cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Analysis of Metal Droplets During Cold Metal Transfer

Abstract Cold metal transfer (CMT) is an advanced gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process that features a reduced thermal input and improved stability of arc. This report examines the correlations between welder parameters and droplet properties in a one-cycle CMT characteristic where a single droplet was transferred. Through design of experiment and statistical analysis, it is revealed that the weight of the deposited metal droplet has a linear relationship with the output energy of CMT, and the weight can be precisely controlled by adjusting CMT parameters. The droplet surface contact angle is independent of the output energy and has no clear correlation with CMT parameters due to the relatively large thermal conductivity of copper and the heat capacity of the coupon. However, when the thickness of the copper coupon was reduced, the substrate temperature did increase, and the droplet had a smaller contact angle. In addition, the metal droplet transfer during the CMT process is subjected to a phenomenon known as magnetic arc blow which affects the landing position. When the ground connection was not in line with the electrode, the bent electric current path deflected the welding arc away from the ground connection. When the ground connection was attached underneath the projection path of the electrode, the droplet deflection disappeared. The knowledge obtained in this study is crucial to optimizing the CMT process and improving the quality of the subsequent copper joining processes.
Character Education in Athletics

(1928). Character Education in Athletics. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 33, No. 9, pp. 578-581.
Investigating the Influence of Geological Heterogeneity on Capillary Trapping of Buoyant CO2 Using Transmitted-light Flow Visualization Experiments

Abstract Small scale heterogeneity characteristic of clastic formations has been well known to affect CO 2 migration pathways during geologic carbon sequestration. Especially far field from the injection sites, when buoyancy and capillary forces take over from the injection pressure gradients, the effects of such geological features on the CO 2 plume movement become compounded. Numerical simulations have established that accumulation and trapping of the buoyant plume is primarily due to the contrast in capillary entry pressures of different rock layers. Capillary trapping can help maximize the storage capacity of reservoirs and hence it is essential to understand the dynamics of CO 2 movement and trapping under the influence of small scale heterogeneity and quantify its effects. In this work we propose buoyancy driven migration experiments and simulations conducted at the meter scale using glass beads packed in a quasi 2D glass cell. Using a combination of two linear axis actuators, we demonstrate an automated glass bead filler system that can generate 2D heterogeneous structures in a reproducible manner. A fluid pair that mimics the phase densities and viscosities of CO 2 -Brine at reservoir pressures and temperatures is employed. Light transmission technique is used for visualization, and to calibrate and quantify saturation of the trapped non-wetting fluid during the experiments. Invasion Percolation is used to simulate the buoyancy driven flow. With the ability to generate different types of heterogeneous structures in a reproducible manner, and by comparing experiments and simulations, a systematic investigation of the effect of heterogeneity on capillary trapping becomes possible.
Penn State University TRIGA Reactor Digital Reactivity Computer: Development and Testing

Abstract A digital control rod reactivity computer (DRC) has been developed using commercially available software (National Instruments LabView) for use to determine control rod worth curves for the Penn State University TRIGA research reactor. For low-worth reactivity steps, use of the prompt-jump approximation to the point kinetics equations enabled rapid calculation of rod reactivity insertions and minimized measurement noise effects. In contrast, use of the In-Hour method (an historically-effective way of determining control rod reactivity) would take several hours, compared to 30 min with the DRC for a complete control rod worth curve. All of the data acquisition, reactivity calculations, and integral control rod worth curve fitting are performed in LabView, which additionally provides for development of the graphical user interface. Results demonstrate the LabView DRC developed provides a platform for these measurements that calculates accurate control rod reactivity measurements in significantly less time than the historically accepted In-Hour method.
Nanoscale Optical Modulators: Application Drivers and Recent Developments

Tiny active components will enable a new generation of integrated photonics for communications and sensing. This paper discusses highlights from ongoing programs that seek to reduce the footprint of optical modulators using strong light-matter interaction.
Micromechanical properties of alkali-activated slag cement binders

Abstract An experimental investigation into the micromechanical properties of alkali-activated slag cement (AASC) binders was carried out using targeted and grid nanoindentation. The results of grid indentation techniques were deconvolved using Gaussian mixture modeling with Bayesian model selection to determine the appropriate number of component phases for the model. The information given by the resulting mixture models and from targeted indentation experiments was disseminated in the context of existing information about the composition and development of the microstructure in AASC binders. The microstructure of sodium silicate-activated slag cement contains only two components (ground mass gel and unreacted slag cement) upon microscopic examination, but indentation data suggest that it is much more complex and varied. The microstructure of sodium hydroxide-activated slag cement contains ground mass gel, unreacted slag cement, and an inner product ring surround the unreacted slag. The inner product is denser, harder, and stiffer than the surrounding product phases. The micromechanical properties in sodium hydroxide-activated slag cement are not affected by activator molarity; the macroscale strength is similarly unaffected. Conversely, the micromechanical properties of sodium silicate-activated slag show a slight improvement with increased silica modulus, while the macroscale strength shows a significant improvement. The macroscale improvement is likely due to the increased size of unreacted slag cement grains, which are shown to be very hard and stiff.
Single and compound logographic Kanji words elicit distinct early neurophysiological responses: ERP evidence from fluent and naïve Kanji readers

