cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing the electrolyte infiltration behaviour of activated carbon supercapacitor electrodes by in situ neutron scattering using aqueous NaCl as electrolyte

Abstract In situ contrast-matched neutron scattering was used to probe the electrolyte infiltration behavior of activated supercapacitor carbon electrodes using an aquoeus 1 M NaCl solution. It was found that only about 20% of the pore volume was infiltrated at chemical equilibrium. The partial infiltration can be attributed to the co-existence of hydrophilic and hydrophilic pores. The study suggests that for the achievement of optimal capacitance, supercapacitor electrodes should be evacuated before electrolyte infiltration.
Top Concept Networks of Professional Education Reflections

This study explores the application of computational techniques to extract information about dental students' developing conceptions of their profession from digital reflective journal entries. Top concept networks were created for two cohorts of students at the beginning and end of their four-year program. A shift from a collection of general notions about becoming a professional to a more integrated, patient-centered conceptualization was found for both cohorts. The two groups initially differed in their perception of dental school (a mechanism for being able to work as a dentist versus a place to learn the skills to serve patients well) and subsequently in the extent of attention they paid to the feelings of their patients and themselves, as well as the continual growth of skill after graduation. Several useful linguistic markers were identified for examining these same issues in other cohorts. The results suggest that top concept networks can offer a useful window into students' developing conceptions of their profession. This kind of information can support student success on a macro level by offering feedback on existing curricula / informing learning designs to cultivate desired conceptions, and on a micro level through identifying particular ways individuals align with and diverge from the common trajectories.
ASSESSING OUTCOMES IN THE DUAL ANTIPLATELET (DAPT) CLINICAL TRIAL USING MEDICARE CLAIMS: INSIGHTS FROM THE EXTEND-DAPT STUDY

Data collected in registries and claims may provide an efficient alternative for endpoint ascertainment in randomized trials. However, this strategy has not been well validated. Deterministic algorithms matched 1,336 patients age ≥65 years who received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in
The development of a generalized riser flow regime map based upon higher moment and chaotic statistics using electrical capacitance volume tomography (ECVT)

Abstract Dynamic analyses have been applied to the temporal signals from an Electro Capacitance Volume Tomography instrument located near mid-height on the riser of an industrial-scale cold-flow circulating fluidized bed to characterize gas-solids flow behavior in the riser. Twelve capacitance electrodes surround the cylindrical riser over a height of 1.3 m. The instrument used a neural network deconvolution algorithm to determine the spatially resolved solids fraction recorded at 52 Hz. Experiments were carried out over a range of gas and solids flows in the transport regime using a Geldart Group B bed material, high density polyethylene with mean particle size of 880 μm. The radial solids distribution was found to vary from one-time step to the next between profiles typical of laminar and turbulent flow. The duration of time spent in each of these flow profiles depended upon the operating regime – dilute, core-annular, or fast fluidized bed. The chaotic structure of the temporal data was characterized using the three conventional approaches: the first 4 moments from the distribution of signal in time, system memory parameters from the autocorrelation function and the Hurst exponent, and analysis of the correlation entropy and correlation dimension of the attractor. These signal analysis techniques were used to clearly distinguish differences between different transport operating regimes. Specifically, it was experimentally observed that a riser transitions from core annular flow profile to dilute and dense regimes via increasing the frequency of short term transients to either dilute or dense flow profiles, respectively. A regime map was generated based upon these dynamics using solids flux and gas velocity axes. Fast fluidized, core annular, and dilute each exhibited different degree of dynamic characteristics typical of fluid dominated or particle compromising behavior. It should be noted that the magnitude for the different statistics? was in the same range regardless of the regime, it was the radial profile for the statistic that changed and subsequently identified that there was a change in the regime. Finally, a reduced regime map was developed consisting of plotting the gas velocity normalized by the upper transport velocity versus the solids flux normalized by the saturation carrying capacity. The use of this reduced plot allowed the data from widely different conditions to be plotted and compared on the same graph. Note that in many instances, some of the statistics identified the operating point as being in one regime while others indicated that it was in another indicating a transition region between dilute or core annular regimes and between the core annular and fast fluidization regimes. This now provides a tool that can be used to optimize process performance, identify changes in operating states, or replicate process dynamics during process scaling or changing operating parameters.
Pregnancy outcomes in viable pregnancies with a septate uterus compared with viable pregnancies after hysteroscopic uterine septum resection.

