cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research Article: Evaluating Stormwater Canals for Water Quality in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas

The Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of South Texas contains an extensive stormwater conveyance canal system supported by culverts and crossings. This project examined representative canal segments in this system to determine the effects of stormwater conveyance structures and crossings as well as surrounding land use on water quality and the ability of the canal system to meet Texas freshwater surface water standards. Data collected for 18 physiochemical and nutrient parameters was used to generate summary statistics and perform analyses of variance and correlation analyses. The results of the analyses suggested that conveyance structures and crossings and land use significantly affected 12–13 water quality parameters. Box culverts in the canal system are more likely to affect water quality than bridge crossings or culverts placed above and below the water surface. Agricultural and residential land, roads, and trees and bushes planted on the canal boundaries effected water quality similarly, whereas the ma...
Individualized methotrexate dosing in children with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Although high-dose methotrexate has been extensively studied in children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), there are fewer data in children with relapsed ALL, many of whom have been heavily pretreated and have subclinical kidney dysfunction. We characterized the pharmacokinetics of adaptively controlled methotrexate given as a 24-h infusion during consolidation therapy in 24 children with relapsed ALL. To achieve the target steady-state concentration of 65 microM, dosage adjustments were required in 14 patients, with doses ranging from 2854 to 6700 mg/m2 per course. The mean steady-state plasma concentration (Cpss) of 68.0 microM was different (P = 0.025) than the predicted Cpss (mean = 87.4 microM; range 35.7-184 microM) had no adjustment in dose been made. The coefficient of variation in Cpss was reduced from 41% to 18% by individualizing doses. Predisposing factors that correlated with decreased methotrexate clearance were female sex (P = 0.03), age greater than 6 years (P = 0.01), and prior history of heavy amphotericin B treatment (>30 mg/kg) (P = 0.03), but no factor predicted low clearance as well as the measured initial methotrexate clearance during the infusion (P < 0.0001). There was no life-threatening toxicity with the regimen. We conclude that dosage individualization decreases interpatient variability and avoids potentially toxic methotrexate exposures in heavily pretreated ALL patients.
Legitimacy, Religion, and Nationalism in the Middle East

The significance of legitimacy to regime maintenance has been much neglected in recent investigations of the Third World, particularly by behavioralists and rational choice theorists. I define legitimacy, discuss factors that may have contributed to this neglect, and explore the significance of nationalism and religion as major sources of legitimacy in the Middle East. Both a misunderstanding of the role of higher values and rationality in individuals' relationship to social systems and a faulty projection applied to the mainsprings of behavior in other cultures have distorted the perceptions of a number of Western analysts. The relationship between religion and nationalism is complex. Contrary to the common assumption in the West, Islam in general has generated fairly sophisticated constitutional theories. Islamic fundamentalism in particular has been a major source of innovation and adaptation—as well as of spiritual gratification—for the Muslim masses.
Hysteresis Models for Reinforced Concrete

Nonlinear dynamic response of a simple reinforced concrete specimen is studied using five different hysteresis models: the Takeda, elasto-plastic, bilinear, Clough, and the Q-hyst model. These models range from simple but unrealistic (the elasto-plastic model) to complicated but realistic (the Takeda model). The Takeda model is used as the basis to evaluate the other models, and to explain the influence of different features used in each model. It is shown that stiffness degradation effects associated with unloading and load-reversal stages had a substantial effect on the amplitudes, waveform, and frequency content of displacement response history of the specimen studied. It is further shown that the Q-hyst model, which takes degrading effects into account while it is simple, resulted in a response history which was in excellent agreement with that obtained using the Takeda model.
Meeting Boumediene's Challenge: The Emergence of an Effective Habeas Jurisprudence and Obsolescence of New Detention Legislation

The Supreme Court's decision in Boumediene v. Bush gave suspected terrorists at Guantanamo Bay access to a system in which federal judges in Washington, D.C. adjudicate the legality of their detention. While many, perhaps most, legal commentators praise Boumediene as a victory for individual rights, critics argue that the habeas process raises grave concerns about the maintenance of national security. Others worry that the paucity of clear standards may disadvantage detainees. Accordingly, some legislators, judges, and scholars have called for Congress to pass new detention legislation to provide guidance to the courts. After more than two years of district court wrangling with the implications of Boumediene, these criticisms need not be assessed in the abstract. This Note comprehensively reviews the habeas cases decided since Boumediene with a view to assessing these arguments and the ultimate wisdom of passing new detention legislation. The story is complex. In the first eighteen months of litigation, murky Supreme Court precedent gave rise to significant differences in the standards employed among district court judges adjudicating habeas cases. That state of affairs benefited neither detainees nor the government, and strongly militated in favor of further guidance from Congress. But the pragmatic case for new detention legislation will no longer write. The D.C. Circuit has stepped in to answer many of the tough questions that plagued the early months of habeas litigation and arguably threatened the equal application of law; detainees are increasingly held to the same standard in every federal courtroom. Moreover, the D.C. Circuit has proven to be highly protective of national security prerogatives; the standards emerging from that court almost uniformly favor the government, and thus undermine the key motivation for Congress to pass new detention legislation-national security concerns. In short, more than two years after the Supreme Court handed the reins of executive detention to federal judges in Washington, D.C., it is increasingly clear that the habeas process effectively balances U.S. national security and detainee liberty concerns. Through a critical examination of how the jurisprudence has unfolded, this Note tells the story of how and why habeas works. It concludes that new detention legislation would be unnecessary and possibly counterproductive; rather, the most prudent approach is to allow the D.C. Circuit to continue to resolve disagreements among lower court judges as they arise.
Intraoperative nursing care of laparoscopic nephrectomy in children

