cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of intensity, water deprivation, prior water ingestion and palatability on drinking evoked by lateral hypothalamic electric stimulation.

Abstract Results of the present experiments provide some information concerning: (a) the relation between stimulus bound drinking (SBD) and intensity of electric stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus (LH); (b) the interaction between SBD, water deprivation and prior water ingestion; and (c) the effects of adding quinine and saccharin to the drinking water on SBD. Stimulus bound drinking increased as stimulus intensity was increased within limits. Effects of deprivation, prior drinking and volume ingested during SBD added algebraically. Water consumed prior to testing did not affect volume consumed or number of licks during SBD. Quinine flavored water depressed SBD whereas saccharin enhanced it significantly. Data were interpreted to provide support for the hypothesis that LH stimulation augments general motor excitability which in turn results in the elicitation of behavior dependent upon available environmental stimuli.
The effects of inspiratory intrathoracic pressure production on the cardiovascular response to submaximal exercise in health and chronic heart failure

We sought to determine whether the normal inspiratory intrathoracic pressures (PITP) produced during exercise contribute to the blunted cardiac output and locomotor limb blood flow responses observ...
Novel flat MIS electron emitter

The flat metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) electron emitter is a simple design allowing easy manufacture, and is relatively insensitive to environment conditions making operation possible in poor vacuum conditions. A stack of 5000 /spl Aring/ polysilicon/150 /spl Aring/ silicon oxide/50 /spl Aring/ gold deposited on n++ doped silicon showed the best performance. We have observed emission current densities as high as 2-10 A/cm/sup 2/ at efficiencies from 3-10%. The polysilicon serves a dual role. Bumps on the poly surface act as field-enhanced emission sites while the bulk of the film behaves as a ballast resistor that prevents run away emission from any one emission site. The thin gold layer self-assembles into a nano-mesh with >100 pores//spl mu/m/sup 2/ through which electrons escape. Emission theory, including energy distribution and angular divergence of the emitted beams, are discussed.
Affect and Cognitive Performance in High School Wrestlers Undergoing Rapid Weight Loss

Recent research has demonstrated transient affective changes and impairment of short-term memory in college wrestlers as a result of rapid weight loss (RWL) of at least 5% body weight prior to competition. This study examined the effects of RWL on cognition and affect in high school wrestlers. Wrestlers were considered to be engaging in RWL if they were losing over 5% of body weight (n = 14). Those losing less than 1% of body weight (n = 14) were considered maintainers and served as the control group. Both groups were given a battery of tests assessing cognitive performance (Trail Making Tests A & B, Stroop color-word test, Wechsler digit span, and choice reaction/movement time) and affective state (PANAS) at normal weight (5 to 10 days prior to competition) and again 8 to 12 hours prior to weigh-in. Results indicated an average loss of 4.68 kg in the RWL group and 0.29 kg in the control group. A group-by-time MANOVA and univariate follow-up tests indicated a significant group-by-time interaction for positive affect, p .10. Given the control for competition effects in the present study, results suggest there are affective disturbances, but not cognitive impairments, associated with RWL of at least 5% body weight in high school wrestlers.
Minimum-norm input reconstruction for nonminimum-phase systems

Input reconstruction is a process where the inputs to a system are estimated using the measured system output and knowledge of the system model. One way to achieve this goal is to invert the system model and cascade delays to guarantee that the inverse is proper. A standing issue in input reconstruction lies in the inversion of nonminimum-phase systems, since the inverse model is unstable. In the present paper we assume that the unknown input is bounded and we present a novel technique that uses Markov parameters to determine the unknown state that minimizes the difference between the unknown input and the estimated input.
Endothelial Function A Barometer for Cardiovascular Risk

The endothelium regulates vascular homeostasis by elaborating a variety of paracrine factors that act locally in the blood vessel wall and lumen.1 Under normal conditions, the sum total effect of these endothelial factors is to maintain normal vascular tone, blood fluidity, and limit vascular inflammation and smooth muscle cell proliferation. However, when coronary risk factors are present, the endothelium may adopt a phenotype that facilitates inflammation, thrombosis, vasoconstriction, and atherosclerotic lesion formation.2 In human subjects, this maladaptive endothelial phenotype manifests itself prior to the development of frank atherosclerosis and is associated with traditional risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus and with emerging risk factors such as hyperhomocystinemia, obesity, and systemic inflammation.1 See p 653 In addition to its role in early atherosclerosis, there is growing recognition that endothelial dysfunction also contributes to the later stages of the disease when patients develop clinical symptoms. Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated the most severe impairment of endothelial function in arteries containing a culprit lesion that precipitates unstable angina or myocardial infarction.3,4⇓ Furthermore, endothelial dysfunction promotes pathological vasoconstrictor responses in situations known to provoke ischemia, including physical and emotional stress.5 Another line of evidence supporting the pathophysiological role of endothelial dysfunction is provided by intervention studies.6 The ability to improve endothelial function is a common feature of many otherwise diverse interventions proven to reduce cardiovascular risk. For example, lipid-lowering therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, smoking cessation, and physical exercise have all been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk and to improve endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the coronary and peripheral circulations.1 In the past, most of the evidence suggesting a causal relation between endothelial dysfunction and clinical events from atherosclerosis was circumstantial. Recently, this evidence has been strengthened by a series of outcome studies showing that endothelial dysfunction …
Learning Management in a Crisis: A Service Learning Response to September 11, 2001