BACKGROUND Septate uterus is one of the more common Mullerian anomalies and is the anomaly most amenable to surgical correction. It is currently uncertain if hysteroscopic septum resection reduces the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare pregnancy outcomes in women who had reached at least 20 weeks gestation with those women with a uterine septum and those women who had undergone septum resection before pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study of women with a history of uterine septum who were cared for by a large maternal-fetal medicine practice from 2005-2018. We included women with singleton pregnancies at >20 weeks gestation. Baseline characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were compared between women with a history of a hysteroscopic uterine septum resection and women with an unresected septum. Regression analysis was performed to control for differences in baseline characteristics. The analysis was repeated in nulliparous women only. RESULTS A total of 109 women (163 pregnancies) were included. In the entire population, pregnancy outcomes did not differ between the groups, aside from a higher rate of cesarean delivery in the resected septum group. In the 63 nulliparous women, septum resection was associated with later gestational ages at delivery (39.1 vs 37 weeks; P=.030), decreased preterm birth <37 weeks gestation (4.5% vs 31.6%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.154; 95% confidence interval, 0.027-0.877), and an increased incidence of cesarean delivery in women who attempted vaginal delivery (30.6% vs 0%; P=.012). There was no difference in the rates of small for gestational age, preeclampsia, blood transfusion, retained placenta, or morbidly adherent placenta. CONCLUSION In nulliparous women with viable pregnancies, hysteroscopic resection of a uterine septum is associated with a decreased incidence of preterm birth and an increased incidence of cesarean delivery. These findings need to be confirmed in a well-designed randomized trial before uterine septum resection is recommended routinely.
Likes, retweets, and polarization:

A key part of today’s polarized society is the polarized and polarizing world of social media. Although social media platforms bring the potential of more democratic involvement, greater public dia...
New Easy-Plane CP^{N-1} Fixed Points.

We study fixed points of the easy-plane CP^{N-1} field theory by combining quantum Monte Carlo simulations of lattice models of easy-plane SU(N) superfluids with field theoretic renormalization group calculations, by using ideas of deconfined criticality. From our simulations, we present evidence that at small N our lattice model has a first-order phase transition which progressively weakens as N increases, eventually becoming continuous for large values of N. Renormalization group calculations in 4-e dimensions provide an explanation of these results as arising due to the existence of an N_{ep} that separates the fate of the flows with easy-plane anisotropy. When N N_{ep}, the flows are to a new easy-plane CP^{N-1} fixed point that describes the quantum criticality in the lattice model at large N. Our lattice model at its critical point, thus, gives efficient numerical access to a new strongly coupled gauge-matter field theory.
Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Evaluation

This chapter reviews the basic principles of skeletal muscle biopsy acquisition, processing and interpretation. Comments about the proper acquisition of muscle biopsies are followed by a discussion of the laboratory procedures involved in the initial processing of the biopsy and the special staining procedures, including enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical staining, that are necessary for a meaningful evaluation of morphological changes in skeletal muscle. The chapter concludes with a summary of the wide range of morphological changes that can be seen in skeletal muscle, including brief comments about some of the more common artifacts encountered in the interpretation of muscle biopsies.
Sunlight and Gaslight: Mapping Light in Mid-Nineteenth-Century New York City:

This article evaluates the distribution of natural and artificial light in New York City during the mid-nineteenth century. Analysis centers on the interplay between social factors and morphologica...
Optical Measurements of Strong Microwave Fields with Rydberg Atoms in a Vapor Cell

Even in this day and age, precise absolute measurement of electric fields is not trivial. The authors extend quantum sensing via cold atoms and electromagnetically induced transparency to the strong-field regime. In this regime, existing techniques are insufficient due to the complex and highly nonlinear response of the atoms. This is an essential step toward calibration-free rf electric-field sensors for a wide range of applications that include antenna calibration, metamaterial characterization, and subwavelength imaging.
Analysis of Noninvasive Ventilation in Subjects With Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Failure.

BACKGROUND Acute respiratory failure is among the sequelae of complications that can develop in response to severe sepsis. Research into sepsis-related respiratory failure has focused on ARDS and invasive mechanical ventilation. We studied the factors associated with success and failure of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in the treatment of sepsis-related acute respiratory failure. METHODS This retrospective study included 136 subjects with a diagnosis of acute respiratory failure and intrapulmonary or extrapulmonary sepsis who were placed on NIV. Subjects were divided into 2 groups based on the need for intubation from NIV: NIV failure (n = 70) and NIV success (n = 66). Demographic, clinical, and outcome data were collected and compared between groups, with the development of multivariate models to predict NIV failure and mortality. RESULTS The overall NIV failure rate in subjects with a diagnosis of sepsis was 51%. There were no between-group differences in demographic or baseline characteristics. However, there were significant differences in clinical variables, with higher SOFA scores (NIV failure: 6.4 [± 3.0] vs NIV success: 4.9 [± 2.1]; P = .002), 2nd lactate levels (NIV failure: 2.6 [1.7 - 4.3] vs NIV success: 1.9 [1.4 - 2.6] mmol/L; P = .007), and initial NIV [Formula: see text] settings (NIV failure: 0.50 [0.40 - 0.70] vs NIV failure: 0.40 [0.35 - 0.50]; P = .003) in subjects who failed NIV. There were also more subjects in the NIV failure group who had a lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L prior to NIV start compared to those who succeeded on NIV (33% vs 15%, P = .02). At NIV start, subjects in the NIV failure group had lower mean arterial pressure (85 mm Hg [IQR 74-96] vs 91.7 mm Hg [IQR 78-108], P = .042) and Glasgow coma scale scores (14 [IQR 13-15] vs 15 [IQR 14-15], P < .002), while fewer subjects in the NIV failure group received a fluid bolus in the 24 h prior to NIV start (33% vs 53%, P = .02) or had signs of volume overload (36% vs 64%, P < .001). Multivariate analysis indicated that age (odds ratio 1.05 [95% CI 1.01-1.09], P = .02), SOFA score (odds ratio 1.49 [95% CI 1.15-1.94], P = .002), first systolic blood pressure (odds ratio 0.97 [95% CI 0.95-0.99], P = .02), signs of volume overload (odds ratio 0.23 [95% CI 0.07-0.68], P = .008], fluids prior to NIV (odds ratio 0.08 [95% CI 0.02-0.31], P < .001), and initial [Formula: see text] on NIV (odds ratio 1.04 [95% CI 1.01-1.08, P = .002) independently predicted NIV failure with an area under the curve of 0.88. Only NIV failure independently predicted death in multivariate analysis (area under the curve = 0.70). CONCLUSIONS NIV failure in sepsis-related acute respiratory failure was independently predicted by patient acuity, first systolic blood pressure after sepsis alert, initial [Formula: see text] settings on NIV, fluid resuscitation, and signs of volume overload. However, only NIV failure independently predicted death in this cohort of subjects.
A phylogeny of white-eyes based on ultraconserved elements

