cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Section 2: Altered Ratios or Temperament

To judge the qualities and effects of sound, it is necessary to attribute to them the ratios mentioned above, but, for practical use, it is completely impossible always to make use of such ratios. If one wanted each progression of a sound to another to be fair, the ratio to the fundamental sound of the absolute pitch would not remain the same; but by assigning to each tone the fair value for the fundamental tone, they are not fair between them. A single example of a very simple succession of six tones: sol, do, fa, re, sol, do would suffice to make this clear. By making the procession of these sounds in the fair ratios and by expressing all these ratios by their least terms, we have: $$ \begin{array}{lllllllllll} sol\hfill & \hfill & do\hfill & \hfill & fa\hfill & \hfill & re\hfill & \hfill & sol\hfill & \hfill & do\hfill \\ {}\hfill & \left(3:2\right)\hfill & \hfill & \left(3:4\right)\hfill & \hfill & \left(6:5\right)\hfill & \hfill & \left(3:4\right)\hfill & \hfill & \left(3:2\right)\hfill & \hfill \\ {}243\hfill & :\hfill & 162\hfill & :\hfill & 216\hfill & :\hfill & 180\hfill & :\hfill & 250\hfill & :\hfill & 160\hfill \end{array} $$ The sol appears once as 243 and another time as 240, and do appears once as 162 and another time as 160; one will therefore have lowered it by the comma \( \frac{81}{80} \). If we wish to repeat this sequence of sounds, or if we want to execute any longer melody with exact ratios, we will be even more in error. If there are several voices that wish to continue their song with fair intervals, each will be incorrect in another way and there will no longer be any harmony. In wishing to carry out the preceding series of sounds in the exact ratios with the fundamental sound, we will have: $$ \begin{array}{lllllllllll} sol\hfill & \hfill &\ do\hfill & \hfill & fa\hfill & \hfill & re\hfill & \hfill & sol\hfill & \hfill & do\hfill \\ {}\frac{3}{2}\hfill & :\hfill & 1\hfill & :\hfill & \frac{4}{3}\hfill & :\hfill & \frac{9}{8}\kern0.5em \left(\mathrm{or}\ \frac{10}{9}\right)\hfill & :\hfill & \frac{3}{2}\hfill & :\hfill & 1\hfill \end{array} $$ This process will also yield false ratios. If we take do:re as 9:10, the fourth re:sol will not be 3:4, but 20:27, too small by the comma \( \frac{81}{80} \) . But if we take do:re as 8:9, the minor third fa:re will not be 6:5, but 32:27, too small by the comma \( \frac{81}{80} \). In trying any melody whatsoever in this manner, or if there are other sounds than these that belong to the perfect chord of the fundamental sound and to that of its fifth, we will have false results.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Evades Calprotectin-Mediated Nutritional Immunity and Survives Neutrophil Extracellular Traps by Production of TdfH

Neisseria gonorrhoeae successfully overcomes host strategies to limit essential nutrients, termed nutritional immunity, by production of TonB-dependent transporters (TdTs)-outer membrane proteins that facilitate nutrient transport in an energy-dependent manner. Four gonococcal TdTs facilitate utilization of iron or iron chelates from host-derived proteins, including transferrin (TbpA), lactoferrin (LbpA), and hemoglobin (HpuB), in addition to xenosiderophores from other bacteria (FetA). The roles of the remaining four uncharacterized TdTs (TdfF, TdfG, TdfH, and TdfJ) remain elusive. Regulatory data demonstrating that production of gonococcal TdfH and TdfJ are unresponsive to or upregulated under iron-replete conditions led us to evaluate the role of these TdTs in the acquisition of nutrients other than iron. In this study, we found that production of gonococcal TdfH is both Zn and Zur repressed. We also found that TdfH confers resistance to calprotectin, an immune effector protein highly produced in neutrophils that has antimicrobial activity due to its ability to sequester Zn and Mn. We found that TdfH directly binds calprotectin, which enables gonococcal Zn accumulation in a TdfH-dependent manner and enhances bacterial survival after exposure to neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These studies highlight Zn sequestration by calprotectin as a key functional arm of NET-mediated killing of gonococci. We demonstrate for the first time that N. gonorrhoeae exploits this host strategy in a novel defense mechanism, in which TdfH production hijacks and directly utilizes the host protein calprotectin as a zinc source and thereby evades nutritional immunity.
Energy From the SunLong-term VariationsOpen image in new window

Our Sun is a star about halfway through its lifetime of about 10 billion years. In its early stages it was less luminous than it is today.
Recent development of SRD- and FET-based sub-nanosecond pulse generators for ultra-wideband communications

Various low-cost, compact planar ultra-wideband (UWB), ultra-short pulse generators have been developed using step recovery and PIN diodes and MESFET. These include fixed and electronically tunable pulse generators. Fixed pulses ranging from 115 to 300 ps and tunable pulses Varying from 300 to 800 ps have been demonstrated experimentally and theoretically. Good agreement between measured and calculated results is also achieved. These pulse generators find applications in UWB communications systems, both transmitter and receiver.
Generation of Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Hemoglobin E.

