cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tendencies in hydrology research and its applications for 21st century

Historical development of hydrology had three major milestones: descriptive, utilitarian, and scientific. New hydrologic disciplines are emerging at present. Hydrologic processes are investigated by five deterministic, stochastic, and combined deterministic-stochastic approaches. Hydrologic diversities stem from trends in water resources, complexities of processes and environments, and quantity and quality of basic data. Evolution from single-purpose, single-water source and single structure to multiple purpose, source, and structure approaches to the development of water resources highly affected research and application of utilitarian hydrology. Four classical statistical techniques of hydrology (sampling of samples, frequency distribution, correlation, and testing of hypotheses) were supplemented by spatialtemporal stochastic processes during the last three decades. Simple precipitation-runoff responses are being replaced by complex distributed rainfall-runoff models. Trends in water resources require new types of research and application of research results for the 21st century. Many basic questions of physical hydrology require answers, and a critical review of models which use a large number of parameters. Stress in research may well shift from shape to scale aspects of rainfall-runoff models. Historical extrapolation of application of unit hydrograph from floods to all flows, from small to larger catchments, and from humid to arid regions, need a careful re-evaluation. Taking into account the relationships of temporal input, state and output processes would increase the reliability of water-resources decisions. Study of tendency, intermittency, periodicity, and stochasticity of hydrologic temporal processes need physical supports for inferred properties. Spatial models should cover in detail the spatial distribution of parameters, changes in correlation in space of a point process with the other point processes, and the relationship of spatial correlation to the series time interval, distance and azymuth, with physical backing of statistically derived results.
Affects, demographic variables, and health

The revised Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL-R) was given to a national probability sample that consisted of 1,543 adults who also were interviewed, which provided demographic data and self-ratings of health, medication use, and social activities. Standardization procedures have reduced markedly the acquiescence factor and the correlations among the dysphoric affect scales in the MAACL-R. The demographic variables of sex, race, age, education, occupation, income, marital status, religion, geographical area of residence, and size of town or city were related to some of the scales. Positive affect was related directly to self-ratings of health; dysphoric affect was related negatively to these ratings. Frequencies of volunteer activities and social activities in general correlated negatively with depression and positively with positive affect scales.
Interpretation of phase velocity measurements of wind-generated surface waves

Differences in experimental results for surface gravity wave phase speeds obtained by cross spectra and slope-height spectra are compared. It is shown that, for a simple two-dimensional model containing both dispersive and non-dispersive waves, the observed differences can be explained readily. The slope-height technique measures a weighted average of the wavenumber squared; for frequencies sufficiently large compared with the dominant frequency, the computed phase-speed variation with frequency is representative of the wave having the larger wavenumber - the dispersive wave. For the cross-spectral method, it is shown that the small-probe-separation assumption usually employed is not valid for frequencies much larger than the dominant frequency, except at the singular point where both waves have exactly equal spectral densities and the phase function represents an average of the two modes. For all other cases, the phase function approaches that of the wave having the larger spectral density, and essentially ignores the presence of the other wave, even if both modes are relatively close in their contributions to the total spectral density.
Lattice-reduction-aided Wiener filtering for communications over ISI channels

Wiener filter is widely used to equalize the signals over inter-symbol interference (ISI) channels because of its low complexity and optimality in terms of mean square error (MSE). However, Wiener filter is generally not optimal in terms of symbol detection error and thus can exhibit considerable error performance degradation in ISI channels. Recently, to enhance the performance of linear equalizers, lattice reduction (LR) technique is proposed, which shows significant gain for multi-input multi-output systems. In this paper, we propose LR-aided Wiener filter that aims at minimizing the MSE for the symbols in lattice-reduced domain. Simulations show that the LR-aided Wiener filter exhibits significant error performance improvement over the Wiener filter, especially for higher-order modulations.
DNA-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (helicaselike transcription factor) activates β-globin transcription in K562 cells

Correct developmental regulation of β-like globin gene expression is achieved by preferential transcription of a gene at a given developmental stage, silencing of other β-like gene promoters, and competition among these promoters for interaction with the locus control region (LCR). Several evolutionarily conserved DNA elements in the promoters of the β-like genes and LCR have been studied in detail, and the role of their binding factors has been investigated. However, the β-globin promoter includes additional evolutionarily conserved sequences of unknown function. The present study examined the properties of a 21-base pair (bp) promoter-conserved sequence (PCS) located at positions −115 to −136 bp relative to the transcription start site of the β-globin gene. A helicaselike transcription factor (HLTF) belonging to the SWI2/SNF2 family of proteins binds to the PCS and a partly homologous sequence in the enhancer region of the LCR hypersensitive site 2 (HS2). Elevation of the level of HLTF in K562 erythroleukemic cells increases β-promoter activity in transient transfection experiments, and mutations in the PCS that remove HLTF-binding regions abolish this effect, suggesting that HLTF is an activator of β-globin transcription. Overexpression of HLTF in K562 cells does not affect the endogenous levels of γ- and e-globin message, but it markedly activates β-globin transcription. In conclusion, this study reports a transcription factor belonging to the SWI2/SNF2 family, which preferentially activates chromosomal β-globin gene transcription and which has not previously been implicated in globin gene regulation.
Comparison of Selected Perceptual and Personality Variables among College Women Deviant and Non-Deviant in Their Appearance:

40 college women, 20 designated as deviant and 20 as non-deviant on the basis of skirt length, were administered measures of field-dependence, psychological security-insecurity, inner-other directedness and orientations to dress. The hypothesized difference between deviant and non-deviant Ss on selected variables of perception and personality was largely confirmed. Deviant Ss were significantly more field-independent, psychologically more secure, and had a stronger orientation to dress to seek rewards and to be different from others than non-deviant Ss. The latter were more field-dependent, more insecure, and had a greater orientation to dress to avoid punishment and to be like others. Deviants and non-deviants were not significantly different in inner-other directedness; both groups scored within the other-directed range.
Existence results for an indefinite unbounded perturbation of a resonant Schrödinger equation

Abstract We study existence results for a nonlinear Schrodinger equation at resonance. The nonlinearity is assumed to change sign, be unbounded but sublinear with a power like growth at infinity. Under a suitable coercivity assumption on the primitive of the nonlinear term on the kernel of the Schrodinger operator, we prove the existence of at least one solution.
Causal factors in variations in us postwar defense spending

(1988). Causal factors in variations in us postwar defense spending. Defense Analysis: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 53-79.
Bochner Subordination, Logarithmic Diffusion Equations, and Blind Deconvolution of Hubble Space Telescope Imagery and Other Scientific Data

Generalized Linnik processes and associated logarithmic diffusion equations can be constructed by appropriate Bochner randomization of the time variable in Brownian motion and the related heat conduction equation. Remarkably, over a large but finite frequency range, generalized Linnik characteristic functions can exhibit almost Gaussian behavior near the origin, while behaving like low exponent isotropic Levy stable laws away from the origin. Such behavior matches Fourier domain behavior in a large class of real blurred images of considerable scientific interest, including Hubble space telescope imagery and scanning electron micrographs. This paper develops a powerful blind deconvolution procedure based on postulating system optical transfer functions (otfs) in the form of generalized Linnik characteristic functions. The system otf and “true” sharp image are then reconstructed by solving a related logarithmic diffusion equation backward in time, using the blurred image as data at time $t=1$. The present methodology significantly improves upon previous work based on system otfs in the form of Levy stable characteristic functions. Such improvement is validated by the substantially smaller image Lipschitz exponents that ensue, confirming increased fine structure recovery. These results resolve the unexplained appearance of exceptionally low Levy stable exponents in previous work on the same class of images. The paper is illustrated with striking enhancements of gray-scale and colored images.
Effect of the antihistamine, methapyrilene, as an initiator of hepatocarcinogenesis in female rats

The antihistamine methapyrilene was examined for its ability to initiate hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Rats were first subjected to partial hepatectomy and then were intubated with one of four doses (30, 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg) of methapyrilene hydrochloride (or an equivalent amount of water for controls, or 10 mg diethylnitrosamine/kg for positive controls). Rats were then fed 0.05% phenobarbital in the diet for 3, 6 or 9 months. The number and volume of altered hepatic foci were quantified with the histochemical markers gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and ATPase. The number of foci induced was increased 2- to 4-fold by the highest dose of methapyrilene at all 3 time points, but the only statistically significant increase was produced by the 200 mg/kg dose after 3 months of promotion. This study shows that methapyrilene may act as a weak initiator.
Specific fears as predictors of generalized anxiety in children

The study investigated the relationship between fear and anxiety in childhood. One hundred fifty-one children aged 6 to 11 years (mean=8.7 years) completed the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R) and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS). Correlational analyses demonstrated that the FSSC-R and each of the fear factors were significantly correlated with each other and with the RCMAS score. A stepwise regression procedure was used to determine if the FSSC-R or any of its five factors was significantly related to scores on the RCMAS. Results indicated that Factor 1 (Failure and Criticism) accounted for 31% of the variance (p < .0001)and Factor 2 (Fear of the Unknown) accounted for an additional 1% of the variance (p < .03)in the RCMAS scores. The relationship between these results and those from a similar study with adults (Goetsch, Tishelman, & Adams, 1987), as well as how the results add to an understanding of childhood anxiety, is discussed.
Salivary Testosterone and Cortisol in Disruptive Children: Relationship to Aggressive, Hyperactive, and Internalizing Behaviors