Abstract While the N170 to printed words in alphabetic scripts is consistently left-lateralized, the available evidence on logographic scripts is much less consistent. Here, we examined the extent to which use of single-character (e.g.,目) versus compound-character (e.g., 目玉) words in a logographic script could account for differences in the laterality of early neural responses in fluent readers. Participants included both fluent Kanji readers (n = 17) as well as naive Kanji readers (n = 19), in order to separate out differences due to low-level physical differences between stimuli. While fluent Kanji readers showed a larger amplitude N170 overall relative to naive readers, this expertise effect was bilateral, rather than left-lateralized as is common with alphabetic scripts. Trend-level differences in laterality were observed at the earlier P1 response, which has not been extensively examined in previous studies of logographic script reading, with naive readers only tending to show right-lateralization across both single- and compound-character Kanji words. Both participant groups differentiated single and compound Kanji words, but contrary to predictions these effects were bilateral and evident during different stages of processing in each group. Among naive readers, compound Kanji elicited a larger amplitude P1, suggesting influence on early perceptual processing, whereas among fluent readers, these differences were not apparent until the later N170. Taken together, findings from the present study indicate that low-level visual characteristics and perceptual expertise interact during the specialization of neural circuits for print, with implications for theories of lateralization of neural circuits for print.
Bilateral Angle Closure Following the Infusion of a Monoclonal Antibody to Treat Relapsing Multiple Myeloma.

Purpose:We describe a case of bilateral angle closure glaucoma following the infusion of daratumumab, a monoclonal antibody used to treat relapsing multiple myeloma.Methods:This is an interventional case report.Results:A 59-year-old woman presented with bilateral angle closure glaucoma one day follo
Neonatal abstinence syndrome and neurodevelopmental health outcomes: A state of the science

Abstract Despite the alarming increase in the numbers of infants born with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), little is known about the effect on the children past the age of four. Clinical findings associated with NAS are found in the literature to have a negative effect on neurodevelopmental health outcomes. The purpose of this review is to examine the current evidence regarding NAS and neurodevelopmental outcomes, identify gaps in the literature, and discuss the possible association between NAS symptoms and neurodevelopmental disorders. A comprehensive literature review of quantitative research and review articles identified human and animal studies to clarify the current knowledge on the long-term effects of opioid exposure and NAS on neurodevelopmental outcomes. The analysis found that infants exposed to opioids in utero are at risk for poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes in early childhood; however, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the effect of NAS as children age.
Implementation of an Algorithm for Fitting a Class of Generalized Logistic Models

A general class of models is proposed for describing the dependence of binary data on explanatory variables, extending the scope of the standard logistic model. A simple and intuitive algorithm for fitting parameters is presented, based on the properties of generalized linear models; implementation is facilitated through the flexibility of GLIM. Asymptotic variance expressions are derived for the parameters and the fitted values. User defined GLIM macros for fitting the model are included and an example is presented.
Reasoning in non-axiomatic logic: a case study in medical diagnosis

Non-Axiomatic Logic (NAL) is designed for intelligent reasoning, and can be used in a system that has insufficient knowledge and resources with respect to the problems to be solved. This paper reports the result of a case study that applies NAL in medical diagnostics, and this logic is compared with binary logic and probability theory.
Study of shock waves and solitons in bulk superfluid He4

Properties of shock waves and solitons in superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ were studied by time-resolved shadowgraph experiments and theoretical density functional theory calculations. Pressure estimates for shock waves and the bright soliton limit (0.2 MPa) were provided and compared with the semiclassical Rankine-Hugoniot theory. Overall, the shock wave amplitude-velocity relationship was observed to be linear at least up to 175 kg/${\mathrm{m}}^{3}$. At high amplitudes, the shock waves decay into sound waves in the wake as well as a bright soliton train in the front. This suggests that the experimental shadowgraph data presented by Ancilotto et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 035302 (2018)] correspond to such a train structure rather than an individual bright soliton. With reference to theoretical calculations, a new approach based on an accelerating wall embedded in the liquid is proposed for generating single solitons in superfluid helium. This process is also predicted to produce dark solitons in superfluid helium, which have not yet been observed experimentally. At low soliton amplitudes, collision with an exponentially repulsive wall results in nearly lossless reflection, which is accompanied by soliton inversion from dark to bright or bright to dark.
Factors associated with motor vehicle-related eye injuries presenting to the US emergency departments

