cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Langasite Crystal Orientation on Hydrogen Gas Detection up to 400°C

Hydrogen gas sensors are of great importance due to the explosive nature and volatility of H2 at concentrations above 4%. Also important is the capability of operation at high-temperatures in harsh industrial environments, aerospace, automotive, and power generation applications. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) technology offers many desirable properties for sensor fabrication, such as the capability of wireless and battery-free operation, mass-production, small size and weight. Piezoelectric substrates or thin films, such as langasite and aluminum nitrate, exist that allow SAW devices to operate at high temperatures. Langasite SAW-based devices have been previously demonstrated as temperature, strain and gas sensors. For high-temperature SAW-based gas sensors, sensitive films capable to react selectively with the target species are normally used. This work presents the detection of hydrogen gas at high-temperature (up to 470°C) using SAW resonators on the commercially available LGS plane described by Euler angles {0°, 138.5°,Ψ}. The Pt-Al2O3 composite thin film is used as both the electrode and sensitive layer. Devices fabricated along different crystal orientations on the same wafer revealed different sensitivities to H2, which were also measured as a function of temperature up to 470°C. These different sensitivities to H2 open the possibility of using different orientations of this commercially available LGS crystal cut to fabricate sensors capable of operating as a network, and detecting different measurands at high-temperature, including hydrogen gas.
Impact of Coleman Block Test on Adult Hindfoot Alignment Assessed by Clinical Examination, Radiography, and Weight-Bearing Computed Tomography:

Background:Cavovarus foot constitutes a complex 3-dimensional deformity. The Coleman block test has traditionally been used to distinguish between forefoot- and hindfoot-driven deformity. However, ...
f$sub 72$ MODEL OF $sup 46$V, $sup 47$V, $sup 49$Cr, AND $sup 50$Mn

Using a pure ${f}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ configuration and an effective two-nucleon interaction, the energy spectra, magnetic moments, and beta decays of ${\mathrm{V}}^{46,47}$, ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{49}$, and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{50}$ are calculated. The empirical data available for comparison are sparse, but an attempt is made at comparison to point out both what would be of interest to look for experimentally and the deficiencies of the model. The spectacular features are predicted by the model, namely, the inversion of the lowest $T=0$ and $T=1$ levels of the self-mirror nucleus ${\mathrm{V}}^{46}$, the isomeric $J=5$ level in ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{50}$, and the "anomalous" $J=\frac{5}{2}$ ground-state spin of ${\mathrm{V}}^{47}$ and ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{49}$. It is more difficult to make judgments about the excited levels since the data are scarce; however, it is clear that the first excited ($J=5$) level for ${\mathrm{V}}^{46}$ predicted by the model is pushed up above other excited levels.
Super Deference and Heightened Scrutiny

Judicial review of federal agency action is systematically deferential. Such deference is arguably at its peak where agencies address scientific and highly technical matters within their area of expertise. This is what some call “super deference.” While there may be strong arguments for deferential review of agency scientific determinations as a general matter, there are reasons to question such deference when agency action implicates constitutional matters. In particular, where agency actions trigger heightened scrutiny, such as occurs when agency actions intrude upon expressly enumerated or otherwise recognized fundamental rights or adopt constitutionally suspect classifications, courts should not apply traditional levels of deference. This Article explains why the application of so-called “super deference” is inappropriate where federal agency action triggers heightened scrutiny, and considers some of the potential implications of such a rule.
Voltage Control by Transmitter-Side Measurements for On-board Wireless EV Battery Charger

Wireless charging for electric vehicles (EVs) requires a high precision control scheme to maintain desired charging voltage across the battery. The receiver-end voltage of an on-board charger can vary dramatically with the change in the mutual inductance developed in between the transmitter-end coil and the receiver-end coil. The receiver-end coil is set inside the electric vehicle, and therefore, accurate alignment between the transmitter-receiver coils is crucial for efficient charging. In this paper, strategy for a receiver-end charging voltage control for a wireless EV battery charger by measuring the transmitter-side voltage and current parameters has been proposed. Mathematical models to estimate the mutual inductance and the output voltages have been developed. The proposed strategy is able to estimate the mutual inductance between the two coils by utilizing the transmitter-side measurements and estimate the output voltage at the receiver end. The estimated voltage is then utilized in a closed-loop controller at the transmitter-side to control the output voltage at the desired level. The major contribution of this paper lies in the achievement of accurate voltage control of wireless EV charger, without physically accessing the measurement parameters inside the vehicle and thus ensuring efficient wireless charging, which is straight forward, does not rely on the sensors from the electric vehicle, and easy to implement. The efficacy of the proposed strategy is verified through simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink.
Immune response of fasted calves to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.