ABSTRACT Objective To test predictions that basal salivary testosterone and cortisol are related to antisocial and internalizing behaviors, respectively, and that cortisol moderates the testosterone-aggression relationship. Method Saliva samples were assayed to determine testosterone and cortisol levels in 40 clinic-referred disruptive children (aged 7 through 14 years) who were rated on aggression, inattention/overactivity, and internalizing behavior by parents, teachers, and clinic staff members. Results Results indicated significant positive relationships between testosterone and staff-rated aggression and between cortisol and parent-rated internalizing behavior. A significant negative relationship was found between cortisol and staff-rated inattention/overactivity. No interactions between testosterone and cortisol were found. These results were maintained regardless of age, racial background, height, weight, diagnosis, or medication status. Conclusions Results suggest moderate relationships between testosterone and observed aggression, and between cortisol and emotional behaviors, in a group of disruptive children. Cortisol did not moderate the testosterone-aggression relationship in this population.
The myth of a “Stolen Legacy”

Stolen Legacy deals with the status of black people. The message of the book is: "The Greeks were not the authors of Greek philosophy, but the black people of North Africa, the Egyptians". George G. M. James, an Afro-American teacher of Greek offers in its stead a "new philosophy of redemption for black peoples". In order to show that Greek philosophy is stolen Egyptian philosophy James needs to establish the existence from earliest times of an "Egyptian Mystery System" which could be copied by the Greeks. James describes the procession twice: description of the Egyptian priestly orders, and then as evidence for the priestly science curriculum. As James observes, Aristotle wrote a treatise On the Soul. James admits that there is no close resemblance, because Aristotle's theory is only a "very small portion" of the Egyptian "philosophy" of the soul, as described in the Egyptian Book of the Dead.
Image Properties of a Superconducting Ground Plane

The Green's‐function technique is utilized in the determination of the field distribution of an infinitely long current carrying conductor of arbitrary but constant cross section above a superconducting ground plane of finite thickness. It is assumed that the superconductor can be described by the phenomenological London equations. The integral expressions that are obtained are solved analytically for a few special cases of interest. Under conditions that are often encountered in a physical system, a modified image method can be utilized in order to calculate the field distribution to within 2% of the computer solution.
Mussel byssus and biomolecular materials

Mussel adhesive proteins are remarkable materials that display an extraordinary capability to adhere to substrates underwater. Recent investigations from groups with quite diverse areas of expertise have made substantial progress in the identification of the genes and proteins that are involved in adhesive formation. These discoveries have led to the development of recombinant proteins and synthetic polypeptides that are able to reproduce the properties of mussel adhesives for applications in medicine and biotechnology.
γ-interferon inhibits rat granulosa cell differentiation in culture+

A growing body of evidence indicates that factors secreted by cells of the immune system can directly affect a variety of endocrine phenomena. In the present study we examined the direct effects of the cytokine, interferon (IFN), on FSH-stimulated steroidogenesis and LH/hCG receptor induction in rat granulosa cells. We show that gamma-IFN, but not alpha-IFN, inhibits FSH-stimulated progesterone, 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one and estrogen production as well as gonadotropin-induced LH/hCG receptor formation in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that gamma-IFN may play a role in the maturation and differentiation of granulosa cells and thus may serve as a regulatory link between the immune and reproductive endocrine systems.
Social benefits of humility: Initiating and maintaining romantic relationships

Previous research has highlighted the social nature of humility. In three studies, we provide evidence that humility facilitates the initiation and maintenance of romantic relationships. In Study 1, very humble potential dating partners, relative to less humble partners, were rated more favorably and were more likely to elicit intentions to initiate a romantic relationship. Study 2 was a conceptual replication of Study 1 that provided evidence that participants find humble potential dating partners more attractive than arrogant dating partners. In Study 3, we examined perceptions of humility in participants in proximal or long-distance relationships. We found that humility buffers against unforgiveness in long-distant relationships. Although long-distance relationships were associated with greater unforgiveness, this effect was only present when partners were viewed as having low humility. Together, these findings highlight the social benefits of humility in initiating and maintaining romantic relationships.
Thermodynamic Properties of 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234yf): Vapor Pressure and p–ρ–T Measurements and an Equation of State

The p–ρ–T behavior of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234yf) was measured from T = (232 to 400) K with pressures up to 10 MPa using a two-sinker densimeter. The measurements extend from low-density vapor to compressed-liquid states, and include the extended critical region. Vapor pressures from T = (250 to 366) K were also measured. The expanded (k = 2) uncertainty in density is (56·10–6·ρ + 0.0014 kg·m–3) at near-ambient conditions, increasing to (99·10–6·ρ + 0.0014 kg·m–3) at T = 400 K and p = 10 MPa. The maximum uncertainties in temperature and pressure are 0.004 K and (51·10–6·p + 2.0 kPa), respectively. The analysis for density accounts for the force transmission error in the magnetic suspension coupling of the densimeter and includes corrections for vertical density gradients in the measuring cell. These data, together with other data from the literature, have been used to develop an equation of state explicit in the Helmholtz energy covering the fluid region from T = (220 to 410) K with pressures ...
Detection of media defects in perpendicular magnetic recording channels

