cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanics of damping for fiber composite laminates including hygrothermal effects

An integrated mechanics theory was developed for the modeling of composite damping from the micromechanics to the laminate level. Simplified, design oriented equations based on hysteretic damping are presented for on-axis plies, off-axis plies, and laminates including the effect of temperature, moisture, and interply hysteretic damping. The temperature rise within vibrating composite laminates resulting from strain energy dissipation is also modeled, and their coupled hygro-thermo-mechanical response is predicted. The method correlates well with reported damping measurements. Application examples illustrate the effect of various ply, laminate, and hygro-thermal parameters on the overall damping performance of composite laminates.
Preeclampsia into eclampsia: toward a new paradigm.

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to characterize aspects of the natural history of eclampsia. Study Design: A retrospective analysis was performed on the records of patients with eclampsia who were delivered at two tertiary care hospitals. Results: Fifty-three pregnancies complicated by eclampsia were identified. Thirty-seven of the women were nulliparous. The mean age was 22 years (range, 15-38 years). Mean gestational age at the time of seizures was 34.2 weeks' gestation (range, 22-43 weeks' gestation). Twenty-eight women had antepartum seizures (53%); 23 of the 28 had seizures at home. Nineteen women had intrapartum seizures (36%). Eight of these women had seizures while receiving magnesium sulfate, and 7 had therapeutic magnesium levels. Six women had postpartum seizures (11%), 4 >24 hours after delivery. Headache preceded seizures in 34 cases. Visual disturbance preceded seizures in 16 cases. The uric acid level was elevated to >6 mg/dL in 43 women. There were no maternal deaths or permanent morbidities. There were 4 perinatal deaths. Two patients had intrauterine fetal deaths at 28 and 36 weeks' gestation. These mothers had seizures at home. One infant died of complications of prematurity at 22 weeks' gestation and one died of respiratory complications at 26 weeks' gestation. There were 4 cases of abruptio placentae, 1 of which resulted in fetal death. Of the 53 cases of eclampsia, only 9 were potentially preventable. One of these was that of a woman who was being observed at home. The other 8 women were hospitalized and had hypertension and proteinuria. Only 7 women could be considered to have severe preeclampsia before seizure (13%), and 4 of these 7 women were receiving magnesium sulfate. Conclusions: Eclampsia was not found to be a progression from severe preeclampsia. In 32 of 53 cases (60%) seizures were the first signs of preeclampsia. In this series eclampsia appeared to be more of a subset of preeclampsia. Only 9 cases of eclampsia were potentially preventable with current standards of practice. Our paradigm for this disease, as well as our approach to seizure prophylaxis, should be reevaluated. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1389-96.)
Designing wearable interfaces for knee rehabilitation

Patients undergoing physical therapy often receive little feedback when performing exercises away from the clinic. They either have to rely on their memory of their rehabilitation session with a therapist or seek guidance from a paper based exercise tutorial. We address this feedback issue for knee rehabilitation with a wearable electronic device that helps patients visualize knee bend when performing exercises at home. We conducted a usability study of the device with six knee rehabilitation patients to better understand their perceptions of wearable interfaces. Through semi-structured interviews and prototype design activities, we derived design guidelines for future wearable devices in this space.
Statistical methods for bioarchaeology: applications of age-adjustment and logistic regression to comparisons of skeletal populations with differing age-structures

Abstract Previous studies of patterns of osteoarthritis involvement in prehistoric skeletal populations have been used to suggest differences in lifestyle or subsistence patterns. In spite of the intriguing nature of such studies, inadequate controls for the potential confounding effects of age have made results less secure than they appear. While researchers remain unable to control for the inherent limitations imposed by preservation bias, meaningful advancement could be made in the analysis of these data. Here we propose two methods from epidemiology that would allow more robust comparisons between populations with differing age-structures: age-adjustment and logistic regression. We apply these two methods to previously published data from prehistoric populations of the American Great Basin. In doing so, we are able to discern sex differences in risk for osteoarthritis at the shoulder (beta = −1.82, SE = 0.74, OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.04–0.69, p = 0.013), elbow (beta = −2.07, SE = 0.82, OR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.03–0.63, p = 0.011), and in the foot (beta = −3.11, SE = 1.57, OR = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.00–0.97, p = 0.048), that were not noted in previous analyses of these data. These findings suggest that greater clarity of results and more precise comparisons of risk may be achieved by using these methods. We conclude that further application of these methods to bioarchaeological studies would potentially improve what can be said about prehistoric health patterns and lifeways.
Infrared refractive index of diamond

The refractive index of natural Type IIa diamond is reported for the spectral region 2.5–25 μm. The data have been fitted to a Herzberger-type dispersion formula with a quality of fit of a few places in the fifth decimal place. The resultant index uncertainty is about 10−3.
A q-methodological study of IT professionals' person-organization fit for training and development: research-in-progress