Abstract HbE (β26 Glu → Lys) is the most common pathogenic Hb variant in the world and is found with the greatest frequency in Southeast Asia. The HbE mutation at codon 26 of the βE-globin leads to an alternative splicing site, making this globin both a structural as well as a thalassemic mutation; furthermore, βE globin chains are unstable. HbE trait is asymptomatic and the HbEE genotype has only mild clinical manifestations. On the other hand, HbE/thalassemia presents a panoply of phenotypes from very severe to a mild beta/+ thalassemia. To date, there is no animal model of HbE disease. An animal model of this disorder could lead to better understanding of the effects of modifier genes and some of the pathogenic features of this disease. In addition, an animal model can facilitate the development of gene therapy. We report here the creation of four lines of transgenic mice that are PCR positive for HbE: two with founders that express high levels of HbE (32% human α, 26% human βE), one with low expression of HbE (9% human α, 8% βE), and one without detectable expression, but PCR positive. Knockouts (KOs) for mouse α and β globins have been bred into the founders. To date, the most severe mouse generated has a full KO of mouse α and a partial KO of mouse β. RBCs from all of the partial KOs generated to date have normal MCHC and minimally elevated reticulocyte counts (less than 1% greater than the C57Bl background). We previously demonstrated that HbEE RBCs are microcytic, but have normal MCHC. We found that HbE mice with full α-KO and partial β-KO, are microcytic (MCH 10.9 vs 14.2 for C57Bl and MCV 35.4 vs 47.5 for C57Bl), but have normal MCHC (MCHC 30.0 vs 30.5 for C57Bl). Smears from these mice exhibit numerous target cells that are not necessarily associated with low MCHC. As reported for human red cells containing HbE, elevated levels of hemoglobin oxidation products were detected in founder mice expressing HbE, but not in negative litter mates, and were found, at an even higher level, in partial KO mice expressing HbE. The next step will be to generate a mouse similar to the HbE/thalassemia phenotype by generating mice expressing exclusively HbE from either the lines expressing high levels of HbE or the line expressing low levels of HbE. These models will help elucidate several of the challenging features of the phenotypes described in humans and allow for the development of the potential cure or amelioration of HbE/thalassemia.
CALCIFICATION IN THE BASAL SEPTUM, BUT NOT MEMBRANOUS SEPTAL LENGTH, PREDICTS AV CONDUCTION DISTURBANCE AND PACEMAKER IMPLANTATION FOLLOWING TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT WITH A BALLOON-EXPANDABLE VALVE (S3)

Background: The lower end of the membranous septum (MS) represents an anatomic landmark for the emergence of the His Bundle into the left ventricle. Computed tomography (CT) assessment of the membranous septal anatomy prior to transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) may provide information
Demo: Fully Automated UI Testing System for Large-scale Android Apps Using Multiple Devices

We demonstrate AutoClicker, a fully automated UI testing system for large-scale Android apps using multiple devices. It provides a way to quickly and easily verify that a large number of Android apps behave correctly at runtime in a repeatable manner.
Towards incremental cycle analysis in ESMoL distributed control system models

We consider the problem of incremental cycle analysis for dataflow models in the Embedded Systems Modeling Language (ESMoL). This is an example of a syntactic property which does not lend itself to compositional analysis. We give a general form of a cycle enumeration algorithm that makes use of graph hierarchy to improve analysis efficiency. Our framework also stores simple connectivity information in the model to accelerate future cycle analyses when additional components are added or modifications are made. An extended version of this work gives a mapping from a term algebraic model of the ESMoL component model and logical dataflow sublanguages to the analysis framework, and an evaluation on a fixed-wing aircraft controller model[7]. Integrated cycle analysis aids well-formedness checking during model construction in the ESMoL tool suite.
IPOs: The Third Year On

An initial public offering (IPO) is basically a market funding event, with young firms signifying their rite of passage to the public capital market. The general public may have treated IPO investing like a lottery simply because they have a minute chance of explosive payoffs; yet historically, IPOs have underperformed the market in their early years. In this study, the authors find that over the last 90 years of U.S. stock market history, there is at best some weak evidence that significant IPO underperformance has existed only in the first two years after issuance. However, the authors show, for the first time, strong evidence that IPOs actually outperformed from the third year on. They postulate that the “reversal of IPOs’ fortune” is a result of private firms exercising a “going public” option while simultaneously creating a “going private” option.
Anti-Catholicism in America, 1620-1860

Using fears of Catholicism as a mechanism through which to explore the contours of Anglo-American understandings of freedom, Anti-Catholicism in America, 1620–1860 reveals the ironic role that anti-Catholicism played in defining and sustaining some of the core values of American identity, values that continue to animate our religious and political discussions today. Farrelly explains how that bias helped to shape colonial and antebellum cultural understandings of God, the individual, salvation, society, government, law, national identity, and freedom. In so doing, Anti-Catholicism in America, 1620–1860 provides contemporary observers with a framework for understanding what is at stake in the debate over the place of Muslims and other non-Christian groups in American society.
Tracking a Diffusing Three-Dimensional Source via Nonholonomic Extremum Seeking