Two new algorithms for detection of media defects in perpendicular magnetic recording channels are proposed. These algorithms are based on amplitude thresholding of the channel reliability information. The performance of these algorithms is evaluated for low-density parity-check coded channels using generalized partial response targets with different dc-components.
Energy, quanta and limulus vision

Abstract The threshold for evoking nerve impulses from single ommatidia was measured in the darkadapted, lateral eye of Limulus in situ. Our results are consistent with the notion that under dim illumination the eccentric cell fires a nerve impulse for every absorbed photon. However, the threshold is probably not constant and may vary as a result of the spontaneous activity in the eye. This variability could produce deceptively low estimates for the threshold. Measurements of the incident light intensity and corneal attenuation, together with an estimate of the photopigment absorption, suggest that the quantum efficiency for eliciting a nerve impulse is between 0.05 and 0.2. Perhaps the large, regenerativelike potential fluctuations we have recorded from the Limulus photoreceptor cells in situ amplify the effect of absorbed photons, and enable the eye to respond to single quanta.
Collagen cross-linking in corneal scar formation

Abstract The collagen of rabbit corneal scar tissue contains a pattern of reducible radioactive cross-links marked by a high content of glycosylated dihydroxylysinonorleucine. The presence of the glycosylated aldimine cross-link may reflect differences in the distribution of carbohydrate in scar collagen. These differences may be relevant to the regulation of fibril diameter which may in turn be a causative factor in the loss of corneal transparency.
A note on multiproject scheduling to minimize the cost of supplemental external resources

The employment of external resources to supplement available internal resources can improve a feasible schedule or make an infeasible schedule feasible. Based upon a well-known integer linear programming approach to the general multiproject scheduling problem, this paper provides an extension to account for the minimum cost usage of external resources. We modify an example from the literature to illustrate the solution of the revised model. Another approach using Lagrange multipliers is also discussed.
Searching to eliminate personal information management

Search systems can alleviate the need to organize personal information by helping us find it no matter where we encountered it, what we remember about it, and even if we forget it exists.
Excitation of Plasmonic Waves in Graphene by Guided-Mode Resonances

We propose an active plasmonic device based on graphene. Highly confined plasmonic waves in monolayer graphene are efficiently excited using an etched diffractive grating on silicon. The guided-wave resonance of the combined structure creates a sharp notch on the normal-incidence transmission spectra, as the incident optical wave couples to the graphene plasmonic wave. This structure can be used as a highly tunable optical filter or a broad-band modulator because the resonant wavelength can be quickly tuned over a wide wavelength range by a small change in the Fermi energy level of the graphene. In this paper, we analyze the performance of this device with finite-difference time-domain simulations. We compare the proposed structure with recently demonstrated graphene nanoribbons based on bound plasmonic oscillations.
A Dynamic Macroeconomic Model of the Labor-Managed Economy

This paper presents a macroeconomic model of a labor-managed economy under decentralized employment setting. In the model, individual labor-managed firms maximize rents. As a result, the behavior of aggregate employment hinges on the relationship between the employment strategies of individual labor-managed firms and opportunities for reemployment in other labor-managed firms. We show that, within the framework developed here, the allocation of labor in a labor-managed economy is identical to that in a competitive capital-managed economy, and may be Pareto superior to that in a comparable imperfectly competitive capital-managed economy in which there is decentralized bargaining. These results are based on the unity of decision making and residual claimancy in the labor-managed firm but are fundamentally macroeconomic in nature. J. Comp. Econom., February 1994, 18(1), pp. 46-63. Hamilton College, Clinton, New York 13323.
Functional orientation of the acyltransferase domain in a module of the erythromycin polyketide synthase

Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs), such as the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS), catalyze the biosynthesis of structurally complex and medicinally important natural products. These large multienzymes are organized into a series of functional units known as modules. Each dimeric module contains two catalytically independent clusters of active sites homologous to those of vertebrate fatty acid synthases. Earlier studies have shown that modules consist of head-to-tail homodimers in which ketosynthase (KS) and acyl carrier protein (ACP) domains are contributed by opposite subunits to form a catalytic center. Here, we probe the functional topology of the acyltransferase (AT) domain which transfers the methylmalonyl moiety of methylmalonyl-CoA onto the phosphopantetheine arm of the ACP domain. Using a bimodular derivative of DEBS, the AT domain of module 2 (AT2) was inactivated by site-directed mutagenesis. Heterodimeric protein pairs were generated in vitro between the inactivated AT2 (AT2 degrees) polypeptide and an inactive KS1 (KS1 degrees) or KS2 (KS2 degrees) protein. Both of these hybrid proteins supported polyketide synthesis, suggesting that AT2 can perform its function from either subunit. The apparent catalytic rate constants for each of the two hybrid protein pairs, KS1 degrees/AT2 degrees and KS2 degrees/AT2 degrees, were identical, indicating that no significant kinetic preference exists for a particular AT2-ACP2 combination. These results suggest that the AT domain can be shared between the two clusters of active sites within the same dimeric module. Such a novel structural organization might provide a functional advantage for the efficient biosynthesis of polyketides.
Experimental determination of rare earth element partitioning between hydrous silicate melt, amphibole and garnet peridotite minerals at upper mantle pressures and temperatures