The Q-methodology was employed as a means to operationalize the IT professional's person-organization fit with respect to IT training and development content areas, resources, and venues. Analysis revealed seven distinct P-O fit types of perspectives that explained 41% of the population variance. The results show promise for continued research on the subject, as well as implications for both researchers and practitioners.
Multicast Networks With Variable-Length Limited Feedback

We investigate the channel quantization problem for two-user multicast networks where the transmitter is equipped with multiple antennas and either receiver is equipped with only a single antenna. Our goal is to design a global quantizer to minimize the outage probability. It is known that any fixed-length quantizer with a finite-cardinality codebook cannot obtain the same minimum outage probability as the case where all nodes in the network know perfect channel state information (CSI). To achieve the minimum outage probability, we propose a variable-length global quantizer that knows perfect CSI and sends quantized CSI to the transmitter and receivers. With a random infinite-cardinality codebook, we prove that the proposed quantizer is able to achieve the minimum outage probability with a low average feedback rate. We also extend the proposed quantizer to the multicast networks with more than two users. Numerical simulations validate our theoretical analysis.
Determining the 3D permeability of fibrous media using the Newton method

This work explores the reliability and sensitivity of using the Newton method to determine the elements of a fiber mat's permeability tensor. The goal of this work is to determine the extent to which experimental errors affect the numerical results and to provide general guidelines on which types of fiber materials are appropriate for this method. The sensitivity analysis reveals that employing the Newton method is a rather robust approach, applicable to a wide range of materials. The sensitivity analysis also reveals robustness with regard to experimental error as well.
Using Our Understanding of Families to Strengthen Family Involvement

The purpose of this article is to help teachers become more responsive to the changing needs and contexts of families in their efforts to establish relationships and encourage family participation. Through this article, the authors describe the changing landscape of parenting and the stressors experienced by contemporary families. The authors then provide a review of research that describes strategies that have been successfully employed by teachers of young children to foster increased communication and family involvement. The article concludes with suggestions to help early childhood professionals change their paradigm of parent involvement from a school-centric perspective to one that is more family-centric.
Pesticides in Ground Water of the United States, 1992–1996

During the first cycle of the National Water Quality Assessment (1992–1996), ground water in 20 of the nation's major hydro-logic basins was analyzed for 90 pesticide compounds (pesticides and degradates). One or more of the pesticide compounds examined were detected at 48.4% of the 2485 ground water sites sampled. However, approximately 70% of the sites where pesticides were detected, two or more pesticide compounds analyzed were present–documenting the prevalence of pesticide mixtures in ground water. The pesticide concentrations encountered were generally low, with the median total concentration (summation of concentrations for the 90 pesticide compounds) being 0.046 μg/L. Pesticides were commonly detected in shallow ground water beneath both agricultural (60.4%) and urban (48.5%) areas. This is an important finding because, although agricultural activities have long been associated with pesticide contamination, urban areas have only recently been recognized as a potential source of these types of compounds. Pesticides with higher frequencies of detection were generally those with more extensive use, greater environmental persistence, and greater mobility in ground water (lower soil-water partition coefficients).
Reactivity and Coaggregation of p-Nitrophenyl Esters with Polymer Micelles at Solid Surfaces.

Abstract The polymer micelle, poly[( N -( n -dodecyl)-4-vinylpyridinium co - N -ethyl-4-vinylpyridinium) bromide], PDE, containing 30% dodecyl groups has been found to promote the adhesion of lipophiles to various surfaces including quartz, polystyrene, and poly(methyl methacrylate) cuvette surfaces from aqueous solutions. The adsorption of PDE/ester coaggregates to the surfaces was studied by hydrolysis of p -nitrophenyl esters in aqueous PDE(30) solutions. The extent of reaction of p -nitrophenyl myristate, an ester with a linear acyl carbon chain length of 14, can be viewed as a probe to study the adhesion of the PDE/ester coaggregates to the cuvette surfaces. The difference between initial concentration of ester and concentration of hydrolysis product, p -nitrophenoxide ion, gives the concentration of unreacted ester in the aggregates or film adhering to the solid surface. Up to 40% of p -nitrophenyl myristate was found unreacted on the surface of quartz cuvettes after apparent completion of the reaction. No adhesion of the related caproate ester with a linear acyl carbon chain length of 6 was detected.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Modified To Package Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vpx Efficiently Infects Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

