cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequent Marijuana or Alcohol Use in Low-Income Emerging Adults: Impact of Adverse Life Experiences.

The transition to adulthood may be especially difficult for those who use drugs and alcohol regularly. While research clearly links adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with later substance use, ma...
Creatine Supplementation: An Update.

ABSTRACT Creatine is a popular and widely used ergogenic dietary supplement among athletes, for which studies have consistently shown increased lean muscle mass and exercise capacity when used with short-duration, high-intensity exercise. In addition to strength gains, research has shown that creatine supplementation may provide additional benefits including enhanced postexercise recovery, injury prevention, rehabilitation, as well as a number of potential neurologic benefits that may be relevant to sports. Studies show that short- and long-term supplementation is safe and well tolerated in healthy individuals and in a number of patient populations.
Pathological analysis of periprosthetic soft tissue and modes of failure in revision total joint arthroplasty patients.

Objectives Implant failure leading to revision total joint arthroplasty can occur through a variety of different mechanisms which are typically associated with a soft tissue response adjacent to the implant that provide insight into the underlying etiology of implant failure. The objective of this study was to elucidate mechanisms of implant failure as they relate to histological classification and findings of adjacent periprosthetic tissue. Methods Histological analysis of soft tissue adjacent to the implant was performed in 99 patients with an average age of 64 years old and grouped into four categories based on the study conducted by Morawietz et al.:Type I (N = 47)Wear particle induced typeType II (N = 7)Infectious typeType III (N = 19)Combined type I and IIType IV (N = 26)Indeterminant typeModes of failure were categorized into five groupings based on the study conducted by Callies et al.: Instability (N = 35), Aseptic Loosening (N = 24), Hardware and/or Mechanical Failure (N = 15), Septic (N = 13), and Other failures (N = 12). We calculated odds ratios and conducted regression analysis to assess the relationship between modes of failure and histological findings as well as modes of failure and comorbidities. Results Hardware/mechanical failure was independently correlated with histological findings of anucleate protein debris, histiocytes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and synovitis. Furthermore, hardware/mechanical failure was independently correlated with osteosarcoma as a co-morbidity. Septic failure was associated with histological findings of Enterococcus, granulation tissue, and tissue necrosis as well as comorbidities of Crohn's disease, deep venous thrombosis, lung disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Infection was 5.8 times more likely to be associated with Type II histology. Aseptic loosening was associated with histologic findings of synovitis. Conclusion Our findings support the existing literature on periprosthetic tissue analysis in revision total joint arthroplasty which may improve surgeon understanding of the patholophysiological mechanisms that contribute to implant failure and revision surgery.
Optimum Design of Eccentrically Loaded Columns

An interaction method of reducing concentric column theories, curves, or test data to account for eccentricity of loading is used as a basis for determining the optimum proportions and sizes for columns having eccentrically applied loading or initial crookedness. Inelastic effects and local buckling are included. The optimization method, based on the structural index, provides a simple and efficient design procedure. Extensions of the method to include arbitrary nonoptimum dimensional limits are described. Practical design examples are included. Comparisons of the interaction method with other theories of eccentric column behavior are made.
TAR RNA binding properties and relative transactivation activities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 Tat proteins.

Abstract Using gel shift assays, we found that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein (Tat-1) bound both HIV-1 and HIV-2 TAR RNAs with similar high affinities. In contrast, the HIV-2 Tat protein (Tat-2) bound only TAR-2 RNA with high affinity. We conclude that the weak in vivo activity of Tat-2 on the HIV-1 long terminal repeat that has been observed previously is likely the result of low affinity for TAR-1 RNA. Additionally, TAR-2 RNA was found to contain multiple specific binding sites for Tat proteins. GAL4-Tat fusion proteins were analyzed to compare the relative transactivation activities of Tat-1 and Tat-2 in the absence of requirements for binding to TAR RNAs. The GAL4-Tat-2 protein was found to transactivate synthetic promoters containing GAL4 binding sites at levels severalfold higher than did the GAL4-Tat-1 protein.
A Brief History of Acoustics

Although there are certainly some good historical treatments of acoustics in the literature, it still seems appropriate to begin a handbook of acoustics with a brief history of the subject. We begin by mentioning some important experiments that took place before the 19th century. Acoustics in the 19th century is characterized by describing the work of seven outstanding acousticians: Tyndall, von Helmholtz, Rayleigh, Stokes, Bell, Edison, and Koenig. Of course this sampling omits the mention of many other outstanding investigators.
Optogenetic stimulation of adrenergic C1 neurons in rat produces arousal from sleep, sighs and increases breathing frequency (1091.5)