Objectives To evaluate risk factors associated with eye injuries related to motor vehicle accidents (MVA) using a multicentre national database from the US emergency departments. Patients and methods A post hoc analysis from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample database (2006-2013) was performed. Patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with MVA-related trauma were included. We then evaluated patient- and centre-level risk factors associated with the presence of ocular trauma using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results A total of 2,745,152 patients from 2080 ED were identified for inclusion. Of these, 31,493 patients (1.14%) were associated with ocular trauma. The most common ocular injuries reported in our study were injury to ocular adnexa, orbital fractures, subconjunctival haemorrhage, foreign body on eye, and open wound of the eyeball. In univariate analysis, the other patient factors associated with ocular trauma included male gender, >1 chronic condition, admission during weekend, >1 bodily injury, higher injury severity score (ISS), presence of skull fractures and other bodily fractures, seizures, and initiation of mechanical ventilation after MVA. The hospital characteristics associated with highest incidence of ocular trauma included ED visit to a level I trauma centre and metropolitan teaching hospital. The independent factors associated with ocular trauma included younger age groups, male gender, weekend injury, presence of chronic conditions, >1 bodily injury, higher ISS, presence of skull fractures, ED admission to level-1 trauma centre, and ED admission to a teaching hospital. Conclusions This multicentre study establishes that both patient- and centre-level factors are associated with MVA-related eye injuries.
Magnetotransport in a strain superlattice of graphene

Three-dimensional (3D) deformation of two-dimensional materials offers a route toward band structure engineering. In the case of graphene, a spatially nonuniform deformation and strain are known to generate an effective magnetic field, i.e., a pseudomagnetic field, although experimental realization of this effect in electronic devices has been challenging. Here, we engineer the 3D deformation profile of graphene to create a strain superlattice and study the resultant magnetotransport behavior both experimentally and via quantum transport simulations. We observe a weakening of superlattice features as we increase the magnetic field, which we find to be consistent with competing interactions between the external magnetic field and the strain-induced pseudomagnetic field. Our results demonstrate that strain superlattices are promising platforms to modulate the band structure and engineer the electronic transport behavior in graphene.Three-dimensional (3D) deformation of two-dimensional materials offers a route toward band structure engineering. In the case of graphene, a spatially nonuniform deformation and strain are known to generate an effective magnetic field, i.e., a pseudomagnetic field, although experimental realization of this effect in electronic devices has been challenging. Here, we engineer the 3D deformation profile of graphene to create a strain superlattice and study the resultant magnetotransport behavior both experimentally and via quantum transport simulations. We observe a weakening of superlattice features as we increase the magnetic field, which we find to be consistent with competing interactions between the external magnetic field and the strain-induced pseudomagnetic field. Our results demonstrate that strain superlattices are promising platforms to modulate the band structure and engineer the electronic transport behavior in graphene.
A Constitutional Right to Public Information

In the wake of the 2013 United States Supreme Court decision of McBurney v. Young (569 U.S. 221), this Article calls for policymakers at the federal and state levels to ensure governmental records remain open and accessible to the public. It urges policymakers to call not only for strengthening of the Freedom of Information Act and the various state public records law, but to pursue an amendment to the United States Constitution providing a right to public information. This Article proposes a draft of such an amendment: The right to public information, being a necessary and vital part of democracy, shall be a fundamental right of the people. The right of the people to inspect and/or copy records of government, and to be provided notice of and attend public meetings of government, shall not unreasonably be restricted. This Article analyzes the benefits of the amendment and concludes the enshrining of the right to public information in both the United States Constitution as well as various state constitutions will ensure greater access of public records and documents to the general public, consistent with the democratic value of open, transparent government.
Strategic Global Logistics Management for Sourcing Road Oil in the U.S.

The demand for asphalt and road oil heavily leverages local supply because the product is a hot binder of aggregates that form the final mix needed to pave roads. This paper discusses the supply chain characteristics of crude oil feedstock by considering the overall logistics of sourcing heavy crude oil domestically, or importing it from international trading partners. Heavy crude oil is a source of asphalt and road oil production. The study examines critical global and domestic logistics factors such as customs, regulations, security, environmental compliance, and natural events that will affect costs, schedules, and risks. The study provides a framework for decision-making in sourcing the feedstock. The study helps global logisticians and transportation managers improve strategic design and planning towards efficient sourcing.
Gene-edited human stem cell–derived β cells from a patient with monogenic diabetes reverse preexisting diabetes in mice

