cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topical Antifungal Agents

A number of effective antifungal agents are now available for topical use. Although topical medications are not effective in hair and nail infections, most patients with dermatophytosis, candidiasis, and tinea versicolor can be treated topically with success. The newer agents such as haloprogen and the imidazoles have a broad spectrum of activity and can be used in any of these three conditions. Several new antifungals have recently been released, and other new agents as well as antifungal-corticosteroid combinations will soon be available.
Spatial sampling and the environment: some issues and directions

In this paper we summarize research issues for spatial environmental sampling stemming from a NISS/USEPA workshop held on 21-22 September 1994 at Chapel Hill, NC.
Application of deep convolutional neural networks in classification of protein subcellular localization with microscopy images

Single-cell microscopy image analysis has proved invaluable in protein subcellular localization for inferring gene/protein function. Fluorescent-tagged proteins across cellular compartments are tracked and imaged in response to genetic or environmental perturbations. With a large number of images generated by high-content microscopy while manual labeling is both labor-intensive and error-prone, machine learning offers a viable alternative for automatic labeling of subcellular localizations. Contrarily, in recent years applications of deep learning methods to large datasets in natural images and other domains have become quite successful. An appeal of deep learning methods is that they can learn salient features from complicated data with little data preprocessing. For such purposes, we applied several representative types of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and two popular ensemble methods, random forests and gradient boosting, to predict protein subcellular localization with a moderately large cell image data set. We show a consistently better predictive performance of CNNs over the two ensemble methods. We also demonstrate the use of CNNs for feature extraction. In the end, we share our computer code and pretrained models to facilitate CNN's applications in genetics and computational biology.
Judging the Self: A Pastoral Theological Analysis of Reality Television

The author explains how Trump reinvented his business failures through reality television by inflating his successes and minimizing his failures. The author then shows how the reality television show itself reflects the rituals of neoliberal capitalism, namely, identification with the boss despite the unequal conditions. Finally, the author maintains that those struggling with layoffs use this entertainment to vicariously compare themselves with others. Echoing the needs of the soul and the theological image of God as judge, this media spectacle invites audiences to identify with individual winners rather than taking collective responsibility for systemic inequality.
Introduction: What Do We Mean When We Talk About Good Parenting?

What do we mean when we talk about “good parenting”? How do we know if someone providing care to a child is doing it the “right way”? These are important questions that any caregiver, teacher, researcher, scholar, or other parenting and child-care professionals should recognize can only be answered within cultural context. However, too often the way cultural values and beliefs interact with parenting values and beliefs is ignored in the scholarship. In this chapter, we make the argument that scholarship on parenting and caregiving is overly influenced by Western cultural ideals. We also introduce the format of this edited volume and explain the goal of providing scholars of parenting, as well as parents and other experts and professionals, with important and relevant information about cultural ideals and values in regard to parenting behaviors and outcomes.
Aberrant ALK tyrosine kinase signaling. Different cellular lineages, common oncogenic mechanisms.

Chromosomal translocations are typical of a select group of tumors, including most lymphomas and leukemias, many sarcomas, and rare carcinomas. In each tumor type, a specific recurrent translocation is seen in most or all cases. Compared to other oncogenic mechanisms such as point mutation, deletion, and amplification, individual translocations show the greatest specificity for particular tumor types. Accordingly, the elucidation of the gene rearrangements or fusions resulting from these translocations has yielded molecular diagnostic markers whose clinical acceptance has generally been quite straightforward. In most leukemias and sarcomas, and some lymphomas, these translocations produce specific gene fusions which encode chimeric proteins. These chimeric proteins usually function either as aberrant transcription factors or as constitutively activated tyrosine kinases (TK). Translocations that activate receptor TKs do so by fusing their catalytic domain to strongly or ubiquitously expressed proteins with dimerization or oligomerization domains. The latter can be termed dimerizing translocation partners (DTP). In this issue of The American Journal of Pathology, Lawrence et al report the identification of specific gene fusions in the inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), producing a constitutively activated chimeric anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) TK. 1 These findings are significant on several levels: first, they provide a key insight into the biology of these tumors; second, they may delineate a distinct genetic, and possibly clinical, entity from the broadly defined IMT group of tumors; third, and perhaps most remarkable, they indicate that inappropriate activation of the same TK signaling pathway may be oncogenic in disparate cellular lineages, and may even result from the same translocation.
Additional species for the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, U.S.A.

