cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Margin Policy in Futures Trading: The American System vs. the Chinese System

A model shows that the price-dependent Chinese margin system differs from the fixed-amount American margin system by altering the risk of underlying positions, resulting in a more elastic demand by long-term buyers but a more inelastic demand by long-term sellers, whereas demand by day traders is not affected. The simulation results show a reduction in price volatility when trading is switched to the Chinese floating system. Empirical evidence shows that futures price volatility in China is lower in general and on market-down days than that in the United States, both of which are consistent with the predictions of the model.
Fraud in nonalcoholic ready to drink products

Abstract This chapter places the spotlight on the topic of food fraud as it relates to the nonalcoholic ready to drink, or as more commonly known “NARTD,” sector. This category includes soft drinks, juice drinks, juices, energy drinks, water, and functional drinks. The last category is a rapidly growing beverage subsector capturing products with enriched vitamins, minerals, isotonic and sports drinks, wellness, and nutraceutical products. The authors discuss the risks and vulnerabilities to the sector, the important roles that technical knowledge and effective quality assurance and food safety management systems have, and how robust risk and crisis management protocols are critical in the fight against food fraud. The content of this chapter emphasizes that an effective response to the threat of food fraud involves collaboration between industry and government stakeholders.
High-temperature interactions between Yttria-stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings and Na-Rich calcia-magnesia-aluminosilicate deposits

Abstract We have evaluated the effectiveness of optical basicity, a chemical model, to predict and categorize the reaction behavior between calcia-magnesia-aluminosilicate (CMAS) deposits and ZrO2-based thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), which are used to insulate and protect metallic components in gas-turbine engines. The attack behavior of two CMAS compositions (Na-lean and Na-rich) with 7 wt% Y2O3-partially-stabilized ZrO2 (7YSZ) and 2ZrO2·Y2O3(ss) free-standing TBCs at 1340 °C were evaluated and compared to previous studies. The behavior of Y3+ in the reaction is correlated with the optical basicity of the CMAS; more basic Na-rich CMAS melt resulted in lower Y-solubility and higher Y-content in the reprecipitated ZrO2 grains than observed in the highly acidic CMAS attack for both tested TBCs. This behavior is consistent with previous studies of basic and acidic melts, and suggests that less acidic CMASs pose a unique danger to ZrO2-based TBCs that rely on Y-rich secondary phases for CMAS mitigation.
Soilless indoor smart agriculture as an emerging enabler technology for food and nutrition security amidst climate change

Abstract Globally there are three major challenges in the 21st century, related to the conventional agriculture-based food production system. They are very suitably defined under the United Nations sustainable development goals. These three challenges are food security, nutrition security, and climate security. With ever-increasing global population, decreasing arable land area, soil erosion, and scarcity of freshwater availability, these challenges aggravate ecological homeostasis. Such interconnected challenges are of paramount importance and can be overcome by some extent through climate-smart agriculture practices such as the use of renewable energy sources to drive agriculture, crop diversification, crop rotation, and organic agriculture. However, the need of the hour is to leapfrog toward climate-resilient cultivation practices. Deployment of soilless indoor cultivation technology is one such long-term sustainable strategy. Adoption of soilless technology provides a great opportunity to produce more with less cultivation area, more crop per drop of water, reduction of the toxic chemical load, and improving the ecological footprint. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the impact of climate change on food security and nutrition security and how soilless cultivation technology can bring a paradigm shift to close the gap between food and nutrition security.
Poetry Therapy: Theory and Practice

Part I: Introduction. The Place of Poetry Therapy in Psychology: Historical and Theoretical Foundations. Part II: Model and Modalities. Poetry Therapy Practice Model and Individual Treatment. Poetry Therapy and Family Psychology. Group Therapy: Advancing Process and Outcome through Poetic Methods. Part III: Special Topics. Working with Children. Poetry Therapy and Adolescent Suicide. Poetry Therapy and Battered Women. Poetry Therapy and the Elderly. Part IV: Research and Professional Development. Advancing the Research Base for Poetry Therapy: An Agenda for the Millennium. Toward a Field of Poetry Therapy. Appendices.
Bismuth pyrochlore thin films for dielectric energy storage

Thin films of cubic pyrochlore bismuth zinc niobate, bismuth zinc tantalate, and bismuth zinc niobate tantalate were fabricated using chemical solution deposition. This family of materials exhibited moderate relative permittivities between 55 ± 2 and 145 ± 5 for bismuth zinc tantalate and bismuth zinc niobate, respectively, and low loss tangents on the order of 0.0008 ± 0.0001. Increases in the concentration of the tantalum end member increased the dielectric breakdown strength. For example, at 10 kHz, the room temperature breakdown strength of bismuth zinc niobate was 5.1 MV/cm, while that of bismuth zinc tantalate was 6.1 MV/cm. This combination of a high breakdown strength and a moderate permittivity led to a high discharged energy storage density for all film compositions. For example, at a measurement frequency of 10 kHz, bismuth zinc niobate exhibited a maximum recoverable energy storage density of 60.8 ± 2.0 J/cm3, while bismuth zinc tantalate exhibited a recoverable energy storage density of 60.7 ...
Community Planning and Organization in an Era of Retrenchment: Structural and Educational Approaches to Serving Human Need