Differentiation of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients with diabetes promises to provide autologous cells for diabetes cell replacement therapy. However, current approaches produce patient iPSC-derived β (SC-β) cells with poor function in vitro and in vivo. Here, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to correct a diabetes-causing pathogenic variant in Wolfram syndrome 1 (WFS1) in iPSCs derived from a patient with Wolfram syndrome (WS). After differentiation to β cells with our recent six-stage differentiation strategy, corrected WS SC-β cells performed robust dynamic insulin secretion in vitro in response to glucose and reversed preexisting streptozocin-induced diabetes after transplantation into mice. Single-cell transcriptomics showed that corrected SC-β cells displayed increased insulin and decreased expression of genes associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress. CRISPR-Cas9 correction of a diabetes-inducing gene variant thus allows for robust differentiation of autologous SC-β cells that can reverse severe diabetes in an animal model.
A Puzzling Case of Increasing Pain After Chronic Opioid Therapy

Over the past 20 years in the United States, opiate consumption has increased from 105 mg/capita in 1990 to 693 mg/capita in 2010. With the rise in opioid use, we have seen over the years the number of patients experiencing side effects has increased. Problems with overdoses, addiction, tolerance, and opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) all continue to become more prevalent. Providers will need to become more vigilant and more selective in the situations and specific patients they decide to implement opioid therapy. If this is not done, then this situation will only become worse over time creating negative outcomes for both patients and for society. The opioid issue in our country has now become national news and is a widespread problem. One of the troubles with the pervasive use of opioids in the United States is the issue of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Its existence is not known by all practitioners. To make matters worse, no specific guidelines on OIH exist nor do any agreed upon diagnostic criteria or definitive treatments exist. More research needs to be done to better understand the pathophysiology, prevalence, risk factors, and treatments of OIH in order to prevent pain and suffering in a tremendous amount of patients.
Democracy and Populism

In the U.S. and other parts of the Western world, liberal democracy is being challenged by populism. We see vividly every day the impact that populism is having on democratic practice, but what about its effect on democratic theory? An eruption of populism is a permanent possibility in representative democracies, and this causes serious trouble for two leading types of democratic theory, deliberative democracy and aggregative democracy. If my arguments are correct, we may be left without a normative democracy theory that satisfies basic moral requirements.
Recent Development of Frequency Estimation Methods for Future Smart Grid

The frequency estimated by the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a critical index of power system status and supports many smart grid applications. The future smart grid features high penetration of renewables and more fast-moving power electronics inverters but raises challenges to the reliable frequency estimation. This article presents three methods to address these challenges. First, an enhanced zero-crossing algorithm was developed to track the fast-changing frequency in system dynamics. Second, we propose a technology that can tolerate the system transient and suppress the outliers. Third, an algorithm was developed to export high time-resolution frequency estimations with minimum computational effort. All of the proposed methods are realized in hardware and compared with classical frequency estimation methods. The testing results indicate that the proposed methods have excellent performance. They can be used in future PMUs and provide reliable and high time resolution data for smart grid applications.
Machine Learning the Central Magnetic Flux Density of Superconducting Solenoids

The central magnetic flux density is usually simulated via finite element methods that require a significant amount of inputs and computation resources. We develop the Gaussian process regression (...
One person's trash is another person's treasure: In search of an efficient property regime for waste in the Global South.

Abstract Previous literature has studied waste picking as an economic, social, and environmental phenomenon of great importance in the Global South. The legal foundations of waste picking have, however, received little scholarly attention. Surveys conducted by the global network Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing show that laws about access to waste are a central concern for many waste pickers. We study the efficiency of different property regimes for waste in the Global South. The candidate regimes are exclusionary ownership of waste by one category (private companies or the waste pickers), public ownership by the state, common or communal ownership, and res nullius (“first in time, first in right”). Any property regime that tries to exclude the waste pickers from accessing waste is associated with high transaction costs. We argue that the res nullius regime, complemented by waste pickers' organizations, regulates the waste sector efficiently in the Global South.
Advances in quantitative high‐throughput phosphoproteomics with sample multiplexing

Eukaryotic protein phosphorylation modulates nearly every major biological process. Phosphorylation regulates protein activity, mediates cellular signal transduction, and manipulates cellular structure. Consequently, the dysregulation of kinase and phosphatase pathways has been linked to a multitude of diseases. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic techniques are increasingly used for the global interrogation of perturbations in phosphorylation-based cellular signaling. Strategies for studying phosphoproteomes require high-specificity enrichment, sensitive detection, and accurate localization of phosphorylation sites with advanced LC-MS/MS techniques and downstream informatics. Sample multiplexing with isobaric tags has also been integral to recent advancements in throughput and sensitivity for phosphoproteomic studies. Each of these facets of phosphoproteomics analysis present distinct challenges and thus opportunities for improvement and innovation. Here, we review current methodologies, explore persistent challenges, and discuss the outlook for isobaric tag-based quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis.
COVID-19 infection in the cancer population: a study of emergency department imaging utilization and findings.

