cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fungi in libraries: An aerometric survey

The possible role of fungi as allergic contaminants in book collections has been investigated in eleven University of Michigan Libraries. Air in the stacks of each of the eleven libraries was sampled on three occasions (2 or 4–10 minute samples on each occasion) with Andersen Volumetric viable particle samplers. Books were handled during sampling in half the samples each day. In addition on each sampling day a location in the same building away from book storage and an outdoor location were sampled. Library spore levels were generally low. Outdoor levels consistently exceeded indoor levels. Air conditioned (AC) libraries had lower spore levels and indoor/outdoor ratios than conventionally ventilated (CV) libraries. Handling books during sampling increased spore counts in all libraries, but strikingly in CV libraries. Fungus taxa recovered were similar to those encountered in domestic interiors and outside locations in our area. The overall low spore levels and lack of a distinctive library mycoflora suggest that other sources should be sought for librarybased respiratory symptoms. The occurrence of rhinitis or asthma provoked by exposure to libraries and other book collections is well documented (1). While variously ascribed to house dust, arthropods and bindery glues, this symptom pattern generally defies explanation. In this climate of uncertainty, the possible role of fungi as allergenic contaminants of book collections arises naturally for consideration. Among enclosed spaces libraries offer unique substrate characteristics while generally excluding factors (e.g., animal danders and food fragments) present in domestic dusts. Faced with patients describing respiratory symptoms with library use, we have initiated study of the mycoflora of these specialized interiors.
Correlates of Depression According to Maternal Age

A convenience sample of 654 low-income, primarily single, head-of-household mothers participated in a study of the correlates of maternal depression as measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression (CES-D). Across three age groupings, the CES-D was positively correlated with punitive attitudes toward childrearing, inaccurate knowledge of child development, and insufficient social support. Social support was the best predictor of depression from a set of seven potential sociodemographic and psychological predictors. Objective measures of parenting behavior obtained with the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment were not associated with depression.
A Response to Xiao's “Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Unacceptable Solutions in LP Discriminant Analysis”: Something is Amiss

Characterization of unacceptable solutions of linear programming methods for linear discriminant problems have been studied by many researchers. This note shows that a recent correction was not a correction but a tightening of prior results.
Acid mucopolysaccharide distribution in the canine gastrointestinal mucosa.

Summary The quantitative and qualitative distribution of acid mucopolysaccharides in the mucosa of the proximal and distal portions of the duodenum, ileum, and colon, as well as in the body and pyloric regions of the stomach, were studied. Mucopolysaccharides were extracted and separated as cetylpyridinium complexes into “hyaluronic acid,” “chondroitin sulfate,” and “heparin” fractions and quantitated individually as uronic acid. Extracted acid mucopolysaccharides were purified further by anion exchange chromatography, and the subfractions were characterized according to electrophoretic mobility, anticoagulant activity, metachromatic activity, susceptibility to hyaluronidase, salt quenching of the carbazole color reaction, uronic acid content, hexosamine content, and sulfate content. The chondroitin sulfate fraction was the predominant fraction in all regions. Several subfractions were isolated from both the “chondroitin sulfate” and “hyaluronic acid” fractions. The uronic acid in the “heparin” fraction of all regions yielded one subfraction, which was qualitatively identical to commercial heparin. Acid mucopolysaccharide levels were significantly higher in the stomach mucosa; there, the uronic acid levels in the hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate fractions were significantly higher in the body than in the pyloric region. Short-term exposure of the duodenum of anesthetized dogs to acetylsalicylic acid had no significant effect on the mucopolysaccharide levels in the gastrointestinal mucosa.
Time-series analysis of Kentucky coal production

Abstract This paper focuses on short-range modeling and forecasting of monthly coal production in the state of Kentucky. The 1976–82 time-series data suggest an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model to replicate state level of monthly coal productions. The identified ARMA model has autoregressive component of lag 1 and lag 12, and a moving average component of lag 1. It satisfies all estimation and diagnostic requirements. Model predictions for 1983 were very reasonable when compared with actual 1983 monthly coal production data: cyclical patterns were correctly replicated. Incorporation of additional data for 1983 enhanced the estimated model. Similar time-series models could be integrated into state-level planning programs for short-range forecasting of other coal industry activities. The simplicity of the ARMA model, the reliability of its predictions and the ease of updating make it very appealing when compared with large-scale econometric models which are complex and impractical for short-term coal production forecasting.
Computations with the nonlinear Helmholtz equation

A new technique is presented for numerically studying the interaction of an electromagnetic wave with a nonlinear plasma lens. The method is basically a relaxation scheme that exploits the limiting amplitude principle. A modified boundary condition at infinity is also given.
Acyclovir-induced renal failure: course and risk factors.

