cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Self-Assembly in the Abstract Tile Assembly Model with ISU TAS

Since its introduction by Erik Winfree in 1998, the abstract Tile Assembly Model (aTAM) has inspired a wealth of research. As an abstract model for tile based self-assembly, it has proven to be remarkably powerful and expressive in terms of the structures which can self-assemble within it. As research has progressed in the aTAM, the self-assembling structures being studied have become progressively more complex. This increasing complexity, along with a need for standardization of definitions and tools among researchers, motivated the development of the Iowa State University Tile Assembly Simulator (ISU TAS). ISU TAS is a graphical simulator and tile set editor for designing and building 2-D and 3-D aTAM tile assembly systems and simulating their self-assembly. This paper reviews the features and functionality of ISU TAS and describes how it can be used to further research into the complexities of the aTAM. Software and source code are available at this http URL
Versos que violentan historias: Daniel Sada y el corrido de Rosita Alvírez

A lo largo del siglo XX, el popular corrido mexicano de Rosita Alvirez ha fijado una imagen arquetipica de la mujer desobediente, como se observa en una serie de recreaciones musicales y filmicas. Tomando en cuenta un amplio bagaje cultural en torno a este corrido, el articulo analiza las maneras en que Daniel Sada, en su cuento hibrido ‘El gusto por los bailes’, reformula comportamientos e instituciones, valores morales, creencias y patrones sociales propios de Mexico. En lugar de repetir la historia de siempre, Sada la llena de problematicas interrogantes y la actualiza con la violencia (real y estetica) de un ambito contemporaneo. Empleando su consabida riqueza verbal y silencios elocuentes, Sada deshace la pasividad de Rosita en un cuento que tambien es poesia, cancion y fabula. Al trazar este proceso de rearticulacion artistica, el autor nos invita a repensar en la tradicion mexicana y la tragedia, en los mitos y la discriminacion de genero, en las muertes injustas, o en las heridas que las leyendas ...
Neuroregulation of Appetite

This chapter reviews current literature on hormonal and neural signals critical for the regulation of individual meals and body fat. Body weight is regulated via an ongoing process called energy homeostasis, or the long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure. Reductions from an individual’s “normal” weight due to lack of sufficient food lowers levels of adiposity signals (leptin and insulin) reaching the brain from the blood, activates anabolic hormones that stimulate food intake, and decreases the efficacy of meal-generated signals (such as cholecystokinin or CCK) that normally reduce meal size. A converse sequence of events happens when individuals gain weight, adiposity signals are increased, catabolic hormones are stimulated, and the consequence is a reduction in food intake and a normalization of body weight. The brain also functions as a “fuel sensor” and thereby senses nutrients and generates signals and activation of neuronal systems and circuits that regulate energy homeostasis. This chapter focuses on how these signals are received and integrated by the central nervous system (CNS).
Semi-automatic fault localization

One of the most expensive and time-consuming components of the debugging process is locating the errors or faults. To locate faults, developers must identify statements involved in failures and select suspicious statements that might contain faults. In practice, this localization is done by developers in a tedious and manual way, using only a single execution, targeting only one fault, and having a limited perspective into a large search space. The thesis of this research is that fault localization can be partially automated with the use of commonly available dynamic information gathered from test-case executions in a way that is effective, efficient, tolerant of test cases that pass but also execute the fault, and scalable to large programs that potentially contain multiple faults. The overall goal of this research is to develop effective and efficient fault localization techniques that scale to programs of large size and with multiple faults. There are three principle steps performed to reach this goal: (1) Develop practical techniques for locating suspicious regions in a program; (2) Develop techniques to partition test suites into smaller, specialized test suites to target specific faults; and (3) Evaluate the usefulness and cost of these techniques. In this dissertation, the difficulties and limitations of previous work in the area of fault-localization are investigated. These investigations informed the development of a new technique, called Tarantula, that addresses some key limitations of prior work in the area, namely effectiveness, efficiency, and practicality. Empirical evaluation of the Tarantula technique shows that it is efficient and effective for many faults. The evaluation also demonstrates that the Tarantula technique can loose effectiveness as the number of faults increases. To address the loss of effectiveness for programs with multiple faults, supporting techniques have been developed and are presented. The empirical evaluation of these supporting techniques demonstrates that they can enable effective fault localization in the presence of multiple faults. A new mode of debugging, called parallel debugging, is developed and empirical evidence demonstrates that it can provide a savings in terms of both total expense and time to delivery. A prototype visualization is provided to display the fault-localization results as well as to provide a method to interact and explore those results. Lastly, a study on the effects of the composition of test suites on fault-localization is presented.
Algorithms for intersecting parametric and algebraic curves