Abstract Despite budget cutbacks, some community organizations and planning agencies have used situational incentives of the contemporary retrenchment situation productively. This article describes creative structures and strategies used to better serve and further empower client population groups. These innovative and successful models can help identify specific competencies which are particularly important for social work graduates in community organization and planning at this time.
Neurotoxins from Plectreurys spider venom are potent presynaptic blockers in Drosophila

Studies of presynaptic events in synaptic transmission may be facilitated through the use of specific ligands for functional components of the transmitter release mechanism and through the use of genetics. For this purpose, neurotoxins that affect neuromuscular transmission in Drosophila have been identified and purified from Plectreurys spider venom (PLTX). One class of toxins causes irreversible presynaptic block, probably by blocking calcium entry or by acting on other closely associated processes. These toxins have been highly purified and are peptides of about 7 kDa in molecular weight. They specifically block transmitter release at nanomolar concentrations and may be useful in further biochemical studies.
Interactions and Localization of Escherichia coli Error-Prone DNA Polymerase IV after DNA Damage

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli9s DNA polymerase IV (Pol IV/DinB), a member of the Y family of error-prone polymerases, is induced during the SOS response to DNA damage and is responsible for translesion bypass and adaptive (stress-induced) mutation. In this study, the localization of Pol IV after DNA damage was followed using fluorescent fusions. After exposure of E. coli to DNA-damaging agents, fluorescently tagged Pol IV localized to the nucleoid as foci. Stepwise photobleaching indicated ∼60% of the foci consisted of three Pol IV molecules, while ∼40% consisted of six Pol IV molecules. Fluorescently tagged Rep, a replication accessory DNA helicase, was recruited to the Pol IV foci after DNA damage, suggesting that the in vitro interaction between Rep and Pol IV reported previously also occurs in vivo . Fluorescently tagged RecA also formed foci after DNA damage, and Pol IV localized to them. To investigate if Pol IV localizes to double-strand breaks (DSBs), an I-SceI endonuclease-mediated DSB was introduced close to a fluorescently labeled LacO array on the chromosome. After DSB induction, Pol IV localized to the DSB site in ∼70% of SOS-induced cells. RecA also formed foci at the DSB sites, and Pol IV localized to the RecA foci. These results suggest that Pol IV interacts with RecA in vivo and is recruited to sites of DSBs to aid in the restoration of DNA replication. IMPORTANCE DNA polymerase IV (Pol IV/DinB) is an error-prone DNA polymerase capable of bypassing DNA lesions and aiding in the restart of stalled replication forks. In this work, we demonstrate in vivo localization of fluorescently tagged Pol IV to the nucleoid after DNA damage and to DNA double-strand breaks. We show colocalization of Pol IV with two proteins: Rep DNA helicase, which participates in replication, and RecA, which catalyzes recombinational repair of stalled replication forks. Time course experiments suggest that Pol IV recruits Rep and that RecA recruits Pol IV. These findings provide in vivo evidence that Pol IV aids in maintaining genomic stability not only by bypassing DNA lesions but also by participating in the restoration of stalled replication forks.
Pioneer 10 Observations of the Jovian Magnetosphere: Plasma Electron Results

In Intriligator (1975) there is a discussion of some of the plasma electron observations obtained by the Ames Research Center Plasma Analyzer experiment on Pioneer 10. The plasma electron observations discussed in Intriligator (1975) are those obtained during the two extended magnetosheath traversals during the inbound passage of the spacecraft. In Intriligator (1975), Intriligator and Wolfe (1974), and Wolfe et al. (1974b) there is a brief description of the Ames Research Center Plasma Analyzer experiment. In this paper the plasma electron observations obtained in the Jovian magnetosphere during the inbound portion of the Pioneer 10 flyby trajectory will be discussed. These observations imply the existence of a thermal plasma in the outer Jovian magnetosphere. The thermal plasma is particularly important in the outer Jovian magnetosphere where it is evidently responsible for the large scale inflation of Jupiter’s outer magnetic field as indicated by the large deviation from a dipole-like character as observed by Smith et al. (1974). Based on these electron measurements and the magnetic field measurements (Smith et al.,1974), we inferred (Wolfe et al., 1974a) the existence of a high beta (s ~ 1) plasma in the outer magnetosphere by assuming thermal equilibrium between ions and electrons and a pressure balance across the magnetopause.
A computational study of the reaction of C2 with CH4

