cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moral objectivity, Jurgen Habermas's discourse ethics, and public relations

Abstract While increasing attention is being paid by people in public relations to ethical theory, the predominant ethical perspective in the field is still situational. The reason for this, at least in part, is the loss of the traditional grounds of moral objectivity—tradition, religion, and universal reason. But the situational perspective fails to provide adequate standards for an ethical basis for the practice of public relations. This article analyzes the applicability of the Discourse Ethics theory of Jurgen Habermas to public relations ethics. It explores the major facets of Discourse Ethics and demonstrates its compatibility with the Grunig-Hunt two-way symmetrical model of public relations. It then briefly assesses the applicability of the theory to the issues of codes of ethics and the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The conclusion is that Discourse Ethics holds out the potential of a new, more objective grounding for ethical theory and for the practice of public relations.
The role of phonetic factors in parent reference

Throughout this century observers have commented on the beginning talker's evident preference for words denoting ‘father’ over words representing the meaning of ‘mother’. Bateman (1917) said that ‘the most frequently named object is the paternal parent’. Leopold (1948) stated that ‘papa…appears far more commonly as the first meaningful word than does mama’. In this paper I will review some of the reported data on parent reference and propose a phonetic account of the child's evident preference for paternal terms.
Micro-Wave Solar Noise Observations During the Partial Eclipse of November 23, 1946

DURING the partial eclipse of the sun on November 23, 1946, a record of the reduction of radio-frequency energy emitted from the sun in the 2800-megacycle band was obtained at Ottawa, Canada. At this station, the eclipse commenced at 10.45.5 E.S.T., reached a maximum at 12.18 and ended at 13.51. At noon the sun was at an altitude of 23°, with its axis of rotation 19° east of north. The clear sky permitted the taking of photographs of the sun at the Dominion Observatory. Data from these are shown in Fig. 1.
Ultrasonography Applications in Diagnosis and Management of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis

Ultrasonography is an elegant tool for the detection of tenosynovitis, synovitis, and erosions very early in rheumatoid arthritis, and the presence of a power Doppler signal is one of the best predictors of joint damage. Although clinical scores remain the mainstay of disease activity assessment, ultrasonography has proved to be a remarkably robust tool for reliable assessment of changes in rheumatoid arthritis. There is no evidence to suggest that problems with operator dependence would be greater than with other imaging modalities or physical examination, if performed by trained providers.
An easy-to-make disposable irrigation-aspiration cannula.

We have developed a coaxial irrigation-aspiration cannula constructed from ordinary intravenous needles. The cannula is disposable but can also be used repeatedly after gas sterilization. It is ideal for general ophthalmologists who perform lens aspiration infrequently or who do not have access to or experience with automated technology.
In-vivo high resolution imaging of optic nerve head drusen using spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography

Optic nerve head drusen (ONHD) are white calcareous deposits, seen either superficially on the optic nerve head or buried within it. Diagnosis of ONHD is made by one or more ways: clinical exam, autofluorescence, ultrasound of the optic nerve, CT scan and/or visual field examination. The present study describes features of ONHD based on another diagnostic modality, the spectral-domain OCT (Spectralis). This is a retrospective case series of 5 patients with bilateral ONHD with a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/20 and no other posterior segment pathology. All the patients underwent fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, B-scan ultrasonography, Spectralis OCT and Humphrey 30-2 threshold visual fields. All 5 patients had surface ONHD which were autofluorescent and echodense on B-scan ultrasonography. Spectralis OCT findings in the corresponding areas include 'scattered spots with high reflectivity' casting a shadow underneath. The reflectivity can be distinctly differentiated from the blood vessels on the optic nerve. Two patients had an arcuate scotoma on the Humphrey visual fields. No correlation was found between the changes on Spectralis OCT with that of visual field. Spectralis OCT is another useful ancillary investigation in the diagnosis of ONHD and we describe the features in the present study.
CONSUMPTION OF ULVA LACTUCA (CHLOROPHYTA) BY THE OMNIVOROUS MUD SNAIL ILYANASSA OBSOLETA (SAY)