Seventeen calves (Angus, Hereford, and Angus-Hereford crosses) weighing 120-200 kg, were starved for 3 days and inoculated intranasally with a strain of IBR virus after 1 day or 3 days of food deprivation. Although clinical signs of disease were mild in all calves, the signs appeared more severe than those reported by others using the same strain of virus possibly due in part to the use of intranasal inoculation by aerosol vs instillation. Neutralizing antibody response after virus inoculation did not differ beween groups. Of the 17 calves, 16 developed significant increases (seroconversion of 4-fold increase in titre) in IBR serum antibodies. Serum neutralizing antibodies in 3 calves at inoculation did not prevent them from excreting substantial amounts of virus for ? 5 days after virus inoculation. Lymphocytes from fasted and nonfasted calves had similar (essentially negative) blast transformation responses, except 1 fasted seropositive calf (sensitised animal) that had a high stimulation index. Some dehydration was observed in fasted calves, indicated by significant increase in haematocrit. In only 1 group did serum cortisol levels rise significantly, mean values peaking at the end of fasting at the time of inoculation; thereafter, mean values tended to decline. Although the 3-day fast significantly affected some serum and blood components, it did not adversely affect the immune response of calves. One fasted calf developed a significant cell mediated immune response to inactivated IBR virus during infection. It is concluded that acute nutritional deprivation may not necessarily increase the susceptibility of calves to viral infections nor adversely affect their immune response after vaccination. This report represents a portion of a dissertation submitted by the senior author to the graduate faculty of the University of Missouri in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD degree. The authors thank Gary Krause and Mark Ellersieck for aid in statistical analysis and Gerald Buening for help in lymphocyte transformation tests.
Fast structure-aware direct time-domain finite element solver for large-scale on-die power grid simulation

A fast algorithm is developed for the analysis and design of very large-scale on-die power grids. The structure specialty of on-chip power grids such as Manhattan geometry and layered permittivity is preserved in the proposed algorithm, and the resulting disadvantage in time step is overcome. As a result, the large-scale matrix solution encountered in the 3-D power grid analysis is turned into a simple scaling of the solution of a small 1-D tridiagonal matrix, which can be obtained in linear (optimal) complexity with negligible cost. Meanwhile, the time step size is not sacrificed, and the total number of time steps to be simulated is also significantly reduced, thus achieving a total cost reduction in CPU time. Applications to the simulation of very large-scale on-chip power grids on a single core have demonstrated the superior performance of the proposed method.
A Parallel Implementation of Model based On-Line Failure Detection and Isolation

A significant class of model based failure detection and isolation techniques relies on parity equations to generate residuals. A set of parity equations forms a diagnostic model and several models may be used in parallel to improve sensitivity and robustness. Both the equations within a model and the parallel models are ideally suited for parallel implementation. Such an implementation on one level of the massively parallel GAM Pyramid machine is described in the paper.
Control under communication constraints

We consider variations of the simplest one-dimensional linear control system in which communication between the sensor and the controller is constrained by a binary communication channel. The link between the controller and the plant is not constrained. We study the limits imposed by the channel on the controller's ability to estimate the state and achieve stability. For discrete-time systems, several such limits have been published in the literature. We first derive these limits as bounds on the state transition matrix of the linear system then we investigate extensions for the cases (1) unknown initial conditions, (2) unknown state transition matrix and (3) noisy binary communication channels. For continuous-time systems, we consider a binary queue as the communication link. For this case, we also derive the bounds on the gain matrix of the linear. system. To our knowledge this is the first time a binary queue has been studied as the communication link in the proposed setting.
Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (Rubisco)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco)
Plant Infection by Root-Knot Nematode

Plant-parasitic nematodes, particularly the sedentary endoparasitic forms, are cosmopolitan pests, collectively causing over $100 billion in annual crop loss worldwide. In the past decade, significant progress has been made in identifying genes and their products that define key aspects of the host–parasite interface, including enzymes and proteins with direct roles in virulence and resistance. However, little remains known about how a host is identified or how the development of the nematode is coupled to establishment of the parasitic interaction. Here, we consider the role of signaling molecules and their interplay with nematode development from hatch through primary interaction with the plant.
An investigation of sharing strategies for answer set solvers and SAT solvers

This paper describes a parallel engine for Answer Set solving, based on exploitation of search parallelism. The work explores a range of alternative strategies for work sharing, describing their implementations and comparing their efficiency. These results indicate methodologies to combine sharing strategies and select the most effective one depending on properties of the problem.
The Effect of Ptosis on Cataract Surgical Planning