Objective:To study the intraoperative nursing care of laparoscopic nephrectomy in children.Methods:The intraoperative nursing records in 12 children with renal hypoplasia from March to October in 2006 treated with laparoscope were analysed retrospectively,and the key points of intraoperative nursing care were summarized.Results:The resection of the hypoplastic kidney and ureter was smoothly performed in all 12 children.The operative time was 90～120 minutes,the intraoperative bleeding was 5～15 ml.All the cases were success without complications.Conclusion:Setting the gastric tube and urinary canal before operation,preparing enough surgical instruments and goods,ensuring the surgical instruments well work during operation and preserving the unobstruction of the drainage tubes,suction catheters and venopuncture catheters are the main nursing measures to ensure the operative success.
Killing Two Birds with One Stone: How an Incidental Take Permit Program under the MBTA Can Help Companies and Migratory Birds

Under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA), it is unlawful to kill a migratory bird “by any means, or in any manner” without a permit. The United States has interpreted the language “by any means, or in any manner” to include the incidental killing of birds. In conflict with this interpretation, however, is the fact that permits for the incidental killing of migratory birds are not issued under the MBTA. This current system hurts both migratory birds and the entities whose commercial activities might result in migratory bird deaths. Birds continue to die in large numbers while entities cannot acquire permits to assure compliance with the MBTA. This Note explores the current state of the law regarding the incidental killing of migratory birds and concludes that a meaningful incidental take permit program would reduce migratory bird deaths and provide commercial entities with a means to assure their compliance with
Radiation Dose Rates from UO2-PuO2 Thermal Reactor Fuels

Gamma and neutron radiation dose rates from various experimental fuel assemblies and from full-size commercial BWR and PWR power reactor fuel assemblies containing UO2-PuO2 fuel with high exposure plutonium were measured. Maximum gamma and neutron dose rates encountered at 61-cm distance from the surfaces of the fuel assemblies were 6.5 mR/h and 25 mrem/h, respectively. It is concluded that commercial reactor operators can handle fuel assemblies containing high exposure plutonium without excessive personnel exposure and with a minimum of special handling procedures. However, radiation shielding for some fuel fabrication steps will be necessary with plutonium of the type expected to become available during the late 1970s.
Mössbauer relaxation spectra of diluted K 3 Fe ( CN ) 6

Detailed line shapes have been calculated of M\"ossbauer spectra for comparison to Oosterhuis and Lang's data of ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$Fe${(\mathrm{CN})}_{6}$ diluted in diamagnetic ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$Co${(\mathrm{CN})}_{6}$. Spin-relaxation effects have been included by utilizing the full hyperfine interaction (including all off-diagonal terms) within the super-operator formalism of relaxation theory. In order to describe the data, it is necessary to assume a distribution of relaxation rates corresponding to differing Fe near-neighbor and next-near-neighbor environments. Using a simplified model containing three relaxation rates, the concentration and temperature dependence of the spectra have been explained. The relaxation rates obtained are compared with those from ESR studies, and the differences in the results of the two methods discussed.
Relationships between vegetation indices, fractional cover retrievals and the structure and composition of Brazilian Cerrado natural vegetation

