cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolated hepatic lipocytes and Kupffer cells from normal human liver: morphological and functional characteristics in primary culture.

The development of techniques for isolating hepatic lipocytes (Ito, stellate or fat-storing cells) from rodents has been instrumental in defining their role in hepatic vitamin A storage and fibrogenesis. In this study, we developed a method for the purification of lipocytes and Kupffer cell from wedge sections of normal human liver and examined their properties in primary culture. Sections of donor liver (400 to 600 gm) harvested but not used for transplantation were perfused in situ with University of Wisconsin solution and used for lipocyte isolation within 48 hr. Cells were isolated by catheter perfusion of the wedge through several large vessels with L-15 salts, Pronase and collagenase, followed by Larex density gradient centrifugation. Lipocytes were plated on either uncoated plastic or a basement membrane-like gel. Lipocyte and Kupffer cell yields were 2.3 +/- 0.6 x 10(5) and 8.6 +/- 1.4 x 10(5) cells, respectively, per gram of liver (n = 5). Lipocyte purity was 91% as assessed by vitamin A autofluorescence, and Kupffer cell purity was 83% as determined by uptake of fluorescinated staphylococci. Lipocytes cultured on the plastic spread within 48 to 72 hr, displaying slightly more heterogeneous retinoid droplet size than comparable rat cells; on a basement-membrane gel, the cells remained aggregated and spherical with occasional spindlelike extensions. Lipocytes on plastic expressed procollagens I and III, collagen IV and laminin by immunocytochemistry, and types I, III and IV procollagen messenger RNAs by RNAse protection. Northern blot and polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy of lipocytes at 7 days demonstrated a prominent rough endoplasmic reticulum and contractile filaments. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a smooth cell surface with perinuclear droplets beneath the cell membrane. With continued primary culture on plastic (more than 7 days), cells appeared "activated" (i.e., increased spreading and diminished retinoid droplets) and began proliferating as assessed by nuclear autoradiography and [3H]thymidine incorporation. Kupffer cells observed by scanning electron microscopy in early primary culture displayed prominent membrane ruffling and lamellipodia. In summary, we have established a reproducible method for the isolation and primary culture of human lipocytes and Kupffer cells.
Optimal internal investment in a labor-managed firm with heterogeneous membership: an overlapping generations approach

Abstract This paper examines the investment behavior of the internally financed labor-managed firm with an investment gestation lag by employing an overlapping generations model. We show that a retirement income will be paid equal to the current value of investment made by members while working less any income benefits already realized. The internally financed LMF may overinvest as well as underinvest compared to a conventional firm that has capital market access, though the conditions for this to obtain are found to be somewhat stringent. The existence conditions for the steady state are examined, providing further insights into the LMF's investment behavior.
Current and emerging treatment strategies for breast cancer-induced bone loss.

Breast cancer increases a woman’s risk for bone loss. Bone loss occurs due to the skeletal fragility associated with malignancy, the occurrence of premature ovarian failure secondary to chemotherapy, and the loss of bone mineral density (BMD) associated with antiestrogen therapies. Tamoxifen has been shown to reduce BMD among premenopausal women, and aromatase inhibitors, which have become a standard therapy among postmenopausal women, increase bone loss and the risk of fracture. Bisphosphonates preserve BMD among women with breast cancer, both among postmenopausal women and those with a history of significant bone loss. The effect among premenopausal women appears modest. Despite the protective effect on bone density, a reduction in the risk of fracture has not yet been established. Therefore, other risk factors for fracture must be addressed, such as dietary intake, vitamin D, and assessment of other potentially modifiable conditions. Newer agents that target the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) system and RANK ligand (RANKL), such as denosumab, represent an emerging class of medications that may also preserve BMD in this population.
Desensitization of the β-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase complex in rabbit iris-ciliary body induced by topical epinephrine

Topical treatment of the rabbit eye with three successive doses of 2% epinephrine bitartrate alters the in vitro drug response of the β-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase enzyme complex in membrane fragments prepared from the iris and ciliary body. Treated tissues showed a significant decrease in activation of adenylate cyclase by guanosine triphosphate (100 μ m ), guanosine 5′-diphospho-imido phosphate (0·2 μ m ), and by isoproterenol (10 μ m ) in presence of either of the above guanyl nucleotides but showed no significant change in basal adenylate cyclase activity or in activity stimulated by fluoride (10 m m ). The epinephrine-induced desensitization of β-adrenergic receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase is associated with a functional impairment of the guanyl nucleotide regulatory protein and possibly with a small decrease in the number of affinity of β -adrenergic receptor ligand binding sites. Agonist-induced changes in receptors and in their molecular effector systems represent basic mechanisms for alteration of tissue responses to drugs and may thus be involved in the therapy of glaucoma with chronic topical epinephrine.
Spatial and temporal analysis of land cover changes and water quality in the Lake Issaqueena watershed, South Carolina.

