cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrahigh-speed laser modulation by injection locking

Publisher Summary Injection locking refers to a state when the frequency and phase of an oscillator, referred to as the slave oscillator, are locked through direct coupling or injection of another oscillator, referred to as the master oscillator. This chapter reviews theoretical and experimental results and the physical origin of injection-locked lasers with particular emphasis on its dynamic performance. Some performance improvements include ∼20-dB increase of both spur-free dynamic range (SFDR) and radio frequency (RF) link gain, one order of magnitude increase in resonance frequency, as well as ∼20-dB reduction in laser noise. A record-high modulation bandwidth of 66 GHz is attained by injection locking a 10-GHz vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). These properties can lead to an increase of the transmission distance or bandwidth. New applications, techniques, and performance of injection locking in wavelength-division multiplexed systems are discussed for metropolitan area networks and passive optical network applications. The characteristics of a directly modulated laser can be fundamentally changed when it is locked to a master laser through coherent nonlinear interactions, resulting in superior device performance for various applications.
Implementation of Information Technology in a Job Shop Manufacturing Company

A.B.C. Engineering is a Melbourne-based job shop manufacturing company. The company attempted a major improvement in the information technology area by implementing and enhancing the capability of a MIS software package called ManuSoft. The General Manager of A.B.C Engineering felt that the implementation of this commercially available package would enhance the productivity and help managers in the planning process. The company carried out a detailed study on various IT tools and information systems softwares that are applicable to the job shop manufacturing situation. Considering the prevailing company situations, it was decided that ManuSoft would satisfy the information requirements. A project team was set up to study the scope of IT improvements and implement the required IT/IS system.
The electrochemistry of proteins and related substances: I. Cystine and cysteine at the mercury electrode

Abstract Studies of the electroreduction of cystine (RSSR) and oxidation of cysteine (RSH) at several pH's at a hanging Hg drop electrode by cyclic voltammetry and at a Hg pool by coulometry are described. The proposed mechanism for RSSR involves reduction of an adsorbed monolayer (maximum coverage of 41 μC cm−2) to form solution phase RSH at the adsorption prewave. A diffusion controlled reduction of RSSR to RSH occurs at more negative potentials. Oxidation of RSH involves formation of an adsorbed organomercury species, e.g., Hg(RS)2 (maximum coverage of 80 μC cm−2), which is reducible back to RSH. At higher RSH concentrations, anodic and cathodic current spikes appear on the cyclic voltammograms which are ascribed to formation of a tight or compact film when monolayer coverage of Hg(RS)2 is attained, corresponding to strong interactions between adsorbed species.
Abstract P231: Metabolic and Life Style Risk Factors and All-Cause Mortality in the Miami Adult Studies in HIV (MASH) Cohort

Introduction: AIDS-related death rates have declined due to antiretroviral therapy (ART); however, non-AIDS related deaths have proportionally increased. Hypothesis: Metabolic factors and cocaine use are predictors of mortality in MASH, an HIV infected cohort of adults in Miami. Methods: We obtained consent and collected anthropometric, demographics, drug, and tobacco use, CD4 cell count and HIV viral load from 487 HIV-infected participants, followed for a median of two years. Death certificates were obtained from the Florida Bureau of Vital Statistics. Cocaine use was obtained from questionnaires and urine toxicology. Obesity and metabolic variables included: BMI>27 kg/m2, waist >88 cm for women and 102 cm for men, plasma glucose >110 mg/dl, systolic blood pressure >130 mmHg. Alcohol use was determined using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Sequential stepwise logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between the risk factors and mortality controlling by age, g...
On the presence and properties of cold ions near Earth's equatorial magnetosphere

Plasma flows related to magnetospheric convection or ULF waves often increase cold ions' kinetic energy sufficiently above the spacecraft potential energy so that these ions can be detected by charged particle instrumentation. Other detection methods also reveal the presence of cold ions even in the absence of flows. By applying such methods to complementary data sets obtained from particle, electric field, and magnetic field measurements by the multiple Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft, we study the occurrence rates of cold ions and properties—composition, densities, and temperatures—of the dominant species (H+, He+, and O+) near the equatorial magnetosphere. As plasma flows occur at all magnetic local time (MLT) sectors, predominantly outside the plasmasphere, they enable studies of cold ion occurrence and properties as functions of geocentric distance (up to 13 RE) and MLT. Of the dominant cold ions, protons are most abundant on the dayside and coldest almost everywhere. By comparison, the heavier ions show evidence of larger abundance on the nightside and higher temperatures at most locations: median nHe+/nH+ is ≤0.1 in the afternoon, ≥1.0 on the nightside, and near 0.5 at dawn; median nO+/nH+ exceeds 1 throughout the nightside and around dawn at smaller geocentric distances but varies from 0.0 to 0.1 in the afternoon; and TO+ > THe+ everywhere. By isolating the convective particle drift component of measured ion flows, we deduce that nightside/dawn/prenoon cold ions are components of the warm plasma cloak while cold ions near noon/afternoon are likely of mixed origin, including nightside/cusp outflow, plasmaspheric plumes, and the solar wind.
An adaptive motion correspondence algorithm for multiple vehicle tracking from an air-borne platform