This study explores the use of the relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index NDVI and the shortwave infrared ratio SWIR32 vegetation indices VI to retrieve fractional cover over the structurally complex natural vegetation of the Cerrado of Brazil using a time series of imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS. Data from the EO-1 Hyperion sensor with 30 m pixel resolution is used to sample geographic and seasonal variation in NDVI, SWIR32, and the hyperspectral cellulose absorption index CAI, and to derive end-member values for photosynthetic vegetation PV, non-photosynthetic vegetation NPV, and bare soil BS from a suite of protected and/or natural vegetation sites across the Cerrado. The end-members derived from relatively pure 30 m pixels are then applied to a 500 m pixel resolution MODIS time series using linear spectral unmixing to retrieve PV, NPV, and BS fractional cover FPV, FNPV, and FBS. The two-way interaction response of MODIS-equivalent NDVI and SWIR32 was examined for regions of interest ROI collected within protected areas and nearby converted lands. The MODIS NDVI, SWIR32 and retrieved FPV, FNPV, and FBS are then compared to detailed cover and structural composition data from field sites, and the influence of the structural and compositional variation on the VIs and cover fractions is explored. The hyperion ROI analysis indicated that the two-way NDVI–SWIR32 response behaved as an effective surrogate for the two-way NDVI–CAI response for the campo limpo/grazed pasture to cerrado sensu stricto woody gradient. The SWIR32 sensitivity to the NPV and BS variation increased as the dry season progressed, but Cerrado savannah exhibited limited dynamic range in the NDVI–CAI and NDVI–SWIR32 two-way responses compared to the entire landscape, which also comprises fallow croplands and forests. Validation analysis of MODIS retrievals with Quickbird-2 images produced an RMSE value of 0.13 for FPV. However, the RMSE values of 0.16 and 0.18 for FBS and FNPV, respectively, were large relative to the seasonal and inter-annual variation. Analysis of site composition and structural data in relation to the MODIS-derived NDVI, SWIR32 and FPV, FNPV, and FBS, indicated that the VI signal and derived cover fractions were influenced by a complex mix of structure and cover but included a strong year-to-year seasonal effect. Therefore, although the MODIS NDVI–SWIR32 response could be used to retrieve cover fractions across all Cerrado land covers including bare cropland, pastures and forests, sensitivity may be limited within the natural Cerrado due to sub-pixel heterogeneity and limited BS and NPV sensitivity.
Reduced Leaching Fractions Improve Irrigation Use Efficiency and Nutrient Efficacy

Abstract An experiment with two leaching fractions (LF = volume of water leached ÷ volume of water applied) and two fertilizer rates was conducted to evaluate the effects of reduced irrigation volume in combination with reduced fertility on irrigation use efficiency, nutrient efficacy (retention), and plant growth. Rooted cuttings of Cotoneaster dammeri Schneid. ‘Skogholm’ were potted into 3.8 liter (#1) containers in a pine bark: sand substrate (8:1 by vol). Osmocote 24N-1.7P-5.8K (24-4-7) was topdressed at 3.5 g N or 1.75 g N per container at treatment initiation. The experiment, a RCBD with four replications was conducted for 100 days on a container-grown plant production area subdivided into 16 separate plots that allowed for the collection of all irrigation water leaving each plot. Twenty containers were placed in each plot. Irrigation water was applied daily to attain either a high LF of 0.4 to 0.6 or a low LF of 0.0 to 0.2. Irrigation water was applied in two cycles with a two hour rest interval be...
Age-Related Differences in Iconic Memory and Visual Attention

The purpose of this chapter is to examine age-related differences in iconic memory and visual attention. In order to accomplish these goals, I will first present a brief conceptual and historical introduction to iconic memory and visual attention research. The purpose of this overview is to explicate the nature of these two phenomena and to provide a glimpse at the experimental tasks used to study them. Next, I will review research in aging that has examined iconic memory and discuss the implication of those findings for everyday seeing activities. Finally, research in aging and visual selective attention will be reviewed along with some new findings from my laboratory. The significance of age differences in selective attention will be discussed and it will be concluded that age-related differences in these processes have tremendous significance for everyday seeing activities.
Synthesis of isophthalates from methyl coumalate

Methyl coumalate reacts with enol ethers to form stable adducts which can be converted into isophthalates in good to excellent yields. Alkyl vinyl ethers afford higher yields of isophthalates than enol silyl ethers. The adduct of the enol silyl ether of acetophenone with methyl coumalate reacted with PTSA to produce a styryl coumalate.
Student Learning with Generated and Answered Peer-written Questions

Objective. To investigate the degree to which student-generated questions or answering student-generated multiple-choice questions predicts course performance in medicinal chemistry.Methods. Students enrolled in Medicinal Chemistry III over a 3-year period were asked to create at least one question per exam period using PeerWise; within the software, they were also asked to answer and rate one peer question per class session. Students’ total reputation scores and its components (question authoring, answering, and rating) and total answer scores (correctness of answers submitted indicating agreement with the author’s chosen answer) were analyzed relative to final course grades.Results. Students at the non-satellite campus and those who generated more highly rated questions performed better overall in the course accounting for 12% of the variability in course grades. The most notable differences were between the top third and bottom third performing students within the course. The number of questions answer...
Additions of ammonium sulfate and urease inhibitor with urea to improve spring wheat and sugar beet yield

ABSTRACTAdditions of ammonium sulfate and urease inhibitor with urea might have potential to increase yield and quality due to increased supply of sulfur (S) and reduction in volatilization loss of nitrogen (N), respectively. Treatments consisting, (i) urea alone, (ii) urea with ammonium sulfate (UAS) and (iii) homogeneous granular fertilizer containing urea and ammonium sulfate (HBU), and (iv) urease inhibitor treated urea (UI), at two application rates, 134 and 168 kg N ha−1, were compared for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) production at Glyndon and Ada of Minnesota, USA, during 2014–2015. For both crops, additions of UI had increased yield due to higher soil N availability over urea only in 2015. In 2014, UI also increased the grain protein content over urea and UAS increased sugar content only over HBU in 2015. Spring wheat and sugarbeet yield and quality response to urease inhibitor or supply of S in the form of UAS depends on soil and climatic factors.
Diagnosis and management of spinal metastases in rehabilitation

