cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-situ broadband soil measurements: Dielectric and magnetic properties

This paper presents an in-situ method for measuring both electric and magnetic properties of Hawaiian volcanic soil for GPR applications in a broad frequency range from 50 MHz to 1GHz. For the in-situ probe, we combined two monopole antennas with parasitic elements into one piece to achieve reflection (S 11 ) and transmission (S 21 ) measurements simultaneously. Finally, the in-situ probe has a shape of a multi-conductor TEM transmission line, which consists of five conducting rods, two ground plates and two coaxial feed connectors. In a typical measurement the in-situ probe is connected to a two ports vector network analyzer and system calibration is then performed to characterize the sample free device. The calibration is based on measurements of the S-parameters for sample free and sample loaded devices. A unique post processing algorithm has been developed to extract accurate constitutive parameters (e* μ*) from the scattering parameters (S 11 , S 21 ) of the soil probe, which will be discussed in this paper. The prototype in-situ soil probe and post processing algorithm were also tested by both numerical simulation and actual soils in volcanic red soil. The simulation results showed around 1 % of error over the operational frequencies between 100 MHz and 800 MHz. Actual measurement results conducted by the in-situ probe and developed algorithms were in very good agreement with those obtained by a laboratory method. Simulation and actual measurement data will be presented in this paper.
COMPOSITE LAMINATED SHELLS UNDER TRANSVERSE END LOAD

SUMMARY The focus of this work is the development of a methodology for solving composite laminated shells under transverse end load. The analysis is carried out within the framework of the fully three-dimensional theory of cylindrically anisotropic elasticity. Based on a Saint-Venant semi-inverse solution, two sets of coupled partial differential equations are derived using four Lekhnitskii stress functions. Governing equations are sequentially solved by employing the separation of variables approach for each set of governing equations. The effect of fibre orientation on the overall deformation is examined. Detailed stress distributions for quasi-isotropic [90/0/45/- 45]s and [45/-45/90/0]s laminated shells are investigated.
Critical jets in surface waves and collapsing cavities

In certain types of collapsing cavities, a highly accelerated inward jet can occur. In other cases, starting from slightly different initial conditions, there is no jet but instead a small bubble i...
Neither Cyclops nor Sophist: Christian Formation Against the State

This article identifies a deep paradox at the heart of the modern state—in its ability and professed purposes to form the moral characters of its citizens—and then offers a Christian response. Were it not for the manifest success of states in persisting in this paradox, it would delegitimize them on grounds of incoherence and duplicity. In an argument that is occasionally Aristotelian, the article shows how modern (secular, liberal) states morally form citizens who willingly submit to the state's formation on grounds that the state has legitimacy so long as it does not claim moral authority. This line of reasoning is explicated with reference to Sheldon Wolin on Alexander Hamilton and feudalism as well as Martha Nussbaum on Aristotle. In response, Christian freedom, ecclesial peoplehood, and poverty not only run counter to state formation but positively resist it.
Localization and Sequence of Development of Atherosclerotic Lesions in the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries

The distribution of fatty streaks, fibrous plaques, complicated lesions, and calcified lesions were determined for each of five segments in the common carotid arteries, each of five segments of internal carotid arteries, and for each of seven segments of vertebral arteries in specimens from 961 autopsied cases in Oslo, Norway, and Guatemala. The pattern of distribution of the lesions along the length of the arteries is characteristic for the different arteries. This pattern seems to be independent of sex, age group, type of lesions, and geographic location. Fatty streaks and fibrous plaques have the same pattern of distribution within each artery at all ages. This close topographic association is consistent with the hypothesis that fibrous plaques are derived from fatty streaks. The early atherosclerotic lesions are located at the same sites where stenotic and occlusive lesions have been reported. Thus, it is likely that the early atherosclerotic lesions and the stenotic or occlusive lesions are pathogenetically closely associated with each other.
A mechanistic study of allene carboxylation with CO2 resulting in the development of a Pd(II) pincer complex for the catalytic hydroboration of CO2

The carboxylation of allenes with CO2 represents a potentially important method for the synthesis of unsaturated carboxylic acids. Here, we describe a detailed mechanistic study of the catalytic carboxylation of allenes using CyPSiP (CyPSiP = Si(Me)(2-PCy2-C6H4)2) supported Pd complexes. As part of this work we have identified, characterized and isolated all of the proposed intermediates in the catalytic cycle and shown that they are kinetically competent catalysts. In addition, we have isolated several off-cycle species, which are in equilibrium with complexes in the catalytic cycle, and established that they are also active catalysts. Several of these off-cycle species are formed through an unusual ligand rearrangement of the CyPSiP pincer ligand, in which a Si–C bond is reversibly cleaved. The major catalyst deactivation pathway has been identified. Furthermore, our mechanistic study has allowed us to develop a new catalyst for the hydroboration of carbon dioxide, which gives a maximum turnover number (TON) greater than 60 000; the highest reported to date.
Keratin immunohistochemistry does not contribute to correct lymph node staging in patients with invasive lobular carcinoma

