cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Granulomatous thymoma or Hodgkin's disease of thymus?: A clinical and histologic study and a re‐evaluation

Lesions of the thymus called “granulomatous thymoma” or “Hodgkin's thymoma” are well known, but their histogenesis and relation to Hodgkin's disease have been subject to controversy. In this study, 24 of these lesions were selected from a larger group originally diagnosed as granulomatous thymomas, using the following criteria: 1. the presenting lesion involved the thymus, but not the mediastinal or peripheral lymph nodes. 2. the “granulomatous” component resembled that of the nodular sclerosing form of Hodgkin's disease, even though the Reed-Sternberg cells were often atypical, often contained PAS positive material, and often appeared to arise in or from thymic epithelium. 3. the thymic epithelium participates in the process by producing sheets of squamoid cells and/or cystic structures lined with columnar cells. 4. In the centers of the “nodular sclerosing” foci, there is often a Hassal's corpuscle or some other focus of thymic epithelium. Of 17 patients treated, ten were apparently free of disease from 2 to 9 years after the onset of the illness. Six patients developed extrathoracic lesions which, by and large, were either typical of Hodgkin's disease or acceptable as a mixture of classical Hodgkin's disease and pleomorphic reticulum cell sarcoma. Radiation therapy alone, or associated with surgery, appeared to be a better treatment than surgery alone. There was no detectable histologic difference between those cases which eventually resulted in disseminated disease and those that did not. These clinicopathologic correlations suggest that granulomatous thymoma, as defined above, is basically a peculiar manifestation of Hodgkin's disease, primarily involving the thymus and eliciting in it a unique tissue response.
Quantum-state transfer between a Bose-Einstein condensate and an optomechanical mirror

We describe a scheme that allows for the transfer of a quantum state between a trapped atomic Bose condensate and an optomechanical end mirror mediated by a cavity field. Coupling between the mirror and the cold gas arises from the fact that the cavity field can produce density oscillations in the gas which in turn acts as an internal Bragg mirror for the field. After adiabatic elimination of the cavity field we find that the coherent dynamics of the atomic condensate--mirror hybrid system is described by an effective state transfer beam-splitter Hamiltonian. The state transfer fidelity is limited principally by the quantum noise associated with the intracavity field.
Optimization and performance of high-resolution micro-optomechanical thermal sensors

Abstract The ability to detect optically the deflections of microfabricated bi-material cantilever beams with 3 pm resolution has allowed the measurement of temperature, optical power, and energy with 2 μK, 76 pW, and 15 fJ resolution, respectively. The thickness ratio of the two beam materials is optimized to produce 40% improvement over previous designs. The governing equations for the sensor performance have been developed and form the basis for designing better cantilever shape for further performance improvements. Efforts are underway to detect cantilever deflections with 100 fm resolution, so that the thermal performance can be improved by an order of magnitude. Such unprecedentedly high resolutions are opening up promising prospects for their use in infrared detection and in studying molecular-level adsorption and surface chemical reactions.
THE STRUCTURE OF RESIDUATED LATTICES

A residuated lattice is an ordered algebraic structure such that is a lattice, is a monoid, and \ and / are binary operations for which the equivalences hold for all a,b,c ∈ L. It is helpful to think of the last two operations as left and right division and thus the equivalences can be seen as "dividing" on the right by b and "dividing" on the left by a. The class of all residuated lattices is denoted by ℛℒ The study of such objects originated in the context of the theory of ring ideals in the 1930s. The collection of all two-sided ideals of a ring forms a lattice upon which one can impose a natural monoid structure making this object into a residuated lattice. Such ideas were investigated by Morgan Ward and R. P. Dilworth in a series of important papers [15, 16, 45–48] and also by Krull in [33]. Since that time, there has been substantial research regarding some specific classes of residuated structures, see for example [1, 9, 26] and [38], but we believe that this is the first time that a general structural theory has been established for the class ℛℒ as a whole. In particular, we develop the notion of a normal subalgebra and show that ℛℒ is an "ideal variety" in the sense that it is an equational class in which congruences correspond to "normal" subalgebras in the same way that ring congruences correspond to ring ideals. As an application of the general theory, we produce an equational basis for the important subvariety ℛℒC that is generated by all residuated chains. In the process, we find that this subclass has some remarkable structural properties that we believe could lead to some important decomposition theorems for its finite members (along the lines of the decompositions provided in [27]).
Undesirable sensory properties of the dried pea (Pisum sativum). The rôle of saponins

Abstract The role of saponins in the undesirable sensory properties of the dried pea P sativum is reported. The sensory properties of isolated soyasaponin I are defined and described as bitter, astringent and metallic. The distribution of saponin in various air-classified pea flour fractions shows that the protein-rich fraction may contain sufficient saponin to cause undesirable tastes.
Temporary inactivation of the retrorubral fields decreases the rewarding effect of medial forebrain bundle stimulation