Ab initio calculations are used to investigate the energetics of the reaction of C2(X 1Σ+ g) with CH4. The heat of reaction is predicted to be exothermic by 5·4 kcal mol-1 and the barrier height is 0·2 kcal mol-1 at the QCISD(T)/6-311++G(2df,2p)//UMP2/6-311G(2df,2p) level of theory. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of their importance to the atmospheric evolution of ethane oceans on Titan.
Space and a Damaged Place: Philippine Migrant Transnational Engagement Following the Guinsaugon Landslide Disaster

This study utilises a range of qualitative data sources to investigate migrant transnational activity occurring in response to a landslide disaster event that affected the Philippine village of Guinsaugon in February 2006. The disaster provoked multiple responses from village emigrants. A first wave of migrants returned to assist kin members directly affected by the disaster. A second wave of migrants arrived between 1 week and 3 months following the disaster to assist the community as a whole. One aiding organisation was formed by returned migrants who organised in their home community following the disaster. The ATHena Project: Advocacy for Transparency and Honesty was a civil society organisation that promoted accountability in the donation distribution process and also initiated political change. These activities were made possible by recent advances in information and` communication technologies and by the specific form of the weak Philippine state that enables the Philippine diaspora to emerge as a powerful social group. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunologic changes in frail older adults.

Several studies have shown a heightened inflammatory state in frail older adults, marked by high serum levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein and an increased number of circulating leukocytes. Activation of monocytes and macrophages, marked by increased levels of neopterin, may contribute to chronic inflammation in the frail older adult. However, the reduced mononuclear cell response to lipopolysaccharide in vitro suggests the existence of defective activation pathways within the innate immune system possibly due to desensitization. Conversely, the expansion of CD8 +
The Continuity of Metaphor: Evidence From Temporal Gestures

Reasoning about bedrock abstract concepts such as time, number, and valence relies on spatial metaphor and often on multiple spatial metaphors for a single concept. Previous research has documented, for instance, both future-in-front and future-to-right metaphors for time in English speakers. It is often assumed that these metaphors, which appear to have distinct experiential bases, remain distinct in online temporal reasoning. In two studies we demonstrate that, contra this assumption, people systematically combine these metaphors. Evidence for this combination was found in both directly elicited (Study 1) and spontaneous co-speech (Study 2) gestures about time. These results provide first support for the hypothesis that the metaphorical representation of time, and perhaps other abstract domains as well, involves the continuous co-activation of multiple metaphors rather than the selection of only one.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus and Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency; Unusual Clinical Manifestations

A patient with patent ductus arteriosus is described in whom the combination of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary insufficiency seem to allow shunting of blood only in diastole. These circumstances produced a peculiar, low-pitched holodiastolic murmur, maximally heard in the second to fourth intercostal space to the left of the sternum. The murmur appeared to be produced by eddy currents in the region of the ductus rather than in the area of the pulmonary valve. The case is reported because of the rarity with which this type of murmur is heard with patent ductus arteriosus.
Macrolichen diversity in subtropical forests of north-central Florida

We sampled epiphytic and ground macrolichens in three subtropical forest types in north-central Florida (sand pine scrub, longleaf pine and hardwood bottoms). We detected 101 macrolichen taxa during community surveys in the three subtropical forest types. We used nonmeteric multidimensional scaling to determine factors associated with gradients in lichen community composition. In addition, we evaluated diversity of macrolichen species and species groups among the three vegetation types. Gradients in lichen community composition were closely associated with differences in vegetation structure (canopy cover, percent evergreen conifers) of the three forest vegetation types. Sand pine scrub forests supported the richest diversity and highest abundances of macrolichens, despite the young age of the stands. Sand pine scrub stands were young due to the frequency of stand-replacing fires. Alpha diversity averaged 26 macrolichen taxa per plot, ranging from 12 species in the youngest longleaf pine stand to 51 species in a mature sand pine scrub stand. Ground lichen cover ranged from 0-82% and, when present, formed a mat from 5-14 cm thick. Longleaf pine stands lacked ground lichen cover due to their dense grass understory and high fire frequency. These stands also had lower diversities and abundances of epiphytic macrolichens. The hardwood bottom vegetation type is often flooded with water and lacks both a consistent vascular plant and ground lichen cover. Hardwood bottoms experience fire infrequently and are intermediate in canopy lichen diversity. We used Indicator Species Analysis to determine if macrolichen species associated more closely with one or more of the three subtropical forest types studied. Lichen species indicative of sand pine scrub communities include Bulbothrix confoederata, Cladina evansii, C. subtenuis, Cladonia prostrata, C. ravenelii, Crocynia pyxinoides, Parmotrema sulfuratum and Usnea dimorpha. Dirinaria picta, Heterodermia albicans, Leptogium cyanescens, Ramalina
Toxicokinetics of metformin-associated lactic acidosis with continuous renal replacement therapy

