution of real time power. Based on the strategy of multi-agent particle swarm optimization, the real time power of the power converter system (PCS) has been calculated. Meanwhile, the layered structure consisting of main-agent, sub area agent, and PCS agent for the BESS are developed. The measured data of the wind power station is used to carry out a simulation analysis for large scale wind farm and BESS hybrid generation systems. It is verified that the control strategy can adaptively allocate the real time total demand of BESS and keep the state of charge for each unit of BESS at a proper level.
HCV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Use a CDRH3 Disulfide Motif to Recognize an E2 Glycoprotein Site that Can Be Targeted for Vaccine Design.

Summary Hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine efforts are hampered by the extensive genetic diversity of HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2. Structures of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) (e.g., HEPC3, HEPC74) isolated from individuals who spontaneously cleared HCV infection facilitate immunogen design to elicit antibodies against multiple HCV variants. However, challenges in expressing HCV glycoproteins previously limited bNAb-HCV structures to complexes with truncated E2 cores. Here we describe crystal structures of full-length E2 ectodomain complexes with HEPC3 and HEPC74, revealing lock-and-key antibody-antigen interactions, E2 regions (including a target of immunogen design) that were truncated or disordered in E2 cores, and an antibody CDRH3 disulfide motif that exhibits common interactions with a conserved epitope despite different bNAb-E2 binding orientations. The structures display unusual features relevant to common genetic signatures of HCV bNAbs and demonstrate extraordinary plasticity in antibody-antigen interactions. In addition, E2 variants that bind HEPC3/HEPC74-like germline precursors may represent candidate vaccine immunogens.
K-Core Minimization: A Game Theoretic Approach.

K-cores are maximal induced subgraphs where all vertices have degree at least k. These dense patterns have applications in community detection, network visualization and protein function prediction. However, k-cores can be quite unstable to network modifications, which motivates the question: How resilient is the k-core structure of a network, such as the Web or Facebook, to edge deletions? We investigate this question from an algorithmic perspective. More specifically, we study the problem of computing a small set of edges for which the removal minimizes the $k$-core structure of a network. This paper provides a comprehensive characterization of the hardness of the k-core minimization problem (KCM), including innaproximability and fixed-parameter intractability. Motivated by such a challenge in terms of algorithm design, we propose a novel algorithm inspired by Shapley value -- a cooperative game-theoretic concept -- that is able to leverage the strong interdependencies in the effects of edge removals in the search space. As computing Shapley values is also NP-hard, we efficiently approximate them using a randomized algorithm with probabilistic guarantees. Our experiments, using several real datasets, show that the proposed algorithm outperforms competing solutions in terms of k-core minimization while being able to handle large graphs. Moreover, we illustrate how KCM can be applied in the analysis of the k-core resilience of networks.
HLA-DP mismatch and CMV reactivation increase risk of aGVHD independently in recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplant.

Abstract HLA-DP mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is associated with increased risk of aGVHD and decreased risk of relapse with no effects on overall survival (OS). It has been proposed that CMV-reactivation induces expression of HLA-DP molecules on GVHD target tissues by releasing inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that the increased GVHD incidence in HLA-DP mismatched allo-SCTs correlates with recipient CMV serostatus or CMV reactivation. In addition, CMV reactivation is associated with increased risk of GVHD with an unknown mechanism. Here, we analyzed the association between HLA-DPB1 and CMV reactivation on cumulative incidence of aGVHD and relapse as well as OS in 613 patients with AML and MDS who underwent matched related or unrelated allo-HCT at MD Anderson Cancer Center from 2005 to 2011. In multivariable analysis, HLA-DPB1 mismatching was associated with increased risk of aGVHD (hazard ratio (HR): 1.53, P
Global Financial Strategy of MNE with a Selected Overseas Subsidiary Expansion

The chapter presents the applied capstone project that is individually performed by students as an experiential learning activity in the final capstone course of Master of Finance degree online program and in the Global Finance and Investment graduate certificate. Students are exposed to the various characteristics of different international markets while exploring country risk profiles, existing financial instruments, and possible entry strategies. The project supports the development of transferable skills for managing a corporate financial function across cultures in the global financial market.
The Quaternion Stochastic Information Gradient Algorithm for Nonlinear Adaptive Systems