Abstract White-eyes are an iconic radiation of passerine birds that have been the subject of studies in evolutionary biology, biogeography, and speciation theory. Zosterops white-eyes in particular are thought to have radiated rapidly across continental and insular regions of the Afro- and Indo-Pacific tropics, yet their phylogenetic history remains equivocal. Here, we sampled 77% of the genera and 47% of known white-eye species and sequenced thousands of ultraconserved elements to infer the phylogeny of the avian family Zosteropidae. We used concatenated maximum likelihood and species tree methods and found strong support for seven clades of white-eyes and three clades within the species-rich Zosterops radiation.
Vasculitis/Vasculopathy Syndrome Induced by Cocaine–Levamisole

Levamisole, a pharmacologic agent used for veterinary purposes as an antihelminthic agent, has been identified as an adulterant in cocaine in the United States since 2003. In 2010, the first reports of a distinct syndrome of necrotic facial lesions, retiform purpura, neutropenia, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positivity emerged secondary to levamisole-adulterated cocaine abuse emerged. Histopathologic examination of skin lesions demonstrates small-vessel vasculitis, with or without intravascular thrombi. Cutaneous lesions remit after discontinuation of cocaine, but recur with rechallenge.
Unary-Determined Distributive ℓ-magmas and Bunched Implication Algebras.

A distributive lattice-ordered magma (\(d\ell \)-magma) \((A,\wedge ,\vee ,\cdot )\) is a distributive lattice with a binary operation \(\cdot \) that preserves joins in both arguments, and when \(\cdot \) is associative then \((A,\vee ,\cdot )\) is an idempotent semiring. A \(d\ell \)-magma with a top \(\top \) is unary-determined if \(x{\cdot } y=(x{\cdot }\top \wedge y)\) \(\vee (x\wedge \top {\cdot }y)\). These algebras are term-equivalent to a subvariety of distributive lattices with \(\top \) and two join-preserving unary operations p, q. We obtain simple conditions on p, q such that \(x{\cdot } y=(px\wedge y)\vee (x\wedge qy)\) is associative, commutative, idempotent and/or has an identity element. This generalizes previous results on the structure of doubly idempotent semirings and, in the case when the distributive lattice is a Heyting algebra, it provides structural insight into unary-determined algebraic models of bunched implication logic. We also provide Kripke semantics for the algebras under consideration, which leads to more efficient algorithms for constructing finite models.
Properties of GaAs-AlGaAs Quantum Wire Superlattices Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

A novel type of superlattice, the serpentine superlattice, with a built in quantum wire superlattice has been grown directly by molecular beam epitaxy. The uniformity issues and photoluminescence polarization anisotropy properties associated with the quantum wire superlattice are presented. Both transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence measurements indicate that control of the growth kinetics still limits the quality of these structures.
Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games: A Potential Model of CSCL@Work