Abstract Prior studies indicate that lesioning the retrorubral fields (RRF) decreases the rewarding effect of medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation, although these studies did not make the RRF their primary target. This study directly investigates the role of the RRF in MFB self-stimulation using transient lidocaine-induced inactivation of target tissue rather than permanent lesioning. In 18 rats with MFB stimulation electrodes, inactivation of the RRF via 0.5 and 1.0 μl of 4% lidocaine produced immediate, substantial upward shifts in the frequency required to maintain half-maximal self-stimulation response rates whereas injecting comparable volumes of saline did not. Bilateral inactivation was particularly effective, especially at medium and high stimulation currents, although unilateral inactivation ipsilateral to the stimulation site was also effective. Contralateral inactivation alone did not substantially change the stimulation’s reward value, although contralateral inactivation appeared to contribute to the effectiveness of bilateral inactivation. The frequency required to maintain half-maximal responding returned to baseline levels by 15–20 min after lidocaine infusion. In seven rats whose infusion sites were not in the RRF, lidocaine inactivation did not consistently degrade the stimulation’s reward value. These results indicate that some neural elements located in the RRF contribute to the rewarding effect of MFB stimulation. Possible roles for these elements in the anatomical substrate for MFB self-stimulation are discussed.
A variational principle for the Kramers equation with unbounded external forces

A time discrete variational principle is developed for the Cauchy problem of the Kramers equation with unbounded external force fields. The variational scheme is based on the idea of maximizing a relative entropy with respect to the Kantorovich functional associated with a certain cost function. Convergence of the scheme is established. Consequently, global existence of weak solutions of the Kramers equation with a broad class of unbounded force fields and initial data is obtained. Our results also show that, in some senses, the Kramers dynamics follows, at each instant of time, the direction of a steepest descent of a free energy functional with respect to the Kantorovich functional.
The effect of hyperthermia on hepatic and tumor lysosome stability in rats with morris 7777 hepatomas

Abstract The stability of lysosomal membranes was examined during systemic hyperthermia (SH) in Morris 7777 hepatoma-burdened Buffalo rats, since previous studies have shown inhibition of growth patterns of this tumor with SH treatments. Cathepsin D and acid phosphatase were assayed from both ruptured and intact lysosomes from hepatoma and normal hepatocytes. No significant differences were found between results obtained from control animals and those with SH. Cathepsin D hepatoma lysosomes were found to be less stable than those of either normal or tumor-burdened rat hepatocytes. We conclude that lysosomes are relatively stable organelles that do not contribute to the inhibition of growth patterns seen with hyperthermia.
Wnt-Related Molecules and Signaling Pathway Equilibrium in Hematopoiesis

There is near consensus that Wnt family molecules establish important gradients within niches where hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) reside. We review recent papers suggesting that a delicate balance is required between competing Wnt ligands and corresponding signaling pathways to maintain HSC integrity. Some steps in the transitions from HSC to lymphoid progenitor seem to be partially reversible and under the influence of Wnts. In addition, it has been recently suggested that HSC can oscillate between dormant versus active or lineage-biased states. We speculate that Wnts control a reflux process that may sustain stem cell self-renewal and differentiation potential.
MENISCUS SURGERY: INDICATIONS FOR REPAIR

Abstract Several basic sciences studies have laid the foundation for successful meniscal repair. There are currently four techniques for meniscal repair that are popular: open, “inside-out,” “outside-in,” and “all-inside.” Because of near universal development of late osteoarthritis after total and even partial meniscectomy, there has been increased emphasis on preserving the meniscus whenever possible, and greater interest in expanding the indications for meniscal repair. This article suggests several indications for repair and summarizes the key components of each technique. The use of “enhancing” techniques, such as fibrin clot, fibrin glue, and various grafting techniques, may expand future indications for meniscal repair.
Reactions to the Imputation of Prejudice

In this research, I examined how people deal with imputations of racial prejudice. In one experiment, I explored participants' reaction to hypothetical imputations, and in one experiment, I explored participants' reactions to imputations from ostensibly real people. Results indicate that Whites are keenly concerned about other peoples' perceptions of their racial attitudes, especially when those other people are Black. Results also illuminate Whites' perceptions of Blacks' perceptions of prejudice. Participants proposed ways they could and would attempt to change another person's impressions of their racial attitudes. In Experiment 2, participants were accused of being a racist by (ostensibly) another participant and given the opportunity to engage in attempts to change the other participant's impressions of their racial attitudes. The most common action was direct denial (e.g., "I'm not racist"). Also somewhat common was innocence by association (e.g., "I have Black friends"). I present implications and ...
Nondestructive analysis of fiber dispersion and loading