As high-quality remote images become available for civilian applications, the idea of gathering traffic data from remote sensing has been proposed. One key issue in this area is how to track the vehicles through the remote image sequences. This paper describes an adaptive motion correspondence algorithm for multiple vehicle tracking from air-borne remote cameras. The motion correspondence is established by searching over an extended correspondence matrix. An on-line confidence factor is assigned to each track to control the search strategy. Experiments with real traffic scenarios showed that the algorithm could automatically distinguish track initiation from false detection, as well as track termination from occlusion, which demonstrated its feasibility for real-time applications.
Conformation, Independent of Charge, in the R Domain Affects Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Channel Openings

The R domain of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), when phosphorylated, undergoes conformational change, and the chloride channel opens. We investigated the contribution of R domain conformation, apart from the changes induced by phosphorylation, to channel opening, by testing the effect of the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, cyclophilin A, on the CFTR channel. When it was applied after the channel had been opened by PKA phosphorylation, cyclophilin A increased the open probability of wild-type CFTR (from P(o) = 0.197 +/- 0.010 to P(o) = 0.436 +/- 0. 029) by increasing the number of channel openings, not open time. Three highly conserved proline residues in the R domain, at positions 740, 750, and 759, were considered as candidate targets for cyclophilin A. Mutations of these prolines to alanines (P3A mutant) resulted in a channel unresponsive to cyclophilin A but with pore properties similar to the wild type, under strict control of PKA and ATP, but with significantly increased open probability (P(o) = 0.577 +/- 0.090) compared to wild-type CFTR, again due to an increase in the number of channel openings and not open time. Mutation of each of the proline residues separately and in pairs demonstrated that all three proline mutations are required for maximal P(o). When P3A was expressed in 293 HEK cells and tested by SPQ assay, chloride efflux was significantly increased compared to cells transfected with wild-type CFTR. Thus, treatments favoring the trans-peptidyl conformation about conserved proline residues in the R domain of CFTR affect openings of CFTR, above and beyond the effect of PKA phosphorylation.
Phase diagram of MgO from density-functional theory and molecular-dynamics simulations

We use first-principles methods~no empirical parameters! to establish the phase diagram for the B1~NaCl!, B2~CsCl!, and liquid phases of MgO. We used density-functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation to predict the equation-of-state @volume versus pressure NV( P)O# at 0 K for MgO in the low-density B1 ~NaCl! phase and the high-density B2 ~CsCl! phase. We find a pressure-induced phase transition at P5400 GPa. We then fitted an MS-Q type force field~FF! to the quantum results. This FF, denoted as qMS-Q FF, was then used in molecular dynamics ~MD! simulations to investigate the phase coexistence curves of the B1-B2 and B1-liquid phases. This leads to a first-principles phase diagram for MgO for pressures up to 500 GPa and temperatures up to 8000 K. The accuracy of the fit of the qMS-Q FF to the quantum mechanics validates the functional form of the qMS-Q FF in which the charges are obtained from charge equilibration ~QEq! and the nonelectrostatic forces are described with simple two-body Morse potentials. Such qMS-Q FF using no empirical data should be useful for MD or Monte Carlo simulations of many other materials. @S0163-1829~99!02346-2#
Challenges in Piaget's legacy.

The publication of After Piaget (Marti and Rodriguez 2012) hopefully triggers a new effort to understand the richness of the efforts of that major psychologist of the 20th century. Piaget was consistently concerned with part/whole relationships throughout his life. He addressed this issue philosophically, epistemologically, and psychologically. Conceptually Piaget struggled with the issue of continuity/discontinuity in development and changed his mind about how to reconcile the discontinuities of stages with his concept of development. I also attribute his variability to the implications of his important work on perception, and to his willingness to get involved in widespread concrete applications of his approach to education including the education of children with special needs; his center for genetic epistemology, and his interest in psychoanalysis. Benefiting from all the authors of After Piaget, I want to point out that Piaget has identified many major issues that will continue to constitute challenges to psychology in this century. These include specifying terms such as ‘development;’ methodological issues such as sampling both quantitatively in one culture and across cultures; comprehensive inclusion of the psychological processes covered by introductory textbooks in psychology; and conceptual issues such as the relationships among all these parts within a whole. I make a distinction between an ‘issue’ and a ‘problem’—problems have solutions; while issues refer to controversies in science generally as well as in psychology that have persisted for centuries.
The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics

Theorists of -secularization- have for two centuries been saying that religion must inevitably decline in the modern world. But today, much of the world is as religious as ever. This volume challenges the belief that the modern world is increasingly secular, showing instead that modernization more often strengthens religion. Seven leading cultural observers examine several regions and several religions and explain the resurgence of religion in world politics. Peter L. Berger opens with a global overview. The other six writers deal with particular aspects of the religious scene: George Weigel, with Roman Catholicism;David Martin, with the evangelical Protestant upsurge not only in the Western world but also in Latin America, Africa, the Pacific rim, China, and Eastern Europe; Jonathan Sacks, with Jews and politics in the modern world; Abdullahi A. An-Na'im, with political Islam in national politics and international relations; Grace Davie, with Europe as perhaps the exception to the desecularization thesis; and Tu Weiming, with religion in the People's Republic of China.
Sexually dimorphic effects of prenatal cocaine on adult sexual behavior and brain catecholamines in rats

Abstract Exposure to cocaine in utero (10 mg/kg twice a day on days 11–18 of gestation) differentially altered adult sexual behavior, brain catecholamine levels and perhaps open field activity in male and female rats. Female rats exposed to cocaine were significantly inhibited in their sexual behavior when compared to saline-exposed controls. In contrast, males exposed prenatally to cocaine exhibited normal or even facilitated sexual behavior. In particular, the significantly shorter post-ejaculatory intromission intervals displayed by cocaine-exposed males indicated that these animals might have enhanced sexual arousal or motivation. In tests for open field activity, males consistently showed higher levels of rearing behavior than females. Prenatal cocaine tended to reduce rearing in females, but this effect was not significant. Cocaine-exposed male rats had significantly higher norepinephrine and dopamine levels in the preoptic area than saline-exposed controls, whereas cocaine did not affect catecholamine content in male hypothalamus, striatum, cortex or cerebellum. Cocaine- and saline-exposed females had similar catecholamine levels in all brain regions. These results suggest that exposure of developing animals to modest doses of cocaine during mid to late gestation results in long-lasting, sexually dimorphic alterations of adult sexual behavior and brain catecholamines in rats.
Symplectic Geometry And Vibrating Systems With Periodic Coefficients

Abstract The vibration of discretized, rotating systems is discussed in the framework of symplectic geometry. Attention is focused on the manner in which the matrix equations of motion transform under a linear, differentiable change of co-ordinates; e.g., from a rotating frame to a stationary frame of reference. It is shown that one may eliminate periodic coefficients from the transformed equations of motion, even when the matrices being transformed do not satisfy the "multiplicity condition".
Postoperative reflux gastritis

The chief clinical features of forty-nine patients with the syndrome of reflux "alkaline" gastritis were epigastric pain, bilious vomiting, anemia, and the dumping syndrome. Separation of the symptoms of this syndrome from the symptoms of a multitude of other postgastrectomy syndromes is difficult, being complicated by a high incidence of emotional instability in these patients. Endoscopy remains the mainstay in diagnosis; among the characteristic endoscopic features are adherent mucus, edema, mucosal friability, and erosions, most severe on the gastric aspect of the stoma. The surgical treatment of choice is Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy accompanied by vagectomy.
Statistical Methods Used in Gifted Education Journals, 2006-2010

This article describes the statistical methods used in quantitative and mixed methods articles between 2006 and 2010 in five gifted education research journals. Results indicate that the most commonly used statistical methods are means (85.9% of articles), standard deviations (77.8%), Pearson’s r (47.8%), χ2 (32.2%), ANOVA (30.7%), t tests (30.0%), and MANOVA (23.0%). Approximately half (53.3%) of the articles included reliability reports for the data at hand; Cronbach’s alpha was the most commonly reported measure of reliability (41.5%). Some discussions of best statistical practice and implications for the field of gifted education are included.
The nervous system and chronic kidney disease in children.

This paper provides a review of the literature on the nervous system involvement incurred by children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD), with a particular focus on neuropsychological functioning. In addition to an historical overview of earlier literature, published studies from the past 14 years that address both central and peripheral nervous system function in children with CKD are reviewed (1990–2003). These studies span work in neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and neuropsychology. A key focus for this review is on variables that might affect neurodevelopmental status in these children. The paper concludes with suggestions for achieving progress in the understanding of this complication of kidney disease in children.
Development ofBrachymeria ovata [hymenoptera: chalcididae] in three noctuid hosts reared on artificial diet and insect-resistant and susceptible soybean genotypes

The development of the pupal parasitoidBrachymeria ovata (Say) was studied in 3 lepidopterous hosts reared on artificial diet and insect-susceptible and insectresistant soybena genotypes.Pseudoplusia includens (Walker),Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner andHeliothis zea (Boddie) pupae from larvae reared on soybean leaves were less suitable forB. ovata development than pupae from larvae reared on artificial diet.B. ovata emergence rates, size and sometimes development period were adversely affected on plant-reared hosts. Dissection of hosts 6 days after parasitisation byB. ovata showed a higher proportion of diet-reared host pupae contained large parasitoid larvae than plant-reared hosts. Suitability differences were also detected among hosts reared on different soybean genotypes but these differences did not parallel closely the response of the lepidopterous hosts to soybean genotypes.
Repression by the cI protein of phage λ: in vitro inhibition of RNA synthesis☆