Of 19 children treated with high-dose intravenous acyclovir, 7, all of whom had encephalitis, also had a restricted fluid intake. Of these, 3 experienced nonoliguric renal insufficiency (plasma creatinine up to 176, 250 and 351 μmol/l, respectively) which resolved within 1 week of discontinuing acyclovir. Renal function was stable in the remaining 4 patients in this group and in the 12 children treated with acyclovir but without fluid restriction. We suggest the decreased renal function resulted from intratubular acyclovir crystalluria.
Predicting microbial distributions in space and time

Researchers describe an approach to predict microbial-community composition across broad spatial and temporal gradients, an important step to bringing microbial ecology into the 21st century.
The role of helix formation in the folding of a fully alpha-helical coiled coil

To determine when secondary structure forms as two chains coalesce to form an alpha-helical dimer, the folding rates of variants of the coiled coil region of GCN4 were compared. Residues at non-perturbing positions along the exterior length of the helices were substituted one at a time with alanine and glycine to vary helix propensity and therefore dimer stability. For all variants, the bimolecular folding rate remains largely unchanged; the unfolding rate changes to largely account for the change in stability. Thus, contrary to most folding models, widespread helix is not yet formed at the rate-limiting step in the folding pathway. The high-energy transition state is a collapsed form that contains little if any secondary structure, as suggested for the globular protein cytochrome c (Sosnick et al., Proteins 24: 413-426, 1996).
A framework for parameter optimization in mutual information (MI)-based registration algorithms

In this paper, we present a framework that one could use to set optimized parameter values, while performing image registration using mutual information as a metric to be maximized. Our experiment details these steps for the registration of X-ray Computer Tomography (CT) images with Positron Emission Tomography (PET) images. Selection of different parameters that influence the mutual information between two images is crucial for both accuracy and speed of registration. These implementation issues need to be handled in an orderly fashion by designing experiments in their operating ranges. The conclusions from this study seem vital towards obtaining allowable parameter range for a fusion software.
Nucleation of the lamellar decomposition in a Ti-44Al-4Nb-4Zr alloy

Abstract The onset of the lamellar decomposition (α⇒α2+γ) in a titanium aluminide alloy containing Nb and Zr has been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Samples water-quenched from the solution-treatment temperature of 1350 °C show fault-like features resembling those reported previously as the precursors for the formation of the γ lamellae. High-resolution lattice images obtained from such features have revealed that the “faults” are actually embryonic γ lamellae, just a few atomic layers in thickness, which clearly exhibit the ordered L10 structure. This implies that the γ phase is formed directly, rather than via some intermediate disordered face-centred-cubic phase as suggested previously. Moreover, the character and configuration of the interfacial defects is consistent with this occurring in a diffusive-displacive manner with short-range fluxes across the risers of mobile perfect interfacial disconnections.
New York’s premier potato growers

Several of our leading potato-producing states now have 300bushel and 400-bushel potato clubs. A study of the practices used by the members of these clubs has demonstrated many times what factors are necessary to obtain high yields. The relation between high yield and cost of production has not generally been so commonly indicated. In 1928, the ]~mpire State Potato Club was organized to sponsor, among other things, more efficient potato production. Of a membership of 54 growers, 43 competed in a premier potato growers' contest. On January 22, at the annual banquet of the New York State Vegetable Growers' Association, gold medal watch fobs were awarded the following growers in token of their having been designated as New York's Premier Potato Growers: E. T. Reeves, Lysander; L. T. Dunn, West Henrietta; Earl Coye, Cohocton; A. G. Allen, Waterville; W. G. Miller, Pit tsford; Porter & Bonney, Elba; George C. Schoen, Pittsford; L. A. Toan, Perry; E. A. Weeks, Locke; Lee Edmonds, Cohocton ; and L. W. Sheldon, Fulton. To win this honor, these growers scored highest in a contest based upon low cost of production per bushel (50 per cent), yield of U. S. No. 1 grade potatoes per acre (40 per cent), and total yield per acre (10 per cent). All growers were required to keep a detailed cost of production record and a cultural report on a 3-acre plot. Under supervision of the local county agent, total yield was determined according to a stipulated plan. Yield of U. S. No. 1 grade potatoes was determined by inspection of a 5bushel field-run sample by a member of the shipping point inspection staff of the State Department of Agriculture and Markets. By this procedure, it is felt that a premium is being put on efficient practices whereby cost of production per bushel can be lowered and market quality can be improved. Each contestant was given a definite score and suggestions as to how he may improve it in 1929. A brief summary of cultural practices used, market quality obtained and costs incurred by the 22 growers who completed the project follows.
Insights into the role of interleukin-6 in the induction of hepatic injury after trauma-hemorrhagic shock

Although systemic interleukin-6 (IL-6) level is elevated, hepatocellular function is impaired and liver injury occurs after trauma-hemorrhage (T-H), it remains unknown whether a causal relationship...
Exo1 independent DNA mismatch repair involves multiple compensatory nucleases