Monitoring changes in land cover and the subsequent environmental responses are essential for water quality assessment, natural resource planning, management, and policies. Over the last 75 years, the Lake Issaqueena watershed has experienced a drastic shift in land use. This study was conducted to examine the changes in land cover and the implied changes in land use that have occurred and their environmental, water quality impacts. Aerial photography of the watershed (1951, 1956, 1968, 1977, 1989, 1999, 2005, 2006, and 2009) was analyzed and classified using the geographic information system (GIS) software. Seven land cover classes were defined: evergreen, deciduous, bare ground, pasture/grassland, cultivated, and residential/other development. Water quality data, including sampling depth, water temperature, dissolved oxygen content, fecal coliform levels, inorganic nitrogen concentrations, and turbidity, were obtained from the South Carolina (SC) Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC) for two stations and analyzed for trends as they relate to land cover change. From 1951 to 2009, the watershed experienced an increase of tree cover and bare ground (+17.4 % evergreen, +62.3 % deciduous, +9.8 % bare ground) and a decrease of pasture/grassland and cultivated land (−42.6 % pasture/grassland and −57.1 % cultivated). From 2005 to 2009, there was an increase of 21.5 % in residential/other development. Sampling depth ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 m. Water temperature fluctuated corresponding to changing air temperatures, and dissolved oxygen content fluctuated as a factor of water temperature. Inorganic nitrogen content was higher from December to April possibly due to application of fertilizers prior to the growing season. Turbidity and fecal coliform bacteria levels remained relatively the same from 1962 to 2005, but a slight decline in pH can be observed at both stations. Prior to 1938, the area consisted of single-crop cotton farms; after 1938, the farms were abandoned, leaving large bare areas with highly eroded soil. Starting in 1938, Clemson reforested almost 30 % of the watershed. Currently, three fourths of the watershed is forestland, with a limited coverage of small farms and residential developments. Monitoring water quality is essential in maintaining adequate freshwater supply. Water quality monitoring focuses mainly on the collection of field data, but current water quality conditions depend on the cumulative impacts of land cover change over time.
Enhanced slow sleep in extended sleep.

Abstract The slow wave sleep (0.5–2.5 Hz) of 42 subjects who slept in a laboratory for more than 8 h was examined. Although the amount of slow wave sleep diminished exponentially across the first 11 h of sleep, there is evidence of an increase in amount of slow wave sleep in more extended sleep. This finding complicates the concepts of slow wave sleep as an index of sleep need due to prior wakefulness or an index of a restoration process.
Upconversion nanophosphors for use in bioimaging, therapy, drug delivery and bioassays

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) represent a new class of fluorophores. Both the excitation and (anti-Stokes) emission wavelengths are in the long wave part of the spectrum so that their luminescence can deeply penetrate tissues and cause low photodamage in biological samples. Their large anti-Stokes shifts, sharp emission bands, zero auto-fluorescence from biological samples and high photostability renders them an ideal kind of fluorescent labels for a variety of analytical formats, for bioimaging in cancer therapy. This review covers the basic mechanisms of up-conversion luminescence, the methods for the synthesis and surface modification of biocompatible UCNPs, and aspects of the in vivo delivery of UCNPs. More specifically, we discuss (a) recent progress regarding UCNPs for multimodal targeted tumor imaging, (b) UCNP-based methods of biological detection and sensing, (c) the use of UCNPs in drug delivery, (d) applications in photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy and radiotherapy. Finally, we are addressing challenges and opportunities of this quickly emerging field. Contains 362 references.
The Contents of Perceptual Hypotheses: Evidence from Rapid Resumption of Interrupted Visual Search

Observers can resume a previously interrupted visual search trial significantly more quickly than they can start a new search trial (Lleras, Rensink, & Enns, 2005). This rapid resumption of search is possible because evidence accumulated during the previous exposure, a perceptual hypothesis, can carry over to a subsequent presentation. We present four interrupted visual search experiments in which the content of the perceptual hypotheses used during visual search trials was characterized. These experiments suggest that prior to explicit target identification, observers have accumulated evidence about the locations, but not the identities, of local, task-relevant distractors, as well as preliminary evidence for the identity of the target. Our results characterize the content of perceptual search hypotheses and highlight the utility of interrupted search for studying online search processing prior to target identification.
Endogenous ligands of Toll-like receptors: implications for regulating inflammatory and immune responses

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a crucial role in regulating immunity against microbial agents. Recent studies indicate that these receptors might also have an important role in regulating responses to endogenous stimuli, such as necrotic cells, heat-shock proteins and extracellular matrix breakdown products. Specifically, TLR2 and TLR4 were shown to mediate expression of inflammatory genes and trigger dendritic-cell 'maturation' by these agents. These intriguing findings suggest that the ancient family of TLRs are involved in the recognition, not only of microbes, but also of endogenous harmful stimuli. However, potential complications associated with microbial contamination of endogenous agents and the specific nature of in vivo responses induced by these agents remain to be determined.
Pain assessment in nonverbal older adults with advanced dementia.