Marine invertebrate grazing on temperate macroalgae may exert a significant “top-down” control on macroalgal biomass. We conducted two laboratory experiments to test (1) if consumption by the omnivorous mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say) on the macroalga Ulva lactuca Linnaeus was a function of food quality (nitrogen content) and (2) if grazing on benthic macroalgae occurred at significant rates in the presence of alternative food sources in the sediment (detritus, larvae, benthic microalgae). Grazing rates were higher for N-enriched macroalgae; however, all snails lost weight when grazing on macroalgae alone, indicating that U. lactuca was a poor food source. The presence of sediment from two sites, a sandy lagoon and an adjacent organic-rich muddy tidal creek, did not affect consumption of macroalgae in microcosm experiments, and the grazing snails were capable of significantly reducing macroalgal biomass associated with both sediment types. Grazing rates by this omnivore were as high as 10.83 mg wet weight ? individuals 2 1 ? d 2 1 and were similar to those recorded for herbivorous species. In situ loss rates calculated from average grazing rates per individual and snail abundances (up to 3.5 g dry weight ? m 2 2 ? d 2 1 ) also were comparable with those calculated for herbivorous species. This level of grazing could remove up to 88% of new macroalgal growth at the lagoon site where the N supply was relatively low but had a much smaller effect (18% of new growth) at the high-nutrient creek site. Snails facilitated macroalgal growth at both sites by increasing tissue N content by 40%‐80%. Consumption and digestion of macroalgae aided in the recycling of nutrients temporarily bound in the algae and resulted in enrichment of surficial sediments. Increased N sequestration in the sediments also was associated with an interruption of snail burrowing behavior due to persistent anoxia in sediments rich in decaying algal material. Our data suggest that in shallow lagoons where mud snails and benthic macroalgae coexist, grazing may influence N retention in macroalgal biomass.
Radiofrequency ablation vs bipolar umbilical cord coagulation in the management of complicated monochorionic pregnancies

Objective The application of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) termination procedures to complicated cases involving monochorionic twins offers the potential of a less invasive option when compared to endoscopic techniques. The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes between these two techniques. Methods A retrospective review was undertaken of all cases of complicated monochorionic twin gestations treated at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia from July 1996 to December 2010. Cases were identified from the fetal treatment database and data extracted in a uniform fashion from the patients' charts. Results A total of 149 cases were identified with procedures performed on 146. Indications for selective termination of one fetus were twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence in 53, severe twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome in 43, discordance for fetal anomalies in 26 and selective intrauterine growth restriction in 24. Eighty-eight cases were managed with bipolar cord coagulation (BCC) and 58 with RFA. The procedures in all cases were technically successful in achieving selective termination. The mean gestational age at the time of the procedure was 20.9 ± 2.7 weeks in the BCC group vs 20.2 ± 2.2 weeks in the RFA group (P = 0.1). The median gestational age at delivery was 34.7 (interquartile range (IQR), 29.2–38.6) weeks for the BCC group vs 33.0 (IQR, 23.4–38.9) weeks in the RFA group (P = 0.073). Mean birth weight did not differ between the two groups. The procedure-to-delivery time was 87.1 ± 42.1 days for the BCC group vs 73.8 ± 47.2 days for the RFA group (P = 0.1). Overall survival was 85.2% in the BCC group vs 70.7% in the RFA group (P = 0.014). This was attributed primarily to a survival rate of 10.5% in the RFA group compared with 31.6% in the BCC group for cases where delivery occurred before 28 weeks' gestation (P = 0.01). Premature rupture of the membranes occurred in 27.3% in the BCC group vs 13.7% in the RFA group (P = 0.05). Preterm labor was more common in the BCC group than in the RFA group (22.4 vs 7%, respectively; P = 0.009). Conclusion Despite the smaller caliber of the instrument, RFA is not associated with a decrease in the overall complication rate for selective termination procedures. The technique used for selective termination should still be determined by technical considerations but patients should be informed of the survival rate associated with each technique. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave-assisted dissolution and delignification of wood in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate.

Abstract Microwave irradiation can facilitate the dissolution and delignification of lignocelluloses in ionic liquids compared to simple oil bath heating as demonstrated here where 92.5% of 0.5 g ground southern yellow pine was dissolved in 10 g 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate using microwave irradiation in only 4 min. Cellulose-rich material (pulp) regenerated from the wood/ionic liquid solution had a lignin content of ∼10%; significantly lower than the lignin content of the original wood (31.9%) or that of pulp obtained from the same experiment but using 16 h of oil bath heating (16–24%). The 10% lignin content obtained with the microwave method was close to that of pulp obtained from the oil bath heating method when polyoxometalate catalysts were used (5–9%).
INDUCTION OF BONE MARROW COLONY-STIMULATING ACTIVITY BY A FILTERABLE AGENT IN LEUKEMIC AND NORMAL MOUSE SERUM

1. Leukemic Swiss mice of ICR/Ha strain which had been injected at birth with a lymphoid-leukemia-inducing virus preparation yielded sera which produced elevations of serum colony-stimulating activity within 16 hr and significant plasma-LDH-enzyme elevation at 4 days when injected intraperitoneally into normal ICR/Ha Swiss mice. Colony-stimulating activity was assayed in vitro by the stimulation of hemopoietic colony formation by DBA/1 bone marrow cells. 2. The inducing agent in leukemic serum was passageable, filterable, sedimentable, and heat-, ether-, and UV-labile. 3. A similar agent was recovered from normal Swiss serum after blind serial passages through normal mice. 4. LDH elevating virus induced a similar elevation of serum colony-stimulating activity when injected at high titers, and cross-resistance was demonstrated between LDH virus and the passaged leukemic serum agent.
Synthesis of syndiotactic polystyrene derivatives containing amino groups

This paper discusses a new family of syndiotactic polystyrene (s-PS) derivatives containing the amino group, including poly(4-aminostyrene), poly(4-aminomethylstyrene), and poly(4-aminoethylstyrene...
Antisera to multiple antigenic peptides detect neuropeptide processing.