The problem of computing the intersection of parametric and algebraic curves arises in many applications of computer graphics, geometric and solid modeling. Previous algorithms are based on techniques from Elimination theory or subdivision and iteration. The former is however, restricted to low degree curves. This is mainly due to issues of efficiency and numerical stability. In this paper we use Elimination theory and express the resultant of the equations of intersection as a matrix determinant. The matrix itself rather than its symbolic determinant, a polynomial, is used as representation. The algorithm for intersection corresponds to substituting the other equation to construct an equivalent matrix such that the intersection points can be extracted from the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the latter. Moreover, the algebraic and geometric multiplicities of eigenvalues give us information about the intersection (multiplicity, tangential intersection etc.). As a result we are able to accurately compute high order intersections in most cases. The main advantage of this approach lies in its efficiency and robustness. Moreover, the numerical accuracy of these operations is well understood. For almost all cases we are able to compute accurate answers in 64 bit IEEE floating point arithmetic.
Location and the effect of demographic traits on earnings

Abstract With mobile workers and competitive markets, equilibrium nominal wage rates rise with the local cost of living but fall with the value of local amenities. Earnings and wage regressions that ignore such effects may suffer from omitted variable bias because observed education and demographic attributes affect both worker skill levels and location choice. Geographic fixed effects can be used to control for unobserved locational attributes provided that their scope is at least as narrow as the underlying labor markets, but not so narrow as to introduce simultaneity problems arising from the endogenous choice of location on the basis of income. Estimates from the 1985–1989 American Housing Survey suggest that SMSA-level fixed effects control for unobserved locational attributes without introducing simultaneity problems. In addition, failure to control for location leads to biased estimates of the effect of important demographic characteristics.
Post-dispersal seed fates of four prairie species

After dispersal, seeds can germinate and establish as seedlings, persist as seeds, or die. Knowledge of these three seed fates is crucial for understanding the abundance and distribution of plant populations and ultimately, community composition and diversity. Few studies, however, have simultaneously measured these fates, while also examining the factors causing mortality. The goal of this research was to simultaneously quantify the three seed fates and factors causing death (predation and fungal disease) for four species found in prairies in western Oregon, USA. The most common seed fate for the four study species was death (44‐80%). Fungal disease, which has seldom been quantified in natural ecosystems, generally caused less than 10% mortality for each of the four species. Vertebrate predation substantially reduced seed numbers only for Bromus carinatus(21%). Of the unmeasured mortality factors, indirect evidence showed invertebrate predation was a cause of death for seeds of only one species, Prunella vulgaris. In addition, competitive pressures caused seedling death for only the two grass species, Bromus carinatus and Cynosurus echinatus. Survival as established seedlings was generally much more common than survival as persistent seed, with the exception of Daucus carota, in which 14% of the sown seeds persisted the first year.
Inhibition of calmodulin activity by insect venom peptides

Abstract Several peptides found in insect venom, including melittin, apamin and mastoparan, inhibited the activity of calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase at concentrations that had no appreciable effect on basal phosphodiesterase activity; the Ki, value of melittin for inhibiting calmodulin activity was 30 nM. Acetylation of the peptides reduced their inhibitory effect on calmodulin, suggesting that a net positive charge was an important determinant of anti-calmodulin activity. An examination of other structural features of these peptides suggested that the most potent inhibitors of calmodulin had an α-helical conformation. Equilibrium dialysis experiments showed that melittin inhibited the calcium-dependent binding of 3H-chlorpromazine to calmodulin ( ic 50 0.9 μM); kinetic analyses of these data indicated that this inhibition was non-competitive, suggesting that melittin and chlorpromazine act at different sites on calmodulin. Since calmodulin regulates a number of processes that these peptides inhibit, our results raise the possibility that the inhibition of calmodulin activity by these insect venom peptides may explain some of their biochemical or toxicological effects.
Plasticity in intact Aδ- and C-fibers contributes to cold hypersensitivity in neuropathic rats

Cold hypersensitivity is a common sensory abnormality accompanying peripheral neuropathies and is difficult to treat. Progress has been made in understanding peripheral mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain but little is known concerning peripheral mechanisms of cold hypersensitivity. The aim of this study was to analyze the contribution of uninjured primary afferents to the cold hypersensitivity that develops in neuropathic rats. Rats with a lumbar 5 (L5) and L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL, Chung model) but not sham, developed mechanical allodynia, evidenced by decreased paw withdrawal thresholds and increased magnitude of response to von Frey stimulation. Cold hypersensitivity also developed in SNL but not sham rats, evidenced by enhanced nociceptive behaviors induced by placement on a cold plate (6 degrees C) or application of icilin (a transient receptor potential M8 (TRPM8)/transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) receptor agonist) to nerve-injured hind paws. Single fiber recordings demonstrated that the mean conduction velocities of intact L4 cutaneous A delta- and C-fibers were not different between naive and SNL rats; however, mechanical thresholds of the A delta- but not the C-fibers were significantly decreased in SNL compared with naive. There was a higher prevalence of C-mechanoheat-cold (CMHC) fibers in SNL compared with naive, but the overall percentage of cold-sensitive C-fibers was not significantly increased compared with naive. This was in contrast to the numerous changes in A delta-fibers: the percentage of L4 cold sensitive A delta-, but not C-fibers, was significantly increased, the percentage of L4 icilin-sensitive A delta-, but not C-fibers, was significantly increased, the icilin-induced activity of L4 A delta-, but not C-fibers, was significantly increased. Icilin-induced activity was blocked by the TRPA1 antagonist Ruthenium Red. The results indicate plasticity in both A delta- and C-uninjured fibers, but A delta fibers appear to provide a major contribution to cold hypersensitivity in neuropathic rats.
Unsupervised segmentation of textured images