Abstract Partition coefficients of Ce, Sm and Tm involving garnet peridotite minerals, amphibole and hydrous silicate melt have been determined experimentally in the temperature and pressure ranges 950–1075°C and 10–25 kbar. Only several parts per million to several tens of parts per million of rare earth element (REE) can dissolve in the minerals before the crystal-liquid partition coefficients begin to vary as a function of REE content. The concentration ranges of constant partition coefficient increase with increasing temperature and are also positively correlated with the magnitude of the crystal-liquid partition coefficients. The upper concentration limits of constant partition coefficient and the value of the crystal-liquid partition coefficient for REE decrease in the order garnet > clinopyroxene > amphibole > orthopyroxene > olivine. Partition coefficients may vary by at least an order of magnitude as a function of bulk composition of the liquid phase (e.g. changing from basaltic to andesitic). The approximate ranges of the values of the partition coefficients as a function of bulk liquid composition are as follows: Ce Sm Tm K ga-liq 0.01–0.1 0.3–3.4 1–10 K cpx-liq 0.05–0.4 0.09–0.7 0.04–0.4 K amph-liq 0.04–0.4 0.08–0.8 0.07–0.7 K opx-liq 0.04–0.1 0.05–0.1 0.08–0.1 K ol-liq 0.01–0.02 0.01–0.02 0.01–0.02 where the values increase with increasing acidity of the melt.
Exotic LIBS-Femtosecond Domain

Femtosecond lasers with pulse lengths down to 5 fs are available for performing femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (FLIBS). The linear and nonlinear effects of these short pulses interacting with materials produce complicated ionization processes and plasmas. Experimental FLIBS has been carried out and the results will be presented on several materials.
Grafting Hole-Transport Precursor Polymer Brushes on ITO Electrodes: Surface-Initiated Polymerization and Conjugated Polymer Network Formation of PVK

We have utilized surface-initiated polymerization (SIP) to functionalize the conducting transparent electrode, indium tin oxide (ITO) with polyvinylcarbazole (PVK) brushes. Atomic force microscopy ...
Atomic Data and the Modeling of Supernova Light Curves

We report on preliminary efforts to apply non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) effects in the modeling of light curves for Type Ia supernovae. Significant differences are obtained for the opacity of iron at relevant conditions when account is taken of non-thermal electrons resulting from the down-scattering of gamma rays that arise from the radioactive decay of nickel and cobalt. These results provide evidence that a more precise, detailed investigation is warranted.
Hydrology of a Tropical Estuarine System: Itamaracá, Brazil

Abstract The Itamaraca estuarine system, located in northeastern Brazil is formed by an elongated U-shaped channel, Canal de Santa Cruz, which connects to the South Atlantic Ocean at the two ends and receives runoff from six small rivers. The estuary is surrounded by mangrove wetlands, while its off-shore area is shielded by extensive shore-parallel sandstone reefs and sand banks, which reduce the water exchange. Tides at both entrances are semidiurnal, in phase, and have mean and spring ranges of 1·8 m and 2·2 m, respectively. Typically, flood tides last 6·9 h while ebb tides extend for 5·5 h. Tidal currents lag water elevation by 86-94° and there is a phase lag of 15-20 min. in water elevation between the inner channel and the estuarine mouth. Monthly rainfall during peak rainy season (PRS) is 0·34 m per month and during peak dry season (PDS) only 0·06 m per month. Considering evaporation, evapotranspiration, runoff and river discharge, the fresh-water input into the estuary is 57·7 m3 s-1 during PRS, but only 0·2 m3 s-1 during PRS, a 300-fold difference. This difference in water supply governs, to a large extent, the hydrodynamics of the system. During PDS, the channel is well mixed, and slightly hypersaline. Mean salinity ranges from 31 to 36%, reaching 38·6% near the bottom. This condition results from a combination of low river discharge, high evapotranspiration, east-southeast winds and from the presence of saline water masses at the estuarine entrances. Large concentrations of TSS inside the channel during PDS suggest that these water masses act as a dynamic harrier, inhibiting flushing. During PRS, this situation no longer exists, and exchange of material between the estuary and off-shore waters occurs more readily. The system is partially mixed, gravitational circulation prevails, and mean salinity ranges from 20 to 32%.
Aflatoxin Detoxification in Humans Laboratory, Field and Clinical Perspectives