In this paper, we develop a kernel adaptive filter for quaternion data, using stochastic information gradient (SIG) cost function based on the information theoretic learning (ITL) approach. The new algorithm (QKSIG) is useful for quaternion-based kernel applications of nonlinear filtering. Adaptive filtering in quaterion domain intrinsically incorporates component-wise real valued cross-correlation or the coupling within the dimensions of the quaternion input. We apply generalized Hamilton-real (GHR) calculus that is applicable to quaternion Hilbert space for evaluating the cost function gradient. The QKSIG algorithm minimizes Shannon's entropy of the error between the filter output and desired response and minimizes the divergence between the joint densities of input-desired and input-output pairs. The SIG technique reduces the computational complexity of the error entropy estimation. Here, ITL with SIG approach is applied to quaternion adaptive filtering for three different reasons. First, it reduces the algorithm computational complexity compared to our previous work quaternion kernel minimum error entropy algorithm (QKMEE). Second, it improves the filtering performance by considering the coupling within the dimensions of the quaternion input. Third, it performs better in biased or non-Gaussian signal and noise environments due to ITL approach. We present convergence analysis and steady-state performance analysis results of the new algorithm (QKSIG). Simulation results are used to show the behavior of the new algorithm QKSIG in quaternion non-Gaussian signal and noise environments compared to the existing ones such as quadruple real-valued kernel stochastic information gradient (KSIG) and quaternion kernel LMS (QKLMS) algorithms.
Sleep-drive reprograms clock neuronal identity through CREB-binding protein induced PDFR expression

Neuronal circuits can be re-modeled by Hebbian plasticity, synaptic scaling and, under some circumstances, activity-dependent respecification of cell-surface receptors. Although the impact of sleep on Hebbian plasticity and synaptic scaling are well studied, sleeps role in receptor respecification remains unclear. We demonstrate that in Drosophila high sleep-pressure quickly reprograms the wake-promoting large-ventrolateral clock-neurons to express the Pigment Dispersing Factor receptor. The addition of this signaling input into the circuit is associated with increased waking and early mating success. The respecification of Pigment Dispersing Factor receptor in both young and adult large ventrolateral neurons requires two dopamine receptors and activation of the transcriptional regulator nejire (CREB-binding protein). These data identify receptor-respecification as an important mechanism to sculpt circuit function to match sleep levels with demand.
Understanding Students' Computational Thinking through Cognitive Interviews: A Learning Trajectory-based Analysis

For K-8 computer science (CS) education to continue to expand, it is essential that we understand how students develop and demonstrate computational thinking (CT). One approach to gaining this insight is by having students articulate their understanding of CT through cognitive interviews. This study presents findings of a cognitive interview study with 13 fourth-grade students (who had previously engaged in integrated CT and mathematics instruction) working on CT assessment items. The items assessed four CT concepts: sequence, repetition, conditionals, and decomposition. This study analyzed students\textquotesingle articulated understanding of the four CT concepts and the correspondence between that understanding and hypothesized learning trajectories (LTs). We found that 1) all students articulated an understanding of sequence that matched the intermediate level of the Sequence LT; 2) a majority of students\textquotesingle responses demonstrated the level of understanding that the repetition and decomposition items were designed to solicit (8 of 9 responses were correct for repetition and 4 of 6 were correct for decomposition); and 3) less than half of students\textquotesingle responses articulated an understanding of conditionals that was intended by the items (4 of 9 responses were correct). The results also suggested questioning the directional relationships of two statements in the existing Conditionals LT. For example, unlike the LT, this study revealed that students could understand "A conditional connects a condition to an outcome'' before "A condition is something that can be true or false.''
Response to: letter to the editor: consideration on 'an evaluation of reports of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin association neuropsychiatric toxicities, long-term disability, and aortic aneurysms/dissections disseminated by the food and drug administration and the European medicines agency' by bennett et al.

