cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Causes and impacts of sea ice variability in the sea of Okhotsk using CESM-LE

This study provides a holistic view of the coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea ice processes responsible for generating interannual variability in sea ice coverage in the Sea of Okhotsk as well as the atmospheric response to this variability. Simulations from the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble project are analyzed, providing the ability to elucidate the time evolution of these relationships through weekly lead-lag composite analysis, while maintaining a large number of samples to provide robust conclusions. We find that thermodynamic processes involving anomalous ocean-atmosphere heat fluxes affect the timing of initial sea ice growth in the Sea of Okhotsk as early as November. Low-level wind anomalies in the winter affect the extent to which sea ice fully develops, both through advection of the sea ice itself and through changes in the transport of air masses over the Sea of Okhotsk. In this study, the results synthesize and support a diverse set of mechanisms identified in previous observational studies to be responsible for anomalous sea ice conditions, but in a coupled global climate model framework with a large sample size. We also find evidence that anomalous ocean-atmosphere heat fluxes in the winter can trigger an atmospheric response comprised of a local negative sea-level pressure anomaly and Rossby wave that extends over North America. The sign of the turbulent heat fluxes relative to the sea ice anomalies confirm that this is indeed a lagged response of the atmosphere forced by sea ice anomalies. This validates the Rossby wave train response identified in more idealized model simulations with prescribed sea ice and sea surface temperature by demonstrating that this process also occurs in a more realistic coupled model framework.
Russian Retail Lending Market yet to Recover to Pre-Crisis Levels

New parameters of retail lending continue to recover in 2017 amid interest rate cuts. However, the eﬀects of the downturn of 2015 have yet to be overcome, loans for households’ consumption on are now less important than they were in 2012–2013, and new loans are not enough to cover the cost of previous loans and interest payments.
The Democratizing Potential Of Algorithms

Jurisdictions are increasingly embracing the use of pretrial risk assessment algorithms as a solution to the problem of mass pretrial incarceration. Conversations about the use of pretrial algorithms in legal scholarship have tended to focus on their opacity, determinativeness, reliability, validity, or their (in)ability to reduce high rates of incarceration as well as racial and socioeconomic disparities within the pretrial system. This Article breaks from this tendency, examining these algorithms from a democratization of criminal law perspective. Using this framework, it points out that currently employed algorithms are exclusionary of the viewpoints and values of the racially marginalized communities most impacted by their usage, since these algorithms are often procured, adopted, constructed, and overseen without input from these communities. This state of affairs should caution enthusiasm for the transformative potential of pretrial algorithms since they reinforce and entrench the democratic exclusion that members of these communities already experience in the creation and implementation of the laws and policies shaping pretrial practices. This democratic exclusion, alongside social marginalization, contributes to the difficulties that these communities face in contesting and resisting the political, social, and economic costs that pretrial incarceration has had and continues to have on them. Ultimately, this Article stresses that resolving this democratic exclusion and its racially stratifying effects might be possible but requires shifting power over pretrial algorithms toward these communities. Unfortunately, the actualization of this prescription may be unreconcilable with the aims sought by algorithm reformers, revealing a deep tension between the algorithm project and racial justice efforts.
Main Trends and Key Takeaways

Upbeat sentiments prevailed in both the foreign exchange and the equity markets in Russia on the back of high oil prices and temporarily absent threats of new sanctions. These factors, however, are the ones that are driven by most unpredictable dynamics.
Public Pension Power for Socioeconomic Investments

(1989). Public Pension Power for Socioeconomic Investments. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 1027-1045.
Determinants of Convergence in the Marginal Product of Capital

This paper examines the determinants of convergence in the marginal product of capital. We develop an empirical model from Solow’s growth model and augment it to include global factors of …nancial ‡ows and capital embodied in commodity trade. Using data from 52 countries during the period from 1970 to 2005, we show that the marginal product of capital converges. However, this convergence is conditional upon country- speci…c variables such as reproducible capital share. Saving rates, foreign direct investment, and international trade are essential determinants of this conditional convergence. We …nd no evidence that debt …nancial ‡ows reduce
Guide to Development and Use of Electronic Computer Programs: Engineering Analysis

The engineering analysis of a problem prior to detailed programming is treated. The need for a thorough review of the assumptions, approximations, and limitations to be embodied in the program is emphasized, and the hierarchy of problem parameters is described. The need for including logical decisions and checks is presented. Considerations in the selection of computational methods are described, and guidelines for planning possible alterations and expansions of the program are given.
Distinct antigen MHC class II complexes generated by separate processing pathways

