cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Allegiance and Race in America

Political allegiance has been shown to influence how much people trust and have confidence in their government as well as its legitimacy, but little has been done to examine the intersection of this concept with race. As the demographics of America continue to change, the importance of how race mediates the influence of political allegiance only grows. Simply put, this paper examines how the intersection of political allegiance and race influences political participation as well as attitudes on individual civil liberties and equality in America. Using data from the 2010 Multi-State Survey on Race and Politics, structural equation models are used to correct for measurement error in the political allegiance construct. The mediating effect of race on political allegiance is then modeled in order to predict political participation, attitudes towards civil liberties and views on equality in America. Preliminary findings suggest that political allegiance works differently to predict participation and views on civil liberties and equality depending on race. These findings suggest that the influence of political allegiance and an examination of the relationship between people and their governments need to be examined within a racial framework.
Care and Prevention of Infection

Infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children with cancer who are at high risk for infections due to immunodeficiency. In these patients, a broad range of pathogens may affect all organ systems; the dissociation of severity with clinical presentation and rapid progression sum to the risk for unfavorable outcomes. Therefore, early recognition and treatment of infections are critical to reduce morbidity and increase survival. Prevention of infection is the key to reduce the risks of these patients.
Opioid poisonings in Washington State Medicaid: trends, dosing, and guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Opioid poisonings have increased as use of prescription opioid medications have increased. To reduce these poisonings, guidelines for chronic opioid use have been implemented. However, if opioid poisonings occur in individuals who do not have high prescribed doses and who are not chronic opioid users, the current guidelines may need revision. OBJECTIVES: To examine changes in rates of methadone and other opioid poisonings after implementation of the WA State Opioid Guideline in 2007 and to examine the prescription history before poisonings. METHODS: The study sample consisted of individuals who had at least 1 paid claim for an opioid prescription in the Medicaid fee-for-service system between April 2006 and December 2010 and had an emergency department or inpatient hospital claim for an opioid poisoning. RESULTS: Methadone poisonings occurred at 10 times the rate of other prescription opioid poisonings and increased between 2006 and 2010. Rates of other prescription opioid poisonings appeared to level off after implementation of the WA opioid guideline in 2007. Among individuals with nonmethadone opioid poisonings, only 44% had chronic opioid use, 17% had prescribed doses in the week before the poisoning >120 mg/d morphine-equivalent dose (MED), 28% had doses CONCLUSIONS: It may be prudent to revise guidelines to address opioid poisonings occurring at relatively low prescribed doses and with acute and intermittent opioid use. Research is needed to establish the best strategies to prevent opioid poisonings. Language: en
Unified Synthesis of C1–C19 Building Blocks of Halichondrins via Selective Activation/Coupling of Polyhalogenated Nucleophiles in (Ni)/Cr-Mediated Reactions

A unified synthesis of the C1–C19 building blocks 8–10 of halichondrins A–C was developed from the common synthetic intermediates 26a,b. Acetylenic ketones 26a,b were in turn synthesized via selective activation/coupling of polyhalogenated nucleophiles 23a,b with aldehyde 11 in a (Ni)/Cr-mediated coupling reaction. Compared with Ni/Cr-mediated couplings of vinyl iodides and aldehydes, this (Ni)/Cr-mediated coupling exhibited two unique features. First, the coupling was found to proceed with a trace amount or no added Ni-catalyst. Second, TES-Cl, a dissociating agent to regenerate the Cr-catalyst, was found to give a better yield than Zr(Cp)2Cl2. An adjustment of the oxidation state was required to transform acetylenic ketones 26a,b into C1–C19 building blocks 8 and 9 of halichondrins A and B, respectively. In the halichondrin B series, a hydroxyl-directed (Me)4NBH(OAc)3 reduction of E- and Z-β-alkoxy-enones 30 was found cleanly to achieve the required transformation, whereas a DMDO oxidation of E-vinylogo...
Bacteriostatic Effects of Sulfathiazole upon Various Micro-Or-ganisms. Its Therapeutic Effects in Experimental Pneumococcal Infections.∗

ConclusionsSulfathiazole is as effective a bacteriostatic agent as is sulfapyridine in broth cultures of certain strains of Lancefield's Groups A, D, and G beta hemolytic streptococci, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Types I and II pneumococci and B. proteus. Under the conditions of our tests sulfathiazole was slighly less effective than sulfapyridine in the control of experimental pneumococcal infections in mice. However, as has been pointed out, the more rapid absorption and excretion of sulfathiazole by the mouse, partially invalidate the results of comparative therapeutic tests in which the drug is administered per os in acacia suspensions at stated intervals.We wish to thank E. R. Squibb and Son and the Calco Division of the American Cyanamid Company for supplying us with sulfathiazole.
Effect of Sodium Salicylate on Intradermal Reactions of Rabbits.