A 70-year-old diabetic male patient with a baseline serum creatinine of 1.4 mg/dL presented with nausea and vomiting. He was diagnosed with metformin-associated lactic acidosis and acute kidney injury. He was managed with continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). By measuring metformin concentration at different time intervals, we calculated the apparent volume of distribution of metformin at 34.7 L. The decline in serum metformin followed single-compartment first-order kinetics with an elimination rate constant of 0.0418/h and a serum half-life of 16.5 h; no metformin rebound was seen after discontinuation of CVVHDF. Using the previously calculated volume of distribution we calculated the expected serum metformin concentration 25 h post CVVHDF to be 3.0–3.7 μg/mL. The measured serum metformin of 3.4 μg/ml fell within the predicted range. During CVVHDF, dialyzer metformin clearance approximates 88.7 % of dialyzer urea clearance and 90.1 % of dialyzer creatinine clearance.
Sonographic assessment of renal length in children: A reappraisal

Ultrasonography (US) has largely replaced the intravenous urogram as the first modality for the evaluation of the kidneys in children suspected of having urinary tract abnormalities. Because many renal disorders are associated with changes in the sizes of the kidneys, normative standards for assessing renal size have been developed. These standards rely upon comparison of the renal lengths or calculated volumes or both, with various assessments of overall body size, including body surface area, weight, height, and chronological age. We discuss some of the limitations of US in assessing renal size in children. Practical recommendations are offered for optimizing the measurement and interpretation of sonographic renal sizes in children.
Acetyl cholinesterase activity and muscle contraction in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) following chronic phosphate exposure

The common shallow-water sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus is capable of surviving inorganic phosphate exposures as high as 3.2 mg L(-1) and organic phosphate exposures of 1000 mg L(-1) . Nonetheless, chronic exposure to low, medium, and high-sublethal concentrations of organic phosphate inhibits the muscle enzyme acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), responsible for the break down of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, as well as inhibiting contractions in the muscles associated with the Aristotle's lantern. AChE activity, measured in both a static enzyme assay and by vesicular staining, displayed concentration-dependent declines of activity in individuals maintained in organic phosphate for 4 weeks. The activity of AChE was not adversely affected by exposure to inorganic phosphate or seawater controls over the same time period. Maximum force of muscle contraction and rates of muscle contraction and relaxation also decreased with chronic exposure to increasing concentrations of organic phosphate. Chronic exposure to inorganic phosphates elicited no response except at the highest concentration, where the maximum force of muscular contraction increased compared to controls. These findings indicate that shallow-water populations of Lytechinus variegatus subjected to organic phosphate pollutants may display impaired muscular activity that is potentially related to the inhibition of the muscle relaxant enzyme AChE, and subsequently muscular overstimulation, and fatigue.
Role of fluid heating in dense gas–solid flow as revealed by particle-resolved direct numerical simulation

Abstract Heat transfer is important in gas–solid flows that are encountered in many industrial applications such as energy generation. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of heat transfer in gas–solid flow are based on statistical theories that result in averaged equations (e.g., the Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model). These averaged equations require accurate models for unclosed terms such as the average gas–solid heat transfer rate. The average gas–solid or interphase heat transfer rate is modeled in terms of the Nusselt number Nu, which is specified as a function of the solid volume fraction e s , mean slip Reynolds number Re m and Prandtl number Pr. In developing closure models for the average interphase heat transfer rate it is assumed that the gas–solid flow is locally homogeneous i.e., the effect of fluid heating (or cooling) on the average fluid temperature is negligible. However, continuous heating (or cooling) of the fluid along the flow direction causes the average fluid temperature to become inhomogeneous. In this work we develop a particle-resolved direct numerical simulation (PR-DNS) methodology to study heat transfer in steady flow past statistically homogeneous random assemblies of stationary particles. By using an analogy with thermally fully developed flow in pipes, we develop a thermal similarity condition that ensures a statistically homogeneous Nusselt number, even though the average fluid temperature field is inhomogeneous. From PR-DNS results we find that the effect of fluid heating (or cooling) cannot be neglected for gas–solid systems with high solid volume fractions and low mean slip Reynolds numbers. These results indicate that the assumption of scale separation implicit in two-fluid models is not always valid.
Cell specificity in the formation of multinucleated striated muscle.

Abstract Freshly disaggregated embryonic chick myogenic cells were cultured together with embryonic mouse muscle cells and with both untreated and actinomycin D treated mouse embryonic liver cells. Examination of muscle straps which developed in these cultures using autoradiography and histological staining to determine cell type confirmed that muscle cells from different organisms are incorporated into common multinucleated muscle units, but that non-muscle cells are excluded. Actinomycin D treated liver cells, however, are incorporated. The analysis of RNA and protein synthesis in these cells indicated a rapid and complete cessation of uridine incorporation and an almost complete cessation of amino acid incorporation. These results suggest the existence of a recognition process which is disturbed by the disruption of normal RNA and protein synthesis mechanism. A recognition factor at the cell surface is proposed.
International Interdependence and Business Cycle Transmission in ASEAN