One method for autonomously exploring unknown environments is to treat the environment as a scalar potential field. In this scenario, one or more robots acquire measurements of the field (e.g., radiation, temperature, or carbon dioxide concentrations) and use those measurements to guide their path as they explore. An important behavior robots may need is that of extremum seeking—that is, the ability to autonomously drive toward a region containing a maximum or a minimum of the field and reliably stay with this extremum even if its location is moving. In this paper, we describe an extremum seeking control law for three-dimensional scalar potential fields built upon a previous two-dimensional law. We derive an equilibrium trajectory, prove its local stability for the case of a radial scalar field, and characterize the stability as a function of parameters by numerically evaluating its Floquet multipliers. Additionally, we consider the case where the field is constant except for a small range around the source and allow the source to be diffusing with an unknown diffusion coefficient. We derive an approximate expected first passage time and use numerical simulations to show how to optimally select parameters so that the expected tracking time is maximized.
Ultra-wide band gap AlGaN polarization-doped field effect transistor

Polarization-doped field effect transistors (PolFETs) were realized with an unintentionally doped Al x Ga1− x N channel layer graded over Al compositions 0.70 ≤ x ≤ 0.85 and ohmic contact formation to the Al0.85Ga0.15N surface. Current density of 24 mA/mm was attained for a modest threshold voltage of −3.95 V owing to the high sheet charge concentration (n s) of 5.4 × 1012 cm−2 and average electron mobility (μ) of 210 cm2 V−1 s−1 for the channel region along with ohmic contacts with a specific contact resistivity of 1.1 mΩ cm2 and a large Schottky barrier height of 3.0 eV for the metal–semiconductor gate. The combination of ultra-wide band gap energy, high μ, and high n s, linear ohmic contacts, and large Schottky barrier for AlGaN PolFETs makes them attractive for both high voltage switches and high power rf devices.
A World of Art, Politics, Passion and Betrayal: Trotsky, Rivera and Breton and Manifesto: Towards A Free Revolutionary Art (1938)

It is my intention to demonstrate that the intellectual context of the 1938 Manifesto: Towards A Free Revolutionary Art was collaborative, with Leon Trotsky, Diego Rivera and Andre Breton each making important contributions to its content.1 My approach will focus in on works of art since I am an art historian and since the two signatories to the manifesto were artists, but I will also bring in the writings of Trotsky. Much of my evidence is visual and I hope to shed some light on the tensions and rivalries between Rivera and Breton. In so doing, we need to trace developments of earlier decades. Furthermore, we cannot omit the personal relations between the three couples — Trotsky and his wife Natalia Sedova, Rivera and Frida Kahlo, and Breton and Jacqueline Lamba — who spent so much time together in the Spring and Summer of 1938. When he wrote to Herschel B. Chipp, in 1962, clarifying the authorship of this Manifesto, Breton was the only one of the three men involved still alive.2 He had a vested interest — both in his prewar role as “Pope of Surrealism” and in his postwar role as public intellectual — in claiming that he and Trotsky wrote it and that Rivera “took no part in its inception.” By that time, Breton may have also harbored some residual animosity towards his friend and host Rivera, who (after 1941) had made his peace with the Stalinists and had been allowed to rejoin the Mexican Communist Party in 1955.
Chapter 50 Health, health insurance and the labor market

This chapter provides an overview of the literature linking health, health insurance and labor market outcomes such as wages, earnings, employment, hours, occupational choice, job turnover, retirement, and the structure of employment. The first part of the paper focuses on the relationship between health and labor market outcomes. The empirical literature surveyed suggests that poor health reduces the capacity to work and has substantive effects on wages, labor force participation and job choice. The exact magnitudes, however, are sensitive to both the choice of health measures and to identification assumptions. The second part of the paper considers the link between health insurance and labor market outcomes. The empirical literature here suggests that access to health insurance has important effects on both labor force participation and job choice; the link between health insurance and wages is less clear.
Standardized uptake values of 18F-FDG uptake by lung neoplasms: A meta-analysis of 437 cases