AbstractStudies to identify human aflatoxin metabolites provide essential information for understanding the clinical manifestations of these toxicants. Although there have been very few of these studies a total of 10 aflatoxins have been isolated from human tissues; 4 mold products and 6 human metabolites including an aflatoxin B1-guanine adduct. These metabolites appear in urine, blood and tissues in the pg to ng/ml range. The metabolites have occured at a high frequency in some study populations. Questions remain regarding the metabolism and bio-reactivity of these metabolites. For example, aflatoxin Q1 might represent a detoxification pathway yet there is uncertainty concerning its toxicity. It is produced by liver metabolism in vitro but has not been found in human urine. There is evidence that it forms a glucuronide, hence, it should be sought in this form. The mutagenicity of aflatoxicol, a toxic metabolite produced by reduction of aflatoxin B1, varies depending upon stereochemical form. Glutathione...
Unit testing for concurrent business code

Performing unit testing on concurrent programs is a known challenge. Several solutions have been proposed for the challenges, that provide only a partial answer. We argue that there are two kinds of concurrent code writing, namely concurrency protocols and concurrent "business code", and that they are different not only in the coding itself, but also in the way unit testing should be done for them. We show that the current solutions to concurrent unit testing only give a satisfactory answer to concurrency protocols, but not to concurrent business code. We have designed and implemented a unit testing framework suitable for concurrent business code, as part of the IBM Multicore Software Development Kit. This paper presents the distinction between the types of concurrent programming, and describes the new framework.
Generation of hydrogen from NADPH using an [FeFe] hydrogenase

Abstract Biological technologies for the renewable conversion of biomass to hydrogen, an important chemical feedstock and potential fuel, could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by displacing the current source of virtually all hydrogen: fossil fuels. However, current fermentative methodologies suffer from low productivities and conversion yields. Previous work has shown that purified enzymes from the pentose phosphate pathway can be used to efficiently transfer the reducing equivalents in glucose to NADPH; this approach used a [NiFe] hydrogenase to directly produce hydrogen from NADPH. However, [FeFe] hydrogenases offer much higher hydrogen production activities. We demonstrate a new enzymatic method for the conversion of NADPH reducing equivalents to hydrogen by first using ferredoxin-NADPH-reductase to transfer electrons from NADPH to ferredoxin. The reduced ferredoxin then delivers the electrons to a [FeFe] hydrogenase for hydrogen production. This alternative in vitro pathway enables utilization of the fastest known hydrogenases, [FeFe] hydrogeneases, and activates electron delivery by the native electron donor for these hydrogenases, ferredoxin. We report proof-of-principle data for this synthetic enzyme pathway, showing high volumetric production rates and hydrogenase turnover numbers relative to previous results utilizing [NiFe] hydrogenases.
Arithmetic properties of the partition function

Let p(n) denote the number of partitions of the positive integer n; p(n) is the number of representations of n as a non-increasing sequence of positive integers (by convention, we agree that p(0) = 1 and that p(n) = 0 if n < 0). The study of the arithmetic properties of p(n) has a long and rich history; see, for example, the works of Andrews, Atkin, Dyson, Garvan, Kim, Stanton, and Swinnerton-Dyer [An,An-G,At1,At-SwD,D,G-K-S]. These works have their origins in the groundbreaking observations of Ramanujan [R1,R2,R3,R4]. In Ramanujan’s own words [R3],
Carcinogenesis tests of nitroso-N-methylpiperazine, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyldinitrosopiperazine, nitrosoisonipecotic acid and nitrosomethoxymethylamine in rats

Four nitrosamines; nitroso-N-methylpiperazine, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyldinitrosopiperazine, nitrosoisonipecotic acid and nitrosomethoxymethylamine, closely related in structure to potent carcinogens, were fed chronically to rats in drinking water for one year. No toxic effects leading to life shortening were observed. There was no significant incidence of any malignant tumor other than the endocrine tumors normally found in untreated animals of our colony. This indicated that the small changes in structure represented by these compounds were sufficient to reduce greatly, or eliminate, the carcinogenic action.
Molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies of binding and mobility of 7-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin and its 20(S)-4-aminobutyrate ester in DMPC membranes.

The enhanced permeability and retention of liposomes in solid tumors makes liposomal formulations attractive for the targeting of various antitumor agents. This study explores the binding, orientation, and dynamic properties of a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor, 7-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (DB-67), and its 20(S)-4-aminobutyrate ester prodrug (DB-67-AB) in DMPC liposomes by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and experimental studies. MD simulations of an all-atom and fully hydrated liquid-crystalline bilayer (2 × 36 DMPC lipids) containing single molecules of DB-67 and DB-67-AB were conducted for up to 50 ns. Membrane/water partition coefficients for DB-67 and DB-67-AB vs pH were determined by ultracentrifugation. Fluorescence spectra and/or steady-state anisotropies were measured in various solvents and in DMPC liposomes. Kinetics for the reversible DB-67 lactone ring-opening in the presence and absence of DMPC liposomes were determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. During th...
GA, ABA, phenol interaction in the control of growth: phenolic compounds as effective modulators of GA-ABA interaction in radish seedlings