This article describes a service learning project implemented midsemester in response to the September 11, 2001, attacks. The project applied course topics while allowing students to positively channel their anxiety. Students developed and implemented a community-wide effort to collect care packages for U.S. troops deployed to Afghanistan. The article presents the project’s evolution, successes, and problems. The pros and cons of service learning through changing a course midsemester are also discussed. This project description may be instructive to readers who are contemplating service learning class projects. It should also be of interest to instructors who sense the need to change a course midsemester.
Bayesian Mitigation of Sensor Position Errors to Improve Unexploded Ordnance Detection

Phenomenological modeling coupled with statistical signal processing has been shown to significantly improve capabilities for discriminating unexploded ordnance (UXO) from benign clutter using electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor data. The general premise underlying the majority of these coupled approaches is that a phenomenological model is fit to the measured data, and the parameters estimated from this model inversion, which characterize the interrogated target, are utilized in subsequent statistical signal processing algorithms to classify the target as either UXO or clutter. A potential limitation of this coupled approach is that the inversion has been shown to be sensitive to uncertainty associated with the sensor positions. When the measurement positions are uncertain, the inversion results are more variable, and consequently, discrimination performance degrades. In this letter, a Bayesian methodology is applied to estimate the desired features from the measured data. This method explicitly acknowledges that uncertainty in the sensor positions exists and incorporates this knowledge to find the maximum-likelihood feature estimates by integrating over the uncertain measurement positions. Due to the high dimensionality of the integration, Monte Carlo integration, a statistical technique to estimate the value of an integral, is employed. Simulation results show that this Bayesian approach in mitigating sensor position uncertainty produces features with lower variability and, therefore, provides improved discrimination performance.
A direct domain-decomposition of linear complexity for time-domain finite-element based analysis of multiscale structures and materials in integrated circuits

In this work, a direct domain-decomposition of linear complexity is developed to overcome the challenge of simulating a wide range of geometrical scales spanning at least 10000∶1 present in an integrated circuit system. This method is developed in the framework of a time-domain finite-element method. It allows for the use of different meshes in different domains. Numerical experiments have validated the proposed method.
Serum Markers of Systemic Right Ventricular Function and Exercise Performance

The right ventricle, which faces systemic pressure due to congenital heart disease, often develops premature systolic dysfunction. Cardiac hormones might be useful to identify patients with such systolic dysfunction. This prospective study investigated the relationship of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels with right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) and exercise performance in patients with a systemic right ventricle. ANP levels were obtained in 24 patients and BNP levels were obtained in 22 patients with systemic right ventricle. Patients underwent exercise study (n = 22) and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (n = 11) or equilibrium radionuclide angiography (n = 13) to determine RVEF. There were 17 patients with complete transposition and 7 patients with corrected transposition. ANP showed an inverse correlation with RVEF (r 2 = 0.63, p < 0.001), a weak but statistically significant inverse correlation with exercise duration (r 2 = 0.18, p = 0.047) and no relationship with maximal oxygen consumption (peak V′O2) (r 2 = 0.10, p = NS). BNP did not show a relationship with any of the parameters measured. ANP shows a strong inverse correlation with RVEF and a weak correlation with exercise duration in patients with a systemic right ventricle. BNP does not show a significant relationship when compared with either parameter. ANP might be a useful tool for identification of systolic right ventricular dysfunction.
A beam characterization of H/sup -/ particles

A pinhole-scintillator diagnostics system has been developed to determine the characteristics of a 50-MeV H/sup -/ beam. The device consists of an aluminium plate (1.27 mm thick) with a series of pinholes (125- mu m diameter) covered by a thin neutralizer foil, and a downstream scintillator plate and associated camera. The foil-covered pinholes produce a series of H/sup 0/ beamlets that are detected downstream by the scintillator plate. The use of H/sup 0/ particles allows measurement of the beam parameters without changing the magnetic fields of downstream magnetic elements. Measuring the intensities of the beamlets and the beamlet width allows determination of the beam parameters. The H/sup +/, produced by the plate, are sufficiently scattered by the plate, such that a sweep magnet is not required,. The device has been used at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) Neutral Particle Beam Test Stand (NPBTS) to measure the parameters at the input of the beam expanding telescope. >
Technology transfer and intellectual property: an analysis of the NASA approach

