cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variable pathways for oxygen atom insertion into metal-carbon bonds: the case of Cp*W(O)2(CH2SiMe3).

Cp*W(O)(2)(CH(2)SiMe(3)) (1) (Cp* = η(5)-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) reacts with oxygen atom donors (e.g., H(2)O(2), PhIO, IO(4)(-)) in THF/water to produce TMSCH(2)OH (TMS = trimethylsilyl). For the reaction of 1 with IO(4)(-), the proposed pathway for alcohol formation involves coordination of IO(4)(-) to 1 followed by concerted migration of the -CH(2)TMS ligand to the coordinated oxygen of IO(4)(-) with concomitant dissociation of IO(3)(-) to produce Cp*W(O)(2)(OCH(2)SiMe(3)) (3), which undergoes protonolysis to yield free alcohol. In contrast to the reaction with IO(4)(-), the reaction of 1 with H(2)O(2) results in the formation of the η(2)-peroxo complex Cp*W(O)(η(2)-O(2))(CH(2)SiMe(3)) (2). In the presence of acid (HCl) or base (NaOH), complex 2 produces TMSCH(2)OH. The conversion of 2 to TMSCH(2)OH catalyzed by Bronsted acid is proposed to occur through protonation of the η(2)-peroxo ligand, which facilitates the transfer of the -CH(2)TMS ligand to a coordinated oxygen of the η(2)-hydroperoxo ligand. In contrast, the hydroxide promoted conversion of 2 to TMSCH(2)OH is proposed to involve hydroxide coordination, followed by proton transfer from the hydroxide ligand to the peroxide ligand to yield a κ(1)-hydroperoxide intermediate. The migration of the -CH(2)TMS ligand to the coordinated oxygen of the κ(1)-hydroperoxo produces an alkoxide complex, which undergoes protonolysis to yield free alcohol.
The preparation and evaluation of tritiated polyalanyl insulin derivatives.

A series of polyalanyl insulin derivatives (PAI) have been synthesized and characterized. Their content of added alanine ranged from 0.49 to 16.6 moles per mole of insulin. PAI derivatives with an average of up to 3.75 moles of added alanine per mole of insulin retained full biological activity as measured by the epididymal fat pad assay. Data from phenylisothiocyanate degradation indicate that 87% of the molecules in such a derivative probably possess at least one added alanine, so it is concluded that insulin with minimal addition of alanine is biologically active. A preparation of high specific activity tritiated polyalanyl insulin has also been synthesized and shown to be fully biologically active by the epididymal fat pad assay. Preliminary autoradiographic studies using this insulin derivative demonstrate that the hormone is bound to the sarcolemmal membranes of both striated and cardiac muscle. 3H-polyalanyl insulin was also concentrated in the proximal tubules of the kidney, but barely detectable ...
Normal modes of a musical drumhead under non-uniform tension

The effect of non-uniform tension on the normal modes of musical drumheads is examined. Using the standard (m,n) designation for the number of nodal diameters and circles, ideal circular membrane modes with m>0 are doubly degenerate. These degeneracies can be lifted by perturbations to the circular symmetry. Of practical interest to drummers are perturbations caused by non-uniform tension applied at the rim of the drum, leading in some cases to audible frequency splitting. The role of the (1,1) mode in practical drum tuning is analyzed using data obtained using time-averaged electronic speckle-pattern interferometry along with finite element analysis. The resulting model is then generalized to include all modes, using symmetry arguments along with a selection rule taken from group theory. The model compares favorably with both perturbation theory and finite element analysis, and is consistent with experimental observations.
Myeloablative chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplant for desmoplastic small round cell tumor.

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT), a rare, aggressive neoplasm, has a poor prognosis. In this prospective study, we evaluated the role of myeloablative chemotherapy, followed by autologous stem cell transplant in improving survival in DSRCT. After high-dose induction chemotherapy and surgery, 19 patients with chemoresponsive DSRCT underwent autologous stem cell transplant. Myeloablative chemotherapy consisted of carboplatin (400–700 mg/m2/day for 3 days) + thiotepa (300 mg/m2/day for 3 days) ± topotecan (2 mg/m2/day for 5 days). All patients were engrafted and there was no treatment-related mortality. Seventeen patients received radiotherapy to sites of prior or residual disease at a median of 12 weeks after transplant. Five-year event-free and overall survival were 11 ± 7% and 16 ± 8%, respectively. Two patients survive disease-free 16 and 19 years after transplant (both in complete remission before transplant). 14 patients had progression and died of disease at a median of 18 months following autologous transplant. These data do not justify the use of myeloablative chemotherapy with carboplatin plus thiotepa in patients with DSRCT. Alternative therapies should be considered for this aggressive neoplasm.
In vivo imaging of gene expression