Functional DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is essential for maintaining the fidelity of DNA replication and genetic stability. In hematopoiesis, loss of MMR results in methylating agent resistance and a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) repopulation defect. Additionally MMR failure is associated with a variety of human malignancies, notably Lynch syndrome. We focus on the 5'→3' exonuclease Exo1, the primary enzyme excising the nicked strand during MMR, preceding polymerase synthesis. We found that nuclease dead Exo1 mutant cells are sensitive to the O6-methylguanine alkylating agent temozolomide when given with the MGMT inactivator, O6benzylguanine (BG). Additionally we used an MMR reporter plasmid to verify that Exo1(mut) MEFs were able to repair G:T base mismatches in vitro. We showed that unlike other MMR deficient mouse models, Exo1(mut) mouse HSC did not gain a competitive survival advantage post temozolomide/BG treatment in vivo. To determine potential nucleases implicated in MMR in the absence of Exo1 nuclease activity, but in the presence of the inactive protein, we performed gene expression analyses of several mammalian nucleases in WT and Exo1(mut) MEFs before and after temozolomide treatment and identified upregulation of Artemis, Fan1, and Mre11. Partial shRNA mediated silencing of each of these in Exo1(mut) cells resulted in decreased MMR capacity and increased resistance to temozolomide/BG. We propose that nuclease function is required for fully functional MMR, but a portfolio of nucleases is able to compensate for loss of Exo1 nuclease activity to maintain proficiency.
Composition and phase chemistry of sulfide globules in basalt from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley near 37°N lat

The electron microprobe was used to determine the bulk composition of immiscible sulfide globules trapped in the glass phase of 25 fresh submarine basalt samples from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Twenty-three samples represent a spectrum of primitive through differentiated tholeiites from the FAMOUS dive area; two are differentiated basalts from the Reykjanes Ridge. The analyzed globules range in diameter from 11 to 233 µm. On the average, they constitute only 0.0022 volume percent of the rocks and contain less than 1.5 percent of the sulfur. Compositions of the globules change with differentiation as measured by Fe/(Fe+Mg) or TiO 2 content of the host glass. Globules in glass containing 0.66 to 1.0 wt percent TiO 2 typically contain 20 to 26 wt percent Ni + Cu and have an average atomic Ni/Cu of 1.6. With differentiation toward 1.6 wt percent TiO 2 , Ni + Cu content of the globules falls to less than 10 wt percent and atomic Ni/Cu falls to 0.4. Sulfur content of the host glasses shows a strong correlation with FeO content, increasing from 840 ppm to 1,370 ppm as FeO content increases from 8.0 to 12.6 wt percent. Reference to experimental studies shows that this relationship is consistent with sulfur saturation of the host glass at liquidus temperatures. Crystal fractionation is considered to be the dominant factor in keeping the differentiating melt at sulfur saturation. The sulfide globules may have persisted in the basaltic melt from its place of formation by partial melting in the mantle, or they may have exsolved from the melt as it became sulfur-saturated in a high-level magma chamber. Globule abundance and composition indicate adjustment to the composition of the melt in which they were trapped. Material balance calculations suggest that one-third of the Cu and commensurate amounts of S, Ni, and Fe have settled from the magma as immiscible globules. The sulfide globules contain less than 4 wt percent magnetite, compatible with low f o 2 in the magma. Three sulfide phases coexisted in the globules at about 600 °C: monosulfide solid solution, intermediate solid solution, and pentlandite. At lower temperatures, the intermediate solid solution has broken down, and the monosulfide solid solution has exsolved a second generation of pentlandite.
Increased and long-term generation of dendritic cells with reduced function from IL-6-deficient bone marrow

The importance of IL-6 in dendritic cell (DC) development and function has not been well defined. To establish the role of IL-6, we studied bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) and freshly isolated splenic DC from IL-6(-/-)-transgenic mice. We found that although IL-6(-/-) bone marrow had a similar composition to that of wild-type (WT) mice, it generated up to 10 times more DC when cultured in GM-CSF. The difference persisted even when IL-6(-/-) and WT bone marrow were cultured together, excluding the possibility that the effects were simply due to different cytokine microenvironments. In comparison to WT BMDC, IL-6(-/-) BMDC captured at least as much Ag, had an equivalent surface phenotype, and matured similarly in response to LPS or CpG. However, IL-6(-/-) BMDC induced less T cell allostimulation and Ag-specific T cell activation, but only the former was related to their inability to generate IL-6. Although WT bone marrow cultures died within 4 wk, IL-6(-/-) cultures continued to generate BMDC for >120 days, although the BMDC became immature and less functional. In vivo, we found that IL-6(-/-) mice had similar numbers and types of splenic DC as WT mice, both normally and after treatment with either Flt-3 ligand or GM-CSF. These findings demonstrate that IL-6 has profound effects on DC development in vitro, although the number and subtype composition of DC are unaffected by the absence of IL-6 in vivo. Furthermore, secretion of IL-6 is critical to certain DC functions.
On the psychophysical basis of meteorological estimates of “visibility”