The peptide binding site of MHC class II molecules is open at both ends and, therefore, does not restrict the length of the bound ligand. Here we show that a partially folded protein antigen (*HEL) spontaneously formed SDS-unstable complexes with the purified MHC class II molecule I-Ak (Ak). These complexes were also detected on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) where they stimulated T cells. However, they rapidly disappeared after endocytosis. Intracellular processing of *HEL gave rise to SDS-stable, long-lived Ak complexes containing *HEL peptides and, unexpectedly, full-length *HEL. Both SDS-stable products were formed in low pH compartments and then transported to the plasma membrane. In contrast to *HEL peptides, the stable association of *HEL occurred in an alternative pathway that required mature class II molecules and did not involve HLA-DM or proteases. SDS-stable *HEL-Ak complexes were formed by a reaction of endosomal Ak with endocytosed *HEL, but not by direct conversion of SDS-unstable complexes derived from the plasma membrane. Our work establishes a fundamental difference between the two MHC class II loading pathways and for the first time demonstrates a full-length protein as a product of antigen processing.
Characterization of subpopulations of T lymphocytes: I. Separation and functional studies of peripheral T-cells binding different amounts of fluorescent anti-Thy 1.2 (theta) antibody using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS)

Abstract Peripheral T lymphocytes in mice can be distinguished by the presence of the Thy 1.2 (theta) cell surface antigen. The fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) was used to analyze and separate T-cells from peripheral lymphoid cell suspensions after incubation with fluorescein-labeled anti-Thy 1.2 (F anti-Thy 1.2). Stained cells were markedly reduced in nu/nu mice, in mice carrying the Thy 1.1 allele (theta-AKR), and were not seen after incubation with anti-Thy 1.2 that had been absorbed with CBA brain. According to these criteria, the stained cells were termed “T lymphocytes.” Among the T lymphocytes, there was considerable heterogeneity of fluorescent staining. The FACS was used to separate T-cells from other cells and further to separate T-cells with high intensity F anti-Thy 1.2 fluorescence (bright T-cells) from those with less F anti-Thy 1.2 fluorescence (dull T-cells). Separated bright T and dull T lymphocytes were shown to have several different functional properties. Dull T-cells appeared more sensitive to small doses of ALS in vivo , homed to lymph node in higher proportions than did bright T-cells, and were not affected by the short-term effects of thymectomy in adult life. Bright T lymphocytes, by contrast, were resistant to the in vivo effects of ALS, homed preferentially to spleen rather than lymph node in irradiated hosts, and were reduced shortly after adult thymectomy. Separated populations of bright and dull T-cells showed reduced ability to produce cytotoxic activity after in vitro sensitization, while mixtures of these two subpopulations of T-cells produced synergistic cytototoxic responses. The ontogenic and functional implications of these findings are discussed.
Differential Expression of Proteins and mRNAs from Border Cells and Root Tips of Pea

Many plants release large numbers of metabolically active root border cells into the rhizosphere. We have proposed that border cells, cells produced by the root cap meristem that separate from the rest of the root upon reaching the periphery of the cap, are a singularly differentiated part of the root system that modulates the environment of the plant root by producing specific substances to be released into the rhizosphere. Proteins synthesized in border cells exhibit profiles that are very distinct from those of the root tip (root cap, root meristem, and adjacent cells). In vivo-labeling experiments demonstrate that 13% of the proteins that are abundant in preparations from border cells are undetectable in root tip preparations. Twenty-five percent of the proteins synthesized by border cells in a 1-h period are rapidly excreted into the incubation medium. Quantitative variation in levels of specific marker proteins, including glutamine synthetase, heat-shock protein 70, and isoflavone reductase, also occurs between border cells and cells in the root tip. mRNA differential-display assays demonstrate that these large qualitative and quantitative differences in protein expression are correlated with similarly distinct patterns of gene expression. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that a major switch in gene expression accompanies differentiation into root border cells, as expected for cells with specialized functions in plant development.
Nucleon and pion distribution functions in the valence region

An experimental and theoretical perspective is provided on the behavior of unpolarized distribution functions for the nucleon and pion on the valence-quark domain, namely, Bjorken x(greater-or-similar sign)0.4. This domain is a key to much of hadron physics; e.g., a hadron is defined by its flavor content and that is a valence-quark property. Furthermore, its accurate parametrization is crucial to the provision of reliable input for large collider experiments. The focus is on experimental extractions of distribution functions via electron and muon inelastic scattering, and from Drell-Yan interactions; and on theoretical treatments that emphasize an explanation of the distribution functions, providing an overview of major contemporary approaches and issues. Valence-quark physics is a compelling subject, which probes at the heart of our understanding of the standard model. There are numerous outstanding and unresolved challenges, which experiment and theory must confront. In connection with experiment, an explanation that an upgraded Jefferson Laboratory facility is well suited to provide new data on the nucleon is provided, while a future electron-ion collider could provide essential new data for the mesons. There is also great potential in using Drell-Yan interactions, at FNAL, CERN, J-PARC, and GSI, to push into the large-x domain for both mesonsmore » and nucleons. Furthermore, it is argued that explanation, in contrast to modeling and parametrization, requires a widespread acceptance of the need to adapt theory: to the lessons learnt already from the methods of nonperturbative quantum-field theory and a fuller exploitation of those methods.« less
Defining Communities of Interest in Redistricting Through Initiative Voting