Pulmonary fibrosis includes several lung disorders characterized by progressive fibrosis, of which idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a particularly severe form with a median survival time of 3...
Use of the ICD-10 vision codes to study ocular conditions in Medicare beneficiaries with stroke

Ocular conditions are common following stroke and frequently occur in combination with pre-existing ophthalmologic disease. The Medicare International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) coding system for identifying vision related health conditions provides a much higher level of detail for coding these complex scenarios than the previous ICD-9 system. While this new coding system has advantages for clinical care and billing, the degree to which providers and researchers are utilizing the expanded code structure is unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe the use of ICD-10 vision codes in a large cohort of stroke survivors. Retrospective cohort design to study national 100% Medicare claims files from 2015 through 2017. Descriptive data analyses were conducted using all available ICD-10 vision codes for beneficiaries who had an acute care stay because of a new stroke. The outcome of interest was ≥1 ICD-10 visual code recorded in the claims chart. The cohort (n = 269,314) was mostly female (57.1%) with ischemic stroke (87.8%). Approximately 15% were coded as having one or more ocular condition. Unspecified glaucoma was the most frequently used code among men (2.83%), those over 85+ (4.80%) and black beneficiaries (4.12%). Multiple vision codes were used in few patients (0.6%). Less than 3% of those in the oldest group (85+ years) had two or more vision codes in their claims. Ocular comorbidity was present in a portion of this cohort of stroke survivors, however the vision codes used to describe impairments in this population were few and lacked specificity. Future studies should compare ophthalmic examination results with billing codes to characterize the type and frequency of ocular comorbidity. It important to understand how the use of ICD-10 vision codes impacts clinical decision making, recovery, and outcomes.
Community dashboards to support data-informed decision-making in the HEALing communities study

Abstract Background With opioid misuse, opioid use disorder (OUD), and opioid overdose deaths persisting at epidemic levels in the U.S., the largest implementation study in addiction research—the HEALing Communities Study (HCS)—is evaluating the impact of the Communities That Heal (CTH) intervention on reducing opioid overdose deaths in 67 disproportionately affected communities from four states (i.e., “sites”). Community-tailored dashboards are central to the CTH intervention’s mandate to implement a community-engaged and data-driven process. These dashboards support a participating community’s decision-making for selection and monitoring of evidence-based practices to reduce opioid overdose deaths. Methods/Design A community-tailored dashboard is a web-based set of interactive data visualizations of community-specific metrics. Metrics include opioid overdose deaths and other OUD-related measures, as well as drivers of change of these outcomes in a community. Each community-tailored dashboard is a product of a co-creation process between HCS researchers and stakeholders from each community. The four research sites used a varied set of technical approaches and solutions to support the scientific design and CTH intervention implementation. Ongoing evaluation of the dashboards involves quantitative and qualitative data on key aspects posited to shape dashboard use combined with website analytics. Discussion The HCS presents an opportunity to advance how community-tailored dashboards can foster community-driven solutions to address the opioid epidemic. Lessons learned can be applied to inform interventions for public health concerns and issues that have disproportionate impact across communities and populations (e.g., racial/ethnic and sexual/gender minorities and other marginalized individuals). Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04111939)
Enhanced Nonlinear Phase-Shift in Epsilon-Near-Zero Materials: The effect of Group and Phase Velocity

We present Beam-Deflection experiments, to measure the temporal and spectral dependence of the nonlinear phase-shift of ITO at ENZ. Our measurements suggest that group and phase velocity contribute to the enhanced nonlinearities observed at ENZ. © 2020 The Author(s)
The Secreted Tyrosine Kinase Vlk Is Essential for Normal Platelet Activation and Thrombus Formation