Before the results of telephotometry or of measurements of atmospheric scattering can be used to calculate the visual range in daylight, we must know the least contrast between a “visibility mark” and its surroundings which will lead the observer to report the mark as visible. A knowledge of the dispersion of this quanity is also of importance if the reliability of estimates of “visibility” has to be calculated. This paper reports direct measurements of the contrast, made by pointing a photoelectric telephotometer alternately at a mark and at the sky just adjacent to it, the mark having been chosen by a trained meteorological observer as being just at the visual range. The results of 1000 observations show a range of values of about 20:1. It is concluded that the present instructions for the estimation of “visibility” are chiefly to blame for this state of affairs, and that a criterion of detection should be substituted for the present one of recognition.
AC floating body effects and the resultant analog circuit issues in submicron floating body and body-grounded SOI MOSFET's

We report the extensive study on ac floating body effects of different SOI MOSFET technologies. Besides the severe kink and resultant noise overshoot and degraded-distortion in partially depleted (PD) floating body SOI MOSFET's, we have investigated the residue ac floating body effects in fully depleted (FD) floating body SOI MOSFET's, and the different body contacts on PD SOI technologies. It is important to note that there is a universal correlation between ac kink effect and Lorentzian-like noise overshoot regardless of whether the body is floating or grounded. In addition, it was found that third-order harmonic distortion is very sensitive to floating body induced kink or deviation on output conductance due to the finite voltage drop of body resistance. These results provide device design guidelines for SOI MOSFET technologies to achieve comparable low-frequency noise and linearity with Bulk MOSFET's.
Rural outsourcing patterns of engagement

In recent times, although organizations are downsizing or tightening budgets, their workload is not getting any smaller. They are challenged to do the same amount of work or more with less human and financial resources. Skilled temporary staff provides great financial flexibility and expertise to eradicate extra work load and over expenditure in today's economy. Temporary workers can provide special skills and knowledge to carry out specific assignments. "The latest federal data show that 2.3 million people held temporary jobs in March 2011, up from a low in mid-2009 of 1.7 million, as companies seek to satisfy customer demand without making long-term commitments to worker salary and benefits"[2]. With this increasingly significant role of temporary workforce in today's enterprise, rural outsourcing patterns present a unique strategy to maximize the utilization of transient workers. For the past decade or so, hiring and retaining from the local consulting firms is not the only available option. Today, more and more organizations are looking for other economic and strategic options such as utilizing the off-shore firms to assist them with their immediate needs. When the term "off-site" or "off-shore" is mentioned, people think of China or India, but recently there is a growing trend of rural sourcing within the USA. These patterns present a unique opportunity to utilize the rural consulting firms and treat their skilled professionals as an extension of your team to satisfy customer demand without making long-term commitments to worker salary and employee benefits. These temporary expert professionals are kept in a "ready-state" at a rural location and can be activated at a moment's notice.
Out of Context: Using Metaphor to Encourage Creative Thinking in Strategic Management Courses:

Business strategy requires skills in thinking creatively as well as analytically. Materials commonly used in teaching strategic management—traditional texts, case analyses, and simulations—are effe...
Thirteen assertions for globally dispersed software development research

Globally dispersed software development (GDSD) takes place when two (or more) development teams are separated by a national boundary while collaborating on common projects. Today, such instances occur with greater frequency as software development globalizes within the MIS unit of the multinational enterprise and within the packaged software firm. Deriving from the fields of globalized R&D management, globalized manufacturing management, as well as the MIS and software development literature, thirteen assertions are derived for further research. 1) The globalization decision stems from one or more of the following five reasons: mergers and acquisition, tapping into hubs of talents and skills, cost reduction, customer proximity, and the "need to be a global company". 2) Task allocation is time-based for MIS projects and is module-based for packaged software. 3) In practice, key design activities take place in the home country. 4) With time some design activities move out of the home nation. 5) In practice, the advantages of follow-the-sun are small. 6) Rich communication is most important. 7) In practice, integrated development environments are no more important than with co-located teams. 8) Over time local managers take over in non-home country teams. 9) Customer proximity determines influence. 10) The globalized project manager is different from the domestic manager. 11) Outsourcing is more likely in MIS projects than in packaged software. 12) In practice, process maturity rarely determines dispersing development activities. 13) The more mature the development process the better GDSD management.
Combined thermoelastic stress analysis and digital image correlation with a single infrared camera

A novel methodology simultaneously combining thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA) and digital image correlation (DIC) with a single infrared camera is presented. DIC is an optical method to determine deformation by image tracking with strains determined via differentiation. TSA is a non-contact measurement technique that provides the full-field stress directly using measured temperature changes. The combination of the two techniques improves the resolution and accuracy of TSA results by correcting for sample motion and distortion during loading. Illustrative examples, including an aluminium alloy plate with an edge crack and a nylon plate with a hole under tension, demonstrate the combined method which simultaneously measures stress and displacement.
Assessing demand for intelligibility in context-aware applications

Intelligibility can help expose the inner workings and inputs of context-aware applications that tend to be opaque to users due to their implicit sensing and actions. However, users may not be interested in all the information that the applications can produce. Using scenarios of four real-world applications that span the design space of context-aware computing, we conducted two experiments to discover what information users are interested in. In the first experiment, we elicit types of information demands that users have and under what moderating circumstances they have them. In the second experiment, we verify the findings by soliciting users about which types they would want to know and establish whether receiving such information would satisfy them. We discuss why users demand certain types of information, and provide design implications on how to provide different intelligibility types to make context-aware applications intelligible and acceptable to users.
The future of regulatory toxicology: impact of the biotechnology revolution.