This study investigates the international transmission of business cycles among the ASEAN countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, and between the ASEAN nations and their major trading partners, the United States, Australia, Japan, and the European Union. The research uses trade flows to show the pattern of economic interdependence, and principal components analysis, vector autoregressions, and spectral analysis to explore the possibility of a unique ASEAN business cycle. Binational VARs are used to examine the relative impacts of each country upon the others. Spectral analysis is used to check for the possibility of “mode-locking” between the countries that may serve to bring about some synchronization. Interestingly, there is evidence of the existence of a specific ASEAN regional business cycle. However, the VARs give only weak evidence of transmission of business cycles among the ASEAN economies and between the ASEAN economies and their major trading partners. The apparent weakness of the transmission is explained by the fact that commodity price fluctuations, wars, and major political disturbances, due to the process of nation-building, have interrupted the natural generation of business cycles, dominated the interdependence effects between nations, and hindered the measurement of international business cycle transmission. J. Japan. Int. Econ., September 1999, 13(3), pp. 230–253. Department of Economics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529 Copyright 1999 Academic Press. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: F41, F47, E32.
1-[11C]butanol: synthesis and development as a radiopharmaceutical for blood flow measurements.

Abstract 1-[ 11 C]Butanol was synthesized via two routes: carbonylation of an organoborane and carbonation of a Grignard reagent. The reaction of 11 CO with B- n -propyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, followed by oxidation in alkaline medium, produced 1-[ 11 C]butanol in 33–71% yield (EOB) in 60 min. The reaction of 11 CO 2 with 1-propylmagnesium bromide, followed by a lithium aluminum hydride reduction, produced 1-[ 11 C]butanol in 55–74% yield (EOB) in 25–27 min. The radiochemical purity was 95–99% in each case.
Three-Dimensional Micrometer-Scale Modeling of Quenching in High-Aspect-Ratio $\hbox{YBa}_{2}\hbox{Cu}_{3}\hbox{O}_{7-\delta}$ Coated Conductor Tapes—Part II: Influence of Geometric and Material Properties and Implications for Conductor Engineering and Magnet Design

YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) coated conductors (CCs) show great promise for applications, but due to a very slow normal-zone propagation velocity (NZPV), quench detection and protection in YBCO magnets may be difficult. Present YBCO CCs have been developed with a primary focus on maximizing the critical current density for elevated-temperature low-field or low-temperature high-field applications. As the market for magnet applications progresses, it becomes important to consider design parameters such as the thicknesses and properties of all YBCO CC components, with the intent of considering quench-related behaviors as an integral part of the conductor and magnet design processes. Thus, it is important to know the impacts of conductor parameters on quench behavior. Considering that the YBCO layer itself is on the order of a micrometer in thickness, quench behavior must also be considered at this scale length. Here, the highly accurate experimentally validated micrometer-scale 3-D tape model reported in Part I is used to study how variations in CC geometry and material properties affect quench behavior, including the NZPV, hot-spot temperature, and minimum quench energy. The parametric variations focus on quantities that can be most readily modified by CC manufacturers. Based on simulation results, the relative sensitivities of the quench quantities to the parametric variations are calculated to identify which CC design parameters are most impactful on quench behavior. The implications of these results for quench detection and protection are discussed.
A study of low-frequency unstable planetary waves in realistic zonal and zonally varying basic states*

This study investigates low-frequency, unstable planetary waves in realistic basis states of January 1979, using three-dimensional spectral primitive equations derived by orthonormal vertical structure functions and Hough harmonics. Eigenfrequencies, modal structures, and energetics are contrasted for the zonal basic state and the zonally varying basic state. Three selected unstable modes are extensively examined. One is the Green mode in the planetary waves, and the other two are deep Charney modes having different meridional structures. We find that the Green mode of wavenumber 1 in the zonally varying basic state shows notable transient growth in the first internal vertical component during its life-cycle. One of the deep Charney modes becomes stationary at a preferred geographical location with nearly barotropic structure. The other deep Charney mode, which shows a monopole structure in the zonal basic state, becomes a dipole structure in the zonally varying basic state. The northern part of the dipole structure shows westward propagation with transient growth in amplitude at a preferred location. The results suggest that the large-scale Pacific blockings during the winter are, at least in part, related to the low-frequency Charney mode having a dipole structure. A possible connection between the amplification of planetary waves and the Green mode in zonally varying basic states is also discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1989.tb00375.x
Predictors of cheating and cheating attributions: Does classroom context influence cheating and blame for cheating?