This paper discusses a new nondestructive method of characterizing both the quality of fiber dispersion and the amount of fiber loading for injection-molded, glass-reinforced nylon. The technique is based on real-time radiographic imaging, and it uses image processing to obtain the results more quickly than current methods. The technique works well for a variety of two-phase systems, including those with a non-fibrous reinforcing phase. Theory and protocol for this new method are presented, and experimental results are compared with the results of conventional loading measurements. The quality of dispersion for long discontinuous fibers is observed to improve with decreasing melt viscosity. Mapping of resin poor areas is also possible with this approach.
Formation and stability of metallocarbohedrenes: TixMyC12(x + y = 8, M = Nb, Ta, Y, and Si)

Abstract Binary element metallocarbohedrenes, Ti x M y C + 12 (M = Nb, Ta, Y, and Si, x + y = 8) are produced using a laser-induced plasma source. The experimental findings enable the assessment of the results of several theoretical studies, providing indications of some shortcomings and pointingg out useful directions for future experimental work. Moreover, the findings provide further insight into the mechanisms responsible for the formation of metallocarbohedrenes. They show that the formation of σ-bonds between metal atoms and C 2 units are the key to the stability of metallocarbohedrenes, suggesting that late transitional metals should not lead to the formation of stable members of this class of clusters due to their rich d-electron character. The stability of these binary metallocarbohedrenes provides further evidence that these species do constitute another form of cluster, which have the potential of being the building blocks for useful new optical and catalytic materials.
Measuring static stability and robustness of self-consolidating concrete using modified Segregation Probe

Abstract Compared with normal concrete mixes, the segregation resistance of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) are more sensitive to small variations of properties such as gradation and moisture content of aggregates, type and dosage of superplasticizer, etc. To study segregation and design an SCC mix, which is robust against small variations in raw materials, it is critical to be able to quickly quantify static segregation and stability robustness. In this paper, a modified Segregation Probe is introduced as a simple and fast method for testing static segregation and stability robustness of fresh concrete. The modified Segregation Probe resolved the occasional tilting problem of the original design. The design of the modified Segregation Probe was explained based on rheology and mechanics analysis. The results of the modified Segregation Probe agreed well with the Penetration Test (ASTM C1712-09), the Column Segregation test (ASTM C1610/C1610 M-10), and the original Segregation Probe (when no tilting problem happened). Lastly, the procedure to test and quantify stability robustness using modified Segregation Probe is presented.
Full- and model-scale cladding pressures on the Texas Tech University experimental building

Abstract Extensive pressure data have been collected on a 1:100 and 1:50 model of the Texas Tech University (TTU) experimental building in a wind-tunnel simulated Atmospheric 3urface Layer (ASL). Sample data are presented and discussed. Comparison with the full-scale results from TTU are presented and show generally good agreement; however, the largest peak suctions are often underestimated by the model data measured at edge and corner roof locations. Some ideas are presented here to possibly explain these model-scale, full-scale anomalies.
Assessment of data quality for the NHEXAS — Part II: Minnesota children's pesticide exposure study (MNCPES)

The Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES) of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) was conducted in Minnesota to evaluate children's pesticide exposure. This study complements and extends the populations and chemicals included in the NHEXAS Region V study. One of the goals of the study was to test protocols for acquiring exposure measurements and developing databases for use in exposure models and assessments. Analysis of the data quality is one element in assessing the performance of the collection and analysis protocols used in this study. Data quality information must also be available to investigators to guide analysis of the study data. During the planning phase of MNCPES, quality assurance (QA) goals were established for precision, accuracy, and quantification limits. The data quality was assessed against these goals. The assessment is complex. First, data are not available for all analytes and media sampled. In addition, several laboratories were responsible for the analysis of the collected samples. Each laboratory provided data according to their standard operating procedures (SOPs) and protocols. Detection limits were authenticated for each analyte in each sample type. The approach used to calculate detection limits varied across the different analytical methods. The analytical methods for pesticides in air, food, hand rinses, dust wipe and urine were sufficiently sensitive and met the QA goals, with very few exceptions. This was also true for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air and food. The analytical methods for drinking water and beverages had very low detection limits; however, there were very little measurable data for these samples. The collection and analysis methods for pesticides in surface press samples and soil, and for PAHs in dust wipes were not sufficiently sensitive. Accuracy was assessed primarily as recovery from field controls. The results were good for pesticides and PAHs in air (75-125% recovery). Recovery was lower ( 20%, but the number of data pairs was very small in these cases. Precision for instrumental analysis of food sample extracts was excellent, with the median %RSD < 20 for all measurable pesticides. The median %RSD for the analysis of replicate aliquots of food from the same sample composite was considerably higher, indicating the potential for inhomogeneity of food homogenates.
Velocity-based modeling of physical interactions in multi-agent simulations