The lentiviral accessory protein Vpx is thought to facilitate the infection of macrophages and dendritic cells by counteracting an unidentified host restriction factor. Although human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) does not encode Vpx, the accessory protein can be provided to monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) in virus-like particles, dramatically enhancing their susceptibility to HIV-1. Vpx and the related accessory protein Vpr are packaged into virions through a virus-specific interaction with the p6 carboxy-terminal domain of Gag. We localized the minimal Vpx packaging motif of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 p6 to a 10-amino-acid motif and introduced this sequence into an infectious HIV-1 provirus. The chimeric virus packaged Vpx that was provided in trans and was substantially more infectious on MDDC and MDM than the wild-type virus. We further modified the virus by introducing the Vpx coding sequence in place of nef. The resulting virus produced Vpx and replicated efficiently in MDDC and MDM. The virus also induced a potent type I interferon response in MDDC. In a coculture system, the Vpx-containing HIV-1 was more efficiently transmitted from MDDC to T cells. These findings suggest that in vivo, Vpx may facilitate transmission of the virus from dendritic cells to T cells. In addition, the chimeric virus could be used to design dendritic cell vaccines that induce an enhanced innate immune response. This approach could also be useful in the design of lentiviral vectors that transduce these relatively resistant cells.
Performing narratives: telling the story of theory

This article explores the inclusion of narrative and performance theory and practice in a communication studies classroom. In using their own classroom discourse as a running narrative, students apply theoretical narratives in exploring a complex Middle East story. They deconstruct, reconstruct, and apply theoretical principles to practice using a singular sociocultural context. Stressing the importance of performing stories helps students appreciate new possibilities for thought and action. By emphasizing the performance of narratives, students experience and develop an appreciation for multiple, even contradictory, meanings within narratives and are better able to recognize moments of shifting positionality within a story.
Evaluation of five cell types for the isolation of herpes simplex virus

Five cells were evaluated in a comparative analysis for sensitivity, specificity, and rapidity in detecting the presence of herpes simplex virus HSV-1 and HSV-2. Included in this study were human embryonic kidney (HEK), rabbit kidney (RK), MRC-5, mink lung (ML), and Microtus agrestis (UMMA). A total of 274 specimens from genital, throat, skin, or other sources that were submitted for HSV isolation were used in the study. The sensitivity of the different cells was assessed by the total number of positive cultures detected by all the cells under evaluation. At 48 hr, HEK and RK detected 80% of the positives, ML detected 79%, MRC-5 detected 73%, and UMMA detected 60%. All cells tested were satisfactory; however, the choice of which cell to use for isolation of HSV depends upon the needs of the specific laboratory.
Engine component improvement program: Performance improvement

Fuel consumption of commercial aircraft is considered. Fuel saving and retention components for new production and retrofit of JT9D, JT8D, and CF6 engines are reviewed. The manner in which the performance improvement concepts were selected for development and a summary of the current status of each of the 16 selected concepts are discussed.
Harvey Cushing's Early Operative Treatment of Skull Base Fractures.

Objectives To review Dr. Harvey Cushing's early surgical cases at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, revealing details of his operative approaches to fractures of the skull base. Design Following institutional review board approval and through the courtesy of the Alan Mason Chesney Archives, we reviewed the Johns Hopkins Hospital surgical files. Setting The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1896 to 1912. Participants A total of 24 patients underwent operative treatment for suspected fractures of the skull base. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measure was operative approach, postoperative mortality, and condition recorded at the time of discharge. Results Overall, 23 patients underwent operative treatment for suspected skull base fractures. The mechanisms of injury were known for 22 patients and included work-related injuries (41%), falls (23%), vehicle injuries (32%), and other trauma (5%). One patient had no mechanism of injury specified in the file. The outcome at the time of discharge from the hospital was “well” or “improved” in 12 patients (52%). The remaining 11 patients died during their admission. Conclusions Although Cushing's experience with selected skull base pathology has been previously reported, the breadth of his contributions to operative approaches to the skull base has been neglected.
Dietary history from the distant past: A methodological study

One of the major concerns regarding case-control studies of diet and cancer is that dietary measures based on current habits may not accurately reflect dietary intake from the time period of cancer initiation and early promotion in the more distant past. Thus, the extent to which current diet correlates with past diet and the reliability of retrospective estimates of past diet are important questions for researchers investigating dietary factors in cancer causation. For these reasons, we conducted this study of the reliability of dietary history as recalled from the distant past. Individuals (N = 175) who completed dietary interviews between the years 1957 and 1965 were reinterviewed in 1982. Subjects were asked to report the usual frequency of intake of selected food items, both at the time of their original interview in the 1957-1965 era as well as at the current time. Dietary histories as recalled from the distant past more closely agreed with those originally recorded than did current diets. The diets as recalled from the distant past appeared to be biased, however, by current dietary habits. The implications of these findings for diet and cancer research are discussed.
Drag reduction and the dynamics of turbulence in simple and complex fluidsa)