Abstract The decade of the 1980s saw significant developments in the promulgation of regulations and legislation governing intellectual property (patents and licenses) at US Government research and development (RD and (3) stimulate a sagging US economy. New-technology inventions were viewed as a valued but essentially dormant national resource, one which, if cultivated, could furnish the catalyst for an improved economy both at home and abroad. A brief review of the Intellectual Property Program developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the legislation governing it is provided in this report. While the productivity of the program at all NASA centers is evaluated over the decade of the 1980s, particular focus is given to the three NASA R&D centers. Conclusions regarding the program at each of the centers are drawn, and some options are proposed for future consideration.
Open access: the die is cast

Alea iacta est—‘the die is cast’—Gaius Julius Caesar is quoted as saying as he crossed the Rubicon to invade Rome in 49 BC. The past year has seen momentous changes in the world of journal publishing. The NIH in the USA and the Research Councils UK (RCUK) and the Wellcome Trust in the UK have launched their plans for open access publishing, which impose on their grant holders a duty to deposit post prints of accepted manuscripts within 12 months of acceptance for publication. The philosophy behind open access is that publicly funded research should be freely available to all as soon as is practicable. Whilst this is a very laudable aim, the requirement has forced learned journals to consider how best to respond to the challenge of this new environment. What is clear is that the traditional model of free authorship and the reader paying is no longer tenable for journals with a significant authorship holding such grants. We at Rheumatology have taken a very proactive attitude in responding to this challenge. We analysed our submitted and accepted manuscripts during 2004, demonstrating that 38% of accepted papers with a declared source of funding had funding from one of the major UK and USA funding agencies which have either already adopted, or are expected to adopt, an open access deposition policy. Loss of these manuscripts would pose a very real threat to the quality of the journal. Financial modelling indicates that continuing the traditional model is not viable in the long term. We have, therefore, been forced to consider alternative business models, including partial or full open access and publishing the journal online only. We have decided to adopt a partial or optional open access model since this will enable those authors who must, as a condition of their grant, place post prints in an open archive/repository to do so, whilst also enabling those who do not wish to do so to continue to submit and publish papers in the traditional manner. Our publishers, Oxford University Press, have developed an optional open access model for their Press-owned journals, called Oxford Open, and our system will be very similar. Rheumatology will, we wish to reassure our authors and readers, continue to be published both in print and on-line.
THE ORGANIZATION OF BEHAVIORAL REPERTOIRE IN MOTOR CORTEX

Motor cortex in the primate brain was once thought to contain a simple map of the body’s muscles. Recent evidence suggests, however, that it operates at a radically more complex level, coordinating behaviorally useful actions. Specific subregions of motor cortex may emphasize different ethologically relevant categories of behavior, such as interactions between the hand and the mouth, reaching motions, or defensive maneuvers to protect the body surface from impending impact. Single neurons in motor cortex may contribute to these behaviors by means of their broad tuning to idiosyncratic, multijoint actions. The mapping from cortex to muscles is not fixed, as was once thought, but instead is fluid, changing continuously on the basis of feedback in a manner that could support the control of higher-order movement parameters. These findings suggest that the motor cortex participates directly in organizing and controlling the animal’s behavioral repertoire.
Dorsal Rhizotomy for Children with Cerebral Palsy: Support for Concepts of Motor Control

The results from selective dorsal rhizotomy research suggest that therapists need to question some common clinical assumptions about movement dysfunction. The rationale for performing a selective dorsal rhizotomy is based on the clinical assumptions that spasticity is the underlying cause of disordered movement and that reducing or eliminating the spasticity will improve movement. This article reviews the literature related to movement dysfunction, the effects of selective dorsal rhizotomy, and the evidence for disordered motor control in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Selective dorsal rhizotomy appears to reduce spasticity and increase joint range of motion. Abnormal movement patterns, however, persist after the spasticity is reduced. Well-coordinated movement patterns are acquired slowly and appear to be related to an intense period of physical therapy. I argue that these results provide evidence that the presence of spasticity alone is an insufficient explanation for abnormal movement patterns. I propose that physical therapists redirect their efforts from developing methods for reducing spasticity to developing adequate assessment, treatment, and measurement techniques for assessing motor control in children with cerebral palsy. I believe we can maximize the functional potential of children with cerebral palsy by identifying problems related to motor control and applying sound principles of motor learning to treatment.
Parenteral Nutrition Prescribing Processes Using Computerized Prescriber Order Entry

The prescribing and processing of parenteral nutrition (PN) orders for pediatric patients may involve multiple steps, be time-consuming, and have opportunity for error if safety measures are not in place. The process can vary from institution to institution. The authors conducted a comparison of their system for the prescribing and processing of PN orders with the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition’s (A.S.P.E.N.’s) Safe Practices for Parenteral Nutrition guidelines. Using a computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE) system allowed for compliance with most of the elements. The safety data demonstrated an overall low rate of transcription errors, an inherent risk when the CPOE system does not communicate directly with the automated compounding device (ACD). There was a 5% overall pharmacist intervention rate on PNs, similar to the 6%–8% rate seen with other medications. Approximately 6% of these PN interventions had an outcome associated with preventing an adverse drug reaction, toxicity,...
An Efficient Progressive Bitstream Transmission System for Hybrid Channels With Memory

