cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Volume Expansion Increases Right Ventricular Infarct Size in Dogs by Reducing Collateral Perfusion

Study objective Plasma volume expansion is frequently recommended to correct the low output state resulting from right ventricular (RV) infarction. However, any subsequent increase in pericardial and RV filling pressures from volume expansion could impair RV collateral blood flow. We examined whether volume expansion in dogs before right coronary ligation reduced collateral perfusion and worsened the extent of RV necrosis. Design Randomized experimental study. Setting Animal research laboratory in university medical center. Participants Forty anesthetized, closed-chest dogs were randomly assigned to normovolemic, pericardium opened (n=10) or intact (n=10) groups, and hypervolemic, pericardium opened (n=10) or intact (n=10) groups. Interventions Hypervolemic animals received 24 mL/kg of 6% hetastarch. All animals underwent 90 min right coronary ligation, followed by 120 min reperfusion. Collateral coronary blood flow (radioactive microspheres) and area of necrosis (An) were determined in the area at risk (Ar). Measurements and results Stroke volume decreased in all groups with ischemia but remained 25 to 40% greater in both hypervolemic groups than in normovolemic animals (p Conclusions Volume expansion preserved stroke volume during RV ischemia, independent of pericardial integrity. However, volume expansion in animals with an intact pericardium increased RV infarct size by twofold to threefold secondary to reduced periischemic collateral perfusion. This detrimental effect of volume expansion on infarct size was prevented by opening the pericardium.
Maintenance of cation gradients in cold-stored erythrocytes of guinea pig and ground squirrel: improvement by amiloride.

Abstract Red blood cells of ground squirrel, a hibernator, gain Na at one-third the rate of guinea pig red blood cells when stored in saline medium at 5 °C for several days. This result correlates with the known slower loss of K during storage in ground squirrel cells. In ground squirrel cells Na gain is balanced by K loss, so that there is no net gain of solute; in guinea pig cells the total cation content rises progressively. Amiloride, a drug which inhibits Na entry, retards Na uptake in cells of both species. Surprisingly, amiloride also slowed K loss and, in guinea pig red cells, the decline of ATP content. In guinea pig cells amiloride reduced the gain of total cation by half. The results substantiate the difference in cold sensitivity of ion regulation of red blood cells of these two species and demonstrate the possible usefulness of amiloride-type drugs in nonfreezing preservation of red blood cells.
Venue-based affiliation networks and HIV risk-taking behavior among male sex workers

Background This study examined venue-based networks constituted by affiliation with gay bars and street intersections where male sex workers (MSWs) congregate to find their sexual/drug-sharing partners and network influence on risky sexual behavior (e.g., unprotected anal intercourse [UAI]) and HIV infection. Methods Data collected in 2003 to 2004 in Houston, Texas, consists of 208 MSWs affiliated with 15 gay bars and 51 street intersections. Two-mode network analysis was conducted to examine structural characteristics in affiliation networks, as well as venue-based network influence on UAI and HIV infection. Results Centralized affiliation patterns were found where only a few venues were popular among MSWs, and these were highly interdependent. Distinctive structural patterns of venue-based clustering were associated with UAI and infection. Individuals who shared venue affiliation with MSWs who engage in UAI were less likely to have UAI themselves. This suggests a downhill effect; that is, individuals compensate for their risk of infection by adjusting their own risk-taking behavior, based on their perceptions of their venue affiliates. Conclusions Venue-based HIV/AIDs interventions could be tailored to specific venues so as to target specific clusters that are more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior.
Substrate exchange properties of the high-affinity glutamate transporter EAAT2.

A stable cell line expressing the predominant brain glutamate transporter EAAT2 was used for the characterization of substrate exchange as a biochemical index for discriminating between substrate and non-substrate inhibitors of the cloned EAAT2 transporter. Addition of 1 mM unlabeled D-aspartate to cells equilibrated with [3H]D-aspartate produced a time-dependent depletion of the [3H] label retained by the cells. L-Aspartate, L-glutamate and L-cysteate produced an equivalent degree of [3H] exchange to that observed with D-aspartate, although the non-substrate EAAT2 inhibitor dihydrokainate and D-glutamate, which does not interact with the substrate binding site, failed to stimulate [3H]D-aspartate exchange. Estimation of EC50 values for the stimulation of [3H] exchange by D-aspartate, L-glutamate and L-trans-2,4-pyrollidine carboxylate (trans-PDC) produced values that were in excellent agreement with the corresponding IC50 values for the same compounds to inhibit EAAT2 uptake. Moreover, trans-PDC was found to produce a lower maximal exchange than that observed with D-aspartate, consistent with the known partial EAAT2 substrate activity of trans-PDC. The estimate of drug induced [3H] efflux with the cloned EAAT2 transporter represents a convenient biochemical assay for the discrimination of substrate and non-substrate inhibitors of the EAAT2 subtype. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:482–486, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Buffer overflow patching for C and C++ programs: rule-based approach