We present an interactive algorithm to model physics-based interactions in multi-agent simulations. Our approach is capable of modeling both physical forces and interactions between agents and obstacles, while allowing the agents to anticipate and avoid collisions for local navigation. We combine velocity-based collision-avoidance algorithms with external physical forces. The overall formulation can approximately simulate various physical effects, including collisions, pushing, deceleration and resistive forces. We have integrated our approach with an open-source physics engine and use the resulting system to model plausible behaviors of and interactions among large numbers of agents in dense environments. Our algorithm can simulate a few thousand agents at interactive rates and can generate many emergent behaviors. The overall approach is useful for interactive applications that require plausible physical behavior, including games and virtual worlds.
Observability of HIP nonlinear dynamics

The observability of the nonlinear system equations describing the hot isostatic pressing (HIP'ing) dynamic system is investigated. HIP'ing is a process for consolidating porous materials to high density. The feasibility of estimating a particular state (grain size) of the HIP nonlinear system dynamics from measurements of the system's output (density) and input (applied temperature and applied pressure) is examined. The problem is treated as an observability issue in which it is desired to determine whether knowledge of the input/output data for the HIP'ing process can uniquely determine the states of the system. If the system is observable, then grain size can be estimated during the HIP'ing process without directly measuring it as an output of the system. The results indicate that the system is observable. >
Progress report on the linear ion trap extended (LITE)

We discuss an improved architecture for a small ion trap based frequency standard. This design will reduce the size and cost of current Hg/sup +/ standards and improve the long term frequency stability. Based on our earlier work, stability of 7/spl times/10/sup -14///spl radic//spl tau/ is anticipated. >
Estimation of organ doses from kilovoltage cone-beam CT imaging used during radiotherapy patient position verification.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a practical method for estimating organ doses from kilovoltage cone-beam CT (CBCT) that can be performed with readily available phantoms and dosimeters. The accuracy of organ dose estimates made using the ImPACT patient dose calculator was also evaluated. Methods: A 100 mm pencil chamber and standard CT dose index (CTDI) phantoms were used to measure the cone-beam dose index (CBDI). A weighted CBDI (CBDI{sup w}) was then calculated from these measurements to represent the average volumetric dose in the CTDI phantom. By comparing CBDI{sup w} to the previously published organ doses, organ dose conversion coefficients were developed. The measured CBDI values were also used as inputs for the ImPACT calculator to estimate organ doses. All CBDI dose measurements were performed on both the Elekta XVI and Varian OBI at three clinically relevant locations: Head, chest, and pelvis. Results: The head, chest, and pelvis protocols yielded CBDI{sup w} values of 0.98, 16.62, and 24.13 mGy for the XVI system and 5.17, 6.14, and 21.57 mGy for the OBI system, respectively. Organ doses estimated with the ImPACT CT dose calculator showed a large range of variation from the previously measured organ doses, demonstratingmore » its limitations for use with CBCT. Conclusions: The organ dose conversion coefficients developed in this work relate CBDI{sup w} values to organ doses previously measured using the same clinical protocols. Ultimately, these coefficients will allow for the quick estimation of organ doses from routine measurements performed using standard CTDI phantoms and pencil chambers.« less
Five Strategies for Accelerating the War on Cancer in an Era of Budget Deficits

In recent years, the National Institutes of Health's largest institute, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), has adapted to difficult economic conditions by leveraging its robust infrastructure -- which includes risk factor surveillance and population monitoring, research centers (focused on basic, translation, clinical, and behavioral sciences), clinical trials and health care research networks, and rigorously validated statistical models -- to maximize the impact of scientific progress on the public health. To continue advancement and realize the opportunity of significant, population-level changes in cancer mortality, the NCI recommends that five national-level actions be taken: (1) significantly increase enrollment of Medicare patients into cancer clinical trials through adequate physician reimbursement, (2) increase NCI/Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services collaboration on clinical trials research to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs, (3) establish a national outcomes research demonstration project to test strategies for measuring and improving health care quality and provide an evidence base for public policy, (4) leverage existing tobacco-control collaborations and possible new authorities at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to realize the outstanding health gains possible from a reduction in tobacco use, and (5) increase colorectal cancer screening rates though intensified collaboration between federal agencies working to address barriers to access and use of screening. These cost-effective strategies provide the opportunity for extraordinary results in an era of budget deficits. Of the chronic diseases, cancer has the strongest national research infrastructure that can be leveraged to produce rapid results to inform budget prioritization and public policy, as well as mobilize new projects to answer critical public health questions.
Counterexample to a kinship conjecture of Krawczak