We consider progressive transmission over a hybrid channel introducing bit errors and packet erasures. The existing solutions are analyzed and extended to the case of a channel that exhibits memory on both bit errors and packet erasures. We then propose a simple, low-complexity coding scheme that transforms the hybrid channel into a channel with a single impairment for which various optimization techniques exist. Both rate-based and distortion-based optimization problems are investigated. It is shown that our proposed solution has lower channel coding and rate-distortion optimization complexities compared to the known solutions. Simulation results for channels with and without memory show the effectiveness of our proposed solution over a wide range of operating conditions. Numerical results also indicate that the rate-based solution of our proposed algorithm is very close to the corresponding distortion-based solution
Assessment of site index and forest growth capacity across the Pacific and Inland Northwest U.S.A. with a MODIS satellite-derived vegetation index

Abstract It is difficult to map forest growth potential across regions with different environmental conditions from limited field measurements of productivity. Climatically sensitive biophysical models and remotely sensed data on vegetation offer the potential to overcome this problem. We combine both approaches in this paper. We calibrated the midsummer value of NASA's MODIS instrument's enhanced vegetation index (EVI) against site indices (SI) mapped at 10 widely dispersed locations for Douglas-fir or ponderosa pine, ranging in height from 16 to 48 m at 50 years (age at breast height). Median values of EVI derived from a 3 km × 3 km grid centered on commercial forest lands of known productive capacities produced a linear regression with site indices (R2 = 0.83). We matched stand growth properties generated by a physiologically based stand growth model (3-PG) with site-specific yield tables and inferred from model predictions, as well as from the literature, that a close relation exists between maximum leaf area index (max L), maximum periodic annual increment (max PAI), and SI. We tested the ability of median EVI to predict SI values derived from height and tree age measurements made at 5263 federal inventory and analysis (FIA) survey plots in Oregon with comparable success (R2 = 0.53) to that derived from previous application of 3-PG using 1 km resolution of climate and soil data. Based on the general agreement between the two approaches, we used mid-summer EVI valves to generate a 1 km resolution map predicting spatial variation in SI of Douglas-fir over 630,000 km2 in the Pacific and Inland Northwest, U.S.A.
Hippo activation in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is an inherited heart muscle that affects ≈1 to 2 in 5000 individuals and accounts for 15% to 25% of cases of sudden cardiac death in patients <35 years.1 The cardiomyopathy is characterized by risk for lethal ventricular arrhythmias, ventricular enlargement and dysfunction, and fibro-fatty replacement of cardiomyocytes. Curiously, the disease often disproportionately involves the right ventricle and hence also has been referred to as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Article, see p 454 The molecular genetics of AC indicate that it is a disease of the desmosome, intercellular junctional complexes found in epithelium and in muscle tissue.2 In heart, desmosomes are concentrated at the intercalated discs (IDs) that join the ends of cardiomyocytes. Breakthrough work by McKoy et al3 identified a frameshift mutation in the desmosome protein plakoglobin ( PG , also known as JUP ) as the cause of Naxos disease, a rare, autosomal-recessive form of AC. Subsequently, ≈60% to 65% of more typical autosomal-dominant forms of AC were found to be because of mutations in genes encoding other components of the desmosome, including Plakophilin-2 ( PKP2 ), Desmoglein-2 ( DSG2 ), Desmocollin-2 ( DSC2 ), and Desmoplakin ( DSP ).2 How does disruption of desmosomes lead to ventricular dysfunction, fibro-fatty replacement of myocytes, and a proarrhythmic substrate? Initial studies focused on the structural consequences of weakened intercellular adhesions and disruption of intercellular contacts (Figure). More recent studies also examined the effect that disruption of desmosomes has on intracellular signaling. A common feature of AC mutations is that they diminish PG localization to IDs.4 Indeed, AC mutations cause PG to localize to the nucleus.5 Intriguingly, PG is also known as γ-catenin and has 69% amino acid identity with its better known cousin β-catenin. In addition to participating in intercellular adhesion, β-catenin is also well known for its role as …
Expression Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis Identifies Novel Genes for Statin Myopathy

Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (or statins) are the most common and effective medications used for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Statins exert their beneficial effects primarily by inhibiting hepatic cholesterol synthesis. In general, statins are well-tolerated medications. However, a small but clinically significant number of patients taking statins develop statin myopathy, a range of clinical syndromes characterized by common muscle aches and pains to a rare but sometimes fatal condition of frank muscle necrosis called rhabdomyolysis. Although often described as benign, statin-induced side effects can significantly affect quality of life and are a frequent cause of premature drug discontinuation. As a consequence, millions do not receive the cardiovascular benefits of these life-saving drugs. The reasons that some patients do (or do not) develop statin-induced side effects have been difficult to identify. Certain patient characteristics such as age, sex, and concomitant medications have been implicated in some. Genome-wide association studies have implicated specific genetic variants …
1983 Design of Angle-Controlled Current Source Inverter-Fed Induction Motor Drive