Acute hypoxia causes hyperventilation, sighs and arousal from sleep. The role of C1 neurons in mediating hypoxia counter-regulation in a behaving animal remains untested. We determined sufficiency by optogenetic methods. Channelrhodopsin-2 was selectively introduced into C1 neurons of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Cre-driver rats (Cre/0) with a Cre-dependant adeno-associated viral vector (AAV2 DIO-EF1alpha-ChR2-EYFP). Sleep stages were identified from EEG and neck EMG recordings. Breathing was measured using whole body plethysmography and blood pressure by telemetry. During non-rapid eye movement sleep (nREM), unilateral photostimulation of C1 neurons produced arousal in 84 ± 4% of trials and sighs in 68 ± 7% of trials and increased respiratory frequency by 26 ± 5 bpm (n=5). During quiet awake states, C1 stimulation also caused sighs and increased breathing rate. This increase in breathing by C1 stimulation was occluded by hypoxia (12% O2), but not hypercapnia (6% CO2), despite the significantly higher basal venti...
Inhibition of photosynthesis and respiration by substituted 2,6-dinitroaniline herbicides: III. Effects on electron transport and membrane properties of isolated mung bean mitochrondria☆

Abstract Twelve substituted 2,6-dinitroaniline herbicides were shown to interfere with electron transport and phosphorylation in isolated mung bean ( Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) mitochondria. Postulated sites of action involved complexes I and II, at or near the flavoprotein associated with the oxidation of exogenous NADH, the alternate (cyanide-insensitive) oxidase, and some step in the phosphorylation pathway. Differences among the various 2,6-dinitroanilines tested were generally quantitative rather than qualitative. All of the 2,6-dinitroanilines inhibited the rate of valinomycin-induced mitochondrial swelling in isotonic KCl within the same concentration range that caused inhibition of state 3 respiration. It is postulated that reduced membrane fluidity, or inhibition of chloride transport, may explain the effects on valinomycin-induced swelling. We propose that the 2,6-dinitroanilines partition into the inner mitochondrial membrane, thereby decrease membrane fluidity, and alter membrane permeability. The resulting perturbations to the structural organization of the electron transport components may be responsible for the apparent multiple-site inhibition of respiration.
Leadership Through Professional Collaborations

Leaders in mathematics are responsible for implementing positive change within their school districts and motivating teachers of mathematics to improve their practices. One way mathematics leaders can achieve this goal is by establishing professional collaborations. We analyzed the research and summarized the common attributes found in successful professional collaborations into a research-based framework we present as the COTEAMS framework. Using this framework, mathematics leaders can empower teachers and provide the necessary support for them to participate successfully in professional collaborations.
Risk Misallocation on Highway Construction Projects

AbstractHighway construction projects are the most time-bound to a design-bid-build contract structure aiming at passing the large amounts risk instead of promoting a state of shared risk among all project participants. When issues such as changed conditions, third-party delay, or questions regarding design adequacy arise, the effects of risk misallocation are magnified, resulting in projects that suffer with regards to cost and schedule. The research presented in this article discusses strategies and guidelines to help project participants improve the state of risk allocation on highway projects. After conducting a literature review, a survey performed identified the top 5 most commonly misallocated risks in the highway construction industry to be (1) design adequacy, (2) specification interpretation, (3) third-party delay, (4) changed conditions, and (5) claims process. In-depth legal research on these risks was done in order to develop flow charts, which are the primary contribution of this study to th...
Spatial clusters of child lower respiratory illnesses associated with community-level risk factors.

Identifying geographic areas with increased incidence of disease may elucidate community-level risk factors for intervention development. Lower respiratory illnesses (LRIs) are the leading cause of death in children and are associated with other morbidities. We assessed geographic clustering of LRIs and evaluated if these spatial patterns and associated risk factors differed by phenotype. Participants enrolled at birth in the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study were followed through age three for physician diagnosed LRIs. Spatial clustering analysis, based upon each participant's birth address, was performed for four LRI phenotypes. We conducted principal component analysis at the census tract level to generate indices for lower socioeconomic status (SES), poorer housing conditions, and increased air pollution. Enrollment addresses were mapped for 812 subjects, of whom 58.4%, 33.5%, 34.2%, and 23.4% had any LRI, a wheezing LRI, a viral LRI, and a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) LRI, respectively. Patterns of spatial clustering and associated risk factors differed by LRI phenotype. Multivariable regression analyses showed that wheezing LRI clusters were associated with increased air pollution (OR = 1.18, P = 0.01). Being in a viral cluster was associated with poorer housing conditions (OR = 1.28, P = 0.01), while being in a RSV cluster was associated with increased air pollution (OR = 1.14, P = 0.006), poorer housing conditions (OR = 1.54, P = 0.003), and higher SES (OR = 0.77, P = 0.001). Our use of social and environmental indices allowed us to identify broad contextual factors that may contribute to increased incidence of LRIs in specific geographic regions. To reduce LRI incidence, multifaceted interventions should be developed at the community level. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:633-642. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurofibroma of the stomach.