Abstract The molecular biology revolution and the advent of genomic and proteomic technologies are facilitating rapid advances in our understanding of the molecular details of cell and tissue function. These advances have the potential to transform toxicological and clinical practice, and are likely to lead to the supplementation or replacement of traditional biomarkers of cellular integrity, cell and tissue homeostasis, and morphological alterations that result from cell damage or death. New technologies that permit simultaneous monitoring of many hundreds, or thousands, of macro- and small molecules ("-omics" technologies) promise to allow functional monitoring of multiple (or perhaps all) key cellular pathways simultaneously. Elucidation of cellular responses to molecular damage, including evolutionarily conserved inducible molecular defense systems, suggests the possibility of new biomarkers based on molecular responses to functional perturbations and cellular damage. Our improved understanding of the molecular basis of various pathologies suggests that monitoring specific molecular responses may provide improved prediction of human outcomes. Responses that can be monitored directly in the human should provide "bridging biomarkers" that may eliminate much of the current uncertainty in extrapolating from laboratory models to human outcome. Another aspect of genomics is our enhanced ability to associate DNA sequence variations with biological outcomes and individual sensitivity. The human genome sequence has revealed that sequence variations are very common, and may be an important determinant of variation in biological outcomes. The impending availability of a complete human haplotype map linked to standard genetic markers greatly facilitates identification of genetic variations that convey sensitivity or resistance to chemical exposures. Genetic approaches have already linked a large number of genetic variants (polymorphisms) with human diseases and adverse reactions from exposure to drugs or toxicants, suggesting an important role in sensitivity to drugs and environmental agents, disease susceptibilities, and therapeutic responses. As these opportunities are transformed into reality, regulatory toxicological practice is likely to be shaped in the future by the combination of conventional pathology, toxicology, molecular genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, and computational bio-informatics-resulting in the broad application of molecular approaches to monitoring functional disturbances.
The Effects of Hourly Milking with the Aid of Intravenous Injections of Oxytocin

Abstract Milking hourly with oxytocin brought about increases in the rates of secretion of several milk constituents, particularly during the latter part of the trials. The fat secretion rate was particularly high after an early period of low secretion. It would appear that several milk constituents are independently formed in, or transported to, the lumen of the alveoli as seen in the independent hourly variation of total milk, milk fat (content and composition), the members in the nitrogen partition fraction, and lactose. Although most of these fractions fluctuated closely about a mean value, others fluctuated more widely and, therefore, did not closely approach the mean value in a 12-hour sample because of hourly random variability. Only total milk yields and butterfat content formed a definite time production pattern related to the experimental routine, and these patterns were considerably different from one another. When the intervals between milkings were increased step-wise up to 16 hours, fat secretion was considerably above the rate seen in hourly milkings. Total milk secretion rate was not changed from the hourly rate until the intervals reached 16 hours, when the rate was still above the pre-experimental rate.
Proposal for Modifications to the OSCAR Architecture to Address Challenges in Distributed System Management

OSCAR, a tool for the deployment and the management of clusters, has historically provided a simple Graphical User Interface (GUI) that aims to hide technical details associated with the management of such distributed platforms. The OSCAR GUI followed a fairly monolithic architecture, which was difficult to extend. Thankfully, OSCAR developers have made deep modifications to the overall OSCAR architecture to be much more modular, and as a result it is fairly simple to support OSCAR on new Linux distributions. However, a few questions remain. Is the present OSCAR architecture suitable to address current challenges needed for the management of distributed systems? For instance, is OSCAR providing a tool set that answers the needs of system administrators? This document presents a criticism of the present OSCAR architecture in order to identify current challenges related to distributed system management. Based on this analysis, we propose a modified version of the OSCAR architecture that emphasizes simplicity and incremental enhancements.
1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC)—The transmitted stimulus in pollinated flowers?

Ethylene production and senescence of petals of pollinated carnation flowers were not prevented by removal of the ethylene produced by the gynoecium, suggesting that these events are a response to movement from the gynoecium of some stimulus other than ethylene gas. Application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) to the stigmas caused an initial increase in gynoecium and petal ethylene production similar to that reported for pollinated flowers. This response was not seen in flowers whose stigmas were treated with indoleacetic acid (IAA). When [2-14C]ACC was applied to the stigmas of carnation flowers, radioactive ethylene was produced both by the gynoecia and by the petals. The possibility that ACC, transported from the stigmas to the petals, is responsible for the postpollination changes in carnation flowers is discussed.
Use of Hierarchal Decision Modeling (HDM) for selection of graduate school for master of science degree program in engineering