Peptides act as critical messengers of essential physiological function. Frequently, several peptides are encoded in the same precursor and, often, there is structure relatedness among the gene products. The complexity of protein precursors and presence of homologous peptides raises issues about regulation of gene expression and function of structurally-related peptides. We have determined the cellular location of DPKQDFMRFamide and SDNFMRFamide encoded in the Drosophila FMRFamide gene. We raised antisera that distinguish between the two peptides and conducted double label immunostaining utilizing antisera raised in the same host species. We found that DPKQDFMRFamide and SDNFMRFamide are present in distinct distribution patterns. We also established that the peptides are present in cells stained by FMRFamide antisera. Thus, our data are consistent with the conclusion that Drosophila contains cell-specific proteolytic processing enzymes capable of posttranslationally cleaving a polypeptide protein precursor to yield unique expression patterns of neuropeptides that may have diverse activities.
Childhood-onset schizophrenia: an open-label study of olanzapine in adolescents.

ABSTRACT Objective Olanzapine, a potent 5-HT 2a/2c , dopamine D 1 D 2 D 4 antagonist with anticholinergic activity, has a profile of known receptor affinity similar to that of clozapine. This pilot study examined the efficacy of olanzapine for treatment-refractory childhood-onset schizophrenia in eight patients who had received 8-week open-label trials. For comparison, data are included from 15 patients who had received 6-week open-label clozapine trials using identical rating instruments (largely by the same raters) in the same treatment setting. Method Twenty-three children and adolescents with an onset of DSM-III-R schizophrenia by age 12 for whom at least two different typical neuroleptics had been ineffective participated in the two separate studies. Some of the patients were intolerant of clozapine, although it had been effective ( n = 4). Patients receiving olanzapine were evaluated over 8 weeks with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and the Clinical Global Impressions Scale for Improvement. Results For the eight patients who received olanzapine trials, at week 8 there was a 17% improvement in the BPRS total score, a 27% improvement in the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, and a 1% improvement in the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, relative to “ideal” admission status on typical neuroleptics. In contrast, the magnitude of the effect sizes for each of the clinical ratings was larger at week 6 of the previous clozapine trial than for an 8-week olanzapine trial, relative to admission status on typical neuroleptics. For the four children who had received both clozapine and olanzapine, BPRS total scores were significantly lower at week 6 of clozapine treatment compared with week 6 of olanzapine treatment ( p = .03). Conclusion These data provide preliminary evidence for the efficacy of olanzapine for some children and adolescents with treatment-refractory schizophrenia, but they also suggest the need for a more rigorous double-blind comparison of these two atypical antipsychotics. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc Psychiatry , 1998, 37(4): 377–385.
Rate dependence of the strain birefringence and ductility of polyethylene

Abstract A study of the ductile-brittle transition in the tensile behaviour of linear polyethylene is presented. Equipment for the simultaneous measurement of stress, strain and optical birefringence over a broad range of deformation rates and loading times is described. Low strain birefringence measurements showed that the total molecular orientation increased with decreasing test speed. High pressure polyethylene, which is not ‘brittle’ over the range of investigated test speeds, shows no time-dependent birefringence. Further, X-ray measurements show the same sequences of polymer chain orientation for both cold-drawn and brittle-fractured material. A detailed theory is advanced for explaining the low strain behaviour, the cold-drawing process and the mechanism of the ductile-brittle transition.
An investigation on the bonding of hot-hollow cathode deposited silver layers to type 304 stainless steel

The conditions prevailing during the deposition of thick metallic films by the hot-hollow cathode method were investigated. The spacial distribution of temperature, surface roughness, and depth of etch during the pre-deposition etching cycle was investigated for two different sample holder designs. The influence of substrate temperature and the angle of incidence of the vapour on the structure and adhesion of thick silver films to type 304 stainless steel was determined. The nature and strength of adhesion were evaluated on the basis of microscopic examinations and tensile test determinations. Similar evaluations were made on tensile test samples formed through electroplating copper and nickel onto the silver films instead of the joining of two silver-coated samples by hot-isostatic pressing.
Crystal growth of CuFeS2

Abstract Single crystals of CuFeS2 have been grown from the melt by means of a modified Bridgman technique. The crystals were found to be free of voids, inclusions, or concentration gradients and were characterized by density, x-ray analysis, and magnetic susceptibility.
A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients

Clinicians whose practice includes elderly patients need a short, reliable instrument to detect the presence of intellectual impairment and to determine the degree. A 10-item Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ), easily administered by any clinician in the office or in a hospital, has been designed, tested, standardized and validated. The standardization and validation procedure included administering the test to 997 elderly persons residing in the community, to 141 elderly persons referred for psychiatric and other health and social problems to a multipurpose clinic, and to 102 elderly persons living in institutions such as nursing homes, homes for the aged, or state mental hospitals. It was found that educational level and race had to be taken into account in scoring individual performance. On the basis of the large community population, standards of performance were established for: 1) intact mental functioning, 2) borderline or mild organic impairment, 3) definite but moderate organic impairment, and 4) severe organic impairment. In the 141 clinic patients, the SPMSQ scores were correlated with the clinical diagnoses. There was a high level of agreement between the clinical diagnosis of organic brain syndrome and the SPMSQ scores that indicated moderate or severe organic impairment.
Hypothermia-induced reversible polyneuropathy: electrophysiologic evidence of axonopathy.

Abstract A 212-year-old child developed peripheral polyneuropathy following exposure to hypothermia. Serial electrophysiologic studies over the next 10 months revealed progressive recovery from severe axonopathy. The literature on cold-induced neuropathy is reviewed. The two electrophysiologic studies reported previously in cold-induced polyneuropathy patients are discussed and compared with findings of our patient.
Generic Global Rigidity

Suppose a finite configuration of labeled points p = (p1,. . . ,pn) in Ed is given along with certain pairs of those points determined by a graph G such that the coordinates of the points of p are generic, i.e., algebraically independent over the integers. If another corresponding configuration q = (q1,. . . ,qn) in Ed is given such that the corresponding edges of G for p and q have the same length, we provide a sufficient condition to ensure that p and q are congruent in Ed. This condition, together with recent results of Jackson and Jordan, give necessary and sufficient conditions for a graph being generically globally rigid in the plane.
The dentist-patient relationship: mutual perceptions and behaviors

The relationship between patients' characteristics and dentists' perceptions as well as the associations between these dimensions and specific dentist behaviors as perceived by patients are explored. Dentist perceptions of patient sophistication and anxiety were related to several patient characteristics, but perceptions of patient likability were unrelated to patient personal and social characteristics. Perceptions of patient likability were associated with more specific dentist behaviors than were other dentist perceptions noted by patients. The results suggest that dentists' views are influenced primarily by those patient characteristics manifested during treatment. In general, dentists like patients who are dentally sophisticated and not anxious.
Urinary constituents of the newborn infant

Summary This study presents the results of urinalysison 67 unselected premature and full-term newborn infants. Proteinuria was found in 21 per cent of the infants and glucosuria in 24 per cent. No infant older than 3 days showed any proteinuria. Microscopic examination of the centrifuged sediment demonstrated urate crystals in 64 per cent, tubular epithelial cells in 25 per cent, and squamous epithelial cells in 66 per cent. One of the urine specimens contained red blood cells. These were present in a concentration of one per 100 high-power fields. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were seen in 5 specimens in concentrations of 1 to 5 per 100 high-power fields. In a sixth, polymorphonuclear leukocytes were present in a concentration of 200 per 100 high-power fields. The significance of these findings is discussedand special attention is given to the conspicuous absence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the urine, in spite of a very casual method of collection. Our findings suggest that one or more polymorphonuclear leukocytes per each high-power field of centrifuged urine warrants investigation. Improved concepts in the definition of pyuria might well be derived from the age group represented in this study, since these patients are likely to be free of insidious genitourinary infection.
Asthma and tobacco: not to be shared with family and friends!

In 1850, John Webster MD, a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, wrote in the London Journal of Medicine regarding the adverse health effects of tobacco smoking: But although intemperance in spirituous liquors be almost unknown in certain ranks, a vice appears to have taken its place, which I
Magnetism, electronic structure, and Fermi surface of Ni3Al

The electronic structure and magnetic properties of the weak itinerant ferromagnet Ni/sub 3/Al are investigated using the local-density self-consistent full-potential linearized-augmented-plane-wave method. At the experimental lattice constant, the ferromagnetic state is slightly lower in energy (approx.1 mRy) than the paramagnetic state. The magnetic moment is 0.15..mu../sub B/ per Ni atom. The band structures and Fermi surfaces of both the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases are presented. Results are compared with experiment and with previous calculations. The shape of the Fermi surface is substantially modified by the exchange splitting. Remaining differences from experiment are explained by taking spin-orbit coupling into account.
The polymer-supported MacDonald-type porphyrin synthesis: coupling of two dissimilar dipyrromethanes

Abstract Syntheses of two completely unsymmetrical porphyrins have been achieved by MacDonald-type condensations of polymer-bound 9-formyldipyrromethanes with dissimilar solution-phase dipyrromethanes. The chemoselectivity of the process depends on the nature of the substituents at the α positions of the substrates.
The Effect of Diet Composition on Wheel Running Behavior in Chicks

