cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoperiod-Induced Changes in Cloacal Gland Physiology and Testes Weight in Male Japanese Quail Selected for Divergent Adrenocortical Responsiveness

In quail, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has been linked to depression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, and cloacal gland development and foam production are known to be androgen dependent. Therefore, photoperiod manipulations that induce gonadal growth (long day) and involution (short day) were used to examine changes in cloacal gland physiology in male quail from lines selected for a reduced (low stress, LS) or exaggerated (high stress, HS) plasma corticosterone response to brief restraint. Line differences in cloacal gland area (CAREA) and volume (CVOL), the proportion of individuals that produced cloacal gland foam (PICF), and the intensity of cloacal gland foam production (CFP) were initially assessed in adult males maintained on stimulatory, long photoperiods of 14L:10D. Thereafter, these variables were re-examined weekly in the same males during their subsequent exposure to 3 wk of short days (6L:18D) followed by return to long d for 3 more wk. Line differences in testes weight relative to body weight (RTW) were also measured at the end of the study. CAREA and CVOL were markedly greater in LS than HS males grown under long days. As expected, these indices of cloacal gland size were greatly reduced upon exposure to short days in both lines. However, line differences (LS > HS) in CAREA and CVOL were maintained during the first 2 wk of exposure to short days. Line differences in the depressed cloacal gland size measures were no longer evident by the third week on short days as well as after the first week of relighting wherein there were no further depressions in gland size of either line. However, by the end of 2 wk of rephotostimulation and thereafter, marked line differences (LS > HS) in CAREA and CVOL re-emerged. Photoperiod-induced line effects on CFP generally mimicked those of CAREA and CVOL. The PICF was marginally different (P HS) only after 1 wk of light reduction. After 3 wk of rephotostimulation, RTW was nearly 25% greater in LS quail. The results suggest that selection for reduced adrenocortical responsiveness in Coturnix has resulted in certain reproductive advantages in middle-aged, adult males maintained on stimulatory photoperiods as well as in such adults subjected to photocastration and subsequent rephotostimulation.
Making strides in modeling individual differences: Reply to Leite, Ratcliff, and White (2007)

Leite, Ratcliff, and White (2007) claimed that the diffusion model (Ratcliff, 1978) could simulate the molar patterns in response times (RTs) from the multiple tasks observed by Chen, Hale, and Myerson (2007). We present our own simulations to clarify the underlying mechanisms and show that, as is predicted by the difference engine model (Myerson, Hale, Zheng, Jenkins, & Widaman, 2003), correlations across tasks are the key to the molar patterns in individual RTs. Although the diffusion model and other sequential-sampling models may be able to accommodate patterns of RTs across tasks like those studied by Chen et al., the difference engine is the only current model that actually predicts them.
CXCR1 Deficiency Does Not Alter Liver Regeneration After Partial Hepatectomy in Mice

Previous studies have shown that CXC chemokines containing Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR) in their amino-terminus stimulate hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. These ELR+CXC chemokines bind to two receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2. Previous work has shown that CXCR2 is involved in the proliferative effects of CXC chemokines. However, the function of CXCR1 during the regenerative response has not been studied. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of CXCR1 in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. C57BL/6 (wild type) or CXCR1-/- mice were subjected to 70% partial hepatectomy or sham surgery and sacrificed on day 2 and 4 after operation. There were no significant differences in liver-to-body weight ratio or hepatocyte proliferation. The data suggest that CXCR1 does not mediate the proliferative effects of ELR+ CXC chemokines during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.
Radiationless transition rates of thymine and uracil in neutral aqueous solution at 300°K

Abstract Recent experiments in low-intensity fluorescence spectrometry, flash photolysis and continuous photolysis at 300°K in an aqueous medium have provided data for uracil and thymine from which all the pertinent phenomenological characteristics (Φ fl 0′ , Φ isc 0′ , Φ′ chem ) of the 0′ level can be evaluated. It is necessary to postulate considerable internal conversion 1 S → 0 S with τ ic ≈ 1–2 × 10 −12 sec, this process correlating with the dielectric relaxation time of water.
CYTE‐I‐HD: Phase I dose finding and tolerability study of cysteamine (Cystagon) in Huntington's disease

Cystamine, an inhibitor of transglutaminases, slows progression of Huntington's disease in the murine model by approximately 20%. Cysteamine, the dimer of cystamine, is an orphan drug approved for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis and has a similar benefit in the murine model but with a narrower therapeutic window. In a single-center open-label study, we determined the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) and side effects of cysteamine in people with Huntington's disease. Cysteamine was started at a dose of 10 mg/kg per day, divided into four doses, and increased by 10 mg/kg per day weekly until the development of intolerable side effects or a maximum dose of 70 mg/kg per day. Of the 9 subjects, 1 had an MTD of 10 mg/kg per day, 1 had an MTD of 20 mg/kg per day, the maximum dose was 30 mg/kg per day for 2, 40 mg/kg per day for 2, and 50 mg/kg per day for 3. Dose-limiting side effects were motoric impairment in 5 and nausea in 4. The dose found tolerable by 8 of the subjects was 20 mg/kg per day. All had a noticeable hydrogen sulfide odor at doses of 40 mg/kg per day or higher. We conclude that, at a dose of 20 mg/kg per day, cysteamine was tolerable in people with Huntington's disease. Nausea and motoric impairment were the dose-limiting side effects.
Moderate versus restrictive diets: Implications for relapse*