The decision to select an appropriate graduate school is a critical decision for a student seeking this opportunity. This paper uses a Hierarchical Decision Model for the selection of an engineering graduate program from five graduate schools in Oregon. The paper includes a brief overview of each criterion used in the model. In addition, there is a brief description of the five universities which are considered as alternatives. The project report shows how the HDM was used to prioritize the alternatives. A Judgment Quantification Instrument (JQI) was developed to obtain pair-wise comparisons from various experts. Twelve experts responded to the instrument and their judgments were analyzed. Then, the paper explains how the calculations were made and final weights were computed. Finally, this project report also suggests future work that can be done to expand the model and to include other universities from the northwest and other states. Further modification of this model could allow it to be used for all different types of schools and programs, not just engineering or graduate programs.
Spatial and Quantitative Approach to Incorporating Stakeholder Values into Total Maximum Daily Loads: Dominguez Channel Case Study

ABSTRACT The federal Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 303(d)(1)(A) requires that states conduct a biennial assessment of its waters, identify those not achieving water quality standards, establish a priority ranking for waters on the 303(d) list of impaired waters and develop and implement Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for these waters. The Department of Energy requested LLNL develop appropriate tools to assist in improving the TMDL process. The model we developed is a stakeholder allocation model (SAM), that uses multi-attribute utility theory to quantitatively structure the preferences of the major stakeholders. We used GIS to model a significant quantity of unknown sources. The test site was the Dominquez Channel watershed in Los Angeles, California. Preliminary results show that stakeholders can have different preferences, especially in the areas of scheduling and cost of the implementation plan. The SAM model provides the ability to see how different TMDL plans rank from the perspective of each stak...
Evaluation of a Standardized Program for Training Practicing Anesthesiologists in Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anesthesia Skills

Objectives Practicing anesthesiologists have generally not received formal training in ultrasound-guided perineural catheter insertion. We designed this study to determine the efficacy of a standardized teaching program in this population. Methods Anesthesiologists in practice for 10 years or more were recruited and enrolled to participate in a 1-day program: lectures and live-model ultrasound scanning (morning) and faculty-led iterative practice and mannequin-based simulation (afternoon). Participants were assessed and recorded while performing ultrasound-guided perineural catheter insertion at baseline, at midday (interval), and after the program (final). Videos were scored by 2 blinded reviewers using a composite tool and global rating scale. Participants were surveyed every 3 months for 1 year to report the number of procedures, efficacy of teaching methods, and implementation obstacles. Results Thirty-two participants were enrolled and completed the program; 31 of 32 (97%) completed the 1-year follow-up. Final scores [median (10th–90th percentiles)] were 21.5 (14.5–28.0) of 30 points compared to 14.0 (9.0–20.0) at interval (P < .001 versus final) and 12.0 (8.5–17.5) at baseline (P < .001 versus final), with no difference between interval and baseline. The global rating scale showed an identical pattern. Twelve of 26 participants without previous experience performed at least 1 perineural catheter insertion after training (P < .001). However, there were no differences in the monthly average number of procedures or complications after the course when compared to baseline. Conclusions Practicing anesthesiologists without previous training in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia can acquire perineural catheter insertion skills after a 1-day standardized course, but changing clinical practice remains a challenge.
Effects of plant growth regulators on sturdiness of jack pine seedlings

Abstract Seven growth regulators (ancymidol, 6-benzylaminopurine, ethephon, flurprimidol, mefluidide, paclobutrazol, and uniconizole) at various concentrations were studied for their effects on sturdiness of greenhouse grown seedlings of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), measured by a single parameter, growth modification index. All growth regulators at certain concentrations were effective in reducing plant height but none increased stem caliper. Several growth regulators increased shoot-to-root dry weight ratio. Benzylaminopurine greatly modified growth characteristics and resulted in deformed seedlings. Uniconizole was most promising for producing sturdier seedlings of jack pine.
Public Perceptions of GPS Monitoring for Convicted Sex Offenders Opinions on Effectiveness of Electronic Monitoring to Reduce Sexual Recidivism

In the United States, electronic monitoring (EM) and global positioning systems (GPS) are new applications that are used to extensively monitor and track convicted sex offenders. What is unclear though are public perceptions of this strategy. This research examines public perceptions of a national sample of Americans on the use of GPS/EM with convicted sex offenders as a method to reduce their sexual recidivism. Using a multinomial regression model, we analyze the effects of sex offender myths and parental status on public perceptions that sex offender GPS/EM is very effective in reducing sexual recidivism. Findings suggest that public perceptions of effectiveness are partially driven by myths and also that parents are unsure of this strategy. The analysis contributes to the growing body of knowledge on public perceptions of GPS/EM to manage sex offenders in communities. Implications of the study and areas for future research are discussed in light of the findings.
Relationship of vitamin B6 to adrenocortical function in the rat.