Summary 1.Three cases of solitary neurofibroma of the stomach which came to operation are reported. 2.As a group they demonstrated all of the clinical features which may characterize the onset and subsequent course of such tumors. 3.The pathologic data are recorded and amplified with a discussion of other available information on the gross and microscopic pathology. 4.The difficulties in establishing a clinical diagnosis are discussed with special emphasis on certain helpful clinical features and the proper technic of the X-ray examination. 5.The treatment for neurofibroma of the stomach is surgical removal as soon as the diagnosis is made or suspected. 6.Surgery of an emergency nature is often necessary for relief of sudden and critically dangerous complications.
Alpha-fetoprotein structure and function: relevance to isoforms, epitopes, and conformational variants.

Mammalian alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is classified as a member of the albuminoid gene superfamily consisting of albumin, AFP, vitamin D (Gc) protein, and alpha-albumin. Molecular variants of AFP have long been reported in the biomedical literature. Early studies identified isoelectric pH isoforms and lectin-binding variants of AFP, which differed in their physicochemical properties, but not in amino acid composition. Genetic variants of AFP, differing in mRNA kilobase length, were later extensively described in rodent models during fetal/perinatal stages, carcinogenesis, and organ regeneration. With the advent of monoclonal antibodies in the early 1980s, multiple antigenic epitopes on native AFP were detected and categorized, culminating in the identification of six to seven major epitopes. During this period, various AFP-binding proteins and receptors were reported to inhibit certain AFP immunoreactions. Concomittantly, human and rodent AFP were cloned and the amino acid sequences of the translated proteins...
DOPA Decarboxylase Activity in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adults. A [Fluorine-18]Fluorodopa Positron Emission Tomographic Study

Converging evidence implicates the dopaminergic system and the prefrontal and nigrostriatal regions in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using positron emission tomography (PET) with [fluorine-18]fluorodopa (F18-DOPA), we compared the integrity of the presynaptic dopaminergic function between 17 ADHD adults and 23 healthy controls. The ratio of the isotope concentration of specific regions to that of nonspecific regions reflects DOPA decarboxylase activity and dopamine storage processes. Of three composite regions (prefrontal cortex, striatum, and midbrain), only the prefrontal cortex showed significantly different F18-DOPA ratios in ADHD as compared with control adults (p < 0.01). The medial and left prefrontal areas were the most altered (lower F18-DOPA ratios by 52 and 51% in ADHD as compared with controls). Similarly, the interaction [sex x diagnosis] was significant only in the prefrontal cortex (p < 0.02): lower ratios in men than in women in ADHD and vice versa in controls. These findings suggest that a prefrontal dopaminergic dysfunction mediates ADHD symptoms in adults and that gender influences this abnormality. On the basis of previous neuroimaging findings in ADHD showing discrepant findings in adults and adolescents and on evidence for midbrain dopaminergic defect in adolescents, we hypothesize that the prefrontal dopaminergic abnormality in ADHD adults is secondary and results from an interaction of the primary subcortical dopaminergic deficit with processes of neural maturation and neural adaptation.
Overview of pharmacologic agents for acid suppression in critically ill patients.

Purpose. The physiology of acid secretion, rationale and goals for acid suppression in critically ill patients, and mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are discussed. Summary. Acid-suppressant therapy may be used in critically ill patients to prevent stress-related mucosal disease or the recurrence of peptic ulcer bleeding. The intragastric pH goal is 3.5–4.5 and 6 or higher, respectively. H2RAs block only one of three pathways in acid secretion and provide less potent acid suppression than PPIs, which block the final common pathway in acid secretion. In addition, tolerance that occurs with H2RAs does not occur with PPIs. All PPIs work in a similar manner, but differences exist in the pharmacokinetic profiles and binding to the proton pump; the clinical relevance of these differences remains debated. The safety profiles of H2RAs and PPIs are similar; however, the H2RA dose, but not the PPI dose, must be adjusted for patients with renal dysfunction. The risk of drug interactions mediated by cytochrome P-450 enzymes is lower with PPIs than with cimetidine, an H2RA. Several new PPI dosage forms have been introduced, facilitating drug administration in the critical care setting. Conclusion. Both H2RAs and PPIs are safe agents to use for providing acid suppression in critically ill patients, but PPIs offer several potential advantages over H2RAs.
Hypersensitivity or Development of Antibodies to Asparaginase Does Not Impact Treatment Outcome of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

PURPOSE: Development of antibodies and hypersensitivity to asparaginase are common and may attenuate asparaginase effect. Our aim was to determine the relationship between antiasparaginase antibodies or hypersensitivity reactions and event-free survival (EFS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty-four children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia received Escherichia coli asparaginase 10,000 IU/m2 intramuscularly three times weekly for nine doses during multiagent induction and reinduction phases and for seven monthly doses during continuation treatment. Erwinia asparaginase was used in case of clinical hypersensitivity to E coli but not for subclinical development of antibodies. Plasma antiasparaginase antibody concentrations were measured on day 29 of induction in 152 patients. RESULTS: Antibodies were detectable in 54 patients (35.5%), of whom 30 (55.6%) exhibited hypersensitivity to asparaginase. Of the 98 patients who had no detectable antibodies, 18 (18.4%) had allergic reactions. Patients with anti...
Positive Social Pressure and Prosocial Motivation: Evidence from a Large‐Scale Field Experiment on Voter Mobilization