Abscisic acid, a potent growth inhibitor inhibits hypocotyl growth ofRaphanus sativus seedlings. Phenolic compounds,viz., trans-cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, tannic acid and quercetin when applied with ABA, antagonize ABA action and restore normal seedling growth. Gibberellic acid promotes hypocotyl growth and on combined application with ABA, the ratio of their concentrations determines the course of the resultant growth. This interaction can be modulated by phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds in low concentrations when present together with GA and ABA, favour GA-induced growth by antagonizing the inhibitory influence of ABA. The inhibitory action of abscisic acid on a wide range of growth processes is so far known to be reversed only by growth promoting hormones,viz., IAA, GA and cytokinins. Antagonistic action of phenolic compounds towards ABA, and increasing the action of GA when present together with GA and ABA, establishes a dual role to this class of compounds; balancing the effect of both growth promoting and growth inhibiting hormones.
An affordable compact humanoid robot for autism spectrum disorder interventions in children

Autism Spectrum Disorder impacts an ever-increasing number of children. The disorder is marked by social functioning that is characterized by impairment in the use of nonverbal behaviors, failure to develop appropriate peer relationships and lack of social and emotional exchanges. Providing early intervention through the modality of play therapy has been effective in improving behavioral and social outcomes for children with autism. Interacting with humanoid robots that provide simple emotional response and interaction has been shown to improve the communication skills of autistic children. In particular, early intervention and continuous care provide significantly better outcomes. Currently, there are no robots capable of meeting these requirements that are both low-cost and available to families of autistic children for in-home use. This paper proposes the piloting the use of robotics as an improved diagnostic and early intervention tool for autistic children that is affordable, non-threatening, durable, and capable of interacting with an autistic child. This robot has the ability to track the child with its 3 degree of freedom (DOF) eyes and 3-DOF head, open and close its 1-DOF beak and 1-DOF each eyelids, raise its 1-DOF each wings, play sound, and record sound. These attributes will give it the ability to be used for the diagnosis and treatment of autism. As part of this project, the robot and the electronic and control software have been developed, and integrating semi-autonomous interaction, teleoperation from a remote healthcare provider and initiating trials with children in a local clinic are in progress.
Stress-induced phase transitions in elastic solids

This paper describes a continuum model, developed recently by R. Abeyaratne and the author, for the response of elastic solids capable of undergoing stress-induced phase transitions. Models of the kind sketched here and their generalizations are intended to apply to both quasi-static and dynamic experiments for shape memory alloys and to impact-induced phase changes in ceramics. The present discussion is confined to a purely mechanical theory, omitting thermal effects, so that the natural setting is the nonlinear theory of elasticity. The presentation below is limited to one space dimension.
Gamma heating measurements with proportional counters

Abstract A new data acquisition technique (the continuously-varied bias-voltage acquisition mode) has been developed and tested for the low-flux broad-energy regime characteristic of existing fusion blanket mockups. This method of analysis allows for the acquisition of data spanning several orders of magnitude in energy with a single proportional counter. Utilizing this method, the gamma energy deposition in a mixed neutron and gamma field was measured.
Use of Optical Axis of Vitrinite as an Indicator of Paleo- and In-Situ Stresses in Coal and Coal-Bearing Strata: ABSTRACT

Increasing level of coalification causes realignment of the optical axis of vitrinite in a direction coinciding with the direction of the maximum compressive stress, either vertical load stress or the resultant of vertical load stress and lateral tectonic stress. Measurable tilting of the optical axis occurs in horizontal coal bed in Beckley, West Virginia, region coinciding with the reported occurrence of strong in-situ lateral stress in the area. The average angle of tilting is 14° in the deeper buried Beckley Seam, and 7° in the shallow Sewell Seam. The former has severe ground-control problems. The basic assumption invoked is that coal, being organic in nature, is readily deformed under relatively lower temperature and pressure conditions than the inorganic ost rocks. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1176------------
Transient multiscale thermoelastic analysis of functionally graded materials

This study is concerned with the transient multiscale analysis of two-phase functionally graded materials within the framework of linearized thermoelasticity. The two-phase material microstructures, which are created using a morphology description function, have material morphologies that depend on the volume fractions of the constituent phases. The functionally graded materials considered here have a smooth spatial variation of microstructure and homogenized material properties. The multiscale problem, which involves both macroscopic and microscopic length scales, is analyzed using asymptotic expansion homogenization coupled with the finite element method. The accuracy of the implemented multiscale analysis is verified by comparing the results against two validation problems. Subsequently, two model problems are studied to illustrate the versatility of the multiscale analysis procedure. In the first model problem, a functionally graded tungsten/copper specimen with spatially varying microstructural morphology and time-varying applied heat flux on its boundary is investigated. The second model problem concerns a functionally graded titanium/zirconia turbine blade geometry with random microstructure. For each of the model problems, the microscale stresses are utilized to perform a direct micromechanical failure analysis.
Role of nitroreductases but not cytochromes P450 in the metabolic activation of 1-nitropyrene in the HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cell line.