Tyrosine phosphorylation of extracellular proteins is observed in cell cultures and in vivo, but little is known about the functional roles of tyrosine phosphorylation of extracellular proteins. Vertebrate Lonesome Kinase (VLK) is a broadly expressed secretory pathway tyrosine kinase present in platelet ɑ-granules. It is released from platelets upon activation and phosphorylates substrates extracellularly. Its role in platelet function, however, has not been previously studied. In human platelets, we identified phosphorylated tyrosines mapped to luminal or extracellular domains of transmembrane and secreted proteins implicated in the regulation of platelet activation. To determine the role of VLK in extracellular tyrosine phosphorylation and platelet function, we generated mice with a megakaryocyte/platelet-specific deficiency of VLK. Platelets from these mice are normal in abundance and morphology, but have significant changes in function both in vitro and in vivo. Resting and thrombin-stimulated VLK-deficient platelets demonstrate a significant decrease of several tyrosine phosphobands. Functional testing of VLK-deficient platelets shows decreased PAR4- and collagen-mediated platelet aggregation, but normal responses to ADP. Dense granule and a-granule release are reduced in these platelets. Furthermore, VLK-deficient platelets exhibit decreased PAR4-mediated Akt (S473) and Erk1/2 (T202/Y204) phosphorylation, indicating altered proximal signaling. In vivo, mice lacking VLK in megakaryocytes/platelets demonstrate strongly reduced platelet accumulation and fibrin formation following laser-injury of cremaster arterioles compared to controls, but normal bleeding times. These studies demonstrate that the secretory pathway tyrosine kinase VLK is critical for stimulus-dependent platelet activation and thrombus formation, providing the first evidence that a secreted protein kinase is required for normal platelet function.
Support in Response to a Spouse's Distress: Comparing Women and Men in Same-sex and Different-sex Marriages.

Support for a spouse with psychological distress can be expressed in many different ways. Previous research indicates that support expression is shaped by gender, but we do not know much about how ...
Curvularia alcornii Infection

Curvularia alcornii Infection A 53-year-old man presented with fever and sudden onset of lower-leg paralysis. Imaging revealed a 9-cm ascending aortic pseudoaneurysm and multiple arterial emboli. C...
BLADE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION FOR A MODERATELY LOADED PROPELLER

Abstract : A new theoretical procedure has been developed modifying the existing analysis for a marine propeller operating in a nonuniform inflow field by considering the radially varying mean wake and mean propeller induction. In addition, the selection of a new reference surface around which the perturbation analysis is developed is based on the nonlinear form of the Bernoulli equation together with an appropriate kinematic condition existing at the propeller operational condition. A flow field closer to the propeller operating condition is achieved thereby and the linear theory requirement of small perturbation quantities is reinforced. The approach is thus applicable to moderately to heavily loaded propellers immersed in the stronger wakes of hulls of large block coefficient, although it can be used for lightly loaded propellers as well. (Author)
Design of Roles and Protocols for Electronic Negotiations

Support for negotiations in electronic markets is one of the primary issues in today's e-commerce research. Whereas most activities are focused on automation aspects, only few efforts address the design of electronic negotiations. However, for the efficiency of electronic negotiation processes and the success of resulting settlements, it is essential to achieve an a-priori agreement among the negotiating parties about issues such as the syntax and semantics of offer specifications, the sequence of actions, possible responses, or time constraints, because these factors might influence, for instance, the fairness of the electronic negotiation. This paper demonstrates how an explicit and specific design can capture the way electronic negotiations are organised. The organisation design meta-model presented is part of SILKROAD, a design and application framework for electronic negotiations. On the basis of this framework, organisations creating an electronic market or sellers intending to offer potential buyers the option to bargain, can generate, in a flexible and efficient way, customised electronic negotiation systems supporting the roles and protocols designed. Furthermore, the consequent application of this meta-model can lead to the discovery of common negotiation patterns, eventually resulting in a reference model for electronic negotiations.
Effects of local high pressures and extreme shears at tribological contact spots