Conclusion1. Sodium salicylate suppresses the allergic dermal reactions of rabbits to filtrates of hemolytic streptococcus. This effect is most definite when sodium salicylate is given before the focus of infection has developed. 2. There is no relation between the presence or absence of this dermal reactivity and the character of the vascular pathology.
Free Radicals Generated in Rubber during Fracture

Abstract EPR has been used to measure molecular phenomena during fracture of elastomers. To date, because of various technical limitations, the studies have been largely confined to identification of the polymer chain scission site during fracture at low temperature in rubbers, to studying ozone-stress-induced cracking of rubber, to development of a micro-macro Griffith-type failure criteria for this type of failure, and lastly to systematic investigation of the role of filler-matrix interaction in fracture of filled elastomers. It is hoped that the brief outline presented here will give the reader some insight into the uses and potential of the EPR methods for the study of fracture. As a final note, while we have concentrated almost totally on EPR fracture studies in rubbers, there has been fairly extensive EPR work on fracture in oriented plastic, fibers, and films. Even though some of this knowledge may be transferable, directly or indirectly, to elastomers, it has not been reviewed here, but important...
Nights grow longer.

About the Author Dr. Ibitayo is Clinical Assistant Professor, The University of Texas at Arlington, College of Nursing, Arlington, Texas. Address correspondence to Kristina Ibitayo, PhD, RN, Clinical Assistant Professor, The University of Texas at Arlington, College of Nursing, 411 S. Nedderman Drive, Box 19407, Arlington, TX 76019; e-mail: ibitayo@uta.edu. Received: October 18, 2010 Accepted: November 12, 2010 Posted: April 13, 2011 doi:10.3928/00989134-20110329-08
Graduate Training in Extension Entomology

Ideally, graduate training in entomology should provide students with the flexibility to work in one or more of 3 main areas: teaching; academic, industry, or government research; and cooperative extension. However, only the 1st 2 areas are adequately covered in most graduate programs. The research requirements basic to most Master's and Ph.D. programs teach students the fundamentals of research work. Some students acquire teaching experience through graduate teaching assistantships or informal assistance in graduate and undergraduate classes. But few graduate students have the opportunity for practical experience in cooperative extension work, and may limit their career goals to areas in teaching and research. Of course, the opportunity for firsthand experience is somewhat limited to students attending land-grant universities. Even in these schools, where extension entomologists arc usually an integral part of the department, students rarely learn much about cooperative extension work.
Shangqiu drinking water type fluorosis monitoring village children aged 8 to 12 dental fluorosis prevalence survey analysis

objective to understand the shangqiu drinking-water type endemic fluorosis monitoring village 8 to 12 years old children's dental fluorosis illness,as the improvement of water decreasing fluorine,provide a scientific basis for prevention and treatment of endemic fluorosis. Method choose HuiYangOu without changing water digoxin township,Liu Qiaocun HouZhuang village,the ancient song township Xu Loucun;Have to change water to rein in township JiaoZhuang zhuang village, township LinHeDian ShuangMiaoCun east ShuangMiaoCun. MinQuanXian BeiGuanZhen Jin Zhuang village;Garden township double Wells village,zhao village,ward building village,a total of eight as the infested,detection of residents drinking water fluoride concentration,8 and 12 years old children's dental fluorosis prevalence survey. Fluorine spot tooth diagnosis according to the dental fluorosis in accordance with the(Dean fluorine spot tooth diagnosis methods,sample collection and preservation and water fluoride detection using the standard test methods for domestic and drinking water(GB/T 5750-5750). Results The results of shangqiu drinkingwater type endemic fluorosis monitoring village 8 to 12 years old children's dental fluorosis detection rate of 67.8 % in2011;34.8 % in 2012. Dental fluorosis patients suspected,extremely light and mild accounted for most of the patients,and patients with moderate and severe accounts for only a few. In 8 monitoring village water fluoride which in2011 was 100.0 %,87.5 % in 2012. Conclusion exercises of endemic fluorosis monitoring village high fluoride drinking water is the direct cause of endemic fluorosis popularity,improvement of water decreasing fluorine,is urgently needed.
Giant Cell Arteritis.

