cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and evaluation of a prosthetic shoulder controller

The first goal of this study was to develop a 2 degree of freedom (DOF) upper limb controller utilizing shoulder elevation/depression and protraction/retraction. Its primary purpose is to control powered prosthetic shoulder joints being incorporated into a new generation of prosthetic arms for shoulder disarticulation and very high transhumeral amputees. More generally, however, such a controller can be applied to simultaneously control any 2 DOF's under a direct, proportional control scheme. There is no generally accepted method to objectively and quantitatively evaluate prosthesis and prosthesis control performance, and the second goal of this study was to develop one based on Fitts Law. The evaluation protocol has quite general applicability as well, and can be used to compare different reaching/ pointing devices, or to compare variations in the design or operation of a particular device.
Rapid prototyping of poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic systems using solvent imprinting and bonding.

We have developed a method for rapid prototyping of hard polymer microfluidic systems using solvent imprinting and bonding. We investigated the applicability of patterned SU-8 photoresist on glass as an easily fabricated template for solvent imprinting. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) exposed to acetonitrile for 2 min then had an SU-8 template pressed into the surface for 10 min, which provided appropriately imprinted channels and a suitable surface for bonding. After a PMMA cover plate had also been exposed to acetonitrile for 2 min, the imprinted and top PMMA pieces could be bonded together at room temperature with appropriate pressure. The total fabrication time was less than 15 min. Under the optimized fabrication conditions, nearly 30 PMMA chips could be replicated using a single patterned SU-8 master with high chip-to-chip reproducibility. Relative standard deviations were 2.3% and 5.4% for the widths and depths of the replicated channels, respectively. Fluorescently labeled amino acid and peptide mixtures were baseline separated using these PMMA microchips in <15 s. Theoretical plate numbers in excess of 5000 were obtained for a ∼3 cm separation distance, and the migration time relative standard deviation for an amino acid peak was 1.5% for intra-day and 2.2% for inter-day analysis. This new solvent imprinting and bonding approach significantly simplifies the process for fabricating microfluidic structures in hard polymers such as PMMA.
Direct characterization of human T cells in pemphigus vulgaris reveals elevated autoantigen-specific Th2 activity in association with active disease

Summary Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a blistering skin disorder mediated by autoantibodies targeting the epidermal adhesion molecule desmoglein 3 (Dsg3). As Th2-associated cytokines are necessary for directing antibody production, it is hypothesized that Dsg3-specific Th2 activity is associated with active disease. We used cell-surface-matrix technology in combination with flow cytometry to characterize the Dsg3-reactive T-cell population using peripheral blood mononucleocytes sampled from PV patients stratified by active (n = 9) or remittent disease (n = 6), and healthy human leucocyte antigen-matched controls (n = 5). We evaluated interferon-γ-producing CD4+ cells (Th1) and interleukin (IL)-10- or IL-4-producing CD4+ cells (Th2). The mean frequency of Th2 CD4+ T cells was significantly elevated for five of nine PV patients with active disease. No significant Th2 responses were detected for patients with remittent disease or controls. There was a significant association of Th2 activity with active disease compared with remittent and control groups (P = 0.026 and P =0.012, respectively), and Th2 activity was significantly correlated with anti-Dsg3 IgG titre (P = 0.044). One patient with remittent disease converted from a Th2-negative to a Th2-positive response with the initiation of disease activity. An antigen-specific CD4− lymphocyte response was detected in five PV patients (36%), and was shown to correlate closely with the CD8+ population. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Th2 response directs autoantibody production and is therefore associated with disease activity in PV.
Light scattering study on polydisperse TMV solutions

The calculations of the angular dependence of the scattered intensity and of the linewidth have been compared with the measured quantities for model distributions of rodlike scatterers. TMV rods were broken up by means of ultrasonic waves, and the length distributions (0–800 nm) for different samples were determined from electron micrographs. Good agreement between the calculated and experimental light scattering data was found for q·L ranging between 1.5 and 20.
The Amborella Genome and the Evolution of Flowering Plants

Amborella trichopoda is strongly supported as the single living species of the sister lineage to all other extant flowering plants, providing a unique reference for inferring the genome content and structure of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of living angiosperms. Sequencing the Amborella genome, we identified an ancient genome duplication predating angiosperm diversification, without evidence of subsequent, lineage-specific genome duplications. Comparisons between Amborella and other angiosperms facilitated reconstruction of the ancestral angiosperm gene content and gene order in the MRCA of core eudicots. We identify new gene families, gene duplications, and floral protein-protein interactions that first appeared in the ancestral angiosperm. Transposable elements in Amborella are ancient and highly divergent, with no recent transposon radiations. Population genomic analysis across Amborella's native range in New Caledonia reveals a recent genetic bottleneck and geographic structure with conservation implications.
Lipids of the antarctic sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis.

