cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discriminatory, Yet Consistent: Examining China's Banking Rules and Regulations in Light of the General Agreement on Trade in Services

This working paper examines China’s multilateral commitments on trade in services and the extent to which China has implemented those commitments in the banking sector. While some of China’s banking regulations undoubtedly create barriers to market entry and operation, I argue that the text of the General Agreement on Trade in Services allows for such regulatory abrogations so long as the measures are enacted for prudential reasons rather than for the purpose of circumventing trade obligations. China has continually emphasized that the rationale underlying the discriminatory measures is prudential, making it unlikely that a Member state could successfully challenge China’s banking regulations through the World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism. Accordingly, if foreign-owned banks and branches of foreign banks hope to increase their market share in China, increased pressure must be placed on China to revamp their banking laws. Additionally, the prudential carve-out of the General Agreement on Trade in Services must be revisited to narrow the circumstances under which a country may enact non-conforming measures.
You'll Never Believe This: Irony and Hyperbole in Expressing Surprise

Three experiments compared how people comprehend irony and hyperbole as expressing surprise. Experiment 1 demonstrated that, when irony and hyperbole are used together, they express more surprise than if either is used alone. There was no difference between the degree of surprise expressed by hyperbole and irony, although both expressed more surprise than literal commentary. Experiment 2 revealed that, when a speaker has exaggerated about some unexpected event, as much surprise is expressed by very slight, realistically possible hyperbole as by outlandish, impossible hyperbole. In a third experiment the range of possible levels of hyperbole tested in Experiment 2 was shown to cause differences in how easy it was to determine that a speaker was surprised at some turn of events. The results are discussed in terms of theories of irony and hyperbole comprehension.
Abstract 3636: Ekg Left Ventricular Hypertrophy And Cardiovascular Events In Patients With Type 1 And Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: A large number of studies have demonstrated that LVH detected with standard electrocardiography is an independent predictor of future cardiovascular complications in various subsets of patients. Despite the fact that ECG represents the first cardiovascular test performed in diabetics, few data are available on the prognostic significance of EKG LVH in these patients. Aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between EKG LVH and the risk of future cardiovascular events in a wide group of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods A total of 1131 prospectively identified patients with type 1 (n=613, age 36 ± 13 years, 40 % women, BP 127 ± 16/79 ± 8 mmHg, total cholesterol 196 ± 43 mg/dl, HbA1C 7.81 ± 1.67%) and with type 2 DM (n=618, age 53 ± 11 years, 34 % women, BP 137 ± 18/82 ± 8 mmHg, total cholesterol 208 ± 41 mg/dl, HbA1C 7.97 ± 1.72%) were studied. At baseline all subjects underwent baseline clinical examination with blood pressure measurement according to current guidelines, standard laboratory examinations and a 12 leads electrocardiogram. LVH was defined as the presence of a “Sokolow-Lyon” voltage >38 mm and/or a “Cornell voltage QRS duration product” >2440 mm* msec. Treatment was not standardized. Results LVH prevalence was 8.3 % in type 2 DM and 6.4 % in type 1 DM. Patients were followed for 63 ± 27 months (range 1–126). A first non fatal cardiovascular event occurred in 62 patients. Kaplan-Meyer analysis revealed a higher risk of cardiovascular events in patients with LVH both with type 1 and type 2 DM (Log Rank Mantel Cox p Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that in patients with DM the detection of LVH by EKG is associated to an increased risk of cardiovascular events, independently of other risk factors and represent the first demonstration of the prognostic significance of EKG-LVH in patients with type 1 diabetes
Compensatory Coping with Stressors

One of the pleasures of preparing for this volume was the opportunity to re-read Leonard Pearlin’s papers, discovering again the depth of his sensitivity to and respect for people who are undergoing hardships and troubles. Pearlin insisted repeatedly in his work that our job is to understand how people cope with ordinary problems in their lives, not rare or extraordinary ones. He kept his eye firmly fixed on the very difficult, sometimes intractable, problems that wear away people’s coping resources, despite their best efforts. Pearlin never blamed the victim in his research because he was exquisitely aware that structural and interpersonal constraints can keep people entrapped in roles that are strain-filled and damaging. In that spirit, the focus of this paper will be on people in situations that are persistently or increasingly stressful in the long run.
Choice and the Social Sciences

This is a set of sections excised from a substantial essay too long to publish, namely from “Choosing among Projects of Action” (1951), reprinted in CP I. This text also contributes importantly to Schutz’s theory of economics.
Knee replacement: Clinical perspectives