To determine whether the strict rules of a very low calorie diet influence the frequency of dietary lapses, the magnitude of the abstinence violation effect, or the situational determinants of lapses, we compared the lapses reported by obese subjects with Type II diabetes who were randomly assigned to a balanced low calorie diet (LCD; N = 48) or to a very low calorie diet (VLCD; N = 45). Both self-monitoring diaries and periodic telephone interviews were used to assess dietary lapses. Telephone interview lapses were categorized as subjective or subjective with calorie violation, depending on whether the calories in the lapse day exceeded the goal by > 20%. Data from both diaries and phone interviews indicated that lapses were reported with equal frequency in the two diet conditions. However, the situational determinants of lapses differed; for subjects in the LCD group, emotion was more likely to be the primary trigger of subjective lapses and more subjective lapses occurred while in a negative mood. For VLCD subjects, food and cravings often served as the primary triggers of both subjective lapses and subjective lapses with calorie violation. Other situational determinants, most importantly, the degree of hunger, were similar in the two conditions. Following a lapse, VLCD subjects were more confident than LCD subjects about avoiding future lapses and continuing to lose weight. Thus, there was no evidence that the rigid rules of the VLCD increased the frequency of lapses or led to greater feelings of abstinence violation after the lapse.
Single particle‐hole approximation to two‐particle green function for ethylene

Self-consistent calculations for finding the particle-hole Green function for a two-site (ethylene) Hubbard model are discussed.
The molecular details of WPD-loop movement differ in the protein-tyrosine phosphatases YopH and PTP1B.

The movement of a conserved protein loop (the WPD-loop) is important in catalysis by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Using kinetics, isotope effects, and X-ray crystallography, the different effects arising from mutation of the conserved tryptophan in the WPD-loop were compared in two PTPs, the human PTP1B, and the bacterial YopH from Yersinia. Mutation of the conserved tryptophan in the WPD-loop to phenylalanine has a negligible effect on kcat in PTP1B and full loop movement is maintained. In contrast, the corresponding mutation in YopH reduces kcat by two orders of magnitude and the WPD loop locks in an intermediate position, disabling general acid catalysis. During loop movement the indole moiety of the WPD-loop tryptophan moves in opposite directions in the two enzymes. Comparisons of mammalian and bacterial PTPs reveal differences in the residues forming the hydrophobic pocket surrounding the conserved tryptophan. Thus, although WPD-loop movement is a conserved feature in PTPs, differences exist in the molecular details, and in the tolerance to mutation, in PTP1B compared to YopH. Despite high structural similarity of the active sites in both WPD-loop open and closed conformations, differences are identified in the molecular details associated with loop movement in PTPs from different organisms.
Retroviruses: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Pathogenesis.

Retroviruses have been of enduring interest to biomedical scientists from the time Peyton Rous first reported that a filterable agent could transmit cancer in chickens, through to the current challenges and discoveries associated with HIV-1. This book represents an ambitious effort, spearheaded by editors Reinhard Kurth and Norbert Bannert, to produce a definitive reference for the field. Many review articles on individual topics covered are currently available elsewhere, as are several strong compendiums. However, no authoritative, current, comprehensive text covering the complex subject of retrovirology exists. Although some sections of old reference books hold up remarkably well, whole new areas of inquiry, such as host antiretro viral restriction factors, have blossomed in recent years, and rapid progress in fields, such as virus assembly, have made it clear that a volume similar to what the editors sought to deliver here is long overdue. This book is comprised of 16 chapters, each authored by experts in their respective fields, which are listed and briefly reviewed later in this article. This book opens with a very brief preface, illustrated with a single dendrogram that presents the seven genera of retroviruses, followed by an extensive `Abbreviations' key. Then, rather than start the volume with introductory information about replication cycles and general properties of retroviruses (which, ironically, is basically what the final chapter contains), the book starts with a chapter on nonretroviral retrotransposons.
Correction to the width of heavy Higgs bosons: An addendum to "Radiative decay of heavy Higgs bosons."

