cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improvement of dynamic postural stability by an exercise program

Abstract Background Central processing of multi-sensory feedback and motor commands responsible for force production are critical for postural control. An exercise program was developed to realign spinal curvature, but its effect on postural control is unknown. Research Question To what extent would the exercise program influence on center of pressure (CoP) sway on stable and unstable surfaces? Methods Subjects (n = 30) were randomly assigned into one of three groups: exercise on a cylinder-shaped tube (98-cm length, 15-cm diameter, n = 10), exercise on a flat surface (n = 10), and a control group that laid supine on a flat surface (n = 10). Standing posture of each subject was quantified using anterior-, posterior-, and lateral-view photography. Each subject’s CoP sway was measured while standing on a static and dynamic platform with eyes open and eyes closed. Subjects were instructed to stand still when the platform was held stationary (e.g., no tilt) during the static condition. During the dynamic condition the platform was allowed to tilt in response to changes of CoP and subjects were instructed to maintain the platform in a horizontal position. Results Only when subjects performed the exercise program on the tube, the angles of neck flexion and pelvis tilt decreased, and CoP sway in the sagittal, but not frontal plane, decreased during the dynamic platform conditions with both eyes open and eyes closed (p Significance It is speculated that performing the exercise program on the tube might enhance a) central processing of somatosensory and vestibular inputs, b) motor commands responsible for force production in postural control, and c) biomechanical advantage by the realigned posture. The exercise program can be used by a variety of populations as home-exercise to realign the neck and pelvic posture and improve dynamic postural stability.
Artificial Intelligence-Augmented Electrocardiogram Detection of Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in the General Population.

Abstract Objective To validate an artificial intelligence–augmented electrocardiogram (AI-ECG) algorithm for the detection of preclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) in a large community-based cohort. Methods We identified a randomly selected community-based cohort of 2041 subjects age 45 years or older in Olmsted County, Minnesota. All participants underwent a study echocardiogram and ECG. We first assessed the performance of the AI-ECG to identify LVSD (ejection fraction ≤40%). After excluding participants with clinical heart failure, we further assessed the AI-ECG to detect preclinical LVSD among all patients (n=1996) and in a high-risk subgroup (n=1348). Next we modelled an imputed screening program for preclinical LVSD detection where a positive AI-ECG triggered an echocardiogram. Finally, we assessed the ability of the AI-ECG to predict future LVSD. Participants were enrolled between January 1, 1997, and September 30, 2000; and LVSD surveillance was performed for 10 years after enrollment. Results For detection of LVSD in the total population (prevalence, 2.0%), the area under the receiver operating curve for AI-ECG was 0.97 (sensitivity, 90%; specificity, 92%); in the high-risk subgroup (prevalence 2.7%), the area under the curve was 0.97 (sensitivity, 92%; specificity, 93%). In an imputed screening program, identification of one preclinical LSVD case would require 88.3 AI-ECGs and 8.7 echocardiograms in the total population and 65.7 AI-ECGs and 5.5 echocardiograms in the high-risk subgroup. The unadjusted hazard ratio for a positive AI-ECG for incident LVSD over 10 years was 2.31 (95% CI, 1.32 to 4.05; P=.004). Conclusion Artificial intelligence–augmented ECG can identify preclinical LVSD in the community and warrants further study as a screening tool for preclinical LVSD.
Metaphor Research and the Hebrew Bible

This article provides an overview of metaphor theories and research on their own terms, as well as their use in Hebrew Bible (HB) studies. Though metaphor studies in the HB have become increasingly...
Summary Review of Data Sources for School to Work Transitions by Youth with Disabilities - Policy Brief

This brief summarizes our findings from a review of potential data sources to examine school-to-work transitions by youth with disabilities (Wittenburg and Stapleton, 2000). Our objective was to identify data sources for future school-to-work analyses that contain longitudinal information on youth with disabilities. We conclude that the following data sources are most promising based on our selection criteria: Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP); National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health); Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) 911 Database and RSA's Longitudinal Study of Vocational Rehabilitation (VR); state administrative data (multiple states); National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88); National Longitudinal Transition Study of Special Education Students (NLTS); National Longitudinal Transition Study of Special Education Students-2 (NLTS-2); and National Longitudinal Survey of Youth: 1997 (NLSY:97).
Recent Contributions to the Theory of Innate Ideas

I think that it will be useful to separate two issues in the discussion of our present topic — one is the issue of historical interpretation, namely, what in fact was the content of the classical doctrine of innate ideas, let us say, in Descartes and Leibniz; the second is the substantive issue, namely, in the light of the information presently available, what can we say about the prerequisites for the acquisition of knowledge — what can we postulate regarding the psychologically a priori principles that determine the character of learning and the nature of what is acquired.
Effects of marker information on sib‐pair linkage analysis of a rare disease