Load-bearing contact between sliding unlubricated and boundary-lubricated solids occurs at discrete “contact spots” at which asperities meet, typically numbering in the order of 10. Since all of the load is concentrated at them, local pressures routinely approximate the indentation hardness, and heating at the spots can be, but rarely is, severe. However, with relatively rare exceptions, the high local pressure at the contact spots causes plastic deformation that is responsible for both friction and mechanical wear. Realistic modeling of tribology must therefore be done at the scale of the contact spots. Since this is typically large compared to dislocation cells, tribology can mostly be understood in terms of ordinary mechanical behavior, albeit modified through the prevailing large pressures and strains. Accordingly, too, the thickness of “MML's (the frequently observed “mechanically mixed layers” composed of the intimately mixed materials of the two sides and typically including also some of the ambient medium) compares to the size of the largest contact spots. The MMLs' properties are principally due to the discussed local high pressures and extreme shear strains, whereas flash temperatures tend to be intuitively overestimated and mostly are of small importance, especially in metals. This is due to effective high thermal conductivity and the fact that the heat generation occurs in surface layers instead of mathematical interfaces. Because the local pressures and shear strain rates at contact spots are much higher than readily attainable in a laboratory, ordinary macroscopic testing cannot illuminate the conditions of MML formation and the occasional unexpected chemical reactions/transformations in them, up to amorphization. Lately, the above phenomena have therefore been studied through simulations on layered metal foils with and without lubrication, performed in a Bridgman anvil apparatus. Herein large shear strains are imposed at pressures comparable to the hardness of the samples. Using different material combinations and different sample sizes, and utilizing several means of analysis, fundamental insights have been gained. Among others, stress-strain hardening curves were obtained and samples were studied by X-rays, and optical and different forms of electron microscopy. From the workhardening curves the coefficient of friction and the hardness of the contact spots can be inferred. Most importantly, focused ion beam microscopy (FIBM) revealed the mechanism of mechanical mixing in MML's and X-ray studies clarified metal amorphization in wear tracks.
Sidestepping the IT Artifact, Scrapping the IS Silo, and Laying Claim to "Systems in Organizations"

The “IT artifact” and debates about the core of the IS field received a lot of attention in the last several years. This paper is a response to Benbasat and Zmud’s June 2003 MISQ paper “The Identity Crisis within the IS Discipline: Defining and Communicating the Discipline’s Core Properties,” which argues that “the IT artifact and its immediate nomological net” constitutes “a natural ensemble of entities, structures, and processes” that “serves to bind together the IS subdisciplines and to communicate the distinctive nature of the IS discipline.” This paper starts by examining the meaning of “IT artifact” and concluding that this term is too unclear to serve as a basic concept for delineating the field. Next it examines and disputes aspects of Benbasat and Zmud’s prescription for being more faithful to the discipline’s core. It suggests that their vision of tighter focus on variables intimately related to the “IT artifact” creates problems and provides few of the benefits of an alternative vision centered on “systems in organizations.” This alternative vision provides an understandable umbrella for most existing IS research and treats the discipline’s diversity as a strength rather a weakness. It provides a rationale for building on current knowledge and expertise, exploiting the discipline’s areas of competitive advantage in academia and business, defusing the IS discipline’s identity crisis, and helping increase its longterm contributions to academia, business, and society.
Internet Privacy: Who Makes the Rules

Richard M. Smith, Chief Technology Officer of the Privacy Foundation, discusses the ways emerging technology infringes consumer privacy on the Internet. He believes the widespread use of cookies and the growing use of online profiling by companies like DoubleClick create serious privacy problems for people who use the Internet. The solution lies in combining the efforts of programmers, who can find ways to eliminate these profiling mechanisms online, and of lawyers, who can structure legal rules to proscribe information misuse. Cite as: 4 YALE SYMP. L. & TECH. 2 (2001)
Solid Teratoid Tumors of the Anterior Mediastinum: Report of Two Cases

Because of the comparative rarity of tumors of the mediastinum, and the incompleteness of the data in many of the published cases, Haagensen (1) has recently emphasized the desirability of adequately reporting additional instances. The gravity of exploratory procedures in this region makes necessary a basis upon which to arrive at a reasonable preoperative clinical evaluation of such cases. In this paper, two teratoid tumors are reported in some detail, both from the clinical and the pathological standpoint. The term “teratoma” is commonly used to describe tumors including derivatives from all three germ layers. There is, however, a large group of tumors of presumably the same etiology but which include demonstrable multiple elements derived from but two or even a single germ layer. In many of these instances the failure to demonstrate additional elements is attributable (1) to the taking of insufficient sections for microscopic study, (2) to extensive necrosis of tissue, the actual nature of which is obviously impossible to determine, or (3) to an early overgrowth of a single germ layer. In order to include these essentially similar tumors, whether complete or incomplete, under a single heading, the term “teratoid” has been used. Although not the most common of the mediastinal tumors, these teratoid growths are among the most interesting from the pathological standpoint, since they apparently arise from totipotential cells, and may exhibit any combination of tissues, benign or malignant.
Safety and efficacy of commonly used antiemetics.