We have studied the in vitro repression of RNA synthesis by the cI protein of phage λ. We find that highly purified cI protein is an effective and specific repressor of RNA synthesis from the early gene region of λ DNA. Under optimal conditions at least 95% of the early gene RNA synthesis is repressed and this repression is eliminated or severely impaired by the use of λ DNA-carrying operator-type mutations which reduce the binding affinity of the cI protein. Highly effective repression can be demonstrated only through the use of the initiation-inhibitor rifampicin, which presumably, selects “properly” initiated RNA chains; thus we can by-pass in vitro but not yet solve the problem of how the host polymerase initiates specifically in vivo from the immediate-early promoter sites.
Pharmacologic Management of Aggression in Adults with Intellectual Disability

Introduction : Aggression is a common behavioral problem seen in patients with intellectual disabilities (ID). The safety and efficacy of second generation antipsychotics (SGAs), mood stabilizers and antidepressants in the management of aggression in these individuals have minimally been studied. This review aims to 1) summarize the studies conducted using second generation antipsychotics, mood stabilizers and antidepressants in treating aggressive behaviors in patient with ID and 2) determine based on the existing literature, which medications have been examined in the most rigorous study design that might suggest the most efficacy for use in clinical practice. Methods : Literature searches using PUBMED Central, CINAHL Plus, PsychINFO, and Embase databases were conducted using the following terms: intellectual disability/disabilities, mental retardation, developmental disability/disabilities, aggression, agitation, behavior disorder, adult, treatment, management. Studies predominantly including children with ID, and autism/pervasive developmental disabilities spectrum disorders were excluded. Analyses were done by class of medication: SGAs, mood stabilizers and antidepressants. The primary outcome measure was reduction in aggressive or self injurious behaviors as measured by each individual study. Results : The most rigorous study designs found using these agents were randomized controlled trials (RCT). A total of 10 RCTs were found, the majority being with risperidone (3) and lithium (2). Treatment with risperidone showed reduction in aggression when compared to placebo in most RCTs with the exception of one study in which risperidone was not better than placebo. Both lithium studies showed reduction in aggression when compared to placebo. The most abundant literature exists in retrospective chart reviews. The most commonly studied agent was risperidone which showed reduction in aggression in majority of the studies. Conclusions : Limited data exists for treatment of aggression in adults with ID. There are very few studies examining pharmacologic agents using RCTs. Given that risperidone and lithium were the most commonly studied agents in the most rigorous experimental design, it is suggested that these two agents prove efficacious for treatment of aggression in patients with ID. Limitations to most of these studies included concomitant psychotropic administration with variations in types and dosing, severity of ID, and the idea that a wide variety of aggression scales were used to assess outcome. Further research with more scientific rigor is required in this field.
Guidance for Simulation-Based Modeling of Auxiliary Through Lanes

Auxiliary through lanes (ATLs) are a cost-effective means for reducing congestion at signalized intersections, but little guidance is currently available on how to model ATL operations in a microsimulation environment. Without calibration, microsimulation tools assign some vehicles to an ATL as a function of basic lane-changing algorithms; this process results in much higher ATL utilization than observed in the field. This paper presents empirical models that explain ATL use as a function of through-movement congestion. This level of ATL utilization can be achieved in simulation tools by altering certain parameters, chiefly the upstream decision distance (UDD) of the ATL. Peak-hour counts and signal-timing data were collected at 22 ATL approaches from across the United States and coded into simulation to compare field and simulated ATL utilization. Modification of the UDD enabled close modeling of ATL utilization at 19 of 22 sites; the remaining three ATLs could not be modeled accurately in simulation bec...
Steady-state chemical kinetics on fractals: Segregation of reactants.

Supercomputer simulations of the elementary A+B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0, diffusion-limited reaction were performed under steady-source conditions, on a cubic and a fractal lattice. While both reaction orders have the classical value (X=2) a dramatic segregation (``morphogenesis'') appears for the Sierpi\ifmmode \acute{n}\else \'{n}\fi{}ski gasket ``lattice.'' This is relevant to chemical reactions on heterogeneous catalysts, to annealing of radiation damage and electron-hole recombination in inhomogeneous media, to charge polarization in clouds, and to possible matter-antimatter distributions in a steady-state universe.
“I'm not really that bad”: Alternative School Students, Stigma, and Identity Politics

Public schools in the United States are predicated upon some common, albeit contested, understanding of a “normal” child. Such an identity comes with corresponding rules of behavior. In this study, we use identity politics as the primary lens through which to interpret the experiences of students at an alternative middle and high school. Through ethnographic field observational data and student interviews over a four-month period, we examine student narratives to inform the theoretical framework of this research. We conclude that the alternative school in this case study is a stigmatized space for students with spoiled identities (Goffman, 1963). We offer implications for alternative schools in general and suggest that their design, by definition, can reinforce the stigmatized identity and its corresponding “deviant” behavior.
Mutagenesis of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reveals a "push-pull" mechanism for proton transfer in aldo-keto reductases.