In this paper, we note 161 species and varieties of plants in the Jemez Mountains verified through voucher specimens. These species were not previously listed in the most detailed previous floristic study in this area Floristic Studies in North Central New Mexico, U.S.A. the Tusas Mountains and the Jemez Mountains by Reif et. al. (2009). Most of these specimens are housed in the Jemez Mountain Herbarium (JMH) at the Los Alamos, New Mexico Nature Center. Others are housed in the herbarium at the Museum of Southwestern Biology at the University of New Mexico (UNM), and a few elsewhere as noted (SEINet). If this number is added to the total for the Jemez Mountains from Reif’s work, the new total for the Jemez Mountains is 1,504 taxa. These additions include seven new state records, as well as several species not expected in the Jemez Mountains environment and altitude range. Of special interest are the flora of the San Pedro Parks Wilderness in the northwest part of the range, White Rock Canyon along the Rio Grande, and the desert shrublands west of San Ysidro at the extreme southwest part of the Jemez Mountains. For completeness, we include species escaped from cultivation but apparently well established in the wild, and a list of species that have not recurred where they were collected. Finally, there are comments on aspects of Reif et al. (2009).
The cognitive neuroscience revolution

We outline a framework of multilevel neurocognitive mechanisms that incorporates representation and computation. We argue that paradigmatic explanations in cognitive neuroscience fit this framework and thus that cognitive neuroscience constitutes a revolutionary break from traditional cognitive science. Whereas traditional cognitive scientific explanations were supposed to be distinct and autonomous from mechanistic explanations, neurocognitive explanations aim to be mechanistic through and through. Neurocognitive explanations aim to integrate computational and representational functions and structures across multiple levels of organization in order to explain cognition. To a large extent, practicing cognitive neuroscientists have already accepted this shift, but philosophical theory has not fully acknowledged and appreciated its significance. As a result, the explanatory framework underlying cognitive neuroscience has remained largely implicit. We explicate this framework and demonstrate its contrast with previous approaches.
Drone Warfare: Ethical and Psychological Issues

The United States is now relying on Reaper and Predator drone strikes as its primary strategy in the continuing War on Terrorism. This paper argues for the rational scrutiny drone warfare has yet to receive. It is argued that drone warfare is immoral as it fails both the jus in bello and the jus ad bellum conditions of Just War theory. Drone warfare cannot be accepted on utilitarian grounds either, as it is very probable that terrorists will acquire drones capable of lethal strikes and deploy them against defenseless civilians. Moreover, by examining the psychological bases for reliance on drone warfare, as well as the message the United States is sending adversaries, we need to be concerned that, rather than reduce the likelihood of terrorists strikes, the U.S. reliance on drones strikes threatens to institutionalize terrorism as the status quo for the foreseeable future.
Public journalism and the search for democratic ideals

Public journalism is apparently gaining influence in newsrooms throughout the US. It seems to be a genuinely innovative effort to move journalists away from thinking about the claims of separation that have long defined the practice of journalism toward thinking about the claims of connection that might redefine and reinvigorate the role of the press in a democratic society. Public journalism presumes a democracy in decay and posits a role for the press based on what journalism can do to enrich a public discourse that has long been in decline. In this article, the authors question the role the press might play in a democratic society as purported by public journalism and its implied view of democracy. Following a review of what public journalism claims for itself, the authors identify and discuss the areas where its conception of the press and the press's commitment to self-governance appear to be most problematic. The question becomes not so much one of whether public journalism offers something desirabl...
Greedy attribute selection

Abstract Many real-world domains bless us with a wealth of attributes to use for learning. This blessing is often a curse: most inductive methods generalize worse given too many attributes than if given a good subset of those attributes. We examine this problem for two learning tasks taken from a calendar scheduling domain. We show that ID3/C4.5 generalizes poorly on these tasks if allowed to use all available attributes. We examine five greedy hillclimbing procedures that search for attribute sets that generalize well with ID3/C4.5. Experiments suggest hillclimbing in attribute space can yield substantial improvements in generalization performance. We present a caching scheme that makes attribute hillclimbing more practical computationally. We also compare the results of hillclimbing in attribute space with FOCUS and RELIEF on the two tasks.
Numerical tabulations for a statistic similar to student’s t

Let X(1)≤X(2)≤...≤X(2m+1) be an ordered sample of a random variable X, which has a median μ and a continuous probability distribution function. We consider the statistic Sm,r=(X(m+1)−μ)/(X(m+1+r)−X(m+1−r)), for some integer r, 1≤r≤m. This statistic is independent of the scale parameter and has other properties similar to Student’s t, and can be computed when the values of X(m+1), X(m+1+r), X(m+1−r) are known while some or all other sample values are not available (e.g. are censored out). This paper presents tables of exact critical values of Sm,r for small sample sizes, under the assumption that X has a normal probability distribution. Furthermore, a table is also given of asymptotic critical values for Sm,r, which can be used for large sample sizes even when X is not normally distributed. These tables may make possible the practical use of Sm,r in some situations in which Student’s t cannot be used.
Conversations between Programs