Introduction: Clinicians use antiemetic drugs in a multitude of scenarios. Despite the differences in subspecialty and etiology of the nausea, practitioners of all subspecialties use the same drugs in similar ways to provide relief for their patients.Areas covered: Multiple classes of antiemetics are used frequently but no single treatment course works for all types of patients. The complex etiology of nausea often requires a multimodal approach that targets the same symptom through different sites of action. Antiemetics have unique side effects and safety profiles which are covered in this review. Antihistamines, phenothiazines, corticosteroids, benzamindes, anticholinergic, neurokinin-1 antagonists, 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and cannabinoids are discussed. These drugs were evaluated based on an in-depth literature review including a review of the original research that led to many of the drugs initial FDA approval, via internet and PubMed searches.Expert opinion: The key to providing relief for patients...
Stress-Related Mucosal Damage: Critical Evaluation of Potential New Therapeutic Agents

Cell injury produced by hydrochloric acid is the final common denominator for stress-related mucosal damage. Actions of therapeutic agents designed to prevent such damage are directed toward either inhibiting acid secretion or stimulating protective mechanisms. Newer agents that fall into the former category include omeprazole, an inhibitor of the H+-K+-ATPase pump, prostaglandins, and somatostatin. In addition to inhibiting acid, prostaglandins stimulate mucus and bicarbonate secretion and therefore provide a two-pronged protective action. Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic agent that is postulated to promote clotting at bleeding sites in upper gastrointestinal lesions. Analyses of composite data suggest that (1) prostaglandin E preparations appear to be as effective as currently recognized forms of therapy, such as antacid and H2-receptor antagonist administration; (2) little enthusiasm can currently be generated for use of somatostatin or tranexamic acid; and (3) omeprazole is a theoretically attractive agent that remains to be tested in the prophylactic treatment of gastrointestinal ulceration due to severe stress.
HIERARCHAL CONSTITUTIVE PHOSPHORYLATION OF THE VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS P PROTEIN AND LACK OF EFFECT ON P1 TO P2 CONVERSION

In vitro reconstitution of a transcriptionally active VSV polymerase complex (P:L) reportedly requires phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain of P by CKII. Two constitutively phosphorylated sites have been implicated in this activation for both VSV Indiana and New Jersey serotype P proteins. We show here that, in contrast to New Jersey, the Indiana P protein is constitutively phosphorylated on three sites in vivo. The evidence rests on assessing the phosphorylation status of transfected P gene constructs containing all possible combinations of Ala substitutions at Ser60, Thr62, and Ser64. All mutants containing the T62A substitution showed a reduced level of phosphorylation and yielded no P-Thr. Surprisingly the S60A/S64A mutant behaved like the triple substitution and displayed no significant phosphorylation, while the S64A mutant yielded no P-Thr. Phosphorylation of Thr62 therefore depended on prior modification of Ser64. We also tested the ability of our mutant P proteins to convert to the more highly phosphorylated P2 species, a modification essential for transcription in the New Jersey serotype and thought to be carried out by an L-protein-associated kinase. All of our transfected mutant P proteins readily converted to P2 in the presence or absence of L cotransfection, and the latter had no significant effect on P phosphorylation. We conclude that VSV Indiana P protein differs in significant ways from New Jersey P. It is hierarchically and constitutively phosphorylated on a cluster of three sites, not two, suggesting that an additional kinase may be involved. Moreover, Indiana P1 to P2 conversion is independent of prior constitutive phosphorylation and does not require the presence of L protein.
Nitrogen production efficiency for acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde in lean NOx reduction over anatase titania