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an immune-mediated large-vessel vasculitis with a complex etiology in which a cross talk between environmental and genetic factors may affect its susceptibility and phenotypic expression. During the last decades, a large number of candidate gene studies explored the genetic component of GCA. However, most genetic associations were inconsistent due to reduced sample sizes and lack of replication in independent populations. More recently, the establishment of international consortia and the use of the novel omic technologies have given a boost to the current knowledge of the pathological mechanisms behind GCA. In this chapter, we will give an updated overview of the recent insights into the genetic basis of GCA.
The Tragedy of the Commodity: The Overexploitation of the Mediterranean Bluefin Tuna Fishery

This article develops a critique of the tragedy of the commons theory that is frequently applied to explain fisheries decline. In its place the authors offer the tragedy of the commodity as an alternative framework that better explains resource overexploitation and environmental degradation. They use a political economic analysis to discuss the social and ecological transformations that have occurred in the Mediterranean bluefin tuna fishery, with an emphasis on the Sicilian traditional trap fishery. Examining this case, the authors argue that Marx’s explanation of capitalist private property, commodity production, and the general formula for capital provide powerful theoretical guides for clarifying the social relations of production that have driven the overexploitation of fisheries in the recent past. Relying on historical and qualitative data, the case study illustrates the ways in which the social imperative of capitalist commodity production toward accumulating surplus-value directs production, reor...
Telephone care co-ordination for tobacco cessation: randomised trials testing proactive versus reactive models.

Objectives We conducted two parallel studies evaluating the effectiveness of proactive and reactive engagement approaches to telephone treatment for smoking cessation. Methods Patients who smoked and were interested in quitting were referred to this study and were eligible if they were current smokers and had an address and a telephone number. The data were collected at 35 Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) sites, part of four VA medical centres in both California and Nevada. In study 1, participants received multisession counselling from the California Smokers’ Helpline (quitline). In study 2, they received self-help materials only. Patients were randomly assigned by week to either proactive or reactive engagement, and primary care staff were blind to this assignment. Providers gave brief advice and referred them via the electronic health record to a tobacco co-ordinator. All patients were offered cessation medications. Outcome Using complete case analysis, in study 1 (quitline), patients in the proactive condition were more likely than those in the reactive condition to report abstinence at 6 months (21.0% vs 16.4%, p=0.03). No difference was found between conditions in study 2 (self-help) (16.9% vs 16.5%, p=0.88). Proactive outreach resulted in increased use of cessation medications in both the quitline (70.1% vs 57.6%, p Conclusion Proactive outreach with quitline intervention was associated with greater long-term abstinence. Both studies resulted in high rates of medication use. Sites should use a proactive outreach approach and provide counselling whenever possible. Trial registration number NCT00123682.
The Placenta: Applications in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine:

Background:Placenta has a long history of use for treating burns and wounds. It is a rich source of collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins, tissue reparative growth factors, and stem cell...
Early Exposure to Recommended Calorie Delivery in the Intensive Care Unit Is Associated With Increased Mortality in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Background: The Intensive Nutrition in Acute Lung Injury: Clinical Trial (INTACT), designed to evaluate outcomes of calorie delivery from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) diagnosis through hospital discharge, was stopped due to higher mortality in the intervention group. Post hoc analysis found timing and dose of calorie delivery influenced mortality. The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to determine if early vs late calorie exposure changed the hazard of death among a larger sample of patients with ARDS. Methods: Adult patients who met the eligibility criteria for INTACT but did not participate were included. Daily calorie delivery was collected from the date INTACT eligibility was determined to extubation or death. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model the relationship between hazard of hospital death with average calorie exposure received over increasing study days and after day 7. Results: A total of 298 patients were included; overall mortality was 33%. Among...
Channel estimation for filter bank multicarrier systems in low SNR environments

Channel estimation techniques are crucial for reliable communications. This paper is concerned with channel estimation in a filter bank multicarrier spread spectrum (FBMC-SS) system. We explore two channel estimator options: (i) a method that makes use of a periodic preamble and mimics the channel estimation techniques that are widely used in OFDM-based systems; and (ii) a method that stays within the traditional realm of filter bank signal processing. For the case where the channel noise is white, both methods are analyzed in detail and their performance is compared against their respective Cramer-Rao Lower Bounds (CRLB). Advantages and disadvantages of the two methods under different channel conditions are also discussed to provide insight to the reader as to when one will outperform the other.
Case 5: A 13-year-old Boy with Abdominal Pain and Diarrhea.