The blubber, liver, and muscle of the Antarctic sei whale were analyzed for total lipid content, composition of lipid by classes and positional distribution of fatty acids in individual lipids. The major glycerolipids (triglycerides, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine) were fractionated by silver nitrate thin layer chromatography. The phospholipid fractions were analyzed for fatty acid positional distribution. The whale stomach contained almost exclusively the amphipodParathemisto gaudichaudi. Its lipids were also studied and compared with the lipids of the body tissues. The results indicate that the stomach content lipids are subjected to modifications before being deposited in the blubber, liver, and muscle. According to the silver nitrate thin layer chromatographic studies, liver and blubber triglycerides resemble each other in their patterns of positional distribution of fatty acids and in molecular species composition. The phospholipids of liver and blubber also exhibited closely related fatty acid distribution patterns. In general, while the proportions of lipid classes and their predominant fatty acids varied from tissue to tissue, the patterns according to which the lipids had been synthesized seemed to be common.
High-precision apparatus for physico-chemical measurements by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography

Abstract A capillary chromatograph suitable for physico-chemical measurements by near- or supercritical fluid chromatography is described. The apparatus makes it possible to control the column temperature and the column inlet pressure to within ±0.01 K and ±0.2 bar, respectively. The system's precision has been evaluated for the measurements of certain diffusion and thermodynamic characteristics. The factors affecting precision are further discussed.
Sensitivity of camptothecin-resistant human leukemia cells and tumors to anticancer drugs with diverse mechanisms of action

Abstract Human leukemia U-937 cell clones resistant to 9-nitrocamptothecin (9NC) appear after exposure to increase 9NC-concentrations. Drug resistance is irreversible, regardless of whether the 9NC-resistant (U-937/CR150) cells grow in media with or without 9NC. U-937/ CR150 cells are more sensitive than wild type U-937 (U-937/wt) cells to topoisomerase II-directed drugs, amsacrine, daunorubicin, and etoposide. The mitotic inhibitor, vincristine, induces hyperdiploidy in U-937/wt, but not in U-937/CR150 cells, whereas the antimetabolites, cytarabine and methotrexate, and the nitrosourea, carmustine, elicit similar responses in both U-937/wt and U-937/CR150 cells. U-937/CR150-generated tumors in nude mice are sensitive to etoposide. The clinical implications of increased sensitivity of 9NC-resistant tumors to some anticancer drugs are discussed.
PDE boundary conditions from minimum reduction of the PDE

Abstract Convection-diffusion partial differential equations (PDEs) are second order in the direction of flow, and therefore require two boundary conditions with respect to the spatial independent variable in that direction. The entering or “inflow” boundary condition is usually obvious. The exiting or “outflow” boundary condition is not so obvious. We propose reducing the PDE by one order in the direction of flow to produce the outflow boundary condition. This procedure is illustrated with a dynamic version of the classical Graetz problem in heat transfer. The proposed procedure has the advantages of physically meaningful boundary conditions which produce numerical solutions of good accuracy, and ease of implementation in a method of lines code.
Visiting TOGA's Past

Abstract The origin of the Tropical Oceans-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Program was closely related to the response of global atmospheric circulation to sea surface temperature variations in the tropical Pacific Ocean, which is evident by the El Nino phenomenon. During the two decades before the 1985 start of TOGA, advancements in scientific understanding of the tropical ocean and global atmosphere and advancements in technology provided strong foundations for TOGA. By the early 1980s, research had demonstrated a strong linkage between tropical SST variations and global atmospheric circulation, and discussions of an international ocean-atmosphere program had begun. Probably the single most important event leading to the creation of TOGA was the unannounced arrival in 1982 of the largest El Nino in a century.
The core of zero-dimensional monomial ideals☆

The core of an ideal is the intersection of all its reductions. We describe the core of a zero-dimensional monomial ideal I as the largest monomial ideal contained in a general reduction of I. This provides a new interpretation of the core in the monomial case as well as an efficient algorithm for computing it. We relate the core to adjoints and first coefficient ideals, and in dimension two and three we give explicit formulas.
Absence of Aglomerular Blood Flow During Renal Vasodilatation and Hemorrhage in the Dog

SummaryThe radioactive microsphere method was used to quantitate aglomerular blood flow during intrarenal acetylcholine administration (6 studies) and hemorrhagic hypotension (5 studies). In each of the 11 studies, less than 1% of the injected radioactivity was recovered in renal venous effluent. These findings strongly suggest that a significant diversion of renal blood flow by a non-glomerular pathway does not occur in these two models.
Fully Automated Simultaneous Integrated Boosted–Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning Is Feasible for Head-and-Neck Cancer: A Prospective Clinical Study