Abstract The chick was used in a model system developed to determine the effects of diet composition on behavior. Three nutritionally comparable diets, two formulated from cereal grains (R-1 and R-2) and one a breakfast cereal (BC) purchased in a local supermarket, were compared for their effects on wheel running. Chicks fed the BC responded immediately with less wheel running than those fed the R-1 and R-2 diets and consistently ran less for a 12-day test period in four replicated trials. The R-1 and R-2 diets produced identical levels of wheel running. The reduced wheel running observed in the BC-fed chicks was not related to a deficiency of vitamins or minerals; when the BC was supplemented with these nutrients wheel running was no different than for the unsupplemented BC. Levels of hepatic glycogen and triglycerides in BC chicks were higher than in R-1 and R-2 groups, indicating these chicks had sufficient energy stores available to enable them to run at a higher level than that observed. The model system described demonstrates that wheel running behavior of chicks may have a potential for rapid evaluation of the effects of diet composition on behavior, especially during the initial reaction to a foodstuff.
Acid stress and lake bacteria: Ultrastructural and physiological correlates of some acid and copper stresses

A description is given of concurrent changes in bacterial ultrastructure and physiology in relation to applied stresses of acid and/or copper: the environmentally-relevant correlations are explored as a potential tool for ascertaining mechanisms of acid rain damage. Ultrastructural analysis permits a differentiation, on a gross scale, between different levels of acid and combined acid/copper stresses in laboratory experiments on enrichment cultures of lacustrine microbial populations rich in Gram-negative bacteria. For the dominant morphotypes of Gram-negative bacteria, changes in the cell envelope (and its extensions) correlate also with changes in activity of envelope-associated enzymes.
Outcomes and Resource Utilization of Endoscopic Mass-Closure Technique for Laryngeal Clefts

ObjectiveTo compare resource utilization and clinical outcomes between endoscopic mass-closure and open techniques for laryngeal cleft repair.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertia...
VALUE AND LIMITATIONS OF ELECTROPHYSICAL TESTING FOR SYNCOPE

By definition, syncope is a transient atraumatic loss of consciousness caused by a lack of cerebral perfusion with oxygenated, nutrient-containing blood. In the vast majority of patients with syncope, symptoms completely resolve by the time the patient reaches a medical provider. Syncope is often a frightening clinical presentation. Bystanders may describe the patients as appearing to be dead and, in some cases, may begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Injuries may be caused by falls or accidents if the patient was unable to reach support or was operating a motor vehicle or machinery. Unfortunately, for both patients and physicians, the differential diagnosis of syncope is broad, including neurally mediated abnormalities of rhythm or blood pressure, structural cardiac or vascular abnormalities that mechanically block or divert blood flow, arrhythmias, and metabolic conditions (Table 1). Some neurologic conditions that cause loss of consciousness can mimic true syncope. In most cases, the physician immediately caring for the patient is unable to make a certain diagnosis of the cause of syncope, and this diagnostic frustration often leads to the indiscriminate and usually unrewarding use of diagnostic studies. 21,23,25 Arrhythmias are common causes of syncope and are often transient and difficult to document. Invasive electrophysiologic studies provide an approach for reproducing clinical arrhythmias in a controlled laboratory environment. Therefore, it is not surprising that invasive electrophysiologic studies have been used in patients with syncope of unknown origin. 1,8,9,10,14,15,18,20,28,34,36,39,41,42,43 This article describes the recommended methods of evaluation and the benefits and the limitations of electrophysiologic studies in patients with unexplained syncope.
Operational Solution of Electric Circuits

In the ordinary method of solving electrical networks by means of the operational calculus, the equations usually are written with the restriction that the initial conditions be rest conditions, thus reducing considerably the utility of the operational calculus. In this article a method has been applied to the solution of electrical networks wherein the initial conditions may be either rest or dynamic. A general solution is derived by which it is possible to write all the initial conditions into an ordinary operational equation to which the usual methods of interpretation may be applied to give the complete solution all in one stroke.
Repeated administration of ephedrine induces behavioral sensitization in rats

Systemic injection of the sympathomimetic agent ephedrine (EPH) stimulates locomotion in drug-naive rats, an effect that may be dependent on the enantiomer of EPH employed [(–)-EPH or (+)-EPH]. The present experiments examined the effects of repeated EPH exposure on locomotion in rats to assess whether these treatments result in drug tolerance or sensitization. In experiment 1, adult male rats were injected once daily with 0, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg (–)-EPH (IP) on each of 11 days. Locomotor activity was assessed for 60 min after drug injection. Acute exposure to (–)-EPH treatment increased locomotion for animals receiving 20 or 40 mg/kg, and this effect was augmented after 11 days of drug administration. A vehicle-only injection was given to all animals on day 12 to determine the influence of environmental cues on sensitization. On day 13, all rats were injected with 10 mg/kg cocaine HCl to assess whether repeated (–)-EPH exposure produced a cross-sensitization to cocaine (10 mg/kg, IP). Only rats treated repeatedly with 40 mg/kg (–)-EPH exhibited increases in cocaine-stimulated locomotion relative to saline-treated rats. In experiment 2, repeated exposure to (+)-EPH, 40 mg/kg, but not 20 mg/kg, increased activity and demonstrated the development of sensitization. Cross-sensitization to cocaine (10 mg/kg, IP) was not evident following treatment with either concentration of (+)-EPH. There was no evidence that contextual events alone played a role in the effects observed here.
Midlatitude and high‐latitude electron density profiles in the ionosphere of Saturn obtained by Cassini radio occultation observations

