cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial mechanisms for the transmission of somatic symptoms from parents to children

AIM: To examine familial aggregation of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) via parental reinforcement/modeling of symptoms, coping, psychological distress, and exposure to stress. METHODS: Mothers of children between the ages of 8 and 15 years with and without IBS were identified through the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound. Mothers completed questionnaires, including the Child Behavior Checklist (child psychological distress), the Family Inventory of Life Events (family exposure to stress), SCL-90R (mother psychological distress), and the Pain Response Inventory (beliefs about pain). Children were interviewed separately from their parents and completed the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire (beliefs about pain), Pain Response Inventory (coping) and Child Symptom Checklist [gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms]. In addition, health care utilization data was obtained from the automated database of Group Health Cooperative. Mothers with IBS (n = 207) and their 296 children were compared to 240 control mothers and their 335 children, while controlling for age and education. RESULTS: Hypothesis 1: reinforcement of expression of GI problems is only related to GI symptoms, but not others (cold symptoms) in children. There was no significant correlation between parental reinforcement of symptoms and child expression of GI or other symptoms. Hypothesis 2: modeling of GI symptoms is related to GI but not non-GI symptom reporting in children. Children of parents with IBS reported more non-GI (8.97 vs 6.70, P < 0.01) as well as more GI (3.24 vs 2.27, P < 0.01) symptoms. Total health care visits made by the mother correlated with visits made by the child (rho = 0.35, P < 0.001 for cases, rho = 0.26, P < 0.001 for controls). Hypothesis 3: children learn to share the methods of coping with illness that their mothers exhibit. Methods used by children to cope with stomachaches differed from methods used by their mothers. Only 2/16 scales showed weak but significant correlations (stoicism rho = 0.13, P < 0.05; acceptance rho = 0.13, P < 0.05). Hypothesis 4: mothers and children share psychological traits such as anxiety, depression, and somatization. Child psychological distress correlated with mother’s psychological distress (rho = 0.41, P < 0.001 for cases, rho= 0.38, P < 0.001 for controls). Hypothesis 5: stress that affects the whole family might explain the similarities between mothers and their children. Family exposure to stress was not a significant predictor of children’s symptom reports. Hypothesis 6: the intergenerational transmission of GI illness behavior may be due to multiple mechanisms. Regression analysis identified multiple independent predictors of the child’s GI complaints, which were similar to the predictors of the child’s non-GI symptoms (mother’s IBS status, child psychological symptoms, child catastrophizing, and child age). CONCLUSION: Multiple factors influence the reporting of children’s gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms. The clustering of illness within families is best understood using a model that incorporates all these factors.
Disparate cytokine regulation of ICAM-1 in rat alveolar epithelial cells and pulmonary endothelial cells in vitro

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is expressed at high levels on type I alveolar epithelial cells in the normal lung and is induced in vitro as type II cells spread in primary culture. In contrast, in most nonhematopoetic cells ICAM-1 expression is induced in response to inflammatory cytokines. We have formed the hypothesis that the signals that control ICAM-1 expression in alveolar epithelial cells are fundamentally different from those controlling expression in most other cells. To test this hypothesis, we have investigated the influence of inflammatory cytokines on ICAM-1 expression in isolated type II cells that have spread in culture and compared this response to that of rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells (RPAEC). ICAM-1 protein, determined both by a cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by Western blot analysis, and mRNA were minimally expressed in unstimulated RPAEC but were significantly induced in a time- and dose-dependent manner by treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, or interferon-gamma. In contrast, these cytokines did not influence the constitutive high level ICAM-1 protein expression in alveolar epithelial cells and only minimally affected steady-state mRNA levels. ICAM-1 mRNA half-life, measured in the presence of actinomycin D, was relatively long at 7 h in alveolar epithelial cells and 4 h in RPAEC. The striking lack of response of ICAM-1 expression by alveolar epithelial cells to inflammatory cytokines is in contrast to virtually all other epithelial cells studied to date and supports the hypothesis that ICAM-1 expression by these cells is a function of cellular differentiation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Generalized machine learning technique for automatic phase attribution in time variant high-throughput experimental studies

Phase identification is an arduous task during high-throughput processing experiments, which can be exacerbated by the need to reconcile results from multiple measurement techniques to form a holistic understanding of phase dynamics. Here, we demonstrate AutoPhase, a machine learning algorithm, which can identify the presence of the different phases in spectral and diffraction data. The algorithm uses training data to determine the characteristic features of each phase present and then uses these features to evaluate new spectral and diffraction data. AutoPhase was used to identify oxide phase growth during a high-throughput oxidation study of NiAl bond coats that used x-ray diffraction, Raman, and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. The algorithm had a minimum overall accuracy of 88.9% for unprocessed data and 98.4% for postprocessed data. Although the features selected by AutoPhase for phase attribution were distinct from those of topical experts, these results show that AutoPhase can substantially increase the throughput high-throughput data analysis.
Targets of Out-Group Hostility in the Contemporary United States: Individual- and Community-Level Factors Associated with the Experience of Anti-Semitism Among American Jews