Workplace studies and messages in the popular press suggest that the American workforce has become increasingly ineffective and lacks appropriate twenty-first century skills (Friedman, The world is flat: a brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006). This condition has resulted from not only the outdated educational environment but also tumultuous changes in business dynamics that have put pressures on business, as well as education, to be better, faster, and stronger: in short, more competitive at every juncture. The technology-rich and collaborative processes central to modern business practices involve dynamic learning leveraging tools, resources, and networks whereas workers engage in critical thinking, problem solving, or innovating (Hagel and Brown, From push to pull: Emerging models for mobilizing resources. Working paper, October. Retrieved from http://www.johnseelybrown.com/pushmepullyou4.72.pdf, 2005). However, these skills are not the stuff of the current standard-based regime influencing K-12 education (Gee, Good video games and good learning: collected essays on video games, learning and literacy. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 2007; National Center on Education and the Economy, Tough choices or tough times: The report of the new commission on the skills of the American workforce, Revised. Jossey Bass, Sanfrancisco, CA, 2008; Wagner, The global achievement gap: why even our best schools don’t teach the new survival skills our children need—and what we can do about it. Basic Books, New York, 2008), and they are not the types of learning modeled in the lecture halls permeating postsecondary education (Gee, Society and higher education. Working paper. Retrieved from http://jamespaulgee.com/node/50, 2010). Current educational practices in mainstream formal education are hard-pressed to model the types of computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) and CSCW practices that could be efficacious if implemented in the workplace.
How to Approach a First Grant Application

Obtaining grant funding opens up new possibilities for the academic faculty member’s career. The rewards can be great, both professionally and personally. However, applying for grant funding poses a variety of challenges. The application process draws upon one’s motivation and persistence, creativity, strategic thinking, communications with others (funders, collaborators, and administrators), planning and time management skills, openness to critical feedback, and attention to details. In approaching a first grant application, there is much to learn and keep in mind. Typically, unanticipated problems will arise in working under a looming deadline for submitting the grant. This process can be stressful and result in submitting a less-than-optimal application or no application at all. This chapter describes practical guidelines that can help the academic faculty member to anticipate and surmount such challenges and create a high-quality grant. These guidelines will help with the grant application process from start to finish: determine which kind of grant to seek, generate really good ideas for the grant, communicate with one’s internal grant administrators, plan the completion of all sections of the grant application by the deadline while not compromising the grant’s quality, obtain helpful feedback from the funding agency and colleagues, take final steps to maximize the quality of the grant, submit the grant in time, and manage stress and avoid burnout.
‘Ex and the City’: on cosmopolitanism, community and the ‘curriculum of refuge’

This paper looks at curriculum in a contemporary context marked by an alarming want of hospitality. It does so by engaging inquiry into the renewed interest in the cosmopolitan tradition in education, as directed at questions concerning: the burden of history, the reality of inequity, the experience of exile, and the need for forgiveness. Autobiographically and existentially inspired, it grounds itself in the views and vagrancies of city life—symbolically, in the imaginary as well, highlighting the curricular import of intercultural encounter and radical openness to the other, in advancing and inventing difference and cultivating solidarity ‘differently’. Beginning with a general framework and rationale for such explorations of cosmopolitanism—its understandings of culture, identity, society and citizenship, largely as built upon the poststructuralist readings of Jacques Derrida, among others, this work further takes up of this discourse through related resonant scholarship in education to consider conceptions of curriculum built upon cosmopolitan insights. Borrowing from Derrida’s plea for the ‘city of refuge’ and ‘cities of refuge’, it seeks to consider a structure, or dwelling place, for entertaining the possibilities visited upon us in conceptualizing the ‘curriculum of refuge’ for children via education in a cosmopolitan way.
Modeling and high frequency characterization of short links for high performance integrated circuits. Experimental validation and CAD formulas

This study investigates the computing of the inductance of short links (gold wires connections). The [L] matrix calculations are performed with the potential vector given in an integral form, taking into account the current density distribution on the conductors. The Partial Element Equivalent Circuit method (PEEC) is used for this calculation. Analytical formulas easy to use in CAD are derived from the numerical results using a least square method. The formulas have been shown a very good agreement, with a precision in the order of 4%, with simulation results and with experimental results obtained on test boards in the frequency range 1 - 30 GHz.
Experimentalists’ Difficulties in Optical Squeezed State Generation

Squeezed states of light are theoretically predicted states of the radiation field which have phase-dependent quantum fluctuations, with the fluctuations corresponding to one phase being less than those of a coherent state [1]. These states have eluded experimental demonstration, at least so far. From an experimentalist’s point of view, squeezed state research can best be described as a series of difficulties that must somehow be overcome.
Comparison of terbium (III) luminescence enhancement in mutants of EF hand calcium binding proteins.