1. Anjali Garg, MD* 2. Sathyan Sudhanthar, MD* 3. Chioma Okeafor, MD* 1. *College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI A 13-year-old boy presents to his primary care provider with a 5-day history of abdominal pain and a 2-day history of diarrhea and vomiting. He describes the quality of the abdominal pain as sharp, originating in the epigastric region and radiating to his back, and exacerbated by movement. Additionally, he has had several episodes of nonbloody, nonbilious vomiting and watery diarrhea. His mother discloses that several family members at the time also have episodes of vomiting and diarrhea. He admits to decreased oral intake throughout the duration of his symptoms. He denies any episodes of fever, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, or chills. He also denies any hematochezia or hematemesis. His medical history is significant for a ventricular septal defect that was repaired at a young age, but otherwise no other remarkable history. During the physical examination, the adolescent is afebrile and assessed to be well hydrated. Examination of the abdomen reveals tenderness in the epigastric region and the right lower quadrant on light to deep palpation, with radiation to his back on palpation. There are no visible marks or lesions on his abdomen. Physical examination is negative for rebound tenderness, rovsing sign, or psoas sign. The remainder of the examination findings are negative. Complete blood cell count, liver enzyme levels, pancreatic enzyme levels, and urinalysis results are all within normal limits. Our patient was asked to observe his hydration status and pain at home and to report any changes. However, he arrived at the emergency department the next day due to increased severity of abdominal pain. The pain had localized into the right lower quadrant. Further imaging revealed …
The dynamic nature of gender and aging bodies.

Abstract To test a popular belief that men and women become more alike with age, we ask whether and how bodily changes that accompany aging might influence the ways that people do gender. Drawing on theories that view both gender and age as ongoing accomplishments, we use interview data gathered from people aged 42–61 years to ask whether masculinity and femininity become less relevant with age, whether people feel themselves to be less gendered. Our analysis shows, first, that respondents see manhood and womanhood as rooted in the appearances of their bodies. Second, they see these gender ideals as based on youthful standards. Third, respondents see masculinity and femininity shifting, for good and for ill with age as bodies change. Fourth, the loss of status with age produces a struggle over the extent to which they can control their bodies. We conclude that, while popular ideals of gender are based on youthful bodies, older persons still see themselves as men and women. Further, these new gender ideals challenge neither gender nor age inequalities.
Microbiologic assessment of flexible gastrointestinal endoscope reprocessing using a pump-assisted sampling technique: an investigation involving all endoscopy units in Tianjin, China.

Background Microbiologic surveillance of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes is recommended in several guidelines as the primary means of identifying reprocessing failures. This study aimed to evaluate the contamination level and prevalence of bacteria of post-reprocessing endoscopes and to access whether using a pump-assisted sampling method (PASM) improves the sensitivity of culture. Methods All 59 endoscopy units in Tianjin, China, were investigated. The PASM and the conventional flushing sampling method (CFSM) were used to compare the results of the microbial culture. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the influencing factors. Results One hundred four (56.52%) flushing channel samples of gastrointestinal endoscopes were positive for culture, and the maximum bacterial concentration was 14,100 colony-forming units (CFU)/channel. One hundred fifty-one (82.07%) flushing samples were qualified according to the national standard of China (≤ 20 CFU/channel). The qualified rate of the samples collected by PASM was significantly lower than the qualified rate by CFSM (65.52% vs 89.68%). Using PASM (odds ratio [OR]: 4.257; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.870–9.690) would increase the sensitivity of culture. The use of purified water (OR: 0.288; 95% CI: 0.102–0.814) could reduce the risk of endoscope reprocessing failure. Conclusion Many endoscopes fail to meet the national standard for microbial culture after reprocessing. Our results suggest that using a pump-assisted method could increase the sensitivity of the test.
The Neurogenetic Origins of Behavior

Is the human will free? Do genes determine behavior? Paradoxically, the answer to both questions is “yes”. Inherited genetic variants cause behavioral differences, including variations in stress resiliency, impulsivity, sexual orientation and vulnerability to psychiatric diseases. If people are not free to choose because their fates are controlled by genes and other determinants, then ethical systems built on the “as if” supposition are fragile. A new theory of behavior based on neurogenetic individuality and the genetically guided development of the brain has profound implications for conceptions of self, social expectations, ethics and justice.
Symbiotic Relationships between Macrophages and Lymphocytes

This presentation summarizes our recent studies on the immunoregulatory function of the macrophage. Two issues will be analyzed: the process of antigen presentation and the regulation of expression of I-region-associated antigens (Ia) by the macrophage.
Health Slacktivism on Social Media: Predictors and Effects

The present study examined predictors, moderators, and effects of health slacktivism, which is characterized as individuals' effortless acts in supporting health causes primarily through Internet and social media. Findings revealed that issue-involvement and self-presentation were two underlying predictors of slacktivism. Specifically, ingratiation self-presentation was found to be a significant predictor of slacktivism among slacktivists, while enhancement self-presentation predicted slacktivism among activists. Results imply that strategic impression-management types were associated with health slacktivism among particular sub-groups. It is also found that health slacktivists and activists differed by relational connection. Slacktivists tended to be people who were remotely related to the health issue advocated, while activists were people who had closer relational connection to the health issue. Health consciousness, however, was not a significant predictor of slacktivism nor a differentiating factor between slacktivists and activists. Consistent with the Transtheoretical Model, slacktivism was found to have positive effects among participants in terms of awareness, psychological wellbeing, behavioral intention and behavior adoption. Individuals' low-threshold engagement as slacktivism also predicted their high-threshold engagement activism, implying that getting involved in slacktivism does not substitute for offline forms of participation but may increase the possibility of offline engagement instead.
Malapportionment, Gasoline Taxes, and Climate Change