The presence of buffer overflow (BOF) vulnerabilities in programs hampers essential security objectives such as confidentiality, integrity and availability. In particular, exploitations of BOF might lead to many unwanted consequences including denial of service through program crash, control flow hijacking, and corrupted program state. When BOF vulnerabilities are detected, they need to be patched before the software is redeployed. Source level automatic patching of vulnerabilities has the challenges of finding a set of general rules and consistently applying them without bringing any side effects to intended software. This paper proposes a set of general rules to address the mitigation of BOF vulnerabilities for C/C++ programs. In particular, we developed a set of rules to identify vulnerable code and how to make the code vulnerability free. The proposed rule-based approach addresses both simple (one statement) and complex (multiple statements) forms of code that can be vulnerable to BOF ranging from unsafe library function calls to the pointer usage in control flow structures (loop and conditional statements). We evaluated the proposed approach using two publicly available benchmarks and a number of open source C/C++ applications. The results show that the proposed rules can not only identify previously known BOF vulnerabilities, but also find new vulnerabilities. Moreover, the patching rules impose negligible overhead to the application.
Interfacial phase transitions in block copolymer/homopolymer blends

A theoretical treatment of A-B diblock copolymer aggregation in matrices of homopolymer A is developed. These aggregates, termed «bulk» micelles when they form within a homogeneous matrix phase and surfaces micelles when they form at a surface or interface, can be pointlike (spherical), linear (cylindrical), or planar (lamellar). Bulk micelles set the limiting value of the copolymer chemical potential which can be obtained in a given system. Surface micelles will be formed at lower copolymer chemical potentials when the surface has a preferential affinity for the B repeat units which make up the micelle core
Radiation proctitis in the rat: Sequential changes and effects of anti‐inflammatory agents

Female Wistar rats were treated with single exposure irradiation to 2 cm of distal colon to cause radiation proctitis. All animals were evaluated by examination, colonoscopy and histologic evaluation for changes post-irradiation. Exposures of 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and 30 Gy caused dose-related clinical and histologic changes peaking at 7 to 15 days post-exposure. Rats treated with 20 Gy were colonoscoped and biopsied daily and showed sequential post-irradiation endoscopic changes ranging from mucosal edema and mild inflammatory changes to erosion and ulcers. Histologically, crypt abscess and mural wall necrosis similar to changes found in the human rectum after radiotherapy were noted. Treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, (aspirin, indomethacin, piroxicam), misoprostol (a prostaglandin E1 analogue), or sucralfate (an anti-ulcer agent) did not ameliorate nor exacerbate radiation proctitis in rats exposed to 22.5 Gy. We conclude from these data that the female Wistar rat is a good model for studying radiation proctitis because endoscopic, histologic, and clinical changes seen post-exposure closely resemble those found in man.
A time domain boundary element method for modeling the quasi-static viscoelastic behavior of asphalt pavements

A time domain boundary element method (BEM) is presented to model the quasi-static linear viscoelastic behavior of asphalt pavements. In the viscoelastic analysis, the fundamental solution is derived in terms of elemental displacement discontinuities (DDs) and a boundary integral equation is formulated in the time domain. The unknown DDs are assumed to vary quadratically in the spatial domain and to vary linearly in the time domain. The equation is then solved incrementally through the whole time history using an explicit time-marching approach. All the spatial and temporal integrations can be performed analytically, which guarantees the accuracy of the method and the stability of the numerical procedure. Several viscoelastic models such as Boltzmann, Burgers, and power-law models are considered to characterize the time-dependent behavior of linear viscoelastic materials. The numerical method is applied to study the load-induced stress redistribution and its effects on the cracking performance of asphalt pavements. Some benchmark problems are solved to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the approach. Numerical experiments are also carried out to demonstrate application of the method in pavement engineering.
Building semantic networks to improve word finding in assistive communication tools

Finding words in an assistive communication device can be challenging and time consuming for individuals with lexical access disorders like those caused by aphasia. These users have persistent difficulties accessing and retrieving words due to impaired semantic links in their mental lexicon. As a result, they can easily get lost in a vocabulary hierarchy or become confused and discouraged if extensive browsing of large word collections is required. We describe the design of the Visual Vocabulary for Aphasia (ViVA) which attempts to provide effective word finding by organizing words in a dynamic semantic network where links between words reflect word association measures, human judgments of semantic similarity, and past vocabulary usage. We present results from preliminary evaluation of ViVA and discuss the challenges inherent to evaluating adaptive assistive communication tools.
Simulated revenue impact of a new revenue management strategy under the assumption of realistic fare data