Abstract: Total knee arthroplasty has evolved over the past four decades into one of the most successful surgical procedures performed in medicine, and the projected demand by 2030 indicates its functional and financial benefits to patients and society. Early biomaterial and design issues were addressed quickly, and the current differences and controversies in practice are based more on preference rather than principle. Research and development has focused increasingly on issues surrounding the procedure – use of patient specific data, computer assisted robotics, pain management and infection control – to improve clinical results as patient expectations rise and patient satisfaction and outcomes are the metrics demanded by health insurance payors and hospital administrators. This chapter describes current knee designs and reinforces the principles of total knee arthroplasty.
The Role of Spirituality in Health Care

(2001). The Role of Spirituality in Health Care. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 352-357.
An Exploration of the Role of Service Recovery in Negative Electronic Word-of-Mouth Management

This study aims to investigate the factors that influence consumers’ electronic word-of-mouth (EWOM) revision behaviors and repurchase in the e-commerce context. As an overarching theory, service recovery theory is consulted and important variables, including perceived justice, service failure severity, service recovery expectation and service recovery satisfaction, are discussed to develop focal hypotheses. For the empirical testing of the proposed hypotheses, the structural equation model and measurements were designed based on relevant literature. A survey was conducted in South Korea to validate the research model. The findings illustrate that perceived justice, service failure severity and service recovery expectation significantly influence service recovery satisfaction. And it leads to intention to revise EWOM and repurchase intention. The moderating role of perceived revision request was also found in the analysis. Based on the findings, several theoretical contributions and managerial implications are discussed.
Quantitative Measurement of Intrinsic GTP Hydrolysis for Carcinogenic Glutamine 61 Mutants in H-Ras.

Mutations of human oncoprotein p21H-Ras (hereafter “Ras”) at glutamine 61 are known to slow the rate of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis and transform healthy cells into malignant cells. It has been hypothesized that this glutamine plays a role in the intrinsic mechanism of GTP hydrolysis by interacting with an active site water molecule that stabilizes the formation of the charged transition state at the γ-phosphate during hydrolysis. However, there is no comprehensive data set of the effects of mutations to Q61 on the protein’s intrinsic catalytic rate, structure, or interactions with water at the active site. Here, we present the first comprehensive and quantitative set of initial rates of intrinsic hydrolysis for all stable variants of RasQ61X. We further conducted enhanced molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of each construct to determine the solvent accessible surface area (SASA) of the side chain at position 61 and compared these results to previously measured changes in electric fields caus...
Real-World Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attack Implementation Using Open Source Tools for Instructional Use

Cybersecurity is becoming more significant with the increased reliance on the internet; and wireless networks like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. There are many vulnerabilities in the cyber world which the attackers are exploiting. One such attack is Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attack. Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) is one of the primary attacks employed in computer-based hacking. In this paper, we will discuss how the attacker performs the Man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack using the open source Ettercap tool in Kali Linux environment. Ettercap tool is a sniffing tool available in the Kali Linux operating system. It is used to perform sniffing, using Man-in-the-middle attack and other attacks like DDOS attack, packet filtering, DNS spoofing, etc. This paper attempts to implement this attack for instructional use in an academic setup for teaching a foundational cybersecurity course.
Hypermobile Hip Syndrome

Hypermobile hip syndrome is defined as the triad of symptoms (pain and instability), physical examination findings (confirms the subjective history), and imaging findings (corroborates the subjective and objective examination) consistent with hip instability, manifest along a spectrum from microinstability to dislocation. Soft tissue (capsule and labrum) and osseous (coverage, rotational profiles) structures may contribute. Imaging may reveal unique findings, include an anterior or anterolateral hypermobile hip crevasse. Surgical management must ensure anatomical corrections of pathomorphology, labral preservation, and routine complete capsular closure, with variable degrees of plication and shift able to be achieved with modern instrumentation. Postoperative care with physical therapy and medical management optimizes outcomes.
The short-term reliability and long-term stability of salivary immune markers.

Abstract Salivary markers of immune function are increasingly commonly used in studies of human health. Yet, few studies have examined the short-term or long-term reliability or stability of these biomarkers, making their measurement properties unclear. We addressed this issue in the present study by collecting two saliva samples, two hours apart, from 426 adolescent girls during a baseline laboratory visit. Then, eighteen months later, we collected the same samples again from a subset of these participants (n = 113). The correlations between the two samples collected at each session were generally high (mean r = 0.67). In contrast, although single saliva samples were only weakly correlated across 18 month (mean rs = 0.18), averaging the two quantifications within a session considerably improved the reliability (mean r = 0.27). In short, salivary immune markers exhibited strong short-term test-retest correlations, and averaging across multiple assessments notably improved long-term test-retest correlations. Additional research is needed to establish the health relevance and mechanisms underlying these potentially useful, non-invasive biomarkers.
Self-Incompatibility: Self/Nonself Discrimination Between Pollen and Pistil