To analyze emergency department (ED) computerized tomography (CT) utilization in cancer patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A retrospective chart review was performed to identify cancer patients who received COVID-19 diagnosis within the single healthcare system and presented to the ED within 30 days of COVID-19 positive date between May 1 and December 31, 2020. In our 61 patients, the mean age was 72.5 years old, with 34% of patients (n = 21) on active cancer therapy and 66% (n = 40) on surveillance only. Most patients (n = 53) received their COVID-19 diagnosis within the ED, with 8 patients diagnosed prior to initial ED visit. The most common CT studies ordered within the ED were CT chest (n = 25), CT abdomen/pelvis (A/P) (n = 20), CT head (n = 8), and CT chest/abdomen/pelvis (C/A/P) (n = 7). COVID-19 findings were present on 33 scans, findings of worsening malignancy on 12 scans, and non-COVID non-cancer findings on 9 scans. Significant differences in CT severity score (p = 0.0001), indication for hospitalization (p = 0.026), length of hospitalization (p = 0.004), interventions (remdesivir, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support) while hospitalized (p < 0.05), and mortality (p = 0.042) were found between the prior diagnosis and ED diagnosis groups. No such differences were found between the active treatment and surveillance groups. ED CT imaging findings in patients with cancer and COVID-19 are predominantly related to COVID-19 infection, rather than cancer history or anti-cancer therapy status.
Measuring Attitudes Toward Pregnant Women who are Incarcerated in a University Sample

Public attitudes toward people who are incarcerated have been studied; however, there is a paucity of information regarding how the public views pregnant women who are incarcerated. We conducted a ...
Mistaken identity: acute respiratory arrest from accidental ingestion of poison hemlock.

Dear Editor,Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum) is a commonly occurring member of the parsley family and misidentification of the plant may lead to accidental ingestion. The stem is characteristicall...
Investigation of High Temperature Isobutylene Polymerizations Utilizing Real-Time ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy

We have conducted a series of kinetic investigations on controlled cationic isobutylene (IB) polymerizations at high temperature, i.e., -10°C, monitored using in situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy (ReactIR 1000, ASI Applied Systems,Inc.). The polymerizations were carried out in chlorinated solvents with boron trichloride as Lewis acid catalyst, and in the presence of the Lewis base (LB)2,4-lutidine, 2,6-lutidine, or 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine, or the common-ionpre cursor, tetra-n-butyl ammonium chloride. Our goal was to produce nearly monodisperse polyisobutylene (PIB) with precise control over molecular weight and macromolecular architecture, including end groups. FTIR revealed subtle details of the polymerization at low monomer conversion that would have proved difficult to detect through the use of traditional, gravimetric analysis. NMR characterization of aliquots revealed a reversible, chain end dehydrochlorination reaction, which occurs at low monomer conversions. In situ NMR experiments were conducted to further the mechanism of this reaction.
Digitally integrated practices: a new paradigm in the teaching of digital media in architecture

With the advent of the 21st century, the 25-year-old promise of multi-parametric modeling has re-emerged reincarnated as Building Information Modeling (BIM). Promoted by a trend toward Integrated Practices (IP), BIM can provide instrumentation for the design, representation, documentation of the projects, and the exchange of information among designers and other stakeholders. A growing number of disciplines in the design and construction industry are embracing the use of BIM and consequently the academia is addressing related training needs. This paper presents the accumulative experience of the authors over the last decade at Texas A&M University regarding digital media integration and our current plans for addressing future demands and opportunities. As a matter of introduction, the paper makes reference to early implementations of multi-parametric modeling in electronic design studios, early use of the Internet for the implementation of collaborative virtual design studios, and their evolution towards virtual multidisciplinary studios and fabrication studios that make use of BIM software. At the core, the paper explains how BIM can be a pedagogical tool for multidisciplinary integration and curricular articulation. The paper makes evident that BIM is more than a phenomena happening in the profession and something the academia must simply provide training for. The paper ends by drawing conclusions that outline how we can produce the design briefings of projects especially directed toward offering multidisciplinary learning opportunities in studios instrumented by means of BIM software. Key words: building information modeling, multiparametric modeling, integrated practices, digital media education.
Kinetic Ejection of Electrons from Solids

Electron secondary emission from interaction of ion, atom and molecular energetic beams with solids, especially when kinetic energy is significant
Mouse Models of Global Cerebral Ischemia

Use of rodent models of hippocampal neurodegeneration are recommended for use in studies to understand the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms involved. This unit includes protocols for two-vessel occlusion, three-vessel occlusion, and permanent bilateral vertebral artery occlusion plus methods for histological techniques for preparation of brain tissue and analysis of hippocampal injury.
LIDAR and Numerical Modeling Studies of Small-Scale Lateral Dispersion in the Ocean