Addition of a small amount of very large polymer molecules or micelle-forming surfactants to a liquid can dramatically reduce the energy dissipation it exhibits in the turbulent flow regime. This rheological drag reduction phenomenon is widely used, for example, in the Alaska pipeline, but it is not well-understood, and no comparable technology exists to reduce turbulent energy consumption in flows of gases, in which polymers or surfactants cannot be dissolved. The most striking feature of this phenomenon is the existence of a so-called maximum drag reduction (MDR) asymptote: for a given geometry and driving force, there is a maximum level of drag reduction that can be achieved through addition of polymers. Changing the concentration, molecular weight or even the chemical structure of the additives has little to no effect on this asymptotic value. This universality is the major puzzle of drag reduction. We describe direct numerical simulations of turbulent minimal channel flow of Newtonian fluids and viscoelasticpolymer solutions. Even in the absence of polymers, we show that there are intervals of “hibernating” turbulence that display very low drag as well as many other features of the MDR asymptote observed in polymer solutions. As Weissenberg number increases to moderate values the frequency of these intervals also increases, and a simple theory captures key features of the intermittent dynamics observed in the simulations. At higher Weissenberg number, these intervals are altered – for example, their duration becomes substantially longer and the instantaneous Reynolds shear stress during them becomes very small. Additionally, simulations of “edge states,” dynamical trajectories that lie on the boundary between turbulent and laminar flow, display characteristics that are similar to those of hibernating turbulence and thus to the MDR asymptote, again even in the absence of polymer additives. Based on these observations, we propose a tentative unified description of rheological drag reduction. The existence of MDR-like intervals even in the absence of additives sheds light on the observed universality of MDR and may ultimately lead to new flow control approaches for improving energy efficiency in a wide range of processes.
Redescription of Lagenophrys maxillaris (Jankowski, 1993) (Ciliophora, Peritrichia, Lagenophryidae), an Ectosymbiont of Marine Amphipods

The loricate peritrich ciliate Lagenophrys maxillaris, a highly specialized ectosymbiont of marine gammarid amphipods, was examined and redescribed by using material from museum collections to make hematoxylin and protargol preparations. The infraciliature is described for the first time, and the shape of the macronucleus was found to differ significantly from the shape given in the original description. Lagenophrys maxillaris is one of only four species of Lagenophrys known to occur on the maxillipeds of amphipods or isopods and differs from the others with respect to the structure of the lips of the lorica aperture and pattern of infundibular polykinetids. It appears to prefer attaching to hosts that live in water deeper than that inhabited by hosts of other known marine species of Lagenophrys and was recorded from one sample of Gammarus locusta taken at a depth of 240-250 m. Lagenophrys maxillaris seems to be restricted to G. locusta and G. oceanicus although three other closely related species of Gammarus are available as hosts. Host specificity is possibly the result of trophic differences, possibly related to depth of habitat, between the two hosts and their congeners.
Limited-information control of hybrid systems via reachable set propagation

This paper deals with control of hybrid systems based on limited information about their state. Specifically, measurements being passed from the system to the controller are sampled and quantized, resulting in finite data-rate communication. The main ingredient of our solution to this control problem is a novel method for propagating over-approximations of reachable sets for hybrid systems through sampling intervals, during which the discrete mode is unknown. In addition, slow-switching conditions of the (average) dwell-time type and multiple Lyapunov functions play a central role in the analysis.
Surface Leakage Current (SLC) Methodology for Electrochemical Migration Evaluation

Modern electronics is characterised by the increasing level of integration in printed circuit board (PCB) technology and the reduced insulation spacing between adjacent conductors. Surface insulation resistance (SIR) measurement has often been used alone to determine the cleanliness of PCB assembly; however, when proper SIR measurement is used in conjunction with surface leakage current (SLC) measurement, the result can reveal the dynamic nature of surface electrochemical migration (SECM) processes at the microscopic level, and the effect of such processes on product quality and reliability. This paper presents a newly developed measurement methodology, which measures SLC per square unit area at a sampling rate that is orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional SIR measurement methods. It is aimed to capture the transient surge of SLC which is detrimental to the functionality of product.
Ontogeny of oral function in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

The oral apparatus of neonatal and juvenile golden hamsters was investigated by clearing and staining of whole crania, videotaping of behavior, and electromyography of several jaw muscles. Chewing developed during the first postnatal week and matured in the second; however, suckling was still the primary mode of feeding. Micromovements of the jaws occurred early when the osseous skeleton and joints developed. Macromovements correlated well with EMG records and were limited to jaw opening at birth. Muscles of the oral floor generated large bursts of activity during jaw opening and tongue protrusion from 0 days postnatal (dpn), when simple and stereotyped gaping was induced, until 14 dpn, when movements were spontaneous and not stereotyped nor inducible. However, adductor muscle activity was brief, low in amplitude, and primarily involved with jaw stabilization until 4 dpn, when these muscles became active during closing the jaws; closing activity increased in frequency and amplitude until the end of the second week. Development of frequent, coordinated macromovements of chewing was associated with the refinement of joint structure and dental occlusion and with the growth of the craniofacial skeleton. Jaw movements and associated EMG's correlated better with available data on development of neural circuitry than with that for musculoskeletal development.
Visual laterality for letter comparison: Effects of stimulus factors, response factors, and metacontrol