Rat liver 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 alpha-HSD, E.C. 1.1.1.213, AKR1C9) is a member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily which inactivates circulating steroid hormones. We have proposed a catalytic mechanism in which Tyr 55 acts as a general acid with its pK value being lowered by a hydrogen bond with Lys 84 which is salt-linked to Asp 50. To test this mechanism, residues at the active site were mutated and the mutant enzymes (Y55F, Y55S, K84M, K84R, D50N, D50E, and H117A) were purified to homogeneity from an Escherichia coli expression system. Spectrophotometric assays showed that mutations of Tyr 55 and Lys 84 gave enzymes that were apparently inactive for steroid oxidation and reduction. All mutants appeared inactive for steroid reduction. The catalytic efficiencies for steroid oxidation were reduced 4-10-fold for the Asp 50 mutants and 300-fold for the H117A mutant. Fluorescence titration with NADPH demonstrated that each mutant bound cofactor unimpeded. Equilibrium dialysis indicated that the competitive inhibitor testosterone formed E.NADH.testosterone complexes only with the Y55F, Y55S, and D50N mutants with Kd values 10-fold greater than those for wild-type. Therefore the loss of steroid oxidoreductase activity observed for the Tyr 55 mutants cannot be attributed simply to an inability to bind steroid. Using a highly sensitive radiometric assay in which the conversion of [14C]-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to [14C]-3 alpha-androstanediol (3 alpha-Diol) was measured, the rate enhancement (kcat/knoncat) for the reaction was estimated to be 2.6 x 10(9). Using this assay, all mutants formed steroid product with decreases in an overall rate enhancement of 10(1)-10(4). It was found that Tyr 55 made the single largest contribution to rate enhancement. This is the first instance where point mutations in the conserved catalytic tetrad of an AKR yielded enzymes which were still catalytically active. This enabled the construction of pH vs kcat profiles for the reduction of [14C]-5 alpha-DHT catalyzed by the tetrad mutants. These profiles revealed that the titratable group assigned to the general acid (pK = 6.50 +/- 0.42) was eliminated in the Y55F and H117A mutants. The pH-independent value of kcat was decreased in the H117A and Y55F mutants, by 2 and 4 log units, respectively. pH vs kcat(app) profiles for the oxidation of [3H]-3 alpha-Diol showed that the same titratable group (pK = 7.50 +/- 0.30) was eliminated in both the Y55F and K84M mutants but was retained in the H117A mutant. Since only the Y55F mutant eliminated the titratable group in both the reduction and oxidation directions it is assigned as the catalytic general acid/base. The differential effects of His 117 and Lys 84 on the ionization of Tyr 55 are explained by a "push-pull" mechanism in which His 117 facilitates proton donation and Lys 84 facilitates proton removal by Tyr 55.
Temperature-Dependent Variation in Self-Reported Contagious Yawning

The thermoregulatory theory posits that yawns function to cool the brain in part due to counter-current heat exchange with the deep inhalation of ambient air. In support of this theory, previous cross-cultural research on humans has shown that self-reported contagious yawning frequency varies between seasons with distinct ambient temperature ranges. However, it remains possible that differences in yawning across seasons are a result of physiological circadian changes across the year rather than variation in ambient temperature. In an attempt to address this question, here we discuss the results of a study investigating the variation in the frequency of self-reported contagious yawning within a restricted range of a single season in one geographic location. A total of 142 pedestrians were recruited outdoors during an 18-day period over the summer in an equatorial monsoon climate in southern Florida, USA. Consistent with the thermoregulatory theory of yawning, results showed that self-reported contagious yawning frequency varied predictably across temperature gradients. This was true after statistically controlling for relative humidity, time of day, time spent outside, testing day, age of participant, and amount of sleep the night before. These findings provide further evidence suggesting a brain cooling function to yawning.
Feminist community psychology: the dynamic co‐creation of identities in multilayered contexts

In this special issue, we view the development of feminist community psychology (FCP) as an ongoing project that must be co-created. This is reflected in articles that focus on authors' unique social locations inside and outside organizations in which they work, critical reflections on their multilayered identities, feminist methodological and pedagogical concerns, and the power of mentoring and social support. Authors discuss ways that critical reflexivity, feminist identities, and pedagogies can influence and be influenced by the practice of community psychology (CP). The intersectionality of identities is highlighted based on marginalized statuses from race/ethnicity, class, and sexuality to motherhood and “otherhood.” Authors also describe FCP practices including efforts to critique structural power asymmetries, reduce hierarchical professional relationships, and incorporate innovative interventions. We argue that these practices have libratory potential capable of creating social change consistent with the values and goals of FCP in particular and CP generally. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Entropy Waves Produced in Oscillatory Combustion of Solid Propellants