With the ability to readily engineer genes, create knock-in and knock-out models of human disease, and replace and insert genes in clinical trials of gene therapy, it has become clear that imaging will play a critical role in these fields. Imaging is particularly helpful in recording temporal and spatial resolution of gene expression in vivo, determining vector distribution, and, ultimately, understanding endogenous gene expression during disease development. While endeavors are under way to image targets ranging from DNA to entire phenotypes in vivo, this short review focuses on in vivo imaging of gene expression with magnetic resonance and optical techniques.
Extension of proper holomorphic mappings past the boundary

It is proved that proper holomorphic mappings between n-dimensional bounded pseudoconvex domains with real analytic boundaries extend holomorphically past the boundary whenever the target domain is strictly pseudoconvex.
The Psychologist's Role in Women's Studies

Participation of women psychologists on an interdisciplinary teaching team offers an opportunity to serve psychology as well as the women's movement.
The History in Front of Comparison: The Reception History of Eckhart and Indian Thought and the Future of East–West Comparison

Past comparisons between Meister Eckhart and Eastern religious thought typically were based on the notion of a universal religious experience. Today, those comparisons appear quite arbitrary in light of social constructionist critiques of their universalist presuppositions. This paper argues that such comparisons are less arbitrary than they appear, however, when one takes into account the history of the modern reception of both Eckhart and of Hindu and Buddhist philosophy in the West. Comparison between Eckhart and certain aspects of Hindu and Buddhist thought is justified to the extent that the late nineteenth century encounter with Indic religions formed an integral part of the hermeneutical situation in which Eckhart's works were retrieved.
Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893). The man behind the joint disease.

Jean-Martin Charcot was one of the most celebrated French physicians of the 19th century. A masterful teacher and a captivating lecturer, Charcot created the foundations of neurology as an independent discipline, and transformed the Salpetriere hospital, in Paris, into one of the world's greatest teaching centers for clinical neurologic research. His name is attached to the distinct pathologic entity, Charcot's joint disease, that he so meticulously described. This article reviews the highlights of Charcot's career and his clinicoanatomic studies of patients with tabetic arthropathies.
FLUCTUATIONS IN THE LENGTH OF THE GROWING SEASON IN MINNESOTA

Fluctuations in growing season length and in the dates of the last spring freeze and first fall freeze between 1899 and 1982 were studied for five rural Minnesota stations with long, high quality records. A general increase in growing season length was found, but there was substantial variation in the pattern of fluctuations among the stations. The increase in growing season length is not clearly and uniformly related to changes in the dates of first and last freezes. The interannual variability of growing season duration is on the order of the increase in duration so that the change would not be readily apparent to a casual observer. Our results do not correspond well with certain other studies of growing season length nor with fluctuations in hemispheric mean temperature. We conclude that extreme care must be used in extrapolating results of growing season length studies in space and in relating them to mean temperature fluctuations.
Sensitivity of injected argon behavior to changes in magnetic balance in double-null plasmas in DIII-D

Abstract Recent DIII-D experiments show that both magnetic balance and particle drifts are important to understanding how argon impurities accumulate in balanced and unbalanced double-null plasmas during ‘puff and pump’ radiating divertor operation. Unbalanced double-null shapes, which are biased in the direction opposite to the ion B × ∇ B drift direction, have produced the best result to-date in terms of coupling a radiating divertor approach with an H-mode plasma. The proximity to balanced double-null that can be used for puff-and-pump may depend on the width of the heat flux profile in the scrape-off layer. A comparison of plasma behavior in the open lower divertor to that of the more closed upper divertor determined that plasma density control was far more sensitive to the ion B × ∇ B drift direction than to the relative closure of the divertor.
Intelligence Testing and Judicial Policy Making for Special Education

For a generation, at least, Black children have been scandalously overrepresented in public school classes intended for mildly retarded individuals. But identifying exactly what makes this a scandal and whom we should blame is not so obvious. Are we scandalized because the grounds for the disparate assignment of Black and White children to such classes are erroneous or because they are correct? Assuming that these disproportionate placements are erroneous, as it is generally assumed, at whom should the finger of wrongdoing be pointed: Testers? Teachers? School "systems"? Families? The children themselves? School boards? Legislatures? The courts? And who has the power and responsibility to right the wrong? The last question may bear the taint of hubris by suggesting a neat and quick solution in the face of a problem of biblical proportions. Three hundred years and more of race slavery and segregation cannot be wished away or even washed away with good works and good intentions. We have no right to expect problems with deep causes will have easy or complete solutions. Nevertheless, we cannot ignore public policy issues of such importance. In this paper, I look at the attempt to address this educational issue through the courts. I will focus attention on the transformation that takes place as an issue of educational and racial policy becomes a legal issue and how that transformation shapes and limits the judicial solution ordered and the educational solution provided.
Ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectral evidence of natural organic matter (NOM) changes along an estuarine salinity gradient