Right-handed subjects indicated whether two highly discriminable uppercase letters were the same or different. Letter pairs were projected to the left visual field/right hemisphere (LVF/RH) or the right visual field/left hemisphere (RVF/LH), or the same letter pair was presented to both visual fields simultaneously (bilateral trials). Laterality effects were not influenced by moderate blurring of the letters. However, on RVF/LH trials, reaction times were faster for same pairs than for different pairs. This effect was absent on LVF/RH trials, suggesting a qualitative difference in the mode of processing for the two unilateral trial types. The pattern of results on bilateral trials was identical to that obtained on RVF/LH trials. This suggests that on bilateral trials, the subjects employed the mode of processing characteristic of RVF/LH trials, perhaps indicating assertion of metacontrol by the left cerebral hemisphere.
Effective application development for presentation manager programs

The OS/2TM Presentation ManagerTM provides an integrated graphical, windowing user interface to IBM's OS/2 operating system. This paper addresses a primary area of interest for Presentation Manager application developers: the use and development of user controls. A control in the Presentation Manager environment is a program object with a programming interface and application function. The structure and interfaces between controls and the system are described in order to provide an understanding of the correct procedure for programming the Presentation Manager efficiently.
Human tryptophan oxygenase localized to 4q31 : possible implications for alcoholism and other behavioral disorders

A human tryptophan oxygenase clone was isolated by screening a liver cDNA library with a rat tryptophan oxygenase cDNA clone. Analysis showed extensive homology between the rat and the human DNA and protein sequences. The combined use of cell hybrids and in situ hydridization indicated that human tryptophan oxygenase was localized to chromosome band 4q31. The tryptophan oxygenase gene may be important in some human behavior disorders, especially those associated with abnormalities of serotonin metabolism.
Enrichment and depletion of Hela topoisomerase I recognition sites among specific types of DNA elements

The SDS-induced nicking of DNA helix by Hela topoisomerase I in vitro has been studied by using 2.9 kb of cloned human DNA as the substrate. The frequency of nicking is increased from 1/23 (nick/nt) to 1/19 (nick/nt) when camptothecin is present in the nicking reaction. The cytotoxic drug also induces DNA nicks without the addition of SDS. Although the consensus built from DNA sequences from -20 to +20 of more than one hundred of the nicking sites only shows a preference for T at position -1, the distributions of the topoisomerae I-cleavable sites among different categories of specific DNA sequences are apparently non- random. Long stretches of tandem (CA), A, or T residues, and the GC-rich promoter region of alpha 1 globin gene are all refractory to the nicking reaction. However, the nicking frequencies of short direct repeats flanking different Alu type sequences are as high as 1/6 (nick/nt). Finally, several tandemly arranged minirepeats of the form (TxAy)z, that are usually found at the 3' ends of the primate Alu family or Kpnl family repeats, can be cleaved efficiently in a regular pattern by the enzyme. These data are discussed in terms of the mode of recognition of DNA sequences/structures by topoisomerase I, and its possible roles in the nonhomologous insertion of repetitive DNA sequences.
A platform for business-to-business sell-side, private exchanges and marketplaces

E-commerce, in terms of the monetary value of transactions, is heavily skewed toward business-to-business (B2B) commerce. Numerous B2B sites are already in existence, providing a fairly rich set of functionality for enabling simple or sophisticated trading of goods and services. In the coming years, we expect a strong growth in many kinds of B2B sites for trading, procurement, and sales. In this paper, we present a B2B platform suitable for various kinds of businesses such as large sellers, dealers, distributors, private exchanges, marketplaces, and procurement hubs. We present business scenarios, describe our design criteria, and present the architecture for the B2B platform. We discuss two major IBM offerings within the WebSphere® Commerce Suite product-- WebSphere Commerce Suite, Marketplace Edition (MPE) and WebSphere Commerce Business Edition (BE)--that are based on this platform. We also present some experiences with and deployment of MPE for private exchanges and marketplaces.
Microelectrode Voltammetry and Electron Transport in an Undiluted Room Temperature Melt of an Oligo(ethylene glycol)-Tailed Viologen