Model-free sib-pair linkage analysis was used to screen the GAW9-Problem 1 data set for evidence of linkage of a rare disease to any of 360 highly polymorphic marker loci. Negative regressions nominally significant at the alpha = 0.05 level were obtained for 44 markers; however all of these proved to be Type I errors. None of the four disease loci were detected by sib-pair linkage, which was not surprising, given the particular model and sampling scheme used to generate these data. Neither deleting parental marker genotypic information nor misspecifying marker allele frequency estimates substantially increased the Type I error rate. A two-stage testing procedure using a 10 or 20 cM map and a liberal first stage significance level gave the same overall results as a one-stage 2 cM map but required only about 42% or 22% as many markers, respectively.
Emerging Web Technologies

The Internet has radically transformed the way millions of people work and play, as well as all types of industries across the board. Keywords: evolution of web technologies; WEB 1.0 technologies; WEB 2.0 technologies; user-generated content; crowdsourcing; participation and openness; network effects; technology; web-based services resulting from WEB 2.0; blogs; WIKIS; multimedia-sharing services; content syndication; podcasting; content tagging; beyond WEB 2.0 technologies and the future; semantic WIKIS; semantic blogging; semantic desktop
Powers, Necessity, and Determinism

Stephen Mumford and Rani Lill Anjum have argued that a theory of free will that appeals to a powers-based ontology is incompatible with causal determinism. This is a surprising conclusion since much recent work on the intersection of the metaphysics of powers and free will has consisted of attempts to defend compatibilism by appealing to a powers-based ontology. In response I show that their argument turns on an equivocation of ‘all events are necessitated’.
Data Mining Techniques in Fraud Detection

The paper presents application of data mining techniques to fraud analysis. We present some classification and prediction data mining techniques which we consider important to handle fraud detection. There exist a number of data mining algorithms and we present statistics-based algorithm, decision tree-based algorithm and rule-based algorithm. We present Bayesian classification model to detect fraud in automobile insurance. Naive Bayesian visualization is selected to analyze and interpret the classifier predictions. We illustrate how ROC curves can be deployed for model assessment in order to provide a more intuitive analysis of the models.
Contemporary Incidence and Mortality Rates of Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer.

AIM The purpose of the study was to provide an update ever the incidence and mortality for neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) in the United States. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using a large national database, we examined changes in age-adjusted incidence (AAIR), mortality rates (MR) and 5-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) for 378 patients diagnosed with NEPC between 1992 and 2011. Analysis was performed for all NEPC and for its two major sub-groups [small cell carcinoma (SCC) and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC)]. RESULTS AAIR of NEPC continues to rise in recent years (2004-2011:+6.8%/year, p>0.05). AAIR of SCC has been increasing significantly by 6.94%/year since 2001 (from 0.470 to 0.582/1,000,000 person years, p<0.05). Overall incidence-based mortality rates for NEPC did not change significantly since 1992 and similar trends were observed for SCC and NEC. CONCLUSION The AAIR of SCC is increasing with no change in the MR of NEPC over the past 20 years.
Finite element analysis of a flat plate solar collector

Abstract An analysis based upon the two-dimensional finite element method is carried out to characterize the performance of solar collectors. The traditional one-dimensional models assume average temperature of the plate and the predictions from the one-dimensional models for collector efficiency yield higher values. The two-dimensional model yields predictions of the instantaneous collector performance without making assumptions of the average plate temperature. The two-dimensional model may be used to optimize the design of solar collectors.
Natural Language Processing with Dynamic Classification Improves P300 Speller Accuracy and Bit Rate

The P300 speller is an example of a brain-computer interface that can restore functionality to victims of neuromuscular disorders. Although the most common application of this system has been communicating language, the properties and constraints of the linguistic domain have not to date been exploited when decoding brain signals that pertain to language. We hypothesized that combining the standard stepwise linear discriminant analysis with a Naive Bayes classifier and a trigram language model would increase the speed and accuracy of typing with the P300 speller. With integration of natural language processing, we observed significant improvements in accuracy and 40%–60% increases in bit rate for all six subjects in a pilot study. This study suggests that integrating information about the linguistic domain can significantly improve signal classification.
Substitution reactions of a water-soluble metalloporphyrin with azide and 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-2-thiourea.

Abstract The substitution reactions of tetrakis-(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphinecobalt (III) (Co III TMpyP) with azide and with 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-2-thiourea (TMTU) have been studied as a function of pH at 25° and an ionic strength of 0.5 M. The mechanistic pathway proposed for thiocyanate [1] and pyridine [2] is applicable to these ligands as well once allowance is made for two attacking forms of azide, N 3 — and HN 3 . A TMTU axial substituent has about the same influence on the rate of further ligand substitution as does SCN — and a much larger influence than does azide. Similar behavior between bound SCN — and bound TMTU is also shown in electron-transfer reactions with Ru(NH 3 ) 6 2+ - Whereas both sulfur-containing ligands enhance the rate relative to the diaquo complex, the azide complex undergoes reduction an order of magnitude more slowly than does the diaquo complex.
Preprocessing document images by resampling is error prone and unnecessary