Abstract Scholars of redistricting often make reference to “communities of interest,” either to describe what districts should look like, or to criticize blatant partisan gerrymanders. The term, however, suffers from a great deal of ambiguity, the lack of an objective measurement strategy, and the absence of a methodology for translating beliefs about communities of interest into districting plans. In this article, I suggest a novel approach to defining communities of interest: using the results from statewide initiative votes to allow voters to essentially define their own communities of interest at the ballot box. Such a definition would be fundamentally political—as opposed to geographic, demographic, civic, or historical—but would not be rooted solely in partisanship. This approach would also satisfy two of the concerns addressed above. First, it recommends a specific, objective, affirmative basis for constructing districts, not merely a list of recommendations, prohibitions, or standards that need to...
Alcohol Use to Facilitate a Suicide Attempt: An Event-Based Examination

Objective:The current study is based on the hypothesis that alcohol-involved suicide attempts are characterized by lower premeditation and intent, but only when the use of alcohol is not motivated by the desire to facilitate the attempt. Test of this idea was conducted by comparing proximal suicide premeditation and intent of suicide attempts among three groups: individuals who (a) drank to facilitate the attempt (e.g., to “numb fears” about attempting), (b) drank for nonfacilitative motives, and (c) did not use alcohol before the attempt.Method:Participants included 324 (62% female) recent suicide attempters presenting to a Level 1 trauma hospital. The Timeline Followback Interview for Suicide Attempts and a novel Suicide Facilitative Drinking Motives Scale were used to assess facilitative motives for drinking and characteristics of the attempt.Results:One third of participants drank before the attempt, and most (73%) who used alcohol did not do so to facilitate the attempt. As hypothesized, attempts car...
Curvilinear Trends in Direct and Some Correlated Responses to Nineteen Generations of Selection for Part Record Rate of Egg Production in a Randombred Line of Chickens

Abstract Direct and correlated responses to 19 generations of selection for part record rate of egg production were studied. The select line (B line) was derived from a base randombred control line (A line) which, in turn, was derived as a random sample of the Regional Cornell control population. Cumulative direct and correlated responses were computed as deviations of the generation means of the various traits from the corresponding means of the control line. Second-order polynomial regressions of the various traits reveal significant curvilinear relationships between cumulative responses and cumulated selection differentials for the selection criterion (part record rate of lay) and the correlated traits, part record egg number, full record egg number, full record rate of lay, mature body weight, 32-week egg weight, and Haugh unit. It was determined that this line attained a limit of upward selection response in the 12th generation. The genetic change in the selection criterion per generation before the attainment of the limit was 1.07% (P
Flame and plasma sprayed ceramics for uses in biomedical applications

Abstract With methods and materials developed for space technology, prosthetic devices have been fabricated and evaluated for use in biomedical applications. Free standing, metal reinforced-ceramic endoprostheses and tubes have been produced by flame spraying. As trachea and vena cava implants in animals, the tubes have exhibited good body compatibility. Similar composites with controlled porosity are being evaluated as components of male and female contraceptive devices. These show promise in their acceptance by vascular body tissue. These flame- and plasma-sprayed ceramic devices meet both medical and engineering requirements for soft tissue implants. Medically, they are compatible with the body environment and do not cause adverse tissue reactions, while from an engineering standpoint they are physically and chemically stable through long term exposure to the environment and are easily fabricated.
Osler's Nodes on the Dorsum of the Foot

Osler's nodes developed on the dorsum of the left foot of a patient with enterococcal endocarditis and on the dorsum of the right foot of another patient with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. The lesions were erythematous, raised, and very painful, but they resolved completely. There was no evidence of other embolic phenomena at the time the Osler's node appeared.
DISPERSION RELATION FOR THE REGGE PARAMETERS

The Regge parameters $\ensuremath{\alpha}(s)$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}(s)$ of trajectories which cross one another at some point ${s}_{0}$ are proved to form different branches of an analytic function with the branch point at ${s}_{0}$. A new set of Regge parameters are found which are regular in the neighborhood of ${s}_{0}$. Dispersion relations written for these parameters thus take a simple form and should be the ones to use for the dynamical determination of the Regge parameters.In the example of nonrelativistic scattering by a superposition of Yukawa potentials, crossing of trajectories is shown to happen for an infinite number of Regge trajectories. We also give a method to obtain the asymptotic series of $\ensuremath{\alpha}(s)$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}(s)$ for large $s$, in the nonrelativistic case, and from this we show that in the potential $\ensuremath{\int}{{m}^{2}}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2})\frac{{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}r}}{r}d{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2},$ all $\ensuremath{\alpha}(s)$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}(s){e}^{\ensuremath{-}i\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\alpha}(s)}$ are real analytic functions of $s$.
How to insure that data acquired to verify treaty compliance are trustworthy