Abstract In this paper, a new unsupervised segmentation algorithm for textured images is developed. The proposed algorithm utilizes the characteristic of the Markov random fields (MRF) for modeling the contextual information embedded in image formation. Textured images are regarded as realizations of the stationary Gaussian MRF on a two-dimensional square lattice, and are modeled by the conditional autoregressive (CAR) equations with a second-order noncausal neighborhood. A hypothesis test over two radially masked areas is involved in our algorithm to detect the location of boundaries. The hypothesis assumes that these two areas belong to the same class of textures, and CAR model parameters are estimated in a minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) sense. The hypothesis is tested by the analysis of variance (ANOVA)-like technique, and if it is rejected, a measure of dissimilarity is accumulated on the rejected area. This approach produces potential edge maps. From these maps, the boundaries among various textures can be detected without microedges. The performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by some experiments using real textures as well as synthetic ones. The experiments show that the proposed algorithm can produce satisfactory segmentation without any a priori information.
A novel use of U-500 insulin for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in patients with insulin resistance: a case series.

Objective: To report our experience with use of U-500 regular insulin (U-500) for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in four patients with type 2 diabetes requiring high-dose insulin. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of medical records of four patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance who were using U-500 in a CSII regimen for at least 6 months. Before treatment conversion, two patients were receiving CSII with use of insulin lispro, and two were receiving multiple daily insulin injections. Clinical assessment was monitored with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Changes in the insulin volume administered and associated cost savings are analyzed. Results: Three months after conversion to U-500 therapy, the average HbA1c decreased from 10.8% to 7.6%. By 6 months, it declined further to 7.3%. With use of U-500, the absolute volume of insulin infused per day decreased by at least fourfold. This volume reduction led to potential cost savings for insulin of up to $2,600...
Projective reconstruction of approximately planar scenes

The fundamental theorem of projective geometry states that the transformation mapping coplanar points from an object onto an image plane can be determined given the correspondence between four or more object points and their projections in the image. This theorem can be used to predict where other features in the object plane will appear in the image, and conversely, to project new image features back onto the object plane. In this paper we examine what happens when these mathematical results are applied to real-world data containing random sensor noise and deviations from coplanarity.
Response of four winter wheat cultivars to triallate

Genetic variation among four winter wheat cultivars for response to treatment with triallate was examined. The cultivars showed differential tolerance based on stand count, however, differential tolerance was not seen for any of the other traits examined including visual score, and the mature plant traits, tiller count and yield. Significant effects due to increasing the rate of chemical were observed. An increase in yield was seen at the 0.5 and 1.0 kg/ha rates of triallate. This yield increase was paralleled by trends toward increasing seed number/head and tiller number/unit area. The results indicate that the effect of triallate on wheat has two components. The first component, toxicity, is seen on all cultivars, but the extent of damage varies significantly among cultivars. The second component is positive and leads to an increase in yield without interacting significantly with genotype.
CHEMICAL INDUCTION OF TURIONS IN WOLFFIELLA FLORIDANA (J. D. SMITH) THOMPSON

SUMMARY Floating plants of Wolffiella floridana produced turions in modified Hutner's medium containing 3 % sucrose. This is the first report on the induction of turions in the genus Wolffiella.
Effect of topical bupivacaine on postoperative pain after laparoscopic tubal sterilization with Filshie clips.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate postoperative pain after the administration of topical bupivacaine during laparoscopic sterilization with Filshie clips. Study Design Sixty-three women who underwent laparoscopic tubal sterilization with Filshie clips were assigned randomly to receive topical bupivacaine or placebo. Presence of pain, pain intensity, nausea, vomiting, timing of request for pain medication, and pain medication requirements were assessed postoperatively. Results Patient demographics were similar between the 2 groups. Topical bupivacaine decreased the incidence ( P =.005) and intensity ( P =.028) of postoperative pain at 30 minutes. No differences in incidence or severity of pain were seen at hospital discharge or on postoperative day 1. Conclusion Topical bupivacaine that is applied to the fallopian tubes at the time of laparoscopic tubal sterilization with the Filshie clip decreases immediate postoperative pain.
The Depth of the Effective Plane in X-Ray Crystal Penetration.