Abstract : One objective of our work is to determine the extent to which shear dispersion the interaction of vertical mixing with vertical shear can explain lateral dispersion at scales of 10 m to 10 km. A second objective is to determine whether slow but persistent vortices enhance the stirring attributable to shear dispersion. We also share the overall objectives of the Lateral Mixing DRI to try to determine the extent to which submesoscale stirring is driven by a cascade of energy down (in wavelength) from the mesoscale, versus a propagation of energy upwards from small mixing events (e.g., via generation of vortices). A key technical goal of our work is to develop the use of airborne LIDAR surveys of evolving dye experiments as a tool for studying submesoscale lateral dispersion.
Symbolic support graph: a space efficient data structure for incremental tabled evaluation

In an earlier paper, we described a data structure, called support graph, for efficient incremental evaluation of tabled logic programs. The support graph records the dependencies between answers in the tables, and is crucial for efficiently propagating the changes to the tables when facts are deleted. Incremental computation with support graphs are hundreds of times faster than from-scratch evaluation for small changes in the program. However, the graph typically grows faster than the tables themselves, making it impractical to maintain the full support graph for large applications. In this paper we present a data structure, called symbolic support graph, which represents support information compactly. For a variety of useful tabled logic programs, the size of the symbolic support graph grows no faster than the table size. We demonstrate its effectiveness using a large application: a logic-programming-based points-to analyzer for C programs. The incremental analyzer shows very good scalability in terms of space usage, and is hundreds of times faster than from-scratch analysis for small changes to the program.
Cinema, emergence, and the films of Satyajit Ray, by Keya Ganguli

Keya Ganguli's book is an exciting and erudite contribution and a new assessment of Satyajit Ray, revered as one of the great film-makers in world cinema. In doing so, the author goes against the g...
An electrostatic discharge model for thin-film transistor fabrication

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is a significant cause of yield loss in thin-film transistor (TFT) array manufacturing. TFT arrays are at increased risk relative to other electronic components because the TFTs are unprotected; the array has a large inherent capacitance, and TFT processing includes many chucking and conveyance steps that result in triboelectric charge generation. To reduce or eliminate ESD-caused fallout, an understanding must be gained of an ESD event's fundamental physics, including the mechanism of charge generation, ESD event physics, and TFT failure modes. An equivalent circuit model has been developed to address the physics of how ESD events occur. The ESD event scenarios modeled with this circuit are as follows: (1) the substrate glass is lifted from the chuck, resulting in a non-uniform static charge; (2) this charge induces a voltage on the A-side components; (3) the substrate is lifted, causing a voltage increases; (4) the uneven charge generated results in voltage gradients between TFTs, resulting in an ESD event. This model combines the effects of TFT substrate lifting and charge generation, with a simplified equivalent circuit representing the TFT array. The behavior of this circuit was simulated with a spice model (Electronics Research Laboratory of the University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.) to characterize the ESD pulse.
Role of single-stranded DNA regions and Y-box proteins in transcriptional regulation of viral and cellular genes

Single-stranded regions, known to be important for optimal rates of transcription, have been observed in the promoters of several cellular genes as well as in the promoters of many pathogenic viruses. Several host-encoded, single-stranded DNA binding proteins capable of binding these regions have been purified and their genes isolated. In this review, information available about single-stranded regions present within various promoters and the interaction of a novel class of single-stranded DNA binding transcription factors belonging to the Y-box family of proteins is reviewed. Mechanisms by which these proteins influence transcription of both cellular and viral genes are proposed.—Swamynathan, S. K., Nambiar, A., Guntaka, R. V. Role of single-stranded DNA regions and Y-box proteins in transcriptional regulation of viral and cellular genes. FASEB J. 12, 515–522 (1998)
Modulating Radiation Resistance: Insights Based on Defenses Against Reactive Oxygen Species in the Radioresistant Bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans

The classical dogma of radiation biology asserts that the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation (IR) are principally the result of DNA damage. Yet many organisms that encode a complement of DNA repair functions are killed by IR doses that cause little DNA damage. Instead, proteins likely are the first major class of molecules damaged by IR. This article presents a new perspective on extreme IR resistance in the eubacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, reevaluates the role of superoxide (O 2 • - ) ions in IR toxicity, and speculates on potential strategies for controlling resistance in prokaryotes and eukaryotes based on scavenging IR-induced O 2 • - .
Face recognition using view-based and modular eigenspaces

In this paper we describe experiments using eigenfaces for recognition and interactive search in the FERET face database. A recognition accuracy of 99.35% is obtained using frontal views of 155 individuals. This figure is consistent with the 95% recognition rate obtained previously on a much larger database of 7,562 `mugshots' of approximately 3,000 individuals, consisting of a mix of all age and ethnic groups. We also demonstrate that we can automatically determine head pose without significantly lowering recognition accuracy; this is accomplished by use of a view-based multiple-observer eigenspace technique. In addition, a modular eigenspace description is used which incorporates salient facial features such as the eyes, nose and mouth, in an eigenfeature layer. This modular representation yields slightly higher recognition rates as well as a more robust framework for face recognition. In addition, a robust and automatic feature detection technique using eigentemplates is demonstrated.
The effect of cryoprecipitate volume on factor VIII content.