It is easy to read about computers “sending messages” or “giving orders” without really knowing what this really means. One of the goals of this paper will be to remedy this by giving the reader a background in the kinds of representations that computer programs have and what they do with them. There is, however, a larger reason for looking at program “conversations”: programs can give us a special window on what it means to communicate, a model against which we can compare our own communication, since, unlike people, programs can be examined as closely as we like and dissected and modified for experiments.
Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction

Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction. Faye D. Ginsburg and Rayna Rapp. eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995 (cloth and paper), xii. 450 pages.
Race, Medicine, and Genocide

The infusion of biology and racism into a pseudoscientific justification for social hierarchies can and has formed a troubling justification for genocide. While the dangers of racism veiled behind science perhaps find their clearest expression in Nazi Germany, varying forms of genocide have been bolstered by and in some cases founded on supposed medical science. Keywords: bioethics; genocide; medicine; race; racism
Using speech recognition in a personal communications system

The authors give an overview of speech recognition systems and discuss design strategies for their use in portable communications. State-of-the-art speech recognition systems can recognize continuously spoken speech from a large vocabulary in real time. In the future, portable speech recognition systems will be made possible by advances in integrated circuit technology, by optimizing system architectures, and by exploiting the special features of personal communications systems. Types of speech recognizers are discussed. Current speech recognition systems are outlined. Personal communication systems with speech recognition are discussed. >
INTRANATIONAL HOME BIAS IN TRADE

A number of recent studies have found intranational trade to be excessive compared to international trade, based on a gravity specification. The preferred explanation for this finding has been the presence of formal and informal trade barriers, with associated welfare consequences. If such barriers were indeed the sole culprit, home bias should not exist on the subnational level. We find, however, that home bias is present within U.S. states, suggesting the presence of other causes of excessive home trade.
A comparison of TV home shoppers based on risk perception

The introduction of television (TV) home shopping and other non‐store shopping formats is one way by which retailers have tried to meet the evolving needs of consumers. Using risk perception as the theoretical framework, the objective of this study was to categorize TV home shoppers as high or low risk perceivers and compare them for differences in types of risk perceived, types of products purchased and demographics. The sample consisted of 125 adult TV home shoppers. Significant differences were found between these two groups in terms of their perceptions of financial risk (p=0.03) as well as product categories purchased including clothing (p=0.001), accessories (p=0.014), health and beauty items (p=0.000) and maintenance, tools and cleaners (p=0.009). No demographic differences were found.
Salt taste inhibition by cathodal current

Effects of cathodal current, which draws cations away from the tongue and drives anions toward the tongue, depend on the ionic content of electrolytes through which the current is passed. To address the role of cations and anions in human salt tastes, cathodal currents of -40 microA to -80 microA were applied to human subjects' tongues through supra-threshold salt solutions. The salts were sodium chloride, sodium bromide, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium sulfate, sodium saccharin, sodium acetate and sodium benzoate, which taken together encompass salty, bitter, sour and sweet taste qualities. The taste of NaCl, the salty and bitter tastes of the other chloride salts and the taste of NaNO(3) was inhibited, suggesting the current displaced stimulatory cations from salty and bitter receptors. However, bitter tastes of non-halide sodium salts were not inhibited, likely because other bitter receptors respond to anions. A discharge current at cathode-off ubiquitously evoked a metallic taste reminiscent of anodal taste used in clinical electrogustometry. Analogous effects on ambient NaCl responses were recorded from the hamster chorda tympani nerve. Increases in tastes of the saccharin and benzoate anions were not evoked during current flow, suggesting that cathodal current does not carry stimulatory anions to sweet receptors. Cathodal current may selectively inhibit salty and bitter-salty tastes for which proximal stimuli are cations.
A simple nearly analytic model of a gravity wave driven middle atmospheric circulation

A nearby analytic model of a gravity wave driven middle atmosphere circulation is formulated. The simplified model represents the one-dimensional interaction of a single gravity wave mode with a zonal-mean flow. Solutions of this model are shown to agree very well with numerical results from a more complete mean-flow/gravity-wave model (essentially the model developed by Holton, 1982). A single nondimensional parameter, the ratio of a mean flow radiative forcing parameter, and the gravity wave momentum flux incident into the middle atmosphere from below largely determine the solution of the model. For typical middle atmosphere parameter values, an approximate solution can be obtained, and this solution permits the parameter dependence of the circulation to be characterized very simply. The gravity wave driven circulation extends downward from the level (the breaking level, approximately) where the momentum flux equals the mean flow radiative forcing.
Integration of Available and New Technologies to Raise Student Understanding and Engagement