TOPIC: Pain assessment is a particular challenge among individuals with advanced dementia who lack the ability to formulate and express their experience of discomfort. PURPOSE: Awareness of pain scales and methods specifically designed for use with nonverbal individuals with dementia is critical to expanded use and testing in clinical settings. SOURCES: Computerized literature searches using four databases revealed the five observational scales and two caregiver reports methods reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: A small number of valid, reliable, and sensitive scales are available for use by nurses and allied health personnel. Each has strengths and limitations and all would benefit from additional testing.
Measurement of strains by means of electro-optics holography

The use of a TV camera as a recording medium and the observation of whole field displacements in real time makes holographic TV a very interesting and powerful tool in a variety of areas from NDE to research and development. The paper presents new developments in the field that add to the versatility of the technique by introducing portability and methods to obtain accurate quantitative results. Examples of applications are given to the measurement of strains both at room and at high temperatures and strain measurements at the microscopic level. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Oxygenase Activity in the Self-Hydroxylation of (S)-2-Hydroxypropylphosphonic Acid Epoxidase Involved in Fosfomycin Biosynthesis

The last step of the biosynthesis of fosfomycin is the conversion of (S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid (HPP) to fosfomycin by HPP epoxidase (HppE), which is a mononuclear non-heme iron-dependent enzyme. The apo-HppE from Streptomyces wedmorensis is colorless, but turns green with broad absorption bands at 430 and 680 nm after reconstitution with ferrous ion under aerobic conditions. Resonance Raman studies showed that this green chromophore arises from a bidentate iron(III)−catecholate (DOPA) complex, and the most likely site of modification is at Tyr105 on the basis of site-specific mutagenesis results. It was also found that reconstitution in the presence of ascorbate leads to the formation of additional DOPA that shows 18O-incorporation from 18O2. Thus, HppE can act as an oxygenase via a putative high valent iron-oxo or an iron-hydroperoxo intermediate, just like other members of the family of non-heme iron enzymes. The oxygen activation mechanism for catalytic turnover is proposed to parallel that fo...
The Promise and Peril of Continuous In Vitro Evolution

Experimental evolution methods can be used to address and illuminate issues central to the understanding of evolutionary theory. One of the most powerful of these methods involves the in vitro evolution of nucleic acid enzymes, taking advantage of the direct relationship between the genotype of a nucleic acid sequence and the phenotype of its associated catalytic function. This review and commentary focuses on the past, present, and future potential of systems for the continuous in vitro evolution of nucleic acid enzymes as tools for modeling evolutionary processes in biology. It offers a candid appraisal of both the strengths and the limitations of these systems.
Femtosecond pulsed laser damage characteristics of 7% Y2O3-ZrO2 thermal barrier coating

Ablation characteristics of 7% yttria stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coating, deposited by the electron beam physical vapor deposition method, was studied using a femtosecond pulsed laser. The single-pulse damage threshold fluence for the coating was determined to be 1.64 J cm-2. The threshold fluence was not appreciably dependent on the initial roughness of the coating surface. An incubation effect, i.e., a decrease in the damage threshold fluence with an increase in number of pulses incident at a given location, was observed for this coating. Based on the damage morphology generated by single and multi-pulse interactions, a mechanism for the incubation effect was proposed.
Photochemie substituierter Cycloheptatriene. III. Sigmatrope Wasserstoffverschiebung an Arylcycloheptatrienen

Photochemistry of Substituted Cycloheptatrienes. III. Sigmatropic Hydrogen Shift in Arene Cycloheptatrienes The monochromatic photoexcitation of substituted phenylcycloheptatrienes 1–8 exclusively gives rise to 1, 7-hydrogen shift. The sequences of photoreactions of the isomeric compounds are discussed. The qualities and quantities of the hydrogen shifts of dimethylamino-phenyl-ycloheptatrienes 4–7 depend on the wavelengths of photoexcitations.
Approaches to enhancing radiation safety in cardiovascular imaging a scientific statement from the American Heart Association