Studies suggest that immunohistochemistry improves rate of detecting sentinel lymph node metastases and is needed for adequate staging in invasive lobular carcinoma. Our study evaluates the use of cytokeratin immunohistochemistry in detecting sentinel lymph node metastases and its effect on staging patients with invasive lobular carcinoma. Material from 76 patients with invasive lobular carcinoma was reviewed. Cytokeratin immunostaining was performed on negative nodes, and deposits were classified as macrometastasis (>2.0 mm), micrometastasis (>0.2-2 mm), or isolated tumor cells (<or=0.2 mm). Of 76 cases, 24 (21 macro- and 3 micrometastases, 32%) were positive for metastasis and 14 (18%) for isolated tumor cells. Immunohistochemistry was needed for all cases with isolated tumor cells and 1 case of micrometastasis. Criteria to distinguish isolated tumor cells and micrometastasis need to be better defined. In our study, immunostaining changed nodal status and stage in 1 of 52 (2%) node-negative patients. Immunohistochemistry is essential to detect isolated tumor cells in sentinel lymph nodes. However, for detecting micro- or macrometastases, it does not provide any significant advantage over detailed histopathological evaluation of sentinel lymph node.
On the continuity of the map ϑ → ¦ϑ¦ from the predual of a W∗-algebra

Abstract Let ϑ, ψ be elements in the predual of a W∗-algebra. For their absolute value parts ¦ϑ¦, ¦ψ¦, the estimate ∥¦ϑ¦ − ¦ψ¦∥ ⩽ (2 ∥ϑ + ψ∥ ∥ϑ − ψ∥) 1 2 is obtained.
Linking emergent midges to alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) preference for rocky habitat in Lake Michigan littoral zones

Abstract Alewife ( Alosa pseudoharengus ) abundance and condition are in decline in Lake Michigan, where they not only exert negative effects on several native fish species but also support an economically valuable salmon sport fishery. We investigated feeding-related habitat selection for adult alewives occurring in Lake Michigan's littoral zone by comparing the relative abundance of alewives and non-biting midges (Chironomidae) on littoral rocky and sandy habitats. Both alewives and midges strongly favored hard over soft substrate, with approximately 22 and 23 times greater catch rates on rock than sand, respectively, from June through August 2005. Relative to sand, 92.2% of alewives and 94.8% of emergent midges were captured over rocky habitat. Gut content analysis suggested that the supplement of midge pupae created a benefit for alewives on rocky habitat and that midge emergence may be the basis for rocky habitat selection. Alewife consumption of midge pupae correlated with midge emergence events, frequency occurrence of midges in ale wife diets was significantly greater on rocky habitat, and alewives collected over sand were 1.5 times more likely to have empty stomachs than those collected over rocks. Our results indicate that alewives, the dominant pelagic forage fish in Lake Michigan, are seasonally encountered in littoral rocky communities, where midges are an important seasonal component of alewife diet.
A gentle method for the lysis of oral streptococci.

Abstract A number of strains of oral streptococci, previously thought to be virtually lysozyme resistant, have been successfully lysed by a new procedure. The bacteria are grown in Brain-Heart Infusion supplemented with D,L-threonine which inhibits cell-wall cross linking. Spheroplasts are formed by treatment with lysozyme in 0.01 M Tris-HCl pH 8.2–12% polyethylene glycol. The spheroplasts are harvested by centrifugation and lysed by the addition of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. High MW DNA and plasmids have been isolated from cells treated in this manner.
Single-Molecule Studies of Chromosome Organization by SMC

The structural maintenance of chromosomes complex (SMC) plays an essential role in chromosome condensation, sister chromatid cohesion, and recombinational repair. SMCs possess a unique structural architecture: SMC monomers dimerize through interactions within their hinge domains while long coiled-coil arms bring together the N- and C-termini which form an ATPase head domain. Despite its cellular importance and extensive efforts, the role of the ATPase domain of SMC still remains mysterious. How ATP binding and hydrolysis is coupled to DNA remodeling or how the mechanochemical cycle of SMC modulates the SMC-DNA interaction is unclear. Using Bacillus Subtilis SMC (BsSMC) as a model we are utilizing single-molecule microscopy to visualize how SMCs interact with flow stretched DNAs. In an approach we have termed DNA motion capture, we site-specifically label DNAs with quantum dots which allow us to track how DNA segments under differing tensions are condensed by SMC. We find that BsSMC is able to compact individual DNAs even in the absence of ATP although ATP greatly enhances the rate of DNA compaction. This supports a picture in which ATP does not provide a powerstroke for DNA organization but instead acts to bias BsSMC conformations that facilitate chromosome remodeling. To better understand the role of ATP in the mechanochemistry of BsSMC we examined how two mutants, E1118Q which slows the rate of ATP hydrolysis and S1090R which blocks head-head engagement, alter the kinetics of BsSMC-mediated DNA condensation. Our single-molecule assay shows that the E1118Q mutant compacts DNA more slowly than the wild-type in the presence of ATP, and significant compaction rate reduction was observed with S1090R mutant. These results suggest a role for both ATP hydrolysis and SMC head reengagement in SMC-mediated DNA condensation.
Two-dimensional island dynamics: Role of step energy anisotropy