While anti-Semitism has plagued American society, as well as many others, for centuries, anti-Semitism tends to be overshadowed in the social sciences by what are seen as more common forms of prejudice, discrimination, and racism. This tends to reinforce the erroneous view that anti-Semitism is not a significant social problem in the US today. The study of anti-Semitism must incorporate its uniqueness as a social problem and as a form of racism, prejudice, and discrimination, most vividly demonstrated in the Holocaust, and must take into consideration its history as well as its particular characteristics. This study seeks to answer the following primary research question: How do individual- and community-level factors relate to the perception or experience of anti-Semitism by Jews? This study focuses upon the prevalence and nature of anti-Semitism as it exists in the contemporary United States. Specifically, this research consists of regression analysis and a hierarchical linear model of the predictors of the experience of anti-Semitism on the individual as well as the community level. Data sources for this research consist of the 2000–2001 administration of the National Jewish Population Survey and a number of community studies on the Jewish population. These findings indicated that a number of individual- and community-level predictors significantly influence the experience of anti-Semitism.
Abstinence Self-Efficacy and Substance Use at 2 Years: The Moderating Effects of Residential Treatment Conditions.

ABSTRACTThe relationship between abstinence self-efficacy and substance use at 2 years was examined among a sample (N = 470) of persons with substance use disorders and recent incarceration histories. Participants were assigned to residential (therapeutic community/TC or Oxford House) or nonresidential (usual care) conditions. The authors hypothesized abstinence self-efficacy would predict decreased substance use, and residential treatments would moderate this relationship. A conditional effect was observed, with low levels of abstinence self-efficacy predicting significant increases in substance use in the TC and usual care conditions. Supplemental analyses revealed significant decreases in substance use over time among participants in the Oxford House condition, and a significant conditional effect (gender x treatment condition) in relation to substance use. Findings point to the need for researchers to examine factors that mitigate the relationship between abstinence self-efficacy and substance use out...
Clinical need, design, and goals for the Carotid Revascularization and Medical Management for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis trial

Prior clinical trials produced evidence-based treatment recommendations for patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis that may not be appropriate for clinical decision-making today. High-quality patient outcomes data to allow informed decision making regarding the optimal management of high-grade asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis is lacking. The results of the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study were published in 1995 based on a randomized patient enrollment in the 1990s. Outcomes after endarterectomy, stenting, and medical treatment for these patients have all improved in the subsequent 2 decades. Therefore, the time has come to test whether contemporary intensive medical therapy is an acceptable alternative to contemporary endarterectomy or stenting and is the rationale for the Carotid Revascularization and Medical Management for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis (CREST-2) trial. This National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-sponsored prospective, multicenter clinical trial has the investigators, study teams, asymptomatic patients, and robust study design needed to provide these answers. Two randomized clinical trials are planned: carotid revascularization and intensive medical management versus medical management alone in patients with asymptomatic high-grade carotid stenosis randomize in a 1:1 ratio; the other trial will randomize patients in a 1:1 ratio to carotid stenting with embolic protection versus no stenting. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02089217.
Building self-stabilizing overlay networks with the transitive closure framework

Overlay networks are expected to operate in hostile environments, where node and link failures are commonplace. One way to make overlay networks robust is to design self-stabilizing overlay networks, i.e., overlay networks that can handle node and link failures without any external supervision. In this paper, we first describe a simple framework, which we call the Transitive Closure Framework (TCF), for the selfstabilizing construction of an extensive class of overlay networks. Like previous self-stabilizing overlay networks, TCF permits node degrees to grow to Ω(n), independent of the maximum degree of the target overlay network. However, TCF has several advantages over previous work in this area: (i) it is a "framework" and can be used for the construction of a variety of overlay networks, not just a particular network, (ii) it runs in an optimal number of rounds for a variety of overlay networks, and (iii) it can easily be composed with other non-self-stabilizing protocols that can recover from specific bad initial states in a memory-efficient fashion. We demonstrate the power of our framework by deriving from TCF a simple self-stabilizing protocol for constructing Skip+ graphs (Jacob et al., PODC 2009) which presents optimal convergence time from any configuration, and requires only a O(1) factor of extra memory for handling node Joins.
Cost effectiveness of surveillance for distant recurrence in extremity soft tissue sarcoma.