Most revenue management allocation models require inputs of the revenue value associated with the bookings expected in each price class. This paper examines the impacts of more realistic fare value assumptions on the revenue performance of a commonly used unit allocation optimisation model (EMSR) and a new heuristic decision rule, called Leg Bid Price. Typical fare data for airlines, hotels, cruise lines and rental car companies show that: (1) the prices in each fare class follow a probability distribution, rather than the typical assumption of a single fare value, and (2) the average fare values across price classes do not always follow the proper hierarchical order. The revenue performance of this new threshold approach was compared on a single leg. Simulation analysis of many different scenarios, using actual cruiseline data, are used to show that the new decision rule can take advantage of the variability of actual price values around the mean price values and fare inversions to generate a significant revenue improvement over EMSR (10–15 per cent).
Remembering the Past Neural Substrates Underlying Episodic Encoding and Retrieval

Our ability to remember past events requires efficient encoding and successful “re-collection” of event features, such as the time, place, people, thoughts, and feelings associated with a past experience. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that episodic memory depends on specific brain mechanisms within the prefrontal cortex, medial temporal lobe, and ventral posterior parietal cortex that interact with the cortical sites that store event features. In this article, I present an analysis of the neural correlates of episodic memory, along with a theoretical framework, Cortical Binding of Relational Activity (CoBRA), that integrates the dynamic links between efficient encoding and successful retrieval of episodic memory.
A comparison of the receptor constants of morphine and ethylketocyclazocine for analgesia and inhibition of gastrointestinal transit in the rat.

Abstract The efficacies and dissociation constants of proposed mu and kappa receptor agonists (morphine and ethylketocyclazocine, respectively) were compared using the method of partial irreversible blockade (with buprenorphine) and Stephenson's theory of drug action. While there was good agreement between the dissociation constant (K A ) of morphine in analgesia (3.3 × 10 −5 M) and in inhibition of gastrointestinal transit (1.1 × 10 −5 M), the K A of ethylketocyclazocine differed by an order of magnitude in these endpoints (3.2 × 10 −6 M and 6.7 × 10 −5 M, respectively). The efficacies of morphine were found to be similar for the two effects studied (4.23 and 5.26), while those for ethylketocyclazocine differed markedly (2.06 and 10.39). The fraction of receptors remaining unblocked after buprenorphine was consistent for the test but not for the agonist, indicating a different distribution of receptors for the two endpoints. Our results strongly suggest that morphine induces analgesia, and slows transit in the small intestine, through the same type of receptor. The same conclusion cannot be drawn for ethylketocyclazocine.
Regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA levels in avian hypothalamic slice cultures.

Abstract Mechanisms regulating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a member of the neurotrophin family, have been extensively studied in the rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. In contrast, little is known regarding the regulation of this growth factor in the hypothalamus. Here we present an analysis of the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA levels in chick embryo hypothalamic slice cultures following exposure to potassium chloride, glutamate agonists and sex steroids. Following a week in chemically-defined media the tissue was depolarized by exposure to 50 mM potassium chloride for 6 h, resulting in a significant 4.2-fold increase in the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA. This result is consistent with studies of other brain regions. Similar 6-h acute exposures of the hypothalamic cultures to 25 μM N-methyl- d -aspartic acid, 25 μM kainic acid and 25 μM α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionic acid also significantly increased messenger RNA levels 2.5-, 2.1- and 1.4-fold, respectively. It was previously reported that brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels within the rat cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb and hippocampus are altered by exposure to 17β-estradiol. Here we show that in hypothalamic slice cultures neither acute nor chronic treatments with 10 and 100 nM 17β-estradiol and 10 nM testosterone significantly altered the steady-state level of this growth factor. These findings show that neuronal activity, induced by glutamate agonists and potassium chloride, can regulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA levels within embryonic hypothalamic slice cultures. This regulation could play a critical role in the modulation of programmed cell death and synaptic maturation during development of the hypothalamus.
Clock Synchronization of Wireless Sensor Networks

Clock synchronization is a critical component in the operation of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), as it provides a common time frame to different nodes. It supports functions such as fusing voice and video data from different sensor nodes, time-based channel sharing, and coordinated sleep wake-up node scheduling mechanisms. Early studies on clock synchronization for WSNs mainly focused on protocol design. However, the clock synchronization problem is inherently related to parameter estimation, and, recently, studies on clock synchronization began to emerge by adopting a statistical signal processing framework. In this article, a survey on the latest advances in the field of clock synchronization of WSNs is provided by following a signal processing viewpoint. This article illustrates that many of the proposed clock synchronization protocols can be interpreted and their performance assessed using common statistical signal processing methods. It is also shown that advanced signal processing techniques enable the derivation of optimal clock synchronization algorithms under challenging scenarios.
Legal Requirements for Assessing Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Assessment is an integral part of the learning and teaching process. The assessment process helps to (a) determine eligibility for special education programming, (b) plan instructional programs, an...
An all-fiber approach for in-phase supermode phase-locked operation of multicore fiber lasers