Purpose To prospectively determine whether overlap volume histogram (OVH)–driven, automated simultaneous integrated boosted (SIB)-intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment planning for head-and-neck cancer can be implemented in clinics. Methods and Materials A prospective study was designed to compare fully automated plans (APs) created by an OVH-driven, automated planning application with clinical plans (CPs) created by dosimetrists in a 3-dose-level (70 Gy, 63 Gy, and 58.1 Gy), head-and-neck SIB-IMRT planning. Because primary organ sparing (cord, brain, brainstem, mandible, and optic nerve/chiasm) always received the highest priority in clinical planning, the study aimed to show the noninferiority of APs with respect to PTV coverage and secondary organ sparing (parotid, brachial plexus, esophagus, larynx, inner ear, and oral mucosa). The sample size was determined a priori by a superiority hypothesis test that had 85% power to detect a 4% dose decrease in secondary organ sparing with a 2-sided alpha level of 0.05. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression model was used for statistical comparison. Results Forty consecutive patients were accrued from July to December 2010. GEE analysis indicated that in APs, overall average dose to the secondary organs was reduced by 1.16 (95% CI=0.09-2.33) with P =.04, overall average PTV coverage was increased by 0.26% (95% CI=0.06-0.47) with P =.02 and overall average dose to the primary organs was reduced by 1.14 Gy (95% CI=0.45-1.8) with P =.004. A physician determined that all APs could be delivered to patients, and APs were clinically superior in 27 of 40 cases. Conclusions The application can be implemented in clinics as a fast, reliable, and consistent way of generating plans that need only minor adjustments to meet specific clinical needs.
Crack-dependent response of steel elements strengthened with CFRP sheets

Abstract This paper presents the crack-dependent response of steel members strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite sheets subjected to axial tension. A modeling approach is proposed to represent debonding of the CFRP and crack propagation across the steel section. Such an approach is incorporated to a three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) model and validated with experimental data. A total of nine specimens are constructed to study the effect of CFRP-strengthening on the behavior of strengthened steel members having various crack properties. Investigation parameters include the level of damage in the members represented by a 0 / h ratios ( a 0 = notch size and h = specimen height) and CFRP-reinforcement ratios ( ρ CFRP ). The strengthening effect is noticeable when the a 0 / h ratio increases. The crack propagation rate of the strengthened members is dependent upon the debonding characteristics of the CFRP and the size of the a 0 / h ratio. CFRP-strengthening results in significant improvement in energy release rate, including moderate increases in J integral . Overall, the interaction between the a 0 / h ratio and ρ CFRP is substantial for the strengthened members.
Invented Review: Nutrition Support in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Many patients with the inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis have significant protein-calorie malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Factors that contribute to these nutritional deficits include inadequate nutrient intake, malabsorption, excessive nutrient secretion across the diseased gastrointestinal tract, drug-nutrient interactions, and increased nutrient requirements. In this review, the use of enteral and parenteral nutrition support as primary therapy for active Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis is discussed. Other roles for nutrition support in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, including preoperative nutrition support, nutritional treatment of intestinal fistulas and growth retardation, and home parenteral nutrition for gut failure, are also reviewed.
A correlation of ground-level concentrations of sulfur dioxide downwind of the Keystone stacks.

Abstract An empirical correlation of the ground-level concentrations of sulfur dioxide downwind of the Keystone stack is presented. For the dispersion of the Keystone stack plumes, the height of a convective mixing region in the atmosphere determines when the effluents are carried to ground in downward moving air currents. A model to estimate the scale of the mixing region is presented and verified with vertical temperature profile measurements. A previous model for plume rise is extended and used to determine the effective stack height. For a neutral atmosphere the plume rise is taken as the height where the plume rise velocity is equal to a calculated r.m.s. vertical velocity scale for the mixing layer. In a stable atmosphere the levelled-off height of the plume is shown to be the effective stack height. A total of 781 measurements of the axial ground-level concentration of sulfur dioxide downwind of the 244 m Keystone stack are empirically correlated. The distribution of the maximum concentrations from each axial profile is found to be approximately log normal with a geometric S.D. of 2.
Electrical sensing of shelf‐cure properties of polymeric prepreg materials

Most polymeric thermoset materials change (cure) slowly as they lie in storage; a prime example of this is composite prepreg materials. These changes are generally vitrification, and are not readily observable using some of the standard cure-monitoring methods, such as DSC and FTIR, which sense mainly the gelation process. Evidence of this observation is presented, along with the successful results of an effort to monitor this shelf-cure process using a simplified resistivity meter.
Abstract 3118: The proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib rescues clinically identified unstable missense variants of the DNA mismatch repair protein Msh2