The author presents a solution to the problem of how to make it possible for two mutually distrusting (and presumed deceitful) parties, the host and the monitor, to both trust a data acquisition system that informs the monitor and perhaps third parties, whether the host has or has not violated the terms of a treaty. He starts by assuming that such a data acquisition system exists, and that the opportunities for deception lie only in the manipulation, i.e. forgery, modification, retransmission, etc. The author shows that it is possible to satisfy simultaneously the interests of all parties. The technical device on which this resolution depends is the concatenation of two or more private authentication channels to create a system in which each participant need only trust that part of the whole that he or she contributed. In the resulting scheme, no part of the data need to be kept secret from any participant at any time; no party nor collusion of fewer than all of the parties can utter an undetectable forgery; no unilateral action on the part of any party can lessen the confidence of others as to the authenticity of the data, and third parties, i.e. arbiters, can be logically persuaded of the authenticity of data. >
Purification of dendritic cell and macrophage subsets from the normal mouse small intestine

Mononuclear phagocytes are essential for protecting against pathogens breaching the intestinal mucosa and maintaining the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract. The mononuclear phagocyte family of the healthy intestine is represented by a small population of hematopoietic cells including dendritic cells and macrophages. Distinct mononuclear phagocyte subsets strategically accumulate within and below the mucosal epithelium and are distributed in the submucosa and muscularis externa. Shaped by its unique microenvironment, each mononuclear phagocyte subset is developmentally and functionally unique and phenotypically distinct. Here we summarize our recent advances on identifying and purifying various intestinal mononuclear phagocyte subsets by flow cytometry in the context of their developmental properties and location within the intestinal tissue.
Control of plasma stored energy for burn control using DIII-D in-vessel coils

A new approach has been experimentally demonstrated to control the stored energy by applying a non-axisymmetric magnetic field using the DIII-D in-vessel coils to modify the energy confinement time. In future burning plasma experiments as well as magnetic fusion energy power plants, various concepts have been proposed to control the fusion power. The fusion power in a power plant operating at high gain can be related to the plasma stored energy and hence, is a strong function of the energy confinement time. Thus, an actuator that modifies the confinement time can be used to adjust the fusion power. In relatively low collisionality DIII-D discharges, the application of non-axisymmetric magnetic fields results in a decrease in confinement time and density pumpout. Gas puffing was used to compensate the density pumpout in the pedestal while control of the stored energy was demonstrated by the application of non-axisymmetric fields.
Graph-Based Cloud Service Placement

The emergent IT clouds as the future of datacenters enable considerable opportunities for the services creation, deployment, management and usability. Users all over the world, from individuals to businesses have been taking advantage of the new cloud services automation and scalability benefits. However, the services creation and business support are still dominated by intensive manual labor. Offerings with similar infrastructure requirements and dependencies are mainly built from scratch as separated entities, making the service development inefficient and error prone. We propose a graph based solution for semi-automated service creation, which expresses the mapping between a business support system and an operations support system. We first identify and expose, at the leaf level of our graph, the meaningful IT operations in the form of basic services. Then, we extend our graph by representing existing services offerings in terms of these operation level service definitions as well as simpler services offerings. At service creation time, an offering manager can re-combine existing building blocks to define new services, besides implementing new blocks down to the operations support system. Our solution takes into consideration the constraints and costs of the service offering sub-components as far as their mapping down to datacenter resources for optimizing the service placement into data-centers. We present a study of the Desktop Service use case.
Treating Listening Ethically

From my own reading of these essays, there are three underlying assumptions across each. First, each essay proposes that individuals can set aside prejudices and be “other-wise.” Although some qual...
Nuclear Factor-κB: a Key Regulator in Health and Disease of Lungs

Rel/NF-κB transcription factors play a key role in modulating the response of immunoregulatory genes including cytokines and chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, acute phase proteins, and anti-microbial peptides. Furthermore, an array of genes important for angiogenesis, tumor invasion and metastasis is also regulated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Close association of NF-κB with inflammation and tumorigenesis makes it an attractive target for basic research as well as for pharmaceutical industries. Studies involving various animal and cellular models have revealed the importance of NF-κB in pathobiology of lung diseases. This review (a) describes structures, activities, and regulation of NF-κB family members; (b) provides information which implicates NF-κB in pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation and cancer; and (c) discusses information about available synthetic and natural compounds which target NF-κB or specific components of NF-κB signal transduction pathway and which may provide the foundation for development of effective therapy for lung inflammation and bronchogenic carcinomas.
Insulin-like growth factor I resistance in immortalized T cell lines from African Efe Pygmies