Integrity tests are proposed for image processing algorithms that should yield essentially the same output under 90 degree rotations, edge-padding and monotonic gray-scale transformations of scanned documents. The tests are demonstrated on built-in functions of the Matlab Image Processing Toolbox. Only the routine that reports the area of the convex hull of foreground components fails the rotation test. Ensuring error-free preprocessing operations like size and skew normalization that are based on resampling an image requires more radical treatment. Even if faultlessly implemented, resampling is generally irreversible and may introduce artifacts. Fortunately, advances in storage and processor technology have all but eliminated any advantage of preprocessing or compressing document images by resampling them. Using floating point coordinate transformations instead of resampling images yields accurate run-length, moment, slope, and other geometric features.
Reproductive systems and the mechanics of copulation in Plecia nearctica Hardy (Diptera: Bibionidae)

Abstract In Plecia nearctica Hardy, sperm transfer is accomplished by means of spermatophore complex unique to the Bibionidae. Males possess well-developed accessory glands that establish and provision large bilobed spermatophores. The recipient female system is composed of a “pelvis-like” structure that envelops sinuous accessory glands, a bulbous bursa, and paired spermathecae attached to elongate ducts branching from the copulatory canal. After completion of two preliminary phases of copulation, coupling and clasping in three interlocking layers, semen is exchanged by extrusion of a filament from the distal spermatophore to the proximal bursa. Branches of the spermatophore filament also extend into the spermathecal ducts; however, the spermatophore proper remains in the male, and is expelled within seconds after disengagement.
Traumatic osmium tetroxide inoculation

Abstract Osmium tetroxide is a highly oxidizing, corrosive compound commonly found in electron microscopy laboratories. Although osmium tetroxide is known to cause rapid damage to organic tissue, its cutaneous effects have not been well studied. We report a case of traumatic inoculation from a broken vial of 4% osmium tetroxide. Electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of osmium in the tissue specimen. The lesion was treated by simple excision. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:949-52.)
Layer iteration calculation of low-energy electron-diffraction by Beeby's multiple scattering method

Abstract The interlayer structural propagator in Beeby's multiple scattering method is transformed into a reciprocal space representation. Interlayer multiple scattering events can then be summed to convergence in a layer iteration scheme. LEED spectra calculations for general angles of Ni (001) using 8 phase shifts and up to 49 Bloch waves are reported. A 3–5 eV shift in peak positions is found between calculations using 5 and 8 phase shifts, resolving a recent controversy over different inner potential values used for Ni (001).
Plant PtdIns 3-kinase goes nuclear.

Phosphoinositides are dynamic and vital members of the cell’s repertoire of signaling molecules. They are involved in regulating diverse processes, such as cytoskeletal organization, membrane trafficking, and ion transport (for review see [Drobak, 1992][1]; [Munnik et al., 1998][2]; [Stevenson et
An equilibrium analysis of optimal audit contracts

. The nature of optimal equilibrium contracts for auditors hired by firms to certify the validity of firms' financial reports is studied in this paper. Financial reports may affect the interest rates at which firms can borrow funds; hence, without auditing, firms might be inclined to present favorable, if not altogether accurate, financial information. We observe that an optimal audit contract that allows auditors' contracts to be contingent on the audit report can take different forms depending on the parameter values; only in rare cases is an optimal contract independent of the audit report. Specifically, in some cases, an optimal contract is characterized by a payment for a favorable report that is larger than the payment for an unfavorable report. In other cases, the conclusion is reversed. We note, in contrast to the spirit of agency models, that an audit contract need not function in equilibrium as a motivational device inducing the auditor to work; in some cases, it serves as a means to transfer signaling costs from low-risk firms to high-risk firms. We also provide a rationale for mandating noncontingent audit contracts. In some circumstances equilibria in which auditing is informative cannot exist when contingent contracting is allowed; once contracts are required to be noncontingent, however, there exist equilibria in which auditing is informative. Resume. Les auteurs etudient la nature des contrats d'equilibre optimaux relatifs aux services de verificateurs visant l'attestation de la validite des etats financiers des entreprises. Les rapports financiers peuvent influer sur les taux d'interet auxquels les entreprises peuvent emprunter; sans la verification, les entreprises pourraient donc avoir tendance a presenter de l'information qui leur est favorable, faute d'etre absolument exacte. Les auteurs remarquent qu'un contrat de verification optimal conditionnel au contenu du rapport du verificateur peut revetir diverses formes, selon la valeur des parametres; ce n'est qu'en de rares cas que le contrat optimal n'est pas conditionnel au rapport des verificateurs. De facon specifique, la retribution est parfois plus elevee pour un rapport favorable que pour un rapport defavorable. Dans d'autres cas, c'est le contraire qui se produit. Les auteurs notent que contrairement au principe des modeles mandant-mandataire, il n'est pas necessaire que le contrat de verification se trouve en situation d'equilibre pour servir a la motivation du verificateur; dans certains cas, il sert de mecanisme de transfert des couts « indicateurs » des entreprises presentant un faible risque aux entreprises ayant un risque eveve. Les auteurs exposent egalement les principes de l'adjudication de contrats de verification non conditionnels. Dans certains contextes, les equilibres pour lesquels la verification est informative ne peuvent exister si l'on permet que les contrats soient conditionnels; des qu'on exige que les contrats soient non conditionnels, cependant, on obtient des equilibres pour lesquels la verification est informative.
California Women and Their Dreams: A Historical and Sub-Cultural Comparison of Dream Content