Abstract Studies of surface dynamics, including the kinetics of two-dimensional (2D) island coarsening/decay, shape fluctuations, and shape evolution, enable determination of the rate-limiting mechanisms, corresponding surface mass transport parameters, and step energies. Most models describing these phenomena assume isotropic (circular) or near-isotropic island shapes and, hence, isotropic step energies. However, even simple elemental metal surfaces are anisotropic and more complex compound surfaces such as the low-index planes of TiN, GaAs, GaN, ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , are highly anisotropic. Here, we describe recent progress toward developing generalized theoretical and experimental approaches, applicable for analyses of 2D island coarsening/decay kinetics, coalescence kinetics, and determination of orientation-dependent step energies and step stiffnesses, on both isotropic and highly anisotropic surfaces.
Assessment of resistance to colicinogenic Escherichia coli by E. coli O157:H7 strains

G.P. SCHAMBERGER AND F. DIEZ-GONZALEZ. 2004. Aims: To assess a collection of 96 Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains for their resistance potential against a set of colicinogenic E. coli developed as a probiotic for use in cattle. Methods and Results: Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains were screened for colicin production, types of colicins produced, presence of colicin resistance and potential for resistance development. Thirteen of 14 previously characterized colicinogenic E. coli strains were able to inhibit 74 serotype O157:H7 strains. Thirteen E. coli O157:H7 strains were found to be colicinogenic and 11 had colicin D genes. PCR products for colicins B, E-type, Ia/Ib and M were also detected. During in vitro experiments, the ability to develop colicin resistance against singlecolicin producing E. coli strains was observed, but rarely against multiple-colicinogenic strains. The ability of serotype O157:H7 strains to acquire colicin plasmids or resistance was not observed during a cattle experiment. Conclusions: Escherichia coli O157:H7 has the potential to develop single-colicin resistance, but simultaneous resistance against multiple colicins appears to be unlikely. Colicin D is the predominant colicin produced by colicinogenic E. coli O157:H7 strains. Significance and Impact of the Study: The potential for resistance development against colicin-based strategies for E. coli O157:H7 control may be very limited if more than one colicin type is used.
The dynamics of inter-organizational ties during crises: empirical evidence and computational analysis

Organizations often rely on social networks in order to garner resources for survival, in particular when faced with a crisis. From a resource dependence perspective, this paper addresses two issues regarding the dynamics of inter-organizational ties during crisis situations: (a) what is the usual process organizations use, and (b) how efficient is such a process? Two real world crisis cases show that, in a crisis situation, organizations tend to follow a cascade process in which they rely on stronger ties first until there is additional resource needs before activating weaker ties. This process can go on until all the resource needs are met and the stable stage is reached. Results from a computational model simulating such a cascade process and a contrast process, the sequential/random process, show that organizations following the cascade process can exhibit much higher efficiency, though there is a decreasing effect as the severity of the crisis increases. This study has not only illustrated the real world process of organizational ties during crises empirically but also provided theoretical rationales for such inter-organizational dynamics. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The influence of kinetin on tobacco ringspot virus infectivity and the effect of virus infection on the cytokinin activity in intact leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa L

Abstract Intact tobacco leaves sprayed daily with kinetin (0·1 mg 1 −1 ) begining 9 days prior to inoculation with tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) exhibited high levels of virus infectivity whereas leaves sprayed as above with higher levels of kinetin (1·0 mg 1 −1 and 10·0 mg 1 −1 ) exhibited appreciably lower levels of virus than the control plants. Conversely, the extent of viral infectivity in tobacco leaves, sprayed daily with kinetin at the three different concentrations (0·1, 1·0 and 10·0 mg 1 −1 ) beginning 3 days prior to inoculation, showed no appreciable difference in the pattern of virus infectivity from that of non-sprayed inoculated leaves. Extracts of infected and non-infected tobacco leaves were assayed for cytokinin activity by the radish cotyledon expansion test. Leaf extracts of TRSV-infected plants contained less cytokinin activity than leaf extracts from non-infected plants.
Plasma catecholamine concentrations in infants at birth and during the first 48 hours of life

A radioenzymatic assay was used to measure plasma concentrations of the catecholamines, norepinephrine, and epinephrine in the perinatal period. Samples were obtained at birth from the umbilical artery and vein of infants born by vaginal and by cesarean section delivery; from peripheral venous samples of normal infants during the first 48 hours of life; and from peripheral venous samples of mothers prior to delivery. Concentrations of NE and E were elevated in umbilical samples, with umbilical artery levels exceeding umbilical venous concentrations. Umbilical plasma CAT concentrations were similar in vaginal and cesarean section delivered infants. Plasma concentrations of NE consistently predominated over E in all samples from neonates. Plasma CAT concentrations rapidly fell from cord levels within 15 minutes of delivery and remained at a lower plateau during the first three hours of life. By 12 hours of age plasma CAT concentrations fell to the levels of supine adult resting concentrations. Maternal plasma CAT concentration prior to delivery demonstrated a predominance of E over NE. These elevations of plasma CAT in the early neonatal period may play a role in nonshivering heat production as well as in cardiovascular alterations associated with birth.
Hydrogen sensing in vacuum systems with catalytic field plate MNOS capacitors