The current source inverter-fed induction motor drive (hereafter referred to as CSIM drive) is one of the widely used drives in the industry. Of the many strategies employed for the control of CSIM drive, angle control is the simplest scheme to incorporate the aspect of "frequency compensation," thus paving the way for a fast response CSIM drive. A step-by-step design of the angle-controlled CSIM drive is described. A systematic design of inner current loop, slip speed loop, outer speed loop, and frequency compensation loop is given. The design incorporates a linear relationship between the reference input and output of electromagnetic torque and a strategy to obtain maximum torque per ampere. The commutation delay in the current source inverter is taken care of in the design of the frequency compensator. Experimental results are given in support of the design procedure.
A Novel Oxidative Pretreatment of Loblolly Pine, Sweetgum, and Miscanthus by Ozone

Abstract Three biomass feedstocks (Loblolly pine, Sweetgum, and Miscanthus) were subjected to a novel, two-step ozone pretreatment to enhance the enzymatic digestibility of cellulose. The results show that ozone pretreatment alone did not significantly reduce recalcitrance of the three feedstocks. However, the ozone pretreatment was capable of generating oxidative biomass fragments that can be utilized in a subsequently conventional pretreatment without the need for exogenous acid to be added. For example, employing a dose of ozone followed by an ethanol organosolv pretreatment led to significant delignification and preserved most of the carbohydrates in the three biomass feedstocks. Likewise, ozone treatment followed by autohydrolysis gave higher solubilization of hemicelluloses and distinctive results in terms of enzymatic glucose release and fermentation yields for both Sweetgum (14.00 g ethanol/100.00 g biomass) and Miscanthus (11.10 g ethanol/100.00 g biomass) feedstocks. Although ozone treatment fol...
Modeling student perceived costs and benefits to cooperative education programs (Co-ops) and pathways to participation

Cooperative education programs alternate education and practice, resulting in increased grade point averages, greater confidence in choice of career, and relatively higher post-graduation salaries. This study examines perceived benefits and barriers for students who choose not to participate in co-ops. Since students who participate in co-ops are more likely to persist in STEM fields, and there are differences in participation rates by race/ethnicity (i.e. Black and Hispanic students participate at lower rates), it is critical to understand the reasons for non-participation. Co-op and non-co-op students from a large Midwestern U.S. research university were surveyed and the responses are disaggregated by gender and race/ethnicity. Choice Theory provides a theoretical framework to model perceived benefits and costs of co-op participation. Decision tree modeling is used to describe the different pathways to co-op participation and examine relationships between student backgrounds and pathways. Constant comparative analysis is used to study open-response questions. Future work will include follow up interviews with students from this survey to gain a more nuanced understanding. Findings have implications for the diversification for the engineering labor force.
Adrenal Cortex and Lipid Metabolism: Effects of Cortisone and Adreno-corticotropin (ACTH) on Serum Lipids in Man∗

SummaryThis investigation indicates that cortisone produced well-characterized changes of serum lipids in man. The effects of ACTH on the serum lipids were less pronounced.
Role of revascularization in the treatment of claudication.

Intermittent claudication is a relative indication for vascular reconstruction. Conservative management with a combination of risk factor control, exercise training and medical therapy will relieve or at least improve claudication in some patients. If claudication precludes gainful employment or imposes an unacceptable alteration in lifestyle, surgical revascularization should be considered. Surgical bypass for claudication will produce optimal results in younger patients, in whom near-normalization of the ankle/brachial index can be anticipated. Proximal axial (in-line) reconstructions maintain their patencies longer than more distal, and often technically more challenging, bypasses. These tenets also apply well to percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Both surgical and catheter-based interventions carry potential risks of short- and long-term morbidity, although overall morbidity associated with surgery for claudication is acceptably low. Interventions are justified only if they are safe, effective and...
Corrosion Behavior of Q235 Steel in Yingtan Acid Soil under DC Stray Current Effects

The influence of DC stray current on corrosion behavior of Q235 steel in Yingtan acid soil with 30% and 40% moisture content was investigated by means of mass lossmeasurement,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy( EIS),microscope and X- ray diffraction analysis( XRD). Results showed that the corrosion behavior of Q235 steel was strongly dependent on the moisture content and DC stray current in acid soil. Local corrosion occurred on the surface of Q235 steel and EIS spectrum was an eccentric semicircle. Under the same moisture content in the acid soil,the EIS capacitive loop of Q235 steel was shrinked while the mass loss rate and maximum pit corrosion depth were increased with the increase of DC stray current. The corrosion rate of Q235 steel in the acid soil with 30% moisture was quicker than that in the acid soil with 40% moisture.
Lessons learned in student recruiting.