The luminescent isomorphous Ca2+ analogue, Tb3+, can be bound in the 12-amino acid metal binding sites of proteins of the EF hand family, and its luminescence can be enhanced by energy transfer from a nearby aromatic amino acid. Tb3+ can be used as a sensitive luminescent probe of the structure and function of these proteins. The effect of changing the molecular environment around Tb3+ on its luminescence was studied using native Cod III parvalbumin and site-directed mutants of both oncomodulin and calmodulin. Titrations of these proteins showed stoichiometries of fill corresponding to the number of Ca2+ binding loops present. Tryptophan in binding loop position 7 best enhanced Tb3+ luminescence in the oncomodulin mutant Y57W, as well as VU-9 (F99W) and VU-32 (T26W) calmodulin. Excitation spectra of Y57F, F102W, Y65W oncomodulin, and Cod III parvalbumin revealed that the principal Tb3+ luminescence donor residues were phenylalanine or tyrosine located in position 7 of a loop, despite the presence of other nearby donors, including tryptophan. Spectra also revealed conformational differences between the Ca2+- and Tb(3+)-bound forms. An alternate binding loop, based on Tb3+ binding to model peptides, was inserted into the CD loop of oncomodulin by cassette mutagenesis. The order of fill of Tb3+ in this protein reversed, with the mutated loop binding Tb3+ first. This indicates a much higher affinity for the consensus-based mutant loop. The mutant loop inserted into oncomodulin had 32 times more Tb3+ luminescence than the identical synthetic peptide, despite having the same donor tryptophan and metal binding ligands. In this paper, a ranking of sensitivity of luminescence of bound Tb3+ is made among this subset of calcium binding proteins. This ranking is interpreted in light of the structural differences affecting Tb3+ luminescence enhancement intensity. The mechanism of energy transfer from an aromatic amino acid to Tb3+ is consistent with a short-range process involving the donor triplet state as described by Dexter (Dexter, D. L. (1953) J. Chem. Phys. 21, 836). This cautions against the use of the Forster equation in approximating distances in these systems.
Supply, Land Quality, and Policy

Recent reforms of the EC grain sector justify renewed interest in the supply ^alysis of producer policies that include a subsidy and a land reduction requirement. Some supply analysis accounts for simultaneous land control and producer payment (Houck and Ryan, Gallagher). However, econometric methods of supply analysis have limited usefulness when major policy changes occur (Weaver). Major changes have indeed occurred in Europe, 1. CAP reform, introducing producer subsidies, low ?? price and set-aside. 2, Transition from central planning. But land quality is an important dimension of producer's participation decisions (Brooks et al.). And the implications of producers with marginal land on market supply still require discussion. The potential for domestic supply distortions and price stability are relevant if trade agreements include such policies.
The effect of ice-sheet thickness change on the accumulation history inferred from GISP2 layer thicknesses

Net accumulation rates at the Greenland summit have been inferred using layer-thickness data from the GISP2 ice core with corrections for strain using a non-linear, one-dimensional flow model of an ice sheet. The flow model accounts for thickness changes in ice-sheet in response to mass-balance variations. The model is used to investigate how net accumulation-rate changes affect the time evolution of: (1) the ice-sheet thickness. (2) the vertical strain rate, and (3) the corresponding internal annual-layer structure. The model, parameterized to fit the present net accumulation rate and thickness of the Greenland ice-sheet summit, has a characteristic time constant for adjustment to accumulation-rate changes of about 6000a and yields an ice sheet 200-400 m thinner than its present thickness during the last glacial period. Accumulation-rate histories inferred from GISP2 layer-thickness data using both a constant- and a variable-thickness model are compared. The variable-thickness model predicts accumulation rates about 25% lower than the constant-thickness model. Our results also indicate that high-frequency changes in accumulation rates (i.e. alter the Younger Dryas event) are consistent with earlier analyses. However, sensitivity tests indicate that the accumulation-rate history cannot be precisely determined. Our analysis defines an envelope of likely accumulation histories bounded above by the accumulation history inferred by the constant-thickness model. Predictions become increasingly uncertain for old ice because of (1) intrinsic difficulties associated with this inverse problem, and (2) decreased accuracy of the data.
Fine Structure in the Anomalous DC Current Singularities of a Josephson Tunnel Junction

At the 1969 Stanford Superconductivity Conference we reported observation of anomalous dc current singularities in the I–V characteristics of Josephson tunnel junctions.1† These singularities were termed “anomalous” because their properties differ in several respects from those of the well-known Fiske steps.3 The following characteristics were observed: (1) The singularities exist in the absence of an applied magnetic field. (2) Although they appear at voltages corresponding to junction cavity resonance mode frequencies like the Fiske steps, only even-order modes occur. (3) They occur only below a temperature-dependent cutoff voltage of order 0.1/(2Δ/e). (4) The singularity amplitudes have a complex temperature dependence; in the simplest cases the amplitude first increases, then decreases as the temperature is lowered. That these singularities are nonetheless not unrelated to Fiske steps is suggested by the fact that application of a magnetic field causes a smooth decrease in the amplitudes of the even-order singularities accompanied by appearance of the missing odd-order singularities.
Mass spectrometric approaches for the investigation of dynamic processes in condensed phase