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Msh2 is required for DNA mismatch repair in eukaryotes. Deleterious mutations in human MSH2 account for approximately half of the alleles associated with Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch Syndrome. Previously, we characterized clinically-identified MSH2 missense mutations, using yeast as a model system and found that the most common cause of defective DNA mismatch repair was low levels of the variant Msh2 proteins. Here, we measured the half-lives of the Msh2 variants and found that increased protein turnover was responsible for the low cellular levels. Additionally, restoring levels with increased gene dosage fully restored mismatch repair function in 10 of the 21 variants in a DNA polymerase proofreading defective strain background in which mismatch repair is essential. Using immunoprecipitation, we detected high molecular weight ubiquitinated species of unstable Msh2 variants when over-expressed. Additionally, genetic and chemical inhibition of the proteasome stabilized low-level Msh2 missense variants. We identified San1, an ubiquitin ligase known to target misfolded nuclear proteins, as responsible for targeting the MSH2 missense variants. Deletion of San1 restored protein levels for all but one variant, but did not elevate wild-type Msh2 levels. Additionally, mismatch repair function was significantly improved when the Msh2 variants that had displayed high-copy restoration of function were expressed in a san1α strain. Taken together, these results indicate that the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation pathway is the major mechanism for increased turnover of the clinically identified Msh2 variants. Human MutSα, comprised of Msh2 and Msh6, is also regulated by the ubiquitin-mediated pathway, underscoring the conservation of regulation as well as function for mismatch repair in eukaryotes. Additionally, it is well established that mismatch repair defective tumors are resistant to standard chemotherapeutic regimens. Of therapeutic significance, the clinically approved drug Bortezomib partially restored levels and mismatch repair function in two different msh2 missense variants. In this regard, Bortezomib may prove to be a valuable adjuvant chemotherapeutic for individuals with particular alleles of MSH2. Our results provide the foundation for an innovative therapeutic regime for certain mismatch repair defective cancers that are refractory to conventional chemotherapies. Currently we are testing the rescue phenotype in human cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3118. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3118
Osteopenia and endothelin-1-mediated vasconstrictor tone in postmenopausal women.

Abstract Low bone mineral density is highly prevalent in postmenopausal women. Osteopenia in postmenopausal women is a predictor of adverse cardiovascular events. A potential mechanism contributing to the increased cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women with osteopenia is endothelial vasomotor dysfunction. Endothelin (ET)-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide that is associated with endothelial vasomotor dysfunction and increased cardiovascular risk. Currently, there is no information on osteopenia and ET-1 vasoconstrictor activity in postmenopausal women. We tested the hypothesis that ET-1 mediated vasoconstrictor activity is greater in postmenopausal women with osteopenia compared with those without. Forearm blood flow responses to intra-arterial infusion of BQ-123 (100 nmol/min for 60 min), a selective ETA receptor antagonist, were determined in postmenopausal women: 10 with osteopenia (age: 56 ± 1 yr, lumbar spine T-score between -1.5 and -2.5) and 12 without osteopenia (age: 60 ± 2 yr, T-score > -1.5). In women with osteopenia, forearm blood flow increased approximately 25% (P
Thiol-dependent antioxidant activity of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein

Abstract Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), which is critical to photoreceptor survival and function, is comprised of homologous tandem modules each ∼300 amino acids, and contains 10 cysteines, possibly 8 as free thiols. Purification of IRBP has historically been difficult due to aggregation, denaturation and precipitation. Our observation that reducing agent 1,4-dithiothreitol dramatically prevents aggregation prompted investigation of possible functions for IRBP's free thiols. Bovine IRBP (bIRBP) was purified from retina saline washes by a combination of concanavalin A, ion exchange and size exclusion chromatography. Antioxidant activity of the purified protein was measured by its ability to inhibit oxidation of 2,2′-azinobis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate] by metmyoglobin. Homology modeling predicted the relationship of the retinoid binding sites to cysteine residues. As a free radical scavenger, bIRBP was more active than ovalbumin, thioredoxin, and vitamin E analog Trolox. Alkylation of free cysteines by N-ethylmaleimide inhibited bIRBP's antioxidant activity, but not its ability to bind all-trans retinol. Structural modeling predicted that Cys 1051 is at the mouth of the module 4 hydrophobic ligand-binding site. Its free radical scavenging activity points to a new function for IRBP in defining the redox environment in the subretinal space.
Provenance-Enabled Data Exploration and Visualization with VisTrails

Scientists are now faced with an incredible volume of data to analyze. To explore and understand the data, they need to assemble complex workflows (pipelines) to manipulate the data and create insightful visual representations. Provenance is essential in this process. The provenance of a digital artifact contains information about the process and data used to derive the artifact. This information is essential to preserve the data, to determining the data's quality and authorship, aswell as for reproducing and validating results -- all important elements of the scientific process. In this survey, we aim to inform computational and visualization scientists, users and developers about different approaches to provenance management. Using the VisTrails system as a basis and real application scenarios, we will cover different approaches to acquiring and reusing provenance, including techniques that attendees can use to provenance-enable their own tools. We will also present a series operations and user interfaces that leverage provenance for tasks that go beyond reproducibility, such as aiding users in the process of pipeline design and refinement, in performing comparative analysis and visualization, supporting collaborative data exploration as well as the publication of documented, reproducible results.
Contributions of long-distance dispersal to population growth in colonising Pinus ponderosa populations