We determine the width for radiative decay of heavy Higgs bosons H ..-->.. W/sup +/W/sup -/..gamma.. for hard photons as a function of the Higgs boson mass and the photon-energy cutoff, and correct the result of a previous calculation.
Inhibiting the Arp2/3 Complex Limits Infection of Both Intracellular Mature Vaccinia Virus and Primate Lentiviruses

Characterizing cellular factors involved in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is an initial step toward controlling replication of HIV-1. Actin polymerization mediated by the Arp2/3 complex has been found to play a critical role in some pathogens' intracellular motility. We have asked whether this complex also contributes to the viral life cycles including that of HIV-1. We have used both the acidic domains from actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex-binding proteins such as the Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) or cortactin, and siRNA directing toward Arp2 to inhibit viral infection. HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and intracellular mature vaccinia virus (IMV) were sensitive to inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex, whereas MLV, HSV-1, and adenovirus were not. Interestingly, pseudotyping HIV-1 with vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G) overcame this inhibition. Constitutive inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex in the T-cell line H9 also blocked replication of HIV-1. These data suggested the existence of an Arp2/3 complex-dependent event during the early phase of the life cycles of both primate lentiviruses and IMV. Inhibiting the HIV-1's ability to activate Arp2/3 complex could be a potential chemotherapeutic intervention for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Clinical Laboratory Test Findings in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Background: Results of readily available clinical laboratory tests in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome were compared with results in healthy control subjects. Methods: Cases consisted of all 579 patients who met either the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga, British, or Australian case definition for chronic fatigue syndrome. They were from chronic fatigue clinics in Boston, Mass, and Seattle, Wash. Control subjects consisted of 147 blood donors who denied chronic fatigue. Outcome measures were the results of 18 clinical laboratory tests. Results: Age- and sex-adjusted odds ratios of abnormal results, comparing cases with control subjects, were as follows: circulating immune complexes, 26.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4-206); atypical lymphocytosis, 11.4 (95% CI, 1.4-94); elevated immunoglobulin G, 8.5 (95% CI, 2.0-37); elevated alkaline phosphatase, 4.2 (95% CI, 1.6-11); elevated total cholesterol, 2.1 (95% CI, 1.2-3.4); and elevated lactic dehydrogenase, 0.30 (95% CI, 0.16-0.56). Also, antinuclear antibodies were detected in 15% of cases vs 0% in the control subjects. The results of these tests were generally comparable for the cases from Seattle and Boston. Although these tests served to discriminate the population of patients from healthy control subjects, at the individual level they were not as useful. Conclusions: Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome who were located in two geographically distant areas had abnormalities in the results of several readily available clinical laboratory tests compared with healthy control subjects. The immunologic abnormalities are in accord with a growing body of evidence suggesting chronic, low-level activation of the immune system in chronic fatigue syndrome. While each of these laboratory findings supports the diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome, each lacks sufficient sensitivity to be a diagnostic test. Furthermore, the specificity of these findings relative to other organic and psychiatric conditions that can produce fatigue remains to be established. (Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:97-103)
The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in the pediatric population of Southwestern Ontario.

Abstract Purpose Despite a rising worldwide incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), few data exist on Canadian children. We reviewed the incidence of IBD in all children 17 years or younger in Southwestern Ontario. Materials and Methods A chart review from 1997 to 2006 revealed 123 children with IBD. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to year of diagnosis: group 1=1997 to 2001 and group 2=2002 to 2006. Our catchment population was determined from census data. Results Sex (group 1=52% females; group 2=45% females, P = .42) and age (group 1=12.4 ± 3.6 years; group 2=12.9 ± 3.5 years; P = .43) were similar between groups. Although the overall incidence of IBD decreased (group 1=14.3 cases/100,000; group 2=12.4 cases/100,000), the incidence of Crohn's disease nearly doubled (group 1=3.5 cases/100,000; group 2=6.01 cases/100,000) while the incidence of ulcerative colitis decreased substantially (group 1=10.6 cases/100,000; group 2=6.01 cases/100,000). The incidence of indeterminate colitis was 0.2 cases/100,000 for group 1 and 0.4 cases/100,000 for group 2. The rate of surgical intervention decreased over time, with 43% of patients requiring surgery in group 1 and 31% in group 2 ( P = .17). Conclusion Despite a slight decrease in pediatric IBD incidence in Southwestern Ontario, the incidence of Crohn's disease has nearly doubled over the last decade. Reasons for this remain unclear, although given the relatively short time interval, environmental factors, rather than genetic changes, seem more likely.
Selective Nonoperative Management of Blunt Liver Injury Using Computed Tomography

• Computed tomographic (CT) scans are used to evaluate victims of blunt trauma for abdominal injury when reasons for immediate laparotomy are not present. Twenty-four patients whose CT scans showed liver injuries that were small parenchymal lacerations or intrahepatic hematomas were managed without laparotomy. Intra-abdominal blood was absent or estimated to be less than 250 mL in volume. None of the patients were in shock; six patients required transfusions, none for acute abdominal bleeding. None of these patients subsequently required laparotomy or showed hepatobiliary problems at a follow-up examination less than one year later. Five follow-up scans showed varying degrees of resolution. Two patients died of severe head injury, but the liver injury did not contribute to the cause of death. Other patients with more severe blunt liver injury who were treated nonoperatively developed significant complications that required delayed surgery. It seems that patients with limited liver injury diagnosed by CT scan and selected by strictly applied criteria can be managed safely without laparotomy in a setting where rapid evaluation and treatment of any potential complication is available. ( Arch Surg 1985;120:550-554)
Leichtbau-Fahrgestell mit Einzelradaufhängung für Leichte Lkw