A counterexample shows that a criterion proposed by Krawczak for a marker to be informative for a kinship case is not a necessary condition.
FOSSIL BATS FROM QUATERNARY DEPOSITS ON BERMUDA (CHIROPTERA: VESPERTILIONIDAE)

Fossil remains of bats have been recovered from caves and fissures in Bermuda dating from middle Pleistocene to late Holocene. Three bones from 2 different localities are identified as eastern pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflavus), which was not recorded from Bermuda until 2004. Remains of an individual eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), from a 400,000-year-old beach deposit, imply that the migratory pattern in this species, a regular transient in Bermuda today, may have been established by the middle Pleistocene. Fairly common remains of Lasiurus, either L. borealis or L. seminolus, were found in 5 cave deposits. In 1 finely stratified sequence, this bat does not appear until the onset of the last glacial period, suggesting that a resident population may have become established at that time. A strong taphonomic bias, indicated by the preponderance of large wing bones, probably of females, may be the result of hawk predation.
The effect of host size on quality attributes of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma pretiosum

In a study of the quality of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammidae), we compared female wasps emerging from natural hosts, parasitized in the laboratory or the field with those emerging from factitious hosts used for commercial mass production. Females from the natural hosts were larger, more fecund, and longer lived than those from the factitious hosts. Compared to small females, large female wasps are substantially more fecund when honey (carbohydrate) is available but marginally more fecund when honey is unavailable. The size of a female T. pretiosum depends on two factors: the size of the host egg from which it emerges even when the wasp was gregarious, and the number of conspecifics that emerge with it. The similarities in the size distribution of female wasps emerging from natural hosts, in conjunction with the mechanism by which Trichogramma measure host size and allocate eggs accordingly, suggests the hypothesis that size related components of fitness in female T. pretiosum are under strong selection in the field.
High-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow support in the treatment of metastatic and primary breast cancer

Oncologists, especially British ones, are by nature a pessimistic lot. Nowhere is this pessimism as clearly evident as in the treatment of breast cancer. In 1988, the Early Breast Cancer Trialist & Cooperative group provided an overview analysis of adjuvant chemotherapy for primary breast cancer.’ At 5 years of follow-up, these investigators demonstrated a statistically improved, disease-free and overall survival supporting adjuvant chemotherapy for premenopausal women with involved lymph nodes and a trend toward improved, disease-free survival for post-menopausal women with node-positive disease (not statistically significant). Nonetheless, there were firm statements made that the use of adjuvaut therapy for postmenopausal women was ‘contraindicated’.* Now, 5 years later, continued analyses of many randomized trials has indicated a modest but consistent benefit for adjuvant chemotherapy in both preand postmenopausal women, which was not predicted by medical oncologists performing the trials.’ The same physicians, whose pessimism and conservatism was so evident just 3 years ago, now declared that ‘all patients under 70 years with early breast cancer, irrespective of their nodal or receptor status, should be told that their best survival chance lies with
Snowfall Retrievals Using Millimeter-Wavelength Cloud Radars

It is demonstrated that millimeter-wavelength radars that are designed primarily for cloud studies can be also used effectively for snowfall retrievals. Radar reflectivity–liquid equivalent snowfall rate (Ze–S) relations specifically tuned for Ka- and W-band radar frequencies are applied to measurements taken by vertically pointing ground-based 8-mm cloud radars (MMCR) that are designed for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program and by the nadir-pointing spaceborne 94-GHz CloudSat radar. Comparisons of the MMCR-based snowfall accumulations estimated during experimental events with no significant snowflake riming and controlled gauge measurements indicated an 87% standard deviation between radar and gauge data that is consistent with the uncertainties in the coefficients of the Ze–S relations resulting from variability in snowflake microphysical properties. Comparisons of CloudSat-based snowfall-rate retrievals in heavy snowfall were consistent with estimates from surface S-band precipitation surveillance radars made using algorithms that were specifically designed for use with these radars. A typical difference between the CloudSat and the S-band precipitation radar estimates of snowfall rate for approximately collocated resolution pixels was within a factor of 2, which is of the order of the uncertainty of each estimate. The results of this study suggest that the ground-based and satellite-borne radars operating at Ka and W bands can provide valuable retrieval information on vertical profiles of snowfall, which is an important component of the global water cycle. This information is particularly important in Arctic regions where precipitation information from other sources is scarce.
Plants as Environmental Biosensors: Non-invasive Monitoring Techniques