The nitrogen formation efficiencies, defined as the number of nitrogen molecules formed for every reductant molecule consumed were determined for acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde in the reduction of NO2 under lean conditions over anatase TiO2. The efficiency increased with increasing NO2/reductant in the feed, reaching 0.61 ± 0.05 for NO2/acetaldehyde between 1.5 and 3.0 and 0.85 ± 0.08 for NO2/propionaldehyde between 3.8 and 5.7. Simultaneously, the CO/CO2 ratio as well as the small concentration of N2O in the product stream increased. The results suggested that at higher NO2/reductant ratios, the reaction between the reductant and adsorbed NO2 accounted for a large majority of the reaction. The results were consistent with the IR results, which showed that surface nitro groups reacted readily with acetaldehyde. The implications of these results on the NO2 reduction mechanism were discussed.
Structure Determination of Brominated Morphinan‐6‐ones by 13C‐NMR. Spectroscopy: A novel closure of the oxygen bridge using 4‐acetoxymorphinan‐6‐ones

Bromination of (−)-4-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan-6-one (3), prepared from natural morphine, with 1 mol of bromine in acetic acid, afforded the 1-bromo ketone 5. The structure of 5 was assigned by 13C-NMR.spectroscopy, and confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of its hydrobromide salt. It is suggested that monobromination of synthetic (±)-2,4-dihydroxy-N-formylmorphinan-6-one (7) takes in principle a similar course, although the 13C-NMR.spectrum of the primary reaction product 9 could not be measured because of insolubility in commonly used solvents. Monobromination of (−)-4-acetoxy-N-formylmorphinan-6-one (12) of the natural series, and of (±)-2,4-diacetoxy-N-formylmorphinan-6-one (8) of the synthetic series, followed by treatment of the monobrominated ketones with potassium carbonate in methanol resulted in closure of the O-bridge, and afforded after acid hydrolysis, the corresponding 4,5-epoxy-morphinan-6-ones (−)-16 and (±)-17 respectively. This variation of the ring closure reaction represents a novel and convenient method to convert 4-hydroxymorphinan-6-ones into their corresponding 4,5-epoxymorphinan-6-ones, without involving aromatic bromination and with only 1 mol of bromine.
ORNL developments in laser ion sources for radioactive ion beam production

The development of a resonant ionization laser ion source (RILIS) for the production of isotopically pure radioactive ion beams is reported. The application of the laser ion source calls for high elemental selectivity, high efficiency, and fast release of short-lived isotopes. A hot-cavity ion source and three Ti:sapphire lasers pulsed at a 10 kHz rate are employed for the RILIS. The Ti:sapphire lasers have been upgraded with individual pump lasers to eliminate intracavity Pockels cells and output losses due to synchronization delays. The development of ionization schemes for a wide range of elements is important to the success of Ti:sapphire-laser-based RILIS. In off-line studies with stable isotopes, resonant ionization of 14 elements has been studied, leading to new ionization schemes for ten elements. The absolute ionization efficiency of the hot-cavity RILIS has been measured to range from 0.9 % to 40 % for different elements. The mechanisms for ion transportation and confinement in the hot-cavity ion source have been studied using the temporal profiles of the laser-ionized ions. The hot-cavity RILIS has provided beams of neutron-rich $^{83,85,86}$ Ga isotopes for beta decay studies and enabled the first measurement of the beta decay of the exotic $^{86}$ Ga.
Groundwater protection in mixed land-use aquifers

Compared with groundwater pollution episodes of a point-source nature, nonpoint-source contamination makes for particularly difficult policy design. This is especially true in the context of a mixed land-use aquifer, where the same pollutant may derive from various human land-use activities and in different concentrations. To data, the emprirical literature attempting to estimate the relative loadings of pollutants from alternative land uses is rather sparse. Yet this information is vital to a variety of numerical computer models used to predict likelihood of groundwater contamination, and the statistical results are useful in their own right for regional policy formation. Regression analysis is applied to estimate loadings of nitrate and sodium from various land uses. The model is then used to illustrate how well-intended local groundwater protection policies that fail to recognize land-use substitution and cross-pollutant effects may be misdirected.