[1] Nineteen new radio occultations of the ionosphere of Saturn have been obtained since 2006. Sixteen of these occultations were from midlatitude and high latitudes and thus provided important, new information of the ionosphere for these regions. A high degree of variability in the electron densities were observed, but grouping and averaging the observations as low-, middle-, and high-latitude ones clearly showed that the electron densities increase with latitude. The topside scale heights also indicate small increases with latitude, but these changes are small enough so these increases may not be statistically significant.
Effect of Squalene Synthase Inhibition on the Expression of Hepatic Cholesterol Biosynthetic-Enzymes, LDL Receptor, and Cholesterol 7α Hydroxylase

Abstract Squalene synthase catalyzes the committed step in the biosynthesis of sterols. Treating rats with zaragozic acid A, a potent inhibitor of squalene synthase, caused marked increases in hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, squalene synthase, and LDL receptor mRNA levels. The increase in HMG-CoA reductase mRNA fully accounted for the increases seen in enzyme protein and activity. Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase mRNA and activity were only slightly increased by zaragozic acid A, while cholesterol 7 α hydroxylase mRNA levels were decreased substantially. When rats were pretreated with zaragozic acid A, there was no change in mRNA levels for the cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes or cholesterol 7 α hydroxylase upon subsequent treatment with mevalonolactone. Under these same conditions, the enzymatic activity of HMG-CoA reductase was also unaffected. Mevalonolactone treatment reduced the zaragozic acid A-mediated increase in hepatic LDL receptor mRNA levels. Feeding cholesterol eliminated the zaragozic acid A-induced increase in HMG-CoA reductase mRNA levels. These results suggest that inhibition of squalene synthase decreases the level of a squalene-derived regulatory product, resulting in altered amounts of several mRNAs and coordinate increases in HMG-CoA reductase mRNA, protein, and activity. The increase in HMG-CoA reductase gene expression was closely related to the degree of inhibition of cholesterol synthesis caused by zaragozic acid A.
Avian Riboflavinuria 10. Quantitative Changes of Riboflavin-Binding Protein in Individual Egg Tissues during Incubation

Abstract The riboflavin binding protein (RBP) content of individual egg components were followed through the development of fertilized eggs. Total proteins of the tissues were analyzed. The disappearance of RBP from the yolk and albumen occurred at the same rate as the total proteins. There was no evidence of any increase of free riboflavin nor degraded RBP in the yolk and albumen. Hence, it appears that the riboflavin was taken in by the embryo as the riboflavin-protein complex. The individual embryos showed some RBP accumulation through the first fourteen days of development. This may be an indication that the embryo is taking in the riboflavin-protein complex faster than riboflavin is utilized during the early stages of incubation. However, the beginning of a more rapid rate of growth at 13–14 days, was associated with the start of a gradual decline in the level of RBP in the embryo. This may suggest that the need for riboflavin exceeds the rate of transfer from the yolk and albumen reservoirs. RBP-riboflavin complex appears to be degraded after transfer to the embryo.
Tunable Open-Channel Microfluidics on Soft Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) Substrates with Sinusoidal Grooves

On soft poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrates with 1D sinusoidal wrinkle patterns, we study the anisotropic wetting behavior and fluidic transport as a function of surface energy and groove geometry. On grooved substrates with a contact angle greater than 90°, liquids form dropletlike morphology, and its contact angle in the direction perpendicular to the grooves is larger than that parallel to the grooves. This wetting anisotropy, for a fixed Young’s contact angle, is found to increase when the grooves become deeper. On substrates with a contact angle smaller than 90° and deep grooves (aspect ratio ≥0.3), liquids form filament-like morphology. When the groove depth is further increased by compressing the PDMS film beyond a threshold value, which depends on the surface wettability, fluid starts imbibing the grooves spontaneously. The dynamics of the liquid imbibition of grooves is studied, and a square-law dependence between the length of the liquid filament and time is found, which obeys Washburn’s la...
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Chiral Rhenium Amido Complexes of the Formula (η5‐C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(NRR')