This study investigates the influence of sub-cultural membership on women's dream content, and time trends in dreaming over the past forty years. Dream series anonymously collected from 100 women attending the University of California, Berkeley, were scored for characters, emotions, setting, aggression, friendliness and sexuality. Each subject voluntarily reported five consecutive dreams on standardized forms. A demographic questionnaire administered to subjects and non-subjects found no differences. Randomized dream reports were scored twice by two independent raters. The current sample reported more emotions, more aggression, and more victimization by females than the normative, 1950 sample. Asian-American content was compared with non-Asian-American content and the 1950 data. Asian-American women reported similar aggressive patterns to those of the 1950 sample, and more unfamiliar settings than non-Asian-Americans. An integrative explanation of the results is presented, and suggestions for future dream...
On the conformation of UDP-Glc, a sugar nucleotide

UDP-Glc [uridine 5′- (α-D-glucopyranosyl pyrophosphate)] is present in a folded conformation, at least in part, in a number of solvents and in vacuo based on differential reactivity studies of its hydroxy groups, NOE effects, and ab initio calculations.
A review of social and environmental barriers to physical activity for adults with intellectual disabilities.

Abstract Background There is a higher prevalence of sedentary behavior among adults with intellectual disability (ID) compared to the general population. The majority of research on this topic has focused on assessing physical activity (PA) levels and there are relatively few studies addressing barriers to PA (including exercise) in this population. Objective It is important to analyze the PA barriers faced by adults with ID in order to develop and implement intervention programs. Methods A systematic research review was conducted to analyze the barriers to PA for adults with ID. Original research articles published after 1980 with primary intention of identifying PA determinants of age 18+ adults with ID were included. Results In total, 837 citations were returned, and after screening for repeated articles and inclusion criteria, 7 were included in the analysis. The primary barriers that reoccurred throughout the papers were transportation issues, financial limitations and lack of awareness of options. Other salient barriers included negative supports from caregivers and authority figures (e.g. teachers, coaches and parents) and lack of clear policies for engaging in regular activity in residential and day service programs. Conclusion This study reveals clear barriers to PA to target. Of primary importance is the development of policies among agencies that serve individuals with ID that could help minimize transportation, financial, policy and educational barriers, which are more modifiable than negative supports.
Collagenolytic activity from isolated bone cells.

Abstract A true collagenase (EC 3.4.24.3) which had been discovered previously in bone culture fluids and extracts of whole bone has now been localized to the cellular component of bone. The cellular enzyme bears the same characteristics as that of bone collagenases described earlier. Moreover, it is directly extractable in relatively large quantities. Attempts to demonstrate the presence of a bone cell procollagenase were unsuccessful. It was also observed that the cells secrete significant amounts of collagenase in vitro. With increasing incubation time the extracellular collagenase levels rise and the intracellular collagenase levels drop.
The relationship of early life experiences to later life leisure involvement

Abstract Data from the 1982–1983 Nationwide Recreation Survey were used to determine whether late life differences in leisure behavior reflect a response to early life patterns or present‐day socioeconomic differences. Individuals aged 65 and over were categorized as either “expanders”; or “contractors”; based on their pattern of leisure involvement. Differences in lifelong learning of leisure activities between these two groups were examined. In addition, a discriminant analysis was done to determine whether present‐day differences on socio‐demographic variables were effective in differentiating between expanders and contractors. Results showed that expanders altered their leisure patterns by the addition of new activities throughout the life span whereas contractors learned most of their outdoor recreation activities before age 21. However, none of the socio‐demographic variables used in this study were effective in differentiating between the expanders and contractors.
Mechanosensitive Kinases Regulate Stiffness-Induced Cardiomyocyte Maturation

Cells secrete and assemble extracellular matrix throughout development, giving rise to time-dependent, tissue-specific stiffness. Mimicking myocardial matrix stiffening, i.e. ~10-fold increase over 1 week, with a hydrogel system enhances myofibrillar organization of embryonic cardiomyocytes compared to static hydrogels, and thus we sought to identify specific mechanosensitive proteins involved. Expression and/or phosphorylation state of 309 unique protein kinases were examined in embryonic cardiomyocytes plated on either dynamically stiffening or static mature myocardial stiffness hydrogels. Gene ontology analysis of these kinases identified cardiogenic pathways that exhibited time-dependent up-regulation on dynamic versus static matrices, including PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK, while GSK3β, a known antagonist of cardiomyocyte maturation, was down-regulated. Additionally, inhibiting GSK3β on static matrices improved spontaneous contraction and myofibril organization, while inhibiting agonist AKT on dynamic matrices reduced myofibril organization and spontaneous contraction, confirming its role in mechanically-driven maturation. Together, these data indicate that mechanically-driven maturation is at least partially achieved via active mechanosensing at focal adhesions, affecting expression and phosphorylation of a variety of protein kinases important to cardiomyogenesis.
Interactions between chondroitin sulfate C and poly-L-lysine: Preliminary report