Gasoline taxes vary widely among industrialized countries, as does support for the United Nations’ effort to curtail the use of fossil fuels to address the climate change problem. We argue that malapportionment of the electoral system affects both the rate at which governments tax gasoline and the extent to which governments participate in global efforts to ameliorate climate change. Malapportionment results in a “rural bias” such that the political system disproportionately represents rural voters. Since rural voters in industrialized countries rely more heavily on fossil fuels than urban voters, our prediction is that malapportioned political systems will have lower gasoline taxes, and less commitment to climate change amelioration, than systems with equitable representation of constituents. As levels of malapportionment were established at the founding of nations in most cases - sometimes centuries before the invention of gasoline taxes and awareness of global warming - it is very likely exogenous and uncorrelated with the error term in our models. We find that malapportionment is negatively related to both gasoline taxes and support for the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (where “support” is measured as the duration of the spell between the signing of the Protocol and ratification by the domestic legislature).
Towards a Popperian Sociology of Science: The Problem of Credit

The general question which I wish to raise is this: What sort of social arrangements best facilitate the growth of scientific knowledge? What I am looking for is a normative sociology of science, one that is based on a good philosophical analysis of the aims and methods of science. I call the approach I am taking “Popperian” partly because this term immediately connotes an emphasis on open, critical debate and also because my ideas about both science and society have been influenced by Popper’s work.
Child Centered Disaster Risk Reduction (CC DRR)/Resilience

Natural Hazard based Disasters and Human-induced crises have unprecedented toll on the poorest communities, the most vulnerable among them being children, women and disabled. Longer term affects can also be felt by children, when families become food insecure and financially insecure it can lead to children dropping out of school or becoming vulnerable to malnutrition. In most disasters, more than half of those who are affected or die are children. Over the past two decades, the number of disasters has doubled or even quadrupled in some contexts. Not only are there more floods, cyclones, droughts, heat waves and severe cold spells; but experts also predict the severity of these events will increase as a result of climate change and environmental degradation. Glaciers and ice caps are melting, rainfall patterns are changing and drought conditions are affecting more and more of the world’s land mass. The impact of non-climate-related disasters, such as earthquakes, is also increasing, due to Urbanisation and population growth. Many of the disasters that affect children around the world are cyclical and to some degree predictable: droughts in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa, flooding in India and the deltas of Bangladesh, and hurricane season in Central America and South East Asia. While disasters cannot be prevented in toto, communities can be prepared and made more resilient to these events, and their impacts can be minimized and mitigated through appropriately designed interventions. Recent global debates have attempted to define resilience as not synonymous with Disaster Risk Reduction goals or outcomes. It is seen as encompassing all aspects of life and processes in the world.
Trends in Medicare Utilization by Dermatologists, 2012-2015.

Importance Medicare represents the second largest component of national health expenditures, and dermatologists receive a disproportionate percentage of Medicare payments. Analyzing trends in Medicare utilization by dermatologists informs optimal Medicare usage for both patients and physicians. Objective To characterize Medicare charges and payments over time by dermatologists. Design, Setting, and Participants This study was a retrospective analysis of publicly available Medicare utilization and payment data for all dermatologists, regardless of practice setting, who provided services to Medicare beneficiaries between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Dollar amount of charges submitted to Medicare and amount paid by Medicare to dermatologists. Results The number of dermatologists utilizing Medicare increased from 10 623 in 2012 to 11 279 in 2015 (6.2% increase), with a corresponding increase in total submitted charges ($312 340 vs $346 432;P Conclusions and Relevance Utilization of Medicare by dermatologists increased from 2012 to 2015 with no corresponding increase in the number of services per clinician or number of beneficiaries. In addition, the role of drug services in dermatologist Medicare utilization appears to be increasing. Understanding these trends may be useful when considering how to optimize payments to maintain patient access to dermatologists in the Medicare population.
Implementation of submandibular gland transfer: A multi-institutional study of feasibility and time to treatment.