Purpose: To describe a patient complaining of ‘ghosting’ and ‘shadowing’ after bilateral, sequential cataract extraction with toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation who was found to have significant eyelid ptosis. Methods: The following is a case report. Results: The patient’s complaints arose a few weeks after surgery. By the second postoperative month, the patient’s keratometry had changed compared to preoperative measurements. Because of significant ptosis, the patient underwent upper eyelid surgery. Four months later, he was found to have less corneal astigmatism than had been measured prior to cataract surgery. Following 2 stable examinations, a Prevue lens based on Hartmann-Shack wavefront aberrometry was made for each eye, which the patient said significantly improved his quality of vision. Wavefrontguided photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) was performed 6 months after cataract surgery. One year after PRK, the patient’s symptoms had disappeared, his uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20 in the right eye and 20/15 in the left, and he was satisfied with his quality of vision. Conclusions: Bilateral toric IOLs were implanted in this patient based on measurements of corneal astigmatism that changed after cataract surgery and changed further after ptosis repair. This case demonstrates the importance of evaluating eyelid position in cataract surgical planning as ptosis can contribute significantly to corneal astigmatism. Patient education is important in the setting of higher expectations from purchase of premium lens implants.
Did Illegally Counted Overseas Absentee Ballots Decide the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election

Although not widely known until much later, Al Gore received 202 more votes than George W. Bush on election day in Florida. George W. Bush is president because he overcame his election day deficit with overseas absentee ballots that arrived and were counted after election day. In the final official tally, Bush received 537 more votes than Gore. These numbers are taken from the official results released by the Florida Secretary of State's office and so do not reflect overvotes, undervotes, unsuccessful litigation, butterfly ballot problems, recounts that might have been allowed but were not, or any other hypothetical divergence between voter preferences and counted votes. After the election, the New York Times conducted a six month long investigation and found that 680 of the overseas absentee ballots were illegally counted, and no partisan, pundit, or academic has publicly disagreed with their assessment. In this paper, we describe the statistical procedures we developed and implemented for the Times to ascertain whether disqualifying these 680 ballots would have changed the outcome of the election. The methods involve adding formal Bayesian model averaging procedures to King's (1997) ecological inference model. Formal Bayesian model averaging has not been used in political science but is especially useful when substantive conclusions depend heavily on apparently minor but indefensible model choices, when model generalization is not feasible, and when potential critics are more partisan than academic. We show how we derived the results for the Times so that other scholars can use these methods to make ecological inferences for other purposes. We also present a variety of new empirical results that delineate the precise conditions under which Al Gore would have been elected president, and offer new evidence of the striking effectiveness of the Republican effort to convince local election officials to count invalid ballots in Bush counties and not count them in Gore counties.
Uniformity Clause Limitations on State Taxes

To be valid, state and local taxes must satisfy the requirements of both the federal Constitution and the state's own constitution. State Uniformity Clauses are among the most important of such constitutional provisions. The great majority of state constitutions contain Uniformity Clauses although their contents vary in important ways.
Rapid acquisition of preference in concurrent schedules: Effects of reinforcement amount

Four pigeons were trained on concurrent variable-interval 30-s schedules. Relative reinforcer amounts arranged across the two alternatives were varied across sessions according to a pseudorandom binary sequence [cf., Hunter, I., Davison, M., 1985. Determination of a behavioral transfer function: white-noise analysis of session-to-session response-ratio dynamics on concurrent VI schedules. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 43, 43-59]; the ratios (left/right) were either 1/7 or 7/1. Reinforcer amount was manipulated by varying the number of 1.2s hopper presentations. Sessions ended after 30 reinforcers (15 for each alternative). After approximately 30 sessions, response ratios for all pigeons began to track the changes in amount ratio (i.e., subjects' responding showed a moderate increase in sensitivity of responding to reinforcer amount). Characteristics of responding were similar to procedures in which reinforcer rate and immediacy have been manipulated, although sensitivity estimates for amount were lower than those previously obtained with rate and immediacy. This procedure may serve as a useful method for studying the effects of certain environmental manipulations (e.g., drug administration) on sensitivity to reinforcer amount.
Lessons from a methadone treatment program in Laos, 1972–1975

Presentation des resultats d'un programme d'envergure nationale de desintoxication au Laos. Tous les aspects sont consideres economique, demographique, politique, la methodologie employee et le personnel soignant qui participait a l'experience
Reasons for death penalty attitudes among Chinese citizens: Retributive or instrumental?

There is strong support for the death penalty in China; the reasons behind the support, however, are unclear. Retribution and the instrumental perspectives are two major reasons for pro-death penalty attitudes in the United States. Two survey-based studies partially examined whether these two perspectives are also the reasons behind pro-death penalty attitudes in China. Those studies, however, were limited to college students. Using a survey data of 108 regular citizens from different areas and occupations, this study found that both instrumental and retributive perspectives are predictors of pro-death penalty attitudes, and that the former is stronger than the latter.
Le comportement des structures affectées par le phénomène des défauts sous revêtement

Les auteurs evaluent les consequences des defauts sous revetement — decouverts en 1978 sur certains generateurs de vapeur et cuves — plus particulierement du point de vue de la capacite des equipements affectes par ces defauts a remplir leur fonction de surete. Ils s'attachent essentiellement au cas des tubulures de cuve, analysant l'evolution potentielle des defauts, presentant les resultats des verifications experimentales et montrant que la surete des installations considerees ne saurait etre affectee par ces defauts, meme dans les hypotheses les plus pessimistes.
Risky sexual behavior in college students: Relationships between number of sexual partners, disclosure of previous risky behavior, and alcohol use.