In determining the value of 'h' by means of X-rays Blake and Duanel (p. 636) found out by experiment that the 'depth of the effective plane' was 0.203 mm. for the case of calcite, using X-rays of a wave-length 0.454 A. An attempt is made in this note to explain this theoretically. Call M the coefficient of true absorption and r the reflection coefficient. Suppose a parallel beam of X-rays strikes the crystal face at glancing angle 0. Then if Ao is the amplitude of the primary beam the total effect at the ionization chamber is the sum of the various reflections from all those planes of atoms that are able for any reason to play a part at the ionization chamber. Call the last plane of atoms that is thus effective the mth plane. Figure 1 will render the situation clear. Let AB-IJ represent the parallel beam of X-rays as determined by the slit-width s. The reflected beam bdf, for instance, is the sum of the various reflections at b, d, and f. Ray AB suffers partial reflection at A and arrives at a with amplitude Ao I -~d SC 0where it again suffers reflection. The reflected part has the amplitude rAo,I -'"sc at a and by the timeit gets to c its amplitude has been reduced to rAol -2d csc 0. Thus the total amplitude along any reflected ray bdf situated a distance x away from the first reflected ray AI is
Nonlinear response of the two-spotted spider mite to nitrogen stress in bean plants (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Abstract The fecundity of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, feeding on bush beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., which received different concentrations of nitrogen (from 0 to 160 parts per million) was measured. By planting beans in sand which contained nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium sp.) bean plants were allowed to develop root nodules. Using changes in plant biomass as a continuous measure of plant nitrogen stress, fecundity was greatest at intermediate nitrogen stress levels in experiments 1 and 2 while in experiment 3 fecundity generally declined with increasing stress. Amount of root nodulation increased with decreasing nitrogen concentration; initial development of nodules coincided with the peak in mite fecundity. Possible explanations for the nonlinear response curve are discussed.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvic floor in the postpartum patient

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to assess anatomical changes in the pelvic floor after childbirth. Six women underwent serial MRI examination within 30 hours and at 1 week, 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 6 months after delivery; 8 additional women were studied only within 30 hours of delivery. T-1 and T-2-weighted images of the pelvis in the transverse and sagittal planes with a 1.5-T MR imager were obtained. In the sagittal section we assessed the urethrovesical angle, urethral length, distance from the symphysis to the proximal and distal vagina, vaginal length, width and length of the sphincters, and the presence of sphincter defects. Axial sections were assessed for sphincter defects for the distance between the symphysis and midurethra, vagina and rectum. Only one parameter (distance between symphysis and distal vagina) changed significantly over time, without a clear trend in direction. Interobserver variation was reasonable (<15%) except for anal canal length, urethral length and distance between symphysis and anus. There were no significant correlations between birthweight and MRI parameters. There was a non-significant association (P=0.09) between the sole combined sphincter defect and rectal injury, but not with episiotomy or parity. We concluded that it is feasible to determine multiple measurements on MR images to evaluate structures of the pelvic floor.
Fatigue of a dual- phase steel

A study has been made of the fatigue of a V containing dual-phase steel, whose tensile strength is equivalent to that of SAE 980X high strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels, as a function of prestrain. It is found that the cyclic stress-strain curve, strain-life response and notch sensitivity are little affected by pre-strains of up to 8 pct: This is in contrast to monotonie flow strength which increases substantially with prestrain. The fatigue performance of the dual-phase steel, while different in detail from that of other HSLA steels, is intermediate between that for SAE 950X and 980X steels. However, the notch fatigue behavior is equivalent to that of 980X steels. The fatigue response of dual-phase steel can be understood in terms of its high rate of work hardening which is a consequence of its ferrite plus martensite microstructure.
Tight-binding models for hot dense hydrogen

In order to understand the structure and dynamics of hot dense hydrogen, a tight-binding model for hydrogen is developed by fitting the energies of the hydrogen molecule and various crystal structures of solid hydrogen. Pair correlation functions and self-diffusion coefficients obtained from tight-binding molecular-dynamics simulations on relatively large systems for long time scales compare very well with density-functional molecular-dynamics results at various densities (0.1--3 g ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$) and temperatures (0.1--5 eV).
Hotline tip to probable cause: filling the gap between suspicion and physical abuse findings for mandated reporters.