Long-distance dispersal is an integral part of plant species migration and population development. We aged and genotyped 1125 individuals in four disjunct populations of Pinus ponderosa that were initially established by long-distance dispersal in the 16th and 17th centuries. Parentage analysis was used to determine if individuals were the product of local reproductive events (two parents present), long-distance pollen dispersal (one parent present) or long-distance seed dispersal (no parents present). All individuals established in the first century at each site were the result of long-distance dispersal. Individuals reproduced at younger ages with increasing age of the overall population. These results suggest Allee effects, where populations were initially unable to expand on their own, and were dependent on long-distance dispersal to overcome a minimum-size threshold. Our results demonstrate that long-distance dispersal was not only necessary for initial colonisation but also to sustain subsequent population growth during early phases of expansion.
Model of the Effects of Improving TB Diagnosis on Infection Dynamics in Differing Demographic and HIV-Prevalence Scenarios

This paper seeks to examine the sensitivity of tuberculosis transmission (TB) dynamics to the rate at which infectious individuals with active TB begin a TB treatment course, and therefore cease to be infectious to others. We model this by varying both the rate at which individuals are diagnosed and begin treatment, and the demographic conditions in which the epidemic occurs. An agestructured deterministic ordinary differential equation model is used to study the sensitivity of TB transmission dynamics to the implementation of a more effective diagnostic such as Xpert MTB/ RIF in a high HIV prevalence setting. Sensitivity analysis of the effectiveness of the diagnostic (λ) shows the interim disease dynamics in three demographic scenarios defined by differences in HIV prevalence and age structure at a constant transmission rate. In the near future, we expect the diagnostic to have the most effect in areas of high HIV prevalence. In the long term, we expect the diagnostic to have the most significant impact at high transmission rates regardless of HIV prevalence and age structure.
The Ehrlich-Schwoebel Effect for Vacancies: Low-Index Faces of Silver

We employ surface-embedded-atom-method potentials to investigate the diffusion barriers of vacancies diffusing over and near steps on the low index faces of silver. Barriers for vacancy terrace diffusion, diffusion over step-edges, and diffusion along step edges, including around corners, are calculated. Vacancies are significantly less mobile than adatoms and have large Ehrlich-Schwoebel (ES) barriers on all three faces. For Ag(100) the diffusion barrier for vacancies along step-edges is virtually the same (474 meV) as on the terrace. As in diffusion near the step edge, vacancies encounter a significant increase (213 meV) in the activation barrier when diffusing around the corner of a vacancy island (the corner analogue of the ES barrier), but the excess barrier around a kink all but disappears because exchange diffusion is favorable there. The consequences of the vacancy diffusion barriers on 3D pitting and on island diffusion and coarsening are discussed.
Grading of Follicular Lymphoma: Comparison of Routine Histology With Immunohistochemistry

Abstract Context.—Follicular lymphoma (FL) grading is based on the average number of large transformed cells in 10 neoplastic follicles at ×40 high-power field (×10–40 high-power field) examination (grade 1, 0–5 centroblasts per high-power field; grade 2, 6–15 centroblasts per high-power field; grade 3, >15 centroblasts per high-power field). Objective.—Since there may be significant interobserver variability, we analyzed the usefulness of immunohistochemical stains in grading FLs more reliably. Design.—Forty-three FLs initially graded by World Health Organization criteria (grade 1, 12; grade 2, 18; grade 3, 13) were reviewed and stained with CD3, CD20, Ki-67, CD30, CD68, PAX-5, and BCL-6. Retrospective review was performed for the average number of large cells, of large lymphoid cells, of large cells staining with CD3, CD20, BCL-6 (40 cases), and PAX-5, and of all cells staining with CD68, Ki-67, and CD30. Results.—By histologic review, 8 of 43 FLs had a significant grade change (4 cases upgraded and 4 c...
Variables affecting preference for signaled shock in a symmetrical changeover design