Abstract Ionic interactions occur between chondroitin sulfate C and poly- L -lysine in dilute aqueous solution which force the polypeptide to adopt the α-helical conformation rather than the ‘charged coil’ form expected at neutral pH in the absence of the polysaccharide.
Cytogenetic profile of mouse skin tumors induced by the viral Harvey-ras gene

Several investigators have postulated that the activation of the Harvey-ras (rasH) gene is the initiating event in mouse skin carcinogenesis. In support of this speculation, Roop et al. (Nature, 323, 822-824, 1986) have shown that papillomas developed from skin grafts of cultured keratinocytes in which the v-rasH gene had been introduced by a defective retroviral vector. Using the same technique we have analyzed the cytogenetic profile of primary mouse epidermal cultures bearing the activated ras gene and of the tumors generated by skin grafts of the same cells. The epidermal cultures infected with the replication-defective virus which incorporated the v-rasH gene into a packaging-defective Moloney murine leukemia virus did not show any detectable karyotypic abnormalities. These cells presented a diploid/tetraploid configuration similar to uninfected controls. Furthermore, papillomas produced by skin grafts of these cells also showed euploid chromosomal profiles. On the other hand, two carcinomas that arose spontaneously from pre-existing papillomas showed 80% aneuploid cells and aneuploid stem lines. It appears, from these results, that the activated rasH gene is able to generate benign lesions without the involvement of further gross genomic alterations, but that such alterations may be associated with malignant conversion.
Pre-cuticulin fibril and ecdysial membrane secretion in cyclorrhapha (Diptera)

Abstract The nature, function, and occurrence of pre-cuticulin fibrils are discussed. They are shown for the general body surface and more specifically for the pulvillus, where the first-formed fibrils are consolidated into the membrane shown in interference micrographs. Similar fibrils are present in developing tracheae and tracheoles, and the folded developing air sac is embedded in a mass of such fibrils. Of perhaps the greatest interest is the occurrence of similar pre-cuticulin fibrils in imaginal discs throughout larval and pre-pupal life. Thus the cells secreting the fibrils behave as typical epidermal cells, except that they do not embark on the subsequent phases of cuticle secretion until the pupal cuticle is formed, when cuticulin is the first secretory product. The membrane formed of pre-cuticulin fibrils is considered to be quite different from the membrane within the puparium which is typical of the ecdysial membrane of other specific insects, being an inner layer of endocuticle, qualitatively and quantitatively different from the layer of endocuticle secreted earlier.
Remembering Hawaiian, Transforming Shame

In Hawaii, where a burgeoning movement for sovereignty and cultural revitalization occurred in the mid-1990s, the concept of “decolonization” emphasized remembering and recreating ways of knowing and being that derived from the traditionally Hawaiian. For the generation born during the years when Hawaii was a territory of the United States, whose parents and grandparents spoke Hawaiian but who were forced to speak English in school, relearning Hawaiian was an act that challenged the shame of being colonized.
Overview Of Hybrid Methods Which Combine The Moment Method And Asymptotic Techniques

In the past decade the analysis of electromagnetic scattering and antenna problems has been greatly advanced by two different theories, the method of moments (MM) and the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD). More recently, hybrid techniques have been developed which combine the moment with the GTD and also combine the moment method or the GTD with eigenfunction solutions. It is the intent of this paper to present an overview of methods which formally combine the moment method with either eigenfunction or asymptotic techniques (i.e. GTD or optically derived currents). Each method is briefly explained and the advantages and limitations of each are given.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Axial Impact Biomechanics of the Human Foot-Ankle Complex

Recent epidemiological, clinical, and biomechanical studies have implicated axial impact to the plantar surface of the foot to be a cause of lower extremity trauma in vehicular crashes. The present study was conducted to evaluate the biomechanics of the human foot-ankle complex under axial impact. Nine tests were conducted on human cadaver below knee-foot-ankle complexes. All specimens were oriented in a consistent anatomical position on a mini-sled and the impact load was delivered using a pendulum. Specimens underwent radiography and gross dissection following the test. The pathology included intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus and/or the distal tibia complex with extensions into the anatomic joints. Impactor load cell forces consistently exceeded the tibial loads for all tests. The mean dynamic forces at the plantar surface of the foot were 7.7 kN (SD = 4.3) and 15.1 kN (SD = 2.7) for the nonfracture and fracture tests, respectively. In contrast, the mean dynamic forces at the proximal tibial end of the preparation were 5.2 kN (SD = 3.1) in the nonfracture group, and 10.2 kN (SD = 1.5) in the fracture group. The foot and tibial end forces were statistically significantly different between these two groups (p < 0.01). The present investigation provides fundamental data to the understanding of the biomechanics of human foot-ankle trauma. Quantifying the effects of other factors such as gender and bone quality on the injury thresholds is necessary to understand foot-ankle tolerance fully.
The distribution of Rhododendrin in birch (Betula) species