11021Background: Optimal surveillance strategies for extremity soft tissue sarcoma (STS) are unknown. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of competing imaging modalities performed at Nationa...
Forecast Bias and Fiscal Slack Accumulation in School Districts

The years during and after the Great Recession constrained revenue across all levels of government. Revenue shortfalls in states decreased intergovernmental transfers, which compounded the plight o...
The evolution of crystalline structures during gel spinning of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers

Most studies are focused on the final mechanical properties of the fiber and the processing window required to achieve high moduli and tensile strength. Several studies have alluded to the fact that the crystalline morphologies developed during gel spinning and post-drawing are very important in determining the final mechanical properties. However, it is surprising to know that no clear correlation exists between the crystalline structure and initial, evolving, and final mechanical properties. In an attempt to define structure-property relationships, we have developed novel tools to quantify the effect of processing on crystalline structure evolution. We examine through controlled gel-spinning and SAXS analysis the effect of flow kinematics on the development of crystalline structures. Direct correlations are made between polymer solution relaxation time, extension rates, crystallization time and gel-spun crystalline morphologies. We report direct evidence of flow induced crystallization, which approaches an asymptotic crystallization rate at high Weissenberg numbers. For Wi 1, the crystalline structure is highly anisotropic due to chain orientation/stretch during spinning. Fibers spun at different Weissenberg numbers are drawn to low draw ratios at constant temperature to measure the initial structure evolution. A qualitative SAXS analysis clearly shows similar evolution of different starting structures with the formation of more straight chain crystals upon drawing. However, there remain quantitative differences between the length of straight chain crystals and the size and distribution of lamellar domains depending on the starting structure.
Bold Societal Responses Are Needed in Tackling Serious Ethical Violations in Medicine.

The cases of serious ethical violations that have been described by DuBois et al. (2019), while not surprising, are a clear sign that it is time to consider bold actions on the part of society. In ...
SUCCESSFUL SERVICE-LEARNING FOR STATISTICS STUDENTS STUDYING SURVEY SAMPLING

This paper explores the implementation of service-learning projects in a survey sampling statistics course. In these projects, students worked with a community partner to develop and administer a survey, analyze the data collected, and present the results. A study with 23 participants was conducted to investigate whether students’ attitudes towards community service changed after involvement in a statistical consulting-based service-learning project with a local non-profit organization. Results from administering the Community Service Attitudes Scale (Shiarella, McCarthy, & Tucker, 2000) before and after the project indicated significant changes in several aspects of attitudes towards service. Qualitative information is also provided on themes from student reflection assignments. Project details and recommendations for instructors administering this type of service-learning project are discussed. First published November 2018 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives
On not being European enough. Migration, crisis and precarious livelihoods on the periphery of Europe

This article argues that the concept of differential inclusion, as it is generally used in studies of migration, does not fully explain precarious lives and livelihoods of migrants on the southern ...
Effect of dietary ethanol on atherosclerosis in rabbits

The effect of dietary ethanol on plasma lipids and atherosclerotic regression in atherosclerotic rabbits was addressed by feeding 19 male New Zealand white rabbits a diet enriched with 0.8% cholesterol for 45 days, followed by randomization to one of three diets for the next 45 days: 1) Continued consumption of a cholesterol-rich diet (CC; n=6), 2) Consumption of a cholesterol-free diet (CP; n=6), and 3) Consumption of a cholesterol-free diet supplemented with ethanol in the drinking water (10% v/v; ECF; n=7). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, means with the same letter are not significantly (P < 0.05) different. On day 0, the plasma
Effects of Landscape Pattern on Pollination, Pest Control, Water Quality, Flood Regulation, and Cultural Ecosystem Services: a Literature Review and Future Research Prospects

This review highlights recent progress on how landscape pattern (composition, configuration, landscape context, keystone landscape, scaling, and nonlinearity) affects pollination, pest control, water quality, flood control, and cultural ecosystem services (ES)—landscape esthetics and recreation. Landscape composition and configuration showed ES-specific effects. Recent studies confirmed that pollination increased in complex, heterogeneous landscapes with more surrounding natural/semi-natural habitats. Landscape pattern could also interact with local factors to affect pollination, with stronger effects at smaller spatial scales. For pest control, a comprehensive synthesis revealed inconsistent effects of non-crop habitat composition, perhaps due to diverse responses from different enemies and pests and complex tri-trophic interactions. Spatial configuration of land-covers, connectivity, and edge effects also mattered for pest control ES. Moreover, recent studies showed that configuration of land-covers could sometimes trump composition as the primary driver for water quality. Comparing across scales (e.g., riparian vs. watershed), landscape pattern effects on water quality tended to be more pronounced at small spatial scales. For flood control, studies showed that larger and less fragmented natural covers reduced peak runoffs, with a compositional threshold ~ 30–40%. Spatial location also mattered where imperviousness concentrated closer to outlet tended to increase peak runoffs. For cultural ES, landscape esthetics and recreation showed positive correlations with naturalness composition and landscape heterogeneity. Five overarching themes emerge for future research to advance understanding of landscape pattern effects on ES: (1) using social-ecological measures of ES; (2) assessing ES supply, flow, and demand; (3) considering interactions among multiple drivers across scales; (4) addressing ES interactions; and (5) enhancing predictive capacity of landscape models.
Social Supports, Social Networks, and Health Behaviors