Abstract In a signaled-shock situation, the signal's presence serves a warning function (prediction of shock) whereas the signal's absence serves a safety function (prediction of nonshock periods). The relative contribution to preference for signaled shock made by these two potential sources of reinforcement was assessed using a symmetrical changeover procedure in which rats were permitted to control the amount of time spent in one of two mutually exclusive conditions, the signaled and unsignaled states. The stimulus conditions that prevailed in the signaled state differed for several groups of animals. For some groups, the safety function of signals was degraded while the warning function was left intact. For other groups, the warning function was degraded and the safety function was not. The availability of the unaltered feature was then manipulated in both sets of groups to determine its effect on preference for the signaled state. Changeover behavior was strongly related to the availability of the signal's safety function and weakly related to its warning function, indicating that the two variables contribute differentially to preference for signaled shock. Other sources of behavioral control, having little to do with the safety or the warning function of signals, were also demonstrated, suggesting the need for careful control procedures when using changeover behavior as a measure of preference.
Formulation of a three-dimensional cohesive zone model for application to a finite element algorithm

A formulation is presented herein for implementing a cohesive zone model to a nonlinear finite element algorithm. The cohesive zone model may be of arbitrary type so long as it can be constructed in an incremental form in time. Problems that can then be solved using this algorithm include a broad array of material types, including: elastic, elastoplastic, viscoplastic, and viscoelastic. Multiple cracks may be modeled by this methodology, and any and all can be evolving simultaneously, with crack interaction included explicitly in the formulation. Example problems are included to demonstrate the efficacy of the algorithm.
Biogenic Silica Records from the BDP93 Drill Site and Adjacent Areas of the Selenga Delta, Lake Baikal, Siberia

Biogenic silica contents of sediments on the lower Selenga Delta and Buguldeika saddle in Lake Baikal show distinct fluctuations that reflect changes in diatom productivity, and ultimately, climate. The pattern of the upper 50 m of the section, dating from about 334 ka, is similar to that of the marine oxygen-isotope record, increasingly so as the younger sediments become progressively finer grained and less locally derived with time. The last two interglaciations are marked by biogenic silica abundances similar to those of the Holocene. The equivalent of marine oxygen-isotope stage 3 is distinctly intermediate in character between full glacial and full interglacial biogenic silica values. Following near-zero values during the last glacial maximum, biogenic silica began to increase at about 13 ka. The rise in biogenic silica to Holocene values was interrupted by an abrupt decrease during Younger Dryas time, about 11 to 10 14C ka.
Distributed MPC Strategies With Application to Power System Automatic Generation Control

A distributed model predictive control (MPC) framework, suitable for controlling large-scale networked systems such as power systems, is presented. The overall system is decomposed into subsystems, each with its own MPC controller. These subsystem-based MPCs work iteratively and cooperatively towards satisfying systemwide control objectives. If available computational time allows convergence, the proposed distributed MPC framework achieves performance equivalent to centralized MPC. Furthermore, the distributed MPC algorithm is feasible and closed-loop stable under intermediate termination. Automatic generation control (AGC) provides a practical example for illustrating the efficacy of the proposed distributed MPC framework.
Liposclerosing myxofibrous tumour: a traumatized variant of fibrous dysplasia? Report of four cases and review of the literature

Aims : To describe the pathological and radiological features of four cases of liposclerosing myxofibrous tumour (LSMFT). LSMFT is a benign fibro-osseous lesion of bone with a marked predilection for the intertrochanteric region of the proximal femur. It is characterized by a complex mixture of histological elements including fibrous dysplasia-like bony trabeculae, myxofibrous tissue, lipomatous areas, xanthoma cells and pseudo-Paget's bone. This lesion is not a universally accepted pathological entity and often appears in the literature under variants of fibrous dysplasia or other benign lytic bone lesions. Methods and results : All lesions exhibited histological and/or radiological overlap with fibrous dysplasia. A relationship to trauma was noted in three of the cases. The hypothesis that these lesions represent a traumatized variant of fibrous dysplasia was explored. After reviewing the biomechanics of the proximal femur, a possible relationship between predilection of LSFMT for this anatomical region and increased susceptibility to fracture was noted. Conclusions : We hypothesize that when fibrous dysplasia involves the proximal femur, it makes the bone more susceptible to fatigue fracture, thereby altering its histological appearance. The wide variety of histological patterns in LSMFT could represent the end result of repeated reaction to fatigue stresses.
Balanced realizations near stable invariant manifolds

It is shown that the notion of balancing a state space realization about a stable, isolated equilibrium point can be generalized to systems possessing stable invariant regular submanifolds of arbitrary dimension, for example, a stable limit cycle. ycle.
Effects of Swept Tips on V-22 Whirl Flutter and Loads

A CAMRAD II model of the V-22 Osprey tiltrotor was constructed for the purpose of analyzing the effects of blade design changes on whirl flutter. The model incorporated a dual load-path grip/yoke assembly, a swashplate coupled to the transmission case, and a drive train. A multiple-trailer free wake was used for loads calculations. The effects of rotor design changes on whirl-mode stability were calculated for swept blades and offset tip masses. A rotor with swept tips and inboard tuning masses was examined in detail to reveal the mechanisms by which these design changes affect stability and loads. Certain combinations of design features greatly increased whirl-mode stability, with (at worst) moderate increases to loads.
Identification of Nonlinear Vibrating Structures: Part II—Applications