A transect of the St Marys River estuary from above the point of maximum salt wedge penetration to coastal salinities was conducted in July 1999. None of the parameters examined—dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, UV light absorbance at 254 nm, and Total Luminescence spectra—follow the rule of conservative mixing. The characteristics of the different molecular size fractions of the St Marys River natural organic matter (NOM), as well as the results of a laboratory mixing experiment, provided evidence that loss of larger molecular size compounds from riverine NOM may occur by coagulation at salinities up to 10. An apparent gain of carbon in the lower estuary was attributed to exports from abundant coastal marshes in this area. The Total Luminescence spectra of the riverine NOM can be described by two peaks, centered respectively around 340/445 nm, and 230/430 nm Excitation/Emission Wavelength Pair (EEWP), which are characteristic of humic materials of aquatic origin. The samples from the high salinity stations exhibit peaks at lower emission wavelength EEWP 320/424 nm, which can be considered as marine humic-like material. The presence of amino acid-tryptophan like peaks were observed, with EEWP 300/350 nm in some of the high salinity samples. This peak was of high relative fluorescence intensity. It is hypothesized that the intense biological activity of the salt marsh and near coastal area is responsible for the carbon addition as well as the appearance of the highly fluorescence amino acid-protein like material.
MAC and UML for secure software design

Security must be a first class citizen in the design of large scale, interacting, software applications, at early and all stages of the lifecycle, for accurate and precise policy definition, authorization, authentication, enforcement, and assurance. One of the dominant players in software design is the unified modeling language, UML, a language for specifying, visualizing, constructing and documenting software artifacts. In UML, diagrams provide alternate perspectives for different stakeholders, e.g.: use case diagrams for the interaction of users with system components, class diagrams for the static classes and relationships among them, and sequence diagrams for the dynamic behavior of instances of the class diagram. However, UML's support for the definition of security requirements for these diagrams and their constituent elements (e.g., actors, systems, use cases, classes, instances, include/extend/generalize relationships, methods, data, etc.) is lacking. In this paper, we address this issue by incorporating mandatory access control (MAC) into use case, class, and sequence diagrams, providing support for the definition of clearances and classifications for relevant UML elements. In addition, we provide a framework for security assurance as users are defining and evolving use case, class, and sequence diagrams, bridging the gap between software engineers and an organization's security personnel in support of secure software design. To demonstrate the feasibility and utility of our work on secure software design, our MAC enhancements for UML have been integrated into Borland's Together Control Center Environment.
The Relationships between Ethnic Attitude and Egocentrism Measures

Abstract Important methodological problems exist in the measurement of children's ethnic attitudes. Specifically, little information has been generated regarding both the convergent and discriminant validity of the ethnic attitude measures used in this area of research. The present study explores these aspects of validity by examining: (a) the relationships among three measures of ethnic attitude (the Doll Choice, the Preschool Racial Attitude Measure II, and the Katz-Zalk Projective Prejudice Test), and (b) the relationships between these measures and two measures of a second construct, egocentrism (the Role-Taking Task and the Perspective-Taking Task). Results indicated that only one of the three ethnic attitude measures revealed a pattern of correlations suggestive of both convergent and discriminant validity. The findings are interpreted as indicating the possibility that various ethnic attitude measures may be tapping different aspects of the same construct. In addition, the possibility is raised tha...
Restructuring the American Semiconductor Industry: Vertical Integration of Design Houses and Wafer Fabricators

Recent restructuring of the fabless design segment of the U.S. semiconductor industry provides an opportunity to evaluate the role of transaction costs and international ownership in the reorganization of production systems. Beginning in 1993, a boom in global semiconductor demand strained the capacity of manufacturing facilities and squeezed design firms' supplies of fabricated wafers. This study uses a transaction cost framework to explore the vertical integration of semiconductor designers and wafer fabricators from 1994–1995. Integration into wafer fabricating was necessary because Asian governments, particularly those in Taiwan and Singapore, declined to subsidize a new round of semiconductor manufacturing investment. Fabless design firms had to shoulder large portions of fabrication investment expense or face escalating transaction costs if they relied exclusively on other firms for wafers. Some design firms bought fabrication facilities, and others entered manufacturing-equity joint ventures. On th...
Modeling of nitrogen/diborane/methane/hydrogen plasma for nanocrystalline diamond growth: Comparison with experimental data

Abstract Gas phase thermodynamic equilibrium calculations involving N2/B2H6/CH4/H2 mixtures were performed to investigate the chemical interactions leading to boron incorporation and microstructure variations in microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition of diamond films. Molecular fractions of several BHx (x = 1–3) species were calculated to study the incorporation mechanism of boron atom into diamond structure. A strong influence of the BH in causing the boron incorporation level in diamond lattice is confirmed by the correlation of its modeled equilibrium composition in the gas phase with boron content as determined experimentally. Nitrogen addition leads to nanocrystallinity and a reduction in boron incorporation due to a decrease in BH as additional B/N/H radicals are formed in the gas phase. We also obtained a good degree of agreement between the theoretically predicted CH3/CN gas phase ratio and the experimental surface roughness trends as measured for all samples.
Two principal points of symmetric, strongly unimodal distributions*

Abstract Examples illustrate that splitting a symmetric, unimodal distribution into two groups so as to minimize the sum of the within-group variances does not always occur at the mean. Strong unimodality is shown to be a sufficient condition for the optimal cutpoint to occur at the mean.
On the use of TAT card 12M as an indicator of attitude toward hypnosis.