The dynamic response of a flat solid-propellant flame to an oscillating pressure field was studied experimentally in a window burner fitted to a T-tube rocket motor that served as a pressure oscillator. The burned gas temperature was measured as a function of time (or phase) during a pressure oscillation, and also as a function of distance from the surface. Such instantaneous measurements of gas temperature, when coordinated with simultaneous measurements of pressure, provide a measure of the entropy content of each element of gas as it flows away from the flame. Since the entropy content of each element of gas is nearly conserved as it flows along, an entropy wave train is formed. It is possible to,make deductions regarding the physics of the dynamic burning process by comparing the magnitude and phase of the observed entropy waves with the theoretical values predicted on the basis of a particular flame model. In general, the results show that the temperature of the gas flowing from the combustion zone responds neither isentropically nor isothermally to the pressure. Such responses were assumed in previous publications on the subject. However, on the basis of the KTSS model published recently, the magnitude and phase of the entropy wave are expected to vary in a more complicated form with the imposed frequency and the propellant properties. The observed waves reported in this paper tend to support these KTSS theoretical expectations.
Action of Sulfamido Compounds upon M. lysodeikticus and Lytic and Bactericidal Activities of Lysozyme

Summary(1) Sulfanilamide in high concentration (1000 mg %) exerts bacteriostatic activity toward small numbers of M. lysodeikticus. (2) Sulfanilamide in concentrations up to 1000 mg % and sulfapyridine and sulfathiazol in concentrations up to 100 mg °/c do not interfere with the lytic activity of lysozyme (egg white). (3) The combined use of lysozyme (egg white) and sulfamido compounds (sulfanilamide and sulfapyridine) exerts somewhat greater bactericidal effects upon M. lysodeikticus than either agent alone.
Mode‐coupling theory of diffusion in block copolymer melts: Influence of concentration fluctuations

The polymer mode‐coupling theory is extended to describe diffusion in block copolymer melts. Concentration fluctuations are shown to significantly slow down the diffusion near or below the order‐disorder transition temperature. These effects are stronger for longer tracers, and for homopolymer tracers compared with block copolymer tracers. Quantitative agreement is obtained between our theory and recent experiments.
Maternal Health Status and Parenting Stress in Low-Income, Ethnic-Minority Mothers of Children with Conduct Disorder Problems: the Role of Daily Parenting Hassles

Minimal attention has been given to understanding parenting stress among low-income, ethnically diverse mothers of children with conduct problems. Maternal health and parenting hassles may serve as important risk factors for parenting stress. This study examined whether parenting hassles mediated the relations between maternal physical and mental health and parenting stress in a sample of low-income, ethnically diverse mothers of children with behavioral problems. The sample included 177 low-income black, Latina, and white mothers of kindergartners with behavior problems. Path analysis was employed to assess the associations between maternal mental and physical health and parenting stress, as well as the moderating role of parenting hassles in this cross-sectional study. After adjusting for covariates, we found that parenting hassles mediated the relationship between social support and parenting stress as well as maternal health and parenting stress. Findings suggest that promoting coping resources for daily parenting hassles and supporting the physical and mental health of minority mothers may have important implications for parenting children with high behavior problems.
Inviting the pharmacist: a model for improved reproductive care access.

This editorial discusses the important role that pharmacists play in supporting access to health care although many times they are underutilized by other non-pharmacist health professionals. It explains collaborative models of pharmacy practice barriers and solutions to access and pharmacists compensation as it relates to conflict of interests. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Modulation of soleus H-reflex by presynaptic spinal mechanisms during varying surface and ankle brace conditions.

Abstract Aims Reflex excitability is modulated in part by presynaptic spinal mechanisms. Presynaptic inhibition may prevent an over-response of the motoneuron pool to afferent information. A paired-reflex depression (PRD) conditioning protocol can be used to monitor reflex plasticity. Manipulation of stance, surface, and external bracing are common methods of rehabilitating and treating lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries. The intent of this study was to evaluate changes in PRD of the soleus H-reflex during single-leg stance under varying stability conditions. Methods Seven trials were completed for each condition in ten healthy volunteers (age = 23 ± 1.8 yr, weight 65.0 ± 11.3 kg, height = 168.7 ± 28.0 cm). The conditioning stimuli were composed of soleus H-reflex pairs evoked 80 ms apart at an equal intensity. The mean percent decrease of the second H-reflex relative to the first represented PRD. Results A 2×2 repeated measures ANOVA (P Conclusion The increase in soleus PRD during the foam condition suggests depression of the motoneuron pool. This may lessen postural over-corrections while maintaining upright stance during less stable conditions. No change in PRD during the ankle brace condition suggests that mechanical reinforcement provided an increase in ankle stability, decreasing the demand on the motoneuron pool.
Cooling rate influences cryoprotectant distribution and organ dehydration in freezing wood frogs