Die in Lkw heute ueblichen Fahrgestelle mit starren Achsen haben grosse ungefederte Massen. Ausser bei der Luftfederung erfolgt keine Anpassung der Federraten an die verschiedenen Beladungszustaende. Das schraenkt den Fahrkomfort ein und schadet dem Strassenbelag. Im Rahmen eines vom Bundesministerium fuer Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) gefoerderten Forschungsprojekts wurde ein Leichtbau-Fahrgestell mit Zentralrohr und Einzelradaufhaengung konzeptionell entwickelt. Die Einzelradaufhaengung ist zwar deutlich aufwendiger und kostenintensiver als die Starrachse. Sie bietet jedoch die Moeglichkeit einer Gewichtseinsparung und die nahezu freie Waehlbarkeit der fahrdynamischen Parameter und Radaufhaengungsgroessen. Ausserdem ist ein geringerer Einbauraum noetig. Im vorgestellten Konzept kam anstelle des Leiterrahmens, der viel Gewicht und Platz beansprucht, ein Zentralrohrrahmen zum Einsatz, der mehr Bodenfreiheit gewaehrt (Allradvariante) oder zur Verbesserung der Ladehoehe beitraegt.
Statistical Database Security

A statistical database is a collection of data items each of which is to be considered confidential but access to statistical information about these data items is to be allowed. The central questions of this chapter can be formulated as follows: Is a given statistical database secure, i.e., using the responses to permitted queries is it possible to determine the previously unknown value of any of the confidential data items stored in the database, and more fundamentally, are there secure statistical databases?
Associations Between Maternal and Child Health Status and Patterns of Medical Care Use

Objective.—To determine associations in health status and health care utilization between mothers and their children. Methods.—Cross-sectional analysis of the 1996–97 Community Tracking Study Household Survey. Separate logistic regression models describing each type of service use were conducted and adjusted for child age, health status, mother age, race, education, and respondent type. Models incorporated maternal health care use, employment, poverty, child's insurance status, and family type as independent variables. Results.—Sample included 9803 mother-child pairs, for a weighted sample of 35 651 048 pairs. Compared to mothers reporting excellent health, mothers reporting very good to good health status and fair or poor health were more likely to have children in good, fair, or poor health (odds ratio 2.00, 95% confidence interval 1.63–2.45; and odds ratio 4.16, 3.36–5.15, respectively). For each of 5 types of service use, mothers' and children's use were strongly associated: 1+ physician visits (2.42, 2.07–2.84); 6+ physician visits (2.07, 1.80–2.37); emergency department use (2.01, 1.75–2.31); hospitalizations (1.56, 1.10–2.22); and mental health visits (7.07, 5.67–8.82). Conclusions.—Associations in health service use were noted across a broad array of services for women and their children. These associations may reflect similar tendencies to seek care and suggest the need to consider patterns of maternal use in trying to understand and improve patterns of health care utilization for children.
Environmental geochemistry at Red Mountain, an unmined volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit in the Bonnifield district,Alaska Range, east-central Alaska

The unmined, pyrite-rich Red Mountain (Dry Creek) deposit displays a remarkable environmental footprint of natural acid generation, high metal and exceedingly high rare earth element (REE) concentrations in surface waters. The volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit exhibits well-constrained examples of acid-generating, metal-leaching, metal-precipitation and self-mitigation (via co-precipitation, dilution and neutralization) processes that occur in an undisturbed natural setting, a rare occurrence in North America. Oxidative dissolution of pyrite and associated secondary reactions under near-surface oxidizing conditions are the primary causes for the acid generation and metal leaching. The deposit is hosted in Devonian to Mississippian felsic metavolcanic rocks of the Mystic Creek Member of the Totatlanika Schist. Water samples with the lowest pH (many below 3.5), highest specific conductance (commonly >2500 μS/cm) and highest major- and trace-element concentrations are from springs and streams within the quartz–sericite–pyrite alteration zone. Aluminum, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Y, Zn and, particularly, the REEs are found in high concentrations, ranging across four orders of magnitude. Waters collected upstream from the alteration zone have near-neutral pH, lower specific conductance (370 to 830 μS/cm), lower metal concentrations and measurable alkalinities. Water samples collected downstream of the alteration zone have pH and metal concentrations intermediate between these two extremes. Stream sediments are anomalous in Zn, Pb, S, Fe, Cu, As, Co, Sb and Cd relative to local and regional background abundances. Red Mountain Creek and its tributaries do not, and probably never have, supported significant aquatic life.
Design considerations for low switching voltage crossing channel switches

Demonstrates both theoretically and experimentally that low switching voltage, in comparison to those characterizing other modulators, can be obtained with single-mode crossing channel structures at the wavelength of 1.32 mu m. Design considerations for obtaining the low switching voltage are presented. >
The Effect of Vocabulary Size on Toddlers' Receptiveness to Unexpected Testimony About Category Membership.