Pollination begins when pollen produced in anthers adheres to the surface of the stigma. The acceptance of the pollen leads to its germination on the stigma and subsequent tube growth through the style to the ovary. Each pollen tube then penetrates an ovule and the two sperm nuclei carried by the pollen tube are released, one fusing with the egg nuclei and the other with polar nuclei of the embryo sac, to complete double-fertilization. The process of sexual reproduction thus provides an ideal system for studying cell-cell communication and signal transduction - it requires continuing interactions between pollen or pollen tubes and various parts of the pistil before the fusion of the male gamete and the female gamete can take place (Heslop-Harrison, 1987). The importance of these interactions to fertilization is best illustrated by the existence of various types of prezygotic reproductive barriers. For example, in many cases of interspecific incompatibility, the pistil of one species fails to allow the pollen from a different species to germinate or to grow in the style (Frankel and Galun, 1977). Further, in the case of intraspecific incompatibility, the pistil of an individual has the ability to reject the “wrong” kind of pollen to prevent inbreeding. Thus, maintenance of “correct” cell-cell communication between pollen and pistil is essential for pollen tube growth and fertilization.
New Perspectives on Twentieth-Century Catholicism

Until the 1980s the history of the Roman Catholic Church and Catholicism in modern Europe was mostly the preserve of the theologically and confessionally defined field of ‘church history’ or ‘ecclesiastic history’. Catholic historiography was sealed off from mainstream (North American and British) historiography, with nineteenth- and twentieth-century Catholicism seemingly little more than a backward-looking footnote in the dominant narrative of secular modernity and progress. In a 1991 review article David Blackbourn pointed out that ‘historians in the mainstream have commonly considered Catholicism, if they considered it at all, as a hopelessly obscurantist force at odds with the more serious isms that have shaped the modern age’. Within the same review, however, Blackbourn signaled the emergence of timid but nevertheless clear ‘signs of a change’ in the historiographical direction and a new interest in Catholic history.
Critical review of asphaltene properties and factors impacting its stability in crude oil

Asphaltene is a component of crude oil that has been reported to cause severe problems during production and transportation of the oil from the reservoir. It is a solid component of the oil that has different structures and molecular makeup which makes it one of the most complex components of the oil. This research provides a detailed review of asphaltene properties, characteristics, and previous studies to construct a guideline to asphaltene and its impact on oil recovery. The research begins with an explanation of the main components of crude oil and their relation to asphaltene. The method by which asphaltene is quantified in the crude oil is then explained. Due to its different structures, asphaltene has been modeled using different models all of which are then discussed. All chemical analysis methods that have been used to characterize and study asphaltene are then mentioned and the most commonly used method is shown. Asphaltene will pass through several phases in the reservoir beginning from its stability phase up to its deposition in the pores, wellbore, and facilities. All these phases are explained, and the reason they may occur is mentioned. Following this, the methods by which asphaltene can damage oil recovery are presented. Asphaltene rheology and flow mechanism in the reservoir are then explained in detail including asphaltene onset pressure determination and significance and the use of micro- and nanofluidics to model asphaltene. Finally, the mathematical models, previous laboratory, and oilfield studies conducted to evaluate asphaltene are discussed. This research will help increase the understanding of asphaltene and provide a guideline to properly study and model asphaltene in future studies.
Association of urine mitochondrial DNA with clinical measures of COPD in the SPIROMICS cohort

BACKGROUNDMitochondrial dysfunction, a proposed mechanism of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis, is associated with the leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which may be detected extracellularly in various bodily fluids. Despite evidence for the increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease in COPD subjects and for mitochondrial dysfunction in the kidneys of murine COPD models, whether urine mtDNA (u-mtDNA) associates with measures of disease severity in COPD is unknown.METHODSCell-free u-mtDNA, defined as copy number of mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase-1 (MTND1) gene, was measured by quantitative PCR and normalized to urine creatinine in cell-free urine samples from participants in the Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study (SPIROMICS) cohort. Urine albumin/creatinine ratios (UACR) were measured in the same samples. Associations between u-mtDNA, UACR, and clinical disease parameters - including FEV1 % predicted, clinical measures of exercise tolerance, respiratory symptom burden, and chest CT measures of lung structure - were examined.RESULTSU-mtDNA and UACR levels were measured in never smokers (n = 64), smokers without airflow obstruction (n = 109), participants with mild/moderate COPD (n = 142), and participants with severe COPD (n = 168). U-mtDNA was associated with increased respiratory symptom burden, especially among smokers without COPD. Significant sex differences in u-mtDNA levels were observed, with females having higher u-mtDNA levels across all study subgroups. U-mtDNA associated with worse spirometry and CT emphysema in males only and with worse respiratory symptoms in females only. Similar associations were not found with UACR.CONCLUSIONU-mtDNA levels may help to identify distinct clinical phenotypes and underlying pathobiological differences in males versus females with COPD.TRIAL REGISTRATIONThis study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01969344).FUNDINGUS NIH, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, supplemented by contributions made through the Foundation for the NIH and the COPD Foundation from AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Bayer, Bellerophon Therapeutics, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Forest Research Institute Inc., GlaxoSmithKline, Grifols Therapeutics Inc., Ikaria Inc., Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Nycomed GmbH, ProterixBio, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Sanofi, Sunovion, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, and Theravance Biopharma and Mylan.
Systematic study of shockley-read-hall and radiative recombination in GaN on Al2O3, freestanding GaN, and GaN on Si