BACKGROUND Submandibular gland transfer (SMGT) mitigates radiation-induced xerostomia but has yet to be widely adopted. We evaluate the feasibility of incorporating SMGT at multiple academic institutions and report the incidence of treatment delay. METHODS Forty-nine patients were identified who underwent SMGT. Time points pertaining to diagnosis and key treatment events including SMGT, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation were extracted. Treatment delay was defined as either >60 days from diagnosis to definitive therapy or >6 weeks between surgery and adjuvant therapy. RESULTS Median time from diagnosis to primary treatment was 42 days (IQR, 32-54). Median time from surgery to adjuvant therapy was 33 days (IQR, 28-47). Delay in starting treatment was observed in 7/49 patients (14%). Six patients incurred a delay in postoperative radiation therapy (6/19; 32%). CONCLUSIONS With appropriate care coordination, SMGT can be implemented into a clinical pathway with a goal of decreasing radiation-induced xerostomia without increasing treatment delays.
Effect of Nitrogen Availability on Expression of Constitutive and Inducible Chemical Defenses in Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum

Young tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) grown in sand in a greenhouse and subjected to different fertilization regimes were used to test the effects of nitrogen availability on constitutive levels of phenolics and on constitutive and inducible activities of polyphenol oxidase and proteinase inhibitors. Theories that emphasize physiological constraints on the expression of phytochemicals predict an increase in levels of carbon-based allelochemicals under moderate nitrogen stress but predict, under the same conditions, an attenuation of chemical responses involving nitrogen-containing compounds such as proteinase inhibitors and polyphenol oxidase. We found that nitrogen availability had a strong effect on constitutive levels of phenolics; weaker effects on constitutive polyphenol oxidase activity, constitutive proteinase inhibitor activity, and inducible polyphenol oxidase activity; and no effect on inducible proteinase inhibitor activity. These results point to a need for the integration of theories that emphasize physiological influences on secondary metabolism with those that emphasize ecological influences on secondary metabolism and suggest that current theories of plant defense do not adequately account for enzymatic and proteinaceous defenses against arthropods.
The Role of Language in Emotional Development

Much literature suggests a link between language and emotions. Parents’ language use is linked to children’s later emotion perception and understanding. Perhaps most compellingly, access to emotion words shapes which emotion someone sees on another’s face. In this chapter, we outline a developmental perspective on the role of language in emotion perception, whereby language is a mechanism for acquiring and using emotion concept knowledge to make meaning of others’ and perhaps one’s own emotional states across the life span. We begin by discussing language and emotion understanding in preverbal infants, who without language perceive emotional facial expressions in terms of the more basic dimension of valence. Next, we discuss how language acquisition throughout toddlerhood and early childhood leads to increased emotion understanding and more nuanced emotion perception. We continue to trace the relationship of language and emotion throughout adolescence and into adulthood, documenting that disorders of aging that impair language also impair emotion perception. We close by speculating on the role of emotion words in the context of emotion experience, emotion regulation, and cross-cultural differences in emotions.
Structures and dynamical properties of C n , Si n , Ge n , and Sn n clusters with n up to 13

Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulated annealings were carried out for clusters ${\mathrm{Si}}_{n},$ ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{n},$ and ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{n}$ $(nl~13).$ We investigate the temperature regions in which these clusters transform from a ``liquidlike'' phase to a ``solidlike'' phase, and then from the ``solidlike'' phase to the ground-state structures. Additional simulated annealing was also performed for the cluster ${\mathrm{C}}_{13}$ which is selected as a prototype of small carbon clusters. In addition to the discovery of structures for Sn and Ge clusters, our simulation results also provide insights into the dynamics of cluster formation.
Estimating Lower Bounds for COVID-19 Mortality from Northern Italian Towns

Abstract For COVID-19 the Infection Fatality Rate or IFR – a crucial variable in epidemiological modeling – is difficult to estimate because many cases are asymptomatic and the overall infection rate is generally not known. Circumstances in the Italian provinces of Milano, Bergamo, Brescia, and Lodi allow estimation of lower bounds for age- and sex-specific all-cause excess mortality (a proxy for IFR) since anecdotal reports indicate some towns were close to fully infected. Using data from ISTAT on mortality from January 1 through April 15 for 2020 and the three preceding years, I estimate excess mortality by sex and age categories (0-14, 15-54, 55-64, 65-74, and 75+ years) while controlling for town-specific mortality that proxies for town-specific infection rate. The 99th percentile from the tail of the town distribution gives a lower-bound estimate for COVID-19 mortality. The overall population-weighted mortality at the 99th percentile is 1.09 percent (95% CI 1.06-1.14). The age- and sex-specific rates vary considerably: for men age 65-74 the estimate is 2.10 percent (95% CI 1.94-2.28) which is 3.5-times higher than men 55-64 and 2.7-times higher than women 65-74.
Collaborative leadership: organisational structure and institutional investment to multiply innovative educational efforts among trainees