Children must be willing to accept some of what they hear “on faith,” even when that testimony conflicts with their own expectations. The study reported here investigated the relation among vocabulary size, object recognition, and 24-month-olds' (N = 40) willingness to accept potentially surprising testimony about the category to which an object belongs. Results showed that children with larger vocabularies were better able to recognize atypical exemplars of familiar categories than children with smaller vocabularies. However, they were also most likely to accept unexpected testimony that an object that looked like a member of one familiar category was actually a member of another. These results indicate that 24-month-olds trust classifications provided by adult labeling patterns even when they conflict with the classifications children generate on their own.
Momentum at Last: Perspectives on the U.S. Renewable Energy Industry

The long-term goal of the renewable energy community is to revolutionize the world`s energy economy. This includes becoming a major contributor to the markets for grid electricity and transportation fuels. The transition to this renewable energy future has been--and will continue to be--particularly challenging in the US. This is because infrastructure, spheres of influence, and ways of doing business in the energy industry are well entrenched. However, the developing countries of the world lack much of this existing infrastructure and thus are not constrained in their ability to adopt new technologies. These countries are in a position to step up and lead the way. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is one of 10 US Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratories, and the only one dedicated solely to developing and capturing the enormous potential of renewable energy and energy efficiency. The laboratory specializes in performing and managing research for public and private clients.
Stability and turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer: A comparison of remote sensing and tower observations

[1] When monitoring winds and atmospheric stability for wind energy applications, remote sensing instruments present some advantages to in-situ instrumentation such as larger vertical extent, in some cases easy installation and maintenance, measurements of vertical humidity profiles throughout the boundary layer, and no restrictions on prevailing wind directions. In this study, we compare remote sensing devices, Windcube lidar and microwave radiometer, to meteorological in-situtower measurements to demonstrate the accuracy of these measurements and to assess the utility of the remote sensing instruments in overcoming tower limitations. We compare temperature and wind observations, as well as calculations of Brunt-Vaisala frequency and Richardson numbers for the instrument deployment period in May–June 2011 at the U.S. Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory's National Wind Technology Center near Boulder, Colorado. The study reveals that a lidar and radiometer measure wind and temperature with the same accuracy as tower instruments, while also providing advantages for monitoring stability and turbulence. We demonstrate that the atmospheric stability is determined more accurately when the liquid-water mixing ratio derived from the vertical humidity profile is considered under moist-adiabatic conditions.
Modification of the Reactive Attitudes

In ‘Freedom and Resentment’ P. F. Strawson argues that reactive attitudes like resentment and indignation cannot be eliminated altogether, because doing so would involve exiting interpersonal relationships altogether. I describe an alternative to resentment: a form of moral sadness about wrongdoing that, I argue, preserves our participation in interpersonal relationships. Substituting this moral sadness for resentment and indignation would amount to a deep and far-reaching change in the way we relate to each other – while keeping in place the interpersonal relationships, which, Strawson rightfully believes, cannot be eliminated.
Bupropion Sustained Release in Adolescents With Comorbid Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Depression

ABSTRACT Objective To determine whether bupropion sustained release (SR) is effective and well-tolerated in adolescents with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression. Method Subjects were 24 adolescents (aged 11–16 years old) with ADHD and either major depressive disorder or dysthymic disorder. After a 2-week, single-blind placebo lead-in, subjects were treated for 8+ weeks with bupropion SR at doses flexibly titrated up to 3 mg/kg b.i.d. (mean final doses: 2.2 mg/kg q a.m. and 1.7 mg/kg q p.m.). Outcomes were global improvement in ADHD and depression (clinician-rated), along with changes in depressive symptomatology (parent-and child-rated), ADHD symptomatology (parent-and teacher-rated), and functional impairment (parent-rated). Results Clinicians rated 14 subjects (58%) responders in both depression and ADHD, 7 (29%) responders in depression only, and 1 (4%) a responder in ADHD only. Compared with postplacebo ratings, final parents' ( p p = .016) ratings of depressive symptomatology improved significantly, as did parents' ( p p = .080) ratings of ADHD symptomatology. Final ratings of functional impairment improved significantly from enrollment ( p Conclusions Bupropion SR may be effective and well-tolerated in adolescents with comorbid ADHD and depressive disorders. However, randomized, placebo-controlled studies are needed.
Correlates of smoking behavior among Muslim Arab-American adolescents.