To provide an overview of the presentation, diagnosis and management of spinal metastatic disease, as it relates to pain, function, and quality of life. There are a multitude of treatment options to address spinal metastatic disease, including radiotherapy, minimally invasive procedures, oral medications, and surgery. Treatment is individualized to the patient according to severity of symptoms, location of metastases, and concordant medical conditions. Patients may require treatments across several subspecialties to comprehensively treat their disease. The location and nature of metastatic disease within the spine are important, and an assessment of the patient’s neurologic status throughout treatment is essential in order to optimize patient function, to successfully manage pain when present, and to identify early potentially catastrophic changes. It is necessary to use a multidisciplinary approach to address spinal metastatic disease, and there have been great advancements in terms of variety of available treatments.
Pilot Distortion Attack and Zero-Startup-Cost Detection in Massive MIMO Network: From Analysis to Experiments

Accurate channel state information (CSI) is a key requirement for massive multiple-input multiple-output to achieve multi-fold increases in throughput and secrecy rate. Consequently, an adversary targeting the channel sounding process has the potential to significantly degrade performance. In this paper, we first present and model the pilot distortion attack , a simple but devastating jamming strategy in which the adversary distorts the access point’s (AP’s) CSI measurement of even a single client leading to denial of service for all clients associated with the AP. We then propose multiple-antenna carrier frequency offset estimate (MACE) as a countermeasure that exploits the AP’s antenna array to detect jamming with zero startup cost and zero additional network overhead. Our key insight is that with multiple antennas, the AP’s variance estimator of client carrier frequency offset significantly increases when there are jamming signals present. We build a test bed with a 72-antenna AP and collect over 3 000 000 over-the-air transmissions. Our results show that a single-antenna adversary jamming no more than 1/60 of the time and having no more transmit power than any client can cause over 23% reduction of achievable rate of all clients. Moreover, by setting a single detection threshold, MACE can achieve 0.97 true positive at 0.01 false positive for various client/adversary locations and for a wide range of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (5 ~ 35 dB) and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) (−5 ~ 35 dB) with SNR – SIR $\geq5$ dB.
Analysis of security of split manufacturing using machine learning

This work is the first to analyze the security of split manufacturing using machine learning, based on data collected from layouts provided by industry, with 8 routing metal layers, and significant variation in wire size and routing congestion across the layers. We consider many types of layout features for machine learning including those obtained from placement, routing, and cell sizes. For the top split layer, we demonstrate dramatically better results in proximity attack compared to a recent prior work. We analyze the ranking of the features used by machine learning and show the importance of how features vary when moving to the lower layers. Since the runtime of our basic machine learning becomes prohibitively large for lower layers, we propose novel techniques to make it scalable with little sacrifice in effectiveness of the attack.
A Review of Language: The Cultural Tool by Daniel L. Everett

Language: The Cultural Tool by Daniel Everett covers a broad spectrum of issues concerning the nature of language from the perspective of an anthropological linguist who has had considerable fieldwork experience studying the language and culture of the Piraha, an indigenous Amazonian tribe in Brazil, as well as a number of other indigenous languages and cultures. This review focuses mainly on the key elements of his approach to language: language as a solution to the communication problem; Everett’s conception of language; what makes language possible; how language and culture influence each other.
Field Theory of Fermions in the Lowest Landau Level

A pedagogical presentation is given of the field theoretical description of a system of planar charged fermions in a strong magnetic field. The discussions include the kinematics of the lowest Landau level (LLL), symmetries of the fractional quantum Hall (FQH) system, W ∞ gauge transformations and electromagnetic interactions, and an electromagnetic effective Lagrangian for a circular droplet.
Fibrotic Remodeling in Exudative (Wet) Macular Degeneration

The interplay of multiple biologic pathways and processes acts in synchrony to repair wounded tissue. Proangiogenic and inflammatory mediators allow enhanced delivery of oxygen and nutrients to repair wounded tissue. Fibrosis is the hallmark feature of wound healing in its final stage. In the eye, subretinal fibrosis, a nonfunctioning mass of fibrotic tissue situated in the subretinal space, is a manifestation of aberrant repair and is the characteristic end-stage subretinal lesion in exudative or neovascular age-related macular degenerative. The subretinal fibrotic lesion is preceded by gradual degeneration of the outer retinal cellular structures, the development of neovascular vessels, inflammation, and retinal tissue damage that culminates into the development of subretinal fibrosis. In this chapter, we will review the pathobiology of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) as it relates to the pathogenesis of its end-stage visually devastating cicatricial lesion: subretinal fibrosis.
Silent pancreatic pseudocyst. An unusual cause of extrahepatic biliary obstruction.