ABSTRACT An all-fiber approach is utilized to phase lock and select the in-phase supermode of compact multicore fiber lasers. Based on the principles of Talbot imaging and waveguide multimode interference, the fundamental supermode is selectively excited within a completely monolithic fiber device. The all-fiber device is constructed by simply fusion splicing passive non-core optical fibers of controlled lengths at both ends of a piece of multicore fiber. Experimental results upon in-house-made 19- and 37-core fibers are demonstrated, which generate output beams with high-brightness far-field intensity distributions. The whole fabricated multicore fiber laser device can in principle be a single fiber chain that is only ~10 cm in length, aligning-free in operation, and robust against environmental disturbance. Keywords: fiber laser, multicore fiber, phase-locked oper ation, Talbot imaging, multimode interference 1. INTRODUCTION Multicore fiber (MCF) with doped core array has been recen tly developed and it brings a promising solution to power-scalable fiber lasers of short length.
Reciprocal benefits of allomothering for female vervet monkeys

Abstract Allomothering, or care of the young by individuals other than the mother, was studied in captive groups of vervet monkeys, Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus . The most frequently proposed hypotheses to explain caretaking by primate allomothers are (1) the mother benefits from the reduction in time and energy allocated to infant care, and (2) the allomother benefits by gaining maternal experience prior to the birth of her own first infant. Analysis of longitudinal data on behaviour and reproduction provided empirical support for both of these hypotheses. Mothers who used allomothers more often were able to spend more time away from their infants in the first 3 months of the infant's life, without leaving their infants alone, and were also able to shorten the interval to the birth of their next infant. Females who had more experience in caretaking and carrying infants as juveniles were more likely to rear their first live-born infant successfully. Allomothering by juvenile females was preferentially directed toward their infant siblings and toward the infants of the highest-ranking mothers.
In Memoriam Sister Arleen McCarty Hynes [May 13, 1916–September 5, 2006]

September 8, 2006, the day I attended Sr. Arleen Hynes's funeral and memorial service in St. Cloud, Minnesota, filled me with deep wells of warmth, sadness, and inspiration. The portrait of Sr. Arl...
Impulsive phase of solar flares. I. Characteristics of high energy electrons

The variation along a magnetic field line of the energy and pitch angle distribution of high energy electrons injected into a cold hydrogen plasma containing either an open or closed magnetic field structure was investigated. The problem is formulated as a time independent Fokker-Planck Equation for the electron number distribution as a function of the electron energy, electron pitch angle, and the structure of the global magnetic field. Simple analytic solution valid in the small pitch angle regime and for slowly varying magnetic field is presented. For the more general situation a numerical code for solving the Fokker-Planck Equation was used and it was found that the analytic expression agrees well with the numerical results to values of the pitch angle much larger than expected. For most practical applications, one many confidently use the analytic expression instead of having to resort to lengthy numerical computations. These results are useful in the study of the nonthermal models of the impulsive phase of solar flares.
FORTRAN program for computing a measure of the population quality of Legislative apportionment

Some interest has been shown in the second writer's measure of the population quality of legislative apportionment (Kaiser, 1968). Unfortunately, while this index appears to have some theoretical elegance, its computation requires, at least, a desk electronic calculator with a logarithmic routine, or preferably, a full-blown high-speed electronic computer. In this note, we give a FORTRAN program developed on a CDC 3600 computer for determining this measure. The required inputs to the program are: K, the number of legislative districts; ENJ(J), J : I,K, the vector of district populations. The outputs of the programs are: K, the number of legislative districts; ENJ(J), J = 1, K, immediately after input the vector of district populations which we labeled N(J); EN, the total population across districts which we labeled N; AVE, the average district population; ENJ(J), J = 1, K, at the end of the program the vector of district population ratios which we labeled R(J); G, the geometric mean of the population ratios; B, the measure of the population quality of legislative apportionment. A sample output based on California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, 89th Congress is provided in Table 1. The program without formal input-output statement follows.
Kinetic and mechanistic characterization and versatile catalytic properties of mammalian glutaredoxin 2: implications for intracellular roles.

Glutaredoxin (Grx)-catalyzed deglutathionylation of protein−glutathione mixed disulfides (protein−SSG) serves important roles in redox homeostasis and signal transduction, regulating diverse physiological and pathophysiological events. Mammalian cells have two Grx isoforms: Grx1, localized to the cytosol and mitochondrial intermembrane space, and Grx2, localized primarily to the mitochondrial matrix [Pai, H. V., et al. (2007) Antioxid. Redox Signaling 9, 2027−2033]. The catalytic behavior of Grx1 has been characterized extensively, whereas Grx2 catalysis is less well understood. We observed that human Grx1 and Grx2 exhibit key catalytic similarities, including selectivity for protein−SSG substrates and a nucleophilic, double-displacement, monothiol mechanism exhibiting a strong commitment to catalysis. A key distinction between Grx1- and Grx2-mediated deglutathionylation is decreased catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) of Grx2 for protein deglutathionylation (due primarily to a decreased kcat), reflecting a hi...
Sjögren's syndrome: diagnosis and management.