The frequency of cheating in today’s classrooms undermines educators’ efforts and threatens students’ learning. Data from 444 high school students in 48 math and science classrooms at two time points were analyzed to examine the classroom and individual influences on students’ attributions of blame for cheating and to examine the relationship between students’ attributions of blame for cheating and subsequent cheating behavior. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that student-level and aggregate views of teacher characteristics were related to concurrent and subsequent attribution of cheating blame to teachers and to subsequent cheating behaviors, over and above the influence of moral emotion dispositions.
Elective recruitment by the eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum)

Abstract The eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum) is the only presocial insect known to utilize chemical recruitment trails. The laboratory studies we report here show that recruitment in this species is elective and contingent upon individual assessment of the quality of feeding sites. In one series of two-choice tests, caterpillars recruited more tentmates to uncrowded than to crowded sites. A separate series of tests showed that caterpillars that fed on either aged leaves of host trees or young leaves of non-host trees recruited significantly less than caterpillars that fed on the young leaves of host trees. Our results suggest that elective recruitment may facilitate the efficient exploitation by colonies of a qualitatively patchy food supply. Comparisons are drawn between the trail systems of caterpillars and ants.
Redefining gastroesophageal reflux (GER).

Background: The detection of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) has to date been limited to acid exposure observed on 24-h pH monitoring. It is clear, however that nonacid reflux can be a significant clinical problem. Recently, as impedance technology with the capacity to detect all types of reflux (acid, nonacid, liquid, mixed, and air) has been developed. Methods: Seventeen asymptomatic healthy volunteers underwent combined 24-h pH and impedance testing. In all patients, pH was measured at 5 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), and simultaneous impedance changes were recorded at 3, 5, 7, 9, 15, and 17 cm above the LES. Refluxes were classified as acid (drop in pH 5 sec), Nonacid, short acid, or nonacid delta based on chemical properties; they were further classified as liquid, mixed, or gas based on the physical refluxate detected by impedance changes. The height of the reflux entering the esophagus was classified as distal (<5 cm), intermediate (5–9 cm), or proximal (9–17 cm). Results: A total of 868 reflux events were characterized. Fifty-nine percent of them were not conventional acid reflux and could only be detected by impedance changes. Less than 2% of the events that were detected by a fall in pH to <4 were not detected by impedance changes. Pure liquid reflux was seen in 35.4%, a mixed pattern in 36.3%, and a gas reflux in 26.7%. Liquid was confined to the distal esophagus in 30%; it reached the midesophagus in 58% and the proximal esophagus in 11%. Conclusions: Over half of GER events are not detected by pH studies. Liquid reflux reaches the mid and proximal esophagus 69% of the time and gas nearly always does (92%). The additional information provided by impedance technology is likely to have a major impact on the understanding and clinical management of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems–CXCIV: The mass spectrometric fragmentations of steroidal sapogenins

The characteristic mass spectral fragmentation patterns of the basic structure of the steroidal sapogenin, (25R)-5α-spirostan, have been elucidated through the preparation of analogs with deuterium labels at positions 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 27. In addition, the effects of a change of stereochemistry at positions 14 and 20, of the introduction of oxygencontaining functionalities mostly in ring F, and of the incorporation of olefinic unsaturation have been determined through synthesis of many examples.
Supporting privacy by preventing misclosure

Despite extensive concerns about privacy and multiple potential consequences of revealing personal information, many users still experience invasions of privacy when interacting with technology. For this reason, privacy is an important and complex issue in HCI. This thesis focuses on specific psychological issues of privacy in HCI, primarily the accidental disclosure of information or misclosure. Using multiple methods including focus groups, a diary study, and an experimental manipulation, this thesis seeks to catalog the incidence of such errors, identify the interface issues associated with each type of error, and provide design recommendations for preventing each type of disclosure error.
Flow control of bursty voice traffic in broadband networks

The authors present a framework for a flow control algorithm and analyze an effective access congestion control scheme that is applied at the input access node to the network. The scheme is based upon a preventive control principle and uses a feedback control signal that is a function of the buffer occupancy level to control the source coder sampling rate. The scheme avoids congestion and enhances the statistical multiplexing effect, consequently providing a high bandwidth utilization at a specific class of service. The scheme can be applied as a traffic shaping and enforcement function. The resulting quasi birth death queueing process was studied with state dependent arrivals using matrix-geometric techniques, and it was found that both MMPP/ER/1/K and the Poisson process approximations yield quite close results in an asynchronous transport model multiplexer with small buffer size and feedback control. >
Hydrogenated chalcogenide glasses As2−xSe3+x and As2−xS3+x prepared by plasma decomposition

Abstract Amorphous semiconductors As2−xSe3+x and As2−xS3+x have been prepared by glow discharge decomposition of a gas mixture of AsH3  H2Se and AsH3  H2S respectively. The films contain about 3–8 at. percent hydrogen according to infrared transmission measurements. Both S-H and Se-H vibrational modes were observed. Results of the D.C. electrical conductivity, X-ray structural analyses and optical absorption are presented. The films composition was found to be close to As:Se = As:S = 2 3 .
Lack of repair of ultraviolet light damage in Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Abstract We have studied the repair capabilities of Mycoplasma gallisepticum , one of the smallest free-living cells, having a genome size of only 4.6 × 10 8 daltons. The data show that these cells have neither dark repair nor photoreactivation mechanisms for the repair of ultraviolet induced DNA damage. No other prokaryote has been reported to lack both kinds of repair systems. Studies of irradiated cell DNA indicate that the u.v.-induced pyrimidine dimers cannot be excised and block further replication. The photoreactivation experiments also showed that M. gallisepticum is photoinactivated.
Can Online Social Friends Help to Improve Data Swarming Performance