A time-domain procedure for the identification of nonlinear vibrating structures, presented in a companion paper, is applied to a "calibration" problem which incorporates realistic test situations and nonlinear structural characteristics widely encountered in the applied mechanics field. The "data" set is analyzed to develop suitable, approximate nonlinear system representations. Subsequently, a "validation" test is conducted to demonstrate the range of validity of the method under discussion. It is shown that the procedure furnishes a convenient means for constructing reduced-order nonlinear nonparametric mathematical models of reasonably high fidelity in regard to reproducing the response of the test article under dynamic loads that differ from the identification test loads.
Micro-Determination of Cotton Fibre Maturity in Polarized Light:

Recent work described by Pattee1and based on previous findings by Schwarz 2and Herzog 3 has evoked a certain amount of comment and criticism. In this brief discussion, therefore, certain data are presented in support of the method proposed by Pattee and in some measure an amplification and clarification of his technique. It is shown that the determination of the degree of maturity of a sample of cotton by means of polarized light has certain advantages over the older swelling technique described by Clegg4and recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture and the American Society for Testing Materials.It is also shown that the fibres selected by means of their characteristic behavior in the polarizing microscope have cross-sections which are definitely separable by measurement and appearance into distinct groups. Further, it is demonstrated that the wall thickness of the smallest cotton fibre (Sea Island) in the mature state is greater than the wall thickness of either the fully immature or the...
Commentary: Continuing the quest for identifying specific criteria for the progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Commentary on Lee CF, Fong DYT, Cheung KMC, et al. A new risk classification rule for curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine J 2012;12:989–95 ( in this issue )
Mechanical Protein Unfolding and Translocation by AAA+ Proteases

In all cells, protein degradation regulates key processes and maintains protein quality control. The AAA+ protease ClpXP is one of the best-studied examples of the ATP-dependent machinery responsible for intracellular proteolysis. A ring-shaped hexamer of the ClpX ATPase first recognizes and denatures folded protein substrate, then translocates the unfolded polypeptide into the barrel-shaped ClpP peptidase for degradation. In recent studies, dual-laser optical trapping was used to dissect the molecular events resulting in protein degradation by single molecules of ClpXP (Aubin-Tam et al. 2011, Maillard et al. 2011). This technique allows for the detection of small events (nm scale) with high temporal resolution (sub-ms scale). Here, we adapt our single-molecule assay to study a related AAA+ protease ClpAP and to address whether the similar architecture shared by all AAA+ proteases indicates a common mechanism of protein denaturation and degradation. Unlike ClpX, ClpA contains two ATPase modules per hexamer subunit and represents a major subclass of double-ring protein remodeling enzymes. We find similarities but also differences in mechanochemical activity between single- and double-ring ATPases, which contribute to their distinct activities in protein unfolding and degradation. We anticipate that the methods used to study ClpXP and ClpAP at the single-molecule level can be readily applied to examine the activity of other AAA+ proteases and protein remodeling enzymes.Aubin-Tam ME, Olivares AO, Sauer RT, Baker TA, Lang MJ (2011). Single-molecule protein unfolding and translocation by an ATP-fueled proteolytic machine. Cell 145: 257-67.Maillard RA, Chistol G, Sen M, Righini M, Tan J, Kaiser CM, Hodges C, Martin A, Bustamante C (2011). ClpX(P) generates mechanical force to unfold and translocate its protein substrates. Cell 145: 459-69.
Global optimization of general constrained grey-box models: new method and its application to constrained PDEs for pressure swing adsorption

This paper introduces a novel methodology for the global optimization of general constrained grey-box problems. A grey-box problem may contain a combination of black-box constraints and constraints with a known functional form. The novel features of this work include (i) the selection of initial samples through a subset selection optimization problem from a large number of faster low-fidelity model samples (when a low-fidelity model is available), (ii) the exploration of a diverse set of interpolating and non-interpolating functional forms for representing the objective function and each of the constraints, (iii) the global optimization of the parameter estimation of surrogate functions and the global optimization of the constrained grey-box formulation, and (iv) the updating of variable bounds based on a clustering technique. The performance of the algorithm is presented for a set of case studies representing an expensive non-linear algebraic partial differential equation simulation of a pressure swing adsorption system for $$\hbox {CO}_{2}$$CO2. We address three significant sources of variability and their effects on the consistency and reliability of the algorithm: (i) the initial sampling variability, (ii) the type of surrogate function, and (iii) global versus local optimization of the surrogate function parameter estimation and overall surrogate constrained grey-box problem. It is shown that globally optimizing the parameters in the parameter estimation model, and globally optimizing the constrained grey-box formulation has a significant impact on the performance. The effect of sampling variability is mitigated by a two-stage sampling approach which exploits information from reduced-order models. Finally, the proposed global optimization approach is compared to existing constrained derivative-free optimization algorithms.
Brain Angiogenesis After Stroke