Abstract The results of investigations reported in this paper, and others which are summarized, indicate that responses to TAT Card 12M do not predict attitude toward hypnosis in female subjects, though such predictiveness has been reported for male respondents. The basis for this Werential predictiveness may be that the latter give a significantly greater proportion of themes involving hypnosis than do female subjects. A plausible explanatory hypothesis, based on perceptual theory and the stimulus properties of the card, is advanced.
Intimacy, Intentional Metacommunication and Second Order Change.

Abstract Recently, social psychologists have begun to devote considerable attention to defining intimacy and enumerating the characteristics of intimate relationships. In this paper, we argue that theorists have ignored the insights of family therapists such as Bateson (1972), Boszormenyi-Nagy and Spark (1973), Satir (1976), and Watzlawick and Weakland (1977), and that this is a mistake because: The family therapy approach provides some unique insights into the nature of intimacy; existing case material adds a richness to descriptions of intimate relations; and the system's framework gives us a useful analytic tool for analyzing social encounters. We provide some examples of how systems theorists would look at intimacy, supplement our theoretical analysis with cases material, and present some concluding comments.
Increasing substation automation standardization level

Cost optimisation is a key driver in the substation initial design and life-time management. Standardisation is a general mean to achieve such objective, either through direct purchasing cost minimisation or through indirect effects — for instance lead time reduction and long term maintenance efficiency.
Endoluminal magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of urethral diverticula in women

Abstract Objectives. Accurate determination of the size and extent of urethral diverticula can be important in planning operative reconstruction and repair. Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is currently the most commonly used study in the preoperative evaluation of urethral diverticula. We reviewed our experience with the use of endoluminal (endorectal or endovaginal) magnetic resonance imaging (eMRI) in these patients as an adjunctive study to VCUG to evaluate whether the MRI provided anatomically important information that was not apparent on VCUG. Methods. A retrospective analysis of all patients with a clinical diagnosis of urethral diverticula undergoing MRI at a single institution was performed. Patients were evaluated with history, physical examination, cystoscopy, VCUG, and eMRI. Endoluminal MRI was retrospectively compared to VCUG with respect to size, extent, and location found at operative exploration. Results. Twenty-seven consecutive patients underwent endorectal or endovaginal coil MRI in the evaluation of suspected urethral diverticula. Twenty patients subsequently had attempted transvaginal operative repair of the diverticulum. In 2 patients, eMRI demonstrated a urethral diverticulum, whereas VCUG did not. Operative exploration in these patients revealed a urethral diverticulum. In 14 of 27 patients, the VCUG underestimated the size and complexity of the urethral diverticulum as compared to eMRI and operative exploration. In 13 of 27 patients, the size, location, and extent of the urethral diverticulum on VCUG correlated well with the eMRI and/or operative findings. Conclusions. We have found endorectal and endovaginal coil MRI to be extremely accurate in determining the size and extent of urethral diverticula as compared to VCUG. This information can be critical when planning the approach, dissection, and reconstruction of these sometimes complex cases.
Gas-Diffusion Cathodes Integrating Carbon Nanotube Modified-Toray Paper and Bilirubin Oxidase

This research introduces the design of a gas-diffusional cathode employing bilirubin oxidase (BOx) immobilized on a complex matrix composed of carbon nanotube (CNT) modified Toray paper (TP) and, encapsulated in silica-gel. The developed enzymatic cathode consists of two layers. One is the hydrophobic gas-diffusional layer (GDL) and the other a hydrophilic catalytic layer (CL) which were combined by pressing at 1000 psi for five minutes. The GDL (35% weight teflonized Vulcan carbon powder (XC35)) that is exposed to air has hydrophobic and porous properties that facilitate oxygen diffusion. The CL consists of a thin, high surface area, 3D CNT/silica-gel matrix where the 3D-enzymatic structure is immobilized and preserved. The nanostructured architecture of the CL was designed to improve conductivity and surface area. Such a design was achieved by modifying the TP surface with CNTs. CNTs are grown on TP by chemical vapor deposition which is possible by electrodepositing Ni seeds via pulse chronoamperometry. Entrapment of BOx was achieved by using tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS), a highly volatile compound that results in a polymeric condensation reaction with H2O at room temperature. TMOS polymerization of the cathode surface was performed in a chemical vapor deposition process to form a silica-gel matrix. The gas diffusional cathode was assembled to a capillary driven microfluidic system to be electrochemically characterized. The characterization was performed from electrolyte pH 5 to pH 8 with increments 0.5 in pH. The best performance was observed at pH 5.5 showing a current output of 655.07 ± 146.18 μA.cm −2 and 345.36 ± 30.04 μA.cm −2 at 0 V and 0.3 V, respectively. At a pH of 7.5 the current generated was 287.05 ± 20.37 μA.cm −2 and 205.37 ± 1.57 μA.cm −2 at 0 V and 0.3 V, respectively. The results show the stability of the enzymatic structure, subject to various pH, is maintained within the 3D-CNT silica-gel matrix for pH lower than 8. Future work will focus on storage life and stability over time. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any
Physical aging of poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene). II. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements

Thermal analysis has been employed to study the effects of physical aging on poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) (ABS). Physical aging refers to the thermoreversible molecular rearrangements which occur in the glassy poly(styrene–acrylonitrile) phase of ABS. Results demonstrate that the effect of aging on the glassy phasse is dependent on the aging temperature. The extent of physical aging can be measured quantitatively by enthalpy changes in the glassy phase. However, aging is seen to occur even at room temperature and this must be taken into account in making enthalpy change measurements. The physical state of the aged ABS depends upon the specific time and temperature path taken during aging. This implies that a simple time–temperature equivalence does not exist for physical aging. Quantitative correlations between enthalpy changes and mechanical property changes are not observed for properties measured at low speed. However, preliminary data suggest that a correlation does exist for properties measured at high speeds such as impact strength.
Continued Importance of Family Factors in Youth Smoking Behavior

INTRODUCTION Although it is known that levels of family factors (FF) such as parental monitoring and parent-adolescent connectedness vary during adolescence, it is unknown which factors remain protective, preventing smoking initiation, in youth of differing racial/ethnic groups. Using a longitudinal, nationally representative sample, we examined which FF protect against smoking initiation in White, Black, and Hispanic youth. METHODS A total of 3,473 parent-nonsmoking youth dyads from Round 1 (T1) of the National Survey of Parents and Youth were followed to Round 3 (T2). Youth smoking status at T2 was assessed as the primary outcome. We examined changes in FF (T2 - T1) and the protection afforded by these factors at T1 and T2 for smoking initiation, both by race/ethnicity and overall. RESULTS There were statistically significant decreases in levels of protective FF from T1 to T2 across all racial/ethnic groups; however, FF levels were higher in never-smokers compared with smoking initiators at both T1 and T2 (p < .05). Separate models by race/ethnicity showed the protective effect of increased perceived punishment in all racial/ethnic groups and protection against initiation by increased parental monitoring in Black and Hispanic youth. Overall, higher parental monitoring at T1 was associated with decreased odds of smoking initiation (33%); decreased parental monitoring and perceived punishment from T1 to T2 were associated with increased odds of smoking initiation (55% and 17%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Smoking prevention interventions should encourage parents to both enforce consistent consequences of smoking behavior, and continue monitoring, especially in minority groups.
Pancreatic perfusion of healthy individuals and type 1 diabetic patients as assessed by magnetic resonance perfusion imaging

Aims/hypothesis Loss of pancreatic beta cell mass and function leads to the development of diabetes mellitus. Currently there is no technical way to non-invasively image islet function and mass. Murine models suggest that islets are highly vascularised organs that make a significant contribution to the total pancreatic blood flow. The current study was undertaken to test with arterial spin labelling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging if islet mass and/or stimulation of human pancreatic islets by hyperglycaemia can differentially increase whole-pancreas perfusion, thereby distinguishing non-diabetic from type 1 diabetic patients.
Calculation of spectra and correlation functions from molecular dynamics data using the fast Fourier transform

Abstract Time-displaced correlation functions can be calculated from molecular dynamics data much more rapidly (less expansively) by utilizing the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) than by using the standard integration technique, e.g., for 6000 data points a speed-up of 40 to 1 has been obtained.
Four-wave mixing in slow light waveguides

We study the effects of pulse distortion on four-wave mixing (FWM) for different slow-light architectures. REMZI has the highest FWM conversion. Distortion constraint limits the FWM conversion in CROW with higher number of stages.
Characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants regenerated from salt-tolerant cell lines

Cell lines were established from the seed of two elite US rice lines (L-202 and M-202) as well as Indica rice varieties Pokkali, IR 28 and IR 42. Salt-tolerant cell lines were selected from these callus cultures by a single step selection process on tissue culture medium containing 1% (0.171 M) NaCl. Plants were regenerated from the salt-tolerant lines. The salt selection process and regeneration of the embryogenic callus had minimal adverse effect on subsequent plant growth, since the regenerated plants were vigorous, have flowered and in most cases were fertile. Seed was collected from the regenerated plants and the germinated seedlings were tested for salt tolerance. The R2 seedling salt tolerance was compared for plants regenerated from salt selected cell lines of L-202 that had been maintained on 1% NaCl for 1, 4 and 5 months. Heritable improvement in salt tolerance was obtained in R2 seedlings from one plant that had been regenerated after 5 months of selection on salt-containing medium. These results indicate that short-term salt selected rice callus contains many embryogenic calli that do not carry heritable changes in the salt tolerance phenotype and therefore necessitates screening for the tolerance phenotype in the progeny of the regenerated plants. Thus, as shown in the case of L-202 (R4), prolonging the selection process in vitro for rice improves the likelihood of regenerating plants with improved salt tolerance.
Alternative Approaches to Expanding Pediatric Urology Services and Productivity