Abstract Rhododendrin (as rhododendrol) was identified in hydrolyzed bark of 14 species of birch. Betula , representing all taxonomic categories in the genus. Only B. lenta and B. nigra of Subsection Costatae lacked this compound.
NMR T1 measurements in inhomogeneous B1 with surface coils

Abstract Spin-lattice relaxation measurements with surface coils used in the single coil mode on stationary samples will produce accurate T 1 values if a three-parameter exponential fit is employed. A further sufficient requirement is that the T 1 measurement method (pulse sequence) conform to the following three criteria at all points in the sensitive volume of the surface coil. (i) The Z magnetization is consistently prepared to a nonequilibrium value at time zero. This initial condition must be the same at the start of every evolution period. (ii) After preparation, the magnetization is allowed to return toward thermal equilibrium during variable evolution periods τ. (iii) A constant fraction of the Z magnetization must then be sampled (observed) at the end of the evolution period. The inversion recovery, modified fast inversion recovery, and pulse-burst saturation recovery methods meet criteria (i)-(iii) and produce accurate T 1 values with a surface coil. A brief survey of surface coil T 1 measurements suggests that the greatest dynamic range is provided by using the inversion recovery or modified fast inversion recovery method, the pulse-burst saturation recovery method provides accurate T 1 measurements in a minimum amount of time, and the use of composite pulses does not significantly improve the accuracy of the measurement.
Age of Entry, Preschool Experience, and Sex as Antecedents of Academic Readiness in Kindergarten

Abstract Readiness, or preparing young children for the formal curriculum, is garnering much attention and controversy in the field of early childhood education. Many factors have been examined in efforts to determine what affects academic readiness. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of children's age of entry, number of years of preschool, and sex on academic readiness at the end of kindergarten. A total of 4, 539 children participated in the study. Of these, 104 children started public school at age 3 (K3), 1, 234 started school at age 4 (K4), and 3, 201 started at age 5 (K5). At-risk status was determined using the Cooperative Preschool Inventory (Caldwell, 1974), and first-grade readiness was determined using the Metropolitan Readiness Test (MRT; Nurss & McGauvran, 1974). Controlling for risk status, regression analysis revealed that age of entry and number of years of preschool accounted for a significant amount of the variance, while sex did not. Analyses of covariance indicated that children who entered the public school preschool program at K3 or K4 scored significantly higher on the MRT than children who entered at K5. The findings also indicated that if children were the youngest in their class they did not score as high as their older counterparts in the K4 and K5 cohorts. However, no difference was found on achievement scores between the oldest and the youngest for the K3 cohort.
Spontaneous shape discrimination by frogs during unconditioned escape behavior

Frogs were induced by visual threat to jump towards apertures in order to escape from a dark enclosure. These Ss consistently preferred to escape toward horizontal rather than toward vertical holes.
Infrared waveguide sensor with functionalized monolayer for detection of airborne pollutants

We report the development of a tubular infrared waveguide sensor incorporating a functionalized self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on its metallized interior surface. The SAM used in this application was 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) assembled from a 5-mM solution in ethanol onto the inner surfaces of silvered PyrexR glass tubing (4-mm inside diameter by 21-cm length). The sensor was adapted with minor modifications to fit standard fiber-launching and detection optics, which incorporate a remote cryogenic detector and mate to a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer. The f1.5 optics allow a sufficient number of multiple reflections inside the sensor to achieve spectroscopic sensitivity to the SAM within a 15 minute measurement time at 2 cm-1 resolution. The overall optical configuration is similar to that of the waveguides used for gas chromatography (GC)-FTIR spectroscopy, except that the inner surface of the sensor, rather than the gas contained in the GC-FTIR waveguide, is sampled. After the FTIR spectrum of a freshly prepared sensor is recorded, the inner surface (functionalized with carboxylic acid) is exposed to an ambient or flowing atmosphere. The terminal acid groups exposed at the surface of the MUA SAM react with basic pollutants, such as amines, which can be indoor air pollutants. The spectrum of the exposed sensor is then recorded and ratioed to the original sensor spectrum to produce an absorbance spectrum characteristic of the reacted, surface-bound pollutant. Our sensor exhibited sensitivity to 15 ppm of octylamine in an ambient atmosphere after 2 hours of exposure at 36 degrees Celsius.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Auschwitz: museum interpretation and darker tourism.