The purpose of this chapter is to examine some of the recent work that has bearing on the relationship between social supports, social networks, and health behavior. It is not intended to provide an exhaustive review of the literature in any of these areas. Nor is the purpose to propose a conceptual model that can then be applied to a variety of health behaviors. Instead, this chapter will identify methodological problems and conceptual concerns that have not been adequately dealt with in the area of health behavior research, and draw from the larger literature on social supports and social networks in an attempt to add clarity to this area of research. A major goal of the chapter then is to provide a research agenda for better understanding the nature of the relationship between social ties and health behaviors.
Persuasive ChairBots: A (Mostly) Robot-Recruited Experiment

Robot furniture is a growing area of robotics research, as people easily anthropomorphize these simple robots and they fit in easily to many human environments. Could they also be of service in recruiting people to play chess? Prior work has found motion gestures to aid in persuasion, but this work has mostly occurred in in-lab studies and has not yet been applied to robot furniture. This paper assessed the efficacy of four motion strategies in persuading passerbyers to participate in a ChairBot Chess Tournament, which consisted of a table with a chessboard and two ChairBots – one for the white team, and another for the black team. The study occurred over a six-week period, seeking passersby to play chess in the atrium of our Computer Science building for an hour each Friday. Forward-Back motion was the most effective strategy in getting people to come to the table and play chess, while Spinning was the worst. Overall, people found the ChairBots to be friendly and somewhat dog-like. In-the-wild studies are challenging, but produce data that is highly likely to be replicable in future versions of the system. The results also support the potential of future robots to recruit participants to activities that they might already enjoy.
Study on bacteria contamination during the collection, processing and storage of umbilical cord blood

Objective To evaluate bacteria contamination during collection,processing and storage of cord blood to gain insight into contamination mechanism and direct prevention.Methods Fresh cord blood was separated by hydroxyethyl starch (HES) to harvest nucleated cells.The bacteria contamination was tested by culturing 10 ml plasma-red cells with BacT/ALERT 3D-480 automatic blood culture system.Total 87 positive samples were further identified for bacteria species.Ninety six cord blood nucleated cells concentrate with bacteria positive stored in liquid nitrogen(LN2) for 6-7 years were thawed at 37 C and re-cultured for bacteria analysis.Results We collected 19 062 umbilical cord blood.Among them,336 was bacteria positive ( contamination rate 1.8 ％ ).Eighty-seven positive samples were further investigated with facultative bacteria 58 (66.7 ％ ),aerobic 38(43.7％ ) and anaerobic 17( 19.5％ ),Gram- negative accounted for 68％ while positive 32％.The most frequent bacteria were Escherichia coli ( 25.3％ ),Streptacoccus intermediate ( 14.9％ ) and Chromobacteria violaceum(9.2％ ).Ninety-six nucleated cells concentrate with bacteria positive were cryopreserved at liquid nitrogen for researching.Of them,83 samples( 86％ ) showed positive of bacteria culture after deep-low temperature storage for 6-7 years.Conclusions Bacteria contamination rate of the cord blood collection,processing and storage in 2000 ～ 2007 was 1.8％.Stored in liquid nitrogen for 6-7 years,the viability of bacteria was 86％.The aseptic procedures of cord blood collection in delivery room should be intensified.The bacteria re-culture following thawing of cord blood cells is necessary before clinical transfusion. Key words: Umbilical cord blood; Bacteria; Contamination; Cryopreservation
“You treat them right, They'll treat you right”: Understanding beekeepers' scale management decisions within the context of bee values

Abstract The United States (U.S.) has seen a growing interest in small-to medium-scale beekeeping within the last decade. This phenomenon is likely due to the increasing awareness of the threats facing honey bees (Apis mellifera) as evidenced through recent widespread media coverage on Colony Collapse Disorder. Within the last decade, the number of beekeepers in Maine has increased by over 140%, with the majority consisting of small “backyard or hobby beekeepers.” Drawing upon qualitative interviews (n = 22) with small- and medium-sized beekeepers across Maine, we explore factors informing beekeepers’ scale management decisions related to the size and scope of their operations and the ways in which beekeepers value their bees. We see that a broad beekeeper-bee relation emerges, impacting some scale management decisions. These findings can help inform outreach, education and public policies directed at supporting the sustainable maintenance and growth of small and medium-scale beekeeping operations in Maine and around the globe.
From collection curation to knowledge creation: Exploring new roles of academic librarians in digital humanities research

Abstract We present a case study of a collaborative digital humanities project that was led by academic librarians and participated by IT specialists and international scholars. Through the project, we produced and published two open-access products – a bilingual dictionary of historical government official titles, and an online system for crowdsourcing translations. We also contributed metadata, from the dictionary, to an existing large digital humanities project. Whereas the dictionary fills a publication gap and a research need, the crowdsourcing system provides a digital research method for collaborative translations of specialized terms. During this process, we explored and undertook a variety of new roles, ranging from project leader, hybrid scholar to content creator and publisher. Our project demonstrates how academic librarians could dive deep in the realm of digital humanities and plunge into the life cycle of scholarly communication.
From cockroaches to tanks: The same power-mass-speed relation describes both biological and artificial ground-mobile systems.