Purpose: We critically assessed the outcomes of a new model of pediatric urology delivery using alternative approaches to expand care without increasing the number of pediatric urologists. The approaches included the use of advanced practice nurse practitioners, pediatric physician specialists, part-time contract pediatric urologists from neighboring institutions and part-time contract adult urologists from our university.Materials and Methods: Data were collected from the Division of Pediatric Urology at Arkansas Children's Hospital during 2009 and 2010. The only pediatric urologist at our institution retired in December 2009 with an immediate transition to a new pediatric urologist in January 2010. Comparisons were made in the numbers of clinic visits, inpatient admissions/consultations, surgical volume and patient satisfaction scores.Results: Average clinic monthly visits in 2009 and 2010 were 153 and 271, respectively (p <0.0001). Inpatient admissions increased from 43 in 2009 to 162 in 2010. Inpatien...
Music Teacher Education in This Century: Part I

(2006). Music Teacher Education in This Century: Part II. Arts Education Policy Review: Vol. 108, No. 2, pp. 17-29.
On Kirkpatrick-Baez telescopes with adjustable x-ray optics

High resolution spectroscopy is the most favored objective of the next X-ray astronomy mission. A longer term goal is the development of a very large area X-ray telescope whose angular resolution and effective area are superior to the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. Adjustable X-ray optics with thin piezoelectric coatings is a methodology that may be capable of accomplishing that goal. It consists of applying piezoelectric coatings to the rear of a mirror substrate, which will be thermally slumped to the approximate figure. The figure is optimized by applying voltages to the piezoelectric coatings. Near term spectroscopy mission can benefit from higher angular resolution and a Kirkpatrick-Baez telescope should be considered as an alternative to the Wolter telescope. Adjustable X-ray optics technology should be very effective in refining the resolution of a KB telescope. When the thermally slumped mirrors of either the front or rear section are assembled and illuminated by a parallel visible light or X-ray beam line, line images formed by individual mirrors can be isolated by a moveable slit. With the piezoelectric controllers acting in only dimension the figure of each mirror can be optimized sequentially completely under computer control. The front and rear sections can be tuned independently and then joined with rather lenient tolerances. Dispersing along the 45 degree direction between the two orthogonal KB axes reduces the effect of scattering and figure errors similar to what is accomplished by using only part of the azimuth of a Wolter mirror.
Should you manage ethics or corruption

Corruption is truly a global scourge. Ethical scandals are recurring theater on the business stage, coming most often in the wake of financial booms that feed individual greed and lead managers to make decisions that favor personal gain over organizational good. The recurring cycle of scandalreform-scandal, however, demonstrates the challenges of ethics management. Some companies are discovering a better way to confront the challenge and managing not just ethics, but corruption as well. The advantage of a corruption perspective lies in its focus on systems instead of a personal philosophy. Taking a corruption management perspective doesn't ignore the individual but sees the individual in a larger systemic context. Taking a corruption management approach requires fusing the insights of managerial ethics with the tactics used to fight systemic corruption. When successful it creates something simple and elegant: integrity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An in vivo study of the interaction of ionic surfactants with human epidermis

Abstract A bioelectrometric technique was implemented to the study of the interaction of a cationic, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), and an anionic, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), surfactant with human epidermis. The method permitted the study to be performed in vivo without causing any injury to the subjects. Electrometric determinations of the influence of pH on the extent of CPC interaction with epidermis were corroborated by similar results obtained from the spectrophotometric determination of the quantities of CPC elutriatively recovered following the sorption of CPC from solutions of varying pH. The fixed charge density of the epidermal surface was calculated from measured potentials. Plots of these results as a function of pH resemble hydrogen ion titration curves of amphoteric molecules. Above pH 1.14, CPC consistently increased the net fixed positive charge on the epidermal surface as compared to an untreated control. Above pH 4.6 SLS induced an effect similar to that of CPC, whereas below pH 4.6 a reduction in the net positive surface charge was observed. The operation of inductive and electrostatic field effects emanating from surfactantinteracted surface sites are suggested as operative in the submolecular mechanisms of the observed phenomena.
On the diameter of the symmetric group: polynomial bounds