Abstract The rate of response of catalytic field plate MNOS capacitors to steps in hydrogen partial pressure in a ultra high vacuum (UHV) system is reported. The steps in pressure are provided by a gas pulse valve that allows sub-second increases in the pressure. A combination of light sputter cleaning and elevated sensor temperature produces a sensor response fast enough to be of interest in the monitoring of hydrogen partial pressures in a processing chamber.
Econometric Examination of U.S. Potato-Related Market Relationships

Abstract Modeling results, from a U.S. International Trade Commission investigation, that illuminate potato-related competitive conditions, particularly U.S. market impacts of potato imports, are presented. Estimation and simulation results of a monthJy vector autoregression model of the U.S. fresh and frozen trench fry markets suggest that the own-price elasticity of fresh table potato demand is more moderately elastic than previously thought; that U.S. fresh potato and trench fry markets only modestly interact, because the fresh table market residually and infrequently supplies raw product to processors; and that increased U.S. imports of fresh Canadian potatoes are likely a regional problem in Northeast U.S. markets, and do not appreciably influence potato-related prices or quantities nationally. Given the scarce potato-related literature, the model's estimated market parameters arc of interest.
The Development of Henry Metcalfe's Card System of Shop Returns at Frank ford Arsenal, 1880-1881

This article describes the development of Captain Henry Metcalfe's card system of cost accounting and production control at Frankford Arsenal in the 1880s. Metcalfe's concern over being unable to account for costs within the workshops at Frankford Arsenal led to influential consultations with private manufacturers and to a series of correspondence with his superiors, in which he described a card system which would apply the principle of "independence offunction," long accepted in machine design, to both the arsenal's workers and books. These unpublished manuscript materials are discussed and Metcalfe shown to be afigure of wider historical interest.
Is lipid peroxidation relevant to atherogenesis

Many lines of evidence suggest that LDL, the major carrier of blood cholesterol, becomes atherogenic as a result of oxidation (reviewed in refs. 1–3). One of the most persuasive observations is that structurally unrelated lipid-soluble antioxidants inhibit atherogenesis in animal models of hypercholesterolemia. For example, probucol, butylated hydroxytoluene, and N,N′-diphenyl-phenylenediamine all inhibit LDL oxidation in vitro, and retard the progression of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, mice, and quail. Moreover, probucol exerts a significant effect on thoracic atherosclerosis in primates with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. These observations may be relevant to human disease, because a recent clinical trial of vitamin E suggests that antioxidant therapy inhibits the clinical sequelae of atherosclerosis (4).
Controllable 6H-SiC to 4H-SiC polytype transformation during PVT growth

Controllable polytype transformation from 6H-SiC seeding substrates to pure 4H-SiC by means of PVT bulk growth has been demonstrated. The furnace design and growth procedures are discussed. The thermodynamic parameters such as supersaturation and vapor stoichiometry for preferential 4H-SiC growth were analyzed using numerical simulation. The calculated parameters are discussed and compared with the experimental data. Furthermore, observed nucleation and propagation of different polytypes during 6H- to 4H-SiC transformation are discussed. Structural quality of the grown monocrystals were assessed using X-ray diffraction, polarized light microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and KOH etching techniques, which revealed high quality of the grown samples.
Radiation-induced segregation in binary and ternary alloys

Abstract A review is given of our current knowledge of radiation-induced segregation of major and minor elements in simple binary and ternary alloys as derived from experimental techniques such as Auger electron spectroscopy, secondary-ion mass spectroscopy, ion-backscattering, infrared emissivity measurements and transmission electron microscopy. Measurements of the temperature, dose and dose-rate dependences as well as of the effects of such materials variables as solute solubility, solute misfit and initial solute concentration have proved particularly valuable in understanding the mechanisms of segregation. The interpretation of these data in terms of current theoretical models which link solute segregation behavior to defect-solute binding interactions and/or to the relative diffusion rates of solute and solvent atoms the interstitial and vacancy migration mechanisms has, in general, been fairly successful and has provided considerable insight into the highly interrelated phenomena of solute-defect trapping, solute segregation, phase stability and void swelling. Specific examples in selected fcc, bcc and hcp alloy systems are discussed with particular emphasis given to the effects of radiationinduced segregation on the phase stability of single-phase and two-phase binary alloys and simple Fe-Cr-Ni alloys.
The Scope Of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)