SummaryVit. B6 deficiency was induced in growing rats by feeding a pyridoxine deficient diet. In certain experiments desoxypyridoxine, a metabolic antagonist of Vit. B6, was added to shorten the period required to induce this vitamin deficiency. In each experiment pair-fed and ad lib. fed controls were given the same diet as consumed by deficient rats except that pyridoxine was added. After deficiency became manifest adrenocortical function of experimental animals was measured by determining steroid secretion of isolated adrenals in response to ACTH. The results show that while marked adrenal hypertrophy occurs in B6 deficient rats adrenocortical hormone secretion is not impaired.
Success of Phase Two and Phase Three Black Politicians in State and Nationwide Campaigns: Examining the Campaigns of Senators Carol Moseley Braun, Cory Booker, and President Barack Obama

Since Reconstruction, there have been a total of nine African Americans to serve in the United States Congress and one to serve as President of the United States. After the passage of Civil Rights legislation, many blacks saw an increase of the number of Blacks elected in local elections. Between the years of 1965 and 1988 there was a thirteen percent increase in the number of Black elected officials to city councils, Black elected police chiefs, and Blacks elected to various boards in various municipalities. However, because of the racially tense environment, many of these elected leaders had trouble implementing policy. What was even more discouraging was the fact that despite the success of the Voting Rights Act and the increases of Black elected officials was not being translated in statewide campaigns. In “Whose Black Politics” Andra Gillespie divided post-Civil Rights Black politicians into six different typologies. Among these was a typology she labeled “Ivy League Upstarts”. Politicians of this typology were characterized by typically being born after 1960, running deracialized campaigns, high crossover appeal, and detachment from the Civil Rights struggle, and were perceived to be benefactors of the fruits of labor from Phase I and Phase II politicians. Phase III politicians are perceived to have higher career trajectories than Phase II politicians. Of the nine Black politicians to have served in the United States Senate, perhaps the most well-known are Senator Carol Moseley Braun, Senator Cory Booker, and President Barack Obama. Senator Carol Moseley Braun, a one term Senator and Phase II politician has not held elected office since 1999. However, since arriving on the political scene in 1997 and 1998, Phase III politicians, President Barack Obama and Senator Cory Booker, respectively have continued to be successful in their bids for higher office.This paper explores the similarities and differences of campaign strategies employed by Phase II and Phase III politicians, as well as the success rates of running deracialized campaigns.
Analysis of 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in 2266 cases of children at 0~16 years old in Nanjing area

Objective To investigate the levels and deficiency of 25-hydroxy vitamin D[25-(OH)D]in children at 0~16years old in Nanjing area. Method Serum levels of 25-(OH)D in 2 266 cases of children at 0~16years old,detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)between April 2012 and March 2013,were statistically analyzed. Results 1)Among 1 204 cases of children in winter and spring,the serum level of 25-(OH)D was(55.1±19.58)nmol/L(male778,female 426),there had no statistical difference between different gender groups.And there had statistical difference among group lower than 1year old[(71.7±27.39)nmol/L],group 1~7years old[(59.6±18.25)nmol/L]and group more than 7years old[(46.9±14.97)nmol/L].2)Among 1 062 cases of children in summer and autumn,the serum level of[25-(OH)D]was(67.2±46.89)nmol/L(male 670,female 392),there had no statistical difference between different gender groups.And there had statistical difference among group lower than 1year old[(98.0±39.97)nmol/L],group 1~7years old[(73.0±61.73)nmol/L]and group more than 7years old[(55.8±16.75)nmol/L].3)There had statistical difference between different season groups(P0.01). Conclusion The serum levels of 25-(OH)D of 0~16years old are sub clinic deficiency except group lower than 1year old in Summer and Autumn.And the serum levels of 25-(OH)D decrease gradually by the age of children increasing.
Effects of P.G. 600 on the onset of estrus and ovulation rate in gilts treated with Regu-mate

Three experiments assessed the onset of estrus and ovulation rate in gilts treated with gonadotropins after the withdrawal of an orally active progestin. In Exp. 1, all cycling gilts received the progestin (Regu-mate; Intervet America Inc., Millsboro, DE) at a rate of 15 mg/d for 18 d. Twenty-four hours after the last feeding of Regu-mate, 32 gilts received an i.m. injection of 400 I.U. PMSG and 200 I.U. hCG (P.G. 600, Intervet America, Inc.), and 32 gilts received an i.m. injection of deionized water. The percentage of gilts displaying estrus < or = 7 d (P = 0.64) and the injection-to-estrus interval (P = 0.37) were similar for P.G. 600-treated gilts (93.8% and 4.1 +/- 0.1 d) and controls (90.6% and 4.3 +/- 0.1 d). Ovulation rate was greater (P < 0.01) in P.G. 600-treated gilts (28.8 +/- 1.1) compared with controls (17.4 +/- 1.1). In Exp. 2, 58 cycling gilts received Regu-mate (15 mg/d) for 18 d. Twenty-four hours after Regu-mate withdrawal, gilts received i.m. P.G. 600 or water (n = 29/treatment). Gilts were bred via AI 12 and 24 h after first detection of estrus. The percentage of gilts displaying estrus < or = 7 d (P = 0.45) and the injection-to-estrus interval (P = 0.27) were similar for P.G. 600-treated gilts (82.7% and 4.0 +/- 0.1 d) and controls (89.7% and 4.2 +/- 0.1 d). Ovulation rate was greater (P < 0.01) in P.G. 600-treated gilts (26.2 +/- 1.8) compared with controls (18.1 +/- 1.7). Pregnancy rate (P = 0.71) and the number of live embryos at d 30 postmating (P = 0.40) were similar for P.G. 600-treated gilts (91.7% and 15.6 +/- 1.2) and controls (88.5% and 14.1 +/- 1.2). In Exp. 3, prepubertal gilts (142.6 +/- 0.7 d of age) received Regumate (15 mg/d) (n = 20) or a control diet not including Regu-mate (n = 20) for 18 d. Twenty-four hours after Regu-mate withdrawal, all gilts received i.m. P.G. 600. The percentage of gilts displaying estrus < or = 7 d (P = 0.49) and the P.G. 600-to-estrus interval (P = 0.69) were similar for Regu-mate-fed gilts (95% and 4.3 +/- 0.2 d) and controls (88.9% and 4.2 +/- 0.2 d). Ovulation rate was similar (P = 0.38) for Regu-mate fed gilts (16.6 +/-1.6) and controls (14.4 +/- 1.8). In cycling gilts, administration of P.G. 600 after withdrawal of Regu-mate increased ovulation rate, but not litter size at d 30 postmating. There was no beneficial effect of Regu-mate pretreatment on the response to P.G. 600 in prepubertal gilts.
Modification and Maintenance of Behavior through Systematic Application of Consequences