To examine relationships between disclosure of previous sexually risky behavior to current sexual partners, multiple sexual partners, condom and alcohol use, and vulnerability to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, an anonymous survey was administered to 427 unmarried undergraduates. Of the 262 sexually active students (66%), one third reported having more than one sexual partner in the prior 11 weeks and three fourths reported inconsistent or no condom use. Failure to disclose having previous sexual partners, not using condoms, and testing positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) was common among both men and women. Students with multiple sexual partners were less likely to disclose about previous partners and about failure to use condoms, and more likely to use alcohol prior to sexual activity. Although 40.8% of respondents said they did not use or were less likely to use condoms while drinking, no relationship between alcohol and condom use assessed during the last discrete incident was found. College students continue to engage in sexual activity that puts them at risk for contracting HIV and other STDs. Self-disclosure about past risky behavior, when it occurs, does not appear to lead to higher levels of condom use.
Protein Kinase Cζ Abrogates the Proapoptotic Function of Bax through Phosphorylation

Protein kinase Czeta (PKCzeta) is an atypical PKC isoform that plays an important role in supporting cell survival but the mechanism(s) involved is not fully understood. Bax is a major member of the Bcl-2 family that is required for apoptotic cell death. Because Bax is extensively co-expressed with PKCzeta in both small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, it is possible that Bax may act as the downstream target of PKCzeta in regulating survival and chemosensitivity of lung cancer cells. Here we discovered that treatment of cells with nicotine not only enhances PKCzeta activity but also results in Bax phosphorylation and prolonged cell survival, which is suppressed by a PKCzeta specific inhibitor (a myristoylated PKCzeta pseudosubstrate peptide). Purified, active PKCzeta directly phosphorylates Bax in vitro. Overexpression of wild type or the constitutively active A119D but not the dominant negative K281W PKCzeta mutant results in Bax phosphorylation at serine 184. PKCzeta co-localizes and interacts with Bax at the BH3 domain. Specific depletion of PKCzeta by RNA interference blocks nicotine-stimulated Bax phosphorylation and enhances apoptotic cell death. Intriguingly, forced expression of wild type or A119D but not K281W PKCzeta mutant results in accumulation of Bax in cytoplasm and prevents Bax from undergoing a conformational change with prolonged cell survival. Purified PKCzeta can directly dissociate Bax from isolated mitochondria of C2-ceramide-treated cells. Thus, PKCzeta may function as a physiological Bax kinase to directly phosphorylate and interact with Bax, which leads to sequestration of Bax in cytoplasm and abrogation of the proapoptotic function of Bax.
Magnanimity, Athletic Excellence, and Performance‐Enhancing Drugs

abstract In this paper, I first develop a neo-Aristotelian account of the virtue of magnanimity. I then apply this virtue to ethical issues that arise in sport, and argue that the magnanimous athlete will rightly use sport to foster her own moral development. I also address how the magnanimous athlete responds to the moral challenges present in sport by focusing on the issue of performance-enhancing drugs, and conclude that athletic excellence as it is conventionally understood, without moral excellence, has very little value.
Visibility representation of plane graphs via canonical ordering tree

In a visibility representation (VR for short) of a plane graph G, each vertex of G is represented by a horizontal line segment such that the line segments representing any two adjacent vertices of G are joined by a vertical line segment. Rosenstiehl and Tarjan [Rectilinear planar layouts and bipolar orientations of planar graphs, Discrete Comput. Geom. 1 (1986) 343], Tamassia and Tollis [An unified approach to visibility representations of planar graphs, Discrete Comput. Geom. 1 (1986) 321] independently gave linear time VR algorithms for 2-connected plane graph. Afterwards, one of the main concerns for VR is the size of the representation. In this paper, we prove that any plane graph G has a VR with height bounded by ⌊5n/6⌋. This improves the previously known bound ⌊15n/16⌋. We also construct a plane graph G with n vertices where any VR of G requires a size of (⌊2n/3⌋) × (⌊4n/3⌋ - 3). Our result provides an answer to Kant's open question about whether there exists a plane graph G such that all of its VR require width greater that cn, where c > 1 [G. Kant, A more compact visibility representation, Internat. J. Comput. Geom. Appl. 7 (1997) 197].
Friend of GATA-1-independent transcriptional repression : a novel mode of GATA-1 function