Here we study and correlate structural, electrical, and optical properties of three GaN samples: GaN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on sapphire (GaN/Al2O3), freestanding GaN crystals grown by the high nitrogen pressure solution method (HNPS GaN), and GaN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy on silicon (GaN/Si). Defect and impurity densities and carrier concentrations are quantified by x-ray diffraction, secondary mass ion spectroscopy, and Hall effect studies, respectively. Power-dependent photoluminescence measurements reveal GaN near-band-edge emissions from all samples having mixtures of free exciton and band-to-band transitions. Only the defect luminescence in the GaN/Si sample remains unsaturated, in contrast to those from the HNPS GaN and GaN/Al2O3 samples. Carrier lifetimes, extracted from time-resolved photoluminescence measurements, and internal quantum efficiencies, extracted from temperature-dependent photoluminescence measurements, are used to extract radiative and nonradiative lifetimes. Shockley–Read–Hall (A) and radiative recombination coefficients (B) are then calculated accordingly. Overall, the A coefficient is observed to be highly sensitive to the point defect density rather than dislocation density, as evidenced by three orders of magnitude reduction in threading dislocation density reducing the A coefficient by one order of magnitude only. The B coefficient, while comparable in the higher quality and lowly doped GaN/Al2O3 and HNPS GaN samples, was severely degraded in the GaN/Si sample due to high threading dislocation density and doping concentration.
Questions about the evolution of ices, from diffuse molecular clouds to comets

The surfaces of interstellar and circumstellar dust grains are the sites of molecule formation, most of which, except H2, stick and form ice mantles. The study of ice evolution thus seems directly relevant for understanding our own origins, although the relation between interstellar and solar system ices remains a key question. The comparison of interstellar and solar system ices relies evidently on an accurate understanding of the composition and processes in both environments. With the accurate in situ measurements available for the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with the Rosetta mission, improving our understanding of interstellar ices is the more important. Here, I will address three specific questions. First, while laboratory experiments have made much progress in understanding complex organic molecule (COM) formation in the ices, the question remains, how does COM formation depend on environment and time? Second, what is the carrier of sulfur in the ices? And third, can ice absorption bands trace the processing history of the ices? Laboratory experiments, ranging from infrared spectroscopy to identify interstellar ice species, to surface experiments to determine reaction parameters in ice formation scenarios, to heating and irradiation experiments to simulate space environments, are essential to address these questions and analyze the flood of new observational data that will become available with new facilities in the next 2-10 years.
Neoadjuvant durvalumab plus weekly nab-paclitaxel and dose-dense doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide in triple-negative breast cancer.

The goal of this Phase I/II trial is to assess the safety and efficacy of administering durvalumab concurrent with weekly nab-paclitaxel and dose-dense doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (ddAC) neoadjuvant therapy for stages I–III triple-negative breast cancer. The primary endpoint is pathologic complete response (pCR:ypT0/is, ypN0). The response was correlated with PDL1 expression and stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs). Two dose levels of durvalumab (3 and 10 mg/kg) were assessed. PD-L1 was assessed using the SP263 antibody; ≥1% immune and tumor cell staining was considered positive; sTILs were calculated as the area occupied by mononuclear inflammatory cells over the total intratumoral stromal area. 59 patients were evaluable for toxicity and 55 for efficacy in the Phase II study (10 mg/kg dose). No dose-limiting toxicities were observed in Phase I. In Phase II, pCR rate was 44% (95% CI: 30–57%); 18 patients (31%) experienced grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events (AE), most frequently neutropenia (n = 4) and anemia (n = 4). Immune-related grade 3/4 AEs included Guillain–Barre syndrome (n = 1), colitis (n = 2), and hyperglycemia (n = 2). Of the 50 evaluable patients for PD-L1, 31 (62%) were PD-L1 positive. pCR rates were 55% (95% CI: 0.38–0.71) and 32% (95% CI: 0.12–0.56) in the PD-L1 positive and negative groups (p = 0.15), respectively. sTIL counts were available on 52 patients and were significantly higher in the pCR group (p = 0.0167). Concomitant administration of durvalumab with sequential weekly nab-paclitaxel and ddAC neoadjuvant chemotherapy resulted in a pCR rate of 44%; pCR rates were higher in sTIL-high cancers.
Lack of neonatal Fc receptor does not diminish the efficacy of the HSV-1 0ΔNLS vaccine against ocular HSV-1 challenge.