Education, justification, and optimization are the cornerstones to enhancing the radiation safety of medical imaging. Education regarding the benefits and risks of imaging and the principles of radiation safety is required for all clinicians in order for them to be able to use imaging optimally. Empowering patients with knowledge of the benefits and risks of imaging will facilitate their meaningful participation in decisions related to their health care, which is necessary to achieve patient-centered care. Limiting the use of imaging to appropriate clinical indications can ensure that the benefits of imaging outweigh any potential risks. Finally, the continually expanding repertoire of techniques that allow high-quality imaging with lower radiation exposure should be used when available to achieve safer imaging. The implementation of these strategies in practice is necessary to achieve high-quality, patient-centered imaging and will require a shared effort and investment by all stakeholders, including physicians, patients, national scientific and educational organizations, politicians, and industry.
Micellar Catalyzed Degradation of Fenitrothion, an Organophosphorus Pesticide, in Solution and Soils†

We report on a study of the decomposition of fenitrothion (an organophosphorus pesticide that is a persistent contaminant in soils and groundwater) as catalyzed by cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA+) micelles. The CTA micelles were associated with two types of counterions: (1) inert counterions (e.g. CTABr) and (2) reactive counterions (e.g. CTAOH). The reactive counterion surfactants used were hydroxide anion (HO-) as a normal nucleophile and hydroperoxide anion (HOO-) and the anion of pyruvaldehyde oxime (MINA-) as two α-nucleophiles. The reactivity order followed: CTABr < CTAOH < CTAMINA ≪ CTAOOH. Treatment of the rate data using the Pseudo-Phase Ion Exchange (PPIE) model of micellar catalysis showed the ratio k2M/k2W to be less than unity for all the surfactants employed. Rather than arising from a “true catalysis”, we attributed the observed rate enhancements to a “concentration effect”, where both pesticide and nucleophile were incorporated into the small micellar phase volume. Furthermore, the CTAOOH/C...
Inactivation of mouse Twisted gastrulation reveals its role in promoting Bmp4 activity during forebrain development

Twisted gastrulation (Tsg) is a secreted protein that regulates Bmp signaling in the extracellular space through its direct interaction with Bmp/Dpp and Chordin (Chd)/Short gastrulation (Sog). The ternary complex of Tsg/Chd/Bmp is cleaved by the metalloprotease Tolloid (Tld)/Xolloid (Xld). Studies in Drosophila, Xenopus and zebrafish suggest that Tsg can act both as an anti-Bmp and as a pro-Bmp. We have analyzed Tsg loss-of-function in the mouse. Tsg homozygous mutants are viable but of smaller size and display mild vertebral abnormalities and osteoporosis. We provide evidence that Tsg interacts genetically with Bmp4 . When only one copy of Bmp4 is present, a requirement of Tsg for embryonic development is revealed. Tsg -/- ;Bmp4 +/- compound mutants die at birth and display holoprosencephaly, first branchial arch and eye defects. The results show that Tsg functions to promote Bmp4 signaling during mouse head development.
Dispersed cell suspensions of fetal SCN restore circadian rhythmicity in SCN-lesioned adult hamsters.

Overt circadian rhythms are permanently disrupted following lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in hamsters. It has previously been demonstrated that whole tissue grafts which include the fetal SCN restore circadian locomotor rhythms to hamsters previously made arrhythmic by SCN lesions. In the present study, we ask whether the intrinsic peptidergic organization of the SCN is a prerequisite for functional recovery of circadian rhythms of locomotor activity. To this end, dispersed cell suspensions of [3H]thymidine-labelled fetal anterior hypothalamic tissue which contains the SCN, were injected stereotaxically into the brain of adult hamsters. Dispersed cell suspensions restored free-running locomotor rhythms, but not entrainment or gonadal regression. The period of the restored free-running rhythms following injections of SCN cell suspensions was shorter than 24 h, in contrast to intact hamsters whose rhythms are restored by whole tissue grafts. In animals with restored rhythms, a majority of [3H]thymidine-labelled cells were located within nuclei of the midline thalamus and zona incerta. In a few individuals, donor cells were also deposited along the injection tract as far ventrally as the medial hypothalamus. Restoration of free-running locomotor rhythmicity was correlated with the presence of small numbers of isolated VIP cells along with small plexuses of VIP fibers. In animals which did not recover locomotor rhythmicity, grafts were identical in location and size to those in recovered hamsters, but did not contain peptidergic cells characteristic of the SCN. The results suggest that structural integrity of the fetal SCN is not necessary for restoration of rhythmicity after grafting.
Biologic Mechanisms of Oral Cancer Pain and Implications for Clinical Therapy

Cancer pain is an ever-present public health concern. With innovations in treatment, cancer patients are surviving longer, but uncontrollable pain creates a poor quality of life for these patients. Oral cancer is unique in that it causes intense pain at the primary site and significantly impairs speech, swallowing, and masticatory functions. We propose that oral cancer pain has underlying biologic mechanisms that are generated within the cancer microenvironment. A comprehensive understanding of key mediators that control cross-talk between the cancer and peripheral nervous system, and possible interventions, underlies effective cancer pain management. The purpose of this review is to explore the current studies on oral cancer pain and their implications in clinical management for cancer pain in general. Furthermore, we will explore the endogenous opioid systems and novel cancer pain therapeutics that target these systems, which could solve the issue of opiate tolerance and improve quality of life in oral cancer patients.
Intravascular Platelet Aggregation in the Heart Induced by Norepinephrine Microscopic Studies