We investigate whether friend relationship in online social networks (OSNs) can help to improve the performance of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) data swarming systems. Due to the importance and popularity of OSNs and P2P swarming (the two major applications on the Internet), the research community shows increasing interest in leveraging OSNs for data swarming system design. In this paper, we present our initial findings about some of the basic issues in this emerging area, which are largely missing from existing work. Specifically, we conduct a measurement study of a popular online social network -- Douban, and our analysis of this OSN provides strong empirical evidence of the association between users' content interests and their online social friend relationship. Then we introduce a simple public social streaming scheme that lets peers simultaneously join multiple swarms of the same data content with the help from their online social friends. Our simulation studies demonstrate that this social scheme can lead to significant performance improvement in vanilla P2P streaming systems. Furthermore we explore the impact of various social graphs on the performance improvement brought about by the social scheme. Our findings indicate that our proposed social scheme consistently achieves greater performance improvement on Erdos-Renyi's random graphs than on other graphs such as Barabasi-Albert's scale-free graphs and the empirical Facebook and Douban social graphs. This result points to an important research direction of leveraging OSNs in data swarming system design.
Micromachined scanning mirrors for laser beam deflection

The monolithic, micromachined devices presently discussed can be used in future satellite payloads to achieve low mass, low volume, and low power consumption requirements associated with pointing-acquisition-tracking purposes in optical free-space communications systems. Such performance parameters as resonance frequency and deflection characteristics can be adjusted through simple variation of the lithographic masks and their processing parameters. The technical feasibility of such monolithic scanners has been demonstrated.
Studies of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) action using GnRH receptor-expressing pituitary cell lines.

I. Introduction II. GnRHR Structure Analysis III. Studies of GnRH Action in αT3-1 Cells A. Derivation of αT3-1 cells B. Characterization of αT3-1 cells C. GnRH binding D. GnRHR regulation 1. Homologous regulation by GnRH 2. Regulation by gonadal steroid hormones 3. Regulation by gonadal peptides 4. Regulation by second messenger activators E. Intracellular second messengers 1. G protein coupling 2. Inositol phosphates 3. Intracellular calcium 4. Protein kinase C 5. cAMP 6. Mitogen-activated protein kinases F. α-Subunit gene expression 1. Cell-specific expression 2. GnRH-stimulated expression G. Desensitization H. Summary of GnRH action in αT3-1 cells IV. Studies of GnRH Action in GH3 Cells Transfected with the GnRH Receptor (GGH3 Cells) A. Derivation of GH3 cells B. Characterization of GH3 cells C. Derivation of GH3 cells transfected with the GnRHR (GGH3 cells) D. GnRH binding E. GnRHR regulation F. Intracellular second messengers 1. G protein coupling 2. Inositol phosphates 3. cAMP G. Regulation of secre...
A Variable-Size Local Domain Approach to Computer Model Validation in Design Optimization

A common approach to the validation of simulation models focuses on validation throughout the entire design space. A more recent methodology validates designs as they are generated during a simulat ...
Coping with Bereavement through Activism: Real Grief Imagined Death, and Pseudo-Mourning among Pro-Life Direct Activists

I remember waking up one morning when I was nine years old and walking as far as the entrance to my kitchen. From there I saw my parents' friends, Big Bill and Phyll, come up to the sliding door, which my mother opened. After they spoke to her I remember seeing my mother fold over at the hips, her arms wrapped around her stomach, her face twisted in emotional agony and her mouth stretched in a silent scream. They had told her of my father's sudden death during an emergency at work. Years later, when just beginning to observe people who called themselves "pro-life direct activists," or "rescuers," I saw a young woman make the same dramatic, pained gesture when she saw a fellow picketer unexpectedly arrested. Upon learning of the recent deaths of that woman's husband and mother, I wondered what role grief might play in her activism.
Wide-Field Electrographic Cameras For Imagery And Spectrography At Visual And Middle-UV Wavelengths

The use of a Kron electrographic detector for wide-field, narrow-band imagery of faint emission nebulosity in the near-UV and visual (3100-6000 A) wavelength interval is described. As an example of the photometric quality of the imagery and of the sensitivity of the instrumentation to diffuse, low-contrast objects, imagery of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant in the high excitation forbidden line of Ne V 3426 A is presented. In addition, a program to develop electrographic detectors which use cesium telluride photocathodes for broad-band imagery and spectrography in the middle-UV (1650-3100 A) wavelength range is described.
Solitary glomus tumor recurring as multiple glomus tumors

Most glomus tumors arise as a single nodule. However, up to 10 % of glomus tumors may be multiple. We report a case in which a single glomus tumor of the leg that evolved several years after surgery to multiple glomus tumors requiring additional resections.
Cleaning Action of Cotton Card Equipped with Metallic Card Clothing Part 1 Comparative Spinning Tests of the Cards Equipped with Metallic Card Clothing and Wire Fillet Clothing