Reactions of primary and secondary amine complexes [(η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(NHRR')]+ TfO− [2; R/R' = H/H (a), H/CH3 (b), H/C6H5 (d), CH3/CH3 (f), CH2CH2CH2CH2 (h)] with nBuLi give amido complexes (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(NRR') (1) in quantitative NMR yields. Although 1 d can be isolated in pure form, 1 f is converted upon workup into a dimeric bridging bis(amido) complex, cis-[(η5-C5H5)Re(NO){μ-N(CH3)2}]2. The crystal structure of 1 d exhibits a pyramidal amido nitrogen atom. The diastereotopic methyl groups in 1 f readily exchange, as assayed by variable-temperature NMR. Complexes 1 a, f react with TfOH to regenerate 2a, f, and with TfOR” to give the corresponding alkylated amine complexes. The basicities and nucleophilicities of the amido nitrogen atoms are shown to be greater than those of organic amines.
Patient use of secure electronic messaging within a shared medical record: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND Most patients would like to be able to exchange electronic messages with personal physicians. Few patients and providers are exchanging electronic communications.
Use of computer simulation technique to study atomic migration in solids

Abstract Nature of ionic motions in superionic conductors AgI and Ag 2 S are studied using molecular-dynamics (MD) technique. Our model of these superionic conductors is based on the use of effective pair-potentials. To determine the constants in these potentials, cohesive energy and bulk modulus are used as input; in addition one uses notions of ionic size based on the known crystal structures. The α⇄β structural phase transition in AgI is studied with the use of the new molecular dynamics (NMD) technique which allows for a dynamical variation of the shape and size of the cell. In the present model, upon heating the βAgI, the iodine ions undergo a hcp→bcc transformation and silver ions became mobile, whereas the reverse transformation is observed on cooling of αAgI. The calculated α⇄β transition temperature, and structural and dynamical properties are in good agreement with experiments. It has also become possible to observe crystal growth of α and β phases when a system of molten AgI is cooled to different temperatures. Transition temperatures determined from the studies of α⇄β structural transitions and from crystal growth studies are in good agreement. The calculated transition temperatures are also in good accord with the experimental results. A model of superionic conductor Ag 2 S is also studied. The silver density map and its temperature dependence is calculated. We have also calculated the x-ray and neutron structure factors which explain the anomalous intensity at and near Q =(1.6, 1, 0) observed in diffuse scattering experiments. A study of low-energy excitations in Ag 2 S is in progress.
Retroviral Vectors Encoding a Reverse Transcription-activated Transgene Efficiently Limit Expression of the Gene to Target Cells

Recombinant retroviral vectors are indispensable tools for the study of gene function and for therapeutic gene transfer owing to their ability to transfer and stably express foreign genes in target cells. A limitation of these vectors, however, is the difficulty in generating stable vector producer cell (VPC) lines when the vectors encode cytotoxic proteins. We developed a series of Moloney murine leukemia virus-based vectors encoding a reverse transcription-activated transgene. These vectors preclude gene expression in the producer cells, yet allow lines for transgene expression in target cells. The vectors were generated by cloning the gene of interest in reverse orientation either just upstream of the viral 3' long terminal repeat (LTR) or in the U3 region of the 3'LTR. An exogenous promoter was inserted, also in reverse orientation, at the R-U5 border of the viral 5'LTR. Upon transduction of target cells, the inserted promoter is copied to the 3'LTR during reverse transcription of the vector genomic RNA, where it then drives transgene expression. We tested this system using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene and the SV40 promoter. Reverse transcription-activated retroviral vectors may allow for the generation of stable retroviral VPC lines encoding cytotoxic or inhibitory genes.
REVIEW OF TAU LEPTON STUDIES AT LEP

In little more than two years of operation the four LEP experiments have produced a wealth of results on τ lepton production and decay at the Z0 resonance. Cross section and forward-backward charge asymmetry measurements agree well with Standard Model expectations and, along with similar measurements from hadronic and other leptonic Z0 decays, permit extraction of electroweak parameters such as sin2 θW and constrain the value of the top quark mass in the Standard Model. New measurements of the τ lifetime and of the branching ratios for inclusive and many exclusive decays equal or better the precision of previous measurements. Measurements from LEP also confirm nonzero values for the average τ polarization and for the forward/backward τ polarization asymmetry, providing independent determinations of electroweak parameters. In addition, searches have been carried out for new phenomena in tau production and decay, such as lepton flavor violation and CP violation, but so far no evidence for such effects has emerged.
P1.4: Field effect controlled lateral field emission triode

Lateral field emission transistors show promise for many high frequency and high power applications. Typical lateral devices place a gate roughly in between the cathode tip and the anode. While effective, such devices require large gate voltages for device control. This study proposes relocating the gate to on top of the semiconductor cathode stem, behind its emitting tip, allowing field effect control of the transistor. Both enhancement and depletion mode are possible, and the gate bias range needed for control becomes an easily designed parameter. Example structures are modeled where this range is about a volt. Relocation of the gate has the additional benefit of simplifying the region between the anode and cathode tip, thus opening up the possibility of shrinking their spacing.
A Multiple-Unit Stress Relaxometer

The application of an improved resistance-wire strain gage [3] to a multiple-unit instrument for the measurement of stress relaxation in single fibers is described. Forces are autographically recorded with a precision and accuracy of better than 3 mg. or 1/2% of full scale. The instrument is stable over long periods and is designed to record directly in units of stress, the scale being identical for all fibers.
CP violation via electroweak gauginos and the electric dipole moment of the electron.