We integrate available and new technologies to strongly enhance student engagement in upper division undergraduate courses on human evolution and history. First, we use peer-mentored discussion groups through the Blackboard system—appropriately scaled, constructed, and incentivized. These allow day-to-day monitoring of student understanding. Second, we use weekly Blackboard e-quizzes directed at important issues or areas of confusion including those revealed by discussion groups. Third, we use a novel digital textbook. This technology provides diverse, sophisticated assets ranging from animations and interactive questions to an extensive glossary hyperlinked to an electronic textbook. The ease of revision of this textbook allows us to react, year to year, to student need and experience. The real power of our approach derives from the extremely strong synergy between these three assets, as we will discuss. We describe successful applications of this model in large (ca. 500) and small (ca 25) classes.
Platinum microwire for subdural electrocorticography over human neocortex: Millimeter-scale spatiotemporal dynamics

Platinum microwires, terminated at regular intervals to form a grid of contacts, were used to record electric potentials at the surface of the cerebral cortex in human subjects. The microwire grids were manufactured commercially with 75 μm platinum wire and 1 mm grid spacing, and are FDA approved. Because of their small size and spacing, these grids could be used to explore the scale of spatiotemporal dynamics in cortical surface potentials. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to characterize their recording properties and develop a frequency-dependent electrical model of the micro-electrodes. Data recorded from multiple sites in human cortex were analyzed to explore the relationship between linear correlation and separation distance. A model was developed to explore the impact of cerebrospinal fluid on signal spread among electrodes. Spatial variation in the per-electrode performance decoding articulated speech from face-motor and Wernicke's areas of cortex was explored to understand the scale of information processing at the cortex. We conclude that there are important dynamics at the millimeter scale in human subdural electrocorticography which may be important in maximizing the performance of neural prosthetic applications.
Mobility and fast-fading impact study on wireless ad hoc networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) protocol is affected by various environmental factors like mobility and fading, which depreciate the performance of the protocol. Though there is a commendable amount of work with different MANET protocol comparisons, seldom has there been a comparative study based on realistic simulation scenarios in order to examine the effects of network density, mobility and fading. Hence, this paper outlines a comparative study on the performance of three extensively employed reactive MANET protocols – AODV, DSR and DYMOUM. They are simulated in an environment effected by the three parameters and then thoroughly evaluated through a numerical study. The paper results in providing design considerations for the developing speed-aware routing protocol (SARP).
Patterns of affiliation among immature rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

The affiliative interaction patterns of the immature members of a group of rhesus monkeys at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center reflected a strong bias toward matrilineal kin, although this effect was modified by age and sex variables. Association with kin decreased with age, particularly for males. Juvenile males showed less of a kin bias in their behavior than did juvenile females, especially for grooming. Juvenile males also exhibited a preference for interaction with other males. The diminished association with kin and the same-sex bias may be reinforced in adolescence as adult males begin to aggressively target adolescent males involved in agonistic encounters with females or immatures. Adolescent males did not decrease their levels of social interaction relative to those of adolescent females; however, these males preferentially associated with other males (predominantly their own age-sex class) and specifically avoided females and younger animals, both kin and nonkin. Avoidance may diminish conflicts with females or immatures which could result from association, thereby decreasing the potential for selective aggressive interference by adult males. Juvenile and adolescent females maintained strong ties with their kin and preferentially associated with other females and immatures. The breadth of interaction of females with other females may facilitate the establishment of dominance relationships as females mature. Familiarity and predictability may also decrease the necessity of more severe agonistic interaction.
Medical Heuristics: The Silent Adjudicators of Clinical Practice

Robust scientific conclusions are too sparse to inform fully most of the choices that physicians must make about tests and treatments. Instead, ad hoc rules of thumb, or "heuristics," must guide them, and many of these are problematic. Physicians extrapolate from the small samples studied by clinical trials to general populations, but they do so inconsistently. Many physicians live by rules that dictate "not treating the numbers," correcting abnormalities slowly, achieving diagnostic certainty, and operating now to avoid "greater" risk in the future. Yet in each case, historical trends or statistical realities suggest either doing the opposite or investing in more discriminating heuristics. The heuristics of medicine should be discussed, criticized, refined, and then taught. More uniform use of explicit and better heuristics could lead to less practice variation and more efficient medical care.
Brownian approximations to first passage probabilities

By direct probabilistic argument one term of an Edgeworth type asymptotic expansion is obtained for certain first passage distributions for random walks. These results provide partial justification for and extensions of approximations suggested earlier as a heuristic consequence of Laplace transform calculations.
Spurious Spectral Resolution and the Spectral Transfer Function of Monochromators