The GATA-1–interacting protein Friend Of GATA-1 (FOG-1) is essential for the proper transcriptional activation and repression of numerous GATA-1 target genes. Although FOG-1–independent activation by GATA-1 has been described, all known examples of GATA-1–mediated repression are FOG-1 dependent. In the GATA-1–null G1E cell line, estrogen receptor ligand binding domain (ER) chimeras of either wild-type GATA-1 or a FOG-1–binding defective mutant of GATA-1 repressed several genes similarly upon activation with β-estradiol. Repression also occurred in a FOG-1–null cell line expressing ER–GATA-1 and during ex vivo erythropoiesis. At the Lyl1 and Rgs18 loci, we found highly restricted occupancy by GATA-1 and GATA-2, indicating that these genes are direct targets of GATA factor regulation. The identification of genes repressed by GATA-1 independent of FOG-1 defines a novel mode of GATA-1–mediated transcriptional regulation.
EFFECT OF DIAZOXIDE ON PROXIMAL TUBULAR SODIUM REABSORPTION

Diazoxide, a potent antihypertensive, causes sodium retention when given systemically. However, renal artery(RA) infusion causes a natriuresis. The mechanism of this effect was investigated by recollection micropuncture of the superficial proximal tubule(SPT) in anesthetized dogs. During RA infusion of saline(NS) or diazoxide, initial and recollection samples were obtained from the late SPT. Renal blood flow(RBF) was monitored by electromagnetic flowmeter. In 4 control dogs the RA was infused with NS throughout. Glomerular filtration rate(GFR), urine flow rate(V), Na+ excretion(UNaV), Hct, BP and SPT fractional Na reabsorption(FRNa) did not change (p>0.05) from initial to recollection periods. In 7 dogs initial collections were made during NS infusion. Diazoxide was then begun at 0.04 mg/kg/min and adjusted to increase RBF during recollection. Intrarenal Diazoxide causes increased Na+ delivery out of the SPT. This may result from altered peritubular physical forces or direct tubular action and may contribute to the natriuresis, although distal nephron effects are not excluded.
Human pancreas-specific protein disulfide isomerase homolog (PDIp) is an intracellular estrogen-binding protein that modulates estrogen levels and actions in target cells

Earlier studies showed that protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a well-known protein folding catalyst, can bind estrogens. Whether other PDI homologs can also bind estrogens, and if so, what are the biological functions of this unique property are not known at present and thus are the subjects of our present investigation. Here we report that, of the six representative PDI homologs examined (human PDI, PDIp, ERp57, ERp72, PDIA6 and rat PDIr), only the human pancreas-specific PDI homolog (PDIp) had a similar binding affinity for radiolabeled 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) as did PDI, with apparent K(d) values of 1.5+/-0.3 and 1.5+/-0.2microM, respectively. However, PDIp and PDI had distinctly different binding preference for several estrogen analogs. Moreover, we found that PDIp could serve as a high-capacity intracellular E(2)-binding protein and could modulate the intracellular concentrations of E(2) in cultured mammalian cells as well as in human pancreatic tissue. The PDIp-bound E(2) in a cell could be released following a drop in the extracellular E(2) concentrations, and the released E(2) could then augment estrogen receptor-mediated transcriptional activity. Notably, the estrogen receptor alpha and beta were also found to be expressed in rodent and human pancreatic tissues where high levels of PDIp were detected. Altogether, these data show that, in addition to its well-documented function as a protein folding catalyst, PDIp can also serve as an effective modulator of the cellular levels and biological actions of endogenous estrogens in certain target sites (such as the pancreas) where estrogen receptors and PDIp are co-present.
Inverse compiling for program documentation

Although higher level languages have achieved wide-spread use for program production, much system software is still being written in assembler language for reasons such as efficiency of code produced, lack of appropriate high level languages or compilers, costs of compilations, or compatibility with older software. Code efficiency is probably the most often cited reason for using assembler language since it affects the saleability of a manufacturer's product much more than whether the code is easy to understand and modify or is well-documented. Code efficiency directly affects system performance under benchmark tests, one of the most widely used comparators for computer selection. The future development of very large cheap and fast processor and main memory components will influence how important it will be to continue programming in low level "efficient" languages, but the use of these languages will probably continue on a large scale for at least another decade.
Environmental and genetic influences on mating strategies along a replicated food availability gradient in guppies ( Poecilia reticulata )

Food availability is expected to influence the relative cost of different mating tactics, but little attention has been paid to this potential source of adaptive geographic variation in behavior. Associations between the frequency of different mating tactics and resource availability could arise because tactic use responds directly to food intake (phenotypic plasticity), because populations exposed to different average levels of food availability have diverged genetically in tactic use, or both. Different populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in Trinidad experience different average levels of food availability. We combined field observations with laboratory “common garden” and diet experiments to examine how this environmental gradient has influenced the evolution of male mating tactics. Three independent components of variation in male behavior were found in the field: courtship versus foraging, dominance interactions, and interference competition versus searching for mates. Compared with low-food-availability sites, males at high-food-availability sites devoted more effort to interference competition. This difference disappeared in the common garden experiment, which suggests that it was caused by phenotypic plasticity and not genetic divergence. In the diet experiment, interference competition was more frequent and intense among males raised on the greater of two food levels, but this was only true for fish descended from sites with low food availability. Thus, the association between interference competition and food availability in the field can be attributed to a genetically variable norm of reaction. Genetically variable norms of reaction with respect to food intake were found for the other two behavioral components as well and are discussed in relation to the patterns observed in the field. Our results indicate that food availability gradients are an important, albeit complex, source of geographic variation in male mating strategies.
Controlled Alpha Amylase Process for Improved Sweet Potato Puree