1. J Michele Stuart, MSPH/HSA CLS(NCA)[⇑][1] 1. is Instructor, Academic Advisor, and Program Recruiter at the University of Utah, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City UT 2. JoAnn P Fenn, MS 1. is Associate Professor and Director of Education Medical Laboratory Sciences at the University of Utah, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City UT 1. Address for correspondence: J Michele Stuart MSPH/HSA CLS(NCA), University of Utah, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and ARUP Laboratories, 50 North Medical Drive, 5R477, Salt Lake City UT 84132. (801) 585-5452, (801) 585-2463 (fax). michele.stuart{at}path.utah.edu Nationally, clinical laboratory science programs are struggling for student applicants. Major challenges facing the laboratory profession include: 1) low salaries, 2) lack of public awareness, and 3) the myriad of career choices for new graduates. Increasing public awareness and actively recruiting students can overcome one of these challenges. This paper focuses on the successful student recruiting lessons learned at the University of Utah Medical Laboratory Science Program. Specific indicators show increased interest and activity for this program of study. Nationwide, educators in medical technology/clinical laboratory science (CLS/MT) programs report decreases in applicants for 1997, 1998, and 1999, with many programs unable to fill available ‘slots’.1 Three factors contributing to the difficulty of recruiting potential students into the laboratory science profession are: 1) salaries, 2) lack of public awareness of the profession; and 3) the myriad of choices for careers that students now have.2,3,4 In Laboratory Industry Report, medical technologist/clinical laboratory scientist (CLS/MT) salaries were published based on salary survey data from [Salary.com][2].5 The report compares salaries for professionals with two to four years experience: medical technologists – $29,877; biotechnology chemist – $41,894; pharmacy clinical research assistant – $38,070; computer scientist – $45,000 to $55,000. Salaries represent a major challenge when attracting science-oriented students into CLS/MT instead of other areas of study. Low student enrollment, fewer accredited programs, an aging workforce, and skills mobility add to the dilemma of the current national personnel shortage for CLS/MTs. The National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Science (NAACLS) reports a significant decrease in graduates… ABBREVIATIONS: CLS = clinical laboratory science; CLT = clinical laboratory technician; CLS/MT = medical technology/clinical laboratory science. [1]: #corresp-1 [2]: http://Salary.com
Treatment for localized prostate cancer: surgical approaches.

and growing array of treatment options. These include watchful waiting, two forms of radiation, and three types of surgery. In addition, ever more therapies are entering the field of prostate cancer treatment, such as cryosurgery and high-frequency ultrasound therapy. Each option comes with a set of risks, including inadequate treatment of the cancer, rectal problems, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction. In the medical field, a great deal of controversy exists regarding the treatment of prostate cancer, and the patient is faced with a great deal of uncertainty when considering his treatment options. The patient’s urologist and his primary care physician play crucial advisory roles in the patient’s treatment decision. Ultimately each patient must navigate this complex process and make the decision himself. Most, if not all, urologists are trained to be capable of discussing three major pathways for patients to consider once the diagnosis of prostate cancer is made. These are watchful waiting, radiation therapy, and surgery. Unlike many medical diagnoses, there is not an absolutely correct treatment for prostate cancer, and given this uncertainty, the patient (and his spouse or partner) must participate in the decision-making process. Notably, research has shown that most patients are comfortable in this role.
The Role of L-Proline in Response to Osmotic Stress in Salmonella Typhimurium : Selection of Mutants with Increased Osmotolerance as Strains which Over-Produce L-Proline

When bacteria of a wide variety of species are stressed by high osmolarity in the growth medium, a common response they exhibit is that there is a pronounced elevation in the intracellular concentration of free L-proline, or L-glutamate, or, in a few instances, γ-amino butyric acid.1 In a number of cases in which the bacteria were grown in the absence of exogenously added amino acids this accumulation was due to the enhanced net rate of synthesis of these metabolites (Tempest et al-, 1970; Brown and Stanley, 1972; Makemson and Hastings, 1979), but in others, in which the cells were grown in a complex media it was not clear whether the increases in concentration were due to the stimulation of the synthesis or uptake of these compounds (Measures, 1975; Koujima et al., 1978). It was shown by Britten and McClure,(1962) that in E. coli the accumulation of L-proline the medium is stimulated in direct proportion to the external osmolarity. An explanation offered for the elevation of the concentration of these compounds is that it serves to balance the intracellular osmolarity against the osmolarity of the growth medium (Brown and Stanley, 1972; Measures, 1975).
SU-C-BRB-05: Determining the Adequacy of Auto-Contouring Via Probabilistic Assessment of Ensuing Treatment Plan Metrics in Comparison with Manual Contours