Ice formation in the freeze-tolerant wood frog (Rana sylvatica) induces the production and distribution of the cryoprotectant, glucose. Concomitantly, organs undergo a beneficial dehydration which likely inhibits mechanical injury during freezing. Together, these physiological responses promote freezing survival when frogs are frozen under slow cooling regimes. Rapid cooling, however, is lethal. We tested the hypothesis that the injurious effects of rapid cooling stem from an inadequate distribution of glucose to tissues and an insufficient removal of water from tissues during freezing. Accordingly, we compared glucose and water contents of five organs (liver, heart, skeletal muscle, eye, brain) from wood frogs cooled slowly or rapidly during freezing to -2.5 degrees C. Glucose concentrations in organs from slowly cooled frogs were significantly elevated over unfrozen controls, but no significant increases occurred in rapidly cooled frogs. Organs from slowly cooled frogs contained significantly less water than did those from controls, whereas water contents from rapidly cooled frogs generally were unchanged. Rapid cooling therefore inhibited the production and distribution of cryoprotectant and organ dehydration during freezing. This inhibition may result from an accelerated, premature failure of the cardiovascular system.
Posterior Percutaneous Techniques for Thoracolumbar Trauma

Minimally invasive surgical techniques have expanded from their initial indications for the elective treatment of degenerative conditions to include their application in the setting of trauma. Percutaneous pedicle screw placement offers an option in the treatment of a variety of thoracolumbar fractures in neurologically intact patients. Screws can be used for the management of unstable burst fractures or as an "internal splint" for patients in whom bracing of a stable fracture may be contraindicated. In addition, they can be used for treatment of bony Chance fractures, allowing fracture healing without fusion. Percutaneous screws can be applied in a "damage control" setting as temporary stabilization in patients with multiple traumatic injuries who might not be physiologically able to tolerate a definitive open procedure early in their hospitalization. Finally, this technique can be applied to patients with ankylosing spinal disorders for stabilization without fusion until bony healing occurs. The technique for posterior pedicle screw placement and reduction maneuvers is described. Posterior minimally invasive screw placement is a safe, effective, viable option for stabilization of thoracolumbar fractures in a variety of settings.
A fast data collection and analysis system for a magnetic spectrometer

Abstract The data collection and pre-processing system used in LEAR experiment PS183 is described.
Internal Dynamics and Optical Rotations Predicted for Oh- and O-Symmetric Cubanes

B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculations find that cubanes, persubstituted with NO2 or BF2 groups, are predicted to undergo near-barrierless, internal disrotations. However, as a consequence of the intrinsically higher energies of eclipsed conformations for threefold than for twofold rotors, the threshold mechanisms for octamethyl-, octakis(trifluoromethyl)-, octakis(trichloromethyl)-, octakis(tribromomethyl)-, octasilylcubane, and octakis(trichlorosilyl)cubane are calculated to be mono- or conrotation. The cubanes with the larger substituents are predicted to be O-symmetric, resolvable, and thus optically active.
Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (Strangles) Infection

Streptococcus equi subsp. equi infection (strangles) is an acute, contagious upper respiratory tract disease of predominantly young horses characterized by rhinopharyngitis and lymphadenitis of the submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes. S. equi infects the host by attaching to tonsillar epithelium after inhalation or ingestion of infected secretions. Several components of the bacterium, including the capsular M-protein, contribute to virulence and immunogenicity. Nasopharyngeal mucosal and systemic immune responses are important for recovery, and most naturally infected horses become solidly immune for years thereafter. Definitive diagnosis is made by culture or polymerase chain reaction testing of nasal swabs, abscess aspirates, or guttural pouch lavages. Treatment is dependent on the stage and severity of disease. Inapparent carrier horses play an important role in persistence of S. equi and its transmission to susceptible populations. Control and prevention depend on isolation of affected horses, appropriate sanitation, identification of carriers, and judicious use of vaccines. Complications from S. equi infection include guttural pouch empyema, internal abscesses, purpura hemorrhagica, and myositis.
Chemically induced grain boundary migration in doped polycrystalline silicon films

Abstract Chemically induced grain-boundary migration is demonstrated in polycrystalline silicon films. Growth of anomalously large grains, along with dopant depletion, is observed in P-doped polycrystalline Si films annealed at 700°C in the presence of a neighboring TiSi 2 film. We propose a novel driving mechanism for migration here, an electrostatic force on the interface due to inhomogeneous dopant depletion.
Discrete Gauge Symmetry in Continuum Theories

We point out that local symmetries can masquerade as discrete global symmetries to an observer equipped with only low-energy probes. The existence of the underlying local gauge invariance can, however, result in observable Aharonov-Bohm-type effects. Black holes can therefore carry discrete gauge charges---a form of nonclassical ``hair.'' Neither black-hole evaporation, wormholes, nor anything else can violate discrete gauge symmetries. In supersymmetric unified theories such discrete symmetries can forbid proton-decay amplitudes that might otherwise be catastrophic.
Validation of Functional Methods for Calculating Shoulder Joint Centers Using 3D Motion Analysis