Almost all care managers are mandated reporters and as such they are responsible for reporting suspected cases of child abuse or neglect to state child protective services. Experienced case managers understand that making a call to an abuse hotline does not guarantee that the family or child will get the help that they believe will reduce the child's risk of abuse. This article addresses legal and policy aspects of reporting child maltreatment and will include an examination of the policies on mandated reporting and professional and legal definitions of abuse. It will define the fundamental elements of parents' rights and will demonstrate how those rights interface with governments' responsibilities to protect children. It will also identify ways in which care managers can enhance child risk assessments and the results of reporting suspected child abuse through planning facilitation, outcome, and professional development. Language: en
An efficient solution of the firing mob problem

Abstract An efficient solution of the firing mob problem, which is the generalization of the well-known “firing squad synchronization” problem to finite bounded-degree networks, is presented. First, a method of synchronizing tree-connected networks is given. This method is extended to general networks. The total synchronization time is 3.5r where r is the radius of the network. No solution can work in time less than 3r on all networks. Moreover, it is shown why our solution will approach this value in the limit case when the number of states used becomes arbitrarily large.
Glutamic dehydrogenase from rat heart mitochondria. I: Purification and physical properties including molecular weight determination

Glutamic dehydrogenase extracted with tris buffer from fresh freeze-thawed rat heart mitochondria was purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation, affinity chromatography on GTP agarose, hydroxyapatite chromatography and concentration using a molecular sieve. The final specific activity is 80 units/mg protein. Thin gel SDS electrophoresis of the purified enzyme preparation after reduction with dithiothreitol shows a major band with a molecular weight of 38 000 Daltons. Two minor bands are also present. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation reveals a molecular weight of 230 000 Daltons for unreduced mitochondrial GDH activity. By gel filtration rat heart mitochondrial glutamic dehydrogenase has a major peak at 230 000 Daltons, a minor peak at 300 000 Daltons and some larger molecular weight species. Rat liver mitochondrial glutamic dehydrogenase has a minor peak at 230 000, a major peak at 300 000 and some larger molecular weight species. The rat liver mitochondrial glutamic dehydrogenase predominance at 300 000 is unchanged by incubation, extraction and purification with rat heart mitochondria. The purified GDH is stable frozen at -10 degrees C in tris-HCl buffer with EDTA. It loses activity at 4 degrees C especially when stored in 0.2 M phosphate buffer. It also loses activity when dialyzed for 24 h. This loss of activity is not completely prevented by adding nucleotides to the buffer (AMP or ADP) but is decreased by their presence.
Bayesian nonparametric model selection and model testing

Abstract This article examines a Bayesian nonparametric approach to model selection and model testing, which is based on concepts from Bayesian decision theory and information theory. The approach can be used to evaluate the predictive-utility of any model that is either probabilistic or deterministic, with that model analyzed under either the Bayesian or classical-frequentist approach to statistical inference. Conditional on an observed set of data, generated from some unknown true sampling density, the approach identifies the “best” model as the one that predicts a sampling density that explains the most information about the true density. Furthermore, in the approach, the decision is to reject a model when it does not explain enough information about the true density (according to a straightforward calibration of the Kullback–Leibler divergence measure). The posterior estimate of the true density is based on a Bayesian nonparametric prior that can give positive support to the entire space of sampling densities (defined on some sample space). This article also discusses the theoretical and practical advantages of the Bayesian nonparametric approach over all other types of model selection procedures, and over any model testing procedure that depends on interpreting a p -value. Finally, the Bayesian nonparametric approach is illustrated on four real data sets, in the comparison and testing of order-constrained models, cognitive models, models of choice-behavior, and a test of a general psychometric model.
Bionectriol A, a polyketide glycoside from the fungus Bionectria sp. associated with the fungus-growing ant, Apterostigma dentigerum

A new polyketide glycoside, bionectriol A (1), was produced by a fungal culture of Bionectria sp., which was isolated from a fungus garden of the fungus-growing ant Apterostigma dentigerum, in Costa Rica. The structure of bionectriol A was determined mainly through NMR and mass spectroscopic data, as well as UV and IR spectra. The relative configurations of the main chain, the pyranohexose, and the pentitol moiety were elucidated by (1)H-(1)H coupling constants and ROESY NMR spectral analysis.
A Schwarz-Christoffel Method for Generating Two-Dimensional Flow Grids

A new coordinate generation technique, developed by Davis for external flows, is extended to allow for accurate grid generation for a variety of complex internal flow configurations. The approach is based on numerical integration of the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation for polygonal surfaces. It is shown to be second-order accurate with mesh size due to analytic treatment of boundary singularities. The method is flexible enough to allow for treatment of severe internal geometries, for a high degree of control of mesh spacing, and for generation of either orthogonal or nonorthogonal grids. In addition, this technique directly provides the two-dimensional incompressible potential flow solution for internal flows, as well as a simple expression for calculating the grid metric coefficients. Sample cases include symmetric and asymmetric channel, diffuser, and cascade flows.
Alternative extraction effects on the free fatty acids and phosph in oil from damaged and undamaged soybeans