Objectives. Although ethnic and gender differences in adolescent smoking have been well documented, factors influencing susceptibility to smoking and experimentation among the ethnic group of Muslim Arab-American youth have received little research attention. This study examines the smoking prevalence, the associations of known smoking risk factors, religious and cultural influences with adolescents' susceptibility to smoking and experimentation with cigarettes among the ethnic group of Muslim Arab-American adolescents, in an Islamic Academy in Fairfax County, Virginia. Design. Cross-sectional survey data collected confidentially from a sample of 480, 7th to 12th grade students in Fairfax County, Virginia, during the 1998–99 school year. Outcome measures included self-reported susceptibility to smoking and smoking behavior. Results. The overall prevalence of susceptibility to smoking, experimentation (ever smoking), 30 day and current smoking was 50%, 45%, 18% and 12%, respectively. Almost twice as many m...
Hepatic Metabolic, Inflammatory, and Stress-Related Gene Expression in Growing Mice Consuming a Low Dose of Trans-10, cis-12-Conjugated Linoleic Acid

Dietary trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid (trans-10, cis-12-CLA) fed to obese and nonobese rodents reduces body fat but leads to greater liver mass due to steatosis. The molecular mechanisms accompanying such responses remain largely unknown. Our study investigated the effects of chronic low trans-10, cis-12-CLA supplementation on hepatic expression of 39 genes related to metabolism, inflammation, and stress in growing mice. Feeding a diet supplemented with 0.3% trans-10, cis-12-CLA (wt/wt basis) for 6 weeks increased liver mass and concentration of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in liver, while adipose tissue mass decreased markedly. These changes were accompanied by greater expression of genes involved in LCFA uptake (Cd36), lipogenesis, and triacylglycerol synthesis (Acaca, Gpam, Scd, Pck1, Plin2). Expression of these genes was in line with upregulation of the lipogenic transcription factor Srebf1. Unlike previous studies where higher >0.50% of the diet) doses of trans-10, cis-12-CLA were fed, we found greater expression of genes associated with VLDL assembly/secretion (Mttp, Cideb), ketogenesis (Hmgcs2, Bdh1), and LCFA oxidation (Acox1, Pdk4) in response to trans-10, cis-12-CLA. Dietary CLA, however, did not affect inflammation- and stress-related genes. Results suggested that a chronic low dose of dietary CLA increases liver mass and lipid accumulation due to activation of lipogenesis and insufficient induction of LCFA oxidation and VLDL assembly/secretion.
Robust static planning tool for military village search missions: model and heuristics

In the contemporary military environment, making decisions on how to best utilize resources to accomplish a mission with a set of specified constraints is difficult. A Cordon and Search of a village (a.k.a. village search) is an example of such a mission. Leaders must plan the mission, assigning assets (e.g. soldiers, robots, unmanned aerial vehicles, military working dogs) to accomplish the given task in accordance with orders from higher headquarters. Computer tools can assist these leaders in making decisions, and do so in a manner that will ensure the chosen solution is within mission constraints and is robust against uncertainty in environmental parameters. Currently, no such tools exist at the tactical or operational level to assist decision makers in their planning process and, as a result, individual experience and simplistic data tables are the only tools available. Using robustness concepts, this paper proposes a methodology, a mathematical model, and resource allocation heuristics for static pl...
Three unique coordination geometries involving 1,2-dimethoxy-4,5-bis(2-pyridylethynyl)benzene

Reaction of the new ligand 1,2-dimethoxy-4,5-bis(2-pyridylethynyl)benzene with different metal centers under similar reaction conditions led to three distinct structure formation processes: molecular ring closure, dimerization, and polymer formation.
Cyclophilin A, TRIM5, and resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.

Upon entry of a retrovirus into the cytoplasm of a permissive cell, a viral protein, reverse transcriptase, generates cDNA using viral genomic RNA as template. In a subsequent but also essential step in the retroviral replication cycle, the nascent viral cDNA is ligated to chromosomal DNA by another
Potential benefits of health information technology for integrating physical and behavioral health care: perinatal depression as a case-in-point

Depression among pregnant and postpartum women (i.e., perinatal depression) is the number one complication of childbirth. The Allegheny County Maternal Depression Initiative aimed to bridge gaps between physical and behavioral health care and improve the capacity of local systems of care for identifying and treating women at high risk for perinatal depression. To achieve these goals, the collaborative adopted a community-based model of systems change focused on women enrolled in the local Medicaid managed care system. Although the systems change protocol included a number of strategies for enhancing communication at all levels of care, variations in health information technology (HIT) capacities and/or capabilities across initiative partners frequently prevented optimal implementation of these strategies. Here, we present an overview of the results of the initiative, share insights from the collaborative regarding how HIT could have improved those results, and offer recommendations related to ways to effectively leverage HIT to integrate physical and behavioral health care.
The role of pdx1 and HNF6 in proliferation and differentiation of endocrine precursors