Abstract Three quarters of a century after its inception, a generation after its advantages were recognized, and a decade after its first commercialization, PT-IR dominates the growth of the IP. market, and reigns alone over its high performance end.What lies ahead for FT-IR now? On one hand, the boundary between it and the classical scanning spectrometers is becoming fuzzy, as gratings attempt to use as much of FT-IR1 s computer technology as they can handle, and smaller FT systems Invade the medium cost Instrument range. On the other hand, technology advances In IR detectors, non-Fourier interference devices, and the often announced tunable laser are at long last gettlnp set to make serious inroads In the field (although not necessarily in the manner most of us expected).However, the dominance of FT-IR as the leading edge of IR spectroscooy seems assured for a good many years. The evolution of FT-IR will be dominated by demands not yet fully satisfied such as rapid sample turnover, better quantitation, automated interpretation, higher GC-IR sensitivity, Improved LC-IR, and, above all else, reliability and ease of use.These developments will be based on multiple small advances in hardware, large advances In the way systems are put together, and the traditional yearly revolutionary advances of the computer industry. The big question in the field will, however, still be whether our ambition and our skill can continue to keep up with the advances of our tools. It will be fun. **Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the Lawrence Liver- more National Laboratory under contract number W-7^05-ENG-48.
Angular Distribution Coefficients for Radiation Scattered by a Spherical Particle

The fraction of randomly polarized radiation scattered by a spherical particle into a unit solid angle in the direction θ can be represented by the equation f(θ)=14π+14π∑n=1∞anPn(cosθ),where Pn(cosθ) are the Legendre polynomials. Values of the angular distribution coefficients, an, are presented for nonabsorbing spheres with an index of refraction of 1.33 at a series of values of the ratio of circumference to wavelength of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30. Application of the results is illustrated.
Phenomenological analysis of the clotting curve.

A model-independent (phenomenological) characterization of the clotting curve is proposed. Three parameters are used to encapsulate the main features of the increase in absorbance observed at 350 nm due to the reaction of thrombin with fibrinogen that leads to clot formation: (1) the maximum increase in absorbance per unit time, ΔA m , at the inflection point of the clotting curve; (2) the time needed to reach the maximum increase in absorbance,t m ; and (3) the clotting time,t c , obtained from extrapolation of the slope att m to the zero absorbance baseline. Clotting curves at low fibrinogen concentrations (0.125 ÷ 0.250 µM), well below the Km, where thrombin amidase activity is rate-limiting with respect to the subsequent aggregation process, have been measured under a wide variety of experimental conditions, (i.e., as a function of thrombin concentration,pH and temperature) in order to explore the basic response of each parameter to changes in solution conditions. Under all conditions examined in this study we have observed thatt m andt c are linked through a linear relationship that appears to be an important invariant property of the clotting curve, regardless of experimental conditions. No such clear relationship exists between ΔA m andt c , witht c being associated with several possible values of ΔA m and vice versa, depending upon solution conditions. It is proposed thatt c is strictly dependent on thrombin amidase activity, while ΔA m reflects properties of the aggregation process leading to clot formation. The clotting time shows apH and temperature dependence that closely resembles that of Km/Vm for synthetic amide substrates. Futhermore,t c changes linearly with either the inverse thrombin concentration and the concentration of competitive inhibitors of fibrinogen binding to thrombin, as expected for the ratio Km/Vm. We show how the analysis of clotting curves obtained at different thrombin and inhibitor concentrations yields a quantitative measure of KI that is in excellent agreement with the value determined independently from steady-state measurements of thrombin amidase activity.
Antidepressant drugs can slow or dissociate circadian rhythms

The circadian rest-activity cycle of female hamsters was lengthened by chronic administration of the monoamineoxidase inhibitor antidepressant drug clorgyline. Chronic treatment with clorgyline or the tricyclic antidepressant drug imipramine also induced dissociation of circadian activity rhythm components. Thus these drugs may be added to the very small group of substances (including the prophylactic antidepressant and antimanic drug lithium) that modify circadian frequency and/or coupling between circadian rhythms.
Pentamidine-induced torsades de pointes : safe completion of therapy with inhaled pentamidine

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus is commonly complicated by Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Therapy for P. carinii pneumonia is limited to a few drugs, most commonly trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole and pentamidine isethionate. These agents have a high incidence of adverse reactions that often necessitate changes in therapy.' Torsades de pointes has rarely been described with intravenous pentamidine isethionate and in each case has resulted in discontinuation of the d r ~ ~ . ~ ~ We report the safe and successful completion of therapy with pentamidine in aerosol form in a patient in whom torsades de pointes developed from intravenous pentamide but not from the aerosol form of pentamidine.
Hair-based sensors for micro-autonomous systems

We seek to harness microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies to build biomimetic devices for low-power, high-performance, robust sensors and actuators on micro-autonomous robot platforms. Hair is used abundantly in nature for a variety of functions including balance and inertial sensing, flow sensing and aerodynamic (air foil) control, tactile and touch sensing, insulation and temperature control, particle filtering, and gas/chemical sensing. Biological hairs, which are typically characterized by large surface/volume ratios and mechanical amplification of movement, can be distributed in large numbers over large areas providing unprecedented sensitivity, redundancy, and stability (robustness). Local neural transduction allows for space- and power-efficient signal processing. Moreover by varying the hair structure and transduction mechanism, the basic hair form can be used for a wide diversity of functions. In this paper, by exploiting a novel wafer-level, bubble-free liquid encapsulation technology, we make arrays of micro-hydraulic cells capable of electrostatic actuation and hydraulic amplification, which enables high force/high deflection actuation and extremely sensitive detection (sensing) at low power. By attachment of cilia (hair) to the micro-hydraulic cell, air flow sensors with excellent sensitivity ( 10 m/s) have been built. A second-generation design has significantly reduced the sensor response time while maintaining sensitivity of about 2 cm/s and dynamic range of more than 15 m/s. These sensors can be used for dynamic flight control of flying robots or for situational awareness in surveillance applications. The core biomimetic technologies developed are applicable to a broad range of sensors and actuators.
Equivariant symplectic difference schemes and generating functions