Background Trainees comprise a substantial employee population worldwide and there is increasing perspective of leadership as a foundational skill of physician development. In the USA, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education mandates a ‘Resident/Fellow Forum’ to facilitate cross-institutional engagement and communication with the Graduate Medical Education Committee. Interventions To increase effectiveness, we conceived a ‘Senate’ in place of a forum, incorporating broader housestaff representation and partnerships with faculty and hospital executive leadership. The ‘Yale-New Haven Hospital Resident and Fellow Senate’ was supported by hospital financial resources and faculty mentorship. It provided leadership development, enhanced interdepartmental, connected multiple medical specialties, and improved housestaff engagement with institutional leaders. The Senate comprised an elected Executive Board and five councils in areas of common interest with appointed Chairs and members at large. Conclusions We summarise the Senate’s conception, structure, election process, lessons learnt and associated impact. We conclude that the creation of an institutionally supported Senate with interest-specific councils and faculty mentorship leads to qualitatively positive downstream effects on housestaff social interactions, institutional engagement and leadership opportunities.
COVID-19 associated coagulopathy: Thrombosis, hemorrhage and mortality rates with an escalated-dose thromboprophylaxis strategy.

• COVID-19 patients are at increased risk of thromboembolic complications. • Escalated-dose thromboprophylaxis may help reduce the rate of thromboembolic events. • The bleeding risk is highest for patients treated with therapeutic anticoagulation.
“Like Bananas with Brown Spots”: Epilepsy, Embodiment, Vulnerability and Resilience in South Asia

Employing an analytical autoethnographic methodology, this paper examines how the polysemic meanings and punctuated character of epilepsy produces social and corporeal vulnerabilities in an Indian childhood. The paper further establishes the importance of the family in influencing individual perceptions and constructions of chronic illness as well as in building resilience or increasing vulnerabilities. In examining the process of research, this paper also makes an argument that disabled researchers in the field can become vulnerable in multivalent ways but also argues that the act of disclosure of epileptic/disabled identities during the research process can become central to building community and resilience. This paper also complicates the often North-centric narrative of disability studies and underlines the importance of social contexts around individual categories of disability or chronic illness.
Computer Modeling and Simulation in a Full-Scale Aircraft Structural Test Laboratory

Full-scale aircraft structural fatigue tests are extremely complex, not only in terms of the test definition and implementation, but also from the control systems viewpoint. The load spectra that these tests are subjectedto are also becoming more complex as manufacturers and certifying authorities strive for more realistic loading conditions. At the same time, there is pressure to complete the test more quickly or at least in the same time as previous tests that were simpler and contained fewer cycles. This can only be achieved by optimizing the test configuration and control system parameters or in some cases implementing new control strategies. This is difficult on a full-scale test because of all the complex interactions on these multi-channel tests. Methods that may work well on smaller tests can sometimes result in poorer performance. Thus there is a need for a greater understanding of the system and some predictive capability. This can be achieved with computer modeling. This paper suggests an implementation scheme in terms of the introduction and acceptance of the concepts of modeling to a full-scale structural test laboratory and provides examples of the use of modeling at various stages in its implementation. Examples are presented from the very basic level of education, using models to understand sources of problems on simple tests, to evaluating new control strategies and predicting the impulse response of a test system (structure/ actuators/control system). Finally, the possibility of predicting system behavior with sufficient accuracy to optimize the test for given test and control system hardware is discussed.
Signs and Minds

Perhaps no other view concerning the theoretical foundations of artificial intelligence has been as widely accepted or as broadly influential as the physical symbol system conception advanced by (1976), where symbol systems are machines — possibly human — that process symbolic structures through time. From this point of view, artificial intelligence deals with the development and evolution of physical systems that employ symbols to represent and to utilize information or knowledge, a position often either explicitly endorsed or tacitly assumed by authors and scholars at work within this field (cf. Nii et al., 1982 and Buchanan 1985). Indeed, this perspective has been said to be “the heart of research in artificial intelligence” (Rich 1983, p. 3), a view that appears to be representative of its standing within the community at large.
Media-Ting Africa's Civil Society: Hierarchical Linear Modeling of Individual and State-Level Effects on Support for Democracy

A number of studies have hypothesized a relationship between social capital and features of democracy. However, generalizations have been scarce; conclusive results, minimal. The best we can say at this point is that the effect of civil society is conditional, depending on a myriad of state and individual-level factors. While civil society is thought to encompass two primary components: associational life and public communication, few scholars have investigated these factors across levels of analysis. I use hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) and data from the third round of the Afrobarometer survey to investigate state-level media effects on individual attitudes toward democracy. Preliminary results indicate that an individual’s support for democracy is affected by involvement in formal associations which is itself conditioned by state-level media consumption and political knowledge.
Incriminating gene suspects, Prader-Willi style.