Aggregated platelets and occlusive platelet thrombi were found in small myocardial vessels of dogs on electron-microscope examination after prolonged infusion of norepinephrine. The etiology of the myocardial necrosis and fibrosis induced by catecholamines in experimental animals and seen in patients with pheochromocytoma and patients after norepinephrine treatment for shock may be related to this intravascular platelet-aggregating effect of catecholamines. The link between stress and acute myocardial infarction may be via catecholamine-induced intravascular platelet thrombosis. If the thrombogenic theory of atherosclerosis is valid, platelet aggregation induced by catecholamines may be the mechanism whereby arteriosclerotic heart disease is related to stress.
Fundus Flavimaculatus and Stargardt's Disease

Of 42 patients studied who had fundus flavimaculatus and Stargardt's disease, most had reduced visual acuity due to an atrophic macular lesion. Family histories were consistent with autosomal-recessive inheritance. In some young patients, the yellow-white flecks developed with time, while in some older patients the flecks faded, pari passau with increasing retinal pigment epithelial atrophy. Fluorescein angiography showed that most white flecks were largely or totally nonfluorescent. Even after the flecks had faded from view, the sites where they had been usually remained nonfluorescent. In patients with lesions confined to the posterior pole, the electroretinogram and electro-oculogram were usually normal; in patients with widespread lesions, one or both tests were usually abnormal. Affected members of any one family had a similar distribution of fundus lesions.
An Inventory of Support Materials for Teaching Ethics in the Post‐Enron Era

This paper presents a “Post‐Enron” annotated bibliography of resources for accounting professors who wish to either design a stand‐alone course in accounting ethics or who wish to integrate a significant component of ethics into traditional courses across the curriculum. Many of the resources listed are recent, but some are classics that have withstood the test of time and still contain valuable information. The resources listed include texts and reference works, commercial books, academic and professional articles, and electronic resources such as film and Internet websites. Resources are listed by subject matter, to the extent possible, to permit topical access. Some observations about course design, curriculum content, and instructional methodology are made as well.
Heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics of sperm whale myoglobin

Abstract Very little information has been reported describing the heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics of biological molecules at electrodes. We report here the first application of a recently developed spectroelectrochemical technique to the measurement of the heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics of a biological molecule, sperm whale myoglobin, at a methyl viologen modified gold minigrid electrode. The overpotential dependence of the heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant for the reduction of myoglobin at this surface gives rise to values of the formal heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant [ko′f,h = 3.88 (± 0.07) × 10−11 cm/s] and the transfer coefficient [α = 0.88 (± 0.01)] for this electrocatalyzed process. The importance of studying the heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics of biological molecules lies in the fact that many physiological electron transfer reactions occur heterogeneously. Though myoglobin does not function in this manner physiologically, our initial study has been directed at this molecule owing to its stability and ready availability. It is expected that this technique will be applied to other optically transparent electrodes and other biological molecules thereby providing new insights into understanding biological redox reactions.
Using molecular markers in sputum for the early detection of lung cancer: A review

Recent exciting advances have been made in identifying potential molecular markers in sputum which may soon be ready for validation trials to indicate high risk for lung cancer, especially central airway squamous cell lung cancer. Hopefully, a set of biomarkers will be identified with higher sensitivity, specificity, and enough lead-time compared to traditional cytopathology to justify endobronchial evaluation and local therapy to help reduce lung-cancer mortality in high-risk patients.
Differences between ribosomal subunits from brain and those from other tissues.

Abstract Ribosomal subunits were prepared from brain, liver and kidney of inbred mice by a process which includes treatment with deoxycholate and puromycin, and separation on 1.0 m -KCl gradients. The dependencies of reconstituted ribosomes of these tissues on magnesium and ammonium ions, and hybrids formed from subunits of differing tissues, were measured in poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis. Brain ribosomes have a magnesium ion requirement that is twice as high as ribosomes from kidney and liver. Results with the hybrid ribosomes indicate that the 60 s subunit is responsible for this difference. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins from the subunits shows several significant differences between brain and liver ribosomes in both subunits. Control experiments failed to indicate that these results are due to supernatant contamination.
Development of a Next Generation Canister Sipping System