Abstract We show that all the known results on the preservation of first integrals by a symplectic difference scheme can be unified under the equivalence theorem of Feng-Ge. In particular, when the equivalence theorem is applied to the first type of generating function on a Lie group, we obtain the Lie-Poisson integrator.
Evaluation of a sampling and analysis method for determination of polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in ambient air

General Metals Works PS-1 PUF air samplers and an analytical method based on high resolution gas chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC-HRMS) were evaluated for determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDDs/PBDFs) and bromo/chloro dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (BCDDs/BCDFs) in ambient air. Dilute solutions of these compounds and 13C12-1,2,3,4-TCDD were used to spike the filters of PS-1 air samplers which were then operated 24 hr to sample 350–400 m3 ambient air. After sampling, each quartz-fiber filter and polyurethane foam (PUF) were spiked with 13C12-labeled PCDD, PCDF, PBDD, and PBDF internal standards before separate Soxhlet extractions with benzene. The extracts were subjected to an acid/base clean-up procedure followed by clean-up on microcolumns of silica gel, alumina, and carbon and then analyzed by HRGC-HRMS. Results derived from this study indicated the PS-1 ambient air samplers and the analytical procedures were very efficient and that pg/m3 and sub-pg/m3 levels of total PCDDs/PCDFs, PBDDs/PBDFs, BCDDs/BCDFs, and 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners could be accurately measured. Background levels of these compounds in the ambient air were also determined. Total PCDDs, PCDFs, TBDFs, and PeBDFs were detected in a low concentration range of 0.3 to 3.0 pg/m3.
A generalized friedman test for randomized block designs when observations are subject to arbitrary right censorship

A generalized Friedman (1937) test, along the lines of Gehan (1965) and Breslow (1970), for randomized block design when observations are subject to arbitrary right censorship is pro posed. The distributions of the censoring variables are allowed to vary from block to block. The asymptotic null distribution of the test statistic is shown to be chisquare.
O-alkyl lipid synthesis: the mechanism of the acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate fatty acid exchange reaction.

Abstract We have previously provided evidence for a mechanism by which acyl DHAP is converted enzymatically to O-alkyl DHAP. This mechanism involves, in part, the formation of an endiol of acyl DHAP, loss of the fatty acid by splitting of the DHAP carbon-1 to oxygen bond and the gain of a long chain fatty alcohol. It has been shown that acyl DHAP can exchange its fatty acid for one in the medium, presumably by the mediation of O-alkyl DHAP synthase. In the present ivestigation we have shown that the fatty acid which is gained by acyl DHAP in the exchange process retains both carboxyl oxygens, as predicted by our postulated mechanism. This reaction is exceptional because the usual action of acyl hydrolases is to cleave at the oxygen to acyl bond.
Effect of Salt and Sodium Tripolyphosphate on Shear, Thiobarbituric Acid, Sodium, and Phosphorus Values of Hot-Stripped Broiler Breast Meat

Abstract The effect of infusion of sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) into hot-stripped (HS) broiler breast meat on changes in tenderness and oxidative rancidity level as measured by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values was investigated. Infusion was effected by first mechanically perforating (mechanical tenderization) the breast pieces, then tumbling for 3 min in selected marinades. Hot-stripped meat first infused with a marinade containing 1% NaCl, 3% STPP, and stored from 1 to 8 days at 2 C had reduced toughness, as measured by force to shear (FS), and TBA values and were comparable to or lower than the FS and TBA values from meat conventionally processed and aged 1 day. The combination of NaCl and STPP was most effective in reducing FS and TBA values followed by STPP, then NaCl, and lastly H2 O alone. The TBA values slowly increased and FS values decreased through 8 days of storage. Phosphorus and sodium were continuously absorbed into the meat tissue reaching maximal levels after 2 to 4 days. The combined solution was also effective in reducing TBA and FS values when treatment was performed after 8-days of storage of chill-stripped or HS meat.
Influence of catalyst depletion or deactivation on polymerization kinetics. II. Nonsteady‐state polymerization