We address the long-standing conjecture that all permutations have polynomially bounded word length in terms of any set of generators of the symmetric group. The best available bound on the maximum required word length is exponential in n log n. Polynomial bounds on the word length have previously been established for very special classes of generating sets only.In this paper we give a polynomial bound on the word length under the sole condition that one of the generators fix at least 67% of the domain. Words of the length claimed can be found in Las Vegas polynomial time.The proof involves a Markov chain mixing estimate which permits us, apparently for the first time, to break the "element order bottleneck."As a corollary, we obtain the following average-case result: for a 1 -- δ fraction of the pairs of generators for the symmetric group, the word length is polynomially bounded. It is known that for almost all pairs of generators, the word length is less than exp(√n ln n(1 + o(1))).
Statistical switching in the current-induced resistive state of a thin-film superconductor

Abstract Statistical switching is observed between two voltage levels in the current-induced resistive state of a superconducting Sn film.
Expression of c‐ABL, c‐KIT, and platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐β in ovarian serous carcinoma and normal ovarian surface epithelium

BACKGROUND Tyrosine kinases, such as c-KIT, c-ABL, and platelet-derived growth factor-beta (PDGFR-β), are important regulators of cell growth. Highly potent and selective inhibitors of tyrosine kinases are being investigated as alternatives to standard chemotherapy. One such inhibitor, imatinib mesylate, is being used to treat gastrointestinal stromal tumors and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Ovarian carcinomas frequently develop resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Immunohistochemical expression of c-ABL, PDGFR-β, and c-KIT was evaluated in ovarian carcinomas to determine whether treatment with imatinib mesylate might be feasible. METHODS The expression of c-ABL, c-KIT, and PDGFR-β in tumors was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis of 52 ovarian serous carcinomas, including 21 low-grade (well differentiated) and 31 high-grade (poorly differentiated) tumors. Fourteen normal ovaries were also evaluated. RESULTS In normal ovarian surface epithelium, c-ABL was expressed universally. PDGFR-β was expressed in the majority (93%) of samples of normal ovarian epithelium, whereas the c-KIT protein was undetectable in normal ovarian surface epithelium. Overall, c-ABL was expressed in 71% of serous carcinomas. c-ABL was expressed more frequently in the low-grade serous carcinomas (81%) compared with the high-grade serous carcinomas (65%). PDGFR-β expression was observed in 81% of serous carcinomas overall and was observed more frequently in higher-grade tumors. c-KIT immunohistochemical staining was absent in low-grade tumors but was present in 26% of high-grade serous carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS The majority of ovarian serous carcinomas express one or more of the kinases targeted by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib mesylate, suggesting the potential usefulness of this drug in the treatment of ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 2003;98:758–64. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11561
Using a systems approach in managing and evaluating water and sanitation development projects

Access to safe water and sanitation services is a chronic problem for 40% of people around the world and has remained intractable for decades. Inappropriate technology, systemic corruption in the allocation of funding, population growth, migration patterns, and the availability of water are some of the factors that contribute to the global problem. Any hope for sustainable development and improvements in human health and welfare in these developing communities is contingent on the resolution of these and other contributing factors. Holistic systems thinking is needed in these situations. This project examines the application of so-called “hard” systems approaches to a community-based water and sanitation project in the Limpopo province of South Africa. In its first year of involvement, a student team of systems engineers developed a systems framework for managing this community-based project which brings together an international multidisciplinary team of engineers, environmental scientists, planners, physicians, and nurses. They have all worked and continue to work closely with two selected villages, municipal government officials, and traditional leaders from the region, to develop a comprehensive model for community-based delivery of sustained access to safe water, sanitation services, and improved outcomes in community health in the region. However, it is found that hard systems approaches prove to be inadequate in managing the plurality of rationalities, disciplines, and stakeholders typically involved in these types of development situations and that alternative systems approaches should be explored.
Polio trial: An early efficient clinical trial

The Salk Vaccine Field Trial was a randomized, placebo-controlled trial designed to test the efficacy of the Salk killed virus vaccine. Although the trial was not without some problems, both in design and analysis, none was important enough to raise serious questions about the results. Thus, the design of the Field Trial was well adapted to the demanding requirements. The trial owes its success in a large part to substantial public involvement. In designing future, large-scale, simple trials, we may still be able to benefit from the lessons of the Polio Vaccine Trial.
Interfacial phenomena in thermally sprayed multiwalled carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum nanocomposite

Abstract The interfacial phenomena in thermally sprayed (plasma and high-velocity oxyfuel spraying) hypereutectic Al–Si composite with multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforcement have been analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. The formation of an ultrathin β-SiC reaction layer at the interface is confirmed. Plasma sprayed composite exhibits a thicker SiC layer (∼5 nm) than the high-velocity oxyfuel sprayed composite (∼2 nm). The presence of SiC layer formation is also corroborated in a chemical vapor deposition experiment where Si was deposited on MWCNTs. The formation of β-SiC is responsible for the improved wettability of the molten Al–Si alloy matrix with MWCNT reinforcement.
The Role of Sexual Violence in Creating and Maintaining Economic Insecurity Among Asset-Poor Women of Color