It is not often that consecutive reports in the scientific literature read like chapters of a good thriller novel, yet such a story is now unfolding around the genetics of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a condition associated with developmental and neurobehavioural deficits. A study on page 199 of this issue, by Matthieu Gerard and colleagues1, represents the latest episode of a seat-gripping saga with telling lessons for geneticists.
Short and Long Range Functions of Amino Acids in the Transmembrane Region of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ATPase: A MUTATIONAL STUDY (∗)

Mutational analysis of several amino acids in the transmembrane region of the sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase was performed by expressing wild type ATPase and 32 site-directed mutants in COS-1 cells followed by functional characterization of the microsomal fraction. Four different phenotype characteristics were observed in the mutants: (a) functions similar to those sustained by the wild type ATPase; (b) Ca2+ transport inhibited to a greater extent than ATPase hydrolytic activity; (c) inhibition of transport and hydrolytic activity in the presence of high levels of phosphorylated enzyme intermediate; and (d) total inhibition of ATP utilization by the enzyme while retaining the ability to form phosphoenzyme by utilization of P(i). Analysis of experimental observations and molecular models revealed short and long range functions of several amino acids within the transmembrane region. Short range functions include: (a) direct involvement of five amino acids in Ca2+ binding within a channel formed by clustered transmembrane helices M4, M5, M6, and M8; (b) roles of several amino acids in structural stabilization of the helical cluster for optimal channel function; and (c) a specific role of Lys297 in sealing the distal end of the channel, suggesting that the M4 helix rotates to allow vectorial flux of Ca2+ upon enzyme phosphorylation. Long range functions are related to the influence of several transmembrane amino acids on phosphorylation reactions with ATP or P(i), transmitted to the extramembranous region of the ATPase in the presence or in the absence of Ca2+.
The Dead Leukocyte Content of the Blood in Normal and Leukemic Patients

The dead leukocyte content of the blood of normal and leukemic subjects was determined by the technic of the unstained-cell counts of Schrek. A small and constant number of dead leukocytes was found in the normal blood, averaging 46 per cu. mm. In patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute leukemia, higher numbers of dead leukocytes were commonly found, ranging from normal values to as high as 4,600 per cu. mm. No correlation was found between the numbers of smudge forms on blood smears from these patients and the number of dead leukocytes. The smudge forms on blood smears appear to result from the mechanical trauma produced in making the smears. The leukocytes from chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute leukemia appear to be much more susceptible to the mechanical forces produced in the preparation of blood smears than are leukocytes from normals and patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia.
Nonlinear characteristics of daily temperature data and nonlinear modeling

We present a multifaceted analysis of west Tennessee temperature data using nonlinear dynamical tools and to investigate the extent to which the temperatures are predictable. The data set that will be used in this analysis consists of daily temperatures recorded at several stations in west Tennessee. Such nonlinear characteristics as the test of nonlinear dependence (due to Savit and Green), BDS test (Brock, Dechert, and Scheinkman), Lyapunov exponents, and correlation dimension are applied to daily temperatures with an eye toward improving the forecastibility. Our preliminary results represent a comprehensive approach to exploiting forecastability and include an example of forecasting daily temperatures using a state-space prediction method. As a byproduct of this research, we propose to apply nonlinear dynamical tools to other climatology data to contrast and compare regional weather characteristics.
A new apparatus for detecting flaws of a seam in a shielded enclosure

A prototype flaw detector was designed and constructed, with results showing the apparatus's promising applicability in detecting flaws of a seam in a shielded enclosure without exciting the seam from the opposite side. The apparatus provides a convenient means to check a seam formed between two contact surfaces of metallic conductors from DC to over 1 GHz. The apparatus can be designed so that it can be used on various types of beams. The prototype flaw detector is designed to be used on a flat or bilevel surface, but a fairly simple design change will allow the apparatus to be used on seams at a curved surface or at a right angle. Preliminary test results on the performance of the flaw detector are presented. >
The Privileged Chemical Space Predictor (PCSP): a computer program that identifies privileged chemical space from screens of modularly assembled chemical libraries.

Abstract Modularly assembled combinatorial libraries are often used to identify ligands that bind to and modulate the function of a protein or a nucleic acid. Much of the data from screening these compounds, however, is not efficiently utilized to define structure–activity relationships (SAR). If SAR data are accurately constructed, it can enable the design of more potent binders. Herein, we describe a computer program called Privileged Chemical Space Predictor ( pcsp ) that statistically determines SAR from high-throughput screening (HTS) data and then identifies features in small molecules that predispose them for binding a target. Features are scored for statistical significance and can be utilized to design improved second generation compounds or more target-focused libraries. The program’s utility is demonstrated through analysis of a modularly assembled peptoid library that previously was screened for binding to and inhibiting a group I intron RNA from the fungal pathogen Candida albicans.