Previous investigations suggested that resistance to GH was the cause of short stature of African Pygmies. Because many of the actions of GH are mediated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), we sought to determine whether Pygmy tissue was responsive to IGF-I. An initial effort to obtain HTLV-II-transformed T lymphoblast cell lines resulted in a single cell line that showed complete resistance to both IGF-I and GH in a clonal proliferation assay as well as decreased IGF-I binding. In the current study, we examined T cell lines from seven Efe Pygmy subjects, three neighboring Lese farmers, and six American controls and quantified clonal responses to IGF-I, GH, and insulin. The T cell lines from the Efe Pygmies were all completely resistant to the growth-promoting actions of IGF-I concentrations less than 250 micrograms/L and GH concentrations less than 500 micrograms/L. The Lese population, with whom there is admixture with the Efe population, showed heights and clonal responses to IGF-I and GH intermediate between those of Pygmies and American controls. The Pygmy T cell lines showed reduced clonal proliferation in response to high insulin concentrations known to act through the IGF-I receptor. These findings indicate that genetic IGF-I resistance is present in the T cell lines of Efe Pygmies and suggest that unresponsiveness to IGF-I may be responsible for their short stature.
“Blush” on trauma computed tomography: Not as bad as we think!

INTRODUCTIONIntravenous contrast extravasation (IVCE) on a trauma computed tomography has been quoted as a reason for intervention (angiographic embolization or operation). The new-generation computed tomographic (CT) scanners identify IVCE with increasing frequency. We hypothesized that most IVCEs
The next generation operational data historian for IoT based on informix

In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), increasing numbers of applications face the challenge of using current data management systems to manage the massive volume of operational data gener-ated by sensors and devices. Databases based on time series data model, like PI Server, are developed to handle such data with operational technology (OT) characteristics (high volume, long lifecycle, and simple format). However, while achieving excellent write performance, these database systems provide limited query capabilities. In this paper, we present the next-generation Opera-tional Data Historian (ODH) system that is based on the IBM© Informix© system architecture. The system combines the write advantages of the existing time series databases and the ability to run complex queries in SQL. We demonstrate the high efficiency of our system for both writing and querying data with a variety of case studies in the industries of Energy and Utilities and con-nected vehicles. In addition, we present the first benchmark, IoT-X, to evaluate technologies on operational data management for IoT.
How much clearance drivers want while parking: Data to guide the design of parking assistance systems

This experiment examined how close to objects (such as a wall or another vehicle) people would drive when parking. The findings determined the distance at which visual and/or auditory warnings should be provided by parking assistance systems. Sixteen drivers (8 aged 18-30, 8 over age 65) served as subjects. Data was collected for the subject sitting in the driver’s seat of a 2004 Nissan Q45 (a full-size sedan) and when they were outside the vehicle (as if directing someone else to park). Data was collected for moving a simulated brick wall towards and away from the test vehicle for 8 cardinal clock positions. The overall mean distance was 20.4 in for the 640 data points collected, ranging from 2.5 to 48.5 in. Using the regression method, 1 of the 2 developed methods, the desired distance (in) was equal to 9.5 + 1.6 (if the position was to the side or rear) + 6.7 (if a door was to be opened) + 5.7 (if the object was approaching the car) + 4.9 (if the driver’s clearance was estimated) + .07 times the driver’s age.
Theoretical Investigation Of Metastable Polymers Of The Nitrogen Oxides

For several reasons, the nitrogen oxides are of interest as possible sources of new metastable polymeric materials which form only at high pressures and may possess superior mechanical properties and thermal/electrical conductivities. In this study, molecular electronic structure calculations, both semi-empirical and ab initio, have been conducted for oligomers of NO, N2O and NO2. A number of linear, cyclic, and stacked forms have been identified as local minima on the potential energy hypersurface. Satisfactory agreement with experiment was found for the known (SN)x. Calculations of the kinetics of depolymerization of the nitrogen oxide oligomers, i.e. of the energy barriers surrounding the metastable species, are under way.
Refractometry of fluids in microscopic tubes

Fluid filling a tube immersed in a medium that matches the index of the tube acts as a cylindrical lens. Because of geometrical aberrations, the focal length cannot be used directly for an accurate determination of refractive index. By observing the focal position with a microscope that has an aperture regulating diaphragm in the back focal plane, the ambiguity can be removed. The diaphragm restricts the observing light to two beams of equal and opposite obliquity. With unpolished tubes accuracy is about as good as with an Abbe refractometer, a few units in the fourth decimal place.
Replication-dependent histone genes are actively transcribed in differentiating and aging retinal neurons