Two hundred and thirty-five cryoprecipitates were sampled and assayed for Factor VIII activity. Two hundred and twenty-five of these were given to 11 patients with hemophilia on 53 occasions. The patients' Factor VIII levels were measured just before and 15 minutes after infusion. The rise in Factor VIII activity averaged 97 per cent of the expected rise calculated from the cryoprecipitate assays and plasma volume estimates. The mean Factor VIII content per bag of cryoprecipitate was 61 units. There is a highly significant probability that the smallest volume cryoprecipitates had significantly less Factor VIII than average and that the largest volume cryoprecipitates had significantly more Factor VIII than the average.
On traversing layered graphs on-line

The following bounds on the competitive ratios of deterministic and randomized on-line algorithms for traversing width-w layered graphs are obtained. ?A deterministic algorithm with a competitive ratio of (2). This ratio is close to the lower bound of ?(2) and improves upon the previous best upper bound of (9).?The first known polynomially competitive randomized algorithm with a competitive ratio of (). This settles a conjecture due to Fiat . (A. Fiat, D. P. Foster, H. Karloff, V. Rabani, Y. Ravid, and S. Vishwanathan, "Proceedings 32nd Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, Sept. 1991).?A lower bound of ?()/(log)) on the competitive ratio of any randomized algorithm for this problem, where ? is any positive number. The previous best lower bound was linear.
Implementing LIES: (location independent email service)

This paper will provide a useful guide to those schools that have not yet implemented IMAP and are considering doing so. With both the systems and user services perspectives, any schools considering implementing this service will get a full view of what is involved in putting out IMAP. The goal of the LIES (Location Independent Email Service) project was simple: add IMAP services to our existing POP services in a way that would allow people to work from anywhere with their settings, nicknames, and mailboxes intact. The team knew that even if all the goals were not met in the first stage of implementing the new service, it was critical to achieve the location independence capability quickly. Over 500 people were still using email on our mainframe, and the only way to migrate them off was to recreate the capability they had with their mainframe accounts, complete location independence, while giving them new services (such as the ability to read attachments). Furthermore, with a large number of the POP users making use of the “Leave mail on server” option, it was clear that even those users were looking for a better solution. The project team was able to start with a server that already provided IMAP service because the server software had been replaced late in 1999 for Y2K reasons. System support still was needed to implement SSL support, quota management, and backup procedures. Client selection (both desktop and web based), new documentation, and marketing strategies were also components of the project.
Vibrationally resolved photoelectron angular distributions for H2

Abstract The photoelectron asymmetry parameter, β, is reported for individual vibrational levels of H 2 + (X 2 Σ g + ) formed by photoionization of H 2 (X 1 Σ g + ) at wavelengths of 736, 584, 461 and 304 A. At 584 A, β, exhibits a monotonic increase with vibrational quantum number (decreasing photoelectron kinetic energy) confirming the trend predicted by Itikawa.
Nucleotide sequence of the β-d-phosphogalactoside galactohydrolase gene of Lactobacillus casei: comparison to analogous pbg genes of other Gram-positive organisms

Abstract Lactose metabolism in Lactobacillus casei occurs via phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase uptake of lactose and subsequent cleavage of lactose-6-phosphate by β- d -phosphogalactoside galacto-hydrolase (P-βGal). The genes for lactose uptake and P-βGal have been shown to be plasmid-associated in L. casei 64H [Chassy et al., Curr. Microbiol. 1 (1978) 141–144]. The cloned P-βGal-coding gene (pbg) previously described [Lee et al., J. Bacteriol. 152 (1982) 1138–1146] was subcloned on a 2.9-kb KpnI-BglII fragment isolated from pLZ605. Sequence analysis of this fragment revealed an open reading frame of 1422 bp capable of coding for a protein product containing 474 amino acids and having an Mr of 53 989. The L. casei protein showed a high degree of homology to the proteins whose sequence was deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the pbg genes of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus lactis. Because of the significant homologies observed, as reflected in amino acid content as well as predicted structural characteristics of the three proteins, we suggest a common origin for the P-βGals of these three organisms.
Effect of Respiratory Syncytial Virus on Apnea in Weanling Rats