Abstract The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is constitutively expressed in the cornea and is up-regulated in response to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Previously, we found targeting cornea FcRn expression by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown reduced the local efficacy of HSV-1 0ΔNLS vaccinated C57BL/6 mice against ocular challenge with HSV-1. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the HSV-1 0ΔNLS vaccine efficacy in FcRn deficient (FcRn KO) mice challenged with HSV-1. Whereas there was little neutralizing antibody detected in the serum of HSV-1 0ΔNLS vaccinated FcRn KO mice, these mice exhibited the same degree of protection against ocular challenge with HSV-1 as wild type (WT) C57BL/6 mice as measured by cumulative survival, infectious virus shed or retained in tissue, and corneal pathology including opacity and neovascularization. Mock-vaccinated FcRn KO mice were found to be more sensitive to ocular HSV-1 infection compared to mock-vaccinated (WT) mice in terms of cumulative survival and virus shedding. In addition, the FcRn KO mice generated significantly fewer effector (CD3+CD44+CD62L-) and central (CD3+CD44+CD62L+) memory CD8+ T cells compared to the WT mice 7 days post infection. Collectively, mock-vaccinated FcRn KO mice are susceptible to ocular HSV-1 infection but HSV-1 0ΔNLS vaccinated FcRn KO mice are resistant suggesting that in addition to the FcRn, other pathways are involved in mediating the protective effect of the HSV-1 0ΔNLS vaccine against subsequent HSV-1 challenge.
Early Sport Specialization.

➤ Early sport specialization has been recognized as a potential factor in the relationship between physical activity and health since the early 1970s. ➤ There is no universally agreed-upon terminology or definition for early sport specialization, but early sport specialization typically encompasses preteen athletes who play 1 sport competitively throughout the year or play on several teams within 1 season, leading to intensive participation without variation in physical activity. ➤ There is a limited number of comprehensive long-term outcome studies that have identified a potential link between early sport specialization and musculoskeletal injury or burnout. ➤ Methodologically sound prospective research looking at chronologic age and years of participation by sports played will help to answer whether there is an impact from early sport specialization on the relationship with successful participation and injury occurrence.
The Characterization and Evolution of Strategies About Vector Equations in the Game Vector Unknown

We present results of a grounded analysis of individual interviews in which students play Vector Unknown — a digital game designed to introduce visualizing vectors, scaling vectors, vector addition, and vector equations, attending to the geometric and algebraic representations of vectors. The game was designed to be used at the beginning of a linear algebra course, and participants in the study were students who had not previously taken such a course. We categorize the strategies the students employed while playing the game and analyze how these strategies evolved throughout the students’ gameplaying. They range from less anticipatory button-pushing to more sophisticated strategies based on approximating solutions and choosing vectors based on their direction. We found that student focus alternated between numerical and geometric aspects of the game interface, which provided additional insight into their strategies. These results have provided revisions to the game and also informed our team’s plans for incorporating it into classroom instruction.
Informed consent in medicine: one physician's perspective.

The American physician is today besieged by economic and societal forces which conspire to weaken whatever equanimity he or she could once bring to the practice of medicine. In the latter realm, the threat of malpractice actions is ever-present. In this regard, negligence has long been the theory whereupon plaintiffs' attorneys seek to recover damages for patients' misfortunes in the medical system. However, when no physician negligence can be shown to be the cause of bad medical outcomes, lack of informed consent has become an alternative theory for attorneys to use in pursuing legal action. This development in the law balances a laudable effort to protect patients' autonomy rights against an often intolerable burden for physicians. What to tell patients is thus a matter of paramount concern in the era of risk management. The issue of informed consent is a relatively recent development in the history of medicine. Traditionally the doctor-patient relationship has been paternalistic. In ancient Greece, Hippocrates advised physicians to
Parental Autonomy Support and Career Well-Being: Mediating Effects of Perceived Academic Competence and Volitional Autonomy

Self-determination theory (SDT) was used to explain the relation of parental autonomy support for making their own decisions and career well-being (i.e., more academic major satisfaction and less subjective career distress). Perceived academic competence and perceived volitional autonomy were posited to mediate the relation of mother’s and father’s autonomy support and career well-being in 113 university students. Perceived academic competence mediated the relation of father’s support and both indicators of career well-being. Perceived volitional autonomy mediated the relation of mother’s support and both indicators of career well-being. A bootstrap procedure yielded significant mediation effects of mother’s and father’s autonomy support on career well-being. Results are discussed in terms of SDT and career well-being.
Safety of warfarin dosing in the intensive care unit following the Fontan procedure.