Extrahepatic biliary obstruction due to mechanical obstruction of the common bile duct is a relatively rare complication of pancreatic pseudocyst. When jaundice does occur, clinical or laboratory evidence of associated primary hepatobiliary disease or acute pancreatitis has invariably been present. The patient described had a 3-month history of painless jaundice, 40-Ib weight loss, pruritus, and hepatomegaly, but no clinical or biochemical evidence of acute or chronic pancreatitis. After initial evaluation, including an abdominal echogram and a transhepatic cholangiogram, carcinoma of the head of the pancreas was diagnosed preoperatively. At laparotomy, a small pancreatic pseudocyst obstructed the terminal portion of the common bile duct. This case illustrates that a pancreatic pseudocyst should be considered in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice, even in the absence of clinical evidence of pancreatitis or pseudocyst formation.
Efficient Algorithm for Large-and-Sparse LMI Feasibility Problems

Linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) play a fundamental role in robust and optimal control theory. However, their practical use remains limited, in part because their solution complexities of $O(n^{6.5})$ time and $O(n^{4})$ memory limit their applicability to systems containing no more than a few hundred state variables. This paper describes a Newton-PCG algorithm to efficiently solve large-and-sparse LMI feasibility problems, based on efficient log-det barriers for sparse matrices. Assuming that the data matrices share a sparsity pattern that admits a sparse Cholesky factorization, we prove that the algorithm converges in linear $O(n)$ time and memory. The algorithm is highly efficient in practice: we solve LMI feasibility problems over power system models with as many as $n=5738$ state variables in 2 minutes on a standard workstation running MATLAB.
Pernicious Anemia Presenting With Pancytopenia and Hemolysis: A Case Report

Vitamin B12 deficiency is a well-known cause of anemia. Pancytopenia and hemolysis are less frequently observed in vitamin B12 deficiency. Reported is the case of a 58-year-old man who presented with dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, and unintentional weight loss. He was found to have severe anemia (hemoglobin 3.3 g/dL) in association with pancytopenia and hemolysis. Extensive workup revealed vitamin B12 deficiency secondary to pernicious anemia. A literature review confirmed that this case demonstrates the rare occurrence of severe anemia in association with pancytopenia and hemolysis due to B12 deficiency. J Med Cases. 2019;10(3):81-83 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3269
ALLOSTERIC CONTROL OF E. COLI GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE IS MEDIATED BY A BICYCLIC NUCLEOTIDYLATION CASCADE SYSTEM

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the allosteric control of E. Coli glutamine synthetase. Glutamine is a key intermediate in nitrogen metabolism. It serves directly as a building block in the biosynthesis of most proteins, and in addition, serves as a source of nitrogen atoms in the biosynthesis of all purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, of all amino acids, of glucosamine-6-P, p-aminobenzoic acid and of nicotinamide derivatives. Glutamine synthetase is therefore, an enzyme of singular importance because it links the assimilation of NH 3 , derived from catabolic processes, with biosynthetic pathways leading to the formation of protein, nucleic acids, complex polysaccharides, and various coenzymes. In addition, in some organisms glutamine synthetase itself appears to regulate the expression of structural genes concerned with the biosynthesis of other enzymes in nitrogen metabolism. This chapter summarizes the results of studies on the allosteric regulation of glutamine synthetase via the interconvertible enzyme cascade. It analyzes nucleotidylation cycles involved in glutamine synthetase regulation. The theoretical steady state analysis of the glutamine synthetase cascade has been presented. Validity of the cascade model has also been elaborated.
Distribution tail structure and extreme value analysis of constrained piecewise linear oscillators

Abstract A single-degree-of-freedom random oscillator with a piecewise linear restoring force (experiencing softening after a certain point value of the response, called a “knuckle” point) is studied with the goal of understanding the structure of the distribution tail of its response or (local) maximum. A theoretical analysis is carried out by two approaches: first, by focusing on the maximum and response after crossing the “knuckle” point, where explicit calculations can be performed assuming standard distributions for the derivative at the crossing, and second, by considering the white noise random external excitation, where the stationary distribution of the response is readily available from the literature. Both approaches reveal the structure of the distribution tails where a Gaussian core is followed by a heavier tail, possibly having a power-law form, which ultimately turns into a tail having a finite upper bound (referred to as a light tail). The extent of the light tail region is also investigated, and shown to be the result of the conditioning for the system not to reach the unstable equilibrium. The study is motivated by applications to ship motions, where the considered random oscillator serves as a prototypical model for ship roll motion in beam seas, and estimation of the probabilities of these motions exceeding large critical angles is of interest. Standard statistical methodology for such estimation is based on the peaks-over-threshold approach, for which several lessons are drawn from the analysis of the tail structure of the considered random oscillator.
Top-K Entity Resolution with Adaptive Locality-Sensitive Hashing