This paper explores whether artificial ground-mobile systems exhibit a consistent regularity of relation among mass, power, and speed, similar to that which exists for biological organisms. To this end, we investigate an empirical allometric formula proposed in the 1980s for estimating the mechanical power expended by an organism of a given mass to move at a given speed, applicable over several orders of magnitude of mass, for a broad range of species, to determine if a comparable regularity applies to a range of vehicles. We show empirically that not only does a similar regularity apply to a wide variety of mobile systems; moreover, the formula is essentially the same, describing organisms and systems ranging from a roach (1 g) to a battle tank (35,000 kg). We also show that for very heavy vehicles (35,000–100,000,000 kg), the formula takes a qualitatively different form. These findings point to a fundamental similarity between biological and artificial locomotion that transcends great differences in morphology, mechanisms, materials, and behaviors. To illustrate the utility of this allometric relation, we investigate the significant extent to which ground robotic systems exhibit a higher cost of transport than either organisms or conventional vehicles, and discuss ways to overcome inefficiencies.
REBOA placement for placenta accreta spectrum: patient selection and utilization.

Dear Editors, We appreciate the interest that Nieto-Calvache et al. [1] expressed in our work on resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) catheter complications with emerge...
Healthcare utilization and outcomes in HIV versus non-HIV patients with hepatocellular cancer: A nationwide analysis.

e16189Background: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer related mortality and has a 5-year survival after diagnosis of under 20%. HIV-HCC patients are reported to present...
Some moods and modes of enchantment in the human sciences: on the troublesome dead

This article explores the ways in which the dead trouble the otherwise strong commitment in the human sciences to the centrality of cultural and historical specificities. Focusing on the work of th...
Hysterectomy and tubal ligation: a comparison of the psychological aftermath.

Abstract The psychological adjustment of patients receiving elective sterilization by hysterectomy or tubal ligation was assessed 6 to 15 months after the operation. Psychometric and questionnaire evaluation revealed no significant differences between the two groups on indices of depression, self-esteem, physical complaints, desire for additional children, guilt, sexual adjustment, or postoperative psychiatric contact. Hysterectomy patients generally expresed more satisfaction with the sterilization operation than tubal ligation patients.
Privacy assurance: bridging the gap between preference and practice

Personal identifying information is released without much control from the end user to service providers. We describe a system to scrutinize the stated claims of a service provider on safeguarding PII by interrogating their infrastructure. We attempt to empower end users by providing means to communicate their privacy concerns in a common language understood by the service provider, allowing them to set baseline privacy practices for service providers to adhere to, and providing a means of retrieving information from the service provider in the common language to base their PII release decisions.
Global optimization of orthogonal FIR transmitter and receiver filters for data transmission over noisy channels

The use of the inverse Fourier transform (IFT), Fourier transform (FT), Hadamard transform and discrete Fourier transform in today's digital communications problems is well established. These transforms are a special case of an orthogonal digital transmultiplexer, a structure that is equivalent to the class of FIR orthonormal filter banks. We study the design of general multirate FIR transmitter and receiver filters that satisfy the orthogonality property such that optimum energy concentration is achieved in the channel frequency bands. A new algorithm for finding the global optimum FIR filter for the single carrier case is presented. We then consider the noisy version with both white and colored additive Gaussian noise and show that in some cases the optimum solutions converge to the so-called spectrally efficient filter.
Sensors for Attitude Determination

The various types of attitude sensors and inertial sensors used on spacecraft are presented, including their principle of operation, how they are used, and what accuracy can be expected from the sensors. Attitude sensors include sun sensors, Earth horizon-sensors, star trackers, and magnetometers. Intertial angular rate sensors include spinning mass gyros, dry-tuned rotor units, hemispherical resonator gyros, ring-laser gyros, interferometric fiber optic gyros, and angular displacement sensors. Keywords: attitude sensor; sun sensor; horizon sensor; magnetometer; star tracker; gyro
Genetic manipulation of Agrobacterium

Agrobacterium species are plant-associated relatives of the rhizobia. Several species cause plant diseases such as crown gall and hairy root, although there are also avirulent species. A. tumefaciens is the most intensively studied species and causes crown gall, a neoplastic disease that occurs on a variety of plants. Virulence is specified by large plasmids, and in the case of A. tumefaciens, this is called the Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid. During pathogenesis virulent agrobacteria copy a segment of the Ti plasmid and transfer it to the plant, where it subsequently integrates into the plant genome, and expresses genes that result in the disease symptoms. A. tumefaciens has been used extensively as a plant genetic engineering tool and is also a model microorganism that has been well studied for host-microbe associations, horizontal gene transfer, cell-cell communication, and biofilm formation. This unit describes standard protocols for genetic manipulation of A. tumefaciens.
Identification of Streamflow Stochastic Models