Plants are continuously exposed to a wide variety of perturbations including variation of temperature and/or light, mechanical forces, gravity, air and soil pollution, drought, deficiency or surplus of nutrients, attacks by insects and pathogens, etc. It is essential for all plants to have survival sensory mechanisms against such perturbations. As a consequence, plants generate various types of intracellular and intercellular electrical signals mostly in the form of action potentials or variation potentials in response to these environmental changes. However, over a long period, only certain plants with rapid and highly noticeable responses to environmental stresses have received much attention from plant scientists. Of particular interest to our recent studies on ultra fast action potential in green plants, we discuss in this review the possibility of utilizing green plants as fast biosensors for molecular recognition of the direction of light, monitoring the environment, and detecting the insect attacks as well as the effects of pesticides and defoliants.
Dark matter universe

Most of the mass in the universe is in the form of dark matter—a new type of nonbaryonic particle not yet detected in the laboratory or in other detection experiments. The evidence for the existence of dark matter through its gravitational impact is clear in astronomical observations—from the early observations of the large motions of galaxies in clusters and the motions of stars and gas in galaxies, to observations of the large-scale structure in the universe, gravitational lensing, and the cosmic microwave background. The extensive data consistently show the dominance of dark matter and quantify its amount and distribution, assuming general relativity is valid. The data inform us that the dark matter is nonbaryonic, is “cold” (i.e., moves nonrelativistically in the early universe), and interacts only weakly with matter other than by gravity. The current Lambda cold dark matter cosmology—a simple (but strange) flat cold dark matter model dominated by a cosmological constant Lambda, with only six basic parameters (including the density of matter and of baryons, the initial mass fluctuations amplitude and its scale dependence, and the age of the universe and of the first stars)—fits remarkably well all the accumulated data. However, what is the dark matter? This is one of the most fundamental open questions in cosmology and particle physics. Its existence requires an extension of our current understanding of particle physics or otherwise point to a modification of gravity on cosmological scales. The exploration and ultimate detection of dark matter are led by experiments for direct and indirect detection of this yet mysterious particle.
Hemorrhagic collision metastasis in a cerebral arteriovenous malformation

A 26-year-old patient with recurrent choriocarcinoma of the testis presented with headache and progressive left homonymous hemianopsia. On initial MRI a grade 4 arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was identified in the right occipital lobe, which was further characterized by catheter angiography. Continued worsening of the headache in the following days prompted a follow-up MRI, which revealed a new T2 hypointense nodule and adjacent vasogenic edema in the periphery of the AVM. A follow-up MRI showed a marked increase in the size of the nodule with intrinsic enhancement and worsening perilesional edema. Based on the imaging evolution, the nodule was diagnosed as a metastasis and the patient was started on chemotherapy and radiotherapy. One week after the MRI he developed a sudden hemorrhage within the mass requiring decompression craniectomy and resection of both AVM and tumor. The histopathology of the resected mass confirmed the diagnosis of choriocarcinoma metastasis to the AVM.
Localized products of futile cycle/lrmp promote centrosome-nucleus attachment in the zebrafish zygote.

Summary Background The centrosome has a well-established role as a microtubule organizer during mitosis and cytokinesis. In addition, it facilitates the union of parental haploid genomes following fertilization by nucleating a microtubule aster along which the female pronucleus migrates toward the male pronucleus. Stable associations between the sperm aster and the pronuclei are essential during this directed movement. Results Our studies reveal that the zebrafish gene futile cycle ( fue ) is required in the zygote for male pronucleus-centrosome attachment and female pronuclear migration. We show that fue encodes a novel, maternally-provided long form of lymphoid-restricted membrane protein (lrmp ), a vertebrate-specific gene of unknown function. Both maternal lrmp messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein are highly localized in the zygote, in a largely overlapping pattern at nuclear membranes, centrosomes, and spindles. Truncated Lrmp-EGFP fusion proteins identified subcellular targeting signals in the C terminus of Lrmp; however, endogenous mRNA localization is likely important to ensure strict spatial expression of the protein. Localization of both Lrmp protein and lrmp RNA is defective in fue mutant embryos, indicating that correct targeting of lrmp gene products is dependent on Lrmp function. Conclusions Lrmp is a conserved vertebrate gene whose maternally inherited products are essential for nucleus-centrosome attachment and pronuclear congression during fertilization. Precise subcellular localization of lrmp products also suggests a requirement for strict spatiotemporal regulation of their function in the early embryo.
A stochastic approach to optimal switching between control and observation