Purpose: To determine if auto-contour and manual-contour—based plans differ when evaluated with respect to probabilistic coverage metrics and biological model endpoints for prostate IMRT. Methods: Manual and auto-contours were created for 149 CT image sets acquired from 16 unique prostate patients. A single physician manually contoured all images. Auto-contouring was completed utilizing Pinnacle's Smart Probabilistic Image Contouring Engine (SPICE). For each CT, three different 78 Gy/39 fraction 7-beam IMRT plans are created; PD with drawn ROIs, PAS with auto-contoured ROIs, and PM with auto-contoured OARs with the manually drawn target. For each plan, 1000 virtual treatment simulations with different sampled systematic errors for each simulation and a different sampled random error for each fraction were performed using our in-house GPU-accelerated robustness analyzer tool which reports the statistical probability of achieving dose-volume metrics, NTCP, TCP, and the probability of achieving the optimization criteria for both auto-contoured (AS) and manually drawn (D) ROIs. Metrics are reported for all possible cross-evaluation pairs of ROI types (AS,D) and planning scenarios (PD,PAS,PM). Bhattacharyya coefficient (BC) is calculated to measure the PDF similarities for the dose-volume metric, NTCP, TCP, and objectives with respect to the manually drawn contour evaluated on base plan (D-PD). Results: We observe high BC values (BC≥0.94) for all OAR objectives. BC values of max dose objective on CTV also signify high resemblance (BC≥0.93) between the distributions. On the other hand, BC values for CTV's D95 and Dmin objectives are small for AS-PM, AS-PD. NTCP distributions are similar across all evaluation pairs, while TCP distributions of AS-PM, AS-PD sustain variations up to %6 compared to other evaluated pairs. Conclusion: No significant probabilistic differences are observed in the metrics when auto-contoured OARs are used. The prostate auto-contour needs improvement to achieve clinically equivalent plans.
Comparison of serum anti-band 3 and anti-Gal antibody binding to density-separated human red blood cells

This study examines the quantitative relationship between two natural serum antibodies, anti-band 3 and anti-alpha-galactosyl (anti-Gal), in their capacity to bind to human red blood cell (RBC) populations separated on density gradients. The question was approached in two ways. First, we determined the extent of rebinding of affinity-purified human serum antibodies to RBCs that had been stripped of in situ antibody. Second, we eluted the in situ bound antibody at low pH from density-separated RBCs and determined the proportion of total eluted antibody that bound specifically to erythrocyte band 3 or to a Gal-alpha-(1,3)-Gal structure. Our results show that high-density human RBCs bind increased amounts of both antibodies. Anti-Gal rebinding was specific, because it was saturable and occurred in the presence of serum IgG depleted of anti-Gal. Binding assays using control natural autoantibodies directed against antigens not found on the RBC surface showed that high-density RBCs also bind increased amounts of these antibodies as compared with low-density RBCs. However, the extent of this binding is substantially lower than that of anti-band 3 and anti-Gal. Binding studies using the lectins Bandeiraea Simplicifolia (alpha-galactosyl specific) and Arachis Hypogaea (peanut agglutinin, beta-galactosyl specific) indicated that only the alpha-galactosyl sites are exposed on high density RBCs, and not the beta-galactosyl structure characteristic of T antigen. Antibody that is eluted at low pH from high density RBCs contains a 5.0% to 18.0% component that binds to band 3 protein, and a 9.1% to 39.0% component that recognizes the alpha-galactosyl structure. Together, the two antibodies appear to constitute an average of 35% (range 17.2% to 57.4%) of the in situ bound antibody from high-density human RBCs.
A Response to S. N. Balagangadhara’s “Translation, Interpretation and Culture”

S. N. Balagangadhara wrote an essay entitled, “Translation, Interpretation and Culture: On the Disingenuity of a Comparative Theology,” which appeared in this journal in 2014. In it, Balagangadhara defends his theory of translation and supports that theory by deconstructing the field of comparative theology, which he finds unreflective and unsophisticated, at best. The tool of that deconstruction is a sharply critical assessment of several sections of my 2010 Comparative Theology. That book, meant to introduce readers to the field even while not being itself a work of comparative theological practice, draws on my other, earlier books, none of which Balagangadhara seems to have read. Given Balagangadhara’s sharply negative judgment on my work —assessing it to be fruitless, disingenuous, dissimulating, dishonest—I feel it necessary to respond to his essay, and I am grateful to Canadian Social Science for the opportunity to write this brief reply. I will first note some of his criticisms and respond to them. I then comment on what appears to be most crucial to Balagangadhara, his own theoretical reflections on translation at the start of the essay; I will note too how his comments on my work turn out to serve as a foil to his own theorizing, perhaps as a warning to those who do not work out their translation theory first. Finally, I comment briefly on the third, constructive part of his essay, with its unexpected reference to the 1960s reforming Council of the Catholic Church, Vatican II, and the intriguing notion that Balagangadhara might make a constructive contribution to post-Vatican II attitudes toward the diversity of religions.
The influence of genotype, sex, and dietary lysine on pork subprimal cut yields and carcass quality of pigs fed to either 104 or 127 kilograms