The spectral transfer function of a monochromator is defined as the Fourier transform of the monochromator slit function, in analogy with the optical transfer function of nondispersing optical systems. Because the spectral transfer function corresponding to a triangular slit function has secondary maxima, spurious spectral resolution can occur. That is, contrast in a periodic spectrum, which is lost when the slits of the monochromator are widened sufficiently, can return with further widening of the slits. The effect is demonstrated experimentally in the infrared rotation–vibration bands of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane and the interference fringes of a Fabry–Perot etalon and a silver chloride plate.
The ontogeny of foraging in squirrel monkeys, Saimiri oerstedi

Abstract The development of foraging and locomotor independence by wild infant squirrel monkey is described. Infants began to locomote independently during the fourth week of life and successful foraging appeared within the next 2 weeks. Infants were weaned by 16 weeks. The frequency and targets of foraging activities in infants became indistinguishable from those of older animals within 4·5 months after the onset of foraging, with four exceptions. Compared with older animals, infants exhibited (1) greater reliance on methods that did not involve prehension of small prey, (2) less visual inspection of potential foraging sites, (3) less skilled processing of certain prey to remove potentially toxic gut contents and to prevent escape, and (4) less avoidance of urticaceous caterpillars. Observations of infants watching other infants experiencing difficulties with noxious prey and prevention of approach to noxious prey by adults suggest that avoidance of certain species could be transmitted socially. Otherwise, no direct social influence on foraging was shown. Only a few features of foraging require extensive individually acquired motor skills, and weanlings can feed themselves adequately before these skills are developed. Infants in the wild population were weaned much earlier than has been observed in captive groups, and at about the age at which abilities are sufficiently mature for foraging to reach minimal efficiency. The age of weaning in this population probably represents the lower limit for this taxon.
Thrombolysis for acute pulmonary embolism: Are the risks worth the benefits?

The successful application of thrombolytic therapy to the treatment of acute myocardial infarction has stimulated similar attempts to apply thrombolytic therapy to the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism. The development of newer thrombolytic agents and improved protocols for dosing and delivering thrombolytic therapy have provided additional insight into the risks and potential benefits of thrombolysis for acute pulmonary embolism. The purpose of the present review is to examine the risks and benefits of thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism in light of recent investigations.
The tragedy of becoming common: landscape change and perceptions of wildlife

Some wildlife species are adapting to urbanizing settings made more attractive due to changes in land-use practices, human attitudes and behaviors, and conservation efforts. People who live in communities near suburban parks are encountering wildlife more frequently than in the past, with varying reactions. In-depth interviews conducted with residents living near three national parks yielded insight on “suburban deer” as an emerging social construct. Interviewees described expectations about deer abundance and behavior that guided their interactions with suburban deer and affected deer behavior, which in turn affected interviewees’ evaluations of deer and subsequent responses to interactions. Left unchecked, this process may result in the ultimate “tragedy of becoming common,” when species are no longer viewed as wildlife, but as pests or pets. In the absence of an established cultural construct for suburban wildlife, stakeholder engagement will continue to play an important role in understanding and addr...
Declining Rate of Cricothyrotomy in Trauma Patients with an Emergency Medicine Residency: Implications for Skills Training

Objective: To report the change in cricothyrotomy rate with emergency medicine (EM) residency development and to address the implications for training in this skill. Methods: A retrospective chart review was used to determine the cricothyrotomy rate at a 1,000-bed urban Level-1 trauma center with EM, surgery, and anesthesiology residencies. All adult trauma patient visits to the ED between July 1, 1985, and June 30, 1995, were reviewed. The cricothyrotomy rate was defined as the total number of cricothyrotomies per trauma admissions during a study phase. Results: The study period was divided into 3 phases. Phase 1 (academic years 1985–1989): prior to the inception of the EM residency; phase 2 (academic years 1990–1992): initiation and establishment of the residency; and phase 3 (academic years 1993–1994): full implementation of the EM residency. The cricothyrotomy rate during phase 1 was 1.8% (95% CI: 1.6 to 2.0), vs 1.1% (95% CI: 0.0 to 2.8) and 0.2% (95% CI: 0.0 to 0.2) during phases 2 and 3, respectively. Conclusions: The cricothyrotomy rate decreased with the full implementation of the EM residency. Whether this trend was an effect of the presence of an EM faculty and residency training program, a parallel approach to airway management nationwide, or another unidentified factor will require further investigation. Nonetheless, given the increasing rarity of this procedure, it is likely that many EM, surgical, and anesthesiology residents will not acquire clinical experience with this technique during training.
Study of Vector-Meson Production with Hypercharge Exchange