Mass spectrometry (MS) offers many advantages over other established spectroscopic techniques employed for the investigation of processes in condensed phase. The sensitivity, specificity, and speed afforded by MS-based methods enable to obtain very valuable insights into the mechanism of complex dynamic processes. Off-line methods rely on quenching to halt the progress of the reaction of interest and allow for the implementation of a broad range of analytical procedures for sample fractionation, isolation, or desalting. On the contrary, on-line methods are designed to carry out the real-time monitoring of dynamic processes through a continuous uninterrupted analysis of reaction mixtures, with the only caveat that the sample solutions be directly amenable to the available ionization technique. The utilization of rapid mixing devices in direct connection with a mass spectrometer or included in off-line schemes provides access to the initial moments of a reaction, which can offer very important information about the reaction mechanism. This report summarizes the different off- and on-line strategies developed to study chemical and biochemical reactions in solution and obtain kinetic/mechanistic information. The merits of the various experimental designs, the characteristics of the different instrumental setups, and the factors affecting time resolution are discussed with the aid of specific examples, which highlight the contributions of MS to the different facets of the investigation of dynamic processes in condensed phase.
EFFECTIVE GLOBAL GOVERNANCE WITHOUT EFFECTIVE GLOBAL GOVERNMENT: A CONTEMPORARY MYTH

Although the recent collapse and dissolution of the Soviet Union has significantly reduced the near-term probability of nuclear disaster, it constitutes wishful thinking to imagine that meaningful and effective global governance is possible in today's world. The term “global governance” suggests and implies a degree of order and control in the international community far beyond that which presently exists, and that in fact could only be achieved by means of a global government. The global governance myth has emerged to help people cope with the uncongenial and presumably unavoidable reality that we are living in a world in which global government is impossible, and in which therefore the international condition is most accurately described as “international anarchy.” A dysfunctional myth is a belief that not only is false, but that discourages and deters thought and action toward overcoming uncongenial realities which are not, in fact, unavoidable. Global governance, in all likelihood, falls into the cate...
On the Evolution of the QE II Storm. II: Dynamic and Thermodynamic Structure

Abstract The existence of convection and the hurricane-like structure in the explosively-developing cyclone studied in Part I motivates us to assess the importance heating had on this cyclogenesis. To accomplish this, a method to evaluate the three-dimensional thermodynamic and dynamic structure of the atmosphere is proposed, so that we may evaluate potential vorticity changes in the vicinity of this cyclone. Results indicate a 24 h lower tropospheric generation of from five to thirteen times the value observed at 1200 GMT 9 September 1978. An evaluation of physical effects on thickness change following the surface center shows a large mean tropospheric temperature rise to be due to bulk cumulus heating effects, which could be important in the extraordinary potential vorticity generation concurrent with this cyclone's explosive development. These vertically integrated values of heating motivate us to solve the quasi-geostrophic omega and vorticity equations forced by an idealized heating function with spe...
Is There a Role for Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy After Complete Pathologic Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Patients with locally advanced breast cancer who undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy and who are found to have a pathologic complete response (pCR) at the time of mastectomy pose a unique challenge to the radiation oncologist. Whereas patients with node-negative disease and small primary tumors treated immediately by mastectomy do not generally require postmastectomy radiation (PMRT), radiation indications are unclear for patients who present initially with more advanced disease and become node-negative after chemotherapy. Consequently, guidelines and patterns of practice for PMRT after neoadjuvant vary substantially among institutions and clinicians both nationally and internationally. Although some retrospective data suggest that patients with a pCR are at low risk of local failure and may not require adjuvant PMRT, there are conflicting data suggesting a role for PMRT, depending on the initial clinical stage at presentation. A national multi-institutional trial is currently investigating this question.
Federal govemment expenditures and revenues in the early years of the American republic: Evidence from 1792 to 1860

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between taxes and spending during the early years of the American Republic. Federal government expenditures and revenues are studied from 1792 to 1860 using cointegration tests and error correction models. Revenues and expenditures are shown to be cointegrated for the historical period. In addition, the error correction models yield results supporting the spend-and-tax hypothesis in the short run, according to which higher spending brings about higher taxes. There is also evidence of feedback between spending and revenues in the long run.
Numerical and experimental analysis of unsteady heat transfer with periodic variation of inlet temperature in circular ducts

Abstract This work focusses on a numerical and experimental analysis of unsteady forced convection in hydrodynamically developed and thermally developing laminar air flow in a circular duct, subjected to a periodic variation of the inlet temperature. The experiments were conducted over a wide range of Reynolds number (281.2 ≤ Re ≤ 1024.3) and inlet frequency (0.01 ≤ β ≤ 0.20 Hz) of the periodic heat input. In the numerical study, the non-uniform inlet temperature amplitude profile derived from the experiments, was included in the numerical model. A fully explicit, second-order accurate finite difference scheme was developed and used for the solution of the unsteady energy equation. Numerical results are obtained with the fully developed parabolic velocity profile under the boundary condition of the first kind, which was verified by the experiments. Temperature variations along the centerline of the circular duct are observed to be thermal oscillations with the same frequency as the inlet periodic heat input and amplitudes that decayed exponentially with distance along the duct. Thermal response along the wall exhibits negligible amplitude variation with changes in Reynolds number and inlet frequency. The variation in the periods and amplitudes of the thermal oscillations are observed to be a function of spacial system variables only. Satisfactory agreement between the numerical and experimental results are obtained.
A two-laser technique for the evaluation of the quantum yields of fluorescence from excited reaction intermediates. The case of diphenylketyl radicals☆