In an era in which publics have become more demanding of their museological experiences, visual “interpretation” has emerged as a new framework for both museum curators and their scholarly critics (Noussia 1998). This trend towards a more relevant and interactive museum pedagogy has become so transformative that some have posited the “post-museum” as a successor form to the 19th century institution (Hooper-Greenhill 2000). This emphasis on museum interpretation is particularly sensitive when applied to “dark tourism.” The latter entails recreational visitation to sites “associated… with death, disaster, and depravity”, such as the US Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington DC (Lennon and Foley 1999). However, there is a difference between sites associated with death, disaster, and depravity and sites of death, disaster, and depravity. If visitation to the former is rightfully characterized as “dark tourism,” then journey/excursion/pilgrimage to the latter constitutes a further degree of empathetic travel: “darker tourism.” Based on visits to the Washington museum and the (open-air) museum at the former concentration camp site of Auschwitz-Birkenau, this research note intends to underscore the significance of the distinction between “dark” and “darker” tourism (Miles 2000, 2001). Particularly with respect to authenticity, but also in terms of site interpretation, it is a distinction that needs to be recognized and internalized by those charged with commemorating the Shoah. Key to this interpretive function are the differing motivations for Holocaust memorial construction and visitation. Such a paradigm, sensitive to dimensions of authenticity and experience, may also help in assessing the varied reactions by those drawn to such sites. “Darker tourism” is conceptually and linguistically preferable to Young’s (1994) unintentionally reifying polarity between “memorials removed from the sites of destruction” and “sites of destruction” per se. By virtue of their opposite positions in the panoply of
Effects of Hydration during Strontium Exchange into Nanoporous Hydrogen Niobium Titanium Silicate

A Nb-substituted titanium silicate with the sitinakite (NbTS) topology was exchanged with Sr2+ to determine the mechanisms and pathways of ion diffusion through this mixed polyhedral nanoporous framework. The refined structural models yield unit cell parameters and atomic positions of Sr2+ and suggest that there was a two-step process during cation diffusion. The starting material of the exchange experiment was the H+-exchanged material, H1.4Nb0.6Ti1.4SiO7·1.9H2O, with space group P42/mcm. In the beginning of the exchange process, Sr filled the 8-membered-ring channel near the 42 axis in the center. Once the Sr2+ fractional occupancy reached approximate 0.11, Sr positions and extra-framework H2O molecules shifted away from the central 8-membered-ring toward the framework, and an increase in Sr hydration and framework bonding was observed. The new H2O positions resulted in a lowering of symmetry to the P42m space group, and it is thought that the Sr migration served to enhance Sr2+ ion diffusion capacity ...
Samples from Fifty Years of Career Decisions

Lawrence Bogorad, Maria Moors Cabot Professor of Biology Emeritus, Chair at Harvard University, and Member of The National Academy of Sciences I think of major career decisions in two classes: the first is choosing research problems and the second is electing sites of employment. I have had only
A Study of the Physical Structure of Algorithms

A theory of the structural composition of an algoithm is presented which allows the frequencies of occurrence of the individual operators and operands to be estimated. It provides justification for some recent hypotheses which suggest certain functional relationships between properties of algorithms.
1364 CEREBRAL AND RETINAL HYPOPERFUSION AS A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA – HYPOTHESIS TO EXPLAIN NON-O 2 RELATED R.L.F

Retrolental fibroplasia has now been reported to occur in over 190 infants in which oxygen administration was not a factor. Ashton injected glass ballotini into kitten retinal arteries and produced vasoproliferative changes “exactly as occur in retrolental fibroplasia.” (Brit.J.Ophthal. 49:225, 1965) He demonstrated that vasoproliferation is not due to O2 toxicity per se but is “merely a sequel of the obliteration of the vessels induced by oxygen.” Our hypothesis is that R.L.F. may develop in very low birth weight infants who have cerebral/retinal hypoperfusion/ischemia, at birth or in the neonatal period. These infants have impaired cerebral blood flow autoregulation, and a high incidence (40-80%) of intracranial bleeding. This hypothesis would explain the high incidence of non-O2 related R.L.F. in anencephalic infants and the rising incidence in very low birth weight infants <1000 grams with intracranial hemorrhage. We have observed two infants with severe R.L.F., whose clinical course (asphyxia, shock, intracranial bleeding) supports our hypothesis. In one infant cerebral hypoperfusion was documented. Imperfect TcPO2 and arterial blood gas monitoring did not reveal prolonged significant hyperoxemia. Our observations suggest that hyperoxemia is not the only cause of R.L.F., cerebral hypoperfusion and retinal ischemia may produce the same picture. Careful O2 monitoring alone will probably not eliminate R.L.F.
Localization of NADPH diaphorase in the lumbosacral spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the cat.