1516 Objectives: To improve the accuracy of PET for lung cancer diagnosis, a meta-analysis of published data on standardized uptake values(SUV) was undertaken here to gain a consensus on average uptake values for lung cancer in general, and to define average uptakes for histologic subtypes. Methods: A set of 36 studies representing 1653 patients were selected for analysis from an internet search (pubmed.gov) for quantitative data of 18F-FDG SUV measurements in lung cancer; 8 studies were then identified where an aggregate total of 437 cases could be used for analysis to calculate, by weighted averages, the group mean SUV for lesions consistent with lung cancer. Five studies were found which described SUV findings in adenocarcinoma with subsets of these five studies having data on other histologic subtypes. Results: The group mean SUV for 437 cases of lung cancer was 6.59. Small cell carcinoma averaged 7.61 for the mean SUV (n=46). Non-small cell lung cancer averaged 12.46 for SUVmax (n=146). For adenocarcinoma, mean SUV of 5.22 (n=190); SUVmax = 8.78 (n= 66). As shown in figure one, squamous cell carcinoma averaged 10.34 (n=80) versus 10.3 for large cell carcinoma (n=22) and 1.82 for bronchoalveolar carcinoma (n=19). SUVmax/SUVmean ratio for large cell carcinoma was 1.94, versus 1.28 for squamous cell carcinoma. Using prevalence data from a large surgical series (Miller DL et.al., Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;57:1095-1100), a hypothetical group average SUV for a similar population undergoing PET was calculated to be 7.71, which is close to an actual group mean SUV of 7.89 for 68 non-small cell lung carcinoma cases(Meyer M,J Nucl Med.2006;47(Suppl.1):473P). Conclusions: Although the lung cancer group average SUV of 6.6 obtained here is a helpful discriminator for malignancy, it is important to note that higher values may be seen in large cell carcinoma, and lower values in bronchoalveolar carcinoma. The high uptake values for large cell tumors may reflect a disproportionate share of the aggressive large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) subtype. More research on pretreatment SUV measurements in relation to histologic subtype is needed, as this may enhance the usefulness of PET for the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.
Superconducting-normal phase boundaries of (La,Th)Ce systems

Abstract The dependence of the superconducting transition temperature Tc on Ce impurity concentration n is reported for various ( La, Th )Ce systems. These results document for the first time the evolution of the superconducting— normal phase boundary (Tc vs n curve) as an impurity undergoes magnetic- nonmagnetic transition which for Ce impurities in ( La, Th )Ce systems proceeds with increasing Th concentration. Observed for only the second time, re-entrant Tc vs n curves are reported for two La-rich La, Th host compositions.
Knowledge-based adaptive agents for manufacturing domains

Modern production systems are increasingly using artificial agents (e.g., robots) of different kinds. Ideally, these agents should be able to recognize the state of the world, to act optimizing their work toward the achievement of a set of goals, to change the plan of action when problems arise, and to collaborate with other artificial and human agents. The development of such an ideal agent presents several challenges. We concentrate on two of them: the construction of a single and coherent knowledge base which includes different types of knowledge with which to understand and reason on the state of the world in a human-like way; and the isolation of types of contexts that the agent can exploit to make sense of the actual situation from a perspective and to interact accordingly with humans. We show how to build such a knowledge base (KB) and how it can be updated as time passes. The KB we propose is based on a foundational ontology, is cognitively inspired, and includes a notion of context to discriminate information. The KB has been partially implemented to test the use and suitability of the knowledge representation for the agent’s control model via a temporal planning and execution system. Some experimental results showing the feasibility of our approach are reported.
Pericardium: The Forgotten Space During Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Abstract Background Acute pericardial pathologies, such as pericardial effusion, pericarditis, and cardiac tamponade, have been reported rarely in patients presenting as ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We present a series of 3 patients with STEMI, where an undiagnosed pericardial effusion led to pericardial tamponade and subsequent cardiocirculatory collapse. Case Reports This is a case series of 3 patients, all women, aged 72, 64, and 54 years who presented to the emergency department with chest pain or syncope and were found to have STEMI with hemodynamic instability. They were taken to the catheterization laboratory for urgent coronary revascularization requiring mechanical circulatory support (intra-aortic balloon pump or impella). During catheterization, all 3 patients were diagnosed with large pericardial effusion using hemodynamic parameters and bedside transesophageal echocardiogram. Commonly ignored, pericardial tamponade and acute large pericardial effusion can be the cause of cardiocirculatory collapse. Two of the 3 patients survived with aggressive interventions requiring pericardial drains, long-term mechanical circulatory support, and effective postoperative rehabilitation. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? It is important for treating clinicians, including emergency physicians, intensivist, and cardiologist, to consider the differential of a cardiac tamponade due to a pericardial effusion as a potential cause for hypotension in patients with an acute STEMI.
Jammed Microgel Inks for 3D Printing Applications

3D printing involves the development of inks that exhibit the requisite properties for both printing and the intended application. In bioprinting, these inks are often hydrogels with controlled rheological properties that can be stabilized after deposition. Here, an alternate approach is developed where the ink is composed exclusively of jammed microgels, which are designed to incorporate a range of properties through microgel design (e.g., composition, size) and through the mixing of microgels. The jammed microgel inks are shear-thinning to permit flow and rapidly recover upon deposition, including on surfaces or when deposited in 3D within hydrogel supports, and can be further stabilized with secondary cross-linking. This platform allows the use of microgels engineered from various materials (e.g., thiol-ene cross-linked hyaluronic acid (HA), photo-cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol), thermo-sensitive agarose) and that incorporate cells, where the jamming process and printing do not decrease cell viability. The versatility of this particle-based approach opens up numerous potential biomedical applications through the printing of a more diverse set of inks.
Lacrimal Gland Denervation Alters Tear Protein Composition and Impairs Ipsilateral Eye Closures and Corneal Nociception.