The number-average and weight-average degrees of polymerization at the end of the polymerization process have been calculated in terms of the initial monomer concentration, initial catalyst concentration, and rate constants for various polymerization processes, all of which assume instantaneous initiation. The mechanisms differ among themselves in that there is either first-order catalyst deactivation, or transfer to monomer, or both. The calculation is greatly simplified if only the molecular weights at the end of polymerization are considered. The method given is particularly useful for systems where the calculation of the distribution function as a function of time is complicated. The fact that the monomer concentration and catalyst concentration have a marked effect on the molecular weight provides a good test of the validity of the mechanism under consideration. A comparison of the calculated and observed molecular weights obtained for the homogeneous polymerization of acrylonitrile with an organometallic catalyst will be given in a later communication.
Transflective In-Plane Switching Liquid Crystal Display

A single cell gap, single gamma curve, and low operating voltage transflective liquid crystal display (LCD) using an in-plane switching (IPS) cell is proposed. In the IPS cell, the pixilated transparent indium tin oxide electrodes are on the top substrate and the reflectors are on the bottom substrate. The electro-optic properties of the transflective IPS LCD are calculated using three-dimensional simulation software. By optimizing the reflector width, the voltage-dependent transmittance and reflectance curves can be matched
Electron Beam Bunch Profile Determination through Cerenkov Radiation

The spatial charge distribution of an electron pulse, along with the beam interaction length, determines the Cerenkov radiation distribution as a function of frequency. An angular distribution of the Cerenkov radiation can, in principle, measure its spatial charge distribution. At a measurement angle of 900 with respect to the beam direction, the form factor is unity which allows a measurement of the total charge contained in the pulse. At other angles, Fourier transforms of the charge distribution may be measured. Possible application to intense relativistic beams in air is discussed.
Orientation and positional mapping of the subunits of the multicomponent transcription factors RFX and X2BP to the major histocompatibility complex class II transcriptional enhancer

Major histocompatibility complex class II genes contain a common complex enhancer that allows for their coordinate regulation. The X box element of the enhancer cooperatively binds the multisubunit transcription factors RFX and X2BP. RFX is an essential class II transcription factor and contains three distinct proteins: RFX5, RFX-B/Ank and RFXAP. X2BP, a CREB/ATF family transcription factor, most likely binds as a homodimer. A site-specific protein-DNA photocrosslinking assay was used to investigate the interactions of the subunits of RFX and X2BP with X box DNA. Two of the RFX subunits, RFX5 and RFX-B/Ank, were found to bind defined sites within the X1 half of the X box. The third RFX subunit, RFXAP, made extensive X1 box contacts. The subunits of X2BP made contacts with the edges of the X2 half of the X box in a manner consistent with other bZIP transcription factor contact patterns. The resulting map provides specific base pair contacts and subunit orientation with respect to the DNA sequence of the RFX-X2BP-X box complex. Our results suggest possible stoichiometry of the RFX subunits and potential interaction between RFX-B/Ank and RFXAP with one of the subunits of X2BP.
The selective functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons. Part 45. The effect of lower temperature on the rate and efficiency of formation of oxidized products in the FeIII-FeV and FeII-FeIV manifolds

Abstract In the FeIII-FeV manifold the formation of the iron-carbon bond was found to be very fast, but the evolution to give ketone was slow at −20 °C and −40 °C. However, the efficiency at the latter temperature was good. The iron-carbon bond can be captured rapidly by I− or by PhSeH. We have confirmed that either way to measure the iron-carbon bond gives essentially the same results. In contrast to the FeIII-FeV manifold the reactions at −20 °C in the FeII-FeIV manifold are very fast for both iron-carbon bond formation and evolution to final products. In this manifold the reactions at −20 °C are more efficient than those at −5 °C.
Computational experience on an algorithm for the transportation problem with nonlinear objective functions

This paper explores computational implications of allowing nonlinear objective functions in the transportation problem. Two types of nonlinearities, including polynomials, are studied. The choice of these functions resulted from our interest in models of integrated water management. Zangwill's convex simplex method and the primal method of transportation problem form the basis of our algorithm. Innovative features of our work are compact storage and efficient computation procedures. We study the effects on computation time of problem size; the density of nonlinear terms; the size of tolerances for stopping rules; and rules for choice of new variables to enter the solution. We find that problems up to 95 × 95 in size are capable of reasonably fast solution. A particularly surprising finding is that one-dimensional search for improving solutions performs adequately, at least for the kinds of problems posed in this paper. We are encouraged by our results and believe that models involving nonlinear objective functions may be tractable even for relatively large problems, thus making possible more accurate descriptions of real situations.
Stratification of ON and OFF ganglion cell dendrites depends on glutamate-mediated afferent activity in the developing retina

A FUNDAMENTAL attribute of the vertebrate visual system is the segregation of ON and OFF pathways signalling increments and decrements of light1–4. In the mature retina, dendrites of ON- and OFF-centre retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) stratify in different sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and are differentially innervated by two types of bipolar cells which depolarize and hyperpolarize on exposure to light5–10. This stratification of ON and OFF RGCs is achieved by the gradual restriction of their dendrites which ramify throughout the IPL early in development11–14. The factors underlying this regressive event are unknown. Dendritic stratification occurs around the time that bipolar cells form synapses in the IPL15,16, which raises the possibility that synaptic activity is involved in this process. Here we test this hypothesis by treating the developing cat retina with the glutamate analogue 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APR), which hyper-polarizes ON cone bipolar and rod bipolar cells, thereby preventing their release of glutamate17–19. We report that intraocular injection of APB during the period when dendritic stratification normally occurs prevents the formation of structurally segregated ON and OFF retinal pathways. These results provide evidence that glutamate-mediated afferent activity regulates the remodelling of RGC dendrites during development.
Electrokinetic remediation of contaminated dredged sediment