In order to meet the rising demand for fuel leak detection and Dry Cask Storage Services, Westinghouse Electric Company chose to re-design and market the industry-proven failed fuel detection technique of canister sipping. Based on a custom fast-plastic scintillator gamma detector, Westinghouse chose simply not to re-build its legacy system. Instead, the system was redesigned from the ground up, considering materials, limitation of overall size and weight, system control, ease of use, and decontamination. The result was a brand new design and unique improvements utilizing new, yet proven technologies. The following paper will illustrate the considerations that engineering undertook while in development of the new system. These include industry lessons learned and the fundamental improvements considered. New aspects of the design will be highlighted, including steps to be taken to improve ease of decontamination, a unique sliding lid, Nuclear Instrument Module (NIM-Bin) replacement electronics, and an up-ending system. Steps taken to decrease weight and overall footprint size will be illustrated. Lastly, improvements in control structure, and a highlight of WeSiP, Westinghouse’s new object-oriented Global Sipping Platform Software, used to log data and power the system will be examined. With these unique improvements, the new Westinghouse Canister Sipping System meets the industry’s demands for a reliable system to identify failed fuel.© 2008 ASME
A Preliminary Benefit-Risk Assessment of Verteporfin in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

The prevalence of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is expected to increase significantly during the next 20 years. New treatment alternatives to laser photocoagulation are on the horizon — the first of these, photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin, was approved by the US FDA in 2000. In this article we present a preliminary risk-benefit assessment of verteporfin in AMD, focusing on the landmark randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. The TAP (Treatment of Age-related macular degeneration with Photodynamic therapy) trial established the efficacy of PDT for classic subfoveal neovascularisation in AMD at 2 years follow-up. The VIP (Verteporfin in Photodynamic therapy) study concentrated on subfoveal occult-only lesions not included in the TAP study. After 2 years, treated eyes were less likely to experience visual loss. Exploratory analyses of TAP and VIP suggest that lesion size is a more significant predictor of the treatment benefit than either lesion composition or visual activity. The VIM (Visudyne® in Minimally classic) trial altered the standard PDT light fluence rate in the treatment of subfoveal minimally classic lesions. This trial again demonstrated a beneficial effect for those receiving treatment with PDT. The VIO (Visudyne® in Occult) trial, evaluating PDT in occult-only lesions as a confirmatory study of the VIP trial, did not achieve its primary end-point at 2 years. Further analyses are pending. PDT with verteporfin has an excellent safety profile that has been established with >1 million treatment applications. Cost-effectiveness data are limited but suggest that PDT may be a cost-effective treatment modality. Other FDA-approved treatments (pegaptanib, ranibizumab and bevacizumab) for neovascular AMD are discussed, as well as investigational substances such as anecortave acetate.
Prevalence and Bullying Experiences of Victims and Victims Who Become Bullies (Bully-Victims) at Rural Schools

Abstract One of the most significant findings of school bullying research is the identification of bully-victims, or those students who are both bully and bullied. While researchers have hypothesized that this group has unique characteristics and experiences, limited research compares the perceptions and bullying experiences of this group to those of bullied children who do not bully others. This study seeks to fill such a research gap by contrasting the characteristics and bullying experiences of victims and bully-victims. Among 192 children at rural elementary and middle schools, 31 percent are victims while 11.5 percent are bully-victims. Based on chi-square and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) comparisons of bullying victimization, bully-victims experience more total bullying. They are also more likely to experience name-calling or teasing, physical assault, having money or items taken or damaged, and bullying based on race or color. They experience many of these behaviors with greater frequ...
Surgical Techniques and Results for Partial or Circumferential Sleeve Resection of the Pulmonary Artery for Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Background We assessed our experience with partial or circumferential resection of the pulmonary artery during lobectomy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed a prospective electronic database of patients who underwent pulmonary artery resection. The technique used was an R0 resection with end-to-end anastomosis only if needed, distal control of the pulmonary artery by clamping the vein (not the artery), and no postoperative anticoagulation. Results Between October 1998 and June 6, 2006, 42 (3.2%) of 1328 patients who underwent lobectomy performed by one surgeon required resection of the pulmonary artery (38 partial, 4 circumferential) to achieve a margin-negative resection and avoid pneumonectomy. Of these, 41 had non-small cell lung cancer, and 23 (55%) had neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (median dose of 60 Gy). Right upper lobectomy was performed in 2 patients and a left upper lobectomy in 40. A negative bronchial and vascular margin was achieved in all. Morbidity occurred in 11 patients (atrial fibrillation in 6) and left recurrent laryngeal neurapraxia in 2. Aspiration resulted in one operative death. Follow-up (median, 48 months) showed no local recurrence on the pulmonary artery and normal blood flow through it. Five-year survival was 60%. Conclusions Pulmonary artery resection and reconstruction to avoid pneumonectomy can be performed safely, even in a highly irradiated field. Clamping of the remaining pulmonary vein for distal control is safe and affords more room. Circumferential resection with end-to-end anastomosis of the pulmonary artery is rarely required. Partial resection is safe, does not impede blood flow, and does not compromise local recurrence rates. Postoperative anticoagulation is not needed.
Function of replanted ileac segments in the dog