By varying the extracting conditions, it may be possible to produce high-quality, low-phosphorus and low-free fatty acid (FFA) oil extracted from water or mechanically damaged soybeans. The variability in phospholipids and FFA was studied in oil extracted by an alternative process from undamaged, damaged and aged soybeans subjected to various changes. Forrest and Hutcheson cultivars were used, and extractions were from finely ground flour rather than from flakes. Freezing caused the maximum increase in FFA and phosphorus levels compared to other levels in damaged or undamaged soybeans, but the levels were reasonable compared to flake extraction. Phosphorus and FFA increased when storage temperatures went from 25 to 45°C, extraction temperatures from 25 to 50°C and moisture of the flour from 6 to 10%. However, the storage time of soybeans with initially high moisture (20%) did not have a marked influence on FFA and phosphorus levels. Immediately after grinding moisture of the flour elevated or lowered the phosphorus level to a great extent, although it had little influence on the FFA level. Phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine were identified as the main phospholipids present when total phosphorus was low in extracted oil. The time taken for the flour to dry to 6% moisture (after grinding and before it was extracted) was critical. The alternative extraction process moderated the expected increase in FFA and phospholipids as the result of soybean damage.
Inquiry into intentional systems I: Issues in ecological physics

The role of intention in guiding the behavior of goal-directed systems is a problem that continues to challenge behavioral science. While it is generally agreed that intentional systems must be consistent with the laws of physics, there are many obvious differences between inanimate, physical systems and sentient, intentional systems. This suggests that there must be constraints over and above those of physics that govern goal-directed behavior. In this paper it is suggested that generic properties of self-organizing mechanisms may play a central role in the origin and evolution of intentional constraints. The properties of self-organizing systems are first introduced in the context of simple physical systems and then extended to a complex (biological) system. Whereas behavior of an inanimate physical system is lawfully determined by force fields, behavior of an animate biological system is lawfully specified by information fields. Biological systems are distinguished from simple physical systems in terms of their ubiquitous use of information fields as special (biological and psychological, social, etc.) boundary conditions on classical laws. Unlike classical constraints (boundary conditions), informational constraints can vary with time and state of the system. Because of the nonstationarity of the boundary conditions, the dynamic of the system can follow a complex trajectory that is organized by a set of spatially and temporally distributed equilibrium points or regions. It is suggested that this equilibrium set and the laws that govern its transformation define a minimal requirement for an intentional system. One of the benefits of such an approach is that it suggests a realist account for the origin of semantic predicates, thereby providing a basis for the development of a theory of symbolic dynamics. Therefore, the principles of self-organization provide a comprehensive basis for investigating intentional systems by suggesting how it is that intentions arise, and by providing a lawful basis for intentional behavior that reveals how organisms become and remain lawfully informed in the pursuit of their goals.
Effects of Rayleigh-scattering polarization on reflected intensity: a fast and accurate approximation method for atmospheres with aerosols

Solar radiation reflected by the atmospheres of Neptune and Uranus is dominated by Rayleigh scattering at visible wavelengths, and thus subject to the effects of polarization. Ignoring these effects can lead to errors in reflected intensity of more than 9% in a clear atmosphere. But solving the full vector equation of transfer is computationally very costly, forcing approximations with limitations that are not well understood and not generally applicable to spatially resolved observations and complex atmospheric structures. Using accurate vector radiation transfer calculations, it is here shown that differences between vector and scalar results near zero phase angle have systematic dependencies on optical depth, single scattering albedo, and angle, that provide a basis for accurate approximation of the reflected intensities. With little computational cost, it is possible to calculate corrected spatially resolved scalar intensities that closely match vector intensities, with individual errors rarely exceeding 1%, and mean and RMS errors generally within a few tenths of 1%. The correction method accounts for the attenuating effects of clouds and molecular absorption.
3D Multi-isotope Imaging Mass Spectrometry Reveals Penetration of 18O-Trehalose in Mouse Sperm Nucleus

The prevalence of genetically engineered mice in medical research has led to ever increasing storage costs. Trehalose has a significant beneficial effect in preserving the developmental potential of mouse sperm following partial desiccation and storage at temperatures above freezing. Using multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry, we are able to image and measure trehalose in individual spermatozoa. We provide the first evidence that trehalose penetrates the nucleus of a mammalian cell, permitting tolerance to desiccation. These results have broad implications for long-term storage of mammalian cells.
WOMEN AND KADDISH: REFLECTIONS ON RESPONSA

When the mother of Henrietta Szold died, a male friend volunteered to recite kaddish, the memorial prayer, since customarily women were exempted from doing so. Szold's reply clearly articulates some of the issues to be dealt with here: woman as autonomous person, woman as public person, woman as mourner within the tradition, woman's relationship to the tradition. Here is Szold's response to the unsolicited offer.
Feeding by Reticulitermes spp. on Radiation-Processed Wood-Plastic Combinations