This article reviews current understanding of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of Sjogren's syndrome. Sjogren's syndrome is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the exocrine glands with multiple nonexocrine features. It is found predominantly in middle-aged women but exists throughout the population. The diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome can be challenging because the cardinal sicca symptoms may be subclinical or attributed to other causes, such as medications or aging. Differential diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome can be confounded by the multiple exocrine manifestations in the mouth, eyes, ears, nose, skin, vagina, and respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, as well as seemingly unrelated nonexocrine involvement in the thyroid, liver, kidneys and the musculoskeletal, vascular and nervous systems. This article concludes that early diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome is crucial to prevent and/or minimize potentially life-threatening complications. Periodic follow-up of patients’ status and col...
Isoenzyme-specific protein kinase C and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation by electrically stimulated contraction of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes.

Previous studies from our laboratory and others indicate that contraction-induced mechanical loading of cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes produces many of the phenotypic changes associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vivo, and that these changes occur via the activation of serine-threonine protein kinases. These may include the extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1 and ERK2), the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3), and one or more isoenzymes of protein kinase C. In this study, we assessed whether one or more of these kinases are activated by stimulated contraction, and whether activation was isoenzyme-specific. Low-density, quiescent cultures of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were maintained in serum-free medium, or electrically stimulated to contract (3 Hz) for up to 48 h. ERK and JNK activation was assessed by Western blotting with polyclonal antibodies specific for the phosphorylated forms of both kinases. PKC activation was analysed by subcellular fractionation, detergent extraction, and Western blotting using isoenzyme-specific monoclonal antibodies. Stimulated contractile activity produced myocyte hypertrophy, as indicated by increased cell size, a 15+/-5% increase in total protein/DNA ratio, and induction of ANF and beta MHC gene transcription. Electrical pacing did not cause ERK1/2 or JNK1 activation, but increased JNK2 and JNK3 phosphorylation by;two-fold. Subcellular fractionation revealed a time-dependent increase in PKC delta, and to a much lesser extent PKC xi, in a Triton X-100-soluble membrane fraction within 5 min of the onset of stimulated contraction. PKC alpha was not activated by electrical pacing. These results indicate that contraction-induced mechanical loading acutely activates some but not all of the specific isoenzymes of JNKs and PKCs in cardiomyocytes.
Fermentation of Rice Straw/Chicken Manure to Carboxylic Acids Using a Mixed Culture of Marine Mesophilic Micoorganisms

Countercurrent fermentation of rice straw and chicken manure to carboxylic acids was performed using a mixed culture of marine mesophilic microorganisms. To increase the digestibility of the biomass, rice straw, and chicken manure were pretreated with 0.1 g Ca(OH)2/g biomass. Fermentation was performed for 80% rice straw and 20% chicken manure at various volatile solid loading rates (VSLR) and liquid residence times (LRT). The highest acid productivity of 1.69 g/(L·d) occurred at a total acid concentration of 32.4 g/L. The highest conversion (0.69 g VS digested/g VS fed) and yield (0.29 g total acids/g VS fed) were at a total acid concentration of 25 g/L. A Continuum Particle Distribution Model of the process predicted the experimental total acid concentration and conversion results with an average error of 6.41% and 6.15%, respectively. Results show how total acid concentrations, conversions, and yields vary with VSLR and LRT in the MixAlco process.
Preservation of spatial resolution with use of a phase-transition extraction matrix in chromatography/secondary ion mass spectrometry

Abstract In the direct mass spectrometric analysis of thin-layer chromatographic plates, the use of a phase-transition matrix is illustrated to increase both the absolute signal intensity and the duration of the analyte signal in comparison with analysis without solvent or with liquid matrices such as glycerol. Extraction of sample into the matrix occurs without diffusion in the x and y dimensions, and so preserves the original resolution of the chromatographic separation. The persistence of the signal is such that time-consuming imaging experiments can be completed. Lack of diffusion in the solid state of the matrix, and during the analysis, is shown by the preservation of the spatial images in repeated analyses. Use of spatially resolved images of individual ions is necessary in pattern recognition programs that establish correlations between all of the ions in the mass spectrum of a particular sample spot.
Optimum Density of Red Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus×O. urolepis hornorum in a Pulsed-Flow Culture System

Abstract.— Densities of 9 tilapia (hybrid Oreochromis mossambicus × O. urolepis hornorum)/m3 gave the highest production among five densities (1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 fish/m3) tested in a pulsed-flow culture system. Culture of fish in irrigation ditches may have great potential for integrating fish farming with irrigated agriculture. Each 1,000 meters of ditch could potentially produce up to 1,400 kg of tilapia during a 112-d growing season.
Pancreatic response to crystalloid resuscitation in experimental pancreatitis