Political scientists are increasingly exploring the psychological underpinnings of voting behavior using field experimental techniques. Research in psychology demonstrates that positive reinforcement—what I describe as positive social pressure—motivates prosocial behavior. A distinctive feature of the current study is the focus on key subgroups of voters, namely unmarried women and minorities. Attention to these voter subgroups allows us to build upon findings reported in previous studies that leave questions about the generalizability of the reported effects of positive social pressure to key demographic subgroups of voters largely unanswered. This article reports the results of a large-scale randomized field experiment designed to investigate the impact of positive social pressure on voter turnout. The experiment was conducted during the November 2009 gubernatorial election in New Jersey, and the results suggest positive social pressure mobilizes voters. Moreover, the effects appear to be robust across subgroups of voters, including minorities and unmarried women, and both lower- and higher-propensity voters.
Synthesis of HPMA copolymer containing adriamycin bound via an acid- labile spacer and its activity toward human ovarian carcinoma cells

N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-adriamycin (ADR) conjugate (P-aconityl-ADR) was synthesized by the attachment of cis-aconityl-ADR to an HPMA copolymer precursor using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) as the condensing agent. The ADR release from the HPMA copolymer conjugate was pH sensitive. After 48 h incubation at pH 5, 6, and 7, the amount of ADR released was 63.4, 9.2, and 2.8% respectively. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the conjugate was evaluated toward A2780 sensitive and A2780/AD resistant human ovarian carcinoma cells. An HPMA copolymer, containing ADR bound via a tetrapeptide (GFLG) sequence susceptible to cleavage catalyzed by lysosomal enzymes (P-GFLG-ADR), was used as control. The IC50 doses seemed to indicate that the total hydrolysis of P-aconityl-ADR in prelysosomal and lysosomal compartments proceeded faster than the release of ADR from P-GFLG-ADR catalyzed by lysomal cysteine proteinases. Both HPMA copolymer-ADR conjugates appeared to overcome the ATP...
Kinship family foster care: a methodological and substantive synthesis of research

Abstract Over the last decade or longer, the number of children in kinship care has increased dramatically. There is evidence that kinship foster families have fewer resources and receive less training, services, and support, as well as concern that kinship families are less qualified to foster than their non-kinship counterparts. However, the kinship literature has methodological limitations and significant gaps that restrict our knowledge. In this context, it is important to synthesize substantive findings and methodological limitations in an attempt to evaluate what we know about kinship family foster care as a child welfare service, and such an evaluation can shape practice, policy, and research. Therefore, this article presents a methodological and substantive synthesis of kinship care research. Suggestions for directing future research are made.
Reorganizing the delivery of intensive care could improve efficiency and save lives.

Critically ill patients are at high risk for death and permanent disability. Their care is also very expensive. The method of delivering critical care services to these patients can have an impact on their clinical and economic outcomes. Researchers face significant challenges when attempting to identify an association between an intensive care unit (ICU) organizational characteristic and patient outcomes. In this paper we review the challenges faced when evaluating the impact of ICU organizational characteristics on patient outcomes and highlight ICU characteristics that are consistently associated with improved patient outcomes. These characteristics include: (i) the presence of specialist physicians devoted to the ICU; (ii) increased nurse : patient ratios; (iii) decreased use of tests and evaluations that will not change clinical management; (iv) development and implementation of evidence-based protocols and guidelines; (v) use of computer-based alerting and reminding systems; and (vi) having a pharmacist participate in daily rounds in the ICU. When implementing these in ICUs, it is important to evaluate the impact of these characteristics on patient outcomes. We provide a format for such an evaluation. Given the growing evidence supporting the association between specific ICU characteristics and improved patient outcomes, we hope the future realizes broad implementation of these beneficial characteristics.
Enhancing the visible light absorbance of Bi2Ti2O7 through Fe-substitution and its effects on photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Abstract The visible light-driven, photo-assisted hydrogen generation using a pyrochlore-type photocatalyst (A 2 B 2 O 7 ), containing an earth-abundant element for boosting photoactivity, is presented. A wet chemical approach has been used for the synthesis of the pyrochlore photocatalyst. The characterization of the material using surface and optical techniques indicates that Fe can be successfully incorporated into Bi 2 Ti 2 O 7 (BTO) with varying concentrations. The photocatalytic activity of the material was examined by performing hydrogen generation from a methanol–water mixture under UV–vis illumination in a slurry reactor. The wavelength range of visible light absorbed is improved by 100–200 nm depending on Fe doping, and a corresponding increase in photocatalytic activity is noted. Replacing 1 mol% of the Bi with Fe in the BTO (referred to below as 1% Fe doped or 1% Fe-BTO) is noted to be optimal in improving photocatalytic hydrogen generation, with more heavily doped samples showing progressively lower improvement.
Energy distributions of mass-selected ions from the plasma of a pulsed vacuum arc