Stroke remains a major health problem worldwide, and is the leading cause of serious long-term disability. Although many advances have been made in terms of the basic molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal death, clinically effective neuroprotective drugs in stroke have not yet been discovered. Recent findings now suggest that strategies to enhance angiogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia may provide unique opportunities to improve clinical outcomes during stroke recovery. This chapter aims at summarizing current knowledge on mechanisms and potential targets for angiogenic therapies in brain after stroke. Crosstalk between cerebral endothelial cells and their neighboring cells may provide substrates for plasticity and remodeling in the recovering brain. A better understanding of the molecular interplay between all these complex pathways may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for this devastating disease.
Redox properties of a bis-pyridine rhenium carbonyl derived from an anthracene scaffold

Abstract We report the synthesis of a novel bis-pyridine chelate derived from an anthracene scaffold. Complexation of the N2 ligand with rhenium carbonyl affords the Re tricarbonyl bromide complex [(Anth-N2)Re(CO)3Br]. In THF solution, the title complex exhibits two quasi-reversible reductions located near − 2.1 and − 2.5 V vs Fc/Fc+, which are similar to those observed in the free Anth-N2 ligand, suggesting the non-innocent behavior of the complexed anthracene scaffold. Under CO2 atmosphere, the title complex exhibits an electrocatalytic response consistent with CO2 → CO reduction, and the presence of electrocatalytically generated CO was confirmed by bulk electrolysis. These results suggest that alternate locations of redox activity (other than at the Re metal center, pyr donors, or bpy framework) can lead to interesting electrochemical behavior.
Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures

Investigators at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India, conducted a retrospective analysis of semiologic patterns of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) diagnosed by video EEG in 56 children aged < 18 years (mean age 12.3 yrs; range 2-17 yrs).
“Not Marriage at All, but Simple Harlotry”: The Companionate Marriage Controversy

Only a few family members heard the Unitarian minister proclaim them husband and wife in Girard, Kansas, on November 22, 1927. But by the following evening, newspapers from New York to Los Angeles reported that Josephine Haldeman-Julius, aged eighteen, had wed Aubrey Clay Roselle, aged twenty, a student at the University of Kansas, in a secret ceremony at her parents' home, held a few days ahead of schedule in a futile bid for privacy. Readers learned that neither God's name nor even a reference to God's authority had passed the lips of the minister who officiated at the ceremony. Josephine and Aubrey had not exchanged the traditional Christian wedding vows, nor had the minister asked Aubrey to "endow the woman with his worldly goods."1 Instead, Josephine and Aubrey swore their commitment to one another as partners in a "companionate marriage." As they described it, companionate marriage enabled them to marry (and thus have a social ly sanctioned sexual relationship) while still too young to support themselves financially. In principle, if not yet by law, Josephine and Aubrey's companionate marriage permitted divorce without alimony at the two-year mark, assuming no children had been born in the interim. Josephine planned to continue living with her parents in Girard until she finished high school, after which she hoped to become a professional dancer. Aubrey would return to Lawrence, Kansas, to complete his degree. Though hardly mentioned in the press, the use of contraceptives enabled both husband and wife to pursue their educations and careers while still conforming to moral precepts and social conventions that limited sexual intercourse to marriage. "It seems almost too beautiful to be true to me," Josephine told the reporters who had descended on her parents' home.2 Their com panionate union epitomized what historians have described as marriage's early twenti eth-century transformation from a patriarchal, procreative institution into a relationship premised on equal sexual desires and mutual emotional fulfillment. But if it reflected the
Land Trusts and Beginning Farmers' Access to Land: Exploring the Relationships in Coastal California

This paper examines relationships between beginner farmers and land trusts in coastal California. Set within the context of land consolidation in agriculture and increasing land values, some beginner farmers have created innovative land tenure relationships with land trusts in order to gain access to affordable farmland. To examine the relationships between land trusts and beginning farmers, we ask: how do conservation land trusts and agricultural land trusts view their mission in relation the intersection of conservation and agriculture? Findings suggest there is a spectrum of positions that conservation and agricultural land trusts have taken in regards to the coexistence of agriculture and conservation on their land. The increasingly popular concepts found within the local food movement may be influencing a shift in the portrayal of land trust position and mission. However, differences between how land trusts act internally and how they portray themselves publicly emerged in farmer interviews. While there may be great deal of potential for land trusts to work with beginner farmers and thereby connect a new swath of the public to conservation through agriculture, both land trusts and beginner farmers need to wade carefully into relatively uncharted waters.