Restoration and maintenance of intravascular volume is crucial in acute pancreatitis to prevent hypotension and ensure normal organ perfusion. This study evaluated the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of adequate versus inadequate fluid replacement on the pancreas in a canine model of acute experimental pancreatitis. Bile-trypsin pancreatitis (BTP) was induced in 14 conditioned mongrel dogs. Lactated Ringer's solution was administered intravenously at high (HIR) and low (LIR) infusion rates (6.5 and 1.75 ml/kg/hr, respectively) to 7 dogs each for 4 h. Seven sham-operated controls (CON) received lactated Ringer's at 6.5 ml/kg/hr for 3 hr. Mean arterial pressure remained unchanged in all groups. Central venous pressure decreased in the LIR group (P less than 0.05) and remained unchanged in the other groups. Cardiac index fell uniformly (P less than 0.05) in all groups. Pancreatic blood flow (Qp) decreased in the LIR group (73%) to a significantly greater extent than in the HIR (23%) and CON (8%) groups, and in the HIR group significantly more than in the CON group. The fall in pancreatic oxygen consumption (O2Cp) in both the pancreatitis groups was significant compared to the rise in the CON group. Final changes in Qp and O2Cp from baseline were significant only in the LIR group. We conclude that inadequate crystalloid replacement after BTP results in a progressive fall in Qp and O2Cp. Vigorous fluid replacement incompletely prevents these effects.
Students Stalking Faculty: Real and Imagined Relationships

Student stalking of faculty has been relatively ignored in the literature. In contrast to stalking in general populations where in 80% of cases stalking occurs in the context of an intimate relationship, student stalking of faculty occurs in the context of prior relationships in only 14% of cases. In the present study, student stalking of faculty occurring in two situations is analyzed: situations in which there was prior social contact between the student and the professor, and situations in which there was no prior social contact between the student and the professor. Similarities between student stalking of faculty and typologies proposed for stalking in general are considered. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future work are provided.
Evaluating the efficacy of phototherapy devices.

The field of newborn phototherapy (PT) has clearly arrived at a strategic period of transition from the use of traditional light sources, such as fluorescent, halogen and halogen/fiberoptic, towards the use of presently fast developing, versatile solid state light emitting diode (LED) technology. The time also appears to be ripe for the replacement of ineffective, defective, and worn-out devices that deliver inadequate therapy, as has been demonstrated through recent surveys in India, Nigeria, and Brazil [1-3]. Because of a rapidly expanding global market for PT devices, the medical device industry, particularly in India, appears to be actively engaged in the production of newer and, undoubtedly, more effective and affordable LEDbased devices.
Robust asymptotic tracking of a class of nonlinear systems using an adaptive critic based controller

Traditional Reinforcement Learning (RL) controllers are based on a discrete formulation of the Dynamic Programming (DP) problem, which impedes the development of rigorous stability analysis of continuous-time closed loop controllers for uncertain nonlinear systems. Non-DP based RL controllers typically yield a uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) stability result due to the presence of disturbances and unknown approximation errors. In this paper a non-DP based reinforcement learning scheme is developed for asymptotic tracking of a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with bounded disturbances. A recently developed RISE (Robust Integral of the Sign of the Error) feedback technique is used in conjunction with a feedforward neural network (NN) based Actor-Critic architecture to yield a semi-global asymptotic result. A composite weight tuning law for the Action NN, consisting of both unsupervised and reinforcement learning terms, is developed based on Lyapunov stability analysis.
First-Date Scripts: Gender Roles, Context, and Relationship

This study sought to discover whether variations in relevant features of a first date would produce differences in young adults’ first-date scripts. In responding to scenarios that manipulated gender of the date initiator, alcohol availability, and relationship type, 209 college students in the Midwestern United States generated lists including an average of 21 actions they expected to occur on the date. Findings showed a trend toward traditional gender roles for male and female date partners, though some complexity related to sexual behavior and the gender of the date initiator was found. In addition, the context of the date influenced the date script to a great extent, whereas the type of relationship between the date partners had little effect.
Effect of feedlot management system on response to ractopamine-HCl in yearling steers.

Two experiments evaluated the effects of conventional and natural feedlot management systems (MS) on ractopamine-HCl (RAC) response in yearling steers. Feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, skeletal muscle gene expression, and circulating IGF-I concentrations were measured. The conventional system included a combined trenbolone acetate and estradiol implant, Revalor-S (IMP), as well as monensin-tylosin feed additives (IA). Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial and included: 1) natural (NAT): no IMP-no IA, no RAC; 2) natural plus (NAT+): no IMP-no IA, RAC; 3) conventional (CON): IMP-IA, no RAC; and 4) conventional plus (CON+): IMP-IA, RAC. In Exp. 1, one hundred twenty crossbred steers (initial BW = 400 +/- 26 kg) were allotted randomly to treatment in a randomized complete block design (BW was blocking criteria); pen was the experimental unit. In Exp. 2, twenty-four individually fed crossbred steers (initial BW = 452 +/- 25 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design (BW was blocking criteria) and assigned to the same treatments as Exp. 1, with 6 steers/treatment. In Exp. 2, serum was harvested on d 0 and 31 and within the 28-d RAC feeding period, at d 0, 14, and 28. Longissimus biopsy samples were taken on d 0, 14, and 28 of the RAC feeding period for mRNA analysis of beta-adrenergic receptors and steady-state IGF-I mRNA. In Exp. 1, ADG, G:F, final BW, and HCW were greatest for CON+ (P 0.10). Circulating IGF-I concentration was increased on d 31 by the conventional MS, and concentration was greater throughout the study than NAT steers (P 0.40). Management system did not affect beta(1)-AR, beta(2)-AR, beta(3)-AR, or IGF-I mRNA (P > 0.18), yet a trend (P = 0.06) for MS x RAC for beta(2)-AR mRNA was detected. These results indicate that response to RAC is affected by feedlot management practices.
Factorization in Integral Domains without Identity