In the mammalian genome, each histone family contains multiple replication-dependent paralogs, which are found in clusters where their transcription is thought to be coupled to the cell cycle. Here, we wanted to interrogate the transcriptional regulation of these paralogs during retinal development and aging. We employed deep sequencing, quantitative PCR, in situ hybridization (ISH), and microarray analysis, which revealed that replication-dependent histone genes were not only transcribed in progenitor cells but also in differentiating neurons. Specifically, by ISH analysis we found that different histone genes were actively transcribed in a subset of neurons between postnatal day 7 and 14. Interestingly, within a histone family, not all paralogs were transcribed at the same level during retinal development. For example, expression of Hist1h1b was higher embryonically, while that of Hist1h1c was higher postnatally. Finally, expression of replication-dependent histone genes was also observed in the aging retina. Moreover, transcription of replication-dependent histones was independent of rapamycin-mediated mTOR pathway inactivation. Overall, our data suggest the existence of variant nucleosomes produced by the differential expression of the replication-dependent histone genes across retinal development. Also, the expression of a subset of replication-dependent histone isotypes in senescent neurons warrants re-examining these genes as "replication-dependent." Thus, our findings underscore the importance of understanding the transcriptional regulation of replication-dependent histone genes in the maintenance and functioning of neurons.
Morphometry of the small intestinal enterocytes of the fasted rat and the effects of colchicine

The function of the microtubules that are present in the villus enterocytes of the mammalian small intestine is virtually unknown. In order to advance our knowledge about enterocyte microtubules, a quantitative ultrastructural comparison was carried out on enterocytes from rats injected intraperitoneally with colchicine (0.5 mg/100 g body weight) in saline and from rats injected with saline alone. Our morphometric and stereologic study demonstrates that colchicine treatment results in 1) an absolute decrease in microtubules, 2) a reduction in microvilli, essentially in length, 3) an increased thickness of the terminal web, 4) an increase in total lysosomal volume, apparently by an increased number of smaller lysosomes, and 5) a decrease in the number of Golgi lamellae. These results along with those from other studies suggest to us that enterocyte microtubules are involved in the biogenesis of microvillus plasma membrane. Our morphometric data from the saline-treated rats essentially agree with comparable data from other studies. However, comparison with comparable data from hamster enterocytes demonstrates species differences.
Fluctuation theory for radiative transfer in random media

Abstract We consider the effect of small scale random fluctuations of the constitutive coefficients on boundary measurements of solutions to radiative transfer equations. As the correlation length of the random oscillations tends to zero, the transport solution is well approximated by a deterministic, averaged, solution. In this paper, we analyze the random fluctuations to the averaged solution, which may be interpreted as a central limit correction to homogenization. With the inverse transport problem in mind, we characterize the random structure of the singular components of the transport measurement operator. In regimes of moderate scattering, such components provide stable reconstructions of the constitutive parameters in the transport equation. We show that the random fluctuations strongly depend on the decorrelation properties of the random medium.
SYMPTOMATIC AND SCINTIGRAPHIC IMPROVEMENT AFTER INTRAVENOUS PAMIDRONATE TREATMENT OF PAGET'S DISEASE OF BONE IN PATIENTS WITH NORMAL SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE LEVELS

ABSTRACT Objective To describe three patients with symptomatic Paget’s disease of bone who presented with normal levels of serum alkaline phosphatase. Methods We present three cases of Paget’s disease of bone and chronicle the laboratory, scintigraphic, and clinical findings relative to treatment with intravenously administered pamidronate. Results Although measurement of serum total alkaline phosphatase usually provides a general indication of bone turnover in Paget’s disease, about 15% of patients present with normal serum alkaline phosphatase levels. Nonetheless, these patients may have active Paget’s disease when assessed with bone scintigraphy or urinary markers of bone resorption. All three study patients had x- ray findings characteristic of Paget’s disease of bone, increased uptake of radiotracer material on bone scans, and elevated levels of urinary markers of bone resorption but normal alkaline phosphatase levels. They were treated with intravenously administered pamidronate, 60 mg once weekly for 2 to 3 consecutive weeks. After treatment, the serum alkaline phosphatase level decreased by 19 to 36%, markers of bone resorption normalized, bone scans showed improvement, and bone pain resolved. Conclusion Pagetic activity in bone and related clinical manifestations may be present in the setting of a normal serum alkaline phosphatase level. Appropriate therapy should not be withheld because of the normal alkaline phosphatase. (Endocr Pract. 2003;9:280-283)
Carbon isotope discrimination in three semi-arid woodland species along a monsoon gradient