A process using a commercial alpha amylase was developed for producing consistent sweet potato puree independent of age or seasonal variations in the raw roots. The process includes thermal gelatinization of the puree starch, enzyme hydrolysis of a portion of the puree, and subsequent blending of the enzyme-treated portion with the untreated portion. Alcohol insoluble solids decreased as the percentage of enzyme-treated puree in the mixture was increased. Chemical and rheological differences comparing purees made from fresh and stored roots became insignificant when the proportion of enzyme-treated puree was greater than 75%. Sensory texture differences were insignificant if the proportion was greater than 50%.
Territorial Behavior on Beaches

Summary In a study of female territorial behaviors on beaches, 30 women were approached on beaches over a four-month period and asked some questions about their territorial behavior. The Ss reported that they generally tolerated male intrusions on their beach territory. They tended to employ passive, as opposed to active, protective behaviors in defending their territory. On the average, they reported being approached about once each time they went to the beach. Ten percent of the sample indicated that they were currently dating a man who had previously invaded their beach territory. The frequency of going to the beach and the use of assertive female behavioral strategies were significantly correlated with the number of times men approached the Ss, but female attractiveness and age were not significantly correlated with male territorial intrusions.
Recovery of volatile solutes from dilute aqueous solutions using immobilized silicalite

Abstract A silicalite/polyethylene mixture was sintered to the exterior of a heat exchanger tube allowing regeneration by steam or hot water, rather than by inefficient, hot stripping gases. Ethanol, acetone, and butanol were adsorbed onto the silicalite until a final bulk concentration of 4 g/L was obtained. Single-step desorption would enrich ethanol 5.2 times, 1-butanol 9.3 times, and acetone 10.1 times. In an attempt to increase the product concentration even more, the silicalite was regenerated using “temperature-programmed desorption,” where the water was selectively removed at a lower temperature and the solute was selectively removed at a higher temperature. The high-temperature desorption enriched ethanol up to 11.1 times, 1-butanol 4.44 times, and acetone 22.1 times, but at the expense of lower solute recovery. Temperature-programmed desorption was able to significantly enrich the product compared to single-step desorption except for butanol, for which higher regeneration temperatures were required.
Properties of redox ions in glasses: An interdisciplinary perspective

Abstract The oxidation-reduction equilibria of Ti, Cr, Fe, Ce, Eu, and U have been studied as a function of base composition, melt temperature, oxygen fugacity, and concentration in silicate liquids. Two mechanisms for the reduction of multivalent elements in such melts have been identified as solvolysis (reaction with O2- from the melt) and direct electron exchange (reaction with another multivalent element). Such research contributes to an understanding of certain areas of geochemistry, glass science, planetary science, materials science, nuclear waste immobilization, chemistry of non-aqueous solvents, and industrial chemistry among others.
Observations of the response of a buoyant estuarine plume to upwelling favorable winds

[1] The response of the buoyant plume from the Chesapeake Bay to upwelling favorable winds and during conditions of low freshwater discharge is examined using an offshore array of bottom-deployed acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) as well as ancillary data. During periods of northward (upwelling favorable) winds the observed response is strong offshore flow (U > 0.2 m/s) in a shallow layer of plume water and a rapid reversal of the near-surface flow from the usual southward flow associated with inertial turning of the plume. The offshore migration of the plume front is deduced from sequential arrivals at the various mooring locations. The orientation of the plume front is approximately alongshore (north-south), suggesting that the upwelling response is two-dimensional. A plume thickness calculated from the ADCP data is relatively constant at about 4 m as the plume moves across the moorings. The offshore propagation speed of the plume front of about 0.20 m/s matched the advection speed predicted by Ekman theory using the calculated plume layer thickness. The mooring velocity profiles provide a view of the across-plume structure in a reference frame fixed to the front. This reveals a pattern of circulatory motion with sinking of plume and ambient water at the front and an ascending motion occurring inshore, suggesting a recirculation between the seaward and inshore portions of the plume. These results are consistent with recent model simulations of the response of a river plume during upwelling favorable winds.
Implementation of a joule heating algorithm in ADINAT

Abstract The thermal analysis of devices undergoing electrical self-heating is a problem of significance to much of the electrical industry. The problem is frequently solved in a two step manner, first solving the electrical conduction problem, followed by a solution to the thermal problem. This procedure, however, does not lend itself readily to problems in which the electrical resistivity is a function of temperature. An algorithm is described which allows the coupled thermo-electric or Joule heating problem to be analyzed directly. The implementation of this algorithm in ADINAT is described, and example problems are demonstrated. It is argued that the ability to rapidly develop analysis tools to model industry specific problems can be a competitive advantage, and, with the development of the Joule heating algorithm in ADINAT as an example, the requirements for a successful industrial based analysis tool development process are discussed.
Species differences in zearalenone-reductase activity.