The identification of streamflow stochastic models is explored. The identification of the type of stochastic model is made, based on a conceptual physical representation of natural watershed. The identification of the form of the model is made, based on the recently developed R-functions and S-functions. ARMA is the autoregressive moving average. For a ARMA(p,q) precipitation input, the ground-water storage is an ARMA(p+1, q) process, and the streamflow is an ARMA(p+1, q+1) process. In general, such ground-water and streamflow processes belong to the class of restricted ARMA processes in the sense that their parameter space is a subspace of that corresponding to the general ARMA models. The form or order of the ground-water and streamflow ARMA processes for given historical time series can be uniquely identified by using the R-functions and S-functions. An example is given as a application of such techniques.
A rule‐of‐thumb for atmospheric density and pressure versus altitude

Order-of-magnitude values for the density and pressure of the Earth's atmosphere are readily obtained for altitudes up to 160 km by means of a simple rule-of-thumb. The results, while not precise, are good enough for rough calculations when your favorite atmospheric table is not at hand. The rule-of-thumb is atmospheric massdensity, number-density, and pressure all decrease by approximately a factor of 10 for every 10-mile increase in altitude up to an altitude of 100 miles. (This is one of the few cases in which working with English units is advantageous.) Interpolation in 5-mile increments is obtained by using a factor of three decrease in atmospheric parameters for every 5-mile increase in altitude.
Metal Complexes of Pyridylphenylisocyanides and Pyridylethynylphenylisocyanides as Building Blocks for Coordination Polymers and Supramolecular Assemblies.

The isocyanides 3-(4-pyridylethynyl)phenylisocyanide, 3, 4-(4-pyridylethynyl)phenylisocyanide, 6, 2,6-diisopropyl-4-(4-pyridylethynyl)phenylisocyanide, 9, and 2,6-diisopropyl-4-(4-pyridyl)phenylisocyanide, 11, were prepared. With PdI2 and PtI2, these isocyanides form the complexes trans-[MI2(CNR)2], 12−19 (M = Pd, Pt; CNR = 3, 6, 9, 11). The previously prepared complex trans-[PdI2(CNC5H4N-3)2] and trans-[PdI2(CNC6H2-(i-Pr)2-2,6-(CC−C5H4N-4)-4)2], 16, combine with copper bis(trifluoroacetylacetonate) in the ratio of 1:2 to form the adducts trans-[PdI2(CNC5H4N-3)2]·2[Cu(tfacac)2]·2CH2Cl2, 20, and trans-[PdI2(CNC6H2-(i-Pr)2-2,6-(CC-C5H4N-4)-4)2]·2[Cu(tfacac)2], 21, respectively. The complexes trans-[MI2(CNC6H2-(i-Pr)2-2,6-(C5H4N-4)-4)2], 19 (M = Pd) and 20 (M = Pt), react with [Pd(SO3CF3)2(dppp)] (dppp = bisdiphenylphosphinopropane) to form the molecular squares [Pd(dppp)(trans-[MI2(CNC6H2-(i-Pr)2-2,6-(C5H4N-4)-4)2]4(SO3CF3)8, 22 (M = Pd) and 23 (M = Pt). The crystal structure of 20 has been determined by X-...
Employment predictions in social impact assessment: An analysis of some unexplored variables

Abstract Social scientists investigating the impacts of energy development are increasingly searching for predictive models of the employment benefits to locals. This issue is of extreme importance not only because of the benefits to locals but because of the issue of local benefits as well as the connection with population growth and boom town development. Unfortunately, some of the recent investigations and predictive models are of little utility as a result of certain analytical and methodological faults, including improper assumptions about local labor supply and local preferences. In addition to the assessment of previous investigations, a framework for predicting local employment impacts is suggested. This framework utilizes characteristics and preferences of the local population.
Reply: Regulation of human adipose-derived stromal cell osteogenic differentiation by insulin-like growth factor-1 and platelet-derived growth factor-α