This paper solves a control problem for a stochastic system, under the basic constraint that the feedback control signal and the observations from the system cannot use the communication channel simultaneously. Hence, two modes of operation result: 1) an observation mode where outputs from the system are transmitted to the controller, and no inputs are sent back to the plant. 2) a control mode where the output of the plant is decoupled from the controller, but control signals are transmitted back to the plant. We look for an optimal periodic regime in a statistical steady state by switching between the observation and the control mode. For this, the optimal gains for the control and the observer in either mode and the duty cycle are determined. This is solved by considering the deterministic model for the second order information state (the covariances). In addition, we show that the observation mode can be reduced to a lower order model, which leads to a multi-mode multi-dimensional problem.
Synaptotagmin: a membrane constituent of neuropeptide-containing large dense-core vesicles

Synaptotagmin is known to be a major membrane protein of synaptic vesicles (SVs) in neurons. We have now used an immunoisolation procedure to demonstrate that synaptotagmin is also present in the membranes of peptide containing large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs) of rat hypothalamus and bovine posterior pituitary. Synaptotagmin bead-immunoisolated organelles from these tissues primarily consisted of SVs but contained occasionally larger structures reminiscent of LDCVs that were absent from vesicle populations immunoisolated with a synaptophysin antibody. Furthermore, the vesicles immunoisolated with synaptotagmin beads contained significant amounts of neuropeptide Y (NPY). In contrast, vesicles immunoisolated with synaptophysin beads did not contain detectable levels of NPY. Sucrose density gradient fractionation of postnuclear supernatants obtained from the bovine posterior pituitary resulted in a bimodal distribution of synaptotagmin, corresponding to the positions of both SVs and neurosecretory granules. A similar distribution was found for cytochrome b561 and the 116 kDa subunit of the vacuolar proton pump. In contrast, the SV proteins synaptophysin, SV2, and p29 were restricted to the SV-containing fractions. Immunoisolation of small and large vesicles from the sucrose gradient confirmed the differential distribution of synaptotagmin and synaptophysin in the two types of secretory vesicles in nerve endings of the posterior pituitary. We conclude that synaptotagmin is a constituent of both SVs and peptide-containing secretory vesicles in the nervous system. Since both types of organelles undergo Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis, these findings support a general role of synaptotagmin as an exocytotic Ca2+ receptor.
Measuring the Contribution of Genomic Predictors to Improving Estimator Precision in Randomized trials

The use of genomic data in the clinic has not been as widespread as was envisioned when sequencing and genomic analysis became common techniques. An underlying difficulty is the direct assessment of how much additional information genomic data are providing beyond standard clinical measurements. This is hard to quantify in the clinical setting where laboratory tests based on genomic signatures are fairly new and there are not sufficient data collected to determine how valuable these tests have been in practice. Here we focus on the potential precision gain from using the popular MammaPrint genomic signature in a covariate-adjusted, randomized clinical trial. We describe how adjustment of an estimator for the average treatment effect using baseline measurements can improve precision. This precision gain can be translated directly into sample size reduction and corresponding cost savings. We conduct a simulation study using genomic and clinical data gathered for breast cancer patients and find that adjusting for clinical factors alone provides a gain in precision of 5-6%, adjusting for genomic factors alone provides a similar gain (5%), and combining the two yields a 2-3% additional gain over only adjusting for clinical covariates.
Does a Professional Judiciary Induce More Compliance? Evidence from the European Court of Human Rights

Are judgments written by professional judges more likely to elicit compliance? I exploit exogenous variation in the composition of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) chambers to evaluate this question. I find that judgments written by panels with a relatively high proportion of career judges are more likely to be implemented quickly than are judgments that come from panels with high proportions of former academics, legal diplomats, politicians, or private practitioners. This suggests that the performance of international courts could be improved by changing their professional composition. Theoretically, it implies that compliance is not merely a function of political incentives but also of the characteristics of those who interpret international law. Professional judges are both important compliance constituencies and consumers of legal reasoning. I build on sociological theories of the legal profession to explain why professional judges may be more amenable to judgments written by other professional judges.
Epitope specificity appears to be an important determinant of in vivo killing ability of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8+ T Cells

Background CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are a critical component of antiviral immunity and play an important role in the control of lentiviral infection.
Arachidonic and Linolic Acid of the Serum in Normal and Eczematous Human Subjects.