Abstract Thin-layer and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to investigate in several animal species the hepatic metabolites of zearalenone (ZEN), a non-steroidal oestrogenic fungal toxin produced by species of Fusarium. ZEN was reduced to zearalenol (ZEL) by the S-9 fraction of rat-liver homogenates in the presence of NADH or NADPH. In this species ZEN reductase showed two peaks of activity at pH 4.5 and 7.4. Of the species tested, cows showed the highest activity of NADH-dependent ZEN reductase in the hepatic S-9 fraction, followed in decreasing order by mice, pigs, rats, rabbits and guinea-pigs. The S-9 fraction of hamster liver showed optimal activity at pH 5.5 and 8.0 with NADH and at pH 6.0 and 8.5 with NADPH; NADPH was more efficient than NADH only in this species. HPLC showed that α-ZEL was a major hepatic metabolite in the rat, mouse, pig, cow and rabbit in incubations at pH 4.5 with either NADH or NADPH and at pH 7.4 with NADH, although at pH 7.4 with NADPH, β-ZEL was the predominant metabolite. In guinea-pigs, both α- and β-ZELs were produced in roughly similar amounts irrespective of the pH and cofactor, while in hamsters β-ZEL was the major metabolite. These findings indicate that there are two types of ZEN reductase differing in optimum pH and that the stereospecific reduction of ZEN depends on the source of S-9 and cofactors. Since the oestrogenic activity of α-ZEL is about ten times greater than that of ZEN, the possible presence of ZEN metabolites in edible tissues of livestock fed on ZEN-contaminated feeds is an important mycotoxicological problem.
Kinetic aspects of analytical chemistry

Abstract A broad view of the role of kinetics in analytical chemistry is presented. Two principal themes are that the role of kinetic methods is much greater than is generally acknowledged and that the most commonly used kinetic approaches make inadequate use of information that is available. After a brief discussion of historical developments that date back to the latter part of the 1800s, primary attention is focused on a classification of measurement and data-processing approaches that have been developed. Approaches are grouped into methods for single components without and with error compensation and methods for resolving two or more components in mixtures. They are further grouped into direct-computation and curve-fitting approaches and into integral and derivative methods within these more general categories. Correlations are then drawn between these approaches as applied to chemical processes and to physicochemical and purely physical processes such as luminescence, electrode responses, and flow systems, including chromatographic processes. It is argued that all analytical methods are either kinetic or equilibrium in character and that kinetic-based methods represent a much larger fraction of the total than is generally recognized.
Enzyme modification of platinum microelectrodes for detection of cholesterol in vesicle lipid bilayer membranes

Platinum microelectrodes are modified with a lipid bilayer membrane incorporating cholesterol oxidase. Details for electrode surface modification are presented along with characterization studies of electrode response to cholesterol solution and to cholesterol contained in the lipid bilayer membrane of vesicles. Ferrocyanide voltammetric experiments are used to track deposition of a submonolayer of a thiol-functionalized lipid on the platinum electrode surface, vesicle fusion for bilayer formation on the thiolipid-modified surface, and incorporation of cholesterol oxidase in the electrode-supported thiolipid/lipid bilayer membrane. The data are consistent with formation of a lipid bilayer structure on the electrode surface that contains defects. Experiments for detection of cholesterol solubilized in cyclodextrin solution show steady-state current responses that correlate with cholesterol concentration. Direct contact between the electrode and a vesicle lipid bilayer membrane shows a response that correlates with vesicle membrane cholesterol content.
The Molecular Basis for Attractive Salt Taste Coding in Drosophila

Below a certain level, table salt (NaCl) is beneficial for animals, whereas excessive salt is harmful. However, it remains unclear how low- and high-salt taste perceptions are differentially encoded. We identified a salt-taste coding mechanism in Drosophila melanogaster. Flies use distinct types of gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) to respond to different concentrations of salt. We demonstrated that a member of the newly discovered ionotropic glutamate receptor (IR) family, IR76b, functioned in the detection of low salt and was a Na(+) channel. The loss of IR76b selectively impaired the attractive pathway, leaving salt-aversive GRNs unaffected. Consequently, low salt became aversive. Our work demonstrated that the opposing behavioral responses to low and high salt were determined largely by an elegant bimodal switch system operating in GRNs.
Differential protein binding of ceftizoxime in cord versus maternal serum