Ex vivo expansion of embryonic stem cells (ES cells) or pancreatic stem cells for insulin delivery to diabetic patients provides potential for the restoration of islet function in these individuals. Understanding the spatial and temporal requirements of crucial factors for endocrine progenitor specification, proliferation, and terminal differentiation remains a major challenge in the field of pancreas development. Here, we provide speculation as to the role of pdx1 and HNF6 in these different stages of pancreatic endocrine cell development. At the time when islets begin to form within the pancreas, the expression patterns of pdx1 and HNF6 diverge, suggesting distinct functions for each of the genes over the course of endocrine cell development. The current body of evidence provides support for a role of both factors in early endocrine specification as well as a requirement for pdx1 in the generation of mature pancreatic endocrine cells. The precise temporal requirement of HNF6 in the production of terminally differentiated endocrine cells remains unclear. Future studies in this area will rely on conditionally manipulatable systems in combination with lineage-tracing studies for a more accurate assessment of pdx1 and HNF6 function at different stages along the pathway of endocrine cell development.
Side channel resistance quantification and verification

In this paper, a formal method for quantifying the side channel resistance based on a statistical approach is developed and a formal CAD method for verifying the side channel resistance of a circuit design is presented. Our analysis indicates that designs which have small means for the difference in power consumption between key bits and high standard deviations for the difference can achieve higher security. Our analytical results for quantifying side channel resistance indicate that it is not feasible to achieve 280 security against side channel attacks with low standard deviation or with large means in the difference between key bit runs. Additionally, our analytical results for a preliminary CAD approach to detecting side channel leakage show that significant computing resources are required to gain enough statistics on the power consumption of a circuit to make reasonable approximations about the system's side channel resistance performance prior to implementation when the side channel attacks are unknown; however, our results indicate that it is feasible to detect individual side channel vulnerabilities when the side channel attacks are known.
Biosynthetic and Bioenergetic Functions of Citric Acid Cycle Reactions in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata

Rhodopseudomonas capsulata can grow in a number of alternative modes, including (i) photosynthetic, defined here as anaerobic growth with light as the energy source, and (ii) heterotrophic, referring to aerobic heterotrophic growth in darkness. The functions of citric acid cycle sequences in these growth modes were investigated using wild-type and appropriate mutant strains. Results of growth tests and O(2) utilization experiments showed that in the heterotrophic mode, energy conversion is dependent on operation of the classical citric acid cycle. Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGD) activity in wild-type strain B10 is substantially higher in cells grown heterotrophically than in cells grown photosynthetically. Molecular oxygen, even at low concentration, appears to be important in regulation of KGD synthesis and, thus, in expression of citric acid cycle activity. Extracts of (photosynthetically grown) mutant strain KGD11 lack demonstrable KGD activity, and in contrast to the wild type, KGD11 is unable to grow heterotrophically on succinate, malate, or pyruvate owing to failure of the energy conversion function of the citric acid cycle. KGD11, however, grows well photosynthetically on malate or on CO(2) + H(2). The KGD activity level required to support the bioenergetic function of the citric acid cycle is evidently much higher than that necessary to satisfy biosynthetic demands; thus, a very low rate of succinyl-coenzyme A formation (needed for biosynthesis) in the mutant would suffice for growth under photosynthetic conditions. In wild-type R. capsulata, the alpha-ketoglutarate required for glutamate synthesis is ordinarily generated via citric acid cycle reactions, which include the conversions catalyzed by citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase. Mutants blocked in the former or both of these enzymes can grow photosynthetically if provided with an exogenous source of alpha-ketoglutarate or glutamate, but grow very poorly (if at all) as heterotrophs since the energy supply under these conditions depends on operation of the complete citric acid cycle.
Assessing entropy and fractal dimensions as discriminants of seizures in EEG time series

In this paper, the performance of Higuichi's algorithm for calculation of fractal dimension, Hurst exponents, and Shannon Entropy as discriminants for the detection of epileptic seizures in EEG signals are assessed. The proposed methods were applied to intracranial EEG recordings from epilepsy patients during the seizure free interval from within and from outside the seizure generating area as well as intracranial EEG recordings during epileptic seizures. Analysis was conducted using statistical hypothesis testing to determine the validity of the proposed seizure-identifying techniques.
The Politics Behind the Non-Contributory Old Age Social Pensions in Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa

Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Botswana comprise a cluster of southern African countries which provide monthly non-contributory benefits to their elderly citizens. This paper seeks to understand the differing political and socio-economic conditions in which the three pensions evolved and suggest what implications pensions may have for the nature of the citizen-state relationship. The paper argues that the motivation behind the long-established South African and Namibian pensions was ‘supply-driven’ to serve political ends. This has shifted over time and today all three pensions are increasingly ‘demand-driven’, that is, they serve welfare objectives of reducing poverty and promoting equality, although they must still remain acceptable to political and economic elites. This is demonstrated by analysing both ideological and practical facets of the pensions, including the design, the institutional home of the pension and the influence of geopolitical factors. It leads to the conclusion that a bond has built between citizen and state based on three characteristics. Firstly, their ability to foster social solidarity by reinforcing the value and contribution of the elderly to the household and restoring to pensioners a regained sense of citizenship; secondly the persistence of pensions which then become entrenched in the expectations of the citizenry, even before the sense of social contract develops in the political arena; and finally, acknowledgement by the state of its role in and moral commitment to provide welfare to its citizens, and the political expediency of doing so. These three mutually-reinforcing characteristics, maintain the momentum of the pension which, in turn, reinforces the contract.
Modularity Analysis of Logical Design Models