In using metallic card clothing for cotton processing, the most important step to be taken is to reduce impurities-neps and other imperfection-in the sliver and, therefore, in the yarn. A number of comparative spinning tests has been made of two types of card: (a) MC, equipped with several tooth angle combinations of metallic card clothing on the cylinder and on the doffer; (b) FC, equipped with an ordinary wire fillet clothing. The behavior of impurities has been minutely analyzed in each case. The impurities discharged into various parts of a card have been classified into four kinds by their structures and into six classes by their sizes. It has been concluded from the tests that neps are always fewer in a sliver on MC than in a sliver on FC, because there is a smaller deposit of fibers on MC's cylinder and flats and, therefore, there is less nep formation. It has been concluded also that the other kinds of impurities in a sliver on MC can also be made fewer than in a sliver on FC if the tooth angle combination is properly adjusted. The proper adjustment is to make the tooth angle large on the cylinder and small on the doffer. This reduces the fiber density on the cylinder surface, improves the impurity-removing ability of the flats, and lessens the impurities in the sliver. These results have been confirmed again by the fact that yarns spun from an MC-processed slivers get a better rating for neps and other imperfections in an appearance test. Since there is no appreciable difference in the quality of the yarn except in the impurities, metallic clothing can be very profitably used for cotton spinning also.
Alphabetic confusion: A test of models for individuals

An earlier article reported extensive analyses of confusion data compiled from group averages (Townsend, 1971). The present study provided for essentially the same analyses with different long-term data obtained with two individuals, the primary intent being to examine the ability of recognition and scaling models to explain data at the individual level (which the recognition models purport to describe) and to compare the confusion characteristics of the English uppercase alphabet between the two Ss and between the individual Ss and the group-averaged data. The choice and overlap models were superior to the all-or-none model in predicting the empirical confusion matrices and tended to explain the data structure in a similar manner. Multidimensional scaling analysis again supported a Euclidean metric and suggested four or five underlying stimulus dimensions. However, as before, there were no overriding intuitively appealing psychological dimensions corresponding to these, and possible reasons are discussed. The choice and overlap models appeared to fit as well or better at the individual level than at the group level and the all-or-none model to fit worse. In the present study, probability correct was fit even better by the all-or-none model than in the group study and replicated the result of being better here than the overlap and choice models. Individuals and the group were consistent in their sensory confusions as represented by similarity parameters in the choice and overlap models but differed in their response biases. A simple measure of physical similarity explained 50% of the variance of the similarity structure in the confusion data.
A brief note on the chemical nature of the precipitate within nerve fibers after the rapid Golgi reaction: selected area diffraction in high voltage electron microscopy.

The use of selected area electron diffraction in the high voltage electron microscope permits the identification of the crystalline rapid Golgi precipitate within single nerve fibers in nervous tissue. Spot diffraction patterns and ring patterns show the impregnation to be silver chromate,Ag2CrO4. This is confirmed by cobalt Debye-Scherrer X-ray diffraction.
ESTROGEN SUPPRESSES CARDIAC IL-6 AFTER TRAUMA-HEMORRHAGE VIA A HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1α–MEDIATED PATHWAY

Cardiac dysfunction is a major concern after trauma-hemorrhage, and increased IL-6 is one of the underlying causes for producing the dysfunction. Studies have shown that administration of 17beta-estradiol (estrogen) after trauma-hemorrhage normalized cardiac IL-6 levels and restored cardiac functions under those conditions. Because hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1 alpha is expressed during hypoxia and cellular stress and up-regulates the expression of IL-6, we hypothesized that HIF-1 alpha induces the increased cardiac IL-6 after trauma-hemorrhage and that estrogen suppresses this induction. To examine this, C3H/HeN mice were subjected to trauma-hemorrhage or sham operation. Vehicle, the HIF-alpha inhibitor YC-1 [3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole, a novel activator of platelet guanylate cyclase], or estrogen was administered to trauma-hemorrhage and sham groups during resuscitation. Mice were killed at 2 h after resuscitation, and cardiac IL-6, HIF-1 alpha, and nuclear factor (NF) kappaB activities were measured. IL-6, NF-kappaB, and HIF-1 alpha levels were markedly elevated after trauma-hemorrhage; all of these parameters were normalized by estrogen as well as YC-1 administration after trauma-hemorrhage. Because elevated IL-6 levels after trauma-hemorrhage were decreased with YC-1 treatment, it indicates that IL-6 expression in cardiomyocytes is induced via HIF-1 alpha. In addition, estrogen decreased the elevated HIF-1 alpha, NF-kappaB, and IL-6 levels after trauma-hemorrhage. These results indicate that the beneficial effects of estrogen on cardiac function after trauma-hemorrhage seem to be mediated by the inhibition of HIF-1 alpha expression and activity.