Given a set of records, entity resolution algorithms find all the records referring to each entity. In top-k entity resolution, the goal is to find all the records referring to the k largest (in terms of number of records) entities. Top-k entity resolution is driven by many modern applications that operate over just the few most popular entities in a dataset. In this paper we introduce the problem of top-k entity resolution and we summarize a novel approach for this problem; full details are presented in a technical report. Our approach is based on locality-sensitive hashing, and can very rapidly and accurately process massive datasets. Our key insight is to adaptively decide how much processing each record requires to ascertain if it refers to a top-k entity or not: the less likely a record is to refer to a top-k entity, the less it is processed. The heavily reduced amount of processing for the vast majority of records that do not refer to top-k entities, leads to significant speedups. Our experiments with images, web articles, and scientific publications show a 2x to 25x speedup compared to traditional approaches for high-dimensional data.
Salinity, Water Level, and Forest Structure Contribute to Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) Rhizosphere and Endosphere Community Structure

As rising sea levels alter coastal ecosystems, there is a pressing need to examine the effects of saltwater intrusion on coastal communities. Using 16S Illumina profiling, we characterized the communities of baldcypress tree (Taxodium distichum) root endosphere and rhizosphere soil bacteria. Our study utilized established sites along salinity and flooding gradients in the United States of Georgia, Louisiana, and South Carolina. We hypothesized that environmental variables, namely salinity and water level, as well as distance between sites would be correlated with baldcypress-associated rhizosphere and root endosphere bacterial communities. We found that geographic distance correlated with rhizosphere but not root endosphere bacterial communities, suggesting that the trees may have stabilized their endosphere communities via recruitment of a more specific suite of taxa from the surrounding soil. Mean water level, mean salinity, and the volume of woody debris were associated with both endosphere and rhizosphere bacterial communities in baldcypress trees. The density of host trees was also associated with endosphere community composition. Our study is the first to use 16S Illumina sequencing to characterize bacterial communities in baldcypress trees— a key restoration species in coastal swamp ecosystems under threat from rising sea levels.
Identification of very low-risk acute chest pain patients without troponin testing

The earliest step in establishing the complex neuronal networks in the vertebrate brain is the formation of a scaffold of axon tracts. How the formation of the early axon scaffold is controlled at the molecular level is unclear. Forming part of the scaffold, neurons located at the ventral midbrain-forebrain border (MFB) give rise to the medial longitudinal fascicle (mlf) and the posterior commissure (pc). We demonstrate that the homeobox genes Sax1, Six3, Emx2 and Pax6 are expressed in distinct domains in this area, suggesting that the specification of mlf and pc neurons might be controlled by the combinatorial activity of these transcription factors. We have tested this hypothesis by analysing the function of Sax1 in the embryonic chick brain. Gain-of-function experiments with Sax1 result in alterations to the early axon scaffold, most prominently an enlargement of the mlf at the expense of the pc. Ectopic expression of Sax1 also affects the expression of other ventral homeobox genes, particularly Six3 and Emx2. Our results indicate that the specification of neurons forming the early axon scaffold is governed by a homeobox code, thus resembling the mechanism of neuronal specification in the spinal cord.
Infrastructures of Accessibility: Designing Open Science Projects to Incorporate Multiple Audiences

Infrastructure is a crucial consideration for creating code that can be reused and repurposed. Infrastructures of data are highly rhetorical, because they structure how others interact with information and reflect hierarchies of information, people, and things. Those creating open source and open science projects, in particular, must consider how they structure their data according to principles of accessibility, reusability, and replicability. Failure to consider the design of publicly available code and insufficient user documentation lead to issues with transparency, learnability, and usability within open source science projects. This paper explores the decision-making processes of two open science researchers as they design their data according to the principles of open science. Using interviews and document analysis, I analyze the rhetorical coding choices of researchers and how these choices encourage or discourage accessibility for different audiences. Ultimately, I examine what accessibility means for these researchers working under the umbrella of open science.
Using Guided Motion Planning to Study Binding Site Accessibility

Computational methods are commonly used to predict protein-ligand interactions. These methods typically search for regions with favorable energy that geometrically fit the ligand, and then rank them as potential binding sites. While this general strategy can provide good predictions in some cases, it does not do well when the binding site is not accessible to the ligand. In addition, recent research has shown that in some cases protein access tunnels play a major role in the activity and stability of the protein's binding interactions. Hence, to fully understand the binding behavior of such proteins, it is imperative to identify and study their access tunnels. In this work, we present a motion planning algorithm that scores protein binding site accessibility for a particular ligand. This method can be used to screen ligand candidates for a protein by eliminating those that cannot access the binding site. This method was tested on two case studies to analyze effects of modifying a protein's access tunnels to increase activity and/or stability as well as study how a ligand inhibitor blocks access to the protein binding site.
Composition of marine nematode communities across broad longitudinal and bathymetric gradients in the Northeast Chukchi and Beaufort Seas