Purpose To evaluate spontaneous and evoked ocular sensory responses in rats after denervation of the lacrimal gland, as well as protein changes in tears that may mediate functional changes. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats served as subjects. The left lacrimal gland was partially denervated with saporin toxin conjugated to p75. Unilateral and bilateral eye closures (winks and blinks) and grooming behaviors were measured weekly. Nociceptive responses were evoked by ocular application of menthol; tear production was assessed using the phenol thread test. Relative changes in tear protein abundances were measured using a Tandem Mass Tagging approach. Results Denervation of the lacrimal gland reduced eye closure behavior, particularly in the ipsilateral eye, and eye wipe responses to noxious menthol were also reduced. Tear volume did not change, but tear protein composition was altered. Proteins implicated in the structural integrity of epithelial cells and in protective functions were reduced by lacrimal denervation, including keratins, serotransferrin, and beta-defensin. Other proteins that may modulate TRPM8 channels and alter sensory neuronal function were reduced, including arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase B. A low-abundance protein that responds to oxidative stress and injury, proteasome subunit beta type 10, was upregulated in denervated rats. Conclusions Denervation of the lacrimal gland causes long-lasting hypoalgesia, impairs the blink response, and alters tear proteins. Tear proteins were altered without changing tear volume. We speculate that impaired TRPM8 function in corneal sensory nerves may contribute to ocular hypoalgesia, supporting growing evidence that this transduction molecule is important for both nociceptive and spontaneous blinking behaviors.
BD-11 Lack of heterogeneity across race/ethnic groups in the risk of common comorbidities among patients with SLE compared to the general population in a large healthcare system in california

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minorities and is an independent risk factor for pneumonia, infections, renal disease and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). There are also racial/ethnic differences in these common comorbidities. There is limited understanding of how much inequality or heterogeneity SLE confers independently of the underlying disease pathways of comorbidities between race/ethnic groups. We examined the patterns, strength and direction of the risk of comorbidities in race/ethnic groups with SLE compared to controls. We hypothesized that those with SLE will have increased risk of comorbidities and that these associations will be strongest for racial minorities and weakest for non-Hispanic whites (NHW). Methods We defined a cohort using electronic health records data (2005–2016) from a large healthcare organization in California serving patients of diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds. The eligible population included SLE patients and age-sex-race/ethnicity matched non-SLE patients (≥18 years of age). SLE diagnosis was the primary exposure defined using ICD9: 710.0 and ICD10: M32.1, M32.8, and M32.9. The following outcomes were identified: pneumonia, infections, renal disease and CVD. For each racial/ethnic group, we calculated the proportion of incident comorbidities among SLE cases and controls, and then built adjusted logistic regression models for each outcome with SLE as the exposure. Results We identified 1,290 SLE cases and 12 900 controls. The median age at baseline was 43 years and 92% of the cohort was female. Among SLE cases, 38% were NHW, 13% were Hispanic, 4% were Black, and 25% were Asian/Pacific Islander. Compared to controls, SLE cases had higher incidence of pneumonia (32% vs 18%), infections (46% vs 26%), renal disease (16% vs 3%) and CVD (45% vs 22%). The association persisted with odds ratio (OR) of 1.5 to 3, after adjusting for confounders (p Conclusions Our findings suggest that SLE similarly increases the risk of pneumonia, infections, renal disease and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) across racial/ethnic groups. Understanding the reasons for the lack of heterogeneity is important for targeting preventative interventions among patients with SLE. Acknowledgements The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute for funding this research.
Challenges for Sustainability in the MICE System: Complexitiy and Changing Adaptive Systems

The meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions (MICE) sector has been a leader in the adoption of sustainability practices, but challenges remain. This paper addresses several of the challenges facing MICE as it works to become more sustainable. The paper examines the complexity of operationalizing sustainability in a way that supports ongoing performance management. The paper also outlines the usefulness of systems thinking when considering MICE, a complex, adaptive system (CAS), and examines the implications of this approach when seeking to support change toward sustainability in both components of the system and in the system as a whole.
Perspectives on the American way of war: the U.S. experience in irregular conflict

Strategically, adaptation to insurgent challenges invariably proves difficult. Not only must the precise nature of the threat be discerned, but adaptation must occur even as the conflict develops. ...
Clinical Importance of Free Thyroxine Concentration Decline After Radiotherapy for Pediatric and Adolescent Brain Tumors.