This paper describes the synthesis, characterization, and voltammetry of a oligo(ethylene glycol) trimer derivative of 4,4‘-bipyridine, [N,N‘-(CH3(OCH2CH2)3)2-4,4‘-bipyridine][BF4]2 [V[E3M]2](BF4)2]. This “tailed” viologen is a room temperature molten salt. Its fast atom bombardment mass spectrum exhibits interesting aspects of cationation. Microelectrode voltammetry in the undiluted viologen melt shows the expected pair of reduction waves, but currents for the wave for the [V[E3M]2]2+/1+ are smaller than those for the [V[E3M]2]1+/0 couple. Analysis of the voltammetric behavior leads to the conclusion that the difference in currents arises from coupling of [V[E3M]2]1+/0 homogeneous electron exchanges to the physical diffusion of viologen species in the mixed-valent diffusion layer at the electrode interface. The physical diffusivity of the [V[E3M]2]2+ species, DPHYS, is much smaller than electron diffusivity through electron self-exchanges of the [V[E3M]2]1+/0 couple. kEX,1/0 is ∼106 M-1 s-1, or at least ...
Targeted prodrug design to optimize drug delivery

Classical prodrug design often represents a nonspecific chemical approach to mask undesirable drug properties such as limited bioavailability, lack of site specificity, and chemical instability. On the other hand, targeted prodrug design represents a new strategy for directed and efficient drug delivery. Particularly, targeting the prodrugs to a specific enzyme or a specific membrane transporter, or both, has potential as a selective drug delivery system in cancer chemotherapy or as an efficient oral drug delivery system. Site-selective targeting with prodrugs can be further enhanced by the simultaneous use of gene delivery to express the requisite enzymes or transporters. This review highlights evolving strategies in targeted prodrug design, including antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, genedirected enzyme prodrug therapy, and peptide transporter-associated prodrug therapy.
IMPERIAL LIBERALISM? RELIGION, EDUCATION, AND THE COLD WAR

A few years ago I found myself at the Ogden, Utah rodeo with thirty schoolteachers from all over the world. They were participants in a Fulbright-supported American studies institute, and the trip to Utah was part of a weeklong foray into a part of America quite different from Amherst, MA, where the bulk of lectures and discussions had taken place in the previous three weeks. Our visit happened to coincide with “Armed Services Day,” and the spectacle my students encountered proved even more impressive than the riding and roping they had expected. The principle feature of that spectacle had to do with the organizers’ almost total confounding of religion and patriotism. At the high point of the event, over the roar of military band music and military helicopters passing overhead, the booming voice of the announcer declared that “God's helicopters” were protecting America and the rest of the world from tyranny. The books under review here endeavor to explain the spectacle in Ogden on that summer day—along with the train of events that, over sixty years ago, launched a crusade against “godless communism” and, a few decades later, made “the Christian right” a major force in American politics.
Characterization of the Sol−Gel Formation of Iron(III) Oxide/Hydroxide Nanonetworks from Weak Base Molecules

This work deals with the synthesis of iron(III) oxide/hydroxide xerogels from a hydrated ferric nitrate precursor salt (Fe(NO3)3·9H2O) through the addition of different weak base chemicals (e.g., propylene oxide, pyridine, and tetrahydrofuran) as gelation agents. The dried xerogel samples were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). XPS and XRD data show Fe(2p3/2) and Fe(2p1/2) peaks at values corresponding to that of an amorphous Fe2O3/FeO(OH) material. The morphology of the iron oxide/hydroxide xerogels obtained from TEM and AFM images indicates the formation of a “nanonetwork” assembly, with base particles of ∼5 nm in diameter aggregated into a network of clusters ∼30 nm in size. In addition to sample characterization, a mechanistic study was performed to probe the formation of the iron oxide/hydroxide xerogel using the three different weak base gelation agents. Previous work, in which p...
A portable distributed implementation of the parallel multipole tree algorithm

Several variants of parallel multipole-based algorithms have been implemented to further research in fields such as computational chemistry and astro-physics. We present a distributed parallel implementation of a multipole-based algorithm that is portable to a wide variety of applications and parallel platforms. Performance data are presented for loosely coupled networks of workstations as well as for more tightly coupled distributed multiprocessors, demonstrating the portability and scalability of the application to large number of processors.
A quantitative exploration of efficacy of gland morphology in prostate cancer grading

Currently, prostate cancer diagnosis is done qualitatively by pathologists who visually analyze tissue architecture while largely ignoring gland morphology. In this study we have developed an automated image analysis scheme for grading prostate cancer by quantitatively analyzing morphological features of individual glands from digitized histological images. Following automated gland boundary segmentation via level sets, 7 boundary features are extracted. Non-linear dimensionality reduction is then applied to the set of extracted features. A Support vector machine (SVM) classifier is then used to classify tissue patches corresponding to benign epithelium, and prostate cancer grades 3 and 4 in a lower dimensional embedding space. We obtained an accuracy of 75.00% in distinguishing benign epithelium and grade 3, 85.71% between benign epithelium and grade 4, and 72.73% between grade 3 and grade 4. Our results strongly suggest that quantitative analysis of gland boundary morphology may play a significant clinical role in distinguishing different prostate cancer Gleason grades.
Rainbows in the grass. I. External-reflection rainbows from pendant droplets

In the mid-morning on a sunny day one can sometimes see glare spots associated with uncolored “rainbow” (i.e., fold) caustics due to the sunlight reflected from the surface of dew or guttation drops. We show that these dewdrop reflection rainbows are due to places on the droplet (i.e., from an “inflection circle”) where its Gaussian curvature becomes zero. We work out the theory of such caustics with horizontally incident light and present a comparison of the theory to measurements made in the laboratory.
The critical role of the loops of triosephosphate isomerase for its oligomerization, dynamics, and functionality.

Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) catalyzes the reaction to convert dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, and vice versa. In most organisms, its functional oligomeric state is a homodimer; however, tetramer formation in hyperthermophiles is required for functional activity. The tetrameric TIM structure also provides added stability to the structure, enabling it to function at more extreme temperatures. We apply Principal Component Analysis to find that the TIM structure space is clearly divided into two groups—the open and the closed TIM structures. The distribution of the structures in the open set is much sparser than that in the closed set, showing a greater conformational diversity of the open structures. We also apply the Elastic Network Model to four different TIM structures—an engineered monomeric structure, a dimeric structure from a mesophile—Trypanosoma brucei, and two tetrameric structures from hyperthermophiles Thermotoga maritima and Pyrococcus woesei. We find that dimerization not only stabilizes the structures, it also enhances their functional dynamics. Moreover, tetramerization of the hyperthermophilic structures increases their functional loop dynamics, enabling them to function in the destabilizing environment of extreme temperatures. Computations also show that the functional loop motions, especially loops 6 and 7, are highly coordinated. In summary, our computations reveal the underlying mechanism of the allosteric regulation of the functional loops of the TIM structures, and show that tetramerization of the structure as found in the hyperthermophilic organisms is required to maintain the coordination of the functional loops at a level similar to that in the dimeric mesophilic structure.
Aircraft Decompression with Installed Cockpit Security Door

panels in the security door were modeled to account for the pressure-equalization dynamics in the case of cockpit decompression. A comprehensive isentropic and isothermal theoretical analysis is presented with many closed-form and asymptotic solutions. New analytical estimates for the total decompression time and the pressure half-time were derived. The simulations for typical corporate and large-transport-category airplanes with different cabin geometries, discharge coefficients, rupture cross-sectional areas, pressure altitudes, and cabin altitudes have been obtained. The case in which the cockpit depressurizes first and its effect on the cabin decompression and on the securitydoorintegrityhasbeenextensivelystudied.Therecentlyrequiredcockpitdoorsmaybehazardousfor flight crew in the case cockpit depressurizes first and other venting and blowout panels malfunction or are too slow to respond. The resulting pressure differential between the cockpit and the cabin can create instantaneous forces in excessof80kNonthecockpitsecuritydoor.Inaddition,thisputsthecrewindangerduetoexplosivedecompression on the time scale of 100 ms and increases the possibility of the security door being blown out of the frame.
Efficient Operation of Surface-Mounted PM Synchronous Motors

The steady-state performance of the surface magnet PM synchronous motor can be modeled to a good approximation by a simple equivalent circuit that includes the effect of the stator core loss. For operation at constant power with no restrictions placed on voltage or frequency, this model shows that there exists a unique operating point that yields the maximum efficiency and that the efficiency at this point is a function solely of the motor loss parameters, independent of the particular power level. Loss contour plots are introduced to show the existence of the optimum point and to show the nature of the losses as one departs from the optimum. The impact of these results on different operating modes for the machine is discussed. Test results are presented to verify that the optimal efficiency point exists and that the simple model predicts the machine performance reasonably well.
TOWARDS ASSESSING THE LATIN TEXT OF "5 EZRA": THE "CHRISTIAN" CONNECTION*

"5 Ezra" is a curious and challenging little work, crying out for detailed examination. It exists only in Latin, which presumedly was translated from Greek. The text has received minimal attention (as of 1986) from modern scholarship, despite its presence on the fringes of the Latin Christian canonical scriptures. This chapter focuses on a set of problems that is absolutely basic to the study of any writing, but with reference to 5 Ezra has been left "for dessert," as it were - the question of establishing the text. The consensus of modern scholarship seems to be that 5 Ezra was composed in Greek by a (Jewish) Christian in the second half of the second century at an unknown but perhaps "western" location and that it exudes "anti-Jewish" polemics in a prophetic-apocalyptic presentation with a special reverence for Christian martyrs.Keywords: 5 Ezra; Christian martyrs; Greek; Latin text
Anti-CD11b Monoclonal Antibody Improves Myocardial Function After Six Hours of Hypothermic Storage