Abstract The diphenylketyl radical was generated and subsequently excited using a sequential two-laser, two-colour technique. The quantum yield of fluorescence from the excited diphenylketyl radical was then determined using a diode array detector with reference to the excited diphenylmethyl radical which is produced under identical conditions and has the known fluorescence quantum yield of 0.31. Comparison of the integrated emission resulting from deactivation of both radicals under identical conditions (absorbed photons, spatial distribution, etc.) yielded a value of the quantum yield of fluorescence of the diphenylketyl radical of 0.11 ± 0.02. This high value is consistent with the easy visual detection of this emission, but contrasts with a recent literature value.
Cross-talk Among RNA Polymerase II Kinases Modulates C-terminal Domain Phosphorylation

The RNA polymerase II (Pol II) C-terminal domain (CTD) serves as a docking site for numerous proteins, bridging various nuclear processes to transcription. The recruitment of these proteins is mediated by CTD phospho-epitopes generated during transcription. The mechanisms regulating the kinases that establish these phosphorylation patterns on the CTD are not known. We report that three CTD kinases, CDK7, CDK9, and BRD4, engage in cross-talk, modulating their subsequent CTD phosphorylation. BRD4 phosphorylates PTEFb/CDK9 at either Thr-29 or Thr-186, depending on its relative abundance, which represses or activates CDK9 CTD kinase activity, respectively. Conversely, CDK9 phosphorylates BRD4 enhancing its CTD kinase activity. The CTD Ser-5 kinase CDK7 also interacts with and phosphorylates BRD4, potently inhibiting BRD4 kinase activity. Additionally, the three kinases regulate each other indirectly through the general transcription factor TAF7. An inhibitor of CDK9 and CDK7 CTD kinase activities, TAF7 also binds to BRD4 and inhibits its kinase activity. Each of these kinases phosphorylates TAF7, affecting its subsequent ability to inhibit the other two. Thus, a complex regulatory network governs Pol II CTD kinases.
Discover, visualize, and deliver geospatial data through OGC standards-based WebGIS system

Geospatial data are important to understand the Earth — ecosystem dynamics, land cover changes, resource management, and human interactions with the Earth to name a few. One of the biggest difficulties users face is to discover, access, and assemble distributed, large volume, heterogeneous geospatial data to conduct geo-analysis. Traditional methods of geospatial data discovery, visualization, and delivery lack the capabilities of resource sharing and automation across systems or organizational boundaries. They require users to download the data “as-is” in their original file format, projection, and extent. Also, discovering data served by traditional methods requires prior knowledge of data location, and processing requires specialized expertise. These drawbacks of traditional methods create additional burden to users, introduce too much overhead to research, and also reduce the potential usage of the data. At the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), researchers working on NASA-sponsored projects: Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) and Modeling and Synthesis Thematic Data Center (MAST-DC) have tapped into the benefits of Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards to overcome the drawbacks of traditional methods of geospatial data discovery, visualization, and delivery. The OGC standards-based approach facilitates data sharing and interoperability across network, organizational, and geopolitical boundaries. Tools and services based on OGC standards deliver the data in many user defined formats and allow users to visualize the data prior to download. This paper introduces an approach taken to visualize and deliver ORNL DAAC, MAST-DC, and other relevant geospatial data through OGC standards-based Web Services, including Web Map Service (WMS), Web Coverage Service (WCS), and Web Feature Service (WFS). It also introduces a WebGIS system built on top of OGC services that helps users discover, visualize, and access geospatial data.
“Antigone, After the Fall”

The article offers information on the textualization of Greek philosopher, Aristotle, to tragedy and treating performance as a language under the sign of writing. The resistance and power featured in Sophocles' play "Antigone" is mentioned. According to classics professor Page duBois, prizing performance over text positions a certain untranslatablity which is not the reason context ought not to regulate the scene of interpretation.
Deformation of surface cladding and matrix of tungsten-fiber-reinforced superalloy under thermomechanical loading

Abstract A surface cladding is required to maintain structural integrity for tungsten-fiber-reinforced superalloys exposed to air at high temperatures. Under thermomechanical loading, surface crenulations appear in the cladding as a result of extensive plastic flow caused by thermal expansion and modulus mismatch with the composite. These crenulations eventually lead to transverse cracks which show stable propagation. In addition, transverse swelling occurred in the hot section of the specimen, reflective of extensive plastic flow and void formation in the matrix.
Investigating transdermal delivery of vitamin D3.