We present results on the joint density-matrix elements for ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(\ensuremath{\omega}, \ensuremath{\varphi})\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ and compare them with the newly obtained values for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{*0}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$. We use the joint density-matrix elements together with the polarization to isolate various interferences between amplitudes with definite $t$-channel quantum numbers. We find large interferences between natural-parity amplitudes (${K}^{**}$, ${K}^{*}$) and sizeable interferences between unnatural-parity amplitudes ($K$, ${K}_{A}$). We present a five-effective-pole (${K}^{**}$, ${K}^{*}$, $K$, ${K}_{B}$, ${K}_{A}$) fit with SU(3) to the eight reactions ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(\ensuremath{\rho}, \ensuremath{\omega}, \ensuremath{\varphi})(\ensuremath{\Lambda}, {\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0})$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{*0}(\ensuremath{\Lambda}, {\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0})$. The solution gives a good fit to the data for all eight reactions including the joint density-matrix elements. The values of $\frac{F}{D}$ determined from this fit are consistent with values determined in other analyses. Quite apart from the details of any exchange model we find the data on vector-meson production with hypercharge exchange to be in good agreement with quark-model predictions.
Spleen colonies produced by cells obtained from colonies grown in vitro.

SummaryCells grown in vitro from mouse bone marrow are capable of forming hematopoietic spleen colonies when injected into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Cells derived after 3-5 days of in vitro growth resulted in significant colony formation with the 3 day colonies containing the greatest concentration of spleen colony forming cells. Histologically, spleen colonies were erythrocytic, granulocytic, megakaryocytic or mixed cell types. These results suggest that pluripotent stem cells are contained within or in close proximity to developing in vitro colonies and may contribute along with the committed stem cell to the formation of granulocytic and mononuclear cell colonies in vitro.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease: Long-Term Follow-Up on the Prognosis of Patients and the Evolution of Lupus Activity

We studied the clinical course of 59 lupus patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) to determine their longterm prognosis and delineate the evolution of their lupus activity. The study population was predominantly female (86%) and young (mean age, 27.4 years), and they were observed for a mean of 6.5 years from the inception of dialysis. At the time dialysis was initiated, only 21 patients (35.6%) had clinically active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The remaining patients progressed to ESRD despite the absence of clinical lupus activity. Lupus activity was clinically apparent in 55.4% of patients in the first year, 6.5% in the fifth, and none in the tenth year. In 45% of patients, lupus activity was clinically inactive at entry to ESRD and remained inactive throughout the observation period. Serological activity declined proportionally, but to a lesser extent than clinical activity. Cumulative patient survival was 81.1% and 74.6% at the fifth and tenth year, respectively, from the inception of dialysis treatment; similarly it was 78% at the fifth and tenth year after the transplantation. Graft survival was 60.4% at the fifth and 45.5% at the tenth year. No one had recurrence of clinical lupus nephritis in the graft for up to 16 years of follow-up. Fourteen patients died from either infectious or cardiovascular complications, but none from SLE per se. This long-term study with a large number of lupus patients confirms our previous findings that the progression of renal disease to ESRD may be mediated by nonimmunologic mechanisms, as well as immunologic insults. Most patients, regardless of the mode of treatment for ESRD, remain clinically quiescent for lupus activity despite persistent serological abnormalities. Patient survival, either on dialysis treatment or with a kidney transplant, is comparable to that of the general dialysis population. We conclude that in lupus patients with ESRD, regression of serological and clinical expression of SLE is continuous over time. Progressive resolution of lupus activity permits judicious withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy, as well as a favorable long-term outcome of the patient.
Wettability and morphology of mica surfaces after exposure to crude oil

Abstract Reservoir wettability is determined by interactions between crude oil and mineral surfaces, mediated by an aqueous phase. Contact angles between immiscible fluids have long been used as probes to assess the effective wetting condition of surfaces after exposure to brine and oil, but there is a limit to the amount of information that can be deduced from contact angles in such nonideal conditions. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to observe mica surfaces treated with a series of crude oils that produce a wide range of wetting conditions—water-advancing contact angles on these surfaces vary from water-wet to oil-wet. In the most water-wet case, the only adsorbed features appear to be small, water-wet particles that are probably inorganic. All of the other oils deposited organic coatings, with varying thickness, morphology, and durability. Weakly water-wet systems exhibited many surface features, but the waitings tended to be unstable and to detach from the surface, especially during AFM scanning in water. The most oil-wet systems exhibited thick, stable organic coatings that were not disturbed by AFM scanning.
Playing at Colonization: Interpreting Imaginary Landscapes in the Video Game Tropico

This article coins the term gamescape to offer a way of thinking about the implications of the way in which landscape in video games is actively constructed within a particular ideological framewor...
Keratinocyte chemoattractant (interleukin-8) regulation of sinonasal cilia function in a murine model†‡