Benthic communities are responding to rapid environmental change in the Arctic, yet the ecologically important meiofauna remain poorly studied, leaving little baseline information for evaluating such changes. We investigated the community structure of meiofaunal nematodes (> 63 µm) on the Northeast Chukchi Sea (NEC) continental shelf (< 50 m), and along a broad longitudinal and bathymetric gradient in the Beaufort Sea (BEAU; 20–1200 m). In total, 139 nematode genera representing 32 families were identified. Nematode communities differed between the NEC and BEAU, but the opportunistic genera Sabatieria (Comesomatidae) and Daptonema (Xyalidae) were abundant in both seas. Despite the relatively small sampling area of similar depth across the NEC, spatial variation was reflected by the high abundance of Sabatieria at a subset of sites with higher proportion of fine sediment. Nematode communities in the western BEAU offshore of the Colville River showed little difference among depths, in contrast to areas further east where shelf and upper slope communities were more distinct. Diversity indices were higher in the BEAU than in the NEC, with maximum values in the easternmost area (Banks Island); lower evenness was recorded in the western BEAU (Colville Plume), which was dominated by Sabatieria at all depths. Organic matter quality and quantity influenced community structure in the BEAU. This study provides the first genus-level characterization of nematode communities across this environmentally heterogeneous region. With increased exploration for natural resources and reduced ice coverage, the baseline community structure information provided here supports evaluation of ecosystem change in the Arctic.
Malaria, Race, and Inequality: Evidence from the Early 1900s US South

This study investigates the impact of malaria eradication programs on black-white economic disparities in the early 1900s US South. Malaria eradication was widespread and improved health across races. Yet, only white men experienced economic benefits. Using matched census records, we find that increased exposure to the program is associated with higher schooling attainment and income for whites, but not for blacks. Blacks exposed to malaria eradication are more likely to be farm laborers, and both blacks and whites are more likely to migrate out of state. Our findings suggest that malaria eradication, a broadly-applied intervention, widened racial gaps.
Challenges of enforcing cellphone use while driving laws among police in the USA: a cross-sectional analysis.

Objectives Research suggests that cellphone use while driving laws may be difficult for police to enforce in the USA, but this is unknown. A national survey of police officers was conducted to determine whether barriers to enforcing these laws exist, what aspects of laws make them easier to enforce and ways to discourage the behaviour among drivers. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting USA. Participants Individuals >18 years of age employed as a law enforcement officer from all 50 states were recruited via convenience sampling through multiple modalities from November 2019 to April 2020. Officers (N=353) from 31 states participated. Primary and secondary outcome measures Descriptive statistics and multi-level logistic regression analyses were run to assess the responses. Results The most common barriers to enforcing texting bans (ie, the most prevalent law) were drivers concealing their phone use (78%) and the officer not being able to determine what the driver was doing on their phone (65%). If a universal hand-held cellphone ban was in effect in their state, officers were 77% less likely (adjusted OR=0.23; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.70) to report that a texting ban was difficult to adjudicate. The majority of officers (86%) agreed that having one general law that prohibits any type of hand-held cellphone use would aid with enforcement, and that laws must be a primary offence (87%), and be applicable to all licensed drivers (91%). Most officers felt that driver education is needed. Conclusions While numerous barriers to enforcement were identified, opportunities exist to improve current legislation to aid enforcement efforts and to prevent the behaviour among drivers.
Resurrecting Address Clustering in Bitcoin.

Blockchain analysis is essential for understanding how cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin are used in practice, and address clustering is a cornerstone of blockchain analysis. However, current techniques rely on heuristics that have not been rigorously evaluated or optimized. In this paper, we tackle several challenges of change address identification and clustering. First, we build a ground truth set of transactions with known change from the Bitcoin blockchain that can be used to validate the efficacy of individual change address detection heuristics. Equipped with this data set, we develop new techniques to predict change outputs with low false positive rates. After applying our prediction model to the Bitcoin blockchain, we analyze the resulting clustering and develop ways to detect and prevent cluster collapse. Finally, we assess the impact our enhanced clustering has on two exemplary applications.
Blogging, Citizenship and the Future of Media