Summary and ConclusionsLinolic acid (tetrabromides calculated as sudh) is present in human serum to the extent of about 5% of the total fatty acids, and arachidonic acid (polybromides calculated as such) about 37% of the total fatty acids in pooled samples of blood serum from normal children. The content oi both these fatty acids is definitely diminished in children with eczema. In those cases of active eczema which were clinically cured either by the internal administration of oils rich in the unsaturated fatty acids or by the local application of ointments containing crude coal tar, or both, the arachidonic acid was not increased while the linolic content was the same 2s that found in normal subjects. These findings indicate a possible reason for the low iodine number of the serum fatty acids in eczema and further suggest that a disturbance in the metabolism of the unsaturated fatty acids may be one of the many factors at fault in this condition.
Philip Johnson: Full Scale, False Scale

In this essay, I propose a shift in emphasis in the interpretation of Philip Johnson's architecture of the 1950s and 1960s. Through a reexamination of his buildings and writings, I bring the notion of queer oppositionality to bear on the role of architects in promoting ideas of American democracy in the post-Second World War period. My argument is twofold: first, I argue that Johnson purposefully deployed his “queer eye” as a form of wicked cultural critique to ridicule the hypocrisies of democratic mythmaking and the mass-marketed social taboos and political fears of the age. Second, I argue that Johnson used history and the aristocratic traditions of European architecture to expose the fiction that the United States was the heir to and chief guardian of the whole body of Western civilization in the aftermath of the war. I further argue that Johnson's aristocratic posturing vis-a-vis culture and power was, like Camp, part of a vanguard queer sensibility that undermined mainstream views about the ...
Computational Exploration of Heterolytic Halogen−Carbon Bond Scission Photoreactions in Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes

Energy wasting charge recombination is an efficiency limiting process in efforts to achieve solar energy storage. Here, density functional theory is used to explore the thermodynamics of photochemical energy storage reactions in several ruthenium polypyridyl complexes where heterolytic halogen−carbon bond scission occurs after light-induced formation of the triplet metal to ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) state, as seen in the following reaction: [RuII(A)n(L−X)]2+ + hν → [RuIII(A)n(L−X)•−]2+* → [RuIII(A)n(L·)]3+ + X− (L = polypyridine ligand; X = Cl, Br, and I; A = ancillary ligand). A thermochemical cycle is employed to determine structural and electronic factors influencing ΔErxn. Significant energetic penalties in the oxidation of the metal center are mitigated through methylation of ancillary ligands or introduction of amine ancillary ligands. Methylation of the halogenated ligand maintains energy stored in the 3MLCT state. Reduction in ΔErxn is obtained by exploiting strain in the coordination geometr...
Fractions of commercial pitressin which release ACTH.

SummaryCommercial pitressin, hydro-lyzed or nonhydrolyzed, exhibits ACTH-releasing activity when incubated with pitui-taries in Warburg flasks and the incubation fluid infused i.v. into hypophysectomized rats. The ACTH-releasing agent of pitressin can be separated from the pressor component by Craig counter current distribution or by destroying the latter by acid hydrolysis. The hydrolysates when infused i.v. do not deplete the adrenal ascorbic acid of hypophysectomized rats. Unmodified pitressin will release ACTH in vivo from pituitaries of steroid inhibited rats. The histamine-like substance present in acid hydrolysates is not the ACTH-releasing agent and can be separated from it. Histamine added to the Warburg incubation fluid does not induce ACTH release.
Changing an automated drug inventory control system to a data base design

A pharmacy department's change from indexed sequential access files to a data base management system (DBMS) for purposes of automated inventory control is described. The DBMS has three main functional areas: (1) inventory ordering and accountability, (2) charging of interdepartmental and intradepartmental orders, and (3) data manipulation with report design for management control. There are seven files directly related to the inventory ordering and accountability area. Each record can be accessed directly or through another file. Information on the quantity of a drug on hand, drug(s) supplied by a specific vendor, status of a purchase order, or calculation of an estimated order quantity can be retrieved quickly. In the drug master file, two records contain a reorder point and safety-stock level that are determined by searching the entries in the order history file and vendor master file. The intradepartmental and interdepartmental orders section contains five files assigned to record and store information on drug distribution. All items removed from the stockroom and distributed are recorded, and reports can be generated for itemized bills, total cost by area, and as formatted files for the accounts payable department. The design, development, and implementation of the DBMS took approximately a year using a part-time pharmacist and minimal outside help, while the previous system required constant expensive help of a programmer/analyst. The DBMS has given the pharmacy department a flexible inventory management system with increased drug control, decreased operating expenses, increased use of department personnel, and the ability to develop and enhance other systems.
The cat and mouse in split manufacturing

Split manufacturing of integrated circuits eliminates vulnerabilities introduced by an untrusted foundry by manufacturing only a part of design at an untrusted high-end foundry and the remaining part at a trusted low-end foundry. Most researchers have focused on attack and defenses for hierarchical designs and/or use a relatively high-end trusted foundry, leading to high cost. We propose an attack and defense for split manufacturing for industry-standard/relevant flattened designs. Our attack uses network-flow model and outperforms previous attacks. We also develop a defense technique using placement perturbation, while considering overhead. The effectiveness of our techniques is demonstrated on benchmark circuits.