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis is a multifactorial disease characterized by a local inflammatory response and impaired mucociliary clearance. Our prior work suggests that nonpolypoid inflammation can blunt ciliary dynamics. Thus, we set out to determine whether exogenously applied recombinant keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), mouse homologue of interleukin-8 (IL-8), modulates ciliary function. Methods: Murine primary sinonasal cultures were established in an air–liquid interface. Exogenous KC was administered to apical and basal surfaces at 500 pg/mL (n = 6) or 5 ng/mL (n = 3). Basal and stimulated cilia beat frequency (CBF) was recorded at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after exposure. Control groups were treated with buffered saline solution (n = 6). Cilia were mechanically stimulated with bursts of pressurized air (55 mmHg). CBF after prolonged KC exposure (96 hours) was also measured. Results: KC-treated cultures had significantly increased basal CBF at 24 hours and 48 hours. KC (500 pg/mL) yielded a 41.6% ± 9.5 increase in basal CBF (p < 0.001) at 24 hours, which persisted at 48 hours, 35.8% ± 10.2 (p < 0.05), while high-concentration KC (5 ng/mL) yielded a 50.2% ± 6.6 (p < 0.01) increase in basal CBF at 24 hours, which declined to 15.2% ± 5.2 (p < 0.01) at 48 hours. After 48 hours, the KC group demonstrated decreased response to mechanical stimulus vs control (500 pg/mL: p < 0.01, 5 ng/mL: p ≤ 0.04). With prolonged KC exposure (500 pg/mL) CBF declined: −25.5% ± 6.9 (p < .001) at 72 hours, and −19.6% ± 5.4 (p < 0.01) at 96 hours. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate modulation of cilia function of murine sinonasal epithelial cells by the inflammatory cytokine KC, which acutely increases basal CBF while decreasing the response of cilia to mechanical stimulation. Prolonged KC exposure decreases basal CBF. © 2011 ARS-AAOA, LLC.
Perturbations of an Arbitrary Spherically Symmetric Metric

RECENT discoveries of unusual astrophysical objects, such as pulsars and quasars, have given renewed impetus to the development of general relativistic astrophysics, of which a survey is found in ref. 1. In particular, the gravitational collapse of massive bodies has been extensively studied in the past few years2. Most of this work has been done under the simplifying assumption of spherical symmetry. This assumption negates the possibility of studying such topics as the influence of rotation upon the rate of collapse and gravitational radiation during collapse. Some studies of these topics have been undertaken for very special types of perturbation of spherical symmetry3. On the other hand, a good beginning has been made in the study of arbitrary first-order perturbations around static spherically symmetric equilibrium states4.
Connections between the pulvinar nucleus and the prestriate cortex in the squirrel monkey as revealed by peroxidase histochemistry and autoradiography.

Summary Connections between the pulvinar nucleus and the dorsolateral prestriate cortex in the squirrel monkeys were demonstrated by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and orthograde transport of tritiated leucine ([3H]L) in two sets of animals. The HRP experiments showed that a significant portion of both the inferior (PuI) and lateral (PuL) subdivisions of the pulvinar nucleus project to the dorsolateral prestriate cortex. The labeled cells form laminae or slabs which extend in a rostroventrolateral to caudodorsomedial direction, parallel to the external surface of PuI and PuL respectively. The lateral and medial slabs in both PuI and PuL differ in that large labeled neurons are prominently found within the lateral slabs, whereas the medial slabs are composed mainly of densely packed medium-sized neurons (PuL) or small neurons (PuI). There is continuity between the medial slab in PuL and that in PuI so that functionally these two subdivisions may be more closely related than has previously been recognized. The autoradiographic experiments also revealed a laminar or slab-like pattern of distribution of corticopulvinar projections that span again in a rostroventrolateral to caudodorsomedial direction, thus complementing the laminar distribution of pulvinocortical cells. Each slab is interpreted as a composite of rostrolateral to caudomedially oriented parallel columns of labels following a dorsal to ventral row of injections in the dorsal prestriate cortex. The relationship between the prestriate cortex and PuI-PuL complex is topographical, reciprocal and well-organized. This study points to the importance of PuL, in addition to PuI, as a vital subcortical visual center mediating a thalamoprestriate pathway that is parallel to the primary geniculostriate pathway.
Infrared spectroscopic measurements of CO2 and H2O in Juan de Fuca Ridge basaltic glasses