Objective To determine the incidence of supratherapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) values in patients initiated on warfarin in the pediatric intensive care unit after the Fontan procedure. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Pediatric intensive care unit in a freestanding pediatric teaching hospital. Patients Thirty-two consecutive children with single ventricle physiology with an initial Fontan conversion. All were initiated on warfarin in the postoperative period while in the intensive care unit. Outcome Measures Supratherapeutic INR values, interventions in warfarin dosing to address or prevent supratherapeutic INR values, major and minor bleeding episodes, and venous thromboembolic events. Results Supratherapeutic INR values after warfarin initiation occurred in 12.5% (n = 4) of patients with an additional 6.3% (n = 2) requiring dose adjustments due to a rapidly increasing INR. Patients with a supratherapeutic INR were started on warfarin earlier compared with other patients (median postoperative day 2 vs. 5, P = .037, respectively). There were no reported thrombi or thromboembolic events and the only clinically significant bleeding event occurred while the INR value was subtherapeutic. Conclusions Patients undergoing the Fontan procedure may be more sensitive to warfarin dosing when initiated closer to the surgical procedure date. Despite this observation, warfarin appears to be a safe medication for use within the early postoperative period after the Fontan procedure when response to therapy is monitored closely. Clinicians should use caution when initiating warfarin before postoperative day 3 in patients undergoing an initial Fontan operation.
Catalytic and Molecular Properties of a Phage-induced Capsular Polysaccharide Depolymerase

Abstract Infection of Aerobacter aerogenes with a phage isolated from raw sewage induces the de novo synthesis of a polysaccharide depolymerase active against the capsular polysaccharide of the host organism. The enzyme exists in two forms, soluble and phage-bound. The soluble form has been purified to apparent homogeneity, as judged by disc gel electrophoresis and molecular sieve chromatography, and possesses the following molecular properties: (a) sedimentation coefficient, 10.7 S; (b) Stokes radius, 86.2 A; (c) molecular weight, 379,000; and (d) frictional ratio, 1.77. Treatment of depolymerase with sodium dodecyl sulfate at 42–62° results in dissociation to two apparently nonidentical subunits with molecular weights of 63,200 and 36,400. Depolymerase is a highly specific glycanohydrolase which randomly attacks the galactosyl-α-1 → 3-galactose linkages of the capsular polysaccharide; one susceptible bond occurs in each tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the polymer. Depolymerase activity may be conveniently assayed by the release of reducing groups; the pH optimum of the enzyme is 5.2. Treatment of capsular polysaccharide with NaIO4 and NaBH4 selectively degrades the glucuronate branches; the resultant polysaccharide is digested by depolymerase at less than 1% the rate of native capsular polysaccharide. The smallest oligosaccharide that depolymerase will degrade is a dodecasaccharide, termed C, composed of three tetrasaccharide repeating units. Reduced C is digested by depolymerase at 1% of the rate of capsular polysaccharide and is degraded in a highly specific manner; only the galactosylgalactose linkage immediately adjacent to the terminal, nonreducing tetrasaccharide repeating unit is attacked. The phage-bound and soluble depolymerases are identical with respect to their catalytic properties. Treatment of phage with either 8 m urea or 4 m guanidine·HCl results in quantitative solubilization of the phage-bound depolymerase activity. The solubilized enzyme is indistinguishable from the soluble enzyme isolated from cell lysates as judged by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography.
Video-conferencing in a classroom

We introduced case studies and video conferencing-based projects to supplement lectures in teaching a graduate level telecommunications management course. The effectiveness of these methods in improving learning effectiveness was measured by administering questionnaires to students. Results of the analysis suggest that lectures were effective in imparting domain specific skills. Written case studies were more effective in imparting higher level cognitive skills, triggering learning interest, improving communications skills, and learning from others. Video-conferencing projects supplemented the other methods and were perceived as a secondary means of learning.
Learning with discrete multi-valued neurons

Abstract Analog neural networks of limited precision are essentially k -ary neural networks. That is, their processors classify the input space into k regions using k − 1 parallel hyperplanes by computing k -ary weighted multilinear threshold functions. The ability of k -ary neural networks to learn k -ary weighted multilinear threshold functions is examined. The well known perceptron learning algorithm is generalized to a k -ary perceptron algorithm with guaranteed convergence property. Littlestone's winnow algorithm is superior to the perceptron learning algorithm when the ratio of the sum of the weights to the threshold value of the function being learned is small. A k -ary winnow algorithm with a mistake bound which depends on this value and the ratio between the largest and smallest thresholds is presented.
Extending Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice to Men and Women With Sex-Typed Mental Illnesses