Preface Introduction Examining the Blog-Media Relationship Mark Tremayne Part One: Blogging: Research on blogging using content analysis A Longitudinal Content Analysis of Blogs: 2003-2004 Susan C. Herring, Lois Ann Scheidt, Inna Kouper and Elijah Wright Audiences as Media Producers: A Content Analysis of 260 Blogs Zizi Papacharissi Pundits in Muckrakers' Clothing: Political Blogs and the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election D. Travers Scott Analyzing Political Conversation on the Howard Dean Candidate Blog Sharon Meraz Blogging for Better Health: Putting the 'Public' Back in Public Health S. Shyam Sundar, Heidi Hatfield Edwards, Yifeng Hu, and Carmen Stavrositu Part Two: Citizenship: Examining blog use, antecedents and consequences Reading Political Blogs During the 2004 Election Campaign: Correlates & Consequences William P. Eveland, Jr. and Ivan Dylko Blog Use Motivations: An Exploratory Study Barbara Kaye Credibility of Political Messages on the Internet: A Comparison of Blog Sources Lynda Lee Kaid and Monica Postelnicu Blog Readers: Predictors of Reliance on War Blogs Thomas Johnson and Barbara Kaye Part Three: The Future of Media: Examining the Impact of Blogging on Journalism Protection in the Blogosphere: Applying a Functional Definition of 'Press' to Blogs Laura Hendrickson Blogs Without Borders: International Legal Jurisdiction Issues Facing Bloggers Brian Carroll and Bob Frank Emergent Communication Networks as Civic Journalism Lou Rutigliano Citizen Journalism: A Case Study Clyde Bentley, Brian Hamman, Jeremy Littau, Hans Meyer, Brendan Watson and Beth Welsh Harnessing the Active Audience: Synthesizing Blog Research and Lessons for the Future of Media "Mark Tremayne" Contributors Index
Deriving Acquisition Principles from Tutoring Principles

This paper describes our analysis of the literature on tutorial dialogues and presents a compilation of useful principles that students and teachers typically follow in making tutoring interactions successful. The compilation is done in the context of making use of those principles in building knowledge acquisition interfaces since acquisition interfaces can be seen as students acquiring knowledge from the user. We plan to use these ideas in our future work to develop more proactive and effective acquisition interfaces.
Estimating a cosmological mass bias parameter with bootstrap bandwidth selection

Summary. We focus on selecting optimal bandwidths for non-parametric estimation of the twopoint correlation function of a point pattern. We obtain these optimal bandwidths by using a bootstrap approach to select a bandwidth that minimizes the integrated squared error. The variance term is estimated by using a non-parametric spatial bootstrap, whereas the bias term is estimated with a plug-in approach using a pilot estimator of the two-point correlation function based on a parametric model. The choice of parametric model for the pilot estimator is very flexible. Depending on applications, parametric statistical point models, physical models or functional models can be used. We also explore the use of the procedure for selecting adaptive optimal bandwidths. We investigate the performance of the bandwidth selection procedure by using a simulation study. In our data example, we apply our method to a Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxy cluster catalogue by using a pilot estimator based on the power law functional model in cosmology. The resulting non-parametric two-point correlation function estimate is then used to estimate a cosmological mass bias parameter that describes the relationship between the galaxy mass distribution and the underlying matter distribution.
Effects of Carrier and Temperature on Survival of Rhizobium spp. in Legume Inocula: Development of an Improved Type of Inoculant.

The effects of inoculant carrier, temperature, and storage period on the survival of Rhizobium strains were determined by plate count and most-probable-number analyses. Preliminary experiments showed that survival of rhizobia was affected by each of these factors and their interactions. Results of further studies indicated that six strains of rhizobia survived better at high temperatures when lyophilized and suspended in an oil carrier as compared to finely ground peat. The oil base inocula contained ca. 105 viable rhizobia per g after 56 days of incubation at 60°C, whereas peat base inocula contained ≤10 rhizobia per g. These results suggest that an oil carrier will protect rhizobia from rapid death at usually lethal high temperatures.
Structure-activity relationship of subtypes of cholecystokinin receptors in the cat lower esophageal sphincter.

Abstract Cholecystokinin (CCK) causes relaxation of the cat lower esophageal sphincter (LES) by stimulating CCK receptors on the noncholinergic, nonadrenergic inhibitory neurons and causes contraction by stimulating CCK receptors on the sphincter muscle. Studies were performed in anesthetized cats to identify differences between the two CCK receptors by investigating the structure-activity relationships of various fragments of CCK or gastrin molecule. Lower esophageal sphincter pressures were monitored continuously, using continuously perfused catheters, and agents were administered intravenously or close intraarterially. Based on their doses and the presence or absence of tetrodotoxin pretreatment, CCK analogues produced either relaxation or contraction of the sphincter. The relative potencies of CCK analogues on the inhibitory (neural) response were CCK-8 > G-17-I ⩾ dCCK > CCK-4(1:114,000: 115,000:1335,000). Sulfated gastrin was nearly as potent as CCK-8. The relative potency of these agents on the contractile (muscle) response was CCK-8 = G-17-I ⩾ dCCK-8 > CCK-4 (1:1:14.5: 12000). Deamidated CCK-8 was inactive. Proglumide shifted the dose-response curves of the inhibitory as well as excitatory effects of CCK analogues to the right. These studies show that there are two distinct species of CCK receptors: (a) The CCK α receptors, present on the inhibitory neurons, are very discriminative and are critically dependent on SO 4 ; and (b) the CCK β receptors, present on the sphincter muscle, are not discriminative and are not critically dependent on SO 4 . Nonsulfated gastrin may share the CCK β receptors with CCK.