Ceftizoxime concentrations are higher in cord blood and amniotic fluid than in maternal blood. More avid binding to fetal serum proteins is a suggested mechanism. We measured ceftizoxime protein binding in fetal and maternal blood and documented significantly less protein binding to fetal proteins (21.9% vs 57.8%).
Cellular uptake and trafficking of a non-viral gene delivery system: analysis using multiphoton confocal microscopy

Purpose We have previously shown that a novel non-viral gene delivery system (VIPER) composed of FDA-approved agents (2% lipiodol, 5.5% iopamidol, and 50:1 protamine:plasmid DNA) can selectively transfect hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study we test the hypothesis that VIPER utilizes receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) and subsequent lysosomal trafficking to gain access to intracellular components, in particular the nuclear transcription machinery. Materials and Methods Intracellular VIPER localization experiments were conducted in rat hepatoma cells (McARH7777) utilizing multiphoton confocal microscopy in conjunction with three cellular stains and an exogenous DNA stain: Hoechst 33342 nuclear stain (Abs: 350, Em: 461nm), WGA Alexa Fluor 350 plasma membrane stain (Abs: 346, Em: 442nm), LysoTracker DND-26 lysosomal stain (Abs: 504, Em: 511nm), and Label-It Cy5 DNA stain (Abs: 649, Em: 670nm). Intracellular localization of Cy5-labeled firefly luciferase plasmid DNA (Cy5-FLuc) combined with VIPER was evaluated as a function of VIPER incubation time (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 6, 12, and 24h). Effects of RME inhibition on internalization were assessed by pretreating with 100μM chlorpromazine, an RME inhibitor. RME-specific inhibition was verified with a transferrin Alexa Fluor 647 conjugated control. Results Intracellular co-localization of Cy5-FLuc and LysoTracker fluorescence spectra was identifiable at all time points. Cy5-FLuc fluorescence was greatest at 30min, and decreased with prolonged VIPER incubation. Co-localization of Cy5-FLuc and Hoechst nuclear stain was observable as early as 6h. RME inhibition led to significantly decreased intracellular Cy5-FLuc fluorescence at 30min post-VIPER treatment as compared to the uninhibited controls. Conclusion Using co-localization techniques, we determined that VIPER, a non-viral gene delivery system, mediates uptake of exogenous DNA into HCC cells through RME, as RME inhibition significantly decreases intracellular Cy5-FLuc fluorescence. Once internalized, our co-localization results suggest that VIPER-associated plasmid DNA gains access to lysosomal compartments and eventually the nucleus.
Learning through overcoming inheritance inconsistencies

In our previous work, we described a framework called i2Learning for a perpetual learning agent to be engaged in continuous learning to incrementally improve its problem solving performance over time. i2Learning offers an overarching framework that can accommodate various inconsistency-specific learning strategies. In this paper, we report our new results on how learning can be carried out through overcoming inheritance inconsistencies the agent encounters during its problem-solving episodes. Each learning episode causes the agent's knowledge to be refined or augmented so as to overcome the encountered inheritance inconsistency. This will in turn improve the agent's performance at tasks incrementally. The work in this paper is an integral part of the overall effort toward fully developing the i2Learning framework.
The role of the music editor and the ‘temp track’ as blueprint for the score, source music, and scource music of films

The ‘temp track’, a temporary mock-up of a film's soundtrack, is assembled from pre-existing music prior to the real, commissioned score being composed. An integral element of the post-production process of American feature films, it survives only in its role for audience previews. Constructed by a music editor, in most cases, it is a blueprint of a film's soundtrack – a musical topography of score, songs, culture and codes in which a balance must obtain between the director's vision, the music's function, underlying requirements of genre, and the spectator's perception. This article demonstrates that the temp track informs compositional practices and the final score, and makes the argument that textual analysis would benefit from the recognition of the role of production practices. Drawing on published sources and interviews with practitioners, this article provides historical context and musical detail, and shows how productive analysis can be when it draws on practitioners' insights as well as textual analysis. Film score analysis must not begin and end with the finished film score but must utilise a more eclectic methodology which takes into account the production process. Film score analysis should reflect the constitutive nature of film and film music.
Polymeric ligands. V. Derivatives of dimethylglyoxime

Monomethacrylyldimethylglyoxime and dimethacrylyldimethylglyoxime were prepared by acylation of dimethylglyoxime with methacrylyl chloride. Monoallyldimethylglyoxime and diglycidyldimethylglyoxime were prepared by alkylation of dimethylglyoxime sodium salt with allyl bromide and epichlorohydrin, respectively. The monomethacrylyl derivative formed a copolymer with methyl methacrylate and the dimethacrylyl derivative yielded a homopolymer. Nickel chelates could be formed from both polymers. Diglycidyldimethylglyoxime was easily copolymerized with a number of diamines. A polymer formed as a by-product from the preparation of the diglycidyldioxime was easily cured with m-phenylenediamine.