Abstract 1-Nitropyrene is an environmental contaminant that is mutagenic in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, including the hypoxanthine-guanosine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Metabolism and DNA adduct formation of [ 3 H]1-nitropyrene in the HepG2 were quantified to understand the role of nitroreduction and/or cytochrome P450-mediated C-oxidation of 1-nitropyrene in DNA adduct formation and mutagenicity. In uninduced HepG2 cells, 10 μM [ 3 H]1-nitropyrene was metabolized principally by nitroreduction to 1-aminopyrene (516 pmol/24 hr/10 6 cells), and by cytochrome P450-mediated C-oxidation to K-region trans -dihydrodiols (37 pmol/24 hr/10 6 cells), 1-nitropyren-3-ol (51 pmol/24 hr/10 6 cells), and l-nitropyren-6-ol and 1-nitropyren-8-ol (77 pmol/24 hr/10 6 cells). Pretreatment of the HepG2 cells for 24 hr with 5 nM 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) resulted in a complete change in the metabolism of [ 3 H]1-nitropyrene, with 1-nitropyren-6-ol and l-nitropyren-8-ol formation (449 pmol/24 hr/10 6 cells) being 80-fold greater than 1-aminopyrene formation (6 pmol/24 hr/10 6 cells). This increase in C-oxidation of 1-nitropyrene was consistent with increased levels of cytochrome P450 1A. The only DNA adduct detected using the 32 P-postlabeling assay in the HepG2 cells administered 1-nitropyrene was N-(2′-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-1-aminopyrene (dG-C8-AP). Induction of C-oxidative metabolism through TCDD treatment resulted in a concomitant decrease in dG-C8-AP formation. DNA adducts for oxidized 1-nitropyrene metabolites were not detected in the TCDD-treated HepG2 cells administered 1-nitropyrene, which indicates that cytochrome P450-mediated C-oxidative pathways are detoxification pathways in HepG2 cells.
Correlation of POP-Q posterior compartment measures with defecatory dysfunction

Introduction and hypothesis The relationships of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) items pb and Bp with defecatory dysfunction were evaluated with the hypothesis that increased values for both items would correlate with symptoms of stool trapping.
Circumscriptive semantics for updating knowledge bases

Circumscription has been proposed by researchers in artificial intelligence as a means of formalizing common-sense conclusions about the state of the world, by assuming that unlikely or abnormal states do not occur unless there is evidence to the contrary. Circumscription produces this effect by placing a partial order on the models of a theory, and accepting as true those statements that are true in all models of the theory that are minimal with respect to the partial order. This allows one to conclude, for example, that a car will start when the key is turned in its ignition, and that the neighbors' unseen dog has four legs and a tail. Here we describe a different use for circumscription, that of specification of semantics for updating knowledge bases expressed in first-order logic.
Does Africa need a Marshall plan

The article evaluates the case for a Marshall Plan for Africa as a solution to the continent's development dilemma. It argues ‘that rather than a lack of capital, inappropriate economic policies and corrupt governance that have made the continent capital‐hostile, are the fundamental causes of Africa's underdevelopment. These factors have induced domestic capital flight, prevented the inflow of private investment and greatly limited the productivity of aid. The article suggests that democratic politics are more likely to encourage policy and institutional reforms in Africa, noting that the problem of being considered a ‘bad neighbourhood’ is a serious constraint on the growth of Africa's few thriving economies. It suggests that the developmental challenge in Africa is predominantly political, and concludes that a massive infusion of external capital will only be effective in combination with domestic policy reform and institutional strengthening.
Breaking and Entering the Establishment: Committing Social Change and Confronting the Backlash

The occasion of my Presidential address brings to mind one of the first rules of dating, that “you go home with the guy who brought you.” My first professional presentation was at SSSP thirty years ago and your honoring me with the organization's presidency has capped a most rewarding, if highly irregular, career. It was in such a nostalgic mood that I confronted, over a year ago, the task of choosing a theme for this meeting, and my first thought was that the combination of the approaching millennial moment and my own imminent retirement afforded an opportunity to look back and see how far we—progressive sociologists, all—have come from the founding of SSSP almost a half century ago. As Hegel once observed: “The owl of Minerva spreads her wings at dusk.” So with your indulgence, I will mix both personal and professional reflections in this essay.
Group therapists' countertransference reactions to multiple deaths from aids

Group therapists for those with HIV Related Diseases are becoming the “professional” survivors of this world-wide epidemic. From their experiences we may learn a great deal more about the effects of multiple deaths on mental health care professionals. As therapists they are constantly eliciting and listening to the fears, hopes, agonies and terrors of those with this disease. They become the bereaved. Witnesses to the deaths of many of their group members, they struggle with a wide range of emotional responses while at the same time assisting surviving group members in their struggle to live with these deaths. Mourning reactions and countertransference phenomena are in abundance as these therapists grapple with these group processes. This article identifies and examines these therapists' responses by focusing on clinical illustrations drawn from their bi-weekly supervision sessions.