BACKGROUND Human adipose-derived stromal cells possess a great potential for tissue engineering purposes. The authors' laboratory is interested in harnessing human adipose-derived stromal cells for skeletal tissue regeneration and identifying those factors that enhance human adipose-derived stromal cell osteogenic differentiation. The authors hypothesized that insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) would stimulate human adipose-derived stromal cell osteogenesis and that IGF would stimulate adipogenesis. METHODS Adipose-derived stromal cells were harvested from human lipoaspirate. Previously, a microarray analysis examined gene expression throughout osteogenic differentiation. In a candidate fashion, the authors added recombinant IGF-1 and PDGF-alpha individually and in combination. Osteogenesis and adipogenesis were assessed by alkaline phosphatase, alizarin red, and oil red O staining, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RUNX2, ALP, OCN, IGF1, PPARG, LPL, AP2, and GCP1). Finally, intersection between IGF and PDGF signaling pathways was evaluated. RESULTS IGF-1 was observed to increase osteogenic differentiation by all markers (p < 0.01). However, PDGF-alpha when added alone primarily did not affect osteogenic markers. PDGF-alpha positively regulated transcription of IGF1. Addition of PDGF-alpha in combination with or before IGF-1 enhanced osteogenesis more than either alone. IGF-1 increased whereas PDGF-alpha diminished human adipose-derived stromal cell adipogenesis. CONCLUSIONS IGF signaling significantly increased osteogenesis in human adipose-derived stromal cells and may be used for tissue-engineering purposes. The combination of PDGF and IGF may be more beneficial than either alone in driving adipose-derived stromal cell osteogenesis. Future in vivo applications will focus on the combination of adipose-derived stromal cells, biomimetic scaffolds, and recombinant IGF.
Gender, race and Ph.D. completion in natural science and engineering

Abstract This article examines the issue of female and minority progression to the science and engineering Ph.D. The research indicates that once one controls for “ability” (as measured by GRE scores, grade point averages, and National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship panel evaluations of applicants) large sex and race differences in science and engineering degree completion rates are reduced. Ethnic differences almost vanish, although female completion rates lag slightly behind those of males. However, available evidence indicates this gender gap is narrowing. These findings contradict the notion of high female and minority attrition in science and engineering, and implies that public policy aimed at reducing perceived high attrition is likely to have only marginal success. [ JEL I21]
A blend of methods of recursion theory and topology

Abstract This paper is a culmination of our new foundations for recursive analysis through recursive topology as reported in Kalantari and Welch (Ann Pure Appl. Logic 93 (1998) 125; 98 (1999) 87). While in those papers we developed groundwork for an approach to point free analysis and applied recursion theory, in this paper we blend techniques of recursion theory with those of topology to establish new findings. We present several new techniques different from existing ones which yield interesting results. Incidental to our work is a unifying explanation of various schools of study for recursive analysis.
Hyperoxic Gas Inhalation Coupled with Differential Optical Imaging for Breast Cancer

We employ differential optical imaging for breast cancer. The proposed technique exploits tumor vascular response to inspired hyperoxic gases to provide contrast. Results from preliminary clinical trials are presented.
Evaluation of a two-step protocol for rapid detection of Salmonella in ice-cream and Cheddar cheese

Abstract A two-step protocol for repair, multiplication and rapid detection of Salmonella species in ice-cream and Cheddar cheese was evaluated. The first step involves selective preenrichment using lactose broth supplemented with sodium pyruvate and yeast extract for the repair of injured cells and brilliant green for repression of the competing flora (LBPYEBG). This enrichment is incubated for 7 h at 40°C. The second step involves direct plating of 7 h selective preenrichment onto XLD agar and simultaneous inoculations into Salmonella 1–2 Test ® for both isolation and presumptive identification of Salmonella the next day. The two-step protocol requires only 26±2 h for isolation and presumptive identification of Salmonella . This protocol was successfully used in detecting as few as 2 colony forming units (cfu) of non-stressed S. enteritidis per ml in 250 ml of enrichment. Initial inocula of 3 cfu ml −1 of freeze-thaw-injured S. enteritidis inoculated into various ice-creams grew to significantly (p≤0·05) higher numbers after 6 and 7 h in the LBPYEBG enrichment than in the conventional lactose broth. This was also found to be true with a naturally contaminated ice-cream (MPN of 0·09 g −1 of S. enteritidis ). S. typhimurium HF artificially incorporated into Cheddar cheese grew more rapidly in the LBPYEBG enrichment than in the conventional lactose broth. This indicates the usefulness of this protocol for rapid detection of Salmonella spp. from ice-cream and Cheddar cheese.
Asymptotics and energy estimates for electromagnetic pulses in dispersive media

We examine electromagnetic pulse propagation in anomalously dispersive media, using the Debye model as an example. Short-pulse, long-pulse, short-time, and long-time approximations and amplitude rate-of-decay estimates are derived with asymptotic methods. We also study the following problem: If we know only the peak amplitude and the energy density of an incident pulse, what can be said about the amplitude of the propagated pulse? We provide tight upper and lower bounds for the propagated amplitude, which may be useful in controlling the electromagnetic interference or the damage produced in dispersive media. We explain a factor-of-nine effect in the speed of pulses in a Debye model for water, which seems to have been previously unnoticed, and we also explain some observations from experimental studies of pulse propagation in biological materials. Finally, we propose some guidelines for sample size in transmission time-domain spectroscopy studies of dielectrics. Most of our results are easily extended to multiple space dimensions.
DNS of turbulent flow with hemispherical wall roughness