We tested role congruity theory, which states that prejudice arises from an incongruity between group stereotypes and role characteristics, by assessing prejudice toward men and women with a masculine or feminine mental illness. Across two studies, participants acting as a vocational counselor rated the suitability of each target individual in each role. Men and individuals with a masculine sex-typed illness were more suitable for agentic roles, whereas women and individuals with a feminine sex-typed illness were more suitable for communal roles. In addition, sex and mental illness sex-type were better predictors of prejudice than evaluations of the group.
Local Governance Versus Centralization: Connecticut Wetlands Governance as a Model

Scholars disagree whether local decision making is inherently more democratic and sustainable than centralized governance structures. While some maintain it is, due to the incorporation of local knowledge, citizen decision makers' closeness to the issues, and the benefits of participatory democracy, others find it as susceptible to issues of corruption and poor implementation as any other scale. We argue that with wetlands, a natural resource with critical local benefits, it is imperative to incorporate local governance, using the U.S. state of Connecticut as an example. Despite the American policy of No Net Loss, the local benefits of wetland resources cannot be aggregated on a national scale. Each local ecosystem needs wetland resources to ensure local ecological benefits such as flood control and pollution remission, as well as the substantial economic benefits of recreation. We illustrate the benefits of local control of wetlands with data from the American state of Connecticut, which consistently surpasses the federal wetland goal of No Net Loss due, we argue, to the governance structure of town-level wetlands commissions. A national policy such as No Net Loss, where wetlands are saved or created in designated areas and destroyed in others, is insufficient when it ignores critical benefits for localities. The Connecticut system using local volunteers and unpaid appointees is a successful method for governing common-pool wetland systems. In the case of Connecticut, we find that local decision making is not a “trap,” but instead an effective model of sustainable, democratic local governance.
Noninvasive enhanced mid-IR imaging of breast cancer development in vivo

Lumpectomy coupled with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy is commonly used to treat breast cancer patients. We are developing an enhanced thermal IR imaging technique that has the potential to provide real-time imaging to guide tissue excision during a lumpectomy by delineating tumor margins. This enhanced thermal imaging method is a combination of IR imaging (8 to 10 μm ) and selective heating of blood (∼0.5°C ) relative to surrounding water-rich tissue using LED sources at low powers. Postacquisition processing of these images highlights temporal changes in temperature and the presence of vascular structures. In this study, fluorescent, standard thermal, and enhanced thermal imaging modalities, as well as physical caliper measurements, were used to monitor breast cancer tumor volumes over a 30-day study period in 19 mice implanted with 4T1-RFP tumor cells. Tumor volumes calculated from fluorescent imaging follow an exponential growth curve for the first 22 days of the study. Cell necrosis affected the tumor volume estimates based on the fluorescent images after day 22. The tumor volumes estimated from enhanced thermal imaging, standard thermal imaging, and caliper measurements all show exponential growth over the entire study period. A strong correlation was found between tumor volumes estimated using fluorescent imaging, standard IR imaging, and caliper measurements with enhanced thermal imaging, indicating that enhanced thermal imaging monitors tumor growth. Further, the enhanced IR images reveal a corona of bright emission along the edges of the tumor masses associated with the tumor margin. In the future, this IR technique might be used to estimate tumor margins in real time during surgical procedures.
Cesium enhanced oxidation of Ni(100)

Abstract It has been found by LEED and work function measurements that the presence of a fractional monolayer of Cs increased the oxidation rate of a Ni(100) surface by about thirteenfold. The NiO formed in two crystallographic orientations depending on the initial Cs coverage. Work function measurements suggest that in the enhanced oxidation the Cs atoms remained on top of the oxide.
P01-399 - Behavioral intervention team: A multidisciplinary approach to co-morbidity in hospital level care

Introduction Psychiatric illness complicates physical medical care and prolongs hospital stay. Objectives To implement and measure the effect of a multidisciplinary (psychiatry, nursing and social work) team in an academic medical center general hospital. Aims To test the hypotheses that early recognition and management of co-morbid mental illness threatening to interfere with hospital level care for physical illness will reduce the fiscal burden of hospital level care. Methods Before and after comparison of patients on three medical units examining conventional consultation liaison approach vs the Behavioral Intervention Team (BIT) on four outcome measures: length of stay (LOS), denied days (uncompensated days waiting on medical service for hospital level care of psychiatry when the patient no longer requires hospital level medical care), constant companion use, and thirty day readmission rate. Result Consultation liaison patients from August 1, 2008 through June 30, 2009 were compared to BIT patients on the same three units from August 1, 2009 through June 30, 2010; the BIT patients had a lower length of stay (9.99 days vs 11.33 days, Wilcoxon Two Sample Test = 200953, p Conservative economic analysis demonstrates that the intervention begins to generate a profit when the hospital reached budgeted census at least 3.5% of the time. Conclusions Interdisciplinary care can be feasible, effective and efficient in a hospital based consultation liaison setting.
Why Do Stem Cells Create Such Public Controversy