Context: Clinical significance of a decline in free T4 (FT4) concentrations across the reference range in children with brain tumors treated with radiation therapy (RT) is uncertain. Objectives: To study trends in FT4 in children after RT and risk factors and health outcomes associated with plasma FT4 concentrations. Design and Setting: Longitudinal, single-center retrospective cohort study. Patients: Low-grade glioma or ependymoma patients (n = 267; age ≤25 years) who received RT (50.4 to 59.4 Gy) at a single institution (1996 to 2016) and followed with serial FT4 measurements. Main Outcome Measure: A linear mixed-effects model with a random intercept was used to investigate risk factors for longitudinal changes in FT4 concentrations. A two-stage mixed-effects model examined associations between clinical outcomes and plasma FT4 concentrations. Results: FT4 concentrations declined over time after RT (P < 0.001). Females (P < 0.001) and younger patients (P < 0.001) demonstrated greater declines in FT4 concentrations over time. The rate of weight gain, but not of height loss, increased with a higher FT4 decline rate (P < 0.001). At last follow-up, patients with lower baseline FT4 concentrations had increased risk of glucose disorder (OR, 19.73; P = 0.002) or dyslipidemia (OR, 19.40; P = 0.003) but not high fat mass (P = 0.18). Lower baseline FT4 concentrations were not associated with impaired scores for intelligence, attention, memory, or psychosocial functioning. Conclusions: FT4 concentrations significantly decline in children with brain tumor after RT. Variation and trends in FT4 concentration are associated with physical health outcomes. Future studies should assess whether continuous FT4 concentrations and trends, rather than population-based cut-off values, can distinguish between euthyroid and hypothyroid states.
Pharmacy: How to prepare a procedural manual

(1964). Pharmacy: How to prepare a procedural manual. Hospital Topics: Vol. 42, No. 8, pp. 85-87.
Quaternary Dune Systems in Time and Space: The Legacy of A.T. Grove

This paper argues that the current understanding of the nature and timing of Quaternary climatic and landscape change in low- and mid-latitude areas of Africa owes much to the pioneering work of A.T. Grove, who was among the first to recognize and describe the diversity of aeolian, fluvial, and lacustrine landforms and deposits in the Sahel region of west and central Africa and the Kalahari of southern Africa.
Women and Depression: Depression in Women Who Are Mothers

Driven both by knowledge of higher rates of depression in women than men and by assumptions about incompatibilities between depression and good quality parenting, research on children with depressed mothers has soared over the past few decades. In an attempt to account for the many factors involved in the transmission of risk for psychopathology from depressed mothers to their offspring, goodman and Gotlib (1999) developed an integrative and developmentally sensitive model for understanding mechanisms whereby children of depressed parents might be at risk for the development of psychopathology. The model is consistent with the premise for this book in that it takes a bio-psycho-social perspective on mechanisms and, therefore, we use it as the framework for this chapter. We move beyond previous reviews by examining the current empirical status of each of the proposed mechanisms within this framework. Further, given this book's focus on women and depression, we explore the extent to which daughters may be more affected by their mothers' depression than sons, that is, gender specificity in the intergenerational transmission of depression. Finally, we draw implications from the current status of the model overall and of gender specificity, in particular, for further research as well as potential steps for prevention, treatment, and social policy. This chapter begins by briefly describing the reasons for concern about children with depressed mothers, including the nature and extent of associations between depression in mothers and adverse outcomes in children, across the full age range from infancy to adolescence.
Characteristics of COVID-19 patients with bacterial coinfection admitted to the hospital from the emergency department in a large regional healthcare system.

INTRODUCTION: The rate of bacterial coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is poorly defined. The decision to administer antibiotics early in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on the likelihood of bacterial coinfection. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients admitted through the emergency department with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection over a 6-week period in a large healthcare system in the United States. Blood and respiratory culture results were abstracted and adjudicated by multiple authors. The primary outcome was the rate of bacteremia. We secondarily looked to define clinical or laboratory features associated with bacteremia. RESULTS: There were 542 patients admitted with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, with an average age of 62.8 years. Of these, 395 had blood cultures performed upon admission, with six true positive results (1.1% of the total population). An additional 14 patients had positive respiratory cultures treated as true pathogens in the first 72 h. Low blood pressure and elevated white blood cell count, neutrophil count, blood urea nitrogen, and lactate were statistically significantly associated with bacteremia. Clinical outcomes were not statistically significantly different between patients with and without bacteremia. CONCLUSIONS: We found a low rate of bacteremia in patients admitted with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. In hemodynamically stable patients, routine antibiotics may not be warranted in this population.
A defined medium based on R2A for cultivation and exometabolite profiling of soil bacteria

Author(s): de Raad, Markus; Li, Yifan; Andeer, Peter; Kosina, Suzanne M; Saichek, Nicholas R; Golini, Amber; Han, La Zhen; Wang, Ying; Bowen, Benjamin P; Chakraborty, Romy; Northen, Trent R | Abstract: SummaryExometabolomics is an approach to assess how microorganisms alter their environments through the depletion and secretion of chemical compounds. Comparisons of inoculated with uninoculated media can be used to provide direct biochemical observations on depleted and secreted metabolites which can be used to predict resource competition, cross-feeding and secondary metabolite production in microbial isolates and communities. This approach is most powerful when used with defined media that enable tracking of all depleted metabolites. However, microbial growth media have traditionally been developed for the isolation and growth of microorganisms but not metabolite utilization profiling through LC-MS/MS. Here, we describe the construction of a defined medium, the Northen Lab Defined Medium (NLDM), that not only supports the growth of diverse bacteria but is defined and therefore suited for exometabolomic experiments. Metabolites included in NLDM were selected based on their presence in R2A medium and soil, elemental stoichiometry requirements, as well as knowledge of metabolite usage by different bacteria. We found that NLDM supported the growth of 53 phylogenetically diverse soil bacterial isolates and all of its metabolites were trackable through LC–MS/MS analysis. These results demonstrate the viability and utility of the constructed NLDM medium for cultivating and characterizing diverse microbial isolates and communities.Originality-Significance StatementWe build a defined medium based on the metabolite composition of R2A medium and soil, elemental stoichiometry requirements, and knowledge of metabolite usage by different bacteria. The newly formulated defined medium was evaluated on its ability to support the growth of soil isolates and its application for metabolite utilization profiling. We found that of 53 phylogenetically diverse soil bacterial isolates grew on the defined medium and all of its metabolites were trackable through LC–MS/MS analysis. This demonstrates the viability and utility of the constructed defined medium for cultivating and characterizing diverse microbial isolates and communities.
Evidentiary Deficiencies in International Criminal Law: Tracing the Trajectory from Ignored to Integral to Irrelevant