Leaf carbonisotope discrimination (Δ) was measured for three dominant, semi-arid woodland species along a summer monsoon gradient inthe southwestern United States over a 2-year period. We tested the hypothesis that decreased humidity levels during the growing season along this gradient resulted in lower leaf Δ values. Sites of similar elevation along the transect were selected and the range in monsoon contribution to overall annual precipitation varied from 18 to 58%, while total annual precipitation differed by a maximum of only 25% across this gradient. Leaf Δ values in Quercus gambelii were negatively correlated with ϖ, a seasonally-weighted estimate of the evaporative humidity gradient, suggesting that stomatal conductance declined as transpiration potential increased. For two other trees that co-occurred along this gradient, Pinus edulis and Juniperus osteosperma, Δ remained relatively constant despite large variation in ϖ. These woodland species represent the full spectrum of responses of carbon isotope discrimination to increases in evaporative potential; that of decline where ci/ca(ratio of internal to ambient CO2 concentration) and presumably stomatal conductance decrease, and that of constancy where whole plant internal adjustments allow ci/cato remain stable.
Towards a microscopic theory of liquid4He

Abstract A phenomenological conjecture for a microscopic theory of 4 He is proposed. It is proposed that the quasiparticle excitations are fermion-like with a “fermi surface” in the normal state and that the superfluid state is a bound state of the fermionic quasiparticle pairs, with an energy gap opened up at the “fermi surface”. It is pointed out that once this conjecture is made, many puzzling experimental properties in both the normal and the superfluid state of 4 He can be explained consistently.
Response of Selected Predator Species to Different Densities of Aphis gossypii and Heliothis virescens Eggs

Four species of predators were each exposed to different densities of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), eggs in the presence or absence of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover. When alternate prey (aphids) were absent, the functional response of most predators was usually directly proportional to the density, of Heliothis eggs. Under these conditions larvae of Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville were the most effective predators, followed by adult lady beetles, Chrysopa carnea Stephens larvae, adult Geocoris punctipes (Say), and Orius insidiosus (Say), respectively. Among all predators except G. punctipes , total percentage consumption of Heliothis eggs was reduced when aphids were available as alternate prey. Geocoris and Hippodamia adults were least affected by the presence of aphids while Chrysopa and Hippodamia larvae were most affected. Interactions among the species were generally of a density-dependent nature.
Eigenvector-Based $N$ -D Frequency Estimation From Sample Covariance Matrix

We propose an algebraic approach for N-D frequency estimation using the eigenvectors of a matrix pencil constructed from the signal subspace of the data sample covariance matrix. Unlike existing eigenvalue-based methods, the proposed algorithm achieves automatic frequency pairing without using joint diagonalization; thus, the computational complexity is reduced. The proposed algorithm remains operational in the presence of identical frequencies in one or more dimensions due to the introduction of weighting factors when constructing the matrix pencil. We also derive the theoretic variance of the estimation error and show that the proposed algorithm is a consistent one
States in 9Be from 10B(t, α)9Be

Abstract At E t = 12.9 MeV, α-groups from the 10 B(t, α) 9 Be reation have been observed to the ground state of 9 Be and to excited states at E t = 1.7, 2.43, 3.02±0.05 ( Γ = 320±60 keV), 11.26±0.04 ( Γ = 530±70 keV) and, possibly, at 14.5 MeV ( Γ ≈ 800 keV). The T = 3 2 state at E x = 14.39 MeV was seen, but the intensities of the α-groups are very low, typically 5% of the intensity of the group to the 2.43 MeV state. The angular distributions of the α-particles to the 2.43 MeV state are sharply peaked forward and backward. The ground state α-particles are not peaked in the backward direction. Angular distributions of α-particles from the 9 Be(t, α) 8 Li reaction to 8 Li (0, 0.98, 2.26, 6.53) are also reported.
Low sensitivity of the neuroblastoma cell cholinergic receptors to erabutoxins and α-bungarotoxin

Abstract The fast depolarizing nicotinic response evoked by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine in neuroblastoma cell line N1E-115 was completely blocked by 10 μM d -tubocurarine but only partially suppressed by 7.2 μM erabutoxin a or b, or 1 μM α-bungarotoxin. The hyperpolarizing and slow depolarizing muscarinic responses were not affected by these snake toxins.
The EELRU adaptive replacement algorithm

The wide performance gap between processors and disks ensures that effective page replacement remains an important consideration in modern systems. This paper presents early eviction LRU (EELRU), an adaptive replacement algorithm. EELRU uses aggregate recency information to recognize the reference behavior of a workload and to adjust its speed of adaptation. An on-line cost/benefit analysis guides replacement decisions. This analysis is based on the LRU stack model (LRUSM) of program behavior. Essentially, EELRU is an on-line approximation of an optimal algorithm for the LRUSM. We prove that EELRU offers strong theoretical guarantees of performance relative to the LRU replacement algorithm. EELRU can never be more than a factor of 3 worse than LRU, while in a common best case it can be better than LRU by a large factor (proportional to the number of pages in memory).The goal of EELRU is to provide a simple replacement algorithm that adapts to reference patterns at all scales. Thus, EELRU should perform well for a wider range of programs and memory sizes than other algorithms. Practical experiments validate this claim. For a large number of programs and wide ranges of memory sizes, we show that EELRU outperforms LRU, typically reducing misses by 10-30%, and occasionally by much more--sometimes by a factor of 2-10. It rarely performs worse than LRU, and then only by a small amount.
Reply to Comments on &#8220;A sinh Resistor and Its Application to tanh Linearization&#8221;