Abstract Absorption studies in replanted ileac segments in dogs have shown that chloride and water absorption are unimpaired. Mucosal permeability, as measured by the passage of ovalbumin, is unaltered and the response to hypertonic damage is within the same range as in normal standard Thiry-Vella loops. Lymphatic regeneration occurs even in end-to-side anastomosis. Intestinal motility is maintained in a cephalad-caudad fashion. The replanted ileac segment, after removal of the remaining small bowel, is adequate to sustain life.
Minimal fluorous tagging strategy that enables the synthesis of the complete stereoisomer library of SCH725674 macrolactones

Four mixtures of four fluorous-tagged quasiisomers have been synthesized, demixed, and detagged to make all 16 stereoisomers of the macrocyclic lactone natural product Sch725674. A new bare-minimum tagging pattern needs only two tags--one fluorous and one nonfluorous--to encode four isomers. The structure of Sch725674 is assigned as (5R,6S,8R,14R,E)-5,6,8-trihydroxy-14-pentyloxacyclotetradec-3-en-2-one. Various comparisons of spectra of 32 lactones (16 with tags, 16 without) and 16 ester precursors (8 with tags, 8 without) provide insights into when and why related compounds have the same or different spectra.
Application of a high-resolution SPR technique for monitoring real-time metal/dielectric interactions

Abstract We present a high-sensitivity (1 μs,) high-resolution (10−5 to 10−8 refractive index units (RIU)) method for monitoring the real-time molecular interactions at a metal/dielectric interface. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy is a surface analysis technique for detecting and characterizing molecule/metal interactions. The technique is based on attenuated total reflection (ATR) and uses changes in the refractive index at a dielectric/metal interface to monitor molecular adsorption. We studied the adsorption rates of three concentrations of the synthesized organic molecule dinaphtho[2,1-c:1′,2′-e][1,2]dithiin self-assembled on an Au(1 1 1) surface. This molecule is of interest because its chiral structure and response to optical stimulation when chemically anchored to a metal surface make it a desirable candidate for studying its photoswitching properties. Our results were in agreement with theoretical predictions on the process of chemical molecular adsorption on metal surfaces that predicted a two-stage adsorption process, with the first stage being relatively short (on the order of minutes) and dependent on solution concentration. SPR spectroscopy is a relatively simple method of analysis and it involves portable equipment compared to alternative surface analysis techniques such as angle scan methods. In future experiments, we will use the technique described in this paper to exploit the optical response properties of the synthesized molecule used in this work.
The Best Laid Plans: The Impact of Informal Rules on Formal Institutions in Transitional Regimes

How do informal institutions influence the formation and function of formal institutions? Existing typologies focus on the interaction of informal institutions with an established framework of formal rules that is taken for granted. In transitional settings, such typologies are less helpful, since many formal institutions are in a state of flux. Instead, using examples drawn from post-communist state development, I argue that informal institutions can replace, undermine, and reinforce formal institutions irrespective of the latter’s strength, and that the elite competition generated by informal rules further influences which of these interactions dominate the development of the institutional framework. In transitional settings, the emergence and effectiveness of many formal institutions is endogenous to the informal institutions themselves.
Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for refractory chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular edema

Abstract Purpose To determine the safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TAAC) injections in patients with refractory cystoid macular edema (CME) after cataract extraction. Setting LSU Eye Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Methods In this nonrandomized retrospective case review, 8 eyes of 8 patients with a history of pseudophakic CME recalcitrant to current standard treatment modalities were enrolled. The mean duration of the CME was 20 months. The patients received intravitreal injections of 1 mg of TAAC and were followed for a mean of 8 months. The main outcome measures included visual acuity, the presence of CME on biomicroscopic examination, angiographic evidence of perifoveal leakage, intraocular pressure (IOP), and complications related to treatment. Results The visual acuity increased in all patients. The magnitude of improvement was mainly restricted by underlying macular pathology and correlated well with the level of visual acuity at entry into the study. Angiographic improvement occurred in all patients. Temporary increases in IOP were easily controlled with topical medications. No other adverse effects could be attributed to this technique. Repeated injections were required. Conclusions Intravitreal administration of TAAC was safe and effective in recalcitrant cases of pseudophakic CME with a beneficial effect on the macular edema and visual acuity. A prospective randomized study is needed to determine with accuracy the efficacy, safety, and exact timing of this technique and possibly to recognize subtypes with a more favorable response. Repeated injections were required in all eyes. The development of a sustained-release intravitreal drug-delivery system would be beneficial.
Enhancing Quality Through Diversity