This keynote address traces the evidentiary trajectory in proving international crimes. It focuses in particular on deficiencies in evidence, and it argues that the history of evidentiary deficiencies in international criminal prosecutions can be encapsulated in three I’s. At first, evidentiary deficiencies were ignored, later they became integral, and now we may be approaching a phase where they are becoming—at least for a time—irrelevant.
Spectral splits and entanglement entropy in collective neutrino oscillations

In environments such as core-collapse supernovae, neutron star mergers, or the early universe, where the neutrino fluxes can be extremely high, neutrino-neutrino interactions are appreciable and contribute substantially to their flavor evolution. Such a system of interacting neutrinos can be regarded as a quantum many-body system, and prospects for nontrivial quantum correlations, i.e., entanglement, developing in a gas of interacting neutrinos have been investigated previously. In this work, we uncover an intriguing connection between the entropy of entanglement of individual neutrinos with the rest of the ensemble, and the occurrence of spectral splits in the energy spectra of these neutrinos, which develop as a result of collective neutrino oscillations. In particular, for various types of neutrino spectra, we demonstrate that the entanglement entropy is highest for the neutrinos whose locations in the energy spectrum are closest to the spectral split(s). This trend demonstrates that the quantum entanglement is strongest among the neutrinos that are close to these splits, a behavior that seems to persist even as the size of the many-body system is increased.
Case 51: A Bird Ventilator

You have just arrived in Namibia on the west coast of Southern Africa. You are shown around the hospital and the ICU. In the ICU, you discovered that the only ICU ventilator is a Mark 10 Bird Respirator (Fig. 51.1). You are familiar with this ventilator but see that the driving gas is 100% oxygen and not compressed air. There has been concern that the prolonged administration of high concentration of inspired oxygen may produce pulmonary damage [1, 2]. The nurse in the ICU tells you that they have not seen any pulmonary problem. You know that the Bird ventilator oxygen levels vary from 51.5% to 96.8% when 100% oxygen is used as the driving gas [3]. There is one patient in the ICU being ventilated with the Bird, using low oxygen flows. You tell the nurse that the oxygen levels are highest at low flows and at high cycling pressures [3]. Hence, if the patient can be ventilated with high flows and low cycling pressure, it would be better. The nurse tells you that high-flow oxygen is out of the question, as the hospital doesn’t have much money and oxygen is expensive.
Effect of vehicle-pavement interaction on weigh-in- motion equipment design

The load applied by trucks on the pavement varies instantaneously due to road roughness, truck speed, suspension type, tyre pressure as well as other factors. Multi–sensor WIM devices are capable of better representing the actual wheel load distribution due to the fact that they capture a large sample size from a variable population. The main objective of the paper is to design the multi–sensor WIM devices for flexible pavements in order to obtain a good estimate of the static vehicle weight. The Florida COMPAS computer program was used to determine the dynamic forces on flexible pavements under various conditions. Nine vehicle types, three suspension types, five levels of road roughness and three speeds were analysed. Dynamic forces were obtained for many combinations of sensor spacings and numbers of sensors. For each case, the sensor spacing which provided the least coefficient of variation of the dynamic impact factor was selected to be the optimum sensor spacing. The minimum number of sensors required to accurately represent the static gross vehicle weight was also determined. The effects of vehicle type, suspension type, pavement roughness and vehicle speed on the minimum number of sensors and the optimum sensor spacing were investigated. The minimum number of sensors and the optimum sensor spacing of multi–sensor weigh–in–motion devices that provide the best estimate of vehicle weight were determined.
Antibacterial Action of Spermine: Effect on Urinary Tract Pathogens

Abstract The basic polyamine spermine was tested for antibacterial activity at two pH levels by the modified cup method against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms isolated from urine. At pH 6.4, with concentrations ranging from 39 to 2,500 μg per 0.1 ml, there were no clear zones of inhibition seen with any of the gram-negative test organisms, although some adverse effect on growth within the area of the cylinder was noted in 36%. Three of 17 gram-positive strains were inhibited at this pH. Spermine was more active at pH 7.4, but even at the highest concentrations only 16% of the gram-negative and 47% of the gram-positive bacteria tested showed definite zones of inhibition. It is concluded that spermine probably plays little, if any, role in natural resistance to urinary tract infections in vivo.
Numerical determination of the distributions of stopping variables associated with sequential procedures for detecting epochs of shift in distributions of discrete random variables numerical determination of the distributions of stopping variables associated with sequential procedures