Abstract Energy and angular distributions of mass-selected ions from the plasma of a vacuum arc of 5–6 μsec duration have been measured using a cylindrical electrostatic energy analyzer in tandem with a quadrupole mass filter. The arc electrodes were Kovar separated by an alumina ceramic insulator, with a thin strip of vanadium deposited over the anode and the insulator surface between the electrodes. Energy distributions have been measured for V +1 , V +2 , and V +3 from the vanadium film; O +1 , O +2 , Al +2 , and Al +3 from the insulator; and C +1 and C +2 from carbonaceous contaminants. The significant features of the energy distributions are the existence of a low-energy cutoff, the presence of a single peak having a characteristic energy position and width, and the presence of a high-energy component with ion energies per unit charge greater than the total arc voltage. The angular distributions indicate that no directional energy discrimination was introduced by performing the energy measurements in the forward direction.
Topological mapping of antigenic sites on the influenza A/PR/8/34 virus hemagglutinin using monoclonal antibodies

Abstract We have previously constructed an antigenic map of the PR8 virus hemagglutinin (HA) using monoclonal antibodies and PR8 virus antigenic variants. Four different antigenic sites were operationally defined: two predominantly “strain-specific” antigenic sites (designated Sa and Sb) and two predominantly “cross-reactive” antigenic sites (designated Ca and Cb). In the present study, we have conducted competitive binding assays using monoclonal antibodies to investigate the topologic relationship among these antigenic sites. It was found that several antibodies directed against the site Sa did not compete with the binding of a radiolabeled antibody to the site Cb and, vice versa, antibodies directed against site Cb did not compete with the binding of a radiolabeled antibody to site Sa. This proved unequivocally that at least part of the “strain-specific” site Sa and of the “cross-reactive” site Cb are topologically distinct. Various degrees of competition were observed, however, between other antibodies directed against operationally defined antigenic sites. This may indicate that parts of these sites are either structurally overlapping or in close proximity. Alternatively, it is possible that the binding of antibody to any of these sites allosterically affects the binding of antibody at topologically distant sites.
A Study of the Adsorption of Acrylic Acid and Maleic Acid from Aqueous Solutions onto Alumina

Abstract The adsorption of acrylic acid and maleic acid on alumina was studied, and it has been found that the adsorption obeys the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption of the acids is dependent on the pH of the solutions. For acrylic acid, the optimal pH is 4.5; for maleic acid, the optimal pH is 1.1–1.6. These pH values are close to the pKafor acrylic acid and pKa1for maleic acid, respectively. The maximum amount of each acid adsorbed at its optimal pH was obtained by fitting the adsorption data to the Langmuir isotherm, and the values are 727 μmol/g for acrylic acid and 525 μmol/g for maleic acid. These values are consistent with monolayer adsorption. Solid state13C NMR was used to investigate the nature of the adsorption. It is suggested that the adsorbed carboxylic acids are present in the undissociated form.
Who is the high-risk recipient? Predicting mortality after lung transplantation using pretransplant risk factors.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to create a preoperative risk stratification score (RSS) based on pretransplant recipient characteristics that could be used to predict mortality following lung transplantation. Methods United Network for Organ Sharing provided deidentified patient-level data. The study population included 8780 adult recipients (age > 12 years) having lung transplantation from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2006. Multivariate logistic regression (backward, P > .10) was performed. Using the odds ratio for each identified variable, an RSS was devised. The RSS included only pretransplant recipient variables and excluded donor variables. Results The strongest negative predictors of 1-year survival included extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate, total bilirubin >2.0 mg/dL, recipient age, hospitalization at time of transplant, O 2 dependence, cardiac index 7.2, n = 490; 6%). Conclusion Pretransplant recipient variables significantly influence both early and late survival following lung transplantation. Some patients face a higher than average risk of mortality during their first year posttransplant, which challenges the goals of equitable organ allocation. RSS may improve organ allocation strategies by avoiding the potential negative impact of performing transplantation in extremely high-risk candidates.
Discovering the discovery of the hierarchy of formal languages

The hierarchy of formal languages is a mathematical representation of linguistic geometry (LG). LG is a type of game theory for a class of extensive discrete games called abstract board games (ABG), scalable to the level of real life defense systems. LG is a formal model of human reasoning about armed conflict, a mental reality “hard-wired” in the human brain. LG, an evolutionary product of millions of years of human warfare, must be a component of the primary language of the human brain (as introduced by Von Neumann). Experiences of development of LG must be instructive for solving another major puzzle, discovering the algorithm of discovery, yet another ancient component of the primary language. This paper reports results on discovering mental processes involved in the development of the hierarchy of formal languages. Those mental processes manifesting execution of the algorithm of discovery are called visual streams. This paper reveals the visual streams that were involved in the thought experiments led to the development of the formal theory of LG. Specifically, it demonstrates the streams involved in choosing the formal-linguistic representation of LG; the type of formal languages and grammars, the so-called controlled grammars; the construction of the grammars of shortest trajectories and the grammar of zones. This paper introduces a hypothesis of how we construct and focus visual streams.
Perfectionism and Life Aspirations in Intrinsically and Extrinsically Religious Individuals