One hundred twenty pigs (initially 44 kg BW) were used to determine the effects of genotype, sex, and dietary lysine on subprimal cut yields and carcass quality. Within genotype (high or medium potential for lean tissue gain), barrows and gilts were fed separately either a .90 or .70% lysine diet until the mean weight of each pen of three pigs reached 104 kg. Then one pig was removed and dietary lysine for the remaining two pigs was decreased to .75 or .55%, respectively. At both 104 and 127 kg BW, carcasses from high-lean genotype (HLG) pigs and gilts had (P < .01) higher percentages of boneless closely trimmed ham, loin, and shoulder than carcasses from medium-lean genotype (MLG) pigs and barrows, respectively. At 104 kg BW HunterLab values indicated (P < .01) that HLG longissimus muscle (LM) was redder, more yellow, and more intense in color than MLG LM. The LM from HLG gilts had (P < .05) higher Warner-Bratzler shear values (less tender) than LM from HLG barrows and MLG pigs at 104 kg BW. At 127 kg BW, HLG LM was visually firmer (P < .05) and more reddish-pink (P < .01); had HunterLab values (P < .01) that indicated a darker, redder color; had less moisture exudate (P < .05), thaw loss (P < .01), and percentage of lipid (P < .01); and had a higher pH (P < .05) than MLG LM. Barrow LM had more marbling (P < .05), a higher percentage of lipid (P < .01), less moisture exudate (P < .05), and less thaw loss (P < .01) than LM from gilts. The LM from HLG barrows had higher (P < .05) Warner-Bratzler shear values than the LM from HLG gilts and MLG pigs at 127 kg BW. Overall, the dietary regimens used in this trial resulted in minimal differences in either carcass quality or cutability. The production option of feeding HLG gilts to 127 kg can be used to optimize carcass cutability and quality traits.
Technologies of the Image: Art in 19th-Century Iran

In this fascinating study of the interplay of imported and domestic imagery in Qajar Iran, Mary McWilliams describes a lacquer pen box decorated with “doll-like figures of Persian and European men ...
Effect of Daily and Every Other Day Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Schedules on Treatment-Related Fatigue in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Abstract Purpose We compared the rate and severity of fatigue in patients who completed stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) to the liver daily (QD) compared with every other day (QOD). Methods and materials From 2010 to 2017, 91 patients with Child Pugh (CP) A (n = 57) or CP-B (n = 34) cirrhosis who completed 100 SBRT sessions to 110 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lesions were analyzed in this study. Confounding variables with fatigue such as CP-C cirrhosis, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score >2, or a history of ascites or encephalopathy were excluded. Fatigue was assessed against several treatment- and patient-related variables with univariate and propensity score-matched multivariate analysis. The median follow-up time was 18 months. Results Patients with HCC and Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer stages 0 (n = 10), A (n = 32), and B (n = 58), and a median age of 62 years were analyzed. The median tumor diameter was 3 cm (1.1-11 cm). The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score was 0 (n = 44), 1 (n = 43), or 2 (n = 13). The median dose was 45 Gy in 5 fractions, and 65 treatments were QD and 45 QOD. Grades 1 and 2 fatigue developed in 49% and 14% of treatments, respectively. Among the patients who were treated daily, 78% developed Grade 1 or 2 fatigue compared with 44% who were treated QOD (odds ratio: 4.52; P = .001). Grade 2 fatigue occurred in 22% of patients compared with 7.3% for QD and QOD treatment, respectively (odds ratio: 3.83; P = .048). There was no difference in fatigue rate for time of treatment (morning or afternoon), dose, treated volume, CP score, Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer stage, or performance status, which were not associated with any level of fatigue. There was no difference in local control between QD and QOD treatments. Conclusions Compared with traditional daily treatment fractions, SBRT that is delivered QOD to cirrhotic patients with HCC may reduce the risk of fatigue.
12 – Issues in Laboratory Animal Science for the Toxicologic Pathologist

As an integral member of the toxicology study team, the toxicologic pathologist needs to have a thorough understanding of the laboratory animal model that serves as a test system for studies with pathology requirements. Toxicologic research is becoming more complex with the advent of new and exciting advances in biotechnology. Genetic, microbial, experimental, and environmental factors greatly affect lesion development in laboratory animals, and an understanding of the interplay of these factors with toxicant-induced effects is necessary for the pathologist to interpret study findings correctly. The pathologist needs to understand the way factors associated with the laboratory animal and its experimental environment contributes to study findings so that the results of toxicity experiments can be evaluated properly. Future standards for feeding and housing rodents will likely differ from those employed currently. As advances are made in the use of genetically engineered animals, greater emphasis will be placed on understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of the interplay among host susceptibility factors, toxicant exposure, and environment.