The effective Lagrangian which exhibits explicitly the transmission of the CP-violating phases induced via the electroweak gaugino masses below the scale of the spontaneous breaking of SU(2${)}_{\mathit{L}}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${\mathrm{U}}_{\mathit{y}}$(1) electroweak gauge symmetry is deduced. The formalism is used to compute the one-loop electric dipole moment of the electron including the full set of neutralino states. Contributions of neutralinos other than the photino are found to be significant. It is shown that the current data excludes maximal CP violation in the electroweak sector except for selectron masses \ensuremath{\gtrsim}200 GeV and photino masses \ensuremath{\gtrsim}750 GeV.
Trace membrane additives affect lipid phases with distinct mechanisms: a modified Ising model

The addition of trace molecules into membranes can significantly alter the morphology of the co-existing liquid phases and lipid phase transition temperature. Membrane additives may affect lipid phase dynamics through preferentially partitioning to the boundary between lipid phases or preferentially mixing into one lipid phase. The characteristic differences between these mechanisms are demonstrated here in a minimalistic nearest neighbor model to provide a framework for how slight changes to membrane composition may affect lipid-phase-dependent processes, such as lipid-raft formation, immunological signaling, and molecular sorting preceding endocytosis with coexisting liquid phases. Within the low mole fractions explored here (≤3 mol%), increasing the additive concentration linearly changed the phase miscibility temperature. Rotationally asymmetric Janus particles reduced the miscibility transition temperature for all fractions and degree of phase polarization. Rotationally symmetric additives, however, either increased or decreased the phase miscibility temperature depending on the phase preference of the additive. While most experimental molecules may contain aspects of both of these idealized additives, this model provides a broad framework to quantify the effects of membrane additives in regard to lipid phase preference, lipid-raft association, and contribution to lipid phase-dependent molecular sorting.
Smart Microgel Studies. Polyelectrolyte and Drug-Absorbing Properties of Microgels from Polyether-Modified Poly(acrylic acid)

The study dealt with microgels that consist of loosely cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) onto which poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO−PPO−PEO) copolymers such as Pluronic F127 (average composition EO99PO67EO99) or L92 (EO8PO52EO8) segments are grafted. Microgels based on the more hydrophobic Pluronic L92 exhibited highly porous structure, while the microgels containing Pluronic F127 were generally larger and possessed smooth surfaces, a homogeneous structure, and lower ion-exchange capacity. A good correlation was observed between the microgel surface potential obtained from the potentiometric titration data and the independently measured electrophoretic ζ-potential. The differences in the microgel ion-exchange capacity account for the differences in the capacity of the microgels to absorb weakly basic anticancer drugs such as mitomycin, mitoxantrone, and doxorubicin. The uptake of hydrophobic drugs such as Taxol, estradiol, progesterone, and camptothecin was dictated ...
Grasp stability and feasibility for an arm with an articulated hand

A system for generating a stable, feasible grasp of a polyhedral object is presented. A set of contact points on the object that can result in a stable grasp is found, and a feasible grasp in which the robot contacts the object at those contact points is determined. The algorithm is designed for the Salisbury hand mounted on a Puma 560 arm, but a similar approach could be used to develop grasping systems for other robots. Simulations show that the system can generate a wide range of grasps in difficult situations. >
Two Functional Channels from Primary Visual Cortex to Dorsal Visual Cortical Areas

Relationships between the M and P retino-geniculo-cortical visual pathways and “dorsal” visual areas were investigated by measuring the sources of local excitatory input to individual neurons in layer 4B of primary visual cortex. We found that contributions of the M and P pathways to layer 4B neurons are dependent on cell type. Spiny stellate neurons receive strong M input through layer 4Cα and no significant P input through layer 4Cβ. In contrast, pyramidal neurons in layer 4B receive strong input from both layers 4Cα and 4Cβ. These observations, along with evidence that direct input from layer 4B to area MT arises predominantly from spiny stellates, suggest that these different cell types constitute two functionally specialized subsystems.
Nonverbal Mediators of Expectancy Effects in Black and White Children1

Seventy-two white undergraduates of both sexes taught a lesson “What is psychology?” to a 10-year-old male confederate. Four confederates, two white and two black, alternated in the three conditions of induced expectancy: Subjects were told the child was bright, dull, or were given no information. Unknown to subjects, their nonverbal behavior during the lesson was videotape recorded. Results indicated that induced expectancy affected subject nonverbal behavior only when the confederate was white. Subjects smiled more, looked more, and nodded more at the white “bright” confederates than the white control or “dull” confederates. However, expectancy had no effect, positive or negative, when the confederate was black. In addition, white confederates received more positive nonverbal behavior overall than did black confederates.