Apnea is a common complication of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in young infants. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this infection affects apnea triggered by sensorineural stimulation in weanling rats. We also studied which neurotransmitters are involved in this response and whether passive prophylaxis with a specific neutralizing antibody (palivizumab) confers protection against it. Weanling rats were inoculated intranasally with RSV, adenovirus, or virus-free medium. Changes in respiratory rate and apnea in response to nerve stimulation with increasing doses of capsaicin were measured by plethysmography. Capsaicin-induced apnea was significantly longer in RSV-infected rats at postinoculation days 2 (upper airways infection) and 5 (lower airways infection), and apnea-related mortality occurred only in the RSV-infected group. Reduction in the duration of apnea was observed after selective inhibition of central γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors and neurokinin type 1 receptors for substance P. Prophylactic palivizumab protected against apnea and apnea-related mortality. These results suggest that sensorineural stimulation during RSV infection is associated with the development of apnea and apnea-related death in early life, whose mechanism involves the release of GABA acting on central GABA type A receptors and substance P acting on neurokinin type 1 receptors.
The nictitating membrane response: an electrophysiological study of the abducens nerve and nucleus and the accessory abducens nucleus in rabbit.

Abstract The nictitating membrane response to periocular electrostimulation was investigated in anesthetized and paralyzed rabbits. Recordings from the abducens nerve, which carries the fibers innervating retractor bulbi muscles that are primarily involved in this reflex, showed two distinct volleys to effective stimulation: a short duration volley with a minimum latency of approximately 4 ms and a longer duration volley beginning approximately 10 ms after stimulus onset and lasting up to 25 ms. Recordings of antidromically evoked field potentials via microelectrodes indicated large responses to abducens nerve stimulation in the vicinity of the accessory abducens nucleus. Single unit recordings from the accessory abducens nucleus produced spike trains with minimal latencies of 3.7–5 ms to eyeshock. The latency of spike discharge was inversely related to stimulus current. Units in the abducens nucleus did not show stimulus-elicited spiking, suggesting that the accessory abducens, but not the abducens, is primarily involved in the reflex pathway. Transverse knife cuts which separated caudal areas of the sensory trigeminal complex from the accessory abducens nucleus did not attenuate the efferent volley to suprathreshold stimulation, suggesting that more rostral components of the trigeminal complex are primarily involved in the reflex pathway.
Molecular effects on mean excitation energies

Approximate wave functions are used to evaluate the excitation energy moments of dipole oscillator strength sums for molecules containing hydrogen. For moments that have sum-rule expressions requiring only the initial-state wave function, these expectation values consist of terms having the appearance of the additivity of constituent atom quantities or Bragg–Kleeman approximation plus, possibly, two-electron terms. These atomic-like terms differ from those used in the Bragg–Kleeman approximation by containing parameters representative of the molecular bonding and by showing a dependence on the initial vibrational state. Effects due to rotation are limited to the smaller two-electron terms. A suppression of the rotation–vibration effects is indicated since some moments do not contain two-electron terms and if the initial vibrational state is not too highly excited. A simple method for determining the bonding parameters is suggested and a formal relationship then provides predictions for the mean excitation energies with knowledge of just the molecular sum-rule data and available atomic data. Numerical data for H2, H2O, and NH3 targets are presented which are in reasonable agreement with experiment or best available estimates.
Is Radiofrequency Ablation Safe for Solitary Kidneys

Objectives To determine the safety of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with a solitary kidney. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all patients undergoing RFA at our institution for treatment of solid renal tumors and identified those with a solitary kidney. The clinical and radiographic characteristics were evaluated, including renal function, length of stay, use of blood products, and complications. The serum creatinine level and creatinine clearance rates were determined at baseline, within 1 week, and at the last follow-up visit. Results Of the 100 patients who were treated with RFA for solid renal tumors from September 2001 to January 2006, 16 with a solitary kidney were identified. The mean patient age was 66.5 years, and the mean tumor size was 3.4 cm. The median preoperative creatinine level was 1.4 mg/dL. The median percentage of change in creatinine clearance within 1 week of ablation was 13.3% and at a mean follow-up duration of 15.3 months was 9.1%. All kidneys functioned postoperatively. All but 1 patient had maintained their renal function at the last follow-up visit. Major acute complications occurred in 4 patients and consisted of 3 cases of clot obstruction that were readily treated with ureteral stenting and 1 case of perinephric hemorrhage. Conclusions RFA appears to maintain adequate renal function in select patients with a solitary kidney. When treating patients with central tumors in a solitary kidney, the urologist should be vigilant with regard to the need for ureteral stent placement with the onset of any hematuria.