Abstract In today's increasingly global and competitive environment, diversity is essential to the successful operation of any corporation. In order to provide a quality service experience to our customers, it is crucial to understand them. This paper examines the many reasons to embrace diversity including increased productivity, an improved product offering, reduced turnover, increased profits and improved guest satisfaction. The links between diversity and quality are also discussed.
Experimental Validation of Continuum Mixture Model for Binary Alloy Solidification

Experiments were performed with binary metal alloys to validate a continuum mixture model for alloy solidification. Ingots of two compositions, Pb-20%Sn and Pb-40%Sn, were cast in a permanent mold, and the solidification process was simulated. Temperature histories were measured during casting, and composition profiles were found in the solidified ingot. Dendritic arm spacings were found from optical micrographs of the alloy microstructure and used to determine a constant in the Blake-Kozeny submodel for the mushy zone permeability in the liquid-solid interaction term of the momentum equations. Scaling analysis from a previous work and a large uncertainty in the permeability constant suggested that predictions of the composition are extremely sensitive to the choice of a permeability model. Three simulations of each casting were performed using the permeability constant as a parameter, and measured temperatures and compositions were compared with predictions based on different model constants. In the region of the liquidus interface, where all of the significant advection of solute takes place, the results suggest that the Blake-Kozeny model based on measured dendritic arm spacings significantly underpredicts the resistance of the dendritic array to fluid flow.
Alcohol and Other Drug Use in Middle School The Interplay of Gender, Peer Victimization, and Supportive Social Relationships

The current study examined the impact of supportive social relationships (i.e., teacher support, adult support, school relatedness) and peer victimization on middle school students' substance use. Over 3,000 middle school students reported on alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use, supportive social relationships, and instances in which they were the victim of aggressive behavior. Mixed-effects logit regression analyses revealed complementary patterns of results across types of substances. Students who perceived high levels of social support were less likely to report alcohol and drug use initiation, particularly at low levels of peer victimization. Gender moderated the negative effect of peer victimization, with highly victimized boys most likely to report alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Results indicated a complex interplay of social influences and moderating variables in predicting early onset alcohol and other drug use, one that researchers should consider when studying adolescents' decisions to use alcohol and other drugs.
The PAMELA excess from neutralino annihilation in the NMSSM

We examine whether the cosmic ray positron excess observed by PAMELA can be explained by neutralino annihilation in the next-to-minimal supersymmetric standard model (NMSSM). The main dark matter annihilation products are the lightest $CP$-even scalar ${h}_{1}$ plus the lightest $CP$-odd scalar ${a}_{1}$, with the ${a}_{1}$ decaying into two muons. The energetic positrons needed to explain PAMELA are thus obtained in the NMSSM simply from kinematics. The required large annihilation cross section is obtained from an $s$-channel resonance with the heavier $CP$-odd scalar ${a}_{2}$. Various experiments constrain the PAMELA-favored NMSSM parameter space, including collider searches for a light ${a}_{1}$. These constraints point to a unique corner of the NMSSM parameter space, having a lightest neutralino mass around 160 GeV and a very light pseudoscalar mass less than a GeV. A simple parametrized formula for the charge-dependent solar modulation effects reconciles the discrepancy between the PAMELA data and the estimated background at lower energies. We also discuss the electron and gamma-ray spectra from the Fermi LAT observations, and point out the discrepancy between the NMSSM predictions and Fermi LAT preliminary results and possible resolution. An NMSSM explanation of PAMELA makes three striking and uniquely correlated predictions: the rise in the PAMELA positron spectrum will turn over at around 70 GeV, the dark matter particle mass is less than the top quark mass, and a light sub-GeV pseudoscalar will be discovered at colliders.
Coastal Breakup in the Alaskan Arctic

During observations of breakup along the Alaskan Arctic Coast, river flooding of the frozen nearshore zone, sea ice breakup, and beach thaw were examined. Spring river flooding, generated by earlier inland melt, accompanies arrival of temperatures above 0°C on the coast. The extent of flooding over the nearshore ice is related to total flood discharge and coastal morphology. Along wave-controlled barrier-island coasts, flooding and bed load are confined to lagoons, whereas on fluvial-dominated coasts, floodwater and sediment spread across lobate delta fronts and offshore shoals. During this time, marine influence is minimal as a result of protection afforded by sea ice cover. Sea ice melt continues through summer, and the final coastal sea ice breakup and ice dispersion depend on offshore Ekman transport, breakup of the offshore pack ice, and local bathymetry. The coastal ice breaks up 4 to 8 weeks after initiation of melt. Melt of ice and snow within the beach generates beach collapse and resultant unique arctic beach features, whereas flow of tundra snowmelt across the beach produces micro-fans and micro-deltas.