We investigate factorization in a nonzero integral domain A without identity. Now A may be viewed as a proper ideal of an integral domain D with identity having the same quotient field as A where \(A[1] \subseteq D \subseteq A:A\). We study the relationship between factorization in A and D, especially in the case where D = A[1] or A:A. Particular interest is given to various notions of unique factorization in A and to the relationship between A or D being atomic, satisfying ACCP, or being a bounded factorization domain, half-factorial domain, or finite factorization domain.
A generalization of image theory to predict the interaction of multipole fields with plane surfaces

A derivation and computational scheme, based on exact image theory, for the field produced by the interaction of an outgoing vector wave harmonic with an infinite-extent plane surface is presented. The method represents the angular-dependent Fresnel reflection coefficients of the surface as Laplace transforms of a spatially dependent function, which results in the reflected field appearing as a superposition of image sources located at complex points along the normal axis within the surface medium. Exact, analytical formulas are given for the transformed reflection coefficients for arbitrary surface refractive index, and an efficient computation scheme for evaluation of the scattered field coupling between a particle and the surface is presented.
Diversity of the metal-transporting P1B-type ATPases

The P1B-ATPases are integral membrane proteins that couple ATP hydrolysis to metal cation transport. Widely distributed across all domains of life, these enzymes have been previously shown to transport copper, zinc, cobalt, and other thiophilic heavy metals. Recent data suggest that these enzymes may also be involved in nickel and/or iron transport. Here we have exploited large amounts of genomic data to examine and classify the various P1B-ATPase subfamilies. Specifically, we have combined new methods of data partitioning and network visualization known as Transitivity Clustering and Protein Similarity Networks with existing biochemical data to examine properties such as length, speciation, and metal-binding motifs of the P1B-ATPase subfamily sequences. These data reveal interesting relationships among the enzyme sequences of previously established subfamilies, indicate the presence of two new subfamilies, and suggest the existence of new regulatory elements in certain subfamilies. Taken together, these findings underscore the importance of P1B-ATPases in homeostasis of nearly every biologically relevant transition metal and provide an updated framework for future studies.
Selection of Slim Hole Core Rods by Vibratory Analysis

The purpose of this research was to determine the nature of the core rod vibrations and characterize their vibratory spectrums in order that an optimal core rod size could be chosen. The research was performed for the Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project, US Department of Energy, Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management, which is directing the coring of boreholes at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. This paper describes the axial, torsional, and transient buckling vibratory models developed for the selection of optimum core rod size. The axial and torsional vibratory core rod simulator (VCRS) models are coupled by way of a transient buckling wave which propagates over the length of the core rod. This paper reports the frequencies and magnitudes of the stresses in the 101 core rod now in use. In addition, four core bit vibratory forcing functions for thrust and torque wee developed. The thrust and torque frequencies and magnitudes for the bit forcing functions were extracted from full-size laboratory core bit tests with fast Fourier transforms. The natural frequencies of the core rod were determined with closed-form solution models and were confirmed with a finite element model. Finally, a selection of core rod sizes were modeled to determine themore » best size to minimize damaging stress which stems from vibration.« less
OCULAR TRACKING AS A MEASURE OF AUTOKINETIC MOVEMENT.

A method for measuring autokinetic movement in which S fixates the apparent starting point of the movement rather than the stimulus light has been developed. Reliability data and theoretical considerations point to the potential usefulness of this measure as a dependent variable for studying effects which are localized in the visual field.
Determination of temperature rise of induction motors

The ``American Standards for Rotating Electrical Machinery'' (American Standards Association) prescribe that the temperature rise of motors shall be measured by the thermometer method for purposes of rating. Definite limiting values of temperature rise are established for each type of machine. The AIEE Standards No. 1 fix conventional allowances of 15 degrees centigrade, 10 degrees centigrade, and 5 degrees centigrade between the actual hottest-spot temperature and the highest observable value of temperature as determined by thermometer, resistance, and embedded-detector methods, respectively. This paper presents information on the relations between the measured values of temperature rise by different methods as found in tests on several hundred induction motors ranging from 10 to 1,000 horsepower in rating. It is shown that, with modern motor construction, variations of 20 degrees centigrade or more are sometimes obtained by the thermometer method on a given machine depending on location of thermometers or thermocouples, whereas the resistance measurements give relatively consistent values of temperature rise. It is therefore suggested that the standards for temperature-rise measurements be revised, and that the resistance method be adopted for all forms of enclosed or protected machines which are not readily accessible for application of thermometers on laminations, insulated windings, and other adjacent parts.
The Development of an Experimental Electron-Beam-Addressed Memory Module