Eastern subterranean termites, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), reared under controlled laboratory conditions, did not attack wood samples containing polymethyl methacrylate or a co-polymer of polymethyl methacrylate and polymethacrylic acid. They did severely damage wood samples treated with polyvinyl acetate. Termites failed to increase on impregnated wood. The reproduction rate was increased somewhat when they were fed untreated wood and increased still further when they were fed untreated-irradiated wood. Field tests with Reticulitermes sp. at the Wood Products Insect Laboratory, Gulfport, Mississippi, of woods containing polyvinyl methacrylate, and non-treated controls gave comparable results.
The clear cell adenocarcinoma of the colon: case report and review of the literature

Primary clear cell adenocarcinoma of the colon is a rare oncological entity. We report a case of such a tumor in the left colonic flexure of an 89-year-old patient who was treated surgically in our Department. We also review published cases which include primary colonic clear cell formations. The patient sustained a segmental resection of the region [pT2 N0 (0/12) M0]. Histochemical examination indicated a primary clear cell colonic adenocarcinoma. The patient was discharged in good health but died from his disease 2 years later. Primary clear cell colonic adenocarcinoma is found exclusively in the left colon and generally in elderly men. From the few cases that have been published it is not possible to estimate the oncological impact of this tissue. Even in advanced age surgical resection is the mainstay of the recommended treatment.
Dynamic fracture test of metal thin films deposited on an insulating substrate by a high current pulse method

Abstract In this paper we describe a novel technique for determining the dynamic fracture strength of metal thin films deposited on an insulating substrate by flowing through the films a high current pulse of short duration. Examples are provided with the films of high conductivity materials such as aluminum, copper, gold and silver, which were all deposited on a fused quartz disk. The high current flow heats the film, which is then loaded with thermal stresses caused by a mismatch of thermal expansions of the film and substrate materials. On heating, the thin film is subjected to a state of triaxial compression. Among the film materials tested, copper shows the toughest fracture strength and gold the weakest. The fracture strengths of silver and aluminum films lie between those of the gold and copper films.
Human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infections in older children with cystic fibrosis

Background: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has been isolated from children with acute respiratory infection worldwide. Its epidemiology remains to be defined in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). We describe the epidemiology and clinical impact of hMPV in CF children and compared it to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Methods: CF children ages 7–18 years were studied prospectively during the 1998–1999 RSV season. Nasopharyngeal specimens were collected during acute respiratory illnesses and tested for respiratory viruses. Blood specimens were drawn early, mid, and end of the RSV season, and tested for serological evidence of hMPV and RSV infections. Rates of lower respiratory tract illnesses (LRTI) and hospitalizations for pulmonary exacerbations were compared during the time intervals they developed serological evidence of infection to their non-infection intervals. Results: Six of 44 CF children had a virus positive respiratory illness in 56 LTRI events and 18 hospitalizations. Serological evidence of hMPV and RSV infections occurred in 16 and 20 CF children, respectively; 8 had infections with both viruses. A greater proportion of CF children had ≥1 LRTI during their infection intervals compared to their non-infection intervals (13/25 vs. 5/25; P = 0.03). A trend for higher rates of LRTI was observed in the infection intervals compared to non-infection intervals (9.5 ± 11.0 vs. 4.2 ± 9.9 per 1,000 child-days; P = 0.06), and it was significantly greater with a more conservative estimate (one event per child per interval; 7.4 ± 7.7 vs. 2.6 ± 5.4 per 1,000 child-days; P ≤0.01). No differences in hospitalizations rates were detected. Conclusion: The infection rates and clinical impact observed for hMPV were comparable to that for RSV in CF children 7–18 years of age. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:66–74. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Promoting active participation in book reading for preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A preliminary study

A common literacy practice in early childhood classrooms is reading aloud to children. Little is known, however, about the quality of engagement in shared reading activities for young children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Dialogic reading is one method of shared reading in which adults encourage children to actively participate in the reading process by asking them a variety of questions while reading a book. The current study used a multiple baseline design across participants to examine the effect of a dialogic reading intervention on book reading participation for three preschool boys with ASD. Compared to baseline book readings, dialogic book reading resulted in increased rates of child verbal participation and longer duration spent engaged with printed materials. Based on these preliminary findings we suggest that this reading strategy may be a promising practice for early childhood educators that warrants further exploration.
Timing and distribution of alluvial fan sedimentation in response to strengthening of late Holocene ENSO variability in the Sonoran Desert, southwestern Arizona, USA.