Biological development is about history, the history of an individual through time. Historically, the dominant epigenetic tradition has seen the developmental process as an unfolding of potential or in terms of the emergence of new organization that becomes an individual organism over time. The concept of development has included differentiation, growth, and morphogenesis; since the mid-nineteenth century, it has been seen in terms of cell division. Along the way have come explorations of such issues as the extent to which development is driven by hereditary determination rather than flexible regulation in response to changing conditions. Some researchers have focused specifically on examining the capacity for regeneration in response to injury or loss, or on the extent to which parts are self-organizing individually rather than determined segments of a whole. This paper introduces the historical study of development.
Effects of P-glycoprotein and Mrp2 inhibitors on the hepatobiliary disposition of Rhodamine 123 and its glucuronidated metabolite in isolated perfused rat livers

The hepatobiliary disposition of rhodamine 123 (RH-123) and its glucuronidated (RH-Glu) and deacylated (RH-110) metabolites were studied in an isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) model in the presence and absence of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and Mrp2 inhibitors. A single dose (180 µg) of RH-123 was added to a recirculating perfusate in the absence (Control) or presence of cyclosporine A (CyA) or dibromosulfophthalein (DBSP) in the perfusate. Serial (0–90 min) perfusate and bile and terminal liver samples were collected for analysis by HPLC. In the Control livers, 25.4 ± 2.2% (mean ± SD) of the dose was recovered as RH-123 (11.7 ± 2.0%) and RH-Glu (13.2 ± 0.9%) in the bile. Whereas CyA substantially (90%) reduced (p 80% (p < 0.001) with no effect on the biliary excretion of RH-123. Mass balance studies showed that DBSP, in addition to reducing the biliary clearance of RH-Glu, also strongly inhibited the glucuronidation of RH-123, an effect that was confirmed in vitro using the glucuronidation marker umbelliferone. It is concluded that the use of RH-123 in an IPRL model may serve as a dual marker for the determination of the altered functions of P-gp and/or Mrp2. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99:455–466, 2010
Empowering ESL students: A new model for information literacy instruction

Abstract This paper proposes a new type of collaboration between librarians and English-as-a-Second Language (ESL) instructors. Librarians will work with instructors to match similar information literacy and ESL objectives and concepts, and together build these into the ESL syllabus. However, unlike other instruction programs, the course is to be taught almost exclusively by the ESL instructor. It is believed that students will gain more from this model because it offers more learning opportunities, and stresses the cross-applicability of language and information literacy concepts and skills. Sample lesson plans are also provided. A version of this paper was presented at the OhioTESOL (an association of ESL professionals) Spring Conference, Columbus, OH, on April 22, 2000.
Density of states of ReO3 by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract The X-ray photoelectron spectra of ReO3 has been measured and compared to the theoretical density of states of Mattheiss.
Representation of Time by Neurons in the Posterior Parietal Cortex of the Macaque

The neural basis of time perception is unknown. Here we show that neurons in the posterior parietal cortex (area LIP) represent elapsed time relative to a remembered duration. We trained rhesus monkeys to report whether the duration of a test light was longer or shorter than a remembered "standard" (316 or 800 ms) by making an eye movement to one of two choice targets. While timing the test light, the responses of LIP neurons signaled changes in the monkey's perception of elapsed time. The variability of the neural responses explained the monkey's uncertainty about its temporal judgments. Thus, in addition to their role in spatial processing and sensorimotor integration, posterior parietal neurons encode signals related to the perception of time.
Prognostic value of dipyridamole thallium-201 scintigraphy in patients with stable chest pain.

The usefulness of dipyridamole testing with planar thallium-201 scintigraphy for assessing risk of subsequent cardiac events was evaluated in 373 patients with stable chest pain. Follow-up information was complete in 362 patients (mean age 64 ± 9 years). During an average follow-up period of 18 months, cardiac events occurred in 59 patients—unstable angina in 27, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in 11, and death from cardiac causes in 21. A history of previous myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, or coronary bypass surgery before the study, or the presence of an abnormal scan or one with a fixed perfusion defect was associated with a significantly increased frequency of subsequent cardiac events (p < 0.05). However, the presence of a reversible perfusion defect was not associated with increased risk (p = 0.1872). Stepwise logistic regression showed that a history of coronary artery bypass surgery before the study and the presence of a fixed perfusion defect were the only variables with independent predictive value for occurrence of a subsequent cardiac event (p < 0.05). Survival analysis revealed a significantly increased cardiac event rate in patients with abnormal scans compared with those with normal scans over a 30-month follow-up period (p < 0.01). We conclude that dipyridamole testing with thallium-201 scintigraphy can provide prognostic information concerning risk of future cardiac events in patients with stable chest pain. The presence of a fixed perfusion defect in particular identifies patients at increased risk.