The various technologies needed to build a successful electron-beam-addressed memory (EBAM) have been evolving for over a decade, and are now sufficiently established to build a viable, economical system. Recent work at SRI indicates that EBAM will be an important contender for low-cost, large memory systems with improved random-access capability, high reliability, and high data rates. This will be achieved in small volume and without the use of moving parts. The potential applications of such a mass memory system are widespread, ranging from direct drum and disk replacement to new systems with architectures that would take advantage of improved random access times and increased data rates.
Capital flows and financial crises: Theory versus reality Capital flows and financial crises Edited by Miles Kahler Cornell University Press, 1998, 268 pp.

The bookCapital Flows and Financial Crises contains nine scholarly essays written by authors such as Barry Eichengreen, Albert Fishlow, Carrmen M. Reinhart, Vincent Raymond Reinhart, and Jeffrey D. Sachs. The essays are grounded in reality and include a detailed review of capital control usage in emerging countries. Four of the essays are case studies that explain how different conditions and levels of development may lead to different policies with varying degrees of success.Capital Flows and Financial Crises encourages economists to consider the particulars of a developing country before applying an economic cure, reexamines accepted economic theory in light of recent financial crises, and suggests a more moderate approach to financial liberalization given the inefficiencies and lack of regulation in emerging markets.
The Functions of Acetylcholine in the Rabbit Retina

Rabbit retinas were incubated in vitro under conditions known to maintain their physiological function. The acetylcholine stores of the cholinergic amacrine cells were labelled by incubation in the presence of [3H]choline. The tissue was then mounted in a fast-flow superfusion chamber, and the release of [3H]acetylcholine under various conditions was measured by liquid cation exchange or high-voltage electrophoresis. When the retina was stimulated by flashing light, the rate of appearance of radioactive acetylcholine in the superfusate increased, with a latency shorter than the resolution of the system. The rate of release of acetylcholine remained elevated as long as the light was flashing, and returned rapidly to baseline when the light was extinguished. A one minute stimulation with steady light caused a burst of acetylcholine release following stimulus onset and a second, smaller, burst following stimulus cessation. In the presence of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), an agent known to eliminate selectively the transmission of ON responses to the proximal retina, steady light caused acetylcholine release only at stimulus cessation. Other retinas were labelled with [3H]choline, then incubated for 10-80 min in the presence of flashing light (to promote acetylcholine release) and either control medium or medium containing 100 micron APB (to prevent release from cells activated by stimulus onset). These retinas were quick-frozen, freeze-dried and radioautographed on dry emulsion. In retinas incubated under control conditions [3H]acetylcholine was initially present within two bands within the inner plexiform layer. The two bands became fainter together as the tissue's [3H]acetylcholine was released. APB selectively retarded the depletion of [3H]acetylcholine from the band nearest the ganglion cell layer. We conclude that the displaced cholinergic amacrine cells release acetylcholine at the transient when light appears, and the conventionally placed cholinergic amacrine cells release acetylcholine at the transient when light is extinguished. The retinal ganglion cells that receive a light-driven cholinergic input are distinguished from those that do not by a great sensitivity to slow stimulus motion. It is proposed that the dense plexus of cholinergic dendrites and the transient nature of acetylcholine release combine to create the local subunit that enables detection of motion within regions smaller than those ganglion cells' receptive fields.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HEMOCYANIN.

Abstract The immunochemical properties of the precipitation of anti-hemocyanin by associated and dissociated hemocyanin were found to be markedly different. The difference between the precipitation of associated and dissociated hemocyanin was observed with antibody to both the associated and dissociated hemocyanins. The reaction with the dissociated antigen gave the classical precipitin pattern observed with other systems, whereas, the reaction with associated hemocyanin deviated from this pattern. Some of the antibody to dissociated hemocyanin was specific and could not be absorbed with associated hemocyanin, while the antibody to associated was not specific and all of it could be absorbed with dissociated hemocyanin. It was concluded that the dissociated hemocyanin was the antigen of choice for the analysis of anti-hemocyanin.
NINJA: boolean modelling and formal verification of tiered-rate chemical reaction networks (extended abstract)

We present NINJA, a suite of computational techniques for modelling and formally verifying properties of tiered-rate chemical reaction networks.
The zero-viscosity limit of the 2D Navier-Stokes equations

It is shown that in a radially symmetric configuration, the zero-viscosity limit of solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations satisfies the associated Euler equations. An ancillary result on continuous dependence of solutions on v is also established.