Religiosity is related to positive health and life satisfaction but the pathways through which this occurs have not been clearly delineated. The purpose of this study was to examine potential mediators of the relationships between intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity and negative affect and life satisfaction. Perfectionism and life aspirations are two possible pathways through which religious orientation is related to outcome. It was hypothesized that adaptive perfectionism and intrinsic life aspirations would act as mediators between intrinsic religiosity and negative affect and life satisfaction, and that maladaptive perfectionism and extrinsic life aspirations would act as mediators between the extrinsic religiosity and negative affect and life satisfaction. Two consecutive samples of religious college students (N = 540 and N = 485) completed measures of the Age Universal Religious Orientation Index, the Frost Multi-Dimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Aspiration Index, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Intrinsic religiosity had a direct negative relationship with negative affect and positive relationship with life satisfaction. Contrary to the hypotheses, intrinsic religiosity had its strongest indirect effect via maladaptive perfectionism such that increased intrinsic religiosity was related to decreased maladaptive perfectionism which in turn lead to better negative affect and life satisfaction. Extrinsic religiosity was related to increased maladaptive perfectionism and thereby indirectly contributed to worse negative affect and life satisfaction. Interestingly, when the effects of maladaptive perfectionism were controlled, the direct effects of extrinsic religiosity were related to reduced negative affect and increased life satisfaction. Overall, the strongest mediator in this study of both intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity was maladaptive perfectionism, with intrinsic religiosity related to decreased maladaptive perfectionism and extrinsic religiosity related to increased maladaptive perfectionism.
Comparing Individual Behavior Plans from Schools With and Without Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support: A Preliminary Study

School-wide positive behavior support (SWPBS) has been proposed as a proactive and preventive method to reduce problematic behavior in schools. Under this approach, educators and administrators seek to create a school environment that fosters prosocial behavior and attempts to systematically deter problem behaviors before they happen. To date, the relationship between SWPBS and individualized positive behavior support (PBS) plans has not been examined. Specifically, it is unclear whether an atmosphere of SWPBS facilitates the functional behavioral assessment process and the design of PBS plans for students exhibiting severe behavior problems. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether behavior support plans created in schools employing SWPBS systems were more technically adequate than support plans created in schools utilizing traditional approaches to behavior problems. Results indicated that support plans created at schools with SWPBS systems were more technically adequate than support plans produced at non-SWPBS schools as measured by the Behavior Support Plan-Quality Evaluation (BSP-QE). However, support plans from schools with SWPBS systems were still considered underdeveloped. Limitations and future research are discussed.
Product familiarity and information processing strategies: An exploratory investigation

Abstract A theoretical and empirical examination of the relationship between product class familiarity and usage of information processing strategies is presented. Four major dimensions of information processing strategies are identified and used to conceptualize the linkage between product class familiarity and usage of particular strategies. Research hypotheses are tested in an exploratory study using a laboratory choice situation. Implications of the study with respect to usage of specific strategies and for future research are discussed.
Who lost what? An analysis of myth, loss, and proximity in news coverage of the Steubenville rape

This article extends previous research on the application of mythical news narratives in times of great community loss, death, or destruction by taking into account the role of perceived dominant news audiences. This article analyzes 6 months of coverage surrounding the 2012 rape of a 16-year-old girl by two teenage boys in Steubenville, Ohio. The article argues audience proximity to news events contributes to the mythical archetypes used to explain everyday life.
The amino terminus of cGMP-dependent protein kinase Iβ increases the dynamics of the protein's cGMP-binding pockets

The type I cGMP-dependent protein kinases play critical roles in regulating vascular tone, platelet activation and synaptic plasticity. PKG I α and PKG Iβ differ in their first ~100 amino acids giving each isoform unique dimerization and autoinhibitory domains with identical cGMP-binding pockets and catalytic domains. The N-terminal leucine zipper and autoinhibitory domains have been shown to mediate isoform specific affinity for cGMP. PKG Iα has a >10 fold higher affinity for cGMP than PKG Iβ, and PKG Iβ that is missing its leucine zipper has a three-fold decreased affinity for cGMP. The exact mechanism through which the N-terminus of PKG alters cGMP-affinity is unknown. In the present study, we have used deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to study how PKG Iβ's N-terminus affects the conformation and dynamics of its cGMP-binding pockets. We found that the N-terminus increases the rate of deuterium exchange throughout the cGMP-binding domain. Our results suggest that the N-terminus shifts the conformational dynamics of the binding pockets, leading to an "open" conformation that has an increased affinity for cGMP.
Effect of Shroud and Baffle on Heat Transfer in a Solar Thermal Storage Tank