Traditional design representations are inadequate for generalized reasoning about modularity in design and its technical and economic implications. We have developed an architectural modeling and analysis approach, and automated tool support, for improved reasoning in these terms. However, the complexity of constraint satisfaction limited the size of models that we could analyze. The contribution of this paper is a more scalable approach. We exploit the dominance relations in our models to guide a divide-and-conquer algorithm, which we have implemented it in our Simon tool. We evaluate its performance in case studies. The approach reduced the time needed to analyze small but representative models from hours to seconds. This work appears to make our modeling and analysis approach practical for research on the evolvability and economic properties of software design architectures
Fluid Group: Concept and Clinical Application in the Therapeutic Milieu:

Abstract The term fluid group as used by describe an important intervention modality of nurses working in therapeutic milieu settings. Fluid group work is a disciplined application of psychotherapeutic principles, knowledge, and skills to brief, unplanned clinical encounters. Moving into and out of spontaneous interactions with patients in a fluid manner is an important concept and educational strategy that can be used to teach nursing students within the milieu setting. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [lsqb ]2001[rsqb ]. 7, 39-44.)
Training structural svms with kernels using sampled cuts

Discriminative training for structured outputs has found increasing applications in areas such as natural language processing, bioinformatics, information retrieval, and computer vision. Focusing on large-margin methods, the most general (in terms of loss function and model structure) training algorithms known to date are based on cutting-plane approaches. While these algorithms are very efficient for linear models, their training complexity becomes quadratic in the number of examples when kernels are used. To overcome this bottleneck, we propose new training algorithms that use approximate cutting planes and random sampling to enable efficient training with kernels. We prove that these algorithms have improved time complexity while providing approximation guarantees. In empirical evaluations, our algorithms produced solutions with training and test error rates close to those of exact solvers. Even on binary classification problems where highly optimized conventional training methods exist (e.g. SVM-light), our methods are about an order of magnitude faster than conventional training methods on large datasets, while remaining competitive in speed on datasets of medium size.
Sustaining the silicon revolution: from 3D transistors to 3D integration (Presentation Recording)

Steady advancement in integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing and design over the past five decades has resulted in the proliferation of information technology, with dramatic impact on virtually every aspect of life in modern society. Today, three-dimensional (3D) transistor structures are being adopted in the most advanced processes to facilitate continued transistor miniaturization for increased functional density and lower cost per function. 3D integration represents a complementary approach for increasing functional density, and will become predominant as practical limits for transistor scaling are reached. This paper will discuss fundamental challenges for transistor scaling and for cost-effective 3D integration to sustain the growth of the semiconductor industry beyond the next decade. © (2015) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF THE FEMORAL NECK FOLLOWING ROENTGEN-RAY THERAPY OVER THE PELVIS

1. The case of fracture of the femoral neck here reported is the first at this Hospital in a series of 1084 cases receiving roentgen-ray treatment over the pelvis, an incidence of .09 per cent. 2. The fracture resulted from weight-bearing in the presence of marked osteoporosis, developing in a bone whose blood supply had first been impaired by arteriosclerosis, and was then further damaged by roentgen-ray therapy and fibrosis. 3. At the present time, about three years since the fracture occurred, there has been no callus formation demonstrable by roentgenograms. 4. When roentgen-ray treatment is given over the pelvis, the portals should be placed so that they do not include the region of the femoral necks. If this is unavoidable, the portals should be as small as possible.
Development and optimization of biofilm based algal cultivation

This dissertation describes research done on biofilm based algal cultivation systems. The system that was developed in this work is the revolving algal biofilm cultivation system (RAB). A raceway-retrofit, and a trough-based pilot-scale RAB system were developed and investigated. Each of the systems significantly outperformed a control raceway pond in side-by-side tests. Furthermore the RAB system was found to require significantly less water than the raceway pond based cultivation system. Lastly a TEA/LCA analysis was conducted to evaluate the economic and life cycle of the RAB cultivation system in comparison to raceway pond. It was found that the RAB system was able to grow algae at a lower cost and was shown to be profitable at a smaller scale than the raceway pond style of algal cultivation. Additionally the RAB system was projected to have lower GHG emissions, and better energy and water use efficiencies in comparison to a raceway pond system. Furthermore, fundamental research was conducted to identify the optimal material for algae to attach on. A total of 28 materials with a smooth surface were tested for initial cell colonization and it was found that the tetradecane contact angle of the materials had a good correlation with cell attachment. The effects of surface texture were evaluated using mesh materials (nylon, polypropylene, high density polyethylene, polyester, aluminum, and stainless steel) with openings ranging from 0.05–6.40 mm. It was found that both surface texture and material composition influence algal attachment.