Algorithms for the determination of the distribution functions of stopping variables are developed, for two types of sequential detection procedures.
Suspected Paraneoplastic Autonomic Neuropathy in a Patient with Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme (P3.322)

OBJECTIVE: This case report will demonstrate severe orthostatic intolerance as the presenting symptom in a patient with a primary malignant brain tumor. BACKGROUND: Paraneoplastic disorders are well described in the literature as a result of a vigorous immune response directed against antigens expressed on the tumor. Solid tumor malignancies have been commonly associated with paraneoplastic neurological disorders, though there is a paucity of literature correlating primary brain tumors with such disorders. DESIGN/METHODS: Case report RESULTS: We describe a case of a 61 year old right handed physician who experienced a syncopal event while giving a lecture. Neuro-imaging was revealing for a right temporal heterogenously enhancing mass with significant surrounding vasogenic edema. A gross total resection of this lesion was achieved and the pathology was consistent with glioblastoma multiforme. The patient went on to receive chemoradiation per Stupp protocol and throughout treatment described spells of near syncope. Autonomic reflex screen (ARS) revealed patchy postganglionic sympathetic sudomotor impairment with borderline cardiovagal and mild cardiovascular adrenergic impairment. Repeat ARS 6 weeks later revealed more severe cardiovagal and cardiovascular adrenergic impairment, with orthostatic hypotension evident on head-up tilt despite concurrent treatment with fludrocortisone, midodrine, and pyridostigmine. These findings were consistent with a progressive autonomic neuropathy, with orthostatic hypotension. Serologic evaluation for alternative causes of orthostatic hypotension were unrevealing. CONCLUSIONS: The case described reveals a refractory case of orthostatic intolerance in a patient with glioblastoma multiforme. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported of it’s kind. We believe the etiology of orthostasis in this patient may be paraneoplastic in origin. Disclosure: Dr. Porter has nothing to disclose. Dr. Goodman has nothing to disclose.
Small scale helicopter analysis and controller design for non-aggressive flights

A simplified analysis is presented for small scale unmanned helicopter controller design suitable for non-aggressive flight scenarios. A Matlab based detailed approach has been followed to analyze system mathematical characteristics, and provide the design process tool for PID/PD and fuzzy logic controllers for the yaw, pitch, roll (Euler angles) and the height variables for hover and slow flight. Both controllers have performed well; have demonstrated promising results being at the same time simple and mathematically sound.
Spin-Charge Binding Mechanism for Superconductivity in Cuprates

A spin-charge recombination route to superconductivity, proposed earlier (1992)], is examined using the Schwinger boson representation of the t-J model. The representation is known to work well at half-filling. It was shown in the earlier paper that, away from half filling, spin-charge recombination into electrons occurs directly through the hopping term as the system tries to recover the kinetic energy lost in forming the "spins" (magnetic moments). Recombination is strong enough in 2-D to (1) destroys long-range magnetic order and (2) restores the large Fermi surface. But the normal state remains incoherent, characterize by a Fermi liquid of holons and bosonic spinons which are paired into singlets. The singlets evolve out of half-filling and are responsible for the spin-gap behavior. They induce a pairing of holons and bind with the latter (to recover additional kinetic energy). In this paper we show that $d_{x^2-y^2}$ symmetry of the order parameter and the shape of the T_c vs doping curve, observed in cuprate superconductors, emerge naturally as a consequence of the symmetry of the spinon pairs. The latter symmetry (p-wave), however, is already determined at half-filling. Thus the nature of the superconducting state is intimately connected with that of quantum spin fluctuations in the insulator!
The Story of the Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense's North American Activities (1958–1970)

Of the 48 nutrition surveys conducted by the ICNND/Office of International Research/CDC Nutrition Programs during the years 1956-1970, 20 were performed in North America. Native Americans were surveyed in Alaska in 1958 and in Montana in 1961. In partnership with INCAP (Institute for Central America and Panama), six Central American countries were surveyed in 1965 through 1967. As mandated by Congress, 10 American states and one major city were surveyed during 1968-1970. Civilian and some military populations were included in these surveys. Teams of health, agriculture, and nutrition specialists drawn from academic institutions and from national and international agencies conducted each survey. We followed the methodology, standards, and definitions developed by ICNND in its Manual for Nutrition Surveys. Detailed findings, results and recommendations were published in a series of reports printed by the U.S. Government Printing Office. All 20 of the North American surveys found similar groups at risk of nutrition problems, including dental caries, goiter, growth retardation, female obesity, and low levels of hemoglobin, vitamin A, thiamin, and riboflavin. Survey recommendations followed common themes: nutrition education, nutrient fortification of food or water, expanded supplemental food programs, provision of safe water supplies, proper sanitation and food safety, and enhanced nutrient content of basic foods.