Enhancing heat transfer during the charge and discharge of solar thermal storage tanks is an ongoing technical challenge. The types of thermal storage systems considered in the present study comprise an immersed heat exchanger at the top of a solar thermal storage fluid. The discharge process of a thermal store with specified dimensions is numerically simulated over a range of Rayleigh numbers, 105 < RaD <107 . The immersed heat exchanger is modeled as a two-dimensional isothermal cylinder which is situated near the top of a water-filled tank with adiabatic walls. An adiabatic shroud whose shape is parametrically varied is placed around the cylinder. In addition, the shroud is connected to an adiabatic baffle situated beneath the cylinder. Nusselt numbers are calculated for different shroud shapes at different Rayleigh numbers. Results show that the shroud is effective in increasing the heat transfer rate. Optimal shroud and baffle geometries are presented as well as qualitative flow results.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Therapeutic potential of Pirfenidone for treating equine corneal scarring

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Pirfenidone (PFD) in the treatment of equine corneal fibrosis using an in vitro model. Methods Healthy donor equine corneas were collected and used to generate primary equine corneal fibroblasts (ECFs) by growing cultures in minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Equine corneal myofibroblasts (ECMs), used as a model of equine corneal fibrosis, were produced by growing ECF cultures in serum-free medium containing transforming growth factor b1 (1 ng/mL). Trypan blue viability assays and changes in ECF morphology were utilized to determine the optimal PFD dose for this in vitro model. Trypan blue viability, phase-contrast microscopy, and TUNEL assays were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of PFD. Scratch and MTT assays were used to evaluate the effect of PFD on cellular migration and proliferation. Real-time PCR, immunoblot analysis, and immunocytochemistry were employed to determine the efficacy of PFD to inhibit ECM formation in vitro. Results Topical PFD application at 200 lg/mL successfully decreased aSMA expression when compared to the TGFb1 only treatment group (P < 0.01). PFD application ≤200 lg/mL did not affect ECF phenotype or cellular viability and did not result in significant cytotoxicity. Conclusions Pirfenidone safely and effectively inhibits TGFb1-induced equine corneal fibrosis in vitro. In vivo studies are warranted.
A NEURAL NETWORK AND ECONOMETRIC COMPARISON OF THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF FISCAL AND MONETARY ACTIONS

This study uses the neural network and econometric models to explore the importance of fiscal and monetary policy on GNP. The findings suggest that fiscal policy is more influential than monetary policy, and the neural network forecasts of GNP are more accurate and have less variation than those of the econometric approach.
Identification of the unidentified deceased and locating next of kin: experience with a UID web site page, Fulton County, Georgia.

Background Medical examiner and coroner offices may face difficulties in trying to achieve identification of deceased persons who are unidentified or in locating next of kin for deceased persons who have been identified. The Fulton County medical examiner (FCME) has an office web site which includes information about unidentified decedents and cases for which next of kin are being sought. Methods Information about unidentified deceased and cases in need of next of kin has been posted on the FCME web site for 3 years and 1 year, respectively. FCME investigators and staff medical examiners were surveyed about the web site's usefulness for making identifications and locating next of kin. Results No cases were recalled in which the web site led to making an identification. Two cases were reported in which next of kin were located, and another case involved a missing person being ruled out as one of the decedents. The web site page is visited by agencies interested in missing and unidentified persons, and employees do find it useful for follow-up because information about all unidentified decedents is located and easily accessible, electronically, in a single location. Conclusions Despite low yield in making identifications and locating next of kin, the UID web site is useful in some respects, and there is no compelling reason to discontinue its existence. It is proposed that UID pages on office web sites be divided into "hot" (less than 30 days, for example) and "warm" (31 days to 1 year, for example) cases and that cases older than a year be designated as "cold cases." It is conceivable that all unidentified deceased cases nationally could be placed on a single web site designed for such purposes, to remain in public access until identity is established and confirmed.
Mutational Analysis of ABCG2: Role of the GXXXG Motif

ABCG2 (BCRP/MXR/ABCP) is a half-transporter associated with multidrug resistance that presumably homodimerizes for function. It has a conserved GXXXG motif in its first transmembrane segment, a motif that has been linked with dimerization in other proteins, e.g., glycophorin A. We substituted either or both glycines of this GXXXG motif with leucines to evaluate the impact on drug transport, ATP hydrolysis, cross-linking, and susceptibility to degradation. All mutants also carried the R482G gain-of-function mutation, and all migrated to the cell surface. The mutations resulted in lost transport for rhodamine 123 and impaired mitoxantrone, pheophorbide a, and BODIPY-prazosin transport, particularly in the double leucine mutant (G406L/G410L). Basal ATPase activity of the G406L/G410L mutant was comparable to the empty vector transfected cells with no substrate induction. Despite impaired function, the mutants retained susceptibility to cross-linking using either disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) or the reducible ...
Insects as indicators of land use in three ecoregions in the Prairie Pothole Region