Research in upper body kinematics and kinetics requires accurate estimation of anatomical joints. Currently the use of regressive techniques using anatomical landmarks is the most common way of calculating upper limb joint centers. Research has shown that functional joint center methods can produce more accurate results than traditional regressive methods in the estimation of hip joint center. This paper investigates the use of functional methods for the estimation of the shoulder joint center using 3D motion analysis data. Three methods for calculating the functional joint center were tested: 1) a standard sphere fit regression, 2) a regression developed and tested for use finding the hip joint center (Piazza method) [1], and 3) a gradient method developed for this paper similar to the one used by Schonauer [2]. First the functional joint center methods were tested in MATLAB using data with random points rotating around a known joint center with varying amounts of noise. Using the MATLAB calculations the accuracy and repeatability of each method was analyzed. Functional joint centers were then calculated from two sets of motion analysis data. The first data set contained shoulder range of motion data, and the second set was gathered during activities of daily living (ADL). Both motion analysis sets used data collected from a healthy adult male subject using a Vicon motion analysis system. The repeatability of each method using the motion analysis data was then analyzed. The MATLAB tests show that the gradient method has the highest tolerance to noise in the data. Results from the motion analysis test show that, of the methods tested, no functional method was found to have consistent results for individual tasks. Each of the functional methods requires a range of motion not prevalent in most ADLs in order to generate a reliable joint center. Joint centers calculations improved in accuracy and reliability with a greater number of trials and larger range of motion. The functional methods are suitable for use in future studies that include a large range of motion.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Room-temperature phosphorescence of 3- and 5-substituted indoles

Abstract The room-temperature phosphorescence of indole and thirteen substituted indoles on Schleicher and Schull 2040A filter paper is reported. Caesium and iodide ions are effective in increasing the emission intensity. In the presence of iodide, the excitation and emission wavelengths of indole are 279 and 440 nm respectively. The excitation and emission wavelengths of indoles with aliphatic groups in the 3-position are 288–289 and 443–449 nm respectively. Indoles with 3,5-substitution have excitation and emission wavelengths of 300–308 and 448–460 nm respectively. Indoxylsulphate and indoxyl-β- d -glucoside were the only indoles surveyed for which variations in the excitation and emission wavelengths depended on the heavy-atom ion present. These compounds had excitation wavelengths ranging from 288 to 388 nm, depending on which heavy-atom perturber was used. Emission wavelengths were 460–500 nm. Log—log plots of intensity vs. concentration were linear between 0.05 and 700 μg/ml for all the compounds studied, with detection limits in the nanogram range.
Alterations in striatal glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in response to 6-hydroxydopamine-induced denervation

Following injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) into one side of the substantia nigra, immunohistochemical studies showed that the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive [GFAP(+)] astrocytes in the striatum was significantly increased 1 day later and reached a maximum value, with intense immunoreactivity, 4 days after 6-OHDA injection. The number of GFAP(+) cells then gradually declined but was still 1.7 times the control value by 28 days postlesion. GFAP content, determined by immunoblot, and GFAP messenger RNA (mRNA) both reached maximal increases in the striatum 7 days after lesion: the mRNA returned to control values by 28 days, whereas GFAP content remained significantly elevated. Although the increases were all larger on the lesioned side, there were also significant changes on the contralateral side, as well as following saline injection. These results support the hypothesis that products released from damaged neurons are responsible for the induction of reactive gliosis, but cannot distinguish between effects mediated directly on the astrocytes or indirectly via other cells such as the microglia.
Impacts of silvicultural practices on soil and litter arthropod diversity in a Texas pine plantation

Abstract In this study we used the diversity of soil and litter arthropods as a metric for evaluating the ecological effects of silvicultural practices of various intensities in a loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) forest ecosystem. The treatments included low and high intensity harvesting, soil bedding, chemical herbicide application, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization. Soil and litter cores were used to sample arthropods after harvesting. In the first year following removal of trees, species diversity was higher in hand-fell, bole-only harvested plots than in mechanical, whole-tree harvested plots and higher in non-bedded plots than in bedded plots. However, these differences did not persist into the second year following harvesting. The recovery of undergrowth vegetation in the second year and the development of a rudimentary litter layer may have increased diversity in the more intensively treated plots. Arthropod species richness increased following nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization, but Shannon diversity did not. This indicates that the arthropod community had responded to fertilization with a shift in community composition. The rapid recovery of arthropod diversity in the second year following tree removal suggests that the silvicultural treatments used at this site did not put long-term productivity at risk. Comparisons with other similar studies suggest that when aiming for sustainable forest management, the particular silvicultural practices that allow for ecosystem recovery may depend on local and regional conditions.