This paper investigates the feasibility of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated sediment at Indiana Harbor, Indiana. The sediment is a fine-grained material with high moisture content of 78 % and high organic content of 19 % and it is contaminated with a wide range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. Four bench-scale electrokinetic experiments were conducted at 2.0 VDC/cm of constant voltage gradient using two surfactants (5 % Igepal CA-720 and 3 % Tween 80), a cosolvent (20 % n-butylamine), and a cyclodextrin (10 % HP-β-CD) as flushing solutions for the solubilization/desorption of PAHs. The mobility and removal of heavy metals was also investigated while flushing these solutions. The experimental results show that 20 % n-butylamine and 5 % Igepal 720 systems are effective for the partial solubilization of the PAHs in the sediments; however, both 3 % Tween 80 and 10 % HP-β-CD systems are found to be ineffective for desorption/solubilization of PAHs in the sediment. None of the selected flushing agents is found to be effective for the removal of heavy metals from the contaminated sediment. The low removal of PAHs and heavy metals is attributed to the high organic content and high acid buffering capacity of the sediment.
Fabrication of Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cell on a flexible glass substrate

Abstract Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film solar cells were fabricated on 100 μm thick flexible glass (FG) substrates coated with Molybdenum (Mo) anodes. The CZTS thin films were deposited by using magnetron sputtering followed by annealing in sulfur vapor. The fabricated cell structure was FG/Mo/CZTS/CdS/ZnO/ITO/Ag, where cadmium sulfide (CdS), zinc oxide (ZnO), tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) and silver (Ag) were used as an n-type window layer, resistive layer, transparent conductor and finger electrode, respectively. The best conversion efficiency achieved of the flexible CZTS solar cell was 3.08%, with an active area of 0.45 cm2. The conversion efficiency was reduced by 20% when the cell was bent to a 50 mm radius.
Evidence of post-Pleistocene faults on New Jersey Atlantic outer continental shelf

Recently obtained high-resolution seismic profiles (400-4,000-Hz band) show evidence of faults in shallow sedimentary strata near the edge of the Atlantic continental shelf off New Jersey. Apparent normal faults having a throw of about 1.5 m displace sediments to within 7 m of the sea floor. The faults appear to be overlain by undeformed horizontal beds of relatively recent age. Several faults 1 to 2 km apart strike approximately N70°E and dip northwest. The data suggest that the faults are upthrown on the southeast. Projection of the faults on the high-resolution profiles to a nearby multichannel seismic-reflection profile indicates that these shallow faults might be the near-surface End_Page 1112------------------------------ expression of a more fundamental deep-seated fault. Several prominent reflectors in the multichannel records are offset by a high-angle normal fault reaching depths of 4.0 to 5.0 sec (6.0 to 6.5 km). The deep fault on the multichannel line also is upthrown on the southeast. Throws of as much as 90 m are apparent at depth, but offsets of as much as 10 m could be present in the shallower parts of the section that may not be resolved in the multichannel data. The position and strike of these faults coincide with and parallel the East Coast magnetic anomaly interpreted as the fundamental seaward basement boundary of the Baltimore Canyon trough. Recurring movements along such boundary faults are expected theoretically if the marginal basins are subsiding in response to the plate rotation of North America and seafloor spreading in the Atlantic.
Comparison of various isotherm models for predicting competitive adsorption data

Abstract Competitive adsorption isotherms were determined for 2-phenylethanol and 3-phenylethanol and 3-phenylpropanol on ODS-silica with methanol—water as the mobile phase. The experimental data were fitted to the Langmuir competitive isotherm, the second-order ideal adsorbed solution isotherm of LeVan and Vermeulen, the seven-parameter quadratic isotherm (ratio of two second-degree polynomials) and the competitive Fowler isotherm. The best results were obtained byn adjusting the five parameters of the competitive Fowler isotherm by a non-linear regression. Unfortunately, this isotherm, gives the mobile phase concentration as a function of the surface coverage and the equation cannot be inverted in closed form.
Trauma Care and Managing the Injured Pregnant Patient

Trauma is the leading cause of maternal death in the United States. Nurses must optimize the well-being of 2 patients in the pregnant trauma patient. Rapid assessment, initiating immediate interventions for life-threatening injuries, and transport to a trauma center are critical to optimize maternal and fetal outcome. Understanding these factors can facilitate an effective resuscitation and optimize the outcome for both mother and baby.
A disordered insulator in an optical lattice

Bosons in an optical lattice are used to simulate the Bose–Hubbard model. If the lattice is disordered, a Bose glass is predicted to exist. Transport measurements in such a lattice provide evidence for a disorder-driven superfluid–insulator transition into a Bose-glass state.