We sampled populations of insects in the prairie pothole region of North Dakota, USA, to determine whether relationships existed between community- or taxon-level indicators and 11 land-use types. Our goal was to determine if agricultural impacts were reflected in measurable differences for insect indicators: abundance, taxa richness, and diversity. Insects were sampled with light traps at 126 wetland basins in three ecoregions. Sampling was conducted three times each year during the spring and early summer of 1995 and 1996. Sites were selected based on the proportion of cropland to grassland, hayland, and Conservation Reserve Program land surrounding wetland basins at 50 and 400 m radii. Other land-use types included in our analyses were woodland, roadways, and five wetland types: permanent, semipermanent, seasonal, temporary, and riverine. In both years, taxa richness, abundance, and diversity were greater for the second (June) and third (July) sampling periods than for the first period (May), and indicators were greater in the Drift Plain and Red River Valley ecoregions than in the Missouri Coteau ecoregion. Our analyses indicated several significant associations between insect indicators and land-use types; however, r2 values were generally low. Much more of the variance in insect measures was explained by temperature, seasonal, and ecoregion effects. Several associations were significant within individual ecoregions (i.e., abundance of aquatic insects. Caenidae, Scarabaeidae, and Lepidoptera and number of Ephemeroptera families). However, no indicators were found in common for all three ecoregions. Several significant associations with land use were identified across all sites (i.e., all ecoregions combined). A small number of the significant relationships found across all sites were related to agricultural land use, and several indicated a negative relationship with grasslands. However, we observed several positive relationships between our insect indicators and riverine wetlands across sites and in the Red River Valley ecoregion for both years and spatial scales (i.e., the abundance of Caenidae, Scarabaeidae, Ceratopogonidae, Hydropsychidae, and Hydroptilidae).
Superconductivity in the mixture Y1Ba2Ag3Ox

Abstract Superconductivity, with onet at 50 K and a transition width of about 30 K, has been observed in a multiphase mixture with composition Y1Ba2Ag3Ox. About 30% of the sample excludes flux in ac inductance measurements. The probable absence of a localized moment and large valence fluctuations in this material has implications for some current theories of high temperature superconductivity.
Comparison of milk somatic cell counts by Coulter and Fossomatic counters

Unpreserved milk samples from 28 quarters of 18 cows were used to compare milk somatic cell counts obtained by Fossomatic and Coulter Counter and to determine effect of temperature and sample age on Fossomatic counts. Samples represented high and low cell count milk (16 cows) and colostrum (2 cows). Fifteen milliliters of both foremilk (after milking preparation) and strippings were obtained; one-third was used for Coulter and two-thirds for Fossomatic. Milk for Fossomatic was subdivided once for fresh and 24-h determinations and once again for heating to 40 and 60 degrees C for 15 min. Analysis of log10 count included effects for quarter, Fossomatic versus Coulter, and (for Fossomatic) sample age, incubation temperature, and age-temperature interaction. For foremilk, geometric means of Coulter milk somatic cell counts and Fossomatic counts were not different. For Fossomatic, milk samples incubated at 60 degrees C counted higher than those at 40 degrees C (230,096 versus 173,638); 24-h samples counted higher than fresh (201,679 versus 192,380). For strippings, Coulter counted higher than Fossomatic (700,521 versus 570,033). Interaction of time and temperature was significant for Fossomatic. Counts from samples held 24 h and heated to 60 degrees C were highest (553,291). Fossomatic counts from fresh samples at 40 degrees C were lowest (447,729). Geometric means of original milk samples from 14 of the quarters obtained by direct microscopic, Fossomatic, and Coulter counts were 199,300, 311,000, and 399,300, respectively.
Geochemical aspects of some Japanese lavas

K, Rb, Sr, Ba and rare-earth concentrations in some Japanese lavas have been determined by mass-spectrometric stable-isotope dilution. The samples fall into three rare-earth groups corresponding to tholeiitic, high alumina and alkali basalts. Japanese tholeiites have trace element characteristics similar to those of oceanic ridge tholeiites except for distinctly higher relative concentrations of Ba. Japanese lavas may result from various degrees of partial fusion of amphibole eclogite.
Histiocytic/dendritic cell transformation of indolent B-cell neoplasms: Clinical laboratory evidence of lineage conversion in hematolymphoid malignancies

It is well known that pluripotent progenitors of normal hematopoietic cells can differentiate into cell lineages that are distinct in morphology, immunophenotype and biological function [1] . The conventional concept holds that once a hematopoietic progenitor is committed to a given lineage, its fate is sealed and irreversible. This phenomenon of lineage commitment has also been universally observed in hematolymphoid neoplasms in the past.