The integration of geomorphic mapping, soil stratigraphy, and radiocarbon dating of alluvial deposits offers insight to the timing, magnitude, and paleoclimatic context of Holocene fan sedimentation near Yuma, Arizona. Mapping of 3400 km2 indicates about 10% of the area aggraded in the late Holocene and formed regionally extensive alluvial fan and alluvial plain cut-and-fill terraces. Fan deposits have weakly developed gravelly soils and yielded a date of 3200–2950 cal yr BP from carbonized wood. Alluvial plain deposits have weakly developed buried sandy soils and provided a date of 2460–2300 cal yr BP from a terrestrial snail shell. Precipitation records were analyzed to form historical analogues to the late Holocene aggradation and to consider the role of climatic variability and extreme hydrologic events as drivers of the sedimentation. The historical precipitation record indicates numerous above-average events correlated to the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) in the region, but lacks any significant reactivation of alluvial fan surfaces. The timing of aggradation from 3200 to 2300 cal yr BP correlates well with other paleoclimatic proxy records in the southwestern U.S. and eastern Pacific region, which indicate an intensification of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climatic pattern and rapid climate change during this period.
Frequency of masturbation and time budgets of dairy bulls used for semen production

Abstract The behavior of nine Holstein bulls used for semen production was recorded on video tape and 1-min scan samples used to construct a time budget by hour of the day. Of particular interest was the sexual behavior of these bulls that were individually stalled in a barn with many other bulls. The bulls masturbated 1.4 ± 3 times per day or approximately once per 21 h, almost always in the early morning (05.00 h) and late afternoon (16.00 h). Flehmen occurred 3.2 ± 0.7 times per day or 0.2% of the time. The bulls spent 30.4 ± 3.4% of their time standing, 11 ± 1% eating, 0.8 ± 1% walking and 52 ± 2.8% lying. Ruminating occupied 28.3 ± 4.9% ( 2 3 lying, 1 3 standing) of their time. The remainder of their time was spent in miscellaneous activities including self-grooming, vocalizing, mouthing the pen and aggressing. The correlations between masturbation rate and the characteristics of semen collected via an artificial vagina were calculated. There was a significant positive correlation between the concentration of sperm per milliliter of ejaculate and rate of masturbation, but not between masturbation and age, libido score, semen volume or total number of sperm per ejaculate.
Paretic upper extremity movement gains are retained 3 months after training with an electrical stimulation neuroprosthesis.

Abstract Persch AC, Page SJ, Murray C. Paretic upper extremity movement gains are retained 3 months after training with an electrical stimulation neuroprosthesis. Objective To determine retention of upper extremity (UE) motor changes 3 months after participation in a regimen in which subjects with moderate UE hemiparesis engaged in repetitive task-specific training using an electrical stimulation neuroprosthesis (ESN). Design Prospective, blinded, cohort, pre-post study. Setting Outpatient rehabilitation hospital. Participants Individuals (N=24) in the chronic stage of stroke exhibiting stable UE hemiparesis (11 men; mean age, 57.9±9.5y; age range, 39–75y; mean time since stroke at time of repetitive task-specific practice [RTP] using ESN intervention start, 36.7mo; range of onset, 7–162mo). Intervention As part of a larger trial, subjects had been randomly assigned to receive an 8-week regimen comprised of RTP on valued activities using the ESN. This observational study assessed this single group's paretic UE motor levels immediately after, and 3 months after, the intervention. Main Outcome Measures The Fugl-Meyer (FM) assessment of sensorimotor impairment, the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), the Arm Motor Ability Test (AMAT), and the Box and Block Test (BBT). Results None of the scores significantly changed from the period directly after intervention to the test 3-months follow-up (FM: t =1.64; ARAT: t =2.17; AMAT: t =.76, .92, and 1.01 for the functional ability, quality of movement, and time scales, respectively; BBT: t =.36; adjusted t critical value to reject the null [ t crit ]=2.90, 2-tailed α=.008 to preserve experiment-wise error rate of .05). Conclusions Subjects exhibited no changes in the various functional tests, indicating that changes in paretic UE movement realized through RTP using ESN appear to be retained 3 months after the intervention has concluded. This was the first study to our knowledge to examine the longer-term effects of RTP using an ESN in any population.
Framework for Developing and Assessing Business Education Wikis

The use of Web 2.0 tools is becoming widespread in business education and educators are increasingly exploring the use of Blogs, Wikis, and Podcasts in their courses. For teaching and learning to be effective in new technology-based environments, there is a need to research and design Web 2.0 learning systems that are effective platforms for incorporating interactive tools to engage students in learning. Although Web 2.0 assignments are usually tailored to meet specific learning objectives of courses and instructions can be made available to students to address the technical nature of the environment, development and assessment of Web 2.0 assignments remains a challenge for most business educators. Using the context of wikis, this article proposes a framework for development and assessment of business education wikis to assist educators who want to explore the use of wikis in their courses.
Why Smart Executives Fail

The article presents a review of the book “Why Smart Executives Fail: And What You Can Learn From Their Mistakes,” by Sydney Finkelstein.