This paper discusses behavior principles and techniques of behavior modification which may have implications for utilization in classrooms for exceptional children. Procedures for selection and application of consequences which accelerate or increase the frequency of appropriate behavior, and those which decelerate or decrease the frequency of inappropriate behavior are described. Disadvantages and dangers inherent in random, haphazard application of these principles are cited.
The Diffusion Equation

In this chapter, the random walk model of a particle is used to drive a better understanding of what diffusion is. The probability density function for the limiting form of the probability distribution of the random walk is shown to be a solution to a diffusion model.
Last of the Black Titans

The entry of Africans into the Americas dates back to 800 B.C.E., before the arrival of Europeans. During this time, Africans who were later called Olmecs sailed to the Americas. Artifacts from their civilization have been discovered by modern researchers.
Biodistribution and PET Imaging of pharmacokinetics of manganese in mice using Manganese-52

Manganese is essential to life, and humans typically absorb sufficient quantities of this element from a normal healthy diet; however, chronic, elevated ingestion or inhalation of manganese can be neurotoxic, potentially leading to manganism. Although imaging of large amounts of accumulated Mn(II) is possible by MRI, quantitative measurement of the biodistribution of manganese, particularly at the trace level, can be challenging. In this study, we produced the positron-emitting radionuclide 52Mn (t1/2 = 5.6 d) by proton bombardment (Ep<15 MeV) of chromium metal, followed by solid-phase isolation by cation-exchange chromatography. An aqueous solution of [52Mn]MnCl2 was nebulized into a closed chamber with openings through which mice inhaled the aerosol, and a separate cohort of mice received intravenous (IV) injections of [52Mn]MnCl2. Ex vivo biodistribution was performed at 1 h and 1 d post-injection/inhalation (p.i.). In both trials, we observed uptake in lungs and thyroid at 1 d p.i. Manganese is known to cross the blood-brain barrier, as confirmed in our studies following IV injection (0.86%ID/g, 1 d p.i.) and following inhalation of aerosol, (0.31%ID/g, 1 d p.i.). Uptake in salivary gland and pancreas were observed at 1 d p.i. (0.5 and 0.8%ID/g), but to a much greater degree from IV injection (6.8 and 10%ID/g). In a separate study, mice received IV injection of an imaging dose of [52Mn]MnCl2, followed by in vivo imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) and ex vivo biodistribution. The results from this study supported many of the results from the biodistribution-only studies. In this work, we have confirmed results in the literature and contributed new results for the biodistribution of inhaled radiomanganese for several organs. Our results could serve as supporting information for environmental and occupational regulations, for designing PET studies utilizing 52Mn, and/or for predicting the biodistribution of manganese-based MR contrast agents.
A clinical and translational phase II trial of sequential axitinib and carboplatin/paclitaxel in advanced melanoma.

8580 Background: Several clinical trials adding VEGF signaling inhibitors to chemotherapy have not demonstrated any benefit over chemotherapy alone in advanced melanoma potentially due to decreased...
Successful Aging Across Adulthood: Hassles, Uplifts, and Self-Assessed Health in Daily Context

To examine the ways in which age, sex, daily uplifts, and daily hassles influence fluctuations in self-assessed health (SAH). A 14-day experience sampling study was conducted among community-dwelling adults (N = 87). The distribution-free method of generalized estimating equations was used to examine whether changes in the intensity of daily hassles and changes in intensities of daily uplifts predicted subsequent changes in SAH. Both hassles and uplifts influenced SAH, although neither age nor sex influenced these associations. Findings are discussed in terms of the benefits of examining the daily context as an influence on successful aging.