Dissolved H_2O and CO_2 contents in basaltic glasses from the Juan de Fuca Ridge and neighboring seamounts were determined by infrared spectroscopy. CO_2 contents range from about 45 to 360 ppm by weight, with carbonate ion complexes the only detectable form of dissolved carbon. Samples erupted at a given depth exhibit a large range in dissolved CO_2 contents that we interpret to be the result of variable amounts of degassing. The lowest CO_2 contents at each depth are in reasonable agreement with the experimentally determined CO_2 solubility curve for basalt at low pressures. All glasses with CO_2 values higher than the experimentally determined solubility at the eruption depth are oversaturated because of incomplete degassing. The highest CO_2 contents are spatially associated with the local topographic highs for each ridge segment. Lavas from relatively deep areas may have had greater opportunity to degas during ascent from a magma chamber or during lateral flow in dikes or seafloor lava flows. The highest observed CO_2 concentrations are from the axial seamount and lead to an estimate of a minimum depth to the magma chamber of 2.7 km beneath the ridge axis. H_2O contents vary from 0.07 to 0.48 wt.%, with hydroxyl groups the only detectable form of dissolved water. Water contents correlate positively with FeO^*/MgO and the highest water contents are found in the incompatible element-enriched Endeavour segment lavas. Variations in ratios of water to other incompatible elements suggest that water has a bulk partition coefficient similar to La during partial melting (D ∼ 0.01).
Exploring the public understanding of basic genetic concepts.

It is predicted that the rapid acquisition of new genetic knowledge and related applications during the next decade will have significant implications for virtually all members of society. Currently, most people get exposed to information about genes and genetics only through stories publicized in the media. We sought to understand how individuals in the general population used and understood the concepts of “genetics” and “genes.” During in-depth one-on-one telephone interviews with adults in the United States, we asked questions exploring their basic understanding of these terms, as well as their belief as to the location of genes in the human body. A wide range of responses was received. Despite conversational familiarity with genetic terminology, many noted frustration or were hesitant when trying to answer these questions. In addition, some responses reflected a lack of understanding about basic genetic science that may have significant implications for broader public education measures in genetic literacy, genetic counseling, public health practices, and even routine health care.
NURBs for Robot Manipulator Trajectory Generation

Modern applications of automation and robotic technologies require increasingly sophisticated control systems. One of the areas in which the control of these robotic systems can be improved is the generation of motion trajectories. We demonstrate that Non-Uniform Rational B-splines (NURBs) can be successfully adapted for use in producing trajectories for 6-DOF manipulators. We also discuss a methodology for fitting such splines to arbitrary geometries allowing for the generation of paths in cases where it is difficult or impossible to do so using less sophisticated methods. We demonstrate these techniques in simulation, where they are applied to a pair of complex industrial tasks. Several important properties of NURBs which offer advantages not present in other methods are also discussed. We conclude by discussing the future research needed to bring this technique to maturity, and potential opportunities that may be realized in its adoption.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Authenticity, Technique and Utilization of Personal Flairs

Summary.-The relationship between authenticity and technique is examined. The use of technique is not inconsistent with authenticity bur finds its proper place as a vehicle for the employment of personal flairs and characteristic modes of effectiveness. It has been suggested by some researchers (e.g., Dreyfus, 1967; Truax, 1966) that genuineness or authenticity on the part of the therapist rather than the proper application of a methodology, is the essential variable underlying effective therapy. The case for authenticity has been presented so strongly [a comprehensive review of the research in this area can be found in Carkhuff and Berenson (1967) and Truax and Carkhuff (1967)], in fact, as to raise serious doubts in some minds about the efficacy or necessity of technique and training. This tendency to minimize training and technique seems to be based on a false assumption and a false distinction. The false assumption is that authenticity is a quality which comes naturally-that being authentic is simply a matter of being one's spontaneous self. Perhaps in other days or ocher lands the assumption might hold true. But certainly not in our complex and highly sophisticated society where the average individual is daily called upon to play several-sometimes conflicting-roles. "To be that self that one truly is" as Kierkegaard described the authentic person is a difficult task in a consumer oriented culture devoted to packaging personalities as well as products. Becoming authentic means shedding the masks we have acquired over the years and finding the self we have lost in the process of acculturation. Most Americans, would-be-counselors included, need trainicg and practice in being authentic: it just doesn't come naturally.
Religion, world view and the nurse: results of a quantitative survey among Flemish palliative care nurses.

Aims: To study the religious or ideological views and practices of palliative care nurses. Method: An anonymous questionnaire was sent to all nurses (n=589) employed in palliative care in Flanders, Belgium. A total of 70.5% of the nurses (n=415) responded. Results: Four meaningful factors were found: the ideological dimension, the intellectual dimension, the ritualistic dimension, and the experiential dimension. Five religious or ideological clusters were found: atheists/agnostics (n=66, 18.3%), ‘doubters’ (n=64, 17.8%), church-going respondents (n=106, 29.4%), religious but not church-going respondents (n=64, 17.8%), and devout church-going respondents (n=60, 16.7%). Older nurses were more committed to the teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Many nurses take the freedom to compose their own religious or ideological identity. Conclusion: A large majority of the nurses are interested in religious issues. Yet, their attitude toward religion and world view is noncommittal.