Transdermal delivery of therapeutic amounts of vitamin D3 is proposed to overcome its variable oral bioavailability, especially for people who suffer from fat malabsorption. The main challenge for this delivery route is to overcome the barrier properties of skin, especially for very lipophilic compounds such as vitamin D3. In this study, the effect of different penetration enhancers, such as oleic acid, dodecylamine, ethanol, oleic acid in propylene glycol, isopropyl myristate, octyldodecanol, and oleyl alcohol in propylene glycol were evaluated in vitro for their effectiveness in delivering vitamin D3 through polyamide filter, polydimethylsiloxane membrane, and porcine skin. A diffusion cell was used to study the transdermal permeability of vitamin D3. Ointment formulations of vitamin D3 were prepared containing the most widely used penetration enhancers, oleic acid, and dodecylamine. The ointment containing oleic acid as chemical penetration enhancer did not improve delivery compared to control. On the other hand, the formulation containing dodecylamine as a penetration enhancer did improve the transdermal delivery of vitamin D3. However, statistical significance and an amount high enough for nutritional supplementation purposes were reached only when the skin was pretreated with 50% ethanol. In these conditions, the ointment delivered an amount of 760-ng vitamin D3 per cm2 of skin. The research shows promise that transdermal delivery could be an effective administration route for vitamin D3 when ethanol and dodecylamine are used as penetration enhancers.
Interaction of a non-uniform plasma with microwave radiation

Abstract An investigation has been made of the interaction of microwave radiation with a non-uniform plasma for both normal and non-normal incidence of the radiation. For the case of normal incidence the wave equation was solved by numerical integration. The results show that, for a large range of collision frequencies, a major fraction of the incident radiation is absorbed by the plasma except for very sharp density gradients. The reflection coefficient has been obtained for a large range of the governing parameters, i.e. electron density gradient, wavelength of the incident radiation and collision frequency. For the case of non-normal incidence the radiation does not penetrate into the region of rapidly changing index of refraction so long as it is not too close to normal incidence. The ray path has therefore been calculated by geometrical optics and the absorption within the plasma has been obtained by the WKB method. Because of the greater complexity of the problem for the non-normal case, the calculations have been restricted to the short wavelength region, The results show that the absorption coefficient varies very little and remains large over a wide range of angles of incidence, but drops off rapidly beyond 45 degrees.
The problem of changing parameters in demand analysis and forecasting

Particularly in a demand analysis of long time-series data, the validity of the assumption of a constant regression relationship over time is open to question. The examination of changes in the parameters is of crucial importance if the model is used to make forecasts. To detect such changes, tests based on recursive residuals can be applied. When examining the demand for cereals in Finland between 1950 and 1975, the hypothesis of constancy of the regression parameters was rejected on the basis of these tests. Forecasts of cereal consumption were then made by means of weighted regression technics.
A Cultural Hedonic Framework for Increasing the Consumption of Unfamiliar Foods: Soy Acceptance in Russia and Colombia

It is important to understand how a country’s cultural influences may affect introduction of a new or unfamiliar food. In this paper, we present a cultural hedonic framework that uses a cultures’ context (low versus high) and its view toward food consumption (hedonic versus utilitarian consumption) to assess the difficulty of introducing an unfamiliar food to this market. This framework is then applied to determine the most effective means to stimulate soy consumption in Russia and Colombia. General guidelines show how the cultural hedonic framework can be used to provide insights into distribution, message positioning, and marketing strategy for other foods and products in a variety of situations.
Skutterudite antimonides: Quasilinear bands and unusual transport.

Electronic-structure calculations are reported for ${\mathrm{IrSb}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{CoSb}}_{3}$, and ${\mathrm{CoAs}}_{3}$ in the skutterudite structure. The band structures show a pseudogap around the Fermi level. The single band, which crosses the pseudogap, touches the conduction-band minimum at the \ensuremath{\Gamma} point in ${\mathrm{CoAs}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{IrSb}}_{3}$ and almost touches it in ${\mathrm{CoSb}}_{3}$ due to a different ordering of the conduction bands. The dispersion of this gap-crossing band is quadratic at the \ensuremath{\Gamma} point as expected, but for the antimonides it remarkably crosses over to linear behavior extremely close to the band edge, so that for doping levels as low as 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ holes/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ the properties are determined by the linear dispersion. This yields interesting transport effects, such as a completely off-diagonal inverse mass tensor and unusual doping dependencies of the hole mobility and Seebeck coefficient. The Seebeck coefficients calculated from the band dispersion are in excellent agreement with experiment.
Steroid transformations in Recent marine sediments

Abstract The surface sediments and overlying water column from 3 Recent sedimentary environments—Walvis Bay off southwestern Africa, the Black Sea and the western North Atlantic—have been analyzed for stenols and their transformation products, stanols, sterenes, and steroid ketones. The steroid distributions in surface sediments are controlled by inputs from source organisms and from microbial or chemically mediated reactions occurring at the sediment-water interface or in the overlying water column. A general correlation was found to exist for various steroidal compounds in sediments from each area, suggesting related reaction sequences. Also, the steroid transformation products correlated with photoproduction in the overlying waters as well as with the oxic and anoxic conditions of the sedimentary environment.