For original article see ibid., vol.40, no.2, p.536-43, Feb. 2005. For comments by F.J. Garcia Sanchez et al. see ibid vol.41 no.10, p.2359, Oct. 2006
A generalized jacobi theta function

The delta function initial condition solution v*(x,t;y) at x = y ≥ 0 of the generalized Feller equation is used to define a generalized Jacobi Theta function for a sufficiently rapidly increasing and unbounded positive sequence {yy}. It is shown that Θ(x,t) is analytic in each variable in certain regions of the complex x and t planes and that it is a solution of the generalized Feller equation. For those parameters for which this equation reduces to the heat equation, Θ(x,t) reduces to the third Jacobi Theta function.
Bead coating instability: A comparison of speed limit data with theory

Bead coating geometry is used in the continuous, high-speed coating of photographic and other films. However, bead coating suffers from instabilities occurring at maximum and minimum speeds which result in non-uniform films and unsatisfactory coating. This article describes an experimental study of these speeds for a range of flowrates, gaps, and viscosities. Results are compared with theory.
Behavioral screening for cognition enhancers: from indiscriminate to valid testing: Part I

Preclinical efforts to detect and characterize potential cognition enhancers appear to have been dominated by a strategy of demonstrating a wide variety of apparently beneficial behavioral effects with little attention given to the specific psychological mechanisms underlying behavioral enhancement. In particular, the question of whether or not behavioral facilitation is based on relevant mnemonic mechanisms and is independent of the stimulus properties and/or the motivational and attentional components of a task is not often considered. As a result, an overwhelming number of compounds have failed to produce the clinical effects predicted for them on the basis of preclinical research. The available data suggest that a more successful approach requires deductive research strategies rather than the indiscriminate accumulation of apparently beneficial effects in a variety of behavioral tasks and animal models. The first step towards such an approach is a systematic and rigorous evaluation of the different aspects of validity for the models most frequently used in preclinical research. It is concluded that a combination of good construct validity and good face validity represents a necessary condition for screening tests with predictive validity, and that the most popular paradigms fail to fulfil these criteria. Future screening programs for cognition enhancers will probably be characterized by a depreciation of “fast and dirty tests” in favor of approaches focussing on the validity of the effects of potential cognition enhancers.
A neuropharmacologically-relevant animal model of depression.

Abstract The phenomenon of “learned helplessness” was evaluated as a potential animal model of depression. Imipramine, but not chlorpromazine or lorazepam, had a delayed protective effect on the development of this behavior although lorazepam was effective after a single dose. Dose-response curves related either to concentration of imipramine in drinking water or to free drug levels in brain were linear with higher drug levels associated with a lowered degree of learned helplessness following chronic administration. The effects of imipramine on the development of learned helplessness were seen following four days of access to drug in drinking water, but not after 1, 2 or 3 days. This model, although clearly not a perfect fit with depression in humans, has many characteristics which suggest its utility in further studies of the mechanism of action of antidepressants.
On Representations of Problems of Reasoning about Actions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basic issues of choice of representation for problems of reasoning about actions. The general problem of representation is concerned with the relationship between different ways of formulating a problem to a problem solving system and the efficiency with which the system can be expected to find a solution to the problem. An understanding of the relationship between problem formulation and problem solving efficiency is a prerequisite for the design of procedures that can automatically choose the most appropriate representation of a problem—they can find a point of view of the problem that maximally simplifies the process of finding a solution. The chapter discusses a specific problem of transportation scheduling—the missionaries and cannibals problem—to evaluate the effects of alternative formulations of this problem on the expected efficiency of mechanical procedures for solving it and also to examine the processes that come into play when a transition takes place from a given problem formulation into a better one.
Stereoscopic PIV for Jet/Fin interaction measurements on a full-scale flight vehicle configuration.

A stereoscopic particle image velocimeter has been implemented in a production-scale transonic wind tunnel for studying jet/fin interaction created by exhaust plumes from spin rockets on a full-scale model of a finned body of revolution. Data were acquired principally at a measurement plane just upstream of the leading edge of the fin root, which clearly display the counter-rotating vortex pair as well as a smaller vortex pair near the surface believed to be the remnant of the horseshoe vortex. The counter-rotating vortex pair is distinctly asymmetric as a result of having been produced by a jet exiting from a scarfed nozzle and displays some twist with respect to the model surface. The horseshoe vortex is displaced laterally from the nozzle position. Velocities measured over a range of flowfield conditions and model orientations show that the size and position of the vortices chiefly scale with the jet-to-freestream dynamic pressure ratio and that their strength is additionally a function of the crossflow Mach number.