Background. The shortage of pediatric heart donors often necessitates considerable travel time and, as a result, prolonged donor heart ischemia. This excessive hypothermic storage may contribute markedly to myocardial dysfunction in the recipient. Methods. We investigated the role of leukocyte-endothelial interactions in this dysfunction in an isolated, immature (mean age, 11.8 ± 1.6 days) swine heart model using a monoclonal antibody against a leukocyte adhesion molecule. We studied a total of 20 hearts subjected to 6 hours of cardioplegic arrest at 4°C. Group M1/70 (n = 6) received at reperfusion 15 μg/mL of a monoclonal antibody F(ab′) 2 fragment to CD11b, the α-subunit of the leukocyte adhesion molecule Mac-1. Group MB10.6 (n = 8) received 15 μg/mL of the swine unreactive F(ab′) 2 MB10.6, and the third group received saline vehicle. Results. Administration of M1/70 resulted in improved postischemic recovery of ventricular function compared with the two control groups ( p Conclusions. These data implicate leukocyte-endothelial interactions mediated by the leukocyte adhesion molecule CD11b in myocardial dysfunction after long-term hypothermic ischemia. Specific antiadhesion strategies such as this may safely extend storage time for pediatric donor hearts.
Development of a digital Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire for systematic monitoring of disease activity in daily practice

Objective. To develop a reliable and user-friendly digital Childhood HAQ (CHAQ) to facilitate systematic monitoring of disease activity at the outpatient clinic in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients. Methods. The digital CHAQ was tested with patients who visited the outpatient paediatric rheumatology clinic of the Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital. These patients completed in a randomized order the paper form and digital CHAQ while being observed. Validity was tested by comparing outcomes with the paper form CHAQ. User-friendliness was evaluated through a short questionnaire. Results. A digital CHAQ was developed and revised several times according to our observations. Outcome is automatically calculated and can be printed. Fifty-one patients completed both the digital and paper form CHAQ. Correlation coefficient between both outcomes of the CHAQ Disability Index was 0.974. No statistically significantly differences in median outcome were found in visual analogue scale (VAS) pain (25.6 vs 25.9 mm) and VAS well-being (20.1 vs 19.5 mm). Although the mean time (5.06 min) to complete the digital CHAQ was significantly longer than the mean time (3.75 min) to complete the paper form, the majority of patients (75%) preferred the digital version. User-friendliness received maximum positive score. Conclusion. We developed a reliable and user-friendly digital CHAQ, which can be easily and systematically completed during routine clinic visits. Such digitalization of questionnaires can be applied in any field to make systematic monitoring of disease activity in daily practice possible.
The role of the thalamus in the flow of information to the cortex

The lateral geniculate nucleus is the best understood thalamic relay and serves as a model for all thalamic relays. Only 5-10% of the input to geniculate relay cells derives from the retina, which is the driving input. The rest is modulatory and derives from local inhibitory inputs, descending inputs from layer 6 of the visual cortex, and ascending inputs from the brainstem. These modulatory inputs control many features of retinogeniculate transmission. One such feature is the response mode, burst or tonic, of relay cells, which relates to the attentional demands at the moment. This response mode depends on membrane potential, which is controlled effectively by the modulator inputs. The lateral geniculate nucleus is a first-order relay, because it relays subcortical (i.e. retinal) information to the cortex for the first time. By contrast, the other main thalamic relay of visual information, the pulvinar region, is largely a higher-order relay, since much of it relays information from layer 5 of one cortical area to another. All thalamic relays receive a layer-6 modulatory input from cortex, but higher-order relays in addition receive a layer-5 driver input. Corticocortical processing may involve these corticothalamocortical 're-entry' routes to a far greater extent than previously appreciated. If so, the thalamus sits at an indispensable position for the modulation of messages involved in corticocortical processing.
Production smoothing in just-in-time manufacturing systems: a review of the models and solution approaches

Production smoothing is one of the most important tactical planning activities for the efficient operation of mixed-product just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing systems. As a result, increased research attention has focused on this topic. However, a closer examination of the analytical literature reveals that the majority of the existing work concentrates on synchronized assembly line systems, which is, in part, due to the fact that JIT philosophy originated in an assembly line environment. This limits the applicability of the results of the analytical research in practical settings. Although a relatively recent line of work considers alternative manufacturing environments, an incomplete understanding of the practical and modelling challenges associated with production smoothing hinders the wider adoption of JIT philosophy in a variety of manufacturing environments. Therefore, this paper first discusses the practical and modelling challenges that arise in production smoothing in the context of JIT manufacturi...
A Scalable Cluster Algorithm for Internet Resources

Applications such as parallel computing, online games, and content distribution networks need to run on a set of resources with particular network connection characteristics to get good performance. To locate such resource sets, we introduce a scalable algorithm to compute a hierarchical cluster structure for a large number of Internet resources such that resources in a cluster have much smaller latency with each other than with other resource. Using the hierarchical cluster structure, we propose an approximate algorithm to answer queries for a resource set with desired network connections. We evaluate this method in a large distributed Internet environment including 2500 DNS servers, and show that our algorithm can locate required resources with high accuracy in much shorter time than traditional methods.