The present study of the effect of roughness density on the mean flow turbulence parameters is motivated by the need for new generation of boundary conditions for multiphase computational multiphase fluid dynamics (CMFD) models applied to boiling flows. Effect of roughness element density on the turbulent flow in a channel is quantified through direct numerical simulations (DNSs). The Navier--Stokes equations are solved using finite element method and bubbles are approximated as rigid near-hemispherical obstacles at the wall. Six different cases were analysed including channel flow with smooth wall and channel flow with rough wall for five different bubble nucleation site densities. Friction factor and the law of the wall was calculated and compared with the previously published results. Existing correlations for nucleating bubble site density dependency on a wall heat flux were used to obtain a relation between the heat flux and the friction factor, leading to the law of the wall dependency on the heat f...
The gram reaction and cell composition: diamines and polyamines.

Abstract Gram-negative microorganisms store and excrete variable quantities of putrescine, which is a microbial growth factor. A few gram-positive organisms store amine growth factors (principally spermidine and putrescine) at a level comparable to the lowest concentration of putrescine observed in gram-negative microorganisms. Most gram-positive microorganisms neither store nor excrete putrescine which appears, therefore, to be a physiological characteristic of gram-negative microorganisms.
Effect of wheat bran particle size on dough rheological properties

Commercial hard red spring, hard red winter, soft white and durum wheat brans were used to investigate the effect of wheat bran particle size on the rheological properties of doughs. Wheat brans were first coarsely ground and passed through a bran finisher to remove additional endosperm and aleurone layers. These processes increased total dietary fibre content and decreased starch content of the wheat bran samples. Three particle size distributions, for each wheat bran class, were obtained by further grinding (not by sifting) of the bran samples by different experimental mills. Coarse bran can retain significantly more water than medium or fine bran as measured by a centrifuge method, but bran particle size had no significant effect on dough water absorption. Addition of wheat bran into bread dough systems increased dough water absorption rate, reduced mixing time and decreased dough mixing tolerance as measured by farinograph. Fine particle size wheat bran decreased dough mixing tolerance and reduced mixing time compared to coarse bran. Dough containing fine particle size bran exhibited more strength than dough containing coarse bran after a 180-min rest period as measured by the extensigraph. © 1997 SCI.
Evaluation of possible reasons for the low phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in cellulose nitrate membrane microcapsules.

Abstract Microencapsulated phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) exhibits a marked reduction in activity compared to the activity of the free enzyme in pH 8.5 Tris buffer. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the contribution of incomplete entrapment, the internal environment of cellulose nitrate membrane microcapsules, the diffusional barrier of the membrane and the microcapsulation process to the low activity of encapsulated PAL. A solution of PAL and 10% w/v hemoglobin was incorporated into cellulose nitrate membrane microcapsules. Hemoglobin incorporation was used as a surrogate marker of PAL entrapment. Using 14 C hemoglobin, the encapsulation efficiency was determined to be 70% and suggested that incomplete entrapment might partially account for the low activity of encapsulated PAL. The effect of the internal environment of the microcapsule (10% hemoglobin solution) on PAL activity was evaluated by comparing enzyme activity in 10% w/v hemoglobin solution and pH 8.5 Tris buffer. Similar K M and V max values of PAL in the two media indicated that the internal environment of the microcapsule did not contribute to the reduction in activity of the encapsulated enzyme. The contribution of a membrane diffusional barrier was determined by breaking the putative barrier and measuring PAL activity in intact and broken microcapsules. Similar activity of PAL in these two conditions is evidence for the lack of a diffusional barrier. The effect of the microencapsulation process on PAL activity was evaluated by comparing K M and V max of free and encapsulated PAL. Similar K M values in these two media suggested that the process did not affect the conformation of PAL. However, encapsulated PAL had a 50% lower V max value compared to free PAL, which showed that the microencapsulation process deactivated a substantial proportion of the enzyme.
Cellular localization of cytomegalovirus nucleic acids in guinea pig salivary glands by in situ hybridization

In situ hybridization with guinea pig cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA probes was used to detect guinea pig CMV nucleic acid sequences in salivary glands during the course of infection. Optimum conditions for detection of guinea pig CMV gene sequences at the cellular level were determined. The technique of nucleic acid hybridization was compared to antigen detection and histologic examination for cellular localization of guinea pig CMV during acute and chronic infection. Tissue sections fixed for 1 h in 4% paraformaldehyde demonstrated darker specific staining and contained significantly larger numbers of cells positive for guinea pig CMV nucleic acids and antigens than sections fixed longer and in other fixatives. The method of in situ hybridization detected more guinea pig CMV infected cells than did routine histological evaluation. Histologically normal salivary gland duct cells as well as cells bearing typical inclusions were found to contain guinea pig CMV nucleic acids. Guinea pig CMV nucleic acids were also detected although less frequently in cells outside of the ducts. These results suggest that in situ hybridization allows for the detection of histologically inapparent guinea pig CMV infections at the cellular level.