This article argues that economic instability and sexual violence reinforce each other in two ways. First, the devastating psychological consequences of sexual assault can diminish work performance and disrupt income, creating economic instability, particularly for the asset-poor. Latina and African American women face particular risk due to barriers to appropriate post-assault resources and low rates of asset ownership. Second, income- and asset poverty increase women's risk for sexual violence and complicate recovery. Women with financial and social resources can leverage these assets to both avoid and recover from sexual assault, whereas women without such resources lack these options. Policy solutions are proposed.
Use of Very High Spatial Resolution Remotely Sensed Imagery for Assessing Land‐Cover Changes in Shrub Habitat Preserves of Southern California

Abstract The goal of this research was to explore the utility of very high spatial resolution, digital remotely sensed imagery for monitoring land‐cover changes in habitat preserves within southern California coastal shrublands. Changes were assessed for Los Penasquitos Canyon Preserve, a large open space in San Diego County, over the 1996 to 1999 period for which imagery was available. Multispectral, digital camera imagery from two summer dates, three years apart, was acquired using the Airborne Data Acquisition and Registration (ADAR) digital‐camera system. These very high resolution (VHR) image data (1m), composed of three visible and one near‐infrared wavebands (V/NIR), were the primary image input for assessing land cover change. Image‐derived datasets generated from georeferenced and registered ADAR imagery included multitemporal overlays and multitemporal band differencing with threshold selection. Two different multitemporal image classifications were generated from these datasets and compared. Si...
In Pursuit of Heresy: Spanish Diplomats Versus Spanish Heretics in France and England During the Wars of Religion

Recently several works have illuminated the important role played by diplomats in the course of the religious wars of the latter half of the sixteenth century. We propose to shed some additional light on this general subject by studying the often curious activities of some Spanish envoys to France and England with respect to Spanish Protestants who had taken refuge in those lands. Through a careful scrutiny of related but seemingly minor matters we can frequently learn more about major ones.
Postnatal development of brain alpha1-adrenergic receptors: In vitro autoradiography with [125i]HEAT in normal rats and rats treated with alpha-difluoromethylornithine, a specific, irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase

The postnatal development of brain alpha 1-adrenergic receptors was studied in the rat brain using in vitro autoradiography. In some regions, such as the globus pallidus, receptor-binding sites were present at birth and increased during the first week but then decreased to very low levels by adulthood. In contrast, other regions such as the olfactory bulb and cerebral cortex exhibited little binding at birth, with a subsequent increase in receptors during the second week of life that persisted into the mature stage. Several regions had an intermediate pattern with significant labelling at birth, an increase in the first few weeks and a smaller decrement in binding sites as adulthood was approached. The data suggested that there were two archetypal development patterns, one of which was potentially related to the arrival of noradrenergic nerve projections (olfactory bulb) and the other of which was determined intrinsically by differentiation (globus pallidus). The two patterns could be distinguished by their sensitivity to alpha-difluoromethylornithine, a drug that inhibits ornithine decarboxylase, leading to a slowing of cellular replication, differentiation and migration. Drug treatment dramatically delayed the developmental fall-off of binding in the globus pallidus such that receptor sites remained in high concentration well past the point at which they disappeared in control animals. In the olfactory bulb, however, alpha-difluoromethylornithine had little or no effect on the ontogeny of receptor binding. These studies provide evidence that alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in various brain regions develop at different rates and with at least two characteristic patterns. Autoradiographic techniques provide important insights into receptor development that cannot be garnered from biochemical methods using isolated membrane preparations.
Dispersant and salinity effects on weathering and acute toxicity of South Louisiana crude oil

Chemical dispersants are an important technology in the remediation of oil spills in the aquatic environment, facilitating degradation of crude oil and salinity is an important factor in dispersant effectiveness. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of salinity on the degradation chemistry of crude oil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and acute toxicity of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of the dispersant COREXIT 9500A and chemically dispersed crude oil on a common estuarine fish. Laboratory microcosms were designed at salinities of 4 parts per thousand (ppt), 12 ppt, or 18 ppt and spiked with crude oil, COREXIT 9500A, or a combined exposure to crude oil and COREXIT and allowed to biodegrade for 1 wk, 4 wk, and 16 wk. The WAF was harvested for analytical PAH analysis and acute toxicity testing in juvenile Fundulus grandis. Compared with undispersed oil, COREXIT exponentially increased the PAH concentrations in the WAF for up to 16 wk; hopane-normalized concentrations indicated that biodegradation was slowed for the first 4 wk. Dispersed crude oil and COREXIT were acutely toxic following 1 wk of biodegradation with no correlation between PAH concentrations and crude oil WAF mortality. Both dispersant and dispersant oil mixtures remained toxic for at least 4 wk at the lowest salinity tested, suggesting increased sensitivity or reduced biodegradation of toxic components in low-saline environments. At the lowest salinity, oil dispersed with COREXIT was more toxic than either the COREXIT alone or oil alone, even after 16 wk of biodegradation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2611–2620. © 2013 SETAC