The distribution of NADPH-d activity in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the cat was studied to evaluate the role of nitric oxide in lumbosacral afferent and spinal autonomic pathways. At all levels of the spinal cord NADPH-d staining was present in neurons and fibers in the superficial dorsal horn and in neurons around the central canal and in the dorsal commissure. In addition, the sympathetic autonomic nucleus in the rostral lumbar segments exhibited prominent NADPH-d cellular staining whereas the parasympathetic nucleus in the sacral segments was not well stained. The most prominent NADPH-d activity in the sacral segments occurred in fibers extending from Lissauer's tract through laminae I along the lateral edge of the dorsal horn to lamina V and the region of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. These fibers were very similar to VIP-containing and pelvic nerve afferent projections in the same region. They were prominent in the S1–S3 segments but not in adjacent segments (L6–L7 and Cx1) or in thoracolumbar and cervical segments. NADPH-d activity and VIP immunoreactivity in Lissauer's tract and the lateral dorsal horn were eliminated or greatly reduced after dorsal-ventral rhizotomy (S1–S3), indicating the fibers represent primary afferent projections. A population of small diameter afferent neurons in the L7–S2 dorsal root ganglia were intensely stained for NADPH-d. The functional significance of the NADPH-d histochemical stain remains to be determined; however, if NADPH-d is nitric oxide synthase then this would suggest that nitric oxide may function as a transmitter in thoracolumbar sympathetic preganglionic efferent pathways and in sacral parasympathetic afferent pathways in the cat. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Optimization Framework for Combining Ensembles of Classifiers and Clusterers with Applications to Nontransductive Semisupervised Learning and Transfer Learning

Unsupervised models can provide supplementary soft constraints to help classify new “target” data because similar instances in the target set are more likely to share the same class label. Such models can also help detect possible differences between training and target distributions, which is useful in applications where concept drift may take place, as in transfer learning settings. This article describes a general optimization framework that takes as input class membership estimates from existing classifiers learned on previously encountered “source” (or training) data, as well as a similarity matrix from a cluster ensemble operating solely on the target (or test) data to be classified, and yields a consensus labeling of the target data. More precisely, the application settings considered are nontransductive semisupervised and transfer learning scenarios where the training data are used only to build an ensemble of classifiers and are subsequently discarded before classifying the target data. The framework admits a wide range of loss functions and classification/clustering methods. It exploits properties of Bregman divergences in conjunction with Legendre duality to yield a principled and scalable approach. A variety of experiments show that the proposed framework can yield results substantially superior to those provided by naively applying classifiers learned on the original task to the target data. In addition, we show that the proposed approach, even not being conceptually transductive, can provide better results compared to some popular transductive learning techniques.
Effect of warm ischemia and cryopreservation on cell viability of human allograft valves

Fibroblast viability of the allograft valve leaflet has been suggested to affect clinical durability. Warm ischemic time is thought to be one of the critical determinants of cell viability. We assessed cell viability of allograft valves by flow cytometry, using a fluorescein diacetatepropidium iodide stain to characterize the effects of warm ischemia and cryopreservation on viability. Twelve human pulmonary valves with harvest-related warm ischemic times (range, 70 to 520 minutes; mean ± standard deviation, 225 ± 157 minutes) were studied by flow cytometry. We assessed cell viability of the allograft valve leaflets before and 30 days after storage. A significant negative correlation was found between warm ischemic time (x minutes) and cell viability (y%) before (y = -0.024x + 96.7; r 2 = 0.62; p = 0.002) and after 30 days of storage (y = -0.036x + 94.0; r 2 = 0.86; p = 0.001). Cell viability of the cryopreserved allograft valves was well preserved (>70%) with a warm ischcmic time less than 520 minutes (8.7 hours).
Organizational Rites as Culture Markers of Schools.

The concept of "rite," developed by an anthropologist nearly a century ago, has current value in school management.
Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Negative Tc99 Sestamibi Imaging: To Operate or Not?

The indications for surgery in primary hyperparathyroidism (1HPT) are the same for patients with and without localization on imaging. However, patients with negative imaging may not be referred for surgery or the surgeon may be reluctant to operate. We compare outcomes in patients with negative imaging to those with localization. A review of patients who underwent primary operation for 1HPT with a preoperative Tc99 sestamibi I-123 (MIBI) scan was conducted. Imaging, laboratory, operative findings, pathologic findings, and outcomes were used to compare patients with negative scans to those with localization. A total of 2,681 patients had an operation for 1HPT with preoperative MIBI. MIBI imaging was negative in 136 (5.7 %). The negative MIBI group had a lower calcium (10.9 vs. 11.0 mg/ml, P = 0.02), phosphorus (2.9 vs. 3.1 mg/dl, P < 0.001), and urinary calcium (251 vs. 287 mg/ml, P = 0.02) and no difference in parathyroid hormone, 25-OH vitamin D, or bone loss. Multigland resection was higher with a negative scan (32 vs. 13 %, P < 0.001). A curative operation was performed in 90.4 % with a negative MIBI compared to 97.5 % with localization (P < 0.001). Patients who underwent successful surgery despite a negative MIBI scan had lower calcium (10.8 vs. 11.1 mg/ml, P = 0.04) and parathyroid hormone (98 vs. 196 pg/ml, P = 0.03) than those not cured. Patients with both a negative ultrasound result and negative MIBI had a cure rate of 89 %. A curative operation is performed at an acceptably lower rate with negative MIBI imaging. A decision for surgery with a negative MIBI finding should consider lower cure rates and symptom severity.